,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,entomology ,illu/ration ,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,entomology ,,includ+ ,,! ,,anatomy1 ,,physiology1 ,,embryology ,,& ,,metamorphoses ,,( ,,insects ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,agricultural ,,& ,,te*nical ,,s*ools ,,& ,,colleges ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,by ,,! ,,work+ ,,entomologi/ ,,by ,,alpheus ,s4 ,,pack>d1 ,m4,d41 ,,ph4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,zo,,logy ,,& ,,geology1 ,,br[n ,,univ]sity ,,au?or ,,( 8,,guide ,,to ,,/udy ,,( ,,insects10 8,,entomology ,,= ,,beg9n]s10 ,,etc4 ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #ahih ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #ahih1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,norwood ,mass4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,illu/ration ,9 prep>+ ?is book ! au?or _h 9 m9d ! wants bo? ( ! /ud5t & ! tea*]4 ,= ! /ud5t's use ! m difficult portions1 p>ticul>ly t on ! embryology1 may be omitt$4 ,! "w has gr[n 9 "p out ( ! writ]'s exp]i5ce 9 class "w4 ,9 in/ruct+ small classes 9 ! anatomy & metamorphoses ( insects1 x 0 /rongly felt t ! m]e dissection & draw+ ( a few types1 compris+ "s ( our common insects1 7 by no means suffici5t = broad1 ?or\gh "w4 ,pla9ly en\gh ! laboratory "w is all important1 be+ rigidly discipl9>y 9 its me?ods1 & af=d+ ! f\ndation = any f>!r "w4 ,b to ?is %\ld be add$ frequ5t explanations or =mal lectures1 & ! /ud5t %\ld be requir$ to d collat]al read+ 9 "s g5]al "w on /ructural & developm5tal entomology4 ,) ?is aim 9 view1 ! pres5t "w has be5 prep>$4 ,x might be said 9 explanation ( ! plan ( ?is book1 t ! /ud5ts hav+ previ\sly tak5 a lecture c\rse 9 ! zology ( ! inv]tebrates1 7 fir/ in/ruct$ 9 ! facts & conclusions be>+ on ! relations ( insects to o!r ,ar?ropoda1 & m especially ! anatomy ( ,p]ipatus1 ( ! ,myriopoda1 & ( ,scolop5drella4 ,!n ! /ructure ( ,campodea1 ,ma*ilis1 & ,lepisma 0 describ$1 aft] :i* a few types ( w+$ insects1 beg9n+ ) ! locu/ & end+ ) ! bee1 7 drawn & dissect$2 ! nymph ( ! locu/1 & ! l>va & pupa ( a mo? & ( a wasp & bee be+ drawn & exam9$4 ,_h "t p]mitt$1 an outl9e ( ! embryology & ( ! int]nal *anges 9 flies dur+ _! metamorphoses w\ld h be5 add$4 ,?is book gives1 ( c\rse ) mu* great] fulness & detail = ref]5ce & collat]al read+1 :at we r\ghly outl9$ 9 our class "w4 ,! aim has be5 to af=d a broad f\ndation = future m special "w by any "o :o may want to c>ry on ! /udy ( "s gr\p ( insects1 or to ext5d 9 any special direction our pres5t k ( insect morphology & gr[?4 ,_m ( our entomologi/s beg9 _! /udies )\t any previ\s k ( ! /ructure ( animals1 tak+ x up z an amusem5t4 ,!y may be m]e collectors & satisfi$ simply to "k ! "n ( _! captures1 b x is hop$ t ) ?is book 9 _! h&s !y may be l$ to desire f>!r in=mation reg>d+ :at has already be5 done on ! /ructure & mode ( gr[? ( ! common insects4 ,= practical details z to h[ to dissect1 to make microscopic slides1 & to m\nt & pres]ve insects g5]ally1 !y are ref]r$ to ! au?or's 8,entomology = ,beg9n]s40 ,x may also be ackn[l$g$ t ev5 9 our be/ & late/ g5]al treatises on zology1 or comp>ative anatomy1 or morphology1 ! portion relat$ to insects is sc>cely s ?or\ghly done z ^? p>ts devot$ to o!r phyla1 t ( ,lang1 h[ev]1 8 invaluable ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 be+ an exception4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 !re=e1 x is hop$ t ?is hiatus 9 our lit]ature may be 9 a degree fill$4 ,! au?or has made free use ( ! excell5t article 8,insecta0 ( ,newport1 ( ,lang's compreh5sive summ>y 9 8 mo/ useful ,text-book ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 ( ,grab]'s excell5t ,die ,insect51 ( ,miall & ,d5ny's ,! ,/ructure & ,life-,hi/ory ( ! ,cockroa*1 & ( ,%>p's ,insecta4 ,kolbe's ,e9fhrung has be5 mo/ helpful4 ,b besides ^! helps1 lib]al use has be5 made ( ! v num]\s memoirs & monographic articles :i* adorn our entomological lit]ature4 ,! acc\nt ( ! embryology ( insects is bas$ on ,kors*elt & ,heid]'s elaborate "w1 ,lehrbu* d] ,v]glei*5d5 ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,wirbellos5 ,?i]e1 ! illu/rations ( ?is portion be+ ma9ly tak5 f x1 ?r\gh ! ,messrs4 ,swan ,sonn5s*e9 ,co41 ,london4 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,s4 ,pratt has k9dly read ov] ! manuscript & also ! pro(s ( ! portion on embryology & metamorphoses1 & ! au?or is happy to ackn[l$ge ! ess5tial s]vice he has r5d]$4 ,! bibliographical li/s are arrang$ by dates1 s z to give an idea ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( ea* subject4 ,! aim has be5 to make ^! li/s tol]ably complete & to include ! e>lie/1 almo/ =gott5 works & articles z well z ! mo/ rec5t4 ,mu* c>e has be5 tak5 to give due cr$it ei!r to ! orig9al s\rces f :i* ! illu/rations are copi$1 or to ! arti/2 ab\t n9ety ( ! simpl] figures 7 drawn by ! au?or1 _m ( !m = ?is "w4 ,= ! use ( c]ta9 figures ackn[l$gm5ts are due to ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 to ! ,division ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ?r\gh ! k9d (fices ( ,mr4 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d1 & to ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,laboratory ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ?r\gh ,pr(essor ,s4 ,a4 ,=bes & ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,h>t4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,m4 ,:eel]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 has k9dly loan$ = reproduction sev]al ( 8 orig9al draw+s publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,morphology4 ,a numb] are reproduc$ f figures 9 ! reports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,entomological ,commission4 ,,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i41 ,m>* #d1 #ahih4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,illu/ration ,,"p ,i4 ,,morphology ,,& ,,physiology ,,page ,,position ,,( ,,insects ,,9 ,,! ,,animal ,,k+dom #a ,,relations ,,( ,,insects ,,to ,,o!r ,,ar?ropoda #b ,! ,cru/acea #d ,! ,m]o/omata #e ,! ,trilobita #e ,! ,ara*nida #f ,relations ( ,p]ipatus to insects #i ,relation ( ,myriopods to insects #aa ,relations ( ! ,symphyla to insects #ah ,diagno/ic or ess5tial *>act]s ( ,symphyla #bb ,,insecta 7,,hexapoda7 #bf ,diagno/ic *>act]s ( insects #bf #a4 ,,ext]nal ,,anatomy a4 ,regions ( ! body #bg b4 ,! integum5t 7exoskeleton7 #bh ,*it9 #bi c4 ,me*anical orig9 & /ructure ( ! segm5ts 7somites1 ar?rom]es1 etc47 #cj d4 ,me*anical orig9 ( ! limbs & ( _! jo9t$ /ructure #ce ,,! ,,head ,,& ,,its ,,app5dages #db a4 ,! head #db ,! labrum #db ,! epiph>ynx & labrum-epiph>ynx #dc ,atta*m5t ( ! head to ! trunk #df ,! basal or gul> region ( ! head #df ,! occiput #dh ,! t5torium #di ,numb] ( segm5ts 9 ! head #ej ,! composition ( ! head 9 ! ,hym5opt]a #ee b4 ,app5dages ( ! head #eg ,! ant5n #eg ,! m&ibles #ei ,! fir/ maxill #fb ,! second maxill #fh ,! hypoph>ynx #gj ,does ! hypoph>ynx repres5t a di/9ct segm5t8 #hb ,,! ,,?orax ,,& ,,its ,,app5dages #hf a4 ,! ?orax3 its ext]nal anatomy #hf ,! patagia #hi ,! tegul #hi ,! apodemes #ib ,! acetabula #id b4 ,! legs3 _! /ructure & functions #ie ,t55t hairs #ii ,:y d insects h b six legs8 #ajj ,loss ( limbs by disuse #aja c4 ,locomotion 7walk+1 climb+1 & swimm+7 #ajc ,me*anics ( walk+ #ajc ,locomotion on smoo? surfaces #aaa ,climb+ #aaf ,! mode ( swimm+ ( insects #aaf d4 ,! w+s & _! /ructure #abj ,! ve9s #aba ,! squam #abc ,! halt]es #abd ,! ?yridium #abd ,! tegm9a & hemelytra #abd ,! elytra #abd e4 ,developm5t & mode ( orig9 ( ! w+s #abf ,embryonic developm5t ( ! w+s #abf ,evag9ation ( ! w+ outside ( ! body #acb ,ext5sion ( ! w+2 draw+ out ( ! tra*eoles #acc f4 ,! primitive orig9 ( ! w+s #acg ,! developm5t & /ructure ( ! tra*e & ve9s ( ! w+ #add g4 ,me*anism ( flight #adh ,!ory ( insect flight #aej ,grab]'s views z to ! me*anism ( ! w+s1 flight1 etc4 #aec ,,! ,,abdom5 ,,& ,,its ,,app5dages #afb ,! m$ian segm5t #afc ,! c]copoda #afd ,! ovipositor & /+ #afg ,! /yles & g5ital clasp]s 7,rhabdopoda7 #agf ,velum p5is #aha ,! suranal plate #aha ,! podical plates or p>anal lobes #ahb ,! infra-anal lobe #ahc ,! egg-guide #ahc ,,! ,,armature ,,( ,,insects3 ,,set1 ,,hairs1 ,,scales1 ,,tub]cles1 ,,etc4 #ahg ,! cuticula #ahg ,set #ahh ,gl&ul> hairs & sp9es #aij ,scales #aic ,developm5t ( ! scales #aie ,sp9ules1 hair-scales1 hair-fields1 & &roconia #aig ,,! ,,colors ,,( ,,insects #bja ,optical colors #bja ,natural colors #bjc ,*emical & physical nature ( ! pigm5t #bjf ,ontog5etic & phylog5etic developm5t ( colors #bjg #b4 ,,int]nal ,,anatomy ,,! ,,muscul> ,,sy/em #baa ,musculature ( a cat]pill> #bac ,musculature ( a beetle #bac ,m9ute /ructure ( ! muscles #bae ,muscul> p[] ( insects #bag ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em #bbb a4 ,! n]v\s sy/em z a :ole #bbb b4 ,! bra9 #bbf ,! optic or proc]ebral segm5t #bca ,proc]ebral lobes #bcb ,! mu%room or /alk$ bodies #bcc ,/ructure ( ! mu%room bodies #bcd ,! c5tral body #bcg ,! ant5nal or olfactory lobes 7,deutoc]ebrum7 #bcg ,! sophageal lobes 7,tritoc]ebrum7 #bcg c4 ,hi/ological elem5ts ( ! bra9 #bch d4 ,! visc]al 7sympa!tic or /omatoga/ric7 sy/em #bch e4 ,! suprasp9al cord #bdj f4 ,modifications ( ! bra9 9 diff]5t ord]s ( insects #bdj g4 ,functions ( ! n]ve-c5tres & n]ves #bdc ,,! ,,s5sory ,,organs #bdi a4 ,! eyes & insect vision #bdi ,! simple or s+le-l5s$ eye 7ocellus7 #bdi ,! comp\nd or facett$ eye 7ommateum7 #bej ,! facet or cornea #bej ,! cry/all9e l5s or cone #bea ,! pigm5t #bec ,! basil> membrane #bec ,! optic tract #bec ,orig9 ( ! facett$ eye #bee ,mode ( vision by s+le eyes or ocelli #bee ,mode ( vision by facett$ eyes #bef ,! pr9cipal use ( ! facett$ eye to p]ceive ! movem5ts ( animals #bei ,h[ f> c insects see8 #bfj ,relation ( sight to ! color ( eyes #bfj ,! color s5se ( insects #bfj b4 ,! organs ( smell #bfd ,hi/orical sket* ( our k ( ! organs ( smell #bfd ,physiological exp]im5ts #bfh ,relation ( insects to smell+ sub/ances be=e & aft] ! loss ( _! ant5n #bfi ,exp]im5ts on ! use ( ! ant5n 9 seek+ = food #bgj ,exp]im5ts te/+ ! influ5ce ( ! ant5n ( ! males 9 seek+ ! females #bgj ,/ructure ( ! organs ( smell 9 insects #bga c4 ,! organs ( ta/e #bha ,/ructure ( ! ta/e organs #bhb ,di/ribution 9 diff]5t ord]s ( insects #bhb ,exp]im5tal pro( #bhf d4 ,! organs ( he>+ #bhg ,! e>s or tympanal & *ordotonal s5se-organs ( ,or?opt]a & o!r insects #bhh ,ant5nal auditory hairs #bib ,special s5se-organs 9 ! w+s & halt]es #bic e4 ,! s\nds ( insects #bic ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,canal ,,& ,,its ,,app5dages #big a4 ,! dige/ive canal #cjb ,! sophagus #cjc ,! crop or +luvies #cjc ,! 8suck+ /oma*0 or food-res]voir #cje ,! =e-/oma* or prov5triculus #cjf ,! sophageal valve #caa ,prov5tricul> valvule #cac ,! p]itrophic membrane #cac ,! mid-inte/9e #cad ,hi/ology ( ! mid-inte/9e #caf ,! h9d-inte/9e #caf ,l>ge inte/9e #caf ,! ileum #cag ,! ga/ro-ileal folds #cag ,! colon #cag ,! rectum #cah ,! v5t 7anus7 #cai ,hi/ology ( ! dige/ive canal #cbj b4 ,dige/ion 9 insects #cbd ,! me*anism ( secretion #cbf ,absorb5t cells #cbh ,,! ,,gl&ul> ,,& ,,excretory ,,app5dages ,,( ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,canal #cca a4 ,! saliv>y gl&s #cca b4 ,! silk or sp9n+ gl&s1 & ! sp9n+ app>atus #cci ,! process ( sp9n+ #cdj ,h[ ! ?read is drawn out #cdc ,app5dages ( ! silk-gl& 7,filippi's gl&s7 #cde c4 ,! ccal app5dages #cdg d4 ,! excretory sy/em 7ur9>y or ,malpighian tubes7 #cdh ,primitive numb] ( tubes #cec e4 ,poison-gl&s #ceg f4 ,adhesive or cem5t-gl&s #cfj g4 ,! wax-gl&s #cfa h4 8,honey-dew0 or wax-gl&s ( ,aphids #cfd i4 ,d]mal gl&s 9 g5]al #cfe ,,def5sive ,,or ,,repugnatorial ,,sc5t-,,gl&s #cfh ,ev]sible coxal gl&s #cfi ,ftid gl&s ( ,or?opt]a #cfi ,anal gl&s ( beetles #cgb ,! blood z a repell5t fluid #cgd ,ev]sible gl&s ( caddis-worms & cat]pill>s #cge ,! osmet]ium 9 ,papilio l>v #cgg ,dorsal & lat]al ev]sible metam]ic sacs 9 o!r l>v #cgg ,di/ribution ( repugnatorial or allur+ sc5t-gl&s 9 insects #chb ,,! ,,allur+ ,,or ,,sc5t-,,gl&s #cia ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,circulation #cig a4 ,! he>t #cig ,! propulsatory app>atus #dja ,! suprasp9al vessel #djc ,! aorta #djd ,! p]ic>dial cells #dje ,pulsatile organs ( ! legs #dje b4 ,! blood #djg ,! leucocytes #djg c4 ,! circulation ( ! blood #dji ,effects ( poisons on ! pulsations #dab ,,! ,,blood ,,tissue #dai a4 ,! fat-body #dai b4 ,! p]ic>dial fat-body or p]ic>dial cells #dbj ,leucocytes or phagocytes 9 connection ) ! p]ic>dial cells #dba c4 ,! nocytes #dbc d4 ,! phosphoresc5t organs #dbd ,physiology ( ! phosphoresc5ce #dbf ,,! ,,respiratory ,,sy/em #dcj a4 ,! tra*e #dca ,di/ribution ( ! tra*e #dcb b4 ,! spiracles or /igmata #dcg ,! position & numb] ( pairs ( /igmata #dci ,! clos+ app>atus ( ! /igma #dda c4 ,morphology & homologies ( ! tra*eal sy/em #ddb d4 ,! spiral ?reads or tnidia #ddd e4 ,orig9 ( ! tra*e & ( ! 8spiral ?read0 #ddg ,int]nal1 hair-l bodies #dea f4 ,! me*anism ( respiration & ! respiratory movem5ts ( insects #dea g4 ,! air-sacs #def ,! use ( ! air-sacs #deg h4 ,! clos$ or p>tly clos$ tra*eal sy/em #dei i4 ,! rectal1 tra*eal gills1 & rectal respiration ( l>val ,odonata & o!r insects #dfc j4 ,tra*eal gills ( ! l>v ( insects #dff ,blood-gills #dge k4 ,tra*eal gills ( adult insects #dgf ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,reproduction #dhe a4 ,! male organs ( reproduction #did ,! te/es #die ,! sem9al ducts #dif ,! ejaculatory duct #dig ,! accessory gl&s #dig ,! sp]matozoa #dig ,=mation ( ! sp]matozon #dih b4 ,! female organs ( reproduction #ejj ,! ov>ies & ! ov>ian tubes #ejj ,orig9 ( incipi5t eggs 9 ! g]m ( ! te/es #ejd ,! bursa copulatrix #eje ,! sp]ma!ca #ejf ,! collet]ial gl&s #ejf ,! vag9a or ut]us #ejg ,signs ( copulation 9 insects #ejg ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,embryology ,,( ,,insects a4 ,! egg #eae ,mode ( deposition #eah ,vitality ( eggs #ebj ,appe>ance & /ructure ( ! ripe egg #ebj ,! egg-%ell & yolk-membrane #ebj ,! micropyle #ebb ,int]nal /ructure ( ! egg #ebd b4 ,maturation or rip5+ ( ! egg #ebe c4 ,f]tilization ( ! egg #ebe d4 ,division & =mation ( ! bla/od]m #ebf e4 ,=mation ( ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! embryo & ( ! embryonic membranes #eca ,=mation ( ! embryonic membranes #ecb ,! ga/rula /age #ece ,division ( ! embryo or primitive b& into body-segm5ts #ecf ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! invag9at$ & ov]gr[n primitive b& #ech ,revolution ( ! embryo :]e ! primitive b& is invag9at$ #edj f4 ,=mation ( ! ext]nal =m ( ! body #edb ,orig9 ( ! body-segm5ts #edb ,! procephalic lobes #edd ,=e-inte/9e 7/omodum7 & h9d-inte/9e 7proctodum71 labrum #edg ,completion ( ! head #edh g4 ,! app5dages #edh ,! cephalic app5dages #edh ,! ?oracic app5dages #eej ,! abdom9al app5dages #eej ,app5dages ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t 7pleuropodia7 #eea ,are ! abdom9al legs ( ,lepidopt]a & phytophag\s ,hym5opt]a true limbs8 #eeb ,! tra*e #eec h4 ,n]v\s sy/em #eed ,completion ( ! def9ite =m ( ! body #eee i4 ,dorsal closure & involution ( ! embryonic membranes #eef j4 ,=mation ( ! g]m-lay]s #eeh k4 ,f>!r developm5t ( ! mesod]m2 =mation ( ! body-cavity #efc l4 ,=mation ( organs #eff ,! n]v\s sy/em #eff ,developm5t ( ! bra9 #efg ,developm5t ( ! eyes #efg ,inte/9al canal & gl&s #efi ,! saliv>y gl&s #egj ,! ur9>y tubes #egb ,! he>t #egb ,! blood-corpuscles #egd ,musculature2 connective tissue2 fat-body #egd ,! reproductive organs #ege ,developm5t ( ! male g]m9al gl&s #egi m4 ,l5g? ( embryonic life #ehb n4 ,! process ( hat*+ #ehc ,! hat*+ sp9es #ehe ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,metamorphoses ,,( ,,insects a4 ,! nymph z di/+ui%$ f ! l>val /age #eic b4 ,/ages or /adia ( metamorphosis #eid c4 ,ametabol\s & metabol\s /ages #eid ,,! ,,l>va #eii a4 ,! ,campodea-=m type ( l>va #fjj b4 ,! eruci=m type ( l>va #fjb c4 ,gr[? & increase 9 size ( ! l>va #fjh d4 ,! process ( m\lt+ #fji ,! numb] ( m\lts 9 insects ( diff]5t ord]s #fae ,reproduction ( lo/ limbs #fai ,=mation ( ! cocoon #fai ,sanit>y conditions obs]v$ by ! honey-bee l>va1 & admission ( air )9 ! cocoon #fbc ,,! ,,pupa ,,/ate #fbe a4 ,! pupa consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to its adaptation to its surr\nd+s & its relation to phylog5y #fca b4 ,mode ( escape ( ! pupa f its cocoon #fcb c4 ,! crema/] #fcf ,mode ( =mation ( ! crema/] & susp5sion ( ! *rysalis 9 butt]flies #fcg ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,pupa ,,& ,,imago ,,9 ,,! ,,holometabol\s ,,insects 7,,! ,,dipt]a ,,except$7 #fdj a4 ,! ,lepidopt]a #fdb ,! *anges 9 ! head & m\?-p>ts #fdf ,! *ange 9 ! int]nal organs #fdg ,! w+s #fed ,developm5t ( ! feet & ( ! cephalic app5dages #fed ,embryonic cells & ! phagocytes #fee ,=mation ( ! femur & ( ! tibia2 trans=mation ( ! t>sus #fef ,! ant5n #feg ,maxill & labial palpi #feh ,process ( pupation #ffj b4 ,! ,hym5opt]a #ffa ,ocul> or oculo-cephalic buds #ffe ,! ant5nal buds #ffe ,! buds ( ! buccal app5dages #ffe ,! buds ( ! ovipositor #ffe ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,imago ,,9 ,,! ,,dipt]a #fff a4 ,developm5t ( ! out] body-=m #ffh ,=mation ( ! imago 9 ,core?ra #ffh ,=mation ( ! imago 9 ,culex #fgj ,=mation ( ! imago 9 ,*ironomus #fga ,=mation ( ! imago 9 ,muscid #fgc b4 ,developm5t ( ! int]nal organs ( ! imago #fgh ,! hypod]mis #fgh ,! muscles #fhj ,! dige/ive canal #fha ,! tra*eal sy/em #fhc ,! n]v\s sy/em #fhd ,! fat-body #fhe ,def9itive fate ( ! leucocytes #fhe ,! po/-embryonic *anges & imag9al buds 9 ! ,pupip>a 7,melophagus7 #fhf c4 ,g5]al summ>y #fhg ,,hyp]metamorphism #fhh ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,facts ,,& ,,sugge/ions ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,metamorphism #gje ,!oretical conclusions2 causes ( metamorphosis #gjh ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,entomology ,illu/ration ,,"p ,i4--,,morphology ,,& ,,physiology ,illu/ration ,,position ,,( ,,insects ,,9 ,,! ,,animal ,,k+dom ,al?\gh ! insects =m b a s+le class ( ! animal k+dom1 !y are yet s num]\s 9 ord]s1 families1 g5]a1 & species1 _! habits & trans=mations are s full ( in/ruction to ! biologi/1 & !y affect human int]e/s 9 su* a v>iety ( ways1 t !y h always attract$ m att5tion f /ud5ts ?an any o!r class ( animals1 ! numb] ( entomologi/s greatly surpass+ t ( orni?ologi/s1 i*?yologi/s1 or ! special /ud5ts ( any o!r class1 :ile ! lit]ature has assum$ imm5se proportions4 ,insects =m ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! animal k+dom4 ,!re are ab\t #bej1jjj species already nam$ & conta9$ 9 our museums1 :ile ! numb] ( liv+ & fossil species 9 all is e/imat$ to am\nt to betwe5 "o & two millions4 ,9 _! /ructure insects are p]haps m complicat$ ?an any o!r animals4 ,?is is p>tly due to ! s]ial arrangem5t ( ! segm5ts & ! consequ5t segm5tal repetition ( organs1 especially ( ! ext]nal app5dages1 & ( ! muscles1 ! tra*e1 & ! n]ves4 ,! bra9 is ne>ly or q z complicat$ z t ( ! high] v]tebrates1 :ile ! s5se-organs1 especially ^? ( t\*1 sight1 & smell are1 z a rule1 f> m num]\s & only less complex ?an ^? ( v]tebrates4 ,moreov]1 9 _! psy*ical developm5t1 c]ta9 insects are equal1 or ev5 sup]ior1 to any o!r animals1 except birds & mammals4 ,! animal k+dom is prim>ily divid$ into two gr& divisions1 ! "o-cell$ 7,protozoa7 & _m-cell$ animals 7,metazoa74 ,9 ! latt] gr\p ! cells & tissues =m+ ! body are arrang$ 9 ?ree fundam5tal cell-lay]s2 viz4 ! ectod]m or out] lay]1 ! mesod]m1 & endod]m4 ,! s]ies ( bran*es1 or phyla1 compris$ "u ! t]m ,metazoa are ! ,porif]a1 ,cl5t]ata1 ,v]mes1 ,e*9od]mata1 ,mollusca1 ,ar?ropoda1 & ,v]tebrata4 ,_! approximate relation%ips may be provisionally express$ by ! foll[+ ,,tabul> ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,eight ,,bran*es ,,or ,,phyla ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,k+dom4 ,,viii4 ,v]tebrata4 ,ascidians & ,fi%es to ,man4 ,,vii4 ,ar?ropoda4 ,trilobites1 ,cru/acea1 ,ara*nida1 ,insects1 etc4 ,,vi4 ,mollusca4 ,clams1 ,snails1 ,cuttles4 ,v4 ,e*9od]mata4 ,cr9oids1 ,/>-fi%1 ,sea-ur*9s1 etc4 ------------------------------ --------------------------------------- ,,iv4 ,v]mes4 ,flat & ,r\nd ,worms1 ,polyzoa1 ,bra*iopods1 ,annelids4 ,,iii4 ,cl5t]ata4 ,,ii4 ,porif]a4 ,hydra1 ,jelly-fi%es4 ,sponges4 ------------------------------------ ,,metazoa4 ,_m-cell$ animals ) #c cell-lay]s4 ,i4 ,,protozoa4 ,s+le-cell$ animals4 ,,relations ,,( ,,insects ,,to ,,o!r ,,ar?ropoda ,! insects by g5]al cons5t /& at ! head ( ! ,ar?ropoda4 ,_! bodies are q z mu* complicat$ or specializ$1 & inde$1 :5 we consid] ! w+$ =ms1 m s1 ?an any o!r class ( ! bran*1 & besides ?is !y h w+s1 fitt+ !m = an arial life4 ,x is ) little d\bt t to _! p[] ( flight1 & ?us ( escap+ ! attacks ( _! creep+ ar?ropod enemies1 insects owe1 s to speak1 _! success 9 life2 i4e4 _! num]ical sup]iority 9 individuals1 species1 & g5]a4 ,x is also app>5tly _! p[] ( mov+ or swimm+ swiftly f "o place to ano!r :i* has l$ to ! num]ical sup]iority 9 species ( fi%es to o!r ,v]tebrata4 ,among t]re/rial v]tebrates1 ! birds1 by virtue ( _! ability to fly1 greatly surpass 9 numb] ( species ! reptiles & mammals4 ,! ,ar?ropoda are 9 g5]al *>act]iz$ by hav+ ! body compos$ ( segm5ts 7somites or ar?rom]es7 be>+ jo9t$ app5dages4 ,!y diff] f ! worms 9 hav+ segm5t$ app5dages1 i4e4 ant5n1 jaws1 & legs1 in/ead ( ! s(t unjo9t$ outgr[?s ( ! annelid worms4 ,moreov]1 _! bodies are compos$ ( a m or less def9ite numb] ( segm5ts or r+s1 gr\p$ ei!r into a head-?orax 7cephalo?orax7 & h9d-body1 z 9 ,cru/acea1 or into a head diff]5tiat$ f ! re/ ( ! body 7trunk71 ! latt] n be+ divid$ into a di/9ct ?orax & abdom51 z 9 ,myriopoda2 or into ?ree usually q di/9ct regions--! head1 ?orax1 & h9d-body or abdom51 z 9 insects4 ,9 c]ta9 ab]rant1 modifi$ =ms1 z ! ,t>digrada1 or ! ,pantopoda1 & ! mites1 ! body is n diff]5tiat$ into su* def9ite regions4 ,9 _! int]nal organs ar?ropods agree 9 _! g5]al relations ) ! high] worms1 h5ce mo/ zologi/s agree t !y h directly orig9at$ f ! annelid worms4 ,! position & g5]al %ape ( ! dige/ive canal1 ( ! n]v\s & circulatory sy/ems1 are ! same 9 ,ar?ropoda z 9 annelid 7oligo*ete7 worms1 s mu* s t x is g5]ally ?\ght t ! ,ar?ropoda are ! direct desc5dants ( ! worms4 ,x is becom+ evid5t1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 no common ance/or ( ! ,ar?ropoda z a :ole1 & t ! gr\p is a polyphyletic "o4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh a conv5i5t gr\p1 x is a some:at artificial "o1 & may ev5tually be dismemb]$ into at lea/ ?ree or f\r phyla or bran*es4 ,! foll[+ diagram may s]ve to %[ 9 a t5tative way ! relations ( ! classes ( ,ar?ropoda to ea* o!r1 & also may be reg>d$ z a provisional g5ealogical tree ( ! bran*4 #i4 ,insecta4 #g4 ,*ilopoda4 #d4 ,ara*nida4 #f4 ,diplopoda4 #c4 ,m]o/omata4 #h4 ,symphyla4 #a4 ,cru/acea4 #f;a4 ,pauropoda4 #b4 ,trilobita4 ------- -------------- -------------------------- -------- #e4 ,p]ipatus4 #d;a4 ,pantopoda4 #d;b4 ,t>digrada4 ---------------------------------------- - ,diff]5t ,annelida4 ,tro*osphra4 ,we w n[ rapidly review ! lead+ features ( ! classes ( ,ar?ropoda4 ,! ,cru/acea4--,^! ,ar?ropoda are 9 _m mo/ important *>act]i/ics unlike ! insects2 !y h two pairs ( ant5n1 five pairs ( buccal app5dages1 & !y are bran*iate ,ar?ropoda4 ,!y h evid5tly orig9at$ entirely indep5d5tly1 & by a direct l9e ( desc5t f "s unkn[n annelid ance/or :i* 0 ei!r a _m-segm5t$ worm1 ) p>apodia1 or ! two gr\ps toge!r ) ! ,rotif]a may h orig9at$ f a common app5dig]\s ,tro*osphra4 ,_! segm5ts 9 ! high] =ms are def9ite 9 numb] 7#bc or #bd7 & arrang$ into two regions1 a head-?orax 7cephalo?orax7 & h9d-body 7abdom574 ,ne>ly all ! segm5ts1 bo? ( ! cephalo?orax & abdom51 be> a pair ( jo9t$ limbs1 & to !m at _! base are1 9 ! high] =ms1 app5d$ ! gills 7bran*i74 ,! limbs are 9 ! m specializ$ =ms 7%rimps & crabs7 diff]5tiat$ into eye-/alks1 two pairs ( ant5n1 a pair ( palpus-be>+ jaws 7m&ibles71 two pairs ( maxill & ?ree pairs ( maxillip$s2 ^! app5dages be+ biramose1 & ! latt] be>+ gills atta*$ to _! basal jo9ts4 ,! legs are fur!r diff]5tiat$ into ambulatory ?oracic legs & into swimm+ or abdom9al legs1 & 9 ! latt] ! fir/ pair ( ! male is modifi$ into copulatory organs 7gonopoda74 ,! male & female reproductive organs z a rule are 9 sep>ate individuals1 h]maphrodites be+ v unusual1 & ! gl&s may be pair$ or s+le4 ,! sexual outlets are g5]ally pair$1 &1 z 9 ! male lob/] & o!r ,macrura1 op5 9 ! basal jo9t ( ! la/ pair ( legs1 & 9 ! female 9 ! ?ird f ! la/2 :ile orig9ally 9 all ,cru/acea ! sexual organs 7 mo/ probably pair$ 7,fig4 #c1 ,b74 ,!y are1 except a few l& ,isopoda1 aquatic1 mo/ly m>9e1 & :5 !y h a metamorphosis1 pass ?r\gh a six-legg$ l>val /age1 call$ ! ,nauplius1 ! %rimps & crabs pass+ ?r\gh an additional /age1 ! ,zoa4 ,cru/acea also diff] mu* f insects 9 ! highly modifi$ nature ( ! nephridia1 :i* are usually repres5t$ by ! gre5 gl& ( ! lob/]1 or ! %ell-gl&s ( ! ,phyllopoda1 :i* op5 out 9 "o ( ! head-segm5ts2 also 9 ! possession ( a pair ( l>ge dige/ive gl&s1 ! s-call$ liv]4 ,int]m$iate 9 "s respects betwe5 ! ,cru/acea & insects1 b m primitive1 9 respect to :at are p]haps ! mo/ weighty *>act]s1 ?an ! ,cru/acea1 are ! ,trilobita1 ! ,m]o/omata 7,limulus71 &1 f9ally1 ! ,ara*nida1 ^! be+ alli$ gr\ps4 ,9 ! ,trilobita & ,m]o/omata 7,limulus71 ! head-app5dages are m l feet ?an jaws1 :ile !y h 9 mo/ respects a simil> mode ( embryonic developm5t1 ! l>val =ms be+ also simil>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,re/oration ( "u side ( a trilobite 7,tri>?rus becki71 ! trunk limbs be>+ small triangul> respiratory lobes or gills4--,aft] ,bee*]4 ,! ,m]o/omata4--,! only liv+ =m1 ,limulus1 is und\bt$ly a v primitive type1 z ! g5ital gl&s & ducts are d\ble1 op5+ wide ap>t on ! basal pair ( abdom9al legs 7,fig4 #c74 ,moreov]1 _! head-app5dages1 :i* are s+le1 ) sp9es on ! basal jo9t1 are v primitive & morphologically ne>] 9 %ape to ^? ( ! worms 7,syllid1 etc47 ?an ev5 ^? ( ! ,cru/acea4 ,besides1 _! f\r pairs ( coxal gl&s1 ) an ext]nal op5+ at ! base ( ! fif? pair ( head-app5dages1 & :i* probably are modifi$ nephridia 7,cru/acea hav+ b a s+le pair 9 any "o =m1 ei!r op5+ out on ! second ant5nal1 gre5 gl&1 or second maxill>y1 %ell-gl&1 segm5t71 indicate a clos] approximation to ! polynephr\s worms4 ,limulus has o!r ar*aic features1 especially z reg>ds ! /ructure ( ! simple & comp\nd eyes & ! simple nature ( ! bra94 ,! ,trilobita4--,^! ar*aic =ms are /ill m g5]aliz$ & primitive ?an ! ,m]o/omata & ,cru/acea1 & probably 7 ! fir/ ,ar?ropoda to be evolv$ f "s unkn[n annelid worm4 ,!y _h jo9t$ biramose limbs ( ne>ly uni=m %ape & size on ea* segm5t ( ! body1 :i* 7 n1 z 9 ,cru/acea1 diff]5tiat$ into ant5n1 jaws 7m&ibles71 maxill1 maxillip$s1 & two k9ds ( legs 7?oracic & abdom9al71 %[+ t !y are a mu* m primitive type1 & ne>] to ! annelids ?an any o!r ,ar?ropoda4 ,_! gills1 z %[n by ! rese>*es ( ,walcott & ( ,bee*]1 7 atta*$ to ne>ly if n e pair ( limbs beh9d ! ant5n 7,figs4 #a1 #b74 ,! fact t 9 ,trilobita ! fir/ pair ( limbs is ant5ni=m does n prove t !y are ,cru/acea1 s9ce ,eurypt]us has a simil> pair ( app5dages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,re/or$ section ( ,calym5e3 ,c1 c>apace2 en1 endopodite2 en1 exopodite2 ) ! gills on ! epipodal or respiratory "p ( ! app5dage4--,aft] ,walcott4 ,! limbs 9 trilobites1 z well z ! abdom9al ones ( m]o/omes1 & all ^? ( ,cru/acea1 except ! fir/ ant5n1 are biramose1 consi/+ ( an out] 7exopodite7 & an inn] division 7endopodite74 ,9 ?is respect ! t]re/rial air-brea?+ tra*eate =ms1 ,ara*nida1 ,myriopoda1 & ,insecta1 diff] f ! bran*iate =ms1 z _! legs are s+le or undivid$1 be+ adapt$ = support+ ! body dur+ locomotion ^u ! solid e>?4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t :51 z 9 ,limulus1 ! body is support$ by cephalic ambulatory limbs1 !y are s+le1 :ile ! abdom9al limbs1 us$ z !y are 9 swimm+1 are biramose1 mu* z 9 ,cru/acea4 ,! ,ara*nida4--,! scorpions & spid]s are mu* less closely alli$ to ! myriopods & insects ?an =m]ly suppos$4 ,_! embryology %[s t !y h desc5d$ f =ms relat$ to ,limulus1 possibly hav+ _h an orig9 9 common ) t animal1 or hav+1 z "s au?ors claim1 directly div]g$ f "s primitive eurypt]oid m]o/ome4 ,b !y diff] 9 ess5tial respects1 & n only 9 ! nature & gr\p+ ( _! app5dages2 ! fir/ pair in/ead ( ant5ni=m be+ l m&ibles1 & ! second pair l ! maxill1 ) ! palps1 ( insects1 ! f\r succe$+ segm5ts 7?oracic7 be>+ ea* a pair ( legs4 ,!y also h a bra9 q unlike t ( ,limulus1 ! n]v\s cord beh9d ! bra91 h[ev]1 be+ some:at simil>1 ?\gh t ( ,limulus diff]s 9 be+ envelop$ by an art]ial coat4 ,ara*nida respire by tra*e1 besides book-lungs1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are possibly d]ivatives ( ! book-gills ( ,limulus1 :ile !y p]=m ! (fice ( excretion by means ( ! malpighian tubes1 & l ,limulus possess two l>ge dige/ive gl&s 78liv]074 ,_! embryos h1 on at lea/ six abdom9al segm5ts1 rudim5ts ( limbs1 ?ree pairs ( :i* =m ! sp9n]ets1 %[+ _! orig9 f ,limulus-l or eurypt]oid =ms2 _! coxal gl&s are reta9$ f _! eurypt]oid ance/ors4 ,! ,ara*nida probably desc5d$ f m>9e m]o/omes1 & n f an indep5d5t annelid ance/ry1 h5ce we h repres5t$ !m 9 ! diagram on p4 #c z bran*+ (f f ! m]o/omat\s phylum1 r ?an f an indep5d5t "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,pair$ g5ital op5+s ( diff]5t classes ( ar?ropods4 ,a1 ! mo/ primitive1 ( ,limulus polyphemus3 g54 p1 g5]ative papill2 d1 duct2 vd1 vas def]5s2 t1 t5d9\s /igmata2 /ig1 /igmata2 e1 ext]nal bran*ial muscle2 ant1 ant]ior lamell> muscle4--,aft] ,b5ham1 ) a few *anges4 ,b1 lob/] 7,hom>us vulg>is71 3 oe1 g5ital ap]ture on #c;d pair ( legs2 ov1 ov>y2 u1 unpair$ portion ( ! same2 od1 oviduct4 ,c1 1 scorpion3 ov1 ov>y1 ) a s+le ext]nal op5+4 ,d1 3 t1 te/is2 vd1 vasa def]5tia2 sb1 sem9al vesicle2 a1 gl&ul> app5dage2 p1 p5is4--,aft] ,blan*>d4 ,e1 a myriopod 7,glom]is m>g9ata1 73 os1 ov>ian sac1 laid op52 od1 pair$ oviducts4 ,f1 3 t1 te/is2 gvd1 common vas def]5s2 pa1 pair$ ducts4--,aft] ,favre1 f ,lang4 ,g1 ,lepisma sac*>9a1 "y 3 vd1 vas def]5s1 ed1 ejaculatory duct2 ga1 ext]nal app5dages4--,aft] ,nasson[4 ,h1 ,ephem]a1 1 %[+ ! d\ble outlets4--,aft] ,palmn4 ,! *>act]s 9 :i* ara*nids approa* insects1 su* z tra*e & malpighian tubes 7none occur1 z a rule1 9 m>9e or bran*iate ar?ropods71 may be comp>atively rec5t /ructures acquir$ dur+ a *ange f a m>9e to a t]re/rial life1 & n primitive heirlooms4 ,ara*nida also %[ _! lat] orig9 ?an m]o/omes by ! fact t _! sexual gl&s are 9 mo/ cases s+le1 & ?\gh ) r>e exceptions ! ducts are pair$1 ^! f9ally unite & op5 ext]nally by a common s+le g5ital ap]ture 9 ! m$ian l9e ( ! body1 at ! base ( ! abdom5 7,fig4 #c1 ,c1 ,d74 ,9 ?is respect ,limulus1 ) its pair ( g5ital male or female op5+s1 situat$ ea* at ! end ( a papilla1 plac$ widely ap>t at ! base ( ! fir/ abdom9al limbs1 is decid$ly m ar*aic4 ,unlike ,cru/acea & insects1 ,ara*nida d n1 except 9 ! mites 7,ac>9a71 :i* is a v mu* modifi$ gr\p1 und]go a metamorphosis4 ,we see1 !n1 t ! insects1 ) ! ,myriopoda1 are some:at isolat$ f ! o!r ,ar?ropoda4 ,! ,myriopoda h a s+le pair ( ant5n1 & z !y h o!r *>act]s 9 common ) insects1 ,lang has unit$ ! two gr\ps 9 a s+le class ,ant5nata2 b1 z we %all see1 ?is seems some:at premature & unnecess>y4 ,yet ! two gr\ps h p]haps _h a common p>5tage1 & may prove to belong to a di/9ct1 common phylum4 ,n only by _! /ructure & embryology1 z well z _! metamorphosis1 d ! myriopods & insects /& ap>t f ! ,ara*nida & o!r ar?ropods1 b x seems probable t !y h _h a diff]5t ance/ry1 ! ar?ropods be+ app>5tly polyphyletic4 ,!re are two animals :i* appe> to connect ! insects ) ! worms1 & :i* indicate a sep>ate l9e ( desc5t f ! worms indep5d5t ( t ( ! o!r classes4 ,^! are ! s+ul> ,p]ipatus1 :i* s]ves z a connect+ l9k betwe5 ar?ropods & worms1 & ,scolop5drella 7,symphyla74 ,^! two animals are guide-po/s1 po9t+ out1 ?\gh vaguely to be sure1 ! way probably trod by ! =ms1 n[ ext9ct1 :i* l$ up to ! insects4 ,relations ( ,p]ipatus to ,insects4--,we w fir/ rec\nt ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is monotypic class4 ,p]ipatus 7,fig4 #d7 /&s alone1 ) no =ms int]m$iate betwe5 itself & ! worms on ! "o h&1 & ! true ,ar?ropoda on ! o!r4 ,orig9ally suppos$ to be a worm1 x is n[ ref]r$ to a class by itself1 ! ,malacopoda ( ,bla9ville1 or ,protra*eata ( ,haeckel4 ,x lives 9 ! tropics1 9 damp places "u decay+ wood4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance x some:at resembles a cat]pill>1 b ! head is s(t & worm-l1 ?\gh x be>s a pair ( ant5na-l t5tacles4 ,x may be said r to sup]ficially resemble a lee* ) claw$ legs1 ! sk9 & its wr9kles be+ l ^? ( a lee*4 ,!re is a pair ( horny jaws 9 ! m\?1 b ^! are m l ! ph>yngeal tee? ( worms ?an ! jaws ( ar?ropods4 ,! num]\s legs end ea* 9 a pair ( claws4 ,! ladd]-l n]v\s sy/em is unlike t ( annelid worms or ar?ropods1 b r recalls t ( c]ta9 molluscs 7,*iton1 etc471 z well z t ( c]ta9 flat & nem]t9e worms4 ,its annelid features are ! l>ge numb] ( segm5tally arrang$ true nephridia1 & ! nature ( ! integum5t4 ,its ar?ropodan features1 :i* appe> to take x out ( ! gr\p ( worms1 are ! pres5ce ( tra*e1 ( true saliv>y & slime gl&s1 ( a pair ( coxal gl&s 7,fig4 #d1 ,c1 cd7 z well z ! claws at ! end ( ! legs4 ,! tra*e1 :i* are by no means ! only ar?ropodan features1 are evid5tly modifi$ d]mal gl&s4 ,! he>t is ar?ropodan1 be+ a dorsal tube ly+ 9 a p]ic>dial s9us1 ) _m op5+s4 ,?is assemblage ( *>act]s is n to be f\nd 9 any m>9e or t]re/rial worm4 ,! tra*e 7,fig4 #d1 ,d1 tr7 are unbran*$ f9e tubes1 )\t a 8spiral ?read10 & are arrang$ 9 tufts1 9 ,p4 edw>dsii op5+ by simple orifices or pores 78/igmata07 scatt]$ irregul>ly ov] ! surface ( ! body2 b 9 ano!r species 7,p4 cap5sis7 "s ( ! /igmata are arrang$ m def9itely 9 longitud9al r[s1--on ea* side two1 "o dorsally & "o v5trally4 8,! /igmata 9 a longitud9al r[ are1 h[ev]1 m num]\s ?an ! pairs ( legs40 7,lang47 ,! saliv>y gl&s1 op5+ by a %ort common duct into ! "u side ( ! m\?1 9 ! same g5]al position z 9 insects1 are evid5tly1 z ! embryology ( ! animal proves1 trans=m$ nephridia1 & be+ ( ! ar?ropodan type expla9 ! orig9 & morphology ( ^? ( insects4 ,x is s ) ! slime gl&s2 ^!1 ) ! coxal gl&s1 be+ trans=m$ & v l>ge d]mal gl&s4 ,^? ( insects arose 9 ! same mann]1 & are evid5tly _! homologues1 :ile ^? ( ,p]ipatus 7 probably orig9ally d]iv$ f ! setip>\s gl&s 9 ! app5dages 7p>apodia7 ( annelid worms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,a1 ,p]ipatus nov zeal&i4--,aft] ,s$gwick1 f ,lang4 ,b1 ,p]ipatus cap5sis1 side view1 enl>g$ ab\t twice ! natural size4--,aft] ,moseley1 f ,balf\r4 ,c1 ,anatomy ( ,p]ipatus cap5sis4 ,! ent]ic canal beh9d ! ph>ynx has be5 remov$4 g1 bra92 a1 ant5na2 op1 oral or slime papill2 sd1 slime gl&2 sr1 slime res]voir1 :i* at ! same "t acts z a duct to ! gl&2 s#d1 s#e1 s#f1 s#i1 nephridia ( ! #d?1 #e?1 #f?1 & #i? pairs ( limbs2 cd1 elongat$ coxal gl& ( ! la/ pair ( feet2 g1 g5ital ap]ture2 an1 anus2 ph1 ph>ynx2 n1 longitud9al trunk ( ! n]v\s sy/em4--,aft] ,balf\r1 f ,lang4 ,d1 ,portion ( ! body ( ,p]ipatus cap5sis op5$ to %[ ! scatt]$ tufts ( tra*e 7tr72 v1 v1 v5tral n]ve cords4--,aft] ,moseley4 ,! g5ital gl&s & ducts are pair$1 b x is to be obs]v$ t ! outlets are s+le & situat$ at ! end ( ! body4 ,9 ! male ! ejaculatory duct is s+le2 9 its base a sp]matophore is =m$4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t ,p]ipatus is n only a composite type1 & a connect+ l9k betwe5 worms & tra*eate ar?ropods1 b t x may reasonably be reg>d$1 if n itself ! ance/or1 z resembl+ ! probable prog5itor ( myriopods & insects1 ?\gh ( c\rse !re is a v wide gap betwe5 ,p]ipatus & ! o!r ant5nate1 air-brea?+ ,ar?ropoda4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,e1 ,p]ipatus edw>dsii1 head f ! "u side3 a1 base ( ant5na2 op1 oral papilla2 ! figure also %[s ! papill ar\nd ! m\?1 & ! f\r jaws4--,aft] ,balf\r1 f ,lang4 ,f1 ,ant]ior end ( ,p]ipatus cap5sis1 v5tral side1 laid op53 a1 ant5na2 z1 tongue2 k1 jaw2 sd1 saliv>y gl&2 gs1 union ( ! two saliv>y gl&s2 ph1 ph>ynx2 1 sophagus2 l1 lip papill ar\nd ! m\?2 op1 oral or slime papilla2 sld1 duct or res]voir ( ! slime gl&4--,aft] ,balf\r1 f ,lang4 ,relation ( ,myriopods to ,insects4--,! ,myriopoda are ! ne>e/ allies ( ! insects4 ,!y h a di/9ct head1 ) "o pair ( ant5n4 ,! eyes are simple1 ) ! exception ( a s+le g5us 7,c]matia71 9 :i* !y are aggregat$ or comp\nd4 ,! trunk or body beh9d ! head is1 z a rule1 long & sl5d]1 & compos$ ( a l>ge b v>iable numb] ( segm5ts1 ( equal size & %ape1 be>+ jo9t$ legs1 :i* inv>iably end 9 a s+le claw4 ,! m\?-p>ts ( ! myriopods are s diff]5t 9 %ape & g5]al function f ^? ( insects1 t ?is "*1 toge!r ) ! equally segm5t$ nature ( ! portion ( ! body beh9d ! head 7! trunk71 =bids our m]g+ !m1 z "s h be5 incl9$ to d1 ) ! insects4 ,!re are two sub-classes ( myriopods1 diff]+ 9 su* important respects t by ,pocock#a & by ,k+sley !y are reg>d$ z indep5d5t classes1 ea* equival5t to ! insects4 ,( ^! ! mo/ primitive are ! ,diplopoda 7,*ilogna?a71 repres5t$ by ! galley-worms 7,julus1 etc474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,m&ible ( ,julus3 l1 lac9ia2 g1 galea2 p1 d5s m&ibul>is2 ma1 8mala02 lt1 lam9a tritoria2 /1 /ipes2 c1 c>do2 m1 muscle4--,aft] ,latzel4 ,9 ! typical ,diplopoda ! head consi/s ( ?ree segm5ts1 a preoral or ant5nal1 & two po/oral1 !re be+ two pairs ( jaw-l app5dages1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 a broad morphological s5se homologues ( ! m&ibles & fir/ maxill ( insects1 are q unlike !m 9 details4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,"u lip or deutomala ( ,scot]pes copei3 hyp1 hypo/oma or m5tum2 lam4 lab1 lam9a labialis2 /ip4 e1 /ipes ext]ior2 ) ! malella ext]ior 7mal4 e7 & malella int]ior 7mal4 i72 ! /ipes int]ior1 ) ! malulella2 & ! labiella 7hypoph>ynx ( ,vom ,ra?7 ) its /ilus 7/il474 ,z we h previ\sly /at$1#b ! s-call$ 8m&ibles0 ( diplopods are entirely diff]5t f ^? ( insects1 s9ce !y appe> to be #b- or #c-;jo9t$1 ! t]m9al jo9t be+ #b-lob$1 ?us resembl+ ! maxill r ?an ! m&ibles ( insects1 :i* consi/ ( b a s+le piece or jo9t1 probably ! homologue ( ! galea or mol> jo9t ( ! diplopod protomala4 ,! m&ible ( ! ,julid 7,fig4 #e1 ,julus molybd9us71 ,lysiopetalid1 & ,polydesmid consi/s ( ?ree jo9ts2 viz4 a basal piece or c>do1 a /ipes1 & ! mala m&ibul>is1 :i* supports two lobes analog\s to ! galea & lac9ia ( ! maxilla ( an insect4 ,!re is an approa*1 z we %all see1 9 ! m&ible ( ,copris1 to t ( ! ,julid1 b 9 insects 9 g5]al ! lac9ia is want+1 & ! jaw consi/s ( b a s+le piece4 ,! deutomal 7gna?o*il>ium71 or second pair ( diplopod jaws1 are analog\s to ! labium or second maxill ( insects1 =m+ a flatt5$1 plate-l "u-lip1 con/itut+ ! floor ( ! m\? 7,fig4 #f74 ,?is pair ( app5dages ne$s f>!r /udy1 especially 9 ! late embryo1 be=e x c be fully und]/ood4 ,s f> z kn[n1 judg+ by ,mets*nik(f's "w on ! embryology ( ! diplopods1 ^! myriopods seem to h 9 ! embryo b two pairs ( po/-ant5nal m\?-p>ts1 :i* he designat$ z ! 8m&ibles0 & 8labium40 ,me9]t1 h[ev]1 reg>ds z a ?ird pair ( m\?-p>ts or 8labium0 :at 9 our ,fig4 #g is call$ ! int]nal /ipes 7/ip4 i471 beh9d :i* is a triangul> plate1 lam9a labialis 7lam4 lab71 :i* he reg>ds z ! /]nite ( ! same segm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,deutomala ( ,julus1 ! lett]+ z 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,head ( ,scolop5dra1 se5 f b5ea?1 %[+ ! 8m&ible0 7protomala7 ) its c>do 7c>d47 & /ipes 7/471 also ! labrum & epilabrum4 ,! hypoph>ynx1 our 8labiella10 7,fig4 #f71 ) ! support+ rods or /ili l+uales 7/i4 l71 ( ,me9]t1 are ( ne>ly ! same %ape z 9 "s insects4 ,( ! clypeus ( insects !re is app>5tly no homologue 9 myriopods1 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 diplopods !re is an int]ant5nal clypeal region4 ,! labium ( insects is repres5t$ by a %ort1 broad piece1 :i*1 h[ev]1 unlike t ( insects1 is immovable1 & is flank$ by a sep>ate piece call$ ! epilabrum 7,fig4 #h74 ,vom ,ra? has obs]v$ an epiph>ynx1 :i* has ! same g5]al relations z 9 insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,l>va ( ,julus3 a1 ! #c;d abdom9al segm5t1 ) ! new limbs j budd+ out2 b1 new segm5ts aris+ betwe5 ! p5ultimate & ! la/ segm5t4--,aft] ,newport4 ,! embryology ( myriopods is 9 _m respects l t ( insects4 ,! l>va ( diplopods hat*es ) b few segm5ts1 & ) b ?ree pairs ( limbs2 b ^! are n1 z 9 insects1 app5d$ to consecutive segm5ts1 b 9 "o species ! ?ird1 & 9 ano!r1 ,julus multi/riatus8 7,fig4 #aj71 ! second1 segm5t f ! head is footless1 :ile ,vom ,ra? repres5ts ! fir/ segm5t ( an ,european ,blaniulus z footless1 ! feet be+ situat$ consecutively on segm5ts #b to #d4 ,! new segm5ts arise at 8! gr[+ po9t0 situat$ betwe5 ! la/ & p5ultimate segm5t1 gr[+ out 9 gr\ps ( sixes 7,newport7 or 9 our ,julus multi/riatus8 9 fives 7,fig4 #aj74 ,9 adult life diplopods 7,julus7 h a s+le pair ( limbs on ! ?ree fir/ segm5ts1 or ^? correspond+ to ! ?oracic segm5ts ( insects1 ! succe$+ segm5ts hav+ two pairs to ea* segm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,fre%ly hat*$ l>va ( ,julus multi/riatus8 #c mm4 long3 a1 #e pairs ( rudim5t>y legs1 "o pair to a segm5t4 ,s9clair 7,hea?cote7 reg>ds ea* d\ble segm5t 9 ! diplopods z n two orig9al segm5ts fus$ toge!r1 nor a s+le segm5t be>+ two pairs ( legs1 b z 8two complete segm5ts p]fect 9 all p>ticul>s1 b unit$ by a l>ge dorsal plate :i* 0 orig9ally two plates :i* h be5 fus$ toge!r40 7,myriopods1 #ahie1 p4 #ga47 ,t ! segm5ts 7 primitively sep>ate is %[n1 he adds1 by ! d\ble nature ( ! circulatory sy/em1 ! n]ve cord1 & ! fir/ traces ( segm5tation 9 ! mesobla/4 ,k5yon believes t f ! conditions 9 pauropods1 ,li?obius1 etc41 !re are indications ( alt]nate plates 7n segm5ts7 hav+ disappe>$1 & ( ! rema9+ plates ov]gr[+ ! segm5ts beh9d !m1 s z to give rise to ! anomal\s d\ble segm5ts4#c ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,six? pair ( legs ( ,polyzonium g]manicum1 3 cs1 v5tral sacs2 cox1 coxa2 /1 /]nal plate2 sp1 spiracle4--,aft] ,haase4 ,diplopods are also provid$ ) ev]sible coxal sacs1 9 position l ^? ( ,symphyla & ,synapt]a2 ,me9]t1 ,latzel1 & also ,haase hav+ detect$ !m 9 sev]al species ( ,*ordeumid1 ,lysiopetalid1 & ,polyzonid 7,fig4 #aa74 ,9 ,lysiopetalum anceps ^! blood-gills occur 9 bo? sexes betwe5 ! cox ( ! ?ird to sixte5? pair ( limbs4 ,9 ! ,diplopods ! blood-gills appe> to be m or less p]man5tly ev]t$1 :ile 9 ,scolop5drella !y are usually retract$ )9 ! body 7,fig4 #ae1 cg74 ,diplopods also diff] ext]nally f insects 9 ! g5ital armature1 a complicat$ app>atus ( male clasp]s & hooks app>5tly aris+ f ! /]num ( ! six? segm5t & be+ ! modifi$ sev5? pair ( legs4 ,9 myriopods !re are no pleural pieces or 8pleurites10 s *>act]i/ic ( w+$ insects4 ,p]haps ! mo/ fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 diplopods & insects is ! fact t ! pair$ g5ital op5+s ( ! =m] are situat$ n f> beh9d ! head betwe5 ! second & ?ird pair ( legs4 ,bo? ! oviducts & male ejaculatory ducts are pair$1 ) sep>ate op5+s4 ,! g5ital gl&s lie b5ea?1 :ile 9 *ilopods !y lie above ! inte/9e2 ?is1 z ,kors*elt & ,heid] /ate1 be+ a m primitive relation1 s9ce 9 ,p]ipatus !y also lie above ! dige/ive canal4 ,! n]v\s sy/em ( diplopods is n only rem>kable = ! lack ( ! t5d5cy t[>ds a fusion ( ! ganglia obs]vable 9 insects1 b = ! fact t ! d\ble segm5ts are ea* provid$ ) two ganglia4 ,! bra9 also is v small 9 proportion to ! v5tral cord1 ! n]v\s sy/em be+ 9 its g5]al appe>ance some:at z 9 cat]pill>s4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! tra*e & /igmata is mu* z 9 insects1 b 9 ! ,diplopoda ! tra*e>y sy/em is m primitive ?an 9 *ilopods1 a pair ( /igmata & a pair ( tra*eal bundles occurr+ 9 ea* segm5t1 :ile ! bundles are n connect$ by ana/omos+ bran*es1 bran*$ tra*e only occurr+ 9 ! ,glom]id4 ,! tra*e !mselves are )\t spiral ?reads 7tnidia74 ,x is notewor?y t ! tra*e arise mu* lat] ?an 9 insects1 n appe>+ until ! animal is hat*$2 9 ?is respect ! myriopods approximate ,p]ipatus4 ,9 ! ,*ilopoda also ! p>ts ( ! head1 except ! epicranium1 are n homolog\s ) ^? ( insects1 nei!r are ! m\?-p>ts1 ( :i* !re are five pairs4 ,! /ructure ( ! head ( c5tip$es is %[n 9 "p 9 ,fig4 #ab1 comp>e also ,fig4 #h4 ,x w be se5 t x diff]s mu* f t ( ! diplopods1 ?\gh ! m&ibles 7protomal7 are homolog\s2 !y are divid$ into a c>do & /ipes1 ?us be+ at lea/ two-jo9t$4 ,! second pair ( po/oral app5dages is 9 c5tip$es v diff]5t f ! gna?o*il>ium ( diplopods4 ,z se5 9 ,fig4 #ab #b1 !y are sep>ate1 cyl9drical1 fle%y1 five-jo9t$ app5dages1 ! maxill>y app5dages ( ,newport1 :i* are 8connect$ transv]sely at _! base ) a pair ( s(t app5dages0 7c71 ! l+ua ( ,newport4 ,! ?ird & f\r? pair are foot-jaws1 & we h call$ !m malip$es1 z !y h ( c\rse no homology ) ! maxillip$es ( ,cru/acea4 ,! second pair ( ^! malip$es1 =m+ ! la/ pair ( m\?-app5dages1 is ! poison-fangs 7#d71 :i* are int]m$iate betwe5 ! malip$es & ! feet2 ,me9]t does n all[ t ^! are m\?-app5dages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,/ructure ( a *ilopod4 ,a1 ,li?obius am]icanus1 natural size4 ,b1 "u side ( head & fir/ two body-segm5ts & legs1 enl>g$3 ant1 ant5na2 #a1 jaws2 #b1 fir/ accessory jaw2 c1 l+ua2 #c1 second accessory jaw & palpus2 #d1 poison-jaw4 7,k+sley del47 ,c1 side view ( head 7aft] ,newport73 ep1 epicranium2 l1 frontal plate2 sc1 scute2 #a1 fir/ leg2 sp1 spiracle4 ,! embryology ( ,geophilus by ,mets*nik(f %[s pla9ly ! f\r pairs ( po/-ant5nal app5dages4 ,! embryo ,geophilus is hat*$ 9 ! =m ( ! adult1 hav+1 unlike ! diplopods1 no metamorphosis1 its embryological hi/ory be+ cond5s$ or abbreviat$4 ,b 9 exam9+ ,mets*nik(f's figures c]ta9 primitive diplopod features are reveal$4 ,! body ( ! embryo %ortly be=e hat*+ is cyl9drical2 ! /]nal region is mu* n>r[] ?an 9 ! adult1 h5ce ! ins]tions ( ! feet are ne>] toge!r1 :ile ! fir/ six pairs ( app5dages beg9 to gr[ out be=e ! h9d] ones4 ,?us ! fir/ six pairs ( app5dages ( ! embryo ,geophilus correspond to ! ant5n1 two pairs ( jaws1 & ?ree pairs ( legs ( ! l>val ,julus4 ,^! features appe> to indicate t ! *ilopods may be an (f%oot f ! diplopod /em4 ,! acquisition ( a second pair ( legs to a segm5t 9 diplopods1 z 9 ! phyllopod ,cru/acea1 is cle>ly en\gh a second>y "*1 z %[n by ! figures ( ,newport 9 8 memoir on ! developm5t ( ! ,myriopoda 7,pl4 ,,iv474 ,?us ! t5d5cy 9 ! ,myriopoda1 bo? diplopods & *ilopods1 is t[>ds ! multiplication ( segm5ts & ! elongation ( ! body1 :ile 9 insects ! polypod\s embryo has ! ?ree t]m9al segm5ts ( ! abdom5 well =m$1 ^! be+1 h[ev]1 be=e hat*+1 p>tly atrophi$1 s t ! body ( insects aft] bir? t5ds to become %ort5$ or cond5s$4 ,?is indicates ! desc5t ( insects f ance/ors ) elongat$ polypod\s h9d-bodies l ,scolop5drella4 ,kors*elt & ,heid] sugge/ t ! /em-=m ( myriopods 0 a homonom\sly jo9t$ =m l ,p]ipatus1 consi/+ ( a r l>ge numb] ( segm5ts1 b we might1 ) ,haase1 consid] t ! great numb] ( segm5ts :i* we n[ f9d indicates a late acquisition ( ?is =m4 ,! g5ital op5+ 9 *ilopods is s+le1 & situat$ 9 ! p5ultimate segm5t ( ! body1 z 9 insects4 ,:ile recogniz+ ! close relation%ip ( ! ,myriopoda ) ! insects1 x /ill seems advisable n to unite !m into a s+le gr\p 7z ,oudemans1 ,lang1 & o!rs w\ld d71 b to reg>d !m z =m+ an equival5t class4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we take into acc\nt ! =m & /ructure ( ! head1 ant5n1 & especially ! %ape ( ! fir/ pair ( m\?-app5dages1 be+ at lea/ two-jo9t$ 9 bo? gr\ps1 we ?9k ^! *>act]s1 ) ! homonom\sly segm5t$ body beh9d ! head1 outweigh ! diff]5ce 9 ! position ( ! g5ital outlet1 important z t may seem4 ,x %\ld also be tak5 into acc\nt t :ile insects are d]iv$ f polypod\s ance/ors1 no "o supposes1 ) ! exception ( "o or two au?ors1 t ^! ance/ors are ! ,myriopoda1 ! latt] hav+ evid5tly desc5d$ f a six-legg$ ance/or1 q diff]5t f t ( ! ,campodea ance/or ( insects4#d ,9 reg>d to ! sexual op5+s ( worms1 ?\gh _! position is 9 g5]al 9 ! ant]ior "p ( ! body1 x is /ill v v>iable1 ?\gh1 9 g5]al1 pair$4 ,9 ! oligo*ete worms ! g5ital zone1 ) ! ext]nal op5+s1 is =m$ by ! segm5ts ly+ betwe5 ! #i? & #ad? r+s1 ?\gh 9 "s ! g5ital organs are situat$ /ill ne>] ! head4 ,! myriopods1 :i* evolv$ f ! worms e>li] ?an insects1 appe> to h 9 _! mo/ primitive =ms 7! ,diplopoda7 reta9$ ?is v]mian position ( ! g5ital outlets4 ,9 ! lat] =ms1 ! *ilopods1 ! g5ital op5+s h be5 c>ri$ back to ne> ! end ( ! body1 z 9 insects4 ,f obs]vations made by ?ree diff]5t obs]v]s on ! fre%ly hat*$ l>va ( ! ,julid1 x appe>s t ! ance/ral diplopods 7 six-foot$1 or oligopod1 ! l>va ( ,pauropus 7,fig4 #ac7 approa*+ ne>e/ to our idea ( ! ance/ral myriopod1 :i* might provisionally be nam$ ,protopauropus4 ,relations ( ! ,symphyla to ,insects4--,op9ions respect+ ! position ( ! ,symphyla1 repres5t$ by ,scolop5drella 7,fig4 #ad71 are v discordant4 ,by mo/ writ]s s9ce ,newport1 ,scolop5drella has be5 plac$ among ! myriopods4 ,! fir/ au?or1 h[ev]1 to exam9e its int]nal anatomy 0 ,m5ge 7#ahea71 :o discov]$ among o!r /ructures 7tra*e1 etc47 ! silk-gl&s situat$ 9 ! la/ two segm5ts1 & :i* op5 at ! end ( ea* c]cus4 ,he reg>d$ ! =m z 8! type ( a g5us or family int]m$iate betwe5 ! hexapod ,lepismid & ! ,scolop5drid40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,pauropus huxleyi1 mu* enl>g$4 ,a1 enl>g$ view ( head1 ant5n1 & fir/ pair ( legs 7orig9al74 ,b1 "y4--,aft] ,lubbock4 ,c1 longitud9al section ( ,pauropus huxleyi1 3 a1 bra92 b1 saliv>y gl&2 k1 mid-inte/9e2 g1 rectum2 h1 v5tral n]ve-cord2 c1 bud-l remnants ( cox2 d1 p5is2 e1 vesicula sem9alis2 f1 ductus gl&ul>is2 i#a1 divisions ( te/es4--,aft] ,k5yon4 ,9 #ahgce ! writ] ref]r$ to ?is =m z foll[s3 8,x may be reg>d$ z a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,?ysanura & ,myriopoda1 & %[s ! intimate relation ( ! myriopods & ! hexapods1 p]haps n suffici5tly appreciat$ by _m zologi/s40 ,9 #ahhj ,ryd] reg>d$ x z 8! la/ survival ( ! =m f :i* insects may be suppos$ to h desc5d$10 & ref]r$ x to 8! new ord9al gr\p ,symphyla1 9 ref]5ce to ! s+ul> comb9ation ( myriopod\s1 insectean1 & ?ysanur\s *>act]s :i* x pres5ts4#f0 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,scolop5drella immaculata1 f above1--aft] ,lang2 also f b5ea?1 ! g5ital op5+ on ! #d? trunk-segm5t3 sac1 ev]sible or coxal sac2 an1 anus2 c1 c]eopod2 v1 ve/igial leg4--,aft] ,haase1 f ,peyt\reau4 ,a ,b ,c1 head & buccal app5dages ( ,scolop5drella immaculata3 ,a1 head se5 f above2 cl1 clypeus4 ,b1 head f b5ea?2 l1 fir/ pair ( legs2 mx1 #a/ maxilla2 mx#a1 #b;d maxilla2 t1 8labial plates0 ( ,latzel1 labium ( ,muhr4 ,c1 #a/ maxilla2 l1 lac9ia2 g1 galea2 p1 rudim5t ( ! palpus4--,aft] ,latzel4 ,d1 end ( ! body3 p#aa1 elev5?1 p#ab1 twelf? undevelop$ pair ( legs2 p#ac1 modifi$1 ve/igial legs1 be>+ tactile organs 7s72 sg1 c]copod1 ) duct ( sp9n+ gl&1 dg2 cd1 ev]sible or coxal gl&2 h#hs1 coxal spur ( ! #aa? pair ( legs4--,aft] ,latzel f ,lang4 ,wood-,mason consid]$ x to be a myriopod1 & 8! desc5dant ( a gr\p ( myriopods f :i* ! ,campode1 ,?ysanura1 & ,collembola may h sprung40 ,we are indebt$ to ,grassi = ! fir/ ext5d$ "w on ! morphology ( ,scolop5drella 7#ahhe74 ,9 #ahhf he add$ to our k facts reg>d+ ! int]nal anatomy1 & gives a detail$ comp>ison ) ! ,?ysanura1 besides po9t+ out ! resemblances ( ,scolop5drella to ,pauropus1 diplopods1 *ilopods1 z well z ,p]ipatus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,section ( ,scolop5drella immaculata3 1 sophagus2 oe4 v1 sophageal valve ent]+ ! mid-inte/9e 78/oma*072 i1 inte/9e2 r1 rectum2 br1 bra92 ns1 abdom9al *a9 ( ganglia2 ovd1 oviduct2 ov1 ov>y2 s4 gl1 silk-gl&1 & op1 its out] op5+ 9 c]cus1 ur4 t1 ur9>y tube2 cg1 coxal gl&s or blood-gills4--,au?or del4 ,9 #ahhh ,grassi express$ 8 view z to ! position ( ! ,symphyla1 /at+ t x %\ld n be includ$ 9 ! ,?ysanura1 s9ce x evid5tly has myriopod *>act]s2 ^! be+ ! suprasp9al vessel1 ! v5tral position ( ! g5ital gl&s2 ! situation ( ! g5ital op5+ 9 ! f\r? segm5t ( ! trunk1 its ganglionic *a9 be+ l t ( diplopods1 its hav+ limbs on all ! segm5ts1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,grassi has ) mu* detail indicat$ ! po9ts ( resemblance to ! ,?ysanura4 ,! pr9cipal ones are ! ?9 integum5t1 ! want ( sympa!tic ganglia1 ! pres5ce ( a pair ( cephalic /igmata1 l t said to occur 9 c]ta9 ,collembola1 & 9 ! embryo ( ,apis2 two endoskeletal processes situat$ ne> ! v5tral fascia ( ! head2 ! epicranial suture also occurr+ 9 ,?ysanura1 ,collembola1 ,or?opt]a1 & o!r w+$ insects1 & be+ abs5t 9 diplopods & *ilopods4 ,he also adds t ! dige/ive canal bo? 9 ,symphyla & ,?ysanura is divid$ into ?ree portions2 ! malpighian tubes 9 ,?ysanura pres5t v diff]5t conditions 7!re be+ none 9 ,japyx71 among :i* may be compris$ ^? ( ,scolop5drella4 ,9 bo? gr\ps !re is a s+le pair ( saliv>y gl&s4 ,! cellul> epi!lium ( ! mid-inte/9e ( ,scolop5drella is ( a s+le =m z 9 ,campodea & ,japyx4 ,! fat-body1 dorsal vessel1 ) its valves & o/ia1 are alike 9 ! two gr\ps1 z are ! app5dages ( ! end ( ! abdom51 ! anal c]ci 7c]copoda7 ( ,scolop5drella be+ ! homologues ( ! multi>ticulate app5dages ( ,lepisma1 etc41 & ( ! =ceps ( ,japyx4 ,9 ^? ( ,scolop5drella1 we h f\nd ! l>ge duct lead+ f ! volum9\s silk-gl&1 a s+le l>ge sac ext5d+ =w>ds into ! ?ird segm5t f ! end ( ! body 7,fig4 #ae1 s4 gl74 ,o!r po9ts ( resemblance1 all ( :i* he enum]ates1 are ! slight diff]5ces 9 ! numb] ( trunk-segm5ts1 ! pres5ce 9 ! two gr\ps ( ! abdom9al 8false-legs0 7p>apodia71 ! dorsal plate1 & ! m\?-p>ts4 ,z reg>ds ! latt]1 ,grassi affirms t !re is a p]fect p>allelism betwe5 ^? ( ,scolop5drella & ,?ysanura4 ,to ?is po9t we w return aga9 9 treat+ m especially ( ^? ( ! ,symphyla4 ,f9ally1 ,grassi concludes t !re is 8a great resemblance betwe5 ! ,?ysanura & ,scolop5drella40 ,he1 h[ev]1 believ$ t ! ,symphyla are ! =]unn]s ( ! myriopods1 & n ( ! insects1 8 g5ealogical tree repres5t+ ! symphylan & ?ysanuran phyla z orig9at+ f ! same po9t1 ?is po9t also be+1 r /rangely1 ! po9t ( orig9 ( ! ara*nidan phylum4 ,haase 7#ahhi7 reg>d$ ,scolop5drella z a myriopod1 & ,pocock 7#ahic7 assign$ ! ,symphyla to an indep5d5t class1 reg>d+ ,scolop5drella z 8! liv+ =m t comes ne>e/ to ! hypo!tical ance/or ( ! two great divisions ( tra*eates40 ,s*midt's "w 7#ahie7 on ! morphology ( ?is g5us is m ext5d$ & ri*ly illu/rat$ ?an ,grassi's1 8 me?od ( rese>* be+ m mod]n4 ,he also reg>ds ?is =m z "o ( ! l[] myriopods4 ,9 conclusion1 x appe>s to u t1 on ! :ole1 if we ?r[ out ! s+le *>act]i/ic ( ! ant]iorly situat$ g5ital op5+1 ! ov>ian tubes be+ direct$ t[>d ! end ( ! body 7,fig4 #ae1 ovd1 ov71 !re is n suffici5t reason = plac+ ! ,symphyla among ! ,myriopoda1 ei!r bel[ or ne> ! diplopods4 ,?is is ! only valid reason = n reg>d+ ,scolop5drella z ! repres5tative ( a gr\p f :i* ! insects h desc5d$1 & :i* p>tly fills ! wide abyss betwe5 ,p]ipatus & insects4 ,) ! view ( ,pocock1 t bo? insects & myriopods h desc5d$ f ,scolop5drella1 we d n agree1 because ?is =m has s _m insectean features1 & a s+le unpair$ g5ital op5+4 ,= ! same reason we %\ld n agree ) ,s*midt 9 int]polat+ ! ,symphyla betwe5 ! ,pauropoda & ,diplopoda4 ,9 ^! la/ two progoneate gr\ps ! g5ital op5+s are pair$1 h5ce !y are mu* m primitive types ?an ,scolop5drella1 9 :i* !re is b a s+le op5+4 ,x seems mo/ probable t ! ,symphyla1 ?\gh progoneate1 are m rec5t =ms ?an ! progoneate myriopods1 :i* h reta9$ ! primitive feature ( d\ble sexual outlets4 ,x is m probable t ! ,symphyla 7 ! desc5dants ( ^! polypod\s =ms4 ,c]ta9ly ,scolop5drella is ! only extant ar?ropod :i*1 ) ! sole exception ( ! ant]iorly situat$ g5ital op5+1 fulfils ! conditions requir$ ( an ance/or ( ,?ysanura1 & ?r\gh !m ( ! w+$ insects4 ,no "o has be5 s bold z to sugge/ ! d]ivation ( insects f ei!r diplopods or *ilopods1 :ile _! orig9 f a =m simil> to ,scolop5drella seems n improbable4 ,yet ,uzel has v rec5tly discov]$ t ,campodea develops 9 "s respects l ,geophilus1 ! primitive b& s9k+ 9 its middle into ! yolk1 ) o!r features z 9 *ilopods4#g ,! ret5tion ( a d\ble sexual op5+ 9 ! diplopods is p>allel$ by ! case ( ,limulus ) its d\ble or pair$ sexual outlets1 op5+ 9 a pair ( papill1 z comp>$ ) :at are reg>d$ z ! g5]aliz$ or m primitive ,cru/acea1 :i* h an unpair$ sexual op5+4 ,! foll[+ summ>y ( ! /ructural features ( ! ,symphyla1 z repres5t$ by ,scolop5drella1 is bas$ ma9ly on ! works ( ,grassi1 ,haase1 & ,s*midt1 ) obs]vations ( my own4 ,diagno/ic or ess5tial *>act]s ( ,symphyla4--,head %ap$ z 9 ,?ysanura 7,c9ura71 ) ! ,y-%ap$ t]gal suture1 :i* occurs commonly 9 insects 7,?ysanura1 ,collembola1 ,d]mapt]a1 ,or?opt]a1 ,platypt]a1 ,neuropt]a1 etc471 b is want+ 9 ,myriopoda 7,diplopoda & ,*ilopoda72 ant5n#h unlike ^? ( ,myriopoda 9 be+ v long1 sl5d]1 & monili=m4 ,clypeus di/9ct4 ,labrum em>g9ate1 ) six conv]g+ tee?4 ,m&ibles #b-;jo9t$1 consi/+ ( a ve/igial /ipes & di/al or mol> jo9t1 ! latt] ) eight tee?4 ,fir/ maxill ) an out] & inn] mala situat$ on a well-develop$ /ipes2 ) a m9ute1 #a-;jo9t$ palpus4 ,second pair ( maxill3 ea* =m+ two oblong flat pieces1 m$ian sutures di/9ct1 ) no palpi2 ^! pieces are too!d 9 front1 & appe> to be homolog\s ) ! two m$ian pieces ( ! gna?o*il>ium ( ,diplopoda4 ,hypoph>ynx8 ,epiph>ynx8 ,trunk ) f fifte5 to sixte5 dorsal1 m or less free subequal scutes1 ! fir/ ! smalle/4 ,p$ig]\s segm5ts twelve2 also twelve pairs ( #e-;jo9t$ legs1 :i* are ( ne>ly equal l5g?1 ! fir/ pair #d-1 ! o!rs #e-;jo9t$1 all end+ 9 two claws1 z 9 ,synapt]a & w+$ insects4 ,a pair ( #a-;jo9t$ anal c]ci homolog\s ) ^? ( ,?ysanura & ,or?opt]a1 into ea* ( :i* op5s a l>ge abdom9al silk-gl&4 ,abdom9al segm5ts ) movable /yles or 8pseudopods0 78,p>apodia0 ( ,latzel & ( ,s*midt71 l ^? ( ,campodea & ,ma*ilis1 & situat$ on ! base ( ! coxal jo9t 9 front ( ! v5tral sac4 ,)9 ! body ne> ! base ( ea* abdom9al /yle is an ev]sible coxal sac or blood-gill 7,fig4 #ae1 cg74 ,! s+le g5ital op5+ is on ! f\r? trunk-segm5t 9 bo? sexes 7,fig4 #ae1 indicat$ by ! arr[74 ,! malpighian tubes 7ur4 t7 are two 9 numb]1 op5+ into ! dige/ive canal at ! ant]ior end ( ! h9d inte/9e2 !y ext5d 9 front to ! ?ird or second segm5t f ! head4 ,!y are broad & /raight at _! orig91 becom+ t[>ds ! end v sl5d] & convolut$4 ,! ?ree divisions ( ! dige/ive tract are z 9 insects1 ! epi!lium ( ! mid-gut be+ hi/ologically z 9 ,campodea & ,japyx2 rectal gl&s are pres5t4 ,a pair ( v l>ge saliv>y gl&s are situat$ 9 ! fir/ to ! f\r? trunk-segm5ts1 consi/+ ( a gl&ul> portion ) its duct1 :i* unite into a common duct op5+ on ! "u side ( ! head1 probably 9 ! labium4 ,b a s+le pair ( /igmata is pres5t1 & ^! are situat$ 9 ! front ( ! head1 b5ea? ! ins]tion ( ! ant5n & )9 ! /ipes ( ! m&ibles2 ! tra*e are v f9e1 )\t spiral ?reads 7tnidia71 & mo/ly conta9$ )9 ! head1 two f9e bran*es ext5d+ on ea* side into ! second trunk-segm5t4 ,aft] bir? ! body increases 9 l5g? by ! addition ( new segm5ts at ! gr[+ po9t4 ,9 respect to ! n]v\s sy/em1 !re are no diagno/ic *>act]s2 !re are1 h[ev]1 n z _m z two pairs ( ganglia to a segm5t4 ,! bra9 is well develop$1 s5d+ a pair ( sl5d] n]ves to ! small eyes4 ,! ganglia ( ! segm5t be>+ ! fir/ pair ( legs is fus$ ) ! subsophageal ganglion4 ,grassi 0 unable to detect a true sympa!tic sy/em1 b he suspects ! exi/5ce ( a v small frontal ganglion4 ,! sl5d] dorsal vessel1 provid$ ) o/ia & valvules1 pulsates along ! entire l5g? ( ! trunk2 an aorta passes into ! head4 ,! int]nal g5ital organs ( bo? sexes are pair$1 & ext5d along ! great] "p ( ! trunk2 9 ei!r sex !y may be comp>$ to two long1 sl5d]1 /raight cords ext5d+ f ! f\r? to ! t5? pair ( legs4 ,! two oviducts d n unite be=e rea*+ ! sexual op5+ 7,fig4 #ae1 ovd74 ,! male sexual organs are m complicat$ ?an ! fem99e4 ,! pair$ te/icul> tubes lie 9 trunk-segm5ts #f to #ab1 on ea* side1 & p>tly "u ! inte/9al canal1 communicat+ ) ea* o!r by a cross-ana/omosis situat$ "u ! inte/9e1 & :i*1 l ! te/es1 is fill$ ) sp]m4 ,( ! pair$ sem9al ducts 7vas def]5s7 9 trunk-segm5t #d1 ea* unites aga9 into a ?ick tube1 s5d+ a bl9d tube =w>d into ! ?ird segm5t4 ,"u ! place ( union ( ! two vasa def]5tia arise ! pair$ ductus ejaculatorii1 :i* op5 b5ea? 9 ! ut]us mascul9us4 ,! ant]ior bl9d ends ( ! vasa def]5tia =m a sort ( small pair$ vesicul sem9ales 9 :i* a great quantity ( ripe sp]m is /or$4 ,! ut]us mascul9us is 9 its /ructure homolog\s ) ! evag9able p5is ( ,pauropus1 ,polyx5us1 & "s diplopods1 & ! sexual op5+ has )\t d\bt become second>ily unpair$4 ,! sexual op5+ is r long & is clos$ by two longitud9al folds4 8,9 sev]al respects ! male sexual organs ( ,scolop5drella are l ^? ( ,pauropus2 9 ! la/-nam$ =m we h inde$ an unpair$ te/is1 b also 9 ,scolop5drella we see ! beg9n+ ( su* a s+l5ess2 namely1 ! pres5ce ( an ana/omosis unit+ ! two tubes1 _! communication by means ( a transv]se connect+ canal & a gl&ul> /ructure 9 ! epi!lium =m+ !m4 ,! male sexual organs ( ,pauropus diff] only ?r\gh a /ill great] complication40 7,s*midt47 ,scolop5drella 9 habits resembles *ilopods1 be+ f\nd 9 company ) ,geophilus burr[+ deep 9 light s& "u leaves1 or liv+ at ! surface ( ! gr\nd "u /icks or /ones4 ,x is v agile 9 its movem5ts1 & is probably c>nivor\s4 ,x 0 consid]$ by ,haase to be eyeless1 b ! pres5ce ( two ocelli has be5 demon/rat$ bo? by ,grassi & by ,s*midt4 ,:e!r ! pigm5t & corne\s facet are pres5t is n c]ta94 ,! embryology is entirely unkn[n 7al?\gh ,h5%aw reports f9d+ a hexapod\s "y "o71 & x ne$ n be said t a k ( x is a v great desid]atum4 ,x is mo/ probable t ! "y is hexapod\s1 s9ce ! fir/ pair ( limbs are #d-;jo9t$1 all ! re/ #e-;jo9t$2 :ile ,newport1 & also ,ryd]1 obs]v$ specim5s ) n9e1 t51 elev51 & twelve pairs1 & ,wood-,mason confirms _! obs]vations1 8:i* prove t a pair ( legs is add$ at ea* m\lt10 & he concludes t ! addition ( new segm5ts 8!re=e takes place 9 ?is animal by ! int]calation ( two at ea* m\lt betwe5 ! antep5ultimate & p5ultimate /]na1 z 9 ! ,*ilogna?a1 & z also 9 "s ( ! ,*ilopoda40 ,!re is b "o family1 ,scolop5drellid1 & a s+le g5us1 ,scolop5drella1 :i* seems to be1 l o!r ar*aic types1 cosmopolitan 9 its di/ribution4 ,our commone/ species is ,s4 immaculata ,newport1 :i* occurs f ,massa*usetts to ,cordova1 ,mexico1 & 9 ,europe f ,engl& to ! ,m$it]ranean & ,russia2 ,mr4 ,o4 ,f4 ,cook tells me he has f\nd a species 9 ,lib]ia1 ,we/ ,africa4 ,! o!r species are ,s4 notacan?a ,g]vais1 ,europe & ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,s4 nivea ,scopoli 7,s4 grati ,ryd]71 ,europe & ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,s4 latipes ,scudd]1 ,massa*usetts4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,scolop5drella ,newport1 ,george4 ,monograph ( ! class ,myriopoda1 ord] ,*ilopoda4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 xix1 pp4 #cdi-dci1 #a ,pl41 #ahde47 ,m5ge1 ,a4 ,myriapod5 d] ,umgeg5d von ,danzig4 7,neu/e ,s*rift5 d] natur=s*4 ,gesell4 ,danzig4 iv1 #ahea47 ,ryd]1 ,john ,h4 ,scolop5drella z ! type ( a new ord] ( articulates 7,symphyla74 7,am]4 ,nat41 ,may1 #ahhj1 xiv1 pp4 #cge1 #cgf47 ---- ,! /ructure1 aff9ities1 & species ( ,scolop5drella4 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,soc4 ,phil41 pp4 #gi-hf1 #ahha1 #b ,figs47 ,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,scolop5drella & its position 9 nature4 7,am]4 ,nat41 #ahha1 pp4 #fih-gjd1 ,fig47 ,muhr1 ,jos4 ,die ,mund!ile von ,scolop5drella und ,polyzonium4 ,prag1 #ahhb1 #a ,pl4 ,mason1 ,j4 ,wood4 ,morphological notes be>+ on ! orig9 ( insects4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahgi1 pp4 #ade-afg1 ,figs47 ---- ,notes on ! /ructure1 po/-embryonic developm5t1 & sy/ematic position ( ,scolop5drella4 7,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,july1 #ahhc1 pp4 #ec-fc47 ,latzel1 ,rob]t4 ,die ,myriapod5 d] o/]rei*is*-ung>is*5 ,mon>*ie1 ii1 ,wi51 #ahhd1 pp4 #a-ci1 ,pls4 ,haase1 ,eri*4 ,die ,abdom9alanhnge d] ,insekt5 mit ,b]cksi*tigung d] ,myriapod54 7,morph4 ,jahrbu*1 xv1 pp4 #cca-dce1 #b ,pls41 #ahhi47 ,s*midt1 ,pet]4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d] ni$]5 ,myriapod54 7,zeits4 f4 wiss54 ,zool41 lix1 pp4 #dcf-eaj1 #b ,pls41 #ahie47 ,,insecta 7,,hexapoda7 ,we are n[ prep>$ to discuss ! fundam5tal or ess5tial *>act]s ( ! insects1 includ+ ! w+less subclass 7,synapt]a71 & ! w+$ 7,pt]ygota74 ,diagno/ic *>act]s ( insects4--,body consi/+ ( n m ?an tw5ty-"o segm5ts1 :i* are usually het]onom\s or ( unequal size & %ape1 arrang$ 9 ?ree usually well-def9$ regions2 i4e4 a head1 ?orax1 & h9d-body or abdom54 ,head small & flatt5$ or r\nd$1 compos$ ( n less ?an six segm5ts1 & be>+1 besides ! eyes1 at lea/ f\r pairs ( jo9t$ app5dages2 i4e4 "o pair ( ant5n1 & ?ree pairs ( ma/icatory app5dages1 ! di/al or mol> portion ( :i* is prim>ily divid$ into ?ree divisions1 support$ on a /ipes & c>do1 & 9 c]ta9 ord]s modifi$ into pi]c+ or suck+ /ructures4 ,! head is compos$ ( an epicranium1 be>+ a di/9ct clypeus & labrum1 ) ! epiph>ynx4 ,m&ibles #a-;jo9t$1 )\t a palpus & v g5]ally ) no1 or unc]ta91 traces ( a lac9ia & a /ipes4 ,two pairs ( maxill2 ! fir/ pair sep>ate1 usually #c-lob$1 compris+ a lac9ia1 galea1 & palpif]1 ) a palpus :i* is nev] m ?an #f-;jo9t$4 ,! second pair unit$ to =m ! labium or "u lip1 compos$ ( two lac9i fus$ toge!r2 9 ! g5]aliz$ =ms ) a rudim5t>y galea2 be>+ a pair ( palpi1 nev] m ?an #d-;jo9t$2 ) p>agloss sometimes pres5t4 7,a ?ird pair ( m\?-app5dages situat$ betwe5 ! ant5n & m&ibles 9 ! embryo ( ,anurida1 & ,apis1 & adult ,campodea47 ,! epiph>ynx =m+ ! ro( ( ! m\?1 & be>+ gu/atory organs4 ,hypoph>ynx usually well develop$1 ly+ on ! "u side ( ! m\?1 j above ! labium1 & receiv+ ! end ( ! saliv>y duct4 ,eyes ( two k9ds3 a pair ( comp\nd1 & f two to ?ree simple eyes 7ocelli74 ,! ?orax consi/+ ( ?ree segm5ts1 ! two latt] segm5ts 9 ! w+$ ord]s highly diff]5tiat$ into num]\s t]gal & lat]al pieces & a s+le /]num2 9 ! ,synapt]a ! segm5ts are undivid$4 7,9 ! high] ,hym5opt]a ! basal abdom9al segm5t coalesc$ ) ! ?orax47 ,?ree pairs ( legs1 ea* foot end+ 9 a pair ( claws4 ,two pairs ( w+s 7except 9 ! ,synapt]a71 a pair to ea* ( ! two h9d] ?oracic segm5ts2 ! w+s occasionally r$uc$ or want+ 9 c]ta9 adaptive =ms1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h w+$ ance/ors4 ,abdom5 consi/+ at ! mo/ ( f t5 to twelve segm5ts4 ,no functional abdom9al legs except 9 ! ,?ysanura1 & 9 ! l>v ( ,lepidopt]a4 ,a pair ( #a- or _m-jo9t$ c]copods on ! t5? segm5t2 & 9 c]ta9 =ms a pair ( /yles on ! n9? segm5t4 ,9 c]ta9 ord]s an ovipositor or /+ =m$ ( ?ree pairs ( /yli=m processes2 9 ,collembola a s+le pair ( processes =m+ ! elat]4 ,! g5ital op5+s opi/hogoneate1 usually s+le1 b pair$ 9 ,?ysanura 7,lepisma71 ,d]mapt]a1 & ,plectopt]a 7,ephem]id74 ,! dige/ive canal 9 ! w+$ ord]s is highly diff]5tiat$1 ! =e-inte/9e be+ divid$ into an sophagus & prov5triculus1 ! h9d-inte/9e into an ileum1 colon1 & rectum1 ) rectal gl&s4 ,! n]v\s sy/em consi/s ( a well-develop$ bra91 9 ! m specializ$ ord]s highly complicat$2 no m ?an ?irte5 pairs ( ganglia1 :i* may be m or less fus$ 9 ! m specializ$ ord]s4 ,?ree frontal ganglia1 & a well-develop$1 sympa!tic sy/em pres5t4 ,/igmata conf9$ 7except possibly 9 ,sm9?urus7 to ! ?orax & abdom51 n m ?an t5 pairs 9 all1 & usually b n9e pairs4 ,tra*eal sy/em z a rule highly diff]5tiat$2 inv>iably ) tnidia4 ,dorsal vessel ) o/ia & valvules2 no art]ies except ! cephalic aorta2 no ve9s4 ,aft] bir? !re is 9 ! m specializ$ pt]ygote ord]s a r$uction 9 ! numb] ( t]m9al segm5ts ( ! abdom54 ,developm5t ei!r direct 7,synapt]a71 or ) an incomplete 7) nymph & w+$ or imag9al /ages71 or complete metamorphosis2 9 ! latt] case ) a l>val1 pupal1 & imago /age4 ,! insects may be divid$ into two sub-classes1--! ,synapt]a1 & ! w+$ ord]s1 ,pt]ygota1 ( ,geg5baur 7#ahgg71 s9ce ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two gr\ps appe> on ! :ole to be ( m ?an ord9al rank4 #a4 ,,ext]nal ,,anatomy a4 ,! regions ( ! body ,! insects diff] f o!r ar?ropods 9 t ! body is divid$ into ?ree di/9ct regions1--! head1 ?orax1 & abdom51 ! latt] regions 9 c]ta9 g5]aliz$ =ms n always v di/9ctly diff]5tiat$4 ,! body beh9d ! head may also conv5i5tly be call$ ! trunk1 & ! segm5ts compos+ x ! trunk-segm5ts4 ,9 insects ! head is l>g] 9 proportion to ! trunk ?an 9 o!r classes1 notably ! ,cru/acea2 ! ?orax is usually slightly or some:at l>g] ?an ! head1 :ile ! h9d-body or abdom5 is mu* ! l>g] region1 z x consi/s ( t5 to elev51 & p]haps 9 ! ,d]mapt]a & ,or?opt]a twelve1 segm5ts1 & conta9s ! mid- & h9d-inte/9e1 z well z ! reproductive organs4 ,:5 we comp>e ! body ( an insect ) t ( a worm1 9 :i* ! r+s are di/9ctly develop$1 we see t 9 insects r+ di/9ctions h giv5 way to regional di/9ctions4 ,! segm5ts lose _! individuality4 ,x is comp>atively easy to trace ! segm5ts 9 ! h9d-body ( an insect1 z 9 ?is region !y are lea/ modifi$2 s ) ! ?orax2 b 9 ! head ( ! adult insect x is impossible to discov] ! primitive segm5ts1 z !y are fus$ toge!r into a sort ( capsule1 & h almo/ entirely lo/ _! individuality4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ! head conta9s or be>s ! organs ( s5se & ( preh5sion & ma/ication ( ! food2 ! ?orax ! organs ( locomotion2 & ! abdom5 ^? ( reproduction4 ,:5 we comp>e ! body ( a wasp or bee ) t ( a worm1 we see t !re is a decid$ transf] ( p>ts headw>d2 ?is process ( cephalization s m>k$ 9 ! ,cru/acea likewise obta9s 9 insects4 ,also ! two h9d] regions ( ! body are1 9 a mu* great] degree ?an 9 worms1 gov]n$ by ! bra91 ! pr9cipal seat ( ! intellig5ce1 :i*1 s to speak1 dom9ates & unifies ! functions ( ! body1 bo? dige/ive1 locomotive1 & reproductive1 z also ^? ( ! muscles mov+ ! diff]5t segm5ts & regions ( ! body4 ,to a l>ge ext5t ar?ropodan morphology & class di/9ctions are bas$ on ! regional arrangem5t ( ! somites !mselves4 ,?us 9 ! process ( gr\p+ ( ! segm5ts into ! ?ree regions1 "s increase 9 size1 :ile o!rs und]go a great] or less degree ( r$uction2 "o segm5t be+ develop$ at ! exp5se ( "o or m adjo9+ ones4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,aud\91 & is call$ ,aud\9's law4 ,x is ow+ to ! great] developm5t ( c]ta9 segm5ts & ! r$uction ( o!rs1 bo? ( ! body-segm5ts & ( ! segm5ts ( ! limbs1 t we h ! wond]ful div]sity ( =m 9 ! species & g5]a1 & high] gr\ps ( insects1 z well z ^? ( o!r ar?ropods4 b4 ,! integum5t 7exoskeleton7 ,! sk9 or integum5t ( insects consi/s1 prim>ily1 z 9 worms & all ar?ropods1 ( an epi!lial lay] ( cells call$ ! hypod]mis4 ,?is lay] secretes ! cuticle1 :i* is ( v>y+ ?ickness & flexibility1 & is usually v d5se1 imp]meable1 & light1 comp>$ ) ! cru/ ( ! ,cru/acea1 :]e ! cuticle becomes heavy & solid by ! deposition ( ! c>bonate & phosphate ( lime4 ,?is is due to ! pres5ce ( a sub/ance call$ by ,odi] *it94#i ,! cuticle is ?91 delicate1 & flexible betwe5 ! jo9ts2 x is likewise s 9 su* diaphan\s aquatic l>v z t ( ,core?ra1 & 9 ! gills ( aquatic insects1 also 9 ! walls ( ! tra*e & ( ! saliv>y ducts4 ,! cuticle ?us =ms a m or less solid cru/ :i* is brok5 into jo9ts & pieces 7scl]ites71 =m+ supports = ! atta*m5ts ( ! muscles & s]v+ to protect ! s(t p>ts )94 ,*it94--,if we all[ an insect to soak = a long "t 9 acids1 or boil x 9 liquid potassa or cau/ic pota%1 ! integum5t is n affect$4 ,! muscles & ! o!r s(t p>ts are dissolv$1 leav+ ! cuticle cle> & transp>5t4 ,?is insolubility ( ! cuticle is due to ! pres5ce ( *it91 ! insoluble residue left aft] su* treatm5t4 ,x also resi/s boil+ 9 acids1 9 any alkalies1 alcohol or e!r4 ,! *emical =mula is ,c#ae;,h#bf,n#b,o#aj4aj 8,*it9 =ms less ?an "o-half by weight ( ! integum5t1 b x is s coh]5t & uni=mly di/ribut$ t :5 isolat$ by *emical reag5ts1 & ev5 :5 cauti\sly calc9$1 x reta9s its orig9al organiz$ =m4 ,! color :i* x frequ5tly exhibits is n due to any ess5tial +r$i5t2 x may be dim9i%$ or ev5 de/roy$ by v>i\s blea*+ processes40 7,miall & ,d5ny47 8,! *emical /ability ( *it9 is s rem>kable t we might expect x to accumulate l ! inorganic con/itu5ts ( animal skeletons1 & =m p]man5t deposits4 ,s*lossb]g] 7,ann4 d4 *em4 u4 ph>m41 bd4 #ih7 has1 h[ev]1 %[n t x *anges sl[ly "u ! action ( wat]4 ,*it9 kept = a ye> "u wat] p>tially dissolv$1 turn$ into a slimy mass1 & gave (f a peculi> smell4 ,?is looks z if x 7 liable to putrefaction4 ,! m9ute proportion ( nitrog5 9 its composition may expla9 ! complete disappe>ance ( *it9 9 nature40 7,miall & ,d5ny1 ,! ,cockroa*1 p4 #bi47 ,*it91 or a sub/ance closely simil> to x1 occurs 9 worms & 9 _! tubes1 especially 9 ! ph>yngeal tee? ( annelids & 9 _! set4 ,! %ell ( ,l+ula & ! p5 ( cuttle-fi% conta9 true *it9 7,kruk5b]g74 ,! integum5t ( ,limulus1 ( trilobites1 & ( ,ara*nida1 z well z ,myriopoda1 appe>s to consi/ ( *it94#aa ,! *it9 is rapidly deposit$ at ! end ( embryonic life1 also dur+ ! l>val & pupal /ages4 ,z is well kn[n1 insects aft] m\lt+ are :ite1 b 9 a few h\rs turn d>k1 & ^? :i* live 9 total d>kness are :ite1 %[+ t light has a direct effect 9 caus+ ! d>k color ( ! integum5t4 ,moseley analyz$ "o p\nd weight ( ,blatta1 & f\nd pl5ty ( iron ) a rem>kable quantity ( manganese4 ,s*neid] reg>d$ *it9 z a h>d5+ ( ! protoplasm r ?an a secretion1 & ! cuticle is look$ ^u z an exudation4 ,x is /ructureless1 n consi/+ ( cells1 & consi/s ( f9e irregul> lam94 8,a cross-section ( ! *it9\s lay] or #8cuticle' exam9$ ) a high p[] %[s extremely close & f9e l9es p]p5dicul> to ! lam940 ,9 ! cockroa* ! free surface ( ! cuticle is divid$ into polygonal1 rais$ spaces or areas :i* correspond ea* to a *it9\s cell ( ! hypod]mis4 7,miall & ,d5ny47 ,num]\s pore-canals pass ?r\gh ! cuticle ( all ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! body4 ,! l>g] canals ne>ly always =m ! way = ! passage ( secretions f d]mal cells1 or connect ) ! cavities ( hairs or set2 :5 v f9e & n connect$ ) hairs or scales1 !y are ei!r empty or fill$ ) air1 & may possibly s]ve = respiration4 ,vossel] di/+ui%es 9 ! cuticle two lay]s ( diff]5t physical & *emical *>act]s4 ,besides ! ext]nal *it9\s lay] !re is an inn] lay] :i* entirely agrees ) cellulose4 7,zool4 ,c5tralblatt1 ii1 #ahie1 p4 #aag47 ,! rep>ative nature ( *it9 is se5 9 ! fact t ,v]hoeff f9ds t a w\nd on an adult ,c>abus1 & presumably on o!r insects1 is spe$ily clos$1 n m]ely by a clot ( blood1 b by a new gr[? ( *it94 c4 ,me*anical orig9 & /ructure ( ! segm5ts 7somites1 ar?rom]es1 metam]es1 zonites7 ,! segm5ts are m]ely ?ick5+s ( ! sk9 connect$ by folds or duplications ( ! integum5t1 & n actually sep>ate or individual r+s or segm5ts4 ,?is is %[n by longitud9al 7sagittal7 sections ?r\gh ! body1 & also by soak+ or boil+ ! entire insect 9 cau/ic pota%1 :5 x is se5 t ! integum5t is cont9u\s & n actually subdivid$ into sep>ate somites or ar?rom]es1 s9ce !y are se5 to be connect$ by a ?9 int]segm5tal membrane 7,fig4 #af74 ,b ?is segm5tation or metam]ism ( ! integum5t is1 h[ev]1 ! ext]nal indication ( ! segm5tation ( ! ar?ropodan body mo/ probably inh]it$ f ! worms1 be+ a disposition ( ! s(t p>ts :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! v]mian type4 ,?is segm5tation ( ! integum5t is correlat$ ) ! s]ial repetition ( ! ganglia ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ( ! o/ia ( ! dorsal vessel1 ! primitive disposition ( ! segm5tal & reproductive organs1 ( ! s(t1 muscul> dissepim5ts :i* correspond to ! suture betwe5 ! segm5ts1 & ) ! metam]ic arrangem5t ( ! muscles controll+ ! movem5ts ( ! segm5ts on ea* o!r1 & :i* int]nal segm5tation or metam]ism is indicat$ v e>ly 9 embryonic life by ! mesobla/ic somites4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,diagram ( ! ant]ior "p ( an insect1 %[+ ! membran\s int]segm5tal folds1 g4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,9 ! unjo9t$ worms1 z ,grab] /ates1 ! body =ms a s+le b flexible lev]4 ,9 ! e>?worm ! muscul> tube or body-wall is enclos$ by a /iff] cuticle1 divid$ into segm5ts2 h5ce ! worm c move 9 all requir$ directions1 b only by sections1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #af1 :i* repres5ts ! ?ick5$ integum5t divid$ into segm5ts1 & fold$ inw>d betwe5 ea* segm5t1 ?is ?9 portion ( ! sk9 be+ ! int]segm5tal fold4 ,ea* segm5t corresponds to a special zone ( ! subdivid$ muscul> tube 7m71 ! fascia ext5d+ longitud9ally4 ,! figure %[s ! mode ( atta*m5t ( ! fascia ( ! muscle-tube to ! segm5t4 ,! ant]ior edge is ins]t$ on ! /iff1 unyield+1 inn] surface ( ea* segm5t3 ! h9d] edge ( ! muscle is atta*$ to ! ?91 flexible1 int]segm5tal fold1 :i* ?us acts z a t5don on :i* ! muscle c ex]t its =ce4 7,grab]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,diagram ( ! integum5t & arrangem5t ( ! segm5tal muscles3 ,a1 relax$2 m1 muscle2 g1 membran\s articulation2 r1 *it9\s r+4 ,b1 ! same contract$ on bo? sides4 ,c1 on "o side4--,aft] ,grab]4 8,fig4 #ag makes ?is /ill cle>]4 ,! muscles 7m7 ext5d betwe5 two segm5ts imm$iately succe$+ ea* o!r4 ,suppos+ ! ant]ior "o 7,a7 to be /ation>y1 :at d we !n see :5 ! muscle contracts8 ,does x also become %ort]8 ,! int]segm5tal fold is drawn =w>ds1 & h5ce ! entire h9d] segm5t moves =w>d & is %ov$ into ! front "o1 & s on ) ! o!rs1 z at ,b4 ,aft]w>ds1 if ! /ra9 ( ! muscle is reliev$ by ! dim9i%+ action ( ! t5sely /ret*$1 int]segm5tal membrane1 x aga9 returns to a /ate ( re/40 7,grab]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,diagrams to demon/rate ! me*anism ( ! motion ( ! segm5t$ body 9 ! ,ar?ropoda3 ,"o l>g] segm5t 7cf7 & #d small]4 ,! exoskeleton is indicat$ by black l9es1 ! int]>ticul> membranes by dott$ l9es4 ,! h+es betwe5 consecutive segm5ts are m>k$ at1 t]gal 7dorsal7 skeleton2 s1 /]nal 7v5tral7 skeleton2 d1 dorsal longitud9al muscles ext5sors 7& flexors 9 an upw>d direction72 v1 v5tral longitud9al muscles flexors4 ,9 ,b1 ! r[ ( segm5ts is /ret*$2 9 ,a1 by ! contraction ( ! muscles 7d7 b5t upw>d2 9 ,c1 d[nw>d2 tg1 t]gal2 sg1 /]nal int]>ticul> membranes4--,aft] ,lang4 ,:ile we look ^u ! d]mal tube ( worms z a s+le b flexible lev]1 ! body ( ! ar?ropods1 z ,grab] /ates1 is a l9e> sy/em ( /iff lev]s4 ,we h "h a s]ies ( /iff1 solid r+s1 or hooks1 unit$ by ! int]segm5tal membrane into a :ole4 ,:5 ! muscles1 ext5d+ f "o r+ to ! next beh9d contract1 & s on ?r\gh ! entire s]ies1 ! r+s approximate ea* o!r4 ,! ectoskeletal segm5ts b5d to "o side by ! contraction ( ! muscles on "o side1 ! po9t ( ! out] segm5tal fold opposite ! fix$ po9t becom+ conv]t$ into ! turn+-po9t 7,c74 ,! usual result ( ! arrangem5t ( ! locomotive sy/em is ! simple curv+ ( ! body 7,c71 & !n ! alt]nate b5d+ ( ! body to "r & left1 :i* produces ! s]p5t9e movem5ts *>act]i/ic ( ! e>?worms1 ! c5tip$e1 & _m insect l>v4 ,! mo/ /rik+ example ( ! wond]ful v>iety ( movem5ts :i* c be made by an insect are ^? ( ! ,syrphus l>va4 ,:5 fe$+ amid a h]d ( aphides1 x is se5 to n[ raise ! front "p ( ! body erect & /iff1 !n to b5d x d[n1 or rapidly turn x to ei!r side1 or move x 9 a complete circle4 7,grab]1 pp4 #bc-bf47 ,! arrangem5t & mode ( work+ ( ! muscles1 says ,lang1 is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ah1 :i* %[s u five segm5ts1 "o l>g] 7ct7 & f\r small]1 9 v]tical projection4 ,! ?ick] portion ( ! integum5t is m>k$ by /rong outl9es1 ! delicate & flexible int]>ticul> membranes 7tg1 sg7 9 dott$ l9es4 ,! h+es betwe5 two consecutive segm5ts are m>k$ a4 ,a dorsal muscle 7d7 is atta*$ to ! l>g] segm5t 7ct71 & runs ?r\gh ! small] segm5ts1 be+ ins]t$ 9 ! dorsal portion ( ! cru/ 7t7 ( ea* by means ( a bundle ( fibres4 ,a v5tral muscle 7v7 does ! same on ! /]nal side 7s74 8,! skeletal segm5ts10 adds ,lang1 8may be comp>$ to a d\ble-arm$ lev]1 ^: fulcrum lies 9 ! h+es4 ,if ! dorsal muscle contracts1 x draws ! dorsal arm ( ! lev] 7! t]gal portion ( ! skeleton7 9 ! direction ( ! pull t[>ds ! l>g] segm5ts2 ! t]gal int]>ticul> membranes become fold$1 ! v5tral /ret*$1 & ! f\r segm5ts b5d upw>d 7,fig4 #ah1 ,a74 ,if ! v5tral muscle contracts1 :ile at ! same "t ! dorsal slack5s1 ! r[ ( segm5ts w be b5t d[nw>ds 7,fig4 #ah1 ,c740 ,l4 ,b4 ,%>p sugge/s1 t 9 ! ,cru/acea ! r+s =m$ by 8! regul>ity & /ress ( muscul> action0 w\ld be h>d5$ by ! deposition ( lime at ! mo/ prom95t portion1 i4e4 betwe5 :at we h call$ ! int]segm5tal folds4 7,am]ican ,naturali/1 #ahic1 p4 #hi47 ,cope also /ates t 8) ! beg9n+ ( induration ( ! integum5t1 segm5tation w\ld imm$iately appe>1 = ! movem5ts ( ! body & limbs w\ld int]rupt ! deposit at su* po9ts z w\ld exp]i5ce ! greate/ flexure4 ,! muscul> sy/em w\ld initiate ! process1 s9ce flexure dep5ds on its contractions1 & its pres5ce 9 animals prior to ! induration ( ! integum5ts 9 ! ord] ( phylog5y1 furni%es ! conditions requir$40 7,! ,prim>y ,factors ( ,organic ,evolution1 p4 #bfh1 #ahie47 ,x is app>5t t ! jo9t$ or metam]ic /ructure ( ! bodies ( insects & o!r ar?ropods is an inh]itance f ! segm5t$ worms4 ,9 ! worms ! body is a cont9u\s d]mo-muscul> tube1 :ile 9 ar?ropods ?is tube is divid$ into regions1 & ! cuticle is ?ick] & m resi/ant4 ,to g back to ! incipi5t /ages 9 ! process ( segm5tation ( ! body1 we conceive t ! worms probably arose f a creep+ ga/rula-l =m1 ! ga/ra4 ,! act ( creep+ gradually induc$ an elongat$ %ape ( ! body4 ,! movem5t ( su* an organism 9 a =w>d direction w\ld gradually evolve a =e & aft1 dorsal & v5tral1 & bilat]al symmetry4 ,z soon z ?is 0 atta9$1 z ! effect ( creep+ ov] r\gh irregul> surfaces !re w\ld result me*anical lat]al /ra9s int]mitt5tly act+ dur+ ! s]p5t9e movem5ts ( ! worm4 ,! integum5t w\ld1 we c readily suppose1 t5d to b5d or yield1 or become p]man5tly wr9kl$1 at m or less regul> int]vals4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! muscles w\ld gradually con=m to ?is habit ( creep+1 & f9ally ! n]v\s sy/em & o!r organs m directly connect$ ) ! creep+ movem5ts ( ! organism w\ld t5d to be correlat$ 9 _! arrangem5t ) t ( ! segm5ts4 ,9 ?is way ! homonom\s segm5ts ( ! annelid body probably became develop$1 & _! relations & %apes 7 ev5tually fix$ by inh]itance4 ,aft] ?is /age 0 rea*$1 & limbs began to appe>1 ! segm5ts w\ld t5d to become het]onom\s1 & to be gr\p$ into regions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,duj>d9ia rotif]a1 ) jo9t$ t5tacles & caudal app5dages4--,) "s *anges1 aft] ,quatrefages4 ,! orig9 ( ! jo9ts or segm5ts 9 ! limbs ( ar?ropods 0 probably due to ! me*anical /ra9s to :i* :at 7 at fir/ s(t fle%y outgr[?s along ! sides ( ! body became subject$4 ,inde$1 c]ta9 annelid worms ( ! family ,syllid h segm5t$ t5tacles & p>apodia1 z 9 ,duj>d9ia 7,fig4 #ai74 ,we d n "k en\gh ab\t ! habits ( ^! worms to und]/& h[ ?is metam]ism may h aris51 b x is possibly due to ! act ( pu%+ or repeat$ ef=ts to support ! body :ile creep+ ov] ! bottom among brok5 %ells1 ov] co>se gravel1 or among seawe$s4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! jo9t$ /ructure ( ! limbs ( ar?ropods1 if we are to attempt any explanation at all ( ! orig9 ( su* /ructure1 0 prim>ily due ma9ly to lat]al /ra9s & impacts result+ f ! primitive endeavors ( ! ance/ral ar?ropods to raise & to support ! body :ile ?us rais$1 & !n to pu% or drag x =w>d by means ( ! s(t1 p>tially jo9t$1 lat]al limbs :i* 7 arm$ ) bri/les1 hooks1 or f9ally claws4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by adaptation1 or z ! result ( p>asitism & consequ5t lack ( active motion1 ! orig9al numb] ( segm5ts may by disuse be dim9i%$4 ,?us 9 adult wasps & bees1 ! la/ ?ree or f\r abdom9al segm5ts may be ne>ly lo/1 ?\gh ! l>val numb] is t54 ,dur+ metamorphosis ! body is made ov]1 & ! numb]1 %ape1 & /ructure ( ! segm5ts greatly modifi$4 ,9 ! female ( ! ,/ylopid ! ?orax loses all traces ( segm5ts1 & is fus$ ) ! head1 & ! abdom9al segm5ts are fa9tly m>k$1 los+ _! *it94 ,:ile ! maxill h sev]al jo9ts1 ! m&ibles are #a-;jo9t$1 b !re are traces ( two jo9ts 9 ,campodea1 c]ta9 beetles1 etc4 ,9 ! ant5na !re is a great ela/icity 9 respect to ! numb] ( jo9ts1 :i* v>y f "o or two to a hundr$ or m4 ,x is likewise s 9 ! ?oracic legs1 :]e ! numb] ( t>sal jo9ts v>ies f "o to five2 also 9 ! c]copoda1 ! numb] ( jo9ts v>y+ f "o or two to twelve or m4 d4 ,me*anical orig9 ( ! limbs & ( _! jo9t$ /ructure ,we h already h9t$ at ! mode ( orig9 ( ! limbs ( ar?ropods4 ,l ! body or trunk1 ! limbs are *it9\s d]mo-muscul> tubes1 ) a d5se solid cuticle1 & int]nal muscles1 & 7 x n = _! division at m or less regul> int]vals into segm5ts1 =m+ di/9ct sets ( lev]s1 set up by ! /ra9s 9 ^! tubul> supports1 !re w\ld be no p[] ( v>i$ motion4 ,ev5 c]ta9 worms1 z already /at$1 h _! t5tacles & p>apodia1 or c]ta9 app5dages ( _! p>apodia1 m or less jo9t$1 b !re are no indications ( claws or ( any o!r h>d *it9\s armature at ! extremity1 & ! sk9 is ?9 & s(t4 ,9 ! mo/ simple ?\gh n ! mo/ primitive ar?ropods1 su* z ! ,t>digrades1 ^: body is n segm5t$1 !re are f\r pairs ( %ort unjo9t$ legs1 end+ ea* 9 two claws1 :i* h probably aris5 9 response to ! /imulus ( pu%+ or dragg+ ef=ts4 ,! legs ( ,p]ipatus are unjo9t$1 & h a ?9 cuticle1 b end 9 a pair ( claws1 :i* h evid5tly aris5 z a support+ armature1 ! result ( ! act ( mov+ or pull+ ! body ov] ! unev5 surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,a pro?oracic leg ( ,*ironomus l>va2 & pupa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,a1 l>va ( ,ephydra cali=nica3 a1 b1 c1 pupa4 ,!re is good reason to suppose t su* limbs arose f dynamical causes1 simil> to ^? excit+ ! =mation ( second>y adaptations su* z are to be se5 9 ! prop or support+ legs ( c]ta9 dipt]\s l>v1 z ! s+le pair ( ,*ironomus 7,fig4 #bj7 & ,simulium1 or ! s]ies ( unjo9t$ s(t tub]cles ( ,ephydra 7,fig4 #ba71 etc41 :i* are arm$ ) hooks & claws1 & are ?us adapt$ = dragg+ ! insect ?r\gh or ov] vegetation or along ! gr\nd4 ,n[ by frequ5t cont9u\s use ( su* unjo9t$ /ructures1 ! cuticle w\ld t5d to become h>d1 ow+ to ! deposit ( a great] am\nt ( *it9 betwe5 ! folds ( ! sk91 until f9ally ! body be+ elongat$ & homonom\sly segm5t$1 ! movem5ts ( walk+ or runn+ w\ld be regul> & ev51 & we w\ld h homonom\sly jo9t$ legs l ^? ( ! trilobites1 or ( ! mo/ g5]aliz$ ,cru/acea & ( ,myriopoda4 ,9 ! mo/ primitive ar?ropods1--& su* we take x 7 on ! :ole ! trilobites1 r ?an ! ,cru/acea1--! limbs 7 ( ne>ly ! same %ape1 be+ long & sl5d] & ev5ly jo9t$ f & includ+ ! ant5n1 to ! la/ pair ( limbs ( ! abdom9al region4 ,9 ^! =ms !re appe> to be1 s f> z we n[ "k1 no diff]5tiation into m&ibles1 maxill1 maxillip$es1 & ?oracic legs1 or into gonopoda4 ,! same lack ( div]sity ( /ructure & function ( ! head-app5dages has surviv$1 ) little *ange1 9 ,limulus4 ,9 ! trilobites 7,fig4 #a7 none ( ! limbs h yet be5 f\nd to end 9 claws or =ceps2 be+ 9 ?is respect ne>ly z primitive z 9 ! worms4 ,second>y adaptations h aris5 9 ,limulus1 ! cephalic app5dages be+ =cipat$1 adapt$ z supports to ! body & = pu%+ x onw>d ?r\gh ! s& or mud1 :ile ! abdom9al legs are broad & flat1 adapt$ = swimm+ & be>+ ! broad gill-leaves4 ,x is ?us q evid5t t we h ?ree /ages 9 ! evolution ( ! ar?ropodan limb2 i4e4 #a1 ! syllid /age1 ( simple1 jo9t$1 s(t1 yield+ app5dages n us$ z true supports 7,fig4 #ai72 #b1 ! trilobite /age1 :]e !y are m solid1 ev5ly jo9t$1 b n end+ 9 claws2 & by _! comp>atively great numb]s 7z 9 ! trilobite1 ,tri>?rus7 fully support+ ! body on ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,9 ,limulus !y are mu* few] 9 numb]1 ?ick]1 & act+ z firm supports1 ! cephalic limbs ( use 9 creep+1 & end+ 9 solid claws4 #c1 ,! ?ird /age is ! long sl5d] swimm+ head-app5dages ( ! nauplius /age ( ,cru/acea4 ,z reg>ds ! evolution ( limbs ( t]re/rial ar?ropods1 we h ! foll[+ /ages3 #a1 ! s(t unjo9t$ limbs ( ,t>digrades1 end+ 9 two claws1 & ^? ( ,p]ipatus1 & ! pseudo- or prop-legs ( c]ta9 dipt]\s l>v2 #b1 f9ally ! evolution ( ! long1 solid1 jo9t$ limbs ( ,pauropus & o!r primitive myriopods1 ! legs =m+ solid1 firm supports elevat+ ! body1 & enabl+ ! insect to drag itself ov] ! gr\nd or to walk or run4 ,:5 ! body is elongat$ & _m-segm5t$1 ! legs are necess>ily num]\s2 b :5 x is %ort1 ! legs become few 9 numb]1 i4e4 six1 9 ! hexapod\s "y ( myriopods & 9 insects1 or eight 9 ,ara*nida4 ,:5ev] ! legs are us$ = walk+1 i4e4 to raise & support ! body1 !y end 9 a solid po9t or 9 a pair ( =ceps or claws4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z 9 phyllopods1 :]e ! legs are us$ ma9ly = swimm+1 !y are un>m$ & are s(t & membran\s1 or1 z 9 ! limbs ( ! nauplius or zoa /age ( cru/aceans1 end 9 a simple s(t po9t1 :i* (t5 be>s tactile set4 ,! t>sal jo9ts are m num]\s 9 ord] to give great] flexibility to ! limb 9 seiz+ & grasp+ objects1 bo? to drag ! body =w>ds & to support x4 ,unlike ^? ( ! ,cru/acea1 ! limbs ( insects are n primitively biramose1 b s+le1 ! ?ree-lob$ fir/ maxill1 & second>ily bilob$ second maxill be+ ! result ( adaptation4 ,embryology on ! :ole proves ! tru? ( ?is assumption2 ! maxill ( bo? pairs are at fir/ s+le buds1 aft]w>ds becom+ lob$4 ,all ! app5dages ( ! body1 includ+ ! ovipositor or /+1 are modifi$ limbs1 z %[n by _! embryological developm5t4 ,x is noticeable t 9 ! crab1 :]e ! body is rais$ by ! limbs above ! bottom1 x is mu* %ort] & m cephaliz$ ?an 9 ! %rimps4 ,also 9 ! simply walk+ & runn+ spid]s1 ! h9d-body is %ort] ?an 9 scorpions1 :ile 9 ! runn+ & fly+ insects1 su* z ! ,cic9delid1 & 9 ! swiftly fly+ flies & bees1 !re is a t5d5cy to a %ort5+ ( ! body1 especially ( ! abdom54 ,! long body ( ! dragon-fly is an imp$im5t to flight1 b comp5sat$ = by ! action ( ! l>ge w+s4 ,! ar?ropodan limb is a comp\nd lev]age sy/em4 ,x is1 says ,grab]1 a lat]al outgr[? ( ! trunk1 :i* repeats 9 m9iature t ( ! ma9 trunk1 its s+le s]ies ( jo9ts or segm5ts =m+ a jo9t$ d]mo-muscul> tube4 ,yet ! lat]al app5dages ( an insect diff] f ! ma9 trunk 9 two ways3 7#a7 !y tap] to ! end :i* be>s ! two claws1 & 7#b7 _! segm5ts are 9 ! liv+ animal arrang$ n 9 a /raight l9e1 b at diff]5t angles to ea* o!r4 ,! basal jo9t turn+ on ! trunk acts z ! fir/ ( a :ole s]ies ( lev]s4 ,! second jo9t1 h[ev]1 is connect$ ) ! musculature ( ! fir/ or basal jo9t1 & ?us ea* succe$+ jo9t is mov$ on ! "o prec$+4 ,ea* lev]1 f ! fir/ to ! la/1 is bo? an active & a passive in/rum5t4 7,grab]47 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 z ,grab] /ates1 ! limbs possess _! own sets ( muscles & c move by ! turn+ ( ! basal jo9t1 ! labor is v mu* facilitat$1 z is readily se51 by ! trunk1 ?\gh ! latt] has to a great ext5t delegat$ its locomotive function to ! app5dages1 :i* aga9 divide its labor among ! sep>ate jo9ts4 ,grab] !n calls att5tion to ! analogy ( ! me*anics ( locomotion ( insects to ^? ( v]tebrates4 ,an insect's & a v]tebrate's legs are con/ruct$ on ! same g5]al me*anical pr9ciples1 ! limbs ( ea* =m+ a s]ies ( lev]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,diagram ( ! knee-jo9t ( a v]tebrate 7,a7 & an insect's limb 7,b73 a1 upp]2 b1 l[]1 %ank1 unit$ at ,a by a capsul> jo9t1 at ,b by a fold+ jo9t2 d1 ext5sor or lift+ muscle2 d#a1 flexor or l[]+ muscle ( ! l[] jo9t4 ,! dott$ l9e indicates 9 ,a ! cont\r ( ! leg4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,fig4 #bb1 ,a1 repres5ts diagrammatically ! knee jo9t ( a v]tebrate1 & ,b t ( an insect2 a1 ! femur or ?igh1 & b1 ! tibia or %ank4 ,9 ! v]tebrate ! int]nally situat$ bones are br\ght into close union & b5d by means ( a h+e-jo9t2 s also 9 ! *it9\s-sk9n$ insect4 ,! /iff d]mal tube ( ! insect acts z a lev] by means ( ! ?9 int]segm5tal membrane 7c7 pu%$ 9 or telescop$ 9 to ! ?igh jo9t1 a special jo9t-capsule be+ sup]flu\s4 ,! muscles are 9 g5]al ! same 9 bo? types2 !y =m a circle4 ,9 bo? ! %ank is ext5d$ by ! contraction ( ! upp] muscles 7d7 & is b5t by ! contraction ( ! l[] 7d#a74 ,! int]segm5tal membrane ( ! insect's limb is 9 a degree a two-arm$ lev]1 ^: pivot 7f7 lies 9 ! middle4 ,! int]nal invag9ation ( ! int]segm5tal fold 7,b1 g-h7 af=ds ! necess>y support to ! muscles act+ l ! t5don 9 ! v]tebrate4 7,grab]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,primitive b& or g]m ( a ,sph9x mo?1 ) ! segm5ts indicat$1 & _! rudim5t>y app5dages3 c1 upp] lip2 at1 ant5n2 md1 m&ibles2 mx1 mx1 fir/ & second maxill2 l1 l1 l1 legs2 al1 abdom9al legs4--,aft] ,k[alevsky4 ,grab] also calls att5tion to ! fact t ?is insect limb diff]s 9 "o important respect f t ( l& v]tebrates4 ,! lev]age sy/em 9 ! la/ is divid$ at ! end into five p>allel divisions or digits4 ,9 ar?ropods1 on ! contr>y1 all ! jo9ts succe$ "o ano!r 9 a l9e> s]ies4 ,9 insects1 z well z 9 o!r ar?ropods1 modifications ( ! limbs usually take ! =m ( a simple r$uction 9 ! numb] ( segm5ts4 ,?us :ile ! normal numb] ( t>sal jo9ts is five1 we h trim]\s & dim]\s ,coleopt]a1 & 9 c]ta9 ,sc>abid ! ant]ior t>si are lo/4 ,savigny 0 ! fir/1 9 #ahaf1 9 8 great "w1 8,?orie des organes de la b\*e des ,cru/acs et des ,insectes10 to demon/rate t n only 7 ! buccal app5dages ( bit+ insects homolog\s ) ^? ( bugs1 mo?s1 flies1 etc41 b t !y 7 homolog\s ) ! ?oracic legs1 & t ?us a unity ( /ructure prevails ?r\gh\t ! app5dages ( ! body ( all ar?ropods4 ,ok5 also obs]v$ t 8! maxill are only repeat$ feet40 ,:at 0 mode/ly put =? z a !ory by ! ,fr5* morphologi/ has be5 abundantly prov$ by ! embryology ( insects ( diff]5t ord]s to be a fact4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc ! ant5n & buccal app5dages arise z pair$ tub]cles exactly z ! ?oracic legs4 ,! abdom9al region also be>s simil> embryonic or tempor>y limbs1 all ( :i* 9 ^? insects )\t an ovipositor disappe>1 except ! c]copoda1 aft] bir?4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,anatomy ,g5]al ,swamm]dam1 ,johann4 ,biblia natur4 7,9 ,dut*1 ,g]man1 & ,engli%47 #agcg-agch1 fol41 ,london1 #ageh1 ,pls4 ,raumur1 ,rn ,anto9e ,f]*ault1 de4 ,mmoires p\r s]vir l'hi/oire des insectes4 i-iv1 #d1 ,p>is1 #agcd-agdb4 ,lyonet1 ,piet]4 ,trait anatomique de la *5ille1 qui ronge le bois de saule1 etc4 #d1 pp4 xxii1 #faf4 la ,haye1 #agcb4 ,tab4 #ah4 ---- ,re*]*es sur l'anatomie et les metamorphoses de diff]5tes espces d'insectes4 ,ouvrage po/hume1 publi p> ,m4 ,w4 de ,haan4 pp4 #ehj1 tab4 #ed1 #ahcb4 ,latreille1 ,pi]re ,&r4 ,des rapports gnraux de l'organization extrieure des animaux inv]tbres articuls1 et comp>aison des ,annelides avec les ,myriapodes4 7,mmoires du ,mus4 d',hi/4 ,nat41 #ahbj1 vi1 pp4 #aaf-add47 ---- ,de quelques app5dices p>ticuli]s du ?orax de div]s insectes4 7,mmoires du ,mus4 d',hi/4 ,nat41 #ahba1 vii1 pp4 #a-ba74 ---- ,obs]vations n\velles sur l'organization extrieure et gnrale des animaux articuls et pi$s articuls1 et application de ces connoissances la nom5clature des pr9cipales p>ties des mmes animaux4 7,mmoires du ,mus4 d',hi/4 ,nat41 viii1 #ahbb1 pp4 #afi-bjb47 ,cuvi]1 ,george ,leopold ,*ri/ian ,dagob]t4 ,rapport sur les re*]*es anatomiques sur le ?orax des animaux articuls et celui des insectes en p>ticuli] p> ,m4 ,v4 ,aud\94 #d1 pp4 #ae1 tab4 #a1 ,p>is1 #ahbc4 ,aud\91 ,jean ,victor4 ,re*]*es anatomiques sur le ?orax des animaux articuls et celui des insectes hexapodes en p>ticuli]4 7,annales des ,sci5ces naturelles1 i1 pp4 #ig-ace1 #daf-dcb1 #ahbd47 ,kirby1 ,william1 & ,william ,sp5ce4 ,introduction to entomology4 i-iv1 #ahaf-ahbh1 ,london4 ,/raus-,durckheim1 ,h]cule4 ,considrations gnrales sur l'anatomie comp>e des animaux articuls4 ,p>is1 #ahbh1 atlas ( #ai plates4 ,mac,leay1 ,william ,%>p4 ,explanation ( ! comp>ative anatomy ( ! ?orax 9 w+$ insects1 ) a review ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! nom5clature ( its p>ts4 7,zol4 ,j\rnal1 v1 pp4 #ade-agi1 #ahcj1 #b ,pls47 ,burmei/]1 ,h]mann4 ,a manual ( entomology4 ,trans4 by ,w4 ,e4 ,%uck>d1 #h1 pp4 #fed1 ,london1 #ahcf1 #cb ,pl4 ,we/wood1 ,john ,obadiah4 ,an introduction to ! mod]n classification ( insects1 i1 ii1 #h1 pp4 #dfb1 #ehg1 #aeh1 #a ,pl4 & #acc blocks ( figs41 #ahci-ahdj4 ,newport1 ,george4 ,art4 ,insecta 9 ,todd's ,cyclopdia ( ,anatomy & ,phys4 ii1 pp4 #hec-iid1 #ahci1 ,figs4 #cbi-dci4 ,eri*son1 ,wilhelm ,f]d9&4 ,entomographi54 ,b]l91 #ahdj4 ,brull1 ,augu/e4 ,re*]*es sur les trans=mations des app5dices dans les articuls4 7,annales des ,sci5ces nat4 ,sr4 #c1 ii1 pp4 #bga-cgd1 tab4 #a1 #ahdd47 ,w9sl[1 ,a4 ,p43 son4 ,om byggnad5 af ?orax hos ,insekt]na4 ,hels+borg1 #ahfb1 #a ,pl1 pp4 #bd4 ,pack>d1 ,alpheus ,spr+4 ,guide to ! /udy ( insects4 #ahfi4 ---- ,sy/ematic position ( ! ,or?opt]a 9 relation to o!r insects4 7,?ird report ,u4 ,s4 ,ent4 ,commission1 pp4 #bhf-cde1 #ahhc1 ,pls4 xxiii-lxi47 ,grab]1 ,vitus4 ,die ,insekt54 #ab1 pp4 #djc1 #fjc1 ,mn*51 #ahgg1 _m ,figs4 ,huxley1 ,?omas ,h5ry4 ,a manual ( ! anatomy ( inv]tebrat$ animals4 #ab1 pp4 #cig-dea1 ,figs41 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,hammond1 ,ar?ur4 ,?orax ( ! bl[-fly4 7,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 ,london1 xv4 ,zol41 #ahhj1 pp4 #ca47 ,brau]1 ,fri$ri*4 ,ueb] das ,segm5t mdiaire ,latreille's4 7,sitzb4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,wi51 #ahhb1 pp4 #bah-bda1 #c tab47 ---- ,sy/ematis*-zoologis*e ,/udi54 7,ibid41 #ahhe1 pp4 #bcg-dac47 ,gos*1 ,c4 ,c4 ,a4 ,on ,latreille's !ory ( 8,le ,segm5t mdiaire40 7,nat4 ,tidsskrift 7#c71 xiii1 pp4 #dge-eca1 #ahhc47 ,miall1 ,l4 ,c41 & ,d5ny1 ,alfr$4 ,! /ructure & life-hi/ory ( ! cockroa* 7,p]iplaneta ori5talis74 ,an introduction to ! /udy ( insects4 #h1 pp4 #bbd1 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,*e%ire1 ,frank ,r4 ,bees & bee-keep+4 i1 ,sci5tific1 ,london1 #ahhf1 ,pls4 & ,figs4 ,lang1 ,arnold4 ,text-book ( comp>ative anatomy4 i1 pp4 #dbf-ejh1 #ahia1 _m ,figs4 ,kolbe1 ,h4 ,j4 ,e9fhrung 9 die ,k5ntniss d] ,insekt54 #h1 pp4 #gji1 #cbd figs41 ,b]l91 #ahic4 ,%>p1 ,david4 ,! ,cambridge natural hi/ory4 ,insecta1 i1 #h1 pp4 #hc-ehd1 #ahie1 ,figs4 #dg-cga4 ,also ! works ( ,bos1 ,*abri]1 ,*olodk[sky1 ,com/ock1 ,dewitz1 ,eaton1 ,eri*son1 ,g]/aeck]1 ,gir>d1 ,grassi1 ,hag51 ,haase1 ,kellogg1 ,kno*1 ,lacordaire1 ,latreille1 ,leuck>t1 ,l5d5feld1 ,l[ne1 ,lubbock1 ,may]1 ,me9]t1 ,f4 ,mll]1 ,o/5-,sack51 ,pag5/e*]1 ,re9h>d1 ,s*aum1 ,s*idte1 ,scudd]1 ,j4 ,b4 ,smi?1 ,sp9ola1 ,/e91 ,weismann1 ,wood-,mason4 ,,! ,,head ,,& ,,its ,,app5dages a4 ,! head ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,presum$ l>va ( ,nemopt]a 7,necrophilus ar5>ius71 ,pyramids ( ,egypt4--,aft] ,r\x1 f ,%>p4 ,:ile ! head is orig9ally compos$ ( probably n less ?an six segm5ts1 ^! are 9 ! adult insect fus$ toge!r into a capsule or h>d *it9\s box1 ! epicranium1 ) no di/9ct traces ( ! primitive segm5ts4 ,! head conta9s ! bra9 & accessory ganglia1 ! m\? or buccal cavity1 also ! air-sacs 9 _m w+$ =ms1 & gives support to ! ext]nal organs ( s5se1 ! ant5n1 & to ! buccal app5dages1 ! l>g] "p ( ! int]ior be+ fill$ ) ! muscles mov+ ^! /ructures4 ,! solid walls ( ! head s]ve z a lev] or support = ! atta*m5t ( ^! muscles1 especially ^? ( ! m&ibles4 ,?us !re is a correlation betwe5 ! l>ge size ( ! m&ibles ( ! soldi] :ite ants & ants1 ! head be+ correspond+ly l>ge to accommodate ! great m&ibul> muscles4 ,! o!r extreme is se5 9 ! l>va ( ,necrophilus 7,fig4 #bd71 ) its long sl5d] neck & dim9utive head4 ,! clypeus4--,?is is t "p ( ! head situat$ 9 front ( ! epicranium1 & ant]ior to ! eyes1 =m+ ! ro( ( ! po/]ior "p ( ! m\?1 & is1 z embryology %[s1 probably a t]gal scl]ite4 ,x v>ies greatly 9 %ape & size 9 ! diff]5t ord]s ( insects4 ,x is (t5 divid$ into two p>ts1 ! clypeus po/]ior & clypeus ant]ior1 or :i* may be designat$ z ! po/- & ante-clypeus 7,figs4 #bi1 ,b74 ,! labrum4--,! 8upp] lip0 or labrum is an unpair$ flap-l piece h+$ to ! front edge ( ! clypeus1 & may be se5 to move up & d[n :5 ! insect moves its m&ibles4 ,x =ms ! ro( ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! m\? 7,figs4 #fi1 #gd71 & its inn] side is l9$ ) a s(t membrane1 usually provid$ ) hairs & s5se-papill or cups1 =m+ ! epiph>ynx4 ,! labrum is m or less deeply bilob$1 especially 9 cat]pill>s & 9 adult ,/aphyl9id1 & has be5 ?\ght by "s writ]s 7,k[alevsky1 ,c>rire1 & also ,*at97 to repres5t a pair ( app5dages1 b ,heymons 7#ahie7 refutes ?is view1 /at+ z 8 reason t ! labrum arises betwe5 ! two halves ( ! n]v\s sy/em 7protoc]ebrum71 :ile all ! true app5dages arise on ea* side ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 7,see also ,fig4 #cd47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,front view ( ! head ( ,c4 spretus3 ,e1 epicranium2 ,c1 clypeus2 ,l1 labrum2 ,o1 o1 ocelli2 e1 eye2 a1 ant5na2 md1 m&ible2 mx1 portion ( maxilla uncov]$ by ! labrum2 p1 maxill>y palpus2 p1 labial palpus4 ,9 ! fleas 7,siphonapt]a7 bo? ! clypeus & labrum are want+4 ,:ile x app>5tly =ms an ant]ior specializ$ portion ( ! procephalic lobes1 ,viallanes reg>d$ x z belong+ to ! ?ird1 or 8 tritoc]ebral1 segm5t1 s9ce ! labral n]ves arise f ! tritoc]ebral ganglia4 ,b s9ce 9 all ! e>ly z well z late /ages ( embryonic life x appe>s to be situat$ 9 front ( ! m\?1 x w\ld seem to belong to ! fir/ segm5t4 ,9 ! embryo ( ,blatta x fir/ appe>s z a ?ick cresc5tic fold be+ slightly divid$ ant]ior to ! m\?1 & 9 ,doryphora x appe>s z a he>t-%ap$ or deeply bilob$ prom95ce situat$ 9 front ( ! m\? 7,:eel]74 ,! epiph>ynx & labrum-epiph>ynx4--,! epiph>ynx is ! "u surface or ph>yngeal l9+ ( ! clypeus & labrum1 =m+ ! membran\s ro( ( ! m\?4 ,z x conta9s ! organs ( ta/e & has be5 g5]ally ov]look$ by entomologi/s1 we may dwell at "s l5g? on its /ructure 9 diff]5t ord]s4 ,raumur 01 s f> z we h be5 able to asc]ta91 ! fir/ au?or to describe & figure ! epiph>ynx1 :i* he obs]v$ 9 ! honey bee & bumble bee1 & call$ la langue1 rem>k+ t x closes ! op5+ into ! sophagus1 & t x is appli$ aga9/ ! palate4 ,accord+ to ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 ,de ,ge] describ$ ! epiph>ynx ( ! wasp2 & ,latreille ref]r$ to x1 call+ x ! s\s labre4 ,! "n epiph>ynx 0 be/[$ ^u ?is organ by ,savigny1 :o ?us speaks ( t ( ! bees3 8,ce ph>ynx e/1 la vrit1 non seulem5t ca* p> la lvre suprieure1 mais encore exactem5t rec\v]t p> un organe p>ticuli] que ,raumur a dj dcrit4 ,c'e/ une sorte d'app5dice membraneux qui e/ reu entre les deux bran*es des m*oires4 ,cette p>tie ayant p\r base le bord suprieur du ph>ynx1 peut pr5dre le nom d'piph>ynx ou d'piglosse40 ,he also describes t ( ,dipt]a4 ,:at ,walt] has lately prov$ to be ! epiph>ynx ( ,lepidopt]a 0 reg>d$ by ,savigny & all subsequ5t writ]s z ! labrum4 ,! late/ acc\nt ( ! function ( ?is organ is t by ,*e%ire1 :o /ates t ! tube made by ! maxill & labial palpi _c act z a suction pipe1 because x is op5 above4 8,?is op5+ is clos$ by ! front ext5sion ( ! epiph>ynx1 :i* closes d[n to ! maxill1 fitt+ exactly into ! space !y leave uncov]$1 & ?us ! tube is complet$ f _! t]m9ation to ! sophagus40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,epiph>ynx ( ,phan]opt]a angu/ifolia3 cl1 clypeus2 lbr4 e1 labrum-epiph>ynx2 t c1 ta/e cups1 bo? on ! clypeal & on ! labral regions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,epiph>ynx ( ,had5cus subt]raneus1 cave cricket4 ,x is s+ul> t ?is organ is n m5tion$ 9 ,burmei/]'s ,manual ( entomology1 9 ,lacordaire's ,introduction l'entomologie1 or by ,newport 9 8 admirable article ,insecta 9 ,todd's ,cyclop$ia ( anatomy4 ,nei!r has ,/raus-,durckheim ref]r$ to or figur$ x 9 8 great "w on ! anatomy ( ,melolon?a vulg>is4 ,9 _! excell5t "w on ! cockroa*1 ,miall & ,d5ny /ate t 8,! epiph>ynx1 :i* is a prom95t "p 9 ,coleopt]a & ,dipt]a1 is n recognizable 9 ,or?opt]a0 7p4 #de74 ,we h1 h[ev]1 f\nd x to be always pres5t 9 ?is ord] 7,figs4 #bf1 #bg74 ,we are n aw>e t any mod]n writ]s h describ$ or ref]r$ to ! epiph>ynx ( ! m&ibulate ord]s ( insects4 ,al?\gh ,dr4 ,g4 ,joseph speaks ( f9d+ ta/e-organs on ! palate ( almo/ e ord] ( insects1 especially plant-fe$+ =ms1 we are unable to f9d any specific ref]5ces1 8 detail$ obs]vations be+ app>5tly unpubli%$4 ,! epiph>ynx is s intimately associat$ ) ! elongat$ labium ( c]ta9 ,dipt]a1 t1 ) ,dr4 ,dimmock1 we may ref] to ! d\ble organ z ! labrum-epiph>ynx2 & :]e1 z 9 ! lepidopt]\s ,micropt]yx semipurpurella1 describ$ & figur$ by ,walt]1 & ! ,panorpid 7,panorpa & ,boreus71 ! labrum seems piec$ out ) a ?91 pale membran\s fold :i* appe>s to be an ext5sion ( ! epiph>ynx1 build+ up ! dorsal end ( ! labrum1 ?is t]m is a conv5i5t "o to use4 ,9 ! l[] ord]s ( truly m&ibulate insects1 f ! ,?ysanura to ! ,coleopt]a1 exclud+ ^? :i* suck 9 liquid food1 su* z ! ,dipt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a1 & ! ,mecopt]a 7,panorpid7 ) _! elongat$ head & feeble1 small m&ibles1 ! epiph>ynx =ms a simple membran\s palatal l9+ ( ! clypeus & labrum4 ,9 su* insects !re is no s(t project+ or p5dant portion1 fitt$ to close ! ?roat or to complete a p>tially tubul> arrangem5t ( ! fir/ & second maxill4 ,9 all ! m&ibulate insects1 !n1 ! epiph>ynx =ms simply ! "u surface or ph>yngeal l9+ ( ! clypeus & labrum1 ! surface be+ uni=mly mod]ately convex1 & correspond+ 9 ext5t to t ( ! clypeus & labrum1 po/]iorly m]g+ into ! palatal wall ( ! ph>ynx2 ! armature ( peculi> ga!r+-hairs sometimes spread+ ov] its base1 be+ cont9u\s ) ^? l9+ ! m\? & beg9n+ ( ! sophagus4 ,! suture sep>at+ ! labrum f ! clypeus does n involve ! epiph>ynx1 ?\gh s9ce c]ta9 gu/atory fields lie "u ! front edge ( ! clypeus1 z well z labrum1 "o may 9 describ+ !m ref] to c]ta9 fields or gr\ps ( cups or pits z occupy+ a labral or clypeal region or position4 ,! lack ( traces ( a suture 9 ! epiph>ynx correspond+ to ! labral suture above1 sugge/s t ! labrum does n repres5t a pair ( coalesc$ app5dages1 & t x1 ) ! clypeus1 simply =ms ! solid cuticul> ro( ( ! m\?4 ,! only s(t /ructures se5 betwe5 ! epiph>ynx & labrum1 besides ! n]ves ( special s5se1 are ! elevator muscles ( ! labrum1 & two tra*e1 "o on ea* side4 ,! /ructure & armature ( ! epiph>yngeal surface ev5 besides ! ta/e-pits1 ta/e-cups & rods1 is v v>i$1 ! set assum+ v diff]5t %apes4 ,!re seem to be two prim>y =ms ( set1 7#a7 ! normal =ms :i* arise f a def9ite cell2 & 7#b7 s(t1 flatt5$1 (t5 hook$ hairs :i* are cyl9drical t[>ds ! end1 b arise f a broad triangul> base1 )\t any cell-wall4 ,^! are l ! 8ga!r+ hairs0 ( ,*e%ire1 situat$ on ! bees' & wasps' tongue2 !y also l9e ! walls ( ! ph>ynx & ext5d t[>d ! sophagus4 ,!y are also simil> to ! 8hook$ hairs0 ( ,w4 ,! fir/ k9d1 or normal set1 are ei!r simply def5sive1 (t5 gu>d+ ! s5se-cups or s5sory fields on :i* ! s5se-cups are situat$1 or !y h a n]ve ext5d+ to !m & are simply tactile 9 function4 ,! surface ( ! epiph>ynx1 !n1 appe>s to be highly s5sitive1 & to af=d ! pr9cipal seat ( ! gu/atory organs1 :i* are describ$ "u ! head ( organs ( ta/e4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,epiph>ynx ,raumur4 ,mmoires p\r s]vir l'hi/oire des insectes1 v1 #agdj1 p4 #cah1 ,pl4 #bh1 ,figs4 #d1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa l4 ,kirby & ,sp5ce4 ,intr4 to entomology1 iii1 #ahbh1 p4 #deg4 ,de ,ge]4 ii1 #aggh2 v1 #bf1 ,fig4 #aa1 ,m4 ,kirby & ,sp5ce4 ,pl4 xii1 ,fig4 #b ,k4 ,latreille4 ,organisation extrieure des insectes1 p4 #ahd4 7,quot$ f ,kirby & ,sp5ce47 ,savigny4 ,mmoires sur les animaux sans v]tbres4 ,p>tie ,ire1 #ahaf1 p4 #ab4 ,walt]1 ,alfr$4 ,beitrge zur ,morphologie d] ,s*mett]l+e4 ,er/] ,!il4 ,zur ,morphologie des ,s*mett]l+smund!ile4 7,j5a4 ,zeits41 xviii1 #ahhe1 p4 #geb47 ,*e%ire1 ,f4 ,r4 ,bees & bee-keep+1 i1 ,london1 #ahhf1 p4 #ic4 ,joseph1 ,gu/av4 ,zur ,morphologie des ,ges*macksorganes bei ,inseckt54 7,amtli*] ,b]i*t d] #ej ,v]sammlung deuts*] ,natur=s*] u4 ,artzte 9 ,mn*54 #ahgg1 pp4 #bbg1 #bbh47 ,dimmock1 ,george4 ,! anatomy ( ! m\?-p>ts & ( ! suck+ app>atus ( "s ,dipt]a1 #ahha4 7,also 9 ,psy*e1 iii1 pp4 #bca-bda1 ,pl4 #a1 #ahhb47 ,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,on ! epiph>ynx ( ! ,panorpid4 7,psy*e1 #ahhi1 v1 pp4 #aei-afd47 ---- ,notes on ! epiph>ynx & ! epiph>yngeal organs ( ta/e 9 m&ibulate insects4 7,psy*e1 v1 pp4 #aic-aii1 #bbb-bbh1 #ahhi47 ,atta*m5t ( ! head to ! trunk4--,! head is ei!r firmly support$ by ! broad pro?oracic segm5t 9 ,or?opt]a1 _m beetles1 etc41 into :i* x is m or less retract$1 or x is free & atta*$ by a sl5d] neck1 easily turn+ on ! trunk1 z 9 dragon-flies1 flies1 etc4 ,9 "s insects !re are sev]al *it9\s plates1 situat$ on an isl& 9 ! membrane on ! "u side ( ! neck2 ^! are ! 8c]vical scl]ites0 ( ,%>p1 occurr+ 89 ,hym5opt]a1 9 _m ,coleopt]a1 & 9 ,blattid40 ,! basal or gul> region ( ! head4--,at ! h9d] "p ( ! head is ! op5+ 7occipital =am57 into ! trunk4 ,! *eek 7g5a7 is ! side ( ! head1 & to its inn] wall is atta*$ ! m&ibul> muscle2 x ?us =ms ! region beh9d ! eye & ov] ! base ( ! m&ibles4 ,9 ! ,t]mitid1 :]e ! head is broad & flat1 x =ms a di/9ct piece on ! "u side ( ! head b\nd+ ! gulo-m5tal region 7,fig4 #bh74 ,9 ! ,neuropt]a 7,corydalus1 ,fig4 #bi1 & ,mantispa1 ,fig4 #cj7 x is less def9itely outl9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,head ( ,corydalus cornutus1 3 ,a1 f above4 ,b1 f b5ea?4 ,c1 f ! side4 a4 cly1 clypeus ant]ior2 p4 cly1 clypeus po/]ior2 lbr1 labrum2 md1 m&ible2 mx1 base ( fir/ maxilla2 mp1 its palpus2 m1 m5tum2 sm1 subm5tum2 plpr1 palpif]2 lig1 fus$ second maxill2 ant1 ant5na2 occ1 occiput4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,head ( ,t]mopsis angu/icollis1 se5 f b5ea?1 %[+ ! g5a & gula3 m1 m5tum2 sm1 subm5tum2 labr1 "u side ( ! labrum2 x1 hypoph>yngeal *it9\s support4 ,all ! gulo-m5tal region ( ! head appe>s to repres5t ! base ( ! second maxill1 & ! "q h5ce arises :e!r ! subm5tum is n ! homologue ( ! c>d9es ( ! fir/ maxill fus$1 & ! m5tum t ( ! /ipites ( ! latt] also fus$ toge!r4 ,if ?is %\ld prove to be ! case1 ! homologies betwe5 ! two pairs ( maxill w be /ill clos] ?an be=e suppos$4 ,:]e ! gula is diff]5tiat$1 ?is repres5ts ! basal piece ( ! second maxill4 ,9 ,figs4 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 & #ca1 ^! ?ree pieces are cle>ly %[n to belong to ! second maxill>y segm5t4 ,x is evid5t t ^! pieces or scl]ites belong to ! second maxill>y or labial segm5t ( ! head1 z does ! occiput1 :i* may repres5t ! t]go-pleural portion ( ! segm5t4 ,miall & ,d5ny also reg>d$ ! subm5tum z ! basal piece ( ! second maxill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,head ( ,mantispa brunnea1 "u side3 e1 eye2 o!r lett]+ z 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,head ( ,limnephilus pudicus1 "u side3 e1 eye2 l1 ligula2 p1 palpif]2 lp1 labial palpi4 ,! occiput 7,fig4 #bi1 ,b1 ,c71 z /at$ beyond1 is v r>ely pres5t z a sep>ate piece2 9 ! adult insect we h only obs]v$ x 9 ,corydalus4 ,! occipital region may be designat$ z t "p ( ! head adjo9+ & conta9+ ! occipital =am54 ,newport consid]s ! occiput z t portion ( ! base ( ! head 8:i* is articulat$ ) ! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! pro?orax4 ,x is p]=at$ by a l>ge =am51 ?r\gh :i* ! organs ( ! head are connect$ ) ^? ( ! trunk4 ,x is v di/9ct 9 ,hydros & mo/ ,coleopt]a1 & 9 "s1 ! ,/aphyl9id1 ,c>abid1 & ,silphid is con/rict$ & ext5d$ backw>ds s z to =m a complete neck40 7,see also p4 #ea47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,int]ior & upp] & "u surface ( ! head ( ,hydros piceus3 d1 clypeus2 e1 labrum2 g1 maxilla2 h1 its palpus2 i1 labium2 k1 labial palpus2 p1 sutura epicranii2 q1 cotyloid cavity2 r1 torulus2 s1 v1 lam9 squamosa2 t1 lam9a po/]iores2 u1 t5torium2 w1 lam9 orbitales2 x1 os transv]sum2 y1 articulat+ cavity = ! m&ible2 z1 os hypoph>yngeum4--,aft] ,newport4 ,! t5torium4--,! walls ( ! head are support$ or brac$ )9 by two beams or endo/]nites pass+ inw>ds1 & =m+ a solid *it9\s process or loop :i* ext5ds 9 ! cockroa* d[nw>ds & =w>ds f ! l[] edge ( ! occipital =am54 8,9 front x gives (f two long crura or props1 :i* pass to ! g+lymus1 & are reflect$ !nce ^u ! inn] surface ( ! clypeus1 asc5d+ z high z ! ant5n>y socket1 r\nd :i* !y =m a k9d ( rim40 7,miall & ,d5ny47 ,! sophagus passes upw>ds betwe5 its ant]ior crura1 ! long flexor ( ! m&ible lies on ea* side ( ! c5tral plate2 ! suprasophageal ganglion re/s on ! plate above1 & ! subsophageal ganglion lies bel[ x1 ! n]ve cords :i* unite ! two pass+ ?r\gh ! circul> ap]ture4 7,miall & ,d5ny47 ,9 ,coleopt]a 7,hydros7 x protects ! n]v\s cord :i* passes "u x4 7,newport1 ,fig4 #cb1 u47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,po/]ior view ( head ( ,anabrus2 t1 t5torium4 ,j\tel del4 ,9 ,anabrus ! t5torium is ,v-%ap$1 ! two arms orig9at+ on ea* side ( ! base ( ! clypeus next to ! base ( ea* m&ible ! orig9 be+ indicat$ by two small =am9a p>tly conceal$ ext]nally & pass+ inw>ds & backw>ds & unit+ j be=e rea*+ ! po/]ior edge ( ! l>ge occipital =am5 7,fig4 #cc74 ,palmn reg>ds ! t5torium z repres5t+ a pair ( tra*e 7) ! cephalic spiracles7 :i* h become modifi$ = supports or = muscul> atta*m5t1 s9ce he f9ds t 9 ,ephem]a ! t5torium breaks across ! middle dur+ exuviation1 ea* half be+ drawn out ( ! head l ! *it9\s l9+ ( a tra*eal tube4 ,?is view is support$ by ,:eel]1 :o has %[n t ! t5torium ( ,doryphora orig9ates f five pairs ( invag9ations ( ! longitud9al commissures1 & :i* are ant]ior to ^? ( ! second maxill>y segm5t4 8,^! invag9ations gr[ inw>ds z sl5d] tubes1 :i* ana/omose 9 "s places4 ,_! lum9a are ultimately fill$ ) *it940 7,j\r4 ,morph41 iii1 p4 #cfh47 ,?is view has also be5 held by ,c>rire & ,*olodk[sky1 b ,heymons concludes f 8 embryological /udies on ,=ficula & ,blattid 7#ahie7 t x is unf\nd$4 ,t ?is is probably ! case is prov$ by ! fact t ! apodemes ( ! ?oracic region are evid5tly n modifi$ tra*e1 s9ce ! /igmata & tra*e are pres5t4 ,numb] ( segm5ts 9 ! head4--,:ile x is tak5 = grant$ by _m entomologi/s t ! head ( insects repres5ts a s+le segm5t1 despite ! circum/ance t x be>s f\r pairs ( app5dages1 ! m c>eful1 philosophical obs]v]s h recogniz$ ! fact t x is compos$ ( m ?an a s+le segm5t4 ,burmei/] recogniz$ only two segm5ts 9 ! head2 ,c>us & ,aud\9 recogniz$ ?ree2 ,macleay & ,newman f\r2 ,/raus-,durckheim ev5 s _m z sev54 ,huxley suppos$ t !re are five segm5ts be>+ app5dages1 rem>k+1 8if ! eyes be tak5 to repres5t ! app5dages ( ano!r somite1 ! insect head w conta9 six somites40 7,manual ( ,anat4 ,inv]t4 ,animals1 p4 #cih47 ,^! discordant views 7 bas$ on ! exam9ation ( ! head 9 adult insects2 b if we conf9e ourselves to ! imago alone1 x is impossible to arrive at a solution ( ! problem4 ,newport took a /ep 9 ! "r direction :5 he wrote3 8,x is only by comp>+ ! di/9ctly indicat$ p>ts ( ! head 9 ! p]fect insect ) simil> ones 9 ! l>va t we c hope to asc]ta9 ! exact numb] ( segm5ts ( :i* x is compos$40 ,he !n /ates t 9 ! head ( ,hydros piceus are ! rema9s ( f\r segm5ts1 ?\gh /ill 9 ! next p>agraph1 :5 speak+ ( ! head z a :ole1 he consid]s x z ! fir/ segm5t1 8:ile10 he adds1 8! aggregation ( segm5ts ( :i* x is compos$ we %all designate individually subsegm5ts40 ,t ! head ( insects is compos$ ( f\r segm5ts 0 %[n on embryological gr\nds by ! writ] 7#ahga7 & aft]w>ds by ,grab] 7#ahgi74 ,! ant5n & m\?-p>ts are outgr[?s budd+ out f ! f\r primitive segm5ts ( ! head2 ! ant5n gr[ out f ! "u side ( ! procephalic lobes1 & ^! %\ld !re=e receive ! "n ( ant5nal lobes4 ,9 l mann] ! m&ibles & fir/ & second maxill arise respectively f ! ?ree succe$+ segm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,embryo ( ,anurida m>itima3 tc4 ap1 m9ute tempor>y app5dage ( ! tritoc]ebral segm5t1 ! prem&ibul> app5dage2 at1 ant5na2 md1 m&ible2 mx#a1 fir/ maxilla2 mx#b1 second maxilla2 p#a-p#c1 ?oracic2 ap#a1 ap#b1 abdom9al app5dages2 an1 anus--,aft] ,:eel]4 ,:ile ! po/oral segm5ts & _! app5dages are readily se5 to be f\r 9 numb]1 ! "q arises z to :e!r ! eyes repres5t ! app5dages ( "o or m preoral segm5ts4 ,9 ?is case embryology ?us f> has n af=d$ cle>1 indubitable evid5ce4 ,we are !re=e oblig$ to rely on ! numb] ( neurom]es1 or primitive ganglia4 ,9 ! po/oral region ( ! head1 z also 9 ! trunk1 a pair ( neurom]es correspond to ea* segm5t4 7,see also "u ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 & "u ,embryology47 ,we !re=e turn to ! primitive numb] ( neurom]es con/itut+ ! procephalic lobes or bra94 ,f ! rese>*es ( ,patt51 ,viallanes1 & ( ,:eel]1 especially ( ,viallanes1 x appe>s t ! bra9 or suprasophageal ganglion is divid$ into ?ree primitive segm5ts4 7,see ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 ,bra947 ,! ant5n are inn]vat$ f ! middle division or deutoc]ebrum4 ,h5ce ! ocul> segm5t1 i4e4 t be>+ ! comp\nd & simple eyes1 is suppos$ to repres5t ! fir/ segm5t ( ! head4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n involve ! conclusion t ! eyes are ! homologues ( ! limbs1 h[ev] x may be 9 ! ,cru/acea4 ,! second head-segm5t is ! ant5nal1 ! ant5n be+ ! fir/ pair ( true jo9t$ app5dages4 ,! ?ird segm5t ( ! head is v obscurely indicat$1 & ! facts 9 pro( ( its exi/5ce are scanty & ne$ f>!r elucidation4 ,viallanes' tritoc]ebral lobes or division ( ! bra9 is situat$ 9 a segm5t f\nd by ,:eel] to be int]calat$ betwe5 ! ant5nal & m&ibul> segm5ts4 ,he also detect$ 9 ,anurida m>itima1 ! rudim5ts ( a pair ( app5dages1 small] ?an ^? next to x1 & :i* soon disappe> 7,fig4 #cd1 tc4 ap74 ,he calls ?is segm5t ! int]cal>y4#ab ,heymons 7#ahie7 designates x z ! 8,vorkief]segm5t10 & x may ?us be t]m$ ! prem&ibul> segm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,head ( embryo ( honey bee3 ,b1 a little lat] /age ?an ,a4 pr4m1 prem&ibul> segm5t2 cl1 clypeus2 ant1 ant5na2 md1 m&ible2 mx1 fir/ maxilla2 mx1 second maxilla2 sp1 spiracle4--,aft] ,bts*li4 ,z e>ly z #ahgj ,bts*li obs]v$ 9 ! embryo ( ! honey bee ! rudim5ts ( :at appe>$ to be a pair ( app5dages betwe5 ! ant5n & m&ibles1 b1 judg+ by 8 figures1 ne>] to & m l ! m&ibles ?an ! rudim5t>y ant5n 7,fig4 #ce72 !y seem$ to him 8almo/ l a pair ( inn] ant5n40 8,i f9d10 he says1 89 no o!r insects any indication ( ?is peculi> app5dage1 :i* at ! "t ( its greate/ developm5t atta9s a l>g] size ?an ! ant5n1 & :i*1 aft]w>ds becom+ less di/9ct1 =ms by fusion ) t on ! o!r side a sort ( l>val l[] lip4 ,t ?is app5dage does n belong to ! category ( segm5tal app5dages is indicat$ by ! site ( its orig9 on ! upp] side ( ! primitive b&40 7,zeits*r4 wiss54 ,zool41 xx1 p4 #ech47 ,grassi has also obs]v$ x 9 ,apis1 & reg>ds x z ! g]m ( a fir/1 b decidu\s1 pair ( jaws4 ,9 ! embryo ( ,hylotoma ,grab] 7,figs4 #acd1 #ace7 f\nd :at he calls ?ree pairs ( 8preant5nal projections10 "o ( :i* he ?9ks corresponds to ! 8inn] ant5n0 ( ,bts*li4 ,?is subject ne$s fur!r inve/igation4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! procephalic lobes ( ! embryo ( insects1 ) ! rudim5ts ( ! ant5n1 con/itute ! primitive head1 & p]haps correspond to ! annelidan head1 :ile gradually ! ant5nal app5dages 7 9 ! phylog5etic developm5t ( ! class fus$ ) ! two segm5ts ( ! prim>y head4 ,t ! second maxill>y segm5t1 ! occiput1 0 ! la/ to be add$1 & at fir/ some:at correspond$ 9 position to ! poison-fangs ( c5tip$es 7,*ilopods71 is %[n by our obs]vations on ! embryology ( s*na 7,fig4 #cf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--s*na ne>ly ready to hat*3 #d1 labium1 betwe5 ,t & e ! occipital t]gite2 #e-g1 legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,head ( embryo ,nematus1 %[+ ! labial segm5t3 occ1 =m+ ! occiput2 cl1 clypeus2 lb1 labrum2 md1 m&ible2 mdm1 muscle ( same2 mx1 maxilla2 mx1 second maxilla 7labium72 oe1 sophagus4 ,! m&ibul> segm5t appe>s to =m a l>ge "p ( ! po/-ant5nal region ( ! epicranium on acc\nt ( ! great m&ibul> muscle :i* arises f s l>ge an area ( ! ant]ior region ( ! head 7,fig4 #cg74 ,judg+ f ! embryo ( ,nematus 7,fig4 #cg71 ! fir/ maxill>y segm5t is t]gally abort$1 !re be+ no t]go-pleural portion left4#ac ,! second maxill>y segm5t t]gally appe>s to be repres5t$ by ! occipital region ( ! head4 ,all ! gul> region1 includ+ ! subm5tum & m5tum1 probably repres5ts ! base ( ! labium or second maxill4#ad ,! s-call$ 8occiput0 =ms ! base ( ! head ( ,corydalus1 a neuropt]\s insect1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is m di/9ct 9 ! l>va4 ,9 mo/ o!r adult insects ! occiput is ei!r obsolete or fus$ ) ! h9d] "p ( ! epicranium4 ,we h trac$ ! hi/ory ( ?is piece 7scl]ite7 9 ! embryo ( s*na1 a dragon-fly1 & h f\nd t x repres5ts ! t]gal portion ( ! six? or labial segm5t4 ,9 our memoir on ! developm5t ( ?is dragon-fly1 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #i1 ! head ( ! embryo is se5 to be divid$ into two regions1 ! ant]ior1 =m$ ( ! ant5nal1 m&ibul>1 & fir/ maxill>y segm5ts1 & ! po/]ior1 =m$ ( ! six? or labial segm5t4 ,?is po/oral segm5t at fir/ appe>s to be "o ( ! ?oracic segm5ts1 b is aft]w>ds add$ to ! head1 ?\gh n until aft] bir?1 z x is /ill sep>ate 9 ! fre%ly hat*$ nymph 7,fig4 #d2 see also ,kolbe1 p4 #acb1 ,fig4 #ei1 sq4 #e74 ,a4 ,br&t's figure ( ,calopt]yx virgo 7,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #ai7 repres5ts an embryo ( a /age simil> to ours1 9 :i* ! po/oral or six? 7labial7 segm5t is q sep>ate f ! re/ ( ! head4 ,! accompany+ figure1 copi$ f our memoir1 also %[s 9 a saw-fly l>va 7,nematus v5tricosus7 ! relations ( ! labial or six? segm5t to ! re/ ( ! head4 ,! suture betwe5 ! labial segm5t & ! preoral "p ( ! head disappe>s 9 adult life4 ,f ?is sket* x w\ld seem t ! back "p ( ! head1 i4e4 ( ! epicranium1 may be made up 9 "p ( ! t]gite or pleurites ( ! m&ibul> segm5t1 s9ce ! m&ibul> muscles are ins]t$ on ! ro( ( ! head beh9d ! eyes4 ,x is ?is labial segm5t :i* 9 ,corydalus evid5tly =ms ! occiput1 & ( :i* 9 mo/ o!r insects !re is no trace 9 l>val or adult life1 unless we except c]ta9 ,or?opt]a 7,locu/a71 & ! l>va ( ! ,dyticid4 ,! foll[+ table is design$ to %[ ! numb] & succession ( ! segm5ts ( ! head1 ) _! respective segm5ts4 ,,tabul> ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,segm5ts1 ,,pieces 7,,scl]ites71 ,,& ,,app5dages ,,( ,,! ,,head ,,"n ,,( ,,segm5t ,,pieces ,,or ,,regions ,,app5dages1 ,,etc4 ,,( ,,! ,,head-,,capsule #a4 ,ocell> ,epicranium1 ,comp\nd & simple ,preoral1 7,protoc]ebral74 ant]ior region eyes 7,ocelli74 9 e>ly ) ! clypeus embryo4 labrum1 & epiph>ynx4 ,po/oral1#b4 ,ant5nal ,epicranium1 ,ant5n4 9 e>ly 7,deutoc]ebral74 includ+ ! embryo4 ant5nal sockets4 #c4 ,prem&ibul>1 ,want+ 9 ,prem&ibul> or int]cal>y po/embryonic app5dages 79 7,tritoc]ebral74 life1 except 9 ,campodea74 ,campodea4 #d4 ,m&ibul>4 ,epicranium beh9d ,m&ibles4 ! ant5n1 g54 #e4 #a/ ,maxill>y4 ,epicranium1 h9d] #a/ ,maxill4 edge8 ,t5torium4 #f4 #b;d ,maxill>y1 or,occiput4 #b;d ,maxill or labial4 ,labium4 ,po/-gula1 gula1 subm5tum1 m5tum1 hypoph>ynx 7l+ua1 ligula71 p>agloss1 sp9n]et4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,l>va 7a7 ( a *alcid1 ab\t to pupate1 ) ! head1 includ+ ! eyes & ?ree ocelli1 9 ! pro?oracic segm5t3 b1 c1 pupa4 ,! composition ( ! head 9 ! ,hym5opt]a4--,ratzeburg /at$ 9 #ahcb t ! head 9 ! adult ,hym5opt]a 7,cynips1 ,hemiteles1 & ,=mica7 does n correspond to t ( ! l>va1 b is d]iv$ f ! head & ! fir/ ?oracic segm5t ( ! l>va4 ,we/wood & also ,g\reau made less complete b simil> obs]vations1 ?\gh ,we/wood aft]w>ds *ang$ 8 op9ion1 & ! same view 0 ma9ta9$ by ,re9h>d4 ,our own obs]vations 7z se5 9 ,fig4 #ch7 l$ u to suppose t ?is 0 a mi/ak5 view2 t ! l>val head1 be+ too small to conta9 t ( ! semipupa1 0 simply pu%$ =w>d1 z 9 cat]pill>s4 ,bugnion1 h[ev]1 reaffirms x 9 su* a detail$ way t we reproduce 8 acc\nt4 ,he ma9ta9s t ! views ( ,ratzeburg are exact & easy to v]ify 9 ! *alcid g5us ,encyrtus1 except1 h[ev]1 t :i* conc]ns ! v5tral "p & ! po/]ior bord] ( ! pro?oracic segm5t4 ,z ! "t ( trans=mation approa*es1 ! head ( ! l>va1 he says1 is depress$ & soon conceal$ "u ! edge ( ! pro?oracic segm5t2 ! latt] elongates1 becomes ?ick] & m convex1 & )9 c be se5 ! two oculo-cephalic imag9al buds4 ,! head ( ! p]fect insect is d]iv$ n only f ! head ( ! l>va1 b also f ! portion ( ! pro?oracic segm5t :i* is occupi$ by ! buds1 i4e4 almo/ its entire dorsolat]al face4 ,b ! h9d] & v5tral "p ( ?is segm5t 7:i* conta9s ! imag9al buds ( ! fir/ pair ( legs7 takes no "p 9 ! =mation ( ! head2 ^! p>ts1 accord+ to ,bugnion1 t[>ds ! end ( ! l>val p]iod deta*+ !mselves s z to become fus$ ) ! ?orax & con/itute ! pronotum & ! pro/]num4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,ant]ior half ( l>va ( ,encyrtus1 v5tral face1 %[+ ! upp] 7w+7 & l[] 7leg7 ?oracic imag9al buds3 b1 m\?2 *1 *it9\s ar*2 gl1 silk gl&2 g1 bra92 n1 n]v\s cord2 a#a1 bud ( =e1 a#b1 bud ( h9d1 w+2 p#a-p#c1 buds ( legs2 /#a-/#c1 /igmata4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,ant]ior "p ( ,encyrtus l>va1 #a4b mm4 9 l5g?2 dorsal face2 ! cellul> masses beg9n+ to =m ! buds ( ! w+s1 eyes1 & ant5n3 o1 eye bud2 e1 /oma*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,old] ,encyrtus l>va1 lat]al view1 %[+ ! buds ( ! ant5n 7f71 legs1 & w+s2 oe1 sophagus2 q#a1 q#b1 q#c1 buds ( ! g5ital armature2 x1 rudim5t ( ! sexual gl& 7ov>y or te/is72 u1 ur9>y tube2 i1 inte/9e 7rectum72 a1 anus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,a /ill old] l>va1 ready to trans=m4 ,! imag9al buds ( ! ant5n1 eyes1 w+s1 & legs h become elongat$2 lett]+ z 9 ,fig4 #da4--,?is & ,figs4 #ci-da aft] ,bugnion4 ,?is mode ( =mation ( ! head may be obs]v$ /ill m easily 9 ,rhodites1 ,hemiteles1 & ,microga/]1 f ! fact t _! oculo-cephalic buds are mu* m precoci\s1 & t ! eyes are *>g$ ) pigm5t at a p]iod :5 ! insect /ill pres]ves its l>val =m4 8444 ,i believe t ?is mode ( =mation ( ! head occurs 9 all ,hym5opt]a ) apod\s l>v1 9 ?is s5se2 t a m or less consid]able "p ( ! fir/ ?oracic segm5t is always sold]$ to ! head ( ! l>va to con/itute ! head ( ! p]fect insect4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em is naturally 9 accord ) ?is peculi>ity ( developm5t1 & ! cephalic ganglia ( ! l>va to :i* ! ocul> bla/ems lat] adapt !mselves1 are f\nd n 9 ! head1 b 9 ! succe$+ segm5t 7,figs4 #ci1 #dj1 #da74 8,rely+ on ^! facts1 ,i ma9ta9 t ! encroa*m5t ( ! head on ! pro?orax is a consequ5ce ( ! prepond]ance 9 size ( ! bra91 & indicates ! sup]iority ( ! ,hym5opt]a ov] o!r insects44440 ,t ! pronotum is d]iv$ f ! l>val pro?oracic segm5t is prov$ by ! fact t ! fir/ pair ( /igmata becomes :at au?ors call ! 8pro?oracic0 /igmata ( ! p]fect insect4 ,b ,bugnion ?9ks t ! projection :i* c>ries x1 & :i* he calls ! %\ld] 7,figs4 #da & #db71 belongs to ! mesonotum4 b4 ,app5dages ( ! head ,! ant5n4--,^! are organs ( tactile s5se1 b also be> olfactory1 & 9 "s cases auditory organs2 !y are usually ins]t$ betwe5 or 9 front ( ! eyes1 & mov$ by two small muscles at ! base1 )9 ! head4 ,9 ! m g5]aliz$ insects ! ant5n are simple1 _m-jo9t$ app5dages1 ! jo9ts be+ equal 9 size & %ape4 ,! ant5n articulate ) ! head by a ball & socket jo9t1 ! "p on :i* x moves be+ call$ ! torulus 7,fig4 #cb1 r74 ,9 ! m specializ$ =ms x is divid$ into ! scape1 ! p$icel1 & a flagellum 7or clavola72 b usually1 z 9 ants1 wasps1 & bees1 !re are two p>ts1 ! basal ?ree-jo9t$ "o be+ ! scape1 & ! di/al "o1 ! usually long fili=m flagellum4 ,! ant5n1 especially ! flagellum1 v>y greatly 9 =m 9 insects ( diff]5t families & ord]s1 ?is v>iation be+ ! result ( adaptation to _! peculi> surr\nd+s & habits4 ,! numb] ( ant5nal jo9ts may be "o 7,artic]us1 a clavig]id beetle71 or two 9 ,paussus & 9 ,adranes ccus 7,fig4 #dcab71 :]e !y are %ort & club-%ap$2 9 flies 7,muscid1 etc471 !y are v %ort & ) few jo9ts1 & :5 at re/ ly+ 9 a cavity adapt$ = _! reception4 ,9 ! lamellicorn beetles ! flagellum is divid$ into sev]al leaves1 & ?is condition may be approa*$ 9 ! s]rate or flabellicorn ant5n ( o!r beetles4 ,9 ,lepidopt]a1 & 9 c]ta9 saw-flies & beetles1 !y are ei!r pect9ate or bipect9ate1 be+ 9 "o case at lea/1 t ( ! ,au/ralian ,hepialid 7,abantiades arg5teus71 tripect9ate 7,fig4 #dd71 & 9 ! dipt]\s 7,ta*9id7 g5us ,tal>oc]a ! ?ird jo9t is bipect9ate 7,fig4 #de74 ,9 ,x5os & 9 ,p>nus !y may be deeply =k$1 :ile 9 ,otioc]us1 two long processes arise f ! base1 giv+ x a trifid %ape4 ,9 dragon-flies & cicad1 !y are m9ute & hair-l1 ?\gh jo9t$1 :ile 9 ! l>v ( _m metabol\s insects !y are r$uc$ to m9ute ?ree-jo9t$ tub]cles4 ,9 aquatic beetles1 bugs1 etc41 ! ant5n are %ort1 & (t51 :5 at re/1 b5t close to ! body1 z long ant5n w\ld imp$e _! progress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,diff]5t =ms ( ant5n ( beetles3 #a1 s]rate2 #b1 pect9ate2 #c1 capitate 7& also g5iculate72 #d-g1 clavate2 #h1 #i1 lamellate2 #aj1 s]rate 7,dorcatoma72 #aa1 irregul> 7,gyr9us72 #ab1 two-jo9t$ ant5na ( ,adranes ccus4--,aft] ,le,conte4 a1 fir/ jo9t ( flagellum ( ant5na ( ,troctes silv>um2 b1 ( ,t4 div9atorius4--,aft] ,kolbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,tripect9ate ant5na ( an ,au/ralian mo?4 ,:ile usually m or less s5sorial 9 function1 ,grab] /ates t ! longicorn beetles 9 walk+ along a sl5d] twig use _! ant5n z a rope-danc] does 8 balanc+ pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,ant5na ( ,tal>oc]a nigrip5nis1 4--,aft] ,willi/on4 ,rec5t exam9ation ( ! s5se-organs 9 ! ant5n ( an ant1 wasp1 or bee enables u1 he says1 to realize :at wond]ful organs ! ant5n are4 ,9 su* insects we h a rod-l tube :i* c be fold$ up or ext5d$ out into space1 conta9+ ! ant5nal n]ve1 :i* arises directly f ! bra9 & s5ds a bran* to ea* ( ! ?\s&s ( olfactory pits or pegs :i* /ud its surface4 ,! ant5na is ?us a wond]fully complex organ1 & ! insect mu/ be f> m s5sitive to movem5ts ( ! air1 to odors1 wave-s\nds1 & light-waves1 ?an any ( ! v]tebrate animals4 ,t ants appe> to communicate ) ea* o!r1 app>5tly talk+ ) _! ant5n1 %[s ! highly s5sitive nature ( ^! app5dages4 8,! honey-bee :5 con/ruct+ its cells asc]ta9s _! prop] direction & size by means ( ! extremities ( ^! organs40 7,newport47 ,h[ dep5d5t insects are ^u _! ant5n is se5 :5 we cut !m (f4 ,! insect is at once s]i\sly affect$1 its c5tral n]v\s sy/em receiv+ a great %ock1 :ile x gives no su* sign ( di/ress & loss ( m5tal p[] :5 we remove ! palpi or legs4 ,on depriv+ a bee ( its ant5n1 x falls helpless & p>tially p>alyz$ to ! e>?1 is unable at fir/ to walk1 b on p>tly recov]+ ! use ( its limbs1 x /ill has lo/ ! p[] ( cord9at+ its movem5ts1 nor c x /+2 9 a few m9utes1 h[ev]1 x becomes able to feebly walk a few /eps1 b x rema9s ov] an h\r ne>ly motionless4 ,o!r insects aft] simil> treatm5t are n s deeply affect$1 ?\gh bees1 wasps1 ants1 mo?s1 c]ta9 beetles1 & dragon-flies are at fir/ m or less /unn$ & confus$4 ,! ant5n af=d sali5t second>y sexual diff]5ces1 z se5 9 ! broadly pect9at$ ant5n ( male bombyc9e mo?s1 c]ta9 saw-flies 7,lophyrus71 & _m o!r insects4 ,! m\?-p>ts1 buccal app5dages1 or trophi1 comprise1 besides ! labrum1 ! m&ibles & maxill4 ,! m&ibles4--,^! are true jaws1 adapt$ = cutt+1 te>+1 or cru%+ ! food1 or = def5ce1 :ile 9 ! bees !y are us$ z tools = modell+ 9 wax1 & 9 ,cetonia1 etc41 z a bru% = collect+ poll54 ,!y are usually oppos$ to ea* o!r at ! tips1 b 9 _m c>nivor\s =ms _! tips cross ea* o!r l %e>s4 ,!y are situat$ bel[ ! clypeus on ea* side1 & are h+$ to ! head by a true g+lymus articulation1 consi/+ ( two condyles or tub]cles to :i* muscles are atta*$1 ! pr9cipal ones be+ ! flexor & great ext5sor 7,fig4 #dh74 ,!y are solid1 *it9\s1 ( v>i$ %apes1 & 9 ! =m ( ! tee? ^? ( ! same pair diff] some:at f ea* o!r 7,fig4 #df ,a74 ,9 ! poll5-eat+ beetles 7,cetoni7 & 9 ! dung-beetles 7,aphodius1 etc47 ! edge is s(t & flexible4 ,9 ! males ( ,lucanus1 etc4 7,fig4 #dg71 & ( ,corydalus 7,fig4 #bi71 !y are ( colossal size1 & are l>ge & sabre-%ap$ 9 ! l>v ( wat]-beetles1 ant-lions1 ,*rysopa1 etc4 :]e !y are p]=at$ at ! tips1 ?r\gh :i* ! blood ( _! prey is suck$4 ,:ile ! m&ibles are g5]ally reg>d$ z compos$ ( a s+le piece1 9 ,campodea & ,ma*ilis !re appe>s to be an additional basal piece app>5tly correspond+ to ! /ipes ( ! fir/ maxilla1 & sep>at$ by a fa9t suture f ! mol> or di/al jo9t4 ,9 ,campodea !re is a m9ute movable app5dage figur$ bo? by ,me9]t & by ,nasson[1 :i* appe>s to repres5t ! lac9ia ( ! maxilla 7,fig4 #dh74 ,wood-,mason has obs]v$ 9 ! m&ibles ( ! embryo ( a ,javanese cockroa*1 ,blatta 7,pane/hia7 javanica1 indications ( 8! same numb] ( jo9ts z 9 t ( *ilogna?\s myriopods1 or "o less ?an 9 t ( ,ma*ilis40 ,also he adds3 8,9 bo? #8l>v' & adults ( ,pane/hia javanica a fa9t groove crosses ! #8back' ( ! m&ible at ! base4 ,?is groove appe>s to be ! rema9s ( ! jo9t betwe5 ! ?ird & apical segm5ts ( ! =m]ly #d-segm5t$ m&ibles40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,v>i\s =ms ( m&ibles4 ,a1 "r & left ( ,t]mopsis4 ,a1 %[+ at ! %ad$ portion ! 8mol>0 ( ,smi?4 ,b1 ,t]mes flavipes1 soldi]2 md1 its m&ible4 ,c1 ,panorpa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,*iasogna?us grantii1 r$uc$4 ,male4--,aft] ,d>w94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,m&ible ( ,campodea3 l1 pro/heca or lac9ia2 g1 galea2 f1 f1 flexor muscles2 e1 ext5sor2 r1 r1 retractor2 rt1 muscle reta9+ ! m&ible 9 its place4--,aft] ,me9]t4 ,a1 extremity ( ! same4--,aft] ,nasson[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,m&ible ( ,passalus cornutus ) ! pro/heca 7l73 ,a1 t ( a ,nic>aguan species2 a1 inside1 b1 outside view1 ) ! muscle4 ,he also ref]s to ! pro/heca ( ,kirby & ,sp5ce 7,fig4 #di71 :i* he ?9ks appe>s to be a m&ibul> lac9ia homolog\s ) x 9 ,/aphyl9id & o!r beetles 7,j4 ,b4 ,smi? also consid]s x z 8homolog\s to ! lac9ia ( ! maxilla071 & on exam9+ x 9 ,p4 cornutus & a ,nic>agua species 7,fig4 #di71 we adopt 8 view1 s9ce we h f\nd t x is freely movable & atta*$ by a t5don & muscle to ! galea4 ,9 ! rove beetles 7,grius1 ,/aphyl9us1 etc47 & 9 ! subaquatic ,het]oc]id1 in/ead ( a mol> process1 is a membran\s setose app5dage n unlike ! coxal app5dages ( ,scolop5drella1 movably articulat$ to ! jaw1 :i* he ?9ks answ]s to ! mol> bran* ( ! jaws 9 ,blatta & ,ma*ilis4 8,x has its homologue 9 ! dim9utive ,tri*opt]ygid 9 ! firmly *it9iz$ quadrant-%ap$ second m&ibul> jo9t1 :i* is us$ 9 a peculi> mann] 9 cru%+ ! food02 also 9 ! movable too? ( ! ,passalid1 & 9 ! membran\s inn] lobe ( ! m&ibles ( ! golia?-beetles1 etc4 ,j4 ,b4 ,smi? has cle>ly %[n t ! m&ibles are comp\nd 9 c]ta9 ( ! lamellicorns4 ,9 ,copris c>ol9a 7,fig4 #ej71 he says1 ! small membran\s m&ibles are divid$ into a basal piece 7basalis71 ! homologue ( ! /ipes 9 ! maxilla2 ano!r ( ! basal pieces he calls ! mol>1 & ?is is ! equival5t ( ! subgalea1 :ile a ?ird scl]ite1 only obs]v$ 9 ,copris1 is ! conjunctivus1 ! lac9ia 7pro/heca7 be+ well develop$4 ,smi? !re=e concludes 8t ! /ructure ( ! m&ible is fundam5tally ! same z t ( ! labium & maxilla1 & t we h an equally complex organ 9 po9t ( orig94 ,its usual function1 h[ev]1 dem&s a p[]ful & solid /ructure1 & ! scl]ites are 9 mo/ in/ances z ?or\ghly *it9iz$ & s closely unit$ to ! o!rs t practically !re is only a s+le piece1 9 :i* ! homology is obscur$40 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,ent4 ,soc41 xix1 pp4 #hd1 #he4 #ahib47 ,f ! /udies ( ,smi? & our obs]vations on ,/aphyl9us1 ,passalus1 ,phanu1 etc4 7,fig4 #ej1 ,a1 ,b7 we fully agree ) ! view t ! m&ibles are prim>ily #c-lob$ app5dages l ! maxill4 ,nymphal ,ephem]ids h a lac9ia-l process4 7,heymons47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,m&ible ( ,copris c>ol9a4--,aft] ,smi?4 ,a,c4 anaglypticus4 ,a 7figure to "r71 d4 ( ,lei/otrophus c+ulatus2 ,b1 ( ,phanu c>nifex2 g1 end ( galea1--g1 enl>g$2 c1 conjunctivus4 ,c1 ( ,melo angu/icollis3 l1 lac9ia2 a1 lac9ia enl>g$4 ,m&ibles are want+ 9 ! adults ( ! m specializ$ ,lepidopt]a1 be+ ve/igial 9 ! mo/ g5]aliz$ =ms 7c]ta9 ,t9e9a & ,crambus71 b well develop$ 9 t v primitive mo?1 ,eriocephala 7,fig4 #ea74 ,!y are also completely atrophi$ 9 ! adult ,tri*opt]a1 ?\gh v l>ge & functional 9 ! pupa ( ^! insects 7,fig4 #eb71 z also 9 ! pupa ( ,micropt]yx 7,fig4 #ec74 ,!y are also want+ 9 ! imago ( male ,dipt]a & 9 ! females ( all flies except ,culicid & ,tabanid4 ,!y are said by ,dr4 ,horn to be abs5t 9 ! adult ,platypsyllus ca/oris1 ?\gh well develop$ 9 ! l>va2 & functional m&ibles are lack+ 9 ! ,hemipt]a4 ,! fir/ maxill4--,^! highly diff]5tiat$ app5dages are ins]t$ on ! sides ( ! head j beh9d ! m&ibles & ! m\?1 & are divid$ into ?ree lobes1 or divisions1 :i* are support$ ^u two1 & sometimes ?ree basal pieces1 i4e4 ! basal jo9t or c>do1 ! second jo9t or /ipes1 ) ! palpif]1 ! latt] pres5t 9 ,t]mitid 7,fig4 #ed1 plpgr71 b n always sep>ately develop$ 7,fig4 #ee74 ,! c>do v>ies 9 %ape1 b is m or less triangul> & is usually w$g$ 9 betwe5 ! subm5tum & m&ible4 ,x is succe$$ by ! /ipes1 :i* usually =ms ! support = ! ?ree lobes ( ! maxilla1 & is m or less squ>e 9 %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,m&ible ( ,eriocephala cal!lla3 a1 a1 inn] & out] articulation2 s1 cavity ( ! jo9t 7acetabulum72 ,a1 end se5 f "o side ( ! cutt+ edge4--,aft] ,walt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,a1 ,pupa ( ,phryganea pilosa4--,aft] ,pictet4 ,b1 m&ibles ( pupa ( ,molanna angu/ata4--,aft] ,%>p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,pupa ( ,micropt]yx purpuriella1 front view3 md1 m&ibles2 mx4p1 maxill>y palpus1 end drawn sep>ately2 mx4'p1 labial palpi2 lb1 labrum2 ,a1 ano!r view f a ca/ sk94 ,! ?ree di/al divisions ( ! maxilla are call$1 respectively1 beg9n+ ) ! inn]mo/1 ! lac9ia1 galea1 & palpif]1 ! latt] be+ a lobe or segm5t be>+ ! palpus4 ,! lac9ia is m or less jaw-l & arm$ on ! inn] edge ) ei!r flexible or /iff bri/les1 sp9es1 or tee?1 :i* are v v>iable 9 %ape & are ( use z /iff bru%es 9 poll5-eat+ beetles1 etc4 ,! galea is ei!r s+le-jo9t$ & helmet-%ap$ or subspatulate1 z 9 mo/ ,or?opt]a1 or #b-;jo9t$ 9 ,gryllotalpa1 or lac9ia-l 9 ,myrmeleon 7,fig4 #ee1 ,c72 or1 9 ! ,c>abid 7,fig4 #ef7 & ,cic9delid1 x is #b-;jo9t$ & 9 =m & function l a palpus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,a1 maxilla ( ,t]mopsis angu/icollis4 ,b1 ,t]mes flavipes3 c1 c>do2 /i1 /ipes2 plpgr1 palpig]2 palp1 palpus2 lac1 lac9ia2 g1 gal1 galea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,a1 maxilla ( ,mantispa brunnea4 ,b1 ,ascalaphus longicornis4 ,c1 ,myrmeleon div]sum4 ,lett]+ z 9 ,fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,maxilla ( a c>abid1 ,anoph?almus tellkampfii3 l1 lac9ia2 g1 #b-;jo9t$ galea2 p1 palpus2 /1 /ipes2 c1 c>do4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,maxilla ( ,nemogna?a1 1 f ,montana4 ,a1 base ( maxilla enl>g$ to %[ ! ta/e-papill 7tp7 & cups 7tc71 on ! galea 7ga74 ,b1 "p ( end ( galea to %[ ! imp]fect segm5ts & ta/e-organs3 n1 n]ve2 a ganglionat$ n]ve supplies ea* ta/e-papilla or cup2 l1 lac9ia2 p1 palpif]2 s1 subgalea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,maxilla ( ,panorpa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,maxilla ( ,limnephilus pudicus3 mx1 /ipes2 lac1 galea4 ,! palpus is 9 g5]al ant5ni=m & is compos$ ( f #a to #f jo9ts1 be+ usually #d- or #e-;jo9t$1 & is mu* long] ?an ! galea4 ,9 ! maxilla ( ! beetle ,nemogna?a 7,fig4 #eg71 ! galea is greatly elongat$1 ! two toge!r =m+ an imp]fect tube or proboscis & rem9d+ "o ( ! tongue ( a mo?1 :ile ! lac9ia is r$uc$4 ,9 ! ,mecopt]a ! lac9ia & galea are closely simil> 7,fig4 #eh72 9 ! ,tri*opt]a only "o ( ! lobes is pres5t 7,fig4 #ei71 :ile 9 ! ,lepidopt]a ! galea unites ) its mate to =m ! s-call$ tongue 7,fig4 #fj74 ,! maxilla ( ! male ( ,tegeticula yuccasella is normal1 ?\gh ! gale are sep>ate2 b 9 ! female1 :at ,smi? reg>ds z ! palpif] 7! 8t5tacle0 ( ,riley7 is rem>kably develop$1 be+ ne>ly z long z ! galea 7,fig4 #fa7 & arm$ ) /\t set1 ! pair ( processes be+ adapt$ = hold+ a l>ge mass ( poll5 "u ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,tongue ( ,aletia xyl9a1 ) ! end magnifi$4--,p]g&e del41 f ,riley4 ,a1 mu* r$uc$ maxilla 7mx7 ( ,paleacrita v]nata2 mx4p1 palpus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,a1 maxilla ( ,tegeticula yuccasella1 3 g1 galea4 ,b1 3 pl1 enorm\sly develop$ palpif]2 mx4p1 palpus2 c1 c>do2 /1 /ipes2 /y1 /ylus4 ,9 coleopt]\s l>v ! maxill are #b-lob$ 7,fig4 #fb71 ! galea be+ undiff]5tiat$1 b 9 ^? ( saw-flies ! galea is pres5t 7,fig4 #fc1 gal74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,l>va ( ,rhagium l9eatum3 lat1 lat]al view ( head & ?oracic segm5ts2 mx1 fir/ maxilla2 ml1 undiff]5tiat$ lac9ia & galea2 v1 "u side ( head & pro- & meso- ?oracic segm5ts2 v4m4s41 "o ( ! middle v5tral segm5ts1 magnifi$ six times2 mx1 #b;d maxilla4 ,x n[ seems mo/ probable t 9 ! fir/ maxill we h ! prim>y =m ( buccal app5dage ( insects1 ! app5dage be+ compos$ ( ?ree basal pieces ) ?ree v>i\sly modifi$ di/al lobes or divisions2 & t ! m&ibles & second maxill are modifications ( ?is type4 ,h[ wond]fully ! maxill ( ! ,lepidopt]a are modifi$1 & ! peculi> %apes assum$ 9 ! ,dipt]a1 ,hym5opt]a1 & o!r gr\ps1 w be /at$ 9 ! acc\nts ( ^? ord]s1 b x is well to recall ! fact t 9 ! mo/ primitive & g5]aliz$ mo?1 ,eriocephala1 ! lac9ia is well develop$ 7,fig4 #fd74 ,z ,newport rem>ks1 ! (fice ( ! maxill 9 ! m&ibulate insects is ( a tw(old k9d2 s9ce !y are adapt$ n only = seiz+ & reta9+ ! food 9 ! m\?1 b also z accessory jaws1 s9ce !y aid ! m&ibles 9 comm9ut+ x be=e x is pass$ on to ! ph>ynx & swall[$4 ,h5ce1 z ! food v>ies s mu* 9 nature & situation1 x w be readily se5 t ! maxill1 especially _! di/al p>ts1 v>y correspond+ly4 ,?us f> no close obs]vations on ! exact use ( ! fir/ & second maxill h be5 publi%$4 ,! palpi also are n only organs ( t\*1 b 9 "s cases act z h&s & also be> m9ute s5se-organs1 ! function ( :i* is unkn[n1 b w\ld appe> to be usually t ( smell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,sel&ria l>va1 common on ,c>ya porc9a1 ) details ( m\?-p>ts3 leg1 leg2 mx1 maxilla2 gal1 galea2 lac1 lac9ia4 ,! second maxill4--,! 8"u-lip0 or labium ( insects is =m$ by ! fusion at ! basal portion ( :at 9 ! embryo are sep>ate app5dages1 & :i* arise 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/ maxill4 ,!y are inv>iably solidly unit$1 no cases ( p>tial or incomplete fusion be+ kn[n4 ,! s-call$ labium is situat$ 9 front ( ! gula or gul> region1 & is b\nd$ on ea* side by ! g5a1 or *eek4 ,z already obs]v$1 ! second maxill appe> to be ! app5dages ( ! la/ or occipital segm5t ( ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,maxilla ( ,eriocephala cal!lla3 l1 lac9ia2 g1 galea2 mx4p1 maxill>y palpus2 /1 /ipes2 c1 c>do4--,aft] ,walt]4 ,! second maxill are v mu* diff]5tiat$ & v>y greatly 9 ! diff]5t ord]s1 be+ especially modifi$ 9 ! hau/ellate or suctorial ord]s1 notably ! ,hym5opt]a & ,dipt]a4 ,9 ! m&ibulate ord]s1 p>ticul>ly ! ,or?opt]a1 :]e !y are mo/ g5]aliz$ & primitive 9 %ape & /ructure1 !y consi/ ( ! foll[+ p>ts3 ! gula 7a po/gula is pres5t 9 ,d]mapt]a71 subm5tum 7lora ( ,*e%ire1 i1 p4 #ia71 m5tum1 palpif]1 ! latt] be>+ ! palpi2 ! l+ua 7ligula7 & p>agloss1 :ile ! hypoph>ynx or l+ua is situat$ on ! upp] side4 ,! labial palpi are ( ! same g5]al %ape z ^? ( ! fir/ maxill1 b %ort]1 ) v r>ely m ?an ?ree jo9ts1 ?\gh 9 ,pt]on>cys !re are f\r4 ,leon has detect$ ve/igial labial palpi 9 sev]al ,hemipt]a 7,fig4 #gc74 ,z to ! exact nature & limits ( ! gula1 we are n c]ta92 x is n always pres5t1 & may be only a diff]5tiation ( ! subm5tum1 or ! latt] piece may be reg>d$ z a "p ( ! gula4 ,we are dispos$ to consid] ! second maxill z morphologically ne>ly ! exact equival5ts ( ! fir/ pair ( maxill1 & if we adopt ?is view x w greatly simplify our conception ( ! real nature ( ?is complicat$ organ4 ,! object ( ! fusion ( ! basal portion appe>s to be to =m an "u-lip1 9 ord] bo? to prev5t ! food f fall+ backw>ds out ( ! m\?1 &1 ) ! aid ( ! fir/ pair ( maxill1 to pass x =w>d to be cru%$ betwe5 ! m&ibles1 ! two sets ( app5dages act+ some:at z ! tongue ( v]tebrates to c>ry & arrange or press ! morsels ( food betwe5 ! tee? or cutt+ edges ( ! m&ibles4 ,! sp9es (t5 pres5t on ! free inn] edges ( ! fir/ & second maxill 7,figs4 #ed1 #fb7 =m rude combs :i* seem to clean ! ant5n1 etc41 (t5 aid+ ! tibial combs 9 ?is op]ation4 ,! subm5tum & m5tum1 or ! m5tum :5 no subm5tum is diff]5tiat$ 7) ! gula1 :5 pres5t71 appe> to be collectively homolog\s ) ! c>d9es ( ! fir/ pair ( maxill1 toge!r ) ! palpif]s & ! /ipites4#ae ,^! pieces are m or less squ>e1 & h a slightly m>k$ m$ian suture 9 ,t]mitid1 ! sign ( primitive fusion or coalesc5ce4 ,! mo/ primitive =m ( ! second maxill occurs 9 ! ,or?opt]a & 9 ! ,t]mitid4 ,! palpif] is ei!r s+le 7,p]iplaneta1 ,diaph]om]a1 ,gryllid7 or d\ble 7,blatta ori5talis1 ,locu/id74 ,9 ,prisopus ! s+le piece 9 front ( ! palpif] is 9 o!r =ms divid$1 ea* half 7,blatta1 ,locu/id1 ,acrydid7 be>+ ! two 8p>agloss10 :i* app5dages 9 reality are ! homologues ( ! lac9ia & galea ( ! fir/ maxill4#af ,9 ! ,t]mitid 7,fig4 #fe7 ! l+ua is n diff]5tiat$ f ! palpif]1 & ! two p>agloss 7or ! lam9a ext]na & int]na ( "s au?ors7 ) ! palpus are easily se5 to be ! homologues ( ! ?ree lobes ( ! fir/ maxill4 ,9 ! ,p]lid 7,pt]on>cys1 ,fig4 #ff7 ! palpif] is divid$1 :ile ! f\r p>agloss arise1 z 9 ,prisopus & ,anisomorpha1 f an undivid$ piece1 ! l+ua n be+ visible f )\t4 ,9 ! ,neuropt]a ! l+ua or ligula is a l>ge1 broad1 s+le lobe1 )\t 8p>agloss10 & ! palpif] is ei!r s+le 7,myrmeleon1 ,fig4 #fg71 or divid$ 7,mantispa1 ,fig4 #fh74 ,9 ,corydalus 7,fig4 #bi7 ! palpif] =ms a s+le piece1 & ! l+ua is undivid$1 ?\gh lob$ on ! free edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,second maxill ( ,t]mopsis angu/icollis3 li1 ! homologue ( ! lac9ia2 le1 galea4 ,9 ! metabolic ord]s above ! ,neuropt]a ! l+ua is v>i\sly modifi$1 or specializ$1 ) no ve/iges ( ! lac9ia or galea1 except 9 t v primitive mo?1 ,eriocephala1 9 :i* ,walt] f\nd a m9ute free galea1 me1 & an inn] lobe 7,figs4 #gf1 #gg71 ! lac9ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,second maxill ( ,pt]on>cys cali=nica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,second maxill ( ,myrmeleon div]sum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,second maxill ( ,mantispa brunnea4 ,! hypoph>ynx4--,:ile 9 its mo/ g5]aliz$ condition1 z 9 ,synapt]a1 ,d]mapt]a1 ,or?opt]a1 & ,neuropt]a1 ?is ant]ior m$ian fold or outgr[? ( ! labium =m+ ! floor ( ! m\? may reta9 ! designation ( 8tongue10 l+ua1 or ligula2 9 its m specializ$ =m1 p>ticul>ly :5 us$ z a pi]c+ or lapp+ organ1 ! use ( ! "n hypoph>ynx seems mo/ desirable4 ,& ?is is especially ! case s9ce1 l ! epiph>ynx1 x is morphologically a m$ian /ructure1 & :ile ! epiph>ynx =ms ! s(t1 s5sitive ro( ( ! m\?1 or ph>ynx2 its opposite1 ! hypoph>ynx1 rises z a fold f ! floor ( ! m\?1 =m+ 9 its mo/ g5]aliz$ condition a specializ$ fold ( ! buccal integum5t4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 z 9 ! honey-bee1 ! v long sl5d] 8tongue0 or hypoph>ynx is evid5tly1 z 9 ! case ( ! epiph>ynx1 a highly s5sitive armature ( ! m\?4 ,9 all insects ?is organ--:e!r =m+ a s(t1 tongue-l1 ant]ior portion or fold ( ! labium1 & 8cont9u\s ) ! l[] wall ( ! ph>ynx10 or a h>d1 pi]c+1 awl-l app5dage 7fleas & flies71 or a long1 sl5d]1 hairy or setose1 tr\gh-l /ructure l ! 8tongue0 ( ! honey-bee--has a def9ite location at ! end & on ! upp] side ( ! labium1 & s]ves to receive at its base ! ext]nal op5+ ( ! saliv>y duct4 ,! hypoph>ynx1 z well %[n 9 its l+ua condition 9 ,or?opt]a1 is cont9u\s ) & =ms ! ant]ior "p or fold ( ! base ( ! coalesc$ second maxill4 ,x does n seem to be pair$1 or to repres5t a pair ( app5dages4 ,op9ion reg>d+ ! homology ( ?is unpair$ pi]c+ organ is by no means settl$1 & :ile !re is a g5]al agreem5t z to ! nature ( ! pair$ m\?-p>ts1 rec5t obs]v]s diff] v mu* z to ! morphology ( ! organ 9 "q4 ,x is ! langue or l+ua ( ,savigny 7#ahaf71 ! ligula ( ,kirby & ,sp5ce 7#ahbh71 ! langue ou languette 7lancette mdiane du suoir7 ( ,dugs 7#ahcb71 ! l+ua ( ,we/wood 7,class1 ins41 ii1 p4 #dhi1 #ahdj71 8! unpair$ m$ian pi]c+ organ0 78! analogon ( ! epiph>ynx ( ,dipt]a07 ( ,k>/5 7#ahfd71 ! 8tongue0 ( ,tas*5b]g 7#ahhj74 ,! "n hypoph>ynx 0 fir/ propos$ by ,savigny 9 #ahaf1 :o1 aft] nam+ ! membran\s plate :i* has = its base ! upp] side ( ! ph>ynx1 ! epiph>ynx1 rem>ks3 8,dans quelques g5res1 notamm5t dans les ,eucres1 le bord infrieur de ce mme ph>ynx donne naissance un autre app5dice plus solide que le prcd5t1 et qui s'embote avec lui4 ,je donn]ai ce d]ni] le nom de langue ou d'hypoph>ynx4 ,voil donc la b\*e des ,hymnoptres compose de quatre organes impaires1 sans y compr5dre la gana*e ou le m5ton2 savoir1 la lvre suprieure1 l'piph>ynx1 l'hypoph>ynx1 et la lvre infrieure1 et de deux organes paires1 les m&ibules et les m*oires40 ,z /at$ by ,dimmock3 8,! hypoph>ynx is usually pres5t 9 ,dipt]a 7accord+ to ,m5zbi] abs5t 9 ,s>gus71 & conta9s a tube1 op5+ by a *annel on its upp] surface2 ?is *annel ext5ds back1 m or less1 f ! tip1 & is ! outlet = ! saliv>y secretion4 ,! tip ( ! hypoph>ynx may be nak$ & us$ z a lance 7,hmatopota1 accord+ to ,m5zbi]71 or may be hairy 7,musca74 ,! upp] side ( ! base ( ! hypoph>ynx is cont9u\s ) ! l[] wall ( ! ph>ynx2 its "u surface may entirely coalesce ) ! labium 7,culex1 male71 may jo9 ! labium m or less1 ant]ior to ! mon? 7,musca71 or1 if ei!r m&ibles or maxill are pres5t1 its base may jo9 !m 7,culex1 female740 7p4 #dc47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,section ( head ( ,ma*ilis m>itima3 hyp1 hypoph>ynx2 lbr1 labrum2 t1 t5torium2 ph1 room 9 :i* ! m&ibles move on ea* o!r2 p1 p>aglossa2 mx1 labium2 sd1 saliv>y duct2 s4gl1 saliv>y gl&4 oe1 sophagus4--,aft] ,oudemans4 ,we w n[ briefly describe ! l+ua1 fir/ ( ! m&ibulate or bit+ insects1 & !n its specializ$ =m1 ! hypoph>ynx ( ! hau/ellate & lapp+ insects4 ,! l+ua 7hypoph>ynx7 exi/s 9 p]haps its mo/ g5]aliz$ condition 9 ! ,?ysanura 7,fig4 #fi71 :]e x =ms a s(t projection1 hav+ ! same relations z 9 ,anabrus & o!r ,or?opt]a4#ag ,9 ! cockroa* 7,fig4 #gj71 z /at$ by ,miall & ,d5ny1 ! l+ua is a *it9\s fold ( ! oral integum5t situat$ 9 front ( ! labium1 & ly+ 9 ! cavity ( ! m\?4 ,! common duct ( ! saliv>y gl&s ent]s ! l+ua1 & op5s on its h9d] surface4 ,! l+ua is support$ by a *it9\s skeleton 7,figs4 #gj1 ,b2 #hb1 %p74 8,! ?9 *it9\s surface ( ! l+ua is hairy1 l o!r p>ts ( ! m\?1 & /iff5$ by special *it9\s rods or b&s40 7,miall & ,d5ny47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,hypoph>ynx ( ,p]iplaneta ori5talis2 ! arr[ po9ts out ( ! op5+ ( ! saliv>y duct3 ,a1 orig9 ( saliv>y duct4 ,b1 side view4 ,c1 front view4--,aft] ,miall & ,d5ny4 ,9 ! ,acrydiid 7,melanoplus femur-rubrum7 ! tongue is a l>ge1 membran\s1 p>tly holl[ expansion ( ! base ( ! labium4 ,x may be expos$ by depress+ ! end ( ! labium1 :5 ! op5+ ( ! saliv>y duct may be se5 at ! bottom or end ( ! space or gap betwe5 ! h9d] base ( ! tongue1 & ! inn] ant]ior base ( ! labium1 z %[n by ! arr[s 9 ,fig4 #gj4 ,x is some:at pyri=m1 slightly keel$ above1 & be>+ f9e /iff bri/les1 :i*1 z !y po9t m or less inw>ds1 probably aid 9 reta9+ ! food )9 ! m\?4 ,! base ( ! tongue is n>r[1 & ext5ds back to ne> ! ph>ynx1 !re be+ on ! floor ( ! m\?1 beh9d ! tongue1 two oblique1 slight ridges1 cov]$ ) /iff1 gold5-yell[ hairs1 l ^? on ! tongue4 ,! op5+ ( ! saliv>y duct is situat$ on ! "u or h9d] side ( ! hypoph>ynx1 betwe5 x & ! base ( ! labium1 ! base ( ! =m] be+ cleft2 ! holl[ ?us =m$ is situat$ ov] ! op5+1 & =ms ! saliv>y receptacle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,section ?r\gh ! ant]ior "p ( ! head ( ,anabrus 7! m&ibles remov$71 %[+ ! relations ( ! hypoph>ynx 7hyp7 to ! op5+ ( ! saliv>y duct 7sd73 g1 galea2 l1 lac9ia2 mt1 m5tum2 oe1 sophagus2 lbr1 labrum2 cl1 clypeus4 ,9 ! ,locu/id 7,anabrus1 ,fig4 #ga7 ! tongue 7hypoph>ynx7 is a broad1 some:at flatt5$ lobe aris+ f ! upp] "p ( ! base ( ! m5tum & beh9d ! palpif]4 ,?is lobe is cav]n\s und]nea?1 ! holl[ be+ ! saliv>y receptacle 7sr72 ! latt] is situat$ ov] ! op5+ ( ! saliv>y duct1 :i* is plac$ betwe5 ! base ( bo? ! hypoph>ynx & ! labium4 ,! saliv>y fluid app>5tly has to pass up & ar\nd on ea* side ( ! hypoph>ynx 9 ord] to mix ) ! food4 ,^! relations 9 ! ,or?opt]a are also ! same 9 ! ,p]lid1 :]e ! hypoph>ynx is well develop$1 =m+ an unusually l>ge tongue-l mass1 ne>ly fill+ ! buccal cavity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,l+ua ( a ,may-fly1 ,heptag5ia longicauda1 #af3 m1 c5tral2 l1 lat]al pieces4--,aft] ,vayssire f ,%>p4 ,9 ! ,odonata ! l+ua is a small1 r\nd$ lobe1 z also 9 ! ,ephem]id2 9 ! nymph1 h[ev]1 ( ,heptag5ia 7,fig4 #gb7 x is highly develop$1 accord+ to ,vayssire1 :o seems incl9$ to reg>d x z repres5t+ a pair ( app5dages4 ,! tongue 9 ,hemipt]a is said by ,lon to be pres5t 9 ,b5acus griseus 7,say7 & to correspond to ! subgalea ( ,brull or hypodactyle ( ,aud\9 7,fig4 #gc71 b ?is appe>s to correspond to ! labium prop]1 r ?an a true l+ua1 ! latt] n be+ diff]5tiat$ 9 ?is ord]4 ,9 ! ,coleopt]a ! l+ua is r small4 ,9 beetles1 z ,anop?almus 7,fig4 #gd71 x =ms a setose lobe2 & a well-develop$ n]ve1 ! l+ual n]ve1 passes to x1 divid+ at ! end into sev]al bran*es 7n-l74 ,9 ,sialis ! l+ua is %ort1 mu* less develop$ ?an usual1 be+ r\nd$1 & be>s on ! edge :at appe> to be num]\s ta/e-hairs1 l ^? on ! ends ( ! maxill>y & labial palpi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,a1 labium ( ,zai?a anura4 ,b1 ( ,z4 m>g9eguttata4 ,c1 ( ,g]ris najas3 mt1 m5tum2 lp1 labial palpi2 sg1 subgalea2 l1 lac9ia 7 int]maxill>e & prmaxill>e ( ,brull72 g1 galea4--,aft] ,lon4 ,9 ! adult ,panorpid ! l+ua is a m9ute1 simple lobe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,section ?r\gh head ( a c>abid1 ,anop?almus telkampfii3 br1 bra92 f4 g1 frontal ganglion2 soe1 subsophageal ganglion2 co1 commissure2 n4 l1 n]ve s5d+ bran*es to ! l+ua 7l72 mn1 maxill>y n]ve2 mx1 #a/ maxilla2 mm1 maxill>y muscle2 mx1 #b;d maxilla2 mt1 muscle ( m5tum2 le1 elevator muscle ( ! sophagus2 l ( ! clypeus1 & a ?ird beyond rais+ ! labrum 7lbr72 eph1 epiph>ynx2 g1 g1 saliv>y gl&s above2 g#b1 l+ual gl& bel[ ! sophagus 7oe72 m1 m\?2 pv1 prov5triculus2 md1 m&ible4 ,a1 section pass+ ?r\gh l+ual gl& 7g#b74 ,9 ! l>val ,tri*opt]a ! sp9n]et is well develop$1 & 9 /ructure sub/antially l t ( cat]pill>s1 & x is pla9ly ! homologue ( ! hypoph>ynx1 receiv+ z x does ! end ( ! silk-duct4 ,9 ! adult ,tri*opt]a ! hypoph>ynx is a v l>ge1 tongue-l1 fle%y outgr[?1 & is1 bo? 9 situation & /ructure1 s9ce x conta9s ! op5+ ( ! silk-duct1 exactly homolog\s ) ! hypoph>ynx ( insects ( o!r ord]s1 be+ some:at int]m$iate betwe5 ! fle%y tongue or l+ua ( ! m&ibulate insects1 especially ! ,neuropt]a1 & ! hypoph>ynx ( ! bees 7,fig4 #hf74 ,lucas describes & figures x "u ! "n ( 8hau/ellum10 b does n homologize x ) ! hypoph>ynx4 ,! caddis-flies h be5 obs]v$ to dr9k wat] & take 9 bo? fluid & f9e p>ticles ( solid food1 & to use ! hau/ellum = ?is purpose1 ! end be+ provid$ ) m9ute s5se-organs l ^? on ! fir/ maxill>y lac9ia1 & possibly ( a gu/atory nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,head ( ,anabolia furcata3 ,a1 front view1 %[+ ! labrum remov$4 ,b1 side view2 ant1 ant5na2 oc1 ocellus2 ol1 labrum2 gh1 articulatory process2 cmx#a1 c>do2 /mx#a1 /ipes2 lemx#a1 out] lobe 7galea72 ptmx#a1 palpus ( #a/ maxilla2 pl1 palpus ( #b;d maxilla2 ha1 hau/ellum2 s1 gu/atory pits2 spr1 op5+ ( saliv>y duct2 *sp1 *it9\s hook ( ! clasp2 spr1 furr[ or gutt] ( ! hau/ellum4--,aft] ,lucas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--;,hypoph>ynx ( ,eriocephala cal!lla3 lig1 ligula1 its membran\s h9d] edge2 lig1 ant]ior horny edge ( ! ligula-tube op5+ outw>ds2 hp1 cont\r ( ! hypoph>ynx2 mi1 mala int]ior 7lac9ia72 me1 mala ext]ior 7galea71 ( second maxilla2 mx p1 labial palpus4--,aft] ,walt]4 ,! sp9n]et ( ! l>v ( ,lepidopt]a is evid5tly ! homologue ( ! hypoph>ynx ( insects ( o!r ord]s4 ,x w be se5 t ! homology ( ! diff]5t p>ts is id5tical1 ! common duct ( ! silk-gl&s op5+ at ! end ( ! hypoph>ynx1 :i* "h =ms a complete tube or proboscis ext5d+ beyond ! end ( ! labium1 9 adaptation to its use z a sp9n+ organ4 ,walt] ref]s to ,burgess's discov]y ( a hypoph>ynx 9 ,danais ar*ippus1 rem>k+ t ?is organ 9 ! adult ,eriocephalid 7,fig4 #gf7 exhibits a great simil>ity to ! relations obs]vable 9 ! l[] insects1 add+3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4-- ,labium ( ,micropt]yx &]s*ella se5 f )9 7! labial palpi 7mx4 p7 remov$ to _! basal jo9t74 ,lett]+ z 9 ,fig4 #gf4--;,aft] ,walt]4 8,! furr[ is "h )9 coalesc$ ) ! inn] side ( ! labium1 & ?\gh ,i see 9 ! entire /ructure ( ! head ! inn] edge ( ! ligula tube ext5d$ "u ! epiph>ynx z f> z ! m&ible1 ,i mu/ also accept ! fact t "h also ! hypoph>ynx ext5ds to ! m\?-op5+ z 9 all o!r suck+ insects ) a well-develop$ "u-lip1 viz4 ! ,dipt]a & ,hym5opt]a40 ,he has also discov]$ 9 ,micropt]yx a pair$ /ructure :i* he reg>ds z ! hypoph>ynx 7,fig4 #gg74 ,z he /ates3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--;,hypoph>ynx 7hph7 ( ,danais3 cl1 clypeus2 sd1 saliv>y duct2 m1 labial palp muscles2 fm1 frontal muscle2 ph1 ph>ynx2 cor1 cornea4--,aft] ,burgess4 8,a portion ( ! inn] surface ( ! tube-l ligula is cov]$ by a furr[-l b& :i*1 close to ! inn] side1 is coalesc$ ) x1 & 9 position1 %ape1 z well z its app5dages or tee? on ! edge1 may be reg>d$ z no?+ else ?an ! hypoph>ynx40 ,a hypoph>ynx is also pres5t 9 ! highe/ ,lepidopt]a1 ,burgess hav+ detect$ x 9 ,danais ar*ippus4 ,he /ates t ! hypoph>ynx =ms ! floor ( ! ph>yngeal cavity2 8x is convex on ea* side ( a m$ian furr[ 7,fig4 #gh1 hph7 & some:at resembles 9 %ape ! human brea/4 ,! convex areas are dott$ ov] ) little papill1 :i* possibly may be ta/e-organs40 ,z a pi]c+ organ ! hypoph>ynx rea*es its greate/ developm5t 9 ! ,siphonapt]a & ,dipt]a1 :]e ! *it9\s p>ts are greatly hyp]trophi$1 ! fle%y tongue-l portion s develop$ 9 ! m&ibulate ord]s be+ greatly r$uc$4 ,! *it9\s p>ts are alike on ea* side ( ! m$ian organ1 be+ bilat]ally symmetrical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--;,a1 hypoph>ynx ( ,pulex canis3 x1 basal portion situat$ )9 ! head2 s4 d1 common duct ( ! f\r bladd]-%ap$ saliv>y gl&s2 s4 d1 op5+ ( ! tubul> saliv>y gl&s into ! ?roat4 ,b1 end ( ! hypoph>ynx1 %[+ ! gutt]-l /ructure & tee? at ! end4--,aft] ,l&ois4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,beak ( ,v]mipsylla3 hyp1 hypoph>ynx4--,aft] ,wagn]4 ,9 ! fleas ! hypoph>ynx is a l>ge1 sl5d]1 unpair$1 long1 *it9\s tr\gh1 z long z ! m&ibles1 & too!d at ! end4 ,figures #gi & #hj %[ its relations to ! o!r p>ts ( ! m\?2 9 ,fig4 #gi1 x1 is se5 :]e ! saliv>y duct op5s into ! ph>ynx4 ,al?\gh ?is organ is n unanim\sly ref]r$ to ! hypoph>ynx1 yet f ! description ( ,l&ois & o!rs1 x is evid5t t ?is /ructure does n correspond to ! labrum or epiph>ynx1 b belongs to or arises f ! floor ( ! m\?1 &1 be+ 9 close relation to ! labium1 & also receiv+ ! saliv>y duct1 mu/ be a true hypoph>ynx4 ,9 ! ,dipt]a ! hypoph>ynx rea*es its highe/ developm5t z a l>ge1 /\t1 awl-l /ructure4 ,me9]t1 9 8 detail$ & elaborately illu/rat$ "w1 ,trophi ,dipt]orum 7#ahha71 has made an advance on our k ( ! hypoph>ynx & its homologies1 bo? by 8 evid5tly fai?ful descriptions & dissections1 & by 8 admirably cle> figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,culex pipi5s1 section ( head3 oe sophagus2 sm1 upp] muscle1 lm1 l[] muscle ( ! sophagus2 ph1 ph>ynx2 rm1 retractor muscle ( ! receptacle 7r7 ( ! saliv>y duct 7s4d72 lbr1 labrum2 ep1 left /yle ( ! epiph>ynx2 f1 "p ( front ( head4--,aft] ,me9]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--,ph>ynx & hypoph>ynx ( ,simulium fuscipes3 lph1 l[] lam9a ( ! ph>ynx2 p1 ! saliv>y duct 7s4d7 p]=at+ ! ph>ynx2 o1 orifice ( ! duct2 %p1 /yles ( ! hypoph>ynx2 mph1 membran\s edge ( ! hypoph>ynx2 m1 protractor muscle ( ! ph>ynx2 gp1 gu/atory papill4--,aft] ,me9]t4 8,! hypoph>ynx1 a cont9uation ( ! l[] edge 7lam9a7 ( ! ph>ynx1 mo/ g5]ally free1 m or less produc$1 acute ant]iorly1 =ms ) ! labrum ! tube ( ! pump 7antli74 7,! hypoph>ynx :5 obsolete1 or coalesc$ ) ! canal ( ! proboscis1 is ! !ca2 9 su* a case ! siphon or tube is =m$ by ! !ca & labrum47 ,mean:ile ! hypoph>ynx1 ! l>ge/ ( all ! trophi 7omnium trophorum maximus71 con/itutes ! *ief pi]c+ organ 7telum7 ( ,dipt]a4 ,! hypoph>ynx is mov$ by protractor1 mo/ g5]ally q or v p[]ful1 & by retractor muscles4 8,! eff]5t duct ( ! ?oracic saliv>y gl&s 7ductus salivalis7 p]=ates ! hypoph>ynx1 m or less ne> ! base1 t ! saliva may be eject$ ?r\gh ! canal into ! w\nd1 or t x may be conduct$ along ! labella4 ,v r>ely ! saliv>y duct1 p]=at+ ! hypoph>ynx1 is cont9u$ 9 ! %ape ( a free1 v sl5d] tube4 8,! saliv>y duct beh9d ! base ( ! hypoph>ynx =ms ! receptacle or receptaculum1 provid$ ) retractor & levator muscles40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,labrum-epiph>ynx 7lbr & eph7 & hypoph>ynx 7hyp7 ( ,tabanus brom9us3 oe1 po/]ior cyl9drical portion ( ! sophagus2 a1 ant]ior swoll5 portion ( ! same2 ph1 ph>ynx2 ph4m1 ph>yngeal muscle2 p4ph1 protractor muscle ( ! ph>ynx2 r4oe1 retractor muscle ( ! sophagus2 r4ph1 retractor muscle ( ! ph>ynx2 f4oe1 flexor muscle ( ! ph>ynx2 t4oe1 twi/+ muscle ( ! sophagus2 s4r1 receptacle ( ! saliv>y duct2 l1 its elevator muscle2 s1 its retractor muscle2 cl1 clypeus4--,aft] ,me9]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--sophagus 7oe71 ph>ynx 7ph7 ) epiph>ynx & labrum 7lbr7 ( ,asilus atricapillus3 m1 ph1 ph>yngeal muscle2 sr1 saliv>y receptacle2 t1 twi/+2 r1 lr1 retractor muscles2 o!r lett]+ z 9 ,fig4 #hc4--;,aft] ,me9]t4 ,x has be5 c>efully /udi$ by ,me9]t 9 a species ( ,culex 7,fig4 #ha71 ,simulium 7,fig4 #hb71 ,tabanus 7,fig4 #hc71 & 9 ,asilus 7,fig4 #hd71 :]e x is se5 to atta9 enorm\s proportions4 ,9 ! ,hym5opt]a1 ?is organ 9 its mo/ specializ$ condition is a tr\gh-l rod1 adapt$ = lapp+ nect> 7,fig4 #he1 #hf1 hyp74 ,! tongue or hypoph>ynx ( ! honey-bee has be5 elaborately describ$ by ,*e%ire 9 8 ,bees & ,bee ,keep+4#ah ,he calls x ! tongue or ligula4 ,x is situat$ 9 a tube =m$ by ! maxill & labial palpi1 & c be p>tially retract$ into ! m5tum4 ,he /ates t x c move up & d[n 9 ! tube ?us =m$1 & !n describes x z cov]$ by a hairy %ea?1 its great ela/icity be+ due to a rod runn+ ?r\gh its c5tre enabl+ x to be us$ z a lapp+ tongue4 ,! %ea? 8passes r\nd ! tongue to ! back1 :]e its edges d n meet1 b are cont9u\s ) a v ?9 plait$ membrane 7,g1 pm7 cov]$ ) m9ute hairs4 ,?is membrane1 aft] pass+ t[>ds ! sides ( ! tongue1 returns to ! angle ( ! nucleus1 or rod1 ov] ! "u surface ( :i* x is probably cont9u$4 ,! rod passes ?r\gh ! tongue f end to end1 gradually tap]+ t[>ds its extremity1 & is be/ /udi$ 9 ! que51 :]e ,i trace _m n]ve ?reads & cells4 ,x is und\bt$ly end[$ ) volunt>y movem5t1 & mu/ be p>tly muscul>1 al?\gh ,i h fail$ completely 9 gett+ any evid5ce ( /riation4 ,! rod on ! und]side has a gutt]1 or tr\gh-l holl[ 7cd1 ! c5tral duct7 :i* is =m$ into a pseudotube 7false tube7 by int]cross+ ( black hairs4 ,x w also be se5 t1 by ! po/]ior meet+ ( ! %ea?1 ! space betwe5 ! fold$ membrane 7,g1 sd7 becomes two pseudotubes ( l>g] size1 :i* ,i %all call ! side ducts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,head ( honey bee1 work]3 a1 ant5na2 g1 epiph>ynx2 m1 m&ible2 mx1 maxilla2 mxp1 maxill>y palpus2 pg1 p>aglossa2 lp1 labial palpus2 l1 hypoph>ynx2 b1 its spoon4--,aft] ,*e%ire2 f ,bull4 ,div4 ,ent4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 8,^! c5tral & side ducts run d[n to t "p ( ! tongue :]e ! spoon1 or b\ton 7,k1 ,fig4 #hf7 is plac$4 ,?is is provid$ ) v delicate split hairs 7b1 ,fig4 #hf7 capable ( bru%+ up ! mo/ m9ute quantity ( nect>1 :i* by capill>ity is at once transf]r$ by ! ga!r+ hairs 7:i* are "h num]\s1 long1 & ?97 to two side groove-l =ms at ! back ( ! b\ton1 & :i* are really ! op5$-out extremity ( ! c5tre & side ducts1 assum+1 imm$iately above ! b\ton1 ! =m se5 9 ,f1 ,fig4 #hf4 ,! c5tral duct1 :i* is only f #afjj in* to #aajjj in* 9 diamet]1 because ( its small] size1 & s great] capill>y attraction1 receives ! nect>1 if insuffici5t 9 quantity to fill ! side ducts4 ,b good honey-yield+ plants w\ld br+ bo? c5tre & side ducts into requisition4 ,! nect> is suck$ up until x rea*es ! p>agloss 7pa1 ,b1 ,fig4 #hf71 :i* are plate-l 9 front1 b membran\s ext5sions1 l small aprons1 beh9d2 & by ^! ! nect> rea*es ! front ( ! tongue1 to be swall[$ z be=e describ$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,tongue or ligula ( ! honey bee3 ,a1 "u side ( ! tongue2 lp1 labial palpi2 r1 r1 rod2 p1 p\*2 %1 %ea?2 gh1 ga!r+ hairs2 b1 b\ton or spoon4 ,b1 "u lip or labium1 ) app5dages1 p>tly dissect$2 l1 lora or subm5tum2 a1 a1 retractor l+u longus2 sd1 saliv>y duct2 rb & b1 retractor l+u biceps2 mx1 maxill2 lp1 labial palpi2 pa1 p>aglossa2 gr1 fe$+ groove2 %1 %ea? ( ligula4 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 sections ( ligula2 hp1 hyal9e plate ( maxilla2 h1 hairs act+ z /ops2 mx1 maxilla2 lp1 labial palpi2 sd1 side duct4 ,f1 cross-section ( extremity ( tongue ne> ! 8spoon02 ?1 tactile hairs2 r1 rod2 n1 nucleus2 gh1 ga!r+ hairs4 ,g1 cross-section ( tongue )\t ga!r+ hairs1 #djj times2 %1 %ea?2 b1 blood space2 t1 tra*ea3 ng1 gu/atory n]ve2 cd1 c5tral duct2 sd1 lat]al duct2 pm1 plait$ membrane4 ,h1 same z ,g1 b magnifi$ two hundr$ times1 & ) pm1 plait$ membrane1 turn$ outw>ds2 h1 clos+ hairs2 lp1 labial palpi2 b1 blood2 n1 nucleus2 r1 rod2 h1 clos+ hairs4 ,i1 small portion ( ! %ea?2 lett]+ z be=e4 ,k1 extremity ( ! tongue1 ) spoon2 b1 bran*+ hairs = ga!r+4--,aft] ,*e%ire4 ,*e%ire !n settles ! "q :i* has be5 9 dispute s9ce ! "t ( ,swamm]dam1 :e!r ! bee's tongue is solid or tubul>4 ,he agrees ) ,wolff t ! duct is a tr\gh & n a tube1 & proves x by a satisfactory exp]im5t4 ,he rem>ks3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--,longitud9al section ?r\gh ! head ( ! honey bee1 1 j outside ( "r ant5na3 ant1 ant5na ) ?ree muscles atta*$ to mes1 mesocephalic pill>2 cl1 clypeus2 lbr1 labrum2 #a1 *yle-gl& 7sy/em no4 #a1 ( ,siebold72 o1 op5+ ( ! same2 oc1 ocellus2 br1 bra92 n1 neck2 ?1 ?orax2 oe1 sophagus2 s4d#b1 s4d#c1 common saliv>y ducts ( sy/ems #b & #c2 v1 saliv>y valve2 c1 c>do2 ph1 ph>ynx2 mx1 labium2 mx4p1 labial palpi2 mt1 m5tum2 mx1 maxilla2 hyp1 hypoph>ynx2 s1 b\ton4--,aft] ,*e%ire4 8,bees h ! p[]1 by driv+ blood into ! tongue1 ( =c+ ! rod out f ! %ea?1 & di/5d+ ! wr9kl$ membrane s t 9 section x appe>s z at ,h1 ,fig4 #hf1 ! membrane assum+ ! =m ( a p\*1 giv5 9 full l5g? at ,a4 ,x w be se5 at once t ?is disposition ( p>ts aboli%es ! side ducts1 b br+s ! c5tral duct to ! ext]nal surface4 ,! object ( ?is curi\s capability on ! "p ( ! bee is1 9 my op9ion1 to p]mit ( clean+ away any poll5 gra9s1 or o!r imp$im5t t may collect 9 ! side ducts4 ,! membrane is greasy 9 nature1 & sub/ances or fluids c be remov$ f x z easily z wat] f poli%$ metal4 ,if1 n[1 ! sides ( a ne$le1 previ\sly dipp$ into clove oil 9 :i* rosanil9 7mag5ta7 has be5 dissolv$1 s z to /a9 x /rongly r$1 be t\*$ on ! c5tre ( ! rod1 ! oil imm$iately ent]s1 & passes rapidly upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 fill+ ! tr\gh40 ,does ! hypoph>ynx repres5t a di/9ct segm5t8--,! facts :i* sugge/ t ! hypoph>ynx may possibly repres5t a highly modifi$ pair ( app5dages1 aris+ f a di/9ct int]maxill>y segm5t1 are ^!3 ,heymons pla9ly %[s t1 9 ! embryo ( ,lepisma1 ! hypoph>ynx orig9ates z a transv]se segm5t-l fold 9 front ( ! #b;d maxill>y segm5t1 & l>g] ?an x1 & ?\gh he does n m5tion x 9 8 text1 x appe>s l ! rudim5t ( a di/9ct segm5t2 ! hypoph>ynx ( ,ephem]id2 arises & rema9s sep>ate 9 ! nymph f ! labium 7see ,heymons' ,fig4 #bi1 & !re are two lat]al projections2 see also ,fig4 #gb1 & ,vayssi]e's view t x may repres5t a pair ( app5dages2 ,kolbe also reg>ds x z repres5t+ a ?ird pair ( maxill1 8 endolabium1 p4 #bac74 ,?\gh :at is call$ an unpair$ organ1 x is compos$ (1 or support$ by1 two bilat]ally symmetrical /yles1 bo? 9 ,myriopods 7,fig4 #f1 labiella1 /il7 & 9 insects 7,fig4 #gg1 etc474 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! embryo ( pt]ygote insects1 an int]maxill>y segm5t has n be5 yet detect$4 ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,m\?-,,p>ts ,,or ,,buccal ,,app5dages a4 ,g5]al ,savigny1 ,jules-,cs>4 ,mmoires sur les animaux sans v]tbres4 #are ,"p4 ,description et classification des animaux inv]tbrs et articuls1 etc4 ,fasc4 #are4 ,mm4 #a-b4 ,?orie des organes de la b\*e des cru/acs et des insectes4 #ab ,pl41 ,p>is1 #ahaf1 pp4 #a-aag4 ,g]/feld1 ,georg4 ,ueb] die ,mundteile d] saug5d5 ,insekt54 ,dorpat1 #ahec4 ,olf]s1 ,erne/us ,v4 ,annotationes ad anatomiam ,podur>um4 ,b]ol9i1 #ahfb1 #d ,pls4 ,g]/aeck]1 ,c>l ,edu>d ,adolph4 ,zur ,morphologie d] ,or?opt]a amphibiotica4 7,fe/s*rift zur ,fei] des hund]tjhrig5 ,be/eh5s d] ,gesells*aft naturf4 ,freunde zu ,b]l94 #d1 #ahgc1 pp4 #ci-ei1 #a ,taf47 ,muhr1 ,joseph4 ,die ,mundteile d] ,or?opt]a4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur v]glei*5d5 ,anatomie4 7,jahrbu* 8,lotos40 ,prag1 #ahgg1 pp4 #dj-ga1 #h ,taf47 ,burgess1 ,edw>d4 ,! anatomy ( ! head & ! /ructure ( ! maxilla 9 ! ,psocid4 7,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xix1 #ahgh1 pp4 #bia-bif1 #a ,pl47 ,me9]t1 ,fr4 ,sur la con=mation de la tte et sur l'int]pretation des organes buccaux *ez les insectes1 a9si que sur la sy/matique de cette ordre4 7,ent4 ,tidsskr41 #a4 ,arg41 #ahhj1 pp4 #adg-aej47 ---- ,tung5s udskydeligh$ hos ,/59]ne1 en slaegt af ,/aphyl9]nes familie4 7,vid5sk4 m$del4 fra d5 naturh4 ,=51 #ahhd-ahhf1 pp4 #ahj-bjg1 #b ,pls4 ,also ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhg1 pp4 #acf-aci47 ,mll]1 ,a4 ,v]glei*5d-anatomis*e ,d>/ellung d] ,mundteile d] ,insekt54 ,villa*1 #ahha1 #c ,taf4 ,kraepel91 ,k>l4 ,ueb] die ,mundw]kzeuge d] saug5d5 ,insekt54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhb1 pp4 #egd-egi47 ,dewitz1 ,h4 ,ueb] die fhrung an d5 ,krp]anhang5 d] ,insekt54 7,b]l94 ,zeits*r4 xxvi41 #ahhb1 pp4 #ea-fh1 ,figs47 ,wolt]1 ,max4 ,die ,mundbildung d] ,or?opt]5 mit speciell] ,b]cksi*tigung d] ,ephem]id54 #d ,taf4 ,greifswald1 #ahhc4 ,oudemans1 ,j4 ,t4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,?ysanura und ,collembola4 7,bijdrag5 tot de ,di]kunde1 pp4 #adi-bbf4 ,am/]dam1 #ahhh1 #c ,taf47 ,smi?1 ,john ,b4 ,an essay on ! developm5t ( ! m\?-p>ts ( c]ta9 insects4 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philosophical ,soc41 xix1 pp4 #age-aih1 #c ,pls47 ,also articles by ,*at91 ,mc,lachlan1 ,riley1 ,wood-,mason4 b4 ,?ysanopt]a 7,physapoda7 ,jordan1 ,k>l4 ,anatomie und biologie d] ,physapoda4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xlvii1 pp4 #eda-fbj1 #c ,taf4 #ahhh47 ,g>man1 ,h4 ,! m\?-p>ts ( ! ,?ysanopt]a4 7,bull4 ,essex ,in/41 xxii1 #d pp41 ,fig4 #ahij47 ---- ,! asymmetry ( ! m\?-p>ts ( ,?ysanopt]a4 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 ,july1 #ahif1 pp4 #eia-eic1 ,fig47 ,bohls1 ,j4 ,die ,mundw]kzeuge d] ,physapod54 ,diss]tation ,gtt+51 #ahia1 pp4 #a-cf4 ,uzel1 ,he9ri*4 ,monographie d] ,ordnung ,?ysanopt]a4 ,kniggrtz1 #ahie1 pp4 #dgb1 #aj ,taf41 #i ,figs4 c4 ,hemipt]a ,lon1 ,n4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,mundteile d] ,hemipt]54 ,j5a1 #ahhg1 pp4 #dg1 #a ,taf4 ---- ,labialta/] bei ,hemipt]54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 pp4 #ade-adg1 #ahib1 #a ,fig47 ---- ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss des ,labiums d] ,hydrocor54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 ,mrz #bi1 #ahig1 pp4 #gc-gg1 ,figs4 #a-e47 ,geise1 ,o4 ,mundteile d] ,rhyn*ot54 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 xlix1 #ahhc1 pp4 #cae-cgc1 #a ,taf47 ,w$de1 ,h]mann4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss des ,rhyn*ot5rssels4 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 li ,jahrg41 #a ,bd41 #ahhe1 pp4 #aac-adh1 #b ,taf47 ,smi?1 ,john ,b4 ,! /ructure ( ! hemipt]\s m\?4 7,sci5ce1 ,april #a1 #ahib1 pp4 #ahi-aij1 ,figs4 #a-e47 d4 ,coleopt]a ,smi?1 ,john ,b4 ,! m\?-p>ts ( ,copris c>ol9a2 ) notes on ! homologies ( ! m&ibles4 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,ent4 ,soc41 xix1 ,april1 #ahib1 pp4 #hc-hg1 #b ,pls47 e4 ,lepidopt]a ,kirba*1 ,p4 ,ueb] die ,mundw]kzeuge d] ,s*mett]l+e4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 vi ,jahrg41 #ahhc1 pp4 #eec-eeh1 #b ,figs47 ---- ,ueb] die ,mundw]kzeuge d] ,s*mett]l+e4 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*i*te1 #ahhd1 pp4 #gh-aai1 #b ,taf47 ,walt]1 ,alfr$4 ,palpus maxill>is ,lepidopt]orum4 7,j5ais*e ,zeits*r4 f4 ,naturwiss1 xviii1 #ahhd1 pp4 #aba-agc1 ,taf47 ---- ,beitrge zur ,morphologie d] ,lepidopt]a4 ,i1 ,mundteile4 7,j5ais*e ,zeits*r4 f4 ,naturwiss1 xviii1 #ahhe1 pp4 #gea-hjg1 #b ,taf47 ,breit5ba*1 ,w4 ,vorlufige ,mitteilung b] e9ige neue ,unt]su*ung5 an ,s*mett]l+srsseln4 7,ar*iv f4 mikroskop4 ,anatomie1 xiv1 #ahgg1 pp4 #cjh-cag1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,unt]su*ung5 an ,s*mett]l+srsseln4 7,ibid41 xv1 #ahgh1 pp4 #h-bi1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,ueb] ,s*mett]l+srssel4 7,entomolog4 ,na*r4 #e ,jahrg41 #ahgi1 pp4 #bcg-bdc1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,d] ,s*mett]l+srssel4 7,j5ais*e ,zeits*r4 f4 ,naturwiss1 #ahha47 f4 ,siphonapt]a ,krpel91 ,k4 ,ueb] die sy/ematis*e ,/ellung d] ,pulicid54 7,fe/s*rift z4 #ej jahr4 ,jubil4 d4 ,realgymnas4 ,iohanneum1 ,hamburg1 pp4 #ag1 #a ,taf4 #ahhd47 ,kellogg1 ,v4 ,l4 ,! m\?-p>ts ( ! ,lepidopt]a4 7,am]4 ,nat41 xxix1 #ahie1 pp4 #edf-eef1 #a ,pl4 & ,fig47 g4 ,dipt]a ,m5zbi]1 ,mi*ael ,alex&]4 ,ueb] das ,kopfskelett und die ,mundw]kzeuge d] ,zweiflgl]4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,imp4 ,natur4 de ,mosc\1 lv1 #ahhj1 pp4 #h-ga1 #b ,taf47 ,dimmock1 ,george4 ,! anatomy ( ! m\?-p>ts & ( ! suck+ app>atus ( "s ,dipt]a4 ,bo/on1 #ahha1 pp4 #dh1 #d ,pls4 ,me9]t1 ,f4 ,flu]nes ,munddele4 ,trophi ,dipt]orum4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahha1 #f ,pls4 ---- ,die ,mundteile d] ,dipt]54 7,zool4 ,anz4 #ahhb1 pp4 #egj-egd1 #eii-fjc47 ,be*]1 ,e4 ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,mundteile d] ,dipt]54 7,d5ks*r4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,wi541 xlv1 #ahhb1 pp4 #abc-afb1 #d ,taf47 ,hans51 ,h4 ,j4 ,fabrica oris dipt]orum3 ,dipt]]nes mund3 anatomisk og sy/ematisk h5se5de4 #a ,tabanidae1 ,bombyliidae1 ,asilidae1 ,!reva1 ,mydas1 ,apioc]a4 7,naturhi/4 ,tidsskrift1 #ahhc1 xiv1 pp4 #a-ahf1 ,taf4 #a-e47 ,krpel91 ,k>l4 ,zur ,anatomie und ,physiologie des ,rssels von ,musca4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s*4 ,zool41 xxxix1 #ahhc1 pp4 #fhc-gai1 #b ,taf47 ,mc,closkie1 ,george4 ,kraepel9's ,proboscis ( ! h\se-fly4 7,am]ican ,naturali/1 xviii1 #ahhd1 pp4 #abcd-abdd1 ,figs47 ,langh(f]1 ,augu/4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,mund!ile d] ,dipt]54 ,j5a1 #ahhh1 pp4 #a-cb4 ,smi?1 ,john ,b4 ,a contribution t[>d a k ( ! m\?-p>ts ( ! ,dipt]a4 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,ent4 ,soc41 xvii1 ,nov4 #ahij1 pp4 #cai-cci1 ,figs4 #a-bb47 h4 ,hym5opt]a ,briant1 ,trav]s ,j4 ,on ! anatomy & functions ( ! tongue ( ! honey-bee 7work]74 7,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 ,london1 xvii1 #ahhd1 pp4 #djh-daf1 #b ,pls47 ,brei?aupt1 ,p4 ,f4 ,ueb] die ,anatomie und die ,funktion5 d] ,bi55zunge4 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 ,jahrg4 lii1 #ahhf1 pp4 #dg-aab1 #b ,taf47 i4 ,l>val /ages ,brau]1 ,f4 ,die ,zweiflgl] des kais]li*5 ,museums zu ,wi54 ,,iii1 ,sy/ematis*e ,/udi5 auf ,grundlage d] ,dipt]5l>v5 neb/ e9] ,zusamm5/ellung von ,beispiel5 aus d] ,litt]atur ub] dieselb5 und ,bes*reibung neu] ,=m54 7,d5ks*r4 ma?4-naturwiss4 ,cl4 k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 #ahhc1 xlvii1 pp4 #ajj1 #e ,taf47 ,dewitz1 ,h4 ,ueb] die ,fhrung an d5 ,krp]anhang5 d] ,insekt5 speziell betra*tet an d] ,leges*eide d] ,acridi]1 dem ,/a*el d] ,meliponem und d5 ,mundteil5 d] ,l>ve von ,myrmeleon1 neb/ ,bes*reibung dies] ,organe4 7,b]l9] ent4 ,zeits*r41 xxvi1 #ahhb1 pp4 #ea-fh47 ---- ,die ,mundteile d] ,l>ve von ,myrmeleon4 7,sitzungsb]4 d4 ,ges4 natur=s*4 ,freunde zu ,b]l91 #ahha1 pp4 #afc-aff47 ,r$t5ba*]1 ,josef4 ,ueb]si*t d] ,myrmeleonid5l>v54 7,d5ks*rift1 ma?4-naturwiss4 ,cl4 k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 #ahhd1 xlviii1 pp4 #cce-cfh1 #g ,taf47 ,s*idte1 ,j4 ,g4 ,de metamorphosi ,eleu!ratorum4 ,bidrag til insekt]nes udvikl+%i/orie4 7,kroy]'s ,naturhi/4 ,tidsskrift4 ,kjb5havn4 #ab ,teile mit #hh ,taf41 #ahfb-ahhc47 j4 ,embryonic /ages ,heymons1 ,ri*>d4 ,grundzge d] ,entwicklung und des ,krp]sbaues von ,odonat5 und ,ephem]idem 7,anhang zu d5 ,abh&l4 ,k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s4 ,b]l91 #ahif1 p4 #bb1 #b ,taf4 ,see ,figs4 #e1 #bi47 ---- ,entwicklungsges*i*tli*e ,unt]su*ung5 an ,lepisma sac*>9a ,l4 7,zeits*r4 f4 ,wiss5s4 ,zoologie1 lxii1 #ahig1 p4 #eie1 #b ,taf4 ,see ,fig4 #aj47 ,,! ,,?orax ,,& ,,its ,,app5dages a4 ,! ?orax2 its ext]nal anatomy ,! middle region ( ! body is call$ ! ?orax1 & 9 g5]al consi/s ( ?ree segm5ts1 :i* are respectively nam$ ! pro?orax1 meso?orax1 & meta?orax 7,figs4 #hh1 #hi1 #ih74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--;,ext]nal anatomy ( ,melanoplus spretus1 ! head & ?orax disjo9t$4 ,! ?orax conta9s ! muscles ( flight & ^? ( ! legs1 besides ! =e inte/9e 7sophagus & prov5triculus71 z well z1 9 ! w+$ insects1 ! saliv>y gl&s4 ,9 ! m g5]aliz$ ord]s1 notably ! ,or?opt]a1 ! ?ree segm5ts are di/9ct & readily id5tifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--,locu/1 ,melanoplus1 side view1 ) ! ?orax sep>at$ f ! head & abdom51 & divid$ into its ?ree segm5ts4 ,ea* segm5t consi/s ( ! t]gum1 pleurum1 & /]num4 ,9 ! pro?orax ^! pieces are n subdivid$1 except ! pleural2 9 su* case ! t]gum is call$ ! pronotum4 ,! pro?orax is v l>ge 9 ! ,or?opt]a & o!r g5]aliz$ =ms1 z also 9 ! ,coleopt]a1 b small & r$uc$ 9 ! ,dipt]a & ,hym5opt]a4 ,9 ! w+$ =ms ! t]gum ( ! meso?orax is diff]5tiat$ into f\r pieces or plates 7scl]ites74 ,^! pieces 7 nam$ by ,aud\91 pass+ f be=e backw>ds1 ! prscutum1 scutum1 scutellum1 & po/scutellum4 ,9 ! nymph /age & 9 ! w+less adults ( insects su* z ! ,mallophaga1 ! true lice1 ! w+less ,dipt]a1 ants1 etc41 ^! p>ts by disuse & loss ( ! w+s are n diff]5tiat$4 ,x is !re=e app>5t t _! developm5t dep5ds on t ( ! muscles ( flight1 ( :i* !y =m ! base ( atta*m5t4 ,! scutum is inv>iably pres5t1 z is ! scutellum4 ,! =m] 9 ne>ly all insects con/itutes ! l>g] "p ( ! t]gum1 :ile ! latt] is1 z its "n implies1 ! small %ield-%ap$ piece directly beh9d ! scutum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--,?orax ( ,telea polyphemus1 side view1 pronotum n repres5t$3 em1 epim]um ( pro?orax1 ! n>r[ piece above be+ ! pro?oracic epi/]num2 ms1 mesoscutum2 scm1 mesoscutellum2 ms1 metascutum2 scm1 metascutellum2 pt1 a supplem5t>y piece ne> ! ins]tion ( tegul2 w1 pieces situat$ at ! ins]tion ( ! w+s1 & surr\nd$ by membrane2 epm1 epi/]num ( ! meso?orax2 em1 epim]um ( ! same2 epm1 epi/]num ( ! meta?orax2 em epim]um ( ! same1 divid$ into two pieces2 c1 c1 c1 cox2 te1 te1 te1 tro*ant9es2 tr1 tr1 tr1 tro*ant]s4 ,a1 t]gal view ( ! meso?orax ( ! same2 prm1 prscutum2 ms1 scutum2 scm1 scutellum2 ptm1 po/scutellum2 t1 tegula4 ,! prscutum & po/scutellum are usually m9ute & cr[d$ d[n out ( sight betwe5 ! oppos+ segm5ts4 ,z se5 9 ,fig4 #ij1 ! prscutum ( mo/ mo?s 7,telea7 is a small r\nd$ piece1 b5t v]tically d[n s z n to be se5 f above4 ,9 ,poly/*otes & also 9 ,hepialus ! prscutum is l>ge1 well-develop$1 triangul>1 & w$g$ 9 betwe5 ! two halves ( ! scutum4 ,! po/scutellum is /ill small]1 usually =m+ a transv]se ridge1 & is r>ely us$ 9 taxonomy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,?orax ( ! h\se-fly3 prn1 pronotum2 prsc1 prscutum2 sc1 mesoscutum2 sct1 mesoscutellum2 psct1 po/scutellum2 al1 ins]tion ( squama1 ext5d+ to ! ins]tion ( ! w+s1 :i* h be5 remov$2 msphr1 mesophragma2 h1 balanc] 7halt]72 pt1 tegula2 mtn1 metanotum2 epis1 epis1 epis1 epi/]num ( pro-1 meso-1 & meta?orax2 epm1 epm1 meso- & meta-epim]um2 /1 /1 meso- & meta/]num2 cx1 cx1 cx1 cox2 tr1 tr1 tr1 tro*ant]s ( ! ?ree pairs ( legs2 sp1 sp1 sp1 sp1 sp1 fir/ to fif? spiracles2 tg1 tg1 t]gites ( fir/ & second abdom9al segm5ts2 u1 u1 urites4 ,! meta?orax is usually small] & %ort] ?an ! meso?orax1 be+ proportion$ to ! size ( ! w+s4 ,9 c]ta9 ,neuropt]a & 9 ,hepialid & "s t9eoid mo?s1 :]e ! h9d w+s are ne>ly z l>ge z ^? ( ! ant]ior pair1 ! meta?orax is m ?an half or ne>ly two-?irds z l>ge z ! meso?orax4 ,9 ,hepialid ! prscutum is l>ge & di/9ct1 :ile ! scutum is divid$ into two widely sep>at$ pieces4 ,! po/scutellum is ne>ly or q obsolete4 ,! pleurum 9 ea* ( ! ?ree ?oracic segm5ts is divid$ into two pieces2 ! "o 9 front is call$ ! epi/]num1 s9ce x re/s ^u ! /]num2 ! o!r is ! epim]um4 ,to ^! pieces1 ) ! /]num 9 "p1 ! legs are articulat$ 7,fig4 #hi74 ,betwe5 ! epi/]na is situat$ ! brea/plate or /]num1 :i* is v l>ge 9 ! m primitive =ms1 z ! ,or?opt]a1 & is small 9 ! ,dipt]a & ,hym5opt]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,pro?orax ( ,geometra papilion>ia3 n1 notum2 p1 pleura2 /1 /]num2 pt1 patagia2 m1 membrane2 f1 femur2 h1 a hook b5t backw>ds & b5ea?1 & connect+ ! pro- ) ! meso?orax4--,aft] ,*olodk[sky4 ,! epi/]na & epim]a are 9 c]ta9 gr\ps1 ,neuropt]a1 etc41 fur!r subdivid$ ea* into two pieces 7,fig4 #ajb74 ,! small] pieces1 h++ ^u ea* o!r & =m+ ! atta*m5ts ( ! muscles ( flight1 diff] mu* 9 %ape & size 9 insects ( diff]5t ord]s4 ,! diff]5ce 9 %ape & degree ( diff]5tiation ( ^! p>ts ( ! ?orax is m5tion$ & illu/rat$ "u ea* ord]1 & ref]5ce to ! figures w obviate pages ( t$i\s description4 ,a glance1 h[ev]1 at ! ?orax ( a mo?1 fly1 or bee1 :]e ^! num]\s pieces are agglut9at$ into a globul> mass1 w %[ t ! sph]ical %ape ( ! ?orax 9 ^! insects is due to ! enl>gem5t ( "o "p at ! exp5se ( ano!r2 ! pro?oracic & meta?oracic segm5ts be+ m or less atrophi$1 :ile ! meso?orax is greatly enl>g$ to support ! p[]ful muscles ( flight1 ! =e w+s be+ mu* l>g] ?an ^? app5d$ to ! meta?orax4 ,9 ! ,dipt]a1 ^: h9d] pair ( w+s are r$uc$ to ! condition ( halt]es1 ! r$uction ( ! meta?orax z well z pro?orax is especially m>k$ 7,fig4 #ia74 ,! patagia4--,on ea* side ( ! pronotum ( ,lepidopt]a are two transv]sely oval1 movable1 concavo-convex1 erectile plates1 call$ patagia 7,fig4 #ib74 ,on cutt+ ^? ( a dry ,catocala 9 two1 !y w be se5 to be holl[4 ,*olodk[sky#ai /ates t !y are fill$ ) blood & tra*eal bran*es2 & he w5t s f> z to reg>d !m z rudim5t>y pro?oracic w+s1 9 :i* view he 0 correct$ by ,haase1#bj :o comp>es !m ) ! tegul1 reg>d+ !m also z second>y or accessory /ructures4 ,! tegul4--,on ! meso?orax are ! tegul ( ,kirby 7pt]ygodes ( ,latreille1 p>apt]a ( ,mc,leay1 hypoptre or squamule71 :i* cov] ! base ( ! =e w+s1 & are especially develop$ 9 ! ,lepidopt]a 7,fig4 #ij1 ,a1 t7 & 9 c]ta9 ,hym5opt]a 7,fig4 #ie1 c74 ,! ext]nal op5+ ( ! spiracles j "u ! =e w+s1 is situat$ 9 a little plate call$ by ,aud\9 ! p]itreme4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,trans=mation ( ! bumble bee1 ,bombus1 %[+ ! transf] ( ! #a/ abdom9al l>val segm5t 7c7 to ! ?orax1 =m+ ! propodeum ( ! pupa 7,d7 & imago2 n1 spiracle ( ! propodeum4 ,a1 l>va2 a1 head2 b1 #a/ ?oracic2 c1 #a/ abdom9al segm5t4 ,b1 semipupa2 g1 ant5na2 h1 maxill2 i1 #a/2 j1 #b;d leg2 k1 mesoscutum2 l1 mesoscutellum2 m1 meta?orax2 d1 urite 7/]nite ( abdom572 e1 pleurite2 f1 t]gite2 o1 ovipositor2 r1 l+ua2 q1 maxilla4 ,9 ! high] or aculeate ,hym5opt]a1 besides ! ?ree segm5ts normally compos+ ! ?orax1 ! basal abdom9al segm5t is dur+ ! *ange f ! l>va to ! pupa transf]r$ to ?is region1 mak+ f\r segm5ts4 ,?is fir/ abdom9al is call$ 8! m$ian segm5t0 7,figs4 #ic-ie74 ,9 su* a case ! t]m alitrunk has be5 appli$ to ?is region1 i4e4 ! ?orax1 z ?us con/itut$4 ,latreille wrongly /at$ t 9 ! ,dipt]a ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t also ent]$ into ! composition ( ! ?orax2 b ,brau] has fully disprov$ t view1 z may be se5 by an exam9ation ( 8 sket*es :i* we h copi$ 7,fig4 #id74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--g1 #h1 ?orax ( ,tipula gigantea2 #i1 ( ,leptis2 #aj1 ?orax ( ,tabanus bromius aft] ! removal ( ! abdom51 9 ord] to br+ into view ! inn] mesophragma 7f71 & to %[ ! ext5sion ( ! meta?orax g & g2 tr1 tro*ant]2 #aa1 h9d end ( ! meso?orax1 ! entire meta?orax1 & ! #a/ & #b;d abdom9al segm5ts ( ,volucella zon>ia1 se5 f ! side4 ,! int]nal mesophragma 7f71 & ! position ( ! muscle ins]t$ 9 x1 are indicat$ by ! two l9es ,m4 p1 ,callus po/al>is2 pr 7pz 9 #h71 callus pral>is ,o/5 ,sack5 7 8patagium0 ( "s au?ors72 g1 metanotum2 g1 metepim]um1 8segm5t mdiaire0 ( ,latreille 7wrongly consid]$ by him to be ! #a/ abdom9al segm5t72 #d1 meta/]num 7hypopleura ( ,o/5 ,sack572 #e 78 8epi/]num ( meta?orax0 7,brau]7 metapleura ( ,o/5 ,sack572 #f1 & also ,h1 halt]2 /#a1 meso?oracic /igma2 /#b1 meta?oracic /igma2 /#c1 fir/ abdom9al /igma2 1 dorsopleural2 1 /]nopleural2 1 mesopleural sutures2 h1 #a/1 i1 #b;d1 abdom9al segm5t2 al1 w+2 alul1 alula4 #ab1 ! head & ! ?ree ?oracic r+s1 & ! #a/ abdom9al segm5t ( ,ephem]a vulgata1 ! connect+ membranes are 9 :ite3 a1 pro?orax2 b1 prscutum2 c1 scutum2 d1 scutellum2 e1 po/scutellum2 ps1 po/scutellum ( meso?orax4--,aft] ,brau]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,alitrunk ( ,sphex *rysis3 ,a1 dorsal aspect2 a1 pronotum2 b1 mesonotum2 c1 tegula2 d1 base ( =e1--e1 ( h9d1 w+2 f1 g1 divisions ( metanotum2 h1 m$ian 7true fir/ abdom9al7 segm5t2 i1 its spiracle2 k1 second abdom9al segm5t1 usually call$ ! petiole or fir/ abdom9al segm5t4 ,b1 po/]ior aspect ( ! m$ian segm5t2 a1 upp] "p2 b1 sup]ior1--c1 inf]ior1 abdom9al =am52 d1 v5tral plate ( m$ian segm5t2 e1 coxa4--,aft] ,%>p4 ,! /]num is 9 r>e cases subdivid$ into two halves1 z 9 ! meso- & meta?orax ( ! cockroa*2 9 ,=ficula ! pro/]num is divid$ into f\r pieces besides ! /]num prop] 7,fig4 #if72 & 9 ,embia1 also1 ! /]nites1 accord+ to ,%>p1 are complex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--,/]nal view ( pro-1 meso-1 & meta?orax ( ,=ficula tniata3 p/1 pr/]num1 divid$ into #d pieces2 /1 pro-1 /1 meso-1 /1 meta/]num2 cx1 coxa2 n1 notum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--;,a1 "u surface ( pro?orax1 or pro/]num1 ( ,dyticus circumflexis3 #b4;g1 pro/]num2 #b4;f1 epi/]num2 #b4;h1 epim]um2 #b4s1 antefurca or ento?orax4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--,meso- 7,g#b7 & meta?oracic ganglia 7,g#a71 ) ! apodemes ( ,gryllotalpa4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--,p>ts ( ! meso?orax ( ,dyticus3 ,a1 meso/]num2 #c4;a1 prscutum2 #c4;b1 scutum2 #c4;c1 scutellum2 #c4;d1 po/scutellum2 #c4;e1 p>apt]on2 #c4;g1 meso/]num2 #c4;f1 epi/]num2 #c4;h1 epim]um2 #c4s1 m$ifurca or ento?orax4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,p>ts ( ! meta?orax ( ,dyticus3 ,a1 meta/]num2 #d4;a1 prscutum2 #d4;b1 scutum2 #d4;c1 scutellum2 #d4;d1 po/scutellum2 #d4;e1 p>apt]on2 #d4;f1 epi/]num2 #d4;g1 meta/]num2 #d4;h1 epim]um2 #d4s1 po/furca4--,?is & ,figs4 #ig & #ii f ,aud\91 aft] ,newport4 ,! apodemes4--,! ?orax is support$ )9 by beam-l processes1 or apodemes1 :i* pass inw>d & also =m atta*m5ts = ! muscles4 ,^? pass+ up f ! /]num =m ! ento?orax ( ,aud\91 & ! process ( ea* ?oracic segm5t is call$ respectively ! antefurca1 m$ifurca1 & po/furca4 ,9 ! ,or?opt]a 7,calopt5us & ,anabrus71 ! antefurca is l>ge1 ?91 flatt5$1 direct$ =w>d1 & b\nds ea* side ( ! pro?oracic ganglion4 ,9 ! ,coleopt]a two plates 7,fig4 #ig1 #b4s7 arise f ! inside ( ! /]num & 8=m a coll> or leave a circul> hole betwe5 !m = ! passage ( ! n]v\s cord0 7,newport74 ,! m$ifurca is a pair ( flat processes :i* div]ge & bridge ! commissure1 :ile ! po/furca is situat$ "u ! commissure4 ,9 beetles 7,dyticus7 ,newport /ates t x is exp&$ into two broad plates1 to :i* ! muscles ( ! po/]ior legs are atta*$4 ,grab] also notices 9 ! mole cricket betwe5 ! apodemes ( ! meso- & meta?orax1 a flatt5$ sp9e 7,fig4 #ih1 d7 ) two p]=ations ?r\gh :i* pass ! commissures connect+ ! ganglia4 ,besides ^! processes !re are l>ge1 ?91 longitud9al p>titions pass+ d[n f ! t]gum 7or dorsum71 call$ phragmas2 !y are mo/ develop$ 9 ^? insects :i* fly be/1 i4e4 9 ,coleopt]a 7,figs4 #ig-aja71 ,lepidopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a1 none be+ develop$ 9 ! pro?orax4 7,! t]m phragma has also be5 appli$ to a p>tition =m$ by ! inflex$ h9d] edge ( ?is segm5t1 & is pres5t only 9 ^? insects 9 :i* ! pro?orax is movable4--,c5tury ,diction>y47 ,all ^! +r[?s may be 9 g5]al t]m$ apodemes4 ,!re are simil> /ructures 9 ,cru/acea & also 9 ,limulus2 b ,%>p re/ricts ?is t]m to m9ute projections 9 beetles 7,golia?us7 situat$ at ! sides ( ! ?orax ne> ! w+s4 7,insecta1 p4 #ajc1 ,fig4 #eg47 ,! int]nal processes aris+ f ! /]nal region h be5 call$ endo/]nites4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--;,int]nal skeleton ( ,lucanus c]vus1 1 head3 ,a1 ant5na2 f1 m&ible2 d1 m5tum2 #b1 #d1 t5dons ( m&ible2 f1 u1 t1 p>ts ( ! t5torium2 #c e1 labial muscles4 ,?orax3 #b1 pro?orax2 #c1 #d1 meso- & meta?orax fus$ solidly toge!r2 #c r1 acetabulum ( pro?orax1 into :i* ! coxa is ins]t$2 #b s1 /]num2 #ct1 acetabulum ( meso?orax1 #dr1 ( meta?orax2 #c s1 meso?oracic /]num fus$ ) t ( ! meta?orax 7#d;g72 #d s1 apodeme4--,aft] ,newport4 ,! acetabula4--,^! are ! cavities 9 :i* ! legs are ins]t$4 ,!y are situat$ on ea* side ( ! po/]ior "p ( ! /]num1 9 ea* ( ! ?oracic segm5ts4 ,!y are1 9 g5]al1 =m$ by an approximation ( ! /]num & epim]um1 & sometimes1 also1 ( ! epi/]num1 z 9 ,dyticus 7,fig4 #ig1 ,a74 ,?is consolidation ( p>ts1 says ,newport1 gives an amaz+ increase ( /r5g? to ! segm5ts1 & is "o ( ! circum/ances :i* enables ! insect to ex]t an a/oni%+ degree ( muscul> p[]4 ,,tabul> ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,segm5ts1 ,,pieces1 ,,& ,,app5dages ,,( ,,! ,,?orax ,,"n ,,( ,,segm5t ,,pieces 7,,scl]ites7 ,,app5dages #a4 ,pro?orax ,pronotum1 sometimes diff]5tiat$ into ,scutum #a/ pair ( legs ,scutellum ,patagia ,epi/]num ,epim]um ,/]num ,antefurca #b4 ,meso?orax ,prscutum ,scutum #b;d pair ( legs ,scutellum #a/ pair ( w+s ,proscutellum ,tegul ,epi/]num ,squam 7,alul7 ,epim]um ,p]itreme ,/]num ,mes(urca ,mesophragma ,apodemes #c4 ,meta?orax ,prscutum ,scutum #c;d pair ( legs ,scutellum #b;d pair ( w+s ,po/scutellum 7,halt]es ( ,dipt]a7 ,epi/]num ,epim]um ,/]num ,po/furca ,metaphragma ,apodemes ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--;,ext]nal anatomy ( ! trunk ( ,hydru piceus3 ,a1 /]nal--,b1 t]gal aspect2 #b1 pronotum2 #b a1 pro/]num2 #b f1 epi/]num2 #c a1 prscutum2 #c b1 scutum2 #c c1 scutellum2 #c d1 po/scutellum2 #c g1 meso/]num2 #c h1 epi/]num2 #c f1 epim]um2 #c i1 cre/ ( ! meso/]num2 #c a1 p>apt]on2 #c k1 coxa2 #d a1 metaprscutum2 #d b1 metascutum2 #d c1 metascutellum2 #d d1 po/scutellum2 #d e1 tegula2 #d f1 epi/]num2 #d h1 epim]um2 #d g1 meta/]num2 #d i1 cre/ ( meta/]num2 #d k & l1 coxa2 #d m1 tro*ant]2 n1 femur2 o1 tibia2 p1 t>sus2 q1 unguis2 #g-aa1 abdom9al segm5ts4--,aft] ,newport4 b4 ,! legs3 _! /ructure & functions ,! mode ( ins]tion ( ! legs to ! ?orax is se5 9 ,figs4 #ij1 #ig1 #aja1 & #ajc4 ,!y are articulat$ to ! epi/]num1 epim]um1 & /]num1 tak5 toge!r1 & consi/ ( five segm5ts4 ,! basal segm5t or jo9t is ! coxa1 situat$ betwe5 ! epi/]num & tro*ant]4 ,! coxa usually has a po/]ior subdivision or projection1 ! tro*ant9e2 sometimes1 z 9 ,mantispa 7,fig4 #ajc71 ! tro*ant9e is obsolete4 ,we _h previ\sly suppos$ t ! tro*ant9e 0 a sep>ate jo9t1 b n[ d\bt :e!r x repres5ts a di/9ct segm5t ( ! leg1 & reg>d x z only a subdivision ( ! coxa4 ,x is atta*$ to ! epim]um1 & is be/ develop$ 9 ,panorpid1 ,tri*opt]a1 & ,lepidopt]a4 ,9 ! ,?ysanura ! tro*ant9e is want+1 & 9 ! cockroa* x m]ely =ms a subdivision ( ! coxa1 its use be+ to support ! latt]4 ,! second segm5t is ! tro*ant]1 a m or less %ort sph]ical jo9t on :i* ! leg prop] turns2 9 ! p>asitic gr\ps 7,i*neumonid1 etc41 ,fig4 #ajd7 x is usually divid$ into two pieces1 ?\gh !re are "s exceptions4 ,! tro*ant] is succe$$ by ! femur1 tibia1 & t>sus1 ! latt] consi/+ ( f "o to five segm5ts1 ! normal numb] be+ five4 ,tuff5 ,we/ believ$ t ! pulvillus is ! homologue ( an additional t>sal jo9t1 8a six? t>sal jo9t40 ,! la/ t>sal segm5t ends 9 a pair ( freely movable claws 7ungues71 :i* are modifi$ set2 betwe5 ! claws is a cu%ion-l pad or adhesive lobe1 call$ ! empodium or pulvillus 7,fig4 #aje1 also v>i\sly call$ arolium1 palmula1 plantula1 ony*ium1 its app5dage be+ call$ p>ony*ium & also pseudony*ium74 ,x is cleft or bilobate 9 _m flies1 b 9 ,s>gus trilobate4 ,all ^! p>ts v>y greatly 9 %ape & relative size 9 insects ( diff]5t gr\ps1 especially ,tri*opt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a4 ,9 c]ta9 flies 7e4g4 ,leptoga/]7 ! empodium is want+ 7,kolbe74 ,by "s writ]s ! middle lobe is call$ ! empodium & ! two o!rs pulvilli4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,side view ( meso- & meta?orax ( ,mantispa brunnea1 %[+ ! upp] & l[] divisions ( ! epim]um 7s4 em1 s4 em1 i4 em1 i4 em72 s4 epis1 i4 epis1 ! same ( ! epi/]num4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--;,divid$ 7ditro*\s7 tro*ant] ( an i*neumon3 cx1 coxa2 tr1 ! two divisions ( ! tro*ant]2 f1 femur4--,aft] ,%>p4 ,! =e legs are usually direct$ =w>d to drag ! body along1 :ile ! middle & h9d legs are direct$ outw>d & backw>d to pu% ! body onw>ds4 ,:ile ara*nids walk on ! tip ends ( _! feet1 myriopods1 ,?ysanura1 & all l>val insects walk on ! ends ( ! claws1 b insects g5]ally1 especially ! adults1 are1 s to speak1 plantigrade1 s9ce !y walk on all ! t>sal jo9ts4 ,9 ! aquatic =ms ! middle & h9d t>si are m or less flatt5$1 o>-l1 & edg$ ) set4 ,9 leap+ insects1 z ! locu/s & gras%opp]s1 & c]ta9 *rysomelids1 ! h9d femora are greatly swoll5 ow+ to ! developm5t ( ! muscles )94 ,! tibia1 besides be>+ l>ge1 lat]al1 ext]nal sp9es1 occasionally be>s at ! end "o or m sp9es or spurs call$ calc>ia4 ,! =e tibia also 9 ants1 etc41 be> tactile hairs1 & *ordotonal organs1 z well z o!r isolat$ s5se-organs 7,janet71 &1 9 gras%opp]s1 e>s4 ,9 ! ,c>abid ! legs are provid$ ) combs = clean+ ! ant5n 7,fig4 #ajg71 & 9 ! bees & ants ^! cleans+ organs are m specializ$1 ! pect9at$ sp9e 7calc>7 be+ oppos$ by a t>sal comb 7,fig4 #ajf1 d2 = ! wax-p9c]s ( bees1 see g74 ,9 g5]al ! insects use _! m or less sp9y legs = cleans+ ! head1 ant5n1 palpi1 w+s1 etc41 & ! adaptations = t end are ! bri/les or sp9ules on ! legs1 especially ! tibi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--;,foot ( honey-bee1 ) ! pulvillus 9 use3 ,a1 "u view ( foot2 t1 t1 #c;d-#e? t>sal jo9ts2 a n1 unguis2 f h1 tactile hairs2 p v1 pulvillus2 cr1 curv$ rod4 ,b1 side view ( foot4 ,c1 c5tral "p ( sole2 pd1 pad2 cr1 curv$ rod2 pv1 pulvillus unop5$4--,aft] ,*e%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--,modifications ( ! legs ( diff]5t bees4 ,a1 ,apis3 a1 wax-p9c] & out] view ( h9d leg2 b1 inn] aspect ( wax-p9c] & leg1 ) ! n9e poll5-bru%es or r[s ( hairs2 c1 comp\nd hairs hold+ gra9s ( poll52 d1 ant]ior leg1 %[+ ant5na-clean]2 e1 spur on tibia ( middle leg4 ,b1 ,melipona3 f1 peculi> gr\p ( sp9es at apex ( tibia ( h9d leg2 g1 inn] aspect ( wax-p9c] & fir/ t>sal jo9t4 ,c1 ,bombus3 h1 wax-p9c]2 i1 inn] view ( ! same & fir/ t>sal jo9t1 all enl>g$4--,f ,insect ,life1 ,u4 ,s4 ,div4 ,ent4 ,o/5 ,sack5 /ates t among ,dipt]a ! a]ial =ms 7,bombylid1 etc47 ) _! l>ge eyes or holoptic heads1 :i* c>ry ) !m ! p[] ( hov]+ or pois+1 h weak legs1 pr9cipally fit = alight+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p$e/rian or walk+ ,dipt]a 7,asilid1 etc47 8use ! legs n = alight+ only1 b = runn+1 & all k9ds ( o!r "w1 seiz+ _! prey1 c>ry+ x1 climb+1 digg+1 etc42 _! legs are provid$ n only ) sp9es & bri/les1 b ) /ill o!r app5dages1 :i* may be useful1 or only ornam5tal1 z second>y sexual *>act]s40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--;,end ( tibia & t>sal jo9ts ( ,anoph?almus2 c1 comb4 ,t55t hairs4--,project+ f ! l[] surface ( ! empodium are ! num]\s 8t55t hairs10 or hold+ hairs1 :i* are modifi$ gl&ul> set swoll5 at ! end & :i* give out a m9ute quantity ( a cle> adhesive fluid 7,figs4 #ajh1 #aji1 #acj1 #acd74 ,9 l>val insects1 & ! adults ( c]ta9 beetles1 ,coccid1 ,aphid1 & ,collembola1 :i* h no empodium1 !re are "o or m ( ^! t55t hairs pres5t4 ,!y enable ! insect to adh]e to smoo? surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--,transv]se section ?r\gh a t>sal jo9t ( ,telephorus1 a beetle3 *1 cuticula ( ! upp] side2 m1 its matrix2 *1 ! sole2 m1 its matrix2 h1 adhesive hair2 h1 tactile hair1 suppli$ ) a n]ve 7n71 & aris+ f a ma9 n]ve 7n72 n1 ganglion ( a tactile hair2 t1 section ( ma9 tra*ea1 f :i* arises a bran* 7t72 dr1 gl&s :i* op5 into ! adhesive hairs1 & =m ! /icky secretion2 e1 *it9\s ?ick5+2 s1 s9ew2 b1 membrane divid+ ! holl[ space ( ! t>sal jo9t into comp>tm5ts4 ,see p4 #aaa4--;,aft] ,dewitz4 ,/rik+ sexual second>y *>act]s appe> 9 ! =e legs ( ! male ,hydrophilus1 ! insect1 z ,tuff5 ,we/ obs]ves1 walk+ on ! end ( ! tibia alone & dragg+ ! t>sus aft] x4 ,! la/ t>sal jo9t is enl>g$ into ! =m ( an irregul> holl[ %ield4 ,! mo/ completely suctorial feet ( insects are ^? ( ! ant]ior pair ( ,dyticus 7,fig4 #acb74 ,! "u side ( ! ?ree basal jo9ts is fus$ toge!r & enl>g$ into a s+le broad & ne>ly circul> %ield1 :i* is convex above & fr+$ ) f9e bran*+ hairs1 & cov]$ b5ea? ) suck]s1 ( :i* two are exceptionally l>ge2 by ?is app>atus ( suck]s ! male is enabl$ to adh]e to ! back ( its mate dur+ copulation4 ,! l9e bran*+ hairs ar\nd ! edge prev5t ! wat] f p5etrat+ & ?us de/roy+ ! vacuum1 8:ile if ! female /ruggle out ( ! wat]1 by reta9+ ! fluid = "s "t ar\nd ! suck]1 !y w 9 l mann] "u ^! alt]$ conditions equally t5d to pres]ve ! effectual contact40 7,tuff5 ,we/47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--;,cross-section ?r\gh t>sus ( a locu/3 *1 cuticula ( upp] side1--*1 *1 *1 ( sole2 *1 tubulat$ lay]2 *1 lamellate lay]2 *1 inn] projections ( *4 ,o!r lett]+ z 9 ,fig4 #aja4 ,see p4 #aac4--;,aft] ,dewitz4 ,9 ! saw-flies 7,uroc]id & ,t5?r$9id7 & o!r insects1 !re are small membran\s oval cu%ions 7arolia1 ,figs4 #aji & #aca7 b5ea? ea* or ne>ly ea* t>sal jo9t4 ,! triungul9e l>v ( ! ,meloid are s call$ f app>5tly hav+ ?ree ungues1 b 9 reality !re is only a s+le claw1 ) a claw-l bri/le on ea* side4 ,:y d insects h b six legs8--,embryology %[s t ! ance/ors ( insects 7 polypod\s1 & ! "q arises to :at cause is due ! process ( elim9ation ( legs 9 ! ance/ors ( exi/+ insects1 s t at pres5t !re are no functional legs on ! abdom51 ^! be+ inv>iably re/rict$ 7except 9 cat]pill>s7 to ! ?orax1 & ! numb] nev] be+ m ?an six4 ,x is evid5t t ! numb] ( six legs 0 fix$ by h]$ity 9 ! ,?ysanura1 be=e ! appe>ance ( w+$ insects4 ,we _h ?\ght t ?is re/riction ( legs to ! ?orax 0 9 "p due to ! fact t ?is is ! c5tre ( gravity1 & also because abdom9al legs are n necess>y 9 locomotion1 s9ce ! =e legs are us$ 9 dragg+ ! insect =w>ds1 :ile ! two h9d] pairs support & pu% ! body on4 ,syn*ron\sly ) ?is elim9ation by disuse ( ! abdom9al legs1 ! body became %ort5$1 & subdivid$ into ?ree regions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z 9 cat]pill>s1 ) _! long bodies1 ! abdom9al legs ( ! embryo p]si/2 or if x be grant$ t ! prop-legs are second>y /ructures1 !n !y 7 develop$ 9 l>val life to prop up & move ! abdom9al region4 ,! con/ancy ( ! numb] ( six legs is expla9$ by ,dahl z be+ 9 relation to _! function z climb+ organs4 ,"o leg1 he says1 w almo/ always be p]p5dicul> to ! plane :5 ! animal is mov+ up a v]tical surface2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 we "k t ?ree is ! smalle/ numb] ) :i* /able equilibrium is possible2 an insect mu/ !re=e h twice ?is numb]1 & ! great num]ical sup]iority ( ! class may be associat$ ) ?is me*anical advantage4 7,?is num]ical sup]iority ( insects1 h[ev]1 seems to u to be r due to ! acquisition ( w+s1 z we h already /at$ on pages #b & #abj47 ,loss ( limbs by disuse4--,n only are "o or bo? claws ( a s+le pair1 or ^? ( all ! feet atrophi$ by disuse1 b ?is process ( r$uction may ext5d to ! entire limb4 ,9 a few insects "o ( ! claws ( ea* foot is atrophi$1 z 9 ! feet ( ! ,p$iculid1 ( _m ,mallophaga1 all ( ! ,coccid1 9 ,bittacus1 ,hybusa 7,or?opt]a71 sev]al beetles ( ! family ,pselaphid1 & a weevil 7,bra*ybamus74 ,hoplia1 etc41 be> b a s+le claw on ! h9d feet1 :ile ! alli$ ,gymnoloma has only a s+le claw on all ! feet4 ,cybi/] has 9 g5]al a s+le immovable claw on ! h9d feet1 b ,cybi/] scutell>is has1 accord+ to ,%>p1 on ! same feet an out] small & movable claw4 ,9 ! wat] bugs1 ,belo/oma1 etc41 ! =e feet end 9 a s+le claw1 :ile 9 o!rs 7,corisa7 bo? claws are want+ on ! =e feet4 ,corisa also has no claws on ! h9d feet2 ,notonecta has two claws on ! ant]ior f\r feet1 b none on ! h9d pair4 ,9 ,diplony*us1 h[ev]1 !re are two small claws pres5t4 7,kolbe47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--,la/ t>sal jo9t ( ,melolon?a vulg>is1 drawn z if transp>5t to %[ ! inn] me*anism3 un1 claws2 /r1 ext5sor plate2 s1 t5don ( ! flexor muscle2 vb1 ela/ic membrane betwe5 ! ext5sor plate & ! slid+ surface u2 krh1 process ( ! ungual jo9t2 emp1 ext5sor sp9e1 & ?1 its two tactile hairs4--,aft] ,ockl]1 f ,kolbe4 ,among ! ,sc>abid1 ! individuals ( bo? sexes ( ! fossorial g5us ,ateu*us 7,a4 sac]7 & eight o!r g5]a1 among !m ,delto*ilum gibbosum ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h no t>si on ! ant]ior feet 9 ei!r sex4 ,! ,am]ican g5]a ,phanu 7,fig4 #aaa71 ,gromphas1 & ,/reblopus h no t>sal jo9ts 9 ! male1 b !y are pres5t 9 ! female1 ?\gh mu* r$uc$ 9 size1 & also want+1 ,kolbe /ates1 9 _m species ( ,phanu4 ,! peculi> g5us ,/5o/]nus n only lacks ! ant]ior feet1 b also ^? ( ! second & ?ird pair ( legs are ea* r$uc$ to a ve/ige 9 ! %ape ( a simple1 spur-l1 clawless jo9t4 ,! ungual jo9t is want+ 9 ! weevil ,anoplus1 & becomes small & n easily se5 9 f\r o!r g5]a4 ,ryd] /ates t ! evid5ce t ! abs5ce ( =e t>si 9 ,ateu*us is due to ! inh]itance ( _! loss by mutilation is unc]ta94 ,dr4 ,horn sugge/s t cases l ,ateu*us & ,delto*ilum1 etc41 8might be us$ z an evid5ce ( ! p]si/5ce ( a "* gradually acquir$ ?r\gh repeat$ mutilation1 t is1 a loss ( ! t>sus by ! digg+ :i* ^! insects p]=m40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! num]\s species ( ,phanu d q z mu* digg+1 & ! ant]ior t>si ( ! male only are want+4 8,x is true10 he adds1 8t _m females are se5 :i* h lo/ _! ant]ior t>si by digg+2 h1 9 fact1 worn !m (f2 b 9 rec5tly develop$ specim5s ! front t>si are always abs5t 9 ! males & pres5t 9 ! females4 ,if repeat$ mutilation has result$ 9 ! entire disappe>ance ( ! t>si 9 "o fossorial insect1 x is reasonable to inf] t ! same results %\ld foll[ 9 a relat$ insect 9 bo? sexes1 if at all1 & n 9 ! male only4 ,x is evid5t t "s o!r cause ?an inh]it$ mutilation mu/ be s\ght = to expla9 ! loss ( ! t>si 9 ^! insects40 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,philadelphia1 #ahhi1 pp4 #ebi1 #edb47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--;,=e tibia ( ,phanu c>nifex1 1 %[+ no trace ( ! t>sus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--;,=e leg ( ! mole-cricket3 ,a1 out]1 ,b1 inn]1 aspect2 e1 e>-slit4--,aft] ,%>p4 ,! loss ( t>si may be due to disuse r ?an to ! inh]itance ( mutilations4 ,judg+ by ! enl>g$ =e tibi1 :i* seem admirably adapt$ = digg+1 x w\ld appe> z if t>si1 ev5 m or less r$uc$1 w\ld be 9 ! way1 & ?us w\ld be useless to ! beetles 9 digg+4 ,c>eful obs]vations on ! habits ( ^! beetles might ?r[ light on ?is po9t4 ,x may be add$ t ! =e t>si 9 ! m fossorial ,c>abid1 su* z ,cliv9a & ,sc>ites1 z well z ^? ( ! l>va ( ,cicada & ^? ( ! mole crickets 7,fig4 #aab71 are m or less r$uc$2 !re is a hyp]trophy ( ! tibi & _! sp9es4 ,! %ape ( ! tibia 9 ^! insects1 :i* are flatt5$ ) sev]al broad triangul> sp9es1 be>s a /rong resemblance to ! nails or claws ( ! fossorial limbs ( ^? mammals :i* dig 9 h>d soil1 su* z ! armadillo1 manis1 a>dv>k1 & ,e*idna4 ,! pr9ciple ( modification by disuse is well illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ cases4 ,9 _m butt]flies ! =e legs are small & %ort5$1 & ( little use1 & held press$ aga9/ ! brea/4 ,9 ! ,lycnid ! =e t>si are )\t claws2 9 ,eryc9id & ,liby!id ! =e legs ( ! males are %ort5$1 b completely develop$ 9 ! females1 :ile 9 ! ,nymphalid ! =e legs 9 bo? sexes are %ort5$1 consi/+ 9 ! males ( "o or two jo9ts1 ! claws be+ abs5t 9 ! females4 ,among mo?s loss ( ! =e t>si is less frequ5t4 ,j4 ,b4 ,smi?#ba notices ! lack ( ! =e t>si 9 ! male ( a deltoid1 ,litogna?a nubilifasciata 7,fig4 #aac71 :ile ! h9d feet ( ,hepialus hectus are %ort5$4 ,9 an aphid 7,ma/opoda pt]idis1 ,esl47 all ! t>si are r$uc$ to a s+le ve/igial jo9t 7,fig4 #aad74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--,leg ( ,litogna?a3 cx1 coxa2 f1 femur2 t1 tibia2 ep1 its epiphysis1 & %1 its %ield-l process4 ,! t>sus entirely want+4--,aft] ,smi?4 ,entirely legless adult insects are r>e1 & ! loss is cle>ly se5 to be an adaptation due to disuse2 su* are ! females ( ! ,psy*id1 ! females ( sev]al g5]a ( ,coccid 7,mytilaspis1 etc471 & ! females ( ! ,/ylopid4 ,apod\s l>val insects are common1 & ! loss ( legs is pla9ly se5 to be a second>y adaptive feature1 s9ce !re are annectant =ms ) "o or two pairs ( ?oracic legs4 ,all dipt]\s & siphonapt]\s l>v1 ^? ( all ! ,hym5opt]a except ! saw-flies1 a few lepidopt]\s l>v1 "s coleopt]\s1 z ^? ( ! ,rhyncophora1 ,bupre/id1 ,eucnemid1 & o!r families1 & _m ,c]ambycid are )\t any legs4 ,9 ,eupsalis m9uta1 belong+ to ! ,br5?id1 ! ?oracic legs are m9ute4 ,! legs ( l>v end 9 a s+le claw1 ^u ! tips ( :i* ! insect /&s 9 walk+4 c4 ,locomotion 7walk+1 climb+1 & swimm+7 ,me*anics ( walk+4--,to ,grab] we owe ! be/ exposition ( ! me*anics ( walk+ 9 insects4 8,! fir/ segm5t ( ! insect leg10 he says1 8^u :i* ! weight ( ! body re/s fir/ ( all1 is ! coxa4 ,its me?od ( articulation is v diff]5t f t ( ! o!r jo9ts4 ,! en>?rosis af=ds ! mo/ ext5sive play1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,hym5opt]a & ,dipt]a40 ,9 ! =m] ! developm5t ( _! social conditions is v closely connect$ ) ! free/ possible use ( ! legs1 :i* s]ve z h&s4 ,9 ! beetles1 h[ev]1 :i* are v compactly built1 !re exi/s a solid articulation :]eby ! entire hip re/s 9 a t5t-l excavation ( ! ?orax1 & c only be turn$ r\nd a s+le axis1 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #aae1 :]e c repres5ts ! imag9>y revolv+ axis & d ! coxa4 ,9 ! case we are suppos+1 !re=e1 only a backw>d & =w>d movem5t ( ! coxa is possible1 ! ext5t ( ! play ( :i* dep5ds on ! size ( ! coxal pan1 z well z c]ta9 gro9 or b>-l /ructures :i* limit fur!r rotation4 ,9 ! v dissimil> arrangem5t :i* draws 9 ! =e1 middle1 & h9d legs t[>d ! body x is self-evid5t t _! ext5t ( action is also diff]5t4 ,?is arrangem5t seems to be mo/ yield+ on ! =e legs1 :]e ! hips1 to conf9e ourselves to ! /ag-beetles1 c be turn$ backw>d & =w>d #fj f ! middle or normal position1 & !re=e describe on ! :ole a curve ( #abj4 ,! angle ( turn+ on ! middle leg h>dly exce$s a legitimate limit1 yet a =w>d z well z a backw>d rotation takes place4 ,! =m] is entirely want+ 9 ! h9d hips2 !y c only be mov$ backw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--,leg ( an ,aphid1 ) ! t>sus 7t7 mu* r$uc$3 #a1 #b1 #c1 legs ( #a/1 #b;d1 & #c;d pairs4 ,! numb] & /r5g? ( ! muscles on :i* ! rotation ( ! hips dep5ds1 correspond ) ^! v>y+ movem5ts ( ! individual legs4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,/raus ,durckheim1 ! =e coxa ( _m beetles possesses five sep>ate muscles & f\r =w>d & "o backw>d roll2 ! middle coxa a l numb] ( muscles b only two =w>d rolls1 :ile ! h9d hips succe$ 9 accompli%+ ea* ( ! motions nam$ ) a s+le muscle4 ,"o c be/ see h[ ^! muscles und]take _! "w1 & above all h[ !y are situat$1 if he lays b>e ! pro?orax ( ! /ag beetle 7,fig4 #aaf74 ,"h may be se5 fir/ ! ?ick muscle :i* turns to ! front ! rotat+ axis 9 its cyl9drical pan1 & ?us helps to ext5d ! leg1 :ile two o!r t5dons1 :i* take ! opposite direction1 are fitt$ = reflex movem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--,me*anics ( an insect's leg3 d1 coxa1--c1 axis ( revolution2 a & b1 ! coxal muscles2 e1 tro*ant] muscle 7elevator ( ! femur72 f1 ext5sor1--g1 flexor1 ( ! tibia 7pn72 n1 tibial sp9e2 h1 flexor4--i1 ext5sor1 ( ! foot2 k1 ext5sor1--l1 flexor1 ( ! claw2 po1 place ( flexure ( ! tibia2 p#aq1 leg aft] be+ turn$ back by ! coxa4--p#ar1 by ! simultane\s flexure ( ! tibia4 ,! result+ motion ( ! end ( ! tibia1 ?r\gh ! simultane\s movem5t 7no7 & revolution 7nq71 indicates ! curve nr4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,9 ,fig4 #aae ! muscles m5tion$ above1 & _! modes ( work+1 may be di/+ui%$ by ! arr[s a & b4 ,9 ord] to simplify matt]s1 we w imag9e ! second compon5t "p ( ! normal insect leg1 i4e4 ! tro*ant] 7,figs4 #aaf1 #aag1 r71 z gr[n toge!r ) ! ?ird lev]1 i4e4 ! femur1 z ! movem5t ( bo? p>ts mo/ly takes place uni=mly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--,section ( ! =e leg ( a /ag-beetle1 %[+ ! muscles3 ,s1 ext5sor1--,b1 flexor1 ( ! leg2 s1 ext5sor1--b1 flexor1 ( ! femur2 o1 femur2 u1 tibia2 f1 t>sus2 k1 claw2 #aji1 s1 ext5sor1--b1 flexor1 ( ! femoro-tibial jo9t1 bo? enl>g$4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,! pull+ ( ! small tro*ant] muscle works aga9/ ! weight ( ! body :5 ?is is c>ri$ ov] on to ! tro*ant] by means ( ! coxa1 z se5 at ! arr[ e 9 ,fig4 #aae4 ,x may be designat$ z ! femoral lev]4 ,! plane ( direction 9 :i* ! femur1 z se5 by ! rotation j m5tion$1 is mov$1 exactly co9cides 9 insects ) t ( ! tibia & ! foot1 :ile all c be simultane\sly rais$ or dropp$1 or1 z ! case may be1 /ret*$ out or retract$4 ,!re91 !re=e1 lies an ess5tial diff]5ce f ! fully develop$ extremities ( v]tebrates among :i*1 ev5 on ! lev] arms :i* are /ation>y at ! end1 an ext5sive turn+ is possible4 ,! muscles :i* move ! tibia1 & indirectly ! femur1 also consi/ ( an ext5sor muscle :i* is situat$ 9 ! upp] side ( ! femur 7,fig4 #aaf1 s1 ,fig4 #aae1 f71 & ( a flexor 7,fig4 #aaf1 b1 ,fig4 #aae1 g71 :i* lies "u ! =m]4 ,! /ilt-l sp9es on ! po9t 7,figs4 #aae & #aah1 ,l#cn7 on :i* ?is segm5t is directly support$ are important p>ts ( ! tibia4 7,grab]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--,left =e leg ( a c]ambycid beetle3 h1 coxa2 r1 tro*ant]2 o1 femur2 u1 tibia2 f1 t>sus2 k1 claw4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,consid]+ ! respective positions ( ! individual lev]s ( ! leg & ! nature ( ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are made1 ! legs ( insects may be lik5$1 z ,grab] /ates1 to ela/ic b[s1 :i*1 :5 press$ d[n toge!r f above1 _! own indwell+ ela/icity is able to raise aga9 & ?us keep ! body upright4 ,?is is v pla9ly %[n 9 c]ta9 /ilt-legg$ b>k-beetles1 9 :i*1 z 9 a rubb] doll1 z soon z ! body is press$ d[n on ! gr\nd1 ! organs ( motion ext5d aga9 )\t ! int]v5tion ( muscles2 inde$ ?is exp]im5t succe$s ev5 ) dead1 b n yet :olly /iff1 insects4 ,grab] !n turns to ! analysis ( ! movem5ts ( insect legs :5 9 motion1 & ! mode ( walk+ ( ^! insects 9 g5]al4 ,?is subject _h be5 b slightly inve/igat$ until ,grab] made a s]ies ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 ( :i* we c give only ! mo/ important results4 ,! locomotion ( insects is an extremely complicat$ subject4 ,let u consid]1 ,grab] says1 fir/1 a runn+ or c>abid beetle1 :5 walk+ m]ely ) ! =e & h9d legs4 ,! =m] w be b5t =w>d & ! latt] backw>d4 8,let u beg9 ) ! left =e leg 7,fig4 #aah1 ,l#a74 ,let ! same be ext5d$ & fix$ on ! gr\nd by means ( its %>p claws & its po9t$ heel4 ,n[ :at happ5s :5 ! tibial flexors draw toge!r8 ,z ! foot1 & !re=e ! tibia also1 h a firm position1 !n ! contraction ( ! muscles nam$ mu/ cause ! femur to approa* ! tibia1 :]eby ! :ole body is drawn along ) x4 ,?is individual act ( motion may be well /udi$ 9 gras%opp]s :5 !y are climb+ on a twig by /ret*+ out _! long =e leg directly =w>d1 & !n draw+ up ! body ?r\gh ! %ort5+ ( ! tibial flexors until ! middle leg also rea*es ! bran*4 8,b :ile ! =e legs advance ! body by draw+ ! free lev] to ! fix$ leg-segm5t1 ! h9d legs d ?is 9 exactly ! opposite way4 ,! h9d leg1 namely1 seeks to /ret* out ! tibia1 & ?us to increase ! angle ( ! knee 7,r#c71 !reby giv+ a pu% on ! gr\nd1 by means ( :i* ! body is %ov$ =w>d a bit4 8,?\gh x might be suppos$ t ! feet w\ld rema9 /ation>y dur+ ! ext5sion or retraction ( ! limbs1 ?is nev] occurs 9 actual walk+4 ,n m]ely ! upp]1 b also ! l[]1 ?igh is ei!r drawn 9 or /ret*$ out1 z ! case may be4 ,! latt] !n describes a /raight l9e ) its po9t dur+ ?is scrap+ or scrat*+ motion 7,fig4 #aae1 no71 :i* is obvi\sly ! *ord to t quadrant :i* w\ld be drawn by ! tibia or foot 9 a yield+ m$ium1 z wat]1 = in/ance4 ,b ev5 ?is motion results extremely r>ely1 & nev] 9 actual walk+4 ,if we fix our eye anew ^u ! =e leg at ! v mom5t :5 x is aga9 retract$1 aft] ! resultant #8fix+1' we %all !n obs]ve t ! hip also is simultane\sly turn$ backw>d 9 a def9ite angle4 ,! tibia w\ld describe ! arc nq 7,fig4 #aae7 by means ( ! latt] alone4 8,?is plane1 9 conjunction ) ! rectil9e> #8movem5t' 7no7 obta9$ by ! retraction ( ! tibia1 produces a pa? 7nr71 & ?is is :at is actually describ$ by a pa9t$ foot ^u a prop]ly prep>$ surface1 z a %eet ( pap]2#bb suppos+1 h[ev]1 t ! body 9 ! meantime is n mov$ =w>d by o!r =ces4 ,9 ! la/ case1 & ?is inde$ always takes place 9 runn+1 ! trunk is mov$ a bit =w>d1 toge!r ) ! leg :i* is j describ+ its curve ) a rapidity correspond+ to ! mom5tum obta9$2 ! result ( ?is is t ! curve ( ! foot f its beg9n+ 7n7 to its end 7a7 b5ds r\nd close to itself1 j z a man :o1 :5 on bo>d a %ip 9 motion1 walks across x diagonally1 & yet on ! :ole moves =w>d1 because 8 l9e ( m>*1 unit+ ) t ( ! %ip1 results 9 a *ange ( position 9 space4 8,! case is ! same 9 ! middle & h9d legs1 :i* mu/ make a d\ble c\rse also1 yet 9 su* a way t ! /raight l9e is drawn1 n dur+ ! retraction1 b dur+ ! ext5sion2 dur+ :i*1 h[ev]1 q z 9 ! =e leg1 ! memb]s m5tion$ 7,r#c7 gradually approa* ! body4 8,:5 ! legs h rea*$ ! maximum ( _! retraction1 or ( _! ext5sion1 z ! case may be1 & !re=e ! end ( _! active c\rse = t "t1 !n beg9s ! opposite or backw>d movem5t2 t is1 ! =e legs are aga9 ext5d$1 :ile _! lev]s draw ! rema9+ legs toge!r aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--;,a ,c>abus beetle 9 ! act ( walk+ or runn+3 ?ree legs 7,l#a1 ,r#b1 ,l#c7 are direct$ =w>d1 :ile ! o!rs 7,r#a1 ,l#b1 ,r#c71 :i* are direct$ backw>d t[>d ! tail1 h end$ _! activity2 ab1 cd1 & ef are curves describ$ by ! end ( ! tibi1 & pass+ back to ! end ( ! body2 bh1 di1 & fg are curves describ$ by ! same legs dur+ _! passive *ange ( position4--,aft] ,grab]4 8,at ! same "t1 z we may see by ! unit+ leg1 ! limb is ei!r a little rais$1 t !re may be no unnecess>y friction1 or x rema9s dur+ ! passive /ep also1 ) its means ( locomotion 9 slight contact ) ! gr\nd4 8,! curve ( two /eps1 z inscrib$ by ! end ( ! tibia ( ! left =e leg ( a /ag-beetle1 af=ds an in/ructive summ>y ( ! conditions ( :i* we h be5 speak+ 7,fig4 #aba1 ,b74 ,we see two curves4 ,! ?ick "o 7ab71 direct$ t[>d ! axis ( ! body1 corresponds to ! effective act ( a s+le walk+ function1 :i* br+s ! body a bit =w>d2 ! ?9n]1 on ! o!r h&1 or we might say ! hair l9e 7bc71 :i*1 h[ev]1 is b r>ely made q cle>ly1 is produc$ by ! ineffectual backw>d movem5t1 by :i* ! insect aga9 approa*es its work+ po/ure 7c74 ,x is at fir/ plac$ at "s di/ance f ! body1 9 ord] t 7l c also7 x may draw ne> to ! body aga92 b 9 su* a way1 naturally1 t x co9cides ) ! />t+-po9t ( ! foll[+ active curve 7cd74 ,x is evid5t t ev5 ! passive curve is n ! impr9t ( ! movem5t accompli%$ exclusively by ! leg1 = ?is latt]1 :ile /ruggl+ to rea* its re/+-place1 is really involunt>ily c>ri$ =w>d ) ! re/ ( ! body4 8,! scroll-l l9es drawn by ! swimm+ beetle 7,dyticus71 ) ! l>ge1 %>p po9ts ( its h9d tibia1 are also v in/ructive 7,fig4 #aai1 ,a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--;,a1 trail curves describ$ by ! tibial sp9es ( ! "r & left h9d limb ( ,dyticus4 ,b1 ! same made by ! "r h9d leg 7r#c7 alone4 ,natural size4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--,! same by ! two h9d legs ( ,melolon?a3 a1 ! active & ?ick5$ section ( ! curve4 ,natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--;,a1 track curves ( two ( ! tibial sp9es ( ! left1 middle legs ( a /ag-beetle4 ,natural size4 ,b1 ! same enl>g$2 fg1 ! longitud9al axis ( ! trunk2 cd & ab1 ! active curve pass+ inw>d1--bc & de1 ! passive go+ outw>d4 ,c1 two curves describ$ by ! left h9d legs2 9 ?is case1 ! curves are n inw>ds or backw>ds1 b p>tly directly inw>d 7b71 & 9 "p obliquely =w>ds 7a74 8,! div]sions & modifications 9 ! c\rse ( ! active /ep1 z furni%$ by ! mov+ factor ( ! rema9+ legs1 are already cle>ly illu/rat$ by ! curves %[n by ! jo9ts ( ! h9d tibia ( a ,may-beetle 7,fig4 #abj7 & a /ag-beetle 7,fig4 #aba1 c74 ,! actual fa9t l9e 9 ?is case does n run f ! front t[>d ! back1 z w\ld correspond to ! active leg-motion1 b ei!r directly inw>d 7,fig4 #aba1 cb71 or ev5 some:at to ! front4 ,9 ! ,may-beetles1 & ev5 m 9 ! runn+ g>d5-beetle1 ! curves ( ! h9d legs pres5t !mselves z screw-l l9es 7,fig4 #abb1 l#c71 :ile ! scrawl+ ( ! rema9+ memb]s 7l#a1 l#b7 is mu* simpl]4 8,inasmu* z we n[ h a cursory k ( ! movem5ts made by ea* individual leg = itself1--movem5ts1 h[ev]1 :i* pla9ly occur v diff]5tly accord+ to ! /ructure ( ^! app5dages1--! "q n[ is ( ! comb9$ play1 ! total effect ( all ! legs tak5 toge!r1 & !re=e ( ! walk & measure ( ! unit$ "w ( ! foot4 8,9 opposition to ! cat]pill>s & _m o!r crawl+ animals :i* ext5d _! legs 9 pairs & really sw+ !m by ! worm-l mode ( contraction ( ! d]mo-muscul> tube1 ! legs ( fully gr[n insects are mov$ 9 ! contr>y direction & 9 no s5se 9 pairs1 b alt]nately--or1 m /rictly speak+1 9 a diagonal direction4 8,= an exam9ation ( ! gait ( insects1 we *oose1 = obvi\s reasons1 ^? :i* h v long legs & :i* at ! same "t are sl[ walk]s4 8,insects may be call$ #8d\ble-?ree-foot$1' f ! mann] 9 :i* !y alt]nately place _! legs4 ,!re are always ?ree legs set 9 motion at ! same "t1 or ne>ly s1 :ile 9 ! meantime ! rema9+ legs support ! body1 aft] :i* !y *ange places4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--,! same by ! left =e 7l#a71 middle 7l#b71 & h9d1 leg 7l#c7 ( a ,c>abus4 ,natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4-,tracks ( a ,blaps mortisaga m>k$ by ! diff]5tly pa9t$ tibial po9ts3 1 tracks ( =e1 --1 middle1 --_/1 h9d leg4 ,natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--,tracks ( ,necrophorus vespilio4 ,natural size4 8,to be m exact1 x is usually ?us3 ,at fir/ 7,fig4 #aah7 ! left =e leg 7,l#a7 /eps out1 !n foll[s ! "r middle leg 7,r#b71 & ! left h9d leg 7,l#c74 ,!n :ile ! left =e leg beg9s to retract & ?us make ! backw>d movem5t1 ! "r =e leg is ext5d$1 :]eupon ! left middle leg & ! "r h9d leg are rais$ 9 ! same ord] z ! fir/ ?ree feet40 ,grab]#bc pa9t$ ! feet ( beetles & let !m run ov] pap]1 & goes on to say3 8,let u fir/ pursue ! tracks ( ! ,blaps1 = example 7,fig4 #abc74 ,let ! insect beg9 its motion4 ,! left =e leg /&s at a1 ! "r middle leg at 1 & ! left h9d leg at c4 ,! correspond+ numb] ( ! o!r set ( ?ree feet at 1 b1 4 ,at ! fir/ /ep ! ?ree feet fir/ m5tion$ advance to ac1 ! second set on ! o!r h& to b4 ,!reby ! tracks made by ! successive /eps fall q1 or almo/ q1 on ea* o!r1 z appe> also 9 ! tracks ( a bury+ beetle 7,fig4 #abd74 8,z ! =e legs are direct$ =w>d & ! h9d legs backw>d1 :ile ! middle legs are plac$ obliquely1 ! reason ( ! m m>k$ impressions ( ! latt] is evid5t4 8,! highe/ te/imony to ! precise exactitude & accuracy ( ! walk+ me*anism ( insects is furni%$ by ! fact t 9 mo/ insects1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ^? mo/ fleet ( foot1 :i*1 :e!r !y are runn+ away or *as+ _! prey1 mu/ be able to rely entirely ^u _! means ( locomotion2--! fact1 we say1 t :e!r !y desire to move sl[ly or m quickly1 ! di/ances ( ! /eps1 measur$ by ! l5g? z well z by ! cross-direction1 h>dly diff] a hair's bread? f "o ano!r1 & ?is is also ! case :5 ! t>si are cut (f & ! insects are oblig$ to run on ! po9ts ( _! heels 7tibi74 8,!nce1 inasmu* z ! trunk ( insects is c>ri$ by two legs & by "o on ea* side alt]nately1 x may surely be conclud$ a priori t :5 walk+ x is incl9$ n[ to ! "r & n[ to ! left1 & t ! track1 too1 :i* is left beh9d by a precise po9t ( ! leg1 c 9 no wise be a /raight l9e2 & 9 reality ?is is n ! case4 8,a pla9ly m>k$ regul> curve1 :i* approa*es a s9u\s l9e1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #abe1 is (t5 obta9$ by pa9t+ _m insects1 = example ,tri*odes1 ,melo1 etc41 :i*1 :5 runn+1 ei!r br+ ! end ( _! h9d body ne> to ! gr\nd or into contact ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--,tracks ( ,tri*odes2 ! middle s9u\s l9e is made by ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--,tracks ( ano!r insect :i*1 9 runn+1 c only use ?ree legs 7r#a1 l#d1 r#c7 :i* become indicat$ diff]5tly f normal conditions4 ,natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--,! same ( an insect cross+ ov] a surface incl9$ #cj f ! horizon1 :]eby ! plac+ ( ! feet becomes *ang$4 ,natural size4--,?is & ,figs4 #abj-abf aft] ,grab]4 8,! locomotive ma*9e ( insects may be call$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a d\ble set ( ?ree feet ea*1 z mo/ insects1 & p>ticul>ly ^? provid$ ) a broad trunk1 are able to balance !mselves ) "o ( ^! two sets ( feet1 & inde$ :5 walk+1 z well z :5 /&+ /ill1 c move ab\t ev5 bett] ) "o set ( ^! feet ?an ) f\r legs4 ,9 ! latt] case1 t is1 if "o cuts (f a pair ( legs f an insect1 ! trunk c balance itself only ) extreme difficulty1 & !re is !re=e little prospect t insects w ev] become f\r-foot$4 8,b if "o compels insects to run on ?ree legs1 he w ?us make ! int]e/+ discov]y t to make up ! defici5cy !y place ! rema9+ feet & br+ !m to ! gr\nd some:at diff]5tly ?an :5 ! second set ( feet is active4 ,figs4 #abd & #abf may be comp>$ = ?is purpose4 ,! =m] %[s ! footpr9ts ( a bury+ beetle runn+ ) all six legs1 ! latt] ! track ( ! same insect1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has at its disposal only ! "r =e leg1 ! left middle leg1 & ! "r h9d leg4 ,"o may pla9ly see "h t ! track ( ! h9d leg on ! "r side 7r#c7 approa*es ! track ( ! middle leg on ! left side1 & !n fur!r1 t ! "r =e leg 7r#a7 /eps out m to ! "r to make up = ! defici5cy ( ! middle leg4 8,a simil> adaptation ( ! position ( ! legs1 :i* is entirely dep5d5t on ! *oice ( ! insect1 may also be obs]v$ !re1 if "o compels insects :i* are n provid$ ) correspond+ adhesive lobes to run away ov] crook$ surfaces4 ,fig4 #abc %[s ! footpr9ts ( a ,blaps :5 runn+ ^u a horizontal plane4 ,fig4 #abg1 on ! contr>y1 %[s ! tracks ( ! legs :5 go+ diagonally ov] a gradually incl9$ surface4 ,"h1 also1 ! insect holds on ) 8 =e & middle legs 7r#a1 r#b7 /ret*$ upw>d1 :]eby also ! impressions on bo? sides come to lie f>!r ap>t ?an 9 ! normal mode ( walk+4 8,x w n surprise ! read] :o is famili> ) ! gait ( crabs1 to he> t _m insects also und]/& ! laudable art ( go+ backw>d1 :]e9 ! h9d legs simply *ange places ) ! =e legs4 8,! jump+ motion ( insects may be be/ /udi$ 9 gras%opp]s4 ,:5 ^! insects are prep>+ = a jump1 !y /ret* out ! upp] ?igh horizontally1 clap ! tibi toge!r1 & also retract ! foot-segm5t4 ,aft] a slight pause = re/1 dur+ :i* !y are gett+ ready = ! jump1 !y !n j]k ! tibi sudd5ly backw>d & aga9/ ! gr\nd ) all _! /r5g? by means ( ! ext5sor muscles40 ,! correctness ( ,grab]'s views has be5 confirm$ by ,m>ey by in/antane\s photographs 7,figs4 #abh1 #abi74 ,locomotion on smoo? surfaces4--,h[ flies & o!r insects are able to walk up1 or run ) ! body inv]t$1 on h>d surfaces has be5 lately discov]$ by ,dewitz1 ,dahl1 & o!rs4 ,all au?ors are agre$ t ?is p[] is due to ! pres5ce ( ! specializ$ empodium ( ea* t>sus4 ,dewitz confirm$ ! op9ion ( ,blackwell1 t a glut9\s liquid is exud$ f ! apices ( ! t55t hairs :i* fr+e ! empodium4 ,by fa/5+ insects feet upp]mo/ on ! "u side ( a cov]+ glass :i* projects f a glass slide1 ! hairs :i* clo! ! empodia ( ! foot ( a fly 7,musca ery?rocephala7 may be se5 to be tipp$ ) drops ( transp>5t liquid4 ,on ! leg be+ drawn back f ! glass1 a transp>5t ?read is drawn out1 & drops are f\nd to be left on ! glass4 ,9 cases :]e ^! hairs are want+1 z 9 ! ,hemipt]a1 ! adhesive fluid exudes directly f pores 9 ! foot4 ,9 ! beetles 7,telephorus disp>7 & o!r insects ! t55t hairs on ! foot end 9 %>p po9ts1 bel[ :i* are plac$ ! op5+s ( ! canals4 ,! gl&s1 ,dewitz /ates1 are *iefly flask-%ap$ & unicellul>1 situat$ 9 ! hypod]mis ( ! *it9\s coat2 ea* gl& op5+ into "o ( ! hairs 7,fig4 #ajh72 !y are ea* inve/$ by a /ructureless tunica propria1 & conta9 granul> protoplasm1 a nucleus plac$ at ! inn] side1 & a vesicle1 prolong$ into a tube :i*1 trav]s+ ! neck ( ! gl&1 is atta*$ to ! root ( ! hair2 ! vesicle receiv+ ! secretion4 ,ea* gl& is connect$ ) a f9e n]ve-twig1 & secretion is probably volunt>y4 ,among ! t55t hairs ( ! empodium are o!rs :i* mu/ be suppli$ ) a n]ve1 =m+ tactile hairs1 z !y ea* proce$ f a unicellul> ganglion 7,fig4 #ajh1 n74 ,! secretion is =c$ out ( ! gl& by ! contraction ( ! protoplasm1 ,dewitz hav+ se5 ! secretion driv5 out f ! int]nal vesicle into its neck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--,! walk ( an or?opt]\s insect3 s]ies to be foll[$ f "r to left4--,aft] ,m>ey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--;,beetle walk+3 s]ies to be foll[$ f left to "r4--,aft] ,m>ey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--;,a1 end ( an adhesive hair ( a weevil 7,eupolus73 i1 canal3 i1 its ext]nal op5+ at ! end ( ! hair4 ,b1 end ( a simil> hair ( ,telephorus ) drops ( ! secretion4--,aft] ,dewitz4 ,9 ! sph]ical la/ t>sal jo9t ( ,or?opt]a 7,fig4 #aji71 :i* is )\t ^! t55t hairs1 ne>ly all ! cells ( ! hypod]mis are conv]t$ into unicellul> gl&s1 ea* ( :i* s5ds out a long1 f9e1 *it9\s tubule1 :i* is connect$ ) its fell[s by v f9e hairs & is cont9u\s ) ! *it9\s coat ( ! foot & op5s ?r\gh x4 ,! sole ( ! foot is ela/ic & adapts itself to m9ute inequalities ( surfaces1 :ile ! ant]ior ( ea* t>sal jo9t is almo/ entirely occupi$ by an enl>gem5t ( ! tra*ea1 :i* acts on ! ela/ic sole l an air *amb]1 r5d]+ x t5se & at ! same "t pliant4 ,dewitz adds t ! app>atus situat$ on ! front legs ( ! male ( ,/5obo?rus sibiricus 7,fig4 #aca7 mu/ h ! function ( caus+ ! legs to adh]e closely to ! female by ! excretion ( an adhesive mat]ial4 ,! hairs ( ! ant]ior t>si ( male ,c>abi also appe> to possess ! p[] ( adhesion4 ,9 ! h\se-fly ! empodia seem to be only call$ into action :5 ! insect has to walk on v]tical smoo? surfaces1 z at o!r times !y hang loosely d[n4 ,burmei/] obs]v$ ! use ( a glut9\s secretion = walk+ 9 dipt]\s l>v1 & ,dewitz f\nd t ! l>va ( a ,musca us$ = ?is purpose a liquid eject$ f ! m\?4 ,! l>v ( ano!r fly 7,leucopis puncticornis7 p]=m _! loop-l walk by emitt+ a fluid f bo? m\? & anus4 ,a ,cecidomyia l>va is able to leap by fix+ its ant]ior end by means ( an adhesive fluid4 ,! l>va ( ! leaf-beetle1 ,gal]uca1 moves by draw+ up its h9d] end1 fix+ x ?us1 & c>ry+ ! ant]ior "p ( ! body =w>d ) its feet until fully ext5d$1 :5 x breaks ! glut9\s adhesion4 ,! abdom9al legs ( "s saw-fly l>v h ! same p[]4 ,dahl c\ld n detect 9 ! foot ( ! hornet 7,vespa crabro7 any space :i* c\ld be consid]$ z a vacuum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4--,/5obo?rus sibiricus pair+3 ,a4 ! 1 =e t>sus 7t7 greatly enl>g$2 ar1 arolia2 p1 pulvillus4--,aft] ,pag5/e*]4 ,simm]ma*] /ates t 9 mo/ cases ( climb+ beetles ! tubul> t55t hairs p\r out a secretion 7,figs4 #acc1 #acd71 8& x is probable t we h "h to d ) ! ph5om5a n ( actual atta*m5t by1 z x 71 glu+1 b ( adhesion2 ! orifice ( ! tubes is divid$ obliquely1 & ! tubes are1 at ?is po9t1 extremely delicate & flexible1 s z to adh]e by _! l[] surface2 9 ?is adhesion !y are aid$ by ! secret$ fluid40 ,9 ! case ( ! ,dipt]a he does n accept ! !ory by :i* ! movem5t ( ! fly along smoo? surfaces is ascrib$ to an alt]nate fixation & sep>ation1 b believes 9 a process ( adhesion1 aid$ by a secretion1 z 9 _m ,coleopt]a4 7,9 ! ,c]ambycid !re is no secretion1 & ! tubules are m]ely suck+ organs1 l ^? obs]v$ 9 ! male ,silphid47 8,! atta*+ lobes1 closely beset ) *it9\s hairs1 are enabl$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pressure ( ! foot1 to completely lie along any smoo? surface2 ?is expels ! air b5ea? ! lobes1 :i* are !n act$ on by ! pressure ( ! out] air40 7,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,micr4 ,soc41 #ahhd1 p4 #gcf47 ,ano!r writ] 7,romb\ts7 ?9ks ?is p[] is due to capill>y adhesion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4--;,=e leg ( ,dyticus1 "u side1 ) suck]1 =m$ ( #c enl>g$ t>sal jo9ts3 ) a small cupule highly magnifi$4 #abj4--;,aft] ,miall4 ,! action ( ! pulvillus & claws :5 at re/ or 9 use by ! honey-bee is well %[n by ,*e%ire 7,fig4 #ace1 ,b74 ,9 asc5d+ a r\gh surface1 8! po9ts ( ! claws cat* 7z at ,b7 & ! pulvillus is sav$ f any contact1 b if ! surface be smoo?1 s t ! claws get no grip1 !y slide back & are drawn b5ea? ! foot 7z at ,a71 :i* *ange ( position applies ! pulvillus1 s t x imm$iately cl+s4 ,x is ! "* ( ! surface1 !n1 & n ! w ( ! bee1 t det]m9es :e!r claw or pulvillus %all be us$ 9 su/a9+ x4 ,b ano!r contrivance1 equally beautiful1 rema9s to be notic$4 ,! pulvillus is c>ri$ fold$ 9 ! middle 7z at ,c1 ,fig4 #aje71 b op5s out :5 appli$ to a surface2 = x has at its upp] "p an ela/ic & curv$ rod 7cr1 ,figs4 #aje & #ace71 :i* /raight5s z ! pulvillus is press$ d[n2 ,c & ,d1 ,fig4 #ace1 mak+ ?is cle>4 ,! flatt5$-out pulvillus ?us holds /rongly :ile pull$1 by ! weight ( ! bee1 along ! surface1 to :i* x adh]es1 b comes up at once if lift$ & roll$ (f f its opposite sides1 j z we %\ld pull a wet po/age /amp f an envelope4 ,! bee1 !n1 is held securely till x attempts to lift ! leg1 :5 x is fre$ at once2 &1 by ?is exquisite yet simple plan1 x c fix & release ea* foot at lea/ tw5ty times p] second40 7,bees & ,bee-keep+1 p4 #abg47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4--;,cross-section ?r\gh a t>sal jo9t ( =e leg ( ,dyticus1 1 %[+ ! /alk$ *it9\s suck]s 7s71 ) a m>g9al bri/le on ea* side3 t1 tra*ea2 a1 an isolat$ tubule or suck] ( ,loric]a1--b1 ( ,*lnius1--c1 ( ,cic9dela2 d1 two views ( "o ( ,necrophorus g]manicus1 4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4--,section ?r\gh ! t>sus ( a ,/aphyl9id beetle2 ! gl&ul> or t55t hairs aris+ f *it9\s processes4 ,a1 section ?r\gh ! t>sal jo9t ( ! p9e weevil1 ,hylobius abietis1 %[+ ! cr[d$1 bulb\s1 gl&ul>1 or t55t hairs aris+ f unicellul> gl&s4--,?is & ,fig4 #acc aft] ,simm]ma*]4 ,ockl] divides ! normal two-claw$ foot into ?ree subtypes3 7#a7 ) an unpair$ m$ian empodium2 7#b7 ) two out] lat]al adhesive lobes2 7#c7 ) two adhesive lobes bel[ ! claws2 ! latt] is ! *ief type & =ms ei!r a climb+ or a clasp+ foot4 ,! am\nt ( movem5t possess$ by ! claws is limit$1 & :at !re is1 is effect$ by means ( an ela/ic membrane & ! ext5sor plate 7,fig4 #aaj74 ,! 8ext5sor sole0 :i* is always pres5t 9 insects ) an unpair$ m$ian fix+ or adhesive organ 7empodium7 is to be reg>d$ z a modification ( ! ext5sor seta4 ,! ext5sor plate is peculi> to an insect's foot4 ,ockl] /ates t ! s-call$ 8pressure plate0 ( ,dahl is only a movably articulat$1 skeletal1 support+ plate = ! m$ian fix+ lobule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4--;,honey-bee's foot 9 ! act ( climb+1 %[+ ! automatic action ( ! pulvillus1 #cj3 ,a1 position ( foot 9 climb+ on a slipp]y surface1 or glass2 pv1 pulvillus2 fh1 tactile hairs2 un1 unguis2 t1 la/ t>sal jo9t4 ,b1 position ( foot 9 climb+ r\gh surface4 ,c1 section ( pulvillus j t\*+ flat surface2 cr1 curv$ rod4 ,d1 ! same appli$ to ! surface4--,aft] ,*e%ire4 ,climb+4--,9 c]ta9 respects ! p[] ( climb+ supplies ! want ( w+s1 & ev5 exi/s (t5 9 h\se-flies among :i* !re is %[n a _m-sid$ motion t is q unhe>d ( 9 o!r gr\ps ( insects4 ,! be/ climb]s are obvi\sly ^? insects :i* live on trees & bu%es1 z1 = example1 longicorn beetles & gras%opp]s4 ,^! may be accurately call$ ! monkeys ( ! insect k9d1 ev5 if _! movem5ts take place less gracefully1 & inde$ r /iffly & wood5ly4 ,we already "k :at are ! prop] climb+ organs2 t is1 ! %>p easily movable claws on ! foot4 ,) ! help ( ^! claws c]ta9 insects1 ,may-beetles = example1 c hang ^u "o ano!r l a *a92 inde$1 bees & ants 9 ?is mann] b9d !mselves toge!r into liv+ g>l&s & bridges4 ,!re are /ill add$ to ! *it9\s hooks flaps & balls ( a /icky nature1 by help ( :i* likewise ! insects glue !mselves toge!r4 ,to facilitate ! spann+ ( /ill ?ick] twigs1 ! climb+ foot ( insects has a great] movability ev5 ?an :5 x only s]ves z a sole4 7,grab]47 ,! mode ( swimm+ ( insects4--,to /udy ! swimm+ movem5ts ( insects1 let u exam9e a ,dyticus4 ,x w appe>1 z ,grab] /ates1 to be wond]fully adapt$ to its elem5t4 8,! body resembles a boat4 ,!re is n[h]e a project+ po9t or a %>p corn] :i* w\ld (f] unnecess>y resi/ance to motion2 bulg+ out 9 ! middle & po9t$ at ! end1 x cuts ?r\gh ! resi/ance ( ! wat] l a w$ge4 ,! movable p>ts1 ! o>s1 seem to be z well fitt$ = _! purpose z ! burd5 to be mov$ by !m4 ,t ! h9d legs mu/ be> ! brunt ( ?is foll[s f _! position exactly 9 ! middle ( ! body1 :]e x is wide/4 ,9 o!r insects also ^! legs are us$ = ! same purpose z soon z ! insects are put 9 ! wat]4 ,b ! swimm+ legs ( wat]-beetles are o>s ( q peculi> con/ruction4 ,!y are n turn$ ab\t 9 ! cox1 z are o!r legs1 b at ! foot-jo9t4 ,! coxa1 namely1 has gr[n entirely toge!r ) ! ?oracic p>tition4 ,! muscles we h m5tion$1 exce$+ 9 /r5g? all ! s(t p>ts tak5 toge!r1 take hold directly ( ! l>ge w+-%ap$ t5dons ( ! upp] ?igh1 & ext5d & retract ! leg 9 "o ( ! planes ly+ close to ! abdom9al p>tition4 ,! foot =ms ! o>1 h[ev]4 ,x is v mu* l5g!n$ & /ill m wid5$1 & c be turn$ & b5t 9 by sep>ate muscles 9 su* a way t 9 ! passive movem5t1 t is1 ! retraction1 ! n>r[ edge is turn$ to ! =e1 & !re=e to ! m$ium to be dislodg$2 h[ev]1 z soon z ! active pu% is to be p]=m$ & ! leg is ext5d$ ) great] =ce1 x cuts d[n ?r\gh ! wat] ) its :ole wid?4 ,^! effective o>-blades are /ill consid]ably enl>g$ by ! hairs aris+ on ! side ( ! foot1 :i* spread out at ! decisive mom5t4 8,e "o kn[s t ! o>-blades ( swimm+ beetles always g up & d[n simultane\sly & 9 regul> "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z soon z "o puts a ,dyticus on ! dry l&1 i4e4 on an unyield+ m$ium1 x uses its h9d legs entirely aft] ! mann] ( o!r l& insects2 t is1 !y are drawn 9 & ext5d$ aga9 alt]nately1 z takes place cle>ly en\gh f ! foot/eps 9 ,fig4 #aai1 ,a4 ,we le>n f ?is t wat] insects h n yet1 f want ( practice1 =gott5 ! mode ( walk+ ( l& insects4 8,! =c+ up ( ! wat] z a propell+ p[] is add$ to ! repulsion produc$ by ! /rong /rokes ( ! o>s4 ,if ! beetle /ood up horizontally 9 ! wat]1 he w\ld be lift$ up4 8,z ! trunk1 h[ev]1 assumes an oblique position :5 ! insect wi%es to swim1 "o c !n imag9e ! driv+ up ( ! wat] z be+ divid$ into two =ces1 "o ( :i* drives ! body =w>d 9 a horizontal direction1 :ile ! o!r1 t is1 ! v]tical compon5t1 is suppli$ by ! mov+ ( ! o>s4 ,! swimm+ insect is ?us1 z x 71 a snake fly+ 9 ! wat]4 8,! long /ream]-l h9d legs ( _m wat]-bugs1 = example ,notonecta1 approa* m ne>ly our artificial o>s4 ,^! legs are turn$ out f ! bottom4 8,!re is no d\bt b t ! legs ( insects1 z reg>ds ! _m-sid$ness & exactitude ( _! locomotive actions1 place ! simil> contrivances ( o!r animals f> 9 ! %ade4 ,we %all be =c$ to admire ^! +5i\s lev]s /ill m1 h[ev]1 :5 we take into consid]ation _! en]gy & /r5g?4 ,t ! =ce ) :i* ! locomotive muscles ( insects is drawn toge!r is enorm\s comp>$ ) t ( v]tebrates1 we may le>n if we try to subdue ! rhy?mical movem5ts ( ! ?orax ( a l>ge butt]fly by ! pressure ( our f+] or to op5 aga9/ ! insect's w ! clos$ jump+ leg ( a gras%opp]1 or ! fossorial %ovel ( a mole-cricket40 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,legs ,,& ,,feet ,mac,leay1 ,w4 ,s4 ,on ! /ructure ( ! t>sus 9 ! tetram]\s ,coleopt]a ( ! ,fr5* entomologi/s4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 xv1 #ahbe1 pp4 #fc-gc47 ,spey]1 ,o4 ,unt]su*ung d] ,be9e d] ,s*mett]l+e4 7,isis1 #ahdc1 pp4 #afa-bjg1 #bdc-bfd47 ,pokorsky ,joravko1 ,a4 von4 ,quelques rem>ques sur le d]ni] article du t>se des ,hymnoptres4 7,bull4 ,soc4 imp4 ,natur4 ,mosc\1 #ahdd1 xvii1 pp4 #adj-aei4 ,ref4 9 ,isis1 #ahdh1 v1 p4 #cdg47 ,rossmassl]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,das ,be9 d] ,insekt54 7,aus d] ,heima?1 #ahfj1 #c kap41 pp4 #cbg-ccd1 ,fig47 ,we/1 ,tuff54 ,! foot ( ! fly2 its /ructure & action2 elucidat$ by comp>ison ) ! feet ( o!r insects1 etc4 ,"p ,i4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 xxiii1 #ahfa1 pp4 #cic-dba1 #a ,pl47 ,sundevall1 ,c4 ,on insekt5as extremitet] samt d]as huf\d o* munddel>4 7,kongl4 ,vet5skaps ,akad4 ,h&l+>4 iii1 ,nr4 #i1 #ahfa47 ,l9demann1 ,c4 ,notiz5 zur ,lehre vom auss]5 ,skelete d] ,insekt5 7,gel5ke und ,muskeln d] ,fsse74 #a ,taf4 7,bull4 ,soc4 imp4 d4 ,natur4 ,mosc\1 xxxvii1 #ahfd1 pp4 #dbf-dcb47 ,liebe1 ,o4 ,die ,gel5ke d] ,insekt54 ,*emnitz1 #ahgc4 #d4 #a ,taf4 ,cane/r9i1 ,j4 ,ueb] e9 sond]b>es ,organ d] ,hym5opt]54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhj1 pp4 #dba1 #dbb47 ,dahl1 ,f4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis des ,baues und d] ,funktion5 d] ,insekt5be9e4 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*4 #a ,jahrg41 #ahhd1 pp4 #adf-aic1 #c ,taf4 ,sep41 #dh pp4 ,vorlauf4 ,mitteil1 9 ,zool4 ,anz41 #ahhd1 pp4 #ch-da47 ,lang]1 ,k4 ,ueb] d5 ,gel5kbau bei d5 ,ar?rozo54 ,vi]t] ,beitrag zur v]glei*5d5 ,anatomie und ,me*anik d] ,gel5ke4 7,d5ks*rift5 d] ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,wi51 xviii1 ,bd4 ,physikal4-ma!m4 ,classe1 pp4 #ii-adj4 #c ,taf47 ,grab]1 ,vitus4 ,ueb] die ,me*anik des ,insekt5krp]s4 7,biolog4 ,c5tralbl41 iv1 #ahhd1 pp4 #efj-egj47 ---- ,die auss]5 me*anis*5 ,w]kzeuge d] ,ti]e1 ii ,teil4 ,wirbellose ,ti]e1 #ahhf1 pp4 #age-ahb1 #bjh-baj4 ,dewitz1 ,h4 ,ueb] die ,=tbewegung d] ,ti]e an s5kre*t5 glatt5 ,fl*5 v]mittel/ e9es ,sekretes4 #c ,taf4 7,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 d4 ges4 ,physiologie1 xxxiii1 #ahhd1 pp4 #ddj-dha47 ,ockl]1 ,a4 ,das ,krall5gli$ am ,insekt5fuss4 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 #ahij1 pp4 #bba-bfb1 #b ,taf47 ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,locomotion 7,,walk+1 ,,etc47 ,c>let1 ,g4 ,sur le mode de locomotion des *5illes4 7,compt1 r5d4 ,acad4 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 cvii1 pp4 #aca-acd4 ,naturwiss4 ,runds*au1 iii ,jahrg41 #ahhh1 ,no4 #db1 p4 #edc47 ---- ,de la m>*e d'un insecte r5du tetrapode p> la suppression d'une paire de pattes4 7,ibid41 pp4 #efe1 #eff47 ---- ,sur la locomotion des insectes et des ara*nides4 7,ibid41 #ahgi1 ,t4 #hi1 pp4 #aabd1 #aabe47 ---- ,ueb] d5 ,gang e9es vi]fssig gema*t5 ,insekts4 7,naturwiss4 ,runds*au1 viii ,jahrg41 #ahhh1 pp4 #fff-ffg2 ,compt4 r5d4 #ahhh1 cvii47 ,demoor1 ,j4 ,re*]*es sur la m>*e des insectes et des ara*nides4 tude exp]im5tale d',anatomie et de ,physiologie comp>es4 7,ar*iv de ,biologie1 ,lige1 #ahhj1 #db pp4 #c ,pls47 ---- ,ueb] das ,geh5 d] ,ar?ropod5 mit ,b]cksi*tigung d] ,s*wankung5 des ,krp]s4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 d4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 #ahij1 cxi1 pp4 #hci-hdj47 ,o/5-,sack51 ,c4 ,r4 von4 ,ueb] das ,betrag5 des kali=nis*5 flgellos5 ,bittacus 7apt]us ,mc,lachl474 7,wi5] ,ent4 ,zeit41 #ahhb1 pp4 #abc47 ,dixon1 ,h4 ,h4 ,prelim9>y note on ! walk+ ( "s ( ! ,ar?ropoda4 7,proc4 ,r4 ,dubl9 ,soc4 vii1 pp4 #egd-egh1 #ahib4 ,also ,nature1 #ahig47 ,also ! works ( ,grab]1 ,m>ey1 ,*e%ire1 etc4 ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,walk+ ,,on ,,smoo? ,,surfaces ,blackwell1 ,j4 ,rem>ks on ! pulvilli ( insects4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 xvi1 #ahca1 pp4 #dhg-dib1 #gfg-ggj47 ,l[ne1 ,b4 ,t4 ,on ! s-call$ suck]s ( ,dytiscus & ! pulvilli ( insects4 7,trans4 ,roy4 ,micr4 ,soc41 pp4 #bfg-bga1 #ahga1 #a ,pl47 ,we/1 ,tuff54 ,on c]ta9 app5dages to ! feet ( insects subs]vi5t to hold+ or climb+4 7,j\rn4 ( ! ,proce$4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,zology1 vi1 #ahfb1 pp4 #bf-hh47 ,dewitz1 ,h4 ,ueb] die ,=tbewegung d] ,ti]e an s5kre*t51 glatt5 ,fl*5 v]mittel/ e9es ,sekrets4 7,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 d4 ges4 ,physiologie1 xxxiii1 #ahhd1 pp4 #ddj-dha4 #c ,taf4 ,also ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhd1 pp4 #djj-dje47 ---- ,wie i/ es d5 ,/ub5flieg5 und &]5 ,insekt5 mgli*1 an s5kre*t5 ,glasw&5 emporzulauf54 7,sitzungsb4 ,ges4 naturf4 ,freunde zu ,b]l91 #ahhb1 pp4 #e-g47 ---- ,weit]e ,mitteilung5 b] d5 ,klett]n d] ,insekt5 7,ibid41 #ahhb1 pp4 #aji-aac74 ---- ,die ,befe/igung dur* e95 kleb5d5 s*leim beim spr+5 geg5 s5kre*te ,fl*54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhc1 pp4 #bgc1 #bgd47 ---- ,ueb] die ,wirkung d] ,haftlapp*5 tot] ,flieg54 7,ent4 ,na*r41 x ,jahrg41 #ahhd1 pp4 #bhf1 #bhg47 ---- ,weit]e ,mitteilung5 b] das ,klett]n d] ,insekt5 an glatt5 s5kre*t5 ,fl*54 7,zoolog4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhe4 viii ,jahrg41 pp4 #aeg-aei47 ---- ,ri*tig/ellung d] behauptung5 des ,h]rn ,f4 ,dahl4 7,ar*iv f4 mikroskop4 ,anat41 #ahhe1 xxvi1 pp4 #abe-abh47 ,romb\ts1 ,j4 ,e4 ,ueb] die ,=tbewegung d] ,flieg5 an glatt5 ,fl*54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhd1 pp4 #fai-fbc47 ---- ,de la facult qu'out les m\*es de se m\voir sur le v]re et sur les autres corps polis4 7,ar*iv ,museum ,teyl] 7#b71 #d ,"p1 pp4 #af4 ,fig47 ,simm]ma*]1 ,g4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,haftapp>ate an ,t>salgli$]n von ,insekt54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s*4 ,zool4 xl1 #ahhd1 pp4 #dha-eef4 #c ,taf41 #b ,figs4 ,also ,zoolog4 ,anzeig]1 vii ,jahrg41 #ahhd1 pp4 #bbe-bbh47 ---- ,antwort an ,h]rn ,dr4 ,h4 ,dewitz4 7,ibid41 pp4 #eac-eag47 ,dahl1 ,f4 ,die ,fussdrs5 d] ,insekt54 7,ar*iv f4 mikroskop4 ,anat41 #ahhe1 xxv1 pp4 #bcf-bfc4 #b ,taf4 ,see also p4 #aah47 ,em]y1 ,c4 ,=tbewegung von ,ti]5 an s5kre*t5 und b]hang5d5 glatt5 ,fl*54 7,biolog4 ,c5tralbl41 #ahhd1 #d ,bd41 pp4 #dch-ddc47 ,lon1 ,n4 ,disposition anatomique des organes de succion *ez les ,hydrocores et les ,gocores4 7,bull4 ,soc4 des ,m$ec4 et ,natur1 de ,jassy41 #ahhh47 d4 ,! w+s & _! /ructure ,! insects diff] f all o!r animals except birds 9 possess+ w+s1 & z we at ! outset h claim$1 x is evid5tly ow+ to !m t insects are num]ically s sup]ior to any o!r class ( animals1 s9ce _! p[] ( flight enables !m to live 9 ! air out ( rea* ( _m ( _! enemies1 ! greate/ de/ruction to insect life occurr+ 9 ! w+less l>val & pupal /ages4 ,! pres5ce ( w+s has ex]t$ a pr(\nd influ5ce on ! %ape & /ructure ( ! body1 & x is app>5tly due to _! exi/5ce t ! body is s di/9ctly triregional1 s9ce ?is feature is lea/ m>k$ 9 ! synapt]\s insects4 ,! w+s are ?91 broad leaf-l folds ( ! integum5t1 atta*$ to ! ?orax & mov$ by p[]ful muscles :i* occupy ! great] "p ( ! ?oracic cavity4 ,! two pairs ( w+s are outgr[?s ( ! middle & h9d] "p ( ! ?orax1 ! ant]ior pair be+ atta*$ to ! meso?oracic & ! h9d] pair to ! meta?oracic segm5t4 ,! l>g] pair is develop$ f ! middle segm5t ( ! ?orax4 ,! diff]5tiation ( ! t]gites into scutum1 scutellum1 etc41 is ! result ( ! appe>ance ( w+s1 because ^! scl]ites are m or less r$uc$ or effac$ 9 w+less insects1 su* z apt]\s ,or?opt]a & mo?s1 ants1 etc4 ,! size ( ! h9d] ?oracic segm5ts is closely relat$ to t ( ! w+s !y be>4 ,9 ^? ,or?opt]a :i* h h9d w+s l>g] ?an ^? ( ! =e pair1 ! meta?orax is l>g] ?an ! meso?orax4 ,9 su* ,neuropt]a z h ! h9d w+s ne>ly or q z l>ge z ! ant]ior pair1 or 9 ! ,tri*opt]a & 9 ! ,hepialid1 ! meta?orax is ne>ly z l>ge z ! meso?orax1 :ile 9 ,coleopt]a ! meta?orax is z l>ge & (t5 mu* l>g]4 ,9 ! ,ephem]id1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a1 :i* h ei!r only rudim5t>y 7halt]es7 or small h9d w+s1 ! meta?orax is correspond+ly r$uc$ 9 size4 ,! w+s morphologically1 z _! developm5t %[s1 are simple sac-l outgr[?s ( ! integum5t1 i4e4 ( ! free h9d] edge ( ! t]gal plates1 _! place ( orig9 be+ app>5tly above ! upp] edge ( ! epim]a or pleural scl]ites4 ,calv]t#bd h[ev]1 reg>ds ! upp] lam9a ( ! w+ z t]gal1 & ! l[]1 pleural4 ,! w+s 9 mo/ insects are atta*$ to ! ?orax by a membrane conta9+ sev]al little plates ( *it9 call$ by ,aud\9 articulatory epidemes4 ,! w+s1 !n1 are simple1 v ?9 *it9\s lamellate expansions ( ! integum5t1 :i* are support$ & /r5g!n$ by an int]nal framework ( holl[ *it9\s tubes4 ,! ve9s4--,! s-call$ 8ve9s0 or 8n]vures10 :i* are situat$ betwe5 ! upp] & "u lay]s ( ! w+ are s dispos$ z to give ! greate/ lightness & /r5g? to ! w+s4 ,hag5 has %[n t 9 ! fre%ly =m$ w+s ^! two lay]s c be sep>at$1 :5 x c be se5 t ! ve9s pass ?r\gh ea* lay]4 ,^! ve9s are 9 reality q complex1 consi/+ ( a m9ute c5tral tra*ea enclos$ )9 a l>g] tube :i* at ! in/ant ! insect em]ges f ! nymph1 or pupa1 z ! case may be1 is fill$ ) blood 7,fig4 #acf74 ,s9ce ^! tubes at fir/ conta9 blood1 :i* has be5 obs]v$ to circulate ?r\gh !m1 & s9ce ! he>t c be mo/ easily inject$ ?r\gh !m1 !y may m prop]ly be call$ ve9s ?an n]vures4 ,! %ape & v5ation ( ! w+s af=d excell5t ord9al z well z family & g5]ic *>act]s1 :ile !y also enable ! sy/emati/ to exactly locate ! spots & o!r m>k+s ( ! w+s4 ,! spaces enclos$ by ! ve9s & _! cross-bran*es are call$ cells1 & _! %ape (t5 af=ds valuable g5]ic & specific *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4--;,cross-section ( w+ ( ,pronuba4--,aft] ,spul]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4--;,cross-section ( w+ ( ,pi]is3 s1 ins]tions ( scales4-,aft] ,spul]4 ,! /ructure ( a complete ve9 is describ$ by ,spul]4 ,9 a cross-section ( a noctuid mo? 7,triphna pronuba1 ,fig4 #acf7 ! *it9\s walls are se5 to consi/ ( two lay]s1 an out] 7,u7 & inn] 7c71 ! latt] ( :i* takes a /a9 & lies next to ! hypod]mis 7hy74 ,9 ! cavity ( ! ve9 is ! tra*ea 7tr71 :i* %[s m or less di/9ctly ! s-call$ spiral ?read2 )9 ! cavity are also ,semp]'s 8rib0 7r7 & blood-corpuscles 7bc71 :i* proves t ! blood circulates 9 ! ve9s ( ! completely =m$ w+1 ?\gh ?is does n apply to all ,lepidopt]a ) h>d mature w+s4 ,we h be5 able to obs]ve ! same /ructure 9 sections ( ! w+ ( ,zygna4 ,a cross-section ( a ve9 ( ,pi]is brassic %[s t ! l>ge tra*ea is fir/ =m$1 & t x ext5ds along ! track betwe5 ! protoplasmic ?reads connect+ ! two hypod]mal lay]s4 ,! ma9 tra*e ?r[ (f on bo? sides a numb] ( second>y bran*es %[+ at _! end a cell ) an intracellul> tra*eal /ructure2 ^! accessory tra*e aft]w>ds bran* out4 ,! accessory or transv]se tra*e (t5 disappe>1 ?\gh 9 "s mo?s !y rema9 p]man5tly4 ,fig4 #acg tr#b repres5ts ^! second>y ve9s 9 ! edge ( ! =e w+ ( ,lav]na vanella1 aris+ f a ma9 tra*ea 7tr7 pass+ ?r\gh ve9 ,i 7v71 two ( ! twigs ext5d+ to ! c5tre1 %[+ t ! latt] has no homology ) a true ve94 ,only r>ely & 9 /rongly develop$ ?ick folds are ! transv]se tra*e provid$ ) a *it9\s ?ick5+1 z = example 9 ,cossus lignip]da4 ,s9ce f su* accessory tra*e ! transv]se ve9s 9 lepidopt]\s w+s are develop$1 we c recognize 9 !m ! homologies ( ! net-ve9s 9 reticulat$ v5ations4 ,!re is no %>ply def9$ diff]5ce betwe5 reticulat$ & non-reticulat$ v5ations2 no g5etic diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ! two k9ds ( v5ation1 s9ce !re occur true ,blattid bo? ) & )\t a reticulat$ v5ation 7,spul]74 ,9 ! =e w+s ( ,odonata1 ,psoc9a1 ,mantispid1 & mo/ ,hym5opt]a is an usually opaque color$ area betwe5 ! co/al edge & ! m$ian ve91 call$ ! pt]o/igma4 ,9 %ape ! w+s are ei!r triangul> or l9e> oval1 & at ! front edge ! ma9 ve9s are clos] toge!r ?an else:]e1 ?us /r5g!n+ ! w+s & af=d+ ! greate/ resi/ance to ! air 9 mak+ ! d[nw>d /roke dur+ flight4 ,x is noticeable t :5 ! ve9s are 9 "p abort$ f p>tial disuse ( ! w+s1 !y disappe> fir/ f ! h9d] & middle edge1 ^? on ! co/al region p]si/+4 ,?is is se5 9 ! w+s ( ,embiid 7,oligotoma71 ,cynipid1 ,proctotrupid1 ,*alcids1 ants1 etc4 ,! front edge ( ! w+ is call$ ! co/al1 its t]m9ation 9 ! out] angle ( ! w+ is call$ ! apex2 ! out] edge 7t]m57 is situat$ betwe5 ! apex & ! inn] or anal angle1 betwe5 :i* & ! base ( ! w+ is ! inn] or int]nal edge4 ,:ile 9 ,or?opt]a1 dragon-flies1 ,t]mitid1 & ,neuropt]a ! w+s are n atta*$ to ea* o!r1 9 _m ,lepidopt]a !y are loosely connect$ by ! loop & fr5ulum1 or 9 ,hym5opt]a by a s]ies ( /rong hooks4 ,^! hooks are arrang$1 says ,newport1 89 a slightly twi/$ or spiral direction along ! m>g9 ( ! w+1 s z to resemble a screw1 & :5 ! w+s are exp&$ atta* !mselves to a little fold on ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! ant]ior w+1 along :i* !y play v freely :5 ! w+s are 9 motion1 slipp+ to & fro l ! r+s on ! rod ( a w9d[ curta940 ,at ! base ( ! h9d w+s ( ,tri*opt]a & 9 ! lepidopt]\s ,micropt]yx !re is an angul> fold 7jugum7 at ! base ( ea* w+ 7,fig4 #ach72 t ( ! ant]ior w+s is reta9$ 9 ,eriocephala & ,hepialid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4--,v5ation ( =e & h9d w+s ( ,micropt]yx purpurella3 j1 jugum1 on ea* w+2 d1 discal ve92 ! ,roman num]als indicate ve9s ,i4-,,viii4 & _! bran*es4 ,9 ! w+s ( ,or?opt]a z well z o!r insects1 ! =e w+s1 especially1 are divid$ into ?ree well-m>k$ areas1 ! co/al1 m$ian1 & int]nal2 ( ^! ! m$ian area is ! l>ge/1 & 9 gras%opp]s & crickets is m or less modifi$ to =m ! musical app>atus1 consi/+ ( ! drum-l resonant area1 ) ! file or b[4 ,! squam4--,9 ! calyptrate ,muscid1 a l>ge scale-l membran\s broad orbicul> :iti% process is situat$ b5ea? ! base ( ! w+1 above ! halt]2 7,fig4 #id1 #aj sq47 x is ei!r small or want+ 9 ! acalyptrate muscids4 ,kirby & ,sp5ce /ate t :5 ! insect is at re/ ! two divisions ( ?is d\ble lobe are fold$ ov] ea* o!r1 b are ext5d$ dur+ flight4 ,_! exact use is unkn[n4 ,kolbe1 foll[+ o!r ,g]man au?ors1 consid]s ! t]m squama z applicable to ! :ole /ructure1 re/rict+ ! t]m alula to ! o!r lobe-l division4 ,m rec5tly 7#ahij & #ahig7 ,o/5-,sack5 recomm5ds 8squam2 9 ! plural1 z a designation = bo? ( ^! organs tak5 toge!r2 squama1 9 ! s+ul>1 w\ld mean ! po/]ior squama alone1 & antisquama ! ant]ior squama alone20 ! /rip ( membrane runn+ 9 "s cases betwe5 !m1 or connect+ ! squama ) ! scutellum1 %\ld be call$ ! po/-al> membrane4 ,by a mi/ake ,loew1 & o!rs foll[+ him1 us$ ! ^w tegula = squama1 b ?is t]m %\ld be re/rict$ to ! scl]ite ( ! meso?orax previ\sly s designat$ 7,fig4 #ij1 ,a1 t74 ,! squama or its two subdivisions has also by v>i\s au?ors be5 t]m$ alula1 calypta1 squamula1 lobulus1 axill>y lobe1 ail]on1 cuill]on1 s*upp51 & scale4 7,b]l9 ,ent4 ,zeits*rift1 xli1 #ahif1 pp4 #bhe-bhh1 #cbh1 #cch47 ,! halt]es4--,9 ! ,dipt]a ! h9d w+s are modifi$ to =m ! halt]es or balanc]s1 :i* are pres5t 9 all ! species1 ev5 9 ,nyct]ibia1 b are abs5t 9 ,braula4 ,me9]t f9ds /ructures 9 ! ,lepidopt]a :i* he consid]s z ! homologues ( ! halt]es ( ,dipt]a4 8,9 ! ,noctuid10 he rem>ks1 8,i f9d aris+ f ! f\r? ?oracic segm5t 7segm5t mdiaire71 b cov]$ by hair1 an organ l ! halt] ( ,dipt]a40 7,ent4 ,tidskrift41 i1 #ahhj1 p4 #afh47 ,he gives no details4 ,9 ! ,/ylopid1 on ! contr>y1 ! =e w+s are r$uc$ to little n>r[ pads1 :ile ! h9d w+s are ( great size4 ,! ?yridium is a :iti% spot m>k+ a break 9 ! cubital ve9 ( ! =e w+ ( ,tri*opt]a2 ^! m9ute ?yridia occur 9 ! =e w+s ( ! saw-flies2 !re is also an int]co/al ?yridium on ! co/al "p ( ! w+s ( ,d]mapt]a4 ,! =e w+s ( ,or?opt]a are ?ick] ?an ! h9d] ones1 & s]ve to protect ! h9d-body :5 ! w+s are fold$2 !y are sometimes call$ tegm9a4 ,x is notewor?y1 t1 accord+ to ,scudd]1 9 all ! paleozoic cockroa*es ! =e w+s 7tegm9a7 7 z di/9ctly ve9$ z ! h9d] pair1 8& c\ld n 9 any s5se be call$ coriace\s40 7,pret]ti>y ,insects ( ,n4 ,a41 p4 #ci47 ,scudd] also obs]ves t 9 ! paleozoic insects z a rule ! =e & h9d w+s 7 simil> 9 %ape & v5ation1 8het]og5eity mak+ its appe>ance 9 mesozoic times40 ,9 ! het]opt]\s ,hemipt]a1 also1 ! basal half ( ! =e w+s is ?ick & coriace\s or p>*m5t-l1 & also protects ! body :5 !y are fold$2 ^! w+s are call$ hemelytra4 ,9 ! ,d]mapt]a ! small %ort =e w+s are ?ick5$ & elytri=m4 ,! elytra4--,?is ?ick5+ ( ! =e w+s is c>ri$ out to its fulle/ ext5t 9 ! =e w+s ( beetles1 :]e !y =m ! %ea?s1 %>ds1 or elytra1 "u :i* ! h9d w+s are fold$4 ,! index$ co/al edge is call$ ! epipleurum1 be+ wide 9 ! ,t5ebrionid4 ,dur+ flight 8! elytra are op5$ s z to =m an angle ) ! body & admit ( ! free play ( ! w+s0 7,kirby & ,sp5ce74 ,9 ! runn+ beetles 7,c>abid71 also 9 ! weevils & 9 _m ,pt9idae1 ! h9d w+s are want+1 ?r\gh disuse1 & (t5 ! elytra are firmly unit$1 =m+ a s+le h>d %ell or case4 ,! firmness ( ! elytra is due bo? to ! ?ickness ( ! *it9\s deposit & to ! pres5ce ( m9ute *it9\s rods or pill>s connect+ ! upp] & l[] *it9\s surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4--,longitud9al section ?r\gh ! edge ( ! elytrum ( ,l9a nea3 gl1 gl&s2 r1 res]voir2 fb1 fat-body2 m1 matrix2 u1 upp]1--l1 l[]1 lamella4--,aft] ,h(fbau]4 ,h(fbau] f9ds t 9 ! elytra ( beetles ( diff]5t families ! v5ation *>act]i/ic ( ! h9d w+s is want+1 ! ma9 tra*e be+ irregul> or arrang$ 9 closely p>allel longitud9al l9es1 & n]ve-fibres pass along ne> !m1 s5se-organs be+ also pres5t4 ,! fat-bodies 9 ! cavity ( ! elytra1 :i* is l9$ ) a matrix lay]1 besides n]ves1 tra*e1 & blood1 conta9 secretory vesicles fill$ ) uric-acid concretions su* z occur 9 ! fat-body ( ,lampyris4 ,!re are also a great _m gl&s v>y+ mu* 9 /ructure & position1 su* occurr+ also 9 ! pronotum 7,fig4 #aci74 ,me9]t consid]s ! elytra ( ,coleopt]a to be ! homologues ( ! tegul ( ,lepidopt]a & ( ,hym5opt]a4 ,he also calls att5tion to ! alula obs]v$ 9 ,dyticus1 situat$ at ! base ( ! elytra1 b :i* is totally cov]$ by ! latt]4 ,! alul ( ^! beetles he reg>ds z ! homologues ( ! ant]ior w+s ( ,hym5opt]a & ,dipt]a4 ,no details are giv5 9 support ( ^! views4 7,ent4 ,tidskrift1 i1 #ahhj1 p4 #afh47 ,h(fbau] 7#ahib7 also has sugge/$ t ! elytra are n ! homologues ( ! =e w+s ( o!r insects1 b ( ! tegul4 ,kolbe describes ! alula ( ,dyticus z a delicate1 membran\s lobe at ! base ( ! elytra1 b n visible :5 !y are clos$3 its fr+$ edge 9 ,dyticus is bord]$ by a ?ick5+ =m+ a tube :i* conta9s a fluid4 ,! alula is unit$ ) ! inn] basal portion & articulation ( ! w+-cov]1 =m+ a cont9uation ( !m4 ,duf\r consid]$ t ! humm+ noise made by ^! beetles is produc$ by ! alulets4 ,h(fbau] f9ds no /ructural resemblances 9 ! alul ( ,dyticus to ! elytra4 ,he does n f9d 8! lea/ trace ( ve9s40 ,!y are m l app5dages ( ! elytra4 ,lacordaire consid]$ t _! function is to prev5t ! dis>ticulation ( ! elytra1 b ,h(fbau] ?9ks t !y s]ve z contrivances to reta9 ! air :i* ! beetle c>ries d[n ) x "u ! surface1 s9ce he almo/ always f\nd a bubble ( air conceal$ "u x2 besides1 _! fold$ & fr+$ edge seems especially fitt$ = tak+ 9 & reta9+ air4 ,h(fbau] !n describes ! tegul ( ! hornet & f9ds !m to be1 n z ,*olodk[sky /ates1 h>d1 solid1 *it9\s plates1 b holl[4 ,!y are ins]t$ imm$iately ov] ! base or ins]tion ( ! =e w+s1 be+ articulat$ by a h+e-jo9t1 ! upp] lamella ext5d+ into a cavity ( ! side ( ! meso?orax1 & connect$ by a h+e-l1 articulat+ membrane ) ! l[] projection ( ! bag or cavity4 ,! l[] lamella becomes ?9n] t[>ds ! place ( ins]tion1 is slightly fold$1 & m]ges )\t any articulation into ! ?91 ?oracic wall at a po9t situat$ ov] ! ins]tion ( ! =e w+4 ,! tegul also diff] f ! w+s 9 hav+ no muscles to move !m1 ! actual movem5ts be+ ( a passive nature1 & due to ! upw>d & d[nw>d /rokes ( ! w+s4 ,com/ock adopts ,me9]t's view t ! elytra are n true =e w+s1 b gives no reasons4 7,manual1 p4 #die47 ,dr4 ,%>p1#be h[ev]1 aft] exam9+ ,dyticus & ,cybi/]1 affirms t ?is /ructure is only a "p ( ! elytron1 to :i* x is ext5sively atta*$1 & t x corresponds ) ! angle at ! base ( ! w+ se5 9 s _m insects t fold _! front w+s aga9/ ! body4 ,he does n ?9k t ! alula af=ds any support to ! view t ! elytra ( beetles correspond ) ! tegul ( ,hym5opt]a r ?an ) ! =e w+s4 ,t ! elytra are modifi$ p>apt]a 7tegul7 is negativ$ by ! fact t ! latt] h no muscles1 & t ! elytra conta9 tra*e ^: irregul> arrangem5t may be "p ( ! modifi$ deg5]ate /ructure ( ! elytra4 ,kolbe f9ds evid5ces ( ve9s4 ,! "q may also be settl$ by an exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( ! pupal w+s4 ,a /udy ( a s]ies ( sections ( bo? pairs ( w+s ( ! pupa ( ,doryphora & ( a ,clytus conv9ces u t ! elytra are ! homologues ( ! =e w+s ( o!r insects4 e4 ,developm5t & mode ( orig9 ( ! w+s ,embryonic developm5t ( ! w+s4--,! w+s ( insects are ess5tially simple dorsal outgr[?s ( ! integum5t1 be+ evag9ations ( ! hypod]mis4 ,!y beg9 to =m 9 ! embryo be=e hat*+1 fir/ appe>+ z folds1 buds1 or evag9ations1 ( ! hypod]mis1 :i* lie 9 p\*es1 call$ p]ipodal cavities4 ,!y are n visible ext]nally until r late 9 l>val life1 aft] ! insect1 su* z a gras%opp]1 has m\lt$ twice or m times2 :ile 9 holometabol\s insects !y are n se5 ext]nally until ! pupa /ate is atta9$4 ,! subject ( _! orig9 is 9 a less satisfactory /ate ?an desirable f ! fact t at ! outset ! developm5t ( ! w+s ( ! mo/ g5]aliz$ insects1 su* z ,or?opt]a1 ,t]mes1 etc41 0 n fir/ exam9$1 t ( ! mo/ highly modifi$ ( any insects1 i4e4 ! ,muscid1 hav+ actually be5 fir/ /udi$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 embryological /udies on ! ,muscid 7,musca comitoria & ,s>cophaga c>n>ia7 ,weismann 7#ahfd7 9 exam9+ ! l>v ( ^! flies j be=e pupation1 f\nd t ! w+s1 z well z ! legs & m\?-app5dages1 develop$ f microscopic masses ( indiff]5t cells1 :i* he call$ 8imag9al discs40 ,f ! six imag9al discs or buds 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ?orax arise ! legs1 :ile f f\r dorsal discs1 two 9 ! meso- & two 9 ! meta?oracic segm5t1 arise ! =e & h9d w+s 7,fig4 #ada47 ,^! imag9al buds1 z we pref] to call ^! g]ms1 usually appe> at ! close ( embryonic life1 be+ f\nd 9 fre%ly hat*$ l>v4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4--;,imag9al buds 9 ,musca1--,a1 9 ,core?ra1--,b1 9 ,melophagus1--,c1 9 embryo ( ,melophagus2 dorsal view ( ! head2 b1 bud2 p1 p]ipodal membrane2 c1 cord2 hy1 hypod]mis2 cl1 cuticula2 /1 /omodum2 v1 v5tral cephalic1 beh9d are ! two dorsal cephalic buds4--,aft] ,pratt4 ,z fir/ obs]v$ by ,weismann1 ! buds are1 l ^? ( ! app5dages1 simply atta*$ to tra*e & sometimes to n]ves1 9 ! =m] case appe>+ z m9ute folds or swell+s ( ! p]itoneal membrane ( c]ta9 ( ! tra*e4 ,9 ,volucella ! imag9al buds 71 h[ev]1 f\nd by ,knckel d',h]culais to be 9 union ) ! hypod]mis4 ,dewitz detect$ a delicate ?read-l /alk connect+ ! p]ipodal membrane ) ! hypod]mis1 & ,van ,rees has s9ce prov$ 9 ,musca1 & ,pratt 9 ,melophagus1 ! connection ( ! imag9al buds ) ! hypod]mis 7,fig4 #adj74 ,^! tra*eal enl>gem5ts increase 9 size1 & become diff]5tiat$ into a solid mass :i* corresponds to ! upp] "p ( ! meso?orax1 :ile a tongue-%ap$ cont9uation becomes ! rudim5t ( ! w+4 ,dur+ l>val life ! rudim5ts ( ! w+s crumple1 ?us =m+ a cavity4 ,:ile ! l>va is trans=m+ into ! pupa1 ! %ea? or p]ipodal membranes ( ! rudim5t>y w+s are drawn back1 ! blood presses 91 & ?us ! w+s are ev]t$ out ( ! p]ipodal cavities4 ,due cr$it1 h[ev]1 %\ld be giv5 to ,h]old1 z ! pione] 9 ^! /udies1 :o fir/ describ$ 9 8 excell5t "w on ! developm5t ( ,pi]is brassic 7#ahae7 ! w+-g]ms 9 ! cat]pill> aft] ! ?ird m\lt4 ,?is discov]y has be5 ov]look$ by rec5t writ]s1 ) ! exception ( ,gon91 ^: /atem5t ( ,h]old's views we h v]ifi$4 ,h]old /ates t ! g]ms ( ! w+s appe> on ! inside ( ! second & ?ird ?oracic segm5ts1 & are recogniz$ by _! atta*m5t to ! 8protoplasmic network0 7s*leimnetz71 :i* we take to be ! hypod]mis1 ! net-l appe>ance ( ?is /ructure be+ due to ! cell-walls ( ! elem5ts ( ! hypod]mal membrane4 ,^! g]ms are1 says ,h]old1 also di/+ui%$ f ! flakes ( ! fat-body by _! regul> symmetrical =m4 ,f9e tra*e are atta*$ to ! w+-g]ms1 9 ! same way z to ! flakes ( ! fat-body4 ,x ?us appe>s t ,h]old 9 a vague way attributes ! orig9 ( ^! w+-g]ms1 & also ! g]ms ( ! leg1 to ! hypod]mis1 s9ce 8 s*leimnetz is ! membrane :i* builds up ! new sk94 ,h]old also /udi$ ! lat] developm5t ( ! w+s1 & discov]$ ! mode ( orig9 ( ! ve9s1 & 9 a vague way trac$ ! orig9 ( ! scales & hairs ( ! body1 z well z t ( ! colors ( ! butt]fly4 ,h]old also says t z ! cat]pill> gr[s l>g]1 & also ! w+-g]ms1 8! l>val sk9 9 ! region "u :i* !y lie hidd5 is spott$ & swoll510 & he adds 9 a footnote3 8,?is is ! case ) all smoo? cat]pill>s m>k$ ) bright colors4 ,9 d>k & hairy cat]pill>s ! swell+ ( ! sk9 ?r\gh ! gr[? ( ! und]ly+ w+-g]ms is less di/9ct or n visible at all0 7pp4 #bi1 #cj74 ,x %\ld be add$ t ,malpighi1 ,swamm]dam1 & also ,raumur _h detect$ ! rudim5ts ( ! w+s 9 ! cat]pill> j be=e pupation "u ! old l>val sk94 ,lyonet 7#agfj7 also describes & figures ! f\r w+-g]ms situat$ 9 ! second & ?ird ?oracic segm5ts1 b 0 unc]ta9 z to _! nature4 ,ea* ( ^! masses1 he says1 is 8situat$ 9 ! fatty body )\t be+ unit$ to x1 & is atta*$ to ! sk9 9 a deep fold :i* x makes !re40 ,he c\ld ?r[ no c]ta9 light on _! nature1 b says3 8_! numb] & situation leads to ! supposition t !y may be ! rudim5ts ( ! w+s ( ! mo?0 7pp4 #ddi1 #dej74 ,dur+ ! trans=mation into ! pupa ! imag9al buds unite & gr[ out or ext5d along _! edges1 :ile ! envelop+ membrane disappe>s4 ,! rudim5t>y w+s are n[ l little sacs1 & soon %[ a fusion ( ! two w+-membranes or lam9 ) ! ve9s1 :ile ! tra*e disappe>1 ! places occupi$ by ! tra*e becom+ ! ve9s4 8,v e>ly1 z soon z ! scales are indicat$1 beg9 9 a v peculi> way ! fusion ( ! w+-lam94 ,!re occur op5+s 9 ! hypod]mis into :i* ! cells ext5d longitud9ally & !n lat]ally give way to ea* o!r4 ,h5ce no complete op5+ is f\nd1 b ! epi!lium appe>s by sections ?r\gh a /raight l9e %>ply bord]$ along ! w+cavity4 ,x is a cont9u\s membrane =m$ ( plasma :i* ,i w call ! gr\nd membrane ( ! epi!lium4 ,?r\gh ?is gr\nd membrane pass blood-corpuscles z well z blood-lymph40 7,s*aeff]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4--;,ant]ior "p ( "y l>va ( ,simulium s]icea1 %[+ ! ?oracic imag9al buds3 p1 pro?oracic bud 7only "o n embryonic72 w1 w1 =e & h9d w+-buds2 l1 l1 l1 leg-buds2 n1 n]v\s sy/em2 br1 bra92 e1 eye2 sd1 saliv>y duct2 p1 pro?oracic foot4--,aft] ,weismann4 ,aft]w>ds 7#ahff7 ,weismann /udi$ ! developm5t ( ! w+s 9 ,core?ra plumicornis1 :i* is a mu* m primitive & g5]aliz$ =m ?an ,musca1 & 9 :i* ! process ( developm5t ( ! w+s is mu* simpl]1 &1 z s9ce discov]$1 m z 9 o!r holometabol\s insects4 ,he also exam9$ ^? ( ,simulium 7,fig4 #ada74 ,9 ,core?ra1 aft] ! f\r? & la/ l>val m\lt+1 !re arises at fir/ by evag9ation & aft]w>ds by invag9ation a cup-%ap$ depression on ea* side 9 ! upp] "p ( ! meso?oracic segm5t )9 :i* ! rudim5t ( ! w+s lies l a plug4 ,! w+s )\t o!r *ange simply increase 9 size until1 9 ! trans=mation into ! pupa by ! )drawal ( ! hypod]mis1 ! w+s project out & become fill$ ) blood1 ! tra*e n[ be+ :olly want+1 & o!r tissues be+ sp>+ly pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4--,section ?r\gh ?orax ( a ,t9eid l>va on sycamore1 pass+ ?r\gh ! #a/ pair ( w+s 7w73 ht1 he>t2 i1 sophagus2 s1 saliv>y gl&3 ut1 ur9>y tube2 nc1 n]v\s cord2 m1 recti muscles2 a "p ( ! fat body ov]lies ! he>t4 ,a1 "r w+-g]m enl>g$4 ,^! obs]vations on two widely sep>ate gr\ps ( ,dipt]a 7 confirm$ by ,l&ois1 & aft]w>ds by ,pancritius1 = ! ,lepidopt]a1 by ,gan9 = ! ,hym5opt]a1 by ,dewitz = ,hym5opt]a 7ants7 & ,tri*opt]a2 also = ! ,neuropt]a by ,pancritius4 ,9 ! ant-lion 7,myrmeleon =mic>ius7 ,pancritius f\nd no rudim5ts ( ! w+s 9 l>v a ye> old1 b !y 7 detect$ 9 ! second ye> ( l>val life1 & d n diff] mu* hi/ologically or 9 %ape f ^? ( ,lepidopt]a4 ,9 ! ,coleopt]a & ,hym5opt]a ! imag9al buds appe> r late 9 l>val life1 yet _! /ructure is l t ( ,lepidopt]a4 ,9 ,cimbex ! rudim5ts ( ! w+s are n f\nd 9 ! "y l>va1 b are se5 9 ! semipupa1 :i* /age la/s ov] six weeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4--,section ( ! same specim5 z 9 ,fig4 #adb1 b cut ?r\gh ! second pair ( w+s 7w73 i1 mid-inte/9e2 h1 he>t2 fb1 fat-body2 l1 leg2 n1 n]v\s cord4 ,! g5]al relation ( ! rudim5ts 7imag9al buds7 ( ! w+s ( a t9eid mo? to ! re/ ( ! body ne> ! end ( l>val life may be se5 9 ,figs4 #adb1 #adc 7,t9ea871 ! sections n1 h[ev]1 %[+ _! connection ) ! hypod]mis1 :i* has be5 torn away dur+ ! process ( cutt+4 ,t ! w+ is b a fold ( ! hypod]mis is well se5 9 ,fig4 #add1 ( ,datana1 :i* repres5ts a mu* lat] /age ( developm5t ?an 9 ,figs4 #adb & #adc1 ! l>va j ent]+ on ! semipupa /age4 ,9 cat]pill>s ( /age ,i1 #c to #d mm4 9 l5g?1 ,gon9 f\nd ! w+-g]ms z 9 ,fig4 #ade1 ,a be+ a ?ick5+ ( ! hypod]mis1 ) ! embryonic cells1 i4e4 ( ,v]son1 on ! convex bord]4 ,! two leaves1 or sides ( ! w+1 beg9 to diff]5tiate 9 /age ,,ii 7,c1 ,d71 & 9 /age ,,iii ! envelope is =m$ 7,e71 :ile ! tra*e beg9 to prolif]ate1 & ! capill>y tra*e or tra*eoles at ?is "t arise 7,fig4 #ade1 tc74 ,! wall ( ! pr9cipal tra*ea appe>s to be resolv$ into filam5ts1 & all ! second>y bran*es assume ! appe>ance ( bundles ( tw9e4 ,l&ois reg>d$ !m z ! product ( a trans=mation ( ! nuclei1 b ,gon9 ?9ks !y arise f ! entire cells1 /at+ t f ea* cell arises a ball 7peloton7 ( small twi/$ tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4--,section ?r\gh meso?oracic segm5t ( ,datana m9i/ra1 pass+ ?r\gh ! w+s 7w73 c1 cuticula2 hyp1 hypod]mis3 ap1 apodeme2 dm1 dorsal longitud9al4--vm1 v5tral longitud9al4 muscles2 dmt1 depressor muscle ( t]gum2 t1 tra*ea2 n1 n]ve cords2 i1 inte/9e2 u1 ur9>y tubes2 l1 ins]tion ( legs4 ,z ! l>ge bran*es p5etrate into ! w+1 ! balls 7pelotons7 ( f9e tra*eal ?reads t5d to unroll1 & ea* ( ! new ramifications ( ! second>y tra*eal sy/em is accompani$ 9 its c\rse by a bundle ( capill>y tubes4 ,?is second>y sy/em ( w+-tra*e1 !n1 arises f ! "m tra*ea at ! end ( ! ?ird /age1 :5 we f9d already =m$ ! *it9\s tunic1 :i* w p]si/ ?r\gh ! f\r? /age up to pupation4 ,x diff]s f ! tra*eoles 9 n communicat+ ) ! air-passage2 x possesses no spiral membrane at ! orig91 & takes no "p 9 respiration4 ,gon9 ?us sums up ! nature ( ! two tra*eal sy/ems 9 ! rudim5t>y w+1 :i* he calls ! provisional & p]man5t sy/ems4 8,! fir/1 appe>+ 9 ! second /age ( ! l>va1 comprises all ! capill>y tubes1 & aris+ f num]\s bran*es passes (f f ! lat]al trunk ( ! ?orax be=e rea*+ ! w+2 ! second is =m$ a little lat] by ! direct ramification ( ! pr9cipal bran*4 8,^! two sy/ems are absolutely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r )9 ! w+4 ,_! exi/5ce is simultane\s b n conjo9t4 ,"o is functionally active aft] ! ?ird m\lt2 ! o!r waits ! f9al trans=mation be=e becom+ active40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4--;,a1 section ( w+-bud ( l>va ( ,pi]is brassic ( /age ,i1 9 front ( ! invag9ation pit4 ,b1 section pass+ ?r\gh ! invag9ation pit4 ,c1 section ( same 9 /age ,,ii1 ?r\gh ! invag9ation pit2--,d1 beh9d x1 mak+ ! bud appe> indep5d5t ( ! ?oracic wall4 ,e1 w+-bud at ! beg9n+ ( ! #c;d l>val /age1 section pass+ almo/ ?r\gh ! p$icel or hypod]mic ins]tion1 ! traces ( :i* appe> at hi2 h1 hypod]mis2 t or tr1 tra*ea2 i1 op5+ ( invag9ation2 ec1 embryonic cells2 l1 ext]nal lay] or envelope2 91 int]nal wall ( ! w+2 ex1 ext]nal wall2 s1 cell ( a tactile hair2 tc1 capill>y tubes2 c1 cavity ( invag9ation4--,aft] ,gon94 ,evag9ation ( ! w+ outside ( ! body4--,we h se5 t ! al>y g]ms arise z invag9ations ( ! hypod]mis2 we w n[1 ) ! aid ( ,gon9's acc\nt1 briefly describe1 s f> z is kn[n1 ! mode ( evag9ation ( ! w+s4 ,dur+ ! f\r? & la/ /age ( ! cat]pill> ( ,pi]is1 ! w+s gr[ v rapidly1 & und]go important *anges4 ,six or sev5 days aft] ! la/ l>val m\lt ! *it9\s wall is =m$1 ! w+ rema9+ transp>5t4 ,x gr[s rapidly & its l[] edge ext5ds ne> ! legs4 ,x is n[ mu* crumpl$ on ! edge1 ow+ to its rapid gr[? )9 ! limits ( its own segm5t4 ,p>tly f be+ some:at retract$1 & p>tly ow+ to ! irregul>ity ( its surface1 ! w+ gradually sep>ates f its envelope1 & ! cavity ( invag9ation 7,fig4 #ade1 c7 becomes m l a di/9ct or real space4 ,! out] op5+ ( ! al>y sac enl>ges q pla9ly1 ?\gh )\t rea*+ ! level ( ! edge ( ! w+4 ,?is condition ( ?+s does n /ill exactly expla9 h[ ! w+ passes to ! outside ( ! body4 ,gon9 comp>es ^! conditions to ^? exhibit$ by a s]ies ( sections ( ! l>va1 made =ty-eight h\rs lat]1 on a cat]pill> :i* _h j spun its girdle ( silk4 ,at ?is "t ! w+s h become entirely ext]nal1 b1 says ,gon91 we d n see ! :y or ! h[4 ,! p>tition ( ! sac has disappe>$1 & ) x ! cavity & ! leaf ( ! envelope4 ,x appe>s probable t ! p>tition has be5 de/roy$1 because ! space betwe5 ! two tegum5ts is /rewn ) num]\s bits1 _m ( :i* adh]e to ! *it9\s integum5t1 :ile o!rs are scatt]$ along ! edges ( ! w+s1 9 _! folds1 or betwe5 ! w+s & ! wall ( ! ?orax4 ,ano!r s]ies ( sections %[$ t ! exit ( ! =e w+s _h be5 accompli%$1 :ile ! h9d] pair 0 und]go+ ! process ( ev]sion4 ,9 ?is case ! p>tition %[$ signs ( deg5]ation3 de=mation ( ! nuclei1 indi/9ct cellul> limits1 pigm5tation1 granul> leucocytes1 & fatty globules4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ! p>tition1 :at rema9s ( ! lay] ( ! envelope is de/9$ to make a "p ( ! ?oracic wall & und]goes = ?is purpose a sup]ficial desquamation4 ,! lay] ( flatt5$ cells is remov$ & replac$ by a firm] epi!lium l t cov]+ ! o!r regions4 ,x is ?is r5ew$ hypod]mis :i* conceals ! w+ )91 s]ves to sep>ate x f ! cavity ( ! body1 & gives ! illusion ( a complete *ange 9 its situation4 ,o!r *anges occur1 all =m+ a complete reg5]ation1 b :i* does n accord ) ! description ( ,van ,rees = ! ,muscid4 ,f9ally1 ,gon9 concludes t ! dbris scatt]$ ab\t ! w+ comes f ! two lay]s ( ! p>tition ( ! sac1 f ! flatt5$ hypod]mis ( ! r5ew$ envelope1 f ! *it9\s cuticle ( ! w+1 & f ! inn] surface ( ! *it9\s integum5t4 ,he ?9ks t ! metamorphosis ( ,pi]is is int]m$iate betwe5 ! two types ( ,core?ra & ( ,musca1 e/abli%$ by ,weismann1 z foll[s3 ,core?ra4--,! w+ is =m$ 9 a simple depression ( ! hypod]mic wall4 ,no de/ruction4 ,pi]is4--,! rudim5t is conceal$ 9 a sac atta*$ to ! hypod]mis by a %ort p$icel4 ,de/ruction ( ! p>tition & its replacem5t by a "p ( ! ?oracic wall by means ( ! imag9al epi!lium4 ,musca4--,! p$icel is repres5t$ by a cord ( v>iable l5g?1 ^: cavity may be oblit]at$ 7,van ,rees74 ,! imag9al hypod]mis is sub/itut$ = ! l>val hypod]mis1 :i* has completely disappe>$1 ei!r by desquamation 7,viallanes71 or by hi/olytic resorption 7,van ,rees74 ,ext5sion ( ! w+2 draw+ out ( ! tra*eoles4--,:5 x is dis5gag$ f ! cavity1 ! w+ greatly elongates & ! creases on its surface are smoo!d out2 ! blood p5etrates betwe5 ! two walls1 & ! cellul> fibres1 be=e relax$ & s9u\s1 are n[ firmly ext5d$4 ,( ! two tra*eal sy/ems1 ! l>ge bran*es are s9u\s1 & !y are r5d]$ m di/9ct by ! pres5ce ( a spiral membrane2 b ! two tunics are n sep>at$ z 9 ! o!r tra*e ( ! ?orax2 moreov]1 ! m\? *ok$ up ) dbris does n yet communicate ) t ( ! pr9cipal trunk4 ,! bundles ( tra*eoles on _! "p =m /raight l9es1 z if ! folds ( ! organ _h _h no influ5ce on !m4 ,z !y h rema9$ b\nd toge!r1 ap>t f ! *it9\s membrane ( ! tra*eal trunk1 !y become drawn out ) ?is membrane1 at ! "t ( exuviation1 i4e4 ( pupation1 & are drawn out ( ! neighbor+ spiracle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4--;,full-gr[n l>va ( ,pi]is brassic1 op5$ along ! dorsal l9e3 d1 dige/ive canal2 s1 silk-gl&2 g1 bra92 / ,i1 pro?oracic /igma2 / ,,iv1 #a/ abdom9al /igma2 a1 a1 g]ms 7buds7 ( =e & h9d w+s2 p1 bud ( pro?oracic segm5t2--^? ( ! ?ird pair are conceal$ "u ! silk-gl&s2 ,i-,,iii1 ?oracic r+s4--,aft] ,gon94 8,?is is a v curi\s ph5om5on1 :i* c be v]ifi$ exp]im5tally3 if we cut (f ! w+1 :ile sp>+ ! l>val integum5t ar\nd ! ?oracic spiracles1 we pres]ve ! two tra*eal sy/ems2 ! same op]ation p]=m$ aft] complete removal ( ! l>val sk9 does n give ! second>y tra*eal sy/em40 7,gon947 ,deceiv$ by ! appe>ance ( ! tra*eoles :ile /ill undevelop$1 ,l&ois & ,pancritius1 :o h n m5tion$ ! draw+ out ( ! capill>ies ( ! l>va1 affirm t !y are de/roy$ by resorption 9 ! *rysalis4 8,! /udy ( ! tra*e is closely connect$ ) t ( ! ve9s 7n]vures74 ,x is well to gu>d aga9/ ! error ( ,v]son1 :o mi/akes = ^! la/ ! l>ge tra*eal bran*es ( ! w+4 ,?is confusion is easily expla9$2 x proves t ,v]son _h1 ) u1 recogniz$ t ! second>y sy/em is1 9 ! l>va1 exempt f all respiratory function4 ,l&ois ?\ght t ! pupal p]iod 0 ! "t ( =mation ( ! ve9s4 ,x seems to me probable t !y are d]iv$ f ! %ea? ( ! p]itra*eal spaces40 7,gon91 pp4 #cj-cc47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4--,left ant]ior w+ ( a l>va #c days be=e pupation4 ,! po/]ior "p is roll$ up3 /1 pro?oracic /igma2 tr4 i41 int]nal tra*eal trunk2 tr4 e41 tr4 e41 ext]nal tra*eal trunk2 p1 cavity ( a ?oracic leg1 ) ! imag9al bud b4--,aft] ,gon94 ,! appe>ance ( ! w+-g]ms 9 ! fully gr[n cat]pill>1 z reveal$ by simple dissection1 is %[n at ,fig4 #adf2 ,fig4 #adg repres5ts a w+ ( a l>va ?ree days be=e pupation1 ) ! g]m ( a ?oracic leg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4--;,grab]'s diagrams = expla9+ ! orig9 & prim>y invag9ation ( ! hypod]mis to =m ! g]ms ( ! leg 7b71 & w+s 7f1 ,a-,c71 & aft]w>ds _! evag9ation ,d1 s t !y lie on ! outside ( ! body4 ,e1 /age ,b1 %[+ ! hypod]mal cavities 7f7 & /alks connect+ ! g]ms ) ! hypod]mis 7z74--,aft] ,grab]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4--,section l5g?wise ?r\gh ! left w+ ( mature l>va 9 ,pi]is rap3 t1 tra*ea2 hyp1 hypod]mis2 c1 cuticula4--,aft] ,may]4 ,a4 ,g4 ,may] has exam9$ ! late developm5t ( ! w+s 9 ,pi]is rap4 ,fig4 #adi repres5ts a frontal section ?r\gh ! left w+ ( a mature l>va & %[s ! rudim5t ( ! w+1 ly+ 9 its hypod]mal pocket or p]ipodal cavity4 ,h[ ! tra*ea passes into ! rudim5t>y w+1 & ev5tually becomes divid$ into ! bran*es1 ar\nd :i* ! ma9 ve9s aft]w>ds =m1 is se5 9 ,figs4 #add1 #adg1 #aei4 ,! hi/ological condition ( ! w+ at ?is "t is repres5t$ by ,fig4 #aea1 ! sp9dle-l hypod]mal cells =m+ ! two walls be+ sep>at$ by ! gr\nd-membrane ( ,semp]4 8,:ile 9 ! pupa /ate10 says ,may]1 8! w+-membrane is ?r[n into a v regul> s]ies ( closely compress$ folds1 a s+le scale be+ ins]t$ ^u ! cre/ ( ea* fold4 ,:5 ! butt]fly issues f ! *rysalis1 ^! folds 9 ! pupal w+s flatt5 out1 & x is ?is flatt5+ :i* causes ! expansion ( ! w+s4444 ,x is evid5t t ! w+s aft] em]g5ce und]go a great /ret*+ & flatt5+4 ,! me*anics ( ! op]ation appe>s to be z foll[s4 ,! hmolymph1 or blood1 )9 ! w+s is "u consid]able pressure1 & ?is pressure w\ld naturally t5d to enl>ge ! fre%ly em]g$ w+ into a balloon-%ap$ bag2 b ! hypod]mal fibres 7h7 hold ! upp] & l[] walls ( ! w+-membrane closely toge!r1 & s1 in/ead ( becom+ a swoll5 bag1 ! w+ becomes a ?9 flat "o4 ,& ?us x is t ! little ?ick corrugat$ sac-l w+s ( ! fre%ly em]g$ insect become ! l>ge1 ?91 flat w+s ( ! imago4444 ,! area ( ! w+ ( ! imago ( ,danais plexippus is #h4f times t ( ! pupa4 ,n[1 z ! w+ ( ! "y pupa has ab\t #fj times ! area ( ! w+ 9 ! mature l>va1 x is evid5t t 9 pass+ f ! l>val /ate to maturity ! area ( ! w+s increases m ?an #ejj times40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4--;,diagrammatic reproduction ( ,fig4 #adi %[+ ! w+-g]m 9 its p]ipodal cavity 7p73 h'drm1 hypod]mis2 tr1 tra*ea2 cta1 cuticula2 a1 ant]ior end4--,aft] ,may]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4--,section ( ! w+-g]m1 ! upp] & l[] sides connect$ by sp9dle-l hypod]mic cells 7h71 =m+ ! rods ( ! adult w+2 mbr1 gr\nd-membrane ( ,semp]4--,aft] ,may]4 f4 ,! primitive orig9 ( ! w+s ,f>!r obs]vations are ne$$ to connect ! mode ( =mation ( ! w+s 9 ! holometabol\s insects ) ! m primitive mode ( orig9 se5 9 ! hemimetabol\s ord]s1 b ! =m] mode is evid5tly inh]it$ f ! latt]4 ,pancritius rem>ks t ! developm5t ( ! rudim5ts ( ! w+ 9 a hypod]mal cavity is 9 ! holometabolic insects to be reg>d$ z a lat] inh]it$ "*1 ! ext]nal conditions caus+ x be+ unkn[n4 ,fritz ,mll] 0 ! fir/ to inve/igate ! mode ( developm5t ( ! w+s ( ! hemimetabolic insects1 exam9+ ! "y nymphs ( ,t]mites4 ,he reg>ds ! w+s z evag9ations ( ! hypod]mis1 :i* ext]nally appe> z ?oracic scale-l projections1 into :i* ent] r late 9 nymphal life tra*e :i* correspond to ! ve9s :i* aft]w>d arise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4--,rudim5t>y w+ ( "y nymph ( ,blatta1 ) ! five pr9cipal ve9s develop$4 ,! primitive mode ( orig9 ( ! w+s may1 !re=e1 be be/ und]/ood by obs]v+ ! e>ly /ages ( ^? insects1 su* z ! ,or?opt]a & ,hemipt]a1 :i* h an incomplete metamorphosis4 ,if ! /ud5t w exam9e ! nymphs ( any locu/ 9 _! successive /ages1 he w see t ! w+s arise z simple expansions d[nw>d & backw>d ( ! lat]al edges ( ! meso- & metanotum4 ,9 ! second nymphal /age ?is *ange beg9s to take place1 b x does n become m>k$ until ! succe$+ /age1 :5 ! indications ( ve9s beg9 to appe>1 & ! lobe-l expansion ( ! notum is pla9ly en\gh a rudim5t>y w+4 ,grab]#bf ?us describes ! mode ( developm5t ( ! w+s 9 ! nymph ( ! cockroa*3 8,if "o is look+ only at ! ext]ior ( ! process1 he w p]ceive soon] or lat] on ! sides ( ! meso- & meta?orax p\*-l sacs1 :i* increase 9 ext5t ) ! dorsal integum5t & at ! same "t are m & m sep>at$ f ! body4 ,^! w+-cov]s ei!r keep ! same position z 9 ! flat-bodi$ ,blattid1 or 9 insects ) bodies m compress$ ! fir/ rudim5ts hang d[n ov] ! sides ( ! ?orax4 ,z soon z !y h exce$$ a c]ta9 l5g?1 ^! w+-cov]s are laid ov] on ! back4 ,h[ev]1 if we /udy ! process ( developm5t ( ! w+s ) a microscope1 by means ( sections made obliquely ?r\gh ! ?orax1 ! process appe>s /ill m simple4 ,! *ief =ce ( all evolution is & rema9s ! p[] ( gr[? 9 a def9ite direction4 ,9 reg>d to ! sk9 ?is gr[? is possible 9 insects only 9 ?is way2 namely1 t ! out] lay] ( cells is increas$ by ! folds :i* are =c$ into ! sup]ficial *it9\s sk94 ,^! folds naturally gr[ f "o m\lt to ano!r 9 proportion to ! multiplication ( ! cells1 & are n smoo!d out until aft] ! m\lt+1 :5 ! out] resi/ance is ov]come4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4--,p>tial metamorphosis ( ,melanoplus femur-rubrum1 %[+ ! five nymph /ages1 & ! gradual gr[? ( ! w+s1 :i* are fir/ visible ext]nally 9 #c1 #c;b1 #c;c4--,em]ton del4 8,z1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ w+-lay]s dep5d ^u ! wr9kl+ ( ! g5]al integum5t ( ! body ?r\gh ! increase 9 ! upp] lay]1 ! fur!r gr[? ( ! w+s dep5ds 9 ! lat] /ages ^u ! wr9kl+ ( ! epid]mis ( ! w+-membrane ev51 :i* fact we also obs]ve "u ! microscope :5 ! new w+s drawn =? f ! old cov]s appe> at fir/ to be q creas$ toge!r4 ,^! w+-l wr9kles 9 ! sk9 are n empty p\*es1 b conta9 tissues & organs )91 :i* are connect$ ) ! sk91 z ! fat ( ! body1 ! network ( tra*e1 muscles1 etc4 ,alongside ! tra*e1 runn+ ?r\gh ! =m] w+-p\*es & accompani$ by ! n]ves1 !re are canals ?r\gh :i* ! blood fl[s 9 & out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4--,/ages 9 ! gr[? ( ! w+s ( ! nymph ( ,t]mes flavipes3 ,a1 "y2 a1 a w+ enl>g$4 ,b1 old] nymph2 b1 =e w+2 n1 a ve94 ,c1 w+s m advanc$2--,d1 mature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4--,w+s ( nymph ( ,psocus4 8,aft] ! la/ m\lt1 h[ev]1 :5 ! supply ( moi/ure is v mu* r$uc$ 9 ! w+-p\*es1 :i* are contract$ at ! bottom1 _! two lay]s become closely unit$1 & aft]w>d gr[ into "o s+le1 solid w+-membrane4 8,^! ?ick-wall$ blood-tubes aris+ above & b5ea? ! upp] & l[] membrane ( ! w+ are ! ve9s ( ! w+s2 ! developm5t ( ! creas$ w+s 9 ! pupa ( butt]flies is exactly l t ( cockroa*es & bugs4 ,! diff]5ce is only t ! folds ( integum5t furni%+ ! w+s ) an ample /ore ( mat]ial = _! con/ruction rea* 9 a relatively %ort] "t1 t is ! space ( "t betwe5 two m\lts1 ! same ext5t t !y w\ld o!rwise atta9 only 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al p]iods ( gr[? 9 ! ametabol\s insects40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4--,nymph ( ,aphrophora p]mutata1 ) enl>g$ view ( ! w+s & ! ve9s3 pro1 pronotum2 sc1 mesoscutum2 #a;ab1 #a/ abdom9al segm5t4 ,ignorant ( ,grab]'s pap]1 we _h arriv$ at ! same result1 aft] an exam9ation ( ! e>ly nymph-/ages ( ! cockroa*1 z well z ! locu/s1 ,t]mites1 & v>i\s ,hemipt]a4 ,9 all ^! =ms x is pla9ly to be se5 t ! w+s are simply expansions1 ei!r horizontal or p>tly v]tical 7:]e1 z 9 locu/s1 etc41 ! body is compress$1 & ! meso- & metanota are r\nd$ d[nw>ds71 ( ! h9d] & out] edge ( ! meso- & metanotum4 ,z w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ figures1 ! w+s are notal 7t]gal7 outgr[?s f ! dorsal ar* ( ! two h9d] segm5ts ( ! ?orax4 ,at fir/1 z se5 9 ! "y pupal cockroa* 7,fig4 #aeb7 & locu/ 7,fig4 #aec1 also ,figs4 #aed & #aef7 ! rudim5ts ( ! w+s are cont9u\s ) ! notum4 ,late 9 nymphal life a suture & a h+e-jo9t appe> at ! base ( ! w+1 & ?us !re is "s movem5t ( ! w+ ^u ! notum2 f9ally1 ! tra*e are well develop$ 9 ! w+s1 & num]\s small scl]ites are diff]5tiat$ at ! base ( ! w+1 to :i* ! special muscles ( flight are atta*$1 & ?us ! w+s1 aft] ! la/ nymphal m\lt1 h ! p[] ( flapp+1 & ( su/a9+ ! insect 9 ! air2 !y ?us become true organs ( flight4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 !n1 t ! w+s 9 all hemimetabol\s insects are outgr[?s f ! notum1 & n f ! flanks or pleurum ( ! ?orax4 ,!re is1 !n1 no /ructure 9 any o!r "p ( ! body ) :i* !y are homolog\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4--;,developm5t ( w+s ( ,tri*opt]a3 ,a1 portion ( body-wall ( "y l>va ( ,tri*o/egia2 *1 cuticula1 =m+ at r a projection into ! hypod]mis1 m2 r1 & d1 =m+ ?us ! fir/ rudim5t ( ! w+4 ,b1 ! p>ts 9 a l>va ( ne>ly full size2 a1 c1 d1 b1 ! well-develop$ hypod]mis ( ! w+-g]m sep>at$ into two p>ts by r1 ! p5etrat+ ext5sion ( ! cuticula2 v1 mesod]m1 ,c1 w+-pad ( ano!r ,phryganeid fre$ f its case at its *ange to ! pupa3 b1 d1 out] lay] ( ! hypod]mis 7m7 ( ! body-wall2 v1 inn] lay] )9 nuclei4--,aft] ,dewitz1 f ,%>p4 ,! same may be said ( ! true ,neuropt]a1 ,tri*opt]a 7,fig4 #aeg71 ! ,coleopt]a1 & ! ,dipt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a4 ,z we h obs]v$ 9 ! h\se fly1#bg ! w+s are evid5tly outgr[?s ( ! meso- & metanotum2 we h also obs]v$ ?is to be mo/ probably ! case 9 ! ,lepidopt]a1 f obs]vations on a ,tortrix 9 diff]5t /ages ( metamorphosis4 ,x is also ! case ) ! ,hym5opt]a1 z we h obs]v$ 9 bees & wasps2#bh & 9 ^! =ms1 & probably all ,hym5opt]a1 ! w+s are outgr[?s ( ! scutal region ( ! notum4 ,) ^! facts be=e u we may speculate z to ! probable orig9 ( ! w+s ( insects4 ,! views held by "s are ^? ( ,geg5baur1 also adopt$ by ,lubbock1 & orig9ally by myself4#bi ,accord+ to ,geg5baur3 8,! w+s mu/ be reg>d$ z homolog\s ) ! lamell> tra*eal gills1 = !y d n only agree ) !m 9 orig91 b also 9 _! connection ) ! body1 & 9 /ructure4 ,9 be+ limit$ to ! second & ?ird ?oracic segm5ts !y po9t to a r$uction 9 ! numb] ( ! tra*eal gills4 ,x is q cle> t we mu/ suppose t ! w+s did n arise z su*1 b 7 develop$ f organs :i* _h ano!r function1 su* z ! tra*eal gills2 ,i mean to say t su* a supposition is necess>y1 = we _c imag9e t ! w+s function$ z su* 9 ! l[] /ages ( _! developm5t1 & t !y c\ld h be5 develop$ by hav+ su* a function40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4--;,*anges 9 ext]nal =m ( ! "y l>va ( ,calot]mes rugosus1 %[+1 9 ,a & ,b1 ! mode ( orig9 ( ! w+-pads3 ,a1 newly hat*$1 ) #i ant5nal jo9ts1 #h4 ,b1 old] l>va1 ) #aj jo9ts1 #h4 ,c1 next /age1 ) #aa jo9ts1 #h4 ,d1 l>va1 ) twelve jo9ts2 ! position ( ! p>ts ( ! alim5t>y canal are %[n3 v1 crop2 m1 /oma*2 b1 8paun*02 e1 inte/9e2 r1 he>t1 #afc4--;,aft] ,fritz ,mll]1 f ,%>p4 ,if we exam9e ! tra*eal gills ( ! small] dragon-fly 7,agrion71 or ! ,may-flies1 or ,sialid1 or ,p]lid1 or ,phryganeid1 we see t !y are develop$ 9 a v arbitr>y way1 ei!r at ! end ( ! abdom51 or on ! /]num1 or f ! pleurum2 moreov]1 9 /ructure !y inv>iably h b a s+le tra*ea1 f :i* m9ute twigs bran* out2#cj 9 ! w+s !re are five or six ma9 tra*e1 :i* give rise to ! ve9s4 ,?us1 9 !mselves1 irrespective ( _! position1 !y are n ! homologues ( ! gills4 ,! latt] are only develop$ 9 ! aquatic repres5tatives ( ! ,neuropt]a & ,pseudoneuropt]a1 & are evid5tly adaptive1 second>y1 tempor>y organs1 & are 9 no s5se ance/ral1 primitive /ructures f :i* ! w+s 7 develop$4 ,!re is no good reason to suppose t ! aquatic ,odonata or ,ephem]ids or ,neuropt]a 7 n desc5dants ( t]re/rial =ms4 ,to ^! results we _h arriv$ by a review ( ! above-m5tion$ facts1 be=e meet+ ) ,fritz ,mll]'s op9ions1 d]iv$ f a /udy ( ! developm5t ( ! w+s ( ,calot]mes 7,fig4 #aeh74 ,mll]#ca /ates t 87#a7 ,! w+s ( insects h n orig9at$ f #8tra*eal gills4' ,! w+-%ap$ cont9uations ( ! y\nge/ l>v are 9 fact ! only p>ts 9 :i* air tubes are completely want+1 :ile tra*e are ri*ly develop$ 9 all o!r p>ts ( ! body4#cb 7#b7 ,! w+s ( insects h aris5 f lat]al cont9uations ( ! dorsal plates ( ! body-segm5ts ) :i* !y are connect$40 ,n[1 speculat+ on ! prim>y orig9 ( w+s1 we ne$ n suppose t !y orig9at$ 9 any aquatic =m1 b 9 "s ance/ral l& insect relat$ to exi/+ cockroa*es & ,t]mes4 ,we may imag9e t ! t]gites 7or notum7 ( ! two h9d] segm5ts ( ! ?orax grew out lat]ally 9 "s leap+ & runn+ insect2 t ! expansion became ( use 9 aid+ to support ! body 9 its long] leaps1 some:at z ! lat]al expansions ( ! body aid ! fly+ squirrel or c]ta9 liz>ds 9 support+ ! body dur+ _! leaps4 ,by natural selection ^! /ructures w\ld be transmitt$ 9 an improv$ condition until !y became flexible1 i4e4 atta*$ by a rude h+e-jo9t to ! t]gal plates ( ! meso- & meta?orax4 ,!n by cont9u$ use & attempts at flight !y w\ld gr[ l>g]1 until !y w\ld become p]man5t organs1 ?\gh /ill rudim5t>y1 z 9 _m exi/+ ,or?opt]a1 su* z c]ta9 ,blatt>i & ,pezotettix4 ,by ?is "t a fold or h+e hav+ be5 e/abli%$1 small *it9\s pieces enclos$ 9 membrane w\ld appe>1 until we %\ld h a h+e flexible en\gh to all[ ! w+ to be fold$ on ! back1 & also to h a flapp+ motion4 ,a /ray tra*eal twig w\ld naturally press or gr[ into ! base ( ! new /ructure4 ,aft] ! tra*ea runn+ t[>ds ! base ( ! w+ _h begun to s5d (f bran*es into ! rudim5t>y /ructure1 ! numb] & direction ( ! future ve9s w\ld become det]m9$ on simple me*anical pr9ciples4 ,! rudim5t>y /ructures beat+ ! air w\ld ne$ to be /r5g!n$ on ! front or co/al edge4 ,"h1 !n1 w\ld be develop$ ! l>g] numb] ( ma9 ve9s1 two or ?ree close toge!r1 & p>allel4 ,^! w\ld be ! co/al1 subco/al1 & m$ian ve9s4 ,!y w\ld ?r[ out bran*es to /r5g!n ! co/al edge1 :ile ! bran*es s5t out to ! out] & h9d] edges ( ! w+s might be less num]\s & f>!r ap>t4 ,! net-ve9$ w+s ( ,or?opt]a & ,pseudoneuropt]a1 z comp>$ ) ! w+s ( ,hym5opt]a1 %[ t ! w+s ( net-ve9$ insects 7 l>gely us$ = respiration z well z = flight1 :ile 9 beetles & bees ! lead+ function is flight1 t ( respiration be+ q subord9ate4 ,! blood w\ld !n supply ! p>ts1 & ?us respiration or aration ( ! blood w\ld be dem&$4 ,z soon z su* expansions w\ld be ( ev5 slight use to ! insect z brea?+ organs1 ! "q z to _! p]man5cy w\ld be settl$4 ,organs s useful bo? = flight & aration ( ! blood w\ld be /ill fur!r develop$1 until !y w\ld become p]man5t /ructures1 g5u9e w+s4 ,!y w\ld ?us be readily transmitt$1 & be+ ( m use 9 adult life dur+ ! season ( reproduction1 !y w\ld be /ill fur!r develop$1 & ?us ^? insects :i* c\ld fly ! be/1 i4e4 :i* _h ! /ronge/ w+s1 w\ld be mo/ successful 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,?us also1 n be+ s mu* ne$$ 9 l>val life be=e ! reproductive organs are develop$1 !y w\ld n be transmitt$ except 9 a v rudim5t>y way1 z p]haps masses ( int]nal indiff]5t cells 7imag9al discs71 to ! l>va1 be+ ! r de/9$ to develop late 9 l>val & 9 pupal life4 ,?us ! developm5t ( ! w+s & ( ! g5]ative organs w\ld g h& 9 h&1 & become organs ( adult life4#cc ,! developm5t & /ructure ( ! tra*e & ve9s ( ! w+4--,! s-call$ ve9s 78n]vures07 orig9ate f f9e tra*eal twigs :i* pass into ! imag9al discs4 ,a s+le longitud9al tra*ea gr[s d[n into ! w+-g]m 7,fig4 #adg71 ?is bran* aris+ ?r\gh simple budd+ ( ! l>ge body-tra*ea pass+ "u ! rudim5t ( ! w+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4--;,g]m ( a h9d w+ deta*$ f its ins]tion1 & exam9$ 9 glyc]9e3 i1 p$icel ( ins]tion to ! hypod]mis2 tr1 tra*ea2 b1 semicircul> pad2 e1 envelop+ membrane2 c1 bundle ( capill>y tra*eoles2 ! l>ge tra*e ( ! w+ n visible2 !y foll[ ! c\rse ( ! bundles ( tra*eoles4--,aft] ,gon94 ,gon9 /ates t be=e ! tra*e rea* ! w+ !y divide into a great numb] ( capill>y tubes unit$ into bundles & (t5 tangl$4 ,?is mass ( tra*e does n p5etrate into ! w+-g]m by "o ( its free ends1 b spread+ ov] ab\t a ?ird ( ! surface ( ! w+1 sep>ates into a doz5 bundles :i* spread out fan-l 9 ! int]ior ( ! w+4 7,fig4 #aei74 ,^! ramifications1 z se5 "u ! microscope1 are v irregul>2 !y =m "h & !re knots & ana/omoses4 ,!y end abruptly 9 tufts at a little di/ance f ! edge ( ! w+4 ,a rais$ semicircul> ridge 7b7 surr\nds ! base ( ! w+1 & )9 ?is ! capill>ies are =m$1 :ile on ! o!r side !y are cov]$ by a cellul> lay]4 ,l&ois1 he says1 notic$ nei!r ! p$icel ( ! ins]tion ( ! w+ 7i7 nor ! ridge 7b74 ,h]old only /ates t ! tra*e pass l roots into ! w+4 ,l&ois believ$ t !y =m$ an integral "p ( x4 ,dewitz & ,pancritius us$ sections to det]m9e _! situation4 ,fig4 #afj w illu/rate ,l&ois' views z to ! orig9 ( ! tra*e & ve9s4 ,a repres5ts ! g]m ( a h9d w+ atta*$ to a tra*ea2 c ! elongat$ cells1 9 :i*1 z se5 at ,b1 c1 a f9e tangl$ tra*eal ?read 7t7 appe>s1 se5 to be magnifi$ at ,c4 ,! cell walls break d[n1 & ! ?reads become ^? :i* pass ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ve9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4--,orig9 ( ! w+s & _! ve9s4--,aft] ,l&ois4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4-,section ( ! 8rib0 ( a ve93 c1 cord2 b1 twig4--,aft] ,s*aeff]4 ,! w+-rods4--,semp] discov]$ 9 transv]se sections ( ! w+s1 :at he call$ ,flgelripp52 "o su* rib accompany+ ! tra*ea 9 ea* ve94 ,he did n discov] its orig91 & 8 description ( x is said to be some:at errone\s4 ,s*aeff] has rec5tly exam9$ ! /ructure1 rem>k+3 8,i h surely obs]v$ ! connection ( ?is cellul> tube ) ! tra*e4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! base ( ! w+ :]e ! lum5 ( ! tra*e is mu* wid5$4 ,i only describe ! fully =m$ rib 7rippe74 ,9 a cross-section x =ms a usually cyl9drical tube :i* is cov]$ by a v ?9 *it9\s intima :i* be>s delicate twigs 7,fig4 #afa74 ,^! twigs are analog\s to ! ?ick5$ ridge ( ! tra*eal intima4 ,i c see no connection betwe5 ! bran*es ( ! diff]5t twigs4 ,?r\gh ! ribs 7ripp57 ext5d a c5tral cord 7c7 :i* %[s 9 longitud9al section a cle> longitud9al /reak+4 ,semp] reg>d$ x z a n]ve4 ,b ! connection ( ! tube ) ! tra*ea contradicts ?is view4 ,i c only reg>d ! cord z a sep>ation-product ( ! cells ( ! walls40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4--,p>ts ( a ve9 ( ! cockroa*1 %[+ ! n]ve 7n7 by ! side ( ! tra*ea 7tr72 c1 blood-corpuscles4--,aft] ,moseley4 ,o!r hi/ological elem5ts4--,^! are ! blood-lymph1 corpuscles1 blood-build+ masses1 & n]ves4 ,s*aeff] /ates t 9 ! immature pupal w+s we f9d besides ! l>ge tra*e1 :i* are m or less bran*$1 & 9 ! w+-ve9s at a lat] p]iod1 blood-corpuscles :i* are m or less gorg$ ) nutritive mat]ial1 & also ! 8balls ( granules0 ( ,weismann1 :i* are p]haps ! 8s+le fat-body cells0 detect$ by ,semp]4 ,s*aeff] also /ates t into ! hypod]mal fold ( ! rudim5ts ( ! w+s pass peculi> =mations ( ! fat-body & tra*eal sy/em1 & connect$ ) ! fat-body are masses ( small cells :i* by ,s*aeff] are reg>d$ z blood-build+ masses4 ,f9e n]ves h also be5 detect$ )9 ! ve9s1 ,moseley /at+ t a n]ve-fibre accompanies ! tra*ea 9 all ! l>g] ve9s 9 ! insects he has exam9$ 7,fig4 #afb71 :ile x is pres5t 9 ,melolon?a1 :]e ! tra*ea is abs5t4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,w+s ,jur9e1 ,l4 ,n\velle m?ode de class] les ,hymnoptres et les ,dipt]s4 ,g5ve1 #ahjg1 #d pp4 #cai1 #ad ,pls4 ---- ,obs]vations sur les ailes des ,hymnoptres4 7,mm4 acad4 ,tur91 #ahbj1 xxiv1 pp4 #agg-bad47 ,latreille1 ,p4 ,a4 ,de la =mation des ailes des ,insectes4 7,mm4 sur div]s sujets de l'hi/oire naturelle des ,insectes1 etc4 ,p>is1 #ahai4 ,fasc4 #h47 ---- ,de quelques app5dices p>ticuli]s du ?orax de div]s ,insectes4 7,mm4 du ,mus4 d',hi/4 nat41 #ahba1 vii1 pp4 #a-ba1 #ced-cfc47 ,*abri]1 ,j4 ,essai sur le vol des insectes4 7,mm4 du ,mus4 d',hi/4 nat41 #ahbj1 vi1 pp4 #daj-dgf2 #ahba1 vii1 pp4 #big-cgb2 #ahbb1 viii1 pp4 #dg-ii1 #cdi-djc47 ,sep>ate1 pp4 #cbh1 #ac ,pls4 ,burmei/]1 ,h]mann4 ,h&bu* d] entomologie1 i1 #ahcb1 pp4 #if-ajf1 #bfc-bfg1 #did-eje4 ---- ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,flgeltyp5 d] ,coleopt]54 7,abh&l4 d4 naturf4 ,ges4 ,halle1 #ahed1 ii1 pp4 #abe-adj1 #a ,taf47 ,rom&1 ,b4 ,e4 de4 ,tableau de l'aile suprieure des ,hymnoptres1 #a ,pl4 ,p>is1 #ahci4 7,revue ,zool41 ii1 pp4 #cci2 ,b]i*t von ,eri*son fr #ahci1 pp4 #ed-ef47 ,lefebure1 ,a4 ,communication v]bale sur la ptrologie des ,lpidoptres4 7,annal4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 #ahdb1 i1 pp4 #e-ce1 #c ,pls4 ,also ,revue ,zool4 ,p>is1 #ahdb1 pp4 #eb-eh1 #a ,pl47 ,des*amps1 ,b4 ,re*]*es microscopiques sur l'organisation des lytres des ,coloptres4 7,ann4 sc4 nat41 sr4 #c1 iii1 #ahde1 pp4 #ced-cfc47 ,he]1 ,oswald4 ,die ,insekt5fauna d] ,t]tirgebilde von ,o5+5 und ,radaboj41 #ahdg1 #a4 ,teil1 pp4 #ge-id4 ,newman1 ,e4 ,memor&um on ! w+-rays ( insects4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 s]4 #b1 iii1 #ahee1 pp4 #bbe-bca47 ,we/wood1 ,j4 ,o4 ,notes on ! w+-ve9s ( insects4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 s]4 #b1 iv1 #aheg1 pp4 #fj-fd47 ,loew1 ,h4 ,die ,s*w+] d] ,dipt]54 7,b]l91 ,entom4 ,zeits*r41 #aheh1 pp4 #bbe-bcj47 ,saussure1 ,h4 de4 tudes sur l'aile des ,or?optres4 7,ann4 sci5c4 nat41 #e sr4 x1 p4 #afa47 ,s*9]1 ,j4 ,r4 ,ueb] das ,flgelged] d] ,dipt]54 7,v]hdl4 k4 k4 ,zool4-bot41 ,ges4 ,wi51 #ahfd1 pp4 #aic-bjj1 #a ,taf47 ,hag51 ,h4 ,a4 ,ueb] rationelle ,b55nung des ,ged]s 9 d5 ,flgeln d] ,insekt54 7,/ett94 ,ent4 ,zeitung1 #ahgj1 xxxi1 pp4 #caf-cbj1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,kurze ,bem]kung5 b] das ,flgelged] d] ,insekt54 7,wi5] ,entom4 ,zeit41 #ahhf1 v1 pp4 #caa1 #cab47 ,plateau1 ,f4 ,qu'e/-ce que l'aile d'un insecte8 7,/ett4 ,ent4 ,zeit4 ,jahrg4 #cb1 #ahga1 pp4 #cc-db1 #a ,taf4 ,j\rnal d4 ,zool41 ii1 #ahgc1 pp4 #abf-acg47 ,moseley1 ,h4 ,n4 ,on ! circulation 9 ! w+ ( ,blatta ori5talis & o!r insects1 etc4 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,micr4 ,sc4 #ahga1 xi1 pp4 #chi-cie1 #a ,pl47 ,rog]1 ,otto4 ,das ,flgelged] d] ,kaf]4 ,erlang51 #ahge1 #ij p4 ,rade1 ,e4 ,die we/falis*5 ,donaci5 und ihre na*/5 ,v]w&t54 #c ,taf4 7,vi]t] ,jahresb]4 d4 ,we/fal ,prov4-,v]e9s f4 ,wiss4 u4 ,kun/1 #ahgf1 pp4 #eb-hg2 ,flgel1 pp4 #fa-fh47 ,katt]1 ,f4 ,ueb] ,inseckt51 speziell ,s*mett]l+sflgel4 7,entom4 ,na*r41 iv1 #ahgh1 pp4 #bgi-bha1 #bic-bih1 #cjd-cji1 #cba-cbc47 ,h(mann1 ,georg v4 ,ueb] die morphologis*e ,deutung d] ,insekt5flgel4 7,jahresb]4 d4 akad4-naturwiss4 ,v]e9s1 ,graz1 v ,jahrg41 #ahgi1 pp4 #fc-fh47 ,kolbe1 ,h4 ,j4 ,das ,flgelged] d] ,psocid5 und se9e sy/ematis*e ,b$eutung4 7,/ett94 ,entom4 ,zeitung1 #ahhj1 pp4 #agi-ahf1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,die ,zwis*5raume zwis*5 d5 ,punkt/reif5 d] punkti]tge/reift5 ,flgeldeck5 d] ,coleopt]a als rudim5t>e ,ripp5 aufgefas/4 7,jahresb]4 zool4 ,sektion d4 ,we/fal4 ,prov4-,v]4 f4 ,wiss4 u4 ,kun/4 ,mn/]1 #ahhf1 pp4 #eg-ei1 #a ,taf47 ,lee1 ,a4 ,bolles4 ,les balanci]s des ,diptres1 leurs organes s5sifres et leurs hi/ologie4 7,recueil ,zool4 ,suisse1 i1 #ahhe1 pp4 #cfc-cib1 #a ,pl47 ,poppius1 ,alfr$4 ,ueb] das ,flgelged] d] f9nis*5 ,d5drometrid54 #a ,taf4 7,b]l4 ,entom4 ,zeits*r41 #ahhh1 pp4 #ag-bh47 ,com/ock1 ,j4 ,h4 ,on ! homologies ( ! w+-ve9s ( insects4 7,am]ican ,naturali/1 xxi1 #ahhg1 pp4 #icb-icd47 ,brau]1 ,f4 ,ansi*t5 b] die palozois*5 ,insekt5 und d]5 ,deutung4 7,annal4 d4 k4 k4 naturhi/4 ,mus4 ,wi51 ,bd4 i1 #ahhf1 pp4 #hf-abf1 #b ,taf47 ,brau]1 ,f41 und ,j4 ,r$t5ba*]4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,entwicklung des ,flgelged]s d] ,insekt54 7,zool4 ,anz4 #ahhh1 pp4 #ddc-ddg47 ,r$t5ba*]1 ,j4 ,v]glei*5de ,/udi5 b] das ,flgelged] d] ,insekt54 #ab ,taf4 7,annal5 d4 k4 k4 naturhi/4 ,h(museums zu ,wi51 #ahhf1 i1 pp4 #aec-bca47 ,s*o*1 ,g4 ,miscellanea entomologica4 ,i4 ,das ,ged] des ,insekt5flgels2 ,,ii4 ,prolegom5a zur ,fauna dipt]orum ,helvetiae1 ,wiss5s*aftl4 7,beilage z4 ,programm d4 ,kantonss*ule ,zuri*1 #ahhi1 #d1 #dj p47 ,bondsdorff1 ,a4 von4 ,ueb] die ,ableitung d] ,skulpturv]hltnisse bei d5 ,deckflgeln d] ,coleopt]54 7,zool4 ,anz41 #ahij1 xiii ,jahrg41 pp4 #cdb-cdf47 ,spul]1 ,arnold4 ,zur ,phylog5ie und ,ontog5ie des ,flgelged]s d] ,s*mett]l+e4 7,zeits*r4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 liii1 #eig-fdf1 #b ,taf41 #ahib47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,adolph1 ,bugnion1 ,calv]t1 ,com/ock1 ,diez1 ,giraud1 ,gon91 ,grab]1 ,kellogg1 ,pack>d1 ,pratt1 ,scudd]1 ,wal%4 g4 ,me*anism ( flight ,m>ey's views on ! flight ( insects4--,z we owe m to ,m>ey ?an to any "o else = :at exact k we h ( ! !ory ( flight ( insects1 ! foll[+ acc\nt is cond5s$ f 8 "w entitl$ 8,movem5t40 ,! exce$+ly complicat$ movem5ts ( ! w+s w\ld lead u1 he says1 to suppose t !re exi/s 9 insects a v complex set ( muscles ( flight1 b 9 reality1 he claims1 !re are only ! two elevator & depressor muscles ( ea* w+4#cd ,& ,m>ey says t :5 we exam9e m closely ! me*anical conditions ( ! flight ( insects1 we see t an upw>d & d[nw>d motion giv5 by ! muscles is suffici5t to produce all ^! successive acts1 s well coord9at$ ) ea* o!r2 ! resi/ance ( ! air effect+ all ! o!r movem5ts4 ,he also ref]s to ! exp]im5ts ( ,giraud :i* prove t ! insect ne$s = flight a rigid ma9-rib & a flexible membrane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4--,! two upp] l9es are produc$ by ! contacts ( a drone's w+ on a smok$ cyl9d]4 ,9 ! middle are record$ ! vibrations ( a tun+-=k 7#bej vibrations p] second7 = comp>ison ) ! frequ5cy ( ! w+ movem5ts4 ,bel[ are se5 ! movem5ts ( ! w+ ( a bee4--,aft] ,m>ey4 ,if we take (f ! w+ ( an insect1 & hold+ x by ! small jo9t :i* connects x ) ! ?orax1 expose x to a curr5t ( air1 we see t ! plane ( ! w+ is incl9$ m & m z x is subject$ to a m p[]ful impulse ( ! w9d4 ,! ant]ior n]vure resi/s1 b ! membran\s portion :i* is prolong$ beh9d b5ds on acc\nt ( its great] pliancy4 ,! w+s ( insects may be reg>d$ simply z vibrat+ wires1 & h5ce ! frequ5cy ( _! movem5ts c be calculat$ by ! note produc$4 ,_! movem5ts c be record$ directly on a revolv+ cyl9d]1 previ\sly black5$ ) smoke1 ! slighte/ t\* ( ! tip ( ! w+ remov+ ! black & expos+ ! :ite pap] b5ea?2 ,fig4 #afc 0 obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,by ?is me?od x 0 calculat$ t 9 ! common fly ! w+s made #ccj /rokes p] second1 ! bee #aij1 ! ,macroglossus #gb1 ! dragon-fly #bh1 & ! butt]fly 7,pi]is rap7 #i4 ,?us ! small] ! species1 ! m rapid are ! movem5ts ( ! w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4--;,appe>ance ( a wasp fly+ 9 ! sun3 ! extremity ( ! w+ is gild$4--,aft] ,m>ey4 ,! pa? or trajectory made by ! tip ( ! w+ is l a figure #h4 ,m>ey obta9$ ?is by fa/5+ a spangle ( gold-leaf to ! extremity ( a wasp's w+4 ,! insect 0 !n seiz$ ) a pair ( =ceps & held 9 ! sun 9 front ( a d>k backgr\nd1 ! lum9\s trajectory %ap+ itself 9 ! =m ( a lemniscate 7,fig4 #afd74 ,to det]m9e ) accuracy ! direction tak5 by ! w+ at diff]5t /ages ( ! trajectory1 a small piece ( capill>y glass tub+ 0 black5$ 9 ! smoke ( a c&le1 s t ! slighte/ t\* on ! glass 0 suffici5t to remove ! black coat+ & %[ ! direction ( movem5t 9 ea* limb ( ! lemniscate4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afe4 ,diff]5t po9ts on ! pa? ( movem5t 7 te/$ by ! smok$ rod1 & f ! track along :i* ! black _h be5 remov$ ! direction ( movem5t 0 d$uc$4 ,?is direction is repres5t$ 9 ! figure by means ( arr[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4--;,exp]im5t to te/ ! direction ( movem5t ( an insect's w+3 a1 a1 b1 b1 diff]5t positions ( ! smok$ rod4 ,!ory ( insect flight4--8,! !ory ( insect flight10 says ,m>ey1 8may be completely expla9$ f ! prec$+ exp]im5ts4 ,! w+1 9 its to-&-fro movem5t1 is b5t 9 v>i\s directions by ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,its action is always t ( an incl9$ plane /rik+ aga9/ a fluid & utiliz+ t "p ( ! resi/ance :i* is favorable to its onw>d progression4 8,?is me*anism is ! same z t ( a wat]man's scull1 :i* z x moves backw>ds & =w>ds is obliquely incl9$ 9 opposite directions1 ea* "t communicat+ an impulse to ! boat40 ,! me*anism 9 ! case ( ! insect's w+ is f> simpl]1 h[ev]1 ?an 9 ! process ( scull+1 s9ce 8! flexible membrane :i* con/itutes ! ant]ior "p ( ! w+ pres5ts a rigid bord]1 :i* enables ! w+ to incl9e itself at ! mo/ favorable angle40 8,! muscles only ma9ta9 ! to-&-fro movem5t1 ! resi/ance ( ! air does ! re/1 namely1 effects ^? *anges 9 surface obliquity :i* det]m9e ! =mation ( an #h-%ap$ trajectory by ! extremity ( ! w+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4--;,bee fly+ ab\t 9 ! *amb] ( ! app>atus4--,aft] ,m>ey4 ,l5d5feld has appli$ photography to det]m9e ! position ( ! w+s ( a dragon-fly1 & ,m>ey has c>ri$ *ronophotography f>!r to indicate ! normal trajectory ( ! w+1 & to %[ ! position 9 flight4 ,fig4 #aff %[s a bee 9 v>i\s phases ( flight4 8,! insect sometimes assumes almo/ a horizontal position1 9 :i* case ! l[] "p ( its body is mu* ne>] ! object-glass ?an is its head1 & yet bo? extremities are equally well def9$ 9 ! photograph4 ,! successive images are sep>at$ by an int]val ( #abj ( a second 7a long "t :5 comp>$ to ! total "t occupi$ by a complete w+ movem5t1 i4e4 #aaij ( a second74 ,& h5ce x is useless to attempt to ga9 a k ( ! successive phases ( movem5t by exam9+ ! successive photographs ( a consecutive s]ies repres5t+ an insect 9 flight4 ,nev]!less an exam9ation ( isolat$ images af=ds in=mation ( extreme int]e/ ) reg>d to ! me*anism ( flight4 8,we h se5 t ow+ to ! resi/ance ( ! air ! expanse ( w+ is di/ort$ 9 v>i\s directions by atmosph]ic resi/ance4 ,n[1 z ! oscillations dur+ flight are execut$ 9 a horizontal plane1 ! obliquity ( ! w+-surface ought to dim9i% ! app>5t bread? ( ! w+4 ,?is appe>ance c be se5 9 ,fig4 #afg4 ,!re is "h a comp>ison betwe5 two ,tipul3 ! "o 9 ! act ( flight1 ! o!r p]fectly motionless & re/+ aga9/ ! glass w9d[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4--;,illu/ration to %[ two ,tipul1 "o ( !m rema9+ motionless on ! glass1 & ! o!r mov+ its limbs 9 diff]5t directions1 & sett+ its body at v>i\s incl9ations3 ! illu/ration only repres5ts a small "p ( a long s]ies4--,aft] ,m>ey4 8,! motionless insect ma9ta9s its w+s 9 a position ( v]tical ext5sion2 ! plane is !re=e at "r angles to ! axis ( ! object-glass4 ,! bread? ( ! w+ c be se5 9 its entirety2 ! n]vures c be c\nt$1 & ! r\nd+ (f ( ! extremities ( ! w+s is p]fectly obvi\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fly+ insect moves its w+s 9 a horizontal direction1 & ow+ to ! resi/ance ( ! air ! expanse ( ! w+s is obliquely dispos$1 & only ! projection ( its surface c be se5 9 ! photograph4 ,?is is :y ! extremity ( ! w+s appe>s z if x 7 po9t$1 :ile ! o!r p>ts look mu* n>r[] ?an normal4 ,! ext5t ( ! obliquity c be measur$ f ! app>5t alt]ation 9 wid?1 = ! projection ( ?is plane ) ! v]tical is ! s9e ( ! angle4 ,f ?is x may be ga!r$ t ! "r w+ 7,fig4 #afh1 ?ird image7 0 incl9$ at an angle ( ab\t #ej ) ! v]tical1 say #dj ) ! horizontal4 ,?is incl9ation necess>ily v>ies at diff]5t po9ts ( ! trajectory & mu/ augm5t ) ! rapidity ( movem5t2 ! obliquity rea*+ its maximum 9 ^? portions ( ! w+s :i* move ) ! greate/ velocity1 namely1 t[>ds ! extremities4 ,! result is t ! w+ becomes twi/$ at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! movem5t40 7,see ! f\r? image 9 ,fig4 #afh47 ,! position ( ! balanc]s seems to v>y accord+ to t ( ! w+s4 7,m>ey's ,movem5t1 pp4 #bec-beg47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4--,tipula 9 ! act ( fly+1 %[+ ! v>i\s attitudes ( ! w+s & ! position ( ! balanc]s4 ,grab]'s views z to ! me*anism ( ! w+s1 flight1 etc4--,al?\gh 9 reality insects possess b f\r w+s1 nature1 says ,grab]1 evid5tly endeavors to make !m dipt]al4 ,?is end is atta9$ 9 a tw(old mann]4 ,9 ! butt]flies1 bees1 & cicadas1 ! f\r w+s nev] act indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 z two individual pairs1 b !y are always jo9$ to a s+le fly+ plate by means ( peculi> hooks1 r[s ( claws1 groov$ clamps1 & simil> contrivances proce$+ f ! modifi$ edges ( ! w+s2 inde$1 ?is connection is usually c>ri$ s f> t ! h9d w+s are entirely tak5 9 t[ by ! front1 & consequ5tly possess a relatively weak me*anism ( motion4 ,! o!r mode ( w+ r$uction consi/s 9 ! fact t "o pair is ?r[n entirely out ( employm5t4 ,we obs]ve ?is = in/ance 9 bugs1 beetles1 gras%opp]s1 etc4 ,9 ! meantime1 !n1 we may n tru/ to appe>ances4 ,z _! developm5t inde$ tea*es u1 ! w+s z well z ! additional memb]s mu/ be reg>d$ z actual evag9ations ( ! common sockets ( ! body1 & 9 ord] especially to refute ! preval5t op9ion t ^! w+-membranes are void ( s5sation1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,leydig has prov$ ! exi/5ce1 z well z "o c be conv9c$ by exp]im5t1 ( a n]ve-end app>atus 9 c]ta9 basal or radical ve9s ( ! w+-membrane1 :i* is v ext5sive & complicat$1 & !re=e indicates ! p]=mance ( an important function1 p]haps ( a k9d ( balanc+ s5se1 & also t ^! same insect w+s1 ) _! delicate membrane1 are v easily affect$ by diff]5t outside ag5ts1 z1 = in/ance1 w>m?1 curr5ts ( air1 etc4 ,usually 9 _! inactive or passive /ate ! w+s are held (f horizontally f ! body dur+ flight1 & are laid ^u ! back aga9 :5 ! insect alights2 b an exception occurs 9 mo/ butt]flies & ,neuropt]a1 among :i* ! w+-jo9t all[s only "o movem5t r\nd ! oblique & long axis ( ! w+s4 ,f ?is cause1 too1 ! insects j m5tion$ c unfold _! w+s sudd5ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4--;,ant]ior "p ( a ,cicada = demon/rat+ ! me*anism ( ! articulation ( ! =e w+3 a1 articul> head2 b1 articul> pan1 frog1 or cotyla2 g1 ela/ic b&2 c1 d1 e1 sy/em ( ela/ic rods2 r#a1 r#b1 #a/ & #b;d abdom9al segm5ts4 ,,hf1 h9d w+s4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,! transition ( ! w+s f ! active to ! re/+ condition seems to be by way ( a purely passive process1 :i*1 !re=e1 usually gives no tr\ble to ! insect4 ,! w+ be+ ext5d$ by ! tractive p[] ( ! muscles1 flies back1 :5 ?is ceases1 to its =m] or re/+ po/ure by means ( its natural ela/icity1 l a spiral spr+ di/urb$ f its balance4 ,! /ructure ( ?is spr+ jo9t is v diff]5t1 h[ev]4 ,x usually consi/s 7,fig4 #afi7 ( two p>ts4 ,! w+ c move itself up & d[n 9 a v]tical plane by means ( ! =w>d jo9t1 & at ! same "t c rotate some:at r\nd its long axis1 because ! *it9\s "p m5tion$ above is gr\nd (f aft] ! fa%ion ( a m&rel4 ,! h9d] jo9t1 at a great] di/ance f ! body1 virtually consi/s ( a r\nd$ piece 7a7 capitate t[>ds ! outside1 & ( a prettily holl[$ socket 7b7 =m$ by ! union ( ! ?ick ribs ( ! h9d w+s1 :i* slides r\nd ! head jo9t :5 ! w+s snap back ^u ! back4 ,! me*anism :i* causes ?is turn+ is1 h[ev]1 ( a some:at complicat$ nature4 ,! mo/ in/rum5tal "p ( x is ! p[]ful ela/ic b& 7g7 :i* is /ret*$ ov] f ! h9d] edge ( ! meso?orax 7,r#b7 t[>ds t ( ! w+s4 ,?is membrane is ext5d$ by ! expansion ( ! w+s1 & draws !m t[>ds ! body z soon z ! contraction ( ! muscles relaxes4 ,?is clos+ b& ( ! w+s is assi/$ by a lev]age sy/em consi/+ ( ?ree little *it9\s rods 7c1 d1 e71 :i* at its jo9+ presses inw>ds on ! body on "o side1 & on ! h9d] edge & head-jo9t ( ! w+ on ! o!r4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 lay great /ress on a few m k9ds ( w+ support4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4--,meso?oracic skeleton ( a /ag beetle3 s*i1 scutellum1 on ea* side ( :i* is ! articulation ( ! =e w+ 7,v71 consi/+ ( two small /yli=m processes 7v1 h7 ( ! base ( ! w+2 za1 too? :i* fits into ! cavity ( ! w+-lock 7gr72 l1 edge ( ! "r w+1 pass+ into ! correspond+ groove 7fa7 ( ! left2 ,di1 diaphragm = ! atta*m5t ( ! t]gal muscle ( ! meta/]num2 ,di#a 7n expla9$ by au?or72 ,ka1 acetabulum ( ! coxa 7,h72 ,se1 *it9\s process = ! atta*m5t ( ! coxal muscle2 ,fe1 femur2 ,s*1 tibia2 ,b#b1 /]num4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,! w+-cases ( beetles at _! return f flight are jo9$ toge!r l ! %ells ( a mussel on ! inside z well z to ! w$ge-%ap$ plate 7,fig4 #agj1 s*i7 betwe5 _! bases4 ,!re is ev5 a k9d ( clasp at h& = ?is purpose4 ,! base ( ! w+1 t is1 be>s a pair ( too?-l projections 7za71 :i* fit into ! correspond+ holl[s ( ! little plate4 ,! commissure aris+ f ! jo9+ ( ! inn] edges is *>act]i/ic4 ,usually ! w+s on bo? sides int]lock by means ( a groove1 z 9 /ag-beetles1 b sometimes ev51 z 9 ,*lamys1 aft] ! mann] ( two cog-:eels1 s t we h "h also an imitation ( ! two mo/ preval5t me?ods :i* ! cab9et-mak] uses 9 jo9+ bo>ds toge!r4 ,! act ( fold+ ! broad h9d w+s among beetles is n less significant ?an ! arrangem5t ( ! =e w+4 ,if we =cibly spread out ! =m] 9 a beetle :i* has j be5 kill$ & !n leave x to its own res\rces aga91 we obs]ve ! foll[+ result3 ,accord+ to its peculi> mode ( jo9+1 ! co/al ve9 on ! =e edge approa*es ! mid or discoidal ve9 ( ! basal half z well z ! di/al half ( ! w+1 :5ce arises a longitud9al fold :i* curves 9 und]nea?4 ,!n ! di/al half snaps "u l ! blade ( a pocket knife & lies on ! plane ( ! co/al edge ( ! w+1 :ile x also draws aft] x ! neighbor+ w+-area4 ,! s(t h9d]-edge portion turns 9 simultane\sly :5 ?is w+-area rema9s fix$ to ! body :ile ! co/al portion is mov+ t[>ds ! middle l9e ( ! body4 ,! w+-membranes ( almo/ all insects h1 moreov]1 ! capability ( fold+ !mselves some:at1 & ?is p[] ( ext5d+ or contract+ ! w+-membrane at w is ( great importance 9 flight4 ,yes1 b h[ is ! fold$ w+ spread out aga98 ,! fact may be %[n m simply & easily ?an "o might suppose1 & may be mo/ pla9ly demon/rat$ ev5 to a l>g] public by mak+ an artificial w+ exactly aft] ! patt]n ( ! natural "o1 9 :i* bits ( :alebone may take ! place ( ve9s & a piece ( india rubb] ! membrane spread out betwe5 !m4 ,! read] w be pati5t :ile we j expla9 to him ! act ( unfold+ ( ! membran\s w+ ( ! beetle4 ,! actual impulse = ?is unfold+ is due to ! flexor muscles :i* pull on1 & at ! same "t some:at raise ! ve9 on ! co/al edge4 ,by ?is means ! membran\s fold ly+ directly beh9d ! co/al ve9 is fir/ spread out4 ,b s9ce ?is fold is connect$ ) ! longitud9al fold ( ! di/al end ( ! w+ :i* closes l a blade1 ! w+-area la/ m5tion$ :i* is atta*$ to ! middle fold ( ! w+ by ! ela/ic spr+-l diagonal ve9 becomes /ret*$ out4 ,! h9d] ray$ portion adjac5t to ! body is1 on ! o!r h&1 simply drawn along :5 ! w+ /&s (f f ! body4 ,9 ord] to prop]ly grasp ! me*anism ( ! insect w+ we mu/ aga9 exam9e its mode ( articulation to ! body some:at m accurately4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4--,longitud9al section ?r\gh a ,tipula3 a1 m\?2 an1 ant5na2 k#c1 maxill>y palpus2 ol1 labrum2 o,g1 bra92 u,g1 subsophageal ganglion2 ,,bg1 ?oracic ganglion2 s*l1 sophagus2 m,d1 dige/ive canal2 ,ov1 ov>y2 v,f1 =e w+2 s*1 halt]2 lm1 longitud9al--b-r1 lat]al muscles4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,if we select ! halt]es ( a g>d5 gnat 7,tipula7 at ! mom5t ( ext5sion1 we %all f9d !m to be =m$ almo/ exactly aft] ! patt]n ( our o>s1 s9ce ! oblong o>-blade passes into a longitud9al h&le4 ,! p$icel ( ! balanc] is =m$ by ! ?ick longitud9al prim>y ve9s ( ! w+-membrane4 ,?is p$icel 7,fig4 #aga7 is implant$ 9 ! side ( ! ?orax 9 su* a mann] t ! w+ may be comp>$ to ! top ( a n9ep94 ,"o may ?9k1 & on ! :ole x is actually ! fact1 t ! /iff p$icel ( ! w+ is ins]t$ 9 ! ?oracic wall1 & t a %ort portion ( x 7,fig4 #agb71 projects into ! cavity ( ! ?orax4 ,x is true !re is no actual hole to be f\nd 9 ! ?oracic wall1 z ! int]m$iate space betwe5 ! base or p$icel ( ! w+ & ! ap]ture 9 ! ?orax is l9$ ) a ?9 yield+ membrane1 on :i* ! w+ is susp5d$ z on an axle-tree4 ,accord+ to ?is1 !re=e1 ! insect w+1 z well z any o!r app5dage ( ar?ropods1 acts z a lev] ) two arms4 ,! read] c !n conjecture :at may be ! fur!r me*anism ( ! w+ ma*9e4 ,we only ne$ n[ two muscles diametrically oppos$ to ea* o!r & seiz+ on ! p[] arm ( ! w+1 "o ( :i* pulls d[n ! %ort w+ arm1 !reby rais+ ! o>1 :ile ! o!r pulls up ! p[] arm4 ,& inde$ ! rais+ ( ! w+ foll[s 9 ! mann] indicat$1 s9ce a muscle 7hi7 is atta*$ to ! end ( ! w+-h&le 7a7 :i* projects freely into ! brea/ cavity by ! contraction ( :i* ! p[] arm is drawn d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4--,s*eme ( ! fly+ app>atus ( an insect3 mnl1 ?oracic walls2 ab1 w+s2 c1 pivot2 d1 po9t ( ins]tion ( ! depressor muscle ( ! w+ 7kd72--a1 t ( ! elevator ( ! w+ 7ai72 rs1 muscle = exp&+1--ml1 = contract+1 ! walls ( ! ?orax4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4--,muscles ( ! =e w+ ( a dragon-fly 7an1 ax71 expos$ by remov+ ! ?oracic walls3 h#a1 h#b1 elevators1--s#a-s#e1 depressors1 ( ! w+s 7s#a1 s#b1 rotators74--,aft] ,grab]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h be5 entirely mi/ak5 9 ref]5ce to ! me*anism :i* l[]s ! w+s4 ,! muscle conc]n$1 t is kd1 is n at all ! antagoni/ ( ! elevator muscle ( ! w+1 s9ce x is plac$ close by ?is latt]1 b ne>] to ! ?oracic wall4 ,b !n1 h[ does x come to be ! c\nt]p>t ( its neighbor8 ,9 fact1 ! lev] ( ! w+ is situat$ 9 ! project+ piece alone4 ,! ext5sor muscle ( ! w+ does n pull on ! p[] arm1 b on ! resi/ant arm on ! o!r side ( ! fulcrum 7c74 ,! illu/ration %[s1 h[ev]1 h[ su* a case is possible4 ,! membrane ( ! jo9t fa/5+ ! w+-/alk to ! ?orax is turn$ up outw>ds bel[ ! /alk l a p\*4 ,! t5don ( ! flexor ( ! w+ passes ?r\gh ?is p\* to its po9t ( atta*m5t 7c7 ly+ on ! o!r side ( ! fulcrum 7d74 ,?us x is v simply expla9$ h[ two muscles :i* act 9 ! same direction c nev]!less h an entirely contr>y work+ p[]4 ,?is is 9 a way ! b>e physical s*eme ( ! fly+ ma*9e by ! help ( :i* we %all m easily become acqua9t$ ) its fur!r details4 ,dragon-flies are unque/ionably ! mo/ suitable objects = ! /udy ( ! muscles pull+ directly on ! w+ itself4 ,if ! lat]al ?oracic wall 7,fig4 #agc7 be remov$ or ! ?orax op5$ l5g?wise !re appe>s a :ole /oreh\se ( muscul> cords :i* are spread out 9 an oblique direction betwe5 ! base ( ! w+ & ! side ( ! ?oracic plate4 ,!re is fir/ to be asc]ta9$1 by ! exp]im5t ( pull+ ! individual muscles 9 ! l9e ) a p9c]s1 :i* ones s]ve = ! lift+ & :i* = ! l[]+ ( ! w+s4 ,9 dragon-flies ! muscles are arrang$ 9 two r[s & 9 su* a way t ! flexors or depressors 7s1 #a bis7 cl+ directly to ! ?oracic wall 7comp>e also ! muscle dk 9 ,fig4 #agb & se 9 ,fig4 #agd71 :ile ! rais] or ext5sor 7h #a1 to h #b1 ,fig4 #agb1 hi & ,fig4 #agd he7 lie f>!r 94 ,! =m ( ! w+-muscles is sometimes cyl9drical1 sometimes l a prism1 or ev5 ribbon-l4 ,h[ev]1 ! contract$ bundles ( fibres d n come directly ^u ! jo9t-process we h describ$1 b pass ov] (t5 inde$ at a v consid]able di/ance f !m1 into peculi> *it9\s t5dons4 ,^! h ! =m ( a cap-l plate1 (t5 s]rate on ! edge1 :i* is prolong$ into a ?read1 :i* %\ld be consid]$ z ! direct cont9uation ( ! base ( ! w+s4 ,! w+s1 !re=e1 s9k d[n into ! ?oracic cavity z if !y 7 a r[ ( cords end+ 9 h&les :]e ! /ra9 ( ! muscles is appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4--,transv]se section ?r\gh ! ?orax ( a locu/ 7,/5obo?rus73 b#a1 leg2 h1 he>t2 ga1 v5tral cord2 se1 depressor1--he1 elevator1 ( ! w+ 7fl72 b-r1 lat]al muscles :i* exp& ! ?oracic walls2--lm1 longitud9al muscles :i* contract !m2 %m1 uhm1 muscles to ! legs2 bg1 apodemes4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4--;,inn] view ( a portion ( ! left side ( body ( ,libellula depressa1 %[+ a "p ( ! me*anism ( flight1 viz41 "s ( ! *it9\s ridges at base ( ! upp] w+1 & "s ( ! ins]tions ( ! t5dons ( muscles3 ,a1 l9e ( section ?r\gh ! base ( ! upp] w+1 ! w+ be+ suppos$ to be direct$ backw>ds4 ,c1 upp] portion ( me*anism ( ! l[] w+2 b1 lev] ext5d+ betwe5 ! pieces connect$ ) ! two w+s4--,aft] von ,l5d5feld1 f ,%>p4 ,z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #agc1 ! contractile section ( sev]al ( ! muscles ( ! w+ 7s#e7 is extraord9>ily r$uc$1 :ile its ?read-l t5don is proportionately long]4 ,?is gradation be+ almo/ l t ( ! pipes ( an organ 9 ! l5g? ( ! w+-muscles1 z may s easily be obs]v$ 9 ! l>ge dragon-flies1 pla9ly indicates t ! /ra9 ( ! individual muscles is q diff]5t 9 /r5g?1 s9ce1 z ! ph5om5on ( flight dem&s x1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! base ( ! w+ become respectively relax$ 9 v dissimil> measure4 ,we h ?us f> discuss$ only ! elevator & depressor muscles4 ,o!r gr\ps 7s#as#c7 are yet to be add$1 h[ev]1 cross+ "u ! fir/ at acute angles1 :i* :5 pull+ ! w+ sidewise1 br+ ab\t 9 union ) ! o!r muscles a screw-l turn+ ( ! w+s4 ,:ile 9 dragon-flies all ! muscles :i* are pr9cipally influ5tial 9 mov+ ! w+ are directly atta*$ to x1 & ?us evid5tly ass]t _! /r5g? mo/ advantage\sly1 ! case is ess5tially diff]5t ) all o!r insects4 ,"h1 z has already be5 sup]ficially m5tion$ above1 ! entire set ( muscles affect+ ! w+ is analyz$ into two p>ts ( :i* ! small] only is usually directly jo9$ to ! w+s1 :ile ! movem5t is indirectly influ5c$ by ! rema9d] 7,grab]74 ,9 ! dragon-fly ! two w+s are 8br\ght into correlative action by means ( a lev] ( unusual l5g? exi/+ among/ ! *it9\s pieces 9 ! body wall at ! base ( ! w+s 7,fig4 #age1 b74 ,! w+-muscles are l>ge2 accord+ to von ,l5d5feld !re are ?ree elevator1 five depressor1 & "o abductor muscles to ea* w+4 ,he describes ! w+-movem5ts z ! results ( ! correlative action ( num]\s muscles & ligam5ts1 & ( a great numb] ( *it9\s pieces connect$ 9 a jo9t$ mann]0 7,%>p74 ,if aga9 we take ! longitud9al section ( ! ?oracic cavity ( gnats 9 ,fig4 #aga1 we %all p]ceive a compactly clos$ sy/em ( muscul> b>s int]sect+ ea* o!r almo/ at "r angles & int]lac$ ) a tangl$ mass ( tra*e1 "s ( :i* muscles ext5d 7lm7 longitud9ally1 t is f ! front to ! back1 :ile o!rs 7b-r7 /ret* out 9 a v]tical direction1 t is betwe5 ! plates ( ! abdom5 & back4 ,9 ord] t we may m easily compreh5d ?is important muscul> app>atus we w illu/rate ! ?oracic cavity ( insects by an ela/ic /eel r+ 7,fig4 #agb71 to :i* we may affix artificial w+s4 ,if ?is r+ be press$ toge!r f above d[nw>d1 along ! l9e rs1 ?us imitat+ ! pull+ ( ! v]tical or lat]al ?oracic muscles1 !n ! w+s on bo? sides spr+ up4 ,?is is to be expla9$ by ! fact t ?r\gh ?is manipulation a pressure is ex]t$ on ! lift+ p[] arm ( ! w+s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! r+ be compress$ on ! sides 7ml71 :i* is ! same ?+ z if ! longitud9al muscles contract$ ! ?orax f be=e backw>d1 & ?us ar*$ x m1 !n ! w+s are l[]$4 ,agrion91 accord+ to ,kolbe1 c fly ) ! =e pair ( w+s or ) ! h9d pair almo/ z well z ) bo? pairs toge!r4 ,also ! w+s ( ^! insects c be cut (f be=e ! middle ( _! l5g? )\t injur+ _! p[] ( flight4 ,butt]flies1 ,catocal1 & ,bombycid fly aft] ! removal ( ! h9d w+s4 ,also ! balanc]s ( ! ,dipt]a mu/ be useful 9 fly+1 s9ce _! removal less5s ! p[] ( flight4 ,*abri] reg>d$ ! "u sides ( ! %ell-l ext5d$ w+-cov]s ( ! beetles z w9d-cat*]s1 :i*1 seiz$ by w9d curr5ts1 c>ry ! insect ?r\gh ! air4 ,we may also consid] ! w+-cov]s z regulators ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( flight4 ,! obs]vations ( insects made by ,p\jade 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent41 ,france1 #ahhg1 p4 #aig7 dur+ flight tea*es u1 says ,kolbe1 t 9 respect to ! movem5t dur+ flight ( bo? pairs ( w+s1 !y may be divid$ into two categories3-- #a4 ,into ^? :]e bo? pairs ( w+s 7toge!r71 ei!r unit$1 & also :5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 p]=m flight4 ,su* are ! ,libellulid1 ,p]lid1 ,sialid1 ,hem]obiid1 ,mymeleonid1 ,acridiid1 ,locu/id1 ,blattid1 ,t]mitid1 etc4 #b4 ,into ^? ^: =e & h9d w+s act toge!r l "o w+1 s9ce !y are connect$ by hooks 7hamuli71 z 9 c]ta9 ,hym5opt]a1 or are atta*$ 9 o!r ways4 ,"h belong ,hym5opt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,tri*opt]a1 ,cicadid1 ,psocid1 etc4 ,! musculature ( ! meso?orax & meta?orax is simil> 9 ^? insects bo? ( ^: pairs ( w+s are l ea* o!r1 & act indep5d5tly dur+ flight1 viz4 9 ! ,libellulid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! second category1 :]e ! =e & h9d w+s act z a s+le pair & ! =e w+s are mo/ly l>g] ?an ! h9d] 7except 9 mo/ ( ! ,tri*opt]a71 ! musculature ( ! meso?orax is m develop$ ?an t ( ! meta?orax4 ,to nei!r category belong ! beetles1 ^: w+-cov]s are peculi> organs ( flight1 & n = direct use1 & ! ,dipt]a1 :i* possess b a s+le pair ( w+s4 ,9 ! beetles ! h9d w+s1 9 ! ,dipt]a ! =e w+s1 s]ve especially z organs ( flight4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! ,dipt]a are ! be/ fli]s1 & t ^? insects :i* use bo? pairs ( w+s z a s+le pair fly bett] ?an ^? insects ^: two pairs ( w+s "w indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,an exception are ! swift-fly+ ,libellulid1 ^: specially =m$ muscles ( flight expla9 _! unusual capabilities = fly+ 7,kolbe74 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,flight ,m>ey1 ,e4 ,j4 ,la ma*9e animale4 ,locomotion t]re/re et ari5ne4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ---- ,mmoire sur le vol des insectes et des oiseaux4 7,annal4 ,sci5c4 natur41 #e sr41 ,zool4 xii1 #ahfi1 pp4 #di-aej2 #e sr41 ,zool4 xv1 #ahgb1 #db ,figs47 ---- ,note sur le vol des insectes4 7,compt4 r5d4 et ,mm4 ,soc4 d4 ,biol4 ,p>is1 #d sr41 v1 #ahfi1 ,c4 ,r4 pp4 #acf-aci47 ---- ,re*]*es sur le mcanisme du vol des insectes4 7,j\rnal de l',anatomie et de la ,physiologie1 #f ,anne1 #ahfi1 pp4 #ai-cf1 #ccg-cdh47 ---- ,animal me*anism4 ,new ,york1 #ahgi1 pp4 #ahj-bji4 ---- ,movem5t4 ,new ,york1 #ahie1 pp4 #bci-bgd4 ,h>t+s4 ,ueb] d5 ,flug4 7,ni$]l&4 ,ar*iv f4 ,zoologie1 iv1 ,leid51 #ahgg-gh47 ,lucy4 ,le vol des oiseaux1 *auves\ris et insectes4 ,p>is4 ,tat91 ,v4 ,expri5ces physiologiques et syn?tiques sur le mcanisme du vol4 7,ecole prat4 d4 haut4 tud4 ,physiol4 exprim4 ,trav4 du laborat4 de ,m>ey1 #ahgg1 pp4 #bic-cjb47 ---- ,expri5ces sur le vol mcanique4 7,ibid41 #ahgf1 pp4 #hg-ajh47 ,bellesme1 ,j\sset de4 ,re*]*es exprim5tales sur les fonctions du balanci] *ez les insectes ,diptres1 ,p>is1 #ahgh1 #if pp41 ,figs4 ---- ,sur une fonction de direction dans le vol des insectes4 7,compt4 r5d41 lxxxix1 #ahgi1 pp4 #ihj-ihc47 ,pettigrew1 ,j4 ,bell4 ,on ! me*anical appliances by :i* flight is atta9$ 9 ! animal k+dom4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 #ahfh1 xxvi1 ,pt4 ,i1 pp4 #aig-bgg1 #d ,pl47 ---- ,on ! physiology ( w+s4 7,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahga1 xxvi1 pp4 #cba-ddf47 ,kr>up-hans51 ,c4 ,j4 ,l4 ,beitrag zu e9] ,!orie des ,fluges d] ,vogel1 ,insekt5 und ,fl$]mause4 7,cop5hag5 u4 ,leipzig1 ,frits*1 #ahfi1 #dh pp47 ,l5d5feld1 ,r4 ,v4 ,d] ,flug d] ,libell54 7,sitzungsb]4 d4 kais4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 lxxxiii1 #ahha1 pp4 #bhi-cgf1 #g ,taf42 ,zool4 ,anz41 #ahhj1 p4 #hb47 ,gir>d1 ,m4 ,note sur div]ses expri5ces relatives la fonction des ailes *ez les insectes4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 #d sr41 ii1 #ahfb1 pp4 #aed-afb47 ,mhlhus]1 ,f4 ,a4 ,ueb] das ,flieg5 d] ,insekt54 7#bb4 bis #bd41 ,jahresb4 d4 ,polli*ia1 ,drkheim1 #ahff1 pp4 #cg-db47 ,plateau1 ,flix4 ,re*]*es exprim5tales sur la position du c5tre de gravit *ez les insectes4 7,ar*iv d4 ,sci5c4 phys4 et natur4 d4 ,g5ve1 ,n\v4 priode1 xliii1 #ahgb1 pp4 #e-cg47 ,plateau1 ,flix4 ,ueb] die ,lage des ,s*w]punktes bei d5 ,insekt54 ,auszug4 7,natur=s*] v4 ,skl>ek1 v4 ,jahrg41 #ahgb1 pp4 #aab-aac47 ---- ,re*]*es physico-*imiques sur les articuls aquatiques4 7,bull4 d4 l',acad4 ,roy4 ,belg41 xxxiv1 #ahgb1 pp4 #a-ej1 ,fig47 ---- ,qu'e/-ce que l'aile d'un insecte8 7,/ett4 ,ent4 ,zeit41 #ahga1 pp4 #cc-db1 ,pl47 ---- ,l'aile des insectes4 7,j\rn4 d4 ,zool41 ii1 #ahgc1 pp4 #abf-acg47 ,p]ez1 ,j4 ,sur les causes de b\rdonnem5t *ez les insectes4 7,comptes r5d41 lxxxvii1 p4 #ece1 ,p>is1 #ahgh47 ,/rass]1 ,hans4 ,me*anik des ,fluges4 7,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,phys41 #ahgh1 p4 #caj-cej1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,ueb] die ,grundb$+ung5 d] aktiv5 ,locomotion4 7,abh&l4 d4 naturf4 ,gesells*41 ,halle1 #ahhj1 xv1 pp4 #aba-aif1 ,figs47 ,moleyre1 ,l4 ,re*]*es sur les organes du vol *ez les insectes de l'ordre des ,hemiptres4 7,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 d4 ,sci5c4 de ,p>is1 #ahhb1 xcv1 pp4 #cdi-ceb47 ,amans1 ,p4 ,essai sur le vol des insectes4 7,revue d4 ,sc4 ,nat4 ,montpelli]1 #c sr41 ii1 #ahhc1 pp4 #dfi-dij1 #b ,pl42 iii1 #ahhd1 pp4 #aba-aci1 #c ,pl47 ---- tude de l'organe du vol *ez les ,hymnoptres4 7,ibid41 iii1 pp4 #dhe-ebb1 #b ,pl47 ---- ,comp>aisons des organes du vol dans la srie animale4 ,des organes du vol *ez les insectes4 7,annal4 d4 ,sci5c4 nat4 ,zool41 #f sr41 xix1 pp4 #a-bbb1 #h ,pl47 ,mull5h(f1 ,k4 ,die ,grosse d] ,flugfl*54 7,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 d4 ges4 ,physiologie1 #ahhd1 xxxv1 pp4 #djg-dec47 ---- ,die ,ortsbewegung5 d] ,ti]e4 7,wiss5s*4 ,beil4 z4 ,programm d4 ,&reas-,realgymnas4 ,b]l91 #ahhe1 #ai pp47 ,p\jade1 ,g4 ,a4 ,note sur les attitudes des insectes p5dant le vol4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 #ahhd1 #f sr41 iv1 pp4 #aig-bjj1 #a ,pl47 ,kran*]1 ,o4 ,die ,tne d] ,flgels*w+ung5 uns]] ,honigbi5e4 7,deuts*] ,bi55freund1 #ahhb1 #ah4 ,jahrg41 pp4 #aig-bjd47 ,l&ois1 ,h4 ,ueb] das ,flugv]mg5 d] ,insekt54 7,natur4 und ,(f5b>ung1 vi1 #ahfj1 pp4 #ebi-edj47 ,ung]n-,/]nb]g1 von4 ,betra*tung5 b] die ,gesetze des ,fluges4 7,zeits*r4 d4 ,deuts*5 ,v]e9s z4 ,frd]ung d4 ,lufts*iffahrt-,naturwiss5s*4 ,wo*5s*rift v4 ,potonie1 iv1 #ahhi1 p4 #aeh47 ,baudelot1 ,e4 ,du mecanisme suivant lequel s'effectue *ez les ,coloptres le retract des ailes infrieures s\s les lytres au mom5t du passage a l'tat de repos4 7,bull4 ,soc4 d4 ,sci5c4 nat41 ,/rasb\rg1 #a ,anne1 #ahfh1 pp4 #acg-ach47 ,ris1 ,fr4 ,die s*weiz]is*5 ,libell54 ,s*affhaus51 #ahhe4 7,beiheft d] ,mitteil4 d4 ,s*weiz4 ,ent4 ,ges41 vii1 pp4 #ce-hd47 ,,! ,,abdom5 ,,& ,,its ,,app5dages ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4--;,abdom5 ( ,t]mes flavipes3 #a-aj1 ! t5 t]gites2 #a-i1 ! n9e urites2 c1 c]copod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4--;,end ( abdom5 ( ,panorpa debilis drawn out1 ! *it9\s pieces %ad$3 ,l1 lat]al1 ,d1 dorsal view2 c1 jo9t$ c]copoda4--,gissl] del4 ,9 ! abdom5 ! segm5ts are m equally develop$ ?an else:]e1 reta9+ ! simple annul> %ape ( embryonic life1 & f _! g5]aliz$ nature _! numb] c be readily di/+ui%$ 7,fig4 #agf74 ,! t]gal & /]nal pieces ( ea* segm5t are ( ne>ly ! same size1 ! t]gal (t5 ov]lapp+ ! /]nal 7?\gh 9 ! ,coleopt]a ! /]nites are l>g] ?an ! t]gites71 :ile !re are no pleural pieces1 ! lat]al region be+ membran\s :5 visible & be>+ ! /igmata 7,fig4 #agg1 ,l74 ,9 ! t]m9al segm5ts beyond ! g5ital outlet1 h[ev]1 !re is a r$uction 9 & loss ( segm5ts1 especially 9 ! adults ( ! metabol\s ord]s1 notably ! ,panorpid 7,fig4 #agg71 ,dipt]a1 & aculeate ,hym5opt]a2 9 ! ,*rysidid only ?ree or f\r be+ usually visible1 ! di/al segm5ts be+ r$uc$ & telescop$ inw>d4 ,! typical numb] ( abdom9al segm5ts 7urom]es71 i4e4 t occurr+ 9 ea* ord] ( insects1 is t52 & 9 c]ta9 families ( ,or?opt]a1 elev54 ,9 ! embryos1 h[ev]1 ( ! mo/ g5]aliz$ w+$ ord]s1 ,or?opt]a 7,fig4 #aii71 ,d]mapt]a1 & ,odonata1 elev5 c be se51 :ile ,heymons has rec5tly detect$ twelve 9 blattid & ,=ficula embryos1 & he claims t 9 ! nymphs ( c]ta9 ,odonata !re are twelve segm5ts1 ! twelf? be+ repres5t$ by ! anal or lat]al plates4 ,x ?us appe>s t ev5 9 ! embryo condition ( ! m g5]aliz$ w+$ insects1 ! numb] ( urom]es is slightly v>iable4 ,we h designat$ ! abdom5 z ! urosome2 ! abdom9al segm5ts ( insects & o!r ,ar?ropods z urom]es1 & ! /]nal scl]ites z uro/]nites1 f>!r cond5s$ into urites4 7,see ,?ird ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,entomological ,commission1 #ahhc1 pp4 #cjg1 #cbd1 #dce1 etc47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4--,nymph ( ! pe> tree ,psylla1 ) its gl&ul> hairs4--,aft] ,sl+]l&4 ,bull4 ,div4 ,ent4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep4 ,agr4 ,! r$uction takes place at ! end ( ! abdom51 & is usually correlat$ ) ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! ovipositor4 ,9 ! m g5]aliz$ insects1 z ! cockroa*es1 ! t5? segm5t is1 9 ! female1 completely abort$1 ! v5tral plate be+ atrophi$1 :ile ! dorsal plate is fus$ dur+ embryonic life1 z ,*olodk[sky has %[n1 ) ! n9? t]gite1 ?us =m+ ! suranal plate4 ,9 ! advanc$ nymph ( ,psylla ! h9d] segm5ts ( ! abdom5 appe> to be fus$ toge!r1 ! traces ( segm5tation be+ oblit]at$1 ?\gh ! segm5ts are free 9 ! fir/ /age & 9 ! imago 7,fig4 #agh74 ,x ?us recalls ! abdom5 ( spid]s1 ( ,limulus1 & ! pygidium ( trilobites4 ,! m$ian segm5t4--,!re has be5 9 ! pa/ mu* discussion z to ! nature ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t1 :i*1 9 ^? ,hym5opt]a exclusive ( ! phytophag\s families1 =ms a "p ( ! ?orax1 s t ! latt] 9 reality consi/s ( f\r segm5ts1 :at appe>+ to be ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t be+ 9 reality ! second4 ,latreille & also ,aud\9 consid]$ x z ! basal segm5t ( ! abdom51 ! =m] call+ x ! 8segm5t mdiaire10 :ile ,newman t]m$ x ! 8propodeum40 ,?is view 0 aft]w>d held by ,newport1 ,s*idte1 ,re9h>d1 & by ! writ]1 z well z ,o/5-,sack51 ,brau]1 & o!rs4 ,! fir/ au?or to attempt to prove ?is by a /udy ( ! trans=mations 0 ,newport 9 #ahci 7article 8,insecta074 ,he /ates t :ile ! body ( ! l>va is 9 g5]al compos$ ( ?irte5 di/9ct segm5ts1 c\nt+ ! head z ! fir/1 8! second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 &1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 9 "p also ! fif?1 toge!r =m ! ?orax ( ! future imago0 7p4 #hgj74 ,al?\gh at fir/ incl9$ to ,aud\9's op9ion1 he does n appe> to fully accept x1 yet f>!r on 7p4 #iba7 he concludes t 9 ! ,hym5opt]a ! 8fif?0 segm5t 7fir/ abdom9al7 is n 9 reality a "p ( ! true ?orax1 8b is sometimes connect$ m or less ) t region1 or ) ! abdom51 be+ int]m$iate betwe5 ! two4 ,h5ce we h v5tur$ to designate x ! ?oracico-abdom9al segm5t40 ,_h he consid]$ ! high] ,hym5opt]a alone1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h adopt$ ,latreille's view1 b he saw t 9 ! saw-flies & ,lepidopt]a ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t is n entirely unit$ ) ! ?orax1 be+ /ill connect$ ) ! abdom5 z well z ! ?orax4 ,re9h>d 9 #ahfe reaffirm$ ,latreille's view4 ,9 #ahff we /at$ f obs]vations on ! l>v made ?ree ye>s e>li]1 t dur+ ! semipupa /age ( ,bombus ! entire fir/ abdom9al segm5t is 8transf]r$ f ! abdom5 to ! ?orax ) :i* x is intimately unit$ 9 ! ,hym5opt]a10 & we add$ t we deem$ ?is to be 8! mo/ ess5tial zological "* sep>at+ ! ,hym5opt]a f all o!r insects40 7,see ,fig4 #ic1 %[+ ! gradual transf] & fusion ( ?is segm5t ) ! ?orax47 ,9 ! saw-flies ! fusion is incomplete1 z also 9 ! ,lepidopt]a1 :ile 9 ! ,dipt]a & all o!r ord]s ! ?orax consi/s ( b ?ree segm5ts4 7,see also pp4 #ij-ib47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4--;,abdom5 ( ,ma*ilis m>itima1 1 se5 f b5ea?3 ! left half ( ! #h? v5tral plate remov$2 ,i-,,ix1 abdom9al segm5ts2 c1 c]copoda2 cb1 coxal gl&s2 hs1 coxal /ylets2 lr1 ovipositor4--,aft] ,oudemans1 f ,lang4 ,! c]copoda4--,we h appli$ ?is "n to ! pair ( anal c]ci app5d$ to ! t5? abdom9al segm5t1 & :i* are g5]ally reg>d$ z true abdom9al legs4 ,z is n[ well kn[n1 ! embryos ( insects ( diff]5t ord]s h num]\s tempor>y pairs ( abdom9al app5dages :i* arise 9 ! same mann]1 h ! same embryonic /ructure1 & are plac$ 9 a position homolog\s ) ^? ( ! ?orax4 ,9 ! embryo ( can?us rudim5t>y legs appe>1 z %[n by ,ay]s1 on ! fir/ to t5? abdom9al segm5t1 ! la/ or t5? pair becom+ ! c]copoda2 & simil> rudim5t>y app5dages h be5 detect$ 9 ! embryos ( ,coleopt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a 7,apid74 ,*olodk[sky has obs]v$ elev5 pairs ( abdom9al app5dages 9 ,phyllodromia4 ,!y are v long & multi>ticulate 9 ! ,?ysanura 7,fig4 #agi74 ,9 ! ,d]mapt]a !y are n jo9t$ & are =cep-l4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$ t 9 ! l>va or ,sisyra 7,fig4 #aha7 !re are sev5 pairs ( #e-;jo9t$ abdom9al app5dages1 ?\gh ^! may be second>y /ructures or tra*eal gills4 ,9 ! ,p]lid & ! ,plectopt]a 7,ephem]id71 !y are v long1 sometimes ov] twice z long z ! body1 & compos$ ( upw>d ( #ee jo9ts2 !y also occur 9 ! ,panorpid 7,fig4 #agg74 ,9 ! dragon-flies ! c]ci are l>ge1 b n articulat$1 & s]ve z clasp]s or are leaf-l#ce 7,fig4 #ahj74 ,9 a few ,coleopt]a1 z ! palm-weevil 7,rhyn*ophorus phnicis71 ,c]ambyx1 ,drilus1 etc41 ! s-call$ ovipositor ends 9 a hairy1 #a-;jo9t$1 palpi=m c]cus4 ,%ort #be-;jo9t$ c]copoda are pres5t 9 ,t]mitid1 & #b-;jo9t$ ones 9 ,embiid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4--;,end ( abdom5 ( s*na h]os1 3 ur1 uro/]nite2 or1 out]1 ir1 inn] /yles ( ! ovipositor2 #aa1 #aa? abdom9al segm5t2 c1 c]copod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4--,l>va ( ,sisyra1 f b5ea?4 ,b1 an abdom9al app5dage4--,aft] ,we/wood1 f ,%>p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4--;,c]copoda 7,p7 ( ,mantis4--,aft] ,lacaze-,du?i]s4 ,! anal c]ci are pres5t 9 ! ,or?opt]a &1 :5 multi>ticulate1 function z abdom9al ant5n4 ,!y are longe/ 9 ! ,mantid 7,fig4 #ahb72 !y also occur 9 ! l>va ( ! saw-fly1 ,lyda 7,fig4 #ahc74 ,dr4 ,a4 ,dohrn has /at$ t ! c]ci ( ,gryllotalpa are true s5sory organs1 & we h call$ ^? ( ! cockroa* abdom9al ant5n1 hav+ detect$ ab\t n9ety sacs on ! upp] side ( ea* jo9t ( ! /ylets1 :i* are suppos$ to be olfactory 9 nature1 & :i* are l>g] & m num]\s ?an simil> sacs or pits 9 ! ant5n ( ! same insect4#cf ,f 8 exp]im5ts ^u decapitat$ cockroa*es1 ,grab] conclud$ t ^! c]ci 7 organs ( smell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4--,lyda l>va3 a1 head2 b1 end ( body se5 f above2 c1 f side1 ) c]copod4 ,haase reg>d$ ^! app5dages1 f _! late developm5t & frequ5t r$uction1 z old inh]it$ app5dages :i* are approa*+ atrophy ?r\gh disuse4 ,*olodk[sky /ates t ,tridactylus1 a =m alli$ to ,gryllotalpa1 be>s on ! t5? abdom9al segm5t two pairs ( c]ci 7v5tral & dorsal71 & t ! v5tral pair may correspond to ! atrophi$ app5dages ( ! t5? embryonic segm5t ( ,phyllodromia1 ) :i* aft]w>d ! elev5? segm5t becomes fus$4 ,! c]copods are n necess>ily conf9$ to ! elev5? or to ! t5? segm5t1 = :5 !re are only n9e segm5ts1 ) ! ve/ige ( a t5?1 z 9 ,xiphidium1 !y arise f ! n9? urom]e1 & 9 ! m mod]n cockroa*es1 z ,pane/hia1 9 :i* !re are b sev5 entire segm5ts1 !y are app5d$ to ! la/ or eigh? urom]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4--;,anabrus1 1 side-view1 dissect$2 %[+ ! relative size ( ! ovipositor3 c1 ! m9ute c]copod4--,k+sley del4 ,z to ! homology & cont9uity ( ^! c]copods ) ! v5tral outgr[?s ( ! embryo1 sev]al embryologi/s1 notably ,:eel]1 are emphatic 9 reg>d+ !m z su*4 ,x ?us appe>s t ei!r ! embryonic app5dages ( ! sev5? or eigh?1 n9? or t5? urom]e may p]si/1 & =m ! c]copoda ( ! adult4 ,! ovipositor4--,! end ( ! oviduct is gu>d$ by ?ree pairs ( *it9\s1 unjo9t$ /yles closely fitt$ toge!r1 =m+ a /rong1 p[]ful app>atus = bor+ into ! gr\nd or into leaves1 /ems ( plants1 ! bodies ( insects1 or ev5 into solid wood1 s t ! eggs may be deposit$ 9 a place ( safety4 ,9 ! ants1 wasps1 & bees ! ovipositor also functions z a /+1 :i* is fur!r provid$ ) a poison-sac4 ,morphologically1 ! ovipositor is compos$ ( ?ree pairs ( unjo9t$ /yles 7rhabdites ( ,lacaze-,du?i]s1 gonapophyses ( ,huxley71 :i* are closely appress$ to or %ea!d )9 ea* o!r1 ! eggs pass+ out f ! end ( ! oviduct1 :i* lies1 z ,dewitz /ates1 betwe5 ! two /yles ( ! l[e/ or inn]mo/ pair1 & "u ! cross-b>s or at ! base ( ! /ylets m5tion$2 ! /yles or blades spread+ ap>t to all[ ( ! passage ( ! egg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4--,saw ( ,hylotoma3 a1 lat]al scale2 i1 saw2 f1 gorget2 #gt1 #g? t]gite2 #fs1 #f? /]nite2 ov1 oviduct2 91 inte/9e4--,aft] ,lacaze-,du?i]s4 ,! ovipositor is be/ develop$ 9 ! ,?ysanura 7,fig4 #agi1 ,campodea except$71 9 ,or?opt]a 7,fig4 #ahd71 9 ! ,odonata1 ,hemipt]a1 c]ta9 ,physapoda1 ,rhaphiid1 & 9 ! phytophag\s ,hym5opt]a1 :]e x is curi\sly modifi$ to =m a r complicat$ saw = cutt+ slits 9 wood or leaves 7,fig4 #ahe74 ,x is want+ or q imp]fect 9 ,coleopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,lepidopt]a4 ,morphologically1 ! ovipositor appe>s to be =m$ out ( ! abdom9al app5dages ( ! sev5?1 eigh?1 & n9? segm5ts ( ! female1 :i*1 in/ead ( disappe>+ 9 ! ord]s fir/ m5tion$1 p]si/ z p]man5t /yles4 ,:eel] ass]ts f 8 /udy ( ! embryonic developm5t ( ,xiphidium 8!re c be no d\bt conc]n+ ! direct cont9uity ( ! embryonic app5dages ) ! gonapophyses40 ,he goes on to say3-- 8,"o embryo1 :i* _h j complet$ katatrepis1 /ill %[$ traces ( all ! abdom9al app5dages4 ,! pairs on ! eigh?1 n9?1 & t5? segm5ts 7 some:at enl>g$4 ,9 imm$iately succe$+ /ages ! app5dages ( ! second to six? segm5ts disappe>2 ! pair on ! sev5? disappe> some:at lat]4 ,up to ! "t ( hat*+ ! gonapophyses c\ld be cont9u\sly trac$1 s9ce 9 ,xiphidium !re is no flexure ( ! abdom51 z 9 o!r =ms1 to obscure ! v5tral view ( ! t]m9al segm5ts4 ,f ! "t ( hat*+ ,dewitz has trac$ ! developm5t ( ! ovipositor 9 ano!r locu/id 7,locu/a viridissima71 s t n[ we h ! complete hi/ory ( ! organ40 ,heymons1 h[ev]1 is incl9$ to believe t !y are simply hypod]mal outgr[?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4--;,ideal plan ( ! /ructure ( ! ovipositor to illu/rate ,lacaze-,du?i]s' view3 b1 #h? t]gite2 c1 epim]um2 a1 a1 two pieces =m+ ! out] pair ( rhabdites2 i1 ! #b;d pair1 or /ylets2 & f1 ! inn] pair1 or /+2 d1 support ( /+2 e1 piece support+ ! /ylet2 ,r1 anus2 o1 outlet ( oviduct4 ,! #g?1 #h?1 & #i? /]nites are abort$4--,aft] ,lacaze-,du?i]s4 ,! fir/ to /udy ! morphology ( ! ovipositor 0 ,lacaze-,du?i]s1 :o ref]r$ _! orig9 to ! p>tially atrophi$ dorsal or v5tral scl]ites ( "o ( ! la/ abdom9al segm5ts2 a view accept$ by ,g]/aeck]#cg 7,figs4 #ahf1 #ahg74 ,! pres5t writ] 7#ahff71 h[ev]1 %[$ t ! /+ ( ,bombus 0 n =m$ ( ! r$uc$ pieces ( ! segm5ts !mselves1 b arose f special outgr[?s on ! v5tral side ( ! eigh? & n9? abdom9al segm5ts4 ,^! app5dages he did n at fir/ reg>d z ! homologues ( ! limbs1 until 9 #ahga1 aft] /udy+ ! orig9 ( ! spr+ ( ! ,podurans 7,isotoma71 he f\nd t x 0 a true jo9t$ app5dage & !re=e a homologue ( a pair ( ! /yles =m+ ! ovipositor ( ! w+$ insects1 & t ! ?ree pairs ( /yles ( ! latt] 7 homologues ( ! ?oracic legs & cephalic app5dages4 ,! view 0 /at$ 9 ! ,guide to ! ,/udy ( ,insects4 7,see also ,am]4 ,nat41 ,m>*1 #ahga1 p4 #f47 ,kraepel9 also affirms t ! /yles ( ! ovipositor are segm5tal app5dages & homologues ( ! ant5n1 w+s 7sic71 & legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4--a1 abdom5 ( ,cynips1 %[+ ! great dorsal segm5t1 ! p$uncle1 & ! position ( ! ovipositor )92 #b1 ! entire ovipositor2 a1 lat]al scale2 a1 its valve2 b1 anal scale2 b1 /ylet2 c1 support ( ! /ylet2 e1 base or support ( /+ 7fi72 #c1 pr(ile %[+ ! relation ( ! g5ital armature to ! re/ ( ! abdom51 ! #f? /]nite hav+ be5 drawn to %[ its full size2 #d1 anal scale 7b7 & /ylet2 e1 i1 supports & body ( ! /ylet2 c1 piece unit+ ! two scales2 #e1 lat]al scale 7a71 & a %ea?2 d1 support ( ! /+ 7f72 #f1 transv]se section ( ! body ?r\gh ! /+ 7diagrammatic72 ,r1 int]nal armature2 o1 oviduct2 a1 lat]al scale2 a its valve2 e1 support ( ! /ylets 7i72 b1 anal scale2 c1 piece unit+ two scales2 f1 /+2 d1 its support2 #g1 a second section simpl] & m !oretical ?an ! fir/2 #h1 diagrammatic1 all ! elem5ts ( ! /+ h be5 r$uc$ to pieces ( ! same =m4--,aft] ,lacaze-,du?i]s4 ,an objection to ?is view is ! fact t ! po/]ior pairs ( /yles appe> to arise bo? f "o & ! same segm5t1--! n9?4 ,dewitz que/ions :e!r ! f\r app5dages ( ! n9? segm5t repres5t two pairs ( limbs1 or "o pair split into two bran*es1 & pref]s ! latt] view1 b leaves x z a po9t to be settl$ by future inve/igations4 ,z w be se5 bel[1 bo? ,kraepel9 & ,bugnion obs]v$ a pair ( rudim5ts to ea* ( ! ?ree p5ultimate segm5ts1 ^? ( ! middle pair splitt+ 9 two4 ,:eel] ma9ta9s1 errone\sly we ?9k1 t ! inn] ( ! two pairs on ! n9? segm5t repres5ts ! t5? pair ( abdom9al app5dages2 b 9 reality ?is latt] pair become ! c]copods4 ,t !re are probably orig9ally 9 insects ( all ! ord]s provid$ ) an ovipositor ?ree di/9ct pairs ( app5dages1 "o to ea* segm5t1 is prov$1 or at lea/ /rongly sugge/$1 by ,gan9's rese>*es on ! ?ree pairs ( abdom9al imag9al discs ( ! ?ird l>va ( ,platyga/] & ,polynema 7,fig4 #ahh71 :i* are trans=m$ into ! ovipositor4 ,he rem>ks t ^! imag9al discs h ! same orig9 & pass ?r\gh ! same *anges z ^? 9 front1 i4e4 ^? de/9$ to =m ! ?oracic legs4 ,dewitz has %[n t ! g]ms ( ! ovipositor ( ! honey-bee arise z buds on ! two segm5ts be=e ! la/ 7,fig4 #ahi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4--,?ird l>va ( ,polynema3 at1 ant5na2 fl1 imag9al buds ( ! w+2 l1 ( ! legs2 tg1 buds ( ! middle pair ( /ylets ( ! ovipositor2 fk1 fat-body2 eg1 e>-l process4--,aft] ,gan94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4--;,imag9al buds & papill ( ! ovipositor ( ! honey-bee atta*$ to tra*e2 at diff]5t /ages3 b1 #a/2 b1 #b;d or middle2 & c1 #c;d pair ( papill4--,aft] ,dewitz4 ,kraepel9 also detect$ 9 ! l>va ( ! honey-bee a pair ( :at he reg>d$ z g5u9e imag9al buds on abdom9al segm5ts eight1 n9e1 & t52 ! buds on ! t5? segm5t are divid$ ea* 9 two2 ( ^! f\r app5dages ! two m$ian ones =m ! b>b$ /+ 7gorg]et or /a*elr9ne71 & ! two lat]al /ylets1 ! valves 7/a*els*eid574 ,! two buds ( ! n9? segm5t give rise to ! vag9a & to ! oviducts1 & ^! unite second>ily ) ! po/]ior end ( ! ov>ies4 ,! g5ital app5dages ( ! male correspond to ^? ( ! female1 & arise f f\r imag9al buds situat$ on ! "u side ( ! t5? abdom9al segm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4--a1 /+ & poison sac ( ! honey-bee3 ,,gd1 poison gl&2 ,gb1 poison res]voir2 ,d1 accessory gl&2 %1 %ea?+ /yle or /+-8feel]02 ,/r /+2 ,ba1 %ea?2 ,q1 quadrate plate2 ,o1 oblong piece2 ,w1 angul> piece2 ,b1 base ( ! /+ & /ylets2 ,/b1 ,/b1 ! two b>b$ /ylets or d>ts4 #b1 /+ se5 f ! v5tral face3 lett]+ z 9 ! o!r figure4--,aft] ,kraepel91 f ,p]ri]4 ,9 ! ants1 accord+ to ,dewitz1 ! g5ital armature is d]iv$ f imag9al buds situat$ on ! "u side ( ! sev5?1 eigh?1 & n9? abdom9al segm5ts4 ,bugnion has obs]v$ ! =mation ( six imag9al buds ( ! g5ital armature 9 ! l>va ( a *alcid 7,encyrtus1 ,figs4 #da1 #db1 #aia1 q#a1 q#b1 q#c71 ! trans=mation ( ! c5tral "p ( ^! /ructures into small digiti=m pads1 !n ! division ( ! two int]m$iate buds into f\r 787 7,fig4 #aia1 ,b1 q#b71 b 0 unable to trace _! f>!r developm5t4 ,! subject /ill ne$s f>!r inve/igation1 s9ce c]ta9 obs]v]s1 z ,haase1 &1 m rec5tly1 ,heymons1 d n believe t !y are homologues ( ! legs1 b integum5tal /ructures1 ?\gh ( some:at high] value ?an ! /yle ( ! base ( ! legs ( ,scolop5drella & ,?ysanura2 b x is to be obs]v$ t z yet we "k b little ( ! embryological hi/ory ( ^! /yles4 ,^? au?ors :o h exam9$ ! elem5ts ( ! ovipositor1 & reg>d !m z homologues 7homodynam\s7 ( ! limbs1 are ,weismann 7#ahff71 ,gan9 7#ahfi71 ,pack>d 7#ahga71 ,ouljan9 7#ahgb71 ,kraepel91 ,k[alevsky 7#ahgc71 ,dewitz 7#ahge71 ,huxley 7#ahgg71 ,*olodk[sky1 ,bugnion 7#ahia71 & ,:eel] 7#ahib74 ,z %[n1 !n1 by our obs]vations & ^? ( ,dewitz 7,figs4 #ahi & #aib71 ! rudim5ts ( ! ovipositor consi/ ( ?ree pairs ( tub]cles1 aris+1 z ,kraepel9 & also ,bugnion 7,fig4 #aia7 h %[n1 f ?ree pairs ( imag9al discs1 situat$ respectively on ! sev5?1 eigh?1 & n9? urom]es1 or at lea/ on ! ?ree p5ultimate segm5ts ( ! abdom54 ,) ! gr[? ( ! semipupa1 ! end ( ! abdom5 decreases 9 size1 & is gradually incurv$ t[>d ! base 7,fig4 #aic71 & ! ?ree pairs ( app5dages approa* ea* o!r s closely t ! two out] ones completely en%ea? ! inn] pair1 until a complete ext5sible tube is =m$1 :i*1 by ! *anges 9 =m ( ! muscles )91 is gradually )drawn entirely )9 ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4--;,a1 end ( l>va ( ,encyrtus ( #b;d /age1 %[+ ! ?ree pairs ( imag9al buds ( ! ovipositor q#a1 q#b1 q#c4 ,b1 ! same 9 an old] l>va ready to trans=m2 i1 inte/9e2 x1 g5ital gl&2 a1 anus4--,aft] ,bugnion4 ,an excell5t acc\nt ( ! honey-bee's /+ is giv5 by ,*e%ire 7,figs4 #aid1 #aie74 ,! out]mo/ ( ! ?ree pairs ( /ylets =m+ ! app>atus is ! two ?ick1 hairy 8palpi0 or feel]s 7,p71 ^! be+ fre] f ! /+ prop] ?an 9 ! ovipositor ( ,or?opt]a4 ,! /+ itself is compos$ ( ! two inn] pairs ( /ylets2 "o ( ^! pairs is unit$ to =m ! %ea? 7%71 :ile ! o!r pair =m ! two b>b$ d>ts4 ,! %ea? has ?ree uses3 fir/1 to op5 ! w\nd2 second1 to act z an int]m$iate conduit = ! poison2 & ?ird1 to hold 9 accurate position ! long b>b$ d>ts4 ,! %ea? does n enclose ! d>ts z a scabb>d1 b is cleft d[n ! side pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aid1 :i* is bel[ :5 ! /+ po9ts backw>d4 ,b1 says ,*e%ire1 z ! d>ts move up & d[n1 !y w\ld imm$iately slip f _! position1 unless prev5t$ by a me*anical device1 exhibit$ by ,b & ,c1 giv+ 9 cross-section %ea? & d>ts ne> ! end1 & at ! middle ( ! =m]4 8,! d>ts 7d7 are ea* groov$ ?r\gh _! entire l5g?1 :ile ^u ! %ea? 7%7 are fix$ two guide rails1 ea* l a prolong$ dovetail1 :i*1 fitt$ into ! groove1 p]mits ( no o!r movem5t ?an t directly up & d[n40 ,! d>ts are t]m9at$ by t5 b>bs ( ugly =m 7,d1 ,fig4 #aid71 & mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( ! %ea?1 & z soon z ! latt] has e/abli%$ a hold1 fir/ "o d>t & !n ! o!r is driv5 =w>d by successive bl[s4 ,^! 9 turn are foll[$ by ! %ea?1 :5 ! d>ts aga9 m deeply plunge1 until ! murd]\s little tool is buri$ to ! hilt4 ,b ^! movem5ts are ! result ( a muscul> app>atus yet to be exam9$1 & :i* has be5 dissect$ away to br+ ! rigid pieces into view4 ,! dovetail guides ( ! %ea? are cont9u$ f> above its bulb\s portion1 z we see by ,e1 ,fig4 #aie2 & along ) ^! ! d>ts are also prolong$ upw>d1 /ill held to ! guides by ! groov$ arrangem5t be=e expla9$2 b bo? guides & d>ts1 9 ! upp] "p ( _! l5g?1 curve f ea* o!r some:at l ! arms ( a ,y1 to ! po9ts c1 c 7,a1 ,fig4 #aid71 :]e ! d>ts make atta*m5t to two lev]s 7i1 i74 ,! lev]s 7k1 l & k1 l7 are provid$ ) broad muscles1 :i* t]m9ate by atta*m5t to ! l[] segm5ts ( ! abdom54 ,^!1 by contraction1 revolve ! lev]s a=esaid r\nd ! po9ts f1 f1 s t1 )\t relative movem5t ( rod & groove1 ! po9ts c1 c approa* ea* o!r4 ,! arms ( ! ,y /raight5 & %ort51 s t ! %ea? & d>ts are driv5 f _! hid+-place toge!r & ! ?ru/ is made by :i* ! %ea? produces its incision & fixture4 ,! sides be+ symmetrical1 we may1 = simplicity's sake1 conc5trate our att5tion on "o1 say ! left 9 ! figure4 ,a muscul> contraction ( a broad /rap jo9+ k & d 7! d>t protractor7 n[ revolves k on l1 s t a is rais$1 by :i* cle>ly c is made to approa* d2 i4e4 ! d>t is s5t =w>d1 s t ! b>bs ext5d beyond ! %ea? & deep5 ! puncture4 ,! o!r d>t1 & !n ! %ea?1 foll[1 9 a sequ5ce already expla9$1 & :i* ,g1 ,fig4 #aie1 is int5d$ to make intelligible1 a repres5t+ ! entrance ( ! %ea?1 b ! advance ( ! b>bs1 & c ! %ea? 9 its second position4 ,! b>b retractor muscle is atta*$ to ! out] side ( i1 & by x a is depress$ & ! b>bs lift$4 ,^! movem5ts1 foll[+ "o ano!r ) rem>kable rapidity1 are entirely reflex1 & may be cont9u$ long aft] ! /+ has be5 torn1 z is usual1 f ! insect4 ,by tak+ a piece ( wa%-lea!r1 plac+ x ov] ! end ( ! f+]1 & apply+ x to a bee held by ! w+s1 we may get ! fulle/ opportunity ( obs]v+ ! /+ movem5ts1 :i* ! microscope w %[ to be kept up by cont9u$ impulses f ! fif? abdom9al ganglion & its multitud9\s n]ves 7n1 ,fig4 #aid1 ,a71 :i* p5etrate e "p ( ! /+ me*anism1 & may be trac$ ev5 into ! d>ts4 ,^! facts1 toge!r ) ! explanation at page #di1 w %[ :y an abdom5 sep>at$ _m h\rs may be able to /+ sev]ely1 z ,i h m ?an once exp]i5c$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4--;,base ( ! ovipositor ( ,locu/a viridissima se5 f b5ea?3 c1 %ea?1 or out] & l[] pair ( /ylets turn$ to "o side to %[ ! o!rs2 b1 upp] & inn] pair2 b1 ?ird or inn]mo/1 smalle/ pair ( /ylets4 ,a1 ! same on "o side1 9 section4 ,! %ad$ p>ts %[ ! muscul> atta*m5ts4 ,! muscles :i* ext5d ! app>atus & are atta*$ to 1 1 & 1 z also ! membranes :i* unite ! pieces f 2 to ) ea* o!r & ! body1 are remov$1 s t only ! *it9\s p>ts rema94--,aft] ,dewitz4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4--;,developm5t ( ! /+ 9 ,bombus3 ,a1 a1 #a/ pair on #h? /]nite2 b1 #b;d inn] pair =m+ ! d>ts2 c1 out] pair4 ,b-,e1 m advanc$ /ages4 ,f1 x1 y1 z1 ?ree pairs ( tub]cles1 ! g]ms ( ! male organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4--,/+ ( bee #cj times3 ,a1 /+ sep>at$ f its muscles2 ps1 poison sac2 pg1 poison gl&2 #e? g1 #e? abdom9al ganglion2 n1 n1 n]ves2 e1 ext]nal ?9 membrane jo9+ /+ to la/ abdom9al segm5t2 i1 k1 l1 & i1 k1 l1 lev]s to move ! d>ts2 %1 %ea?2 v1 vulva2 p1 /+-palpus or feel]1 ) tactile hairs & n]ves4 ,b & ,c1 sections ?r\gh ! d>ts & %ea?1 #cjj times3 %1 %ea?2 d1 d>ts2 b1 b>bs2 p1 poison-*annel4 ,d1 end ( a d>t1 #bjj3 o1 o1 op5+s = poison to escape into ! w\nd4--,aft] ,*e%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4--;,details ( /+ ( bee3 ,e1 d>ts1 %ea?1 & valves2 pb1 poison-bag duct2 fo1 =k2 s1 slide piece2 va1 valve2 b1 b>bs4 ,f1 t]m9al abdom9al segm5ts2 w1 work]'s /+2 q1 que5's /+2 r1 r1 anal plate2 ,g1 /+ ent]+ sk92 %1 %ea?2 a1 b1 c1 positions 9 fir/1 second1 & ?ird ?ru/s ) ! /+4 ,h1 portion ( poison gl&1 #cjj2 cn1 cell nucleus2 n1 n]ve2 g1 ganglionic cell4 ,i1 portion ( ! poison gl&1 cells remov$2 cd1 c5tral duct2 d1 individual small ducts2 pr1 tunica propria4 ,k1 gl& ( ,=mica rufa2 cd1 c5tral duct2 d1 small ducts2 sc1 secret+ cells4 ,l1 valve & support2 t1 tra*ea2 va1 valve2 tr1 truss or valve-prop4--,aft] ,*e%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4--;,a1 rudim5t>y ovipositor ( nymph ( s*na4 ,b1 ! correspond+ /ructures2 a1 enl>g$4 ,c1 ovipositor ( nymph ( ,agrion2 d1 gill4 ,! male g5ital armature 9 ! bees is orig9ally compos$ ( ?ree pairs ( tub]cles1 homolog\s ) ^? ( ! female1 all orig9ally aris+ f ?ree abdom9al segm5ts1 two aft]w>d be+ ant]ior1 & ! ?ird pair ne>] ! base ( ! abdom54 ,! ovipositor ( ! dragon-flies 7,odonata7 is ess5tially l t ( ! ,or?opt]a & ,hym5opt]a4 ,?us 9 s*na 7,fig4 #aif71 ,agrion 7,fig4 #aif1 ,c71 & also 9 ,cicada x consi/s ( a pair ( closely appress$ ensi=m processes :i* gr[ out f "u ! po/]ior edge ( ! eigh? urom]e & are embrac$ betwe5 two pairs ( ?9 lamelli=m pieces ( simil> =m & /ructure4 ,! /yles & g5ital clasp]s 7,rhabdopoda74--,o!r app5dages ( ! end ( ! abdom5 ( pt]ygote insects1 & g5]ally1 if n always1 aris+ f ! n9? segm5t1 are ! clasp+ organs1 or rhabdopoda z we may call !m1 ( ,ephem]id 7,fig4 #aig71 ,neuropt]a 7,corydalus ,fig4 #aih1 ,myrmeleon1 ,rhaphidia71 ,tri*opt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & c]ta9 phytophag\s ,hym5opt]a4 ,!y d n appe> to occur 9 insects :i* are provid$ ) an ovipositor4 ,9 ,?ysanura ! /yles are pres5t on segm5ts #a-i 7,fig4 #agi74 ,^? ( ! male ,ephem]id1 ( :i* !re are two pairs aris+ f ! n9? segm5t1 are rem>kable1 s9ce !y are jo9t$1 & !y s]ve to repres5t or may be ! homologues ( two ( ! pairs ( /ylets compos+ ! ovipositor ( insects ( o!r ord]s4 ,! l[] pair 7,fig4 #aig1 rh7 are ei!r #b-1 #c-1 or #d-;jo9t$ 79 ,onisciga/] #e-;jo9t$71 :ile ^? ( ! upp] pair are #b-;jo9t$ 7rh74 ,^! rhabdopods 9 ! ephem]ids are evid5tly v primitive /ructures1 s9ce !y approa* ne>e/ 9 %ape & 9 be+ jo9t$ to ! abdom9al legs ( ,scolop5drella & ! ,myriopoda4 ,! /yles ( ! ,or?opt]a are survivals ( ! embryonic app5dages ( ! n9? segm5t 7,:eel]1 etc474 ,9 ,mantis !y are se5 to h ! same relations z ! c]ci1 z %[n by ,heymons 7,fig4 #bjj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4--;,abdom5 ( ,ephem]a 7,leptophlebia7 cupida1 3 c1 base ( c]copoda2 rh1 out] #c-;jo9t$ clasp]s or rhabdopods2 rh1 inn] pair4 ,a1 side view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4--;,end ( abdom5 ( ,corydalus cornutus1 3 vh1 rhabdopod2 c1 c]copod4 ,9 ! ,phasmid1 9 ,anabrus1 & 9 ! ,odonata ! c]copods1 :i* are n jo9t$1 are conv]t$ into clasp]s1 & 9 ! ,odonata ! clasp]s are sp9y )91 s z to give a firm] hold4 ,! suranal plate is app>5tly s modifi$ z to aid 9 grasp+ ! female4 ,9 ne>ly all ! ,tri*opt]a !re are1 besides ! suranal plate1 :i* is sometimes =k$ 7,nosopus71 a pair ( sup]ior & ( inf]ior clasp]s1 & 9 c]ta9 g5]a 7,ascalaphom]us1 ,macronema1 ,rhyacophila1 ,hydropsy*e1 ,amphipsy*e1 ,smicridea1 & ,ganonema7 ! l[] pair are #b-;jo9t$ l ^? ( ,ephem]id4 ,! numb] ( abdom9al segm5ts 9 ! adult ,tri*opt]a is n9e1 & ,mc,lachlan /ates t ! g5ital armature consi/s ( ?ree pairs ( app5dages1 i4e4 a sup]ior1 inf]ior1 & int]m$iate pair1 besides ! suranal plate 7ve/ige ( a t5? segm5t7 & ! p5is4 ,judg+ by 8 figures1 ^! ?ree pairs ( app5dages arise f ! la/ or n9? urom]e1 & ! upp] pair seem to be ! homologue ( ! c]copoda ( ephem]ids4 ,x ne$s /ill to be asc]ta9$ :e!r ! int]m$iate pair is a sep>ate set1 or m]ely subdivisions ( ! upp] or l[]1 & :e!r "o ( ! latt] may n arise f ! p5ultimate segm5t1 because we %\ld n expect t ! la/ segm5t %\ld be> m ?an "o pair ( app5dages1 z we f9d to be ! case 9 ar?ropods 9 g5]al1 & 9 ! ,neuropt]a1 f :i* ! ,tri*opt]a may h orig9at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4--;,end ( abdom5 ( embryo ( ,mantis3 r1 rhabdopod2 c1 c]copod2 sp1 suranal plate2 /1 /igma on #h? segm5t4--,aft] ,heymons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4--;,end ( abdom5 ( ,p]iplaneta am]icana1 1 side view3 c1 c]copod2 /1 /ilus2 p1 p5is2 t1 titillator2 d1 8bird's head0 7clasp]872 i1 8oblong plate02 ,,ix-,,xi1 t]m9al segm5ts2 ,x1 suranal plate2 ,,xi1 #aa? /]nite4--,aft] ,peyt\reau4 ,9 mo/ l>v ( ! ,tri*opt]a1 especially ! ,rhyacophilid & ,hydropsy*id1 ! la/ abdom9al segm5t be>s a pair ( #b-;jo9t$ legs 7c]copoda71 end+ 9 ei!r "o or two claws1 :i* "u v>i\s =ms1 sometimes =m+ long processes1 p]si/ 9 ! pupa2 & !re appe>s to be a suranal plate1 ! ve/ige ( ! t5? urom]e4 ,9 ! pupa1 judg+ by ,klaplek's figure ( ,leptoc]us 7#bdh1i1 #be71 a pair ( lat]al sp9es arise :i* may 9 ! imago =m "o ( ! pairs ( app5dages or /yles4 ,9 ! pupa ( cetis furva 8 figure #bhi %[s two pairs ( #a-;jo9t$ app5dages aris+ f ! la/ segm5t2 :e!r ! long dorsal or upp] /yles arise f ! ve/ige ( a m di/al segm5t is n di/9ctly %[n 9 ,klaplek's sket*4 ,! orig9 ( ^! elem5ts ( ! g5ital armature evid5tly ne$s fur!r /udy4 ,:e!r ! abdom9al legs or s-call$ false or prop-legs ( lepidopt]\s l>v are g5u9e legs1 homolog\s ) ^? ( ! ?orax & ) ! cephalic app5dages1 or :e!r !y are second>y adaptive /ructures1 is a matt] /ill "u discussion4 ,t1 h[ev]1 !y are true legs is %[n by ! embryology ( ! ,lepidopt]a1 :]e !re is a pair to ea* abdom9al segm5t4 ,x may also be ask$ :e!r ! anal legs ( lepidopt]\s l>v are n ! homologues ( ! #b-;jo9t$ anal app5dages ( caddis-worms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4--;,eriocephala cal!lla1 1 side view3 t1 palpi=m suranal plate2 cl1 clasp]s2 s1 inf]ior clasp]s2 mxp1 maxill>y palpi2 cx4 coxa2 tr1 tro*ant]2 sc1 scutum2 sc1 scutellum4 ,9 ,lepidopt]a1 notably ! male ( ! v g5]aliz$ ,eriocephala cal!lla 7,fig4 #bja71 besides ! broad unjo9t$ clasp]s1 :i* are curv$ upw>d & provid$ ) a bru% ( /iff hook$ set 7?is upp] pair be+ p]haps modifi$ c]copods71 !re is an accessory l[] sl5d]] pair1 :ile ! suranal plate 7t7 is palpi=m or clavate & also adapt$ to aid 9 ! action ( ! clasp]s4 ,! exam9ation ( ! c]copods & rhabdopods 9 ! ,tri*opt]a & 9 a g5]aliz$ lepidopt]\s =m l ?is enables "o to und]/& ! morphology ( ! g5ital armature1 s9ce x consi/s1 besides ! suranal plate1 :i* is (t5 deeply =k$ 79 ,sph+id1 ,smi?71 ( a pair ( modifi$ hook-l c]copoda1 & 9 "s cases 7,eriocephala7 ( an additional pair ( clasp]s :i* may be ! homologues ( ! ephem]id rhabdopods4 ,a pair ( hooks1 (t5 /rong & claw-l 7h>pes71 are situat$1 "o ne> ! base on ! inside ( ea* clasp]2 !y are especially develop$ 9 ! ,noctuid 7,smi?71 & appe> to be pres5t 9 c]ta9 ,tri*opt]a1 b ?is rema9s to be prov$4 ,?is complicat$ app>atus ( clasp]s & hooks is utiliz$ by ^? insects :i* pair :ile on ! w+1 & is want+ 9 su* =ms z ,coleopt]a & ,hemipt]a4 ,besides ! =ceps ( ,panorpa1 !re are two pairs ( sl5d] fili=m app5dages :i* ne$ f>!r exam9ation4 ,9 ! ,dipt]a1 especially ,tipulid1 !re is a pair ( #b-;jo9t$ app5dages or =ceps1 z 9 ,limnophila 7,o/5 ,sack574 ,! male g5ital armature ( ,dipt]a appe>s to be on ! same g5]al plan z 9 ,lepidopt]a1 b m complicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4--,male organs ( g5]ation ( ,a?alia4--,aft] ,newport4 ,notice %\ld also be tak5 ( ! pair$ unc9ate hooks :i* are modifications ( ! p5is-%ea? ( ! male ( cockroa*es 7,phyllodromia71 :i* ,haase /ates appe> to orig9ate on ! t5? v5tral plate1 & :i* probably 8s]ve to op5 & dilate ! vag9a ( ! female1 especially z a p]=at$ p5is1 :i* is highly develop$ 9 ,ma*ilis1 seems to be want+ 9 ! ,blattid40 7,haase47 ,! p5is4--,?is is a s+le or d\ble m$ian /yle-l /ructure ei!r holl[ & p]=at$1 or solid1 v v>iable 9 %ape1 receiv+ ! end ( ! ejaculatory duct4 ,x is usually enclos$ betwe5 two lat]al plates1 ! homologues p]haps ( ! inn] pair ( %ea?s ( ! ovipositor4 ,9 ! ,coleopt]a1 z 9 ,c>abid & ,melolon?id1 ! p5is is a long *it9\s tube1 8retractile )9 ! abdom5 on ! "u surface z f> z ! ant]ior segm5ts40 7,newport47 ,9 ! ,hym5opt]a1 ( :i* t ( ! saw-flies is a type1 ,newport /ates t x 8consi/s ( a %ort valvul> projectile organ1 cov]$ ext]nally by two po9t$ horny plates 7i7 clo!d ) s(t hairs40 ,above ^! are two o!r irregul> d\ble-jo9t$ plates 7,fig4 #bjb1 l7 surr\nd$ at _! base by a *it9\s r+ 7k72 !y are edg$ ) preh5sile hook$ sp9es 7i74 ,betwe5 ^! 9 ! middle l9e are two elongat$ muscul> p>ts 7m7 :i* enclose ! p5is 7h71 & :i*1 l ^? 9 beetles1 p]haps aid 9 dilat+ ! vulva ( ! female4 ,an exam9ation ( ,figs4 #bjc-bjg w aid 9 und]/&+ ! v>i\s modifications 9 beetles1 etc41 ( ?is organ4 ,a g5]al /udy ( ! anatomy & homologies ( ! male g5ital armature1 f a developm5tal po9t ( view1 toge!r ) a comp>ison ( !m ) ! correspond+ female organs1 is /ill ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4--;,end ( abdom5 situat$ "u ! anal lobes ( ,hydrophilus piceus1 drawn out1 se5 f ! v5tral side3 #f1 /]nal region ( #f? segm5t2 #g1 #h1 #i1 segm5ts telescop$1 :5 retract$1 9 #f? segm5t2 zw1 membrane connect+ #f? & #g? segm5ts2 ,g1 intromitt5t app>atus2 vl1 ext]nal lobes2 vlu1 inn] lobes2 pn1 p5is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4--,! same z 9 ,fig4 #bjc1 se5 f ! side3 #f1 ! free #f? segm5t2 #g-aj1 ! f\r la/1 :5 at re/1 retract$ & telescop$ )9 ! #f? segm5t1 ) ! copulatory app>atus 7g72 vl1 out]1 vlu1 inn] lobe2 #ajs1 t]gite ( #aj? segm5t2 #aj;i1 /]nite ( ! same2 an1 anal op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4--,t]m9al p>ts ( ! male copulatory app>atus ( ,hydrophilus piceus1 torn ap>t3 vlu1 ! two inn] lodes2 pn1 p5is2 x1 membrane torn f "u side ( p5is2 ej1 ejaculatory duct2 os1 its op5+ on ! "u side ( ! p5is1 directly "u its tip4 ,! muscles1 tra*e1 & n]ves are n drawn4 ,velum p5is4--,9 ! locu/s 7,acrydiid7 ! p5is is conceal$ by a convex plate1 flap1 or hood1 free ant]iorly & atta*$ po/]iorly & on ! sides to ! ridge =m+ ! upp] edge ( ! t5? /]nite4 ,:5 ab\t to unite sexually1 ! tip ( ! abdom5 is depress$1 ! hood is drawn backw>d1 uncov]+ ! *it9\s p5is4 ,! suranal plate4--,?is is a triangul>1 (t5 ?ick1 solid plate or area1 ! remnant ( ! t]gum ( ! la/1 usually t5?1 segm5t ( ! abdom51 ! supra-anal or suranal plate1 or anal op]culum 7lam9a supra-analis7 ( ,haase4 ,9 mo/ lepidopt]\s l>v ?is plate is well m>k$2 9 ^? ( ! ,platypt]id x is rem>kably elongat$1 =m+ an approa* to a flagellum-l t]rify+ app5dage1 & 9 t ( ,aglia tau x =ms a long1 prom95t1 %>p sp9e4 ,9 ! cockroa*1 bo? ,*olodk[sky & ,haase ma9ta9 t ! t5? abdom9al segm5t is suppress$ 9 ! female1 ! t]gal portion be+ fus$ ) ! suranal plate 7! latt] 9 ?is case1 z we und]/& x1 be+ ! remnant ( ! elev5? segm5t ( ! embryo74 ,z to ! nature ( ! middle jo9t$ caudal app5dage 9 ,?ysanura & ,may-flies ,heymons has satisfactorily %[n t x is a hyp]trophi$ portion ( ! suranal plate1 be+ 9 ,lepisma b a filam5tal elongation ( ! small elev5? abdom9al t]gite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4--;,copulatory organ ( a weevil1 ,rhy*ophorus phnicis1 se5 f above4 ,a1 vl1 ! lobes unit$ into a capsule2 pp1 torn membrane :i* connects ! capsule ) ! #i? abdom9al segm5t2 ej1 ejaculatory duct4 ,b1 ! same se5 f ! side2 mu1 end ( ! muscle ( ! p5is4 ,c1 ! same z ,b1 )\t ! capsule2 os1 op5+ ( ! ejaculatory duct 7ej74 ,o!r lett]s z 9 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4--;,a1 p5is 7pn7 ( ,c>abus hort5sis3 bl1 wr9kl$ membran\s vesicle2 vlu1 ! valves2 g1 "p ( #i? segm5t4 ,b1 end ( p5is ( ! same1 enl>g$2 os1 cleft-l op5+2 also a wr9kl$ vesicle1 z at bl4--,?is & ,figs4 #bjc-bje aft] ,kolbe4 ,at ! base ( ! suranal plate ( locu/s 7,acrydiid7 is ! suranal =k or suranal furcula 7furcula supra-analis1 z we h call$ x7 7,fig4 #hh1 #hi1 f74 ,! podical plates or p>anal lobes4--,9 ! cockroa* & o!r insects1 also 9 ! nymphs ( ,odonata1 ! anus is b\nd$ on ea* side by a m or less triangul> plate1 ! two valves be+ noticeable 9 lepidopt]\s l>v4 ,!y are ! valvul ( ,burmei/]1 & podical plates ( ,huxley1 :o also reg>d$ !m z ! t]gites ( an elev5? abdom9al segm5t2#ch & ! subanal lam9 ( ,heymons4 ,!y are want+ 9 ,ephem]id4 ,! infra-anal lobe4--,our att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to ?is lobe or flap1 :ile exam9+ "s geometrid l>v4 ,x is a ?ick1 conical1 fle%y lobe1 (t5 end+ 9 a h>d1 *it9\s po9t1 & situat$ directly b5ea? ! v5t4 ,its use is evid5tly to aid 9 toss+ ! pellets ( excrem5t away s z to prev5t _! contact ) ! body4 ,! end may be %>p & h>d or be> a bri/le4 ,:e!r ?is lobe is ! modifi$ v5tral plate ( ! n9? urite1 we w n und]take at pres5t to say4 ,! egg-guide4--,9 ! ,acrydiid ! ext]nal op5+ ( ! oviduct is b\nd$ on ! v5tral side by a movable1 triangul>1 acute flap1 ! egg-guide 7,fig4 #hh1 ,b1 eg74 ,:e!r ?is occurs 9 o!r ord]s ne$s to be asc]ta9$4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,abdom5 ,,& ,,its ,,app5dages a4 ,g5]al 7includ+ ! c]ci1 /ili1 etc47 ,cornelius1 ,c4 ,beitrge zur nah]5 ,k5ntnis von ,pal+5ia longicauda4 7,programm d4 ,real- u4 ,gew]bes*ule zu ,elb]feld1 #ahdh1 pp4 #a-ch1 #d ,taf47 ,s*idte1 ,j4 ,g4 ,bem]kung5 b] ,myrmecophil54 ,ueb] d5 ,bau des h9t]leibes bei e9ig5 ,kf]gattung54 7,g]m>'s ,zeits4 f4 ,ent41 #ahdd47 ---- ,de metamorphosi ,eleu!ratorum obs]vationes4 7,naturhi/4 ,tidsskr4 i-xiii1 #ahfa-ahhc47 ,me9]t1 ,f4 ,anatomia ,=ficul>um4 ,anatomisk und]sogelse af de ,danske ,or5tvi/e1 i4 7,naturhi/4 ,tidsskr4 #c raekke1 ii1 #ahfc1 pp4 #dbg-dhb1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,om dobbelte ,sa$gange hos insect]4 7,naturhi/4 ,tidsskrift1 #c raekke1 v1 #ahfh47 ,tullb]g1 ,ty*o4 ,sv]iges ,podurid]4 7,sv5ska ,vet5sk4-,akad4 ,h&l41 #ahgb1 x1 ,nr4 #aj1 #ab ,pls47 ,davis1 ,h4 ,notes on ! pygidia & c]ci ( insects4 7,j\rn4 ,r4 ,micr4 ,soc41 #ahgi1 ii47 ,we/h(f1 ,f4 ,ueb] d5 ,bau des ,hypopygiums d] ,gattung ,tipula ,meig4 7,mn/]1 #ahhb1 pp4 #a-fb1 #f ,taf47 ,saund]s1 ,edw>d4 ,fur!r notes on ! t]m9al segm5ts ( aculeate ,hym5opt]a4 7,trans4 ,entom4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhd1 pp4 #bea-bfg1 #a ,pl47 ,palmn1 ,j4 ,a4 ,ueb] pa>ige ,ausfhrungsgange d] ,ges*le*tsorgane bei ,insekt54 7,hels+=s1 #ahhd1 #e ,taf47 ,haase1 ,e4 ,die ,abdom9alanhnge d] ,insekt5 mit ,b]cksi*tigung d] ,myriopod54 7,morpholog4 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhi1 xv1 pp4 #cca-dce1 #b ,taf47 ---- ,abdom9alanhnge bei ,hexapod54 7,sitzungsb]4 d4 ,gesells*4 natur=s*4 ,freunde1 #ahhi1 pp4 #ai-bi47 ,:eel]1 ,william ,m4 ,on ! app5dages ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t ( embryo insects4 7,trans4 ,wis4 ,acad4 ,sc41 viii1 #ahij1 pp4 #hg-adj1 #c ,pls47 ,janet1 ,*>les4 tudes sur les f\rmis1 #e;e note1 sur la morphologie du squelette des segm5ts po/-?oraciques *ez les ,myrmicides4 7,mm4 ,soc4 ,acad1 de l',oise1 xv1 pp4 #eia-faa1 ,figs4 #a-e1 #ahid47 ,heymons1 ,ri*>d4 ,die ,segm5tirung des ,insekt5krp]s4 7,anh4 ,abh4 ,akad4 ,b]l91 ,phys4 ,abh41 pp4 #ci1 ,taf41 #ahie4 ,see also ,die ,embryonal5t1 von ,d]mapt]5 und ,or?opt]51 "u ,embryology47 ---- ,grundzge d] ,entwicklung und des ,krp]baues von ,odonat5 und ,ephem]id54 7,abh&l4 k4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s4 ,b]l91 #ahif1 #b ,taf41 pp4 #a-ff47 ---- ,zur ,morphologie d] ,abdom9alanhnge bei d5 ,insect54 7,morphol4 ,jahrb41 iv1 #ahif1 pp4 #agh-bjc1 #b ,taf47 ,peyt\reau1 ,s4 ,a4 ,contribution l'tude de la morphologie de l'armure gnital des insectes4 7,bordeaux1 #ahie1 pp4 #bdh1 #bb ,pls41 #dc ,figs4 9 text47 ,v]hoeff1 ,c4 ,c]ci und /yli d] ,tra*eat54 7,ent4 ,na*r41 xxi1 pp4 #aff-afh1 #ahie47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,oudemans1 ,pack>d1 etc4 b4 ,! ovipositor ,lacaze-,du?i]s1 ,h5ri4 ,re*]*es sur l'armure gnitale femelle des insectes4 7,ann4 d4 sc4 natur41 #ahdi1 xii1 pp4 #cec-cgd1 #a ,pl42 #ahej1 xiv1 pp4 #ag-eb1 #a ,pl4 7,hymnoptres72 #aheb1 xvii1 pp4 #bjf-bea1 #a ,pl4 7,or?optres72 #ahec1 xix1 pp4 #be-hh1 #d ,pl4 7,neuroptres1 ,?ysanures1 ,coloptres1 ,diptres72 pp4 #bjc-bcg 7,lpidoptres1 ,aphaniptres en g5]al4 ,also sep>ate477 ,sollmann1 ,a4 ,d] ,bi55/a*el4 7,zeits*r4 f4 ,wiss5s4 ,zool41 xiii1 #ahfc1 pp4 #ebh-edj1 #a ,taf47 ,f5gg]1 ,h4 ,anatomie und ,physiologie des ,giftapp>ates bei d5 ,hym5opt]54 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 #ahfc1 pp4 #aci-agh1 #a ,taf47 ,eaton1 ,a4 ,e4 ,rem>ks ^u ! homologies ( ! ovipositor4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahfh1 pp4 #ada-add47 ,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,on ! /ructure ( ! ovipositor & homolog\s p>ts 9 ! male insects4 7,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xi1 #ahfh1 pp4 #cic-cii1 ,figs4 #a-aa47 ,lambre*t1 ,a4 ,samtli*e ,teile des ,/e*app>ates 9 ,bi55krp] und ihre ,v]w5dung zu te*nis*5 und vital5 ,zweck54 7,bi5emwirts*4 ,c5tralbl41 #g ,jahrg41 #ahga1 pp4 #e-aa47 ,kraepel91 ,k4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,bau1 ,me*anismus und die ,entwicklung des ,/a*els d] bi55>tig5 ,ti]e4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zoologie1 xxiii1 #ahgc47 ,dewitz1 ,h4 ,v]glei*5de ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,bau und ,entwicklung des ,/a*els d] ,honigbi5e und d] ,leges*eide d] grn5 ,heus*recke4 7,knigsb]g1 #ahgd47 ---- ,ueb] ,bau und ,entwicklung des ,/a*els und d] ,leges*eide e9ig] ,hym5opt]5 und d] grn5 ,heus*recke4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss54 ,zoologie1 xxv1 #ahgd1 pp4 #agd-bjj1 #b ,taf47 ---- ,ueb] ,bau und ,entwicklung des ,/a*els d] ,ameis54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zoologie1 #ahgg1 xxviii1 pp4 #ebg-eef1 #a ,taf47 ,adl]1 ,h4 ,legeapp>at und ,ei]leg5 d] ,gallwesp54 7,deuts*e ,entom4 ,zeits*r41 #ahgg1 xxi ,jahrg41 pp4 #cje-ccb1 #a ,taf47 ,*olodk[sky1 ,n4 ,ueb] d5 ,hummel/a*el und se9e ,b$eutung fr die ,sy/ematik4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 vii1 #ahhd1 pp4 #cab-caf47 ,ih]+1 ,h4 von4 ,d] ,/a*el d] ,melipon54 7,ent4 ,na*r41 #ahhf1 xii1 ,jahrg41 pp4 #agg-ahh1 #a ,taf47 ,me9]t1 ,f4 ,bidrag til de danske ,myr]s ,naturhi/orie4 7,kjb5havn1 #ahij1 #fh s4u4 ,danske ,vid5sk4 ,selsk4 ,skrift]1 #e ,raek1 v1 #c ,pls47 ,bey]1 ,o4 ,w4 ,d] ,giftapp>at von ,=mica rufa e9 r$uzi]tes ,organ4 7,j5a4 ,zeits*r4 ,naturw41 #ahij1 xxv1 pp4 #bf-aab1 #b ,taf47 ,c>let1 ,g4 ,mmoire sur le v59 et l'aiguillon de l'abeille4 7,ann4 d4 sc4 nat4 ,zool41 #g sr41 ix1 #ahij1 pp4 #a-ag1 #a ,pl47 ,knckel d',h]culais1 ,j4 ,m*anisme physiologique de la ponte *ez les insectes or?optres de la famille des ,acridides4--,rle de l'air comme ag5t mcanique et fonctions multiples de l'armure gnitale4 7,compt4 ,r5d41 cxix1 pp4 #bdd-bdg1 #ahid47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,v]hoeff1 ,heymons4 c4 ,! ext]nal g5ital armature ,klug1 ,johann ,c4 ,f4 ,v]su* e9] ,b]i*tigung d] ,fabriciuss*5 ,gattung5 ,scolia u4 ,tiphia4 7,ueb] u4 ,mohr ,beitrge zur ,naturkunde1 i1 pp4 #h-dj1 #ahje1 #a ,taf47 ,aud\91 ,j4 ,v41 & ,la*at4 ,obs]vations sur les organes copulateurs males des ,b\rdons4 7,annal4 gnral1 d4 sc4 phys41 #ahba1 viii1 pp4 #bhe-bhi47 ,aud\91 ,j4 ,v4 ,lettre sur la gnration des insectes4 7,ann4 des sc4 nat41 sr4 #a1 ii1 #ahbd47 ,suck[1 ,f4 ,w4 ,l4 ,ges*le*tsorgane d] ,insekt54 7,heus+]1 ,zeits*r4 organ4 ,physik41 #ahbh1 ii1 pp4 #bca-bfd1 #a ,taf47 ,ra?ke1 ,h4 ,de ,libellul>um p>tibus g5italibus4 ,regiomonti1 #ahcb1 pp4 #f #ch1 #c ,pls4 ,siebold1 ,c4 ,?4 ,e4 von4 ,ueb] die ,=tpflanzungsweise d] ,libellul954 7,g]m>'s ,zeits*r4 f4 ,ent41 #ahdj1 ii1 pp4 #dba-dch47 ,selys-,long*amps1 ,e4 de4 ,monographie des ,libellulidees d',europe4 #d ,pls41 #ahdj4 ,bassi1 ,c4 ,a4 ,/udi sulle funzioni degli organi g5itali degl' insetti da lui oss]vati piu specialm5te nella ,bombyx mori4 7,atti della #e ,riun4 d4 ,sci5z4 ,ital4 ,lucca1 #ahdd1 pp4 #ci-id47 ,/e91 ,f4 ,v]glei*5de ,anatomie und ,physiologie d] ,insekt51 i4 ,die weibli*4 ,ges*le*tsorgane d] ,kf]4 ,b]l91 #ahdg1 #i ,taf4 ,ormancey1 ,p4 ,re*]*es sur l'tui p5ial considr comme limite de l'espce dans les coloptres4 7,ann4 sc4 nat41 #ahdi1 #c sr41 ,zool41 xii1 pp4 #bbg-bdb47 ,r\ssel1 ,c4 ,re*]*es sur les organes gnitaux des insectes coloptres de la famille des ,sc>abides4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 d4 sc4 ,p>is1 #ahfj1 l1 pp4 #aeh-afa47 ,mac,lachlan1 ,r4 ,a monographic revision & synopsis ( ! ,tri*opt]a ( ! ,european fauna4 ,london1 #ahgd-hj1 #ei ,pls4 ---- ,on ! sexual app>atus ( ! male ,ac5tropus4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahgb1 pp4 #aeg-afb47 ,?omson1 ,c4 ,g4 ,nagra anm>kn+> (v] art]na af slagtet ,c>abus4 7,?omson's ,opuscula ,entomologica1 vii1 #aheg1 pp4 #fae-gbi1 #a ,pl47 ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,sur l'app>eil gnital male du ,corbus bifasciatus4 7,?omson1 ,ar*iv ent41 #aheg1 i1 pp4 #cgh-cha47 ,:ite1 ,f4 ,bu*anan4 ,on ! male g5ital armature 9 ! ,rhopaloc]a4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 s]4 #a1 ,zool41 i1 pp4 #ceg-cfi1 #ahgf1 #c ,pls47 ,grab]1 ,v4 ,die ,aehnli*keit im ,baue d] auss]5 weibli*5 ,ges*le*tsorgane bei d5 ,loku/id5 und ,akridi]n auf ,grund ihr] ,entwicklungsges*i*te4 7,sitzb]4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,wi541 #ahgj1 lxi1 pp4 #a-bj1 #a ,taf47 ,scudd]1 ,samuel ,h41 & ,edw>d ,burgess4 ,on asymmetry 9 ! app5dages ( hexapod insects1 especially z illu/rat$ 9 ! lepidopt]\s g5us ,nisoniades4 7,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahga1 xiii1 pp4 #bhb-cjf47 ,*adima1 ,j4 ,ueb] die ,homologie zwis*5 d5 mnnli*5 und weibli*5 auss]5 ,sexualorgan5 d] ,or?opt]a ,saltatoria ,latr4 7,mitteil4 d4 naturwiss4 ,v]e9s f4 ,/ei]m>k1 #ahgb1 pp4 #be-cc1 #a ,taf47 ,hag5s1 von4 ,ueb] die ,g5itali5 d] mnnli*5 ,bi551 besond]s d] ,gattung ,sphecodes4 7,b]l9 ,ent4 ,zeits*r41 #ahgd1 pp4 #be-dc47 ---- ,ueb] die mnnli*5 ,g5itali5 d] ,bi55gattung ,sphecodes4 7,deuts*5 ,entom4 ,zeits*r41 #ahhb1 pp4 #bji-bbh1 #b ,taf47 ,l9d5man1 ,c4 ,v]glei*5d-anatomis*e ,unt]su*ung ueb] das mnnli*e ,begattungsgli$ d] ,bork5kf]4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,imp4 d4 ,natural4 ,mosc\1 #ahge-gg47 ,=el1 ,a4 ,d] ,giftapp>at und die ,analdrs5 d] ,ameis54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zoologie1 xxx1 suppl41 #ahgh47 ,kraatz1 ,g4 ,ueb] die ,wi*tigkeit d] ,unt]su*ung des mnnli*5 ,begattungsgli$es d] ,kf] fr die ,sy/ematik und ,artunt]s*eidung4 7,deuts*5 ,entom4 ,zeits*r41 #ahha1 xxv1 pp4 #aac-abf47 ---- ,ueb] das mnnli*e ,begattungsgli$ d] europais*5 ,cetoniid5 und se9e ,v]w5db>keit fr d]5 s*>fe spezifis*e ,unt]s*eidung4 7,ibid41 pp4 #abi-adi47 ,gosse1 ,ph4 ,h4 ,on ! clasp+-organs ancill>y to g5]ation 9 c]ta9 gr\ps ( ! ,lepidopt]a4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 #ahhb1 ,s]4 #b1 ,zool41 ii1 pp4 #bfe-cde1 #h ,pls47 ---- ,! preh5sors ( male butt]flies ( ! g5]a ,orni?opt]a & ,papilio4 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahha1 xxxiii1 pp4 #bc-bg47 ,radoszk[ski1 ,o4 ,revision des armures copulatrices des males du g5re ,bombus4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,natur4 ,mosc\1 #ahhd1 xlix1 pp4 #ea-ib1 #d ,pls47 ---- ,revision des armures copulatrices des males de la tribu ,philrmides4 7,ibid41 #ahhe1 lxi1 pp4 #cei-cgj1 #b ,pls47 ---- ,revision des armures copulatrices des males de la famille des ,mutillid4 7,hor ,soc4 ,ent4 ,ross41 #ahhe1 xix1 pp4 #c-di1 #i ,pls47 ---- ,revision des armures copulatrices des males de la tribu des ,*rysides4 7,hor ,soc4 ,ent4 ,ross1 xxiii1 #ahij1 pp4 #c-dj1 #f ,pls47 ,h(mann1 ,o4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d] ,butalid54 7,/ett4 ,ent4 ,zeit41 #ahhh1 pp4 #cce-cdg1 #a ,taf47 ,dri$zi*i1 ,h4 ,revue des espces europennes du g5re ,phronia ,w9n4 7,hor ,soc4 ,ent4 ,ross41 #ahhi1 xxiii1 pp4 #djd-ecb1 #aj ,pls47 ,%>p1 ,david4 ,on ! /ructure ( ! t]m9al segm5t 9 "s male ,hemipt]a4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahij1 pp4 #cii-dbg1 #c ,pls47 ,es*]i*1 ,k4 ,die biologis*e b$eutung d] ,g5italanhnge d] ,insekt54 7,v]h&l4 d4 zool4 bot4 ,ges4 ,wi541 #ahib47 ---- ,anatomis*e ,/udi5 b] das mnnli*e ,g5italsy/em d] ,coleopt]54 7,zeits4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 lvii1 pp4 #fbj-fda1 #a ,taf41 #c figs47 ,v]hoeff1 ,c4 ,zur v]glei*5d5 ,morphologie d] 8,abdom9alanhnge0 d] ,coleopt]54 7,ent4 ,na*r41 xx1 pp4 #ic-if1 #ahid4 ,comp>e also ,o4 ,s*w>z & ,j4 ,weise's criticisms 9 ,d4 ,ent4 ,zeit41 pp4 #aec-aeg2 also pp4 #aja-aji1 #aee-aeg4 ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 pp4 #ajj-ajf1 #ahid47 ---- ,v]glei*5de--morphologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 ueb] das ,abdom5 d] ,endomy*id51 etc41 und b] die ,musculature des ,copulationsapp>ates von ,triplax4 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturg41 lxi1 pp4 #bac-bhg1 #b ,taf41 #ahie47 ---- ,v]glei*5de ,unt]su*ung5 b] die abdom9al ,segm5te d] weibli*5 ,hemipt]a-,het]opt]a und ,homopt]a4 7,v]h4 ,nat4 ,v]4 ,bonn1 l1 pp4 #cjg-cgd1 #ahid47 ,v]hoeff1 ,c4 ,beitrge zur v]glei*5d5 ,morphologie des ,abdom5s d] ,cocc9ellid51 etc4 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturg41 lxi1 pp4 #a-hj1 #f figs41 #ahie47 ,boas1 ,j4 ,e4 ,v4 ,organe copulateur et acc\plem5t d] hanneton4 7,ov]sigt ov] det ,k4 ,danske ,vid5sk4 ,selskab ,=h&1 #ahib1 ,cop5hag51 #ahic1 #a ,pl41 pp4 #bci-bfa47 ,prez1 ,j4 ,de l'organe copulateur mle des ,hymnoptres et de sa valeur taxonomique4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 lxiii1 pp4 #gd-ha1 ,figs41 #ahid47 ,godd>d1 ,m>?a ,freeman4 ,on ! second abdom9al segm5t 9 a few ,libellulid4 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 xxxv1 pp4 #bje-bab1 ,janu>y #aa1 #ahig1 #b ,pls47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,eaton1 ,em]y1 ,fis*]1 ,=el1 ,gh91 ,god>t1 ,hag51 ,joly1 ,koletani1 ,loew1 ,me9]t1 ,mik1 ,nicolet1 ,o/5 ,sack51 ,pictet1 ,r\ssel1 ,s*aeff] 7#aged71 ,s*aum1 ,s*5k1 ,j4 ,b4 ,smi?1 ,?ompson1 ,bu*anan-,:ite1 ,brunn] von ,wattle-,wyll1 ,weise1 ,wy5b]gh4 ,! subject ( copulation has be5 treat$ by ,h(f]1 ,h>tig1 ,s*i$ekne*t1 ,v]hoeff1 etc4 ,,! ,,armature ,,( ,,insects3 ,,set1 ,,hairs1 ,,scales1 ,,tub]cles1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4--,l>va ( ,dryocampa rubicunda1 /age ,,ii4--,bridgham del4 ,! cuticula4--,! integum5t is ext]nally ei!r smoo? & %9+ or v>i\sly punctur$1 granulat$1 tub]culat$1 /riat$1 or hairy4 ,9 c]ta9 ord]s ! sk9 is clo!d ) flatt5$ set or scales1 :ile _m =ms1 z "s cat]pill>s 7,figs4 #bjh1 #bji71 beetles 7,fig4 #baj71 etc41 are protect$ by sp9es1 horns1 etc41 ^! 9 adult insects (t5 =m+ second>y sexual *>act]s1 usually be+ m develop$ 9 ! males ?an 9 ! females4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4--,l>va ( ,hyp]*iria io1 on hat*+4 ,! cuticula is n always smoo?1 b is (t5 f9ely granulat$ or ev5 m9utely sp9ulat$4 ,on ! abdom9al segm5ts ( ,anabrus1 z obs]v$ by ,m9ot1 ! cuticula is arm$ ) microscopic conical nodules scatt]$ irregul>ly ov] x4 ,!y d n correspond1 he says1 9 any way to hairs2 = !y d n re/ ov] pores1 nor did he see any specially modifi$ cells und]ly+ !m4 8,z f> z ,i h obs]v$1 !y are m]e local irregul>ities1 ea* nodule be+ app>5tly support$ by "s f\r or six unmodifi$ epid]mal cells40 ,m9ot adds t ! :ole ( ! cuticula1 except ! cones j describ$ & ! hairs1 is divid$ into num]\s m9ute fields1 ea* ( :i* corresponds to a s+le cell ( ! und]ly+ hypod]mis4 ,ea* field is b\nd$ by a di/9ct polygonal outl9e1 & its surface is ei!r cov]$ by a l>ge numb] ( extremely m9ute project+ po9ts1 z on ! dorsal ar* ( ! segm5t1 or is smoo?1 z ^u ! articul> membrane & v5tral ar*4 ,^u ! sides ( ! dorsal ar* & ^u ! spiracul> membrane ea* field has a project+ sp9e or sometimes two or ev5 ?ree4 7,see also pp4 #bh1 #cj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4--,phanu pegasus1 1 f ,mexico4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4--,section ( integum5t ( ,datana m9i/ra3 c1 cuticula2 hyp1 hypod]mis2 p1 out] pigm5t$ nodulat$ lay]4 ,! cuticle ( lepidopt]\s l>v has also be5 describ$ & figur$ by ,m9ot4 ,9 ! cat]pill>s ( diff]5t gr\ps inve/igat$ by him1 ! cuticle 0 f\nd to be r\gh ) microscopic tee? or sp9ules1 erect or flatt5$ & scale-l1 & ei!r d5sely cr[d$ or scatt]$1 & af=d+ excell5t g5]ic & specific *>act]s4 ,9 ! slug-worms 7,limacodids7 we h obs]v$ t ! cuticula is unusually r\gh1 especially on ! sp9if]\s tub]cle ( ,empretia1 ,p>asa1 etc4 7,fig4 #bac1 c74 ,! sk9 ( ! body betwe5 ! tub]cles is se5 to be f9ely %agre5$1 due to ! pres5ce ( f9e tee?1 :i* are m or less curv$ & b5t1 ^! tee? aris+ f a v f9ely granulat$ surface 7d74 ,! cuticle ( neuropt]\s1 tri*opt]\s1 & t5?r$9id l>v w probably af=d simil> cases4 ,! integum5t ( ! l>va ( ,datana is1 on ! black b&s1 r\gh & nodulat$1 ! irregul> nodules be+ fill$ ) a black pigm5t1 & =m+ a lay] 7p7 ext]nal to ! true cuticula 7,fig4 #baa74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4--;,hairs ( ,datana3 f1 =mative hair-cell2 c1 cuticula2 p1 pigm5t$ lay]2 hy1 hypod]mis4 ,! integum5t ( _m insects conta9s f9e canals pass+ ?r\gh ! *it9\s lay]s & op5+ ext]nally 9 m9ute pores4 ,c]ta9 ( ! pore-canals communicate ) holl[ set :i* sit directly ov] ! pores2 o!r pores =m ! ext]nal op5+s ( d]mal gl&s1 b 9 _m cases !y are empty or only fill$ ) air1 & d n h any hairs connect$ ) !m4 ,ea* ( ^! pores communicates ) a hair-=m+ hypod]mal cell1 call$ by ,grab] a tri*og54 ,set 78hairs0 & bri/les74--,! set ( insects are1 z 9 worms1 processes ( ! cuticle orig9at+ f c]ta9 ( ! hypod]mal cells4 ,!y arise ei!r f a r+-l pit1 or f a m9ute tub]cle1 & are usually situat$ at ! outlet ( a pore-canal1 :i* connects ) an und]ly+ cell ( ! hypod]mis 7,fig4 #bab74 ,!y are1 !n1 bri/le or hair-l processes aris+ f ! hypod]mis4 ,:]e ! hairs or set are rubb$ (f1 _! site is indicat$ by a m9ute r+ l a follicle 9 ! *it9\s integum5t4 ,! cuticul> hair1 says ,leydig1 is 9 its fir/ condition ! secretion ( ! cellul> elem5t ( ! sk91 & a ?read-l cont9uation ( ! cell-body may rise up ?r\gh ! pore-canal into ! c5tre ( ! hair1 rema9+ !re p]man5tly4 ,:ile ! set are usually simple1 !y are (t5 bran*$1 plumose1 or sp9ulose1 z 9 l>val ,hem]obiid1 ,an?r5us1 & ,d]me/es1 ! l>v ( c]ta9 cocc9ellid beetles1 notably ,epila*na1 & ( ,cassida1 ! l>v ( arctians1 etc41 & 9 bees 7,an?ophila1 ,mega*ile1 ,osmia1 ,colletes1 ,apis1 etc474 ,! use ( ^! sp9ulose1 plumose1 & twi/$ hairs 9 ! bees is cle>ly %[n by ,j4 ,b4 ,smi?1 :o /ates t z ^! insects walk ov] fl[]s1 ! poll5 gra9s adh]e to ! ve/iture1 8& ?is also acc\nts = ! fact1 probably notic$ by e obs]vant fruit-gr[]1 t bees frequ5tly bury !mselves completely 9 ! blossoms1 or roll ov] e "p ( !m4 ,su* insects are aft] poll51 n honey1 & by s roll+ ab\t1 ! poll5 gra9s are br\ght into contact ) & adh]e to ! surface ( ! insect40 ,! syrphid flies also poll5ize fl[]s1 ! poll5iz+ ( *rysan!mums be+ effect$1 z ,smi? /ates1 by ,eri/alis t5ax1 & he adds t ! body ve/iture ( ! syrphids 8is (t5 compos$ ( spurr$ & bran*$ hairs40 7,= ref]5ce to ga!r+ hairs1 see p4 #de47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4--;,cuticul> sp9ules ( l>va ( ,adoneta3 a1 b1 c1 d1 diff]5t =ms2 e1 e1 caltrops4 ,c]ta9 rem>kable sp9es occur 9 limacodid l>v1 notably ,empretia & ,adoneta4 ,^! we h call$ caltrops sp9es1 f _! resemblance to ! caltrops =m]ly us$ 9 repell+ ! attacks ( cavalry4 ,!y are l>gely conc]n$ 9 produc+ ! poison\s & irritat+ effects result+ f contact ) ! cat]pill>s ( ^! mo?s1 & are situat$ 9 scatt]$ gr\ps ne> ! end ( ! tub]cles4 ,a gr\p ( ?ree is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #bac1 e4 ,!y are n firmly emb$d$ 9 ! cuticle1 b on ! contr>y appe> to become v easily loos5$ & deta*$1 & !y probably1 :5 br\ght into contact ) ! sk9 ( any aggressor1 burr[ und]nea?1 & are probably 9 "p ! cause ( ! cont9ual it*+ & annoyance occasion$ by ^! creatures4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #bac1 e1 t ! body ( ! sp9e is sph]ical1 ) "o l>ge1 elongat$1 conical sp9e aris+ f x1 ! sph]ical base be+ beset ) a numb] ( m9ute1 some:at obtuse sp9ules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bad4--;,gl&ul> hairs ( cat]pill>s4 ,a1 ,dasylophia angu9a3 a1 ( body2 b1 ( head2 c1 ( pro?oracic %ield4 ,b1 ,c]atosia tricolor3 a1 on body2 b1 on abdom9al legs4 ,c1 ,s*izura ipome3 a1 f ?ird ?oracic segm5t2 b1 f l>va /age ,,ii2 c1 simple set f m9ute w>ts4 ,gl&ul> hairs & sp9es4--,9 "s insects occur f9e1 m9ute1 holl[ set f :i* exude1 p]haps ?r\gh pore-canals ( extreme f95ess1 droplets ( a cle> wat]y or plasma-l /icky fluid4 ,! club-%ap$ t55t hairs ( ! feet ( ,collembola1 & ! hairs fr++ ! feet ( ,dipt]a1 are modifi$ gl&ul> hairs4 ,"h !y s]ve to give out a /icky fluid enabl+ ! insect to walk on smoo? surfaces2 !y end 9 a vesicle-l bulb\s expansion1 :i* may conta9 num]\s pore-canals4 ,^? ( cat]pill>s 7 fir/ notic$ by ,zell]1 & ,dimmock has p>ticul>ly describ$ ^? ( ! l>v ( ,pt]ophorid4 ,!y are ei!r club-%ap$1 or v>i\sly =k$ at ! end 7,fig4 #bad1 ,b1 a74 ,!y are usually replac$ aft] ! fir/ l>val m\lt by ord9>y1 simple1 solid1 po9t$ set1 & _! use 9 cat]pill>s is z yet unkn[n4 ,:e!r ^! hairs1 z seems mo/ probable1 arise f a specializ$ gl&ul> hypod]mal cell1 or n1 has n yet be5 discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4--;,a1 gr\p ( set aris+ f a subdorsal tub]cle3 cut1 ! cuticle2 hy1 ! hypod]mis2 sc1 ! enl>g$ & specializ$ cells ( ! hypod]mis :i* secrete ! sp9es !mselves2 pglc1 ! nuclei :i* secrete ! v5om\s fluid :i* fills ! cavity ( ! seta 7s71 se5 at p 9 a brok5 sp9e4 ,b1 a %ort entire1 & a long brok5 seta 7s-p72 pgle1 f\r poison cells2 p1 ! poison 9 ! holl[ ( ! sp9e4 ,^! tempor>y f9e gl&ul> hairs are probably ! homologues ( ! l>g] true gl&ul> bri/les & sp9es ( ! lat] /ages ( c]ta9 lepidopt]\s l>v1 :i* are brightly color$ & lead an expos$ life1 liv+ ?r\gh a l>ge "p ( ! summ]4 ,9 ^! /ructures ! bri/les or sp9es are holl[1 fill$ ) a poison\s secretion =m$ 9 a s+le l>ge1 or sev]al small] specializ$ hypod]mal cells situat$ "u ! base ( ! sp9e4 ,9 ! v5om\s sp9es ( ,lagoa crispata ! poison\s fluid 9 ! l>g] sp9es 7,figs4 #bae1 ,c1 #baf1 b7 is secret$ 9 sev]al l>ge cells situat$ at ! base ( ! sp9e1 & ?is is ! usual =m4 ,9 ! f9] sp9es ( a l>ge tub]cle 7,figs4 #bae1 ,a1 #baf7 !re appe>s to be a diff]5tiation ( ! hypod]mal cells into two k9ds1 ! l>ge1 basal deep-seat$1 setig5\s cells 7#baf1 sc7 & ! poison-secret+ nuclei 7#baf1 pglc7 situat$ ne>] ! base ( ! set4 ,! sp9es be+ fill$ ) poison & break+ into bits 9 ! sk9 ( ! h&s or neck1 cause great irritation & sm>t+4 ,^! nettl+ or poison\s hairs or sp9es are especially v5om\s 9 ! l>va ( ,orgyia1 ,empretia /imulea1 ,hyp]*iria io1 ! l>v ( ! saturnians 7,fig4 #bag7 & lasiocampids1 etc4 ,!y r>ely occur 9 insects ( o!r ord]s1 ?\gh ! sk9 ( ,telephorus is said by ,leydig to be> gl&ul> hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4--,section ( a subdorsal tub]cle f a l>va 9 /age #a3 sc1 ! setig5\s cells1 "o = ea* seta2 pglc1 nuclei by :i* ! poison is secret$2 s1 seta2 p1 poison 9 middle ( a brok5 sp9e2 cut1 cuticle2 sd1 tub1 sp9ulat$ surface ( ! subdorsal tub]cle4 ,leydig /ates t 9 ! /\t bri/les ( ,saturnia !re is1 z 9 ! integum5t ( ! body1 a homog5e\s cuticula1 "u :i* is ! cellul> matrix 7hypod]mis71 & ! cle> cont5ts 7hyaloplasma7 are secret$ f ! blood4 ,! cell-/ructure ( ! hairs consi/1 z 9 ! cells ( ! body1 ( spongioplasma & hyaloplasma4 ,leydig has obs]v$ ! droplets ( ! secretion ( ! cat]pill> ( ,saturnia c>p9i ooz+ ?r\gh di/9ctly obs]vable pores1 & /ates t !re are simil> op5+s 9 ! hairs & scales4 ,dewitz f\nd easily obs]vable op5+s at ! end ( ! hair ( a l>ge exotic weevil 7,fig4 #acj74 ,! advanc$ nymph ( ,psylla is also arm$ ) clavate gl&ul> hairs 7,fig4 #agh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4--;,armature ( la/ f\r segm5ts ( ,callosamia prome!a3 a1 a dorsal seta2 b1 "o %[+ ! poison 7p7 )94 ,! tub]cles are outgr[?s ( ! body-walls2 !y are ei!r smoo?1 w>ty1 or sp9y1 z 9 _m cat]pill>s4 ,:ile ! armature ( insects is ( little morphological importance1 x is evid5tly ( great biological importance1 ! welf>e or ev5 ! life ( ! insect dep5d+ ^u x2 & x v>ies 9 ea* species ( insect1 especially 9 ,dipt]a1 :]e ! position ( ev5 a s+le seta *>act]izes ! species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4--,section ?r\gh an ant5nal pect9ation ( ,saturnia c>p9i3 a1 hypod]mis1 =mative cells ( ! hairs 7c72 d1 cuticula2 e1 tra*ea4--,aft] ,semp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4--;,flatt5$ hairs f ! lat]al tufts ( l>va ( ,ga/ropa*a am]icana3 ,a1 ?ree f ! lat]al tuft ( ,het]opa*a rileyana4 ,! mode ( developm5t ( ! hairs 0 fir/ describ$ by ,semp]4 ,9 ! pect9ation ( ! ant5na ( ,saturnia c>p9i he obs]v$ t ! hairs arise1 l ! scales ( ! w+s1 f l>ge r\nd =mative-cells ly+ 9 ! cavity1 :i* s5d out ?r\gh ! hypod]mis & cuticle a long sl5d] process :i* f9ally becomes ! hair 7,fig4 #bah74 ,tactile hairs are ^? set aris+ ov] n]ve cells or n]ve t]m9ations & w be discuss$ "u ! organs ( s5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4--,! same 9 ,g4 qu]cifolia3 a1 a small hair end+ 9 two m9ute processes4 ,scales4--,9 v r>e cases ! hairs ( cat]pill>s 7,fig4 #bai7 are flatt5$ & scale-l1 & ?is passage 9 ! same insect ( cyl9drical hairs into flatt5$ scale-l ones1 %[s t ! scales are only modifi$ hairs4 ,also1 z we %all see f>!r on1 ,semp] has prov$ t _! mode ( orig9 is id5tical4 ,:ile true scales are *>act]i/ic ( ,synapt]a 7,?ysanura & ,colembola71 z well z ,lepidopt]a & ,tri*opt]a1 !y also occur 9 ! ,psocid 7,amphi5tomum71 9 _m ,coleopt]a 7,curculionid1 ,cl]id1 ,pt9id1 ,d]me/id1 ,byrrhid1 ,sc>abid1 ,elat]id1 & ,c]ambycid71 & 9 ! ,culicid1 & a few o!r ,dipt]a1 ?\gh !y are especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,lepidopt]a1 n a species ( ?is great ord] be+ kn[n to be entirely de/itute ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4--;,flatt5$ & sp9ulat$ hairs ( tufts ( l>va ( ,acronycta ha/ulif]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4--,scales f dorsal tuft1 on second ?oracic segm5t ( l>va ( ,ga/ropa*a qu]cifolia4 ,! scales v>y mu* 9 %ape1 b are m or less tile-l1 atta*$ to ! surface ( ! body or w+ by a %ort sl5d] p$icel1 & are m loosely connect$ ) ! integum5t ?an ! hairs1 :i* are ?ick] at ! base or ins]tion ?an beyond4 ,! m>k+s ( ! scales1 bo? ( ,synapt]a & ,lepidopt]a1 are v elaborate1 consi/+ ( rais$ l9es1 ridges1 or /ri ) transv]se ridges betwe54 8,! /ri ( ! transp>5t scales ( ,micropt]yx are f ab\t #ejj to #cjj to ! millimetre1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t species4 ,! opaque scales ( ,morpho1 :i* %[ metallic reflections1 h ab\t #adjj /ri to ! millimetre40 7,kellogg47 ,! prim>y use ( scales1 z obs]v$ by ,kellogg1 is to protect ! body1 z se5 9 ,synapt]a & ,lepidopt]a4 ,a ne>ly z important use is ! production ( colors & patt]ns ( colors & m>k+s1 :ile 9 c]ta9 butt]flies c]ta9 scales function z ! ext]nal op5+s ( d]mal sc5t-gl&s1 & !y af=d 9 "s cases 7z fir/ claim$ by ,kettelhoit 9 #ahfj7 g5]ic & specific *>act]s4 ,spul] has %[n t ! scales are /r5g!n$ by int]nal *it9\s pill>s4 ,burgess has obs]v$ 9 ! scales ( ,danais plexippus t ! "u surface ( ! scales is usually smoo?1 or provid$ ) few & poorly develop$ ridges1 & ?is has be5 confirm$ by ,spul] & by ,may] 7,fig4 #bbf74 ,9 ! iris$ & metallic scales ! ridges1 says ,spul]1 are n divid$ into tee?1 & !y conv]ge at ! base to ! p$icel & also t[>d ! end ( ! scale 7,micropt]yx71 or end 9 a s+le process beyond ! middle 7! brass-color$ scales ( ,plusia *rysitis74 ,! arrangem5t ( ! scales on ! w+s is1 9 ! g5]aliz$ mo?s1 irregul>2 9 ! m specializ$ =ms !y are arrang$ 9 b&s =m+ gr\ps1 & 9 ! mo/ specializ$ ,lepidopt]a !y are m ?ickly cr[d$1 ov]lapp+ ea* o!r & ins]t$ 9 regul> r[s cross+ ! w+s1 ^! r[s ei!r unit+ ) ea* o!r or runn+ p>allel4 7,spul]47 ,! scatt]$ irregul> arrangem5t se5 9 ,micropt]yx is also *>act]i/ic ( ! ,tri*opt]a & ( ,amphi5tomum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4--,portion ( a longitud9al section ?r\gh "o ( ! "y pupal w+s ( a summ] pupa ( ,vanessa antiopa3 s1 "y scale2 leu4 cy41 leucocyte2 mbr4 pr41 gr\nd membrane2 prc1 hypod]mis-cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd4--,portion ( a longitud9al section ?r\gh "o wall only ( ! pupal w+ ( a specim5 slightly old] ?an t ( ,fig4 #bbc2 s1 old] scale4 ,developm5t ( ! scales4--,! mode ( orig9 ( ! scales 0 fir/ work$ out by ,semp] 9 #ahhf1 :o /at$ t 9 ! w+ ( ! pupal ,sph9x & ,saturnia !y are se51 9 sections1 to arise f l>ge r\ndi% cells j "u ! hypod]mis & :i* h a projection :i* passes out betwe5 ! hypod]mis 78 8epid]mis07 cells1 exp&+ into a m or less sph]ical vesicle1 ! latt] be+ ! fir/ indication ( ! future scale4 ,he obs]v$ t ! scales are n all =m$ at once1 b arise "o aft] ano!r1 s t on "o & ! same w+ ! scales are 9 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbe4--,portion ( a longitud9al section ?r\gh a pupal w+ ab\t eight days be=e em]g5ce3 s1 =mative scale-cell2 upp] s1 a scale4 ,m rec5tly ,s*aeff] has /at$ t ! scales & also ! hairs are evag9ations ( greatly enl>g$ hypod]mis cells1 & /ill m complete evid5ce has be5 af=d$ by ,a4 ,g4 ,may] 7#ahif74 ,9 ! w+s ( ,lepidopt]a1 ab\t ?ree weeks be=e ! imago em]ges1 c]ta9 ( ! hypod]mis cells1 :i* occur at regul> int]vals1 beg9 to increase 9 size & to project slightly above ! level ( ! hypod]mis2 ^! are ,semp]'s 8=mative cells10 & are de/9$ to secrete ! scales4 ,!y increase 9 l5g?1 & appe> z 9 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,9 ! next /age obs]v$1 ! projections are mu* long] 7,fig4 #bbd74 ,! hypod]mis is n[ ?r[n up into a regul> s]ies ( ridges1 :i* run across ! w+4 ,ea* ridge1 says ,may]1 corresponds 9 position ) a r[ ( =mative cells1 & ea* furr[ ) ! int]val betwe5 two adjac5t r[s4 ,! scales always project f ! tops ( ^! ridges4 ,! gr\nd or basal membrane has n p>ticipat$ 9 ?is fold+1 & ! deep processes ( ! hypod]mis 7prc7 t once ext5d$ to ?is membrane h l>gely disappe>$4 ,figure #bbe repres5ts a m advanc$ /age almo/ eight days be=e ! em]g5ce ( ! imago4 ,! scales are orig9ally fill$ ) protoplasm1 :i* gradually )draws1 leav+ beh9d x little *it9\s b>s or pill>s :i* s]ve to b9d toge!r ! upp] & l[] surfaces ( ! scales1 & f9ally ! scales become 8m]ely little flatt5$ holl[ sacs conta9+ only air40 ,z ,may] %[s 7,figs4 #bbf1 #bbg71 f ! /udy ( scales exam9$ f\r days be=e em]g5ce ( ! butt]fly 7,danais71 8! /riations ^u ! upp] surface ( ! scale are due to a s]ies ( p>allel longitud9al ridges10 :ile ! "u side is usually smoo?4 ,! mode ( ins]tion is se5 9 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,! n>r[ cyl9drical p$icel ( ! scale is m]ely1 accord+ to ,semp]1 ins]t$ into a m9ute close-fitt+ socket1 :i* p]=ates ! w+-membrane1 & n into a tube1 z ,l&ois suppos$4 ,spul] describes a sort ( d\ble sac /ructure or follicle 7,s*upp5balg7 :i* receives ! holl[ p$icel ( ! scale4 ,?is 0 orig9ally 7#ahfj7 obs]v$ by ,f4 ,j4 ,c>l ,may]1 b m fully exam9$ by ,spul] 7,fig4 #bbh7 ?\gh n detect$ by ,a4 ,g4 ,may]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4--,portion ( a cross-section ?r\gh ! pupal w+ ( ,danais plexippus1 ab\t six days be=e em]g5ce3 sg1 scale2 cta4al1 w+-membrane2 cl4frm1 =mative cell ( ! scale2 mbr4pr1 gr\nd-membrane2 fbr4hdrm1 hypod]mal fibres ( pupal w+s4 ,a1 portion ( a longitud9al section ?r\gh ! pupal w+1 eight or n9e days be=e em]g5ce2 prc1 processes ( "y hypod]mis scales4--,?is & ,figs4 #bbc-bbe aft] ,may]4 ,sp9ules1 hair-scales1 hair-fields1 & &roconia4--,besides ! scales1 f9e sp9ules occur on ! ?ick5$ ve9s ( ! w+s ( ! ,blattid1 :]e !y resemble fir-cones2 also 9 ! ,p]lid1 9 ! ,tri*opt]a1 & 9 ! m g5]aliz$ ,lepidopt]a 7,micropt]ygid & ,hepialid71 occur1 z indicat$ by ,spul]1 delicate *it9\s holl[ sp9ules sc>cely "o-t5? z long z1 & m num]\s ?an1 ! scales1 :i* sometimes =m :at he calls 8,haftfelds10 or hold+ areas4 ,^! sp9ules h also be5 notic$ by ,kellogg1 & by myself 9 ,micropt]yx2 ,kellogg1 & also ,spul]1 h obs]v$ !m 9 c]ta9 ,tri*opt]a 7,hydropsy*e74 ,^! also occur on ! ve9s1 & deta*$ ones ne> l>ge "o-jo9t$ hairs1 or hair-scales1 said by ,kellogg to be /riat$4 ,kellogg has detect$ ^! scale-hairs1 z he calls !m1 9 ,panorpa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4--,view look+ d[n ^u ! upp] 7i4e4 expos$7 surface ( "o ( ! l>ge scales situat$ on ! ve9s ( ,danais plexippus1 ab\t f\r days be=e em]g5ce3 clm1 *it9\s pill>s f\nd 9 scales4 ,a1 a small] scale1 a1 a1 sections ( ! scales4 ,b1 leucocyte f\nd 9 ! l>g] scale4--,aft] ,may]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbh4--,scale-follicles3 ,a1 ( a scale ( ,gall]ia mellonella3 r1 neck-r+4 ,b1 ! same ( ,polyommatus phlz4 ,c1 ! same ( a hair on inn] edge ( h9d w+ ( ,lycna alexis 4--,aft] ,spul]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4--;,a1 portion ( w+ ( a caddis-fly 7,my/acides74 ,b1 enl>g$1 %[+ ! &roconia & hair-scales4 ,c1 a sep>ate &roconium4--,aft] ,kellogg4 ,! 8hair-scales0 ( ! phylog5etically old] ,tri*opt]a correspond to c]ta9 scales ( ,lepidopt]a1 especially ! ,psy*id 7,spul]71 v>i\sly call$ 8plumules0 7,des*amps71 8battl$ore scales10 also c]ta9 m9ute cyl9drical hairs4 ,to ^! sc5t-scales is appli$ ! t]m &roconia4 ,!y are f\nd1 almo/ )\t exception1 on ! upp] side ( ! =e w+s1 occurr+ 9 limit$ areas1 su* z ! discal spots1 or on folds ( ! w+s4 ,fritz ,mll] has %[n t !y function z sc5t-scales1 & are conf9$ to ! males4 ,kellogg has detect$ &roconia-l scales on ! w+s ( a caddis-fly1 ,my/acides punctata 7,fig4 #bbi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhj4--;,cross-section ( &roconia surface on w+ ( ,!cla calanus2 a1 &roconia2 gl1 gl& ( base2 s1 ord9>y scales2 w1 w+ 9 section4--,aft] ,?omas4 ,?omas has prov$ by sections ( ! w+ ( ,danais1 etc41 t ! &roconia arise f gl&s situat$ 9 a fold ( ! w+ 7,fig4 #bcj71 & he /ates t ! mat]ial elaborat$ by ! local gl&s1 & di/ribut$ ^u ! surface ( ! w+ by ! &roconia1 is t :i* gives to _m ( ! ,lepidopt]a _! *>act]i/ic odor4 ,on comp>+ ^! 8gl&s10 x is evid5t t !y are gr\ps ( specializ$ =mative cells ( ,semp] 7tri*og5s71 :i* secrete an odor\s fluid1 issu+ p]haps f extremely f9e pore-canals at ! ends ( ! &roconia4 ,!y ?us correspond to ! gl&ul> hairs1 poison-hairs1 & sp9es ( cat]pill>s1 ! =mative cells ( :i* conta9 ei!r a cle> lymph or poison4 ,,lit]ature a4 ,hairs1 bri/les1 clean+ sp9es1 calc>ia1 combs1 etc4 ,leydig1 ,franz4 ,zum fe9]5 ,bau d] ,ar?ropod54 7,mll]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 und ,phys41 #ahee1 pp4 #cgf-dhj47 ,fobel1 ,augu/e4 ,les f\rmis de la ,suisse4 ,ble1 #ahgd4 ,saund]s1 ,edw>d4 ,rem>ks on ! hairs ( "s ( our ,briti% ,hym5opt]a4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahgh1 pp4 #afi-aga47 ,p]ez1 ,j4 ,notes d'apiculture4 7,bull4 ,soc4 d',apic4 de la ,gironde1 ,bordeaux1 #ahhb47 ,o/5 ,sack51 ,c4 ,r4 von4 ,an essay on comp>ative *totaxy1 or ! arrangem5t ( *>act]i/ic bri/les ( ,dipt]a4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhd1 pp4 #dig-eag47 ---- ,prelim9>y notice ( a subdivision ( ! subord] ,or?orrhapha ,bra*yc]a 7,dipt]a7 on *totactic pr9ciples4 7,b]l9 ,ent4 ,zeits*r41 #ahif1 pp4 #cfe-cgc47 ,janet1 ,*>les4 tudes sur les f\rmis4 #h;e ,note4 ,sur l'organe de nettoyage tibio-t>si5 de ,myrmica rubra4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 #ahie1 pp4 #fia-gjd1 #f ,figs47 ,see also ,j4 ,b4 ,smi?'s ,economic ,entomology1 #ahif1 hairs ( bees4 ,also ! writ+s ( ,de ,ge]1 ,hub]1 ,f5g]1 ,mayr1 ,=el1 ,cane/r9i1 & ,b]lese 7#ahhj72 ,dahl1 ,*e%ire1 etc4 b4 ,gl&ul> & poison\s set & sp9es ,ratzeburg1 ,j4 ,?4 ,*4 ,ueb] entomologis*e ,krankheit54 7,/ett9 ,ent4 ,zeit41 #ahdf1 vii1 pp4 #ce-da47 ,zell]1 ,p4 ,c4 ,revision d] ,pt]ophorid54 7,l9na ,ent41 vi1 pp4 #cai-daf1 #aheb1 at p4 #cef speaks ( 8,drs5hr*5407 ,dimmock1 ,george4 ,on "s gl&s :i* op5 ext]nally on insects4 7,psy*e1 iii1 pp4 #chg-dja1 #ahhb47 ,gooss5s1 ,?4 ,des *5illes urticants4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 #ahha1 pp4 #bca-bcf47 ,des *5illes vsicants4 7,ibid41 #ahhf1 pp4 #dfa-dfd47 ,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,notes on "s po9ts 9 ! ext]nal /ructure & phylog5y ( insects4 7,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xxv1 #ahij1 pp4 #hc-aad1 #b ,pls47 ---- ,a /udy ( ! trans=mations & anatomy ( ,lagoa crispata1 a bombyc9e mo?4 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc41 xxxii1 pp4 #bge-bib1 #g ,pls41 #ahid47 ,holmgr51 ,emil4 ,/udi] fn] hud5s o* de krtel>tade hudorgan5s morfologi hos ,sk&9aviska macrolepidopt]l>v]4 7,k4 ,sv5ska ,vet5skaps-,akad4 ,h&l41 xxvii1 pp4 #a-hc1 ,/ockholm1 #ahie1 #i ,pls47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,leydig1 ,kell]1 ,ba*1 ,k>/51 ,scribn]1 ,riley1 etc4 7,see also ,lit]ature ( repugnatorial gl&s47 c4 ,&roconia ,des*amps1 ,b]n>d4 ,r*]*es microscopiques sur l'organisation des ailes d] ,lpidoptres4 7,ann4 des ,sc4 nat4 81 iii1 pp4 #aaa-aeg1 #ahce47 ,wau=1 ,t4 ,w4 ,on c]ta9 butt]fly scales *>act]i/ic ( sex4 7,london1 #ahfg-fh47 ,mc,intire1 ,s4 ,j4 ,notes on ! m9ute /ructure ( ! scales ( c]ta9 insects4 7,london1 #ahga47 ,an?ony1 ,j4 ,! m>k+s on ! battl$ore scales ( "s ( ! ,lepidopt]a4 7,london1 #ahgb47 ,scudd]1 ,s4 ,h4 ,antig5y or sexual dimorphism 9 butt]flies4 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,arts & ,sc41 xii1 #ahgg1 pp4 #aej-aeh47 ,also ,butt]flies1 etc4 7,new ,york1 #ahha1 pp4 #aib-bjf1 figs47 ,mll]1 ,fritz4 ,a prega co/al das ,hesp]ideas4 7,ar*ivas d ,museo nac4 d ,rio de ,janeiro1 iii1 pp4 #da-ej1 #b ,pls41 #ahgh47 ,?omas1 ,m4 ,b4 ,! &roconia ( ,lepidopt]a4 7,am]4 ,nat41 xxvii1 pp4 #ajah-ajba1 #b ,pls41 #ahic47 d4 ,scales ,leydig1 ,franz4 ,zum fe9]5 ,bau d] ,ar?ropod54 7,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 und ,phys41 #ahee1 pp4 #cgf-dhj1 #a ,taf47 ,semp]1 ,c>l4 ,beoba*tung5 b] die ,bildung d] ,flgel1 ,s*upp51 und ,ha>e bei d5 ,lepidopt]54 7,zeits*rift f4 wiss5s*4 ,zoologie1 #aheg1 pp4 #cbf-cci1 #a ,taf47 ,may]1 ,f4 ,t4 ,k>l4 ,ueb] d5 ,/aub d] ,s*mett]l+sflgel4 7,allgem4 m$iz4 ,c5tralzeitung1 #ahfj1 pp4 #ggb-ggd47 ,l&ois1 ,h4 ,beitrge zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,s*mett]l+sflgel 9 d] ,raupe und ,puppe4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s*4 ,zoologie1 xxi1 #ahga1 pp4 #cje-caf1 #a ,taf47 ,weismann1 ,augu/4 ,ueb] ,dufts*upp54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 i1 #ahgh1 pp4 #ih-ii47 ,dimmock1 ,george4 ,scales ( ,coleopt]a4 7,psy*e1 iv1 pp4 #a-aa1 #bc-bg1 #dc-dg1 #fc-ga1 #ahhc47 ,s*aeff]1 ,cs>4 ,beitrge zur ,hi/ologie d] ,insekt54 7,zool4 ,jahrb*]1 ,ab?4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,ontog41 iii1 pp4 #faa-feb1 #b ,pls41 #ahhi47 ,kellogg1 ,v]non ,l4 ,! taxonomic value ( ! scales ( ! ,lepidopt]a4 7,kansas ,univ4 ,qu>t41 iii1 pp4 #de-hi1 figs4 #a-ag1 #i ,taf41 #ahid47 ,may]1 ,alfr$ ,g4 ,! developm5t ( ! w+-scales & _! pigm5t 9 butt]flies & mo?s4 7,bull4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool41 xxix41 #ahif1 pp4 #bji-bcf1 #g ,pls47 ,spul]1 ,arnold4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss des fe9]5 ,baues und d] ,phylog5ie d] ,flgelt$eckung d] ,s*mett]l+s4 7,zool4 ,jahrb4 ,ab?4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,ontog41 viii1 pp4 #ebj-edc1 #a ,taf41 #ahie47 ---- ,ueb] das ,vorh&5se9 von ,s*upp5balg bei d5 ,s*mett]l+54 7,biol4 ,c5tralblatt1 xvi1 ,sept4 #ae1 #ahif1 pp4 #fgg-fgi1 #c figs47 ,,! ,,colors ,,( ,,insects ,! colors & bright m>k+s ( insects1 especially ^? ( butt]flies1 r5d] !m ! mo/ brilliant & beautiful creatures 9 exi/5ce1 rivall+ & ev5 excell+ ! gay hues ( our mo/ spl5didly color$ birds4 ,! subject has be5 b rec5tly tak5 up & is 9 a some:at crude condition1 b ! lead+ features h be5 r\ghly sket*$ out by ! "w ( a few obs]v]s f a physical1 *emical1 & biological po9t ( view4 ,! colors ( insects1 z ( all o!r animals1 are prim>ily due to ! action ( light & air2 o!r factors are1 z ,hag5 obs]ves1 heat & cold1 moi/ure & dryness1 z rec5tly %[n by ! exp]im5ts on butt]flies by ,dorfmei/]1 ,weismann1 ,w4 ,h4 ,edw>ds1 & lat] obs]v]s4 ,!y h _! seat 9 ! integum5t4 ,hag5 divides colors into optical & natural4 ,optical colors4--8,^!10 says ,hag51 8are produc$ by ! int]f]5ce ( light1 & are by no means r>e among insects1 b !y are solely optical ph5om5a4 ,colors by ! int]f]5ce ( light are produc$ 9 two diff]5t ways3 ei!r by ?9 sup]pos$ lamell1 or by _m v f9e l9es or small impressions 9 v close juxtaposition4 8#a4 ,!re mu/ be pres5t at lea/ two sup]pos$ lamell to produce colors by int]f]5ce4 ,! nak$ w+s ( ,dipt]a1 ( dragon-flies1 & ( c]ta9 ,neuropt]a (t5 %[ beautiful int]f]5ce colors4 ,! w+s ( ,*rysopa & ,agrion %[ int]f]5ce colors only = a c]ta9 "t1 viz41 z long z ! membranes ( ! w+s are s(t & n firmly glu$ toge!r4 ,aft]w>ds su* w+s become simply hyal9e4 8,! scales ( ,entimus & o!r ,curculionid are well kn[n = _! brilliancy1 & x is int]e/+ to rem>k t :5 dry scales are exam9$ ) ! microscope1 _m are f\nd p>tly injur$1 :i* give 9 diff]5t places diff]5t colors1 accord+ to ! numb] ( lay]s :i* rema94 ,! elytra ( "s ,*rysomel9a & o!r beetles ) iridesc5t colors probably belong to ! same category4 8#b4 ,:5 !re are scales ) _m f9e l9es or small impressions close to ea* o!r1 we h ! second mode ( produc+ colors4 8,! f9e longitud9al & transv]sal l9es ( lepidopt]\s scales seem to s]ve admirably well to produce ! brilliant effect ( color-*ang+ butt]flies4 ,b !re mu/ be some?+ m pres5t1 z mo/ ( ! scales ( ,lepidopt]a are provid$ ) simil>ly f9e l9es1 & only comp>atively few species *ange colors4 ,i rem>k purposely t ! l9es 9 ! color-*ang+ scales are n 9 ne>] juxtaposition40 7,hag547 8,! colors ( butt]flies *ange mo/ly f purple to blue1 sometimes to yell[4 ,! spl5did violet color at ! end ( ! w+s ( ,callosune ione is br\ght out by a comb9ation ( ! natural ) int]f]5ce colors4 ,orig9ally ! scales are color$ lake-r$2 b a blue int]f]5ce color is mix$ ) x2 h5ce ! violet hue results4 ,! blue tones1 i4e4 ! spl5did v>y+ blue ( ! ,morpho butt]flies1 ,s*atz claims1 owe _! hue less to ! int]f]5ce ( light ?an to a cl\d$ lay] ( scales situat$ ov] ! d>k gr\nd1 ?r\gh :i* ! light becomes reflect$ on ! same4 ,! scales ( ! ,morphids are 9 reality br[n1 z we see by transmitt$ light2 moreov]1 only ! upp] side ( ! scales s5ds (f blue reflections--! "u side is simply br[n4 ,b ! blue scales ( ,urvilliana are also %9+ blue b5ea?2 by transmitt$ light !y appe> z if cle> yell[4 ,! sm>agd-gre5 scales ( ,priamus %[ by transmitt$ light a bright r$-orange1 & ! orange-yell[ ( ,crsus a deep grass-gre540 7,s*atz 9 ,kolbe47 8,kruk5b]g presumes ! gold5-gre5 color ( ,c>abus auratus to be an int]f]5ce color4 ,x is n *ang$ by ! int]f]5ce ( light1 nor 0 he able to extract f ! elytra any gre5 pigm5t ) e!r1 b5zol1 c>bon ( sulphur1 *lor(orm1 or alcohol1 ev5 aft] hav+ previ\sly submitt$ ! elytra to ! influ5ce ( muriatic acid or ammonia4 ,*lorophyll is n pres5t1 :e!r free or comb9$ ) an acid40 7,hag547 ,leydig has %[n t ! int]f]5ce colors ( ! hairs ( c]ta9 worms 7,aphrodite & ,eunice7 may be produc$ by v small impressions 9 juxtaposition1 :i* br+ ab\t ! same effect z /ri4 ,su* an arrangem5t occurs on ! fea!rs ( birds1 i4e4 on ! necks ( pigeons & else:]e1 & ,hag5 sugge/s t ?is k9d ( int]f]5ce colors occurs m frequ5tly among insects ?an is commonly kn[n4 ,at lea/ ! limbs ( c]ta9 =ms appe> yell[1 b :5 held 9 a c]ta9 position *ange to br[n or blacki%4 8,i "k ( no o!r explanation ( ?is n uncommon fact on ! legs ( ,dipt]a1 ( ,hym5opt]a1 & ( ,phryganid40 ,int]f]5ce colors1 he adds1 may occur 9 ! same place toge!r ) natural colors4 8,! mirror spots ( ,saturnia p]nyi %[ besides ! int]f]5ce colors a :ite sub/ance 9 ! cells ( ! matrix1 :i* ,leydig believes to be guan94 ,b ?is fact is d5i$ by ,kruk5b]g = ! same species & also = ,attacus mylitta & ,plusia *rysitis40 ,natural colors4--,^! are divid$ by ,hag5 into d]mal 7cuticul>7 & hypod]mal4 ,! d]mal colors are due to pigm5t deposit$ 9 ! =m ( v small nuclei 9 ! cuticula4 ,hag5 consid]s !m z 8produc$ mo/ly by oxidation or c>bonization1 9 consequ5ce ( a *emical process orig9at+ & accompany+ ! developm5t & ! trans=mations ( insects40 8,to a c]ta9 ext5t ! d]mal colors may h be5 d]iv$ f hypod]mal colors1 z ! cuticula is secret$ by ! hypod]mis1 & ! colors may h be5 *ang$ by oxidation & air-tight seclusion4 ,! cuticula is 9 c]ta9 cases entirely colorless1--s 9 ! gre5 cat]pill> ( ,sph9x ocellata2 b ! int5sely r$ & black spots ( ! cat]pill> ( ,papilio ma*aon belong to ! cuticula1 & only ! ma9 yell[ color ( ! body to ! hypod]mis40 7,leydig1 ,hi/iol41 p4 #aad47 8,! d]mal colors are r$1 br[n1 black1 & all int]m$iate %ades1 & all metallic colors1 blue1 gre51 bronze1 copp]1 silv]1 & gold4 ,! d]mal colors are easily to be recogniz$ z su*1 because !y are p]si/5t1 nev] becom+ oblit]at$ or *ang$ aft] dea?40 7,hag547 ,m9ot & ,burgess ref] to ! cuticul> colors ( ! cotton-worm 7,aletia71 ! d>k br[n color belong+ to ! cuticula or cru/4 8,^u ! outside ( ! cru/ is a v ?9 b di/9ct lay]1 :i* 9 c]ta9 p>ts rises up into a great numb] ( m9ute1 po9t$ sp9es t look l s _m dots 9 a surface view4 ,ea* sp9e is pigm5t$ diffusely1 & toge!r !y produce ! br[n m>k+s4 ,! sp9es are clu/]$ 9 little gr\ps1 "o gr\p ov] ea* und]ly+ hypod]mal cell40 7,u4 ,s4 ,ent4 ,comm41 #d? ,report1 p4 #df47 ,m9ot also %[s t 9 cat]pill>s g5]ally a "p ( ! coloration is caus$ by pigm5tation ( ! cuticula4 ,9 a dull-color$ insect1 su* z ! ,mormon cricket 7,anabrus71 ! coloration1 z ,m9ot /ates1 dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! pigm5t ( ! hypod]mis %9+ ?r\gh ! cuticula4 8,mo/ ( ! cells conta9 dull1 r$di%-br[n granules1 b scatt]$ 9 among !m are pat*es ( cells bright gre5 9 color4 ,i h obs]v$ no cells int]m$iate 9 color2 on ! contr>y1 ! passage is abrupt1 a br[n or r$ cell ly+ next a gre5 "o4 ,inde$1 ,i h nev] se5 any microscopic object m biz>re ?an a piece ( ! epid]mis ( ,anabrus spread out & view$ f ! surface40 7#b;d ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,ent4 ,comm41 p4 #ahi47 ,! pigm5t may ext5d ?r\gh ! entire cuticula1 b x is usually conf9$ to ! out]mo/ lay]s1 & occurs !re 9 union ) a peculi> modell+ ( ! upp] surface into microscopic figures :i* are ( int]e/ n only f _! delicacy1 b because !y v>y ) ea* species4 7,see p4 #ahd47 ,! hypod]mal colors1 situat$ 9 ! hypod]mis1 are1 accord+ to ,hag51 ! result ( a *emical process1 g5]at+ color out ( sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! body4 ,!y are easily recogniz$1 s9ce !y fade1 *ange1 & disappe> aft] dea?4 ,b :]e ^! colors are pres]v$ aft] dea? & enclos$ 9 air-tight sacs1 z 9 ! elytra & scales & hairs ( ! body1 !y p]si/1 ?\gh1 z we well "k1 !y may fade aft] exposure to light4 ,! hypod]mal colors are mo/ly bright] & light] ?an ! d]mal ones1 be+ light blue or gre5 9 diff]5t %ades1 yell[ to orange1 & ! num]\s %ades ( ^! colors comb9$ ) :ite2 exceptionally !y are metallic1 z 9 ,cassida1 & are !n oblit]at$ aft] dea?4 8,! fact t su* metallic colors c be reta9$ 9 dead specim5s by putt+ a drop ( glyc]9e "u ! elytra1 leads u to conclude t ^? colors are bas$ ^u fat sub/ances4 ,! hypod]mal colors are nev] glossy1 z f> z ,i "k2 ! d]mal colors frequ5tly4 8,z ! w+s1 elytra1 & hairs all possess a cuticula1 d]mal colors are frequ5tly to be f\nd1 toge!r ) hypod]mal ones1 *iefly 9 metallic colors4 ,9 ! same place bo? colors may be pres5t1 or "o ( !m alone4 ,s we f9d hypod]mal colors 9 ! elytra ( ,lampyrid4 ,9 ! elytra ( ! ,cic9delid ! ma9 metallic color is d]mal1 ! :ite l9es or spots are hypod]mal1 by :i* arrangem5t ! v>iability 9 size & %ape ( ^? spots is expla9$4 8,!re occur 9 a numb] ( insects ext]nal colors1 t is1 colors ^u ! cuticula1 :i* ,i consid] to be 9 fact displac$ hypod]mal colors3 ! mealy pale blue or :ite ^u ! abdom5 ( "s ,odonata1 ! :ite on _m ,hemipt]a1 ! pale gray on ! elytra & on ! ?orax ( ! ,golia? beetle1 & ! yell[i% p[d] on ,lixus4 ,"s ( ^! colors dissolve easily by e!r or melt 9 heat1 & "s ( !m are a k9d ( wax4 ,i believe t ^? colors are produc$ 9 ! hypod]mis1 & are exud$ ?r\gh ! pore-canals40 7,hag547 ,! :ite colors are simply = ! mo/ "p due to ! inclusion ( air 9 scales4 ,! :ite "m-(-pe>l spots ( ,argynnis are produc$ by a sy/em ( f9e transv]se pore-canals fill$ ) air2 9 ,hydrometra ! :ite v5tral m>ks h ! same orig94 7,leydig47 ,! fur!r /atem5ts & criticisms ( ,hag5 reg>d+ ! relation ( color to mimicry1 sexual selection1 & ! orig9 ( patt]ns are ( mu* weight & w be ref]r$ to "u ^? heads4 ,inde$1 ^! subjects _c well be discuss$ )\t ref]5ce to ! fundam5tal facts /at$ 9 ! ma/]ly pap]s ( ,leydig & ( ,hag51 & mu* ( ! !oriz+ ( ^! latt] days is ill-f\nd$1 because ! colors ( insects & animals are attribut$ to natural selection1 :5 !y seem really ! result ( ! action ( ! prim>y factors ( organic evolution1 su* z *anges ( light1 heat1 cold1 & *emical processes dep5d5t on ! =m]4 ,z to ! *emical nature ( color1 ,hag51 aft] quot+ ! results ( ,kruk5b]g & o!rs1 ?9ks t ! colors ( insects are *emically produc$ by a comb9ation ( fats or fat-acids ) o!r acids or alkalis "u ! influ5ce ( air1 light1 & heat4 ,he concludes3-- #a4 ,t "s colors ( insects c be *ang$ or oblit]at$ by acids4 #b4 ,t two natural colors1 madd]-lake & indigo1 c be produc$ artificially by ! influ5ce ( acid on fat-bodies4 #c4 ,z prote9 bodies 9 insects are *ang$ into fat-bodies1 & may be *ang$ by acids conta9$ 9 insects into fat-acids1 ! =mation ( colors 9 ! same mann] seems probable4 #d4 ,t colors c be *ang$ by diff]5t temp]atures4 #e4 ,t ! patt]n is orig9at$ probably by a comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) ! integum5t4 #f4 ,t mimicry ( ! hypod]mal colors may be effect$ by a k9d ( photographic process4 #g4 ,f9ally1 color & patt]n are produc$ by physiological processes 9 ! int]ior ( ! bodies ( insects4 ,kruk5b]g concludes t *ange ( color 79 p]fectly develop$ insects7 is a consequ5ce ( ! *ange ( food1 & c be expla9$ by ! alt]ation ( ! pigm5t ?r\gh heat & light4 ,8 exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! cause ( ! turn+ ( gre5 gras%opp]s 9 autumn into yell[ & p9k4 ,he tri$ to answ] two que/ions3 ,fir/1 does ! pigm5t ( gras%opp]s orig9ate directly out ( ! food1 & does x consi/ ( pure *lorophyll or ( a sub/ance conta9+ *lorophyll1 or is x to be accept$ z a peculi> product ( ! organism8 ,second1 is ! color ! consequ5ce ( only "o pigm5t1 or ( sev]al8 ,special analysis proves t ! gre5 color has no connection ) *lorophyll4 ,he concludes3 8,x is evid5t t ! gre5 color ( ! gras%opp] is ! consequ5ce ( sev]al diff]5t pigm5ts :i* c be sep>at$ by a *emical process40 ,kruk5b]g believes t light has a m>k$ influ5ce on ! color ( insects & t light turns to r$ or p9k ! insects :i* 7 gre5 dur+ ! summ]4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 m probable t cold 0 ! ag5t1 ! *ange be+ due to ! cold] autumn wea!r4 ,"h we might ref] to ! results ( ! /udies ( ,buckton & ,sorby1 on ! *anges 9 color ( ,aphides3-- 8#a4 ,! purple color+ matt] appe>s to be a quasi-liv+ pr9ciple1 & n a product ( a subsequ5t *emical oxidiz+ process4 ,m\nt$ 9 balsam or o!r pres]v+ fluids1 ! d>k] species /a9 ! fluid a f9e violet4 8#b4 ,z autumn approa*es & cold wea!r r$uces ! activity ( ! ,aphides1 ! lively gre5s & yell[s commonly become conv]t$ into f]rug9\s r$1 & ev5 d>k br[n1 :i* la/ hue 9 reality p>takes m or less ( int5se violet or purple4 ,^! *anges h "s analogy ) ! brilliant hues assum$ by maple & o!r leaves dur+ ! process ( sl[ decay4 8#c4 ,aque\s solutions ( cru%$ d>k br[n & yell[-gre5 v>ieties ( ,aphides orig9ate diff]5t colors ) acids & alkalies4 8#d4 ,9 ! g5]ality ( cases color+-matt]s1 su* z indigo1 ,indian yell[1 madd]-lake1 & ! l1 d n sep>ately exi/ 9 ! sub/ance ( vegetables1 b ! pigm5ts are dis5gag$ ?r\gh f]m5tation or oxyg5ation4 ,aga91 aliz>9 itself is r$di% yell[1 b alkal9e solutions /rike x a ri* violet j z we f9d !m to act t[>ds ! sub/ance :i* ,mr4 ,sorby calls aphidilute94 8#e4 ,mr4 ,sorby's f\r /ages ( ! *anges effect$ by ! oxidation ( aphide9e produce f\r diff]5t sub/ances40 ,*emical & physical nature ( ! pigm5t4--,rese>*es 9 ?is difficult field ( inquiry h be5 made by ,l&ois 7#ahfd71 ,sorby 7#ahga71 ,meldola 7#ahga71 by ,kruk5b]g 7#ahhd71 & m rec5tly by ,co/e1 ,ure*1 ,hopk9s1 & ,may]1 & ! subject is ( fundam5tal importance 9 deal+ ) mimicry & protective coloration1 ! prim>y causes ( :i* appe> to be due to ! action ( physical & *emical ag5ts4 ,ov] tw5ty ye>s ago ,meldola obs]v$ t ! yell[ pigm5t ( ! sulphur-yell[ butt]fly 7,gonopt]yx rhamni7 0 soluble 9 wat]1 & %[$ t its aque\s solution _h an acid reaction4 ,besides ! yell[ uranid9 f\nd by ,kruk5b]g 9 diff]5t beetles & lepidopt]\s pup1 /ill o!r color+-matt]s1 :i* are v con/ant 9 diff]5t species are readily recogniz$ by ! spectroscope4 8,?us !re appe> 9 ! br[ni% yell[ lymph ( ,attacus p]nyi1 ,callosamia prome!a & ,telea polyphemus1 aft] saponification ( ! precipitat$ soap readily effect$ by e!r1 or incompletely or n remov$ by b5z9e1 a *lorophane-l lipo*rome2 & 9 ! yell[i% gre5 lymph ( ,saturnia pyri & ( ,platysamia cecropia besides ?is pigm5t /ill ano!r ^: spectrum %[s a broad b& on ,d1 b :i* disappe>s ) ! addition ( acetic acid or ammonia1 z also aft] a long heat+ ( ! lymph up to #ff ,c40 ,co/e1 & m especially ,ure*1 h %[n t _m ( ! pigm5ts may be dissolv$ out ( ! scales by means ( *emical reag5ts1 giv+ color$ solutions1 & leav+ ! scales :ite or colorless4 ,!y h also %[n t "s ( ^! pigm5ts may be *ang$ 9 color by ! action ( reag5ts1 & !n re/or$ to _! orig9al color by o!r reag5ts4 ,!y h prov$ t r$s1 yell[s1 br[ns1 & blacks are always due to pigm5ts1 & 9 a few cases gre5s1 blues1 violets1 purples1 & :ites1 & n1 z is usually ! case1 to /ructural conditions1 su* z /ri on ! scales 7,may]74 ,!y conf9$ !mselves solely to ! *emical side ( ! problem1 n consid]+ ! /ructure ( ! scales !mselves4 ,ure* has also discov]$ a beautiful sm>agd-gre5 color+-matt] 9 ! w+s 7n 9 ! scales7 ( ! pupa ( ,pi]is brassic4 ,x is n *lorophyll1 & ,ure* sugge/s t x may be ei!r ! g]m9al sub/ance ( ! pigm5ts ( ! scales or its be>]4 ,x is n ! pigm5t ( ! blood4 ,ure* has also demon/rat$ t 9 _m ,lepidopt]a ! color ( ! ur9e :i* is void$ ^u em]g5ce f ! *rysalis is simil> to ! pr9cipal color ( ! scales4 ,hopk9s has work$ on ! pigm5ts )9 ! scales ( butt]flies4 ,! yell[ pigm5t 9 ,gonopt]yx rhamni is a d]ivation ( uric acid1 & he calls x lepidotic acid4 ,its aque\s solution is /rongly acid to litmus1 & mu/ be bad-ta/+ to birds4 ,hopk9s has dissolv$ ! r$ pigm5t f ! bord] ( ! h9d w+ ( ,delias eu*>is1 an ,indian butt]fly1 9 pure wat]1 f9d+ z ! result a yell[ solution2 b if ! solution be evaporat$ to dryness1 ! solid residue ( pigm5t is r$ once m4 ,he has obta9$ f ?is pigm5t ( eu*>is a silv] comp\nd :i* conta9s a p]c5tage ( metals exactly equal to t f ! pigm5t ( ,g4 rhamni4 7,nature1 ,april #b1 #ahib47 8,! scales ( ! w+s ( ! :ite butt]flies 7,pi]id7 are also %[n by ,hopk9s to conta9 uric acid1 ?is sub/ance practically act+ z a :ite pigm5t 9 ^! insects4 ,a yell[ pigm5t1 widely di/ribut$ 9 ! same family1 is %[n to be a d]ivative ( uric acid1 & its artificial production z a by-product ( ! hydrolysis ( uric acid is demon/rat$4 ,t ?is yell[ pigm5t is an ord9>y excretory product ( ! butt]fly is indicat$ by ! fact t an id5tical sub/ance is void$ f ! rectum on em]g5ce f ! pupa4 ,^! excretory pigm5ts1 :i* h well-m>k$ reactions1 are app>5tly conf9$ to ! ,pi]id1 & are n f\nd 9 o!r ,rhopaloc]a4 ,?is fact %[s t :5 a ,pi]id mimics an insect belong+ to ano!r gr\p1 ! pigm5ts ( ! mimick$ & mimick+ insects1 respectively1 are *emically q di/9ct4 ,o!r pigm5ts exi/+1 n 9 ! scales1 b betwe5 ! w+-membranes1 are %[n to be ( use = ornam5t40 7,proc4 ,royal ,soc41 ,london1 #ahid47 ,griffi?s 7#ahib7 claims t ! gre5 pigm5t f\nd 9 sev]al species ( ,papilio1 ,hesp]ia1 & ,lim5itis1 also 9 ,noctuid1 ,geometrid1 & ,sph+id likewise consi/s ( a d]ivative ( uric acid1 :i* he calls lepidopt]ic acid4 ,by prolong$ boil+ 9 ,h,cl x is conv]t$ into uric acid4 ,spul]1 h[ev]1 f9ds t gre5 does n dep5d on pigm5tation1 b is an optical color4 ,z rem>k$ by ,spul]1 ei!r ! *it9 ( ! scales itself is color$ r$di% 7yell[ grayi%71 or ! pigm5t is secret$ 9 ! nuclei4 ,a4 ,g4 ,may] believes t ! pigm5ts ( ! scales are d]iv$ f ! hmolymph or blood ( ! pupa1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 7#a7 ,he is unable to f9d any?+ b blood )9 ! scales dur+ ! "t :5 ! pigm5t is =m$4 7#b7 ,9 ,lepidopt]a g5]ally ! fir/ color to appe> ^u ! pupal w+s is a dull o*re-yell[1 or drab1 & ?is is also ! color assum$ by ! blood :5 x is remov$ f ! pupa & expos$ to ! air4 7#c7 ,he has succe$$ by artificial means 9 manufactur+ sev]al pigm5ts f ! blood :i* are simil> 9 color to v>i\s m>k+s ^u ! w+ ( ! imago2 *emical reag5ts h ! same effect ^u ^! manufactur$ pigm5ts t !y d ^u ! simil>ly color$ pigm5ts ( ! w+s4 8,x %\ld be "h not$10 he says1 8t 9 #ahff ,l&ois po9t$ out ! fact t ! color ( ! dri$ blood ( _m cat]pill>s is simil> to ! gr\nd color ( ! w+s ( ! mature insect40 ,ontog5etic & phylog5etic developm5t ( colors4--,! colors ( ! w+s ( ,lepidopt]a1 z is well kn[n1 are acquir$ at ! end ( ! pupal /ate4 ,! ord] ( developm5t ( ! colors 9 ! pupal w+s has be5 obs]v$ by ,s*aeff]1 ,van ,bemmel51 ,ure*1 ,haase1 ,dixey1 ,spul]1 & ,a4 ,g4 ,may]4 ,! immature w+s are at fir/ transp>5t & full ( protoplasm4 ,! transp>5t condition ( ! w+s corresponds to ! p]iod be=e ! scales are =m$1 & :5 !y are full ( protoplasm2 !y !n become :iti% z ! scales develop2 ! latt] are at fir/ fill$ ) protoplasm1 & aft]w>ds turn :iti%1 be+ little holl[ sacks fill$ ) air4 ,aft] ! protoplasm has completely )drawn f ! scales1 ! blood ( ! pupa ent]s !m1 & !n ! color+-matt] =ms4 7,may]47 ,he adds t 8ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] ! appe>ance ( ! dull yell[ suffusion ! mature colors beg9 to %[ !mselves4 ,!y arise1 fa9t at fir/1 9 places ne> ! c5tre ( ! w+s1 & are di/+ui%$ by ! fact t !y fir/ appe> ^u areas betwe5 ! n]vures1 nev] ^u ! n]vures !mselves4 ,inde$1 ! la/ place to acquire ! mature coloration are ! out] & co/al edges ( ! w+s1 & ! n]vures40 ,! fa9t color ( ! scales gradually increases 9 int5sity4 8,= example1 if a scale be de/9$ to become black1 x fir/ becomes pale grayi% br[n1 & ?is color gradually deep5s into black40 ,ure* /ates t 9 ,vanessa io fir/ a :ite1 & 9 ,v4 urtic a pale r$di% hue1 are spread ov] ! entire w+s1 & !n successively arise o!r colors 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 yell[1 yell[ to br[n1 r$1 br[n & black4 ,spul]1 h[ev]1 claims t ! diff]5tiation ( colors & m>k+s d n foll[ "o ano!r1 b arise simultane\sly1 & t 8 view is confirm$ by ,fis*]4 ,?is may be ! case ) ! highly specializ$ & div]sely m>k$ butt]flies1 b c]ta9ly tak+ ! ,lepidopt]a z a :ole ! yell[s & drabs mu/ h be5 ! primitive hues1 ! o!r colors be+ gradually add$ 9 ! lat] m specializ$ =ms4 ,x is noticeable t ! mo/ g5]aliz$ mo?s1 su* z ! species ( ,micropt]yx1 ,t9ea1 ,psy*id1 ,hepialid 79 g5]al71 etc41 are dull br[n or yell[-drab )\t b>s1 /ripes1 or spots ( bright hues4 ,^! %ades prevail 9 o!rs ( ! m primitive ,lepidopt]a1 su* z _m bombyc9e mo?s1 & !y ev5 appe> to a slight ext5t 9 c]ta9 caddis-flies4 ,! au?ors m5tion$1 especially ,may]1 :om we quote1 claim t 8dull o*re-yell[s & drabs are1 phylog5etically speak+1 ! olde/ pigm5tal colors 9 ! ,lepidopt]a2 = ^! are ! colors t are assum$ by ! hmolymph ^u m]e exposure to ! air4 ,! m brilliant pigm5tal colors1 su* z bright yell[1 r$s1 gre5s1 etc41 are d]iv$ by m complex *emical processes4 ,we f9d t dull o*re-yell[ & drabs are at ! pres5t day ! preval5t colors among ! less diff]5tiat$ nocturnal mo?s4 ,! diurnal =ms ( ,lepidopt]a h almo/ a monopoly ( ! brilliant colorations1 b ev5 9 ^! diurnal =ms "o f9ds t dull yell[ or drab colors are /ill q common ^u ^? p>ts ( _! w+s t are hidd5 f view40 ,! m primitive mo?s be+ m or less uni=mly yell[i% or drab1 ! next /ep 0 ! =mation ( b>s1 /ripes1 f9ally spots1 & ey$ spots1 ^! m>k+s 9 ! lat] =ms appe>+ simultane\sly 9 "o & ! same species ( c]ta9 highly specializ$ mo?s & butt]flies4 ,all t has be5 said w prep>e ! read] = ! consid]ation ( ! subject ( insect coloration4 ,! orig9 ( su* m>k+s has be5 discuss$ by ,weismann1 ,eim]1 ,haase1 ,dixey1 ,fis*]1 & o!rs4 ,,lit]ature ,he]1 ,o4 ,e9fluss des ,alp5klimas auf die ,f>be d] ,insect54 7,froebel u4 ,he]1 ,mit?4 aus dem ,gebiete d] !oret4 ,erdkunde1 #ahcf1 i1 pp4 #afa-agj47 ,g\reau4 ,mmoire sur l'irisation des ailes des insectes4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 #b sr41 i1 #ahdh1 pp4 #bja-bae47 ,lab\lbne1 ,a41 et ,m4 ,foll94 ,note sur la matire pulvrul5te qui rec\vre la surface du corps des ,lixus et de quelques autres insectes4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 de ,france1 #ahdh1 vi1 pp4 #cja-cje1 ,fig47 ,coqu]el1 ,*4 ,note sur la prt5due p\ssire cryptogamique qui rec\vre le corps de c]ta9s insectes4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 #ahej1 viii1 pp4 #ac-ae47 ,brau]1 ,f4 ,beoba*tung5 9 ,bezug auf d5 ,f>b5we*sel bei ,*rysopa vulg>is4 7,v]h&l4 k4 k4 zool4-botan4 ,gesells*4 ,wi541 #aheb1 pp4 #ab-ad47 ,prittwitz1 ,o4 ,f4 ,w4 v4 ,bem]kung5 b] die geographis*e ,f>b5v]teilung unt] d5 ,lepidopt]54 7,/ett4 ,ent4 ,zeit41 #ahee1 xvi1 pp4 #age-ahe47 ,la?am1 ,a4 ,g4 ,! causes ( ! metallic lu/re ( ! scales on ! w+s ( c]ta9 mo?s4 7,proc4 ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,soc4 ,man*e/]1 iii1 #ahfd1 pp4 #aih-aii4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,micr4 ,sc41 new s]41 iv1 #ahfd1 pp4 #dh-di47 ,sorby1 ,h4 ,c4 ,on ! color+ matt] ( "s ,aphides4 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,micr4 ,sc41 new s]41 xi1 #ahga1 pp4 #ceb-cfa47 ,leydig1 ,franz4 ,bem]kung5 b] ,f>b5 d] ,hautdecke und ,n]v5 d] ,drs5 bei ,insekt54 7,ar*iv f4 mikr4 ,anatomie1 xii1 #ahgf1 pp4 #ecf-eej1 #a ,taf47 ,weismann1 ,a4 ,/udi5 zur ,desc5d5z-,!orie1 ii1 #ahgf4 ,hemm]l+1 ,h]mann4 ,ueb] die ,hautf>be d] ,insect54 7,bonn1 #ahgh1 p4 #bg47 ,buckton1 ,c4 ,b4 ,monograph ( ! ,briti% ,aphides4 7,london1 #ahgi1 ii1 p4 #afg47 ,cam]on1 ,p4 ,notes on ! coloration & developm5t ( insects4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhj1 pp4 #fi-gi47 ,hag51 ,h]mann ,a4 ,on ! color & patt]n ( insects4 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,arts & ,sc41 #ahhb1 pp4 #bcd-bfg47 ,p\lton1 ,edw>d ,bagnall4 ,! ess5tial nature ( ! col\r+ ( phytophag\s l>v 7& _! pup71 etc4 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 xxxviii1 pp4 #bfi-cae1 #ahhd-ahhe47 ---- ,an inquiry into ! cause & ext5t ( a special col\r-relation betwe5 c]ta9 expos$ lepidopt]\s pup & ! surfaces :i* imm$iately surr\nd !m4 7,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 clxxviii1 pp4 #caa-dda1 #a ,pl41 #ahhg47 ,kruk5b]g1 ,c4 ,fr4 ,w4 ,grundzge e9] v]glei*5d5 ,physiologie d] ,f>b/(fe und d] ,f>b54 7,heidelb]g1 #ahhd1 pp4 #ajb47 ,mc,munn1 ,c4 ,a4 ,kruk5b]g's *romatological speculation4 7,nature1 xxxi1 p4 #bag1 #ahhe47 ,mll]1 ,fritz1 & ,dr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,hag54 ,! color & patt]n ( insects4 7,kosmos1 xiii1 #ahhf1 pp4 #dff-dfi47 ,slat]1 ,j4 ,w4 ,on ! pres5ce ( tann9 9 insects & its influ5ce on _! colors4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhg1 iii1 ,proce$41 pp4 #cb-cd47 ,bemmel51 ,j4 ,f4 van4 ,ueb] die ,entwicklung d] ,f>b5 und ,ad]n auf d5 ,s*mett]l+sflgeln4 7,tijds*rift d] n$]l&4 ,di]kundige ,v]e5ig+1 s]4 #b1 pp4 #bce-bdg1 #ahhi47 ,hopk9s1 ,f4 ,g4 ,uric acid d]ivatives function+ z pigm5ts 9 butt]flies4 7,proc4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhi1 p4 #aag2 also ,nature1 xl1 p4 #cce47 ---- ,pigm5t 9 yell[ butt]flies4 7,nature1 xlv1 p4 #aig1 #ahia47 ---- ,! pigm5ts ( ! ,pi]id4 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 lvii1 ,no4 #cdj1 pp4 #e1 #f1 #ahid4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 clxxxvi1 pp4 #ffa-fhb1 #ahif47 ,co/e1 ,f4 ,h4 ,p4 ,contributions to ! *emi/ry ( insect colors4 7,! ,entomologi/1 xxiii1 #ahij2 xxiv1 #ahia1 pp4 #i-ae1 etc4 ,nature1 xlv41 pp4 #eac-eag1 #eda-edb1 #fje47 ,ure*1 ,f4 ,beoba*tung5 b] die v]s*i$55 ,s*upp5f>b5 und die zeitli*e ,succession ihres ,auftret5s4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xiv1 pp4 #dff-dgc1 #ahia2 ,ibid41 ,augu/ #a1 #ahib47 ---- ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,f>be von ,insekt5s*upp54 7,zeits4 f4 ,wiss5s4 ,zool41 lvii1 pp4 #cjf-chd1 #ahic47 ,griffi?s1 ,a4 ,b4 ,re*]*es sur les c\leurs de quelques insectes4 7,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 cxv1 pp4 #ieh1 #iei47 ,may]1 ,alfr$ ,goldsbor\gh4 ,on ! color & color-patt]ns ( mo?s & butt]flies4 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xxvii41 ,m>*1 #ahig1 pp4 #bdc-ccj1 #aj ,pls4 ,see also p4 #bja "u ,may]47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,bates1 ,b$d>d1 ,belt1 ,butl]1 ,d>w91 ,dimmock1 ,dixey1 ,eim]1 ,haase1 ,higg9s1 ,mll]1 ,p\lton1 ,seitz1 ,wallace1 ,weismann4 #b4 ,,int]nal ,,anatomy ,,! ,,muscul> ,,sy/em ,9 its g5]al arrangem5t ! muscul> sy/em ( insects corresponds to ! segm5t$ /ructure ( ! body4 ,( ! muscles belong+ to a s+le segm5t1 "s ext5d f ! front edge ( "o segm5t to t ( ! next beh9d x1 & o!rs to ! h9d] edge2 !re are also sets ( dorsal & v5tral muscles pass+ 9 an oblique or v]tical c\rse 7,figs4 #af-ah74 ,z ,lang obs]ves1 8! great] "p ( ! muscles ( ! body c be trac$ back to a pair$ sy/em ( dorsal & v5tral int]segm5tal longitud9al muscles40 ,! muscul> sy/em is simple/ 9 l>val insects1 su* z cat]pill>s1 :]e ! musculature is s]ially repeat$ 9 ea* segm5t4 ,9 ! l>va ( ,cossus ,lyonet f\nd on "o side ( ! body #bag dorsal1 #aed lat]al1 #cfi v5tral1 & 9 ! ?oracic legs #fc1 or #hjc muscles 9 all4 8,add+ to ?is numb] ! #ab small muscles ( ! second segm5t1 & #h o!rs ( ! ?ird1 :i* he did n describe1 !re w\ld be = all ! muscles on "o side ( ! cat]pill> #hbc4 ,?is w\ld make = ! entire body #afdf1 )\t c\nt+ a small s+le muscle :i* occurs 9 ! subdivision ( ! la/ segm5t10 & also ^? ( ! int]nal organs z well z ^? ( ! head1 s t ! total numb] probably am\nts to ab\t #bjjj1 n #cjjj1 z usually /at$ 9 ! books4 ,lubbock admits t ,lyonet 0 "r 9 8 mode ( e/imat+ ! numb]4 ,9 ! l>va ( ,pygrci bucephala he f\nd t 8! l>ge muscles sc>cely v>y at all10 ?\gh c]ta9 small] ones are v v>iable4 ,lubbock obs]v$ t c]ta9 ( ! longitud9al muscles 9 ! cat]pill> ( ,diloba split up into num]\s1 n less ?an t51 sep>ate fascicles4 8,?is sep>ation ( ! fibres compos+ a muscle into sep>ate fascicles is c>ri$ on to a mu* great] ext5t 9 ! l>v ( ,coleopt]a4 ,( c\rse 9 ! imago ! numb] ( ?oracic muscles is greatly increas$1 or at lea/ 9 ,dyticus & ! wood-fe$+ ,lamellicorns1 :i* alone ,i h exam9$4 ,9 ^! two gr\ps ea* ( ! l>g] muscles is repres5t$ by at lea/ tw5ty sep>ate fascicles1 :i* makes x f> m difficult to di/+ui% ! arrangem5t ( ! muscles40 ,! muscles are :iti% or colorless & transp>5t1 ^? 9 ! ?orax be+ yell[i% or pale br[n2 & ( a s(t1 almo/ gelat9\s consi/5ce4 ,9 =m !y are simply flat & ?91 /raight1 b&-l1 or 9 r>e cases pyramidal1 b>rel or fea!r %ap$4 ,!y act v>i\sly z rotators1 elevators1 depressors1 retractors1 protractors1 flexors1 & ext5sors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bca4--;,diagram ( ! muscles & n]ves ( ! v5tral surface ( ! segm5ts 9 ! l>va ( ,sph9x ligu/ri3 ,a1 ,a1 recti muscles2 #a1 #b1 v5tral recti muscles 7#a1 recti majores2 #b1 recti m9ores72 #c1 ridge giv+ orig9 to recti muscles ( "o segm5t1 & ins]tion to ! same ( ! adjo9+ segm5t2 #d1 ridge = atta*m5t ( muscle2 #e1 retractor v5triculi1 connect+ ! mid-inte/9e ) ! out] integum5t ( ! body4 ,b1 #f1 fir/ oblique1--#g1 second oblique1--#i1 #aj1 ?ird oblique1 muscles2 #aa1 f\r? oblique1--#ab4 ?ird rectus1--#ac1 fif? oblique1--#ad1 triangul>is1 muscle2 #ae1 transv]sus m$ius2 #af1 transv]se ridge2 #ag1 transv]si abdom9ales2 #ah1 abdom9ales ant]iores2 #ai1 #bj1 abdom9ales lat]ales1 "s 7#bj7 long] ?an o!rs2 #ba1 obliquus po/]ior2 #bb1 po/]o-lat]ales obliqui2 #bc1 transv]sus lat]alis2 #bd1 second transv]sus lat]alis2 #be1 retractor spiraculi1 or con/rictor ( ! spiracles1 atta*$ by a long t5don 7#bf72 #bg1 retractor valvul4 ,n]ves3 a1 ganglion1--c1 transv]se n]ves1 ( :i* p is ! fir/1 q ! second1 r ! ?ird1 & s ! f\r? bran*2 t1 ! ma9 trunk1 :i* crosses ! great longitud9al tra*ea1 receives a filam5t f ! transv]se n]ve 7n71 & divides into two bran*es 7t72--"s ( ^! bran*es =m a small plexus 7u72 ! n]ve t divides 9 two divisions 7p & v74 ,! second division ends 9 w & x2 ! bran* q divides into y & z4 ,= o!r explanations1 see ,newport1 art4 ,insecta4--,aft] ,newport4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcb4--,musculature ( ! ,european cock*af]1 ,melolon?a vulg>is3 a1 a1 levatores capitis2 b1 depressores capitis2 c1 rotatores capitis2 d1 depressors ext]ni2 e1 retractor or flexor ( ! jugul> plate2 f1 oblique ext5sor ( ! jugul> plate2 g1 ! o!r retractor ( ! jugul> plate2 h1 retractor pro?oracis sup]ior2 i1 inf]ior retractor1 ! prop] depressor ( ! pro?orax2 k1 elevator pro?oracis2 l1 "o ( ! rotatores pro?oracis2 m1 n1 o1 flexors ( ! coxa2 x1 great depressor muscle ( ! w+2 y1 y1 elevators & protractors atta*$ to ! metaphragma & base ( ! po/furca2 z1 second flexor ( h9d leg2 a1 a1 ext5sors ( h9d leg2 c1 c1 dorsal recti ( abdom54 ,q1 ejaculatory duct2 ,r1 p5is2 ,s1 its prepuce4 ,m1 rectum4--,aft] ,/raus-,durckheim1 f ,newport4 ,our k ( ! muscul> sy/em ( insects is /ill v imp]fect4 ,to "w x out ?or\ghly "o %\ld beg9 fir/ ) t ( ,scolop5drella1 !n "s g5]aliz$ synapt]\s =m1 z ,japyx or ,lepisma1 !n pass+ to t ( a cat]pill>1 & end+ ) "s ( ! m highly specializ$ =ms1 su* z a beetle1 etc4 ,?us f> our k is conf9$ to t ( ! cat]pill>s 7,lyonet1 ,newport1 & ,lubbock7 & ! beetle 7,/raus-,durckheim7 & ants 7,=el1 ,lubbock1 & ,janet74 ,musculature ( a cat]pill>4--,newport's acc\nt ( t ( ! l>va ( ,sph9x ligu/ri is ! mo/ useful 7,fig4 #bca74 ,! muscles "h pres5t1 he says1 great uni=mity ( size & di/ribution 9 e segm5t1 ! motions ( ea* ( ^! divisions ( ! body be+ almo/ precisely simil>1 especially 9 ! #d? to #i? trunk segm5ts4 ,9 ^! segm5ts ! fir/ lay] se5 on remov+ ! fat & visc]a are ! flat /raight recti muscles4 ,!y are ! mo/ p[]ful ( all ! trunk muscles1 & are ^? :i* are mo/ conc]n$ 9 %ort5+ ! body1 9 effect+ ! duplicature ( ! ext]nal tegum5ts dur+ ! *anges ( ! insect1 & :i* dur+ ! l>val /ate ma9ly assi/ 9 locomotion4 ,!re are f\r sets1 two dorsal & two v5tral 7,fig4 #bca1 ,a1 ,a74 ,)\t ent]+ into f>!r details1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! works ( ,newport & to ,fig4 #bca4 ,musculature ( a beetle4--,! be/ g5]al acc\nt ( ! musculature ( a p]fect insect is t ( ,/raus-,durckheim 9 8 fam\s "w on ! ,melolon?a4 ,we w copy ! summ>y ( ,newport1 :o adopt$ ! nom5clature appli$ to ^! p>ts by ,burmei/]3-- 8,! muscles t connect ! head ) ! ?orax are conta9$ )9 ! pro?orax 7,fig4 #bcb1 #b71 & are ( ?ree k9ds1 ext5sors1 flexors1 & retractors4 ,! ext5sors1 levatores capitis 7a1 a71 consi/ ( two pairs1 "o ( :i* arises f ! middle l9e ( ! pronotum1 & div]g+ lat]ally f its fell[ ( ! opposite side1 passes directly =w>ds1 & is ins]t$ by a n>r[ t5don into ! ant]ior sup]ior m>g9 ( ! occipital =am54 ,! o!r arises fur!r back f ! prophragma4 ,x is a long1 n>r[ muscle t passes directly =w>ds ?r\gh ! pro?orax1 & is ins]t$ by a t5don ne> ! sup]ior m$ian l9e ( ! =am52 s t1 :ile ?is muscle & its fell[ ( ! opposite side elevate ! head almo/ 9 a /raight l9e1 ! "o fir/ describ$1 :5 act+ alone or s+ly1 draws ! head a little on "o side2 b :5 ! :ole ( ^! muscles act 9 unison1 !y simply elevate ! head ^u ! pro?orax4 ,! depressors or flexors1 depressores capitis 7b71 are exce$+ly %ort muscles1 :i* arise f ! jugul> plate1 or1 :5 t "p does n exi/1 f ! bord] ( ! pro/]num1 & are atta*$ to ! inf]ior m>g9 ( ! occipital =am54 ,!y simply flex ! head on ! pro?orax4 ,! lat]al flexors1 depressores ext]ni 7d71 are two little muscles t arise f ! same po9t z ! prec$+1 & are atta*$ to ! lat]al inf]ior m>g9 ( ! occipital =am54 ,! rotatory muscles1 rotatores capitis 7c71 are two flat muscles l ! elevators1 :i* arise1 "o at ! side ( ! antefurca & ! o!r f ! po/]ior jugul> plate1 & pass+ upw>ds & outw>ds are atta*$ to ! lat]al m>g9 ( ! occipital =am54 ,! retractor or flexor ( ! jugul> plate is a small muscle 7e7 t arises f ! m>g9 ( ! antefurca1 & pass+ directly =w>ds is ins]t$ by a small t5don into ! middle ( ! jugul> piece4 ,! oblique ext5sor ( ! jugul> plate is a long1 sl5d] muscle 7f7 t arises f ! ext]nal m>g9 ( ! pronotum1 & pass+ obliquely d[nw>ds & =w>ds trav]ses ! pro?orax & is ins]t$ by a n>r[ t5don to ! jugul> plate imm$iately be=e ! retractor4 ,! o!r retractor 7g7 arises f ! ant]ior sup]ior b\nd>y ( ! pronotum1 & pass+ d[nw>ds is ins]t$ into ! jugul> plate betwe5 ! l>g] levator & flexor capitis4 8,! muscles prop] to ! pro?orax consi/ ( f\r pairs1 by :i* x is unit$ to ! succe$+ segm5ts4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ! sup]ior retractor1 retractor pro?oracis sup]ior 7h71 arises by a broad1 fle%y head f ! ant]ior ext]nal m>g9 ( ! pronotum1 & pass+ directly backw>ds is ins]t$ by a t5don into ! prophragma1 a little on "o side ( ! m$ian l9e4 ,! next muscle ( importance1 ! inf]ior retractor 7i71 arises f ! ant]ior bord] ( ! m$ifurca1 & is unit$ to ! po/]ior ( ! antefurca1 ?us =m+ ) t muscle "p ( ! great recti ( ! l>va4 ,?is muscle mu/ be consid]$ z ! prop] depressor ( ! pro?orax4 ,! elevator pro?oracis 7k7 is n>r[1 pyramidal1 & arises fle%y f ! lat]al surface ( ! prophragma4 ,x passes d[nw>ds & is atta*$ by a n>r[ t5don to ! sup]ior portion ( ! antefurca4 ,! rotatores pro?oracis are ! l>ge/ ( all ! muscles ( ?is segm5t4 ,!y arise1 "o on ea* side 7l71 by a n>r[ head f ! po/]ior "p ( ! pronotum1 & pass+ b5ea? ! prophragma are consid]ably enl>g$ & atta*$ to ! tegum5t betwe5 ! two segm5ts1 & also to ! ant]ior portion ( ! meso?orax4 ,! rema9+ muscle prop] to ! pro?orax is ! clos] ( ! spiracle1 an exce$+ly small muscle n %[n 9 ! draw+4 8,! o!r muscles ( ?is segm5t are ^? ( ! legs1 :i* are ( consid]able size4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct flexors ( ! coxa 7m1 n1 o74 ,! fir/ ( ^! arises f ! sup]ior lat]al bord] ( ! pronotum1 ! second f ! sup]ior po/]ior bord]1 ! ?ird f ! sides ( ! pro?orax1 & ! f\r? a little ne>] po/]iorly1 & ! :ole ( !m are atta*$ by n>r[ t5dons to ! sides ( ! coxa4 ,b !re is only "o ext5sor muscle to ?is "p4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ext5sor ( ! tro*ant] is =m$ ( ?ree portions 7,fig4 #bcc1 a1 b1 c72 b !re is only "o flexor 7d71 & "o abductor 7e74 ,9 ! femur1 !re is "o ext5sor 7f71--a long p5ni=m muscle t occupies ! sup]ior "p ( ! ?igh1 & is atta*$ by a t5don to ! ant]ior-po/]ior m>g9 ( ! jo9t =m$ by ! end ( ! tibia4 ,!re is also b "o flexor 7g7 9 ! femur1 :i*1 l ! prec$+ muscle1 is p5ni=m1 & occupies ! inf]ior portion ( ! femur1 & its t5don is atta*$ to ! inf]ior bord] ( ! tibia4 ,9 ! tibia itself !re is also "o flexor & "o ext5sor4 ,! flexor 7i7 occupies ! sup]ior portion ( ! limb1 & ends 9 a long t5don 7l7 t passes directly ?r\gh ! jo9ts ( ! t>sus1 on _! inf]ior surface1 & is atta*$ to ! inf]ior m>g9 ( ! claw 7g74 ,! ext5sor 7h7 occupies ! inf]ior portion ( ! tibia1 & is %ort] ?an ! prec$+ muscle1 l :i* x ends 9 a long t5don t is atta*$ to ! upp] m>g9 ( ! claw4 ,besides ^! muscles1 :i* are common to ! jo9ts ( ! t>sus1 !re are two o!rs belong+ to ! claw1 situat$ 9 ! la/ jo9t4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ! ext5sor 7m71 is %ort1 & occupies ! sup]ior portion ( ! la/ phalanx ( ! t>sus1 & ! o!r1 ! flexor 7n71 is a mu* long] p5ni=m muscle1 :i* occupies ne>ly ! :ole ( ! upp] & "u surface ( ! po/]ior "p ( ! phalanx1 & is atta*$1 l ! long flexor ( ! t>sus1 to ! inf]ior "p ( ! claw40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4--,muscles ( ! =e leg ( ,melolon?a vulg>is3 a1 b1 c1 ?ree divisions ( ! ext5sor ( ! tro*ant]2 d1 flexor1--e1 abductor1 ( ! tro*ant]2 f1 ext5sor ( ! femur2 g1 flexor ( ! femur2 h1 ext5sor ( ! tibia2 i1 flexor ( ! tibia2 l1 t5don atta*$ to ! l[] edge ( ! claw 7g72 m1 ext5sor1--n1 flexor1 ( ! claw4--,aft] ,/raus-,durckheim1 f ,newport4 ,^! are ! muscles ( ! pro?orax1 & its organs ( locomotion4 ,! read] is ref]r$ = a fur!r acc\nt ( ! muscles ( ! h9d] ?oracic & ( ! abdom9al segm5ts to ,/raus-,durckheim's orig9al "w4 ,m9ute /ructure ( ! muscles4--,! muscul> fibres ( insects are /riat$ 7,figs4 #bce-bch71 ev5 ^? ( ! alim5t>y canal2 ! only notable exception be+ ! al>y muscles ( ! p]ic>dial septum1 :ile ,l[ne /ates t c]ta9 ( ! ?oracic muscles ( ! bl[-fly are n /riat$ 7,miall & ,d5ny74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcd4-,section ?r\gh ! pro?orax ( ,diaph]om]a femoratum3 prov1 prov5triculus2 tr1 tra*ea2 n4 c1 n]v\s cord2 s4 gl1 saliv>y gl&2 hyp1 hypod]mis2 ur4 t1 ur9>y tube2 ht1 he>t2 m1 m1 m1 muscles = l[]+ & rais+ ! t]gum2 m1 ano!r muscle1 its use unkn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce4--,/riat$ muscul> fibre ( ,hydrophilus3 ,a & ,b1 two fibrill 9 a /ate ( ext5sion2 a1 ?ick disk2 b1 ?9 disk2 c1 int]m$iate space4 ,c1 ,d1 portion ( ! same fibrill se5 by mov+ ! objective f>!r away & us+ a small diaphragm2 n1 ?ick2 c1 ?9 disk4 #bjjj diam4--,aft] ,ranvi]1 f ,p]ri]4 ,e aft] ,gehu*t51 f ,lang4 ,9 describ+ ! m9ute /ructure ( ! muscles ( ants1 wasps1 & bees1 ,c4 ,janet /ates t ea* consi/s ( a gr\p ( fibres div]g+ f a t5don1 :i* is an integum5t>y invag9ation 7,fig4 #bcf74 ,ea* fibre may be reg>d$ z a mult9ucleate cell2 ! s>colemma repres5ts ! cell-membrane4 ,x =ms a resi/ant & extremely ela/ic tube4 ,! longitud9al 7,fig4 #bcf1 ,e7 & radiat+ filam5ts or reticulum 7spongioplasm ( ,gehu*t57 lie 9 a nutritive fill+ sub/ance 7! hyaloplasm ( ,gehu*t574 ,! radiat+ filam5ts are =m$ ( an exce$+ly ela/ic sub/ance1 & s]ve to su/a9 ! longitud9al filam5ts1 to transmit ! n]v\s /imulus to !m1 & to br+ !m back into position aft] contraction4 ,janet's acc\nt agrees on ! :ole ) t ( ,gehu*t54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf4--,prep>ations f ! adductor muscle ( ! m&ible ( ,vespa crabro1 work]1 fix$ by heat & alcohol sev]al h\rs aft] leav+ its cell4 ,a to ,e #dbe2 ,f #bab3 ,a1 t]m9al cupule ( ! t5don ( a fibre4 ,b1 ,c1 union ( ! fibres ) _! t5don4 ,d1 bran* ( ! t5don ( a muscle s5d+ out t5dons ( "s ( ! fibres2 ?is bran* is accompani$ ) num]\s n]v\s ramifications 7,n74 ,e1 fragm5t ( a n]ve :i* furni%es ! ramifications ( ,fig4 ,d4 ,f1 fragm5t ( ! t5don ( ! adductor muscle ( ! m&ible2 at ! left are se5 ! t]m9al cupules ( ! fibres 7td1 c72 on ! "r1 on ! body ( ! t5dons1 "s sessile cupules1 ea* ( :i* =ms ! atta*m5t ( a fibre2 td1 b1 t5dons ( ! fibres4--,aft] ,janet4 ,! muscles ( flight are said to be p5etrat$ by f9e tra*eal bran*es1 probably to supply a great] am\nt ( oxyg51 z ! mo/ en]getic movem5ts ( ! insect are made 9 mov+ ! w+s dur+ flight2 :ile ! o!r muscles ( ! body are only surr\nd$ by ! air-tubes4 7,%>p47 ,)\t ent]+ into t$i\s details1 ! read] is ref]r$ to figures or ref]5ces to ! m important sy/ems ( muscles1 su* z ^? ( ! legs & o!r app5dages1 ( ! w+s1 ( respiration1 etc41 to ! sections treat+ ( ^? organs or functions2 also to ,figs4 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #bb1 #dh1 #gd1 #ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #aae1 #aaf1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd1 etc4 ,muscul> p[] ( insects4--,! mo/ detail$ & c>eful exp]im5ts are ^? ( ,plateau4 ,8 exp]im5ts prove t ev5 ! weake/ insects pull at lea/ five times _! own weight2 _m ( !m1 h[ev]1 get ! bett] ( a burd5 twelve to tw5ty fold z heavy z !mselves1 :ile a /rong man or a draught horse1 = example1 is n ev5 able to pull a burd5 :i* is equal to ! weight ( 8 body4 ,plateau came to ! foll[+ results z to ! relation ( ! weight ( ! body to ! load drawn 7#a & #b are to be comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 #a be+ ! l>g]1 & #b ! small] insect2 x w be se5 t ! small] insect is ! /rong]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcg4--,vespa crabro1 work]1 fix$ by heat & alcohol "s h\rs aft] leav+ its cell4 ,a #dbe2 ,b to ,d #hej times3 ,a1 muscul> fibre ( ! motor muscles ( ! m&ibles treat$1 = t5 m9utes1 by #a p] c5t potassium to br+ out ! reticulum2 ! nodes ( union ( ! ray$ filam5ts ) ! longitud9al filam5ts are indicat$ by di/9ct granulations 7l4d71 & ^! longitud9al filam5ts pres5t accessory ?ick5+s 7d4a72 ,t1 tra*ea2 ,n1 junction ( a n]v\s filam5t ) ! muscul> fibres4 ,b1 fibre ( ! same muscle1 n treat$ ) potassium1 /a9$ by hmatoxyl92 ,c1 transv]se section ( a disk at ! level ( a lay] ( ray$ filam5ts2 ,s>c1 s>colemma4 ,d1 transv]se section ( a disk at ! level ( ! rods2 nuc1 nucleus4--,aft] ,janet4 #a4 ,c>abus auratus #ag4d4 #b4 ,nebria brevicollis #be4c4 #a4 ,cetonia aurata #ae4 #b4 ,tri*ius fasciatus #da4c4 #a4 ,melolon?a vulg>is #ad4c4 #b4 ,anomala fris*ii #bd4c4 #a4 ,oryctes nasicornis #d4g4 #b4 ,geotrupes /]cor>ius #i4h4 #c4 ,on?ophagus nu*icornis #ad4d4 #a4 ,necrophorus vespillo #ae4a4 #b4 ,silpha livida #bd4d4 #a4 ,ocypus morio #ag4 #b4 ,qu$eus fulgidus #bi4f4 #a4 ,donacia nymph1 #db4g4 #b4 ,crioc]is m]dig]a #ci4b4 #a4 ,bombus t]re/ris #af4a4 #b4 ,bombus rupe/ris #ad4e4 #c4 ,apis mellifica #bj4b4 ,z reg>ds ! pu%+ p[]1 ! relation ( ! load to ! size ( ! body 9 diff]5t l>ge beetles1 gave ! foll[+ figures3-- ,oryctes nasicornis #c4b4 ,geotrupes /]cor>ius #bh4d4 ,on?ophagus nu*icornis #ib4i4 ,! leap+ =ce ( locu/s 0 f\nd by ,/raus-,drckheim to be 9 dipoda grossa z #a4f1 9 4 p>allela z #c4c ( _! weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bch4--,vespa crabro1 fix$ & /a9$ z 9 ! subjects ( ! o!r figures4 ,i1 ,n1 ,p #agjj2 ,h1 ,j1 ,m #hej2 ! o!rs #dbe times3 ,a-,c1 motor muscles ( ! ant5nal scape4 ,d-,p1 motor muscles ( ! #c;d coxa4 ,a1 ,b1 ! two ends1 9 v diff]5t /ates ( contraction1 ( ! same fibre2 on "o side ! transv]se /ri are ne> toge!r1 on ! o!r v f> ap>t4 ,c1 a cru%$ & split fibre %[+ a fibr\s appe>ance1 ow+ to ! rupture ( ! radiat$ filam5ts1 & ! sep>ation ( ! longitud9al filam5ts4 ,d1 muscul> disk se5 9 section1 ) two r[s ( nuclei4 ,e1 a muscul> fibre ) ?ree r[s ( nuclei4 ,f1 a nucleus1 accompani$ ) coagulat$ protoplasm1 ooz+ f a previ\s break ( ! muscul> fibre4 ,g1 n]ve-t]m9ations v ne> ea* o!r on ! same muscul> fibre4 ,h1 longitud9al filam5ts1 ev5ly cov]$ ) ! coagulat$ sub/ance1 & =m+1 ?r\gh\t ! mass ( ! fibre1 cont9u\s filam5ts4 ,i1 filam5ts widely sep>at$4 ,j1 longitud9al filam5ts %[+ ! beg9n+ ( "o ( ! transv]se breaks :i* isolate "s ( ! disks4 ,k1 oblique view ( a disk obta9$ by su* a break1 & ( a fibre 9 circul> section1 ) an axial r[ ( nuclei2 ?is piece comprises ?ree /ages ( radiat$ filam5ts4 ,l1 muscul> fibre ) a r[ ( nuclei2 at ! l[] "p1 ! nuclei h issu$ f a longitud9al fissure 9 ! fibre1 & h rema9$ atta*$ 9 a *a94 ,m1 edge ( fibre 9 :i* !re is q a l>ge1 cle> space betwe5 ! s>colemma & ! rods4 ,n1 passage ( ! tra*ea1 ) ! spiral ?read1 into ?ree capill>ies ) a smoo? cuticula4 ,o1 elliptical disk f a fibre1 ) two r[s ( nuclei1 & %[+ a lay] ( radiat$ filam5ts4 ,p1 fragm5t 7highly magnifi$7 ( ! edge ( a disk se5 9 section4--,aft] ,janet4 ,a humble bee 7,bombus t]re/ris7 c c>ry :ile fly+ a load #j4fc ( its own weight1 & a honey bee #j4gh2 "h1 z usual1 ! small] insect is ! /rong]4#ci ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,muscles a4 ,g5]al ,lyonet1 ,p4 ,trait anatomique de la *5ille4 ,la ,haye1 #agfb4 ,cornalia1 ,e4 ,monographia del ,bombyce del gelso4 7,mem4 ,r4 ,in/ituto ,lomb>do ,sc4 ,lett4 ed ,arte1 #ahef47 ,bas*1 ,s4 ,skelett und ,muskeln des ,kopfes von ,t]mes4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xv1 #ahfe1 pp4 #ee-ge1 #a ,taf47 ,lubbock1 ,john4 ,arrangem5t ( ! cutane\s muscles ( ! l>va ( ,pygra bucephala4 ,london1 #aheh4 #b ,pls4 ---- ,on "s po9ts 9 ! anatomy ( ants4 7,mon?4 ,micr4 ,j\rn41 xviii1 pp4 #aba-adb1 #ahgg1 #d ,pls47 ---- ,on ! anatomy ( ants4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 ,s]4 #b2 ,zool41 ii1 #ahgi1 pp4 #ada-aed1 #b ,pls47 ,poletajeff1 ,n4 ,du dveloppem5t des muscles d'ailes *ez les ,odonates4 7,hor ,soc4 ,ent4 ,ross41 xvi1 #ahgi1 pp4 #aj-cg1 #e ,pls47 ---- ,die ,flugmuskeln d] ,lepidopt]5 und ,libellulid54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhj1 pp4 #bab1 #bac47 ---- ,ueb] die ,flugmuskeln d] ,rhopaloc]54 7,arbeit5 d4 ,russ4 ,ent4 ,ges41 #ahha1 xiii1 p4 #i1 #a ,taf41 9 ,russian47 ,l5d5feld1 ,r4 von4 ,d] ,flug d] ,libell54 7,sitzb4 k4 ,akad4 ,wiss5s41 #a ,ab?4 ,wi51 #ahha1 lxxxiii1 pp4 #bhi-cgf1 #g ,taf47 ,luks1 ,con/ant9e4 ,ueb] die ,bru/muskulature d] ,insekt54 7,j5a4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,naturwiss541 xvi1 ,n4 ,folge ,,ix1 #ahhc1 pp4 #ebj-eeb1 #b ,taf47 ,c>let1 ,g4 ,sur les muscles de l'abdom5 de l'abeille4 7,comptes r5d41 #ahhd1 xcviii1 pp4 #geh1 #gei47 ,janet1 ,*>les4 ,sur les muscles des f\rmis1 des gupes et des abeilles4 7,comptes r5d41 cxxi1 p4 #faj1 #a ,fig41 #ahie47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,/raus-,durckheim1 ,newport1 ,grab]1 ,burgess1 ,leydig1 ,dahl1 ,ockl]1 ,dogiel1 ,dimmock1 ,kraepel91 ,be*]1 ,lang]1 ,kolbe4 b4 ,hi/ology ,aub]t1 ,h4 ,ueb] die eig5?mli*e ,/ruktur d] ,?oraxmuskeln d] ,insekt54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 iv1 #ahec1 pp4 #chh-cii1 #a ,taf47 ,v]son1 ,e4 ,zur ,ins]tionsweise d] ,muskeln4 7,sitzsb4 ,akad4 d4 wiss4 ma?4 naturw4 ,cl4 ,wi541 lvii1 #a ,ab?41 pp4 #fc-ff1 #ahfh47 ,knckel d',h]culais4 ,sur le dveloppem5t des fibres musculaires /ries *ez les insectes4 7,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 lxxv1 #ahgb47 ,grunma*1 ,emil4 ,ueb] die ,/ructur d] qu]ge/reift5 ,muskelfas] bei d5 ,insekt54 ,b]l91 #ahgb4 pp4 #dg4 ,fr$]icq1 ,l4 ,note sur la contraction des muscles /ris de l',hydrophile4 7,bull4 ,acad4 ,roy4 ,belgique1 xli1 p4 #ehc1 #b ,pls47 ,gehu*t51 ,a4 van4 tude sur la /ructure intime de la cellule musculaire /rie4 7,la ,cellule1 ii1 pp4 #bhi1 #bic-dec1 #ahhf1 #f ,pls47 ,janet1 ,*>les4 tudes sur les f\rmis1 les gupes et les abeilles4 #ab;e note4 7,/ructure des membranes articulaires des t5dons et des muscles1 ,limoges1 #ahie1 pp4 #be1 #aa ,figs47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,burmei/]1 ,*abri]1 ,leydig1 ,meckel1 ,leb]t1 ,wagn]1 ,wag5]1 ,amici1 ,krause1 ,heppn]1 ,retzius1 ,rollet1 ,g4 ,elias ,mll]1 ,f4 ,m]kel1 ,h5s51 ,kllik]1 ,dogiel1 ,dnitz1 ,hag51 ,vossel]1 ,bts*li u4 ,s*ewiak(f1 ,l[ne1 ,ciaccio1 ,bi$]mann1 ,cohnbeim1 ,brcke1 ,haycraft1 ,mell&1 ,b[man4 c4 ,muscul> p[] ( insects ,plateau1 ,flix4 ,sur la =ce musculaire des insectes4 7,bull4 ,acad4 ,roy4 ,belgique1 #b ,sr4 xx1 #ahfe1 pp4 #gcb-geg2 xxii1 #ahff1 pp4 #bhc-cjh47 ---- ,re*]*es sur la =ce absolue des muscles des inv]tbrs4 #ahhd4 ,radan1 ,r4 ,la =ce musculaire des insectes4 7,revue de deux mondes1 #b ,sr41 lxiv1 #ahff1 pp4 #ggj-ggg47 ,bibiak(f1 ,paul von4 ,zur ,muskelkraft d] ,insekt54 7,natur1 xvii1 #ahfh1 p4 #cii47 ,delbuf4 ,na9s et gants1 tude comp>ative de la =ce des petits et des gr&s animaux4 ,bruxelles4 7,also 9 ,kosmos1 xiii1 #ahhc1 pp4 #eh-fb47 ,cam]ano4 ,mem4 ,acc4 ,tor9o 7#b71 xliii1 #ahic1 p4 #bbi4 ,also ,newport1 ,art4 ,insecta1 p4 #gf4 ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 ,burmei/]1 ,grab]1 ,kolbe1 pp4 #cge1 #cgf4 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em a4 ,! n]v\s sy/em z a :ole ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bci4--;,c5tral n]v\s sy/em ( ,ma*ilis m>itima3 au1 eye2 lo1 optic tract2 g1 bra92 an1 ant5nal n]ve2 oe1 sophagus pass+ betwe5 ! sophageal commissures2 usg1 infrasophageal ganglion2 ,i-,,iii1 ?oracic ganglia2 #a-h1 abdom9al ganglia1 ! la/ 7,sabc7 consi/+ ( ?ree fus$ ganglia2 s1 sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em ( ! v5tral cord4--,aft] ,oudemans1 f ,lang4 ,! n]v\s sy/em ( insects consi/s ( a d\ble s]ies or *a9 ( ganglia connect$ by n]v\s cords or commissures4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! bra9 or suprasophageal ganglion2 x is situat$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! head1 above ! gullet or sophagus1 :ile ! re/ ( ! sy/em1 call$ ! v5tral cord1 lies on ! floor ( ! body1 "u ! dige/ive canal4 ,a ganglion or n]ve-c5tre consi/s ( a mass ( ganglion-cells1 f ea* ( :i* a process or fibre passes (f1 unit+ ) o!rs to =m a n]ve2 by means ( ^! n]ves ! ganglia are connect$ ) o!r ganglia1 & ) ! s5sory cells & muscle-fibres4 ,! ganglia may be simple1 & arrang$ 9 pairs1 correspond+ to ea* segm5t ( ! body1 or !y may be comp\nd1 ! result ( ! fusion ( sev]al pairs ( ganglia1 :i* 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! embryo are sep>ate4 ,?us ! bra9 ( insects is a comp\nd ganglion1 or ganglionic mass4 ,! n]ves are ( two k9ds3 #a4 ,s5sory1 :i* transmit s5sations f ! p]iph]al s5se-cells to ! ganglion1 or bra92 #b4 ,motor1 :i* s5d /imuli f ! bra9 or any o!r ganglion to ! muscles4 ,( ganglion cells1 "s are tactile1 & o!rs give rise to n]ves ( special s5se1 be+ di/ribut$ to ! eyes1 or to ! organs ( he>+1 smell1 ta/e1 or t\*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdj4--,n]v\s sy/em ( ,melanoplus spretus3 sp1 suprasophageal ganglion1 s5d+ (f ! l>ge optic n]ve 7op7 to ! eyes1 & an ocell> n]ve to ea* ocellus 7! dott$ l9e oc /ops %ort ( ! left ocellus72 if1 infrasophageal ganglion2 #a1 #b1 #c1 ?oracic ganglia2 #a-e1 five abdom9al ganglia 7! fif? ! l>ge/1 & s5d+ bran*es to ! ovipositor1 etc47 ,! sympa!tic n]ve & ganglia are repres5t$ by ! two ma9 n]ves :i* arise f ! m$io-cephalic 7z7 re/+ on & above ! sophagus1 & two ganglia 7ps7 on ! "u side ( ! crop4 ,f ea* ( ^! ganglia1 two n]ves are s5t "u ! crop1 & a l>g] n]ve on ea* side to z f> z ! /oma*al cca1 end+ ! figure at ! dott$ l9e #b1 ne> ! second ?oracic ganglion4 u1 a r\nd1 %9+ body1 connect$ by a n]ve ) ! m$io-cephalic ganglion1 its nature unkn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bda4--,section ?r\gh ! head ( ,ma*ilis1 %[+ ! bra9 7br71 & subsophageal ganglion 7soe4 g72 cl1 clypeus2 lbr1 labrum2 oc1 ocellus4 ,:ile ! suprasophageal ganglion1 or 8bra910 ( ! insect is mu* m complex ?an any o!r ganglion1 consi/+ m exclusively bo? ( s5sory z well z motor ganglia & _! n]ves1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! subsophageal ganglion also receives n]ves ( special s5se1 situat$ on ! palpi & on ! tongue1 z 9 ! bee & o!r insects2 h5ce ?is ganglion is probably complex1 consi/+ ( s5sory & motor cells4 ,! ?ird ?oracic ganglion is also1 )\t d\bt1 a complex "o1 z 9 ! locu/s ! auditory n]ves pass into x f ! e>s1 :i* are situat$ at ! base ( ! abdom51 :ile 9 ! gre5 gras%opp]s1 su* z ! katydids & _! allies1 ^: e>s are situat$ 9 _! =e legs1 ! fir/ ?oracic ganglion is a complex "o4 ,9 ! cockroa* & 9 ,leptis 7,*rysopila71 a common fly1 ! caudal app5dages be> :at are probably olfactory organs1 & z ^! p>ts are und\bt$ly suppli$ f ! la/ abdom9al ganglion1 ?is is probably compos$ ( s5sory & motor ganglia2 s t we h 9 ! ganglionat$ cord ( insects a s]ies ( bra9s1 z x 71 runn+ f head to tail1 & ?us 9 a /ill /rong] s5se ?an 9 v]tebrates ! entire n]v\s sy/em1 & n ! bra9 alone1 is ! organ ( ! m9d ( insects4 ,! simple/1 mo/ primitive =m ( ! n]v\s sy/em ( insects is se5 9 t ( ! ,?ysanura4 ,t ( ,campodea has n yet be5 fully exam9$1 b 9 t ( ! m complicat$ g5us1 ,ma*ilis 7,fig4 #bci71 we see t !re is a pair ( ganglia to ne>ly ea* segm5t1 :ile ! bra9 7,fig4 #bda7 is compos$ ( ?ree lobes1 viz4 ! optic1 ! c]ebral 7,fig4 #bci1 g71 beh9d :i* is ! ant5nal lobe1 f :i* ! ant5nal n]ve takes its orig94 ,beh9d ! op5+ = ! ?roat 7oe7 is situat$ ! fir/ ganglion ( ! v5tral cord1 ! subsophageal ganglion1 :i* gives rise to ! n]ves supply+ ! jaws & o!r m\?-p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdb1 ,a-,d4--,! n]v\s sy/ems ( #d g5]a ( ,dipt]a1 to demon/rate _! v>i\s degrees ( fusion ( ganglia3 ,a1 non-conc5trat$ m primitive n]v\s sy/em ( ,*ironomus plumosus1 ) #c ?oracic & #f abdom9al ganglionic masses4 ,b1 n]v\s sy/em ( ,empis /]corea1 ) #b ?oracic & #e abdom9al ganglionic masses4 ,c1 n]v\s sy/em ( ,tabanus bov9us1 ) #a ?oracic ganglionic mass1 & ! abdom9al ganglia closely approximat$4 ,d1 highly modifi$ n]v\s sy/em ( ,s>cophaga c>n>ia1 9 :i* all ! ganglia ( ! v5tral cord beh9d ! subsophageal ganglion are fus$ into a s+le ganglionic mass4--,aft] ,br&t1 f ,lang4 ,9 ! ,collembola1 :i* are retrograde ,?ysanura1 !re are f "o 7,smyn?urus71 to ?ree or f\r v5tral ganglia4 ,9 ! w+$ insects1 :]e ! ganglia are m or less fus$1 ! fusion tak+ place 9 ! head & at ! end ( ! abdom52 !re are 9 ! m simple & g5]aliz$ =ms1 su* z ,ephem]a1 ! gras%opp]1 locu/s 7,fig4 #bdj71 etc41 ?irte5 ganglia besides ! two pairs ( comp\nd ganglia 9 ! head1 ?ree pairs ( ?oracic ganglia1 & usually f five to eight pairs ( ganglia 9 ! abdom54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdc4--,n]v\s sy/em ( ! ,may beetle1 ,la*no/]na fusca3 w#a1 n]ve to #a/1--w#b1 n]ve to #b;d1 pair ( w+s2 ig1 infrasophageal ganglion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdd4--,! same ( ! /ag-beetle1 ,lucanus dama1 :]e !re are #c ?oracic1 & #c sep>ate abdom9al ganglia4 ,9 c]ta9 w+$ insects ! process ( fusion or deg5]ation is c>ri$ to su* an extreme t !re are ei!r no abdom9al ganglia 7,fig4 #bdb1 ,d71 or _! ve/iges are situat$ 9 ! ?orax & p>tially fus$ ) ! ?oracic ones1 z 9 ! ,may beetle1 9 :i* ! pro?oracic pair ( ganglia is sep>ate1 :ile ! two o!r ?oracic ganglia are fus$ ) ! abdom9al1 ! latt] be+ situat$ 9 ! ?orax2 ?is fusion is c>ri$ to a fur!r ext5t ?an 9 any o!r ,coleopt]a yet exam9$4 ,9 _m ,dipt]a & ,hemipt]a ! abdom9al ganglia are ei!r abs5t or ! ve/iges are fus$ ) ! ?oracic ganglia4 ,rhizotrogus1 :i* is alli$ to our ,may beetle1 z also ,hydrometra & ! ,/ylopid are said to lack ! subsophageal ganglion 7,br&t74 ,9 num]\s ,coleopt]a 7,acilius1 ,gyr9us1 ,necrophorus1 ,melolon?a1 ,bo/ri*us1 ,rhyn*nus72 9 _m ,dipt]a 7,culex1 ,tipula1 ,asilus1 ,xylophaga1 & ,phora72 & 9 ! high] ,hym5opt]a 7,crabronid1 ,vespid1 & ,apid71 z well z 9 _m ,lepidopt]a 7,vanessa1 ,argynnis1 & ,pontia71 two ( ! ?oracic ganglia are fus$ toge!r1 :ile all ?ree are p>tially fus$ into a s+le mass 9 _m bra*yc]\s ,dipt]a 7,conops1 ,syrphus1 ,pangonia1 & ! ,muscid72 9 c]ta9 ,hemipt]a 7,p5tatoma1 ,nepa1 & ,acan?ia72 also 9 a beetle 7,s]ica brunnea74 ,sometimes ! subsophageal ganglion is fus$ ) ! fir/ ?oracic1 z 9 ,acan?ia1 ,nepa1 & ,notonecta4 ,! greate/ am\nt ( v>iation is se5 9 ! numb] ( abdom9al ganglia1 all be+ fus$ into a s+le "o or f "o to eight4 ,! fusion is usually greate/ :]e ! abdom5 is %ort5$1 due to ! p>tial atrophy & modification ( ! t]m9al segm5ts :i* be> ! ovipositor1 :]e pres5t1 & ! g5ital armature4 ,!re is only "o pair ( abdom9al ganglia 9 ,gyr9us & 9 c]ta9 flies 7,conops1 ,trypeta1 ,ortalis1 & ,phora72 two 9 ,rhyn*nus1 a weevil1 & 9 ! flies1 ,syrphus & ,volucella2 ?ree 9 ,crabro & ,euc]a2 f\r 9 ,s>gus1 ,/ratiomys & 9 butt]flies1 five 9 ! beetle1 ,silpha1 & 9 ! fly1 ,sci>a1 & ! mo?1 ,hepialus4 ,! n]v\s sy/em 9 ! l>v ( ! metabol\s ord]s is n conc5trat$1 ?\gh 9 t ( ! neuropt]\s ,myrmeleo x has und]gone fusion f adaptation to ! %ort compress$ =m ( ?is insect4 b4 ,! bra9 ,! bra9 ( insects appe>s to be ne>ly1 if n q1 z complex z t ( ! l[] v]tebrates4 ,z 9 ! latt]1 ! pair ( suprasophageal ganglia1 or bra91 is ! pr9cipal seat ( ! s5ses1 ! *ief organ ( ! insect's m9d4 ,x is compos$ ( a l>g] numb] ( pairs ( primitive ganglia ?an any ( ! succe$+ n]ve-c5tres1 & is1 /ructurally1 entirely diff]5t f & f> m complicat$ ?an ! o!r ganglia ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,x possesses a c5tral body 9 ea* hemisph]e1 a 8mu%room body10 optic lobes & optic ganglia & olfactory lobe1 ) _! connect+ & commissural n]ve-fibres1 & a numb] ( o!r p>ts n f\nd 9 ! o!r ganglia4 ,9 ! succe$+ ganglia ! lobes are 9 g5]al motor2 ! fibres compos+ ! sophageal commissures1 & :i* arise f ! sophageal commissural lobes1 ext5d n only to ! subsophageal ganglion1 b pass along ?r\gh ! succe$+ ganglia to ! la/ pair ( abdom9al n]ve-c5tres4#dj ,s9ce1 !n1 !re is a direct cont9uity 9 ! fibres =m+ ! two ma9 longitud9al commissures ( ! n]v\s cord1 & :i* orig9ate 9 ! bra91 x seems to foll[ t ! movem5ts ( ! body are 9 l>ge "p direct$ or cord9at$ by ! bra94#da ,/ill1 h[ev]1 a second bra91 s to speak1 is f\nd 9 ! ?ird ?oracic ganglion ( ! locu/1 :i* receives ! auditory n]ves f ! e>s situat$ 9 ! base ( ! abdom52 or 9 ! fir/ ?oracic ganglion ( ! gre5 gras%opp]s 7katydids1 etc471 ^: e>s are situat$ 9 _! =e legs2 :ile ev5 ! la/ pair ( abdom9al ganglia 9 ! cockroa* & mole cricket1 is1 s to speak1 a second>y bra91 s9ce x di/ributes s5sory n]ves to ! caudal /ylets1 :i* are provid$ ) organs probably olfactory 9 nature4 ,x is impossible to und]/& ! morphology ( ! bra9 unless we exam9e ! mode ( orig9 ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 ! e>ly life ( ! embryo4 ,! head ( an embryo insect consi/s ( six segm5ts1 i4e4 ! ocul>1 ant5nal1 prem&ibul>1 m&ibul>1 & ! #a/ & #b;d maxill>y segm5ts1 s nam$ f ! app5dages !y be>4 ,( ^! ! fir/ ?ree 9 ! l>va & adult are preoral1 & ! la/ ?ree are po/oral4 ,! ant5nal segm5t 0 probably ei!r po/oral 9 ! prog5itors ( insects1 or ! ant5n 7 ins]t$ on ! side ( ! m\?1 ! latt] f9ally mov+ back4#db ,! n]v\s sy/em 9 ! e>ly embryonic condition1 z %[n by ,:eel] 7,fig4 #bde71 at fir/ consi/s ( n9ete5 pairs ( primitive ganglia1 call$ neurom]es4 ,^? ( ! head1 :i* lat] 9 embryonic life fuse toge!r to =m ! bra91 are ! fir/ ?ree1 correspond+ to ! protoc]ebrum1 deutoc]ebrum1 & tritoc]ebrum ( ,viallanes4 ,! fir/ pair ( primitive ganglia1 & :i* is situat$ 9 front ( ! m\?1 is divid$ into ?ree lobes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bde1 ,a-,d4--,diagrams ( f\r consecutive /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! bra9 & n]ve-*a9 ( ! embryo ( ,xiphidium3 ,i1 cephalic1--,,ii1 ?oracic1--,,iii1 abdom9al1 region2 /1 /omodum or primitive m\?2 an1 anus2 e1 optic plate2 pc7og71 #a/ protoc]ebral lobe1 or optic ganglion2 pc#b1 pc#c1 #b;d & #c;d protoc]ebral lobes2 dc1 deutoc]ebrum2 tc1 tritoc]ebrum2 #a-af1 ! #af po/oral ganglia2 po4 c1 po/oral commissure2 fp1 furcal pit2 ac1 ant]ior1--pc1 po/]ior1 ganglionic commissure2 ag1 ant]ior1--pg1 po/]ior1--cg1 c5tral1--lg1 lat]al gangliom]es4--,aft] ,:eel]4 ,! fir/ or out]mo/ lobe1 accord+ to ,:eel]1 =ms ! optic ganglion ( ! l>va & imago1 :ile ! second & ?ird lobes4 7pc#b1 pc#c7 ultimately =m ! bulk ( ! bra9 prop]1 or ! protoc]ebral lobes4 ,! second 7primitively po/oral7 bra9-segm5t or pair ( ganglia gives orig9 to ! ant5n1 :ile ! ?ird bra91 or prem&ibul> 7int]cal>y7 segm5t1 gives orig9 to a tempor>y embryonic pair ( app5dages f\nd 9 ,anurida & ,campodea 7! prem&ibul> ganglia71 & also to ! n]ves supply+ ! labrum4 ,^! ?ree pairs ( ganglia lat] on 9 embryonic life become preoral1 ! m\? mov+ backw>ds4 ,! ?ree pairs ( primitive ganglia1 beh9d1 i4e4 ! m&ibul> & #a/ & #b;d maxill>y ganglia1 become fus$ toge!r to =m ! subsophageal ganglion1 & :i* 9 l>val & adult life is po/oral4 ,if ! tongue 7ligula1 or hypoph>ynx7 repres5ts a di/9ct pair ( app5dages1 !n !re are sev5 segm5ts 9 ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdf4--,section ?r\gh head ( a c>abid1 ,anop?almus telkampfii3 br1 bra92 fg1 frontal ganglion2 soe1 subsophageal ganglion2 co1 commissure2 n4 l1 n]ve s5d+ bran*es to ! l+ua 7l72 mn1 maxill>y n]ve2 mx1 #a/ maxilla2 mm1 maxill>y muscle2 mx #b;d maxilla2 mt1 muscle ( m5tum2 le1 elevator muscle ( ! sophagus2 l ( ! clypeus1 & a ?ird beyond rais+ ! labrum 7lbr72 eph1 epiph>ynx2 g4 g1 saliv>y gl&s above2 g#b1 l+ual gl& bel[ ! sophagus 772 m1 m\?2 pv1 prov5triculus2 md1 m&ible4 ,! bra91 !n1 supplies n]ves to ! comp\nd & simple eyes1 & to ! ant5n1 & gives orig9 to ! sympa!tic n]ves2 x is ?us ! seat ( ! s5ses1 also ( ! insect's m9d1 & cord9ates ! g5]al movem5ts ( ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdg4--,m$ian longitud9al section ?r\gh ! head ( ,blatta ori5talis4 ,! n]v\s sy/em ( ! head is drawn entire4 hyp1 hypoph>ynx2 os4 oral cavity2 lbr1 upp] lip2 gf1 frontal ganglion2 g1 bra92 na1 root ( ! ant5nal n]ve2 no1 root ( ! optic n]ve2 ga1 ant]ior1--gp1 po/]ior ganglion ( ! pair$ visc]al n]v\s sy/em2 1 sophagus2 c1 sophageal commissure2 usg1 infrasophageal ganglia2 cc1 longitud9al commissure betwe5 ?is & ! fir/ ?oracic ganglion2 sg1 common duct ( ! saliv>y gl&s2 lb1 labium 7#b;d maxill72 nr1 recurr5t n]ve2 d1 n]ve unit+ ! frontal ganglion ) ! sophageal commissure2 e1 n]ve f ?is commissure to ! labrum2 f1 n]ve f ! infrasophageal ganglion to ! m&ible1 --g1 to ! #a/ maxill1 --h1 to ! l[] lip 7#b;d maxill74--,aft] ,h(]1 f ,lang4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdh4--a1 front view ( ! bra9 ( ,melanoplus femur-rubrum3 opt4 gang1 optic ganglion2 oc1 ocelli & n]ves lead+ to !m f ! two hemisph]es1 ea* ocell> n]ve aris+ f ! region conta9+ ! calices2 m4 oc1 m$ian ocell> n]ve2 opt4 l1 optic lobe s5d+ (f ! optic n]ve to ! optic ganglion2 ant4 l1 ant5nal or olfactory lobe2 ant4 n1 ant5nal n]ve2 f4 g1 frontal ganglion ( sympa!tic n]ve2 lbr4 n1 n]ve to labrum2 x1 cross-n]ve or commissure betwe5 ! two hemisph]es2 4 c1 sophageal commissure to subsophageal ganglion4 #b1 side view ( ! bra9 & subsophageal ganglion 7lett]+ ( bra9 z 9 #a73 s4 g1 /omatoga/ric or sympa!tic n]ve2 a4 s4 g1 ant]ior1 & p4 s4 g1 po/]ior1 sympa!tic ganglia2 g#b1 subsophageal ganglion2 md1 n]ve to m&ible2 mx1 maxill>y n]ve2 ln1 labial n]ve2 nl1 unkn[n n]ve1--p]haps saliv>y4 #c1 int]ior view ( ! "r half ( ! head1 %[+ ! bra9 9 its natural position3 an1 ant5na2 cl1 clypeus2 lbr1 labrum2 m1 m\?-cavity2 md1 m&ible2 t1 tongue2 1 sophagus2 c1 crop2 en1 "r half ( ! endocranium or ,x-%ap$ bone1 ?r\gh ! ant]ior angle ( :i* ! sophagus passes1 :ile ! great m&ibul> muscles play 9 ! lat]al angles4 ,! moon-%ap$ edge is t made by ! knife pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ,x4 #d1 view ( bra9 f above 7lett]s z be=e74 #e1 subsophageal ganglion f above3 t4 c1 commissure to ! succe$+ ?oracic ganglion 7o!r lett]s z be=e74 ,fig4 #c is enl>g$ #h times2 all ! re/ #be times4--,drawn f orig9al dissections1 by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,burgess1 = ! ,second ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,entomological ,commission4 ,! pair ( subsophageal ganglia di/ributes n]ves to ! m&ibles1 to ! #a/ & #b;d maxill1 & to ! saliv>y gl&s 7,fig4 #bdh74 ,its g5]al %ape & relations to ! walls & to ! out] organs ( ! head is se5 9 ,figs4 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,9 all ! w+$ insects 7,pt]ygota7 its plane is situat$ m or less at "r angles to ! horizontal plane ( ! v5tral cord4 ,on ! dorsal & ant]ior sides are situat$ ! ocul> lobes1 & bel[ ^! ! ant5nal lobes4 ,viallanes fir/1 indep5d5tly ( embryonic data1 divid$ ! bra9 ( adult insects into ?ree regions or segm5ts2 i4e4 ! 8protoc]ebron10 8deutoc]ebron0 & 8tritoc]ebron10 :i* he aft]w>ds f\nd to correspond ) ! ?ree primitive elem5ts 7neurom]es7 ( ! bra9 & ) ! segm5ts ( ! head ( ! embryo4 ,! bra9 ( ! locu/s 7,melanoplus & dipoda7 be+ be/ kn[n w s]ve z ! basis ( ! foll[+ description1 tak5 ma9ly f ,viallanes1 ) m9or *anges 9 ! "n ( ! ?ree segm5ts1 & o!r modifications4 ,i4 ,! optic or proc]ebral segm5t is compos$ ( a m$ian portion1 i4e4 two fus$ proc]ebral lobes 7m$ian protoc]ebrum71 & ( two lat]al masses1 ! optic ganglia 7protoc]ebrum71 & comprises ! foll[+ regions fus$ toge!r & =m+ ! m$ian proc]ebral mass 7,viallanes73-- #a4 ,proc]ebral lobes4 #b4 ,optic ganglia4 #c4 ,lay] ( po/ret9al fibres4 #d4 ,ganglionic plate4 7,p]iopticon ( ,hickson47 #e4 ,ext]nal *iasma4 #f4 ,ext]nal m$ull>y mass4 7,epiopticon ( ,hickson47 #g4 ,int]nal *iasma4 #h4 ,int]nal m$ull>y mass4 7,opticon ( ,hickson47 #i4 ,optic ganglia & n]ves4 #aj4 ,p$unculat$ or /alk$ body4 7,mu%room body ( ,duj>d947 #aa4 ,bridge ( ! proc]ebral lobes4 #ab4 ,c5tral body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdi4--;,diagram ( an insect's bra93 cc1 c5tral body2 cg1 ganglionic cells2 *e1 ext]nal1 *i1 int]nal *iasma2 c1 sophageal commissure2 cp1 mu%room body2 ctc1 tritoc]ebral commissure2 fpr1 po/ret9al fibres2 goc1 ocell> ganglion2 goc#a1 sophageal ganglion1 ! dott$ r+ ! sophagus2 gv#a1 gc#b1 gv#c1 #a/1 #b;d1 #c;d1 unpair$ visc]al ganglion2 gvl1 lat]al visc]al ganglion2 ld1 dorsal lobe ( ! deutoc]ebrum2 lg1 ganglionic plate2 lo1 olfactory lobe2 lpc1 protoc]ebral lobe2 me1 ext]nal1 mi1 int]nal m$ull>y mass2 na1 olfactory or ant5nal n]ve2 nl1 n]ve to labrum2 no1 ocul> n]ve2 nt1 tegum5t>y n]ve2 1 sophagus2 plp1 bridge ( ! protoc]ebral lobes2 rvd1 visc]al root aris+ f ! deutoc]ebrum2 rvt1 visc]al root aris+ f ! tritoc]ebrum2 tr1 tritoc]ebrum2 to1 optic n]ve or tract4--,aft] ,viallanes4 ,optic ganglia4--,ea* ( ! two optic ganglia is =m$ ( a s]ies ( ?ree ganglionic masses situat$ betwe5 ! comp\nd eyes & ! m$ian proc]ebral mass1 i4e4 ! ganglionic plate 7,fig4 #bdi1 lg71 ! ext]nal m$ull>y mass 7me71 & ! int]nal m$ull>y mass 7mi74 ,! po/ret9al fibres 7fpr7 aris+ f ! facets or s+le eyes ( ! comp\nd eye 7ommatidia7 pass into ! ganglionic plate 7lg71 :i* is unit$ )9 by ! *iasmatic fibres 7*e1 ext]nal *iasma7 ( ! ext]nal m$ull>y mass 7me74 ,! la/ is atta*$ to ! int]nal m$ull>y mass 7mi7 by fibres 7*i71 "s ( :i* are *iasmatic1 & o!rs direct4 ,f9ally1 ! int]nal m$ull>y mass connects ) ! m$ian "p ( ! protoc]ebrum by direct fibres =m+ ! optic n]ve or tract 7to74 ,proc]ebral lobes4--,! m$ian proc]ebral lobes are fus$ toge!r on ! m$ian l9e1 =m+ a s+le c5tral mass4 ,f ea* side or lobe arises ! mu%room or /alk$ body4 ,9 ! middle ( ! mass is ! c5tral body1 & directly 9 front is ! proc]ebral bridge 7plp74 ,! latt] is a b& unit+ ! two halves ( ! bra94 ,! proc]ebral lobes also give orig9 to ! n]ves to ! ocelli 7no74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bej4--,transv]se section ?r\gh ! bra9 ( ! locu/ 7dipoda & ,calopt5us73 c1 l[] "p ( ! wall ( c1 calyx2--/1 /alk ( ! same2 bpcl1 bridge ( ! protoc]ebral lobes2 mo1 n]ve ( m$ian ocellus2 *1 transv]se fascia ( ! optico-olfactory *iasma2 fcb1 fibr\s region ( ! c5tral body2 lcb1 tub]cle ( ! c5tral body2 f*1 desc5d+ fascia ( ! optico-olfactory *iasma2 *oo1 sup]ior fascia ( ! optico-olfactory *iasma2 pt1 protoc]ebral lobes2 ld1 dorsal lobe ( ! deutoc]ebrum2 lt1 tritoc]ebral lobe2 gcld1 gc1 ganglion cells4--,aft] ,viallanes4 ,! mu%room or /alk$ bodies4--,^! rem>kable organs 7 fir/ discov]$ by ,duj>d91 :o comp>$ !m to mu%rooms1 & obs]v$ t !y 7 m highly develop$ 9 ants1 wasps1 & bees ?an 9 ! l[] insects1 & ?us inf]r$ t ! high] intellig5ce ( ^! insects 0 9 direct relation to ! developm5t ( ^! bodies4 ,we w call !m ! mu%room bodies4 ,^! two bodies consi/ ( a r\nd$ lobul> mass 7! trabecula7 ( ! proc]ebral lobe1 f :i* arises a d\ble /alk 7,fig4 #bec71 ! l>g] call$ ! cauliculus1 ! small] ! p$uncle 7or p$icel72 ^! support ! cap or calyx4 ,! calices ( ! bee 7 comp>$ by ,duj>d9 to a pair ( disks on ea* side ( ! bra9 z se5 f above1 8ea* disk be+ fold$ toge!r & b5t d[nw>ds be=e & beh9d1 its bord] be+ ?ick5$1 & ! inn] portion radiat$40 ,9 ! locu/ !re are b two divisions ( ! calyx2 9 ! cockroa*1 ants1 wasps1 & bees1 f\r4 ,! %ape & relation ( ! mu%room bodies are repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #beb & #bec4 ,! bodies are connect$ by commissural fibres1 & are connect$ ) ! optic ganglion ( ! same side1 & ) ! c5tral body2 :ile !y are connect$ ) ! ant5nal lobes by ! optico-olfactory *iasma4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bea4--,sagittal section ?r\gh ! bra9 ( ! locu/3 l4 oc4 n1 lat]al ocellus n]ve2 a4 t1 ant]ior tub]cle ( ! mu%room body2 i4 t1 int]nal tub]cle ( ! mu%room body2 c4 l1 c]ebral lobes2 l4 l1 lat]al lobe ( ! middle protoc]ebrum2 com1 commissural cord2 c4 mol1 c5tral mass ( ! olfactory lobe2 ac4 an4 l1 fibres unit+ ! m$ian lobe ( ! middle protoc]ebrum ) dorsal lobes ( ! deutoc]ebrum2 gc4 trit4 l1 ganglionat$ cortex ( ! tritoc]ebral lobe2 c4 an4 l1 cortex ( ant5nal 7olfactory7 lobe2 lab4 fr1 labr(rontal n]ve2 oe4 com1 sophageal commissure2 tr4 com1 transv]se commissure ( sophageal r+2 o!r lett]s z 9 ,fig4 #bej4--;,aft] ,viallanes4 ,! /alk$ bodies are envelop$ by ! cortical lay]s ( ganglion-cells1 ^? fill+ ! holl[ ( ! calyx hav+ little or no protoplasm ar\nd ! nucleus4 ,/ructure ( ! mu%room bodies4--,by /a9+ ! bra9 ( ! honey bee ) bi*romate ( silv]1 ,k5yon has work$ out ! /ructure ( ! mu%room bodies1 ) _! cells4 ,! cup-%ap$ bodies or calyces are compos$ ( fibrill> sub/ance 7punktsub/anz74 ,ea* ( ^! cups1 he says1 is 8fill$ to ov]fl[+ ) cells hav+ l>ge nuclei & v little cytoplasm40 ,f ! "u surface ( ea* ( ^! cups !re desc5ds into ! g5]al fibrill> sub/ance ( ! bra9 8a column ( fibrill> sub/ance1 :i* unites ) its fell[ ( ! same side to s5d a l>ge bran* obliquely d[nw>d to ! m$ian l9e ( ! bra91 & an equally l>ge or l>g] bran* /raight =w>ds to ! ant]ior c]ebral surface40 ,! cells ( ! mu%room bodies1 obs]ves ,k5yon1 8/& out 9 %>p contra/ to all o!r n]ve cells kn[n1 ?\gh !y recall to "s ext5t ! cells ( ,purk9je 9 ! high] mammals4 ,ea* ( ! cells conta9$ )9 ! fibrill> cup s5ds a n]ve-process into ! latt]1 :]e x breaks up into a pr(usely arboresc5t sy/em ( bran*lets1 :i* (t5 appe> ) f9e1 %ort1 lat]al processes1 su* z are *>act]i/ic ( ! d5drites ( "s mammalian n]ve-cells40 ,j be=e ent]+ ! fibrill> sub/ance1 a f9e bran* is giv5 (f t travels along ! inn] surface ( ! cup along ) o!rs ( ! same nature1 =m+ a small bundle to ! /alk ( ! mu%room body1 d[n :i* x cont9ues until x rea*es ! orig9 ( ! ant]ior & ! inn] roots above m5tion$4 8,"h x bran*es1 "o bran* cont9u+ /raight on to ! end ( ! ant]ior root1 :ile ! o!r passes to ! end ( ! inn] root4 ,?r\gh\t its :ole c\rse ! fibre & its two bran*es are v f9e4 ,ne>ly ! :ole /alk & ne>ly ! :ole ( ea* root is made up ( ^! /raight1 p>allel fibres com+ f ! cells )9 ! cup ( ! mu%room bodies4 ,:at o!r fibres !re are ent] ^! bodies f ! side1 & bran* betwe5 ! /raight fibres v mu* z ! d5drites ( ! cells ( ,purk9je bran* among ! p>allel f9e fibres f ! cells ( ! granul> lay] 9 ! mammalian c]ebellum4 ,^! fibres are ( ! nature ( association fibres40 ,viallanes %[$ t f ! olfactory or ant5nal lobes1 z well z f ! optic ganglia1 !re are tracts ( fibres :i* f9ally ent] ! cups ( ! mu%room bodies1 & ,k5yon has confirm$ ?is obs]vation4 ,k5yon has also1 by ! ,golgi me?od1 detect$ ano!r tract1 be=e unkn[n1 8pass+ d[n ! h9d] side ( ! bra91 f ! cups to ! region above ! sophagus1 :]e x b5ds =w>d & comes 9 contact ) fibres f ! v5tral cord1 :i* exi/s1 al?\gh ,b9et 0 unable to discov] any gr[? ( fibres connect+ ! cord ) ! bra94 8,! fibres ent]+ ! cups f ! ant5nal lobe1 ! optic ganglia1 & ! v5tral region1 spread out & bran* among ! arboresc5t end+s ( ! mu%room-body cells4 ,! fibres bran*+ among ! p>allel fibres ( ! roots & ! /alk lead (f to l[] p>ts ( ! bra91 connect+ ) eff]5t or motor-fibres1 or ) second>y association fibres1 t 9 _! turn make su* connections4 ,?is portion ( ! circuit has n be5 p]fectly made out1 ?\gh !re seems to be suffici5t data to w>rant ! assumption j made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beb4--,section #ag1 %[+ ! c5tral body 7c5tr4 b7 & mu%room body1 optic & ant5nal lobes 7a4 l71 & proc]ebral lobes 7pc4 l72 o4 cal1 out] division ( ! calyx2 op4 n1 optic n]ve2 trab1 trabeculum2 tc4 n1 transv]se n]ve4 8,su* fibres exi/+ z describ$1 !re is !n a complete circuit = s5sory /imuli f ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body to ! cells ( ! mu%room bodies4 ,! d5dritic or arboresc5t bran*es ( ^! cells take !m up & pass !m on out along ! p>allel fibres or neurites 9 ! roots ( ! mu%room bodies z motor or o!r eff]5t impulses4 8,?is1 h[ev]1 is n all4 ,= !re are num]\s fibres evid5t 9 my prep>ations1 ! full c\rses ( :i* ,i h n be5 ?us f> able to det]m9e1 b :i* are s situat$ z to w>rant ! inf]5ce t !y may act z association fibres betwe5 ! aff]5t fibres f ! ant5n1 optic ganglia1 & v5tral sy/em1 & ! eff]5t fibres4 ,!re is !n a possibility ( a /imulus ent]+ ! bra9 & pass+ out z a motor impulse )\t go+ into ! circuit ( ! fibres ( ! mu%room bodies2 or1 9 o!r words1 a possibility ( :at may be comp>$ to reflex action 9 high] animals40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bec4--;,enl>g$ view ( ! trabeculum 7! dott$ l9es tcn & obt4 n pass ?r\gh x7 & its n]ves1 ( ! mu%room body1--its calices & /alk1 & ! orig9 ( ! optic n]ve #bbe diamet]s3 atn1 asc5d+ trabecul> n]ve2 obt4 n1 oblique trabecul> n]ve2 tcn1 transv]se n]ve2 lat4 n1 lat]al n]ve2 c5t4 n1 c5tral n]ve4 ,! mu%room bodies h n yet be5 f\nd to be pres5t 9 ! ,synapt]a1 b occur 9 ! l>v1 at lea/ ( ^? ( mo/ metamorphic insects 7,lepidopt]a & ,hym5opt]a71 ?\gh n yet f\nd 9 ! l>v ( ,dipt]a4 ,! writ] has f\nd ^! bodies 9 ! nymphs ( ! locu/ 7,melanoplus spretus71 b n 9 ! embryo j be=e hat*+4 ,!y occur 9 ! ?ird l>val or nymph /age ( ?is insect4 ,x is evid5t t by ! end ( ! fir/ l>val /age ! bra9 atta9s ! developm5t se5 9 ! ?ird l>val /ate ( ! two-b&$ species 7,c4 bivittatus74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bed4--,section ?r\gh ! bra9 ( ,calopt5us bivittatus 9 ! ?ird l>val /age1 %[+ ! two hemisph]es or sides ( ! bra91 & ! ocelli & ocell> n]ves1 :i* are se5 to arise f ! top ( ! hemisph]es directly ov] ! calices 7comp>e ,fig4 #bea73 o4 cal1 out] division ( calyx ( left mu%room body4 ,! result ( our /udies on ! bra9 ( ! embryo locu/ 0 t f ! embryonic c]ebral lobes are ev5tually develop$ ! c5tral body & ! two mu%room bodies4 ,fig4 #bed %[s ! e>ly condition ( ! mu%room bodies & _! und\bt$ orig9 f ! c]ebral ganglia4 ,h5ce ^! bodies appe> to be diff]5tiations ( ! c]ebral ganglia or lobes1 hav+ no connection ) ! optic or ant5nal lobes4 ,! c5tral body 7,fig4 #beb1 c5tr4 b74--,?is is ! only s+le or unpair$ organ 9 ! bra94 ,dietl *>act]izes x z a m$ian commissural sy/em4 ,viallanes describes x z =m$ entirely ( a v f9e & close fibrill> web1 l a ?ick hemisph]ical skull-cap1 situat$ on ! m$ian l9e & unit$ ) ! c]ebral lobes4 8,x is l a c5tral po/ t[>ds :i* conv]ge fibres pass+ f all po9ts ( ! bra92 be+ b\nd to ! c]ebral lobes1 to ! /alk$ bodies1 to ! optic ganglia1 & to ! olfactory lobes by di/9ct fibr\s bundles40 ,! ant5nal or olfactory lobes 7,deutoc]ebrum74--,?is portion ( ! bra9 consi/s ( two hemisph]ical lobes1 highly diff]5tiat$ = special s5sorial p]ceptions1 & connect$ by a slightly diff]5tiat$ m$ull>y mass1 ! dorsal lobe 7,figs4 #bdh1 #bdi lo71 f :i* arise ! motor fibres & ^? ( g5]al s5sibility4 ,! ant5nal lobes are 9 "p atta*$ to ! optic ganglia1 & p>tly to ! /alk$ body on ! same side1 by ! optic olfactory *iasma 7,fig4 #bej f*1 *oo71 a sy/em ( fibres p>tially int]cross$ on ! m$ian l9e4 ,! sophageal lobes 7,tritoc]ebrum7 7,figs4 #bdi1 #bej74--;,f ?is region ! labrum & visc]a are inn]vat$1 ! n]ves to ! latt] be+ call$ ! visc]al1 sympa!tic1 or /omatoga/ric sy/em4 ,z ,viallanes rem>ks1 ?\gh pla9ly situat$ 9 front ( ! m\?1 !y are 9 fact po/-sophageal c5tres4 ,! two lobes are situat$ f> ap>t1 & are connect$ by a bundle ( fibres pass+ beh9d ! sophagus1 call$ ! transv]se commissure ( ! sophageal r+ 7,li5>d74 ,! sophageal ganglia1 besides giv+ rise to ! labral n]ves1 also give orig9 to ! root ( ! frontal ganglion4 c4 ,hi/ological elem5ts ( ! bra9 ,! bra9 & o!r ganglia are compos$ ( two k9ds ( tissue4 #a4 ,! out] slightly d>k]1 usually pale grayi% :ite portion consi/s ( cortical or ganglion-cells diff]+ 9 size4 ,?is portion is /a9$ r$ by c>m9e1 ! cells compos+ x readily tak+ ! /a94 ,! l>ge ganglion cells 7repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #beb & #bec7 are oval1 & s5d (f usually a s+le n]ve-fibre2 !y h a ?9 fibr\s cell-wall1 & ! cont5ts are f9ely granul>4 ,! nucleus is v l>ge1 (t5 "o-half ! diamet] ( ! entire cell1 & is compos$ ( l>ge r\nd refractive granules1 usually conceal+ ! nucleolus4 #b4 ,! m$ull>y or inn] "p ( ! bra9 consi/s ( matt] :i* rema9s :ite or un/a9$ aft] ! prep>ation has rema9$ ?or\ghly expos$ to ! action ( ! c>m9e4 ,x consi/s ( m9ute granules & int]lac+ fibres4 ,! latt] (t5 =ms a f9e irregul> network inclos+ masses ( f9ely granulat$ n]ve matt]4 ,?is is call$ by ,dietl 8m>ksub/anz40 ,leydig1 9 8 ,vom ,bau des ?i]is*5 ,krp]s1 p4 #hi1 ?us ref]s to x3-- 8,9 ! bra9 & v5tral ganglia ( ! lee*1 ( insects1 & 9 ! bra9 ( ! ga/ropods 7,s*neck57 ,i obs]ve t ! /alks 7/iele7 ( ! ganglion-cells 9 n[ise imm$iately arise z n]ve-fibres1 b are plant$ 9 a molecul> mass or punktsub/anz1 situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ganglion1 & m]g$ ) ?is sub/ance4 ,x foll[s1 f :at ,i h se51 t !re is no d\bt t ! orig9 ( ! n]ve-fibres fir/ takes place f ?is c5tral punktsub/anz40 8,?is relation is ! rule4 ,b !re also occur 9 ! n]ve-c5tres ( ! inv]tebrates s+le1 def9itely situat$ ganglion-cells1 ^: cont9uations become n]ve-fibres )\t ! int]v5tion ( a sup]add$ punktsub/anz40 ,we may1 ) ,k5yon1 call x ! fibrill> sub/ance4 ,leydig subsequ5tly 7p4 #ia7 fur!r describes ?is fibrill> sub/ance1 /at+ t ! granules compos+ x =m a reticulat$ mass ( fibrill1 or1 9 o!r words1 a tangl$ web ( v f9e fibres3-- 8,we at pres5t consid] t by ! passage ( ! cont9uation ( ! ganglion-cells into ! punktsub/anz ?is cont9uation becomes lo/ 9 ! f9e ?reads1 & on ! o!r side ( ! punktsub/anz ! simil> fibrill> sub/ance =ms ! orig9 ( ! axis-cyl9d]s arrang$ p>allel to "o ano!r2 s x is q c]ta9 t ! s+le axis-cyl9d] d]ives its fibrill> sub/ance z a mixture f ! mo/ div]se ganglion-cells40 d4 ,! visc]al 7sympa!tic or /omatoga/ric7 sy/em ,?is sy/em 9 insects is compos$ 7#a7 ( a s]ies ( ?ree unpair$ ganglia 7,fig4 #bdi1 gv#a1 gv#b1 gv#c71 situat$ ov] ! dorso-m$ian l9e ( ! sophagus1 & connect$ by a m$ian n]v\s cord or recurr5t n]ve 7nr1 vagus ( ,newport74 ,! fir/ ( ^! ganglia is ! frontal ganglion1 :i* is connect$ ) ! sophageal ganglia by a pair ( roots 7rvt71 :i* h an orig9 primitively common ) t ( ! labral n]ves 7,fig4 #bdh1 fg & lbr74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bee4--;,ant]ior portion ( ! pair$ & unpair$ visc]al n]v\s sy/em ( ,blatta ori5talis se5 f above4 ,! outl9es ( ! bra9 7g7 & ! roots ( ! ant5nal n]ve 7na71 :i* cov] a portion ( ! sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em1 are giv5 by dott$ l9es4 ,lett]+ z 9 ,fig4 #bdg4 nsd1 n]ve to saliv>y gl&4 ,! n]vus recurr5s 7nr7 ent]s an unpair$ /oma* ganglion f>!r back4--,aft] ,h(]1 f ,lang4 #b4 ,( two pairs ( lat]al ganglia 7,fig4 #bee1 ga1 gp7 situat$ two on ea* side ( ! sophagus4 ,!y are connect$ bo? ) ! ant5nal lobes by a n]ve 7rvd71 & to ! *a9 ( unpair$ ganglia by a special connective4 ,! fir/ pair ( ^! ganglia s5ds n]ves to ! he>t & aorta2 ! second pair to ! tra*e ( ! head4 ,! unpair$ m$ian or recurr5t n]ve 7nr7 ext5ds back f "u ! bra9 along ! upp] side ( ! sophagus1 & 79 ,blatta71 beh9d ! orig9 ( ! n]ves to ! saliv>y gl&s1 ent]s an unpair$ ganglion1 call$ ! /oma*ic ganglion 7ganglion v5tricul>e71 situat$ 9 front ( ! prov5triculus4 ,! numb] ( ^! /oma*ic ganglia v>ies 9 diff]5t ord]s ( insects4 ,9 ,blatta1 ,kpff] & also ,h(] h %[n 7,fig4 #bee7 7,mll]1 ,br&t1 ex ,kolbe7 t ! n]ve to ea* saliv>y gl& arises f ?ree diff]5t c5tres3 ! ant]ior end situat$ "u ! sophagus is inn]vat$ by ! pair$ visc]al n]ves f ! h9d] pair$ ganglia2 ! rema9+ "p by n]ves aris+ f ea* side ( ! recurr5t n]ve2 & ?irdly by a pair ( n]ves aris+ f ! subsophageal ganglion :i* accompanies ! common saliv>y duct1 & ends 9 bran*es :i* p>tly inn]vate ! saliv>y gl&s & 9 "p _! muscles4 ,h(] consid]s t ! function ( ?is complex sy/em ( pair$ & unpair$ ganglia1 ) _! n]ves1 is a d\ble "o1 viz4 s]v+ bo? z a c5tre = ! p]i/altic action ( ! sophagus1 & z inn]vat+ ! saliv>y gl&s4 ,besides ^! a second portion ( ! visc]al sy/em arises f ! ?oracic & abdom9al v5tral cord4 ,x may be se5 9 ! simple/ condition yet kn[n 9 ! n]v\s sy/em ( ,ma*ilis 7,fig4 #bci s74 ,x consi/s ( a f9e1 sl5d] n]ve1 :i* ext5ds along ! surface ( ! v5tral *a9 ( ganglia1 & s5d+ (f a pair ( bran*es 7accessory transv]se n]ves7 9 front ( ea* ganglion4 ,^! accessory n]ves receive n]ve-twigs f ! upp] cord ( ! v5tral *a91 dilat+ ne> _! orig9s into a m9ute elongat$ ganglion1 & !n pass+ p>tly outw>ds to ! bran*es ( ! tra*e & ! muscles ( ! spiracles1 unit+ 9 ! middle l9e ( ea* segm5t ( ! body beh9d ! head1 i4e4 ( ^? segm5ts conta9+ a pair ( ganglia4 e4 ,! suprasp9al cord ,9 ! adult ,lepidopt]a has be5 detect$1 cont9u\s ) & on ! upp] side ( ! abdom9al portions ( ! v5tral cord1 a longitud9al cord ( connective tissue =m+ a :ite or yell[i% b&1 & :i* seems to be an outgr[? ( ! dorsal portion ( ! neurilemma ( ! v5tral cord4 ,muscles pass f x to ! neighbor+ v5tral portions ( ! integum5t4 ,its use is unkn[n1 & att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to x by ,treviranus1 :o call$ x 8an unkn[n v5tral vessel0 7,bau*gefss74 ,aft]w>ds x 0 re-discov]$ by ,newport1 :o describ$ x z 8a di/9ct vascul> canal40 ,b ,burg] has prov$ by cross-sections t x is n tubul>1 b a comp>atively solid cord compos$1 h[ev]1 ( loose connective tissue4 ,newport f\nd x 9 ! l>va ( ,sph9x ligu/ri1 b ,cattie /ates t x is n pres5t 9 t ( ,a*]ontia atropos4 ,x has n yet be5 obs]v$ 9 insects ( o!r ord]s1 b its homologue exi/s 9 ! scorpion & 9 ! c5tip$e1 & x may prove to correspond ) ! f> m complete art]ial coat :i*1 ) ! exception ( ! bra91 envelops ! n]v\s sy/em ( ,limulus4 f4 ,modifications ( ! bra9 9 diff]5t ord]s ( insects ,!re are diff]5t grades ( c]ebral developm5t 9 insects1 & ,viallanes claim$ t x 0 no exagg]ation to say t ! bra9 ( ! locu/ 7,melanoplus7 diff]s z mu* f t ( ! wasp z t ( ! frog diff]s f t ( man4 ,he insi/s t ! physiological conditions :i* det]m9e ! anatomical modifications ( ! bra9 are correlat$ ) #a1 ! food2 #b1 ! p]fection ( ! s5ses2 & #c1 ) ! p]fection ( ! psy*ic faculties4 ,= example1 9 ^? :i* fe$ on solid food & ^: sophagus is l>ge 7,or?opt]a & ,coleopt]a71 ! connectives are elongat$1 ! subsophageal commissure free 9 all its ext5t1 & ! tritoc]ebrum is situat$ q f> f ! prec$+ segm5t ( ! bra94 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 insects :i* fe$ on fluid food 7,hym5opt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 ,hemipt]a71 ! sophagus is sl5d] & ! n]v\s c5tres :i* surr\nd !m are v mu* cond5s$2 ! connectives are %ort1 & ! tritoc]ebrum is closely fus$1 p>tly to a portion ( ! ant5nal lobes 7deutoc]ebrum7 & p>tly to ! m&ibul> ganglion4 ,z reg>ds ! p]fection ( ! s5ses1 :]e1 z 9 dragon-flies1 ! eyes are v l>ge1 ! optic ganglia are correspond+ly s1 & 9 ! same insects ! ant5n be+ v small1 ! ant5nal lobes are almo/ rudim5t>y4 ,! ants exhibit inv]se conditions2 9 _! bra9 ! ant5nal lobes are well develop$1 :ile ! optic ganglia are r$uc$1 & :]e1 z 9 ,typhlopone1 ! eyes are want+1 !y are completely atrophi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bef4--;,head ( ,anoph?almus tellkampfii1 %[+ ! bra91--! optic ganglia1 n]ves1 & eyes totally atrophi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beg4--;,head ( ano!r ,c>abid1 ) ! bra9 & eyes normal3 op1 optic ganglion2 pcl1 bra94 ,9 c]ta9 cave insects :]e ! eyes are want+1 ! optic ganglia are also abs5t4 ,9 ! eyeless cave species ( ,anoph?almus ! optic ganglia & n]ves are entirely atrophi$1 z !y are 9 ,adelops1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has ve/iges ( ! facets 7ommatidia74 ,fig4 #beg repres5ts ! bra9 ( ,*lnius p5nsylvanicus1 a ,c>abid beetle1 ) its eyes & optic ganglia 7op7 :i* may be comp>$ ) ,anop?almus1 9 :i* ^! p>ts are totally atrophi$4 ,duj>d9 claim$ t ! degree ( complication ( ! /alk$ body ( ! ,hym5opt]a 0 9 direct relation ) _! m5tal p[]s4 ,?is has be5 prov$ by ,=el1 :o has %[n t 9 ! honey bee & ants ! mu%room bodies are mu* m develop$ 9 ! work]s ?an 9 ! males or females & ,viallanes adds t ^! bodies are almo/ rudim5t>y 9 ! dragon-flies1 ^: eyes are s l>ge2 :ile on ! contr>y 9 ! bl9d ants 7,typhlopone71 ^! bodies are z p]fect & volum9\s z 9 ! ants ) eyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beh4--;,diagrammatic outl9es ( sections ( ! upp] "p ( ! bra9 ( a cockroa*4 ,only "o side ( ! bra9 is "h repres5t$4 ,! numb]s indicate ! position 9 ! s]ies ( #cd sections into :i* ?is bra9 0 cut4 mb1 mu%room bodies1 ) _! cellul> cov]+ 7c7 & _! /ems 7/72 a1 ant]ior n]v\s mass2 m1 m$ian n]v\s mass4--,aft] ,newton4 ,)9 ! limits ( ! same ord] ! /alk$ bodies are mo/ p]fect 9 ! mo/ intellig5t =ms4 ,?us 9 ! ,or?opt]a1 says ,viallanes1 ! ,blatt1 ,=ficul1 & ! crickets1 ! mu%room bodies are m p]fect ?an 9 ! locu/s1 :i* h simpl] h]bivor\s habits4 ,?is p]fection ( ! mu%room bodies is se5 n only 9 ! increase 9 size1 b also 9 ! complication ( its /ructures4 ,?us 9 ! gr\ps ) l[] in/9cts 7,tabanus1 s*na7 ! /alk does n end 9 a calyx project+ f ! surface ( ! bra91 b its end1 simply truncat$1 is indicat$ ext]nally only by an accumulation ( ! ganglionic nuclei :i* cov] x4#dc ,9 types :i* ,viallanes reg>ds z m advanc$1 i4e4 dipoda & ,melanoplus1 ! end ( ! /alk projects & is fold$ into a calyx4 ,! bra9 ( ! cockroa* 7,p]iplaneta1 ,fig4 #beh7 is a /ep high] ?an t ( ! locu/s1 ea* calyx be+ divid$ into two adjac5t calices1 al?\gh ! cockroa*es are an old] & m g5]aliz$ type ?an locu/s4 ,! /alk$ bodies ( cockroa*es are ?us complex1 l ^? ( ! high] ,hym5opt]a1 ! calices 9 ,xylocopa1 ,bombus1 & ,apis be+ d\ble & s l>ge z to cov] almo/ ! entire surface ( ! bra94 ,f9ally1 9 :at ,viallanes reg>ds z ! mo/ p]fect type 7,vespa71 ! sides ( ! calices are fold$ & become s9u\s1 s z to increase ! surface1 ?us assum+ an appe>ance :i*1 he claims1 /rongly recalls t ( ! convolutions ( ! bra9 ( ! mammals4 ,*e%ire also calls att5tion to a progression 9 ! size ( ^! app5dages1 z well z 9 m5tal p[]s z we rise f ! cock*af] 7,melolon?a vulg>is7 to ! cricket1 up to ! i*neumon1 !n to ! c>p5t] bee1 & f9ally to ! social hive bee1 8:]e ! p$unculat$ bodies =m ! "p ( ! volume ( ! c]ebral mass1 & ! #ahgj ( ! volume ( ! entire creature1 :ile 9 ! cock*af] !y are less ?an #abcjj ! "p4 ,! size ( ! bra9 is also a gauge ( intellig5ce4 ,9 ! work] bee ! bra9 is #aagd ( ! body2 9 ! r$ ant1 #abif2 9 ! ,melolon?a1 #acejj2 9 ! ,dyticus beetle1 #addjj40 7,bees & bee-keep+1 p4 #ed47 g4 ,functions ( ! n]ve-c5tres & n]ves ,z we h se51 ! c5tral seat ( ! functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em is n ! bra9 alone 7suprasophageal ganglion71 b ea* ganglion is m or less ! seat ( vital movem5ts1 ^? ( ! abdom5 be+ ea* a di/9ct motor & respiratory c5tre4 ,! two halves ( a ganglion are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,accord+ to ,faivre1 ! bra9 is ! seat ( ! w & ( ! p[] ( cord9at+ ! movem5ts ( ! body1 :ile ! infrasophageal ganglion is ! seat ( ! motive p[] & also ( ! w4 ,! physiological exp]im5ts ( ,b9et1 :i* are 9 ! l9e ( ^? ( ,faivre1 b m ?or\gh1 demon/rate t an insect may live = mon?s )\t a bra91 if ! subsophageal ganglion is left intact1 j z a v]tebrate may exi/ )\t its c]ebrum4 ,z ,k5yon says3 8,faivre long ago %[$ t ! subsophageal ganglion is ! seat ( ! p[] ( cord9ation ( ! muscul> movem5ts ( ! body4 ,b9et has %[n t ! bra9 is ! seat ( ! p[] direct+ ^! movem5ts4 #8,a debra9$ hexapod w eat :5 food is plac$ b5ea? its palpi1 b x _c g to its food ev5 ?\gh ! latt] be b a v small space remov$ f its c\rse or position4 ,:e!r ! insect w\ld be able to d s if ! mu%room bodies only 7 de/roy$1 & ! ant5nal lobes1 optic lobes1 & ! re/ ( ! bra9 7 left intact1 is a "q t yet rema9s to be answ]$'0 7,k5yon74 ,9 insects :i* are behead$1 h[ev] readily !y respond to /imulation ( ! n]ves1 !y are almo/ completely want+ 9 w p[]4 ,yet insects :i* h be5 decapitat$ c /ill walk & fly4 ,hym5opt]a w live "o or two days aft] decapitation1 beetles f "o to ?ree days1 & mo?s 7,agrotis7 w %[ signs ( life five days aft] ! loss ( _! head4 ,t ! loss ( w p[] is gradual 0 prov$ by decapitat+ ,poli/es pallipes4 ,a day aft] ! op]ation %e 0 /&+ on h] legs & op5+ & clos+ h] w+s2 #da h\rs aft] ! op]ation %e 0 /ill alive1 mov+ h] legs1 & ?ru/+ out h] /+ :5 irritat$4 ,i*neumon otiosus1 aft] ! removal ( its head1 rema9$ v lively1 & clean$ its w+s & legs1 ! p[] ( cord9ation 9 its w+s & legs rema9+4 ,a horse-fly1 a day aft] decapitation1 0 lively & flew ab\t 9 a natural mann]4#dd ,:5 ! abdom5 is cut (f1 respiration 9 t region is n at fir/ int]rupt$4 ,! seat ( respiratory movem5ts 0 ref]r$ by ,faivre to ! h9d] ?oracic ganglion1 b ,plateau says t ?is view mu/ be entirely ab&on$1 rem>k+3 8,all c>efully p]=m$ exp]im5ts on ! n]v\s sy/em ( ,ar?ropoda h %[n t ea* ganglion ( ! v5tral *a9 is a motor c5tre1 & 9 insects a respiratory c5tre1 = ! somite to :i* x belongs0 7,miall & ,d5ny's ,! ,cockroa*1 p4 #afd74 ,! la/ pair ( abdom9al ganglia s]ve z ! n]v\s c5tre ( ! n]ves s5t to ! g5ital organs4 ,! recurr5t or /omatoga/ric n]ve1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! frontal ganglion1 regulates dige/ion1 has only a slight degree ( s5sibility2 ! insect rema9s quiet ev5 :5 a p[]ful allurem5t is pres5t$ to ! dige/ive tract 7,kolbe74 ,faivre /ates t ! de/ruction ( ! frontal ganglion1 or a section ( ! commissures connect+ x ) ! bra91 puts an end to swall[+ movem5ts2 on ! o!r h&1 /imulation results 9 en]getic movem5ts ( ?is nature4 ,y]s91 by cutt+ ?r\gh ! commissure 9 diff]5t places1 & ?us isolat+ ! ganglia ( ! n]v\s cord ( ,gryllus campe/ris1 arriv$ at ! foll[+ results3-- #a4 ,! section ( a n]ve ne> its orig9 r5d]$ ! organ suppli$ by ?is n]ve incapable ( p]=m+ its functions4 #b4 ,if ! connectives betwe5 two ganglia1 i4e4 ! second & ?ird ?oracic ganglia1 are cut ?r\gh1 ! =e z well z h9d] p>ts ( ! body reta9 _! p[] ( motion & s5sation2 b a /imulus appli$ to ! ant]ior "p ( ! body does n pass to ! h9d] portion4 #c4 ,insects ) an incomplete metamorphosis aft] section ( ! connectives are n 9 e case unable to m\lt & to f>!r develop4 #d4 ,if only "o ( ! two connectives be cut ?r\gh1 ! app5dages ( ! side cut ?r\gh :i* take _! orig9 betwe5 ! place injur$ & ! h9d] end ( ! body1 (t5 lose s5sation & fre$om ( motion1 or ! p[] ( cord9ation ( movem5ts becomes irregul>4 ,sometimes ?is is %[n by an un/ead9ess 9 ! gait1 s t ! insect walks ar\nd 9 a circle2 aft] a :ile ^! irregul>ities cease1 & ! movem5ts ( ! limbs on ! injur$ side are only slightly re/ra9$4 ,by a section ( bo? connectives 9 any "o place ! p[] ( cord9ation ( movem5ts is n injur$4 #e4 ,! section ( ! connectives appe> to h no influ5ce on nutrition1 b affects reproduction1 ! attempt at f]tilization on ! "p ( ! male produc+ no result1 & ! impregnat$ female lay+ no eggs4 #f4 ,injury to ! bra91 or to ! subsophageal1 or "o ( ! ?oracic ganglia1 is foll[$ by a mom5t>y enfeeblem5t ( ! ganglion affect$4 ,aft]w>ds !re results a convulsive trembl+1 :i* ei!r p]vades ! :ole body or only ! app5dages inn]vat$ by ! injur$ ganglion4 #g4 ,z a result ( an injury to ! bra9 !re is su* a lack ( /ead9ess 9 ! movem5ts t ! insect walks or flies 9 a circle2 = in/ance1 a fly or dragon-fly ?us injur$ 9 fly+ describes a circle or spiral4 ,/e9]1 9 mak+ ?is exp]im5t1 obs]v$ t ! insect circl$ on its un9jur$ side4 ,! bra9 is ?us a motor c5tre4 #h4 ,by injur+ a ?oracic ganglion1 "o or all ! organs :i* receive n]ves f ! ganglion are mom5t>ily weak5$4 ,aft]w>ds ! functions become re/or$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! insect walks 9 a circle4 ,faivre obs]v$ t aft] ! de/ruction ( ! meta?oracic ganglion ( ,dyticus m>g9alis ! h9d w+s & h9d legs 7 p>tially p>alyz$ 7,kolbe1 ex ,y]s974 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em a4 ,g5]al ,newport1 ,george4 ,on ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! ,sph9x ligu/ri ,l41 & on ! *anges :i* x und]goes dur+ a "p ( ! metamorphoses ( ! insect4 7,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,london1 #ahcb1 pp4 #chc-cih2 #ahcd1 pp4 #chi-dbc1 ,pls47 ,helmholtz1 ,h4 ,l4 ,f4 ,de fabrica sy/ematis n]vosi ev]tebratorum4 ,diss4 9 aug4 ,b]ol9i1 #ahdb4 ,blan*>d1 ,e4 ,re*]*es anatomiques et zoologiques sur le sy/me n]veux des animaux sans v]tbres4 ,du sy/me n]veux des insectes4 7,annales des ,sci5ces nat41 ,sr4 #c1 v1 #ahdf1 pp4 #bgc-cgi1 #h ,pls47 ---- ,du sy/me n]veux *ez les inv]tbres dans ses rapports avec la classification de ces animaux4 ,p>is1 #ahdi4 ---- 9 ,cuvi]'s ,rgne animal4 7,edition accompagne de plan*es graves4 ,insectes4 ,pl4 #c1 #c;a1 & #d47 ,leidy1 ,joseph4 ,hi/ory & anatomy ( ! hemipt]\s g5us ,belo/oma4 7,memoirs ,am]4 ,acad4 ,arts & ,sc41 ,n4 ,s4 iv1 #ahdi1 pp4 #eg-fg1 #a ,pl47 ,s*eib]1 ,s4 ,h4 ,v]glei*5de ,anatomie und ,physiologie d] /rid5l>v54 7,sitzungsb4 k4 ,akad4 wiss4 ,wi54 ,ma?4-,naturwiss4 ,cl41 xli1 #ahfj1 pp4 #dci-dif2 xlv1 #ahfb1 pp4 #g-fh2 #e ,taf47 ,tullb]g1 ,ty*o4 ,sv]iges ,podurid]4 7,k4 ,sv5ska vet4 ,akad4 ,h&l4 x1 #ahgb1 pp4 #a-gj1 #ab ,taf47 ,b]lese1 ,a4 ,oss]vazione sulla anatomia descrittiva del ,gryllus campe/ris ,l4 7,atti della soc4 ,v5eto-,tr5t9a1 #ahhj1 vii1 pp4 #bjj-bii47 ,baudelot1 ,e4 ,contributions la physiologie d] sy/me n]veux des insectes4 7,revue d4 sc4 nat41 i1 pp4 #bfi-bhj1 #ahgb47 ,/ud]1 ,?4 ,ueb] ,n]v55digung bei ,insekt54 ,kle9e ,beitrge zur ,hi/ologie d] ,insekt54 7,mitt4 ,naturf4 ,ges41 ,b]n1 #ahgd1 pp4 #ig-ajd1 #a ,taf47 ,br&t1 ,e4 ,re*]*es anatomiques et morphologiques sur le sy/me n]veux des insectes ,hymnoptres4 7,compt4 r5dus de l',acad4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 #ahge47 ---- ,ueb] das ,n]v5sy/em d] ,apid54 7,sitzungsb4 d4 naturf4 ,ges41 9 ,pet]sb\rg1 vii1 #ahgf47 ---- ,ueb] das ,n]v5sy/em d] ,s*mett]l+sraup54 7,v]h&l4 d] ,russ4 ,ent4 ,gesells*41 x1 #ahgg4 ,also #af o!r articles ) plates1 9 ,hor ,soc4 ,ent4 ,ross41 #ahgh-ahhb47 ,m>k1 ,e4 ,l4 ,! n]v\s sy/em ( ,phyllox]a4 7,psy*e1 ii1 pp4 #bja-bjg1 #ahgi47 ,riley1 ,*>les ,val5t9e4 ,! n]v\s sy/em & saliv>y gl&s ( ,phyllox]a4 7,psy*e1 ii1 pp4 #bbe1 #bbf1 #ahgi47 ,*olodk[sky1 ,n4 ,zur ,frage b] d5 ,baue und b] die ,inn]vation d] ,spei*eldrs5 d] ,blattid54 7,hor ,soc4 ,ent4 ,ross41 #ahha1 xvi1 pp4 #f-i1 #b ,taf47 ,lin>d1 ,v4 ,con/itution de l'anneau sophagi54 7,ar*ives de ,biologie1 i1 pp4 #cha-cia1 #ahhj1 #a ,taf47 ,mi*aels1 ,h4 ,n]v5sy/em von ,oryctes nasicornis im ,l>v5-1 ,pupp5-1 und ,kf]zu/&e4 7,zeits4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xxxiv1 #ahhj1 pp4 #fda-gjb1 #d ,taf47 ,rossi1 ,a4 ,sul modo di t]m9>e dei n]vi nei muscoli dell' organo sonoro della ,cicala commune 7,cicada plebeja74 7,mem4 accad4 sc4 ,bologna1 #ahhj1 #d ,s]41 i1 pp4 #ffa-ffe47 ,foett+]1 ,a4 ,sur le t]m9ation des n]fs dans les muscles des insectes4 7,ar*iv de ,biologie1 i1 #ahhj47 ,b9et4 ,contribution l'tude d] sy/em n]veux s\s inte/9al des insectes4 7,j\rn4 l'anat4 et phys41 xxx1 pp4 #ddi-ehj1 #ahid47 ,paul[a4 ,zum ,bau des ,e+eweide ,n]v5sy/ems d] ,insekt54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]41 xviii1 ,feb4 #be1 #ahie1 pp4 #he-hg47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,lyonet1 ,cuvi]1 ,rol&o1 ,/raus-,durckheim1 ,leydig1 ,newport1 ,grab]1 ,viallanes1 ,grassi1 ,oudemans4 b4 ,! bra9 ,duj>d91 ,f4 ,mmoires sur le sy/me n]veux des insectes4 7,annales des ,sci5ces nat1 ,sr4 #c1 #ahej1 xiv1 pp4 #aie-bjf1 ,pl4 #a1 #ahej47 ,rabl-,rckh>d4 ,/udi5 b] ,insect5gehirne4 7,ar*iv fr ,anatomie1 ,physiologie1 etc41 h]ausg4 von ,rei*]t u4 ,r4 du ,bois-,raymond1 #ahgf1 p4 #dhj1 ,taf4 i47 ,dietl1 ,m4 ,j4 ,die ,organization des ,ar?ropod5gehirns4 7,zeits*r4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xxvii1 #ahgf1 p4 #dhh1 ,taf4 xxxvi4-xxxviii47 ,flogel1 ,t4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ueb] d5 e9heitli*5 ,bau des ,gehirns 9 d5 v]s*i$55 ,insect5ordnung54 7,zeits*r4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xxx1 ,suppl41 #ahgh1 p4 #eef1 ,taf4 xxiii1 xxiv47 ,newton1 ,e4 ,t4 ,on a new me?od ( con/ruct+ models ( ! bra9s ( insects1 etc4 7,j\rn4 ,quekett ,microscopical ,club1 pp4 #aej-aeh1 #ahgi47 ---- ,on ! bra9 ( ! cockroa*1 ,blatta ori5talis4 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,microscopical ,sci5ce1 ,july1 #ahgi1 p4 #cdj1 ,pl4 xv1 xvi47 ,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,! bra9 ( ! locu/4 7,*apt] xi1 ,second ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,entomological ,commission1 pp4 #bbc-bdb1 ,pls4 ix-xv1 #ahhj47 ,cuccati1 ,giovanni4 ,sulla /uttura del ganglio sopraes(ageo di alcuni ortott]i4 7,acrydium l9eola1 ,locu/a viridissima1 ,locu/a 7species871 ,gryllotalpa vulg>is1 ,bologna1 #ahhg1 #d1 pp4 #a-bg1 ,pl4 i-iv47 ---- ,intorno alla /ruttura del c]vello della ,sonomya ery?rocephala1 nota prev5tiva4 ,bologna1 #ahhg4 ---- ,ueb] die ,organization des ,gehirns des ,sonomya ery?rocephala4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 #ahhh1 xlvi1 pp4 #bdj-bfi1 #b ,taf47 ,viallanes1 ,h4 tudes hi/ologiques et organologiques sur les c5tres n]veux et les organes des s5s des animaux articuls4 #a4 ,mmoire4 ,le ganglion optique de la lang\/e 7,pal9urus vulg>is74 7,annal4 d4 ,sc4 ,nat4 ,zool41 #ahhd1 #f;e ,sr41 xvii1 ,art4 #c1 pp4 #a-gd1 #e ,pls47 #b4 ,mmoire4 ,le ganglion optique de la ,libellule 7s*na maculatissima74 7,ibid41 #ahhe1 #f;e ,sr41 xviii1 ,art4 #d1 pp4 #a-cd1 #c ,pls47 #c4 ,mmoire4 ,le ganglion optique de quelques l>ves de ,diptres 7,musca1 ,eri/alis1 ,/ratiomys74 7,ibid41 #ahhf1 #f;e ,sr41 xix1 ,art4 ,m4 #d1 pp4 #cd1 #b ,pls47 #d4 ,mmoire4 ,le c]veau de la gupe 7,vespa crabro et vulg>is74 7,ibid41 #ahhg1 #g;e ,sr41 ii1 pp4 #e-ajj1 #f ,pls47 #e4 ,mmoire4 #a4 ,le c]veau du criquet 7dipoda crulesc5s et ,calopt5us italicus74 #b4 ,comp>aison du c]veau des ,cru/acs et des ,insectes4 #c4 ,le c]veau et la morphologie du squelette cphalique4 7,ibid41 #ahhh1 #g;e ,sr41 iv1 pp4 #a-abj1 #f ,pls47 ---- ,sur la /ructure int]ne du ganglion optique de quelques l>ves de ,diptres4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,phil41 ,p>is1 #ahhe1 #g;e ,sr41 ix1 pp4 #ge-gh47 ---- ,la /ructure du c]veau des ,hymnoptres4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,philomat41 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 #g;e ,sr41 x1 pp4 #hb1 #hc47 ---- ,la /ructure du c]veau des ,or?optres4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,philomat41 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 #g;e ,sr41 xi1 pp4 #aai-abf47 ---- ,sur la morphologie comp>e du c]veau des ,insectes et des ,cru/acs4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 #ahhg1 civ1 pp4 #ddd-ddg47 ,k5yon1 ,f4 ,c4 ,! mean+ & /ructure ( ! s-call$ 8mu%room bodies0 ( ! hexapod bra94 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 xxx1 #ahif1 pp4 #fdc-fej1 #a fig47 ---- ,! bra9 ( ! bee4 7,j\rn4 ,comp4 ,neurology1 vi1 fasc4 #c1 #ahif1 pp4 #acc-baj47 ---- ,! optic lobes ( ! bee's bra9 9 ! light ( rec5t neurological me?ods4 7,am]4 ,nat41 xxxi1 #ahig1 pp4 #cfi-cgf1 #a ,pl47 ,) ! embryological works ( ,grab]1 ,heid]1 ,kors*eldt1 ,patt51 ,:eel]1 etc4 c4 ,hi/ology ( ! n]v\s ,sy/em ,helmholtz4 ,de fabrica sy/ematis n]vosi ev]tebratorum4 ,diss4 ,b]ol9i1 #ahdb4 ,remak4 ,ueb] d4 ,inhalt d4 ,n]v5primitivrhr54 7,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,phys41 #ahdc47 ,leydig4 ,lehrbu* d] ,hi/ologie d] ,m5s*5 und d] ,?i]e4 #aheg4 ---- ,vom ,bau des ?i]is*5 ,krp]s4 i4 #ahfd4 ---- ,tafeln zur v]glei*5d5 ,anatomie4 i4 ,tb+51 #ahfd4 ---- ,zelle und ,gewebe1 neue ,beitrge zur ,hi/ologie des ,ti]-,krp]s4 ,bonn1 #ahhe1 pp4 #bai1 #f ,taf4 ,walt]4 ,mikroscopis*e ,/udi5 b] das ,c5traln]v5sy/em wirbellos] ,?i]e4 #ahfc4 ,dietl1 ,m4 ,j4 ,die ,gewebselem5te des ,c5traln]v5sy/ems bei wirbellos5 ,?i]54 7,aus d5 ,b]i*t5 des naturw4-m$ic4 ,v]e9s 9 ,innsbruck47 ,innsbruck1 #ahgh4 ,b]g]4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,bau des ,gehirns und d] ,ret9a d] ,ar?ropod54 7,arbeit5 des zool4 ,in/ituts zu ,wi51 ,heft #b1 p4 #agc1 #ahgh47 ---- ,na*trag zu d5 ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,bau des ,gehirns und d] ,ret9a d] ,ar?ropod54 7,ibid41 ,heft #c47 ,viallanes1 ,h4 ,re*]*es sur l'hi/ologie des insectes1 etc4 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 7,annales des ,sci5ces nat41 pp4 #a-cdh1 ,pls4 #a-ah47 ---- ,sur la /ructure de la sub/ance ponctue des insectes4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,hall]1 ,b4 ,ueb] die sog5annte ,leydig's*e ,punktsub/antz im ,c5traln]v5sy/em4 7,morp4 ,jahrb41 xi1 #ahhf47 ,nans51 ,f4 ,! /ructure & comb9ation ( ! hi/ological elem5ts ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 7,b]g5's ,museum ,a>sb]etn+ = #ahhf4 ,b]g51 #ahhg47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,b5$ic5ti1 ,holmgr54 ,,! ,,s5sory ,,organs a4 ,! eyes & insect vision ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bei4--;,diff]5t =ms ( comp\nd eyes4 ,a1 a bug 7,pyrrhocoris74 ,b1 work] bee4 ,c1 drone4 ,d1 male ,bibio1 a holoptic insect4--,f ,judei* & ,nits*e4 ,( ! eyes ( insects !re are two k9ds1 ! simple & ! comp\nd4 ,( ! =m] !re are usually ?ree1 arrang$ 9 a triangle ne> ! top ( ! head1 betwe5 ! comp\nd eyes 7,fig4 #bei1 ,b74 ,! comp\nd or facett$ eyes1 :i* are usually r\nd & prom95t1 diff] mu* 9 size & 9 ! numb] ( facets4 ,! numb] ( facets v>ies f #ab 9 ,lepisma1--?\gh 9 a ,brazilian beetle 7,la?ridius7 !re are only sev5 unequal facets1--to #ej 9 ! ant1 & up to #djjj 9 ! h\se-fly1 #ab1jjj 9 ,a*]ontia atropos1 #ag1jjj 9 ,papilio1 #bj1jjj 9 ! dragon-fly 7s*na71 #be1jjj 9 a beetle 7,mordella71 :ile 9 ,sph9x convolvuli1 ! numb] rea*es #bg1jjj4 ,! size ( ! facets seems to be> "s relation to t ( ! insect1 b ev5 9 ! smalle/ species none h be5 obs]v$ less ?an #abjjj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,day-fly+ ,lepidopt]a h small] facets ?an mo?s 7,lubbock74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfj4--,section ?r\gh ! ocellus ( a "y ,dyticus l>va3 ct1 cuticula2 l1 corneal l5s2 gh1 cells ( ! vitre\s body1 be+ modifi$ hypod]mal cells 7hy72 /1 rods2 re1 ret9al cells2 no1 optic n]ve4--,aft] ,gr5a*]1 f ,lang4 ,! simple1 or s+le-l5s$ eye 7ocellus74--,morphologically ! simple eye is a modifi$ portion ( ! ectod]m1 ! pigm5t enclos+ ! ret9al cells aris+ f specializ$ hypod]mal cells1 & cov]$ by a specializ$ transp>5t portion ( ! cuticula1 =m+ ! corneal l5s4 ,! app>atus is suppli$ ) a n]ve1 ! fibres ( :i* end 9 a rod or solid n]ve-end+1 z 9 o!r s5sory organs4 ,z se5 9 ! ocellus ( ,dyticus 7,fig4 #bfj71 "u ! corneal l5s ! hypod]mis =ms a sort ( pit1 & ! cells are modifi$ to =m ! vitre\s body 7vitrella7 & ret9a4 ,ea* ret9al cell 7re7 is connect$ ) a fibre f ! optic n]ve1 conta9s pigm5t1 & ends 9 a rod direct$ outw>ds t[>ds ! l5s4 ,! cells at ! end ( ! pit or depression are1 next to ! l5s1 )\t pigm5t1 &1 gr[+ 9 betwe5 ! ret9a & ! l5s1 fill x up1 & ?us =m a sort ( vitre\s body4 ,! ocellus appe>s to be a direct heirloom f ! eyes ( worms1 :ile ! _m-facett$ comp\nd eye ( ! cru/aceans & ( insects is peculi> to ^! classes4 ,! comp\nd eye ( ! myriopod ,scutig]a diff]s /ructurally 9 _m respects f ! comp\nd eye ( insects1 & t ( ,limulus /ill m s4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 ! "y nymph ( ,ephem]a1 z well z 9 ! semipupa ( ,bombus1 ea* ( ! ?ree ocelli are situat$ on sep>ate scl]ites4 ,9 ,bombus ! ant]ior ocellus has a d\ble %ape1 be+ broad1 transv]sely ovate1 & n r\nd l ! two o!rs1 z if result+ f ! fusion ( :at 7 orig9ally two di/9ct ocelli4 ,! ocelli are n infrequ5tly want+1 z 9 adult ,d]mapt]a1 9 ! ,locu/id1 & 9 c]ta9 ,hemipt]a 7,hydrocora74 ,9 ,lepidopt]a !re are b two ocelli2 9 geometrid mo?s !y are (t5 atrophi$1 & !y are abs5t 9 butt]flies 7except ,pamphila74 ,! comp\nd or facett$ eye 7ommateum74--,! facett$ ar?ropod eye is wond]fully complex & mo/ delicately organiz$1 be+ f> m s ?an t ( v]tebrates or molluscs4 ,! simple/ or mo/ primitive facett$ eye appe>s to be t ( ,lepisma4 ,z /at$ by ,watase1 ! comp\nd eye ( ar?ropods is morphologically 8a collection ( ectod]mic pits ^: out] op5 ends face t[>ds ! s\rces ( light1 & ^: inn] ends are connect$ ) ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em by ! optic n]ve fibres40 ,! facett$ eye is compos$ ( num]\s simple eyes call$ ommatidia1 ea* ( :i* is complicat$ 9 /ructure4 ,! elem5ts :i* make up an ommatidium are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! facet or cornea1 :i* is a specializ$ portion ( ! cuticula2 & 7#b71 ! cry/all9e l5s or cone2 7#c71 ! n]ve-end+ or ret9ula1 :i* is =m$ out ( ! ret9ula cells & ! rhabdom or rod ly+ 9 its axis2 & 7#d7 ( ! pigm5t enclos+ ! l5s & rod2 ! la/ ?ree elem5ts are d]iv$ f ! hypod]mis4 ,! s+le eyes are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by pigm5t cells4 ,! facet or cornea4--,?is is biconvex1 cle>1 transp>5t1 usually hexagonal 9 outl9e1 & refracts ! light4 ,! corneal l5ses are ca/ 9 m\lt+4 ,! corneal l5ses are circul> 9 mo/ cases :]e !y are v convex1 z 9 ,la?ridius & ,batoc]a4 ,! hexagonal ones are v irregul>4 ,:5 !y are v convex ! eye has a granul> appe>ance1 b :5 n great] ?an ! convexity ( ! eye itself1 ! eye appe>s p]fectly smoo? 7,bolboc]us1 etc474 ,! facets 9 ! l[] "p ( ! eye ( ,d9eutes are a trifle l>g] ?an 9 ! upp] "p 7ab\t n9e to t574 ,9 _m insects ! rev]se is ! case1 ! upp] facets be+ l>g] ?an ! l[]1 a notable in/ance be+ ,anax4 ,! int]v5+ l9es betwe5 ! facets are (t5 beset ) hairs1 sometimes v long & d5se1 z 9 ! drone bee & ,tri*oph?almus2 & ! modifications ( ! hairs into scales :i* takes place on ! body occurs on ! eyes also1 ! scales on ! eyes ( "s beetles ( ! family ,colydiid be+ v l>ge1 arrang$ 9 l9es ov] ! eyes l tomb/ones 7,tra*ypholis74#de ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfa4--,section ?r\gh ! eye ( a fly 7,musca vomitoria73 c1 cornea1 or facet2 pc1 pseudocone2 r1 ret9ula2 ,rh1 rhabdom2 pg#a1 pg#b1 pg#c1 pigm5t cells2 b4m1 basil> membrane2 ,t1 ,tt#a1 ,tt#b1 tra*ea2 tv1 tra*eal vesicle2 t4a1 t]m9al ana/omosis2 op1 opticon2 c4op1 epiopticon2 p4op1 p]iopticon2 n4c1 nuclei2 n4c4s1 n]ve-cell %ea?2 ,n4f1 decussat+ n]ve-fibres4--,aft] ,hickson1 f ,lubbock4 ,! cry/all9e l5s or cone4--,beh9d or )9 ! facets is a lay] compos$ ( ! cones1 beh9d :i* are ! lay]s ( ret9ul & rhabdoms1 & :i* correspond to ! lay] ( rods & cones1 b n ! ret9a z a :ole1 ( v]tebrate animals4 ,! cry/all9e l5s is1 :5 pres5t1 usually m or less conical1 & consi/s ( f\r or m hypod]mis-cells4 ,! cones are ( v>i\s %apes & sizes 9 insects ( diff]5t gr\ps1 or are entirely want+1 & ,gr5a*] has divid$ ! eyes ( insects into eucone1 pseudocone1 & acone4 ,z ! pseudocone seems1 h[ev]1 to be r a modification ( ! eucone eye1 ! foll[+ division may be made3-- #a4 ,eucone eyes1 compris+ ^? ) a well-develop$ cone4 ,!y occur 9 ,lepisma1 ,blatta 7,fig4 #bfb71 & o!r ,or?opt]a1 9 ,neuropt]a1 9 ,cicadid1 9 ^? ,coleopt]a ) five t>sal jo9ts1 9 ! dipt]\s g5us ,core?ra1 & 9 ! ,lepidopt]a & ,hym5opt]a 7,fig4 #bfc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfb4--,ommatidium ( cockroa* 7,p]iplaneta73 lf1 cornea2 kk1 cry/all9e cone2 pg pigm5t cell2 rl1 ret9ula2 rm1 rhabdom4--,aft] ,gr5a*]1 f ,lubbock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfc4--,two sep>ate elem5ts ( ! eucone eye ( a bee2 ,lf1 cornea2 n1 nucleus ( ,semp]2 ,kk1 cry/all9e cone2 ,pg1 pigm5t cells2 ,rl1 ret9ula2 ,rm1 rhabdom4--,aft] ,gr5a*]1 f ,lubbock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfd4--,?ree ommatidia ( a pseudocone eye1 diagrammatic3 ,a1 a sep>ate ommatidium ( ,musca vomitoria1 semi-diagrammatic3 c1 cornea2 p4c1 pseudocone2 pg1 pigm5t$ cells surr\nd+ ! pseudocone2 p4g#b1 additional pigm5t cells2 p4g#c1 basal pigm5t cells2 n4p4c1 nuclei ( pseudocone2 r1 ret9ul2 n4r1 n4r1 nucleus ( ret9ul2 ,r1 rhabdom2 b4m1 basal membrane2 t4a1 t]m9al ana/omosis s5d+ n]ve-fibrils to ! ret9ul4 ,b1 section ?r\gh a ret9ula & rhabdom ne> ! basal membrane1 ! six ret9ul 7r7 fus$ into a tube en%ea?+ ! rhabdom 7,r74--,aft] ,hickson4 a4 ,pseudocone eyes2 9 :i*1 in/ead ( ! cry/all9e l5s or cone1 !re are f\r cells fill$ ) a transp>5t fluid m$ium1 & a small] protoplasmic portion conta9+ a nucleus 7,muscid1 ,fig4 #bfd1 pc74 ,hickson /ates t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! eucone & pseudocone eyes lies 9 ! fact t 9 ! pseudocone eye 8! refract+ body =m$ by ! cone-cell lies beh9d ! nuclei10 & 9 ! eucone eye 9 front ( x4 #b4 ,acone eyes1 :]e ! cone or refract+ body is want+1 b is repres5t$ by ! f\r primitive cone-cells4 ,acone eyes occur 9 ,=ficulid1 ,hemipt]a 7except ,cicadid71 ! nematoc]\s ,dipt]a 7,tipula1 etc471 & ^? ,coleopt]a :i* h less ?an five t>sal jo9ts4 ,! ret9ula & rod4--,! ret9ula is morphologically a n]ve-end cell1 situat$ at ! end ( a n]ve-fibril aris+ f ! optic n]ve4 ,! elem5ts ( ! ret9ula ( ,musca are six 9 numb] & surr\nd ! rhabdom 7,fig4 #bfd71 :i* consi/s ( a bundle ( six long1 delicate *it9\s rods1 m or less firmly unit$ toge!r 7,fig4 #bfd1 ,r74 ,! six elem5ts ( ! ret9ula ( ,musca are 9 _! out] or di/al portion free f "o ano!r1 b t[>ds _! base are fus$ into a %ea? 7,fig4 #bfd1 r74 ,!y are true n]ve-end cells1 z %[n by ,mll] & by ,max ,s*ultze1 _! views hav+ be5 confirm$ by ,gr5a*] & by ,hickson4 ,! relations ( ! n]ves to ! rods aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! basal membrane is se5 9 ,fig4 #bff4 ,! pigm5t4--,! cones or pseudocones are mo/ly buri$ 9 pigm5t1 z well z ! rods2 & ! pigm5t =ms two lay]s4 ,! out] ( ! two lay]s is call$ ! iris pigm5t 7,fig4 #bfe1 e1 iris tapetum71 & ! inn] 7f7 ! ret9al pigm5t4 ,betwe5 ! ommatidia int]nally !re occur1 accord+ to ,hickson1 pigm5t cells 7,fig4 #bfd1 p4g#c71 ea* ( :i* /&s on ! basil> membrane & s5ds a f9e process outw>ds t[>ds ! int]nal process ( ! ext]nal pigm5t-cell 7p4g#b74 ,a long1 sl5d] tra*eal vesicle also passes 9 betwe5 ! ret9ul4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfe4--,two ommatidia f ! eye ( ,colymbetes fuscus1 #afj3 a1 cornea2 b1 cone2 c1 rhabdom2 d1 basal membrane1 ) n]ve filam5ts bel[ x3 e1 iris pigm5t2 f1 ret9a pigm5t4--,aft] ,exn]1 f ,%>p4 ,! basil> membrane4--,?is is a ?9 f5e/rate membrane 7,fig4 #bfa7 sep>at+ ! cones & rods f ! optic tract 7,fig4 #bfd1 b4m74 ,x is p]=at$ = ! passage ( tra*eal div]ticula & ( ! optic n]ve fibrils4 ,x sep>ates ! dioptric or in/rum5tal portion ( ! eye f ! p]cipi5t portion1 i4e4 ! optic tract4 ,! optic tract4--,?is is ! optic ganglion ( e>li] writ]s1 & appe>s to be ! p]cipi5t portion ( ! eye1 z oppos$ to ! dioptric portion4 ,if ! read] w exam9e ,figs4 #bdi & #bfa1 he w see t x consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct ganglionic swell+s1 i4e4 ! opticon1 epiopticon1 & p]iopticon1 ^: /ructure is v complicat$4 ,9 ,musca 7,fig4 #bfa7 ! fir/ ganglionic swell+ 7opticon7 is sep>at$ f ! bra9 by a slight con/riction1 :i* ,b]g] reg>ds z ! homologue ( ! optic n]ve ( ! o!r ar?ropods4 ,x consi/s ( a v f9e granul> matrix trav]s$ ?r\gh\t by a f9e me%work ( m9ute fibrill1 ! neurospongium ( ,hickson4 ,9 ! "y cockroa* 7,p]iplaneta7 ! optic n]ve sep>at+ ! c]ebral ganglion f ! opticon is mu* long] 9 proportion ?an x is 9 ! adult bl[-fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bff4--,p]iopticon & t]m9al ana/omosis ( ,agrion1 %[+ ! "* ( ! elem5ts ( ! p]iopticon 7p4op7 & ! /ructure ( ! t]m9al ana/omosis 7t4a74 #a4 ,! fir/ lay] ( ! t]m9al ana/omosis1 consi/+ ( a plexus ( fibrils & n]ve-cells 7n4c74 #b4 ,! second lay]1 9 :i* ! fibrils are collect$ toge!r 9 bundles4 #c4 ,! f9al optic plexus & n]ve-cells4 #d4 ,! lay] 9 :i* ! optic fibrils are collect$ 9 bundles to be di/ribut$ to ! ret9ul 7r72 b4m1 basal membrane4--,aft] ,hickson4 ,! second ganglionic swell+ 7epiopticon1 ,fig4 #bfa1 c4op7 is sep>at$ f ! opticon by a tract ( f9e n]ve-fibrils1 :i* p>tially decussate2 at ! decussation two or ?ree l>g] n]ve-cells may be se54 ,x also conta9s a few scatt]$ n]ve-cells 7n4c74 ,! ?ird ganglionic swell+ 7p]iopticon1 p4op7 is sep>at$ f ! o!rs by a bundle ( long optic n]ve-fibrils1 :i* cross "o ano!r4 ,x is compos$ ( a numb] ( cyl9drical masses ( neurospongium arrang$ side by side 7,fig4 #bfa1 p4op74 ,betwe5 ^! elem5ts ( ! p]iopticon1 :i* d n seem to be> any relation to ! numb] ( ommatidia1 a s+le n]ve-cell is v frequ5tly se54 ,! p]iopticon does n occur 9 ,p]iplaneta & ,nepa 7,hickson74 ,! ?ree optic ganglia ?us describ$1 toge!r ) ! c]ebral ganglia1 are surr\nd$ by a %ea? ( d5sely pack$ n]ve-cells4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! fact t ! ret9ul are ! n]ve-end cells ( ! fibres pass+ ?r\gh ! p]iopticon1 x w be well to read ! foll[+ acc\nt1 by ,hickson1 ( ! t]m9al ana/omosis ( ! optic fibrils 9 ! p]iopticon ( ,agrion bifurcatum1 & to exam9e 8 sket* 7,fig4 #bff73 8,! t]m9al ana/omosis ( ,agrion may be conv5i5tly divid$ into f\r regions4 ,fir/ ! region 7#a7 ly+ ne>e/ to ! p]iopticon 9 :i* ! n]ve-cells are num]\s1 & ! fibrils leav+ ! p]iopticon =m a complicat$ plexus2 ! region 7#b7 next to ?is1 9 :i* ! fibrils h collect$ into bundles sep>at$ by spaces occupi$ by v ?9-wall$ tra*e 9 :i* !re are no spiral m>k+s1 & lymph-spaces2 next1 ! region 7#c7 9 :i* ! fibrils =m a f9al plexus1 & 9 :i* !re are aga9 a consid]able numb] ( n]ve-cells2 &1 la/ly1 ! region 7#d7 9 :i* ! fibrils are aga9 collect$ into bundles1 sep>at$ by spaces conta9+ tra*e1 :i* p]=ate ! basem5t membrane to supply ! ret9ul40 ,x w\ld seem z if ! decussation ( ! optic n]ve-fibrils 7 a matt] ( prim>y importance1 z x s g5]ally occurs1 b 9 ! "y ( t mo/ g5]aliz$ ( all pt]ygote insects1 ! cockroa* 7,p]iplaneta71 ,hickson /ates t ! optic n]ve-fibrils :i* leave ! p]iopticon pass )\t decussat+ to ! ommateum1 & 9 ! adult !re is only a p>tial decussation4 ,9 ,nepa !re is no decussation1 b ! ana/omosis is complicat$ by ! pres5ce ( loop$ & transv]se ana/omoses4 ,look+ at ! eye z a :ole1 ,hickson reg>ds all ! n]ve /ructure ( ! eye ly+ betwe5 ! cry/all9e cone-lay] & ! true optic n]ve to be analog\s ) ! ret9a ( o!r animals4 ,) ,ciaccio1 ,b]g]1 & o!rs1 he does n reg>d ! lay] compos$ ( ! ret9ul & rhabdoms z ! equival5t ( ! ret9a ( v]tebrates1 etc4 ,orig9 ( ! facett$ eye4--,! two k9ds ( eye1 ! simple & ! comp\nd1 are suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f a primitive type1 resembl+ ! s+le eye 7ommatidium7 ( ! acone eye ( ,tipula4 ,z /at$ by ,lang1 8an increase ( ! elem5ts ( ?is primitive eye l$ to ! =mation ( ! ocellus2 an increase 9 numb] ( ! primitive eyes1 & _! approximation1 l$ to ! =mation ( ! comp\nd facet eye40 ,?is view is sugge/$1 he says1 by ! gr\ps ( closely contigu\s s+le eyes ( ! myriopods1 consid]$ 9 connection ) ! comp\nd eye ( ,scutig]a4 ,gr5a*] looks ^u simple 7ocelli7 & comp\nd eyes z 8si/]s10 n d]iv$ f "o ano!r1 b f a common p>5tage4 ,immature insects r>ely possess comp\nd eyes2 !y are only kn[n to occur 9 ! nymphs ( ,odonata & ,ephem]id1 & 9 ! l>v & pupa ( ,core?ra4 ,mode ( vision by s+le eyes or ocelli4--,9 _! simple/ condition1 ! eyes ( worms & o!r ( ! l[] inv]tebrates1 probably only enable ^? animals to di/+ui% light f d>kness4 ,! ocelli ( spid]s & ( _m insects1 h[ev]1 probably enable !m1 z ,lubbock rem>ks1 to see z our eyes d4 ,! simple l5s ?r[s on ! ret9a an image1 :i* is p]ceiv$ by ! f9e t]m9ations ( ! optic n]ve4 ,! ocelli ( diff]5t ar?ropods diff]1 h[ev]1 v mu* 9 degree ( complexity4 ,mll] consid]$ t ! p[] ( vision ( ocelli 8is probably conf9$ to ! p]ception ( v ne> objects40 8,?is may be inf]r$10 ,mll] /ates1 8p>tly f _! exi/+ pr9cipally 9 l>v & apt]\s insects1 & p>tly f sev]al obs]vations :i* ,i h made relative to ! position ( ^! simple eyes4 ,9 ! g5us ,empusa ! head is s prolong$ ov] ! middle inf]ior eye t1 9 ! locomotion ( ! animal1 ! ne>e/ objects c only come )9 ! range4 ,9 ,locu/a cornuta1 also1 ! same eye lies b5ea? ! prolongation ( ! head4444 ,9 ! ,or?opt]a g5]ally1 also1 ! simple eyes are1 9 consequ5ce ( ! depress$ position ( ! head1 direct$ d[nw>ds t[>ds ! surface ^u :i* ! insects are mov+40#df ,l[ne consid]s t 9 ! ocellus ( ,eri/alis1 ! great convexity ( ! l5s mu/ give x a v %ort focus1 & ! comp>atively small numb] ( rods r5d] ! picture ( ev5 v ne> objects q imp]fect & practically useless = purposes ( vision1 & t ! function ( ! ocelli is 8! p]ception ( ! int5sity & ! direction ( light1 r ?an ( vision1 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! t]m40 ,raumur1 ,m>cel de ,s]res1 ,dugs1 & ,=el h %[n by exp]im5t1 t 9 insects :i* possess bo? ocelli & comp\nd eyes1 ! =m] may be cov]$ ov] )\t mat]ially affect+ ! movem5ts ( ! animals1 :ile if ! facett$ eyes are cov]$1 !y act z if 9 ! d>k 7,lubbock74 ,:ile ,plateau reg>ds ! ocelli z ( sc>cely any use to ! insect1 & ,=el claims t wasps1 humble bees1 ants1 etc41 walk or fly almo/ equally well )\t z ) ! aid ( _! ocelli1 ,lubbock demurs to ?is view1 & says ! same exp]im5ts ( ,=el's might almo/ be quot$ to prove ! same ) ref]5ce to ! comp\nd eyes4 ,inde$1 ! writ] has obs]v$ t 9 caves1 eyeless beetles app>5tly run ab\t z freely & ) z mu* purpose1 z _! ey$ relatives 9 ! op5 air4 ,plateau has rec5tly %[n t cat]pill>s :i* h ocelli alone are v %ort-sight$1 n see+ objects at a di/ance beyond "o or two c5timetres1 & x has be5 fully prov$ by ,plateau & o!rs1 t spid]s1 ) _! well-=m$ ocelli1 are myopic1 & h little p[] ( mak+ out di/9ctly ! %ape ( ! objects !y see4 ,on ! :ole1 we are r incl9$ to agree ) ,lubbock & ,=el1 t ! ocelli are useful 9 d>k places & = ne> vision4 ,!y are1 z ,lubbock /ates1 especially develop$ 9 insects1 su* z ants1 bees1 & wasps1 :i* live p>tly 9 ! op5 light & p>tly 9 ! d>k recesses ( ne/s4 ,moreov]1 ! night-fly+ mo?s ne>ly all possess ocelli1 :ile ) "o kn[n exception 7,pamphila7 !y are want+ 9 butt]flies4 ,f9ally1 rem>ks ,lubbock1 8,:atev] ! special function ( ocelli may be1 x seems cle> t !y mu/ see 9 ! same mann] z our eyes d--t is to say1 ! image mu/ be rev]s$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( comp\nd eyes1 x seems probable t ! vision is direct1 & ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ! exi/5ce 9 ! same animal ( two su* diff]5t k9ds ( eyes is c]ta9ly enhanc$ by ! fact t1 z x w\ld seem1 ! image giv5 by ! m$ial eyes is rev]s$1 :ile t ( ! lat]al ones is direct0 7p4 #aha74 ,mode ( vision by facett$ eyes4--,! complexity ( ! facett$ eyes ( insects is amaz+1 & difficult to acc\nt = unless we accept ! mosaic !ory ( ,mll]1 :o ma9ta9$ t ! di/9ctness ( ! image =m$ by su* an eye w be great] 9 proportion to ! numb] ( sep>ate cones4 ,8 fam\s !ory is ?us /at$3 8,an image =m$ by sev]al ?\s& sep>ate po9ts1 ( :i* ea* corresponds to a di/9ct field ( vision 9 ! ext]nal _w1 w resemble a piece ( mosaic "w1 & a bett] idea _c be conceiv$ ( ! image ( ext]nal objects :i* w be depict$ on ! ret9a ( be+s end[$ ) su* organs ( vision1 ?an by comp>+ x ) p]fect "w ( t k9d40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfg4--;,f ,lubbock4 ,h[ vision is effect$ by a _m-facett$ eye is ?us expla9$ by ,lubbock3 8,let a numb] ( transp>5t tubes1 or cones ) opaque walls1 be rang$ side by side 9 front ( ! ret9a1 & sep>at$ f "o ano!r by black pigm5t4 ,9 ?is case ! only light :i* c rea* ! optic n]ve w be t :i* falls on any giv5 tube 9 ! direction ( its axis40 ,= in/ance1 9 ,fig4 #bfg1 ! light f a w pass to a1 t f b to b1 t f c to c1 & s on4 ,! light f c1 :i* falls on ! o!r tubes1 w n rea* ! n]ve1 b w imp+e on ! sides & be absorb$ by ! pigm5t4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! light f c w illum9ate ! :ole surface ( ! eye1 x w only affect ! n]ve at c4 ,accord+ to ?is view ^? rays ( light only :i* pass directly ?r\gh ! cry/all9e cones1 or are reflect$ f _! sides1 c rea* ! correspond+ n]ve-fibres4 ,! o!rs fall on1 & are absorb$ by1 ! pigm5t :i* sep>ates ! diff]5t facets4 ,h5ce ea* cone receives light only f a v small portion ( ! field ( vision1 & ! rays s receiv$ are collect$ into "o spot ( light4 ,x foll[s f ?is !ory t ! l>g] & m convex ! eye1 ! wid] w be its field ( vision1 :ile ! small] & m num]\s are ! facets1 ! m di/9ct w be ! vision 7,lubbock74 ,! !ory is c]ta9ly support$ by ! %ape & size & ! imm5se numb] ( facets ( ! eye ( ! dragon-fly1 :i* all conc$e to see bett]1 & at a long] range1 ?an probably any o!r insect4 ,mll]'s mosaic !ory 0 g5]ally receiv$1 until d\bt$ & criticis$ by ,gotts*e 7#aheb71 ,dor 7#ahfa71 ,plateau1 & o!rs4 ,z ,lubbock 9 8 excell5t summ>y /ates1 ,gotts*e's obs]vation 7previ\sly made by ,leeuw5hoek7 t ea* sep>ate cornea gives a sep>ate & di/9ct image1 0 made on ! eye ( ! bl[-fly1 :i* does n possess a true cry/all9e cone4 ,plateau's objection loses its =ce1 s9ce he seems to h _h 9 8 m9d1 z ,lubbock /ates1 ,gotts*e's1 r ?an ,mll]'s1 !ory4 ,mll]'s !ory is support$ by ,boll1 ,gr5a*]1 ,lubbock1 ,watase1 & especially by ,exn]1 :o has giv5 mu* att5tion to ! subject ( ! vision ( insects1 & is ! weightie/ au?ority on ! subject4 ,gotts*e's view t ea* ( ! facett$ eyes makes a di/9ct image :i* p>tially ov]laps & is comb9$ ) all ! images made by ! o!r facets1 0 %[n by ,gr5a*] to be unt5able1 aft] repeat+ ,gotts*e's exp]im5ts ) ! eyes ( mo?s1 9 :i* ! cry/all9e cones are firm & atta*$ to ! cornea4 ,he 0 ?us able to remove ! s(t p>ts1 & to look ?r\gh ! cones & ! cornea4 ,:5 ! microscope 0 focuss$ at ! inn] end ( ! cone1 a spot ( light 0 visible1 b no image4 ,z ! object-glass 0 mov$ =w>d1 ! image gradually came into view1 & !n disappe>$ aga94 ,"h1 !n1 ! image is =m$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! cone itself4 ,exn] attempt$ to make ?is exp]im5t ) ! eye ( ,hydrophilus1 b 9 t insect ! cry/all9e cones always came away f ! cornea4 8,he1 h[ev]1 calculat$ ! focal l5g?1 refraction1 etc41 ( ! cornea1 & conclud$ t1 ev5 if1 9 spite ( ! cry/all9e cone1 an image c\ld be =m$1 x w\ld fall mu* beh9d ! ret9ula40 8,9 ^! cases1 !n10 adds ,lubbock1 8an image is out ( ! "q4 ,moreov]1 z ! cone tap]s to a po9t1 !re w\ld1 9 fact1 be no room = an image1 :i* mu/ be receiv$ on an appropriate surface4 ,9 _m insect eyes1 inde$1 z 9 ^? ( ! cock*af]1 ! cry/all9e cone is drawn out into a ?read1 :i* exp&s aga9 be=e rea*+ ! ret9ula4 ,su* an arrangem5t seems fatal to any idea ( an image40 ,lubbock ?us sums up ! reasons :i* seem to favor ,mll]'s !ory ( mosaic vision1 & to oppose ,gotts*e's view3 87#a7 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 z 9 ,hyp]ia1 !re are no l5ses1 & consequ5tly !re c be no image2 7#b7 ! image w\ld g5]ally be de/roy$ by ! cry/all9e cone2 7#c7 9 "s cases x w\ld seem t ! image w\ld be =m$ completely beh9d ! eye1 :ile 9 o!rs1 aga91 x w\ld be too ne> ! cornea2 7#d7 a po9t$ ret9a seems incompatible ) a cle> image2 7#e7 any true projection ( an image w\ld 9 c]ta9 species be preclud$ by ! pres5ce ( imp5etrable pigm5t1 :i* only leaves a m9ute c5tral passage = ! light-rays2 7#f7 ev5 ! cle>e/ image w\ld be useless1 f ! abs5ce ( a suitable receptive surface1 s9ce bo? ! small numb] & mode ( comb9ation ( ! elem5ts compos+ t surface seem to preclude x f receiv+ m ?an a s+le impression2 7#g7 no sy/em ( accommodation has yet be5 discov]$2 f9ally 7#h71 a comb9ation ( _m ?\s& relatively complete eyes seems q useless & incompreh5sible40 ,9 8 mo/ rec5t "w 7#ahij7 on ! eyes ( cru/acea & insects1 ,exn] /ates t ! num]\s simple eyes :i* make up ! comp\nd eye h ea* a cornea1 b x is m or less flat1 & ! cry/all9e "p ( ! eye has n ! %ape ( a l5s1 b ( a 8l5s cyl9d]10 t is1 ( a cyl9d] :i* is compos$ ( %eets ( transp>5t tissue1 ! refract+ p[]s ( :i* decrease t[>d ! p]iph]y ( ! cyl9d]4 ,if an eye ( ?is k9d is remov$ & fre$ ( ! pigm5t :i* surr\nds x1 objects may be look$ at ?r\gh x f beh9d2 b its field ( vision is v small1 & ! direct images receiv$ f ea* sep>ate eye are ei!r produc$ close to "o ano!r on ! ret9a 7or r ! ret9ul ( all ! eyes7 or sup]pos$4 ,9 ?is la/ case no less ?an ?irty sep>ate images may be sup]pos$1 :i* is suppos$ to be ( great use to night-fly+ insects4 ,exn] claims t _m o!r advantages result f ! comp\nd nature ( an insect's eye4 ,?us ! mobile pigm5t1 :i* corresponds to our iris1 c take diff]5t positions1 ei!r betwe5 ! sep>ate eyes or beh9d ! l5s cyl9d]s1 9 :i* case x acts z s _m scre5s to int]cept ! ov]-abundance ( light4 ,exn] f9ds t ) its comp\nd eyes ! common gl[-worm 7,lampyris7 is capable ( di/+ui%+ l>ge signbo>d lett]s at a di/ance ( t5 or m feet1 z well z extremely f9e l9es engrav$ "o-hundr$? ( an in* ap>t1 if !y are at a di/ance ( less ?an half an in* f ! eye4 ,exn] sub/antiates ! tru? ( ! results ( ,plateau's exp]im5ts1 & claims t :ile ! comp\nd eye is inf]ior to ! v]tebrate eye = mak+ out ! =ms ( objects1 x is sup]ior to ! latt] 9 di/+ui%+ ! smalle/ movem5ts ( objects 9 ! total field ( vision4 ,m rec5tly ,mallock has giv5 "s optical reasons to %[ t ,mll]'s view is ! true "o4 ,he concludes1 & ?us agrees ) ,plateau1 t insects d n see well1 at any rate z reg>ds _! p[] ( def9+ di/ant objects1 & _! behavior c]ta9ly favors ?is view4 ,x might be ask$1 ,:at advantage1 !n1 h insects ) comp\nd eyes ov] ^? ) simple eyes8 ,mallock answ]s1 t ! advantage ov] simple-ey$ animals lies 9 ! fact t !re is h>dly any practical limit to ! ne>ness ( ! objects !y c exam9e4 8,) ! composite eye1 inde$1 ! clos] ! object ! bett] ! sight1 = ! great] w be ! numb] ( l5ses employ$ to produce ! impression2 :]eas1 9 ! simple eye ! focal l5g? ( ! l5s limits ! di/ance at :i* a di/9ct view c be obta9$40 ,he gives a table conta9+ measures ( ! diamet]s & angles betwe5 ! axes ( ! l5ses ( v>i\s insect eyes1 & /ates t ! be/ ( ! eyes w\ld give a picture ab\t z good z if execut$ 9 r co>se woodwork & view$ at a di/ance ( a foot1 8& al?\gh a di/ant l&scape c\ld only be indiff]5tly repres5t$ on su* a co>se-gra9$ /ructure1 x w\ld d v well = ?+s ne> en\gh to occupy a consid]able "p ( ! field ( view40 ,! pr9cipal use ( ! facett$ eye to p]ceive ! movem5ts ( animals4--,plateau adopts ,exn]'s views z to ! use ( ! facett$ eye 9 p]ceiv+ ! movem5ts ( o!r animals4 ,he !re=e concludes t insects & o!r ar?ropods ) comp\nd eyes d n di/+ui% ! =m ( objects2 b ) ,exn] he believes t _! vision consi/s ma9ly 9 ! p]ception ( mov+ bodies4 ,mo/ animals seem b little impress$ by ! =m ( _! enemies or ( _! victims1 ?\gh _! att5tion is imm$iately excit$ by ! slighte/ displacem5t4 ,hunt]s1 fi%]m51 & entomologi/s h made 9 confirmation ( ?is view num]\s & demon/rative obs]vations4 ,?\gh ! production ( an image 9 ! facett$ eye ( ! insect seems impossible1 we c easily conceive1 says ,plateau1 h[ x c asc]ta9 ! exi/5ce ( a movem5t4 ,inde$1 if a lum9\s object is plac$ be=e a comp\nd eye1 x w illum9ate a :ole gr\p ( simple eyes or facets2 moreov]1 ! c5tre ( ?is gr\p w be cle>] ?an ! re/4 ,e movem5t ( ! lum9\s body w displace ! c5tre ( cle>ness2 "s ( ! facets n illum9at$ w fir/ receive ! light1 & o!rs w rent] into ! %ade2 "s n]v\s t]m9ations w be excit$ anew1 :ile ^? :i* 7 s =m]ly w cease to be4 ,h5ce ! facett$ eyes are n complete visual organs1 b ma9ly organs ( ori5tation4 ,plateau exp]im5t$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,9 a d>k5$ room1 ) two diff]5tly %ap$ b ne>ly equal light-op5+s1 "o squ>e & op51 ! o!r subdivid$ into a numb] ( small holes1 & !re=e ( m difficult egress1 he obs]v$ ! *oices ( op5+ made by insects fly+ f ! o!r end ( ! room4 ,c>eful practical provisions 7 made to elim9ate error2 ! light-int5sity ( ! two op5+s 0 z f> z possible equaliz$ or else not$1 & no trees or o!r ext]nal objects 7 9 view4 ,! room 0 n d>k5$ beyond ! limit at :i* ord9>y type ceases to be readable1 o!rwise ! insects refus$ to fly 7x is well kn[n t dur+ ! passage ( a ?ick cl\d insects usually cease to fly74 ,^! obs]vations 7 made on insects bo? ) or )\t ocelli1 9 addition to ! comp\nd eyes1 & ) ! same results4 ,f repeat$ exp]im5ts on flies1 bees1 etc41 butt]flies & mo?s1 dragon-flies & beetles1 ,plateau concludes t insects ) comp\nd eyes d n notice diff]5ces 9 =m ( op5+s 9 a half-d>k5$ room1 b fly ) equal read9ess to ! app>5tly easy & app>5tly difficult way ( escape2 t !y are attract$ to ! m int5sely light$ op5+1 or to "o ) app>5tly great] surface2 h5ce he concludes t !y _c di/+ui% ! =m ( objects1 at lea/ only to a v slight ext5t1 ?\gh !y readily p]ceive objects 9 motion4 ,"o result ( 8 exp]im5ts is t insects only utilize _! eyes to *oose betwe5 a :ite lum9\s orifice 9 a d>k *amb]1 or ano!r orifice1 or gr\p ( orifices1 equally :ite4 ,!y are guid$ nei!r by odor\s emanations nor by diff]5ces ( color4 ,he ?9ks t bees h z bad sight & act almo/ exactly z flies4 ,f num]\s exp]im5ts on ,odonata1 ,coleopt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a ,plateau arrives provisionally at ! foll[+ conclusions3 #a4 ,diurnal insects h ne$ ( a quick /rong light1 & _c direct _! movem5ts 9 p>tial obscurity4 #b4 ,insects ) comp\nd eyes d n notice diff]5ces ( =m exi/+ betwe5 two light orifices1 & are deceiv$ by an excess ( lum9\s int5sity z well z by ! app>5t excess ( surface4 ,9 %ort1 !y d n di/+ui% ! =m ( objects1 or if !y d1 di/+ui% !m v badly4 ,lubbock1 h[ev]1 does n fully accept ,plateau's exp]im5ts ) ! w9d[s1 & ?9ks !y disc]n ! =m ( bodies bett] ?an ,plateau supposes4 ,h[ f> c insects see8--,x is n[ suppos$ t no insects c p]ceive objects at a great] di/ance ?an ab\t six feet4 ,on an av]age ,lepidopt]a c see ! movem5ts ( r l>ge bodies #a4ej met]s1 b ,hym5opt]a only #eh cm41 & ,dipt]a #fh cm42 :ile ! firefly 7,lampyris7 c see tol]ably well ! =m ( l>ge objects at a di/ance ( ov] two met]s4 ,until fur!r exp]im5ts are made1 x seems probable1 !n1 t few if any insects h acute sight1 t !y see objects be/ :5 mov+1 & on ! :ole--except dragon-flies & o!r pr$ace\s1 swiftly fly+ insects1 su* z c]ta9 flies1 wasps1 & bees1 :i* h v l>ge r\nd$ eyes--insects are guid$ ma9ly r by ! s5se ( smell ?an ( sight4 ,relation ( sight to ! color ( eyes4--,x appe>s f ! obs]vations ( ,girs*n] t ^? ,dipt]a ) eyes ( a uni=m color see bett] ?an ^? ) brightly b&$ or spott$ eyes4 ,?us ^? flies 7,asilid1 ,empid1 ,leptid1 ,doli*opid7 ^: pr$ace\s habits requires good or quick sight h uni=mly d>k eyes1 z h also su* flies z live con/antly on ! w+1 i4e41 ! holoptic ,bombyliid1 ,syrphid1 ,pipunculid1 etc41 ^: eyes are also v l>ge4 ,^? flies ^: l>v are p>asitic on o!r animals h eyes ( a uni=m color t !y may readily detect ! mo/ suitable ho/ = _! "y2 su* are ! ,bombyliid1 ,conopid1 ,pipunculid1 & ,ta*9id4 ,c]ta9 flies :i* live 9 ! cle> sunlight1 z _m ,doli*opid1 "s ,bombyliid1 & c]ta9 ,tabanid 7,tabanus1 ,*rysops1 ,hmatopota71 & :i* are (t5 easily caught ) ! h&1 h eyes spott$ or b&$ ) bright or metallic colors4 ,?is is also a sexual trait1 z ! males ( "s horse-flies visit+ fl[]s h eyes ( a s+le color1 ! spots & b&s surviv+ only on ! l[] & h9d] p>ts ( ! eye1 :ile _! voraci\s blood-suck+ females h ! entire eye spott$ or b&$ 7,kolbe74 ,! color-s5se ( insects4--,insects1 z ,sp5gel fir/ sugge/$1 appe> to be able to di/+ui% ! color ( objects4 ,lubbock has exp]im5tally prov$ t bees1 wasps1 & ants h ?is p[]1 blue be+ ! favorite color ( ! honey-bee1 & violet ( ants1 :i* are s5sitive to ultra-violet rays4 ,x is well kn[n t butt]flies w desc5d f a position high 9 ! air1 mi/ak+ :ite bits ( pap] = :ite fl[]s2 :ile1 z we h obs]v$1 :ite butt]flies 7,pi]is7 pref] :ite fl[]s1 & yell[ butt]flies 7,colias7 appe> to alight on yell[ fl[]s 9 pref]5ce to :ite ones4 ,! late ,mr4 ,s4 ,l4 ,elliott once in=m$ u t on a r$ b>n ) :ite trimm+s he obs]v$ t :ite mo?s 7,spilosoma1 ,hyphantria1 & ,acronycta obl9ita7 re/$ on ! :ite p>ts1 :ile on ! d>k]1 r$di% portions sat ,catocal & o!r d>k or r$di% mo?s4 ,gross obs]v$ t h\se-flies w\ld frequ5t a blui% gre5 r+ on ! ceil+ ( 8 *amb]2 b if x 7 cov]$ by :ite pap]1 ! flies w\ld leave ! spot1 ?\gh !y w\ld return z soon z ! pap] r+ 0 remov$ 7,kolbe74 ,we h obs]v$ t h\se-flies pref] gre5 pap] to ! yell[i% wall ( a kit*51 b 7 n attract$ to %eets ( a ,prussian blue pap]1 atta*$ to ! same wall & ceil+4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ! %ape & high colors ( fl[]s attract insects2 b ,plateau has made a numb] ( +5i\s exp]im5ts :i* t5d to disprove ?is view4 ,he us$ 9 8 inve/igations ! dahlia1 ) its c5tral head ( fl[]ets1 :i* contra/ s /rongly ) ! corolla4 ,he f9ds 7#a7 t insects frequ5t fl[]s :i* h n und]gone any mutilation1 b ^: =m & colors are hidd5 by gre5 leaves4 7#b7 ,nei!r ! %ape nor lively colors ( ! c5tral head 7capitulum7 seem to attract !m4 7#c7 ,! gayly color$ p]iph]al fl[]ets ( simple dahlias &1 consequ5tly1 ( ! heads ( o!r composite fl[]s1 d n play ! rle ( signals1 su* z has be5 attribut$ to !m4 7#d7 ,! insects are evid5tly guid$ by ano!r s5se ?an t ( sight1 & ?is s5se is probably t ( smell4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,eyes ,,& ,,vision a4 ,g5]al ,s]res1 ,m>cel de4 ,mmoires sur les yeux composs et les yeux lisses des insectes4 ,montpelli]1 #ahac4 ,mll]1 ,johannes4 ,zur v]glei*5d5 ,physiologie des ,gesi*tss9nes d] ,m5s*5 und d] ,ti]e4 #h ,taf4 ,leipzig1 #ahbf4 ---- ,ueb] die ,aug5 des ,maikf]s4 7,meckel's ,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,phys41 #ahbi1 pp4 #agg-aha2 ,ann4 d4 ,sc4 nat41 #ahbi1 sr4 #a1 xviii1 pp4 #ajh-aab47 ,duj>d91 ,f4 ,sur les yeux simples ou /emmates des animaux articuls4 7,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 #ahdg1 xxv1 pp4 #gaa-gad47 ,gotts*e1 ,c4 ,m4 ,beitrag zur ,anatomie und ,physiologie des ,auges d] ,krebse und ,flieg54 7,mll]'s ,ar*iv fr ,anat4 u4 ,phys41 #aheb1 pp4 #dhc-dib4 ,figs47 ,murray1 ,&rew4 ,on insect vision & bl9d insects4 7,ed9burgh ,new ,phil4 ,j\r41 new s]4 vi1 #aheg1 pp4 #abj-ach47 ,clap>de1 d\>d4 ,zur ,morphologie d] zusamm5gesetzt5 ,aug5 bei d5 ,ar?ropod54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s*4 ,zool41 #ahei1 x1 pp4 #aia-bad1 #c ,taf47 ,dor1 ,h4 ,de la vision *ez les ,ar?ropodes4 7,ar*ives ,sci4 ,phys1 et ,nat41 #ahfa1 xii1 p4 #bb1 #a ,pl47 ,l&ois1 ,h4 ,die ,raup5aug5 7,ocelli compositi mihi74 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s*4 ,zool41 xvi1 #ahff1 pp4 #bg-dd1 #a ,taf47 ---- und ,w4 ,!l54 ,zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] fasetti]t5 ,aug5 von ,t5ebrio molitor ,l4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s*4 ,zool41 xvii1 #ahfg1 pp4 #cd-dc1 #a ,taf47 ,s*ultze1 ,max4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die zusamm5gesetzt5 ,aug5 d] ,krebs5 und ,insect54 ,bonn1 #ahfh4 ,s*midt1 ,osc>4 ,die ,=m d] ,kry/allkegel 9 ,ar?ropod5auge4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s*4 ,zool41 xxx1 ,suppl41 #ahgh1 pp4 #a-ab1 #a ,taf47 ,gr5a*]1 ,h4 ,unt]su*ung5 ueb] das ,sehorgan d] ,ar?ropod51 insbesond]e ,sp9n51 ,insect5 und ,cru/ace54 7,gtt+51 #ahgi1 #d1 pp4 #a-ahh1 #aa ,taf47 ,rei*5ba*1 ,h4 ,wie die ,insekt5 seh54 ,fig4 7,daheim1 xvi ,jahrg41 #ahhj1 pp4 #bhd-bhf47 ,poletajew1 ,n4 ,ueb] die ,ozell5 und ihr ,sehv]mg5 bei d5 ,phryganid54 7,hor ,soc4 ,ent4 ,ross41 #ahhd1 xviii1 p4 #bc1 #a ,taf4 ,9 ,russian47 ,hickson1 ,s4 ,j4 ,! eye & optic tract ( insects4 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,micr4 ,sc41 s]4 #b1 xxv1 #ahhe1 pp4 #bae-bba1 #c ,pls47 ,not?aft1 ,jul4 ,ueb] die ,gesi*tswahrnehmung5 v]mittel/ des ,fazett5auges4 7,abh&l4 ,s5ck5b]g4 naturf4 ,ges41 xii41 #ahhj1 pp4 #ce-abd1 #e ,taf47 ---- ,die physiologis*e ,b$eutung des fazetti]t5 ,insekt5auges4 7,kosmos1 #ahhf1 xviii1 pp4 #ddb-dej1 ,fig47 ,m>k1 ,e4 ,l4 ,simple eyes 9 ar?ropods4 7,bull4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool41 #ahhg1 xiii1 pp4 #di-aje1 #e ,pls47 ,girs*n]1 ,e4 ,e9iges b] die ,frbung d] ,dipt]5aug54 7,b]l94 ,ent4 ,zeits*r41 #ahhh1 xxxi1 pp4 #aee-afb1 #a ,taf47 ,grab]1 ,v4 ,das unicorneale ,tra*eat5auge4 7,ar*iv f4 ,mikroskop4 ,anat41 xvii1 #ahgi1 pp4 #eh-ic1 #c ,taf42 ,na*trag1 p4 #id47 ---- ,fundam5talv]su*e b] die ,helligkeits- und ,f>b5empf9dli*keit aug5los] und gebl5det] ,ti]e4 7,sitzgs4-,b]4 ,akad4 ,wiss5s*41 ,wi51 #ahhc1 lxxxvii1 pp4 #bja-bcf47 ,dahl1 ,fr4 ,die ,insekt5 knn5 ,=m5 unt]s*eid54 7,zool4 ,anz41 xii1 #ahhi1 pp4 #bdc-bdg47 ,ciaccio1 ,g4 ,v4 ,figure di*i>ative della m9uta fabbrica degli oc*i de' ,ditt]i4 ,bologna1 #ahhd1 #ab ,taf41 #cj pp4 ---- ,della m9uta fabbrica degli oc*i de' ,ditt]i4 7,mem4 ,accad4 ,bologna1 #ahhf1 s]4 #d1 vi1 pp4 #fje-ffj47 ---- ,sur la =me et la /ructure des facettes de la corne et sur les milieux refr+5ts des yeux composs des ,muscids4 7,j\rn4 ,micr41 ,p>is1 #ahhi1 xiii ,anne1 pp4 #hj-hd47 ,c>rire1 ,j4 ,on ! eyes ( "s inv]tebrata4 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,micr4 ,sc4 #ahhd1 s]4 #b1 xxiv1 pp4 #fgc-fha1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,ueb] die ,arbeit5 von ,viallanes1 ,ciaccio und ,hickson4 7,biolog4 ,c5tralblatt1 v1 #ahhe1 pp4 #ehi-eig47 ---- ,die ,sehorgane d] ,ti]e v]glei*5d anatomis* d>ge/ellt4 ,mn*5 u4 ,leipzig1 #ahhe1 #bje pp41 #adg ,figs41 #a ,taf4 ---- ,kurze ,mitteilung5 aus =tgesetzt5 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,sehorgane4 7,zool4 ,anz41 ix ,j>hg41 #ahhf1 pp4 #ada-adg1 #dgi-dha1 #dif-ejj47 ,=el1 ,a4 ,les f\rmis de la ,suisse4 7,neue ,d5ks*rift5 d] s*weiz4 natur=s*4 ,gesells*4 xxvi4 #ahgd1 pp4 #dhj1 #b ,pls47 ,sep>ate4 pp4 iv u4 #deg4 ,g5ve4 ---- ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis d] ,s9nesempf9dung5 d] ,insekt54 7,mitteil4 d4 ,mn*5] ,ent4 ,v]e9s1 ii ,jahrg41 #ahgh1 pp4 #a-ba47 ---- ,s5sations des insectes4 7,recueil ,zool4 ,suisse1 iv1 #ahhf et #ahhg47 ,plateau1 ,f4 ,l'in/9ct *ez les insectes mis en dfaut p> les fleurs artificielles8 7,assoc4 franaise avancem5t des sci5ces4 ,congrs de ,cl]mont4 ,f]r&1 #ahgf47 ,plateau1 ,f4 ,re*]*es exprim5tales sur la vision *ez les insectes4 ,les insectes di/+u5t-ils la =me des objets8 7,bull4 ,acad4 ,belg4 #c ,sr4 x1 #ahhe1 pp4 #bca-bej47 ---- ,re*]*es exprim5tales sur la vision *ez les insectes4 #a4 ,"p1 a4 ,rsum des travaux effectus jusqu'en #ahhg sur la /ructure et le fonctionnem5t des yeux simples4 b4 ,vision *ez les ,myriapodes4 7,ibid4 ,sr4 #c1 xiv1 #ahhg1 pp4 #djg-ddh1 #a ,pl47 #c4 ,"p1 a4 ,vision *ez les *5illes1 b4 ,rle des ocelles frontaux *ez les insectes p>faits4 7,ibid4 ,sr4 #c1 xv1 #ahhh1 pp4 #bh-ia47 #d4 ,"p4 ,vision l'aide des yeux composs4 a4 ,rsum anatomo-physiologique4 b4 ,expri5ces comp>atives sur les insectes et sur les v]tbrs4 7,mm4 c\r4 et autres ,mm4 ,acad4 ,belg4 #ahhh1 xliii1 pp4 #a-ia1 #b ,pls47 #e4 ,"p1 a4 ,p]ception des m\vem5ts *ez les insectes4 b4 ,addition aux re*]*es sur le vol des insectes av5gls4 c4 ,rsum gnral4 7,bull4 ,acad4 ,belg4 #ahhh1 sr4 #c1 xvi1 pp4 #cie-deg1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,re*]*es exprim5tales sur la vision *ez les ,ar?ropodes1 #b ,pls4 7,mm4 c\ronn4 et autres ,mm4 publ4 p4 l',acad4 ,roy4 d4 ,sci5ces1 etc41 de ,belgique1 xliii1 ,bruxelles1 #ahhi47 ,watase1 ,s4 ,on ! morphology ( ! comp\nd eyes 9 ! ,ar?ropoda4 7,/udies f biol4 laborat4 ,johns-,hopk9s ,univ41 #ahij1 pp4 #bhg-ccd1 #d ,pls47 ,/efan[ska1 ,m4 ,la disposition hi/ologique du pigm5t dans les yeux des ,ar?ropodes4 7,recueil ,zool4 ,suisse1 #ahij1 pp4 #aea-bjj1 #b ,pls47 ,pankra?1 ,o4 ,das ,auge d] ,raup5 und ,phryganid5 l>v54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s*4 ,zool41 #ahij1 xlix1 pp4 #fij-gjh1 #b ,taf47 ,l[ne1 ,b4 ,?4 ,on ! modifications ( ! simple & comp\nd eyes ( insects4 7,philos4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,london1 clxix1 #ahgh1 pp4 #egg-fjb1 #c ,pls47 ---- ,on ! /ructure & functions ( ! eyes ( ,ar?ropoda4 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,london1 #ahhc1 xxxv1 pp4 #adj-ade47 ---- ,on ! comp\nd vision & ! morphology ( ! eye 9 insects4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 ,london1 #ahhd1 ii1 pp4 #chi-dbj1 #d ,pls47 ---- ,on ! /ructure ( ! ret9a ( ! bl[-fly 7,calliphora ery?rocephala74 7,j\r4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 ,london1 #ahij1 xx1 pp4 #djf-dag1 #a ,pl47 ,patt51 ,w4 ,eyes ( molluscs & ar?ropods4 7,j\rnal ( ,morphol41 ,bo/on1 #ahhg1 i1 pp4 #fg-ib1 #a ,pl42 ,mitteil4 ,zool4 ,/at4 ,neapel1 vi1 #ahhf1 pp4 #edb-gef1 #e ,taf47 ---- ,/udies on ! eyes ( ar?ropods4--#a4 ,developm5t ( ! eyes ( ,vespa1 ) obs]vations on ! ocelli ( "s insects4 7,ibid41 pp4 #aic-bbf1 #a ,pl47--#b4 ,eyes ( ,acilius4 7,ibid41 #ahhh1 ii41 pp4 #aij-ig1 #g ,pls47 ---- ,on ! eyes ( molluscs & ar?ropods4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhg1 x ,jahrg41 pp4 #bef-bfa47 ---- ,is ! ommatidium a hair-be>+ s5se-bud8 7,anatom4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 v1 pp4 #cec-cei1 #d ,figs47 ,exn]1 ,s4 ,ueb] das ,seh5 von ,bewegung5 und die ,!orie des zusamm5gesetzt5 ,auges4 7,sitzgsb]4 d4 ma?4 naturwiss4 ,cl4 kais4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s4 ,wi51 lxxii ,jahrg41 #ahge1 #c ,abt4 ,physiologie1 pp4 #aef-aij1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,die ,frage von d] ,funktionsweise d] ,fazett5auges4 7,biolog4 ,c5tralblatt1 i1 #ahha1 pp4 #bgb-bha47 ---- ,das ,netzhautbild des ,insekt5auges4 7,sitzgsb]4 kais4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,wi51 #ahhi1 xcviii1 #c ,abt41 pp4 #ac-fe1 #b ,taf4 u4 #g ,figs47 ---- ,dur* ,li*t b$+te ,v]s*iebung5 des ,pigm5tes im ,insekt5auge und d]5 physiologis*e ,b$eutung4 7,ibid41 pp4 #adc-aea1 #a ,taf47 ,exn]1 ,s4 ,die ,physiologie d] fazetti]t5 ,aug5 von ,krebs5 und ,insekt51 #g ,taf41 #a1 ,li*tdruck u4 #bc ,holzs*n4 pp4 #bjf4 ,wi51 ,f4 ,deuticke1 #ahia4 ,lubbock1 ,john4 ,on ! s5ses1 in/9cts1 & intellig5ce ( animals1 ) special ref]5ce to insects4 ,london1 #ahhh1 pp4 #bib4 ,mallock1 ,a4 ,insect sight & ! def9+ p[] ( composite eyes4 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,london1 #ahid1 lv1 pp4 #he-ij1 #c ,figs47 b4 ,! color-s5se ,nussli1 ,j4 ,ueb] d5 ,f>b5s9n d] ,bi554 7,s*weiz4 ,bi55zeitung1 ,n4 ,f41 ii ,jahrg41 #ahgi1 pp4 #bch-bdj47 ,kram]4 ,d] ,f>b5s9n d] ,bi554 7,ibid41 iii ,jahrg41 #ahhj1 pp4 #agi-aih47 ,gross1 ,wilhelm4 ,ueb] d5 ,f>b5s9n d] ,ti]e1 insbesond]e d] ,insekt54 7,isis v4 ,russ41 v ,jahrg41 #ahhj1 pp4 #bib-bid1 #cjj-cjb1 #cjh-cji47 ,lubbock1 ,john4 ,ants1 bees1 & wasps4 ,london1 #ahhb1 pp4 #ddh4 ,also ,on ! s5ses1 etc41 ( animals1 #ahhi4 ,grab]1 ,vitus4 ,grundl9i5 zur ,er=s*ung des ,helligkeits und ,f>b5s9nes d] ,ti]e4 ,prag u4 ,leipzig1 #ahhd1 pp4 #cbb4 7,see also p4 #bfb47 ,=el1 ,augu/e4 ,les ,f\rmis p]ois5t-elles l'ultra-violet avec leurs yeux ou avec leur peau8 7,ar*4 ,sci4 ,phys4 ,nat4 ,g5ve1 #ahhf1 #c sr41 xvi1 pp4 #cdf-cej47 ,also ! works ( ,d>w91 ,wallace1 ,f4 ,mll]1 ,grant ,all5's ,! ,color ,s5se 7#ahgi71 ,b$d>d's ,animal ,coloration1 etc4 b4 ,! organs ( smell ,! seat ( ! organs ( smell is ma9ly 9 ! ant5n1 & !y may be reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal olfactory organs4 ,= our pres5t k ( ! anatomy & physiology ( ! olfactory organs ( insects we are ma9ly indebt$ to ! rec5t inve/igations ( ,haus] & ( ,kraepel94 ,! foll[+ hi/orical & critical rem>ks are translat$ f ,kraepel9's able treatise3 ,hi/orical sket* ( our k ( ! organs ( smell4--,9 ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury began ! inquiries z to ! seat ( ! s5se ( smell 9 ! ar?ropods4 ,?us ,raumur1 9 8 ,mmoires 7i1 p4 #bhc2 ii1 #bbd71 express$ ! view t 9 ! ant5n 0 situat$ a special organ :i* might be an organ ( smell4 ,less]1 ,roesel1 ,lyonet1 ,bonnet1 & o!rs express$ ! same op9ion4 ,be=e ?is ,sulz] sugge/$ t an 8unkn[n s5se0 might exi/ 9 ! ant5n2 o!rs reg>d$ ! /igmata z organs ( smell1 z ^! 7 consid]$ ! natural passages = ! olfactory curr5ts4 ,dumril1 9 two special treatises z well z 9 8 ,considrations gnrales1 s\ght to prove ! !ory z to ! seat ( ! organs ( smell 9 ! /igmata4 ,aga9/ bo? ( ^! lead+ views z to ! seat ( ! s5se ( smell 7 express$1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 diff]5t op9ions4 ,?us ,comp>etti ?\ght t ! s5se ( smell might be localiz$ 9 v diff]5t po9ts ( ! head1 9 ! ant5nal club ( lamellicorns1 9 ! suck+-tube ( ,lepidopt]a1 9 special frontal holes ( flies & ,or?opt]a1 etc41 :ile ,bonsdorf consid]$ ! palpi z organs ( smell4 ,?us f\r diff]5t views1 confus$1 7 held at ! op5+ ( ?is c5tury2 ! ,hamburg zologi/1 ,m4 ,c4 ,s4 ,lehrman1 9 ?ree diff]5t treatises1 br\ght toge!r all ! hi!rto kn[n obs]vations & argum5ts1 treat$ !m critically1 & complet$ !m by 8 own ext5d$ /udies4 ,lehrman adopt$ ! op9ions ( ,reim>us1 ,ba/]1 ,dumril1 & ,s*elv]1 t ! /igmata pres5t$ ! mo/ conv5i5t place = ! site ( ! organs ( smell4 ,cuvi] foll[$ ?r\gh\t ! lead ( ,lehrman1 b ,latreille return$ to ! view ( ! p]ception ( smell by ! ant5n1 :ile ,treviranus consid]$ ! m\? ( ar?ropods z ! probable site ( ! s5se ( smell1 an op9ion :i*1 be=e 8 "t1 ,hub]1 9 8 exp]im5ts on bees1 _h ?\ght to be correct4 ,m>cel de ,s]res 7#ahaa7 return$ aga9 to ! palpi1 & ass]t$--at lea/ 9 ! ,or?opt]a--_! functions to be olfactory1 :ile ,bla9ville1 t5 ye>s lat]1 aga9 express$ anew ! old op9ion t ! ant5n1 or at lea/ _! t]m9ations1 7 organs ( smell4 ,up to t date !re 0 an unc]ta9ty z to ! seat ( ! organs bo? ( smell & he>+4 ,fabricius1 inde$1 _h already1 9 #aghc1 ?\ght he _h f\nd an organ ( he>+ at ! base ( ! out] ant5na4 ,9 #ahbf ,j4 ,mll] m5tion$ an already well-kn[n organ 9 ! abdom5 ( crickets z an organ ( he>+4 ,mll]1 h[ev]1 0 d\btful1 f ! fact t ! n]ve pass+ to ?is organ arose1 n f ! bra91 b f ! ?ird ?oracic ganglion2 b1 not)/&+1 he rem>ks3 8,p]haps we h n f\nd ! organ ( he>+ 9 insects because we s\ght = x 9 ! head40 ,?is discov]y 0 aft]w>ds consid]ably broad5$ & ext5d$ by ,siebold's "w1 = ! views ( ^! naturali/s on ! seat ( bo? organs _h a def9ite influ5ce1 especially 9 ,g]many4 ,= a:ile1 inde$1 ,mll]'s hypo!sis /ood 9 complete contradiction1 s t dur+ ! foll[+ dec5nial 0 pres5t$ anew ! picture ( oppos+ obs]vations & op9ions z to ! nature ( ! organs ( smell4 ,:ile ,rob9eau-,desvoidy1 at ! end ( ! tw5tie? ye>1 & also lat]1 9 diff]5t writ+s1 /rove en]getically = ! olfactory nature ( ! ant5n1 ,/raus-,drckheim held fa/ to ! view t ! tra*e possess$ ! function "u discussion4 ,at ! same p]iod ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 9 _! valuable ,introduction to ,entomology1 ma9ta9$ t 8two :ite cu%ions on ! "u side ( ! upp] lip0 9 ! m\? ( bit+ insects =m$ a nose or 8rh9>ium0 peculi> to insects4 ,?is op9ion 0 aft]w>ds adopt$ by ,lacordaire 7,introduction ,entomologie71 & also by ,ok5 9 8 ,lehrbu* d] ,naturphilosophie1 :ile ,burmei/]1 reject+ all ! views previ\sly held1 believ$ t insects might p]haps smell 8) ! inn] upp] surface ( ! sk940 ,mll]'s locu/'s e> he reg>d$ z a vocal organ4 ,besides ^! occasional expressions ( op9ion1 ! ,fr5* lit]ature ( ! ?irtie? & =tie? ye>s ( ?is c5tury record$ a long s]ies ( special works1 ) weighty exp]im5tal & physiological cont5ts1 on ?is subject4 ,?us ,lefebre1 9 #ahch1 describ$ ! exp]im5ts :i* he made on bees1 & :i* seem$ to assign ! seat ( ! s5se ( smell to ! ant5n4 ,dugs report$ simil> rese>*es on ! ,scolop5dr1 & ,pi]ret ?\ght t ! great developm5t ( ! ant5n 9 ! male ,bombycid might be simil>ly int]pret$4 ,dries* s\ght to give curr5cy to ! views ( ,bonsdorf1 ,lam>ck1 & ,m>cel de ,s]res1 t ! s5se ( smell 0 localiz$ 9 ! palpi1 ?\gh ,dupon*el w5t back to ! old ass]tion ( roscepsis ( ,lehrman1 i4e4 ( ! air-te/ ?r\gh ! ant5n1 & ,g\reau aga9 ref]r$ ! seat ( ! s5se ( smell to ! m\?4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,newport at ?is p]iod put =? a "w 9 :i* he consid]$ ! ant5n z organs ( t\* & he>+1 & ! palpi z organs ( smell--a view :i*1 z reg>ds ! ant5n1 0 oppos$ by ,newman4 ,?us ! cont5tion z to ! use ( ! ant5n & ! seat ( ! organs ( smell & he>+ fluctuat$ f "o side to ! o!r1 & :5 9 #ahdd ,k/]1 by reason ( 8 exp]im5ts on num]\s insects1 aga9 claim$ t 8! ant5n are ! smell+ organs ( insects10 he argu$ on a sci5tific basis2 yet v4 ,siebold & ,/annius 7#ahdh71 9 _! valuable ,lehrbu* d] v]glei*5d5 ,anatomie 7p4 #eha71 rem>k$ t 8organs ( smell h n yet ) c]ta9ty be5 discov]$ 9 ^! animals40 ,! foll[+ dec5nial 0 ( m>k$ importance 9 ! judgm5t ( _m disput$ que/ions4 ,almo/ contemporane\sly ) ,siebold & ,/annius' ,lehrbu* appe>$ an opportune treatise by ,eri*son1 9 :i* ?is naturali/ fir/ br\ght =w>d c]ta9 anatomical data z to ! /ructure ( ! ant5n ( insects4 ,9 a great numb] ( insects ,eri*son describ$ on ! upp] surface ( ! ant5n peculi> m9ute pits1 8pori10 :i*1 accord+ to him1 7 cov]$ by a ?9 membrane1 & to :i* he ascrib$ ! p]ception ( smell4 ,a /ill m ?or\gh "w on ?is subject 0 publi%$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> by ,burmei/]1 :o recogniz$ 9 ! pits ( lamellicorns _m small tub]cles & hairs2 & ab\t ! same "t ,slat]1 z also ,pi]ret & ,eri*son be=e him _h done1 out ( ! diff]5ces ( ! ant5nal developm5t 9 ! males & females 9 fle% & plant-eat+ insects1 br\ght toge!r ! pro( ( ! olfactory function ( ! ant5n4 ,b ! mo/ valuable "w ( ?is p]iod is t ( ,p]ris1 :o1 aft] a review ( previ\s op9ions1 by exact obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 a model ( _! k9d1 s\ght to discov] ! seat ( ! s5se ( smell4 ,he comes to ! conclusion t ! ant5n1 & p]haps also ! palpi1 may claim ?is s5se1 & f9ds full confirmation ( ,duf\r's views1 & adopts z new ! physiological possibility express$ by ,hill & ,bonnet1 t ! ant5n might be ! seat ( bo? s5ses--^? ( smell & he>+4 ,! beautiful works ( ,eri*son1 ,burmei/]1 & ,p]ris c\ld n rema9 long unnotic$4 ,9 #aheg ,hicks publi%$ complete rese>*es on ! peculi> n]ve-end+s :i* he _h f\nd 9 ! ant5n1 also 9 ! halt]es ( flies & ! w+s ( all ! o!r gr\ps ( insects1 & :i* he judg$ to be = ! p]ception ( smell4 ,b ,eri*son's & ,burmei/]'s 8pori0 7 by ,lesps1 9 #aheh1 expla9$ to be s _m auditory vesicles ) otoli?s4 ,?is view 0 refut$ by ,clap>de & ,claus )\t _! decid+ on any def9ite s5se4 ,leydig fir/ made a decid$ /ep 9 advance4 ,9 diff]5t writ+s ?is naturali/ _h busi$ himself ) ! integum5tal /ructures ( ar?ropods1 & decl>$ ,eri*son's view z to ! olfactory nature ( ! ant5nal pits z ! true/1 be=e he1 9 8 c>eful "w on ! olfactory & auditory organs ( crabs & insects1 _h giv5 excell5t repres5tations ( ! num]\s anatomical details :i* he _h select$ f 8 ext5sive rese>*es 9 all gr\ps ( ar?ropods4 ,besides ! pits :i* 7 f\nd to exi/ 9 ,cru/acea1 ,scolop5dr1 beetles1 ,hym5opt]a1 ,dipt]a1 ,or?opt]a1 ,neuropt]a1 & ,hemipt]a1 & :i* _h only ?us f> be5 reg>d$ z s5se-organs1 ,leydig fir/ calls att5tion to ! widely di/ribut$ pegs & tee?1 also consid]+ !m z s5se-organs4 8,olfactory tee?10 occurr+ z pale rods1 p]=at$ at ! end1 on ! surface ( ! ant5n ( ,cru/acea1 ,myriopoda1 ,hym5opt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,coleopt]a1 are easily di/+ui%$1 & besides ! 8olfactory pegs0 ( ! palpi1 may be claim$ z organs ( smell4 ,! n]ve-end app>atus fir/ discov]$ by ,hicks 9 ! halt]es & w+s1 ,leydig ?9ks %\ld be rank$ z organs ( he>+4 ,!re 0 /ill "s opposition to ,leydig's op9ion t 9 ! insects ! s5se ( smell is localiz$ 9 ! ant5n 7tee? & pits71 & "h ! "w ( ,h5s5 might be m5tion$1 :i* 9 #ahfj _h a decid$ influ5ce ^u ! conclusion ( "s inquiries4 ,?us ,l&ois d5i$ t ! ant5n _h ! s5se ( smell1 & decl>$ t ! pits 9 ! ant5n ( ! /ag beetle 7 auditory organs4 ,s1 also1 ,paas* reject$ ,leydig's conclusion1 :ile he s\ght to aga9 re9/ate ! old op9ion ( ,ros5?al z to ! olfactory nature ( ! frontal cavity ( ! ,dipt]a4 ,9 spite ( ! exact obs]vations & int]e/+ anatomical discov]ies ( ,=el 9 ants1 made 9 #ahgd1 !re appe>$ ! great "w ( ,wolff on ! olfactory organs ( bees1 9 :i* ?is obs]v]1 ) mu* skill & acut5ess1 s\ght to give a basis = ! hypo!sis ( ,kirby & ,sp5ce t ! seat ( ! s5se ( smell lay 9 ! s(t palat9e sk9 ( ! labrum )9 ! m\? 7i4e4 ! epiph>ynx74 ,joseph1 two ye>s lat]1 drew att5tion to ! /igmata z olfactory organs1 ref]r+ to ! olfactory girdle1 & ,=el s\ght by an occasional criticism ( ,wolff's conclusions to prove exp]im5tally ! olfactory function ( ! ant5na2 b ,grab]1 9 8 widely read book on insects1 def5d$ ! ,wolffian 8nose0 9 ! mo/ det]m9$ way1 & d5i$ to ! ant5n _! s (t5 indicat$ faculty ( smell4 ,9 #ahgi ,b]t ?\ght he _h obs]v$ 9 ! ant5na ( ! flea a di/9ct auditory organ1 & ,lubbock consid]$ ! organs ( ,=el 9 ! ant5n ( ants z a 8microscopic /e?oscope40 ,9 #ahgi ,grab] describ$ a new otocy/-l s5se-organ 9 ! ant5n ( flies1 :i* 0 accompani$ by a complete li/ ( all ! conceivable =ms ( auditory organs 9 ar?ropods4 ,9 ?is "w ,grab] describ$ 9 ,musca & o!r ,dipt]a clos$ otocy/s ) otoli?s & auditory hairs1 z ,lesps _h previ\sly done4 ,b ,paul ,may]1 9 two essays1 refut$ ?is view 9 a criticism ( ! op9ion ( ,b]t1 ref]r+ ! 8otocy/s ) otoli?s0 to ! well-kn[n ant5nal pits into :i* tra*e might pass4 ,may] did n decide on ! function ( ! hairs :i* ext5d to ! bottom ( ! pits2 :ile 9 ! mo/ rec5t rese>*1 t ( ,haus]1 ! au?or aga9 en]getically cont5d$ = ! olfactory function ( ! ant5n4 ,bo? ?r\gh physiological exp]im5ts & detail$ anatomical inve/igations ,haus] s\ght to prove 8 hypo!sis1 z ,pi]rot1 ,eri*son1 ,slat]1 & o!rs _h done be=e him1 besides work+ f an evolutional po9t ( view4 ,9 a purely anatomical aspect1 especially prom95t are 8 discov]y ( ! s+ul>ly =m$ n]ve-rods 9 ! pits & peg-l tee? ( ! ,hym5opt]a & _! developm5t1 z well z ! ass]tion t num]\s hairs 9 ! pits describ$ by ,leydig1 ,mey]1 etc41 %\ld be consid]$ z direct t]m9ations ( n]v\s fibres pass+ into ! pits4 ,9 ! pits he f>!r1 ) ,eri*son1 notices a s]\s fluid1 :i* may s]ve z a m$ium = ! p]ception ( smells4 ,among ! late/ articles on ?is subject are ^? ( ,knckel & ,gazagnaire1 :i* are entirely anatomical1 :ile ! late/ treatise ( ,grab] on ! organs ( he>+ 9 insects opposes ,hicks's !ory ( ! olfactory function ( ! n]ve-end app>atus 9 ! halt]es1 w+s1 etc41 & argues = ! auditory nature ( ^! /ructures4 ,f9ally1 accord+ to ,voges1 ! s5se ( smell is n localiz$1 b spread ov] ! :ole body4 ,my own obs]vations on diff]5t gr\ps ( insects agree1 9 g5]al1 ) ^? ( ,p]ris1 ,=el1 & ,haus]1 )\t be+ 9 a position to confirm or d5y ! v>y+ relations ( ! ,hemipt]a4 ,t irritat+ odor\s sub/ances 7*lor(orm1 acetic acid7 cause ! limbs to move 9 sympa?y ) ! /imulus1 ,i h se5 sev]al times 9 ,acan?osoma2 /ill x may be a gu/atory r ?an olfactory /imulus4 ,turn+ n[ f speculation & simple obs]vation to exact anatomical & hi/ological data1 ! n]ve-end app>atus seems to h a di/9ct ref]5ce to ! p]ception ( odors4 ,x comprises a /ructure compos$ ( n]v\s sub/ances :i* are enclos$ 9 a *it9\s tube1 & ei!r only /& 9 relation to ! surr\nd+ bodies by ! p]=at$ po9t1 or pass to ! surface z free n]ve-fibrill4 ,9 insects !re is a rem>kable & fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 ! /ructures ( ! p>ts suppos$ to be ! organs ( smell4 ,eri*son 0 acqua9t$ only ) ! 8pori0 cov]$ by a ?9 membrane2 b ,burmei/]1 9 8 c>eful "w on ! ant5n ( ! lamellicorns1 di/+ui%$ pits at ! bottom ( :i* hairs rise f a cup-l tub]cle1 f ^? :i* 7 free f hairs4 ,leydig aft]w>ds 0 ! fir/ to reg>d z olfactory organs ! s-call$ pegs 7kegel71 a %ort1 ?ick1 hair-l /ructure di/9ctly p]=at$ at ! tip1 :i* _h already1 by ,lesps 9 ,c]copis1 etc41 be5 describ$ z a k9d ( tactile papilla4 ,o!r v peculi> olfactory organs ( diff]5t =m1 ,=el 7,f\rmis de la ,suisse7 discov]$ 9 ! ant5n ( ants1 :i* ,lubbock incorrectly associat$ ) ! n]ve-end app>atus f\nd by ,hicks 9 o!r insects4 ,z ! f9al result ( 8 rese>*es ,kraepel9 /ates t ! great v>iety ( ant5nal /ructures previ\sly describ$ may be ref]r$ to a s+le common fundam5tal type ( a m or less develop$ free or sunk5 hair-l body :i* /&s 9 connection by means ( a wide pore-canal ) a _m-nucleat$ ganglion-cell4 ,! latt] s5ds only a relatively sl5d] n]ve-fibre 7axial cord7 ?r\gh ! pore-canal into ! hair2 b ! same is enclos$ by epi!lial cells :i* surr\nd ! pore-canal4 ,haus]'s rese>*es on ! organs ( smell 9 insects 7 s c>efully made & conclusive t our read]s w1 we feel sure1 be glad to h laid be=e !m 9 detail ! facts :i* prove s satisfactorily t ! ant5n ( mo/ insects are olfactory r ?an auditory 9 _! functions4 ,physiological exp]im5ts4--,fir/ ( all "o %\ld obs]ve z exactly z possible ! normal animal 9 its relation to c]ta9 odor\s sub/ances1 ^: fumes possess no corrosive p[] or peculi>ities int]f]+ ) respiration2 !n remove ! ant5n & try aft] sev]al days to asc]ta9 :at *anges h tak5 place 9 ! relation ( ! animal to ! sub/ance4 ,9 ord] to come to no false results x is (t5 necess>y to let ! insects op]at$ ^u re/ "o or two days1 = imm$iately aft] ! op]ation !y are g5]ally s re/less t a c>eful exp]im5t is impossible4 ,! extirpation ( ! ant5n is borne by diff]5t insects 9 diff]5t ways2 _m be> x v easily1 & c live = mon?s aft] ! op]ation1 :ile o!rs die 9 ! c\rse ( a few days aft] ! loss ( ^! app5dages4 ,! animals seem to be lea/ injur$ if ! op]ation is p]=m$ at a "t :5 !y are hib]nat+4 ,pyrrhocoris apt]us1 & _m o!r insects1 af=d$ a v /rik+ pro( ( ?is relation4 ,exp]im5ts made by plac+ ! ant5n 9 liquid p>aff9e s z to cov] !m ) a lay] ( p>aff9e1 ?us exclud+ ! air1 gave ! same result z if ! ant5n _h be5 remov$4 ,! exp]im5ts may be divid$1 accord+ to _! object1 into ?ree gr\ps4 ,exp]im5ts ( ! fir/ k9d 7 made on insects 9 _! relation to /rong-smell+ sub/ances1 z turp5t9e1 c>bolic acid1 etc41 be=e & aft] extirpation ( ! ant5n4 ,! second gr\p embraces exp]im5ts on ! relation ( animals z reg>ds _! se>* = food2 & f9ally ! ?ird gr\p embraces exp]im5ts on ! relation ( ! sexes relative to reproduction be=e & aft] ! extirpation ( ! ant5n4 ,relation ( insects to smell+ sub/ances be=e & aft] ! loss ( _! ant5n4--,tak+ a glass rod dipp$ 9 c>bolic acid & hold+ x )9 #aj cm4 ( ,philon?us neus1 f\nd "u /ones at ! end ( ,febru>y1 x 0 se5 to raise its head1 turn x 9 diff]5t directions1 & to make lively movem5ts ) its ant5n4 ,b sc>cely _h ,haus] plac$ ! rod close to x :5 x />t$ back z if fright5$1 made a sudd5 turn1 & ru%$1 extremely di/urb$1 9 ! opposite direction4 ,:5 he remov$ ! glass rod1 ! creature busi$ itself = "s "t ) its ant5n1 :ile x drew !m1 ) ! aid ( its =e limbs1 ?r\gh its m\?1 al?\gh !y _h n come into direct contact ) ! c>bolic acid4 ,!re 0 ! same reaction aga9/ oil ( turp5t9e1 & x 0 /ill m viol5t aga9/ acetic acid4 ,aft] hav+ _m times c>efully te/$ ! relations ( ! normal animal to ! sub/ances m5tion$1 ! ant5n 7 remov$ f ! socket-cavity4 ,on ! second day aft] ,haus] exp]im5t$ ) ! insects1 !y exhibit$ no reaction ei!r aga9/ ! c>bolic acid1 ! oil ( turp5t9e1 or ev5 aga9/ ! acetic acid1 al?\gh he held ! glass rod :i* _h be5 dipp$ into x = "o or two m9utes be=e & ov] ! head4 ,! creatures rema9$ completely quiet & immovable1 at ! mo/ slightly mov+ ! palpi4 ,!y %[$ o!rwise no *ange 9 _! mode ( life & _! demeanor2 !y ate ) great eag]ness fle% :i* _h be5 plac$ be=e !m1 or dead insects1 & "s 7 z active z usual z late z ,may4 ,^! beetles _h1 z prov$ by ! exp]im5ts1 lo/ ! s5se ( smell alone2 h[ f> ! s5se ( t\* 0 lo/ ,haus] c\ld n exp]im5tally decide4 ,! same results foll[$ exp]im5ts ) species ( ! g5us ,pt9us1 ,t5ebrio1 ,i*neumon1 ,=mica1 ,vespa1 ,t5?r$o1 ,saturnia1 ,vanessa1 & ,sm]9?us2 also _m species ( ,dipt]a & ,or?opt]a1 besides ,julus & ,li?obius1 :ile _m l>v react$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,less satisfactory 7 ! exp]im5ts ) ,c>abus1 ,melolon?a1 & ,silpha2 !re is no d\bt t ! species ( ^! g5]a1 ?r\gh ! extirpation ( _! ant5n1 become m or less injur$ z to ! acut5ess ( _! p[]s ( smell+2 b !y nev] %[ !mselves :olly unable to p]ceive /rong-smell+ sub/ances4 ,! allurem5t ( ! sub/ance acts = a long] "t on ^? depriv$ ( _! ant5n1 !n !y become re/less1 !n !y w&] away f ! glass tube held be=e !m2 /ill all _! movem5ts are b slightly en]getic1 & ! entire reaction is indet]m9ate & enfeebl$4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,hemipt]a gave /ill m unfavorable results2 aft] ! loss ( _! ant5n !y react$ to smells z eag]ly z ^? did :i* 7 un9jur$4 ,exp]im5ts on ! use ( ! ant5n 9 seek+ = food4--,"u ?is head exp]im5ts 7 made ) ,silpha1 ,s>cophaga1 ,calliphora1 & ,cynomyia4 ,silpha & its l>va 7 treat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 !y 7 plac$ 9 l>ge boxes ^: bottoms 7 cov]$ ) moss1 etc42 9 a corn] ( ! box 0 plac$ a bottle ) a small op5+1 9 :i* 0 plac$ /rong-smell+ meat4 ,s long z ! beetles 7 9 possession ( _! ant5n !y inv>iably aft] a :ile discov]$ ! meat expos$ 9 ! bottle1 :ile aft] ! loss ( _! ant5n !y did n come 9 contact ) x4 ,9 a simil> way act$ ! species ( ,s>cophaga1 ,calliphora1 & ,cynomyia4 ,haus]1 9 exp]im5t+ ) ^!1 plac$ a di% ) a l>ge piece ( decay$ fle% on 8 writ+-table4 ,9 a %ort "t specim5s ( ! flies ref]r$ to ent]$ ?r\gh ! op5 w9d[ ( ! room4 ,! (t5] he drove !m away f ! meat w\ld !y sw>m ?ickly ^u x4 ,!n clos+ ! w9d[ & cat*+ all ! flies1 he depriv$ !m ( _! ant5n & aga9 set !m free4 ,!y flew ab\t ! room1 b none settl$ ^u ! fle% nor tri$ to approa* x4 ,:]e a fly _h alight$ on a curta9 or o!r object1 ! decay$ fle% 0 plac$ "u x s t ! full =ce ( ! effluvium %\ld pass ov] x1 b ev5 !n no fly w\ld settle ^u x4 ,exp]im5ts te/+ ! influ5ce ( ! ant5n ( ! males 9 seek+ ! females4--,= ?is purpose ,haus] *ose ^? k9ds 9 :i* ! male ant5n diff] 9 second>y sexual *>act]s f ^? ( ! female1 & 9 :i* x is kn[n t !y readily c\ple 9 conf9em5t1 z ,saturnia pavonia1 ,ocn]ia disp>1 & ,melolon?a vulg>is4 ,! two fir/-nam$ insects did n c\ple aft] ! extirpation ( _! ant5n4 ,( ,melolon?a vulg>is tw5ty pairs 7 plac$ 9 a mod]ately siz$ box4 ,on ! next morn+ twelve pairs ( !m 7 f\nd c\pl+4 ,haus] !n1 aft] remov+ ! fir/ lot1 plac$ a new set ( ?irty pairs 9 ! same box1 cut (f all ! ant5n ( ! males & ^? ( a numb] ( females4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ only f\r pairs 7 f\nd c\pl+1 & at ! end ( ?ree days five o!rs 7 obs]v$ sexually unit$4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts ,haus] inf]r$ t ^? insects depriv$ ( _! ant5n 7 plac$ 9 ! mo/ favorable situation1 su* z !y w\ld n f9d 9 fre$om2 = ! space 9 :i* ! insects mov$ ab\t 0 s limit$ t ! males & females mu/ ( necessity meet4 ,b at ! same "t ! results ( ! exp]im5ts _c absolutely be reg>d$ z prov+ t ! males1 aft] ! loss ( _! ant5n1 7 !n n 9 condition to f9d ! females1 because 9 ! case ( ! above-m5tion$ mo?s1 "u simil> conditions1 aft] ! extirpation ( ! ant5n no sexual union took place4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! exp]im5ts made d n all lead to ! results desir$1 ,haus] ?9ks t ! results agree ) ^? ( 8 hi/ological rese>*es1 t 9 ! great] numb] ( insects ! s5se ( smell has its seat 9 ! ant5n4 ,8 results also agree ) ^? ( ,p]ris4 ,/ructure ( ! organs ( smell 9 insects4--,! olfactory organs consi/1 9 insects1--i4e41 all ,or?opt]a1 ,t]mitid1 ,psocid1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a1 also 9 mo/ ,lepidopt]a1 ,neuropt]a1 & ,coleopt]a1-- #a4 ,( a ?ick n]ve aris+ f ! bra91 :i* passes into ! ant5n4 #b4 ,( a s5sitive app>atus at ! end1 :i* consi/s ( /aff-l cells1 :i* are modifi$ hypod]mis cells1 ) :i* ! fibres ( ! n]ves connect4 #c4 ,( a support+ & accessory app>atus1 consi/+ ( pits1 or peg- or too?-l projections fill$ ) a s]\s fluid1 & :i* may be reg>d$ z invag9ations & outgr[?s ( ! epid]mis4 ,haus] adds a rem>k on ! di/ribution ( ! pits & tee? 9 ! l>v ( insects1 say+ t 8 obs]vations are incomplete1 b t x appe>s t 9 ! l>v ! tee? are mo/ g5]ally di/ribut$1 & t !y occur n on ! ant5n alone1 b on ! palpi2 b 9 v _m l>v nei!r pits nor tee?#dg occurr$4 ,9 ! ,myriopoda tee?-l projections occur on ! ends ( ! ant5n4 ,9 ,li?obius !y =m v small1 almo/ cyl9drical1 pale organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfh4--,olfactory organ ( ,calopt5us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfi4--,olfactory pits ( ! ant5na ( ,/5obo?rus4 ,?is & ,fig4 #bfh aft] ,haus]4 ,,lett]+ ,,= ,,figs4 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bgc1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgh-bha4--;a1 a1 circul> ?ick5+ ( ! sk9 surr\nd+ ! op5+ ( ! olfactory pit2 ax1 ?read-l cont9uation ( ! n]ve-cell2 b1 vesicle-l bottom ( ! olfactory pit1 ?r\gh :i* ! olfactory /yle passes2 br bri/le 9 ,fig4 #bhc1 /\t1 & protect+ ! olfactory pit2 bs1 b5t bri/le or seta2 *1 *it9\s integum5t ( ! ant5n2 d1 se5 9 section2 f1 invag9at$ pit2 ,fv1 ,=el's flask-%ap$ organ2 ,fvo1 its op5+ se5 f ! surface2 gl1 gl&-l mass ( cells2 hyc1 hypod]mic cells2 i1 entrance into ! canal belong+ to ! pit2 m1 olfactory membrane2 m1 m1 mc1 membrane-=m+ cell2 n1 n]ve ( special s5se2 nc1 nucleus ( ! s5se- or ganglion-cell2 o1 op5+ into ! olfactory pit2 p1 olfactory pit2 cp1 comp\nd pits2 pw1 wall ( ! pit2 s1 a l>ge seta2 sc1 s5se- or ganglion-cell2 /1 olfactory or s5se-/yle1 sometimes peg-%ap$2 tb1 tactile bri/le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgj4--;,a1 b1 s5se-organ on ! abdom9al app5dages ( a fly 7,*rysopila72 c1 s5se-organ on ! t]m9al jo9t ( palpus ( ,p]la4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bga4--,longitud9al section ( "p ( c]cus ( ,a*eta dome/ica3 *1 cuticula2 hyp1 hypod]mis2 n4 n]ve2 h#a1 integum5tal hairs1 n s5sory2 h#b1 ord9>y hair2 h#c1 s5sory hair2 h#d1 bladd]-l hair2 sz1 s5se-cell4--,aft] ,vom ,ra?1 f ,%>p4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a special description ( ^! s5se-organs 9 ! ,or?opt]a1 ,haus] describes at l5g? ^? ( dipoda crulesc5s & ,calopt5us italicus4 ,on "o ant5nal jo9t ( ,calopt5us 7,fig4 #bfh7 0 (t5 c\nt$ #ej pits2 on ! ant]ior jo9ts ! numb] dim9i%es to ab\t #cj4 ,haus] ?9ks t 9 all ,or?opt]a ^: ant5n are l ^? ( ,calopt5us occur simil> pits1 z he f\nd !m 9 ,/5obo?rus 7,fig4 #bfi7 z well z 9 dipoda4 ,gryllotalpa possesses simil> pits1--f\r to six on ea* ant5nal jo9t1 mak+ betwe5 #cjj & #djj pits on ea* ant5na4#dh ,9 ,mantis religiosa ! pits 7 n detect$1 b on ea* jo9t1 except ! eigh? basal1 !re are ab\t #bjj small1 holl[1 curv$ tee? ) a f9e op5+ 9 front4 ,9 ! ,neuropt]a 7,*rysopa7 !re occur on ! ant5n1 besides num]\s v long tactile bri/les1 small pale1 transp>5t tee?4 ,no pits c\ld be detect$4 ,9 ! ,hemipt]a 7two species ( ,pyrrhocoris only 7 exam9$7 only two k9ds ( tactile bri/les occurr$1 b ,haus] detect$ no pits1 ?\gh ,lesps /ates t !y are pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgb4--,longitud9al section ( apex ( palpus ( ,pi]is brassic3 s*1 scales2 *1 cuticula2 hyp1 hypod]mis2 n1 n]ve2 sz1 s5se-cells2 %1 s5se-hairs4--,aft] ,vom ,ra?1 f ,%>p4 ,( ! ,dipt]a1 ,haus] exam9$ m ?an #fj species4 ,! pits 9 ! ,dipt]a bra*yc]a 7,muscid1 etc47 are unexceptionally conf9$ to ! ?ird ant5nal jo9t4 ,_! numb] v>ies extraord9>ily 9 ! diff]5t species4 ,helophilus flor5s has on ea* ant5nal disk only a s+le pit1 :ile ,e*9omyia grossa possesses #bjj ( !m4 ,9 flies ( c]ta9 families ! pits are comp\nd1 & conta9 #aj1 #bj1 & (t5 #ajj olfactory hairs1 p>tly aris+ f ! coalesc5ce ( sev]al pits4 ,su* pits are usually divid$ by lat]al walls into sev]al *amb]s1 ^: connection is only indicat$ by _! common outlet4 ,simple olfactory pits ) a s+le olfactory /yle 7 obs]v$ only 9 ! ,tabanid1 ,asilid1 ,bombylid1 ,leptid1 ,doli*opid1 ,/ratiomyid1 & ,tipulid4 ,9 ! la/ ! comp\nd =ms d n occur at all1 b 9 ! o!r families m5tion$ also occur comp\nd pits1 receiv+ f two to t5 n]ve-t]m9ations4 ,! ant5nal pits ( flies are always sac-l invag9ations ( ! ext]nal *it9\s integum5t1 ( manifold %apes1 op5+ ext]nally & nev] clos$ by a membrane4 ,! pits diff] b slightly 9 ! diff]5t species1 & t ( ,cyrtoneura /abulans 7,fig4 #bgc7 is describ$ at l5g? z typical ( ^? ( bra*yc]\s flies 9 g5]al4 ,! olfactory pits ( ! ,tipulid seem to h a some:at diff]5t /ructure1 s9ce ! ext]nal passage is clos$4 ,x is circul>1 surr\nd$ ) a slight *it9\s wall1 & n cov]$ ) bri/les4 ,su* pits 9 _! ext]nal appe>ance are l ^? ( ! locu/ 7,calopt5us7 & _m ,hym5opt]a4 ,!y are situat$ usually on ! ?ird ant5nal jo9t4 ,pa*yrh9a prat5sis ,l4 has ab\t #fj ( !m1 z h ,tipula ol]acea ,l4 & ,ct5ophora4 ,9 ! ,lepidopt]a1 olfactory pits are mu* l ^? ( flies4 ,haus] describes 9 detail ^? ( ,vanessa io4 ,^? ( ! mo?s 7 n exam9$1 b !y c be readily & satisfactorily prov$ to be ! site ( ! olfactory s5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgc4--,longitud9al section ?r\gh ! ?ird ant5nal jo9t ( a fly 7,cyrtoneura /abulans71 %[+ ! comp\nd pits f above & 9 section4--,aft] ,haus]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgd4--;,ant5na ( ,adelops1 %[+ ! olfactory organs 7p7 9 ! five la/ jo9ts4 ,hi/orical rese>*es 9 respect to ! ,coleopt]a g5]ally gave a v unfavorable result1 contr>y to ,lesps's views4 ,t au?or /ates t 9 ! ,c>abid ! pits are f\nd on ! f\r fir/ jo9ts1 b ,haus] c\ld discov] !m 9 none :i* he exam9$4 ,usually only tactile bri/les occur1 s also 9 ! ,c]ambycid1 ,curculionid1 ,*rysomelid1 & ,can?>id4 ,9 a bl9d silphid beetle 7,adelops hirtus7 ( ,mammo? ,cave we h f\nd well-m>k$ olfactory organs 7,fig4 #bgd74 ,simil> organs occur 9 ! ant5n ( ! ,panorpid4 ,olfactory pits1 h[ev]1 )\t d\bt occur 9 ,silpha1 ,necrophorus1 ,/aphyl9us1 ,philon?us1 & ,t5ebrio4 ,! op5+s ( ! pits are small & surr\nd$ ) a small *it9\s r+2 9 ,silpha1 ,necrophorus1 & ,t5ebrio !y _c easily be di/+ui%$ f ! ins]tion-cavities ( ! bri/les1 b 9 ,philon?us & ,/aphyl9us !y are less l !m1 be+ di/+ui%$ by _! some:at l>g] size & _! (t5 m oval =m4 ,9 ,philon?us neus ab\t #ajj su* small pits occur irregul>ly on ! t]m9al jo9ts2 besides1 9 ?is species on ea* side ( ! t]m9al jo9t is an app>atus :i* is l ! comp\nd pit g5]ally occurr+ 9 ! ,dipt]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bge4--,olfactory pits ( ! ant5na ( ,melolon?a vulg>is4--,aft] ,kraepel94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgf4--;,ant5nal pit ( ,melolon?a vulg>is1 se5 9 v]tical section4--,aft] ,haus]4 ,v rem>kable pits occur 9 ! ant5nal lamell ( ,melolon?a vulg>is 7,fig4 #bge7 & o!r lamellicorns4 ,on ! out] surface ( ! fir/ & sev5? 79 ! female ! six?7 ant5nal leaf1 z also on ! edges ( ! o!r leaves1 only arise scatt]$ bri/les2 on ! inn] surface ( ! fir/ & sev5? leaves1 z also on bo? surfaces ( ! second to six? leaves1 are close r[s ( r %all[ depressions ( irregul> =m1 "s circul>1 o!rs regul>ly hexagonal4 ,_! numb] is enorm\s3 9 ! males #ci1jjj1 9 ! females ab\t #ce1jjj1 occur on ea* ant5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgg4--,organ ( smell ( ,anoph?almus4--,aft] ,haus]4 ,a1 a1 b1 ! same 9 ,a4 t5uis1 ,b 9 ,a4 tellkampfii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgh4--,section ?r\gh ant5nal jo9t ( ,vespa crabro1 %[+ ! great numb] ( olfactory pits1 olfactory & tactile bri/les4 ,a1 section ?r\gh an olfactory pit ( ,vespa crabro4--,aft] ,haus]4 ,! ant5nal pits & tee? ( ,dyticus m>g9alis are morphologically & physiologically id5tical ) ^? ( bees & wasps4 ,9 ,anoph?almus bilimekii1 ,haus] f\nd on ! la/ ant5nal jo9ts ab\t #fj tee?1 :i* ess5tially diff] 9 =m f ^? previ\sly describ$2 !y are v pale1 transp>5t1 cyl9drical1 elongat$1 & b5t elb[-%ap$ on ! fir/ ?ird1 s t ! la/ two-?irds run p>allel ) ! ant5na4 ,! l5g? ( ^! rem>kable tee? is #j4jce mm41 _! bread? #j4jje mm4 ,he only f\nd !m 9 ,anoph?almus1 & 9 no o!r species ( ,c>abid2 !y mu/ resemble ! tee? describ$ 9 ,*rysopa4 ,our species possesses simil> processes 7,fig4 #bgg74 ,simil> tee? occur on ! maxill>y & labial palpi ( beetles4 ,dyticus m>g9alis possesses at ! end ( ea* t]m9al palpal jo9t a gr\p ( v small tee?1 :i* 7 also detect$ 9 ,anoph?almus bilimekii1 ,melolon?a vulg>is1 etc4 ,9 ,c>abus violasc5s 7 detect$ on ! maxill>y palpi l>ge1 pla9ly microscopical1 :ite disks1 :i* are surr\nd$ ) a great numb] ( extremely small tee?4 ,:e!r ! above-describ$ organs on ! palpi ( beetles %\ld be consid]$ z olfactory or gu/atory 9 _! nature c only be det]m9$ by means ( physiological exp]im5ts2 !y probably receive ta/e-n]ve t]m9ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgi4--,olfactory pits ( ! ant5na ( ,vespa vulg>is4--,aft] ,kraepel94 ,! ,hym5opt]a furni%$ v good mat]ial = hi/ological purposes1 s t ,haus] c\ld n only /udy ! t]m9al app>atus ( ! olfactory n]ves 9 ! p]fect insect1 b also 9 ?ree diff]5t /ages ( ! pupa4 ,^! are describ$ at l5g?1 z reg>ds ! di/ribution ( ! pits & tee?1 9 ,vespa crabro2 ea* jo9t ( ! ant5na 7flagellum7 possesses betwe5 #acjj & #adjj pits1 ne>ly #fj tee?1 & ab\t #gj tactile hairs2 on ! t]m9al jo9t !re are m ?an #bjj tee?1 s t ea* ant5na has betwe5 #ac1jjj & #ad1jjj olfactory pits & ab\t #gjj tee? 7,kegeln74 ,fig4 #bgh repres5ts a cross-section ?r\gh ! p5ultimate ant5nal jo9t ( ,vespa crabro2 we c see h[ ?ick are ! s]ies ( op5+s on ! surface ( ! ant5n1 & h[ regul> is ! di/ribution ( ! tee?4 ,! di/ribution ( ! olfactory pits & olfactory tee? is ?us se5 to be v g5]al2 ! deviations are s insignificant t !re is no reason = ! e/abli%m5t ( m ?an "o type4 ,ant5nal pits ) a small crevice-l op5+ occur 9 g5]a ne>ly alli$ to ,vespa & also 9 mo/ ,i*neumonid1 ,braconid1 & ,cynipid4 ,b ! crevice-l op5+s 9 ^! families are consid]ably long] & (t5 are ( a some:at twi/$ %ape4 ,9 all ! species ) transluc5t ant5n we c recognize ! inn] m\? ( ! pit z a r\nd or ne>ly r\nd disk situat$ usually "u ! middle ( ! op5+4 ,! ant5nal pits ( ,apis mellifica1 z well z ^? ( ,bombus 7,fig4 #bhj7 & alli$ g5]a1 diff] f ^? ( ! ,i*neumonid 9 be+ n l crevices1 b circul> op5+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhj4--,olfactory pits ( ! ant5na ( ,bombus4--,aft] ,kraepel94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bha4--,olfactory pits ( ! ant5na ( ,=mica3 ,fv1 ,hicks' 8bottle10 ,=el's flask-%ap$ organ1 ,fvo1 its op5+4--,aft] ,kraepel94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhb4--,suppos$ olfactory organs at end ( ant5na ( ,campodea3 ,a1 ,c4 /aphyl9us4 ,b1 ,c4 cookei1 f ,mammo? ,cave4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhc4--,v]tical section ?r\gh a s+le olfactory pit 9 ! ant5na ( ! horse-fly 7,tabanus bov9us74 ,= lett]+ see p4 #bgb4--;,aft] ,haus]4 ,! di/ribution ( ! olfactory peg or too?-l projections seems to be mu* m limit$ ?an t ( ! pits 9 ! ,i*neumonid4 ,haus] c\ld n f9d any4 ,apis mellifica possesses on ea* ant5nal jo9t only ab\t tw5ty sl5d] pale tee?1 sc>cely a ?ird z _m z 9 ,vespa crabro2 on ! o!r h&1 ,=mica1 ( :i* g5us sev]al species 7 exam9$1 seems to h f> m tee? ?an pits2 !y are relatively long1 pale1 transp>5t1 & some:at clavate2 !y are n unlike ^? ( ,*rysopa2 on ! t]m9al jo9t only occur ! r\nd op5+s 7,fvo71 :i* lead into a bottle-%ap$ invag9ation ( ! integum5t 7,fv7 & conta9 an olfactory /yle 7,fig4 #bha74 ,9 ! ,t5?r$9id only tee? & no pits 7 to be detect$4 ,sirex has on ! "u side ( ! n9e la/ jo9ts ( ea* ant5na a gr\p ( f #bjj to #cjj small tee?1 :i* resemble ^? ( ,vespa crabro2 ,lyda has on ! t]m9al jo9ts ab\t #ajj tee?4 ,we may add t suppos$ organs ( smell occur on ! ant5n ( ,campodea 7,fig4 #bhb74 ,kraepel9 also ?us briefly summ>izes ,haus]'s /atem5ts z to ! =ms ( ! diff]5t organs ( smell4 ,! manifold nature ( ! ant5nal organs has1 by ,haus]1 f ?or\gh /udies ( ! n]ve-elem5ts belong+ to !m1 be5 n simplifi$ b r5d]$ m complicat$4 ,accord+ to ?is naturali/ we may di/+ui% ! foll[+ =ms :i* ! olfactory organs may assume3 #a4 8,pale1 too?-l *it9\s hairs on ! out] surface ( ! ant5n1 :i* are p]=at$ at ! end2 no?+ is kn[n z to ! relation ( ! n]ve pass+ into x 7,*rysopa1 ,anoph?almus74 #b4 ,9 pit-l depressions ( ! ant5n arise n]ve-rods 7)\t a *it9\s case7 :i* /& 9 direct relation ) a ganglion-cell ly+ "u x4 ,^! pits are ei!r simple1 viz4 ) only an #8olfactory rod' 7,tabanus1 ,fig4 #bhc1 & o!r ,dipt]a1 ,vanessa71 or comp\nd 7,muscid1 & mo/ o!r ,dipt]a1 & ,philon?us74 ,x is important t ^! pits are p>tly op5 79 ! above-nam$ gr\ps ( insects71 & p>tly clos$ & cov]$ ) a ?9 membrane1 "u ^: concavity ! olfactory rods end 7,or?opt]a1 ,melolon?a1 & o!r lamellicorns74 #c4 ,%ort1 ?ick pits sunk5 slightly into ! surface ( ! ant5n1 & ov] ?is a *it9\s peg p]=at$ at ! end1 9 ^: base1 f ! int]ior1 projects a v s+ul> n]ve-peg1 :i* is situat$ ov] an olfactory ganglion-cell1 & provid$ ) a sl5d] cr[n ( little rods1 & flank$ on ea* side by a flagellum-cell 7,hym5opt]a74 #d4 ,r\nd or crevice-l pits cov]$ ov] by a p]=at$ *it9\s membrane ) n]ve-rods l ^? 9 #c1 b 9 place ( ! flagellum-cell ) #8membrane-=m+' cells spread be=e x4 ,haus] f9ally m5tions fur!r diff]5ces 9 ! ganglion-cells s5t out into ! n]ve-end app>atus4 ,^! exhibit 9 ,dipt]a & ,melolon?a only "o nucleus1 9 ,hym5opt]a a s+le v l>ge "o 7) _m nucleoli7 & ?ree small ones1 9 ,vanessa six1 9 ,or?opt]a a v l>ge numb] ( nuclei1 etc40 ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,smell ,raumur1 ,rn ,ant4 de4 ,mmoires p\r s]vir l'hi/oire des insectes4 ,p>is1 #agcd-db4 7i1 #bhc2 ii1 #bbd74 ,less]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,insecto-!ologia1 #agdj1 p4 #bfb4 ,roesel1 ,a4 ,j4 ,insekt5belu/igung51 #agdf1 ii1 p4 #ea4 ,reim>us1 ,h4 ,s4 ,allgeme9e ,betra*tung ueb] die ,triebe d] ,?i]e haupts*li* ihre ,kun/triebe 7,in/9ct74 ,hamburg1 #agfj1 p4 #cee4 ,sulz]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,die ,k5ntzei*5 d] ,insect54 ,zri*1 #agfa4 ,lyonet1 ,p4 ,trait anatomique de la *5ille1 #agfb1 pp4 #db1 #if1 #aie4 ,comp>etti1 ,a4 ,de aure int]na comp>ata4 ,patavii1 #agfi4 ,bonnet1 ,c4 uvres compltes1 #aggi-aghc1 ii1 p4 #cf4 ---- ,contemplation de la nature1 ,*4 iii1 p4 #ah4 ,sc>pa1 ,ant4 ,anatomic disquisitiones de auditu et olfactu4 ,tic9i1 #aghi4 ,hub]1 ,f4 ,n\velles obs]vations sur les abeilles1 #agib1 ii1 p4 #dge4 ,lehrmann1 ,m4 ,c4 ,g4 ,de ant5nis insectorum4 ,lond9i1 ,hamburgi1 #agii1 p4 #dh1 ,diss4 po/]ior2 ,hamburg & ,london1 #ahjj1 p4 #hj 7especial s5se1 rocepsis74 ,latreille1 ,p4 ,a4 ,hi/oire naturelle des cru/acs et des insectes1 #ahjf-ahji1 ii1 #ej4 ,bla9ville1 ,m4 ,h4 ,d4 ,pr9cipes d'anatomie comp>e1 #ahbb1 i1 p4 #cci4 ,dugs1 ,a4 ,l4 ,trait de physiologie comp>e1 #ahch1 i1 p4 #afa4 ,newport1 ,g4 ,on ! use ( ! ant5n ( insects4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,london1 ii1 #ahdj1 pp4 #bbi-bdh47 ,rob9eau-,desvoidy1 ,a4 ,j4 ,b4 ,sur l'usage rel des ant5nes *ez les insectes4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 #ahdb1 xi ,bull41 pp4 #bc-bg47 ,eri*son1 ,w4 ,f4 ,de fabrica et usu ant5n>um 9 insectis4 ,b]l91 #ahdg1 #a ,tab41 p4 #ac4 ,p]ris1 ,e4 ,mmoire sur le sige de l'odorat dans les articuls4 7,ann4 sc4 nat41 ,sr4 #c1 #ahej1 xiv1 pp4 #aei-agh47 ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,quelques mots sur l'organe de l'odorat et sur celui de l'ouie dans les insectes4 7,actes d4 l4 ,soc4 ,l9n41 ,bordeaux1 #ahej1 xvii1 ,ann4 sc4 nat41 ,sr4 #c1 ,zool41 xiv1 #ahej1 pp4 #agi-ahd47 ,leydig1 ,f4 ,zum fe9]5 ,bau d] ,ar?ropod54 7,mll]'s ,ar*iv1 #ahee1 pp4 #cgf-dhj72 ,lehrbu* d] ,hi/ologie1 #aheg1 p4 #bbj2 ,zur ,anatomie d] ,insekt5 7,ar*iv fr ,anatomie1 #ahei1 pp4 #ce-hi & #adi-ahc74 ---- ,ueb] ,g]u*s- und ,gehrorgane d] ,krebse und ,insekt54 7,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,phys41 #ahfj47 ---- ,die ,hauts9nesorgane d] ,ar?ropod54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhf1 pp4 #bhd-bia1 #cjh-cad1 #bfe-cad47 ,l&ois1 ,h4 ,das ,gehrorgan des ,hirs*kf]s4 7,ar*iv f4 mikrosp4 ,anat41 #ahfh1 iv1 pp4 #hh-ie47 ,tros*el1 ,h4 ,ueb] das ,g]u*sorgan d] ,gli$]ti]e4 7,v]h&l4 d4 naturhi/4 ,v]e9s d4 preuss4 ,rhe9l&e u4 ,we/fal41 xxvii ,jahrg41 #ahgj1 pp4 #afj-afa47 ,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,! caudal /yles ( insects s5se-organs1 i4e41 abdom9al ant5n4 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 #ahgj1 pp4 #fbj1 #fba4 ,also ,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahfh1 xi1 p4 #cih47 ,paas*1 ,a4 ,von d5 ,s9nesorgan5 d] ,insekt5 im ,allgeme951 von ,gehrund ,g]u*sorgan5 im ,besond]n4 7,ar*iv fr ,naturges*41 xxxix ,jahrg41 i1 #ahgc1 pp4 #bdh-bge47 ,*adima1 ,jos4 ,ueb] die von ,leydig als ,g]u*sorgane bezei*net5 ,bildung5 bei d5 ,ar?ropod54 7,mitteil4 d4 naturwiss4 ,v]4 f4 ,/ei]m>k1 #ahgc1 pp4 #cf-dd47 ,=el1 ,a4 ,les ,f\rmis de la ,suisse4 7,neue ,d5ks*r4 ,allg4 ,s*weiz4 ,gesells*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,naturw41 xxvi1 #ahgd1 pp4 #aah1 #add47 ---- tudes myrmcologiques en #ahhd1 avec une description des organes s5soriels des ant5nes4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,vaud4 sc4 nat41 #ahhe1 ,sr4 #b1 xx1 pp4 #caf-chj47 ,grab]1 ,v4 ,die ,insekt54 ,mn*51 #ahgg4 ---- ,neue ,v]su*e b] die ,function5 d] ,insekt5fhl]4 7,biol4 ,c5tralb41 vii1 #ahhg1 pp4 #ac-ai47 ,tr\velot1 ,l4 ,! use ( ! ant5n 9 insects4 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 xi1 #ahgg1 pp4 #aic-aif47 ,may]1 ,p4 ,sopra c]ti organi di s5so nelle ant5ne dei ,ditt]i4 7,atti ,r4 ,accad4 d4 ,l9cei1 ,roma1 ,s]4 #c1 ,mem4 ,cl4 sc4 fis41 mat4 e natur41 iii1 #ahgi1 p4 #aa47 ,haus]1 ,gu/av4 ,physiologis*e und hi/iologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] das ,g]u*sorgan d] ,insekt54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xxxiv1 #ahhj1 pp4 #cfg-djc1 #c ,taf47 ,kraepel91 ,k>l4 ,ueb] die ,g]u*sorgane d] ,gli$]ti]e 7,o/]-,programm d] ,reals*ule des ,johanneums4 ,hamburg1 #ahhc1 pp4 #dh1 #c ,taf47 ,s*iem5z1 ,paulus4 ,ueb] das ,h]komm5 des ,futt]saftes und die ,spei*eldrs5 d] ,bi55 neb/ e9em ,anhange b] das ,rie*organ4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xxxviii1 pp4 #ga-ace1 #c ,taf47 ,plateau1 ,f4 ,expri5ces sur le rle des palpes *ez les ar?ropodes maxills1 ,i41 ,palpes des insectes broyeurs4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,zool4 ,france1 x1 #ahhe1 pp4 #fg-ij47 ,plateau1 ,f4 ,une expri5ce sur la fonction des ant5nes *ez la ,blatte 7,p]iplaneta ori5talis74 7,comptes r5d4 ,soc4 ,ent4 de ,belgique1 #ahhf1 pp4 #aah-abb1 #a ,fig47 ,lubbock1 ,j4 ,on "s po9ts 9 ! anatomy ( ants4 7,mon?ly ,micr4 ,j\rn41 #ahhg1 pp4 #aba-adb47 ,rul&1 ,franz4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ant5nal5 ,s9nesorgane d] ,insekt54 ,diss4 ,m>burg1 #ahhh1 p4 #ca1 #a ,taf4 ,wasmann1 ,e4 ,die ,fhl] d] ,insekt54 7,/imm5 aus ,m>ia-,laa*4 ,freiburg i4 ,b41 #ahia1 p4 #cg47 ,s]gi1 ,g4 ,ric]*e su alcuni organi di s5so nelle ant5ne delle =mi*e4 7,riv4 ,filos4 ,sci4 ,milano1 #ahia1 p4 #aj1 #c ,figs47 ,nagel1 ,wilibald4 ,die ni$]5 ,s9ne d] ,insekt51 #ai ,figs41 ,tb+51 #ahib1 pp4 #fg4 ,) ! writ+s ( ,ba/]1 ,lam>ck1 ,cuvi]1 ,treviranus1 ,ok51 ,lefebure1 ,dumril1 ,s*elv]1 ,b\sdorf1 ,ros5?al1 ,burmei/]1 ,slat]1 ,balbiani1 ,m>cel de ,s]res1 ,g>ni]1 ,b]t1 ,port]1 ,sazep91 ,reut]1 ,pi]ret1 ,dupon*el1 ,dries*1 ,k/]1 ,peckham1 ,lubbock1 ,a4 ,dohrn1 ,lesps4 c4 ,! organs ( ta/e ,! gu/atory organs ( insects are microscopic pits or setae1 ei!r hair-l or resembl+ %ort pegs1 :i* =m ! ends ( ganglionat$ n]ves4 ,!y are difficult to di/+ui% morphologically f c]ta9 olfactory /ructures1 & x is ow+ to _! position at or v ne> ! m\? t !y are suppos$ to be gu/atory 9 nature4 ,me9]t 0 ! fir/ 7#ahfj7 to sugge/ t organs ( ta/e occurr$ 9 ants4 ,he obs]v$ 9 ! maxill1 & tongue ( ^! insects a s]ies ( canals 9 ! cuticula ( ^! organs connect$ ) ganglion-cells1 & ?r\gh !m ) ! n]ves1 & qu]i$ :e!r !y 7 n organs ( ta/e4 ,=el aft]w>ds 7#ahgd7 confirm$ ^! obs]vations4 ,wolff 9 an elaborate "w 7#ahge7 describ$ a gr\p ( m9ute pits 7,fig4 #bhd7 at ! base ( ! tongue ( ! honey bee1 :i* he suppos$ to possess ! s5se ( smell1 b ,=el & also ,lubbock attribut$ to ^! s5sory pits ! function ( ta/e4 ,t5 ye>s aft]w>d ,w %[$ conclusively1 bo? by anatomical /udies & by exp]im5ts1 t ,dipt]a & ,hym5opt]a possess gu/atory organs4 ,he1 h[ev]1 d5i$ t ! organs ( ,wolff 7 gu/atory1 & ma9ta9$ t organs ( smell 7 conf9$ to ! maxill1 p>agloss1 & tongue4 ,z we %all see1 h[ev]1 :at appe> to be ) little d\bt ta/e-pits1 ) hairs or pegs aris+ f !m1 are mo/ num]\s on ! epiph>ynx ( ne>ly all insects1 & situat$ at a po9t :]e !y necess>ily mu/ come 9 contact ) ! food z x ent]s ! m\? & passes d[n ! ?roat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhd4--,ta/e-pits on ! epiph>ynx 7,c7 ( ! honey-bee3 ,b1 horny ridge2 ,r1 ,r1 ta/e-pits2 ,l1 ,a1 ,a1 muscul> fibres2 ,s1 ,s1 a b c d e f1 section ( sk9 ( sophagus4--,aft] ,wolff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhe4--,tip ( ! proboscis ( ! honey bee1 #adj3 ,l1 t]m9al button or ladle3 ,gs ta/e-hairs2 ,%1 gu>d-hairs2 ,hb1 hook$ hairs4--,aft] ,w4 ,kraepel9 7#ahhc7 discov]$ ta/e-organs on ! proboscis ( ! fly1 & ta/e-hairs at ! end ( ! tongue ( ! humble-bee 7,fig4 #bhe71 & aft]w>ds ,lubbock critically discuss$ ! subject1 & conclud$ t ! organs ( ta/e 9 insects are situat$ 8ei!r 9 ! m\? itself1 or on ! organs imm$iately surr\nd+ x40 ,/ructure ( ! ta/e-organs4--,! organs h be5 be/ /udi$ by ,w1 :o1 besides describ+ & figur+ ! *it9\s /ructures1 su* z ! pits or cups1 hairs & ! pegs1 %[$ t !y 7 ! t]m9ations ( ganglionat$ n]ves4 ,figure #bhf repres5ts ! ta/e-cups on ! maxilla ( a wasp1 & ,fig4 #bhg ! ta/e-cone or peg project+ f ! cup or pit4 ,! cell out ( :i* ! pit & project+ hair or peg are =m$ is a modifi$ hypod]mis cell2 & ! seta is app>5tly a modification ( a tactile hair1 situat$ at ! end ( a n]ve1 :i* j b5ea? ! *it9\s /ructures passes into a ganglion-cell1 :i* s5ds (f a n]ve-fibre to ! ma9 n]ve4 ,w detect$ on ! tongue ( ! yell[ ant 7,lasius flavus7 f #bj to #bd1 & 9 ,atta f #dj to #eb1 ( ^! /ructures4 ,! numb] ( pits on ! maxill v>y mu*1 n always be+ ! same on ! two sides ( ! same insect4 ,we h obs]v$ ^! ta/e-cups 9 ! honey & humble bee1 n only at ! base ( ! second maxill 7,fig4 #bhh1 g71 b also on ! p>agloss 7pg74 ,di/ribution 9 o!r ord]s ( insects4--,! writ] has detect$ ^! ta/e-cups 9 o!r ord]s ?an ,dipt]a & ,hym5opt]a4 ,!y v g5]ally occur 9 m&ibulate insects on ! m expos$ surface ( ! epiph>ynx 7comp>e pp4 #dc-df74 ,we h n obs]v$ !m 9 ! ,synapt]a 7,lepisma & ,ma*ilis74 ,9 ! ,d]mapt]a ! ta/e-cups appe> to be undevelop$ 9 ! nymph1 :ile 9 ! adult !y are few] 9 numb] ?an 9 any o!r pt]ygote ord] yet inve/igat$4 ,9 a species ( ,=ficula f ,cordova1 ,mexico1 ! ta/e-pits are few 9 numb]1 !re be+ only ab\t a doz5 on ea* side 9 all2 mo/ ( !m be+ situat$ on ! ant]ior half1 & a few ne> ! base4 ,! ta/e-pits are provid$ ea* ) a %ort f9e seta1 z usual aris+ f ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhf4--,"u side ( left maxilla ( ,vespa3 ,gm1 ta/e-cups2 ,%m1 protect+ hairs2 ,tb1 tactile hairs2 ,mt1 base ( maxill>y palpus4--,aft] ,w4 ,9 ! ord] ,platypt]a 7includ+ ,p]la1 ,pt]on>cys1 ,psocus1 ,t]mes1 ,eut]mes1 & ,t]mopsis7 we h be5 unable to detect any organs ( ta/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhg4--,section ?r\gh a ta/e-cup3 ,,sk1 support+ cone2 ,n1 n]ve2 ,,sz1 s5se-cell4--,aft] ,w4 ,?is & ,figs4 #bhd-bhf f ,lubbock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhh4--,tongue ( work] honey-bee3 pg1 p>agloss2 ,b1 ! same enl>g$1 %[+ ! ta/e-papill2 ,c1 ,d1 base ( a labial palpus 7mx4p7 ) ! ta/e-papill2 ,e1 ta/e-cups on p>agloss ( ,bombus2 ,f1 gr\p ( same on left1 ,g1 on "r side1 at base ( labial palpus4 ,9 ! ,odonata1 h[ev]1 !y are fairly well develop$2 9 ,calopt]yx1 ab\t #ej ta/e-cups 7 discov]$2 9 a species ( ,diplax ab\t #bh1 !re be+ a gr\p ( #ad at ! base ( ! epiph>ynx on ea* side ( ! m$ian l9e1 :ile 9 s*na h]os !re are two gr\ps ( f #be to #cj ta/e-cups1 situat$ z 9 ! two a=5am$ g5]a4 ,9 ! ,or?opt]a ! gu/atory cups are num]\s1 well develop$1 & pres5t 9 all ! families except ! ,phasmid1 :]e1 h[ev]1 !y may yet be f\nd to occur4 ,9 a l>ge cockroa* 7,blab]a7 f ,cuba !y are well develop$4 ,on ea* side ( ! middle ( ! epiph>ynx is a curv$ r[ ( /iff1 def5sive sp9es1 & at ! di/al end ( ea* r[ is a s5sory field1 conta9+ #bj ta/e-cups on "o side & #bc on ! o!r4 ,ne> ! front edge ( ! clypeal region are two m s5sory fields1 situat$ on ea* side ( ! m$ian l9e1 !re be+ #ce ta/e-cups 9 ea* field4 ,! ta/e-cups 9 ?is =m are r small] ?an usual 9 ! ord]4 ,9 ! ,acrydiid !y are m num]\s ?an 9 ! ,blattid4 ,= example1 9 ,camnula pellucida1 ne> :at corresponds to ! front edge ( ! clypeus are two gu/atory fields1 ea* be>+ ab\t #ce ta/e-pits4 ,j 9 front1 "u ! clypeo-labral suture1 are two simil> fields1 ea* conta9+ f #dj to #db ta/e-pits4 ,!re are none 9 front ( ^!4 ,!re are ?us ab\t #adj-aej s5se-cups 9 all4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,locu/id 7,fig4 #bf7 appe> to be bett] provid$ ) ! organs ( ta/e ?an any o!r ,or?opt]a1 ^? ( ! katydid numb]+ f #agj to #ahj4 ,!re are f #ej to #fj ta/e-cups 9 ! front region2 beh9d ! middle a gr\p ( #be on ea* side1 & ov] an area correspond+ to ! base ( ! labrum & front edge ( ! clypeus is a s5sory field ) ab\t #gj ta/e-cups on ea* side4 ,!y are true cups or beak]-l papill1 "s ) a f9e1 o!rs ) a %ort1 /\t1 conical seta4 ,! gu/atory organs 9 ! cave cricket 7,had5cus subt]raneus1 ,fig4 #bg71 f ,mammo? ,cave1 are highly develop$1 be+ r\nd$ papill ) ! nucleus at ! top or end4 ,!y are gr\p$ on ea* side ( ! middle ne> ! front edge1 !re be+ #be on ea* side4 ,an irregul> r[ ( ^! beak]-l organs ext5ds along ea* side2 "s occur "u ! base ( ! labrum1 b !y are mo/ num]\s 9 a field correspond+ to ! front edge ( ! clypeus1 !re be+ #ej on ea* side1 or #ajj 9 all1 :]e 9 ,ceu?ophilus !re are only #i or #aj4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> z if ! s5se ( ta/e 7 mu* m acute 9 ! cave-dwell] ?an 9 ! out-(-doors =m4 ,9 ! ,coleopt]a ta/e-cups & set are v g5]ally di/ribut$1 ?\gh we 7 unable to detect !m 9 ,d5droctonus or 9 ,lucanus dama4 ,z se5 9 ,fig4 #eg1 we h obs]v$ num]\s ta/e-pegs along ! maxilla ( ,nemogna?a lurida1 b o!rwise ta/e-organs h only be5 detect$ 9 ! epiph>ynx4 ,!y n only occur 9 ! adult beetles1 b we h f\nd !m 9 ! l>v ( c]ambycid1 sc>abid1 & o!r beetles4 ,9 ! adults ta/e-cups appe> to be ab\t z well develop$ 9 ! c>nivor\s =ms 7,c>abid7 z 9 ! phytophag\s or lignivor\s gr\ps4 ,9 ,*lnius tom5tosus !re are ab\t half z _m ( ^! organs z 9 ,h>palus1 :ile 9 ,calosoma !re are #ij ta/e-cups1 #de on ea* side1 "u ! base ( ! labrum4 ,! cups are papilli=m1 be+ r high1 ) a seta aris+ f ea*4 ,9 ! ,cic9delid1 ! epiph>ynx be>s a s5sory field q diff]5t f t ( ! ,c>abid4 ,!re are no normal ta/e-cups1 except a few situat$ on two l>ge1 r\nd1 rais$ areas :i* are gu>d$ 9 front by a few v long set4 ,on ! surface ( ea* area are num]\s v long set :i* may1 if n tactile1 h "s o!r s5se1 z !y arise f cup-l bases or cells4 ,^? on ! outside are l true ta/e-cups1 ) a bri/le b little l>g] ?an normal 9 ta/e-cups g5]ally4 ,we are dispos$ to reg>d ?is s5sory field z a highly specializ$ gu/atory app>atus4 ,9 ! ,dyticid ! ta/e-cups are ne>ly z describ$ 9 ! ,c>abid4 ,! ,/aphyl9id are n well provid$ ) ta/e-organs4 ,"u ! clypeus ( ,/aphyl9us violaceus1 on ea* side ne> ! middle1 is a b>e r\nd$ area1 9 :i* are situat$ #d or #e papilli=m ta/e-cups1 & at ! base beh9d !m is ano!r l9e> gr\p ( ab\t #g sl5d]]1 some:at curv$1 ta/e-cups4 ,9 ! ,elat]id ^! organs are scantily develop$4 ,9 ! ,bupre/id 7,bupre/is maculiv5tris alone exam9$7 no true ta/e-cups 7 detect$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,lampyrid are well suppli$ ) !m4 ,"u ! clypeus is situat$ a s5sory field be>+ #bf ta/e-cups1 :i* are r small] ?an usual4 ,ov] ! epiph>yngeal surface are scatt]$ a few ta/e-cups1 b !y are small & p]haps n gu/atory4 ,"u ! clypeus ( ,lucidota punctata ,lec4 is a gr\p ( #ab ta/e-cups1 & 9 ! middle region ( ! epiph>ynx1 situat$ 9 a field ext5d+ f ne> ! base to ne> ! front edge1 are ab\t #dj ta/e-cups1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n1 z is usual1 arrang$ on ea* side ( ! m$ian l9e1 b are scatt]$ among ! hairs ( ! pilose surface ( ! epiph>ynx4 ,9 ! ,cl]id ! ta/e-cups are few 9 numb]4 ,9 ! great family ( ,sc>abid1 ! pres5ce ( gu/atory organs is v>iable4 ,none occur 9 ,lucanus dama1 ?\gh 9 ! ,june beetle 7,la*no/]na fusca ,frhl47 !y are abundantly develop$4 ,! epiph>ynx be>s on ea* side outside ( a sp9y area a gr\p ( ab\t #ej ta/e-cups1 ea* be>+ a long seta1 ^? on ! outside ( ! area pass+ into a few high1 r sl5d]1 papill1 )\t a seta4 ,on ! "u side ( ! clypeus is a m$ian gr\p ( #aj ta/e-cups ( s+ul> =m1 ! cups be+ l>ge1 ) broad bases1 :i* po/]iorly be> ?ree sp9es1 ( :i* ! m$ian "o is ! l>ge/4 ,ta/e-cups occur )\t any kn[n exception 9 ! longicorn beetles4 ,9 ,leptura canad5sis !y are num]\s2 9 ,eurypt]a lat]alis !y are abundant along & ne> ! middle ( ! ant]ior half ( ! labral region1 & 9 ,cyll5e rob9i ,=/4 7or pictus ,drury7 !y are m num]\s ?an usual1 ext5d+ 9 an unbrok5 s5sory field f ne> ! front m>g9 ( ! clypeal region to ne> ! front edge ( ! epiph>ynx4 ,! cups v>y mu* 9 size1 "s be+ "o-half z l>ge z o!rs2 & ^? on ! sides ( ! s5sory field be> %ort1 & a few o!rs r long1 bri/les1 %[+ t ! ta/e-cups are modifi$ tactile bri/les4 ,! ,t5ebrionid are fairly well end[$ ) ta/e-cups1 _! numb] 9 ,eleodes obsoleta ,say am\nt+ to #cj or #dj4 ,^? ( ! ,meloid especially are unusual 9 size & numb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhi4--;,epiph>ynx 7ep7 ( ,nemogna?a3 cl1 clypeus2 gh1 ga!r+ hairs2 tc1 triangul> s5sory field dott$ ) ta/e cups2 ,a1 ! field enl>g$4 ,9 ,nemogna?a lurida ,lec4 7,fig4 #bhi7 ! front edge ( ! epiph>ynx conta9s ab\t #hj rem>kably small ta/e-cups1 arrang$ irregul>ly 9 a triangul> s5sory space1 & n m ?an to 1 z l>ge z ^? on ! maxill ( ! same beetle4 ,unless ! =m] /ructures are gu/atory x is difficult to acc\nt = _! pres5ce "h1 & x w be obs]v$ t ! ta/e-cups 9 ,epicauta are unusually abundant4 ,?us 9 ! middle & ne> ! front ( ! epiph>ynx ( ! bli/]-beetle ov] #ajj gu/atory cups 7 c\nt$4 ,!y are conical1 papilli=m1 & truncat$ at ! end z if op51 ! edge ( ! op5+ be+ ragg$1 ?\gh be>+ no bri/le1 except 9 a few cases4 ,ar\nd ! edge ( ! s9us1 on ! "u side ( ! labrum1 is a regul> m>g9al r[ ( l>ge1 long]1 m di/9ctly *it9iz$ ta/e-cups1 ^: walls are /reak$ up & d[n by *it9\s ?ick5+s4 ,9 ,e4 callosa ,lec4 !re are ab\t #ee ta/e-cups "u ! labrum1 besides ab\t #aj cells1 :i* may be gu/atory /ructures1 situat$ on ei!r side ( a m$ian setose ridge :i* passes back "u ! clypeal region4 ,! ta/e-cups ( ! leaf-beetles are fairly num]\s1 judg+ f an exam9ation ( ,diabrotica vittata4 ,! surface ( ! epiph>ynx is pilose1 b ! m$ian region is nak$1 & on ! ant]ior half be>s f #aa to #ab ta/e-cups1 arrang$ ea* side ( ! m$ian l9e 9 a rude ,y4 ,on ea* side1 at ! base ( ! labial region1 are two s5sitive fields1 ea* be>+ ab\t #be to #bf ta/e-cups4 ,m 7 se5 "u ! clypeus4 ,9 ! ,neuropt]a unmi/akable ta/e-cups are n always pres5t4 ,9 ,sialis infumata along ! m$ian l9e ( ! epiph>ynx & ne> ! front are ab\t #bj scatt]$ gu/atory pegs1 :i* are m9ute1 b long] & m acute ?an usual4 ,9 ,*auliodes maculatus !re are "o or two ta/e-cups "u ! front edge ( ! clypeus2 o!rs are scatt]$ along ! middle f ! base ( ! labrum to ! front1 b are n arrang$ 9 def9ite ord]4 ,9 ,corydalis cornutus no s5se-cups1 pits1 or rods are pres5t4 ,9 ,*rysopa !re are scatt]$ cups arm$ ) a %ort acute bri/le1 :i* are possibly gu/atory 9 function4 ,9 ,myrmeleon div]sum also ! pres5ce ( s5se-pits or ( ta/e-cups is d\btful1 ?\gh a gr\p ( ab\t #ab pits on ea* side ( ! clypeal region ( ! epiph>ynx1 & a few situat$ at ! base ( ! labral region1 may be end[$ ) ! s5se ( ta/e4 ,9 ,mantispa brunnea1 h[ev]1 along ! middle ( ! epiph>ynx are scatt]$ ab\t #cj unmi/akable ta/e-cups1 ea* be>+ a %ort1 f9e hair4 ,9 ! ,mecopt]a 7,panorpa debilis87 ta/e-cups1 giv+ rise to a m9ute hair1 occur on ! labium 9 two regions1 & also on ! maxill situat$ on ! /ipes ne> ! base ( ! palpi1 & on ! lac9ia & galea4 ,!y are also to be f\nd on ! maxill ( ,boreus cali=nicus1 b 7 n detect$ on ! labium4 ,!y 7 fir/ detect$ by ,reut] 9 v>i\s microlepidopt]a1 & occur on ! 8basal spot0 ( ! palpi ( _m butt]flies4 ,9 a ,t9eid mo? 7,coleophora coruscip5nella7 we h detect$ :at we suppose to be a gr\p ( f\r ta/e-pits on ! inn] side ( ! basal jo9t ( ! labial palpi4 ,exp]im5tal pro(4--,no "o1 says ,lubbock1 :o has ev] wat*$ a bee or wasp c ent]ta9 ! slighte/ d\bt z to _! possession ( ! s5se ( ta/e4 8,=el mix$ morph9e & /ry*n9e ) "s honey1 :i* he (f]$ to 8 ants4 ,_! ant5n gave !m no w>n+4 ,! smell ( ! honey attract$ !m1 & !y began to fe$2 b ! mom5t ! honey t\*$ _! lips !y p]ceiv$ ! fraud40 ,w at fir/ f$ wasps ) sug>1 s t !y frequ5tly visit$ x2 aft]w>ds he sub/itut$ alum = ! sug>4 ,eag]ly fly+ to x1 !y _h sc>cely t\*$ x :5 !y drew back f ! di/a/eful sub/ance ) ! mo/ comical ge/ures1 & clean$ _! tongues by frequ5tly runn+ !m 9 & out1 repeat$ly /rok+ !m ) _! =e feet4 ,he notic$ a great repugnance to qu99e 9 ne>ly all ! insects exp]im5t$ on4 ,bees & wasps 7 obs]v$ to h a m delicate gu/atory s5se ?an flies1 etc41 :i* are m omnivor\s 9 _! ta/es4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,ta/e ,me9]t1 ,f4 ,bidrag til de danske myr]s naturhi/orie4 7,kgl4 ,dansk ,vid5sk4 selsk4 skrift]4 ,kjoeb5havn4 ,raekke #e ,naturvid4 og ma?4 ,afd41 v1 #ahfa1 pp4 #bgc-cdj47 ,wolff1 ,o4 ,j4 ,b4 ,das ,rie*organ d] ,bi5e4 7,nova acta d4 ,k4 ,leop4-,c>ol4 ,akad41 xxxviii1 #ahge1 pp4 #a-bea1 #h ,taf47 ,joseph1 ,g4 ,zur ,morphologie des ,ges*macksorganes bei ,insekt54 7,amtli*] ,b]i*t d] #ej4 ,v]sammlung deuts*] ,natur=s*] und ,a]zte 9 ,mn*51 #ahgg1 pp4 #bbg-bbh47 ,knckel et ,gazagnaire4 ,du sige de la gu/ation *ez les insectes ,diptres4 ,con/itution anatomique et physiologique de l'epiph>ynx et l'hypoph>ynx4 7,comptes-r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 #ahha1 xcv1 pp4 #cdg-cej47 ---- ,re*]*es sur l'organisation et le dveloppem5t des ,diptres et en p>ticulaire des ,volucelles1 i1 #ahge1 ii1 #ahha1 #bf ,pls4 ,kraepel91 ,k4 ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,anatomie und ,physiologie des ,rssels von ,musca4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xxxix1 #ahhc1 pp4 #fhc-gai1 #b ,taf47 ,kirba*1 ,p4 ,ueb] die ,mundw]kzeuge d] ,s*mett]l+e4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhc1 pp4 #eec-eeh1 #b ,figs47 ,w1 ,f4 ,das ,ges*macksorgan d] ,insekt54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 #ahhe1 xlii1 pp4 #fgd-gjg1 #a ,taf47 ,gazagnaire1 ,j4 ,du sige de la gu/ation *ez les insectes ,coloptres4 7,comptes-r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 cii1 pp4 #fbi-fcb2 ,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 ,sr4 #f1 ,bull41 pp4 #gi-hj47 ,=el1 ,a4 ,expri5ces et rem>ques critiques sur les s5sations des insectes4 #bme ,"p4 7,recueil ,zool4 ,suisse1 iv1 #ahhg1 pp4 #afa-bdj47 ,reut]1 ,enzio4 ,ueb] d5 8,basalfleck0 auf d5 ,palp5 d] ,s*mett]l+e4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhh1 pp4 #ejj-ejc47 ---- ,ueb] die ,palp5 d] ,rhopaloc]51 etc41 #f ,taf4 ,hels+=s1 #ahif1 pp4 #a-egh4 7,acta ,soc4 ,sc4 ,f5nic1 xxii1 #ahif47 ,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,on ! occurr5ce ( organs1 probably ( ta/e1 9 ! epiph>ynx ( ! ,mecopt]a 7,panorpa & ,boreus74 7,psy*e1 #ahhi1 v1 pp4 #aei-afd47 ---- ,notes on ! epiph>ynx1 & ! epiph>yngeal organs ( ta/e 9 m&ibulate insects4 7,psy*e1 #ahhi1 v1 pp4 #aic-aii1 #bbb-bbh47 ,also ,lubbock's ,s5ses1 etc41 ( animals1 & ! writ+s ( ,briant1 ,brei?aupt 7titles on p4 #he74 d4 ,! organs ( he>+ ,al?\gh x has be5 d5i$ by ,=el t insects h ! s5se ( he>+1 yet ! majority ( writ]s & exp]im5t]s agree t insects are n deaf4 ,on g5]al gr\nds if1 z we "k1 _m insects produce s\nds1 x mu/ foll[ t !y h e>s to he>1 = !re is e reason to suppose t ! s\nds ?us made are1 z 9 o!r animals1 ei!r = attract+ ! sexes1 = a means ( communication1 or to express ! emotions4 ,we w beg9 by briefly describ+ ! /ructures n[ g5]ally suppos$ to be auditory 9 function1 & ab\t :i* !re c be no reasonable d\bt1 & !n consid] ! m problematical organs1 clos+ ) an acc\nt ( ! extremely v>i\s means ( produc+ s\nds & cries4 ,! e>s or tympanal & *ordotonal s5se-organs ( ,or?opt]a & o!r insects4--,! e>s or tympana ( locu/s 7,acrydiid7 are situat$ "o on ea* side1 on ! basal jo9t ( ! abdom51 j beh9d ! fir/ abdom9al spiracle4 ,t ?is is a true e> 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,j4 ,mll]1 & 8 op9ion 0 confirm$ by ,siebold1 ,leydig1 ,h5s51 ,grab]1 ,s*midt1 ,lubbock1 etc4#di ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bij4--;,e> ( a locu/ 7,calopt5us italicus71 se5 f ! inn] side3 ,t1 tympanum2 ,,tr1 its bord]2 o1 u1 two horn-l processes2 bi1 pe>-%ap$ vesicle2 n1 auditory n]ve2 ga1 t]m9al ganglion2 /1 /igma2 m1 op5+1 & m1 clos+1 muscle ( ! same2 ,m1 t5sor muscle ( ! tympanum membrane4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a t5se membrane1 ! tympanum1 surr\nd$ by a horny r+ 7,fig4 #bij74 8,on ! int]nal surface ( ?is membrane are two horn-l processes 7o1 u71 to :i* is atta*$ an extremely delicate vesicle 7bi7 fill$ ) a transp>5t fluid1 & repres5t+ a membran\s labyr9?4 ,?is vesicle is 9 connection ) an auditory n]ve 7n7 :i* arises f ! ?ird ?oracic ganglion1 =ms a ganglion 7ga7 ^u ! tympanum1 & t]m9ates 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! labyr9? by a collection ( cunei=m1 /aff-l bodies1 ) v f9ely po9t$ extremities 7primitive n]ve-fibres871 :i* are surr\nd$ by loosely aggregat$ ganglionic globules0 7,siebold's ,anatomy ( ! ,inv]tebrates74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bia4--;,=e tibia ( ,locu/a viridissima4 td1 cov] ( ! drum2 tr1 fissure betwe5 ! drum & its cov]4--,aft] ,grab]1 f ,lang4 ,9 ! gre5 gras%opp]s1 katydids1 & _! allies1 ! e>s are situat$ on ! =e tibi1 :]e ^! organs c be f\nd aft] a c>eful se>* 7,figs4 #bia1 #bib74 ,! pres5ce ( ! /ructure is indicat$ by ! oval disc1 ! drum1 :i* is a ?9 t5se membrane cov]+ ! auditory app>atus ( n]ves1 ganglion cells1 & auditory rods b5ea?4 ,! tympana1 or drums1 are n pres5t 9 all ,locu/id & ,gryllid1 &1 z ,lubbock /ates1 x is an additional reason = reg>d+ !m z auditory organs1 t 9 ^? species :i* possess no /ridulat+ organs ! tympana are also want+4 ,9 _m ( ! ,locu/id ! tympana are cov]$ or protect$ by a fold ( ! sk9 project+ ov] !m4 ,^! cov]$ ones are1 ,grab] ?9ks1 d]iv$ f ! op5 ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bib4--;,a1 =e tibia ( a ,european gras%opp] 7,meconema71 conta9+ ! e>3 ,ty1 tympanum or out] membrane2 ,tr #a1 ,tr #b1 tra*e4 ,b1 diagrammatic cross-section ?r\gh ! tibia & e> ( ! same2 ,ty1 tympanum2 ,ct1 cuticula2 ,,cm1 hypod]mis3 ,a1 ! auditory organ connect+ ) ! tympanum2 ,b1 supra-tympanal auditory organ2 ,,gz1 ! ganglion-cell belong+ to !m2 ,h/1 ! auditory rod connect+ ) ! ganglion-cells4--,aft] ,grab]1 f ,judei* & ,nits*e4 ,on exam9+ ! app>atus )9 ! leg "u ! drum1 x is se5 to consi/ ( ! tra*ea1 ! auditory vesicles & rods1 ganglion cells1 & ac\/ic n]ve4 ,! tra*ea is greatly modifi$ 7,fig4 #bib1 ,tr #a74 ,on pass+ into ! tibia ! tra*ea enl>ges & divides into two bran*es1 :i* reunite l[] d[n4 ,! spiracles supply+ ! air to ?is enl>g$ tra*ea are consid]ably enl>g$1 :ile 9 ! dumb species x is ( ! normal size4 ,! enl>g$ tra*ea passes close to ! tympanum1 :i* ?us has air on bo? sides ( x3 ! op5 air on ! out]1 ! air ( ! tra*ea on its inn] surface4 ,9 fact1 z ,lubbock /ates1 8! tra*ea acts l ! ,eu/a*ian tube 9 our own e>2 x ma9ta9s an equilibrium ( pressure on ea* side ( ! tympanum1 & enables x freely to transmit ! atmosph]ic vibrations40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bic4--,! auditory app>atus 9 ! tibia ( a gras%opp]1 %[+ ! tympanal n]ve-end+s 9 situ3 ,,ebi1 t]m9al vesicles ( ,siebold's organ2 ,,sn1 n]ve ( ! organ ( ,siebold2 ,gr1 gr\p ( vesicles ( same2 ,,s1 n]ve-end+s ( ! same2 v,t1 front tympanum2 v,tr1 front bran* ( ! tra*ea2 h,t1 h9d] tympanum2 h,tr1 h9d] bran* ( ! tra*ea2 ,sp1 space betwe5 ! tra*e2 g1 supra tympanal ganglion2 r,n1 connect+ n]ve-fibrils betwe5 ! ganglion cells & ! t]m9al vesicles2 ,r1 upp]1 n-,s1 l[]1 root ( ! transp>5t cov]+ membrane4 7,o!r lett]+ n expla9$ by au?or47--,aft] ,grab]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bid4--;,auditory rod ( ,gryllus viridissimus3 fd1 auditory rod2 ko1 t]m9al piece4--,aft] ,grab]1 f ,lubbock4 ,^! tra*e1 says ,grab]1 ?\gh =m$ on a simil> plan1 pres5t _m v>iations1 correspond+ to ^? ( ! tympana1 & %[+ t ! tympana & ! tra*e /& 9 intimate connection ) "o ano!r4 ,= in/ance1 9 ^? species :]e ! tympana are equal1 ! tra*e are s likewise2 9 ,gryllotalpa1 :]e ! front tympanum only is develop$1 ?\gh bo? tra*eal bran*es are pres5t1 ! front "o is mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r2 & :]e !re is no tympanum1 ! tra*ea rema9s comp>atively small1 & ev5 9 "s cases undivid$ 7,lubbock1 ex ,grab]74 ,! ac\/ic n]ve1 :i* next to ! optic is ! ?icke/ 9 ! body1 divides soon aft] ent]+ ! tibia into two bran*es1 "o almo/ imm$iately =m+ a ganglion1 ! supra-tympanal ganglion1 ! o!r pass+ d[n to ! tympanum1 :]e x exp&s into an elongat$ flat ganglion1 ! organ ( ,siebold 7,fig4 #bic71 & closely appli$ to ! ant]ior tra*e4 ,at ! upp] "p ( ! ganglion is a gr\p t]m9at+ bel[ 9 a s+le r[ ( vesicles1 ! fir/ few ( :i* are approximately equal1 b :i* subsequ5tly dim9i% regul>ly 9 size4 ,ea* ( ^! vesicles is connect$ ) ! n]ve by a fibril 7,fig4 #bic1 v,n71 & conta9s an auditory rod 7,fig4 #bid74 ,!y are said by ,grab] to be brightly refractive1 holl[ 7?us diff]+ f ! ret9al rods1 :i* are solid71 & t]m9ate 9 a sep>ate end-piece 7ko74 ,! rods 7 fir/ discov]$ by ,siebold1 &1 z ,lubbock rem>ks1 may be reg>d$ z specially *>act]i/ic ( ! ac\/ic organs ( insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bie4--;,*ordotonal organ 9 nymph ( a :ite ant4--,aft] ,mll]1 f ,%>p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bif4--,"r half ( #h? body-segm5t ( ,core?ra plumicornis3 g1 ganglion ( v5tral cord2 lm1 longitud9al muscle2 cn1 *ordotonal n]ve2 cl1 *ordotonal ligam5t2 cg1 *ordotonal ganglion2 cs1 rod ( *ordotonal organ2 c/1 t]m9al cord2 tb1 tactile set2 hn1 out-go+ fibres ( ! integum5tal n]ves4--,aft] ,grab]1 f ,lang4 ,z w be se5 9 ,fig4 #bic1 at ! upp] "p ( ! tibial organ ( ,ephippig]a !re is a gr\p ( cells1 & bel[ !m a s+le r[ ( cells gradually dim9i%+ 9 size f above d[nw>ds4 8,"o _c b ask oneself10 says ,lubbock1 8:e!r ! gradually dim9i%+ size ( ! cells 9 ! organ ( ,siebold may n h ref]5ce to ! p]ception ( diff]5t notes1 z is ! case ) ! s]ies ( dim9i%+ ar*es 9 ! organ ( ,corti ( our own e>s40 ,^! organs 7 suppos$ to be re/rict$ to ! ,or?opt]a1 b 9 #ahgg ,lubbock discov]$ :at seems to resemble ! supra-tympanal auditory organ ( ,or?opt]a 9 ! tibia ( ! yell[ ant 7,lasius flavus74 ,grab] confirm$ ,lubbock's acc\nt1 & also discov]$ ^! organs 9 ! tibia ( a ,p]lid 7,isopt]yx apicalis71 & ,fritz ,mll] has detect$ !m 9 ! =e tibi ( ! nymph ( ,calot]mes rugosus 7,fig4 #bie74 ,to ^! /ructures ,grab] gave ! "n ( *ordotonal organs4 ,he has also detect$ ^! organs 9 all ! legs ( o!r insects 7,tri*opt]a1 ,p$iculid71 & auditory rods h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ant5n ( ,dyticus & ( ,telephorus by ,hicks1 ,leydig1 & ,grab]4 ,grab] classifies ! *ordotonal organs into truncal & membral4 ,9 ,coleopt]a & ,tri*opt]a !y may occur on sev]al jo9ts ( ! leg2 o!rs are m localiz$1--?us he di/+ui%es femoral 7,p$iculid71 tibial 7,or?opt]a1 ,p]lid1 ,=micid71 & t>sal organs 7,coleopt]a74 ,a type ( *ordotonal organ1 obs]v$ 9 ! body-segm5ts ( ! l>v ( sev]al insects by ,leydig1 ,weismann1 ,grab]1 ,grobb51 & ,bolles ,lee1 is to be se5 9 ! transp>5t l>va ( ,core?ra 7,fig4 #bif71 :]e ! auditory organ ext5ds to ! sk94 ,x conta9s at ! po9t cs two or ?ree auditory rods4 ,9 ! opposite direction a f9e ligam5t 7cl7 passes f cg to ! sk92 9 ?is way ! auditory organ is susp5d$ 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( t5sion1 & is favorably situat$ to receive ev5 v f9e vibrations4 ,a simil> app>atus has be5 detect$ 9 ! l>va ( ,pty*opt]a4 ,ant5nal auditory hairs4--,x is n at all improbable t ! ant5n ( diff]5t insects conta9 auditory z well z olfactory /ructures4 ,lubbock has sugge/$ t ! s+ul> organs :i* h only be5 f\nd 9 ! ant5n ( ants & c]ta9 bees1 & to :i* he gives ! "n ( 8,hicks' bottles0 7,fig4 #bha71 may act z microscopic /e?oscopes1 :ile ,leydig also reg>ds !m z *ordotonal organs4 ,t1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! ant5nal hairs ( ! mosquito1 z fir/ sugge/$ by ,johnson & aft]w>ds prov$ exp]im5tally by ,may]1 are auditory1 seems well e/abli%$4 ,fa/5+ a male mosquito d[n on a glass slide1 ,may] !n s\nd$ a s]ies ( tun+-=ks4 ,) an ,ut#d =k ( #eab vibrations p] second1 "s ( ! hairs 7 se5 to vibrate vigor\sly1 :ile o!rs rema9$ comp>atively at re/4 ,! l[] 7,ut#c7 & high] 7,ut#e7 h>monics ( ,ut#d also caus$ m vibration ?an any int]m$iate notes4 ,^! hairs1 !n1 are specially tun$ s z to respond to vibrations numb]+ #eab p] second4 ,o!r hairs vibrat$ to o!r notes1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! middle & next high] octave ( ! piano4 ,may] !n made l>ge wood5 models ( ^! hairs1 ! "o correspond+ to ! ,ut#c hair be+ ab\t a metre 9 l5g?1 & on c\nt+ ! numb] ( vibrations !y made :5 !y 7 clamp$ at "o end & !n drawn on "o side1 he f\nd t x 8co9cid$ ) ! ratio exi/+ betwe5 ! numb]s ( vibrations ( ! =ks to :i* covibrat$ ! fibrils10 or hairs4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! song ( ! female mosquito corresponds ne>ly to ?is note1 & w\ld consequ5tly set ! hairs 9 vibration4 ,may] obs]v$ t ! song ( ! female vibrates ! hairs ( "o ( ! ant5n m =cibly ?an ^? ( ! o!r4 ,^? auditory hairs are mo/ affect$ :i* are at "r angles to ! direction f :i* ! s\nd comes4 ,h5ce f ! position ( ! ant5n & ! hairs a s\nd w be l\de/ or mo/ int5se if x is directly 9 front ( ! head4 ,if1 !n1 ! song ( ! female affects "o ant5na m ?an ano!r1 ! male turns 8 head until ! two ant5n are equally affect$1 & is ?us able to fly /raight t[>ds ! female4 ,f 8 exp]im5ts ,may] f\nd t ! male c ?us guide himself to )9 #e ( ! direction ( ! female4 ,h5ce he concludes t 8^! insects mu/ h ! faculty ( ! p]ception ( ! direction ( s\nd m highly develop$ ?an 9 any o!r class ( animals40 7,also see ,*ild's "w47 ,special s5se-organs 9 ! w+s & halt]es4--,organs ( a special s5se1 :i* ,hicks suppos$ to be ^? ( smell1 7 f\nd by him ne> or at ! base ( ! w+s ( ,dipt]a1 ,coleopt]a1 & less p]fect ones 9 ,lepidopt]a1 ,neuropt]a1 & ,or?opt]a1 ) a trace ( !m 9 ,hemipt]a2 b ^! 7 consid]$ by ,leydig to be auditory organs1 s9ce he f\nd ! n]ves to end 9 club-%ap$ rods1 l ^? ( ,or?opt]a4 ,hicks f\nd1 z to ! halt]es & _! s5se-organs1 t ! n]ve 9 ! halt] is ! l>ge/ 9 ! insect1 except ! optic n]ve2 & t at ! base ( ! halt]es is a numb] ( vesicles arrang$ 9 f\r gr\ps1 to ea* ( :i* ! n]ve s5ds a bran*4 ,aft]w>ds ,bolles ,lee discov]$ t ! vesicles1 und\bt$ly p]=at$1 conta9 a m9ute hair1 ^? ( ! upp] gr\ps be+ protect$ by hoods ( *it94 ,he reg>d$ !m z olfactory organs1 :ile ,lubbock seems incl9$ to consid] !m z auditory /ructures4 ,grab] also reg>ds ! vesicles ( ,hicks z *ordotonal organs4 ,9 8 elaborate acc\nt ( ! balanc]s1 ,we9l& concludes t ! organs ( s5se ( v>y+ /ructure occurr+ at ! base ( ^! app5dages all[ ! p]ception ( movem5ts :i* ! halt]es p]=m & :i* enable ! fly to /e] or direct its c\rse4 ,! halt]es c ?us cause diff]5ces 9 ! direction ( ! flight ( a fly 9 ! v]tical plane4 ,if ! balanc]s act unequally1 !re is a *ange 9 direction4 e4 ,! s\nds ( insects ,insects h no true voice2 b s\nds ( diff]5t int5sity1 %rill cries1 & o!r noises are produc$ me*anically by insects1 ei!r be+ love-songs to attract ! sexes1 to give signals1 to communicate intellig5ce1 or p]haps to express ! emotions4 ,! l\d1 %rill cry ( ! ,cicada1 or *irp ( ! cricket1 is evid5tly a love-call1 & results 9 ! mat+ ( individuals ( sep>ate broods m or less widely scatt]$1 ?us prev5t+ too close int]bre$+4 ,! simple/ means ( mak+ a noise is t ( ! dea?-wat* 7,anobium71 :i* /rikes or taps on ! wall ) its head or abdom54 ,longicorn beetles make a %>p s\nd by ! friction ( ! mesoscutellum aga9/ ! edge ( ! pro?oracic cavity1 ! head be+ alt]nately rais$ & l[]$1 ,bury+-beetles 7,necrophorus7 rub ! abdom5 aga9/ ! h9d] edges ( ! elytra4 ,weevils make a l\d noise by rapidly rubb+ ! tips ( ! abdom5 on ! ends ( ! elytra4 ,l&ois (f]s ! foll[+ summ>y ( ! k9ds ( noises produc$ by beetles3 #a4 ,tapp+ s\nds 7,bo/ryc91 ,anobium74 #b4 ,grat+ s\nds 7,elat]id74 #c4 ,friction )\t special rasp+ organs 7,eu*irus longimanus74 #d4 ,rasp+ s\nds produc$ by friction3 a4 ,rubb+ ( ! pronotum on ! mesonotum 7,c]ambycid except ,spondyli & ,prionus74 b4 ,friction ( ! pro/]num on ! meso/]num 7,omaloplia brunnea74 c4 ,elytra ) a rasp at ! end 7,curculionid1 ,dyticid1 ,pelobius74 d4 ,) a coxal rasp 7,geotrupes1 ,c]atophyus74 ,! male ( ,ateu*us /ridulates to enc\rage ! female 9 h] "w1 & f di/ress :5 %e is remov$4 7,d>w947 e4 ,friction ( ! edge ( ! elytra aga9/ ! femur 7,*iasogna?us grantii74 f4 ,pygidium ) two rasps 9 ! middle 7,crioc]is1 ,lema1 ,copris1 ,oryctes1 ,necrophorus1 ,t5ebrionid74 g4 ,abdom5 ) a grat+ ridge & f\r grat+ plates 7,trox74 h4 ,abdom5 ) two too!d ridges rubb+ on a rasp on edge ( w+-cov] 7,elaphus1 ,ble?isa1 ,cy*rus74 i4 ,rubb+ ! elytra on a rasp on ! h9d w+s 7,pelobius h]manni74 j4 ,friction ( ! w+ aga9/ ! abdom9al segm5ts 7,melolon?a fullo74 ,mutilla makes a r %>p noise by rubb+ "o abdom9al segm5t aga9/ ano!r4 ,ants 7,pon]a7 h a /ridulat+ app>atus1 & o!r g5]a num]\s 7#bj7 ridges betwe5 ! segm5ts4 ,ev5 c]ta9 mo?s & butt]flies emit a rasp+ or crackl+ noise4 ,! dea?'s-head mo? & o!r sph+es cause x by rubb+ ! palpi aga9/ ! base ( ! proboscis4 ,^! & c]ta9 butt]flies are provid$ ) p>allel ridges =m+ a rasp on ! 8basal spot0 ( ! inn] side ( ! basal jo9t ( ea* palpus 7,reut]74 ,a ,s\? ,am]ican butt]fly 7,ag]onia f]onia7 c be he>d = sev]al y>ds z x flies ) a crackl+ s\nd4 ,hampson f9ds t ! cause ( ! click+ s\nd is due to a pair ( /rong *it9\s hooks atta*$ to ! ?orax1 aga9/ :i* play ! spatulate ends ( a pair ( hooks atta*$ to ! =e w+s4 ,an ,au/ralian mo? 7,hecatesia7 flies ) a :izz+ s\nd2 ,vanessa is said to be sonor\s4 ,! males ( ,or?opt]a produce _! %rill cries or *irp+ noises1 #a1 by rubb+ ! ?ighs aga9/ ! sides ( ! body 7,acrydiid72 #b1 by ! friction ( ! base ( ! =e w+s on ea* o!r 7,locu/id72 #c1 by rubb+ ! base ( ! upp] on ! base ( ! h9d] or "u pair 7,gryllid71 9 ! two la/ !re be+ a %rill+ app>atus consi/+ ( a file on ! h9d w+s1 :i* rubs on a resonant surface on ! =e w+s4 ,! females are n inv>iably dumb1 bo? sexes ( ! ,european ,ephippig]a be+ able to fa9tly /ridulate4 ,corixa also produces %rill *irp+ notes4 7,c>p5t]47 ,c]ta9 insects also hum1 & h :at may p]haps be call$ a voice4 ,! cock*af]1 besides humm+ ) ! w+s1 produces a s\nd almo/ l a voice4 ,9 ! l>ge tra*ea1 j beh9d ea* spiracle1 is a *it9\s process1 :i* is ?r[n into vibrations by ! air dur+ respiration1 & ?us produces a humm+ noise4 7,lubbock47 ,su* is also ! case ) flies1 ! mosquito1 dragon-flies1 & bees4 ,9 flies & dragon-flies ! 8voice0 is caus$ by ! air issu+ f ! ?oracic spiracles2 :ile 9 ! humble-bee ! abdom9al spiracles are also musical4 ,! s\nd made by ! spiracles be>s no relation to t caus$ by ! w+s4 ,l&ois tells u t ! w+-tone ( ! honey-bee is ,a2 its voice1 h[ev]1 is an octave high]1 & (t5 goes to ,b & ,c4 ,! s\nds produc$ by ! w+s are con/ant 9 ea* species1 except :]e1 z 9 ,bombus1 !re are individuals ( diff]5t sizes2 9 ^! ! l>g] ones g5]ally give a high] note4 ,?us ! comp>atively small male ( ,bombus t]re/ris hums on ,a1 :ile ! l>ge female hums an entire octave high]4 ,f ! note produc$ ! rapidity ( ! vibrations c be calculat$4 ,= example1 ! h\se-fly1 :i* produces ! s\nd ( ,f1 vibrates its w+s #ba1abj times 9 a m9ute1 or #cce times 9 a second2 & ! bee1 :i* makes a s\nd ( ,a1 z _m z #bf1djj times1 or #ddj times 9 a second4 ,on ! contr>y1 a tir$ bee hums on ,e1 & !re=e1 accord+ to !ory1 vibrates its w+s only #ccj times 9 a second4 ,m>ey has confirm$ ^! numb]s graphically1 & f\nd by exp]im5t t ! fly actually makes #ccj /rokes 9 a second4 7,lubbock47 ,a diff]5t k9d ( musical app>atus is t ( ! cicada1 :i* has be5 elaborately describ$ by ,grab]4 ,! %rill1 pi]c+ notes issue f a pair ( organs on ! "u side ( ! base ( ! abdom5 ( ! male1 ^! act+ some:at z two kettle-drums1 ! membrane cov]+ ! depressions be+ rapidly vibrat$4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,he>+ a4 ,! auditory organs ,siebold1 ,c4 ,?4 ,e4 von4 ,ueb] das ,/imm- und ,gehrorgan d] ,or?opt]54 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 #ahdd1 x1 pp4 #eb-ha47 ,john/on1 ,*ri/oph]4 ,auditory app>atus ( ! culex mosquito4 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,micr4 ,soc41 #ahee1 iii1 pp4 #ig-ajb1 #a ,fig47 ,hicks1 ,braxton4 ,on a new organ 9 insects4 7,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,zool41 ,london1 #aheg1 pp4 #acj-adj1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,fur!r rem>ks on ! organ f\nd on ! bases ( ! halt]es & w+s ( insects4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 ,london1 #aheg1 xxii1 pp4 #ada-ade1 #b ,pls47 ,h5s51 ,v4 ,ueb] das ,gehrorgan von ,locu/a4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xvi1 #ahff1 pp4 #aij-bjg47 ,grab]1 ,v4 ,bem]kung5 b] die ,gehr- und ,/immorgane d] ,heus*reck5 und ,cicad5 7,wi5] ,sitzungsb]4 ,ma?4-natur-wiss4 ,cl41 lxvi1 #a ,abt41 #ahgb1 pp4 #bje-bac1 #b ,figs47 ---- ,die tympanal5 ,s9nesapp>ate1 d] ,or?opt]54 7,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 wiss5s4 ,wi51 xxxvi1 #ahgf1 #b ,abt41 pp4 #a-adj1 #aj ,taf47 ---- ,die abdom9al5 ,tympanalorgane d] ,cicad5 und ,gryllode54 7,ibid41 #ahgj1 xxxvi1 pp4 #bgc-bij1 #b ,taf47 ---- ,ueb] neue1 otocy/5>tige ,s9nesorgane d] ,insekt54 7,ar*iv f4 mikroskop4 ,anat41 #ahgh1 pp4 #ce-eg1 #b ,taf47 ---- ,die *ordotonal5 ,s9nesorgane und das ,gehr d] ,insekt54 7,ar*iv f4 mikroskop4 ,anat41 #ahhb1 xx1 pp4 #ejf-fdj2 #ahhc1 xxi1 pp4 #fe-ade1 ,taf47 ,may]1 ,alfr$ ,m>%all4 ,rese>*es 9 ,ac\/ics ,no4 #e4 #c4 ,exp]im5ts on ! suppos$ auditory app>atus ( ! culex mosquito4 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sc4 & ,arts1 ,s]4 #c1 viii1 #ahgd1 pp4 #ha-ajc2 also ,am]4 ,naturali/1 viii1 pp4 #egg-eib47 ,s*midt1 ,osc>4 ,die ,gehrorgane d] ,heus*reck54 7,ar*iv f4 mikroskop4 ,anat41 xi1 #ahge1 pp4 #aie-bae1 #c ,taf47 ,ranke1 ,j4 ,beitrge zu d] ,lehre von d5 ,ueb]gangss9nesorgan51 das ,gehrorgan d] ,acridi] und das ,sehorgan d] ,hirud9e54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xxv1 #ahge1 pp4 #adc-afd1 #a ,taf47 ,lee1 ,a4 ,bolles4 ,les balanci]s des ,diptres1 leurs organes s5sifres et leur hi/ologie4 7,recueil ,zool4 ,suisse1 ii1 #ahhe1 pp4 #cfc-cib1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,bem]kung5 b] d] fe9]5 ,bau d] ,*ordotonalorgane4 7,ar*iv f4 mikroskop4 ,anat41 #ahhc1 xxiii1 pp4 #acc-adj1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,les organes *ordotonaux des ,diptres et la m?ode du *lorure d'or4 7,obs]vations critiques47 7,recueil ,zool4 ,suisse1 #ahhd1 ii1 pp4 #fhe-fhi1 #a ,pl47 ,we9l&1 ,e4 ,ueb] die ,s*w+] 7,halt]57 d] ,dipt]5 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 #ahij1 li1 pp4 #ee-aff1 #e ,taf47 ,adelung1 ,n4 v4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis des tibial5 ,gehrapp>ates d] ,locu/id54 ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,leipzig1 #ahib1 #b ,taf4 ,*ild1 ,*4 ,m4 ,e9 bi%] w5ig bea*tetes ant5nales ,s9nesorgan d] ,insekt51 mit besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung d] ,culicid5 und ,*ironomid54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 lviii1 #ahid1 pp4 #dge-ebh1 #b ,taf42 also1 ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xvii ,jahrg41 pp4 #ce-ch1 & 9 ,annals & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahid 7#f71 xiii1 pp4 #cgb-cgd74 ,also ! writ+s ( ,j4 ,mll]1 ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 ,burmei/]1 ,gilb]t ,:ite1 ,we/wood1 ,guild+1 ,me9]t1 ,paas*1 ,leydig1 ,viallanes1 ,m9ot1 ,=el1 ,may]1 ,d>w9 7,desc5t ( ,man1 i1 *4 x471 ,f4 ,mll]1 ,lubbock 7,s5ses ( animals71 ,we/r+1 ,kpp51 ,bates1 ,vom ,ra?1 ,peckham1 ,j\rdan1 ,nagel1 etc4 b4 ,! s\nds made by insects ,scudd]1 ,s4 ,h4 ,notes on ! /ridulation ( gras%opp]s4 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xi1 #ahfh1 pp4 #cjf-cac & #caf47 ---- ,! songs ( ! gras%opp]s4 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 ii1 #ahfh1 pp4 #aac-abj1 #e ,figs47 ,riley1 ,c4 ,v4 ,! song notes ( ! p]iodical ,cicada4 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci5ce1 xxxiv1 #ahhe1 pp4 #ccj-ccb2 also 9 ,kansas ,city ,rev41 ,octob]1 #ahhe1 pp4 #agc-age47 ,sw9ton1 ,a4 ,h4 7,ent4 ,mon?4 ,mag41 #ahgg47 ,s\nd produc$ 9 ,ag]onia by a modification ( ! hook & bri/le ( ! w+s4 ,hampson1 ,g4 ,f4 ,on /ridulation 9 c]ta9 ,lepidopt]a1 etc4 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahib1 ii1 pp4 #ahh-aic1 ,fig2 also ,psy*e1 vi1 p4 #dia1 #a ,fig47 ,) ! writ+s ( ,l&ois1 ,lubbock1 ,grab]1 ,kolbe1 ,c>p5t] 7,nat4 ,sci5ce71 ,bruyant1 & o!rs4 ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,canal ,,& ,,its ,,app5dages ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #big4--,transv]se section ?r\gh an abdom9al segm5t ( l>va ( ,megalopyge crispata1 %[+ ! relations ( ! dige/ive canal to ! o!r organs3 int1 h9d-inte/9e1 ) its muc\s or epi!lial lay] 7ep71 & ml its out] or muscul> lay]2 ng1 v5tral ganglion2 ht1 he>t2 mp1 ur9>y tubes2 f1 fat-body2 sc1 ?ick5$ portion ( ! hypod]mis 7hy7 conta9+ ! setig5\s cells2 m1 muscles2 m1 a pair ( retractor muscles ins]t$ ne> ! base ( ! lat]al gl&ul> process 7lgp72 cut1 cuticula2 l1 legs4 ,also comp>e ,figs4 #adb-add & #bcd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bih4 ,! alim5t>y or dige/ive canal ( insects is a m or less /raight tube1 :i* connects ! m\? & anus1 ! latt] inv>iably situat$ 9 ! la/ segm5t ( ! body1 "u ! la/ t]gite or suranal plate4 ,x lies directly ov] ! v5tral n]v\s cord & "u ! dorsal vessel1 pass+ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! body 7,fig4 #big74 ,x is loosely held 9 place by delicate retractor muscles 7retractores v5triculi1 f\nd by ,lyonet 9 ! l>v ( ,lepidopt]a1 & occurr+ 9 ^? ( ,dipt]a71 b is pr9cipally support$ by exce$+ly num]\s bran*es ( ! ma9 tra*e4 ,,fig4 #bih4--;,int]nal anatomy ( ,melanoplus femur-rubrum3 at1 ant5na & n]ve lead+ to x f ! 8bra90 or suprasophageal ganglion 7sp72 oc1 ocelli1 ant]ior & v]tical ones1 ) ocell> n]ves lead+ to !m f ! bra92 1 sophagus2 m1 m\?2 lb1 labium or "u lip2 if1 infrasophageal ganglion1 s5d+ ?ree pairs ( n]ves to ! m&ibles1 maxill1 & labium respectively 7n cle>ly %[n 9 ! engrav+72 sm1 sympa!tic or vagus n]ve1 />t+ f a ganglion re/+ above ! sophagus1 & connect+ ) ano!r ganglion 7sg7 ne> ! h9d] end ( ! crop2 sal1 saliv>y gl&s 7! t]m9ation ( ! saliv>y duct n cle>ly %[n by ! engrav]72 nv1 n]v\s cord & ganglia2 ov1 ov>y2 ur1 orig9 ( ur9>y tubes2 ovt1 oviduct2 sb1 sebace\s gl&2 bc1 bursa copulatrix2 ovt1 site ( op5+ ( ! oviduct 7! left oviduct cut away72 #a-aj1 abdom9al segm5ts4 ,! o!r organs labell$ 9 full4--,drawn f 8 orig9al dissections by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,burgess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bii4--;,dige/ive canal ( ,anabrus3 m1 m\?3 1 sophagus2 sm1 ! sympa!tic n]ve pass+ along ! crop2 t1 tongue2 fg1 frontal ganglion2 br1 bra91 ! n]v\s cord pass+ backw>d f x2 sr1 saliv>y res]voir2 sg1 saliv>y gl&2 pv1 prov5triculus2 ur1 orig9 ( ur9>y tubes2 sb1 sebace\s gl&2 #a-aj1 ! t5 abdom9al segm5ts4--,burgess del4 ,x is 9 ! high] adult insects diff]5tiat$ into ! m\? & ph>ynx1 ! sophagus or gullet1 supplem5t>y to :i* is ! crop 7+luvies7 or 8suck+ /oma*0 ( ,lepidopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a2 ! prov5triculus or gizz>d2 ! v5triculus1 8*yle-/oma*10 or1 m prop]ly1 mid-inte/9e1 & ! h9d-inte/9e1 :i* is divid$ into ! ileum1 or %ort inte/9e1 ! long inte/9e1 (t5 sl5d] & coil$1 ) ! colon & ! rectum4 ,morphologically1 h[ev]1 ! dige/ive or ent]ic canal is divid$ into ?ree prim>y divisions1 :i* are indicat$ 9 ! embryo insect2 i4e41 ! =e-inte/9e 7/omodum ( ! embryo71 mid-inte/9e or 8*yle-/oma*10 & h9d-inte/9e or proctodum 7,fig4 #cjj74 ,! ?ree prim>y regions1 ) _! diff]5tiations1 may be tabulat$ ?us3-- ,=e-inte/9e 7,/omodum74 ,m\? & ph>ynx4 ,pump+ app>atus ( ,hemipt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 & ,dipt]a4 sophagus4 ,crop or +luvies1 food res]voir1 or 8suck+ /oma*40 ,prov5triculus4 ,mid-inte/9e 7,mes5t]on74 ,mid-inte/9e1 8*ylific /oma*10 or v5triculus 7) ccal gl&s74 ,h9d-inte/9e 7,proctodum74 ,ileum1 or %ort inte/9e 7) ! ur9>y tubes74 ,long inte/9e4 ,colon4 ,rectum 7) rectal gl&s74 ,anus 7) anal gl&s74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjj4--,! ?ree prim>y divisions ( ! alim5t>y canal ( an embryonic or?opt]\s insect3 br1 bra92 sbg1 subsophageal ganglion2 ng1 n]v\s cord2 /1 /omodum2 pr1 proctodum2 mv1 malphigian tubes2 mes51 mid-inte/9e2 ht1 he>t2 md1 m&ibles2 mx1 mx1 #a/ & #b;d maxill4--,aft] ,ay]s1 ) "s *anges4 ,! app5dages ( ! alim5t>y canal are3 7#a7 ! saliv>y & poison gl&s1 :i* arise f ! /omodum 9 embryonic life2 7#b7 :ile to ! *ylific /oma* a s+le pair ( ccal app5dages 7,or?opt]a & l>val ,dipt]a1 e4g4 ,sci>a71 or _m cca may be app5d$2 7#c7 ! ur9>y tubes1 also ! rectal gl&s & ! pair$ anal gl&s4 ,9 a ,hemipt] 7,pyrrhocoris apt]us7 app5dages arise f ! inte/9e 9 front ( ! orig9 ( ! ur9>y tubes4 ,9 c]ta9 insects a s+le ccal app5dage 7,nepa1 ,dyticus1 ,silpha1 ,necrophorus1 & ! ,lepidopt]a7 arises f ! proctodum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cja--,l>va ( honey-bee3 g1 bra92 bm1 v5tral n]v\s cord2 1 sophagus2 sd1 sp9n+-gl&2 cd1 mid-inte/9e or *yle-/oma*2 ed1 h9d-inte/9e1 n yet connect$ ) ! mid-inte/9e2 vm1 ur9>y tube2 an1 anus2 /1 /igmata4--,aft] ,leuck>t1 f ,lang4 ,9 c]ta9 l>val insects1 z ^? ( ! ,proctotrypid 7fir/ l>val /age71 ! high] ,hym5opt]a 7i*neumons1 ants1 wasps1 & bees1 ,fig4 #cja71 9 ! ,campodea-l l>v ( ! ,meloid & ,/ylopid1 ! l>va ( ! ant-lion 7,myrmecoleo71 & ^? ( ,dipt]a pupip>a 7,melophagus71 ! embryonic condition ( ! sep>ation ( ! proctodum & mid-gut 7mes5t]on7 p]si/s1 ! /oma* end+ 9 a bl9d sac2 9 su* cases ! inte/9e1 toge!r ) ! ur9>y tubes1 is entirely secretory4 ,! anus is want+ 9 ! l>va ( ! ant-lion1 z also 9 ! wasps 79 :i* !re is a rudim5t>y colon7 & 9 fre%ly hat*$ bees1 ?\gh x becomes p]fectly =m$ 9 ! fully gr[n l>v 7,newport1 art4 ,insecta1 p4 #ifg1 & ,h4 ,mll]74 ,9 ! l>v ( lamellicorn ,coleopt]a 7,melolon?a vulg>is7 ! dige/ive tube is ne>ly z simple z 9 bees1 ?\gh !re is a l>ge colon1 :i* at its beg9n+ =ms an imm5se ccum1 & has also "o anal ap]ture 7,newport74 ,! l5g? & %ape ( ! dige/ive canal is dep5d5t on ! nature ( ! food & also on ! mode ( life1 especially ! ease or difficulty ) :i* ! food is dige/$4 ,newport1 :ile /at+ t ! l5g? ( ! alim5t>y canal 9 l>v is n 9 g5]al indicatory ( ! habits ( ! species1 makes ?is qualification aft] describ+ ! dige/ive canal ( ,cal&ra z comp>$ ) t ( ,calosoma3 8,! l5g? & complication ( ! inte/9es1 !re=e1 appe> to h "s ref]5ce to ! quality ( ! food to be dige/$1 s9ce x is well kn[n t ! food ( ^! latt] insects 7weevils7 is ( difficult assimilation1 be+ z x is *iefly ! h>d ligne\s fibres ( vegetable matt]2 b !y _c be receiv$ z always indicatory ( a c>nivor\s or vegetable fe$]1 s9ce1 z above rem>k$1 ! l5g? ( ! canal is consid]able 9 "o entirely c>nivor\s l>va1 :ile x is mu* %ort] 9 "s h]bivor\s1 & p>ticul>ly 9 poll5ivor\s l>v1 z 9 ! ,melolon?a & ! apodal ,hym5opt]a40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjb4--;,dige/ive canal ( a c>abid beetle3 b1 sophagus2 c1 crop2 d1 prov5triculus2 f1 mid-inte/9e1 or 8*yle-/oma*10 ) its ceca2 g1 po/]ior division ( ! /oma*2 i1 ! two pairs ( ur9>y tubes2 h1 inte/9e2 k1 rectum2 l1 anal gl&s4--,aft] ,duf\r1 f ,judei* & ,nits*e4 ,newport also cont5ds t ! l5g? ( ! alim5t>y canal is n m indicative 9 ! p]fect insect ( ! c>nivor\s or phytophag\s habits ( ! species ?an 9 ! l>va4 ,x is ne>ly z long 7be+ f two to ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! :ole body71 & is m complicat$1 9 ! rapaci\s ,c>abid 7,fig4 #cjb7 ?an 9 ! honey-sipp+ ,lepidopt]a1 ^: food is entirely liquid4 ,ref]r+ to ! dige/ive canal ( ,cic9delid1 :i* is sc>cely long] ?an ! body1 he claims t 8we _c admit t ! l5g? ( ! dige/ive organs1 & ! exi/5ce ( a gizz>d & ga/ric vessels1 are indicatory ( pr$acity ( habits 9 ! insect1 because a simil> con=mation ( p>ts exi/s (t5 9 /rictly vegetable fe$]s4 ,! exi/5ce & l5g? ( ^! p>ts seem r to ref] to ! comp>ative dige/ibility ( ! food ?an to its animal or vegetable nature40 ,newport !n ref]s to ! dige/ive canal ( ,=ficulid 79 :i* ! gizz>d is pres5t1 ! canal1 h[ev]1 pass+ 9 an almo/ direct l9e ?r\gh ! body1 mak+ b "o slight convolution71 8a f>!r pro( t ! l5g? ( ! canal mu/ n be tak5 z a crit]ion :]eby to judge ( ! habits ( a species40 ,he adds ?is w apply equally well to ! omnivor\s ,gryllid1 9 :i* !re exi/s a %ort alim5t>y canal1 b a gizz>d ( m complicat$ /ructure ?an t ( ! ,dytiscid4 ,9 l>val insects & o!rs 7,synapt]a1 ,or?opt]a1 etc471 9 :i* ! dige/ive canal is simple/1 x is sc>cely long] ?an ! body1 & passes ?r\gh x z a /raight tube4 ,9 ! cat]pill>1 :i* is a voraci\s & con/ant fe$]1 ! dige/ive canal is a l>ge /raight tube1 n cle>ly diff]5tiat$ into =e-/oma*1 /oma*1 & inte/9e2 b 9 ! imago1 :i* only takes a little liquid food1 x is sl5d]1 delicate1 & highly diff]5tiat$4 ,9 ! l>va ! mid-gut =ms ! l>ge/ "p ( ! canal2 9 ! imago1 ! inte/9e becomes v long & coil$ into num]\s turns2 at ! same "t ! food-res]voir 7! 8suck+ /oma*07 develops1 & ! excretory tubes are long]4 a4 ,! dige/ive canal ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjc4--;,int]ior view ( ! bottom ( ! head ( ,danais ar*ippus1 ! top hav+ be5 cut away1 %[+1 9 ! middle1 ! ph>yngeal sac ) its five muscles3 ! frontal 7f4m71 dorsal pair 7d4m71 & ! lat]al pair 7l4m72 cl1 clypeus2 cor1 cornea2 1 sophagus2 p4m1 "o ( ! l>ge muscles :i* move ! labial palp4--,aft] ,burgess4 ,x w greatly simplify our conception ( ! anatomy ( ! dige/ive canal if we take into acc\nt its mode ( orig9 9 ! embryo1 be>+ 9 m9d ! fact t dur+ ! ga/rula condition ! ectod]m is invag9at$ at ea* pole to =m ! primitive m\? & =e-gut 7/omodum7 & h9d-gut 7proctodum74 ,! cells ( ! ectod]m secrete a *it9\s l9+ 7intima71 :i* =ms ! cont9uation ( ! out] *it9\s cru/1 & ?us ! l9+ ( ea* end ( ! dige/ive canal is ca/ :5ev] ! insect molts2 :ile ! mid-inte/9e 7mes5t]on71 aris+ indep5d5tly ( ! re/ ( ! canal mu* lat] 9 embryonic life f ! mesod]m1 is n ! result ( any invag9ation1 be+ directly d]iv$ f ! mesod]m1 & is n l9$ ) *it94 ,! m\?1 or oral cavity1 & ph>ynx4--,?is is ! beg9n+ ( ! alim5t>y b\nd$ above by ! clypeus1 & labrum1 ) ! epiph>ynx1 & bel[ by ! hypoph>ynx1 or tongue1 z well z ! labium4 ,into x p\r ! secretion ( ! saliv>y gl&s1 :i* passes out ?r\gh an op5+ at ! base ( ! tongue or hypoph>ynx4 ,on ea* side ( ! m\? are ! m&ibles & fir/ maxill4 ,! suck+ or ph>yngeal pump4--,?is organ has be5 obs]v$ by ,grab] 9 flies & ,hemipt]a1 b ! fulle/ acc\nt is t by ,burgess1 :o 0 ! fir/ to discov] x 9 ,lepidopt]a4 ,9 ! milk-we$ butt]fly 7,danais ar*ippus7 ! canal trav]s+ ! proboscis op5s into a ph>ynx enclos$ 9 a muscul> sac 7,figs4 #cjc1 #cjd1 & #caj74 ,! ph>yngeal sac1 says ,burgess1 s]ves z a pump+ organ to suck ! liquid food ?r\gh ! proboscis & to =ce x backw>ds into ! dige/ive canal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjd4--,longitud9al section ?r\gh ! head ( ,danais1 %[+ ! int]ior ( ! left half3 mx1 left maxilla1 ^: canal leads into ! ph>ynx2 hph1 floor ( ! latt]1 %[+ "s ( ! ta/e-papill2 oe1 sophagus2 ep1 epiph>yngeal valve2 sd1 saliv>y duct2 d4m1 f4m1 & cl1 z 9 ,fig4 #cjb4--;,aft] ,burgess4 ,me9]t 78,trophi ,dipt]orum07 has made elaborate dissections ( ! m\? & its armature1 includ+ ! ph>ynx ( sev]al types ( ,dipt]a1 ) its musculature4 ,he describes ! ph>ynx z ! pr9cipal1 & 9 mo/ ,dipt]a1 z ! only "p ( ! pump 7antlia71 & says3 8,by ! muscles ( ! pump 7musculis antli7 ! sup]ior lam9a ( ! ph>ynx is v>i$ t ! space betwe5 ! two lam9 may be increas$1 & ! liquid is ?us l$ ?r\gh ! siphon =m$ by ! m\?-p>ts into ! m\?0 7,fig4 #ha74 ,! sophagus4--,?is is a simple tube1 l>ge/ 9 ^? insects fe$+ on solid1 usually vegetable1 food1 & smalle/ 9 ^? liv+ on liquid food4 ,x usually curves upw>ds & backw>ds1 pass+ directly "u ! bra91 & m]ges into ! crop or prov5triculus ei!r at ! back "p ( ! head or 9 ! ?orax1 its l5g? be+ v v>iable4 ,its inn] walls longitud9ally are fold$ & l9$ ) *it94 ,accord+ to ,newport1 9 ! sophagus ( ! ,gryllid1 ( ! two lay]s ( ! muc\s l9+ ! second is di/9ctly gl&ul> & secretory1 & 9 x !re are _m ?\s&s ( v m9ute granul> gl&ul> bodies1 :i* probably secrete ! 8molasses0 or repell5t fluid (t5 eject$ by ^! & o!r insects :5 captur$4 ,! crop or +luvies4--,?is1 :5 pres5t1 is an enl>gem5t ( ! end ( ! sophagus1 & l9$ int]nally ) a muscul> coat4 ,x is v l>ge 9 locu/s 7,fig4 #bih71 ,anabrus 7,fig4 #bii71 & o!r ,or?opt]a 7! ,phasmid except$71 9 ! ,d]mapt]a1 & mo/ adult ,coleopt]a4 ,a crop-l dilatation 9 front ( a sph]ical gizz>d is also pres5t 9 ! ,synapt]a 7,podurid & ,lepismid71 z well z 9 ! ,mallophaga 7,nirmid74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cje4--;,dige/ive canal ( ,cal&ra3 ,h1 pe>-%ap$ sophagus2 ,i1 crop2 ,k1 ga/ric cca ,l1 ilium2 ,,mn1 colon2 ,p1 ur9>y tubes4--,aft] ,newport4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjf4--,section ( ! crop 7,h71 gizz>d 7,i71 & /oma* 7,k7 ( ,a?alia4-,aft] ,newport4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjg4--,upp] side ( head & dige/ive canal ( ,myrmeleon l>va3 a1 crop2 b1 8/oma*02 c1 free ends ( two ur9>y tubes2 c1 common orig9 ( o!r six tubes2 d1 ccum2 e1 sp9n]et2 ff1 muscles = protrud+ its %ea?2 gg1 maxill>y gl&s4--,aft] ,me9]t1 f ,%>p4 ,9 ! l>v ( weevils 7,cal&ra somm]i7 !re is a crop 7,fig4 #cje71 b n 9 ! l>va ( ,calosoma2 also1 accord+ to ,beaureg>d1 9 ! poll5-eat+ beetles ,zonitis1 ,sit>is1 & ,malabris x is want+1 :ile 9 ,meloe x is highly develop$ 7,kolbe74 ,! crop =ms a lat]al dilatation ( ! end ( ! sophagus 9 ! l>v ( weevils & ( saw-flies 7,a?alia c5tifoli1 ,fig4 #cjf74 ,! 8suck+ /oma*0 or food-res]voir4--,?is is a ?9 muscul> p\* connect$ by a sl5d] neck ) ! end ( ! sophagus or ! crop1 :5 ! latt] is pres5t4 ,!re is no su* organ 9 ,or?opt]a1 except 9 ,gryllotalpa4 ,x is want+ 9 ! ,odonata & 9 ! ,plectopt]a 7,ephem]id72 9 ,platypt]a 7,p]lid & ,t]mitid71 9 ,tri*opt]a1 & 9 ,mecopt]a 7,panorpid74 ,9 mo/ adult ,neuropt]a 7,myrmeleonid1 ,hem]obiid1 & ,sialid71 b n 9 ,rhaphidiid1 ! long sophagus is dilat$ po/]iorly into a k9d ( p\* or crop1 & besides !re is (t5 a long 8food-res]voir0 aris+ on "o ( its sides1 t ( ,myrmeleon 7,fig4 #cjg7 & ,hem]obius be+ on ! "r side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjh4--;,dige/ive canal ( ,s>cophaga c>n>ia3 a1 saliv>y gl&2 b1 sophagus2 c1 food res]voir2 f-g1 /oma*2 h1 inte/9e2 i1 ur9>y tubes2 k1 rectum4--,f ,judei* & ,nits*e4 ,a true food-res]voir is pres5t 9 mo/ ,dipt]a 7,fig4 #cjh7 z well z 9 ! l>v ( ! ,muscid1 b accord+ to ,duf\r x is want+ 9 "s ,asilid & 9 ,dipt]a pupip>a1 & accord+ to ,brau] 9 ! /rid4 ,! food-res]voir 9 ,dipt]a is always situat$ on ! left side ( ! dige/ive canal2 !re is usually a long neck or canal1 :ile ! res]voir is ei!r oval or m usually bilob$1 & (t5 ea* lobe is itself curi\sly lob$4 ,9 ,lepidopt]a 7,figs4 #cji1 #caj7 ! s-call$ 8suck+ /oma*0 is1 z ,grab] has prov$1 simply a res]voir = ! tempor>y reception ( food2 ?\gh g5]ally f\nd to conta9 no?+ b air1 ,newport has obs]v$ t 9 flies x is fill$ ) food aft] fe$+4 ,he has f\nd ?is to be ! case 9 ! fle% fly1 & 9 ,eri/alis he has f\nd x 8p>tially fill$ ) yell[ poll5 f ! fl[]s ( ! ragwort ^u :i* ! insect 0 captur$10 ! poll5 gra9s also occurr+ 9 ! canal lead+ to ! bag1 9 ! gullet1 & 9 ! /oma* itself4 ,grab] has fur!r prov$ by fe$+ flies ) a color$ sweet fluid t ?is sac is only a food-receptacle4 ,z he says3 8,x c be se5 fill+ itself full] & full] ) ! color$ fluid1 ! sac gradually di/5d+ until x occupies half ! h9d-body40 ,! food-res]voir ( ! ,hym5opt]a is a lat]al p\* at ! end ( ! long1 sl5d] sophagus1 & has be5 se5 9 ! bee to be fill$ ) honey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cji4--;,dige/ive canal ( ,sph9x ligu/ri3 h1 sophagus2 i1 rudim5t ( ! gizz>d2 k1 8/oma*02 q1 its pyloric end2 t1 food res]voir2 p1 ur9>y tubes2 l1 ilium2 m1 ccum ( colon2 n1 rectum2 v1 v5t4--,aft] ,newport4 ,9 ! mole-cricket ! h9d] "p ( ! crop is arm$ )9 ) hook-l bri/les direct$ backw>ds s z n to prev5t ! en]getic pressure ( ! food backw>ds into ! prov5triculus1 & to obviate ! possibility ( a regurgitation4 7,eb]li47 ,! =e-/oma* or prov5triculus4--,?is is especially well develop$ 9 ! ,d]mapt]a1 9 ! ,or?opt]\s families ,locu/id1 ,gryllid1 & ,mantid1 :ile 9 ! ,?ysanura 7,lepisma7 !re is a sph]ical gizz>d provid$ ) six tee?4 ,x also occurs 9 _m wood-bor+ insects1 & 9 mo/ c>nivor\s insects1 notably ! ,c>abid1 ,dyticid1 ,scolytid1 9 ! ,mecopt]a 7scorpion-flies71 9 ! fleas1 & 9 _m k9ds ( ants1 z well z ,cynips1 ,leucospis1 & ,xyphidria4 ,x is v muscul>1 l9$ )9 ) *it91 :i* is usually provid$ ) num]\s tee? aris+ f ! folds4 ,^! folds beg9 9 ! sophagus or crop1 & sudd5ly end :]e ! mes5t]on 78*ylific /oma*07 beg9s4 ,x has be5 comp>$ ) ! gizz>d ( birds1 & is usually call$ by ,g]man au?ors ! *ew+ or ma/icat+ /oma*4 7,kaumag547 ,! prov5triculus is be/ develop$ 9 ! ,gryllid 7,acrida viridissima71 :]e ! six folds at ! end ( ! crop close toge!r to =m a valve betwe5 ! crop & prov5triculus4 8,!y are ea* arm$ ) five v m9ute hook$ tee?2 &1 cont9u$ into ! gizz>d1 develop _m m 9 _! c\rse ?r\gh t organ4 ,^! fir/ tee? are arrang$ ar\nd ! entrance to ! gizz>d1 & seem design$ to reta9 ! insuffici5tly comm9ut$ food & to pass x on to t organ4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caj4--;,anatomy ( ,danais ar*ippus aft] removal ( "r half ( ! body4 ,lett]+ ( ! head3 a1 ant5na2 ph1 ph>ynx2 pl1 labial palpi2 r1 proboscis2 g1 bra92 usg1 subsophageal ganglion4 ,lett]+ ( ! ?orax3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ?oracic segm5ts2 b#a1 b#b1 b#c1 ! coxal jo9ts ( ! ?ree pairs ( legs2 bm1 muscles ( ! w+s2 ac cephalic aorta ) its swell+2 1 sophagus2 bg1 ?oracic ganglia ( ! v5tral cord2 sd1 saliv>y gl&s ( "o side1 ^? ( ! o!r side cut (f ne> _! entrance into ! common saliv>y duct4 ,lett]+ ( ! abdom53 #a-i4 abdom9al segm5ts2 h1 he>t2 sm1 s-call$ suck+-/oma* 7food-res]voir72 cm1 *yle-/oma*2 ag1 abdom9al ganglia3 ed1 h9d inte/9e ) colon 7c7 & rectum 7r72 rm1 ur9>y vessels2 ov1 ov>ial tubes1 ^? ( ! "r side cut (f2 ove1 t]m9al filam5ts ( ! ov>ies2 bc1 bursa copulatrix2 obc1 its out] ap]ture2 od1 oviduct2 vag1 vag9a2 wo1 its out] ap]ture2 ad1 gl&ul> app5dages ( ! vag9a p>tly cut away2 vk1 connective canal betwe5 ! vag9a & bursa copulatrix ) swell+ 7receptaculum sem9is72 an1 anus4--,aft] ,burgess1 f ,lang4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caa4--,transv]se section ( ! prov5triculus ( ,gryllus c9]eus3 muc1 muscul> walls2 r1 horny ridge betwe5 ! l>ge tee? 7sp74--,aft] ,m9ot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cab4--,transv]se section ( ! prov5triculus ( ! cockroa*4--,aft] ,miall & ,d5ny4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cac4--;,dige/ive canal ( ! honey-bee3 ,a1 horizontal section ( ! body2 lp1 labial palpus2 mx1 maxilla2 e1 eye2 pro4 t1 pro?orax2 mesa4 t1 meso?orax2 meta4 t1 meta?orax2 dv1 dorsal vessel2 v1 v1 v5tricles ( ! same2 ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 ,no4 #c1 saliv>y gl& sy/ems2 sophagus2 g1 g1 ganglia ( *ief n]ve-*a92 n1 n]ves2 hs1 honey-sac2 p1 petaloid /opp] or calyx ( honey-sac or /oma*-m\?2 c4 s1 *yle /oma*2 bt1 ur9>y tubes2 si1 small inte/9e 7ilium72 l1 8lamell or gl&-plates ( colon10 rectal gl&s2 li1 rectum4 ,b1 cellul> lay] ( /oma*2 gc1 ga/ric cells1 #bjj4 ,c1 ur9>y tube2 bc1 cells2 t1 tra*ea4 ,d1 inn] lay]1 ) ga/ric tee? 7gt74--,aft] ,*e%ire4 8,next to ^! 9 succession on ea* ( ! longitud9al ridges are f\r flat1 broad1 some:at quadrate tee?1 ea* ( :i* is v f9ely d5ticulat$ along its free m>g94 ,^! ext5d ab\t half-way ?r\gh ! gizz>d4 ,!y appe> to be alt]nately elevat$ & depress$ dur+ ! action ( ! gizz>d1 & to s]ve to c>ry on ! food to ! twelve cutt+ tee?1 ) :i* ea* ridge is also arm$1 & :i* occupy ! po/]ior "p ( ! organ4 ,^! tee? are triangul>1 %>p-po9t$1 & direct$ po/]iorly1 & gradually decrease 9 size 9 succession f be=e backw>d4 ,ea* too? is v /rong1 %>p-po9t$1 & ( ! color & consi/5ce ( tortoise %ell1 & is arm$ on ea* side by a small] po9t$ too?4 ,^! =m ! six longitud9al ridges ( ! gizz>d1 betwe5 ea* two ( :i* !re are two o!r r[s ( v m9ute tee? ( a triangul> =m1 some:at resembl+ ! l>g] "o 9 /ructure1 occupy+ ! *annels betwe5 ! ridges4 ,! muscul> portion ( ! gizz>d is equally int]e/+4 ,x is n m]ely =m$ ( transv]se & longitud9al fibres1 b s5ds f its inn] surface into ! cavity ( ea* ( ! l>ge tee? o!r m9ute b p[]ful muscles1 a pair ( :i* are ins]t$ into ea* too?4 ,! numb] ( tee? 9 ! gizz>d am\nts to #bgj1 :i* is ! same numb] 9 ^! ,gryllid z f\nd =m]ly by ,dr4 ,kidd 9 ! mole-cricket4 ,( ! diff]5t k9ds ( tee? !re are z foll[s3 #gb l>ge treble tee?1 #bd flat quadrate tee?1 #cj small s+le-hook$ tee?1 & #ab r[s ( small triangul> tee?1 ea* r[ be+ =m$ ( #ab tee?4 ,?is is ! complicat$ gizz>d ( ! high] ,or?opt]a40 7,newport47 ,9 ! m g5]aliz$ cockroa*1 !re are six pr9cipal folds1 ! s-call$ tee?1 :i* project s f> inw>ds z to ne>ly meet 7,fig4 #cab74 ,! entire app>atus ( muscles & tee? is1 z ,miall & ,d5ny /ate1 8an elaborate ma*9e = squeez+ & /ra9+ ! food1 & recalls ! ga/ric mill & pyloric /ra9] ( ! crayfi%4 ,! p[]ful annul> muscles approximate ! tee? & folds1 clos+ ! passage1 :ile small longitud9al muscles1 :i* c be trac$ f ! *it9\s tee? to ! cu%ions1 appe> to retract ^! la/1 & op5 a passage = ! food40 ,z 9 ! =e-/oma* or prov5triculus ( ! lob/]1 ! solid1 r\nd$ tee? d n appe> to triturate ! solid fragm5ts f\nd 9 ! organ1 b act r z a pyloric /ra9] to keep su* bodies out ( ! *ylific /oma*4 ,we accept ! view ( ,plateau t ?is section ( ! dige/ive canal 9 insects1 :i* he comp>es to ! psalt]ium ( a rum9ant1 is a /ra9] r ?an a ma/icatory /oma*1 & bo? ,=el & ,em]y1 z well z ,*e%ire1 take ?is view4 ,! prov5triculus ( ! honey-bee 7,fig4 #cac1 hs7 is call$ by api>ians ! 8honey-sac0 or 8honey-/oma*40 ,*e%ire /ates t if x be c>efully remov$ f a fre%ly kill$ bee1 its calyx-l 8/oma*-m\?0 may be se5 to gape op5 & %ut ) a rapid snapp+ movem5t4 ,! entrance to ! /oma* is gu>d$ by f\r valves1 ea* ( :i* is /rongly *it9\s )91 & fr+$ along its edge ) d[nw>d-po9t+ f9e /iff bri/les4 ,by ! contraction ( ! longitud9al muscles 7lm71 ! valves op5 to all[ ! passage ( food f ! honey-sac to ! 8*yle-/oma*40 ,x is clos$ at w by circul> muscles 7tm74 ,!n ! bee c c>ry food = a week's necessities1 ei!r us+ x rapidly 9 ! production ( wax1 or ek+ x out if ! wea!r is unfavorable = ! ga!r+ ( a new /ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cad4--8;,honey-sac /opp]10 8/oma*-m\?10 or calyx-bell ( honey-bee1 #ej4 ,a1 front view ( "o ( ! lobes ( ! calyx-bell2 l1 lip-l po9t1 cov]$ by d[n-turn$ bri/les 7b72 sm1 side membrane4 ,b1 longitud9al section ( ! /oma*-m\?1 ) cont9uations into entrance ( *yle-/oma*2 l1 l1 lip-l ends ( leaflets2 s1 set2 lm1 longitud9al muscles2 tm1 transv]se muscles 9 cross-section2 cl1 cell-lay] ( honey-sac2 ,,lm1 ,,tm1 longitud9al & transv]se muscles ( same2 nc1 nucleat$ cells ( tubul> ext5sion ( /oma*-m\? into *yle-/oma*2 lm1 tm1 longitud9al & transv]se muscles ( *yle /oma*2 c1 c1 cells cov]$ )9 by an intima4 ,c1 cross-section ( /oma*-m\?2 m1 cross-section ( muscles se5 at lm 9 ,b2 tm1 transv]se muscles surr\nd+ /oma*-m\?4 ,d1 cross-section ?r\gh small inte/9e2 a & m1 longitud9al & surr\nd+ muscles4--,aft] ,*e%ire4 ,*e%ire also %[s t :5 bees suck up f composite & o!r fl[]s nect> toge!r ) mu* poll51 ! outside wr9kl$ membrane 7sm1 ,a1 ,fig4 #cad7 8is se5 to cont9ually run up 9 folds1 & ga!r itself ov] ! top ( ! /oma*-m\?1 br++ ) x1 by ! aid ( its set1 ! l>ge poll5-gra9s ! nect> conta9s40 ,! lips 7l1 l1 ,b1 ,fig4 #cad71 n[ op5+1 take 9 ?is poll51 :i* is driv5 =w>ds into ! cavity made betwe5 ! sep>at+ lips by an infl[ ( ! fluid surr\nd+ ! granules4 ,! lips 9 turn close1 b ! d[n-po9t+ bri/les are ?r[n outw>ds f ! face ( ! leaflet1 9 ?is way reveal+ _! special function1 z ! poll5 is prev5t$ f rec$+ :ile ! nect> passes back into ! honey-sac1 /ra9$ ?r\gh betwe5 ! bri/les a=esaid1 ! la/ p>ts escap+ by ! loop-l op5+s se5 9 ! corn]s ( ,c1 ,fig4 #cad4 ,! :ole process is imm$iately & v rapidly repeat$1 s t ! poll5 collects & ! honey is cle>$4 8,?ree purposes1 9 addition to ^? previ\sly enum]at$1 are ?us subs]v$ by ?is wondr\s me*anism4 ,fir/1 ! bee c ei!r eat or dr9k f ! mix$ diet %e c>ries1 gulp+ d[n ! poll5 9 pellets1 or swall[+ ! nect> z h] necessities dem&4 ,second1 :5 ! collect$ poll5 is driv5 =w>ds into ! *yle-/oma*1 ! tube ext5sion1 ^: necessity n[ becomes app>5t1 prev5ts ! pellets =m+ into plug-l masses j bel[ p1 ,fig4 #cac1 =1 by ! action ( ! tube1 ^! pellets are deliv]$ into ! mid/ ( ! fluids ( ! /oma*1 to be at once brok5 up & subject$ to ! dige/ive process4 ,& ?ird1 :ile ! little ga!r] is fly+ f fl[] to fl[]1 h] /oma*-m\? is busy 9 sep>at+ poll5 f nect>1 s t ! latt] may be less liable to f]m5tation & bett] suit$ to w9t] consumption4 ,%e1 9 fact1 c>ries ) h]1 & at once puts into op]ation1 ! mo/ anci5t1 & yet ! mo/ p]fect & beautiful1 ( all #8honey-/ra9]s4'0 ,=el's exp]im5ts on ! prov5triculus ( ants prove t ?r\gh its valvul> contrivance x closes ! passage f ! crop to ! mid-inte/9e 78*ylific /oma*071 & all[s ! cont5ts ( ! =m] to pass sl[ly & v gradually into ! latt]4 ,em]y confirms ?is view1 & concludes t ! organ 9 ! ,camponotid & 9 ! ,doli*od]id provid$ ) a calyx-bell1 usually reg>d$ z a triturat+ /oma* 7,kaumag571 b m correctly z a pump+ /oma*1 consi/s ( p>ts :i* p]=m two diff]5t functions4 ,"u ! op]ation ( ! muscles ( ! crop ! entrance to ! pump+ /oma* becomes clos$1 9 ord] by su* spasmodic contraction to prev5t ! fl[ ( ! cont5ts ( ! crop into ! prov5triculus4 ,by ! pressure ( ! transv]se muscles ( ! prov5triculus its cont5ts are empti$ into ! mid-inte/9e1 :ile simultane\sly a regurgitation into ! crop is prev5t$4 ,9 ! ,doli*od]id & ,plagiolepid9 ! closure 9 bo? cases is effect$ by ! valves4 ,9 ! true ,camponotid !re are two sep>ate contrivances = clos+2 ! calyx belong+ to ! crop-musculature1 :ile ! valves ess5tially belong to ! prov5tricul> pump+ app>atus4 ,op9ions v>y z to ! use ( ?is portion ( ! dige/ive canal4 ,grab] comp>es x to ! gizz>d ( birds1 & lik5s ! action ( ! rosette ( tee? to ! f9] radiat+ tee? ( ! sea-ur*91 & /yles x a *opp+ ma*9e1 :i* works automatically1 & all[s no solid bits ( food to pass 9 to injure ! delicate walls ( ! /oma* 7mid-gut74 ,he also /ates t ! food :5 tak5 f ! prov5triculus is v f9ely divid$1 :ile t f\nd 9 ! sophagus conta9s l>ge bits4 ,kolbe says t ?is view has rec5tly be5 completely ab&on$1 & t ! tee? are us$ to pass ! food backw>ds into ! *ylific /oma*4 8,b ,goldfuss _h d5i$ ! triturat+ action ( ! prov5triculus ( ! ,or?opt]a 7,symbol ad ,or?opt]orum quorundam conomiam1 #ahdc71 /at+ t ! cont5ts ( ! same are already fluid 9 ! gullet1 s t ! =e-/oma* 7,kaumag57 does n ne$ to comm9ute ! food0 7,kolbe74 ,9 ! ,gryllid & ,locu/id1 j be=e ! po/]ior op5+ ( ! prov5triculus into ! /oma* ! *it9\s l9+ swells into a r+ & projects /raight back z ! inn] wall ( ! cyl9drical *ylific /oma*4 ,! muscul> lay] =ms two sac-l outgr[?s or folds1 :i* sep>ate on ! circul> fold f ! *it9\s membrane4 ,?is app>atus only all[s v f9ely comm9ut$ food to pass into ! /oma*4 ,9 ! ,acrydiid 7,eremobia muricata7 at ! end ( ! prov5triculus1 :]e x passes into ! /oma*1 is a small circul> fold :i* hangs d[n l a curta9 9 ! /oma*4 ,! sophageal valve4--,weismann#ej /ates t ! orig9 ( ! prov5triculus 9 ! embryo ( flies 7,muscid7 %[s t x %\ld be reg>d$ z an intussusception ( ! sophagus4 ,:ile 9 ! embryo ! invag9at$ portion ( ! sophagus is %ort1 aft] ! hat*+ ( ! l>va x projects backw>ds into ! mid-inte/9e4 ,k[alevsky also obs]v$ 9 a "y muscid l>va1 #b4b mm4 9 l5g?1 t ! sophagus1 %ap$ l a tube1 ext5ds back into ! exp&$ portion 7prov5triculus7 & op5s into ! /oma* 7,fig4 #cae1 ,a74 ,9 a l>va #aj mm4 long ! funnel is %ort]1 ! end be+ situat$ 9 ! prov5triculus 7,fig4 #cae1 ,b1 pr74 ,9 ! cavity betwe5 ! out] 7o7 & inn] wall 7i7 no food ent]s1 & ! use ( ?is :ole app>atus seems to be to prev5t ! l>g] bits ( food f pass+ into ! *ylific /oma* 7,k[alevsky74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cae4--sophageal valve ( "y muscid l>va3 m1 its op5+3 t1 ?ick5+ ( ! cells2 mes1 mesod]m4--,aft] ,k[alevsky4 ,beaureg>d has f\nd a simil> /ructure 9 ! ,meloid1 & calls x ! 8c>diac valvule0 7,fig4 #cah1 ,kl74 ,x 0 obs]v$ by ,m+azz9i 9 ! l>v ( phytophagic lamellicorn beetles1 & ,balbiani describ$ x 9 a myriopod 7,cryptops7 "u ! "n ( ! 8sophageal valvule40 ,gehu*t5 describes a homolog\s b m complicat$ /ructure 9 a tipulid l>va 7,pty*opt]a contam9ata71 b diff]+ 9 conta9+ blood-cavities1 z a tubul> prolongation ( ! po/]ior end ( ! sophagus :i* passes ?r\gh ! prov5triculus & op5s at v>i\s positions 9 ! ant]ior "p ( ! *ylific /oma* 7,fig4 #caf74 ,! ?ree lay]s compos+ ?is funnel are di/ant f ea* o!r & sep>at$ by blood-cavities1 ! :ole =m+ 8an imm5se blood-cavity ext5d$ betwe5 ! epi!lial prov5tricul> l9+ & ! muscul> coat40 ,accord+ to ,s*neid] ! longitud9al muscul> fibres ( ! =e & h9d gut 9 insects pass into ! /oma* 7mid-gut74 ,! ant]ior "p ( ! =e-gut has g5]ally only circul> fibres4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! longitud9al fibres arise beh9d ! middle1 !n !y sep>ate f ! dige/ive canal & are ins]t$ a little beh9d ! beg9n+ ( ! *ylific /oma*4 ,h5ce !re is =m$ an invag9ation ( ! prov5triculus1 :i* projects into ! cavity ( ! /oma*4 ,s*neid] describes ?is process1 :i* he calls ! 8beak10 z an invag9ation ( ! =e-/oma* :i* projects into ! cavity ( ! /oma*4 ,! two lay]s ( ! invag9ation 9 gr[+ toge!r =m a beak v>y+ 9 %ape1 be+ ei!r simple or lob$ & arm$ ) bri/les or tee?4 ,?is beak is tol]ably l>ge 9 ,lepisma1 ,d]mapt]a 7,=ficula71 ,or?opt]a1 & 9 ! l>v & adults ( ,dipt]a1 b small] 9 ! ,neuropt]a & ,coleopt]a1 :ile 9 o!r insects x is want+4 ,prov5tricul> valvule4--,gehu*t5 also describes 9 ,pty*opt]a :at he calls 8! prov5tricul> valvule10 /at+ t x is 8a circul> fold ( ! inte/9al wall0 7,fig4 #caj1 vpr74 ,he claims t x has n be=e be5 f\nd1 ! 8prov5tricul> beak0 ( ,s*neid] be+ reg>d$ by him z ! sophageal valvule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caf4--;,dige/ive canal ( ,pty*opt]a contam9ata3 gs1 saliv>y gl&s2 ra1 sophagus2 pr1 prov5triculus2 gt1 cr[n ( eight small tubul> gl&s2 im1 mid-inte/9e2 ga1 two accessory :ite gl&s2 vm1 ur9>y vessels2 ig1 small inte/9e2 gi1 l>ge inte/9e2 r1 rectum2 ,a1 ! prov5triculus 9 :i* ! h9d] end ( ! sophagus ext5ds z f> z ! *yle-/oma*4 ,b1 longitud9al section ( ! prov5tricul> region2 sph1 muscul> r+ or sophageal sph9ct]2 ppr1 wall ( ! prov5triculus2 e1 circul> con/riction divid+ ! cavity ( ! prov5triculus 9 two2 vpr1 circul> fold ( ! wall ( ! mid-inte/9e =m+ ! prov5tricul> valve2 v1 sophageal valve4--,aft] ,gehu*t54 ,! p]itrophic membrane4--,?is membrane appe>s fir/ to h be5 notic$ by ,ramdohr 9 #ahaa 9 ,hem]obius p]la4 ,x has be5 f\nd by ,s*neid]1 :o calls x ! 8funnel40 ,on ! h9d] end ( ! =e-/oma*1 he says1 ! cuticula =ms a fold enclos+ ! outlet ( ! =e-/oma*1 & ext5d+ back l a tube to ! anus4 ,?is 8funnel10 he adds1 occurs 9 a great numb] ( insects4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ,?ysanura1 b is want+ 9 ,hemipt]a4 ,9 ! ,coleopt]a x is abs5t 9 ,c>abid & ,dyticid4 ,x is g5]ally pres5t 9 ,dipt]a & 9 ! l>v ( ,lepidopt]a1 b n 9 ! adults4 ,9 ,hym5opt]a x has be5 f\nd 9 ants & wasps1 b is abs5t 9 ,cynipid1 ,i*neumonid1 & ,t5?r$9id4 ,all ^? insects 7includ+ _! l>v7 possess+ ?is funnel eat solid1 indige/ible food1 :ile ^? :i* d n possess x take fluid n\ri%m5t4 ,x is ela/ic1 & firmly encloses ! cont5ts ( ! dige/ive tract4 ,until ,s*neid]'s discov]y ( its g5]al occurr5ce1 x _h only be5 kn[n to exi/ 9 ! vivip>\s ,cecidomyia l>v 7,mia/or74 ,wagn]1 its discov]]1 notic$ 9 ! /oma* ( ?is insect a second tube :i* conta9$ food4 ,pag5/e*] 0 incl9$ to reg>d ! tube z a secretion ( ! saliv>y gl&s4 ,mets*nik(f1 h[ev]1 m correctly /at$ t ! tube consi/$ ( *it91 b he reg>d$ x z adapt$ = ! removal ( ! secretions4 7,s*neid]47 ,plateau1 h[ev]1 z well z ,balbiani1 ! latt] call+ x ! 8p]itropic membrane10 consid]s ?is membrane z a secretion ( ! *ylific /oma*1 & t x is =m$ at ! surface ( ! epi!lial cells4 ,x surr\nds ! food along ! entire dige/ive tract1 =m+ an envelope ar\nd ! fcal masses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,gehu*t5 /ates t 9 ! l>va ( ,pty*opt]a its mode ( orig9 diff]s f t describ$ by ,plateau & by ,s*neid]1 & t x is a product ( secretion ( special cells 9 ! prov5triculus4 ,! mid-inte/9e4--,?is section ( ! dige/ive canal1 (t51 ?\gh errone\sly1 call$ ! 8*ylific /oma*0 or v5triculus1 diff]s n only 9 its embryonic hi/ory1 b also 9 its /ructure & physiology f ! =e & h9d inte/9e ( ar?ropods1 & also pres5ts no analogy to ! /oma* ( ! v]tebrate animals4 ,9 insects x is a simple tube1 n usually l9$ ) *it91 s9ce x is n =m$ by ! invag9ation ( ! ectod]m1 z are ! =e & h9d inte/9e1 ! abs5ce ( ! *it9\s intima promot+ ! absorption ( soluble food4 ,into ! ant]ior end ei!r op5 two or m l>ge ccal tubes 7,fig4 #bii71 or its :ole out] surface is beset ) v num]\s f9e gl&ul> filam5ts l villi 7,fig4 #cag & ,fig4 #cbi74 ,! mid-inte/9e v>ies mu* 9 size & %ape2 x is v long 9 ! lamellicorn beetles 7,melolon?a & ,geotrupes71 & :ile 9 ,melo x is v l>ge1 occupy+ ! greate/ "p ( ! body-cavity1 9 ! longicorn beetles & 9 ,lepidopt]a x is v small4 ,! pyloric end consi/s ( an int]nal circul> fold project+ into ! cavity4 ,9 ! ,psocid 7,ccilius7 ! pyloric end is prolong$ into a sl5d] tube ne>ly z long z ! l>g] ant]ior portion4 ,! limits betwe5 ! mid & h9d inte/9e are 9 "s insects difficult to def9e1 ! ur9>y tubes sometimes appe>+ to op5 into ! end ( ! mid-inte/9e 78/oma*074 ,! latt] also is sometimes l9$ ) an intima4 ,! limits are also det]m9$ by a circul> projection1 directly beh9d :i* is an enl>gem5t ( ! inte/9e 9 ! %ape ( a tr5* 7rigole71 or circul> cul-de-sac 7! 8pyloric valvule0 ( "s au?ors1 includ+ ,beaureg>d71 :ile ! walls ( ! small inte/9e contract s z to produce a consid]able con/riction ( ! cavity ( ! canal4 ,?is con/riction exactly co9cides ) ! beg9n+ ( ! d\ble lay] ( circul> muscles 9 ! wall ( ! small inte/9e4 ,an int]nal lay]1 :i* is ! cont9uation ( ! circul> muscles ( ! *ylific /oma*1 & an ext]nal lay] mu* m develop$ probably belong to ?is "p ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,s9ce ! homologue ( ! circul> fold occurs 9 ! locu/ z well z 9 ,dipt]a1 x is probably common to insects 9 g5]al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cag4--;,dige/ive canal ( ,c>abus monilis3 h1 sophagus2 i1 gizz>d or prov5triculus2 k1 8/oma*10 ) its cca 7r72 p1 ur9>y tubes2 q1 _! po9t ( ins]tion2 m1 n1 colon1 ) ccal gl&s2 s1 anal gl&s2 a1 b1 c1 a ga/ric ccum2 a1 b1 portion ( l9+ ( gizz>d4--,aft] ,newport4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cah4--;,dige/ive canal ( ,meloe3 s*1 sophagus2 ,kl1 sophageal valve2 m,d1 mid-inte/9e2 e,d1 h9d-inte/9e2 ,ei1 eggs2 g1 sexual op5+4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,gehu*t5 adds t ! limit set by ! circul> projection does n exactly co9cide ) ! op5+ into ! inte/9e ( ! ur9>y tubes & ! two annex$ gl&s4 ,he %[s by a section 78 ,fig4 #acc7 t ! tubul> gl&s op5 into ! alim5t>y canal 9 front ( ! circul> fold4 ,x is ! same ) ! ,malpighian tubes4 ,!y are n1 !re=e1 he claims1 dep5d5ces ( ! t]m9al inte/9e1 b ( ! mid-inte/9e4 ,beaureg>d has obs]v$ ! same ?+ 9 ! vesicat+ insects 7,meloid74 ,! ,malpighian tubes1 he says1 op5 into ! 8*ylific /oma*0 be=e ! valvul> cr[n4 ,?is arrangem5t does n seem to be g5]al1 because1 accord+ to ,balbiani1 ! ,malpighian vessels op5 into ! beg9n+ ( ! inte/9e 9 ,cryptops4 ,comp>e also ,m9ot's acc\nt ( ! valve 9 locu/s sep>at+ ! /oma* f ! inte/9e1 & 9 front ( :i* ! ur9>y or ,malpighian tubes op54 ,hi/ology ( ! mid-inte/9e4--,! walls ( ! /oma* are compos$ ( an int]nal epi!lium1 a lay] ( connective tissue1 ) two muscul> lay]s1 ! inn] ( :i* is =m$ ( un/riat$ circul> muscul> fibres1 & ! out] ( /riat$ longitud9al muscul> fibres4 ,9 ! cockroa* %ort processes are giv5 (f f ! free ends ( ! epi!lial cells1 z 9 ! inte/9e ( _m mammals & o!r animals4 8,betwe5 ! cells a reticulum is (t5 to be se51 especially :]e ! cells h bur/2 x ext5ds betwe5 & among all ! elem5ts ( ! muc\s l9+1 & probably s]ves1 l ! v simil> /ructure met ) 9 mammalian inte/9es1 to absorb & conduct "s ( ! products ( dige/ion40 7,miall & ,d5ny47 ,gehu*t5 %[s t ! epi!lial l9+ ( ! mes5t]on 7*ylific /oma*7 ( ! dipt]\s l>va ,pty*opt]a is compos$ ( two k9ds ( cells1 i4e4 secret+ or gl&ul> cells & absorb5t cells1 ! =m] situat$ at ea* end ( ! /oma*1 & ! absorb5t cells occupy+ ! middle region4 ,! "p play$ by ^! cells 9 dige/ion w be treat$ ( beyond 9 ! section on dige/ion4 7,see p4 #cbg47 ,! h9d-inte/9e4--,9 _m insects ?is is divid$ into ! ileum1 or %ort inte/9e1 & ! long inte/9e4 ,! limit betwe5 ! inte/9e & /oma* is ext]nally det]m9$ by ! orig9 ( ! ur9>y tubes1 :i* are outgr[?s ( ! ant]ior end ( ! proctodum4 ,l ! =e-inte/9e ! h9d-inte/9e is l9$ ) a ?ick muscul> lay]1 &1 z ,gehu*t5 /ates1 ! passage f ! epi!lial l9+ ( ! /oma* 7mid-inte/9e7 to ! muscul> l9+ ( ! inte/9e is abrupt4 ,l>ge inte/9e4--,9 ,pty*opt]a1 z describ$ by ,gehu*t51 !re are no precise limits betwe5 ! small & l>ge inte/9e2 ! epi!lium ( ! l>ge inte/9e has a special "*1 & its con/itu5ts pres5t a close resemblance to ! absorb$ cells ( ! *ylific /oma*1 be+ l !m l>ge & polygonal4 ,! muscul> lay] is n cont9u\s1 & is =m$ ( longitud9al & circul> fibres1 ! latt] be+ ! l>g]4 ,! ileum--,?\gh 9 mo/ insects sl5d]1 & !re=e call$ ! small inte/9e1 ! ileum is 9 locu/s 7,fig4 #bih7 & gras%opp]s 7,anabrus1 ,fig4 #bii7 z ?ick z ! /oma*4 ,9 _m c>nivor\s beetles 7,dyticus1 ,fig4 #cbj1 il1 & ,necrophorus7 x is v long1 b r sl5d] & %ort 9 ! ,c>abid & ,cic9delid1 z well z ^? insects ^: food is liquid1 su* z ,dipt]a4 ,9 ! ,lepidopt]a x v>ies 9 l5g?1 be+ 9 ,sph9x q long & b5t into sev5 folds 7,fig4 #cji71 :ile x is v %ort 9 ! ,psocid1 ,*rysomelid1 & ,t5?r$9id4 ,9 ! locu/ ! ileum is trav]s$ by six longitud9al folds ) int]v5+ furr[s2 outside ( ea* furr[ is a longitud9al muscul> b&4 ,se5 f ! inn] surface ! epi!lium has an unusual "*1 ! cells 9 ! middle ( ea* ( ! flat folds be+ q l>ge1 polygonal 9 outl9e1 :ile t[>ds ! furr[s ! cells become v mu* small]4 ,! walls are d\ble :5 se5 9 transv]se section1 ! inn] lay] consi/+ ( epi!lial cells re/+ on connective tissue1 ! out] lay] =m$ ( circul> muscles4 ,! cuticula is ?91 b probably *it9\s2 x resembles t on ! ga/ro-ileal folds1 except t !re are no sp9ules1 b unlike ! cuticula ( ! /oma* x ext5ds equally ov] ! folds & ! furr[s4 7,m9ot47 ,9 ! cockroa* ! junction ( ! small inte/9e ) ! colon is abrupt1 a well-develop$ annul> fold assum+ ! nature ( a circul> valve4 7,miall & ,d5ny47 ,! ga/ro-ileal folds4--,9 ! locu/ ! inte/9e is sep>at$ f ! *ylific /oma* by :at ,m9ot calls 8! ga/ro-ileal folds10 :i* =m a peculi> valve4 ,! ur9>y vessels op5 j und]nea? & 9 front ( ?is valve4 ,9 ,melanoplus1 & probably 9 ! entire family ( ,acrydiid1 !y are indicat$ z 8d>k spots1 r\nd 9 front & ly+ at ! ant]ior end ( ! ileum s z to =m a r+ ar\nd ! int]ior ( ! inte/9e40 ,!y are #ab 9 numb]1 & all alike4 ,!y are pigm5t$ & r\nd 9 front :]e !y are broade/ & /& up highe/2 !y n>r[ d[n backw>ds1 ! pigm5t disappe>s1 & !y gradually fade out into ! ileal folds4 ,directly b5ea? !m1 & j at ! po/]ior end ( ! /oma*1 !re is a /rong b& ( circul> /riat$ muscul> fibres4 ,! epi!lium ( ^! folds is cov]$ ) m9ute conical sp9es1 :i* are g5]ally1 b n always1 want+ betwe5 ! folds4 7,m9ot47 ,! colon4--,?is section ( ! inte/9e 7,fig4 #cai7 is sometimes reg>d$ z a "p ( ! rectum4 ,9 ! locu/ ! six longitud9al folds ( ! ileum are cont9u$ into ! colon1 b _! surface1 in/ead ( be+ smoo? z 9 ! ileum1 is ?r[n up into num]\s irregul> curv$ & zigzag second>y folds4 ,! cells ( ! epi!lium are ( uni=m size1 & ! lay] is cov]$ by a highly refr+5t cuticula )\t sp9es2 &1 l t 9 ! ileum1 x re/s on a lay] ( connective tissue1 beyond :i* foll[s 7#a7 an int]nal coat ( longitud9al1 & 7#b7 an ext]nal coat ( circul> /riat$ muscul> fibres4 7,m9ot47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cai4--;,dige/ive canal ( ,lucanus c]vus3 ,g1 ant]ior muscles ( ! ph>ynx2 ,h1 sophagus2 ,i1 gizz>d2 ,k1 *yle-/oma*2 ,l1 ilium2 ,m1 colon 7ccal "p (72 ,n1 colon2 ,o1 rectum2 a1 frontal ganglion ( ! vagus2 b1 vagus n]ve2 c1 ant]ior lat]al ganglion connect$ ) ! vagus4--,aft] ,newport4 ,9 butt]flies 7,pontia brassic71 9 ,sph9x ligu/ri1 & probably 9 mo/ ,lepidopt]a ! colon is di/9ct f ! rectum1 & is ant]iorly develop$ into a v l>ge m or less pyri=m or bladd]-l ccum 7,figs4 #cji1 #caj71 :i* 9 c]ta9 ,coleopt]a 7,dyticus1 ,fig4 #cbj1 d2 ,silpha1 ,necrophorus1 etc47 is ( rem>kable l5g? & %ape2 x also occurs 9 ,nepid 7,fig4 #cbg74 ,9 ! cockroa* a lat]al ccum 8is occasionally1 b n con/antly1 pres5t t[>ds its rectal end10 & a con/riction divides ! colon f ! rectum4 7,miall & ,d5ny47 ,! rectum4--,! t]m9al section ( ! h9d-gut v>ies 9 l5g? & size1 b is usually l>g] ?an ! colon1 & ) ?ick1 muscul> walls4 ,9 ,lepidopt]a x is n>r[ & %ort4 ,! rectum is rem>kable = conta9+ /ructures call$ rectal gl&s 7,fig4 #bih74 ,*un describes ^? ( ,locu/a viridissima z six flat folds1 =m$ by a high column> epi!lium & a di/9ct cuticula2 !re is a coat ( circul> b&s correspond+ to ! furr[s betwe5 ! gl&s4 ,m9ot /ates t ?is description is applicable to ! locu/s 7,acrydiid7 he has inve/igat$1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! /ructural details ( ! s+le lay]s4 ,he claims t ! rectal folds 8d n (f] ! lea/ appe>ance ( gl&ul> /ructure10 nei!r is _! function an absorb5t "o1 z ,*un suppos$4 ,f _! /ructure & position ,f]nald reg>ds ! rectal gl&s ( ,passalus z act+ l a valve1 s]v+ to reta9 ! food 9 ! absorptive portions ( ! dige/ive tract till all nutrim5t is extract$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbj4--;,dyticus m>g9alis1 op5$ f ! back3 a1 crop2 b1 prov5triculus2 c1 mid-inte/9e beset ) f9e ccal gl&s2 d1 long ccal app5dage ( ! colon2 apodemes2 ,b#a-;,b#c1 apodemes2 vhm1 coxal ext5sor muscle1 mov+ ! h9d leg2 ho1 te/is2 dr1 accessory gl&2 r1 p5is2 e1 res]voir ( ! secretion ( ! anal gl&4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,! epi!lial folds ( ! l>v ( dragon-flies s]ve z organs ( respiration1 ! wat] be+ admitt$ into ?is cavity1 & :5 =cibly expell$ s]v+ to propel ! creature =w>d4 ,pair$ & s+le anal gl&s 7repugnatorial7 ent] ! rectum ( c]ta9 ,coleopt]a 7,figs4 #cjb1 l2 #cag1 s2 #cbj1 e74 ,! v5t 7anus74--,! ext]nal op5+ ( ! rectum is situat$ 9 ! end ( ! body1 9 ! ve/igial #aj? or #aa? abdom9al segm5t1 & is m or less ev]sible4 ,x is protect$ above 9 cat]pill>s1 & o!r insects ) #aj free abdom9al segm5ts1 by ! suranal plate4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! sides by ! p>anal lobes1 :ile b5ea? is ! infra-anal lobe4 ,! anus is want+ 9 c]ta9 insects1 & :]e ?is is ! case ! h9d-gut1 ow+ to a ret5tion ( ! embryonic condition1 is usually sep>at$ f ! mid-inte/9e4 7,see p4 #cjj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cba4--;,ent]ic canal ( ,psyllopsis frax9icola3 1 sophagus2 md1 mid-inte/9e2 ed1 h9d-inte/9e2 vm1 ur9>y vessels2 s1 ! coil =m$ by ! h9d-inte/9e & ! mo/ ant]ior "p ( ! mid-inte/9e4--,aft] ,witlaczil1 f ,lang4 ,"s rem>kable features ( ! dige/ive canal 9 hemipt]\s insects are notewor?y4 ,9 ! ,coccid1 accord+ to ,m>k1 ! ant]ior end ( ! long mid-inte/9e =ms1 ) ! h9d] end ( ! sophagus1 a small loop1 ^: po/]ior end is firmly gr[n to ! wall ( ! rectum1 & =ms a cup-l invag9ation ( ! latt]4 ,!n ! re/ ( ! tube-l /oma* turns sidewise & =ms a l>ge loop1 :i* turns back on itself & occupies a l>ge "p ( ! body-cavity4 ,?is loop receives on ! ant]ior end1 ne> ! sophagus1 ! two ur9>y vessels1 & =ms j bel[ ! op5+ into ! rectum a %ort ccum4 ,9 o!r homopt]\s g5]a 7,psyllid & "s ,cicadid7 ,witlaczil describes ne>ly ! same peculi>ity1 ! mid-gut & "p ( ! inte/9e =m+ a loop gr[+ toge!r = a c]ta9 di/ance & w9d+ r\nd ea* o!r 7,fig4 #cba74 ,hi/ology ( ! dige/ive canal4--,9 all ! divisions ( ! dige/ive canal ( insects ! succession ( ! cellul> lay]s compos+ x is ! same3 #a/1 a cuticula2 #b;d1 an epi!lium2 #c;d1 connective tissue2 #d?1 muscul> tissue4 ,9 ! locu/1 ! fir/ division ( ! canal 7=e-gut71 !re are two muscul> coats1 an int]nal longitud9al & an ext]nal circul> coat2 ! fibres are all /riat$4 ,! l9+ epi!lium is n mu* develop$1 b =ms a ?ick1 h>d1 & refr+5t cuticula1 :i* is ?r[n up into sp9y ridges4 ,9 ! second division 7mid-gut1 8/oma*07 ! epi!lium is compos$ ( v high column> cells1 :i* make up ! great] "p ( ! ?ickness ( ! walls1 :ile ! cuticula is v delicate1 slightly refr+5t1 ) no ridges1 & is probably n *it9\s2 ! fibres ( ! muscul> coats are n /riat$1 :ile ?is division is also di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( gl&ul> follicles & folds4 ,! /oma* & ! ccal app5dages h all ^! peculi>ities 9 common1 :ile no o!r "p ( ! canal is ?us *>act]iz$4 ,! ?ird division 7inte/9e & rectum7 is compos$ ( an epi!lium1 ! cells ( :i* are int]m$iate 9 size betwe5 ^? ( ! =e & mid gut4 ,! cells are (t5 pigm5t$1 & !y are cov]$ by a mu* ?ick] cuticula ?an t ( ! /oma*1 b :i* is n s ?ick & h>d z t ( ! sophagus & prov5triculus4 ,! v refr+5t cuticula is n ?r[n up into ridges1 ?\gh 9 "s p>ts x is cov]$ ) delicate conical sp9es1 :i* are v %ort4 8,! epi!lium & und]ly+ connective tissue 7tunica propria7 are ?r[n up into six folds1 :i* run longitud9ally1 be+ regul> 9 ! ileum & rectum 7z ! rectal gl&s71 b v irregul> 9 ! colon4 ,outside ! depression betwe5 ea* two neighbor+ folds !re is a longitud9al muscul> b&1 ^! mak+ six b&s4 ,?is peculi> disposition ( ! longitud9al muscles does n occur 9 any o!r "p ( ! canal2 x is1 !re=e1 especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ?ird division40 7,m9ot47 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,dige/ion ,treviranus1 ,g4 ,r4 ,resultate e9ig] ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 inn]5 ,bau d] ,insekt54 7,v]dauungsorgane von ,cimex rufipes47 7,annal4 d4 ,wett]au4 ,gesells41 #ahji1 i1 pp4 #afi-agg1 #a ,taf47 ,ramdohr1 ,c4 ,a4 ,abh&lung5 b] die ,v]dauungsw]kzeuge d] ,insekt54 #ahaa1 vii1 pp4 #bba1 #cj ,taf4 ,dutro*et1 ,r4 ,j4 ,h4 ,mmoire sur les mtamorphoses du canal alim5taire dans les insectes4 7,j\rnal de ,physique1 #ahah1 lxxxvi1 pp4 #acj-ace1 #ahi-bjd2 ,meckel's ,ar*iv1 #ahah1 iv1 pp4 #bhe-bic47 ,suck[1 ,f4 ,w4 ,l4 ,v]dauungsorgane d] ,insekt54 7,heus+]'s ,zeits*r4 f4 organ4 ,physik41 #ahbh1 iii1 pp4 #a-hi47 ,doyre1 ,l4 ,note sur le tube dige/if des ,cigales4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 #ahci1 #b ,sr41 xi1 pp4 #ha-he47 ,grube1 ,a4 ,e4 ,fehlt d5 ,wesp5- od] ,horniss5l>v5 e9 ,aft] od] ni*t8 #a ,taf4 7,mll]'s ,ar*iv fr ,physiol41 #ahdi1 pp4 #dg-gd47 ,sirodot4 ,re*]*es sur les scrtions *ez les insectes4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 #aheh1 #d ,sr41 x1 pp4 #ada-ahi1 #bea-cbh1 #ab ,pls47 ,milne-,edw>ds1 ,h4 ,leons sur la physiologie et l'anatomie comp>e1 v1 #ahei1 pp4 #dih-ecf1 #eha-fch4 ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,re*]*es anatomiques sur les ,c>abiques et sur plusieurs autres insectes ,coloptres4 ,app>eil dige/if4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 ii1 #ahbd1 pp4 #dfb-dhb1 #b ,pls42 iii1 #ahbd1 pp4 #bae-bdb1 #e ,pls41 pp4 #dgf-dia1 #c ,pls42 iv1 #ahbd1 pp4 #ajc-abe1 #d ,pls42 iv1 #ahbe1 pp4 #bfe-bhc47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques sur l',hippobosque des *evaux4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 #ahbe1 vi1 pp4 #bii-cbb1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,description et figure de l'app>eil dige/if de l',anobium /riatum4 7,ibid41 xiv1 #ahbh1 pp4 #bai-bbb1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques sur les ,labid\res4 ,app>eil de la dige/ion4 7,ibid41 xiii1 #ahbh1 pp4 #cdh-ced1 #b ,pls47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques et consid]ations entomologiques sur quelques insectes ,coloptres1 compris dans les familles des ,d]me/9s1 des ,byrrhi5s1 des ,acan?opodes et des ,leptodactyles4 ,app>eil dige/if4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #b1 ,zool41 i1 #ahcd1 pp4 #fg-gf1 #b ,pls47 ---- ,rsum des re*]*es anatomiques et physiologiques sur les ,hmiptres4 7,ibid41 pp4 #bcb-bci47 ---- ,mmoire sur les mtamorphoses et l'anatomie de la ,pyro*roa cocc9ea4 ,app>eil dige/if4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #b1 ,zool41 xiii1 #ahdj1 pp4 #cbh-ccj1 #ccd-ccg1 #b ,pls47 ---- ,hi/oire comp>ative des metamorphoses et de l'anatomie des ,cetonia aurata et ,dorcus p>allelepip$us4 ,app>eil dige/if4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #b1 ,zool41 #ahbd1 xviii1 pp4 #agd-agf1 #b ,pls47 ---- ,anatomie gnrale des ,diptres4 ,app>eil dige/if4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #c1 ,zool41 i1 #ahad1 pp4 #bdh1 #bdi47 ---- ,hi/oire des mtamorphoses et de l'anatomie du ,piophila petasionis4 ,app>eil dige/if4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #c1 ,zool41 i1 #ahdd1 pp4 #cgb-cgg1 #a ,pl47 ---- tudes anatomiques et physiologiques sur les insectes ,diptres de la famille des ,pupip>es4 ,app>eil dige/if4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #c1 ,zool41 iii1 #ahde1 pp4 #fg-gc1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,re*]*es sur l'anatomie et l'hi/oire naturelle de l',osmylus maculatus4 ,app>eil dige/if4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #c1 ,zool41 ix1 #ahdh1 pp4 #cdf-cdi1 #a ,pl47 ---- tudes anatomiques et physiologiques1 et obs]vations sur les l>ves des ,libellules4 ,app>eil dige/if4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #c1 ,zool41 xvii1 #aheb1 pp4 #aja-ajh1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques sur les ,hymnoptres de la famille des ,uroc]ates4 ,app>eil dige/if4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #d1 ,zool41 i1 #ahed1 pp4 #bab-baf1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,fragm5ts d'anatomie entomologique4 ,sur l'app>eil dige/if du ,nemopt]a lusitanica4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #d1 viii1 #aheg1 pp4 #f-i1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomique et consid]ations entomologiques sur les ,hmiptres du g5re ,leptopus4 ,app>eil dige/if4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #d1 ,zool41 #aheh1 x1 pp4 #ceb-cef1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques sur l',ascalaphus m]idionalis4 ,app>eil dige/if4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #d1 xiii1 #ahfj1 pp4 #bjj-bjb1 #a ,pl47 ,leydig1 ,f4 ,zur ,anatomie von ,coccus hesp]idum4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 v1 #ahec1 pp4 #a-ab1 #a ,taf47 ,lubbock1 ,j4 ,on ! dige/ive & n]v\s ,sy/em ( ,coccus hesp]idum4 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ix1 #ahhf1 pp4 #dhj-dhf2 also ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahei1 ,s]4 #c1 iii1 pp4 #cjf-caa47 ,s*eib]1 ,s4 ,h4 ,v]glei*5de ,anatomie und ,physiologie d] /rid5-,l>v54 ,v4 ,das *ylo- und uroptis*e ,sy/em4 7,sitzb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s4 ,wi54 ,ma?4-naturwiss4 ,cl41 #ahfb1 xlv1 pp4 #ci-fd1 #a ,taf47 ,g]/aeck]1 ,a4 ,bronn's ,klass5 und ,ordnung5 des ,ti]rei*s4 ,v4 ,gli$]fssl]4 7,ernhrungsorgane1 pp4 #hg-aje47 ,grab]1 ,v4 ,zur nah]5 ,k5ntnis des ,prov5triculus und d] ,app5dices v5tricul>es bei d5 ,grill5 und ,laubheus*reck54 7,sitzb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,wi54 ,ma!m4-naturwiss4 ,cl41 lix1 #ahfi1 pp4 #bi-df1 #c ,taf47 ---- ,ueb] die ,ernhrungsorgane d] ,insekt5 und n*/v]w&t5 ,gli$]fssl]4 7,mitteil4 d4 naturwiss4 ,v]e9s fr ,/ei]m>k4 ,graz1 #ahga1 ii1 pp4 #aha1 #ahb47 ---- ,v]dauungssy/em des ,pra*tkf]s4 7,ibid41 ,graz1 #ahge47 ---- ,die ,insekt541 i1 #ahgg4 7,v]dauungsapp>at1 pp4 #cjh-cbh47 ,wilde1 ,k4 ,f4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,kaumag5 d] ,or?opt]54 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 xliii ,jahrg41 #ahgg1 pp4 #ace-agb1 #c ,taf47 ,simro?1 ,h4 ,ueb] d5 ,d>mkanal d] ,l>v5 von ,osmod]ma eremita mit se95 ,anhng54 7,giebel's ,zeits*r4 f4 d4 ges4 ,naturwiss41 #ahgh1 li1 pp4 #dic-eah1 #c ,taf47 ,mll]1 ,h4 ,ueb] die angebli*e ,aft]lsigkeit d] ,bi55l>v54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahha1 pp4 #ecj1 #eca47 ,s*iem5z1 ,paulus4 ,ueb] das ,h]komm5 des ,futt]saftes und die ,spei*eldrs5 d] ,bi551 neb/ e9em ,anhnge b] das ,rie*organ4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xxxviii1 #ahhc1 pp4 #ga-ace1 #c ,taf47 ,rovelli1 ,g4 ,alcune ric]*e sul tubo dig]5te degli ,att]i1 ,ortott]i e ,pseudo-,neurott]i4 7,como1 #ahhd1 p4 #ae47 ,beaureg>d1 ,h4 ,/ructure de l'app>eil dige/if des ,insectes de la tribu des ,vsicants4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,p>is1 #ahhd1 xcix1 pp4 #ajhc-ajhf47 ---- ,re*]*es sur les ,insectes vsicants41 #a ,"p1 ,anatomie4 7,j\rn4 ,anat4 ,phys4 ,p>is1 #ahhe1 xxi ,anne1 pp4 #dhc-ebd1 #d ,pls42 #ahhf1 xxii ,anne1 pp4 #he-ajh1 #bdb-bhd1 #e ,pls47 ---- ,les ,insectes vsicants1 ,p>is1 #ahij1 ,*ap4 ,,iii1 ,app>eil dige/if1 pp4 #fc-ii2 7,phnomnes dige/ifs1 pp4 #afa-agj2 ,pls4 #f-i47 ,w]!im]1 ,l4 ,sur la /ructure du tube dige/if de l',oryctes nasicornis4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,soc4 ,biol4 ,p>is1 #ahhg1 ,sr4 #h1 iv1 pp4 #eca1 #ecb47 ,k[alevsky1 ,a4 ,beitrage zur ,k5ntniss d] na*embryonal ,entwicklung d] ,muscid54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xlv1 #ahhg1 pp4 #edb-eid1 #e ,taf47 ,s*neid]1 ,a4 ,ueb] d5 ,d>m d] ,ar?ropod51 besond]s d] ,insekt54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhg1 x ,jahrg41 pp4 #aci1 #adj47 ---- ,ueb] d5 ,d>mkanal d] ,ar?ropod54 7,zool4 ,beitrge von ,a4 ,s*neid]1 ii1 #ahhg1 pp4 #hb-if1 #c ,taf47 ,fritze1 ,a4 ,ueb] d5 ,d>mkanal d] ,ephem]id54 7,b]i*te d] ,natur=s*4-,gesells*4 zu ,freiburg i4 ,br41 #ahhh1 iv1 pp4 #ei-hb1 #b ,taf47 ,em]y1 ,c4 ,ueb] d5 sog5annt5 ,kaumag5 e9ig] ,ameis54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 #ahhh1 xlvi1 pp4 #cgh-dab1 #c ,taf47 ,me9]t1 ,f4 ,contribution l'anatomie des ,f\rmilions4 7,ov]s4 ,danske ,vid5sk4 ,selsk4 ,=h&l4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahhi1 pp4 #dc-ff1 #b ,pls47 ,m+azz9i1 ,p4 ,ri*]*e sul canale dig]5te dei ,lamellicorni fit(age 7,l>ve e ,insetti p]fetti74 7,mitteil4 ,zool4 ,/ation zu ,neapel1 ix1 #ahhi-ahia1 pp4 #a-aab1 #bff-cjd1 #g ,pls47 ,f]nald1 ,h5ry ,t4 ,rectal gl&s 9 ,coleopt]a4 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 xxiv1 pp4 #ajj1 #aja1 ,jan41 #ahij47 ,vis>t1 ,o4 ,dige/ive canal ( ,or?opt]a4 7,atti ,soc4 ,toscana ,sci5t4 ,natur41 vii1 #ahia1 pp4 #bgg-bhe47 ,eb]li1 ,j4 ,unt]su*ung5 an ,v]dauung/rakt5 von ,gryllotalpa vulg>is4 7,vi]teljahress*r4 d4 ,natur=s*4 ,gesells4 ,zuri*1 #ahib1 ,sep41 p4 #df1 ,fig47 ,holmgr51 ,emil4 ,hi/ologiska /udi] fv] ngra lepidopt]l>v]s dige/ionskanal o* en del af d]as ,krtel>tade bildn+>4 7,ent4 ,tidskr4 rg4 xiii1 pp4 #abi-agj1 #ahib1 #f ,pls47 ,ris1 ,f4 ,unt]su*ung b] die ,ge/alt des ,kaumag5s bei d5 ,libell5 und ihr5 ,l>v54 7,zool4 ,jahrb4 ,ab?4 ,sy/41 ix1 #ahif1 pp4 #eif-fbd1 #ac ,figs47 ,see also ! works ( ,/raus-,drckheim1 ,newport1 ,m>k1 ,witlaczil1 ,vayssire1 ,l&ois1 ,jordan1 ,oudemans1 ,b]lese1 ,li/1 ,grassi1 ,v]son1 ,miall & ,d5ny1 ,leidy1 ,*e%ire1 ,k[alevsky1 ,gehu*t51 ,locy1 etc4 b4 ,dige/ion 9 insects ,= ! mo/ complete & reliable inve/igation ( ! process ( dige/ion1 we are indebt$ to ,plateau1 ^: results we give1 besides ! conclusions ( lat] au?ors3 ,9 m&ibulate or bit+ insects1 ! food is conduct$ ?r\gh ! sophagus by means ( ! muscul> coat+ ( ?is "p ( ! dige/ive canal4 ,suctorial insects draw 9 _! liquid food by ! contractions foll[$ by ! dilatations ( ! mid-inte/9e 7*ylific /oma*74 ,dragon-flies1 ,or?opt]a1 & ,lepidopt]a swall[ "s air ) _! food4 ,:]e ! saliv>y gl&s are pres5t1 ! neutral alkal9e fluid secret$ by !m has ! same prop]ty z ! saliv>y fluid ( v]tebrates ( rapidly trans=m+ />*y foods into soluble & assimilable glucose4 ,9 su* =ms z h no saliv>y gl&s1 _! place is almo/ always suppli$ by an epi!lial l9+ ( ! sophagus1 or1 z 9 ! ,hydrophilid1 a fluid is secret$ :i* has ! same function z ! true saliv>y fluid4 ,nagel /ates t ! saliva ( ! l>va ( ,dyticus is p[]fully dige/ive1 & has a m>k$ poison\s action1 kill+ o!r insects1 & ev5 tadpoles ( twice ! size ( ! attack+ l>va1 v rapidly4 ,! l>v n only suck ! blood ( _! victims1 b absorb ! proteid sub/ances4 ,drops ( saliv>y juice seem to p>alyze ! victim1 & to f]m5t ! proteids4 ,! secretion is neutral1 ! dige/ion tryptic4 ,simil> extra-oral dige/ion seems to occur 9 l>v ( ant-lions1 etc4 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 xvi1 #ahif1 pp4 #ea-eg1 #ajc-aab2 ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,micr4 ,soc41 #ahif1 p4 #ahd47 ,9 c>nivor\s insects & 9 ,or?opt]a1 ! sophagus dilates into a crop 7+luvies7 end$ by a n>r[1 valvul> app>atus 7or gizz>d ( au?ors74 ,! food1 m or less divid$ by ! jaws1 accumulates 9 ! crop1 :i* is v di/5sible2 &1 :5 ! food is p5etrat$ by ! neutral or alkal9e liquid1 !re und]goes an evid5t dige/ive action result+1 9 c>nivor\s insects1 9 ! trans=mation ( album9oid sub/ances into soluble & assimilable matt] analog\s to peptones1 &1 9 h]bivor\s insects1 an abundant production ( sug> f />*4 ,?is dige/ion 9 ! crop1 a food-res]voir1 is v sl[1 &1 until x is end$1 ! re/ ( ! dige/ive canal rema9s empty4 8,any decid$ acidity f\nd 9 ! crop is due to ! injection ( acid food2 b a v fa9t acidity may occur1 :i* results f ! pres5ce 9 ! crop ( a fluid secret$ by ! ccal div]ticula ( ! mes5t]on40 7,miall & ,d5ny47 ,:5 dige/ion 9 ! crop is accompli%$1 ! matt]s are subject$ to an en]getic pressure ( ! walls ?r\gh p]i/altic contractions1 & !n1 guid$ by ! furr[s & *it9\s tee?1 pass along or gradually filt] ?r\gh ! valvul> app>atus or prov5triculus1 ^: function is t ( a /ra9]4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! 8*yle-/oma*0 7mes5t]on7 ( ,or?opt]a are gl&ul> cca :i* secrete a feebly acid fluid4 ,?is fluid emulsifies fats1 & conv]ts album9oids into peptones4 ,x passes =w>ds into ! crop1 & !re acts ^u ! food4 ,9 ! mes5t]on 7mid-inte/9e7 ! food is act$ ^u by an alkal9e or neutral fluid1 nev] acid1 ei!r secret$1 z 9 ,or?opt]a1 by local special gl&s1 or by a multitude ( m9ute gl&ul> cca1 z 9 _m ,coleopt]a1 or by a simple epi!lial lay]4 ,x has no analogy ) ! ga/ric juices ( v]tebrates2 its function diff]s 9 insects ( diff]5t gr\ps2 9 c>nivor\s ,coleopt]a x actively emulsionizes greasy matt]s2 9 ! ,hydrophilid x cont9ues ! process ( trans=mation ( />* into glucose1 begun 9 ! sophagus4 ,9 ! ,sc>abid1 x also produces glucose1 b ?is action is local1 n occurr+ else:]e2 9 cat]pill>s1 x causes a production ( glucose1 & trans=ms ! album9oids into soluble & assimilable bodies analog\s to peptones1 & also emulsionizes greasy matt]s4 ,f9ally1 9 ! h]bivor\s ,or?opt]a !re does n seem to be any =mation ( sug> 9 ! /oma* itself1 ! production ( glucose be+ conf9$ to ! crop 7jabot74 ,:5 dige/ion 9 ! crop is f9i%$1 ! prov5triculus relaxes1 & ! cont5ts ( ! crop1 n[ 9 a semi-fluid condition1 guid$ by ! furr[s & tee?1 passes into ! mes5t]on1 :i* is )\t a *it9\s l9+1 & is ?us fitt$ = absorption4 ,! cont5ts ( ! mid-inte/9e 7*ylific /oma*7 !n sl[ly & gradually pass into ! inte/9e1 ! fir/ ant]ior portion ( :i*1 usually long & sl5d]1 is ! seat ( an active absorption4 ,! epi!lial l9+ obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 insects seems1 h[ev]1 to indicate t second>y dige/ion takes place 9 ?is section4 ,! reaction ( ! cont5ts is neutral or alkal9e4 ,! second & l>g] division ( ! inte/9e only acts z a /]coral res]voir4 7,! volum9\s ccum occurr+ 9 ,dyticid1 ,nepa1 & ,ranatra1 :e!r full or empty1 nev] conta9s gas1 & x is n1 z "s h suppos$1 a swimm+-bladd]47 ,! liquid product secret$ by ! ,malpighian tubes accumulates 9 ?is division1 &1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 v l>ge calculi are (t5 =m$4 ,9 8 subsequ5t pap] on ! dige/ion ( ! cockroa*1 ,plateau /ates t 9 ! inte/9e are unit$ ! residue ( ! "w ( dige/ion & ! secretion ( ! ur9>y or ,malpighian tubes1 ?is secretion be+ purely ur9>y4 ,^! organs are exclusively depuratory & ur9>y1 free+ ! body f wa/e products ( ! organic elem5ts4 ,! liquid !y secrete conta9s urea 7871 uric acid & abundant urates1 hippuric acid 7871 *loride ( sodium1 phosphates1 c>bonate ( lime1 oxalate ( lime 9 quantity1 leuc9e1 & color+-matt]s4 ,! products ( ! rectal or anal gl&s v>y mu* 9 diff]5t gr\ps1 b !y take no "p 9 dige/ion1 nor are !y depuratory 9 _! nature4 ,insects h no?+ resembl+ *ylific sub/ances4#ea ,! products ( dige/ion1 dissolv$ salts1 peptones1 sug> 9 solution1 emulsioniz$ greasy matt]s1 pass ?r\gh ! relatively delicate walls ( ! dige/ive canal by osmose1 & m+le outside ( ! canal ) ! blood4 ,:atev] sub/ances rema9 undige/$ are expell$ ) ! excrem5ts2 su* are ! *it9 ( ! integum5ts ( insects1 vegetable cellulose1 & *lorophyll1 :i* is detect$ by ! microspectroscope all along ! dige/ive canal ( phytophag\s insects4 ,9 8 exp]im5ts 9 fe$+ ! l>v ( ,musca ) lacmus1 ,k[alevsky f\nd t ! sophagus1 food-res]voir1 & prov5triculus1 ) its ccal app5dages1 always rema9$ blue1 & _h an alkal9e reaction2 ! mid-inte/9e1 also1 9 its ant]ior portion1 rema9$ blue1 b a portion ( its po/]ior half became deep r$1 & also exhibit$ a /rong reaction4 ,! h9d-inte/9e1 h[ev]1 always rema9$ blue1 & also _h an alkal9e reaction4 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 ix1 #ahhi1 p4 #df47 ,! me*anism ( secretion4--,gehu*t5 describes ! process ( secretion 9 insects1 ! foll[+ extract be+ tak5 f 8 rese>*es on ! dige/ive app>atus ( ! l>va ( ,pty*opt]a4 ,! products ( secretion p\r$ into ! alim5t>y canal are m or less fluid2 = ?is reason1 x is impossible to say :5 an epi!lial cell at re/ conta9s ^! products4 ,= ! secret+ nature ( ^! cells is only app>5t at ! mom5t :5 !y are ready = excretion2 !n ! cellul> membrane swells out1 & a "p ( ! protoplasmic body projects into ! inte/9al cavity4 ,be=e go+ f>!r1 ! t]ms secretion & excretion %\ld1 he says1 be def9$4 ,) ,ranvi]1 he believes t ! elaboration 9 ! protoplasm ( a def9ite fluid sub/ance is1 p> excell5ce1 ! secretory act1 :ile ! removal ( ?is sub/ance is ! act ( excretion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbb4--;,diff]5t phases ( ! me*anism ( secretion & ( excretion4--,aft] ,gehu*t54 ,a gl&ul> cell ( ! *ylific /oma*1 :5 at re/1 is always furni%$ ) a /riat$ 8plat=m10 or flat surface1 or face1 on ! side fac+ ! cavity ( ! /oma*1 & ! free edge ( ! plat=m1 or plateau1 is provid$ ) filam5ts project+ into ! dige/ive cavity 7,fig4 #cbb1 f74 ,^! gl&ul> cells1 :5 active1 diff] mu* 9 appe>ance4 ,9 a great numb]1 ! plat=m 7plateau7 has disappe>$1 & is replac$ by a simple1 regul> membrane4 ,dur+ ! process ( secretion1 a f9ely granul> mass1 9 direct cont9uity ) ! protoplasm1 swells1 & raises ! membrane ov] ! entire bread? ( ! cell1 caus+ x to project into ! inte/9al cavity 7,fig4 #cbb1 ,a1 ,b74 ,^! vesicles1 or drops ( ! secretion1 :e!r free or /ill atta*$ by a web to ! cells1 are cle> & transp>5t 9 ! liv+ insect1 b granul> 9 ! portions ( ! dige/ive canal fix$ = cutt+ into sections4 ,gehu*t5 !n asks3 8,h[ does a cell gorg$ ) ! products ( secretion empty itself80 ,bo? ,ranvi] & also ,heid5ha9 believe t "o & ! same gl&ul> cell may secrete & excrete sev]al times )\t und]go+ de/ruction1 b _! rese>*es made on saliv>y gl&s h n answ]$ ! "q4 ,gehu*t5 expla9s ! process ?us3 :5 ! epi!lial cell beg9s to secrete1 ! cle> fluid elaborat$ 9 ! protoplasm ( ! cell increases ! intracellul> t5sion1 until1 f9ally1 ! fluid breaks ?r\gh c]ta9 weak places 9 ! swoll5 basal membrane ( ! plat=m1 & !n easily passes ?r\gh ! closely cr[d$ filam5ts1 & projects out into ! inte/9al cavity z a pe>-%ap$ vesicle ( a liquid ri* 9 album5s at fir/ atta*$ to ! free face ( ! cell1 b f9ally becom+ free1 z at ,fig4 #cbb1 ,a1 ,b4 ,:5 ! elaboration ( ! sub/ance to be secret$ is m active1 ! me*anism ( ! secretion is modifi$4 ,! basal membrane ( ! plat=m may !n be rais$ at sev]al places at once2 in/ead ( a s+le vesicle project+ into ! inte/9al cavity1 ea* cell may pres5t a great numb] m or less volum9\s4 ,if all rema9 small & rapidly deta* !mselves f ! gl&ul> cell1 ! filam5ts ( ! plat=m are simply sep>at$ f ea* o!r at diff]5t po9ts ( ! free face1 z 9 ,fig4 #cbb1 ,c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! diff]5t vesicles ( a s+le cell become l>g]1 ! filam5ts ( ! plat=m are compress$ & cr[d$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! vesicles rema9+ free1 & ! undi/urb$ portions ( ! plat=m appe> homog5e\s 7,fig4 #cbb1 ,d74 ,aft] ! excretion ( ! secretory products by ?is process ( /rangulation1 ! cell !n assumes ! aspect ( a gl&ul> cell at re/1 & may beg9 aga9 to =m a new secretion4 ,to sum up3 ,! process ( excretion may occur 9 two ways3 #a4 ,:]e ! membrane ruptures & ! sub/ances secret$ are s5t directly out into ! dige/ive cavity4 #b4 ,:]e ! vesicles become free by /rangulation1 float+ 9 ! gl&ul> or inte/9al cavity1 & end+ by ruptur+ & com+ into contact ) ! neighbor+ vesicles or ) ! food4 ,absorb5t cells4--,besides ! gl&ul> or secret+ cells 9 ,pty*opt]a1 !re is betwe5 ! two regions ( ! *yle-/oma* l9$ ) ^! cells a region ab\t a c5timetre long compos$ ( absorb5t cells4 ,! absorb5t cells are v l>ge1 polygonal1 & conta9 a l>ge nucleus1 9 :i* is a /riat$ convolut$ *romatic cord4 ,! food on ent]+ ! *yle-/oma* is br\ght into contact ) ! products secret$ 9 ! prov5triculus1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! *yle-/oma*1 & 9 ! tubul> gl&s4 ,^! products ( secretion act on ! food1 extract+ f !m useful sub/ances :i* !y r5d] soluble4 ,^! sub/ances1 aft] hav+ be5 absorb$ by ! absorb5t cells 9 ! middle region ( ! /oma*1 und]go special modifications1 & are trans=m$ into solid products1 :i* are situat$ at ! bottom ( ^! cells4 ,aft]w>ds ! alim5t>y sub/ances fre$ f a portion ( _! useful sub/ances are aga9 plac$ 9 contact ) ! products ( secretion 9 ! di/al "p ( ! *ylific v5tricle1 & rea* ! t]m9al "p ( ! inte/9e4 8,! products ( secretion10 adds ,gehu*t51 8div]t$ into ! inte/9al canal d n come into imm$iate contact ) ! alim5t>y sub/ances2 !y are sep>at$ f x by a cont9u\s1 /ructureless1 q ?ick membrane 7! p]itrophic membrane71 :i* directly envelops ! cyl9d] ( food matt]s1 ext5d+ f ! orifice ( ! sophageal valvule to ! end ( ! inte/9e4 ,betwe5 ?is membrane & ! free face ( ! epi!lial l9+ !re exi/s a circul> space1 into :i* are ?r[n & accumulate ! excret$ sub/ances4 ,! latt] !n _c directly m+le ) ! alim5ts2 b :5 !y are liquid !y und\bt$ly pass ?r\gh ?is membrane by osmose1 & ?us come into contact ) ! nutritive sub/ances4 ,x is ! same ) ! products ( absorption4 ,! absorption ( soluble products ( ! inte/9al cavity is n !n s simple a ph5om5on z x 0 at fir/ ?\ght to be1 s9ce ^! products are n[h]e br\ght into imm$iate contact ) ! absorb5t cells0 7pp4 #ij1 #ia74 ,! mo/ rec5t au?ority1 ,cun1 /ates t absorption ( ! products ( dige/ion takes place entirely 9 ! mid-inte/9e1 & 9 its cca :5 ^! are pres5t4 ,! mid-inte/9e ex]cises a selective action on ! con/itu5ts ( ! food comp>able to ! action ( ! v]tebrate liv]4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,dige/ion ,davy1 ,j4 ,note on ! excrem5ts ( c]ta9 insects1 & on ! ur9>y excrem5t ( insects4 7,ed9burgh ,new ,phil4 ,j\rn41 #ahdf1 xl1 pp4 #bca-bcd1 #cce-cdj2 #ahdh1 xlv1 pp4 #ag-bi47 ---- ,"s obs]vations on ! excrem5ts ( insects1 9 a lett] address$ to ,w4 ,sp5ce4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,s]4 #b1 iii1 #ahed1 pp4 #ah-cb47 ,b\*>dat1 ,a4 ,de la dige/ion *ez le v] soie4 7,revue et ,mag4 de ,zool41 ,sr4 #b1 #ahea1 iii1 pp4 #cd-dj47 ,lacaze-,du?i]s1 ,h41 et ,a4 ,ri*e4 ,mmoire sur l'alim5tation de quelques insects gallicoles et sur la production de la graisse4 7,ann4 ,sci5c4 natur41 #ahed1 ,sr4 #d1 ii1 pp4 #ha-aje47 ,bas*1 ,s4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] das *ylopoetis*e und uropoetis*e ,sy/em von ,blatta ori5talis4 7,sitzungsb]4 d4 ma?4-naturwiss4 ,classe d4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,wi541 #aheh1 xxxiii1 pp4 #bcd-bfj1 #e ,taf47 ,lambre*t1 ,a4 ,d] ,v]dauungsprozess d] /ick/(frei*5 ,nhrmittel1 wel*e uns]e ,bi55 g5iess51 9 d5 dazu ges*aff55 ,organ5 d]selb54 7,bi55wirts*aftl4 ,c5tralbl41 viii ,jahrg41 #ahgb1 pp4 #gc-gh1 #hc-hi47 ,plateau1 ,f4 ,re*]*es sur les phnomnes de la dige/ion *ez les insectes1 7,mm4 ,acad4 roy4 de ,belgique1 ,sr4 #b1 xli1 #a ,"p1 #ahgc1 pp4 #abd1 #c ,pls47 ---- ,note additionelle au mmoire sur les phnomnes de la dige/ion *ez les insectes4 7,bull4 ,acad4 roy4 de ,belgique1 ,sr4 #b1 xliv1 #ahgg1 pp4 #gaj-gcc47 ,turs9i1 ,g4 ,fr4 ,un primo passo nella ric]ca dell' assorbim5to inte/9ale degli artropodi4 7,r5d4 d4 ,r4 ,accadem4 di ,sc4 fis4 e matemat4 di ,napoli1 #ahgg1 xvi1 pp4 #ie-ii1 #a ,pl47 ,j\sset de ,bellesme1 ,physiologie comp>e4 ,re*]*es exprim5tales sur la dige/ion des insectes et en p>ticuli] de la blatte4 ,p>is1 #ahgf1 vii1 & #if pp41 #c ,pls4 ---- ,re*]*es sur les fonctions des gl&es de l'app>eil dige/if des ,insectes4 7,compt4 r5d41 lxxxii1 ,p>is1 #ahgf1 pp4 #ig-ii47 ---- ,travaux orig9aux de physiologie comp>e4 7i1 ,insectes1 ,dige/ion1 ,mtamorphoses47 ,p>is1 #ahgh1 #e ,pls4 ,simro?1 ,h4 ,e9ige ,bem]kung5 b] die ,v]dauung d] ,k]fe4 7,zeits*r4 f4 d4 gesammt5 ,naturwiss41 xli1 #ahgh1 pp4 #hbf-hca47 ,kruk5b]g1 ,c4 ,fr4 ,w4 ,v]su*e zur v]glei*5d5 ,physiologie d] ,v]dauung und v]glei*5de physiologis*e ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d] ,v]dauungsvorgange4 7,unt]su*1 a4 d4 physiolog4 ,in/itut d4 ,univ]sitt ,heidelb]g1 #ahhj1 i1 #d1 pp #cbg1 ,figs42 ii1 #a1 p4 #a1 ,figs47 ,mets*nik(f1 ,e4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die intrazellulre ,v]dauung bei wirbellos5 ,ti]54 7,arb4 d4 zool4 ,in/it4 ,wi541 #ahhc1 v1 pp4 #ada-afh1 #b ,taf47 ,locy1 ,william ,a4 ,anatomy & physiology ( ! family ,nepid4 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 xviii1 #ahhd1 pp4 #bej-bee1 #cec-cfg1 #d ,pls47 ,vangel1 ,e4 ,beitrge zur ,anatomie1 ,hi/iologie1 und ,physiologie des ,v]dauungsapp>ates des ,wass]kf]s1 ,hydrophilus piceus4 7,t]msz4 ,fzet41 x1 #ahhf1 pp4 #aaa-abf 79 ,hung>ian72 pp4 #aij-bjh 79 ,g]man71 #a ,pl47 ,s*nfeld4 ,die physiologis*e ,b$eutung des ,mag5mundes d] ,hnigbi5e4 7,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 ,physiol4 ,abt41 #ahhf1 pp4 #dea-deh47 ,faussek1 ,v4 ,beitrge zur ,hi/iologie des ,d>mkanals d] ,insekt54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 #ahhg1 xl1 pp4 #fid-gab1 #a ,taf42 ,ab/ract 9 ,zool4 ,anz41 ,jahrg4 x1 pp4 #cbb1 #cbc1 #a ,taf47 ,fr5zel1 ,j4 ,ueb] ,bau und ,?tigkeit des ,v]dauungskanals d] ,l>ve des ,t5ebrio molitor1 mit ,b]cksi*tigung &]] ,ar?ropod5 7,b]l94 ,ent4 ,zeits*r41 #ahhb1 pp4 #bfg-caf1 #a ,taf472 ,inaug4-,diss4 ,gtt+51 #ahhb4 ---- ,e9iges b] d5 ,mitteld>m d] ,insekt51 s[ie b] ,epi!l-reg5]ation4 7,ar*iv f4 ,mikrosk4 ,anat41 #ahhe1 xxvi1 pp4 #bbi-cjf1 #c ,taf47 ---- ,zum fe9]5 ,bau des ,wimp]app>ates4 7,ibid41 #ahhf1 xxviii1 pp4 #ec-hj1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,die ,v]dauung leb5d5 ,gewebes und die ,d>mp>asit54 7,ar*iv f4 ,anat41 #ahia47 ,gehu*t51 ,a4 van4 ,re*]*es hi/ologiques sur l'app>eil dige/if de la ,pty*opt]a contam9ata1 ,i ,"p4 tude du revtm5t pi?lial et re*]*es sur la scrtion4 7,la ,cellule1 #ahij1 vi1 pp4 #ahc-bia1 #f ,pls47 ,cun1 ,l4 tudes physiologiques sur les ,or?optres4 7,ar*4 ,biol41 xiv1 #ahie1 pp4 #bic-cda1 #b ,pls47 ,ne$ham1 ,james ,g4 ,! dige/ive epi!lium ( dragon-fly nymphs4 7,zool4 ,bull41 i1 #ahig1 ,*icago1 pp4 #ajd-aac1 #aj ,figs47 ,) ! writ+s ( ,m+azz9i 7see p4 #cbc71 ,k[alevsky1 ,ranvi]1 ,haid5ha91 ,beaureg>d 7p4 #cbc71 ,sadones4 ,,! ,,gl&ul> ,,& ,,excretory ,,app5dages ,,( ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,canal ,into ea* prim>y division ( ! dige/ive canal op5 important gl&s4 ,! saliv>y & silk-gl&s are (f%oots ( ! sophagus 7/omodum72 ! ccal app5dages op5 into ! /oma* 7mes5t]on71 :ile ! ur9>y tubes gr[ out 9 embryonic life f ! primitive inte/9e 7proctodum71 & !re are o!r small gl&s :i* are connect$ ) ! end ( ! h9d-inte/9e4 a4 ,! saliv>y gl&s ,we w beg9 our acc\nt ( ^! gl&s ) ^? ( ! ,or?opt]a1 :]e !y are well develop$4 ,9 ! cockroa* a l>ge saliv>y gl& & accompany+ res]voir lie on ea* side ( ! sophagus & crop4 ,! gl& is a ?91 leaf-l1 lobulat$ mass1 divid$ into two pr9cipal lobes4 ,^! op5 into a common trunk1 :i* aft] receiv+ a bran* f a small accessory lobe1 & f ! saliv>y res]voir1 unites ) its fell[ to =m ! unpair$ saliv>y duct :i* op5s into ! "u side ( ! l+ua4 ,ea* saliv>y res]voir is a l>ge oval sac ) transp>5t walls4 7,miall & ,d5ny1 also ,figs4 #bii1 sr1 & #cbg47 ,! ducts & res]voirs h a *it9\s l9+1 & ! ducts are1 l ! tra*e1 surr\nd$ by a s-call$ spiral ?read1 or by sep>ate1 incomplete1 hooplike b&s1 :i* s]ve to keep ! duct p]man5tly di/5d$4 ,9 ! locu/ 7,fig4 #bih7 ! lobules are m scatt]$1 =m+ small sep>ate gr\ps ( ac9ose gl&s4 ,9 ! embryo ( ,=ficula ,heymons has obs]v$ a pair ( saliv>y gl&s op5+ on ! inn] angle ( ! m&ibles1 a second pair op5+ 9 ! second maxill1 :ile a ?ird pair ( gl&s1 ^: function is d\btful1 is situat$ 9 ! h9d] "p ( ! head1 op5+ to ! "r & left on ! *it9\s plate 7po/gula7 beh9d ! subm5tum4 ,9 ,p]la1 !re are two pairs segm5tally arrang$ 7,fig4 #cdc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbc4--,left side ( ! head ( ! silkworm3 a1 adductor muscle ( ! m&ible1 f :i* ! muscul> fibres h be5 remov$2 b1 upp] fibres ( ! same2 c1 l[] fibres cut away to %[ ! adductor muscle 7e72 d1 fibres ins]t$ on ! accessory adductor lamella2 f1 sophagus1 mu* swoll52 g1 saliv>y gl&2 h1 dorsal vessel2 i1 l1 tra*e ( ! m&ibul> muscles2 k1 tra*ea2 n1 optic n]ve4--,aft] ,blanc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbd4--,l[] side ( ! head ( ! silkworm expos$1 ! sp9n+ app>atus1 ! sophageal ganglion1 & ! adductor ( ! left m&ible remov$3 ,m1 m&ible2 ,p1 abductor ( ! m&ible2 ,r1 adductor2 ,n1 saliv>y gl& atta*$ at ,o to ! edge ( ! adductor muscle2 o1 o1 transv]se portion ( ! 8hyoid02 #c1 ma/icator n]ve & its recurr5t bran* 7#g72 ,l1 tongue cut horizontally4--,aft] ,blanc4 ,"h we might ref] to a pair ( gl&s reg>d$ by ,blanc z ! true saliv>y gl&s4 ,!y d n appe> to be ! homologues ( ! saliv>y gl&s ( o!r insects1 ?\gh probably function+ z su*4 ,! functional saliv>y gl&s ( lepidopt]\s l>v h be5 ov]look$ by mo/ entomotomi/s1 & ! sp9n+ gl&s h be51 x seems to u1 correctly suppos$ to be modifi$ saliv>y gl&s4 ,lucas also reg>ds ^? ( case-worms 7,tri*opt]a7 z morphologically saliv>y gl&s4 ,^? ( ! silkworm 7 figur$ by ,raumur 7,tom4 i1 ,pl4 v1 ,fig4 #a71 b n describ$2 :ile ^? ( ,cossus1 :i* are volum9\s1 7 reg>d$ by ,lyonet z 8vaisseaux dissolvans40 ,dr4 ,auz\x 7#ahdi71 9 8 celebrat$ model ( ! silkworm1 repres5t$ !m accurately1 :ile ,cornalia briefly describ$ !m z op5+ into ! m\?4 ,! fir/ satisfactory description is t ( ,blanc 7#ahia71 :o /ates t 9 ! silkworm 8! two saliv>y gl&s0 are small1 flexu\s1 yell[ tubes1 :i* occupy a v>iable position on ! sides ( ! sophagus 7,fig4 #cbc74 ,! gl&ul> portion passes into ! head1 end+ at ! level ( ! adductor plate ( ! m&ibles 7,fig4 #cbd1 o71 & ent]+ ! buccal cavity at ! base ( ! m&ible1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #cbc4 ,x is pla91 :5 we recognize ! direct homology ( ! silk-gl&s ( ! cat]pill>s ) ! saliv>y gl&s ( o!r insects1 & ( ! sp9n]et ) ! hypoph>ynx1 t ^! s-call$ 8saliv>y gl&s0 9 lepidopt]\s l>v are diff]5t /ructures4 ,!y are probably modifi$ coxal gl&s1 belong+ to ! m&ibul> segm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbe4--,"o ( ! two saliv>y gl&s ( ,ccilius burmei/]i3 d1 excretory duct2 cn1 ! lum5 or canal2 cg1 gl&-cells2 ct1 saliv>y fluid4--,aft] ,kolbe4 ,! polygonal epi!lial cells ( ^! gl&s conta9 bran*$ nuclei1 recall+ ^? ( ! sp9n+-gl&s4 ,9 ^? cat]pill>s :i* fe$ on leaves1 ! saliv>y gl&s are slightly develop$1 b 9 su* z bore into & eat wood1 z ! ,cossid1 ! gl&s are1 z figur$ by ,lyonet1 v l>ge1 =m+ two sausage-%ap$ bodies pass+ back to ! beg9n+ ( ! mid-inte/9e1 ea* end+ 9 a long convolut$ filam5t4 ,! saliv>y gl&s ( ! imago are v long & convolut$ 7,fig4 #caj1 sd74 ,9 ! ,panorpid ^! gl&s diff] 9 ! sexes1 ! males hav+ ?ree pairs ( v long tortu\s tubes1 :ile1 9 ! females1 !y are r$uc$ to two indi/9ct vesicles4 7,siebold47 ,9 ! ,dipt]a 9 g5]al !re are two pairs1 "o situat$ 9 ! beak1 ! o!r 9 ! ?orax4 ,9 ! l>v !re is a s+le pair 7,fig4 #cda74 ,kraepel9 describes a ?ird pair 9 ! ,muscid at ! po9t ( transition f ! fulcrum to ! sophagus1 b ,knppel has app>5tly f\nd only :at may be fat cells at ?is po9t1 s t ! suppos$ pres5ce ( a ?ird pair 9 ,dipt]a ne$s confirmation4 ,9 ! ,psocid !re are two saliv>y gl&s1 ( simple tubul> %ape 7,fig4 #cbe74 ,9 ! ,nepid ! saliv>y gl&s are f\r 9 numb]1 & ( conglom]ate /ructure1 two be+ long & ext5d+ back into ! beg9n+ ( ! abdom51 :ile ! o!r two are ab\t "o-f\r? z long4 7,figs4 #cbg1 #cbh47 ,9 ,cicada1 besides a pair ( simple tortu\s tubes1 !re is 9 ! head ano!r pair ( gl&s1 ea* compos$ ( two tufts ( %ort lobes1 situat$ "o beh9d ! o!r4 7,duf\r47 ,9 _m ,hemipt]a 7,pyrrhocoris1 ,capsus1 etc47 !re is b a s+le pair1 ea* gl& consi/+ ( f\r lobes2 9 ! ,coccid ea* gl& is divid$ into two lobes 7,fig4 #cbf72 9 ! ,aphid1 accord+ to ,witlaczil1 !y consi/ ( two lobes gr[n toge!r4 ,9 ! ,psyllid !y are said to be abs5t4 ,9 ,phyllox]a va/atrix ! saliva is =c$ ?r\gh a saliv>y passage out ( ! duct & into ! m\? by a pump+ app>atus furni%$ ) special muscles4 7,krassil/s*ik47 ,9 ! ,odonata ac9ose gl&s are pres5t 9 ! imago1 b n 9 ! nymph until 9 its la/ /age1 ,poletaiew acc\nt+ = _! abs5ce 9 ! e>li] /ages by ! fact t ! l>va swall[s m or less wat] :ile tak+ its food4 ,9 ! ,coleopt]a1 z we h obs]v$ 9 ,anop?almus1 !re are ?ree pairs ( saliv>y gl&s 7,fig4 #gd74 ,9 ! ,blapsid ^! gl&s consi/ ( _m ramify+ tubes unit$ on ea* side ( ! sophagus into a s+le duct2 9 o!rs !y are b slightly develop$1 :ile 9 /ill o!rs !y are want+4 ,! saliv>y gl&s are mo/ highly diff]5tiat$ 9 ! ,hym5opt]a1 & especially 9 ! bees 7,bombus & ,apis71 :]e ,s*iem5z f\nd n less ?an five sy/ems ( gl&s 7,fig4 #cbi2 also #hg71 ( :i* f\r sy/ems are pair$4 ,"o pair ( ^! gl&s lies 9 ! tongue1 ?ree 9 ! head1 & "o 9 ! ?orax4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbf4--;,ac9\s saliv>y gl&s ( ,or!zia cataphracta4 ,9 "s ac9i ! nuclei & b\nd>ies ( ! cells are %[n4--,aft] ,li/1 f ,field's ,h]twig4 ,sy/em ,i is situat$ 9 ! head1 & consi/s ( unicellul> gl&s2 ! duct f ea* cell leads into a common1 /rongly *it9iz$ duct1 op5+ into ! gullet4 ,sy/em ,,ii1 compos$ ( ac9ose gl&s1 lies also 9 ! head2 its duct is unit$ ) t ( ,sy/em ,,iii1 situat$ 9 ! ?orax4 7,fig4 #cbi1 #b1 #c47 ,sy/em ,,iv is situat$ at ! base ( ! upp] surface ( ! m&ibles1 & =ms a delicate sac l9$ )9 ) gl&ul> cells2 its duct op5s at ! ins]tion ( ! m&ibles4 ,sy/em ,v lies 9 ! beak1 & is a s+le gl& consi/+ ( unicellul> gl&s2 x op5s into ! common op5+ ( ,sy/ems ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,?is sy/em is want+ 9 ! honey-bee1 b occurs 9 ,bombus & o!r g5]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbg4--;,app5dages ( dige/ive canal ( ,belo/oma4--,aft] ,locy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbh4--,saliv>y & o!r gl&s ( ,ranatra4--,aft] ,locy4 ,9 all ! five sy/ems !re con/antly occur ?ree cellul> lay]s3 ! intima1 epi!lial1 & propria4 ,z reg>ds _! orig9 ,s*iem5z /ates t ,sy/ems ,i & ,,iv are new /ructures1 t ,sy/em ,,iii arises 9 "p1 & ,sy/ems ,,ii & ,v :olly1 f ! silk-gl&s ( ! l>va4 ,z ! gl&s diff] mu* 9 ! sexes1 & 9 diff]5t species & g5]a1 ,s*iem5z believes t _! function is v manifold4 ,9 addition to ^? previ\sly discov]$ by ,s*iem5tz1 ,bordas has detect$ two additional pairs ( saliv>y gl&s 9 ! work] & male honey-bee1 i4e4 ! int]nal m&ibul> & subl+ual gl&s1 s t 9 ,apis !re are 9 all six pairs1 & app>5tly "o unpair$4 ,! delicate *it9\s ext]nal lay] ( ! gl& is p]=at$ by _m v f9e pores ?r\gh :i* ! saliv>y fluid secret$ by ! epi!lial cells passes into ! saliv>y duct4 ,! gl&s are ext]nally ba!d by ! blood4 ,9 _m insects1 includ+ lepidopt]\s l>v1 ! s+le m$ian op5+ ( ! saliv>y duct is conv]t$ into a spray+ app>atus4 ,9 ! adult ,lepidopt]a1 accord+ to ,kirba*3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbi4--,saliv>y gl&s ( ! honey-bee3 sy/ems ,no4 #a-c1 #ae3 sv1 saliv>y valve 7( sy/ems #b & #c7 at base ( tongue2 lp1 labial palpus2 mx1 maxilla2 s1 saliv>y op5+ ( sy/em #a 9 hypoph>yngeal plate2 no1 op5+s 9 plate = t]m9ation ( ta/e-n]ve2 1 sophagus2 sd1 saliv>y duct2 b1 junction ( ducts ( sy/em ,no4 #b2 c1 junction ( ducts ( sy/em ,no4 #c2 sc1 sc1 saliv>y sacs2 fl1 front lobe2 bl1 back lobe2 a1 *it9\s duct1 ) spiral ?read4 ,b1 s+le ac9us ( sy/em ,no4 #a1 #gj3 n1 nucleus2 /1 saliv>y tract2 d1 l>ge duct4 ,c1 s+le p\*1 or ac9us1 f sy/em ,no4 #b3 a1 propria or out] membrane2 sc1 secret+ cells4 ,d1 t]m9ation ( sy/em ,no4 #c3a1b1c1d1 l9es m>k+ end ( section2 d1 duct 9 section2 sc1 secret+ cells 9 section2 n1 nucleus4--,aft] ,*e%ire4 8,its l[] half =ms a ?ick *it9\s gutt]1 ) a concave cov] above1 9 :i* ! simil>ly %ap$ upp] half lies encas$1 s t betwe5 ! two only a small semicircul> op5+ rema9s4 ,p[]ful muscles ext5d f ! cov] to ! l[] side & to ! two ridges ( ! bottom plate2 ?r\gh _! contraction ! upp] *annel is elevat$1 & presses out ( ! h9d] "p ( ! ducts into ! space ?us =m$ a great quantity ( ! saliva1 :i* by all[+ ! contraction ( ! cov]-muscle ?r\gh ! crevice-l op5+1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! l[] edge ( ! m\?-op5+1 becomes squeez$ out 9 ord] ei!r to mix ) ! fluid :]e ! #b;d maxill fuse1 pass+ up into ! canal 9 ! proboscis1 or to p5etrate into & ?us dilute ! semi-fluid or solid sub/ances tak51 into ! proboscis40 ,! morphology & g5]al relations ( ! saliv>y gl&s h be5 sket*$ out by ,hats*ek1 ,patt51 & by ,lucas1 f obs]vations on ^? ( ! case-worms or l>val ,tri*opt]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccj4--;,eight pairs ( gl&s ( ,&r5a3 ,i1 ?oracic2 ,,ii1 po/c]ebral2 ,,iii1 suprac]ebral2 ,,iv1 lat]oph>yngeal2 ,v1 m&ibul>2 ,,vi1 int]nom&ibul>2 ,,vii1 subl+ual2 ,,viii1 l+ual2 ,md1 m&ible2 ,l1 tongue2 o1 eye2 1 sophagus2 ,j1 honey-sac4--,aft] ,bordas4 ,patt5 /ates t ! sp9n+-gl&s 9 ,neophylax are =m$ by a pair ( ectod]mal invag9ations on ! v5tral side ( ! embryo1 betwe5 ! base ( ! #b;d maxill & ! n]v\s cord4 ,!y increase rapidly 9 l5g?1 & 8!y also unite to =m a common duct1 :i* op5s at ! end ( ! upp] lip40 ,! saliv>y gl&s 9 ! same insect are 8=m$ by invag9ation ( ! ectod]m on ! inn] sides ( ! m&ibles1 9 ! same mann] z are ! sp9n+ gl&s40 ,lucas has %[n t 9 tri*opt]\s l>v 7,anabolia7 !re are ?ree pairs ( saliv>y gl&s 9 ! head1 :i* are s]ially arrang$4 ,! fir/ pair belong to ! m&ibul>1 ! second pair to ! #a/ maxill>y1 & ! ?ird pair1 or sp9n+ gl&s1 to ! #b;d maxill>y segm5t4 ,! fir/ or m&ibul> gl&s op5 into ! m\? at ! base ( ! m&ibles directly beh9d ! dorsal condyle4 ,! second pair op5 betwe5 ! #a/ & #b;d maxill2 at ! base ( ! latt]1 ne> ! v5tral condyle ( ! m&ibles4 ,! ?ird pair op5 into ! hypoph>ynx1 :i* is modifi$ to =m ! sp9n]et4 ,lucas agrees ) ,kors*elt 9 reg>d+ !m z modifi$ coxal gl&s1 ,s*iem5z hav+ previ\sly reg>d$ ! headgl&s ( ! imago ( ! bee z belong+ to ! segm5ts be>+ ! ?ree pairs ( buccal app5dages1 s t ea* segm5t orig9ally conta9$ a pair ( gl&s4 ,x is ?us prov5 t ! silk-gl&s are modifi$ saliv>y gl&s adapt$ to ! ne$s ( sp9n+ l>v1 & inde$ 9 ! imago ! s]ict]ies rev]t to _! primitive %ape & use z saliv>y gl&s4 ,! s]ial arrangem5t ( ! saliv>y gl&s 9 ! ,hym5opt]a1 :]e ! numb] v>ies f five to t5 pairs1 is cle>ly prov$ by ,bordas4 ,he has detect$ five m pairs ?an 7 previ\sly kn[n1 & names ! :ole s]ies z foll[s3--#a1 ! ?oracic saliv>y gl&s1 :i* are l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 & n9e o!r pairs1 :i* are all conta9$ 9 ! head z foll[s3 #b1 po/c]ebral2 #c1 suprac]ebral2 #d1 lat]oph>yngeal2 #e1 m&ibul>2 #f1 int]nom&ibul>1 situat$ on ! inn] side ( ! base ( m&ible2 #g1 subl+ual2 #h1 l+ual 7^! & #a to #g common to all ,hym5opt]a72 #i1 p>aglossal 79 ,vespid72 #aj1 maxill>y 7v di/9ct 9 mo/ wasps74 ,^! gl&s d n all occur 9 ! same species1 be+ m or less atrophi$4 ,bordas fur!r %[s ! segm5tal arrangem5t ( ! cephalic gl&s by /at+ t ! suprac]ebral gl&s correspond to ! ant5nal segm5t1 ! subl+ual gl&s to ! labial1 ! m&ibul> gl&s 7ext]nal & int]nal7 to ! m&ibul> segm5t1 ! maxill>y gl&s to ! #a/ maxill>y segm5t1 ! l+ual gl&s to ! #b;d maxill>y segm5t1 :ile ! ?oracic & po/c]ebral saliv>y gl&s1 he ?9ks1 correspond to ! ocul> segm5t1 a view ) :i* we are indispos$ to agree1 al?\gh conc$+ t ea* ( ! six segm5ts ( ! head has 9 x at lea/ "o pair ( saliv>y gl&s4 ,functions ( ! diff]5t saliv>y gl&s 9 ,hym5opt]a4--,! secretion ( ! ?oracic gl&s is feebly alkal9e4 ,! po/c]ebral saliv>y gl&s1 consid]$ by ,ramdohr to be organs ( smell1 secrete1 l ! prec$+1 a di/9ctively alkal9e fluid1 :i* m+les ) ! products ( ! ?oracic gl&s4 ,! suprac]ebral gl&s1 also equally well develop$ 9 all ,hym5opt]a1 ?\gh mu* atrophi$ 9 ! females & especially ! males ( ,apis mellifica1 also 9 ! ,vesp9 & ,poli/91 secrete an abundant1 feebly acid liquid1 :i* is actively conc]n$ 9 dige/ion4 ,z to ! m&ibul> gl&s1 :i* ,wolf suppos$ to be olfactory organs1 _! acid secretion1 ?\gh smell+ /rongly1 acts en]getically on ! food z soon z introduc$ into ! m\?4 ,! subl+ual gl&s1 atrophi$ 9 mo/ ,apid1 b relatively volum9\s 9 ,sphegid1 ,vesp91 ,poli/91 ,crabronid1 etc41 empty _! secretion into a small prebuccal excavation1 :]e accumulate vegetable & e>?y matt]s collect$ by ! tongue1 & ! saliva secret$ by ^! gl&s1 acts ^u !m be=e !y pass into ! ph>ynx4 ,! l+ual gl&s secrete a ?ick1 /icky liquid1 :i* causes =eign bodies to adh]e to ! tongue1 & also agglut9ates alim5t>y sub/ances4 ,! uses ( ! o!r gl&s1 maxill>y & p>aglossal1 are f _! m9ut5ess undet]m9$4 7,bordas47 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,saliv>y ,,gl&s ,leydig1 ,f4 ,zur ,anatomie d] ,insekt54 7,ar*iv ,anat4 und ,phys4 #ahei47 ---- ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,anatomie und ,hi/iologie d] ,ti]e4 ,bonn1 #ahhc1 pp4 #agd1 #h ,taf4 ---- ,intra- und int]zellul>e ,gnge4 7,biolog4 ,c5tralblatt1 x1 #ahij1 pp4 #cib-cif47 ,dohrn1 ,a4 ,zur ,anatomie d] ,hemipt]54 7,/ett94 ,entom4 ,zeit41 #ahff1 saliv>y gl&s1 pp4 #cbh-ccb47 ,kupff]1 ,c4 ,die ,spei*eldrs5 von ,p]iplaneta ori5talis und ihr ,n]v5app>at4 7,beitrge zur ,anatomie und ,physiol41 #ahge47 ,s*iem5z1 ,p4 ,ueb] das ,h]komm5 des ,futt]saftes und die ,spei*eldrs5 d] ,bi5e4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xxxviii1 #ahhc1 pp4 #ga-ace1 #c ,taf47 ,kors*elt1 ,e4 ,ueb] die eig5tmli*5 ,bildung5 9 d5 ,zellk]n5 d] ,spei*eldrs5 von ,*ironomus plumosus4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhd1 pp4 #ahi-aid1 #bba-bbe1 #bda-bdf47 ,h(]1 ,b4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,bau d] ,spei*eldrs5 und des dazu gehr5d5 ,n]v5app>ates von ,blatta4 7,nova ,acta d4 ,kais4 ,leopold4-,c>ol4 ,deuts*4 ,akad4 d4 ,natur=s*]1 li1 #ahhg1 pp4 #cde-cie1 #c ,taf47 ,knppel1 ,a4 ,ueb] ,spei*eldrs5 von ,insekt54 7,ar*iv fr ,naturg41 #ahhg1 ,jahrg4 #eb1 pp4 #bfi-cjc1 #b ,taf47 ,blanc1 ,l\is4 ,la tte du ,bombyx mori l'tat l>vaire1 anatomie et physiologie4 7,extrait des ,travaux du ,laboratoire d'tudes de la ,soie1 #ahhi-ahij2 ,lyon1 #ahia1 p4 #ahj1 _m figs47 ,bordas1 ,l4 ,anatomie des gl&es salivaires des ,hymnoptres de la famille des ,i*neumonid4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahid1 pp4 #aca-acc47 ---- ,gl&es salivaires des ,apides1 ,apis mellifica4 & 4 7,comptes r5dus ,acad4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 cxix1 pp4 #cfc1 #dhc1 #fic-fie1 #ahid2 also two articles 9 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,philoma?4 ,p>is1 #ahid1 pp4 #e1 #ab1 #ff47 ---- ,app>eil gl&ulaire des ,hymnoptres4 7,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat4 ,zool41 xix1 ,p>is1 #ahid1 pp4 #a-cfb1 #aa ,pls47 7,see also p4 #cff47 ,b]lese1 ,antonio4 ,le cocc9iglie ,italiane viv5ti sugli agrumi4 ,fir5ze1 #ahif1 #ab ,pls4 & #bjj ,figs4 ,) ! writ+s ( ,m>k1 ,m9ot1 ,locy1 ,li/1 ,krassil/s*ik1 ,nagel 7#ahif74 b4 ,! silk or sp9n+ gl&s1 & ! sp9n+ app>atus ,! l>v ( c]ta9 insects1 *iefly ^? ( ! ,lepidopt]a1 possess a pair ( silk or sp9n+ gl&s 7s]ict]ies7 :i* unite to =m a s+le duct op5+ 9 ! upp] lip at ! end ( ! l+ua1 :i* is modifi$ to =m ! sp9n]et4 7,see pp4 #ga1 #ge47 ,all cat]pill>s possess !m1 & !y are be/ develop$ 9 ! silkworms1 :i* sp9 ! mo/ complete cocoon4 ,silk-gl&s also occur 9 ! l>v ( ! ,t5?r$9id1 9 ! case-worms or l>val ,tri*opt]a1 also 9 c]ta9 *rysomelid beetles 7,donacia1 ,hmonia71 & 9 a weevil 7,hyp]a74 ,9 a common caddis-worm 7,limnophilus7 ! gl&s are ( a beautiful pale violet-blue t9t1 & two & a half times z long z ! l>va itself2 viz4 ! body is #bj mm4 & ! gl&s #ee mm4 9 l5g?4 ,9 cat]pill>s ! gl&s are ( tubul> %ape1 %9+ :ite1 & mu* l ! ord9>y simple tubul> saliv>y gl&s ( ! imago4 ,:5 only slightly long] ?an ! body !y are twice fold$1 ! folds p>allel & situat$ p>tly b5ea? & p>tly on ! side ( ! dige/ive canal2 n usually1 :5 fold$ 9 _! natural position1 ext5d+ mu* beh9d ! end ( ! /oma*2 b 9 ! silkworms !y are s long & fold$ z to envelop ! h9d] "p ( ! canal4 ,9 geometrid cat]pill>s ! gl&s :5 /ret*$ out only rea* slightly beyond ! end ( ! body2 9 ,datana !y are half aga9 z long z ! body4 ,helm ?us gives _! relative l5g? 9 c]ta9 ,eurasian cat]pill>s1 & we add t ( ,telea polyphemus3-- ,vanessa io l5g? ( body #cb mm42 ( ! silk gl&s #bf mm4 ,sm]9?us tili l5g? ( body #fc mm42 ( ! silk gl&s #bje mm4 ,bombyx mori l5g? ( body #ef mm42 ( ! silk gl&s #bfb mm4 ,an!ra yamamaya l5g? ( body #ajj mm42 ( ! silk gl&s #fbe mm4 ,telea polyphemus l5g? ( body #fj mm42 ( ! silk gl&s #dej mm4 ,?us 9 ,telea ! silk-gl&s are ab\t #ah4ej in*es 9 l5g?1 be+ ab\t sev5 times z long z ! body4 ,= ! mo/ complete acc\nts ( ! sp9n+ gl&s ( ,lepidopt]a & _! me*anism we are indebt$ to ,helm & to ,blanc1 & = t ( ! ,tri*opt]a to ,gilson4 ,! unpair$ portion1 or sp9n+ app>atus 7filire ( ,lyonet71 is divid$ into two portions2 ! h9d] half be+ ! 8?read-press10 ! ant]ior division ! 8direct+ tubes40 ,! silk mat]ial1 /or$ up 9 ! ?icke/ portion ( ! gl&s1 passes into ! ?read-press 7,fig4 #ccd1 ,a71 :i* is provid$ ) muscles :i* =ce ! two d\ble ribbon-l ?reads ?r\gh ! direct+ tube1 z wire is made by molt5 iron be+ driv5 ?r\gh an iron plate p]=at$ ) f9e holes4 ,! entire sp9n+ app>atus1 or filator1 z we may call x1 is situat$ 9 ! tubul> sp9n]et4 ,! op5+ ( ! sp9n]et is direct$ ant]iorly1 & ! ant]ior end ( ! direct+ tube passes directly into ?is op5+ s t ! direct+ tube may be reg>d$ z an invag9ation ( ! l+ua4 ,! silk ?read :i* issues f ! m\? ( ! sp9n]et is1 z ,leeuw5hoek discov]$1 a d\ble ribbon-l b&1 z may be se5 9 exam9+ ! silk ( any cocoon4 ,! process ( sp9n+4--,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ,helm's acc\nt1 ,gilson1 & also ,blanc1 h add$ to our k ( ! way 9 :i* ! silk is spun & ( ! me*anism ( ! process4 ,gilson has arriv$1 9 reg>d to ! function ( ! press or filator1 at ! foll[+ conclusions3 #a1 ! press regulates ! ?read1 x compresses x1 gives x its flatt5$ %ape2 #b1 x regulates ! lay] ( gum#eb 7grs7 :i* surr\nds ! ?read2 #c1 x may r5d] ! ?read immovable by compress+ x z if held by p9c]s4 ,! process ( sp9n+ 9 ! silkworm1 says ,blanc1 comprises all ! ph5om5a by :i* ! mass ( silk conta9$ 9 ! res]voir is trans=m$ into ! silk fluid ( :i* ! cocoon is spun4 ,! excretory canals ea* conta9 a cyl9drical ?read ( silk hav+ a mean diamet] ( #j4b mm4 & surr\nd$ by a lay] ( gum 7grs7 :i* 9 ! fre% liv+ organ exactly fills ! annul> space situat$ betwe5 ! fibro9 cyl9d] & ! wall4 ,arriv$ )9 ! common duct1 ! two ?reads receive ! secretion ( ,filippi's gl&1 :]e ! silk5 fluid is =m$1 b has n yet assum$ its def9ite ext]nal *>act]s4 ,! two ?reads press ?r\gh ! common canal & arrive at ! infundibulum 7,fig4 #ccd1 c7 ( ! press1 at ! bottom ( :i* is situat$ ! orifice ( ! sp9n+ canal1 almo/ completely divid$ into two by ! %>p edge ( ! ra*is 7,figs4 #ccd1 a1 #cce1 l74 ,! ?reads ea* pass into "o ( ! two grooves1 & ! lay] ( gum 7grs7 fills ! re/ ( ! canal ( ! press or filator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cca4--,longitud9al section ( ! sp9n]et3 a1 horizontal portion ( ! tongue2 b1 v]tical portion2 c1 f1 circle ( ! tongue2 d1 tongue-pad2 e1 orifice ( ! sp9n]et2 g1 body ( ! lyre2 h1 prebasil> membrane =m+ a fold2 i1 int]nal canal ( ! sp9n]et2 k1 filator4--,aft] ,blanc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccb4--,! l[] lip 7labium7 ( ,bombyx mori1 isolat$1 se5 f ! left side3 ,a1 lyre2 ,b1 sp9n]et2 ,c1 labial palpus2 ,d1 v]tical "p ( ! labium2 ,e1 horizontal "p ( ! same2 ,h1 ,l1 silk-canal2 ,k1 "r gl& ( ,filippi2 ,l1 canal ( ! left gl&2 ,n1 labial n]ve2 a1 oblique fibre ( ! elevator ( ! labium2 b1 "r fibre ( ! same2 c1 depressor ( ! labium2 d1 sup]ior sp9n+ muscles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccc4--,! labium 9 a horizontal position1 se5 f ! side3 f1 ! filator or press situat$ "u ! ext]nal "p ( ! sp9n]et 7d71 betwe5 ! bran*es 7b71 ( ! lyre 7a72 e1 labial palp2 c1 tongue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccd4--,longitud9al section ( ! sp9n]et & press 7filator73 ,a1 filator or press2 ,b1 sp9n]et2 ,c-,d1 body ( ! lyre2 ,f1 l[] "p ( ! labium2 ,e1 common canal2 eh1 its epi!lium2 ,g1 sup]ior muscle ( ! press2 a1 ra*is2 b1 its po/]ior enl>gem5t2 c1 infundibulum2 d1 cuticle2 o1 orifice ( ! sp9n+ canal2 op1 c5tral canal ( ! lyre & ( ! sp9n]et2 fi1 hypod]mis ( ! lyre2 f1 f1 hypod]mic pad ( ! lyre4 ,! silk5 sub/ance is !n press$ by ! m or less p[]ful contractions ( ! muscles ( ! filator1 s t ! passage ( ! ?reads is facilitat$4 ,if ! muscles totally contract1 ! sp9n+ canal is op5$ wide1 ! ?reads pass easily upw>ds & assume ! =m ( a triangul> prism 7,fig4 #ccf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cce4--,sp9n+ app>atus1 se5 f above3 ,a1 op5+ ( ! sp9n]et2 ,b1 c5tral canal ( ! sp9n]et 7,c72 ,d1 common canal2 ,e1 canal ( ,filippi2 ,f1 excretory canal ( a silk-gl&2 i1 orifice ( ! canal ( ,filippi's gl&2 l1 ra*is2 k1 r+ ( ! infundibulum2 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 cavity ( ! diff]5t canals2 h1 spur :i* sep>ates ! two excretory canals4--,?is & ,figs4 #cca-ccd aft] ,blanc4 ,if ?is contraction dim9i%es1 ! *it9\s wall ( ! sp9n]et comes toge!r1 ow+ to its ela/icity2 ! ceil+ ( ! canal approa*es ! floor2 ! cavity t5ds to take ! =m ( a semicircul> slit1 & ! ?reads are compress$1 flatt5$4 ,z ea* mass or ?read ( silk is mu* m volum9\s ?an ! canal1 except :5 ! latt] is extremely dilat$1 x foll[s t ! two ?reads are always compress$1 or squeez$ toge!r1 & t ea* ( !m is compell$ to m\ld itself 9 ! groove x occupies & to take its %ape4 ,h5ce ! v>iations 9 ! appe>ance ( ! two masses or divid$ portions ( silk1 :i* z /at$ pres5t all grades betwe5 ! =m ( an isosceles-triangul> prism & t ( a ne>ly flat ribbon2 b ?is la/ case is q r>e4 ,! use ( ! sp9n]et1 !n1 is to compress ! ?read & to *ange its =m m or less consid]ably1 at ! same "t z x dim9i%es its diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccf4--;,diagram ( ! press & its muscles3 a1 l[]2 b1 lat]al2 c1 upp] muscles ( ! press4--,aft] ,blanc4 ,moreov]1 ?is con/ant compression ( ! ?read z x passes ?r\gh ! press keeps x 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( t5sion s z to all[ ! cat]pill> :ile sp9n+ to firmly hold its ?read4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! worm susp5ds ! contraction ( its sp9n+ muscles1 ! press flatt5s1 vigor\sly compresses ! ?read1 & arre/s its motion1 9 su* a way t if !re 0 a /ra9 on ! silk5 fluid 7bave71 x w\ld break r ?an oblige ! cat]pill> to let g any m ( x4 ,! press does n act directly on ! silk5 ?read1 b ?r\gh ! gummy lay] 7grs7 :i* transmits ov] ! :ole surface ( ! silk5 fluid 7br97 ! pressure ex]t$ on x4 ,aft] hav+ ov]come ?is difficult passage1 ! silk ?read has acquir$ its def9ite =m2 x rapidly passes out ( ! sp9n]et4 ,h[ ! ?read is drawn out4--,hav+ se51 says ,blanc1 h[ ! two masses ( silk 7br9s71 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! sp9n+ app>atus 7or press71 jo9 ea* o!r1 con/itut+ ! fro?y silk5 fluid1 ?us becom+ modifi$ 9 =m1 x rema9s to exam9e ! way 9 :i* ! ?read is drawn out ( ! sp9n]et4 ,if we exam9e a cat]pill> :ile sp9n+1 x w be se5 t 9 mov+ its head x draws on ! fro?y mass ( silk fix$ to ! web ( ! cocoon4 ,?is traction c]ta9ly aids v mu* ! exit ( ! ?read1 b x is n ! only cause4 ,! silk1 ,blanc affirms1 is pu%$ out by a =ce a t]go1 develop$ by diff]5t ag5ts1 su* z ! pressure ( ! di/5d$ cuticle or ! silky mass conta9$ 9 ! res]voir1 z se5 9 ! section ( a worm :i* has spun its cocoon4 ,b if we consid] a cat]pill> be=e x has begun to sp91 x is difficult to expla9 ! me*anism ( sp9n+4 ,z ,blanc has (t5 obs]v$1 9 mak+ sections ( ! heads ( silkworms1 two cases arise4 ,sometimes ! worm has already spun a little1 & a c]ta9 l5g? ( ! fro?y silk 7bave7 issues f ! orifice ( ! sp9n]et1 :]e x =ms a small twi/$ bundle4 ,at o!r times ! worm has n spun s9ce its la/ m\lt or ! fro?y mass ( silk has brok5 )9 ! head1 & we f9d ! end 9 ! common tube4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! two cases1 ! worm1 dilat+ its press1 is able by a g5]al contraction to dis*>ge a little ( ! gritty mat]ial 7grs7 :i* l9es ! ball ( silk hang+ at ! end ( ! sp9n]et4 ,x c also reject a c]ta9 quantity ( ! secretion ( ,filippi's gl&s & ?us s(t5 ! gritty sub/ance4 ,! little plug ( silk c !n adh]e to ! body ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,9 ! same case x is necess>y t ! two bits or portions ( silk trav]se ! press1 & ?is normally has a calibre less ?an _! diamet]4 ,! worm %\ld !n di/5d ! sp9n+ tube z mu* z is practicable1 s z to make ! op5+s z l>ge z possible4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! press is1 9 ?is condition1 at lea/ z l>ge z ! mass ( fro?y silk4 ,?is ,blanc believes 7al?\gh ,gilson ?9ks o!rwise7 is pu%$ by a =ce a t]go1 & rea*es ! funnel ( ! sp9n+ canal2 its two bits ( silk 7br9s7 unite !re1 p5etrate into ! canal itself1 &1 ow+ to successive impulses produc$ by ! g5]al contractions ( ! worm1 press ?r\gh & pass out ( ! sp9n]et4 ,:ile ! silkworm is engag$ 9 sp9n+ its cocoon1 ! sp9n]et & press execute v v>i$ movem5ts1 det]m9$ by ! elevator1 depressor1 retractor1 & protractor muscles ( ! labium1 z well z ^? ( ! press4 ,^! movem5ts1 orig9ally v num]\s1 may comb9e among !mselves1 s t ! sp9n]et is susceptible ( assum+ dur+ ! process ( sp9n+ /ill m div]se positions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccg4--,portion ( ! silk-gl& ( ,bombyx mori3 p1 tunica propria2 i1 tunica intima2 s1 secretion-cell ) bran*$ nuclei2 a1 sep>ate secretion-cell f ! ant]ior "p ( ! silk-gl& ( ,amphidasis betul>ia2 b1 ! same ( ,vanessa urtic2 c1 ! same 9 ,sm]9?us tili4--,aft] ,helm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cch4--;,a1 section ( gl& ( lepidopt]3 ,b1 section ( silk-gl& ( a saw-fly l>va2 n1 nucleus2 i4d1 canals2 d4s1 cavity4--,aft] ,gilson4 ,hi/ologically ! silk-gl&s are compos$ ( ?ree lay]s1--! out]1 or tunica propria 7,fig #ccg72 ! inn]1 ! tunica intima2 ! middle lay] be+ compos$ ( extraord9>ily l>ge epi!lial cells :i* c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 & are also rem>kable = ! bran*$ %ape ( ! nuclei 7a1 b1 c1 #ccg71 ! bran*es be+ m or less lob$1 & ! l>g] ! cells ! m num]\s are ! bran*es ( ! nucleus4 ,gilson#ec f9ds t ^? ( ,tri*opt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a ord9>ily consi/ ( a small numb] ( cells2 & x is q common1 he says1 to f9d only two cells 9 a transv]se section 7,fig4 #cch1 ,a74 ,9 ! ,t5?r$9id1 h[ev]1 8! organ /ill consi/s ( a tube1 ! wall ( :i* is compos$ ( flat cells1 b 9 addition to t1 two s]ies ( sph]oidal cells are atta*$ to ! sides4 ,ea* ( ^! cells conta9s a sy/em ( t9y canals runn+ ?r\gh _! cytoplasm 7,b1 i4 d74 ,^! cells are ! secret+ elem5ts2 !y cont9ually ca/ ! silk sub/ance into ! tube40 ,a peculi>ity ( ! tunica intima is its di/9ct transv]se /riation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cci4--;,bran*+ nucleus ( sp9n+ gl& ( ,pi]is l>va4--,aft] ,kors*elt1 f ,wilson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdj4--;,filippi's gl&s 7,g7 isolat$ & se5 f above3 e1 e1 its lobules2 d1 its excretory canal2 ,e1 silk-duct2 ,c1 common canal2 c1 upp] sp9n+ muscle2 b1 l[] muscle2 a1 lat]al muscle2 ,t1 sp9n]et4--,aft] ,blanc4 ,! l9+ ( ! gl&s & ( _! common duct is m\lt$ :5 ! cat]pill> ca/s its sk91 & ?is1 z well z ! mode ( developm5t1 %[s t ! gl&s are invag9ations ( ! ectod]m4 ,gilson f9ds t ! silk-gl&s & silk-app>atus ( ,tri*opt]a are v simil> to ^? ( cat]pill>s1 & t ! silk is =m$ 9 ! same way4 ,app5dages ( ! silk-gl& 7,filippi's gl&s74--,9 mo/ l>v !re is ei!r a s+le or a pair ( second>y gl&s :i* op5 into ! sp9n+ gl&s ne> _! ant]ior end4 ,!y are outgr[?s ( ! gl& provid$ ) peculi>ly modifi$ excretory cells or evag9ations ( ! entire gl&ul> epi!lium4 ,^? ( ,bombyx mori 7,fig4 #cdj7 are v well develop$1 &1 accord+ to ,blanc1 =m two :iti%1 lobulat$ masses 9 ! labium on ea* side ( ! common duct ( ! sp9n+ gl&4 ,ext]nally !y appe> to be ac9ose2 b _! /ructure1 z describ$ by ,blanc & by ,gilson1 is v peculi>4 ,helm ?9ks1 ) ,cornalia1 t ! function ( ^! gl&s is to secrete ! adhesive fluid :i* unites ! silk ?reads1 & also to make ! silk m adhesive 9 ! process ( sp9n+1 b ,blanc /ates t ?is is done be=e ! ?read passes into ! common excretory tubes1 & he is incl9$ to ?9k t ! secretion s]ves to lubricate ! sp9n]et1 & ?us to facilitate ! passage ( ! ?read4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 c]ta9 cat]pill>s ^! gl&s are situat$ q f> f ! sp9n+ app>atus4 ,! silk-gl&s 9 ! pupa /ate und]go a process ( deg5]ation1 & f9ally completely disappe>4 ,!y are specific l>val organs evolv$ 9 adaptation to ! necessity ( ! insect's be+ protect$ dur+ its pupal life by a cocoon4 7,helm47 ,morphologically ! silk-gl&s are by ,lang reg>d$ z modifi$ coxal gl&s1 & homologues ( ! setip>\s p>apodial gl&s ( *topod worms1 ! coxal gl&s ( ,p]ipatus1 & ! sp9n+ gl&s ( spid]s4 ,9 ,scolop5drella1 sp9n+ gl&s are situat$ 9 ! two la/ segm5ts ( ! body1 op5+ out at ! end ( ! c]copods 7,fig4 #ae1 s4gl71 & ! l>v ( ! true ,neuropt]a 7,*rysopa1 ,myrmeleon1 etc47 :i* sp9 cocoons1 h sp9n+ gl&s op5+ into ! rectum4 ,! silk =m+ ! cocoon ( ! ant-lion1 z ,siebold & ! old] obs]v]s h /at$1 is secret$ by ! walls ( ! rectal or anal sac4 ,siebold 7,anatomy ( ! ,inv]tebrates1 p4 #dde7 /ates t 9 ! l>va ( ,myrmeleon1 ! silk-app>atus is v rem>kable1 8= ! rectum itself is *ang$ into a l>ge sac & secretes ?is sub/ance :i* escapes ?r\gh an articulat$ sp9n]et project+ f ! op5+ ( ! anus0#ed 7,fig4 #cjg1 e74 ,! l>v ( ! ,mycetophilid h sp9n+ gl&s at ! h9d] end ( ! body1 z also ! imago ( ! female ( ! t9eid mo? ,euplocamus4 7,k5nel47 ,! l>v ( i*neumons1 wasps1 bees1 ( ,cecidomyia1 & o!r ,dipt]a1 sp9 silk5 cocoons1 b _! gl&s h n yet be5 exam9$4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$ t dur+ ! process ( pupation ! l>v ( butt]flies1 ( c]ta9 flies 7,syrphus71 & beetles 7,cocc9ellid & "s ,*rysomelid7 atta* !mselves by silk spun f ! anus1 s t ! pupa is susp5d$ by its tail2 su* gl&s are probably homog5etic ) ! coxal gl&s4 ,! silk 9 its fluid or s(t /ate is mucilag9\s1 & accord+ to ,muld]1 9 ! silkworm consi/s ( ! foll[+ sub/ances1 v>y+ some:at 9 _! relative proportions by weight3 ,silk-fibre mat]ial #ec4fg ,glue 7,leim7 #bj4ff ,protoplasm #bd4dc ,wax #a4ci ,color+ matt] #j4je ,fat & res9 #j4aj ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,sp9n+ ,,gl&s ,helm1 ,e4 ,anatomis*e und hi/iologis*e ,d>/ellung d] ,sp9ndrs5 d] ,s*mett]l+sraup54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xxvi1 #ahgf1 pp4 #dcd-dfi1 #b ,taf47 ,lid? de ,jeude1 ,?4 ,w4 van4 ,zur ,anatomie und ,physiologie d] ,sp9ndrs5 d] ,seid5raupe4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahgh1 pp4 #ajj-ajb47 ,engelmann1 ,w4 ,zur ,anatomie und ,physiologie d] ,sp9ndrs5 d] ,seid5raupe4 7,ond]z4 ,phys4 ,lab4 ,utre*t1 iii1 #ahhj1 pp4 #aae-aai47 ,joseph1 ,g4 ,vorlufige ,mitteilung b] ,inn]vation und ,entwickelung d] ,sp9norgane bei ,insekt54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhj1 pp4 #cbf-cbh47 ,poletajew1 ,n4 ,ueb] die ,sp9ndrs5 d] ,blattwesp54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhe1 pp4 #bb-bc47 ,me9]t1 ,fr4 ,contribution l'anatomie des f\rmilions4 7,ov]s4 ,danske ,vid5sk4 ,selsk4 ,=h4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahhi1 pp4 #dc-ff1 #b ,pls47 ,blanc1 ,l\is4 tude sur la scrtion de la soie et la /ructure du br9 et de la bave dans le ,bombyx mori4 ,lyon1 #ahhi1 pp4 #dh1 #d ,pls4 ---- ,la tte du ,bombyx mori l'tat l>vaire4 ,anatomie et physiologie4 7,extrait du volume des ,travaux du ,laboratoire d'tudes de la ,soie4 ,annes #ahhi-ahij1 ,lyon1 #ahia1 pp4 #ahj1 #ie figs47 ,gilson1 ,g4 ,re*]*es sur les cellules scrtantes4 ,la soie et les app>eils sricignes3 ,i4 ,lpidoptres4 7,la ,cellule1 #ahij1 vi1 pp4 #aae-ahb1 #c ,pls4 ,i1 ,lpidoptres 7suite72 ,,ii1 ,tri*optres4 ,ibid41 x1 pp4 #ga-ic1 #ahic1 #a ,pl47 ,g>man1 ,h4 ,silk-sp9n+ dipt]\s l>v 7,sci5ce1 xx1 #ahic1 p4 #bae74 ,also ! writ+s ( ,meckel1 ,pictet1 ,dumril1 ,klaplek1 ,wi/+haus51 ,loew1 ,hag51 ,fritz ,mll]1 ,kolbe1 ,mc,lachlan1 de ,selys-,long*amps4 c4 ,! ccal app5dages4 ,^! div]ticula ( ! mid-inte/9e 78/oma*07 are app5d$ to ! ant]ior end1 & 9 ! liv+1 transp>5t l>va ( ,sci>a1 :i* has two l>ge1 long1 sl5d] cca 7,fig4 #cda71 ! p>tly dige/$ food may be se5 oscillat+ back & =? f ! ant]ior end ( ! /oma* into & out ( ! base ( ea* ccum4 ,9 ! ,locu/id 7,anabrus1 ,fig4 #bii7 & ,gryllid 7,fig4 #cdd1 e7 !re are two l>ge1 %ort cca1 & 9 ! locu/s 7,calopt5us7 !re are six cca1 :ile cockroa*es h eight4 ,9 ! ,coleopt]a 7,c>abid & ,dyticid7 ^! l>ge cca appe> to be replac$ by v num]\s sl5d]1 m9ute villi or tubules1 :i* arise f ! ant]ior "p ( ! /oma* 7,figs4 #cag1 r1 also #cdb74 ,^! cca diff] 9 /ructure f ! /oma*1 z %[n by ,grab]1 z well z by ,plateau & by ,m9ot4 ,! latt] /ates t a s+le transv]se section ( "o ( ! div]ticula ( ! locu/ demon/rates at once t its /ructure is entirely diff]5t f t ( ! /oma*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cda4--,l>va ( ,sci>a3 s4gl1 saliv>y gl&2 ur4t1 ur9>y tubes2 i inte/9e2 /1 /oma*2 cae ccal app5dages2 t1 te/is4 ,its inn] surface is ?r[n up into longitud9al folds1 g5]ally twelve 9 numb]4 ,^! folds %9e ?r\gh ! out] walls1 & are accord+ly indicat$ 9 ! draw+s ( ,duf\r1 ,grab]1 & o!rs4 ,! entire ccum has an ext]nal muscul> envelope1 outside ( :i* are a few isolat$ longitud9al muscul> b&s4 ,! folds )9 are =m$ ma9ly by ! high cyl9drical epi!lium :i* l9es ! :ole int]ior ( ! cavity4 ,tra*e ramify ?r\gh\t all ! lay]s outside ! epi!lium4 ,!re are appe>ances ( gl&ul> follicles 9 ! bottom ( ! spaces betwe5 ! folds4 7,m9ot47 ,burmei/] suppos$ t ^! cca 7 analog\s to ! pancreas1 & ?is view has be5 confirm$ by ,hoppe ,seyl]1 ,kruk5b]g1 ,plateau1 & o!rs1 :o claim t ! dige/ive prop]ties ( ! fluid secret$ 9 !m agrees ) ! pancreatic fluid ( v]tebrates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdb--;,cross-section ( mid-inte/9e ( ,acilius sulcatus1 %[+ ! arrangem5t ( ! cca1 two tra*e pass+ into ea* ccum4--,aft] ,plateau4 d4 ,! excretory sy/em 7ur9>y or ,malpighian tubes7 ,! excretory matt]s or wa/e products ( ! blood tissue ( worms are c>ri$ out ( ! body by segm5tally arrang$ tubes call$ nephridia4 ,z a rule !y arise 9 ! blood s9uses ( ! body & op5 ext]nally ?r\gh m9ute op5+s 9 ! sk94 ,z !re is a pair to ea* segm5t 79 c]ta9 oligo*ete worms two or ?ree pairs to a segm5t71 !y are (t5 call$ segm5tal organs4 ,9 ! annulate worms ea* segm5t ( ! body1 ev5 ! cephalic or oral segm5t1 orig9ally conta9s a pair ( ^! excretory organs4 ,^! vessels may h surviv$ 9 myriopods & p]haps d exi/ 9 insects z ur9>y tubes1 & also occur 9 _m ( ! ,ara*nida1 & ?us are *>act]i/ic ( ea* important class ( l& ar?ropods1 b are ei!r want+ or are v rudim5t>y or mu* modifi$ 9 ! m>9e classes1 notably ! ,cru/acea & ,m]o/omata 7,limulus71 :]e !y are repres5t$ by ! %ell-gl&s ( ,copepoda1 gre5 gl&s ( ! lob/]1 & ! brick-r$ gl&s ( ,limulus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdc4--;,dige/ive canal ( ,p]la maxima3 l1 upp] lip2 mh1 buccal cavity2 ap1 common end ( saliv>y ducts 7ag72 o1 sophagus2 s1 s1 saliv>y gl&s1 arrang$ segm5tally2 b1 cca ( *yle-/oma*2 lg1 _! ligam5ts ( atta*m5t2 mp1 ur9>y tubes2 r1 rectum2 af1 anal orifice4--,aft] ,imh(1 f ,%>p4 ,9 ! e>lie/ tra*eate ar?ropod1 ,p]ipatus1 ^! tubes are well develop$ & are highly *>act]i/ic1 ea* segm5t beh9d ! head be>+ a pair 7,fig4 #d1 s#d-s#i74 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by "s1 b n yet prov$1 t ! ur9>y tubes ( insects are morphologically ! same z ! segm5tal organs ( worms & ( ,p]ipatus2 b !re are no facts directly support+ ?is view1 &1 z ,sograff /ates1 x is a pure hypo!sis & c only be confirm$ or disprov$ by v detail$ rese>*es on ! developm5t ( ! ur9>y tubes ( myriopods & ( insects4 ,o!rs reg>d !m z probably homolog\s ) ! tra*e1 s9ce !y h a simil> orig94 ,z1 h[ev]1 !y arise 9 ! embryo z outgr[?s ( ! proctodum !y may h aris5 9 myriopods & insects indep5d5tly1 & n be v]mian heirlooms4 ,:ile 9 worms & 9 ,p]ipatus a pair ( ^! segm5tal organs occur 9 ea* segm5t1 9 insects ?is s]ial arrangem5t is n app>5t2 ^? ) a purely excretory function are n segm5tally arrang$1 ) outlets op5+ ext]nally1 b arise z outgr[?s ( ! h9d-inte/9e or proctodum ( ! embryo1 n be+ segm5tally arrang$4 ,! place ( _! orig9 is usually ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! mid & h9d inte/9e 7,fig4 #cdc1 mp72 ?is applies to ,scolop5drella 7,fig4 #ae1 urt7 z well z to insects4 ,! ur9>y tubes are usually long1 sl5d]1 bl9d1 tubul> gl&s v>y+ 9 numb] f two to ov] a hundr$1 :i* g5]ally arise at ! con/riction betwe5 ! mid & h9d inte/9e1 & :i* lie loosely 9 ! cavity ( ! body1 (t5 ext5d+ t[>ds ! head1 & !n end+ ne> ! rectum 7,figs4 #cja1 #caj1 vm74 ,!y 7 fir/ discov]$ by ! ,italian anatomi/ ,malpighi1 aft] :om !y 7 call$ ! ,malpighian tubes4 ,:ile at fir/ g5]ally reg>d$ z 8bili>y0 tubes1 !y are n[ univ]sally consid]$ to be exclusively excretory organs1 correspond+ to ! kidneys ( ! high] animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdd4--;,dige/ive canal & app5dages ( ! mole-cricket2 a1 head3 b1 saliv>y gl&s & receptacle2 c1 lat]al p\*2 d1 /omatoga/ric n]ves2 e1 ant]ior lobes ( /oma*2 f1 peculi> organ2 g1 neck ( /oma*2 h1 plicate "p ( same2 i1 rectum2 k1 anal gl&2 m1 ur9>y tubes4--,aft] ,duf\r1 f ,%>p4 ,usually aris+ f ! ant]ior end ( ! h9d-inte/9e :]e x passes into ! mid-inte/9e1 9 c]ta9 =ms !y %ift _! position1 9 "s ,hemipt]a 7,lygu1 ,cimex7 op5+ into ! rectum1 :ile 9 ! ,psyllid !y arise f ! sl5d] h9d] "p ( ! mid-inte/9e1 be+ widely sep>at$ at _! orig94 7,fig4 #cba47 ,! l5g? v>ies 9 diff]5t gr\ps2 :]e !y are few 9 numb] 7two to f\r1 six to eight71 !y are v long1 b :]e v num]\s !y are (t5 %ort1 =m+ d5se tufts1 ea* tuft connect+ ) ! inte/9e by a common duct 7uret]71 or1 z 9 ! mole-cricket1 ! num]\s tubes empty into a s+le duct 7,fig4 #cdd72 9 ! locu/s 7,acrydiid71 h[ev]1 !y are arrang$ 9 #aj gr\ps1 ea* gr\p consi/+ ( ab\t #ae tubes1 mak+ ab\t #aej 9 all2 & are mu* convolut$ & w\nd irregul>ly ar\nd ! dige/ive canal1 & :5 /ret*$ out be+ ab\t z long z ! entire body4 ,! ur9>y tubes occur 9 twos1 or 9 multiples ( two1 ?\gh a rem>kable exception is pres5t$ 9 ! dipt]\s g5]a ,culex & ,psy*odes1 9 :i* !re are five tubes2 ! "y & fully gr[n l>v1 z well z ! pupa & imago ( ,culex1 hav+ ?is numb] 7,fig4 #dcc1 mg47 ,9 _m insects 7,p5tatoma1 ,cimex1 ,velia1 ,g]ris1 ,haltica1 ,donacia1 & (t5 9 cat]pill>s71 ! vessels op5 into a sort ( ur9>y bladd] connect+ ) ! inte/9e on "o side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cde4--;,a1 section ( ur9>y tube ( ,p]iplaneta2 ,b1 "p ( tube ( ,p]la2 p1 p]itoneal membrane2 c1 cavity or lum52 n1 nucleus ( a secret+ cell4--,aft] ,s*9dl]4 ,9 ! l>v ( "s insects ! bl9d ends ( ! tubes are (t5 ext]nally b\nd to ! rectum1 9 ! silkworms be+ atta*$ by f9e ?reads to ! inte/9e1 :ile 9 "s flies 7,tipula & ,ct5ophora71 two vessels may unite to =m a loop4 ,9 all l>val ,cecidomyi1 ! two tubes are unit$ to =m a loop :i* curves backw>d1 op5+ ne> ! v5t1 ! proctodum be+ v %ort4 7,gi>d47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdf4--,portion ( a ur9>y tube ( ,calliphora vomitoria3 tr1 tra*ea2 l1 lum52 k1 nucleus4--,aft] ,geg5baur4 ,:ile usually ! ur9>y vessels =m simple tubes1 9 _m species ( ,lepidopt]a & ,dipt]a !y are bran*$1 ?us resembl+ ^? ( spid]s & scorpions4 ,moreov]1 9 _m ,lepidopt]a & ,dipt]a 7,fig4 #cjh71 ! tubes are n simple1 b are lobulat$1 & 9 "s ,hemipt]a 7,p5tatoma1 ,notonecta1 & ,tettigonia7 are twi/$ or lace-l4 ,9 r>e cases !re are two k9ds ( ur9>y tubes2 9 ,melolon?a vulg>is1 two ( !m are p>tly lobulat$ & yell[1 :ile ! o!r two are simple & :ite4 ,_! color 9 beetles v>ies1 "s be+ :iti% or yell[i%2 9 ,geotrupes1 ,dyticid1 ,hydrophilid1 etc41 r$di% br[n2 9 ,gryllotalpa z well z ,locu/a viridissima1 !re are two diff]5t k9ds ( vessels1 diff]+ 9 cont5ts & 9 color 7:ite or yell[71 z well z hi/ologically4 7,s*9dl]47 ,! ext]ior ( ! tubes is ri*ly provid$ ) tra*e1 :i* (t5 =m a web ar\nd !m1 & ! f9e bran*es (t5 seem to atta* !m to ! inte/9e4 ,9 ,a*eta !y are envelop$ by a v delicate1 loose network ( muscul> fibres4 7,s*9dl]47 ,! ur9>y tubes consi/1 accord+ to ,s*9dl]1 ( at lea/ ?ree cellul> lay]s 7,fig4 #cde73-- #a4 ,an ext]nal1 connective1 nucleat$ membrane1 ! p]itoneal membrane4 #b4 ,a v delicate homog5e\s basal membrane1 ! tunica propria4 #c4 ,a s+le lay] ( l>ge polygonal excretory cells4 #d4 ,l9+ ! int]nal canal a *it9\s lay] p5etrat$ by pore-canals1 ! intima (t5 want+4 ,! secretory cells are usually ( ! same size1 b 9 _m cases are relatively small2 sometimes f\r to six or m =m ! p]iph]y ( ! canal1 sometimes ?ree or only two4 ,9 "s insects ! cells are s v l>ge t a s+le cell =ms ! entire p]iph]y4 ,! nuclei 9 ! ,lepidopt]a 7,papilio1 ,pontia1 ,cossus7 are l>ge & irregul>ly bran*$4 ,! excretions ( ! ,malpighian vessels1 d]iv$ f ! blood & f ! fat-body1 are m or less fluid & granul>1 sometimes pulpy4 ,f ! cells !y pass into ! canal1 !nce into ! inte/9e1 & !nce out ( ! body4 ,h[1 says ,kolbe1 ! secretion passes into ! inte/9e1 :e!r by ! contraction ( ! f9e fibrill ( ! p]itoneal membrane1 or by ! ext]nal pressure ( ! o!r organs1 or by ! pressure ( ! secretory matt] beh9d1 is n yet kn[n4 ,gr&is obs]v$ 9 liv+ ,hydrophilus t ! ur9>y tubes mov$1 )\t ! muscles seem+ to %[ :at caus$ ! motion4 ,moreov]1 ! cells incessantly *ang$ _! =m4 ,at a l[] temp]ature su* motions ceas$4 ,! tra*e1 end+ freely 9 ! cells1 did n ana/omose4 7,kolbe47 ,! diff]5t colors ( ! tubes 7:ite1 yell[1 r$1 br[n1 or gre57 is due to ! hue ( ! excretions1 & is indep5d5t ( ! color ( ! blood & ( ! ur9>y sub/ances held 9 ! secret$ matt]4 ,s*9dl] f\nd t insects ( diff]5t /ages1 collect$ 9 w9t]1 diff]$ v mu* 9 _! ur9>y secretions1 ! tubes 9 ! adults be+ entirely empty1 :ile 9 ! l>v !y 7 fill$ full1 s t he conclud$ t 9 ! =m] ! process ( excretion dur+ ! w9t] hib]nation is v sl[1 b 9 ! latt] v rapid4 ,z to ! activity ( ! ur9>y vessels ! foll[+ exp]im5ts w ?r[ "s light4 ,turs9i f$ a ,pimelia ) fu*s92 its ur9>y tubes 7 consequ5tly color$ r$4 ,s*9dl] f$ insects ) indigo-c>m9e1 :i* 0 excret$ by ! ur9>y tubes2 ,k[alevsky arriv$ at ! same results1 :i* seems to prove t ^! vessels are analog\s to ! kidneys ( v]tebrates4 ,moreov]1 ,s*9dl] inject$ ?r\gh ! side ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t into ! cavity ( ! body ( a ,gryllotalpa a conc5trat$ solution ( sodium salt ( indigot9-disulphonic acid4 ,aft] "o or two h\rs ! ext]nal portion ( ! epi!lium ( ! ur9>y vessels 0 /a9$ deep blue1 :ile ! inn] portion rema9$ ( ! normal transp>5cy2 ! nuclei be+ = ! mo/ "p deeply /a9$4 ,betwe5 "o & two days aft]1 ! /a9+ matt] _h n yet :olly pass$ ?r\gh ! c5tral canal1 ! surface rec5tly /a9$ /ill appe>+ light blue4 ,! solid cont5ts ( ! ur9>y tubes consi/ p>tly ( cry/als1 :i* occur s+ly 9 ! epi!lial cells1 or =m scatt]$ masses :5 situat$ 9 ! c5tral canal4 ,besides tabul> rhombic cry/als1 !re occur concretions :i* conta9 uric acid1 & probably consi/ ( urate ( soda1 also octah$ral cry/als ( *loride ( soda1 & quadro-pyramidal cry/als ( oxalate ( lime4 ,also acicul> prisms occur2 besides *loride ( soda1 phosphates1 c>bonate ( lime1 oxalate ( lime 9 quantity1 leuc9e1 color+ matt]s1 etc42 :ile ! fluid secretion also conta9s urea 7871 uric acid1 & abundant urates2 uric acid cry/als 7 precipitat$ by ! addition ( acetic acid1 & by add+ hydro*loric acid cry/als belong+ to ! dimetric sy/em 7 =m$4 ,! (t5 num]\s sph]oidal small granules are biurate ( soda & biurate ( ammonia4 ,pale1 conc5trically b&$ concretions are leuc9e pellets4 ,accord+ to ,kllik] ! cont5ts ( ! ur9>y vessels#ee 9 g5]al are3 7#a7 r\nd granules ( urate ( soda & urate ( ammonia2 7#b7 oxalate ( lime2 & 7#c7 pale transp>5t concretions ( leuc9e4 ,cry/als ( taur9 are also said to occur4 7,claus' ,zology1 p4 #eca47 ,al?\gh uric acid is *>act]i/ic ( ! ur9>y tubes1 yet sometimes x is want+ 9 !m1 :ile uric acid sub/ances 9 quantity occur 9 ! fat-body or 9 ! mid-inte/9e4 ,9 ! liv+ insect ! ur9>y tubes remove urates f ! blood2 8! salts are cond5s$ & cry/alliz$ 9 ! epi!lial cells1 by ^: dehisc5ce !y pass into ! c5tral canals ( ! tubules & !nce into ! inte/9e40 7,miall & ,d5ny47 ,! process ( excretion is c>ri$ on n only by ! ur9>y tubes1 b also1 z ,cun has rec5tly %[n 7#ahif7 9 ,or?opt]a1 by ! p]ic>dial cells & c]ta9 cells ( ! fat-bodies4 ,9 ! la/-nam$ cells urates are /or$ ?r\gh\t life2 ! p]ic>dial cells app>5tly secrete b d n /ore wa/e products1 :i* are f9ally elim9at$ by ! ur9>y tubes1 ! latt] con/antly elim9at+ wa/e4 ,primitive numb] ( tubes4--,:eel] consid]s ! primitive numb] ( ur9>y tubules to be six1 o!r au?ors reg>d+ two pairs z ! prim>y or typical numb]2 & :ile ,:eel] agrees t ! m ance/ral tra*eate ar?ropods _h b a s+le pair1 ,*olodk[sky supposes ! primitive numb] 9 insects !mselves to be a s+le pair4 ,?is view is /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ,scolop5drella has b a s+le pair 7,fig4 #ae74 ,:ile ,p]ipatus has no ur9>y tubes1 9 ,myriopods a s+le pair arises1 z 9 insects1 f ! h9d-inte/9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdg4--,section ( proctodum ( embryo locu/1 %[+ orig9 ( ur9>y tubes 7ur4t72 ep1 epi!lial or gl&ul> lay]2 m1 cells ( out] or muscul> lay]2 a1 section ( a tube4 ,:5 9 insects ! numb] ( ^! tubes is few1 !y are1 ) r>e exceptions1 arrang$ 9 pairs1 s t ,geg5baur & o!rs h consid]$ ?is pair$ arrangem5t z ! primitive "o4 ,:5 ! tubules are v num]\s 9 ! adult1 z 9 ,or?opt]a1 ! embryos & l>v h a mu* small] numb]1 ,:eel] /at+ t 89 no insect embryo h m ?an ?ree pairs ( ^! vessels be5 f\nd40 ,we h obs]v$ #aj prim>y tubes 9 ! embryo ( ,melanopus 7,fig4 #cdg71 f ea* ( :i* aft]w>ds arise #ae second>y tubules4 ,9 ! ,t]mites1 only1 d ! "y =ms h m ur9>y tubes ?an ! adults4 ,9 ,campodea !re are ab\t #af ur9>y tubes & 9 ,ma*ilis ei!r #ab 7,grassi7 or #bj 7,oudemans72 b 9 o!r ,?ysanura ! numb] is mu* less1 ,lepisma hav+ ei!r f\r1 six1 or eight1 accord+ to diff]5t au?ors1 & bo? ,nicoletia & ,lepism9a hav+ six1 op5+ sep>ately into ! h9d-inte/9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! organs h n yet be5 detect$ 9 ,japyx4 ,:e!r !y exi/ at all 9 ! ,collembola1 :i* are deg5]ate =ms1 is d\btful4 ,! weight ( op9ion d5ies _! exi/5ce1 ?\gh !y may yet be f\nd exi/+ 9 a ve/igial condition4 ,!y are said by ,tullb]g & by ,somm] to exi/ 9 ,podura1 b are ( peculi> %ape4 ,com+ n[ to ! w+$ insects1 9 :at on ! :ole is p]haps ! l[e/ or mo/ g5]aliz$ ord]1 ! ,d]mapt]a1 ! numb] is ov] #cj1 & _! ins]tions regul>ly encircle ! inte/9e4 7,s*9dl]47 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t & g5]aliz$ family ( ,or?opt]a1 ! ,blattid1 ,s*9dl] detect$ f #fj to #gj tubes1 b 9 a nymph ( ,p]iplaneta n q #aj mm4 9 l5g? he f\nd f #af to #ah1 & 9 nymphs #d to #e mm4 long !re 7 only eight vessels2 :ile ,:eel] has f\nd 9 ! embryo ( ,phyllodromia g]manica b f\r tubes4 ,9 ! adult ,acrydiid !re are z _m z #aej1 9 ! ,locu/id betwe5 #dj & #ej1 & 9 ! ,gryllid ab\t #ajj4 ,! ,ephem]id ) ab\t #dj1 ! ,odonata ) #ej to #fj tubules1 ! ,p]lid ) f #ej to #fj1 are polynephri\s2 :ile ! ,t]mitid & ,psocid are oligonephri\s1 ! =m] hav+ f six to eight & ! ,psocid only f\r tubes4 ,s also all ! o!r ord]s n m5tion$1 except ! ,hym5opt]a1 h few ( ^! tubes4 ,! ,hemipt]a1 ) none 9 ,aphid1 a s+le pair 9 ! ,coccid1 & two 9 all ! re/ ( ! ord]1 h ! fewe/ numb]4 ,9 ! ,neuropt]a !re are f six to eight1 :ile 9 a l>va1 possibly t ( ,*auliodes1 ,:eel] f9ds ! exceptional numb] ( sev54 ,! closely alli$ ord] ,mecopt]a 7,panorpid71 & also ! ,tri*opt]a1 agree ) ! ,neuropt]a 7,sialis7 9 hav+ six4 ,accord+ to ,*olodk[sky all ,lepidopt]a h six ( ^! vessels1 except ,gall]ia1 :i* has b f\r4 ,he f9ds t 9 ,t9ea biselliella 7also ,t4 pellionella & ,blabophanes ru/icella7 ! l>va has six vessels1 :i*1 h[ev]1 und]go hi/olysis dur+ pupation1 a s+le pair aris+ 9 _! /ead4 ,on ?is acc\nt he reg>ds ! primitive numb] ( ur9>y tubes z two1 or a s+le pair1 ?is return f six vessels 9 ! l>va to two 9 ! imago be+ consid]$ a case ( atavism4 ,9 ! ,coleopt]a1 ! numb] ( ur9>y tubes is f f\r to six2 9 :at few embryo beetles h be5 exam9$ 7,doryphora1 ,melolon?a71 !re are six vessels1 b 9 ! embryo ( ,dyticus fasciv5tris1 ,:eel] has detect$ only f\r1 ?is numb] be+ reta9$ 9 ! adult4 ,he ?9ks t 9 beetles 9 g5]al1 a pair ( vessels mu/ be 8suppress$ dur+ po/-embryonic developm5t1 presumably 9 e>ly l>val life40 ,9 ,dipt]a & ,siphonapt]a1 ! numb] f\r is v con/ant1 !re be+1 h[ev]1 a fif? "o 9 ,culex & ,psy*oda 7,fig4 #djj47 ,! numb] ( ^! vessels is v incon/ant 9 ! ,hym5opt]a1 v>y+ f six 7,tomogna?us1 an ant1 work]7 to #ab 7,myrmica71 & 9 ,apis rea*+ ! numb] ( #aej4 ,9 ! embryo ( ! honey-bee & wall-bee 7,*alicodoma71 !re are only f\r2 we /ill lack any k ( ! numb] 9 embryo saw-flies4 ,! foll[+ is a tabul> view ( insects ) few ur9>y tubes 7,oligonephria7 & _m 7,polynephria74 ,x w be se5 t ! numb] has little relation to ! classification or phylog5y1 insects s di/antly relat$ z ! ,or?opt]a & ,hym5opt]a be+ polynephri\s3-- ,oligonephria ,collembola1 #b 7,podura71 ,tullb]g & also ,somm]4 ,?ysanura1 #d 7,lepisma72 9 ,campodea1 #af2 9 ,ma*ilis1 #ab or #bj2 want+ 9 ,japyx4 ,psocid1 #d4 ,t]mitid1 #f 7_m 9 ! "y1 ,ra?ke74 ,mallophaga1 #d4 ,physapoda1 #d4 ,hemipt]a1 #b 7,coccid1 none 9 ,aphid74 ,neuropt]a1 #f-h4 7,9 ,sialid & ,rhaphidid #f2 9 ,myrmeleonid & ,hem]obiid1 #h74 ,tri*opt]a1 #f4 ,mecopt]a1 #f4 ,lepidopt]a1 #b-d-f 7#b 9 ,t9ea1 ,t9eola1 & ,blabophanes2 9 ,pt]ophorus & ,yponomeuta1 #d74 ,coleopt]a1 #d-f2 nev] m4 #d ,c>abid1 ,dyticid1 ,/aphyl9id1 ,gyr9id1 ,palpicornes1 ,lamellicornes1 ,can?>id1 ,bupre/id 79 l>va1 #f2 9 beetle1 #d74 #f ,byrrhid1 ,nitidulid1 ,d]me/id1 ,cl]id1 ,meloid1 ,pyro*roid1 ,bru*id1 ,bo/ricid1 ,c]ambycid ,*rysomelid1 ,cocc9ellid4 ,dipt]a1 bran*+ into #d 7,geg5baur72 9 ,culicid1 & ,psy*oda1 #e4 ,siphonapt]a1 #d4 ,polynephria ,or?opt]a1 #ajj-aej4 7,9 embryo ,blattids1 #d2 9 embryo locu/1 #aj2 9 nymph ( ,gryllotalpa1 #d47 ,d]mapt]a1 8ov] #cj0 7,s*9dl]74 ,p]lidae1 #ej-fj4 ,plectopt]a 7,ephem]id71 #dj4 ,odonata1 #ej-fj4 ,hym5opt]a1 #bj-aej4 7,9 embryo bees only #d2 ,cynipid1 ,i*n5umonid1 & ,=micid h ! smalle/ numb]1 #f-ab47 ,"h %\ld be m5tion$ ! s+ul> fact discov]$ by ,k\lagu9e t 9 ! l>va ( ,microga/]1 ! ur9>y tubes h no connection ) ! inte/9e1 b op5 dorsally on ! outside ( ! body on ea* side ( ! anus4 ,ratzeburg _h /at$ t ! la/ segm5t ( ! body 0 9 ! =m ( a vesicle4 ,k\lagu9e n[ %[s t ?is vesicle is 9 reality ! end ( ! inte/9e op5+ upw>ds2 z ! result ( ?is dorsal op5+ ( ! inte/9e ! ,malpighian vessels op5 on ! sides ( ! oval v5t1 & h no connection ) ! inte/9al canal4 ,:e!r ?is is ( morphological import1 or is only a second>y adaptation1 ,k\lagu9e does n /ate1 8 pap] be+ a prelim9>y ab/ract4 ,:eel] ?us sums up our pres5t k reg>d+ ! numb] & homologies ( ! ,malpighian or ur9>y tubes3 #a4 ,x is v probable t ! s-call$ ,malpighian vessels ( ,cru/acea & ,ara*nida are n ! homologues ( ! vasa ,malpighi ( ! ,eutra*eata 7insects & myriopods74 #b4 ,! ,malpighian vessels ( ! ,eutra*eata arise z pair$ div]ticula ( ! h9d-gut & are1 !re=e1 ectod]mal4 #c4 ,9 no insect embryo are m ?an six vessels kn[n to occur2 al?\gh frequ5tly only f\r are develop$4 #d4 ,! numb] six occurs ei!r dur+ embryonic or po/-embryonic life 9 memb]s ( ! foll[+ gr\ps3 ,apt]ygota1 ,or?opt]a1 ,corrod5tia2 ,neuropt]a1 ,panorpata1 ,tri*opt]a1 ,coleopt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a4 #e4 ,! numb] f\r seems to be typical = ! ,corrod5tia1 ,?ysanopt]a1 ,aphanipt]a1 ,rhyn*ota1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a4 #f4 ,! embryonic numb] 9 ,d]mapt]a1 ,ephem]idea1 ,plecopt]a1 & ,odonata has n be5 asc]ta9$1 b w probably be f\nd to be ei!r f\r or six4 #g4 ,!re is evid5ce t 9 at lea/ "o case 7,melolon?a71 ! tetranephric is ontog5etically d]iv$ f ! hexanephric condition by ! suppression ( "o pair ( tubules4 #h4 ,x is probable t ! insects :i* nev] develop m ?an f\r ,malpighian vessels h lo/ a pair dur+ _! phylog5y4 #i4 ,! po/-embryonic increase 9 ! numb] ( ,malpighian vessels 9 "s ord]s 7,or?opt]a1 ,odonata1 ,hym5opt]a7 is second>y & has app>5tly aris5 to supply a dem& = great] excret+ surface4#ef ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,excretory 7,,ur9>y7 ,,organs ,malpighi1 ,m4 ,diss]tatio epi/olica de ,bombyce1 ,societati regi ,lond9i ad sci5tiam naturalem promov5dam in/itut dicata4 7,lond9i1 #affi1 #ab ,pls47 ,h]old1 ,m4 ,j4 ,d4 ,entwicklunges*i*te d] ,s*mett]l+e4 #ahae4 ,r5gg]1 ,j4 ,r4 ,physiologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ti]is*5 ,hau%alt d] ,insekt54 ,tb+51 #ahag1 pp4 #hb4 ,wurz]4 ,*emis*e ,unt]su*ung5 des ,/(fes 9 d5 ,gallgefss5 von ,bombyx mori4 7,meckel's ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 iv1 #ahah1 pp4 #bac-bae47 ,ga$e1 ,h4 ,m4 ,physiologis*e ,bem]kung5 b] die sog5annt5 ,gallgefsse d] ,insekt54 7,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,caes4 ,leopold4-,c>ol941 #ahba1 x1 ,p>s ,,ii1 pp4 #ahf-aif47 ,meckel1 ,j4 ,f4 ,ueb] die ,gall5- und ,h>norgane d] ,insekt54 7,meckel's ,ar*iv1 i1 #ahbf1 pp4 #ba-cf47 ,aud\91 ,j4 ,v4 ,calculs tr\vs dans les canaux biliaires d'un c]f volant4 7,ann4 sc4 nat41 #b ,sr41 #ahcf1 v1 pp4 #abi-acg47 ,frey und ,leuck>t4 ,anatomie und ,physiologie d] ,wirbellos54 #ahdc4 ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,mmoire sur les vaisseaux biliaires ou le foie des ,insectes4 7,ann4 sc4 nat41 #ahdh1 ,sr4 #b1 xix1 pp4 #ade-ahb1 #d ,pls47 ,k>/51 ,h4 ,h>norgane von ,bra*9us complanatus4 7,mll]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 und ,physiol41 #ahdh1 pp4 #cfg-cgd47 ,fabre1 ,j4 ,l4 tude sur l'in/9ct et les metamorphoses des ,sphgi5s4 7,ann4 d4 sc4 nat41 #d ,sr41 #ahef1 vi1 pp4 #acg-ahi47 ---- tude sur le rle du tissu adipeux dans la scrtion ur9aire *ez les ,insectes4 7,ibid41 #d ,sr41 xix1 pp4 #cea-chb47 ,s*lossb]g]1 ,j4 ,e4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] das *emis*e ,v]halt5 d] ,kry/alle 9 d5 ,malpighis*5 ,gefss5 d] ,raup54 7,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 und ,physiol41 #aheg1 pp4 #fa-fb47 ,leydig1 ,f4 ,lehrbu* d] ,hi/iologie4 #aheg4 ,sirodot1 ,s4 ,re*]*es sur les scrtions *ez les ,insectes4 7,ann4 sc4 nat41 #d ,sr41 ,zool41 #aheh1 x1 pp4 #ada-ahi1 #bea-ccd1 #ab ,pls47 ,kllik]1 ,a4 ,zur fe9]5 ,anatomie d] ,insekt5 7,ueb] die ,h>norgane1 u4s4w47 7,v]h&l4 d4 ,physikal4-m$iz94 ,gesells*4 9 ,wrzburg1 viii1 #aheh1 pp4 #bbe-bce47 ,s*9dl]1 ,e4 ,beitrage zur ,k5ntnis d] ,malpighis*5 ,gefsse d] ,insekt54 #c ,taf4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xxx1 #ahgh1 pp4 #ehg-ffj47 ,*at91 ,g4 ,note sur la /ructure du noyau dans les cellules m>g9ales des tubes de ,malpighi *ez les ,insectes et les ,myriapodes4 7,ann4 d4 sc4 nat41 #f ,sr41 xiv41 #ahhb1 pp4 #g1 #a ,pl47 ,witlaczil1 ,e4 ,zur ,anatomie d] ,aphid54 7,arbeit5 a4 d4 ,zool4 ,in/it4 d4 ,univ]s4 ,wi541 iv1 #ahhb1 pp4 #cig-dda1 #c ,taf47 ,*olodk[sky1 ,n4 ,sur les vaisseaux de ,malpighi *ez les ,lpidoptres4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 d4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 xcix1 #ahhd1 pp4 #fca-fcc47 ---- ,sur la morphologie de l'app>eil ur9aire des ,lpidoptres4 7,ar*ives de ,biologie1 #ahhg1 vi1 pp4 #dig-ead1 #a ,pl47 ,loman1 ,j4 ,c4 ,c4 ,ueb] die morphologis*e ,b$eutung d] sog5annt5 ,malpighis*5 ,gefsse d] e*t5 ,sp9n54 7,tijds*r4 ,n$]l4 ,di]k4 ,v]4 7#b7 ,deel #a1 #ahhg1 pp4 #aji-aac1 #d ,fig47 ,m>*al1 ,p4 ,contribution l'tude de la dsassimilation de l'azote4 ,l'acide urique et la fonction rnale *ez les ,inv]tbrs4 7,mm4 ,soc4 ,zool4 de ,france1 #ahhi1 iii1 pp4 #db-eg47 ,k[alevsky1 ,a4 ,o4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis d] ,exkretionsorgane4 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 ix1 #ahhi-ij1 pp4 #cc-dg1 #fe-gf1 #abg-abh47 ---- ,sur les organes excrteurs *ez les ar?ropodes t]re/res4 7,congrs int]national de ,zool41 #bme ,session ,mosc\1 #ahib1 ,pt4 ,i1 pp4 #ahf-bce1 #d ,pls47 ,griffi?s1 ,a4 ,b4 ,on ! ,malpighian tubules ( ,libellula depressa4 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhi1 xv1 pp4 #dja-djc1 ,figs47 ,gr&is1 ,v4 ,sulle modificazioni degli epitelii ghi&ol>i durante la secrezione4 7,atti ,accad4 ,tor9o1 #ahij1 xxv1 pp4 #gfe-ghi1 #a ,pl42 ,ar*iv ,ital4 ,biol41 #ahij1 xiv1 pp4 #afj-ahb1 #a ,pl47 ,k\lagu9e1 ,n4 ,notice p\r s]vire l'hi/oire du dveloppem5t des hymnoptres p>asites4 7,congrs int]nat4 de ,zool41 #bme ,session ,mosc\1 #ahib1 ,pt4 ,i1 pp4 #bec-bgg47 ,sograff1 ,nicolas4 ,note sur l'orig9e et les p>5ts des ,ar?ropodes1 pr9cipalem5t des ,ar?ropodes tra*ates4 7,congrs int]nat4 de ,zool41 #bme ,session ,mosc\1 #ahib1 ,pt4 ,i1 pp4 #bgh-cjb47 ,gi>d1 ,alfr$4 7,note on ! ur9>y tubes ( l>val ,cecidomyia4 ,annals ,ent4 ,soc41 ,france1 lxii1 #ahic1 pp4 lxxx-lxxxiv1 #a ,fig47 ,:eel]1 ,william ,m4 ,! primitive numb] ( ,malpighian vessels 9 insects4 7,psy*e1 vi1 ,may-,decemb]1 #ahic1 ,p>ts #a-f1 pp4 #deg-dfj1 #dhe-dhf1 #dig-dih1 #eji-eaj1 #eci-eda1 #ede-edg1 #efa-efd47 ,metalnik(f1 ,c4 ,k4 ,organes excrteurs des insectes4 7,bull4 ,acad4 imp4 ,sci4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 #ahif1 iv1 pp4 #eg-gb1 9 ,russian1 #a ,pl47 ,see also ! works ( ,/raus-,drckheim1 ,w 7,mll]'s ,ar*iv4 #ahdh1 p4 #ejb71 ,brugnatelli1 ,leidy1 ,duf\r1 ,ramdohr1 ,bas*1 ,davy1 ,grassi1 ,m9ot1 ,b]lese1 ,adl]z1 ,m>*al 7,bull4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,france1 #ahif1 p4 #beg72 ,bordas 7,app>eil gl&ulaire des ,hymnoptres1 #ahid71 also ,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 #ahig4 e4 ,poison-gl&s ,poison-gl&s are ma9ly conf9$ to ! /++ ,hym5opt]a1 i4e4 c]ta9 ants1 & ! wasps & bees1 b also occur 9 ! mosquito1 :ile _m1 if n mo/ bugs1 seem to in/il a drop ( poison into ! punctur$ w\nds !y make4 ,9 ! honey & o!r bees ! poison app>atus consi/s ( two poison-gl&s ^: secretion passes by a s+le m or less convolut$ eff]5tial duct into ! l>ge poison-sac1 & !nce by ! excretory duct1 :i* is enl>g$ at ! base ( ! /+ 7,figs4 #aid1 #aie71 out ?r\gh ! /+ by ! same passage z ! eggs4 ,accord+ to ,c>let1 ! poison app>atus ( bees consi/s ( two k9ds ( gl&ul> organs1 ( :i* "o k9d secretes a feebly alkal9e fluid1 ! o!r an acid product4 ,! poison is only effective :5 bo? fluids are mix$4 ,! resultant v5om is always acid4 ,! action ( ?is v5om ^u "s animals1 z rabbits1 frogs1 & c]ta9 beetles1 is slight2 b ! dome/ic fly & ! fle%-fly are imm$iately kill$ by x4 ,! inoculation ( a fly ) ! secretion ( "o ( ! gl&s does n produce dea? until aft] a consid]able "t1 b dea? foll[s v quickly if ! same fly is subject$ to a second inoculation1 ?is "t ) ! secretion ( ! o!r gl&4 ,! alkal9e gl&s are 9 bees & all poison\s ,hym5opt]a /rongly develop$1 b become ve/igial 9 ^? =ms :i* /+ _! prey to s]ve z food = _! l>v4 ,! poison :i* ! solit>y s& & wood wasps & ,pompilid inject into _! victims only p>alyzes !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdh4--,! poison app>atus ( ,i*neumon3 ,t1 /+2 ,,ga acid gl&2 ,,tg1 ,r1 its tubes op5+ into ! common poison-sac or res]voir2 ce1 its eff]5t canal2 ,ga1 ! tubul> alkal9e gl&2 ,r1 ! gl&ul> end2 a1 ! res]voir2 ce1 its duct2 ,gac1 ! accessory gl&--,aft] ,bordas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdi4--;,cephalic gl& ( ,belo/oma4 ,bordas has f\nd bo? ! alkal9e gl& 7gl& ( ,duf\r7 & ! acid gl& to occur 9 a hundr$ species ( ,hym5opt]a1 includ+ n only ,aculeata1 b also ,i*neumonid 7,fig4 #cdh71 ,t5?r$9id1 & !y may be safely said to be ( g5]al occurr5ce4 ,! acid gl& consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 ! gl&ul> portion1 ! res]voir = ! poison1 & ! secretory canal4 ,! alkal9e gl& is an irregul> tube1 ) a /riat$ surface & )\t a res]voir4 ,9 mo/ ,hym5opt]a !re is /ill a ?ird gl&1 :i* is unpair$1 granul>1 rectangul> or lanceolate1 ) a %ort filam5t\s duct :i* op5s beside ! orifice ( ! alkal9e gl&s4 ,! poison 9 ants1 wasps1 & bees consi/s ( two sub/ances1 i4e4 =mic acid & a :iti%1 fatty1 bitt] residue 9 ! secretion ( ! gl&s2 ! corrod+ active =mic acid is ! ess5tial "p ( ! poison4 7,w47 ,9 ,melipona ! /+ & poison-gl&s are abort$2 9 c]ta9 ants 7,=mica1 ,lasius1 etc47 ! /+ is want+1 b ! poison-sac is extraord9>ily l>ge4 ,bordas f9ds 9 v>i\s species ( ,i*neumon ?ree k9ds ( gl&s op5+ into ! base ( ! /+4 ,! fir/ two correspond to ! acid 7,fig4 #cdh1 ,g4,a7 & alkal9e 7,g4,a7 gl&s ( bees & wasps 7,vespid1 etc471 & ! ?ird 7,g4ac7 is situat$ betwe5 ! two lat]al muscul> bundles :i* atta* ! base ( ! /+ to ! la/ abdom9al segm5t4 ,! poison-res]voir 7,fig4 #cdh1 ,v7 is recogniz$ by its yell[ color & diaphan\s & /riat$ appe>ance4 ,x is situat$ on ! left ( ! h9d-inte/9e1 a little 9 front ( ! rectum4 ,! tubul> gl& 7,ga7 or alkal9e gl& ( aculeate ,hym5opt]a is rem>kably l>ge2 x is situat$ on ! left side ( ! body4 ,! accessory gl& 7,g4,a7 is elongat$1 triangul>1 flat1 its duct op5+ at ! base ( ! alkal9e gl&2 x is =m$ ( small sph]ical cells4 ,bordas has met ) well-develop$ poison-gl&s 9 =ty species belong+ to ! ,t]ebrantia1 includ+ t ( ,t5?r$o1 ,emphytus1 z well z v>i\s g5]a ( ,i*neumonid1 b 9 all ^! species ! accessory gl& 0 want+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cej4--,view f above ( ! cephalic gl& ( ,belo/oma1 #bj4--,?is & ,fig4 #cdi aft] ,locy4 ,"u ! "n ( cephalic gl&s 7,fig4 #cdi71 ,locy describes a pair ( gl&s 9 ! head ( ,nepid4 ,! epi!lial or secret+ cells are #h-sid$ 7,fig4 #cej74 8,:5 ^! insects are irritat$10 he says1 8a secretion is freely ?r[n out ar\nd ! base ( ! beak1 :i* produces dea? v quickly :5 introduc$ on a ne$le po9t into ! body ( an insect40 ,he inf]s t ! cephalic gl&s may be ! s\rce ( ?is poison\s secretion4 ,! poison\s saliv>y fluid ( ! l>va ( ,dyticus is ref]r$ to on p4 #cbd4 ,t ! mosquito injects poison into ! w\nd x makes has be5 prov$ by ,macloskie1 :o discov]+ f9e droplets ( a yell[ oily-look+ fluid escap+ f ! end ( ! hypoph>ynx1 aft]w>ds detect$ ! poison-gl&s4 ,x appe>s t ! two saliv>y gl&s are subdivid$1 ea* into ?ree lobes1 ! middle ( :i* 7,fig4 #cea1 pg7 diff]s f ! o!rs 9 hav+ ev5ly granulat$ cont5ts & /a9+ m deeply ?an ! o!rs4 ,hav+ exam9$ ! prep>ations1 we agree ) ! discov]] t ^! lobes secrete ! poison4 ,! poison is dilut$ by ! secretion ( ! saliv>y lobes1 & ! two eff]5t ducts1 "o f ea* set ( gl&s1 8c>ry =w>d & comm+le ! v5omo-saliv>y products 9 ! ma9 duct2 & ! /ream is !n c>ri$ by ! ma9 duct to ! res]voir at ! base ( ! hypoph>ynx40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cea4--;,a1 m$ian section ( head1 %[+ 7du7 ! v5omo-saliv>y duct1 ) its ins]tion 9 7hy7 ! hypoph>ynx2 cb1 bra92 bel[ is ! ph>yngeal pump1 lead+ f 77 ! sophagus2 lre1 base ( labrum-epiph>ynx2 m1 muscle2 n1 commissure 7o!r p>ts remov$74 ,b1 ! v5omo-saliv>y duct1 %[+ its bifurcation1 & ! ?ree gl&s on "o ( its bran*es2 pg1 poison gl&2 sg1 ! upp] ( ! two saliv>y gl&s4 ,c1 ! bifurcation ( ! duct1 ) its nucleat$ hypod]mis4--,aft] ,macloskie4 f4 ,adhesive or cem5t-gl&s ,dewitz has discov]$ 9 ants & bees1 9 close connection ) ! poison-gl&s1 & l !m dis*>g+ _! secretion ?r\gh ! /+1 cem5t-gl&s4 ,!y arise by budd+ at ! base ( ! poison-gl&s4 ,! two gl&s 9 ^! ,hym5opt]a correspond to ! tubul> gl&s ( ! ,or?opt]a1 :i* op5 at ! base ( ! inn] %ea? ( ! ovipositor 7,fig4 #bii1 sb71 s t ! secretion fl[s out ?r\gh x z ! poison ( bees1 etc41 out ( ! /+4 ,! use ( ! secretion ( ^! gl&s is ei!r to glue ! eggs toge!r1 or to af=d mat]ial = ! egg-case ( cockroa*es & ,mantid & ! gummy egg-case ( ! locu/s1 etc4 ,! cont5ts ( ! cem5t-gl&s s]ves = ! fixture ( ! eggs aft] deposition4 ,9 ! /++ ,hym5opt]a "o ( ! cem5t-gl&s is an accessory gl&2 ! o!r becomes ! poison-sac4 ,! cem5t-gl&s are 9 ! ,hemipt]a only %ort bl9d sacs1 9 ! ,lepidopt]a & ,dipt]a long convolut$ tubes1 tubul> & bran*$ 9 ! ,coleopt]a1 or ri*ly bran*$ 9 ! ,i*neumonid & ,t5?r$9id4 ,9 ! cockroa* !re are two cem5t-gl&s1 b ! "r "o is probably ( no functional importance4 ,! left "o is fill$ ) a milky sub/ance1 conta9+ _m cry/als & a coagulable fluid1 out ( :i* ! egg-capsule 7o!ca7 is =m$4 7,miall & ,d5ny47 ,9 ! locu/s ! sebific or cem5t-gl& 7,fig4 #bih1 sb7 secretes a copi\s supply ( a /icky fluid1 :i* is p\r$ out z ! eggs pass out ( ! oviduct & agglut9ates ! eggs into a mass1 =m+ a ?9 coat+ ar\nd ea* egg1 :i* f ! mutual pressure ( ! eggs causes ! t\gh coat+ to be pitt$ hexagonally4 ,9 o!r insects also 7,tri*opt]a1 ,*rysopid1 ,lepidopt]a1 etc47 !re are simil> secretions = ! protection or fa/5+ ( ! eggs :5 laid4#eg ,! ,tri*opt]a lay _! eggs ei!r 9 or on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 bun*es or 9 /r+s or 9 annul> gelat9\s masses on /ones or on plants4 ,?is jelly-l sub/ance is secret$ by two highly develop$ pair$ anal gl&s4 7,weltn]1 9 ,kolbe1 p4 #fba47 ,also 9 c]ta9 dragon-flies 7,libellula1 ,diplax1 & ,epi!ca7 ! eggs are laid 9 jelly-l masses4 ,) a simil> secretion1 spun f ! end ( ! abdom51 ! ,psocid cov] _! little bun*es ( eggs laid on ! "u side ( leaves2 & ! silk ?read =m+ ! egg-sac ( ! great wat]-beetle 7,hydrophilus7 is secret$ f su* anal gl&s4 g4 ,! wax-gl&s ,besides ! honey-bee1 :i* secretes wax 9 little scales on ! "u side ( ! abdom51 ! bodies ( _m o!r insects1 su* z ! plant & b>k lice1 z well z ! ,psyllid1 ,cicadid 7especially ,flata & ,ly/ra71 are cov]$ ) a waxy p[d]1 or z 9 ,*]mes1 ,s*izoneura1 ,flata1 etc41 ) wool-l filam5ts ( wax4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ceb4--,"u side ( work] honey-bee1 c>ry+ wax scales1 #c4--;,aft] ,*e%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cec4--,nymph ( ,la*nus1 %[+ position ( wax-gl&s4--,gissl] del4 ,! wax is secret$ by m9ute unicellul> d]mal gl&s1 :i* 9 ! l[] insects 7,hemipt]a7 are di/ribut$ ne>ly all ov] ! body1 b 9 ! bees are re/rict$ ei!r to ! "u 7,apis1 ,fig4 #ceb7 or upp] side 7,trigona7 ( ! end ( ! abdom54 ,! wax-gl&s ( ,pemphigus1 ,*]mes1 etc41 lie "u ! little w>ts1 se5 9 ,la*nus /robi1 ! :ite-p9e aphis1 to be di/ribut$ 9 transv]se l9es across ! back & sides ( ! abdom9al segm5ts 7,fig4 #cec74 ,^! w>ts are surr\nd$ by a *it9\s r+1 & divid$ into delicately m>k$ areas4 ,?r\gh ! delicate num]\s pits 9 ! *it9\s membrane ( ^! areas ! little wax5 ?reads project1 s9ce "u ea* area ends a duct lead+ f a l>ge gl&ul> cell1 :i* is a specially modifi$ hypod]mis cell 7,claus74 ,! wax ?reads are holl[1 & all ^? aris+ f a s+le glu$ cell =m a bundle1 ^: ?reads sep>ate f ea* o!r & =m a :ite woolly d[n or bloom cov]+ ! body4 ,witlaczil also %[s t gall-=m+ ,aphids secrete a wax-l sub/ance1 :i*1 dur+ ! movem5ts ( ! insects 9 ! gall1 is rubb$ (f1 becom+ a wat]y lay] mix$ ) ! fluid excrem5t1 :i* =ms a sph]ical imp]vi\s lay] l9+ ! gall1 & ?us r5d]+ possible ! mode ( life ( ! gall-lice4 ,9 ! ,psyllid ,witlaczil has discov]$ wax-gl&s :i* also secrete sl5d] wax5 ?reads4 ,!y are situat$ 9 gr\ps ( two or ?ree at ! end ( ! abdom5 ne> ! anus1 & arise f hypod]mis cells4 ,! wax ?reads surr\nd ! liquid excrem5t z x passes out ( ! v5t1 cov]+ x ) a cont9u\s lay] ( wax4 ,! excrem5t accord+ly is dis*>g$ v sl[ly & gradually1 9 sausage-%ap$ masses slightly /rung toge!r & roll$ into close spirals4 ,! body becomes unavoidably sme>$ ) ! /icky excrem5t1 s9ce x is n entirely cov]$ by ! waxy lay]4 ,moreov]1 9 ! l>v ( _m ,psyllid wax5 ?reads are =m$ on ! upp] side ( ! abdom52 !y are = ! mo/ "p tightly curl$ or frizzly1 l wool1 & =m1 ?\gh p>tly torn1 a wax5 coat1 *iefly on ! side & back ( ! ?orax & abdom54 ,! insects appe> !re=e z if cov]$ ) du/4 ,! mature animals ( _m species are also cov]$ ) a wax5 d[n4 ,! wax ?reads rapidly dissolve & disappe> 9 alcohol4 ,f a wax-l sub/ance m or less easily dissolv$ 9 alcohol arise peculi> hair-l /ructures :i*1 9 ! l>v ( ,psyllid1 are situat$ on ! side & end ( ! body & also on ! rudim5ts ( ! w+s4 ,!y are readily di/+ui%$ f ord9>y hairs1 z !y arise f gl&ul> cells1 & are ( v diff]5t l5g?s1 m or less l bri/les1 b holl[1 & v brittle4 ,!y are leaf-l 9 ! fir/ nymphal /ages ( ,trioza rhamni1 b 9 foll[+ /ages become n>r[ & =m a r[ ar\nd ! entire p]iph]y ( ! body4 ,! wax5 dorsal %ield :i* protects ! body ( b>k-lice 7,coccid7 is a simil> product4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ced4--,"y nymph & develop+ scale ( ,aspidiotus p]niciosus3 a1 v5tral view ( nymph1 %[+ suck+ beak ) set sep>at$1 ) enl>g$ t>sal claw at "r2 b1 dorsal view ( same1 some:at contract$1 ) ! fir/ waxy filam5ts appe>+2 c1 dorsal & lat]al views ( same1 /ill m contract$1 illu/rat+ fur!r developm5t ( wax secretion2 d1 lat] /age ( same1 dorsal & lat]al views1 %[+ matt+ ( wax secretions & fir/ =m ( "y scale2 all greatly enl>g$4--,aft] ,h[>d & ,m>latt1 ,bull4 #c1 ,n4 ,s41 ,div4 ,ent41 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agr4 ,witlaczil has describ$ ! way x is =m$ 9 ,aspidiotus & ,leucaspis4 ,! fre%ly hat*$ nymph %[s no signs ( a waxy secretion4 ,b ev5tually wax5 ?reads arise fir/ on ! h9d] & ant]ior end ( ! body1 & !n ov] ! :ole surface4 ,^! ?reads int]lace into a sort ( felt+ & ?us =m ! %ield1 :i* is usually mu* l>g] ?an ! body & lies closely ^u x4 ,! %ield is =m$ aft] ! fir/ m\lt4 ,x is notewor?y t ^! ?reads are matt$ toge!r to =m z ?ick a tissue z t ( ! %ield itself4 ,! %ield is :iti% or gray & r ?94 ,on ! ?9ne/ "p ( ! edge ! s+le ?reads may be drawn out4 ,! gr[? ( ! %ield advances ) ! increase 9 size ( ! nymph ar\nd ! entire edge1 b is greate/ beh9d4 ,! fir/ two l>val sk9s are reta9$ on ! back "u ! %ield4 ,also a v ?9 wax5 pellicle rema9s on ! re/+ place ( ! insect :5 x is rais$4 ,! wax-gl&s op5 9 ! pitt$ fields1 & appe> z cle> br[ni% cells :i* are di/+ui%$ f ! ord9>y hypod]mis cells by _! great] size4 7,witlaczil4 ,comp>e also ,fig4 #ced47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cee4--,wax disks ( social bees3 a1 ,apis mellifica1 work]2 b1 d41 que52 c1 ,melipona1 work]2 d1 ,bombus1 work]4--,f ,insect ,life1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,! wax-gl&s 9 ! honey-bee are scale-%ap$ organs situat$ on ! "u side ( ! f\r la/ abdom9al segm5ts 7,fig4 #cee74 ,^! secrete ! wax1 :i* appe>s z :iti% scales1 & secretion is only possible :5 ! bees h suffici5t honey & poll54 ,! wax is secret$ by ! hypod]mal cells r ?an by gl&s )9 ! abdom9al cavity2 ! wax trav]ses ! cuticul> lay]1 & accumulates on its out] surface 7,c>let74 ,accord+ to ,fritz ,mll]1 9 ! /+less bees 7,trigona7 :i* he obs]v$1 ! wax-gl&s are situat$ on ! back ( ! abdom51 b ,ih]+ /ates t 9 _m species ( ,trigona & ,melipona !re are also slightly develop$ wax-organs on ! v5tral side4 ,x has be5 f\nd t c]ta9 cat]pill>s secrete wax4 ,?us ! cells ( ! ,tortrix ( ! fir 7,ret9ia res9ella7 =m$ ( res9 are l9$ ) wax1 z on dissolv+ away ! res9 ) alcohol1 ,dr4 ,knaggs f\nd a slight film ( wax2 also a secretion ( wax has be5 detect$ 9 ! l>va ( a butt]fly 7,p>nassius apollo74 ,! bodies ( c]ta9 saw-fly l>v are cov]$ ) a :ite p[d]y secretion1 :ile ! rem>kable l>va ( a ,sel&ria is clo!d ) sn[-:ite1 long1 floccul5t1 waxy masses1 ne>ly conceal+ ! body 7,fig4 #cef74 h4 8,honey-dew0 or wax-gl&s ( ,aphids ,! s-call$ 8honey-dew0 ( ,aphids :i* oozes f two w>t-l tub]cles or tubes situat$ ne> ! end ( ! body1 is secret$ by hypod]mal unicellul> gl&s :i* op5 into a modification ( a pore-canal1 ! tube itself be+ an outgr[? ( ! cuticula4 ,witlaczil /ates t bo? 9 ! 8honey0 tubes & 9 ! body b5ea?1 ! sug>y matt] exi/s 9 cells ( ! connective tissue 9 ! =m ( granules4 8,^! l>ge #8sug>-cells' 9 contact ) ! air und]go de/ruction1 :ile ! sug> cry/allizes into ne$les1 & ?us ea* cell is trans=m$ into a radiat$ cry/all9e mass40 8,a muscle ext5ds f a horse%oe-%ap$ place 7a valve87 9 ! middle ( ! flat t]m9al plate ( ! honey tube1 ?r\gh ?is & d[n ?r\gh ! abdom5 to ! v5tral surface4 ,by ?is muscle ! honey tube is at times erect$1 & we !n f9d1 z also :5 we lightly press ! body ( ! insect1 lumps ( cry/alliz$ sug> :i* h be5 express$ ?r\gh ! tips ( ! honey tubes40 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhb1 p4 #bda47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cef4--,wax-secret+ l>va ( a saw-fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ceg4--,la*nus /robi1 & its two 8honey0 w>ts4--,gissl] del4 ,busg51 aft] c>eful rese>*1 d5ies t ?is is a sug>1 b claims z ! result ( *emical analysis1 t x is m l wax4 ,he obs]v$ t on rea*+ ! air ! drops issu+ f ! 8nect>y0 or 8honey0 tube /iff5$ almo/ in/antly into a wax-l mass1 :i* 0 easily cru%$ betwe5 ! tee?1 & _h no ta/e at all4 ,no sug>-l sub/ance or urea c\ld be detect$4 ,he !re=e concludes t ! secretion 9 "q %\ld be reg>d$ z a wax-l mass1 :i* agrees well ) ,witlaczil's anatomical obs]vations1 & confirms ! /atem5ts ( previ\s obs]v]s4 ,?us1 z e>ly z #ahae1 ,kyb] /at$ t ! ,aphides expell$ an excrem5titi\s sub/ance ?r\gh ! 8sap tubes40 ,burmei/] /ates t ! tubes give out a fluid :i* 8dries gumlike1 b1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 has no peculi> ta/e40 ,raumur1 & also ,kalt5ba*1 /ate t ! 8honey0 does n issue f ! tubes1 b f ! anus4 ,la/ly1 ,=el emphatically /ates t 8! two dorsal tubes ( ,aphides d n secrete a sweet fluid1 b a gluey wax1 :i* is n s\ght by ! ants4 ,moreov] ! %ield-lice & _m leaf-lice h no su* tubes1 b yet are (t5 s\ght by ants4 ,! drops ( sug> :i* ! ants lick up are r ! excrem5t ( ! insects 9 "q40 ,h5ce ! op9ion fir/ /at$ by ,l9n1 t a sweet fluid is secret$ by ,aphides1 mu/ be ab&on$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,busg51 aft] c>eful obs]vations1 f9ds t ! use ( ! /icky1 wax5 secretion is 9 reality a protective "o1 z he obs]v$ t :5 a l>val ,*rysopa rudely attacks ! ,aphides1 !y sme> its face ) ! /icky wax1 caus+ at lea/ a mom5t>y int]ruption 9 its attacks4 ,he also obs]v$ t ,aphides :5 invad$ by cocc9ellid l>v set _! tubes 9 motion & besme> _! heads & front "p ( ! body4 ,he ?us seems to e/abli% ! fact t ^! tubes secrete a protective1 /icky fluid4 i4 ,d]mal gl&s 9 g5]al ,we h se5 t c]ta9 ( ! hypod]mal cells may be modifi$ or specializ$ to =m secretory unicellul> gl&s4 ,su* are ^? 7tri*og5s7 :i* secrete *it9\s set1 hairs1 & sp9es1 c]ta9 set 9 "s insects be+ holl[ & conta9+ a poison 7p4 #ahg72 o!rs secrete wax1 c]ta9 ones 9 ,aphids 8honey-dew02 9 "s cases d]mal gl&s may excrete protective1 /icky1 or o!rwise (f5sive matt]s1 or may be depuratory1 or facilitate ! process ( m\lt+4 ,!re are o!r m9ute1 unicellul>1 or comp\nd d]mal gl&s ^: function is unkn[n4 ,d]mal gl&s may be segm5tally or s]ially arrang$4 ,?us ,v]son has detect$ a s]ies ( "o or two pairs ( unicellul> gl&s ne> ! /igmata 9 ea* ?oracic1 & ! fir/ eight abdom9al segm5ts ( ! silkworm 7,b4 mori74 ,9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( gr[? ( ! cat]pill> !y give out oxalate ( lime1 & 9 lat] /ages uric acid4 ,!y ?us appe> to act int]*angeably ) ! ur9>y tubes1 z excretory organs4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 c>ry _! products directly outw>ds1 b leave !m betwe5 ! hypod]mis & cuticula1 9 ord] to facilitate ! sl\gh+ (f ( ! latt] 9 ! process ( m\lt+4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,secretory ,,gl&s a4 ,g5]al ,sirodot1 ,s4 ,re*]*es sur les scrtions *ez les ,insectes4 7,ann4 sc4 nat41 #d ,sr41 ,zool41 #aheh1 x1 pp4 #ada-ahi1 #bea-cbh1 #ab ,pls47 ,gazagnaire1 ,g4 ,des gl&es *ez les ,insectes4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 cii1 pp4 #aeja-aejc2 ,annal4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 #ahhf1 ,bull41 pp4 #ajd-ajf47 ,leydig1 ,f4 ,beitrage zur ,anatomie und ,hi/iologie d] ,insekt54 #ahhg4 ,han[1 ,k>l4 ,ueb] ,k]fabsond]ung5 und ihre ,b5utzung im eig55 ,hau%alte4 7,programm des ,realprogymnasiums zu ,delitzs* fr das ,s*uljahr #ahhi1 xc2 ,delitzs*1 #ahij1 pp4 #c-bb47 ,v]son1 ,e4 ,di una s]ie di nuovi organi escretori scop]ti nel filugello4 7,publ4 ,r4 ,/azione ,bacologica di ,padova1 v1 #ahij1 pp4 #cj4 #d ,pls47 ---- ,altre cellule gl&ul>i di orig9e po/l>vale4 7,ibid41 vii1 #ahib1 pp4 #af1 #a ,pl47 ---- ed ,e4 ,bisson4 ,cellule gl&ul>i ipo/igmati*e nel ,bombyx mori4 7,ibid41 vi1 #ahia47 ,borg]t1 ,h4 ,die ,hautdrs5 d] ,tra*eat54 ,j5a1 #ahia1 pp4 #hj4 ,batelli1 ,&rea4 ,di una p>ticol>it nell' integum5to dell' ,aphrophora spum>ia4 7,monitore ,zool4 ,ital41 #ahia1 ,anno ii41 pp4 #cj-cb1 d]mal gl& 9 la/ segm5t47 ,kos*ewnik[1 ,g4 ,a4 ,on a new comp\nd d]mal gl& f\nd 9 ! /+ ( ! bee4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,zoological ,section ( ! ,society ( ! ,fri5ds ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,mosc[1 ii1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #ahib1 p4 #cf4 ,prelim9>y notice4 ,9 ,russian47 ,willem1 ,v41 et ,h4 ,salbe4 ,le tube v5tral et les gl&es cphaliques des ,sm9?urus4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,belg41 #ahig1 xli1 pp4 #acj-acb47 ,h5seval1 ,maurice4 ,les gl&es ess5ce d] ,cossus lignip]da4 7,la ,cellule1 #ahig1 xii1 pp4 #ai-bf1 #bg1 #bi47 ---- ,re*]*es sur l'ess5ce d] ,cossus lignip]da4 7,la ,cellule1 #ahig1 xii1 pp4 #afi-aha1 #ahc47 b4 ,poison-gl&s ,macloskie1 ,george4 ,! poison-app>atus ( ! mosquito4 7,am]4 ,nat41 xxii1 #ahhh1 pp4 #hhd-hhh4 #a ,fig4 ,also 9 ,sci5ce1 #ahhg1 p4 #ajf47 ,bey]1 ,otto ,w4 ,d] ,giftapp>at von ,=mica rufa1 e9 r$uzi]tes ,organ4 7,j5a4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,wiss5s1 xxv1 #ahia1 pp4 #bf-aab1 #b ,taf47 ,bordas1 ,l4 ,sur l'app>eil v5imeux des ,hymnoptres4 7,comtes r5d41 cxviii1 #ahid1 pp4 #bif-bii & #hgc-hgd2 also ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xvii ,jahrg41 #ahid1 pp4 #che-chg1 ,figs47 ---- ,app>eil gl&ulaire des ,hymnoptres4 7,gl&es salivaires2 ,tubes de ,malpighi et gl&es v5imeuses47 ,p>is1 #ahid1 pp4 #cfb1 #aa ,pls4 ---- ,description anatomique et tude hi/ologique des gl&es v59 des insectes ,hymnoptres4 ,p>is1 #ahig1 pp4 #ec1 #b ,pls4 ,see ,=el 7p4 #ahf72 also ! /&>d au?ors1 ,kolbe1 etc42 also ,locy 7,am]4 ,nat41 xviii1 #ahhd1 p4 #cee71 ,nagel 7p4 #cbd71 ,f5g]4 c4 ,wax-gl&s ,br&t und ,ratzeburg4 ,m$ic9is*e ,zoologie1 ii1 #ahcj1 p4 #agi4 ,taf4 xxv1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,treviranus1 ,george ,r4 ,ueb] die ,b]eitung des ,wa*ses dur* die ,bi554 7,zeits*rift fr ,physiologie1 etc41 iii1 #ahcb1 pp4 #fb1 #bbe47 ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,note anatomique sur la "q de la production de la cire des abeilles4 7,comptes r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 #ahdc1 xvii1 pp4 #hji-hac1 #abdh-abec2 ,revue ,zool4 #ahdc1 l',in/itut1 #ahdc1 xi47 ,duj>d91 ,f4 ,mmoire sur l'tude microscopique de la cire1 etc4 7,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 xii1 #ahdi1 pp4 #bej-bei47 ,t>zione-,tozzetti1 ,h4 ,/udii sulle cocc9iglie4 ,milano1 #ahfg1 #g ,pls4 ---- ,sur la cire qu'on peut obt5ir de la co*5ille du figui] 7,coccus c>ic74 7,comptes r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 lxv1 #ahfg1 pp4 #bdf-bdg47 ,claus1 ,c4 ,ueb] die wa*sb]eit5d5 ,hautdrs5 d] ,insekt54 7,sitzungsb]4 ,gesells4 z4 ,befrd4 d4 ,gesammt4 ,naturw4 zu ,m>burg1 ,june1 #ahfg1 ,no4 #h1 pp4 #fe-gb47 ,witlaczil1 ,e4 ,die ,anatomie d] ,psyllid54 7,zeits*r4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xlii1 #ahhe1 pp4 #ehb-ehf47 ---- ,zur ,morphologie und ,anatomie d] ,coccid54 7,zeits*r4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xliii1 #ahhf1 pp4 #adi-agd1 #a ,taf47 ,ih]+1 ,h4 von4 ,d] ,/a*el d] ,melipon54 7,ent4 ,na*ri*t51 xii ,jahrg41 #ahhf1 p4 #ahe47 ,c>let1 ,g4 ,sur les organes scrteurs et la scrtion de la cire *ez l',abeille4 7,comptes r5dus1 cx1 pp4 #cfa-cfc1 #ahij47 ---- ,la cire et ses organes scrteurs4 7,le ,naturali/e1 #ahij1 pp4 #adi-aea1 #b ,figs47 ,also ! works ( ,siebold1 ,*e%ire1 ,kolbe1 ,h[>d & ,m>latt 7,bull41 #c1 ,n4 ,s41 ,div4 ,ent4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 #ahif1 p4 #dj71 ,knaggs1 ,b]lese4 d4 ,wax-l gl&s ( ,aphides ,hub] et ,=el1 ,a4 tudes myrmcologiques1 #ahge4 ,witlaczil1 ,e4 ,zur ,anatomie d] ,aphid54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 v ,jahrg41 #ahhb1 pp4 #bci-bda2 ,arbeit5 a4 d4 ,zool4 ,in/itut d] ,univ4 ,wi541 iv1 #ahhb1 pp4 #cig-dda1 #c ,taf47 ,busg51 ,m4 ,j4 ,d] ,honigtau4 ,biol4 ,/udi5 an ,pflanz5 u4 ,pflanz5lause4 7,j5a4 ,zeits*rift1 xxv1 #ahia1 pp4 #cci-dbh47 ,,def5sive ,,or ,,repugnatorial ,,sc5t-,,gl&s ,:ile ^! ev]sible gl&s are n f\nd 9 m>9e or aquatic ar?ropods su* z ,cru/acea or ,m]o/omata 7,limulus71 !y are (t5 pres5t 9 ! air-brea?+ =ms1 especially insects4 ,9 ! w+$ insects !y are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 exi/+ "u great v>iety ( =m1 v>y+ greatly 9 position1 & appe>+ usually to be 9 imm$iate relation ) _! active volant habits4 ,_! pres5ce is 9 direct adaptation to ! ne$s & habits ( _! possessors1 & be+ repell5t1 w>n+1 or def5sive /ructures1 ! odors !y secrete be+ (t5 exce$+ly nause\s1 !y appe> to h be5 call$ into exi/5ce 9 direct response to _! biological environm5t4 ,! fact t ^! s+ul> organs d n exi/ 9 m>9e or aquatic ,cru/acea sugge/s t ! air-brea?+1 arial1 or volant insects by ^! ev]sible gl&s1 usually 9 ! =m ( simple evag9able hypod]mic p\*es1 are enabl$ to protect !mselves by emitt+ an inf9itesimal am\nt ( an (f5sively odor\s fluid or e!r-l spray :i* *>ges ! air ?r\gh\t an ext5t ( t]ritory :i* may be practically illimitable to ! s5ses ( _! enemies4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same z 9 ! mephitic sulphurett$ oil eject$ by ! skunks1 ! slight quantity ^! creatures give out readily mix+ ) & *>g+ ! atmosph]e )9 a radius ( _m miles ( :at we may call ! c5tre ( di/ribution4 ,z is n[ well kn[n1 ! v delicate1 att5uat$ highly volatile odors exhal$ are p]ceiv$ by insects ) extreme ease & rapidity1 ! degree ( s5sitiv5ess to su* sc5ts be+ enorm\sly great] ?an 9 v]tebrates1 _! organs ( s5se be+ develop$ 9 a correspond+ degree4 ,pr(essors ,fis*] & ,p5zoldt1 ( ,erlang51 h rec5tly e/abli%$ ! fact t ! s5se ( smell is by f> ! mo/ delicate ( ! s5ses4 ,!y f9d t ! olfactory n]ve is able to detect ! pres5ce ( #ab1gfj1jjj1jjj ( a gra9 ( m]captan4#eh ,! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] t c be detect$ by ! eye is sodium1 :5 obs]v$ by ! spectroscope1 & ?is p>ticle is #bej times co>s] ?an ! p>ticle ( m]captan :i* c be detect$ by ! human nose4 ,9 ^? ,ara*nida :i* are provid$ ) poison-gl&s1 ^! sc5t-gl&s are abs5t1 b 9 c]ta9 ,ac>9a & ,l+uatulid1 :i* h no poison-gl&s1 !re are v>i\s oil-gl&s1 /igmatic gl&s1 z well z sc5t-gl&s1 & 9 seiz+ a ,!lyphonus ) ! =ceps we h obs]v$ x to s5d out f ea* side ( ! body a jet ( (f5sive spray4 ,we n infrequ5tly f9d 9 myriopods 7,polydesmid1 ,julid1 & ,glom]is7 repugnatorial or ! s-call$ cyanog5ic gl&s1 :i* are ei!r pair$1 op5+ on ! sides ( ! body1 or =m a s+le r[ along ! m$ian l9e ( ! "u side ( ! body4 ,leidy describes & figures ! sph]ical gl&s ( ,julus m>g9atus1 ( :i* !re are #ej pairs4 ,^! gl&s h be5 reg>d$ z modifi$ nephridia1 b are m probably coxal gl&s1 & ! homologues ( ! p>apodial gl&s ( annelid worms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ceh4--,/]nite ( ,ma*ilis m>itima1 ) ! pair ( coxal sacs 7cb7 on ! "r side ev]t$2 hs1 coxal app5dages2 m1 retractor muscles4--,aft] ,oudemans1 f ,lang4 ,ev]sible coxal gl&s4--,true coxal gl&s occur 9 ,scolop5drella immaculata on ! #b;d to #aa? segm5t1 on ! inn] side ( ! base ( ! legs 7,fig4 #ae1 c4g474 ,homolog\s gl&s also occur 9 ! same position 9 ,campodea /aphyl9us 7also 9 ,c4 cookei & ,c4 mexicana7 on ! #a/ to #h? abdom9al segm5ts1 & ,oudemans has describ$ a pair ( ev]sible sacs on ea* side ( segm5ts "o to sev5 ( ,ma*ilis4 ,^! ev]sible sacs 9 ! synapt]\s insects are evid5tly modifi$ coxal gl&s1 & are probably repugnatorial z well z respiratory 9 function4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( an ev]sible gl&1 compos$ ( hypod]mic cells1 usually retract$ by a sl5d] muscle & ) an eff]5t passage1 b ! gl&s v>y greatly 9 %ape & /ructure 9 diff]5t insects4 ,9 "s cases ^! ftid gl&s appe> n to be ! homologues ( ! coxal gl&s1 b simply d]mal gl&s4 ,^! repugnatorial gl&s are ( n infrequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! l[] or m g5]aliz$ w+$ insects1 & 9 situation & appe>ance are evid5tly ! homologues ( ! coxal gl&s ( ! ,symphyla & ,synapt]a4 ,ftid gl&s ( ,or?opt]a4--,9 ! e>-wigs 7,=ficula & ,*elidura7 ,me9]t has detect$ a pair ( :at he calls ftid gl&s at ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! dorsal plates ( ! #b;d & #c;d abdom9al segm5ts4 ,vossel] also describes ! same gl&s z consi/+ ( a retort-%ap$ sac1 9 ^: walls are num]\s small hypod]mal cells & l>ge s+le gl&ul> cells provid$ ) an eff]5t passage1 ! fluid be+ =c$ out by ! pressure ( ! d]mal muscles1 "o act+ specially to retract ! gl&4 ,! creature c squirt to a di/ance ( #e & ev5 #aj cm4 7#d in*es7 a yell[i%-br[n liquid or emulsion ) ! odor ( a mixture ( c>bolic acid & creosote4 ,! l>ge ev]sible dorsal gl&s ( ! ,blattid1 s9ce !y conta9 num]\s hairs1 :i*1 :5 ev]t$1 are fan-l or l tufts1 s]ve1 z 9 ! spray+ or sc5t app>atus1 to dissem9ate ! odor1 & might be classifi$ ) ! allur+ unicellul> sc5t-gl&s or duftapp>at ( o!r insects1 z !y are by "s au?ors2 b z ! gl&s are l>ge & comp\nd !y may prove to be ! homologues ( ! coxal gl&s r ?an ( ! d]mal gl&s4 ,evag9able organs 9 ! ,blattids 7 fir/ obs]v$ by ,g]/ck] 9 bo? sexes ( ,corydia2 !y are yell[i% :ite1 cov]$ ) hairs1 & are ?ru/ out f betwe5 ! dorsal & v5tral plates ( ! #a/ & #b;d abdom9al segm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cei4--,"u side ( end ( ,aphlebia1 %[+ ! two ev]sible sacs2 ,v-,x1 five la/ abdom9al segm5ts2 ,a1 portion %[+ ! hairs2 ,b1 %[+ orig9 ( a hair 9 its follicle4--,aft] ,krauss4 ,9 ! cockroa* 7,p4 ori5talis7 ,m9*9 detect$ two p\*-l invag9ations ( ! cuticle1 ly+ close on ea* side ( ! middle l9e ( ! body betwe5 ! #e? & #f? t]gites ( ! abdom54 ,!y are l9$ by a cont9uation ( ! cuticle1 :i* =ms1 )9 ! p\*es1 num]\s /iff1 bran*$1 f9ely po9t$ bri/les1 b5ea? :i* are a numb] ( gl&ul> epi!lial cells4 ,9 ! male nymph ( ,p4 decorata he also f\nd beside ^! gl&ul> p\*es 8an additional gl&1 op5+ by a tubul> duct "u ! int]segm5tal membrane betwe5 ! #e? & #f? t]ga above ! gl&ul> p\* ( ea* side1 & ext5d+ =w>d into ! body cavity4 ,! gl& & its duct are prolif]ations ( ! hypod]mis1 & !re is no invag9ation ( ! cuticle40 ,^! ev]sible gl&s are mo/ complicat$ 9 ,phyllodromia g]manica4 ,:ile x is abs5t 9 ! female1 9 ! male x is relatively ( enorm\s size1 ext5d+ ov] ! #f? & #g? somites1 z well z project+ f> into ! body cavity 7,m9*974 ,haase /ates t ^! gl&s become ev]t$ by blood-pressure & give out ! well-kn[n disagreeable smell ( ^! insects4 ,he /ates t 9 ! male ( ,p4 g]manica ! dorsal gl&s 9 ! #f? & #g? abdom9al segm5ts are )\t hairs & produce an oily secretion2 !y function z odorif]\s organs 9 sexual union4 ,9 ! male ( ano!r ,blattid 7,aphlebia bivittata7 ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,krauss has detect$ two yell[i% dorsal sacs #a4e mm4 9 l5g?1 op5+ out on ! #g? abdom9al segm5t1 & fill$ full ( long yell[i% hairs1 ! ends direct$ t[>ds ! op5+1 :]e !y =m a ?ick tuft4 ,^! ev]sible gl&s l9$ ) hairs appe> to be closely simil> to ! long sl5d] ev]sible hairy app5dages or sc5t organs ( c]ta9 ,arctian & ,syntomid mo?s4 7,fig4 #cei47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfj4--;,ext]nal flaps 7gl7 ( gl&s ( ,platyzo/]ia4 ,we h f\nd ! ext]nal m$ian w>t ) lat]al lids or flaps 9 betwe5 ! #e? & #f? t]gites ( ,platyzo/]ia +5s ,scudd]1 a l>ge w+less ,blattid liv+ "u ! leaf sc>s ( ! cocoanut tree 9 ,s\!rn ,florida 7,fig4 #cfj71 b 7 unable to detect !m 9 ,polyzo/]ia or 9 ! common ,blab]a ( ,cuba1 or 9 ano!r g5us f ,cordova1 ,mexico4 ,9 ano!r gr\p ( ,or?opt]a1 ! ,phasmid1 occur a pair ( dorsal pro?oracic gl&s1 ea* op5+ by a pore & pres5t 9 bo? sexes4 ,9 ! walk+-/ick1 ,anisomorpha bupre/oides1 & 1 ^! op5+s are situat$ on ea* side ( ! pro?orax at its upp] ant]ior extremity1 situat$ at ! bottom ( a l>ge deep pit4 ,:5 seiz$ x dis*>g$ a 8milky :ite fluid f ! pores ( ! ?orax1 diffus+ a /rong odor1 9 a great measure l t ( ! common ,gnaphalium or life ev]la/+0 7,peale 9 ,say's ,am]ican ,entomology1 i1 p4 #hd74 ,boll /ates t ! females :5 captur$ 8spurt f ! pro?orax1 some:at aft] ! mann] ( bomb>di] beetles1 a /rong vapor1 :i* slightly burnt ! sk92 :5 ! females 7 seiz$ by ! males a ?ick fluid ooz$ f ! same spot40 ,scudd] describes ^! gl&s 9 ano!r ,phasmid 7,autolyca pallidicornis7 z two /raight1 flatt5$1 ribbon-l bodies1 ) ?ick walls1 broadly r\nd$ at ! end1 ly+ side by side & ext5d+ to ! h9d] end ( ! meso?orax4 ,9 ,anisomorpha bupre/oides ! gl&s are ( ! same size & %ape 7,scudd]74 ,9 ,diaph]om]a femorata ! repugnatorial =am9a are v m9ute1 & ! app>atus )9 consi/s ( a pair ( small obovate or subfusi=m sacs1 "o on ea* side ( ! pro?orax1 ab\t #a mm4 9 l5g?1 ) a %ort & v sl5d] duct op5+ ext]nally at ! bottom ( ! pit 7,scudd]74 ,9 ! ,mantid ^! seem to be g5u9e coxal gl&s1 z !re is a pair situat$ betwe5 ! cox ( ! fir/ pair ( legs4 ,an evag9able organ l a w>t1 ) a gl&ul> appe>ance1 occurs on ! h9d femora ( ! ,acrydiid 9 a furr[ on ! "u side1 into :i* ! tibia fits1 ab\t "o-f\r? f ! base 7,psy*e1 iii1 p4 #cb74 ,9 ! male cricket1 ! anal odorif]\s gl&s are small lobes op5+ into a res]voir on ea* side ( ! rectum 7,duf\r74 ,homolog\s gl&s also occur 9 ! ,coleopt]a 7,fig4 #cjb1 l & #cag1 s74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfa4--;,gl&s 7g7 ( ,la*nus2 h1 8honey0 w>t4--,gissl] del4 ,mo/ ,hemipt]a or bugs s5d out a ftid or nause\s odor due to a fluid secret$ by a s+le or d\ble yell[ or r$ pe>-%ap$ gl&1 situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! meso?oracic segm5t1 & op5+ betwe5 ! h9d] or ?ird pair ( cox4 ,9 ,belo/oma ,leidy describes ^! gl&s z consi/+ ( two r long ccal tubes situat$ 9 ! meta?orax1 b5ea? ! o!r visc]a1 ext5d+ backw>ds into ! abdom51 & op5+ betwe5 ! cox ( ! ?ird pair ( legs4 ,locy /ates t ! smell aris+ f ^! gl&s is pleasant1 resembl+ t ( well rip5$ pe>s or bananas4 ,o!r bugs1 moreov]1 emit an agreeable odor1 t ( ,syroma/es resembl+ t ( a f9e b]gamot pe>4 7,siebold47 ,! fluid giv5 out by ! ,european fire-bug 7,pyrrhocoris apt]us7 has a sweeti% smell1 l e!r4 ,9 ! nymph !re are ?ree pairs ( dorsal gl&s1 on abdom9al segm5ts #b-e1 :i* are atrophi$ 9 ! mature insect4 ,9 ! b$-bug1 ! nymph has ?ree odorif]\s gl&s ea* ) pair$ op5+s 9 ! ?ree basal abdom9al segm5ts respectively1 & situat$ on ! m$ian dorsal l9e1 be+ arrang$ transv]sely at ! edge ( ! t]gites2 b aft] ! la/ m\lt ^! are abort$1 & replac$ by ! /]nal meta?oracic gl&s 7,knckel74 ,gissl] has detect$ a pair ( gl&s 9 ,la*nus /robi 7,fig4 #cfa74 ,anal gl&s ( beetles4--,c]ta9 beetles are end[$ ) ev]sible repugnatorial gl&s4 ,eleodes gigantea & ,e4 d5tipes ( bo? sexes are said by ,gissl] to possess ^! gl&s4 ,:5 teas$ 8!y /& on _! ant]ior & middle legs1 hold+ ! abdom5 high up & spurt+ ! cont5ts ( ! gl&s "r & left40 ,! gl&s 7,fig4 #cff1 #a7 are two r$di% br[n1 some:at bilob$ sacs1 & ext5d f ! base ( ! la/ up to ! middle ( ! #b;d abdom9al segm5t1 ) an av]age l5g? ( #f4e mm4 ,! liquid /a9s ! human sk91 has an acid reaction1 ) a peculi>1 8int5sely p5etrant odor1 caus+ ! eye to la*rymate4 ,x is soluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r4 ,boil$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & alcohol an e!real aromatic vapor is produc$1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( "o or m organic acids1 ?\gh nei!r =mic or acetic acid c\ld be detect$40 ,willi/on has obs]v$ ! same habits 9 sev5 o!r species ( ,eleodes1 all eject+ a pung5t vile-smell+ liquid1 "o species 7,e4 longicollis7 eject+ a /ream ( fluid f ! anal gl&1 backw>ds sometimes to ! di/ance ( #aj cm4 or m1 & he reg>ds ^! beetles z 8! v]itable skunks ( _! ord]40 ,leidy briefly describes ! odorif]\s gl&s ( ,upis p5nsylvanica4 ,! anal gl&s consi/1 accord+ to ,meckel & also ,duf\r1 ( two long1 simple1 flexu\s cca ) res]voirs hav+ two %ort excretory ducts situat$ ne> ! anus 7,siebold74 ,gl&s l ^? ( ,eleodes f\nd 9 ,blaps mortisaga are describ$ 9 detail by ,gilson 7,fig4 #cff1 #b74 ,!y =m two p\*es or cuticul> invag9ations situat$ 9 ! end ( ! abdom5 on ! sides ( ! end ( ! inte/9e & unite on ! m$ian l9e und]nea? ! g5ital organs1 =m+ a v %ort tube ) a *it9\s wall1 cont9u\s ) ! cuticle ( ! la/ abdom9al segm5t4 ,into ea* p\* op5 a l>ge numb] ( f9e sl5d] lobules v>y+ 9 %ape1 giv+ a vill\s aspect to ! surface4 ,^! lobules are compos$ ( z _m z fifty unicellul> gl&s1 ea* ( :i* is compos$ ( f\r p>ts3 7#a7 ,a radiat$ vesicle1 7#b7 a c5tral sac1 giv+ rise 7#c7 to a f9e excretory tube1 & 7#d7 a %ea? ne> ! orig9 ( ! excretory tube4 ,^! are all modifications ( ! cytoplasm ( ! cell ) its reticulum2 ! nucleus ) its *romosomes is also pres5t1 b situat$ on "o side ( ! c5tral sac4 ,! f9e excretory tubules =m a bundle pass+ d[n into ! m\? ( ea* lobule4 ,simil> gl&s1 ?\gh usually small]1 :i* h n be5 c>efully exam9$1 occur 9 ,c>abus 7,fig4 #cjj1 #c7 & ,cy*rus1 :i* eject f ! v5t a disagreeable fluid conta9+ butyric acid 7,pel\se74 ,! bomb>di] beetle ,bra*9us1 ) its anal gl&s1 ejects a jet ( blui% vapor accompani$ ) a consid]able explosion1 :i* colors ! human sk9 ru/ r$2 x is cau/ic1 smells l nitr\s acid1 & turns blue pap] r$4 ,we/wood /ates t individuals ( a l>ge ,s\? ,am]ican ,bra*9us on be+ seiz$ 8imm$iately began to play (f _! artill]y1 burn+ & /a9+ ! fle% to su* a degree t only a few specim5s c\ld be captur$ ) ! nak$ h&1 leav+ a m>k :i* rema9$ = a consid]able "t40 ,! fluid eject$ by ano!r species1 9 ,tripoli1 black5$ ! f+]s ( ! collector4 8,x is nei!r alkal9e nor acid1 & x is soluble 9 wat] & 9 alcohol40 7,kirby & ,sp5ce1 iv1 p4 #adi47 ,species ( o!r g5]a 7,agonum1 ,ph]opsophus1 ,gal]ita1 ,helluo1 ,paussus1 ,ozna7 are also bomb>di]s1 ?\gh less decid$ly s ?an ,bra*9us4 ,a ,paussid beetle 7,c]apt]us7 ejects explosively a fluid conta9+ free iod9e 7,loman71 :ile ,/aphyl9us1 ,/5us1 ,ocypus ol5s1 ,lacon1 etc41 h simil> anal ftid gl&s1 ! liquid be+ m or less corrosive4 ,! secretion ( ,mormolyce phyllodes is s corrosive t x is said to p>alyze ! f+]s = #bd h\rs aft]4 7,cun47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfb4--,m$ian section ?r\gh ! femoro-tibial jo9t ( leg ( ,cocc9ella1 %[+ at o ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! blood oozes out2 f1 femur2 t1 tibia2 e1 ext5sor muscle ( ! tibia3 s1 s9ew ( ! same2 at *1 *it9iz$2 h1 articul> membrane2 v1 tibial process4--,aft] ,lutz4 ,! two pairs ( rem>kably l>ge1 s(t1 ev]sible1 =k$1 orange-yell[ gl&s ( ! ,european g5us ,mala*ius1 are ?ru/ out f ! side ( ! #a/ & ! #c;d ?oracic segm5ts4 ,!y are ev]t$ by blood-pressure1 & retract$ by muscles4 ,! l>va ( ,hydrophilus piceus ejects by ! anus a black1 ftid fluid4 ,claus has %[n t ! l>va ( ,l9a populi & o!r ,*rysomelid possess num]\s m9ute1 ev]sible gl&s 9 ea* ( ! w>ts on ! upp] surface ( ! body1 ea* gl& conta9+ a :iti%1 repell5t fluid smell+ l ! oil ( bitt] almonds & conta9+ salicylic acid d]iv$ f its food-plant1 :i* issues z pe>l-l drops4 ,c&ze ?9ks ! fluid may conta9 prussic acid4 ,! fluid is secret$ by a v>iable numb] ( gl&ul> cells1 ea* provid$ ) an eff]5t duct4 ,! l>v ( saw-flies1 notably ,cimbex am]icana1 also eject droplets ( a cle> fluid f non-evag9able gl&s situat$ ne> ea* /igma 7,*lolodkovsky74 ,! blood z a repell5t fluid4--,9 ?is connection x may be m5tion$ t ?\gh !re are no special gl&s pres5t1 _m beetles emit drops ( blood f ! femoro-tibial jo9ts ( _! legs z a means ( def5ce4 ,su* are ! oil-beetles 7,melo71 ,can?>is1 ,lytta4 ,! can?>ad9e secret$ by ^! beetles1 accord+ to ,beaureg>d1 is an effici5t means ( def5ce1 z birds1 reptiles1 & c>nivor\s insects w n usually attack !m4 ,?is sub/ance is =m$ 9 ! blood & also 9 ! g5ital organs1 & is s extremely cau/ic t scav5g] insects :i* fe$ ^u _! dead bodies w leave unt\*$ ! p>ts conta9+ can?>ad9e1 & if ,may-beetles or mole-crickets are wa%$ ) ! blood ( ,melo or ) can?>idate ( potassa1 x w = sev]al days r5d] !m safe f ! attacks ( ! c>abids :i* usually prey ^u !m4 ,! eggs ev5 aft] deposition are /rongly vesicant1 & are ?us free f ! attacks ( egg-eat+ insects 7,cun74 ,! ,cocc9ellid are also protect$ by a yell[1 mucilag9\s1 disagreeable fluid ooz+ out ( ! ends ( ! femora2 9 our common1 two-spott$ lady-bird 7,c4 bipunctata7 ! yell[ fluid is disagreeable1 smell+ l opium4 ,lutz has f\nd t ! blood 9 ,cocc9ellid passes out ?r\gh a m9ute op5+ situat$ at ! end ( ea* femur 7,fig4 #cfb74 ,! blood is v repell5t to insectivor\s animals4 ,! ,dyticid eject f ! anus a colorless1 disagreeable fluid1 :ile ^! beetles1 & especially ! ,gyr9id1 :5 captur$ s5d out a milky fluid :i* appe>s to issue f ! jo9ts ( ! body4 ,! ,silphid ?r[ out bo? f ! m\? & v5t a ftid liquid ) an ammoniacal odor4 ,!y possess b a s+le anal gl&1 ! res]voir op5+ on "o side ( ! rectum 7,duf\r74 ,o!r malodor\s insects h n yet be5 inve/igat$2 su* are ! v p]si/5t odors ( lace-w+$ flies 7,*rysopa74 ,m agreeable secretions1 b probably =m$ by simil> gl&s1 is ! odor ( rose or hyac9? giv5 out by ,cic9del1 or ! rose fragrance exhal$ by ! ,european ,aromia mos*ata4 ,ev]sible gl&s ( caddis-worms & cat]pill>s4--,gilson1 :ile inve/igat+ ! segm5tally dispos$ ?oracic gl&s ( l>val ,tri*opt]a1 has f\nd 9 ! l>va ( ,limnophilus flavicornis t ! /]nal pro?oracic tub]cle gives exit to an und]ly+ tubul> gl&4 ,9 ,phryganea gr&is ea* ?oracic /]num af=ds an exit to an ev]sible gl&4 ,_m cat]pill>s1 z our subjo9$ li/ w %[1 are v well protect$ by ev]sible repugnatorial gl&s situat$ ei!r 9 ! "u or upp] side ( ! body4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,de ,ge] 7#agej7 ! =k-tail$ l>va ( ,c]ura has be5 kn[n to ?r[ out a secretion1 :i* 0 describ$ by ,bonnet 9 #agee z a true acid1 %>p1 s\r1 & bit+4 ,?is spray+ app>atus 9 ,c]ura 7,h>pyia7 v9ula has be5 well describ$ by ,klem5siewicz 7,fig4 #cff1 #d71 ?\gh ,r5gg] 9 #ahag notic$ ! g5]al =m ( ! secretory sac1 & t x op5s out 9 two muscul> ev]sible tubes1 out ( :i* ! secretion is eject$4 ,! =k-tail$ l>va ( ,macrurocampa m>!sia1 :i* is mu* l t ( ,c]ura1 :5 teas$ s5ds out a jet ( spray to ! di/ance ( ne>ly an in* f ea* side ( ! neck4 ,:ile exam9+ ! v gayly-color$ & heavily-sp9$ cat]pill>s ( ,s*izura conc9na we obs]v$ t :5 a fully-gr[n "o 0 r\ghly seiz$ ) ! =ceps or f+]s x s5t out a %[] ( spray f ea* side ( ! pro?oracic segm5t1 exactly l t ( ,c]ura & ,macrurocampa4 ,9 ! ,european ,c]ura v9ula ! app>atus consi/s ( a s+le sac1 :i* op5s by a n>r[ transv]se slit on ! "u side ( ! neck1 out ( :i* is rapidly ev]t$ f\r lat]al tubes1 two on ea* side 7,fig4 #cff1 #d1 t71 :i* are )drawn )9 ! op5+ by ! contraction ( sev]al f9e muscles4 ,! app>atus 9 ! ,am]ican ,c4 multiscripta is z 9 ! ,european ,c4 v9ula4 ,9 a liv+ specim5 ! l>ge secretory sac 0 se5 to be ( ! same size & %ape z 9 ,macrurocampa1 & ( ! color ( raw silk4 ,! sac :5 di/5d$ ext5ds back to a little beh9d ! middle pair ( legs1 & is ne>ly two-?irds z wide z ! body4 ,! cat]pill> s5t out ! fluid :5 h&l$1 b we c\ld n make x spray4 ,9 ! l>va ( ,macrurocampa m>!sia ! c]vical or secretory gl& 7,fig4 #cff1 #e7 is situat$ 9 ! #a/ & #b;d ?oracic segm5ts1 ext5d+ to ! h9d] edge ( ! latt] & ly+ betwe5 ! n]v\s cord & ! sophagus & prov5triculus1 & :5 empty ! bulk ( x lies a little to "o side ( ! m$ian l9e ( ! body4 ,x is p>tly held 9 place by small tra*e1 "o q l>ge bran* be+ s5t to x f ne> ! pro?oracic spiracle4 ,! %ort1 l>ge duct1 lead+ f x to ! transv]se op5+ 9 ! membrane betwe5 ! head & pro?oracic segm5t1 is a little n>r[] ?an ?is op5+1 & is kept di/5d$ by tnidia1 or a s]ies ( %ort1 spiral ?reads :i* are pale1 n honey-yell[i%1 9 color4 ,?is duct lies on "o side ( ! pro?oracic ganglion1 re/+ j "u ! commissures pass+ up to ! bra92 x is also situat$ betwe5 ! two silk ducts4 ,! v di/5sible sac 7,fig4 #cff1 #e7 is r5d]$ ela/ic by a curi\s arrangem5t ( ! cuticle1 ! tnidia ( ! duct itself be+ repres5t$ by v ?ickly-scatt]$1 irregul>1 sep>ate1 s9u\s1 *it9\s ridges1 :i* /& up f ! cuticul> l9+ ( ! wall ( ! sac 7,fig4 #cff1 #f74 ,! secretory cells ( ! walls ( ?is sac 9 ,c]ura v9ula are said by ,klem5siewicz to be l>ge hexagonal cells1 resembl+ ^? ( silk-gl&s1 hav+ l !m l>ge bran*$ nuclei4 ,! fluid ?r[n out is said by ,p\lton to be =mic acid2 x causes viol5t eff]vesc5ce :5 all[$ to fall ^u sodium-bic>bonate1 & colors blue litmus pap] r$4 ,x also appe>s f ! rese>*es ( ,latt] t ^! creatures 9 ! imago /ate secrete free potassium hydroxid1 a sub/ance = ! fir/ "t kn[n to exi/ 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,9 ! cat]pill> ( ,a/yanax ar*ippus 7,lim5itis disippus7 a d>k1 bladd]-l sac is ev]t$1 b ! lat]al tubes appe> to be want+1 & no spray is s5t out2 x occurs 9 ! l>v ( _m ,nymphalid & o!r butt]flies & mo?s4 ,^! gl&s are functionally active 9 ,p]ophora1 b obsolete 7at lea/ ! ext]nal op5+s7 9 ,lacosoma4 ,! osmet]ium 9 ,papilio l>v4--,! cat]pill>s ( ! swall[tail$ butt]flies 7,papilio1 ,doritis1 & ,?ais71 z is well kn[n1 :5 irritat$ ?ru/ out f a transv]se slit on ! upp] "p ( ! pro?oracic segm5t a l>ge orange-yell[ ,v-%ap$ fle%y tubul> process 7! osmet]ium71 f :i* is diffus$ a m or less melonlike b disagreeable1 9 "s cases insuff]able1 odor2 ! secretion is acid & r$d5s litmus pap]4 ,! me*anism has be5 describ$ & figur$ by ,klem5siewicz4 ,:5 at re/1 or retract$1 ! osmet]ium lies 9 ! upp] "p ( ! body 9 ! ?ree ?oracic segm5ts1 & is cross$ obliquely by sev]al muscul> bundles atta*$ to ! walls ( ! body1 & by ! action ( ^! muscles ! evag9ation ( ! osmet]ium is /rongly promot$4 ,aft] ev]sion ! tubes are sl[ly retract$ by two sl5d] muscles ins]t$ at ! end ( ea* =k or tube1 & aris+ f ! sides ( ! #c;d segm5t beh9d ! head1 cross+ ea* o!r 9 ! m$ian l9e 7,fig4 #cff1 #g r4m474 ,! secretion is =m$ by an oval mass ( gl&ul> cells at ! base ( ! =ks2 9 ! gl&ul> mass is a furr[-l depression ab\t :i* ! secretory cells are gr\p$4 ,! secretion collects 9 v f9e drops on ! side ( ea* furr[ opposite ! gl&ul> cells4 ,accord+ to ,c4 ,d4 ,a% ! l>va ( an ,au/ralian ,notodontid 7,danima banksii ,lew97 protrudes f ! "u side ( ! pro?oracic segm5t a ,y-%ap$ r$ organ l t ( ,papilio2 no fluid or odor is giv5 out4 ,dorsal & lat]al ev]sible metam]ic sacs 9 o!r l>v4--,! %[y cat]pill>s ( ,orgyia & its allies h a conspicu\s coral-r$ tub]cle on ! back ( ! #f? & also ! #g? abdom9al segm5t1 :i* on irritation are elongat$1 ! end ( ! tub]cles be+ ev]sible4 ,:5 at re/ ! summit is crat]i=m1 b on ev]sion ! end becomes r\nd$ & conical4 ,^! osmet]ia are ev]t$ by blood pressure1 & retract$ by a muscle4 ,fig4 #cff1 #i1 repres5ts a section ( an osmet]ium ( ,orgyia leuco/igma :5 retract$ by ! muscle 7m72 at ! bottom ( ! crat] are ! secret+ or gl&ul> cells 7gc71 be+ modifi$ hypod]mal cells4 ,^! d\btless s]ve z t]rify+ organs to i*neumons & o!r insect enemies1 & ?\gh we h be5 unable to detect any odor emanat+ f ! tub]cles1 yet possibly !y give out a sc5t p]ceiv$ by & disagreeable to _! insect assailants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfc4--;,fre%ly hat*$ l>va ( ,hyp]*iria io1 ) its two pairs ( ev]sible gl&s 7g74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfd4--,"y l>va ( ,megalopyge crispata1 enl>g$1 %[+ ! sev5 pairs ( lat]al processes 7lp73 sp1 spiracle2 abl1 abl#f1 six pairs ( abdom9al legs besides ! anal pair4 ,9 ! ,hemileucid !re is a pair ( lat]al osmet]ia1 on ! #a/ & on ! #g? abdom9al segm5ts1 :i* h[ev]1 are n highly color$ 7,figs4 #cfc1 #cff1 #aj74 ,9 ,megalopyge 7,lagoa1 ,fig4 #cfd7 !re is a lat]al r[ ( s+ul> pale p]man5tly ev]t$ processes :i* appe> to be ! homologues ( ! osmet]ia ( l>v ( o!r lepidopt]\s families4 ,z ^! are repeat$ on sev5 segm5ts1 _! metam]ic arrangem5t is obvi\s4 ,! relation ( ^! curi\s gl&s to ! visc]a is se5 9 ,fig4 #big1 lgp1 & _! m9ute /ructure 9 ,fig4 #cfe4 ,at ,a1 ! lum5 7l7 is a deep n>r[ cavity1 ) ! secretion 7secr471 collect$ at ! m\? ( ! cavity1 compos$ ( a ?91 mucus-l1 coagulat$ fluid1 conta9+ granules ( v>y+ degrees ( f95ess1 :i* take ! /a9 readily4 ,outside ( ^! are collect$ f9e nuclei 7bc71 /a9$ d>k1 & envelop$ 9 a slight1 transp>5t1 pale1 protoplasmic envelope1 :i* may be blood corpuscles4 ,! gl&ul> cells !mselves are simply modifi$ hypod]mal cells1 z se5 at ,c4 ,9 "s ( ! nuclei1 indi/9ct nucleoli are se51 & deeply /a9$ granules1 especially ar\nd ! p]iph]y ( ! nuclei4 ,at ,b is repres5t$ a section on "o side ( ! middle1 b /ill %[+ ! spaci\s lum54 ,9 ! section repres5t$ by ,c1 ! knife pass$ ?r\gh ! process /ill ne>] ! out] edge1 & ne> ! base2 at ,c#a1 ?ree ( ! gl&ul> cells1 ) _! l>ge1 deeply /a9$ nuclei1 are drawn4 ,a transv]se section at ,d %[s ! l>ge lum5 or cavity 7l74 ,z to ! function & homologies ( ^! /ructures1 x is difficult to decide4 ,we h nev] notic$ t !y give (f any odor1 ?\gh !y may prove to be repugnatorial2 !y are n visible 9 ! fully gr[n1 liv+ insect1 be+ conceal$ by ! long1 d5se hairs clo?+ ! body2 !y are n spray+ organs1 z !y are imp]=ate at ! end1 n end+ z ! lat]al1 ev]sible gl&s ( ,hyp]*iria io1 etc41 9 a crat]i=m orifice4 ,!y may be p]man5tly ev]t$ gl&s1 or osmet]ia1 :i* h1 by disuse1 lo/ _! p[] ( retraction & _! crat]i=m op5+1 z well z ! p[] ( secret+ a malodor\s fluid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfe4--,section ( lat]al processes ( l>va ( ,megalopyge4 ,9 c]ta9 ( ! butt]flies1 ! ,heliconid 7,colnis1 ,heliconius1 ,euides1 & ,dione71 !re is ?ru/ f ! end ( ! abdom5 a pair ( l>ge1 irregul>1 r\nd$1 ev]sible gl&s1 :i* give out a disagreeable odor1 & are consequ5tly repell5t1 & :i* seem to be ! homologues ( ! odorif]\s gl&s ( o!r butt]flies4 ,! l>ge1 s(t1 r\nd$1 ev]sible gl&s1 look+ l puff-balls or a r\nd$ pudd+ 7,fig4 #cff1 #ab71 are ev]t$1 :5 ! butt]flies are r\ghly seiz$1 f ! dorsal side ( ! p5ultimate segm5t ( ! abdom54 ,! males possess two small] tub]cles on ! inside ( ! anal clasp]s or lobes4 ,mll] also detect$1 9 ! females ( v>i\s species ( ! ,heliconid enum]at$ above1 a pair ( club-%ap$ processes l ! balanc]s ( flies1 :i* are ?ru/ out on ea* side ( & "u ! odorif]\s puff-balls ( ! h9d] edge ( ! p5ultimate segm5t 7,fig4 #cff1 #ac74 ,! club or head is arm$ ) hairs or bri/les1 :i*1 9 ,heliconius1 are l ! scales ( a butt]fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cff4--,sc5t-gl&s ( insects3 #a4 ,anal ev]sible gl&s ( ,eleodes4--,aft] ,gissl]4 #b4 ,anal ev]sible gl&s ( ,blaps4--,aft] ,gilson4 #c4 ,anal gl&s 7agl7 ( ,c>abus hort5sis3 rs1 res]voir2 d1 excretory duct2 i1 inte/9e2 r1 rectum4--,aft] ,kolbe4 #d4 ,pro?oracic spray+ app>atus ( ,c]ura v9ula3 gl1 ! gl&2 d1 its duct1 ) tnidia2 t1 ! spray+ tubes2 m1 muscles2 rm1 retractor muscles4--,aft] ,klem5siewicz4 #e4 ,! ?oracic gl&ul> sac ( ,macrurocampa m>!sia3 gl1 ! gl&ul> sac2 d1 its duct2 e1 p]itra*eal epi!lium2 t1 ! spiral ?reads or tnidia4 #f4 ,irregul> sep>ate masses ( *it9\s ridges on ! cuticul> l9+ ( ! wall ( ! sacs ( ,macrurocampa m>!sia4 #g4 ,osmet]ium 7os7 ( ! l>va ( ,papilio ma*aon at re/3 rm1 ! retractor muscles at ! ends2 m1 ! num]\s oblique muscles2 dm1 dorsal longitud9al muscles2 t1 tra*ea2 oe1 sophagus2 gang1 bra92 #a1 head2 #b1 #c1 #d4 ?oracic segm5ts4 #h4 ,osmet]ium 7os7 ( "o side1 enl>g$3 g1 gl&ul> portion at ! base2 d1 depressions 9 ! cuticula ( ! gl&ul> portion2 t1 tra*ea4--,?is & ,fig4 #g aft] ,klem5siewicz4 #i4 ,ev]sible dorsal gl&s 7ev4 gl7 ( l>va ( ,orgyia leuco/igma 9 ,/age ,,ii3 gc1 gl&ul> cells at bottom ( ! crat]-l depression2 m1 retractor muscle2 p1 poison gl&-cells ( ! root ( ! seta 7s72 c1 cuticula2 hyp1 hypod]mis2 ,a1 portion ( ! cuticle & hypod]mis enl>g$4 #aj4 ,lat]al ev]sible gl& ( ,hyp]*iria io1 ,/age ,,ii3 rm1 retractor muscle2 o51 nocytes4 #aa4 ,! same z ,fig4 #aj1 b repres5t+ a section ?r\gh "o side ( ! ev]sible gl&4 #ab4 ,a1 end ( body ( ,colnis julia2 ev1 ev]sible anal gl&2 oa1 odorif]\s app5dages2 ,b1 ! same 9 ,heliconius apseudes1 side view2 ,c1 odorif]\s app5dages ( ,colnis dido 9 fre% condition2 ,d1 te/$ ) alcohol & b5z9e4 #ac4 ,odorif]\s app5dages ( ,heliconius eucrate1 head cleans$4--,figs4 #ab1 #ac1 aft] ,f4 ,mll]4 #ad4 ,odorif]\s gl&s 7ogl7 9 ! pupa ( ,vanessa io3 r1 rectum2 h1 ! folds ( hypod]mis :i* =ms ! t]m9al papilla ( ! abdom52 ov1 oviduct4--,aft] ,jackson4 ,9 ! cat]pill>s ( c]ta9 blue butt]flies 7,lycnid7 is an int]nal osmet]ium1 be+ a v m9ute sac :i* is ev]t$ f a transv]se slit on ! top ( ! #g? abdom9al segm5t4 ,its function is q ! opposite ( ^? ( ! cat]pill>s ( o!r families1 s9ce ! sac exudes a sweet fluid v attractive to ants1 :i* may be diffus$ m widely by ! delicate sp9ulose bri/les cr[n+ ! summit4 ,w4 ,h4 ,edw>ds /ates t 9 sev]al species ( ,lycna1 besides t on ! #g? abdom9al segm5t1 !re is on ! #h? segm5t a pair ( m9ute dorsal evag9able tub]cles4 ,a pair ( small ramose odorif]\s gl&s are said by ,siebold1 :o reg>d$ !m z allur+ gl&s1 to occur 9 ,argynnis1 ,melita1 & ,zygna1 to be situat$ ne> ! orifice ( ! oviduct1 & ,scudd] has detect$ !m ne> ! anus ( ! female pupa ( ,danais ar*ippus4 ,! appe>ance ( ! odorif]\s gl&s 9 ! pupa ( ,vanessa io is well %[n by ,jackson 7,fig4 #cff1 #ad74 ,!y develop z two tubul> +r[?s ( ! hypod]mis1 p]fectly di/9ct "o f ! o!r1 ea* hav+ its own sep>ate ap]ture to ! ext]ior4 ,9 ,fig4 #cff1 #ad ! condition ( p>ts is ne>ly z 9 ! imago1 ! gl&s be+ situat$ bel[ ! rectum & op5+ ( ! oviduct4 ,9 bo? sexes ( ano!r ,brazilian butt]fly 7,didonis biblis7 on ! m$ian l9e ( ! abdom5 betwe5 ! #d? & #e? segm5ts are two r\ndi% vesicles cov]$ ) %ort gray hairs1 :i* emit a disagreeable smell4 ,x is possible t ! d>k-gre5 fluid 9 ,p>nassius1 secret$ by an evag9able gl&1 & :i* is m\ld$ into %ape by ! scimet>-%ap$ p]apla/ 7,scudd]71 is =m$ by ! homologues ( ! anal gl&s ( o!r butt]flies4 ,di/ribution ( repugnatorial or allur+ sc5t-gl&s 9 insects#ei ,a4 ,,l>val ,,insects a4 ,ea* ?oracic segm5t2 /]nal4 ,phryganea gr&is4 b4 ,pro?oracic1 /]nal1 dis*>g+ a lat]al jet ( spray2 ) a s+le l>ge int]nal sack4 ,,lepidopt]a ,family ,,t9eid ,hyponomeuta evonymella4 ,family ,,noctuid ,bryophila1 ,cucullia =mosa1 ,c4 scrophul>i1 ,habro/ola1 ,cleophana l9>i1 ,catocala 7sp471 ,aporia cratg1 ,aplecta nebulosa1 ,leucania /am9ea1 ,l4 hispanica1 ,l4 nonagrioides1 ,plusia gamma4 ,family ,,notodontid ,pheosia rimosa1 ,s*izura conc9na1 ,danima ,banksii 7,au/ralia71 ,macrurocampa m>!sia1 ,het]ocampa pulv]ea1 ,c]ura v9ula1 ,c4 furcula1 ,c4 borealis1 ,c4 multiscripta4 ,family ,,nymphalid ,probably all ! species4 c4 ,pro?oracic1 dorsal2 s5d+ out a ,v-%ap$ odorif]\s organ 7osmet]ium74 ,family ,,papilionid ,all ! species z a rule4 d4 ,?oracic /]nal1 evag9able gl&s4 ,family ,,p]ophorid ,lacosoma *irodota1 ,p]ophora mel%eim]ii4 ,family ,,nolid ,9 ?ree1 & probably 9 all ! species ( ,nola4 e4 ,lat]al1 abdom9al1 non-ev]sible gl&s1 "o ne> ea* spiracle1 emitt+ a cle> fluid4 ,family ,,t5?r$9id ,crsus sept5trionalis1 ,c4 v>us1 ,cimbex am]icana1 ,c4 betul1 ,tri*iosoma4 f4 ,lat]al1 abdom9al1 p>tly ev]sible gl&s emitt+ nei!r moi/ure nor odor1 b fle%-color$4 ,family ,t9eid ,phyllocni/is8 7eight pairs47 ,family ,,hemileucid ,hyp]*iria io 7two pairs1 viz4 on #a/ & #g? segm5ts71 ,h4 sp4 7,mexico71 ,hemileuca yavapai1 pam9a1 ,h4 maia1 ,h4 artemis1 ,pseudohazis eglant]9a4 g4 ,lat]al1 abdom9al1 p]man5tly ev]t$1 metam]ic gl&s1 n kn[n to secrete a fluid1 nor to be odorif]\s4 ,family ,,megalopygid ,megalopyge crispata4 h4 ,m$io-dorsal1 p>tly ev]sible gl&s1 emitt+ a spray ( liquid b no odor7871 & color$ coral-r$ or orange-yell[ 7,p4 auriflua71 b usually 9 ! ,european species yell[i%4 ,family ,,lip>id ,all ! species except ^? ( ,demas4 i4 ,a s+le1 m$ian1 abdom9al1 dorsal gl&1 emitt+ a fluid attractive to ants1 on #g? segm5t2 ) a pair ( m9ute1 index gl&s on ! #h? segm5t4 ,family ,,lyc,,nid ,all ! species4 j4 ,protrusile organs ne> ! anus4 ,myrmeleon l>va 7,hag58 ,dimmock74 ,b4 ,,nymph ,,( ,,het]ometabol\s ,,insects a4 ,pair$1 dorsal gl&s1 on abdom9al segm5ts #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,cimex lectul>ius 7,knckel74 b4 ,! same on abdom9al segm5t #e4 ,la*nus /robi4 ,c4 ,,pupa ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,bombyces ,at ant]ior end ( c]ta9 pup1 int]nal gl&s to moi/5 ?reads ( ! cocoon = exit ( mo?4 ,d4 ,,adult ,,insects a4 ,occurr+ on ! pro?orax only2 /rongly repugnatorial1 be/ develop$ 9 4 ,anisomorpha bupre/oides1 ,autolyca pallidicornis1 ,phasma putidum1 ,phyllium 7sp471 ,het]opt]yx 7sp471 ,diaph]om]a femoratum 7probably 9 all ! species ( ! family71 ,mantis c>ol9a4 b4 ,occurr+ on ! pro- & meso?orax1 & on ! middle ( ! abdom51 orange-yell[1 fle%y tub]cles or evag9ations4 ,mala*ius bipu/ulatus1 ,an?ocomus eque/ris1 ,evu ?oracicus4 c4 ,segm5tal1 ev]sible gl&s1 homologues ( ! coxal gl&s ( o!r ,ar?ropods1 occurr+ on all1 or ne>ly all1 ! abdom9al segm5ts4 ,scolop5drella immaculata 7coxal gl&s on #c;d to #aa? pair ( legs71 ,campodea /aphyl9us 7a pair ( coxal gl&s on #a/ to #h? abdom9al segm5ts71 ,ma*ilis m>itima 7ev]sible1 coxal gl&s on segm5ts #a-g74 d4 ,occurr+ 9 ! abdom54 d#a4 ,9 ! two fir/ abdom9al segm5ts4 ,corydia c>unculig]a & 4 d#b4 ,allur+ 787 organs situat$ on ! dorsal side ( ! abdom51 9 ! #f?1 or #f? & #g?1 abdom9al segm5t4 ,p]iplaneta am]icana 1 ,p4 ori5talis 7nymph71 ,p4 decorata 7nymph71 ,ectoblatta g]manica 1 ,ectobia lapponica 1 ,phyllodromia 1 ,aphlebia bivittata 1 ,platyzo/]ia +5s 7on sev5? segm5t74 e4 ,at ! end ( ! body4 ,colnis julia 7,f4 ,mll]71 ,heliconius apseudes 7,f4 ,mll]74 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,def5sive ,,or ,,repugnatorial ,,gl&s ,aldrov&us1 ,u4 ,de animalibus insectis libri septem cum s+ulorum iconibus ad vivum expressis4 7,d5uo impress3 ,bonon4 apud ,clem5tem ,f]ronium1 #afch1 p4 #bgc4 ,! fir/ edition 0 9 #afjb47 ,m\fet1 ,t4 ,insectorum sive m9imorum animalium !atrum1 etc4 ,london1 #afcd1 pp4 #ahe1 #ahf4 ,gd>t1 ,j4 ,metamorphosis naturalis sive insectorum hi/oria1 etc4 ,am/elodami1 #agjj1 ,p>s ii1 p4 #acf4 7,fr5* ed4 ( #agjj1 ii1 p4 #afb2 ,li/]'s ,lat9 ed41 ,london1 #afhe1 p4 #fj47 ,raumur1 ,r4 ,a4 ,f4 ,mmoires p\r s]vir l'hi/oire des insectes1 etc4 ,p>is1 #agcf1 ii1 pp4 #bff-bfi1 ,pls4 #ba1 #bb4 ii1 p>tie ii1 pp4 #ba-bc1 ( ! ,am/]dam ed4 ( #agcg-agdh4 ,de ,ge]1 ,c4 ,obs]vation sur la proprit s+ulire qu'ont les gr&es *5illes quatorze jambes et d\ble queue1 du saule1 de s]+u] de la liqueur4 7,mm4 sav4 trang1 ,p>is1 #agej1 i1 pp4 #ecj1 #eca1 ,pl42 ,goetze und ,bonnet1 etc41 ,aus]les5e ,abh&lung51 #aggd1 p4 #bbj47 ,s*aeff]1 ,j4 ,c4 ,neu5deckte ,!ile an ,raup5 und ,zweyfalt]n1 etc4 ,reg5sburg1 #aged4 ,sulz]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,die ,k5nzei*5 d] ,insekt51 etc4 ,zri*1 #agfa1 pp4 #fe-fg1 ,taf4 #e1 ,fig4 #cd4 ,mll]1 ,o4 ,f4 ,pile-l>v5 m$ dobbelt ,hale1 og d5s ,phalne1 etc4 ,kjb5havn1 #aggb1 pp4 #ec-ef1 ,pl4 #b1 ,figs4 #c-e4 ,bonnet1 ,c4 ,mmoire sur une n\velle p>tie commune plusieurs espces de *5illes4 7,mm4 ma?4 d4 savants trang41 ,p>is1 #agee1 ii1 pp4 #dd-eb2 ,collection complte des uvres de ,c4 ,bonnet1 #aggi1 ii1 pp4 #c-af47 ---- ,mmoire sur la gr&e *5ille queue f\r*ue du saule1 dans lequel on pr\ve1 que la liqueur que cette *5ille fait jaillir1 e/ un vritable acide1 et un acide trs-actif4 7,mm4 ma?1 de savants trang41 ,p>is1 #agee1 ii1 pp4 #bfg-bhb2 ,collection complte des uvres de ,c4 ,bonnet1 #aggi1 ii1 pp4 #ag-bd47 ,amoreux1 ,p4 ,j4 ,notice des insectes de la ,france1 rputs v5imeux1 etc4 ,p>is1 #aghi1 pp4 #bhb-bhe4 ,s*w>z1 ,c4 ,neu] ,raup5kal5d]4 ,nr5b]g1 #agia1 ,ab?4 i1 p4 #ei4 ,petzhold1 ,c4 ,p4 ,lepidopt]ologis*e ,beytrge4 7,l4 ,g4 ,scriba's ,beitrge zu d] ,insekt5-ges*i*te1 ,frankfurt am ,ma91 #agic1 ,heft #c1 pp4 #bcj-bea47 ,n\velle ,dictionnaire d',hi/4 ,nat41 xv1 p4 #dhg4 7,l>va ( ,hydrophilus ejects ) a slight noise a ftid & blacki% fluid47 ,r5gg]1 ,johann ,rudolph4 ,physiologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ?i]is*e ,hau%altung d] ,insect54 ,tb+51 #ahag4 7,9 ! *apt] entitl$ ,abgesond]te ,sfte bei d5 ,raup51 he speaks ( ! gl&ul> app>atus ( ! l>va ( ,b4 v9ula1 notic+ ! g5]al =m ( ! secretory sac1 t x op5s out 9 two muscul> ev]tible po9ts1 out ( :i* ! secretion is eject$47 ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,mmoire anatomique sur une n\velle espce d'insecte du g5re ,bra*9us4 7,ann4 de mus4 d'hi/oire nat41 xviii1 #ahaa1 pp4 #gj-ha47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques sur les c>abiques et sur plusieurs autres coloptres4 7,ann4 d4 ,sci4 ,nat41 #ahbf1 viii1 pp4 #e-ed47 ---- ,mmoire sur les mtamorphosis et l'anatomie de la ,pyro*roa cocc9ea4 ,gl&e odorifique4 7,ibid41 ii sr4 ,zoologie1 xiii1 #ahdj1 pp4 #cdj1 #cda47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques sur les ,diptres4 #ahea1 pp4 #aie1 #cac4 7,alim5t>y canal ( ,sepsis conta9s ! seat ( a 8gl&e odorifique407 ,kirby & ,sp5ce4 ,introduction to entomology1 etc4 7#b;d ed41 i1 #ahae2 ,london1 #ahah1 ii1 pp4 #bch1 #bci47 ,lyonet1 ,p4 ,re*]*es sur l'anatomie et les metamorphoses de diffr5tes espces d'insectes4 ,ouvrage po/hume4 ,p>is1 #ahcb4 ,morr51 ,c4 ,mmoire sur l'migration du puc]on du p*] 7,aphis p]sic71 et sur les c>actres et l'anatomie de cette espce4 7,ann4 ,sci4 ,natur4 ,zool41 #ahcf1 vi1 pp4 #fe-ic1 ,pls4 #f1 #g47 ,ratzeburg1 ,j4 ,t4 ,c4 ,die ,=/9sekt51 etc4 7,!il i1 ,die ,kf]1 etc41 #ahcg1 p4 #bdf47 ,aub1 ,c4 ,note sur une scrtion ftide d',eumolpus pretiosus4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,fr41 #ahcg1 i1 vi2 ,bull41 p4 #eh47 ,lacordaire1 ,j4 ,s4 ,introduction l'entomologie4 #ahch1 ii1 p4 #de4 ,meckel1 von ,hemsba*1 ,johann ,fri$ri*4 ,mikrographie e9ig] ,drs5app>ate d] ni$]5 ,?i]e4 7,anat4 ,phys4 u4 wiss4 ,m$41 #ahdf1 pp4 #a-gc1 ,taf4 #a-c2 p4 #df1 ,mll]'s ,ar*iv47 ,/e91 ,fri$ri*4 ,v]glei*5de ,anatomie und ,physiologie d] ,insekt54 ,b]l91 #ahdg4 ,leidy1 ,joseph4 ,hi/ory & anatomy ( ! hemipt]\s g5us ,belo/oma4 7,j\rn4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,philadelphia1 ,s]4 #b1 #ahdg1 i1 ,"p i1 pp4 #eg-fg1 ,pl4 #a47 ---- ,odorif]\s gl&s ( inv]tebrata4 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,philadelphia1 #ahdi1 iv1 #bcd-bcf1 #a ,pl42 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,n4 ,h41 ,s]4 #b1 #ahej1 v1 pp4 #aed-aef47 ,*apuis et ,c&ze4 ,catalogue des l>ves des coloptres1 etc4 7,mm4 ,soc4 ,sci4 de ,lige1 #ahec1 viii1 pp4 #cea-fec1 ,pls4 #a-i1 pp4 #faa1 #fab47 ,siebold1 ,c>l ,!odor4 ,lehrbu* d] v]glei*5d5 ,anatomie d] wirbellos5 ,?i]e1 #ahdh4 7,burnett's transl41 ,bo/on1 #ahed47 ,burnett1 ,waldo ,irv+4 ,translation ( ,siebold's ,anatomy ( ! ,inv]tebrates1 #ahed4 7,note on ! osmet]ia ( ,papilio a/]ias1 :i* he reg>ds z an odorif]\s & def5sive1 r ?an tactile1 organ1 p4 #dae47 ,k>/51 ,h4 ,bem]kung5 b] e9ige %a>fe und br5n5de ,absond]ung5 v]s*i$5] ,raup54 7,mll]'s ,ar*iv fr ,anat4 ,phys4 u4 wiss4 ,m$41 #ahdh1 pp4 #cge-chb1 ,taf4 #aa1 #ab47 ,describes ! poison-gl&s at ! base ( ! sp9es ( ,saturnia l>v4 ---- ,h>norgane des ,bra*9us complanatus4 7,mll]'s ,ar*iv1 #ahdh1 pp4 #cfg-cgf1 ,taf47 ,lab\lbne1 ,alex&re4 ,note sur les c>oncules ?oraciques du ,mala*ius4 7,annales de la ,soc4 ,ent4 de ,france1 #c;e ,sr41 vi1 #aheh1 pp4 #eba-ebh47 ,saussure1 ,h5ri de4 ,re*]*es zoologiques de l',am]ique c5trale et du ,mexique4 7#f;e ,p>tie1 tudes sur les ,myriopodes et les ,insectes1 ,p>is1 #ahfj47 ,g]/aeck]1 ,c4 ,e4 ,a4 ,ueb] das vorkomm5 von aus/lpb>5 ,hautanhng5 am ,h9t]leibe an ,s*ab54 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 #ahfa1 xxi1 pp4 #ajg-aae47 ,liegel1 ,h]mann4 ,ueb] d5 ,aus/lpungsapp>at von ,mala*ius und v]w&t5 ,=m54 ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,gtt+51 pp4 #ca1 #a ,taf4 7n4 d41 s9ce #aheh & be=e #ahgh47 ,leydig1 ,f4 ,zur ,anatomie d] ,insect54 7,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 ,phys4 u4 wiss4 ,m$41 #ahei1 pp4 #cc-hi1 #adi-ahc1 ,taf4 #b-d1 pp4 #ce & #ch47 ---- ,ueb] bomb>di] ,kf]4 7,biolog4 ,c5tralbl41 x1 #ahij1 pp4 #cie1 #cif47 ,claus1 ,c4 ,ueb] die ,seit5drs5 d] ,l>ve von ,*rysomela populi4 7,zeits4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xi1 #ahfa1 pp4 #cji-cad1 ,taf4 xxv47 ---- ,ueb] ,s*utzwass5 d] ,raup5 des ,gabels*wanzes4 7,wrzburg] ,naturw4 ,zeits*rift1 #ahfb1 iii1 xiv2 ,sitz4 am41 #bh ,juni1 #ahfb47 ,rog5h(]1 ,alois4 ,drei ,s*mett]l+smetamorphos54 7,v]h&lung5 d] k4 k4 zoolog4-bot4 ,gesells*aft1 ,wi51 xiii1 #ahfb1 pp4 #abbd-abcj47 ,fit*1 ,asa4 ,eigh? report on ! noxi\s & o!r insects ( 444 ,new ,york4 7,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,agric4 ,soc41 #ahfb1 xxii1 pp4 #feg-fhd71 p4 #fgg4 7,sep>ate47 ,gu5e1 ,a*ille4 ,d'une organe p>ticuli] que prs5te une *5ille de ,lycna4 7,annales ,soc4 ,ent4 de ,france1 ,sr4 #d1 #ahfg1 pp4 #ffe-ffh1 ,pl4 #ac47 ,l&ois1 ,l4 ,anatomie d] ,bettwanze1 ,cimex lectul>ius1 mit b]cksi*tigung v]w&t] ,hemipt]5ges*le*t]4 7,zeits*4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 #ahfh1 xvii1 pp4 #bjf-bbd1 #bah-bbc1 ,taf4 #aa1 #ab47 ,/ud]1 ,!odor4 ,mit!ilung5 d] natur=s*4 ,gesells*aft 9 ,b]n1 #ahgb-ahgc1 ,no4 #gib-haa1 p4 #aja4 ,c&ze1 ,e4 ,les moy5s d'attaque et de df5se *ez les insectes4 7,bull4 ,acad4 royale de ,belgique1 #b ,sr41 xxxviii1 #ahgd1 pp4 #ghg-haf47 ,may]1 ,paul4 ,anatomie von ,pyrrhocoris apt]us4 7,rei*]t und du ,bois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 ,phys41 etc41 #ahgd1 pp4 #cac-cdg1 #c ,taf47 ,scudd]1 ,samuel ,hubb>d4 ,odorif]\s gl&s 9 ,phasmid4 7,psy*e1 i1 pp4 #acg-adj1 ,jan4 #ad1 #ahgf2 ,am]4 ,nat41 x1 p4 #bef1 ,april1 #ahgf47 ---- ,pro?oracic tub]cles 9 butt]fly cat]pill>s4 7,psy*e1 i1 pp4 #fd1 #afh1 #ahgf47 ---- ,organs f\nd ne> ! anus ( ! pupa ( ,danais1 :i* recall ! odorif]\s organs m5tion$ by ,burnett1 transl4 ,siebold's ,comp4 ,anat4 z occurr+ 9 ,argynnis & o!r g5]a4 7,psy*e1 iii1 p4 #bgh1 #ahhb1 p4 #dec1 note #bb47 ---- ,gl&s & ext5sile organs ( l>v ( blue butt]flies4 7,proc4 ,bos4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xxxiii1 pp4 #ceg1 #ceh1 #ahhh47 ---- ,butt]flies ( ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 i-iii1 #ahhi4 ---- ,new light on ! =mation ( ! abdom9al p\* 9 ,p>nassius4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london = #ahib1 ,janu>y1 #ahic1 pp4 #bdi-bec47 ,mll]1 ,fritz4 ,die ,/9kklb*5 d] weibli*5 ,m>acujfalt]4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 #ahgg1 xxx1 pp4 #afg-agj1 ,taf4 #i47 ,plateau1 ,flix4 ,note sur une scrtion propre aux coloptres dytiscides4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,belg41 #ahgf1 v1 xix1 pp4 #a-aj47 ,edw>ds1 ,william ,h4 ,notes on ,lycna pseud>giolus & its l>val hi/ory4 7,c4 ,ent41 x1 ,jan41 #ahgh1 pp4 #a-ad4 ,fig47 ---- ,on ! l>v ( ,lycna pseud>giolus & att5dant ants4 7,c4 ,ent41 x1 ,july1 #ahgh1 pp4 #aca-acf47 ---- ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 i-iv4 ,_m ,pls4 ,phil41 #ahfh--4 ,voges1 ,ern/4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,julid54 7,zeits*4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zoologie1 xxxi1 p4 #abg1 #ahgh4 ,! sc5t-gl&s are retort-%ap$ bodies1 ! necks ( :i* op5 into =am9a repugnatoria47 ,rye1 ,e4 ,c4 ,secretion ( wat]-beetles4 7,ent4 ,mon?4 ,mag41 xiv1 #ahgg-ahgh1 pp4 #bcb1 #bcc47 ,=el1 ,a4 ,d] ,giftapp>at und die anal ,drs5 d] ,ameis54 7,zeits4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 #ahgh1 xxx1 ,suppl41 pp4 #bh-fh1 ,taf4 #c1 #d47 ,saund]s1 ,william4 ,notes on ! l>va ( ,lycna scudd]i4 7,c4 ,ent41 x1 ,jan41 #ahgh1 p4 #ad47 ,weismann1 ,a4 ,ueb] ,dufts*upp54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #bf? ,aug41 #ahgh1 ,jahrg41 i1 pp4 #ih1 #ii47 ,gissl]1 ,c>l ,fri$ri*4 ,on ! repugnatorial gl&s 9 ,eleodes4 7,psy*e1 ii1 ,feb41 #ahgi1 pp4 #bji1 #baj47 ---- ,odorif]\s gl&s on ! #e? abdom9al segm5t 9 nymph ( ,la*nus /robi4 7,fig4 #bgc1 p4 #hjd1 ( ,pack>d's ,report on ,=e/ & ,%ade ,tree ,insects1 #ahij47 ,brunn] von ,watt5wyl1 ,k4 ,ueb] e9 neues ,organ bei d5 ,acridiode54 7,v]h&l4 k4 k4 ,zool4 ,bot4 ,gesells4 ,wi541 #ahgi1 xxix2 ,sitzungsb]41 pp4 #bf1 #bg47 ---- ,v]h&l4 k4 k4 ,zool4 ,bot4 ,gesells4 ,wi54 7,a peculi> organ on h9d femora ( ,acridiid47 ,r\gem5t1 ,p4 ,obs]vations sur l'organe dtonnant du ,bra*9us crepitans ,oliv4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,sci4 ,nat4 ,neu*tel1 #ahgi1 xi1 pp4 #dga-dgh1 ,pl47 ,gooss5s1 ,?4 ,sur une organe entre la tte et la premire paire de pattes de quelques *5illes4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 ix1 p4 #d1 #ahji2 ,bull41 pp4 #fj1 #fa47 ---- ,des *5illes vsicantes4 7,ann4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,france1 vi1 pp4 #dfa-dfd1 #ahhg47 ,coquillett1 ,d4 ,w4 ,on ! e>ly /ages ( "s mo?s4 7,c4 ,ent41 ,m>*1 #ahhj1 xii1 pp4 #dc-df47 ,*amb]s1 ,victor ,t\sey4 ,notes ^u "s ,t9eid l>v4 7,psy*e1 iii1 ,july1 #ahhj1 p4 #fg4 ,c]ta9 retractile processes 8f ! sides ( c]ta9 segm5ts ( ! l>va407 ---- ,fur!r notes on "s ,t9eid l>v4 7,psy*e1 iii1 p4 #ace1 ,feb4 #ab1 #ahha4 ,l>va ( ,phyllocni/is has eight pairs ( lat]al pseudopodia on fir/ eight abdom9al segm5ts47 ,fr5*1 ,g4 ,h4 ,l>v ( ,c]ura occid5talis ,l9t1 & ,c4 borealis ,bd4 7,c4 ,ent41 ,july1 #ahha1 xiii1 pp4 #add1 #ade47 ,pass]9i1 ,n4 ,sopra i due tub]coli abdom9ali della l>va della ,por!sia *rysorrha4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,ital41 #ahha1 xiii1 pp4 #bic-bif47 ,klem5siewicz1 ,/anislaus4 ,zur nh]5 ,k5ntniss d] ,hautdrs5 bei d5 ,raup5 und bei ,mala*ius4 7,v]h&lung5 d4 ,zool4 ,bot4 ,gesells*4 ,wi541 xxxii1 pp4 #dei-dgd1 #ahhb1 #b ,taf47 ,web]1 ,max4 ,ueb] e9e ,cyanwass]/(fsure b]eit5de ,drse4 7,ar*iv fr ,mikr4 ,anat41 xxi1 pp4 #dfh-dge1 xxiv1 #ahhb47 ,b]tkau1 ,philip4 ,ueb] d5 ,/9kapp>at von ,lacon mur9us ,l4 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturg41 #ahhb1 ,jahrg41 xlviii1 pp4 #cga-cgc47 ,dimmock1 ,george4 ,organs1 probably def5sive 9 function1 9 ! l>va ( ,hyp]*iria v>ia ,walk4 7,saturnia io ,h>ris74 7,psy*e1 iii1 pp4 #ceb1 #cec1 ,aug4 #ai1 #ahhb4 ,acc\nt ( lat]al ev]sible gl&s on #a/ & #g? abdom9al segm5ts2 !y emit nei!r moi/ure nor odor47 ---- ,on "s gl&s :i* op5 ext]nally on insects4 7,psy*e1 iii1 pp4 #chg-cii1 ,jan4 #ae1 #ahhc4 ,treats ( poison-gl&s1 gl&ul> hairs1 ev]sible gl&s ( ,c]ura1 etc47 ,coleman1 ,n4 ,notes on ,orgyia leuco/igma4 7,papilio1 ,novemb]-,decemb]1 #ahhb1 ,jan41 #ahhc1 ii1 pp4 #afd-aff47 ,mll]1 ,f4 ,d] ,anhang am ,h9t]leibe d] ,acra-weib*54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #f? ,aug41 #ahhc1 ,jahrg41 vi1 pp4 #dae1 #daf47 ,dewitz1 ,h4 ,ueb] das dur* die ,=am9a repugnatoria entle]te ,secret bei ,glom]is4 7,biol4 ,c5tralblatt1 iv1 pp4 #bjb1 #bjc1 #ahhd47 ,willi/on1 ,s4 ,a4 ,protective secretion ( ,eleodes eject$ f anal gl&4 7,psy*e1 iv1 p4 #afh1 ,may1 #ahhd47 ,p\lton1 ,edw>d ,bagnall4 ,notes 9 #ahhe ^u lepidopt]\s l>v & pup1 includ+ an acc\nt ( ! loss ( weight 9 ! fre%ly-=m$ lepidopt]\s pup4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,london1 ,june1 #ahhf1 pp4 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei47 ---- ,notes 9 #ahhf ^u lepidopt]\s l>v1 etc4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,london1 ,sept41 #ahhg1 pp4 #bie-cja47 ---- ,notes 9 #ahhg ^u lepidopt]\s l>v1 etc4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,london1 #ahhh1 p4 #eig47 ,knckel-d',h]culais1 ,j4 ,la punaise de lit et ses app>eils odorifrants4 7,comptes r5dus1 ciii1 #ahhf1 pp4 #ha-hc2 ,annals ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #e? ,s]41 xviii1 #ahhf1 pp4 #afg1 #afh47 ---- tude comp>e des app>eils odorifiques dans les diff]5ts gr\pes d',hemiptres htroptres4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 cxx1 pp4 #ajjb-ajjd47 ,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,! fluid eject$ by notodontian cat]pill>s4 7,am]4 ,nat41 #ahhf1 xx1 pp4 #haa1 #hab47 ---- ,an ev]sible 8gl&0 9 ! l>va ( ,orgyia4 7,am]4 ,nat41 #ahhf1 xx1 p4 #had47 ---- ,fif? ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,ent4 ,comm4 ,insects injuri\s to =e/ & %ade trees1 p4 #acf1 #ahij4 ---- ,h9ts on ! evolution ( ! bri/les1 sp9es1 & tub]cles ( c]ta9 cat]pill>s4 7,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xxiv1 #ahij1 p4 #eea47 ---- ,notes on "s po9ts 9 ! ext]nal /ructure & phylog5y ( lepidopt]\s l>v4 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xxv1 #ahij1 pp4 #hc-aad47 ---- ,a /udy ( ! trans=mations & anatomy ( ,lagoa crispata1 a bombyc9e mo?4 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,philadelphia1 xxxii1 #ahic1 pp4 #bge-bib1 #g ,pls47 ---- ,! ev]sible repugnatorial sc5t gl&s ( insects4 7,j\rn41 ,n4 ,y4 ,ent4 ,soc4 iii1 #ahie1 pp4 #aaj-abg2 iv1 p4 #hif2 pp4 #bf-cb1 #a ,pl47 ,loman1 ,j4 ,c4 ,c4 ,freies ,jod als ,drs5secret4 7,tijds*r4 ,n$]4 ,di]k4 ,v]4 ,deel #a1 #ahhg1 pp4 #ajf-ajh47 ,riley1 ,*>les ,val5t9e4 ,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,wa%+ton1 ,m>* #ac1 #ahhh1 i1 pp4 #hg-hi4 ---- ,notes on ! ev]sible gl&s ( l>v ( ,orgyia & ,p>orgyia leucopa & ,p4 cl9tonii 7a*at9a74 7,see #e? ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,ent4 ,comm41 p4 #acg47 ,d5ham1 ,*4 ,s4 ,! acid secretion ( ,notodonta conc9na4 7,insect ,life1 i1 p4 #adg1 #ahhh2 hydro*loric acid47 ,mi*91 ,edw>d ,a4 ,note on a new organ1 & on ! /ructure ( ! hypod]mis1 9 ,p]iplaneta ori5talis4 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,micros4 ,sc41 ,dec41 #ahhh1 xxiv1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,fur!r obs]vations on ! dorsal gl& 9 ! abdom5 ( ,p]iplaneta & its allies4 7,zool4 ,anz41 #bg ,jan41 #ahij1 pp4 #da-dd47 ,mayn>d1 ,c4 ,l4 ,! def5sive gl&s ( a species ( ,phasma1 ,anisomorpha bupre/oides4 7,contributions to ,sci5ce1 i1 ,april1 #ahhi47 ,s*aeff]1 ,cs>4 ,beitrge zur ,hi/ologie d] ,insekt54 7,zool4 ,jahrb4 ,morph4 ,ab?4 iii1 pp4 #faa-feb1 ,taf4 xxix1 xxx1 #ahhi2 treats ( ! v5tral gl&s 9 pro?orax ( cat]pill>s2 scales & hairs are secretions f ! v greatly enl>g$ hypod]mic cells47 ,gilson1 ,g4 ,les gl&es odorifres d] ,blaps mortisaga et de quelques autres espces4 7,la ,cellule1 v4 pp4 #a-ba1 #a ,pl41 #ahhi47 ---- ,! odorif]\s app>atus ( ,blaps mortisaga4 7,rep4 #eh? ,meet+ ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sc41 #ahhi1 pp4 #gbg1 #gbh47 ,haase1 ,eri*4 ,ueb] die ,/9kdrs5 d] ,or?opt]a4 7,sitzgsb]4 ,ges4 ,naturf4 ,freunde1 ,b]l91 pp4 #eg1 #eh1 #ahhi47 ---- ,zur ,anatomie d] ,blattid54 7,zool4 ,anz41 xii ,jahrg41 pp4 #afi-agb1 #ahhi47 ,h]b/1 ,curt4 ,anatomis*e ,unt]su*ung5 an ,scutig]a coleoptrata4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur v]glei*5d5 ,anatomie d] ,articulat54 ,diss]t41 ,j5a1 pp4 #cf 7,hautdrs51 ,coxal-,organ472 p4 #a1 #ahhi4 ,:eel]1 ,william ,m4 ,hydrocyanic acid secret$ by ,polydesmus virg9i5sis ,drury4 7,psy*e1 v1 p4 #dbb47 ---- ,new gl&s 9 ! hemipt]\s embryo4 7,am]4 ,nat41 ,feb4 #ahij1 p4 #ahg2 odor\s787 gl&s47 ,jackson1 ,w4 ,hat*ett4 ,/udies 9 ! morphology ( ! ,lepidopt]a1 ,pt4 i4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 ,london1 #b ,s]41 ,zol41 v1 ,may1 #ahij47 ,krauss1 ,h]mann4 ,die ,duftdrse d] ,aphlebia bivittata ,brull 7,blattid7 von ,t5]iffa4 7,zool4 ,anz41 xiii ,jahrg41 #ahij1 pp4 #ehd-ehg1 #c ,figs47 ,f]nald1 ,h4 ,t4 ,rectal gl&s 9 ,coleopt]a4 7,am]4 ,nat41 xxiv1 pp4 #ajj1 #aja1 ,pls4 #d1 #e1 #ahij47 ,v]son1 ,e4 ,hautdrs5 sy/em bei ,bombycid5 7,seid5sp9n]74 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 pp4 #aah-abj47 ,vossel]1 ,julius4 ,die ,/9kdrs5 d] ,=ficulid54 7,ar*4 ,mikr4 ,anat41 xxxvi1 #ahij1 pp4 #efe-egh1 ,taf4 #bi47 ,c>rire1 ,j4 ,die ,drs5 am er/5 ,h9t]leibsr+e d] ,insekt5embryon54 7,biol4 ,c5tralblatt1 xi1 pp4 #aaj-abg1 #ahia47 ,borg]t1 ,h5ry4 ,die ,hautdrs5 d] ,tra*eat54 ,inaugural ,diss41 ,j5a1 #ahia1 pp4 #a-hj4 ,lang1 ,arnold4 ,lehrbu* d] v]glei*5de ,anatomie1 ,engli% ,trans4 by ,h5ry ,m4 & ,matilda ,b]n>d1 #ahia1 pp4 #deh1 #dei4 ,k5nel1 ,j4 von4 ,die ,v]w&ts*aftv]hltnisse d] ,ar?ropod54 7,s*rift5 h]ausgegeb5 von d] ,natur=s*] ,gesells*aft bei d] ,univ]sitt ,dorpat1 vi1 ,dorpat1 #ahia47 ,patton1 ,w4 ,h4 ,sc5t-gl&s 9 ! l>va ( ,limacodes4 7,c4 ,ent41 xxiii1 ,feb4 #ahia1 pp4 #db1 #dc2 eight pairs ( gl&s ) pores along ! edges ( ! back47 ,batelli1 ,&rea4 ,di una p>ticol>ita nell integum5to dell' ,aphrophora spum>ia4 7,monitore ,zol4 ,ital4 ,anno #b1 pp4 #cj-cb1 #ahia4 ,d]mal gl&s 9 ! h9d]mo/ segm5t47 ,a%1 ,c4 ,d4 ,notes on ! l>va ( ,danima banksii ,lew94 7,ent4 ,mon?4 ,mag41 ,sept4 #ahib1 p4 #bcb1 ,fig47 notodontian l>va protrudes f "u side ( pro?oracic segm5t a ,y-%ap$1 r$ organ l t ( ,papilio2 no odor or fluid giv5 out4 ,b]n>d1 ,h5ry ,m4 ,an endeavor to %[ t ! tra*e ( ! ,ar?ropoda arose f setip>\s sacs4 7,sp5gel's ,zool41 ,jahrbu*1 #ahib1 pp4 #eaa-ebd1 #c ,figs47 ,latt]1 ,oswald4 ,! secretion ( potassium hydroxide by ,dicranura v9ula1 & ! em]g5ce ( ! imago f ! cocoon4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahib1 #bhg1 also xxxii2 ,pr(4 ,meldola adds t ! l>va ( ,d4 v9ula secretes /rong1 =mic acid1 & is ! only animal kn[n to secrete a /rong1 cau/ic alkali47 ---- ,fur!r notes on ! secretion ( potassium hydroxide by ,dicranura v9ula 7imago71 & simil> ph5om5a 9 o!r ,lepidopt]a4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london2 ,nature1 #ahie1 p4 #eea1 ,m>* #bj1 #ahie47 ,zograff1 ,nicolas4 ,note sur l'orig9e et les p>5tes des ,ar?ropodes1 pr9cipalem5t des ,ar?ropodes tra*ates4 7,congrs ,int]nationale de ,zoologie1 #b;e ,session ,mosc[1 ,aug4 #ahib2 ,"p i1 ,mosc[1 #ahib1 pp4 #bgh-cjb1 #ahib2 cyanog5ic gl&s 9 ,myriopods1 p4 #bhg47 ,swale1 ,h4 ,odor ( ,olophrum piceum4 7,ent4 ,mon?4 ,mag41 v1 ,jan4 #ahif1 pp4 #a1 #b47 ,cun1 ,l4 ,moy5s de df5se dans la srie animale1 ,p>is1 n4 d4 7#ahib72 ! ejection ( blood z a means ( def5ce by "s ,coleopt]a4 7,comptes r5dus1 ,acad4 ,sc4 ,france1 ,april #af2 ,nature1 ,april #bf1 #ahid47 ---- ,sur la saigne rflexe et les moy5s de df5se de quelques insectes4 7,ar*4 ,zool4 expr4 7#c71 #ahig1 iv1 pp4 #fee1 #fgi1 #fhj47 ,holmgr51 ,emil4 ,/udi] fv]hud5s o* de krtel>tade hudorgan5s morfologi hos sk&9aviska macrolepidopt]l>v]4 7,k4 ,sv5ska ,vet5skaps-,akademi5s ,h&l+>1 xxvii1 ,no4 #d1 ,/ockholm1 #d #ahie1 pp4 #hb1 #i ,pls47 ,lutz1 ,k4 ,g4 ,das ,blut d] ,cocc9ellid54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 pp4 #bdd-bee1 #a ,fig47 ,gilson1 ,gu/av4 ,/udies 9 insect morphology4 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,m>* #e1 #ahif2 ,nature1 p4 #ejj47 ---- ,on segm5tally dispos$ ?oracic gl&s 9 ! l>v ( ! ,tri*opt]a4 7,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 ,london1 xxv4 #ahig47 ,*olodk[sky1 ,n4 ,entomotomis*e ,miscell51 v1 ,ueb] die ,spritzapp>ate d] ,cimbicid5 ,l>v51 pp4 #ace-adc1 #b ,taf4 ,ibid41 vi4 ,ueb] das ,blut5 d] ,cimbicid5 ,l>v51 pp4 #ceb-ceg1 #a ,fig4 7,hor ,soc4 ,ent4 ,rossic1 xxx1 #ahig47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,d>w91 ,wallace1 ,p\lton1 ,weir1 ,b$d>d1 ,butl]1 ,busg51 7pp4 #cfe-cfg71 ,gir>d1 ,kolbe1 ,locy4 ,,! ,,allur+ ,,or ,,sc5t-,,gl&s ,x is difficult to draw ! l9e betwe5 repell+ & allur+ gl&s4 ,att5tion 0 fir/ def9itely call$ to ! allur+ odors ( ,lepidopt]a by ,fritz ,mll]1 :o %[$ t ! males ( c]ta9 butt]flies are r5d]$ attractive to ! o!r sex by secret+ odor\s oils ( ! e!r s]ies4 ,he po9t$ out t ! seat ( ! odor is ! &roconia 7see p4 #aii71 :ile ei!r repell5t or pleasant odors are exhal$ f abdom9al gl&s4 ,^? ( ,pi]is napi yield a sc5t l t ( citrons1 ,didonis biblis gives (f ?ree diff]5t odors f diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 besides hav+ a di/9ctly odor\s spot on ! h9d w+s4 ,bo? sexes h a sac betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? abdom9al segm5ts :i* exhales a v unpleasant 7protective7 odor1 :ile ! males h on ! succe$+ segm5t a pair ( gl&s f :i* proce$s an agreeable odor l t ( ! heliotrope4 ,callidryas argante ?r[s (f a musky odor4 ,9 ,prepona la]tes ! odor is l t ( a bat1 9 ,dirc5na xan?o x is vanilla-l1 ! &roconia be+ situat$ on ! front edge ( ! h9d w+s4 ,9 ,papilio grayi ! odor is said to be z agreeable & int5se z 9 fl[]s4 ,c]ta9 sph+ids are kn[n to exhale a di/9ct odor1 :i* ,mll] has trac$ to a tuft ( hair-l scales at ! base ( ! abdom51 & :i* fits into a groove 9 ! fir/ segm5t1 s z to be ord9>ily invisible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfg4--,sc5t-tufts3 #a1 ( ,leuc>ctia acra2 #b1 ( ,pyrr>ctia isabella4--,aft] ,smi?4 ,9 ! noctuid g5us1 ,patula1 ! co/al half ( ! h9d w+ is modifi$ to =m a l>ge sc5t-gl&1 & 9 consequ5ce ! v5ation has be5 modifi$4 ,! /ill great] di/ortion ( ! ve9s 9 ! alli$ g5us1 ,argida1 0 attribut$ by ! au?or to its once hav+ possess$ a simil> sc5t-gl&1 n[ become rudim5t>y by disuse4 7,hampson47 ,peculi> :ite or orange-color$1 hairy1 ?read-l processes h be5 f\nd protrud+ f n>r[ op5+s ne> ! tip ( ! abdom5 ( ,arctian mo?s 7,fig4 #cfg71 :i* ?r[ (f1 accord+ to ,j4 ,b4 ,smi?1 8an int5se odor1 some:at l ! smell ( laudanum40 ,we h p]ceiv$ ! same unpleasant odor emanat+ f ! males ( ,spilosoma virg9ica & ,arctia virgo1 z well z ,leuc>ctia acra4 ,we are in=m$ by ,c4 ,dury t simil> b long] hairy app5dages are ?ru/ out by ! male ( ,haploa clym5e4 ,_m glaucopid mo?s protrude simil> gl&ul> processes4 ,?us ,mll] tells u t on seiz+ a glaucopid female by ! w+s1 ne>ly ! :ole body became envelop$ 9 a l>ge cl\d ( sn[-:ite wool :i* came out ( a sort ( p\* on ! v5tral side ( ! abdom54 ,! male ( a glaucopid 0 se5 to d>t out a pair ( long holl[ hairy retractile filam5ts :i* 9 "s species exce$ ! :ole body 9 l5g?4 ,! app>atus secretes a peculi> odor1 probably s]v+ to allure ! female 7,nature71 & c]ta9 ,zygnid h on ! inn] side ( ! p>anal lobes 7,aft]klapp57 gl&s fill$ ) a sweetly sc5t$ fluid4 ,smi? has detect$ a peculi> bru% ( hair-l scales 9 a groove betwe5 ! dorsal & v5tral p>ts ( ! basal two segm5ts ( ! abdom5 ( ,s*9ia m>g9ata 7family ,noctuid71 & :5 remov$ x exhal$ a laudanum-l smell4 ,! pupa ( ,ci!ronia regalis gives out f ! end ( ! abdom5 a sc5t rem9d+ u ( laudanum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfh4--,sc5t-tufts on middle legs ( ,catocala concumb5s4--,aft] ,bailey4 ,ano!r mode ( dissem9at+ pleasant1 allur+ odors is t ( ! males ( c]ta9 mo?s1 :i* be> p5cils & tufts on _! =e or h9d legs1 & 9 ! case ( an ,indian butt]fly on ! greatly elongat$ palpi4 ,^? on ! legs are ord9>ily conceal$ 9 cavities or furr[s 9 ! leg1 & may be ?ru/ out & exp&$ s z to widely diffuse _! odor4 ,su* are ^? ( ! males ( ,catocala 7,fig4 #cfh71 :i* resemble an arti/'s fit* bru%4 ,9 ,hepialus hecta1 :]e ! arrangem5ts = protect+ ! tufts are q abnormal1 ,b]tkau has detect$ ! cells :i* secrete ! odor\s fluid4 ,9 ! male ( ano!r ,hepialus 7,h4 humuli7 a peculi> sc5t proce$s f ! curi\sly abort$ & alt]$ h9d tibi4 7,b>rett47 ,9 "o case1 t ( a geometrid mo? 7,bapata di*roa ( ,new ,gu9ea71 ^! p5cils occur on all ! legs4 7,haase74 ,9 _m species a di/9ct odor is p]ceptible :5 ! leg be>+ ! p5cil or tuft is cru%$4 ,^! ev]sible sc5t-gl&s h be5 suppos$ to be mo/ly re/rict$ to ! ,lepidopt]a1 & to a s+le kn[n case 9 ! ,tri*opt]a1 b simil> allur+ male gl&s also occur 9 ! ,or?opt]a 7,locu/id74 ,h4 ,g>man has describ$ & figur$ 9 ! cave cricket 7,had5cus subt]raneus7 8a pair ( :ite fle%y app5dages protrud+ f slits betwe5 ! t]ga ( ! #i? & #aj? abdom9al somites1 ! nature ( :i* is n cle>10 add+1 8! slits ?r\gh :i* ! organs appe> are situat$ "o on ea* side ant]ior to & a little )9 ! c]ci4 ,:5 fully protrud$1 ! gl&s are :ite1 cyl9drical1 a little tap]+1 & are ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* long40 ,he believes t !y are protrud$ dur+ ! p]iod ( sexual excitem5t1 & sugge/s t 8! s5se ( smell is c]ta9ly ! "o be/ calculat$ to br+ ! sexes toge!r 9 ! d>kness ( caves40 ,we _h previ\sly notic$ ^! organs 9 alcoholic specim5s1 b suppos$ t !y 7 fung\s gr[?s4 ,on dissect+ & mak+ microscopic sections ( !m1 ! gl& is1 :5 ext5d$ 7,fig4 #cfi71 se5 to be a long1 ensi=m1 %>p1 b&-l process1 ) num]\s retractor muscul> fibres4 ,:5 at re/ ea* gl& is fold$ ab\t five times1 =m+ a bundle ly+ on ea* side ( ! end ( ! inte/9e4 ,! walls are =m$ ( a s+le lay] ( epi!lium1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #cfi1 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfi4--;,ev]sible sc5t-gl&s 7a7 ( ,had5cus1 nat4 size3 ,k+sley1 del42 ,a1 a gl& out/ret*$1 ) ! retractor muscul> fibres2 t1 "p ( ! t]gite4 ,b1 section ( ! gl&1 %[+ ! s+le lay] ( epi!lial cells1 & ! muscul> fibres 7m74--,au?or del4 ,9 ! male ( ! common w+less cricket1 ,ceu?ophilus maculatus1 we h discov]$ :at appe>s to be a pair ( sc5t-gl&s ly+ directly ov] ! la/ abdom9al ganglion4 ,!y =m two l>ge :ite sacs situat$ close toge!r1 ) a %ort common duct :i* passes back & op5s ext]nally upw>ds by a transv]se slit on ! "u side ( ! la/ segm5t ( ! body4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,allur+ ,,gl&s ,watson1 ,j4 ,on ! microscopical exam9ation ( plumules1 etc4 7,ent4 ,mon?4 ,mag41 ii1 #ahfe1 p4 #a47 ---- ,on c]ta9 scales ( "s diurnal ,lepidopt]a4 7,mem4 ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,soc4 ,man*e/]1 ,s]4 #c1 ii1 #ahfh1 p4 #fc47 ---- ,on ! plumules or battl$ore scales ( ,lycnid4 7,mem4 ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,soc4 ,man*e/]1 ,s]4 #c1 iii1 #ahfi1 p4 #abh47 ,fur!r rem>ks1 etc4 7,ibid41 p4 #bei47 ,an?ony1 ,j4 ,/ructure ( battl$ore scales4 7,mon?4 ,microsc4 ,j\rn41 vii1 #ahgb1 p4 #bej2 see also p4 #bjj47 ,morrison1 ,h]b]t ,kn[les4 ,on an app5dage ( ! male ,leuc>ctia acra4 7,psy*e1 i1 pp4 #ba-bb1 ,octob]1 #ahgd47 ,mll]1 ,fritz4 ,! habits ( v>i\s insects4 7,nature1 ,june #aa1 #ahgd1 pp4 #ajb-ajc47 ---- ,ueb] ,ha>p9sel1 ,fitzflecke und hnli*e ,gebilde auf d5 ,flgeln mnnli*] ,s*mett]l+e4 7,j5a4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,naturw41 #ahgg1 xi1 pp4 #ii-aad47 ---- ,beoba*tung5 an brasilianis*5 ,s*mett]l+51 ii4 ,i4 ,die ,dufts*upp5 d] mnnli*5 ,m>acujfalt]4 7,kosmos1 #ahgg1 i1 pp4 #cia-cie1 ,figs4 #e1 #f47 ,,ii4 ,die ,dufts*upp5 des mnn*5s von ,dione vanill4 7,kosmos1 ii1 #ahgg1 pp4 #ch-db1 #g ,taf47 ---- ,z maculas sexuaes dos individuos mascul9os das especies ,danais erippus e ,d4 gilippus4 7,ar*4 ,mus4 ,nac4 ,rio ,janeiro1 ii1 #ahgg 7#ahgh71 pp4 #be-bi1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,die ,dufts*upp5 d] ,s*mett]l+e 7na* dem 8,kosmos0 9 ,ent4 ,na*r41 #ahgh1 pp4 #bi-cb1 #aji74 ---- ,wo hat d] ,mos*usduft d] ,s*wrm] se95 ,sitz8 7,kosmos1 ii ,jahrg41 #ahgh1 pp4 #hd1 #he47 ---- ,os orgaos odorif]os dos especias ,epicalia acontius1 ,l94 e de ,myscelia orsis1 ,dru4 7,ar*4 ,mus4 ,nac4 ,rio ,janeiro1 ii1 #ahgi1 pp4 #ca-ce47 ---- ,os orgaos odorif]os nas p]nas de c]tos ,lepidopt]es4 7,ar*4 ,mus4 ,nac4 ,rio ,janeiro1 ii1 #ahgi1 pp4 #cg-df1 #c ,pls47 ---- ,os orgaos odorif]os da ,antirrha ar*a4 7,ar*4 ,mus4 ,nac4 ,rio ,janeiro1 iii1 #ahgh1 pp4 #a-g1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,a prega co/al das ,hesp]ideas4 7,ar*4 ,mus4 ,nac4 ,rio ,janeiro1 iii1 #ahhj1 pp4 #da-ej1 #b ,pls47 ,weismann1 ,augu/4 ,ueb] ,dufts*upp54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 i1 #ahgh1 pp4 #ih1 #ii47 ,arnh>t1 ,l4 ,sexundre ,ges*le*ts*>akt]e von ,a*]ontia atropos4 7,v]h4 d4 k4 k4 zool4 bot4 ,ges4 ,wi51 xxix1 #ahgi1 p4 #ed47 ,b]tkau1 ,philipp4 ,duftapp>at an ,s*mett]l+sbe954 7,ent4 ,na*ri*t51 #ahgi1 ,jahrg41 pp4 #bbc1 #bbd47 ---- ,ueb] d5 ,duftapp>at von ,hepialus hecta4 7,ar*iv f4 naturg41 xlviii ,jahrg41 #ahhb1 pp4 #cfc-cgj1 ,figs42 also 9 ,biol4 ,c5tralblatt41 ii ,jahrg41 #ahhb1 pp4 #ejj-ejb47 ---- ,ergnzung 7,duftvorri*tung5 bei ,lepidopt]574 7,ent4 ,na*r41 #ahhj1 p4 #bjf47 ---- ,entomologis*e ,mizell54 #a4 ,ueb] ,duftvorri*tung5 e9ig] ,s*mett]l+e4 7,v]h4 d4 naturhi/4 ,v]4 d4 preuss4 ,rhe9l&e und ,we/f41 #ahhd1 pp4 #cdc-cej47 ,rei*5au1 ,w4 von4 ,d] ,duftapp>at von ,sph9x ligu/ri4 7,ent4 ,na*r41 #ahhj1 p4 #ada2 also ,kosmos1 iv ,jahrg41 #ahhj1 pp4 #chg-cij47 ,fgn]1 ,r4 ,duftapp>at bei ,sph9x ligu/ri4 7,ent4 ,na*r41 #ahhj1 p4 #aff47 ,lelievre1 ,erne/4 7,note 9 ,le ,naturali/e1 ,june #a1 #ahhj4 ,bo? sexes ( ,?ais polyx5a emit an odor\s exhalation4 ,notes on exhalation f ,spilosoma fulig9osa47 ,hall1 ,c4 ,g4 ,peculi> odor emitt$ by ,a*]ontia atropos4 7,entomologi/1 ,london1 xvi1 p4 #ad47 urivillius1 ,*ri/oph]4 ,ueb] secundre ,ges*le*ts*>act]e nordis*] ,tagfalt]4 7,/ockholm1 #ahhj1 ,bihang till ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet4 ,akad4 ,h&l41 v1 pp4 #ef1 #c ,taf47 ---- ,des c>actres sexuels secundaires *ez les papillons diurnes4 7,ent4 ,tidskrift1 #ahhj1 pp4 #afc-aff47 ---- ,anteckn+> om ngra sk&9aviska fjril>t]4 7,ent4 ,tidskr41 iv1 rg41 #ahhd1 pp4 #cc-cg2 ,rsum 7,fr5*71 ibid41 pp4 #ee-eg47 ,kirby1 ,w4 ,f4 ,fans on ! =e legs ( ,catocala frax9i4 7,papilio1 ii1 p4 #hd1 #ahhb47 ,bailey1 ,james ,s4 ,femoral tufts or p5cils ( hair 9 c]ta9 ,catocal4 7,papilio1 ii1 #ahhb1 pp4 #ea1 #eb1 #adf2 also 9 ,/ett9 ,ent4 ,zeitung1 xliii1 p4 #cib47 ,edw>ds1 ,h5ry4 ,fans on ! feet ( ,catocal9e mo?s4 7,papilio1 ii1 p4 #adf1 #ahhb47 ,/ret*1 ,r4 ,h4 ,anal app5dages ( ,leuc>ctia acra4 7,papilio1 iii1 pp4 #da1 #db1 #ahhc1 #a ,fig47 ,we$1 ,cl>5ce ,m4 ,app5dages ( ,leuc>ctia4 7,papilio1 iii1 #ahhc1 p4 #hd47 ,grote1 ,aug4 ,r4 ,app5dages ( ,leuc>ctia acra4 7,papilio1 iii1 #ahhc1 p4 #hd47 ,haase1 ,eri*4 ,ueb] sexuelle ,*>act]e bei ,s*mett]l+54 7,zeits*r4 f4 ,ent41 ,breslau1 ,n4 ,f41 #ahhe1 pp4 #ae-ai1 #cf-dd2 also ,ent4 ,na*r41 xi ,jahrg41 pp4 #ccb1 #ccc47 ---- ,duftapp>ate indo-au/ralis*] ,s*mett]l+e4 7,corresp4 ,blatt4 ,ent4 ,v]4 ,iris1 ,dresd51 #ahhf1 pp4 #ib-ajg1 #a ,taf42 ibid41 #ahhg1 pp4 #aei-agh2 ibid41 #ahhh1 pp4 #bha-ccf47 ---- ,ueb] ,duftapp>ate bei ,s*mett]l+54 7,sitzgsb]4 ,nat4 ,ges4 ,iris1 ,dresd51 #ahhf1 pp4 #i-aj2 ,ab/r4 9 ,j\rn4 ,r4 ,micr4 ,soc41 vi1 pp4 #ifi-igj1 #ahhf47 ---- ,d] ,duftapp>ate von ,a*]ontia4 7,zeits*r4 f4 ,ent41 ,breslau1 ,n4 ,f41 #ahhg1 pp4 #e-f47 ---- ,dufte9ri*tung indis*] ,s*mett]l+e4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhh1 pp4 #dge-dha47 ,dalla ,torre1 ,k4 ,w4 von4 ,die ,duftapp>ate d] ,s*mett]l+e4 7,kosmos1 #ahhe1 ii1 pp4 #ced-cfd1 #daj-dbc2 ,ab/r4 by ,j4 ,b4 ,smi? 9 ,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,wa%+ton1 i1 pp4 #ch1 #ahhh47 ,smi?1 ,john ,b4 ,cosmosoma omphale4 7,entomologica ,am]icana1 i1 pp4 #aha-ahe1 #ahhf4 ,describes & figures cavities 9 "u side ( #b;d-#d? abdom9al segm5ts ( male1 fill$ ) a silky sub/ance4 ,?is may be = display to attract 1 z ! :ole mass mu/ be v conspicu\s :5 protrud$4 ,no odor notic$47 ---- ,sc5t organs 9 "s ,bombycid mo?s4 7,entomologica ,am]icana1 ii1 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #gi-hj1 #ahhf4 ,describes & figures long1 sl5d]1 =k$ hairy1 orange or :ite1 ev]sible gl&s1 ev]t$ f betwe5 #g? & #h? segm5ts ( abdom5 ( ( ,leuc>ctia acra1 ,pyrrh>ctia isabella1 ,scepsis fulvicollis1 & ,cosmosoma omphale47 ---- ,notes on odors & odorif]\s /ructures ( v>i\s mo?s & a note by ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d on odor ( ,dyna/es4 7,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,wa%+ton1 i1 pp4 #dj1 #ee1 #ef47 ,mll]1 ,w4 ,duftorgane d] ,phryganid54 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 #ahhg1 ,jahrg4 liii1 pp4 #ie-ig47 ,pollack1 ,w4 ,duftapp>ate d] ,had5a atriplicis und ,lit>gyria4 7xv ,jahrb4 ,we/phl4 ,prov4 ,v]4 ,mn/]1 #ahhg1 p4 #af47 ,patton1 ,w4 ,h4 ,sc5t-gl&s 9 ! l>va ( ,limacodes4 7,c4 ,ent41 #ahia1 xxiii1 pp4 #db1 #dc47 ,g>man1 ,h4 ,on a s+ul> gl& possess$ by ! male ,had5cus subt]raneus4 7,psy*e1 #ahia1 p4 #aje1 #a ,fig47 ,b>rett1 ,c4 ,g4 ,sc5t ( ! male ,hepialus humuli4 7,ent4 ,mon?4 ,mag41 ,s]4 #b1 iii1 #ahib1 p4 #bag4 ,arises f ! curi\sly abort$ & alt]$ h9d tibi47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,baillif1 ,dupon*el1 ,f4 ,mll]1 ,scudd] 7,psy*e1 iii1 p4 #bgh1 #ahha71 ,burgess1 ,kef]/e91 ,alph]aky1 ,plateau1 ,m>%all & ,nicville1 ,wood-,mason1 ,:ite1 ,hampson4 ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,circulation ,al?\gh ,malpighi 0 ! fir/ to discov] ! he>t 9 ! "y silkworm1 x 0 n until #ahbf t ,c>us prov$ t !re 0 a circulation ( blood 9 insects1 :i* he saw fl[+ along ea* side ( ! body1 & c\rs+ ?r\gh ! w+s1 ant5n1 & legs ( ! transp>5t l>va ( ,ephem]a1 ?\gh ?ree ye>s e>li] ,h]old demon/rat$ t ! dorsal vessel ( an insect is a true he>t1 pulsat+ & impell+ a curr5t ( blood t[>ds ! head4 ,?is discov]y 0 ext5d$ by ,/raus-,drckheim1 :o discov]$ ! contractile & valvul> /ructures ( ! he>t4 ,x is notewor?y t bo? ,cuvi] & ,duf\r d5i$ t any circulation1 except ( air1 exi/$ 9 insects2 & s great an anatomi/ z ,lyonet d\bt$ :e!r ! dorsal vessel 0 a g5u9e he>t1 ?\gh he po9t$ out ! fact t !re are no art]ies & ve9s connect$ ) ?is vessel4 ,ano!r ,fr5* anatomi/1 ,m>cel de ,s]res1 ?\ght t ! dorsal vessel 0 m]ely ! secret+ organ ( ! fat-body4 ,! s-call$ p]itra*eal circulation claim$ by ,blan*>d & by ,agassiz has be5 %[n by ,mc,leod to be an anatomical impossibility1 ! view hav+ fir/ be5 refut$ by ,joly 9 #ahdi4 ,except ! aorta-l cont9uation 9 ! ?orax & head :i* divides into two %ort bran*es1 !re are1 ) slight exceptions 7p4 #dje71 no di/9ct art]ies1 su* z are to be f\nd 9 ! lob/] & o!r ,cru/acea1 & no great collective ve9s1 su* z exi/ 9 ,cru/acea & 9 ,limulus4 ,?is is probably ! result ( a r$uction by disuse 9 ! circulatory sy/em1 s9ce 9 myriopods 7,julid & ,scolop5drid7 lat]al art]ies are said to div]ge ne> ! o/ia4 a4 ,! he>t ,! he>t or 8dorsal vessel0 is a delicate1 pulsat+ tube1 situat$ j "u ! integum5t ( ! back1 9 ! m$ian l9e ( ! body1 & above ! dige/ive canal4 ,x c be p>tially se5 )\t dissection 9 cat]pill>s4 ,x is cov]$ ext]nally & l9$ )9 by membranes :i* are probably ela/ic2 & betwe5 ^! two membranes ext5ds a sy/em ( delicate muscul> fibres1 :i* g5]ally h a circul> c\rse1 b sometimes cross ea* o!r4 ,! he>t is divid$ by con/rictions into *amb]s1 sep>at$ by valvul> folds4 ,! int]nal l9+ membrane ref]r$ to =ms ! valvul> folds sep>at+ ! *amb]s4 ,ea* ( ^! *amb]s has1 at ! ant]ior end1 on ea* side1 a valvul> orifice 7,fig4 #cgj1 o/ium1 i7 :i* c be inw>dly clos$4 ,miall & ,d5ny ?us describe ! diff]5t lay]s ( ! wall ( ! he>t ( ! cockroa*3 8,!re are3 7#a7 a transp>5t1 /ructureless intima1 only visible :5 ?r[n into folds2 7#b7 a p>tial endoc>dium1 ( scatt]$1 nucleat$ cells1 :i* passes into ! int]v5tricul> valves2 7#c7 a muscul> lay]1 consi/+ ( close-set1 annul>1 & di/ant1 longitud9al fibres4 ,! annul> muscles are slightly int]rupt$ at regul> & frequ5t int]vals1 & are imp]fectly jo9$ along ! middle l9e above & bel[1 s z to indicate 7:at has be5 indep5d5tly prov$7 t ! he>t arises z two half-tubes1 :i* aft]w>ds jo9 along ! middle4 ,elongate nuclei are to be se5 "h & !re among ! muscles4 ,! adv5titia 7#d71 or connective tissue lay]1 is b slightly develop$ 9 ! adult cockroa*40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgj4--,"p ( ! he>t ( ,lucanus c]vus3 a1 ! po/]ior *amb]s 7! ant]ior ones are cov]$ by a "p ( ! ligam5ts :i* hold ! he>t 9 place72 i1 auriculo-v5tricul> op5+s2 g1 g1 ! lat]al muscles fix$ by ! prolongations h1 h1 to ! upp] side ( ! abdom54--,aft] ,/raus-,drckheim4 ,grab] says t ! he>t ( insects may be reg>d$ n z an organ de novo1 b only z ! some:at modifi$ contractile dorsal vessel ( ! annelids1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! transv]se art]ies aris+ on ea* side became1 ) ! gradual developm5t ( ! tra*e1 sup]flu\s & f9ally abortive4 ,he describes x z a muscul> tube compos$ ( v delicate annul> fibres1 :i* )9 & )\t is cov]$ by a relatively homog5e\s1 /rong1 ela/ic membrane4 ,! division into sep>ate *amb]s is effect$ by means ( a fold+ inw>ds & =w>ds ( ! entire muscul> wall4 8,a portion ( ea* side ( ! he>t is fir/ ext5d$ inw>ds s z v ne>ly to meet a correspond+ portion f ! opposite side1 & !n1 be+ reflect$ backw>ds1 =ms1 accord+ to ,/raus 7,consid41 etc41 p4 #cef71 ! int]v5tricul> valve :i* sep>ates ea* *amb] f t :i* foll[s x4 ,po/]iorly to ?is valve1 at ! ant]ior "p ( ea* *amb]1 is a transv]se op5+ or slit 7,fig4 #cga1 b71 ! auriculo-v5tricul> orifice1 ?r\gh :i* ! blood passes into ea* *amb]1 & imm$iately beh9d x is a second1 b mu* small]1 semilun> valve 7c71 :i*1 l ! fir/1 is direct$ =w>ds into ! *amb]4 ,x is betwe5 ^! two valves on ea* side t ! blood passes into ! he>t1 & is prev5t$ f return+ by ! clos+ ( ! semilun> valve4 ,:5 ! blood is pass+ into ! *amb]1 ! int]v5tricul> valve is ?r[n back aga9/ ! side ( ! cavity1 b is clos$ :51 by ! contraction ( ! transv]se fibres1 ! diamet] ( ea* *amb] is n>r[$1 & ! blood is =c$ along into ! next *amb]40 7,newport47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cga4--;,a1 he>t ( ,lucanus c]vus3 a1 valves or *amb]s2 bb1 al>y muscles2 c1 suppos$ auricul> space ar\nd ! he>t4 ,b1 division into art]ies ( ! end ( ! aorta 9 l>va ( ,vanessa urtic4 ,c1 int]ior ( ! *amb]1 %[+ ! transv]se fibres2 b1 auriculo-v5tricul> op5+ & valve into ! *amb]s2 c1 semilun> valve2 d1 int]v5tricul> valve4--,aft] ,/raus-,drckheim1 f ,newport4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgb4--;,he>t ( ,belo/oma4--,aft] ,locy4 ,accord+ to ,mll]1 !re is b a s+le pair ( o/ia 9 ,phasma1 &1 9 ! l>va ( ,core?ra1 ! he>t is a simple1 unjo9t$ tube1 n divid$ into *amb]s1 & ,viallanes /ates t1 9 ! v "y l>va ( ,musca1 !re are no o/ia 7,kolbe74 ,9 ! l>va ( ,pty*opt]a1 ,grobb5 f\nd a %ort oval he>t1 ) "o pair ( o/ia situat$ 9 ! #f? abdom9al segm5t2 a long aorta proce$s f x1 ! ?oracic portion ( :i* pulsates2 f beh9d ! he>t arises a pulsat+ p\*1 :i* connects ) ! h9d] aorta1 :i* does n pulsate1 & ends at ! base ( two tra*eal gills4 ,burmei/] 0 able to f9d only f\r pairs ( op5+s 9 ! l>va ( ,calosoma4 ,newport /ates t1 :ile ,/raus figures n9e *amb]s 9 ,melolon?a1 &1 consequ5tly1 eight pairs ( op5+s1 he has n be5 able to obs]ve m ?an sev5 pairs ( op5+s 9 ,lucanus c]vus4 ,he has inv>iably f\nd eight pairs ( op5+s bo? 9 ! l>va & imago ( ,sph9x ligu/ri1 z well z 9 o!r ,lepidopt]a4 ,accord+ to ,bla-,dezso1 ! numb] ( pairs ( o/ia corresponds to t ( ! pairs ( /igmata4 ,!re also occur1 on ea* side ( ea* *amb]1 two s-call$ pe>-%ap$ bodies :i* are sep>at$ f ! tubul> portion ( ! he>t itself1 b1 by means ( muscul> fibres1 are unit$ ) ! *amb] & ) _! valves4 ,^! pyri=m bodies appe> z vesicles or cells ) granul> cont5ts1 besides "s nuclei ) nucleoli4 ,!y are ( v small size4 ,accord+ to ! measurem5ts ( ,dogiel1 9 ! l>va ( ,core?ra plumicornis1 !y are #j4jb to #j4a mm4 long1 & #j4jf to #j4jh mm4 broad4 ,he reg>ds ^! peculi> bodies z apol> n]ve-cells ( ! he>t4 7,kolbe47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgc4--;,a1 "p ( ! he>t ( ,dyticus m>g9alis1 %[+ ! spiral arrangem5t ( ! muscul> fibres2 c1 clos$1 e1 op51 valve2 a1 dorsal diaphragm ) int]wov5 muscul> fibres2 b1 arrangem5t ( fibres1 recall+ ! screw-l features ( ! fibres ( ! human he>t2 d1 n>r[ end4 ,b1 diagrammatic figure ( ! valvul> op5+s1 ) ! t]m9al flap 7e71 & ! cellul> valve1 ( a ,may beetle2 a1 valvul> op5+ ( a dipt]\s l>va1 ) ! int]v5tricul> valve 7b74 ,c1 abdom5 ( a mole-cricket1 v5tral view2 c1 ! segm5t$ he>t2 a1 aorta2 b1 segm5t$ diaphragm "u x4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,besides ! v5\s op5+s ( ! he>t :i* op5 into ! p]ic>dial region1 ,k[alevsky has discov]$1 9 ! he>t ( "s ,or?opt]a 7,calopt5us1 ,locu/a1 etc471 five pairs ( op5+s by :i* ! c>diac *amb]s receive ! blood ( ! p]i-inte/9al region4 ,grab] _h divid$ ! clom ( insects into ?ree regions 7p]ic>dial1 p]i-inte/9al1 & p]9eural regions71 & hi!rto only a union ( ! he>t ) ! p]ic>dial region by slit-l op5+s 0 kn[n4 ,^! op5+s are symmetrically di/ribut$ on five abdom9al segm5ts2 ea* section ( ! he>t 9 ?is region has1 !re=e1 f\r op5+s1 :i* are all ( a truly v5\s nature4 ,^! op5+s1 call$ c>dio-clomic ap]tures1 are visible to ! nak$ eye1 be+ situat$ on conical papill ( ! walls ( ! he>t4 ,^! papill pass ?r\gh ! out] diaphragm1 & op5 into ! p]i-inte/9al "p ( ! clom1 9 ! ,acrydiid directly1 9 ! ,locu/id ?r\gh special canals4 ,! cells ( ! papill are spongy1 possess+ l>ge nuclei1 & simil>1 z a :ole1 to gl&ul> cells4 7,comptes r5dus1 cxix1 #ahid47 ,! me*anism by :i* ! o/ia are clos$ consi/s1 accord+ to ,grab]1 ( an -%ap$ muscle pass+ ar\nd ! two op5+s1 & :i*1 be+ int]lac$1 is suffici5t to close ! op5+s4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! =e & h9d] edge ( ! o/ia project1 leaf-l1 into ! cavity ( ! he>t1 & ?us =m1 ) ! out] walls1 two valves :i*1 dur+ ! sy/ole1 fill$ ) ! blood ru%+ 91 n only h]metically close ! lat]al op5+s1 b also1 by ! simultane\s closure ( ! entire *amb] by ! circul> muscles 9 ! middle ( ! same1 ! two valves1 simultane\sly approa*+ ea* o!r1 s ne>ly t\* t !y =m a transv]se p>tition wall 9 ! *amb]4 ,b1 = ! la/ purpose1 i4e4 = ! sep>ation ( ! *amb]s f "o ano!r1 !re is a v special contrivance4 ,9 ! ,may beetle1 we f9d1 besides a valve 7,fig4 #cgc1 ,b1 e71 op5+ into ! middle ( ! *amb]s1 a l>ge1 /alk$ cell 7d71 :i*1 9 ! dia/ole1 i4e4 9 ! expansion ( ! he>t1 hangs d[n free on ! walls ( ! he>t2 b1 9 ! sy/ole or contraction1 l a cork1 closes ! middle ( ! valve1 b does n :olly close ! cavity4 ,he has obs]v$1 9 ! l>va ( ,core?ra1 =mal1 int]v5tricul> valves1 :i* also are n 9 ! middle1 b are sep>at$ f "o ano!r 9 ! int]lac$ ends4 ,!y consi/ ( two longitud9ally membran\s flaps :i* move aga9/ ea* o!r l two valves 7,fig4 #cgc1 ,b1 b74 8,b :at is ! necessity = su* a complicat$ me*anism8 ,all ! blood f beh9d passes into ! he>t1 &1 = its propulsion a simple muscul> tube1 ^: circul> fibres w\ld draw toge!r & contract x1 w\ld be ?\ght to be suffici5t4 ,b ! he>t1 except 9 "s l>v1 ends po/]iorly 9 a bl9d sac1 & ! blood c only pass into x by a s]ies ( pairs ( lat]al op5+s4 ,n[1 z reg>ds ! reception & ! propulsion ( ! blood =w>ds1 two modes are conceivable4 ,! simple/ way w\ld be t ! tubul> he>t %\ld1 along its :ole l5g?1 contract or exp&2 t1 moreov]1 ! blood %\ld be simultane\sly suck$ 9 ?r\gh all ! op5+s1 & t !n1 also1 ! contraction1 or sy/ole1 %\ld take place 9 e "p ( ! he>t at ! same mom5t4 ,b ?is w\ld1 pla9ly1 9 s long & ?9-wall$ a vessel1 be highly impracticable1 s9ce1 ?r\gh su* a manipulation1 ! mass ( blood enclos$ 9 ! he>t w\ld be cr[d$ toge!r r ?an really impell$ =w>ds4 ,only ! second case c\ld be admissible1 & t is ?is1 t ea* *amb] pulsates1 "o aft] ano!r1 f beh9d =w>ds4 ,b1 !n1 ea* segm5tal he>t mu/ be sep>at$ f ! o!rs by a valve4 ,to make ! matt] :olly cle>1 we may obs]ve an insect he>t pulsat+1 & ?is is be/ se5 9 "o ( its middle *amb]s4 ,?is *amb] exp&s 7simply by ! relaxation ( its circul> muscles71 ! o/ia1 also1 consequ5tly op51 & a giv5 quantity ( blood is drawn 9 f ! p]ic>dial cavity4 ,:at n[ w\ld happ5 aft] ! succe$+ contraction if !re 7 no valves betwe58 ,! blood w\ld n fl[ =w>ds1 b seek a way out backw>ds4 8,b1 9 fact1 ! valve ( ! h9d] *amb]1 at ?is "t1 closes itself1 :ile1 by ! simultane\s expansion ( ! ant]ior ones1 _! door op5s1 & ?is section ( ! he>t1 at ! same "t1 causes a suck+ 9 ( ! cont5ts ( ! po/]ior *amb]4 ,?is ph5om5on is repeat$1 9 ! same way1 f *amb] to *amb]1 :i* also acts alt]nately z v5tricle & auricle1 or by a suck+ & pump+ action4 ,"o is involunt>ily rem9d$ ( ! +5i\s manipulation by :i*1 by ! alt]nate op5+ & %utt+ ( ! flood-gates1 a vessel is c>ri$ along a canal4 8,?is wave-l motion ( an insect's he>t also has ! advantage t1 j be=e a pulse-wave has rea*$ ! *amb]s f>!/ 9 front1 ! h9d] ones are already prep>$ = ! production ( a second1 =1 z a matt] ( fact1 (t5 #fj1 & ev5 #ajj1 &1 9 v agile insects1 #aej1 waves pass1 9 a s+le m9ute1 ?r\gh ! s]ies ( *amb]s1 :i* make x v difficult to foll[ ! fl[+ ( _! waves40 7,grab]47 ,! propulsatory app>atus4--,b ! he>t itself is only a "p ( ! entire propulsatorial app>atus to :i* belongs ! foll[+ contrivance1 ! nature ( :i* has be5 work$ out by ,grab]4 ,"u ! dorsal vessel is /ret*$ a sort ( ro(-l diaphragm1 i4e4 a membrane1 ar*$ l ! dorsal wall ( ! h9d-body :i* is atta*$1 9 a peculi> way1 to ! sides ( ! body4 ,! be/ idea c be ga9$ by a cross-section ?r\gh ! entire body 7,fig4 #cgd73 ,h is ! true dorsal vessel2 ,s1 ! diaphragm4 ,a surface view is se5 at #cgc1 ,c1 b1 :]e x appe>s z a plate ) ! edge regul>ly curv$ outw>ds on ea* side4 ,its precise mode ( work+ is ?us3 f ea* dorsal b& ( ! sides ( ! abdom5 arises a pair ( muscles spread+ out fan-l1 & ext5d+ to ! he>t1 s t ! fibres ( "o side pass directly ov] to ^? ( ! o!r1 (t5 splitt+ ap>t1 or1 betwe5 ! two1 ext5ds outw>ds a p]=at$1 ?9 web1 l an ela/ic1 fibr\s %eet 7,fig4 #cgc1 ,a1 a71 ) num]\s p]=ations1 =m+ a diaphragm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgd4--;,diagram ( transv]se section ( p]ic>dial s9us ( dipoda crulesc5s3 ,h1 he>t2 s1 septum2 m1 muscles1--! upp] susp5sory1 ! l[] al>y4--,aft] ,grab]1 f ,%>p4 7,see also ,fig4 #cgg47 ,grab] has ?us expla9$ ! action ( ! p]ic>dial diaphragm & *amb]1 z freely translat$ by ,miall & ,d5ny3 8,:5 ! al>y muscles contract1 !y depress ! diaphragm1 :i* is ar*$ upw>ds :5 at re/4 ,a ru% ( blood t[>ds ! he>t is !reby set up1 & ! blood /reams ?r\gh ! p]=at$ diaphragm into ! p]ic>dial *amb]4 ,"h x ba!s a spongy or cav]n\s tissue 7! fat-cells71 :i* is l>gely suppli$ ) air-tubes1 & hav+ be5 ?us a]at$1 passes imm$iately =w>ds to ! he>t1 ent]+ x at ! mom5t ( dia/ole1 :i* is simultane\s ) ! s9k+ ( ! diaphragm40 ,9 ! cockroa*1 h[ev]1 ,miall & ,d5ny ?9k t ! facts ( /ructure d n altoge!r ju/ify ?is explanation3 8,! f5e/r ( ! diaphragm are m]e op5+s )\t valves4 ,! desc5t ( a p]=at$ non-valvul> plate c br+ no pressure to be> ^u ! blood1 = x is n cont5d$ t ! al>y muscles are p[]ful en\gh to *ange ! figure ( ! abdom9al r+s4444 ,! diaphragm appe>s to give me*anical support to ! he>t1 resi/+ pressure f a di/5d$ alim5t>y canal1 :ile ! %eets ( fat-cells1 9 addition to _! prop] physiological (fice1 may equalize small local pressures1 & prev5t displacem5t4 ,! movem5t ( ! blood t[>ds ! he>t mu/ 7we ?9k7 dep5d1 n ^u ! al>y muscles1 b ^u ! f> m p[]ful muscles ( ! abdom9al wall1 & ^u ! pump+ action ( ! he>t itself40 8,! peculi> (fice10 says ,grab]1 8p]=m$ by ! he>t has already be5 /at$4 ,x is no?+ m ?an a regulator2 ?an an organ = direct+ ! blood 9 a det]m9ate c\rse 9 ord] t ?is may n :olly /agnate1 or only be ! play?+ ( a =ce act+ 9 ano!r way1 z1 = example1 ?r\gh t af=d$ by ! body-cavity & ! inn] dige/ive canal4 ,at regul> int]vals a portion ( ! blood is suck$ ?r\gh ! same1 & !n by means ( ! ant]ior supply tube x is pu%$ onw>d into ! head1 :5ce x passes into ! cavities ( ! tissues4 ,! diff]5t conditions ( t5sion "u :i* ! mass ( blood /&s 9 ! diff]5t regions ( ! body !n causes a f>!r circulation4 ,besides ?is1 ! blood passes ?r\gh sep>ate small] pump+ app>atuses1 & ?r\gh vessel-l modifications ( cavities1 also ?r\gh holl[ spaces betwe5 ! muscles1 z1 = example1 9 ! app5dages :]e a regul> backw>d & =w>d fl[ ( ! blood1 especially 9 ! limbs1 w+s1 ant5n1 & c]ta9 abdom9al app5dages takes place4 ,"h & !re may occasionally occur a n>r[ place :]e ! fl[ ( blood is ob/ruct$ by ! accumulation ( ! blood corpuscles1 caus+ a consid]able /agnation40 7,grab]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cge4--,libellula depressa1 op5$ f ! back1 %[+ ! n]v\s cord 7b#a-;b#c1 ?oracic1 h#a-;h#g1 abdom9al1 ganglia71 also ! furr[-l v5tral s9us clos$ by a muscul> diaphragm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgf4--;,a1 "p ( ! v5tral furr[ ( ,libellula depressa m highly magnifi$3 a1 a /]nal plate 7urite72 c1 ! septum /ret*$ ov] x1 at s 9 a relax$ or collaps$ /ate2 b & d1 ! w+-l1 /]nal processes f :i* ! muscul> bundles ( ! diaphragm arise4 ,b1 same 9 ,acridium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgg4--;,diagrammatic section ( ! abdom5 ( ,acridium t>t>icum1 %[+ ! v5tral septum 7i1 p1 l7 contract$1 & 7i1 k1 l7 /ret*$ out2 oh1 rib-l lat]al processes ( ! urite2 f1 ganglia2 b1 he>t1 ) its susp5sorium 7a72 c1 fat tissue 9 ! p]ic>dial tissue s9us2 d1 dorsal septum or diaphragm contract$4 q1 ext5d$2 g1 fat-body2 e1 muscul> "p ( diaphragm2 no1 expiration1 hm1 inspiration1 muscle4--,?is & ,figs4 #cge1 #cgf1 aft] ,grab]4 ,! suprasp9al vessel4--,9 _m insects !re is a v5tral he>t act+ on ! he>t's blood z an aspirator1 or m correctly a v5tral s9us ly+ on ! n]v\s cord1 & clos$ by a pulsat+ diaphragm4 ,?is 0 discov]$ by ,raumur 9 ! l>va ( a fly1 & by ,grab] 9 ! dragon-fly & locu/s 7,acrydiid74 ,a glance at ,figs4 #cge & #cgf w save a long description4 ,! v5tral wall =ms a furr[1 & betwe5 its bord]s 7,fig4 #cgg1 e7 ext5ds ! diaphragm4 ,dur+ ! contraction ( ! muscles--& ?is1 "h1 acts f be=e backw>ds--! membrane rises up & makes a cavity = ! blood1 :i* passes backw>ds ov] ! n]v\s cord4 ,! dorsal & v5tral s9uses toge!r ?us br+ ab\t a clos$ circulation4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! insects are well provid$ ) ! means ( di/ribution ( _! nutritive fluid1 & t ! blood is kept cont9ually fre% & ri* 9 oxyg54 7,grab]47 ,! aorta4--,:ile ! he>t is mo/ly situat$ )9 ! abdom51 x is cont9u$ into ! ?orax & ! head z a simple1 non-pulsat+ tube1 call$ ! aorta4 ,9 ,sph9x ! aorta1 z describ$ by ,newport1 beg9s at ! ant]ior "p ( ! #a/ abdom9al segm5t1 :]e x b5ds d[nw>ds to pass "u ! metaphragma & ent] ! ?orax2 x !n asc5ds aga9 betwe5 ! great longitud9al dorsal muscles ( ! w+s1 & passes onw>ds until x arrives at ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! pronotum2 x !n aga9 desc5ds & cont9ues its c\rse along ! upp] surface ( ! sophagus1 ) :i* x passes b5ea? ! bra91 9 front ( :i* & imm$iately above ! ph>ynx1 x divides into two bran*es1 ea* ( :i* subdivides4 ,newport1 h[ev]1 ov]look$ a ?oracic enl>gem5t ( ! aorta call$ by ,burgess ! 8aortal *amb]0 7,fig4 #caj1 a1 c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgh4--;,a1 la/ ?ree abdom9al segm5ts & bases ( ! ?ree caudal processes ( ,cloon dipt]um3 r1 dorsal vessel2 kl1 o/ia2 k1 special t]m9al *amb] ( ! dorsal vessel ) its entrance a2 b1 blood-vessel ( ! left caudal process4 ,b1 #bf? jo9t ( ! left caudal app5dage f bel[3 b1 a portion ( ! blood-vessel2 o1 orifice 9 ! latt]4--,aft] ,zimm]mann1 f ,%>p4 8,9 ,sph9x & ,vanessa urtic1 imm$iately aft] ! aorta has pass$ b5ea? ! c]ebrum1 x gives (f lat]ally two l>ge trunks1 :i* are ea* equal 9 capacity to ab\t "o-?ird ( ! ma9 vessel4 ,^! pass "o on ea* side ( ! head1 & are divid$ into ?ree bran*es :i* are direct$ backw>ds1 b h n be5 trac$ f>!r 9 consequ5ce ( _! extreme delicacy4 ,ant]ior to ^! trunks are two small] ones :i* appe> to be giv5 to ! p>ts ( ! m\? & ant5n1 & ne>] ! m$ian l9e are two o!rs :i* are ! cont9uations ( ! aorta4 ,^! pass upw>ds1 & are lo/ 9 ! integum5t4 ,! :ole ( ^! p>ts are s exce$+ly delicate t we h n1 z yet1 be5 able to foll[ !m beyond _! orig9 at ! t]m9ation ( ! aorta1 b believe !m to be cont9u\s1 ) v delicate1 circulatory passages along ! c\rse ( ! tra*eal vessels4 ,x is 9 ! head alone t ! aorta is divid$ into bran*es1 s9ce1 ?r\gh\t its :ole c\rse f ! abdom51 x is "o cont9u\s vessel1 nei!r giv+ (f bran*es1 nor possess+ lat]al muscles1 auricul> orifices1 or sep>ate *amb]s40 7,newport1 art4 ,insecta1 p4 #igh47 ,dogiel obs]v$ 9 ! transp>5t l>va ( ,core?ra plumicornis t ! aorta ext5ds only to ! h9d] bord] ( ! bra94 ,"h x divides into two lamell1 ea* ( :i* indep5d5tly ext5ds f>!r on4 ,"o lamella is se5 "u ! bra9 & "u ! eye1 ! o!r rea*es ne> ! eye4 ,! lamell are ti$ to ! integum5t by ?reads4 ,at ! po9t ( division ( ! aorta is an op5+4 7,kolbe47 ,true blood-vessels appe> to exi/ 9 ! caudal app5dages ( ! ,may-flies1 z ! he>t appe>s to divide & pass directly into !m 7,fig4 #cgh74 ,! la/ *amb] ( ! he>t dim9i%es 9 size at ! end ( ! body1 & !n divides into ?ree delicate tubul> vessels :i* pass into ! ?ree caudal app5dages1 & ext5d to ! end ( ea* "o1 along ! upp] side4 ,:ile ! valves ( ! he>t1 9 all insects1 are direct$ ant]iorly because ! blood fl[s f beh9d1 9 ! l>va ( ! ,ephem]id ! valves ( ! la/ *amb] ( ! he>t are direct$ backw>ds1 because f ?is *amb] ! blood fl[s 9 ! opposite direction1 i4e4 into ! caudal app5dages4 ,dur+ ! contraction ( ! he>t1 ! elongat$ section ( ! same 9 ! la/ abdom9al segm5t receives a "p ( ! mass ( blood conta9$ 9 ! la/ *amb]1 :i* is driv5 by indep5d5t contractions into ! caudal app5dages4 ,^! vessels h op5+s be=e ! end ?r\gh :i* ! blood ent]s into ! cavity ( ! app5dages1 & c also pass back1 9 ord] to be tak5 up by ! body cavity4 ,x is possible t ^! blood-vessels /& 9 direct relation to respiration4 7,zimm]mann1 ,creutzburg1 9 ,kolbe1 p4 #edd47 ,! p]ic>dial cells4--,along ! he>t1 on bo? sides1 occur ! s-call$ p]ic>dial cells1 :i* diff] f ! fat-cells1 & also ! p]itra*eal cells ( ,fr5zel1 & are mo/ly arrang$ 9 l9e> s]ies1 :i* h a close relation to ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,9 ! l>va ( ,*ironomus1 !y lie 9 gr\ps2 9 t ( ,culex1 !y are arrang$ segm5tally4 ,9 cat]pill>s1 ^! p]ic>dial cells are n situat$ 9 ! region ( ! he>t1 b are arrang$ l9e>ly on ! side1 & =m a network ( granulat$ cells situat$ betwe5 ! fat-bodies4 ,o!r r[s ( ^! cells are situat$ ne> ! /igmata & ! ma9 lat]al tra*e4 7,kolbe47 ,accord+ to ,k[alevsky1 ! p]ic>dial cells1 & ! g>l&-%ap$1 cellul> cord consi/ ( cells1 ^: function x is to purify ! blood1 & to remove ! =eign or injuri\s matt]s m+l$ ) ! blood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgi4--;,diagram ( ! circulatory organs 9 ! head ( ! cockroa*1 se5 f above3 ,a1 ampulla2 ,v1 ant5nal vessel2 ,m1 *ief muscul> cord2 m1 muscul> b&2 ,bs1 wall ( ! blood s9us2 am1 op5+ ( ! aorta 7a72 rg1 ant]ior sympa!tic or visc]al ganglion2 hg1 h9d] visc]al ganglion2 ,f1 ,f1 facett$ eyes2 o1 ve/igial ocellus2 ,g1 ,g1 bra92 ,s1 sophagus4--,aft] ,pawl[a4 ,ampulla-l blood circulation 9 ! head4--,9 ! head ( ! cockroa* occurs1 accord+ to ,pawl[a1 a contractile vascul> sac at ! base ( ea* ant5na4 ,! cavity has a valvul> communication ) ! blood space bel[ & 9 front ( ! bra91 & muscle-fibres effect sy/ole & dia/ole4 ,ea* sac is beyond d\bt an indep5d5tly active "p ( ! circulatory sy/em4 ,^! organs also occur 9 ,locu/a & o!r ,acrydiid1 & ,selvatico has describ$ simil> /ructures 9 ,bombyx mori & c]ta9 o!r ,lepidopt]a4 ,pulsatile organs ( ! legs4--,accessory to ! circulation is a special sy/em ( pulsatile organs 9 ! ?ree pairs ( legs ( ,nepid1 g5]ally situat$ 9 ! tibia j bel[ its articulation ) ! femur1 b 9 ! =e legs ( ,ranatra1 9 ! clasp-jo9t or t>sus1 j bel[ its articulation ) ! tibia4 ,fir/ obs]v$ by ,behn 7#ahce71 ,locy has /udi$ ! organ 7,fig4 #chj7 9 ,corixa1 ,notonecta1 ,g]ris1 besides ! ,nepid4 ,x is a :ip-l /ructure atta*$ at bo? ends1 ) fibres ext5d+ upw>d & backw>d to ! integum5t ( ! leg1 sep>ate f ! muscul> fibres & does n involve !m 9 its motions1 & is n affect$ by ! muscles !mselves4 8,z ! blood-corpuscles fl[ ne> ! pulsat+ body !y move fa/]1 & ar\nd ! organ itself !re is a :irlpool ( motion40 ,! beat+ ( ^! organs aids ! circulation 9 bo? directions1 & :5 ! motion ceases1 ! blood-curr5ts 9 ! legs /op2 ! rate ( ! pulsat+ organ is always fa/] ?an t ( ! he>t1 & ! action is automatic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chj4--,pulsat+ organs 9 ,hemipt]a3 ,a1 ,belo/oma nymph1 ,b1 legs ( ,corixa4 ,c1 ,ranatra1 adult1 to %[ ! exceptional position ( ! pulsat+ organ 9 ! =e legs4 ,d1 pulsatile organ 9 tibia ( ,ranatra4--,aft] ,locy4 b4 ,! blood ,! blood ( insects1 z 9 o!r inv]tebrates1 diff]s f t ( ! high] animals 9 hav+ no r$ corpuscles4 ,x is a ?9 fluid1 a mixture ( blood 7s]um7 & *yle1 usually colorless1 b sometimes yell[i% or r$di%1 :i* conta9s pale amboid corpuscles correspond+ to ! :ite corpuscles 7leucocytes7 ( ! v]tebrates1 ?\gh !y are relatively less num]\s 9 ! blood ( insects4 ,! yell[ fluid expell$ f ! jo9ts ( c]ta9 beetles 7,cocc9ella1 ,tim>*a1 & ! ,meloid7 is1 accord+ to ,leydig1 only ! s]um ( ! blood4 ,9 phytophag\s insects ! blood is color$ gre5i% by ! *lorophyll set free dur+ dige/ion4 ,! blood ( ,deilephila euphorbia is color$ an int5se olive-gre51 & t ( ,cossus lignip]da is pale yell[4 7,ure*47 ,! blood ( case-worms 7,tri*opt]a7 is gre5i%4 ,9 "s insects x is br[ni% or violet4 ,! s]um is ! pr9cipal be>] ( ! color+ mat]ial1 yet ,grab] has %[n t 9 c]ta9 insects ! corpuscles are m or less beset ) bright yell[ or r$ fat-globules1 s z to give ! same hue to ! blood4 ,! leucocytes4--,! corpuscles are usually elongat$1 oval1 or flatt5$ oat-%ap$1 ) a r\nd$ nucleus1 or are (t5 ambi=m2 & !y are occasionally se5 und]go+ self-division4 ,:5 ab\t to die ! corpuscles become ambi=m or />-%ap$4 7,cattaneo47 ,_! numb] v>ies ) ! developm5tal /age ( ! insect1 & 9 l>v increases z !y gr[1 becom+ mo/ abundant %ortly be=e pupation4 ,! blood dim9i%es 9 quantity 9 ! pupal /age1 & becomes /ill less abundant 9 ! imago4 7,l&ois47 ,! quantity also v>ies ) ! nutrition ( ! insect1 & aft] a few days' />vation ne>ly all ! blood is absorb$4 ,cry/als may be obta9$ by evaporat+ a drop ( ! blood )\t pressure2 !y =m radiat+ clu/]s ( po9t$ ne$les4 ,! fre%ly drawn blood is slightly alkal9e4 7,miall & ,d5ny47 ,! size ( ! corpuscles has be5 asc]ta9$ by ,grab]1 :o f\nd t ! diamet] ( ! circul> blood-disks ( ! leaf-beetle1 ,l9a populi1 is #j4jjf mm42 ( ,cetonia aurata & ,zabrus gibbus1 #j4jjh to #j4ja mm42 & ^? ( c]ta9 ,or?opt]a 7,decticus v]rucivorus1 ,ephippig] vitium & dipoda crulesc5s71 #j4jaa to #j4jad mm4 ,! longe/ diamet] ( ! elongat$ corpuscles ( ,c>abus cancellatus is #j4jjh mm42 ( ,gryllus campe/ris1 ,locu/a viridissima1 ,cossus lignip]da1 ,sph9x ligu/ri 7pupa71 & o!rs1 #j4jjh to #j4ja mm42 ( ,calopt5us italicus1 ,saturnia pyri1 ,anax =mosus1 & o!rs1 #j4jaa to #j4jad mm42 ( ,ephippig] vitium1 dipoda crulesc5s1 ,pezotettix m5dax1 ,zabrus gibbus1 ,phryganea1 & o!rs1 #j4jab to #j4jbb mm42 9 ,/5obo?rus donatus & v>iabilis1 #j4jab to #j4jce mm4 ,! l>ge/ kn[n are ^? ( ,melolon?a vulg>is1 :i* measure f #j4jbg to #j4jc mm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cha4--;,blood corpuscles1 or leucocytes1 ( insects3 ,a1 a-g1 ( ,/5obo?rus dorsatus 7! same =ms occur 9 mo/ ,or?opt]a & 9 o!r insects74 ,b1 a1 leucocyte ( ! same insect ) ! nucleus br\ght out by e!r2 b1 ano!r ( s]p5t9e %ape4 ,c1 leucocytes ( ! same insect aft] a long] /ay 9 e!r4 ,d1 leucocytes ( ! same aft] be+ 9 glyc]9e #ad days4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,z reg>ds ! nature ( ! corpuscles1 ,grab] concludes t !y are m l ! cells ( ! fat-bodies ?an g5u9e cells4 ,t !y are n true cells is %[n by ! fact t aft] rema9+ 9 _! normal condition a long "t !y f9ally coalesce & =m cords4 ,aft] %rivell+1 or aft] ! blood has be5 subject$ to diff]5t k9ds ( treatm5t1 ! nucleus is cle>ly br\ght out 7,fig4 #cha74 ,besides ! blood corpuscles !re h be5 detect$ 9 ! blood r\nd bodies :i* are reg>d$ z fat-cells4 ,!y are circul>1 & = ! mo/ "p l>g] ?an ! blood corpuscles1 h a %>p1 ev51 d>k outl9e1 & an inv>iably circul> nucleus4 7,kolbe47 ,! blood ( ,meloe1 besides ! amboid corpuscles1 accord+ to ,cun1 conta9s abundant fibr9og51 :i* =ms a clot2 a pigm5t 7uranid9e71 :i* is oxidiz$ & precipitat$ :5 expos$ to ! air2 a dissolv$ album9oid 7hmoxan?9e71 :i* has bo? a respiratory & nutritive function2 &1 f9ally1 dissolv$ can?>id9e4 ,! corpuscles arise f tissues :i* are v simil> to ! fat-bodies1 & :i*1 at giv5 times1 sep>ate into cells4 ,! position ( ^! tissues is n always ! same 9 diff]5t insects4 ,9 cat]pill>s1 !y occur 9 ! ?orax1 ne> ! g]ms ( ! w+s2 9 ! saw-flies 7,lyda71 9 all p>ts ( ! ?orax & abdom52 9 l>val flies 7,musca71 9 ! end ( ! abdom51 j 9 front ( ! l>ge t]m9al /igmata4 ,! place :]e ! blood corpuscles are =m$ is usually ne>1 or 9 relation )1 ! fat-bodies4 ,b :ile ! fat-bodies mo/ly s]ve z ! mat]ial = ! =mation ( ! blood-build+ tissues1 9 cat]pill>s ! tra*eal matrix also1 &1 9 dipt]\s l>v1 ! hypod]mis s]ve ?is purpose4 7,cs> ,s*aeff] 9 ,kolbe4 ,see also ,wiel[iejski1 ,ueb] das ,blutgewebe47 ,o!r sub/ances occur 9 ! blood ( insects4 ,l&ois 7#ahfd7 demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( egg album51 globul91 fibr91 & iron 9 ! blood ( cat]pill>s4 ,p\lton f\nd t ! blood ( cat]pill>s (t5 conta9$ *lorophyll & xan?ophyll d]iv$ f _! food plants4 ,a4 ,g4 ,may] has rec5tly f\nd t ! blood 7hmolymph7 ( ! pup ( ,saturniid 7,callosamia prome!a7 conta9s egg album91 globul91 fibr91 xan?ophyll1 & or?ophosphoric acid1 & ,o5slag] has det]m9$ t iron1 potassium1 & sodium are also pres5t4 7,may]47 c4 ,! circulation ( ! blood ,e "p ( ! body & its app5dages is ba!d by ! blood1 :i* circulates 9 ! w+s ( insects fre%ly em]g$ f ! nymph or pupal /ate1 & ev5 c\rses ?r\gh ! scales ( ,lepidopt]a1 z discov]$ by ,jaeg] 7,isis1 #ahcg74 ,9 describ+ ! me*anism ( ! he>t we h already consid]$ 9 a g5]al way ! mode ( circulation ( ! blood4 ,! he>t pump+ ! blood into ! aorta1 ! nutritive fluid passes out & returns along ea* side ( ! body2 di/9ct1 small] /reams pass+ into ! ant5n1 ! legs1 w+s 7( c]ta9 insects71 & into ! abdom9al app5dages :5 !y are pres5t4 ,all ?is may readily be obs]v$ 9 transp>5t aquatic insects1 su* z l>val ,ephem]1 dragon-flies1 etc41 kept alive = ! purpose "u ! microscope 9 ! animalcule box4 ,c>us1 9 #ahbg1 fir/ discov]$ ! fact ( a complete circulation ( ! blood1 9 ! l>va ( ,ephem]a4 ,he saw ! blood issu+ 9 sev]al /reams f ! end ( ! aorta 9 ! head & return+ 9 curr5ts :i* ent]$ ! base ( ! ant5n & limbs 9 :i* x =m$ loops1 & !n fl[+ into ! abdom51 ent]$ ! po/]ior end ( ! he>t4 ,wagn] 7,isis1 #ahcb7 confirm$ ^! obs]vations1 add+ "o ( 8 own1 t ! blood fl[s backw>d 9 two v5\s curr5ts1 "o at ! sides ( ! body & inte/9e1 & ! o!r alongside ( ! he>t itself1 & t ! blood n only ent]$ at ! end ( ! he>t1 b also at ! sides ( ea* segm5t1 at ! position ( ! valves discov]$ by ,/raus-,drckheim4 ,newport ma9ta9s t ! c\rse ( ! blood is 9 any "p ( ! body1 z well z 9 ! w+s1 almo/ inv>iably 9 imm$iate connection ) ! c\rse ( ! tra*e1 = ! reason t 8! curr5ts ( blood 9 ! body ( an insect are (t5 9 ! vic9ity ( ! great tra*eal vessels1 bo? 9 _! longitud9al & transv]se direction across ! segm5ts40 ,! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! w+s directly aft] ! exuviation ( ! nymph or pupa sk91 & be=e !y become dry1 has be5 prov$ by sev]al obs]v]s4 ,z /at$ by ,newport1 ! s-call$ 8ve9s0 or 8n]vures0 ( ! w+s consi/ ( tra*e ly+ 9 a holl[ cavity1 ! p]itra*eal space be+ situat$ *iefly "u & on ea* side ( ! tra*ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chb4--;,circulation ( ! blood 9 h9d w+ ( ,p]iplaneta ori5talis3 ! arr[s indicate ! usual direction ( ! blood curr5ts4--,aft] ,moseley4 ,newport gives ! foll[+ summ>y ( ! obs]vations ( ! e>ly obs]v]s1 to :i* we add ! obs]vations ( ,moseley4 8,a motion ( ! fluids has be5 se5 by ,c>us 9 w+s ( rec5tly develop$ ,libellulid1 ,ephem]a lutea & ,e4 m>g9ata1 & ,*rysopa p]la2 among ! ,coleopt]a1 9 ! elytra & w+s ( ,lampyris italica & ,l4 spl5didula1 ,melolon?a sol/itialis & ,dytiscus40 ,ehr5b]g saw x 9 ,mantis1 & ,wagn] 9 ! "y ( ,nepa c9]ea & ,cimex lectul>ius4 ,c>us detect$ a circulation 9 ! pupal w+s ( "s ,lepidopt]a1 & ,b[]bank witness$ x 9 a ,noctuid 7,phlogophora meticulosa72 ,burmei/] obs]v$ x 9 ,eri/alis t5ax & ,e4 nemorum1 & ,mr4 ,tyrrel 9 ,musca dome/ica1 b x has n be5 obs]v$ 9 ! w+s ( ,hym5opt]a4 ,b[]bank obs]v$ t 9 ! l[] w+ ( ,*rysopa p]la ! blood passes f ! base ( ! w+ along ! co/al1 po/-co/al1 & ext]no-m$ial ve9s1 outw>ds to ! apex ( ! w+1 giv+ (f small] curr5ts 9 its c\rse1 & t x returns along ! anal ve9 to ! ?orax4 ,he f\nd t ! l>g] ve9s1 #adjh 94 9 diamet]1 conta9$ tra*e :i* only measur$ #abbbb ( an in* 9 diamet]2 b 9 o!rs ! tra*e measur$ #aacdj1 :ile ! cavity measur$ only #aejj ( an in*4 ,he /ates1 also1 t ! tra*e v r>ely give (f bran*es :ile pass+ along ! ma9 ve9s1 & t !y lie along ! canals 9 a tortu\s c\rse4 7,newport1 art4 ,insecta1 p4 #ihj47 ,b[]bank1 also1 9 8 obs]vations on ! circulation 9 ! w+s ( ,*rysopa1 8us$ e endeavor to discov]1 if possible1 :e!r ! blood has prop] vessels1 or only occupi$ ! int]nal cavities ( ! canals2 & t he is conv9c$ t ! latt] is ! case1 z he c\ld frequ5tly p]ceive ! p>ticles n only surr\nd+ all p>ts ( ! tra*e1 & occupy+ ! :ole ( ! int]nal diamet] ( ! canals1 b t x frequ5tly happ5s t globules exp]i5c$ a mom5t>y /oppage 9 _! progress1 occasion$ by _! friction aga9/ ! curv$ surface ( ! tra*e1 :i* sometimes gave !m a rotatory motion40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chc4--,p>ts ( a ve9 ( ! cockroa*1 %[+ ! n]ve 7n7 by ! side ( ! tra*ea 7tr72 c1 blood corpuscles4--,aft] ,moseley4 ,moseley f\nd1 ow+ to ! l>ge size & numb] ( ! corpuscles1 t ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! w+s ( insects is mo/ easily obs]v$ 9 ! cockroa*1 especially ! h9d w+s4 ,z se5 9 ,moseley's figure1 ! blood fl[s outw>d f ! body ?r\gh ! l>g] ve9s 7,i & ,,ii7 ( ! front edge ( ! w+s1 :i* he calls ! ma9 art]ies ( ! w+s1 & m g5]ally returns to ! body ?r\gh ! ve9s 9 ! middle ( ! w+2 ! blood also fl[s out f ! body ?r\gh ! inn] longitud9al ve9s 7^? beh9d ve9 ,,iv71 & ! blood is also se5 to fl[ ?r\gh "s ( ! small cross-ve9s4 ,fig4 #chc %[s "o ( ! ma9 trunks dur+ active circulation4 ,! corpuscles *ange _! =m readily1 8! sp9dle-%ap$ ones d\bl+ up 9 ord] to pass crossways ?r\gh a n>r[ ap]ture4444 ,9 ! irregul>ly =m$ corpuscles1 :i* seem to repres5t leucocytes amboid movem5ts 7 obs]v$4444 ,corpuscles pass freely above & "u ! tra*e1 %[+ t ^! latt] lie free 9 ! vessels40 ,! hypod]mis l9+ ! vessels is be/ se5 9 ! small transv]se ve9s4 ,! pulse or he>t-beat ( insects v>ies 9 rapidity 9 diff]5t insects1 ris+ at times ( excitem5t1 z ,newport notic$ 9 ,an?ophora retusa1 to #adb beats 9 a m9ute4 ,:5 an insect1 z1 = example1 a t9eid cat]pill>1 has be5 enclos$ 9 a tight box = a day or m1 ! pulsations ( ! he>t are v languid & sl[1 b soon1 on giv+ x air1 ! pulsations w1 z we h obs]v$1 rise 9 frequ5cy to ab\t #fj a m9ute1 ,h]old obs]v$ #cj to #dj 9 a m9ute 9 a fully-gr[n silkworm1 & f #df to #dh 9 a mu* y\ng] "o4 ,suck[ obs]v$ b #cj a m9ute 9 a full-gr[n cat]pill> ( ,ga/ropa*a p9i1 & #ah only 9 its pupa4 ,9 a s]ies ( obs]vations made by ,newport on ,sph9x ligu/ri f ! f\r? day aft] hat*+ f ! egg until ! p]fect insect 0 develop$1 he f\nd t be=e ! l>va ca/ its fir/ sk9 ! mean numb] ( pulsations1 9 a /ate ( mod]ate activity & quietude1 0 ab\t #hb or #hc a m9ute2 be=e ! second m\lt #hi1 :ile be=e ! ?ird ca/+ x _h sunk d[n to #fc2 & be=e its f\r? to #de1 :ile1 be=e leav+ its f\r? /age1 & be=e x _h ceas$ to fe$1 prep>atory to pupat+1 ! pulse 0 n m ?an #ci4 8,?us ! numb] gradually decreases dur+ ! gr[+ l>va /ate1 b ! =ce ( ! circulation is v mu* augm5t$4 ,n[ :5 ! insect is 9 a /ate ( p]fect re/1 previ\sly to *ang+ its sk91 ! numb] is pretty ne>ly equal at ea* p]iod1 be+ ab\t #cj4 ,:5 ! insect has pass$ into ! pupa /ate x s9ks d[n to #bb1 & subsequ5tly to #aj or #ab1 & aft] t1 dur+ ! p]iod ( hib]nation1 x almo/ entirely ceases4 ,b :5 ! same insect :i* we _h wat*$ f its e>lie/ condition 0 develop$ into ! p]fect /ate 9 ,may ( ! foll[+ spr+1 ! numb] ( pulsations1 aft] ! insect _h be5 = "s "t excit$ 9 flight ar\nd ! room1 am\nt$ to f #aaj to #aci2 & :5 ! same insect 0 9 a /ate ( repose1 to f #da to #ej4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! great bus9ess ( life1 ! cont9uation ( ! species1 has be5 accompli%$1 or :5 ! insect is exhau/$1 & p]i%+ ?r\gh want ( food or o!r causes1 ! numb] ( pulsations gradually dim9i%es1 until ! motions ( ! he>t are almo/ imp]ceptible40 ,insects1 !n1 he rem>ks1 d n deviate f o!r animals 9 reg>d to _! vital ph5om5a1 ?\gh x has be5 wrongly imag9$ t ! nutri5t & circulatory functions are less active 9 ! p]fect ?an 9 ! l>val condition4 ,! he>t ( a l>val ,ga/rus equi tak5 ! day previ\s f a horse's /oma* beat f #dj to #dd times a m9ute 7,s*eib]72 :ile ,s*rd] van d] ,kolk obs]v$ only #cj beats 9 ! same k9d ( maggot4 ,9 ! l>va ( ,core?ra1 :ile at re/1 ! he>t contracts f #ab to #af or #ah times a m9ute1 b :5 active ! numb] rises to #bb4 ,! sy/ole & dia/ole la/ f #e to #f m9utes4 7,dogiel47 ,temp]ature also affects ! pulsations1 z !y increase 9 frequ5cy ) a rise & decrease ) a fall 9 temp]ature4 ,influ5ce ( electricity4--,! influ5ce ( electricity on ! action ( ! insect's he>t1 f ,dogiel's exp]im5ts1 is su* z to cause an accel]ation 9 ! frequ5cy ( ! beats1 :ile an increase 9 ! /r5g? ( ! electric curr5ts ei!r dim9i%es ! frequ5cy ( ! beats or entirely /ops ! he>t's action4 ,a viol5t excitation ) ! induction curr5t causes a sy/ole :5 ! he>t's action has /opp$ = a long "t2 & if ! excitation la/s un9t]rupt$ly1 !n ! contractions aft] a :ile become noticeable1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,9 su* a case !re are1 h[ev]1 int]ruptions 9 ! regul>ity1 /r5g?1 & ord] ( ! contractions4 7,kolbe47 ,effects ( poisons on ! pulsations4--,dogiel has also exp]im5t$ on ! influ5ce ( poisons 9 ! =m ( vapor or z liquid solutions on ! pulsations ( insects1 :i* is mu* z 9 v]tebrates4 ,! application ( c>bonic oxide to ! l>va ( ,core?ra1 ^: he>t "o m9ute previ\s to ! poison+ beat #ae times a m9ute1 accel]at$ ! he>t-beats 9 ab\t #ee m9utes to #be pulsations 9 a m9ute4 ,aft]w>ds !re 0 a ret>dation 9 ! pulse to ! normal beat4 ,c>bonic acid _h a simil> effect4 ,! foll[+ results obta9$ by ,dogiel are some:at z tabulat$ by ,kolbe3-- ,i4 ,sub/ances :i* cause ! pulsations ( ! he>t to accel]ate4 a4 ,an induction curr5t ( electricity1 act+ feebly4 b4 ,ammonia1 act+ feebly4 c4 ,e?yl e!r1 act+ feebly4 d4 ,oxalic acid1 act+ feebly4 e4 ,c>bolic acid1 act+ feebly4 f4 ,potassium nitrate1 act+ feebly4 g4 ,aconite1 act+ feebly4 ,,ii4 ,sub/ances ret>d+ ! he>t's action4 a4 ,an induction curr5t ( electricity1 act+ en]getically4 b4 ,ammonia1 act+ en]getically4 c4 ,e?yl e!r1 act+ en]getically4 d4 ,oxalic acid1 act+ en]getically4 e4 ,c>bolic acid1 act+ en]getically4 f4 ,v]atr9e1 act+ en]getically4 g4 ,atrop9e1 act+ en]getically4 h4 ,aconit9e1 act+ en]getically4 i4 ,potassium nitrate1 act+ en]getically4 g4 ,e?yl alcohol4 h4 ,*lor(orm4 i4 ,c>bonic oxide4 j4 ,c>bonic acid4 k4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,,iii4 ,sub/ances ^: action is indiff]5t4 #a4 ,musc>9e4 #b4 ,cur>e4 #c4 ,atrop9e1 act+ sl[ly4 #d4 ,/ry*n9e4 ,! above-nam$ sub/ances comprise ^? :i* 9 ! v]tebrates effect a *ange 9 ! activity ( ! motor n]ve-ganglia ( ! he>t & ! muscul> fibres4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! he>t ( ! l>val ,core?ra consi/s ( muscul> fibres provid$ ) ganglia1 & t ! contractions ( ! muscul> fibres are provok$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ganglia4 ,b s9ce musc>9e1 atrop9e1 & cur>e1 ^: influ5ce 9 /opp+ ! he>t's action ( v]tebrates is kn[n1 9 insects ei!r h no action or only make ! pulsations sl[]2 x seems to foll[ t ! he>t ( ! l>val ,core?ra possesses no simil> app>atus = less5+ ! he>t's action1 & ?is is also confirm$ by anatomical /udies4 ,on ! contr>y1 aconite acts1 z we mu/ f obs]vations conclude1 exclusively on ! motor c5tres & ! muscles1 b n on ! app>atus = less5+ ! he>t's action1 :i*1 z has be5 rem>k$1 is n pres5t 9 ! l>val ,core?ra4 7,kolbe ex ,dogiel47 ,dewitz has discov]$ an onw>d movem5t ( ! blood corpuscles1 some:at indep5d5t ( ! g5]al circulation4 ,?is indep5d5t motion ( ! blood corpuscles is n only a creep+ "o l ! amboid motion ( ! :ite corpuscles ( v]tebrates1 b !y h besides a peculi> swimm+ movem5t4 ,dewitz notic$ ?is 9 ! h9d w+s ( a rec5tly em]g$ meal-worm beetle 7,t5ebrio molitor71 /ill :ite & s(t1 aft] !y _h be5 cut (f4 ,! tissues =m+ ! matrix )9 ! w+s con/itute a network fill$ ) blood4 ,! curr5t ( blood )9 ! w+ ?us cut (f may be /opp$ fl[+ by a tap on ! firmly clamp$ object-be>] on :i* ! w+ is plac$1 or by draw+ x by an app>atus describ$ by ! same au?or1 to incite 9 "o way or ano!r ! blood corpuscles to swim =w>ds4 ,:5 a corpuscle is dispos$ to move1 we see x fir/ /irr+ re/lessly1 or wabbl+ ab\t1 9 ?is way *ang+ its =m2 !n x moves =w>ds1 & does n come to a /&/ill4 ,if x rema9s /ill !re1 aft] a :ile1 by tapp+1 x beg9s aga9 its movem5ts4 8,%\ld "o yet d\bt ! fact ( ?is spontane\s movem5t ( ! blood corpuscles1 he w surely be conv9c$ ( its correctness by obs]v+ ! s-to-speak reluctantly spr++ motion ( a blood corpuscle 9 ! w+ ( ,t5ebrio molitor ) ! simultane\s *ange ( appe>ance & %ape ( ! corpuscle40 ,?is spontane\s or indep5d5t motion ( ! blood corpuscles is also produc$ by ! heat+ app>atus4 ,z soon z ! corpuscles lie /ill 9 ! sev]$ w+ & !y are w>m$1 ! corpuscles beg9 to pass ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! tissue4 ,:5 cool$1 ! motion ceases1 b z soon z ! temp]ature rises to a c]ta9 grade1 ! corpuscles aga9 move onw>ds4 ,to expla9 ?is indep5d5t motion ,dewitz ?9ks t !y take up & !n expel ! blood-fluid1 & 9 ?is way cause _! motion4 ,?is indep5d5t motion is necessitat$1 9 ord] t ! /ream ( blood may become s regulat$1 t ! blood corpuscles %all n be arre/$ 9 _! c\rse1 b ev5 turn back aga9 out ( ! f>!r end ( ! ant5n & limbs4 ,! *ief me*anical p[] = ! blood circulation mu/ g on indep5d5tly ( ! propulsatorial app>atus & ( ! he>t4 7,kolbe47 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,he>t ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,circulation ,,( ,,! ,,blood a4 ,anatomy ( ! organs ,meckel1 ,j4 ,f4 ,ueb] das ,rck5gefss d] ,insekt54 7,meckel's ,ar*iv1 i1 #ahae1 pp4 #dfi-dgf47 ,mll]1 ,j4 ,g4 ,de vasi dorsali ,insectorum4 ,b]ol9i1 #ahaf1 pp4 #bb4 ,s]res1 ,p4 ,m>cel de4 ,obs]vations sur les usages du vaisseau dorsal ou sur l'influ5ce que le cur ex]ce dans l'organisation des animaux articuls1 etc4 7,ann4 du ,mus4 d'hi/4 nat41 #ahah1 iv1 pp4 #adi-aib1 #cac-chj1 #b ,pls42 v1 #ahai1 pp4 #ei-adg1 #a ,pl47 ,h]old4 ,physiologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] das ,rck5gefss d] ,insekt54 7,s*rift5 d4 ,gesells*4 z4 ,befrd]ung d4 ,naturk4 9 ,m>burg1 #ahbc1 i1 pp4 #da-ajg47 ,c>us1 ,c4 ,g4 ,entdeckung e9es e9fa*5 vom ,h]z5 aus bes*leunigt5 ,blutkreislaufes 9 d5 ,l>v5 netzilglig] ,insekt54 ,leipzig1 #ahbg1 pp4 #dj1 #c ,taf4 ---- ,f]n]e ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,blutlauf 9 ,k]f54 7,acta ,acad4 ,leopold4 ,c>ol41 #ahca1 xv1 pp4 #a-ah1 #a ,taf47 ,/adelmayr1 ,l4 ,ansi*t5 vom ,blutlauf neb/ ,beoba*tung5 b] das ,rck5gefss d] ,insekt54 ,diss4 ,mn*51 #ahbi1 pp4 #bd4 ,b]?old4 ,beitrage zur ,anatomie1 ,zoologie und ,physiologie4 ,gtt+51 #ahca4 ,treviranus1 ,g4 ,r4 ,ueb] das ,h]z d] ,insekt51 dess5 ,v]b9dung mit d5 ,ei]/ock5 und e9 ,bau*gefss d] ,lepidopt]54 7,zeits*r4 f4 d4 ,physiologie1 von ,f4 ,ti$emann4 ,g4 ,r4 u4 ,l4 ,c4 ,treviranus1 #ahcb1 iv1 pp4 #aha-ahd1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,beoba*tung5 aus d] ,zootomie und ,physiologie4 ,brem51 #ahci4 ,wagn]1 ,r4 ,beoba*tung5 b] ,kreislauf des ,blutes und d5 ,bau des ,rck5gefsses bei d5 ,insekt54 7,isis1 #ahcb1 iii1 p4 #cj2 vii1 pp4 #cbj-cca1 #ggh-ghc1 ,fig47 ,b[]bank1 ,j4 ,s4 ,obs]vations on ! circulation ( ! blood 9 insects4 7,ent4 ,mag41 #ahcc1 i1 pp4 #bci-bdd1 #a ,pl2 also 9 ,mll]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiolog41 #ahcd1 i1 pp4 #aai-abj47 ---- ,obs]vations on ! circulation ( ! blood & ! di/ribution ( ! tra*e 9 ! w+ ( ,*rysopa p]la4 7,ent4 ,mag41 #ahcg1 iv1 pp4 #agi-ahe47 ,jaeg]4 ,ueb] die ,entdeckung von e9] ,bewegung 9 d5 ,s*upp5 des ,s*mett]l+sflgel4 7,isis1 #ahcg1 v1 p4 #eab47 ,behn1 ,w4 ,dc\v]te d'une circulation de fluide nutritif dans les pattes de plusieurs insectes hmipt]es4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 #ahce1 ,sr4 #b1 iv1 pp4 #a-ab47 ,newport1 ,g4 ,insecta1 9 ,todd's ,cyclopdia ( ,anatomy & ,physiology1 #ahci4 ,london1 pp4 #hec-iid4 ,on ! circulation ( ! blood1 p4 #igf1 ,figs4 ,duv]noy1 ,g4 ,l4 ,rsum sur le fluide n\rrici]1 ses rs]voirs et son m\vem5t dans t\t rgne animal4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 #ahci1 ,sr4 #b1 xii1 pp4 #cjj-cdf47 ,duf\r1 ,l4 tudes anatomiques et physiologiques sur une m\*e dans le b d'eclair] l'hi/oire des metamorphoses et de la prt5due circulation dans les insectes4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 ,sr4 #b1 #ahda1 xvi1 pp4 #e-ad47 ---- ,note sur la prt5dus circulation dans les insectes4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad41 ,p>is1 #ahdd1 xix1 pp4 #ahh-ahi47 ---- tudes anatomiques et physiologiques sur une m\*e1 dans le b d'claircir l'hi/oire des metamorphoses et de prt5due circulation des insectes4 7,mm4 ma?mat4 des ,savants trang]s1 ,p>is1 #ahdf1 ix1 pp4 #ede-fbh1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,sur la circulation dans les insectes4 ,bordeaux1 #ahdi1 #h1 pp4 #dj4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 #ahdi1 xxviii1 pp4 #bh-cc1 #aja-ajd1 #afc-agj47 ---- ,de la circulation du sang et de la nutrition *ez les insectes4 ,bordeaux1 #ahea4 7,act4 ,soc4 ,l9n41 ,bordeaux1 #ahea1 xvii1 p4 #i47 ---- tudes anatomiques et physiologiques et obs]vations sur les l>ves des ,libellules1 ,app>eil circulatoire4 7,annal4 ,sci4 nat41 ,sr4 #c1 ,zool41 xvii1 #aheb1 pp4 #ih-aja1 #a ,pl47 ,s*rd] van d] ,kolk1 ,j4 ,s4 ,c4 ,mmoire sur l'anatomie et physiologie du ,ga/rus equi4 7,n4 ,v]h&l4 ,kl4 ,n$]l4 ,in/it41 #aa1 #ahde1 pp4 #a-aee1 #ac ,pl47 ,nicolet1 ,h4 ,note sur la circulation du sang *ez les ,coloptres4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 #ahdg1 ,sr4 #c1 vii1 pp4 #fj-fd47 ,v]lor51 ,c4 ,mmoire en rponse la "q suivante3 claircir p> des obs]vations n\velles le phnomne de la circulation dans les insectes1 en re*]*ant si on peut la reconnatre dans les l>ves de diffr5ts ordres de ces animaux4 7,mm4 c\ronn4 et ,mm4 d4 savants trang4 de l',acad4 ,roy4 ,belgique1 xix1 #ahdg47 ,blan*>d1 ,e4 ,de la circulation dans les insectes4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 #ahdh1 ,sr4 #c1 ix1 pp4 #cei-cih1 #e ,pls47 ---- ,sur la circulation du sang *ez les insectes et sur la nutrition4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 #ahdi1 xxviii1 pp4 #gf-gh2 #ahea1 xxxiii1 pp4 #cfg-cgj47 ---- ,n\velles obs]vations sur la circulation du sang et la nutrition *ez les insectes4 7,ibid41 pp4 #cga-cgf47 ,joly1 ,n4 ,mmoire sur l'exi/5ce suppose d'une circulation pritra*enne *ez les insectes4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 ,sr4 #c1 #ahdi1 xii1 pp4 #cjf-caf47 ,bassi1 ,c4 ,a4 ,rapporto alla sezione di zoologia1 anatomia comp>ata e fisiologia del congresso di ,v5ezia1 sul passagio delle mat]ie +]ite nel si/ema tra*eale degli insetti4 7,gazette di ,milano1 #ahdg1 vi2 also ,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 ,sr4 #c1 #ahea1 xv41 #cfb-cga47 ,agassiz1 ,l\is4 ,on ! circulation ( ! fluids 9 insects4 7,proce$4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sc41 #ahdi1 pp4 #adj-adc2 ,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 ,sr4 #c1 xv1 #ahea1 pp4 #ceh-cfb47 ,leydig1 ,f4 ,anatomis*es und ,hi/iologis*es b] die ,l>ve von ,core?ra plumicornis4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss54 ,zool41 iii1 #ahea1 pp4 #dce-dea47 ,w$l1 ,c4 ,ueb] das ,h]z von ,m5opon pallidum4 7,sitzungsb]4 d] k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,wi541 #ahee1 xvii1 pp4 #agc-ahj47 ,s*eib]1 ,s4 ,h4 ,v]glei*5de ,anatomie und ,physiologie d] ,oe/rid5 ,l>v54 7,sitzungsb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi54 ,ma?4-naturwiss4 ,cl41 xli1 #ahfj1 pp4 #dji-dif1 #b ,taf42 ,! circulatory sy/em1 pp4 #dfc-dij47 ,brau]1 ,fr4 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis des ,baues und d] ,funktion d] ,/igm5platt5 d] ,ga/rus-,l>v54 7,v]hdl4 d4 k4 k4 zool4-bot4 ,gesells*4 ,wi541 xiii1 #ahfc1 pp4 #acc-acf47 ,moseley1 ,h4 ,n4 ,on ! circulation 9 ! w+s ( ,blatta ori5talis & o!r insects1 & on a new me?od ( inject+ ! vessels ( insects4 7,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ( ,micr4 ,sci5ce1 xi1 n4 s41 pp4 #chi-cie1 #ahga1 #a ,p#a47 ,grab]1 ,v4 ,ueb] die ,blatkrp]*5 d] ,insekt54 7,sitzb]4 ,akad4 ,wi54 ,ma?4-naturw4 ,classe1 lxiv1 #ahga1 pp4 #i-dd1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,vorlufig] ,b]i*t b] d5 propulsatoris*5 ,app>at d] ,insekt54 7,sitzb]4 d4 k4 ,ak4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi541 lxv1 #ahgb1 pp4 #af1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,ueb] d5 propulsatoris*5 ,app>at d] ,insekt54 7,ar*iv f4 mikroskop4 ,anatomie1 ix1 #ahgc1 pp4 #abi-aif1 #c ,taf47 ---- ,ueb] d5 pulsi]5d5 ,bau*s9us d] ,insekt54 7,ar*iv f4 mikroskop4 ,anat41 xii1 #ahgf1 pp4 #ege-ehb1 #a ,taf47 ,grobb51 ,c>l4 b] bls*5frmige ,s9nesorgane und e9e eig5?mli*e ,h]zbildung d] ,l>ve von ,pty*opt]a contam9ata ,l4 7,sitzb4 k4 ,akad4 ,wiss5s*4 ,wi541 #ahge1 lxxii1 p4 #bb1 #a ,taf47 ,liebe1 ,otto4 ,ueb] die ,respiration d] ,tra*eat51 besond]s b] d5 ,me*anismus d]selb5 und b] die ,m5ge d] ausgeatmet5 ,kohl5sure4 ,inaug4-,diss4 ,*emnitz1 #ahgb1 pp4 #bh4 ,dogiel1 ,john4 ,anatomie und ,physiologie des ,h]z5s d] ,l>ve von ,core?ra plumicornis4 7,mm4 ,acad4 imp4 ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1 #g ,sr41 xxiv1 #ahgg1 ,nr4 #aj1 pp4 #cg1 #b ,pls47 ,sep>ate1 ,leipzig1 ,voss4 ,bts*li1 ,o4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis des ,/(fwe*sels1 insbesond]e d] ,respiration bei d5 ,insekt54 7,rei*]t's und ,du ,bois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,anatomie u4 ,physiologie1 #ahgd1 pp4 #cdh-cfa47 ,bla-,dezso4 ,ueb] d5 ,zusamm5hang des ,kreislaufs und d] respiratoris*5 ,organe bei d5 ,ar?ropod54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 i ,jahrg41 #ahgh1 p4 #bgd47 ,plateau1 ,f4 ,communication prlim9aire sur les m\vem5ts et l'inn]vation de l'organe c5tral de la circulation *ez les animaux articuls4 7,bull4 ,acad4 roy4 de ,belgique1 ,sr4 #b1 xlvi1 #ahgh1 pp4 #bjc-bab47 ,jaworovski1 ,ant4 ,ueb] die ,entwicklung des ,rck5gefsses und speziell d] ,muskulatur bei ,*ironomus und e9ig5 &]5 ,insekt54 7,sitzgsb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,wi54 ,ma?4-naturwiss4 ,cl41 lxxx1 #ahgi1 pp4 #bch-beh47 ,zimm]mann1 ,o4 ,ueb] e9e eig5tmli*e ,bildung des ,rck5gefsses bei e9ig5 ,ephem]id5l>v54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 #ahhj1 xxxiv1 pp4 #djd-djf47 ,burgess1 ,e4 ,note on ! aorta 9 lepidopt]\s insects4 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xxi1 #ahha1 pp4 #aec-aef1 ,figs47 ---- ,contributions to ! anatomy ( ! milk-we$ butt]fly1 ,danais ,ar*ippus ,f4 7,anniv]s>y ,memoirs ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahhj1 pp4 #af1 #b ,pls47 ,vayssire1 ,a4 ,re*]*es sur l'organisation des l>ves des phmr9es4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 ,sr4 #f1 xiii1 #ahhb1 pp4 #a-acg1 #aa ,pls47 ,viallanes1 ,h4 ,re*]*es sur l'hi/ologie des insectes et sur les phnomnes hi/ologiques qui accompagn5t le dveloppem5t po/-embryonnaire de ces animaux4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 ,sr4 #f1 xiv1 #ahhb1 pp4 #a-cdh1 #ah ,pls47 ,s*imkewits*1 ,w4 ,ueb] die ,id5titt d] ,h]zbildung bei d5 wirbel und wirbellos5 ,ti]54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhe1 viii ,jahrg41 pp4 #cg-dj1 ,fig47 ---- ,no* etwas b] die ,id5titt d] ,h]zbildung bei d5 ,metazo54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhe1 pp4 #chd-chf47 ,creutzburg1 ,n4 ,ueb] d5 ,kreislauf d] ,ephem]5l>v54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhe1 pp4 #bdf-bdh47 ,poletajewa1 ,olga4 ,du cur des insectes4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhf1 ix ,jahrg41 pp4 #ac-ae47 ,selvatico1 ,s4 ,l'aorta nel corsaletto e nel capo della f>falla del bombice del gelso4 7,padova1 #ahhg1 p4 #ai1 #b ,pls47 ---- ,die ,aorta im ,bru/ka/5 und im ,kopfe des ,s*mett]l+s von ,bombyx mori4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhg1 x ,jahrg41 pp4 #efb-efc47 ,k[alevsky1 ,a4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis d] ,excretionsorgane4 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 #ahhi1 ix1 pp4 #cc-dg1 #fe-gf1 #abg-abh47 ,tosi1 ,aless&ro4 ,oss]vazioni sulla valvola del c>dias 9 v>ii g5]i della famiglia delle ,apidi4 7,ric]*e ,lab4 ,anat4 ,r4 ,univ4 ,roma1 v1 #ahie1 pp4 #e-bf1 #af ,figs41 #c ,pls47 ,pawl[a1 ,m>y4 ,ueb] ampull5>tige ,blutcirculationsorgane im ,kopfe v]s*i$5] ,or?opt]54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xviii ,jahrg41 #ahie1 pp4 #g-ac1 #a ,fig47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,kolbe4 b4 ,! blood1 blood corpuscles1 leucocytes1 & blood tissue ,wagn]1 ,r4 ,ueb] ,blutkrp]*5 bei ,reg5wrm]n1 ,blutegeln und ,dipt]5l>v54 7,mll]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,anatomie u4 ,physiologie1 #ahce1 pp4 #caa-cac47 ---- ,na*trage zur v]glei*5d5 ,physiologie des ,blutes4 7,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiologie1 #ahch47 ,newport1 ,g4 ,on ! /ructure & developm5t ( ! blood4 ,fir/ s]ies4 ,! developm5t ( ! blood corpuscle 9 insects & o!r inv]tebrata1 & its comp>ison ) t ( man & ! v]tebrata4 7,ab/r4 ( ! pap] 9 ,roy4 ,soc41 #ahde1 v1 pp4 #edd-edf3 also 9 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,s]4 #c1 #ahde1 iii1 pp4 #cfd-cfg47 ,l&ois1 ,h4 ,beoba*tung5 b] das ,blut d] ,insekt54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xiv1 #ahfd1 pp4 #ee-gj1 #c ,pl47 ----1 & ,l4 ,l&ois4 ,ueb] die num]is*e ,entwicklung d] hi/iologis*5 ,elem5te d4 ,insekt5krp]s4 7,ibid41 xv1 #ahfe1 pp4 #cjg-cbg47 ,rollett1 ,a4 ,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,v]breitung des ,hmat9s4 7,sitzgsb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi541 lxiv1 #ahga47 ,wiel[iejski1 ,h4 v4 ,ueb] das ,blutgewebe d] ,insekt54 ,e9e vorlufige ,mitteilung4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 #ahhf1 xliii1 pp4 #eab-ecf47 ,mac,munn1 ,c4 ,a4 ,rese>*es on myohmat9 & ! hi/ohmat9s4 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhf1 xxxix1 pp4 #bdh-beb47 ,peyron1 ,j4 ,sur l'atmosph]e int]ne des insectes comp>e celle des feuilles4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 cii1 pp4 #acci-acda47 ,cun1 ,l4 tudes sur le sang1 son rle et sa =mation dans la srie animale4 ,"p #b1 inv]tbrs2 note prlim9aire4 7,ar*4 ,zool4 ,exprim5t41 #ahhh1 ,sr4 #b1 v1 pp4 xliii-xlvii4 ,see also ibid41 ,sr4 #c1 #ahig1 pp4 #fee1 #fgi-fhj47 ,dewitz1 ,h4 ,die selb/&ige ,=tbewegung d] ,blutkrp]*5 d] ,gli$]ti]e4 7,naturwiss4 ,runds*au4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahhi1 iv ,jahrg41 pp4 #bba-bbb47 ---- ,eig5?tige ,s*wimmbewegung d] ,blutkrp]*5 d] ,gli$]ti]e4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 xii ,jahrg41 pp4 #deg-dfd1 ,fig47 ,s*ff]1 ,c4 ,beitrage zur ,hi/iologie d] ,insekt54 ,,ii1 ,ueb] ,blutbildung%]de bei ,insekt5l>v54 7,sp5gel's ,zool4 ,jahrb*] ,abt4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,ontog5ie1 iii1 #ahhi1 pp4 #fbf-fcf1 #a ,taf47 ,cattaneo1 ,g4 ,sulla morfologia delle cellule ameboidi dei ,mollus*i e ,artropodi4 7,boll4 ,sc4 ,pavia4 ,anno #aa1 #ahhi1 p4 #ei1 #b ,pls47 ,wagn]1 ,w4 ,a4 ,ueb] die ,=m d] krp]li*5 ,elem5te des ,blutes bei ,ar?ropod51 ,wrm]n und ,e*9od]m54 7,biolog4 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahij1 x1 p4 #dbh47 ,prey]1 ,w4 ,zur ,physiologie des ,protoplasma4 ,,ii1 ,die ,funktion5 des ,/(fwe*sels4 ,die ,saft/rmung4 7,patanie's ,naturwiss4 ,wo*5s*r41 #ahia1 vi1 pp4 #a-e47 ,*olodk[sky1 ,n4 ,ueb] das ,blut5 d] ,cimbicid5-,l>v54 7,entomologis*e ,miscell51 vi1 ,hor ,soc4 ,ent4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahig1 pp4 #ceb-ceg1 #a ,fig4 ,! fluid ?r[n out ?r\gh pores or fissures 9 ! sk9 is ! blood47 ,) ! writ+s ( ,korotaiev1 ,ti*om](f1 ,pk>sky1 ,balbiani1 ,korotneff1 ,cun1 & o!rs4 c4 ,! fat-bodies ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,re*]*es anatomiques sur les ,c>abiques et sur plusieurs autres insectes ,coloptres4 ,du tissu adipeux splan*nique4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 viii1 #ahbf1 pp4 #bi-ce47 ---- ,hi/oire comp>ative des mtamorphoses et de l'anatomie des ,cetonia aurata et ,dorcus p>allelepip$us4 ,tissu adipeux splan*nique4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 ,zoologie1 ,sr4 #b1 #ahdb1 xviii1 pp4 #agh-agi47 ,mey]1 ,h4 ,ueb] die ,entwicklung des ,fettkrp]s1 d] ,tra*e5 und d] keimb]eit5d5 ,ges*le*t/eile bei d5 ,lepidopt]54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 #ahdi1 i1 pp4 #age-agi1 #d ,taf47 ,fabre1 ,j4 ,h4 tude sur le rle du tissu adipeux dans la scretion ur9aire *ez les insectes4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 ,sr4 #d1 xix1 #ahfb1 pp4 #cea-chb47 ,leydig1 ,fr4 ,e9ige ,worte b] ,fettkrp] d] ,ar?ropod54 7,rei*]t1 u4 du ,bois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,anat41 #ahfc1 pp4 #aib-bjc47 ,l9demann1 ,k4 ,zoologis*e ,skizz54 #a4 ,/ruktur des ,fettkrp]s4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,imp4 d4 ,natural4 ,mosc\1 #ahfd1 pp4 #eba-ebf1 #a ,pl47 ,l&ois1 ,leonh4 ,ueb] die ,funktion des ,fettkrp]s4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zoologie1 xv1 #ahfe1 pp4 #cga-cgb47 ,wiel[iejski1 ,h4 v4 ,ueb] d5 ,fettkrp] von ,core?ra plumicornis und se9e ,entwicklung4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhc1 vi ,jahrg41 pp4 #cah-cbb47 ---- ,ueb] das ,blutgewebe d] ,insekt54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 #ahhf1 xliii1 pp4 #eab-ecf47 ,k[alevsky1 ,a4 ,o4 ,sur les organes excrteurs *ez les ar?ropodes t]re/res4 7,congrs int]nat4 ,zool41 #bme ,sess41 pp4 #aif-bje1 ,mosc\1 #ahib47 ,,! ,,blood ,,tissue ,"u ?is "n ,wiel[iejski has includ$ sev]al important tissues or cellul> bodies intimately conc]n$ ) ! nutrition ( ! insect4 ,^! are3-- #a4 ,! blood corpuscles4 7,see p4 #djg1 leucocytes & phagocytes47 #b4 ,! fat-body prop] 7,corpus adiposum74 #c4 ,! p]ic>dial fat-body 7p]ic>dial cells74 #d4 ,! nocytes4 #e4 ,! g>l&-%ap$ cord ( muscid l>v4 #f4 ,! subsophageal body1 a peculi> organ f\nd by ,:eel] 9 ! embryos & "y l>v ( ,blatta & ,xiphidium4 #g4 ,! phosphoresc5t organs4 a4 ,! fat-body ,9 ! body cavity ( w+$ insects & ( _! l>v occur yell[i% masses ( l>ge cells fill$ ) small drops ( fat1 & =m+ ! 8fat-body40 ,x is ( v>i\s %apes1 m or less lobulat$ or net-l1 & cov]s or envelops p>ts ( ! visc]a1 also =m+ a lay] "u ! integum5t 7,fig4 #adc74 ,! tra*eal end+s are usually envelop$ by ! fat-body4 ,x is l>g] 9 ! l>v ?an 9 ! adults1 especially 9 ,lepidopt]a1 9 !m =m+ a res]ve ( nutrition1 us$ dur+ metamorphosis & dur+ ! =mation & rip5+ ( ! eggs & male cells4 ,wiel[iejski has %[n t !re is a regul> arrangem5t ( ! fat-body 9 ! g5]al cavity ( ! body4 ,= example1 9 ! l>va ( ,*ironomus occur ! foll[+ =ms ( ?is tissue4 ,ar\nd ! p]iph]y1 on ea* side ( ! body cavity1 is a loose network ( lobes ) l>ge me%es con/itut+ ! p]iph]al lay] or ext]nal lobul> fat-body2 ^! lobul> masses are segm5tally arrang$4 ,)9 ^! segm5tal lobes1 on ea* side ( & along ! dige/ive tract1 ext5d+ along ?r\gh almo/ ! entire body1 is an unbrok5 /r& ( ?is tissue1 =m+ ! int]nal fat-body cords4 ,f ! fir/ l>val /age1 & ev5 be=e hat*+1 its cells are s unusually l>ge1 be+ fill$ ) l>ge1 cle>1 mo/ly colorless fat-drops1 t _! limits _c be def9$1 & _! nuclei c only ) great difficulty be detect$4 ,only 9 "s l>ge l>v ( ,*ironomus has ,wiel[iejski f\nd cle>ly def9$ cells2 ! protoplasm ( ^! cells conta9 almo/ no fat-drops4 ,! fat-body is ( mesod]mal orig91 & z ,:eel] insi/s1 is n d]iv$ f ! nocytes1 z suppos$ by ,grab]4 ,=m$ f ! mesod]m1 x is a diff]5tiation ( portions ( ! clomic walls1 & !re=e metam]ic 9 orig94 ,t ! fat-body gives orig9 to ! blood corpuscles ,:eel] is d\btful4 ,! fat-cells are di/9ct1 sph]ical1 & z a rule possess only "o nucleus1 ?\gh 9 ^? ( ,apis & ,melophagus !re are two nuclei1 & 9 ,musca sev]al4 ,sometimes ! cells conta9 a sub/ance l ! :ite ( an egg1 & concretions ( uric acid1 or ^! take ! place ( ! fat-drops4 ,! pres5ce ( uric acid %[s t a v active metabolism goes on 9 ! fat-body4 8,9 "s cases x has be5 prov$ t ! fat-body 9 ! l>va is ri* 9 fat & poor 9 concretions ( uric acid1 :ile 9 ! imago x is poor 9 fat & ri* 9 concretions ( uric acid0 7,lang74 ,leydig1 9 #aheg 7,lehrbu* d] ,hi/iologie71 spoke ( ! pres5ce ( d>k concretions 9 ! fat-body1 & aft]w>ds 7#ahfd7 %[$ t !re 0 a wide di/ribution ( uric acid salts & concretions4 ,witlaczil1 also1 has detect$ concretions 9 ! fat-body ( ! ,psyllid1 9 l>val ,cecidomyiid1 9 ! l>v & pup ( ants1 & 9 ! pupa ( ,musca4 ,! physiological processes :i* take place 9 ! fat-bodies are obscure4 ,grab] reg>d$ ! :ole sy/em ( ! fat-bodies z 8a s+le1 _m-lob$ lung10 :ile be=e him ,l&ois1 tak+ into acc\nt ! intimate relation exi/+ betwe5 ! f9] tra*eal bran*es & ! fat-body1 consid]$ t ! latt] 0 conc]n$ 9 respiration4 ,m>*al ?9ks t ! fat-body is a ur9>y organ1 z ! urates are =m$ )9 ! cells ( ?is body4 ,moreov]1 ,s*ff] ma9ta9s t a special k9d ( fat-body cell has ! important function ( tak+ up & giv+ out nutriti\s matt]s dur+ ! int]nal processes ( metamorphosis1 :ile he also believes t !re is a g5etic connection betwe5 ! fat-body & ! blood corpuscles--a view combat$ by ,:eel]4 ,k[alevsky f9ds t ! fat-body rema9s absolutely ins5sible to ! action ( ! sub/ances :i* /a9$ ! ,malpighian tubes 7p4 #ceb74 ,s long z ! cells are heal?y & liv+ !y are n /a9$ & d n absorb ! colors 9 "q2 & ?is ins5sibility p]si/s1 ev5 :5 ! cells are ( a diff]5t nature1 z ^? ( ! fly 7adipose & 8int]cal>y0 cells74 b4 ,! p]ic>dial fat-body or p]ic>dial cells ,we h already1 on p4 #dje1 call$ att5tion to ^! organs1 b !y also h an intimate relation to ! fat-body4 ,k[alevsky 7#ahib7 rem>ks t ! disposition ( ^! cells v>ies mu* 9 diff]5t insects & ev5 9 ! same animal4 ,?us1 9 ! ,dipt]a & ! ord9>y flies !re are f\nd ar\nd ! l[] "p ( ! dorsal vessel #ac pairs ( l>ge p]ic>dial cells :i* lie next to a cr[d$ b$ ( small cells =m+ a compact mass ar\nd ! ant]ior "p ( ! dorsal vessel4 ,9 cat]pill>s1 notably silkworms1 f ! compact lay] ( p]ic>dial cells :i* surr\nd ! he>t1 pass (f trunks :i* are direct$ t[>ds ! lat]al walls ( ! body1 also =m+ close networks ar\nd ! tra*e & !n pass+ d[n into ! abdom9al cavity ( ! body ( ! l>va4 ,9 ! l>v ( c]ta9 ,hym5opt]a1 ! trunks :i* pass (f f ! p]ic>dial region =m a loose cord1 a sort ( fatty tissue cov]+ ! entire body cavity4 ,?is tissue1 adds ,k[alevsky1 entirely diff]s f nocytes1 or f ! s-call$ gl&ul> body ^: =mation 9 ,gryllotalpa has be5 describ$ by ,korotaiev1 & 9 ,bombyx mori by ,ti*omir(f4 ,9 a rec5t "w :]e9 has be5 collect$ ev]y?+ kn[n reg>d+ ^! la/-nam$ cells1 ,pk>sky proves t !y are unique 9 nature & _c be reg>d$ ei!r z fat-cells1 or z p]ic>dial cells1 or ev5 z =mative leucocytes4 ,z to ! /ructure ( ! p]ic>dial cells1 ,k[alevsky adds t !y are always atta*$ to muscul> fibres pass+ (f f ! he>t1 & t !y lie1 s to speak1 ^u !m4 ,9 ! locu/s ! muscul> fibres support+ ! p]ic>dial cells appe> di/9ctly l little /aves or /icks4 ,! atta*m5t ( ! p]ic>dial cells to ! muscul> fibres has be5 obs]v$ by ,cun & reproduc$ by him 9 8 "w1 b 8 description some:at diff]s f t obs]v$ by ,k[alevsky 9 ! locu/ 7,acrydium migratorium74 ,z to ! nature ( ! acid excretions :i* are =m$ 9 ! p]ic>dial cells1 9 spite ( 8 attempts to solve ! problem1 ,k[alevsky has be5 unsuccessful4 ,! only obs]vations 9 ?is direction are ^? ( ,letelli] on ! p]ic>dial gl&s ( lamellibran* molluscs1 :i* he f\nd to conta9 hyp\ric acid1 & x is probable1 says ,k[alevsky1 t ! acidity ( ! p]ic>dial cells 9 insects is due to ! pres5ce ( ! same acid4 ,leucocytes or phagocytes 9 connection ) ! p]ic>dial cells4--,x is ?\ght by ,s*ff] t ! leucocytes or phagocytes may be free or w&]+ fat-body cells4 ,!y play an important "p 9 metamorphosis1 :ile !y absorb or fe$ ^u ! rema9s ( ! l>val organs1 & ?us prove ( use 9 ! build+ up ( ! organs ( ! adult insects4 ,:ile ! faculty ( phagocytosis is want+ 9 ! ur9>y tubes1 ,balbiani & m rec5tly ,cun h express$ ! op9ion t ! p]ic>dial cells ( insects may h ! p[] ( absorb+ h>d bodies1 8act+ z a phagocytic gl&40 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is call$ 9 "q by ,k[alevsky1 f /udies made on diff]5t insects4 ,on introduc+ p[d]$ c>m9e into ! body ( an insect x has n be5 absorb$ by ! p]ic>dial cells1 z !y h n be5 color$ r$4 ,x is ! leucocytes :i* absorb ! gra9s ( c>m9e1 & :i*1 aft] hav+ dissolv$ !m1 transmit !m to ! p]ic>dial cells4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ! p]ic>dial cells h n ! phagocytic p[] ( :i* ,cun speaks4 ,return+ to 8 own obs]vations on h>d bodies introduc$ into insects1 or l>ge globules introduc$ "u ! =m ( a milk emulsion1 ,k[alevsky has f\nd t ^! bodies 7 absorb$ 9 ! fir/ place by ! free-swimm+ leucocytes1 & 9 ! second place by :ole gr\ps or ne/s ( leucocytes situat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 pr9cipally on ! ?reads ( ! adipose body4 ,9 ! ,or?opt]a ! absorption is imm$iately effect$ by means ( ! cells ( ! membrane :i* sep>ates ! p]ic>dium f ! cavity ( ! body und]nea? ! he>t4 ,! regions :]e ! h>d bodies are absorb$ 9 great numb] co9cide ) ! regions ( =mation ( ! blood corpuscles4 ,9 8 rese>*es on ! l>v ( ,hyponomeuta & o!r ,lepidopt]a1 ,s*ff] describes ^! regions z =m+ a sort ( isl&4 ,! ne/s :]e ! blood globules are =m$ are ! mo/ active c5tres ( phagocytosis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chd4-,section ( ! he>t 7c7 & p]ic>dial cells 7pc1 pc7 f ! po/]ior "p ( ! he>t ( a fly3 l1 l1 ne/s ( leucocytes situat$ betwe5 ! he>t & p]ic>dial cells4--,f a microphotograph1 aft] ,k[alevsky4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #che4--;,cross-section ( ! he>t ( ,truxalis nasata & ( ! /ructures ar\nd x3 c1 he>t3 ep1 epi!lium "u ! cuticula 7hvpod]mis72 or1 ov>ian tubes2 pc1 p]ic>dial cells1 ) "o or two nuclei conta9+ a deposit ( c>m9e2 l & l1 gr\p ( leucocytes1 :i* h absorb$ granules ( ,india ink4--,aft] ,k[alevsky4 ,balbiani1 & also ,cun1 h suppos$ t ! =mation ( ! blood corpuscles takes place 9 ! p]ic>dial cells1 b ,k[alevsky insi/s t ^! cells _c =m ! leucocytes1 :i* 8are probably =m$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 notably 9 ! special ne/s ,h]de ( ,jg] situat$ ne> ! he>t1 b outside ( ! p]ic>dial cells40 ,9 ,fig4 #chd1 :]e ! ne/s ( leucocytes 7l7 are %[n1 x is evid5t t !y are =m$ :]e obs]v$1 & 8c\ld n h come f ! p]ic>dial cells1 :i* h _! own /ructure & _! special function10 ^! cells be+ v l>ge & *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ,k[alevsky's prep>ations ( ,truxalis1 ! p]ic>dial cells ) deposits ( c>m9e & ! gr\ps ( leucocytes 7,fig4 #che1 l & l7 /a9$ ) ,india ink1 we h to deal ) elem5ts absolutely diff]5t4 ,if ! =mation ( leucocytes 0 caus$ by ! p]ic>dial cells1 ^! la/ w\ld be oblig$ to free !mselves f _! cont5ts & to modify _! ess5tial nature4 c4 ,! nocytes ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chf4--;,clu/] ( nocytes f a ne>ly mature ,phryganeid l>va3 o1 nocytes2 t1 l>ge tra*eal bran*2 tt1 small] tra*eal ramifications2 h1 tra*eal hypod]mis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chg4--;,a ne>ly mature embryo ( ,xiphidium ensif]um3 o1 o1 nocyte clu/]s se5 f ! surface ?r\gh ! integum5t2 a1 pleuropodium ( ! "r side 7app5dage ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t72 s1 /yli2 c1 c]copods4--,?is & ,fig4 #chf aft] ,:eel]4 ,^! cells 7,fig4 #chf71 ) ! exception ( ! eggs1 are ! l>ge/ 9 ! body1 & occur 9 mo/ if n all w+$ insects4 ,!y 7 call$ nocytes 7o9os1 w9e2 ku/is1 cy/71 by ,wiel[iejski 9 allusion to _! w9e-yell[ color4 ,^! cells are arrang$ segm5tally 7,fig4 #chg7 9 clu/]s1 held 9 place by tra*e1 & are situat$ mo/ly on ea* side ( ! abdom51 r>ely be+ f\nd 9 ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ! ?orax4 ,!y are m or less intimately associat$ ) ! blood & fat-body4 ,unlike ! fat-body1 h[ev]1 !y arise 9 embryonic life f ! ectod]m1 ei!r by delam9ation or by immigration1 j beh9d ! tra*eal involutions4 ,! sep>ate cells ( ea* clu/] are usually sep>ate1 b 9 r>e cases may fuse 9 pairs or =m small] clu/]s4 ,9 %ape !y are r\nd or oval1 (t5 s5d+ out pseudopodia-l processes1 by :i* !y are atta*$ to ! tra*eal twigs or to ea* o!r4 8,! cytoplasm1 :i* is v abundant1 is full ( yell[i% granules & is sometimes radially situat$ t[>ds its p]iph]y4 ,! l>ge sph]ical or oval nucleus conta9s a d5sely w\nd & delicate *romatic filam5t40 7,:eel]47 ,grab] fir/ po9t$ out ! id5tity ( ^! clu/]s ( cells ) c]ta9 metam]ic cell-masses 9 insect embryos1 obs]v$ by ,ti*omir(f 9 ^? ( ! silkworm1 & by ,korotneff 9 ! embryo mole-cricket4 ,al?\gh !y resemble ! blood corpuscles 9 "s insects1 !y are always mu* l>g]1 & d n seem to be amboid1 :ile !y are nev] se5 to und]go self-division1 or to exhibit any appe>ance ( giv+ rise to ! blood-cells 7,:eel]74 ,!y h n yet be5 detect$ 9 ,?ysanura 7,synapt]a7 or 9 ,myriopoda4 d4 ,! phosphoresc5t organs ,phosphoresc5ce is n infrequ5t 9 ! ,protozoa1 cl5t]ates1 worms1 & has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! bivalve ,pholas1 9 a few abyssal ,cru/acea1 9 myriopods 7,geophilus71 9 an ascidian1 ,pyrosoma1 & 9 c]ta9 deep-sea fi%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chh4--;,a1 sagittal section ?r\gh ! h9d] end ( a male ,luciola1 ! organs above ! phosphoresc5t plate only drawn 9 outl9e3 s1 integum5t ( ! la/ segm5t1 some:at remov$ by ! section-knife f ! phosphoresc5t tissues2 d1 dorsal lay] ( ! phosphoresc5t plate p5etrat$ by irregul> tra*eal bran*es1 & r5d]$ opaque by num]\s urate concretions imb$d$ 9 x2 v1 v5tral phosphoresc5t lay] ( ! plate1 ) p]p5dicul> tra*eal /ems ^: bran*es1 :]e !y pass into capill>ies1 be> lumps :i* /a9 br[n ) osmic acid2 n1 /ructureless sub/ance 7coagulum87 fill+ ! end ( ! la/ v5tral segm5t4 ,b1 isolat$ portion ( ! v5tral lay] ( ! phosphoresc5t plate2 tr1 tra*eal /em surr\nd$ by a cyl9drical lobe3 p1 p>5*ym cell atta*$ to ! cyl9d]2 c1 capill>y1 )\t ! spiral ?reads2 m1 coagulum /a9$ br[n4 ,c1 a tra*eal /em ( ! v5tral lay]3 at ! =k ( ! br[n-/a9$ capill>ies are lumps /a9$ br[n ) osmic acid4 ,d1 a "p ( ,c1 m highly magnifi$1 %[+ ! rema9s ( ! tra*eal end-cells 7tc7 envelop+ ! br[n lumps 7m74--,aft] ,em]y4 ,9 insects lum9osity is mo/ly conf9$ to a few ,coleopt]a1 & besides ! well-kn[n fireflies1 an ,indian ,bupre/id 7,bupre/is ocelata7 is said to be phosphoresc5t2 also a telephorid l>va4 ,o!r lum9\s insects are ! ,poduran ,anurophorus1 ,fulgora1 c]ta9 ,dipt]a 7,culex1 ,*ironomus#fj & ,tyreophora71 & an ant 7,orya74 ,! seat ( ! light is ! int5sely lum9\s areas situat$ ei!r 9 ! head 7,fulgora71 9 ! abdom5 7,lampyrid71 or 9 ! ?orax 79 a few ,elat]id ( ! g5us ,pyrophorus74 ,! lum9\s or photog5ic organ is reg>d$ by ,wiel[iejski & also by ,em]y z morphologically a specializ$ portion ( ! fat-body1 be+ a plate consi/+ ( polygonal cells1 situat$ directly "u ! integum5t1 & suppli$ ) n]ves & f9e tra*eal bran*es4 ,9 ,luciola z well z 9 o!r fireflies1 includ+ ,pyrophorus1 ! phosphoresc5t organ or plate consi/s1 z fir/ /at$ by ,kllik]1 ( two lay]s ly+ "o ov] ! o!r1 a dorsal "o 7,fig4 #chh1 d7 :i* is opaque1 *alky :ite1 & non-photog5ic1 & a l[] "o 7v71 ! active photog5ic lay]1 :i* is transp>5t4 ,?r\gh ! upp] or opaque lay] & on its dorsal surface ext5d l>ge tra*e & _! horizontal bran*es1 f :i* arise num]\s v f9e bran*es :i* pass d[n p]p5dicul>ly into ! transp>5t or photog5ic lay] ( ! organ4 ,ea* tra*eal /em1 toge!r ) its %ort bran*es1 is envelop$ by a cyl9drical mass ( transp>5t tissue1 s t only ! %ort t]m9al bran*es or v f9e tra*eal capill>ies project on ! upp] "p ( ! cyl9d]4 ,^! f9e/ tra*eal capill>ies are n 9 ,luciola fill$ ) air1 b ) a colorless fluid1 z 0 also f\nd by ,wiel[iejski & o!rs 9 ,lampyris4 ,^! transp>5t cyl9d]s1 ) ! tra*e )91 =m+ longitud9al axes1 resemble lobules4 ,^! lobules are s di/ribut$ t !y appe> on a surface section ( ?is plate z num]\s r\nd areas 9 :i* circul> p]iph]y ! tra*eal capill>ies are arrang$ ) ! axially dispos$ tra*eal end-cells4 ,^! 8tra*eal end-cells0 are only membran\s enl>gem5ts at ! base ( ! tra*eal capill>ies 7,wiel[iejski74 ,! cyl9drical lobules are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a sub/ance consi/+ ( abundant l>ge granul> cells 7p>5*ym cells7 among :i* project ! tra*eal capill>ies4 ,! cyl9drical lobules ext5d to ! hypod]mis & come 9 contact only by _! lat]al faces ) ! p>5*ym4 ,! /ructure ( ! upp] opaque *alky :ite lay] ( ! phosphoresc5t organ is1 comp>$ ) t ( ! photog5ic l[] portion1 v simple4 ,9 its loose1 pappose1 mass are no cellul> elem5ts1 b :5 treat$ ) diff]5t reag5ts x is se5 to be fill$ ) c\ntless urate granules 7guan9e7 swimm+ 9 ! fluid x conta9s1 ! cell plasma appe>+ to be dissolv$1 ! cells hav+ lo/ _! cohesion4 ,9 comp>+ ! phosphoresc5t plate or organ ( ,luciola ) t ( ,lampyris1 ! g5]al /ructure1 includ+ ! cle> cell elem5ts ( ! cyl9drical lobules1 :i* envelop ! p]p5dicul> tra*eal twigs & _! bran*es1 & also ! granul> p>5*ymat\s cells are alike 9 bo?1 ?\gh ! arrangem5t & di/ribution ( ! elem5ts 9 ,luciola is m regul>1 9 ,lampyris ! tra*eal /ems be+ irregul>ly scatt]$ ?r\gh ! p>5*ym4 ,wiel[iejski f\nd 9 ! l>val & female ,lampyris a high] degree ( diff]5tiation ?an 9 ! male1 & ,luciola has a m diff]5tiat$ photog5ic organ ?an ,lampyris1 z se5 9 ! m regul> /ructure ( ! lobules4 ,z reg>ds ! light-app>atus ( ,pyrophorus1 or ! cucujo1 ,he9emann %[s t1 z 9 ! ,lampyrid1 x consi/s ( di/9ct cells1 & may be reg>d$ z a gl&ul> /ructure4 ,x is ri* 9 tra*e & ! o!r p>ts already describ$4 ,9 /ill lat] rese>*es on a ,brazilian ,pyrophorus ,wiel[iejski %[s t ! phosphoresc5t plate consi/s ( two lay]s1 ! upp] usually be+ fill$ ) cry/all9e urate concretions1 & entirely l ^? ( ! ,lampyrid1 consi/+ ( di/9ct polygonal cells1 among :i* are num]\s tra*eal /ems1 ) tnidia1 c\rs+ 9 diff]5t directions1 :5 fre%ly fill$ ) air1 & s5d+ capill>ies into ! und]ly+ photog5ic lay]4 ,! latt] %[s 9 its /ructure a /rik+ diff]5ce 9 ! cellul> arrangem5t f t ( ,lampyrids4 ,9 ! upp] or non-photog5ic lay] are tra*eal capill>ies :i* pass d[n into ! und]ly+ cellul> plate & :i* are 9 ! close/ possible relations ) ! s+le cells--a po9t ov]look$ by ,he9emann4 ,physiology ( ! phosphoresc5ce4--,z is well kn[n1 ! phosphoresc5ce ( animals is a sc9tillat+ or gl[+ light emitt$ by v>i\s =ms1 ! gre5i% light or lum9\s appe>ance ?us produc$ be+ photog5ic1 i4e4 )\t s5sible heat4 ,langley rates ! light ( ! firefly at an effici5cy ( #ajj p] c5t1 all its radiations ly+ )9 ! limits ( ! visible spectrum4 8,langley has %[n t :ile only #b4d p] c5t ( lum9\s waves are conta9$ 9 ! radiation ( a gas-flame1 only #aj p] c5t 9 t ( ! electric arc1 & only #ce p] c5t 9 t ( ! sun1 ! radiation ( ! firefly 7,pyrophorus noctilucus7 consi/s :olly ( visible wave-frequ5cies40 7,b>k]'s ,physics1 p4 #che47 ,! spectrum ( ! light ( ! cucujo 0 f\nd by ,pa/eur to be cont9u\s4 7,c4 ,r4 ,fr5* ,acad4 ,sc4 #ahfd1 ii1 p4 #eji47 ,a lat] exam9ation by ,aub]t & ,dubois %[$ t ! spectrum ( ! light exam9$ by ! spectroscope is v beautiful1 b de/itute ( d>k b&s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! int5sity dim9i%es1 ! r$ & orange disappe>1 & ! gre5 & yell[ only rema94 ,he9emann /udi$ ! cucujo at ,v]a ,cruz1 ,mexico4 ,at night 9 a d>k room x radiates a pale gre5 light :i* %[s a blue tone to ! exclusion ( any o!r light4 ,! m gas or lamp light !re is pres5t1 ! m app>5t becomes ! yell[i% gre5 hue1 :i* 9 cle> daylight *anges to an almo/ pure v light yell[ ) a v slight mixture ( gre54 8,9 ! morn+ & ev5+ twilight1 m con/antly & cle>ly 9 ! =m]1 ! cucujo light1 at lea/ to my eyes1 is an int5sely brilliant yell[ ) a slight mixture ( r$4 ,9 a d>k room light$ ) a sodium light ! yell[ tone entirely disappe>s2 on ! o!r h&1 ! blue /rik+ly increases40 ,z reg>ds ! spectrum he f\nd t almo/ exactly half ( ! blue end is want+ & t ! r$ "p is also a little n>r[] ?an 9 ! spectrum ( ! petroleum flame4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,a4 ,"y /ates t ! spectrum giv5 by our common firefly 7,phot9us87 is p]fectly cont9u\s1 )\t trace ( l9es ei!r bright or d>k4 8,x ext5ds f a little above ,fraunh(]'s l9e ,c1 9 ! sc>let1 to ab\t ,f 9 ! blue1 gradually fad+ out at ! extremities4 ,x is noticeable t precisely ?is portion ( ! spectrum is compos$ ( rays :i*1 :ile !y m p[]fully ?an any o!rs affect ! organs ( vision1 produce h>dly any !rmal or act9ic effect4 ,9 o!r words1 v little ( ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 ! fla% ( ! fire is wa/$4 ,x is q diff]5t ) our artificial me?ods ( illum9ation4 ,9 ! case ( an ord9>y gaslight ! be/ exp]im5ts %[ t n m ?an "o or two p] c5t ( ! radiant en]gy consi/s ( visible rays2 ! re/ is ei!r invisible heat or act9ism2 t is to say1 ov] #ih p] c5t ( ! gas is wa/$ 9 produc+ rays t d n help 9 mak+ objects visible40 ,panc]i also rem>ks t :ile 9 ! spectroscope ! light ( "s ,*topt]i1 ,b]o1 & ,pyrosoma exhibit "o broad b& l t giv5 by mono*romatic light1 t ( ,lampyris & ,luciola is poly*romatic4 7,am]4 ,nat41 vii1 #ahgc1 p4 #cad47 ,! filt]$ rays ( ,lampyris pass 7l ,rntg5 & uranium rays7 ?r\gh alum9ium 7,muraoka74 ,! physiology ( insect phosphoresc5ce is ?us briefly /at$ by ,lang3 8,! cells ( ?is lum9\s organ secrete1 "u ! control ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 a sub/ance :i* is burnt dur+ ! appe>ance ( ! light2 ?is combu/ion takes place by means ( ! oxyg5 convey$ to ! cells ( ! lum9\s body by ! tra*e1 :i* bran* pr(usely 9 x & break up into capill>ies40 ,em]y /ates t ! males ( ,luciola display _! light 9 two ways4 ,:5 at night "t !y are active or fly+1 ! light is giv5 out at %ort & regul> int]vals1 caus+ ! well-kn[n sp>kl+ or sc9tillat+ light4 ,if we cat* a fly+ ,luciola or pull ap>t "o re/+ 9 ! day "t1 or cut (f its h9d body1 x gives out a tol]ably /rong light1 ?\gh n ne>ly rea*+ ! int5sity ( ! light waves ( ! sp>kl+ light4 ,9 ?is case ! light is con/ant1 yet we notice1 especially 9 ! w\nd$ insect1 t ! phosphoresc5t plate 9 its :ole ext5t is n lum9\s1 b gl[s at diff]5t places z if phosphoresc5t cl\ds pass$ ov] x4 ,x is self-evid5t t a microscopic obs]vation ( ! light ( ! gl[-worm or firefly is n possible1 b an animal :ile giv+ out its light1 or a sep>at$ abdom51 may readily be plac$ "u ! microscope & obs]v$ "u tol]ably high p[]s4 ,by mak+ ! exp]im5t 9 a r d>k room ,em]y saw cle> %9+ r+s on a d>k backgr\nd4 8,all ! r+s are n equally light$4 ,comp>+ ?is ) ! results ( anatomical inve/igation1 x is se5 t ! r+s ( light correspond ) ! previ\sly describ$ circul> tra*eal capill>ies1 i4e4 ! limits betwe5 ! tra*eal-cell cyl9d] & ! p>5*ym-cells4 ,! p>5*ym-cells are nev] /a9$ ( a deep br[n2 ?is proves t its plasma may be ! seat ( ! light-produc+ oxidation4 ,h5ce ?is process ( oxidation takes place 9 ! upp] surface ( ! p>5*ym-cells1 b outside ( _! own sub/ance4 ,! p>5*ym-cells 9 reality secrete ! lum9\s matt]2 ?is is tak5 up by ! tra*eal end-cells & burnt or oxidiz$ by means ( ! oxyg5 pres5t 9 ! tra*eal capill>ies4 ,su* a combu/ion c only take place :5 ! *it9\s membrane ( ! tra*e is extraord9>ily f9e & easily p5etrable1 z is ! case 9 ! capill>ies ( ! photog5ic plate2 !re=e ! plasma ( ! tra*eal cells only oxidizes at ! =k+ ( ! t]m9al tra*eal twigs & 9 ! capill>ies40 7,em]y47 ,! color ( ! light ( ,luciola is id5tical 9 ! two sexes1 & ! int5sity is mu* ! same1 ?\gh t ( ! female is m re/rict$4 ,! rhy?m ( ! fla%es ( light giv5 out by ! male is m rapid1 & ! fla%es brief]1 :ile ^? ( ! female are long]1 m tremul\s1 & appe> at long] int]vals4 ,em]y !n asks3 ,:at is ! use ( ?is lum9osity8 ,is x only to allure ! females ( ,luciola1 :i* are s mu* r>] ?an ! males8 ,contr>y to ! g5]al view t x is an allur+ act1 he ?9ks t phosphoresc5ce is a means ( def5ce1 or a w>n+ or dang]-signal aga9/ insectivor\s nocturnal animals4 ,if we dissect or cru% a ,luciola1 x gives out a disagreeable cabbage-l smell1 & p]haps ?is is suffici5t to r5d] x in$ible to bats or o!r nocturnal animals4 ,an acrid ta/e !y c]ta9ly d n possess4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ! eggs ( fireflies1 bo? ,lampyrid & ,pyrophorus1 are lum9\s4 ,bo? ,newport & m rec5tly ,wiel[iejski attributes ! lum9osity n to ! cont5ts ( ! egg1 b to ! portions ( ! fat-body cells or fluid cov]+ on ! outside ( ! eggs1 due to ruptures ( ! p>ts )9 ! body ( ! female dur+ oviposition4 ,! l>v at diff]5t ages are also lum9\s4 ,! position ( ! lum9\s organs *anges ) age4 ,9 ! l>v ( ,pyrophorus be=e m\lt+1 accord+ to ,dubois1 ! lum9\s organs are situat$ only on ! v5tral side ( ! head & pro?oracic segm5t4 ,9 l>v ( ! second /age !re are add$ ?ree %9+ spots on ea* ( ! fir/ eight abdom9al segm5ts1 & a s+le lum9\s spot on ! la/ segm5t4 ,^! spots are arrang$ 9 a l9e> s]ies & ?us =m ?ree lum9\s cords4 ,9 ! adult beetles !re is a lum9\s spot 9 ! middle ( ! fir/ abdom9al /]nite1 b ! greate/ am\nt ( light is produc$ by ! two vesicles on ! h9d] "p ( ! pro?orax1 ! position ( :i* v>ies accord+ to ! species4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,phosphoresc5ce ,pet]s1 ,w4 ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 d] ,lampyris italica4 7,mll]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,anatomie1 #ahda1 pp4 #bbi-bcc47 ,kllik]1 ,a4 ,die ,leu*torgane von ,lampyris1 e9e vorlufige ,mit!ilung4 7,v]h&l4 d4 phys4 m$iz94 ,gesells*4 ,wrzburg1 #aheg1 viii1 pp4 #bag-bbd47 ,s*ultze1 ,max4 ,ueb] d5 ,bau d] ,leu*torgane d] ,mnn*5 von ,lampyris spl5didula4 7,sitzb]4 d4 ni$]rhe94 ,gesells*4 f4 ,natur4 u4 ,heilkunde zu ,bonn1 #ahfd1 ,sep4 p4 #g47 ---- ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,leu*torgane von ,lampyris spl5didula4 7,ar*iv f4 mikroskop4 ,anat41 #ahfe1 i1 pp4 #abd-acg1 #b ,taf47 ,wiel[iejski1 ,h4 ,ritt] von4 ,/udi5 b] die ,lampyrid54 7,zeits4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 #ahhb1 xxxvii1 pp4 #ced-dbh1 #b ,taf47 ,em]y1 ,c>lo4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,luciola italica ,l4 7,zeits4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 #ahhd1 xl1 pp4 #cch-cee1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,la luce della ,luciola italica oss]vata col microscopio4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,ital4 ,anno xvii1 #ahhe1 pp4 #cea-cee1 #a ,taf47 ,:eel]1 ,william ,morton4 ,conc]n+ ! blood tissue ( ! ,insecta1 ,,iii2 ,psy*e1 vi1 #ahib1 p4 #bee4 7,/ructure ( ! light organ ( ,photuris p5nsylvanica47 ,he9emann1 ,c4 ,zur ,anatomie und ,physiologie d] ,leu*torgane ,mexikanis*] ,cucujos1 ,pyrophorus4 7,ar*iv f4 mikroskop4 ,anat41 #ahhf1 xxvii1 pp4 #bif-chc47 ,dubois1 ,r4 ,contribution l'tude de la production de la lumire p> les tres vivants4 ,les ,elat]ides lum9eux4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,zool4 ,france1 #ahhf1 ,anne ii1 pp4 #a-bge1 #i ,pls47 ,wiel[iejski1 ,h4 ,ritt] von4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,leu*torgane d] ,insekt54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 ,jahrg4 xii1 pp4 #eid-fjj47 ,hudson1 ,g4 ,v4 ,! habits & life-hi/ory ( ! ,new ,zeal& gl[worms4 7,trans4 ,n4 ,zeal& ,in/41 xviii1 #ahij1 pp4 #dc-di1 #a ,p#a47 ,dubois1 ,r4 ,sur le me*anisme de la production de la lumire *ez l',orya b>b>ica d',algrie4 7,comptes r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc4 ,france1 #ahib1 cxvii1 pp4 #ahd-ahf4 ,also 9 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahic 7#f71 xii1 pp4 #dae-daf47 ,s*midt1 ,p4 ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 d] ,zuckmck5 7,*ironomid74 7,zool4 ,jahrb4 ,morph41 ,ab?4 viii1 #ahid1 pp4 #aia-baf1 #b ,taf4 ,also ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xv1 pp4 #acc-ada1 #ahie4 ,! light is due to bact]ia4 ,nature1 #ahig47 ,*un1 ,c4 ,leu*torgane und ,facett5aug54 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 #ahif1 pp4 #cae-cbj47 ,muraoka1 ,h4 7,on ! filt]$ rays ( ,lampyris1 ,wi$emann's ,annal51 ,dec41 #ahif47 ,see also ! writ+s ( ,aud\91 ,c>us1 ,d4 ,turn]1 ,?ompson4 ,,! ,,respiratory ,,sy/em ,:ile l& v]tebrates brea! by inhal+ ! air ?r\gh ! m\? into ! lungs1 insects respire by int]nal air-tubes 7tra*e71 :i* ramify ?r\gh\t e "p ( ! body & its app5dages4 ,! air ent]s ^! tubes ?r\gh a few op5+s1 call$ spiracles or /igmata1 arrang$ segm5tally 9 ! sides ( ! body4 ,^! tra*e are ev]y:]e ba!d by ! blood1 & ?us ! latt] is con/antly arat$ or kept fre%2 ! blood n1 z 9 v]tebrates or z 9 molluscs1 seek+ ! lungs or gills1 or any specializ$ respiratory portion ( ! body :]e ! oxyg5 comb9es ) ! hmoglob91 b ! respiratory tubes1 s to speak1 !mselves seek out ! blood & ! blood-tissue 9 e "p ( ! insect body1 p5etrat+ to ! tips ( ! ant5n & ( ! legs1 ent]+ ! mo/ delicate tissues1 ev5 p]haps pass+ ?r\gh ! walls ( epi!lial cells4 ,z ,lang rem>ks1 ! want ( an art]ial vascul> sy/em is comp5sat$ = z well z condition$ by ! extremely pr(use bran*+ ( ! tra*e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chi4--,rat-tail$ l>va ( ,eri/alis4 ,! aquatic l>v ( c]ta9 dragon-flies 7,agrionid71 may-flies1 case-worms1 etc41 respire by means ( tra*eal gills or bran*i1 :i* are ei!r filam5tal or leaf-l app5dages conta9+ tra*e4 ,some:at simil> /ructures app5d$ to ! ?orax ( pupal aquatic ,dipt]a1 z 9 ! mosquito & its allies1 enable !m to brea! :ile /ation$ a little b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,o!r l>v1 z ! rat-tail l>va ( ,eri/alis1 etc41 ly+ at ! bottom ( %all[ pools or 9 dit*es1 etc41 c brea! by rais+ slightly above ! surface a long app5dage ) two spiracles at ! end1 ?r\gh :i* ! air ent]s ! tra*eal sy/em4 7,see p4 #dfa47 ,al?\gh ,ari/otle1 z well z ! natural philosoph]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 suppos$ t insects did n brea!1 "o c easily see t !y d by hold+ a gras%opp] or dragon-fly 9 "o's h& & obs]v+ ! rhy?mical rise & fall ( ! upp] & l[] walls ( ! abdom51 dur+ :i* ! air ent]s & passes out ( ! air-op5+s or spiracles on ea* side ( ! body4 ,x is pla9 t insects consume v little air1 s9ce cat]pill>s may be conf9$ 9 v small1 almo/ air-tight t9 boxes1 & cont9ue to eat & und]go _! trans=mations )\t suff]+ f ! conf9em5t4 ,accord+ to ,h4 ,mll] an insect plac$ 9 a small1 conf9$ space absorbs all ! oxyg54 ,insects c survive = _m h\rs :5 plac$ 9 an exhau/$ receiv]1 or 9 c]ta9 irrespirable gases4 8,cockroa*es 9 c>bonic acid spe$ily become ins5sible1 b aft] twelve h\rs' exposure to ! pure gas !y survive & appe> none ! worse40 7,miall & ,d5ny1 p4 #afe47 ,insects ( ! swifte/ flight brea! mo/ rapidly1 _! great muscul> activity requir+ ! absorption ( an abundance ( oxyg54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cij4--,section ( ,sph9x embryo1 %[+ at s ! ectod]m invag9at$1 & =m+ ! g]m ( a /igma & tra*ea 7t74--,aft] ,k[alevsky4 ,w>m?1 pl5ty ( food1 besides muscul> activity1 increases ! dem& = oxyg5 & ! quantity ( c>bonic acid exhal$4 a4 ,! tra*e ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cia4--,portion ( a tra*ea ( a cat]pill>1 ) its bran*es ,b1 ,c1 ,d3 a1 p]itra*eal membrane2 b1 nucleus4--,aft] ,leydig1 f ,geg5baur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cib4--,/ructure ( a tra*ea1 diagrammatic3 portions ( ! p]itra*eal membrane 7hy7 & *it9\s intima 7cc7 remov$ to %[ ! /ructure2 9 ! *it9\s intima or endotra*ea 7cc7 c be se5 ! spiral ?ick5+s or tnidia4--,aft] ,lang4 ,x w mu* simplify our conception ( ! nature ( ! air-tubes :5 we le>n t !y orig9ate 9 ! embryo z tubul> +r[?s ( ! integum5t 7ectod]m71 ^! bran*+ & f9ally rea*+ e "p ( ! int]ior ( ! body4 ,!y are ela/ic tubes1 & be+ fill$ ) air are silv]y 9 color1 ?\gh at _! orig9 ne> ! spiracles !y are r$di% or violet blui%2 or1 9 ! l>va ( s*na1 r$di% br[n1 ?is t9t be+ due to a f9ely granul> pigm5t situat$ 9 ! p]itoneal membrane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cic4--,longitud9al section ( ! tra*ea ( ,hydrophilus piceus3 ep1 epi!lium2 cu1 cuticula2 f1 spiral ?reads4--,aft] ,m9ot4 ,9 _! ess5tial /ructure ! tra*e consi/ ( ! *it9\s intima1 :i* is a cont9uation ( ! cuticle ( ! integum5t1 & ( a cellul> membrane or out] lay] ( cells 7a cont9uation ( ! hypod]mis7 call$ ! p]itoneal membrane1 or ectotra*ea 7,figs4 #cib1 #cic74 ,leydig discov]$ t ! spiral filam5ts are n di/9ct & sep>ate1 b intimately connect$ ) ! inn] membrane 7intima71 & he detect$ ! out] or p]itoneal membrane1 :i* ,*un aft]w>ds f\nd to be epi!lial 9 its nature1 ,m9ot /at+ t x is a true pavem5t epi!lium4 ,figure #cic repres5ts a longitud9al section ( a l>ge tra*ea ( ,hydrophilus1 %[+ ! p]itoneal membrane 7ectotra*ea1 ep7 & ! intima or endotra*ea1 divid$ into ! cuticula 7cu71 ) ! d>k] color$ inn] lay]1 9 :i* are emb$d$ ! d>k-color$ tnidia 7f74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cid4--,te/is ( ,anabrus1 %[+ ! ramifications ( ! tra*e4--,aft] ,m9ot4 ,di/ribution ( ! tra*e4--,! di/ribution ( ! air-tubes1 z ,lubbock & also ,m9ot /ate1 dep5ds fir/ ^u ! %ape ( ! organs1 & ^u ! size ( ^? ^: size is v>iable4 ,ar\nd ! l>ge1 holl[ organs 7dige/ive canal1 sexual organs7 ! tra*e ramify 9 all directions1 =k+ s t ! bran*es div]ge at a wide angle4 ,9 ! organs :i* h muscul> walls1 l ! oviduct1 ! tra*e run /raight :5 ! walls are di/5d$1 b h a s9u\s c\rse :5 ! walls are contract$4 7,m9ot47 8,ar\nd ! organs ( m elongat$ =m ! bran*es ( ! tra*e run m longitud9ally1 z is %[n by ! air-tubes ( ! muscles1 :i* also pres5t "s peculi>ities wor?y ( especial notice4 8,a %ort1 ?ick trunk arrives at ! muscul> bundle1 & divid+ v rapidly1 breaks up into a l>ge numb] ( delicate tubes1 :i* p5etrate betwe5 ! muscul> fibres1 !n t]m9at+ 9 tubes ( exce$+ f95ess1 :i* at fir/ sight seem to =m a network t might well be call$ a rete mirabile4 ,a clos] exam9ation1 h[ev]1 reveals t x is n a real network1 b r an int]lac+ confus+ to ! eye4 ,! longitud9al direction ( ! tra*e ( ! muscles pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ to ! sy/em ( div>ication repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #ac & #ad4 ,! c\rse ( ! tra*e ( ! ,malpighian tubes is also v curi\s4 ,!re is "o l>ge tra*ea :i* w9ds ar\nd ! tube 9 a long spiral1 giv+ (f num]\s small bran*es :i* run to ! surface ( ! tube1 ^u :i* !y =m delicate ramifications4 ,ea* tube has b a s+le ma9 tra*ea1 & ,i ?9k ! tra*ea cont9ues ! :ole l5g? ( ! tube1 b ( ?is la/ po9t ,i am n q sure40 7,m9ot47 ,:ile 9 ! nymphs ( ,or?opt]a ! tra*e v closely resemble ^? ( ! adult1 9 l>v ( insects ) a complete metamorphosis ! tra*e diff] v mu* 9 di/ribution f ^? ( ! adult4 ,! l>val tra*e are also m g5]aliz$ & m l ^? ( ! orig9al type ?an ! tra*e ( p]fect insects4 7,lubbock47 ,9 g5]al !re are two ma9 tra*e1 "o pass+ along ea* side ( ! body1 ne> ! dige/ive canal1 connect$ ) its mate by a few transv]se ana/omos+ bran*es1 & s5d+ (f a bran* to ea* spiracle1 ?is arrangem5t be+ mo/ simple & app>5t 9 ! maggots ( ,dipt]a4 ,f ^! two ma9 bran*es small] twigs bran* (f into e "p ( ! body ) its app5dages1 pass+ among ! diff]5t organs1 (t5 s]v+ z cables to hold !m loosely 9 place2 !y also p5etrate into ! compon5t p>ts ( ! organ !mselves1 pass+ into ! fat-bodies1 & among ! fibres ( muscles1 :]e !y become f9ely att5uat$ & ref9$ l ! capill>ies ( ! vascul> sy/em ( v]tebrates4 7,figs4 #cie1 #cif47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cie4--,melanoplus femur-rubrum1 %[+ di/ribution ( air-tubes 7tra*e7 & air-sacs2 ,v1 ma9 v5tral tra*ea 7only "o ( ! two %[n72 ,s1 left /igmatal tra*ea1 connect+ by v]tical bran*es ) ,d1 ! left ma9 dorsal tra*ea2 c1 left cephalic tra*ea2 oc1 ocul> dilat$ tra*ea4 ,f ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & f\r? spiracles arise ! fir/ f\r abdom9al air-sacs1 :i* are succe$$ by ! plexus ( ?ree pairs ( dilat$ tra*e1 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 9 ,fig4 #cif4 ,num]\s air-sacs & tra*e are repres5t$ 9 ! head & ?orax4 ,! two ?oracic spiracles are repres5t$1 b n lett]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cif4--;,d1 left dorsal tra*ea2 ,s1 left /igmatal tra*ea2 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 fir/1 second1 & ?ird pairs ( abdom9al dilat$ tra*e1 =m+ a plexus beh9d ! ov>ies2 #a1 pair ( enorm\s ?oracic air-sacs2 #b1 pair ( small] air-sacs2 #c-g1 abdom9al air-sacs2 oc1 ocul> dilat$ tra*ea & air-sacs2 c1 cephalic tra*ea4 ,! relations ( ! he>t to ! dorsal tra*e are indicat$4--,drawn by ,em]ton f dissections by ! au?or4 ,9 ! y\nge/ l>va ( ,core?ra plumicornis ,weismann asc]ta9$ ! ?ickness ( ! longitud9al /em to be #j4jjag mm4 ,t ( ! f9e/ tra*eal end+s 9 ! silk-gl&s ( ! silkworm 0 f\nd by ,von ,wi/+haus5 to be #j4jjaf mm4 7,zeits4 f4 ,wiss4 ,zool4 xlix1 #ahij1 p4 #ege47 ,weismann /ates t 9 ! l>v ( ,core?ra & ,*ironomus ! tra*eal sy/em is only incompletely develop$2 ! tra*e are n unit$ ) ea* o!r1 & 9 ! y\nge/ l>v !y d n conta9 air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cig4--,tra*eal sy/em ( ! "r side ( ,ma*ilis m>itima3 k1 head2 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ?oracic segm5ts2 #a-aj1 abdom9al segm5ts2 s1 /igma4--,aft] ,oudemans1 f ,lang4 ,ea* ( ! two ma9 tra*e1 z ,kolbe /ates1 s5ds (f into ea* segm5t ( ! body ?ree bran*es4 #a4 ,an upp] or dorsal bran*1 :i* supplies ! muscles ( ! dorsal region4 #b4 ,a middle 7visc]al7 bran*1 ^: twigs pass to ! dige/ive canal & back to ! organs ( reproduction4 #c4 ,a l[] 7v5tral7 bran*1 ^: twigs are di/ribut$ to ! ganglia & to ! muscles ( ! v5tral region4 ,9 c]ta9 ,?ysanura1 z a species ( ,ma*ilis 7,fig4 #cig71 we probably h ! primitive condition ( ! tra*eal sy/em1 ! longitud9al & transv]se ana/omoses be+ abs5t1 b 9 o!r ,?ysanura 7,japyx1 ,nicoletia1 ,lepisma1 & a few species ( ,ma*ilis7 !y are pres5t4 ,z ,kolbe rem>ks1 :e!r ! f9e ends ( ! tra*e are clos$ or op51 :e!r aft] ! analogy ( ! blood capill>ies ( v]tebrates !y ana/omose ) ea* o!r1 :e!r ! ends ( ! air-tubes pass betwe5 ! cells or p5etrate into !m1 ^! que/ions are n fully settl$4 ,accord+ to ,leydig's#fa late/ views ! tra*e p5etrate into ! cells & unite ) ! hyaloplasma4 ,h5ce ! process ( respiration 9 ! la/ in/ance takes place 9 ! hyaloplasma4 ,?is assumption accords ) ! fact t 9 ! tra*eate ,ar?ropods ! t]m9ations ( ! tra*e c>ry ! atmosph]ic air into ! space b\nd$ by ! cellul> network1 also to ! hyaloplasma fill+ ! spaces4 ,leydig#fb also ?9ks t ! f9e/ tra*eal end+s p5etrate into ! muscul> tissue & unite ) ! primitive muscul> fibres4 ,kupff] is likewise ( ! op9ion t ! f9e tra*e p5etrate into ! cells1 & ,lid? de ,jeude ass]ts t !y ent] ! epi!lial cells1 8ea* cell conta9+ sev]al bran*es40 ,kllik]1 ,em]y1 etc41 ma9ta91 h[ev]1 t ! tra*eal end+s lie betwe5 ! cells4 ,wiel[iejski1#fc 9 describ+ ! l9e tra*e ( ! phosphoresc5t organs1 ?9ks t ! tra*eal end+s 7tra*eal capill>ies7 r>ely end bl9dly1 b ana/omose ) "o ano!r1 =m+ an irregul> network4 ,! late/ obs]v]1 ,gilson 7#ahic71 ass]ts t tra*eal twigs p5etrate deeply into ! epi!lial cells ( ! silk gl&s ( l>val ,tri*opt]a z well z ( cat]pill>s1 pass+ ?r\gh _! protoplasm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cih4--,tra*eal network ( ! male gl&s ( ,lampyris spl5didula3 tec1 tra*eal end-cells2 cap1 tra*eal capill>ies2 at a1 an exp&$ matrix4--,aft] ,wiel[iejski4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cii4--,tra*eal capill>y end-network 7tr4 c4 n47 ( silk gl&s ( ,ocn]ia disp>3 p1 p]itoneal 7p]itra*eal7 membrane4--,aft] ,wi/+haus54 ,a late inve/igator1 ,c4 von ,wi/+haus51 f9ds 9 ! tra*e ( ! sp9n+-gl&s ( cat]pill>s a completely =m$ network betwe5 ! t]m9al bran*es ( two or sev]al tra*eal gr\ps4 ,! tra*eal tubes ( ?is s]ies ( t]m9al bran*es pass into ?is network1 :i* he calls ! tra*eal capill>y end-network 7,figs4 #cih1 #djj74 ,?is la/ v>ies 9 ?ickness & spreads out "u ! membrana propria ( ! gl&ul> mass ov] ! entire surface ( ! l>ge gl&-cells & on a level ) ! tra*eal capill>ies4 ,! tra*eal end+s d n p5etrate into ! cells1 b are sep>at$ f ! plasma ( ! cells by a ?9 membrane4 ,! tra*eal capill>y end-network appe>s z a sy/em ( f9e tubes l ! tra*eal capill>ies1 consi/+ ( a p]itoneal lay] & a *it9\s intima 7,fig4 #djj74 ,! walls ( ^! tubes are homog5e\s1 n por\s1 ?\gh readily p]meable by ! p>5*ymat\s fluid4 ,! int]*ange ( gases consequ5tly may g on easi] & m vigor\sly 9 a sy/em ( ri*ly ana/omos+ tubules ( ! net-l mass ( tra*eal capill>ies1 ?an 9 tubes end+ bl9dly4 ,:ile ! diamet] ( ! tra*eal capill>ies is #j4jjaf mm4 or #a 1 t ( ! tubules compos+ ! tra*eal capill>y end-network is sc>cely measurable1 b is less ?an #a 4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djj4--,tra*eal end-cells ( ,lampyris spl5didula3 tr1 tra*ea ) tnidia2 tre1 tra*eal capill>ies4--,aft] ,wiel[iejski4 ,^! tra*eal capill>ies also occur on ! sem9al & o!r sexual tubes1 on ! inte/9e1 on ! ur9>y tubes1 on ! fat-bodies1 b are mo/ easily detect$ on ! silk-gl&s4 ,! late/ rese>*es are ^? ( ,e4 ,holmgr51 :o has /udi$ ! bran*+ ( ! tra*e 9 ! sp9n+-gl&s ( cat]pill>s4 ,he pref]s to call ! end-cells 8transition cells10 z !y lead f ! tra*eal tubes prop] to ! capill>y network4 ,?is latt] is =m$ by sl5d] nucleat$ cells1 (t5 ) an intracellul> lum51 &1 accord+ to ! au?or1 probably con/itut+ a respiratory epi!lium4 ,he f9ds t bo? l>ge & small tra*e may p5etrate ! gl&-cells4 7,anat4 ,anzeig]1 xi1 #ahie1 pp4 #cdj-f1 #c figs42 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,micr4 ,soc41 #ahif1 p4 #ahb47 b4 ,! spiracles or /igmata ,! spiracles are segm5tally arrang$ op5+s 9 ! sides ( ! ?orax & abdom51 ?r\gh :i* ! air passes into ! air-tubes4 ,9 its ess5tial /ructure a spiracle1 or /igma1 is a slit-l op5+ surr\nd$ by a *it9\s r+1 ! lips or edges ( ! op5+ be+ membran\s & clos$ by a movable valve ( ! spiracle atta*$ by its l[] edge1 :i* is clos$ by an occlusor muscle 7,fig4 #dja74 ,! ap]ture :5 op5 =ms a n>r[ oval slit2 & 9 mo/ insects ! slit is )9 gu>d$ by a r[ ( project+ sp9es or set1 :i* =m a lattice "w or grate to keep out du/1 dirt1 fluids1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dja4--;,horizontal section ( left ?ird /igma & tra*ea ( ,melolon?a vulg>is1 %[+ ! *amb] or drum lead+ into ! tra*ea3 a1 a1 ext]nal frame or valve protect+ ! out] op5+ ( ! /igma2 b1 c1 c1 inn] frame clos+ ! entrance into ! tra*ea 7l1 k72 m1 occlusor muscle clos+ ! inn] orifice4--,aft] ,/raus-,drckheim4 ,kran*]#fd has describ$ five lead+ types ( /igmata1 n1 h[ev]1 tak+ into acc\nt ^? ( ! ,synapt]a4 ,i4 ,/igmata )\t lips 7,primitive or g5]aliz$ /igmata74 a4 ,! simple/ /igma is an ap]ture :i* is kept op5 by a *it9\s r+ 7,acan?ia74 ,! op5+ may be r\nd or elliptical4 ,!re are no lips nor any movem5t ( ! edges to be obs]v$4 ,su* air-holes occur 9 ! abdom5 ( bugs 7,hemipt]a7 & beetles 7,coleopt]a72 )9 ! op5+ ( ! /igmata 9 ! same insects is a funnel-l contraction4 ,also 9 ! ,dipt]a ! abdom9al /igmata are ( ! same type4#fe ,! /igmata ( ! ,pulicidae 7,siphonapt]a7 are m complicat$1 z ! edges ( ! op5+s are provid$ ) set 7,fig4 #djb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djb4--;,fir/ abdom9al spiracle ) a "p ( ! tra*ea ( ! cat-flea3 sp1 spiracle2 t1 tra*ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djc4--,/igma ( ,melolon?a l>va1 se5 f )\t3 b1 bulla2 s1 sieve-l plate2 o1 curv$ slit-l op5+4--,aft] ,boas4 b4 ,! /igma consi/s ( a s]ies ( m9ute s+le /igmata1 :i* are usually surm\nt$ by a common *it9\s r+1 & ^: tubul> cont9uations unite )9 9 a common tra*ea1 s t ! s+le tubes pass (f f ! /igma l ! f+]s on ! h&4 ,?is =m is f\nd 9 ! l>v & pup>ia ( ,dipt]a4 ,,ii4 ,/igmata ) lips 7,second>y m specializ$ /igmata74 c4 ,! lips are repres5t$ by a s+le *it9\s r+1 ) sp>se sp9es4 ,"o side ( ! /igma is a little high]1 & p>tly ov]laps ! o!r po/]iorly2 ?is =m is peculi> to ! ,or?opt]a & ,libellulidae4 d4 ,! lips are ro(-l1 b5t inw>ds & d5sely hairy1 =m+ a peculi> k9d ( felt+4 ,! set ( ! lips are 9 mo/ beetles & _m ,lepidopt]a sep>ate1 & m or less bran*$4 ,9 cat]pill>s1 ! set are s f9ely bran*$ z to =m a loose felt1 or sieve-l arrangem5t4 e4 ,! /igmata are r\nd1 ) a v broad bord] & a conc5tric middle portion1 ! /ructure be+ complicat$4 ,! conc5tric middle portion is p\*-l & be>s ! occlusor muscle4 ,?is =m occurs 9 ! l>v ( lamellicorn beetles1 & c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 or ) a l5s1 9 ,oryctes1 ,cetonia1 & ,melolon?a 7,fig4 #djc74 f4 ,ov] ! out] op5+ ( ! spiracle is an incurv$ *it9\s projection1 on "o side ( :i* ! tra*ea takes its orig94 ,x is ?us 9 ! ,hym5opt]a4 ,! rem>kable grate-l /igma ( ! lamellicorn l>v has ! appe>ance z if ! out] clos+ plate or valve 7 imp5etrable4 ,! e>li] obs]v]s consid]$ ^! /igmata to be op51 b ,me9]t reg>ds !m z clos$2 ,s*idte1 h[ev]1 has obs]v$ by press+ a pres]v$ specim5 ( a ,melolon?a l>va ! alcohol )9 pass+ out 9 drops1 ?r\gh ! grate-l plate1 & h5ce he consid]s ?is a pro( t ! /igma is p]meable 7,kolbe74 ,m rec5tly 7#ahic7 ,boas has exam9$ ! same /ructure 9 ! same species ( l>va z exam9$ by ,s*idte1 & he f9ds x to be op5 only dur+ ! process ( m\lt+4 ,he f9ds t on ea* side ( ! l>va !re are n9e %ort & wide /igmatic bran*es1 ea* ( :i* is %ut (f f ! ext]ior by a br[n plate2 ?is consi/s ( a r5i=m sieve-plate1 & ( a curv$ bulla :i* fits into ! cavity ( ! plate4 ,! /igmatic bran*1 h[ev]1 is provid$ ) a l>ge ext]nal op5+1 :i* is homolog\s ) ! /igma1 b :i* is usually clos$ by ! plate & bulla1 & is only op5 dur+ ! m\lt+2 at fir/ x is circul>1 b lat] becomes a cleft4 ,a transv]se section %[s t ! bulla is a simple tegum5t>y fold1 ! out] *it9\s lay] ( :i* has become especially firm4 ,! plate =ms a horizontal half-ro(1 :i* spr+s f "o side ( ! tra*eal orifice1 & is support$ by obliquely set bases1 :i* spr+ f ! adjo9+ "p ( ! inn] side ( ! tra*e4 ,! plate & b>s are purely cuticul> /ructures4 7,zool4 ,anz41 #ahic2 also ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,micr4 ,soc41 p4 #ed47 ,! tra*eal sy/em ( libellulid nymphs is n clos$2 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! fully-gr[n nymphs ! ant]ior /igmata occurr+ on ! dorsal side are l>ge1 & ! tra*e aris+ f !m are ?ick4 ,^! /igmata are p]meable by ! air4 ,9 half-gr[n & /ill y\ng] /ages ( s*na ! two ant]ior ?oracic /igmata are undevelop$4 ,9 ord] to brea!1 ! fully-gr[n nymph ei!r rises up on ! upp] side & elevates ! end ( ! body to ! surface 9 ord] to take ! air into ! rectum1 or x re/s ) ! back ( ! ?orax at ! surface 9 ord] to brea! ?r\gh ! l>ge /igmata4 ,! "y nymphs take 9 air only ?r\gh ! rectum4 ,! "y nymphs ( ,libellula & its allies1 on ! o!r h&1 possess l>ge ?oracic /igmata1 b !y pref] to brea! ?r\gh ! rectum4 ,! fully-gr[n nymphs ( ,agrion brea! ?r\gh ! ?oracic /igmata4 7,dewitz1 9 ,kolbe47 ,! position & numb] ( pairs ( /igmata4--,! spiracles are usually situat$ 9 ! s(t membrane betwe5 ! t]gites & pleurites1 b _! exact position v>ies 9 diff]5t gr\ps4 ,9 ! ,coleopt]a !y occupy on ! ?orax a m v5tral position1 & on ! abdom5 are plac$ ne> ! edge ( ! dorsal side1 "u ! elytra4 ,9 ! dragon-flies1 ! fir/ pair is situat$ mu* m dorsally ?an ! second & ?ird pairs2 ! foll[+ sev5 pairs are almo/ :olly v5tral & lie conceal$ 9 ! membran\s fold ne> ! ext]nal plate4 ,9 ! ,hemipt]a1 also1 ! abdom9al /igmata1 ?\gh entirely free & visible1 are situat$ v5trally4 ,prim>ily1 9 ! embryo a pair ( /igmata appe> on ea* segm5t ( ! ?orax & abdom51 except ! #aj? & #aa?1 & ev5 possibly 9 ! head1 = a pair ( /igmata are said to occur 9 ! head ( ,podurids 7,smyn?urus7 7,lubbock71 ?\gh ?is /atem5t ne$s confirmation4 ,scolop5drella1 h[ev]1 is kn[n to possess a pair ( cephalic spiracles4 ,f ! =ego+ /atem5t x w be se5 t :ile 9 exi/+ w+$ insects no m ?an #aj 79 ,japyx #aa7 pairs ( /igmata are to be f\nd 9 any "o species1 yet t #ab segm5ts ( ! body1 9 diff]5t gr\ps tak5 collectively1 be> !m4 ,! primitive numb] ( pairs ( spiracles1 !re=e1 9 w+$ insects1 0 #ab1 i4e4 a pair 9 ea* ?oracic segm5t1 & a pair 9 ea* ( ! fir/ n9e abdom9al segm5ts4 ,insects 7 orig9ally all holopneu/ic1 & gradually z ! type became diff]5tiat$ into ! diff]5t ord]s !y became p]ipneu/ic or amphipneu/ic1 &1 9 c]ta9 aquatic =ms1 apneu/ic4 7,see pp4 #dei1 #dfa47 ,9 ! /ill m primitive1 probably w+less1 ance/ors ( insects !re 0 a l>g] numb] ( /igmata4 ,hats*ek1 9 #ahgg1 discov]$ a pair ( tra*eal invag9ations 9 ea* ( ! ?ree po/]ior head-segm5ts ( ! embryo ( a mo?1 ) /igmatal op5+s 9 ! #a/ & #b;d maxill>y segm5ts4 ,?us e>ly 9 embryonic life e segm5t ( ! body1 except ^? be>+ ! eyes & ! la/ abdom9al1 bore a pair ( /igmata1 s t ! primitive insect _h at lea/ #ae1 & p]haps m1 pairs ( /igmata4 ,! position ( ! /igmata is subject to mu* v>iation1 ! result ( adaptation to ?is or t mode ( life4 ,examples are ^? insects :i* live 9 du/y situations or usually m or less conceal$ 9 ! e>?1 z 9 mo/ beetles1 & 9 ! ,hym5opt]a4 ,9 su* beetles1 ! /igmata are situat$ 9 ! ?9 membrane betwe5 ! segm5ts2 9 ! ,hym5opt]a1 on ! upp] edge ( ! segm5ts4 ,9 ! ,siphonapt]a1 ,p$icul9a1 b$-bug1 & simil> =ms1 :i* brea! an air fre] f du/1 ! spiracles lie free on ! outside ( ! body4 8,:5 ! /igmata are free & )\t any protection on ! abdom51 !re are o!r ways by :i* ! entrance ( =eign bodies into ! tra*e is prev5t$4 ,9 su* cases ! body is cov]$ ) d5se hairs1 z 9 mo/ ,dipt]a & ,neuropt]a1 z well z _m ,lepidopt]a2 or !re is situat$ 9 front ( ! /igma ei!r a small fissure :i* is cov]$ ov] by a numb] ( hairs aris+ f ! edge1 z 9 _m ,or?opt]a2 or1 z 9 mo/ insects1 a luxuri\s gr[? ( hairs on ! inside ( ! /igma =ms a ?ick filt] = ! air4 ,?us we see t also 9 ?is respect ea* species ( insect is completely adapt$ to its surr\nd+s40 7,kran*]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djd4--;,a1 ?oracic /igma ( ! h\se-fly3 ,sb1 valve :i* closes ! op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dje4--;,diagrammatic figures ( ! int]nal app>atus :i* closes ! tra*ea1 9 ! /ag-beetle3 ,a1 tra*ea op52 9 ,b1 clos$2 ,/1 ! /igma1 ) its grat$ lips2 ,ct1 cuticula ( ! body-walls2 ,vk1 clos+ p\*2 ,vb1 clos+ b[2 ,vba1 clos+ b&2 ,m1 occlusor muscle4--,f ,judei* & ,nits*e4 ,! clos+ app>atus ( ! /igma4--,:e!r ! ext]nal op5+ ( ! /igma is p]man5tly op5 or clos$1 communication ) ! tra*e may be cut (f at pleasure dur+ respiration by an int]nal app>atus ( ela/ic *it9\s b&s & rods & ! occlusor muscle4 ,! p>ts conc]n$ 9 ?is op]ation are3 #a4 ,! clos+ b[2 #b4 ,! clos+ lev] or peg2 #c4 ,! clos+ b&2 #d4 ,! occlusor muscle 7,figs4 #dje1 #djf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djf4--,/igma1 ) ! clos+ app>atus1 ( ,sm]9?us populi 7imago71 se5 f )93 b1 clos+ b[2 c1 clos+ b&3 o1 /igmatic op5+2 r1 ext]nal *it9\s r+2 l1 clos+ lev]2 m1 occlusor muscle2 s1 scales :i* lie l ro(+ tiles ov] ! /igma4--,aft] ,kran*]4 8,! fir/ ?ree p>ts are *it9iz$2 !y =m a r+ ar\nd ! /igmatic op5+1 & are unit$ to ea* o!r by jo9ts4 ,! b[ is usually cresc5tic & z a rule surr\nds "o-half ( ! tra*ea4 ,on ! o!r side is ! clos+ b& :i*1 by diff]5t contrivances1 repres5t+ ! clos+ lev] or peg1 becomes closely press$ aga9/ ! clos+ b[4 ,?is lev] is usually ( ! %ape ( a sl5d] *it9\s rod1 :i* causes ! closure2 b x c also b5d rectangul>ly1 become conv]t$ into a typical lev] z 9 ! ,lepidopt]a1 or x may assume ! =m ( two peg-l processes1 :i* press ) _! base aga9/ ! clos+ b[40 7,kran*]47 8,! closure ( ! spiracul> op5+ is effect$ by ! contraction ( ! muscles1 :ile ! op5+ is due to ! ela/icity ( ! *it9\s p>ts4 ,:5 at re/ ! spiracle is naturally op51 s t ! air 9 ! tra*ea c directly communicate ) ! ext]nal air4 ,usually "o end ( ! muscle is atta*$ to ! clos+ peg1 & ! o!r end to ! clos+ b[4 ,:]e1 z 9 ,melolon?a1 ! clos+ app>atus is provid$ ) two lev]s1 !n naturally ! muscle b9ds ^! two toge!r & br+s ab\t by p[]ful contractions a firm closure ( ! tra*ea02 b1 rem>ks ,kran*]1 8?is is n ! only k9d2 !re are num]\s modifications4 ,besides ! =m j describ$1 ! lev]s assume ! =m ( valves 7,sirex71 or ( a bru% 7,pulex72 or ( a r+ 7l>v ( ,dipt]a7 ) a circul> muscle atta*$ to x2 or ( a r+ :i* simply becomes compress$ 7?oracic /igmata ( ,dipt]a740 c4 ,morphology & homologies ( ! tra*eal sy/em ,z fir/ %[n by ,bts*li1 ! tra*eal sy/em is a s]ies ( segm5tally arrang$ tubul> invag9ations ( ! ectod]m2 a pair ( /igmata primitively occurr+ on e segm5t ( ! body except p]haps ! mo/ ant]ior1 & ! la/ two or la/ "o1 a r$uction 9 _! numb] hav+ s9ce tak5 place1 until 9 ! ,podurans none h surviv$4 ,9 ! suppos$ ance/or ( myriopods & insects1 ,p]ipatus1 !re are tra*e2 b !y are v f9e1 simple1 n-bran*$ *it9\s tubes :i* are unit$ into tufts at ! base ( a flask-%ap$ depression ( ! integum5t1 ! out] ap]ture ( :i* depression is reg>d$ z a /igma4 ,9 "o species 7,p4 edw>dsii7 ^! tufts & _! op5+s are scatt]$ irregul>ly ov] ! body2 b 9 ano!r k9d 7,p4 cap5sis7 "s ( ! /igmata at lea/ %[ traces ( a s]ial arrangem5t1 be+ dispos$ 9 longitud9al r[s--two on ea* side1 "o dorsally & "o v5trally1 ^? ( ea* r[1 h[ev]1 be+ m num]\s ?an ! pairs ( legs4 7,see p4 #i & ,fig4 #d1 ,d47 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 ,p]ipatus1 :i* does n possess ur9>y tubes1 ! segm5tal organs or nephridia are well develop$1 h5ce ! tra*eal tubes coexi/+ ) !m _c be _! homologues4 ,we are !re=e compell$ to reg>d ! tra*eal sy/em z ( indep5d5t orig91 aris+ 9 ! e>lie/ t]re/rial air-brea?+ ar?ropod1 & n indebt$ = its orig9 to any /ructure f\nd 9 worms1 unless p]haps1 z bo? ,k5nell & ,lang sugge/1 to d]mal gl&s1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,k5nell1 c]ta9 ,hirud9ea & _m ,turbell>ian worms possess long1 mo/ly unicellul>1 gl&s :i* spread f> ?r\gh ! p>5*yma ( ! body4 7,k5nell47 ,?us ,k5nell supposes t ! ance/ors ( ! ,tra*eates _h spiracles on e segm5t ( ! body :]e ! int]nal organization all[$ !m to exi/4 8,! r$uction ( ! brea?+ holes to a small] numb]1 & _! re/riction ( a pair only to a s+le segm5t1 0 br\ght ab\t p>tly by adaptation to a peculi> mode ( life1--z insect l>v especially tea* u1--p>tly also--,i may say me*anically--z a result ( ! ob/ruction to _! developm5t made by ! gr[? or excessive developm5t ( o!r organs40 ,among ^! he reckons ! ?ick1 d5se cuticula ( ! integum5t1 ! int]nal fusion ( sev]al segm5ts to =m body-regions1 & ! arrangem5t & great developm5t ( ! muscles 9 ! head & ?orax1 etc4 7p4 #bi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djg4--,section ?r\gh a tra*eal pit & div]g+ bundles ( tra*eal tubes tak5 transv]sely to ! long axis ( ! body3 tr1 tra*e1 %[+ rudim5t>y spiral fibre2 tr4 c1 cells resembl+ ^? l9+ ! tra*eal pits1 :i* occur at int]vals along ! c\rse ( ! tra*e2 tr4 o1 tra*eal /igma2 tr4 p1 tra*eal pit4--,aft] ,balf\r1 f ,s$gwick4 ,k5nell has sugge/$ ! orig9 ( ! tra*e ( ,p]ipatus f ! unicellul> d]mal gl&s ( annelidan ance/ors1 s9ce he has f\nd gl&s 9 c]ta9 l&-lea*es ( tropical ,am]ica1 :i* are provid$ ) enorm\sly long tubul> passages unit$ into bundles & op5+ ext]nally1 ^! tubes appe>+ to be slightly *it9iz$4 ,fig4 #djg w %[ ! appe>ance ( a bundle ( f9e tra*eal tubes ( ,p]ipatus end+ at ! bottom ( a follicle =m$ by a deep invag9ation ( ! integum5t1 :i* may be reg>d$ z a primitive spiracle4 7,see ,k5nell1 ,ueb] e9ige ,l&blutegel des tropical ,am]ica1 ,zool4 ,jahrb4 ii1 #ahhf2 also ,die ,v]w&ts*aftsv]hltnisse d] ,ar?ropod51 #ahia1 p4 #be47 ,we may add t ,c>rire supposes f 8 /udy ( ! embryology ( ! wall-bee 7,*alicodoma mur>ia71 publi%$ 9 #ahij1 t n only ! saliv>y gl&s1 b also ! t5torium1 are homologues ( ! tra*e1 :ile o!r /ructures ?an tra*e may h evolv$ f unicellul> d]mal gl&s1 :i* are widely di/ribut$4 ,x may 9 ?is connection be obs]v$ t "s au?ors d]ive ! book-lungs or book-leaf tra*e ( ,ara*nida f ! gills ( ,limulus2 h5ce if ^? ( ,ara*nida arose f q diff]5t & m specializ$ organs ?an d]mal gl&s1 x is n impossible t ! tra*e ( ,p]ipatus1 ,myriopods1 & insects arose de novo1 & !n we ne$ n look = any primitive /ructures 9 worms f :i* !y arose4 ,al?\gh ,bts*li 9 #ahgj 9 8 embryology ( ! honey-bee call$ att5tion to ! 8great simil>ity :i* ! elev5 pairs ( invag9ations 9 ! elev5 fir/ trunk-segm5ts 9 _! fir/ indication 7anlage7 h ) ! sp9n+-gl&s1 & also ) ! segm5tal organs ( ,annelids10 he did n g fur!r ?an ?is1 & x is n[ kn[n t 9 ! #b;d maxill>y segm5t op5 n only sp9n+-gl&s1 b 9 ! embryo a pair ( /igmata4 ,paul ,may]1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ ! tra*e & ur9>y tubes z homodynam\s /ructures1 & ?is view 0 advocat$ by ,grassi 7#ahhe7 = ! reason t :ile 9 ! embryo honey-bee !re are t5 pairs ( /igmata1 ! fir/ ?oracic & two la/ abdom9al segm5ts want+ !m1 ! g]ms ( ! ur9>y tubes arise 9 a correspond+ situation on ! two la/ abdom9al segm5ts4 ,to ?is view ,em]y 7,biol4 ,c5tralb41 #ahhf1 p4 #fib7 objects t 9 ,p]ipatus ! nephridia & tra*e 8h no?+ to d ) ! segm5tal organs10 z ,p]ipatus besides nephridia possesses bo? coxal gl&s & tra*e4 ,bo? ,k5nell & ,lang d]ive ! coxal gl&s ( ,ar?ropoda f ! setip>\s or p>apodial gl&s ( annelid worms1 & ! rec5t endeavor ( ,b]n>d to %[ t ! tra*e arose f setip>\s gl&s seems to be disprov$ by ! fact t 9 insects z well z 9 o!r ,ar?ropoda coxal gl&s ) _! outlets exi/ 9 ! same segm5ts z ^? be>+ /igmata4 ,reason+ by exclusion1 we are l$ to reg>d ,k5nell's orig9al view z ! s\nde/4 ,patt51 h[ev]1 reg>ds ! tra*e z modifi$ ends ( nephridia1 rem>k+3 8,s9ce 9 ,acilius "s ( ! abdom9al tra*e at fir/ communicate ) ! cavities ( ! mesobla/ic somites1 x is probable t all ! tra*e repres5t ! ectod]mic portions ( ! nephridia40 7,orig9 ( ,v]tebrates f ,ara*nids1 p4 #cee47 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ! tra*e fir/ arose z modifications ( d]mal gl&s1 z 9 mites & ,p]ipatus1 & t at fir/ !y 7 n provid$ ) tnidia 7z 9 ,*ilopoda71 :ile 9 lat] =ms tnidia 7 develop$4 ,9 ! e>lie/ tra*eate =ms ! /igmata 7 n segm5tally arrang$1 probably appe>+ irregul>ly any:]e 9 ! body1 b aft]w>ds 9 ! myriopods & insects became s]ially arrang$4 d4 ,! spiral ?reads or tnidia ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ! s-call$ 8spiral ?read0 =ms a cont9u\s ?read f "o end ( a tra*eal bran* to ! o!r4 ,?is 0 fir/ %[n n to be ! case by ,platn] 9 #ahdd4 ,m9ot has prov$ t 8!re is n a s+le spiral ?read1 b sev]al1 :i* run p>allel to "o ano!r & end aft] mak+ a few turns ar\nd ! tra*ea40 ,! tnidia we h f\nd to be 9 "s cases sep>ate1 indep5d5t1 solid r+s1 ?\gh :5 !re is m ?an "o turn ! ?read necess>ily becomes spiral4 ,! tnidia ( a ma9 bran* /op at ! orig9 ( ! small] bran*es1 & a new set beg9s at ! orig9 ( ea* bran*4 ,! tnidia at ! orig9 ( ! bran* d n pass entirely ar\nd ! inside ( ! p]itoneal membrane2 9 ! axils !y are %ort1 sep>ate1 sp9dle-%ap$ b&s 7,fig4 #dji74 ,at "o po9t 9 ! ma9 tra*ea ( ! l>va ( ,datana ! tnidia 7 se5 to end s+ly on "o side 7at a consid]able di/ance f any bran* or axil7 at int]vals1 ) a tnidium situat$ betwe5 !m1 mak+ f\r or five turns2 !n !re is only "o b& situat$ betwe5 two ends2 ?is b& or ?read is succe$$ by a set ) five turns betwe5 ! two ends1 ?is set be+ succe$$ by "o complete r+ situat$ betwe5 two ends2 9 all cases ! ends v>y 9 l5g?1 "s ?reads be+ %ort & o!rs long1 s t !y app>5tly end any:]e along ! circumf]5ce ( ! tra*ea1 & ?is arrangem5t is se5 to app>5tly ext5d along ! :ole l5g? ( ! tra*ea4 ,h5ce x is se5 t z a rule ! tnidia v>y mu* 9 l5g?1 & nev]1 z g5]ally suppos$1 pass cont9u\sly f "o end to ano!r ( a tra*eal bran*1 = !re are _m spirals 9 a bran*1 ea* mak+ only f "o to five turns1 mo/ usually f\r turns4 ,fig4 #djh1 "p ( a tra*ea ( ,dyticus m>g9atus1 %[s t at a slight b5d 9 a tra*ea ! tnidia is int]rupt$1 & %ort1 incomplete1 w$ge-%ap$ tnidia 7e7 are int]polat$2 at ,a1 d is se5 a split 9 "o ( ! tnidia 7comp>e also ,mac,leod1 ,pl4 #a1 ,fig4 #i74 ,! ?reads are q irregul> 9 wid?4 ,9 ! axils ( ! bran*es !re is1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #dji1 a basketwork ( indep5d5t1 %ort1 (t5 sp9dle-%ap$ tnidia2 ^! are succe$$ by long] ones1 until we h ?reads pass+ entirely ar\nd ne> ! base ( ea* new bran*2 ^! be+ succe$$ by o!rs :i* make f two to five spiral turns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djh4--,tnidia ( ,dyticus3 d1 a split tnidium2 e1 e1 ends ( tnidia4 ,! %ape ( ! tnidia appe>s to v>y to a great ext5t4 ,9 lepidopt]\s insects we h obs]v$ !m to be 9 _! g5]al %ape r flat & slightly concavo-convex1 ! holl[ look+ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! tra*ea4 ,m9ot's section 7,fig4 #cic7 %[s t 9 ,hydrophilus !y are cyl9drical & solid1 & ,*un /ates t ^? ( ,/ratiomys are r\nd1 :ile 9 ,eri/alis !y are r\nd1 ) a ridge project+ into ! cavity ( ! tra*ea2 9 s*na ! ?read is quadrangul>4 ,mac,leod /ates t sometimes x is cyl9drical1 9 o!r cases flat1 likewise prismatic2 ,macloskie believes t ! spiral ?reads ( ! c5tip$e are 8f9e tubules1 ext]nally op5+ by a fissure along _! c\rse40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dji4--,tnidia ( ,dyticus 9 an axil ( two bran*es3 e1 e1 ends ( tnidia4 ,/okes confirms ,macloskie's /atem5ts1 /at+ t 9 ! hemipt]\s ,zai?a flum9ea 8! tnidia are fissur$ tubules =m$ )9 & f *it9iz$ folds ( ! intima1 ! convexity ( ! folds look+ t[>ds ! lum5 ( ! tra*e40 ,9 ,fig4 #dad1 #a1 are repres5t$ portions ( sev]al tnidia %[+ ! fissure1 :i* is sometimes int]rupt$2 at #b are se5 8! =mation ( :at may be call$ ap]tures 9 a *it9\s bridge40 ,/okes reg>ds ! tnidia z 8inw>dly direct$ folds ( ! membrane40 ,ne> ! spiracles ! tra*eal membrane is ext]nally /udd$ ) m9ute papill1 z %[n at #c1 :]e are repres5t$ ?ree broad & incomplete tnidia1 ) ! tap]+ end1 or ! beg9n+1 ( ano!r4 ,/okes adds1 8,"h !y are only broad grooves1 ) no appe>ance ( ! n>r[ fissure ( ! complet$ tnidium4 ,at #d is figur$ a portion ( ! int]nal surface ( a l>ge tra*ea ne> ! ext]nal orifice1 ! tnidia be+ 9 an incipi5t /age1 evid5tly =m+ m or less ( a network1 z is usually ! case next to ! /igma0 7comp>e p4 #dea1 & ,fig4 #dad74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #daj4--;,end ( saliv>y duct 9 base ( proboscis ( ,/omoxys calcitrans3 a1 incomplete & irregul> tnidia2 b1 two tnidia mak+ incomplete r+s ne> ! di/al end ( ! duct4 ,! tra*e ( *ilopod myriopods appe> to be l ^? ( insects4 ,a numb] ( au?ors h fail$ to detect ! spiral ?reads 9 ! ,julid4 ,z to ! ,ara*nida1 sev]al obs]v]s1 includ+ ,m5ge & ,b]tkau1 h d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! spiral ?read 9 ! spid]s ) ! exception ( ! ,attid2 & ,mac,leod f9ds !m 8sc>cely visible0 9 ,argyroneta4 ,besides ! tra*e1 ! saliv>y duct is kept p]man5tly di/5d$ by tnidia1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n spiral4 ,!y usually =m incomplete r+s1 z 9 ,/omoxys1 arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #daj4 ,! labella 7proboscis7 ( flies are support$ by incomplete *it9\s tubes or 8pseudo-tra*e10 ! ends ( :i* =m ! scrap+ tee?1 ?is be+1 accord+ to ,dimmock1 _! prim>y function4 ,dimmock describes !m z cyl9drical *annels op5+ on ! surface 9 zigzag slits4 ,^! *annels are held op5 by incomplete r+s1 "o end ( :i* is =k$4 8,^! r+s are app>5tly arrang$ s t "o has its =k on "o side ( ! op5+ ( ! *annel1 ! next r+ ! =k on ! opposite side ( ! *annel1 & s on1 9 alt]nation4 ,_! true /ructure is reveal$ :5 flatt5$ out40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #daa4--;,abdom9al spiracle 7left side7 ( cockroa* 7,p4 am]icana71 side view1 %[+ ! b[3 p1 lat]al p\* ( spiracle 79 c5tre7 se5 f )94 ,! tessellat$ /ructure ( spiracle & tra*ea %[n at ,a1 & ! m>g9 ( ! ext]nal ap]ture at ,b4--,aft] ,miall & ,d5ny4 ,! use ( ! ela/ic tnidia is to r5d] ! tra*e ela/ic1 & to keep !m p]man5tly op51 z is ! case ) ! p>allel r+s ( ! tra*ea ( ! high] v]tebrates4 ,! tra*e are ?us r5d]$ firm & solid1 at ! lea/ exp5se ( *it9\s mat]ial4 ,! spiral ?read1 z ,mac,leod rem>ks1 8is ! realization 9 nature ( :at eng9e]s call a =m ( ! greate/ resi/ance40 ,! tnidia are want+ 9 ! f9e end+s ( ! tra*e 7tra*eal capill>ies72 also 9 ! cockroa*1 accord+ to ,miall & ,d5ny1 !y are n develop$ 9 ! l>ge tra*e close to ! spiracles1 & ! intima or wall ( ! tube has a tessellat$ in/ead ( a spiral m>k+ 7,fig4 #daa74 ,! same /ructure is se5 9 ! ,p]lid 7,nem\ra1 ,g]/aeck]1 ,zeit4 f4 wiss54 ,zool4 xxiv1 ,taf4 xxiii1 ,figs4 #e & #g72 also 9 s*na 7,hag51 ,zool4 ,anz4 #ahhj1 p4 #aei74 ,9 c]ta9 f9e tra*e ( ! eyes ( ! fly no spiral ?reads are develop$4 7,hickson47 ,! air-sacs or dilat$ tra*e are also )\t tnidia4 ,:ile 9 ! liv+ insect ! ma9 & small] tra*e are fill$1 ) air1 x is /at$ by ,von ,wi/+haus5 t ! f9e capill>y ends conta9 a fluid4 e4 ,orig9 ( ! tra*e & ( ! 8spiral ?read0 ,:ile we owe to ,bts*li ! discov]y ( ! mode ( orig9 & morphology ( ! tra*e1 :i* z he has %[n#ff arise by invag9ations ( ! ectobla/2 !re be+ orig9ally a s+le lay] ( epibla/ic cells conc]n$ 9 ! =mation ( ! tra*e2 we are indebt$ to ,weismann#fg = ! discov]y ( ! mode ( orig9 ( ! 8intima10 f ! epibla/ic lay] ( cells =m+ ! primitive f\ndation ( ! tra*eal /ructure4 ,weismann did n obs]ve ! e>lie/ /eps 9 ! process ( =mation ( ! /igma & ma9 trunk ( ! tra*e1 :i* ,bts*li aft]w>ds cle>ly describ$ & figur$4 ,weismann1 h[ev]1 ?us describes ! mode ( developm5t ( ! intima2 aft] describ+ ! cells de/9$ to =m ! p]itoneal membrane1 he says3 8,! lum5 is fill$ ) a cle> fluid & already %[s a def9ite bord] 9 a slight ?ick5+ ( ! cell-wall next to x4 8,v soon ?is ?ick5+ =ms a ?91 /ructureless intima1 :i* passes z a delicate d\ble l9e along ! cells1 & %[s its dep5d5ce on ! cells by a sort ( adh]5ce to ! r\nd$ sides ( ! cells 7,taf4 vii1 #ig ,a1 a b c74 ,?r\gh\t ! mass1 z ! intima ?ick5s1 ! cells lose _! indep5d5ce1 _! walls press+ toge!r & coalesc+1 & soon ! consid]ably enl>g$ holl[ cyl9d] ( ! intima is surr\nd$ by a homog5e\s lay] ( a tissue1 ^: orig9 f cells is recogniz$ only by ! regul> position ( ! r\nd$ nuclei 7,taf4 vii1 ,fig4 #ig1 ,b74 8,!n z soon z ! wavy b&s ( ! intima entirely disappe>1 & x =ms a /raight1 cyl9drical tube1 a f9e pale cross-/riation becomes noticeable 7vii1 #ig1 ,b1 int71 :i* =ms ! well-kn[n #8spiral ?read1' a /ructure :i*1 z ,leydig has %[n1 possesses no indep5d5ce1 b arises m]ely f a p>tial ?ick5+ ( ! orig9ally homog5e\s intima4 8,mey]'s idea t ! spiral ?reads are fissures 9 ! intima produc$ by ! entrance ( air is disprov$ by ! fact t ! spiral ?reads are pres5t long be=e ! air ent]s4 ,h5ce ! correctness ( ,leydig's view1 bas$ on ! hi/ological /ructure ( ! tra*e1 is confirm$ by ! embryological developm5t1 & ! old idea ( ?ree membranes1 :i* bo? ,mey] & ,milne-,edw>ds ma9ta91 mu/ be giv5 up40 ,weismann also cont5ds t ! ela/ic membrane be>+ ! 8spiral ?read0 is 9 no s5se a prim>y membrane1 n correspond+ hi/ologically to a cellul> membrane4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! 8p]itoneal membrane comprises ! prim>y elem5t ( ! tra*ea2 x is n[h]e abs5t1 b envelops ! smalle/ bran*es1 z well z ! l>ge/ trunks1 only v>y+ 9 ?ickness1 :i* 9 ! embryo & ! "y l>va ( ,musca /&s 9 relation to ! ?ickness ( ! lum540 ,! tra*ea1 !n1 consi/s prim>ily ( an epi!lial lay]1 ! 8p]itoneal membrane10 or ! invag9at$ epibla/2 f ?is lay] an intima is secret$1 j z ! sk9 or cuticle is secret$ by ! hypod]mis4 ,we may call ! p]itoneal membrane ! ectotra*ea1 ! intima or inn] lay] d]iv$ f ! ectotra*ea ! endotra*ea4 ,! s-call$ 8spiral ?reads0 are a ?ick5+ ( ! endotra*eal membrane1 sometimes arrang$ 9 a spiral mann]4 ,= ^! *it9\s b&s we h propos$ ! "n tnidia 7,greek1 little b&s74 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! spiral ?read our obs]vations#fh h be5 made on ! cat]pill> ( a species ( ,datana1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 alcohol1 j be=e pupation1 :5 ! l>va 0 9 a semipupal condition1 & ! l>val sk9 c\ld be readily /ripp$ (f4 ,at ?is "t ! ectotra*ea ( ! l>va _h und]gone hi/olysis1 no?+ rema9+ b ! m\lt$ endotra*ea1 repres5t$ by ! tnidia1 :i* lay loosely )9 ! cavity ( ! tra*ea4 ,! ectotra*ea or p]itoneal membrane ( ! pupa is mean:ile 9 process ( =mation2 ! nucle> orig9 ( ! tnidia is n[ v app>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dab4--,longitud9al section ( a tra*ea1 %[+ ! orig9 ( ! tnidia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dac4--,orig9 ( ! tnidia f nuclei4 ,fig4 #dab repres5ts a longitud9al section ?r\gh a second>y tra*eal bran*1 %[+ ! orig9 ( ! *it9\s b&s1 or tnidia4 ,at t are pieces ( six tnidia :i* h be5 m\lt$2 ectr indicates ! nuclei =m+ ! out] cellul> lay]1 ! ectotra*ea or p]itoneal membrane4 ,^! nuclei s5d long sl5d] prolongations ar\nd ! inside ( ! p]itoneal membrane2 ^! prolongations1 z may be se5 by ! figure1 become ! tnidia4 ,! tnidia1 be+ closely approximate1 gr[ toge!r m or less1 & a ?9 endotra*eal membrane is ?us produc$1 ( :i* ! tnidia are ! ?ick5$ b&-l portions4 ,! endotra*eal membrane is ?us d]iv$ f ! ectotra*ea1 or primitive tra*eal membrane1 & ! s-call$ 8spiral ?read0 is =m$ by ?ick5+s ( ! nuclei compos+ ! second>y lay] ( nuclei1 & :i* become fill$ ) ! *it9 secret$ by ^! elongat$ nuclei4 ,! middle portion ( ! tnidia1 imm$iately aft] ! m\lt1 is cle> & transp>5t1 ) obscure m9ute granules1 :ile ! nucle> base ( ! cell is fill$ z usual ) abundant granules1 & conta9s a di/9ct nucleolus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dad4--,tnidia & int]nal hairs ( ,zai?a4--,aft] ,/okes4 ,! orig9 ( ! tnidia is also well %[n by ,fig4 #dac1 :i* is likewise a longitud9al section ( a tra*ea at ! po9t ( orig9 ( a bran*4 ,! p]itra*eal membrane or ectotra*ea 7ectr7 is compos$ ( l>ge granulat$ nuclei2 & )9 are ! m transp>5t endotra*eal cells2 at t are fragm5ts ( ! m\lt$ tnidia4 ,! new tnidia are 9 process ( developm5t at t2 at base !y are se5 to be granulat$ nuclei1 ) (t5 a di/9ct nucleolus1 ea* s5d+ a long1 sl5d]1 transp>5t1 po9t$ process along ! inside ( ! tra*ea4 ,^! unite to =m ! *it9\s b&s or spiral ?reads4 ,int]nal hair-l bodies4--,9 ! l>ge tra*e ( ,lampyris v f9e *it9\s bri/les project free into ! cavity ( ! tube 7,g]/ae*]71 :ile accord+ to ,leydig !re are simil> *it9\s po9ts 9 ! tra*e ( ! ,c>abid beetle ,procru/es4 ,dug>d9 _h previ\sly 7#ahdi7 call$ att5tion to su* hairs1 giv+ a li/ ( ! insects 9 :i* he obs]v$ !m4 ,em]y figures a section ( ! tra*e ( ,luciola1 89 w5dig beha>t40#fi ,/okes has describ$ ^? ( ,zai?a flum9ea 7,fig4 #dad7 z 8int]nal *it9\s1 hair-l bodies aris+ f ! fold ( ! tnidia & project+ into ! lum5 ( ! tubes40 ,!y are holl[1 _! m9ute cavity di/9ctly communicat+ ) t ( ! tnidium1 f :i* !y arise by an enl>g$ base4 ,!y end 9 an exce$+ly f9e po9t :i* is occasionally bifid or trifid4 ,9 ,fig4 #dad1 #d1 sev]al are %[n atta*$ to ! wr9kles ( ! tra*e ne> a spiracle1 & at #e is repres5t$ a transv]se section ( a tra*ea ) ?ree hairs project+ into its cavity4#gj ,/okes has also describ$ 8c]ta9 m9ute1 elliptical bodies 9 ! tnidia1 ea* ) an int]nal1 presumably gl&ul>1 app5dage1 to all appe>ance =m+ "p ( ! tnidium f :i* x spr+s40 ,^! are %[n 9 ,fig4 #dad1 at #a1 #c1 &1 m 9 detail1 at #f2 ^? at #g1 ^: ?ickness is ab\t #ahjjj ( an in*1 appe> z collections ( exce$+ly m9ute1 r\nd$ ap]tures 9 a cu%ion-l mass4 ,al?\gh n commonly occurr+ on ! tra*eal membrane betwe5 ! tnidia1 !y may be f\nd !re1 z at #d4 f4 ,! me*anism ( respiration & ! respiratory movem5ts ( insects ,by hold+ a locu/ 9 ! h& "o may obs]ve ! ord9>y mode ( brea?+ 9 insects4 ,dur+ ?is act ! portion ( ! side ( ! body betwe5 ! /igmata & ! pleurum contracts & exp&s2 ! contraction ( ?is region causes ! spiracles to op54 ,! g5]al movem5t is caus$ by ! /]nal mov+ mu* m decid$ly ?an ! t]gal portion ( ! abdom54 ,:5 ! pleural portion ( ! abdom5 is =c$ out1 ! s(t pleural membran\s region "u ! =e & h9d w+s contracts1 z does ! tympanum1 or e>1 & ! membran\s portions at ! base ( ! h9d legs4 ,:5 ! t]gum or dorsal portion ( ! abdom5 falls1 & ! pleurum contracts1 ! spiracles op52 _! op5+ is ne>ly b n always exactly cord9at$ ) ! contractions ( ! pleurum1 b z a rule !y are4 ,!re 7 #fe contractions 9 a m9ute 9 a locu/ :i* _h be5 held betwe5 ! f+]s ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,x 0 notic$ t :5 ! abdom5 exp&$1 ! air-sacs 9 ! fir/ abdom9al r+ contract$4 ,= exp&+ ! abdom5 no special muscles are requir$1 s9ce x exp&s by ! ela/icity ( ! p>ts4 ,= contract+ its walls !re are two sets ( muscles1 viz41 special v]tical expiratory muscles s]v+ to compress or flatt5 ! abdom5 7,figs4 #dae-dah71 & o!r muscles :i* draw toge!r or telescope ! segm5ts4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t :5 ! abdom5 contract$ ! air 0 expell$ f ! body & ! tra*e empti$2 t1 :5 ! abdom5 aga9 exp&$ by its own ela/icity1 ! air-tubes 7 refill$1 & t no o!r me*anism 0 ne$$4 ,b ,l&ois insi/$ t ?is 0 n en\gh2 z ,miall & ,d5ny /ate3 8,air mu/ be =c$ into ! fur!/ recesses ( ! tra*eal sy/em1 :]e ! ex*ange ( oxyg5 & c>bonic acid is effect$ m readily ?an 9 tubes l9$ by a d5se intima4 ,b 9 ^! f9e & intricate passages ! resi/ance to ! passage ( air is consid]able1 & ! r5ewal ( ! air c\ld1 to all appe>ance1 h>dly be effect$ at all if ! inlets rema9$ op54 ,l&ois accord+ly se>*$ = "s means ( clos+ ! outlets1 & f\nd an ela/ic r+ or spiral1 :i* surr\nds ! tra*eal tube )9 ! spiracle40 ,by means ( ! occlusor muscle ?is r+ compresses ! tube1 8l a spr+ clip ^u a flexible gas-pipe40 8,:5 ! muscle contracts1 ! passage is clos$1 & ! abdom9al muscles c !n1 x is suppos$1 br+ any ne$ful pressure to be> ^u ! tra*eal tubes1 mu* 9 ! same way z ) ourselves1 :5 we close ! m\? & no/rils1 & !n1 by =cible contraction ( ! diaphragm & abdom9al walls1 di/5d ! *eeks or ph>ynx40 ,?us an important po9t 9 ! respiration ( tra*eate animals1 :e!r insects1 myriopods1 or ara*nids1 is1 z ,l&ois claim$1 ! closure ( ! spiracles1 9 ord] t pressure may be br\ght ^u ! air 9 ! tubes1 s t x may pass onw>d into ! f9e/ t]m9ations4 ,! injection ( air by muscul> pressure into a sy/em ( v f9e tubes may1 z ,miall & ,d5ny rem>k1 appe> extremely difficult or ev5 impossible4 ,graham 7,rese>*es1 p4 #dd7 applies ! law ( diffusion ( gases to expla9 ! respiration ( insects1 b until physical exp]im5ts h be5 made1 we may1 ) ,miall & ,d5ny1 8be satisfi$ t an appreciable quantity ( air may be made by muscul> pressure to fl[ along ev5 ! f9] air-passages ( an insect40 ,z to ! respiratory movem5ts ( insects1 ,plateau is ! pr9cipal au?ority1 & ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! process is tak5 f 8 elaborate memoir1 & f ! /atem5ts aft]w>ds contribut$ by him to ,miall & ,d5ny's 8,! ,cockroa*40 ,al?\gh _m obs]v]s h sup]ficially describ$ ! respiratory movem5ts ( v>i\s insects1 ,ra?ke 0 ! fir/ "o to /ate precise views z to ! me*anism ( respiration4 ,8 po/hum\s "w1 treat+ ( ! respiratory movem5ts ( ! movable *it9\s plates ( ! abdom51 & ( ! respiratory muscles *>act]i/ic ( all ! pr9cipal gr\ps1 fill$ an important blank 9 our k4 ,b1 not)/&+ ! skill display$ 9 ?is rese>*1 _m que/ions /ill rema9 unansw]$ :i* require m exact me?ods ?an m]e obs]vations ) ! nak$ eye or ! simple l5s4 ,plateau1 :o 0 foll[$ a ye> lat] by ,lang5dorff1 conceiv$ ! idea ( /udy+1 by su* graphic me?ods z are n[ famili>1 ! respiratory movem5ts ( p]fect insects4 8,he has made use ( two modes ( inve/igation4 ,! fir/1 or graphic me?od1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 consi/$ 9 record+1 ^u a revolv+ cyl9d] ( smok$ pap]1 ! respiratory movem5ts1 transmitt$ by means ( v light lev]s ( ,bri/ol bo>d atta*$ to any "p ( ! insect's exoskeleton4 ,un=tunately1 ?is plan is only applicable to insects ( m ?an av]age size4 ,a second me?od1 t ( projection1 consi/$ 9 introduc+ ! insect1 c>ri$ ^u a small support1 into a l>ge magic lant]n fitt$ ) a good petroleum lamp4 ,:5 ! amplification does n exce$ #ab diamet]s1 a %>p pr(ile may be obta9$1 ^u :i* ! actual displacem5ts may be measur$1 true to ! fraction ( a millimetre4 ,plac+ a %eet ( :ite pap] ^u ! lant]n scre51 ! outl9es ( ! pr(ile are c>efully trac$ 9 p5cil s z to give two sup]pos$ figures1 repres5t+ ! phases ( inspiration & expiration respectively4 ,by alt]+ ! position ( ! insect s z to obta9 pr(iles ( transv]se sections1 or ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 &1 fur!r1 by glu+ v small pap] slips to p>ts ^: movem5ts are h>d to obs]ve1 ! successive positions ( ! slips be+ !n drawn1 complete in=mation is at la/ obta9$ ( e detail ( ! respiratory movem5ts2 no?+ is lo/40 8,?is me?od1 simil> to t employ$ by ! ,engli% physiologi/1 ,hut*9son1#ga is valuable1 because x enables u1 ) a little practice1 to inve/igate readily ! respiratory movem5ts ( v small ar?ropods1 su* z flies or lady-birds4 ,x has ?is advantage ov] all o!rs1 t x leaves no room = errors ( int]pretation40 8,n satisfi$ ) m]e obs]vation by su* means z ^!1 ( ! respiratory movem5ts ( insects1 ! writ] has also /udi$ ! muscles conc]n$1 &1 9 common ) o!r physiologi/s 7,faivre1 ,b>l[1 ,lu*s+]1 ,dnh(f1 & ,lang5dorff71 has exam9$ ! action ( ! v>i\s n]v\s c5tres ^u ! respiratory organs4 ,! result at :i* he has arriv$ may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dae4--,muscles ( "r half ( ! abdom5 ( ,=ficula auricul>ia3 ,a1 a1 longitud9al t]gal & /]nal muscles2 ,d1 ,e1 oblique muscles2 a 79 upp] figure7 v]tical expirator muscles4 8#a4 ,!re is no close relation betwe5 ! "* ( ! respiratory movem5ts ( an insect & its sy/ematic position4 ,respiratory movem5ts are simil> only :5 ! arrangem5t ( ! abdom9al segm5ts1 & especially :5 ! disposition ( ! atta*$ muscles1 are almo/ id5tical4 ,?us1 = example1 ! respiratory movem5ts ( ! cockroa* are diff]5t f ^? ( o!r ,or?opt]a1 resembl+ ^? ( ! het]opt]\s ,hemipt]a4 ,^? ( ! ,tri*opt]a are l ^? ( ! aculeate ,hym5opt]a1 :ile ! ,locu/id ally !mselves 9 respect to ^! movem5ts ) ! ,neuropt]a & ,lepidopt]a4 8#b4 ,! respiratory movem5ts ( insects1 :5 at re/1 are localiz$ 9 ! abdom54 ,z graphically /at$ by ,grab]1 9 insects ! *e/ is plac$ at ! h9d] end ( ! body4 ,if ?oracic respiratory movem5ts exi/1 !y d n dep5d on ! action ( special muscles4 8#c4 ,9 mo/ cases ! ?oracic segm5ts d n %>e 9 ! respiratory movem5ts ( an insect at re/4 ,! respiratory displacem5ts ( ! po/]ior segm5ts ( ! ?orax are1 h[ev]1 less r>e ?an ,ra?ke believ$4 ,plateau has obs]v$ !m 9 c]ta9 ,coleopt]a 7,/aphyl9us1 ,*lorophanus1 ,corymbites71 & !y are m feebly manife/$ 9 ,hydrophilus1 ,c>abus1 & ,t5ebrio4 ,among ! s+ul> exceptions to ?is rule is ! cockroa* 7,p]iplaneta ori5talis71 9 :i* ! t]ga ( ! meso- & meta?oracic segm5ts p]=m movem5ts exactly opposite 9 direction to ^? ( ! abdom5 7,fig4 #dai74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #daf4--,muscles ( ! left half ( abdom5 ( ,/aphyl9us ol5s2 ,a1 ,b1 longitud9al dorsal muscles2 ,d1 ,e1 oblique fascia2 a1 longitud9al /]nal muscles2 d1 respiratory muscles 7v]tical expirators74 8#d4 ,leav+ out ( acc\nt all details & all exceptions1 ! respiratory movem5ts ( insects may be said to consi/ ( ! alt]nate contraction & recov]y ( ! figure ( ! abdom5 9 two dim5sions1 viz4 v]tical & transv]se4 ,dur+ expiration bo? diamet]s are r$uc$1 :ile dur+ inspiration !y rev]t to _! previ\s am\nts4 ,! transv]se expiratory contraction is (t5 slight1 & may be imp]ceptible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v]tical expiratory contraction is nev] abs5t1 & usually m>k$4 ,9 ! cockroa* 7,p4 ori5talis7 x am\nts to "o-eigh? ( ! dep? ( ! abdom5 7betwe5 segm5ts #b & #c72 9 ,eri/alis t5ax to "o-n9? 7at ! #b;d segm5t74 8#e4 ,?ree pr9cipal types ( respiratory me*anism occur 9 insects1 & ^! admit ( fur!r subdivision3 8a4 ,/]na usually %ort & v convex1 yield+ b little4 ,t]ga mobile1 ris+ & s9k+ appreciably4 ,to ?is class belong all ,coleopt]a1 het]opt]\s ,hemipt]a1 & ,blatt9a 7,fig4 #dbj74 8,9 ! cockroa* 7,p]iplaneta71 ! /]na are slightly rais$ dur+ expiration 7,fig4 #dba74 8b4 ,t]ga well develop$1 ov]lapp+ ! /]na on ! sides ( ! body1 & usually conceal+ ! pleural membrane1 :i* =ms a sunk5 fold4 ,! t]ga & /]na approa* & rec$e alt]nately1 ! /]na be+ almo/ always ! m mobile4 ,to ?is type belong ,odonata1 ,dipt]a1 aculeate ,hym5opt]a1 & acrydian ,or?opt]a 7,fig4 #dbb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dag4-,muscles ( "r half ( abdom5 ( ,phryganea /riata1 3 ,a1 ,b1 longitud9al dorsal muscles2 a1 b1 longitud9al /]nal muscles2 ,d1 e1 oblique muscles2 #a1 #b1 inspirator muscles4 8c4 ,! pleural membrane1 connect+ ! t]ga ) ! /]na1 is well develop$ & expos$ on ! sides ( ! body4 ,! t]ga & /]na approa* & rec$e alt]nately1 :ile ! pleural zone simultane\sly becomes depress$1 or returns to its orig9al figure4 ,to ?is type1 ,plateau assigns ! ,locu/id1 ,lepidopt]a1 & ! true ,neuropt]a 7exclud+ ,tri*opt]a7 7,fig4 #dbc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dah4--,muscles ( left half ( abdom5 ( ,melolon?a1 3 ,a1 ,b1 longitud9al muscles 7prtracteurs ( ,/raus72 a1 a1 true respiratory muscles 7expirators74--,?is & ,figs4 #dae-dag1 aft] ,plateau4 8#f4 ,contr>y to ! op9ion once g5]al1 *anges 9 l5g? ( ! abdom51 involv+ protrusion ( ! segm5ts & subsequ5t retraction1 are r>e 9 ! normal respiration ( insects4 ,su* longitud9al movem5ts ext5d ?r\gh\t "o entire gr\p only1 viz4 ! aculeate ,hym5opt]a4 ,isolat$ examples occur1 h[ev]1 9 o!r zological gr\ps4 8#g4 ,among insects1 su* z l>ge beetles1 ,locu/id1 dragon-flies1 etc41 suffici5tly p[]ful to give good graphic trac+s1 x c be %[n t ! inspiratory movem5t is sl[] ?an ! expiratory1 & t ! latt] is (t5 sudd54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dai4--,pr(ile ( trunk ( cockroa* 7,p4 ori5talis74 ,! black surface repres5ts ! expiratory cont\r1 :ile ! inspiratory is indicat$ by a ?9 l9e4 ,! arr[s %[ ! direction ( ! expiratory movem5t3 ,ms4 ?1 meso?orax2 ,mt4 ?1 meta?orax4 ,r$uc$ f a magic-lant]n projection4--,aft] ,plateau4 8#h4 ,9 mo/ insects1 contr>y to :at obta9s 9 mammals1 only ! expiratory movem5t is active2 inspiration is passive1 & effect$ by ! ela/icity ( ! body-wall4 8#i4 ,mo/ insects possess expiratory muscles only4 ,c]ta9 ,dipt]a 7,calliphora vomitoria & ,eri/alis t5ax7 af=d ! simple/ arrangem5t ( ! expiratory muscles4 ,9 ^! types1 !y =m a muscul> %eet ( v]tical fibres1 connect+ ! t]ga ) ! /]na1 & und]ly+ ! s(t1 ela/ic membrane :i* unites ! h>d p>ts ( ! somites4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t complications arises by ! diff]5tiations ( ?is %eet ( v]tical fibres into di/9ct muscles1 repeat$ 9 e segm5t1 & becom+ m & m sep>at$ z ! /]na increase 9 l5g?4 ,special inspiratory muscles occur 9 ,hym5opt]a1 ,acridiid1 & ,tri*opt]a4 8#aj4 ,! abdom9al1 respiratory movem5ts ( insects are :olly reflex4 ,l o!r physiologi/s :o h exam9$ ?is side ( ! "q1 ,plateau f9ds t ! respiratory movem5ts p]si/ 9 a decapitat$ insect1 z also aft] de/ruction ( ! c]ebral ganglia or sophageal connectives2 fur!r1 t 9 insects ^: n]v\s sy/em is n highly conc5trat$ 7e4g4 ,acridiid & dragon-flies71 ! respiratory movem5ts p]si/ 9 ! completely deta*$ abdom52 :ile all ext]nal influ5ces :i* promote an increas$ respiratory activity 9 ! un9jur$ animal1 h precisely ! same action ^u insects 9 :i* ! ant]ior1 n]v\s c5tres h be5 remov$1 ^u ! deta*$ abdom51 & ev5 ^u isolat$ sections ( ! abdom54 8,! view =m]ly advocat$ by ,faivre1 t ! meta?oracic ganglia play ! "p ( special1 respiratory c5tres1 mu/ be entirely ab&on$4 ,all c>efully p]=m$ exp]im5ts on ! n]v\s sy/em ( ,ar?ropoda h %[n t ea* ganglion ( ! v5tral *a9 is a motor c5tre1 &1 9 insects1 a respiratory c5tre1 = ! somite to :i* x belongs4 ,?is is :at ,b>l[ calls ! #8self-suffici5cy' ( ! ganglia40 7,miall & ,d5ny47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbj4--,transv]se section ( abdom5 ( a lamellicorn beetle4 ,! position ( ! t]ga & /]na aft] an inspiration is indicat$ by ! ?ick l9e2 ! dott$ l9e %[s _! position aft] an expiration2 & ! arr[ m>ks ! direction ( ! expiratory movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dba4--;,cross-section ( abdom5 ( cockroa*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbb4--;,cross-section ( abdom5 ( bee 7,bombus74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbc4--;,cross-section ( abdom5 ( ,sph9x4--,?is & ,figs4 #dbj-dbb aft] ,plateau4 ,plateau has made simil> obs]vations ^u ! respiration ( spid]s & scorpions2 b1 to 8 great surprise1 he 0 unable1 ei!r by direct obs]vation1 or by ! graphic me?od1 or by projection1 to discov] ! slighte/ respiratory movem5t ( ! ext]ior ( ! body4 ,?is c only be expla9$ by suppos+ t inspiration & expiration 9 pulmonate ,ara*nida are 8intrapulmon>y10 & affect only ! prop]1 respiratory organs4 ,! fact is less surpris+ because ( ! wide zological sep>ation betwe5 ,ara*nida & insects4 g4 ,! air-sacs ,9 fly+ insects ! tra*e are 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body enl>g$ into sacs ( v>i\s sizes4 ,^! air-sacs 7 fir/ obs]v$ by ,swamm]dam 9 a beetle 7,geotrupes7 & aft]w>ds by ,sir ,john ,hunt] 9 ! bee1 ,spr5gel subsequ5tly discov]+ !m 9 o!r insects4 ,^? ( ! cockroa* 7 describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 a v elaborate & detail$ way by ,/raus-,drckheim 7,figs4 #dbd & #dbe74 ,^! vesicles are )\t tnidia4 ,9 ! locu/ 7,m4 femur-rubrum7 !re is a pair ( v l>ge vesicles 9 ! pro?orax 7,fig4 #cif74 ,! five pairs ( l>ge abdom9al air-sacs arise1 indep5d5tly ( ! ma9 tra*e1 directly f bran*es orig9at+ f ! spiracles4 ,all ^! l>ge sacs are sup]ficial1 ly+ directly b5ea? ! hypod]mis1 :ile ! small] ones are buri$ among ! muscles4 ,we h detect$ #ec ( ^! vesicles 9 ! head4 ,9 ! honey-bee 7,fig4 #dbf7 & humble bee 7,fig4 #dbg7 z well z ! flies !re are two enorm\s air-sacs at ! base ( ! abdom54 ,9 l>val & w+less insects ^! sacs are entirely abs5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbd4--,?orax & abdom5 ( ! cock*af] 7,melolon?a vulg>is71 %[+ ! tra*e & air-sacs4--,?is & ,fig4 #dbe aft] ,/raus-,drckheim4 ,! use ( ! air-sacs4--,x 0 suppos$ by ,hunt] z well z by ,newport1 & ! view has be5 g5]ally held1 t ! use ( ^! sacs is to light5 ! weight1 i4e4 less5 ! specific gravity ( ! body dur+ flight4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 sugge/$ to u by ,a4 ,a4 ,pack>d t ?is view f ! /&po9t ( physics is incorrect4 ,x is evid5t t ! w+s h to support j z mu* weight :5 ! insect is fly+1 :e!r ! tra*e & vesicles are fill$ ) air or n1 ! body ( ! insect dur+ flight n be+ light5$ by ! air 9 ! sacs4 ,! use ( ^! num]\s sacs1 "s ( !m v spaci\s1 is to af=d a great] supply ( air or oxyg5 ?an t conta9$ 9 ! air-tubes alone1 & ?us to af=d a great] brea?+ capacity4 ,! sacs are l>ge/ 9 dragon-flies1 mo?s1 flies1 & bees1 :i* are swift ( flight4 ,:5 we comp>e ! active movem5ts ( ^! insects on ! w+ ) ^? ( a cat]pill> or maggot1 x w be se5 t ! f> great] muscul> ex]tions ( ! volant insect create a dem& = a sudd5 & abundant supply ( air to correspond to ! increas$ rapidity ( respiration2 & ! enl>gem5ts ( ! air-tubes1 rapidly fill$ ) air at ea* inspiration1 r5d] x possible to supply ! dem&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbe4--;,head ( ,melolon?a vulg>is1 %[+ ! num]\s air-sacs1 repres5t$ only on ! left side1 front view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbf4--,tra*eal1 n]v\s1 & dige/ive sy/ems ( ! honey-bee 7! tra*eal sy/em on ! "r side only p>tially drawn73 tb1 ! l>ge vesicles 9 ! abdom52 /1 /igmata2 hm1 honey /oma*2 cm1 *yle /oma*2 vm1 ur9>y tubes2 rd1 rectal gl&s2 ed1 rectum2 a1 ant5na2 an1 eye2 b#a-;b#c1 legs4--,aft] ,leuck>t1 f ,lang4 ,! case is ?us se5 to be v diff]5t f t ( ^? fi%es :i*1 hav+ a swimm+-bladd]1 c 9 ! wat] *ange ! specific gravity ( _! bodies4 ,! case ( insects is almo/ exactly p>allel$ by t ( birds1 :]e1 z /at$ by ,wi$]%eim1 ! air-sacs appe> to =m integral p>ts ( ! respiratory app>atus3 8a great] am\nt ( air c by _! means pass 9 & out dur+ inspiration & expiration1 especially ?r\gh ! l>g] bron*i1 & consequ5tly !re is less necessity = ! expansion ( ! lung p>5*yma40 ,9 o!r words1 ! supply ( air 9 ^! sacs1 z 9 insects1 increases ! brea?+ capacity ( ! bird dur+ flight4 ,wi$]%eim's ret5tion ( ! old idea t ! specific gravity ( ! body is less5$ 7p4 #bfb7 seems1 h[ev]1 to be incorrect1 z ! weight ( ! bird's body is n dim9i%$ by ! air conta9$ 9 ! sacs4 h4 ,! clos$ or p>tly clos$ tra*eal sy/em ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbg4--,! lat]al & l[] s]ies ( sacs ( ,bombus t]re/ris1 3 a1 c1 longitud9al tra*e21 connect$ by b1 & dilat$ at f1 & aga9 9 ! succe$+ segm5ts2 i1 k1 funnel-%ap$ dilatations pass+ ov] ! dorsal surface ( ! abdom5 & ana/omos+ 7g7 ) _! fell[s opposite2 at l1 communicat+ directly by a l>ge bran*4--,aft] ,newport4 ,!re are two *ief morphological tra*eal sy/ems3 #a4 ,! op5 or normal & primitive 7holopneu/ic7 type1 & #b4 ,! clos$1 or second>y & adaptive1 i4e4 apneu/ic1 type4 ,! op5 sy/em is *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( ! /igmata4 ,?r\gh !m ! air directly ent]s into ! tra*eal tubes1 ^: delicate walls all[ ! ex*ange ( gases 9 ! blood4 ,?is type occurs 9 all sexually mature individuals1 & also 9 ! great] numb] ( l>v4 ,! clos$ or apneu/ic tra*eal sy/em is di/+ui%$ ei!r by ! want ( /igmata1 or1 if pres5t1 !y are n op51 & d n function1 s t ! tra*e _c communicate ) ! air4 ,9 su* cases ! direct oxyg5ation ( ! blood is effect$ ?r\gh ! delicate integum5t1 especially ov] ! surface ( ! body 9 g5]al1 or 9 c]ta9 specializ$ places :]e ! gill-l expansions ( ! sk9 are ri* 9 tra*e2 su* outgr[?s1 g5]ally tubul> or leaf-l1 are call$ by ,palmn tra*eal gills4 ,?is clos$ =m ( ! tra*eal sy/em only occurs 9 ! l>val /age ( aquatic or p>asitic insects1 z 9 ! ,plectopt]a 7,ephem]id71 ,p]lid1 ,odonata1 & ,tri*opt]a1 besides s+le g5]a ( o!r ord]s1 i4e4 among ,coleopt]a1 ,gyr9us1 ,pelobius1 ,cnemidotus1 & ! "y l>va ( ,elmis2 9 ! aquatic cat]pill> ( ,p>aponyx2 9 c]ta9 ,dipt]a 7,core?ra1 ,*ironomus1 etc471 & "s ( ! p>asitic ,hym5opt]a 7,microga/]74 ,palmn has discov]$ t 9 ! nymphs ( ,ephem]id1 ,p]lid1 ,odonata1 & ! l>v ( mo/ ,tri*opt]a ! tra*eal bran* 7/igmatal bran*7 s5t f ! longitud9al tra*ea to :]e ! ?oracic /igmata w\ld be situat$ if pres5t1 or :]e _! ve/iges only exi/1 are abort$1 becom+ simple solid cords n fill$ ) air 7,fig4 #dcf1 vf1 & #ddg1 f1 funiculus or /igmatic cord74 ,9 ! imago1 h[ev]1 !y resume _! function1 connect+ ) ! op5 functional /igmata4 ,9 ,core?ra1 9 its e>lie/ /ages1 ! entire tra*eal sy/em is1 l ! /igmatic bran*1 a sy/em ( solid cords & empty ( air4 7,palmn47 ,embryology %[s t ^! /igmatal bran*es are well develop$1 & are =m$ at ! same "t z ! /igmata4 ,x 0 also %[n by ,dewitz1 9 a po/hum\s pap] 7#ahij71 t 9 ! "y l>val /age ( ! ,odonata & ,ephem]id ! tra*eal sy/em is at fir/ an op5 "o1 & 9 "s ( ! families 7,libellulid1 ,agrionid1 & ,ephem]id7 ?oracic /igmata are se5 at a v e>ly /age4 ,f num]\s exp]im5ts ,dewitz concludes t 9 ! "y /ages ( ,odonata & ,ephem]id !re is an op5 tra*eal sy/em2 c]ta9ly 9 v "y nymphs ! ?oracic spiracles all[ ! air to pass out4 ,fully gr[n nymphs ( s*nid1 ,libellulid1 & ,agrionid are capable n only ( =c+ ! air out1 b also1 l ! p]fect insect1 ( inhal+ x4 ,moreov]1 he prov$ t ! gills ( ,ephem]id & ,agrionid are n indisp5sable = ! ma9t5ance ( life1 z ! insects c live )\t !m1 brea?+ ei!r ?r\gh ! sk9 or by ! rectum1 or 9 bo? ways4 ,x w\ld seem t :ile 9 fre%ly hat*$ or v "y l>v ( aquatic insects ( diff]5t ord]s ! sk9 is s delicate z to all[ ( d]mal respiration1 9 aft] life1 :5 ! sk9 becomes ?ick] & d5s]1 ^! expansions 7gills71 provid$ ) a v ?9 & delicate sk91 ( a necessity gr[ out f ! walls ( ! body4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! closure & total or p>tial abolition ( ! /igmata are 9 adaptation to aquatic life1 & t su* insects h desc5d$ f t]re/rial air-brea?+ w+$ =ms4 ,?is is an important argum5t aga9/ ! view t ! w+s are modifi$ tra*eal gills4 ,9 ?is connection may be notic$ ! closure ( ! #b;d & #c;d ?oracic /igmata 9 holopneu/ic insects4 ,we h f\nd on lay+ op5 ! body ( a ,sph9x l>va t a l>ge numb] ( tra*eal bran*es are se5 to arise f ! pro?oracic & f ! fir/ pair ( abdom9al /igmata4 ,n[ betwe5 ^! po9ts !re are no spiracles or any ext]nal signs ( !m1 !re be+ 9 ,lepidopt]a no meso?oracic or meta?oracic spiracles4 ,yet ! ma9 lat]al tra*ea betwe5 ! pro?oracic & fir/ abdom9al segm5ts deviates f its c\rse & b5ds d[n to s5d (f a small %rivell$ /igmatal bran* or cord to a place :]e1 did a spiracle exi/1 we %\ld look = x4 ,9 ! l>va ( ,platysamia cecropia1 a simil> ve/igial /igmata bran* is pres5t4 ,9 ! l>va ( ,corydalus1 also1 a tra*ea z l>ge z ! ma9 longitud9al "o takes its orig9 & passes directly "u ! ma9 tra*ea4 ,n[ bo? tra*e s5d a /igmatal bran* opposite to :]e ! meso?oracic /igma %\ld be1 if pres5t1 i4e4 on ! h9d edge ( ! segm5t4 ,v]son1 moreov]1 has f\nd 9 ! fre%ly hat*$ silkworm ve/iges ( meso- & meta?oracic /igmata1 ea* consi/+ ( a circle ( high hypod]mal cells radially arrang$ ar\nd a common c5tre4 ,! /igmatal bran* is long1 b %rivell$2 its p]itoneum is wid5$ out into sev]al b]ry-l saccules fill$ ) cell-elem5ts4 ,9 pr(ile ^! rudim5t>y /igmata appe> z a s]ies ( high hypod]mal cells1 :i* =m ! basis ( a %ort bl9d tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,lydia ,m4 ,h>t del4 ,,plate ,i4--,examples ( metapneu/ic insects3 #a1 ,bittacomorpha clavipes1 l>va2 #a a1 false foot2 #a b1 its pupa2 #b1 ,limnophila luteip5nis2 #b a1 end ( l>va2 #b b1 its pupa2 #c1 end ( l>va ( ,tipula eluta4--,aft] ,c4 ,a4 ,h>t4 ,aft] ! second m\lt !re beg9s a peculi> trans=mation ( ! rudim5t>y /igmata4 ,! /igmatal bran* connect$ ) !m s5ds (f at v>i\s po9ts ?ick tufts ( capill>y tra*e :i* press aga9/ ! base ( ! bl9d tube4 ,gradually l5g!n+1 !y =m a fold :i* cont9ues to increase 9 l5g?4 ,! num]\s tufts ( tra*eal capill>ies ext5d beyond ! inn] surface ( ! two lay]s ( :i* ! develop+ w+ consi/s1 ! b]ry-l saccules are drawn into ! w+ & conv]t$ into m or less ?ick tubes1 :i* f9ally =m ! 8ve9s40 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 says ,v]son1 z ,l&ois claim$1 t ! w+s ( ,lepidopt]a mu/ be reg>d$ z 9 ! fulle/ s5se organs ( respiration4 7,zool4 ,anz41 #ahij1 p4 #aaf47 ,! numb] ( pairs ( /igmata v>ies1 especially 9 maggots or l>val ,dipt]a1 9 adaptation to _! v>i$ modes ( life4 ,! l>v ( mo/ flies 7,muscid7 h a pair ( peculi>ly %ap$ processes on ! pro?oracic segm5t be>+ spiracul> op5+s1 & two anal spiracles1 :ile 9 ,ct5ophora atrata ,l4 only ! anal pair are pres5t4 ,9 ! rat-tail$ maggots 7,eri/alis7 ! long caudal process ends 9 two /igmata =m+ a respiratory tube1 :i* c be ?ru/ out ( ! wat] = ! reception ( air4 ,9 ! l>val mosquito 7,fig4 #dcc7 & its ally1 ,mo*lonyx1 a %ort ?ick dorsal tube arises f ! p5ultimate segm5t ( ! body1 9 :i* ! two ma9 tra*e end1 op5+ outw>d by a s+le spiracul> ap]ture4 ,o!r dipt]\s l>v 7,simulium1 ,tanypus1 & ,c]atopogon7 possess no spiracles1 ! tra*eal sy/em be+ a clos$ "o4 ,! l>v ( mo/ wat] beetles 7,dyticid1 ,hydrophilid7 possess b two spiracles1 :i*1 z 9 maggots1 are situat$ at ! end ( ! body4 ,! aquatic l>va ( ,amphizoa1 accord+ to ,hubb>d1 brea!s mu* z 9 ! ,dyticid1 by means ( two l>ge valvul> spiracles plac$ close toge!r at ! end ( ! body2 8clos$ or rudim5t>y /igmata also occur on ! meso?orax & on abdom9al segm5ts "o to sev5 inclusive40 ,hubb>d adds3 8,! l>va ( ,pelobius is :olly aquatic & brea!s by bran*i1 b ! obsolete /igmata are indicat$ precisely z 9 ,amphizoa1 ) ! exception ( ! la/ pair1 :i* 9 ,amphizoa are op5 spiracles1 b 9 ,pelobius are suppress$2 ! t]m9al eight segm5ts be+ prolong$ 9 a swimm+ /ylet40 ,f a review ( ! di/ribution ( spiracles1 & _! atrophy1 p>tial or total1 x w be se5 t !re are int]m$iate /ages betwe5 ! op5 7holopneu/ic7 & clos$ 7apneu/ic7 sy/ems4 ,^!1 foll[+ ,s*9]1 ,brau]1 & ,palmn1 may be def9$ ?us3 #a4 ,metapneu/ic type4--,! l>v possess only a s+le pair ( op5 /igmata situat$ at ! end ( ! body4 7,! dipt]\s ,eri/alis1 ,tipula1 ,culex1 ,pty*opt]a1 ,bittacomorpha 7,plate ,i47 ) c]ta9 ,ta*9id1 & 9 ,coleopt]a1 ! l>v ( ,dyticus1 & allies ( ,hydrophilus & ,cyphon47 #b4 ,propneu/ic type4--,! pup ( ,core?ra1 ,culex1 etc41 9 :i* only ! mo/ ant]ior pair ( spiracles are op54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbh4--,visc]al tra*eal sy/em ( ! nymph ( s*na maculatissima3 o1 sophagus2 ,e1 /oma*2 ,m1 ur9>y tubes2 ,r1 rectum2 ,a1 anus2 tv1 visc]al tra*eal trunks2 td1 dorsal trunks4--,aft] ,ou/alet4 #c4 ,amphipneu/ic type4--,l>v ) a pair ( op5 spiracles situat$ at ea* end ( ! body1 ! int]m$iate spiracles be+ clos$4 7,mo/ dipt]\s l>v1 ,musca1 aft] ! fir/ m\lt1 /rid1 ,asilid1 & ,syrphus47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbi4--;,bran*ial tuft ( nymph ( s*na4 #d4 ,p]ipneu/ic type2 ) pro?oracic & abdom9al spiracles1 ! meso?oracic pair atrophi$ or clos$4 7,! l>v ( ,neuropt]a1 ,mecopt]a1 ,tri*opt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ( mo/ ,coleopt]a1#gb ( mo/ ,dipt]a1 & ( mo/ ( ! ,hym5opt]a4#gc7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcj4--,"p ( ?ree r[s ( respiratory folds f cuticul> liv+ rectum ( s*na4 ,! %ad$ p>ts are abundantly suppli$ ) tra*eal tubes4 ,! leaflets appe> to be connect$ ) a c5tral tra*ea1 b ?is is n really ! case4--,aft] ,miall4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 ! numb] ( functional spiracles are 9 direct relation ) ! surr\nd+s ( ! insects1 ! physical conditions ( exi/5ce evid5tly det]m9+ ! position ( ! active functional op5 spiracles & ! closure ( ^? useless to ! organism4 i4 ,! rectal tra*eal gills1 & rectal respiration ( l>val ,odonata & o!r insects ,! rem>kable mode ( respiration by tra*eal gills situat$ )9 ! inte/9e ( ! nymphs ( dragon-flies 0 fir/ describ$ by ,swamm]dam & aft]w>ds by ,raumur4 ,! mo/ complete & be/ illu/rat$ mod]n acc\nt is t ( ,ou/alet4 ,9 ^! insects ! l>ge rectum is l9$ ) six d\ble longitud9al ridges1 9 s*na be>+ num]\s delicate tubes or papill1 ea* ( :i* conta9s v num]\s 7by e/imate #bd1jjj7 tra*eal bran*es 7,fig4 #dca72 :ile 9 ,libellula ! gills are lamellate 7,fig4 #dcb74 ,! tra*e arise bo? f ! ma9 dorsal & visc]al longitud9al trunks1 :i* give rise to second>y bran*es pass+ into ! walls ( ! rectum & s5d+ into ! bran*ial papill f9e twigs1 :i*1 ext5d+ to ! di/al end ( ! papilla or lamella1 recurve & ana/omose ) ! eff]5t twigs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dca4--;,a small "p ( "o leaflet1 highly magnifi$1 %[+ _m f9e tra*eal bran*es4 ,! portion %[n is m>k$ by a small circle 9 ,fig4 #dcj1 l[] left-h& corn]4--,aft] ,miall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcb4--,leaves1 mh1 f a lamellate tra*eal gill ( ,libellula3 t1 tra*ea4--,?is & ,fig4 #dbi1 aft] ,ou/alet4 ,! anal op5+ is ext]nally protect$ by ! suranal & lat]al triangul> *it9\s plates1 ?ree to five 9 all4 ,:5 op51 ! wat] passes into ! rectum & ba!s ! rectal gills1 :]e x may be =cibly expell$ z if %ot out f a syr+e1 ?us propell+ ! insect =w>d4 ,9 ,libellula ! anus af=ds direct access to ! inte/9al cavity1 b 9 s*na ,ou/alet describes 8a sort ( ve/ibule sep>at$ f ! rectum by a circul> valvule40 ,he also /ates t ! inspiration & ! repulsion ( wat] is produc$ at irregul> int]vals1 & r by ! movem5ts ( ! dorsal & /]nal ar*es ( ! abdom5 ?an by ! contractions ( ! rectum1 s9ce ! walls ( ?is organ are less muscul> ?an is suppos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcc4--,l>va ( a mosquito 7,culex nemorosus7 ( middle age1 se5 f above1 ! tra*eal sy/em omitt$3 at1 ant5n2 ab1 _! middle jo9t2 eg1 ela/ic articul> membrane2 atm1 ant5nal muscle2 atn1 ant5nal n]ve2 zau1 comp\nd2 eau1 simple eye2 os1 bra92 oex1 ext5sor2 (l1 flexor ( labrum2 ha1 neck2 1 sophagus2 spd1 saliv>y gl&2 mau1 cca2 *1 *yle /oma*2 di1 cont5ts ( inte/9e2 mg1 ur9>y tubes2 dd1 ileum2 ed1 rectum2 a1 anus2 s1 sipho2 z1 its bri/les2 kb1 tra*eal gills3 k#a1 k#b1 k#c1 clos+ lobes ( ! sipho2 kn1 basal tub]cle ( tactile hair2 g1 its ganglion cell2 ?1 tactile hair ( ! siphon valve4 ,! nymph ( ,calopt]yx 7& probably ( all ! gr\p ,calopt]yg97 possesses rectal gills besides ext]nal caudal tra*eal gills4 ,!re are ?ree d\ble rectal longitud9al folds or ridges1 int]p5etrat$ by tra*eal twigs4 7,duf\r1 d5i$ by ,poletaiew1 b confirm$ by ,hag547 ,dewitz claims t ! caudal gills ( ! ,agrionid are n _! sole means ( respiration1 s9ce he cut (f ! caudal tra*eal gills ( an ,agrionid nymph1 :i* cont9u$ to live = a week4 ,h5ce he ?9ks t !re may be a rectal respiration1 s9ce "u ! microscope he saw a /ream ( wat] pass 9 & out ( ! end ( ! inte/9e4 ,dewitz' exp]im5ts prove t 9 "y ,ephem]ids !re may be besides bran*ial1 bo? rectal & sk9 respiration4 ,he saw "u ! microscope ! anus = a :ile op5$ & !n clos$1 caus+ ! rectum to move2 p[d]$ c>m9e mix$ ) wat] 0 drawn into & !n expell$ f ! rectum4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 no enl>gem5t & contraction ( ! abdom5 z 9 ! rectal respiration ( s*na4 7,zool4 ,anz4 #ahij1 p4 #ejj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcd4--;,end ( ! body ( ! same l>va z 9 ,fig4 #dca1 se5 f ! side1 ! bran*es ( ! ma9 tra*e 7htr7 omitt$3 kbl1 excrem5titial pellet 9 rectum2 kb1 tra*eal gills2 b1 funnel ( ! clos+ app>atus2 hz1 holl[ too? ( ! clos+ app>atus2 k#a1 k#b1 k#c1 siphonal lobes2 ?1 tactile hair2 z1 *it9\s plate2 /r1 rudd]2 l1 its ?ick5$ edge2 s*1 its %ank2 z1 z1 bri/les4--,?is & ,fig4 #dcc1 aft] ,ras*ke4 ,eaton /ates t !re is a rectal respiration 9 ! nymphs ( may-flies1 & ,palmn obs]v$ 9 "y l>v ( ,btis & ,cloon t ! rectum took 9 8by gulps0 wat] color$ by c>m9e & expell$ ! :ole ( x at once1 9 ord] to fill x aga9 9 ! same way4 8,?is rectal respiration !re=e corresponds to t ( ,libellulid l>v40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dce4--,?orax & ant]ior abdom9al segm5ts ( ! nymph ( a may-fly 7,cloon dimidiatum7 ) tra*eal gills 7tk#a1 tk#b1 tk#c7 & ! rudim5ts ( ! =e w+s 7,,vf7 & h9d w+ 7,,hf73 tl1 tra*eal longitud9al trunks4--,aft] ,grab]1 f ,lang4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcf4--;,gills on ! middle abdom9al segm5ts ( l>va ( ,btis b9oculatus3 trl1 longitud9al tra*eal trunks2 vf1 /igmatic cord2 ktr1 gill-tra*e2 trk1 tra*eal gills4--,aft] ,palmn1 f ,lang4 ,besides brea?+ by spiracles1 by tra*eal gills1 z well z ?r\gh ! integum5t1 ! l>va ( ,culex has be5 obs]v$ by ,ras*ke to h a rectal respiration4 ,at ! ant]ior end ( ! rectum arises a c\ntless numb] ( f9e tra*e1 :i* pass ?r\gh ! walls &1 subdivid+1 end 9 numb]less v f9e twigs 9 ! papilla-l folds situat$ )9 ! rectum4 ,! supply ( tra*eal twigs is greate/ :]e ! papill are l>ge/4 7,figs4 #dcc1 #dcd47 j4 ,tra*eal gills ( ! l>v ( insects ,9 _m aquatic insects respiration is c>ri$ on by tra*eal gills4 ,^! are delicate1 holl[1 leaf-l or tubul> outgr[?s ( ! integum5t usually atta*$ to ! sides or end ( ! h9d-body1 & conta9+ a tra*ea :i* usually s5ds (f num]\s m9ute bran*es1 s t ! ex*ange ( gases readily takes place 9 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcg4--;,a1 nymph ( ,ephem]ella ignita1 ) gills ( left side remov$2 g1 gills4 ,b1 nymph ( ,tricory?rus 7sp71 ) gill-cov] ( "r side remov$2 gc1 gill-cov]2 g1 g1 gills4--,aft] ,vayssire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dch4--,left maxilla ( ,jolia weselii1 ) ! cephalic tra*eal gill 7h7 ins]t$ at ! base on ! "u side4--,aft] ,vayssire4 ,palmn has %[n t ^! tra*eal gills1 z he calls !m1 are n develop$ on ! same segm5ts z ! /igmata1 & t ! two /ructures h no g5etic connection ) ea* o!r4 ,x is evid5t t ^! gills are second>y1 adaptive organs4 ,9 "s cases 7see p4 #dge7 ! tra*e are want+1 b z su* gills are fill$ ) blood1 ! air conta9$ 9 ! wat] mu/ pass 9 ?r\gh _! delicate walls4 ,9 ! ,plectopt]a 7,ephem]id7 ! tra*eal gills are ei!r foliace\s or filam5t\s2 :5 foliace\s !y =m simple or d\ble leaves1 ) or )\t bran*es1 or ) a fr+e ( tubules1 or "u ! leaf-l cov]-be>+ tufts ( filam5ts4 ,!y are situat$ on ! 7usually7 basal sev5 abdom9al segm5ts1 at _! h9d] edge 7,figs4 #dce1 #dcf74 ,9 ,oligoneuria & ,jolia a pair occurs on ! "u side ( ! head1 atta*$ to ! maxill1 :ile 9 ,jolia !re is a pair on ! "u side ( ! fir/ ?oracic segm5t at ! ins]tion ( ea* ( ! legs4 ,9 c]ta9 g5]a 7,heptag5ia1 ,oligoneuria1 & ,jolia71 !y are 9 ! =m ( a flat cov]1 "u :i* lies a tuft ( respiratory tubes1 or 7,ephem]ella7 a small bifid clu/] ( v delicate leaves 7,fig4 #dcg1 ,a74 ,9 ,cnis & ,tricory?us ! tra*eal gills ( ! second pair are modifi$ to =m plates cov]+ all ! succe$+ pairs1 ^? ( ! fir/ pair be+ ne>ly atrophi$ & well-nigh functionless4 7,fig4 #dcg1 ,b47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dci4--;,inn] side ( a gill-cov] ( ! fir/ pair1 ( ,ephem]ella1 ) ! tra*eal gills4--,aft] ,vayssire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddj4--,nymph ( ,btisca3 ,,iii1 section ( abdom52 a1 gills2 b1 flap2 #a-i1 abdom9al segm5ts4--,aft] ,wal%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dda4--,nymph ( ,prosopi/oma punctifrons3 o1 upp] orifice ( ! respiratory *amb]4--,aft] ,vayssire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddb4--;,filam5t\s tra*eal gill & "p ( a tra*ea ( ,pt]on>cys4--,aft] ,newport f ,%>p4 ,f9ally1 9 ! highly modifi$ =ms ,btisca & ,prosopi/oma ! tra*eal gills are entirely conceal$ & protect$ by meso?oracic projections s z to =m a true respiratory *amb]1 to :i* ! wat] has access ei!r by an op5+ beh9d1 z 9 ,btisca1 or by ?ree op5+s1 two v5tral & "o dorsal 7,fig4 #dda71 z 9 ,prosopi/oma4 ,! sl5d] cyl9drical tra*eal gills ( ,heptag5ia 9 ! ?ird or f\r? nymphal /age are #b-;jo9t$1 & ! fir/ abdom9al pair 9 ,cnis are said by ,palmn to be f+]-%ap$ & #b-;jo9t$4 ,9 ,polymit>cys virgo ! gills d n appe> until ! eigh? or t5? day aft] hat*+4 ,dewitz f\nd t "y nymphs ( ,ephem]ids w well endure ! amputation ( _! gills1 :ile fully gr[n ones die4 ,amputation ( ! lat]al gills ha/5s ecdysis4 ,aft] ! *ange ( sk91 ! gills are small] ?an be=e1 & at fir/ conta9 no tra*e1 b 9 a few weeks !y develop z completely z 9 normal individuals4 ,! caudal gills 7 also r5ew$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddc4--;,a1 l>va ( ,sisyra1 enl>g$4 ,b1 "o ( ! h9d] gills1 ) its tra*e4--,aft] ,we/wood1 f ,%>p4 ,c1 a gill1 %[+ ! bran*$ tra*e4--,aft] ,grube4 ,9 ! nymphs ( ,p]lid ! tra*eal gills are usually pres5t1 & are ei!r foliace\s 7,nem\ra7 or m commonly filam5t\s 9 %ape 7,fig4 #ddb74 ,!y are situat$ ei!r on ! pro/]num 7,nem\ra & ,pt]on>cys71 or on ea* side ( ! ?orax1 or on ! sides ( ! abdom51 or are re/rict$ to a tuft on ea* side ( ! anus at ! base ( ! caudal /ylets 7,pt]on>cys & ,p]la74 ,unlike ! ,ephem]id ! gills p]si/ 9 c]ta9 g5]a ?r\gh\t life4 ,! l>v ( ! aquatic ,neuropt]a1 ,sisyra1 ,sialis1 & ,corydalus possess lat]al po9t$ bri/le-l tra*eal gills1 :i* 9 ,sisyra are #b-;jo9t$2 ^? ( ,sialis are1 9 ! liv+ l>va1 curv$ upw>ds & backw>ds 7,fig4 #ddd74 ,corydalus is also provid$ ) a v5tral tuft ( delicate filam5t\s gills1 :i*1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,riley1 d n appe> until aft] ! fir/ m\lt4 ,:ile ! nymphs ( ,agrionid 7:i* h rectal gills7 respire *iefly by ! l>ge caudal foliace\s gills 7,fig4 #dde71 !re are1 accord+ to ,hag51 two g5]a ( ! ,calopt]yg9 7,eupha1 ,fig4 #dde1 & ,anisopleura7 ^: nymphs possess sev5 pairs ( ext]nal lat]al tra*eal gills1 9 %ape l ^? ( ,sialis1 besides ?ree caudal & ?ree rectal tra*eal gills4#gd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddd4--,l>va ( ,sialis lut>ius4--,aft] ,miall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dde4--;,caudal tra*eal gill ( nymph ( ,agrion4 ,hag5 has also detect$ 9 ! "u side ( ! #e? abdom9al segm5t ( ,epi!ca & ,libellula a pair ( sacs ( ! %ape ( a ,phrygian bonnet1 ea* ( :i* conta9s a small] sac l9$ ) epi!lium1--z 9 s*na !y occur 9 ! #e? & #f?1 & 9 ,gomphus 9 ! #d?1 #e?1 & #f? segm5ts4 ,?is s]ial arrangem5t appe>s to confirm ,hag5's sugge/ion t !y are survivals ( abdom9al gills1 :i* 9 ,eupha are completely evag9at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddf4--,nymph ( ,eupha1 %[+ ! lat]al gills3 a1 "o enl>g$4--,folsom del4 ,9 ! ,tri*opt]a1 all ( :i*1 except ,enoicyla1 are apneu/ic1 & mo/ ( :i* h tra*eal gills1 ! latt] are filam5t\s1 & arise ei!r f ! dorsal & v5tral sides ( ! abdom9al segm5t1 or !y gr[ out f ! sides2 :ile 9 c]ta9 g5]a 7,neuronia1 ,phryganea1 etc47 ! gills are repres5t$ by conical hooks on ! sides ( ! #a/ abdom9al segm5t1 :i* are evid5tly respiratory1 z !y conta9 num]\s tra*e4 ,! tra*eal gills are ei!r s+le or m r>ely =m tufts 7,figs4 #ddg1 #ddh74 ,9 ,hydropsy*e 7,fig4 #ddh7 ! tra*eal gills p]si/ ?r\gh\t life1 :ile 9 o!r g5]a !y only la/ ?r\gh ! pupal /age4 ,:5 fir/ hat*$1 ! l>va ( ,phryganea lacks gills4 ,! l>v ( mo/ ( ! ,hydropsy*id1 ,rhyacophilid1 & ,hydroptilid h no gills1 ?\gh !y appe> well develop$ 9 ! pupal /age4 7,klaplek47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddg4--;,a1 an abdom9al segm5t ( ,hydropsy*e1 ) ! tra*eal gills 7lbr73 trl1 longitud9al tra*eal trunk2 f1 /igmatal bran*4 ,b1 #e? abdom9al segm5t ( pupa ( ! same2 l1 ! ?ree lat]al flaps ( ! t]gite2 br#a1 br#b1 bran*i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddh4--;,imago1 abdom9al segm5ts ,,iv to ,,vi1 ) ! gills at a conceal$ 9 _! natural condition2 at b1 drawn out ) ! ne$le2 at c1 project+ abnormally & dri$4--,?is & ,fig4 #ddg aft] ,palmn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddi4--,l>va & pupa ( ,p>aponyx /ratiolata1 enl>g$2 s1 spiracle4--,aft] ,de ,ge] 7comp>e ,h>t's figure ( ,p4 obscul>is1 liv+ 9 ! ,ill9ois ,riv]74 ,! only lepidopt]\s l>va kn[n to be provid$ ) tra*eal gills is t ( ! pyralid g5us ,p>aponyx4 ,its ?read-l gills1 arrang$ 9 tufts ( ?ree or f\r1 arise f a common tub]cle situat$ on ! sides ( ne>ly all ! segm5ts4 ,wood-,mason describes ! ,ea/ ,indian ,p4 oryzalis z 8cov]$ ) a p]fect =e/ ( s(t & delicate :ite filam5ts10 arrang$ 9 tufts dispos$ 9 f\r longitud9al r[s4 8,! /igmata ( ! #b;d1 #c;d1 & #d? abdom9al somites only are cle>ly disc]nible40 ,! cat]pill> crawls 8free & uncov]$0 ov] ! subm]g$ leaves ( ! rice plant 89 ! v mid/ ( ! wat]40 ,9 a ,brazilian species ( ,p>aponyx describ$ z ,catacly/a pyropalis1 by ,w4 ,mll]1 ! tufts are r$uc$ to simple unbran*$ filam5ts1 & ! case is m complex ?an 9 ! ,european species 7,fig4 #ddi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dej4--;,ant]ior end ( l>va ( ,p4 /ratiolata1 %[+ ! head & fir/ two ?oracic segm5ts1 ) _! gills3 ,a1 a tuft ( gills1 mu* enl>g$4--,aft] ,de ,ge]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dea4--,l>va 7#a7 & pupa 7#b;a7 ( ,p>aponyx pyropalis enl>g$3 /1 /igmata4--,aft] ,w4 ,mll]4 ,( coleopt]\s l>v brea?+ by tra*eal gills !re are b few4 ,! l>va ( ,gyr9us 7,fig4 #ded7 respires by #aj pairs ( sl5d]1 hairy abdom9al gills simil> to ^? ( ,corydalus1 & ! /igmata are entirely want+4 ,some:at simil> are ! tra*eal gills ( ,hydro*>is c>aboides4 ,hydrobius has %ort] setose gills1 our ,am]ican species hav+ sev5 pairs ( %ort setose gills4 ,x has two spiracles at ! end ( ! body1 ?r\gh :i* ! air is tak5 by ?ru/+ ! body out ( ! wat]4 ,! l>v ( two o!r aquatic coleopt]\s g5]a1 ,pelobius & ,cnemidotus1 also h gills2 ^? ( ! =m] situat$ at ! base ( ! cox1 & bru%-l1 b conta9+ no tra*e1 ?\gh fill$ ) blood1 :ile ^? ( ,cnemidotus are v long1 bri/le-l1 jo9t$1 & aris+ f ! dorsal side ( ! ?oracic & abdom9al segm5ts4 ,! /igmata are want+4 7,s*idte47 ,! l>va ( ! dipt]\s g5us ,tanypus respires by two caudal papilli=m processes1 9 ea* ( :i* a tra*ea ramifies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #deb4--;,fre%ly hat*$ l>va ( ,hydrobius3 t1 enl>g$ tra*e1 ! he>t betwe5 !m2 g#a-;g#g1 ! sev5 pairs ( gills4 ,a1 end ( body1 enl>g$1 %[+ ! two t]m9al /igmata4--,em]ton del4 ,c]ta9 l>v ) bo? /igmata & tra*eal gills are enabl$ ei!r to live 9 or out ( wat] or on ! surface1 z 9 ! case ( c]ta9 beetles 7,cyphonid1 ,elmid1 ,hydrophilid1 ,fig4 #deb71 or ! l>val mosquito & ,psy*odes 7,fig4 #dee72 also ! nymphs ( dragon-flies4 ,! l>v ( ! ,cyphonid 7,helodes1 ,cyphon1 ,hydrocyphon7 possess b a s+le pair ( /igmata1 situat$ 9 ! p5ultimate abdom9al segm5t1 :ile at ! end ( ! abdom5 are delicate tra*eal gills4 ,! two ma9 tra*eal trunks are mu* swoll54 ,:5 on ! surface ( ! wat] ! l>va brea!s ?r\gh ! /igmata situat$ ne> ! end ( ! abdom52 :5 float+ 9 ! wat]1 ! l>va1 l t ( ,gyr9us1 c>ries along at ! end ( its body a bubble ( air4 ,! gills are only ( use1 z ,rolph ?9ks1 :5 ! insect is compell$ to rema9 a long "t "u wat]4 ,! l>va ( our native ,prionocyphon discoideus 7,say7 is describ$ by ,wal% z 8vibrat+ vigor\sly up & d[n a p5cil ( hairs proce$+ f a horizontal slit 9 ! tail02 ?is p5cil is compos$ 8( ?ree pairs ( filam5ts1 ea* beautifully bipect9ate4 ,i presume x is us$ to extract air f ! wat]40 ,:5 ! l>va is at ! surface ! p5cil ( hairs t\*es ! surface ( ! wat]1 & occasionally a bubble ( air is dis*>g$ f ! tail4 8,! g5]al habit is to crawl on decay$ wood b5ea? ! surface1 occasionally swimm+ to ! surface1 probably = a fre% supply ( air40 7,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,phil41 i1 p4 #aag47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dec4--,l>va ( ,pseph5us1 enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ded4--,l>va ( ,gyr9us4--,aft] ,we/wood4 ,! l>v ( ! small wat] beetles ( ! family ,elmid 7,elmis1 ,potamophilus1 ,macrony*us1 & ,pseph5us7 h simil> habits4 ,t ( ,elmis has t5 dorsally situat$ pairs ( spiracles1 & on ! end ( ! body bu%y gills :i* are protrud$ at pleasure4 ,! "y l>va is )\t spiracles1 its tra*eal sy/em be+ clos$4 ,macrony*us & ,potamophilus h simil> habits4 ,9 ! l>va ( ! latt] g5us1 :i* has n9e pairs ( spiracles1 !re are at ! end ( ! body on ea* side ?ree tufts ( ?read-l gills :i* are connect$ ) ! two ma9 horizontal tra*e1 :ile ! bran*es ( ! abdom9al tra*e are dilat$ into num]\s 7#fd7 bladd]-l sacs4 ,! l>va usually brea!s ?r\gh ! caudal gills4 ,:5 ! wat] is l[ or dri$ up1 ! air is inhal$ directly ?r\gh ! spiracles4 7,kolbe47 ,! l>va ( ,pseph5us lecontei1 by its broad hemisph]ical body1 is adapt$ to adh]e to ! smoo? surface ( r\nd$ /ones1 9 :i* situation we h f\nd x4 ,al?\gh x is said by ,rolph to h two pairs ( spiracles1 "o pair on ! meso?oracic & ! o!r on ! #a/ abdom9al segm5t1 x probably r>ely rises to ! surface to brea! ! air direct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dee4--;,end ( body ( a ,psy*odes l>va3 ,a1 end ( body ( a "y1 fre%ly m\lt$ l>va1 side view3 a1 ! ?ree anal gills2 b1 ! left air-cavity4 ,b1 old] l>va ( ! same species1 ) ! op5 air-cavity se5 f above4 ,c1 end ( l>va ( ano!r species z x goes d[n into ! wat] ) a bubble ( air1 b1 betwe5 ! cr[n ( hairs ( ! air-cavity or tube3 a1 ! two pairs ( anal gills2 b1 ! two ma9 tra*e4--,aft] ,f4 ,mll]4 ,x possesses five pairs ( gills on ! "u side ( ! #b;d to ! #f? abdom9al segm5ts4 ,ea* gill has f+]-%ap$ processes on its h9d] edge1 :i* are 8f _! con/ant motion evid5tly connect$ ) respiration40 ,tra*e may be se51 accord+ to ,h4 ,j4 ,cl>k1 ent]+ ! gills1 & 8! circulation ( wat] among ! bran*i is kept up by ! flapp+ ( ! tail-pieces40 ,! l>va ( ,heli*us fa/igiatus is said by ,leconte to be 8v ne>ly alli$1 :ile ! remotely alli$ ,/5elmis cr5atus has no ext]nal bran*i40#ge ,! l>va ( ! mosquito also has two modes ( respiration1 brea?+ ei!r at ! surface ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! two spiracles situat$ on ! projection 7siphon7 at ! h9d] end ( ! body :i* is ?ru/ out into ! air2 or :5 at ! bottom respir+ by tra*eal gills4 ,! pupa also has a d\ble mode ( respiration1 ei!r tak+ 9 air at ! surface by ! two ?oracic horns ) /igmatic op5+s1 or :5 subm]g$ us+ its tra*eal gills4 ,besides its long caudal tra*eal air-tubes1 ! l>val ,eri/alis is said by ,*un to ?ru/ out f ! anus a numb] 7#bj7 ( %ort tra*eal filam5ts :i* float ab\t 9 ! wat] & s]ve to absorb ! air4 ,an aquatic ,brazilian l>va ( ! family ,psy*odid has be5 f\nd by ,fritz ,mll] to take d[n "u ! wat] a l>ge bubble ( air 7,fig4 #dee1 ,c71 ! ma9 tra*eal trunk end+ ea* 9 an op5+ at ! end ( ! body 7,a1 ,b72 besides ?is1 :ile at ! bottom x brea!s by ?ree digiti=m tra*eal gills2 ano!r species hav+ two pairs 7,c1 a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #def4--,"u side ( body ( l>va ( ,bleph>oc]a4 %[+ ! position ( ! tra*eal gills3 ,a1 section ( ! body ?r\gh a suck]1 %[+ position ( ! gills4 ,b1 section ( a suck]3 br1 gill ) num]\s tra*e2 gl1 outlet ( excretory gl&2 ,m1 m1 muscles4--,aft] ,f4 ,mll]4 ,! rem>kable l>v ( ! ,bleph>oc]id 7repres5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,bleph>oc]a capitata71 :i* live p]man5tly 9 swift /reams1 atta*$ by m$ian suck]s to /ones1 are apneu/ic1 & brea! solely by leaf-l tra*eal gills 7,fig4 #def1 br7 atta*$ to ! "u side ( ! second to six? abdom9al segm5ts4 ,^? ( ! ,european ,liponeura are said by ,wi]zejski to be bran*$1 tree-l4 ,also imm$iately 9 front ( ! anus & beh9d ! la/ suck] are f\r membran\s sacs provid$ ) tra*e1 b :i* are n capable ( be+ )drawn4 ,^! are said by ,mll] to be ! same z :at ,dewitz /ates to s]ve z gills1 & by ,wi]zejski !y are homologiz$ ) ! f\r anal gills ( ,*ironomus4 ,! d\ble mode ( respiration 9 ! l>va ( ! horse bot-fly has be5 describ$ by ,s*eib]4 ,on ! h9d] end ( ! body are ! /igmatic plates1 :i* conta9 two lat]al gill-plates & ! middle /igmatal leaf4 ,besides ?is !re is a pair ( slightly develop$ pro?oracic spiracles4 ,! embryo & also fre%ly hat*$ l>va ( ,ga/rophilus equi d n possess ^! gill-plates1 b on ! end ( ! body are1 accord+ to ,joli1 two long ?read-l gills4 ,! fre%ly hat*$ l>va ( ! alli$ ,ceph5omyia rufib>bis be>s two caudal projections4 7,kolbe47 ,z 9 %rimps & o!r ,cru/acea ! gills are kept 9 con/ant motion1 ! wat] be+ driv5 ov] !m by ! rapid movem5ts ( ! telson1 s 9 ! l>val may-flies1 & 9 ! case-worm 7,macronema71 ! gills move m or less rapidly4 ,9 case-worms z well z l>val ,p]lid1 ,sialid1 ,p>aponyx1 & ,hydrophilid ! abdom9al region is con/antly mov$ to promote respiration4 7,kolbe47 ,blood-gills4--,fritz ,mll] describes 9 tri*opt]\s l>v c]ta9 delicate anal tubul> processes into :i* ! blood fl[s1 & :i* d n z a rule conta9 tra*e1 ?\gh occasionally v f9e tra*eal bran*es4 ,mll] comp>es !m ) ! gills ( crabs & ( %rimps4 ,!y are ev]sible f+]-l tubules4 ,!y are us$ :5 ! tra*eal gills are tempor>ily n available4 ,_! numb] v>ies ev5 9 ! same g5us4 ,!re are six 9 c]ta9 ,rhyacophilid2 five 9 diff]5t ,hydropsy*id2 9 ,macronema !re are f\r1 & !y are gre5 :5 fill$ ) ! gre5 blood ( t insect1 ! tra*eal gills be+ :iti%4 ,9 ! fre%ly hat*$ l>va1 :ile ! tra*eal gills are pres5t1 no anal blood-gills are visible4 ,simil> blood-gills also occur 9 ! pup ( c]ta9 caddis-flies4 7,pictet47 ,simil> anal gills fill$ ) blood occur 9 ! l>v ( ! fireflies 7,lampyris1 etc471 & p]haps1 ,kolbe ?9ks1 s]ve = respiration1 ?\gh o!r au?ors believe !m to be adhesive organs4 ,! l>va ( ,pelobius has true blood-gills4 7,s*idte4 ,see p4 #dfa47 ,! ev]sible v5tral segm5tal sacs ( ,scolop5drella1 ,campodea1 & ,ma*ilis1 z well z ! v5tral tube 7collophore7 ( ,podura1 ,smyn?urus1 etc41 may1 z ,oudemans & ,haase h sugge/$1 s]ve a respiratory purpose1 ?\gh !y lack tra*e1 & diff] f blood-gills 9 conta9+ no gases2 yet ! blood is =c$ into !m1 caus+ _! ev]sion4 ,oudemans obs]v$ t ,ma*ilis ev]t$ its sacs :5 ! vessel 9 :i* x 0 put 0 fill$ ) w>m1 damp air4 ,! sacs are only ?ru/ out :5 ! creature is completely at re/4 ,/ructures ref]able to blood-gills also occur tempor>ily 9 ! embryo ( ,or?opt]a2 ,ra?ke obs]v$ !m 9 ! mole-cricket2 ,ayres obs]v$ !m 9 can?us niveus1 :]e !y =m two /alk$ broad oval app5dages on ! fir/ abdom9al app5dages1 :i* he reg>d$ z gills4 ,patt5 obs]v$ !m 9 ,phyllodromia g]manica1 z pe>-%ap$ /ructures occurr+ 9 ! same situation1 b reg>d$ !m z s5se-organs1 z did ,*olodk[sky4 ,grab] f\nd ^! /ructures 9 ! embryo ( ! ,may-beetle1 :i* look$ l ! o!r embryonic limbs1 b surviv$ aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! latt]1 be+ long] & broad] & unjo9t$4 ,^! disappe>$ %ortly be=e bir?4 ,9 ,hydrophilus !y rema91 ,grab] /ates1 aft] bir?4 ,nussbaum has se5 !m 9 ,melo4 ,f9ally1 ,:eel] has discuss$ at l5g? ^! embryonic organs1 :i* he reg>ds z gl&ul> /ructures1 & calls pleuropodia1 _! primitive function hav+ be5 t ( limbs4 ,he has detect$ !m 9 ! embryo ( ,p]iplaneta ori5talis1 ,mantis c>ol9a1 ,xiphidium ensif]um 7,fig4 #chg72 also 9 ! ,hemipt]a 7,cicada septemdecim1 ,zai?a flum9ea71 & 9 ,sialis infumata4 ,he disc>ds ! view t !y 7 once gills or s5se-organs1 & concludes t !y 7 gl&s4 ,b1 z we h sugge/$1 _! function once t ( gills1 & /ill respiratory 9 ,synapt]a1 has p]haps become 9 ! w+$ insects gl&ul> & repugnatorial4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( be+ modifi$ abdom9al limbs aft]w>ds s]v+ z gl&s1 z ,:eel] claims1 we are incl9$ to believe t !y function$ z blood-gills4 k4 ,tra*eal gills ( adult insects ,tra*eal gills are kn[n to be reta9$ by a few insects 9 ! imago /age1 ! nymphs 9 all /ages brea?+ by !m4 ,! mo/ notable example is ! p]lid g5us ,pt]on>cys1 9 :i*1 z ,newport /ates1 !re are eight sets1 compris+ #ac pairs ( bran*ial tufts di/ribut$ ov] ! "u surface ( ! ?oracic & fir/ two abdom9al segm5ts4 ,! fir/ set1 consi/+ ( ?ree pairs ( tufts1 p>tly encircl+ ! neck l a ruff1 arises f ! s(t membrane connect+ ! head & pro/]num4 ,! ?oracic tufts orig9ate betwe5 & beh9d ! cox1 z well z on ! front m>g9 ( ! meso- & meta?oracic segm5ts4 ,! numb] ( filam5ts 9 ea* tuft v>ies f ab\t #bj to #ej or m1 ! d5se/ tufts be+ ^? ( ! two h9d] ?oracic segm5ts4 ,ea* filam5t is usually simple1 ?\gh 9 a few cases !y are bran*$ 7,fig4 #deg1 ,a74 ,! adult ,pt]on>cys is nocturnal1 fly+ only at dewfall or 9 ! night1 & ,mr4 ,b>n/on obs]v$ x :5 on ! w+1 8con/antly dipp+ on ! surface ( ! wat]02 by day x hides 89 crevices ( rocks :i* are con/antly wett$ by ! spray ( fall+ wat]1 "u /ones & 9 o!r damp places40 ,x may ?us be comp>$ ) ! ,amphibians1 ,necturus & ,proteus1 ^: gills are reta9$ 9 adult life4 ,a simil> l>ge ,*ilian ,p]lid 7,diamphipnoa li*5alis ,g]/47 diff]s 9 completely lack+ ! ?oracic gills1 ?\gh !re are f\r pairs on ! abdom51 i4e4 a pair on ea* ( ! fir/ f\r segm5ts4 ,9 ?is =m ! numb] ( individual filam5ts 9 ! l>ge/ tufts may am\nt to ab\t #bjj4 ,ano!r ,p]lid 7,dictyopt]yx signata7 is said by ,hag5 to h two pairs ( gill-tufts on ! "u side ( ! head2 ! fir/ pair situat$ on ! base ( ! subm5tum1 ! second on ! membrane connect+ ! head & pro/]num4 ,kolbe /ates t 9 ! imag9es ( ,p]la m>g9ata & ,p4 cephalotes on ! h9d] edge ( ! ?oracic /igmata arise ?ree v small *it9\s plates1 :i*1 on _! "u side & on ! edges are beset ) num]\s %ort :ite filam5ts4 ,^! completely correspond to ! filam5ts ( ! tuft-l l>val gills4 ,p]si/5t anal gills also occur 9 ! imag9es ( ,p]la4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #deg4--,"u side ( ,pt]on>cys regalis1 %[+ ! situation ( ! gills 7g1 b1 f7 & ! /]nal orifices3 ,a1 a bran*ial filam5t %[+ ! direction ( ! curr5t ( blood2 c1 d1 tra*e4 ,b1 end ( ! abdom5 enl>g$4--,aft] ,newport4 ,9 ,nem\ra lat]alis & c9]ea ! tra*eal gills are diff]5tly dispos$4 ,on ea* side ( ! ant]ior edge ( ! pro/]num arise delicate tightly twi/$ filam5ts1 l ^? ( ! l>va4 7,e9fhrung1 p4 #ecf47 ,hag5 also /ates t 9 ! dragon-fly1 ,eupha1 ! gills ( ! nymphs are reta9$ 9 ! imago1 & ,palmn rem>ks t 9 s*na ! rectal gills ( ! nymph p]si/ 9 ! imago1 ?\gh n us$ = respiration4 ,palmn gives an in/ance ( a caddis-fly 7,hydropsy*e1 ,fig4 #ddh7 reta9+ its gills ?r\gh ! imago /age1 b !y are unfit = respiration1 z !y are m9ute & %runk54 ,a walk+-/ick 7,prisopus flabelli=mis7 f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,brazil has ! rem>kable habit1 accord+ to ,murray1 ( sp5d+ 8! :ole ( ! day "u wat]1 9 a /ream or rivulet1 fix$ firmly to a /one 9 ! rapid "p ( ! /ream10 ) its head turn$ up /ream2 b leav+ ! wat] at d>k4 ,! "u side ( ! body1 includ+ ! head1 is holl[$ s t ! creature may adh]e1 suck]-l1 to smoo? /ones2 ! claws1 clasp]s1 & flaps on ! legs aid 9 reta9+ its hold1 :ile ! out] m>g9 ( ! legs is d5tate & ?ickly fr+$ ) hair to repel ! wat]4 ,ano!r =m1 closely relat$ to ,prisopus1 f ,borneo 7,cotylosoma dipneu/icum7 is said by ,wood-,mason to be ev5 m pr(\ndly modifi$ = an aquatic life1 s9ce x has n only spiracles1 b also1 z he claims1 tra*eal gills4 ,f ea* side ( ! body1 9 fact along ! l[] m>g9s ( ! sides ( ! meta?orax1 !re /& /raight out five equal1 small1 b conspicu\s ciliat$ oval plates1 8:i*1 :5 ! insect is subm]g$ & its /igmata are clos$1 d\btless s]ve = respiration40 ,! au?or did n note ! actual pres5ce ( tra*e 9 ^! plates4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,organs ,,& ,,physiology ,,( ,,respiration a4 ,on ! tra*eal sy/em 9 g5]al ,lyonet1 ,p4 ,trait anatomique de la *5ille qui ronge le bois du saule4 7,la ,haye1 #agfj2 #b;d edit41 ,la ,haye1 #agfb1 pp4 #faf1 #ah ,pls47 ,treviranus1 ,g4 ,r4 ,beitrge zur ,anatomie und ,physiologie d] ,ti]e und ,pflanz51 #ahaf4 ---- ,das organis*e ,leb54 ,brem51 #ahca4 ,r5gg]1 ,j4 ,r4 ,physiologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ti]is*e ,hau%altung d] ,insekt54 ,tb+51 #ahag4 7,g]m>'s ,mag4 f4 ,ent41 #ahah1 iii1 pp4 #daj-dac47 ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,re*]*es anatomiques sur les ,c>abiques et sur plusieurs autres insectes ,coloptres4 ,organes de la respiration4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 viii1 #ahbf1 pp4 #ai-bg1 #b ,pls47 ---- tudes anatomiques et physiologiques sur les insectes ,diptres de la famille des ,pupip>es4 ,app>eil respiratoire4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 ,sr4 #c1 iii1 #ahde1 pp4 #ef-fd1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,description et anatomie d'une l>ve bran*ies ext]nes d',hydrops*e4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat1 ,zool41 ,sr #c1 #ahdg1 viii1 pp4 #cda-ced47 ---- tudes anatomiques et physiologiques1 et obs]vations sur les l>ves des ,libellules4 ,app>eil respiratoire4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 ,sr4 #c1 xvii1 #aheb1 pp4 #gf-ig1 #c ,pls47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques sur les ,hymnoptres de la famille des ,uroc]ates4 ,app>eil respiratoire4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 ,sr4 #d1 i1 #ahed1 pp4 #bjc-bji1 #a ,pl42 see also p4 #cdd47 ,burmei/]1 ,h4 ,h&bu* d] ,entomologie1 i1 #ahcb1 pp4 #afi-aid1 #daf-dcf4 ,kirby1 ,w41 & ,w4 ,sp5ce4 ,introduction to entomology1 #ahcc1 iv1 pp4 #ce-ha4 ,b[]bank1 ,j4 ,s4 ,obs]vations on ! circulation ( blood & ! di/ribution ( ! tra*e 9 ! w+ ( ,*rysopa p]la4 7,ent4 ,mag41 iv1 #ahcg1 pp4 #agi-ahe47 ,platn]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,mitteilung5 b] die ,respirationsorgane 9 d] ,haut bei d] ,seid5raupe4 7,mll]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 #ahdd1 pp4 #ch-di47 ,filippi1 ,f4 de4 ,alcuni oss]vazioni anatomico-fisiologis*e sugl' ,insetti 9 g5]ale1 ed 9 p>ticul>e sul ,bombice del ,gelso4 7,ann4 ,r4 ,acad4 d' ,agricoltura di ,tor9o1 #ahej1 ii1 p4 #be1 #a ,pl42 ,transl4 by ,c4 ,a4 ,dohrn1 ,/ett91 ,ent4 ,zeit41 #aheb1 xiii1 pp4 #beh-bfg2 xiv1 pp4 #abd-acb1 #a ,pl47 ,newport1 ,g4 ,on ! =mation & ! use ( ! air-sacs & dilat$ tra*e 9 insects4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahea1 xx1 pp4 #dai-dbc47 ,lubbock1 ,j4 ,di/ribution ( tra*e 9 insects4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahfj1 xxiii1 pp4 #bc-ej47 ,l&ois1 ,l4 ,anatomie des ,ph?irius +u9alis ,lea*4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xiv1 #ahfd1 pp4 #a-bf1 #e ,taf47 ---- ,anatomie des ,p$iculus ve/im5ti ,nitzs*4 7,ibid41 xv1 #ahfe1 pp4 #cb-ee1 #c ,taf47 ---- ,anatomie des ,hundeflohs 7,pulex canis74 7,nova ,acta ,leop4-,c>ol4 ,akad4 d] ,naturf41 ,dresd51 #ahff1 xxxiii1 #ahfg1 pp4 #fg1 #g ,taf47 ---- ,anatomie d] ,bettwanze 7,cimex lectul>ius ,l474 7,ibid41 xviii1 #ahfh1 pp4 #bjf-bbd1 xix1 #ahfi1 pp4 #bjf-bcc1 #d ,taf47 ,me9]t1 ,fr4 ,campode3 en familie af ,?ysanur]nes ord54 7,naturhi/orisk ,tidsskr41 #c ,raek41 iii1 #ahfd-fe1 pp4 #djj-ddj1 #a ,pl47 ,re9h>dt1 ,h4 ,zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,tra*e5sy/ems d] ,hym5opt]5 mit besond]] ,bezei*ung auf dess5 morphologis*e ,b$eutung4 7,b]l94 ,ent4 ,zeits*r41 #ahfe1 ix1 pp4 #ahg-bah1 #b ,taf47 ,g]/aeck]1 ,a4 ,bronn's ,klass5 und ,ordnung5 des ,ti]rei*s1 v1 #ahff-ahgi4 ,organs ( respiration1 pp4 #aai-aca4 ,p\*et1 ,g4 ,dveloppem5t du sy/me tra*en de l',anophle 7,core?ra plumicornis74 7,ar*iv zool4 exprim5tale1 i1 #ahgb1 pp4 #bag-bcb1 #a ,fig47 ,grab]1 ,v4 ,ueb] e9e ,art fibrilloid5 ,b9degewebes d] ,insekt5haut und se9e lokale ,b$eutung als ,tra*ealsusp5sorium4 7,ar*iv f4 ,mikroskop4 ,anat4 x1 #ahgd1 pp4 #abd-add1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,die ,insekt52 ,mn*51 #ahgg4 ,organs ( respiration1 pp4 #cdf-cfi4 ,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,on ! di/ribution & primitive numb] ( spiracles 9 insects4 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 viii1 #ahgd1 pp4 #eca-ecd47 ---- ,on ! nature & orig9 ( ! s-call$ 8spiral ?read0 ( tra*e4 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 xx1 #ahhf1 pp4 #dch-ddb1 #b ,figs41 p4 #eeh47 ,wolff1 ,o4 ,j4 ,b4 ,das ,rie*organ d] ,bi5e neb/ e9] ,bes*reibung des ,respirationsw]kes d] ,hym5opt]51 des ,saugrssels und ,ges*macksorganes d] ,blum5wesp54 7,nova ,acta d4 kais4 ,leop-,c>ol4 ,akad4 d] ,naturf41 xxxviii1 #ahgf1 pp4 #a-bea1 #h ,taf47 ,palmn1 ,j4 ,a4 ,zur ,morphologie des ,tra*e5sy/ems4 ,leipzig1 #ahgg1 pp4 #adj1 #b ,taf4 ,moseley1 ,h4 ,n4 ,orig9 ( tra*e 9 ,ar?ropoda4 7,nature1 xvii1 #ahgh1 p4 #cdj47 ,poletajew1 ,olga4 ,quelques mots sur les organes respiratoires des l>ves des ,odonates4 7,hor ,soc4 ,ent4 ,ross41 xv1 #ahhj1 pp4 #dcf-deb1 #b ,pls47 ,viallanes1 ,h4 ,sur l'app>eil respiratoire de quelques l>ves de ,diptres4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 #ahhj1 pp4 #aahj-aahb47 ,mac,leod1 ,j4 ,la /ructure des tra*es et la circulation p]itra*enne4 ,bruxelles1 #ahhj1 pp4 #gj1 #d ,pls4 ,hag51 ,h4 ,a4 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis des ,tra*e5sy/ems d] ,libell5l>v54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhj1 pp4 #aeg-afb47 ---- ,e9wrfe geg5 ,palm5s ,ansi*t von d] ,ent/ehung des ges*loss55 ,tra*e5sy/ems4 7,ibid41 #ahha1 pp4 #djd-djf47 ,macloskie1 ,g4 ,! /ructure ( ! tra*e ( insects4 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 #ahhd1 xviii1 pp4 #efg-egc1 ,fig47 ,haase1 ,e4 ,das ,respirationssy/em d] ,*ilopod5 und ,symphyl5 7,scolop5drell57 v]glei*5 mit dem d] ,hexapod54 7,zeits*r4 f4 ,ent4 ,n4 ,f41 ix1 ,breslau1 #ahhd47 ---- ,das ,respirationssy/em d] ,symphyl5 und ,*ilopod54 7,zool4 ,beitrge1 von ,a4 ,s*neid]1 i1 #ahhd1 pp4 #fe-ie1 #c ,taf42 ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhc1 pp4 #ae-ag47 ,grassi1 ,b4 ,i prog5itori degli ,insetti e dei ,miriapodi4 ,l',japyx e la ,campodea4 7,atti d4 ,accad4 ,gio5ia d4 ,sc4 ,nat4 ,catania1 #ahhe1 ,sr4 #c1 xix1 pp4 #hc1 #e ,pls47 ---- ,i prog5itori dei ,miriapodi e degli ,insetti4 ,anatomia comp>ata dei ,tisanuri4 7,reale ,accad4 d4 ,l9cei di ,roma1 ,anno #bhd1 #ahhg47 ,me9]t1 ,fr4 ,de eucephale ,myggel>v]4 ,sur les l>ves eucephales des ,diptres4 7,vid5sk4 ,selsk4 ,skrift]41 #f ,raekke1 naturvid4 og ma!m4 ,afd4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahhf1 iv1 pp4 #cfi-dic1 #d ,pls47 ,cajal1 ,s4 ,r4 ,coloration p> la m?ode de ,golgi des t]m9aisons des tra*es et des n]fs dans les muscles des ailes des insectes4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,microscopie1 #ahij1 vii1 pp4 #ccb-cdb1 #a ,pl47 ,wi/+haus51 ,c4 v4 ,ueb] ,tra*e55digung5 9 d5 ,s]ict]i5 d] ,raup54 7,zeits*r4 wiss5s*4 ,zool41 xlix1 #ahij1 pp4 #efe-ehb1 #a ,taf47 ,/okes1 ,alfr$ ,c4 ,! /ructure ( insect tra*e1 etc4 7,sci5ce1 #ahic1 pp4 #dd-df1 #g ,figs47 ,sadones1 ,j4 ,l'app>eil dige/if et respiratoire l>vaire des ,odonates4 7,la ,cellule1 xi1 #ahie1 pp4 #bga-cbe1 #c ,pls47 ,holmgr51 ,emil4 b] das respiratoris*e ,epi!l d] ,tra*e5 bei ,raup54 7,fe/s*rift ,lilljeborg4 ,upsala1 #ahif1 pp4 #gf-gi1 #b ,taf47 ,see also p4 #dcg4 ,also ,geg5baur's ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 ,engl4 ,trans4 b4 ,on ! ,/igmata ,loewe1 ,c4 ,l4 ,w4 ,de p>tibus quibus insecta spiritus ducunt4 ,diss4 inaug4 ,hal1 #ahad1 pp4 #bh4 ,spr5gel1 ,c4 ,comm5t>ius de p>tibus quibus ,insecta spiritus ducunt4 ,lipsi1 #ahae1 pp4 #ch1 #c ,taf4 ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,re*]*es anatomiques sur l',hippobosque des *evaux4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 #ahbe1 vi1 pp4 #bii-cbb1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,n\velles obs]vations sur la situation des /igmates ?oraciques dans les l>ves des ,bupre/icides4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 ,sr4 #b1 #ahdd1 ii1 p4 #bjc47 ,l&ois1 ,h4 ,d] ,tra*e5v]s*luss bei ,t5ebrio molitor4 7,rei*]t u4 ,dubois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,anat41 #ahff1 pp4 #cia-cig1 #a ,taf47 ---- und ,w4 ,!l54 ,d] ,tra*e5v]s*luss bei d5 ,insekt54 7,zeits*r4 wiss5s*4 ,zool41 xvii1 #ahfg1 pp4 #ahg-bad1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,d] ,/igm5v]s*luss bei d5 ,lepidopt]54 7,rei*]t u4 ,dubois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,anat41 #ahhf1 pp4 #da-di1 #a ,taf47 ,hag51 ,h4 ,a4 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis des ,tra*e5sy/ems d] ,libell5-,l>v54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhj1 pp4 #aeg-afb47 ---- ,e9wrfe geg5 ,palmn's ,ansi*t von d] ,ent/ehung des ges*loss55 ,tra*e5sy/ems4 7,ibid41 #ahha1 pp4 #djd-djf47 ,kran*]1 ,o4 ,d] ,bau d] ,/igm5 bei d5 ,insekt54 7,zeits*r4 wiss5s*4 ,zool41 xxxv1 #ahha1 pp4 #eje-egd1 #b ,taf42 ,zool4 ,anz41 #ahhj1 pp4 #ehd-ehh47 ,me9]t1 ,fr4 ,spirakelplad5 hos ,sc>ab-,l>v]ne4 7,vid4 ,m$del4 ,nat4 ,=4 ,kjb5havn 7#d71 ,a>g4 iii1 #ahhb1 pp4 #bhi-bib47 ---- ,noget m]e om ,spiracula cribr>ia og ,os clausum4 ,en ,replik4 7,ibid4 7#d71 ,a>g4 v1 #ahhd1 pp4 #fh-ia1 ,fig47 ,s*idte1 ,j4 ,g4 ,spiracula cribr>ia--os clausum3 lidt om naturvid5skabelig ,me?ode og ,kritik4 7,nat4 ,tidsskrift 7#c71 xiii1 #ahhc1 pp4 #dbg-dgc2 also ,jahresb]4 ,neapel1 #ahhc1 p4 #aje47 ,v]son1 ,e4 ,il meccanismo di *iusura negli /immati di ,bombix mori4 7,atti ,i/it4 ,v5eto4 ,sc41 #ahhg1 p4 #i1 ,pl47 ---- ,d] ,bau d] ,/igm5 von ,bombyx mori4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhg1 x ,jahrg41 pp4 #efa1 #efb47 ,see also ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #aaf4 ,haase1 ,e4 ,die ,/igm5 d] ,scolop5drid54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhg1 x ,jahrg41 pp4 #adj-adb47 ---- ,holopneu/ie bei ,kf]n4 7,biolog4 ,c5tralbl41 #ahhg1 vii1 pp4 #ej-ec47 ,c>let1 ,g4 ,note sur un n\veau mode de f]meture des tra*es1 8f]meture op]culaire0 *ez les insectes4 7,comp4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 cvii1 pp4 #gee-geg47 ,de ,meij]e1 ,j4 ,c4 ,h4 b] zusamm5gesetzte ,/igm5 bei ,dipt]5l>v5 etc44 7,tijd4 ,ent41 xxxviii1 #ahie1 pp4 #fe-ajj1 #cc ,figs47 ,also ! o!r writ+s ( ,palmn1 ,duf\r1 ,dewitz1 ,boas1 ,v]son4 c4 ,on tra*eal gills & tra*eal respiration ,pictet1 ,f4 ,j4 ,mmoires sur les l>ves des ,nm\res4 7,annal4 ,sc4 nat41 #ahcb1 xxvi1 pp4 #cfi-cia1 #b ,pls47 ---- ,re*]*es p\r s]vir l'hi/oire et l'anatomie des ,phryganides4 ,g5ve1 pp4 #bce1 #bj ,pls4 ---- ,hi/oire naturelle gnrale et p>ticulire1 des insectes ,neuroptres4 ,i1 ,monographie3 ,famille des ,p]lides1 ,g5ve1 #ahda1 #ahdb1 pp4 #dbc1 #ec ,pls4 ---- ,hi/oire naturelle gnrale et p>ticulire des insectes ,neuroptres4 ,,ii1 ,monographie3 ,famille des ,ephmr9es4 ,g5ve1 #ahdc-ahde1 pp4 #cjj1 #dg ,pls4 ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,re*]*es anatomiques et consid]ations entomologiques sur les insectes ,coloptres des g5res ,macrony*us et ,elmis4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 ,sr4 #b1 #ahce1 iii1 pp4 #aea-agd1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,description et anatomie d'une l>ve bran*ies ext]nes d',hydropsy*e4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #c1 #ahdg1 viii1 pp4 #cda-ced1 ,fig47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques sur la l>ve bran*ies extrieures du ,sialis lut>ius4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #c1 #ahdh1 ix1 pp4 #ia-ii1 ,fig47 ---- ,de div]ses modes de respiration aquatique *ez les insectes4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 d4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 #ahdi1 xxix1 pp4 #gfc-ggj2 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,sr4 #b1 #ahej1 vi1 pp4 #aab-aah47 ---- tudes sur la l>ve du ,potamophilus4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 ,sr4 #d1 xvii1 #ahfb1 pp4 #afb-agc1 #a ,pl41 ,b]i*t v4 ,g]/aeck] f4 #ahfb1 pp4 #af1 #ag47 ,grube1 ,a4 ,e4 ,bes*reibung e9] auffall5d5 an ,ssswass]-s*wamm5 leb5d5 ,l>ve 7,sisyra74 7,wiegmanns ,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 #ahdc1 ix1 pp4 #cca-ccg1 ,fig47 ,s*rd] van d] ,kolk1 ,j4 ,l4 ,g4 ,mmoire sur l'anatomie et physiologie de ,ga/rus equi4 7,nieuwe ,v]h&l4 d4 ,k4 ,n$]l4 ,in/it4 ,am/]dam1 #ahde1 ix1 pp4 #a-aee1 #ac ,pls42 ,eri*son's ,b]i*t4 f4 #ahde1 p4 #aji47 ,s*eib]1 ,s4 ,h4 ,v]glei*5de ,anatomie und ,physiologie d] /rid5-,l>v54 ,respirationssy/em4 7,sitzungsb]4 ,akad4 ,wiss5s*4 ,wi54 ,ma?4-naturw4 ,cl41 #ahfb1 xlv1 pp4 #g-ci47 ,lubbock1 ,j4 ,on ! developm5t ( ,*loon dimidiatum4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,i1 #ahfh1 xxiv1 pp4 #fa-gh1 #b ,pls42 ,,ii1 #ahff1 xxv1 pp4 #dgg-dib47 ,ou/alet1 ,e4 ,note sur la respiration *ez les nymphes des ,libellules4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 ,sr4 #e1 xi1 #ahfi1 pp4 #cgj-chf1 #c ,pls47 ,rolph1 ,w4 ,h4 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis e9+] ,insekt5l>v54 #a ,taf4 ,inaug4 ,diss]tat4 ,bonn1 #ahgc4 ,*un1 ,c4 ,ueb] d5 ,bau1 die ,entwicklung und physiologis*e ,b$eutung d] ,rektaldrs5 bei d5 ,insekt54 ,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #ahge4 ,hall]1 ,g4 ,die ,/e*mck5l>ve4 ,kle9]e ,bru*/cke zur v]glei*5d5 ,anatomie d] ,ar?ropod54 ,i4 ,ueb] das ,atmungsorgan d] ,/e*mck5l>v54 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 xliv1 #ahgh1 pp4 #ia-if1 #a ,taf47 ,vayssire1 ,a4 ,re*]*es sur l'organisation des l>ves des ,ephmr9es4 7,ann4 d4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 ,sr4 #f1 xiii1 #ahhb1 pp4 #a-acg1 #aa ,pls47 ---- ,monographie zoologique et anatomique du g5re ,prosopi/oma ,latr4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #g1 ix1 #ahij1 pp4 #ai-hg1 #d ,pls47 ,eaton1 ,a4 ,e4 ,notes on "s species ( ,cloon4 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/1 ,s]4 #c1 xviii1 #ahff1 pp4 #ade-adh47 ---- ,a revisional monograph ( rec5t ,ephem]id or may-flies4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhc-ahhg1 ,s]4 #b1 iii1 #fc ,pls47 ,mll]1 ,wilh4 ,ueb] e9ige im ,wass] leb5de ,s*mett]l+sraup5 ,brasili5s4 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 #ahhd1 i ,jahrg41 pp4 #aid-bab1 #a ,taf47 ,vogl]4 ,die ,tra*e5kiem5 d] ,simuli5-,pupp54 7,mitteil4 ,s*weiz ,ent4 ,gesells*41 #ahhg1 vii1 pp4 #bgg-bhb47 ,ras*ke1 ,e4 ,w4 ,die ,l>ve von ,culex nemorosus4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis d] ,insekt5-,anatomie und ,hi/iologie4 7,ar*iv fr ,naturges*41 #ahhg1 liii ,jahrg41 pp4 #acc-afc1 #b ,taf42 ,zool4 ,anz41 #ahhg1 x ,jahrg41 pp4 #ah1 #ai47 ,klaplek1 ,fr4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,fauna d] ,gewss] ,bhm5s4 ,i4 ,metamorphose d] ,tri*opt]54 7,ar*iv f4 naturwiss5s*4 ,l&esdur*=s*ung von ,bhm51 ,prag1 #ahhh1 vi1 ,no4 #e1 pp4 #fc2 ,no4 #f1 #ahic1 pp4 #ade1 ,figs47 ,mll]1 ,fritz4 ,l>v5 von ,mck5 und ,ha>flgl]n mit zwei]lei abwe*selnd ?tig5 ,atemw]kzeug54 7,ent4 ,na*r41 #ahhh1 xiv ,jahrg41 pp4 #bgc-bgg2 also ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 iv1 #ahha1 pp4 #dii-ejb47 ,kolbe1 ,h4 ,j4 ,ueb] d5 ,kranzfrmig5 ,lai* e9] ,phryganea4 7,sitzungsb]4 d4 ,gesells*4 natur=s*4 ,freunde 9 ,b]l91 #ahhh1 pp4 #bb-bf47 ,haase1 ,eri*4 ,die ,abdom9alanhnge d] ,insekt5 mit ,b]cksi*tigung d] ,myriopod54 7,morpholog4 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhi1 xv1 pp4 #cca-dce1 #b ,taf47 ,dewitz1 ,h4 ,e9ig] ,beoba*tung51 betreff5d das ges*loss5e ,tra*e5sy/em bei ,insect5l>v54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xiii1 #ahij1 pp4 #ejj-ejd1 #ebe-eca47 ,miall1 ,l4 ,c4 ,"s difficulties 9 ! life ( aquatic insects4 7,nature1 xliv1 ,london1 #ahia1 pp4 #def-dfb47 ---- ,natural ,hi/ory ( aquatic insects1 #ahie1 #aaf ,figs41 pp4 #a-cie4 ,weltn]1 ,w4 7,note on ,sisyra47 7,ent4 ,na*r41 p4 #ade1 #ahid47 ,also pap]s by ,hag51 ,dewitz1 ,williams1 ,tmsvry 7#ahhd74 d4 ,lit]ature on rectal respiration ,suck[1 ,f4 ,w4 ,l4 ,respiration d] ,insekt51 insbesond]e b] die ,d>mrespiration d] s*na gr&is4 7,zeits*rift f4 d4 organ4 ,physik1 von ,heus+]1 #ahbh1 ii1 pp4 #bd-bi1 #d ,taf47 ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,sur la respiration bran*iale des l>ves des gr&es ,libellules comp>e celle des poissons4 7,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 #ahdh1 xxvi1 pp4 #cja-cjc47 ---- tudes anatomiques et physiologiques et obs]vations sur les l>ves des ,libellules4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 ,sr4 #c1 #aheb1 xvii1 pp4 #gf-ig1 #c ,pls47 ,gilson1 ,g4 & ,j4 ,sadones4 ,l>val gills ( ,odonates4 7,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahig47 e4 ,physiology ( ,respiration ,bonnet1 ,*4 ,re*]*es sur la respiration des *5illes4 7,mm4 ,ma?4 des ,savants trang]s1 ,p>is1 #agfh1 v1 pp4 #bgf-cjc47 ,treviranus1 ,g4 ,r4 ,biologie1 od] ,philosophie d] leb5d5 ,natur1 fr ,natur=s*] und ,a]zte4 #f ,bnde1 ,gtt+51 #ahjb-ahbb4 7,atmung1 9 ,bd4 iv47 ---- ,die ,ers*e9ung5 und ,gesetze des organis*5 ,leb5s4 #b ,bnde1 ,brem51 #ahca-ahcc4 7,atmung d] ,insekt5 9 ,bd4 i47 ---- ,v]su*e b] das ,atemhol5 d] ni$]5 ,ti]e4 7,zeits*rift f4 d4 ,physiologie1 von ,f4 ,ti$emann1 ,g4 ,r4 u4 ,l4 ,c4 ,treviranus1 #ahcb1 iv1 pp4 #a-ci47 ,hausmann1 ,j4 ,f4 ,l4 ,de animalium exsangu9um respiratione comm5tatio4 ,hannov]1 #ahjc1 vi1 p4 #gj4 ,spallanzani1 ,l4 ,memoirs on respiration4 ,london1 #ahjd4 ,sorg1 ,f4 ,l4 ,a4 ,w4 ,disquisitiones physiologic circa respirationem insectorum et v]mium4 ,rudol/adt1 #ahje1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #adf4 ,nitzs*1 ,c4 ,l4 ,comm5tatio de respiratione animalium4 ,viteb]g1 #ahjh1 #d1 pp4 #ef4 ---- ,ueb] das ,atm5 d] ,hydrophil54 7,reil's ,ar*iv f4 ,physiologie1 #ahaa1 x1 pp4 #ddj-deh47 ,reim>us1 ,j4 ,a4 ,h4 ,ueb] das ,atm51 besond]s b] das ,atm5 d] ,vgel und ,insekt54 7,reil u4 ,aut5rie?1 ,ar*iv f4 ,physiologie1 #ahab1 xi1 pp4 #bbi-bcf47 ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,anatomie de la ,ranatre l9aire et de la ,npe c5dre4 7,annal4 gnr4 ,sci5c4 phys41 ,bruxelles1 #ahba1 vii1 pp4 #aid-bac1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,mmoire p\r s]vir l'hi/oire du g5re ,ocypt]a4 7,annal4 ,sci5c4 natur41 #ahbg1 x1 pp4 #bdh-bfa1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,re*]*es sur quelques entozoaires et l>ves p>asites des insectes ,or?optres et ,hymnoptres4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat4 ,zool41 ,sr4 #b1 #ahcf1 vi1 p4 #ee2 ,sr4 #b1 #ahcg1 vii1 pp4 #e-bj47 ---- ,note sur le p>asitisme4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 #ahea1 xxxiii1 pp4 #ace-aci2 ,rev4 et ,mag4 de ,zool41 #ahea1 pp4 #djh-dab47 ,dutro*et1 ,r4 ,j4 ,h4 ,du mecanisme de la respiration des ,insectes4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 #ahcc1 xxviii1 pp4 #ca-dd2 ,mm4 ,acad4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 #ahch1 xiv1 pp4 #ha-ic47 ,newport1 ,g4 ,on ! respiration ( insects4 7,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,london1 #ahcf1 cxxvi1 pp4 #ebi-eff47 ,coqu]el1 ,*4 ,note p\r s]vir l'hi/oire de l'pus rob9i4 7,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 ,sr4 #b1 #ahej1 viii1 pp4 #ebi-ecb47 ,davy1 ,j4 ,on ! effects ( c]ta9 ag5ts on insects4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahea1 pp4 #aie-bab47 ,b>l[1 ,w4 ,f4 ,obs]vations ( ! respiratory movem5ts ( insects4 7,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 cxlv1 #ahee1 pp4 #aci-adh47 ,ra?ke1 ,h4 ,anatomis*-physiologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,atmungsprozess d] ,insekt54 7,s*rift5 d4 k4 phys4-kon4 ,ges4 ,knigsb]g1 i ,jahrg41 #ahfj1 pp4 #ii-ach1 #a ,taf47 ,lubbock1 ,j4 ,on two aquatic ,hym5opt]a1 "o ( :i* uses its w+s 9 swimm+4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 xxiv1 #ahfc1 pp4 #ace-adb1 #a ,pl47 ,boyle1 ,r4 ,new pneumatical exp]im5ts ab\t respiration4 7,phil4 ,trans41 #ahgj1 v1 ,no4 #fc1 pp4 #bjea-bjef47 ,lambre*t4 ,a4 ,das ,atmungsges*ft d] ,bi554 7,bi55wirts*aftl4 ,c5tralblatt1 vii ,jahrg41 #ahga1 pp4 #bj-be47 ---- ,luftv]brau* e9es ,bi5s und die damit zusamm5hng5d5 ,leb5sprozesse d] ,gli$] desselb54 7,ibid41 #ahga1 pp4 #aae-abj47 ,monni]4 ,sur la rle des organes respiratoires *ez les l>ves aquatiques4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 lxxiv1 #ahgb1 p4 #bce47 ,liebe1 ,otto4 ,ueb] die ,respiration d] ,tra*eat51 besond]s b] d5 ,me*anismus d]selb5 und b] die ,m5ge d] ausgeatm5t5 ,kohl5sure4 7,inaug4 ,diss4 ,*emnitz1 #ahgb1 pp4 #bh47 ,plateau1 ,f4 ,re*]*es physico-*imiques sur les articuls aquatiques4 7,bull4 ,acad4 ,roy4 ,belg41 ,sr4 #b1 xxxiv1 #ahgb1 pp4 #bga-cba47 ---- ,re*]*es exprim5tales sur les m\vem5ts respiratoires des ,insectes4 7,mem4 ,acad4 ,belg41 #ahhd1 xlv1 pp4 #bai1 #g ,pls41 #ef ,figs47 ---- ,re*]*es physico-*imiques sur les articuls aquatiques4 ,"p ,i4 ,action de sels en dissolution dans l'eau4 ,influ5ce de l'eau de m] sur les articuls aquatiques d'eau d\ce4 ,influ5ce de l'eau d\ce sur les ,cru/acs m>9es4 7,mm4 c\r4 et ,mm4 des savants trang4 de ,belgique1 xxxvi1 #ahga1 pp4 #fh47 ,"p ,,ii4 ,rsi/ance l'asphyxie p> subm]sion1 action du froid1 action de la *aleur1 temp]ature maximum4 7,bull4 ,acad4 ,roy4 de ,belgique1 ,sr4 #b1 xxxiv1 #ahgb1 pp4 #bga-cba47 ---- ,les ,myriopodes m>9s et la rsi/ance des ,ar?ropodes respiration ari5ne la subm]sion4 7,j\rn4 de l'anatomie et de la physiologie1 #ahij1 xxvi1 pp4 #bcf-bfi47 ,bts*li1 ,o4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis des ,/(fwe*sels1 insbesond]e die ,respiration bei d5 ,insekt54 7,rei*]t und ,dubois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,anatomie1 #ahgd1 pp4 #cdh-cfa47 ,ritsema ,cz41 ,c4 ,ac5tropus niveus ,oliv41 9 ,zijne lev5swijze en v]s*ill5de toe/&54 7,tijds*r4 voor ,entom1 #ahgf1 xxi1 sep>ate1 pp4 #cd1 #b ,taf47 ,pott1 ,rob4 ,*emical exp]im5ts on ! respiration ( insects4 7,psy*e1 ii1 #ahgh47 ,%>p1 ,d4 ,obs]vations on ! respiratory action ( ! c>nivor\s wat]-beetles4 7,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 xiii1 ,zoology1 #ahgh1 pp4 #afa-ahc47 ,kran*]1 ,o4 ,das ,atm5 d] ,bi5e4 7,deuts*] ,bi55freund41 xvi ,jahrg41 #ahhj1 pp4 #di-ea47 ,gissl]1 ,c4 ,f4 ,sub-elytral air-passages 9 ,coleopt]a4 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,advanc4 ,sc4 #bi ,meet4 7#ahha71 #ahha1 pp4 #ffg-ffi47 ,lang5dorff1 ,o4 ,/udi5 b] die ,inn]vation d] ,atembewegung54 #f4 ,das ,atmungsz5trum d] ,insekt54 7,ar*iv f4 ,anatomie u4 ,physiol41 ,physiol4 ,abteil41 #ahhc1 pp4 #hj-hg47 ,macloskie1 ,g4 ,pneumatic functions ( insects4 7,psy*e1 iii1 #ahhc1 pp4 #cge47 ,*al&e1 ,j4 ,re*]*es sur le mecanisme de la respiration *ez les ,myriopodes4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 civ1 #ahhg1 pp4 #abf1 #abg47 ,com/ock1 ,j4 ,h4 ,note on respiration ( aquatic bugs4 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 #ahhg1 xxi1 pp4 #egg1 #egh47 ,frick51 ,w4 v4 ,ueb] ,entwicklung1 ,atmung und ,leb5sweise d] ,gattung ,hydrophilus4 7,tagebl41 #fj1 ,v]samml4 deuts*] ,naturf4 u4 ,a]zte1 #ahhg1 pp4 #aad1 #aae47 ,s*midt1 ,e4 ,ueb] ,atmung d] ,l>v5 und ,pupp5 von ,donacia crassipes4 7,b]l94 ,ent4 ,zeits*r41 #ahhg1 xxxi ,jahrg41 pp4 #cbe-ccd1 #a ,taf47 ,dewitz1 ,h4 ,entnehm5 die ,l>v5 d] ,donaci5 v]mittel/ ,/igm5 od] ,atemrohr5 d5 ,luftraum5 d] ,pflanz5 die sau]/(fhaltige ,luft8 7,ibid41 #ahhh1 xxxii ,jahrg41 pp4 #e1 #f1 ,fig47 ,mll]1 ,g4 ,w4 ,ueb] ,agriotypus armatus4 7,sp5gel's ,zoolog4 ,jahrb*]4 ,abt4 f4 ,sy/ematik1 etc41 iv1 #ahhi1 pp4 #aacb-aacd47 ---- ,no* e9mal ,agriotypus armatus4 7,ibid41 v1 #ahij1 pp4 #fhi-fia47 ,devaux1 ,h4 ,vom ,er/ick5 dur* ,ertr9k5 bei d5 ,ti]5 und ,pflanz54 7,naturwiss4 ,runds*au1 vi ,jahrg41 #ahia1 p4 #bca2 ,compt4 r5d4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 #ahia1 ,s]4 #i1 iii1 p4 #dc47 ,see also ,dewitz1 p4 #dhb2 ,kolbe1 p4 #dhb4 ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,reproduction ,insects are )\t exception unisexual1 ! male & female organs exi/+ 9 diff]5t individuals1 no insects be+ normally h]maphroditic4 ,! reproductive organs are situat$ 9 ! h9d-body or abdom51 especially ne> ! end1 ! g5ital gl&s op5+ ext]nally ei!r 9 ! space betwe5 ! #g? & #h?1 or #h? & #i?1 or #i? & #aj? abdom9al segm5ts1 b z a rule betwe5 ! #h? & #i? segm5ts 7,fig4 #bii74 ,! prim>y or ess5tial male organs are ! te/es1 ^? ( ! female be+ ! ov>ies4 ,z we %all see1 ! primitive numb] ( sem9al ducts & oviducts 0 two1 ?is numb] be+ /ill reta9$ 9 ,lepisma & ! ,ephem]id4 ,! reproductive organs ( bo? sexes are at fir/1 9 _! embryonic condition1 ( ! same %ape & /ructure1 becom+ diff]5tiat$ 9 =m & function be=e sexual maturity4 ,^! gl&s & ducts h a pair$ mesod]mal g5ital rudim5t1 ! ends ( ! ducts be+ (t5 connect$ ) correspond+ ectod]mal invag9ations ( ! cuticle4 ,! second>y sexual organs ma9ly comprise ! ext]nal g5ital armature ( ! male1 & ! egg-lay+ organs1 or ovipositor ( ! female4 ,besides ^! /ructures !re are o!r m sup]ficial second>y sexual *>act]s1 su* z diff]5ces 9 ! size & ornam5tation z well z color+ ( ! body1 or ( p>ts ( x4 ,! prim>y sexual organs ( insects h be5 conv5i5tly tabulat$ by ,kolbe1 ?us3-- ,i4 ,male reproductive organs4 #a4 ,two te/es1 ) te/icul> follicles4 #b4 ,sem9al ducts 7vasa def]5tia74 #c4 ,sem9al vesicle4 #d4 ,accessory gl&s4 #e4 ,! common sem9al outlet1 ) ! p5is4 #f4 ,! copulatory app>atus4 ,,ii4 ,female reproductive organs4 #a4 ,two ov>ies1 ) ! egg-tubes4 #b4 ,two oviducts4 #c4 ,receptaculum sem9is2 bursa copulatrix4 #d4 ,accessory sac4 #e4 ,! common oviduct1 vag9a1 ut]us4 #f4 ,! ovipositor4 ,! ducts ( ! sexual gl&s 9 ,p]ipatus be+ trans=m$ nephridia or segm5tal organs1 x has be5 inf]r$ t ?is is also ! case ) ^? ( insects1 ?\gh1 z ,lang /ates1 !re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! two cases1 z ! great] "p ( ! ducts 9 ,p]ipatus arises out ( ! ectod]m1 :ile 9 ! ,myriopoda & insects !y come f ! mesod]m2 b he adds t 9 ! ,annelids ! great] "p ( ! nephridial duct is ( mesod]mal orig94 ,:ile 9 insects !re is b a s+le pair ( g5ital outlets1 ! s]ial arrangem5t ( ! te/icul> 7,fig4 #deh7 & egg-tubes 7,fig4 #dei7 9 "s ,?ysanura 7,campodea1 ,japyx1 & ,lepisma71 :]e ! tubes 7#e to #g on ea* side7 op5 s+ly "o beh9d ! o!r 9 segm5tal succession1 indicates t 9 _! ance/ors ^! egg-tubes op5$ out on diff]5t segm5ts situat$ "o beh9d ! o!r4 ,ea* egg-tube indep5d5tly op5s into "o ( ! two oviducts1 :i* ext5d ?r\gh ! abdom5 z /raight canals4 ,! two oviducts op5 ext]nally by a %ort unpair$ t]m9al portion1 :i* 9 ,ma*ilis is said to be want+1 only ! out] ap]ture ( ! two oviducts be+ 9 ?is case common to bo?4 ,9 ,campodea & 9 ! ,collembola ! ov>ies & te/es on ea* side are simply tubes4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t 9 ! "y ,lepisma ,nasson[ f\nd t ! ext]nal op5+s ( ! two ejaculatory ducts are pair$ 7,fig4 #deh ,b1 ed474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #deh4--,male g5ital organs ( ,?ysanura3 ,a1 ,lepisma 9 :i* ! te/es are segm5tally arrang$4--,aft] ,grassi4 ,b1 ,lepisma sac*>9a1 "y 3 vd1 vas def]5s2 ed1 ejaculatory duct2 ga1 ext]nal app5dages1--,aft] ,nasson[4 ,c1 ,ma*ilis1 ! te/is lat]al & sep>ate1 b n correspond+ to ! segm5ts4 ,d1 ,japyx1 ) an undivid$ te/icul> tube on ea* side2 tt1 te/es2 cd1 vas def]5s2 vs1 sem9al vesicle2 ce1 ejaculatory duct4--,aft] ,grassi1 f ,p]ri]4 ,9 ! ,/ylopid1 also1 ?\gh ?is may be ! result ( adaptation to ! s+ul> p>asitic habits ( ! females ^: bodies are mo/ly situat$ 9 ! abdom5 ( _! ho/1 ! ends ( ! oviducts are =m$ by ! invag9ation ( ! integum5t ( ! #b;d1 #c;d1 & #d? abdom9al segm5ts4 ,9 ! #b;d to #e? segm5ts are situat$ tubes :i* op5 9 ! cavity ( ! body ) funnel-l ends1 s t ! ducts h a close resemblance to ! segm5tal organs ( worms4 7,nasson[47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dei4--,ov>ies ( ,?ysanura3 ,a1 ( ,campodea4 ,b1 ( ,japyx4--,aft] ,grassi4 ,c1 ( ,ma*ilis4--,aft] ,oudemans1 f ,%>p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfj4--;,female g5ital organs ( ,lepisma sac*>9a1 adult3 ov1 ov>ies2 a1 "p ( ! oviduct1 correspond+ to ! calyx ( w+$ insects2 od1 oviduct2 vg1 vag9a2 rs1 copulatory p\*2 gg1 accessory gl&s2 m1 muscles2 n1 n]v\s cord4--,aft] ,nasson[1 f ,p]ri]4 ,among ! w+$ insects ! reproductive organs ( ! cricket 7,fig4 #dff7 are p]haps z simple z any4 ,! te/es are sep>ate1 & ! vasa def]5tia v long4 ,! sem9al vesicles be> num]\s l>ge & %ort utricles 7utriculi majores & breviores71 ! p5is be+ simple & dilat$ at ! end2 :ile 9 ,phyllodromia g]manica ! te/es are functional ?r\gh\t life1 & consi/ ( f\r lobes ea*4 ,9 ! common cockroa* 7,p4 ori5talis7 7,fig4 #dfa7 ! te/es are functional only 9 ! "y male2 !y aft]w>ds %rivel & are functionally replac$ by ! vesicul sem9ales & _! app5dages1 :5 ! lat] trans=mations ( ! sp]m-cells are effect$4 ,! accessory gl&s are num]\s & diff] bo? 9 function & ins]tion4 ,two sets ( ^! gl&s 7utriculi majores & breviores7 are atta*$ to ! vesicul sem9ales & ! =e end ( ! ejaculatory duct1 :ile ano!r app5dage1 call$ by ,miall & ,d5ny ! conglobate gl&1 op5s sep>ately on ! ext]ior ^u a d\ble hook1 :i* =ms a "p ( ! ext]nal g5ital armature4 ,! s-call$ p5is is long1 sl5d]1 & dilat$ at ! end1 b is n p]=at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfa4--;,a1 male organs ( ! cockroa*1 v5tral view3 ,ts1 te/is2 ,,vd1 vas def]5s2 ,,de1 ductus ejaculatorius2 ,u1 utriculi majores2 u1 utriculi breviores2 #b1 dorsal view2 #c1 ,,cg1 conglobate gl& & its duct4 ,b1 male organs1 side view3 ,a1 titillator2 ,b1 p5is2 o!r lett]s z 9 ,a4--,aft] ,miall & ,d5ny4 ,9 ! locu/s 7,acrydiid7 ! te/es are1 unlike ^? ( mo/ o!r ,or?opt]a1 closely unit$ to ea* o!r s z to =m a s+le mass ( tubul> gl&s into :i* p5etrate bo? simple & dilat$ tra*e2 ! entire mass is situat$ 9 ! #c;d1 #d?1 & #e? abdom9al segm5ts1 & above ! inte/9e4 ,! ant]ior end ( ! te/icul> mass is r\nd$ & held 9 place by a broad1 ?9 b&1 "o on ea* side2 two simil> b&s are situat$ a little beh9d ! middle ( ! mass4 ,f ! "u side1 & a little 9 advance ( ! middle ( ! mass1 two /raight small ducts1 z long z ! te/icul> mass1 pass obliquely to ! sides ( ! body1 at ! po/]ior end ( ! #g? segm5t ( ! abdom52 ^! are ! vasa def]5tia4 ,ea* vas def]5s1 ) its mate1 =ms a convolut$ mass ( tubes1 compris+ tw5ty fold$ bundles 7epididymis ( ,duf\r71 & two s+le1 long1 convolut$ tubes1 ! vesicul sem9ales1 :i* are lob$ 9 ! #f? & #g? segm5ts ( ! abdom54 ,! two vesicul unite ov] ! #e? abdom9al ganglion1 =m+ a ?ick1 v %ort canal 7ductus ejaculatorius71 :i* passes into a l>ge sph]ical muscul> mass 7prputium71 beh9d :i* is ! l>ge intromitt5t organ 7p5is71 :i* =ms a %ort *it9\s cyl9d]1 q complicat$ 9 /ructure1 be+ arm$ ) hooks & projections & af=d+ excell5t specific *>act]s4 ,x c be se5 9 place )\t dissection by draw+ back ! orbicul> convex piece call$ ! velum p5is4 ,9 ! ,hym5opt]a ! reproductive sy/em is q simple1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #dfb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfb4--,male organs ( saw-fly 7,a?alia c5tifoli73 a1 a1 te/es2 b1 b1 epididymis2 c1 d1 vas def]5tia2 e1 vesicul sem9ales2 f1 ductus ejaculatorius2 h1 p5is 7see also p4 #ahj74--;,aft] ,newport4 ,! g5]al %ape & relations ( ! female reproductive organs are se5 9 ,fig4 #bih1 ( ! locu/ 7,acrydiid74 ,! ov>ies consi/ ( two l>ge bundles ( tubes1 ea* bundle ti$ to ! o!r by slight b&s1 ) air-sacs & tra*e ramify+ among !m4 ,^! tubes ext5d along ! inte/9e1 pass+ into ! pro?orax4 ,! ov>ian tubes op5+ into ! oviducts unite to =m ! vag9a1 :i* lies on ! floor ( ! abdom54 7,9 ! cockroa* ! vag9a has a muscul> wall & *it9\s l9+47 ,above ! op5+ ( ! duct1 & directly communicat+ ) x1 is ! copulatory p\* 7bursa copulatrix71 a capaci\s pocket l9$ )9 ) sev]al n>r[1 longitud9al1 *it9\s b&s4 ,beh9d ! bursa copulatrix lies1 p>tly re/+ "u ! fif? abdom9al ganglion1 ! sebific1 cem5t1 or collet]ial gl& 7collet]ium2 comp>e ,fig4 #bii1 sb71 :i* is flatt5$1 pe>-%ap$1 a little ov] half z long z a ripe egg ( ! same insect4 ,f ! "u side1 a little 9 advance ( ! middle1 arises ! sebific duct1 :i*1 aft] mak+ ?ree tight coils next to ! ganglion1 passes back & empties into ! upp] side ( ! bursa copulatrix1 dilat+ slightly be=e its junction ) ! latt]4 ,! mo/ primitive type ( reproductive organs obs]v$ 9 insects is t ( ! "y ,lepisma & ! ,ephem]id1 9 :i* ! outlets ( ! oviducts & ( ! vasa def]5tia respectively are d\ble or pair$1 %[+ t insects h probably inh]it$ ^! /ructures f ! segm5tal organs ( _! v]mian ance/ors4 ,raumur _h already obs]v$ ! process ( oviposition & se5 t ! female ,ephem]a _h two op5+s ne> ! end ( ! 8#f?0 abdom9al segm5t1 f :i* he saw two masses ( eggs pass out at a "t 7,fig4 #dfc74 ,eaton aft]w>ds 7#ahga7 ref]r$ to ! oviducts z t]m9at+ betwe5 ! #g? & #h? segm5ts ( ! abdom51 & aft] him ,joly2 b = a detail$ monograph on ! subject we are indebt$ to ,palmn4 ,he f\nd t ! outlets ( ! sexual gl&s are pair$1 n only 9 ! l>v ( all /ages1 b also 9 ! imag9es1 & 9 bo? sexes4 ,9 ! males ! vasa def]5tia pass on ! v5tral side ( ! #i? segm5t ?r\gh two ext]nal app5dages1 bo? reproductive organs1 at ^: tips or sides ! op5+s are situat$4 ,9 ! l>v ! female op5+s are n =m$ until aft] ! la/ m\lt4 ,9 ! females ! two oviducts op5 on ! v5tral side ( ! h9d-body betwe5 ! #g? & #h? segm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfc4--,upturn$ end ( body ( ,ephem]a1 ) two egg-masses 7o7 issu+ at ! same "t f ! d\ble oviducts2 q1 anus4--,aft] ,raumur4 ,palmn sugge/s t ! ,ephem]ids repres5t1 9 respect to ! reproductive sy/em among insects1 a v primitive type ( organization1 & he concludes t ! inn] sexual organs ( insects are built up ( two diff]5t morphological elem5ts2 i4e4 7a7 int]nal primitive pair$ /ructures 7te/es ) vasa def]5tia1 ov>ia ) oviducts71 & 7b7 integum5tal /ructures1 su* z ! ductus ejaculatorius & vag9a4 ,9 ! y\ng] l>v ! vasa def]5tia =m sl5d] cords along :i* are situat$ ! sem9al gl&s2 ^! cords are ins]t$ 9 ! integum5t on ! h9d] edge ( ! #i? /]nite1 :]e aft]w>ds1 dur+ ! la/ m\lt1 ! copulatory organs gr[ out4 ,9 ! old] l>v ! sp]m collects 9 ! cavities ( ^! cords4 ,_! walls become exp&$1 & ?is section !n functions z vesicul sem9ales4 ,! ends ( ! cords rema9 contract$ & act z ductus ejaculatorii4 ,common unpair$ gl&ul> /ructures are n pres5t4 ,at ! la/ m\lt ! copulatory organs rea* _! complete developm5t1 & ! ducts become op5 ext]nally4 ,! oviducts 9 ! l>va are at fir/ sl5d]1 /r+-l1 & be> ! egg-follicles4 ,z soon z ! eggs pass out ( ! follicles & collect 9 ! oviducts1 ! walls ( ! latt] become /ret*$1 & ?is portion =ms two ut]us-l /ructures4 ,! t]m9al division ( ! two passages =ms _! vag9al portions4 ,b s9ce !re is no common vag9a1 !re are no unpair$ gl&s & no receptaculum sem9is4 ,! two ducts become op5 aft] ! la/ %$d+ ( ! sk94 ,palmn adds t ?is pair$ or d\ble nature ( ! sexual gl&s & _! ext]nal ducts 9 ?is gr\p ( insects occurs 9 "s ,myriopoda 7,fig4 #c1 ,e1 ,f7 & a few ,ara*nida 7,fig4 #c1 ,c1 ,d1 ! outlets be+ 9 ?is class unpair$71 num]\s ,cru/acea1 & mo/ worms2 & z already /at$ x is v m>k$ 9 ,limulus1 :]e ! pair$ outlets are 9 bo? sexes v simple & wide ap>t 7,fig4 #c1 ,a74 ,9 ! worms ! pair$ g5ital ducts are modifi$ segm5tal organs4 ,z we h se51 9 ! "y male ,lepisma !re are two male g5ital op5+s4 ,h5ce ?is d\ble nature ( ! g5ital passages 9 ! may-flies seems to be v primitive4 ,9 ! ,d]mapt]a1 also1 ! g5us ,labidura 0 f\nd by ,me9]t to h two indep5d5t ductus ejaculatorii1 op5+ ext]nally 9 d\ble ext]nal slit-l processes 7p5es74 ,! two ducts arise f a s+le sem9al vesicle1 :i* is ei!r pair$ 7,l4 adv5a71 or =ms a common passage 7,l4 gigantea74 ,9 ,=ficula 7,fig4 #dfd1 ,b7 only "o ejaculatory duct p]si/s1 ! o!r is oblit]at$1 & "o ( ! p5es is atrophi$1 ! o!r assum+ a position 9 ! middle l9e ( ! body4 ,?us ! s+le ejaculatory duct & sem9al vesicle arise f ! primitive vasa def]5tia1 & n f ! integum5t ( ! body1 z is ! case 9 ! foll[+ examples4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,duf\r1 ,loew1 etc41 mo/ species ( ,or?opt]a 7dipoda71 ,libellula1 ,p]la1 ,panorpa1 ,rhaphidia1 ,myrmeleon1 ,sialis1 & ,tri*opt]a 7,hydropsy*e7 h d\ble vasa def]5tia & sem9al vesicles1 & two ejaculatory ducts4 ,! male g5ital passages ( ,rhaphidia h a d\ble op5+1 ,loew describ+ 8! two sem9al vesicles z ly+ ne> ea* o!r & at la/ unit+ 9 a common passage1 ) an ext]nal op5+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ be v %ort1 s9ce ,i c\ld only once cle>ly obs]ve x40 ,?is op5+ is a deep invag9ation ( ! ext]nal integum5t1 at ! bottom ( :i* ! two ducts op5 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,9 su* insects1 ,palmn /ates t ! s+le ejaculatory duct morphologically arises by an invag9ation ( ! integum5t4 ,9 ano!r gr\p1 =m+1 z reg>ds ! g5ital app>atus1 a /ep next above ! ,ephem]id1 viz4 ! ,p]lid1 ! oviducts op5 ne> ea* o!r at ! bottom ( a m$ian s+le 8vag9a10 situat$ betwe5 ! #g? & #h? abdom9al segm5t2 x is cov]$ b5ea? by a valve-l1 enl>g$ /]nite ( ! prec$+ segm5t1 & ,palmn homologizes x ) ! ovi-valvula ( "s ,ephem]id4 ,he reg>ds ?is bell-%ap$ vag9a z a cup-l1 deep1 int]segm5tal fold1 :i* projects into ! body-cavity & !re receives ! two ducts4 ,?is diff]5tiation 9 ! ,p]lid may be reg>d$ z ! type = sev]al gr\ps ( insects4 ,b 9 o!rs occur a complication :i* 9 "s degree modifies ! type4 ,?us ! invag9ation arises out f "o segm5t alone1 b sev]al segm5ts dur+ metamorphosis may become s r$uc$ t ! v5tral portions ( all may be invag9at$ to =m ! vag9a4 ,?us 9 ! l>va ( ,core?ra1 accord+ to ,leydig1 & also ,weismann1 ! two te/es are atta*$ by two cords to ! integum5t2 ! h9d] ones are ins]t$ indep5d5tly1 & %>e 9 ! developm5t ( ! outlets4 ,grab] has obs]v$ ! same relations 9 ! pupa ( ,*ironomus1 ! eff]5t g5ital tubes 9 bo? sexes be+ sep>ate1 s t !re are two vag9al passages & two p5es pres5t4 ,palmn comm5ts on ^! relations 9 ! dipt]\s insects1 rem>k+ t dur+ metamorphosis c]ta9 p>ts ( ! t]m9al abdom9al segm5ts are r$uc$1 :ile o!rs are hyp]trophi$2 h5ce ! po9ts ( ins]tion ( ! cords ref]r$ to becom+ ! op5+s ( ! vasa are c>ri$ )9 ! abdom52 & ?is "p ( ! integum5t becomes an unpair$ section4 ,9 ^! insects1 also1 !re is an unpair$ vesicula sem9alis1 b its morphological nature 7:e!r =m$ f ! integum5tal duct or ! fus$ vasa def]5tia7 c only be settl$ aft] special inve/igation4 ,9 ! ,lepidopt]a1 also1 x has be5 %[n by ,h]old1 ,suck[1 ,bessels1 & rec5tly ) full details by ,jackson1 t ! pair$ l>val oviducts are at fir/ solid1 b become tubul> e>ly 9 pupal life4 ,a little lat]1 _! cavities op5 into t ( ! azygos or unpair$ oviduct4 ,! pair$ oviducts op5 9 ! female cat]pill>s on ! h9d edge ( ! #g? abdom9al segm5t1 aft]w>ds unit+ ) ! unpair$ vag9a ( ! #h? segm5t1 :i* is develop$ f ! hypod]mis4 ,jackson adds t !re are ?ree /ages traceable 9 ! evolution ( ! g5ital ducts ( ,lepidopt]a3 8an ephem]idal /age1 :i* ends t[>ds ! close ( l>val life2 an or?opt]an /age1 indicat$ dur+ ! quiesc5t p]iod prec$+ pupation2 & a lepidopt]an /age1 :i* beg9s ) ! comm5cem5t ( pupal life40 ,z a summ>y ( ^! results x appe>s t ! g5ital organs ( insects consi/ ( two morphologically diff]5t elem5ts3 #a4 ! primitive int]nal pair$ /ructures 7te/es ) ! vasa def]5tia2 ov>ies ) ! ov>ian tubes71 & #b4 integum5tal /ructures 7,fig4 #dfd74 ,9 ! mo/ primitive w+$ insects 7,ephem]id7 ! latt] /ructures are only repres5t$ by ! two ext]nal sexual op5+s1 ! entire reproductive sy/em be+ pair$4 ,! pair$ p>ts become 9 ! m highly diff]5tiat$ =ms unit$ into s+le p>ts1 :ile1 a1 a common integum5tal division1 gr[s 91 =m+ ! ductus ejaculatorius1 or ! vag9a2 or1 b1 ! inn] passages ana/omose toge!r1 i4e4 ! op5+s fuse toge!r2 or1 c1 bo? ( ^! cases occur at once2 or1 f9ally1 we h d1 :]e ! sup]flu\s pair$ p>ts by r$uction become s+le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfd4--;,evolution ( ! unpair$ f ! pair$ sexual organs ( insects3 ,a-,e1 male organs4 ,! p>ts aris+ by invag9ation ( ! integum5t indicat$ by ?ick black l9es4 ,a1 an ,ephem]id4 ,b1 ,=ficula auricul>ia4 ,c1 nymph ( ,or?opt]a 9 g5]al4 ,d1 dipoda4 ,e1 ,cetonia aurata4 ,f1 female organs ( s*na4--,aft] ,palmn1 f ,lang4 ,! male ducts op5 beh9d ! #i?1 ! female passages ( ,ephem]ids beh9d ! #g? abdom9al segm5t1 ^? ( o!r insects beh9d ! #h?1 except 9 ! ,/ylopid 7,/repsipt]a71 9 :i* !y op5 mu* 9 front4 ,figure #dfd graphically %[s _! relation4 ,9 ! ,odonata 7,f7 ! *it9\s l9+ or integum5tal invag9ation ext5ds inw>ds :]e ! two oviducts beg91 9 ! ,coleopt]a 7,e7 ! vag9a1 bursa copulatrix1 & receptaculum sem9is be+ l9$ by a ?ick *it9\s lay]4 ,:ile 9 ,p]la ! two sem9al ducts pass directly into ! copulatory organ1 9 ! ,coleopt]a !y op5 into ! unpair$ ductus ejaculatorius at a di/ance f ! copulatory organ4 ,! morphological results obta9$ by ,palmn1 & = ! ,lepidopt]a by ,jackson1 7 app>5tly confirm$ f an embryological po9t ( view by ,nusbaum1 f obs]vations on ! developm5t ( ! sexual passages 9 two g5]a ( ,p$iculid1 & are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! preval5t impression t ! l>val ducts unite ) ea* o!r & give orig9 to ! :ole sy/em ( sexual ducts is incorrect2 !y =m only ! vasa def]5tia or ! oviducts4 #b4 ,all o!r p>ts ( ! eff]5t app>atus 7ut]us1 vag9a1 receptaculum sem9is1 ductus ejaculatorius1 p5is1 & app5d$ gl&s7 develop f ! hypod]mis4 #c4 ,! connective tissue & ! musculature ( ! eff]5t app>atus are d]iv$ f mesobla/ cells pres5t 9 ! body-cavity4 #d4 ,! eff]5t ducts orig9ate z pair$ rudim5ts4 ,all unpair$ 7azygos7 p>ts 7ut]us1 p5is1 receptaculum sem9is1 unpair$ gl&s1 etc47 are at fir/ pair$4 ,! unpair$ eff]5t app>atus ( insects mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z morphologically a second>y & m complicat$ =m4#gf #e4 ,! male & female eff]5t ducts are /rictly homolog\s4 #f4 ,! cavities ( ! oviducts1 ut]us1 vag9a 9 ! female1 ( ! vasa def]5tia1 app5d$ organs1 & ductus ejaculatorius ( ! male arise indep5d5tly1 & come into connection second>ily4 ,! pres5ce ( two g5ital op5+s1 viz4 a bursa copulatrix or copulatory p\*1 & ( ! primitive oviducal orifice beh9d ! #i? segm5t1 is peculi> to ,lepidopt]a1 & ! inquiry naturally arises :e!r !y repres5t ! outlets ( two pairs ( segm5tal organs4 ,! "q has be5 fully set at re/1 h[ev]1 by ,jackson1 :o %[s t ! copulatory p\* is a second>y invag9ation ( ! ectod]m1 be+ d]iv$ f ! hypod]mis1 :ile ! second ap]ture is a special adaptation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! p>tial homologue ( ! vag9al orifice 9 o!r ord]s ( insects4 ,x op5s beh9d ! /]nite ( ! #h? abdom9al segm5t1 ! typical position ( ! vag9al ap]ture z %[n by ,lacaze-,du?i]s4 ,! lat]al position ( ! bursa & its sep>ation f ! azygos oviduct are probably late features 9 ! phylog5etic hi/ory ( ! ,lepidopt]a1 subsequ5t ev5 to ! closure ( ! furr[4 8,! exi/5ce ( a second or po/]ior ap]ture is probably to be attribut$ to ! advantage ga9$ by a t]m9al position = ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! ova are laid4 ,! rem>kable way 9 :i* ?is ap]ture %ifts backw>ds seems to po9t v di/9ctly to ?is explanation1 especially z ! ,lepidopt]a are entirely devoid ( ! outgr[?s :i* =m ! ovipositor 9 "s ord]s2 e4g4 mo/ ,or?opt]a40 ,! orig9al condition ( ?+s appe>s to h be5 reta9$ 9 a mo?1 ,nematois metallicus1 :i*1 accord+ to ,*olodk[sky1 possesses b a s+le ext]nal ap]ture1 ! bursa op5+ into ! dorsal wall ( ! unpair$ oviduct4 a4 ,! male organs ( reproduction ,be>+ 9 m9d t ! te/es ) _! eff]5t ducts are1 l ! ov>ies & egg-tubes1 primitive /ructures1 !re are v>i\s second>y or adaptive /ructures :i* are ei!r due 7#a7 to modifications ( ! male eff]5t ducts1 or ( ! ov>ian tubes1 or 7#b7 to v>i\s accessory organs1 mo/ly gl&ul>1 result+ f ! invag9ation ( ! ectod]m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfe4--;,a1 diagram ( male sexual organs ( ,c>abus4 ,b1 ( ,blaps4 ,c1 ( ,hydrophilus4 ,! heavy black l9es repres5t ! ectod]mal organs2 t1 te/is2 a4 g41 accessory gl&s4--,aft] ,es*]i*4 ,! male organs are1 !n1 ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,two te/es 7,figs4 #dfe-dfi1 t1 ,h1 ho74 #b4 ,! two sem9al ducts 7vasa def]5tia1 v1 sl1 ,,sl71 ^: l[] or out] 7di/al7 division becomes enl>g$ & acts z a sem9al vesicle 7vesicula sem9alis2 ,figs4 #dfg-dfi1 bl1 ,,sb74 #c4 ,! common ejaculatory duct 7ductus ejaculatorius71 ) ! p5is 7,figs4 #dfg-dfi1 ag1 u,s,g74 #d4 ,accessory gl&s at ! base ( ! vasa def]5tia 7gl&ul mucos1 ,figs4 #dfe-dfi1 a4 g41 dr1 ,d71 ^: secretion mixes ) ! sem5 or s]ves = ! =mation ( ! sem9al packets 7sematophores74 ,9 8 pap] on ! int]nal male organs ( beetles1 ,es*]i* /ates t ^? ( ! ,c>abid illu/rate ! simple/1 mo/ primitive condition 7,fig4 #dfe74 ,a simple bl9d tube on ea* side produces sp]matozoa1 /ores ! elem5ts1 & secretes mucus4 ,ea* ( ^! tubes op5s into a some:at l>g] duct1 & ! two unite 9 a common ejaculatory canal4 ,! t]m9al portion 9 ^! beetles is l9$ ) *it91 & is !re=e ectod]mal1 & n ! result ( ! union ( ! mesod]mic vasa def]5tia4 ,! region correspond+ to ! te/es1 vasa def]5tia1 & sem9al vesicles are mesod]mic4 ,blaps 7,fig4 #dfe1 ,b7 is int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,c>abid & ,hydrophilus 7,fig4 #dfe1 ,c74 ,! accessory gl&s 7a4 g47 are develop$1 & ! sem9al vesicles are situat$ 9 ! middle1 & n at ! l[] end ( ! vasa def]5tia1 z 9 ,hydrophilus4 ,! te/es4--,ea* te/is is compos$ ( follicles or correspond+ p>ts1 :i* accord+ to ! gr\p ( insects 9 :i* !y occur are unit$ 9 diff]5t ways2 or ea* te/is consi/s ( a s+le hank or ske9-l bl9d tube :i* is envelop$ by a membrane1 z 9 ! ,c>abid1 ,dyticid1 or ,lucanid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dff4--t1 te/is2 v1 vas def]5s2 g1 sem9al vesicle ( ,a*eta campe/ris4--,aft] ,c>us1 f ,geg5baur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfg4--,male sexual app>atus ( a b>k-beetle3 sl1 vas def]5s2 ho1 te/is2 bl1 sem9al vesicle2 dr1 accessory gl&2 ag1 ductus ejaculatorius4--,aft] ,grab]4 ,! numb] ( te/icul> tubes is small 9 mo/ ,hemipt]a1 b v great 9 ! ,cicadid1 ,or?opt]a1 ,coleopt]a1 & _m ,hym5opt]a4 ,al?\gh ! te/es are usually sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 !y are closely unit$ 9 c]ta9 ,or?opt]a 7,gryllotalpa1 ,ephippig]a71 ,coleopt]a 7,gal]ucella71 9 _m ,lepidopt]a1 & 9 a numb] ( ,hym5opt]a 7,scolia1 ,pompilus1 ,crabro1 & o!rs74 ,! two te/es ( mo/ ,lepidopt]a are s closely gr[n toge!r or coalesc$ into a s+le body t "o might reg>d !m z a s+le te/is4 ,b 9 ! diff]5t families !re occur all grades1 f ! unpair$ te/es ( mo/ ,lepidopt]a to ,hepialus ) sep>ate te/es4 ,*olodk[sky !re=e di/+ui%es f\r types3-- #a4 ,! embryonal or primitive type1 ) two te/es1 ^: sem9al follicles are entirely sep>ate4 7,br&t47 ,^! te/es are conta9$1 z 9 all o!r ,lepidopt]a1 9 a well-develop$ ?ick *it9\s membrane or scrotum1 analog\s to t ( ! high] v]tebrates1 :i* envelops ea* sep>ate sem9al follicle 7,hepialus humuli74 #b4 ,! l>val type1 ) two te/es1 ^: f\r follicles are enclos$ by a common scrotal membrane 7,bombyx mori1 ,ga/ropa*a qu]cifolia1 ,i*?yura ana*oreta & ana/omosis1 ,saturnia pyri1 ,aglia tau74 #c4 ,! pupal type 7s9ce x fir/ occurs 9 ! pupa /ate71 ) a s+le te/is1 :i* possesses an ext]nal m$ian lace-l cov]+4 7,adela1 ,lycna47 #d4 ,! imag9al type1 ) a s+le te/is envelop$ by a lace-l scrotum1 )9 :i* ! follicles are w\nd ar\nd ! longitud9al axis ( ! te/is4 7,mo/ ,lepidopt]a47 ,9 ,nematois !re are tw5ty sem9al follicles1 ! numb] ( ov>ian tubes be+ ! same4 7,*olodk[sky47 ,9 _m insects ! te/es are n compos$ ( tubes 7follicles71 b ( button-l bodies1 ea* ( :i* has its own duct4 ,! color ( ! te/es is usually :ite1 b !y may be orange 7,decticus71 yell[i% gre5 7,locu/a viridissima71 or deep yell[ 7,*rysopa74 ,! te/es ( ,asilid flies are envelop$ by a common d>k-r$ membrane ri* 9 tra*e1 l t 9 ,lepidopt]a :i* clo!s ! sep>ate te/icul> follicles4 ,! two te/es ( ,calliphora are envelop$ by an orange-yell[ capsule1 outside ( :i* is a special membrane =m$ by ! fat-body4 7,*olodk[sky47 ,9 ! honey-bee ! te/is has two envelopes1 ! out] ( :i* is =m$ by ! fat-body1 ! inn] coat ( connective tissue4 ,! entire te/is corresponds to a portion only ( t ( ,bombyx mori4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfh4--,male organs ( a weevil1 ,hylobius abietis3 ,h1 te/is2 ,,sl1 vas def]5s2 ,d1 slime gl&2 ,,sb1 sem9al vesicle2 u,s,g1 ejaculatory duct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfi4--,male organs ( ,tomicus4 ,lett]+ same z 9 ,fig4 #dfh4--,?is & ,fig4 #dfh f ,judei* & ,nits*e4 ,! sem9al ducts4--,! vasa def]5tia are f9e tubes1 :i* v>y mu* 9 l5g?2 be+ %ort 9 _m beetles & locu/s1 v %ort 9 _m ,dipt]a 7,syrphid1 etc471 v long 9 ,cicada & _m beetles2 accord+ to ,burmei/]1 be+ 9 ,dyticus ab\t five times1 9 ,necrophorus & ,blaps eight to t5 times1 9 ,cicada #ad times1 9 ,cetonia aurata #cj times1 z long z ! body4 ,!y ei!r resemble a ske9 ( silk1 or =m a tangl$ mass4 ,! di/al or l[] end ( ! vasa is 9 _m insects dilat$ into a sac or sem9al vesicle1 :i* s]ves = ! reception & /orage ( ! sem9al fluid aft] x passes ?r\gh ! vasa def]5tia4 ,9 ! honey-bee ! vas def]5s is giv5 (f f ! res]voir1 =ms loops 9 & outside ( ! te/is1 & passes to ! sem9al vesicle4 ,! canal into :i* ! vesicle n>r[s does n op5 into ! ductus ejaculatorius1 b into ! gl&ul mucos2 its epi!lial cells are mu* vacuolat$1 & h1 !re=e1 a spongy appe>ance4 7,kos*ewnik(f47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dgj4--;,a1 sp]matozon ( a beetle 7,copris71 p>tly mac]at$ to %[ /ructure ( flagellum1 :i* consi/s ( a support+ fibre 7s4f7 & a f9-l envelope 7f72 n1 nucleus2 a1 a1 apical body divid$ into two p>ts4 ,b1 ant]ior "p ( t ( ,cala?us1 ) b>b$ head & f9membrane4--,aft] ,ball[itz1 f ,wilson4 ,! ejaculatory duct dur+ coition conducts ! sp]m into ! copulatory p\* ( ! female4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! /ret*+ ( ! integum5tal membrane ! end ( ! duct c be erect$ & aga9 )drawn4 ,= ?is purpose ! end ( ! duct is ?ick5$ & is said to be provid$ ) p[]ful muscles4 ,! evag9able t]m9al portion is cov]$ by a /rong *it9\s membrane =m+ ! p5is or intromitt5t organ 7,fig3 #dfb1 h71 :i* is ext]nally envelop$ by a pair ( *it9\s lobes1 :i* 9 _m beetles are conv]t$ into a capsule4 ,! ductus ejaculatorius ( ! honey-bee is ins]t$ by two *it9\s bran*es into ! po9t ( union ( ! two gl&ul mucos2 x & ! entire copulatory app>atus are devoid ( muscles1 ?\gh x is1 h[ev]1 well develop$ b5ea? ! muc\s gl&s4 7,kos*ewnik(f47 ,! accessory gl&s ( ! vasa def]5tia are tubes ^: secretions ei!r directly mix ) ! sem51 or 9 _m cases =m sem9al packets 7sp]matophores74 ,9 ,coleopt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 & ,dipt]a !re is usually "o pair4 ,9 _m insects !re are sev]al pairs1 z 9 ,hydrophilid & ,elat]id2 !y are bran*$ 9 ,hemipt]a1 & 9 ,or?opt]a bu%y4 ,! s+le gl&ul> tubules are v long1 & =m a ske9-l mass4 ,9 ,or?opt]a1 9 ! l>g] numb] ( accessory gl&s1 two =ms may be di/+ui%$1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! cont5ts 7,siebold74 ,9 ! cockroa* 7,fig4 #dfa7 ^! gl&s =m ! 8mu%room0 %ap$ gl& ( ,huxley1 :i* 0 at fir/ reg>d$ z ! te/is4 ,! sp]matozoa4--,^! v m9ute bodies1 ! sexual homologues ( ! eggs1 ab\nd 9 ! sem9al fluid1 & are =m$ 9 ! follicles ( ! te/es f a g]m9al lay] or epi!lium1 z are ! eggs4 ,!y are hair- or ?read-l1 usually consi/+ ( a head1 a body or middle-piece1 & a long1 ?read-l tail 7flagellum71 :i* vibrates rapidly1 caus+ ! sp]matozon to move actively =w>ds 7,fig4 #dgj74 ,9 beetles1 accord+ to ,ball[itz1 !re are two ma9 types ( sp]matozoa1 connect$1 h[ev]1 by int]m$iate =ms4 ,!re is a d\ble-tail$ type1 already describ$ by ,bts*li & v4 la ,valette ,/4 ,george1 & !re are o!rs :i* are s+le-tail$4 ,bts*li %[$ t 9 ! d\ble sp]matozon "o tail-filam5t is /raight & /iff1 ! o!r be+ undulat+ & contractile4 ,ball[itz describes ?is type 9 ,cala?us 7,fig4 #dgj1 ,b71 ,*rysomela1 & ,hylobius1 etc41 & %[s t ! /raight or support+ portion ( ! tail is ela/ic1 b some:at /iff1 resi/ant to reag5ts1 & )\t any fibrill> /ructure1 :ile ! contractile fr+e consi/s ( an extremely complicat$ sy/em ( fibrils 7,fig4 #dgj74 ,! s+le-tail$ type ( sp]matozon1 z se51 e4g41 9 ,melolon?a & ,hydrophilus1 has no support+ fibres4 ,! tail is twi/$ 9 a spiral1 corresponds to ! contractile fr+e ( ! d\ble type1 & exhibits a complicat$ fibrill> /ructure4 ,! fr+$ type works its way ahead l ! screw ( a /eam]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dga4--;,c1 ant]ior end ( sp]matid ( a mo? 7,pygra74 ,d1 "y sp]matozon ( ! same2 af1 axial filam5t2 c1 c5trosome2 m1 middle-piece or mitosoma2 n1 nucleus2 p1 p>anucleus2 e1 envelope ( ! tail4--,aft] ,platn]1 f ,wilson4 ,ea* sp]matozon is a modifi$ b complete cell1 & ! nucleus conta9s ! *romat91 a deeply /a9+ sub/ance ( ! nucle> network & ( ! *romosomes & ! suppos$ be>] ( h]$ity4 ,=mation ( ! sp]matozon4--,x arises f a primordial g]mcell call$ sp]matogonium4 ,?is cell conta9s a l>ge1 pale nucleus & a d>k body1 ! accessory nucleus ( ,bts*li4 ,! sp]matogonia subdivide1 b at a c]ta9 p]iod pause 9 _! subdivisions1 & und]go consid]able gr[?4 8,ea* sp]matogonium is ?us conv]t$ into a sp]matocyte1 :i*1 by two rapidly succe$+ divisions gives rise to f\r sp]matozoa1 z foll[s3 ,! prim>y sp]matocyte fir/ divides to =m two daught]-cells1 kn[n z sp]matocytes ( ! second ord]1 or sp]m "m-cells4 ,ea* ( ^! divides aga9--z a rule )\t paus+1 & )\t ! recon/ruction ( ! daught]-nuclei--to =m two sp]matids or sp]m-cells4 ,ea* ( ! f\r sp]matids is !n directly trans=m$ into a s+le sp]matozon2 its nucleus becom+ v small & compact1 its cytoplasm giv+ rise to ! tail & to c]ta9 o!r /ructures4444 ,z ! sp]matid develops into ! sp]matozon1 x assumes an elongat$ =m1 ! nucleus ly+ at "o end1 :ile ! cytoplasm is drawn out to =m ! flagellum at ! opposite end40 7,wilson's ,! ,cell1 f ,la ,valette ,/4 ,george47 ,h5k+ f9ds t ! primordial sp]m-cells correspond to ! primordial ova1 bo? =ms ( cells 9 ! insect he /udi$ conta9+ ! *>act]i/ic numb] ( tw5ty-f\r *romosomes4 ,! sp]matog5esis ( ,laphria1 accord+ to ,*olodk[sky1 is v peculi>1 & /rongly resembles t describ$ by ,v]son 9 ,bombyx mori4 ,9 ! bl9d end ( ! te/icul> tubes lies a colossal cell visible to ! nak$ eye1 ! sp]matogone1 f :i* ! entire cont5ts ( ! te/es orig9ate4 ,9 ,bombyx ?is sp]matogone appe>s 9 ! l>va /ate4 ,su* colossal sp]matogones also occur 9 ,lepidopt]a ( diff]5t families 7,hyponomeuta1 ,vanessa1 & 9 ! pupa ( ,*>eas gram9is71 9 ,tri*opt]a1 & 9 ,hemipt]a 7,syroma/es72 & ,*olodk[sky inquires :e!r !y may n be typical ( insects4 ,toyama has obs]v$ ^! colossal cells n only 9 ! te/es b also 9 ! ov>ies ( ! silkworm4 ,he reg>ds !m z support+ cells4 ,! sp]matozoa are incl9$ to rema9 9 bundles1 & 9 ?is /ate are expell$ dur+ copulation4 ,^! bundles are ei!r root-l1 bu%y1 /r+-l1 s9u\s1 or worm-l4 ,au]ba* has obs]v$ ! sp]matozoa ( ,dyticus m>g9alis 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! convolut$ sem9al vesicles4 ,all ^? aris+ f "o te/icul> tube are unit$ 9 a bundle4 ,ea* has a v complex /ructure1 bilat]al b unsymmetrical4 ,! "r side ( ! head is concave1 ! left convex2 ! :ole head is longitud9ally curv$ to "r or left2 & on ! po/]ior half ( ! "r side !re is a project+ ridge be>+ a hook-%ap$ cyanophil\s 8an*or10 at ! free end ( :i* an ery?rophil\s sph]ule appe>s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable fact is t ! sp]matozoa unite 9 pairs 9 a p]fectly def9ite way1 oppos$ & cross$ 9 a mann] some:at sugge/ive ( a pair ( scissors1 ) ! "r sides ( ! heads 9 contact4 ,dur+ ?is conjugation1 or 8dejugation0 z ,au]ba* calls x1 ! an*ors *ange _! %ape1 & ! little sph]ules are lo/4 ,hundr$s ( ^! d\ble sp]matozoa are f\nd toge!r 9 little balls4 ,! conjugation is a tempor>y "o1 b x may p]mit a molecul> ex*ange ( sub/ance1 p]haps ) ! result ( mix+ ! h]$it>y qualities & limit+ v>iability4 7,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,micr4 ,soc41 #ahic1 p4 #fbb47 ,9 _m insects :i* lack a true p5is1 ! bundle ( sp]matozoa are unit$ 9 ! ejaculatory duct1 =m+ packets :i* are envelop$ by ! secretion ( ! accessory gl&s :i* /iff5s into a h>d case4 ,^! packets are call$ sp]matophores4 ,!y are ei!r introduc$ into ! vag9a ( ! female or simply rema9 outside4 ,grab] has repeat$ly obs]v$ t ! male crickets1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! female1 let _! sp]matophores fall to ! e>?2 :e!r x is aft]w>ds made available is n kn[n1 because hi!rto no case is report$ t females seek+ impregnation se>*1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,isopod cru/acean1 ,porcellio1 = ! sp]matophores4 ,9 ! ,gryllid & ,locu/id ! sp]matophore lies 9 a cup-l cavity "u ! p5is4 ,?is is call$ ! 8sp]matophore cup0 7,*adima1 #ahga71 into :i* ! ejaculatory duct ( ! te/is op5s4 ,accord+ to ! views ( ,s*neid]1 ! sp]matophores1 ) _! capsule1 usually consi/ solely ( sem9al filam5ts1 :i* /ick closely to ea* o!r1 & only exceptionally h a capsule =m$ by a gl&ul> secretion4 ,9 ,locu/a1 h[ev]1 & p]haps also 9 ,gryllus1 ! sp]m is envelop$ by ! secretion ( ! accessory gl&s ( ! sem9al ducts2 ! sp]matophores pass1 /ill fluid1 out ( ! sexual op5+ ( ! male into t ( ! female1 b become *ill$ on ! out] surface1 s t ! sp]m1 )\t com+ 9 contact ) ! air1 passes into ! receptaculum sem9is4 ,! mode ( gr\p+ ( ! sp]matozoa ( ! ,locu/id z !y occur 9 ! sp]ma!ca ( ! female is rem>kable4 ,_! heads lie s close to ea* o!r t !y =m a long %aft1 :ile ! num]\s ?reads are arrang$ s z to look l ! two vanes ( a fea!r1 ! entire mass be+ l a v long h]on's fea!r4 7,siebold47 ,9 ! honey-bee ! sp]matophore is likewise envelop$ by ! secretion ( ! accessory gl&s1 & !reby becomes a sort ( sem9al c>tridge4 ,?is is a peculi> oval body :i* is c>ri$ dur+ ! m>riage-flight into ! air )9 ! upp] "p ( ! p5is1 ! s-call$ p5is-bulb4 7,leuck>t47 b4 ,! female organs ( reproduction ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! female reproductive organs are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! two ov>ies4 #b4 ,! two oviducts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dgb4--;,female organs ( g5]ation ( a saw-fly 7,a?alia c5tifoli73 a1 b1 c1 ! #ah ov>ial tubes orig9at+ f ea* ( ! two oviducts 7d71 & conta9+ ! immature eggs2 e1 common oviduct2 f1 sp]ma!ca2 g1 poison-sac2 h1 poison-gl&s2 #aj1 la/ ganglion4--,aft] ,newport4 #c4 ,! common egg-passage 9 ne>ly all insects 7its di/al or h9d]mo/ "p =m+ ! ut]us or vag9a74 #d4 ,! receptaculum sem9is1 or sp]ma!ca4 #e4 ,! bursa copulatrix1 or copulatory p\*4 #f4 ,! accessory gl&s 7cem5t1 sebific1 or collet]ial gl&s1 or 8oil res]voirs10 gl&ul sebace1 colet]ium74 ,! ov>ies & ! ov>ian tubes4--,z 9 ! te/es1 s ea* ov>y consi/s ( a v>iable numb] ( ov>ian tubes1 by "s call$ ov>ioles1 unit$ by a ?read at ! di/al end1 & at ! l[] or h9d] end op5+ into ! oviduct4 ,ea* ov>ian or egg tube is divid$ into ?ree sections3 7#a7 ! t]m9al ?read2 7#b7 ! t]m9al *amb]1 & 7#c7 ! actual ov>ian tube1 or *amb]$ ma9 division1 ?is =m+ ! longe/ "p ( ! egg-tube4 ,! sl5d] t]m9al ?read s]ves to atta* or susp5d ea* egg-tube ne> ! dorsal vessel 7n directly to ! he>t1 z =m]ly suppos$71 becom+ lo/ 9 ! fat-body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dgc4--,ov>ian tube ( ,p4 ori5talis3 ,a1 section ne> ! end2 tf1 base ( t]m9al filam5t4 ,b1 section l[] d[n2 ec1 egg-cells 9 egg-*amb]4--,aft] ,br&t4 ,! t]m9al *amb] conta9s undiff]5tiat$ cell elem5ts1 suppos$ to be ! rema9s ( ! ov>ian rudim5ts4 ,f ^! arise 7ei!r 9 ! embryo or l>va7 fir/1 ! follicle epi!lium ( ! ov>ian tubes2 &1 second1 ! mat]ial = ! =mation ( ! new eggs1 & nutritive cells4 8,9 ! t]m9al *amb] ^! cell-elem5ts rema9 undiff]5tiat$1 except+ :5 requir$ = ! removal ( ! follicle epi!lium1 eggs1 & nutritive cells 9 ! adult insect40 7,lang47 ,?is portion ( ! ov>iole is call$ ! g]m>ium4 ,9 ,blatta x is fill$ ) protoplasm 9 :i* num]\s small nuclei are imb$d$4 7,:eel]47 ,! *amb]$ ma9 division ( ! egg-tube conta9s ! rip5+ eggs1 "o 9 ea* comp>tm5t1 ! tube appe>+ l a /r+ ( beads4 ,! egg-tubes are ( two types3 7#a7 ^? )\t1 & 7#b7 ^? ) nutritive cells1 ! fir/ k9d be+ ! simple/1 & occurr+ 9 ! ,synapt]a 7except ,campodea7 & 9 ,or?opt]a4 ,z an example may be cit$ t ( ! cockroa* 7,fig4 #dgc71 :]e 9 ea* tube !re is a simple cont9u\s r[ ( eggs f ! t]m9al *amb] to ! oviduct4 ,! tube be+ con/rict$ betwe5 ^! consecutive eggs1 gives x a bead$ appe>ance4 ,9 ! cockroa* 7,p]iplaneta ori5talis7 ea* egg-tube has a bead$ appe>ance4 ,its wall consi/s ( a transp>5t ela/ic membrane1 l9$ by epi!lium1 ) an ext]nal p]itoneal lay] ( connective tissue4 ,! t]m9al filam5t 7tf7 is fill$ ) a cle> protoplasm1 ) a few nuclei4 ,9 ! t]m9al *amb] 7tc7 are l>ge nucleat$ cells1 ) sep>ate nuclei1 bo? entangl$ 9 a network ( protoplasm4 ,9 ! ?ird1 or egg-*amb] 7ec71 are ab\t tw5ty rip5+ eggs1 arrang$ 9 a s+le r[4 8,betwe5 & ar\nd ! eggs ! nuclei gradually arrange !mselves into "o-lay]$ follicles1 :i* are atta*$1 n to ! wall ( ! tubes1 b to ! eggs1 & travel d[nw>ds ) !m4 ,z ! eggs desc5d1 ! yolk :i* !y conta9 increases rapidly1 & ! g]m9al vesicle & spot 7nucleus & nucleolus71 :i* 7 at fir/ pla91 disappe>4 ,a vitell9e membrane is secret$ by ! inn] surface & a *it9\s *orion by ! out] surface ( ! egg-follicle4 8,! l[e/ egg 9 an ov>ian tube is ne>ly or altoge!r ( ! full size2 x is ( elongate-oval figure1 & slightly curv$1 ! convexity be+ turn$ t[>ds ! ut]us4 ,x is fill$ ) a cle> album9\s fluid1 :i* ma9ly consi/s ( yolk4 ,! *orion n[ =ms a transp>5t yell[i% capsule1 :i*1 "u ! microscope1 appe>s to be divid$ up into v _m polygonal areas1 def9$ by r[s ( f9e dots4 ,^! areas probably correspond to z _m follicul> cells40 7,br&t1 f ,miall & ,d5ny47 ,9 ! second type1 i4e4 ^? egg-tubes ) nutritive cells1 !re are two k9ds4 ,9 ! fir/ ! egg-*amb]s & yolk- or nutritive *amb]s alt]nate1 ea* ( ! latt] conta9+ "o or m nutritive cells1 :i* s]ve = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! rip5+ egg conta9$ 9 ! neighbor+ *amb]4 8,! egg- & yolk-*amb]s may be di/9ctly sep>at$ ext]nally by con/rictions 7,hym5opt]a & _m ,coleopt]a71 or "o nutritive & "o egg-*amb] may lie 9 ea* section ( ! ov>ian tube1 :i* is ext]nally visible z a swell+ 7,lepidopt]a1 ,dipt]a740 ,9 ! second k9d ) nutritive cells1 ! actual tube consi/s 7,fig4 #dgd1 ,c7 ( ov>ian *amb]s only2 ! nutritive cells "h rema9 mass$ toge!r 9 ! l>ge t]m9al *amb]4 ,! s+le egg 9 ! tube is unit$ ) ! t]m9al *amb] by connective /r&s 7d4 s471 :i* convey ! nutritive mat]ial to ! eggs4 7,lang47 ,egg-cells1 nutritive cells1 & ! cells ( ! follicle-epi!lium 7epi!lium ( ! *amb]s ( ! ov>ian tubes7 are1 says ,lang1 accord+ to _! orig91 simil> elem5ts1 l ! egg & yolk-cells ( ! flat worms 7,platodes72 division ( labor leads to _! lat] diff]5tiation4 ,only a few ( ! num]\s egg-g]ms develop into eggs1 ! re/ s]v+ z envelopes & z food = ^! few4 ,kors*elt consid]s t all ! *ief elem5ts ( ! egg-tubes1 viz4 egg1 nutritive1 & epi!lial cells1 arise by a direct trans=mation ( ! elem5ts ( ! t]m9al *amb]1 & t ! la/ may be trac$ to ! indiff]5t elem5ts ( ! t]m9al ?read1 ! elem5ts 9 "q orig9at+ f ! nucle> elem5ts by a break+ d[n ( ! syncytium 7or masses ( protoplasm ) nuclei scatt]$ ?r\gh x7 compos+ x 7,fig4 #dge74 ,! late/ "w is t ( ,wiel[iejski 7,zoologis*e ,anzeig]1 ix1 #ahhf1 p4 #acb71 ^: obs]vations are bas$ on a /udy ( ! ov>ian tubes & ! gr[+ eggs ( ! ,hemipt]a 7,pyrrhocoris71 ! ,coleopt]a 7,telephorus1 ,sap]da1 ,cetonia & ,melolon?a1 ,c>abid1 & ,hydradephaga71 etc4 ,wiel[iejski divides ! ov>ies ( insects into ?ree gr\ps3-- #a4 ,compris+ su* ov>ies 9 ! ends ( ^: egg-tubes 7t]m9al filam5t7 ! embryonal cells 9 ! e>ly /ages are accumulat$1 & are trans=m$ into egg-1 yolk-1 & epi!lial cells respectively4 7,ov>ies ( ,or?opt]a1 geodephag\s & hydradephag\s ,coleopt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a74 #b4 ,compris+ ov>ies ^: ends above ! egg-cells & egg-g]ms 7,eianlag57 possess ?r\gh\t life a m or less volum9\s solid accumulation ( cells 7t]m9al *amb]71 b :i* /& 9 no close relation ) ! fir/4 7,ov>ies ( ,coleopt]a1 ) ! exception ( ! ,geodephaga & ,hydradephaga1 & ,aphid 9 "p47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dgd4--,v>i\s types ( ov>ian tubes1 diagrammatic3 ,a1 ov>ian tube )\t nutritive cells4 ,b1 egg-tube ) alt]nat+ nutritive & egg-comp>tm5ts4 ,c1 ov>ian tubes 9 :i* ! t]m9al *amb] 7ek7 is develop$ into a nutritive *amb]1 ) :i* ! develop+ eggs rema9 connect$ by means ( ?reads 7ds72 ef1 t]m9al filam5ts2 efa1 egg comp>tm5ts or *amb]s2 fe1 follicle epi!lium2 df1 yolk-*amb]s4--,aft] ,lang 7,c f ,claus74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dge4--,upp] portion ( ! ov>y 9 ,=ficula1 %[+ eggs & nurse-cells2 bel[1 a portion ( ! ne>ly ripe egg 7e7 %[+ deutoplasm-sph]es & g]m9al vesicle 7gv74 ,above x lies ! nurse-cell 7n71 ) its enorm\s bran*+ nucleus4 ,two successively y\ng] /ages ( egg & nurse-cell are %[n above4--,aft] ,kors*elt1 f ,wilson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dgf4--;,a1 ov>ian egg ( a butt]fly 7,vanessa71 surr\nd$ by its follicle2 above are ! nurse-cells 7n4 c471 ) bran*+ nuclei2 g4v1 g]m9al vesicle4 ,b1 egg ( ,dyticus1 liv+2 ! egg 7o4v47 lies betwe5 two gr\ps ( nutritive cells2 ! g]m9al vesicle s5ds amboid processes into ! d>k mass ( food-granules4--,aft] ,kors*elt1 f ,wilson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dgg4--;,a1 l[] portion ( "o ( ! two ov>ies ( ,sph9x ligu/ri1 ! f\r egg-tubes unit+ to =m ! slightly develop$ calyx 7ov74 ,! egg-tubes above conta9 ripe eggs /ill surr\nd$ by ! follicle2 e4 c1 ! empty egg-*amb]4 ,beyond ! empty egg-*amb]s 7e4 c7 are ?ree egg-*amb]s ) ripe eggs & ! connect+ cord4 ,! :ole tube is surr\nd$ by ! p]itoneal membrane & musculature4--,aft] ,kors*elt4 #c4 ,compris+ ov>ies ^: ends above ! egg-g]ms conta9 a well-develop$ mass ( cells function+ z a yolk-=m+ organ1 betwe5 ^: special elem5ts gr[ root-l (f%oots ( ne>ly ripe egg-cells4 7,hemipt]a47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dgh4--,ov>y ( a beetle1 drawn some:at diagrammatically3 o1 egg-tube2 s1 /alk ( ! same2 c1 egg-calyx2 ov1 oviduct4--,aft] ,kors*elt4 ,:5 ! egg is ripe ! food-*amb] disappe>s because its cont5ts h s]v$ = ! =mation ( ! egg bel[ x4 ,9 ,lepidopt]a especially1 ! egg-tubes resemble /r+s ( pe>ls because mo/ ( ! num]\s eggs rip5 simultane\sly & are likewise deposit$ at ! same p]iod1 :i* is naturally n ! case 9 ^? insects ^: eggs gradually rip5 7,fig4 #dgg74 ,9 o!r cases ! egg- or food-comp>tm5ts are trans=m$ into ea* o!r1 b only "o egg- & "o food-comp>tm5t c be situat$ 9 ! same dilatation ( ! ov>ian tube4 ,f9ally1 !re are insects 9 ^: egg-tubes ! egg-comp>tm5ts are arrang$ 9 a s+le r[1 :ile ! capaci\s t]m9al *amb] conta9s a l>ge mass ( food-cells4 ,egg-cells1 nutritive cells1 z well z ! cells ( ! follicle epi!lium 7epi!lium ( ! *amb]s ( ! ov>ian tubes71 orig9ate z simil> or homolog\s elem5ts1 division ( labor lead+ to _! lat] diff]5tiation4 ,only a few ( ! num]\s egg-g]ms develop into eggs1 ! re/ s]v+ z envelopes & also z food = ^! few4 7,lang47 ,9 _m insects ! egg-tubes op5 into an egg-calyx 7,fig4 #dgh1 c71 9 :i* ! ripe eggs collect be=e pass+ into ! oviduct 7ov74 ,z ! result ( 8 inve/igations on ! orig9 ( ! cellul> elem5ts ( ! ov>ies ( insects ,kors*elt concludes3-- #a4 ,! diff]5t cell-elem5ts ( ! egg-tubes1 eggs1 nutritive cells1 & epi!lium arise f id5tical undiff]5tiat$ elem5ts situat$ 9 ! cont5ts ( ! e>lie/ g]m ( ! egg-tubes4 #b4 ,! fir/ =mation ( ! cellul> elem5ts pres5t1 & ! diff]5tiation ( ! individual comp>tm5ts ( ! egg-tube1 occur dur+ embryonic & l>val life4 #c4 ,! undiff]5tiat$ elem5ts ( ! t]m9al *amb] correspond to ! embryonic condition1 :ile 9 po/-embryonic "t1 & ev5 dur+ imag9al life1 a new =mation ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( cells takes place4 #d4 ,! mode ( orig9 ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( cells f ! undiff]5tiat$ elem5ts v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t insects4 #e4 ,f _! hi/ological nature1 & f ! mode ( orig9 ( _! elem5ts1 ! mo/ complex egg-tubes & ^? provid$ ) nutritive comp>tm5ts are phylog5etically d]iv$ f ^? )\t su* nutritive comp>tm5ts4 #f4 ,! nutritive cells 9 c]ta9 cases orig9ate 9 ! same way & at ! same "t z ! g]m-cells1 & are !re=e to be reg>d$ z g]m-cells :i* h ab&on$ ! function ( egg-mak+1 & ex*ang$ x = ! production ( nutritive mat]ial4 #g4 ,9 ! egg-tubes ) num]\s nutritive comp>tm5ts ! nutritive cells c orig9ate at ! same place z ! egg-cells1 & !y aft]w>ds /ill lie int]m+l$ ) ^! 9 ! beg9n+ or upp] "p ( ! egg-tubes4 #h4 ,:ile ! capability ( egg-mak+ ( ! g]m-cells orig9ally situat$ 9 ! extremity ( ! t]m9al *amb] gradually becomes transf]r$ to ^? at ! base ( ! t]m9al *amb]1 & ! fir/ trans=m into nutritive cells1 egg-tubes ) nutritive comp>tm5ts at ! base may be f\nd4 #i4 ,! nutritive cells ( c]ta9 =ms arise indep5d5tly ( ! g]m-cells & !re=e c\ld n h previ\sly orig9at$ f !m4 #aj4 ,! epi!lium has 9 all =ms ne>ly ! same mode ( =mation2 x ev]y:]e %[s a close simil>ity to ! undiff]5tiat$ elem5ts ( ! t]m9al *amb]1 out ( :i* x directly develops4 ,z to ! fact ( =mation ( epi!lium ?r\gh ! g]m-vesicles 7,keimblas*571 nutritive-cell nuclei1 or ! s-call$ 8obla/s10 ,i c\ld n feel c]ta94 #aa4 ,nei!r ! eggs ( ,hemipt]a or ( o!r insects arise ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( 8obla/s10 b l ! epi!lial & nutritive cells arise by a gradual diff]5tiation f ! indiff]5t elem5ts ( ! ov>ian tubes4 #ab4 ,! diff]5t elem5ts ( ! egg-tubes1 also ! eggs1 h ! morphological value ( cells4 ,orig9 ( incipi5t eggs 9 ! g]m ( ! te/es4--,heymons has detect$ 9 ! g]m ( ! te/es ( ! male l>v ( ,phyllodromia g]manica #g mm4 9 l5g?1 "y or incipi5t eggs1 simil> to ^? se5 9 ! ov>ian tubes ( ! female l>va ( ! same size4 ,9 ano!r male l>va ( ! same size also occurr$ %ort cyl9drical tubes ea* ) a t]m9al ?read1 :i* _h ! appe>ance ( rudim5t>y egg-tubes4 ,h5ce he ?9ks t e "p ( ! g5ital g]ms 7,anlag57 9 ! male1 :i* are n conc]n$ 9 ! =mation ( te/icul> follicles1 repres5ts ! g]m ( a female g5ital gl&4 ,z is well kn[n1 no insects are h]maphroditic1 b ?is case ( ! practical orig9 ( eggs & egg-tubes 9 ! l[e/ division ( ! male eff]5t passage1 :i* is homolog\s ) ! egg-produc+ division ( ! female ov>ian tubes1 po9ts back to h]maphroditic ance/ors4 ,& ,heymons sugge/s t ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( h]maphroditism 9 insects probably confirms ?is view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dgi4--;,abdom5 ( que5 bee1 "u side1 #h3 ,p1 petiole2 o1 o1 ov>ies2 hs1 position fill$ by honey-sac2 ds1 place ?r\gh :i* ! dige/ive canal passes2 od1 oviduct2 co4d1 common oviduct2 ,e1 egg pass+ oviduct2 s1 sp]ma!ca2 i1 inte/9e3 pb1 poison-bag2 p4g1 poison-gl&2 /1 /+2 p1 palpi4 ,b1 ve/igial ov>ies ( ord9>y work]2 sp1 ve/igial sp]ma!ca4 ,c1 p>tially develop$ ov>ies ( f]tile work]2 sp1 ve/igial sp]ma!ca4--,aft] ,*e%ire4 ,! bursa copulatrix4--,! copulatory p\* 9 mo/ insects is a special cup-%ap$ app5dage ( ! vag9a adapt$ = ! reception ( ! male organ dur+ sexual union4 ,its mode ( =mation 9 ! cockroa* is ?us describ$ by ,haase3-- 8,by ! retreat ( ! female sexual ap]ture1 situat$ 9 ! #h? v5tral plate1 a consid]able space1 ! g5ital p\*1 is produc$2 ?is is =m$ *iefly by ! ext5d$ connective membrane betwe5 ! elongat$ #g? & #h? v5tral plates4 ,?is s]ves = ! developm5t ( ! egg-cocoon1 :i* is reta9$ by ! int]nal app5dages ( ! po/]ior gonapophyses40 ,! f]tilization ( ! female takes place once = all a long "t previ\s to oviposition2 ! sem5 9 ! receptaculum sem9is passes out z ! eggs slip d[n ! egg-passage1 & a sp]matozon ga9s entrance into ! int]ior ( ! egg ?r\gh ! micropyle4 ,9 can?us1 accord+ to ,ay]s1 fecundation probably takes place :ile ! egg is pass+ into ! vag9a1 8s9ce x is h>dly possible t ! male elem5t c\ld ga9 access to ! follicles be=e ! *orion is secret$40 ,9 ! ,lepidopt]a1 z has be5 /at$1 ! copulatory p\* op5s sep>ately f ! op5+ ( ! oviduct 7vag9a71 b a sl5d] canal connects ! p\* ) ! vag9a 7,fig4 #caj1 bc74 ,! outlet 78vag9a0 ( ,burgess7 ( ! copulatory p\* op5s betwe5 ! #g? & #h? segm5ts1 t ( ! oviduct 7vag9a7 on ! #i? segm5t be+ 8situat$ imm$iately bel[ ! anus & h>dly sep>at$ f x1 betwe5 ! lappets ( ! #i? segm5t40 7,burgess47 ,! op5+ ( ! copulatory p\* is1 z we h se51 ! g5u9e or primitive sexual op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhj4--,sp]ma!ca ( ! honey-bee1 que51 #dj3 a1 space fill$ by a cle> fluid2 b1 mass ( sp]matozoa2 c1 duct2 d1 d1 active sp]matozoa4-- ,aft] ,*e%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dha4--;,female sexual organs ( ,scolytus3 ,,er1 egg-tubes2 p,e,l1 pair$ oviducts2 ,,/1 sp]ma!ca2 ,,bt1 copulatory p\*2 ,,kd1 cem5t-gl&s2 ,s*1 vag9a4--,aft] ,l9deman1 f ,judei* & ,nits*e4 ,! sp]ma!ca4--,?is is a sac or p\* = ! reception & /orage or pres]vation ( ! sem54 ,:ile 9 mo/ ( ! high] insects x op5s into ! dorsal wall ( ! vag9a 7,fig4 #dgb1 f71 9 ! cockroa*1 locu/s1 & gras%opp]s x op5s into ! bursa2 b 9 o!r ,european ,or?opt]a1 z 9 mo/ insects1 x lies ^u ! dorsal wall ( ! vag9a4 7,b]lese47 ,9 ! cockroa*1 x is a %ort tube dilat$ at ! end & w\nd into a spiral ( ab\t "o turn4 8,f ! tube a ccal process is giv5 (f1 :i* may correspond ) ! accessory gl& atta*$ to ! duct ( ! sp]ma!ca 9 _m insects 7e4g4 ,coleopt]a1 ,hym5opt]a1 & "s ,lepidopt]a74 ,! sp]ma!ca is fill$ dur+ copulation1 & is always f\nd to conta9 sp]matozoa 9 ! f]tile female4 ,! sp]matozoa are no d\bt pass$ into ! g5ital p\* f "t to "t1 & !re f]tilize ! eggs desc5d+ f ! ov>ian tubes40 ,9 ,melo ! sp]ma!ca is exce$+ly l>ge4 7,miall & ,d5ny1 pp4 #agj1 #aga47 ,! collet]ial gl&s4--,we h already briefly ref]r$ to ^! gl&s4 ,^? ( ! cockroa*es =m a numb] ( long bl9d tubes op5+ into ! vag9a4 ,!y furni% ! mat]ial = ! egg-capsule or o!ca1 viz4 *it9 & l>ge cry/als ( oxalate ( lime4 ,9 ,phyllodromia g]manica 8^! gl&s are gli/5+ :ite till ! "t ( oviposition approa*es1 :5 !y assume a yell[ t9t1 & ! octah$ral cry/als are se5 imb$d$ 9 a viscid sub/ance :i* fills _! lum9a4 ,?is viscid sub/ance is soluble 9 potassium hydrate1 & is consequ5tly n *it94 ,:5 excret$ to =m ! o!ca1 x sl[ly h>d5s1 deep5s 9 color1 & becomes insoluble 9 potassium hydrate4 ,light has no?+ to d ) ?is *ange1 :i* is possibly produc$ by ! oxyg5 9 ! air4 ,x is ! same *ange :i* is und]gone by ! cuticula ( ! insect itself imm$iately aft] ecdysis40 7,:eel]47 ,! vag9a or ut]us4--,?is is simply ! end ( ! common oviduct1 :i*1 :5 dilat$1 is call$ ! vag9a1 &1 9 ! pupip>\s =ms1 ! ut]us4 ,9 ! cockroa* ! vag9a op5s by a m$ian v]tical slit situat$ 9 ! #h? /]nite1 into ! g5ital p\* or bursa1 ^u ! dorsal wall ( :i* ! orifice ( ! sp]ma!ca is situat$4 ,9 ! %eep-tick ! oviduct is enl>g$ to =m ! s-call$ ut]us1 :i* furni%es a milk-l secretion = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! l>va dur+ its intra-ut]9e life4 ,9 insects 9 g5]al1 ! ext]nal op5+ ( ! vag9a is simple1 ! *it9\s /ructures 7valves7 at ! op5+ be+ adapt$ to receive ! male intromitt5t organ4 ,:5 ! eggs are to be deposit$ deep bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?1 or 9 wood1 or 9 wood-bor+ l>v1 or 9 ! body ( cat]pill>s1 etc41 !y are ins]t$ by ! ovipositor 7see p4 #afg74 ,signs ( copulation 9 insects4--,leydig has collect$1 p>tly f 8 own obs]vations & p>tly f ^? ( o!rs1 a numb] ( cases 9 :i* female insects be> traces ( hav+ _h sexual union1 9 ! =m ( tags or plates atta*$ to ! body1 & app>5tly =m$ f mat]ial secret$ by ! male4 ,su* probably is ! 8p\*0 on ! abdom5 ( ,p>nassius apollo1 & a some:at simil> /ructure 9 ,fulgora lat]n>ia1 & su* is ! plate :i* is f\nd on ! h9d] "p ( ! abdom5 ( ,dyticus latissimus & ,d4 m>g9alis4 ,leydig comp>es ^! /ructures ) ! :ite plate 9 ,a/acus fluviatilis1 & ) ! little :ite lid on ! spid] ,arg5na1 & f9ds analogues among v]tebrates4 7,arbeit4 ,zool4 ,zoot4 ,in/4 ,wurzburg1 x1 #ahia1 pp4 #cg-ee1 #b ,figs47 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,reproduction a4 ,g5]al ,hunt]1 ,j4 ,obs]vations ( bees4 7,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #agib1 lxxxii1 pp4 #abh-aie47 ,hegets*weil]1 ,j4 ,j4 ,diss]tatio inauguralis zootomica de insectorum g5italibus4 ,turici1 #ahbj1 pp4 #bh1 #a ,pl4 ,aud\91 ,v4 ,re*]*es anatomiques sur la femelle du ,drile jaunatre et sur le male de cette espce4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 ii1 #ahbd1 pp4 #ddc-dfb1 #a ,pl47 ,mll]1 ,johannes4 ,ueb] die ,entwickelung d] ,ei] im ,ei]/ock bei d5 ,gesp5/heus*reck54 7,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,leop4-,c>ol41 xii1 #ahbe1 pp4 #eee-fgb1 #f ,taf47 ,duf\r1 ,l4 ,re*]*es anatomiques sur les ,c>abiques et sur plusieurs autres insectes coloptres4 ,organes de la gnration 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 vi1 #ahbe1 pp4 #aej-bjf1 #f ,pls42 pp4 #dbg-dfh1 #d ,pls474 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques sur l',hippobosque des *eveaux4 7,ibid41 #ahbe1 vi1 pp4 #bii-cbb1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques sur les ,labid\res4 ,app>eil de la gnration4 7,ibid41 #ahbh1 xiii1 pp4 #ced-cei1 #b ,pls47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques et considrations entomologiques sur quelques insectes coloptres1 compris dans les familles des ,d]me/9s1 des ,byrrhi5s1 des ,acan?opodes et des ,leptodactyles4 ,app>eil gnital4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #b1 ,zool4 i1 #ahcd1 pp4 #gf-hb1 #b ,pls47 ---- ,rsum des re*]*es anatomiques et physiologiques sur les ,hmiptres4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #b1 i1 pp4 #bcb-bci47 ---- ,mmoire sur les mtamorphoses et l'anatomie de la ,pyro*roa cocc9ea4 ,app>eil gnital4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #b1 ,zool41 xiii1 pp4 #ccg-cci1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,hi/oire des mtamorphoses et de l'anatomie des ,mordelles4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #b1 xiv1 pp4 #bce-bch1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,anatomie gnrale des ,diptres4 ,app>eil gnital4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #c1 ,zool41 i1 #ahdd1 pp4 #bej-bfd47 ---- ,hi/oire des mtamorphoses et de l'anatomie du ,piophila petasionis4 ,app>eil gnital4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #c1 ,zool41 i1 #ahdd1 pp4 #cgh-chf47 ---- tudes anatomiques et physiologiques sur les insectes diptres de la famille des ,pupip>es4 ,app>eil gnital4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 ,sr4 #c1 ,zool41 iii1 #ahde1 pp4 #gc-ic1 #b ,pls47 ---- ,re*]*es sur l'anatomie et l'hi/oire naturelle de l',osmylus maculatus4 ,app>eil gnital4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #c1 ,zool41 ix1 #ahdh1 pp4 #cdi-cef1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques sur les ,hymnoptres de la famille des ,uroc]ates4 ,app>eil gnital4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #d1 ,zool41 i1 #ahed1 pp4 #baf-bcd1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,fragm5ts d'anatomie entomologique4 ,sur les ovaires du ,nemopt]a lusitanica4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #d1 viii1 #aheg1 pp4 #i-aj1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,fragm5ts anatomiques sur quelques latrides4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #d1 viii1 #aheg1 pp4 #cfe-cgb1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques et considrations entomologiques sur les ,hmiptres du g5re ,leptopus4 ,app>eil gnital4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #aj1 #aheh1 pp4 #cef-cfb1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,re*]*es anatomiques sur l',ascalaphus m]idionalis4 ,app>eil gnital4 7,ibid41 ,sr4 #d1 xiii1 #ahfj1 pp4 #bjc-bjf1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,sur l'app>eil gnital male du ,corbus bifasciatus4 7,?omson's ,ar*iv ,ent41 #aheg1 i1 pp4 #cgh-cha47 ,suck[1 ,f4 ,w4 ,l4 ,ges*le*tsorgane d] ,insekt54 7,heus+]'s ,zeits*r4 f4 organ4 ,physik41 #ahbh1 ii1 pp4 #bca-bfd1 #a ,taf47 ,ra?ke1 ,m4 ,h4 ,miscellanea anatomico-physiologica4 ,fasc4 #a4 ,de ,libell>um p>tibus g5italibus4 ,regiomonti1 #ahcb1 p4 #ch1 #c ,pls4 ,dutro*et1 ,r4 ,j4 ,h4 ,obs]vations sur les organes de la gnration *ez les puc]ons4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 #ahcc1 xxx1 pp4 #bjd-bji47 ,doyre1 ,l4 ,obs]vations anatomiques sur les organes de la gnration *ez la ,cigale femelle4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 #ahcg1 vii1 pp4 #bjj-bjf1 ,fig47 ,siebold1 ,c4 ,?4 ,e4 von4 ,ueb] die weibli*5 ,ges*le*tsorgane d] ,ta*954 7,wiegmann's ,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 #ahch1 iv1 pp4 #aia-bja47 ---- ,ueb] die inn]5 ,ges*le*tsw]kzeuge d] vivip>5 und ovip>5 ,blattluse4 7,froriep's ,notiz51 #ahci1 xii1 pp4 #cje-cjh47 ---- ,ueb] das ,receptaculum sem9is d] ,hym5opt]5-,weib*54 7,g]m>'s ,zeits*r4 f4 ,ent41 #ahdc1 iv1 pp4 #cfb-chh1 #a ,taf47 ,loew1 ,h4 ,beitrag zur anatomis*5 ,k5ntniss d] inn]5 ,ges*le*t/eile d] zweiflglig5 ,insekt54 7,g]m>'s ,zeits*r4 f4 ,ent41 #ahda1 iii1 pp4 #chf-djf1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,hor anatomic1 ,ab?4 ,i4 ,entomotomi54 ,heft i-iii1 ,pos51 #ahda4 ---- ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d4 inn]5 ,ges*le*t/heile d] zweifl4 ,insect54 7,g]m>'s ,zeits*r4 f4 ,entomologie1 iii1 #ahda1 pp4 #chf-djf1 #a ,taf47 ,/e91 ,f4 ,v]glei*5de ,anatomie und ,physiologie d] ,insekt54 ,i1 ,monographie4 ,ueb] die ,ges*le*tsorgane und d5 ,bau des ,h9t]leibes bei d5 weibli*5 ,kf]n1 ,b]l91 #ahdg1 i1 pp4 #aci1 #i ,taf4 ,brau]1 ,f4 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss des inn]5 ,baues und d] ,v]w&lung d] ,neuropt]54 7,v]h&l4 d4 zool4 botan41 ,v]e9s 9 ,wi51 #ahee1 pp4 #a-bf1 #e ,taf47 ,haliday1 ,a4 ,h4 ,note on a peculi> =m ( ! ov>ies obs]v$ 9 a hym5opt]\s insect1 con/itut+ a new g5us & species ( ! family ,diapriad4 7,nat4 ,hi/4 ,review1 #aheg1 iv1 pp4 #aff-agd1 #a ,pl47 ,lab\lbne1 ,a4 ,re*]*es sur les app>eil de la dige/ion et de la reproduction du ,bupre/is manca4 7,?omson's ,ar*iv ,ent41 #aheg1 i1 pp4 #bjd-bcf1 #b ,pls47 ,lubbock1 ,john4 ,on ! ova & pseudova ( insects4 7,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,london1 cxlix1 #ahfj1 pp4 #cda-cfi47 ,l&ois1 ,h4 ,ueb] die ,v]b9dung d] ,hod5 mit dem ,rck5gefss bei d5 ,insekt54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xiii1 #ahfc1 pp4 #caf-cah1 #a ,taf47 ,leydig1 ,f4 ,d] ,ei]/ock und die ,sam5tas*e d] ,insekt54 7,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,leop4-,c>ol41 xxxiii1 #ahfg1 pp4 #hh1 #e ,taf47 ---- ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss des ?i]is*5 ,eies im unbefru*tet5 ,zu/&e4 7,sp5gel's ,zool4 ,jahrb*]1 #ahhi4 ,ab?4 f4 ,anat41 iii1 pp4 #bhg-dcb1 #g ,taf47 ,bessels1 ,e4 ,/udi5 b] die ,entwicklung d] sexual ,drs5 bei d5 ,lepidopt]54 7,zeits*r4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xvii1 #ahfg1 pp4 #ede-efc47 ,rajewsky4 ,ueb] die ,ges*le*tsorgane von ,blatta ori5talis1 etc4 7,na*r4 d4 k4 ,gesells*aft d4 ,moskau] ,univ]sitt1 xvi1 #ahge4 ,te/es ( cockroa*4 ,9 ,russian2 = ab/ract1 see ,h(fmann u4 ,s*walbe1 ,jahresb]i*t1 #ahge1 p4 #dbe47 ,brehm1 ,siegfr4 ,comp>ative /ructure ( ! reproductive organs 9 ,blatta g]manica & ,p]iplaneta ori5talis4 7,hor ,ent4 ,soc4 ,rossic1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 viii1 #ahhj47 7,9 ,russian1 male organs only47 ,*olodk[sky1 ,n4 ,a4 ,ueb] die ,hod5 d] ,s*mett]l+e4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 iii ,jahrg41 #ahhj1 pp4 #aae-aag47 ---- ,ueb] d5 ,bau d] ,te/ikel bei ,s*mett]l+54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhj1 iii1 pp4 #bad-bae47 ---- ,ueb] die ,hod5 d] ,lepidopt]54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhd1 pp4 #efd-efh47 ---- ,ueb] d5 ,ges*le*tsapp>at von ,nematois metallicus4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xliii1 pp4 #eei-efh1 #ahhe47 ,ti*omir[1 ,a4 ,ueb] d5 ,bau d] ,sexualdrs5 und die ,entwickelung d] ,sexualprodukte bei ,bombyx mori4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 iii1 #ahhj1 pp4 #bce-bcg47 ,nusbaum1 ,f4 ,zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,ausfhrungsgange d] ,sexualdrs5 bei d5 ,insekt54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 v1 #ahhb1 pp4 #fcg-fdc47 ----,on ! developm5tal hi/ory ( ! eff]5t passages ( ! sexual gl&s 9 insects4 ,lemb]g1 #ahhd 79 ,cze*74 ,b]lese1 ,ant4 ,ric]de sugli organi g5itali degli ortott]i4 7,atti della ,r4 ,acad4 dei ,l9cei4 ,s] #c1 xi1 #ahhb47 7,g5ital organs ( ,european ,or?opt]a47 ,balbiani1 ,g4 ,le ,phyllox]a du *ne et le ,phyllox]a de la vigne4 ,p>is1 #ahhd1 pp4 #de1 #aa ,pls4 ---- ,contribution l'tude de la =mation des organes sexuel *ez les insectes4 7,recueil ,zool4 ,suisse1 #ahhe47 ,s*neid]1 ,anton4 ,die ,entwicklung d] ,ges*le*tsorgane bei d5 ,insekt54 ,zool4 ,beitrge1 ,breslau1 i1 #ahhe4 ,beaureg>d1 ,h4 ,re*]*es sur les insectes vsicants4 ,suite4 7,j\rnal ,anat4 ,phys41 ,p>is1 #ahhg1 xxii ,anne1 pp4 #ebh-edh1 #a ,pl42 xxiii ,anne1 pp4 #abd-afc1 #f ,pls47 ---- ,les insectes vsicants4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 ,*ap4 v1 ,app>eil de la gnration1 pp4 #ajc-aei1 ,pls4 #aj-ab4 ,nasson[1 ,n4 tudes morphologiques sur les ,lepisma1 ,campodea et ,podura4 7,mm4 ,soc4 ,imp4 ,an?ropologie et d',e?n4 ,mosc\1 iii1 #ahhg1 pp4 #he1 #b ,pls41 #fh ,figs47 ---- ,x5os rossii2 se9e ,anatomie und ,entwicklungsges*i*te4 7,bull4 de l',univ]sit de ,v>sovie1 #ahib1 pp4 #gd1 #b ,taf47 7,9 ,russian47 ---- ,position des ,/repsiptres dans le sy/eme selon les donnes du dveloppem5t po/-embryonal et de l'anatomie1 p4 #aa1 ,w>saw1 #ahib4 ,grassi1 ,b4 ,j4 ,prog5itori dei ,miriapodi e degli ,insetti4 ,memoria vii1 ,anatomia comp>ata dei ,tisanuri4 7,atti d4 ,r4 ,acad4 de' ,l9cei1 ,cl4 sci5c4 e fis41 ,s]ie #d1 iv1 #ahhh1 pp4 #dce-fjf1 #e ,pls47 ,heymons1 ,r4 ,ueb] die h]maphrodits*e ,anlage d] ,sexualdrs5 beim ,mann*5 von ,phyllodromia g]manica4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 pp4 #dea-deg47 ,kos*ewnik(f1 ,g4 ,zur ,anatomie d] mnnli*5 ,ges*le*tsorgane d] ,honigbi5e4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xiv1 #ahia1 pp4 #cic-cif47 ,v]hoeff1 ,c4 7,see p4 #ahf47 ,+5itzky1 ,j4 ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,begattungsorgane d] ,libellulid54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahic1 xvi ,jahrg41 pp4 #dje-djg1 #b ,figs47 ---- ,on ! fauna & organization ( dragon-flies ( ,russian ,pol&1 #ahic1 #a ,pl4 7,9 ,russian47 ,es*]i*1 ,k4 ,anatomis*e ,/udi5 b] das mnnli*e ,g5italsy/em d] ,coleopt]54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 lvii1 pp4 #fbj-fda1 #ahid47 ,kluge1 ,max ,h4 ,e4 ,das mnnli*e ,ges*le*tsorgan von ,vespa g]manica4 ,inaug4 ,diss4 ,leipzig1 #ahie1 pp4 #a-de1 #a ,taf4 ,v]son1 ,e4 ,la borsa copulatrice nei ,lepidott]i 7,atti e ,mem4 ,accad4 ,sc4 ,lett4 ed ,arti1 ,padova1 #ahif1 xii1 pp4 #cfi-cgb1 #d ,pls474 ,klaplek1 ,fr4 b] die ,ges*le*t/heile d] ,plecopt]51 mit besond]] ,rcksi*t auf die ,morphologie d] ,g5italanhnge4 7,sitzungsb4 k4 ,akad4 ,wiss5s4 ,wi54 ,ma?4-,naturw4 ,cl41 cv1 #ahif1 pp4 #ef1 #e ,taf47 ,f5>d1 ,a4 ,re*]*es sur les organes complm5taires int]nes de l'app>eil gnital des ,or?optres4 7,bull4 ,sc4 ,france ,belg41 xxix1 #ahig1 pp4 #cij-ebg1 #ebh-ecc1 #e ,pls47 ,consult also ! ,works ( ,ayres1 ,balf\r1 ,burgess1 ,burmei/]1 ,bts*li1 ,claus1 ,dzi]zon1 ,g5s*1 ,h5k+1 ,hon]t1 ,huxley1 ,kluge1 ,kram]1 ,l&ois1 ,leuck>t 7art4 ,zeugung71 ,leydig1 ,ludwig1 ,mets*nik(f1 ,h4 ,mey]1 ,m9ot1 ,mll]1 ,pfitzn]1 ,s*neid]1 ,seelig]1 ,s*olz1 ,siebold1 ,suck[1 ,swamm]dam1 ,ti*omir(f1 ,wagn]1 ,waldey]1 ,weismann1 ,:eel]1 v4 ,wiel[iejski1 ,w1 ,witlaczil1 & ,ziegl]4 b4 ,=mation ( ! egg 7og5esis7 ,claus1 ,c4 ,beoba*tung5 b] die ,bildung des ,insekt5eies4 7,zeits*r4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xiv1 #ahfd1 pp4 #db-ed47 ,br&t1 ,a4 ,ueb] die ,eirhr5 d] ,blatta ori5talis4 7,mm4 ,acad4 ,imp4 ,sci5c4 de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1 ,sr4 #g1 xxi1 #ahgd1 p4 #cj47 ---- ,v]glei*5de ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,eirhr5 und die ,ei] d] ,insekt54 7,na*r4 d4 ,gesells*4 ,freunde d4 naturwiss4 ,moskau1 xxiii1 #ahgf2 also xxiv1 #ahgg1 pp4 #gg-gi47 ---- ,das ,ei und se9e ,bildungs/atte4 ,e9 v]glei*5d5-morphologis*] ,v]su* mit ,zugrundelegung d] ,insect5eies4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,kadyi1 ,h4 ,beitrge zur ,vorgnge beim ,ei]leg5 d] ,blatta ori5talis4 ,vorlufige ,mit!ilung4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahgi1 pp4 #fcb-fcf47 7,=mation ( ! egg-capsules ( cockroa*47 ,brass1 ,arn4 ,das ,ov>ium und d] ,eibildung und d] er/5 ,entwicklungs/adi5 bei vivip>5 ,aphid54 ,halle1 #ahhc4 7,zeits4 f4 ,naturwiss4 9 ,halle1 ,jahrg4 #ahhb47 ---- ,zur ,k5ntniss d] mnnli*5 ,ges*le*tsorgane d] ,dipt]54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahib1 pp4 #agh-ahj47 ,w1 ,ludvig4 ,zur ,bildung d] ,eies und des ,bla/od]ms bei d5 vivip>5 ,aphid54 7,arbeit5 ,zool4 ,in/4 ,univ4 ,wrzburg1 vi1 #ahhb1 pp4 #bag-beh47 ,kors*elt1 ,e4 ,zur ,frage na* dem ,ursprung d] v]s*i$55 ,zell5elem5te d] ,insect5ov>i54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhe1 pp4 #eha-ehf1 #eii-fje47 ,wiel[iejski1 ,h4 ,v4 ,zur ,morphologie des ,insekt5ov>iums4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhf1 ix ,jahrgang1 pp4 #acb-aci47 ---- ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,eibildung bei d] ,feu]wanze 7,pyrrhocoris apt]us74 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhe1 pp4 #cfi-cge47 ,blo*mann1 ,f4 ,ueb] die ,ri*tungskrp] bei ,insekt5ei]n4 7,morph4 ,jahrb41 #ahhg1 xii1 ix #edd47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,leydig 7p4 #eji74 c4 ,on ! sp]matozoa ,treviranus1 ,g4 ,r4 ,ueb] die organis*5 ,krp] des ti]is*5 ,sam5s und d]5 ,analogie mit dem ,poll5 d] ,pflanz54 7,zeits*r4 f4 d4 ,physiologie1 von ,f4 ,ti$emann1 ,g4 ,r4 und ,l4 ,c4 ,treviranus1 #ahce1 v1 pp4 #acf-aec1 #b ,taf47 ,siebold1 ,c4 ,?4 ,e4 von4 ,ueb] die ,sp]matozo5 d] ,cru/ace51 ,insekt51 ,ga/]opod5 und e9ig] &]] wirbellos5 ,ti]e4 7,mll]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,anatomie1 #ahcf1 pp4 #ac-eb1 #b ,taf47 ---- ,f]n]e ,beoba*tung5 b] die ,sp]matozo5 d] wirbellos5 ,ti]e4 7,ibid41 #ahcf1 p4 #bcb2 #ahcg1 pp4 #cha-dcb1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,ueb] die ,sp]matozo5 d] wirbellos5 ,ti]e1 iv4 7,ibid4 #ahcg1 pp4 #cib-dcc47 ---- ,lange ,leb5sdau] d] ,sp]matozo5 bei ,vespa rufa4 7,wiegmann's ,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 #ahci1 v1 pp4 #ajg1 #ajh47 ---- ,ueb] die ,sp]matozoid5 d] ,locu/954 7,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,leop4-,c>ol41 #ahde1 xxi1 pp4 #bdi-bgd1 #a ,pl47 ,kllik]1 ,a4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d] ,ges*le*tsv]hltnisse und d] ,sam5flssigkeit wirbellos] ,ti]e1 neb/ e9em ,v]su* b] das ,wes5 und die ,b$eutung d] sog5annt5 ,sam5ti]e1 ,b]l91 #ahda1 pp4 #hh1 #c ,taf4 ---- ,die ,bildung d] ,sam5fad5 9 ,bls*5 als allgeme9es ,bildungsgesetz4 7,neue ,d5ks*r4 d4 allg4 ,s*weiz4 ,ges41 viii1 #ahdg1 pp4 #bh1 #c ,taf47 ---- ,physiologis*e ,/udi5 b] die ,sam5flssigkeit4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 vii1 #ahef1 pp4 #bja-bgb1 #a ,taf47 ,y]s91 ,a4 ,obs]vations sur le ,gryllus campe/ris4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,vaudoise sc4 nat41 #ahec1 iii1 pp4 #abh47 ,lesps1 ,*4 ,mmoire sur les sp]matophores des grillons4 7,ann4 ,sc4 nat41 ,sr4 #d1 iii1 #ahee1 pp4 #cff-cgg1 #a ,pl42 iv1 pp4 #bdd-bdi1 #a ,pl47 ,l&ois1 ,h4 ,entwicklung d] bs*elfrmig5 ,sp]matozoid5 bei d5 ,lepidopt]54 7,s*ultze's ,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahff1 pp4 #ej-eh1 #a ,taf47 ,bts*li1 ,o4 ,vorlaufige ,mitteilung5 b] ,bau und ,entwicklung d] ,sam5fad5 bei ,insekt5 und ,cru/ace54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xxi1 #ahga1 pp4 #djb-dae47 ,bts*li1 ,o4 ,n"h ,mitteilung5 b] die ,entwicklung und d5 ,bau d] ,sam5fad5 d] ,insekt54 7,ibid41 xxi1 #ahga1 pp4 #ebf-ecd1 #b ,taf47 ,la ,vallette ,/4 ,george1 ,a4 ,v4 ,ueb] die ,g5ese d] ,sam5krp]1 ,,iii4 ,mitteilung4 7,ar*iv f4 ,mikroscop4 ,anat41 #ahgd1 x1 pp4 #die-ejd1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,sp]matologis*e ,beitrage3 ,,ii4 ,mitteilung 7,ibid41 #ahhf1 xxvii1 pp4 #a-abb ,taf474 ,,iv4 ,mitteilung 7,ibid41 #ahhf1 xxviii1 pp4 #a-ac1 #d ,taf47 ,v4 ,mitteilung 7,ibid41 #ahhg1 xxx1 pp4 #dbf-dcd1 #a ,taf47 ,s*neid]1 ,a4 ,das ,ei und se9e ,befru*tung1 pp4 #hh1 #aj ,taf42 ,ar?ropod51 pp4 #eg-fh und #gi4 ,taf4 #h-aj1 #ahhc4 ,wiel[iejski1 ,h4 de4 ,obs]vations sur la sp]matognse des ,ar?ropodes4 7,ar*iv ,slav4 de ,biologie1 #ahhf1 ii1 pp4 #bh-cf47 ,ball[itz1 ,e4 ,zur ,lehre von d] ,/ruktur d] ,sp]matozo54 7,anat4 ,anzeig]1 i ,jahrg41 #ahhf1 pp4 #cfc-cgf47 ---- ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,/ruktur d] ,sp]matozo51 zuglei*e 9 ,beitrag zur ,lehre von fe9]5 ,bau d] kontraktil5 ,elem5te4 ,die ,sp]matozo5 d] ,insekt54 ,i4 ,coleopt]54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s*4 ,zool41 #a1 #ahij1 pp4 #cag-djg1 #d ,taf47 ---- ,zu d] ,mit!ilung des ,h]rn ,pr(essor ,l4 ,au]ba* 9 ,breslau b] m]kwrdig] ,vorgng] am ,sp]ma von ,dytiscus m>g9alis4 7,anat4 ,anzeig]1 #ahic1 viii ,jahrg41 pp4 #eje-ejf47 ---- ,die ,doppelsp]matozo5 d] ,dyticid54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s*4 ,zool41 lxvi1 #ahie1 pp4 #deh-dii1 #e ,taf47 ,beaureg>d1 ,h4 ,note sur la sp]matognse *ez la can?>ide4 7,compt4-r5d4 ,soc4 ,biol41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 iv1 pp4 #cca-ccc47 ,gilson1 ,g4 tude comp>e de la sp]matognse *ez les ,ar?ropodes1 9 ,la ,cellule1 ,recueil de ,cytologie et d',hi/ologie gn41 i1 #ahhh1 #h ,pl4 ,v]son1 ,e4 ,zur ,sp]matog5esis4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xii ,jahrg41 #ahhi1 pp4 #ajj-ajc1 ,fig47 ---- ,la sp]matog5esi nel ,bombyx mori4 7,padova1 #ahhi1 #be pp4 und #c ,taf47 ---- ,zur sp]matog5esis4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xii1 #ahhi1 pp4 #ajj-ajc47 ---- ,zur sp]matog5esis bei d] ,seid5raupe4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 lviii1 #ahid1 pp4 #cjc-cac1 #a ,taf47 ,h5k+1 ,h4 ,ueb] ,r$uction/eilung d] ,*romosom5 9 d5 ,sam5zell5 von ,insekt54 7,int]nat4 ,monatss*r4 f4 ,anat4 und ,phys41 #ahij1 vii1 pp4 #bdc-bdh47 ---- ,i4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die er/e ,entwicklungsorgnge 9 d] ,ei]n d] ,insekt54 ,,ii4 ,ueb] ,sp]matog5ese und d]5 ,beziehung zur ,ei5twickelung bei ,pyrrhocoris apt]us4 7,zeits4 wiss5s4 ,zool41 xlix1 #ahij1 pp4 #ejc-efd2 li1 #ahia1 pp4 #fhe-gcf47 ,,iii4 ,specielles und ,allgeme9es4 7,ibid41 #ahib1 liv1 pp4 #a-bgd1 #ab ,taf47 ,sabati]1 ,a4 ,de la sp]matognse *ez les ,locu/ides4 7,comptes r5d4 ,acad4 ,p>is1 #ahij1 cxi1 p4 #gig47 ,*olodk[sky1 ,n4 ,zur ,frage b] die ,anfangs/adi5 d] ,sp]matog5ese bei d5 ,insect54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahid1 pp4 #cjb-cjd47 ,see also ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahib1 p4 #agi4 ,au]ba*1 ,leopold4 ,ueb] m]kwrdige ,vorgnge am ,sp]ma von ,dytiscus m>g9alis4 7,sitz4 ,b]4 ,akad41 ,b]l91 #ahic1 pp4 #ahe-bjc1 #b ,figs47 ---- ,zu dem ,bem]kung5 des ,h]rn ,dr4 ,ball[itz betreff5d das ,sp]ma von ,dytiscus m>g9alis4 7,anat4 ,anzeig]1 viii ,jahrg41 #ahic1 pp4 #fbg-fcj47 ,toyama1 ,k4 ,on ! sp]matog5esis ( ! silkworm4 7,bull1 ii1 ,no4 #c1 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,imp4 ,univ4 ,tokyo1 pp4 #abe-aeg1 #ahid1 #b ,pls47 ,wilcox1 ,e4 ,v4 ,sp]matog5esis ( ,calopt5us femur-rubrum & ,cicada tibic54 7,bull4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool41 xxvii1 #ahie1 pp4 #cb1 #e ,pls47 ---- ,fur!r /udies on ! sp]matog5esis ( ,calopt5us femur-rubrum4 7,ibid41 xxix1 #ahif1 pp4 #aic-bjb1 #c ,pls47 ,wilson1 ,edmund ,b4 ,! cell 9 developm5t & inh]itance4 7,new ,york1 #ahif47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,platn]1 ,waldey]4 d4 ,on ! pair$ g5ital eff]5t passages ,loew1 ,h4 ,abbildung5 und ,bem]kung5 zur ,anatomie e9ig] ,neuropt]5gattung54 7,l9na ,ent41 #ahdh1 pp4 #cde-che1 #f ,taf47 ,me9]t1 ,f4 ,anatomia ,=ficul>um1 i1 ,kjb5havn1 #ahfc1 #a ,pl4 ---- ,om dobbelte ,sa$gange hos ,insect]4 7,naturhi/4 ,tidsskrift1 #c ,raekke1 v1 #ahfh1 pp4 #bgh-bid47 ,palmn1 ,j4 ,a4 ,zur v]glei*5d5 ,anatomie d] ,ausfhrungsgnge d] ,sexualorgane bei d5 ,insekt54 7,morph4 ,jahrb41 ix1 #ahhc1 pp4 #afi-agf47 ---- ,ueb] pa>ige ,ausfhrungsgnge d] ,ges*le*tsorgane bei ,insekt54 ,e9e morphologis*e ,unt]su*ung4 ,hels+=s1 #ahhd1 pp4 #ajh und #e ,taf4 ,nusbaum1 ,j4 ,zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,ausfhrungsgnge d] ,sexualdrs5 bei ,insekt54 7,kosmos1 ,lemb]g1 #ahhd1 ix ,jahrg41 pp4 #bef-bff1 #cic-djh1 #dfb-dgd1 #b ,taf4 ,9 ,poli% ) rsum 9 ,g]man47 ,spi*>dt1 ,c4 ,beitrag zur ,entwickelung d] mnnli*5 ,g5itali5 und ihr] ,ausfhrgnge bei ,lepidopt]54 7,v]h&l4 d4 naturwiss4 ,v]e9s zu ,bonn1 #ahhf1 xliii ,jahrg41 pp4 #a-cd1 #a ,taf47 ,jackson1 ,w4 ,h4 ,/udies 9 ! morphology ( ! ,lepidopt]a4 ,i4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xii ,jahrg41 #ahhi1 pp4 #fbb-fbf47 7,see p4 #chi47 ,l[ne1 ,b4 ,?4 ,on ! /ructure & developm5t ( ! ov>ies & _! app5dages 9 ! bl[-fly 7,calliphora ery?rocephala74 7,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhi1 xx1 pp4 #dah-ddb1 #a ,pl47 ,see also ,me9]t 7#ahig71 ,heymons 7#ahig74 ,,end ,,( ,,"p ,i ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,embryology ,,( ,,insects a4 ,! egg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhb4--;,female ,dyticus1 lay+ eggs3 ,a1 ovipositor ext5d$4 ,b1 egg ( ,notonecta1 atta*$ to /em ( ru%4 ,c1 egg ( ,dyticus1 laid 9 excavation 9 ru%4--,aft] ,rgimb>t1 f ,miall4 ,insects z a rule arise f eggs :i* are laid 9 a great v>iety ( situations1 ^? species :i* are vivip>\s be+ exce$+ly few 9 numb] comp>$ ) ! class z a :ole4 ,x is notewor?y t ,leydig has f\nd 9 ! same ,aphis1 & ev5 9 ! same ov>y1 an egg-tube produc+ eggs1 :ile a neighbor+ tube 0 produc+ vivip>\s individuals4#gg ,! vivip>\s species are conf9$ to c]ta9 ,may-flies1 ! ,aphid1 ,dipt]a 7,s>cophaga1 ,ta*9id1 /rid1 & ,pupip>a71 & to c]ta9 ,coleopt]a 7,/ylopid & "s ,/aphyl9id74 ,! numb] ( eggs laid v>ies f a v few1 z 9 ! ,collembola & 9 ! ,psocid1 or #ae or ev5 less 9 c]ta9 fossorial wasps1 & f #bj to #ce 9 "s locu/s to _m ?\s&s 9 ! social insects1 ! honey-bee lay+ by e/imate ov] #a1jjj1jjj eggs 9 ! c\rse ( h] life4 ,dr4 ,%>p ?9ks t f #ej to #ajj may p]haps be tak5 z an av]age numb] = "o female to produce4 ,! eggs ( insects ) a complete metamorphosis are said by ,brau] to be small] 9 proportion to ! p>5t ?an ^? laid by ametabol\s or het]ometabol\s insects4 ,9 ?is respect ! insects are p>allel$ by ! birds1 ! highe/ =ms lay+ small] eggs ?an ! wat] birds1 o/ri*1 ,apt]yx1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhc4--;,eggs 7e7 ( ,hydrobius 787 & _! capsules1 f :i* ! l>va1 ,fig4 #deb1 hat*$4--,em]ton del4 ,! egg1 or ovum1 :5 laid is n always ripe or p]fect1 b1 z 9 ^? ( ants1 cont9ues to gr[ aft] oviposition4 ,o!rs are laid "s "t aft] ! embryo has begun to =m2 & 9 ! fle%-flies ! l>va hat*es be=e ! egg is deposit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhd4--;,egg-masses ( ,*ironomus3 ,a1 /r+ ( eggs ( ,c4 dorsalis1 divid$ into sections to %[ bo? sides4 ,b1 twi/$ fibres :i* trav]se ! /r+ ( eggs4 ,c1 egg-mass ( ,*ironomus 7sp74 ,d1 egg-mass ( a ?ird species4 ,e1 "p ( ,d1 m highly magnifi$4 ,f1 develop+ eggs1 two /ages4--,aft] ,miall4 ,insects z a rule in/9ctively lay _! eggs ne> or ^u objects de/9$ to be ! food ( ! l>va2 ^? ( cat]pill>s on leaves1 ^? ( _m flies on meat or c>rion1 ^? ( ,copris & o!r dung-beetles 9 dung1 ^? ( aquatic insects 9 wat]1 :ile _m oviposit 9 ! e>? or 9 plants 7,fig4 #dhb71 or 9 ! bodies ( animals de/9$ to be ! ho/s ( ! p>asitic l>v4 ,z ! eggs are prey$ ^u by mites & o!r animals1 ! contrivances & modifications ( ! mode ( egg-lay+1 & ! situations 9 :i* !y are plac$1 are almo/ endless4 ,_m insects lay _! eggs 9 a mass1 cov]$ ) a gummy sub/ance2 or ^? laid 9 ! wat]1 z ! eggs ( dragon-flies1 caddis-flies1 ,*ironomus 7,fig4 #dhd71 etc41 are envelop$ by a jelly-l mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhe4--;,egg-capsule ( ,p]iplaneta am]icana3 a1 side2 b1 end view2 c1 natural size4--,aft] ,h[>d & ,m>latt1 ,bull4 #d1 ,div4 ,ent4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,! o!ca ( ! cockroa* 7,fig4 #dhe7 is a solid1 d5se case1 :i*1 aft] be+ c>ri$ ab\t by ! "m1 c be left )\t h>m 9 ! crevices ( ! floors ( h\ses4 ,! o!ca ( ,mantis 7,fig4 #dhf7 is =m$ by a l>ge mass ( fro?y matt]1 :i* h>d5s & is atta*$ to /ems ( plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhf4--;,egg-capsules ( ,mantis c>ol9a4--,aft] ,riley4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! female 8walk+-/ick0 7,diaph]om]a femoratum7 drops h] eggs1 says ,riley1 loosely ^u ! gr\nd1 f :atev] height %e may happ5 to be1 & 8"o he>s a con/ant patt]+1 n unlike drops ( ra91 t results f ! abundant dropp+ ( ^! eggs1 :i*1 9 places1 lay s ?ick among & "u ! dead leaves t !y may be scrap$ up 9 great quantities40 7,report = #ahgi47 ,! eggs ( ! lace-w+$ flies are support$ on p$icels1 above ! rea* ( ovivor\s mites4 ,! female ,*rysopa usually lays betwe5 #dj & #ej eggs4 ,9 "o case1 we obs]v$ t #ah egg-/alks 7 deposit$1 b !re 7 only n9e well-=m$ eggs 9 ! bat*1 & n9e eggless /alks1 "s only half ! usual height1 o!rs ) ! knob ( cem5t at ! end to :i* ! egg is ord9>ily fa/5$4 ,! eggs are evid5tly /uck on to ! end ( ! p$icel aft] ! latt] has be5 =m$1 z1 9 "o in/ance1 an egg 0 glu$ to ! /alk v mu* out ( c5tre1 ! insect's abdom5 n hav+ be5 aim$ /raight1 s to speak1 at ! mass ( cem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhg4--;,eggs ( ,*rysopa1 ) l>va & fly4 ,! eggs ( ,rhodites are fix$ to a long /alk ?ick5$ at ! end2 ^? ( ,inquil9es & c]ta9 ,*alcids 7,leucospis gigas1 ,fig4 #dhi1 ,a7 are also /alk$2 & ! use ( ?is /alk 9 ! eggs ( ,cynips 7,e7 is ?\ght by ,adl] to be respiratory1 :ile1 also1 he /ates t ! egg-cavity communicates ) ! egg-/alk1 s t a "p ( ! egg-cont5ts c pass into ! latt]1 & ?is happ5s at ! lay+ ( ea* egg4 ,! egg ( c]ta9 i*neumons 7,paniscus1 ,fig4 #dhh7 ends 9 a %ort /alk1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! sk9 ( ! cat]pill> de/9$ to s]ve z ! ho/ ( ! p>asite1 ! eggs1 z /at$ by ,de ,ge]1 be+ reta9$ m firmly 9 ! integum5t by ! /alk s swell+ z to =m two knobs 7,fig4 #dih1 c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhh4--,"y l>va ( ,paniscus 9 position ( fe$+ on ! sk9 ( a cat]pill>3 a1 ! egg-%ell4--,aft] ,newport1 f ,%>p4 ,c]ta9 ,homopt]a also h /alk$ eggs1 z ^? ( ,psylla pyricola 7,fig4 #dhi1 ,b71 ^? ( ,aleyrodes citri 7,c1 a1 b71 & ( an alli$ =m1 ,aleurodicus cocois 7,d71 & ^? ( ,corixa 7,fig4 #dic74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhi4--,/alk$ eggs3 ,a1 ( a ,*alcid 7aft] ,fabre72 ,b1 ( ,psylla 7aft] ,sl+]l&72 ,c1 ( ,aleyrodes2 ,d1 ( ,aleurodicus 7aft] ,riley & ,h[>d72 ,e1 ( ,dryophanta scutell>is 7aft] ,adl]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dij4--;,eggs ( ox bot-fly1 enl>g$4--,aft] ,riley4 ,ref]5ce %\ld also be made to ! eggs ( lice1 :i* are oval & atta*$ to ! hairs ( _! ho/4 ,^? ( ! ox bot-fly 7,hypod]ma l9eata7 are usually plac$ f\r to six toge!r1 & fa/5$ to a hair4 ,! l[] portion ( ! egg is admirably adapt$ = clasp+ a hair4 8,x consi/s ( two lobes1 =m+ a bulb\s enl>gem5t1 :i* is atta*$ to ! egg by a broad1 b r ?91 neck1 s t1 :5 ! latt] is view$ sidewise1 x appe>s z a sl5d] p$icel0 7,fig4 #dij1 a-d74 7,riley 9 ,insect ,life1 iv1 p4 #cjg47 ,! egg ( ano!r fly 7,drosophila ampelophila1 ,fig4 #dia7 be>s a pair ( long1 sl5d] app5dages ne> ! ant]ior end4 8,! egg is ins]t$ into ! s(t pulp ( ! decay+ fruit2 ^! app5dages leave ! ovipositor la/1 & are spread out ^u ! surface ( ! mass4 ,!y1 9 ?is way1 s]ve to keep ! egg 9 place1 & ?us insure ! em]g5ce ( ! l>va into ! op5 air in/ead ( into ! m or less fluid mass 9 :i* ! egg is situat$4 ,! l>va issues f ! egg j above ! base ( ^! app5dages40 7,com/ock47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dia4--;,egg ( ,drosophila4--,aft] ,com/ock4 ,mode ( deposition4--,! exact process ( oviposition has be5 r>ely obs]v$1 or at lea/ n obs]v$ 9 detail1 & fur!r obs]vations are mu* ne$$4 ,9 ! cockroa* 7,phyllodromia71 ,:eel] has se5 ! eggs pass out ( ! oviduct & become arrang$ 9 ! o!ca1 9 a way simil> to t 9 ! acc\nt publi%$ by ,kadyi on ,p]iplaneta4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dib4--,rocky ,m\nta9 locu/ 7aa7 deposit+ its eggs 7c72 d1 ! e>? p>tially remov$1 %[+ 7e7 an egg-mass already 9 place1 & 7d7 "o be+ plac$2 f %[s :]e su* a mass has be5 cov]$ ov]4 ,a1 oviposition2 j1 position ( oviduct2 g1 egg-guide2 e1 egg4 ,b1 egg-mass ( ! same2 a1 f side1 b1 f b5ea?1 c1 f above4--,aft] ,riley4 8,:5 ab\t to =m ! capsule1 ! female ,blatta closes ! g5ital armature1 & ! two folds ( ! :ite membrane :i* l9es ! o!cal cavity close v]tically 9 ! middle l9e4 ,!n "s ( ! cont5ts ( ! collet]ial gl&s are p\r$ into ! *amb]1 & ba! ! inn] surface ( ! po/]ior wall4 ,! fir/ egg glides d[n ! vag9a f ! left ov>y1 describes an arc1 /ill keep+ its g]m>ium-pole upp]mo/1 aft] hav+ press$ ! micropyl> area aga9/ ! m\? ( ! sp]ma!ca1 passes to ! "r side ( ! back ( ! *amb]1 & is plac$ p]p5dicul>ly two-?irds to ! "r ( ! longitud9al axis ( ! insect's body4 ,! next egg comes f ! "r ov>y1 describes an arc to ! opposite side ( ! body1 decussat+ ) ! pa? ( ! fir/ egg1 & is plac$ completely on ! left side ( ! m$ian l9e4 ,! ?ird egg comes f ! left ov>y1 & is made to lie completely on ! "r side ( ! m$ian l9e2 & s ! process cont9ues1 ! ov>ies dis*>g+ ! eggs alt]nately1 & ea* egg describ+ an arc to ! opposite side ( ! capsule4 ,! o!cal *amb] soon becomes too small to conta9 all ! con/antly accumulat+ eggs1 s ! anal armature op5s & all[s ! end ( ! capsule to project4 ,a rais$ l9e1 ! impression ( ! edges ( ! :ite membrane1 runs d[n ! end ( ! capsule4 ,! la/ egg deposit$ comes f ! "r ov>y1 & lies two-?irds on ! left1 & "o-?ird to ! "r1 ( ! m$ian l9e4 ,z soon z ! egg is laid1 a fur!r dis*>ge f ! collet]ial gl&s spreads ov] ! vag9al or ant]ior wall ( ! cavity1 & becomes ev5ly cont9u\s ) ! secretion :i* has be=e be5 spread ov] ! back & ! sides ( ! capsule by ! :ite membrane4 8,! cri/a1 a cord-l ridge runn+ ! full l5g? ( ! dorsal surface ( ! capsule1 is a ?ick-wall$ tube1 ei!r half ( :i* is =m$ by ! edge ( ! side walls ( ! capsule split into two lam94 ,! rhy?mical clasp+ ( ! ?ree pairs ( palpi :i* gu>d ! vag9al op5+ is regi/]$ 9 an exquisite patt]n on ! inn] face ( ei!r half ( ! cri/a40#gh ,! mode ( oviposition 9 ! locu/ has be5 fully describ$ by ,riley1 :o /ates t ! eggs pass d[n & out ( ! oviduct1 & 8guid$ by a little f+]-l /yle0 7,fig4 #bih71 !y pass 9 betwe5 ! horny valves ( ! ovipositor1 & issue at _! tips amid ! muc\s fluid :i* =ms ! egg-capsule 7,fig4 #dib74 ,vitality ( eggs4--,x is well kn[n t ! eggs ( phyllopod & o!r fre%-wat] ,cru/acea h wond]ful vitality1 )/&+ extreme dryness = sev]al ye>s1 at lea/ f two to t54 ,su* cases are unkn[n among insects4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 h[ev]1 by ,t4 ,w4 ,brigham1 & also by ,l4 ,tr\velot1 t ! eggs ( ! walk+-/ick 7,diaph]om]a femorata7 = ! mo/ "p hat* only aft] ! int]val ( two ye>s4#gi ,! eggs ( ,bittacus are said by ,brau] to lie ov] unhat*$ = two ye>s2 inde$1 ! fir/ condition ( _! hat*+ is a complete dry+ ( ! e>? 9 :i* ! eggs lie1 ! second is a succe$+ ?or\gh wett+ ( ! gr\nd 9 spr+4 ,appe>ance & /ructure ( ! ripe egg4--,! eggs ( insects are on ! :ole r l>ge 9 proportion to ! size ( ! p>5t1 especially s 9 _m m9ute =ms1 z ! fleas1 lice1 etc4 ,_! g5]al %ape is sph]ical or oval1 (t5 cyl9drical2 :]e ! eggs are long & cyl9drical a dorsal & v5tral side c be di/+ui%$ 7,fig4 #ejb74 ,!y are 9 ! ,tortricid & ,limacodid mo?s flatt5$1 ?91 & scale-l4 ,9 ! eggs ( locu/s & gras%opp]s1 z well z c]ta9 ,dipt]a1 ! v5tral side ( ! embryo corresponds to ! convex side1 & ! concave side ( ! egg to ! dorsal region ( ! embryo 7,figs4 #ejb & #dic74 ,!re is an ant]ior & po/]ior end or pole1 ! ant]ior end be+ t :i* 9 ! body ( ! p>5t lies t[>ds h] head1 or t[>ds ! upp] or di/al end ( ! ov>ian tube4 ,t[>ds ?is end lies 9 ! lat] /ages ( embryonic life ! head-end ( ! embryo1 :ile ! po/]ior end ( ! embryo is turn$ t[>ds ! h9d] pole ( ! egg 7,figs4 #dic & #ebj74 ,! egg-%ell & yolk-membrane4--,! ripe egg is protect$ by two membranes3 #a1 an inn] or vitell9e membrane or olemma 7dh7 7,fig4 #ejj1 d71 produc$ 9 ! egg by a h>d5+ ( ! out] lay]1 & #b1 ! out] or *orion 7c71 :i* is secret$ by ! cells ( ! ov>ian follicle4 ,! latt] is divid$ into two lay]s3 an inn]1 ! endo*orion1 & an out]1 ! exo*orion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejc4--;,f]tilization ( ! egg ( a r\nd-worm 7,asc>is megalocephala73 ,a1 ! ends 7c5trosomes7 ( ! sp9dle =m$4 ,b1 ! sp9dle complet$2 sp1 sp]m-nucleus1 ) its *romosomes2 ei1 egg-nucleus2 p1 pol> bodies4--,aft] ,bov]i1 f ,field's ,h]twig4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dic4--;,eggs ( ,corixa3 ,a1 e>ly /age be=e =mation ( ! embryo1 f "o side4 ,b1 ! same view$ 9 ! plane ( symmetry4 ,c1 ! embryo 9 its f9al position2 a1 ant]ior1 p1 po/]ior1 end2 l1 left1 r1 "r1 v1 v5tral1 d1 dorsal1 aspect4 7,! lett]s ref] to ! f9al position ( ! embryo1 :i* is ne>ly diametrically opposite to t 9 :i* x fir/ develops72 m1 micropyle2 p1 p$icle4--,aft] ,mets*nik(f1 f ,wilson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #did4--;,eggs ( ,phasmid3 ,a1 ,lon*odes duiv5bodi4 ,b1 ,platycrania edulis4 ,c1 ,haplopus grayi4 ,d1 ,phyllium siccifolium4--,aft] ,kaup1 f ,%>p4 ,:ile ! yolk-membrane is usually a completely homog5e\s1 ?91 /ructureless membrane1 ! *orion or %ell ( ! egg is usually cov]$ ) a network ( ridges enclos+ polygonal areas1 v>y+ 9 %ape accord+ to ! species or g5us4 ,^! ext]nal m>k+s are due to ! impress ( ! cellul> /ructure ( ! epi!lium ( ! ov>ian follicle4 ,9 ! *orion ( ! cockroa* ! surface appe>s to be f9ely granul>1 ! f9e/ granules be+ arrang$ 9 l>ge1 m or less regul>ly hexagonal areas1 :i* are b\nd$ by n>r[1 d>k spaces1 conta9+ some:at l>g] ?\gh less d5se granules4 ,! surface ( ! eggs ( c]ta9 ,phasmids are v>i\sly sculptur$ 7,fig4 #did74 ,! true /ructure ( ! *orion c only be1 z ,:eel] obs]ves1 se5 9 cross-sections1 z %[n by ,blo*mann1 & also by ,:eel]4 ,! *orion consi/s ( two *it9\s lam9 kept 9 close apposition by means ( num]\s m9ute trabecul or pill>s4 ,x is ! ends ( ^! pill>s t look l granules4 ,9 ! spaces betwe5 ! hexagonal areas1 ! trabecul are m scatt]$ & individually ?ick] ?an ^? ( ! hexagons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #die4--;,egg ( cotton-worm mo?1 ,aletia3 a1 top view1 %[+ ! micropyle4--,aft] ,com/ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dif4--;,egg ( ,danais ar*ippus4--,aft] ,riley4 ,^! m>k+s are ( s+ul> beauty & complexity 9 ! eggs ( _m ,lepidopt]a1 ^: ova are v>i\sly ribb$1 =m+ a beautiful fretwork ( rais$ l9es 7,figs4 #die & #dif71 :ile 9 ! ,dipt]a & ,hym5opt]a ! *orion is less solid1 & usually smoo? "u l[ p[]s4 ,! exo*orion ( ! egg ( ! h\se & meat fly 7,c4 vomitoria7 is pitt$ ) elongat$ hexagonal depressions1 :i* cross ! egg transv]sely4 ,t ( ! honey-bee is also divid$ into long hexagonal areas 7,fig4 #dig74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dig4--;,egg ) embryo ( honey-bee1 #dj3 *1 *orion2 ga1 ganglia2 s4 ga1 bra92 jm1 jaw-muscles =m+2 c1 sophageal coll>2 fb1 =e inte/9e2 mb1 mid-inte/9e2 ab1 h9d-inte/9e4--,aft] ,*e%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dih4--,micropyle 7,mk7 ( eggs2 a1 ( a fly1 ,antomyia2 b1 ,drosophila cell>is2 c1 /alk$ egg ( ,paniscus te/aceus4--,aft] ,leuck>t1 f ,p]ri]4 ,:5 ! eggs are deposit$ 9 expos$ places1 & rema9 9 su* situations = sev]al days1 or weeks1 or ev5 ?r\gh ! w9t]1 ! %ell is ei!r solid & /r5g!n$ by ! ribs & ridges2 or ! %ell1 if ( w9t] eggs1 is unornam5t$1 & is d5se & solid1 to resi/ extremes 9 temp]ature or ! attacks ( egg-eat+ birds1 mites1 etc4 ,! micropyle4--,?is is an op5+ or canal1 or1 z 9 mo/ insects1 a gr\p ( canals situat$ at ! ant]ior end ( ! egg = ! entrance ( ! sp]matozoa dur+ ! process ( f]tilization ( ! ovum 7,fig4 #dih74 ,9 ,acrydians1 h[ev]1 ! micropyle is situat$ at ! po/]ior end ( ! egg4 ,! micropyle 7,fig4 #dii7 is a complicat$ app>atus )9 ^: circumf]5ce ! vitell9e membrane appe>s to be firmly atta*$ to ! *orion1 s t ! p]=ation passes ?r\gh ! *orion z well z ! yolk-membrane4 ,! micropyles ( ! cockroa* are probably z simple & g5]aliz$ z 9 any insect4 ,:eel] /ates t !y are 9 ,phyllodromia scatt]$ ov] ! end ( ! egg1 8ov] a quadrant ( ! upp] hemisph]e1 :]e ! beautiful hexagonal patt]n ( ! *orion gives away to an ev5 trabeculation40 ,! micropyles are wide-m\!d1 v oblique1 funnel-%ap$ canals1 p]=at+ ! *orion1 ! ap]tures ( ! funnels appe>+ "u a l[ p[] z cle>1 oval spots1 ! long axis ( :i* is p>allel to ! long axis ( ! egg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dii4--;a1 fragm5t ( a micropyl> papilla1 %[+ its lum52 b1 optical section ( ano!r papilla1 9 ?is "o ! lum5 ext5ds to ! vitell9e membrane1 b does n pass beyond x2 c1 d1 e1 & f1 papill ( diff]5t =ms4 ,a1 ant]ior end ( an ov>ian egg1 %[+ mode ( gr[? ( ! micropyl> papill3 a1 b1 two successive /ages2 c1 surface view ( modifi$ papill f ! l[] edges ( ! cap2 d1 tunica propria ( ! ov>iole2 e1 remnant ( ! cell-mass t secret$ 787 ! micropyl> cap4--,aft] ,ay]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejj4--;,egg ( ,p]la maxima3 c1 *orion2 d1 olemma2 gs1 glass-l cov]+ ( micropyle2 l1 cavity "u same2 g1 canals p5etrat+ *orion4--,aft] ,imh(1 f ,%>p4 8,) a high] p[] ! tube ( ea* funnel is cle>ly visible z a ?9 canal :i* dilates rapidly into ! l>ge oval ap]ture on ! out] face ( ! *orion4 ,! n>r[ tube is sometimes fully z long z ! l>ge orifice4 ,! micropyl> p]=ations are all direct$ f ! g]m>ium to ! vag9al pole ( ! egg4 ,h5ce a l9e1 ! hypo!tical pa? ( ! sp]matozon1 drawn ?r\gh "o ( ^! oblique micropyles1 & cont9u$ into ! egg1 w\ld /rike ! equatorial plane4 ,! female pronucleus1 z we %all see fur!r on1 moves 9 ?is plane40 7,:eel]1 p4 #bhi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eja4--,micropyles3 a1 ( ,nepa c9]ea2 b1 ( ,locu/a viridissima2 c1 ( a bug 7,pyrrhocoris apt]us74--,f ,g]/ck]4 ,! micropyl> region is g5]ally1 at lea/ 9 ,or?opt]a & ,odonata1 cov]$ by a gelat9\s cap 7,figs4 #dii & #ejj1 gs71 :i* may =m a cov]+ membrane :i* ext5ds ov] a l>ge "p ( ! egg1 or may envelop ! entire out] surface4 ,9 "s cases micropyles are scatt]$ ov] ! entire surface ( ! egg1 b usually ! p]=ation is situat$ at ! end1 & is (t5 gu>d$ by rais$ processes1 ei!r "o or sev]al1 l bri/les1 or toad/ools1 etc41 ^! be+ especially *>act]i/ic ( ! eggs ( c]ta9 ,hemipt]a 7,nepa1 ,fig4 #eja1 a1 & ,ranatra71 or ! region is v>i\sly sculptur$1 z 9 ! eggs ( butt]flies4 ,9 ! micropyl> app>atus ( can?us ! papill h a di/9ct lum5 7,fig4 #dii71 or a *annel = ! +ress ( ! male filam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejb4--;,diagrammatic m$ian section ?r\gh egg ( ,musca 9 /age ( f]tilization 7incorporat+ ! figures ( ,h5k+ & ,blo*mann73 *1 *orion2 d1 dorsal2 v1 v5tral side ( ! egg2 dh1 yolk-membrane2 d1 nutritive yolk2 g1 gelat9\s cap ov] ! micropyle 7m72 ,k1 out] lay] ( plasma 7,keimhautbla/em72 p1 male & female pronucleus be=e copulation2 r1 directive body 7,ri*tungskrp]74--,aft] ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,ano!r use ( ! micropyl> app>atus notic$ by ,ay]s 9 ! egg ( ! tree-cricket is t x 8s]ves z a ?ick1 r\gh5$ plate1 aga9/ :i* ! insect may pu% :5 oviposit+1 )\t injury to ! egg1 & )\t dang] t ! ovipositor slips f its place40 ,9 ,*rysopa eggs ! micropyle =ms a conspicu\s button-l knob1 resembl+ ! f9ely mill$ head ( a c]ta9 k9d ( screw4 ,int]nal /ructure ( ! egg4--,! egg-cont5ts are surr\nd$ by an out] lay] ( protoplasm or =mative yolk1 :i* is sep>ate f ! inn] p>ts ( ! egg 7,fig4 #ejb1 d71 ! latt] be+ mo/ly compos$ ( ! nutritive yolk-elem5t4 ,! sup]ficial protoplasmic lay]1 call$ by ,weismann ,keimhautbla/em 7,k7 is1 9 a few cases1 aft]w>ds entirely lo/1 b 9 mo/ in/ances =ms a v ?9 lay] ( cle> protoplasm1 slight 9 ext5t comp>$ ) ! yolk-mass )94 ,! eggs ( insects are ri* 9 yolk1 only c]ta9 eggs1 su* z ^? ( ! ,aphides & ! egg p>asites 7,proctotrypid7 be+ poor 9 yolk4 ,! eggs ( het]ometabol\s insects h be5 said by ,brau] to conta9 relatively m yolk ?an ^? ( ! ,metabola1 p>ticul>ly ! ,dipt]a2 ?\gh1 z ,:eel] obs]ves1 ?is rule has "s exceptions1 ! eggs ( ! #ag-ye> ,cicada be+ v num]\s & small4 ,?is he ?9ks is a great] advantage to ! insect ?an ! production ( a few l>ge eggs1 8:5 we consid] ! extremely long p]iod ( l>val life & ! vicissitudes to :i* ! l>v may be subject$ dur+ all ?is "t40 8,simil>ly1 ,melo angu/icollis produces a l>ge numb] ( v small eggs1 :ile ! eggs ( ! small] beetles 7,doryphora1 e4g47 are mu* l>g]4 ,b ,melo is a p>asitic =m1 & probably only a few ( its _m (fspr+ ev] succe$ 9 ga9+ access to ! egg ( ! bee40 ,9 ! eggs ( ,*rysopa ! yolk-granules are rem>kably small1 s t ! primitive b& is 9 /rong contra/ to ! yolk 9 color & d5sity4 ,:5 cru%$1 ! yolk does n fl[ out z a liquid1 b 9 a pa/y mass1 & we h que/ion$ :e!r1 z 9 ! eggs ( ,limulus1 ^: yolk is solid ) f9e granules1 ! d5s5ess ( ! yolk is n connect$ 9 ! way ( cause & effect ) _! expos$ situation4 ,! c5tral or yolk-mass 7,fig4 #ejb1 d7 consi/s *iefly ( r\nd$ masses ( yolk1 ) fat-globules1 betwe5 :i* ext5ds a f9e network ( protoplasm4 ,! elem5ts ( ! yolk are sph]ical & /rongly refractive1 by pressure becom+ polygonal /ructureless homog5e\s bodies4 ,! g]m9al vesicle ( ! ripe insect-egg lies 9 ! c5tre ( ! yolk1 :]e x appe>s z a l>ge vesicle-l cell-nucleus conta9+ a few *romat9 elem5ts4 b4 ,maturation or rip5+ ( ! egg ,be=e ! eggs ( animals c be f]tiliz$1 !y require 9 "s obs]v$ cases1 & probably 9 animals 9 g5]al1 to und]go a s]ies ( *anges1 :i*1 z obs]v$ 9 ! />fi%1 etc41 consi/s 9 ! replacem5t ( ! g]m9al vesicle by a v mu* small] egg-nucleus1 & also at ! same "t ! con/ruction at "o pole ( ! egg ( ! directive or pol> bodies 7,fig4 #ejb1 r74 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! rip5+ process ( ! insect egg ?is vesicle1 accord+ to ,blo*mann1 passes to ! dorsal surface ( ! egg1 & is trans=m$ into ! directive sp9dles 7,ri*tungsp9del74 c4 ,f]tilization ( ! egg ,! egg next requires ! p5etration & admission into ! yolk-int]ior ( a sp]matozon4 ,?is process is ess5tially 9 insects1 z 9 o!r animals1 ! fusion ( ! sp]m-nucleus ) ! nucleus ( ! egg4 ,"u normal conditions b a s+le sp]matozon is requir$ = f]tilization4 ,z %[n by ,h]twig1 9 ! sea-ur*91 aft] ! sp]matozon has p5etrat$ into ! egg1 ! head1 & ! small r\nd$ body1 call$ a c5trosome1 c /ill be recogniz$1 b ! tail becomes fus$ ) ! yolk ( ! egg4 ,9 ! protoplasm ( ! egg 7call$ cytoplasm7 ! a*romatic end ( ! sp]m-nucleus gives rise to conspicu\s rays1 l ^? obs]v$ 9 ord9>y cell-division4 ,prec$$ by ^! rays1 ! sp]m-nucleus or male pronucleus 7,fig4 #ejb1 p7 moves t[>ds ! nucleus ( ! egg1 & f9ally fuses ) x1 ?us =m+ a new s+le nucleus4 ,?is latt]1 :i* is call$ 8! cleavage nucleus10 rapidly =ms a nucle> or 8cleavage sp9dle0 7,fig4 #ejc74 ,?is act gives an impulse to ! cleavage ( ! egg1 :i* is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! =mation ( ! embryo4 ,all ^! *anges h yet to be work$ out 9 detail 9 insects by microscopic sections ( ! egg1 ^: g5]ally h>d & opaque egg-%ells pres5t great ob/acles to su* "w4 d4 ,division & =mation ( ! bla/od]m#hj ,9 insects z 9 mo/ o!r ,ar?ropoda ! segm5tation ( ! yolk is sup]ficial & n total4 ,! ovum is c5trolici?al1 i4e4 ! yolk is conc5trat$ at ! c5tre ( ! egg1 & surr\nd$ by a p]iph]al lay] ( transp>5t protoplasm 7! ,keimhautbla/em74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejd4--;,=mation ( ! bla/od]m ( ,pi]is cratgi3 ,a1 longitud9al section ?r\gh ! egg1 ) two masses ( protoplasm 9 ! yolk4 ,b1 a bla/od]m-cell at ! upp] end4 ,c1 a lat] /age1 ) m bla/od]m-cells4--,aft] ,bobretsky4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 segm5tation is ! movem5t ( ! fir/ division-nucleus 7i4e4 t 9 ! f]tiliz$ egg aris+ f ! union ( ! sp]m-nucleus ) ! female pronucleus7 t[>ds ! int]ior ( ! egg 9 ord] to multiply itself by ! mode ( indirect nucle> division 7,figs4 #ejd1 ,a1 & #ejg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eje4--;,embryology ( ! mole-cricket3 #a1 egg 9 :i* ! amboid nuclei 7abc7 are mov+ t[>d ! surface2 #b1 egg 9 :i* ! nuclei 7abc7 h rea*$ ! surface1 & %[ an active nucleus-=mation2 #c1 ! bla/od]m-cells h no nucleus1 & are plac$ at equal di/ances ap>t2 #d1 ! bla/od]m-cells n[ =m+ a cont9u\s lay]2 #e1 cross-section ( ! egg ) bla/od]mic disk1 also %[+ ! disposition ( ! endod]mal cells2 #f1 cross-section ( ! bla/od]mic disk1 ) ! myobla/ cells 7mb7 already =m$2 #g1 cross-section ?r\gh ! ?orax ( ! embryo1 ! body-cavity ext5d$ into ! limbs4 ,,lett]+4 abc1 amboid bla/od]mic cells4 bc1 bla/od]m-cells4 bl1 bla/od]m4 en1 endod]mal cells4 ,m1 cavity ( ! myobla/4 mb1 myobla/ cells4 ,n1 n]ve-furr[4 ,p1 primitive groove4 pd1 primitive disk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eje conclud$4--,lat] /ages 9 ! embryology ( ! mole-cricket3 #h1 longitud9al section ( ! embryo2 ! yolk-pyramids 7yp7 =m a common inn] yolk-mass 7y74 #i1 section ?r\gh ! he>t2 ,h1 cavity ( ! he>t2 ! two halves ( ! he>t-s9uses hav+ unit$ dorsally1 v5trally !y are /ill op5 & are b\nd$ by ! walls ( ! mes5t]on4 #aj1 cross-section ( an embryo1 %[+ ! blood-lacun sep>at$ on ! back by ! dorsal organ 7d72 ! inte/9al fasciat$ lay] 7,d>mfas]blatt7 has n completely enclos$ ! yolk4 #aa1 embryo completely segm5t$1 ) ! rudim5ts ( ! app5dages1 labrum 7lab71 & n]v\s ganglia 7pc-ng74 #ab1 a m advanc$ embryo1 %[+ ! /omodum 7/7 indicat$ z a frontal protub]ance4 #ac1 section ?r\gh ! rec5tly hat*$ l>va1 %[+ ! cells ( ! mes5t]on or *yle-/oma*1 & ! cellul> lay] on ! front surface1 also ! prov5triculus or crop4 ,,lett]+4 ant1 ant5na4 ar1 art]ial s9us4 bl1 bla/od]m4 bla1 abdom9al vesicles4 cr1 prov5triculus1 or crop4 dm1 v5tral diaphragm4 d1 dorsal organ4 d pm1 dorsal diaphragm4 ent1 ent]ic lay]4 f1 fat-body4 g1 v5tral ganglion4 ,h1 ht1 he>t4 l1 lacuna4 m1 m\?4 md1 m&ible4 m4en1 mes5t]on4 mx1 #a/ maxilla4 mx1 labium1 or #b;d maxilla4 ml1 leaf-l portion ( mes5t]on4 oe1 sophagus4 pc1 proc]ebrum4 pm1 proctodum4 sg1 subsophageal ganglion4 sm1 /omodum4 tg1 ?oracic ganglion4 vm1 v5tral muscle4 y1 yolk4 yp1 yolk-pyramids4 ,i1 #a/ pair ( feet4 ,,ii1 #b;d pair ( feet4 ,,iii1 #c;d pair ( feet4 --,aft] ,korotneff4 ,! orig9 ( num]\s division-nuclei z ! (fspr+ ( ! fir/ has be5 obs]v$ to take place 9 ! eggs ( ^? insects 7,aphides1 ,cecidomyia1 & ,cynips7 :i* h a slight am\nt ( yolk4 ,yet 9 ! l>ge1 ord9>y eggs ( insects ) an abundance ( yolk !re is no d\bt1 say ,kors*elt & ,heid]1 t ^! num]\s division-nuclei1 :i* soon aft] ! process ( oviposition are scatt]$ )9 ! egg betwe5 ! yolk-sph]es1 & are envelop$ by a />-%ap$ protoplasmic lay]1 & :i* con/itute ! =mative elem5ts ( ! bla/od]m1--!re is no d\bt b t !y h practically aris5 ?r\gh indirect nucle> division f ! fir/ division-nucleus4 ,! process ( =mation ( ! bla/od]m 9 ord9>y eggs ) abundant yolk 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,bobretsky 9 ! eggs ( a mo? 7,por!sia7 & ,pi]is1 also by ,grab]1 & m rec5tly by ,blo*mann 9 ,musca1 & by ,heid] 9 ,hydrophilus4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /age obs]v$ by ,bobretsky !re fir/ appe> aft] f]tilization a few 7! smalle/ numb] f\r7 cell-l1 m9ute amboid masses ( protoplasm1 ea* ) a di/9ct nucleus4 ,a few 7"o at lea/7 ( ^! bodies gradually pass out ( ! c5tre ( ! yolk to ! surface ( ! egg 7,fig4 #ejd1 ,a1 n71 ^! becom+ l>g] & r\nd]1 & f "o or two ( ^! nuclei 7,b1 bc7 ! bla/od]m orig9ates 7,c1 bl74 ,^? nuclei rema9+ 9 ! yolk increase 9 numb] & aft]w>ds become ! nuclei ( r\nd$ masses ( yolk-granules1 =m+ ! s-call$ yolk-sph]es :i* ,bobretsky reg>ds z true cells4 ,to ! few bla/od]m cells situat$ on ! upp] end ( ! egg are add$ o!rs :i* cont9ue to pass f ! yolk to ! p]iph]y1 & !n ! bla/od]m spreads out f>!r & f>!r f ! upp] end ( ! egg until f9ally x cov]s or envelops ! :ole yolk4 ,?is lay] ( cells is call$ ! bla/od]m4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! primitive amboid cells1 ,bobretsky is 9 d\bt1 b is dispos$ to ?9k t !y are ! result ( ! subdivision ( ! g]m9ative vesicle or nucleus ( ! ov>ian egg-cell4 ,9 ?is connection may be quot$ ! obs]vations ( ,grab]1 :o /ates t an exam9ation ( ! ov>ian cell at an e>ly p]iod has reveal$ ! pres5ce1 9 ! c5tre ( ! yolk1 ( a numb] ( amboid cells1 :i* appe> to h be5 =m$ by ! division ( ! g]m9al vesicle4 ,^! 8prim>y embryonic cells0 h a relatively l>ge nucleus & a numb] ( nucleoli4 ,sev]al may be se5 to unite ) "o ano!r by means ( _! pseudopodia1 & !y may also be obs]v$ to und]go division4 ,) ?is acc\nt may be comp>$ ! results obta9$ by ,korotneff 9 8 "w on ! embryology ( ! mole-cricket 7,fig4 #eje74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejf4--;,f\r successive /ages 9 ! =mation ( ! bla/od]m ( ,calliphora vomitoria 7! figures repres5t segm5ts ( cross-sections ?r\gh ! fly's egg73 ,a1 ! nuclei ( ! division-cells h arrang$ !mselves p>allel ) ! out] surface ( ! egg4 ,b1 ! division-cells fus$ ) ! 8keimhautbla/em40 ,c1 ! out] surface becomes furr[$ by ind5tations2 all ! nuclei ( ! bla/od]m-cells 9 process ( division4 ,d1 ! bla/od]m-cells =m a high cyl9d]-epi!lium3 b1 8keimhautbla/em02 bz1 bla/od]m-cells2 d1 nutritive yolk2 dz1 yolk-cell2 fz1 s-call$ division-cell2 i1 inn] 8keimhautbla/em40--,aft] ,blo*mann1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! result ( ^! & ( lat] obs]vations1 especially ^? ( ,blo*mann on ,musca1 & ^? ( ,heid] on ,hydrophilus1 %[ t ! division-nuclei lie ne> ! c5tre ( ! egg1 along ! longitud9al axis 7,fig4 #ejg1 ,a74 ,ea* ( ^! nuclei is envelop$ by a />-%ap$ mass ( protoplasm1 & on ! :ole resembles a w&]+ amboid cell4 ,^! isolat$ masses ( protoplasm are all connect$ by a f9e network ( rays1 :i* unite to =m )9 ! yolk a syncytium4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 ! lat] /ages1 ^! division-cells1 z !y may be1 ?\gh some:at incorrectly1 reg>d$1 move ne>] ! p]iph]y & arrange !mselves into a plane p>allel ) ! surface 7,figs4 #ejf1 ,a1 #ejg1 ,b74 ,cont9u+ to divide1 !y rea* ! surface & fuse ) ! p]iph]al protoplasmic lay] 7,figs4 #ejf1 ,b1 #ejg1 ,c74 ,!n foll[s ! division into s+le cell-t]ritories 7,figs4 #ejf1 ,b1 #ejg1 ,c71 correspond+ to ! division-nuclei1 ?r\gh ! appe>ance ( furr[s :i* pass 9 f ! out] surfaces ( ! egg into ! int]ior & gradually p5etrate ! entire 8keimhautbla/em40 ,9 ?is way ! surface ( ! egg is cov]$ ) an epi!lium 7bla/od]m74 ,9 _m insects ! s-call$ inn] 8keimhautbla/em0 7,fig4 #ejf1 ,d1 i7 is =m$ by ! sep>ation ( a lay] ( protoplasm :i* conta9s l>g] granules & are accumulat$ betwe5 ! bla/od]m & ! upp] surface ( ! c5tral nutritive yolk-mass4 ,by ! addition ( ?is plasmic lay] ! cells ( ! bla/od]m increase 9 height1 & n[ =m a cubical or cyl9d] epi!lium1 :i* cont9u\sly envelops ! surface ( ! egg4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 e4 ,=mation ( ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! embryo1 & ( ! embryonic membranes ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejg4--;,=mation ( ! bla/od]m 9 ,hydrophilus3 b1 complet$ bla/od]m2 d1 yolk2 f1 s-call$ division-cells2 k1 8keimhautbla/em02 z1 yolk-cells4--,aft] ,heid]1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! embryo fir/ arises z a :iti% /reak or b&-l ?ick5+ on ! v5tral side ( ! egg1 & is v>i\sly call$ ! 8primitive /reak10 8primitive b&10 8g]m9al b&10 or 8embryonal /reak40 ,9 mo/ cases ! primitive b& is divid$ at regul> int]vals by transv]se furr[s1 indicat+ ! limits ( :at are to be ! body segm5ts4 ,cross-sections 7,fig4 #eji7 %[ t ! b& is compos$ ( sev]al lay]s1 i4e4 an out] lay] 7ectod]m7 & an inn] lay] :i* comprises ! endod]m & mesod]m1 & s long z ^! two lay]s are n %>ply diff]5tiat$ f "o ano!r1 ?is second lay] may be call$1 ) ,k[alevsky1 8! inn] l[] lay]1 or ento-mesod]m0 7,figs4 #ejh1 #eji1 ,b1 ,c1 u74 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( insects1 only r>ely occurr+ 9 o!r ar?ropods 7e4g4 ! scorpion71 t ! primitive /reak is n situat$ on ! surface ( ! egg1 b becomes ov]gr[n by a fold$ /ructure 7,fig4 #ejh1 af7 ris+ f its edges1 ! amnion-fold1 s t x appe>s some:at depress$ or sunk5 9 "u ! upp] surface ( ! yolk4 ,:ile ! amnion-folds are ext5d+ f all sides ov] ! primitive b&1 !re becomes =m$ "u x1 by ! invag9ation ( ! out] surface ( ! egg1 a cavity1 ! amnion-cavity 7ah71 :i*1 :5 ! amnion-fold has completely ov]gr[n ! primitive b& & unit$ toge!r 7,fig4 #eji1 ,c71 appe>s completely clos$ f )\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejh4--,two s*ematic m$ian sections ?r\gh an insect-embryo to repres5t ! developm5t ( ! embryonal membranes4 ,9 ,a ! primitive /reak is n :olly ov]gr[n by ! amnion-fold4 ,9 ,b ! amnion-folds h unit$ ) ea* o!r & completely ov]gr[n ! primitive /reak3 a1 =e1 b1 h9d1 egg-pole2 v1 v5tral side2 d1 dorsal side2 af1 amnion-folds2 ah1 amnion-cavity2 am1 amnion2 d1 yolk2 ec1 ectod]m2 k1 head-end1 k1 h9d]-end1 ( ! primitive /reak2 s1 ! "p ( ! s]osa aris+ f ! amnion-fold2 s1 ! "p ( ! s]osa aris+ f ! unalt]$ bla/od]m2 u1 l[] lay]4--,aft] ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,=mation ( ! embryonic membranes4--,! amnion-folds f9ally completely ov]gr[ ! primitive b& 7,fig4 #eji1 ,b & ,c71 & =m ! embryonal membranes4 ,! primitive b& is se5 aft] its completion to be ov]gr[n by a d\ble cellul> epi!lial membrane4 ,! out] ( ^! two membranes1 t :i* arises f ! out] leaf or lay] ( ! amnion-fold1 is ! s]osa 7,figs4 #ejh1 ,b2 #eji1 ,c1 s2 #eaj74 ,?is passes cont9u\sly into ! un*ang$ "p ( ! bla/od]m1 :i* has no "p 9 ! =mation ( ! primitive b& & g]m-lay]s1 & :i* cov]s ! out] surface ( ! yolk4 ,?us ! s]osa1 :i* is usually held to include ?is portion also ( ! bla/od]m1 =ms a clos$ sac :i* cov]s ! :ole surface ( ! egg1 ) "o "p ext5d+ ov] ! surface ( ! yolk1 & ! o!r ov] ! primitive b& 7,fig4 #eaj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eji4--;,diagrammatic cross-section ?r\gh ?ree successive /ages ( ! primitive /reak1 & gr[+ embryonal membranes ( insect-embryos4 ,a1 =mation ( ! v5tral plate & ( ! ga/rula invag9ation 7g74 ,b1 upw>d gr[? ( ! amnion-folds 7af74 ,c1 complete ov]gr[? ( ! primitive b& ?r\gh ! amnion-folds3 v1 v5tral side2 d1 dorsal side2 af1 amnion-folds2 ah1 amnion-cavity2 am1 amnion2 bl1 bla/od]m2 bp1 v5tral plate2 d1 yolk2 ec1 ectod]m2 s1 s]osa2 u1 "u or inn] lay]4--,aft] ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! inn] ( ! two lay]s1 call$ ! amnion 7,fig4 #eji1 am71 is m closely connect$ ) ! embryo4 ,! amnion & ectod]m ( ! primitive b& toge!r =m a completely clos$ sac1 ^: lum5 =ms ! amniotic cavity4 ,orig9ally connect$ ) ! s]\s membrane1 x splits (f f ! primitive b& ab\t ! "t ! app5dages beg9 to bud out1 & cont9ues to closely envelop ! body & app5dages1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #eji4 ,bo? ( ^! membranes are1 be=e ! "t ( hat*+1 ei!r absorb$1 or1 z 9 ,lepidopt]a1 reta9$4 ,! amnion is reta9$ until aft] hat*+ 9 ! locu/1 etc4 ,9 c]ta9 ,coleopt]a ! s]osa is reta9$1 & ! amnion is absorb$ 7,fig4 #ecb71 :ile 9 ,*ironomus & ! ,tri*opt]a ! s]osa is absorb$1 & ! amnion reta9$1 ) ! egg-%ell or *orion4 ,h5ce we h eight lay]s 9 ! w+$ insects#ha dur+ embryonic life3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eaj4--,surface view ( fre% s]osa f an can?us1 treat$ ) acetic c>m9e2 ! bla/od]m completely =m$1 #ejj3 p1 pol> body2 rf1 radiat+ fibres2 nls1 nucle> sub/ance2 nlm1 nucle> membrane4--,aft] ,ay]s4 #a4 ,exo*orion4 7,rema9s ( ! epi!lium ( ! ov>ian follicle47 #b4 ,*orion4 7,egg-%ell or cuticle secret$ 9 ! ov>ian follicle47 #c4 ,vitell9e membrane4 7,prim>y egg-membrane4 ,yolk-sk9 or membrane47 #d4 ,s]\s or out] g]m-membrane4 7,s]osa47 #e4 ,amnion or inn] g]m-membrane4 ,d]iv$ f ! bla/od]m4 #f4 ,ectod]m4 #g4 ,mesod]m4 ,embryo4 #h4 ,endod]m4 ,9 ! embryo ( ,xiphidium & ,or*elimum ,:eel] has f\nd & describ$ ) mu* detail a membran\s /ructure :i* he calls ! indusium4 8,! organ10 he says1 8appe>s to h be5 reta9$ by ! ,locu/id1 & completely lo/ by ! embryos ( o!r w+$ insects40 ,x arises 9 ,xiphidium1 z a simple circul> ?ick5+ ( ! bla/od]m1 betwe5 & a little 9 front ( ! procephalic lobes 7,figs4 #eaa1 #eab1 ,a-,e71 & aft]w>ds spreads ov] ne>ly ! :ole surface ( ! egg1 leav+ ! poles uncov]$1 z 9 ,fig4 #eac1 :]e x is divid$ into two fur!r membranes1 ! inn] & out] indusium1 ! =m] ly+ 9 contact ) ! amnion4 ,aft] ?is ! s]osa 8is exclud$ f tak+ any "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! embryo2 bo? its position & function are n[ usurp$ by ! inn] indusium40 ,h5ce 9 an egg ( ! ,locu/id ,:eel] di/+ui%es1 pass+ f )9 outw>d 9 a m$ian transv]se section ( ! egg1 ! foll[+ envelopes3 #a4 ,! *orion4 #b4 ,! bla/od]m-sk9-l cuticle secret$ by ! s]osa4 #c4 ,! s]osa4 #d4 ,! out] indusium4 #e4 ,a lay] ( d>k granul> secretion 7probably "s urate74 #f4 ,! cuticle secret$ by ! inn] indusium4 #g4 ,! inn] indusium4 #h4 ,! amnion4 ,:ile envelopes #a-g inve/ ! :ole egg2 lay] #h1 ! amnion1 cov]s only ! embryo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eaa4--;,diagrams illu/rat+ ! movem5ts & envelopes ( ! embryo ( ,xiphidium3 ,a1 aft] ! closure ( ! amnios]osal folds4 ,b1 dur+ ! embryo's passage to ! dorsal surface4 ,c1 j aft] ! /raight5+ ( ! embryo on ! dorsal surface2 ind1 indusium aft]w>ds =m+ ind#a1 ! inn]1 & ind#b1 ! out] indusium2 *1 *orion2 sr1 s]osa2 am1 amnion2 gb1 g]m-b&2 v1 yolk2 bl4 c1 bla/od]m membrane4 ,:eel] fur!r sugge/s t ! s-call$ micropyle ( ! ,collembola 7,anurida71 :i* has be5 homologiz$ ) ! 8dorsal organ0 ( ,cru/acea1 is a possible homologue ( ! indusium1 z also ! 8primitive cumulus0 ( spid]s1 & ! 8facette0 or 8c]vical cross0 ( ,p5ta/omids describ$ by ,leuck>t & also by ,/iles4 ,! ga/rula /age4--,! primitive b& invag9ates s z to give ! opportunity = ! =mation ( ! inn] lay]4 ,?is invag9ation1 :i* at a c]ta9 /age is e/abli%$ along ! :ole l5g? ( ! primitive b&1 =ms a m$ian furr[ & may be reg>d$ z ! ga/rula-invag9ation ( insects4 ,! l[] 7inn]7 lay] ?us aris+ aft]w>ds spreads out "u ! entire primitive b& 7,fig4 #eji1 ,b & ,c71 ! edges ( :i* become bord]$ by ! gr[+ amnion-fold4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,9 c]ta9 =ms ! primitive b& arises f sev]al sep>ate rudim5ts :i* aft]w>ds unite4 ,?us 9 ,musca & ,hydrophilus ! ant]ior & po/]ior ends develop fir/1 & 9 ,hydrophilus ! procephalic lobes orig9ate indep5d5tly ( ! re/ ( ! b&4 ,9 ! ,aphides1 also1 accord+ to ,w1 ^! lobes arise indep5d5tly1 aft]w>ds unit+ ) ! primitive b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eab4--;,diagrams illu/rat+ ! movem5ts & envelopes ( ! embryo ( ,xiphidium3 ,d1 ! /age ( ! %ort5$ embryo on ! ! dorsal yolk4 ,e1 embryo return+ to ! v5tral surface4 ,f1 embryo ne>ly ready to hat*2 *1 *orion2 b4 lc1 bla/od]m membrane2 sr1 s]osa2 ind#a1 out] indusium2 ind#b1 inn] indusium2 ind#b am1 inn] indusium & amnion fus$2 am1 amnion2 ind#a c1 cuticle ( ! inn] indusium2 ind#b s1 granul> secretion ( ! inn] indusium2 am4 s1 amniotic secretion2 v1 yolk2 cl1 columella2 gb1 primitive b&4 ,division ( ! embryo or primitive b& into body-segm5ts4--,mean:ile ! primitive b& gr[s at ! exp5se ( ! yolk1 spread+ out m & m ov] its surface1 until 9 c]ta9 cases 7,coleopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 ,siphonapt]a1 & ,tri*opt]a7 x lies l a broad ribbon ov] ! yolk1 s t ! two ends ne>ly meet on ! dorsal side4 ,by ?is "t x becomes divid$ by transv]sely impress$ l9es into segm5ts1 :i* correspond to ^? ( ! l>va & adult4 ,! fir/ ( ^! segm5ts is divid$ into two broad & fl>+ flaps1 :i* are call$ ! procephalic lobes4 ,x becomes ! ant5nal segm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eac4--,two /ages 9 ! spread+ ( ! indusium4 ,a1 lat]al view ( egg j aft] ! arrival ( ! embryo on ! dorsal yolk4 ,b1 lat]al view ( ! egg ) ! indusium ne>ly rea*+ ! poles4 ,c1 same egg se5 f ! dorsal surface4 ,! m\? 7/omodum7 n[ develops1 & is situat$ at ! ant]ior1#hb & ! rectum 7proctodum17 at ! po/]ior pole1 or end ( ! primitive b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ead4--,m$ian section ( ! egg ( ,anurida m>itima3 d1 8micropyle02 bld1 bla/od]m4--,?is & ,figs4 #eaa-eac1 aft] ,:eel]4 ,9 ,blatta1 ,hydrophilus1 ! ,tri*opt]a1 & ! ,lepidopt]a ! h9d]mo/ "p ( ! primitive b& is turn$ 9 v5trally 7,figs4 #ecd1 ,c74 ,! prec$+ acc\nt ( ! relations ( ! primitive b& to ! yolk does n apply to all insects1 s9ce !re are v>iations :i* appe> to dep5d on ! =m ( ! egg1 & on ! am\nt & di/ribution ( ! yolk-masses4 ,9 c]ta9 ,coleopt]a1 ! primitive b& s9ks d[n & ?us becomes imm]s$ into ! yolk4 ,9 ,donacia 7,kllik] & ,melnik[7 & ,hydrophilus 7,heid]71 & 9 ! ,*rysomelid & ,attelabus1 a weevil1 z we h obs]v$1 ! primitive b& re/s on ! outside ( ! yolk1 b 9 ,telephorus frax9i x is imm]s$4 ,9 ! ,hemipt]a x is imm]s$ 7,fig4 #eaf71 b !re is mu* v>iation 9 ?is respect1 ! degree ( imm]sion be+ mo/ m>k$ 9 ! ,coccid 7,aspidiotus71 & lea/ s 9 ,corixa4 ,besides ! position ( ! primitive b&1 !re are 9 ,odonata & ,hemipt]a diff]5ces 9 ! orig9 ( ! primitive b& itself & ( ! embryonic membranes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eae4--,v5tral view ( five developm5tal /ages ( ,hydrophilus3 a & b1 places at :i* ! bla/opore contracts2 af1 edge ( ! amnion-fold2 af1 caudal fold2 af1 pair$ head-fold ( ! amnion2 an1 ant5na2 es1 la/ segm5t2 g1 pit-l invag9ation 7fir/ indication ( ! amniotic cavity72 k1 head-lobes2 r1 furr[-l invag9ation2 s1 portion ( ! primitive /reak cov]$ by ! amnion4--,aft] ,heid]1 f ,lang4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eaf4--;,embryo ( ! l\se3 am1 s]osa2 db1 amnion2 z1 ant5na2 vk1 clypeus4--,aft] ,melnik[4 ,kors*elt & ,heid] divide ! e>ly embryo ( insects into two types3 #a4 ,into ^? ) a sup]ficial primitive b&2 viz41 :]e !re is no passage ( yolk-elem5ts into ! space betwe5 ! amnion & s]osa4 ,! primitive b& has 9 su* cases a relatively sup]ficial position 7,figs4 #ejh1 #eji1 #eba1 #ece74 ,examples are c]ta9 ,or?opt]a 7,blatta1 can?us1 ,mantis1 ,gryllotalpa71 also c]ta9 ,hemipt]a 7,corixa71 c]ta9 ,coleopt]a1 & ! ,tri*opt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a4 #b4 ,into ^? ) an imm]s$ primitive b&1 ) ! space betwe5 ! s]osa & amnion fill$ ) yolk 7,figs4 #eag1 #eah1 #ecd74 ,examples are ! or?opt]\s ,/5obo?rus1 ,odonata1 _m ,hemipt]a 7! ,p$icul9a & ,pyrrhocoris71 ! ,coleopt]a already m5tion$1 & ,lepidopt]a4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ^! diff]5ces are ( little phylog5etic or taxonomic value1 s9ce g5]a ( ! same ord]1 notably ! ,coleopt]a1 diff] z to ! position ( ! primitive b&1 s also two ord]s s ne>ly alli$ z ! ,tri*opt]a & ,lepidopt]a4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! invag9at$ & ov]gr[n primitive b&4--,9 respect to ! mode ( orig9 ( ! primitive b& & its relative position1 !re are two opposite types1 ?\gh connect$ by transitional =ms4 ,9 ! "o case ! primitive b&1 i4e4 its v5tral portion1 ! 8v5tral plate0 7,fig4 #eah1 b1 p7 is pu%$ 9 or invag9at$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! egg2 9 ! o!r case x becomes ov]gr[n by ! folds ( ! amnion aris+ f its edges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eag4--,primitive /reak ( a lepidopt] 9 cross-section3 ah1 amniotic cavity2 am1 amnion2 c1 clomic cavity2 d1 nutritive yolk1 divid$ into s+le nucleat$ masses2 ec1 ectod]m2 m1 mesod]m2 pr1 primitive ?ick5+s ( ! v5tral n]v\s cord2 s1 s]osa4--,comb9$ figure aft] ^? ( ,brobretsky & ,hats*ek1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eah4--;,five diagrammatic m$ian sections repres5t+ ! gr[? ( a dragon-fly 7,calopt]yx74 ,a-,c1 developm5t ( ! primitive /reak 7k1 k7 by invag9ation4 ,d1 ! amnion-fold 7af71 gr[+ ov] ! head-end ( ! primitive /reak4 ,e1 clos+ ( ! op5+ ( ! amnion-cavity 7ah73 v1 v5tral1 d1 dorsal side2 a1 =e1 b1 h9d end ( egg2 bl1 bla/od]m2 bp1 v5tral plate2 d1 yolk2 k1 head-end1 k1 caudal end1 ( ! primitive /reak2 kh1 g]m9al ?ick5+ or initial po9t ( invag9ation2 s1 s]osa4--,aft] ,br&t1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,9 insects ) an ov]gr[n primitive b&1 ! b& at ! beg9n+ is g5]ally %ort & always situat$ on ! v5tral side ( ! egg1 ) ! head-end look+ =w>d1 & rema9s 9 ?is position ?r\gh\t embryonic life4 ,!re is no revolution ( ! embryo4 ,! embryonal membranes arise ?r\gh ! =mation ( folds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eai4--,?ree embryonic /ages ( ,calopt]yx3 am1 amnion2 g1 edge ( ! v5tral plate2 ps1 g]m ( primitive b&2 se1 s]osa4--,aft] ,br&t1 f ,balf\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebj4--,?ree f>!r /ages ( gr[? ( ,calopt]yx4 ,b & ,c %[ ! inv]sion ( ! embryo3 a1 op5+ ( ! amniotic-cavity1 out ( :i* ! embryo em]ges2 ab1 abdom52 am1 amnion2 at1 ant5na2 md1 m&ible2 mx#a1 mx#b1 #a/ & #b;d maxill2 1 sophagus2 p#a1 p#b1 p#c1 legs2 se1 s]osa2 v1 ant]ior end ( ! primitive /reak4--,aft] ,br&t1 f ,balf\r4 ,9 insects ) an invag9at$ primitive b&1 ( :i* ! ,odonata af=d examples1 ! fir/ rudim5t ( ! primitive b& is 9 ! =m ( a v5tral plate ( slight ext5t pass+ v5trally 9 ! h9d] half ( ! egg1 9 ^: po/]ior section a process ( invag9ation 7,fig4 #eah1 ,a1 kh71 soon occurs4 ,! cavity ( ?is invag9ation is ! fir/ indication ( ! amnion-cavity 7,fig4 #eah1 ,b1 ah71 :ile its wall 9 its ?ick5$ v5tral "p 7,k7 is conc]n$ 9 ! =mation ( ! primitive b&1 &1 9 its dorsal ?9 "p1 9 ! =mation ( ! amnion 7,b1 ,c1 am74 ,revolution ( ! embryo :]e ! primitive b& is invag9at$4--,at fir/ ! head-end ( ! embryo is direct$ t[>ds ! po/]ior end ( ! egg1 z 9 dragon-flies 7,fig4 #eah74 ,also t surface ( ! primitive b& :i* aft]w>ds faces ! v5tral1 is at fir/ turn$ t[>ds ! dorsal side ( ! egg4 ,9 ord] to br+ ! primitive b& into ! lat] relations1 !re mu/ occur ! process ( revolution1 or turn+1 ( ! embryo4 ,! some:at advanc$ embryo ( ! ,odonata1 aft] ! appe>ance ( ! head & ?oracic app5dages1 und]goes a rotat+ motion ar\nd its transv]se axis1 & at ! same "t turns out ( ! amniotic cavity 7,fig4 #ebj1 ,b74 ,?is process is s manag$ t ne> ! head-region1 ! amnion & s]osa1 !re closely situat$ to ea* o!r1 are fus$ toge!r1 & at ?is place te> or bur/ op54 ,?r\gh ?is r5t 7a71 9 ! same place 9 :i* ! orig9al invag9ation-op5+ 0 situat$1 ! amniotic cavity aga9 op5s1 & ?r\gh ! op5+ ?us =m$ fir/ ! head & !n ! succe$+ segm5ts ( ! primitive b& 7,fig4 #ebj1 ,b7 pass out1 & rema9 !re :ile ! head passes on to ! ant]ior pole ( ! egg on ! v5tral side1 ! embryo ?us assum+ a position l t ( o!r insects4 7,k[alevsky47 ,9 ! p>asitic ,hemipt]a 7,p$icul9a71 accord+ to ,melnik[1 ! op5+ 9 ! membranes ne> ! head rema9s p]man5t1 & ! embryo becomes ev]t$ ?r\gh x1 :ile ! yolk1 enclos$ 9 ! cont9u\s membrane =m$ by ! amnion & s]\s membrane1 =ms a yolk-sac on ! dorsal surface4 ,! same process occurs 9 ,mallophaga1 & also 9 can?us1 z describ$ by ,ay]s 7,fig4 #eba74 ,g5]ally z soon z ! embryo passes out ( ! amniotic cavity ! latt] soon becomes small] & f9ally completely disappe>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eba4--,revolution ( ! embryo ( can?us 7diagrammatic73 a1 =e1 b1 h9d end ( egg2 am1 amnion2 d1 dorsal1 v1 v5tral side ( egg2 k1 primitive /reak2 r1 dorsal plate 7orig9at+ by ! contraction ( ! s]osa 7s774--,aft] ,ay]s1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,z ! embryo gr[s1 & ! sides gr[ up & ! back closes ov]1 ! cont5ts ( ! yolk-sac are soon tak5 up & absorb$ 9 ! inte/9al cavity1 :i* communicates ) x4 ,9 ,phyllodromia1 accord+ to ,:eel]1 ! process ( revolution is 8hurri$ ?r\gh by ! embryo f ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? to ! end ( ! #ag? day40 ,sev]al successive /ages are repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ebb4 ,9 ! #ae? day ! embryo /ill occupies ! middle ( ! v5tral surface ( ! egg4 ,soon ! envelopes 7amnion & s]osa1 z7 rupture1 an irregul> slit be+ =m$1 & soon ! egg & embryo are z se5 9 ,fig4 #ebb1 ,b1 ! embryo /&+ out free f its envelopes on ! yolk1 & ! edges ( its dorsal gr[+ walls 7b7 are di/9ctly m>k$4 ,! tail n[ lies at ! caudal end ( ! egg 7,fig4 #ebb1 ,c74 ,by ! #ag? day ! walls h clos$ 9 ! m$ian dorsal l9e1 & ! embryo has gr[n 9 l5g? to su* an ext5t z to br+ its head to ! cephalic pole 7,fig4 #ebb1 ,e74 ,kors*elt & ,heid] consid]1 s9ce ! primitive b& ( ! *ilopod myriopods 7,geophilus7 is curv$ 9 at ! middle & s9ks into ! int]ior ( ! yolk1 t 9 insects ! invag9at$ primitive b& is ! ance/ral or primitive "o1 ! ov]gr[n primitive b& be+ d]iv$ f x4 ,! ov]gr[n primitive b& by its position may also be bett] insur$ aga9/ c]ta9 me*anical attacks1 p]haps also aga9/ ! dang] ( dry+ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebb4--;,embryo ( ,phyllodromia1 #ae days old2 revolution ab\t to beg94 ,! /ages 9 revolution are repres5t$1 aft] ! rupture ( ! amnion & s]osa1 9 ,a to ,e1 :i* are f embryos #af1 #af1 #af1 & #ag days old respectively3 z1 amnion & s]osa2 s1 edge ( s]osa2 b1 dorsal gr[+ body-wall2 d4o1 dorsal organ2 x1 cle> zone cov]$ ) scatt]$ amniotic nuclei4--,aft] ,:eel]4 f4 ,=mation ( ! ext]nal =m ( ! body ,orig9 ( ! body-segm5ts4--,z we h se51 ! fir/ traces ( segm5ts appe> v e>ly1 ! primitive b& be+ divid$ by sup]ficial transv]se furr[s into segm5ts4 ,?is segm5tation into ar?rom]es 7somites or metam]es7 c be obs]v$ 9 ,hydrophilus & ,*alicodoma at a "t :5 ga/rulation beg9s 7,figs4 #eae1 #ecf74 ,! segm5tation ext5ds n only across ! m$ian portion ( ! primitive b&1 ?r\gh ^: invag9ation ! inn] lay] 7endomesod]m7 results1 b also to ! lat]al portions :i* become a "p ( ! ectod]m ( ! primitive b&4 ,^! transv]se furr[s correspond to ?9n] places 9 ! epi!lium1 :i* 9 ?is /age =ms ! embryonal rudim5t4 ,x ?us happ5s t1 9 ! =ms nam$1 aft] ! end ( ga/rulation n only ! ectod]m1 b also ! endomesod]m1 is already segm5t$4 ,s e>ly an appe>ance ( segm5tation z t obs]v$ 9 ,hydrophilus & ,*alicodoma we mu/ reg>d z a falsification ( ! process ( developm5t due to het]o*rony4 ,we mu/ consid] ! conditions obs]v$ 9 o!r =ms z ! primitive ones1 9 :i* 7z1 = example1 9 ,l9a & 9 ,/5obo?rus1 accord+ to ,grab]7 ! ga/rulation & sep>ation ( ! ectod]m occurs 9 ! /ill unsegm5t$ primitive b&1 ! division into segm5ts occurr+ 9 lat] /ages 7,fig4 #ebd74 ,9 ^! =ms1 !n1 ! segm5tation affects ! invag9at$ endomesod]m1 z well z ! ectod]m4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]1 p4 #ghi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebc4--;,diagrammatic cross-section ?r\gh ?ree successive /ages ( ,gryllotalpa1 %[+ ! =mation ( ! he>t4 7,comp>e ,fig4 #eje47 ,! g]ms ( ! gl&ul> inte/9al lay] 7d>mdrs5blatt7 are omitt$4 ,a1 e>lie/ /age2 ! primitive /reak ext5ds f 99x to y994 ,! embryonal membranes are torn & press$ aga9/ ! back3 am1 edge ( ! r5t2 rp1 dorsal plate 7s]osa72 l1 lamella 7amnion turn$ up7 /&+ 9 connection ) ! ectod]m ( ! primitive /reak4 ,b1 second /age2 ! primitive /reak has completely gr[n ar\nd ! yolk2 ! dorsal organ is absorb$4 ,c1 ?ird /age1 dorsal portion2 ! =mation ( ! he>t is f9i%$3 am1 ve/ige ( ! amnion-fold2 bs1 blood-s9us2 dd1 rudim5t ( ! dorsal diaphragm2 dv1 v5tral diaphragm 7comp>e ,fig4 #eje72 d1 yolk2 dz1 yolk-cells2 ec1 ectod]m2 gr1 vascul> groove 7rudim5t ( ! he>t72 l1 lamella ( ! upturn$ amnion2 lh1 def9ite body-cavity2 m1 transv]se muscle2 n1 n]v\s cord2 r1 he>t2 rp1 dorsal plate2 sp1 splan*nic2 s1 somatic lay] ( ! mesod]m2 u1 primitive segm5tal cavity2 99x1 y991 lat]al t]m9ations ( ! primitive /reak4--,aft] ,korotneff1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,9 ! completely segm5t$ primitive b& may be di/+ui%$ two regions ( a peculi> appe>ance 7,figs4 #eae1 #ebg71 "o at ! ant]ior1 & ! o!r at ! h9d] end4 ,! ant]ior1 ! prim>y head-section1 conta9s ! m\?-op5+1 & is *>act]iz$ by its lat]al expansions1 or procephalic lobes4 ,! o!r section1 or po/]ior section1 ! s-call$ anal segm5t or telson1 conta9s ! anus4 ,betwe5 ! two sections lies ! segm5t$ prim>y trunk-segm5t1 :i* 9 insects consi/s ( #ag segm5ts4 ,( ^! ! ?ree mo/ ant]ior are ^? de/9$ to be> ! m&ibles & two pairs ( maxill2 ! ?ree foll[+ are ! ?oracic1 :i* are succe$$ by #aj abdom9al segm5ts1 besides ! #aa? or telson 7pygidium1 or suranal plate74 ,x is n[ g5]ally believ$ t !re are prim>ily elev5 abdom9al segm5ts1 :ile ,heymons has detect$ twelve 9 ! embryos ( ,blattids & ,=ficula 7see p4 #afb74 ,9 ! lat] /ages ( embryonic developm5t ! numb] ( abdom9al segm5ts is dim9i%$1 ! #aj? & #aa? abdom9al segm5ts becom+ fus$4 ,9 ,hydrophilus & ,l9a ?is is ! case1 b accord+ to ,grab]1 9 ! ,lepidopt]a !re is a fusion ( ! #i? & #aj? abdom9al segm5ts1 ! ll? rema9+ free4 ,accord+ to ,:eel]1 9 ,doryphora1 & also 9 ,*alicodoma 7,c>rire71 betwe5 ! prim>y head-region & ! m&ibul> segm5t is int]polat$ a rudim5t>y & transitory body-segm5t1 ! prem&ibul> segm5t4 ,accord+ to ,c>rire ?is segm5t corresponds to a rudim5t>y pair ( limbs1 & also to a ganglion1 :i* p>ticipates 9 ! =mation ( ! sophageal commissure 7see p4 #ea74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebd4--,?ree embryonic /ages ( a leaf-beetle 7,l9a73 ,a1 unsegm5t$ primitive /reak2 9 ,b & ,c ! segm5tation becomes di/9ct on ! l[] lay] 7u74 ,b1 ) ! g]ms ( ! gna?al segm5ts 7k-k71 & 9 ,c ! ?ree ?oracic segm5ts 7t'-t71 ) ! fir/ two abdom9al segm5ts 7a1 a73 bl1 bla/opore2 kl1 head-lobes2 ?1 ext5sion ( ! primitive /reak into ! ?oracic region4--,aft] ,grab]1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! procephalic lobes4--,! head-lobes1 or procephalic lobes1 appe> at a v e>ly p]iod 7,fig4 #ebd1 kl71 be=e any traces ( ! segm5ts ( ! trunk region4 ,ay]s has %[n t 9 can?us ! primitive b&1 9 its e>lie/ condition & be=e ! appe>ance ( ! head-lobes1 is a simple oval plate or almond-%ap$ ?ick5+ ne> ! po/]ior end ( ! egg 7,fig4 #ebe1 #a1 #b74 ,?is plate is 8soon divid$ into two tol]ably well-m>k$ regions by ! enl>gem5t ( ! head-end10 ! fir/ indication ( ! head-lobes 7#c74 ,a depression next =ms 9 :at is to be ! middle ( ! =ehead4 8,x indicates ! position ( ! future labrum1 & =ms ! inn] b\nd>ies ( ! two cephalic ganglia1 :i* are develop$ on ei!r side ( ?is depression at a mu* lat] /age40 ,almo/ simultane\sly ) ! appe>ance ( ?is depression1 two lat]al folds are =m$ 9 ! trunk portion ( ! b&1 :i* are ! fir/ indications ( ! maxill>y & ?oracic regions1 ! abdom9al portion n yet %[+ traces ( a division into segm5ts 7,fig4 #ebe1 #e74 ,! ?ick5$ out] edges ( ! head-fold next gradually gr[ 9 t[>ds ! m$ian l9e 7,fig4 #ebe1 #e71 & b5d =w>d t[>ds ! region ( ! future m\?4 ,! r\nd$ angle made by ! po/]ior end ( ! head-fold is ! fir/ indication ( ! ant5n4 ,! embryo is n[ compos$ ( f\r well-m>k$ regions3 cephalic1 maxill>y1 ?oracic1 & abdom9al4 ,! primitive b& !n gr[s mu* long]1 ! primitive m\? & anus appe>1 & ! app5dages bud out1 & ev5tually ! embryo revolves & appe>s on ! v5tral side ( ! egg 7,fig4 #ebe1 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebe4--;,e>ly /ages 9 ! embryology ( can?us niveus4 ,fig4 #a1 ! y\nge/ obs]v$ primitive b&1 ! s]osa n yet =m$2 #b1 longitud9al optic section 7diagrammatic7 ( ,fig4 #a2 #c1 ! primitive b& aft] ! appe>ance ( ! head-fold1 :i* is indicat$ at ?is "t by ! m rapid gr[? & consequ5t great] bread? ( ! l[] end ( embryo1 x #be2 #d1 a "y embryo aft] ! appe>ance ( ! primitive segm5t-folds1 x #ej2 #e1 a m advanc$ embryo1 ) ! ant5nal folds di/9ctly m>k$ (f2 ! free ends ( ! primitive folds h unit$ across ! embryo po/]ior to ! ant5nal folds1 x #ej2 #f1 v5tral view ( ! embryo ) ! app5dages budd+ out1 x #be 7! embryo 9 ?is /age lies dormant ?r\gh ! six cold] mon?s ( ! ye>73 am1 amnion2 m1 micropyl> end2 *1 *orion2 gb1 primitive b&2 bf1 bra9-fold2 yl1 yolk2 tf1 caudal fold2 kf1 head-fold 7procephalic lobe72 p4fd4t1 primitive ?oracic fold2 p4fd4m1 primitive maxill>y fold2 p4fd4a1 primitive abdom9al fold2 ab4c1 abdom9al con/riction2 t4c1 ?oracic con/riction2 at4l1 ant5nal lobe2 ,m1 mesod]m2 h4g1 head groove2 mo1 m\?2 sk invag9ation ( ectod]m to =m head-apodeme2 md1 rudim5t ( m&ible2 m#a1 #a/1 m#b1 #b;d maxilla2 ,t#a-,t#e1 legs3 ab4p1 #a/ abdom9al app5dage2 ap1 o!r app5dages2 tb1 caudal expansion2 mf m$ian furr[2 ,b1 primitive unpair$ organ 7meta/omum74--,aft] ,ay]s4 ,^! primitive regions ( ! primitive b&1 be=e ! segm5ts are =m$1 are call$ by ,grab] macrosomites1 & ! second>y segm5ts into :i* !y divide 7:i* aft]w>ds become ! body-segm5ts71 microsomites4 ,! macrosomites are peculi> to insects1 & may be an inh]itance f a hypo!tical ance/ral =m4 ,) ,kors*elt & ,heid]1 we %\ld h>dly %>e ?is view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebf4--,old] embryo ( can?us ) ! app5dages budd$ out1 ^? ( ! abdom5 di/9ct3 abp1 fir/ pair2 a4s1 anal /ylet2 pr1 proctodum2 am1 amnion4--,aft] ,ay]s4 ,our obs]vations on locu/s %[ cle>ly 7#a7 t ! procephalic lobes are ! pleural portion ( ! fir/ cephalic or ant5nal segm5t2 7#b7 t ! ant5na is an app5dage or outgr[? ( ! procephalic lobes2 7#c7 t ! eyes are a specializ$ gr\p ( epid]mal cells ( ! upp] "p ( ! procephalic lobes1 & are n homologues ( ! ant5n or ( ! app5dages 9 g5]al2 & 7#d7 x seems to foll[ f a /udy ( ! relations & mode ( developm5t ( ! clypeus & labrum1 t !y arise betwe5 ! procephalic lobes1 & probably repres5t ! t]gal "p ( ! ant5nal segm5t1 =m+ ! ro( ( ! m\?1 i4e4 clos+ 9 f above ! ph>ynx4 ,9 g5]al ! =mation ( ! body-segm5ts into ! primitive b& is 9 succession f be=e to ! h9d] end4 ,?is successive appe>ance has be5 obs]v$ by ,grab] 9 g5]a ( diff]5t ord]s 7,/5obo?rus1 ,l9a1 & ,hylotoma74 ,= example1 9 ! beetle ,l9a1 aft] ! appe>ance ( ! m&ibul> & two maxill>y segm5ts1 appe> ! ?ree ?oracic segm5ts1 toge!r ) ! two ant]ior abdom9al segm5ts1 ! o!r abdom9al segm5ts aris+ aft]w>ds4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! =mation ( segm5ts seems to be simultane\s along ! entire l5g? ( ! primitive b&4 ,an exception to ! rule has be5 notic$ by ,heid] 9 ,hydrophilus1 z 9 ?is beetle ! developm5t ( ! segm5ts ( ! middle region appe>s some:at delay$1 :ile ! =e & h9d p>ts ( ! primitive b& are m rapid 9 developm5t4 ,9 ,pi]is1 accord+ to ,grab]1 ! ?oracic segm5ts are m rapidly develop$ ?an ! o!rs2 soon aft]1 ! gna?ic segm5ts 7m&ibles & two pairs ( maxill7 appe>1 & f9ally ! abdom9al segm5ts are =m$4 ,=e-inte/9e 7/omodum7 & h9d-inte/9e 7proctodum71 ,labrum4--,! dige/ive canal ( insects consi/s1 z 9 o!r animals1 ( ?ree portions1 ! =e1 mid1 & h9d gut or inte/9e4 ,! next *ange aft] ! completion ( ! segm5ts ( ! primitive b& is ! developm5t ( ! =e & h9d inte/9e & ! app5dages4 ,! =e-inte/9e 7/omodum7 arises z an invag9ation 9 ! area ( ! prim>y head-section1 & ! h9d-inte/9e 7proctodum7 9 ! t]m9al section 7,figs4 #cjj & #edf74 ,9 insects g5]ally ! =mation ( ! =e-inte/9e occurs e>li] ?an t ( ! h9d-inte/9e4 ,an exception 0 discov]$ by ,grab] & also by ,voeltzk[ 9 ,muscid1 :]e ! proctodum appe>s e>li]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebg4--,rudim5ts ( ! app5dages ( ! embryo ( ,hydrophilus3 an1 ant5na2 md1 m&ibles2 mx#a1 #a/1 mx#b1 #b;d maxilla2 vk1 clypeal region2 m1 m\?2 p#a-p#c1 legs2 p#d-p#i1 rudim5ts ( abdom9al app5dages1 #a-i2 /1 /igma2 a1 anus4--,aft] ,heid]1 f ,lang4 ,usually at ! "t ( orig9 ( ! /omodum a projection arises at ! ant]ior edge ( ! prim>y head-region1 ! s-call$ =ehead 7,fig4 #ebg1 vk71 :i* is ! common rudim5t ( ! clypeus & labrum4 ,9 _m cases 7c]ta9 ,coleopt]a & ,lepidopt]a7 ^! rudim5ts fir/ assume ! =m ( pair$ hooks 7see ,figs4 #hc1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aje1 ( ,grab]'s ,keim/reif d] ,insekt51 also ,figs4 #ebi & #edf71 :i* aft]w>ds1 by fusion 9 ! m$ian l9e1 become s+le1 ?\gh not*$ 9 ! middle2 b 9 ! m g5]aliz$ ,blatta & ,mantis1 z well z 9 bees1 ! rudim5t is s+le at ! outset4 ,! view advanc$ by ,patt51 & also by ,c>rire1 t ! labrum is a fir/ pair ( ant5n1 is sc>cely t5able1 & we q agree ) ,kors*elt & ,heid] 9 reg>d+ ! clypeo-labral region z homolog\s ) ! upp] lip ( ,cru/acea1 &1 we may add1 ( ,m]o/omes & ( ,trilobites4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 _m insects1 9 _! e>li] embryonic /ate1 directly beh9d ! m\? arises1 f pair$ rudim5ts1 :at seem provisional l[] lip /ructures 7n to be conf\nd$ ) ! #b;d maxill ( insects74 ,?is "u lip /ructure 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,bts*li 9 ! bee 78 inn] or #b;d ant5n71 & aft]w>ds by ,ti*omir(f 9 ,lepidopt]a4 ,heid]1 9 8 "w on ,hydrophilus1 describes x z ! 8lat]al m\?-lips10 :ile1 m rec5tly1 ,nusbaum has obs]v$ x 9 ,melo4 ,?is "u lip /ructure may be reg>d$ z analog\s to ! p>agna?s ( ,cru/acea1 al?\gh to attempt to homologize x ) ^! seems useless4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,completion ( ! head4--,suffici5t att5tion has n be5 paid to ?is subject by embryologi/s4 ,! head is at fir/1 dorsally1 mo/ly compos$ ( ! head-lobes1 or ant5nal segm5t only1 & ! dorsal or t]gal portion ( ! oral app5dages develop at a lat] p]iod4 ,we h obs]v$ 9 ! embryo ( dragon-flies 7s*na7 t ! t]gites ( ! m&ibles & fir/ maxill are simultane\sly fus$ ) ! head-lobes1 :ile ! mu* l>g] t]gal region ( ! #b;d maxill rema9s = "s "t sep>ate f ! ant]ior "p ( ! head1 & is cont9u\s ) ! ?oracic segm5ts1 & x is only j be=e hat*+ t ?is segm5t becomes fus$ ) ! re/ ( ! head 7,fig4 #cf74 ,9 a s5se1 ! #b;d maxill>y segm5t :5 x is free f ! head rem9ds u ( ! foot-jaw1 or #e? segm5t ( *ilopod myriopods 7see also p4 #ec74 g4 ,! app5dages ,z we h se51 ne>ly or q simultane\sly all ! limbs z a rule bud out f ea* side ( ! m$ian l9e ( ! primitive b&4 ,!y arise z saccul> evag9ations or outgr[?s ( ! ectod]m1 direct$ a little backw>ds4 ,!y are at fir/ fill$ ) mesod]m cells1 & 9 ! ,or?opt]a div]ticula ( ! clom-sac are tak5 up into ! rudim5tal limbs1 z 9 ,p]ipatus & ,myriopoda4 7,grab]1 ,*olodk[sky47 ,z ! ant5n1 m\?-p>ts1 legs1 & abdom9al app5dages are all alike at fir/1 _! /rict homology ) "o ano!r is ?us demon/rat$4 ,9 insects nev] m ?an a s+le pair ( limbs is kn[n to arise f "o segm5t4 ,! cephalic app5dages4--,! ant5n evid5tly arise f ! h9d] edge ( ! procephalic lobes 7,fig4 #ebg1 an74 ,z 9 ,limulus1 ! fir/ pair ( app5dages are at fir/ po/oral 7,fig4 #ebh1 at71 aft]w>ds mov+ =w>d ow+ to *anges 9 ! relative proportions ( ! p>ts ( ! head1 & !y are 9 all respects1 9 _! developm5t & position 9 relation to ! segm5t f :i* !y arise1 homolog\s ) ! app5dages succe$+ !m4 ,! occurr5ce ( rudim5ts ( a pair ( preant5nal app5dages 9 ,*alicodoma :i* is claim$ by ,c>rire1 ne$s confirmation1 z o!r embryologi/s h n obs]v$ !m4 ,! po/oral app5dages ( ! head are ! m&ibles & ! #a/ & #b;d maxill1 besides ! suppos$ prem&ibul> segm5t already ref]r$ to on pp4 #ej-ed1 :i* only tempor>ily exi/s4 ,! trophi or oral app5dages are all alike at fir/1 b soon diff] 9 %ape1 acquir+ _! *>act]i/ic =m %ortly be=e ! embryo leaves ! egg4 ,! m&ibles ( can?us are said by ,ay]s at ! "t ( revolution ( ! embryo to be slightly bilob$1 & 9 8 ,fig4 #e1 ,pl4 #ai1 !y are repres5t$ z deeply trilob$1 b 9 g5]al !y are undivid$4 ,! #a/ maxill are at ?is "t di/9ctly trilob$4 ,! #b;d maxill are sep>ate1 & di/9ctly ?\gh unequally bilob$1 becom+ unit$ %ortly be=e bir?4 ,9 ! embryos ( dragon-flies !y are at an e>ly date v l>ge & long1 & direct$ backw>ds1 & are n fus$ toge!r until j be=e hat*+1 :5 ! extraord9>y mask-%ap$ labium is fully develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebh4--,two embryonic /ages ( ! primitive /reak ( ,melolon?a4 ,a1 y\ng] /age1 ) rudim5ts ( eight pairs ( abdom9al app5dages 7a#a-;a#h74 ,b1 old] /age1 ! primitive b& n[ v broad3 a1 #a/ abdom9al app5dage1 9 ,b sac-l2 x1 place ( adhesive disc2 g1 bra92 l1 clypeo-labrum2 s1 lat]al cord ( ! v5tral n]v\s cord2 o!r lett]+ z 9 previ\s figures4--,aft] ,grab]1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! di/al p>ts ( ! labium1 su* z ! ligula1 palpif]1 & palpus are elaborat$ be=e ! m5tum & subm5tum4 ,_m details z to ! f9al *anges 9 ! m\?-p>ts be=e hat*+ rema9 to be work$ out4 ,! ?oracic app5dages4--,! ?ree pairs ( legs arise at ! same p]iod & 9 ! same mann] 9 all insects2 x is n until ! end ( embryonic life t !y become jo9t$1 & t ! claws & ony*ia are develop$4 ,especial att5tion has n yet be5 giv5 to ! details ( ! developm5t ( ! p>ts ( ! la/ jo9t ( ! t>sus4 ,9 _m =ms ! ant5n are ! fir/ to appe>1 ! m&ibles1 maxill1 & legs appe>+ at a latt] date1 ?\gh simultane\sly4 ,x is ?us 9 ,/5obo?rus1 ,hydrophilus1 & ,melolon?a4 ,9 ,l9a1 accord+ to ,grab]1 ! m&ibles prec$e ! ant5n 9 appe>ance4 ,9 ! ,libellulid1 accord+ to ,br&t1 ! legs fir/ appe>1 !n ! jaws1 & la/ly ! ant5n4 ,?is did n seem to be ! case 9 ! embryos ( s*na obs]v$ by u1 al?\gh our obs]vations 7 m sup]ficial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ^? insects ^: l>v are footless1 ! rudim5ts ( ! legs are ret>d$ & abort$ j be=e hat*+ 7fossorial ,hym5opt]a & ,apid71 or ! rudim5ts ( ! legs are n develop$ at all4 ,! abdom9al app5dages4--,^! appe> soon aft] ! ?oracic limbs1 correspond+ 9 mo/ cases to ! latt] 9 %ape & position1 & _! position 9 ! embryo is a matt] ( ! greate/ int]e/4 ,von ,ra?ke 0 ! fir/ embryologi/ to detect ^? ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t1 9 8 exam9ation ( ! developm5t ( ,gryllotalpa4 ,long aft]w>ds ,bts*li detect$ !m 9 ! embryo ( ! honey-bee1 obs]v+ a pair on ea* segm5t4 ,patt5 obs]v$ !m 9 ,tri*opt]a2 ,k[alevsky fir/ p]ceiv$ !m 9 ,lepidopt]a1 ,ti*omir(f confirm+ 8 obs]vations4 ,grab]1 ,ay]s1 & ,:eel] h obs]v$ !m 9 ,or?opt]a & ,coleopt]a1 & ! latt] has detect$ !m also 9 ,hemipt]a & ,neuropt]a2 & :ile !y d n arise 9 ! embryos ( ,dipt]a & ( ,siphonapt]a1 !y are to be look$ = 9 any or all ! l[] or m g5]aliz$ ord]s4 ,z ! result ( ^! discov]ies ( polypod\s embryos occurr+ 9 all b ! mo/ specializ$ ord] 7,dipt]a71 x appe>s to be a rational d$uction t ! w+$ insects h desc5d$ f insects 9 :i* !re 7 functional legs on ea* abdom9al segm5t4 ,su* an ance/or 0 ! =]unn] ( ! ,?ysanura1 9 :i* abdom9al locomotive app5dages /ill survive1 ?\gh 9 a modifi$1 m or less abort$ condition4 ,?is polypod\s ance/ral =m 0 app>5tly alli$ to ,scolop5drella1 :i* has a pair ( functional legs on ea* abdom9al segm5t4 ,! subject1 !n1 ( polypod\s embryo insects is "o ( special int]e/1 & has attract$ mu* att5tion f ,grab]1 ,:eel]1 ,haase1 & o!rs4 ,t ^! are g5u9e1 ?\gh transitory app5dages1 is %[n by ! fact t c]ta9 pairs p]si/ ?r\gh\t adult life4 ,! embryology ( ! ,?ysanura :5 work$ out w ?r[ mu* light on ?is subject1 b we "k t ! spr+ 7elat]7 ( ,collembola 7& possibly ! collophore7 & ! c]ci ( ! w+$ insects are survivals ( ^! limbs4 ,t ! ?ree pairs ( app5dages =m+ ! ovipositor1 or /+1 are mo/ probably d]iv$ f ^! app5dages is claim$ by ,:eel] 7p4 #afg71 & seems prov$ by ! fact t ,gan9 & also ,bugnion has detect$ ?ree pairs ( imag9al disks 9 ! embryo ( p>asitic ,hym5opt]a4 ,h5ce ! abdom9al app5dages may ultimately be f\nd to arise 9 ne>ly all cases f imag9al disks l ^? giv+ orig9 to ! cephalic & ?oracic app5dages4 ,z reg>ds ! ,dipt]a1 ,pratt has obs]v$ t ea* ( ! ?ree ?oracic & eight abdom9al segm5ts ( ! embryo bra*yc]\s ,dipt]a 7se5 especially well 9 ,melophagus7 has two pairs ( imag9al disks1 a dorsal & a v5tral pair4 ,he ?9ks !re is no d\bt b t ! v5tral abdom9al disks are homolog\s ) ! rudim5t>y app5dages :i* appe> 9 ! embryos ( all o!r insects1 ?\gh n 9 ! bra*yc]\s dipt]s4 ,app5dages ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t 7pleuropodia74--,z e>ly z #ahdd ,ra?ke obs]v$ 9 ! embryo ( ! mole-cricket a pair ( app5dages on ! #a/ abdom9al segm5t1 :i* he describ$ z mu%room-%ap$ bodies1 & suppos$ to be embryonic gills4 ,!y are call$ pleuropodia by ,:eel]1 :o1 ) ,patt51 ,grab]1 & ,nusbaum1 ascribes a gl&ul> function to !m1 :ile ,:eel] sugge/s t !y 7 odorif]\s repugnatorial organs4 ,9 ,blatta 7,phyllodromia7 !y are ( l>ge size1 9 ,melolon?a enorm\s 7,fig4 #ebh1 ,b7 & fill$ ) blood4 ,:eel] di/+ui%es z v>ieties1 beside ! mu%room-%ap$ app5dages ( ,gryllotalpa & ,hydrophilus1 ! r5i=m 7can?us71 ! broadly pyri=m 7,blatta71 & ! elongate pyri=m 7,mantis c>ol9a74 ,9 ! ,european ,mantis !y are mo/ limb-l1 ) a digiti=m cont9uation divid$ by a con/riction into two sections4 7,grab]47 ,9 ,melo !y assume ! %ape ( a /alk$ cup4 7,nusbaum47 ,9 ! bee & 9 ,lepidopt]a ! pleuropodia are n pres5t1 ?\gh ! tempor>y app5dages on ! succe$+ segm5ts appe>2 ,c>rire1 h[ev]1 f\nd !m on ! two fir/ abdom9al segm5ts ( v "y l>v ( ! wall-bee 7,*alicodoma74 ,_! cellul> /ructure is peculi>1 & !y are ei!r =m$ by evag9ation or invag9ation1 ^? ( ! latt] type be+ subsph]ical & solid4 ,^? ( ! =m] type h a cavity communicat+ by means ( a n>r[ duct ?r\gh ! p$uncle ) ! body-cavity 7,blatta74 ,no tra*e1 n]ves1 or muscles ent] !m1 ?\gh blood-corpuscles h be5 se5 9 ! cavities4 8,9 "s species ! pleuropodia produce a secretion f ! ends ( _! enl>g$ cells4 ,?is secretion may be a glairy album9oid sub/ance 7,cicada1 ,melo71 a granul> mass 7,/5obo?rus71 a bundle ( ?reads 7,zai?a71 or a ?ick1 /riat$1 cuticula-l mass 7,acilius740 ,!y atta9 _! greate/ size dur+ ! revolution ( ! embryo1 & !y are 8m]e rudim5ts ( :at 7 probably 9 remote ages mu* l>g] & m complex organs40 7,:eel]47 ,lame]e has obs]v$ t 9 ,phyllodromia ! fir/ pair ( abdom9al app5dages1 aft] becom+ ( consid]able size1 und]go an enl>gem5t at _! free end1 become deta*$1 & fall into ! amnion4 ,:eel] also calls att5tion to ! homology ( ^! pleuropodia ) ! #a/ abdom9al app5dages ( ,campodea1 %[n by ,haase to be orig9ally gl&ul>1 b ) at pres5t a respiratory function4 ,9 ! embryos ( lat]1 high] ord]s ( insects1 ^! app5dages are 9 size & %ape simil> to ^? ( ! succe$+ segm5ts4 7,see also p4 #afd47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebi4--,primitive b& ( ,bombyx mori1 %[+ ! tempor>y legs on abdom9al segm5ts #b-aa3 ,a1 e>ly /age1 9 :i* ! abdom9al legs al#b-;al#aj appe>4 ,b1 lat] /age1 :5 !y are v fa9t & all except al#c-;al#f & al#aj are ab\t to disappe>4 ,c1 ! p]si/5t abdom9al legs al#c-;al#f & al#aj2 /#b1 /#i1 ! #b;d & #c;d pair ( /igmata2 sgl1 silk duct4--,aft] ,ti*omir(f4 ,are ! abdom9al legs ( l>val ,lepidopt]a & phytophag\s ,hym5opt]a true limbs8--,! pres5ce ( ^! abdom9al legs 9 ! embryos ( ,sph9x 7,k[alevsky71 ( ,bombyx mori 7,ti*omir(f71 & bo? ,bombyx mori & ,ga/ropa*a qu]cifolia 7except ^? ( ! fir/ segm5t71 z well z 9 ,hylotoma1 :i* has #aa pairs ( su* app5dages1 has sugge/$ t ! prop or prolegs ( cat]pill>s & saw-fly l>v are survivals ( ^! outgr[?s1 & n second>y1 adaptive /ructures4 ,op9ions on ?is po9t v>y4 ,balf\r1 & also1 m rec5tly1 ,*olodk[sky1 hold t ! prolegs are survivals ( ! embryonic app5dages4 ,grab] cauti\sly1 aft] a l5g?y & int]e/+ discussion1 says t ! "q _c be1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 solv$4 ,he1 h[ev]1 seems incl9$ to believe t ! prolegs are n m]ely second>y /ructures1 & t ! rudim5ts ( limbs may rema9 = a long "t 9 a lat5t /ate be=e _! f9al developm5t4 ,kors*elt & ,heid] are dispos$ to reg>d ! abdom9al app5dages ( ,lepidopt]a & ,hym5opt]a z true limbs1 ref]r+ to ,balf\r's /atem5t t 9 ! ,cru/acea !re are diff]5t examples ( ! loss & lat] appe>ance ( limbs1 su* z ! loss ( ! m&ibul> palpi ( ! zoa ( decapods1 & ! loss 9 ! zoa ( app5dages 9 ! ,eri*?us =m ( ! ,squilla l>va correspond+ to ! ?ird pair ( maxillip$es & fir/ two pairs ( legs ( ,decapoda1 & :i* are aft]w>ds reproduc$2 simil> cases occurr+ 9 ! ,ac>9a4 ,9 ! wasps & bees also1 z is well kn[n1 ! imag9al disks ( ! ?oracic app5dages appe>1 ! legs !mselves be+ suppress$ 9 ! l>va 7! imag9al disk probably exi/+ 9 an indiff]5t /ate71 to reappe> 9 ! pupa & imago4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 necess>ily foll[ t ! num]\s pairs ( hook$ v5tral tub]cles ( c]ta9 dipt]\s l>v 7,ephydra7 are true app5dages4 ,x seems to u t x is a /rong argum5t = ! view t ^! prolegs are survivals ( primitive limbs1 t f simil> embryonic pair$ outgr[?s on diff]5t segm5ts arise ! spr+ ( ,podurans1 ! anal c]ci1 & ?ree pairs ( app5dages =m+ ! ovipositor1 & ! anal legs ( ! ,corydalus l>va1 z well z ^? ( caddis-worms2 at lea/ five abdom9al segm5ts ?r\gh\t ! class ( insects z a :ole be>+ app5dages 9 ! adult4 ,on ! o!r h& ! view ( ,haase1 t ! prolegs ( cat]pill>s are second>y1 adaptive *>act]s1 is support$ by ! fact ( ! rapidity ) :i* two pairs on ! #c;d & #d? segm5ts ne>ly disappe> 9 ! l>v ( c]ta9 ,noctuid 7,catocala1 etc471 a r$uction evid5tly due to disuse4 ,! tra*e4--,! tra*eal sy/em arises z ectod]mal invag9ations on "o side ( ! app5dages1 appe>+ soon aft] ! latt]4 ,! e>lie/ condition ( ! tra*eal invag9ation is se5 9 section at ,fig4 #eci1 ,e1 tr2 z x deep5s1 x s5ds (f div]ticula or tra*eal bran*es1 :ile ! n>r[ m\? ( ! invag9ation =ms ! /igma4 ,! cup-l cavities situat$ s]ially "o beh9d ! o!r1 & aris+ f ! s+le tra*eal invag9ations1 become at ! end or bottom ( ! cup elongat$ along ! l5g? ( ! body & fus$ toge!r at _! ends2 !n ! two longitud9al /ems ( ! sy/em arise1 by a break+ ?r\gh at ! place :]e ! orig9al invag9ation _h become fus$1 ?us =m+ a cont9u\s tube1 ! lum9a op5+ into ea* o!r4 7,bts*li47 ,! cuticul> tra*eal intima is diff]5tiat$ late 9 embryonic life4 ,! entrance ( ! air is accompli%$ 9 "p be=e ! embryo hat*es1 ! air be+ d]iv$ f ! tissues & fluids ( ! body4 ,! f>!r developm5t ( ! tra*eal bran*es is due to ! progressive =mation ( div]ticula4 ,! bran*es ?us aris+ are int]cellul> =mations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f9e/ twigs are int]cellul> /ructures4 ,h[ev]1 z ,s*aeff] /ates1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two modes ( =mation are n important4 ,:eel] m5tions ! exi/5ce ( 8two pairs ( v indi/9ct tra*eal op5+s 9 ! #aj? & #aa? somites0 ( ! abdom5 ( ,doryphora 7,fig4 #edf1 t#ai1 t#bj71 & ,heid] believes t !y exi/ 9 ,hydrophilus4 ,! tra*eal invag9ations z a rule beg9 to appe> aft] ! app5dages comm5ce to bud out4 ,an exception is met ) 9 ! bee 7,apis71 :]e ! tra*eal +r[?s are se5 be=e ! rudim5ts ( ! legs4 ,mo/ ( ! tra*eal invag9ations appe> simultane\sly4 ,only r>ely d we see an indication ( _! successive developm5t f be=e backw>ds4 ,?us 9 ,hydrophilus1 ,grab] obs]v$ t ! meso?oracic /igmata appe>$ some:at e>li] ?an ^? ( ! o!r segm5ts4 h4 ,n]v\s sy/em ,! rudim5ts ( ! n]v\s & tra*eal sy/ems ess5tially contribute to ! build+ up ( ! relief ( ! primitive b& ( insects4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is ! e>lie/ to appe>1 be+ indicat$ v e>ly1 9 fact be=e ! app5dages beg9 to gr[ out4 ,! fir/ traces ( ! n]v\s sy/em are two ridges ext5d+ along ! primitive b&1 ! depression betwe5 !m be+ call$ ! primitive furr[4 ,at an e>ly p]iod ! segm5tation is obs]v$ 9 ! primitive ridges1 :ile wid5$ spaces 7! rudim5ts ( ! v5tral ganglia7 alt]nate segm5tally ) ! n>r[ places :i* are ! incipi5t longitud9al commissures 7,fig4 #ebg1 ,a1 g74 ,! primitive ridges ext5d ant]iorly into ! head-lobes2 ?is "p mu/ be reg>d$ z ! rudim5t ( ! sophageal commissure4 ,! rudim5ts ( ! bra9 are f _! fir/ appe>ance directly connect$ ) ! v5tral *a9 ( ganglia4#hc ,completion ( ! def9ite =m ( ! body4--,?is is accompli%$ by ! gr[? ( ! primitive b& ar\nd ! yolk1 ! b& wid5+1 s t its edges beh9d ! head ext5d up1 & f9ally meet on ! back1 =m+ ! back or t]gum ( ! embryo1 ?us enclos+ ! yolk 7,fig4 #ecj1 ,f74 ,! t]gal wall ( ! head is due to ! dorsal gr[? ( ! head-lobes1 & ( ! clypeo-labral region4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is process ! ant]ior end ( ! primitive b& becomes turn$ up dorsally1 =m+ a dorsal curve or b5d4 ,by ?is b5d+ up ( ! primitive b& ! =ehead ne>e/ ! m\? =ms a transv]se ridge1 ! labrum1 :ile ! basal or e>li] "p ( ! =ehead n[ is diff]5tiat$ into ! clypeus4 ,?is clypeo-labral region likewise =ms ! ro( or palatal region ( ! m\?4 ,! head-lobes cause by ?is dorsal gr[? a rotat+ motion :i* c>ries ! rudim5tal ant5n back ov] ! m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ecj4--;,diagram ( ! =mation ( ! dorsal organ 9 ,hydrophilus4 ,a1 cross-section ?r\gh an egg1 ^: primitive /reak is /ill cov]$ ov] by amnion 7a7 & s]osa 7s74 ,b1 amnion & s]osa are gr[n toge!r 9 ! middle l9e1 !n sep>at$ & drawn back to =m a fold on ea* side4 ,c1 by ! contraction ( ! s]osa 7s71:i* becomes conv]t$ into ! dorsal plate1 ! folds become drawn up dorsally4 ,d1 ! contract$ s]osa becomes p>tly ov]gr[n by ! folds4 ,e1 ! folds gr[ toge!r to =m ! dorsal tube4 ,f1 ! mid-gut has clos$ ov] dorsally & enclos$ ! dorsal tube 7s73 a1 amnion2 d1 yolk2 ec1 ectod]m2 h1 he>t2 l1 body-cavity2 m1 rudim5t ( ! mid-gut2 n1 n]v\s sy/em2 s1 s]osa 79 ,c & ,d dorsal plate1 9 ,e & ,f1 dorsal tube72 tr1 ! *ief tra*eal /em4--,aft] ,grab] & ,k[alevsky1 f ,lang1 & ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! gna?al or po/-ant5nal segm5ts at fir/ be> b a small "p 9 complet+ ! t]gal region ( ! head1 b %ortly be=e hat*+ ! m&ibles & _! muscles enl>ge1 giv+ fulness to ! upp] & back "p ( ! head4 i4 ,dorsal closure & involution ( ! embryonic membranes ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eca4--,s*ematic figure ( ! =mation ( ! dorsal tube by invag9ation ( ! dorsal plate 7trans=m$ s]osa72 foll[+ aft] /age ,fig4 #ebj1 ,c1 & ,fig4 #eba1 ,d2 am1 amnion 7n[ =m+ ! provisional dorsal closure72 r1 dorsal tube1 ^: cells are already break+ away4--,aft] ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,9 mo/ o!r ,ar?ropoda 7,cru/acea1 ,ara*nida1 ,myriopoda1 etc47 developm5t goes on by ! =mation ( a s-call$ primitive b&1 b )\t ! appe>ance ( peculi> embryonic membranes4 ,! out] surface ( ! entire egg becomes1 !n1 9 "p cov]$ by ! b&-l embryonic g]m1 & p>tly by a portion ( ! bla/od]m :i* rema9s un*ang$4 ,! dorsal region is =m$ by ! wid5+ & spread+ ( ! primitive b& ov] ! great] "p ( ! surface ( ! egg1 :ile ! area ( ! un*ang$ section ( ! bla/od]m cont9ually becomes m re/rict$4 ,x is g5]ally accept$ t ! latt] is conc]n$ 9 ! dorsal closure1 because1 toge!r ) a hi/ological trans=mation1 x becomes involv$ 9 ! =mation ( ! ectod]m ( ! primitive b&4 ,a simil> =m ( retrograde /ructure possibly occurs 9 ! embryos ( ,podurid1 9 :i* a dorsal organ has be5 obs]v$ to develop 9 an e>ly embryonic /age1 :i* be>s "s relation to ! cuticula envelop+ ! embryo1 b ^: significance is 9 g5]al r obscure4 ,9 mo/ insects ! relations are m complicat$1 s9ce 9 su* cases1 ! amnion-folds rise on ! edges ( ! primitive b& & ( ! un*ang$ section ( ! bla/od]m1 ^: retrograde developm5t is intimately connect$ ) ! closure ( ! back4 ,a v simple case ( dorsal closure1 b :i* c]ta9ly is n a primitive "o1 occurs 9 ,muscid & c]ta9 o!r ,dipt]a ^: amnion-folds are develop$ 9 a rudim5t>y way4 ,9 ?is case 7accord+ to ,k[alevsky & ,grab]71 ! amnion-folds become smoo!d out aga94 ,amnion & s]osa become !n a simple epi!lium1 :i* ?r\gh\t corresponds to ! unmodifi$ type ( bla/od]m ( ,cru/acea1 ,ara*nida1 & ,myriopoda1 & "h seems to %>e 9 ! =mation ( ! back4 ,m complicat$ & v manifold relations ( dorsal closure & involution ( ! embryonal membranes occur 9 o!r insects1 ( :i* ,kors*elt & ,heid] di/+ui% f\r diff]5t types3 #a4 ,involution "u ! =mation ( a cont9u\s dorsal amnion-s]osa-sac 7,odonata74 #b4 ,involution ) exclusively dorsal absorption ( ! amnion 7,doryphora74 #c4 ,involution ) exclusively dorsal absorption ( s]osa & sep>ation ( ! amnion 7,*ironomus & ,tri*opt]a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ecb4--;,diagram ( ! =mation ( ! dorsal walls 9 ,doryphora 9 cross-sections3 am1 amnion2 9 ,b1 s]v+ z a provisional dorsal closure1 9 ,c1 ab\t to break up2 k1 primitive b&2 s1 s]osa4--,aft] ,:eel]1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 #d4 ,involution ) sep>ation ( bo? embryonic membranes 7,lepidopt]a & ,hym5opt]a1 ,hylotoma74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ecc4--;,involution ( ! embryonic membranes ( ,*ironomus3 am1 amnion2 r1 dorsal umbilicus2 s1 s]osa1 :i* has )drawn into ! region ( ! dorsal umbilicus1 & 9 ,c has pass$ into ! int]ior ( ! embryo4--,aft] ,grab]1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! fir/ type occurs 9 ! mo/ primitive ord] ( w+$ insects4 ,! second type 7,coleopt]a7 appe>s to be an indep5d5tly inh]it$ =m ( dorsal closure4 ,9 ! fir/ type1 ! =mation ( ! amnion-s]osa-sac is initiat$ by a rupture ( ! two fus$ embryonic membranes4 ,?is rupture 9 ! v5tral middle l9e occurs 9 ,odonata only 9 ! region ( ! head-section4 ,9 ! second type only ! amnion1 9 ! ?ird only ! s]osa are conc]n$ 9 ?is rupture1 :ile 9 ! f\r? type bo? membranes rema9 intact until ! slipp+ out ( ! l>va4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 j4 ,=mation ( ! g]m-lay]s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ecd4--;,diagram %[+ ! =mation ( ! embryonic membranes 9 ,lepidopt]a 7,a1 aft] ,k[alevsky1 ,b & ,c1 aft] ,ti*omir(f73 k1 primitive b&2 am1 amnion3 se1 s]osa2 d1 yolk2 vd1 invag9ation ( ! =e-gut1 ed1 ( ! h9d-gut2 m1 m\?2 an1 anus2 x1 dorsal umbilical passage4--,f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! old] views on ! /ructure ( ! lay]s ( ! primitive b& ( insects 7 ?or\ghly unsatisfactory4 ,bts*li fir/ f\nd t 9 ! bee1 by a k9d ( fold+ process1 an inn] lay] ( ! primitive b& arose4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,k[alevsky1 by ! employm5t ( section-cutt+ & ?or\gh rese>*es1 laid ! f\ndation ( a m exact k ( ^! lay]s4 ,he f\nd t 9 ,hydrophilus a furr[ ext5d$ along ! :ole l5g? ( ! primitive b& 7,fig4 #eae1 ,a1 ,b1 r71 :i*1 :ile invag9at+ or s9k+ 91 gave rise to ! inn] lay] ( ! primitive b&1 i4e4 ! common rudim5t ( endod]m & mesod]m 7,fig4 #eci1 ,a-,c74 ,k[alevsky also f\nd simil> conditions 9 ! honey-bee 7,apis71 ,lepidopt]a1 & o!r =ms4 ,! furr[ above m5tion$ mu/ be reg>d$ z a v long ga/rula invag9ation1 ext5d+ along ! entire v5tral side ( ! embryo1 & ! edges ( ! furr[ z a long-drawn\t bla/opore4 ,! tube aris+ 9 ,hydrophilus ?r\gh ! clos+ ( ! furr[ we may reg>d z a primitive inte/9al canal4 ,! fir/ rudim5t ( ! ga/rula furr[ appe>s 9 insects z two folds ext5d+ along bo? sides ( ! m$ian l9e 9 ! ?ick5$ v5tral plate 7,fig4 #ecf1 f71 ?r\gh ^: =mation a m m$ian section ( ! v5tral plate1 ! s-call$ middle plate 7m71 becomes sep>at$ f ! side plates 7s74 ,z ! middle plate curves 9 & becomes ov]gr[n by ! folds =m+ ! edges ( ! bla/opore1 ! ga/rula-tube 7,fig4 #eci1 ,a1 r7 is =m$1 & furni%es ! rudim5ts ( ! l[] 7inn]7 lay]4 ,! ectod]m1 !n1 accord+ to ,heid]1 arises f ! lat]al plates ( ! primitive b&4 ,! gr[? ( ! edges ( ! bla/opore1 by :i* ! closure ( ! ga/rula-tube is effect$1 takes place late/ 9 ! region ( ! mo/ ant]ior "p ( ! furr[ 7,fig4 #eae1 ,b & ,c71 correspond+ to t place 9 ! primitive b& 9 :i* ! /omodum aft]w>ds develops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ece4--,two embryonic /ages ( a saw-fly 7,hylotoma b]b]idis7 9 s*ematic m$ian section3 a#a-;a#aj1 #a/ to #aj? abdom9al segm5ts2 bg1 v5tral n]v\s cord2 og1 bra92 ol1 g]m ( labrum2 sp1 saliv>y gl&2 ed1 h9d-gut2 x1 x1 inn] folds ( amnion3 o!r lett]s z be=e4--,aft] ,grab]1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ecf4--;,ga/rula /age ( ! wall-bee 7,*alicodoma71 s-call$ flask-%ap$ /age3 f1 folds :i* on ea* side bord] ! middle plate 7edge ( ! bla/opore72 m1 ! p>tly segm5t$ middle plate 7"h rudim5t ( ! mesod]m72 s1 ! segm5t$ lat]al plate 7becom+ aft]w>ds ! ectod]m ( ! primitive b&72 ve1 =e1 he1 h9d] entod]mal rudim5t4--,aft] ,c>rire1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ecg4--,two successive /ages 9 ! ga/rulation ( ,apis4 ,cross-section ?r\gh ! primitive b&3 b1 l[] 7inn]7 lay]2 ec1 ectod]m4--,aft] ,grassi1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,dur+ ! invag9ation ( ! middle plate & its trans=mation into ! ga/rula-tube a *ange takes place 9 its hi/ological "* 7,fig4 #eci1 ,a & ,b74 ,:ile x orig9ally consi/s ( a high cyl9d] epi!lium1 :i* aft] f>!r *anges becomes divid$ into sev]al lay]s1 s9ce ! w$ge-%ap$ s+le cells pu% !mselves ov] ea* o!r1 ! cells 9 lat] /ages become m & m cubical or irregul>ly polygonal 7,fig4 #eci1 ,b71 & are irregul>ly arrang$4 ,at ! same "t ! ga/rula-tube is compress$ 9 a dorso-v5tral direction4 ,:ile x 9 ?is way spreads out lat]ally "u ! side plates 7ectod]m71 its orig9ally circul> primitive lum5 passes into ! =m ( a horizontal fissure1 :i* 9 ,hydrophilus long rema9s z ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two lay]s ( ! inn] 7or l[]7 membrane4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,!re are num]\s v>iations ( ! process ( ga/rulation1 :i* are by ,kors*elt & ,heid] divid$ into ?ree types1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,?r\gh invag9ation & =mation ( a tube 7,fig4 #eci1 ,a1 ,hydrophilus1 ,musca1 ,pyrrhocoris1 etc474 #b4 ,by a lat]al ov]gr[? 7,fig4 #ecg1 ,lepidopt]a & ,hym5opt]a74 #c4 ,by an inw>d gr[? ( cells f a m$ian furr[ 7,aphides & ,tri*opt]a74 ,9 ,doryphora & ,l9a 7,fig4 #ebd7 ! h9d] end ( ! ga/rula furr[ is =k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ech4--;,diagrammatic sket* ( ! =mation ( ! g]m9al lay]s 9 ,doryphora3 ,a1 view ( upp] surface4 ,b1 cross-section ?r\gh ! =e end ( ! primitive /reak at ! l9e a-a4 ,c1 section ?r\gh ! middle ( ! primitive /reak correspond+ to ! l9e b-b4 ,d1 section ?r\gh ! h9d] end ( ! primitive b& correspond+ to ! l9e c-c3 bl1 bla/opore2 ec1 ectod]m2 en1 ant]ior ,u-%ap$2 en1 h9d] ,u-%ap$ g]m ( ! endod]m2 ms1 mesod]m4--,aft] ,:eel]1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! cellul> lay] aris+ f ! ga/rula invag9ation 7l[] lay]7 =ms ! common g]m ( ! endod]m & mesod]m4 ,x has only rec5tly become kn[n h[ ^! two g]m-lay]s ( insects h become diff]5tiat$4 ,k[alevsky fir/ discov]$ 9 ,musca t ! greate/ "p ( ! l[] 7inn]7 lay] yield$ mesod]m exclusively1 & t a cell-mass only correspond+ to ! mo/ ant]ior & po/]ior end ( ! primitive b& 0 us$ 9 ! =mation ( ! endod]m4 ,we mu/ !re=e1 9 insects1 speak ( a =e & a h9d] endod]mal rudim5t4 ,9 proportion1 n[1 z ! ectod]mal invag9ations1 :i* are de/9$ to =m ! /omodum & ! proctodum s9k b5ea? ! surface ( ! embryo1 ! cell-masses ( :i* ! two endod]mal rudim5ts are compos$ are pu%$ f>!r 91 & a sep>ation betwe5 !m & ! mesod]m is ?us effect$4 ,! two endod]mal rudim5ts n[ =m accumulations ( cells :i* lie closely adjac5t to ! bl9d ends ( ! /omodeal & ! proctodeal invag9ations4 ,!y soon wid5 out into two h\r-glass-%ap$ rudim5ts1 :i* are direct$ ) _! concavities t[>ds ea* o!r1 b ) _! convex side t[>ds ! ne>e/ pole ( ! egg4 ,!y soon *ange _! =m2 two lat]al /ripes gr[ out f !m1 & ea* n[ assumes ! =m ( a ,u 7,fig4 #ech1 en74 ,! limbs ( ! =e & h9d ,u-%ap$ rudim5t are direct$ t[>d ea* o!r1 & gr[ t[>ds ea* o!r until !y meet1 & are fus$ toge!r4 ,?us ! endod]mal rudim5ts aris+ out ( ! fusion ( ! two ,u-%ap$ rudim5ts =m two /ripes ext5d+ along ! primitive b& & situat$ mo/ly "u ! primitive segm5ts4 ,at ! two ends ! endod]mal rudim5t fuses ) ! /omodeal & proctodeal invag9ations4 ,^! lat]al endod]mal /reaks n[ spread out1 & gradually beg9 to gr[ ov] ! yolk1 on ^: out] surface !y lie4 ,?is ov]gr[? makes ! great] advance on ! v5tral side1 s t ! two endod]mal /reaks fir/ unite 9 ! v5tral m$ian l9e & aft]w>d 9 ! dorsal4 ,! yolk 9 ?is way passes completely into ! int]ior ( ! rudim5t ( ! mid-inte/9e4 ,k[alevsky has already prov$ t x is ! m$ian p>ts only ( ! inn] lay] :i* at ! two ends ( ! primitive b& become sep>at$ z endod]mal rudim5ts ?r\gh ! advance ( ! /omodeal & proctodeal invag9ations3 ! lat]al portions become mesod]m4 ,k[alevsky has comp>$ ! g]m-lay]s ( insects ) ^? ( ,sagitta4 ,?is comp>ison is support$ by ! lat] rese>*es ( ,heid] & ( ,:eel] on ,coleopt]a4 7,see ,kors*elt & ,heid]1 p4 #hji47 ,relations some:at diff]5t f ! common type ( =mation ( g]m-lay]s occur 9 ,hym5opt]a4 ,k[alevsky & also ,grassi agree t "h also ! endod]m orig9ally =ms a "p ( ! l[] 7inn]7 lay]4 ,b ! sep>ation ( ! endod]m f ! mesod]m goes on 9 ,apis 9 su* a way t ! two ends ( ! inn] lay] pass up to ! dorsal side ( ! egg1 :]e ! =e & h9d rudim5ts ( ! endod]m ext5d+ along ! back ( ! embryo gr[ toge!r4 ,:5 ! two horse%oe-%ap$ rudim5ts h met ea* o!r & become fus$1 ! enclos+ ( ! yolk beg9s1 :i* accord+ly "h proce$s f ! dorsal t[>ds ! v5tral side1 in/ead ( vice v]sa4 ,z a result ! endod]mal cell-lay] 9 ,apis 7& also ,*alicodoma7 at fir/ does n lie "u ! primitive b&1 b on ! dorsal side ( ! egg "u t flat epi!lium1 :i*1 aris+ f ! amnion-fold1 completes ! provisional closure ( ! back4 ,! yolk-cells & second>y yolk-segm5tation are discuss$ by ,kors*elt & ,heid] at ?is po9t4 ,! yolk-cells are elem5ts scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! yolk & :i* p>tly rema9 9 ! yolk dur+ ! =mation ( ! bla/od]m 7,fig4 #ejg1 ,c & ,d71 b :i* 9 "p ?r\gh a lat] immigration pass out ( ! bla/od]m into ! yolk4 ,grab] has prov$ ! fact ( ! migration ( cells f ! l[] lay] into ! yolk1 & 8 obs]vations h be5 confirm$ by o!r au?ors4 ,inde$1 9 c]ta9 cases 7,melolon?a71 ^! lat] immigrant cells are cle>ly di/+ui%able by _! hi/ological *>act]s f ^? orig9ally f\nd 9 ! yolk4 ,! yolk-cells are regul>ly scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! yolk4 ,_! use to ! embryo lies 9 ! fact t !y absorb ! p>ticles ( yolk1 :i* !y dige/ & ?us r$uce to a fluid condition4 ,x usually happ5s t aft] ! complete =mation ( ! primitive b& !re results a delimitation ( ! areas enclos+ ea* yolk-cell1 & ?is occurr5ce is call$ second>y yolk-division4 ,9 special cases 7,apis1 ,musca7 ?is occurr5ce seems n to take place4 ,! yolk-cells are /ill1 aft] ! complete =mation ( ! mid-inte/9e1 to be recogniz$ 9 ! yolk-remnants fill+ ! int]ior ( ! same1 & gradually become absorb$4 k4 ,f>!r developm5t ( ! mesod]m4 ,=mation ( ! body-cavity ,we h se5 t by means ( an invag9ation ext5d+ ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( ! primitive b& a lay] ( cells is produc$ :i* soon spreads out on ! inn] side ( ! b& & ?us =ms a second l[] 7inn]7 lay] 7,fig4 #eci1 ,c74 ,f ?is inn] lay] is sep>at$ at ! ant]ior & po/]ior ends ( ! primitive b&1 ! endod]m1 :i* lies 9 direct contact ) ! invag9ations ( ! proctodum & /omodum4 ,! rema9d]1 by f> ! mo/ ext5sive "p ( ! inn] lay]1 is ! mesod]m4 ,! mesod]m n[ becomes divid$ into two lat]al /reaks 7mesod]mal /reaks71 by ! )drawal ( its cells f ! m$ian l9e 7,fig4 #eci1 ,d74 ,?is )drawal is n1 h[ev]1 always a complete "o4 ,9 ! free m$ian space ?us =m$1 ! yolk (t5 =ms ! s-call$ m$ian yolk-ridge4 ,segm5tally arrang$ cavities soon appe> 9 ! lat]al region ( ! mesod]m 7! primitive segm5tal cavities71 & ! bord]+ mesod]m-cells arrange !mselves 9 ! =m ( an epi!lium1 & con/itute ! wall ( ! primitive segm5ts or clom-sac4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]74 ,! primitive segm5tal cavities 9 g5]al arise ?r\gh a split 9 ! mesod]m4 ,9 ,phyllodromia1 accord+ to ,heymons1 ! primitive segm5ts are v ext5sive4 ,! mesod]m1 at ! "t ( ! =mation ( ! rudim5ts ( ! app5dages1 is rais$ ) ! ectod]m f ! surface ( ! yolk1 & 9 ?is way !re arise 9 ea* segm5t cavities1 :i*1 s9ce !y are surr\nd$ by mesod]mal elem5ts1 become ! clos$ clom-sacs 7,fig4 #edj1 c1 c1 c74 ,! clom-sacs diff] 9 diff]5t gr\ps4 ,!y are l>ge/ 9 ,or?opt]a 7,phyllodromia71 :]e !y take up almo/ all ! cell mat]ial ( ! mesod]m 9 _! =mation1 & exhibit c]ta9 conditions recall+ ^? ( ,p]ipatus4 ,! v l>ge primitive segm5tal cavities1 :i* 9 ,or?opt]a also ext5d into ! rudim5ts ( ! app5dages 7,fig4 #edj1 ,b1 ex71 9 _! lat] /ages are1 ?r\gh ! =mation ( a con/riction1 divid$ into a dorsal & a v5tral half 7,fig4 #edj1 ,b1 c1 c74 ,! v5tral portions ( ^! cavities ext5d+ into ! extremities soon disappe>1 :ile ! cells ( _! walls lose _! epi!lial nature1 & gr\p !mselves irregul>ly into a sort ( mes5*ym4 ,9 ?is tissue1 !n1 arises1 p>tly ?r\gh a sep>ation among its cells1 p>tly ?r\gh ! elevation ( ! same f ! upp] surface ( ! yolk1 ! def9ite body-cavity4 ,! dorsal portions ( ! primitive segm5tal cavities rema9 un*ang$ a long] "t 9 ord] to play a rle 9 ! =mation ( ! inte/9al muscul> lay]1 ( ! he>t1 p]ic>dial septum1 & sexual organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eci4--;,cross-section ?r\gh ! primitive /reak ( ,hydrophilus 9 six successive /ages3 ,a1 ga/rula-/age 7comp>e ,fig4 #eae1 ,a1 correspond+ to ! po9t a74 ,b1 cross-section ?r\gh /age1 ,fig4 #eae1 ,d1 9 ! mo/ ant]ior section ( ! primitive b&1 :]e ! same is n completely ov]gr[n by ! amnion-folds4 ,c1 cross-section ?r\gh ! trunk-segm5t ( /age1 ,fig4 #eae1 ,e4 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 cross-sections ?r\gh lat] /ages3 am1 amnion2 b1 l[] 7inn]7 lay]2 d1 yolk2 dz1 yolk-cells2 ec1 ectod]m2 en1 entod]m2 l1 def9ite body-cavity2 pr1 primitive groove 7 neural groove72 pw1 primitive roll1 or /rip1 ( ! v5tral n]ve-cord2 r1 bla/opore2 sp1 fissure 9 ! mesod]m 7rema9s ( ! cavity ( ! primitive inte/9e72 se1 s]osa2 s1 lat]al cord ( ! rudim5t ( ! n]v\s cord2 spm1 splan*nic lay] ( ! mesod]m2 tr1 rudim5t ( a tra*ea 79 ,e appe>+ z an invag9ation ( ! ectod]m7 9 ,f 9 cross-section2 u1 primitive segm5t 7 clomic sac74--,aft] ,heid]1 f ,lang4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edj4--;,cross-sections ?r\gh ! abdom9al "p ( ?ree successive /ages ( evolution ( ,phyllodromia g]manica3 am1 amnion2 bg1 rudim5t ( ! v5tral n]v\s *ord2 c1 clomic cavity2 c1 dorsal1 & c1 v5tral1 section ( ! clomic sac2 cz1 cells ( ! walls ( ! primitive segm5t1 :i* are jo9$ to ! g5ital rudim5ts2 gz1 g5ital cells2 dw1 dorsal wall ( ! clomic sac2 d1 yolk2 ec1 ectod]m2 ep1 epi!lium-cells2 ex1 rudim5t ( ! abdom9al app5dages2 f1 g]m ( ! fat-body2 lw1 lat]al wall ( ! clomic sac2 m1 mesod]m cells1 :i* take no "p 9 ! =mation ( ! clomic sac2 mw1 m$ian wall ( ! clomic sac2 s1 somatic mesod]m lay]2 vm1 v5tral longitud9al muscle4--,aft] ,heymons1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,9 ! highe/ gr\ps ( insects 7,coleopt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a7 ! primitive segm5ts are n s ext5sively develop$ 7,fig4 #eci1 ,d-,f1 u74 ,!y "h =m only relatively small sacs situat$ 9 ! lat]al p>ts ( ! primitive b& :i* correspond to ! dorsal section ( ! clom-sacs ( ,or?opt]a4 ,! v5tral "p is "h f ! v outset replac$ by a mes5*ym4 ,z a result 9 ^! =ms also no clomic div]ticula occur 9 ! rudim5ts ( ! extremities4 ,! def9ite body-cavity ( insects arises entirely indep5d5t ( ! clom cavities1 & 9 fact1 z ,bts*li %[$1 ?r\gh ! sep>ation ( ! primitive b& f ! yolk 7,fig4 #eci1 ,f1 l74 ,x appe>s b\nd$ on ! "o h& by ! surface ( ! yolk1 on ! o!r side by ! irregul>ly arrang$ mes5*ym cells4 ,orig9ally we c 9 cross-sections di/+ui% ?ree sep>ate cavities ( ! def9ite body-cavity 79 ,hydrophilus accord+ to ,heid]71 a m$ian & two l>g] pair$ lat]al ones :i* lat] fuse ) ea* o!r & ) wide lacun 7e4g4 9 ! app5dages7 aris+ by ! sep>ation ( ! mes5*ym cells4 ,we ref] ! comp>tm5ts ( ! def9ite body-cavity1 z 9 ,p]ipatus1 to ! prim>y body-cavity or segm5tation-cavity4 ,!y are only lacun 9 ! area ( ! mes5*ym1 & ?r\gh\t be> ! "* ( a pseudocl4 ,9 lat] /ages ( embryonic developm5t ! clom-sacs & ! def9ite body-cavity ent] into communication ) "o ano!r 7,fig4 #ebc1 ,a1 u1 lh74 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,!n ! h9d] clom-sacs unite ?r\gh ! deg5]ation ( ! transv]se dissepim5ts :i* sep>ate !m4 ,aft] ?is a fissure op5s 9 ! m$ian wall ( ! clomic sac1 ?r\gh :i* its cavity unites ) ! def9ite body-cavity4 ,9 ! subsequ5t *anges :i* ! wall ( ! clom-sacs und]goes1 ^! c be recognis$ no long] z sep>ate divisions ( ! :ole body-cavity4 l4 ,=mation ( organs ,! n]v\s sy/em4--,z we h already se5 7p4 #eed71 ! rudim5ts ( ! v5tral n]v\s cord arise1 aft] ! ga/rula invag9ation is complet$1 z two ectod]mal ?ick5+s situat$ on ea* side ( ! m$ian l9e1 ! s-call$ primitive rolls or /rips 7,fig4 #ebh1 s71 :i* ext5d f ! c5tre ( ! procephalic lobes ( ! head to ! la/ segm5t1 enclos+ betwe5 !m ! s+le m$ian 8primitive groove0 7,fig4 #eci1 ,c1 pr1 & pw74 ,soon aft] ! appe>ance ( ! primitive /rips1 ! fir/ traces ( segm5tation may be detect$4 ,! v5tral cord is f ! fir/ 9 direct connection & cont9u\s ) ! bra94 ,f ! segm5tal expansions ( ! primitive /rip arise ! v5tral n]v\s ganglia1 & f ! int]segm5tal con/rictions are develop$ ! pair$ longitud9al commissures4 ,transv]se sections ( ! ectod]m 9 ! region ( ! primitive /rips 7,figs4 #eci1 ,c1 & #eag7 %[ sev]al lay]s ( cells4 ,( ^! cellul> lay]s ! deep] ones aft]w>ds1 by a k9d ( delam9ation1 sep>ate f ! sup]ficial ones & =m ! 8lat]al cords10 i4e4 ! g]ms ( ! longitud9al cords ( ! v5tral ganglionic cord4 ,mean:ile ! primitive groove 7pr7 deep5s & =ms an invag9ation ext5d+ betwe5 ! lat]al cords4 ,! cells at ! bottom ( ?is invag9ation =m ! s-call$ 8m$ian cord10 & give rise to ! transv]se commissures connect+ ! ganglia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eda4--,transv]se section ?r\gh ! rudim5t ( ! v5tral n]v\s cord ( ,xiphidium3 f1 fibr\s mass2 m1 neurobla/ cells ( ! m$ian cord2 n#a-n#d1 neurobla/s ( ! lat]al cord2 z1 pill> ( ganglion-cells aris+ f ! neurobla/s4--,aft] ,:eel]4 ,:eel] has detect$ 9 ! rudim5t ( ! v5tral cord ( sev]al ,or?opt]a1 on ! upp] surface ( ! lat]al cords1 f\r l>ge cells :i* he calls neurobla/s 7,figure #eda1 n#a-n#d71 f :i* cells arise by budd+ & become arrang$ 9 v]tically arrang$ lay]s or pill>s 7z74 ,grab] has obs]v$ !m 9 ,/5obo?rus & ,viallanes 9 ,mantis4 ,^! neurobla/s are only pres5t 9 ! int]-ganglionic region1 & soon move back to ! h9d] side ( ! transv]se commissures4 ,at fir/ !re is a pair ( ganglia to ea* ( ! #af trunk-segm5ts ( ! embryo1 b aft]w>ds ^! become m or less fus$ toge!r2 ?us ^? ( ! ?ree gna?al segm5ts unite to =m ! subsophageal ganglion ( ! adult1 & ! la/ abdom9al ganglia are fus$ toge!r & move a little ant]iorly 7see also pp4 #bbg1 #bbh74 ,developm5t ( ! bra94--,! suprasophageal ganglion is due to ! spread+ out ( ! procephalic lobes4 ,! rudim5t ( ! bra9 is due to a ?ick5+ ( ! ectod]m on ! sides ( ! m\? & ( ! =ehead1 ?is expansion ( g]m9al bra9-cells be+ ! direct cont9uation ( ! primitive rolls or /rips1 & :i* f9ally becomes diff]5tiat$ into ! protoc]ebrum1 deutoc]ebrum1 & tritoc]ebrum1 z /at$ on p4 #bbh4 ,! ganglion opticum1 n[ reg>d$ z a "p ( ! comp\nd eye1 arises z an ectod]mal ?ick5+ on ea* side ( ! rudim5t>y bra94 ,! optic ganglion belongs exclusively to ! =emo/ division ( ! bra9 7see also p4 #bbg74 ,developm5t ( ! eyes4--,comp\nd eyes d n appe> until ! beg9n+ ( pupal life1 ! s+le eye 7ocellus7 be+ ! primitive organ ( vision4 ,! ocellus ( ,acilius1 accord+ to ,patt51 arises z a pit or depression ( ! ectod]m 7,fig4 #edb74 ,! long hypod]mal cells :i* =m ! walls ( ?is pit or holl[ are arrang$ 9 a s+le lay]1 & be> at _! free ends a /riat$ cuticul> edge 7c71 :ile f _! inn] or basal end arise ! fibres de/9$ to =m ! common optic n]ve4 ,at a lat] /age 7,fig4 #edb1 ,b71 ! eye-pit is clos$ ov]1 ! edges gr[+ ov] & cov]+ ! deep] "p ( ! eye4 ,9 ?is way !re arises out ( ! pit-l rudim5t a two-lay]$ optic cup4 ,! out] or sup]ficial lay] 7l7 becomes 9 its c5tral "p ! cry/all9e l5s1 :ile ! p]iph]al p>ts =m ! iris4 ,f ! cuticul> /riat$ bord] ( ^! cells arise ! *it9\s or corneal l5s4 ,on its out] edge ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! eye passes gradually into ! unmodifi$ hypod]mis 7h74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edb4--,two /ages ( developm5t ( ! #e? ( ! six ocelli ( l>va ( ,acilius3 c1 cuticul> /riat$ b&2 cl1 g]m de/9$ to =m ! corneal l5s2 h1 hypod]mis2 l1 cry/all9e-l5s lay]2 n1 optic n]ve2 r1 ret9al g]m2 sp1 v]tical fissure ( ! ret9a2 x1 ! ret9a-cells bord]+ ?is fissure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edc4--,two lat] /ages ( developm5t ( ! same eye z 9 ,fig4 #edb3 i1 iris2 m1 middle inv]t$ lay] ( ! eye2 r1 ret9a2 sp1 v]tical fissure ( ! ret9a2 /1 rods2 o!r lett]s z 9 ,fig4 #edb4--,?is & ,fig4 #edb aft] ,patt51 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! inn]1 deep] lay] ( ! eye1 :i* =ms ! contract$ cup-%ap$ portion1 appe>s to be ! rudim5t>y ret9a 7r74 ,f its cuticul> rod-l or fibr\s edge arise ! visual rods4 ,!re soon arise c]ta9 peculi>ities *>act]i/ic ( ! eye ( ,acilius1 i4e4 ! fissure 7sp7 bord]$ by ! horizontally situat$ rods ( ! l>ge ret9a-cells 7x74 ,9 ! f>!r develop$ eye 7,fig4 #edc7 !re is a flatt5+ ( ! cup-%ap$ inn] edge1 by :i* ! bottom ( ! eye is levell$ & ! little rods belong+ to x /& up v]tically 7,fig4 #edc1 ,b1 /74 ,!n ! cells belong+ to ! edge ( ! ret9al cup 7m7 are turn$ 91 =m+ an inv]t$ lay] con/itut+ ! g]ms ( a ?ird lay] int]polat$ betwe5 ! two *ief lay]s ( ! eye4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]1 f ,patt547 ,patt5 concludes t ! /ructure ( ! ret9a 9 ! l>val ocelli ( insects is mu* l t ( myriopods1 & t ! :ole eye is con/ruct$ on ! same plan z t ( ,p]ipatus & mo/ molluscs4 ,inte/9al canal & gl&s4--,! inte/9al or dige/ive canal is primitively divid$1 z already /at$ on p4 #bii1 into ?ree sections1 ( :i* ! ant]ior & po/]ior are call$ respectively ! /omodum & proctodum1 & are invag9ations ( ! ectod]m1 =m+ sacs ^: bl9d ends face ! future site ( ! mid-inte/9e4 ,! =e-inte/9e 7/omodum7 9 mo/ cases arises e>li] ?an ! proctodum4 ,its muscles are d]iv$ f ! mesod]m4 ,f ! /omodum arises at an e>ly date an unpair$ dorsal invag9ation out ( :i* develops ! ganglion frontale & ! ph>yngeal n]ve4 ,! absorption ( ! ends ( ! bl9d sacs ( ! =e & h9d inte/9e1 & op5+ up ( ! passage into ! mid-inte/9e1 occur r e>ly 9 embryonic life4 ,9 ! wasps & bees1 z well z ! l>va ( ! ant-lion1 ! mid-inte/9e rema9s clos$ at ! end1 n communicat+ ) ! proctodum1 :i* has an exclusively excretory function 7,fig4 #dig74 ,! mid-inte/9e arises f two orig9ally sep>ate rudim5ts1 i4e4 ! =e & h9d endod]mal rudim5ts1 :i* at ! outset /& 9 ! mo/ intimate relation ) ! invag9ation ( ! =e & h9d inte/9e4 ,orig9at+ z a simple collection ( cells1 s closely adjo9+ ^! invag9ations t ,voeltzk[1 ,patt51 & ,grab] d]iv$ !m directly ?r\gh outgr[?s ( !m1 !y become ext5d$ by advanc+ cell-multiplication until !y assume a ,u-%ap$ =m4 ,! legs ( ! ,u-%ap$ rudim5t are 9 ! ant]ior endod]mal mass1 direct$ backw>ds2 ^? 9 ! po/]ior mass1 on ! o!r h&1 are direct$ ant]iorly4 ,^! legs gr[ t[>ds ea* o!r until !y become fus$ toge!r1 =m+ two pair$ endod]mal /reaks1 :i* pass "u ! primitive b& along its :ole l5g?1 & are fus$ ) x at ! =e & h9d ends4 ,9 ^! places !y /& 9 intimate union ) ! proctodeal & /omodeal invag9ations4 ,! pair$ endod]mal /reaks belong to ! lat]al portions ( ! primitive b&4 ,z a rule1 !y lie directly "u ! r[ ( clom-sacs 7,fig4 #eci1 ,f74 ,! dorsal wall ( ! primitive segm5ts /&s consequ5tly 9 intimate contact ) ! endod]mal /reaks4 ,on ?is wall ( ! primitive segm5ts an active cell-gr[? takes place1 & ! cell-mat]ial produc$ 9 ?is way1 :i* sep>ates f ! dorsal wall ( ! primitive segm5ts1 =ms ! out] or splan*nic lay] ( ! rudim5t ( ! mid-inte/9e 7spm1 ,figs4 #eci1 ,f1 #edd1 sp74 ,:at rema9s ( ! dorsal wall ( ! clom-sacs aft] ?is sep>ation jo9s ! g5ital rudim5ts & gives rise to ! s-call$ t]m9al ?read-plate 7,fig4 #edd1 ef74 ,! endod]mal /reaks1 ) ! splan*nic lay] ly+ next to !m1 may n[ be consid]$ z ! rudim5ts ( ! mid-inte/9e 7,fig4 #ecj1 m1 etc474 ,^! are noticeable 9 ! foll[+ /ages by _! consid]able lat]al gr[?2 !y spread out ov] ! upp] surface ( ! yolk1 ar\nd :i* !y f9ally entirely gr[ 7,figs4 #eci1 ,c-,f1 #edd1 #ede74 ,?is gr[? ar\nd ! yolk goes on 9 mo/ cases 9 su* a way z to unite ! two mid-inte/9al /reaks 9 ! region ( ! v5tral m$ian l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,!n aft]w>ds _! union on ! dorsal side takes place 7,figs4 #eci1 ,f1 #ede74 ,! yolk ?us passes completely into ! int]ior ( ! mid-inte/9e1 & ) x ! rema9s ( ! dorsal tube or dorsal organ1 :5 su* an "o is pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edd4--;,cross-section ?r\gh ! abdom9al region ( a some:at old] primitive b& ( ,phyllodromia g]manica3 bg1 rudim5t ( ! n]ve-cord2 c1 rema9s ( ! clomic cavity2 cz1 rudim5t ( ! g5ital eff]5t passage2 ec1 ectod]m2 en1 endod]m2 ef1 t]m9al cord-plate2 fk1 fat-body tissue2 gz1 g5ital cells2 h1 rudim5t ( ! he>t2 p1 rudim5t ( ! p]ic>dial cavity2 ps1 rudim5t ( ! p]ic>dial septum2 s1 somatic mesod]m lay]2 sp1 splan*nic mesod]m lay]4 ,! saliv>y gl&s4--,^! segm5tally arrang$ gl&s1 :i* op5 by pairs into ! ?ree gna?al segm5ts ( ! head1 arise z ectod]mal invag9ations orig9ally op5+ n into ! /omodum1 b outw>ds on ! surface ( ! body2 h5ce ,kors*elt & ,heid] sugge/ t !y 7 orig9ally d]mal gl&s1 ^: m\?s became drawn into ! buccal cavity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ede4--;,cross-section ?r\gh ! abdom9al region ( an embryo ( cockroa* 7,p4 g]manica7 aft] ! yolk has be5 completely enclos$ by ! primitive b& & ! closure ( ! back2 s1 tra*eal /igma2 o!r lett]s z 9 ,figs4 #edj1 #edd4--,?is & ,fig4 #edd aft] ,heymons1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edf4--;,embryo ( ,doryphora %ortly aft] ! appe>ance ( ! app5dages1 unroll$ & isolat$3 o1 /omodum2 lb1 labrum2 b#a-;b#c1 ?ree bra9 segm5ts2 og#a-og#c1 ?ree segm5ts ( ! optic ganglion2 op#a-op#c1 ?ree segm5ts ( ! optic plate2 f#a-;f#e1 five pairs ( invag9ations :i* =m ! t5torium1 etc42 t#g-t#bj1 tra*eal invag9ations2 ! two la/ pairs 7t#ai-t#bj7 ei!r disappe> or =m ! op5+s ( ! sexual ducts2 at1 ant5n2 md1 m&ibles2 mx#a-mx#b1 maxill3 p#a-p#c1 legs2 c1 commissure connect+ ! two ganglionic ?ick5+s 7g#d7 ( ! prem&ibul> segm5t2 gl1 ganglia2 m/1 middlecord ?ick5+s2 mpg#a-mpg#c1 rudim5ts ( ?ree pairs ( ur9>y tubes2 a1 proctodum4--,aft] ,:eel]4 ,= _! s]ial arrangem5t1 see p4 #ccg4 ,kors*elt & ,heid] /ate t !y w\ld be incl9$ to homologize ! saliv>y gl&s ( insects ) ^? gl&s ( myriopods op5+ into ! m\?-cavity1 7 x n t ^! gl&s 9 myriopods op5+ into ! m\? are 9 reality trans=m$ nephridia orig9at+ f ! mesod]m1 :ile ! saliv>y gl&s ( insects are cle>ly ectod]mal /ructures4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 !y add1 leave to lat] rese>*es ! "q ( ! homology ( ^! organs1 also ( _! relations to ! simil> gl&s ( ,p]ipatus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edg4--,section ( proctodum ( embryo locu/1 %[+ orig9 ( ur9>y tubes 7ur4t73 ep1 epi!lial or gl&ul> lay]2 m1 cells ( out] or muscul> lay]2 a1 section ( a tube4 ,! ur9>y tubes4--,^! excretory vessels arise z pair$ evag9ations ( ! h9d inte/9e or proctodum4 ,!y are ectod]mal /ructures aris+ z lat]al div]ticula ( ! inte/9al cavity 7,fig4 #edf74 ,figure #edg repres5ts _! mode ( orig9 at ! ant]ior end ( ! proctodum ( a locu/4 ,x w be se5 t !re are #aj prim>y tubes4 ,!re are #aej su* tubes 9 locu/s1 or #aj gr\ps ( #ae ea*4 ,! #ae second>y tubes probably arise f ! prim>y ones 9 ! mann] describ$ by ,hats*ek = ,lepidopt]a 7see 8 ,taf4 ,,iii1 ,fig4 #g74 ,:ile ! ,malpighian tubes usually fir/ arise z div]ticula ( ! proctodum1 9 ! ,hym5opt]a 7,apis & ,*alicodoma7 !y appe>1 ev5 be=e ! completion ( ! proctodum1 z invag9ations ( ! ectod]m :i* at fir/ op5 out on ! out] surface ( ! primitive b&4 ,!y seem1 !n1 9 "s degree1 to be simil> to ! tra*eal rudim5ts1 :i* p]haps is ! reason :y !y h be5 homologiz$ ) !m1 a view :i* we d n %>e1 & 9 :i* ,c>rire does n concur4 ,!y aft]w>ds pass1 ) ! gr[+ proctodum1 into ! int]ior ( ! embryo4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,! he>t4--,! dorsal vessel is fir/ indicat$1 accord+ to ,korotneff1 by a long /r+ or r[ ( cells 7c>diobla/s71 :i* on ea* side bord] ! mesod]mal lay] ( ! primitive b& 7,figs4 #edd1 h1 #edh1 h74 ,9 ! advanc+ gr[? ( ! primitive b& ar\nd ! yolk1 ?is rudim5t /eadily passes up m t[>ds ! dorsal side4 ,x is 9 connection ) ! wall ( ! primitive segm5t 7,figs4 #edd & #edh71 & repres5ts ! po9t at :i* ! dorsal wall ( ! clom-sac passes into ! lat]al wall4 ,accord+ to ,korotneff1 ! c>diobla/s arise directly ?r\gh a migration out f ! wall ( ! primitive segm5t4 ,9 ,gryllotalpa ! =mation ( ! dorsal organ1 :i*1 z ,korotneff /ates1 is 9 ?is insect no?+ else ?an a /opp] :i* fills up ! dorsal gap ( ! body-wall ( ! embryo1 is effect$ by ! rupture ( ! embryonal membranes4 ,! s]osa is drawn toge!r to =m a ?ick plate 7,fig4 #ebc1 ,a1 rp71 & ! mu* deg5]at$ amnion-folds 7am7 :i* are lat]ally atta*$ to x h mov$ f ! edges ( ! primitive /reak 799x-99y7 f> t[>ds ! dorsal side 7see ,fig4 #eci1 ,c1 :i* repres5ts a simil> /age74 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! rudim5t ( ! amnion-fold & ! lat]al edge ( ! primitive b& 799x1 99y7 is occupi$ by an epi!lial lamella 7l71 9 :i* we recognize ! e>li] amnion4 ,?is lamella does n lie directly on ! yolk1 b is sep>at$ f x by a spaci\s blood-lacuna 7,a1 bs71 9 :i* c be se5 num]\s blood-corpuscles :i* h migrat$ 9 f ! mesod]m ( ! primitive b&4 ,! c>diobla/s :i* h aris5 f ! wall ( ! primitive segm5t 7u7 are on ea* side arrang$ into ! =m ( a furr[ 7gr71 :i* b\nds ! blood s9us bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edh4--;,cross-section ?r\gh ! abdom9al "p ( an old] primitive b& ( ,p4 g]manica :5 beg9n+ to gr[ ar\nd ! yolk3 vm1 v5tral longitud9al muscle2 o!r lett]+ z 9 ,fig4 #ede4--;,aft] ,heymons1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,by ! cont9u\s gr[? ( ! primitive b& ar\nd ! yolk1 aft] ! result+ invag9ation & deg5]ation ( ! dorsal plate1 ! two blood-lacun unite toge!r on ! dorsal side into a s+le "o 7,b1 bs74 ,^! con/itute ! fir/ cavity ( ! he>t4 ,! vascul> furr[s 7gr7 come 9 contact ) ea* o!r & gr[ toge!r1 & ! wall ( ! he>t is ?us =m$4 ,ay]s /ates t 9 can?us ! he>t is =m$ 9 ! head region only aft] ! yolk-sac has pass$ entirely )9 ! body4 ,! v5\s o/ia arise by two pair$ invag9ations ( ! lat]al walls1 =m+ a split at _! bottom4 ,! rudim5t ( ! he>t /&s1 z we h se51 9 intimate union ) ! primitive segm5ts4 ,out ( ! lat]al walls ( ^! segm5ts1 aft] giv+ (f ! elem5ts ( ! somatic mesod]m1 arises an epi!lial plate :i* becomes ! rudim5t ( ! p]ic>dial septum or dorsal diaphragm 7,figs4 #ebc1 ,a-,c1 dd1 #edd-ede1 ps74 ,z soon z ! two halves ( ! rudim5ts ( ! he>t h unit$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! dorsal middle l9e1 ! two halves ( ! p]ic>dial septum unite ) ea* o!r & =m ! wall to ! p]ic>dial cavity & %ut x (f f ! re/ ( ! body-cavity4 ,= a long "t ! p]ic>dial septum rema9s 9 union ) ! wall ( ! he>t4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 x sep>ates f x 7,fig4 #ebc1 ,c1 dd74 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,! /atem5ts ( o!r au?ors 7,ay]s1 ,grassi1 ,patt51 ,ti*om](f1 ,c>rire1 ,heid]1 ,heymons1 etc47 z to ! mode ( orig9 ( ! he>t 9 insects ( o!r ord]s are all simil> to ! type describ$ 9 ,gryllotalpa4 ,! diff]5ce consi/s mo/ly 9 ! fact t ! two l>ge blood-lacun are want+ or only exi/ to a slight ext5t4 ,x results t ! rudim5t ( ! cavity ( ! he>t 9 ! e>li] /ages is ( slight ext5t & (t5 sc>cely recognizable4 ,9 can?us 7,ay]s7 & 9 ,gryllotalpa1 ! h9d] section ( ! he>t is ! fir/ to develop1 ! developm5t advanc+ f beh9d =w>d4 ,! blood-corpuscles4--,blood-cells are said by ,korotneff to be1 9 ,gryllotalpa1 at an e>ly p]iod pres5t almo/ ev]y:]e betwe5 ! yolk & mesod]m2 !y are d]iv$1 z he /ates1 f ! cells ( ! somatic mesod]m lay]1 :i* has lo/ its connection ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! mesod]m1 & fall into ! body-cavity4 ,ay]s /ates t ! blood-corpuscles arise f s]osa nuclei :i* h pass$ into ! body-cavity1 :]e !y become m vesicul>1 & ultimately all ( ! nucle> sub/ance goes to =m f "o to ?ree sph]ical bodies1 :i* are surr\nd$ by ! common membrane4 8,^! bodies are blood-corpuscles & are free nucleoli imm$iately on ! ruptur+ ( ! vesicle :i* surr\nds !m40 7,ay]s1 ,pl4 #bb1 ,figs4 #a1 #c1 p4 #bej47 ,m rec5tly1 ,s*aeff] has obs]v$ 9 cat]pill>s c]ta9 cell-complexes associat$ ) ! fat-body :i* he has call$ blood-=m+ masses4 ,musculature1 connective tissue1 fat-body4--,! muscles ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 z well z ! connective tissue1 arise by hi/ological diff]5tiation f ! somatic lay] ( ! mesod]m 7,fig4 #ebc1 s74 ,! fat-body orig9ates f ! same s\rce1 z %[n by ! rese>*es ( ,k[alevsky1 ,grassi1 & ( ,c>rire4 ,9 ,hydrophilus a dorsal b& ( ! fat-body passes ov] ! dige/ive canal aris+ by direct trans=mation ( ! wall ( ! clom-sacs4 ,b also ! o!r portions ( ! fat-body1 z ! fat-body lobes accompany+ ! tra*eal sy/em1 are ( und\bt$ mesod]mal orig94 ,heymons' obs]vations on ! cockroa* 7,phyllodromia7 agree ) ! =ego+ view4 ,9 ?is insect at a v e>ly p]iod c]ta9 cells 9 ! wall ( ! clom-sacs und]go a *ange1 & may be recogniz$ z ! rudim5ts ( :at are aft]w>ds fat-body tissues 7,fig4 #edj1 ,b & ,c1 f74 ,! reproductive organs4--,our k ( ! mode ( developm5t ( ! g5ital organs is 9 a less satisfactory /ate ?an t ( ! o!r organs4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ! rudim5ts ( ! sexual gl&s belong to ! mesod]m1 & are develop$ f ! wall ( ! clom-sacs4 ,9 ! cockroa* 7,phyllodromia71 ! mo/ g5]aliz$ ( ! w+$ insects1 z ,heymons has %[n1 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! embryo sep>ate g5ital cells are already di/+ui%$ by _! hi/ologically diff]5t *>act]s f ! o!r mesod]mal cells4 ,! g5ital cells are l>g] & %[ a feebly /a9$ nucleus ) a cle> nucleolus4 ,^! g5ital cells1 :i* are trans=m$ normal mesod]mal cells1 lie orig9ally )9 ! mesod]m lay] or on ! surface ( ?is lay] turn$ t[>ds ! yolk1 on ! edge ( ! segm5ts4 ,aft] ! complete =mation ( ! clom-sacs we f9d !m 7,fig4 #edi1 gz7 9 ! dissepim5ts :i* sep>ate ! successive clom-sacs f "o ano!r4 ,"h new g5ital cells are con/antly =m$ ?r\gh ! trans=mation ( mesod]m cells4 ,! developm5t ( ! g5ital cells takes place 9 ! #b;d to ! #g? abdom9al segm5ts4 ,aft]w>ds ! g5ital cells pass into ! int]ior ( ! clom-sacs1 & soon pass to ! dorsal wall ( ! same 7,fig4 #edj1 ,a1 gz7 & ent] betwe5 ! cells ( ?is wall4 ,! clom-sacs 7c7 %[ 9 cross-section 9 ?is /age a triangul> outl9e1 s t we c di/+ui% a dorsal1 lat]al1 & m$ian wall4 ,! dorsal wall lies next to ! surface ( ! yolk1 & aft]w>ds gives rise by sep>ation or splitt+ to ! splan*nic mesod]m 7,fig4 #edd1 sp71 :ile f its rema9s ! t]m9al ?read-plate 7ef7 orig9ates4 ,! lat]al wall1 :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! ectod]m ( ! primitive b&1 is intimately conc]n$ 9 ! =mation ( ! somatic lay] 7,fig4 #edj1 ,c1 s7 ( ! mesod]m4 ,out ( :at rema9s arises ! p]ic>dial septum 7,fig4 #edd1 ps74 ,:5 ! g5ital cells h ent]$ into ! dorsal wall ( ! primitive segm5ts1 !y are already s num]\s t !y =m a cont9u\s s]ies ext5d+ f be=e backw>d4 ,! g5ital rudim5t consi/s1 !n1 ( a /r+ ( cells ly+ on ea* side 9 ! dorsal wall ( ! primitive segm5ts1 :i* ext5d f ! #b;d to ! #g? abdom9al segm5ts4 ,9 ! =mation ( ^! /r+s or r[s ( cells n only are ! g5ital cells conc]n$1 b also /ill undiff]5tiat$ mesod]m cells 7,fig4 #edj1 ,b1 ,c71 :i* orig9ate f ! dorsal wall ( ! clom-sacs & lie next to ! g5ital cells4 ,"s ( ^! la/ t5d to envelop ! g5ital cells4 ,we designate !m ! epi!lial cells ( ! g5ital rudim5ts 7ep71 :ile o!rs =m a cellul> cord :i* takes a position m$ial & v5tral to ! g5ital cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edi4--,sagittal 7longitud9al7 section ?r\gh ! abdom9al "p ( a primitive b& ( cockroa* 7,phyllodromia g]manica7 aft] ! end ( ! =mation ( ! primitive segm5ts3 #a-g1 #a/ to #g? abdom9al segm5ts2 f ! #h? abdom9al segm5t 7#h7 to ! la/ segm5t 7es7 ext5ds ! inturn$ v5tral "p ( ! primitive b&2 am1 amnion2 c1 clom-sac2 d1 yolk2 gz1 g5ital cells1 ly+ p>tly 9 ! dissepim5ts1 p>tly 9 ! wall or 9 ! cavity ( ! primitive segm5ts4 ,f ! g5ital cells 9 ! female arise only ! egg-cells 7& ! nutritive cells 9 ^? =ms :i* h su*74 ,! follicul> epi!lium ( ! egg-tube1 on ! o!r h&1 also ! correspond+ cells ( ! t]m9al *amb]1 orig9ate f ! epi!lial cells4 ,phyllodromia & ,or?opt]a 9 g5]al1 to :i* ?is description applies1 %[ 9 ?is respect tol]ably simple relations1 s9ce ! g]m9al or t]m9al comp>tm5t ( ! ov>y 9 !m is compos$ ( relatively few cells4 ,9 mo/ o!r insects1 & especially ^? :i* h a great numb] ( food-cells 9 ! ov>y1 ! g]m9al *amb] 7,keimfa*7 is extraord9>ily l>ge4 ,! v5tral cellul> cord 7cz7 develops into ! proximal "p ( ! oviduct1 :i* wid5s out & receives ! s+le egg-tubes4 ,! clom-sacs 9 ! f>!r c\rse ( _! developm5t1 ?r\gh ! retrograde developm5t ( ! p>ts ext5d+ into ! app5dages1 ?r\gh ! developm5t ( ! fat-bodies & ?r\gh ! delam9ation ( ! somatic & ! splan*nic mesod]m lay]1 become greatly dim9i%$ 9 size4 ,f9ally1 !re rema9s left ( !m only a r small cavity 7c71 :i* is bord]$ on ! side by ! rudim5t ( ! p]ic>dial septum 7ps7 & )9 by ! t]m9al ?read-plate 7ef74 ,! dorsally situat$ po9t :]e ^! two lamell pass into ea* o!r seems to /& 9 intimate connection ) ! cells ( ! rudim5t ( ! he>t 7h74 ,! cord-l g5ital rudim5t hangs f ! t]m9al ?read-plate z f a mes5t]y 7,fig4 #edi1 gz74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eej4--,longitud9al section ?r\gh ! female g5ital rudim5ts ( ,p4 g]manica4 ,a1 ) beg9n+1 ,b1 ) f>!r advanc$ gr[? ( ! ov>ian tubes3 cz1 rudim5t ( ! g5ital eff]5t passage2 ef1 t]m9al ?reads2 ep1 nucleus ( ! epi!lial cells2 gz1 g5ital cells4--,aft] ,heymons1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,toge!r ) ! gr[? ( ! primitive b& ar\nd ! yolk1 & ! =mation ( ! back1 ! pair$ rudim5ts ( ! he>t gradually ext5d to ! neighborhood ( ! dorsal m$ian l9e1 foll[$ by ! g5ital rudim5ts :i* are connect$ ) !m by ! t]m9al ?read-plates4 ,! g5ital rudim5ts advance ?us to ! dorsal side ( ! develop+ mid-inte/9e 7,fig4 #ede1 gz74 ,! t]m9al ?read-plate 7ef7 is at fir/ a simple epi!lial plate4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 foll[s an arrangem5t ( its cells :]eby !y appe> to be arrang$ 9 v]tical r[s1 ea* "o ( :i* corresponds to a develop+ ov>ian tube4 ,9 ?is way ! t]m9al ?read-plate sep>ates into ! sep>ate t]m9al ?reads ( ! ov>ian tubes 7,fig4 #eej1 ef74 ,9 ?is process ( division ! upp]mo/ dorsal edge ( ! t]m9al ?read-plate takes no "p4 ,f x aft]w>ds gr[s a ?read :i* ext5ds ant]iorly1 :i* becomes ! common t]m9al ?read ( all ! ov>ian tubes1 ! s-call$ ,mll]'s ?read4 ,?is is orig9ally unit$ ) ! p]ic>dial septum1 b seems 9 lat] /ages to h no long] an intimate connection ) x4 ,! =mation ( ! s+le ov>ian tubes1 :i* 9 ,phyllodromia numb] ab\t #bj1 is accompli%$ by ! ext5sion ( ind5tations f ! dorsal side t[>ds ! v5tral side ( ! ov>ian rudim5t 7,fig4 #eej74 ,at ! same "t ! epi!lial cells 7ep71 :i* 7 orig9ally situat$ 9 "p betwe5 ! g5ital cells1 become arrang$ 9 ! =m ( an epi!lium on ! surface ( ! ov>ian tubes1 :i* soon =ms on its out] surface a /ructureless cuticul> tunica propria4 ,! out] p]itoneal membrane ( ! ov>y becomes =m$ ( ! cells ( ! surr\nd+ tissue ( ! fat-body4 ,! g5ital rudim5t orig9ally ext5ds1 z already /at$1 f ! #b;d to ! #g? abdom9al segm5t4 ,9 ! la/1 h[ev]1 ! g5ital cells at fir/ occur only sp>+ly1 & aft]w>ds completely disappe>1 s t "h ! g5ital cord appe>s compos$ ( epi!lial cells only4 ,?is "p is ! rudim5t ( ! oviduct prop]1 & =ms a direct cont9uation ( ! above-m5tion$ cell-cord :i* is situat$ v5tralw>d f ! g5ital cells1 f :i*1 z we h se51 ! proximal cup-%ap$ section ( ! oviduct is =m$4 ,! h9d] section ( ! oviduct turns d[n v5trally 9 ord] to unite at ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! #g? & #h? abdom9al segm5ts ) ! hypod]mis4 ,! rudim5t ( ! oviduct orig9ally =ms a solid /r& ( cells4 ,aft]w>ds a cavity is =m$ by ! sep>ation ( ! cells4 ,9 lat] /ages !re is a consid]able %ort5+ ( ! g5ital rudim5t1 s t x occupies a small] numb] ( abdom9al segm5ts ?an at fir/4 ,at ! same "t ! s+le ov>ian tubes pass out ( _! orig9ally v]tical position into "o m horizontal4 ,! pair$ connections ( ! rudim5ts ( ! oviducts ) ! hypod]mis ( ! int]segm5tal furr[ betwe5 ! #g? & #h? abdom9al segm5ts rem9ds u ( ! conditions 9 ! ,ephem]id4 ,?is is ! primitive condition 9 insects4 ,9 ! female ( ,phyllodromia !re is develop$ dur+ l>val life1 f an ectod]mal invag9ation1 an unpair$ t]m9al section ( ! g5ital passage1 :i* becomes ! g5ital p\* 9 :i* ! egg-case 7o!ca7 is held4 ,?is g5ital p\* is =m$1 z ,haase has already prov$1 by ! )drawal ( ! *it9\s v5tral plate ( ! #h? & #i? abdom9al segm5t by invag9ation into ! int]ior ( ! body4 ,! developm5t ( ! eff]5t passages has be5 inve/igat$ by ,nusbaum 9 ! cockroa* 7,p]iplaneta7 & 9 ! ,p$icul9a4 ,he f\nd t only ! vasa def]5tia & ! oviducts arise f ! h9d] cord ( ! g]ms ( ! sexual gl&s1 t is1 out ( ! mesod]mal rudim5ts1 :ile ! o!r p>ts ( ! sexual eff]5t app>atus 7ut]us1 vag9a1 receptaculum sem9is1 ejaculatory duct1 p5is1 & all ! accessory gl&s7 develop f ! integum5tal epi!lium & are ( ectod]mal orig94 ,9 fact1 ! unpair$ p>ts 7ut]us1 p5is1 receptaculum sem9is1 unpair$ gl&s7 h develop$ f pair$ rudim5ts1 be+ outgr[?s ( ! hypod]mis4 ,! h9d] portions ( ! rudim5ts ( ! sexual gl&s approa* ^! hypod]mal gr[?s & fuse ) !m4 ,?r\gh a m$ian fusion ( ! pair$ hypod]mal gr[?s arise ! g]ms ( ! unpair$ organs4 ,^! obs]vations are 9 complete agreem5t ) ! results at :i* ,palmn arriv$ by anatomical inve/igation 7see p4 #dib74 ,f ! agreem5t ( ! position ( ! sexual op5+s 9 ,phyllodromia ) ! conditions obs]v$ 9 ! ,ephem]id1 ) :i* ! ,p]lid also agree1 we conclude t 9 ! entire gr\p ( insects an op5+ betwe5 ! #g? & #h? abdom9al segm5ts is ! primitive condition1 & t only by a second>y %ift+ has a m po/]ior position ( ! op5+ 79 _m =ms7 be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,9 ?is category we mu/ c]ta9ly include ! ,?ysanura1 9 :i* ! sexual op5+ is s+le & situat$ betwe5 ! #h? & #i? abdom9al segm5ts4 ,developm5t ( ! male g]m9al gl&s4--,^! rudim5ts arise 9 exactly ! same mann] z ^? ( ! female4 ,sexual diff]5tiation takes place 9 ! lat] embryonic /ages4 ,we !n notice t 9 ! male f\r masses ( g5ital cells become surr\nd$ by epi!lial cells4 ,^! masses1 :i* =m ! g]ms ( ! f\r te/icul> follicles ( ,phyllodromia1 /& 9 intimate union ) ! rudim5t ( ! vas def]5s1 & 9 ! lat] /ages move 9 connection ) ! latt]1 away f & beh9d ! orig9al g5ital rudim5t4 ,!re rema9s1 !n1 ) ! t]m9al ?read-plate a remnant ( ! g5ital rudim5t1 :i*1 accord+ to ,heymons1 =ms ! female "p ( ! orig9al h]maphroditic g5ital rudim5t1 & 9 special cases may develop ev5 into rudim5t>y egg-tubes & eggs4 ,! rudim5t>y organ aris+ out ( ?is g5ital rudim5t may also be demon/rat$ 9 ! adult male ( ,phyllodromia4 ,9 ! female ! oviduct arises directly out ( ! orig9ally e/abli%$ eff]5t passage4 ,9 ! male1 on ! contr>y1 x is n1 along its :ole l5g?1 trans=m$ into ! vas def]5s1 b its di/al t]m9al portion deg5]ates & is replac$ by a newly =m$ t]m9al portion ( ! vas def]5s1 :i* !n unites ) ! ectod]mal ductus ejaculatorius4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,on review+ ! facts z to ! orig9 ( ! sexual organs1 z 9 ,phyllodromia1#hd z j describ$1 x w be se5 t !y af=d pro( t 9 ! d]ivation ( ! g5ital cells f ! epi!lial cells ( ! clom-sacs1 !re is a direct agreem5t ) ! annelids4 ,9 ! lat] developm5t ( ! pair$ g5ital gl&s1 & ( an eff]5t passage /&+ 9 direct union ) ! gl&s !mselves1 !re is a c]ta9 agreem5t ) ! conditions 9 ,p]ipatus4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! dorsal position ( ! g5ital gl&s is ! same 9 ! two gr\ps4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! g5ital gl&s ( ,p]ipatus1 accord+ to ,s$gwick1 are =m$ by direct fusion ( ! successive clom-sacs 7& a simil> po9t ( view has be5 tak5 by ,hea?cote = ! myriopods71 h5ce x results t 9 ,p]ipatus ! g5ital cavities arise out ( ! clom-cavities4 ,9 ! insects1 on ! o!r h&1 ! g5ital rudim5t lies1 to be sure1 9 ! wall ( ! clom-sac1 b ! g5ital cavity 7lum5 ( ! oviducts7 9 !m arises sep>ately f ! clom-sacs1 :ile ! clom-cavities f9ally become a small "p ( ! def9ite body-cavity4 ,we mu/ consid] ! conditions 9 ,p]ipatus & ! myriopods z ! m primitive1 directly po9t+ to ! annelids2 on ! o!r h&1 ^? ( ! insects z d]iv$ & second>y4 ,if we attempt to homologize ! sexual eff]5t passages ( insects ) ^? ( ,p]ipatus1 we are compell$ to ref] !m to a modifi$ pair ( nephridia1 & ! orig9 ( ! latt] 7,p]ipatus7 f ! mesod]m agrees ) t ( insects4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 9 ! developm5t ( ! sexual outlets ( insects1 !re are no *>act]s :i* c be reg>d$ z favorable to su* a view4 ,we mu/ "h accept ! fact t ! mode ( developm5t is second>y4 ,m5tion %\ld be specially made ( ! fact we owe to ,heymons1 t 9 ! g5ital rudim5t ( ,phyllodromia ! g5ital cells & epi!lial cells c be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r f ! v beg9n+4 ,?is fact does n favor ! g5]ally accept$ view t ! follicle-cells & egg-cells arise ?r\gh a lat] diff]5tiation f "o & ! same k9d ( cell4 ,f _! fir/ orig91 inde$1 9 ,phyllodromia1 bo? k9ds ( cells may be ref]r$ to ! same s\rce4 ,! mode ( orig9 ( ! g5ital rudim5ts 9 ,dipt]a & ,aphides des]ve special m5tion4 ,9 ^! gr\ps ! sexual g]ms are pres5t 9 v e>ly /ages ( life4 ,?is c]ta9ly 9 "p is ! result ( ! p>!nog5etic & pdog5etic mode ( reproduction 9 ! two gr\ps1 :i* leads to an e>ly diff]5tiation ( ! sexual g]ms4 ,9 ! ,dipt]a ! fir/ g]ms ( ! g5ital gl&s are repres5t$ by ! pol> cells 7,fig4 #eea1 pz74 ,9 ! asexual develop+ eggs ( ! ovip>\s ,cecidomyia l>va1 be=e ! =mation ( ! bla/od]m1 !re sep>ates f ! h9d] pole 7,d7 a r l>ge cell ri* 9 granules1 :i* soon divides into two & aft]w>ds f\r pol> cells4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! bla/od]m ^! pol> cells !n pass 9 among ! bla/od]m cells 7,g7 & into ! int]ior ( ! embryo1 :]e !y are 9 lat] /ages symmetrically arrang$ 9 two gr\ps1 &1 envelop$ by ! cells ( surr\nd+ tissues1 trans=m$ into ! g5ital rudim5ts4 7,mets*nik(f47 ,9 ,*ironomus 7,fig4 #eeb1 p71 accord+ to ,balbiani1 two pol> cells almo/ simultane\sly sep>ate f ! h9d] pole ( ! egg1 :i*1 by division1 =m a gr\p ( f\r & eight cells4 ,exactly z 9 ! case 9 ,cecidomyia1 ^! cells are tak5 )9 ! embryo1 :]e !y lie divid$ into two gr\ps on ea* side ( ! proctodum4 ,9 all ! "y1 fre%ly hat*$ l>v2 ^! two sp9dle-%ap$ gr\ps1 ^: cells soon increase 9 numb]1 may be se5 situat$ dorsally on ! side ( ! he>t1 envelop$ by a cle> cellul> membrane :i* ends be=e & beh9d 9 a ligam5t-l t]m9al ?read4 ,! ant]ior t]m9al ?read is ! rudim5t ( ! s-call$ ,mll]'s ?read4 ,! ?read at ! po/]ior end is ! rudim5t ( ! pair$ eff]5t passage ( ! g5ital gl&s4 ,?r\gh a division ( ! cells ly+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! rudim5ts ( ! ov>ies1 !re results ! =mation ( a rosette-%ap$ gr\p ( cells :i* corresponds to ! cont5ts ( an ov>ian tube4 ,) ?is view ( ,balbiani ! lat] obs]vations ( ,ritt] agree4 ,z 9 ! ,dipt]a1 s 9 ! ,aphides1 ! fir/ g]ms ( ! g5ital organs are diff]5tiat$ v e>ly 9 life4 ,9 ! e>ly /age 9 :i* ?r\gh an invag9ation f ! h9d] pole ( ! egg ! fir/ rudim5t ( ! amnion-cavity is =m$1 a gr\p ( cells becomes sep>at$ f ! wall ( ?is invag9ation be=e ! =mation ( ! l[] lay]1 :i* at ?is "t lies z an unpair$ r\ndi% mass )9 ! embryo4 ,?is gr\p ( cells1 accord+ to ,balbiani & ,witlaczil1 has aris5 by division ( a s+le cell4 ,aft]w>ds x becomes horse%oe-%ap$ & divides into a numb] ( r\ndi% masses ( cells1 :i* are arrang$ 9 simil> numb]s on ea* side ( ! m$ian plane ( ! body1 & =m ! rudim5ts ( ! t]m9al fan 7,endf*]74 ,!y are cov]$ by an epi!lial envelope :i* passes ant]iorly into ! t]m9al ?reads1 po/]iorly into ! eff]5t passage4 ,! orig9 ( ?is epi!lial case is unkn[n4 ,! eff]5t passages ( ! sep>ate ov>ian tubes are unit$ into a common oviduct1 & ?is fuses ) an unpair$ ectod]mal invag9ation ly+ "u ! h9d inte/9e f :i* ! accessory sexual organs are =m$4 7,kors*elt & ,heid] f ,mets*nik(f1 ,witlaczil1 ,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eea4--;,fir/ developm5tal /ages ( ! p>!nog5etic eggs ( ! l>va ( ,cecidomyia3 b1 p]iph]al protoplasmic lay] 7,keimhautbla/em72 bl1 bla/od]m2 d1 c5tral yolk2 f1 division-nuclei2 n1 nutritive cell 78corpus luteum07 ab\t to break up2 pz1 pol> cells4--,aft] ,mets*nik(f1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,9 ! ,hym5opt]a ,gan9 has obs]v$ 9 ! embryo ( ,platyga/] ! rudim5ts ( ! sexual gl&s 9 ! =m ( two r\nd$ masses situat$ ne> ! po/]ior inte/9e & app>5tly d]iv$ f ! same bla/ems or buds z ! latt]4 ,uljan9 /udi$ ^! organs 9 ! l>va ( ! honey-bee4 ,!y are two r5i=m bodies 9 ! middle ( :i* w soon appe> ! ov>ian tubes4 ,!y also give bir? to ! int]nal p>ts ( ! excretory ducts1 :ile ! ext]nal "p ( ! g5ital tube1 z also ! accessory gl&s :i* are connect$ ) x1 are d]iv$ by an invag9ation ( ! hypod]mis at ! surface ( ! p5ultimate segm5t4 ,dohrn obs]v$ 9 ! l>va ( ants ! rudim5ts ( ! ov>ies 9 ! =m ( two pyri=m masses1 ea* ) eight prolongations :i* he reg>d$ z "y ov>ian tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eeb4--,?ree longitud9al sections ?r\gh ! embryo ( ,*ironomus4 ,9 ,a1 ! bla/od]m 7bl7 is beg9n+ to =m1 ! pol> cells 7p7 outside ( x2 9 ,b1 ! pol> cells h press$ 9 betwe5 ! bla/od]m cells2 9 ,c1 !y lie 9 ! int]ior ( ! embryo3 b1 protoplasmic lay] 7,keimhautbla/72 d1 yolk2 k1 nucleus ( ! =m+ bla/od]m4--,aft] ,ritt]1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,9 ,encyrtus ,bugnion obs]v$ ! rudim5ts ( ! sexual gl&s 9 ! middle ( ! l>val p]iod2 !y 7 r\nd$ & ) no app>5t connection ) ! neighbor+ organs4 ,aft]w>ds ^! rudim5ts elongat$1 approa*$ ne>] to ! v5tral surface1 & plac$ !mselves 9 relation ) "s small cell-gr\ps :i* appe>$ "u ! rectum1 & seem$ de/9$ to =m ! eff]5t canal 7vas def]5s7 & accessory gl&s ( ! g5ital organs4 ,he ?\ght ! sex c\ld be recogniz$ 9 ! second half ( l>val life1 ! male gl& be+ di/+ui%$ by its r\nd$ %ape & small] size2 ! ov>y by its oval =m & l>g] size4 ,9 l>v ready to be trans=m$ ! te/is =m$ a cellul> mass envelop$ by a cuticle1 & at its h9d] end prolong$ into an epi!lial cord1 :i* is und\bt$ly ! vas def]5s4 ,! ov>y _h a simil> envelope1 & f its cellul> mass arose epi!lial cords :i* 7 de/9$ to become ! ov>ian tubes4 m4 ,l5g? ( embryonic life ,! duration ( embryonic life v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t insects4 ,! embryo ( ! bl[-fly is fully develop$ 9 less ?an #bd h\rs1 t ( ! h\se-fly 9 #bd h\rs4 ,9 ! locu/s & tree-cricket ! embryos beg9 to develop at ! end ( ! summ]1 cont9u+ to gr[ until ! cool wea!r ( autumn1 :5 gr[? is arre/$1 ! lat] /ages be+ f9i%$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! spr+4 ,x is s1 likewise1 ) ! embryos ( _m mo?s & o!r insects4 n4 ,! process ( hat*+ ,?is has be5 obs]v$ only 9 a few cases1 & c>eful obs]vations z to ! exact mann] 9 :i* ! embryo breaks ! egg-%ell & frees itself f ! amnion are mu* ne$$4 ,also ! rapid *anges ( =m f t ( ! embryo )9 ! egg-%ell1 & t :i* x imm$iately assumes aft] break+ =? f ! %ell & membranes1 h yet to be obs]v$2 = ^! w und\bt$ly be f\nd to h special phylog5etic significance4 ,inde$1 ! phylog5etic importance ( ! late/ embryonic *anges 9 insects j ent]+ on ! nymph or ! l>val /ages is v great1 ?\gh little att5tion has z yet be5 be/[$ ^u ! matt]4 ,z reg>ds ! *anges at ! "t ( hat*+1 ,:eel] tells u t ! cockroa* 7,phyllodromia71 %ortly aft] leav+ its n>r[ place 9 ! egg-capsule1 und]goes a peculi> *ange 9 %ape4 ,be=e hat*+1 & :5 conf9$ 9 ! egg-%ell1 ! body is ab\t "o-?ird z wide z ?ick2 b soon aft] break+ out ( ! *orion its body is mu* flatt5$1 its dorso-v5tral diamet] be+ only ab\t a ?ird z great z its greate/ bread?4 ,?is %[s t ! flatt5$ %ape ( ! body ( cockroa*es1 :i* adapts !m = _! life "u b>k & /ones1 is a v late inh]itance1 & t ^! insects h desc5d$ f ^? ) m cyl9drical bodies4 ,! end ( ! body1 also1 :i* 9 ! egg is b5t und]nea? ! abdom51 is1 aft] hat*+1 b5t dorsally1 z indicat$ by ! anal /ylets1 :i* n[ po9t directly upw>ds & outw>ds4 ,! sp9es & claws are develop$ %ortly be=e hat*+4 ,9 ! ,locu/id 7,xiphidium1 etc47 ,:eel] has obs]v$ t ! pleuropodia1 or #a/ pair ( abdom9al tempor>y embryonic app5dages1 are %$ dur+ hat*+4 ,all ! o!r embryonic app5dages h also disappe>$1 except ^? :i* p]si/ & h rapidly become modifi$ to =m ! c]copods1 or ! ovipositor4 ,9 locu/s1 z we h obs]v$#he 9 ! case ( ,melanoplus spretus1 ! egg-%ell bur/s op5 at ! head end1 :5 ! nymph1 imm$iately aft] extricat+ itself f ! egg1 ca/s (f a ?9 pellicle 7! amnion71 z we h also notic$ 9 ! case ( ! l>v ( ! flea1 currant saw-fly1 & o!r insects4 ,be=e ! amnion is ca/ (f1 ! "y nymph is almo/ motionless1 b by slight movem5ts ( ! body draws itself1 9 ab\t five m9utes1 out ( ! amnion4 ,! exact process ( extraction is z foll[s3 ,:ile x lies motionless1 x puffs out ! ?91 loose sk9 connect+ ! back ( ! head ) ! front edge ( ! pro?orax4 ,! di/5tion ( ?is "p probably ruptures ! sk91 :i* slips ov] ! head1 ! body mean:ile curv$ ov] until ! sk9 is drawn back f ! head2 :5 ! latt] is ?r[n back1 x )draws its ant5n & legs1 & ! sk9 is 9 a second ( "t pu%$ back to ne> ! end ( ! abdom52 f9ally1 x draws its h9d t>si out ( ! sk91 & 9 a mom5t or two m ! "y locu/ frees itself1 kicks away ! ca/ sk91 :i* resembles a little :ite crumpl$ pellet1 & :i* has also be5 comp>$ to a dim9utive mu%room1 & walks actively (f1--sometimes1 h[ev]1 ) ! ca/ sk9 adh]+ to ! end ( ! abdom54 ,be=e ! %$d+ ( ! amnion ! body & legs are s(t & flabby2 imm$iately aft]1 x walks firmly on its legs4 ,all ! eggs hat*$--at lea/ "o or m hundr$s--at ab\t ! same "t1 i4e4 be=e #aa ,a4,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eec4--,locu/ j be=e ! amnion is ca/1 enl>g$4--,em]ton del4 ,! nymph ( ,/agmomantis c>ol9a also %$s an amnion-sk91 l t ( ! locu/2 b ! embryo be=e ca/+ x (f is mu* elongat$1 & probably1 l ! ,european ,mantis religiosa1 ! curi\s elongat$ embryos h ! same s+ul> habit ( susp5d+ !mselves by ?reads1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eed4 ,! acc\nt by ,pag5/e*] ( ! fir/ ecdysis ( ! ,european ,mantis 0 s extraord9>y t we ask$ ,pr(essor ,cock]ell to collect ! eggs ( our ,/agmomantis 9 ,new ,mexico & s5d !m to u4 ,?is he has k9dly done1 writ+ t he c 8h>dly recognize a true m\lt1 s9ce all t is ca/ (f is ! egg-membrane4 ,9 %ort1 ,pag5/e*]'s acc\nt mu/ be n a little fanciful1 unless our insect diff]s v mu* 9 its developm5t f ,mantis religiosa4 ,! ma9 *ange is t aft] leav+ ! egg ! ?orax enorm\sly elongates1 produc+ a bulg+ out1 & ?ru/+ ! head =w>d40 ,our obs]vations on ! alcoholic specim5s fully corroborate ,cock]ell's conclusions4 ,pag5/e*]'s figure ( ! embryo appe>s to be inaccurate4 ,%>p /ates t ! hat*+ nymphs rema9 susp5d$ = "s days until ! 8fir/ *ange ( sk9 is effect$40 ,?is s-call$ 8sk90 is evid5tly ! amnion4 ,! #ag-ye> ,cicada1 aft] hat*+1 is envelop$ by ! amnion1 f :i* x soon extricates itself1 & !n drops delib]ately to ! gr\nd1 8its specific gravity be+ s insignificant t x falls ?r\gh ! air z g5tly & z s(tly z does a fea!r40 7,riley47 ,o!r insects1 z cat]pill>s1 h room en\gh to turn ar\nd )9 _! %ell & to eat _! way ?r\gh ! walls ( ! *orion4 ,! meat-fly1 z we h obs]v$1 hat*es 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! embryo moves to & fro1 ! body twi/+ until ! exo*orion is ruptur$2 ! egg-%ell splits longitud9ally1 & 9 "o or two seconds ! l>va pu%es its way out ?r\gh ! ant]ior end1 & 9 a second or two m extricates itself f ! %ell4 ,! latt] sc>cely *anges its =m1 & ! l>va slips out1 leav+ ! amnion )94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eed4--;,egg-case ( ,mantis ) "y escap+3 ,a1 ! case ) "y 9 _! position ( susp5sion4 ,b1 c]ci magnifi$1 %[+ ! susp5sory ?reads4--,aft] ,brongni>t1 f ,%>p4 ,9 ! case ( a fossorial wasp1 ,specius speciosus1 :i* c>ries ,cicad into its burr[1 lay+ an elongat$ egg on ! body "u ! m$ian ?igh ( its victim1 ! l>va on hat*+1 ,riley /ates1 8does n em]ge f ! sk9 ( ! egg1 b m]ely protrudes its head & beg9s at once to draw n\ri%m5t f betwe5 ! /]nal sutures ( ! ,cicada40 ,! hat*+ sp9es4--,animals belong+ to q di/9ct classes are provid$ late 9 embryonic life ) h>d knobs or sp9es1 :i* are tempor>y /ructures = ! purpose ( break+ or cutt+ op5 ! egg-%ell1 :5 x is too ?ick & solid to be ruptur$ by ! movem5ts ( ! embryo4 ,! embryos ( c]ta9 liz>ds1 turtles1 ! bl9d worm & "s snakes1 ( ! crocodile1 & ev5 birds1 z well z ! duckbill & ,e*idna1 are provid$ ) !m1 always occurr+1 s f> z we are aw>e1 on ! end ( ! upp] jaw4 ,9 ! ,ar?ropoda simil> /ructures h ?us f> only be5 met ) 9 myriopods & insects1 ?\gh an analog\s /ructure on ! cephalo?orax ( ! embryo ( phalangids has be5 obs]v$ by ,balbiani4 ,mets*nik(f describes & figures a l[ conical sp9e s]v+ ?is purpose situat$ on ! embryonal cuticle ov] ! head ( ! advanc$ embryo ( ,/rongylosoma1 & "o on ! #c;d pair ( m\?-p>ts ( ,geophilus4 ,9 ! w+$ insects1 ! embryo ( ,=ficula is said by ,heymons to be> a s+le sp9e betwe5 ! eyes1 :i* s]ves z an egg-too?4 ,! embryo ( ! ,hem]obiid1 accord+ to ,hag51 8op5s ! egg ) an egg-bur/] l a saw40 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xv1 p4 #bdg47 ,riley /ates t ! egg-bur/]1 or ruptor ovi1 z he calls x1 ( ,corydalus cornutus1 has 8! =m ( ! common immature mu%room10 & he adds t x is a "p ( ! amnion1 be+ 8easily p]ceiv$ on ! end ( ! vacat$ %ell40 ,:eel] has obs]v$ ?ree pairs ( broad-bas$ *it9\s 8hat*+ sp9es0 us$ by ,doryphora 9 ruptur+ its embryonic envelopes1 & :i* are secret$ by pyramidal ?ick5+s ( ! hypod]mis 7,figs4 #eee1 #eef74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eee4--,! ?ree pairs ( hat*+ sp9es 7hsp7 on ! late embryo ( ,doryphora4--,aft] ,:eel]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eef4--,rudim5t ( ! hat*+ sp9e3 eb1 be+ a ?ick5+ ( ! ectod]m 7ec7 9 embryo ,doryphora aft] =mation ( ! he>t2 s1 s]osa4--,aft] ,:eel]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eeg4--;,head ( fre%ly hat*$ l>va ( ,pulex canis3 eb1 hat*+ sp9e2 ant1 ant5n2 md1 m&ible2 mx1 maxilla2 mx1 #b;d maxilla2 lbr1 labrum4 ,! hat*+ sp9e ( ,pulex canis 7,fig4 #eeg7 is a ?9 v]tical plate1 l ! edge ( a knife1 situat$ 9 ! m$ian l9e ( ! head v ne> ! po/]ior end1 & is some:at cultri=m1 ! upp] edge slightly holl[1 & turn$ up a little at ! ant]ior end4 ,?\gh we did n see x work+1 x is situat$ at j ! po9t on ! head :]e x w\ld come 9 contact ) ! egg-%ell1 & x 0 evid5t t ! l>va1 by mov+ its head back & =?1 w\ld produce a slight split 9 ! *orion & cause x to bur/ asund]4 ,lat] on 9 l>val life x disappe>s1 probably at ! fir/ m\lt4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,embryology ,koellik]1 ,alb]t4 ,obs]vationes de prima insectorum g5esi1 etc4 ,turici1 #ahdb1 pp4 #bi1 #c ,pls4 ,ra?ke1 ,h4 ,zur ,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,maulwurfsgrille 7,gryllotalpa vulg>is74 7,mll]'s ,ar*iv1 #ahdd1 ii1 p4 #bg1 ,figs4 #a-e47 ,zadda*1 ,g4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,entwicklung und d5 ,bau d] ,gli$]?i]e4 ,i4 ,die ,entwicklung des ,phryganid5eies4 ,b]l91 #ahed1 pp4 #ach1 #e ,taf4 ---- ,ueb] die ,entwicklung d] ,insekt54 7,s*rift1 d4 k4 phys4-oekon4 ,gesell4 ,knigsb]g1 viii ,jahrg41 #ahfg1 ,sitzb41 p4 #af47 ,leuck>t1 ,rudolph4 ,die ,=tpflanzung und ,entwicklung d] ,pupip>54 ,na* ,beoba*tung5 an ,melophagus ov9us4 7,abh&l4 ,naturf4 ,gesell4 ,halle1 iv1 pp4 #a-hb1 #c ,taf47 ,halle1 #aheh4 ,huxley1 ,t4 ,h4 ,on ! organic reproduction & morphology ( ,aphis4 ,pt4 ,i1 #aheh2 ,pt4 ,,ii1 #aheh4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 xxii1 pp4 #aic-bai1 #bba-bcf1 #e ,pls47 ,weismann1 ,a4 ,die ,entwicklung d] ,dipt]5 im ,ei1 na* ,beoba*tung5 an ,*ironomus sp41 ,musca vomitoria und ,pulex canis4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xiii1 #ahfc1 pp4 i-xvi1 #a-bfc1 #ad ,taf47 ---- ,zur ,embryologie d] ,insect54 7,ar*4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahfd47 ---- ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d] er/5 ,entwicklungsvorgnge im ,insect5ei4 ,93 ,beitrge zur ,anatomie und ,embryologie1 etc4 7,fe/s*rift fr ,j4 ,h5le4 ,bonn1 #ahhb47 ,kupff]1 ,c4 ,ueb] das ,falt5blatt an d5 ,embryon5 d] ,gattung ,*ironomus4 7,ar*4 ,micr4 ,anat41 ii1 #ahff47 ,mets*nik(f1 ,e4 ,embryologis*e ,/udi5 an ,insect54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xvi1 #ahff1 pp4 #chi-ejj1 #aj ,taf47 ,kupff]1 ,c>l4 ,de embryog5esi apud ,*ironomos ,obs]vationes1 etc4 ,kili1 #ahfg1 pp4 #af1 #a ,pl4 ,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,on ! developm5t ( a dragon-fly 7,diplax7 s*na84 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xi1 #ahfh1 pp4 #cff-cgb1 #h ,figs47 ---- ,embryology ( ,isotoma1 a g5us ( ,podurid4 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xiv1 #ahgj1 pp4 #ac-ae1 #d ,figs47 ---- ,embryological ,/udies on ,diplax s*na81 ,p]i!mis1 & ! ?ysanur\s g5us ,isotoma4 7,mem4 ,peabody ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,salem1 i1 #ahga1 pp4 #a-ba1 #c ,pls47 ---- ,embryological /udies on hexapod\s insects4 7,ibid41 #ahgb1 pp4 #a-ag1 #c ,pls47 ---- ,! embryological developm5t ( ! locu/4 7,*ap4 ,x1 ,?ird ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,ent4 ,commission1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhc1 pp4 #bfc-bhb1 #g ,pls47 ,br&t1 ,a4 ,beitrge zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,libellulid5 und ,hemipt]54 7,mm4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg 7#g71 xiii1 #ahfi1 pp4 #a-cc1 #c ,taf47 ---- ,ueb] das ,ei und se9e ,bildungs/tte4 7,leipzig1 #ahgh1 pp4 #aif1 #d ,taf47 ---- ,comm5t>e zur ,keimbls*5!orie des ,eies4 ,i4 ,die ,bla/od]melem5te und ,dott]ball5 d] ,insect54 7,ar*4 f4 ,micr4 ,anat41 #ahhj1 xvii47 ,melnik[1 ,n4 ,beitrge zur ,embryonal5twicklung d] ,insect54 7,ar*4 f4 ,naturg41 xxxv1 #ahfi1 pp4 #acg-ahi1 #d ,taf47 ,bts*li1 ,o4 ,zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,bi5e4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xx1 #ahgj1 pp4 #eai-efd1 #d ,taf47 ---- ,bem]kung5 b] die ,entwicklungsges*i*te von ,musca4 7,morph4 ,jahrb41 xiv1 #ahhh1 pp4 #agj-agd1 #c ,figs47 ,k[alevsky1 ,a4 ,embryologis*e ,/udi5 an ,wrm]n und ,ar?ropod54 7,mm4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg 7#g71 xvi1 #ahga1 pp4 #a-gj1 #ab ,taf47 ---- ,zur embryonal5 ,entwicklung d] ,muscid54 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 vi1 #ahhf1 pp4 #di-ed47 ,mll]1 ,fritz4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,t]mit54 7,j5a4 ,zeits*r4 ,wiss5s41 ix1 #ahge1 pp4 #bda-bfc1 #d ,taf47 ,oulgan9e1 ,w4 ,n4 7also spell$ ,uljan974 ,sur le dveloppem5t des ,podurelles4 7,ar*4 ,zool4 ,expr41 iv1 #ahge1 pp4 xxxix-xl1 und v1 #ahgf1 pp4 xvii-xix47 ---- ,beoba*tung5 b] die ,entwicklung d] ,podur54 7,russian47 7,na*r4 k4 ,gesells*4 ,freunde ,naturw41 ,an?rop4 und ,e?nogr41 xvi1 #ahge47 ,dohrn1 ,a4 ,notiz5 zur ,k5ntniss d] ,insect55twicklung4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xxvi1 #ahgf1 pp4 #aab-ach47 ,hats*ek1 ,b4 ,beitrge zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,lepidopt]54 7,j5a4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,naturw41 xi1 #ahgg1 pp4 #ch1 #c ,taf41 #b ,figs47 ,bobretzky1 ,n4 ,ueb] die ,bildung des ,bla/od]ms und d] ,keimbltt] bei ,insect54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xxxi1 #ahgh1 pp4 #aie-bae1 #a ,taf47 ,grab]1 ,vitus4 ,vorlufige ,ergebnisse e9] grss]5 ,arbeit b] v]gl4 ,embryologie d] ,insect54 7,ar*4 f4 ,micr4 ,anat41 xv1 #ahgh1 pp4 #fcj-fdj1 #a ,fig47 ---- ,ueb] die ,polypodie bei ,insect5embryon54 7,morph4 ,jahrb41 xiii1 #ahhh1 pp4 #ehf-fae1 #b ,taf47 ---- ,ueb] die primre ,segm5tirung des ,keim/reifs d] ,insect54 7,morph4 ,jahrb41 xiv1 #ahhh1 pp4 #cde-cfh1 #b ,taf41 #d ,figs47 ---- ,v]glei*5de ,/udi5 b] die ,keimhll5 und die ,rck5bildung d] ,insect54 7,d5ks*r4 ,acad4 ,wiss4 ,wi541 lv1 #ahhh47 ---- ,v]glei*5de ,/udi5 b] die ,embryologie d] ,insect5 und insbes4 d] ,muscid54 7,d5ks*r4 ,acad4 ,wiss4 ,wi541 lvi1 #ahhi47 ---- ,ueb] d5 ,bau und die phylog5etis*e ,b$eutung d] embryonal5 ,bau*anhnge d] ,insekt54 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 ix1 #ahhi1 pp4 #cee-cfc47 ---- ,v]glei*5de ,/udi5 am ,keim/reif d] ,insect54 7,d5ks*r4 ,acad4 ,wiss4 ,wi541 lvii1 #ahij47 ---- eb] die embryonale ,anlage des ,blut- und ,fettgewebes d] ,insect54 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 xi1 #ahia1 pp4 #bab-bbd47 ---- ,zur ,embryologie d] ,insekt54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xiv1 #ahia1 pp4 #bhf-bia47 ---- b] die morphologis*e ,b$eutung d] v5tral5 ,abdom9alanhnge d] ,insekt5-,embryon54 7,morph4 ,jahrb41 xvii1 #ahib1 pp4 #dfg-dhb47 ,b>rois1 ,j4 ,dveloppem5t des ,podurelles4 7,assoc4 ,franc4 p4 l',avance4 des ,sc41 #g;e ,sess41 #ahgi47 ,kadyi1 ,h4 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis d] ,vorgnge beim ,ei]leg5 d] ,blatta ori5talis4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 #ahgi1 ii1 pp4 #fcb-fcf47 ,ti*omir(f1 ,a4 ,ueb] die ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,seid5wurms4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 ii ,jahrg41 #ahgi1 pp4 #fd-fg47 ---- ,zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,seid5sp9n]s 7,bombyx mori7 im ,ei4 7,arb4 ,laborat4 ,zool4 ,mus4 ,moskau1 i1 #ahhb1 pp4 vii1 v1 #a-hj1 #c ,taf41 #dh ,figs47 7,russian47 ---- ,ueb] die ,entwicklung d] ,cal&ra gran>ia4 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 x1 #ahij1 p4 #dbd47 ,balf\r1 ,francis ,m4 ,a treatise on comp>ative embryology4 i1 ii4 ,london1 #ahhj4 #b;d edit41 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,h]twig1 ,o4 und ,r4 ,die ,coelom!orie4 ,v]su* e9] ,erklrung des mittl]5 ,keimblattes4 ,j5a1 #ahha4 7,j5a4 ,zeits*r41 xv1 pp4 #aej1 #c ,taf47 ,selvatico1 ,d4 ,s4 ,sullo sviluppo embrionale dei ,bombic9i4 7,boll4 ,ba*icoltura1 viii1 #ahha47 ,lemo9e1 ,v4 ,re*]*es sur le dveloppem5t des ,podurelles4 7,assoc4 ,fran4 p\r l',avanc4 d4 ,sc4 ,congrs de la ,ro*elle1 #ahhb47 ,balbiani1 ,e4 ,g4 ,sur la signification des cellules polaires des ,insectes4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,ac4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 xcv1 #ahhb47 ---- ,contribution l'tude de la =mation des organes sexuels *ez les ,insectes4 7,recueil ,zool4 ,suisse1 ii1 #ahhe47 ,korotneff1 ,a4 ,entwicklung des ,h]z5s bei ,gryllotalpa4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 vi ,jahrg41 #ahhc1 pp4 #fhg-fij1 #b ,figs47 ---- ,die ,embryologie d] ,gryllotalpa4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xli1 #ahhe1 pp4 #egj-fjd1 #c ,taf47 ,nusbaum1 ,j4 ,vorl4 ,mit!ilung b] die ,*orda d] ,ar?ropod54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 vi ,jahrg41 #ahhc1 pp4 #bia-bie1 #c ,figs47 ---- ,die ,entwicklung d] ,keimbltt] bei ,melo prosc>abu4 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 viii1 #ahhh1 pp4 #ddi-deb1 #b ,figs47 ---- ,zur ,frage d] ,segm5tirung des ,keim/reifs und d] ,bau*anhnge d] ,insect5embryon54 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 ix1 #ahhi1 pp4 #eaf-ebb1 #a ,fig47 ---- ,zur ,frage d] ,rck5bildung bei d5 ,insect5embryon54 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 x1 #ahij1 pp4 #aaj-aad47 ---- ,ueb] die ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,ausfhrungsgnge d] ,sexualdrs5 bei d5 ,insect54 7,9 ,poli%1 ) ,g]man rsum1 pp4 #ci-db47 78,kosmos0 ,lemb]g1 #ahhd1 ix ,jahrg47 ---- ,zur ,embryologie des ,melo prosc>abu1 ,m>s*am4 7,9 ,poli%1 ) ,lat9 explanation ( plates47 78,kosmos0 ,lemb]g1 #ahia47 ,s*neid]1 ,a4 ,ueb] die ,entwicklung d] ,ges*le*tsorgane d] ,insect54 7,zool4 ,beitrge1 h]ausg4 v4 ,a4 ,s*neid]1 i1 #ahhc47 ,w1 ,l4 ,zur ,bildung des ,eies und des ,bla/od]ms bei d5 vivip>5 ,aphid54 7,arb4 ,zool4 ,zoot4 ,in/4 ,wrzburg1 vi1 #ahhc1 pp4 #bag-beh1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] vivip>5 ,aphid54 7,sp5gel's ,zool4 ,jahrb*]4 ,ab?4 f4 ,anat4 und ,ont41 iii1 #ahhh1 pp4 #bja-bhf1 #e ,taf47 ,patt51 ,w4 ,! developm5t ( ,phryganids1 ) a prelim9>y note on ! developm5t ( ,blatta g]manica4 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,micr4 ,sc41 xxiv1 #ahhd1 pp4 #ed1 #c ,pls47 ---- ,/udies on ! eyes ( ,ar?ropods4 ,i4 ,developm5t ( ! eyes ( ,vespa1 ) obs]vations on ! ocelli ( "s insects4 7,j\rn4 ( ,morphol41 ,bo/on1 i1 pp4 #aic-bbf1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,/udies on ! eyes ( ,ar?ropods4 ,,ii4 ,eyes ( ,acilius4 7,j\rn4 ( ,morphol41 ,bo/on1 ii1 #ahhh1 pp4 #ig-aij1 #g ,pl41 #d ,figs47 ---- ,eyes ( molluscs & ,ar?ropods4 7,mit?4 ,zool4 ,/ation ,neapel41 vi1 #ahhh1 pp4 #edb-gef1 #e ,pls47 ,grassi1 ,b4 ,int]no allo sviluppo delle api nell' uovo4 7,atti ,acad4 ,gio5ia4 ,sci5c4 ,nat4 ,catania 7#c71 xviii1 #ahhd47 ---- ,breve nota intorno allo sviluppo degli ,japyx4 ,catania1 #ahhd1 also 9 ,i prog5itori degli ,insetti e dei ,miriopodi4 #a4 ,l' ,japyx e la ,campodea4 7,atti ,acad4 ,gio5ia ,sc4 ,nat4 ,catania 7#c71 xix1 #ahhe47 ,ay]s1 ,h4 ,on ! developm5t ( can?us niveus & its p>asite ,teleas4 7,mem4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 iii1 #ahhd1 pp4 #bbe-bha1 #h ,pls47 ,witlaczil1 ,em4 ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,aphid54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xl1 #ahhd1 pp4 #eei-fif1 #i ,taf47 ,hallez1 ,p4 ,ori5tation de l'embryon et =mation du cocon *ez la ,p]iplaneta ori5talis4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,ac4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 ci1 #ahhe1 pp4 #ddd-ddf47 ---- ,sur la loi de l'ori5tation de l'embryon *ez les ,insectes4 7,compt4 r5d4 ,ac4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 ciii1 #ahhf1 pp4 #fjf-fjh47 ,heid]1 ,k4 ,ueb] die ,anlage d] ,keimbltt] von ,hydrophilus piceus4 7,abh4 k4 ,acad4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahhe47 ---- ,die ,embryonal5twicklung von ,hydrophilus piceus ,l4 7,i4 ,!il4 ,j5a1 #ahhi1 pp4 #a-ih1 #ac ,taf41 #i ,figs47 ,c>rire1 ,j4 ,kurze ,mit!ilung5 aus =tgesetzt5 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,sehorgane4 #g1 ,die ,entwicklung und die v]s*i$55 ,art5 d] ,ocell54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 ix ,jahrg1 #ahhf1 pp4 #ada-adg1 #dgi-dha1 #dif-ejj47 ---- ,die ,entwicklung d] ,mau]bi5e 7,*alicodoma mur>ia ,fabr47 im ,ei4 7,ar*4 f4 ,micr4 ,anat41 xxxv1 #ahij1 pp4 #ada-afe1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,die ,drs5 am er/5 ,h9t]leibsr+e d] ,insect5embryon54 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 xi1 #ahia1 pp4 #aaj-abg1 #c ,figs47 ,miall1 ,l4 ,c41 & ,d5ny1 ,a4 ,! /ructure & life-hi/ory ( ! cockroa* 7,p]iplaneta ori5talis74 ,london1 #ahhf4 7,! section on embryology by ,j4 ,nusbaum47 ,ryd]1 ,j4 ,! developm5t ( ,anurida m>itima ,gu]94 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 xx1 #ahhf1 pp4 #bii-cjb1 #a ,pl7 ,/uhlmann1 ,f4 ,die ,reifung des ,ar?ropod5eies na* ,beoba*tung5 an ,insect51 ,sp9n51 ,myriopod5 und ,p]ipatus4 7,b]4 ,freib4 ,naturf4-,gesells*41 i1 #ahhf47 ,blo*mann1 ,f4 ,ueb] die ,ri*tungskrp] bei ,insect5ei]n4 7,morph4 ,jahrbu*1 xii1 #ahhg1 pp4 #edd-egd1 #b ,taf47 ,bruce1 ,adam ,todd4 ,obs]vations on ! embryology ( insects & ara*nids4 ,a memorial volume4 ,baltimore1 #ahhg1 #d1 pp4 #ca1 #f ,pls4 ,weismann1 ,a41 und ,is*ikawa1 ,*4 ,ueb] die ,bildung d] ,ri*tungskrp] bei ?i]is*5 ,ei]n4 7,b]4 ,naturf4 ,ges4 ,freiburg1 iii1 #ahhg47 ,*olodk[sky1 ,n4 ,ueb] die ,bildung des ,entod]ms bei ,blatta g]manica4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xi ,jahrg41 #ahhh1 pp4 #afc-aff1 #b ,figs47 ---- ,/udi5 zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,insect54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xlviii1 #ahhi1 pp4 #hi-ajj1 #a ,taf47 ---- ,zur ,embryologie von ,blatta g]manica4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xiii ,jahrg41 #ahij1 pp4 #acg-ach47 ---- ,zur ,embryologie d] ,hauss*abe 7,blatta g]manica74 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 x1 #ahij1 p4 #dbe47 ---- ,ueb] die ,entwicklung des c5tral5 ,n]v5sy/ems bei ,blatta g]manica4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xiv ,jahrg41 #ahia1 pp4 #aae-aaf47 ---- ,zur ,embryologie d] ,insect54 7,ibid41 #ahia1 pp4 #dfe-dff47 ---- ,die ,embryonal5twicklung von ,phyllodromia 7,blatta g]manica74 7,mm4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg 7#g71 xxxviii1 #ahia47 ,h5k+1 ,h4 ,die er/5 ,entwicklungsvorgnge im ,flieg5ei und freie ,k]nbildung4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xlvi1 #ahhh1 pp4 #bhi-ccf1 #d ,taf41 #c ,figs47 ---- ,ueb] die ,bildung von ,ri*tungskrp]n 9 d5 ,ei]n d] ,insekt5 und d]5 ,s*icksal4 7,na*r4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 ,gtt+51 #ahhh47 ,platn]1 ,g4 ,die er/e ,entwicklung befru*tet] und p>!nog5etis*] ,ei] von ,lip>is disp>4 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 viii1 #ahhh1 pp4 #eba-ebd47 ,s*midt1 ,f4 ,die ,bildung des ,bla/od]ms und des ,keim/reifs d] ,muscid54 7,sitz4 ,naturf4 ,ges41 ,dorpat1 viii1 #ahhi47 ,viallanes1 ,h4 ,sur quelques po9ts de l'hi/oire du dveloppem5t embryonnaire de la ,mante religieuse4 7,rec4 ,biol4 du ,nord de la ,france1 ii1 #ahhi-ahij47 ,voeltzk[1 ,a4 ,entwicklung im ,ei von ,musca vomitoria4 7,arb4 ,zool4 ,zoot4 ,in/4 ,wrzburg1 ix1 #ahhi1 pp4 #a-dh1 #d ,taf47 ---- ,melolon?a vulg>is1 e9 ,beitrag zur ,entwicklung im ,ei bei ,insect54 7,arb4 ,zool4 ,zoot4 ,in/4 ,wrzburg1 ix1 #ahhi1 pp4 #di-fd1 #a ,taf47 ,:eel]1 ,w4 ,m4 ,ueb] drs5>tige ,gebilde im er/5 ,abdom9alsegm5t d] ,hemipt]5embryon54 7,zool4 ,anzieg]1 xii1 #ahhi1 pp4 #ejj-ejd1 #b ,figs47 ---- ,! embryology ( ,blatta g]manica & ,doryphora deceml9eata4 7,j\rn4 ( ,morph41 ,bo/on1 iii1 #ahhi1 pp4 #bia-cgd1 #g ,pls41 #af ,figs47 ---- ,on ! app5dages ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t ( ! embryo cockroa* 7,blatta g]manica74 7,proce$4 ,wis4 ,acad4 ,sci5ce1 ,arts1 & ,lett]s1 viii1 #ahij1 pp4 #hg-adj1 #c ,pls47 ---- ,ueb] e9 eig5?mli*es ,organ im ,locu/id5embryo 7,xiphidium ensif]um74 7,zool4 ,anzieg]1 xiii1 #ahij1 pp4 #dge-dhj47 ---- ,neurobla/s 9 ! ,ar?ropod embryo4 7,j\rn4 ( ,morphol41 iv1 #ahia1 pp4 #ccg-cdc1 #a ,fig47 ---- ,a contribution to insect embryology4 ,94 ,diss4 7,j\rn4 ,morph41 ,bo/on1 viii1 #ahic1 pp4 #a-afj1 #f ,pls41 #g ,figs47 ,heymons1 ,r4 ,ueb] die h]maphroditis*e ,anlage d] ,sexualdrs5 beim ,mnn*5 von ,phyllodromia 7,blatta7 g]manica4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xiii ,jahrg41 #ahij1 pp4 #dea-deg1 #c ,figs47 ---- ,die ,ent/ehung d] ,ges*le*tsdrs5 von ,phyllodromia 7,blatta7 g]manica ,l4 ,94 ,diss4 ,b]l91 #ahia4 ---- ,die ,embryonal5twickelung von ,d]mapt]5 und ,or?opt]5 unt] besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung d] ,keimbltt]bildung4 ,monographis* be>beiteit1 #ab ,li?4 ,taf4 und #cc ,figs4 ,j5a1 #ahie1 #d1 pp4 #acf4 ---- ,ueb] die ,=tpflanzung und ,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,ephem]a vulgata ,l4 7,sitzungsb4 ,gesell4 ,naturf4 ,freunde1 ,b]l91 #ahif1 pp4 #ha-if47 ---- ,entwicklungsges*i*tli*e ,unt]su*ung5 an ,lepisma sac*>9a ,l4 7,zeits*r4 wiss4 ,zool41 lxii1 #ahig1 pp4 #ehh-fca1 #b ,taf47 ,ritt]1 ,r4 ,die ,entwicklung d] ,ges*le*tsorgane und des ,d>mes bei ,*ironomus4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 #a1 #ahij1 pp4 #djh-dbg1 #a ,taf47 ,ti*omir[a1 ,o4 ,s4 ,zur ,embryologie von ,*rysopa4 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 x1 #ahij1 p4 #dbc47 ,p$as*5ko1 ,d4 ,sur la =mation de la b&elette g]m9ative *ez ,notonecta glauca4 7,9 ,russian47 7,revue ,sc4 ,natural4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 i1 #ahia47 ,kors*elt1 ,e41 & ,heid]1 ,k4 ,lehrbu* d] v]glei*5d5 ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] wirbellos5 ,?i]e4 7,spec4 ,?4 ,heft ii1 ,j5a1 #ahia1 _m ,figs47 ,) ! writ+s ( ,lang 7,comp4 ,anatomy74 ,,end ,,( ,,"p ,,ii ,,"p ,,iii4--,,! ,,metamorphoses ,,( ,,insects ,we h se5 t ! embryo rapidly passes ?r\gh extraord9>y *anges ( =m1 & n[1 aft] hat*+1 especially 9 ! insects ) a complete metamorphosis1 ! animal cont9ues to und]go /rik+ *anges 9 =m1 9 adaptation to diff]5t modes ( life4 ,! life ( a w+$ insect1 su* z a butt]fly1 fly1 or bee1 may be divid$ into f\r /ages3 ! embryo1 or egg /ate1 ! l>va1 pupa1 & imago1--! t]m metamorphosis be+ appli$ to ! *anges aft] bir?1 or po/-embryonic /ages ( life4 ,! trans=mations ( ! m specializ$ ord]s ( insects involve wond]ful *anges ( =m1 :i* are only p>allel$ 9 o!r types ( animals by ! metamorphoses ( ! e*9od]ms1 ( c]ta9 worms1 & ( ! ,cru/acea1 z well z by ^? ( ! frog4 ,an insect1 su* z a butt]fly or bee1 dur+ its po/-embryonic life lives1 s to speak1 ?ree diff]5t lives1 hav+ di/9ct bodily /ructures & exi/+ "u q dissimil> surr\nd+s & habits2 s t a cat]pill> is practically a diff]5t animal f ! pupa1 & ! latt] f ! imago1 ) diff]5t organs1 ! app5dages & o!r /ructures be+ s modifi$ z to be1 s f> z reg>ds _! functions1 radically diff]5t4 ,^! *anges ( functions or ( habits h also be5 pla9ly en\gh ! excit+ cause ( ! div]g5cy 9 /ructure ( :at fundam5tally is "o & ! same organ1 ! *ange hav+ be5 br\ght ab\t by adaptation ( ! same organs to q diff]5t uses4 ,! *anges are n only obs]vable 9 ! body & its app5dages1 b also 9 ! int]nal organs1 & consequ5tly are bo? /ructural & physiological4 ,! t]m l>va1 z appli$ to ! fir/ /age ( animals1 is a v v>iable & indef9ite "o1 t ( insects 9 g5]al be+ a mu* m highly organiz$ animal ?an ! l>va ( a worm1 />fi%1 or cru/acean4 a4 ,! nymph z di/+ui%$ f ! l>val /age ,z !re is no m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! diff]5t /ages ( ! "y 9 ! insects ) an incomplete metamorphosis 7,het]ometabola71 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ ! possession ( ! rudim5ts ( w+s & ! abs5ce ( a re/+ /age1 ! t]ms l>va & pupa are 9 reality sc>cely applicable to !m1 & we mu* pref] ! t]m nymph1 fir/ propos$ by ,lam>ck = ! active 8pupa0 ( ,or?opt]a1 ,hemipt]a1 ! ,odonata & ,ephem]id1 & adopt$ 9 "p by _m4 ,inde$1 9 ! m g5]aliz$ & old] ord]s1 ! l>val & pupal /ages are n diff]5tiat$1 ?\gh ! t]m l>val1 9 its g5]al s5se1 w probably always be us$2 j z we speak ( ! l>val /ages ( worms1 e*9od]ms1 or ,cru/acea4 ,eaton 9 8 elaborate "w on ! ,ephem]id employs ! t]m nymph to designate all ! aquatic or e>ly /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! "y aft] hat*+1 & he urges t ! old-fa%ion$ usage ( l>va & pupa seem sc>cely wor? ret5tion4 8,nymphs are "y :i* live an active life1 quitt+ ! egg at a tol]ably advanc$ /age ( morphological developm5t & hav+ ! m\?-p>ts =m$ aft] ! same ma9 type ( con/ruction z ^? ( ! adult insect40 ,! ^w nymph is us$ 9 ! same s5se by ,mc,lachlan1 & by ,cabot4 ,calv]t also applies ! t]m nymph 8to ! /age ( odonate exi/5ce betwe5 ! egg & ! trans=mation into ! imago40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,brau] applies ! t]m nymph to ! pupa ( holometabol\s insects4 ,= l>val ,hyatt proposes ! t]m nepionic4 b4 ,/ages or /adia ( metamorphosis ,! int]vals or p]iods betwe5 ! m\lts or ecdyses ( cat]pill>s & o!r eruci=m l>v are call$ /ages or /adia2 ?us1 z mo/ cat]pill>s m\lt f\r times1 we h five /ages or /adia1 or /age 7/adium7 ,i to ,v4 ,z obs]v$ by ,%>p1 !re is1 un=tunately1 no t]m 9 g5]al use to express ! =m ( ! insect at ! v>i\s /adia2 8entomologi/s say1 #8! =m assum$ at ! fir/ m\lt1' & s on40 ,h5ce he adopts a t]m sugge/$ by ,fis*]1#hf & calls ! insect z x appe>s aft] leav+ ! egg ! fir/ in/>1 & :at x is aft] ! fir/ m\lt ! second in/>1 & s on2 h5ce ! pupa1 or *rysalis1 :i* assum$ t condition aft] m\lt+ five times w\ld be ! six? in/>1 & ! butt]fly itself w\ld be ! sev5? in/>4 c4 ,ametabol\s & metabol\s /ages ,9 ! ,synapt]a developm5t is direct1 ! "y diff]+ nei!r 9 =m1 /ructure1 or habits f ! adult4 ,h5ce !y are said to be ametabol\s4 ,s9ce !re is an abs5ce ( ev5 a t5d5cy to a p>tial metamorphosis1 x is evid5t t ! insects h n inh]it$ a t5d5cy to und]go a trans=mation1 b t x is an adaptation induc$ 9 ! hexapod type aft] ! fir/ w+$ insects appe>$1 & :i* became m m>k$ 9 ! m specializ$ insects & at a p]iod comp>atively late 9 geological hi/ory1 i4e4 p]haps at or soon aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4#hg ,! trans=mations ( ! pt]ygote insects v>y greatly 9 degree1 & x is difficult to draw ! l9e betwe5 ! grades4 ,^? 9 :i* ! adults diff] f ! fre%ly hat*$ "y only or ma9ly 9 hav+ w+s are g5]ally said to h an incomplete or gradual metamorphosis4 ,!re is no inactive1 re/+1 or pupal /age1 & ! w+s are acquir$ only aft] successive m\lts4 ,insects ) an incomplete metamorphosis are ! ,or?opt]a1 ,d]mapt]a1 ,platypt]a 7,mallophaga1 ,plecopt]a1 ,corrod5tia1 ,embid71 ,ephem]id1 ,odonata1 ,?ysanopt]a1 & ,hemipt]a1 ) ! exception ( ! male ,coccid1 9 :i* !re is a re/+ or sub-nymph /age4 ,z reg>ds ! numb] ( m\lts 9 ! ,synapt]a1 ,grassi /ates t 9 ,campodea !re is a s+le fragm5t>y ecdysis1 :ile ,somm]s tells u t ,macrotoma plumbea %$s its sk9 ?r\gh\t life1 ev5 aft] atta9+ its full size4 ,z an example ( ! p>tial metamorphosis ( ! hemimetabol\s insects we may select t ( ! locu/1 9 :i* !re are five m\lts & six /ages 7in/>s71 z se5 9 ,fig4 #eeh1 five ( :i* are nymphal4 ,9 ! fir/ two /ages !re are no rudim5ts ( w+s1 ^! appe>+ aft] ! second m\lt4 ,besides ! acquisition ( w+s !re are slight diff]5ces aft] ea* m\lt1 bo? 9 /ructure & color1 besides size1 s t we may always recognize ! comp>ative age & ! p>ticul> /age ( gr[? ( any individual4#hh ,we h wat*$ ! developm5t ( ,melanoplus spretus f ! egg to ! imago1 & exam9$ ?\s&s ( specim5s :i* %[ ! six /ages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,european au?ors diff] z to :e!r !re are ?ree1 f\r1 or five m\lts 9 ! migratory locu/4#hi ,x is n improbable t1 z is ! case ) _m o!r insects1 ! numb] ( m\lts may v>y accord+ to ! temp]ature & food1 v>iation 9 ^! ag5cies caus+ ei!r ret>dation or rapidity 9 developm5t4 ,^? ) a complete metamorphosis are said to be metabol\s or holometabol\s4 7,lang47 ,lea*#ij 9 #ahae gave ! "n ( ,ametabola to insects )\t1 & ,metabola to insects ) a metamorphosis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eeh4--,p>tial metamorphosis ( ,melanoplus femur-rubrum1 %[+ ! five nymph /ages1 & ! gradual gr[? ( ! w+s1 :i* are fir/ visible ext]nally 9 #c1 #c;b1 #c;c4--,em]ton del4 ,latreille 7#ahca7 call$ insects ) an incomplete metamorphosis homot5\s 7:i* means simil> to ! end ( life71 & ^? ) a complete metamorphosis1 polymorph\s4 ,= ! diff]5t degrees ( metamorphosis ( insects he employ$ two t]ms3 = ! incomplete degree1 metamorphosis dimidia1 & = ! total or pupal1 metamorphosis p]fecta4 ,we/wood 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,mod]n ,classification ( ,insects 7#ahci71 tak+ into acc\nt ! relation ( ! l>va ) ! imago1 divid$ insects into two divisions3 ! ,het]omorpha1 or ^? 9 :i* !re is no resemblance betwe5 ! p>5t & its (fspr+1 & ,homomorpha1 9 :i* ! l>va resembles ! imago1 except 9 ! abs5ce ( w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eei4--,manometabol\s metamorphosis ( ! cockroa* 7,phyllodromia g]manica7 ) its f\r nymphal /adia a-d2 e1 h1 adult2 f1 female ) egg-case2 g1 egg-case4--,f ,riley4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! degree ( metamorphosis1 insects h be5 divid$ into ,het]ometabola & ,metabola4 ,i4 ,het]ometabola4--,?is gr\p may be divid$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,manometabola1#ia embrac+ ^? =ms ) a slight or gradual metamorphosis1 b :i* are active 9 all ! /ages1 )\t any re/+ /age4 ,! ord]s pass+ ?r\gh ?is degree ( metamorphosis are ! foll[+3 ,or?opt]a1 ,d]mapt]a1 ,platypt]a1 ,?ysanopt]a1 & ,hemipt]a 7,coccid except$74 ,9 all ^! gr\ps1 ! only ext]nal diff]5ces ( importance betwe5 ! fre%ly hat*$ nymph & ! adult is ! pres5ce ( w+s4 ,! *ief diff]5ce int]nally is ! complete developm5t ( ! sexual gl&s4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! la/ nymph /age ( ! ,?ysanopt]a ! articulations ( ! limbs are envelop$ by a membrane & ! w+s enclos$ 9 %ort fix$ %ea?s2 ! ant5n are turn$ back on ! head1 & ! insect1 ?\gh x moves ab\t1 is mu* m sluggi% ?an 9 ! o!r /ate4 7,haliday47 ,h5ce "h we h a close approa* to ! foll[+ degree4 #b4 ,h]emetabola1#ib includ+ ^? =ms ) a gradual ?\gh slight or incomplete metamorphosis1 b ) a quiesc5t or re/+ /age at ! close ( ! nymph life4 ,lang has emphasiz$ ?is /age1 call+ att5tion to ! fact t ! =e legs ( ! nymph ( ! #ag-ye> ,cicada1 :i* lives und]gr\nd on ! roots ( trees1 are ?ick & adapt$ = digg+4 ,! transition f ! nymph to ! w+$ adult is signaliz$ by ! decid$ *ange 9 =m ( ! =e legs1 z well z by ! acquisition ( ! w+s4 8,! la/ l>val /age is1 !n1 :at is call$ quiesc5t1 i4e4 ! organization ( ! imago develops )9 ! *rysalis at ! exp5se ( ! accumulat$ res]ve mat]ial40 7,lang47 ,!re seems to be a re/+ /age1 :5 ! insect does n p]haps suck ! sap f ! roots1 & awaits 9 its *amb] its approa*+ *ange to ! imago2 b we %\ld sc>cely apply ! t]m pupa to ?is /age1 ?\gh ! ant5n ( ! fre%ly hat*$ l>va are l>g] & long] ?an 9 ! fully gr[n nymph & are di/9ctly #h-;jo9t$4 #c4 ,hemimetabola4--,9 ?is division1 s nam$ by ,brau]1 ! *anges are m m>k$1 ?\gh !re is no truly inactive pupa-l /age4 ,! ord]s are ,p]l>ia 7,plecopt]a71 ,odonata1 & ,plectopt]a 7,ephem]id74 ,! fre%ly hat*$ nymphs ( ^! ?ree gr\ps are mu* alike 9 %ape1 t ( ,p]lid1 & inde$ mo/ ( ! ,platypt]a1 be+ m g5]aliz$1 unless we except t ( ,*loon2 all closely recall ,campodea1 & are !re=e 9 ! ,campodea-/age4 ,^! nymphs are inde$ m g5]aliz$ ?an ! fre%ly hat*$ nymph ( ,blattid1 or any o!r ( ! ord]s m5tion$ except ! ,platypt]a1 to :i* p]lids belong4 ,!y all h feet1 & ! body is m or less flatt5$4 7,fig4 #efj47 ,,ii4 ,holometabola4--,9 ?is division we h = ! fir/ "t a true l>va1 & a pupa /age z di/+ui%$ f ! imago4 ,moreov]1 ! insect at ea* /age is di/+ui%$ by radical diff]5ces 9 =m1 surr\nd+s1 & 9 ! nature ( ! food1 :ile ! pupa is inactive1 usually immovable1 & incapable ( tak+ any food1 & is (t5 protect$ by a cocoon spun by ! l>va4 ,! holometabol\s ord]s are ! ,neuropt]a1 ,coleopt]a1 ,mecopt]a1 ,tri*opt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,siphonapt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a4 ,z we h among worms1 e*9od]ms1 & ,cru/acea c]ta9 exceptional species 9 a metamorphic gr\p ^: metamorphosis is suppress$1 _! developm5t be+ direct1 s !re is 9 pt]ygote insects1 ?\gh 9 a v mu* less degree1 cases ( direct developm5t4 ,9 ! w+less cockroa*es su* z ,pseudoglom]is1 etc41 ( ! tribe ( ,p]iphriides1 9 "s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! males are w+$1 & 9 ! ,hemipt]a1 occur w+less =ms su* z ! lice & b$-bug4 ,! ,mallophaga are all w+less1 :ile c]ta9 ,d]mapt]a 7,*elidura1 ,anisolabis7 are also apt]\s4 ,! abs5ce ( w+s 9 su* cases is due to disuse f p>asitism1 or to a life "u /ones or 9 cracks & fissures1 :]e ! insects are driv5 to avoid _! enemies1 & h5ce d n ne$ w+s4 ,! gr[? ( w+s & consequ5tly ! developm5t ( a metamorphosis is suppress$1 s t1 z ,lang says1 89 contra/ to ! orig9al ametabola ( ! ,apt]ygota1 we h "h an acquir$ ametabola40 ,x is r>e t1 aft] ! rudim5ts ( w+s h once appe>$ 9 ! v "y1 !y %\ld disappe> 9 ! late nymph /age2 ?is is1 h[ev]1 said by ,wal% to be ! case ) ! ,ephem]id ,btisca 7,fig4 #ddj74 ,?is is a case ( ret>dation 9 an acquir$ ametabolesis4 ,,! ,,l>va ,! t]m l>va is peculi>ly applicable to ! "y ( ! holometabol\s ord]s4 ,! "n 7,lat91 l>va1 a mask7 0 fir/ giv5 to ! cat]pill> because x 0 ?\ght by ! anci5ts to mask ! =m ( ! p]fect insect4 ,swamm]dam suppos$ t ! l>va conta9$ )9 itself 8! g]m ( ! future butt]fly1 enclos$ 9 :at w be ! case ( ! pupa1 :i* is itself includ$ 9 ?ree or m sk9s1 "o ov] ! o!r1 t w successively cov] ! l>va40 ,:at l$ to 8 conception ( ! nature ( ^! *anges 0 probably 8 obs]vations on ! semitransp>5t l>va ( ! gnat1 9 :i* ! body & limbs ( ! pupa c be p>tially se52 = ,weismann has %[n t ! great ,dut* obs]v]'s belief t ! pupal & imag9al sk9s 7 9 reality already conceal$ "u t ( ! l>va is p>tially f\nd$ 9 fact4 ,swamm]dam /ates3 8,i c po9t out 9 ! l>va all ! limbs ( ! future nymph1 or ,culex1 conceal$ b5ea? ! sk910 & he also obs]v$ b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! l>v ( bees1 j be=e pupat+1 ! ant5n1 m\?-p>ts1 w+s1 & limbs ( ! adult4 ,b1 z we %all see f>!r on1 ! discov]y by ,weismann 9 ! l>va ( ! g]ms ( ! imago has completely *ang$ our notions z to ! nature ( metamorphosis1 & revolutioniz$ our k ( ! fundam5tal processes conc]n$ 9 ! *ange f l>va to pupa1 & f pupa to imago4 ,n only are ! l>v ( ea* ord] ( insects *>act]i/ic 9 =m1 s t ! grub or l>va ( beetles is readily di/+ui%$ f ^? ( o!r ord]s1 or ! maggot ( flies f ! apod\s l>va ( wasps & bees1 b )9 ! limits ( ! l>g] ord]s !re is great div]sity ( l>val =ms1 %[+ t !y are ! result ( adaptation to _! surr\nd+s4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! l>v ( ! ,coleopt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a4 ,9 g5]al1 ! l>v ( insects may be divid$ into two types1--! ,campodea-=m1 or campodeoid1 sometimes call$ ?ysanuri=m1 & ! eruci=m4 a4 ,! ,campodea-=m type ( l>va ,?is is ! mo/ primitive & g5]aliz$ type ( l>va 7,fig4 #efj74 ,a ,campodeoid l>va is "o ne>e/ 9 g5]al %ape to ,campodea1 ! =m :i* we h se5 to be ! ne>e/ alli$ to ! probable ance/or ( ! insects1 & x also resembles ! nymphs ( ! het]ometabol\s insects1 be=e ! appe>ance ( _! rudim5t>y w+s4 ,brau]1 9 #ahfi1ic fir/ sugge/$ t ! l>v ( a great numb] ( insects may be trac$ back to ,campodea & ,iapyx4 ,! ,campodea-=m l>va is active1 ) a m or less flatt5$ body1 well develop$ m&ibulate m\?-p>ts1 & usually long legs4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ! =m ( ,campodea is ! fre%ly hat*$ nymph ( cockroa*es 7,blattid71 ,=ficula1 ,p]lid1 ,t]mitid1 ,psocid1 ,embid1 ,ephem]id1 ,odonata1 especially ! m g5]aliz$ ,agrionid1 ! nymphs ( ,hemipt]a1 ! l>v ( c]ta9 ,neuropt]a1 ! active p$ate l>v ( ! m g5]aliz$ ,coleopt]a1 su* z ^? ( ,c>abid1 ,cic9delid1 ,dyticid1 etc41 & ! fir/ l>va 7in/>7 ( ,/ylopid & ,meloid 7,fig4 #efj1 d74 ,:ile ! ,campodea-%ape is reta9$ ?r\gh\t nymphal life1 ( ! ord]s above m5tion$ ! ,neuropt]a & ,coleopt]a alone h a true re/+ pupal /age4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$ t great *anges 9 ! =m ( ! nymph occur )9 ! limits ( ! ,or?opt]a2 ! nymph ( all ! families except t ( ! ,blattid1 evid5tly ! mo/ g5]aliz$ & primitive1 be+ m or less specializ$1 :ile ! nymphs ( ! o!r ord]s all v>y 9 degree ( specialization & modification4 ,! process ( adaptation once begun w5t on v rapidly1 z x has 9 _m o!r ord]s ( insects1 z well z 9 animals ( o!r phyla4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efj4--;,examples ( campodeoid nymphs & l>v3 a1 ,campodea2 b1 ,podura 7,dege]ia72 c1 ,lepisma2 d1 triungul9 l>va ( ,melo2 e1 ,p]la2 f1 ,=ficula2 g1 ,*loon2 h1 ,may-fly 7,pal+5ia72 i1 s*na2 j1 ,atropos2 k1 ,myrmeleon2 l1 ,sialis2 m1 ,corydalus2 n1 ,cicada4 b4 ,! eruci=m type ( l>va ,brau] also sagaci\sly po9t$ out t 8a l>g] "p ( ! mo/ highly develop$ insects assume ano!r l>va =m1 :i* appe>s n only z a lat] acquisition1 ?r\gh adaptation to c]ta9 def9ite conditions1 b also arises z su* be=e our eyes4 ,! l>v ( ,lepidopt]a1 ( saw-flies1 & ,panorpid %[ ! =m mo/ di/9ctly1 & ,i call ?is ! cat]pill> =m 7,raup5=m74 ,t ?is is n ! primitive =m1 b "o lat] acquir$1 we see illu/rat$ 9 c]ta9 beetles4 ,! l>v ( ,melo & ( ,sit>is1 9 _! fully gr[n conditions1 possess ! cat]pill> =m1 b ! new-born l>v ( ^! g5]a %[ ! ,campodea-=m4 ,! la/ =m is lo/ z soon z ! l>va beg9s its p>asitic mode ( life4444 ,! l>g] "p ( ! beetles1 ! ,neuropt]a 79 "p71 ! bees & flies 7! la/ ) ! mo/ degrad$ maggot =m71 possess l>v ( ?is second =m40 ,9 #ahga we adopt$ ^! views1 giv+ ! "n eruci=m to ?is type ( l>v1 & aft]w>ds ,lubbock adopt$ ,brau]'s views4 ,brau] consid]$ t ! eruci=m l>va 0 ! result ( liv+ a /ation>y semi-p>asitic life on plants1 9 c>rion1 or burr[+ 9 ! trunks & bran*es or leaves & buds ( trees1 :]e !y d n h to move ab\t 9 se>* ( _! food4 ,! *ange f ! ,campodea-=m to ! eruci=m l>va is a process ( deg5]ation & (t5 ( atrophy ( ! limbs1 &1 9 ! footless =ms ( dipt]\s & hym5opt]\s insects1 ( ! gna?ites1 accompani$ by a t5d5cy ( ! body to become m or less cyl9drical4 ,! fir/ /eps 9 ! orig9ation ( ! eruci=m l>va 7 app>5tly tak5 9 ! ord] ,neuropt]a1 z re/rict$ by ,brau] & by myself1 :]e1 ?\gh ! l>v are campodeoid1 !re is a true re/+ pupal /age4 ,! mo/ g5]aliz$ l>val =m is p]haps t ( ! ,sialid 7,fig4 #efj1 l71 9 :i* ! body t5ds to be slightly cyl9drical1 ?\gh ! legs are long1 & ! gna?ites well develop$ = seiz+ & bit+ _! liv+ prey4 ,! t]re/rial l>v ( ! ,hem]obiid1 ?\gh modifications ( ! sialid l>val =m1 are consid]ably specializ$ 9 adaptation to _! active c>nivor\s habits4 ,b ! life-hi/ory ( ,mantispa1 :]e !re are two l>val /ages1 gives u pla9ly en\gh ! key to ! mode 9 :i* ! complete metamorphosis 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,! l>va1 born a true ,campodea-l =m1 ) l>ge1 long1 #d-;jo9t$ legs1 has a /ructure :i* w\ld enable x to move ab\t freely aft] its prey1 beg9n+ at once to live a s$5t>y life 9 ! egg-sac ( a spid]2 be=e ! fir/ m\lt x loses ! use ( its legs1 :ile ! ant5n are p>tly abort$4 ,! result is t1 ow+ to ?is *ange ( habits & surr\nd+s f ^? ( its active ance/ors1 x *anges its =m1 & ! fully gr[n l>va becomes cyl9drical1 ) small sl5d] legs1 &1 ow+ to ! p>tial disuse ( its jaws1 acquires a small1 r\nd head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,examples ,,( ,,coleopt]\s ,,l>v1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,passage ,,f ,,! ,,campodeoid ,,to ,,! ,,eruci=m ,,type ,,( ,,l>v4 ,,fig4 #efa4--;,coleopt]\s l>v %[+ passage f campodeoid to eruci=m l>v3 a1 b1 ,h>palus2 c1 ,dyticus2 d1 ,/aphyl9us2 e1 ,silpha2 f1 ,melanactes2 g1 ,ludius2 h1 ,elat]2 i1 ,donacia2 j1 ,*rysobo?ris2 k1 ,or?osoma2 l1 ,cocc9ella2 m1 ,byrrhus2 n1 ,trox2 o1 p1 ,la*no/]na2 q1 ,labidom]a2 r1 ,pt9us2 s1 ,anobium2 t1 ,balan9us 7entirely apod\s74 ,its ant5n1 m\?-p>ts1 & legs n only ret>d$ 9 gr[?1 b retrograd+ & becom+ ve/igial1 ! body mean:ile becom+ fat & cyl9drical1 an app>5t accel]ation ( gr[? goes on )91 ) probably an enl>gem5t ( ! inte/9e & fat-body1 & ?us ! pupal =m is p]fect$ :ile ! l>va is full-f$ & quiesc5t4 ,x is n improbable t 9 ! primitive neuropt]on1 z ! result ( a mode ( life l t ( ,mantispa1 ! quiesc5t life ( ! lat] /ages graduat$ into a quiesc5t1 inactive pupal life1 all[+ ! *anges go+ on 9 ! int]nal organs to result 9 a complete metamorphosis1 :i* 0 transmitt$ to ! lat] ,neuropt]a1 ?us mak+ ! complete metamorphosis a fix$1 normal condition4 ,x ?us appe>s t a *ange ( habits & ( food1 & m especially ! fact t ! nymph became s surr\nd$ ) an abundance ( food close at h& t x did n h to run actively ab\t & seize x 9 a haphaz>d mann]1 7 ! factors br++ ab\t a *ange f ! ,campodea-=m nymph to ! eruci=m l>va1 ?us induc+ a hyp]metamorphosis4 ,! l>v ( ! ,mecopt]a 7,panorpid1 ,fig4 #efb1 b7 are /ill m cat]pill>-l1 & besides _! cyl9drical body1 r\nd$ head1 small %ort gna?ites1 small ?oracic legs1 !y h :at appe> to be #b-;jo9t$ legs to ea* ( ! n9e abdom9al segm5ts1 & ! close resemblance to cat]pill>s is f>!r c>ri$ out by ! pres5ce ( a pair ( pro?oracic spiracles1 none exi/+ on ! o!r two ?oracic segm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efb4--;,examples ( eruci=m l>v3 a1 ,phryganea2 b1 ,panorpa2 c1 ,sesia2 d1 d1 cat]pill>s2 e1 ,sel&ria2 f1 ,tipula2 g1 ,simulium2 h1 ,*ionea2 i1 ,musca2 j1 ,ta*9a2 k1 ,braula2 l1 flea2 m1 ,tremex2 n1 co>ctate l>va ( ,melo2 o1 bee 7,&r5a74 ,9 ! ,meloid 7,fig4 #efj1 d7 & ,/ylopid ! fir/ l>val /age is ,campodea-=m2 ! *anges w be describ$ 9 ! subsequ5t section on ,hyp]metamorphosis1 & :ile ^! cases ( *ange f a campodeoid to an inactive eruci=m l>va are v sali5t1 if we comp>e ! graduat$ s]ies ( l>val =ms ?r\gh\t ! ord] ( ,coleopt]a1 z repres5t$ by ! illu/rations 9 ,fig4 #efa1 we %all see t 9 ne>ly1 if n ea*1 case ! =m ( ! bor+ or m9+1 or b>k or bud or se$-inhabit+ grub is ! result ( a *ange ( habit & commiss>iat f active pr$ace\s l>v1 l ^? ( ! ,c>abid & o!r adephag\s families1 toge!r ) ^? ( ! ,/aphyl9id1 ) _! flat body1 big m&ibles1 & well-develop$ maxill1 to ! cyl9drical bodies ( su* l>v z ^? ( ,d]me/es & ,an?r5us1 :i* live a m s$5t>y life1 to ! root-fe$+ wire-worm or elat]id l>v1 & sc>abid grubs1 onw>d to ! phytophag\s ,*rysomelid1 ) ! m9+ & bor+ bupre/ids & c]ambycids1--9 all ^! =ms we see a gradual atrophy ( ! legs1 :i* is fully c>ri$ out 9 ! v]mi=m or maggot-l l>va ( ! weevils4 ,^! *anges ?r\gh\t ! memb]s ( ! entire ord] are epitomiz$ 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! ,meloid1 9 :i* !re are ?ree typical =ms ( l>va3 ! ,campodea-=m 7triungul9 /age71 eruci=m 7second or c>abidoid /age71 & v]mi=m 7co>ctate7 l>va4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efc4--,prodoxus c9]eus3 a1 apod\s l>va2 b1 head & pro?oracic segm5t2 c1 anal hooks2 d1 pupa2 e1 ca/ pupal %ell protrud+ f /alk ( ,yucca2 f1 female2 g1 side view ( clasp]4--,aft] ,riley1 f ,insect ,life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efd4--,l>va ( ,limacodes scapha1 nat4 size4 ,9 ! ,lepidopt]a ! eruci=m1 p$ate type is adh]$ to ?r\gh\t ! ord]1 ) ! r>e exception ( ! ne>ly apod\s m9+ l>va ( ,prodoxus 7,fig4 #efc1 a71 ,phyllocni/is1 & ,nepticula1 :i* h no ?oracic legs1 & ! limacodid l>v1 ^: abdom9al legs are totally abort$1 :ile ! ?oracic ones are mu* r$uc$ 7,fig4 #efd74 ,9 ! ,hym5opt]a ! phytophag\s =ms are eruci=m1 :ile by ! ag5cy ( ! same factors z already m5tion$1 i4e4 a s$5t>y or p>asitic life & abundance ( food )9 con/ant rea*1 ! l>v lose _! legs & become v]mi=m4 ,9 ! ,dipt]a1 :i* are ! mo/ highly specializ$ ( insects1 ! maggot or v]mi=m %ape1 & abs5ce ( any legs1 prevails ?r\gh\t ! ord]1 ?\gh ! eucephal\s l>v %[ _! orig9 f a primitive eruci=m type ( l>va4 ,! highly specializ$ l>v ( ! ,culicid & ,simuliidae are und\bt$ly relat$ to ! e>lie/ & mo/ g5]aliz$ types1 :ile ! maggots ( ! p>asitic flies 7,ta*9id7 & o!r muscids are lat] degradational =ms1 & ! result ( adaptation induc$1 z 9 ! previ\s cases1 by a s$5t>y or p>asitic mode ( life1 liv+ z !y d imm]s$ 9 an abundance ( ri* nitrog5\s food1 ) ! result t ! m\?-p>ts h become atrophi$ by disuse1 :ile ! limbs h become entirely abort$1 ?\gh ! ?oracic imag9al discs develop normally 9 ! embryonic or pre-l>val /ages4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 highly probable t ! metamorphoses ( insects are ! result ( ! action ( *ange ( conditions1 j z ! polymorphism ( ,t]mites is ) little d\bt ! result ( diff]5ces ( food & o!r conditions4 ,^! matt]s w be f>!r discuss$ "u ! head ( ,causes ( ,metamorphosis4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,ance/ry ,,( ,,insects1 ,,etc4 ,mll]1 ,fritz4 ,fr ,d>w91 #ahfi1 pp4 #add1 #fg ,figs4 ,brau]1 ,fri$ri*4 ,betra*tung ueb] die ,v]w&lung d] ,insekt5 im ,s9ne d] ,desc5d5z-,!orie4 7,v]h&lung d4 k4k4 zool4 bot4 ,gesell4 ,wi541 #ahfi1 #a ,taf41 pp4 #a-bj47 ,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,am]4 ,naturali/1 iii1 p4 #de1 ,m>*1 #ahfi4 ---- ,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xiv1 #ahgj1 p4 #fa4 ---- ,am]4 ,nat41 iv1 ,feb4 #ahga1 p4 #gef2 v1 #ahga1 pp4 #eb1 #efg4 ---- ,embryological ,/udies4 7,memoirs ,peabody ,acad4 ,sc4 ,salem1 #ahga-gb47 ---- ,our common insects1 #ahgc1 ,*apt] on ,ance/ry ( ,insects1 pp4 #age-agh4 ---- ,?ird ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,ent4 ,commission1 #ahhc1 pp4 #bie-cjd4 ,lubbock1 ,john4 ,on ! orig9 ( insects4 7,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 ,london1 xl1 #ahgc47 ---- ,orig9 & metamorphoses ( insects4 7,nature1 #ahgc 9 book =m1 #ahgd1 pp4 #ajh1 #ff ,figs47 ,may]1 ,paul4 ,ueb] ,ontog5ie & ,phylog5ie d] ,insekt54 7,j5a4 ,zeits*r4 ,wiss5s41 x1 #ahgf1 pp4 #abe-bba1 #d ,taf47 ,hyatt1 ,a41 & ,arms1 ,j4 ,m4 ,insecta4 7,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,guides = sci5ce-tea*+1 viii47 ,bo/on1 #ahij1 pp4 #cjj1 #ac ,pls41 #bbc ,figs4 c4 ,gr[? & increase 9 size ( ! l>va ,! rapidity ( gr[? & enorm\s increase 9 size 9 e>ly life is especially noticeable 9 cat]pill>s & o!r phytophag\s l>v4 ,! late/ obs]vations are ^? ( ,tr\velot on ,telea polyphemus4 ,:5 ?is silkworm hat*es1 x weighs #abj ( a gra94 ,:5 #aj days old x weighs a gra91 or #aj times ! orig9al weight4 #bj days old x weighs #c gra9s #fj times ! orig9al weight4 #cj days old x weighs #ca gra9s #fbj times ! orig9al weight4 #dj days old x weighs #ij gra9s #ahjj times ! orig9al weight4 #ef days old x weighs #bjg gra9s #dadj times ! orig9al weight4 8,:510 he says 8a worm is #cj days old1 x w h consum$ ab\t #ij gra9s ( food2 b :5 #ef days old1 x is fully gr[n & has consum$ n less ?an #abj oak leaves1 weigh+ ( a p\nd2 besides ?is x has drank n less ?an an ounce ( wat]4 ,s ! food tak5 by a s+le silkworm 9 #ef days equals 9 weight #hf1jjj times ! primitive weight ( ! worm4 ,( ?is ab\t ( a p\nd becomes excrem5titi\s matt]1 #bjg gra9s are assimilat$1 & ov] #e ounces h evaporat$40#id ,d&olo /at$ t ! ,asiatic silkworm 7,bombyx mori7 weighs on hat*+ n ov] #aajj ( a gra91 b :5 fully gr[n ab\t #ie gra9s4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 !re=e1 x has increas$ #iejj times its orig9al weight1 & has eat5 #fj1jjj times its weight ( food4 ,newport ?\ght ?is e/imate ( ! am\nt ( food 0 a little too great4 ,b comp>+ x ) ,tr\velot's e/imate = ! ,am]ican silkworm1 :i* weighs :5 hat*$ five times z mu*1 x w\ld n appe> to be s4 ,newport f\nd t ! l>va ( ,sph9x ligu/ri at ! mom5t ( leav+ ! egg weighs ab\t #ahj ( a gra91 & :5 fully f$ #abe gra9s1 s t 9 ! c\rse ( #cb days x increases ab\t #iigf times its orig9al weight4 ,?is proportion ( increase is exce$$ by ! l>va ( ,cossus lignip]da1 :i*1 bor+ 9 ! trunks ( trees1 rema9s ab\t ?ree ye>s 9 ! l>va /ate1 & increases1 accord+ to ,lyonet1 to ! am\nt ( #gb1jjj times its fir/ weight4 ,newport adds t ^? l>v 9 :i* ! proportion ( increase is ! greate/1 are usually ^? :i* rema9 longe/ 9 ! pupa /ate1 z 9 ! silkworm4 8,?us ,r$i obs]v$ 9 ! maggots ( ! common fle%-flies a rate ( increase am\nt+ to ab\t #bjj times ! orig9al weight 9 #bd h\rs1 b ! proportion ( increase 9 ^! l>v does n at all approa* t ( ! ,sph9x & ,cossus40 ,f 8 obs]vations on ! l>va ( "o ( ! wild bees 7,an?ophora retusa7 ,newport believes t ?is is also ! case ) ! ,hym5opt]a4 ,! weight ( ! egg ( ?is insect is ab\t #aaej ( a gra91 & ! av]age ( a full-gr[n l>va #fhaj gra9s1 s t its increase is ab\t #ajbj times its orig9al weight2 8:i* comp>$ ) t ( ! ,sph9x ( m$ium size1 is b z #a to #i1 & to a ,sph9x ( maximum size only z #a to a little m ?an #aa40 ,! gr[? is mo/ rapid aft] ! la/ m\lt4 8,?us a l>va ( ,sph9x ligu/ri1 :i* at its la/ *ange weigh$ only ab\t #ai to #bj gra9s1 at ! expiration ( eight days1 :5 x 0 fully gr[n1 weigh$ ne>ly #abj gra9s40 7,newport47 d4 ,! process ( m\lt+ 7ecdysis7 ,insects p]iodically %$ ! exoskeleton1 toge!r ) ! *it9\s l9+ ( _! int]nal organs ( ectod]mal orig91 :i* ?us sl\gh$ (f are call$ ! exuvia4 ,! process 9 ! locu/ has be5 describ$ by ,riley4#ie ,x occupies f half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r 7,fig4 #efe74 ,?is process has naturally1 f ! ease ) :i* x c be obs]v$1 be5 mo/ frequ5tly exam9$ 9 ! ,lepidopt]a1 ?\gh c>eful & detail$ obs]vations ( ! inn] & out] *anges are /ill greatly ne$$1 especially 9 o!r ord]s4 ,9 ! cat]pill> ( mo/ mo?s1 especially "o ( ! m g5]aliz$ bombyc9e mo?s1 on slipp+ out ( its egg-%ell ! head is ( enorm\s size z comp>$ ) ! body1 b ! latt] soon fills out aft] ! creature has eat5 a few h\rs2 ! head1 ( c\rse1 does n dur+ ?is "t increase 9 size1 & ! l>v ( diff]5t in/>s may be exactly di/+ui%$1 z ,dy> has %[n1 by ! measurem5ts ( ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efe4--,process ( m\lt+ f nymph to imago 9 ! locu/ 7,m4 spretus73 a1 nymph ) sk9 j split on ! back2 b1 ! imago draw+ itself out1 at c1 ne>ly free2 d1 ! imago1 ) w+s exp&$2 e1 ! same ) all p>ts p]fect4--,aft] ,riley4 ,be=e ! cat]pill> m\lts1 x /ops fe$+1 & ! head is n[ small comp>$ ) ! body2 ! head ( ! second in/> is n[ l>ge1 situat$ p>tly "u ! mu*-swoll5 pro?oracic segm5t1 & pu%es ! head ( ! fir/ in/> =w>d4 ,newport has well describ$ ! mode ( %$d+ ! sk9 9 ,sph9x ligu/ri1 & 8 detail$ description w apply to mo/ lepidopt]\s l>v4 ,! :ole body is wr9kl$ & contract$ 9 l5g?1 & !re are occasionally p[]ful contractions & twit*+s ( its entire body2 ! sk9 becomes dry & %rivell$1 & is gradually sep>at$ f ! new & v delicate "o ( ! next in/> b5ea?4 ,aft] sev]al p[]ful ef=ts ( ! l>va ! old sk9 cracks along ! middle ( ! dorsal surface ( ! meso?oracic segm5t1 & by repeat$ ef=ts ! fissure is ext5d$ into ! #a/ & #c;d segm5t1 :ile ! cov]+ ( ! head divides along ! v]tex & on ea* side ( ! clypeus4 8,! l>va !n gradually presses itself ?r\gh ! op5+1 )draw+ fir/ its head & ?oracic legs1 & subsequ5tly ! rema9d] ( its body1 slipp+ (f ! sk9 f beh9d l ! f+] ( a glove4 ,?is process1 aft] ! sk9 has once be5 ruptur$1 seldom la/s m ?an a few m9utes4 ,:5 fir/ *ang$ ! l>va is exce$+ly delicate1 & its head1 :i* does n increase 9 size until x aga9 *anges its sk91 is v l>ge 9 proportion to ! re/ ( ! body40 7,art4 ,insecta1 etc47 ,tr\velot's acc\nt is m detail$ & an advance on t ( ,newport's view4 ,he explicitly /ates1 & we "k t he 0 a v close obs]v]1 t ! old sk9 is deta*$ by 8a fluid :i* circulates betwe5 x & ! worm40 ,8 acc\nt is z foll[s3 ,! polyphemus worm1 l all o!r silkworms1 *anges its sk9 five times dur+ its l>val life4 ,! m\lt+ takes place at regul> p]iods1 :i* comes ar\nd ab\t e #aj days = ! fir/ f\r m\lt+s1 :ile ab\t #bj days elapse betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? m\lt+4 ,! worm ceases to eat = a day be=e m\lt+1 & sp9s "s silk on ! ve9 ( ! "u surface ( a leaf2 x !n secures ! hooks ( its h9d legs 9 ! texture x has ?us spun1 & !re rema9s motionless2 soon aft]1 ?r\gh ! transp>5cy ( ! sk9 ( ! neck1 c be se5 a second head l>g] ?an ! fir/1 belong+ to ! l>va )94 ,! m\lt+ g5]ally takes place aft] f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon2 a little be=e ?is "t ! worm holds its body erect1 grasp+ ! leaf ) ! two pairs ( h9d legs only2 ! sk9 is wr9kl$ & deta*$ f ! body by a fluid :i* circulates betwe5 x & ! worm2 two longitud9al b&s are se5 on ea* side1 produc$ by a portion ( ! l9+ ( ! spiracles1 :i* at ?is mom5t h be5 p>tly deta*$2 mean:ile ! contractions ( ! worm are v en]getic1 & by !m ! sk9 is pull$ (f & pu%$ t[>ds ! po/]ior "p2 ! sk9 ?us becomes s ext5d$ t x soon te>s j "u ! neck1 & !n f ! head4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ ! mo/ difficult op]ation is ov]1 & n[ ! process ( m\lt+ goes on v rapidly4 ,by repeat$ contractions ! sk9 is fold$ t[>ds ! tail1 l a glove :5 tak5 (f1 & ! l9+ ( ! spiracles comes out 9 long :ite filam5ts4 ,:5 ab\t "o-half ( ! body appe>s1 ! %ell /ill rema9s l a cap1 enclos+ ! jaws2 !n ! worm1 z if rem9d$ ( ?is loose skull-cap1 removes x by rubb+ x on a leaf2 ?is done1 ! worm f9ally crawls out ( its sk91 :i* is atta*$ to ! fa/5+ made = ! purpose4 ,once out ( its old sk91 ! worm makes a c>eful review ( ! op]ation1 ) its head feel+ ! ap]ture ( e spiracle1 z well z ! tail1 probably = ! purpose ( remov+ any brok5 fragm5t ( sk9 :i* might h rema9$ 9 ^! delicate organs4 ,n only is ! out] sk9 ca/ (f1 b also ! l9+ ( ! air-tubes & inte/9es1 toge!r ) all ! *ew+ organs & o!r app5dages ( ! head4 ,aft] ! m\lt+1 ! size ( ! l>va is consid]ably increas$1 ! head is l>ge comp>$ ) ! body1 b #h or #aj days lat] x w look small1 z ! body w h increas$ v mu* 9 size4 ,?is is a c]ta9 indication t ! worm is ab\t to m\lt4 ,e #aj days ! same op]ation is repeat$4 ,f ! f\r? m\lt+ to ! "t ( beg9n+ ! cocoon ! p]iod is ab\t #af days4 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 i1 pp4 #cg1 #ch47 ,little has be5 record$ z to ! exact mode ( ca/+ ! l>val sk9 9 ,coleopt]a4 ,sl+]l& /ates t ,euphoria inda :5 pupat+ %$s ! l>val sk9 (f ! anal end 9 ! same way z 9 cat]pill>s1 :ile 9 ,pelidnota punctata ! l>val sk9 splits d[n ! :ole l5g? ( ! back1 reta9s ! l>val %ape1 & =ms a cov]+ = ! pupa :i* rema9s inside4 7,c4 ,entomologi/1 xxix1 p4 #eb47 ,! old l>val sk9 9 ! ,cocc9ellid & c]ta9 ,*rysomelid is reta9$ crumpl$ up at ! end ( ! body1 :ile 9 ,d]me/es1 ,an?r5us1 etc41 x cloaks ! pupa4 ,n only is ! integum5t1 ) its hairs1 set1 & o!r armatures1 z well z ! cornea or facets ( ! eyes1 %$1 b also all ! l9+ or intima ( ^? int]nal organs :i* h be5 orig9ally d]iv$ by an +r[? or invag9ation ( ! ectod]m are likewise ca/ (f1 ) ! probable exception1 ( c\rse1 ( ! mid-inte/9e1 :i* is endod]mal 9 its orig94 ,ev5 s e>ly an obs]v] z ,swamm]dam notic$ t ! int]nal l9+ ( ! alim5t>y canal comes away ) ! sk94 ,he /ates t ! l>va ( ,oryctes nasicornis %$s bo? ! l9+ ( ! colon1 & ( ! small] z well z ! l>g] bran*es ( ! tra*e4 ,c>eful obs]vations are /ill ne$$ on ! int]nal *anges at ecdysis ( mo/ insects4 ,newport seems to h obs]v$ m closely ?an any "o else1 not)/&+ ! great numb] :o h re>$ cat]pill>s b h n c>efully obs]v$ ^! po9ts1 ! ext5t ( ! process int]nally4 ,he in=ms u3 8,! l9+ ( ! m\? & ph>ynx1 ) t ( ! m&ibles1 is deta*$ ) ! cov]+ ( ! head1 & t ( ! l>ge inte/9es ) ! sk9 ( ! po/]ior "p ( ! body1 & besides ^! also ! l9+ ( ! tra*eal tubes4 ,! l9+ ( ! /oma* itself1 or ! portion ( ! alim5t>y canal :i* ext5ds f ! t]m9ation ( ! sophagus to ! ins]tion ( ! s-call$ bili>y vessels1 is also deta*$1 & becomes completely dis9tegrat$1 & appe>s to con/itute "p ( ! meconium void$ by ! insect on assum+ its imago /ate40 7,art4 ,insecta1 p4 #hgf47 ,newport /ates on ano!r occasion t he _h 8notic$ ! rem>kable circum/ance n[ expla9$ by ! fact t ! mid-inte/9e is ( endod]mal orig9 t ! muc\s l9+ ( ! true v5triculus 0 n ca/ (f ) ! re/1 b 0 dis*>g$ ) ! fecula40#if ,burmei/] also obs]v$ t ! small] tra*e z well z ! int]nal tunic ( ! colon ( ,libellul are %$4 ,9 ! apod\s l>v ( ,hym5opt]a :i* live 9 cells1 z we h obs]v$ 9 ^? ( ,bombus1 dur+ ! process ( m\lt+1 ! delicate sk9 breaks away 9 %r$s1 probably ow+ to ! t5sion due to ! unequal gr[? ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 8,?us aft] ! sk9 b5ea? has fully =m$1 %r$s ( ! =m] sk9 rema9 ab\t ! m\?-p>ts1 ! spiracles1 & anus4 ,^u pull+ ^u ^!1 ! l9+ ( ! alim5t>y tube & tra*e c be drawn out1 sometimes1 9 ! =m] case1 to ! l5g? ( sev]al l9es40#ig ,we !n add$1 8,z all ^! int]nal sy/ems ( vessels are de/9$ to *ange _! =m 9 ! pupa1 x may be laid d[n z a rule 9 ! m\lt+ ( insects & ,cru/acea1 t ! l9+ ( ! int]nal organs1 :i* is simply a cont9uation ( ! out] tegum5t1 or ar?rod]m1 is1 9 ! process ( m\lt+1 sl\gh$ (f ) t out] integum5t40 ,we h satisfi$ ourself t 9 ! l>v ( ! ,lepidopt]a 7e4g4 ,datana7 ! tra*e at ! "t ( ecdysis und]go a complete hi/olysis1 & arise de novo f hypod]mal cells1 ! s-call$ spiral ?reads orig9at+ f elongat$ p]itra*eal nuclei4 7,see p4 #ddi1 ,fig4 #dab47 ,?is is und\bt$ly also ! case ) ! saliv>y ducts1 :i* are /r5g!n$ & r5d]$ ela/ic by tnidia l ^? ( tra*e4 ,z ! ur9>y tubes are div]ticula ( ! proctodum1 itself an ectod]mal invag9ation1 !y may also1 ?\gh n l9$ ) a *it9\s intima1 be r5ew$4 ,) little d\bt ! intima ( ! ducts ( poison1 sp9n+1 & mo/1 if n all ! o!r gl&s1 ?\gh c]ta9ly ! d]mal gl&s1 is exuviat$4 ,we h f\nd t ! lob/] 9 m\lt+ %$s1 besides ! sk9 ) ! mo/ delicate set1 ! l9+ ( ! prov5triculus1 & ! apodemes ( ! head & ?orax1 h5ce x is mo/ probable t ! t5torium ( ! head ( insects z well z ! apodemes & phragmas ( ! ?orax are exuviat$4 ,! =mation ( ! inn] sk91 or t ( any succe$+ /age 7in/>71 is due to ! secretion ( ! /ructureless *it9\s lay] by ! cells ( ! hypod]mis1 dur+ ! process ( hi/og5esis4 ,^! cells at ?is "t are v active1 & ! =mation ( ! new lay] ( *it9 arre/s ! supply ( n\ri%m5t to ! old sk91 s t x dries1 h>d5s1 & ) ! aid ( ! fluid ?r[n out at ?is "t sep>ates f ! new *it9\s lay] secret$ by ! hypod]mis4 ,m5tion ( ?is fluid1 :i* ,newport 0 ! fir/ to obs]ve1 & :i* he says causes ! sep>ation ( ! old f ! und]ly+ fre% integum5t ( ! cat]pill>1 recalls a passage 9 ,hat*ett-,jackson's ,/udies 9 ! morphology ( ! ,lepidopt]a1 :i* we quote on a succe$+ page1 :]e he calls att5tion to ! =mation ( su* a liquid1 :i* 9 ! reptiles facilitates ! process ( m\lt+1 add+1 8,:e!r su* is ! case ) ! m\lt ( ! cat]pill>1 ,i d n "k40 ,is x n also possible t ! gr[? ( ! set or tub]cles on ! cuticle ( ! cat]pill> may likewise s]ve to loos5 & deta* ! ov]ly+ sk9 ab\t to be ca/ (f8 ,aft] writ+ ! =ego+1 we f9d t ,miall & ,d5ny h sugge/$ t ! set ( ! cockroa* probably s]ve ! same purpose z ! ca/+-hairs ( ! crayfi% & reptiles4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ! crayfi% & 9 liz>ds ! sk9 is fir/ loos5$ by ! gr[? ( tempor>y hairs or set1 :i* locally gr[ inw>d f ! old cuticle & pu% ! sk9 away :5 x is %uffl$ (f by ! movem5ts ( ! body1 jaws1 & limbs1 z well z ! body 9 g5]al4#ih ,su* sp9es arise 9 ! pupa ( _m insects1 = ,v]hoeff f9ds t ! sp9es & tee? ( pupal fossorial & o!r ,hym5opt]a1 z well z ,coleopt]a1 function z m\lt+-processes = loos5+ & pu%+ (f ! la/ l>val sk91 r ?an = locomotion4 ,he also claims t ! sp9es ( ! pupa ( ! dipt]\s ,an?rax are bo? = locomotion & = bor+1 especially ! sp9es on ! head & tail4 ,he !re=e divides ^! pupal sp9es into helcod]mat\s 7bor+ or te>+7 & locomotor sp9es4 ,gon9 has fully confirm$ ,newport's discov]y ( ! exuvial fluid4 ,he /ates t dur+ pupation ! outside ( ! pupa1 especially ! p>ts ( ! head & ?orax 8is coat$ ) a visc\s liquid secret$ by special gl&s40 ,! p>ts only h>d5 subsequ5t to pupation aft] exposure to ! air 7p4 #da74 ,8 obs]vations 7 made "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,bugnion1 :o k9dly writes u3-- 8,m4 ,gon9 has prov$ ! =mation ( a liquid :i* passes "u ! cuticle at ! "t ( ! la/ m\lt & facilitates exuviation4 ,we ?9k t ?is liquid is secret$ by l>ge cells 7unicellul> gl&s7 :i* we see especially on ! surface ( segm5ts #a-c4 ,^! cells =m "p ( ! hypod]mis1 & _! pores op5 "u ! cuticle40 ,9 a subsequ5t lett] enclos+ a sket* k9dly made = me by ,m4 ,gon9 7,fig4 #eff71 ,pr(essor ,bugnion writes me ,aug4 #bd1 #ahig1 reg>d+ ! functions ( ! l>ge hypod]mal cells 7l4 hy71 z foll[s3 8,x seems to me1 9 fact1 aft] hav+ aga9 exam9$ ! sections1 t ! function ( ^! cells is n suffici5tly elucidat$4 ,inde$ ^! cells occur only 9 ! section pass+ ?r\gh ! #a/ segm5t1 betwe5 ! head & #a/ ?oracic segm5t4 ,x w\ld seem1 if ^! cells supply ! liquid :i* lubricates ! surface at ! "t ( ecdysis1 t !y %\ld be spread ov] ! entire surface ( ! body4 ,moreov]1 ^! cells h no di/9ct orifice1 & al?\gh !re is se5 at times to issue /reams ( a sub/ance 7coagulat$ by ! reag5ts71 !y _c be comp>$ ) true unicellul> gl&s l ^? ( ! epid]mis ( fi%es1 amphibians1 etc4 8,on ! o!r h&1 if x is ! blood :i* oozes out on ! surface 7accord+ to y\r hypo!sis71 x w\ld seem t ! loss ( blood w\ld cause ! dea? ( ! l>va4 ,i believe !n x is due to ! secretion ( ! hypod]mis :i* spreads ov] ! :ole surface :5 ! cells are /ill s(t 7n yet h>d5$ f contact ) ! air74 ,at all ev5ts1 !re is a liquid spread ov] ! surface2 x is ?is liquid :i* glues ! w+s & ! legs to ! body at ! mom5t ! cat]pill> issues f ! r5t 9 its sk94 ,if at ?is in/ant we plunge ! pupa 9 ! wat] ! liquid is dissolv$1 & ! feet1 w+s1 etc41 are n glu$ to ! body40 ,dr4 ,t4 ,a4 ,*apman also writes u3 8,!re is no "q ab\t ! exi/5ce ( a fluid betwe5 ! two sk9s at m\lt+4 ,9 hairy l>vae ! hairs are always wet at fir/1 or if ! sk9 be r5ew$ r m quickly ?an ! l>va does x naturally1 ! wetness ( bo? surfaces is obvi\s4 ,i d n "k ! nature ( ! fluid1 b x is relat$ to t :i* h>d5s into ! d5se pupal case1 & also h>d5s 9 a less degree ! sk9 ( ! l>va4 ,i suppose x mu/ conta9 "s *it9 9 a soluble =m4 ,if a newly ca/ l>va sk9 be tak51 !re is no difficulty 9 ext5d+ ! %rivell$ mass to its full l5g? & dim5sions1 b if a %ort "t elapses1 ?is *it9 h>d5s1 & ! sk9 _c be ext5d$ aft] soak+ 9 wat]1 alcohol1 ammonia1 or any o!r solv5t ,i h tri$40 ,x has be5 /at$ t !re is a subimag9al pellicle 9 ,lepidopt]a1 b z ,dr4 ,*apman writes me1 8:at has be5 obs]v$ has be5 "s ( ! inn] pupal dissepim5ts1 su* z ! pupal cases ( ! "u w+s10 etc4 ,!y may be obs]v$ 9 ! head ( ! t9eid pup1 & o!r small mo?s4 ,we h ?\ght t ! delicate1 purpli%1 p[d]y lay] left 9 ! ca/ %ells ( ! pup ( saturnians1 ,catocal1 & o!r mo?s1 might possibly be su* a pellicle1 b ?is view has be5 dispell$ by ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ,pr(essor ,bugnion 9 a lett] answ]+ an inquiry :e!r he _h notic$ su* a pellicle4 8,a liquid :i* is secret$ 9 a few m9utes at ! "t ( ! la/ m\lt1 =ms 9 dry+ a yell[i% lay] spott$ ) black 79 ,pi]is brassic74 ,?is lay] ext5ds ar\nd ! entire pupa1 & s]ves bo? to protect x & to glue toge!r ! w+s1 legs1 etc41 9 _! new position4 ,! dri$ liquid on ! surface ( ! pupa1 & by means ( :i* ! app5dages are glu$ to ! surface1 v likely corresponds to ! pellicle ( :i* y speak40 ,! newly expos$ integum5t is at fir/ pale & colorless1 b soon assumes ! hues peculi> to ! species1 & ! insect1 at fir/ exhau/$1 aft] a %ort re/ becomes active4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eff4--,transv]se section ?r\gh ! pro?oracic segm5t 7v5tral face7 ( l>va ( ,pi]is brassic1 ab\t #ab h\rs be=e pupation3 c1 cuticula2 l4 hy1 l>ge gl&ul> 787 hypod]mal cells2 gradually pass+ into normal hypod]mal cells 7hy74--,gon9 del4 ,e4 ,h[gate has notic$ "u ! microscope peculi> int]nal movem5ts 9 a small immature transp>5t geometrid :ile m\lt+4 8,ea* sep>ate segm5t10 he says1 8comm5c+ at ! head1 elongat$ )9 ! out] sk91 :il/ ! next ones rema9$ 9 _! =m] /ate4 ,ea* segm5t 9 its turn behav$ 9 ?is curi\s mann] until ! la/ 0 rea*$1 :5 ! motion 0 rev]s$ & proce$$ t[>d ! head1 :5 x 0 aga9 rev]s$4444 ,! :ole proce$+ appe>$ z if ! l>va 0 glid+ )9 itself1 segm5t aft] segm5t1 ! out] sk9 rema9+ z if held by ! o!r segm5ts1 :il/ ! p>ticul> "o 9 motion fre$ itself )94 ,aft] rema9+ motionless = a %ort int]val1 ! sk9 ne> ! head swell$ & bur/1 op5 at ! back4444 ,pres5tly out comes ! head ( ! new cat]pill>1 pu%+ =w>d ! old "o4444 ,aft] a %ort /ruggle ! new true legs appe>1 pu%+ (f & tread+ "u foot ! old ones4 ,!n by viol5t wriggl+ movem5ts ! abdom9al legs 7 extricat$4 ,!n all is cle>1 & ! l>va1 :i* is q exhau/$1 coils itself up & lit]ally pants = brea?40 7,! ,naturali/1 ,novemb]1 #ahhe1 ,no4 #abd1 p4 #cff1 quot$ 9 ,psy*e1 iv1 p4 #cbg1 #ahhg47 ,s9ce ! worms & mo/ o!r ametabol\s inv]tebrates are n kn[n to m\lt _! integum5t1 ! body /eadily increas+ 9 size )\t frequ5t *anges ( sk91 x seems t gr[? may g on & /ill be accompani$ by consid]able *anges 9 %ape ( ! body )\t *ange ( sk94 ,frequ5t ecdyses appe>1 !n1 to be ! result ( ! great & sudd5 *anges ( ! body1 necessitat$ by ! adaptation ( ! animal to new or unusual conditions ( life4 ,9 "y ,daphnia1 a cladoc]\s cru/acean1 z _m z eight m\lts 7 obs]v$ 9 a p]iod ( #ag days1 & spid]s frequ5tly m\lt ev5 aft] rea*+ _! full size4 ,! swoll5 bodies ( ! gravid female ( ,ga/rophysa1 ,melo1 or ( ,t]mites1 & ( ! honey ant %[ t ! sk9 c /ret* to a great ext5t1 b 9 ! metamorphoses ( ,cru/acea & ( insects1 ^: "y are m or less worm-l or g5]aliz$ 9 =m1 ) few] segm5ts & app5dages1 or ) app5dages adapt$ = q diff]5t uses f ^? ( mature life1 ! necessity = a *ange ( sk9 is se5 to be necess>y = me*anical reasons4 ,h5ce ,cru/acea & insects m\lt mo/ frequ5tly e>ly 9 life1 :5 ! *anges ( =m are mo/ ?or\ghgo+ & radical1 :ile simple gr[? & increase 9 size are mo/ rapid at ! end ( l>val life1 z se5 bo? 9 %rimps & crabs1 & 9 insects4 ,! hib]nat+ cat]pill>s ( c]ta9 butt]flies are kn[n to m\lt once (t5] ?an ^? ( ! summ] brood4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,edw>ds has discuss$ ! subject ) mu* detail4 8,!re seems10 he says1 8to be a necessity ) ! hib]nators ( gett+ rid ( ! rigid sk9 9 :i* ! l>va has pass$ ! w9t]2 t is1 if ! hib]nation has tak5 place dur+ ! middle /ages1 z x does 9 ,apatura & ,lim5itis4 ,9 ^! cases v little food is tak5 betwe5 ! m\lt :i* prec$es hib]nation & ! "o :i* foll[s x1 & ! l>va :ile 9 le?>gy is actually small] ?an be=e ! next previ\s m\lt4 ,! sk9 %r9ks1 & has to be ca/ (f be=e ! awak5$ l>va c gr[4 ,^? species 7obs]v$7 ^: l>va m\lts five times 9 ! w9t] brood require b f\r m\lts dur+ ! summ]40 ,he adds t :ile ! l>va is 9 le?>gy1 x is actually small] ?an be=e ! next previ\s m\lt4 ,dr4 ,dy> writes3 8,i ?9k !re is no d\bt ab\t ! numb] ( /ages ( arctian l>v4 ,!y seem to h a great capacity ( sp9n+ out _! life-hi/ory by int]polat$ /ages 7z reg>ds wid? ( head74 ,i ?9k x is because s _m ( !m hib]nate1 & only a s+le brood ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! season40 7,psy*e iii1 p4 #afa47 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is difficult to und]/& :y ! cat]pill>s ( arctians m\lt s frequ5tly1 ne>ly twice z (t5 z 9 mo/ o!r cat]pill>s1 ?\gh ! *anges ( =m & armature are s slight4 ,dr4 ,*apman also writes me3 8,arctians resemble be>s 7,arctos71 pol> & o!rs1 9 hav+ long hairs to protect !m dur+ w9t]1 & are1 9 fact1 typically hib]nators4 ,_m ( !m h to half-hib]nate1 hav+ w>m? en\gh to keep !m awake1 b n en\gh food = gr[?1 b _! tissues1 at lea/ ! *it9\s ones ( ! cutis1 & also probably1 & p]haps especially1 ( ! alim5t>y canal1 become old & effete1 & require ! rejuv5esc5ce acquir$ by a m\lt4 ,o!r smoo?-sk9n$ hib]nators h simil> capabilities40 ,*apman has %[n 9 8 pap] on ,acronycta t ^! cat]pill>s ( ?is g5us illu/rate h[ l>v may lose a m\lt1 & !y d s to acquire a sudd5 *ange ( plumage4 ,! numb] ( m\lts 9 insects ( diff]5t ord]s4--,x w be se5 f ! data "h pres5t$ t ! numb] ( m\lts is z a rule greate/ 9 holometabolic insects ) ! longe/ lives1 & t an excessive numb] ( ecdyses may at times be due to "s physical cause1 su* z lack ( food comb9$ ) l[ temp]ature4 ,9 ,campodea !re is a s+le fragm5t>y m\lt 7,grassi71 :ile ! ,collembola 7,macrotoma plumbea7 %$ _! sk9 ?r\gh\t life4 7,somm]47 ,9 ! w+$ insects1 especially ,lepidopt]a1 ! numb] ( m\lts is dep5d5t on climate4 ,insects ( wide di/ribution gr[+ fa/] 9 w>m] climates consequ5tly %$ _! sk9s (t5]2 = example1 ! same species may m\lt once (t5] 9 ! s\!rn ?an 9 ! nor!rn ,/ates1 z 9 ! case ( ,callosamia prome!a1 :i* 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia is d\ble-brood$4 ,hib]nat+ l>v m\lt once (t5] ?an ^? ( ! summ] brood4 7,w4 ,h4 ,edw>ds47 ,w5ig] by re>+ ! l>v ( ,an!ra mylitta & ,eacles imp]ialis1 & :i*1 :5 re>$ "u normal conditions1 actually h six /ages1 f\nd t :5 re>$ 9 a w>m moi/ atmosph]e ( ab\t #be ,c4 !y h b five /ages1 i4e4 m\lt b f\r times4 ,9 ! hot & moi/ climate ( ,ceylon1 ,a4 mylitta has b five /ages4 7,psy*e1 v1 p4 #bh47 ,among ,or?opt]a ,acrydians m\lt five times2 ,diaph]om]a femorata b twice 7,riley72 a katydid 7,microc5trum ret9]vis7 m\lts f\r times 7,com/ock74 ,mantis religiosa1 accord+ to ,pag5/e*]1 m\lts sev5 times1 hav+ eight /ages1 includ+ t be=e ! amnion is ca/1 b ! fir/ 8m\lt0 be+ an exuviation ( ! amnion1 ! numb] ( /ages is sev54 ,cockroa*es 7,p]iplaneta am]icana7 are said by ,m>latt to 8pass ?r\gh a v>iable numb] ( m\lts1 !re be+ sometimes z _m z sev540 ,9 ! ,homopt]a !re are1 9 g5]al1 f two to f\r m\lts2 ?us 9 ,typhlocyba !re are five /ages1 & 9 ,aphis at lea/ ?ree1 & 9 ,psylla f\r dur+ ! nymphal /ate4 ,psocus has f\r4 ,riley /ates t ! nymph ( ! female coccid1 ,ic]ya pur*asi1 %$s its sk9 ?ree times1 & t ( ! male twice4 ,not)/&+ its sl[ gr[?1 ,riley says1 ! #ag-ye> ,cicada m\lts (t5] ?an once a ye>1 & ! numb] ( l>val /ages probably am\nts to #be or #cj 9 all4 ,! b$-bug %$s its sk9 five times2 & ) ! la/ m\lt appe> ! m9ute w+-pads *>act]i/ic ( ! adult4 ,9 ,conorh9us sanguisuga !re are 8at lea/ two l>val /ages & pupal /ages40 7,m>latt47 ,9 ! dragon-flies m\lt+ occurs1 ,calv]t ?9ks1 _m times1 s9ce ! rudim5ts ( w+s are said by ,poletaiew to only appe> 9 odonate nymphs aft] ! ?ird or f\r? m\lt4 ,9 ! ,may-fly1 ,*loon1 ! numb] ( ecdyses is #bj4 ,! neuropt]\s ,ascalaphus 7,helecomitus7 insimulans ( ,ceylon m\lts ?ree times be=e pupat+4 ,among ! ,mecopt]a ,felt has %[n t ,panorpa rufesc5s m\lts sev5 times4 ,9 ,coleopt]a ! normal or usual numb] is n def9itely kn[n2 ,melo m\lts five times1 b ?is is a hyp]metamorphic insect2 ,tribolium confusum has be5 c>ri$ by ,mr4 ,*itt5d5 ?r\gh sev5 m\lts4 ,phytonomus punctatus1 ! clov]-leaf weevil1 m\lts ?ree times1 accord+ to ,riley1 :o has obs]v$ t ,d]me/es vulp9us passes ?r\gh sev5 l>val /ages4 ,9 ! bre$+ j>s1 ) pl5ty ( food & a con/ant temp]ature ( f #fh to #gh ,f41 ! l>v ca/ _! #a/ sk9 9 f f\r to n9e days1 ! great majority m\lt+ at sev5 days4 ,"u ! same conditions ! #b;d sk9 0 ca/ at f f\r to sev5 days1 ! majority m\lt+ at six days2 ! #c;d sk9 at f ?ree to six days1 ! majority m\lt+ at five days2 & ! #d? sk9 at f ?ree to six days1 ! majority m\lt+ at five days2 ! #e? sk9 at f five to sev5 days1 & ! #f? sk9 at six days4 ,!re are ?us sev5 l>val /ages4 7,report = #ahhe1 p4 #bfj47 ,riley has asc]ta9$ t by re>+ isolat$ l>v ( ,t5ebrio molitor1 "o aft] be+ kept ne>ly a ye> _h m\lt$ #aa times1 :5 x di$4 ,a second l>va1 hat*$ ,june #e1 _h m\lt$ #ab times by ,june #aj ( ! foll[+ ye>1 7#ahgg71 :5 x also di$4 ,( ,t4 obscurus ?ree l>v 7 re>$ to ! imago /ate4 ,"o m\lt$ #aa times by ,aug4 #cj ( ! same ye>1 pupat$ ,jan4 #bj1 #ahgg1 & f9ally became a beetle ,feb4 #g1 #ahgg4 ,! o!r two bo? m\lt$ #ab times1 & rea*$ ! imago /age ,feb4 #ah & ,m>* #i1 respectively4 8,all 71 z ne>ly z possible1 "u l conditions ( food & surr\nd+s1 & 9 all cases ! m\lt t gave ! pupa is n consid]$ among ! l>val m\lts40 ,two l>v ( ! museum pe/ 7,trogod]ma t>sale7 7 kept by ,riley 9 a tight t9 box ) an old silkworm cocoon4 8,!y 7 half-gr[n :5 plac$ 9 ! box4 ,on ,nov4 #h1 #ahhj1 !re 7 9 ! box #bh l>va sk9s1 all v mu* ( a size1 ! l>va hav+ app>5tly gr[n b little4 ,! sk9s 7 remov$ & ! box clos$ aga9 z tightly z possible4 ,rec5tly1 or aft] a lapse ( two ye>s1 ! box 0 aga9 op5$ & we f\nd "o ( ! l>v dead & %rivell$ up2 b ! o!r 0 liv+ & app>5tly n *ang$ 9 appe>ance4 ,!re 7 #ae l>va sk9s 9 ! box4 ,he c\ld n tell :5 ! "o l>va di$1 b x is c]ta9 t )9 a little m ?an ?ree & a half ye>s1 two l>v %$ n less ?an #dc sk9s1 & t "o l>va did n1 dur+ t "t1 appreciably increase 9 size4 ,we "k ( no obs]vations :i* indicate ! normal or av]age l5g? ( life1 or numb] ( m\lts 9 ei!r ,t5ebrio or ,trogod]ma1 b x is safe to assume f :at is kn[n1 9 ^! respects1 ( alli$ species1 t 9 bo? ! in/ances "h ref]r$ to1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ,trogod]ma1 developm5t 0 ret>d$ by insuffici5t nutrition1 & t ! frequ5t m\lt+ & sl[ gr[? result$ !refrom1 & 7 correlat$40#ii ,fur!r obs]vations su* z ^! are greatly ne$$4 ,( ! ,siphonapt]a ! common cat & dog flea 7,pulex s]raticeps7 m\lts ?ree times be=e pupat+4 7,h[>d47 ,9 ,lepidopt]a ! usual or av]age numb] ( m\lts is f\r1 b ! numb] v>ies consid]ably1 ! greate/ numb] yet kn[n occurr+ 9 ,phyrr>ctia isabella1 :i*1 ,dr4 ,dy> in=ms me1 m\lts #aj times4 ,f ,dy>'s obs]vations x appe>s t !re are usually five l>val /ages1 b six & sev5 /ages are n infrequ5t1 :ile !re are sev5 9 ,seir>ctia e*o1 eight 9 ,ecpan!ria scribonia1 ,scepis1 & ,apatelodes1 & n9e & t5 9 arctians1 :ile ! ,european ,nola c5tonalis m\lts n9e times1 o!r species ( ?is g5us %$d+ _! sk9s six times4 7,buckl]47 7,psy*e1 v1 pp4 #dbj-dbb47 ,callosamia prome!a appe>s1 z a rule1 to m\lt b ?ree times4 ,orgyia antiqua 0 f\nd by ,hell9s to m\lt f ?ree to five times4 ,riley f\nd t 9 ,o4 leuco/igma ! males m\lt f\r times1 ! female f\r1 b sometimes five times1 :ile ,dy> /ates t 9 ,o4 gulosa ! male l>v m\lt ?ree or f\r times1 ! female always f\r times2 9 ,o4 antiqua1 h[ev]1 !re are six /ages1 & 9 ! female sev54 ,li?ocolletis1 ,*amb]s ?9ks1 z a rule1 m\lts eight times1 & ,com/ock ?9ks t ,l4 hamadryadella ca/s its sk9 sev5 or eight times4 ,9 ! bl[-fly 7,calliphora7 ,leuck>t & ,weismann h inf]r$ at lea/ two m\lts1 :ile ,weismann suspect$ t !re are z _m z f\r4 ,9 ,musca dome/ica we h obs]v$ t ! l>va m\lts ?ree times2 9 /rid !re are ?ree l>val /adia4 7,brau]47 ,9 ,core?ra !re are f\r l>val m\lts1 & ,miall ?9ks !re are probably z _m 9 ,*ironomus4 ,pass+ to ! phytophag\s ,hym5opt]a1 !re are ?ree m\lts or f\r l>val /ages 9 ,nematus eri*sonii1 b ,dy> in=ms u t less ?an f\r /ages 9 saw-fly l>v is v r>e1 t he has only "o record ( less ?an five1 & t t is d\btful2 8five = nematid1 six & sev5 = o!rs1 is c]ta9ly ! rule4 ,! highe/ ,i h is ! indication ( #aa /ages = ,h>piphorus v>ianus1 b ?is aga9 is an inf]5ce only1 & att5d$ ) d\bt40 7,c4 ,ent41 xxvii1 p4 #bjh47 ,9 ,bombus we h obs]v$ five diff]5t sizes ( l>v1 & h5ce suppose ! lea/ numb] ( ecdyses is five1 :ile we are dispos$ to believe t ?is insect1 z well z wasps & bees1 9 g5]al %$ _! sk9s z _m z eight times dur+ _! entire exi/5ce4 ,! honey-bee1 ,*e%ire ?9ks1 s9ce he has f\nd ! old & ruptur$ pellicles1 probably m\lts six times be=e x sp9s its cocoon1 or passes into ! semipupa condition4 7,bees & ,bee-keep+1 p4 #bj47 ,z to ! cause ( ! great numb] ( m\lts 9 ! arctians & 9 ! beetles exp]im5t$ ) by ,riley1 x w\ld seem t cold & ! lack ( food dur+ hib]nation 7 ! ag5ts 9 arctians1 & />vation or ! lack ( food 9 ! case ( ! beetles1 su* cause prev5t+ gr[?1 ?\gh ! hypod]mis-cells reta9$ _! activity4 ,reproduction ( lo/ limbs4--,"h might be discuss$ ! subject ( ! r5ovation or r5ewal ( maim$ or lo/ limbs1 or ! rep>ation ( o!r injuries4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! cl5t]ates1 e*9od]ms1 & worms "u c]ta9 circum/ances multiply by self-division1 or if artificially mutilat$1 ! p>ts are gradually re/or$ by cell-prolif]ation or hi/og5esis4 ,x is s ) ! ant5n & legs ( cru/aceans z well z ! digits & tail ( salam&]s4 ,! exp]im5ts fir/ made by ,le ,pelleti]#ajj on spid]s1 & lat] by ,he9ek51#aja & o!rs aft] him1 on diff]5t spid]s1 z well z on ,or?opt]a & ,hemipt]a 7,blatta1 ,r$uvius1 etc471 h prov$ t ant5n & legs & o!r ext]nal p>ts :i* h be5 injur$ or %ort5$1 or entirely cut (f 9 "y individuals1 are replac$ at ! next1 or aft] successive m\lts1 ?\gh g5]ally 9 dim9i%$ size4 ,?is does n usually occur 9 adult life1 & ! process ( rep>ation ( lo/ p>ts is app>5tly due to ! active gr[? ( ! cells ( ! p>ts affect$ dur+ ! process ( m\lt+1 :5 ! hi/olysis ( ! maim$ or diseas$ p>ts is succe$$ by ! rapid developm5t ( new cells1 n only ( ! hypod]mis1 b also ( ! m specializ$ tissues )94 ,& ?is t5ds to prove t su* hi/olysis & mak+ ov] ( ! muscles & o!r /ructures )9 occur especially 9 all metamorphic insects1 & also 9 ametabol\s =ms1 ?\gh ! process has be5 mo/ ?or\ghly exam9$ 9 ! ,dipt]a1 :]e ^! *anges are m m>k$4 ,gon9 has f\nd t ! ?oracic legs ( ! cat]pill> correspond only to ! t>si ( ! imago 7,fig4 #fjh74 ,x results1 he says1 f ?is fact t 9 accordance ) ! obs]vations ( ,raumur 7:i* 7 wrongly int]pret$ by ,newport & ,knckel ,d',h]culais7 t ! amputation ( ! legs ( ! l>va does n involve ! entire leg1 b only ! extremity ( ! leg ( ! imago4 ,=mation ( ! cocoon4--,:ile ! l>v ( _m insects1 z ^? ( ! butt]flies1 susp5d !mselves be=e trans=m+1 & sp9 no cocoon1 or dig into ! e>? = protection & to secure an immunity f too great *anges ( temp]ature1 a l>ge proportion ( ! l>v ( metabol\s insects :i* lead an inactive pupal life1 l9e _! e>!n cells ) silk1 or sp9 a m or less elaborate case ( silk1 call$ ! cocoon4 ,we h se5 t ! inactive pupa ( ! male scale-insects is cov]$ by ! scale itself1 or ev5 9 "o case ! insect =ms a true cocoon ( fibres ( wax4 ,! aquatic l>v ( ! ,neuropt]a & ,coleopt]a creep out ( ! wat]1 & by ! movem5ts ( _! bodies make a rude e>!n cell 9 ! bank1 :ile t ( ,donacia sp9s a d5se1 lea!ry cocoon 7,fig4 #efg7 9 ! e>?4 ,! l>v ( ! ,embiid are protect$ by a cocoon1 :i* !y r5ew at ea* m\lt4 ,coniopt]yx sp9s an orbicul> cocoon1 ! ,hem]obiid a sph]ical1 d5se1 :iti% "o4 ,! ,tri*opt]a trans=m )9 _! l>val cases1 :i* ?us s]ve z cocoons1 z d c]ta9 case-be>+ ,lepidopt]a1 notably ! ,psy*id4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efg4--;,cocoon 7natural size7 ( ,donacia proxima4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efh4--;,cocoon & l>va ( ,lucanus dama4 ,! pupa ( c]ta9 leaf-eat+ beetles 7,*rysomelid71 z well z ! ,cocc9ellid1 ,d]me/id1 ,hi/]1 etc41 are usually protect$ by ! ca/ l>val sk91 :i* is reta9$1 =m+ a rude %elt]4 ,:ile _m beetles sp9 an oval cocoon 7,gyr9us1 ,silphid71 ! wood-bor+ species make "o ( *ips glu$ toge!r1 & t ( ,lucanus1 :i* fe$s on decay$ wood1 is l9$ ) silk 7,fig4 #efh74 ,anobium con/ructs a silk5 cocoon1 int]weav+ ! f9e p>ticles ( its ?9 ca/+s2 ! l>v ( weevils also usually sp9 silk5 cocoons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efi4--,l>va 7a71 pup>ium 7b71 & imago 7c7 ( ,s>cophaga1 enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egj4--;a1 ,erax ba/>di2 b1 pupa4--,aft] ,riley4 ,! l>val sk9 ( ! co>ctate ,dipt]a is reta9$ z a protection = ! s(t-bodi$ pupa )91 ! old l>val sk9 sep>at+ f ! integum5t ( ! semipupa4 ,to ?is cocoon-l cov]+ ( ! co>ctate pupa we h re/rict$ ! t]m pup>ium1 orig9ally us$ by ,kirby & ,sp5ce to designate ! pupa4 ,! pup>ium is usually cyl9drical or b>rel-%ap$1 r\nd$ at ea* end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ega4--,pup>ium ( ,hypod]ma bovis3 a1 side2 b1 v5tral view1 %[+ exit hole ( adult2 c1 cap :i* splits (f = exit ( fly4--,aft] ,cl>k1 f ,osborn1 ,bull4 #e1 ,div4 ,ent4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,9 ! ,dipt]a cyclorhapha1 or common h\se & fle% flies1 etc41 ! pup>ium rema9s 9 vital connection1 by means ( f\r tra*e1 ) ! enclos$ pupa1 :i* escapes f ! case ?r\gh a curv$ seam or lid at ! ant]ior end & n by a slit 9 ! back1 z d ! or?oraph\s families1 repres5t$ by ! horse-fly 7,tabanid1 ,asilid1 ,fig4 #egj71 etc41 :]e 9 "s cases ! obtect$ pupa rema9s )9 ! loose envelope =m$ by ! old l>val sk91 :i* ,brau] calls a false pup>ium4 ,! dry1 h>d pup>ium is bur/ op5 at ! cephalic end :5 ! fly em]ges1 by means ( ! frontal vesicle1 :i* is di/5d$ ) fluid 7,fig4 #ega74 ,! exact mode ( sp9n+ ! cocoon by cat]pill>s has be5 c>efully obs]v$ by ,l4 ,tr\velot 9 ! case ( ! polyphemus silkworm4 8,:5 fully gr[n1 ! worm1 :i* has be5 dev\r+ ! leaves s voraci\sly1 becomes re/less & crawls ab\t ! bran*es 9 se>* ( a suitable place to build up its cocoon2 be=e ?is x is motionless = "s "t1 hold+ on to ! twig ) its front legs1 :ile ! two h9d pair are deta*$2 9 ?is position x rema9s = "s "t1 evacuat+ ! cont5ts ( ! alim5t>y canal until f9ally a gelat9\s1 transp>5t1 v cau/ic fluid1 look+ l album51 or ! :ite ( an egg1 is eject$2 ?is is a prep>ation = ! long catalepsy t ! worm is ab\t to fall into4 ,x n[ feels ) its head 9 all directions1 to discov] any leaves to :i* to atta* ! fibres t are to give =m to ! cocoon4 ,if x f9ds ! place suitable1 x beg9s to w9d a lay] ( silk ar\nd a twig1 !n a fibre is atta*$ to a leaf ne> by1 & by _m times d\bl+ ?is fibre & mak+ x %ort] e "t1 ! leaf is made to approa* ! twig at ! di/ance necess>y to build ! cocoon2 two or ?ree leaves are dispos$ l ?is "o1 & !n fibres are spread betwe5 !m 9 all directions1 & soon ! ovoid =m ( ! cocoon di/9ctly appe>s4 ,?is seems to be ! mo/ difficult feat = ! worm to accompli%1 z aft] ?is ! "w is simply me*anical1 ! cocoon be+ made ( regul> lay]s ( silk unit$ by a gummy sub/ance4 ,! silk is di/ribut$ 9 zigzag l9es ( ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* long4 ,:5 ! cocoon is made1 ! worm w h mov$ 8 head to & fro1 9 ord] to di/ribute ! silk1 ab\t #bed1jjj times4 8,aft] ab\t half a day's "w1 ! cocoon is s f> complet$ t ! worm c h>dly be di/+ui%$ ?r\gh ! f9e texture ( ! wall2 !n a gummy res9\s sub/ance1 sometimes ( a light-br[n color1 is spread all ov] ! inside ( ! cocoon4 ,! l>va cont9ues to "w = f\r or five days1 h>dly tak+ a few m9utes ( re/1 & f9ally ano!r coat+ is spun 9 ! int]ior1 :5 ! cocoon is all f9i%$ & completely air tight4 ,! fibre dim9i%es 9 ?ickness z ! completion ( ! cocoon advances1 s t ! la/ int]nal coat+ is n half s ?ick & s /rong z ! outside ones40 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 i1 p4 #hf47 ,! mode ( sp9n+ ! cocoon ( an i*neumon 7,microga/]7 p>asitic on ,philampelus has be5 well describ$ by ,john ,p4 ,m>%all1 z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egb4--,microga/] l>v2 sp9n+ _! cocoons3 a1 enl>g$ view ( #e4--;,aft] ,m>%all4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ! p>asite is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #egb1 #a4 ,a w>ty excresc5ce appe>s on ! back ( ! cat]pill>1 :i* sl[ly em]ges until x is se5 to be a l>va enclos$ 9 a delicate transp>5t membrane1 z repres5t$ 9 #b4 ,?is x soon succe$s 9 bur/+1 &1 ris+ to its full l5g?1 balances itself a mom5t z 9 #c1 !n1 b5d+ d\ble1 x ejects f its m\? a glairy liquid1 :i* in/antly *anges to silk1 & fa/5s ! po/]ior end to ! sk9 ( ! cat]pill>1 z %[n 9 #d1 side view4 ,x n[ beg9s to sp9 its cocoon by atta*+ a silk5 ?read to ! silky mass by :i* x _h previ\sly fa/5$ itself to ! cat]pill>1 & =m+ a s]ies ( loops ( uni=m size1 fir/ f "r to left1 & !n back aga9 f left to "r1 z repres5t$ 9 ! front view1 #e1 & bett] 9 ! enl>g$ view1 #e;a1 ! arr[ heads %[+ ! direction 9 :i* ! head ( ! l>va mov$ :ile =m+ ! loops4 ,! ends ( ! s]ies1 numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 are fa/5$ to ! edges ( ! v5tral side ( ! body1 :i* ?us s]ves z a measure ( ! wid? ( ! cocoon1 & also acts z a support = ! frail fabric 9 ! fir/ /ages ( sp9n+4 ,aft] ! l>va has fa/5$ ! fabric z f> up on its v5tral surface z x c1 conv5i5tly1 x !n beg9s to sp9 free1 z %[n 9 ! side view1 #f1 :]e x is repres5t$ z j complet+ ! fir/ half ( its cocoon1 :i* resembles 9 =m a slipp]4 ,?is accompli%$1 ! l>va ceases to sp9 = ! "t be+1 b5ds its head1 z 9 #g1 t[>ds its v5tral surface1 & pu%es ! half cocoon free f its body4 ,! =m ( ! silk5 fabric enables x to /& unsupport$1 :ile ! l>va1 slid+ its head d[n to ! base1 holds on firmly until x sw+s its po/]ior end into ! toe ( ! slipp]4 ,figure #egb1 #h1 %[s x 9 ! act ( *ang+ end = end1 & 9 #i ! l>va is se5 erect1 beg9n+ at ! base to complete ! o!r half ( its cocoon2 #aj %[s ! l>va contract+ its body z x sp9s upw>d = ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! cocoon1 :5 x aga9 *anges end = end1 z %[n 9 #aa1 :]e x is beg9n+ at ! upp] "p to unite ! two sides1 f9ally enclos+ itself z repres5t$ 9 #ab4 ,x may n[ be se51 "u ! microscope1 ?r\gh ! me%es ( its cocoon actively engag$ 9 l9+ ! int]ior ) lay]s ( v f9e silk eject$ f its m\? 9 great abundance4 ,"o half ( ! cocoon is fir/ l9$ by a =w>d & back movem5t ( its head1 & !n rev]s+ its position1 x l9es ! o!r half 9 a simil> mann]4 ,9 "o case ! l>va 0 dis5gag$ f ! sk9 ( ! cat]pill>1 aft] beg9n+ its cocoon4 ,x1 h[ev]1 began aga91 & spun a portion :ile ly+ on ! table4 ,?is 0 remov$1 :5 x began a ?ird "t1 & complet$ its cocoon4 ,9 ab\t #aj days ! insect made its appe>ance ?r\gh a hole 9 ! upp] end1 z repres5t$ 9 #ac4 ,! top 0 eat5 (f 9 a p]fect circle & hung by a few ?reads1 s z to resemble a lid z x 0 ?r[n back4 ,"o cat]pill> obs]v$ _h betwe5 #cjj & #djj cocoons on its back & sides1 & ano!r 0 dissect$ aft] m ?an #cj l>v _h escap$1 & #acj 7 discov]$ 9 ! s(t integum5ts ( ! back4 ,! figures f #a to #ac are magnifi$ five diamet]s1 b 9 ord] to obs]ve ! sp9n+ ( ! cocoon a p[] ( #ej is requir$4 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 xii1 pp4 #eei1 #efj47 ,c]ta9 diff]5ces obs]v$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,buckh\t 9 a ,microga/] p>asitic on ! diff]5t species ( ,macrosila1 are ref]r$ to 9 ! same volume1 p4 #geb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egc4--;,body ( l>va ( ,li?ocolletis4 swoll5 & fill$ ) cocoons ( ,copidosoma1 enl>g$4 ,:ile ^? *alcidid l>v :i* fe$ int]nally on _! ho/1 z a rule1 trans=m into nak$1 m or less co>ctate pup1 ,h[>d /ates t ! l>v ( ,copidosoma1 ,bo?rio?orax1 ,homalotylus1 & p]haps o!rs1 :i* are mu* cr[d$ )9 _! ho/1 cause a m>k$ inflation ( ! body ( ! latt] 7,figs4 #egc1 #egd74 ,! nature ( ?is cocoon-l cell1 & h[ x is produc$1 is unkn[n4 8,its /ructure %[s x n to be silk1 nor yet ! la/ l>val sk9 ( ! p>asite1 & :e!r x is an adv5titi\s tissue ( ! ho/-l>va or a secretion ( ! p>asite1 or is explicable ^u o!r gr\nds1 ,i _c say40 ,! silk5 cocoon ( an aphidiid i*neumon has be5 f\nd by ,miss ,murtfeldt1 & also by ,dr4 ,riley1 "u a rose aphid 9 :i* x _h liv$1 & ref]r$ by ,h[>d to ! g5us ,praon 7,fig4 #ege74 ,sanit>y conditions obs]v$ by ! honey-bee l>va1 & admission ( air )9 ! cocoon4--,*e%ire has obs]v$ t aft] ! l>va ( ! honey-bee has spun its cocoon or silk5 l9+ ( its cell1 x obs]ves ! foll[+ means ( pres]v+ cleanl9ess4 ,! food giv5 to ! l>va1 especially dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! gr[+ p]iod1 conta9s mu* poll51 ! cases ( ! gra9s ( :i* consi/ ( cellulose1 :i* is indige/ible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egd4--;,cocc9ellid l>va infe/$ by ,homalotylus obscurus1 enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ege4--;,cocoon ( ,praon "u ! body ( a dead ,aphis1 enl>g$4--,?is & ,figs4 #egc & #egd aft] ,h[>d1 f ,insect ,life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egf4--,pupation ( ,proctotrupes 9 ! body ( a l>va ( a beetle1 repres5t+ a case m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,%>p1 :]e ! p>asites h pupat$ on ! outside ( ! ho/1 a pair ( ea* atta*$ to ne>ly ea* segm5t ( ! body ( _! ho/4--,aft] ,%>p4 8,^! cases1 ) o!r refuse matt]s1 collect 9 quantity )9 ! b[el1 :i* becomes di/5d$1 s9ce x has no op5+4 ,! imprison$ l>va1 hav+ little m ?an en\gh room = turn+1 mu/ be fre$ ( ^! objectionable residua4444 ,9 a ^w1 ! l>va turns its head ^u its /oma*1 & pu%es ! =m] t[>ds ! base ( ! cell until its position is rev]s$1 ! tail be+ outw>ds2 &1 ?us plac$1 x laps up all residue ( food1 especially f its old clo!s previ\sly ref]r$ to1 until !y are dri$1 & practically occupy no space4 ,x n[ ?r[s up its /oma* & b[el1 ) all _! cont5ts1 & )\t deta*+ !m f its out] sk91 :i* is m\lt$ z be=e1 b 9 ?is in/ance to be press$ aga9/ ! cell1 s z to =m = x an int]ior l9+4 ,! dejectam5ta ( ! b[el 9 ?is way lie betwe5 ! ca/ sk9 & cell-wall 7z se5 at e1 ,fig4 #egg71 & s ! l>va rema9s absolutely unsoil$4 ,x n[ turns its head & resumes its old position1 jo9+ its cocoon to ! edges ( its la/ ca/ sk91 s t its habitation is rel9$1 x is cleans$1 & air c /ill pass to x ?r\gh ! imp]ceptible op5+s left by ! bees 9 ! seal+4 ,?is po9t is ( radical importance1 s9ce brea?+ is c>ri$ on pretty rapidly dur+ ! latt] "p ( its subsequ5t trans=mations1 ! absorb$ oxyg5 p]mitt+ !n ( a production ( heat1 & caus+ also consid]able dim9ution 9 weight40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egg4--,l>va & pupa ( honey-bee 9 _! cell3 ,,sl1 sp9n+-l>va2 ,n1 pupa2 ,,fl1 "y fe$+ l>va2 co1 cocoon2 sp1 spiracles2 t1 tongue2 m1 m&ible2 an1 ant5na2 w1 w+2 ce1 comp\nd eye2 e1 excrem5t2 ex1 exuvium4--,aft] ,*e%ire4 ,z to ! passage ( air into ! bee's cocoon1 ,*e%ire /ates t be=e ! cocoon c be built1 a cov]1 te*nically call$ seal+1 is put ov] ! l>va by its nurses4 ,^! cov]s are made ( poll5 & wax1 & are p]vi\s to ! air4 ,!y are m convex & regul> 9 =m ?an ^? seal+ 9 ! honey4#ajb ,,! ,,pupa ,,/ate ,! ^w pupa is f ! ,lat9 mean+ baby4 ,l9nu gave x ?is "n f its resemblance to a baby :i* has be5 swa!d or b\nd up1 z is /ill ! cu/om 9 ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! t]m pupa %\ld be re/rict$ to ! re/+ inactive /age ( ! holometabol\s insects4 ,lam>ck's t]m *rysalis 0 appli$ to ! complete or obtect$ pupa ( ,lepidopt]a & ( c]ta9 ,dipt]a1 & mumia1 a mummy1 to ! pup ( ,coleopt]a1 ,tri*opt]a1 & mo/ ,hym5opt]a4 ,latreille 7#ahcj7 also re/rict$ ! t]m pupa to ! 8ovi=m nymph10 or pup>ium1 ( ,dipt]a4 ,brau] applies ! t]m nymph to ! pupa ( metabol\s insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egh4--,pupa obtecta3 a1 ( ,sesia1 ) its cocoon-cutt] on ! head2 b1 ( ,tortrix vacc9iivorana4 ,! typical pupa is t ( a mo? or butt]fly1 popul>ly call$ a *rysalis4 ,a lepidopt]\s pupa 9 :i* ! app5dages are m or less fold$ close to ! body & sold]$ to ! integum5t1 0 call$ by ,l9nu a pupa obtecta2 & :5 ! limbs are free1 z 9 ,neuropt]a1 ,mecopt]a1 ,tri*opt]a1 & ! lepidopt]\s g5us ,micropt]yx x is call$ a pupa lib]a 7,fig4 #egi74 ,:5 ! pupa is enclos$ 9 ! old l>val sk91 :i* =ms a pupal cov]+ 7pup>ium71 ! pupa 0 said by ,l9nu to be co>ctate4 ,! pupa ( c]ta9 ,dipt]a1 z t ( ! or?oraph\s families1 is ne>ly z mu* obtect$ z t ( ! t9eoid families ( mo?s1 especially z reg>ds ! app5dages ( ! head2 ! legs be+ m z 9 pup lib] 7,fig4 #ehj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egi4--,pupa lib]a ( neuropt]\s insects a1 ,corydalus cornutus2 b1 ,sialis2 c1 ,hem]obius4 ,! male ,coccid anticipates ! metabol\s insects 9 pass+ ?r\gh a quiesc5t /ate1 :51 z ,we/wood /ates1 x is 8cov]$ by ! sk9 ( ! l>va1 or by an additional pellicle40 ,! body appe>s to be broad & flat1 ! ant5n & =e legs re/+ "u ! head1 :ile ! two h9d] pairs ( legs are appress$ to ! "u side ( ! body4 ,!re is b a slight approa* to ! pupa lib]a ( a metabol\s insect4 ,riley /ates t ! male l>va ( ,ic]ya pur*asi =ms a cocoon waxy 9 "*1 b light]1 m flossy1 & less adhesive ?an t ( ! female egg-cocoon4 ,x melts & disappe>s :5 heat$1 prov+ its entirely waxy nature4 ,:5 ! mass has rea*$ ! prop] l5g?1 ! l>va ca/s its sk91 :i* rema9s 9 ! h9d end ( ! cocoon1 & pu%es itself =w>d into ! middle ( ! cocoon4 ,! pupa 7,fig4 #eha7 is ( ! same g5]al =m & size z ! l>va4 ,all ! limbs are free & slightly movable1 s t !y v>y 9 position1 ?\gh ord9>ily ! ant5n are press$ close to ! side1 z are ! w+-pads2 ! front pair ( legs are ext5d$ =w>d4 8,if di/urb$1 !y twi/ & b5d _! bodies q vigor\sly40 ,! pupa /ate la/s two or ?ree weeks4 ,a simil> pupa is t ( ,ic]ya ros4 7,riley & ,h[>d47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehj4--,pupa obtecta ( ,dipt]a3 a1 ,pty*opt]a2 b1 ,tabanus atratus2 c1 ,proctacan?us philadelphicus2 d1 ,midas clavatus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eha4--,pupa lib]a ( ,ic]ya pur*asi1 v5tral view4--,aft] ,riley1 ,insect ,life4 ,! metamorphosis ( ,aspidiotus p]niciosus is ( int]e/4 ,! male nymph diff]s mu* aft] ! fir/ m\lt f ! female1 hav+ l>ge purple eyes1 :ile ! female nymph loses its eyes entirely4 ,x passes into :at ,riley t]ms ! pro-pupa 7,fig4 #ehb1 b71 9 :i* ! w+-pads are pres5t1 :ile ! limbs are %ort & ?ick4 ,! next /age is ! 8true pupa0 7,fig4 #ehb1 c1 d71 9 :i* ! ant5n & legs are mu* long] ?an be=e4 ,!re is no waxy cocoon1 b only a case or scale compos$ ( ! %$ l>val sk91 i4e4 8) ! fir/ m\lt ! %$ l>val sk9 is reta9$ b5ea? ! scale1 z 9 ! case ( ! female2 ) ! lat] m\lt+s ! %$ sk9s are pu%$ out f b5ea? ! scale10 & :5 !y trans=m into ! imago !y 8back out f ! re> end ( _! scale40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehb4--;,aspidiotus p]niciosus1 developm5t ( male insect3 a1 v5tral view ( l>va aft] fir/ m\lt2 b1 ! same1 aft] second m\lt 7pro-pupa /age72 c & d1 true pupa1 v5tral & dorsal views4 ,all greatly enl>g$4--,aft] ,riley4 ,! pup ( ,coleopt]a & ( ,hym5opt]a1 ?\gh !re is1 app>5tly1 no ne> relation%ip betwe5 ^! two ord]s1 are mu* alike 9 %ape1 &1 z ,*apman p]t95tly sugge/s1 ^? ( bo? ord]s are helpless f _! quiesc5ce1 & h5ce h resort$ = protection to "s cocoon or cell4 ,b x is q o!rwise ) ! pup ( ,lepidopt]a & ,dipt]a1 :i* v>y s mu* 9 adaptation to _! surr\nd+s1 & h5ce af=d important taxonomical & phylog5etic *>act]s4 ,?is1 z reg>ds ! ,lepidopt]a1 0 almo/ :olly ov]look$ until ,*apman call$ att5tion to ! subject1 & %[$ t ! pup _h *>act]s ( _! own1 ( ! greate/ s]vice 9 work+ out ! classification1 & h5ce ! phylog5y1 ( ! diff]5t lepidopt]\s gr\ps4 ,we h1 foll[+ ! lead ( ,*apman1 f\nd ! mo/ /rik+ confirmation ( 8 views1 & appli$ our pres5t k ( pupal /ructures to divid+ ! hau/ellate ,lepidopt]a into two gr\ps1--,paleolepidopt]a & ,neolepidopt]a4 ,! pup ( ! ,neuropt]a1 ,coleopt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a diff] /ructurally f ! imago1 9 ! p>ts ( ! head & ?orax be+ less diff]5tiat$4 ,?us 9 ! head ! limits or sutures betwe5 ! epicranium & clypeus1 & ! occiput & gula1 are obscurely m>k$1 :ile ! t]gal & pleural scl]ites ( ! imago are n well diff]5tiat$ until ! *anges occurr+ j be=e ! f9al ecdysis4 ,x is easy1 h[ev]1 to homologize ! app5dages ( ! pup ) ^? ( ! imago ( all ! holometabol\s ord]s except 9 ! case ( ! obtect$ pupa ( ! ,lepidopt]a 7& probably ( ! obtect$ dipt]\s pup71 :]e ! cephalic app5dages are sold]$ toge!r4 ,t ! app5dages ( ! lepidopt]\s pupa are1 z g5]ally suppos$1 m]ely cases = ^? ( ! imago has be5 %[n by ,p\lton to be q errone\s4 ,he says3 8,if we exam9e a section ( a pupal ant5na or leg 79 ,lepidopt]a71 we %all f9d t !re is no trace ( ! correspond+ imag9al organ until %ortly be=e ! em]g5ce ( ! imago4 ,9 ! num]\s species ) a long pupal p]iod1 ! =mation ( imag9al app5dages )9 ^? ( ! pupa is def]r$ until v late1 & !n takes place rapidly 9 ! lapse ( a few weeks4 ,?is also /r5g!ns ! conclusion t su* pupal app5dages are n m]e cases = ! p>ts ( ! imago1 inasmu* z ^! latt] are only conta9$ )9 !m = a v small proportion ( ! :ole pupal p]iod40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,miall & ,hammond claim t !re is a /rong sup]ficial contra/ z to ! =mation ( ! imag9al organs1 betwe5 ,lepidopt]a & tipul>ian ,dipt]a1 ! app5dages1 w+s1 & comp\nd eyes be+ sub/antially ^? ( ! imago4 8,) ! exception ( ! pro?oracic respiratory app5dages & ! tail-f91 !re is little 9 ! pupa ( ,*ironomus :i* does n relate to ! next /age40 ,! exact homology ( ! 8glaz$ eye0 ( ! lepidopt]\s pup & ( ! p>ts "u ! head1 situat$ ov] ! maxill1 is difficult to decide ^u1 & ^! po9ts ne$ f>!r exam9ation4 ,9 ! dipt]\s pupa x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! halt]es are l>ge & broad1 :i* pla9ly indicates t !y are modifi$ h9d w+s4 ,! numb] & arrangem5t ( ! spiracles is diff]5t 9 pup f ^? ( ! l>va & imago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehc4--,simulium piscicidium3 a1 l>va2 b1 c1 d1 pupa2 e1 ?oracic leg2 f1 r[ ( bri/les at end ( body4 ,a1 ,s4 pecu>um1 pupa2 a1 b1 c1 adm9icula4--,aft] ,riley4 ,!re are also second>y adaptive /ructures peculi> to ! pupa1 :i* are pres5t & only ( use 9 ?is /age4 ,^! are ! ?oracic1 spiracul>1 or brea?+ app5dages ( ! aquatic ,dipt]a 7,fig4 #ehc71 ! v>i\s sp9es situat$ on ! head or ?orax1 or on ! sides1 or m (t5 at ! end ( ! abdom51 besides also ! little sp9es arrang$ 9 m or less circul> r[s ar\nd ! abdom9al segm5ts1 ! cocoon-break]1 & ! crema/] ( _m pup4 ,9 ! pupa ( c]ta9 ,dipt]a1 !re is a t]m9al crema/]-l sp9e1 z 9 t ( ,tipula eluta 7,fig4 #ehd71 ,tabanus l9eola 7,fig4 #ehe71 besides adm9icula or locomotive sp9es l ^? ( lepidopt]\s pup 7,fig4 #ehj1 a1 b1 c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehd4--,pupa ( ,tipula eluta4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehe4--,pupa ( ,tabanus l9eola4--,?is & ,fig4 #ehd aft] ,h>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehf4--,pupa ( ,gal]ita lecontei1 & ( ,adelops hirtus 7a1 b1 c74--,aft] ,hubb>d4 ,! pup ( ,coleopt]a are v>i\sly sp9$ or hairy 7,fig4 #ehf74 ,^? ( ,hydrophilus & ( ,hydrobius are provid$ ) /\t sp9es on ! pro?orax & abdom5 :i* support ! body 9 its cells1 s t1 z ,lyonet fir/ %[$1 ?\gh surr\nd$ on all sides by moi/ e>?1 x is kept f contact ) x by ! pupal sp9es2 o!r pup ( beetles1 su* z t ( ! plum weevil1 :i* is also subt]ranean1 possess simil> sp9es4 ,! abdom5 ( _m coleopt]\s pup1 su* z ^? ( ,c>abid1 end 9 two sp9es1 to aid !m 9 escap+ f _! cells 9 wood or 9 ! e>?2 o!rs h /iff bri/les1 & o!rs sp9es along ea* side ( ! abdom5 7,fig4 #ehf74 ,all ^! /ructures are ! result ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( activity 9 :at we call quiesc5t pup1 b mo/ ( ^! are = use at ! end ( pupal life1 at ! critical mom5t :5 by _! aid ! insect escapes f its cocoon or subt]ranean cell1 or if p>asitic1 bores out ( its ho/4 ,if we are to acc\nt = ! causes ( _! orig91 we are oblig$ to inf] t !y are tempor>y decidu\s /ructures due to ! ne$ ( support :ile ! body is subject$ to unusual /ra9s & /resses 9 work+ its way out ( its prison 9 ! e>?1 or its cell )9 ! /ems & trunks ( plants & simil> situations4 ,!y are pupal inh]itances or heirlooms1 & well illu/rate ! inh]itance ( *>act]s acquir$ dur+ a c]ta9 def9ite1 usually brief1 p]iod ( life1 & transmitt$ by ! action ( syn*ron\s h]$ity4 ,! pup ( c]ta9 insects are q active1 ?us t ( ,raphidia1 unlike t ( ,sialis1 be=e its f9al ecdysis rega9s its activity & is able to run ab\t4 7,%>p1 p4 #ddh47 a4 ,! pupa consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to its adaptation to its surr\nd+s & its relation to phylog5y ,! =m ( ! pupa is a v v>iable "o1 z ev5 9 ,lepidopt]a x is n entirely easy to draw ! l9e betwe5 a pupa lib]a & a pupa obtecta 7,fig4 #egh72 & ?\gh ! p]iod is "o ( inactivity1 yet :5 !y are n 9 cocoons or 9 ! e>? 9 subt]ranean cells1 _! =m is m or less v>iable & adapt$ to *anges 9 _! surr\nd+s4 ,ev5 9 ! obtect$ pupa ( butt]flies1 !re is1 z e "o kn[s1 consid]able v>iability ( %ape & ( armature1 :i* seems to be 9 direct adaptability to ! nature ( _! environm5t4 ,scudd] has well %[n t 9 c]ta9 *rysalids1 su* z ^? ( ! ,nymphalid1 :i* are v>i\sly tub]culat$1 & hang susp5d$ by ! tail1 & (t5 hib]nate1 ^! projections s]ve to protect ! body4 ,all *rysalids ) projections or ridges on diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 be+ o!rwise unprotect$1 move freely :5 /ruck by gu/s ( w9d1 h5ce 8! great] ! dang] to ! *rysalis f surr\nd+ objects1 ! great] its protection by horny tub]cles & r\gh5$ call\s ridges40 ,! great] ! protection possess$ 9 o!r ways1 z by firm swa?+ or a safe retreat1 ! smoo!r ! surface ( ! body & ! m regul> & r\nd$ its cont\rs4 ,! t5d5cy to protection by tub]cles is especially noticeable 9 c]ta9 ,s\? ,am]ican *rysalids ( nymphalid butt]flies4 ,?is response to ! /imuli ( bl[s or %ocks is also accompani$ by a s5sitiv5ess to ! /imulus ( too /rong light4 ,previ\sly ,scudd]#ajc _h made ! important sugge/ion t ! smoo? cresc5t-%ap$ belt ( ! 8glaz$ eye0 or 8eyepiece0 ( *rysalids is1 z an ext]nal cov]+ ( ! eye1 midway betwe5 t ( ! cat]pill> & ! p]fect insect1 & he asks3 8,may x n be a relic ( ! pa/1 ! ext]nal organ ( :at once 08 ,& are we to look ^u ?is z our h9t t ! ar*aic butt]fly 9 its trans=mations pass$ ?r\gh an active pupal /age1 l ! l[e/ insect ( to-day1 :5 its limbs 7 un%ea!d1 its appetite unabat$80 etc4 ,scudd] also %[s t 8! exp&$ base ( ! %ea? cov]+ ! tongue af=ds protection also to ! palpi :i* lie b5ea? & beside ! tongue40 ,all ?is t5ds to %[ ! importance ( /udy+ ! /ructure ( ! pupa1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 h[ ! pupal /ructures h be5 br\ght ab\t1 ) ! f9al object ( discov]+ :e!r ! pup ( ! holometabolic insects are n desc5d$ f active nymphs1 & if s1 ! probable c\rse ( ! l9e ( desc5t4 b4 ,mode ( escape ( ! pupa f its cocoon ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehg4--,pupa ( ,micropt]yx purpuriella1 front view3 md1 m&ibles2 mx4 p1 maxill>y palpus1 end drawn sep>ately2 mx4 p1 labial palpi2 lb1 labrum4 8,9 all protect$ pup10 z ,*apman says1 8! problem has to be fac$1 h[ is ! imago to free itself f ! cocoon or o!r envelope protect+ ! pupa40 ,9 ! ,coleopt]a & ,hym5opt]a ! imago becomes p]fect$ )9 ! cocoon or cell1 z ! case may be1 & z ,*apman /ates1 8n only ?r[s (f ! pupal sk9 )9 ! cocoon1 b rema9s !re till its app5dages h become fully exp&$ & completely h>d5$1 & !n ! m&ibles are us$ to =ce an outlet ( escape10 & he calls att5tion to ! fact t 89 _m cases1 ev5 9 "s entire families1 !y are ( no use :atev] to ! imago except 9 ?is "o p>ticul>10 & he cites ! ,cynipid z p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ?is circum/ance4 ,9 ^? ,neuropt]a :i* sp9 a silk5 cocoon1 e4g4 ! ,hem]obiid1 ! ,tri*opt]a1 & 9 ,micropt]yx 7,fig4 #ehh71 ! jaws us$ by ! pupa = cutt+ its way out ( ! cocoon are ev5 l>g] 9 proportion ?an 9 ! pupa ( caddis-flies 7,fig4 #ehh71 be+ ( extraord9>y size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehh4--,m&ibles 7md7 ( ,micropt]yx purpuriella1 enl>g$4--,au?or del4 ,a1 pupal head ( a hydropsy*id caddis-fly1 %[+ ! l>ge m&ibles4--,aft] ,reaumur1 f ,miall4 ,9 ,myrmeleon ! pupa pu%es its way half out ( ! cocoon1 & !n rema9s1 :ile ! imago ruptures ! sk9 & escapes 7,fig4 #ehi1 a74 ,?us 9 ! ,neuropt]a & ,tri*opt]a we h already e/abli%$ ! m fundam5tal me?ods ( escape f ! cocoon1 :i* we see c>ri$ out 9 v>i\s ways 9 ! m g5]aliz$ or primitive ,lepidopt]a4 ,! mo/ primitive me?od 9 ! ,lepidopt]a ( escap+ f ! cocoon seems to be t ( ,micropt]yx4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehi4--,l>va ( ,myrmeleon ) 7a7 its cocoon & ca/ pupa-sk94 8,9 ?is g5us10 says ,*apman1 8?\gh x is nom9ally ! pupa t escapes f ! cocoon1 x is 9 reality /ill ! imago1 ! imago clo!d 9 ! effete pupal sk94 ,to rupture ! cocoon x uses n its own jaws1 b ^? ( ! pupal sk91 en]giz+ !m1 h[ev]1 9 "s totally diff]5t way f ord9>y direct muscul> action1 _! movem5ts be+ ! result ( ! v]micul> movem5ts ( ! pupa1 act+ probably by fluid pressure on ! articul> /ructure ( ! jaws1 by "s arrangem5t n altoge!r diff]5t p]haps f ! frontal sac ( ! high] ,dipt]a4 ,9 ! ,micropt]yges ! jaws ( ! pupa n only rupture ! cocoon1 b appe> to be ! mo/ active ag5ts 9 dragg+ ! pupa ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ! cocoon & ?r\gh any sup]9cumb5t e>?1 be+ m]ely assi/$ by ! v]micul> action ( ! abdom9al segm5ts1 & we f9d 9 accordance ) ?is circum/ance t ! pupal envelope is /ill v ?9 & delicate1 & has little or no h>d5+ or r\ghness by :i* to obta9 a lev]age aga9/ ! walls ( ! *annel ( escape40 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahif1 pp4 #egj1 #ega47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eij4--,pupa ( ,talporia3 a1 cocoon-cutt]2 ) ve/iges ( f\r pairs ( abdom9al legs1 & ! crema/]4 ,"s sort ( a beak or h>d process1 m or less develop$1 accord+ to ,*apman1 adapt$ = break+ op5 ! cocoon exi/s 9 ne>ly all ! ,lepidopt]a ) incomplete pup 7pup incomplet71 except ! limacodid & nepticulid section4 8,9 all ^! in/ances ! pupa em]ges f ! cocoon precisely z 9 ! ,micropt]yges1 t is1 ! mo? x really is t em]ges1 b does s encas$ 9 ! pupal sk94 ,to a*ieve ?is object1 x seems to h be5 f\nd mo/ effici5t to h ?ree1 f\r1 or five abdom9al segm5ts capable ( movem5t1 b to h ! t]m9al sections 7segm5ts7 sold]$ toge!r40 ,?is cocoon-break]1 z we may call x1 is especially develop$ 9 ,li?ocolletis hamadryadella4 ,z describ$ by ,com/ock1 x =ms a too!d cre/ on ! =ehead :i* enables x to pi]ce or saw ?r\gh ! cocoon4 8,ea* pupa fir/ saw$ ?r\gh ! cocoon ne> its juncture ) ! leaf & work$ its way ?r\gh ! gap1 by means ( ! m9ute backw>d-direct$ sp9es ^u its back1 until x rea*$ ! upp] cuticle ( ! leaf4 ,?r\gh ?is cuticle x saw$ 9 ! same way t x did ?r\gh ! cocoon4 ,! hole 0 9 ea* case j l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! *rysalis to "w its way out1 hold+ x firmly :5 p>tly em]g$4 ,:5 half-way out x /opp$1 & pres5tly ! sk9 split across ! back ( ! neck & d[n 9 front along ! ant5nal %ea?s1 & all[$ ! mo? to em]ge40#ajd ,we h obs]v$ & figur$ ! cocoon-break] 9 ,bucculatrix1 ,talporia 7,fig4 #eij1 a71 ,?yridopt]yx1 & ceticus1 & r\gh knobs or slight projection answ]+ ! purpose 9 ,hepialid1 ,megalopyge1 ,zeuz]a1 & 9 ,datana4#aje ,see also ! sp9e on ! head ( ,sesia tipuli=mis 7,fig4 #egh74 ,! imago ( ! attac9e mo?s cuts or saws ?r\gh its cocoon by means ( a pair ( l>ge1 /\t1 black sp9es 7sectores coconis71 "o on ea* side ( ! ?orax at ! base ( ! =e w+s 7,fig4 #eia71 & provid$ ) five or six tee? on ! cutt+ edge 7,c1 ,d74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eia4--;,cocoon-cutt] ( ! ,luna mo?3 front view ( ! mo? ) ! %\ld]s elevat$ & ! rudim5t>y w+s hang+ d[n3 s1 cocoon-cutt]2 p1 patagium4 ,b1 repres5ts ano!r specim5 ) fully develop$ w+s3 ms1 scutum2 /1 scutellum ( ! meso?oracic segm5t2 s1 cocoon-cutt]1 :i* is evid5tly a modification ( "o ( ! pieces at ! base ( ! =e w+s2 x is surr\nd$ by membrane1 all[+ free movem5t4 ,c & ,d1 diff]5t views ( ! sp9e1 magnifi$1 %[+ ! five or six irregul> tee? on ! cutt+ edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eib4--,l>va & pupa ( a wood-wasp 7,rhopalum71 enl>g$3 h1 tempor>y locomotive tub]cles on head ( pupa4--,tr\velot del4 ,our att5tion#ajf 0 drawn to ?is subject by a ru/l+1 cutt+1 & te>+ noise issu+ f a cocoon ( ,actias luna4 ,on exam9ation a %>p black po9t 0 se5 mov+ to & fro1 & !n ano!r1 until bo? po9ts _h cut a r\gh irregul> slit1 ?r\gh :i* ! %\ld] ( ! mo? c\ld be se5 vigor\sly mov+ f side to side4 ,! hole or slit 0 made 9 "o or two m9utes1 & ! mo? work$ its way at once out ( ! slit4 ,! cocoon 0 p]fectly dry4 ,! cocoon-cutt] occurs 9 all ! ,am]ican g5]a1 9 ,samia cyn?ia1 & is l>ge & well m>k$ 9 ! ,european ,saturnia pavonia-m9or & ,endromis v]sicolora4 ,9 ,bombyx mori ! sp9es are n well m>k$1 & !y are q diff]5t f ^? 9 ! ,attaci4 ,!re are ?ree %>p po9ts1 be+ acute angles ( ! pieces at ! base ( ! w+1 & x mu/ be ^! sp9es :i* at times p]=m ! cutt+ ?r\gh ( ! ?reads ( ! cocoon describ$ by ,raumur1 & :i* he ?\ght 0 done by ! facets ( ! eyes4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! mo?s cutt+ ! ?reads1 silkrais]s expose ! cocoon to heat suffici5t to de/roy ! enclos$ pupa4 ,9 ,platysamia ! cocoon-cutt]s1 ?\gh well develop$1 d n appe> to be us$ at all1 & ! pupa1 l t ( ! silkworm & o!r mo?s protect$ by a cocoon1 moi/5s ! silk ?reads by a fluid issu+ f ! m\?1 :i* also moi/5s ! hairs ( ! head & ?orax1 toge!r ) ! ant5n4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ^! /ructures are only occasionally us$1 & :e!r ! emission ( ! fluid is n ! usual & normal means ( egress ( ! mo? f its cocoon4 ,dr4 ,*apman rem>ks t ?r\gh\t ! obtect$ mo?s 8!re are _m devices = break+ ?r\gh ! cocoon3 specially con/ruct$ weak places 9 ! cocoon1 s(t5+ fluid1 appli$ by ! mo?1 assi/$ by special appliances ( div]se sorts1 su* z 9 ,hybocampa#ajg & ,attacus10 etc4 ,z to ! fluid m5tion$ above1 ,tr\velot /ates t x is secret$ dur+ ! la/ few days ( ! pupa /ate1 & is a dissolv5t = ! gum s firmly unit+ ! fibres ( ! cocoon4 8,?is liquid is compos$ 9 great "p ( bombycic acid40 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 i1 p4 #cc47 ,! pupa ( ! dipt]\s g5us ,sci>a 7,s4 ocell>is ,o4 ,s47 resembles a t9eid pupa1 & be=e trans=m+ em]ges = ab\t two-?irds ( its l5g? f ! cocoon2 ! pupa-sk9 rema9+ firmly atta*$ 9 ?is position4#ajh ,c]ta9 hym5opt]\s pup are provid$ ) tempor>y decidu\s conical processes4 ,?us we h obs]v$ 9 ! pupa ( ,rhopalum p$icellatum two v prom95t acute tub]cles betwe5 ! eyes 7h1 ,fig4 #eib74 ,z ! cocoon is v slight1 ^! may be ( use ei!r 9 extract+ itself f ! silk5 ?reads or 9 pu%+ its way along be=e em]g+ f ! tunnel 9 ! /em ( plants4 7,see also p4 #faa47 c4 ,! crema/] ,al?\gh ?is /ructure is 9 g5]al conf9$ to lepidopt]\s pup1 & is n always pres5t ev5 9 !m1 s9ce x is purely adaptive 9 its nature1 yet on acc\nt ( its s+ul> mode ( developm5t f ! l>val organs1 & ! accompany+ *anges 9 ! pupal abdom51 x %\ld be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! crema/] is ! /\t1 triangul>1 flatt5$1 t]m9al sp9e ( ! abdom51 :i* aids ! pupa 9 work+ its way out ( ! e>? :5 ! pupa is subt]ranean1 or 9 ! pupa ( silk-sp9n+ cat]pill>s its armature ( second>y hooks & curv$ set enables x to reta9 its hold on ! ?reads ( ! int]ior ( its cocoon aft] ! pupa has p>tially em]g$ f ! cocoon1 re/ra9+ x1 z ,*apman well says1 8at precisely t degree ( em]g5ce f ! cocoon t is mo/ desirable40 ,he also in=ms u t :ile 9 ! 8pup incomplet ! crema/] is atta*$ to an ext5sible cable1 :i* always all[s "s em]g5ce ( ! pupa1 9 ! pup obtect !re is no d\bt b t 9 su* cases z ! ,i*?yur1 ,acronyct1 & _m o!rs1 x reta9s ! pupal case 9 ! same position )9 ! cocoon t ! liv+ pupa occupi$2 ?is is also v usually ! case 9 ! ,geometr & 9 ! high] t9eids 7my pyraloids740 ,9 _m ( ! m g5]aliz$ mo?s !re is no crema/] 7,micropt]yx1 ,gracil>ia1 ,prodoxus1 ,tantura1 ,talporia1 ,psy*id1 ,hepialid1 ,zeuz]a1 ,nola1 ,h>ris9a71 ?\gh 9 ,tis*]ia & ,talporia 7,fig4 #eij1 b n 9 ,sol5obia7 & ,psy*id1 two /\t t]m9al sp9es p]=m ! (fice ( a crema/]1 or !re are simply curv$ set on ! r\nd$1 un>m$ end ( ! abdom51 z 9 ,sol5obia4 ,9 ! obtect$ ,lepidopt]a1 = example 9 su* a gr\p z ! ,notodontid1 :]e ! crema/] is pres5t1 ?\gh v>iable 9 %ape1 x may f disuse1 ow+ to ! d5se cocoon1 be )\t ! sp9es & hooks 9 ,c]ura1 or ! crema/] itself is entirely want+ 9 ,gluphisia1 & only p>tially develop$ 9 ,notodonta4 ,9 ! butt]flies ^: pup are susp5d$ 7,susp5si71 ! crema/] is especially well develop$4 ,ref]5ce might "h be made to ! tempor>y pupal /ructures 9 c]ta9 g5]aliz$ mo?s1 :i* take ! place ( a crema/]1 su* z ! transv]se t]m9al r[ ( sp9es 9 ,t9ea1 ! two /\t sp9es 9 ,tis*]ia1 & ! d5se r\gh integum5t & ?ick5$ callosities ( ! pupal head & end ( abdom5 ( ,phassus1 :i* bores 9 trees ) v h>d wood2 also ! num]\s /\t sp9es at ! end & sides ( ! abdom5 9 g]ians4 ,^! v>i\s projections & sp9es1 besides act+ z an*ors & grappl+ hooks1 9 "s cases s]ve to resi/ /ra9s & bl[s1 & h und\bt$ly1 l ! armature 9 ! l>v & imag9es ( o!r insects1 aris5 9 response to int]mitt5t or occasional pressure1 /resses1 & impacts4 ,mode ( =mation ( ! crema/] & susp5sion ( ! *rysalis 9 butt]flies4--,we are indebt$ to ,riley#aji = an explanation ( ! way ! crema/] has orig9at$1 8 obs]vations hav+ be5 made on species ( ov] a doz5 g5]a ( butt]flies 7,susp5si74 ,he %[s t ! crema/] is ! homologue ( ! suranal plate ( ! l>va4#aaj ,! prelim9>y acts ( ! l>va h be5 obs]v$ by v>i\s au?ors s9ce ! days ( ,vallisn]i1 i4e4 ! l>va hang+ by ! end ( ! abdom51 turn+ up ! ant]ior "p ( ! body 9 a m or less complete curve1 & ! sk9 f9ally splitt+ f ! head to ! front edge ( ! meta?oracic segm5t1 & be+ work$ back 9 a %rivell$ mass t[>d ! po9t ( atta*m5t4 ,! critical feat1 adds ,riley1 :i* has mo/ puzzl$ naturali/s1 is ! indep5d5t atta*m5t ( ! *rysalis & ! )drawal f & riddance ( ! l>val sk9 :i* su* atta*m5t implies4 ,raumur expla9$ ?is 9 #agcd by ! clut*+ ( ! l>val sk9 betwe5 sutures ( ! t]m9al segm5ts ( ! *rysalis1 & ?is is ! case1 ?\gh ! sutures act 9 a some:at diff]5t way4 ,be=e pupation ! l>va sp9s a mass or heap ( silk1 ! %ape ( :i* is l an inv]t$ settee or a %ip's knee1 & 8"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ acts ( ! l>va1 prelim9>y to susp5sion1 is ! b5d+ & work+ ( ! anal p>ts 9 ord] to fa/5 ! back ( ! 7suranal7 plate to ! inside ( ! back ( ! settee1 :ile ! crot*ets ( ! legs are entangl$ 9 ! m flatt5$ position or seat40 ,9 %$d+ ! l>val sk91 ! foll[+ p>ts are also %$1 & h "s "p to play 9 ! act ( susp5sion3 i4e4 #a/1 ! tra*eal ligam5ts 7,fig4 #eic1 tl71 or ! %$ tra*e f ! la/ or #i? pair ( spiracles2 #b;d1 ! rectal ligam5t 7,fig4 #eic1 rl71 or %$ inte/9al canal2 #c;d1 ! ,osborne or reta9+ membrane 7membrana ret95s1 ,fig4 #eic1 mr71 :i* is ! /ret*$ "p ( ! membrane ar\nd ! rectum & 9 ! anal legs1 & :i* is intimately associat$ ) ! rectal ligam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eic4--,%runk5 l>val sk9 ( ,vanessa antiopa1 cut op5 f ! back & %[+ 7mr7 ! reta9+ membrane1 7rl7 ! rectal ligam5t1 & 7tl7 ! tra*eal ligam5ts4 ,! /ructures 9 ! *rysalis are1 fir/1 ! crema/]1 ) its dorsal 7,fig4 #eid1 dcr7 & v5tral 7vcr7 ridges1 & ! crema/ral hook-pad 7*p71 said by ,riley to be 8?ickly /udd$ ) m9ute b /\t hooks1 :i* are sometimes comp\nd or furni%$ ) b>bs1 v mu* z are "s ( our fi%+-hooks1 & :i* are mo/ admirably adapt$ to ! purpose = :i* !y are int5d$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eid4--;,ideal repres5tation ( ! anal subjo9t ( ,vanessa antiopa1 f beh9d1 ) ! sp9es remov$1 & all p>ts =c$ ap>t by pressure s z to %[ ! homologies ( ! p>ts 9 ! *rysalis :i* are conc]n$ 9 pupation3 homologies indicat$ by correspond+ lett]s 9 ,fig4 #eie1 except t r 7! rectum7 corresponds ) pr 9 ,fig4 #eie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eie4--;,anal p>ts ( *rysalis ( ,vanessa antiopa1 j prior to f9al extraction f %runk5 l>val sk93 c1 crema/]2 *p1 crema/ral hook-pad2 h1 "o ( ! hooks1 m enl>g$2 vcr1 v5tral crema/ral ridge2 dcr1 dorsal crema/ral ridge2 lr1 l>val rectum2 pr1 pupal rectum2 rp1 rectal plate2 sr1 su/5tor ridges2 mr1 membrana ret95s2 rl1 rectal ligam5t2 tl1 tra*eal ligam5t2 ! #aa? or la/ spiracle-be>+ jo9t & ! #ab? jo9t be+ numb]$4 ,secondly1 !re are ! o!r /ructures1 viz41 ! su/a9]s 7su/5tors71 two projections :i* ,riley /ates 8homologize ) ! soles 7plant7 ( ! anal prolegs1 :i* take on v>i\s =ms 7#c71 b are always direct$ =w>d s z easily to cat* hold ( ! reta9+ membrane40 ,^! su/5tors are1 h[ev]1 z ,jackson#aaa has %[n1 & z we are satisfi$1 ! ve/iges ( ! anal legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eif4--;,a1 *rysalis ( ,t]ias4 ,b1 po/]ior end ( *rysalis ( ,paphia4 ,c1 po/]ior end ( *rysalis ( ,danais4 ,e1 "o ( ! su/a9]s ( ,t]ias1 greatly enl>g$ to %[ its hook$ nature4 ,all ! p>ts ( subjo9t lett]$ to correspond ) ,fig4 #eie4 ,?irdly1 ! su/5tor ridges1 :i*1 z ,riley /ates1 may be m or less obsolete 9 "s =ms1 9 ,paphia 7,fig4 #eif1 ,b7 & ,lim5itis =m 8q a deep not*1 :i* d\btless assi/s 9 cat*+ hold ( ! l>val sk9 9 ! ef=ts to atta* ! crema/]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eig4--,pupation ( butt]flies3 a1 atta*m5t ( l>va ( ,danais ar*ippus2 p1 atta*m5t ( l>va ( ,paphia glyc]ium2 b1 ideal l>va soon aft] susp5sion2 d1 ideal l>va a few h\rs lat]1 ! ne$le 7n7 sep>at+ ! =m+ membrane f ! su/a9]s2 l1 ideal l>va j be=e splitt+ ( l>val sk91 ) reta9+ membrane loos5$ f ! su/a9]s & %[+ its connection bo? ) ! l>val & pupal rectum4 ,9 all ! figures ! jo9ts ( ! body are numb]$2 ! =m+ *rysalis is %ad$ 9 transv]se l9es2 ! int]v5+ space betwe5 x & l>val sk9 is dott$3 h1 is ! hillock ( silk2 hl1 hooks ( h9d legs2 ap1 anal plate2 lr1 l>val rectum2 pr1 pupal rectum2 mr1 reta9+ membrane2 c1 crema/]2 s1 su/a9]s4--,?is & ,figs4 #eic-eif aft] ,riley4 8,x is pr9cipally10 adds ,riley1 8by ! lev]age obta9$ by ! hook+ ( ! su/a9]s 9 ! reta9+ membrane1 :i* acts z a swimm+ fulcrum1 t ! *rysalis is prev5t$ f fall+ aft] ! crema/] is )drawn f ! l>val sk94 ,x is also pr9cipally by ?is same means t x is enabl$ to rea* ! silk ) ! crema/ral hook-pads40 8,dissect$ imm$iately aft] susp5sion1 ! la/ abdom9al segm5t ( ! l>va is f\nd to be ba!d1 especially betwe5 ! legs & ar\nd ! rectum1 9 an abundance ( transluc5t1 membran\s mat]ial40 8,an h\r or m aft] susp5sion ! end ( ! =m+ *rysalis beg9s to sep>ate f ! l>val sk91 except at ! tip ( ! crema/] 7,fig4 #eig1 b74 ,gradually ! sk9 ( ! legs & ( ! :ole subjo9t 7#aj? segm5t7 /ret*es1 & ) ! /ret*+1 ! crema/] elongates1 ! rectal piece rec$es m & m f ! l>val rectum1 & ! su/5tor ridges div]ge m & m f ! crema/]1 c>ry+ ) !m1 on ! su/a9]s1 a "p ( ! s(t membrane40 ,! rectal ligam5t w su/a9 at lea/ #aj or #ab times ! weight ( ! *rysalis4 ,t ( ,apatura seems to rely almo/ entirely on ! rectal ligam5t1 assi/$ by ! p>tial hold+ ( ! delicate l>val sk94 ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,pupa ,,& ,,imago ,,9 ,,! ,,holometabol\s ,,insects 7,,! ,,dipt]a ,,except$7 ,we h se5 t 9 ! incomplete metamorphosis1 al?\gh !re may be z _m z five1 & possibly sev5 m\lts1 & 9 ,*loon z _m z #bj1 & 9 ,cicada septemdecim p]haps #be or #cj1 !re is b a slight *ange ( =m f "o /age to ano!r1 & no p]iod ( inactivity4 ,& ?is gradual out] trans=mation is s f> z yet kn[n p>allel$ by t ( ! int]nal organs1 ! slight successive *anges ( :i* d n diff] f ^? obs]v$ 9 ! gr[? ( ametabol\s insects4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! int]nal organs !re probably goes on a s]ies ( gradual reg5]ative processes1 & ,kors*elt & ,heid] /ate t we may v5ture to assume t ea* *ang$ cell or gr\p ( cells :i* h become exhau/$ by ! ex]cise ( ! functions ( life are reabsorb$ & become re/or$ ?r\gh ! vital p[]s ( ! tissues1 s t z ! result !re goes on a con/ant1 gradual reg5]ation ( ! organs4 ,:ile ! ,hemipt]a h only an incomplete metamorphosis1 ! males ( ! ,coccid are1 z %[n by ,o4 ,s*midt1 rem>kable = pass+ ?r\gh a complete or holometabol\s developm5t1 ) f\r /ages1 ?ree ( :i* are pupal & inactive4 ,h5ce1 z ,s*midt obs]ves1 !re is "h a hyp]metamorphosis1 l t ( ! ,meloid1 ,/ylopid1 etc4 ,%ortly be=e ! end ( ! l>val /age ( ! male appe> ! imag9al buds ( ! eyes1 legs1 & w+s4 ,9 ! #b;d or #a/ pupal /age !re is an atrophy ( ! ant5n & legs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ?is /age ! female completes its metamorphosis4 ,! rudim5ts ( ! w+s arise on ! edge ( ! dorsal & v5tral side ( ! #b;d ?oracic segm5t1 & ?is1 we w\ld rem>k1 is significant z %[+ a mode ( orig9 ( ! w+s int]m$iate betwe5 t ( ! manometamorphic & holometamorphic insects4 7,see pp4 #acg-adb47 ,:ile ,s*midt c\ld n asc]ta9 ! exact /ructure ( ! imag9al buds1 he says 89 g5]al ! process ( =mation ( ! extremities is exactly z ,weismann has describ$ 9 ,core?ra40 ,! two lat] pupal /ages are 8z 9 o!r metabolic insects40 7,see p4 #fij1 ,fig4 #fcg47 ,?us f> ! int]nal *anges 9 ! metamorphosis ( ! ,coleopt]a h n be5 ?or\ghly /udi$4 ,!y are less complete ?an 9 ! o!r holometabol\s insects1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! l>va & imago be+ mu* less m>k$ ?an 9 ! m specializ$ ord]s1 & s f> z kn[n all ! l>val organs pass1 ?\gh n )\t "s great *anges1 directly into ! imag9al ones1 ! only app>5t exception be+ ! mid-inte/9e1 :i*1 z /at$ by ,k[alevsky1 und]goes a complete trans=mation dur+ metamorphosis4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt1 !n1 ref]s almo/ :olly to ! ,lepidopt]a1 ,hym5opt]a1 & ,dipt]a4 a4 ,! ,lepidopt]a ,! fir/ obs]vations on ! complete metamorphosis ( insects :i* 7 9 any way exact 7 ^? ( ,malpighi1 9 #affg1 & ( ,swamm]dam1 9 #agcc4 ,:ile ! obs]vations ( ,swamm]dam1 z f> z !y ext5d$1 7 correct1 8 conclusions 7 extraord9>y4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 accept$ by ,raumur & by ,bonnet1 & g5]ally held until ! "t ( ,h]old 9 #ahae1 & l+]$ on = "s ye>s aft]4 ,! r fam\s !ory ( incasem5t 78embotem5t07 prop\nd$ by ,swamm]dam 0 t ! =m ( ! l>va1 pupa1 & imago prexi/$ 9 ! egg1 & ev5 9 ! ov>y2 & t ! insects 9 ^! /ages 7 di/9ct animals1 conta9$ "o inside ! o!r1 l a ne/ ( boxes1 or a s]ies ( envelopes "o )9 ! o!r1 or1 to use 8 own words3 8,animal 9 animali1 seu papilio intra erucam reconditus40 ,?is !ory ,swamm]dam ext5d$ to ! :ole animal k+dom4 ,x 0 bas$ on ! fact t by ?r[+ ! cat]pill>1 :5 ab\t to pupate1 9 boil+ wat]1 & !n /ripp+ (f ! sk91 ! immature =m ( ! butt]fly ) its app5dages 0 disclos$4 ,malpighi _h previ\sly obs]v$ ! same fact 9 ! silkworm1 p]ceiv+ t be=e pupation ! ant5n are conceal$ 9 ! head ( ! l>va1 :]e !y occupy ! place previ\sly tak5 by ! m&ibul> muscles2 also t ! legs ( ! mo? grew 9 ^? ( ! l>va1 & t ! w+s develop$ f ! sides ( ! worm4 ,ev5 ,raumur 7#agcd7 rem>k$3 8,les p>ties du papillon ca*es s\s le f\rreau de *5ille sont d'autant plus faciles tr\v] que la trans=mation e/ plus pro*e4 ,elles y sont neanmo9s de t\t temps40 ,he also believ$ 9 ! simultane\s exi/5ce ( two di/9ct be+s 9 ! insect4 8,il s]ait trs curieux de connatre t\tes les communications intimes qui sont entre la *5ille et le papillon4444 ,la *5ille ha*e1 broye1 dig]e les alim5ts qu'elle di/ribu au papillon2 comme les mres prp>5t ceux qui sont ports aux ftus4 ,notre *5ille en un mot e/ de/9e n\rrir et def5dre le papillon qu'elle r5f]me40 7,t4 i1 #h;e ,mmoire1 p4 #cfc47 ,lyonet 7#agfj71 ev51 did n expose ! error ( ?is view t ! l>va envelop$ ! pupa & imago1 &1 z ,gon9 says1 x 0 und\bt$ly because he did n use = 8 dissections ( ! cat]pill> ( ,cossus any specim5s ab\t to pupate4 ,yet he detect$ ! w+-g]ms & ^? ( ! legs1 /at+ t he presum$ ! bodies he saw to be ! rudim5ts ( ! legs ( ! mo? 7p4 #dej74 ,h]old1 9 8 "w on ! developm5t ( ! butt]fly 7#ahae71 0 ! fir/ to object to ?is errone\s !ory1 %[+ t ! w+s did n become visible until ! v end ( l>val life2 t z ! l>val organs disappe>1 !y are trans=m$ or are replac$ by entirely new organs1 :i* is n reconcilable ) a simple putt+ (f ( ! out] envelope4 ,! :ole secret ( metamorphosis1 9 ,h]old's op9ion1 consi/$ 9 ?is fact1 t ! butt]fly 9 ! l>va /ate increases & accumulates a supply ( fat until x has rea*$ ! volume ( ! p]fect /ate2 !n x beg9s ! *rysalis p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! organs are develop$ & take _! def9ite =m4#aab 7,ab/ract mo/ly f ,gon947 ,/ill ! old ideas prevail$1 & ev5 ,lacordaire1 9 8 ,introduction l',entomologie publi%$ 9 #ahcd1 held on to ,swamm]dam's !ory1 decl>+ t 8a cat]pill> is n a simple animal1 b comp\nd10 & he actually goes s f> z to say t 8a cat]pill>1 at fir/ sc>cely z l>ge z a bit ( ?read1 conta9s its own tegum5ts ?reefold & ev5 eightfold 9 numb]1 besides ! case ( a *rysalis1 & a complete butt]fly1 all ly+ "o inside ! o!r40 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 we f9d is n orig9al ) ,lacordaire1 b 0 borr[$ f ,kirby & ,sp5ce )\t ackn[l$gm5t4 ,^! au?ors1 9 _! ,introduction to ,entomology 7#ahbh71 combat$ ,h]old's views & /\tly ma9ta9$ ! old op9ions ( ,swamm]dam4 ,!y bas$ _! op9ions on ! fact1 !n kn[n1 t c]ta9 p>ts ( ! imago occur 9 ! cat]pill>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,h]old d5i$ t ! successive sk9s ( ! pupa & imago exi/$ z g]ms1 hold+ t !y are =m$ successively f ! 8rete mucosum10 :i* we suppose to be ! hypod]mis ( lat] au?ors4 ,9 a slight degree ! ,swamm]dam-,kirby & ,sp5ce doctr9e 0 correct1 z ! imago does arise f g]ms1 i4e4 ! imag9al disks ( ,weismann1 :ile ?is 0 n discov]$ by ,h]old1 ?\gh !y d at ! outset arise f ! hypod]mis1 8 rete mucosum4 ,?us !re 0 a gra9 ( tru? 9 ! ,swamm]dam-,kirby & ,sp5ce doctr9e1 & also a mixture ( tru? & error 9 ! op9ions ( ,h]old4 ,! real nature ( ! int]nal *anges wr\ght dur+ ! process ( metamorphosis 0 fir/ reveal$ by ,weismann 9 #ahfd4 ,8 discov]y ( ! g]ms ( ! imago 7imag9al buds7 ( ! ,dipt]a1 & 8 !ory ( hi/olysis1 or ( ! complete de/ruction ( ! l>val organs by a gradual process1 0 ! result ( ! application ( mod]n me?ods ( embryology & hi/ology1 al?\gh 8 obs]vations 7 fir/ made on ! extremely modifi$ type ( ! ,muscid or flies1 &1 at fir/1 he did n ext5d 8 view to include all ! holometabol\s insects4 ,n[1 ?anks to 8 successors 9 ?is field1 ,gan91 ,dewitz1 ,k[alevsky1 ,van ,rees1 ,bugnion1 ,gon91 & o!rs1 we see t metamorphosis is1 aft] all1 only an ext5sion ( embryonic life1 ! m\lts & great *anges be+ simil> to ^? und]gone by ! embryo1 & t metamorphosis & alt]nation ( g5]ations are b t]ms 9 a s+le s]ies4 ,moreov]1 ! metamorphoses ( insects are ( ! same g5]al nature z ^? ( c]ta9 worms1 ( ! e*9od]ms1 & ! frog1 ! diff]5t /ages ( l>va1 pupa1 & imago be+ adaptational & second>y4 ,:ile ! *anges 9 =m f ! l>va to ! pupa are app>5tly sudd51 ! int]nal hi/og5etic /eps :i* lead to !m are gradual4 ,9 ! ,lepidopt]a a few days 7usually f "o to ?ree7 be=e assum+ ! pupa /age1 ! cat]pill> becomes re/less & ceases to take food4 ,its excrem5ts are n[ h>d1 dry1 &1 accord+ to ,gon91 are 8/a9$ c>m9e r$ by ! secretions ( ! ur9>y tubes40 ,"u ! microscope we f9d t !y are almo/ exclusively compos$ ( fragm5ts ( ! inte/9al epi!lium4 ,^! r$ dejections 7 notic$ by ,raumur1 & aft]w>ds by ,h]old1 & !y are sure indications ( ! approa* ( ! trans=mations4 ,x n[ w&]s ab\t1 &1 if x is a sp9n]1 sp9s its cocoon1 & !n lies quietly at re/ :ile ! *anges are go+ on )9 its body4 ,mean:ile1 x lives on ! /ores ( fat 9 ! fat-body1 & ?is supply enables x to survive ! pupal p]iod4 ,! am\nt ( fat is sometimes v great4 ,newport remov$ f ! l>va ( ,cossus lignip]da #db gra9s ( fat1 be+ m ?an "o-f\r? ( ! :ole weight ( ! insect1 he adds t ! supply is soon ne>ly exhau/$ dur+ ! rapid developm5t ( ! reproductive organs1 8s9ce1 :5 ^! h become p]fect$1 ! quantity t rema9s is v inconsid]able40 ,al?\gh ! l>val sk9 ( a lepidopt]\s insect is sudd5ly ca/ (f1 ! pupa quickly em]g+ front x1 yet !re are sev]al int]m$iate /ages1 all graduat+ into ea* o!r4 ,if a cat]pill> ( a ,clisiocampa1 :i*1 z we h obs]v$1 is mu* %ort5$ & ?ick5$ a day or two be=e *ang+ to a pupa1 is h>d5$ 9 alcohol & ! l>val sk9 is /ripp$ (f1 ! semipupa 7pro-nymph1 pro-pupa ( diff]5t au?ors7 is f\nd to be 9 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t1 & ! *anges ( ! m\?-p>ts are int]e/+1 ?\gh n yet suffici5tly /udi$4 ,newport attributes ! great enl>gem5t & *anges 9 ! %ape ( ! ?oracic segm5ts ( ! l>va ( ,vanessa urtic at ?is "t1 to ! contraction or %ort5+ ( ! muscles ( ! int]ior ( ^? segm5ts1 8:i* are repeat$ly sl[ly ext5d$ & %ort5$1 z if ! insect 7 9 ! act ( labori\s respiration40 ,?is1 he adds1 g5]ally takes place at %ort int]vals dur+ ! two h\rs imm$iately prec$+ ! *ange to ! pupa1 & increases 9 frequ5cy z t p]iod approa*es4 ,he ?us describes ! mode ( m\lt+ ! l>val sk93 8,:5 ! p]iod has arriv$1 ! sk9 bur/s along ! dorsal "p ( ! #c;d segm5t1 or meso?orax1 & is ext5d$ along ! #b;d & #d?1 :ile ! cov]+s ( ! head sep>ate into ?ree pieces4 ,! insect !n ex]ts itself to ! utmo/ to ext5d ! fissure along ! segm5t ( ! abdom51 &1 9 ! meantime1 press+ its body ?r\gh ! op5+1 gradually )draws its ant5n & legs1 :ile ! sk91 by successive contortions ( ! abdom51 is slipp$ backw>ds1 & =c$ t[>ds ! extremity ( ! body1 j z a p]son w\ld slip (f 8 glove or 8 /ock+4 ,! ef=ts ( ! insect to get entirely rid ( x are !n v great2 x twirls itself 9 e direction 9 ord] to bur/ ! sk91 &1 :5 x has ex]t$ itself 9 ?is mann] = "s "t1 twirls itself swiftly1 fir/ 9 "o direction1 !n 9 ! opposite1 until at la/ ! sk9 is brok5 ?r\gh & falls to ! gr\nd1 or is =c$ to "s di/ance f x4 ,! new pupa !n hangs = a few seconds at re/1 b its *ange is n yet complete4 ,! legs & ant5n1 :i* :5 )drawn f ! old sk9 7 dispos$ along ! "u surface ( ! body1 are yet sep>ate1 & d n adh]e toge!r z !y d a %ort "t aft]w>ds4 ,! w+s are also sep>ate & v small4 ,9 a few seconds ! pupa makes sev]al sl[1 b p[]ful1 respiratory ef=ts2 dur+ :i* ! abdom9al segm5ts become m contract$ along _! "u surface1 & ! w+s are mu* enl>g$ & ext5d$ along ! lat]al inf]ior surface ( ! body1 :ile a v transp>5t fluid1 :i* facilitat$ ! slipp+ (f ( ! sk91 is n[ diffus$ among ! limbs1 & :5 ! pupa becomes quiet dries1 & unites ! :ole into "o compact cov]+40 ,! *anges 9 ! head & m\?-p>ts4--,! *anges ( =m f ! active m&ibulate cat]pill> to ! quiesc5t pupa1 & !n to ! adult butt]fly1 are1 z we h se51 9 direct adaptation to _! *ang$ habits & surr\nd+s1 & !y diff] greatly 9 details 9 insects ( diff]5t ord]s4 ,9 _m ,lepidopt]a & c]ta9 ,dipt]a ! pupa & imago are )\t ! m&ibles ( ! l>va1 &1 in/ead1 ! #a/ maxill 9 ! =m] ord]1 & ! #b;d maxill 9 ! latt]1 are highly develop$ & specializ$4 ,! *anges 9 ! %ape ( ! head1 ) ! ant5n1 ! latt] rudim5t>y 9 ! l>v ( ! two ord]s nam$1 are notewor?y1 & w be ref]r$ to "u ^? ord]s4 ,! same may be said ( ! ?orax ) ! legs & w+s1 & ! abdom5 ) ! ovipositor4 ,e "p ( ! body und]goes a pr(\nd *ange1 ?\gh 9 ! ,coleopt]a1 ,tri*opt]a1 & ! m g5]aliz$ & primitive ,dipt]a1 ea* segm5t & app5dage ( ! l>va are directly trans=m$ into ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! pupa1 & subsequ5tly ( ! imago4 ,we %all see1 h[ev]1 beyond1 t ?is g5]al /atem5t does n apply to ! ,hym5opt]a1 9 :i* !re is a process ( cephalization or transf] ( p>ts headw>d1 peculi> to t ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eih4--;,int]nal organs ( ,sph9x ligu/ri3 #a1 head2 #b-d1 ?oracic1 #e-ac1 abdom9al segm5ts2 ,v1 =e-1 ,m1 mid-1 ,e1 h9d-inte/9e2 gs1 bra92 gi1 infrasophageal ganglion2 n1 v5tral ganglion2 vm1 ur9>y tubes2 c1 he>t2 ,g1 te/is2 o1 sophagus2 a1 anus2 m1 al>y muscles ( ! he>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eii4--,pupa ( ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fjj4--;,imago ( ! same4--,?is & ,figs4 #eih & #eii aft] ,newport1 f ,geg5baur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fja4--,n]v\s sy/em ( ! l>va ( ,sph9x ligu/ri4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fjb4--,n]v\s sy/em ( ! pupa ( ,sph9x ligu/ri1 soon aft] pupation4--,?is & ,fig4 #fja1 aft] ,newport4 ,! *ange 9 ! int]nal organs4--,^! 7 especially1 z reg>ds ! n]v\s sy/em1 fir/ c>efully exam9$ & illu/rat$ by t great ,engli% entomotomi/1 ,newport1 & ^? ( ! reproductive organs by ,h]old z e>ly z #ahae4 ,a glance at ! figures 7#eih-fjd71 reproduc$ f ,newport's article ,insecta1 w %[ ! *anges wr\ght especially 9 ! dige/ive & n]v\s sy/ems ( ,sph9x & ,vanessa1 8 acc\nt ( ! alt]ations 9 ! muscles hav+ already be5 quot$4 ,z ! pupal =m is mu* ne>] to t ( ! imago ?an ( ! l>va1 s ! dige/ive canal is se5 to be ne>ly z mu* diff]5tiat$ 9 ! pupa z 9 ! imago1 ?\gh ! res]voir 78suck+-/oma*07 ( ! imago is n indicat$ 9 ! pupa4 ,^! *anges are su* z occur 9 an insect :i* is enorm\sly voraci\s z a l>va1 & :i* (t51 pass+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( complete inactivity1 tak+ no food at all1 f9ally becomes an insect :i* ne$s to suck 9 only a m9imum quantity ( wat] or nect>1 & :i* practically ab/a9s f all food4 ,! head & g5ital gl&s also1 z well z ! ur9>y vessels1 are ne>ly ! same4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! saliv>y gl&s h und]gone1 9 ! imago1 a ?or\ghgo+ r$uction4 ,! *anges und]gone by ! n]v\s sy/em ( ,sph9x ligu/ri & ,vanessa urtic h be5 describ$ by ,newport ) fulness ( detail4 ,an ab/ract ( 8 obs]vations on ,vanessa urtic1 :i* und]goes its *anges 9 ,june 9 #ad days1 & 9 ,augu/ 9 eight days1 we w n[ give1 9 "p v]batim1 ! subject be+ r5d]$ mu* cle>] by 8 figures1 :i* are reproduc$4 ,dur+ ! la/ l>val /age1 c]ta9 *anges h already tak5 place 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! cord1 :i* %[s t !y _h be5 a long "t 9 progress4 ,besides ! lat]al approximation ( ! cords1 ! fir/ *ange consi/s 9 a union ( ! #aa? & #ab? ganglia1 ! latt] "o be+ c>ri$ =w>ds2 ^! two ganglia be+ entirely sep>ate be=e ! #c;d m\lt4 ,two h\rs aft] ! l>va ( ,vanessa urtic has susp5d$ itself 9 ord] to pupate1 ! bra9 is n yet enl>g$1 b ! subsophageal ganglion is ne>ly twice its orig9al size & ! ganglia beh9d are ne>] toge!r4 8,a little :ile be=e ! old l>val sk9 is ?r[n (f !re is great excitem5t ?r\gh\t ! body ( ! insect40 ,ab\t half an h\r 7,fig4 #fjc1 #b7 be=e ?is occurs ! al>y n]ves & ! c]ebral1 #b;d1 #c;d1 #d?1 & #e? ganglia are slightly enl>g$1 & ! #a/ subsophageal ganglion v consid]ably4 ,imm$iately aft] ! insect has ent]$ ! pupa /ate 7,fig4 #fjc1 #c71 all ! ganglia are br\ght clos] toge!r4 ,"o h\r aft] 7,fig4 #fjc1 #d7 pupation ! c]ebral ganglia are f\nd to be m closely unit$1 ! #d? & #e? ganglia are ne>]1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! rema9+ ganglia is also r$uc$4 ,sev5 h\rs aft] pupation !re is a great] enl>gem5t ( ! c]ebral ganglia1 optic n]ves1 & ganglia & cords ( ! future ?oracic segm5ts4 ,at #ab h\rs 7,fig4 #fjc1 #e7 ! #e? pair ( ganglia has almo/ completely coalesc$ ) ! cord & ! #d?2 at #ah h\rs 7,fig4 #fjc1 #f7 ! :ole ( ! ganglia1 cords1 & n]ves h become m enl>g$1 especially ^? ( ! w+s1 :ile ! #d? & #e? ganglia ( ! cords h n[ s completely unit$ z to appe> l an irregul> elongat$ mass4 ,at #bd h\rs 7,fig4 #fjd1 #g7 ! #d? & #e? ganglia are completely unit$1 ! #e? be+ l>g] ?an ! #d?4 ,at #cf h\rs 7,fig4 #fjd1 #h7 ! optic n]ves h atta9$ a size almo/ equal to t ( ! bra94 ,! #a/ subsophageal ganglion n[ =ms1 ) ! c]ebral ones1 a complete r+ ar\nd ! sophagus1 ! crura hav+ almo/ disappe>$4 ,! #f? ganglion has n[ disappe>$1 b ! n]ves aris+ f x rema94 ,at #dh h\rs 7,fig4 #fjd1 #i7 ! cord is /raight in/ead ( be+ s9u\s1 & ! #g? ganglion has disappe>$1 :ile ! ?oracic ganglia are greatly enl>g$4 ,at ! end ( #eh h\rs ! #b;d & #c;d ?oracic ganglia h unit$1 & ! d\ble ganglion ?us =m$ is only sep>at$ f ! l>ge ?oracic mass compos$ ( ! #d?1 #e?1 & "p ( ! #f? ganglia1 by ! %ort b greatly enl>g$ cords :i* pass on ea* side ( ! c5tral atta*m5t ( ! muscles4 8,! optic & ant5nal n]ves h ne>ly atta9$ _! full developm5t1 & ^? num]\s & mo/ intricate plexus ( n]ves 9 ! ?ree ?oracic segm5ts ( ! l>va =m only a few trunks1 :i* c h>dly be recogniz$ z ! same /ructures4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! :ole n]v\s sy/em is n[ ne>ly z x exi/s 9 ! p]fect insect4 ,! :ole ( ^! important *anges are ?us se5 to take place )9 ! fir/ ?ree days aft] ! insect has und]gone its metamorphosis2 & !y prec$e ^? ( ! alim5t>y canal1 g5]ative sy/em1 & o!r organs1 :i* are /ill v f> f be+ complet$1 & inde$1 z comp>$ ) ! n]v\s sy/em1 h made b little progress40 7,art4 ,insecta1 pp4 #ifb-ife47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fjc4--;,*anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em ( ,vanessa urtic1 dur+ & aft] pupation4--,aft] ,newport4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fjd4--;,*anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em ( ,vanessa urtic1 f #bd to #eh h\rs aft] pupation4--,aft] ,newport4 ,! initial /eps & _m ( ! subsequ5t int]nal *anges escap$ ! notice ( ,newport & o!rs ( 8 "t1 & x 0 n until ! epo*-mak+ "w ( ,weismann on ! ultimate processes ( trans=mation ( ,core?ra & ( ,musca1 t we _h an adequate k ( ! subject4 ,weismann 7#ahfd7 0 ! fir/ to %[ = ! ,muscid & ,core?ra t ! app5dages1 w+s1 & o!r p>ts ( ! imago orig9ate 9 sep>ate1 m9ute1 cellul> masses call$ imag9al disks1 buds1 or folds 7hi/obla/s ( ,knckel74 ,^! imag9al buds1 :i* arise f ! hypod]mis1 be+ masses ( indiff]5t cells1 are usually pres5t 9 ! v "y l>va1 & ev5 9 ! lat] embryonic /ages4 ,x has be5 %[n t su* imag9al buds exi/ = ea* "p ( ! body1 n only = ! app5dages & w+s 7p4 #abf71 b = ! diff]5t sections ( ! dige/ive canal4 ,dur+ ! semipupal /age ^! buds enl>ge1 gr[1 & at ! same "t !re is a correspond+ de/ruction ( ! l>val organs4 ,! process ( de/ruction is due to ! activity ( ! blood corpuscles or leucocytes 7phagocytes71 ! l>val organs ?us brok5 up =m+ a creamy mass1 ! buds f :i* ! new organs are to arise resi/+ ! attacks ( ! virul5t leucocytes1 :i* atta* !mselves to ! weak5$ tissue & engulf ! pigm5ts 7see p4 #dbb74 ,! two processes ( de/ruction ( ! l>val organs 7hi/olysis7 & ! build+ up ( ! imag9al organs 7hi/og5esis7 g h& 9 h&1 s t ! connection ( ! organs 9 "q 9 mo/ cases rema9s entirely cont9u\s2 :ile ! la/ /eps 9 ! de/ruction ( ! l>val organs only take place aft] ! organs ( ! imago h assum$ _! def9ite %ape & size4 ,o!r obs]v]s h corroborat$ & confirm$ 8 /atem5ts & obs]vations1 ,gon9 ext5d+ !m to ! ,lepidopt]a & ,bugnion to ! ,hym5opt]a4 ,x is a pity t ! obs]vations1 su* z 7 set on foot by ,weismann1 7 n fir/ made on ! ,tri*opt]a & ,lepidopt]a1 :i* are mu* m primitive & unmodifi$ =ms ?an ! ,dipt]a1 b mi/akes ( ?is nature h frequ5tly happ5$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fje4--;,full gr[n l>va ( ,pi]is brassic op5$ along ! dorsal l9e3 d1 dige/ive canal2 s1 silk-gl&2 g1 bra92 / ,i1 pro?oracic /igma2 / ,,iv1 #a/ abdom9al /igma2 a1 a1 g]ms 7buds7 ( =e & h9d w+s2 p1 bud ( ?oracic segm5t2--^? ( ! #c;d pair are conceal$ "u ! silk-gl&s2 ,i-,,iii1 ?oracic r+s4--,aft] ,gon94 ,! late/ & mo/ detail$ rese>*es are ^? ( ,j4 ,gon9 on ! metamorphoses ( ,pi]is brassic1 made "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,e4 ,bugnion4 ,!y fill an important gap 9 our k1 & %[ t ! ,lepidopt]a trans=m 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z describ$ by ,weismann 9 ,core?ra4 ,we give ! foll[+ cond5s$ acc\nt ( ,gon9's obs]vations4 ,on op5+ a cat]pill> ent]+ on ! semipupa /ate 7,fig4 #fje71 ! relative position ( ! g]ms 7imag9al buds or folds7 ( ! w+s & ( ! legs are se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fjf4--,section ?r\gh ?orax ( a t9eid l>va on sycamore1 pass+ ?r\gh ! #a/ pair ( w+s 7w73 ht1 he>t2 i1 sophagus2 s1 saliv>y gl&2 ut1 ur9>y tube2 nc1 n]v\s cord2 m1 recti muscles2 a "p ( ! fat-body ov]lies ! he>t4 ,a1 "r w+-g]m enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fjg4--,section ( ! same specim5 z 9 ,fig4 #fjf1 b cut ?r\gh ! #b;d pair ( w+s 7w73 i1 mid-inte/9e2 h1 he>t2 fb1 fat-body2 l1 leg2 n1 n]v\s cord4 ,^! imag9al buds 9 a m advanc$ /age are se5 9 our sections ( a t9eid l>va 7,figs4 #fjf1 #fjg74 ,! numb] ( #ab imag9al buds f\nd by ,weismann 9 ! ?orax ( ,muscid does n occur 9 ,lepidopt]a1 s9ce1 z 9 ! ,hym5opt]a 7,bugnion71 ! dorsal buds ( ! pro?oracic segm5t are want+4 ,gon9 f9ds 9 ,pi]is t ! v5tral buds ( ! ?ree ?oracic segm5ts are ea* repres5t$ by sev]al di/9ct folds atta*$ to ! femoro-tibial bud & to ! t>sal jo9ts4 ,! imag9al buds s]ve 9 "s cases = ! =mation ( new organs 7w+s1 legs ( insects ) apod\s l>v72 9 o!rs = ! gr[? & ! trans=mation ( organs already exi/+ 7legs1 ant5n1 #a/ & #b;d maxill ( ,lepidopt]a74 ,z to ! p]ipodal sac or hypod]mic envelope :i* conta9s ! imag9al bud1 a portion p]si/s & is reg5]at$1 :ile ! o!r "p becomes useless & is deta*$ "u ! =m ( dbris1 z %[n by ,weismann1 ,viallanes1 & ,van ,rees 9 ! ,muscid4 ,on ?is po9t ,gon9 disagrees ) ,dewitz1 :o /at$ t ! walls ( ! w+-sacs are n de/roy$1 b are only gradually )drawn at ! "t ( pupation1 9 ord] to all[ ! orifice to di/5d & let ! w+ pass out to ! ext]ior4 ,! portion ( ! sac :i* p]si/s 7basal portion1 p]iph]al pad ( ,bugnion1 or annul> zone ( ,knckel7 s]ves at fir/ to atta* ! app5dage1 :ile =m+1 to ! hypod]mis ( ! l>va1 !n aft]w>ds to m or less completely reg5]ate ! adjo9+ portion ( ! integum5t4 ,9 ?is way ! hypod]mis ( ! ?orax is p>tially1 t ( ! head is almo/ entirely1 replac$ by ! imag9al epi!lium :i* prolif]ates at ! base ( ! app5dages1#aac :ile t ( ! abdom9al segm5ts p]si/s1 at lea/ 9 a modifi$ way1 & only und]goes 7at ! end ( ! pupal p]iod7 trans=mations z reg>ds ! appe>ance ( ! scales & pigm5t4 ,! w+s4--,! imag9al buds ( ! w+s d n p>ticipate 9 ! l>val m\lts4 ,gon9 has obs]v$1 contr>y to ,dewitz1 t _! surface only =ms a cuticle t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ l>val /age4 ,! network ( f9e tra*e ( ! w+-bud is drawn out at ! "t ( pupation ) ! int]nal cuticle ( ! l>ge tra*e4 ,! p]man5t tra*e ( ! w+ h already appe>$ at ! "t ( ! #c;d m\lt "u ! =m ( l>ge rectil9e> trunks1 ! position ( :i* corresponds aft]w>ds to t ( ! ve9s1 b !y are n fill$ ) air until ! "t ( pupation4 ,!re are f eight to t5 ( ^! tra*e 9 ea* w+ 7,fig4 #aei71 & !y give rise 9 ! pupa to a new sy/em ( f9e tra*e 7tra*eoles7 :i* replaces t ( ! l>va4 7,= fur!r details ! read] is ref]r$ to pp4 #abf-acg47 ,developm5t ( ! feet & ! cephalic app5dages4#aad--;,9 ! apod\s l>v ( ,dipt]a & ,hym5opt]a ! rudim5ts ( ! legs are1 l ^? ( ! w+s1 develop$ )9 hypod]mal sacs2 at times !y rema9 !re up to ! end ( l>val life1 b sometimes !y appe> e>ly at ! surface4 ,?is orig9 ( ! legs1 ?anks to ,weismann1 ,knckel1 & ,van ,rees1 is well kn[n 9 ! ,dipt]a2 9 ! ,hym5opt]a x has be5 prov$ to be ! case ) ants by ,dewitz1 & 9 ,encyrtus by ,bugnion4 ,z = ! ,lepidopt]a our k t ! legs ( ! imago arise f ! six ?oracic legs ( ! cat]pill>1 up to ! date ( ,gon9's pap] has n be5 9 advance ( t ( ,malpighi & ,swamm]dam4 ,raumur1 moreov]1 0 suppos$ to h furni%$ ! pro(1 hav+ f 8 exp]im5ts conclud$ t 8if ! legs ( ! pupa appe> long] & l>g] ?an ^? ( ! cat]pill> :]e9 !y 7 conta9$1 x is because !y 7 fold$ & squeez$40 7#h;e ,mm41 p4 #cfe47 ,?is explanation ( ,raumur's has be5 g5]ally accept$4 ,grab] 7,die ,insekt51 p4 #ejf7 accept$ x1 aft] exam9+ microscopic sections ( ! legs1 & ,knckel av]r$ t 8,raumur1 hav+1 9 c]ta9 cat]pill>s1 completely cut (f "o ( ! ?oracic legs1 _h conclud$ t ! butt]fly :i* came f x lack$ ! correspond+ memb]40 7,re*4 sur l'org4 et dv4 des volucelles1 p4 #afj47 ,newport1 x is true1 d5i$ ?is disappe>ance ( ! legs1 b did n wi% to put himself 9 opposition to receiv$ ideas1 & suppos$ t ! memb] cut (f 0 p>tly re=m$ 9 ! imago4 ,knckel believes t he has f\nd a bett] solution 9 8 !ory ( hi/obla/s or imag9al buds2 9 8 op9ion1 8,raumur & ,newport are bo? "r10 b 8:5 ,raumur cut (f a cat]pill>'s leg1 he at ! same "t remov$ ! hi/obla/1 ! rudim5t ( ! leg ( ! butt]fly4 ,:5 ,newport repeat$ ?is exp]im5t1 he simply mutilat$ ! hi/obla/ )\t completely de/roy+ x3 9 ! fir/ case1 ! adult insect 0 born ) "o leg less2 9 ! second case1 x appe>$ ) an atrophi$ foot40 8,s +5i\s an explanation10 says ,gon91 8is n necess>y40 ,to prove t ! exp]im5ts ( ! two savants are n contradictory1 x w\ld h be5 suffici5t to cite1 z ,knckel did n d1 ! exact words ( ,raumur1 = he hav+ cut f a cat]pill> 8m ?an half ( ?ree ( ! ?oracic legs on ! same side10 says he f\nd t ! *rysalis _h 8! ?ree limbs on "o side %ort] ?an ! correspond+ ones on ! o!r side40 ,! same op]ation repeat$ on a some:at y\ng] cat]pill> aga9 %[$ 9 ! *rysalis ?ree maim$ limbs1 8s t !y c\ld n be said to be entirely abs5t4 ,^! results are l ^? ( ,newport2 ! int]pretation only 0 faulty1 z we %all attempt to prove40 ,! real relations ( ! adult legs to ! l>val legs are ?us %[n by ,gon94 8,if we c>efully /rip (f ! sk9 ( a cat]pill> ne> ! "t ( pupation 7,fig4 #fjh71 we see t ! extremity only ( ! legs ( ! imago is drawn out ( ! l>val legs2 ! o!r p>ts are press$ aga9/ ea* side ( ! ?orax3 ne> ! v5tral l9e a small pad repres5ts ! coxa & ! tro*ant]2 ! femur & ! tibia are di/9ctly recognizable1 b sold]$ to ea* o!r & only sep>at$ by a slight furr[2 !y =m by _! union a v acute knee or b5d4 ,! femur is movable on ! pad-l coxa1 ! tibia cont9ues )\t precise limits ) ! extremity conceal$ 9 ! l>val legs4 ,! ?ree divisions ( ! latt] d n appe> to h any relation ) ! live jo9ts ( ! p]fect /ate4 ,"u ! microscope ! rudim5t appe>s v /rongly plait$ at ! level ( ! t>sus1 mu* less s 9 ! o!r regions4 ,a l>ge tra*ea p5etrates into ! femur ) "s capill>ies2 rea*+ ! knee x b5ds into ! tibia at a %>p curve1 b does n become truly s9u\s 9 approa*+ ! extremity4 ,x is !n ! t>sus especially :i* is susceptible ( elongation2 x may1 on be+ )drawn1 give rise to ! illusion t ! :ole organ is dis5gag$ f ! l>val leg4 8,?is disposition is1 we believe1 n kn[n4 ,x gives ! key to ! exp]im5ts ( ,raumur & ( ,newport4 8,ev5 :5 we cut (f ! limb ( ! cat]pill> at its base1 we only remove ! t>sus ( ! imago2 ! femur & ! tibia rema9 intact4 ,f an evid5t homology ,raumur has errone\sly conclud$ t !re is an id5tity4 ,8 op9ion1 classical up to ?is day1 t ! limb ( ! butt]fly is entirely conta9$ 9 ! leg ( ! cat]pill>1 has be5 f\nd to be inexact & %\ld be ab&on$40 ,embryonic cells & ! phagocytes4--,up to ! la/ l>val /age ! legs d n (f]1 says ,gon91 any ve/ige ( an imag9al g]m1 b !y conta9 a great numb] ( embryonic cells 7,fig4 #ade1 ec74 ,!y are almo/ always collect$ ar\nd a n]ve or tra*ea2 sometimes !y are indep5d5t1 & sometimes reta9$ 9 ! p]itoneal %ea?1 seem+ to arise by prolif]ation f ?is %ea?4 ,"s ?us contribute to ! l5g!n+ ( ! tra*eal bran*es or n]ves1 & ! o!rs1 becom+ deta*$1 =m leucocytes or phagocytes4 ,!y are v num]\s 9 ! legs1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! #d? /age1 b are dissem9at$ "s days lat] ?r\gh\t ! :ole cavity ( ! body4 ,at ! "t ( hi/olysis !y attack ! l>val tissues & increase 9 volume at _! exp5se2 9 return !y s]ve = ! nutrition ( ! imag9al p>ts & ex]cise no de/ructive action on !m4 ,van ,rees agrees ) ,k[alevsky 9 comp>+ ^! attacks ( ! embryonic cells1 sometimes victori\s & sometimes impot5t1 to ! w> :i* ! leucocytes wage aga9/ bo? ! att5uat$ & ! virul5t bact]ia4 ,=mation ( ! femur & ( ! tibia1 trans=mation ( ! t>sus4--,capill>y tra*e appe> 9 ! leg at ! same "t z 9 ! w+4 ,!y arise f ! end ( a tra*eal trunk ne> ! base ( ! limb on ! dorsal & convex side4 ,aft] ! #c;d m\lt ! hypod]mis ?ick5s ne> ?is place2 9 a few days a pad is =m$ !re & !n a l>ge imag9al bud ) a circul> invag9ation4 ,^! buds 7 notic$ by ,lyonet1 :o suppos$ !m to be 8les pr9cipes des jambes de la phalne40 ,n]ves & a tra*eal bran* p5etrate into ! femoro-tibial bud & =m a small bay or con/riction :i* m>ks ! po9t ( junction ( ! femur ) ! tibia1 & ! body-cavity rema9s 9 direct communication ) ! end ( ! limb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fjh4--;,feet ( ! ,pi]is butt]fly )draw+ f ^? ( ! l>va4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fji4--;,imag9al feet ( ,pi]is uncov]$ ) great c>e to pres]ve ! position :i* !y _h 9 ! l>va3 ta1 t>sus2 t1 tibia2 g1 knee2 f1 femur2 h1 coxa4 ,! t>sus und]goes a s]ies ( *anges2 ! surface is fold$ 9 a v complicat$ way2 at ! level ( ea* articulation1 b only 9 ! int]nal & concave region ( ! leg1 is develop$ a deep fold2 on "o side !re is a hypod]mic ?ick5+1 on ! o!r a simple leaf ( ! envelope1 :i* aft]w>ds jo9s at its base ) ! p>ietal hypod]mis1 & !n two leaves are de/roy$ ) ! l>ge cells ( ! set4 ,! int]nal "p & end ( ! t>sus are !n recon/itut$ ) ! elim9ation ( ! dbris1 :ile ! ext]nal & convex region und]goes direct reg5]ation4 ,! coxa & tro*ant] are d]iv$ f ! base ( ! l>val leg1 & only ! #a/ pair are well sep>at$ f ! base ( ! ?orax4 ,"o or two days be=e pupation ! femoro-tibial bud1 aft] hav+1 until n[1 pres]v$ its ant]o-po/]ior direction1 is plac$ transv]sely z reg>ds ! l>va1 !n becom+ direct$ obliquely =w>d4 ,?is rotatory movem5t ( ! coxa may be attribut$ to ! great ext5sion ( ! =e w+s1 :i* pu% be=e !m ! two fir/ pairs ( legs4 ,! la/ pair 9 _! turn are simply cov]$ by ! h9d w+s & are b slightly displac$4 ,?is new position ( ! legs is t ( ! imago3 ! knee ( ! #a/ pair is situat$ 9 front ( ! t>sus2 t ( ! #b;d a little outw>d2 t ( ! #c;d pair is direct$ backw>d4 7,gon947 ,! ant5n4--,^! app5dages also h ! same relation ) ^? ( ! cat]pill> z 9 ! case ( ! legs1 ! l>val app5dages be+ only ! po9t ( dep>ture ( ! imag9al gr[?4 ,weismann has obs]v$ 9 ,core?ra h[ at ! approa* ( ea* m\lt an invag9ation l ! f+] ( a glove all[s ! ant5na to elongate f its base4 ,! process1 says ,gon91 is id5tical 9 ! cat]pill> ( ,pi]is4 ,at ! la/ m\lt ! invag9ation is s pron\nc$ t x is n effac$ ) ! r5ewal ( ! *it9\s integum5t4 ,sev]al days lat] x aga9 beg9s to gr[ l>g]4 ,z ! imag9al bud gradually s9ks into ! cavity ( ! head1 x presses back ! hypod]mic wall & ?us =ms an envelope ar\nd x4 ,its base1 widely op5$1 gives admission to ! n]ves1 besides capill>ies & sometimes a l>ge tra*ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #faj4--,l>va 9 same /age z ,fig4 #fac2 side view ( head & ?orax3 a1 a1 w+s1 ) ! folds on ! surface1 & ! s9u\s track ( ! tra*eal bundles2 / ,i1 pro?oracic /igma2 p1 p1 ends ( ! legs4 ,z soon z x rea*es ! po/]ior region ( ! head1 ! ant5na 9 l5g!n+ becomes fold$ & describes ! great curves :i* l$ ,raumur to comp>e x to a ram's horn 7,fig4 #fac74 ,! leaf ( ! envelope ?ick5s 9 ! int]ior & all ar\nd ! base ( ! organ4 ,its ultimate rle is closely l t ( ! two o!r hypod]mic =mations4 ,x is at ! outset ?is lay] ( cells :i* 9 ! l>va supports ! ocelli4 ,?is lay]1 hidd5 on ea* side "u ! p>ietal region1 ?ick5s & reg5]ates1 =m+ a circul> pad :i* becomes m prom95t & f9ally assumes ! =m ( ! comp\nd eye ( ! imago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #faa4--;,head ( ! l>va j be=e pupation3 betwe5 ! two m&ibles 7m7 is se5 ! relief ( ! tongue or maxill 7m72 f1 sp9n]et2 l1 labrum2 a1 ant5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fab4--,same /age z 9 ,fig4 #faa1 b aft] ! removal ( ! l>val sk91 & includ+ ! lat]al scale3 ,a1 side1 ,b1 front1 view2 c1 8cimi]0 7! dott$ l9e %[s ! position x takes 9 ! pupa72 a1 ant5na2 o1 eye2 t1 tongue4--,?is & ,figs4 #fjh-faa1 aft] ,gon94 ,f9ally1 ?is lay] gives rise to a conical prolongation 7,fig4 #fab1 c71 :i* aft] exuviation appe>s z a tuft ( long hairs1 & is call$ by ,gon9 ! cre/ 7cimi]1 ,fig4 #fab71 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! pup ( ,pi]id4 ,x is only diff]5tiat$ t[>ds ! end ( ! #d? l>val /age 9 a m$ian depression ( ! v]tex4 ,x is an imag9al bud 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se ( ! ^w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fac4--,l>va ( ,pi]is brassic /ripp$ ( its sk9 "s m9utes be=e pupation3 ! ant5n 7a7 h be5 displac$1 & ! tongue cut (f1 to %[ ! palpi 7p72 c1 cimi]3 o1 eye2 m1 ve/ige ( a m&ible2 t1 ins]tion ( ! tongue 7see ,fig4 #fab72 aa1 =e1 ap1 h9d1 w+s2 g1 knee ( a foot ( ! #c;d pair4 ,on ea* side ! base ( ! ant5na comes 9 contact ) ! g]m ( ! cre/4 ,! envelopes approa* ea* o!r1 & _! ?ick5$ "p con/itutes ) ! ocul> disks a new cephalic wall4 ,! head ( ! butt]fly ?us m>k$ (f is triangul>2 all ! l>val p>ts rema9+ out ( ?is area !n disappe>4 ,! muscles & ! n]ves are resorb$ by hi/olysis1 !n ! ext]nal "p ( ! imag9al envelopes & ! old p>ietal hypod]mis1 r$uc$ v ?9 & deg5]at$1 is deta*$ 9 %r$s4 ,! ant5na becomes ext]nal ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t4 ,! trans=mation is 9 ?is case1 !n1 almo/ z complete z 9 ! ?orax ( ,dipt]a or ,hym5opt]a4 ,x is necessitat$ by ! *ange ( =m & ( volume ( ! head4 ,! region ( ! ocelli p]si/s un*ang$ almo/ alone f ! l>va to ! imago also4 ,! limit is n well m>k$ betwe5 ! portion :i* is ! replacem5t or direct r5ovation ( ! epi!lium4 ,maxilla & labial palpi4--,! developm5t ( ! tongue 7#a/ maxill7 is s l t ( ! ant5n t x sc>cely ne$s description4 ,beg9n+ at ! la/ m\lt1 ! hypod]mic cont5ts ( ! maxill is )drawn 9 ! cephalic cavity "u ! =m ( a holl[ bud ^: base is turn$ inw>d4 ,! invag9ation rema9s less di/9ct ?an 9 ! ant5n2 x does n ev5 rea* to ! ant]ior "p ( ! sophagus4 ,! two symmetrical halves ( ! tongue approa* ea* o!r & are ?rice fold$4 ,:5 ! cat]pill> /ops fe$+1 !y ea* curve 9 9 ! =m ( an ,s1 rema9+ lodg$ "u ! floor ( ! m\? 7,fig4 #fac1 t74 ,und]nea? are to be se5 two o!r buds1 :i* by an id5tical process become ! labial palpi 7,figs4 #fad1 #fae1 p74 ,at ! ant]ior "p ( ! head1 :]e ! organs are v close toge!r1 ! envelopes =m sev]al folds )\t any fur!r use 7,fig4 #fae1 r74 ,! two leaves !n fuse toge!r & decay z at ! surface ( ! t>sus4 ,f9ally1 9 ! m&ibles & ! labrum1 !re is only a cellul> ?ick5+ )\t any invag9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fad4--,section ?r\gh ! ant]ior region ( ! head ( ,pi]is l>va1 f\r days aft] ! #c;d m\lt3 o1 sophagus2 m1 m1 #a/ maxill conta9+ ! two imag9al buds ( ! tongue2 p1 p1 labial palpi2 ,tr1 tra*ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fae4--,section ?r\gh ! same place z 9 ,fig4 #fad1 #aj days aft] ! #c;d m\lt1 ! imag9al app5dages hav+ gr[n 9 size3 r1 r1 caduc\s folds ( ! old hypod]mis & ( ! envelopes4 ,o!r lett]s z 9 ,fig4 #fad4--,?is & ,figs4 #fac-fad1 aft] ,gon94 ,process ( pupation4--,not)/&+ ! great numb] ( p]sons :o h re>$ ,lepidopt]a1 close & pati5t obs]vations z to ! exact details are /ill ne$$4 ,gon91 :o has made ! close/ obs]vations on ,pi]is1 p]t95tly asks :y ! ant5n1 :i* are app5dages ( ! head1 are visible 9 ! abdom9al region1 & :y ! tongue 7maxill7 is ext5d$ betwe5 ! legs z f> z ! #c;d abdom9al segm5t4 ,to answ] ^! que/ions he made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,select+ "s cat]pill>s :i* 7 ab\t to pupate1 he produc$ an artificial metamorphosis by remov+ ! cuticula 9 small bits4 ,expos+ ! app5dages 9 ?is way1 !y pres]v$ ! position :i* !y are se5 to take dur+ gr[?4 ,ea* w+ appe>$ )9 ! limits ( ! segm5t f :i* x grew out 7,fig4 #faj71 n ext5d+ beyond1 z x does 9 ! normal pupa1 s t ,raumur 0 wrong 9 say+ t 8! w+s are "h ga!r$ on ea* side into a k9d ( b&1 :i* is l>ge en\gh to lie 9 ! cavity :i* is betwe5 ! #a/ & #b;d segm5t40 7#h;e ,mm41 p4 #cei47 ,all ^! p>ts are coat$ ) a visc\s fluid secret$ by special gl&s1 :i* h>d5s aft] pupation ^u exposure to ! air4 ,s long z ! p>ts are s(t1 !y c easily be displac$4 ,gon9 drew "o ( ! ant5n l a coll> ar\nd ! head1 & "o half ( ! tongue ^u ! out] side ( ! w+4 8,:5 pupation is normal1 ! integum5t splits op5 on ! back ( ! ?orax1 & ! pupa draws itself f be=e backw>ds4 ,ow+ to ! feeble adh]5ce :i* ! *it9\s secretion gives x1 x draws along ) x ! und]ly+ organs4 ,! legs1 ant5n1 ! two halves ( ! tongue 7maxill7 reta9$ by _! end1 ea* 9 a small *it9\s case1 c only dis5gage !mselves f x :5 9 elongat+ !y h acquir$ a suffici5t t5sion4 ,! curves /raight5 out & ! folds unb5d4 ,! *it9\s mask ( ! head 9 )draw+ f ! l>val sk9 foll[s ! v5tral l9e2 ! tongue & labial palpi free !mselves f its m$ian "p2 ! ant5n dis5gage !mselves f ! two lat]al scales4 ,betwe5 ^! diff]5t app5dages a space is left on ! surface ( ! head = ! eyes1 & on ! ?orax = ! legs4 ,^! are n completely ext5d$ on acc\nt ( ! lack ( fre$om ( ! femoro-tibial articulation2 ! femur pres]ves its direction f beh9d =w>ds1 & ! knee 9 ! two fir/ pairs rema9s at ! same height4 ,! w+s ov]lie !m & cov] ! "u side ( ! two basal abdom9al segm5ts2 _! surfaces 9 becom+ unit$ increase mu* 9 size40 ,z ! *it9\s frame ( ea* spiracle gradually deta*es itself1 we see a tuft ( tra*e pass+ out ( ! orifice4 ,x is at ?is mom5t t ! provisional tra*eal sy/em is ca/ (f1 & x is easy to see t ! process is facilitat$ by ! simultane\s elongation ( all ! app5dages4 ,! p]man5t tra*e c foll[ ?is elongation because !y are s9u\s1 & ne$ only to /raight5 _! curves4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n ! same ) ! tra*eoles1 z we h se5 9 ! case ( ! w+s 7p4 #acc71 & _! ext5sion or /ret*+ is ?us expla9$ by a v simple me*anism4 8,! position :i* ! organs assume 9 ! *rysalis is n due to *ance1 ev]y?+ is det]m9$ 9 advance1 & ! microscope %[s u t ! /ructure ( ! hypod]mis is specially modifi$ 9 all ! p>ts :i* rema9 ext]nal4 ,x is a fact well kn[n to ^? :o re> ,lepidopt]a t if ?is normal arrangem5t is di/urb$ !re are few *ances t ! p]fect insect w survive4 ,a leg lift$ up1 or an ant5na displac$1 leaves a surface illy protect$ aga9/ ext]nal influ5ces4 ,almo/ always ?is accid5t causes a dry+ ( ! *rysalis4 8,sev]al int]e/+ exp]im5ts may be cit$ z be>+ on ?is subject4 ,if dur+ trans=mation ! *it9\s mask ( ! head is sep>at$ f ! integum5t b5ea?1 x is arre/$ half-way 9 its developm5t1 & ! ant5n & tongue are n fully ext5d$4 ,:5 ! case or sk9 ( ! cat]pill> is drawn1 n f be=e backw>d1 b 9 ! opposite direction1 all ! app5dages ( ! ?orax are plac$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! body4 ,dewitz & ,knckel d',h]culais1 9 /at+ t ! sk9 ( ! cat]pill> splits op5 along its :ole l5g?1 %[ t !y 7 ignorant ( ! me*anism2 = x is precisely because ! *it9\s l>val sk9 splits op5 only 9 front t x pres]ves suffici5t adh]5ce to ! organs b5ea? to draw !m aft] x 9 ! direction ( ! abdom54 8,to only read mod]n au?ors1 "o w\ld suppose t ! me*anism ( pupation _h rema9$ hi!rto unkn[n4 ,9 reality1 x did n escape ! notice ( ,swamm]dam or ( ,raumur1 bo? ( :om h describ$ x ) c>e4 ,! fir/ atta*$ too mu* importance to ! fl[ ( blood1 ! action ( :i* w\ld be r to pu% ! organs out ?an to ext5d !m ov] ! surface ( ! ?orax2 ! second insi/s on ! movem5ts ( ! insect4 ,?is factor1 v admissible 9 cat]pill>s1 #8^: "u side is situat$ on a horizontal plane' 7iii1 #i;e ,mmoire1 p4 #cie71 _c be invok$ = ^? :i* susp5d !mselves by ! tail1 z 9 ! g5us ,vanessa40 7,gon947 b4 ,! ,hym5opt]a ,9 ! ,hym5opt]a1 ,ratzeburg 0 ! fir/ to figure & describe ! num]\s int]m$iate /ages betwe5 ! l>va & pupa1 8 subjects be+ ! ants1 ,cynips1 & ,cryptus1 :i* pass ?r\gh five /adia be=e assum+ ! f9al pupal %ape4 ,9 ! bees1 z we h obs]v$ 9 ! l>v ( ,bombus 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahff71 aft] h>d5+ a s]ies 9 alcohol ( "y 9 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t1 x w be f\nd difficult to draw ! l9e betwe5 ! diff]5t /ages s9ce !y %ade ins5sibly into ea* o!r1 ^? repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #faf be+ select$ /ages4 ,! head ( ! incipi5t semipupa di/5ds ! pro?oracic segm5t ( ! l>va ^: head is pu%$ =w>d & ! ?oracic segm5ts are mu* elongat$1 :ile ! app5dages & w+s are well develop$1 & h assum$ ! %ape ( ^? ( ! pupa4 ,developm5t bo? 9 ! head & ?orax beg9s 9 ! mo/ important c5tral p>ts1 & proce$s outw>ds to ! p]iph]y4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! 8m$ian segm5t10 or #a/ abdom9al1 has begun to pass =w>d & to =m a "p ( ! ?orax4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #faf4--,trans=mation ( ! bumblebee1 ,bombus1 %[+ ! transf] ( ! #a/ abdom9al l>val segm5t 7c7 to ! ?orax1 =m+ ! propodeum ( ! pupa 7,d7 & imago3 n1 spiracle ( ! propodeum4 ,a1 l>va2 a1 head2 b1 #a/ ?oracic1 c1 #a/ abdom9al1 segm5t4 ,b1 semipupa2 g1 ant5na2 h1 maxill2 i1 #a/1 j1 #b;d leg2 k1 mesoscutum4 l1 mesoscutellum2 m1 meta?orax2 d1 urite 7/]nite ( abdom572 e1 pleurite2 f1 t]gite2 o1 ovipositor2 r1 l+ua2 q1 maxilla4 ,9 :at may be t]m$ ! #c;d /age 7,fig4 #faf1 ,c71 ?\gh ! di/9ction is a v arbitr>y "o1 ! *ange is accompani$ by a m\lt+ ( ! sk91 & a great advance has be5 made t[>ds assum+ ! pupal =m4 ,! abdom5 is v di/9ctly sep>at$ f ! ?orax1 ! propodeum be+ closely unit$ ) ! ?orax1 & ! head & ?orax tak5 toge!r are ne>ly z l>ge z ! abdom51 ! latt] n[ be+ %ort] & p]ceptibly *ang$ 9 =m1 m l t ( ! complet$ pupa1 :ile !re are o!r mo/ important *anges 9 ! elaboration ( ! p>ts ( ! ?orax1 p>ticul>ly ! t]gites1 & ( ! head & its app5dages4 ,mean:ile ! ovipositor has be5 complet$ & ne>ly )drawn )9 ! end ( ! abdom54 ,! next to /udy ! trans=mations ( ! ,hym5opt]a 0 ,gan91 :o discov]$ ! e>ly rem>kable pre-eruci=m l>v1 z we may call !m1 ( c]ta9 egg-p>asites 7,proctotrypid74 ,he discov]$ ! imag9al buds ( ! w+s 9 ! ?ird l>va ( ,polynema 7,fig4 #ahe71 b 8 obs]vations1 & ^? ( ,ay]s1 ne$ n deta9 u "h1 z !y h little to d ) ! subject ( ! normal metamorphosis ( ! ,hym5opt]a1 & w be discuss$ "u ! subject ( ,hyp]metamorphosis4 ,to ,bugnion we owe ! fir/ detail$ acc\nt ( ! int]nal *anges 9 ! ,hym5opt]a1 8 obs]vations be+ made on a *alcid p>asite1 ,encyrtus fuscicollis1 a p>asite ( ,hyponomeuta4 ,! apod\s l>va 7,fig4 #fah7 m\lts b once1 ! next ecdysis be+ at ! "t ( pupation4 ,x passes ?r\gh a semipupal /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fag4--;,encyrtus l>va3 #a1 #b1 #c1 ganglia 9 front ( ! bra92 m1 m\?2 s4 gl1 silk-gl&2 br1 bra92 n1 n]v\s cord2 w1 bud ( =e1 w1 bud ( h9d1 w+4 ,bugnion obs]v$ 9 ! l>va ( ,encyrtus ?ree pairs ( l[] ?oracic or p$al imag9al buds1 two pairs ( upp] or al>y buds1 a pair ( ocul> or oculo-cephalic buds de/9$ to build up all ! po/]ior "p ( ! head1 a pair ( ant5nal buds1 & ?ree pairs ( buds ( ! g5ital armature 7ovipositor74 ,he also detect$ ! rudim5ts ( ! buccal app5dages "u ! =m ( six small buds 7,fig4 #fai71 :i* d n invag9ate1 & are n surr\nd$ by a semicircul> pad4 ,also 9 ! abdom51 beh9d ea* pair ( /igmata1 !re is a gr\p ( hypod]mic cells 7,fig4 #fag71 :i*1 )\t d\bt1 correspond to ! w+-buds1 b are n diff]5tiat$ into a c5tral bud & its pad1 & does n m]it ! "n ( imag9al bud4 ,9 fact1 except ! eye-buds1 :i* are unlike ! o!rs1 he only obs]v$ ! imag9al buds ( ! legs1 w+s1 & ovipositor4 ,! ant5nal buds are1 l ^? ( ! buccal app5dages1 )\t an annul> zone4 ,! p$al buds 7 detect$ 9 ! middle ( l>val life4 ,!y ea* =m a c5tral bud surr\nd$ by a circul> ?ick5+4 ,!y gradually elongate & become tongue-l & some:at b5t2 soon a l9e> op5+ or slit appe>s1 =m+ ! m\? ( a cavity :i* communicates ) t ( ! body1 all[+ ! passage into !m ( ! tra*e1 muscles1 & n]ves1 & aft]w>ds ( ! blood4 ,f9ally1 ! buds gr[ long] & sl5d]]1 are b5t sev]al times1 & %[ traces ( ! articulations2 & soon "u ! old l>val sk91 n[ beg9n+ to rise 9 anticipation ( ! m\lt+1 we see ! coxa1 femur1 tibia1 & t>sus ( ! p]fect insect1 ! t>sal jo9ts n yet be+ indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fah4--,old] ,encyrtus l>va1 lat]al view1 %[+ ! buds ( ! ant5n 7ant71 legs1 & w+s 7w1 w73 oe1 sophagus2 q#a1 q#b1 q#c1 buds ( ! g5ital armature2 o1 rudim5t ( ! sexual gl& 7ov>y or te/is72 ur4t1 ur9>y tube2 /1 /oma*2 i1 inte/9e 7rectum72 n1 v5tral n]v\s cord2 r1 rectum2 sp#a-sp#i1 spiracles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fai4--;,a /ill old] l>va1 ready to trans=m4 ,! imag9al buds ( ! ant5n 7f71 eyes1 w+s 7a#a1 a#b71 & legs h become elongat$3 *1 *it9\s ar*2 b1 m\?2 o1 eye-bud2 g1 bra92 e1 /oma*2 x1 rudim5t ( ! sexual gl&s 7ei!r ! ov>y or te/is74--,?is & ,figs4 #fag & #fah1 aft] ,bugnion4 ,! w+-buds 7a#a1 a#b7 appe> at ! same "t z ^? ( ! legs1 z racket-%ap$ masses ( small cells situat$ directly beh9d ! #a/ & #b;d pair ( /igmata1 9 contact ) ! tissue en%ea!d by ! correspond+ tra*eal vesicle 7,fig4 #fah74 ,aft]w>ds !y h exactly ! =m ( ^? ( ! ,lepidopt]a 7,fig4 #fai74 ,! prolif]ation ( ! hypod]mis is n limit$ to ! ?orax1 b takes place at correspond+ po9ts 9 ! fir/ sev5 abdom9al segm5ts4 ,^! abdom9al agglom]ations ( cells d n give rise to true buds1 b s]ve simply to recon/itute ! hypod]mis ( ! abdom9al segm5ts at ! "t ( metamorphosis4 ,ocul> or oculo-cephalic buds4--,! eye ( insects1 z is well kn[n1 is a modification ( a portion ( ! integum5t1 ! visual cells be+ directly d]iv$ f ! hypod]mis1 ! cornea be+ a cuticul> product ( ?is la/1 l *it9\s =mations 9 g5]al4 ,! ocul> buds appe> t[>ds ! end ( l>val life z a simple mass ( hypod]mic cells1 & =m a compact lay] on ! dorsolat]al face ( ! pro?oracic segm5t1 & clo! ! cephalic ganglion or bra9 l a skull-cap4 ,! c5tral portion only is de/9$ to =m ! eye1 :ile ! p]iph]al pad1 cont9u+ to ?ick51 gives rise to a volum9\s & r\nd$ mass1 :i* meets on ! m$ian l9e t ( ! opposite side1 & =ms ! integum5t ( all ! po/]ior "p ( ! head4 ,bugnion also obs]v$ on ! m$ian l9e a gr\p ( small hypod]mic cells :i* he reg>d$ z ! rudim5t ( ! ant]ior ocellus1 b he did n detect ^? ( ! po/]ior ocelli4 ,! ant5nal buds4--,^! appe> at an e>ly date "u ! cuticle ( ! head1 z two di/9ct r\nd$ cellul> masses1 ) a c5tral cavity1 b no annul> zone 7,fig4 #fai1 f74 ,ea* "o gr[s long] 9 a transv]se s5se1 & its summit1 ext5d$ f ! out] side1 curves d[nw>d4 ,x n[ =ms a holl[ tube fold$ at ! end1 & t]m9at$ by a disk ^: c5tre is p]=at$ 7,fig4 #fai1 f74 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! l>va is ready to trans=m1 x gr[s long]1 becomes fold$ on itself 9 its cavity1 &1 pass+ beyond on ea* side ! limits ( ! l>val head1 encroa*es on ! pro?oracic segm5t4 ,! buds ( ! buccal app5dages4--,t[>ds ! end ( ! l>val p]iod1 ! buds ( ! m\?-p>ts appe> z small digiti=m projections1 situat$ on ea* side & bel[ ! m\?4 ,=m$ ( small epi!lial cells press$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 !y are all direct$ ant]iorly1 & possess no furr[ or pad4 ,! #b;d maxill 7labium7 is =m$ ( two sep>ate p>ts4 ,! imag9al buds ( ! l[] lip appe> on ea* side ( ! m$ian l9e1 ) a fissure indicat+ ! diff]5tiation ( ! palpus4 ,on ea* side are to be se5 ! #a/ maxill>y buds1 be>+ ea* a rudim5t>y palpus1 &1 f>!r 9 front1 ! buds ( ! m&ibles4 ,! buds ( ! ovipositor4--,! six /ylets ( ! ovipositor arise f six small imag9al buds :i* become visible 9 ! second half ( ! l>val p]iod1 on ea* side ( ! m$ian l9e1 on ! l[] face ( ! ?ree la/ segm5ts 7,fig4 #fbj1 q#a1 q#b1 q#c74 ,! bud is diff]5tiat$ into a c5tral discoidal bud1 a furr[1 & a m>g9al1 r ?ick swell+ or pad4 ,aft]w>ds1 ^! buds elongate & =m small papilli=m projections direct$ backw>ds 7,fig4 #fba72 b only dur+ ! pupal p]iod d !y1 z already obs]v$ 9 ,bombus1 approa* ea* o!r & assume _! def9ite %ape z an ovipositor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbj4--;,end ( l>va ( ,encyrtus ( #b;d /age1 %[+ ! ?ree pairs ( imag9al buds ( ! ovipositor q#a1 q#b1 q#c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fba4--,! same 9 an old] l>va ready to trans=m3 i1 inte/9e2 x1 g5ital gl&2 a1 anus4--,aft] ,bugnion4 ,f9ally1 ,bugnion /ates t :ile metamorphosis 9 ! ,hym5opt]a is less highly modifi$ ?an 9 ! ,muscid1 x is m m>k$ ?an 9 ! ,coleopt]a & ,lepidopt]a4 ,9 ^! ord]s ! pupa moves ! abdom51 b 9 ,hym5opt]a x is absolutely immovable ?r\gh\t pupal life1 z long z ! integum5t is s(t4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,imago ,,9 ,,! ,,dipt]a ,! flies1 p>ticul>ly ! ,muscid & _! allies 7,bra*yc]a71 are ! mo/ highly modifi$ ( insects1 _! l>v hav+ und]gone ! greate/ am\nt ( r$uction & loss ( limbs1 ?is atrophy involv+ ev5 mo/ ( ! head4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt has be5 prep>$ 9 "p f ! works ( ,weismann1 ,gan91 ,miall1 & ,pratt1 b mo/ly f ! excell5t g5]al summ>iz$ acc\nt giv5 by ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,9 ! holometabolic ord]s ( insects1 ) _! re/+ pupal /age1 dur+ :i* no food is tak51 ! entire activity ( life seems to be turn$ to deep-seat$ & complicat$ int]nal developm5tal processes4 ,^! inn] *anges involve an almo/ complete de/ruction ( _m organs ( ! l>va1 & _! r5ewal f c]ta9 g]ms 7! imag9al buds7 already pres5t 9 ! l>va1 z w be se5 9 ! highly modifi$ ,muscid4 ,only a few l>val organs become directly transf]r$ into ! body ( ! pupa & imago4 ,su* are ! rudim5ts ( ! g5ital sy/em4 ,! he>t also1 & ! c5tral portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 suff] only slight & unimportant1 almo/ trivial1 int]nal *anges4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mo/ ( ! o!r organs ( ! l>va become completely de/roy$3 ! hypod]mis1 mo/ ( ! muscles1 ! entire dige/ive canal ) ! saliv>y gl&s2 :ile _! cells1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! blood corpuscles 7leucocytes71 :i* "h act z phagocytes1 fall into pieces1 :i* are tak5 up by !m & become dige/$4 ,simultane\sly ) ?is de/ructive1 hi/olytic process1 ! new =mation ( ! organs by ! imag9al buds1 already indicat$ 9 ! embryo1 is accompli%$ 9 su* a way t ! cont9uity ( ! organs 9 mo/ cases rema9s unimpair$4 ,?is process ( trans=mation c only be und]/ood by consid]+ t ( ! embryonal g]ms ( ! organs1 7#a7 only a "p is de/9$ = ! use ( ! l>va 9 gr[?1 & = ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 functions :i* exhau/ !mselves dur+ l>val life1 s t x is no m capable ( f>!r trans=mation1 & f9ally becomes de/roy$2 :ile 7#b7 a second "p ( ! embryonal g]ms or rudim5ts p]si/s fir/ 9 an undevelop$ condition1 z imag9al buds1 9 ord] to und]take dur+ ! pupa /age ! reg5]ation ( ! organs4 ,?\gh ,swamm]dam knew t ! rudim5ts ( ! w+s 7 already pres5t "u ! sk9 ( ! l>v1 we are indebt$1 = our pres5t k1 to ! ?or\gh & pr(\nd inve/igations ( ,weismann on ! metamorphosis ( ! ,dipt]a1 & also to ! rese>*es ( ,gan9 & o!rs :o h work$ on ! pup ( ,muscid1 9 :i* ! developm5t is mo/ complicat$ & modifi$4 ,9 ! m g5]aliz$ & primitive ,dipt]a1 su* z ,core?ra1 ! processes ( =mation ( ! pupa & imago are mu* simpl] ?an 9 ! muscids & ,pupip>a4 ,^! processes are /ill simpl] 9 ! ,lepidopt]a & ,hym5opt]a1 & = ?is reason we h giv5 a summ>y ( :at has be5 done on ^! organs by ,newport1 ,dewitz1 & especially by ,bugnion4 ,our k ( ?is subject is /ill v imp]fect1 only ! m sali5t po9ts hav+ be5 work$ out1 &1 z ,kors*elt & ,heid] /ate1 !re is /ill lack+ c]ta9 pro( z to h[ f> ! relations ( ! int]nal *anges kn[n to exi/ 9 ! ,muscid also apply to o!r ord]s ( insects1 ?\gh x mu/ be consid]$ t 9 ! pupa ( ,lepidopt]a1 ,hym5opt]a1 p]haps also ! ,coleopt]a1 & we w\ld add 9 ! ,neuropt]a z well z ! male ,coccid1 v simil> metamorphic processes take place4 a4 ,developm5t ( ! out] body-=m ,! =m ( ! imago is completely m>k$ out 9 ! pupa1 s t ! transition f ! pupa to ! imago is comp>atively slight & only dep5ds on ! modification & developm5t ( ! p>ts already pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbb4--;,ant]ior "p ( "y l>va ( ,simulium s]icea1 %[+ ! ?oracic imag9al buds3 p1 pro?oracic bud 7only "o n embryonic72 w1 w1 =e & h9d w+-buds2 l1 l1 l1 leg-buds2 n1 n]v\s sy/em2 br1 bra92 e1 eye2 sd1 saliv>y duct2 p1 pro?oracic foot4--,aft] ,weismann4 ,9 mo/ cases ! modification 9 "q consi/s ( ! *anges occurr+ dur+ ! passage f ! l>val =m to ! imago1 ! re=mation ( p>ts already pres5t be+ mo/ m>k$1 :ile ! new rudim5ts only p>ticipate 9 a limit$ way 9 ! process4 ,?us1 = example1 ! head ( ! cat]pill> toge!r ) ! ant5n & m\?-p>ts1 also ! ?oracic limbs1 pass directly & un*ang$ f ! l>va into ! pupa4 ,! comp\nd eyes & ! w+s are1 h[ev]1 new =mations1 ! latt] aris+ f imag9al buds4 ,! same is ! case ) _m o!r ,het]ometabola1 :]e ! passage ( ! l>va into ! pupa 9 g5]al is due to a trans=mation ( p>ts already pres5t4 ,! *anges 9 ! bra91 ! fusion ( c]ta9 ganglia ( ! v5tral n]v\s cord1 ! *anges 9 ! abdom51 involv+ ! r$uction 9 ! numb] ( segm5ts & ! remodell+ ( ! end ( ! body1 & ! =mation ( ! ovipositor or /+1 & 9 ! high] ,hym5opt]a ! transf] ( ! #a/ abdom9al segm5t to ! ?orax1 & ! orig9 ( ! g5ital armature1--all ^! %\ld "h be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 e case :]e ! l>v are footless1 z 9 ,dipt]a1 all ! ,hym5opt]a except ! phytophag\s ones & c]ta9 coleopt]\s l>v1 ! limbs ( ! imago /age are1 9 ! e>lie/ /ages1 indicat$ z new /ructures 9 ! =m ( imag9al buds4 ,=mation ( ! imago 9 ,core?ra4--,core?ra may s]ve z an example ( su* a relatively simple metamorphosis4 ,its l>va belongs to ! gr\p ( eucephal\s dipt]\s l>v4 ,! head ( ! p]fect insect is already indicat$ 9 ! l>va1 & its p>ts1 ) c]ta9 modifications1 pass directly into ! pupa4 ,! comp\nd eyes1 & ?is is a r>e exception among ! ,holometabola1 are pres5t 9 ! l>va4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?oracic legs1 ! w+s1 & halt]es are develop$ out ( new rudim5ts :i* are pres5t 9 ! la/ l>val /age1 be=e pupation4 ,ea* ?oracic segm5t has f\r ( !m1 two v5tral & two dorsal 7,fig4 #fbb72 ! v5tral buds becom+ ! legs4 ,( ! dorsal pairs1 t ( ! meso?orax develops into w+s1 t ( ! meta?orax into halt]es1 :ile f ! correspond+ rudim5ts ( ! pro?orax 9 ,core?ra arise ! /igma-be>+ dorsal or respiratory processes ( ! pupa1 & 9 ,simulium a tuft ( tra*eal gills 7,fig4 #fbc1 ra2 see also ,fig4 #ehb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbc4--,late l>va ( ,simulium1 %[+ ! rudim5ts ( ! pupal /ructures )9 ! l>val sk93 l#a1 l#b1 l#c1 =e1 middle1 & h9d legs ( ! fly2 ra1 respiratory app5dages ( pupa2 w1 w+ ( fly2 h1 halt] ( fly4--,aft] ,miall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbd4--;,imag9al buds 9 l>va ( ,core?ra 7diagrammatic cross-section ( ?orax73 invag9ations 7fe & be7 ( ! l>val hypod]mis 7lhy7 9 ^: bases ! rudim5ts ( w+s 7fa7 & legs 7ba7 arise2 lh1 *it9\s integum5t ( ! l>va4--,aft] ,lang4 ,^! imag9al buds may be reg>d$ z evag9ations ( ! out] surface ( ! body4 ,! only diff]5ce is t ! buds ( ! app5dages z a :ole seem sunk5 bel[ ! level ( ! surface ( ! body1 be+ situat$ at ! bottom ( an evag9ation1 z 9 ! buds ( ! head & trunk 9 ! ,pilidium l>va ( nem]tean worms1 & 9 ! rudim5ts ( ! l[] surface ( ! body ( ,e*9us pres5t 9 ! pluteus l>va4 ,! lum5 ( ! invag9ation 9 :i* ! app5dages ( ,core?ra 7& o!r ,holometabola7 are situat$ is call$ by ,van ,rees ! p]ipodal cavity1 & ! ext]nal %ea? bord]+ x1 :i* is naturally cont9u\s ) ! hypod]mis ( ! body1 ! p]ipodal membrane 7,fig4 #fcf1 p74 ,we mu/ adopt ! view t ! rudim5ts ( ! app5dages 7imag9al buds7 are f ! fir/ divid$ into ectod]mal & mesod]mal portions1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! correspond+ g]m-lay]s ( ! l>va4 ,! ectod]m ( ! rudim5ts ( ! app5dages is cont9u\s ) ! p]ipodal membrane1 & ?r\gh x ) ! hypod]mis4 ,weismann 0 incl9$ to d]ive ! organs 7tra*e1 muscles1 etc47 develop+ )9 ! g]ms ( ! app5dages f a hyp]trophy ( ! neurilemma ( a n]ve pass+ d[n f )9 into ! imag9al bud1 & held t n]ves & tra*eal bran*es soon aft] pass$ into ! inn] surface ( ! imag9al bud4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,:5 ! imag9al buds ( ! app5dages enl>ge1 !n ! p]ipodal membranes become correspond+ly di/5d$1 & ! limbs )9 assume a m or less crumpl$ position1 & 9 ,core?ra are spirally twi/$1 :ile ! rudim5ts ( ! w+s are fold$4 ,! completion ( ! rudim5t>y limbs is accompli%$ simply by _! pass+ out ( ! invag9ation 9 :i* !y orig9at$4 ,! limbs ?us gradually become free1 ! p]ipodal membrane is se5 to rea* ! level ( ! re/ ( ! hypod]mis & become a "p ( x1 & ! base ( ! extremity is no long] situat$ 9 a cavity4 ,! int]nal organs ( ,core?ra und]go b to a slight degree ! de/ruction 7hi/olysis7 :i* is s ?or\ghgo+ 9 ! ,muscid4 ,k[alevsky /ates t 9 ! mid-inte/9e ( ,core?ra a hi/olysis ( ! l>val & recon/ruction ( ! imag9al epi!lium goes on 9 ! same way z has be5 describ$ 9 ,musca4 ,mo/ ( ! l>val organs pass )\t hi/olytic *anges directly ov] into ^? ( ! pupal & imag9al /ages2 ! muscles 9 g5]al are also un*ang$1 b ^? ( ! app5dages & w+s are made ov] anew4 ,! la/ arise1 accord+ to ,weismann1 9 ! la/ l>val /age f /r+s ( cells :i* are already pres5t 9 ! embryo4 ,:5 we consid] h[ insignificant ! int]nal trans=mations are dur+ ! metamorphosis ( ! ,tipulid1 ( :i* ,core?ra s]ves z an example1 we c sc>cely d\bt t we "h h be=e u conditions :i* illu/rate ! passage betwe5 an incomplete & a complete metamorphosis4 ,?us1 among o!r ?+s1 %\ld be m5tion$ ! %ort duration ( ! pupa /age & ! activity ( ! pupa1 z also ! e>ly appe>ance ( ! g]ms ( ! comp\nd eyes1 a "* :i* ,core?ra has 9 common ) ! ,hemimetabola4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,=mation ( ! imago 9 ,culex4--,9 respect to ! =mation ( ! imag9al head1 ,culex is /ill m primitive ?an ,core?ra4 ,miall & ,hammond f9d f ,hur/'s p>tly unpubli%$ descriptions & prep>ations t !re are no deep invag9ations = ! comp\nd eyes or ant5n ( ! imago4 8,! comp\nd eye =ms b5ea? ! l>val eye-spots1 & is at fir/ relatively simple & compos$ ( few facets4 ,! numb] increases by ! gradual =mation ( p>tial & m>g9al invag9ations1 ea* ( :i* =ms a new elem5t4 ,! imag9al ant5na gr[s to a mu* great] l5g? ?an t ( ! l>val ant5na1 & its base is accord+ly telescop$ into ! head1 :ile ! %aft becomes irregul>ly fold$4#aae ,culex1 ?\gh m modifi$ ?an ,*ironomus 9 _m respects1 e4g4 9 ! m\?-p>ts1 is relatively primitive ) respect to ! =mation ( ! imag9al head1 & %[s a mode ( developm5t ( ! eye & ant5na :i* we may suppose to h *>act]iz$ a remote & comp>atively unspecializ$ prog5itor ( ,*ironomus40 ,=mation ( ! imago 9 ,*ironomus4--,! developm5t ( ! head ( ! imago ( ,*ironomus dorsalis has be5 discuss$ by ,miall & ,hammond4 ,! invag9ations :i* give rise to ! head ( ! fly c\ld n be discov]$ ev5 9 a rudim5t>y /ate until aft] ! la/ l>val m\lt4 8,weismann has giv5 reasons = suppos+ t invag9at$ imag9al rudim5ts c\ld n come into exi/5ce be=e ! la/ l>val m\lt 9 an insect ^: life-hi/ory resembles t ( ,core?ra or ,*ironomus4 ,if ! epid]mis 7 invag9at$ 9 any /age be=e ! ante-pupal "o1 ! new cuticle1 m\ld$ closely ^u ! epid]mis1 w\ld become invag9at$ also1 & w\ld appe> at ! next m\lt ) project+ app5dages l ^? ( a pupa or imago4 ,?is is actually ! way 9 :i* ! w+s are develop$ 9 "s l>val insects ) incomplete metamorphosis4 ,9 ,muscid ! invag9ations = ! head ( ! imago h be5 trac$ back to ! embryo )9 ! egg1#aaf b ! almo/ total subsequ5t sep>ation ( ! disks f ! epid]mis r5d]s _! developm5t indep5d5t ( ! gr[? ( ! l>val cuticle & ( ! m\lts t probably take place !re940 ,! pupal & imag9al cuticles d n foll[ at all closely ! l>val sk91 b1 says ,miall1 become at p>ticul> places fold$ f> into ! int]ior4 8,! folds :i* give rise to ! head ( ! fly are two 9 numb] & pair$4 ,!y beg9 at ! l>val ant5na on ea* side ( ! head1 & gradually ext5d fur!r & fur!r backw>ds4 ,! object ( ! folds is to provide an ext5d$ surface :i* c be m\ld$1 )\t pressure f surr\nd+ objects1 into ! =m ( ! future head4 ,on "o "p ( ea* fold ! facets ( ! l>ge comp\nd eyes are develop$2 ano!r "p gives rise to ! future ant5na1 a l>ge & elaborate organ1 :i* spr+s f ! bottom ( ! fold1 & ^: tip j ent]s ! v %ort ant5na ( ! l>va4 ,! folds = ! head ultimately become s l>ge t ! l>val head _c conta9 !m1 & !y ext5d f> into ! pro?orax4 ,"h a difficulty occurs4 ,if ! g5]at+ cuticle ( ! pro?orax 7 also to be fold$ inw>ds1 ! future pro?orax w\ld take a correspond+ %ape4 ,b ! pro?orax ( ! fly has a =m dictat$ to x by ! limbs :i* x be>s & by ! muscles to :i* x gives atta*m5t4 ,^! call = a great r$uction 9 its l5g?1 & a peculi> %ape1 :i* x is n "h necess>y to describe4 ,x w be en\gh to realize t ! epid]mis ( ! future pro?orax _c be sacrific$ to ! folds :i* are to give rise to ! head ( ! fly4 ,all int]f]5ce betwe5 ! two develop+ /ructures is obviat$ by ! provision ( a transv]se fold1 :i* pu%es into ! pro?orax f ! neck1 & =ms a sort ( int]nal pocket4 ,! floor ( ! pocket =ms two longitud9al folds1 :i* prolong ! folds orig9at+ 9 ! l>val head4 ,! ro( ( ! pocket %r9ks up & =ms ! connection betwe5 ! head & ?orax ( ! fly4 ,ultimately ! head-"p is drawn out1 leav+ ! pro?oracic /ructures unaffect$40#aag ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbe4--,process ( =mation ( ! p>ts ( ! head ( ! fly 9 ! l>va ( ,*ironomus 7male73 ,a1 ! new epid]mis ?r[n into complicat$ folds :i* h be5 cut away 9 places to %[ ! p>ts )94 ,b1 ! same p>ts 9 horizontal section2 lc1 l>val cuticle2 tf1 transv]se fold2 tf1 upp] wall ( ! same2 m1 cut edge ( new epid]mis2 ant1 l>val ant5na2 an1 n]ve to ! same2 ant1 ant5na ( fly2 lf1 longitud9al fold2 o1 eye ( fly2 on1 optic n]ve2 an1 root ( ant5n>y n]ve2 br1 bra92 s1 sophagus2 b1 bulb ( ant5na ( fly2 s1 s1 s1 blood-spaces4--,aft] ,miall4 ,! developm5t ( ! head ( ! fly ( ,*ironomus appe>s1 z ,miall & ,hammond /ate1 to be int]m$iate betwe5 ! gr\ps ,adiscota & ,discota ( ,weismann2 i4e4 8betwe5 ! types 9 :i* ! p>ts ( ! head ( ! fly are develop$ 9 close relation to ^? ( ! l>va1 & ! types 9 :i* deep invag9ations lead app>5tly to ! =mation ( simil> new p>ts f> )9 ! body1 ! seem+ indep5d5ce ( ! new p>ts be+ int5sifi$ by ?or\ghgo+ hi/olysis10 & !y sugge/ t possibly types may be discov]$ int]m$iate betwe5 ,*ironomus & ,muscid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbf4--;,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 diagrams ( transv]se sections %[+ ! developm5t ( ! w+s1 legs1 & ! imag9al hypod]mis ( muscid flies f ! imag9al buds ( ! l>va dur+ metamorphosis3 lh1 *it9\s integum5t ( l>va f :i* ! und]ly+ hypod]mis 7lhy7 has )drawn2 iid1 imag9al buds ( w+s1 iiv1 ( legs2 is1 ! cords connect+ !m ) ! hypod]mis2 fl1 w+-g]ms2 b1 leg-g]ms2 ihy1 imag9al hypod]mis spread+ out 9 ,d f ! imag9al buds4 ,! imag9al rudim5ts ( ! hypod]mis are indicat$ by ?ick1 black outl9es1 ! l>val hypod]mis by two ?91 p>allel l9es4--,aft] ,lang4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to consid] ! extremely complicat$ *anges1 9 ! ,muscid1 leav+ out ( consid]ation ! orig9 ( ! w+s f imag9al buds1 :i* has already be5 discuss$ on pp4 #abf-acg4 ,=mation ( ! imago 9 ,muscid4#aah--;,9 ! fle%1 & und\bt$ly ! h\se1 & alli$ flies ! g]ms or imag9al buds ( ! legs & w+s arise 9 ! same way z 9 ,core?ra4 ,b 9 ! ,muscid1 ! buds are situat$ f> )9 ! int]ior ( ! body1 ! p]ipodal cavities appe> clos$1 & ! p]ipodal membrane /&s 9 connection ) ! hypod]mis m]ely by means ( a delicate ?read-l /alk4 ,?is connect+ cord1 :i* 0 fir/ detect$ by ,dewitz1 & ^: int]pretation 0 entirely "r1 %[s 9 its int]ior1 z ,van ,rees prov$1 a n>r[ cavity4 ,?\gh ! e>lie/ /ages 9 ! developm5t ( imag9al buds 9 ! embryo ( ! ,muscid are /ill unkn[n1 yet we %all n g f> a/ray if we ref] !m1 l ! imag9al buds ( ,core?ra1 to hypod]mal invag9ations4 ,we mu/1 !n1 reg>d ! /alk-l connection j m5tion$ z ! long drawn-out neck ( ?is invag9ation4 ,9 g5]al1 ! developm5t ( ! app5dages 7,figs4 #fbf1 #fbg7 goes on z describ$ 9 ,core?ra4 ,! rudim5ts ( ! legs enl>ge & %[ at an e>ly date ! fir/ traces ( ! lat] jo9ts4 ,!y are s pack$ 9 ! p]ipodal cavities t ! s+le jo9ts ( ! extremities appe> z if pu%$ 9 8l ! jo9ts ( a travell+ cup40 7,van ,rees47 ,! evag9ation ( ! completely =m$ buds ( ! limbs1 :i* occurs on ! fir/ day aft] ! beg9n+ ( pupation1 goes on 9 su* a way t ! /alk ( ! imag9al bud 7,figs4 #fbf1 ,b2 #fbg1 ,b7 %ort5s1 :ile its cavity wid5s s t ! limbs f9ally1 z 9 ,core?ra1 pass out ?r\gh ! widely op5$ m\? ( ! p]ipodal invag9ation1 :i* at ! same "t gradually completely disappe>s4 ,! p]ipodal membrane is conv]t$ into a ?ick5$ "p ( ! hypod]mis 9 ! region adjo9+ ! base ( ! leg1 & f ?is ?ick5$ hypod]mal portion1 ! =mation ( ! hypod]mis ( ! entire imag9al ?orax goes on1 z ! l>val hypod]mis is gradually de/roy$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbg4--;,imag9al buds ( muscid flies 9 process ( developm5t3 ,a1 bra9 7c7 & v5tral ganglion 7v7 ( a l>va1 #g mm4 long1 ( ,c4 vomitoria2 h1 head-rudim5t2 rc1 portion ( v5tral cord2 pd1 pro?oracic rudim5t2 vc#c1 ?ird n]ve2 md1 meso?oracic rudim5t4 ,b1 meso?oracic rudim5t m advanc$1 9 a pupa1 j =m$1 ( ,s>cophaga c>n>ia1 %[+ ! base ( ! /]num & folds ( ! =m+ leg1 ! c5tral "p 7f7 repres5t+ ! foot4 ,c1 ! rudim5t>y leg ( ! same m advanc$2 f1 femur2 t1 tibia2 f#a1 f#e1 t>sal jo9ts4 ,d1 two buds f a l>va1 #bj mm4 long1 ( ,s>cophaga1 atta*$ to tra*e2 msw1 mesonotal & w+-g]m2 mt1 meta?oracic rudim5t4 ,e1 r1 meso?oracic g]m ( a #g mm4 long l>va atta*$ to a tra*eal twig4--,aft] ,weismann & ,grab]1 f ,%>p4 ,we mu/ "h settle ! "q z to ! fir/ orig9 ( ! mesod]mal portions ( ! rudim5ts ( ! app5dages4 ,we c already di/+ui% 9 ! imag9al buds ( ! fully gr[n muscid l>va a cle> sep>ation betwe5 an ectod]mal & an inn] mesod]mal "p4 ,gan9 d]iv$ ! mesod]mal "p ?r\gh a sort ( diff]5tiation & sep>ation ( ! inn]mo/ lay] ( ! ectod]mal "p1 & ,van ,rees has1 9 g5]al1 confirm$ ?is view4 ,k[alevsky1 on ! o!r h&1 is incl9$ to ! view t ! mesod]mal "p ( ! imag9al bud is d]iv$ f ! embryonal cells ( ! mesod]m4 ,he f9ds scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! mesod]m1 "u ! hypod]mis ( ! l>va1 s-call$ w&]+ cells 7,fig4 #fcb1 ,a1 w71 :i* are diff]5t 9 appe>ance f ! leucocytes & f ! elem5ts f :i* ! =mation ( ! mesod]mal p>ts ( ! imag9al rudim5ts proce$4 ,k[alevsky is incl9$ to believe t !re are 9 ea* segm5t rudim5ts ( ! imag9al mesod]m1 b :i* are s delicate & indiff]5t t we _c f9d !m 9 ! fir/ /ages ( _! orig94 ,f ^! mesod]mal imag9al rudim5ts ! above-m5tion$ w&]+ cells ( ! mesod]m are d]iv$1 :i* aft]w>ds come into connection ) ! ectod]mal portion ( ! imag9al buds4 ,/ill m complicat$ & difficult to und]/& is ! developm5t ( ! head-section ( muscids4 ,we mu/ rememb] t 9 muscid l>v ! head-section exi/s 9 its mo/ rudim5t>y =m1 be+ ! result ( extreme modification & deg5]ation4 ,! small size ( ! head is also due to ! fact t x is m or less retract$ )9 ! ?oracic region4 ,!n1 z %[n by ! rese>*es ( ,weismann1 9 ! la/ embryonal /ages1 ! =ehead1 m&ibles1 & ! :ole region ( ! head ar\nd ! m\? invag9ate & =m a sunk5 cavity 7,fig4 #fbh1 p71 9 :i* ! *it9\s supports ( ! hooks *>act]i/ic ( muscid l>v are soon develop$4 ,?is sunk5 "p ( ! head1 at ^: inn] end is ! sophagus1 is call$ by ! n entirely appropriate "n ( 8ph>ynx10 & x mu/ at pres5t be rememb]$ t ! holl[ space ?us nam$ is n a "p ( ! dige/ive canal4 ,x is an invag9at$ section ( ! head1 & ! =mation ( ! head ( ! imago ma9ly dep5ds on ! evag9ation ( ?is region4 ,! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! head 7eyes1 ant5n1 & =ehead71 occur 9 ! y\nge/ l>v z pair$ masses ( cells :i* lie 9 ! ?orax next to ! two halves ( ! bra9 7= ?is reason call$ by ,weismann 8bra9-app5dages071 :i* are f _! fir/ orig9 connect$ ) ! ph>ynx1 & may be reg>d$ z ! imag9al buds ( ! head4 ,^! appe> v soon 9 lat] /ages 9 ! %ape ( elongat$ sacs wid5+ at ! h9d] end 7,fig4 #fbh1 ,a & ,b1 h71 :i* f _! orig9 are to be reg>d$ z evag9ations ( ! ph>ynx4 ,v soon epi!lial ?ick5+s appe> 9 ! wall ( ?is sac-%ap$ bra9-app5dage1 9 :i* ! rudim5ts ( ! p>ts ( ! future head may be recogniz$4 ,disk-%ap$ ?ick5+s 9 ! h9d] wid5$ "p ( ! bra9-app5dage =m ! rudim5ts ( ! comp\nd eyes1 :i* !re=e may be call$ ! eye-buds4 ,on ! basal surface ( ! eye-buds is situat$ a n]v\s expansion :i* is connect$ by a n]ve ) ! suprasophageal ganglion4 ,?is n]ve becomes ! optic n]ve ( ! p]fect animal1 :ile ! optic ganglion is cle>ly sep>at$ f ! bra94 ,9 ! ant]ior1 m cyl9drical or tube-l "p ( ! bra9-app5dage we f9d ! 8frontal buds0 7ss71 on :i* ! ant5nal rudim5ts 7at7 soon bud out1 9 exactly ! same way z ! rudim5ts ( ! limbs arise f ! imag9al buds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbh4--;,diagrammatic repres5tation ( ! position ( ! imag9al buds 9 ! l>va 7,a7 & pupa 7,b7 ( ,musca 7! w+ rudim5ts omitt$73 z1 eye-buds2 at1 ant5nal g]ms2 b#a-;b#c1 g]ms ( ! legs2 bg1 c5tral ganglionic cord3 g1 bra92 h1 s-call$ frontal app5dage 7,hirnanhang73 m1 p]ipodal membrane2 o1 op5+ ( ! frontal app5dage into ! ph>ynx2 oe1 sophagus2 p1 s-call$ 8ph>ynx02 r1 rudim5t ( ! proboscis2 ss1 frontal bud2 /1 /alk-l connection ( ! p]ipodal membrane ) ! hypod]mis2 ,i-,,iii1 #a/1 #b;d1 & #c;d ?oracic segm5ts4--,adapt$ f ,van ,rees1 by ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,orig9ally 7,fig4 #fbh1 ,a7 ! bra9-app5dages lie tol]ably f> beh9d 9 ! ?orax ( ! l>va1 s t !y connect ! h9d]mo/ "p ( ! wall ( ! ph>ynx ) ! =emo/ section ( ! bra91 :i* !y surr\nd 9 ! =m ( a mu%room4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 subsequ5t to pupation1 !y move1 toge!r ) ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 f>!r =w>d 7,b71 :]eby !y 7if we h correctly und]/ood ! descriptions ( ,weismann & ,van ,rees7 lat]ally surr\nd ! ph>ynx ) _! ant]ior end1 :i* is some:at v5trally b5t4 ,at ! same "t1 !re becomes e/abli%$ a gradually wid5+ communication 7,b1 o7 betwe5 ! bra9-app5dage & ! ph>ynx1 :i* soon ext5ds 9 ! =m ( a lat]al ph>yngeal fissure along ! entire l5g? ( ! bra9-app5dage4 ,z a result1 ! cavity ( ! bra9-app5dage & ! ph>ynx s completely unite t ! two soon =m a s+le sac1 ! head-sac or vesicle 7,fig4 #f-i1 k74 ,! walls ( ?is head-vesicle are ! lat] head-wall1 ! mo/ important p>ts ( :i* c n[ be recogniz$ 7! ant5n1 eyes1 rudim5ts ( ! beak74 ,x is n[ necess>y t ! head-vesicle 7,fig4 #fbi1 1 7 be1 by ! ev]sion ( ! ph>ynx1 turn$ outw>d 9 ord] t ! head ( ! pupa may be complet$4 ,by ?is ev]sion ( invag9at$ p>ts1 ! =m] m\?-op5+ ( ! ph>ynx becomes a neck-section 7,fig4 #fbi1 1 7 by :i* head & ?orax are n[ unit$4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbi4--;,diagram ( ! *anges to pupa ( ,musca be=e imago appe>s2 ! w+-g]ms n drawn3 z1 eye-buds2 at1 ant5nal g]ms2 b#a-;b#c1 leg-g]ms2 bg1 v5tral n]ve-cord2 g1 bra92 k1 head-vesicle 7orig9at+ f ! union ( ! ph>ynx ) ! hypophysis1 ,hirnanhng572 oe1 sophagus2 r1 g]m ( ! proboscis2 ss1 g]m ( ! =ehead2 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 #a/1 #b;d1 & #c;d ?oracic segm5ts4--,bas$ on ,k[alevsky & ,van ,rees1 ) *anges1 aft] ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! cause ( ! ev]sion ( ! head-vesicle1 :i* ,weismann directly obs]v$1 appe>s to be due to an increase ( ! inn] pressure ?r\gh a contraction ( ! h9d] p>ts ( ! body4 ,! ant]ior end ( ! sophagus n[ becomes turn$ d[n v5trally correspond+ to ! con=mation ( ! head ( ! imago4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! s-call$ ph>ynx is only an invag9at$ "p ( ! out] surface ( ! l>val head4 ,! bra9-app5dage ,kors*elt & ,heid] consid] to be ! div]ticulum ( ?is invag9ation1 9 :i* ! s+le p>ts ( ! body lie 9 an invag9at$ /ate4 ,!y may ?r\gh\t be comp>$ to ! rudim5ts ( ! ?oracic limbs4 ,all ^! imag9al buds h be5 trac$ back to ! invag9at$ p>ts ( ! out] surface ( ! body1 i4e4 ! ectod]m4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! process ( developm5t ( ! head ( ! highly-modifi$ ,muscid is mu* m complex ?an 9 ! m primitive ,dipt]a4 ,9 _! essay on ! developm5t ( ! head ( ! imago ( ,*ironomus1 ,miall & ,hammond arrange ! dipt]\s types ?us f> exam9$1 9 ! ord] ( complexity ( ! invag9ations :i* give rise to ! head ( ! imago1 9 ! foll[+ ord]3-- #a4 ,culex4 ,relatively simple4 ,invag9ations ( ! imag9al buds1 %all[4 #b4 ,core?ra1 ,simulium4 ,int]m$iate4 #c4 ,*ironomus1 ,c]atopogon4 #d4 ,muscid4 ,relatively complex4 ,invag9ations deep1 & app>5tly1 b n really1 unconnect$ ) ! epid]mis4 b4 ,developm5t ( ! int]nal organs ( ! imago ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fcj4--,m$ian longitud9al section ?r\gh l>va ( bl[-fly dur+ ! process ( hi/olysis3 an1 ant5na2 betwe5 an & w1 rudim5ts ( eye2 w w+s2 h1 halt]es2 b#a-;b#c1 legs2 f1 fat-body2 d1 middle ( inte/9e2 n1 ganglia2 /1 /igma2 #f1 #g1 #f? & #g? body-segm5ts4--,aft] ,grab]1 f ,%>p4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$ t mo/ ( ! organs ( muscid l>v 7& ?is applies to mo/ ,dipt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,coleopt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a7 are de/roy$ ?r\gh ! action ( leucocytes1 & t _! re=mation is accompli%$ by def9ite gr\ps ( embryonal cells1 ! imag9al buds or folds4 ,de/ruction & rebuild+ occur dur+ ! pupa /age 9 su* a way t 9 _m cases :ile ?is process is go+ on ! cont9uity ( ! organs does n seem to be di/urb$4 ,^! trans=mations especially conc]n ! hypod]mis1 ! dige/ive canal1 ! muscles1 ! fat-body1 & ! saliv>y gl&s4 ,! trans=mation ( ! tra*eal sy/em is only p>tial1 be+ 9 "p a simple process ( reg5]ation ?r\gh cell-division4 ,slight] *anges affect ! he>t1 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 & ! reproductive sy/em 7,fig4 #fcj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fca4--;,diagram ( ! =mation ( ! imag9al hypod]mis on ! abdom5 ( ,muscid3 hi1 imag9al buds ( ! hypod]mis2 lh1 l>val hypod]mis4--,aft] ,lang4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fcb4--,section ?r\gh ! abdom9al bud ( ! hypod]mis ( ,musca3 ,a1 ( ! l>va2 ,b & ,c1 ( ! pupa2 h1 l>val hypod]mis2 h sep>at$ portion ( ! same attack$ by phagocytes2 i1 imag9al bud2 k1 phagocytes ) :at are call$ cell-wrecks or fragm5ts 7s-call$ granulat$ cells72 k1 phagocytes enclos+ hypod]mal nuclei2 m1 mesod]m-g]m ( ! imag9al bud2 w1 w&]+ cells4--,aft] ,k[alevsky1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! hypod]mis4--,! hypod]mis ( ! imago arises ?r\gh an ext5sion ( ! ectod]mal "p ( ! imag9al buds4 ,we h already m5tion$ ?is = ! ?orax4 ,z ! app5dages ( ! ?orax 9 ! pupa gradually atta9 p]fection1 ! hypod]mis lay] spreads f ! place ( _! ins]tion1 ! lay] consi/+ ( num]\s small cells ^: orig9 we mu/ ref] to ! p]ipodal membrane4 ,?is lay] cont9ues to spread ov] ! surface ( ! pupal ?orax1 :ile at ! same "t ! area ( ! l>val hypod]mis1 consi/+ ( l>ge cells1 is se5 to dim9i%4 ,h5ce ! ?9 edge ( ! newly-=m$ hypod]mis 7,fig4 #fca1 hi7 sl[ly gr[s into ! space betwe5 ! sup]ficial cuticula & ! l>val hypod]mis 7,fig4 #fcb1 h71 s t at ?is place ! old hypod]mis und]go+ de/ruction ev5tually lies on ! inn] side ( ! newly-=m$ epi!lial lay] 7,b74 ,we !re=e see f ?is t1 dur+ ! replacem5t ( ! old hypod]mis by ! new1 ! cont9uity ( ! sup]ficial epi!lium is nev] int]rupt$4 ,s9ce ! edges ( ! two k9ds ( hypod]mis ov]lap1 ! surface ( ! body is n[h]e b>e ( epi!lium4 ,! dissolution ( ! l>val hypod]mis is accompli%$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! leucocytes 7,fig4 #fcb1 k71 :i* attack ! l>val hypod]mis-cells & absorb _! cont5ts piece by piece1 & s fill !mselves ) bits ( ! hypod]mis-cells & _! nuclei2 s9ce ^! fragm5ts h ! %ape ( r\ndi% granules1 !y 7 call$ by ,weismann granule-balls4 ,^! granule-balls1 :i* fill ! body-cavity ( ! lat] pupal /age1 are no?+ else ?an ! leucocytes 7blood corpuscles7 :i* h absorb$ ! fragm5ts ( tissue ( ! l>val body4 ,x %\ld "h be said t ! de/ruction ( ! l>val tissues is n to be attribut$ to ! previ\s dea? ( ! cells1 b is ! result ( ! action ( ! leucocytes on tissues :i*1 ?\gh weak5$ 9 _! vital p[]1 are /ill liv+4 ,:ile ! completely heal?y1 active tissues1 i4e4 ^? ( ! imag9al buds1 )/& ! attacks ( ! leucocytes1 ! less heal?y l>val tissues are by ! attacks ( ! leucocytes divid$ into fragm5ts & eat5 & dige/$ by !m4 ,?is process is mo/ m>k$ 9 ! hi/olysis ( ! l>val muscles4 ,! de/ruction ( mo/ ( ! l>val organs dep5ds1 !re=e1 on ! capacity ( ! amboid blood-corpuscles = tak+ food & on intracellul> dige/ion1 z 0 fir/ %[n by ,mets*nik(f1 :o has giv5 to ^! leucocytes ! "n ( 8phagocytes40 ,?is process ( hi/olysis goes on 9 ! same way 9 ! head & abdom5 z 9 ! ?orax4 ,9 ! abdom51 z ,gan9 fir/ prov$1 !re are 9 ea* ( ! eight segm5ts ( :i* x consi/s 9 ! l>va f\r small cellul> islets or imag9al buds 7,figs4 #fca1 hi1 #fcb1 i71 f :i* orig9ate ! new hypod]mis4 ,van ,rees has lately f\nd 9 ! abdom9al segm5ts ano!r pair ( small] imag9al buds4 ,! f\r imag9al buds occurr+ 9 ! la/ segm5t are situat$ close to ea* o!r1 encircl+ ! anal op5+ 7,fig4 #fcc1 ims71 & take "p 9 ! =mation ( ! h9d-inte/9e1 ! rectal p\*es & rectal papill4 ,to ?is segm5t also belong ! two pairs ( imag9al g5ital buds 7rudim5ts ( ! ext]nal sexual organs7 :i* 7 fir/ f\nd by ,knckel d',h]culais 9 ,volucella4 ,! newly =m$ hypod]mis spreads rapidly ov] ! out] surface ( ! body1 s t hypod]mal areas correspond+ to ! sep>ate imag9al buds soon unite4 ,simultane\sly ) ?is completion ( ! def9ite epi!lial lay] ! l>val hypod]mis becomes completely de/roy$ by ! phagocytes4 ,! muscles4--,a simil> process ( de/ruction by phagocytes affects ! great] numb] ( ! l>val muscles1 except ! ?ree pairs ( ?oracic muscles employ$ 9 respiration1 & :i* pass intact f ! l>va to ! imago4 ,inde$1 ! dissolution ( ! muscles is ! fir/ process :i* occurs 9 ! metamorphosis4 ,! de/ruction ( ! l>val muscles is accompli%$ 9 su* a way t1 a great numb] ( leucocytes :i* h collect$ on ! surface ( ! muscul> fibres1 press ?r\gh ! s>colemma & ent] )9 ! muscul> tissue1 fill+ ! spaces =m$ betwe5 !m1 ,by ?is means ! muscles break up into a numb] ( r\nd$ p>ticles :i* are tak5 into ! int]ior ( ! leucocytes4 ,?us a collection ( granule-balls arise f ! muscles1 :i* f9ally sep>ate f ea* o!r & become scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! body-cavity ( ! pupa4 ,9 ! same way z ! muscul> sub/ance1 ! muscle-nuclei are tak5 up & dige/$ by ! phagocytes4 ,! imag9al muscles develop f ! def9itive mesod]m :i* has orig9at$ f ! mesod]m ( ! imag9al buds 7,fig4 #fcb1 ,c1 m74 ,! dige/ive canal4--,z 9 ! hypod]mis & muscles1 ! hi/olysis ( ! l>val dige/ive tract & its new =mation f sep>ate imag9al buds g on simultane\sly1 s t ! cont9uity ( ! process is n int]rupt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fcc4--;,dige/ive tract ( a ,musca l>va ) ! imag9al g]ms3 bd1 cca2 s1 food-res]voir2 is1 imag9al r+ ( ! saliv>y gl& 7sp72 f1 fat-cells at ! end ( ! saliv>y gl&2 pr1 prov5triculus2 r1 its r+2 ie1 imag9al cells ( ! mid-inte/9al epi!lium2 *1 *yle-/oma*2 ma1 ur9>y tubes2 im1 imag9al cells ( ! mid-inte/9al1 muscul> lay]2 ims1 b9d]1 abdom9al1 imag9al buds2 h1 h9d inte/9al1 imag9al bud2 ht1 h9d-inte/9e4--,aft] ,k[alevsky1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! imag9al buds ( ! mu*-%ort5$ pupal dige/ive canal occur 9 ! mid-inte/9e 7/oma*7 9 ! =m ( num]\s scatt]$ gr\ps ( cells 7,fig4 #fcc1 ie71 & 9 ! =e- & h9d-inte/9e 9 ! =m ( r+s 7v & h7 ( imag9al tissue4 ,! imag9al r+ ( ! =e-inte/9e 7v7 lies 9 ! region ( ! prov5triculus 7pr1 comp>e ,fig4 #fce1 im71 :ile t ( ! h9d-inte/9e is situat$ directly beh9d ! base ( ! ur9>y tubes4 ,! reg5]ation ( ^! two p>ts ( ! dige/ive canal is n entirely accompli%$ by ^! two r+s1 b ! imag9al rudim5ts ( ! neighbor+ p>ts ( ! out] surface ( ! body also h a %>e 9 x4 ,?us x appe>s t ! =emo/ "p ( ! sophagus is built up f ! imag9al buds 9 ! region ( ! m\?1 :ile ! imag9al buds surr\nd+ ! anus 9 ! #h? abdom9al segm5t 7,fig4 #fcc4 ims7 produce by invag9ation ! rectal p\*es1 toge!r ) ! rectal papill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fcd4--;,cross-section ?r\gh ! mid-inte/9e ( pupa ( ,musca3 e1 reject$ & deg5]ate epi!lium ( ! l>val /oma*2 f1 cellul> lay] newly =m$ ar\nd ! same2 m1 muscul> lay]2 m1 imag9al cell ( m2 o1 imag9al bud ( ! mid-inte/9al epi!lium2 t1 tra*eal /em4--,aft] ,k[alevsky1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fce4--,longitud9al section ?r\gh ! prov5triculus ( a muscid l>va3 im1 =e-inte/9al1 imag9al r+2 oe1 sophagus2 pr1 prov5triculus4--,aft] ,k[alevsky1 f ,kors*elt & ,heid]4 ,! =mation ( ! mid-inte/9e 7/oma*7 takes place 9 su* a way t ! isl&-l imag9al buds spread out by cell-multiplication ov] ! out] or basal surface ( ! l>val mid-inte/9al epi!lium 7,fig4 #fcd1 o71 until !y f9ally unite1 s z to =m ! wall ( ! imag9al mid-inte/9e 7/oma*74 ,at ! same "t ! entire l>val epi!lium 7e7 is ca/ 9 ! int]ior & =ms ! s-call$ yell[ body1 :i* becomes surr\nd$ by a lay] ( small cells & a jelly-l mass1 & rema9s until its de/ruction 9 ! pupal /oma*4 ,! l>val muscul> lay] 7m7 rema9s intact z long z ! imag9al mid-inte/9e is n fully develop$1 :5 x is attack$ & de/roy$ by phagocytes4 ,! f9al muscul> lay] arises f s+le cells ly+ on ! out] surface ( ! imag9al buds 7,figs4 #fcc1 im1 #fcd1 m71 :i* %\ld be reg>d$ z special imag9al cells ( ! mid-inte/9al muscul> lay]4 ,! trans=mation ( ! =e-inte/9e is introduc$ by a deg5]ation ( ! prov5triculus & suck+ /oma*4 ,! prov5triculus 7,fig4 #fce1 pr71 :i* _h be5 =m$ f a circul> fold ( ! =e-inte/9e1 disappe>s by ! smoo?+ out ( ?is fold$ /ructure4 ,! suck+ /oma* also simil>ly deg5]ates by )draw+ gradually into ! sophagus1 s t in/ead ( ! orig9al div]ticulum !re rema9s only an enl>gem5t ( ! sophageal cavity4 ,at ! same "t ?is "p ( ! canal is attack$ & de/roy$ by phagocytes1 :ile ! de/roy$ portions become replac$ by ! gradually ext5d+ imag9al p>ts ( ! wall4 ,! imag9al r+ ( ! =e-inte/9e 7,fig4 #fce1 im71 :i*1 accord+ to ,k[alevsky1 is conc]n$ 9 ! =mation ( a great "p ( ! def9itive sophagus1 becomes clos$ at its h9d] end s t ! communication ) ! mid-inte/9e appe>s to be int]rupt$4 ,! h9d-inte/9e ( ! imago is rebuilt 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,"h also ! imag9al r+ wid5s & =ms a tube1 :i* :ile x gr[s ar\nd ! op5+s into ! ur9>y tubes1 closes itself aga9/ ! mid-inte/9e1 :ile beh9d x rema9s 9 connection ) ! l>val h9d-inte/9e4 ,9 a simil> way ! l>val h9d-inte/9e is attack$ by ! gr[? f beh9d ( an imag9al r+1 :i* proce$s f imag9al buds ne> ! anus1 until f9ally1 :5 ! entire l>val h9d-inte/9e is r$uc$ to granule-balls1 ! two imag9al sections ( ! tube are br\ght into contact ) ea* o!r4 7,k[alevsky 9 ,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,! l>val saliv>y gl&s 7,fig4 #fcc1 sp7 are completely de/roy$ by phagocytes4 ,!n succe$s ! new =mation ( ^! gl&s f imag9al buds1 :i*1 accord+ to ,k[alevsky1 =m r+s situat$ at _! ant]ior ends4 ,! nature ( ! trans=mation und]gone by ! ur9>y tubes is n yet well asc]ta9$4 ,accord+ to ,van ,rees1 !re is 9 ?is case p]haps a reg5]ation ( ! l>val cells by division1 b on ! o!r side !re may be a hi/olysis ( ^! elem5ts4 ,! above-describ$ me?od ( trans=mation ( ! dige/ive canal seems1 accord+ to ,kors*elt & ,heid]1 to be v common among ! holometabolic insects4 ,x has n only be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,dipt]a1 b also 9 ! ,lepidopt]a 7,k[alevsky1 ,fr5zel71 ,coleopt]a 7,gan971 & ,hym5opt]a 7,gan974 ,! /ripp+ (f ( ! epi!lium ( ! mid-inte/9e 0 f\nd by ,k[alevsky to occur also 9 ,core?ra1 ,culex1 & ,*ironomus4 ,! tra*eal sy/em4--,z we h se5 7p4 #ddh71 ! tra*eal sy/em ( cat]pill>s j be=e pupation und]goes dis9tegration1 accompani$ by a re=mation ( ! p]itoneal membrane & tnidia4 ,! l>val ectotra*ea und]goes hi/olysis1 t ( ! imago be+ mean:ile =m$2 ! l>val tnidia also break up1 dissolve1 & are replac$ by new tnidia :i* arise f ! nuclei ( ! p]itoneal membrane4 ,t ! tra*eal sy/em 9 ! ,muscid dur+ metamorphosis und]goes a trans=mation is %[n1 z ,kors*elt & ,heid] claim1 by ! entirely diff]5t %ape ( ! sy/em 9 ! maggot1 ! pupa1 & ! fly4 ,! air is admitt$ to ! tra*eal sy/em ( ! maggot1 n by lat]al op5+s1 b ?r\gh ! two /igmata at ! end ( ! body4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pupa brea!s by pro?oracic spiracles1 :ile ! fly has six pairs ( lat]al /igmata ( ! normal /ructure4 ,!re may be 9 ! l>va & pupa ve/igial clos$ /igmata1 z !re are 9 ! ?orax ( cat]pill>s1 ) tra*eal bran*es lead+ to :]e 7 once functional /igmata4 ,^! /igmatal bran*es1 z well z "s o!r portions ( ! tra*eal sy/em already obs]v$ by ,weismann1 seem1 accord+ to ,van ,rees1 to function z imag9al buds = ! reg5]ation ( ! tra*eal matrix1 :ile frequ5tly also a reg5]ation ( ?is epi!lium1 by a simple repeat$ division ( cells1 may be recogniz$4 ,! dis9tegration ( ! tra*eal sy/em is accompli%$ by means ( phagocytes 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,! n]v\s sy/em4--,! c5tral n]v\s sy/em passes directly f ! l>val into ! imag9al /age1 s9ce x mu/ cont9ue to ex]cise mo/ ( its functions ?r\gh\t metamorphosis1 ?\gh x und]goes important *anges ( =m & position4 ,at ! same "t1 c]ta9 hi/ological trans=mations occur :i* may be reg>d$ z a hi/olysis4 ,su* is ! de/ruction & rebuild+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! organs1 :i*1 h[ev]1 pres]ve _! cont9uity4 ,e case ( de/ruction ( tissues 9 ! pupa has come to be reg>d$ z a hi/olysis4 ,! problem ( ! trans=mation ( ! p]iph]al n]v\s sy/em is n yet well und]/ood4 ,al?\gh dur+ ! de/ruction ( ! l>val muscles ! motor n]ves also 9 "p deg5]ate1 9 ! case ( ! n]ves di/ribut$ to ! app5dages ! conditions are diff]5t1 z ^! may be recogniz$ 9 ! l>va 9 ! =m ( ! n]ve-?reads :i* place ! imag9al buds 9 connection ) ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,^! ?reads1 accord+ to ,van ,rees1 pass f ! l>va into ! pupa & imago1 s t ) ! f>!r developm5t ( ! rudim5ts ( ! extremities1 only ! di/al "p ( ! n]ves belong+ to !m are to be reg>d$ z new =mations4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,! fat-body4--,! l>val fat-body is also de/roy$ ?r\gh ! activity ( ! leucocytes 9 ! same way z ! o!r tissues4 ,! re=mation ( ! fat-body seems to beg9 9 ! mesod]m ( ! imag9al buds4 ,possibly1 also1 ! masses or collections ( embryonic cells :i* are reg>d$ by ,s*aeff] z 8blood-=m+ cells10 may s]ve to reg5]ate ! fat-body4 ,at all ev5ts1 !y h be5 d]iv$ f ! mesod]mal tissues4 ,?\gh ,wiel[iejsky saw ! fat-body ( ,core?ra aris+ f a cell-lay] situat$ "u ! hypod]mis1 yet x is n necess>y to reg>d ?is obs]vation z favorable to ! view ( ,s*aeff] t 9 ,musca ! l>val fat-body is d]iv$ 9 "p f ! hypod]mis1 & 9 "p f ! tra*eal matrix1 ?us f ! ectod]mal tissues4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,def9itive fate ( ! leucocytes4--,we h se5 t ! =mation ( ! organs ( ! imago orig9ates 9 ! imag9al buds1 9 all cases :]e ^! d n pass directly f ! l>va into ! pupa4 ,! leucocytes1 ^: numb]s 9 ! pupa are greatly increas$1 take no direct "p 9 ! =mation ( ! tissues4 ,_! importance seems to lie 9 ?is1 t !y de/roy ^? l>val organs doom$ to de/ruction1 ! p>ts ( :i* !y take 9 & dige/1 & possibly1 by _! p[]s ( locomotion1 convey p>ticles ( food to ! develop+ organs4 ,:at1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! fate ( ! leucocytes aft] ! developm5tal processes 9 ! pupa h ceas$8 ,!re c be no d\bt t a "p ( ! s-call$ granule-cells are aga9 trans=m$ into normal blood-corpuscles4 ,ano!r1 &1 z x seems1 m consid]able1 %>e suff] deg5]ation4 ,f9ally1 ! leucocytes !mselves s]ve z n\ri%m5t = ! newly =m$ tissues4 ,( int]e/ 9 ?is direction is ! obs]vation ( ,van ,rees1 t num]\s leucocytes f9ally pass into ! newly-=m$ hypod]mis & !n deg5]ate 9 crevices betwe5 ! hypod]mis-cells4 7,kors*elt & ,heid]47 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,van ,rees t ! phagocytes attack all ! l>val organs indiscrim9ately1 b t ! active metabolism ( ! imag9al buds pres]ves !m f ^! attacks4 ,he also ?9ks t ,k[alevsky is probably "r 9 suppos+ t ! buds r5d] !mselves immune by "s poison\s secretion4 ,pratt1 h[ev]1 ?9ks t ! supposition ( a protect+ or poison\s secretion is sc>cely necess>y to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on1 & sugge/s t ! l>val tissues are a prey to ! phagocytes1 because at ! end ( l>val life !y become functionless & inactive1 s z to become an easy prey to phagocytes or dis9tegrat+ influ5ces ( any sort4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! imag9al buds 89 :i* !re is an exce$+ly active metabolism1 & all ! l>val organs :i* rema9 functional dur+ ! metamorphosis are immune f ! attacks ( ! phagocytes4 ,! he>t 9 ! muscids cont9ues to beat1 z ,knckel d',h]culais has obs]v$1 dur+ ! entire p]iod ( ! metamorphosis1 ) ! exception ( a day or two 9 ! latt] half ( x4 ,! n]v\s sy/em mu/ cont9ue functional dur+ ! entire "t4 ,! ?ree pairs ( ?oracic muscles :i* pass intact f ! l>va to ! imago are probably employ$ 9 respiration dur+ ! metamorphosis4 ,! reproductive gl&s are1 l ! imag9al disks1 rapidly gr[+ organs40 ,he adds t among ! o!r holometabolic insects _m or mo/ ( ! l>val organs rema9 functional dur+ metamorphosis1 h5ce !re is b little hi/olysis4 8,b ! l>val inte/9e w\ld always necess>ily become unfunctional1 &1 z we h se51 ,k[alevsky is ( ! op9ion t ! l>val mid-gut 9 all holometabolic insects conta9s imag9al disks1 & und]goes deg5]ation dur+ ! metamorphosis40 ,! po/-embryonic *anges & imag9al buds 9 ! ,pupip>a 7,melophagus74--,! %eep-tick 7,melophagus7 is /ill m modifi$ ?an ! ,muscid2 ! l>va is apod\s & acephal\s1 b1 z ,pratt obs]ves1 mu* less highly specializ$ ?an ^? ( muscids1 & 9 respect to ! position ( ! ?oracic buds x closely resembles ,core?ra4 ,!y lie j b5ea? ! hypod]mis 9 two v regul> r[s1 & n 9 ! c5tre ( ! body1 z 9 ,musca 7,figs4 #fbh1 #fcf1 ,c74 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 9 ,core?ra all ! ?oracic buds are ( l>val orig91 aris+ aft] ! la/ l>val m\lt1 9 ,melophagus1 on ! o!r h&1 ea* ( ^! buds1 except ! dorsal pro?oracic1 arises 9 ! embryo1 z is also ! case 9 ,musca4 ,9 ! cephalic buds ! conditions are simil> to ^? 9 ,musca1 b /ill m complicat$4 ,in/ead ( a s+le pair ( head-buds1 !re are two pairs1 "o dorsal & "o v5tral4 8,! dorsal pair corresponds to ! muscidian head-disks 9 e respect2 !y are de/9$ to =m ! dorsal & lat]al portions ( ! imag9al head1 toge!r ) ! comp\nd eyes4 ,! v5tral head-disks h no c\nt]p>t 9 ,musca4 ,! fate ( ^! disks or buds is to =m ! v5tral portion ( ! head1 ! pair$ projections =m+ ! rudim5ts ( ! proboscis4 8,! =mation ( ! head-vesicle proce$s 9 a way simil> to t 9 ,musca4 ,! v5tral disk fuses e>ly at its lat]al edges ) ! dorsal pair4 ,! communications betwe5 bo? v5tral & dorsal disks & ! ph>ynx rapidly wid5 79 ! old l>va !y h already become v l>ge71 & soon ! disks & ph>ynx =m toge!r a s+le vesicle1 :i* is ! head-vesicle40 ,! imag9al buds ( ! abdom5 ,pratt f9ds to be exactly z 9 ! correspond+ ones ( ,musca4 ,9 ! embryo ( ,melophagus ! cephalic & ?oracic imag9al buds fir/ appe> z local ?ick5+s1 foll[$ by ! invag9ation ( ! ectod]m2 ! cephalic buds fir/ appe> v e>ly 9 ! ontog5y ( ! insect 7,fig4 #fcf1 ,c71 j z ! g]ms ( ! dige/ive canal1 n]v\s sy/em1 & tra*e are appe>+4 ,! s+le m$ian ?ick5+ 7v7 is de/9$ to =m ! v5tral cephalic bud1 :ile ! pair ( ?ick5+s beh9d 7d7 become ! dorsal buds1 ^? homolog\s ) ! cephalic buds ( ,musca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fcf4--;,imag9al buds 9 ,musca1--,a1 9 ,core?ra1--,b1 9 ,melophagus1--,c1 9 embryo ( ,melophagus3 dorsal view ( head2 b1 bud2 p1 p]ipodal membrane2 c1 cord2 hy1 hypod]mis2 cl1 cuticula2 /1 /omodum2 v1 v5tral cephalic bud1 beh9d are ! two dorsal cephalic buds 7d74--,aft] ,pratt4 ,! ?oracic buds1 :i* arise z hypod]mic ?ick5+s1 d n appe> until late 9 embryonic life1 until ! "t ( ! involution ( ! head4 ,pratt did n obs]ve 9 ! embryo ! buds ( ! int]nal organs & ( ! abdom9al hypod]mis1 & ?9ks x probable t !y appe> fir/ 9 ! l>va4 c4 ,g5]al summ>y ,we h se5 t 9 ,coleopt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a1 & ) little d\bt 9 all ! holometabol\s insects1 ! p>ts ( ! imago orig9ate 9 s+le =mative cellul> masses 7imag9al buds7 already pres5t 9 ! l>va1 & (t5 ev5 9 ! lat] embryonic /ages4 ,!re are su* imag9al buds = ea* "p ( ! body1--= ! app5dages ( ! head1 = ! legs & w+s1 = ! ovipositor1 & probably = ! c]copods1 = ! hypod]mis ( ! abdom51 & = ! diff]5t sections ( ! dige/ive canal4 ,we h se51 z ,kors*elt & ,heid] /ate1 t ! =mation ( ! mesod]mal organs ( ! imago 7muscles1 connective tissue1 fat-body7 beg9s 9 ! mesod]mal "p ( ! imag9al buds1 ^: fir/ orig9 is /ill obscure4 ,simultane\sly ) ! =mation ( ! imag9al organs1 !re goes on "u ! influ5ce ( ! leucocytes ! de/ruction ( ! l>val organs4 ,bo? processes 7de/ruction & reg5]ation7 !re=e g on h& 9 h&1 s t ! cont9uity ( ! organs 9 "q 9 mo/ cases rema9s p]fect1 inasmu* z ! complete de/ruction only ensues aft] ! =mation ( ! f9al organs4 ,! only exceptions are mo/ ( ! muscles ( ! l>va1 :i* are de/roy$ at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,moreov]1 x is evid5t t ! %>p division into l>val1 pupal1 & imag9al /ages only applies to ! ext]nal surface ( ! body1 s9ce !y foll[ "o ano!r aft] successive m\lts4 ,! processes ( ! int]nal developm5t1 on ! o!r h&1 =m an entirely cont9u\s s]ies ( trans=mations betwe5 :i* is no %>p l9e ( dem>cation4 ,yet z a :ole ! =m ( ! l>va1 pupa1 & imago are kept di/9ct 9 adaptation to _! sep>ate environm5ts & habits4 ,f9ally1 z ,pratt v truly rem>ks1 ! epig5etic p]iod 9 insects1 :5 new organs are =m+1 does n end ) ! bir? ( ! l>va f ! egg1 b ext5ds ?r\gh ! l>val1 & ev5 ?r\gh ! pupal p]iod4 8,! pr9cipal significance ( ! pupal p]iod & ! metamorphosis is t x is ! "t :5 ! l>val *>act]s :i* 7 adapt$ = use dur+ a p]iod ( free life 9 ! mid/ ( ! developm5t1 & :i* w\ld be valueless to ! imago1 are correct$ or ab&on$40 ,,hyp]metamorphism ,:5 an insect passes ?r\gh m ?an ! ?ree normal /ages ( metamorphosis1 i4e4 ! l>val1 pupal1 & imag9al1 x is said to und]go a hyp]metamorphosis4 ,! be/-kn[n examples are ! sup]num]>y /ages ( ,melo1 ,/ylops1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fcg4--;,hyp]metamorphosis ( male ( ,aspidiotus n]ii3 #a1 fre%ly hat*$ l>va2 #b1 l>va %ortly be=e pupat+2 b1 rudim5ts ( ! legs2 fl1 ( ! w+s2 #c1 pupa be=e m\lt+2 #d1 ! same aft] m\lt+2 #f1 l>va f>!r advanc$ ?an 9 #b2 a1 ant5nal rudim5ts2 b1 rudim5ts ( legs2 v1 /oma*2 ,,og1 bra92 ,m4 ,fl1 rudim5ts ( ! elevator & depressor muscles ( ! w+2 ,m4 ,?1 rudim5ts ( ! dorsal muscles2 ,h1 rudim5ts ( ! te/es2 #g1 pupa %ortly be=e ent]+ ^u ! imago /ate 7#e72 ,a1 eyes2 a1 ant5na2 o1 m\?2 ,,wd1 wax-gl&s2 ,,bg1 v5tral n]v\s cord2 ,sb1 caudal set2 tr1 tra*e2 p1 g5ital armature4--,aft] ,s*midt4 ,z has already be5 obs]v$1 ,s*midt has %[n t 9 ! male ( ! ,coccid1 !re is a true hyp]metamorphosis1 z %[n by ,fig4 #fcg4 ,9 ,aspidiotus n]ii !re are five /ages1 !re be+ two l>val 7#a1 #b7 & two pupal /ages 7#c1 #d1 #g74 ,/age #c 7,fig4 #fcg1 #b7 may be comp>$ ) ! pro-pupa /age ( ,riley 7,fig4 #eha74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fch4--,mantispa int]rupta1 & side view ( ! same )\t w+s3 natural size4--,em]ton del4 a1 fre%ly-hat*$ campodeoid l>va ( ,mantispa /yriaca1 enl>g$2 b1 ! same1 b old]1 be=e ! fir/ m\lt2 enl>g$4--,brau]4 ,we h already1 on page #fjb1 describ$ ! hyp]metamorphosis ( ! neuropt]\s insect ,mantispa 7,fig4 #fch74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fci4--,triungul9 7a7 ( a ,cali=nian ,melo3 b1 ! ?ree triungul9 claws2 c1 ant5na2 d1 maxill>y palpus2 e1 labial palpus2 f1 m&ible2 g1 an abdom9al jo9t2 h1 imago1 2 i1 ant5na ( 4--,aft] ,riley4 ,9 ,melo ! fre%ly hat*$ l>va1 or 8triungul90 7,fig4 #fci1 a71 is an active ,campodea-l l>va1 :i* runs ab\t & climbs up fl[]s1 f :i* x creeps ^u ! bodies ( bees1 su* z ,an?ophora & ,&r5a1 :o c>ry x to _! cells1 :]e9 _! eggs are situat$4 ,! triungul9 fe$s ^u & de/roys ! eggs ( its ho/ess4 ,mean:ile its inactive life 9 ! bee's cell reacts ^u ! organism2 aft] m\lt+1 !-second l>val =m 7,fig4 #fdj1 b7 is atta9$1 & n[ ! body is ?ick1 cyl9drical1 s(t1 & fle%y1 & x resembles a lamellicorn l>va1 ) ?ree pairs ( r long ?oracic legs4 ,?is is ,riley's c>abidoid /age4 ,?is second l>va fe$s ^u ! honey /or$ up = ! "y or l>val bees4 ,aft] ano!r m\lt1 !re is ano!r entire *ange 9 ! body2 x is motionless1 ! head is mask-l )\t movable app5dages1 & ! feet are repres5t$ by six tub]cles4 ,?is is call$ ! semipupa or pseudo-pupal /age4 ,?is =m m\lts1 & *anges to a ?ird l>val =m 7c71 :5 app>5tly1 z ! result ( its ri*1 conc5trat$ food1 x is ov]gr[n1 ?ick-bodi$1 )\t legs1 & resembles a l>val bee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdj4--,oil-beetle3 a1 fir/ l>va2 b1 second l>va2 c1 ?ird l>va2 d1 pupa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fda4--;,hi/ory ( ,sit>is3 a1 triungul9 or #a/ l>va2 g1 anal sp9n]ets & clasp]s ( same2 b1 #b;d l>va2 e1 pseudo-pupa2 f1 #c;d l>va2 c1 true pupa2 d1 imago1 4--,aft] ,v4 ,mayet1 f ,riley4 ,aft] ?us pass+ ?r\gh ?ree l>val /ages1 ea* rem>kably diff]5t 9 /ructure & 9 ! mann] ( tak+ food1 x trans=ms into a pupa ( ! ord9>y coleopt]\s %ape 7d74 ,! hi/ory ( ,sit>is1 z work$ out by ,fabre & m rec5tly by ,val]y-,mayet1 is a simil> /ory ( two /rik+ly diff]5t adaptational l>val =ms succe$+ ! triungul9 or primitive l>val /age4 ,! fir/ l>va 7,fig4 #fda1 a7 is 9 g5]al l t ( ,melo1 ! second 7b7 is ?ick1 oval1 fle%y1 s(t-bodi$1 & ) m9ute legs1 evid5tly ( no use1 ! l>va fe$+ on ! honey /or$ by its ho/4 ,! pseudo-pupal /age is /ill m maggot-l ?an 9 ! correspond+ /age ( ,melo1 & ! ?ird l>va 7f7 is ?ick-bodi$1 ) %ort ?oracic legs4 ,9 ! complicat$ life-hi/ory ( ano!r can?>id1 ,epicauta vittata1 z work$ out by ,riley 7,fig4 #fdb71 we h ! same acquisition ( new habits & =ms aft] ! fir/ l>val /age1 :i* evid5tly 7 at ! outset ! result ( an adaptation to a *ange ( food & surr\nd+s4 ,! female ,epicauta lays its eggs 9 ! same w>m1 sunny situation z t *os5 by locu/s 7,calopt5us7 = deposit+ _! eggs4 ,on hat*+1 ! active m9ute c>nivor\s triungul91 ev] on ! se>* = eggs1 on happ5+ ^u a locu/ egg gnaws into x1 & !n sucks ! cont5ts4 ,a second egg is attack$ & its cont5ts exhau/$1 :51 ow+ to its comp>atively inactive habits & ri* n\ri%+ food aft] a p]iod ( inactivity & re/1 ! sk9 splits along its back1 & at ab\t ! eigh? day f beg9n+ to take food ! second l>va appe>s1 ) mu* small] & %ort] legs1 a mu* small] head1 & ) r$uc$ m\?-p>ts4 ,?is is ! c>abidoid /age ( ,riley4 ,aft] fe$+ = ab\t a week 9 ! egg a second m\lt occurs1 & ! *ange ( =m is slight1 ?\gh ! m\?-p>ts & legs are /ill m rudim5t>y1 & ! body assumes 8! clumsy aspect ( ! typical lamellicorn l>va40 ,?is ,riley d5om9ates ! sc>abidoid /age ( ! second l>va4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdb4--;,epicauta c9]ea3 a1 end ( #b;d l>val /age2 b1 portion ( dorsal sk92 c1 d1 co>ctate l>va2 e1 f1 pupa4--,aft] ,riley4 ,aft] six or sev5 days !re is ano!r trans=mation1 ! sk9 be+ ca/1 & ! insect passes into ano!r /age1 8! ultimate /age ( ! second l>va40 ,! l>va1 imm]s$ 9 its ri* nutriti\s food1 gr[s rapidly1 & aft] ab\t a week leaves ! n[ addl$ & decay+ locu/ eggs1 & burr[s into ! cle> s&1 :]e x lies on its side 9 a smoo? cell or cavity1 & :]e x und]goes an incomplete ecdysis1 ! sk9 n be+ completely %$1 & assumes ! semipupa /age1 or co>ctate l>val /age ( ,riley4 ,9 ! spr+ ! p>tly loose sk9 is r5t on ! top ( ! head & ?orax1 & !n crawls out ( x ! 8?ird l>va10 :i* only diff]s f ! ultimate /age ( ! second l>va 89 ! some:at r$uc$ size & great] :it5ess40 ,! insect 9 ?is /age is said to be r active1 & burr[s ab\t 9 ! gr\nd1 b food is n ess5tial1 & 9 a few days x trans=ms into ! true pupa /ate4 ,^! habits & ! correspond+ hyp]metamorphosis are probably common to all ! ,meloid1 ?\gh ! life-hi/ory ( ! o!r species has yet to be trac$4 ,9 ! g5us ,hornia describ$ by ,riley1 ! w+s ( ! imago are m r$uc$ ?an 9 any o!r ( ! family1 bo? sexes hav+ ! elytra z rudim5t>y z 9 ! ,european female gl[-worm 7,lampyris noctiluca74 ,^!1 ) ! simple t>sal claws & ! enl>g$ heavy abdom51 z ,riley rem>ks1 8%[ x to be a degradational =m40 ,its ho/ is ,an?ophora1 & ! beetle itself lives p]man5tly 9 ! seal$ cells ( ! bee1 & ,riley ?9ks x is subt]ranean1 seldom if ev] leav+ ! bee gall]y4 ,! triungul9 is unkn[n1 b ! ultimate /age ( ! second l>va1 z well z ! co>ctate l>va1 is l ^? ( ! family 9 g5]al1 ! f9al trans=mations tak+ place )9 ! two unr5t sk9s1 9 ?is respect ! insect 7,fig4 #fdc7 approa*+ ,sit>is4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t z ! result ( its semi-p>asitic mode ( life ! ,campodea-=m or triungul9 l>va ( ^! insects1 :i* has free-bit+ m\?-p>ts l ! l>v ( ,c>abid & o!r c>nivor\s beetles1 in/ead ( cont9u+ to lead an active life & fe$+ on o!r insects2 liv+ or dead1 & !n l o!r beetles directly trans=m+ into ! normal pupa1 m\lts z _m z five times1 !re be+ six di/9ct /ages be=e ! true pupa /age is ent]$ ^u4 ,s t !re are 9 all eight /ages includ+ ! imag9al or la/ /age4 ,"o _c avoid draw+ ! v obvi\s conclusion t ! five extra /ages con/itut+ ?is hyp]metamorphosis1 z x is s well /yl$1 are /ructural episodes1 s to speak1 due to ! peculi> p>asitic mode ( life1 & 7 evid5tly 9 adaptation to ! rem>kable *anges ( environm5t1 s unlike ^? to :i* ! memb]s ( o!r families ( ,coleopt]a1 ! ,/ylopid except$1 h be5 subject$4 ,! fat ov]gr[n body & ! atrophi$ limbs & m\?-p>ts are ) little d\bt due to ! abundant supply ( ri* food1 ! protoplasm ( ! egg ( its ho/1 9 :i* ! insect dur+ ! fe$+ "t ( its life is imm]s$4 ,s9ce x is well kn[n t p>!nog5esis is due to ov]1 or at lea/ to abundant nutrition1 or to a g5]\s diet & favor+ temp]ature1 !re is little reason to d\bt t ! greatly alt]$ & abnormally fat or bloat$ body ( ! insect 9 ^! sup]num]>y /ages is ! result ( a cont9u\s supply ( ri* pabulum1 :i* ! insect c imbibe ) little or no ef=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdc4--a1 ,egg-pod ( ,calopt5us diff]5tialis ) ! m\? torn op51 expos+ ! newly hat*$ l>va ( ,epicauta vittata 7#a a7 eat+ into an egg & ! passage :i* x made ?r\gh ! muc\s cov]+2 natural size4 #b1 dorsal view ( ! #a/ l>va1 or triungul91 ( ,e4 vittata2 #b a1 "o side ( ! head ( same f b5ea?1 greatly enl>g$ s z to %[ ! m\?-p>ts2 #b b1 t]m9al jo9t ( maxill>y palpus1 %[+ imbrications & flatt5$ inn] surface arm$ ) /\t po9ts2 #b c1 leg1 %[+ m pla9ly ! t>sal sp9es2 #b e1 labrum2 #b d1 "o ( ! abdom9al jo9ts f above1 %[+ /\t po9ts1 /igmata1 & arrangem5t ( sp9\s hairs4 #c1 eggs ( ,e4 vittata1 ! natural size indicat$ at side4 #d1 dorsal view ( ! c>abidoid /age ( ! #b;d l>va ( ,e4 vittata3 #d a1 its ant5na2 #d b1 its "r maxilla2 #d c1 its leg2 #d d1 side view ( same1 %[+ its natural position )9 ! locu/-egg mass4 #e1 lat]al view ( ! ultimate or full-gr[n /age ( ! #b;d l>va ( ,e4 vittata2 #e a1 portion ( ! dorsal sk91 %[+ %ort setace\s hairs4 #f1 ?ird head1 or t f ! sc>abidoid /age ( ! #b;d l>va ( ,e4 vittata f b5ea?1 %[+ ! r$uction ( m\?-p>ts z comp>$ ) ! fir/ head 7#b a72 #f a1 ant5na ( same2 #f b1 maxilla ( same2 #f c1 m&ible ( same4 #g1 f\r? head1 or t ( ! full-gr[n l>va ( ,e4 vittata1 f above2 #g a1 leg ( same2 #g b1 ! brea/plate or pro/]nal corne\s piece4 #h1 lat]al view ( ! pseudo-pupa or co>ctate l>va ( ,e4 vittata1 ) ! p>tially %$ sk9 adh]+ beh9d3 #h a1 dorsal view ( same2 #h b1 its head1 f ! front2 #h c1 same f side2 #h d1 tub]cul\s leg2 #h e1 rais$ spiracle2 #h f1 anal "p ( same1 #i4 lat]al view ( ! true pupa ( ,epicauta c9]ea ,=/3 #i a1 v5tral view ( same4 #aj1 ,epicauta vittata 7lemniscata or trivittate v>474 #aa1 ,epicauta c9]ea ,=/4 7 m>g9ata ,fabr474 #ab1 ant5na ( ! triungul9 ( ,epicauta p5nsylvanica3 #ab a1 maxilla ( same2 #ab b1 labial palpus ( same4 #ac4 ,hornia m9utip5nis1 dorsal view2 #ac a1 lat]al view ( same2 #ac b1 simple claw ( same2 #ac c1 co>ctate l>va2 #ac d1 leg ( ultimate /age ( #b;d l>va4--,aft] ,riley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdd4--,triungul9 /age ( ,/ylops *ildr5i4 ,! life-hi/ory ( ! ,/ylopid is aft] ! same g5]al fa%ion1 ?\gh we d n z yet "k _m ( ! mo/ important details4 ,! females are vivip>\s1 ! "y hat*+ )9 ! body ( ! p>5t1 z we once f\nd z _m z #cjj ( ! v m9ute triungul9 l>v issu+ 9 e direction f ! body ( :at we h reg>d$ z ! female ( ,/ylops *ildr5i 9 a /ylopiz$ ,&r5a caught 9 ! la/ ( ,april4 ,! l>v diff] notably f ^? ( ! ,meloid 9 ! feet be+ bulb\s & )\t claws1 yet x is 9 g5]al ,campodea-l & 9 ess5tial features a triungul9 7,fig4 #fdd74 ,! inte/9e ends 9 a bl9d sac1 z 9 ! l>v ( bees1 & ?is w\ld indicate t its food is honey4 ,! complete life-hi/ory ( no ,/ylopid is completely kn[n4 ,x is probable t1 hat*$ 9 ,june f eggs f]tiliz$ 9 ,april1 ! l>v crawl ^u ! bodies ( bees & wasps2 f9ally1 aft] a s]ies ( l>val /ages z yet unkn[n1#aai p5etrat+ )9 ! abdom5 ( its ho/ be=e ! latt] hib]nates1 & liv+ !re ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,! females1 ow+ to _! p>asitic life1 reta9 ! l>val =m1 :ile ! free males are w+$1 n lead+ 9 ! adult /age a p>asitic life1 ?\gh pass+ _! l>val & pupal /ages 9 ! body ( _! ho/1 & are s unlike ord9>y beetles z to be ref]r$ by good au?orities to a di/9ct ord] 7,/repsipt]a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fde4--,/ylops *ildr5i1 3 a1 abdom5 ( ,&r5a ) ,/ylops 7b74 ,! triungul9 /age ( ^! insects corresponds 9 g5]al to ! =m ( ! l>val ,/aphyl9id & alli$ families1 su* z ! ,t5ebrionid1 :i* are active 9 _! habits1 runn+ ab\t & obta9+ _! food 9 a haphaz>d way1 (t5 necess>ily suff]+ long fa/s4 ,9 ! ext]nal-fe$+1 less active coleopt]\s l>v1 l ! phytophag\s species1 :i* h an un9t]rupt$ supply ( nutriti\s food1 we see t ! body is ?ick & fle%y4 ,s also 9 ! l>v ( ! ,sc>abid1 ,pt9id1 & ! wood-bor+ gr\ps4 ,9 int]nal fe$]s1 l ! l>val weevils & ,scolytid1 :i* live ne>ly motionless 9 se$s1 fruits1 & ! sap-wood ( plants & trees1 ) a con/ant supply ( n\ri%+1 (t5 ri* food1 ! eruci=m body is s(t1 ?ick1 & m or less oval-cyl9drical4 ,s x is ) ! l>v ( ,hym5opt]a1 especially 9 ! p>asitic =ms1 & 9 ! ants1 wasps1 & bees1 :i* are ne>ly if n q motionless1 at lea/ n walk+ ab\t aft] _! food4 ,n[ ! *ange f ! active triungul9 /age to ! s]ies ( second>y1 ne>ly legless1 s$5t>y1 inactive /ages is pla9ly en\gh due to ! *ange ( /ation & to ! *ange ( food4 ,f be+ an indep5d5t1 active1 rov+ triungul91 ! "y insect becomes a lodg] or bo>d]1 f$ at ! exp5se ( its ho/1 & ! lack ( bodily ex]tion1 c\pl$ ) ! pres5ce ( m liquid food ?an is actually ne$$ = its b>e exi/5ce1 at once induces rotundity ( body & a loss ( p[] 9 ! limbs1 foll[$ by _! p>tial or total atrophy4 ,t ?is process ( deg5]ation may ev5 occur 9 "o & ! same /age ( l>val exi/5ce is v well illu/rat$ by :at we "k ( ! life-hi/ory ( ! wasp-p>asite ( ,europe1 ,rhipiphorus p>adoxus4 ,?anks to ! v c>eful & pati5t obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,t4 ,a4 ,*apman1 we h a ne>ly complete life-hi/ory ( ?is beetle1 ! repres5tative ( a family 9 _m respects connect+ ! ,meloid & ,/ylopid4#abj ,:]e ,rhipiphorus lays h] eggs is unkn[n4 ,dr4 ,*apman1 h[ev]1 f\nd a solit>y specim5 ( ! "y l>va 9 ! triungul9 /age4 ,he describes x z 8a little black hexapod1 ab\t #aej in* 74#e mm47 9 l5g?1 & #aabj in* 9 bread?1 broade/ ab\t ! f\r? segm5t1 & tap]+ to a po9t at ! tail2 a triangul> head ) a pair ( ?ree-jo9t$ ant5n ne>ly z long z ! wid? ( ! head1 ) legs v l ^? ( ,melo l>v2 ! tibi end+ 9 two or ?ree claws1 :i* are support$ & ev5 obscur$ by a l>ge transp>5t pulvillus or suck] ( ab\t twice _! l5g?2 ?is 0 m>k$ by fa9t /ri radiat+ f ! extremity ( ! tibi1 giv+ x mu* ! aspect ( a lobe ( a fly's proboscis4 ,ea* abdom9al segm5t _h a v %ort lat]al sp9e po9t+ backw>ds2 ! la/ segm5t t]m9at$ by a l>ge d\ble suck] simil> to ^? ( ! legs2 & ! little animal frequ5tly /ood up on ?is1 & paw$ ! air ) its feet1 z if 9 se>* ( "s fre% object to lay hold (40 ,?is almo/ microscopic l>va f9ds a wasp grub & bores into its body1 probably ent]+ at a po9t ne> ! back ( ! fir/ or second segm5t beh9d ! head4 ,dr4 ,*apman succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! l>va ( ! beetle )9 t ( ! wasp1 be=e ! latt] _h spun up4 8,assum+ t ! wasp l>va lives six days 9 its la/ sk9 be=e sp9n+ up1 ,i %\ld guess t ! y\nge/ ( ^! _h /ill two or ?ree days' fe$+ to d4 ,! ,rhipiphorus l>v 7 b a little way b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! back1 ab\t ! f\r? & fif? segm5ts c\nt+ ! head z ! fir/1 & indiff]5tly on ei!r side4 ,! smalle/ ( ^! 0 #aaf in* 9 l5g?1 &1 except its small] size1 0 precisely l ! l>g] ones ,i am ab\t to ref] to1 hav+ ! same head1 legs1 plates1 etc4 ,^! 7 ( ! same size z ^? ( ! l>g] l>v1 ! diff]5ce 9 size ( ! latt] be+ due to ! expansion ( ! int]m$iate colorless integum5t40 ,aft] ! wasp grub has spun ! silk5 cov]+ ( its cell ! l>va ( ,rhipiphorus may /ill be detect$ 9 "s ( !m1 be+ r5d]$ visible by its black legs & d>k dorsal & v5tral plates4 8,on extract+ ?is l>va1 x be>s a g5]al resemblance 9 size & outl9e to ! y\nge/ l>va ( ,rhipiphorus t ,i _h f\nd fe$+ ext]nally on ! wasp grub1 b ) ! v notable exception ( ! already m5tion$ black m>ks4 ,^! are1 9 fact1 a corne\s head1 six-jo9t$ legs1 & a dorsal & v5tral s]ies ( plates4 ,i imm$iately recogniz$ ! head & legs z id5tical ) ^? ( ! little black mite already describ$1 b pres5t+ a ludicr\s appe>ance 9 be+ widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! :ite sk9 ( ! l>va4 ,i h no d\bt t ! dorsal & v5tral s]ies ( black m>ks are ! correspond+ plates ( ! mite-l l>va float$ away f ea* o!r by ! expansion ( ! int]v5+ membrane4 ,by measurem5t also !y agree exactly 9 size1 al?\gh ! l>va extract$ f ! wasp grub is t5 times ! l5g? & six times ! wid? ( ! little ,melo-l l>va4 ,9 l5g? x is in* 7#d4e mm471 & #abh in* 9 bread?40 ,! rem>kable *anges ?us describ$ 9 ! l>va ( ?is beetle aft] x has begun its p>asitic life )9 ! body ( its ho/ are especially notewor?y because ! great increase 9 size & diff]5ce 9 %ape1 z well z 9 habits1 all take place be=e ! insect has m\lt$4 ,! rapid developm5t 9 size1 & consequ5t di/5sion ( ! body & ! sep>ation ( ! scl]ites ( ! segm5ts beh9d ! head1 are p>allel$1 z ,*apman says1 by ! greatly swoll5 abdom9al region ( ! body 9 ,s>copsylla p5etrans & 9 ! female ( ! ,t]mitid4 ,9 ^? insects ?is di/5sion is due to ! enl>gem5t ( ! ov>ies & ( ! eggs conta9$ )9 !m1 b 9 ! ,rhipiphorus x is due to ! comp>ative inactivity ( ! l>va1 & to its be+ gorg$ ) an un5d+ supply ( ri* food1 ! blood & fat ( its ho/4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t if a s$5t>y life & ov]1 or at lea/ abundant1 nutrition w h ?is effect )9 ! %ort p]iod cov]$ by ! s+le fir/ l>val /age ( ! ,rhipiphorus1 x is reasonable to inf] t ! hyp]metamorphosis is also due to ! same factors4 ,*apman !n goes on to say t f9ally1 )9 six h\rs ( ! "t ( sp9n+ up ( ! wasp grub1 ! ,rhipiphorus l>va at ! end ( ,/age #a41 :i* is 8usually 9 motion1 & = its situation might be call$ tol]ably active1 is se5 to lay hold ( ! int]ior ( ! sk9 ) its ant]ior legs1 & keeps bit+ & scrat*+ ) its /rong & %>p jaws until x is able to ?ru/ ?r\gh its head1 :51 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r1 x completely em]ges by a v]mi=m movem5t2 & at ! same "t x ca/s a sk91 toge!r ) ! black head1 legs1 plates1 etc40 ,! l>va1 n[ 9 its second /age1 passes =w>d & seizes hold ( ! upp] or lat]al aspect ( ! pro?oracic segm5t ( ! wasp grub4 ,on em]g+ x becomes %ort] & ?ick]1 8& v soon loses l5g? by t curv+ =w>d ( its head :i* is s m>k$ 9 ! full-gr[n l>va1 & :i* does n exi/ be=e its em]g5ce40 ,! l>va is n[ f\nd 8ly+ l a coll> imm$iately "u ! head ( ! wasp grub1 & is atta*$ to x by ! head1 ?\gh n v firmly40 ,at ?is /age ! fe$+ ( ! "y ,rhipiphorus is r suck+ ?an eat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdf4--;,fir/ l>va 7a7 ( ,bru*us fab1 greatly enl>g$2 b1 ?oracic processes2 c1 head1 f front2 d1 f side2 e1 ant5na2 f1 ?oracic leg2 g1 re> view ( t>sus2 h1 same1 front view4--,aft] ,riley4 ,:5 ab\t #f mm4 9 l5g? x m\lts a second "t1 & ! full-gr[n l>va closely ?\gh sup]ficially resembles a ,crabro or ,pemphr$on l>va1 ! small head be+ b5t ov] =w>ds4 ,by ! "t x is ready to pupate x has :olly eat5 ! wasp l>va1 & ! temp]ature ( ! cell be+ high1 a l>va #e mm4 long gr[s l>ge en\gh 9 two days to fill ! top ( ! cell ( its ho/1 & ! l>va is ready to pupate ab\t a week aft] hat*+1 s t its developm5t is v rapid4 ,! beetles !mselves d n live 9 ! cells4 ,*apman ?9ks !y hib]nate1 & t ! eggs are laid 9 ! spr+ or summ]4 ,we ?us h 9 ?is insect ?ree l>val /ages1 ! triungul91 & two lat] /ages1 ! great diff]5ces betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/ two be+ app>5tly due to _! p>asitic mode ( life1 ! l>va sp5d+ its second /age )9 its ho/1 involv+ an exi/5ce 9 a cell ) a high temp]ature1 an un9t]rupt$ supply ( ri*1 /imulat+ food1 & a comp>atively s$5t>y mode ( life comp>$ ) t ( ! triungul9 at ! beg9n+ ( its exi/5ce4 ,x is q obvi\s t ! hyp]metamorphosis is prim>ily due to a great *ange 9 its surr\nd+s1 i4e4 ! p>asitic mode ( life ( ! beetle1 habits ( v r>e occurr5ce 9 ! ,coleopt]a1 num]\s 9 species z !y are4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdg4--;,fir/ l>val /age ( ,bru*us pisi3 a1 egg 9 pea-pod2 b1 cross-section ( op5+ ( m9e2 c1 "y l>va & op5+ on inside ( pod by :i* x has ent]$1 enl>g$2 d1 d1 d1 eggs1 natural size2 e1 #a/ l>val /age2 f1 a leg ( same2 g1 pro?oracic sp9\s processes4--,aft] ,riley4 ,9 ?is connection att5tion may be drawn to a sup]num]>y l>val /age obs]v$ by ,riley 9 ! pea- & bean-weevils 7,figs4 #fdf & #fdg74 ,! l>va on hat*+ has long sl5d] legs1 ?\gh diff]+ f ^? ( an ord9>y coleopt]\s l>va 9 hav+ b ?ree jo9ts 7j1 g1 h74 ,?is /age is v %ort1 & ! legs tempor>y1 z1 aft] ent]+ ! bean or pea1 x ca/s its sk91 los+ its legs1 & assum+ ! v]mi=m %ape ( ! second l>val /age4 ,9 ?is case ! *ange f a p$ate to an apod\s l>va is pla9ly en\gh due to ! *ange f an ext]nal fe$]1 l a *rysomelid l>va1 to a l>va lead+ a bor+1 int]nal1 almo/ quiesc5t life4 ,c]ta9 i*neumons also appe> to h two di/9ct l>val /ages1 z ,ratzeburg inf]r$ t 9 ,anomalon !re are f\r l>val /ages 7,fig4 #fdh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdh4--;,hi/ory ( ,anomalon circumflexum3 ,a1 #a/ in/> or /age4 ,b1 #b;d in/>4 ,c1 l>va 9 ! #c;d or ency/$ /age remov$ f its cy/4 ,d1 mature l>va4 ,e1 pupa4--,aft] ,ratzeburg1 f ,%>p4 ,9 ano!r i*neumon1 ,klaplek detect$ :at he calls ! 8sub-nymph40 ,! insect pupates )9 ! case ( a caddis-fly1 ,silo 7,fig4 #fdi74 ,9 ! ,proctotrypid !re is also a hyp]metamorphosis1 ?\gh ! rem>kable precoci\s /ages !y pass ?r\gh are r embryonic ?an l>val4 ,9 a species ( ,platyga/] :i* is p>asitic 9 ! l>va ( ,cecidomia1 ! fir/ l>va 7,cyclops /age7 is ( a rem>kable %ape1 n l an insect1 b rudely resembl+ a p>asitic ,copepod cru/acean4 ,9 ?is condition x cl+s to ! inside ( its ho/ by means ( its hook-l jaws1 mov+ ab\t1 z ,gan9 says1 l a ,ce/odes embryo ) its well-kn[n six hooks4 ,9 ?is /age x has no n]v\s1 vascul>1 or respiratory sy/em1 & ! dige/ive canal is a bl9d "o 7,fig4 #fea74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdi4--,metamorphosis ( ,agriotypus3 ,a1 l>va4 ,b1 8sub-nymph40 ,c1 case ( ! ,silo1 ) ! /r+ ( atta*m5t =m$ by ,agriotypus4 ,d1 section ( ! case3 v#a1 op]culum ( case2 v#b1 cocoon2 ag1 pupa ( ,agriotypus2 e1 exuvia ( same2 w#b1 wall ( cocoon2 s1 rema9s ( ,silo2 w#a1 closure ( case4--,aft] ,klaplek1 f ,%>p4 ,aft] m\lt+1 ! insect entirely *anges its =m2 x is ?ick oval-cyl9drical1 ne>ly motionless1 ) no app5dages1 b ) a dige/ive canal & a n]v\s & vascul> sy/em 7,fig4 #feb74 ,aft] a second m\lt ! ?ird & la/ l>val /age is atta9$1 & ! insect is ( ! ord9>y appe>ance ( i*neumon l>v4 ,n less /rik+ is ! life-hi/ory ( ,polynema1 :i* lays its eggs 9 ^? ( a small dragon-fly 7,agrion virgo74 ,! fir/ l>val /age is mo/ rem>kable4 ,x hat*es z a microscopic immovable be+1 entirely unlike any insect1 ) sc>cely a trace ( organization1 be+ m]ely a flask-%ap$ sac ( cells4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ?is /ate five or six days x m\lts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fej4--;,developm5t ( ,platyga/]3 ,a1 /alk$ egg3 a c5tral cell giv+ orig9 to ! embryo4 ,b1 g1 g]m2 b1 bla/od]m cells4 ,c1 ! same1 f>!r advanc$4 ,d1 cyclops-l embryo3 md1 rudim5ts ( m&ibles2 d1 rudim5t>y pad-l organs1 se5 m develop$ 9 ,e2 /1 bilob$ tail4 ,! second /age1 or ,hi/riobdella-l =m1 z ,gan9 names x1 is m l t lee*-l worm ?an an insect4 ,! ?ird l>val =m is v biz>re1 ?\gh m z 9 insects1 hav+ rudim5t>y ant5n1 m\?-p>ts1 legs1 & ovipositor4 ,9 ?is condition x lives f six to sev5 days be=e pupat+ 7,fig4 #fec74 ,! /range hi/ory ( ano!r egg-p>asite 7,ophioneurus7 agrees 9 "s respects ) t ( ! =ego+ =ms4 ,x is :5 hat*$ ( an oval %ape1 ) sc>cely any organs1 & diff]s f ! g5]a already m5tion$ 9 rema9+ )9 its egg-membrane1 & n assum+ _! /range %apes4 ,f ! cyl9drical sac-l non-segm5t$ l>va resembl+ ! second l>va ( ,platyga/] x passes directly into ! pupa /ate4 ,a f\r? =m1 ,teleas 7,fig4 #fed1 ,a-,d71 is an egg-p>asite ( ,g]ris1 & 9 ,am]ica "o species oviposits 9 ! eggs ( can?us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fea4--;,fir/ l>va ( ,platyga/]3 m1 m\?2 at1 rudim5t>y ant5na2 md1 m&ibles2 d1 tongue-l app5dages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #feb4--,second l>va ( ,platyga/]3 1 sophagus2 ng1 bra92 n1 n]v\s cord2 ga & g1 g5ital organs2 ms1 muscul> b&4 ,! sp9dle-%ap$ l>va 9 its fir/ /age r\ghly resembles a tro*osph]e ( a worm r ?an ! l>va ( an insect s high 9 ! scale z a ,hym5opt]4 ,x is active1 b aft] m\lt+ ! second l>va is oval1 /ill )\t segm5ts4 ,dr4 ,ay]s gives a pr(usion ( details & figures ( ! fir/ & second /ages ( our ,teleas1 ! second /rongly resembl+ ! ,cyclops /age ( ,gan94 ,he describes ?ree /ages1 & ?\gh he did n complete ! life-hi/ory ( ! insect1 he ?9ks x *anges to an ovoid flatt5$ =m :i* succe$s ! ,cyclops /age 9 o!r ,pt]omalid1 & t !re are at lea/ f\r ecdyses4 ,x is difficult to acc\nt = ^! /range l>val =ms1 unless we suppose t ! embryos1 by _! ri*1 abundant food1 h und]gone a premature developm5t1 ! gr[? ( ! body-walls be+ greatly accel]at$1 ! insects s to speak hav+ be51 "u ! /imulus ( ov]-nutrition & _! unusual environm5t1 & p]haps also ! high temp]ature ( ! egg1 hurri$ into v]mian exi/5ce on a plane sc>cely high] ?an t ( an active ciliat$ ga/rula4 ,fur!r obs]vations1 difficult ?\gh !y w be1 are ne$$ to enable u to acc\nt = ! s+ul> prematurity ( ! embryo ( ^! p>asites4 ,t ^! /ages are rev]sional & a direct inh]itance f ! v]mian ance/ors ( ^! insects is n probable1 b ! =ms are evid5tly ! result ( adaptation 9 response to a s]ies ( /imuli ^: nature is 9 "p appreciable b mo/ly unkn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fec4--,?ird l>va ( ,polynema3 at1 ant5na2 fl1 imag9al bud ( w+2 l1 rudim5t>y legs2 tg1 buds ( "o ( ! ?ree pairs ( /yles ( ! ovipositor2 fk1 fat-body2 eg1 e>-l process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fed4--;,a-,d1 developm5t ( ,teleas2 ,a1 /alk$ egg2 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ! #a/ l>val /age3 at1 ant5na2 md1 hook-l m&ibles2 mo1 m\?2 b1 bri/les2 m1 inte/9e2 sw1 ! tail2 ul1 "u lip or labium4 ,e1 l>va ( ano!r p>asite1 ,ophioneurus4--,?is & ,figs4 #fej-fec aft] ,gan94 ,x may be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! appe>ance ( a primitive b& 9 ! second l>val /age sugge/s ! orig9 ( ^! =ms1 z well z t ( insects 9 g5]al1 f a ,p]ipatus-l1 & aga9 f an e>li] lee*-l ,annelid ance/or4 ,h5ce ! fir/ l>val or ,cyclops /age is due to a precoci\s developm5t caus$ by ! unusual environm5t1 & is simply adaptational1 & n ( phylog5etic significance4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,facts ,,& ,,sugge/ions ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,metamorphism ,an explanation ( ! causes ( metamorphosis is "o ( ! mo/ difficult und]tak+s 9 biology1 & ! ph5om5on has be5 consid]$ z "o ( ! *ief difficulties 9 ! way ( ! acceptance ( ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,a review1 h[ev]1 ( ! facts ( hyp]metamorphism1 p>ticul>ly ! life-hi/ory ( ,mantispa1 ?r[s mu* light on ! subject1 s9ce x is v probable t ! sup]num]>y /ages & m>k$ *anges ( =m *>act]iz+ !m are due to *anges ( environm5t1 ( habits1 & ( food1 causes :i* h ex]t$ su* a pr(\nd influ5ce on organic be+s ?r\gh\t all "t4 ,besides ^!1 z ! result ( *anges 9 ! environm5t & nature ( ! food1 we h ! results br\ght ab\t by ! use or disuse ( /ructures br\ght into exi/5ce by ! action ( /imuli f )\t1 ! class ( insects ab\nd+ 9 examples ( tempor>y /ructures :i* p]=m a c]ta9 function1 & !n disappe>4 ,aga91 if ! orig9 ( a hyp]metamorphosis c ?us be expla9$1 x foll[s t normal metamorphosis is mo/ probably due to *anges ( habitat1 ( seasons1 ( food1 & to accel]at$ gr[? result+ f ! approa* ( sexual maturity4 ,! foll[+ facts & conclusions appe> to be well e/abli%$3-- #a4 ,! apt]\s insects 7,synapt]a7 are ametabol\s1 only ! w+$ insects und]go+ a metamorphosis4 #b4 ,! complete metamorphosis 0 n inh]it$ f ! primitive ance/or ( all insects1 b acquir$ at a lat] p]iod 7,f4 ,mll]74 ,! eruci=m type is a second>y1 adaptive =m1 d]iv$ f ! e>li]1 campodeoid type ( l>va4 #c4 ,! e>lie/1 mo/ primitive pt]ygote insects pass$ ?r\gh only a slight metamorphosis4 ,9 o!r words1 z soon z ! w+s 7 evolv$ & insects became adapt$ to live or take refuge 9 a new m$ium1 ! air1 at ! approa* ( ! p]iod ( adult life1 ) ! rip5+ or p]fection ( ! reproductive organs1 a metamorphosis began to take place1 & ! numb] ( species greatly multipli$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ara*nida & ,myriopoda1 9 :i* z a rule !re is no metamorphosis1 be+ conf9$ to a creep+ life1 ) no *ange ( m$ium1 rema9$ poor 9 numb] ( species4 #d4 ,at fir/ ! nymphs ma9ly diff]$ f ! adults 9 lack+ w+s1 ?\gh hav+ ! same habits2 9 holometabol\s insects1 ! l>va became adapt$ to entirely diff]5t habits & environm5ts1 s t 9 ,hym5opt]a1 & especially ,dipt]a1 ! l>va became rem>kably unlike ! imago4 #e4 ,until ! ,mesozoic age1 or late 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 !re 71 s f> z we n[ "k1 only ametabol\s & het]ometabol\s insects1 & ^! ord]s 7,or?opt]a1 ,d]mapt]a1 ,hemipt]a1 ,plectopt]a1 ,odonata1 & ,neuropt]a7 7 n num]ically ri* 9 g5]a & species1 :ile s9ce e>ly ,mesozoic times geological ext9ction has r$uc$ _! numb]s4 #f4 ,dur+ ! ,mesozoic age1 & s9ce !n1 ! numb] ( species1 g5]a1 families1 & ord]s has greatly increas$1 & insects h become m & m holometabol\s4 ,! ord]s ( ,coleopt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,hym5opt]a1 & ,dipt]a are _m fold great] 9 numb] ( species & v>iety ( =m ?an ! het]ometabol\s ord]s4 ,! rapid increase 9 ! numb] & v>iety ( types ( insects evid5tly is correlat$ ) ! pr(\nd geological *anges :i* took place at ! end ( ! ,paleozoic age1 involv+ ! appe>ance ( l>g] cont95tal masses1 or a great] l& area1 ?us op5+ new regions = settlem5t4 ,also ! orig9 ( fl[]+ plants at ab\t ?is "t und\bt$ly _h mu* to d ) ! g5esis ( new adaptive /ructures1 su* z ! *anges 9 ! m\?-p>ts & w+s4 #g4 ,! process ( metamorphosis1 at lea/ 9 ! subtropical1 temp]ate1 & pol> regions1 is l>gely dep5d5t on ! *ange f summ] to w9t]1 &1 9 ! tropics1 f ! ra9y to ! dry season4 ,z reg>ds ! organization ( l>val 7nepionic7 z comp>$ ) imag9al =ms1 ! nymphs & l>v ( insects are1 ) ! exception ( _m ,dipt]a1 ne>ly z p]fectly develop$ z ! adult4 ,9 ?is respect ! immature insect diff]s fundam5tally f ! l>v ( c]ta9 worms 7= example1 ! pilidium ( ,nem]teans7 & f ! pluteus & bra*iol>ia /ages ( e*9od]ms1 :i* possess only dige/ive & wat]-vascul> organs4 ,insect nymphs & l>v also diff] f ! nauplius & zoa ( ,cru/acea 9 hav+ at bir? all ! mo/ important sy/ems ( organs 7dige/ive1 circulatory1 respiratory1 n]v\s1 muscul>1 ) sometimes a ne>ly p]fect$ reproductive sy/em7 ( ! imago1 also ! same numb] ( cephalic1 ?oracic1 & abdom9al segm5ts & app5dages4 ,metamorphism 9 insects involves 7except 9 ! ,dipt]a7 r modifications 9 ! =m & functions ( organs & app5dages already pres5t ?an ! =mation ( new ones4 ,9 l>val ,cru/acea1 ! ?oracic & abdom9al app5dages d n arise until "s "t aft] hat*+ f ! egg4 #h4 ,:ile cases ( ! suppression or abbreviation ( l>val *>act]s & direct developm5t are n uncommon 9 e*9od]ms & cru/aceans1 9 insects ?is ph5om5on occurs only s f> z yet kn[n 9 ! ,dipt]a4 ,9 ^! insects ! polypody 9 ! embryo is outgr[n1 or lo/1 ! embryos & l>v n hav+ ev5 ! tempor>y rudim5ts ( abdom9al app5dages4 ,! campodeoid *>act]s also are entirely suppress$1 dropp$1 or lo/ 9 ! m specializ$ holometabol\s ord]s1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,hym5opt]a1 & ,dipt]a1 ?\gh reta9$ 9 ! m primitive & g5]aliz$ ,coleopt]a4 7,?is proves t ! ,coleopt]a are l[] or m primitive & g5]aliz$ ?an ! o!r ord]s m5tion$47 ,?is abbreviation or loss ( organs is1 z ,hyatt & ,arms claim1 due to ! prepot5cy ( acquir$ *>act]s 9 phylog5y1 & are also ! result ( homo*ron\s h]$ity4 8,! ,insecta ( ! m specializ$ ord]s1 x4-xvi41 af=d1 next to "s p>asites1 ! mo/ notable examples ( ?is mode ( evolution4 ,_! l>val or nepionic1 & pupal or neanic1 /ages are prolong$ at ! exp5se ( ! ephebic1 w+$ /age1 & ! reasons = ?is prolongation are f\nd 9 ! great numb] ( new features introduc$ into ^! /ages ( developm5t 9 ^! ord]s z contra/$ ) ^? ( ! m primitive1 &1 9 l>ge "p1 m anci5t ord]s1 i4-ix4 ,! law ( ta*yg5esis has be5 at "w "h1 z 9 ! =m] cases allud$ to above1 & x is %[n 9 ! encroa*m5ts ( ! adaptive *>act]i/ics ( ! cat]pill>1 grub1 & maggot ^u ! inh]it$ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,?ysanuran /age1 :i* loses its ance/ral *>act]i/ics1 until 9 mo/ cases !y are ei!r obsolete or recognizable ) difficulty40 7,hyatt & ,arms1 ,natural ,sci5ce1 #ahif1 p4 #djj47 #i4 ,9 ! holometabol\s insects !re is a re/+1 quiesc5t /age dur+ ! pupal p]iod1 :5 ! insect takes no food4 ,9 ?is respect ! m specializ$ insects diff] f o!r metamorphic animals4 ,! l>va has an abundant supply ( fat la/+ ?r\gh pupal life1 :ile 9 ! quiesc5t pupa1 respiration & circulation is mu* less5$1 ! animal be+ z a rule motionless4 ,?is re/+ /age is also necess>y = ! hi/olysis & =mation ( ! adult body f ! imag9al buds pres5t 9 ! l>va4 #aj4 ,! hyp]metamorphosis ( ,mantispa1 ,melo1 ,/ylops1 etc41 indicate v pla9ly t ! eruci=m type ( l>va is d]iv$ f ! campodeoid1 s9ce "o & ! same insect passes ?r\gh ^! /ages be=e rea*+ sexual maturity4 #aa4 ,z obs]v$ by ,miall1 ! l>va ( insects diff]s f t ( o!r inv]tebrate animals 9 be+ l>g] ?an ! adult4 #ab4 ,! metamorphoses ( insects are 9 "s important respects p>allel$ by ^? ( ! ,amphibia4 ,! case ( pdog5esis ( ,*ironomus af=ds a p>allel ) t ( ! ,sir$on1 or l>va ( ,ambly/oma4 ,also ! organs & app5dages ( ! insects1 su* z cat]pill>s1 are pres5t1 j z ! skeleton & o!r organs ( ! tadpole are ! homologues ( ^? ( ! adult1 al?\gh ^! p>ts und]go a pr(\nd modification1 & new /ructures are add$4 7,see ! discussion ( ?is po9t by ,miall1 & by ,hyatt & ,arms47 ,!oretical conclusions2 ,causes ( metamorphosis4--,x results f a review ( ! kn[n facts1 toge!r ) reasonable inductions f su* facts1 t s f> f oppos+ ! !ory ( desc5t1 ! facts ( metamorphosis1 & p>ticul>ly ( hyp]metamorphosis1 seem to af=d solid f\ndation = ! !ory4 ,:ile natural selection 0 n ! initiative cause1 x plays a "p z "o ( sev]al factors2 b ! fundam5tal causes are ! same z ^? :i* h controll$ ! orig9 ( species & ( ! l>g] gr\ps ( animals 9 g5]al4 ,ow+ to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 due to ov]cr[d+1 ! e>ly insects 7 =c$ to take to ! air1 acquir+ w+s to enable !m to avoid ! attacks ( creep+ & runn+ insects4 ,9 ! end ! insects became1 ow+ to ?is acquisition ( w+s1 & aft]w>ds to ! e/abli%m5t ( a complicat$ metamorphosis1 num]ically ! mo/ successful type ( life 9 exi/5ce1 ! numb] ( species1 ext9ct & liv+1 m\nt+ into ! millions4 ,all aquatic insects are evid5tly ! desc5dants ( t]re/rial =ms1 & ! numb]less contrivances & tempor>y l>val organs1 p>ticul>ly ( dipt]\s l>v1 are evid5tly adaptations to ! ne$s ( ! insect dur+ its aquatic life1 & :i* are ca/ aside :5 ! creature passes to a diff]5t m$ium4 ,! sudd5 or ta*yg5ic appe>ance ( tempor>y /ructures1 su* z hat*+ sp9es1 v>i\s set1 sp9es1 respiratory organs1 s *>act]i/ic ( dipt]\s l>v1 & ( ! protective colors & m>k+s ( cat]pill>s1 & :i* are disc>d$ at pupation1 or imag9ation1 are evid5tly due to ! action ( /imuli f )\t1 to ! prim>y neolam>ckian factors1 ! *>act]s prop] to ea* l>val /adium1 & to ! pupal & imag9al /adia1--*>act]s probably acquir$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ! individual1--becom+ f9ally fix$ by homo*ron\s h]$ity4 ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,po/embryonic ,,developm5t ,,& ,,metamorphoses ,h]old1 ,moritz ,johann ,david4 ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,s*mett]l+e anatomis* und physiologis* be>beitet4 7,cassel1 u4 ,m>burg1 #ahae4 #cc ,taf41 #d1 pp4 #a-aah1 i-xxxiv47 ,ratzeburg1 ,f4 ,t4 ,c4 ,ueb] ,entwickelung des fusslos5 ,hym5opt]5-l>v51 mit besond]] ,rcksigt auf die ,gattung ,=mica4 7,nova ,acta ,natur4 ,curios41 xvi1 #ahcb1 pp4 #ade-agf47 ,agassiz1 ,l\is4 ,! classification ( insects f embryological data4 7,smi?sonian ,contr41 ii1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahea1 pp4 #bh1 #a ,pl47 ,gan91 ,m4 ,beitrge zur ,erk5ntniss d] ,entwicklungsges*i*te bei d5 ,insect54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xix1 #ahfi1 pp4 #cha-dea1 #d ,taf47 ---- ,ueb] die ,embryonalhlle d] ,hym5opt]5- und ,lepidopt]5-embryon54 7,mm4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg 7#g71 xiv1 #ahfi1 pp4 #ah1 #a ,pl47 ---- ,mat]iali5 zur ,k5ntniss d] po/-embryonal5 ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,insect54 7,russian47 ,w>s*au1 #ahgf4 7,abdruck aus d5 ,arbeit5 d] ,v4 ,v]sammlung russis*] ,naturf4 und ,a]zte 9 ,w>s*au1 #ahgf4 ,ab/ract by ,hoy] 9 ,jahresb]4 d] ,anat4 und ,phys4 von ,h(fmann und ,s*walbe1 v1 #ahgf1 & 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xxviii1 #ahgg1 pp4 #chf-chi47 ,weismann1 ,a4 ,die na*embryonale ,entwicklung d] ,muscid5 na* ,beoba*tung5 an ,musca vomitoria und ,s>cophaga c>n>ia4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xiv1 #ahfd1 pp4 #aja-bfc1 ,taf4 #h-ad47 ---- ,die ,metamorphose von ,core?ra plumicornis4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xvi1 #ahff1 pp4 #a-hc1 #e ,taf47 ,pack>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,obs]vations on ! developm5t & position ( ! ,hym5opt]a1 ) notes on ! morphology ( insects4 7,proce$+s ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #ahff1 pp4 #bgi-bie47 ,knckel d',h]culais1 ,j4 ,re*]*es sur l'organisation et le dveloppem5t des ,volucelles4 ,p>is1 #ahge1 ,pt4 ,i1 pp4 #bjh1 #ab ,pis42 ,,ii1 #ahha4 ,atlas ( #ae ,pls4 ,dewitz1 ,h4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] po/-embryonal5 ,gli$maass5bildung bei d5 ,insect54 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xxx1 ,suppl41 #ahgh1 pp4 #gh-aje1 #a ,taf42 ,na*trag1 ,ibid41 pp4 #be-bh47 ---- ,ueb] die ,flgelbildung bei ,phryganid5 und ,lepidopt]54 7,b]l4 ,ent4 ,zeits*r41 xxv1 #ahha1 pp4 #ec-ff1 #b ,taf47 ,l[ne1 ,b4 ,?4 ,anatomy1 physiology1 morphology1 & developm5t ( ! bl[-fly4 ,london1 ,"p ,i1 #ahhj2 ,"p ,,ii1 #ahia4 ,viallanes1 ,h4 ,re*]*es sur l'hi/ologie des ,insectes et sur les phnomnes hi/ologiques qui accompagn5t le dveloppem5t po/-embryonnaire de ces animaux4 7,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat4 7#f71 xiv1 #ahhb47 ,mets*nik(f1 ,e4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] intracellulre ,v]dauung bei wirbellos5 ,?i]54 7,arb4 a4 d4 zoolog4 ,in/4 zu ,wi541 v1 #ahhc47 ---- ,unt]su*ung5 b] die mesod]mal5 ,phagocyt5 e9ig] ,wirbel?i]e4 7,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 iii1 #ahhc47 ,wiel[iejsky1 ,h4 v4 ,ueb] d5 ,fettkrp] von ,core?ra plumicornis und se9e ,entwicklung4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 vi ,jahrg41 #ahhc1 pp4 #cah-cbb47 ,pancritius1 ,p4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d] ,flgel5twicklung bei d5 ,insect54 ,94-,diss4 ,knigsb]g1 #ahhd4 ,rees1 ,j4 van4 ,ov] intra-cellulaire spijsv]te]+ en ov] de beteek5is d] witte blo$li*ampjes4 7,ma&blad voor ,natuurwet5s*app51 xi ,ja>g41 #ahhd1 pp4 #bh47 ---- ,ov] de po/-embryonale ontwikkel+ von ,musca vomitoria4 7,ma&blad voor ,natuurwet5s*app51 ,juli1 #ahhe47 ---- ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] inn]5 ,metamorphose von ,musca vomitoria4 7,zool4 ,jahrb4 ,ab?4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,ontog41 iii1 #ahhh1 pp4 #a-acd1 #b ,taf41 #ad ,figs47 ,fr5zel1 ,j4 ,e9iges b] d5 ,mitteld>m d] ,insect51 s[ie b] ,epi!l-reg5]ation4 7,ar*4 ,micr4 ,anat41 xxvi1 #ahhe47 ,k[alevsky1 ,a4 ,beitrge zur na*embryonal5 ,entwicklung d] ,muscid54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 viii1 #ahhe1 pp4 #ih1 #abc1 #aec47 ---- ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] na*embryonal5 ,entwicklung d] ,muscid54 7,i4 ,!il41 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xlv1 #ahhg1 pp4 #edb-eid1 #e ,taf47 ,s*neid]1 ,ant4 ,ueb] die ,anlage d] ,ges*le*tsorgane und die ,metamorphose des ,h]z5s bei d5 ,insect54 7,zool4 ,beitrge1 #ahhe1 i1 pp4 #adj-adc1 #a ,taf47 ,rehb]g1 ,a4 ,ueb] die ,entwickelung des ,insect5flgels 7an ,blatta g]manica74 7,m>i5w]d]1 #ahhf1 pp4 #ab1 #a ,taf47 ,s*eff]1 ,c4 ,beitrge zur ,hi/ologie d] ,insect54 7,sp5gel's ,zool4 ,jahrb41 iii1 ,ab?4 f4 ,anat41 #ahhi1 pp4 #faa-feb1 #b ,taf47 ,hur/1 ,h4 ,! po/-embryonic developm5t ( a gnat 7,culex74 ,man*e/]1 #ahij1 pp4 #bf1 #a ,pl4 ,v]son1 ,e4 ,d] ,s*mett]l+sflgel und die sog4 ,imag9als*eib5 desselb54 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xiii1 #ahij1 pp4 #aaf1 #aag47 ,bugnion1 ,ed\>d4 ,re*]*es sur le dveloppem5t po/-embryonnaire1 l'anatomie1 et les murs de l',encyrtus fuscicollis4 7,recueil zool4 ,suisse1 v1 #ahia1 pp4 #dce-ecd1 #f ,pls47 ,pet]s51 ,wilhelm4 ,die ,entwicklung des ,s*mett]l+s na* dem ,v]lass5 d] ,pupp5hlle4 7,deuts*4 ,ent4 ,zeits*r41 #ahia1 #b lepid4 ,hft41 pp4 #aii-bad1 #e ,figs47 ,kulag91 ,nicolas4 ,notice p\r s]vir l'hi/oire de dveloppem5t des hymnoptres p>asites4 7,congrs int]national de ,zoologie1 #b;e ,session1 ,mosc\1 #ahib1 pp4 #bec-bgg4 ,also 9 ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xv1 #ahib1 pp4 #he-hg47 ---- ,on ! developm5t ( ,platyga/]4 7,j\rn4 ( ,fri5ds ( ,nat4 ,sc4 ,mosc[4 ,zool41 #ahij47 7,9 ,russian47 ---- ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,entwicklungsges*i*te von ,platyga/]4 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 lxiii1 #ahig1 pp4 #aie-bce1 #b ,taf47 ,miall1 ,l4 ,c41 & ,hammond1 ,a4 ,r4 ,! developm5t ( ! head ( ,*ironomus4 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 #b;d ,s]41 v1 #ahib1 pp4 #bfe-bgi1 #d ,pls47 ,pratt1 ,h5ry ,s4 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,pupip>54 ,94-,diss4 ,b]l91 #ahic1 pp4 #ec 7,ar*iv f4 ,naturges*41 #ahic71 #a ,taf4 ---- ,imag9al discs 9 insects4 7,psy*e1 viii1 #ahig1 pp4 #ae-cj1 #aa ,figs47 ,gon91 ,j4 ,re*]*es sur la mtamorphose des lpidoptres4 ,de la =mation des app5dices imag9aux dans la *5ille du ,pi]is brassic4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,vaud4 sc4 nat41 xxx1 #ahid1 pp4 #a-eb1 #e ,pls47 ,heymons1 ,r4 ,ueb] ,flgelbildung bei d] ,l>ve von ,t5ebrio molitor4 7,sitz4 ,b]4 ,gesell4 ,natf4 ,freunde4 ,b]l91 ,jahrg4 #ahif1 pp4 #adb-add1 #a ,fig47 ,also ! writ+s ( ,malpighi1 ,swamm]dam1 ,de ,ge]1 ,lyonet1 ,bonnet1 ,newport1 ,brau]1 ,*apman1 ,fabre1 ,val]y-,mayet1 ,riley1 ,*obaut1 ,nasson[1 ,miall 7,nature1 #ahie1 pp4 #aeb-aeh71 ,hyatt & ,arms 7,natural ,sci5ce1 #ahif1 pp4 #cie-djc74 ,,end ,,( ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,index ,illu/ration ,abantiades1 #eg4 ,abbreviation ( l>val *>act]s1 #gjg4 ,abdom51 #afb4 ,abdom9al app5dages1 9 ! embryo1 #afd2 embryonic app5dages1 #dgf2 jo9t$ app5dages1 #dfh4 ,acetabulum1 #id4 ,acid1 =mic1 #ceh2 uric1 #ceb4 ,ac9ose saliv>y gl&s1 #ccd4 ,ac\/ic n]ve1 #bij4 ,acronycta1 #fae2 ha/ulif]a1 #aid4 ,acrydium1 #dba4 ,actias luna1 its cocoon-cutt]s1 #fcd4 ,adelops1 #fcj4 ,adhesive hairs1 #aaa1 #aac2 fluid1 #aac2 gl&s1 #cfj4 ,adiscota1 #fgb4 ,adm9icula1 #fbi4 ,adranes ccus1 #eg4 ,adult insects1 tra*eal gills (1 #dgf4 roscepsis1 #bfe4 s*na1 #ec2 rectal respiration 9 nymph (1 #dfc4 ,agriotypus1 hyp]metamorphosis (1 #gja4 ,ail]on1 #abd4 ,air-sacs1 #def2 use (1 #deg4 ,aletia xyl9a1 tongue (1 #ff4 ,aleurodicus1 #eah4 ,aleyrodes1 #eah4 ,alitrunk1 #ij4 ,allur+ gl&s1 #cia4 ,alula1 #abc1 #abe4 ,ametabola1 acquir$1 #eii4 ,ametabolia1 #eif4 ,amnion1 #ecc2 abs5ce (1 #ecd2 cavity1 #ecb2 fold1 #eca2 sk91 %$d+ (1 #ehd4 ,amphizoa1 #dfa4 ,anabolia furcata1 buccal organs (1 #gd4 ,anabrus1 #di1 #gc2 cuticula (1 #ahg4 ,anal gl&s1 #cai1 #cbf1 #cgb2 op]culum1 #aha2 silk gl&s1 #cdf4 ,&roconia1 #aig1 #aii4 ,anisomorpha1 #cga4 ,anisopleura1 lat]al gills (1 #dfh4 ,anobium1 #bic1 #fbj4 ,anomalon1 hyp]metamorphosis (1 #gja4 ,anoph?almus1 bra9 (1 #bda2 head (1 #gd2 olfactory organs (1 #bgf2 saliv>y gl&s (1 #ccd2 tongue (1 #gd4 ,anoplus1 #aja4 ,ant1 cem5t gl&s (1 #cfj2 organ ( he>+ 91 #bia2 ta/e 91 #bhb2 phosphoresc5t1 #dbd2 poison sac (1 #cei2 s\nds produc$ by1 #bid2 /+less1 #cei4 ,antefurca1 #ib4 ,ant5n1 #eg2 imag9al buds (1 #ffe2 orig9 ( imag9al f l>val1 #fef2 use (1 #ei1 #bgj4 ,ant5nal auditory hairs1 #bib2 lobes1 #bcg2 n]ves1 #fej4 ,an!ra1 #faf4 ,an?rax1 #fab4 ,anurida1 #ea2 m>itima1 #ecg4 ,anurophorus1 #dbd4 ,anus1 #cai2 abs5ce (1 #cjj1 #cbj2 ( embryo1 #ecg4 ,aphides1 *anges ( color 91 #bje2 honey dew (1 #cfd2 wax gl&s (1 #cfd4 ,aphis1 #faf2 r$uction ( t>sal jo9ts (1 #ajc4 ,aphrophora p]mutata1 w+s (1 #ada4 ,apis1 prem&ibul> segm5t 9 embryo (1 #eb2 g]m-lay]s (1 #eeh4 ,apneu/ic type ( tra*eal sy/em1 #dei4 ,apodemes1 #ib4 ,apod\s l>v1 #ajc4 ,app5dages1 abdom9al jo9t$ app5dages1 #dfh2 abdom9al1 orig9 (1 #eej1 #eea2 abdom9al1 abs5ce (1 #eej2 cephalic1 orig9 (1 #edh2 ( embryo1 #edh1 #eea2 oral1 #edi2 ?oracic1 orig9 (1 #eej4 ,aquatic insects1 #dei2 desc5t (1 f t]re/rial1 #gjh2 life1 adaptations to1 #dfj4 ,ara*nida1 #f4 ,arctia1 #cia4 ,arctian l>v1 #fae4 ,argida1 #cia4 ,armature1 #ahg1 #aib4 ,arolium1 #ig1 #ajj1 #aac4 ,ar?rom]es1 #cj4 ,ar?ropoda1 classes (1 #c4 ,artic]us1 #eg4 ,ascalaphus1 #faf4 ,a%1 on ev]sible gl&s1 #cgg4 ,asilus1 m\?-p>ts (1 #gi4 ,aspidiotus1 #ech1 #fbg2 n]ii1 hyp]metamorphosis ( male (1 #fij2 n]ii1 metamorphosis ( male (1 #fdj1 #fij4 ,ateu*us sac]1 #aja4 ,attacus1 mode ( escape f its cocoon1 #fce4 ,attac9e mo?s1 #fcd4 ,attelabus1 #ech4 ,auditory organs1 #bhg4 ,aud\91 on ! m$ian segm5t1 #afc2 on p]itreme1 #ij4 ,autolyca1 #cga4 ,auz\x1 on ! saliv>y gl&s ( silkworm1 #ccb4 ,ay]s1 on embryonic abdom9al app5dages1 #eej2 on fecundation ( ! egg1 #eje2 on hyp]metamorphosis ( ,teleas1 #gjc2 on orig9 ( he>t1 #egc4 ,btisca1 #dfg4 ,balanc]s1 #abd4 ,balbiani1 on ! pol> cells ( ,*ironomus1 #ehj4 ,ball[itz1 on sp]matozoa1 #dig4 ,b&1 g]m9al1 #eca2 invag9at$1 #ech2 ov]gr[n1 #ech2 primitive1 #eca1 #ecf1 #ede4 ,bapata1 #cib4 ,basil> membrane ( eye1 #bec4 ,bee1 honey1 air-sacs (1 #deh2 brea?+ (1 #def2 cem5t gl&s (1 #cfj2 egg (1 #eba2 flight (1 #aea2 head1 #hj2 m\lt+ (1 #faa2 m\?-p>ts (1 #gi2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #fah2 prem&ibul> segm5t 9 embryo (1 #eb2 saliv>y gl&s (1 #ccd2 sanit>y conditions obs]v$ by its l>va1 #fbc2 sem9al packet (1 #ejj2 sp]ma!ca1 #ejf2 tongue (1 #hj1 #ha2 tra*e (1 #deh2 wax gl&s (1 #cfd4 ,bee's foot1 action (1 9 climb+1 #aad2 /+1 #agb4 ,bees1 twi/$ hairs (1 #ahi4 ,beetles1 anal gl&s (1 #cgb2 phosphoresc5t1 #dbd2 tongue (1 #gc2 tracks (1 #ajf2 walk+1 #ajc4 ,b5asus griseus1 tongue (1 #gc4 ,bladd]1 ur9>y1 #ce4 ,blanc1 on saliv>y gl&s ( silkworm1 #cca1 #ccb2 on silk gl&s ( silkworm1 #cdj2 on sp9n+ gl&s ( silkworm1 #cdj4 ,blaps1 #cgc2 gait (1 #aji2 tracks (1 #aji1 #aaa4 ,bla/od]m1 #ebf1 #ebi4 ,blatta1 #dc1 #fi2 egg-tubes (1 #eja2 embryology (1 #ecg4 ,blattid1 ftid gl&s (1 #cgj4 ,bleph>oc]a1 #dgd4 ,blo*man1 on embryology ( ,musca1 #ecj4 ,blood1 #djg2 corpuscles1 #djg1 #dai1 #egd2 cry/als f1 #djg2 -=m+ cells1 #egd1 #fhe2 gills1 #dge2 ve9s ( w+s1 #aba2 lacun1 #egc2 repell5t nature (1 #cgd1 #djg2 s]um1 #djg2 tissue1 #djh1 #dai2 vessels 9 ! head1 #dje4 ,bl[-fly1 duration ( embryonic life (1 #ehb2 egg (1 #eba4 ,boas1 on spiracles ( ,melolon?a l>va1 #dci4 ,bobretsky1 on embryology ( ,pi]is1 #ebi4 ,body1 cavity1 =mation (1 #efc1 #eff2 c5tral1 #bcb1 #bcg2 completion ( embryonic1 #eee2 =m1 developm5t ( out]1 #ffh2 mu%room1 #bcc2 p$unculat$1 #bcb1 #bcc2 /alk$1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,boll1 on repell5t gl&s1 #cga4 ,bombus1 #bai1 #fah2 po/-embryonic *anges 91 #ffa4 ,bombyx mori1 #cci1 #cff1 #dje1 #dif1 #dii1 #fjh2 embryonic abdom9al legs (1 #eeb4 ,bordas1 on poison gl&s1 #ceh2 on saliv>y gl&s ( ,hym5opt]a1 #ccg4 ,bot-fly1 ( horse1 #dge2 ( ox1 #eah4 ,bo?rio?orax1 #fbc4 ,bra91 #bbb1 #bbf2 developm5t (1 #efg2 hi/ology (1 #bch2 modifications (1 9 diff]5t ord]s1 #bdj4 ,brau]1 on ,campodea-=m l>v1 #fjj-fjb2 on metamorphosis1 #eih4 ,brea?+1 me*anism (1 #dea2 rectal1 #dfc4 ,br91 #cdb4 ,bri/les1 #ahh4 ,bru*us1 hyp]metamorphosis (1 #gjj4 ,buccal app5dages1 #ei4 ,bucculatrix1 #fcd4 ,buckton1 on *ange ( color 9 aphides1 #bje4 ,buds1 ant5nal1 #ffe2 buccal1 #ffe2 fem]otibial1 #fef2 frontal1 #fgf2 imag9al1 #fgd2 ( ,encyrtus1 #ffc2 ,melophagus1 #fhf2 ocul>1 #ffe2 ( ovipositor1 #ffe2 ( w+s1 #ffi4 ,bugnion1 on composition ( head ( ,hym5opt]a1 #ee2 on ! g]ms ( ! sexual gl&s ( ,encyrtus1 #ehb2 on ! imag9$ buds ( ovipositor1 #aga2 on ! po/-embryonic *anges 9 ,hym5opt]a1 #ffc4 ,burgess1 on colors1 #bjc2 on hypoph>ynx1 #gf2 on scales1 #aie4 ,burmei/]1 on organs ( smell1 #bfe4 ,bursa copulatrix1 #eje4 ,busg51 on honey dew1 #cfe4 ,bts*li1 on an "u-lip /ructure 9 bee1 #edg2 on orig9 & morphology ( ! tra*e1 #ddg2 on prem&ibul> segm5t1 #eb2 on tempor>y abdom9al app5dages1 #eej4 ,butt]fly1 atrophy ( t>si (1 #ajb2 olfactory organs (1 #bgd2 l>val1 hib]nat+1 #fae4 ,caddis-worm1 blood-gills (1 #dge2 ev]sible gl&s (1 #cge2 pupal m&ibles (1 #fcc4 ,cca ( mid-inte/9e1 #cjj1 #cbe1 #cdg1 #cdh2 secretion (1 #cdh4 ,calc>1 #ig4 ,calc>ia1 #ig4 ,calculi 9 inte/9e1 #cbe4 ,calliphora vomitoria1 #fah2 eggs (1 #eba4 ,callosamia prome!a1 #aib2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #faf4 ,callosune1 #bjb4 ,calopt5us1 #dc4 ,calopt]yx1 #ed1 #dfd4 ,caltrops1 #ahi4 ,calypta1 #abd4 ,calyx ( bra91 #bcc4 ,campodea1 embryology (1 #bb1 #eb2 ligula (1 #gba2 m\lt+ (1 #faf2 prem&ibul> segm5t (1 #eb4 ,campodea-=m l>va1 #fjj4 ,campodeoid *>act]s1 loss (1 9 holometabol\s insects1 #gjg2 l>v1 #fjj4 ,capill>y tra*e1 #fee4 ,c>abidoid /age1 #fib4 ,c>abus1 walk+1 #ajg2 tracks (1 #aji4 ,c>diac valvule1 #cab4 ,c>diobla/s1 #egb4 ,c>do1 #fc4 ,c>let1 on ! poison app>atus ( bees1 #ceg2 on walk+ 9 beetles1 #aji2 on wax gl&s1 #cfd4 ,c>us1 on ! circulation1 #cig1 #dji4 ,case-worms1 blood gills (1 #dge2 functional saliv>y gl&s (1 #cca2 sp9n+ gl&s (1 #ccg4 ,cat]pill>1 actions be=e pupation1 #fdd2 *anges 9 m\?-p>ts dur+ metamorphosis1 #fde2 ev]sible sacs (1 #cge2 excrem5t (1 be=e pupation1 #fdd2 int]nal *anges 91 #fde2 m\lt+ (1 #fji2 numb] ( m\lts 91 #fae4 ,catocala1 #cib4 ,cauliculus1 #bcc4 ,cavity1 p]ipodal1 #ffi4 ,cecidomyia1 #aac2 ur9>y tubes (1 #cea4 ,cells1 absorb5t1 #cbh2 amboid egg1 #ebi2 egg1 #ejb2 embryonic1 ( buds ( l>val ,lepidopt]a1 #fee2 g5ital1 #ege2 setig5\s1 #aia4 ,cem5t gl&s1 #cfj4 ,c5trosome1 #ebe4 ,c]atopogon1 #fgh4 ,c]ci1 #afd1 #agh4 ,c]copoda1 #afd1 #agh4 ,c]ura1 #cge4 ,ceu?ophilus1 #cic4 ,*abri]1 on use ( elytra1 #aei4 ,*alicodoma1 #edb4 ,*amb]s1 egg1 #ejb2 yolk1 #ejb4 ,*apman1 on crema/]1 #fcf2 ! hyp]metamorphosis ( ,rhipiphorus1 #fig2 on mode ( escape f cocoon1 #fcb1 #fcc2 on ! m\lt+ fluid1 m\lt+ ( arctians1 #fae2 on value ( pupal *>act]s1 #fbh4 ,*]mes1 #cfa4 ,*e%ire1 on admission ( air into bee's cocoon1 #fbc2 on bee's foot1 #aad2 on bee's /+1 #agb2 on bee's tongue1 #gi1 #hb4 ,*iasma1 #bca4 ,*ironomus1 #cf1 #dia2 =mation ( ! imago 91 #fga1 #fgh2 pol> cells (1 #ehj4 ,*it91 #bi4 ,*lnius1 bra9 (1 #bda4 ,*olodk[sky1 on homologies ( propleg or abdom9al leg ( cat]pill>s1 #eeb2 on patagia1 #hi2 on te/es ( ,lepidopt]a1 #dif2 on ur9>y tubes1 #ced4 ,*ordotonal organs1 #bhi4 ,*orion1 #ebj1 #ecd4 ,*romat91 #dih4 ,*rysalis1 #fbe2 mode ( susp5sion (1 #fcg4 ,*rysopa1 #eag1 #ebe4 ,*un1 on ! tnidia1 #dde4 ,cicada1 %rill+ organ (1 #bie4 ,cicada septemdecim1 #faf2 hat*+ (1 #ehd4 ,cimbex1 #cgd4 ,circulation1 ( blood1 #dji2 organs (1 #cig2 p]itra*eal1 #cig4 ,ci!ronia1 #cib4 ,clasp]s1 #agf1 #agi4 ,claus1 on ev]sible gl&s1 #cgd4 ,clavola1 #eg4 ,climb+1 mode (1 #aaf4 ,closure1 dorsal1 ( embryo1 #eef4 ,clypeus1 #edf1 #edg4 ,co>ctate ,dipt]a1 #fbj4 ,coccid1 male1 #fbf2 metamorphosis (1 #fda4 ,cocc9ella1 m\lt+ (1 #faa4 ,cocc9ellid1 #cge4 ,cock]ell1 on hat*+ ( mantis1 #ehd4 ,cockroa*1 #dee1 #def1 #dhg2 bra9 (1 #bbi1 #bdb2 cem5t gl&s (1 #cfj2 *orion ( egg (1 #eba2 circulation ( blood 9 w+s (1 #daj2 collet]ial gl&s1 #ejf2 deposition ( eggs (1 #eai2 dige/ion (1 #cbe2 egg-tubes (1 #eja2 ftid gl&s (1 #cgj2 micropyle ( eggs (1 #ebc2 mode ( hat*+1 #ehc2 o!ca (1 #eag2 w+less1 #eih4 ,cocoon1 admission ( air 91 #fbc2 break]1 #fcd2 cutt]1 #fcd2 =mation (1 #fai2 mode ( escape f1 #fce2 sp9n+ (1 #fba4 ,ccal app5dages ( /oma*1 #cjj1 #cbe1 #cdg4 ,ccum ( colon1 #cah1 #cbe4 ,clom-sac1 #efc1 #eff1 #egf4 ,coleopt]a1 embryology (1 #ecg2 gu/atory organs (1 #bhd2 int]nal *anges dur+ metamorphosis (1 #fda2 l>val types (1 #fjd1 #fjf2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #fag2 olfactory organs (1 #bge2 phosphoresc5t1 #dba2 pupa (1 #fcj2 saliv>y gl&s (1 #ccd2 sem9al ducts (1 #dif2 s\nds produc$ by1 #bic2 sp]matozoa (1 #dig1 #dii2 tongue (1 #gc4 ,collet]ial gl&s1 #ejf4 ,colon1 #cag2 ccum (1 #cah4 ,color s5se1 #bfj4 ,colors1 #bja2 d]mal1 #bjc2 int]f]5ce1 #bja1 #bjb2 metallic1 #bjd2 natural1 #bjc2 optical1 #bja2 ord] ( developm5t (1 #bjh4 ,comb1 t>sal1 #ig4 ,commissure ( sophageal r+1 #bcg4 ,conditions ( exi/5ce1 #dfc4 ,cone1 cry/all9e1 #bej1 #bea4 ,conglobate gl&1 #dhg4 ,coniopt]yx1 #fbj4 ,conjunctivus1 #fa4 ,conorh9us1 #faf4 ,cope1 on causes ( segm5tation ( body ( ar?ropods1 #cc4 ,copidosoma1 #fbc4 ,copris c>ol9a1 #fa4 ,copulation1 signs (1 #ejg4 ,copulatory p\*1 #eje4 ,cord1 /igmatic1 #dfj2 suprasp9al1 #bdj4 ,core?ra1 #dcc1 #dfj1 #fah2 auditory organs (1 #bia2 =mation ( ! imago 91 #ffh1 #fgh2 plumicornis1 w+-g]ms (1 #abi2 tra*eoles (1 #acc4 ,corixa1 eggs (1 #ech4 ,cornea1 #bej4 ,corneal l5s1 #bej4 ,corydalus1 #df1 #dh1 #ei1 #gj1 #dfj1 #dfh4 ,corydalus cornutus1 hat*+ sp9e (1 #ehe4 ,co/e1 on pigm5ts1 #bjf4 ,cotylosoma1 #dgh4 ,coxa1 #ie2 orig9 ( imag9al f l>val1 #fef4 ,coxal gl&s1 #cfi2 sacs1 #dge2 ( myriopods1 #ad4 ,crema/]1 #fcf2 abs5ce (1 #fcf2 mode ( =mation (1 9 butt]flies1 #fcg4 ,crema/ral hook-sp9e1 #fch4 ,cricket1 #dhg2 anal gl&s (1 #cgb4 ,crop1 #cjc1 #cbd4 ,cru/acea1 #d4 ,cucujo1 #dbf4 ,cun1 on blood1 #cgd1 #djh2 corrosive gl&s1 #egd2 dige/ion1 #cbi2 leucocytes1 #dba2 phagocytes1 #dba1 #dbb4 ,cuill]on1 #abd4 ,culex1 #dfa1 #dfe1 #dgd1 #eii2 =mation ( ! imago 91 #ffh1 #fgh2 m\?-p>ts (1 #gh2 phosphoresc5t1 #dbd2 s5se ( he>+ 91 #bib2 ur9>y tubes (1 #cej4 ,cup1 sp]matophore1 #dii4 ,cuticula1 #ahg1 #bjc2 new lay] (1 =mation (1 #fab4 ,cyclops /age ( ,proctotrypid p>asites1 #gja4 ,cyphon1 #dgb4 ,cytoplasm1 #ebe4 ,dahl1 on con/ancy ( numb] ( six legs1 #ajj2 on motion ( insects on smoo?1 #ajj1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aaf4 ,danais1 #aig1 #cha2 ar*ippus1 hypoph>ynx (1 #ge2 plexippus1 w+s (1 #acg4 ,d&olo1 on am\nt ( food eat5 by ! silkworm1 #fjh4 ,datana1 #fcd4 ,datana m9i/ra1 m\lt+ (1 #faa2 section ( l>va1 #aca2 set (1 #ahh2 tnidia (1 #ddd1 #ddh4 ,dea?-wat*1 #bic4 ,delto*ilum gibbosum1 #aja4 ,de ,moor1 on tracks ( insects1 #ajf1 #aji4 ,d]mal gl&s1 #cfe4 ,d]mapt]a1 w+less1 #eih4 ,deutoc]ebrum1 #bca1 #bcg4 ,developm5t1 direct1 #eih4 ,dewitz's discov]y ( imag9al bud-/alks1 #fgc2 locomotion ( insects on smoo? surfaces1 #aaa2 on movem5t ( leucocytes indep5d5t ( ! circulation1 #dac2 op5+s ( gl&ul> hairs1 #aib2 ovipositor1 #afh1 #agj1 #aga2 /igmata ( odonate nymphs1 #dci2 op5 tra*eal sy/em1 #dfj1 #dfd2 w+-buds1 #abg1 #adb4 ,diaph]om]a1 #cga1 #faf2 eggs (1 #eag1 #ebj4 ,diaphragm1 p]ic>dial1 #dab4 ,didonis1 #cha1 #cia4 ,dige/ion1 #cbd4 ,dige/ive canal ( imago 9 ! fly1 app5dages (1 #big1 #cjb1 #cca2 =mation (1 #fha2 hi/ology (1 #cbj2 l5g? (1 n a crit]ion ( its habits1 #cja2 prim>y regions1 #bii1 #cjb4 ,dimmock1 on hypoph>ynx1 #ga2 on labrum epiph>ynx1 #dd2 on pseudo-tra*ea1 #ddf4 ,diplopoda1 #ab4 ,dipt]a1 co>ctate1 #fbj2 cyclorhapha1 #fba2 developm5t ( imago (1 #fff2 food res]voir (1 #cje2 g]ms ( g5ital gl&s1 #ehj2 hypoph>ynx (1 #gh2 l>val types (1 #fjg2 m\?-p>ts (1 #gh2 olfactory organs (1 #bgc2 orig9 ( legs ( imago 91 #fed2 or?oraph\s1 #fba1 #fbf2 po/-embryonic *anges 91 #fff2 saliv>y gl&s (1 #ccc4 ,dipt]\s embryo1 suppression ( polypody 91 #gjg4 ,direct developm5t1 #eih4 ,discota1 #fgb4 ,division nuclei1 #ecj4 ,donacia1 #fbj4 ,dorsal organ1 #ece4 ,doryphora1 #ej2 embryology (1 #edd2 hat*+ sp9e (1 #ehf4 ,dragon-fly1 #ec2 muscles ( flight (1 #aeg2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #faf4 ,draught p[]1 #bah4 ,drosophila1 #eah4 ,dryocampa1 #ahg4 ,dubois on ! cucujo1 #dbd1 #dbf4 ,ducts1 ejaculatory1 #dif2 sem9al1 #dif4 ,duf\r1 gl& (1 #ceh4 ,duj>d9ia1 #cd4 ,dy> on ! numb] ( m\lts1 #fae4 ,dyticus1 #dfa2 foot ( male1 #ic1 #ii1 #aad2 l>va1 poison\s saliva (1 #cei2 mode ( swimm+ (1 #aaf2 tnidia (1 #dde2 trail curves (1 #ajh4 ,eacles1 #faf4 ,e>s1 #bhh4 ,eaton1 on nymph /age1 #eid2 ( rectal respiration 9 nymphs ( ephem]ids1 #dfe4 ,ecdysis1 #fji1 #faa4 ,ectod]m1 #ecd2 =mation (1 #eeh4 ,ectotra*ea1 #dcb1 #ddh1 #fhd4 ,egg1 #eae2 bur/]1 #ehe2 capsule1 #eag1 #ebj2 cells1 #ejd2 *amb]s1 #ejb2 f]tilization (1 #ebe2 g]ms1 #ejb2 guide1 #ahc2 int]nal /ructure (1 #ebd2 m>k+s (1 #eba2 maturation (1 #ebe2 mode ( deposition (1 #eah2 numb] laid1 #eae2 ov>ian1 #eja2 ripe1 #ebj2 sacs1 #cfa1 #eag1 #ebj2 %ell1 #ebj2 small] 9 holometabol\s insects1 #eae2 tubes1 #eja2 vitality (1 #ebj4 ,ejaculatory ducts1 d\ble op5+s (1 #dhf2 orig9 (1 #egh4 ,elat] ( ,collembola1 #eea4 ,electricity1 influ5ce (1 on action ( he>t1 #dab4 ,eleodes1 #cgb4 ,elliott on color s5se1 #bfa4 ,elmis1 #dfb1 #dgc4 ,elytra1 #abd2 gl&s 91 #abe4 ,embid1 #fbj4 ,embryo1 #eca2 revolution (1 #edj4 ,embryology ( insects1 #eae4 ,embryonic life1 l5g? (1 #ehb4 ,embryonic membranes1 involution (1 #eef4 ,embryonic1 po/-1 *anges1 #fej4 ,em]y1 on homologies ( ! tra*e1 #ddc2 on ! firefly1 #dbd1 #dbg4 ,empodium1 #ig1 #aaa1 #aaf4 ,empretia /imulea1 #aib4 ,eucyrtus1 #ee1 #aga2 po/-embryonic *anges 91 #ffc4 ,endo*orion1 #ebj4 ,endod]m1 #ecd1 #efa4 ,endomesod]m1 #edb4 ,endo/]nite1 #id4 ,endotra*ea1 #dcb1 #ddh4 ,entomol9e1 #bi4 ,ento?orax1 #ib4 ,environm5t1 #dfc4 ,ephem]a1 circulation 91 #dji2 d\ble sexual op5+s (1 #dhi2 nymph (1 lac9ia (1 #fa2 ?orax (1 #ia4 ,ephem]ella1 #dff4 ,ephem]id1 #dei1 #dfj2 d\ble g5ital op5+s (1 #dib2 gills (1 #dfj2 rectal respiration 91 #dfd4 ,ephydra1 #cf1 #eec4 ,epicauta1 life-hi/ory (1 #fib4 ,epilabrum1 #ac4 ,epim]um1 #hi4 ,epiopticon1 #bca1 #bec4 ,epiph>ynx1 #dc1 #ed4 ,epipleurum1 #abd4 ,epi/]num1 #hh4 ,eri*son on s5se ( smell1 #bff4 ,eriocephala cal!lla1 m&ibles (1 #fb2 maxill (1 #fh4 ,eri/alis1 #ahi1 #dfa4 ,eruci=m type ( l>va1 #fjb1 #fje1 #gje4 ,es*]i*1 on male g5ital organs ( beetles1 #die4 ,eupha1 lat]al gills (1 #dfh1 #dgg4 ,euphoria inda1 m\lt+ (1 #faa4 ,eupolus1 #aac4 ,eupsalis m9uta1 #ajc4 ,ev]sible sacs1 #dge4 ,excretion1 def9$1 #cbg2 process (1 #cbh4 ,excretory sy/em1 #cdh4 ,exn]1 on vision1 #beh4 ,exo*orion1 #ebj1 #ecd4 ,exuvia1 #fji4 ,exuvium1 #fji4 ,eye1 #bdi2 acone1 #bea2 buds1 #ffe2 comp\nd1 #bej2 embryonic developm5t (1 #efg2 eucone1 #bea1 #beb2 facett$1 orig9 (1 #bee2 glaz$1 #fbi2 pseudocone1 #bea1 #beb2 simple1 #bdi4 ,fabre1 on life-hi/ory ( ,sit>is1 #fi4 ,facet1 #bej4 ,facets1 numb] (1 #bdi4 ,facett$ eye1 orig9 (1 #bee4 ,faivre1 on function ( bra91 #bdd4 ,fat1 am\nt (1 9 cat]pill>1 #fdd4 ,fat-body1 #dai2 concretions 91 #dbj2 de/ruction & re=mation (1 9 muscids dur+ metamorphosis1 #fhe2 orig9 (1 #egd4 ,feet1 po/-embryonic developm5t (1 #fec4 ,female reproductive organs1 #dhe1 #ejj2 orig9 (1 #ege4 ,femur1 #if2 =mation (1 9 imago ( ,lepidopt]a1 #fee4 ,f]nald1 on rectal gl&s ( ,passalus1 #cah4 ,f]tilization ( ! egg1 #ebe4 ,filator1 #cdj4 ,filippi's gl&s1 #cde4 ,firefly1 #dbf4 ,fis*]1 on color ( butt]flies1 #bjj4 ,flagellum1 #eg4 ,flea1 #dch2 hat*+ sp9e (1 #ehf2 hypoph>ynx (1 #gg2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #fag4 ,flies1 syrphid1 #ahi4 ,flight1 #adh1 #bai2 !ory (1 #aej4 ,fluid1 exuvial1 #fab2 m\lt+1 #fab2 s(t5+ fluid ( mo?s 9 escap+ f ! cocoon1 #fce4 ,fly1 bl[1 hat*+ (1 #ehe2 developm5t ( imago 91 #fff2 horse1 m\?-p>ts (1 #gi2 ?orax (1 #ia2 h\se1 l5g? ( embryonic life (1 #ehb2 ?orax (1 #hh2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #fah2 meat1 hat*+ (1 #ehe2 t55t hairs (1 #aaa4 ,fold1 amnion1 #eca4 ,folds1 ga/ro-ileal1 #cag2 giv+ rise to head ( fly1 #fga4 ,folsom1 on lat]al gills ( ,eupha1 #dfh4 ,food-res]voir1 #cje4 ,foot1 ( beetle1 #aaa2 ( fly1 #aaa4 ,footpr9ts ( beetles1 #ajf4 ,=e-/oma*1 #cjf4 ,=el1 on gu/atory organs1 #bha2 on honey-dew1 #cfe2 on vision1 #bef4 ,=ficula1 #ded1 #dia2 ftid gl&s (1 #cfi2 hat*+ sp9e (1 #ehe4 ,=mic acid1 #ceh4 ,fr5ulum1 #abb4 ,fulgora1 #dbd4 ,funiculus1 #dfj4 ,funnel1 #cac4 ,galea1 #fc1 #fd4 ,gal]uca1 #aac4 ,ganglia1 function (1 #bdd2 fusion (1 #bbe2 optic1 #bca1 #bcb2 primitive numb] (1 #efg4 ,ganglion frontale1 #efi4 ,ganglion opticum1 orig9 (1 #efg4 ,gan91 on abdom9al imag9al buds1 #agj2 on hyp]metamorphosis ( i*neumon p>asites1 #gja4 ,ga/ro-ileal folds1 #cag4 ,ga/ropa*a1 #eeb2 flatt5$ hairs (1 #aid4 ,ga/rophilus equi1 #dge4 ,ga/rula1 #eeh2 /age1 #ece4 ,geg5bau]1 on homology ( w+s ) gills1 #adb4 ,gehu*t51 on hi/ology ( muscles1 #bag2 on ! hi/ology ( mid-inte/9e1 #caf2 on ! pyloric valvule1 #cae2 on secretion1 me*anism (1 #cbf4 ,g5a1 #df4 ,g5ital armature1 male1 #agf2 cells1 #ege2 clasp]s1 #agf4 ,g]m>ium1 #eja4 ,g]m-lay]s1 =mation (1 #eeh4 ,gi>d on ur9>y tubes1 #cea4 ,gills1 blood1 #dge2 9 embryo insects1 #dgf2 tra*eal1 #dei2 adult insects1 #dgf2 rectal1 #dfc4 ,gilson1 on anal gl&s1 #cgc2 on sp9n+-gl&s1 #cdj4 ,gissl] on anal gl&s1 #cgb4 ,gizz>d1 #caa1 #cbd4 ,gl&s1 acid1 #ceh2 adhesive1 #cfj2 alkal9e1 #ceh2 allur+1 #cia2 ( &roconia1 #aii2 anal1 #cai1 #cgb2 accessory ( vasa def]5tia1 #dig2 cem5t1 #cfj2 collet]ial1 #ejf2 conglobate1 #dhg2 corrosive1 #cgd2 coxal1 #cfi1 #chc2 d]mal1 #cfe2 def5sive1 #cfh2 ev]sible1 #cfh1 #chb2 ,filippi's1 #cdf2 ftid1 #cfi2 muc\s1 #dig2 mu%room1 #dig2 odorif]\s1 #cha2 repugnatorial1 #cfh2 saliv>y1 #cca1 #egj2 setip>\s1 #ddd2 sexual1 orig9 ( male1 #egi2 unicellul>1 #cff2 wax1 #cfa4 ,gl&ul mucos1 #dig4 ,gna?al segm5ts ( embryo1 #eef4 ,gonapophyses1 #afg1 #afh4 ,gon91 on m\lt+ fluid1 #fac1 #fad2 on ! po/-embryonic *anges ( ,pi]is1 #fea2 on process ( pupation1 #fei2 on tra*e ( w+s1 #ade2 on ! w+-g]ms1 #aca4 ,gorg]et1 #agj4 ,gotts*e on vision1 #beg4 ,grab]1 on abdom9al legs ( cat]pill>s1 #eeb2 on blood1 #djh2 on blood-gills ( embryo1 #dgf2 on climb+1 #aaf2 on developm5t ( w+s1 #ach2 on flight1 #aec2 on fold+ ( w+s1 #aee2 on foot-tracks ( beetles1 #aji2 on he>t1 #cih1 #djj1 #djb2 on me*anics ( segm5t$ body & limbs ( insects1 #ca1 #ch2 on me*anics ( walk+1 #ajc2 on organs ( he>+1 #bij2 on organs ( smell1 #bfg2 on prem&ibul> segm5t1 #eb2 on respiration1 #ded2 on successive appe>ance ( embryonic segm5ts1 #edf2 on swimm+1 #aaf4 ,grassi1 on prem&ibul> segm5t 9 ,apis1 #eb2 on ,scolop5drella1 #bj4 ,grge1 #cdj4 ,grs1 #cdj4 ,griffi?s1 on pigm5ts1 #bjg4 ,grobb5 on he>t1 #cii4 ,gromphas1 #aja4 ,gross1 on color s5se1 #bfa4 ,gryllotalpa1 #egb2 maxilla (1 #fd4 ,guide1 egg1 #ahc4 ,gula1 #df1 #fh4 ,gulo-m5tal region1 #df4 ,gummy lay] ( silk1 #cdj4 ,gyr9us1 #dga1 #fbj4 ,haase1 on coxal sacs1 #ad2 on ev]sible gl&s1 #cga2 on ! =mation ( ! copulatory p\*1 #eje2 on ,scolop5drella1 #ba1 #bd2 on ! homology ( ! ovipositor1 #aga4 ,had5cus1 #dd1 #cib4 ,hag51 on colors1 #bja2 on gills ( ,p]lid1 #dgg2 on lat]al gills ( ,eupha nymph1 #dfh1 #dgg2 on ve/igial gills 9 o!r odonate nymphs1 #dfi4 ,hair-fields1 #aig4 ,hair-=m+ cells1 #ahh4 ,hair-scales1 #aig2 tactile1 #aic4 ,hairs1 #ahh2 adhesive1 #aaa1 #aac2 developm5t (1 #aic2 ga!r+1 #de2 gl&ul>1 #aij1 #aib2 nettl+1 #aia2 plumose1 #ahi2 t55t1 #ii1 #aij2 9 tra*e1 #dea2 twi/$1 #ahi4 ,halt]es1 #abd1 #fbi4 ,hammond1 see ,miall4 ,hampson1 on sc5t-gl&s1 #cia4 ,haplopus1 #eba4 ,h>pes1 #ahj4 ,h>piphorus1 #fah4 ,h>pyia1 #cge4 ,hat*+1 process (1 #ehc2 sp9e1 #ehe4 ,haus]1 on organs ( smell1 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bgi4 ,head1 #db2 blood-vessels 91 #dje2 completion ( head ( embryo1 #edh2 =mation (1 9 aculeate ,hym5opt]a1 #eg2 lobes1 #edd2 numb] ( segm5ts 91 #ej1 #ed2 ( ,musca1 po/-embryonic developm5t (1 #fge2 po/-embryonic developm5t ( app5dages (1 #fec4 ,he>+1 organs (1 #bhg4 ,he>t1 #cig2 beat1 #daa2 free f hi/olysis1 #ffg2 orig9 (1 #egb1 #egg2 p]ic>dial diaphragm1 #djb2 propulsatory app>atus1 #dja2 suprasp9al vessel1 #djc4 ,hea?cote1 on d\ble segm5ts ( ,diplopods1 #ad4 ,heid]1 on embryology ( ,hydrophilus1 #ecj4 ,he9emann1 on ! firefly1 #dbf4 ,helcod]mat\s sp9es1 #fab4 ,helecomitus1 #faf4 ,heli*us1 #dgd4 ,heliconid1 #cgi4 ,helm1 on sp9n+-gl&s1 #cci4 ,hemelytra1 #abd4 ,hem]obiid1 hat*+ sp9e (1 #ehe4 ,hemimetabola1 #eih4 ,hemipt]a1 c>do (1 #fi2 ftid gl&s (1 #cgb2 lac9ia (1 #gd2 palps (1 #fh2 saliv>y gl&s (1 #ccc2 /ipes (1 #fi4 ,hepialus1 #cib1 #die4 ,heptag5ia1 #dfg2 l+ua (1 #gc4 ,h]$ity1 be>] (1 #dih2 homo*ron\s1 #gjh4 ,h]emetabola1 #eig4 ,h]old1 on ! metamorphosis ( ! butt]fly1 #fdb2 on w+-g]ms1 #abh4 ,het]o*rony1 #edb4 ,het]ometabola1 #eig4 ,heymons1 on homologies ( ! labrum1 #dc2 on nature ( elytra1 #abf2 on orig9 ( fat-body1 #ege2 on pair$ sexual op5+s1 #dic2 prem&ibul> segm5t1 #eb2 on ! primitive segm5ts ( ,phyllodromia1 #efc2 on reproductive gl&s1 #ege2 t5torium1 #ej4 ,hicks1 on auditory organs1 #bic2 on olfactory organs1 #bff4 ,hi/og5esis1 #fej4 ,hi/olysis1 #fdc1 #fej1 #fgh1 #fhj1 #fhe1 #fhh4 ,h(fbau]1 on ! /ructure ( elytra1 #abe4 ,holmgr51 on tra*eal end-cells1 #dcg4 ,holometabola1 #eih4 ,holometabol\s insects1 #eie4 ,holopneu/ic type ( tra*eal sy/em1 #dei4 ,holoptic head1 #ih4 ,homalotylus1 #fbc4 ,homopt]a1 numb] ( m\lts (1 #faf4 ,homot5\s insects1 #eig4 ,honey-dew1 #cfd2 det]r5t use (1 #cfe2 sac1 #cji2 /oma*1 #cji4 ,hopk9s1 on pigm5ts1 #bjg4 ,hornia1 hyp]metamorphosis (1 #fic4 ,horns1 #ahg4 ,horn1 on loss ( t>si1 #aja2 on ,platypsylla1 #fb4 ,h\se-fly1 ?orax (1 #hh4 ,hum ( bee1 #bie4 ,hunt]1 ,john1 on ! air-sacs1 #def4 ,hur/1 on ! =mation ( ! imago 9 ,culex1 #fgj4 ,hybocampa1 #fce4 ,hydrobius1 #dga4 ,hydrophilus1 #cgd1 #dcb2 embryology (1 #ecf1 #ecg1 #edb1 #edf1 #eeh1 #ege4 ,hydropsy*e1 blood-gills (1 #dge2 gills (1 at all /ages1 #dfi4 ,hydros1 #di1 #ej4 ,hylotoma1 #eb4 ,hym5opt]a1 composition ( ! head 91 #ee2 m\?-p>ts (1 #gi1 #ha2 olfactory organs (1 #bgg2 op5 /igmata (1 #dfb2 poison gl&s (1 #ceg2 po/-embryonic *anges 91 #ffa2 saliv>y gl&s (1 #ccd4 ,hyp]*iria io1 #ahg1 #cgh2 poison\s sp9es (1 #aib4 ,hyp]metamorphosis1 describ$1 #fhh2 causes (1 #fic4 ,hypodactyle1 #gc4 ,hypod]ma1 #eah4 ,hypod]mis1 #ahh1 #fab2 orig9 ( an imago1 #fgh4 ,hypoph>ynx1 #ac1 #ed1 #fh1 #gj4 ,hypoptre1 #hi4 ,ic]ya1 #faf1 #fbf4 ,i*neumon1 #fbb2 hyp]metamorphosis (1 #gja2 poison gl&s (1 #cei4 ,ileum1 #cag4 ,imag9al buds1 #fec2 disks1 #fec4 ,imago1 =mation (1 9 ,*ironomus1 #fga2 ,core?ra1 #ffh2 ,culex1 #ffh2 ,hym5opt]a1 #ffa2 ,lepidopt]a1 #fda2 ,melophagus1 #fhf2 ,musca1 #fgc2 ( fly1 developm5t ( int]nal organs (1 #fgh2 ,simulium1 #ffh4 ,incasem5t !ory1 #fda4 ,indusium1 #ecd4 ,infra-anal lobe1 #ahc4 ,infrasophageal ganglion1 #bbg4 ,+luvies1 #cjc4 ,insecta1 diagno/ic *>act]s (1 #bf4 ,insects1 ance/ry (1 #ag2 numb] ( species (1 #a2 relation (1 to o!r ,ar?ropoda1 #b2 ,symphyla1 #ah4 ,inte/9e1 =e1 embryonic developm5t (1 #edg2 =mation1 imag9al1 #fhb2 h9d1 #caf1 #edg2 hi/ology (1 #caf2 l>ge1 #caf2 mid1 #cad2 orig9 (1 #efi4 ,invag9ations ( ! imag9al buds1 #fgh4 ,involution ( ! embryonic membranes1 #eef4 ,isotoma1 #ecd4 ,jackson1 on ! /ructure ( ! crema/] & pupa1 #fci4 ,janet on muscul> fibres1 #baf4 ,japyx1 #dhf4 ,jolia1 #dff4 ,jugum1 #abc4 ,julus1 l>va (1 #ad4 ,katydid1 #faf4 ,kellogg1 on ,&roconia1 #aii2 on sp9ules1 #aig2 on /ri ( scales1 #aie1 #aih2 on use ( scales1 #aie4 ,k5nel1 on orig9 ( tra*e ( ,p]ipatus1 #ddc4 ,k5yon1 on d\ble segm5ts ( ,diplopods1 #ad2 on mu%room bodies1 #bcd4 ,kettelhoit1 on specific *>act]s (1 #aie4 ,k+sley1 on classification ( ,myriopoda1 #ab4 ,kirba*1 on saliv>y duct1 #ccf4 ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 views (1 on metamorphosis1 #fdb4 ,klaplek1 on gills ( case-worms1 #dfg2 on sub-nymph ( ,agriotypus1 #gja4 ,klem5siewiez1 on ev]sible gl&s1 #cgg4 ,kolbe1 on atrophy ( t>si1 #aja2 on blood1 #djh2 on flight ( ,agrion91 #aei2 on tra*e1 #dce2 on tra*eal gills ( ,p]la1 #dgg2 on embryology ( ! mole-cricket1 #ebi1 #egb4 ,kors*elt1 on ! egg-tubes1 #ejb2 on egg-g5esis1 #ejd4 ,kors*elt & ,heid]1 on ! embryology ( insects1 #eca1 #ece1 #ech1 #eed1 #eei1 #egj1 #egi2 on =mation ( ! imago ( ,core?ra1 #ffh2 on position ( g5ital gl&s 9 myriopods1 #ae2 on /em =m ( myriopods1 #ag4 ,k\lagu9e1 on dorsal op5+ ( ur9>y tubes1 #cee4 ,k[alevsky1 on embryonic abdom9al app5dages1 #eej2 on embryonic membranes1 #efb2 on orig9 ( blood corpuscles1 #egd2 exp]im5ts on fe$+ maggots ) lacmus1 #cbf2 on fat-body1 #dbj2 on embryo orig9 ( fat-body1 #egd2 on ! mesod]m ( ! rudim5ts ( ! app5dages1 #fge2 on op5+s ( he>t1 #djj2 on p]ic>dial cells1 #dbj2 on phagocytes1 #dba1 #dbb1 #fee2 phagocytosis1 #fhf4 ,kraepel91 on homologies ( ! ovipositor1 #afh2 on organs ( smell1 #bfg2 on ta/e1 #bhb4 ,kran*]1 on ! /igmata1 #dch4 ,krauss1 on ev]sible gl&s1 #cga4 ,krawk[1 on *it91 #bi4 ,kruk5b]g1 on colors1 #bjb1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,knckel d',h]culais1 on beat+ ( he>t ?r\gh\t ! po/-embryonic *anges1 #fhf2 on ! orig9 ( ! imag9al f ! l>val legs1 #fed4 ,kupff]1 on f9e tra*e1 #dce4 ,labella1 #ac1 #ddf4 ,labial palpi1 imag9al buds (1 #feh4 ,labidura1 #dia4 ,labium1 #fh1 #edi4 ,labrum1 #db1 #gi2 epiph>ynx1 #dc1 #gi2 orig9 (1 #edf1 #edg2 homologies (1 #edf1 #edg4 ,lacaze-,du?i]s on ! ovipositor1 #afg1 #afi4 ,lace-w+$ fly1 #eag4 ,la*no/]na1 n]v\s sy/em (1 #bbe4 ,la*nus1 #cgb4 ,lac9ia1 #fc2 ( ,eriocephala1 #fg2 m&ible ( ,copris1 #fa2 ,ephem]a nymph1 #fa2 m&ible ( ,passalus1 #fa2 m&ible ( ,phanu1 #fa2 m&ible ( ,/aphyl9us1 #fa4 ,lady-birds1 #cge2 bug1 #cge4 ,lagoa crispata1 #aia1 #cgh4 ,lam>ckian factors1 #gjh4 ,lam9a supra-analis1 #aha4 ,lampyris1 #dbe1 #dea4 ,l&ois1 on pigm5t1 #bjg2 on s5se ( smell1 #bfg2 on orig9 ( ! tra*e & ve9s ( ! w+s1 #ade2 on w+s z respiratory organs1 #dfa4 ,lang1 on metamorphosis ( sev5te5-ye> ,cicada1 #fih2 on orig9 ( coxal f setip>\s gl&s1 #ddd2 on ,p]ipatus1 #i2 on relation ( myriopods to insects1 #ag2 on segm5t$ /ructure ( ar?ropods1 #cb2 on respiratory sy/em1 #dcj4 ,langley1 on ! light ( ! firefly1 #dbf4 ,l>va1 def9$1 #eii2 ,campodea-=m1 or campodeoid1 #fjj2 gr[? (1 #fjh2 voracity (1 #fjh2 eruci=m1 #gje4 ,l>v1 apod\s1 #ajc1 #fec4 ,l>val insects1 tra*eal gills (1 #dff2 /age1 #eic4 ,latreille1 on ! m$ian segm5t1 #afc2 metamorphism1 #eig2 on ! t]m pupa1 #fbe4 ,latzel1 on coxal sacs1 #ad4 ,lay]1 sup]ficial protoplasmic1 ( egg1 #ebd1 #ebf2 g]m1 =mation (1 #eeh4 ,lea*1 on ametabola1 etc41 #eif4 ,leap+ p[]1 #bai4 ,legs1 abdom9al1 ( lepidopt]\s l>v1 & l>val saw-flies1 are !y true legs81 #eeb2 atrophy (1 #ajb2 me*anism (1 #ajd2 movem5ts (1 #aje2 muscles (1 #bae2 po/-embryonic developm5t (1 #fec1 #fed2 pulsatile organs 91 #dje4 ,lehrman1 on organs ( smell1 #bfe4 ,leidy1 on ftid gl&s1 #cgc4 ,l5s1 cry/all9e1 #bej1 #bea4 ,l5d5feld on flight1 #adi1 #aea1 #aei4 ,lon1 on labial palpi ( ,hemipt]a1 #fh2 tongue ( ,hemipt]a1 #gc4 ,lepidopt]a1 embryology (1 #ecg2 ev]sible sacs (1 #cge2 maxill (1 #fe1 #fg2 numb] ( m\lts 91 #faf1 #fag2 orig9 ( legs ( imago1 #fed2 pair$ oviducts1 #dib2 pup (1 #fbh2 te/es (1 #dic1 #die4 ,lepisma1 #eb2 d\ble sexual op5+s 91 #dhf4 ,lepti=m l>v1 #fjj4 ,leptis1 ?orax (1 #ia4 ,leuc>ctia1 #cia4 ,leuc9e1 #ceb4 ,leucocytes1 #djg1 #dba1 #fej1 #fgh1 #fhj1 #fhe2 size (1 #djg4 ,leucopis1 #aac1 #eag4 ,leydig1 on colors1 #bjb1 #bjd2 on n]ve-end app>atus 9 ! w+1 #aec2 on organs ( smell1 #bff2 on tra*e1 #dcb4 ,libellula1 #dfc4 ,life1 embryonic1 l5g? (1 #ehb4 ,light ( ! firefly1 #dbf2 its use1 #dbh4 ,ligula1 #fh4 ,limacodes scapha1 #fjf4 ,limbs1 homologies (1 #ci2 me*anical orig9 (1 #cd1 #ce2 lo/1 reproduction (1 #fai2 result ( disuse (1 #aja4 ,limnephilus pudicus1 #df2 maxilla (1 #fe4 ,limulus1 #e4 ,l9a1 #cgd1 #ede1 #edf4 ,l+ua1 #fh1 #gj4 ,lip1 "u1 #fh4 ,lipo*rome1 #bjf4 ,liponeura1 #dge4 ,li?ocolletis1 #fah2 its cocoon-cutt]1 #fcd4 ,litogna?a nubilifasciata1 #ajb4 ,lobe1 axill>y1 #abd2 infra-anal1 #ahc4 ,lobes1 sophageal1 #bcg2 ant5nal1 #bcg2 head1 #edd2 procephalic1 #edd1 #edh2 proc]ebral1 #bcb4 ,lobulus1 #abd4 ,locomotion1 #ajc2 on smoo? surfaces1 #aaa4 ,locu/1 air-sacs (1 #dbd1 #def2 bra9 (1 #bca2 ccal app5dages (1 #cdg2 dige/ive canal (1 #bih2 e> (1 #bhh2 head-segm5ts (1 #edf2 mode ( brea?+1 #dea2 hat*+1 #ehc2 m\lt+ (1 #fji2 n]v\s sy/em (1 #bbc2 numb] ( /ages (1 #eie2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #faf2 olfactory organs (1 #bgb2 oviposition (1 #ebj2 rectal gl&s (1 #cah2 reproductive organs (1 #dhh1 #dhi4 ,locu/a viridissima1 rectal gl&s (1 #cah4 ,locy1 on pulsatile organs 9 legs ( ,nepid1 #dje4 ,lon*odes1 #eba4 ,loop ( w+1 #abb4 ,lophyrus1 #ei4 ,lora1 #fh4 ,lubbock1 on color s5se1 #bfa2 on vision1 #bef-beh2 on di/ribution ( tra*e1 #dcc4 ,lucanus1 #ei1 #fbj2 ?orax (1 #id2 dama1 n]v\s sy/em (1 #bbe4 ,lucas1 on segm5tal arrangem5t ( saliv>y gl&s1 #ccg4 ,luciola1 #dbd1 #dbg1 #dea4 ,luna mo?1 its mode ( escape f its cocoon1 #fce4 ,lutz1 on blood1 #bge4 ,lycna1 #cha4 ,lymph1 #bjf4 ,lyonet1 on ! imag9al buds1 #fef2 on w+-g]ms1 #abh4 ,ma*ilis1 #afd1 #bbc1 #cfi1 #dgf2 hypoph>ynx1 #gb4 ,mac,leod1 on ! tnidia1 #dde4 ,macloskie1 on ! tnidia1 #dde4 ,macrotoma1 #faf4 ,macrurocampa1 #cge4 ,maggots1 #fjg2 rat-tail$1 #dfa1 #dgd4 ,mala*ius1 #cgd4 ,male reproductive organs1 #dhe1 #did2 orig9 (1 #egi4 ,malpighi1 on g]ms ( w+s1 #abh2 on ! he>t1 #cig2 on ! metamorphosis ( silk mo?1 #fda2 on ur9>y vessels1 #cej4 ,malpighian tubes1 #caf1 #cdh4 ,m&ibles1 #ei2 composite /ructure (1 #fj1 #fa2 lac9ia (1 #fj1 #fa2 ve/igial1 #fb4 ,manometabola1 #eig4 ,mantid1 coxal gl&s (1 #cgb4 ,mantis1 o!ca (1 #eag4 ,mantis religiosa1 embryo (1 #ehd2 hat*+ (1 #ehd2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #ehd1 #faf4 ,mantispa1 #df1 #dh1 #fh1 #ie1 #ig2 hyp]metamorphosis (1 #fjb1 #fij1 #gje2 life-hi/ory (1 #fjb4 ,m>*al on ! function ( ! fat-body1 #dbj4 ,m>ey1 on motion ( insects1 #aaa4 ,m>ey's views on flight1 #adh1 #aea4 ,m>%all1 on ! way ,microga/] sp9s its cocoon1 #fbb4 ,mason1 ,wood1 on jo9t$ /ructure ( m&ibles1 #fj2 on ,scolop5drella1 #ai1 #bb4 ,ma/opoda pt]idis1 #ajc4 ,maxill1 fir/1 #fb2 second1 #fh2 imag9al buds (1 #feh4 ,may]1 ,a4 ,g41 on ! developm5t ( ! w+s ( ,pi]is & ,danais1 #acf2 on =mation ( scales1 #aif2 on homologies ( tra*e1 #ddc2 pigm5ts1 #bjf-bjh4 ,may]1 ,c>l1 on scales1 #aig4 ,may-fly1 l+ua ( nymph (1 #gc2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #faf2 ?orax (1 #ia4 ,me*anics ( walk+1 #ajc4 ,me*anism ( motion1 #cb2 ( limbs1 #ce2 ( secretion1 #cbf4 ,meconium1 #faa4 ,mecopt]a1 maxill (1 #fe2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #faf4 ,m$ian segm5t1 #ij1 #afc4 ,m$ifurca1 #ib4 ,megalopyge1 #aia1 #cgh4 ,me9]t1 on buccal organs ( myriopods1 #ac2 on coxal sacs1 #ad2 on elytra1 #abe2 on hypoph>ynx1 #gh2 on organs ( ta/e1 #bha4 ,melanoplus1 #dc1 #gb1 #hf1 #def2 ga/ro-ileal folds (1 #cag2 hat*+ (1 #ehc2 numb] ( /ages (1 #eie2 rectal gl&s (1 #cah2 tongue (1 #gb4 ,meldola1 on yell[ pigm5t1 #bjf4 ,melipona1 #cei4 ,melo1 #aaj1 #cgd2 hyp]metamorphosis (1 #fij2 lac9ia ( m&ibles (1 #fb2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #fag2 small eggs (1 #ebd4 ,melolon?a1 #bac1 #dch1 #dee1 #def1 #deh1 #dih1 #edi1 #eej1 #eea1 #efb4 ,melophagus1 #ejg2 po/-embryonic *anges 91 #fhf4 ,membrane1 p]itrophic1 #cac2 reta9+1 ( pup1 #fch2 s]\s1 #ecb2 vitell9e1 #ebj1 #ecd4 ,membranes1 embryonic1 #eca2 =mation (1 #ecb2 embryonic1 involution (1 #eef4 ,m5ge on ,scolop5drella1 #ah4 ,m5tum1 #ed1 #fh4 ,m]o/omata1 #e4 ,mesod]m1 #ecd1 #efa1 #efc2 cells1 #egf4 ,meso?orax1 #hf4 ,metabolia1 #eif4 ,metabol\s insects1 #eie4 ,metam]ic /ructure1 #cc4 ,metamorphoses ( insects1 #eic2 /adia (1 #eid2 /ages1 #eid4 ,metamorphosis1 causes (1 #fjg1 #gje1 #gjh2 significance (1 #fhh4 ,metapneu/ic type ( tra*eal sy/em1 #dfa4 ,meta?orax1 #hg4 ,mets*nik(f1 on embryology ( myriopods1 #ac1 #af2 on ! g]ms ( ! g5ital gl&s1 #ehj4 ,miall & ,d5ny1 on ! blood1 #djg2 on cem5t gl&s1 #cfa2 on *it91 #bi2 on dige/ive canal ( cockroa*1 #caf1 #cag2 on he>t1 #cih1 #djb2 on labium1 #ec2 on l+ua1 #gb2 on reproductive organs ( ! cockroa*1 #dhg2 on respiration1 #deb2 on saliv>y gl&s1 #cca2 on tnidia1 #ddg2 on ! t5torium1 #di2 on ur9>y tubes & products1 #cec4 ,miall & ,hammond1 on ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! pupa ( ,lepidopt]a & ,dipt]a1 #fbi2 on ! =mation ( ! imago ( ,*ironomus1 #fga4 ,microc5trum1 #faf4 ,microga/]1 mode ( sp9n+ its cocoon1 #fbb4 ,micropt]yx1 #fba1 #fbf2 escape f its cocoon1 #fcc2 hypoph>ynx (1 #gf2 labium (1 #gf2 pupal jaws (1 #fcc4 ,micropyle1 #ebb2 use (1 #ebd4 ,mid-inte/9e1 #cad2 orig9 (1 #efi4 ,m9*91 on ev]sible gl&s1 #cgj4 ,m9ot1 on cca ( /oma*1 #cdg2 on colors1 #bjc2 on ! cuticula1 #ahg2 on dige/ive canal1 #cah1 #cbj1 #cba2 on di/ribution ( tra*e1 #dcc2 on ga/ro-ileal folds1 #cag2 on rectal gl&s1 #cah2 on tnidia1 #dde4 ,mol>1 #fa4 ,mole-cricket1 #ajb1 #ebg1 #edc1 #egb1 #egd2 dige/ive canal (1 #cej2 ur9>y tubes (1 #cej4 ,mosaic !ory ( vision1 #beg4 ,moseley1 on circulation ( blood1 #daj2 on composition ( *it91 #cj4 ,mosquito1 #dfa1 #dfd1 #dfe2 poison gl& (1 #cei2 s5se ( he>+ (1 #bib4 ,m\lt+1 process (1 #fji2 hairs & sp9es1 #fab4 ,m\lts1 numb] (1 #fae4 ,m\?1 #cjb2 -app5dages1 buds (1 #ffe2 ( embryo1 #ecg4 ,mll]1 ,f41 on blood-gills1 #dge2 on l>v ( ,psy*odes & ( ,bleph>oc]a1 #dgd2 on non-inh]itance ( ! complete metamorphosis1 #eie4 ,mll]1 ,j41 on allur+ gl&s1 #cia2 on he>t1 #cii2 on s5se & organs ( smell1 #bfe2 on ! developm5t ( w+s1 #ach1 #adc2 on vision1 #bee4 ,mll]1 ,w41 on gills ( ,p>aponyx1 #dgj4 ,mll]'s1 ,j41 ?read1 #egg4 ,mumia1 #fbe4 ,musca1 #hh1 #aaa2 embryology (1 #ecj1 #ecf1 #efc2 w+-g]ms (1 #acc4 ,muscid1 app5dages ( imago1 developm5t (1 #fgd2 po/-embryonic *anges 91 #fff1 #fgc1 #fgh1 #fha4 ,muscles1 #ca2 ( cat]pill>s1 #bac2 ( cock*af]1 #bac2 ( ,cossus1 #baa2 de/ruction (1 dur+ metamorphosis1 #fhj2 ( flight1 #adi2 ( ,pygra1 #baa2 respiratory1 #ded2 /ructure (1 #bae4 ,muscul> fibres1 #bad2 p[]1 #bag1 #bai2 sy/em1 #baa4 ,musculature1 mode ( orig9 (1 #egd4 ,mu%room bodies1 #bcc4 ,mutilations1 inh]itance (1 #ajb4 ,myriopoda1 #aa4 ,myrmeleon1 maxilla (1 #fd2 palpif] (1 #fi4 ,my/acides1 sc5t scales (1 #aii4 ,nagel1 on saliva ( l>val ,dyticus1 #cbd4 ,nasson[1 on d\ble sexual op5+s1 #dhf4 ,necrophorus1 tracks (1 #aji4 ,nematois1 #dif4 ,nematus1 #ec1 #ed1 #fah4 ,nemogna?a1 epiph>ynx (1 #bhe2 maxill (1 #fd1 #fe2 organs ( ta/e 91 #bhe4 ,nemopt]a1 l>va (1 #db4 ,nem\ra1 #dfh4 ,neolam>ckian factors1 #gjh4 ,neolepidopt]a1 #fbh4 ,nepa1 #ebc4 ,nephridia1 #cdh4 ,nepionic /age or =m1 #gjf4 ,nepticula1 #fjf4 ,n]ve-c5tre1 #bbb4 ,n]ve-c5tres1 functions (1 #bdc2 ant5nal1 #fej4 ,n]ves1 motor1 #bbb2 motor1 deg5]ation (1 dur+ metamorphosis1 #fhd2 optic1 #fej2 p]iph]al1 trans=mation (1 #fhd2 s5sory1 #bbb2 /omoga/ric1 #bch2 sympa!tic1 #bch2 visc]al1 #bch4 ,n]v\s sy/em1 #bbb2 =mation (1 #eff2 free f hi/olysis dur+ pupation1 #ffg1 #fhd2 orig9 (1 #eed1 #eff2 primitive rolls or /rips1 #eff2 slight *anges 91 dur+ metamorphosis1 #fhd4 ,neurobla/s1 #efg4 ,neurom]es1 #bbg1 #bca4 ,neuropt]a1 #fcb2 l+ua (1 #fi4 ,newman1 on ! m$ian segm5t1 #afc4 ,newport1 on *anges 9 n]v\s sy/em ( ,sph9x dur+ metamorphosis1 #fdh2 on circulation1 #dji2 on he>t1 #cii2 on l>val ,julus1 #ac2 on ! m$ian segm5t1 #afc2 on muscul> p[]1 #id2 on muscles ( ,sph9x1 #bac2 on numb] ( segm5ts ( head1 #ej2 on occiput1 #dh2 on ! process ( m\lt+ 9 ,sph9x1 #faj1 #faa2 ,scolop5drella1 #ah2 on s5se ( smell1 #bfe2 on t5torium1 #di2 on tra*eal gills ( ,pt]on>cys1 #dgf4 ,nola1 #fah4 ,nucleus1 division1 #ecj2 sp]m1 #ebe4 ,nusbaum1 on orig9 ( eff]5t sexual passages1 #egh4 ,nymphalid pup1 #fca4 ,nymph1 #gjf2 /age1 #eic1 #fjj2 sub-1 #gja4 ,occipital =am51 #df4 ,occiput1 #dh1 #ec4 ,ocellus1 #bdi2 developm5t (1 #efg4 ,ockl]1 on feet ( insects1 #aae4 ,odonata1 #ec2 embryology (1 #edj2 labium (1 its mode ( orig91 #edi2 lat]al gills (1 #dfh2 l+ua (1 #gc2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #faf2 nymphs1 #dfj1 #dfc4 ,odors1 #cfh4 can?us1 #dgf2 embryology (1 #eda1 #edd1 #edi1 #eea1 #egc4 ceticus1 #fcd4 nocytes1 #dbc4 sophageal valve1 #caa2 valvule1 #cab4 sophagus1 #cjc4 /rid1 #fah4 ,ok51 on homology ( maxill ) legs1 #ci4 ,olfactory organs1 #bfd4 ,oligonephria1 #ced4 ,oligoneuria1 #dff4 ,ommateum1 #bej4 ,ony*ium1 #ig4 ,olemma1 #ebj4 ,o!ca1 #eag4 ,op]culum1 #aha4 ,optic n]ves1 #fej4 ,optic tract1 #bec4 ,opticon1 #bec4 ,oral app5dages1 #edi4 ,or*elimum1 #ecd4 ,organ1 dorsal1 #ece1 #eef4 ,organs1 s5sory1 #bdi2 ( smell1 #bfd4 ,orgyia1 #cgg1 #fah2 poison\s hairs (1 #aib4 ,orgyia antiqua1 numb] ( m\lts (1 #fah4 ,or?opt]a1 ftid gl&s (1 #cfi2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #faf2 phagocytes 91 #dba2 saliv>y gl&s (1 #cca2 tongue (1 #gj4 ,orya1 #dbd4 ,osmet]ium1 #cgg4 ,o/5 ,sack51 on holoptic heads ( ,dipt]a1 & on runn+ flies1 #ih4 ,o/ia1 #cig1 #djj4 ,otioc]us1 #eh4 ,oudemans1 on relation ( myriopods to insects1 #ag4 ,ou/alet1 on rectal respiration1 #dfc4 ,ov>ian tubes1 #eja2 =mation (1 #egh4 ,ov>ies1 #ejj1 #ejb2 =mation (1 #egh2 gr\ps (1 #ejb4 ,oviduct1 #ejj1 #ejc2 d\ble op5+s (1 #dhf2 orig9 (1 #egh1 #egi4 ,oviducts1 segm5tal arrangem5t (1 #dhf4 ,oviposition1 #eah1 #ebj4 ,ovipositor1 #afg2 g]m9al buds (1 #ffe2 imag9al buds (1 #fff2 orig9 (1 #eea4 ,ovum1 #eae1 #eba1 #ebd4 ,pack>d1 ,a4 ,a41 on muscul> p[] ( insects1 #bai2 use ( air-sacs1 #deg4 ,pad1 p]ipodal1 #fec4 ,pdog5esis1 #gjh4 ,paleacrita v]nata1 maxilla (1 #ff4 ,paleolepidopt]a1 #fbh4 ,palmn1 on d\ble sexual op5+s1 #dij1 #dib2 on tra*eal gills1 #dei1 #dff2 on ! t5torium1 #ej4 ,palmula1 #ig4 ,palpif]1 #fc1 #fh4 ,palpus1 fir/ maxill>y1 #fc1 #fd1 #fg2 second1 #fh2 9 ,hemipt]a1 #fh4 ,palpi1 labial1 imag9al buds (1 #feh4 ,pancritius1 on w+-g]ms1 #acj1 #adc4 ,paniscus1 #eag4 ,panorpa1 abdom5 (1 #afb2 maxilla (1 #fe2 numb] ( m\lts (1 #faf4 ,panorpid1 #fjb4 ,papilio1 #cgg4 ,p>aglossa1 #ed1 #fh4 ,p>apodial gl&s1 #ddd4 ,p>apt]a1 #hi4 ,p>nassius1 #cha4 ,p>ony*ium1 #ig4 ,p>aponyx1 #dgj4 ,passalus1 #fa2 rectal gl&s (1 #cah4 ,pa/eur1 on ! spectrum ( ! light ( ! firefly1 #dbf4 ,patagia1 #hi4 ,patt51 on embryonic abdom9al app5dages1 #eej2 on ! homologies ( ! tra*e1 #ddd2 saliv>y gl&s1 #ccg4 ,patula1 #cia4 ,pauropus1 #ah4 ,paussus1 #eg4 ,pawl[a1 on blood-vessels 9 ! head1 #dje4 ,p$icel1 #eg4 ,p$icul9a1 embryology (1 #eda4 ,pelidnota1 m\lt+ (1 #faa4 ,pellicle1 subimag9al1 #fac4 ,pelobius1 #dfa1 #dge4 ,p5is1 #ahj2 velum (1 #aha4 ,p]ic>dial cells1 #dje2 diaphragm1 #djb2 septum1 #egd4 ,p]iopticon1 #bca1 #bec4 ,p]ipatus1 #i1 #ehj2 nephridia (1 #cdi2 tra*ea (1 #ddc4 ,p]ipodal cavity1 #ffi2 membrane1 #ffi2 sac1 #fec4 ,p]iplaneta1 #gb1 #cgj2 egg-tubes (1 #eja2 tongue (1 #gb4 ,p]itoneal membrane1 #ddd4 ,p]itra*eal circulation1 #cig2 membrane1 #ddd4 ,p]itreme1 #ij4 ,p]itrophic membrane1 #cac4 ,p]lid1 #fi1 #dfh1 #dia1 #dic4 ,p]ris1 on organs ( smell1 #bff4 ,phagocytes1 #dba1 #fej1 #fee1 #fhj1 #fhc1 #fhe4 ,phagocytosis1 #dba4 ,phanu1 #fa2 r$uc$ t>si (1 #aja4 ,phanu pegasus1 #ahh4 ,phan]opt]a1 #dd4 ,ph>ynx1 #cjb4 ,phasmid1 eggs (1 #eba4 ,phosphoresc5ce1 #dbd2 physiology (1 #dbf4 ,photog5ic organ ( beetles1 #dbd4 ,phragma1 #ic4 ,phryganea1 #dee4 ,phyllium1 #eba4 ,phyllocni/is1 #fjf4 ,phyllodromia1 #ejf2 embryology (1 #eda1 #efc1 #ehc2 ev]sible gl&s (1 #cgj2 fat-body1 orig9 (1 #ege2 micropyle ( eggs (1 #ebc2 pleuropodia (1 #eea2 orig9 ( sexual organs (1 #egf1 #egh-ehj2 mode ( hat*+1 #ehc2 o!ca (1 #eai4 ,phytonomus1 #fag4 ,phytophag\s l>v1 #fjf4 ,pictet1 on blood gills1 #dge4 ,pi]is1 #ci1 #fad2 embryology (1 #edf2 gre5 pigm5t (1 #bjf2 po/-embryonic *anges (1 #fea2 w+-g]ms (1 #acc4 ,pigm5t1 #ahc1 #bjc2 *emical nature (1 #bjf2 ( eye1 #bec2 physical nature (1 #bjf4 ,pits1 olfactory1 #bga4 ,planta1 #fch4 ,plantula1 #ig4 ,plate1 ext5sor1 ( foot1 #aaf2 pressure1 #aaf4 ,plateau1 on dige/ion1 #cbd2 on functions ( ganglia1 #bdd2 on muscul> p[]1 #bag2 on respiration1 #dec2 on vision1 #bef1 #bei4 ,platycrania1 #eba4 ,platyga/]1 hyp]metamorphosis (1 #gja2 sexual cells (1 #eha4 ,platypsyllus1 #fb4 ,platysamia1 #dfj4 ,platyzo/]ia1 #cga4 ,plectopt]a1 #dei1 #dff4 ,pleuropodia1 #dgf1 #eea1 #ehc4 ,pleurum1 #hg4 ,plumules1 #aih4 ,pocock1 on classification ( myriopoda1 #ab1 #ba4 ,podurid1 #egd4 ,poison\s sp9es1 #aia1 #aii4 ,poisons1 effect (1 on pulsations1 #dab2 on hairs1 #aia1 #aii4 ,poison app>atus1 #ceg2 gl&s1 #ceg2 nature (1 #ceg4 ,pol> cells1 #ehj4 ,polymit>cys1 #dfg4 ,polymorph\s insects1 #eig4 ,polynema1 hyp]metamorphosis (1 #gjb4 ,polynephria1 #ced4 ,polyphemus silkworm1 #fba4 ,polypod\s ance/or ( insects1 #bb2 embryos1 #eej4 ,polypody1 #eej2 suppression ( 9 dipt]\s embryos1 #gjg4 ,pore-canals1 #ahh4 ,por!sia1 #ebi4 ,po/furca1 #ib4 ,po/-gula1 #ed1 #fh4 ,po/-ret9al fibres1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,po/scutellum1 #hg4 ,p\*1 copulatory1 #eje4 ,p\jade1 on flight1 #aei4 ,p\lton1 on ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! limbs ( ! pupa & imago1 #fbh4 ,prscutum1 #hg4 ,pratt1 on abs5ce ( polypod\s embryo 9 ,muscid1 #ee2 on ! dorsal position ( ! /omodum ( ,dipt]a1 #ecg2 on epig5etic p]iod1 #fhh2 on fate ( ! leucocytes1 #fhe2 po/-embryonic *anges ( ,melophagus1 #fhf2 significance ( metamorphosis1 #fhh2 on w+-buds1 #abg4 ,preant5nal app5dages1 #edh4 ,prem&ibul> segm5t1 #ea1 #eb1 #edi4 ,press ( sp9n+ app>atus1 #cda4 ,primitive b&1 #eca2 /reak1 #eca4 ,prionocyphon1 #dgb4 ,prisopus1 #fi1 #dgg4 ,proboscis1 #ddf4 ,procephalic lobes1 #edd4 ,proctodum1 #ecg1 #edg1 #efi4 ,prodoxus1 #fjf4 ,progoneate myriopods1 #ba4 ,pronotum1 #hg4 ,pronucleus1 #ebf4 ,propodeum1 #afc4 ,propupa1 #fbg4 ,prosopi/oma1 #dfg4 ,pro/heca1 #fa4 ,pro?orax1 #hf4 ,protoc]ebrum1 #bca1 #bcb2 its repres5tative 9 annelids1 #bbg4 ,prov5tricul> valvule1 #cac4 ,prov5triculus1 #cjf2 8beak0 (1 #cab2 =mation (1 9 imago1 #fhb2 use (1 #caa1 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,prussic acid1 #cgd4 ,pseph5us1 #dfb1 #dgc4 ,pseudoglom]is1 #eih4 ,pseudony*ium1 #ig4 ,pseudo-tra*e1 #ddf4 ,psocus1 #faf4 ,psy*odes1 #dgd4 ,psylla1 #cfa1 #eah2 gl&ul> hairs (1 #aib2 nymph (1 #afc4 ,pt]on>cys1 #dfh1 #dgf4 ,pt]ygodes1 #hi4 ,pt]ygota1 #bg1 #eie4 ,pulex1 numb] ( m\lts (1 #fag4 ,pulex canis1 hat*+ sp9e (1 #ehf2 hypoph>ynx (1 #gg4 ,pull+ p[]1 #bah4 ,pulse1 #daa4 ,pulvillus1 #ig1 #aad1 #aaf4 ,pump1 ph>yngeal1 #cjb2 adaptation (1 to its surr\nd+s1 #fca2 armature (1 #fca2 /ructure1 #fcb4 ,pupa1 co>ctate1 #fba1 #fbf2 lib]a1 #fbf2 mode ( escape (1 f its cocoon1 #fcb2 mode ( susp5sion1 #fcg2 nymphalid1 #fca2 obtecta1 #fbf2 sp9es (1 #fbi2 /ate def9$1 #fbe4 ,pupa1 semi1 #fia4 ,pupal1 pseudo-1 /age1 #fia2 su/a9]s1 #fch4 ,pup>ium1 #fba4 ,pupation1 me*anism (1 #ffa2 process (1 #fei4 ,pupip>a1 po/-embryonic *anges 91 #fhf4 ,pu%+ p[]1 #bah4 ,pygidium1 #afc4 ,pyloric valvule1 #cae4 ,pyrophorus1 #dbd4 ,pyrr>ctia1 #fag4 ,pyrrhocoris1 #cgb4 ,quiesc5t pupal life1 #eih4 ,ranatra1 #ebc4 ,raphidia1 #fca4 ,ras*ke1 on ! rectal respiration ( ,culex1 #dfe4 ,ra?1 ,vom1 on l>val ,julus1 #ac4 ,ratzeburg1 on composition ( head 9 ,hym5opt]a1 #ee4 ,raumur1 on ! crema/]1 #fcg2 on ! d\ble sexual op5+s ( ,ephem]a1 #dhi2 on g]ms ( w+s1 #abh2 on ! he>t1 #djc2 on ! me*anism ( pupation1 #ffa2 on metamorphosis1 #fdb2 on ! orig9 ( legs ( imago f ^? ( ! l>va1 #fed2 on rectal respiration1 #dfc2 on s5se ( smell1 #bfd2 on vision1 #bef4 ,rectal gl&s1 #cah2 tra*eal gills1 #dfc4 ,rectum1 #cah2 ( embryo1 #egg4 ,re9h>d1 on head ( ,hym5opt]a1 #ee2 on ! m$ian segm5t1 #afd4 ,reproduction1 organs (1 #dhe2 orig9 (1 #ege4 ,repugnatorial gl&s1 di/ribution (1 #chb4 ,respiration1 #dcj1 #dea2 rectal1 #dfc4 ,respiratory sy/em1 #dcj2 me*anism (1 #dea4 ,re/+ /age1 #gjg4 ,ret9a1 orig9 (1 #efh4 ,ret9ula1 cells (1 #bej1 #bec4 ,rhabdites1 #afg1 #eag4 ,rhabdom1 #bej4 ,rhabdopoda1 #agf4 ,rhipiphorus p>adoxus1 #fig4 ,rhopalum1 #fcf2 pupal sp9es (1 #fcf4 ,rib1 ,semp]'s1 #aba4 ,ribs ( w+s1 #adf4 ,ridges1 primitive1 ( n]v\s sy/em1 #eed4 ,riley1 on ! crema/]1 #fcg2 egg-bur/]1 #ehe2 hat*+ ( sev5te5-ye> ,cicada1 #ehd2 life-hi/ory ( ,epicauta1 #fib4 ,rods ( eye1 #bec4 ,rods1 visual1 ( eye1 orig9 (1 #efh4 ,romb\ts1 on locomotion ( insects on smoo? surfaces1 #aad4 ,ruptor ovi1 #ehe4 ,ryd]1 on loss ( t>si1 #aja2 on ,scolop5drella1 #ai4 ,sacs1 air1 #def2 use (1 #deg2 coxal1 #ad2 ev]sible1 #cfi2 hypod]mal1 #fec4 ,saliva1 #cbd2 poison\s1 #cei4 ,saliv>y duct ( ,/omoxys1 #ddf2 gl&s1 #cca1 #egj2 gl&s1 =mation ( imag9al dur+ metamorphosis1 #fhc2 homologues ( coxal gl&s1 #ccg2 modifi$1 #ccg2 segm5tal arrangem5t (1 #cca4 ,savigny on epiph>ynx1 #dc2 on homologies ( app5dages1 #ci1 #ga4 ,saw-fly1 #cgd4 ,scale-hairs1 #aih4 ,scales1 #ahg1 #aic1 #bjb2 battl$ore1 #aih2 developm5t (1 #aie2 di/ribution (1 #aic2 ( fly's w+1 #abd2 sc5t1 #aih2 flatt5$1 #aic2 /ri (1 #aid1 #bjb4 ,scape1 #eg4 ,sc5t-gl&s1 #ci4 ,sc5t-scales1 #aih4 ,scepsis1 #fah4 ,s*ff]1 on blood1 etc41 9 ! pupal w+s1 #adf2 ! fat-body1 #dbj2 leucocytes1 #dba2 on orig9 ( scales1 #aif2 on ! rudim5t>y w+s1 #abh4 ,s*atz1 on colors ( butt]flies1 #bjb4 ,s*iem5z1 on saliv>y gl&s ( bees1 #ccd4 ,s*9dl]1 on ur9>y tubes1 #cea4 ,s*idte on blood-gills1 #dge4 ,s*midt1 on ! metamorphosis ( male ,coccid1 #fdj2 ,scolop5drella1 #ba1 #bd4 ,s*neid]1 on ! funnel ( ! prov5triculus1 #cac2 on sp]matophores1 #ejj4 ,sci>a1 #cdh1 #fcf4 ,scl]ites1 c]vical1 #df4 ,scolop5drella1 #ah2 ! ance/or ( insects1 #ag2 sp9n+ gl&s1 #cdf4 ,scudd] on ! glaz$ eye ( pupal butt]flies1 #fca4 ,scutellum1 #hg4 ,scutum1 #hg4 ,secretion1 def9ition (1 #cbg2 me*anism (1 #cbf2 products (1 #cbi4 ,sectores coconis1 #fcd4 ,segm5t1 ant5nal1 #bbg2 deutoc]ebral1 #bbg2 int]cal>y1 #ea2 m$ian1 #ij1 #afc2 prem&ibul>1 #ea1 #eb1 #bbh2 proc]ebral1 #bca4 ,segm5tal arrangem5t ( g5ital gl&s1 #dhf4 ,segm5ts1 numb] (1 9 head1 #ej1 #fh1 #bbg1 #bbi2 optic1 #bca2 orig9 (1 #edb4 ,seir>ctia1 #fah4 ,sel&ria l>va1 m\?-p>ts (1 #fh4 ,sem9al ducts1 #dif4 ,semipupa1 #fia4 ,semp]1 gr\nd-membrane (1 #acf2 on orig9 ( hair-scales1 #aie4 ,s5se organs1 special1 9 flies1 #bic4 ,s5sory organs1 #bdi4 ,s]osa1 #ecb4 ,set1 #ahh4 ,sexual diff]5ces1 second>y1 #ei1 #ii1 #aja1 #aad2 op5+s1 d\ble1 #dhf1 #dij1 #dia4 ,%>p1 on causes ( segm5tation ( ,cru/acea1 #cc2 on c]vical scl]ites1 #df2 on /]nites1 #ib2 homologies ( elytra1 #abf4 ,%eep-tick1 #ejg2 po/-embryonic *anges (1 #fhf4 ,sialid1 #fjb4 ,sialis1 #dfb1 #dfh4 ,siebold1 organ (1 #bij2 on sp]matophores1 #ejj4 ,silk1 #cdj2 composition (1 #cdf4 ,silk-fibre1 composition (1 #cdf4 ,silk-gl&1 #cci2 anal1 #cdf2 app5dages (1 #cde2 hi/ology (1 #ccd2 modifi$ coxal gl&s1 #cdf2 m\lt+ (1 #cde4 ,silkworm1 #cca1 #cci1 #cff2 am\nt ( food eat5 by1 #fjh2 functional saliv>y gl&s (1 #cca2 mode ( escape (1 f its cocoon1 #fce2 ,polyphemus1 #fba2 voracity (1 #fjh4 ,simm]ma*]1 on feet ( insects1 #aac4 ,simulium1 #ffh1 #fgh2 hypoph>ynx (1 #gh2 w+-g]ms (1 #abi4 ,s9clair on d\ble segm5ts ( ,diplopods1 #ad4 ,sisyra1 abdom9al app5dages (1 #afd4 ,sit>is1 #fia4 ,slug-worm1 #ahh4 ,smell1 exp]im5ts on1 #bfi2 organs (1 #bfd1 #bga2 physiology (1 #bfh2 s5se (1 #cfh4 ,smi?1 on lack ( =e-t>si 9 a mo?1 #ajb2 jo9t$ /ructure & lac9ia ( m&ibles1 #fa2 maxilla1 #fe2 on sc5t-gl&s1 #cia4 ,sole1 ext5sor1 #aaf4 ,somites1 #cj4 ,sorby1 on *ange ( color 9 ,aphides1 #bje4 ,s\nds1 #bic4 ,specius1 #ehe4 ,sp5gel1 on color s5se1 #bfj4 ,sp]ma!ca1 #ejf4 ,sp]matid1 #dih4 ,sp]matocyte1 #dih4 ,sp]matogonium1 #dih4 ,sp]matophore cap1 #dii4 ,sp]matophores1 #dig1 #dii4 ,sp]matozoa1 #dig1 #ebe2 =mation (1 #dih4 ,sp]m-nucleus1 #ebe4 ,sph9x1 #def1 #eeb2 m\lt+ (1 #faj4 ,sph9x ligu/ri1 *anges dur+ metamorphosis1 #fdf4 ,spilosoma1 #cia4 ,sp9dle1 directive1 #ebe4 ,sp9es1 #ahg1 #ahi2 gl&ul>1 #aij2 helcod]mat\s1 #fab2 locomotor1 #fab2 m\lt+1 #fab2 poison\s1 #ahi4 ,sp9n]et1 #cdb2 ( cat]pill>s1 #ge4 ,sp9n+ app>atus1 #cdj2 at end ( body1 #cdf2 gl&s1 #cci2 process (1 #cdj4 ,sp9ules1 #ahi1 #aig4 ,spiracles1 #dcg2 types (1 #dch4 ,spiral ?read1 #ddd2 abs5ce (1 #ddg2 orig9 (1 #ddh4 ,spray+ app>atus1 #cgj4 ,spr+ ( ,collembola1 #eea4 ,spul]1 on pigm5ts1 #bjg1 #bjh2 on /ructure ( scales1 #aie1 #aig4 ,squama1 #abc4 ,squam1 #abd4 ,squamula1 #abd4 ,squamule1 #hi4 ,/adia ( metamorphosis1 #eid4 ,/age1 c>abidoid1 #fib2 ga/rula1 #ece2 metabol\s1 #eid2 re/+1 #gjg2 sc>abidoid1 #fib4 ,/ages1 ametabol\s1 #eid4 ,/agmomantis c>ol9a1 embryo (1 #ehd2 hat*+ (1 #ehd4 ,/aphyl9us1 #fa1 #ded4 ,/5obo?rus sibiricus1 swoll5 =et>sus 9 male1 #aac4 ,/5o/]nus1 #aja4 ,/]num1 #hg1 #hi4 ,/igmata1 #dcg2 clos$1 #dfj2 clos+ app>atus (1 #dda2 meso?oracic1 #dfb2 numb] (1 9 ! embryo1 #eed2 numb] ( pairs (1 #dci1 #dfa2 position (1 #ddj2 ve/igial1 #dfj4 ,/+1 bee's1 #agb4 ,/ipes1 #fc4 ,/okes1 on ! tnidia1 #dde2 hairs 91 #dea4 ,/oma*1 *yle1 #cad1 #cbe2 absorb5t cells (1 #cbh2 gl&ul> cells (1 #cbg2 =mation (1 9 imago fly1 #fha1 #fhb2 orig9 (1 #efi4 ,/oma*-m\?1 #cji4 ,/omodum1 #ecg1 #edg1 #efi4 ,/omoxys1 #ddf4 ,/rauss-,drckheim1 on ! he>t1 #cig2 on muscles ( cock*af]1 #bac4 ,/reak1 embryonal1 #eca2 primitive1 #eca4 ,/reblopus1 #aja4 ,/ri ( scales1 #aid1 #bjb4 ,/yles1 abdom9al1 #agf2 ( ovipositor1 #afg4 ,/ylopid1 #dhf2 hyp]metamorphosis (1 #fie4 ,/ylops *ildr5i1 triungul9 l>va (1 #fie4 ,subgalea1 #gc4 ,subm5tum1 #ed1 #fc1 #fh1 #fi4 ,sub/ance1 fibrill> n]ve1 #bch4 ,suck+ /oma*1 #cjb1 #cje4 ,supra-anal plate1 #aha4 ,supra-sophageal ganglion1 #bca4 ,supra-sp9al vessel1 #djc4 ,suranal plate1 #aha4 ,surr\nd+s1 physical1 #dfc4 ,su/a9]s ( ! pupa1 #fch4 ,swamm]dam1 on discov]y ( air-sacs1 #def2 on g]ms ( w+s1 #abh2 on ! me*anism ( pupation1 #ffa2 on metamorphosis1 #eii2 on rectal respiration1 #dfc4 ,swimm+1 act (1 #aaf4 ,symphyla1 #ah2 *>act]s (1 #bb4 ,synapt]a1 #bg1 #ecd1 #eid1 #gje4 ,syroma/es1 #cgb4 ,tabanus1 #fbi2 m\?-p>ts (1 #gi4 ,tnidia1 #ddd2 orig9 (1 #ddg1 #ddh4 ,talporia1 #fcd4 ,taloc]a1 #eg4 ,tanypus1 #dgb4 ,t>sus1 #if2 *anges (1 f l>va to imago ( ,lepidopt]a1 #fee2 r$uction 9 or loss (1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,ta/e1 organs (1 #bha4 ,tegeticula yuccasella1 #fe1 #ff4 ,tegm9a1 #abd4 ,tegula1 #hi1 #abd1 #abe4 ,telea polyphemus1 am\nt ( food eat5 by1 #fjh2 cocoon (1 #fba2 m\lt+ (1 #faj2 ?orax (1 #hh4 ,teleas1 hyp]metamorphosis (1 #gjc4 ,telephorus1 #aaa1 #ech2 t55t hairs (1 #ii4 ,t5ebrio1 #fag4 ,t55t hairs1 #ii4 ,t5tacle ( maxilla1 #fe4 ,t5torium1 #di4 ,t]gum1 #hg4 ,t]m51 #abb4 ,t]mes1 abdom51 #afb2 orig9 ( w+s (1 #adj1 #adc4 ,t]mes flavipes1 #fd4 ,t]mopsis1 #dh1 #fd4 ,te/es1 #dhg1 #die2 incipi5t eggs 9 ! g]m ( ! te/is1 #ejd4 ,!ory ( incasem5t1 #fda4 ,?omas1 on orig9 ( sc5t-scales1 #aii4 ,?orax1 #hf1 #ie2 gills on1 #dfh4 ,?read-plate1 #ege4 ,?read1 spiral1 #ddd2 orig9 (1 #ddg1 #ddh4 ,?yridium1 #abd4 ,?yridopt]yx1 #fcd4 ,?ysanopt]a1 nymph (1 #eig4 ,?ysanura1 #gb2 c]copods (1 #afd2 g5ital organs (1 #dhf4 ,tibia1 #if2 =mation (1 9 imago ( ,lepidopt]a1 #fee4 ,t9eid l>va1 w+-buds (1 #feb2 w+-g]ms (1 #abi4 ,tipula1 #fbi2 flight (1 #aea1 #aeb2 ?orax (1 #ia4 ,tissue1 connective1 #egd4 ,tongue1 #gj4 ,torulus1 #eg4 ,tra*e1 #dca1 #ddb2 capill>y1 #fee2 di/ribution (1 #dcb2 end-cells1 #dcg2 hairs 91 #dea2 m\lt+ (1 #fab2 orig9 (1 #eec2 orig9 (1 9 worms1 #ddb2 size (1 #dcc2 ( w+s1 #add4 ,tra*eal gills1 ( adult insects1 #dgf2 rectal1 #dfc4 ,tra*eal sy/em1 amphipneu/ic type1 #dfb2 apneu/ic type1 #dei2 clos$1 #dei2 holopneu/ic type1 #dei2 metapneu/ic type1 #dfa2 p]ipneu/ic type1 #dfb2 propneu/ic type1 #dfb2 re=mation (1 9 metamorphosis1 #fhc4 ,tra*eoles1 #abf1 #fec4 ,tract1 optic1 #bec4 ,trajectory made by w+s1 #aej4 ,tribolium1 #fag4 ,tri*odes1 tracks (1 #aaj4 ,tri*og51 #ahh1 #aii1 #cff4 ,tri*opt]a1 #dfi2 app5dages1 #eej2 developm5t ( w+s (1 #adb2 embryology (1 #ecg2 ev]sible gl&s (1 #cge2 hau/ellum (1 #ge2 hypoph>ynx (1 #gd2 pupal jaws (1 #fcc2 sp9n]et1 #gd4 ,trilobita1 #e4 ,tritoc]ebrum1 #bca1 #bcg4 ,triungul9e l>va1 #ajj1 #fic1 #fie4 ,tro*ant]1 #dif2 divid$1 #ig4 ,tro*ant9e1 #ie4 ,trogod]ma1 #fag4 ,trophi1 #ed1 #ei1 #edi4 ,tr\velot1 on ! m\lt+ fluid1 #faj2 process ( m\lt+ ( ,telea1 #faj2 sp9n+ ( cocoon by ,telea1 #fba4 ,truxalis1 #dbb4 ,tub]cles1 #ahg1 #aib4 ,tubes1 egg1 #eja2 ov>ian1 #eja2 ur9>y1 #caf1 #cag1 #cdh1 #cec1 #egb4 ,tympanum1 #bhi4 ,typhlocyba1 #faf4 ,uljan91 on ! sexual cells ( ! honey bee1 #ehb4 ,ungues1 #if4 ,uranid91 #bjf4 ,urates1 #ceb4 ,urea1 #ceb4 ,ure*1 on pigm5ts1 #bjf1 #bjh4 ,uric acid1 #ceb4 ,ur9>y bladd]1 #cea2 tubes1 #caf1 #cag1 #cdh2 abs5t 9 ,collembola1 #cec2 excretions (1 #cea2 orig9 (1 #egb2 primitive numb] (1 #ceb2 solid cont5ts (1 #ceb4 ,ur9e1 #bjf4 ,urite1 #afc4 ,urom]es1 #afc4 ,uro-patagia1 #ahc4 ,urosome1 #afc4 ,uro/]nites1 #afc4 ,ut]us1 #ejg4 ,utriculi1 #dhg4 ,uzel1 on ! embryology ( ,campodea1 #ea1 #ec2 prem&ibul> segm5t 9 ,campodea1 #ea1 #eb4 ,vag9a1 #ejg4 ,val]y-,mayet1 on life-hi/ory ( ,sit>is1 #fia4 ,vallisn]i1 on ! crema/]1 #fcg4 ,valvule1 c>diac1 #cab2 prov5tricul>1 #cac2 pyloric1 #cae4 ,van ,bemmel51 on colors1 #bjh4 ,vanessa antiopa1 #fch4 ,vanessa io1 #cha4 ,vanessa urtic1 be=e pupation1 #fdd2 *anges 9 n]v\s sy/em dur+ its metamorphosis1 #fdf4 ,van ,rees1 on po/-embryonic *anges ( ,muscid1 #fgc1 #fgd1 #fgf1 #fhj1 #fhc1 #fhd4 ,vas def]5s1 #dif2 orig9 (1 #egi4 ,vasa def]5tia1 #dif2 orig9 (1 #egi4 ,vayssire1 on l+ua ( ,ephem]a1 #gc4 ,ve9s ( w+s1 #aba1 #add4 ,velum p5is1 #aha4 ,v5om\s gl&s1 #ceh4 ,v5t1 #cai4 ,v5triculus1 #cad4 ,v]mipsylla1 tongue (1 #gg4 ,v]son1 on s]ially arrang$ d]mal gl&s1 #cff2 ve/igial /igmata1 #dfj4 ,vesicles1 air1 #def2 use (1 #deg2 frontal1 #fba2 ( head ( semipupal fly1 #fgg4 ,vespa crabro1 #bag2 olfactory organs (1 #bgf4 ,vessel1 dorsal1 #cig2 ur9>y1 #caf1 #cdh4 ,ve/igial tra*e1 #dfj4 ,viallanes1 on bra91 #bca2 head segm5ts1 #ea4 ,vision1 mode (1 by comp\nd eyes1 #bef2 by simple eyes1 #bee4 ,vitell9e membrane1 #ebj4 ,vivip>\s insects1 #eae4 ,volucella1 ?orax (1 #ia4 ,vossel]1 on ftid gl&s1 #cfi4 ,wagn]1 on ! circulation1 #dai4 ,walk+1 me*anics (1 #ajc1 #ajf4 ,walt]1 on epiph>ynx ( mo?s1 #dd2 on hypoph>ynx ( mo?s1 #ge4 ,wasps1 ta/e-organs (1 #bgg1 #bhf4 ,wax1 ( butt]fly1 #cfd2 ( cat]pill>1 #cfd2 ( saw-fly l>va1 #cfd4 ,wax-gl&s1 #cfa1 #cfd4 ,weevil1 embryology (1 #ech2 bean & pea1 hyp]metamorphosis (1 #gjj4 ,weismann's discov]y ( imag9al buds1 #eii1 #fdc1 #fej2 on =mation ( imago1 #fg2 vesicle ( semipupal fly1 #fgg2 on tra*e1 #dcd2 on orig9 ( tra*e1 #ddg2 on orig9 ( w+s1 #abg1 #abi2 !ory ( hi/olysis1 #fdc4 ,we/1 ,tuff51 on feet ( fly1 etc41 #ajj2 on walk+1 #ii4 ,we/wood1 on head ( ,hym5opt]a1 #ee4 ,:eel]1 on embryonic abdom9al app5dages1 #eej2 on ! homologies ( ! ovipositor1 #afg2 homology & primitive numb] ( ur9>y tubes1 #ced1 #cee2 on nocytes1 #dbc2 on pleuropodia1 #dgf1 #eej1 #eea2 on ! prem&ibul> segm5t1 #ea2 on /ructure ( *orion1 #eba4 ,wiel[iejski1 on blood tissue1 #djh2 egg-tubes1 #ejb2 fat-body1 #dai2 phosphoresc5ce1 #dbd2 tra*e & _! end+s1 #dcf4 ,willi/on1 on anal gl&s1 #cgb4 ,w1 on organs ( ta/e1 #bhb4 ,w+-buds1 or discs1 #abg1 #abi2 rods1 #adf2 %ea?s1 #abd4 ,w+less insects1 #eih4 ,w+s1 #abj2 buds (1 #ffd2 cells1 #aba2 circulation ( blood 91 #daj2 developm5t ( tra*e (1 #add2 developm5t ( ve9s (1 #add2 embryonic developm5t (1 #abf2 fold+ (1 #aed1 #aef2 imag9al buds (1 #fec2 me*anism (1 #aec1 #aef2 orig9 (1 #ach2 primitive orig9 (1 #acg2 z respiratory organs1 #dfa2 rudim5t>y1 gr\nd-membrane (1 #acf2 spread+ (1 #aee2 !ory (1 #add2 tra*e 91 #abb2 ve9s (1 #aba4 ,wi/+haus51 von1 on tra*eal end+s1 #dcf1 #ddg4 ,witlaczil1 on honey dew1 #cfd4 ,wood-,mason1 on gills ( ,p>aponyx1 #dgj2 on ,scolop5drella1 #ai1 #bb4 ,xiphidium1 embryo (1 #ecd2 indusium (1 #ecd1 #ece4 ,y]s91 on results ( section ( commissures1 #bde4 ,yolk1 am\nt (1 #ebd1 #ebi2 membrane1 #ebj2 segm5tation (1 #ebf2 cells1 #efb2 ridge1 m$ian1 #efc4 ,zai?a1 #dca2 pleuropodia (1 #eea4 ,zone1 annul>1 #fec4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xvi1 #ahic1 pp4 #bga-e4 ,footnote #b3 ,on ! morphology ( ! ,myriopoda1 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #ahhc1 pp4 #aig-bji4 ,footnote #c3 ,morphology & classification ( ! ,pauropoda2 also ,am]ican ,naturali/1 #ahig1 p4 #daj4 ,footnote #d3 ,! t]m :i* we propos$ = ?is hypo!tical ance/or ( insects1 8,leptus-l0 or 8,lepti=m10 0 an un=tunate "o1 s9ce ! "n ,leptus 0 orig9ally giv5 to ! six-legg$ l>va ( a mite 7,trombidium71 ! orig9 ( ! mites & o!r ,ara*nida be+ entirely diff]5t f t ( ! myriopods & insects4 ,footnote #e3 ,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xvi1 #ahgc1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #f3 ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,may1 #ahhj1 pp4 #cge1 #cgf4 ,footnote #g3 ,zoologis*e ,anzeig]1 ,bd4 xx1 #ahig1 pp4 #abe & #abi4 ,he also /ates t ,campodea resembles ! myriopods1 especially ,geophilus1 9 ! primitive b& at fir/ ly+ on ! surface ( ! yolk1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( an amniotic cavity2 also be=e hat*+ ! abdom5 is press$ aga9/ ! ?orax1 z 9 myriopods4 ,footnote #h3 8,scolop5drella has v rem>kable ant5n2 !y may be comp>$ ea* to a s]ies ( glass cups /rung ^u a delicate hyal9e & ext5sible rod ( uni=m ?ickness ?r\gh\t2 s t1 l ! body ( ! creature1 !y %r9k enorm\sly :5 ! animal is irritat$ or ?r[n into alcohol1 & !y !n possess sc>cely two-?irds ! l5g? !y h 9 ! fully ext5d$ condition1 _! cup-l jo9ts be+ drawn close toge!r1 "o )9 ! o!r4 ,p]ipatus1 ,japyx1 _m 7if n all7 ,homopt]a1 & ! ,s4 ,asiatic relatives ( our common ,glom]is h all m or less ext5sible ant5n40 7,wood-,mason1 ,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,london1 #ahgi1 p4 #aee47 ,footnote #i3 ,lassaigne gave x ! "n ( entomol9e4 ,footnote #aj3 ,miall & ,d5ny ex ,kruk5b]g2 ,kolbe gives ! =mula z ,c#i;,h#ae,,no#f or ,c#ah;,h#ae,,no#ab4 ,z ! result ( 8 rec5t rese>*es1 ,krawk[ 7,zeits4 ,biol41 xxix1 #ahib1 p4 #agg7 /ates t ! *emical composition ( *it9 may prove to be some:at v>iable4 ,footnote #aa3 ,on all[+ portions ( a locu/1 a piece ( ! integum5t ( ,limulus1 a scorpion1 & a myriopod to soak = a mon? 9 :ite pota%1 nei!r 7 dissolv$ or affect$ by ! reag5t4 ,footnote #ab3 ,we may add1 :ile correct+ ! pro(s ( ?is book1 t ! important summ>y1 by ,uzel1 ( 8 "w on ! embryology ( ,campodea appe>s 9 ! ,zoologis*] ,anzeig] = ,july #e1 #ahig4 ,he obs]ves t ! prem&ibul> segm5t 9 ! embryo is v di/9ct1 & t ! two projections aris+ f x p]si/ 9 ! adult4 8,campodea is n[ ! fir/ example :]e ^! app5dages are pres5t 9 ! sexually mature insect & function z con/itu5ts ( ! complet$ m\? p>ts4 ,i propose = ^! hi!rto ov]look$ /ructures ! "n ( int]cal>y lobes40 ,!y ea* =m a slightly develop$ *it9\s lobe cov]+ a gap betwe5 ! base ( ! labium & ! fus$ ext]nal lobe & palpus ( ! fir/ maxill 7:i* are incl9$ ne> ! labium7 9 place ( ! m&ibles :i* h sunk5 inw>d4 ,uzel also homologizes ^! app5dages ) two simil> projections 7,hck]7 obs]v$ 9 ! embryo ( ,geophilus by ,zograf to be situat$ 9 front ( ! m&ibles4 ,heymons has also detect$ ?is segm5t 9 ! embryo ( ,lepisma4 ,footnote #ac3 ,:ile ^! pages are /ill 9 type1 we may add1 9 confirmation ( ?is view1 t ,uzel /ates1 f 8 rese>*es on ! embryology ( ,campodea1 t ! maxill>y t]gites ( ! embryo only slightly %>e 9 build+ up ! t]gal region 7occiput7 ( ! head1 b t !y =m ! g5 ( ! maxill>y segm5ts4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 ,july #e1 #ahig1 p4 #bce47 ,footnote #ad3 ,miall & ,d5ny 9 _! "w on ! cockroa*1 9 describ+ ! labium1 rem>k3 8,! upp] edge is appli$ to ! occipital frame1 b is nei!r cont9u\s ) t /ructure nor articulat$ !reto4 ,by /ripp+ (f ! labium upw>ds x may be se5 t x is really cont9u\s ) ! *it9\s integum5t ( ! neck0 7p4 #ie74 ,?is is1 we ?9k1 a mi/ak5 view1 z prov$ by ! embryology ( ! ,odonata & ( ,nematus4 ,our /atem5ts on ?is subject 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 "p 9 #ahga1 & m fully 9 ! ?ird ,report1 ,u4 ,s4 ,ent4 ,commission1 #ahhc1 pp4 #bhd1 #bhe4 ,we also /at$ t all ! gul> region ( ! head probably repres5ts ! base ( ! primitive second maxill4 ,footnote #ae3 ,aft] we _h arriv$ at ?is conclusion1 & writt5 ! above l9es1 we receiv$ ! ,zoologis*] ,anzeig] = ,m>* #bi1 #ahig1 9 :i* ,dr4 ,n4 ,lon publi%es ! same view1 /at+ t ea* side ( ! subm5tum is ! homologue ( ! c>do1 & ea* side ( ! m5tum corresponds to ! /ipes ( a s+le maxilla 7p4 #gd74 ,footnote #af3 ,miall & ,d5ny 7 ! fir/ to homologize ! p>agloss ) ! galea & lac9ia1 %[+ ! complete resemblance ( ! second maxill to ! fir/ pair1 rem>k+ t 8! homology ( ! labium ) ! fir/ pair ( maxill is 9 no o!r insects s di/9ct z 9 ! ,or?opt]a40 ,we h also indep5d5tly arriv$ at a simil> conclusion1 b believe t ! m5tum corresponds to ! fir/ maxill>y c>do1 & ! palpif] to ! fir/ maxill>y /ipes1 ! scl]ite ( ea* maxilla be+ fus$ to =m ! base ( ! labium1 i4e4 ! unpair$ m5tum & subm5tum4 ,footnote #ag3 ,uzel /ates t :at is reg>d$ z ! ligula ( ,campodea is =m$ f ! /]nite ( ! fir/ maxill>y segm5t2 :ile ! two p>ts reg>d$ z p>agloss gr[ out f ! /]nite ( ! m&ibul> segm5t1 & ^! ?ree /ructures toge!r he reg>ds z ! hypoph>ynx4 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 ,july #e1 #ahig1 p4 #bcd47 ,footnote #ah3 ,see1 also1 ,brei?aupt1 ,ueb] die ,anatomie und die ,function5 d] ,bi55zunge1 #ahhf4 ,x confirms & ext5ds ,*e%ire's "w4 ,footnote #ai3 ,*olodk[sky1 ,zool4 ,anz41 ix1 p4 #fae2 x1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #bj3 ,zool4 ,anz41 ix1 p4 #gaa4 ,footnote #ba3 ,ent4 ,am]41 v1 p4 #aaj1 ,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #g4 ,footnote #bb3 ,9 8 acc\nt ( 8 /udies on ! locomotion ( insects1 ,de ,moor /ates t he obta9$ ! track ( ea* ( ! feet 9 diff]5t colors by coat+ !m ) diff]5t pigm5ts2 ! insect1 z x mov$1 left its track on a /rip ( pap]4 7,ar*ives de ,biologie1 ,lige1 #ahij47 ,footnote #bc3 ,c>let & also ,de ,moor 7#ahij7 confirm ,grab]'s /atem5t t 9 beetles ! fir/ & la/ app5dages on ! same side are 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 :ile ! middle "o is rais$4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! body ! middle app5dage is on ! gr\nd & ! fir/ & la/ "o rais$4 ,footnote #bd3 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,ent4 ,soc4 xx1 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #be3 ,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london4 ,feb4 #ai1 #ahif4 ,heymons also %[s t ! g]ms ( ! elytra ( ! l>va ( ,t5ebrio molitor 9 ! prepupal /age are l ^? ( o!r insects4 7,sitzungs-,b]4 ,gesell4 natur f4 ,freunde zu ,b]l91 #ahif1 pp4 #adb-add47 ,footnote #bf3 ,zur ,entwickelungsges*i*te und ,reproductionsfhigkeit d] ,or?opt]54 ,von ,vitus ,grab]4 ,sitzungsb]i*te d4 ma?4-naturw4 ,classe d] ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*41 ,wi54 ,bd4 lv1 ,ab?4 i1 #ahfg2 also ,die ,insekt54 ,footnote #bg3 ,on ! trans=mations ( ! common h\se fly1 by ,a4 ,s4 ,pack>d1 ,jr4 ,proce$+s ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 xvi1 #ahgd4 ,see ,pl4 #c1 ,figs4 #ab;a1 #ab;b4 ,footnote #bh3 ,see our ,guide to ! ,/udy ( ,insects1 p4 #ff1 ,figs4 #fe1 #ff4 ,footnote #bi3 ,our ,common ,insects1 #ahgc1 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #cj3 ,comp>e ! obs]vations ( ,palmn1 ,g]/ck]1 ,vayssire1 & o!rs4 ,footnote #ca3 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,t]mit54 ,j5ais*e ,zeits*rift fr ,naturwiss5*aft1 ,bd4 ix1 ,heft #b1 p4 #bec1 #ahge4 ,comp>e1 h[ev]1 ,palmn's ,zur ,morphologie des ,tra*e5sy/ems1 ,hels+=s1 #ahgg1 :]e9 he opposes ,mll]'s view & adopts ,geg5baur's4 ,see p4 #h1 footnote4 ,footnote #cb3 ,pancritius1 :o also adopt$ ,mll]'s views1 lays mu* /ress on ! fact t 9 l>v ( "s ord]s ! tra*e d n ent] ! rudim5t>y w+s until ! end ( l>val life1 & h5ce ! w+s h n orig9at$ f tra*eal gills1 b 7 orig9ally 8p]haps only protective cov]s = ! body40 ,footnote #cc3 ,reproduc$ f ! au?or's rem>ks 9 ,?ird ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,ent4 ,commission1 pp4 #bfh-bga1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #cd3 ,von ,l5d5feld1 h[ev]1 po9ts out ! fact t ,/raus-,durckheim prov$ t ! w+s ( beetles are mov$ by a complicat$ sy/em ( num]\s muscles4 8,9 ! ,lepidopt]a ,i h nev] f\nd less ?an six muscles to ea* w+1 z also 9 ! ,hym5opt]a & ,dipt]a40 8,! motions ( ! w+s ( ,libellulid are ! comb9$ work+ ( num]\s muscles & cords1 & ( a great numb] ( *it9\s pieces connect$ by jo9ts40 ,footnote #ce3 ,heymons1 h[ev]1 d5ies t ! s-call$ c]ci 9 ,odonata are su*1 & claims t !y are ! homologues ( ! 8caudal processes0 7sup]ior t]m9al app5dages ( ,calv]t71 because !y arise f ! t5? abdom9al segm5t4 ,footnote #cf3 ,am]4 ,nat41 iv1 ,decemb]1 #ahgj4 ,footnote #cg3 ,h&bu* d] ,zoologie1 p4 #ag1 #ahfc1 ,fig4 #afb4 ,footnote #ch3 ,9 my acc\nt ( ! anatomy ( ,melanoplus spretus1 #a/ ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,entomological ,commission1 p4 #bei1 ,i h call$ ^! ! infra-anal flaps or uro-patagia4 ,footnote #ci3 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to u by ,a4 ,a4 ,pack>d t ! p[] possess$ by insects ( transport+ loads mu* heavi] ?an !mselves is easily acc\nt$ =1 :5 we consid] t ! muscles ( ! legs ( an insect ! size ( a h\se-fly 7 in* long71 & support+ a load #cii times its own weight1 w\ld be subject$ to ! same /ress 7p] squ>e in* ( cross-section7 z !y w\ld be 9 a fly #ajj in*es long ( precisely simil> %ape1 t c>ri$ only its own weight2 f ! me*anical law t1 :ile ! weight ( simil> bodies v>ies z ! cube ( ! correspond+ dim5sions1 ! area ( cross-section ( any "p 7su* z a section ( ! muscles ( ! leg7 v>ies only z ! squ>e ( ! correspond+ dim5sions4 ,9 %ort1 ! muscles ( a fly c>ry+ ?is great proportional weight und]go no great] t5sion ?an w\ld be ex]t$ by a colossal insect 9 walk+4 ,footnote #dj3 ,?is has be5 %[n to be ! case by ,mi*els1 :o /ates t ea* commissure is =m$ ( ?ree p>allel bundles ( elem5t>y n]ve-fibres1 :i* pass cont9u\sly f "o end ( ! v5tral or n]v\s cord to ! o!r4 8,! commissures take _! orig9 nei!r out ( a c5tral punctsub/anz 7or m>ksub/anz71 nor f ! p]iph]al ganglion-cells ( ! sev]al ganglia1 b are m]e cont9uations ( ! longitud9al fibres :i* decrease po/]iorly 9 ?ickness1 & ext5d ant]iorly ?r\gh ! commissures1 =m+ ! sophageal r+1 to ! bra940 ,footnote #da3 ,! foll[+ extract f ,newton's pap] %[s1 h[ev]1 t ! infra or subsophageal ganglion1 accord+ to ,faivre1 has ! p[] ( cord9at+ ! movem5ts ( ! body2 /ill1 x seems to u t ! bra9 is prim>ily conc]n$ 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]1 z ! n]ves f ! subsophageal ganglion supply only ! m\?-p>ts4 8,! physiological exp]im5ts ( ,faivre 9 #aheg 7,ann4 des ,sci4 ,nat4 tom4 viii1 p4 #bde71 ^u ! bra9 ( ,dyticus 9 relation to locomotion1 are ( v consid]able int]e/1 %[+1 z !y appe> to d1 t ! p[] ( cord9at+ ! movem5ts ( ! body is lodg$ 9 ! infrasophageal ganglion4 ,& su* be+ ! case1 bo? ! upp] & l[] pairs ( ganglia ought to be reg>d$ z =m+ p>ts ( ! insect's bra940--,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,micr4 ,sc41 #ahgi1 p4 #cdb4 ,footnote #db3 ,! ar?ropod protoc]ebrum probably repres5ts ! annelid bra9 7suprasophageal ganglion74 ,! ant5nal segm5t 7deutoc]ebrum71 ) ! prem&ibul> 7int]cal>y7 segm5t 7tritoc]ebrum7 orig9ally po/oral1 h1 z ,lanke/] sugge/s1 9 ! ,ar?ropoda mov$ =w>d to jo9 ! primitive bra94 ,see ,:eel]1 ,j\rn4 ,morphology1 ,bo/on1 viii1 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #dc3 ,viallanes' ass]tion t ! in/9cts ( ! horse-flies & dragon-flies are 8l[]0 ?an ^? ( ! locu/s1 may1 x seems to u1 well be que/ion$4 ,footnote #dd3 ,a4 ,s4 ,pack>d1 ,exp]im5ts on ! vitality ( insects1 ,psy*e1 ii1 #ag1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #de3 ,wat]h\se1 ,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,london1 #ahhi1 p4 xxiv4 ,footnote #df3 ,j4 ,mll]1 ,physiology ( ! ,s5ses4 ,trans4 by ,baly1 copi$ f ,lubbock1 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #dg3 ,haus] "h uses ! ^w ta/]1 b ?is means palpus or feel]4 ,x is probably a lapsus p5n = tee? 7,kegeln74 ,footnote #dh3 ,9 #ahgj ,i obs]v$ ^! s5se-pits 9 ! ant5n & also 9 ! c]copoda ( ! cockroa* 7,p]iplaneta am]icana74 ,i c\nt$ ab\t #ij pits on ea* c]cus4 ,!y are mu* l>g] & mu* m num]\s ?an simil> pits 9 ! ant5n ( ! same insect4 ,i comp>$ !m to simil> pits 9 ! ant5n ( ! c>rion-beetles1 & argu$ t !y 7 organs r ( ! smell+ ?an he>+4 7,am]4 ,nat41 iv41 ,dec4 #ahgj47 ,organs ( smell 9 ! flies 7,*rysopila7 & 9 ! palpi1 bo? labial & maxill>y1 ( ,p]la 7 describ$ 9 ! same j\rnal 7,fig4 #bgj74 ,comp>e ,vom ,ra?'s acc\nt ( ! organs 9 ! c]copods ( ,a*eta 7,fig4 #bga72 also ! s+ul> organ discov]$ by him on ! end ( ! palpus ( butt]flies1 9 :i* a numb] ( hair-l rods 7%7 are seat$ on bran*es ( a common n]ve 7n1 ,fig4 #bgb74 ,footnote #di3 ,=el1 h[ev] 7,recueil ,zoologique ,suisse1 #ahhg71 d5ies t ^! tympanic organs are necess>ily e>s1 & ?9ks t all insects are deaf1 ) no special organs ( he>+1 b t s\nds are he>d by _! tactile organs1 j z deaf-mutes p]ceive at a di/ance ! rumbl+ ( a c>riage4 ,b he appe>s to ov]look ! fact t _m ,cru/acea1 & all %rimps & crabs1 z well z _m molluscs1 h organs ( he>+4 ,! ,g]man anatomi/ ,w believes t insects he> only ! /ridulation ( _! own species4 ,lubbock ?9ks t bees & ants are n deaf1 b he> s\nds s %rill z to be beyond our he>+4 ,footnote #ej3 ,weismann1 ,die na*embryonale ,entwicklung d] ,muscid54 ,zeits*r4 fr wiss54 ,zoologie1 xiv1 p4 #aif1 #ahfd4 ,footnote #ea3 ,plateau 7#ahgg7 /ates t ! dige/ive fluid ( insects1 z well z ( ,ara*nids1 ,cru/aceans1 & ,myriopods1 has no analogy ) ! ga/ric juice ( v]tebrates2 x r resembles ! pancreatic sug> ( ! high] animals4 ,! acidity q (t5 obs]v$ is only v accessory 9 "*1 & n ! sign ( a physiological prop]ty4 8,f>!r1 ,i h f\nd x 9 insects2 ,hoppe-,seyl] has demon/rat$ 9 ! ,cru/acea1 & ,i h prov$ 9 ! spid]s1 t ! f]m5t caus+ ! dige/ion ( album9oids is evid5tly q diff]5t f ! ga/ric peps9e ( v]tebrates2 ! addition ( v feeble quantities ( *lorhydric acid1 f> f promot+ its action1 ret>ds or completely arre/s x40 7,bull4 ,acad4 roy4 ,belgique1 #ahgg1 p4 #bg47 ,footnote #eb3 ,! ^w grs we translate z ! lay] ( gum4 ,n sure ( ! ,engli% equival5t = grs1 ,i appli$ to ,dr4 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d1 ,u4 ,s4 ,entomologi/1 :o k9dly answ]s z foll[s3 8,i h consult$ ,mr4 ,philip ,walk]1 a silk exp]t1 :o writes me ! foll[+ p>agraph3 #8,grs1 z ,i und]/& x1 is ! gum ( ! silk fibre1 h5ce ! ,fr5* "n = raw silk1 grye1 :i* is 9 di/9ction to ! silk t has be5 boil$ out 9 soap aft] twi/+1 or ?r[+1 z x is call$4 ,z ,i und]/& x1 ! silk fibre is compos$ ( ! grs & fibro94 ,! =m] is soluble 9 alkali1 l soap wat]1 & ! latt] is n4'0 ,:ile ,blanc consid]s ! grs z ! product ( a special secretion ( ! wall ( ! res]voir1 ,gilson reg>ds its production z simultane\s ) t ( ! silk or ( ! fibro9 7l4c4 #ahic1 p4 #gd74 ,footnote #ec3 ,on cytological diff]5ces 9 homolog\s organs4 ,report #fc;d meet+ ( ,briti% ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sc4 = #ahic4 #ahid4 p4 #iac4 ,footnote #ed3 ,see also ,gi>d1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 p4 viii1 #ahid4 ,footnote #ee3 8,! cont5ts ( ! ,malpighian tubules may be exam9$ by cru%+ ! "p 9 a drop ( dilute acetic acid1 or 9 dilute sulphuric acid 7#aj p] c5t74 ,9 ! fir/ case a cov]-slip is plac$ on ! fluid1 & ! cry/als1 :i* consi/ ( oblique rhomboh$rons or d]iv$ =ms1 are usually at once app>5t4 ,if sulphuric acid is us$1 ! fluid mu/ be all[$ to evaporate4 ,9 ?is case !y are mu* m elongat$1 & usually clu/]$4 ,! murexide reaction does n give satisfactory indications ) ! tubules ( ! cockroa*40 7,miall & ,d5ny1 ,! cockroa*1 p4 #abi1 footnote47 ,footnote #ef3 8,!re is a curi\s analogy betwe5 ! excretory organs ( ^! insects & ! mesonephros ( "s v]tebrates1 :]e a second1 ?ird1 etc41 g5]ation ( tubules is add$ to ! primitive metam]ic s]ies4 ,:5 ! embryonic numb] ( ,malpighian vessels p]si/s 9 insects1 ! dem& = great] excret+ surface is suppli$ by a l5g!n+ ( ! individual vessels40 ,footnote #eg3 ,= ! mode ( adhesion ( ,cynips eggs1 see ,adl] 9 ,deuts*e ,ent4 ,zeits4 #ahgg1 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote #eh3 ,m]captan is a m]cury1 belong+ to a class ( comp\nds analog\s to alcohol1 hav+ an (f5sive g>lic odor4 ,me?yl m]captan is a highly (f5sive & volatile liquid4 ,footnote #ei3 ,embryonic or tempor>y gl&s1 ! 8pleuropodia0 ( ,:eel]1 viz4 ! modifi$ fir/ pair ( abdom9al legs1 occur 9 can?us1 ,gryllotalpa1 ,xiphidium1 ,/5obo?rus1 ,mantis 7occasionally a pair on ! second abdom9al segm5t1 ,grab]72 ,blatta1 ,p]iplaneta1 ,cicada1 ,zai?a1 ,hydrophilus1 ,acilius1 ,melolon?a1 ,melo1 ,sialis1 ,neophylax4 7,see ,:eel]1 ,app5dages ( ! ,fir/ ,abdom9al ,segm5t1 etc41 #ahij47 ,footnote #fj3 ,^! midges owe _! phosphoresc5ce to bact]ia 9 _! bodies dur+ disease4 ,footnote #fa3 ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,anatomie und ,hi/ologie d] ,ti]e1 #ahhd1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #fb3 ,zelle und ,gewebe1 #ahhe1 p4 #dc4 7,see also our p4 #bag47 ,footnote #fc3 ,/udi5 b] die ,lampyrid51 ,zeits4 fr wiss4 ,zool41 xxxvii1 #ahhb4 ,bo? ,wiel[iejski & ,m4 ,wi/+haus5 h completely disprov$ ! view ( ,s*ultze1 t ! tra*e end 9 />-l cells1 :]e respiration takes place1 z ! 8/>-l cells0 are simply net-l expansions ( ! p]itoneal membrane ( ! tra*e4 ,footnote #fd3 ,! foll[+ summ>y compil$ f ,kran*]1 is translat$1 ) "s m9or *anges1 f ,kolbe's "w4 ,footnote #fe3 ,miall & ,d5ny /ate t 9 ! cockroa* ! abdom9al spiracles are p]man5tly op51 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( a valve1 b communication ) ! tra*eal trunk may be cut (f at pleasure by an int]nal occlud+ app>atus4 ,footnote #ff3 ,zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,bi5e1 ,zeits*r4 wiss5s4 ,zoologie1 xx1 p4 #eai1 #ahgj4 ,footnote #fg3 ,die ,entwicklung d] ,dipt]5 im ,ei1 ,zeits*r4 wiss5s4 ,zoologie1 xiii1 #ahfc4 ,footnote #fh3 ,am]4 ,naturali/1 ,may1 #ahhf1 p4 #dch4 ,footnote #fi3 ,zeits*r4 wiss5s4 ,zoologie1 xl1 #ahhd1 ,taf4 xix1 ,fig4 #h1 ,t4 ,footnote #gj3 ,sci5ce1 #ahic1 pp4 #dd-df4 ,footnote #ga3 ,art4 ,?orax1 ,todd's ,cycl4 ( ,anat4 & ,phys4 ,footnote #gb3 ,! meso?oracic /igmata are op5 9 ,c>abus1 ,potamophilus1 ,elmis1 ,macrony*us1 ,bupre/is1 ,elat]1 ,lampyris1 ,lycus1 ,triphyllus1 ,euc9etus1 ,dascillus1 ,pseph5us1 ,ergates1 ,micralymna1 & probably _m o!rs4 ,! meta?oracic /igmata are op5 9 ,lycus & ,elmis4 ,footnote #gc3 ,9 ! ,hym5opt]a ! two pairs on ! meso- & meta?oracic segm5ts are op5 9 ! ,aculeata1 also 9 ! ,siricid1 among :i* sometimes t on ! ?ird segm5t is clos$4 ,9 ,pimpla & ,microga/] 7fully gr[n l>v7 only ! meso?oracic /igmata are op54 ,palmn adds t mo/ dipt]\s l>v are amphipneu/ic2 ,cecidomyia1 ! ,mycetophilid1 ,bibionid1 & ,/ratiomys are typically p]ipneu/ic4 7p4 #ib47 ,moreov]1 a s+le insect1 z ,sialis1 may be apneu/ic z a l>va1 p]ipneu/ic z a pupa1 & holopneu/ic 9 ! imago /age4 ,footnote #gd3 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,folsom1 :o has made ! accompany+ sket* ( ! nymph ( ,eupha spl5d5s 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum1 f9ds only sev5 pairs ( gills1 !re be+ no traces ( !m on segm5ts #a1 #i1 & #aj4 ,a /\t tra*ea1 he writes u1 ent]s ! base ( ea* gill1 & subdivides into sev]al long bran*es1 :i* c\rse along ! p]iph]y4 ,hag5 9 8 orig9al acc\nt said !re 7 eight pairs on segm5ts #a-h respectively4 ,footnote #ge3 ,h>ris1 ,correspond5ce1 p4 #bbf1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #g4 ,footnote #gf3 ,nusbaum's view has be5 que/ion$ by ,heymons1 :o1 f 8 /udies on ! embryology ( ! cockroa* 7,p]iplaneta & ,phyllodromia71 ,=ficula1 & ,gryllus1 concludes t ! ectod]mal ends ( ! sexual outlets owe _! orig9 to an unpair$ m$ian hypod]mal invag9ation1 & t x is q d\btful :e!r ! ectod]mal portions ( ! sexual passages ( insects 7 ev] pair$ 7p4 #ajd74 ,on ! o!r h& he appe>s1 ev5 ?r[+ out ! case ( ,ephem]a1 to h ov]look$ ,nasson['s discov]y ( pair$ outlets 9 ! "y ( ,lepisma4 ,footnote #gg3 ,acta ,acad4 ,g]man41 xxxiii1 #ahfg1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ha4 ,quot$ by ,dr4 ,%>p1 ,insecta1 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #gh3 ,j\rn4 ,morph41 iii1 ,bo/on1 pp4 #bii1 #cjj4 ,footnote #gi3 ,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xi1 pp4 #hh1 #hi4 ,footnote #hj3 ,9 ! foll[+ g5]al acc\nt ( ! embryology ( insects1 ,i h closely foll[$ ! admirable arrangem5t & description ( ,kors*elt & ,heid]1 9 _! ,lehrbu* d] v]glei*5d5 ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] wirbellos5 ,?i]e1 pp4 #gfd-hdf1 (t5 translat+ _! text lit]ally1 ?\gh n omitt+ to /ate ! results ( o!r writ]s4 ,footnote #ha3 ,kors*elt & ,heid] /ate t no cellul> embryonal membranes are pres5t 9 ,synapt]a1 ,uljan9 f9d+ none 9 ! ,podurids4 ,9 ! embryo ( ,isotoma walk]ii we1 h[ev]1 obs]v$ a membrane :i* we comp>$ to ! l>val sk9 ( _m ,cru/acea1 & bo? ,somm] & ,lemo9e h detect$ 9 eggs ( ! same gr\p a cuticul> l>val sk9 :i* is provid$ ) sp9es = ruptur+ ! *orion4 ,! amnion is also want+ 9 ,proctotrupids 7,ay]s71 & is rudim5tal 9 ,muscid 7,k[alevsky1 ,grab]71 9 vivip>\s ,cecidomyid1 accord+ to ,mets*nik(f1 :o also /ates t 9 c]ta9 ants ( ,madeira ! envelopes are repres5t$ only by a small mass ( cells 9 ! dorsal region4 ,footnote #hb3 ,9 ,dipt]a ! /omodum may be dorsal1 ,dr4 ,pratt tells u4 ,footnote #hc3 ,w 7,aphis7 & also ,*olodk[sky's /atem5t 7,blatta71 z well z ,balf\r & ,s*imkewit*'s /atem5ts t ! bra9 is at fir/ disconnect$ f ! v5tral cord1 are app>5tly errone\s4 ,footnote #hd3 ,! description p]haps applies n only to ! cockroa*es1 b1 z se5 f ! simil> b fragm5t>y notices ( ,heid] & ( ,:eel] on ! ,coleopt]a1 may be common to insects 9 g5]al4 ,footnote #he3 ,report on ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 locu/1 etc4 ,n9? ,annual ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,survey ( ! ,t]ritories = #ahge1 pp4 #fcc1 #fcd4 ,footnote #hf3 ,or?opt]a ,europa1 #ahec1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #hg3 ,9 8 ,fr ,d>w9 7#ahfc71 ,fritz ,mll] gives 8 reasons = ! op9ion t ! s-call$ 8complete metamorphosis0 ( insects 0 n inh]it$ f ! primitive ance/or ( all insects1 b acquir$ at a lat] p]iod4 ,footnote #hh3 ,= fur!r details see ! #a/ ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,entomological ,commission1 #ahgh1 pp4 #bgi-bha4 ,footnote #hi3 ,see ,kpp5 ueb] die ,heus*reck5 9 ,sdrussl&1 #ahfb1 pp4 #bb1 #bc4 ,footnote #ij3 ,9 ,sam\elle's ,! ,entomologi/'s ,useful ,comp5dium1 #ahai4 ,see ,we/wood's ,class4 ,insects1 i1 p4 #b2 ,lea*'s ,ametabolia compris$ ! ,?ysanura 7,synapt]a7 & ! lice4 ,footnote #ia3 ,f ! ,greek 1 scanty2 1 *ange4 ,footnote #ib3 ,greek1 1 quiet2 1 *ange4 ,footnote #ic3 ,at ! same date 7,m>*1 #ahfi7 we indep5d5tly sugge/$ t ! insects _h orig9at$ f "s =m l ! hexapod\s "y ( ,pauropus & ,podura4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahgj1 we sugge/$ t ! ,?ysanura & ! hexapod\s ,leptus may h desc5d$ f "s ,p]ipatus-l worm4 ,aft]w>ds 7#ahga7 we propos$ = ! ance/ral =m ! t]m lepti=m1 :i* 0 lat] ab&on$ = ,brau]'s t]m ,campodea-=m4 ,footnote #id3 ,am]4 ,naturali/1 i1 p4 #he1 #ahfg4 ,footnote #ie3 ,fir/ ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,ent4 ,commission1 p4 #bha-bhc4 ,footnote #if3 ,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 iii1 p4 xv4 ,see also ,a%ton1 ,r4 ,j41 ,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 iii1 #ahda-dc1 pp4 #aeg-aei4 ,footnote #ig3 ,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 x1 #ahff1 p4 #bhc4 ,footnote #ih3 ,see ,max ,braun's article entitl$ ,ueb] die hi/ologis*5 ,vorgange bei d] ,hautung von ,a/acus fluviatilis1 ) a full bibliography1 9 ,semp]'s ,arbeit5 aus dem ,zool4 zoot4 ,in/itut 9 ,wrzburg1 ii1 pp4 #aba-aff4 ,also ,semp]'s ,animal ,life1 p4 #bj4 ,tr\velot also discov]$ ! m\lt+ fluid4 7,am]4 ,nat41 i1 p4 #cg47 ,footnote #ii3 ,am]ican ,naturali/1 xvii1 ,may1 #ahhc1 pp4 #edg1 #edh4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,le ,pelleti]4 ,a4 ,m4 ,l41 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,philoma?ique1 ,p>is1 ,april1 #ahac4 ,footnote #aja3 ,he9ek51 ,c>l4 ,obs]vations on ! reproduction ( ! memb]s 9 spid]s & insects4 7,zool4 ,j\rn41 #ahbi1 vi1 pp4 #dbb-dcb47 ,footnote #ajb3 ,bees & ,bee-keep+1 pp4 #ba1 #bb4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,butt]flies1 _! /ructure1 *anges1 & life-hi/ories4 ,new ,york1 #ahha1 pp4 #cg-db4 ,butt]flies ( ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 #ahhh1 #ahhi4 ,also1 ,frail *ildr5 ( ! air1 #ahie1 pp4 #bcb1 #bcc a4 ,dr4 ,*apman1 h[ev]1 f9ds t ?is piece 9 micropup has no connection :atev] ) ! head or eye1 b belongs r ) ! pro?oracic segm5t4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahic1 p4 #ajb47 ,we h be5 able to confirm 8 /atem5ts1 b /ill ?is piece is peculi> to ! pupal /ate4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,rep4 ,ent4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 #ahgi1 pp4 #bbh1 #bbi1 ,pl4 ,,iv1 ,fig4 #d4 ,footnote #aje3 ,monograph ( bombyc9e mo?s1 ,pt4 ,i1 #ahig4 ,figs4 #bd1 #bh1 #bi1 #cc1 #cd1 #dj1 #gg4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,am]4 ,naturali/1 xii1 pp4 #cgi-chc4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,hybocampa milhaus5i1 ,dr4 ,*apman tells me1 has a pupal sp9e 7imp]fectly pres5t 9 ,c]ura7 ) :i* x cuts out a lid ( ! cocoon4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,riley's ,report = #ahib1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #aji3 ,philosophy ( ! pupation ( butt]flies1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,nymphalid1 by ,*>les ,v4 ,riley4 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci5ce1 xxviii1 ,s>atoga ,meet+1 ,augu/1 #ahhj1 pp4 #dee-dfc47 ,footnote #aaj3 ,! homology ( ! suranal plate ( ! l>va ) ! crema/] ( ! pupa1 e/abli%$ by ,riley 9 #ahhj1 is also affirm$ by ,jackson 7#ahhh7 & by ,p\lton1 & = "s ye>s we h be5 satisfi$ t ?is is ! correct view2 ,pr(essor ,hat*ett-,jackson discov]$ x1 he /ates1 9 #ahgf4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,9 8 rem>kable /udies on ! morphology ( ! ,lepidopt]a1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,hat*ett-,jackson /ates 8 belief t ,riley's homology ( ! su/5tors ) ! soles or plant ( ! anal prolegs1 & ! su/5tor ridges ) _! limbs1 is wrong1 & t ! em95ces on ei!r side ! anal furr[1 or ! 8anal prom95ces10 z !y are t]m$ by ,riley1 repres5t ! prolegs1 & t ! su/5tor ridges & su/5tors are probably peculi> developm5ts ( ! body ( ! #aj? somite1 f\nd only 9 "s ,lepidopt]a4 ,f our exam9ation ( pupa ( diff]5t families ( mo?s1 we are satisfi$ t ,jackson's view is ! correct "o4 ,we h n f\nd ! su/5tors & _! ridges 9 ! pup ( ! m g5]aliz$ mo?s1 b ! ve/iges ( ! anal legs are almo/ inv>iably pres5t1 _! abs5ce 9 ! pupa ( ,nola & ,h>ris9a be+ notewor?y4 ,footnote #aab3 ,we copy f ,kirby & ,sp5ce _! ab/ract ( ,h]old's conclusions3 8,! successive sk9s ( ! cat]pill>1 ! pupa-case1 ! future butt]fly1 & its p>ts or organs1 except ^? ( sex1 :i* he discov]$ 9 ! newly exclud$ l>va1 d n prexi/ z g]ms1 b are =m$ successively f ! rete mucosum1 :i* itself is =m$ anew ^u e *ange ( sk91 f :at he d5om9ates ! blood1 or ! *yle aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ! pores ( ! inte/9al canal into ! g5]al cavity ( ! body1 :]e1 be+ oxyg5at$ by ! air-vessels1 x p]=ms ! nutritive functions ( blood4 ,he attributes ^! =mations to a vis =matrix 7bild5de ,kraft74 8,! caul or epiploon 7fett-masse71 ! corps graisseux ( ,raumur1 etc41 :i* he supposes to be =m$ f ! sup]flu\s blood1 he all[s1 ) mo/ physiologi/s1 to be /or$ up 9 ! l>va1 t 9 ! pupa /ate x may s]ve = ! developm5t ( ! imago4 ,b he diff]s f !m 9 ass]t+ t 9 ?is /ate x is de/9$ to two di/9ct purposes3 fir/1 = ! production ( ! muscles ( ! butt]fly1 :i* he affirms are g5]at$ f x 9 ! %ape ( sl5d] bundles ( fibres2 &1 secondly1 = ! developm5t & nutrition ( ! organs =m$ 9 ! l>va1 to effect :i*1 he says1 x is dissolv$ aga9 into ! mass ( blood1 & be+ oxyg5at$ by ! air-vessels1 becomes fit = nutrition1 :5ce ! epiploon appe>s to be a k9d ( concrete *yle40 7,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,s*mett]l+e1 pp4 #ab-bg47 ,x seems t ,h]old 0 "r 9 d]iv+ ! pupa & imago f ! hypod]mis 78 rete mucosum71 b wrong 9 d5y+ t ! g]ms did n prexi/ 9 ! "y cat]pill>1 & wrong 9 suppos+ t ! latt] orig9at$ f ! blood1 also 9 suppos+ t ! muscles owe _! orig9 to ! fat-body4 ,swamm]dam1 & also ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 7 correct 9 suppos+ t ! imago arose f 8g]ms0 9 ! l>va1 ?\gh wrong 9 adopt+ ! 8embotem5t0 !ory4 ,footnote #aac3 ,9 ! regions :]e ! imag9al buds are n pres5t 7dorsal aspect ( ! pro?orax1 & abdom571 ! epi!lium 7hypod]mis7 may prolif]ate indep5d5tly ( ^! buds4 ,footnote #aad3 ,we %all translate portions &1 :5 ! text all[s1 make an ab/ract ( p>ts ( ,gon9's cle> & excell5t acc\nt1 (t5 us+ 8 own words4 ,footnote #aae3 ,c4 ,h]b]t ,hur/1 ,! ,pupal ,/ages ( ,culex4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,l[ne on ! ,bl[-fly1 new edit41 pp4 #b1 #da1 ,fig4 #g4 ,footnote #aag3 ,miall1 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,aquatic ,insects1 pp4 #acf-ach4 ,also ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,v1 ,sept41 #ahib4 ,footnote #aah3 ,?is acc\nt is translat$ f ,kors*elt & ,heid]1 ) "s omissions & slight *anges4 ,footnote #aai3 ,we/wood 9 8 excell5t acc\nt ( ?is gr\p rem>ks3 8,h5ce1 z well z f ! acc\nt giv5 by ,jur9e1 x is evid5t t ! pupa ( ! ,/ylops is enclos$ 9 a di/9ct sk91 & is also 9 t /ate envelop$ by ! sk9 ( ! l>va1 contr>y to ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,kelly40 7,class4 ,insects1 ,,ii4 #big47 ,?is is all we "k ab\t ! sup]num]>y l>val /ages4 ,footnote #abj3 ,"s facts t[>ds a life hi/ory ( ,rhipiphorus p>adoxus4 ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory = ,octob]1 #ahgj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,p4 #caf1 *ang$ 8abdom9al cells0 to 8absorb5t cells04 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 ,ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 ,enclos$ bold font 9 equals4 ,sup]scripts are d5ot$ by a c>et be=e a s+le sup]script "* or a s]ies ( sup]script$ *>act]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 ,mr4 or ,mi/]4 ,subscripts are d5ot$ by an und]score be=e a s]ies ( subscript$ *>act]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 ,h#b,o4