,,previ\s ,,writ+s ,,( ,,paul ,s4 ,,re9s* ,! ,common ,law 9 ! ,e>ly ,am]ican ,colonies1 #ahii4 ,_w ,politics at ! ,end ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury z ,influ5c$ by ! ,ori5tal ,situation1 #aijj4 ,colonial ,gov]nm5t1 #aijb4 ,colonial ,adm9i/ration1 #aije4 ,am]ican ,legislatures & ,legislative ,me?ods1 #aijg4 ,intellectual ,curr5ts 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 #aiaa4 ,int]national ,unions1 #aiaa4 ,an ,am]ican ,diplomat 9 ,*9a1 #aiac-aiah1 #aibb4 ,,secret ,,diplomacy ,,h[ ,,f> ,,c ,,x ,,be ,,elim9at$8 ,,by ,,paul ,s4 ,,re9s* ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,company ,,copyright1 #aibb1 ,,by ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,by ,,! ,,qu9n ,,bod5 ,,company ,,rahway1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! pr9cipal conclusions bas$ on ! mat]ial conta9$ 9 ?is book 7 pres5t$ by ! ,au?or at a jo9t meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association & ! ,am]ican ,political ,sci5ce ,association1 9 8 address z ,presid5t ( ! latt]1 on ,decemb] #bh?1 #aibj4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #c ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,diplomacy #bb ,,ii4 ,,old ,,diplomatic ,,correspond5ce #cf ,,iii4 ,,aft] ,,! ,,congress ,,( ,,vi5na #de ,,iv4 ,,napoleon ,,iii1 ,,disraeli1 ,,bism>ck #eh ,v4 ,,triple ,,alliance ,,diplomacy ,,& ,,morocco #gj ,,vi4 ,,ent5te ,,diplomacy #hd ,,vii4 ,,! ,,crisis ,,( #aiad #ajb ,,viii4 ,,! ,,secret ,,treaties ,,( ,,! ,,w> #aaf ,,ix4 ,,hopes ,,= ,,improvem5t ,,def]r$ #abi ,x4 ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,public ,,confid5ce #acf ,,xi4 ,,p>liam5t ,,& ,,=eign ,,affairs #adi ,,xii4 ,,! ,,public ,,& ,,diplomacy #aff ,,xiii4 ,a ,,survival ,,( ,,absolutism #aha ,,xiv4 ,,rec5t ,,am]ican ,,exp]i5ce #aid ,,conclusion #baa ,,index #bbe ,,secret ,,diplomacy ,,introduction ,is secret diplomacy ! evil _s ( mod]n politics8 ,is x ! =ce t keeps nations 9 a /ate ( pot5tial ho/ility & does n all[ a feel+ ( confid5ce & ( :olehe>t$ cop]ation to gr[ up8 ,or is x only a trade device1 a clev] me?od ( surr\nd+ ) an aura ( importance ! do+s ( ! diplomats1 a race ( m5 ( av]age wisdom & intellig5ce :o traditionally h valu$ ! pre/ige ( deal+ ) 8secret affairs ( /ate08 ,or is x some?+ less romantic ?an ei!r ( ^!--m]ely ! survival f a m b>b>\s age ( in/9cts ( secretiv5ess & *icane acquir$ at a "t :5 self-def5se 0 ! necessity ( e h\r8 ,x is q pat5t t ! practice ( secret diplomacy is incompatible ) ! democratic !ory ( /ate4 ,ev5 9 ! ,lib]al !ory ( /ate x f9ds little favor1 al?\gh t is dispos$ to grant a great deal ( discretion to ! repres5tatives :o are giv5 ! tru/ee%ip ( public affairs4 ,yet ! ess5tial idea ( ,lib]alism1 gov]nm5t by discussion1 includes =eign affairs )9 its scope fully z mu* z ^? ( purely dome/ic conc]n4 ,9 apply+ to public affairs ! exp]i5ce ( private bus9ess x is (t5 argu$ t z ! directorate ( a corporation c\ld n be expect$ to transact its bus9ess 9 public1 ev5 s diplomatic conv]sations are n to be h]ald$ f ! h\se tops4 ,h[ f> ?is p>ticul> analogy betwe5 private bus9ess & public affairs w hold1 is a po9t we %all h to exam9e lat]4 ,at fir/ sight ! plann+ ( private ent]prises & ! consid]ation ( b5efits & losses1 c h>dly furni% completely satisfactory rules = ! conduct ( public affairs1 p>ticul>ly ^? involv+ ! life & dea? ( ! p]sons conc]n$4 ,/ockhold]s w\ld be reluctant to all[ su* matt]s to be det]m9$ by a bo>d ( tru/ees 9 secret conclave4 ,dive/+ ourselves ( all prejudices1 ev5 ( righte\s indignation aga9/ pla9ly unconscionable practices1 we %all try to exam9e & analyze ! action ( great diplomats & to see to :at ext5t really important results a*iev$ by !m h dep5d$ ^u ! use ( secret me?ods4 ,9 ! #ah? ,c5tury1 diplomacy 0 /ill look$ ^u z a %>p game 9 :i* wits 7 mat*$1 ) a complete lic5se z to ! means pursu$2 provid$1 h[ev]1 t emb>rass+ discov]y mu/ be avoid$1 9 o!r words1 t ! exact me?od ( deception mu/ be s closely gu>d$ t only ! results w %[4 ,! great diplomats ( ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury--,mett]ni*1 ,talleyr&1 ,pozzo di ,borgo--:ile !y talk$ mu* ab\t humanit>ian pr9ciples1 cont9u$ to play a b>r5 game ( intrigue4 ,napoleon ,,iii1 t ma/] ( devi\s /atecraft1 w always be cit$ by excoriators ( secret diplomacy z an abhorr5t example--a man undone by ! results ( 8 own plott+4 ,bism>ck inde$ prid$ himself on look+ d[n ^u petty secret manuv]+ & ca/ a c]ta9 am\nt ( contempt on ! :ole diplomatic bus9ess2 he (t5 disconc]t$ 8 oppon5ts by an unaccu/om$ frankness4 ,yet ! ori5tation ( 8 /atesman%ip 0 bas$ ^u ! idea ( help+ hi/ory to f9d a %ort-cut to h] aims ?r\gh ma/]ful plott+4 ,he took ! re9s out ( ! h&s ( ,provid5ce4 ,b let u return to our fir/ "q3 8,is secret diplomacy ! evil _s ( mod]n politics80 ,x is inde$ wor? inquir+ h[ f> our secretive me?ods 9 =eign affairs are to blame = ! pitiful condition 9 :i* ! _w f9ds itself to-day4 ,no d\bt !re is a g5]al belief t secret diplomacy & ev]-increas+ armam5ts l$ ,europe into ! t]rible de/ruction ( ! ,great ,w> & t ! cont9uance ( su* me?ods is *iefly to blame = ! deplorable condition s9ce ! ,armi/ice4 ,!re may be deep] causes1 b ^! evid5ces are s obtrusive t !y naturally attract mo/ att5tion & are giv5 mo/ blame = ! evils we endure4 ,x is pla9 t secret diplomacy is a pot5t cause = cont9u$ di/ru/1 fe> & hate4 ,!re are few /atesm5 t w\ld n %r9k f delib]ately plann+ & /ag+ a w>4 ,yet !y ne>ly all p>ticipate 9 me?ods ( h&l+ public bus9ess f :i* x is h>dly possible t any?+ b suspicion1 fe> & hatr$ %\ld arise4 ,di/ru/ is plant$ ev]y:]e4 ,!re is no assurance ( :at is ! tru?2 true reports are que/ion$2 false reports1 believ$4 ,all motives are "u suspicion4 ,! public consci5ce & w are becl\d$2 no?+ /&s out z reliable b />k milit>y =ce4 ,x w\ld seem t we h le>n$ v little f ! w>4 ,! same dang]\s & unheal?y me?ods cont9ue to be us$ ) invet]ate zeal4 ,! result is t suspicion has n[ gr[n up among ^? :o f\ght side by side & :o %$ _! blood toge!r4 ,realiz+ ! fundam5tal importance ( bas+ int]national life on s\nd op9ion & fair deal+1 ! fram]s ( ! ,league ( ,nations tri$ to secure ! publicity ( all int]national agreem5ts4 ,yet ?is mod]ate provision ( ! cov5ant has n be5 obey$ by "s ( ! /ronge/ contract+ p[]s4 ,"s outsid]s1 inde$1 su* z ,russia1 h q will+ly publi%$ _! treaties & furni%$ !m to ! bureau ( ! league4 ,t ! fir/ act ( peace-mak+ 0 to %ut ! door ( ! c\ncil *amb] 9 ! face ( ! multitudes :o _h (f]$ _! lives & %$ _! blood = ! rights ( humanity 0 a tragic mi/ake4 ,9 ! def5se ( secret proc$ure1 publi%$ on ,janu>y #ag1 #aiai1 x 0 said 8,to discuss diff]5ces 9 ! press w\ld inflame public op9ion & r5d] impossible a compromise40 ,s all connection betwe5 ! great public t 0 pay+ ! price ( ! game & ! b5evol5t eld] /atesm5 :o ?\ght !y w\ld %\ld] ! burd5 ( responsibility alone1 0 cut (f4 ,! m5 9 ! c\ncil *amb] 7 n /r5g!n$ 9 ?is great crisis by a feel+ ( intimate t\* ) a /rong & enlight5$ public op9ion4 ,! public itself 0 disillusion$2 suspicion & contempt 7 ! natural result4 ,! bald /atem5ts giv5 to ! press conc]n+ ! negotiations did n satisfy any "o4 ,mo/ ( :at 0 go+ on became kn[n to outsid]s4 ,b its au!nticity 0 s unc]ta9 & x 0 s comm+l$ ) m]e rumor t ! public soon gave up 9 despair4 ,x w be important to inquire z to :at is ! prop] p]spective betwe5 confid5tial delib]ation & publicity ( results1 9 conf]5ces1 :i* are becom+ ! usual ag5cy = discuss+ & settl+ int]national affairs4 ,:5 secrecy is conf9$ m]ely to ! me?ods ( c>ry+ on negotiations1 its importance = good & evil is c]ta9ly n s great z :5 ! secrecy ( me?ods includes concealm5t ( aims & ( ! agreem5ts arriv$ at4 ,we c\ld imag9e t ev5 a /atesman :o seeks ! close/ relation%ip ) public op9ion1 ev5 a ,l9coln1 c\ld n at all times elim9ate all use ( confid5tial communications4 ,b ! temp] ( ! :ole sy/em ( =eign affairs is a diff]5t matt]2 & any broad ef=t to conceal ! t5d5cy ( action or its results is c]ta9ly productive ( evil1 no matt] h[ salut>y or b5eficial x may seem to ! m5 employ+ x at ! "t4 ,b1 x is said1 we mu/ tru/ to exp]ts4 ,int]national relations are s intricate & h s _m delicate %ad+s t !y elude ! grasp ( ! ord9>y man1 & c be held toge!r & se5 9 _! prop] relations only by ! compreh5sive & exp]i5c$ m9d ( ! season$ /atesman4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a di/9ction :i* ought to be not$4 ,! public relies 9 mo/ cases unres]v$ly ^u exp]t%ip 9 matt]s ( eng9e]+1 sci5ce1 acc\nt+1 bus9ess managem5t1 & ev5 9 m$ic9e1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] ) a feel+ ( less complete security4 ,9 all ^! cases we "k t ! processes appli$ & ! me?ods pursu$ are demon/rable1 & ma!matically c]ta9 to produce ! results anticipat$4 ,b 9 ! affairs ( int]national politics into :i* ! human equation & o!r inexactly calculable factors ent]1 !re is no su* ma!matical c]ta9ty :i* c be te/$ & asc]ta9$ by any gr\p ( exp]ts4 ,x is all a matt] ( wisdom 9 *oos+ alt]natives1 & we may well d\bt :e!r any man or small gr\p ( m51 "u mod]n conditions ( life & public /ate action1 c be wis] 9 su* matt]s by !mselves ?an !y w\ld be if !y con/antly kept 9 direct t\* ) public op9ion4 ,society1 :5 prop]ly organiz$1 w h at its disposal on e "q ( importance1 gr\ps ( m5 :o h exp]t k4 ,exp]t%ip 9 =eign affairs is n conf9$ to ! =eign (fices or ! *anc]ies2 _m ?\ghtful m5 obs]v+ & ?9k+ int5sely1 travel+ widely1 see+ =eign affairs f an indep5d5t angle1 h op9ions & judgm5ts to contribute t ! (ficials _c safely ignore4 ,9 an inquiry ( ?is k9d we %all h to consid] ! broad] sett+ ( diplomacy z a "p ( public life )9 ! nation & ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! elem5t ( secrecy is appropriate only :5 we consid] diplomacy z a clev] game play$ by a small inn] privileg$ circle2 x appe>s out ( place 9 a society organiz$ on a broad] basis4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! def5se ( secrecy1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! inn] politics ( ! /ate1 resolves itself almo/ entirely into an op9ion t ! ignorance & inexp]i5ce ( ! p does n fit !m to judge ( =eign relations4 ,t1 x mu/ be confess$1 does n seem to be a v s\nd or conv9c+ basis = ! *oice ( me?ods ( public action 9 a mod]n /ate4 ,b ! real /r5g? ( ! argum5t = secrecy comes :5 ! ext]nal aspects ( /ate action are consid]$4 ,!n !re is1 on ! surface at lea/1 an app>5t ju/ification = secretiv5ess1 9 ! int]e/ ( a closely knit society engag$ 9 competitive /ruggle ) simil> societies & oblig$ to def5d itself & to safegu>d its int]e/ by all available means4 ,reg>d$ 9 its broad] aspects !re are two conceptions ( diplomacy :i* are q antagoni/ic & :i* h divid$ ?9k]s s9ce ! "t ( ,ma*iavelli & ,grotius4 ,^! two great m9ds may inde$ be consid]$ z typify+ ! two t5d5cies & express+ !m 9 !mselves & ?r\gh ! s5tim5ts :i* _! ?\ght & writ+s h eng5d]$ 9 _! successors4 ,we h ! conception ( diplomacy z work+ out a complex sy/em ( /ate action1 balanc+ & c\nt]balanc+ =ces & mat]ial res\rces & giv+ direction to ! inn]mo/ purposes ( ! /ate4 ,x is probable t all pr(essional diplomats are m or less en*ant$ by ?is ideal4 ,up to ! great w>1 ,bism>ck 0 g5]ally consid]$ ! able/ ma/] ( diplomacy1 & 8 action seem$ to supply %ort-cuts = hi/orical =ces to "w out _! natural aims4 ,nationalism 0 ! ^w ( ! day & ! creation ( ! ,g]man national /ate1 =eorda9$ z x seem$ by ! laws ( hi/ory1 0 accel]at$ by ! ma/]ful action ( ! great diplomat4 ,b we are n[ able to see :]e9 lay ! limitations ( ?is me?od z appli$ by ,bism>ck4 ,not)/&+ 8 grasp ( hi/oric pr9ciples ( developm5t1 he did n1 aft] all1 "w 9 unison ) broad natural =ces1 b reli$ on 8 p[] to dom9ate o!r m5 ?r\gh =ceful ma/]y1 ) dyna/ic associations4 ,he 0 a sup]man r ?an a great repres5tative ( a p's aspirations4 ,s :ile he proclaim$ ! tru?fulness ( 8 diplomacy1 x 0 nev]!less kept ess5tially z 8 own & 8 ma/]'s affair & bus9ess1 r ?an ! p's4 ,! base ( 8 policy 0 n>r[4 ,he und]/ood nationalism f a ,prussian po9t ( view4 ,he sev]$ ,au/ria f ,g]many1 & !n antagoniz$ ,france by tak+ ,lorra9e2 f> m important /ill1 he fail$ to /r5g!n ,g]man relations ) ,c5tral ,europe & ?us made x lat] seem necess>y = ,g]many to g on to ! sea & ?us to ar\se ! appreh5sions & enmity ( ,engl&4 ,?us :ile he himself w\ld probably h 9 ! end avoid$ confront+ ! entire _w z enemies1 ! f\ndations he _h laid did n provide a safe foot+ = ! m ord9>y m5 :o foll[$ him4 ,8 diplomacy1 once consid]$ s great1 _h conta9$ no adequate & s\nd f\ndation = p]man5t national life4 ,su* h be5 ! results ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & successful "w ( manipulative diplomacy dur+ ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,:at !n %all we say ( ! ju/ification ( w>s br\ght ab\t z a "p ( su* a sy/em2 "u :i* /atesm5 consid] x q natural to contemplate 8prev5tive w>0 & to assume responsibility = :olesale slaught] because _! plan ( action seems to reveal a necessity = x4 ,! idea ( consci\s plann+1 or /riv+ to subject national & economic facts & all hi/oric developm5t to ! consci\s political w1--t conception ( diplomacy is synonym\s ) ! ess5ce ( politics & w /& & fall ) ! cont9uance ( ! purely political /ate4 ,manipulative1 & h5ce secret1 diplomacy is 9 fact ! mo/ complete expression ( ! purely political factor 9 human affairs4 ,to _m1 x w seem only a survival ( a hyp]-political era1 z human society n[ t5ds to outgr[ & transc5d politics = m compreh5sive1 p]vasive & ess5tial pr9ciples ( action4 ,we ne$ n "h rehe>se ! fundam5tal "* ( politics z a /ruggle = recogniz$ au?ority to det]m9e ! action ( individuals1 ) ! use ( ext]nal compulsion4 ,politics is a "p ( ! idea ( ! national /ate se5 f ! po9t ( view ( a /ruggle = exi/5ce among diff]5t political organizations1 9 :i* "o class orig9ally sup]impos$ its au?ority ^u a subject population & 9 :i*1 aft] au?ority is firmly e/abli%$ )91 political p[] is !n us$ to ga9 advantages f1 or ov]1 outside societies4 ,x is ,ma*iavelli z oppos$ to ,grotius :o gives u ! philosophy ( ?is /ruggle4 ,! n>r[ness ( ?is basis = human action & ! direful effect ( consci\s & =ceful int]f]5ce ) social & economic laws1 is n[ beg9n+ to be recogniz$4 ,b !re is also a broad] conception ( diplomacy :i* is influ5c+ ! m9ds ( m5 al?\gh x is n yet fully embodi$ 9 our daily practice4 ,?is conception looks ^u humanity1 n z a mosaic ( little mutually exclusive areas1 b z a complex body ( int]lock+ int]e/s & cultural gr\ps4 ,z ?is conception ga9s 9 /r5g?1 ! c5t] ( ef=t 9 diplomacy w n be to conceal sep>ati/ aims & special plots1 b to br+ out into ! cle> light ( day ! common int]e/s ( m54 ,! common "w = !m to d 9 mak+ ! _w habitable1 9 dignify+ ! life ( m5 & protect+ !m aga9/ mutual t]ror & massacre1--t ideal ( cop]ation & =be>ance1 is z yet only p>tially embodi$ 9 our int]national practices1 al?\gh x ar\ses ! f]vid hopes ( m5 ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,:e!r a sy/em ( local autonomy comb9$ ) full cop]ation & free int]*ange ( influ5ces c be br\ght ab\t )\t ! ex]cise ( an ov]p[]+ influ5ce on ! "p ( a gr\p ( alli$ nations1 is /ill d\btful4 ,b if x %\ld be a*iev$1 !n pla9ly ! old special functions ( diplomacy w fall away & adm9i/rative conf]5ces w take ! place ( diplomatic conv]sations4 ,:5 ,portugal became a republic1 ! proposal 0 made to aboli% all diplomatic po/s & h ! int]national bus9ess ( ,portugal adm9i/]$ by consuls4 ,t w\ld elim9ate politics f =eign relations4 ,diplomacy 9 ! _s ( ,grotius has always _h its vot>ies ev5 9 p]iods ( ! d>ke/ intrigue1 b !re has only rec5tly come into g5]al use a me?od ( transact+ int]national bus9ess :i* favors op5 & full discussion ( diplomatic affairs4 ,su* bus9ess w be dealt ) less & less 9 sep>ate negotiation betwe5 two p[]s2 !re w g5]ally be m nations involv$1 & conf]5ces & /&+ committees or commissions w be at "w1 r ?an isolat$ diplomats4 ,inde$1 int]national conf]5ces are /ill l>gely influ5c$ by ! old _s ( secretive diplomacy4 ,yet ! practice ( meet+ toge!r 9 l>g] gr\ps is itself inimical to ! /rict ma9t5ance ( ! old] me?ods & we may expect a natural gr[? ( m simple & direct deal+s4 ,x w be int]e/+ to wat* ! use ( ! old] me?ods ( diplomacy "u ^! new conditions & to see h[ f> & h[ fa/ !y w h to be modifi$ 9 ord] to be> out ! und]ly+ pr9ciple 9 human developm5t to :i* action by conf]5ce responds4 ,! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce ( #aiba af=d$ ! fir/ notable occasion = br++ into use op5 me?ods 9 diplomatic discussion4 ,secret>y ,hughes 9 8 introductory spee* /ruck a keynote hi!rto n he>d 9 negotiations on int]national matt]s4 ,a new era seem$ to h dawn$ 9 :i* great issues & all-important int]e/s c\ld be discuss$ op5ly & decid$ on _! m]its4 ,a great wave ( en?usiasm pass$ ov] ! public4 ,b x _c be said t ! temp] ( ?is auspici\s op5+ 0 su/a9$ ?r\gh\t4 ,z ! conf]5ce desc5d$ f g5]al decl>ations to important que/ions ( detail !re 0 an unmi/akable rev]sion to old me?ods1 :i* ob/ruct$ ! /raight=w>d aims ( ,secret>y ,hughes4 ,ev5 ! g5]\s initial proposal ( ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t 0 made by "o ( ! p[]s a trad+ subject4 ,! result 0 t "s ( ! att5dant evils ( secret diplomacy invad$ ev5 ?is conf]5ce1 & t ! public soon became some:at confus$ z to its object & purposes1 ?r\gh an abundance ( guesses :i* put a premium on ! s5sational imag9ation4 ,x mu/ be said t ! temp] ( ! press1 enc\rag$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,conf]5ce _h be5 inaugurat$1 0 "o ( re/ra9t & responsibility4 ,view+ ! que/ions :i* 7 be=e ?is ,conf]5ce1 !re c be no d\bt t ! v problems ab\t :i* !re 0 hesitation & exagg]at$ secretiv5ess1 7 exactly ^? :i* c\ld h be5 be/ judg$ ( by ! well-in=m$ public op9ion4 ,"o c\ld n avoid ! conclusion t ! fe> ( publicity is 9 all cases inspir$ by motives :i* _c /& ! te/ ( a _w-wide public op9ion4 ,at ! pres5t day1 z yet1 ! fatal circle has n be5 brok53 secret diplomacy1 suspicion1 armam5ts1 w>4 ,we _h ?\ght t we %\ld escape f x q easily1 aft] ! t]rible sacrifices laid on mank9d & ! light :i* _h be5 fla%$ on u 9 t d>kness4 ,b ! passions :i* _h be5 /irr$ up & ! fe> & t]ror :i* _h be5 ar\s$ 9 t dire exp]i5ce may = "s "t yet s]ve to /r5g!n ! reaction>y =ces 9 human affairs1 & ret>d ^? :i* t5d to lib]ate humanity f t]ror & suff]+4 ,b x is lack ( lead]%ip t[>d bett] ?+s1 t is mo/ to blame4 ,to ,am]ica1 to ! gov]nm5t & ! p1 ! elim9ation ( secret deal+s 9 int]national affairs is no?+ %ort ( a prim>y int]e/4 ,! entire "* ( our =eign policy is inspir$ )1 & bas$ ^u1 ! belief 9 op5 deal+s & fair play4 ,we h a broad cont95tal position :i* makes secret plott+ & devi\s transactions unnatural1 inappropriate & unnecess>y4 ,our national exp]i5ce ( "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s has express$ itself q spontane\sly 9 proposals = ! peaceful settlem5t ( int]national disputes by discussion1 = ! improvem5t ( int]national relations ?r\gh conf]5ces1 & 9 ! great policies ( ! ,op5 ,door1 :i* means comm]cial fair play1 & ! ,monroe ,doctr9e1 :i* means political fair play to ! ,am]ican si/] republics4 ,a policy su* z ?is has no?+ to seek ) secret me?ods & conceal$ aims4 ,to tol]ate secrecy 9 int]national affairs w\ld mean to acquiesce 9 a great national dang]4 ,= good or ill we c no long] conceive ourselves z isolat$4 ,our e-day happ9ess & p]man5t welf>e are directly affect$ by :at o!r nations d & plan4 ,cont9u$ secrecy w\ld mean t we %\ld feel ourselves surr\nd$ by unkn[n dang]s4 ,we %\ld h to live 9 an atmosph]e ( dread & suspicion4 ,we c\ld f9d peace ( m9d only 9 ! security ( va/ armam5ts4 ,9 int]national affairs we w\ld be walk+ by ! edge ( precipices & ov] volcanoes2 our be/ int5tion$ proposals = ! bett]m5t ( human affairs w\ld be secretly burk$1 z 9 ! case ( ,secret>y ,knox' plan ( railway neutralization 9 ,man*uria4 ,our rights w\ld be secretly invad$ & our security ?reat5$1 z at ! "t :5 ,engl& & ,france agre$ ) ,japan t %e %\ld h ! ,nor? ,pacific isl&s1 beh9d our backs1 ?\gh our vital int]e/s 7 involv$4 ,9 all su* matt]s secrecy w "w to ! disadvantage ( t p[] :i* has ! mo/ /raight=w>d aims & policies4 ,am]ica _c will+ly submit to su* a condition4 ,x is un?9kable t ) our traditions ( public life & ) our ,con/itutional arrangem5ts1 we %\ld ourselves play ! old game ( secret intrigue2 x is = u to see1 & to ! be/ ( our p[] & ability to assure1 t x w n be play$ 9 ! future by o!rs4 ,nations w respond to ! call = absolutely op5 deal+s 9 int]national affairs1 ) a v>y+ degree ( read9ess & en?usiasm4 ,we are p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t :]ev] ! p c make _! desires felt !y w be unanim\sly = a policy ( op5ness4 ,! ,engli% tradition ( public life w\ld also be favorable to su* a pr9ciple ( action1 7 x n t su* special imp]ial int]e/s z ! ,briti% raj 9 ,india frequ5tly inspires ,briti% diplomacy ) n>r[] motives & ) a read9ess to dep>t f op5 deal+s f a conviction t imp]ial int]e/s s require4 ,! ,russian ,soviet gov]nm5t 9 giv+ to ! public a full k ( int]national affairs1 0 at fir/ inspir$ prim>ily by a desire to discr$it ! old rgime4 ,b x is also und\bt$ly true t ! hold :i* ?is gov]nm5t has on ! p>ty :i* supports x1 is 9 a measure due to ! fact t all =eign policies & relation%ips are freely report$ to1 & discuss$ 91 ! p>ty meet+s & ! soviets4 ,no matt] :at ! aims ( ?is gov]nm5t may be1 x _c be d5i$ t x has /r5g!n$ itself by ! op5ness ( its =eign policy4 ,! ,*9ese p h manife/$ a deep fai? 9 public op9ion & _! *ief desire 9 int]national affairs is t !re %all be op51 /raight=w>d deal+s s t all ! _w may "k & judge4 ,?r\gh all _! difficulties ( ! la/ decade !y h be5 su/a9$ by ?is fai? 9 ! /r5g? ( a good cause 9 ! =um ( _w-wide public op9ion4 ,! peoples ( ! ,cont95t ( ,europe und\bt$ly w\ld welcome a reign ( op5ness & tru?1 = !y h suff]$ mo/ f secret deal+s 9 diplomacy4 ,b ^? :o gov]n !m f9d x difficult to extricate !mselves f ! tangle ( intrigue4 ,z ,presid5t ,wilson express$ x3 8,european diplomacy works always 9 ! d5se ?icket ( anci5t feuds1 root$1 entangl$ & entw9$4 ,x is difficult to see ! pa?2 x is n always possible to see ! light ( day4 ,i did n realize x all until ! peace conf]5ce2 ,i did n realize h[ deep ! roots are40 ,i ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,diplomacy ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 diplomatic action 0 dom9at$ entirely by ! tactics & /ratagems ( w>4 ,diplomacy 0 a cont9u\s /ruggle = political advantage & p[]1 seek+ to accompli% ! purposes ( w> ?r\gh ke5 intrigu+2 x 0 w> pursu$ 9 ! c\ncil *amb]4 ,! temp] ( diplomacy 0 n t ( a comm]cial transaction1 or ( cop]ation 9 ! works ( peace & bett]m5t2 b x 0 int5t ^u selfi% advantage--p[]1 pre/ige1 pref]m5t1 & all ! outw>d evid5ces ( political success4 ,x did n h ! consci5ce ( peaceful ent]prise & cop]ation1 b on ! contr>y emulat$ ! ke51 re/less1 al]t1 & all-suspect+ _s ( ! milit>y comm&] 9 action4 ,all ! ruses1 deceptions1 subt]fuges1 brib]ies & /rategies :i* ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 w> appe>s to r5d] ju/ifiable1 diplomacy made use (4 ,x 0 ess5tially a political secret s]vice in=m$ ) ! _s ( life-&-dea? competition4 ,z1 among individuals 9 t society1 all action 0 dom9at$ by ! con/antly ov]hang+ haz>d ( private duel1 br++ into life some?+ ( ! ke5ness & cruelty ( ! temp]$ blade2 s among nations w>like rivalry inspir$ all political action4 ,w> 0 ei!r go+ on or imp5d+ & be+ prep>$ =2 humanity 0 liv+ true to ! old adage3 8,man a wolf to man40 ,diplomacy 0 p]sonal 9 t ! ambassador 0 held to be an alt] ego ( ! mon>*4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ ) ! glamor ( high /ate & important ent]prise1 & inspir$ ) a great pride ( (fice4 ,! fact t he repres5t$ absolute p[] 9 its contact ) ! absolute p[] ( o!rs1 gave ! diplomat a s5se ( high importance4 ,! mon>*s1 !mselves1 7 g5]ally gov]n$ by p]sonal motives & consid]ations4 ,!y look$ ^u politics z a ke5 game = p]sonal or family p[] 9 :i* populations ( subjects1 t]ritory1 & w> indemnities 7 ! /akes1 & human lives ! pawns2 ! highe/ happ9ess & good =tune ( ! subject 0 suppos$ to be ! "r to die = 8 k+4 ,! diplomatic repres5tatives q naturally fell into ! same way ( reg>d+ affairs ( /ate f ! viewpo9t ( political p[] to be ga9$1 ma9ta9$ & con/antly increas$4 ,x 0 a r n>r[ game z se5 by ! rank & file ( ! diplomatic _w2 only a few f>-see+ & /atesmanlike m9ds c\ld at t "t appreciate ! broad und]ly+ human f\ndation ( all political action4 ,su* broad] insight w\ld (t5 h be5 a real ob/acle to ! success ( ! ke5 & clev] play] ( ! game4 ,! ma/]y ( und]ly+ pr9ciples :i* made ,grotius fam\s = all ages did n contribute to 8 success z a diplomat4 ,! :eel ( =tune turn$ fa/1 & fleet+ advantage _h to be caught by quick1 clev] ?\gh (t5 sup]ficial1 ma*9ations4 ,ev5 z late z #ahcj1 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams obs]v$ t deep insight & unusual ability 0 some?+ ( a h9drance to a diplomat4 ,yet ! ke5 edge ( ! successful diplomats ( ! p[d]$ wig p]iod is 9 itself "o ( ! notewor?y qualities ( t sociable ?\gh unsocial age4 ,?r\gh\t ?is p]iod ,ma*iavelli's ,pr9ce may be tak5 z ! fitt+ comm5t>y on political action4 ,! m5 ( ?is age _h n yet gr[n up to ! realization :i* ,ma*iavelli already _h ( ! nature & importance ( ! national pr9ciple2 b ,ma*iavelli's ?\ght conc]n+ ! means by :i*1 9 a p]iod ( unre/ & %>p rivalry1 political p[] may be e/abli%$1 built up & pres]v$1 ) total disreg>d ( e feel+ & ideal & ! s+le-m9d$ pursuit ( political success1--t ?or\ghly expla9s ! spr+ ( action ( ?is p]iod4 ,9 read+ ! memoirs & lett]s ( ?is "t1 "o w enc\nt] a great _m prote/ations ( conv5tional morality1 z well z an und]/&+ ( human nature & a compreh5sive grasp ( ! details ( int]national rivalry4 ,b f>-see+ ideals ( wisdom1 mod]ation1 & ju/ice1 & ( human cop]ation w n frequ5tly be met )2 !re is no se>*+ vision ( realities4 ,nor w "o ga9 f ^! memoirs v specific in=mation ab\t ! actual me?ods ( do+ diplomatic bus9ess4 ,^! me?ods1 ev5 ! p>ticul>ly unscrupul\s ones1 7 probably consid]$ almo/ z natural processes1 to be pass$ by )\t m5tion4 ,b incid5tally1 "o may receive h9ts1 ev5 9 ! correspond5ce ( ! mo/ correct & gu>d$ diplomat1 suffici5t to recon/itute _! curr5t mann] ( ?\ght & action4 ,we enc\nt] !re all ! artifices ( a secret s]vice v]s$ 9 ! /ratagems & tricks ?r\gh :i* in=mation c be obta9$1--! /eal+ ( docum5ts1 brib]y ( public (ficials1 g5]al misrepres5tation & deceit4 ,matt]s are (t5 s inextricably complicat$ t x mu/ h requir$ ! greate/ ef=t to rememb] :at ea* p>ticipant 9 t p>ticul> intrigue knew or 0 suppos$ n to "k1 :at he c\ld be told & :at mu/ be kept f him4 ,^! are /ill ! m v5ial me?ods2 b :5 ! welf>e ( ! /ate requir$1 x might ev5 be necess>y1 z 9 ! case ( w>1 to dispose ( inconv5i5t & ob/ructive individuals by wreck+ _! reputation or ev5 by putt+ !m out ( ! way altoge!r4 ,ev5 ! le>n$ & dignifi$ au?orities on int]national law c\ld n entirely ignore ! me?ods employ$ 9 actual diplomatic int]c\rse4 ,grotius held t 8amphibologies0--a t]m app>5tly co9$ by him to designate /atem5ts1 :i* c\ld be und]/ood 9 sev]al ways--7 admissible1 except 9 c]ta9 cases :]e !re exi/$ a duty to unmask1 z 9 matt]s involv+ ! 8honor ( ,god10 or *>ity t[>ds a neighbor1 or ! mak+ ( contracts1 or o!rs ( l nature4 ,8 successor1 ,vattel1 draws a di/9ction betwe5 a d[nright lie1 8words ( him :o speaks contr>y to 8 ?\ghts on an occasion :5 he is "u obligation to speak ! tru?02 & a 8falsiloquy10 :i* he consid]s v5ial1 & :i* is 8an untrue disc\rse to p]sons :o h no "r to insi/ on kn[+ ! tru? 9 a p>ticul> case40 ,?is di/9ction gives a r ample latitude to ! discretion ( a diplomat 9 ! matt] ( tru?fulness4 ,accord+ to ! good & le>n$ ,vattel1 ! duty ( any "o to tell ! tru? 0 b9d+ only t[>ds ano!r :o _h ! "r to dem& t ! tru? be spok54 ,9 8 day1 v few p inde$ c\ld claim ! "r ( dem&+ an insight into diplomatic affairs1 s t 8 rule did n put ! diplomat "u a v sev]e moral con/ra9t4 ,ev5 to ! pres5t day !re h be5 kn[n individual envoys ^: utt]ances pla9ly are made 9 ! _s ( ,vattel's di/9ction4 ,callires1 :o wrote on ! ,practice ( ,diplomacy1 9 ! ye> #agaf1 is full ( admiration ( all t a %rewd1 clev] diplomat may accompli% 9 /irr+ up tr\ble & conf\nd+ ?+s g5]ally 9 ! /ate to :i* he is accr$it$4 ,to ! "q1 8,:at c be a*iev$ by a negotiator80 ,callires answ]s1 8,we see daily ar\nd u its def9ite effects--sudd5 revolutions favorable to a great design ( /ate1 use ( s$ition & f]m5t+ hatr$s1 caus+ jeal\s rivals to arm1 s t ! ?ird p>ty may rejoice 7ut t]tius gaudeat71 dissolution by crafty means ( ! close/ unions4 ,a s+le ^w or act may d m ?an ! invasion ( :ole armies1 because ! crafty negotiator w "k h[ to set 9 motion v>i\s =ces native to ! c\ntry 9 :i* he is negotiat+ & ?us may sp>e 8 ma/] ! va/ exp5se ( a campaign4444 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t well *os5 spies contribute m ?an any o!r ag5cy to ! success ( great plans4 ,!y are n to be neglect$4 ,an ambassador is an honorable spy because x is 8 function to discov] great secrets4 ,he %\ld h a lib]al h&40 ,t admiration ( successful deceit & m5tal clev]ness 9 obta9+ results t c\ld only be ga9$ by =ce ?r\gh great sacrifice ( life1 inspir$ also ! ,italian admiration = clev] deceit1 su* z %[n by ,ma*iavelli 9 8 eulogy ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi = 8 unrival$ em95ce 9 prev>ication4 ,x is rem>kable t ! fam\s witticism ( ,sir ,h5ry ,wotton t 8an ambassador is a p]son s5t abroad to lie = ! good ( 8 c\ntry10 did n occur to "s "o mu* e>li]2 b ?\gh ! bon mot _h n be5 co9$1 ! idea itself 0 q famili>4 ,l\is ,,xi q bluntly in/ruct$ 8 embassies1 8,if !y lie to y1 lie /ill m to !m40 ,b ?r\gh all ?is p]iod ! virtue ( s9c]ity & ( tru?fulness also _h _! admir]s3 ,callires1 speak+ ( ! successful diplomat1 says1 8,deceit is b ! measure ( smallness ( m9d & intellig5ce4 ,a diplomat %\ld h a reputation = pla9 & fair deal+ & %\ld obs]ve ! promises he has made40 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be suspect$ t ! good writ] "h contemplates ! dang]s ( unsuccessful deceit & ( too transp>5t ruses1 r ?an ! positive value ( tru? itself4 ,james ,h>ris1 ,"l ,malmesbury1 :o 0 c]ta9ly conv]sant ) all ! ins & outs ( eighte5? c5tury diplomacy1 wrote 9 a lett] ( advice 7,april #aa1 #ahac7 address$ to ,"l ,camd53 8,x is sc>ce necess>y to say t no occasion1 no provocation1 no anxiety to rebut an unju/ accusation1 no idea1 h[ev] tempt+1 ( promot+ ! object y h 9 view1 c ne$1 mu* less ju/ify1 a falsehood4 ,success obta9$ by "o is a prec>i\s & baseless success4 ,detection w\ld ru91 n only y\r own reputation = ev]1 b deeply w\nd ! honor ( y\r ,c\rt40 ,9 ?is sage advice1 too1 ! dom9ant idea seems to be t detection is ru9\s4 ,! homage :i* is ?us paid to ! ideal ( tru? & s9c]ity is compatible ) ! use ( q opposite me?ods provid$ !y are successful & s clev]ly gu>d$ t !y are n discov]$4 ,h[ev]1 at all times !re mu/ h exi/$1 among ! p at l>ge & ev5 among ^? play+ ! game ( politics1 m5 :o _h a natural inborn desire = tru? & a simplicity ( nature :i* br\ght !m clos] to ! true und]ly+ =ces ?an 7 ! common run ( c\rti]s & politicians4 ,! ev] recurr+ admiration express$ = ! diplomacy ( ,c>d9al d',orsat1 ! envoy ( ,h5ry ,,iv to ! ,pope1 indicates a real appreciation1 ev5 among ! pr(ession1 ( high /&>ds ( /raight=w>dness 9 diplomatic negotiations4 ,c>d9al d',orsat seems to h disda9$ all %all[ devices ( deceptive clev]ness4 ,he reli$ ^u simple reasonabl5ess & hone/y 9 propos+ an arrangem5t mutually b5eficial1 to w9 aft] o!rs _h exhau/$ all possible tricks & /ratagems4 ,9 discuss+ diplomacy1 ,mably says t su* me?ods alone are calculat$ to secure positive & p]man5t results :ile ! devices ( clev] deceit c only s]ve to delay & confuse4 ,sev]al /atesm5 h discov]$ t ! tell+ ( ! actual tru? (t5 ex]ts a some:at befuddl+ effect on diplomats1 s t !y may easily be misl$ by tell+ !m real facts :i* !y w int]pret 9 a contr>y s5se4 ,?is me?od has usually be5 associat$ ) ! "n ( ,bism>ck :o on "o occasion said1 8,x makes me smile to see h[ puzzl$ all ^! diplomats are :5 ,i tell !m ! tru? pure & simple4 ,!y always seem to suspect me ( tell+ !m fibs40 ,! discov]y _h1 h[ev]1 be5 made by _m /atesm5 be=e ,bism>ck4 ,z e>ly z #agjj1 de ,torcy _h arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! be/ way ( deceiv+ =eign c\rts is to speak ! tru?4 ,"l ,/anhope said q complac5tly t he c\ld always impose ^u ! =eign diplomats by tell+ !m ! nak$ tru?1 & t he knew t 9 su* cases !y _h (t5 report$ to _! c\rts ! opposite to :at he _h tru?fully told !m to be ! facts4 ,at a lat] date1 ,palm]/on also prid$ himself on be+ able to mislead by ! op5 & app>5tly ungu>d$ mann] 9 :i* he told ! tru?4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 manife/ly be difficult to use ?is me?od successfully m ?an 9 spots2 x w\ld h to be int]sp]s$ f "t to "t ) a judici\s am\nt ( prev>ication1 9 ord] to ?r[ ! o!r p>ty (f ! sc5t4 ,to appe> simple & true has always be5 greatly desir$ ( diplomats4 ,c\nt ,du ,luc1 ,fr5* ,ambassador to ,vi5na1 said 9 a lett]1 8,my great desire1 if ,i may be p]mitt$ to speak ab\t myself1 is to appe> simple & true4 ,i flatt] myself t ,i possess ! latt] qualification2 b y "k my me?od ( manuv]+40 ,! appe>ance ( frankness has inde$ be5 mo/ valuable to diplomats 9 all ages2 ?\gh "o naturally suspects ! man :o 9 & out ( season explicitly decl>es & prote/s t virtue4 ,diplomatic frankness is a "p ( t elaborate & complicat$ sy/em ( self-control & coolness toge!r ) a ma/]y ( all ! outw>d expressions ( diff]5t affections & passions1 :i* notable diplomats h s\ght to a*ieve4 ,x w\ld n take an exp]t to advise aga9/ pomposity4 ,callires c\nsels1 8,be g5ial4 ,avoid ! sob]1 cold air4 ,an air ( my/]y is n useful40 ,9 t c5tury 9 :i* ke5ness & clev]ness 7 s int5sively cultivat$ ) ! high pit* ( ! p]sonal duel transf]r$ to affairs ( /ate1 ! complete self-control ( diplomats1 _! quickness & _! gift ( tak+ advantage ( any favorable turn 9 ! situation1 are c]ta9ly wor?y ( admiration1 z we reanimate 9 our m9ds ! life portray$ 9 ^! old memoirs & lett]s4 ,occasionally a mi%ap occurs l t ( ! ,briti% ,m9i/]1 ,mr4 ,drake1 :o boa/$ to ,mehe de la ,t\*e ( ! v c>eful precautions he _h tak5 to gu>d 8 secret correspond5ce2 :i* va+lory result$ q disa/r\sly to 8 collection ( secrets4 ,in/ances ( delightful clev]ness & cool-head$ness are frequ5t4 ,c>d9al ,maz>91 :o 9 8 me?ods & pr9ciples 0 q ! opposite to ,c>d9al d',orsat & :o 0 p>ticul>ly free f any scruples :atsoev] conc]n+ ! tru?1 won 8 fir/ /rik+ diplomatic success ?r\gh a ruse4 ,:at a quick m9d & d>+ _s 81 :5 on 8 fir/ mission to ! c\rt ( ! ,duke ( ,f]ia1 z a v "y man1 he atta9$ 8 object s completely4 ,h[ o!rwise c\ld he h asc]ta9$ ! true op9ion ( ,8 ,highness on ! matt] ( great importance to ! ,c\rt ( ,france :i* ,maz>9 0 especially s5t to asc]ta91 z !re 7 great d\bts ab\t x & ! duke entirely unwill+ to express himself8 ,a ke5 obs]v]1 ,maz>9 _h soon le>n$ t ! duke 0 irascible & ungu>d$ :5 9 ang]2 b few w\ld h foll[$ him 9 sudd5ly1 out ( ! cle> sky1 delib]ately1 s /irr+ ! duke to ang] t he1 entirely (f 8 gu>d1 blurt$ out ?+s :i* unmi/akably gave a clue to 8 real op9ions on ! important matt] ( /ate 9 "q4 ,:at a vivid satisfaction ! "y man mu/ h _h1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he ne$s mu/ c>efully conceal to feign grief & despair because he _h be5 hapless en\gh to ar\se ! ill w ( ,8 ,highness4 ,maz>9 0 ?r\gh\t 8 life not$ = a p]fect comm& ( ! expressions ( all ! moods1 s5tim5ts & passions1 us$ by him at w s t x 0 impossible = any "o to p5etrate 8 mask4 ,! same a*ievem5t 0 atta9$ 9 a notable mann] by ! great diplomats ( ! old s*ool1 ,talleyr& & ,mett]ni*1 :o held ! /age at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 & x has be5 emulat$ 9 great] or less p]fection by successive g5]ations ( ,m9i/]s1 ,c\nselors1 & ,secret>ies4 ,:5 ,cromwell _h all[$ himself to be tangl$ up 9 d\ble-fac$ negotiations ) ! ,spani% & ! ,fr5* c\rts ( :i* ! latt] _h obta9$ complete k1 ! ,fr5* envoy1 ,de,bass1 v clev]ly rebuk$ him = ! incon/ancy & dis+5u\sness ( 8 action4 ,! envoy relat$ to ,cromwell 9 complete detail1 b z an 8unau!nticat$ report10 all ! facts ( ! dubi\s negotiation1 & !n ask$ ! ,protector k9dly to extricate him f ?is labyr9?4 ,cromwell 0 entirely tak5 aback & took 8 dep>ture abruptly on urg5t bus9ess1 leav+ 8 secret>y to make excuses4 ,! /> p]=mance ( ,mett]ni* 0 :5 ,napoleon1 return+ f a hunt 9 a fit ( heat$ excitem5t1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! o!r =eign repres5tatives1 ru%$ up to him %\t+1 8,:at ! deuce does y\r ,emp]or expect ( me80 ,mett]ni* repli$ ) ! greate/ composure1 8,he expects 8 ambassador to be treat$ ) respect40 ,,ii ,,old ,,diplomatic ,,correspond5ce ,! correspond5ce ( diplomats ( ! eighte5? c5tury is full ( int]e/ because ( ! p>ticul> intimacy :i* *>act]iz$ social life at t "t4 ,b we receive f x also direct & invaluable in=mation on ! _s & me?ods ( diplomacy4 ,! correspond5ce f ,/4 ,pet]sburg at ! "t ( ,ca!r9e ! ,great gives a complete picture ( ! less noble features ( diplomatic life & action4 ,at t ,c\rt1 presid$ ov] by a woman ( great ambition ^: e movem5t & mood ! diplomats felt necess>y to take into acc\nt & c>efully to calculate1 at a "t :5 ,engl& & ,france z well z o!r nations 7 involv$ 9 almo/ con/ant ho/ilities1 ! %>pe/ *>act]i/ics ( eighte5? c5tury diplomacy came to ! surface4 ,politics is se5 z a game ( =feits & favors 9 :i* w>s 7 made = p]sonal & dyna/ic reasons & t]ritories trad$ (f 9 ! _s ( ! game/] )\t reg>d to natural or e?nic facts1 or ! welf>e ( ! population4 ,a lett] writt5 ne> ! beg9n+ ( ,ca!r9e's reign1 address$ by ,sir ,george ,mac>tney to ! ,e>l ( ,s&wi*1 mo/ /rik+ly illu/rates ! "* ( ! p]iod4 ,! ,briti% ,m9i/] fir/ reports t ,m4 ,pan91 ! ,russian ,m9i/] = ,=eign ,affairs1 _h sign$ a treaty ( alliance ) ,d5m>k1 contemplat+ w> ) ,turkey4 ,by a mo/ secret article1 ,d5m>k promises 8to dis5gage h]self f all ,fr5* connections1 dem&+ only a limit$ "t to endeavor to obta9 ! arre>s due to h] by ! ,c\rt ( ,france4 ,at all ev5ts1 %e is imm$iately to ent] into all ! views ( ,russia 9 ,sw$51 & to act entirely1 ?\gh n op5ly1 ) h] 9 t k+dom40 ,! writ] !n reports t x is ! ard5t wi% ( ! ,empress 8to make a common cause ) ,engl& & ,d5m>k1 = ! total annihilation ( ! ,fr5* int]e/ !re 79 ,sw$574 ,?is c]ta9ly _c be done )\t a consid]able exp5se2 b ,russia1 at pres5t1 does n seem unreasonable en\gh to expect t we %\ld pay ! :ole40 ,! am\nt necess>y absolutely to prev5t ! ,fr5* f ev] gett+ at ,/ockholm aga9 is sugge/$4 ,z ! ,sw$es are highly s5sitive because ( _! dep5d5t situation 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! ,russian ,c\rt desires 8t we & !y %\ld act ^u sep>ate bottoms1 /ill pres]v+ betwe5 our respective ,m9i/]s a confid5ce )\t res]ve4 ,t our fir/ c>e %\ld be1 n to e/abli% a faction "u ! "n ( a ,russian or ( an ,engli% faction2 b1 z ev5 ! wise/ m5 are impos$ ^u by a m]e "n1 to endeavor to h our fri5ds di/+ui%$ z ! fri5ds ( lib]ty & indep5d5ce40 ,! ,m9i/] !n reports t an alliance ) ,russia is n to be ?\ght ( unless by "s secret article ,engl& w\ld agree to pay a subsidy to ,russia 9 case ( a ,turki% w> 7,turkey happ5$ at ! "t to be 9 alliance ) ,engl&74 ,! ,m9i/] relates t a simil> proposal :i* 0 put up to ! ,k+ ( ,prussia by a ,russian (ficial :o 0 8 mortal enemy & :o hop$ greatly to emb>rass him !reby1 0 unexpect$ly & q bl&ly accept$ by ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,! lett] closes ) ! e>ne/ entreaty on no acc\nt to m5tion to ,m4 ,gross1 ! ,russian ,m9i/] 9 ,london1 ! secret article ( ! treaty :i* 8 own ,gov]nm5t _h j conclud$ ) ,d5m>k4 ,! correspond5ce ( ,james ,h>ris1 ,"l ,malmesbury1 is a p>ticul>ly full & cont9u\s acc\nt ( c\rt & diplomatic life 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 describ+ 8 diplomatic /ruggles 9 a ,c\rt 9 :i* ev]y?+ turn$ r\nd ! :ims & ambitions ( an unscrupul\s woman :o _h come to ! ?rone ?r\gh putt+ out ( ! way its rightful occupant1 ! vici\s practices ( ! day are pres5t$ 9 all _! corruption & deceitfulness4 ,be=e go+ to ,russia1 ,sir ,james ,h>ris 0 ,m9i/] at ,b]l94 ,he pa9ts ! "* ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,?us nev] los+ sight ( 8 object1 he lays aside all feel+s ! mom5t t is conc]n$2 &1 al?\gh z an individual he (t5 appe>s1 & really is1 humane1 b5evol5t1 & fri5dly1 yet ! in/ant he acts 9 8 ,royal capacity1 ^! attributes =sake him1 & he c>ries ) him desolation1 mis]y1 & p]secution1 :]ev] he goes40 ,a ,g]man s*ol> ( ! p]iod1 an admir] ( ! great mon>*1 us$ ! foll[+ language3 8,! art1 till !n unkn[n 9 ,europe1 ( conclud+ alliances )\t committ+ "o's self1 ( rema9+ unfett]$ :ile app>5tly b\nd1 ( sec$+ :5 ! prop] mom5t is arriv$1 c be le>nt f him & only f him40 ,^! descriptions ( ! political "* ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii set =? ! ess5tial political factor z x 0 und]/ood at ! "t & z x has be5 und]/ood by a cont9u\s l9e ( /atesm5 f ,ma*iavelli to ! pres5t4 ,z 9 physical sci5ce1 e factor has to be disreg>d$ except ^? ess5tial to ! exp]im5t :i* is be+ conduct$1 s 9 ! int5sive politics ( ! mod]n /ate1 9 ! m9d ( su* m51 ab/raction is made f all s5tim5t1 virtue & quality1 to ! sole pursuit ( a closely calculat$ political effect4 ,! same ,g]man s*ol> cr$its ,fr$]ick ! ,great ) a sup]ior /raight=w>dness4 ,t quality1 h[ev]1 is manife/$ by su* a man mo/ly on occasions :]e he is s sure ( himself & ( 8 plans t he c *all5ge ! wor/ attempts ( 8 enemies to upset !m & c conf\nd !m utt]ly by fl++ 8 plans 9 _! faces1 z did ,bism>ck at a lat] "t4 ,a />tl+ & fe>less frankness is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( political g5ius4 ,b to return to ! correspond5ce ( ,"l ,malmesbury4 ,all ! devices & foibles ( ! pr(ession at t p]iod are !re mirror$4 ,:5 he 7/ill z ,sir ,james ,h>ris7 reports ! com+ ( a new ,fr5* ,m9i/] to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 he expresses ! hope t ! new envoy w n be s difficult to deal ) z ! pres5t *>g d'affairs1 8:o1 ?\gh he has a v mod]ate capacity1 got access to all ! valets de *ambre & inf]ior ag5ts 9 ! ,russian h\ses1 :o v (t5 conjur$ up evil spirits :]e ,i lea/ ( all expect$ !m40 ,a little lat] he reports to ! ,briti% ,=eign ,m9i/]1 ,"l ,/ormont1 z foll[s3 8,if1 on fur!r inquiry1 ,i %\ld f9d1 z ,i almo/ suspect1 t my fri5d's 7,pr9ce ,potemk97 fidelity has be5 %ak51 or 8 political fai? corrupt$1 9 ! late conf]5ces1 by any direct (f]s or indirect promises ( rew>d1 ,i %all ?9k myself1 9 su* a case1 n only au?oriz$ b oblig$ to lure him ) a simil> bait40 ,he rem9ds ,8 ,lord%ip ( ! fact t ,pr9ce ,potemk9 is imm5sely ri* & t1 !re=e1 p]haps z mu* may be requir$ z de ,torcy (f]$ to ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh 7two million francs74 ,9 a lett] ( ,june #be1 #agha1 ,sir ,james ,h>ris1 writ+ to ! same ,m9i/]1 speaks ( hav+ obta9$ in=mation ( ! conclusion ( a secret treaty betwe5 ,russia & ,au/ria f ! confid5tial secret>y ( a ,russian m9i/]4 ,he adds3 8,i tru/ ,i %all keep him to myself1 s9ce ,i h lo/ almo/ all my o!r in=m]s by be+ outbid = !m by ! ,fr5* & ,prussians40 ,he adds t x is pa9ful to him t ! secret s]vice exp5ses come s v high b he expla9s t ! avid corruption ( ! c\rt is ev] increas+ & t 8 enemies are favor$ by ! fact t !y c jo9 9 ! exp5se aga9/ him1 _! c\rts moreov] supply+ !m mo/ lavi%ly4 ,he adds3 8,!y are also mu* m adroit at ?is dirty bus9ess ?an ,i am1 :o _c help despis+ ! p]son ,i corrupt40 ,! ,=eign ,m9i/] ( ,russia at ?is "t1 & = _m ye>s be=e & aft]1 0 ,c\nt ,pan94 ,x 0 !n suspect$ & is n[ kn[n t he 0 firmly b\ght by ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,b !re has be5 "s d\bt z to :e!r he ent]$ ^u ?is corrupt relation beh9d ! back ( ,empress ,ca!r9e or at h] bidd+4 ,x is kn[n t %e (t5 enc\rag$ h] m9i/]s at =eign c\rts to accept bribes & app>5tly to sell !mselves to =eign gov]nm5ts1 because ?r\gh ! relation%ip ( confid5ce ?us e/abli%$ !y might ga!r in=mation useful to _! own gov]nm5t4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m ways 9 :i* ! game ( corruption t5d$ to defeat itself4 ,z f> z ! lett]s ( ?is p]iod deal ) diplomatic policies !y are no m reassur+ ?an :5 !y relate ! details ( diplomatic practice4 ,on ,augu/ #af1 #aghb1 ,sir ,james ,h>ris made a long confid5tial report to ,"l ,gran?am4 ,he obs]ves t ,c\nt ,pan9 is p[]fully assi/+ ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] is artful & intrigu+1 work+ ?r\gh ,pr9ce ,potemk9 & ! :ole tribe ( satellites :i* surr\nd$ ! ,empress1 :om he calls 8b>b] appr5tices ( ,p>is40 ,he !n unfolds 8 own policy ( w9n+ ! favor ( ! ,empress = ,engl& by giv+ h] ! isl& ( ,m9orca z a pres5t4 ,8 idea _h be5 adopt$ by ! ,briti% ,=eign ,(fice & he writes1 8,no?+ c\ld be m p]fectly calculat$ to ! m]idian ( ?is ,c\rt ?an ! judici\s in/ructions ,i receiv$ on ?is occasion40 ,he decid$1--h& 9 h& ) ! propos$ cession ( ,m9orca1--to designate ! ,empress z a fri5dly m$iatrix betwe5 ,engl& & ,holl&2 he says3 8,i knew1 inde$1 %e 0 unequal to ! task b ,i knew too h[ greatly h] vanity w\ld be flatt]$ by ?is di/9ction40 ,f>!r on he reports h[1 gradually1 aft] sev]al ,briti% ,m9i/]s _h incurr$ ! ill humor ( ,ca!r9e1 ,fox & ! pres5t ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs h f9ally f\nd favor & smoo!d ! road = ,sir ,james4 ,he hopes t all ^! great ef=ts & sacrifices may result 9 8light+ ! /rong gl[ ( fri5d%ip 9 ,h] ,imp]ial ,maje/y 9 favor ( ,engl&40 ,at ?is di/ance a slim result ( s mu* ef=t4 ,! *>act]ization ( ,ca!r9e ) :i* he closes1 few hi/orians w\ld n[ accept4,a ,a 8,) v bright p>ts1 an elevat$ m9d1 an uncommon sagacity1 %e wants judgm5t1 precision ( ideas1 reflection1 & l'esprit de comb9aison40 ,am]ican diplomats _h _! fir/ ta/e ( ,european diplomatic me?ods 9 #agig1 :5 ,p9ckney1 ,g]ry & ,m>%all 7 s5t to ,france on _! special mission4 ,e attempt at delay & my/ification 0 practis$ on !m4 ,aft] v>i\s secret ag5ts _h tri$ ! pati5ce ( ! ,am]icans & _h f9ally come out ) ! pla9 dem& ( ,talleyr& = a million francs z ! price = peace & good relations1 !y resolutely turn$ _! back on ,p>is4 ,mean:ile ,pitt 0 s]i\sly consid]+ buy+ peace on simil> t]ms4 ,,iii ,,aft] ,,! ,,congress ,,( ,,vi5na ,! convulsions ( ! ,fr5* revolution & ! ,napoleonic conque/s did n seem mat]ially to affect ! pr9ciples & practices ( diplomacy4 ,:5 ! ,congress ( ,vi5na met to re>range ! /ate ( ,europe1 x 0 guid$ by m5 :o /ill look$ ^u diplomacy entirely 9 ! mann] ( ! #ah? c5tury1 :51 9 ! words ( ,horace ,walpole1 8x 0 ! mode ( ! times to pay by "o favor = receiv+ ano!r40 ,! idea ( re/or+ ! balance ( ,europe or pat*+ up ! r5ts & cracks 9 ! old sy/em :i* _h be5 s sev]ely %ak5 0 ! purpose :i* animat$ ^! m54 ,!y view$ ev]y?+ f ! dyna/ic int]e/s ( _! respective rul]s & trad$ (f less] k+doms & slices ( t]ritory ) ! same _s ( ! game/] t has always *>act]iz$ ! absoluti/ diplomacy4 ,( ! ?ree ma/] m9ds ( ! ,congress ( ,vi5na1 ,talleyr&1 ,mett]ni* & ,pozzo di ,borgo1 x may inde$ be said t !y illu/rat$ bo? ! qualities & ! vices ( ! old diplomacy 9 a sup]lative degree4 ,! la/ nam$ has *>act]iz$ ,talleyr& z 8a man :o is unlike any o!r4 ,he :e$les1 he arranges1 he intrigues1 he gov]ns 9 a hundr$ diff]5t mann]s e day4 ,8 int]e/ 9 o!rs is proportion$ to ! ne$ :i* he has ( !m at ! mom5t4 ,ev5 8 civilities are luxuri\s loans :i* x is necess>y to repay be=e ! end ( ! day40 ,talleyr&1 himself1 has said3 8,two ?+s ,i =bid--too mu* zeal & too absolute devotion--!y compromise bo? p]sons & affairs40 ,he did n1 inde$1 betray 8 great ma/] ,napoleon1 he only quitt$ him 9 "t4 ,mett]ni*1 :o resembl$ ,talleyr& 9 ! complete self-control ( a passionless diplomat1 _h a long & brilliant1 b ess5tially /]ile1 c>e]4 ,8 correspond5ce %[s a ke5 & lum9\s _s ) a great ma/]y ( detail1 & capacity = manipulat+ ! human pawns2 b !re is no deep insight1 no real con/ructive policy4 ,inde$1 he support$ ,alex&] ,i 9 8 ef=ts = a ,holy ,alliance or sacr$ league among nations1 b x 0 conceiv$ 9 su* a =m t x w\ld n h int]f]$ ) ! traditional game ( diplomacy4 ,mett]ni* inde$ (t5 pays 8 complim5ts to ! ideal1 z :5 he praises ! league z re/+ on ! same basis z ! great ,*ri/ian society ( man1 namely1 ! precept ( ! ,book ( ,books1 8,d unto o!rs z y w\ld t !y %\ld d unto y40 ,b ! details ( 8 policy 7 gov]n$ entirely by ! b>r5 pr9ciples ( balance ( p[] & legitimacy1 & %[$ an utt] disreg>d = ! natural & e?nic facts und]ly+ gov]nm5t4 ,mett]ni* inde$ himself at times realiz$ ! vanity ( political intrigue1 z :5 he wrote to 8 daught] f ,p>is 9 #ahae1 8,?is specific weight ( ! masses w always be ! same1 :ile we1 poor creatures1 :o ?9k ourselves s important1 live only to make a little %[ by our p]petual motion1 by our dabbl+ 9 ! mud or 9 ! %ift+ s&40 ,:5 ,alex&] himself left ! realm ( vague ideals & desc5d$ to details1 8 impulses (t5 took a =m some:at l ! proposal made to ,ca/l]eagh at ,vi5na1 8,we are go+ to d a beautiful & gr& ?+4 ,we are go+ to raise up ,pol& by giv+ h] z k+ "o ( my bro!rs or ! husb& ( my si/]40 ,! ,briti% /atesman does n seem to h be5 imm$iately c>ri$ away ) ?is g5]\s design4 ,x 0 consi/5t ) ! "* & temp] ( ! ,congress ( ,vi5na t !re fl[$ 9 x innum]able curr5ts & c\nt]-curr5ts ( intrigue4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahae1 ! repres5tatives ( ,engl&1 ,france & ,au/ria agre$ ^u a secret treaty ( alliance1 direct$ aga9/ ,russia & ,prussia4 ,:5 ,napoleon return$ f ,elba he f\nd ?is docum5t & %[$ x to ! ,russian ,m9i/] be=e te>+ x up4 ,! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 dom9at$ by ! pr9ciples t _h prevail$ at ,vi5na4 ,9 ! details ( diplomatic int]c\rse1 indirection1 brib]y & deceit cont9ue to prevail al?\gh 9 a less flamboyant fa%ion ?an 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,z ! pr9ciple ( nationalism comes m cle>ly to em]ge1 ! secrecy ( diplomatic me?ods is di/+ui%$ f ! secrecy ( diplomatic policy ) increas+ condemnation ( ! latt]2 a great] s5se ( responsibility to ! nation z a :ole beg9s to %[ itself1 & ! traditional res\rces ( diplomacy are no long] q adequate4 ,nev]!less1 ! diplomatic lit]ature ( ! age /ill looks ^u diplomacy z ess5tially a tactical pursuit1 condition$ by ! cont9u\s enmity ( /ates4 ,! ,fr5* writ]1 ,g>d51 9 8 ,trait de diplomatie1 gives ! foll[+ elucidation3 8,put on ?is plane1 diplomacy becomes l a transc5d5t manuv]+ ( :i* ! entire globe is ! !at]1 :]e /ates are army corps1 :]e ! l9es ( combat *ange unceas+ly1 & :]e "o nev] kn[s :o is a fri5d1 & :o is an enemy4 ,x is a political labyr9? 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ability alone is capable ( mov+ ) ease & )\t be+ smo!r$ by detail40 ,! memoirs & anecdotal lit]ature ( ! p]iod af=d num]\s in/ances ( ! p]si/5ce ( t desire = clev]ness 9 deal+ ) secrets1 :i* (t5 br+s ab\t amus+ incid5ts4 ,at ! "t :5 ,frank=t 0 ! capital ( ! ,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]ation1 ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t provid$ its repres5tative !re 7,c\nt ,re*b]g7 ) duplicate in/ructions2 "o to ! effect t he mu/ exhau/ e en]gy to ma9ta9 ! mo/ fri5dly & mutually helpful relations ) ,prussia2 ! o!r ( q ! opposite t5or4 ,! =m] 0 to be %[n to ! ,prussians4 ,un=tunately1 at ! critical mom5t ! ,au/rian ,m9i/] %[$ ! wrong lett] to ,bism>ck1 :o guess$ ! situation2 suppress+ 8 amusem5t z be/ he c\ld1 ,bism>ck tri$ to console ! emb>rass$ ,au/rian by promis+ n to take any advantage ( ! slip4 ,a ,prussian ,m9i/] = ,=eign ,affairs 7,manteuffel7 _h hir$ a police ag5t to sneak into ! ,fr5* ,embassy 9 ord] to secure "s docum5ts !re4 ,:5 he delight$ly %[$ "o ( ! lett]s secur$ to ,g5]al ,von ,g]la*1 ! latt] said3 8,i c\ld h writt5 y t5 su* lett]s = :at ?is co/ y40 ,disraeli1 9 a lett] to 8 si/]1 spoke ( ! ,dani% ,m9i/] at ,london z 8 secret ag5t 9 ! diplomatic corps4 ,!re 7 also m innoc5t means ( ga9+ advantages su* z are practis$ 9 _m o!r bran*es ( human ent]prise4 ,= in/ance1 ,lab\*]e relates 8 discov]y1 :5 atta* at ,wa%+ton1 t ,secret>y ,m>cy 0 put 9 a t]rible ill-humor :5ev] he lo/ at :i/4 ,^u a h9t f ,lab\*]e1 ! ,briti% ,m9i/] manag$ !reaft] regul>ly to lose 9 8 games ) ,m>cy :o 0 imm5sely pleas$ at 8beat+ ! ,briti% at _! own game40 ,lab\*]e adds3 8,e morn+ :5 ! t]ms ( ! treaty 7 be+ discuss$ we _h our rev5ge & scor$ a few po9ts = ,canada40 ,!re 0 all ?is "t an increas+ t5d5cy to disc\nt ! importance ( ! traditional arts ( diplomacy & to believe t a great deal ( ?is c>efully nurtur$ secrecy 0 m]ely a trick ( ! trade4 ,bism>ck express$ himself 9 ! foll[+ language on diplomatic lit]ature3 8,= ! mo/ "p x is no?+ b pap] & ink4 ,if y want$ to utilize x = hi/orical purposes1 y c\ld n get any?+ wor? hav+ out ( x4 ,i believe x is ! rule to all[ hi/orians to consult ! ,=eign ,(fice ar*ives at ! expiration ( ?irty ye>s 7aft] ! date ( despat*es74 ,!y might be p]mitt$ to exam9e !m mu* soon]1 = ! despat*es & lett]s1 :5 !y conta9 any in=mation at all1 are q un9telligible to ^? unacqua9t$ ) ! p]sons & relations treat$ ( 9 !m40 ,9 report+ ?is /atem5t1 ,lab\*]e obs]ves3 8,if all =eign (fice telegrams 7 publi%$ !y w\ld be curi\s read+40,b ,he also relates h[ 8 y\?ful ef=ts at secret diplomacy 7 receiv$ by ! ,=eign ,(fice4 ,he _h succe$$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 be+ able q regul>ly1 ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( a laundress1 to get f ! gov]nm5t pr9t+ (fice loose %eets ( confid5tial m9utes ( ,/ate ,c\ncil meet+s4 ,:5 ,"l ,john ,russell discov]$ ! me?od 9 :i* ?is int]e/+ in=mation 0 obta9$1 he put a /op to ! simple intrigue2 ,lab\*]e concludes 8 acc\nt ( ?is exp]i5ce ?us3 8,= :at reason1 ,i wond]1 did ,russell imag9e diplomacy 0 inv5t$80 ,b ,he writes t :5 8,i 0 an atta* at ,/ockholm1 ! pres5t ,que51 ! ,du*ess ( ,o/rogo?a1 _h a baby1 & a telegram came f ! ,=eign ,(fice desir+ t ,h] ,maje/y's congratulations %\ld be (f]$1 & t %e %\ld be in=m$ h[ ! "m & *ild 74 ,! ,m9i/] 0 away1 s (f ,i w5t to ! ,palace to convey ! message & to inquire ab\t ! heal? ( ! pair4 ,a solemn g5tleman receiv$ me4 ,i in=m$ him ( my ord]s1 & reque/$ him to say :at ,i 0 to reply4 #8,h] ,royal ,highness1' he repli$1 #8is z well z c be expect$1 b ,8 ,royal ,highness is suff]+ a little int]nally1 & x is believ$ t ?is is due to ! fact ( ! milk ( 8 nurse hav+ be5 slightly s\r la/ ev5+4' ,i telegraph$ ?is to ! ,=eign ,(fice40 ,! t]m 8secret diplomacy0 is dur+ ?is p]iod us$ 9 a special s5se1 ref]r+ to a secret intrigue on ! "p ( a mon>* or m9i/] )\t ! k ( ^? :o h ! public responsibility 9 ! matt]4 ,e>li] mon>*s (t5 play$ _! own game )\t in=m+ _! m9i/]s & attempt$ to keep ! ?reads ( =eign intrigue 9 _! own h&s4 ,l\is ,,xv did great injury to 8 c\ntry by pursu+ ?is me?od4 ,napoleon ,,iii 0 a great (f5d] 9 ?is respect4 ,n only 0 8 int]national policy prone to unscrupul\s attempts & proposals1 b he act$ 9 ^! matt]s frequ5tly )\t in=m+ ^? :o 7 responsible be=e ! c\ntry4 ,mo/ ( 8 secret advances to ,bism>ck 7 made entirely on 8 own responsibility2 he did n in=m ! ,=eign ,m9i/]1 ,ollivi]1 ( ! fateful in/ructions to ,b5$etti to ! effect t he %\ld dem& ( ,prussia assurances t no ,g]man pr9ce %\ld ev] aga9 be sugge/$ = ! ,spani% ?rone2 8 ,mexican policy1 too1 0 work$ out by himself1 9 conjunction ) ! ,duc de ,morny & ,jeck]1 ! bank]1 r ?an ) 8 m9i/]s4 ,! disa/r\s consequ5ces ( ! secret diplomacy ( ,napoleon ,,iii w be rev]t$ to lat] on4 ,x has also repeat$ly happ5$ t envoys h incurr$ a /rong suspicion ( play+ a political game ( _! own )\t ! au?orization or ev5 ! k ( _! ,=eign ,m9i/]4 ,:ile a diplomatic repres5tative 9 tak+ su* action risks disav[al & dismissal1 yet ! temptation felt by a /rong-will$ man :o is confid5t t he kn[s ! local situation & ! ne$s ( 8 c\ntry !re bett] ?an any "o else1 has (t5 be5 too p[]ful to be resi/$4 ,:5 ! unau?oriz$ action has be5 successful 9 ga9+ "s advantage1 x has g5]ally be5 condon$4,c ,b ?\gh ! home gov]nm5t is at all times able !oretically to disav[ unau?oriz$ actions ( its =eign repres5tatives1 yet ! latt] ?r\gh _! self-will$ acts may h set 9 motion =ces :i* c no long] be controll$4 ,v (t5 also d\bt & confusion is ca/ on ! real causes ( important ev5ts & a g5]al feel+ ( suspicion is ?us g5]at$4 ,c ,frequ5tly1 inde$1 m9i/]s h be5 enc\rag$ to make c]ta9 dm>*es 8on _! own acc\nt02 if successful1 !y c\ld be sanction$ aft] ! ev5t4 ,su* is ! proc$ure :i* ,palm]/on criticiz$ 9 a lett] to ,"l ,cl>5don 7,may #bb1 #ahec73 8,! ,russian ,gov]nm5t has always _h two /r+s to its b[--mod]ate language & dis9t]e/$ pr(essions at ,pet]sburg & at ,london2 active aggression by its ag5ts on ! sc5e ( op]ations4 ,if ! aggressions succe$ locally1 ! ,pet]sburg ,gov]nm5t adopts !m z a fait accompli :i* x did n int5d1 b _c1 9 honor1 rec$e f4 ,if ! local ag5ts fail1 !y are disav[$ & recall$1 & ! language previ\sly held is appeal$ to z a pro( t ! ag5ts h ov]/epp$ _! in/ructions40 ,"o ( ! mo/ self-will$ ( ,briti% ,m9i/]s 0 ,/rat=d ,cann+ 7,"l ,/rat=d de ,r$cliffe74 ,x is g5]ally accept$ t 8 p]sonal diplomacy at ,con/ant9ople1 :]e he began 8 diplomatic c>e] 9 #ahjh & :]e he end$ x 9 #aheh aft] v>i\s int]v5+ missions1 0 "o ( ! causes :i* br\ght on ! ,crimean w>4 ,aft] recit+ t ,"l ,/rat=d con/antly held private int]views ) ! ,sultan & did 8 utmo/ to al>m him1 urg+ him to reject accommodation ) ,russia1 & promis+ him ! arm$ assi/ance ( ,engl&1 ,john ,bright /at$ t all ?is 0 done )\t in/ructions f ! home gov]nm5t4 ,"l ,cl>5don wrote3 8,he is b5t on w> & on play+ ! fir/ "p 9 settl+ ! great ,ea/]n "q40 ,:5 ! w> came on1 ,"l ,granville wrote3 8,we h g5]als :om we d n tru/1 & :om we d n "k h[ to replace4 ,we h an ,ambassador at ,con/ant9ople1 an able man1 a cat :om no "o c>es to bell1 :om "s ?9k a pr9cipal cause ( ! w>1 o!rs ! cause ( "s ( ! calamities :i* h att5d$ ! conduct ( ! w>2 & :om we "k to h ?w>t$ or neglect$ _m ( ! objects ( 8 ,gov]nm5t40 ,lab\*]e1 :o s]v$ "u ,"l ,/rat=d 9 #ahfb1 wrote aft]w>ds t ! despat*es ( ,/rat=d dur+ ! ,crimean w> c\ld n be recogniz$ z ! orig9als f :i* ,mr4 ,k+lake drew 8 mat]ial = a n>rative ( ! ambassador's c>e]4,d ,he ?\ght t ,/rat=d's great p[] at ,con/ant9ople 0 due to 8 long /ay !re :i* made x necess>y = ! ,turks to rema9 on good t]ms ) him4 ,lab\*]e also claims t ,"l ,/rat=d misl$ 8 own gov]nm5t by gett+ ! ,sultan to publi% c]ta9 re=m decrees :i* he w\ld s5d home z evid5ce ( good gov]nm5t1 nev] expla9+ t su* decrees 7 entirely dead lett]s4 ,d ,lab\*]e wrote3 8,"l ,/rat=d 0 "o ( ! mo/ dete/able ( ! human race4 ,he 0 arrogant1 res5tful & spiteful4 ,he hat$ ! ,emp]or ,ni*olas because he _h decl9$ to accept him z ,ambassador to ,russia & ! ,crimean w> 0 8 rev5ge4 ,9 e way he endeavor$ to env5om ! qu>rel & to make w> c]ta940 ,! dang] & disadvantage ( hav+ a diplomat or rul] inject 8 p]sonal ambitions & dislikes into 8 diplomacy h1 un=tunately1 be5 frequ5tly exemplifi$4 ,) respect to ! causes ( ! ,crimean w>1 x w be rememb]$ t ,napoleon ,,iii _h a p]sonal grudge aga9/ ,emp]or ,ni*olas :o _h address$ him 8,sire & ,good ,fri5d0 in/ead ( 8,bro!r0 z is cu/om>y among mon>*s4 ,?\gh ,napoleon answ]$ him1 ackn[l$g+ ! complim5t impli$ f ! fact t "o may *oose "o's fri5ds b n "o's bro!rs1 yet he nev] =got ! slight4 ,"l ,palm]/on z ,=eign ,m9i/] q op5ly reg>d$ himself z a p[] indep5d5t n only ( ,p>liam5t b ( ! ,cab9et itself1 & n b\nd to consult 8 colleagues provid$ he c\ld ju/ify himself lat] be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,b :5 9 ,decemb]1 #ahea1 he _h entirely on 8 own responsibility approv$ ! c\p d'tat by :i* ,napoleon ,,iii made himself emp]or1 ,"l ,john ,russell in/antly dismiss$ him & ?us v9dicat$ ! rule t ! ,=eign ,m9i/] mu/ always pay reg>d to ! jo9t responsibility ( ! ,cab9et4 ,9 #ahfa a select committee ( ,p>liam5t on ! diplomatic s]vice 0 appo9t$4 ,x took evid5ce1 among o!r ?+s1 on ! exi/5ce ( 8secret diplomacy0 9 ! ,briti% s]vice4 ,by ?is t]m 0 und]/ood private correspond5ce or private action affect+ ! conduct ( public affairs1 :i* did n become "p ( ! record 9 ! m9i/ry4 ,"l ,/rat=d de ,r$cliffe1 ! ,e>l ( ,cl>5don1 ,"l ,c[ley1 & ,"l ,john ,russell1 all gave evid5ce ) respect to ! conduct ( bus9ess by private correspond5ce4 ,!y all seem$ to agree t private correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,=eign ,m9i/] & ! individual repres5tatives abroad 0 useful & ev5 necess>y = supplem5t+ ! =mal in/ructions & reports4 ,b !y /at$ _! belief t :5ev] any su* private correspond5ce %\ld beg9 to affect ! actual conduct ( public affairs x w\ld c]ta9ly get into ! record2 if1 h[ev]1 x %\ld come to no?+1 !n x might n be ref]r$ to 9 public despat*es4 ,,iv ,,napoleon ,,iii1 ,,disraeli1 ,,bism>ck ,we h s f> be5 deal+ prim>ily ) ! me?ods ( diplomacy4 ,dur+ ! old rgime bo? ! me?ods & ! g5]al policy ( diplomatic action 7 controll$ by ! secret c\ncils ( ! mon>* & ( a few m9i/]s4 ,) ! gr[? ( repres5tative gov]nm5t public op9ion began to conc]n itself m directly ) =eign affairs4 ,!re grew up gradually1 al?\gh ) _m relapses & ) _m breaks ( cont9uity1 a cons5sus t :ile ! me?ods ( diplomatic action might be secret1 ! g5]al tr5d ( policy %\ld regul>ly be laid be=e ! repres5tatives ( ! p :o %\ld also be in=m$ ( any individual action involv+ ! responsibilities ( ! nation4 ,:51 !re=e1 9 contemplat+ ! hi/ory ( ! la/ "o hundr$ ye>s1 secret diplomacy is spok5 ( 9 condemnatory t]ms1 ! attempt$ secrecy ( national =eign policy1 r ?an ( me?ods1 is usually ?\ght (4 ,:5 important engagem5ts are und]tak5 :i* involve ! nation 9 responsibility to o!rs1 p>ticul>ly = ! use ( arm$ =ces2 :5 by a s]ies ( specific acts a t5d5cy is giv5 to =eign policy :i* is n av[$ to ! repres5tatives ( ! p2 !n !re exi/s secret diplomacy 9 a repreh5sible s5se4 ,a fur!r me?od ( concealm5t works ?r\gh a false /atem5t ( motives4 ,(t5 n>r[ly selfi% action has be5 cam\flag$ ) ! av[al ( noble aims & high ideals2 or !re has be5 f5c+ = position 9 ord] t at ! beg9n+ ( a w> ! opprobrium ( be+ ! assailant c\ld be ?r[n on ! o!r p>ty4 ,und\bt$ly sometimes /atesm5 may p]suade !mselves ( ! pres5ce ( high motives 9 matt]s 9 :i* _! specific action or t ( _! successors1 work+ ) ! same mat]ials1 takes on a contr>y direction4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! ,crimean w>1 ,"l ,palm]/on wrote to ,"l ,cl>5don 7,m>* #a1 #ahfg7 z foll[s3 8444 ! alliance ( ,engl& & ,france has d]iv$ its /r5g? n m]ely f ! milit>y & naval p[] ( ! two /ates1 b f ! =ce ( ! moral pr9ciple ^u :i* t union has be5 f\nd$4 ,our union has = its f\ndation resi/ance to unju/ aggression1 ! def5ce ( ! weak aga9/ ! /rong1 & ! ma9t5ance ( ! exi/+ balance ( p[]4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld we comb9e to become unprovok$ aggressors1 to imitate 9 ,africa ! p>tition ( ,pol& by ! conque/ ( ,morocco = ,france1 ( ,tunis & "s o!r /ate = ,s>d9ia1 & ( ,egypt = ,engl&8 ,&1 m especially1 h[ c\ld ,engl& & ,france1 :o h gu>ante$ ! integrity ( ! ,turki% ,empire1 turn r\nd & wre/ ,egypt f ! ,sultan8 ,a coalition = su* a purpose w\ld revolt ! moral feel+s ( mank9d1 & w\ld c]ta9ly be fatal to any ,engli% ,gov]nm5t t 0 a p>ty to x4 ,!n1 z to ! balance ( p[] to be ma9ta9$ by giv+ u ,egypt1 b we d n want ! burd5 ( gov]n+ ,egypt1 & its possession w\ld n1 z a political1 milit>y1 & naval "q1 be consid]$1 9 ?is c\ntry1 z a set-(f aga9/ ! possession ( ,morocco by ,france4 ,let u try to improve all ^! c\ntries by ! g5]al influ5ce ( our comm]ce1 b let u all ab/a9 f a crusade ( conque/ :i* w\ld call ^u u ! condemnation ( all o!r civiliz$ nations40 ,?is program ( lib]al pr9ciples appli$ to =eign affairs1 ( high-ton$ & high-m9d$ diplomacy1 "o reads ) mix$ feel+s 9 view ( ! ?+s :i* h come !reaft]4 ,9 ! p]iod betwe5 ! ,crimean & ! ,franco-,prussian w>1 ,napoleon pursu$ a policy1 or a s]ies ( policies1 :i* fitly illu/rate ! wor/ features ( secret diplomacy4 ,9 #aheh ,napoleon ,,iii obta9$ f ,cav\r a promise t ,savoy & ,nice %\ld be c$$ to ,france4 ,^! arrangem5ts1 made )\t ! k or ! desire ( ! ,fr5* p1 involv$ ,napoleon 9 ! w> ( #ahei & l$ to a fatal weak5+ ( 8 position4 ,9 #ahfd ,napoleon secretly sugge/$ to ,prussia t %e might take ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 ?us greatly enc\rag+ h] to und]take ! w> ( #ahfd4 ,france at ?is "t 0 "u treaty obligations to ,d5m>k :i* made su* action d\bly di%one/4 ,:5 ! w> betwe5 ,au/ria & ,prussia broke out 9 #ahff1 ,napoleon conclud$ a secret treaty ) ,au/ria :i* conta9$ a b>ga9 t he w\ld assi/ ,au/ria to recov] ,silesia 9 return = a cession ( ,v5etia to ,italy1 to comp5sate ! latt] = ,savoy & ?us to eradicate ! evil effects ( ! arrangem5t ( #aheh4 ,z ?is treaty became kn[n1 x absolutely ali5at$ ,prussia f ,france4 ,at ! same "t ,napoleon _h secretly dem&$ f ,prussia ! cession ( ! ,rh5i% ,palat9ate :i* belong$ to ,bav>ia2 ?is w\ld mean ( c\rse t ,prussia & ,france toge!r w\ld fir/ h to take x f ,bav>ia4 ,bism>ck secretly in=m$ ,bav>ia ( ?is dem& & ?us turn$ h] decisively aga9/ ,napoleon2 s t he 0 enabl$ to make secret treaties ( alliance n only ) ,bav>ia b ) ,wurtemb]g & ,bad5 = _! milit>y support 9 case ( w>4 ,napoleon _h ?us manag$ unwitt+ly to br+ ab\t ! coalition ( ,g]man /ates :i* prov$ disa/r\s to him 9 #ahgj4 ,_h ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t kn[n ( ^! ?ree ,g]man treaties1 x w\ld probably h avoid$ w>2 z x 01 ,france did n "k t %e w\ld h all ,g]many aga9/ h]4 ,9 #ahff ,napoleon1 ?r\gh ,b5$etti1 submitt$ to ,bism>ck a draft treaty accord+ to :i*1 9 case ! ,fr5* ,emp]or %\ld decide to s5d 8 troops to ent] ,belgium1 ! ,k+ ( ,prussia w\ld grant arm$ aid to ,france & support h] ) all 8 =ces1 milit>y & naval1 9 ! face ( & aga9/ e o!r p[] :i* might 9 ?is ev5tuality decl>e w>4 ,?\gh ?is draft treaty1 :i* became kn[n 9 ,great ,brita9 & caus$ high excitem5t !re1 0 n adopt$ 9 ?is =m1 a secret compact 0 made betwe5 ,france & ,prussia 9 #ahfg1 "o article ( :i* /at$ t ,prussia w\ld n object to ! annexation ( ,belgium by ,france4 ,! fact t bo? ( ^! p[]s _h sign$ ! treaty ( #ahci1 gu>antee+ ! neutrality ( ,belgium1 aggravates ! noxi\sness ( ?is conspiracy4 ,e>ly 9 #ahgj ,napoleon 0 secretly negotiat+ ) ,au/ria ) a view to a jo9t w> aga9/ ,nor? ,g]many4 ,! negotiations 7 9 progress :5 ! w> ( #ahgj broke out4 ,probably ,bism>ck 0 in=m$ ( :at 0 go+ on & 0 !re=e ! m anxi\s to face at once :at he consid]$ an inevitable w>4 ,z already /at$1 ,napoleon did n communicate to 8 responsible m9i/] 8 decision to require ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia ! absolute assurance t no ,g]man pr9ce %\ld ev] aga9 be nom9at$ = ! ?rone ( ,spa94 ,9 do+ s he put himself 9 a position :]e ,bism>ck c\ld manuv] him into a dilemma f :i* !re seem$ no exit except w>4 ,?is 0 done by ! fam\s edit+ ( ! ,ems dispat* ?r\gh :i*1 tak+ advantage ( ,k+ ,william's p]mission to modify & elim9ate1 ,bism>ck gave to ! report s5t by ! k+ ! appe>ance t no?+ fur!r c\ld be said betwe5 ! k+ & ! ,fr5* envoy & t !re=e ! only alt]native to ! ,fr5* 0 retreat or w>4 ,?is act illu/rates "o ( ! mo/ t]rible dang]s ( secret diplomacy 9 t j at ! "t :5 inflammable mat]ial is at h& 9 abundance1 "o ^w or phrase may give a decisive turn to developm5ts & =ce an issue1 9 a c]ta9 direction1 )\t all[+ a *ance = calm consid]ation ( all t is involv$4 ,bism>ck consid]$ t ! unification ( ,g]many requir$ a w> because only ?us c\ld ! feel+ ( unity among ! ,g]man p1 until !n divid$ into num]\s small /ates1 be mold$ into political on5ess4 ,b 9 br++ on ! ,franco-,prussian w>1 no matt] h[ inevitable he might consid] su* a /ruggle1 he 0 too confid5t ( 8 ability to play ! "p ( a ,provid5ce & to cut %ort ! sl[ processes ( hi/oric developm5t4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh he attempt$ to "w 9 ! int]e/ ( out/&+ national factors1 8 policy 0 n ( a nature to develop t public confid5ce 9 ! aims ( 8 nation on :i* alone a /atesman c p]man5tly build4 ,8 0 ! diplomacy ( au?ority1 (t5 ann\nc+ its aims ) great frankness1 inde$1 b always reta9+ ! old me?od s t ! public m9d rema9$ (t5 9 ! d>k4 ,8 politics direct$ ,g]man developm5t into a dang]\s c\rse4 ,he abhorr$ ,g]man disunion1 b tri$ to cure x ) means too =ceful & artificial4 ,! solutions br\ght ab\t fur!r problems4 ,! tak+ ( ,alsace-,lorra9e 0 ! cause ( future w>4 ,9 #ahga1 ,bism>ck (f]$ ,mulh\se to ,switz]l& secretly1 b ! gift 0 decl9$4 ,9 ! ye>s aft] #ahga1 ,bism>ck always ?reat5$ ,p>liam5t ) ! dang] ( w> :5ev] he want$ to put any?+ ?r\gh4 ,! ,russo-,turki% w> ( #ahgh1 be+ 9 its nature a conflict ab\t ! m]its ( :i* only vague ideas c\ld be curr5t among ! ,we/]n nations1 produc$ a :ole ne/ ( secret treaties4 ,! treaty ( ,san ,/efano itself 0 kept secret by ,russia & ,turkey4 ,! ,briti% ,=eign ,secret>y 9 a diplomatic note :i* 0 mu* admir$ at ! "t1 dem&$ t ! treaty mu/ be submitt$ to ! ,european p[]s4 ,mean:ile a second secret treaty _h be5 made betwe5 ,russia & ,au/ria :]e91 z is cu/om>y 9 su* transactions1 8comp5sations0 7 di/ribut$ out ( prop]ty belong+ to nei!r ( ! contract+ p>ties1 at ! co/ ( somebody else2 x 0 agre$ t ,au/ria %\ld h ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a4 ,mean:ile ! ,briti% ,=eign ,(fice1 ?\gh x _h j declaim$ 9 indignant tones aga9/ ! secret t]ms ( ,san ,/efano1 made an agreem5t1 equally secret1 ) ,russia 7,may #cj1 #ahgh71 conc]n+ ! po9ts on :i* ,great ,brita9 w\ld insi/ 9 ! f9al adju/m5t4 ,?r\gh ! wrongful action ( an employee ( ! ,=eign ,(fice ?is agreem5t leak$ out & a summ>y ( x 0 publi%$ on ,may #ca/4 ,:5 que/ion$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 ! ,m>quis ( ,salisbury1 :o at all times _h a well-des]v$ reputation = s9c]ity1 nev]!less qualifi$ ! /atem5t 9 ! ,globe z 8:olly unau!nticat$ & n des]v+ ( any confid5ce on ! "p ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords40 ,! full text ( ! agreem5t 0 publi%$ by ! ,globe on ,june #ad?1 & :5 *all5g$ by ,"l ,roseb]y conc]n+ 8 dem5ti1 ,"l ,salisbury calmly /at$3 8,i describ$ x z unau!ntic simply because x 0 s1 & because no o!r adjective actually describ$ x1 & ,i %all be able to /ate :y ,i s describ$ x40 ,! explanation :i* foll[$ 01 h[ev]1 q lame1 & consi/$ ma9ly 9 /at+ t ! docum5t z publi%$ did n give a complete view ( ! situation4 ,! impression produc$ by ^! tactics 0 f> f favorable4 ,"l ,granville1 ) a great deal ( ju/ice1 want$ to "k 8:]e ! ,h\se ( ,lords w\ld h be5 _h x n be5 = ! immoral action ( ! man :o gave ! secret treaty to ! newspap]4 ,!y w\ld h _h blue books & copies ( in/ructions1 protocols & o!r docum5ts1 b !y w\ld h be5 p]fectly dup$ z to ! way 9 :i* ! gov]nm5t _h actually proce$$40 ,b !re foll[$ ano!r1 a f\r? secret treaty1 gr[+ out ( ! ,turki% situation1 an agreem5t betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,turkey conclud$ on ,june #d?1 at ,con/ant9ople4 ,z a result ( errone\s in=mation hav+ be5 telegraph$ f ,con/ant9ople by ,mr4 ,lay>d1 ! ,briti% envoy1 to ! effect t 9 spite ( ! armi/ice ! ,russians 7 mov+ on ,con/ant9ople1 a l>ge w> cr$it 0 vot$ 9 ! ,briti% ,h\se1 al?\gh aga9/ ! opposition ( ! ,lib]als "u ,glad/one & ,bright4 ,ord]s 7 also giv5 to ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t to s5d troops to ,cyprus4 ,a secret treaty 0 !n conclud$ 9 :i* ,great ,brita9 receiv$ a protectorate ov] ,cyprus 9 return = ! engagem5t on h] "p to protect ! ,asiatic doma9s ( ,turkey4 ,nev] 0 ! blood ( a nation )\t its own k & cons5t risk$ 9 a m d\btful adv5ture ?an 9 ?is fam\s transaction ( ,"l ,beaconsfield4 ,glad/one1 on ,july #bj?1 analyz$ ! treaty z provid+ = ?ree ?+s3 ! occupation & annexation ( ,cyprus1 ! def5se ( ,turkey 9 ,asia aga9/ any attempt ,russia may make 78to g two ?\s& miles f y\r own c\ntry1 alone & s+le h&$1 9 ord] to prev5t ,russia mak+ w> at any "t ^u ,turkey 9 ,asia071 & responsibility = ! gov]nm5t ( ,turki% t]ritory 9 ,asia2 & all t 0 und]tak5 )\t ! cons5t & k ( ! ,briti% p1 to be done at _! exp5se by ! blood ( _! *ildr54 ,mr4 ,glad/one conclud$3 8,!re is b "o epi!t :i* ,i ?9k fully describes a cov5ant ( ?is k9d4 ,i ?9k x is an insane cov5ant40 ,disraeli _h =m]ly said ( ,palm]/on3 8,) no dome/ic policy1 he is oblig$ to div]t ! att5tion ( ! p f ! consid]ation ( _! own affairs to ! di/raction ( =eign politics4 ,8 s*eme ( conduct is s devoid ( all political pr9ciple t :5 =c$ to appeal to ! p1 8 only claim to _! confid5ce is 8 "n40 ,! same language c\ld ) equal ju/ice h be5 appli$ to ,beaconsfield himself4 ,8 spee*es 9 def5se ( 8 =eign policy are usually a sup]ficial appeal to imp]iali/ passion1 & deal 9 su* phrases z 8,:at is our duty at ?is critical mom5t80 8,to ma9ta9 ! empire ( ,engl&40 7,l\d *e]s47 8,empire0 is tak5 = grant$ z cov]+ ev]y?+ desirable1 b ! actual relation%ip ( ^! adv5tur\s =eign policies to ! welf>e & true developm5t ( ! ,engli% p is nev] reason$ out4 ,:ile ,beaconsfield _h oppos$ ! fir/ ,afghan w>1 he readily *ang$ 8 views :5 he came into p[] & began ! second w> 9 #ahgh on ! av[$ gr\nd t ! ,ame] _h refus$ to receive a ,briti% mission4 ,b ) a sudd5 *ange ( tactics1 at a d9n] at ! ,mansion ,h\se on ,novemb] #i1 ,"l ,beaconsfield solemnly ann\nc$ t ! w> _h be5 made because ! fronti] ( ,india 0 8a haphaz>d & n a sci5tific "o40 ,yet a little be=e1 :5 condemn+ ! fir/ ,afghan w>1 he _h describ$ ! fronti]s ( ,india z 8a p]fect b>ri]40 ,he did n give to any organization ( public op9ion a *ance to influ5ce him 9 ?is matt]1 or ev5 to be he>d4 ,on ,decemb] #i1 ,"l ,d]by said 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords3 8,we are discuss+1 & we "k we are discuss+1 an issue ^u :i* we h no real or practical influ5ce40 ,v ,,triple ,,alliance ,,diplomacy ,,& ,,morocco ,t[>d ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! dom9at+ developm5t 9 ! diplomacy ( ,europe 0 ! actual =mation ( ! two great alliances--! ,triple ,alliance creat$ by ,bism>ck1 & ! ,russo-,fr5* ,alliance :i* _h come into be+ 9 #ahif z a c\nt]poise to ! =m]4 ,! treaties ^u :i* ^! alliances re/$ 7 made secretly2 !y 7 "p ( an au?oritative policy bas$ on ! !ory ( balance ( p[]4 ,! texts ( ! ,triple ,alliance ,treaty 7 n publi%$ until aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,! s-call$ ,c\nt]-,insurance ,treaty ) ,russia by :i* ,bism>ck attempt$ to /abilize ! situation & isolate ,france ?r\gh a mutual neutrality agreem5t betwe5 ,russia1 ,au/ria & ,g]many1 0 "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic examples ( complicat$ me?ods foll[$ by ! old diplomacy2 x 01 ( c\rse1 also kept secret4 ,:5 aft] ,bism>ck's retirem5t ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t did n r5ew ?is secret treaty1 x made possible a fundam5tal *ange 9 ! gr\p+ ( p[]s ) ! result t ,russia1 aft] a v %ort int]val1 id5tifi$ h]self ) ,france 9 ! ,dual ,alliance4 ,:ile ,bism>ck _h be5 9 control ( ,g]man diplomacy1 ! ma9 l9es ( ,g]man =eign policy 7 kept q cle> & _! g5]al direction 0 def9ite1 no matt] h[ complicat$ & indirect 7 ! means frequ5tly appli$ to c>ry x out4 ,emp]or ,william ,,ii s\ght to free himself f ! tutelage ( ! p[]ful ,*ancellor1 b f !n on ! ori5tation ( ,g]man diplomacy 0 f> f def9ite4 ,no "o c\ld be cle> :]e its ma9 objective lay2 x seem$ to seek expansion ( influ5ce 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ,morocco1 ,s\? ,africa1 & almo/ ev]y:]e1 ev5 ) ! inclusion ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,g]many appe>$ to h _m irons 9 ! fire1 al?\gh mean:ile %e did n make mu* progress 9 any specific direction4 ,?is unc]ta9ty ( h] diplomatic aims 9 an increas+ mann] ar\s$ ! appreh5sion ( h] neighbors2 none ( !m felt any assurance ab\t :at ,g]many actually want$4 ,t h] actual wants may n h be5 unreasonable1 t %e h]self app>5tly did n "k exactly :i* ( h] int]e/s %\ld pr$om9ate1 did n help matt]s2 all ^? :o _h m possessions ?an %e felt !mselves endang]$1 & a g5]al suspicion & lack ( confid5ce result$4 ,9 ! ye>s aft] ! ,*9o-,japanese w> ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t %[$ a great desire to play a prom95t "p 9 ,f> ,ea/]n affairs4 ,?us1 x took ! lead 9 br++ ab\t ! jo9t int]v5tion ( ,russia1 ,france & ,g]many1 :i* oblig$ ,japan to surr5d] ,port ,ar?ur1 a "p ( ! spoils ( w> j tak5 f ,*9a4 ,! ?ree p[]s :o _h ?us come to ! rescue1 h[ev]1 =?) proce$$ to exact f ,*9a an enorm\s commission = _! good (fices1 & =c$ h] to make to !m grants ( lease-holds & o!r concessions1 9 :i* 0 includ$ ! v t]ritory t !y _h rescu$ f ,japan4 ,9 ?is ke5 onset1 :i* am\nt$ to an attempt to divide up ! ,*9ese ,empire1 ,great ,brita9 9 h] turn also p>ticipat$4 ,! ,f> ,ea/]n situation 0 r5d]$ decid$ly un/able1 & ! frantic & unorganiz$ resi/ance ( ! ,box] levies 0 ! result4 ,aft] ! settlem5t ( ^! tr\bles1 9 #aija1 ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t1 z we n[ "k1 t5tatively sugge/$ ! =mation ( an alliance includ+ ,great ,brita9 & ,japan4 ,?is proposal %[s h[ f> ,g]man diplomacy at ! "t _h dep>t$ f ! fundam5tals ( policy "u ,bism>ck4 ,japan proce$$ mo/ assidu\sly to "w on ?is sugge/ion1 b ,g]many 0 left out :5 ! highly important ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance 0 secur$ by ! ,japanese ,m9i/] 9 ,london4 ,negotiations betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,japan 7 c>ri$ on ) ! greate/ secrecy4 ,"l ,lansd[ne himself seems at "o "t to h be5 v anxi\s = prompt action2 he said to ,c\nt ,haya%i1 z report$ by ! latt]1 t 8!re 0 great dang] 9 delay1 z ! news ( ! propos$ treaty might leak out & objections might !n be rais$40 ,x is significant t :ile ,"l ,lansd[ne & ,c\nt ,haya%i 7 9 ! dep? ( _! negotiations1 ,m>quis ,ito1 on 8 return j\rney f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 proce$$ to ,russia &1 entirely 9 opposition to ! express judgm5t ( ,c\nt ,haya%i1 8plung$ into conv]sations on ! mo/ delicate ( matt]s0 at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,9 fact1 ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t all[$ almo/ id5tical secret negotiations to be c>ri$ on 9 ,london & ,/4 ,pet]sburg at ! same "t4 ,c\nt ,haya%i consid]$ ?is proc$ure z imply+ 8a lack ( fai? & a brea* ( honor40 ,:5 ! ,anglo-,japanese treaty _h be5 actually sign$ x 01 ?r\gh ! indiscretion ( "s (ficial1 publi%$ 9 ,japan ?ree days too soon4 ,! ,japanese ,=eign ,(fice promptly d5i$ its exi/5ce1 & ,b>on ,ros51 ! ,russian ,m9i/] at ,tokyo1 :o no d\bt knew ( ! ,ito negotiations at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 v emphatically d5i$ ! v possibility ( su* a treaty4 ,! effect on ,russia ( ! tru? :5 x became kn[n !re1 c be readily imag9$4 ,9 ! ,anglo-,japanese treaty1 ,engl&1 :i* _h rec5tly jo9$ 9 ! solemn gu>antee ( ! integrity ( ,*9a & ( ! indep5d5ce ( ,korea1 made engagem5ts sc>cely consi/5t ) ei!r4 ,"l ,roseb]y1 9 a public address1 ,octob]1 #aije1 express$ 8 s5se ( ! great importance ( ?is treaty4 8,! treaty10 he said1 8is an eng9e ( trem5d\s p[] & trem5d\s liability4 ,:atev] else is c]ta91 ?is at lea/ is sure1 t x w lead to c\ntless animosities1 _m c\nt] intrigues1 & possibly ho/ile comb9ations4 ,b ,i want to po9t out to y ! enorm\s importance ( ! engagem5ts 9 :i* ?is treaty involves y1 ! reactions :i* x w cause else:]e1 & to bid y to be vigilant & prep>$1 & n neglig5t1 z sometimes y are1 ( ! va/ be>+s ( y\r =eign policy40 ,! ,g]man ,emp]or1 hav+ fail$ to obta9 a treaty ) ,engl&1 n[ turn$ to 8 ,russian c\s9 ) ! design ( induc+ him to make an alliance4 ,! ,willy-,nicky correspond5ce :i* 0 publi%$ by ! ,russian ,revolution>y ,gov]nm5t 9 #aiag1 z well z ! memoirs ( ,isvolsky1 give u a complete insight into ! action ( ,william ,,ii 9 ?is matt]4 ,! correspond5ce %[s t ,emp]or ,william neglect$ no means ( ar\s+ res5tm5t & suspicion ( ,engl& 9 ! m9d ( ,ni*olas1 p>ticul>ly 9 attempt+ to %[ a complicity ( ,engl& ) ,japan 9 ! w> aga9/ ,russia4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aijd1 ,william propos$ ! imm$iate signature by ,russia1 )\t ! k ( ,france1 ( a def5sive treaty ( alliance1 evid5tly direct$ aga9/ ,great ,brita94 ,france 0 to be invit$ to jo9 aft] ! signature by ,g]many & ,russia4 ,! ,cz>1 h[ev]1 insi/$ t he c\ld n ent]ta9 ?is proposal )\t fir/ submitt+ x to 8 ally4 ,william1 9 a long telegram1 argu$ insi/5tly ^u ! dang] ( in=m+ ,france be=e ! signature4 ,he said3 8,only ! absolute1 und5iable k t we are bo? b\nd by ! treaty to give mutual aid to ea* o!r1 c induce ,france to ex]cise pressure ^u ,engl& to rema9 tranquil & 9 peace1 = fe> ( plac+ ,france 9 a dang]\s situation4 ,%\ld ,france "k t a ,g]man-,russian agreem5t is simply 9 prep>ation & n yet sign$1 %e w\ld imm$iately in=m ,engl&4 ,engl& & ,japan w\ld !n =?) attack ,g]many40 ,!re=e1 ,william conclud$ t if ! ,cz> %\ld p]si/ 9 refus+ to sign ! treaty )\t ! previ\s cons5t ( ,france1 x w\ld be bett] n to attempt mak+ an agreem5t at all4 ,he /at$ t he _h spok5 only to ,pr9ce ,buel[ ab\t x1 & t z und\bt$ly ! ,cz> _h spok5 only to ,c\nt ,lamsdorff1 ! =eign m9i/]1 x w\ld be easy to keep x an absolute secret4 ,he !n congratulat$ ! ,cz> on hav+ conclud$ a secret agreem5t ( neutrality ) ,au/ria4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,c\nt ,lamsdorff _h n be5 in=m$ by ! ,cz> ( ! ,emp]or's proposal4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aije1 ,emp]or ,william return$ to ! *>ge1 tak+ advantage ( ! disc\ragem5t ( ! ,cz> due to _m ext]nal & int]nal tr\bles result+ f ! ,japanese w>4 ,he visit$ ! ,cz> at ! ,isl& ,bjorkoe 9 ,july1 & us$ e res\rce ( 8 p]sonal influ5ce to prevail on ,ni*olas4 ,?is "t he succe$$1 & ! two sov]eigns sign$ a secret treaty ( alliance1 :i* conta9$ f\r articles to ! foll[+ effect3 7#a7 ,if any ,european /ate %all attack ei!r ( ! empires ! alli$ p>ty engages itself to aid ) all its =ces on l& & sea4 7#b7 ,! contract+ p>ties w n conclude a sep>ate peace4 7#c7 ,! pres5t agreem5t comes 9 =ce at ! mom5t ( conclusion ( peace betwe5 ,russia & ,japan1 & may be d5\nc$ ) "o ye>'s notice4 7#d7 ,:5 ! treaty has come into =ce ,russia w take ! necess>y /eps to in=m ,france & to propose to h] to adh]e to x z an ally4 ,on ?is occasion ! ,emp]or 0 accompani$ by ,von ,ts*irsky1 :o soon aft] became ,g]man ,=eign ,m9i/] & :o c\nt]sign$ ! agreem5t4 ,! ,russian ,=eign ,m9i/] 0 n pres5t b ,admiral ,birileff1 ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,navy1 0 call$ 9 to c\nt]sign ! ,cz>'s signature4 ,aft] 8 return to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ! ,cz> all[$ fifte5 days to pass be=e in=m+ ,c\nt ,lamsdorff4 ,:5 in=m$1 ! ,cz>'s advis]s took a v /rong position aga9/ ! agreem5t1 ) ! result t not)/&+ ! insi/5t argum5ts ( ,emp]or ,william1 :o 9 8 telegram sign$ himself 8,y\r fri5d & ally10 ! treaty 0 nev] giv5 full =ce4 ,william /rongly appeal$ to ! gratefulness ( ! ,cz> = hav+ /ood by him dur+ ! ,japanese w>1 at a "t :51 8z aft]w>ds ! indiscretions ( ,delcass h %[n1 al?\gh alli$ to ,russia1 ,france _h nev]!less made an agreem5t ) ,engl& to attack ,g]many )\t w>n+1 9 "t ( peace40 ,! latt] phrase gives ! effect ^u ,william's m9d ( all he knew or believ$ to "k ab\t ! arrangem5ts conclud$ betwe5 ,france & ,great ,brita9 conc]n+ ,morocco4 ,! ,moroccan intrigues & secret negotiations1 dur+ ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 contribut$ 9 no small measure to r5d]+ int]national relations /ra9$ & g5]at+ a g5]al s5se ( insecurity & suspicion4 ,9 ,july1 #aija1 a protocol 0 sign$ betwe5 ! ,sultan ( ,morocco & ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! latt] decl>$ its respect = ! integrity ( ,morocco4 ,at ! same "t ,m4 ,delcass began secret negotiations ) ,spa9 = a delimitation ( sph]es ( influ5ce 9 t c\ntry4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aijb1 ! fir/ ,franco-,spani% secret treaty conc]n+ ,morocco 0 giv5 its f9al =m4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n ratifi$ because ( ,briti% opposition at ! "t4 ,9 #aijd1 ! =mation ( ! ,anglo-,fr5* ,ent5te agreem5t1 9 :i* ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t decl>$ t x _h no int5tion 8( alt]+ ! political /atus ( ,morocco10 0 accompani$ by ! conclusion ( a secret und]/&+ conc]n+ ,morocco :i* 0 n reveal$ until #aiaa4 ,accord+ to ! t]ms ( t agreem5t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 0 to be in=m$ ( any und]/&+ on ,morocco :i* might be conclud$ betwe5 ,france & ,spa94 ,^! two c\ntries1 9 fact1 on ,octob] #c1 #aijd1 consummat$ a conv5tion = ! p>tition ( ,morocco into sph]es ( influ5ce4 ,a copy ( ?is secret agreem5t 0 giv5 to ,"l ,lansd[ne1 ! ,briti% ,=eign ,m9i/]1 :o wrote1 9 ackn[l$g+ x3 8,i ne$ n say t ! confid5tial "* ( ! ,conv5tion ent]$ into by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,fr5* ,republic & ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 9 reg>d to ,fr5* & ,spani% int]e/s 9 ,morocco is fully recogniz$ by u1 & w be duly respect$40 ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t1 :i* _h be5 ignor$1 n[ sugge/$ ! hold+ ( an int]national conf]5ce4 ,aft] consid]able opposition ! conf]5ce met at ,algeciras1 9 ,febru>y1 #aijf4 ,! ,p[]s repres5t$ !re aga9 solemnly recogniz$ ! indep5d5ce & integrity ( ,morocco4 ,mean:ile1 v>i\s incid5ts 7 br\ght on by ! actions ( ,fr5* & ,spani% commiss>ies 9 ,morocco4 ,! ,fr5* p>liam5t repeat$ly reit]at$ its int5tion to obs]ve ! act ( ,algeciras1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! decl>ation ( ,febru>y1 #aiji1 reg>d+ ,morocco1 9 :i* decl>ation ,g]many jo9$4 ,9 #aiaa1 ev5ts happ5$ :i* induc$ a s]i\s ,european crisis4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t und]took milit>y op]ations aga9/ ,fez1 ! capital ( ,morocco1 on ! gr\nd t ! =eign colony !re 0 9 dang]4 ,9 reply to que/ions 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,sir ,edw>d ,grey confirm$ t su* measures 7 be+ und]tak5 by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 8= ! succor ( ,europeans 9 ,fez40 ,he add$3 8,! action tak5 by ,france is n int5d$ to alt] ! political /atus ( ,morocco1 & ,8 ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t _c see :y any objection %\ld be tak5 to x40 ,! facts ( ! ,fez affair h be5 ?us describ$ by ! ,fr5* publici/1 ,francis de ,press5s3 8,at ?is po9t ! ,comit du ,m>oc & its organs surpass$ !mselves4 ,!y organiz$ a campaign ( sy/ematic untru?4 ,ma/]s ( almo/ ! entire press1 !y swamp$ ! public ) false news4 ,fez 0 repres5t$ z ?reat5$ by siege or sack4 ,a :ole ,european ,fr5* ,colony 0 sudd5ly discov]$ !re1 liv+ 9 angui%4 ,! ultimate fate ( ! wom5 & *ildr5 0 describ$ 9 ! mo/ mov+ t]ms4444 ,at all co/s ! ,europeans--! ,sultan1 ,fez itself mu/ be sav$4444 ,z ev] f ! beg9n+ ( ?is ent]prise1 ! ,gov]nm5t knew no?+1 will$ no?+ ( itself40 ,:ile ^! ev5ts 7 happ5+1 ! ,=eign ,(fices bo? 9 ,p>is & ,london fail$ to give any in=mation conc]n+ ! aims :i* und]lay ! action tak54 ,on ,may #bc;d1 ,mr4 ,dillon 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons ask$ to :at ext5t ,engl& 0 committ$ to ?is 8ill-om5$ & cruel exp$ition40 ,! ,=eign ,secret>y repli$1 8,we are n committ$ at all40 ,! ,fr5* ,=eign ,m9i/] decl>$ at ! same "t t he _h nev] he>d ( any treaty ) ,spa9 conc]n+ ,morocco4 ,:5 ! int]national crisis came to a head sudd5ly 9 ,july1 #aiaa1 ?r\gh ! disconc]t+ action ( ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t 9 s5d+ a w> vessel to ,agadir1 ! public 0 totally tak5 by surprise & 0 absolutely 9 ! d>k z to ! issues & int]e/s involv$ z well z to ! commitm5ts :i* _h be5 made by ! ,briti% & ,fr5* =eign (fices4 ,! text ( ! secret treaty betwe5 ,france & ,spa9 _h1 h[ev]1 n[ be5 secur$ by ! ,p>is pap]s ,le ,temps & ,le ,mat94 ,?is revelation l$ to p>ty attacks on secret diplomacy 9 ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons & 9 ! ,fr5* ,p>liam5t4 ,b>on d',e/\rnelles de ,con/ant1 9 ,febru>y1 #aiab1 said3 444 8,:y 0 ! ,fr5* ,p>liam5t told only half ! tru? :5 x 0 ask$ to pass its op9ion ^u our arrangem5t ) ,engl&8 ,:y 0 x all[$ to suspect t ?is arrangem5t _h z its complem5t & corrective "s secret clauses & o!r secret treaties8 ,x is ?is1 x is ?is d\ble game t[>ds ,p>liam5t & t[>ds ! _w :i* becomes morally an abuse ( tru/4444 ,n[ ! :ole ef=t ( ! arrangem5t ( #aijd appe>s to-day 9 its tru? & 9 its vanity4 ,x 0 a treaty ( fri5d%ip ) ,engl& recogniz+ ! fre$om ( our political action 9 ,morocco & also proclaim+ our w to respect ! integrity ( t c\ntry2 t 0 :at ! public knew & approv$4 ,b ! public 0 ignorant t at ! same "t1 by o!r ,treaties & by contradictory clauses hidd5 f x1 ! p>tition ( ,morocco betwe5 ,spa9 & ,france 0 prep>$1 ( t ,morocco ( :i* we gu>ante$ ! integrity40 ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,mr4 ,john ,dillon *>g$ t 8! ,=eign ,(fice policy has become dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s progressively m secret e ye>4 ,= t5 ye>s ! =eign policy ( ?is c\ntry has be5 conduct$ beh9d an elaborate scre5 ( secrecy40 ,,vi ,,ent5te ,,diplomacy ,z ! commitm5ts ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t gradually became m & m kn[n ! "q arose z to h[ deeply & ext5sively ,great ,brita9 _h be5 involv$ 9 cont95tal affairs4 ,"l ,roseb]y1 :o 0 un9=m$1 ) ! re/ ( ,p>liam5t & ! public1 z to ! actual details1 said 9 a spee* at ,glasg[ 9 ,janu>y1 #aiab3 8,?is we d "k ab\t our =eign policy1 t1 = good or = evil1 we are n[ embrac$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,cont95tal sy/em4 ,t ,i reg>d z p]haps ! grave/ fact 9 ! lat] portion ( my life4 ,we are1 = good or = evil1 involv$ 9 a ,cont95tal sy/em1 ! m]its ( :i* ,i d n pret5d to judge1 because ,i d n "k en\gh ab\t x1 b :i*1 at any rate1 may at any "t br+ u into conflict ) armies numb]+ millions1 & our own =ces w\ld h>dly be c\nt$ 9 su* a w> z !y /& at pres5t40 ,"l ,roseb]y realiz$ p]haps m fully ?an mo/ ( ! lead]s ( ,engli% public life ! complications adh]5t to :at _h already become public k at ! "t4 ,mean:ile ! gov]nm5t1 9 ,p>liam5t1 conf9$ itself to pla9 d5ials :5ev] ! matt] ( int]national und]tak+s & obligations ( a g5]al nature 0 br\ght up4 ,! d5ials c\ld be ju/ifi$ f ! po9t ( view t ! situation z /at$ by ! un9=m$ que/ion] 9 ,p>liam5t1 9 ea* case did n exactly correspond to ! facts4 ,b ! impression creat$ by su* d5ials t no s]i\s obligations _h be5 incurr$ 01 z ! result %[$1 entirely mislead+4 ,on ,m>* #h1 #aiaa1 ,mr4 ,j[ett ask$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons :e!r any und]tak+1 promise or und]/&+ _h be5 giv5 to ,france t 9 c]ta9 ev5tualities ,briti% troops w\ld be s5t to cop]ate ) ! ,fr5* army4 ,! ,und]secret>y ( ,/ate = ,=eign ,affairs repli$3 8,! answ] is 9 ! negative40 ,on ,decemb] #f1 #aiaa1 ! ,prime ,m9i/] said3 8,z has be5 /at$1 !re 7 no secret engagem5ts ) ,france o!r ?an ^? t h n[ be5 publi%$1 & !re are no secret engagem5ts ) any =eign ,gov]nm5t t entail ^u u any obligation to r5d] milit>y or naval assi/ance to any o!r ,p[]40 ,^u ano!r occasion ,mr4 ,y]burgh1 ,m4,p41 inquir$3 8,may ,i ask :e!r or n we are to und]/& t ! ,gov]nm5t arriv$ at no decision ^u ?is p>ticul> "q8 ,is ! "r honorable g5tleman n aw>e t ?is new def9ition ( ! two-,p[] /&>d is a "q ( supreme importance1 & t 9 arriv+ at our /&>d ( naval /r5g? previ\s ,gov]nm5ts _h reg>d to ! p[] ( ! fleets ( o!r c\ntries80 ,! ,prime ,m9i/] repli$ only3 8,i ?9k ?is "q %[s ! inconv5i5ce ( deal+ ) ^! matt]s by way ( "q & answ]40 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiab1 ,"l ,hugh ,cecil made ! foll[+ inquiry3 8,!re is a v g5]al belief t ?is c\ntry is "u an obligation1 n a treaty obligation1 b an obligation aris+ out ( an assurance giv5 by ! ,m9i/ry 9 ! c\rse ( diplomatic negotiations1 to s5d a v l>ge arm$ =ce out ( ?is c\ntry to op]ate 9 ,europe4 ,t is ! g5]al belief4 ,x w\ld be v presumptu\s ( any "o :o has n access to all ! facts 9 possession ( ! ,gov]nm5t--0 ,! ,prime ,m9i/] int]rupt$ him )3 8,i ought to say t x is n true40 ,"l ,cecil !reupon express$ 8 satisfaction = hav+ elicit$ ?is explanation1 8because10 he /at$1 8x 0 c]ta9ly widely believ$ t ! ,gov]nm5t has engag$ 9 a milit>y policy ( an adv5tur\s k9d & t if su* a policy _h actually be5 contemplat$ by ! ,gov]nm5t x w\ld involve a v s]i\s consid]ation ( ! milit>y res\rces ( ! c\ntry40 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! latt] 0 a j conclusion f ! actual situation z x really exi/$1 not)/&+ ! d5ial by ! ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aiac1 :5 dur+ ! discussion ( ! ,navy e/imates1 ! ,m$it]ranean situation came up1 ,"l ,b]es=d sugge/$ t ,mr4 ,*ur*ill 7,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,admiralty7 mu/ be tru/+ to ,france ! duty ( gu>d+ ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,mr4 ,*ur*ill _h said 9 ! c\rse ( ^! discussions3 8,9 conjunction ) ! ,navy ( ,france1 our ,m$it]ranean ,fleet w\ld make a comb9$ =ce sup]ior to all possible comb9ations40 ,sir ,c4 ,k9lo*-,cooke ref]r$ to ?is z a rem>kable /atem5t1 & "o 8some:at difficult to reconcile ) ! rec5t pron\ncem5t ( ! ,prime ,m9i/] z to our und]/&+ ) ,france 9 ! matt] ( armam5ts40 ,he add$3 8,9 "o case we h ! ,prime ,m9i/] repudiat+ an obligation on our side ( any k9d1 & 9 ! o!r we h ! ,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,admiralty rely+ = ! safety ( our ,ea/]n ,empire1 our trade & our food supply1 ^u ! assi/ance :i* he presumes w be ready at any mom5t to be giv5 to u by ,france40 ,on ,m>* #bd1 #aiac1 ,mr4 ,asqui?1 ,prime ,m9i/]1 made a compreh5sive answ] to a "q ( ,sir ,w4 ,byles 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,z has be5 repeat$ly /at$1 ?is c\ntry is n "u any obligation1 n public & kn[n to ,p>liam5t1 :i* compels x to take "p 9 a w>4 ,9 o!r words1 if w> arises betwe5 ,european ,p[]s1 !re are no unpubli%$ agreem5ts :i* w re/rict or hamp] ! fre$om ( ! ,gov]nm5t or ,p>liam5t to decide :e!r or n ,great ,brita9 %\ld p>ticipate 9 a w>40 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiac1 ,"l ,haldane made a /atem5t to ! effect t ! v fri5dly relation%ips ) ,france r5d]$ ! situation 9 ! ,m$it]ranean mo/ satisfactory4 ,on ,june #aa1 #aiad1 ?is same g5]al matt] 0 up aga9 = discussion4 ,sir ,edw>d ,grey1 9 answ]+ a "q1 ref]r$ back to ! /atem5t made by ,mr4 ,asqui? on ,m>* #bd1 #aiac1 & add$3 8,x rema9s z true to-day z x 0 a ye> ago40 ,! nation 0 mean:ile left entirely 9 ! d>k ) respect to ! actual matt] ( ! relation%ips :i* _h develop$ betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,france1 & x 0 only aft] ! ,great ,w> _h brok5 out t ,sir ,edw>d ,grey1 9 8 spee* ( ,augu/ #c1 #aiad1 gave to ,p>liam5t "s acc\nt ( :at _h actually happ5$4 ,! fir/ important /ep 9 ! new int]national policy ( ,great ,brita9 0 tak5 imm$iately aft] ! ,lib]al ,gov]nm5t _h be5 =m$ on ,decemb] #ab1 #aije4 ,x appe>s t ,sir ,edw>d ,grey consult$ 9 ?is matt] p>ticul>ly ,mr4 ,asqui? & ,"l ,haldane1 in=m+ ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,sir ,h5ry ,campbell-,bann]man1 b n 8 o!r ,cab9et colleagues4 ,! above ?ree m5 7 ! lead]s ( ! ,lib]al ,imp]iali/ faction1 & x is n at all c]ta9 t 9 an aggressive =eign policy !y w\ld h be5 at t mom5t readily foll[$ by _! :ole p>ty4 ,:5 9 consequ5ce ( ! attempt$ division ( ,morocco1 relations betwe5 ,france & ,g]many became some:at /ra9$1 ,sir ,edw>d ,grey1 ,=eign ,m9i/]1 made communications to ! ,fr5* ,ambassador to ! effect t1 :ile no promises c\ld be giv5 to any ,=eign ,p[]1 yet 9 ,sir ,edw>d ,grey's op9ion1 if w> 0 !n =c$ ^u ,france on ! "q ( ,morocco1 public op9ion 9 ,engl& w\ld rally to ! mat]ial support ( ,france4 ,sir ,edw>d ,grey1 z relat$ 9 8 own words1 said3 8,i made no promises & ,i us$ no ?reats1 b ,i express$ t op9ion40 ,! accuracy ( t op9ion has be5 que/ion$1 9 view ( ! temp] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons elect$ at a "t :5 res5tm5t at ! imp]iali/ w> 9 ,s\? ,africa 0 p[]ful4 ,on ! basis ( ! /atem5t made by ,sir ,edw>d ,grey1 ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t said to ! ,briti% ,=eign ,m9i/]1 z report$ by him3 8,if y ?9k x possible t ! public op9ion ( ,great ,brita9 might1 %\ld a sudd5 crisis arise1 ju/ify y 9 giv+ to ,france ! arm$ support :i* y _c promise 9 advance1 y w n be able to give t support1 ev5 if y wi% x :5 ! "t comes1 unless "s conv]sations h already tak5 place betwe5 naval & milit>y exp]ts40 ,sir ,edw>d ,grey saw m]it 9 ?is proposal & agre$ to x4 ,he au?oriz$ t conv]sations %\ld take place1 b ) ! di/9ct und]/&+ t no?+ :i* w\ld b9d ei!r ,gov]nm5t %\ld occur4 ,h[ev]1 ! hold+ ( conv]sations betwe5 two ,p[]s conc]n+ milit>y cop]ation is 9 itself a suffici5tly s]i\s matt] out ( :i* expectations & relation%ips are apt to arise t _c be ov]look$ 9 future action4 ,! ,cab9et 0 n in=m$ ( ! au?orization giv5 by ,sir ,edw>d ,grey until lat]4 ,he did n /ate h[ mu* lat]4 ,we "k f (ficial s\rces t ,colonel ,b>n>di/on proce$$ to ,belgium & _h int]views ) ! ,*ief ( ! ,belgian ,g5]al ,/aff conc]n+ comb9$ op]ations 9 ! ev5t ( a ,g]man attack direct$ aga9/ ,antw]p4 ,colonel ,b>n>di/on confid$ to ! ,belgian ,*ief ( ,/aff t 8 ,gov]nm5t int5d$ to move ! ,briti% base ( supplies f ! ,fr5* coa/ to ,antw]p z soon z ! ,nor? ,sea _h be5 cle>$ ( all ,g]man w>%ips4 ,:5 ! ,belgian docum5ts 7 publi%$ 9 ,g]many1 x 0 attempt$ by ! press to repres5t ^! conv]sations z an actual conv5tion4 ,^! consultations occurr$ dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( #aijf4 ,f an (ficial s\rce comes ! /atem5t t 9 ,july1 #aiaa1 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t in=m$ ! ,g]man1 t on c]ta9 cont+5cies1 ,great ,brita9 w\ld support ,france 7if ,g]many %\ld dem& ! :ole ( ,fr5*-,congo & ,agadir z a naval base74 ,:at actually happ5$ at ?is "t has nev] be5 fully reveal$4 ,9 ,april1 #aiab1 ! ,briti% milit>y atta* at ,brussels in=m$ ! ,belgian ,g5]al ,jungblu? t ,great ,brita9 _h #afj1jjj m5 available = despat* to ! cont95t1 & add$ t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 c]ta9 cont+5cies dur+ rec5t ev5ts w\ld h imm$iately l&$ troops on ,belgian t]ritory4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! ,cab9et _h a discussion ( ! :ole situation & ( ! special relation%ip ) ,france2 & x 0 decid$ t !re %\ld be "s def9ite expression 9 writ+1 ( ! latt]4 ,accord+ly1 9 ,novemb]1 #aiab1 an ex*ange ( notes took place betwe5 ,sir ,edw>d ,grey & ! ,fr5* ,ambassador4 ,! ,briti% ,=eign ,m9i/] wrote ! foll[+ lett]3 ,nov4 #bbnd 7#aiab74 8,,my ,,de> ,,ambassador3 8,f "t to "t 9 rec5t ye>s ! ,fr5* & ,briti% ,naval & ,milit>y exp]ts h consult$ toge!r4 ,x has always be5 und]/ood t su* consultation does n re/rict ! fre$om ( ei!r ,gov]nm5t to decide at any future "t :e!r or n to assi/ ! o!r by arm$ =ce4 ,we h agre$ t consultation betwe5 exp]ts is n & ought n to be reg>d$ z an engagem5t t commits ei!r ,gov]nm5t to action 9 a cont+5cy t has n yet aris5 & may nev] arise4 ,! disposition1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,fr5* & ,briti% fleets respectively at ! pres5t mom5t is n bas$ ^u an engagem5t to cop]ate 9 w>4 ,y h1 h[ev]1 po9t$ out t if ei!r ,gov]nm5t _h grave reason to expect an unprovok$ attack by a ?ird ,p[] x might become ess5tial to "k :e!r x c\ld 9 t ev5t dep5d ^u ! arm$ assi/ance ( ! o!r4 ,i agree t if ei!r ,gov]nm5t _h grave reason to expect an unprovok$ attack by a ?ird ,p[]1 or some?+ t ?reat5$ ! g5]al peace1 x %\ld imm$iately discuss ) ! o!r :e!r bo? ,gov]nm5ts %\ld act toge!r to prev5t aggression & to pres]ve peace1 &1 if s1 :at measures !y w\ld be prep>$ to take 9 common4 ,if ^! measures involv$ action1 ! plans ( ! ,g5]al ,/affs w\ld at once be tak5 into consid]ation & ! ,gov]nm5ts w\ld !n decide :at effect %\ld be giv5 to !m40 ,a reply f ! ,fr5* ,ambassador accept$ ?is und]/&+4 ,side by side ) ! ,anglo-,fr5* milit>y & naval collaboration1 !re w5t ! mak+ ( jo9t plans by ,france & ,russia :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,franco-,russian milit>y conv5tion ( ,augu/1 #aiab4 ,at ! same "t ,russia _h press$ ^u ,france ! ne$ ( increas+ h] army by rais+ ! t]m ( s]vice to ?ree ye>s4 ,conc]n+ ! new disposal ( ! ,fr5* fleet1 accord+ to ! desires ( ,russia1 ,presid5t ,po9c> /at$ to ,ambassador ,isvolsky 9 ,novemb]1 #aiab3 8,?is decision has be5 made 9 agreem5t ) ,engl&1 & =ms ! fur!r developm5t & completion ( arrangem5ts already made previ\sly betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% /affs40 ,?us ! *a9 ( cop]ation 0 complet$1 & ,engl& 0 effectively ti$ up ) ! situation 9 ! ,balkans1 9 :i* only ,russia _h a prim>y int]e/4 ,mean:ile1 ! repeat$ d5ials previ\sly set =? kept ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t & public f all k ( ! exce$+ly important relation%ips :i* 7 gr[+ up betwe5 ! ,naval & ,milit>y e/abli%m5ts ( ,great ,brita9 & ,france4 ,h[ ^! relation%ips1 ?\gh only p>tially kn[n & suspect$1 7 look$ ^u by outsid]s is %[n f expressions 9 ! reports ( ,belgian diplomats4 ,c\nt de ,lala+ wrote f ,london 9 #aijg3 8,engl& is quietly pursu+ a policy oppos$ to ,g]many & aim$ at h] isolation40 ,b>on ,gre9dl wrote f ,b]l9 9 #aijh3 8,call x alliance or :at y w1 ! gr\p+ con/itutes1 none ! less1 a dim9ution ( ,g]many's security40 ,b>on ,guillaume wrote1 9 #aiaa1 f ,p>is3 8,i h less fai? 9 ! desire ( ,great ,brita9 = peace4 ,%e w\ld n be sorry to see ! o!rs eat "o ano!r up40 ,^! expressions are n1 ( c\rse1 evid5ces ( ,briti% policy1 b simply ( ! impression :i* :atev] leak$ out conc]n+ t policy1 made ^u outside diplomats4 ,9 8 cle> & conv9c+ analysis ( ! situation creat$ by ! gradual =mation 9 secret1 ( ^! relation%ips1 ,"l ,loreburn br+s out ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,?r\gh ! communications ) ! ,fr5* ,ambassador & milit>y & naval conv]sations conc]n+ plans = jo9t action1 ,france 0 enc\rag$ m & m to expect t ,great ,brita9 w\ld /& by h] 9 arms if %e 7 attack$ by ,g]many4 ,su* a policy ( a def5sive und]/&+ ) ,france1 no matt] h[ "r 9 itself1 0 obvi\sly a new dep>ture ( trem5d\s importance4 ,its execution & effectiv5ess c\ld be assur$ only if und]/ood by ,p>liam5t z a national policy1 ) all ! risks involv$1 s t prop] prep>ations c\ld be made4 ,p>liam5t 01 h[ev]1 nev] w>n$ ( ! dang] ,engl& /ood ( be+ ?r[n sudd5ly into a ,european w>4 ,_h ,g]many be5 told 9 ,july1 #aiad1 t ,great ,brita9 w\ld support ,france & ,russia1 ! w> w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 prev5t$2 b :ile ! m9i/]s _h 9 fact incurr$ moral obligations ov] aga9/ ,france1 !y _h n assur$ !mselves ( ! necess>y ,p>liam5t>y support & c\ld !re=e n make a /atem5t involv+ su* risk z ! above decl>ation to ,g]many w\ld h creat$4 ,( ,sir ,edw>d ,grey's spee* ( ! #crd ( ,augu/1 #aiad1 ,"l ,loreburn says3 8,?is rem>kable spee* began ) an elaborate ef=t to prove t ! ,h\se ( ,commons 0 p]fectly free to det]m9e ei!r = peace or w>4 ,x end$ ) a passionate decl>ation t ?is c\ntry w\ld be disgrac$ if we did n decl>e w>1 & ! reason+ ( ! spee* prov$ t ,sir ,edw>d ,grey _h committ$ himself irretrievably4 ,x left ! ,h\se ( ,commons conv9c$ t x _h 9 honor no *oice b to jo9 ,france 9 arms4 ,x is an epitome ( ! reason+ by :i* ,sir ,edw>d ,grey _h be5 br\ght to believe t he c\ld say & d :at he said & did )\t limit+ 8 fre$om ( action4 ,b if ?is is legitimate we ought n to keep up ! pret5se t we are a self-gov]n+ nation 9 =eign affairs40 ,?us a m9i/]1 to :om national intrigue & duplicity 7 ess5tially =eign1 :o 0 tru/$ by 8 c\ntry & :o want$ peace1 0 br\ght by ! me?ods ( secret diplomacy into a position :]e he _h actually incurr$ ! moral obligation to assi/ ano!r c\ntry )\t hav+ ! p[] = peace :i* ! ability to av[ t relation%ip op5ly1 to take ! responsibility1 & to confront ,g]many !re)1 w\ld h giv5 him4 ,z e>ly z ,novemb]1 #aiaa1 ,"l ,lansd[ne1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,ent5te1 9 speak+ ( ! secret agreem5t ( #aijd conc]n+ ,morocco1 :i* _h !n j become kn[n to ! public1 _h admitt$ t 9 su* a case ! promise ( purely diplomatic support might easily br+ on ! obligation to assi/ 9 o!r ways2 t an ent5te cordiale creates close relation%ips betwe5 two c\ntries2 & t1 %\ld "o ( !m get into difficulties )\t its guilt1 x w\ld expect to receive support4 ,! moral responsibilities 9 :i* ! ,=eign ,m9i/] _h involv$ ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 7 n simple1 nor did !y exi/ aga9/ ,france alone4 ,because ( ! ,franco-,russian alliance ! relation%ip e/abli%$ betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,france virtually involv$ %>+ 9 ! def5se ( ,france aga9/ ! consequ5ces ( h] alliance ) ,russia1 z ! subsequ5t ev5ts %[$2 any s]i\s situation aris+ 9 ! ,balkans & affect+ ,russian int]e/s w\ld !reaft] involve ,france1 & ?r\gh h]1 ,great ,brita94 ,accord+ly1 ! effect ( ?is policy 0 to make ! peace ( ,great ,brita9 dep5d ^u1 & to involve x )1 ! complex /ruggle = influ5ce 9 ! ,balkans4 ,aft] ,sir ,edw>d ,grey's spee* ( ,augu/ #crd1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,edmund ,h>vey1 ,m4,p41 said3 8,i am conv9c$ t ?is w> = ! great masses ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe is no peoples' w>4 ,x is a w> t has be5 made by m5 9 high places1 by diplomati/s work+ 9 secret1 by bureaucrats out ( t\* ) ! p1 by m5 :o are a remnant ( an old] evil civilization40 ,"l ,loreburn sums up 8 indictm5t ( secret diplomacy 9 ! foll[+ language3 8,secret diplomacy has und]gone its #8acid te/' 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x _h e *ance4 ,! voice ( p>ty 0 sil5t4 ,! ,=eign ,m9i/] 0 an ,engli% g5tleman :om ! c\ntry tru/$ & admir$1 :o 0 :olly free f p]sonal enmities ( e k9d1 & :o want$ peace4 ,& secret diplomacy utt]ly fail$4 ,x prev5t$ u f f9d+ "s alt]native = w>1 & x prev5t$ u f be+ prep>$ = w>1 because secret diplomacy means diplomacy alo( f ,p>liam5t40 ,! issue is "h q cle>ly /at$4 ,^? :o see 9 ! me?ods & _s ( ! old diplomacy ! *ief cause ( w>1 d n hold1 on ! "o h&1 t secret diplomacy involves at all times & 9 all cases unscrupul\s plott+4 ,b !y believe t ! me?od ( deal+ ) =eign affairs z a my/]i\s matt]1 fit to be h&l$ only by ! select1 & ! reliance on a policy ( b>ga9s & comp5sations1 ) ! aim ?us artificially to ma9ta9 a balance ( p[]1 may be blam$ = ?is great cata/rophe2 = !y /ood 9 ! way ( deal+ ) great public affairs 9 a s\nd] mann]1 t is1 ) m reg>d ( ! actual public int]e/ & ( ! und]ly+ racial & popul> factors4 ,^? ,briti% critics :o h attack$ ?is me?od z practis$ 9 _! own c\ntry be=e & dur+ ! w>1 d n !reby mean to impute to ,briti% /atesm5 a major %>e 9 ! responsibility = ! w>4 ,! high-m9d$ness & public _s ( ! responsible /atesm5 is recogniz$ by all fair critics1 & mo/ ( !m imply t ,great ,brita9 has f> less to fe> f ?is sy/em ?an h nations ) less responsible gov]nm5ts & a less s\nd tradition ( /atesman%ip4 ,!y attack ! sy/em z a :ole z x exi/s ?r\gh\t ,european diplomacy1 & z x has be5 us$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( hi/oric evid5ce1 & ( /rict reason+ f cause to effect1 a great deal ( d\bt /ill rema9s z to h[ f> secret diplomacy 9 itself1--t is1 ! failure to publi% to p>liam5t & ! p1 details ( ! situation z x develop$1--c\ld prop]ly be consid]$ ! specific cause ( ! w>2 no matt] h[ def9ite may be our judgm5t & belief t ! secrecy & tortu\sness ( =eign policy are b\nd to g5]ate an air ( unc]ta9ty & suspicion :i* w s greatly favor milit>i/ intrigues & influ5ce z to r5d] ! mak+ ( w>s f> m easy ?an !y w\ld o!rwise be1 7 "t & opportunity giv5 to ! public to consid] ! details ( a critical situation4 ,yet x might be difficult to prove by hi/oric evid5ce1 ! specific proposition t ! w> ( #aiad 0 directly due to ! fact t ! developm5t ( int]national affairs 0 q g5]ally kept f ! k ( ! public4 ,nev]!less1 unque/ionably ! atmosph]e ( secret diplomacy is a m$ium exactly suit$ to ! mo/ baneful influ5ces4 ,visc\nt ,haldane has made a /rong def5se ( ! policy ( ,sir ,edw>d ,grey4 ,he ass]ts t 8! failure ( ^? :o _h to make ! ef=t to keep ! peace1 does n %[ t !y w\ld h done bett] _h !y discuss$ delicate details 9 public40 ,he cont9ues3 8,!re are topics & conjunctures 9 ! almo/ daily *ang+ relations betwe5 ,gov]nm5ts z to :i* sil5ce is gold54 ,= h[ev] prop] x may be 9 po9t ( broad pr9ciple t ! p %\ld be fully in=m$ ( :at conc]ns !m vitally1 ! mo/ important ?+ is t ^? to :om !y h confid$ _! conc]ns %\ld be giv5 ! be/ *ance ( success 9 av]t+ dang] to _! int]e/s4 ,to h said m 9 ,p>liam5t & on ! plat=m 9 ! ye>s 9 "q1 or to h said x o!rwise1 w\ld h be5 to run grave risks ( m ?an "o sort40 ,?is def5se1 h[ev]1 also makes c]ta9 assumptions1 p>ticul>ly ! und]ly+ "o t ! w> 0 n to be avoid$ by any me?od4 ,x is bas$ on ! traditional concept ( =eign affairs :i* consid]s t x is be/ to leave !m at ! discretion ( a few initiat$ & responsible (ficials4 ,!re c be no "q t f ! highe/ plane conceivable "u ! old] ideas & norms ( diplomacy1 ! conduct ( =eign relations by ,sir ,edw>d ,grey mu/ be consid]$ z a model ( sagacity & caution4 ,b :5 ,"l ,crom] describes ! secret arrangem5ts conc]n+ ,morocco z 8a wise measure ( prev5tive diplomacy10 x is n easy to foll[ him4 ,,vii ,,! ,,crisis ,,( #aiad ,if secret diplomacy exhibits its drawbacks ev5 9 a c\ntry :]e p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t is s highly develop$ z 9 ,engl& & :]e political intellig5ce & indep5d5ce ( judgm5t exi/1 we %all n be surpris$ at ! cont9u\s preval5ce ( devi\s me?ods 9 diplomacy 9 c\ntries :]e ! conduct ( =eign affairs is consid]$ q frankly a matt] only = ! initiat$1 & :]e little pret5se is made ( an appeal to public op9ion except 9 ! s5se ( hold+ x 9 subjection by vague g5]al ideas ( national dang]1 necessity1 & honor4 ,! ma9 faults ( ,g]man diplomacy 7 due to its bureaucratic po9t ( view & its lack ( contact ) public op9ion1 bo? at home & abroad4 ,x 0 di/9ctly an expression ( ! au?oritative w ( ! /ate1 guid$ by a suppos$ inn] k ( its dang]s & ne$s1 b )\t any real ef=t to /r5g!n itself ?r\gh contact ) ! public m9d4 ,! ,rei*/ag 0 inde$ occasionally in=m$ ( =eign developm5ts1 p]haps z frequ5tly z 9 ,engl&1 b !re 0 no real mutual influ5ce betwe5 ! nation & ! (ficials conduct+ =eign affairs4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ,g]man diplomacy fail$ to reassure ei!r ! neighbors or ! p ( ,g]many2 its lack ( cle> objectives 0 puzzl+ & disquiet+4 ,x 0 also hurt by its con/ant1 evid5t dep5d5ce on :at %\ld h be5 only ! v la/ resort--milit>y =ce4 ,a fur!r disquiet+ *>act]i/ic ( ,g]man politics 0 t !re seem$ to be a cynical approval ( c]ta9 c\rses ( action :i* might inde$ resemble :at "s o!r nations 7 do+1 b :i* 7 treat$ by ! latt] r z regrettable necessities4 ,?us !re is1 = in/ance1 ! conception ( ,realpolitik1 ( :i* ,fr$]ick ! ,great's /atem5t is an extreme in/ance3 8,be=e decl>+ my int5tions ,i consid] on ! "o side ! adv]se incid5ts :i* ,i mu/ risk2 on ! o!r1 ! good =tune :i* ,i might hope2 & aft] ?or\gh consid]ation ( pro & con1 ,i decide = w>40 ,com+ n[ to ! fateful crisis ( #aiad1 x w\ld appe> t at ?is "t a great dang] 0 all[$ to gr[ up )\t ! m5 9 control ( ! gov]nm5t giv+ !mselves a full acc\nt z to ! fatal probabilities involv$1 :]eas ! p>liam5t & ! public rema9$ entirely un9=m$4 ,g]many _h always m or less back$ h] ,au/rian ally 9 ! ,balkan policy ( ! latt]4 ,bism>ck _h inde$ be5 v cauti\s 9 ?is respect1 & _h be5 fully aw>e ( ! dang] inh]5t 9 su* a policy1 ( committ+ ,g]many ?r\gh giv+ ,au/ria too mu* head4 ,:5 ! ,s]vian "q became acute1 ! heads ( ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t 7 inde$ s reckless 9 enc\rag+ /rong ,au/rian action z to ju/ify ! impression t !y desir$ to pu% ,au/ria-,hung>y into a conflict4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 appe>1 f a full /udy ( all ! data :i* is n[ possible1 t ! ,kais] & ,be?mann-,hollweg 7 q optimi/ic 9 believ+ t ! conflict c\ld be localiz$ & t ! solution c\ld be left to ,au/ria & ,s]via4 ,:5 x 0 beg9n+ to become q cle> t ,russia w\ld 9 ?is in/ance n /& aside & t !re=e ,france1 too1 w\ld be ?r[n into ! conflict1 ! ,g]man ,*ancellor began to make belat$ ef=ts to induce ,au/ria to accept ! m$iation ( ! ,p[]s on ! basis t ,belgrade %\ld be occupi$ to assure compliance ) ! ,s]vian promises4 ,! ,au/rian premi]1 ,c\nt ,b]*told1 h[ev]1 0 n incl9$ to rev]se 8 eng9es4 ,he took advantage ( ! enc\ragem5t giv5 to ,au/ria 9 ! fir/ place1 to p]si/ 9 an irreconcilable attitude t[>d ,s]via4 ,! docum5t>y mat]ial :i* has s f> be5 publi%$1 %[s t ,b]*told ins9uat$ to ! ,russian & ,briti% embassies t he 0 favorable to m$iation2 mean:ile1 he did n answ] ! proposals to t effect made f ,b]l91 b 9 fact /ubbornly pursu$ 8 /]n policy aga9/ ,s]via4 ,9 turn+ a deaf e> to all proposals ( m$iation at ?is "t1 ,b]*told gave ! milit>i/s at ,b]l9 & ,petrograd ! control ( ! situation4 ,b]*told _h inh]it$ ! ,balkan policy ( ,aehr5?al1 :o _h 9 #aiji c>ri$ out ! ambition ( lay+ ! two ,slavic ,prov9ces1 ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a1 8at ! feet ( ,emp]or ,francis ,joseph at 8 ,sixtie? ,jubilee40 ,c\nt ,b]*told himself 0 n consid]$ a man ( /rong initiative2 he vacillat$ & 0 undecid$ ^u que/ions ( great mom5t2 he1 h[ev]1 display$ great /ubbornness on ! fatal po9t t ! 8honor0 ( ,au/ria-,hung>y did n p]mit ( any m$iation ) ,s]via4 ,c\nt ,=ga*1 :o 0 8 *ief advis]1 hat$ ,russia & ,s]via int5sely1 & x is believ$ t he 0 v influ5tial 9 spurr+ ,c\nt ,b]*told to aggressive action4 ,c\ntess ,leutrum holds him responsible = ! w>1 8next to ,aehr5?al40 ,! ,g]man ,ambassador at ,vi5na1 ,von ,ts*irsky1 also h>bor$ a great deal ( p]sonal res5tm5t aga9/ ,russia4 ,!re w\ld appe> to be great reason to d\bt :e!r su* ef=ts z ,be?mann-,hollweg made to urge mod]ation ^u ,b]*told 7 /rongly emphasiz$ by ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ! ,g]man ambassador4 ,c\nt ,cz]n9 /ates t all ( ,h]r von ,ts*irsky's private spee*es at ?is "t 7 attun$ to 8,n[ or ,nev]10 & he ass]ts t ! ,g]man ambassador decl>$ 8 op9ion to be 8t at ! pres5t mom5t ,g]many 0 prep>$ to support our po9t ( view ) all h] moral & milit>y p[]1 b :e!r ?is w\ld prove to be ! case 9 future if we accept$ ! ,s]bian rebuff appe>s to me d\btful40 ,c\nt ,cz]n9 believes t ,ts*irsky 9 p>ticul> 0 firmly p]suad$ t 9 ! v ne> future ,g]many w\ld h to g ?r\gh a w> aga9/ ,france & ,russia1 & t he consid]$ ! ye> #aiad w\ld be m favorable ?an a lat] date4 ,c\nt ,cz]n9 adds3 8,= ?is reason1 because fir/ ( all he did n believe 9 ! fight+ capacity ( ei!r ,russia or ,france1 & secondly1 because--& ?is is a v important po9t--he 0 conv9c$ t he c\ld br+ ! ,mon>*y into ?is w>1 :ile x appe>$ d\btful to him t ! ag$ & peace-lov+ ,emp]or ,francis ,joseph w\ld draw ! sword = ,g]many on any o!r occasion :]e ! action w\ld c5t] less r\nd him1 he wi%$ to make use ( ! ,s]vian episode s z to be sure ( ,au/ria-,hung>y 9 ! decisive /ruggle4 ,t 0 8 policy1 & n ,be?mann's4444 ,i am p]suad$1 h[ev]1 t ,ts*irsky1 9 behav+ z he did1 widely ov]/ret*$ 8 prescrib$ sph]e ( activity4 ,isvolsky 0 n ! only "o ( 8 k9d40 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is essay to ent] into ! difficult "q ( ! specific guilt = br++ on ! w> ( #aiad4 ,h[ev]1 9 exam9+ ! quality & me?ods ( contempor>y diplomacy x is n possible to avoid consid]+ "s ( ! phases ( ?is difficult "q4 ,! docum5ts & o!r evid5ce :i* h rec5tly be5 publi%$1 make x appe> t ,be?mann-,hollweg1 :5 ! t]rible crisis 0 actually at h&1 hone/ly attempt$ to br+ ab\t a mod]ation ( ! c\rse pursu$ by ,au/ria4 ,! orig9al belief ( ! ,g]man /atesman itself c\ld1 h[ev]1 be acc\nt$ =1 only on "o ( two alt]native reasons1 ei!r because ( an unbelievable lack ( =esight1 or ! conviction t a ?reat5+ attitude w\ld aga91 z 9 #aiji1 be successful1 & t ,russia w\ld n d>e to foll[ up h] con/antly decl>$ int]e/ 9 ! ,s]vian situation4 ,& if wor/ %\ld come to wor/1 8well !n10 ! ,g]man lead]s seem$ to ?9k1 8n[ w be bett] ?an lat]40 ,no matt] :at reasonable occasion ,g]man /atesm5 _h dur+ ! ye>s lead+ up to ! w> to fe> a ho/ile policy on ! "p ( neighbor+ gov]nm5ts1 yet _! attitude & action at a critical "t %[s upp]mo/ 9 ! m9ds ( ^! /atesm5 & diplomats1 a n>r[ly tactical1 prim>ily bureaucratic1 view ( ! factors involv$4 ,!re 0 always pres5t 9 ! backgr\nd ! notion ( ! necessity ( a prev5tive w>4 ,^? :o make ! actual decision to beg9 a w> )\t any imm$iate provocation mak+ x pla9ly def5sive1 :o beg9 x because ( cont+5t dang]s 9 ! future1 no matt] h[ great1 take a v s]i\s responsibility4 ,z has be5 said1 ! indicative 8,g]many made w>10 is f> m apt to leave a p[]ful impression 9 ! record ( hi/ory ?an ! subjunctive1 8,if ,g]many _h n made w> !n ! o!rs w\ld h done s lat] on40 ,! fact t milit>y action aga9/ ,s]via w\ld probably involve ,russia & ?us set 9 motion ! complete *a9 ( int]national =ces involv+ ,europe 9 a _w w>1 t is1 ! futility ( ! attempt to localize ! /ruggle 9 ,s]via1 is practically admitt$ 9 ! /atem5t ( ! ,g]man ,:ite ,book1 issu$ ,augu/ #c1 #aiad1 to ! foll[+ effect3 8,we 7 aw>e ( ! fact t w>like und]tak+ aga9/ ,s]via w\ld br+ ,russia into ! w> & t !re=e our duty z an ally might entangle u likewise4 ,we c\ld1 h[ev]1 n advise our ,ally to yield 9 a mann] incompatible ) its dignity1 nor c\ld we d5y our assi/ance at ?is difficult mom5t40 ,au/ria-,hung>y _h judg$ t x w\ld be incompatible ) its dignity & honor to submit ! ,s]vian matt] to arbitration4 ,?is illu/rates a v *>act]i/ic feature ( contempor>y diplomacy1 /ill adh]+ to ! traditions & prejudices ( ! pa/4 ,! t]m 8honor0 is "o t is n translatable into t]ms :i* c be reason$ ab\t4 ,x is 9 fact a direct desc5dant ( ! conception ( 8honor0 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 ! code ( ! dueli/4 ,m5 con/antly translate ! concepts ( _! private life into public affairs1 & to ^! m5 :o at ,vi5na1 ,pet]sburg & ,b]l91 _h ! de/9y ( ! _w 9 _! h&s1 honor 0 an indef9able t]m :i* c\ld be felt b n discuss$4 ,9 practice1 :5 appli$ to human affairs ( ! utmo/ importance1 x _c be di/+ui%$ f ! "* ( ! p]sonal duel1 9 :i* ! conception ( ju/ice 0 entirely subord9ate4 ,:5 x 0 said t ,au/ria-,hung>y f\nd arbitration 8b5ea? its dignity10 !re 0 speak+ ! m5tality ( ! ,feudal junk] :o consid]s himself too noble to appeal to a c\rt aga9/ a peasant neighbor1 b pref]s to s5d 8 s]vants to give him a ?ra%+4 ,! honor ( ,au/ria-,hung>y is ( su* a special k9d 9 ! m9d ( ^! m5 t x does n suff] arbitration1 b sees 9 w> ! only possible satisfaction4 ,9 ?is z 9 _m o!r po9ts1 secret diplomacy is a sup]/ition ( ! pa/4 ,z late z ,may1 #aiaf1 ! ,pe/] ,lloyd1 a semi-(ficial pap]1 decl>$3 8,ev5 if ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t _h /opt its mobilization1 :i* x _h secretly begun not)/&+ all its hypocritical assurances1 nev]!less ,au/ria-,hung>y w\ld n h gone to any conf]5ce b w\ld h insi/$ )\t int]f]5ce f ?ird p>ties to settle its affairs ) ,s]via 9 consonance ) ! future security ( ,au/ria-,hung>y40 ,x w\ld appe> pla9 t ! ,au/rian lead]s want$ w>1 b ) ,s]via alone2 tru/+ t ! =midable p[] ( _! great ally w\ld aga9 block outside int]v5tion4 ,?us :5 we look at ! m5 9 ^: h&s at ?is "t su* a fateful p[] ( decision 0 plac$1 we f9d !m1 z ! great crisis approa*es1 !mselves /unn$ by ! enormity ( ! =ces ab\t to be un*a9$1 seek+ /ill & hop+ = "s =tunate escape2 yet guid$ 9 _! specific action1 n by a g5]al ma/]ly grasp ( ! entire situation1 su* z is ord9>ily expect$ ( ! diplomatic sup]man1 b j by details happ5+ to be mo/ prom95t 9 _! m9d1 su* z ! incompatibility ( arbitration ) ! honor ( ,au/ria1 or ! p]sonal judgm5ts & incl9ations ( individual diplomats4 ,z to a correct e/imate ( h[ ! =ces w\ld "w out1 z to =esight ( det]m9+ factors1 ^! m5 %[$ no unusual ability2 9 fact1 ! guess ( ! intellig5t man on ! /reet w\ld h be5 z safe z _! judgm5t4 ,!y /ood on too n>r[ a base2 !y believ$ t ,italy w\ld rema9 neutral1 t ,engl& w\ld n ent] ! conte/1 & lat] t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld nev] engage 9 ho/ilities4 ,:5 we consid] ! m5tal attitude ( ! controll]s ( =eign affairs 9 all c\ntries dur+ ?is long p]iod ( secret manipulations1 we c f9d no?+ sacrosanct ab\t ! d$uctions & judgm5ts ( secret diplomacy2 9 fact1 ! lack ( contact ) public op9ion & ! deep] =ces ( life1 is ev]y:]e pa9fully app>5t4 ,a ,swiss writ] has /at$3 8,! ,_w ,w> is ! "w ( a small m9ority ( m5 9 p[]4 ,_! p[] re/s on ! pr9ciple ( au?ority1 & on ! errone\s supposition ( wisdom & =esight exce$+ ! av]age4 ,! means ( ma9ta9+ ?is errone\s supposition is secret diplomacy1 :i* deprives ! p ( all possibility ( insight & control 9 ! mo/ mom5t\s que/ions4 ,! result ( ?is sy/em is ! ru9 ( ,europe40 ,x is too great a risk to take1 to leave 9 ! h&s ( individual m51 no matt] h[ highly gift$ p]sonally1 ! control ( su* =ces & ! play+ ( su* *ances4 ,9 ,russia1 ! conduct ( =eign affairs "u ! ,empire 0 9 ! h&s ( a n>r[ gr\p ( m5 ( special tra9+ & exp]i5ce1 b )\t an elem5t ( responsibility to ! public at l>ge1 except t involv$ 9 ! g5]al results ( diplomatic policy4 ,x is a notable fact t dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury only six m5 held ! position ( =eign m9i/]s 9 ,russia4 ,?is is by f> ! longe/ av]age t5ure 9 any c\ntry4 ,sazonov1 :o became =eign m9i/] 9 #aiaa1 fur!r emphasiz$ ! esot]ic "* ( =eign policy by def9itely divorc+ x f home affairs4 ,he did n consult ) ! ,c\ncil ( ,m9i/]s1 b only ) m5 ( 8 own *os5 environm5t1 a select gr\p ( a few collaborators4 ,russian =eign policy 0 !re=e controll$ by a v small clique1 repres5t+ ! traditions ( secret diplomacy1 & play+ at a game ( *ance1 ?\gh nev] s %rewdly1 ) ! lives1 =tunes & int]e/s ( va/ populations4 ,9 ! ,balkan /ates ,russian diplomacy _h = a long "t appli$ all its arts 9 ord] to e/abli% ! pr$om9ance ( ,russian influ5ce4 ,! secret alliance betwe5 ,s]via & ,bulg>ia 0 nurtur$ by ,russia evid5tly ) ! desire ( rais+ a b>ri] to ! ea/w>d expansion ( ,au/rian influ5ce4 ,9 #aiab1 ! fe> 0 ent]ta9$ t ! alliance might sp5d its ma9 ef=ts aga9/ ,turkey in/ead ( ,au/ria4 ,at ?is "t a loan 0 arrang$ = ,k+ ,f]d9& ( ,bulg>ia1 ! funds = :i* 7 advanc$ by ! ,cz>4 ,! ,russian ,=eign ,(fice 0 fully in=m$ conc]n+ ! ,balkan alliance1 :i* comm5c$ ! w> 9 #aiab ) ,russian ass5t & enc\ragem5t4 ,:at direction ! ?\ghts ( ,russian diplomats 7 tak+1 is app>5t f a rem>k ( ,sazonov1 ,russian ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs1 to ! ,s]vian ,m9i/]1 on ,april #bi1 #aiac1 report$ by ! latt] z foll[s3 8,aga9 ,sazonov told me t we mu/ "w = ! future because we w\ld acquire a great deal ( t]ritory f ,au/ria4 ,i repli$ t we w\ld gladly give ,bulg>ia ,mona/ir 7,bitollia7 if we c\ld acquire ,bosnia & o!r t]ritory ( ,au/ria40 ,a ,belgian diplomat1 9 a report writt5 f ,b]l9 9 #aiac1 says t not)/&+ ! great ,russian influ5ce 9 ! ,balkans1 ,russian diplomacy _h vacillat$ a great deal !re s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,balkan w>2 he goes on to say3 8,9 a mom5t ( confid5ce ! ,fr5* ambassador spoke p>ticul>ly conc]n+ ! influ5ce :i* ,m4 ,isvolsky has ma9ta9$1 :o has a p]sonal desire ( rev5ge aga9/ ,au/ria-,hung>y1 & takes great pa9s to spoil ! game :5ev] !re is any appe>ance ( ,au/rian success40 7,b>on ,bey5s to ! ,belgian ,m9i/] = ,=eign ,affairs1 ,m>* #ah1 #aiac47 ,:5 ! great crisis came on1 ! diplomacy ( ,russia work$ 9 close connection ) ! milit>i/s4 ,! irreconcilable /ubbornness ( ,c\nt ,b]*told greatly /r5g!n$ ! h&s ( ! milit>i/s1 bo? 9 ,pet]sburg & ,b]l91 & virtually put ! decision 9 _! h&s4 ,! ,russians did _! "p to br+ on ! w> by fir/ ord]+ mobilization & mak+ t mobilization g5]al almo/ imm$iately4 ,! facts conc]n+ ?is matt] h become kn[n4 ,on ,july #bi1 #aiad1 ,g5]al ,janu%kevi*1 ! ,russian ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 "u directions f ! ,=eign ,m9i/] ,sazonov1 gave ! ,g]man milit>y atta* 8 ^w ( honor z a soldi]1 to ! effect t 8no g5]al mobilization _h tak5 place1 or 0 desir$40 ,at ! v "t1 he _h ) him ! ,cz>'s mobilization ord]4 ,dur+ ! night ( ,july #bi?1 ! ,cz> gave directions to susp5d ! execution ( ! ord] = g5]al mobilization4 ,g5]als ,janu%kevi* & ,sukhoml9(f1 ) ! approval ( ,m4 ,sazonov1 made ! mom5t\s decision to g on ) ! execution ( ! ord]1 9 disreg>d ( ! ,cz>'s comm&4 ,x is q evid5t t ?is action made ! peaceful settlem5t ( ! crisis f> m difficult1 & gave full control into ! h&s ( ! milit>y p>ty 9 ,b]l94 ,z late z ,july #ca1 ,m4 ,viviani told ! ,g]man ,ambassador at ,p>is t he 0 9 no way in=m$ ( a g5]al mobilization 9 ,russia4 ,! ,russian milit>i/s _h got away4 ,,viii ,,! ,,secret ,,treaties ,,( ,,! ,,w> ,:ile ! w> la/$1 ! dem&s ( self-protection requir$ ! c>eful concealm5t ( negotiations & policies f enemy k4 ,b ?\gh x is easy to und]/& ! ne$ ( secrecy at su* a "t1 yet ! _s display$ 9 ^! negotiations _h b little 9 common ) ! ideals pr(ess$ 9 ! same brea?4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 a lack ( complete s9c]ity among ! ,allies !mselves1 & p>ticul>ly 0 !re a concealm5t f "s ( !m ( important facts & agreem5ts affect+ _! int]e/s4 ,h[ev]1 ! mo/ baneful effect ( secret diplomacy dur+ ! w> is f\nd 9 ! und]m9+ ( public confid5ce 9 a moral f\ndation ( public action4 ,z ,"l ,loreburn says3 8,x 0 n :olesome t :ile our p 7 /imulat$ to unp>allel$ ex]tions by a p>ade ( l(ty motives !re %\ld be at ! same "t 9 exi/5ce agreem5ts ( ?is k9d1 ( :i* no public m5tion c\ld be made1 & f :i* little has result$ except ! "r ( =eign ,p[]s to dem& _! fulfilm5t on our "p40 ,t at a "t :5 ! p 9 ! va/ armies 7 actually fight+ = ideals ( fre$om & peace1 common to humanity1 ! *ief c>e ( responsible /atesm5 %\ld h be5 ! division ( prospective spoils1 did c]ta9ly n lay solid f\ndations = peace4 ,japan 9 h] action ) respect to ,%antung & 9 secretly mak+ ! tw5ty-"o dem&s on ,*9a1 0 fir/ 9 ! attempt to utilize ! great /ruggle = n>r[ly selfi% ga91 9 ?is case n entirely at ! exp5se ( ! enemy b ( a neutral & ( h] allies4 ,nor did o!r gov]nm5ts keep !mselves free f ! temptations ( prospective conque/1 ) ! risk ( mak+ w> int]m9able & putt+ ! _w face to face ) revolution1 an>*y & fam9e4 ,z e>ly z ,febru>y1 #aiae1 ! ,russian ,=eign ,m9i/] in=m$ ! ,fr5* & ,briti% ambassadors ( ! t]ritorial acquisitions :i* ,russia desir$ to make ?r\gh ! w>1 includ+ a great "p ( ,turkey 9 ,europe & 9 ,asia4 ,! ,fr5* & ,briti% ,gov]nm5ts express$ _! read9ess to agree1 provid$ a numb] ( claims made by ,france & ,engl& 7 satisfi$4 ,italy ent]$ ! w>1 z is well kn[n1 on condition ( h] claims = t]ritorial annexations be+ satisfi$4 ,%e agre$ to ! ,russian dem&s on ! same condition4 ,on ,m>* #i1 #aiaf1 ! ,russian ,=eign ,m9i/] in/ruct$ ! ,russian ,ambassador at ,p>is to ! foll[+ effect3 8,x is above all necess>y to dem& t ! ,poli% ,"q %\ld be exclud$ f ! subjects ( int]national negotiation1 & t all attempts to place ,pol&'s future "u ! gu>antee & control ( ! ,p[]s %\ld be prev5t$40 ,?us did ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t attempt secretly to lock ! door aga9/ any *ance ( ,pol& rega9+ h] lo/ national rights4 ,! entry ( ,r\mania 9 #aiaf l$ to additional arrangem5ts4 ,^! agreem5ts 7 kept /rictly secret & ! millions :o 7 lay+ d[n _! lives 9 ! w> _h no conception ( ?is intricate web ( b>ga9s4 ,an ef=t to settle at a "t :5 ! ,allies 7 unit$ 9 _! ma9 aim 9 ! furnace heat ( ! w>1 que/ions :i* might divide !m :5 peace _h come 9 sight1 c\ld be und]/ood2 & t su* agreem5ts %\ld be kept secret dur+ ! w>1 might h be5 consid]$ a necessity4 ,h[ev]1 ! necessity ( w> 9 ?is case 0 /ret*$ to cov] arrangem5ts :i* 9 !mselves w5t diametrically contr>y to ! publicly pr(ess$ pr9ciples = :i* ! w> 0 be+ f\ght1 & gave rise to ! j suspicion t 9 sev]al cases at lea/1 v specific advantages _h be5 ! controll+ inc5tive = ent]+ ! w>4 ,b ^! agreem5ts h ar\s$ ! greate/ res5tm5t because !y 7 9 sev]al cases direct$ aga9/ ! int]e/s ( ?ird p>ties1 & p>ticul>ly because :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 mak+ its enorm\s & unselfi% sacrifices1 ^! treaties 7 kept f its k4 ,t ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t %\ld n h be5 in=m$ ( ! secret treaties made at ! in/ance ( ,japan 9 :i* ,am]ican int]e/s 7 mo/ s]i\sly affect$1 & t j aft] ^! agreem5ts _h be5 conclud$ ! /atesm5 :o _h be5 closely connect$ ) acc$+ to ^! arrangem5ts on ! "p ( ,great ,brita91 at ! price ( ! ,briti% control ( ! isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,pacific1 came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to /imulate ! practical devotion !re to ! cause ( ! ,allies1 is a fact t w un=tunately help to give munition to ^? :o are unfavorable to any real fri5dly und]/&+ betwe5 ! two great ,engli%-speak+ p[]s4 ,! secret comm]cial policy pursu$ by ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! w> is also ju/ly subject to sev]e criticism z giv+ food & subsi/5ce to ! gr[? ( deep suspicion on ! "p ( ev5 ! mo/ fai?ful ( fri5ds4 ,! secret treaties relat+ to ! division ( t]ritories 9 ,europe did n come to ! k ( ! public until #aiah4 ,at t "t !y 7 republi%$ by "o or two ,briti% pap]s1 b 7 suppress$ by ! rema9d]4 ,! treaties 71 h[ev]1 di/ribut$ 9 innum]able copies by _! own gov]nm5ts among ! troops ( ! ,c5tral ,p[]s 9 ord] to /imulate !m to fight 9 a _s ( self-def5se4 ,x is report$ f v>i\s reliable s\rces t ! ,slov5es 7 ! mo/ eag] to fight1 ( any "p ( ! ,au/rian army1 aft] ! ,pact ( ,london _h become kn[n to !m1 ) its v>i\s promises to ,italy4 ,! secret assurances :i* _h be5 giv5 to ,italy 9 ! ,compact ( ,london 7 probably ! cause ( prolong+ ! w>1 ) its enorm\s slaught]1 = m ?an a ye>4 ,9 ! ,spr+ ( #aiag1 secret negotiations 7 pursu$ betwe5 ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria1 ! ,presid5t & ,premi] ( ,france1 & ! ,briti% ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,! int]m$i>ies 9 ^! negotiations 7 ! ,b\rbon ,pr9ces ,sixtus & ,xavi]1 bro!rs ( ! ,empress ( ,au/ria4 ,! negotiations 7 c>ri$ on f ,switz]l& ) a confid5tial envoy ( ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria4 ,only ! ,emp]or1 ! ,empress & ! ,du*ess ( ,p>ma 7 9 ! secret4 ,c\nt ,cz]n91 ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs at ?is "t1 at fir/ knew only ( ! g5]al fact1 n ( ! details4 ,a note ( ,c\nt ,cz]n91 ) a secret p]sonal note writt5 by ! ,emp]or1 7 br\ght to ,pr9ce ,xavi] & tak5 by him to ,p>is4 ,! proposals 9 ,c\nt ,cz]n9's note relat$ to ! re/oration & indemnification ( ,belgium1 & ! ,g]man r5unciation ( ,alsace-,lorra9e1 :i* 8,au/ria-,hung>y naturally w\ld n oppose40 ,c\nt ,cz]n9 /at$ t ,au/ria-,hung>y c\ld n make a sep>ate peace2 t x _h no idea ( cru%+ ,s]via1 b ne$$ gu>antees aga9/ su* affairs z l$ to ! murd] at ,s>ajevo2 t ,au/ria-,hung>y _h no desire ( cru%+ ,r\mania1 etc4 ,! secret add5da made by ! ,emp]or1 )\t ! k ( ,c\nt ,cz]n91 /at$3 8,we w support ,france & ex]cise pressure on ,g]many ) all means 9 connection ) ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,we are absolutely n 9 ,g]many's h&s2 x 0 aga9/ ,g]many's w t we did n break ) ,am]ica40 ,:5 ,presid5t ,po9c> receiv$ ! ,pr9ce's report he /at$ t ! secret note af=d$ a basis = discussion1 t he w\ld communicate ! two notes1 ) arrangem5ts ( absolute secrecy1 to ! ,premi]1 & in=m ! ,cz> by p]sonal lett]1 z well z ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 & ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george1 8:o is a discrete man40 ,b ! ,presid5t ?\ght t ,italy w\ld be ! /umbl+ block4 ,aft] ?is int]view ! ,pr9ces proce$$ to ,vi5na = a p]sonal int]view ) ! ,emp]or1 :i* took place on ! night ( ,m>* #bcrd4 ,! ,emp]or discuss$ ! :ole situation1 say+ t ,s]via 0 naturally ! fri5d ( ,au/ria1 & t all t ,au/ria ne$$ 0 ! suppression ( revolution>y propag&a !re4 ,he /at$ t "o ( ! ,ent5te ,p[]s 0 secretly conv]s+ ) ,bulg>ia2 ,bulg>ia does n "k t ! secret has leak$ out4 8,x has n mu* importance1 because all ^! dreams ( empire ( ! ,ea/ w h to end 9 ! /atus quo1 or v ne>ly t40 ,c\nt ,cz]n9 lat] jo9$ 9 ! conv]sation1 :i* is describ$ z 8r glacial40 ,he express$ 8 belief t peace mu/ be made at any price1 & t x might be necess>y = ,au/ria to secure a divorce f ,g]many because ! latt] w\ld nev] ab&on ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,aft] a second visit1 ! ,emp]or gave ,pr9ce ,xavi] an autograph$ lett]1 enjo9+ absolute secrecy because 8an indiscretion w\ld =ce him to s5d troops to ! ,fr5* front40 ,! autograph$ lett] ( ,emp]or ,*>les1 dat$ ,m>* #bd?1 conta9s ! foll[+ proposals3 ,t he w support ! j ,fr5* claims to ,alsace-,lorra9e by all means1 us+ all 8 p]sonal influ5ce ) 8 allies2 ,belgium & ,s]via are to be re/or$ to full sov]eignty2 ,belgium is to secure indemnities = h] losses2 & ,s]via is to h access to ! ,adriatic ,sea4 ,on ! basis ( ?is lett]1 discussions took place among ! m5 conc]n$ 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&4 ,b ,italy rema9$ ! ob/acle4 ,ano!r trip 0 tak5 by ,pr9ce ,xavi] to ,vi5na1 :]e he met ! ,emp]or on ,may #h?4 ,! "q n[ 01 ,:at comp5sations %\ld ,au/ria receive = c$+ its t]ritory to ,italy 9 accordance ) ! ,pact ( ,london8 ,c\nt ,cz]n9 jo9$ ! meet+ & on ! foll[+ day prep>$ a memor&um1 :i* 0 bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple1 8,au/ria-,hung>y c c$e no t]ritory )\t comp5sation2 b if ! t]ritorial "q is arrang$1 !n a sep>ate peace ) ! ,ent5te might be conclud$40 ,:5 ! matt] 0 tak5 up aga9 at ,p>is1 ! ,italian difficulty rema9$4 ,m4 ,ribot /rongly adh]$ to ! idea t )\t ,italy1 no result c\ld be _h4 ,mean:ile1 ! unsuccessful ,italian (f5sive ( ,july1 #aiag1 _h sup]v5$1 & ! w> _h to g on = ano!r sixte5 mon?s1 al?\gh ! acceptance ( ! proposals ( ! ,emp]or w\ld und\bt$ly h br\ght x to an e>ly end4 ,c\nt ,cz]n9 has giv5 9 8 book1 ,9 ! ,_w ,w>1 an unimpassion$ & coldly-balanc$ view ( ! diplomacy ( ! "t4 ,he does n relate ! details ( ! secret negotiations ( #aiag1 b he evid5tly did n approve ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 c>ri$ out because _! effect 0 to sugge/ to ! ,ent5te a will+ness ( ,au/ria-,hung>y to sep>ate f h] allies1 )\t /r5g!n+ h] position 9 any way4 ,9 a lett] writt5 to ,c\nt ,tisza 9 ! summ] ( #aiag1 ,cz]n9 said3 8,x is possible to turn & /e] ! ,ent5te c\rse if ?\ght feasible2 b !n c\rage w\ld be ne$$ to make ! turn fully4 ,no?+ is m /upid ?an trifl+ ) trea*]y & n c>ry+ x out2 we %\ld lose all gr\nd 9 ,b]l9 & ga9 no?+ ei!r 9 ,london or ,p>is40 ,! policy pursu$ by ,japan ?r\gh\t ! w> made use ( all ! devices ( secret diplomacy = ! atta9m5t ( ends n>r[ly national4 ,aft] hav+ possess$ h]self ( ,ts+-tau1 ) a m>k$ cold-%\ld]+ ( h] ,briti% allies1 ,japan set ab\t an attempt to arrange ?+s 9 ,*9a s t no effective resi/ance might be (f]$ !re to ,japan's expansioni/ desires4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiae1 ! ,japanese m9i/] 9 an int]view ) ! ,presid5t ( ,*9a1 aft] enjo9+ ! /ricte/ secrecy on ! pa9 ( mo/ disagreeable consequ5ces1 propos$ ! fam\s tw5ty-"o dem&s4 ,t x %\ld h be5 attempt$ to dispose ( matt]s s fundam5tally important1 involv+ ! national rights ( a population ( #cej1jjj1jjj p1 ?r\gh dem&s secretly =c$ ^u a ,presid5t1 at a "t :5 ! national repres5tative body did n function1--t is "o ( ! />tl+ facts ( mod]n hi/ory4 ,/range z x may seem1 ! ,japanese ,=eign ,(fice _h app>5tly p]suad$ itself t secrecy c\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 a matt] ( su* transc5d5t importance4 ,= :5 contr>y to t expectation & 9 accordance ) nature & ) ! salut>y fact t1 aft] all1 su* trem5d\s issues c n be ?us secretly dispos$ (1 ! facts ( ! case began to leak out1 categorical d5ials 7 made by ! ,japanese ,=eign ,(fice & by v>i\s embassies4 ,9 ?is case1 ^? :o _h ! "r to object to ! disposal ( important int]e/s 9 :i* !y !mselves _h a %>e1 7 n m]e neutrals or outsid]s b ! allies ( ,japan1 engag$ 9 a life & dea? /ruggle at ! "t4 ,z ! tw5ty-"o dem&s aim$ at ! e/abli%m5t ( a pr$om9ant position 9 ,*9a ?r\gh control ( f9ance & armam5t1 e o!r nation !re int]e/$ w\ld h be5 adv]sely affect$ by ! propos$ arrangem5t4 ,! ,*9ese1 ?\gh isolat$1 w\ld n imm$iately yield to ! ?reat5+ attitude ( _! neighbor & ! negotiations 7 /rung out ov] mon?s4 ,?\gh !y 7 assidu\sly kept secret1 ! nature ( ! transaction 9 g5]al & 9 detail became q well kn[n outside1 s t ! results c\ld n be kept hidd52 yet ! :ole proc$ure con/itut$ an affirmation t x 0 prop] to deal ) ! de/9ies ( a p 9 a secret c\ncil *amb]1 :]e ! dem&ant back$ by /rong milit>y =ces1 confront$ ! fir/ (ficial ( a va/1 peaceful b unmilitant nation1 :i* w\ld nev] 9 ! _w agree to su* proc$ure & ! resultant und]tak+s4 ,japan did inde$ get c]ta9 concessions1 b at ! co/ ( mak+ h] diplomacy & policy univ]sally suspect$ on acc\nt ( ! me?ods :i* _h be5 us$4 ,! policy ( ,japan at ! "t did n look ) favor ^u ,*9a associat+ h]self ) ! ,allies4 ,dm>*es :i* 7 made to br+ ab\t ! entry ( ,*9a into ! alliance 7 negativ$ by ,japan4 ,?is 9 itself might h be5 bas$ on s\nd reasons1 yet ! real inw>dness ( ?is policy 0 reveal$ at ! "t :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h brok5 (f relations ) ,g]many & :5 ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t 9 ! days imm$iately !reaft] 0 consid]+ :e!r to foll[ ! example ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,f a report ( ! ,russian ,ambassador at ,tokio conc]n+ an int]view ) ! ,=eign ,m9i/] ( ,japan1 :i* took place on ,febru>y #aj1 #aiag1 we le>n t ! ,m9i/] = ,=eign ,affairs allud$ to a rumor t an attempt might be made to induce ,*9a to jo9 ! ,allies to ! ext5t ( break+ (f relations ) ,g]many4 ,! ,=eign ,m9i/] said 9 effect3 8,x w\ld be unwise & dang]\s to attempt to br+ ,*9a to ! side ( ! ,allies unless we c be sure t x c be c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 d\btful4 ,yet ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t is will+ to und]take ! task ( induc+ ,*9a to take ! /ep4 ,b be=e mak+ any su* proposal1 ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t desires to be in=m$ z to ! attitude ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t 9 ! matt] ( ,%antung & ! ,pacific ,isl&s4 ,w ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t support ,japan at ! ,peace ,conf]5ce 9 ^! matt]s80 ,! ,russian ambassador 0 reque/$ to get ! op9ion ( 8 gov]nm5t on ?is po9t4 ,9 o!r words1 9 return = a commission paid l>gely by ,*9a h]self1 ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t 0 ready to p]mit t ,*9a %\ld jo9 ! ,allies 9 ! ,great ,w>4 ,x 0 assum$ by ! ,=eign ,m9i/] t ,japan's p]suasion %\ld be necess>y to induce ,*9a to take ?is /ep2 b 9 fact1 at ! v "t :5 ?is conv]sation betwe5 ! m9i/] & ambassador 0 go+ on1 ! ,cab9et ( ,*9a 0 9 ! all-day session f :i* result$ ! decision to foll[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 break+ (f relations ) ,g]many4 ,?is /ep 0 tak5 )\t compulsion1 urg5cy or ! promise ( advantages1 ^u a c>eful consid]ation ( ! und]ly+ conditions & equities1 )\t assurances ( ga91 m]ely 9 ! expectation ( fair treatm5t z an ally & associate4 ,,ix ,,hopes ,,= ,,improvem5t ,,def]r$ ,! _w has n yet recov]$ f ! surprise & disillusionm5t :i* ov]came x :5 ! secret treaties ( ! w> became kn[n & :5 x became evid5t t !y w\ld be made ! basis ( ! ,treaty ( ,peace4 ,! secrecy ( ! proc$ure ( ! ,peace ,conf]5ce--:i* _h be5 h]ald$ z an assembly ( ! peoples = c>ry+ out & mak+ p]man5t ^? great pr9ciples = :i* m5 _h grimly & sil5tly suff]$ & di$ & :i* _h be5 eloqu5tly voic$ by ! ,am]ican ,presid5t--seem$ to be s complete a return to ! old me?ods ( diplomacy t f ! day :5 ! muzzle 0 clamp$ on1 public fai? 9 ! conf]5ce & its results 0 %ak54 ,! motives ( ! m5 :o made ?is decision 7 probably good4 ,x 0 _! desire t ! "w %\ld be rapidly accompli%$ & %\ld n be confus$ by divid$ c\nsels4 ,b aga9 ! results ( ! secret me?od are h>dly apt to increase confid5ce 9 its usefulness z a proc$ure = deal+ ) ! affairs ( ! peoples ( ! _w 9 su* a mann] z to place !m ^u a s\nd & la/+ f\ndation4 ,! solemn docum5t :i* 0 prep>$ = ! in=mation ( ! newspap] m5 on ! decision ( ! peace conf]5ce to en=ce secrecy1 did n satisfy any "o4 ,to ! public !re seem$ to be no l>g] pr9ciple at issue ?an t1 on ?is occasion if ev]1 op5 cov5ants %\ld be op5ly arriv$ at1 & x 0 fe>$ t if ! peace conf]5ce did n base its action ^u an appeal to public op9ion1 no adequate solution c\ld be f\nd at all4 ,:5 ! treaty itself _h be5 fram$1 x 0 s$ul\sly kept secret until di/ribut$ by ! ,fr5* pap] ,bonsoir4 ,! delib]ations ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,five 7 secret beyond all prec$5ts 9 public action4 ,no secret>ies 7 admitt$ & no (ficial m9utes 7 kept1 nor 7 !re communications to ! public ?r\gh ! press4 ,doctor ,dillon's description ( ! ,five z 8a gang ( b5evol5t conspirators1 ignor+ hi/ory & exp]t%ip1 %utt+ !mselves up 9 a room & talk+ disconnect$ly10 un=tunately appe>s n entirely untrue2 p>ticul>ly z to ! ignor+ ( hi/ory & exp]t%ip1 :i* 0 q pat5t1 al?\gh f ! nature ( ?+s we _c exactly "k h[ disconnect$ly ! ,five talk$4 ,un=tunately1 aft] ! w> ! use ( secret diplomatic policy has cont9u$ )\t noticeable dim9ution4 ,! details ( c]ta9 situations make "o feel z if we are aft] all only a g5]ation remov$ f ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,^! matt]s are s rec5t & /ill s controv]sial t ,i d n desire to ent] ^u !m 9 any detail4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 surely to be regrett$1 t x %\ld h be5 f\nd necess>y to surr\nd ! m&ates ) peculi> secrecy4 ,?is in/itution 0 conceiv$ 9 a desire to create a tru/ee%ip 9 behalf ( ! _w 9 g5]al & = ! p>ticul> b5efit ( ! populations compris$ 9 ! m&ates4 ,n only has ! assignm5t ( c]ta9 m&ates giv5 rise to great popul> resi/ance indicat+ t ! local populations 7 f> f ready to tru/ _! int]e/s to a =eign m&atory1 b ! fact t ^! arrangem5ts are s c>efully gu>d$ ) secrecy comes ne> to de/roy+ all hope t !re is any int5tion to h&le !m o!rwise ?an f ! imp]iali/ po9t ( view & = ! b5efit ( ! m&atory4 ,among ! _m ?+s t h happ5$ s9ce ! armi/ice1 ! ,franco-,hung>ian intrigues are specially to be not$ z emphasiz+ ! great dang] ( secret me?ods1 9 :i* a gov]nm5t runs ! risk ( be+ committ$ by p]sons1 irresponsible or n prop]ly controll$1 into emb>rass+ & h>mful situations4 ,we "k ( ^! p>ticul> facts ?r\gh confid5tial reports discov]$ & publi%$1 (ficially recogniz$ by c]ta9 gov]nm5ts1 ?\gh =mally d5i$ by ! ,magy> ,cab9et4 ,^! pap]s give work+ details ( :at 0 already kn[n 9 g5]al t]ms conc]n+ reaction>y ,hung>ian intrigues 9 ,cze*o-,slovakia & ,au/ria1 includ+ prep>ations = an arm$ upris+1 & o!r assi/ance to mon>*i/s4 ,fr5* int]e/s 7 at ! same "t active 9 ,hung>y4 ,!y made an agreem5t = a leas+ ( ! ,hung>ian /ate railways = fifty ye>s4 ,accord+ to ?is contract1 ! ,hung>ian ,gov]nm5t is b\nd to consult ! diplomatic repres5tative ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t conc]n+ e measure :i* may h a be>+ on any clause ( ! agreem5t4 ,a political compact 0 simultane\sly initial$ 9 :i* ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t )drew its opposition to univ]sal milit>y s]vice 9 ,hung>y1 & t c\ntry 0 to be assi/$ 9 b\nd>y rectifications at ! exp5se ( ,cze*o-,slovakia & ,r\mania4 ,a ?ird agreem5t provid$ = ! s5d+ ( a ,hung>ian army aga9/ ,soviet ,russia "u ,fr5* comm&4 ,^! agreem5ts 7 und\bt$ly accept$ by _m p z fully conclud$4 ,! ,magy> ,premi] 9 op5 session ( ! national assembly boa/$ ( hav+ a*iev$ an alliance ) ,france2 ! same und]/&+ 0 also accept$ by c]ta9 ,p>is newspap]s4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 did n sanction :at secret negotiators _h prep>$ 9 ,hung>y & disav[$ ! agreem5ts1 ) ! exception ( ! lease ( ! ,hung>ian railways4 ,?is illu/rates h[ 9 times ( unsettlem5t & %>p national rivalry1 repres5tatives on ! spot or ag5ts ( p[]ful int]e/s 9 close t\* ) ! home gov]nm5t may by secret means try to br+ ab\t arrangem5ts :i* ! consci5ce ( _! nation does n approve & :i* s]ve m]ely to g5]ate suspicion & di/ru/4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! draft ( a secret treaty betwe5 ,france & ,yugo-,slavia :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aibj by ! ,idea ,nazionale 0 at ! "t actually be+ consid]$ by ! two gov]nm5ts conc]n$4 ,"o ( ! po9ts ( ! propos$ treaty 0 t ^u ! decl>ation ( w> betwe5 ,france & any ,m$it]ranean p[]1 ,yugo-,slavic troops w\ld be mass$ along ! ho/ile b\nd>y accord+ to previ\sly det]m9$ plans4 ,9 connection ) ?is provision ! repres5tatives ( ,france made ! foll[+ sugge/ion3 8,9 case ( a conflict x w\ld be bett] t ! ,yugo-,slavic troops1 in/ead ( mass+ on ! ho/ile fronti]1 %\ld r provoke a #8,casus ,belli' on ! "p ( ! nation at w> ) ,france4 ,o!rwise _! int]v5tion might br+ on ! int]f]5ce ( o!r p[]s40 ,! propos$ arrangem5ts1 ev5 ?\gh n adopt$ by ! two gov]nm5ts1 nev]!less illu/rate ! me?ods acceptable to secret diplomacy1 b :i* op5 public op9ion w\ld nev] sanction4 ,:atev] we may ?9k ab\t ! exact %>e ( ! blame = hav+ br\ght on ! great cata/rophe :i* %\ld be attribut$ to secret me?ods & policies1 we _c h any d\bts ab\t _! influ5ce s9ce ! armi/ice4 ,:e!r or n secret diplomacy br\ght on ! w>1 x c]ta9ly has n end$ x4 ,w> /ill exi/s1 n only :5 actual ho/ilities are go+ on1 b 9 ! :ole temp] ( int]national affairs--cont9u+ enmity1 cont9u+ armam5ts1 un5d+ wa/e ( human ef=t4 ,?us1 = "o ?+1 ! entire ,ne> ,ea/]n situation rema9s unsettl$4 ,z an exp]t on ?is tr\bl$ region has said3 8,! pr9ciple ( settlem5t z reveal$ by ^! treaties is fundam5tally wrong4 ,! ,ea/ mu/ be resuscitat$1 n exploit$40 ,b be x ,ea/ or ,we/1 !re is ! same return to ! old game ( balanc+ (f ga9s & *ang+ b\nd>ies1 )\t consid]ation ( ! rights ( ! respective peoples4 ,! co/ly mi/akes ( ! ,congresses ( ,vi5na1 ,p>is1 & ,b]l9 are be+ repeat$4 ,x ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,public ,,confid5ce ,our hi/orical survey ( diplomatic policy & practice does n hold mu* assurance t ! evils ( secret diplomacy h v appreciably wan$ s9ce ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! crud] me?ods ( deception & corruption :i* 7 at t "t employ$ w\ld inde$ n[ be consid]$ b5ea? ! dignity ( diplomats2 al?\gh x is unhappily true t "s ( ! mo/ despicable tricks1 su* z /eal+ correspond5ce & plac+ in=m]s 9 h\ses to be wat*$1 are /ill practis$ occasionally4 ,h[ev]1 x may be said t :ile 9 g5]al ! trade-secrets ( diplomacy h lo/ greatly 9 pre/ige1 ! _s ( diplomatic action itself has n yet be5 br\ght into accord ) democratic ideals4 ,a secret s]vice atta*$ to ! diplomatic e/abli%m5t is /ill consid]$ useful by "s gov]nm5ts4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly v d\btful :e!r ! results ?us obta9$ 9 ! nature ( accurate in=mation1 are at all comm5surate to ! exp5se & to ! con/ant dang] ( be+ mis9=m$ ?r\gh secret ag5ts :o ?9k t !y mu/ e>n _! pay4 ,my own obs]vation leads me to believe t p :o use secret s]vice in=mation are frequ5tly confus$ & worri$ by an abundance ( unau!nticat$ reports br\ght to !m2 !y w\ld h be5 f> bett] (f )\t back/airs in=mation1 rely+ on ! fundam5tal facts & on k :i* c be obta9$ only by seek+ ! confid5ce ( ! m5 :o control public action4 ,secret s]vice gossip may (t5 give ! key to ! aims & desires ( an individual p]son1 & if "o is will+ to appeal to motives ?r\gh corrupt & deceitful means1 ! in=mation may be actually useful4 ,h[ev]1 he ^: policy re/s ^u an ess5tial reasonabl5ess & mutual b5efit1 c af=d to disreg>d su* gossip4 ,we might di/+ui% betwe5 a secrecy :i* is vici\s 9 itself1 & "o t pursues b5efic5t objects4 ,! =m] seeks to conceal ! pres5ce ( h>mful motives & projects1 to confuse & mislead p to _! disadvantage1 & 9 g5]al1 to play on weakness & ignorance4 ,! o!r keeps secret its plans & negotiations :i* 9 !mselves h hone/ motives1 f a desire to prev5t int]f]5ce ) _! prompt & complete realization4 ,op9ions z to ! "* ( a policy may diff] widely & ^? :o secretly advance a policy g5]ally condemn$ by _m1 may p]haps claim cr$it = hone/ purposes4 ,?is type ( secrecy is common4 ,un=tunately1 ?\gh x may advance a good object1 x incid5tally has an evil influ5ce ^u public confid5ce4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! di/9ction "h po9t$ out is difficult to apply 9 practice 9 a ?or\ghly objective mann]1 because !re are probably among diplomats v few inde$ :o d n p]suade !mselves at lea/ t ! means appli$ by !m are design$ to a*ieve useful purposes4 ,a good example ( h[ /ratagem may be us$ = a laudable purpose is f\nd 9 ! action ( ,william ,j4 ,bu*anan1 ,am]ican ,m9i/] to ,arg5t9a1 9 adju/+ ! ,*ili-,arg5t9ian b\nd>y dispute4 ,bu*anan1 "o ( ! mo/ orig9al ( ,am]ican diplomats1 _h no?+ :atev] ( ! suave manipulator ( ! old s*ool ( diplomacy4 ,he 0 direct to ! v]ge ( bruskness1 yet 8 ability to g /raight to ! ess5tial po9t1 & 8 ma/]y & bigness1 made him highly successful z a negotiator4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ,bu*anan _h be5 designat$1 toge!r ) a ,*ilian & an ,arg5t9ian repres5tative1 on a commission to settle b\nd>y que/ions & reque/$ to make a prelim9>y report4 ,he agre$ to act only on ! foll[+ conditions3 ,t because ( ! complexity & difficulty ( ! que/ions involv$1 x w\ld be necess>y to report on ! sugge/$ b\nd>y by sections1 t ea* section %\ld be vot$ ^u z report$ by him1 & t a majority vote on ea* section %\ld be decisive4 ,?is proposal 0 accept$4 ,aft] a c>eful inve/igation1 ,bu*anan made 8 report1 & x 0 f\nd t on ea* section ! sugge/$ b\nd>y 0 c>ri$ by two votes aga9/ "o2 ! ,am]ican always vot$ 9 ! affirmative2 ! ,*ilian & ,arg5t9ian1 z 9 ! p>ticul> section ! allotm5ts seem$ favorable or unfavorable to _! respective c\ntry4 ,9 accordance ) ! t]ms agre$ ^u1 ! entire report _h ?us to be accept$1 & all ! ?orny problems ( long-/&+ b\nd>y controv]sies 7 settl$4 ,_h ,bu*anan n us$ ?is /ratagem x is v unlikely t ! report z a :ole w\ld h be5 accept$1 z ea* ( 8 associates w\ld h felt t he c\ld n vote = a report conta9+ arrangem5ts = giv+ up specific tracts ( t]ritory :i* 8 c\ntry _h hi!rto always insi/$ ^u reta9+4 ,by ?is clev] arrangem5t ,bu*anan made x possible = !m to vote aga9/ su* rel9qui%m5t 9 ea* case )\t defeat+ ! project z a :ole2 b if he _h reveal$ to !m 8 plan at ! beg9n+1 ! object c\ld n h be5 a*iev$4 ,?is incid5t illu/rates t a complete solution w (t5 be accept$ z satisfactory al?\gh x may conta9 details :i*1 by !mselves1 w\ld h be5 resi/$ to ! la/4 ,x may be said t ! disadvantage ( public discussion lies 9 ! emphasiz+ ( su* po9ts ( opposition1 & ! obscur+ ( ! g5]al reasonabl5ess ( a solution4 ,mr4 ,balf\r 9 8 def5se ( ! secrecy ( diplomatic int]c\rse1 says t ! "w ( diplomacy is exactly simil> to ! "w :i* is done e day betwe5 two great bus9ess firms4 ,he !n argues t1 9 all su* relation%ips1 x is unwise to air difficulties 9 public4 ,bism>ck us$ ! m homely illu/ration ( a horse trade1 ! p>ticipants 9 :i* %\ld n be expect$ to tell ea* o!r all !y "k ab\t ! prospective b>ga94 ,t view is putt+ diplomacy on a r l[ly foot+4 ,"o might expect a some:at diff]5t temp] among m5 deal+ ) mom5t\s public affairs ?an ! bluff-&-haggle ( a petty private transaction4 ,yet su* tactics h actually be5 f\nd useful 9 diplomacy4 ,mr4 ,balf\r is on s\nd] gr\nd :5 he says1 8,9 private1 9 conv]sations :i* ne$ n g beyond ! walls ( ! room 9 :i* y are1 bo? p>ties may put _! case z /rongly z !y l & no sor5ess rema9s10 b 8directly a controv]sy becomes public1 all t fair give-&-take becomes difficult or impossible40 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 implies a some:at l[ e/imate ( public intellig5ce & self-control1 ( :i* m lat]4 ,! greate/ vice ( a secret diplomatic policy1 work+ 9 ! d>k & conceal+ int]national und]tak+s1 lies 9 ! inevitable g5]at+ ( mutual suspicion & ! total de/ruction ( public confid5ce among ! diff]5t c\ntries :i* compose ! family ( nations4 ,no nation is s bad z imag9ation1 confus$ & poison$ by secrecy & by ! sugge/ion ( dire plott+s1 w\ld pa9t x4 ,agreem5ts & und]/&+s :i* d n exi/ at all are imag9$1 ! nature ( ^? :i* actually h be5 made is misjudg$1 & animosities are exagg]at$2 ?us ! public is q naturally put 9 t mood ( suspicion & excitem5t :i* r5d]s x incapable ( judg+ calmly :5 app>5tly />tl+ facts sudd5ly em]ge4 ,secret diplomacy de/roys public confid5ce1 h[ev]1 9 a /ill m insidi\s mann]3 by ! practice ( us+ a language ( ideal aims & humanit>ian pr(essions 9 ord] to conceal & veil ! mo/ n>r[ly selfi%1 unju/ & unconscionable actions4 ,! conv5tional language ( diplomacy /ill c>ries 9 x _m ( ! phrases & concepts in/ill$ by ! false idealism ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 to :i* at t "t diplomacy gave lip wor%ip4 ,! mo/ disconc]t+ p]=mances ( ?is k9d are ! pr(use & reit]at$ decl>ations promis+ ! ma9t5ance ( ! sov]eignty1 indep5d5ce & integrity ( c]ta9 c\ntries1 :5 9 fact ! action really tak5 0 q to ! contr>y effect4 ,! diplomacy ( ,japan has manife/$ peculi> exp]t%ip 9 ! use ( phrases t are associat$ ) "s wise public disp5sation or arrangem5t & :i* h a calm+ effect--to cov] action n remotely 9 fact contribut+ to su* b5efic5t provid5ces4 ,! sov]eignty1 integrity & indep5d5ce ( a neighbor+ c\ntry are gu>ante$ 9 solemn t]ms at ! v mom5t :5 =ce1 intrigue & e tricky artifice are secretly employ$ to de/roy !m4 8,/rong popul> dem&0 is alleg$ z a reason = h>% action abroad1 9 a c\ntry :]e ! expressions ( public op9ions z well z policy itself are controll$ by a n>r[ gr\p1 ) absoluti/ au?ority4 ,!re is s mu* talk ( 8frank discussion0 t e "o is put on 8 gu>d z soon z ! ^w 8frank0 is utt]$4 ,! 8peace ( ,asia10 a 8,monroe ,doctr9e = ,asia10 ! 8,op5 ,door10 8greate/ frankness10 8he>ty cop]ation ) o!r p[]s10 are h]ald$ at times :5 ! context ( facts makes a /range comm5t>y4 ,b :ile su* a discrepancy is v /rid5t 9 a c\ntry :]e milit>y absolutism wields control ov] diplomacy1 ) a grudg+ obeisance to repres5tative =ms1 yet o!r c\ntries are by no means free f ?is hypocrisy4 ,:at bla/$ promise ( equity 9 all t succession ( decl>ations conc]n+ ,korea1 ,*9a1 ,p]sia1 p>ts ( ,turkey1 & ,morocco4 ,:at confusion ( political ideals 9 support+ ,d5ik91 ,wrangel1 & ,hor?y z def5d]s ( 8repres5tative gov]nm5t40 ,:5 ,russia & ,japan1 9 response to ,secret>y ,knox' ,man*urian proposal _h made _! secret arrangem5ts to defeat 8 policy1 ,great ,brita91 ?\gh x _h made _m reassur+ prote/ations at ,wa%+ton1 nev]!less _h secretly acquiesc$ 7to cite a ,russian diplomatic pap]7 9 ! 8recognition ( our 7,russian7 sph]e ( influ5ce 9 ,nor!rn ,man*uria1 ,mongolia1 & ,we/]n ,*9a1 ) ! exception ( ,ka%g>1 z well z ! und]tak+ n to h9d] u 9 ! execution ( our plans 9 ^! t]ritories1 & h]self to pursue no aims :i* we %\ld h to reg>d z incompatible ) our int]e/40 ,& x 0 also /at$ t ,great ,brita91 9 return1 0 to receive 8recognition ( h] fre$om ( action & h] privileg$ position 9 ,tibet40 ,?is 0 9 #aiab4 ,?us 7 ! solemn decl>ations relat+ to ! ,op5 ,door & ! integrity ( ,*9a appli$ 9 action4 ,subsequ5t dep>ture f ! lett] & _s ( su* decl>ations may inde$ sometimes be excus$ on acc\nt ( *ang$ circum/ances2 b frequ5tly x is q app>5t to ^? :o "k :at is go+ on1 t su* well-s\nd+ decl>ations are made = public consumption1 at ! v "t :5 ! contr>y action is tak5 secretly4 ,?is is inde$ no?+ less ?an a crime aga9/ ! public op9ion & consci5ce ( ! _w1 :i* _c be condemn$ 9 t]ms too /rong4 ,x %[s a ?or\gh contempt ( ! p1 :o are suppos$ to be ei!r ( s little intellig5ce or ( s %ort a memory t su* va9 pr(essions may succe$ 9 veil+ ! true inw>dness ( political intrigue4 ,?is practice t5ds to eng5d] ?or\gh confusion 9 ! public m9d z to /&>ds ( "r & ju/ice 9 int]national affairs2 x %akes ! basis on :i* alone s\nd int]national relations c gr[ up2 z1 inde$1 all social relations mu/ re/ ^u confid5ce 9 an und]ly+ ju/ice & equity4 ,closely alli$ to ! practice ( mak+ public decl>ations 9 int]national affairs :i* d n correspond ) ! specific action tak51 is ! control ( ! press & ! c5sure ( news4 ,?is is inde$ a matt] :i* transc5ds ! subject ( diplomacy1 because a sy/em ( press control & c5sure is (t5 appli$ by o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t ?an ! diplomatic bran*4 ,z f> z =eign affairs are conc]n$1 x is us$ 9 an ef=t to support =eign policy1 & x !re=e %>es ! same defects :i* inh]e 9 ! old diplomacy4 ,l secret diplomatic control1 x is acc\nt$ = on ! assumption t ! p _c be tru/$ ) ! entire tru?1 & t c>efully select$ portions ( ! tru? h to be put =? 9 ord] to make !m ready to support ! policy consid]$ necess>y by ! lead]s4 ,?is involves ! assumption ( an enorm\s responsibility by a few lead]s 9 det]m9+ by !mselves :at ! public int]e/ requires & in/ead ( rely+ on ! /r5g? naturally to be ga9$ f a spontane\s public op9ion1 to attempt to fa%ion t op9ion = specific purposes4 ,press control & c5sure1 ) ! incomplete & w>p$ in=mation :i* x implies1 is "o ( ! evil accompanim5ts consid]$ necess>y 9 ! conduct ( a w>1 = ! safety ( ! combatant nation4 ,! pr9ciple t /rategic in=mation mu/ be kept secret is ext5d$1 at su* times1 out ( all reason4 ,aft] ho/ilities h actually be5 conclud$1 ?is practice t5ds to subsi/ & to cont9ue ! evils ( mis9=mation & confusion 9 ! public judgm5t4 ,! mann] 9 :i* all news emanat+ f ! ,balkan & ,ne> ,ea/]n c\ntries has be5 c5sur$ s9ce ! w>1 has made x impossible = ! public ( ! _w to =m a j conception z to :at is !re go+ on4 ,control ( ! press & c5sor%ip likewise result$ 9 su* confusion 9 ! public m9d conc]n+ ! problems ( ,russia1 t !re rema9$ no reliable basis = a policy :i* w\ld facilitate ! re/oration ( m normal conditions !re1 9 a sympa!tic _s ) ! /ruggles & difficulties ( ! ,russian p4 ,on acc\nt ( ! natural fact t m5 are apt to be influ5c$ 9 _! action unconsci\sly ?r\gh p]sons ) :om !y h con/ant associations1 x is a matt] ( no mean importance t ! armam5t int]e/s %\ld h be5 s /rongly repres5t$ 9 _m capitals by m5 ( high pr(essional & social /&+1 always on ! gr\nd1 eag] to advance ! bus9ess 9 milit>y supplies4 ,9 _m capitals1 v close relation%ips h gr[n up betwe5 ! diplomatic (fic]s & ! repres5tatives ( ! great armam5t firms4 ,z a mutual appreh5sion ( excessive prep>ation = w> greatly /imulates ^! indu/ries1 x is n surpris+ t _! repres5tatives d n ex]t !mselves to prev5t occasional w> sc>es4 ,9 fact1 highly mislead+ in=mation on w> plans has (t5 be5 giv5 out1 z 9 ! case ( a repres5tative ( ! ,cov5try ,ordnance ,works1 :o 9 #aiji in=m$ ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ( excessive %ipbuild+ by ,g]many4 ,! news 0 lat] f\nd to be errone\s2 b new ord]s _h be5 giv5 9 ,great ,brita91 & ?r\gh action & reaction armam5ts 7 /imulat$ else:]e4 ,! close connection ( ! ,krupp ,iron ,works ) ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t & ) associations favor+ aggressive =eign action is well kn[n4 ,x has (t5 happ5$ t :at repres5ts itself to be a national int]e/ & enli/s diplomatic & political support 9 t way1 is really only ! ent]prise ( individuals to make pr(its4 ,! m5 :o support x ) _! be/ en]gies & tal5ts are n villa9s1 b _! me?od ( assum+ a great national int]e/ :]e only a tradition1 a prejudice or a private plan ( pr(it are involv$1 r5d]s _! do+s f> f b5eficial to ! commonweal4 ,simil>ly1 ^? :o op]ate on ! pr9ciple t ! public m9d mu/ be n\ri%$ ) c]ta9 c>efully select$ facts & kept f ! k ( o!rs1 may h hone/ motives1 b _! ideas ( public action are obsolete or des]ve to be s1 z !y are left ov] f ! absoluti/ rgime 9 politics4 ,,xi ,,p>liam5t ,,& ,,=eign ,,affairs ,9 consid]+ ! relation ( legislative bodies1 & ( ! public op9ion !re9 repres5t$1 to ! conduct ( =eign affairs1 x w be useful to glance briefly at ! relevant hi/orical facts4 ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,colonies ( ,am]ica =m$ a sep>ate political organization f ! "m c\ntry1 ! conduct ( =eign affairs 0 entru/$ to a committee ( ,congress1 a successor to ! ,committee ( ,secret ,correspond5ce4 ,9 #agha a ,secret>y%ip = ,=eign ,affairs1 ) a p]man5t dep>tm5t1 0 creat$ & 9 #aghb ! conduct ( =eign affairs 0 regulat$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,all lett]s to sov]eign p[]s1 lett]s ( cr$5ce1 plans ( treaties1 conv5tions1 manife/oes1 in/ructions1 passports1 safe conducts1 & o!r acts ( ,congress relative to ! dep>tm5t ( =eign affairs1 :5 ! sub/ance !re( %all h be5 previ\sly agre$ to 9 ,congress1 %all be r$uc$ to =m 9 ! (fice ( =eign affairs1 & submitt$ to ! op9ion ( ,congress1 & :5 pass$1 sign$ & atte/$1 s5t to ! (fice ( =eign affairs to be c\nt]sign$ & =w>d$40 ,congress !re=e reta9$ a v close control ov] ?is matt]2 a control :i* "u ! ,con/itution pass$ to ! ,s5ate1 ?\gh 9 a re/rict$ =m4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry did a legislative committee p>ticipate 9 ! conduct ( =eign affairs ) simil> p[] & influ5ce4 ,! policy ( ! arrangem5ts "u ! ,con/itution is expla9$ by ,john ,jay 9 ! ,f$]ali/ z foll[s3 8,x seldom happ5s 9 ! negotiation ( treaties1 ( :atev] nature1 b t p]fect secrecy & imm$iate despat* are sometime requisite4 ,!re are cases :]e ! mo/ useful intellig5cy may be obta9$1 if ! p]sons possess+ x c be reliev$ f appreh5sions ( discov]y4 ,^? appreh5sions w op]ate on ^? p]sons :e!r !y are actuat$ by m]c5>y or fri5dly motives2 & !re d\btless are _m ( bo? descriptions1 :o w\ld rely on ! secrecy ( ! ,presid5t1 b :o w\ld n confide 9 t ( ! ,s5ate1 & /ill less 9 t ( a l>ge popul> assembly40 ,jay's explanation is dom9at$ by ! conception :i* ! eighte5? c5tury _h ( ! functions ( diplomacy & ! conditions ( its "w4 ,! con/itutional sy/em z conceiv$ at t "t impli$ 7#a7 ,full p[] ( negotiation 9 ! ,presid5t1 7#b7 ,tak+ c\nsel ) ! ,s5ate1 7#c7 ,=mal ratification ( treaties by ! ,s5ate1 & publication !re( z p>ts ( ! law ( ! l&4 ,! sy/em has be5 highly prais$ by ,european publici/s z reconcil+ ! ma9t5ance ( confid5tial relations ) publicity ( ! results1 9 t treaties are giv5 ! "* ( laws4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re occurr$ _m in/ances result+ 9 a gr[+ practice ( mak+ special agreem5ts by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate alone1 )\t ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,:5 ,presid5t ,roosevelt 9 #aije attempt$ to deal ) ! ,dom9ican situation 9 ?is mann]1 ! ,s5ate object$ & insi/$ t all int]national agreem5ts ( any k9d mu/ be submitt$ to its action4 ,! sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 actually p]mits ( ! curr5t conduct ( =eign affairs )\t in=mation to ! p or ev5 )\t con/ant & complete in=mation to ! ,s5ate :i* is1 moreov]1 usually preoccupi$ ) matt]s ( int]nal legislation4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! "m ( ,p>liam5ts1 we might expect t !re %\ld h be5 a con/ant ef=t at p>liam5t>y control ( =eign affairs1 ) /rong remon/rance :5 effective control 0 d5i$2 yet on acc\nt ( ! specific nature ( ! sy/em ( ,cab9et gov]nm5t1 su* has n be5 ! case4 ,"u ! two-p>ty sy/em z x exi/s 9 ,engl& ! conduct ( =eign affairs is always 9 ! h&s ( a m9i/] tru/$ & support$ by ! majority 9 ! ,l[] ,h\se4 ,ev5 if ! m9ority %\ld attempt to c5sor ! conduct ( =eign affairs z be+ c>ri$ on ap>t f ! k & active cons5t ( ! ,h\se1 ! majority ^: lead]s =m ! ,cab9et :i* is manag+ ?+s1 w always prev5t su* a vote f succe$+4 ,only 9 case ( a cab9et go+ absolutely & op5ly c\nt] to ! policy ( its own p>ty 9 ,p>liam5t c\ld a real conflict ( ?is nature arise2 & su* a cont+5cy is itself impossible1 because ( ! p>ty control ex]cis$ by ! cab9et4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( ! ,/u>ts1 ! managem5t ( =eign affairs belong$ entirely to ! ,cr[n :i* _h n at t "t be5 put 9 commission4 ,9 #afgg ! ,h\se ( ,commons object$ to grant+ money = alliances & = w>s1 unless ! matt] 9 "q _h be5 previ\sly communicat$ to x4 ,*>les ,,ii1 h[ev]1 decl>$ ! conduct ( =eign affairs to be ! ,cr[n's fundam5tal pr]ogative 9 :i* x mu/ rema9 free f direct control ( ,p>liam5t4 ,william ,,iii 0 9 fact to a v l>ge ext5t 8 own ,m9i/] = ,=eign ,affairs4 ,) ! introduction ( responsible ,gov]nm5t "u ! ,hanov]ians1 h[ev]1 ! situation *ang$4 ,! dom9ant p>ty be+ repres5t$ by ! m9i/]s 0 q ready to submit to _! guidance 9 matt]s ( =eign affairs4 ,x 0 ! opposition :o occasionally attack$ ! gov]nm5t on its =eign policy1 & p>ticul>ly ! opposition 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,9 a ,lords' prote/ ( ,m>* #bf1 #agcd1 x 0 urg$ t 8! int]position ( ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t w\ld be m effectual ?an ! occasional exp$i5ts ( fluctuat+ & v>iable negotiations40 ,9 #agdj x 0 mov$ t a select committee consi/+ ( pe]s %\ld be appo9t$ to inquire into ! conduct ( ! ,spani% ,w>4 ,! motion 0 reject$4 ,ano!r ,lords' prote/ 9 ! same ye> opposes ! argum5t t absolute secrecy is ess5tial because ?is claim is (t5 us$ 9 b> ( all inquiries4 ,su* secrecy is 8mu* (t5] ! refuge ( guilt ?an ! resort ( innoc5ce40 ,wyndham1 9 #agcc1 on a motion call+ = c]ta9 lett]s ( in/ructions1 argu$ = ! necessity ( giv+ su* in=mation to ,p>liam5t4 ,he ask$ h[ c\ld memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons judge ( ! e/imates to be laid be=e !m z a provision = national safety if !y did n "k by :at dang] ! nation 0 confront$4 ,! motion1 h[ev]1 0 reject$4 ,:5 ,pelham 0 criticiz$ 9 ! ,h\se = n hav+ in=m$ ,p>liam5t ( ! prelim9>ies ( ! ,treaty ( ,aix-la-,*apelle he argu$3 8,if ,p>liam5t %\ld encroa* ^u ! pr]ogative ( ! ,cr[n1 by assum+ a "r to make peace or w>1 & to inquire into =eign transactions "u negotiation1 our affairs w be r$uc$ to a dang]\s pr$icam5t2 = no =eign ,/ate w negotiate ) our m9i/]s1 or conclude any treaty ) !m1 ei!r political or comm]cial40 ,?is is an argum5t (t5 made 9 ! eighte5? c5tury to %[ ! unwisdom ( ,p>liam5t>y control4 ,! *ange ( m9i/]s foll[+ p>ty *anges 9 ! ,h\se1 & ! fact t ! ,=eign ,m9i/] w\ld n by 8 own ^w be able to give complete assurances to =eign gov]nm5ts1 7 consid]$ to put ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t "u a disadvantage 9 negotiations4 ,x 0 !re=e consid]$ undesirable t negotiations %\ld be submitt$ to ! control & sanction ( ,p>liam5t4 ,walpole _h /at$ ! matt] 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,!re=e :ile our happy con/itution rema9s entire1 :ile ! ,p>liam5t meets b once a ye>1 & does n cont9ue assembl$ above ?ree or f\r mon?s 9 ! twelve1 x is impossible = ei!r ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t to int]m$dle1 mu* less to prescribe to ! ,cr[n1 9 any affairs relat+ to peace or w>1 )\t expos+ ! nation to imm95t dang]40 ,?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury ,p>liam5t int]f]$ v little ) ! conduct ( =eign affairs4 ,! m9i/] = =eign affairs or ! premi] w\ld f "t to "t give in=mation or make a sy/ematic disc\rse on =eign affairs & x 0 und]/ood t ! ,h\se w\ld be kept in=m$ conc]n+ ! aims & t5d5cies ( ! ,gov]nm5t's =eign policy4 ,specific que/ions 7 ask$ by memb]s b n frequ5tly4 ,! nature ( ! ,briti% sy/em w\ld h r5d]$ unmean+ any /ruggle = control betwe5 ! ,h\se & ! ,cab9et4 ,! mann] ( keep+ ,p>liam5t & ! public in=m$ on =eign affairs 0 discuss$4 ,! ,e>l ( ,cl>5don spoke ( ! practice ( lay+ be=e ,p>liam5t (ficial in=mation 9 ! ,blue ,books4 ,he /at$3 8,i am p]fectly c]ta9 !re is always laid be=e ,p>liam5t a v fair & complete view ( ! transactions betwe5 ?is c\ntry & any o!r to :i* ^? pap]s may relate4 ,i "k t =eign ,gov]nm5ts r compla9 ( our ,blue ,books1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t !y may curtail "s ( ! communications t are made to our =eign ,m9i/]s1 b ,i %\ld be extremely sorry to see our sy/em ( publication ( diplomatic pap]s 9 any way curtail$1 or diff]5t f :at x is2 ( c\rse1 !re mu/ always be c>e tak5 n to compromise individuals = ! in=mation !y h giv51 b ,i believe x is an imm5se advantage to ?is c\ntry t our despat*es & diplomatic transactions %\ld be kn[n1 because if !y h ! approbation ( ,p>liam5t & ( ! c\ntry1 ! ,gov]nm5t !n has ! :ole weight ( public op9ion 9 its favor1 & x is t :i* gives su* /r5g? to our policy & to our op9ions 9 =eign c\ntries40 ,t is a v /atesmanlike pres5tation ( ! advantages ( con/ant public k ( =eign policy 9 giv+ ! gov]nm5t a secure base ( intellig5t support4 ,:5 dissatisfaction or d\bt 0 felt by l>ge numb]s conc]n+ ! =eign policy ( ! gov]nm5t1 z 9 #aheg & aga9 9 #ahgh aft] ! concealm5t ( ! ,s*uval( agreem5t1 compla9t 0 frequ5tly made 9 ,p>liam5t & 9 ! press to ! effect t ,p>liam5t on ! "o h& 0 n giv5 a *ance to acquire a complete k ( =eign policy1 & on ! o!r x 0 n suffici5tly al]t & active 9 us+ its opportunities = control4 ,9 #ahhf ! foll[+ resolution 0 mov$3 8,t 9 ! op9ion ( ?is ,h\se x is n j or exp$i5t to emb>k 9 w>1 contract engagem5ts involv+ grave responsibilities = ! nation1 & add t]ritories to ! ,empire1 )\t ! k & cons5t ( ,p>liam5t40 ,l o!r simil> resolutions1 x did n pass4 ,mr4 ,glad/one oppos$ x on ! gr\nd t ! ,h\se ( ,commons "u exi/+ arrangem5ts actually possess$ all necess>y p[] ( control & t ! passage ( ?is resolution w\ld mean simply t ! ,h\se ( ,lords w\ld %>e ?is p[] ) x4 ,9 #ahhe :5 ,e>l ,granville _h object$ to public criticism ( negotiations :i* 7 /ill 9 progress betwe5 ,russia & ,great ,brita9 reg>d+ ,afghani/an1 ,"l ,salisbury made ! foll[+ int]e/+ & important /atem5t ) respect to ! relations ( =eign policies to public op9ion1 :i* 9 temp] resembles t ( ,"l ,cl>5don cit$ above3 8,! noble ,e>l seem$ to me to lay d[n a doctr9e :i* we _c pass unnotic$1 :5 he says x is ! duty ( an ,opposition n to canvas or condemn ! conduct ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 if by s do+ x %\ld h ! effect ( disc\rag+ fri5ds & allies 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,t seems to be a v f>-rea*+ doctr9e1 & "o :i* x is impossible to ass5t to4444 ,if we are ( op9ion t ! c\rse ( public affairs is go+ ill1 & t our ,gov]nm5t has mismanag$1 t faults are be+ committ$ & dang]s are be+ incurr$1 we h no absolute ,sov]eign to :om we c appeal 9 ord] to correct ! evil2 our absolute ,sov]eign is ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 & x is !y1 & !y alone1 :o c br+ a rem$y to ! mis*ief :i* is go+ on4 ,y h a =m ( ,gov]nm5t :i* 9 _m po9ts is purely democratic1 & y mu/ take x ) ! incid5ts :i* naturally adh]e to x1 & "o ( ^! incid5ts is publicity ( delib]ation4 ,! ,cab9et is ! p1 & _! delib]ations are conduct$ 9 ! op5 field4 ,if !y are to be rightly in=m$1 y mu/ deal fully & frankly ) ! subjects :i* =m ! basis ( _! det]m9ation4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 a drawback s f> z x goes1 b x is a drawback y mu/ face1 & y _c help x if ,=eign ,p[]s ov]he>1 s to speak1 ! privileg$ communications betwe5 y & ^? by ^: v]dict y mu/ /&4 ,y _c suppress ! argum5t because somebody else outside he>s x & y may be adv]sely affect$ by x44440 ,! concealm5t ( important obligations & ! gr[+ secrecy ( diplomatic affairs dur+ ! fir/ decade ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury br\ght on _m expressions ( dissatisfaction 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,aft] ! secret agreem5t conc]n+ ,morocco became kn[n1 ,mr4 ,john ,dillon express$ himself z foll[s1 9 a spee* 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ,septemb]1 #aiaa3 8,i d n believe any repres5tative assembly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w has ev] be5 call$ ^u to discuss a matt] s vital & s f>-rea*+ z t :i* ! ,h\se ( ,commons has be=e x to-day to consid]1 & ) s absolute a lack ( in=mation4444 ,! ,h\se 0 summon$ = ?is discussion to-day )\t any pap]s :atsoev]4444 ,we ought at all ev5ts to h _h an acc\nt ( diplomatic correspond5ce betwe5 ! f\r great ,p[]s intimately int]e/$ 9 ! "q ( ,morocco1 z is cu/om>y to be giv5 to ! ,h\se ( ,commons on su* an occasion4 ,?is w\ld h enabl$ memb]s ( ! ,h\se be=e ! debate comm5c$1 to =m a really well-gr\nd$ judgm5t ^u ! :ole matt]4 ,we h he>d a good deal to-night ( ! secrecy ( ! ,=eign policy ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x is no use attempt+ to d5y x4 ,^? ( u :o h be5 a long "t 9 ?is ,h\se1 & c rememb] ! me?ods ( ! ,=eign ,(fice tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 "k z a matt] ( fact1 :i* _c be successfully d5i$1 t ! ,=eign ,(fice policy has become dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s progressively m secret e ye>4 ,until ?is pres5t ye> ?is has gone on1 :5 ! int5se pressure ( ,=eign ,affairs & ! dang] ( w> has =c$ ! h&s ( ! ,m9i/] to give "s "t = ! discussion ( ,=eign ,(fice affairs4 ,= t5 ye>s ! ,=eign policy ( ?is c\ntry has be5 conduct$ beh9d an elaborate scre5 ( secrecy4 ,"s ( u po9t$ out ye>s ago t ! secrecy ( ,=eign ,affairs 0 ! inevitable & logical result ( t new dep>ture :i* 0 h]ald$ ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 & :i* we he>d prais$ once m on ! floor ( ?is ,h\se to-night4 ,i ref] to :at is kn[n z ! policy ( ! cont9uity ( ! ,=eign policy ( ?is c\ntry2 ( ! )drawal ( ! ,=eign policy ( ?is c\ntry f ! sph]e ( p>ty politics40 ,at ! same session ,mr4 ,swift ,mac,neill express$ himself v /rongly on ! subject ( )hold+ in=mation f ,p>liam5t1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,f g5]ation to g5]ation1 y h all[$ treaties involv+ ! highe/ int]national obligations--involv+ que/ions ( peace & w>--to be tak5 absolutely out ( ! h&s ( ! ,h\se4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say1 s f> z int]national policy is conc]n$1 y h r5d]$ ! ,h\se z little effectively p[]ful z any man walk+ ov] ,we/m9/] ,bridge4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 treaties involv+ matt]s ( life & dea?1 involv+ que/ions ( fir/-class importance1 h be5 ratifi$ beh9d ! back ( ,p>liam5t4444 ,! p !mselves mu/ be all[$ to "k all ab\t ?is diplomacy & :at x is4 ,& !re %\ld be no secrecy 9 reg>d to high diplomatic /atecraft ab\t x4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons is sample judge ( :at is discreet & :at is indiscreet1 & x is a complete absurdity = o!rs to treat u z *ildr5 or = u to all[ ourselves to be s treat$ 9 matt]s ( su* high int]national importance z ^? involv+ que/ions ( peace & w>40 ,sir ,edw>d ,grey 9 8 reply /at$ t secrecy up to a c]ta9 po9t 0 necess>y & t p>ticul>ly ! ratification ( treaties c\ld n be previ\sly discuss$4 ,he !n made ! v significant rem>k t n until ! ,h\se ( ,commons 80 really free to devote itself to discussions ( imp]ial affairs w\ld x get control40 ,9 o!r words z long z ! ,h\se ( ,commons rema9s a body occupi$ prim>ily ) dome/ic & local legislation x _c sp>e ! att5tion necess>y = an effective control ( =eign policy4 ,e>ly 9 #aiad1 evid5ce 0 tak5 by a select committee on ,h\se ( ,commons proc$ure4 ,mr4 ,balf\r dur+ ^! discussions r emphasiz$ ! ne$ ( secrecy 9 deal+ ) =eign affairs4 ,he ?9ks t su* matt]s %\ld n be air$ too frequ5tly 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 because indiscreet spee*es1 :i* c be p]fectly apprais$ 9 ! ,h\se1 may make bad blood :5 report$4 ,diplomatic conv]sations mu/ be kept confid5tial if y are to "w ! ,european sy/em at all4 ,b ?\gh ! ,h\se ( ,commons does n & _c "k ! curr5t details ( int]national negotiations1 x is n un9=m$4 ,?is pla9ly is ! language ( a /atesman to :om ! idiosyncrasies ( ! ,european sy/em are s famili> t !y seem to be ! only natural /ate ( affairs4 ,! /atem5t is made f ! po9t ( view ( ! exp]t :o r res5ts any sort ( int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! less well in=m$4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 x 0 mov$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons3 8,t1 9 ! op9ion ( ?is ,h\se1 a ,/&+ ,committee ( ,=eign ,affairs %\ld be appo9t$1 repres5tative ( all p>ties & gr\ps 9 ! ,h\se1 9 ord] t a regul> *annel ( communication may be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,=eign ,secret>y & ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :i* w af=d him frequ5t opportunities ( giv+ in=mation on que/ions ( ,=eign policy & :i*1 by all[+ ,memb]s to acqua9t !mselves m fully ) curr5t int]national problems1 w enable ?is ,h\se to ex]cise clos] sup]vision ov] ! g5]al conduct ( ,=eign ,affairs44440 ,mr4 ,balf\r express$ himself q 9 l5g? on ?is motion & fur!r elaborat$ ! ideas :i* he _h put =w>d 9 #aiad4 ,9 a spee* deliv]$ ,m>* #ai?1 he gave :at is probably ! mo/ complete & p]suasive exposition ( ! value ( traditional me?ods 9 diplomacy3 8444 ,a ,=eign ,(fice & a ,diplomatic ,s]vice are great in/rum5ts = prev5t+1 z f> z c be prev5t$1 & dim9i%+1 ev5 :5 y _c prev5t1 friction betwe5 ,/ates :i* are1 or :i* ought to be1 fri5dly4 ,h[ is ! task ( peace-mak]--because t is l>gely ! task :i* falls to diplomati/s & to ! ,=eign ,(fice1 :i* controls diplomati/s--to be pursu$ if y are to %\t y\r grievances f ! h\setop :5ev] !y occur8 ,! only result is t y embitt] public feel+1 t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two ,/ates sudd5ly atta9 a magnitude !y ought nev] to be all[$ to approa*1 t ! newspap]s ( ! two c\ntries agitate !mselves1 t ! ,p>liam5ts ( ! two c\ntries h _! passions set on fire1 & great crises arise1 :i* may end1 h end$ sometimes1 9 int]national cata/rophes4444 ,(fice (ficials1 or (ficials ( any ,dep>tm5t1--to exp5d "s ( _! en]gy 9 gett+ ready = cross-exam9ation1 y w really be de/roy+ ! public s]vice4 ,!re is no?+ on :i* ,i feel m /rongly ?an t4 ,!y are n accu/om$ to x1 & !y ought n to be accu/om$ to x4444 ,i d n hold ! view t antique me?ods are pursu$ by diplomati/s :i* no man ( common s5se adopts 9 ! ord9>y "w ( e-day life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! "w ( diplomacy is exactly ! "w :i* is done e day betwe5 two great firms1 = in/ance1 :i* h bus9ess relations1 or betwe5 two great corporate entities :i* h int]e/s div]g+ or int]e/s 9 common4 ,if y are a man ( s5se y d n create difficulties to beg9 )4 ,y try to get ov] all ^! ?+s )\t ! embitt]m5t :i* adv]tisem5t always br+s ) x4 ,x is :5 y beg9 to press y\r case 9 public t antagonism arises4 ,9 private--9 conv]sation :i* ne$ n g beyond ! walls ( ! room 9 :i* y are1--y c put y\r case z /rongly z y l1 & ! g5tleman ) :om y are c>ry+ on ! discussion may put 8 case z /rongly z he likes1 & if good mann]s are obs]v$ & no?+ b fair discussion takes place no sor5ess rema9s & no "o is driv5 to ignore ! /rong po9ts ( 8 oppon5t's case4 ,directly a controv]sy becomes public all t fair give-&-take becomes ei!r difficult or impossible4444 ,b if all y mean 444 is t x is wrong = ! nations ( ! _w to f9d !mselves hamp]$ 9 _! mutual relations by treaties ( :i* ^? c\ntries "k no?+1 t1 ,i ?9k1 is an evil4 ,i d n say t !re h n be5 secret treaties :i* 7 inevitable2 b ,i d say t1 if !y are necess>y1 !y are a necess>y evil4 ,please rememb] t two nations make a treaty toge!r = _! mutual advantage4 ,bo? are desir\s ( pass+ x4 ,"o nation says1 #8,x is aga9/ our int]e/ t ?is treaty %\ld be made public at pres5t4' ,! o!r says1 #8,we d n l be+ committ$ to any treaty ! t]ms ( :i* we _c make public at once4' ,:i* is go+ to prevail8444 ,x does n re/ ) any s+le ,=eign ,(fice1 ,briti% or o!r4 ,x is always an arrangem5t betwe5 two--possibly ?ree or f\r1 ,=eign ,(fices4 ,y _c lay d[n--& ,i d n ?9k y w\ld be wise to lay d[n1 an absolute rule t "u no circum/ances1 & = no object1 c\ld y s f> conc$e ! po9t z to say t a treaty is to be made :i* is n to become public prop]ty4 ,i am p]fectly ready to admit t t is n a process :i*1 to me1 is a v agreeable "o4 ,to r$uce secret treaties to ! n>r[e/ possible limits %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be ! object ( e responsible /atesman :o has ! control ( =eign affairs4 ,beyond t ,i d n feel incl9$ to g4 ,i d n see any signs ( a grasp ( ! true realities ( life 9 ! ,motion be=e u4 ,y %\ld h y\r control ov] ^? :o manage y\r affairs1 b x is n ! k9d ( control :i* ! honorable ,memb] wi%es to set up ) 8 ,committee ( =ty or fifty4 ,x is q a diff]5t control4 ,y mu/ "k1 broadly speak+1 :at ! g5]al l9es ( policy are1 & ,i ma9ta9 t t is ?or\ghly kn[n ) reg>d to =eign affairs at ?is mom5t by e man 9 ?is ,h\se :o takes ! tr\ble to ?9k4 ,! g5]al l9es on :i* we are proce$+ are ?or\ghly kn[n40 ,?is argum5t br+s out all ! /rong po9ts ( ! sy/em ( secret diplomacy "u ! exi/+ conditions ( int]national politics1 b x conta9s no h9t t ^! conditions ne$ improvem5t4 ,!y _c1 z a matt] ( fact1 be improv$ until "s /rong nations1 ev5 at ! risk ( disadvantage to !mselves1 take ! lead 9 plac+ diplomatic affairs on a broad] basis4 ,,xii ,,! ,,public ,,& ,,diplomacy ,9 consequ5ce ( ! />tl+ developm5ts 9 diplomacy :i* prec$$ & accompani$ ! great w>1 ! relation ( democracy to diplomacy has be5 e>ne/ly discuss$ ( late1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,great ,brita94 ,:5 consid]+ ?is important matt]1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! me?ods ( diplomacy & diplomatic policies %\ld be borne 9 m9d = ! sake ( cle>ness ( ?\ght4 ,! developm5t ( public op9ion1 ! disappe>ance ( purely dyna/ic aims ( /ate action1 & ! con/antly broad5+ outlook ( political life1 h l$ to ! elim9ation ( mo/ ( ! crud] me?ods ( deception & intrigue4 ,b two que/ions /ill rema93 ,%\ld diplomatic negotiations be c>ri$ on 9 ! public view1 t is ) con/ant & full in=mation giv5 to ! public or p>liam5t1 on all important details8 &1 ,%\ld ! diplomatic policy ( a democratic gov]nm5t at all times be kept fully be=e ! repres5tative bodies1 & ! public8 ,mo/ discussions :i* favor ! use ( secret diplomacy1 ref] to ! presum$ necessity ( confid5tial me?ods ( negotiation4 ,b !re are "s publici/s & /atesm5 :o believe t ! policy ( =eign affairs itself c be/ be h&l$ by responsible /atesm5 keep+ _! own c\nsel & giv+ to ! public only a g5]al adumbration ( ! tr5d ( policy4 ,^! two que/ions are con/antly mix$ up 9 curr5t discussion2 & _! absolute sep>ation is inde$ difficult4 ,?us1 a /rictly secret diplomatic policy w naturally acc5tuate ! secrecy ( ! me?ods employ$4 ,ab/ractly consid]$1 x w\ld be q possible to h ! =eign policy ( a c\ntry det]m9$ by public action1 & /ill to surr\nd diplomatic negotiations ) secrecy4 ,b if ! sub/ance ( ! policy 7 def9itely kn[n 9 detail1 ! secrecy ( me?ods w\ld lose mu* ( its effectiv5ess4 ,! use ( su* me?ods is def5d$ f two po9ts ( view2 f t ( ! trad] :o looks = a bett] b>ga9 ?r\gh n hav+ giv5 away 8 entire h& at ! beg9n+2 & f t ( ! build] :o desires to "w quietly )\t int]ruptions f an excitable public1 :o desires to avoid difficulties & smoo? away contra/s :i* publicity w\ld t5d to exagg]ate4 ,!re is an ex po/ facto publicity ( diplomatic policy4 ,if ?is is af=d$ z soon z a new situation has aris5 or a new agreem5t has be5 creat$1 "s ( ! h>m ( secrecy is avoid$4 ,9 su* a case ! /atesm51 cab9et1 or conf]5ce1 practically give assurance t1 if all[$ to "w quietly on a c]ta9 problem1 !y w produce a solution :i* w comm5d itself 9 g5]al to ! s5se ( equity ( ! nation or nations conc]n$2 al?\gh ! sum total ( ! arrangem5t may conta9 details :i*1 consid]$ by !mselves1 w\ld be unacceptable & :i* might h int]f]$ ) ! mak+ ( an accord1 if unduly emphasiz$ or giv5 publicity dur+ ! negotiations4 ,mr4 ,balf\r 9 8 spee* ( ,m>* #ai1 #aiah1 :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to1 inde$ speaks q conv9c+ly ( ! advantage ( confid5tial relations & ( secrecy 9 negotiations1 b he goes s f> z /rongly to deprecate a dem& = in=mation on ! "p ( ,p>liam5t4 ,9 t he c]ta9ly %[s a measure ( anti-democratic bias1 z :5 he says1 8,d n suppose t we c d ! "w bett] by hav+ to expla9 x to a lot ( p :o are n responsible4 ,t is n ! way to get bus9ess prop]ly done40 ,he !re=e rejects ! idea ( a p>liam5t>y committee ( control 9 ! matt] ( =eign relations4 ,he agrees1 h[ev]1 t ! exi/5ce ( secret treaties is an evil1 al?\gh he ?9ks t x may be at c]ta9 times necess>y1 because ! associat$ treaty p[] may desire x4 ,he is mildly deprecatory1 at be/4 ,c\nt ,cz]n91 speak+ to ! ,au/rian delegations on ,june #bd1 #aiah1 conc]n+ ,presid5t ,wilson's f\rte5 po9ts1 /at$ t he has no objection to ! introduction ( ! pr9ciple ( 8op5 cov5ants10 al?\gh he confesses t he does n "k by :at means effective adh]5ce !reto c be assur$4 ,conc]n+ diplomatic negotiations1 :i* he treats simply z a matt] ( bus9ess1 he po9ts out ! advantages ( secrecy f ! po9t ( view ( trad+4 ,moreov]1 if !re 7 full publicity1 ! g5]al public might passionately oppose e action involv+ any concession z a defeat4 ,?is w\ld n be conducive to peaceable relations4 ,!re are ^? :o believe t ! *ief evils ( secret diplomacy w\ld be avoid$ if ample opportunity 7 giv5 = discussion 9 repres5tative assemblies1 if !re 7 a p>liam5t>y committee keep+ con/antly 9 t\* ) ! conduct ( =eign relations1 & if treaties & decl>ations ( w> c\ld n be made )\t ! cons5t ( ! national legislature4 ,"s advocates ( democratic control g s f> z to reason t a decision to make w> & !reby to ord] ! %$d+ ( human blood1 %\ld n be made )\t a national ref]5dum vote4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? oppos$ to all publicity ( diplomatic affairs argue t int]national policies _c be det]m9$ 9 ! m>ket place4 ,!y h>k back to ,de,tocqueville1 :o holds t z democracy _c be expect$ to regulate ! details ( an important und]tak+1 x is p>ticul>ly unqualifi$ to deal ) int]national matt]s :]e secrecy1 discretion1 & pati5ce are requir$4 ,foll[]s ( ?is op9ion believe t ! conduct ( =eign affairs is be/ plac$ q unres]v$ly 9 ! h&s ( responsible /atesm51 :o h great] in=mation1 l>g] exp]i5ce & m self-control ?an ! av]age ( humanity4 ,!y g5]ally h 9 view ! pres]vation ( national int]e/s1 "u conditions ( peace if possible2 !y w n be inflam$ by excit+ incid5ts1 b w keep ^! 9 prop] subord9ation to ! g5]al plan4 ,su* details1 if made public1 w\ld easily lead to occurr5ces t w\ld upset ! results ( wise plann+4 ,z ,"l ,crom] has said1 x is su* unt[>d *ance incid5ts :i* _c be controll$ t are to be fe>$1 r ?an any delib]ate plott+ on ! "p ( diplomats4 ,su* responsible /atesm5 always rema9 acc\ntable = ! g5]al results ( _! policy2 !y are consci\s ( ! importance ( _! tru/1 & !re=e are a saf] repository ( discretion>y p[]s ?an a g5]al committee4 ,back ( ^! argum5ts1 h[ev]1 !re usually lies ! conviction t ! public is sup]ficial1 easily sway$1 excitable & altoge!r delight+ m 9 ! hurrah ( w> ?an 9 ! humdrum ( peace4 ,x might be rem>k$ t if su* _h actually be5 ! case1 ! mo/ rec5t exp]i5ce ( ! p ) w> has probably giv5 !m a diff]5t idea ( ! attractiv5ess ( t k9d ( excitem5t2 unless inde$ ! mass ( humanity are irrem$iably & =ev] fools1 :5 tak5 9 ! aggregate4 ,! s5sational "* ( ! daily press mu/ be consid]$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! news value ( normal1 peaceable developm5ts is v small4 ,x is !re=e a gods5d to ! newspap]s :5 some?+ extraord9>y happ5s1 p>ticul>ly 9 int]national affairs4 ,= ?is reason1 ! daily news frequ5tly pres5ts an untrue or w>p$ picture ( ! actual situation4 ,gilb]t ,murray asks :at p are ref]r$ to by ^? :o dem& popul> control ( diplomacy2 are !y ! p ( educational societies1 or ( ! music halls8 ,! public is n homog5e\s1 or s organiz$ z to give expression to convictions on curr5t affairs :i* h be5 maturely consid]$4 ,x lacks ! leisure & tra9+ = p5etrat+ sup]ficialities & go+ to ! bottom ( difficult que/ions4 ,"l ,crom] believes 9 g5]al t democracies are n peaceful1 & he ref]s p>ticul>ly to ! ,am]ican democracy = pro(2 ,"l ,lytton said1 8,gov]nm5ts are g5]ally = diplomacy1 ! p = w>40 ,m5 ( all %ades ( op9ion are agre$ t ! p are n greatly int]e/$ 9 =eign affairs1 & ! oppon5ts ( proposals ( democratic control argue t x w\ld be useless to create ma*9]y = action :]e !re exi/s no int]e/1 nor purpose to act4 ,x is q true t ! public dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury seem$ less int]e/$ 9 =eign affairs ?an dur+ ! eighte5?4 ,at ! e>li] "t1 diplomacy 0 a fasc9at+1 p]sonal game1 ab\t :i* ! wiseacres 9 ! c(fee h\ses 7 eag] to make _! criticisms & progno/ications4 ,:5 ! middle class came to p[] 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x 0 prim>ily int]e/$ 9 economic & o!r dome/ic que/ions1 & 0 satisfi$ to leave ! conduct ( =eign affairs to /atesm5 & diplomats4 ,! con/antly gr[+ political consci\sness ( ! public at l>ge 0 conc5trat$ *iefly on que/ions ( int]nal politics & re=m4 ,=eign affairs1 z !y rea*$ ! public1 7 ?\ght ( /ill f ! po9t ( view ( ! onlook]1 r ?an ( him :o actually _h to be> ! brunt ( ! burd54 ,^? :o _h to ble$ & die :5 ho/ilities _h be5 br\ght ab\t1 nev] _h any *ance1 nor det]m9ation1 to influ5ce ! c\rse ( diplomacy lead+ up to w>s4 ,) su* a g5]al apa?y ( ! public1 x 0 n surpris+ t diplomacy %\ld cl+ to its ca/e privileges1 %\ld try to pres]ve its discretion>y p[]s1 & %\ld (t5 attempt delib]ately to keep p 9 ! d>k4 8,9 ! public int]e/0 is ! curta9 beyond :i* no "o may pe]4 ,ev5 9 ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 p>ticul>ly dur+ & s9ce ! w>1 =eign affairs h be5 h&l$ ) :at w\ld ord9>ily seem insuffici5t in=mation to ! public2 9 fact1 ) occasional putt+ =? ( mislead+ & entirely p>tial in=mation1 or ! refusal to furni% in=mation ev5 :5 reque/$ by ^? hav+ (ficial responsibilities4 ,?is is a notable *ange1 z up to #aiad x 0 sub/antially true t ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h no diplomatic secrets4 ,:ile f ! po9t ( view ( traditional diplomacy1 & ( int]national relations z !y 7 up to ! ,great ,w>1 x seems q natural t democratic control %\ld be ?\ght by _m to be unpractical2 & :ile inde$ no "o c flatt] himself t ?r\gh a *ange ( me?od ! conduct ( int]national affairs c\ld sudd5ly be r5d]$ m wise & entirely effective t[>ds ! public welf>e1 yet ,i _c avoid ! conclusion t !re is a wrong ori5tation 9 ! emphasis ( ! ne$ ( secrecy & ( ! unfitness ( ! p to deal ) problems ( =eign affairs4 ,! belief 9 ! unfitness ( ! p 9 ?is matt] appe>s to be ! result ( a preconceiv$ notion z to ! ov]p[]+ difficulty1 complexity & almo/ sanctity ( =eign affairs4 ,mod]n gov]nm5ts are bas$ on ! pr9ciple t all legislation mu/ meet ! te/ ( public criticism & re/ on public cons5t2 c]ta9ly x _c be argu$ t matt]s ( ! incid5ce ( taxation1 ! prop] organization ( cr$it1 & ! det]m9ation ( comm]cial policies1 are less complex & intricate ?an are =eign affairs4 ,x is inde$ true t x is difficult = "o nation ?or\ghly to appreciate 9 detail ! conditions ( life 9 ano!r4 ,?is tru? %\ld h its greate/ value 9 dissuad+ a nation f m$dl+ ) ! int]nal affairs ( ano!r1 ev5 f good motives4 ,^? int]national que/ions :i* are apt to produce w> may inde$ relate to intricate matt]s1 b ! ess5tial po9t is always ! cont5tion = p[]1 influ5ce or comm]cial advantage1 & x is n app>5t :y ! public 9 g5]al %\ld be unfit to judge z to :e!r national treasure & life are ev5tually to be sp5t 9 huge quantities to br+ ab\t1 or to prev5t1 any su* %ift+ ( p[] or influ5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 because ! motives involv$ are s l>gely connect$ ) class int]e/s1 or survivals ( pride ( race1 t ^? conc]n$ 9 !m are eag] to d5y ! fitness ( ! g5]al public1 :i* if call$ on to decide w\ld put into ! =egr\nd ! "q1 8,h[ does ! control ( ?is or t gr\p ( capitali/s 9 ,morocco1 = in/ance1 or ! great] or small] influ5ce ( ,au/ria or ,russia 9 ,s]via1 affect ! daily life & welf>e ( our p80 ,x is c]ta9ly true t que/ions ( peace & w> h nev] def9itely be5 reason$ out on t basis4 ,!re has always be5 ! assumption t c]ta9 ?+s 7 ess5tial to national pre/ige & c\ld n be que/ion$2 x is only :5 ! actually exi/+ broad] base ( national political life is organiz$ also = active control ( =eign affairs1 t ^! consid]ations w h _! full weight4 ,only ! mo/ exceptional /atesm5 c\ld lift !mselves out ( ! n>r[ groove ( tradition & prec$5t2 & m exceptional /ill1 9 fact all b impossible1 is ! capacity ( "o man to repres5t 9 himself 9 j proportion1 all ! int]e/s & feel+s ( a nation4 ,infallibility _c be expect$ 9 ! h&l+ ( =eign affairs1 :e!r "u a broad discretion ( /atesm5 or "u /rict democratic control4 ,!re w always be an alt]native ( wisdom & ra%ness1 con/ructive plann+ & headlong action1 c>efulness & neglig5ce4 ,b pa/ exp]i5ce has c]ta9ly e/abli%$ beyond p]adv5ture ( d\bt t secret diplomacy is n infallible1 & p>ticul>ly t diplomacy act+ "u absoluti/ traditions1 z 9 ,g]many be=e ! w>1 may make ! mo/ fatal mi/akes ( judgm5t & ( policy4 ,balf\r said3 8,i d n ?9k ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ,june1 #aiad1 _h ! slighte/ idea t !re 0 any dang] ahead40 ,a rem>kable /atem5t1 :5 we consid] ! actions & reactions ( secret diplomacy dur+ ! decade prec$+ ! w>4 ,x has be5 q truly said t diplomacy is f> m em95t 9 autopsy ?an 9 diagnosis4 ,m4 ,*]adame some:at sev]ely obs]ves1 8,! typical diplomat lives 9 a _w ( 8 own4 ,8 in=mation is r>ely obta9$ by direct obs]vation ( p & facts40 ,& :ile ord9>ily m5 ( exceptional tal5ts are select$ = ! difficulty position ( ,m9i/] = ,=eign ,affairs1 yet all consid]$1 x is h>d to believe t 7 decisions on ! ess5tial matt]s ( int]national life made on a broad] basis1 & influ5c$ m by a direct action ( public op9ion1 ! result w\ld be less wise4 ,active p>ticipation ( ! p 9 ! mak+ ( mom5t\s decisions reg>d+ =eign affairs1 is d5i$ ei!r "u ! assumption t ! p might n be ready to face ! fateful te/1 or1 by ! majority1 ) ! ?\ght t ! p are too excitable & ra% to be tru/$ ) su* f>-rea*+ decisions4 ,:ile x is inde$ easy to g5]ate w>like excitem5t among ! masses1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 :5 su* a *>ge ( ra%ness is made1 t ! p h nev] be5 curr5tly in=m$ ( ! developm5t ( int]national dang]s1 b usually at a critical "t %r$s ( in=mation h be5 fla%$ on !m1 design$ or at lea/ apt to /ir up all _! atavi/ic love ( fight & fe> ( attack4 ,ev5 ?us1 ! greate/ noise is made usually by ^? :o d n 9 ! ev5t ( ho/ilities actually h to risk _! blood & bones4 ,x /&s to reason t if hone/ly kept in=m$ ab\t int]national relation%ips1 ! p w\ld be f> less prone to sudd5 excitem5t4 ,v few p inde$ appe> to d\bt t _h ! decision ( w> or no w> be5 laid be=e ! peoples ( ,europe 9 #aiad1 ) a full k ( ! facts1 ! t]rible cata/rophe w\ld nev] h come ab\t4 ,z ,mr4 ,l[es ,dick9son has said1 if ! p _h be5 all[$ to %>e ! appreh5sion & precautions ( ! diplomats be=e #aiad1 !re w\ld h be5 q a simple & cle> "q be=e ! ,engli% p1 = "o4 ,x c\ld h decid$ :e!r x w\ld pursue a policy t might lead at any mom5t to a g5]al ,european w>1 or to take ! alt]native :i* ,sir ,edw>d ,grey lat] spoke (1 namely1 8to promote "s arrangem5t1 to :i* ,g]many c\ld be a p>ty by :i* %e c\ld be assur$ t no aggressive or ho/ile policy w\ld be pursu$ aga9/ h] by ,france1 ,russia & ourselves1 jo9tly or sep>ately40 ,)\t ! support ( ! p1 kept 9 l9e by fe> ( hidd5 dang]s1 n ev5 ! milit>i/s ( ,g]many c\ld h =c$ milit>y action4 ,"o ( ! fir/ acts ( ! ,russian ,soviet ,gov]nm5t 0 to ann\nce its ho/ility to secret diplomacy4 ,:5 x fir/ publi%$ ! secret treaties & docum5ts ( ! ,cz>i/ ,gov]nm5t1 its motive 01 z %[n by ,trotsky's decl>ation made at ! "t1 ?or\ghly to discr$it ! managem5t ( affairs "u ! old rgime4 ,9 ! same connection1 x ann\nc$ its own purpose ( conduct+ =eign affairs 9 ! op54 ,su* seems inde$ to h be5 its g5]al practice ) respect to ! ann\ncem5t ( policies1 ?\gh its ag5ts cont9u$ to use und]gr\nd me?ods4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t is evid5tly try+ to br+ ab\t1 namely1 a broad public int]e/ 9 ! conduct ( =eign affairs4 ,x desires ! ,russian p1 & m p>ticul>ly ! memb]s ( ! rul+ ,communi/ ,p>ty1 to be curr5tly in=m$ ab\t ! progress ( int]national affairs & ab\t arrangem5ts conclud$4 ,obs]v]s report t at ! meet+ ( ! prov9cial soviets ! fir/ bus9ess ord9>ily tak5 up is ! read+ & discussion ( a report on int]national relations s5t by ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,we h no means to *eck up ! tru? ( ^! reports2 b ?is ef=t to int]e/ ! broad mass ( ! population 9 ! outw>d relations ( ! /ate is c]ta9ly wor? notice4 ,! expectation is enc\rag$ t ! reason = acts relat+ to =eign affairs w be expla9$1 p>ticul>ly :5 sacrifices are dem&$4 ,,xiii ,a ,,survival ,,( ,,absolutism ,^? :o view ! mod]n /ate z a purely pr$atory organization1--= exploitation )9 & )\t1--po9t to ! me?ods1 practices & results ( diplomacy z "o ( ! pla9e/ indications ( ! s9i/] nature ( ! political /ate4 ,su* criticism _c be safely bru%$ aside z utt]ly unreasonable2 x %\ld r call =? a se>*+ inquiry z to :e!r1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! conduct ( =eign affairs c\ld n & %\ld n be br\ght into great] consonance ) g5u9ely democratic pr9ciples1 & be plac$ on ! s\nd basis ( well-in=m$ public support4 ,no matt] :at op9ion "o may hold ) respect to ! necessity ( secret diplomacy1 x mu/ be recogniz$ t ?is practice involves a v n>r[ conception ( ! active scope ( democracy4 ,x is 9 fact a hi/orical survival f ! p]iod ( ! absoluti/ /ate2 or 9 o!r words1 t aspect ( ! mod]n /ate :i* deals ) =eign affairs has reta9$ ! "* ( absolutism4 ,x is a sup]/ition1 9 ! picturesque s5se ( t ^w us$ by ,l[ell1 :5 he def9es x z 8some?+ left /&+ ov] f "o ( ! _w's wit5agemotes to ! o!r40 ,9 ?is case1 inde$ ! mo/ rec5t wit5agemote approa*$ ! "q & propos$ a /ep 9 advance t[>ds its solution4 ,b ! difficulty /ill p]si/s4 ,9 its relations ) o!r /ates1 ! /ate is consid]$ to be absolute1 n b\nd by any laws1 responsible only = its own security1 welf>e & progress+ influ5ce4 ,! /ruggle = political p[] /ill exi/s among /ates1 9 ess5tially ! same ke5ness & rigidity ) :i* x appe>$ to ! eyes ( ,ma*iavelli4 ,! importance ( _w-wide human relation%ips1 & ( int]national cop]ation 9 sci5tific & economic life1 has inde$ be5 br\ght =? & giv5 its place 9 ! public m9d2 b because ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! conduct ( int]national affairs is actually h&l$1 ! feel+ ?us g5]at$ does n h mu* *ance to influ5ce action at critical times1 :5 ! p are />tl$ & excit$ by ! sudd5 revelation ( dang]s1 :i* awak5 9 !m all ! bitt] feel+s eng5d]$ by ! pa/ /ruggles ( mank9d4 ,?is survival is giv5 /r5g? by class int]e/s1 pride ( race1 & by ! manipulations ( plutocratic control4 ,:]e affairs are h&l$ by a n>r[ circle ( m51 no matt] h[ high-m9d$ & h[ ?or\ghly consci\s ( _! public responsibility1 yet ) ! necess>y limitations ( ! human m9d1 !y _c b be influ5c$ at e turn by ! op9ions ( o!rs ) :om !y are actually 9 contact2 s t 9 decisions on ^! mom5t\s matt]s1 ! ?+ :i* is concretely pres5t is v (t5 an int]e/ comp>atively n>r[ 9 itself1 & relat$ to ! public welf>e only by a s]ies ( remote inf]5ces :i* are accept$ at _! face value4 ,! mo/ successful /atesman ( ! n9ete5? c5tury said t ! :ole ,balkan "q 0 n wor? ! bones ( "o ,pom]anian gr5adi]2 yet 8 successors 9 p[] risk$ ! v exi/5ce ( ! nations ( ,europe = "o phase ( t "q4 ,p[]ful int]e/s w always h means1 =mal or in=mal1 to lay _! ne$s & desires be=e ! m5 9 p[]4 ,!y may inde$ be v important & may des]ve special att5tion1 b un=tunately1 _m cases h happ5$ 9 :i* _! po9t ( view has be5 adopt$ )\t mak+ sure t !re exi/$ a g5]al public int]e/ suffici5tly important to w>rant tak+ ! risks involv$4 ,a diplomatic ca/e recruit$ f a c]ta9 class ( society1 tra9$ 9 ! traditions ( au?ority1 9 contact all ! "t ) m5 ( simil> views & pr9ciples1 _c 9 ! nature ( ?+s free itself f ! limitations ( su* environm5t & su* tra9+4 ,f ! p]sonal po9t ( view diplomacy has adh]$ to ! belief 9 ! sup]ior intellig5ce1 ability & =esight 9 ! h&l+ ( =eign affairs1 on ! "p ( ^? :o by inh]it$ traditions & special exp]i5ce may be said to belong to a ca/e di/+ui%$ f ! mass ( humanity4 ,"s "o has said1 !re is a great dang] 9 t !re exi/s a ca/e ( p :o h tak5 ! mak+ ( hi/ory z _! pr(ession2 :o /ill cl+ to ! errone\s idea t ! manipulation ( l>ge masses ( p1 ! r$i/ribution ( t]ritories1 & ! modification ( ! natural processes ( gr\p+ & settlem5t1 is hi/ory4 ,b su* p :o believe !y are mak+ hi/ory are really ob/ruct+ x4 ,ev5 s unusual a man z ,bism>ck1 work+ z he did on a great national problem1 did n ga9 la/+ success 9 action :]eby he endeavor$ to anticipate ! developm5ts ( hi/ory4 ,! artful contrivance & h>%1 ru?less execution ( _m ( 8 plans left a h]itage ( evil to ! _w2 b ! greate/ evil lay 9 ! example giv5 by s successful a man 9 mak+ x seem t hi/ory c\ld actually ?us be made4 ,! attitude :i* is tak5 9 behalf ( su* m51 9 claim+ = !m a completely free & full discretion 9 controll+ =eign affairs1 recalls a /atem5t made by ,h4 ,g4 ,wells conc]n+ a ,briti% lead]3 8,he believes t he belongs to a p>ticul>ly gift$ & privileg$ class ( be+s to :om ! lives & affairs ( common m5 are giv5 ov]--! raw mat]ial = brilliant c>e]s4 ,x seems to him an act ( insol5ce t ! common man %\ld =m judgm5ts on matt]s ( /atecraft40 ,! diplomats ( ! old s*ool inde$ d require ! p1 b only z mat]ial ) :i* to "w out _! gr&iose projects4 ,_! view n too di/antly resembles t ( ! ,g]man milit>i/s to :om ord9>y humanity exi/$ only = "o purpose1 8to d _! damn'd duty40 ,we %\ld naturally expect to f9d ! greate/ secrecy & ! mo/ call\s use ( secretive me?ods1 :]e absolutism rema9s mo/ completely e/abli%$4 ,9 ! la/ rema9+ absolutism1 t ( ,japan1 ^! expectations are fulfill$1 bo? z reg>ds c>efully-gu>d$ secrecy ( all diplomatic action1 & ! habitual use ( well phras$ decl>ations ( a !oretical policy1 ann\nc$ = public consumption1 b be>+ only a ,platonic relation to ! details ( actual do+s4 ,b m lib]ally gov]n$ /ates h n by any means all fre$ !mselves f ?is practice1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( fai?fully keep+ ! repres5tative bodies1 & ! public1 in=m$ ( ! true "* & aims ( important national policies4 ,dur+ ! discussions ( ! la/ few ye>s1 a great _m rem$ies = ?is /ate ( affairs h be5 sugge/$4 ,! ,con/itutional practice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 tak5 z a model 9 ,engl& 9 ! sugge/ion t !re %\ld be a repres5tative committee on =eign affairs 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :i* %\ld keep 9 con/ant t\* ) ! diplomatic (ficials & sup]vise ! conduct ( =eign relations2 t !re %\ld be at lea/ two days giv5 to ! discussion ( ! ,=eign ,(fice ,vote2 t !re %\ld be full reports made on ! progress ( all important negotiations2 & t treaties & alliances %\ld n be conclud$1 nor w> made1 )\t a previ\s au?orization on ! "p ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! la/ =mal proposal ( ?is k9d 0 ! motion made 9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ! opposition to :i* by ,mr4 ,balf\r has already be5 allud$ to4 ,t he %\ld object p>ticul>ly to ! pry+ into =eign affairs on ! "p ( p]sons 8n responsible10 & by 8politicians10 t ! propos$ committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons %\ld be ?us *>act]iz$1 ?r[s light on ! prejudices involv$2 b x also reveals ! absurdity ( ! pres5t arrangem5t f ! po9t ( view ( free gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,france !re has exi/$1 s9ce #aijb1 a /&+ committee on =eign & colonial affairs 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies4 ,:5 he 0 premi]1 9 #aibj1 ,signor ,giolliti introduc$ a bill c>ry+ ! foll[+ provision3 8,treaties & ,int]national und]/&+s1 :atev] be _! subject & "*1 are valid only aft] !y h be5 approv$ by ,p>liam5t4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,k+ c decl>e w> only ) ! approval ( ! two ,*amb]s40 ,! m9i/ry ( ,giolliti fell be=e ?is s\nd measure c\ld be pass$4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r _m ( ! arrangem5ts sugge/$ c\ld be m ?an palliatives1 z long z an intellig5t & con/ant public int]e/ 9 =eign affairs has n be5 ar\s$1 & z long z ! absoluti/ aspect ( =eign policy cont9ues4 ,! sugge/ion t w> %\ld n be made )\t a previ\s national ref]5dum1 has inde$ logic on its side f ! po9t ( view ( ! democratic !ory ( /ate1 b x has ?us f> n ent]$ into ! /ate ( practical consid]ation4 ,! mo/ important rem$y z yet attempt$ is ! provision 9 ! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league ( ,nations1 t all treaties %all be made public4 ,no great] enc\ragem5t1 inde$1 c\ld be giv5 to ! gr[? ( confid5ce & ! de/ruction ( baneful suspicions & fe>s1 ?r\gh\t int]national life1 ?an if x 7 possible to assure ! nations ( ! _w t all engagem5ts impos+ int]national obligations ( any k9d :atsoev] w\ld be made kn[n imm$iately ^u _! conclusion4 ,?is provision ( ! ,cov5ant has already gone into =ce1 & num]\s new treaties h be5 submitt$1 ev5 by gov]nm5ts :o are n z yet memb]s ( ! ,league4 ,b c]ta9 gov]nm5ts h delay$ compliance 9 cases :]e treaties are kn[n to h be5 made secretly4 ,z !re is no specific sanction = ?is provision 9 ! ,cov5ant1 & z actually b9d+ agreem5ts c be made )\t tak+ ! =m ( a treaty or conv5tion1 ?is rem$y is n 9 itself p[]ful en\gh to remove ! evil4 ,if two or ?ree /ates are will+ to keep an engagem5t secret at ! risk ( lat] incurr+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( opprobrium :5 ! fact is discov]$1 !re is no means z yet available = oblig+ !m to ab&on su* c\rse4 ,nev]!less1 ?is provision ( ! ,cov5ant con/itutes a great advance 9 ! "w ( plac+ ! public bus9ess ( ! _w on ! only s\nd basis1 & cultivat+ t confid5ce ^u :i* dep5ds ! future immunity ( mank9d f con/ant dang] ( suff]+ & de/ruction4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 n be a real rem$y until ! nations agree actually to outlaw all secret agreem5ts z a conspiracy aga9/ ! g5]al welf>e & safety4 ,! o!r important advance made 9 ! ,cov5ant is f\nd 9 ! provisions = ! inve/igation ( any cause ( conflict be=e ho/ilities %all be resort$ to4 ,if aft] ! fir/ %ock ( excitem5t1 :i* accompanies ! revelation ( a s]i\s int]national crisis1 public op9ion c be giv5 a c]ta9 space ( "t to in=m itself1 !n x may inde$ be hop$ t a diff]5t temp] w control ! giv+ ( ! fateful doom ( w>4 ,z ,c\nt ,cz]n9 has /at$1 on ! night ( ,augu/ #d1 #aiad1 betwe5 ! h\rs ( n9e & midnight ! decision z to :e!r ,engl& w\ld come into ! w>1 lay ) ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t4 ,a sy/em "u :i* su* trem5d\s issues h to be decid$ 9 su* a mann]1 is absurd to ! v]ge ( insanity4,e ,e ,a ,g]man writ] puts ! blame = ! outbreak ( ! w> on ! telegraph4 ,he says t if !re _h be5 no telegraphic communication betwe5 ! capitals1 ! fatal crisis w\ld n h aris52 !re w\ld h be5 "t = reflection & a decision to make w> w\ld nev] h be5 tak5 9 blood4 ,:ile ! above arrangem5ts1 if !y c\ld be effectively c>ri$ out1 w\ld und\bt$ly s]ve to mod]ate ! evils :i* n[ result f ! conduct ( int]national affairs on s n>r[ a basis1 yet x is difficult to expect f !m m ?an relatively sup]ficial results4 ,x is only if a new _s c be develop$ among ! nations1 & if ! absoluti/ conception ( ! /ate z f> z x /ill rema9s1 c be trans=m$ into some?+ m consonant ) ! complexity & delicacy ( human relation%ips1 t we may hope to hail ! dawn ( a new era4 ,x w\ld be z great a trans=mation z t :i* sep>ates ! ,pagan f ! ,*ri/ian ideal4 ,mank9d is /ill some:at bl9d$ by ! glitt] & pageantry ( ! absoluti/ /ate2 ! pride ( p[] manife/s itself n[ p>ticul>ly 9 =eign int]c\rse4 ,:5 ,portugal became a republic1 x desir$ at fir/ to aboli% ! entire diplomatic e/abli%m5t1 & to all[ all int]national bus9ess to be done by ! consuls4 ,t proposal may h result$ f an in/9ctive feel+ t !re 0 some?+ incompatible betwe5 a really free community1 & ! s5se ( absolute p[] embodi$ 9 diplomacy4 ,a *ange c be br\ght ab\t only :5 ! und]ly+ unity ( mank9d is m int5sely felt & :5 ! common int]e/s 9 sci5ce1 comm]ce1 indu/ry & ! univ]sal language ( art are valu$ at _! true importance to ! welf>e ( ! p ( all nations4 ,jo9t ef=t 9 ! con/ructive "w ( develop+ res\rces1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! tropics1 w make x possible = va/ly increas$ populations to live 9 com=t on _! pres5t sites1 )\t ! ne$ ( cr[d+ ea* o!r4 ,a high] valuation ( humanity1 a m j proportion 9 ! influ5ce p]mitt$ diff]5t int]e/s1 a ke5] scrut9y ( traditions & wat*-words--all ?is is necess>y4 ,m5 & wom5 to-day feel an int5se appreh5sion1 :5 !y ?9k ( ! fate ( _! *ildr5 9 a _w 9 :i* ! unreason+ prejudices & un5light5$ practices t h rec5tly aga9 come to ! =e 9 int]national life %\ld prevail1 leav+ mank9d 9 a daz$ confusion1 & pu%+ ! p f "t to "t into :olesale slaught] ) ev] m horrible in/rum5ts ( de/ruction4 ,!y feel also t if secret policies1 eng5d]+ fe>s & suspicion1 are to cont9ue to be ! dom9ant factor1 !n all improvem5t 9 human welf>e1 education & sci5ce1 w h to be 9 a l>ge measure po/pon$ to ! prep>ation ( con/antly m =midable eng9es ( dea?4 ,"o _c b rememb] ! wor/ imprecations ( ! ,greek tragic poets & philosoph]s1 on ! mis]able de/9y ( man4 ,9 fact1 if we %\ld h to believe t no bett] way c\ld be f\nd to manage ! vital int]e/s ( mank9d1 a great natural cata/rophe1 :i* w\ld ext+ui% once & = all ! mis]able bre$ on ?is planet1 w\ld almo/ appe> 9 ! light ( a r$emption4 ,b we _c believe t ! peoples ( ! _w w be s fooli% z to all[ !mselves to rema9 9 ?is condition & n to f9d _! way to a reorganization ( public affairs :i* w make su* a haphaz>d & p]il\s situation impossible4 ,x seems pla9 t ! idea ( ! /ate & ( /ate action w h to be trans=m$ 9 accordance ) ! great] self-consci\sness ( humanity :i* has develop$ 9 ! la/ c5tury1 or ! desire to scrap ! political /ate & to f9d "s m adequate & natural =m ( organization w rapidly ga9 9 /r5g?4 ,mean:ile1 !re is a ne$ ( ! =mation ( a great freemasonry ( all publici/s1 political m5 & tea*]s ( ! p1 unit$ 9 ! resolve to "k & make kn[n ! ess5tial elem5ts 9 curr5t int]national affairs1 to ar\se ! public to a s5se ( ! importance ( ^! matt]s to _! e-day life1 & to support ! m5 m directly responsible = ! conduct ( =eign policy1 ) an intellig5t1 se>*+1 reasonable & broad public op9ion4 ,,xiv ,,rec5t ,,am]ican ,,exp]i5ce ,up until a rec5t date ,am]icans c\ld contemplate ! play ( secret diplomacy 9 ,europe & ,asia ) a feel+ ( entire alo(ness1 z belong+ to a political society :i* _h nei!r ne$ nor incl9ation to utilize su* me?ods4 ,our unm5ac$ cont95tal position1 ! natural protection & sep>ation impli$ 9 di/ance & ocean b\nd>ies1 & ! consci\s int5tion ( keep+ cle> ( int]national entanglem5ts1 all contribut$ to make ! =eign policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates entirely public & /raight=w>d4 ,! fa!rs ( ! ,con/itution _h e/abli%$ ! s\nd pr9ciple t treaties are ! law ( ! l&4 ,?is n only involves mature consid]ation ( a treaty be=e x is made1 b publicity z well4 ,! ,am]ican p h kn[n at all times :at obligations _h be5 incurr$1 & ! _w _h ! same in=mation4 ,!re has be5 no room = guesswork & suspicion4 ,! in/ructions :i* 7 issu$ to ,john ,jay :5 he 0 s5t z special envoy to ,engl& 9 #agid lay d[n ! foll[+ rule ( conduct3 8,x is ! ,presid5t's wi% t ! *>act]i/ics ( an ,am]ican m9i/] %\ld be m>k$ on ! "o h& by a firmness aga9/ improp] compliances1 & on ! o!r by s9c]ity1 c&or1 tru? & prud5ce1 & by a horror ( f9esse & *icane40 ,^! /raight=w>d words began a tradition :i* has ev] s9ce animat$ ! ,am]ican diplomatic s]vice4 ,:5 aft] ! ,spani% w>1 "u ,secret>y ,hay1 ,am]ican diplomacy ent]$ m fully into _w-wide problems ?an 9 any previ\s era1 ! expression 8! new diplomacy0 0 curr5tly us$ 9 a laudatory s5se to designate :at ,hay _h impli$ :5 9 a public address he _h decl>$ ! ,gold5 ,rule to be ! c>d9al pr9ciple ( ,am]ican diplomacy--an ideal :i* makes secrecy & intrigue unnecess>y4 ,9 ord] to give ! public an opportunity ( in=m+ itself conc]n+ ! conduct & developm5t ( =eign affairs1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t has f an e>ly date publi%$ an annual collection ( diplomatic correspond5ce4 ,s9ce #ahfa1 ?is publication is kn[n z ,pap]s ,relat+ to ! ,=eign ,relations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 =m]ly publi%$ )9 two or ?ree ye>s ( ! ye> to :i* x relat$1 b dur+ ! w> ?is int]val 0 consid]ably ext5d$4 ,! prec$5ts & pr9ciples elaborat$ 9 ! diplomatic correspond5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 collect$1 codifi$ & publi%$ 9 a v important & useful comp5dium by ,francis ,:>ton1 "u ! title ( ,dige/ ( ,int]national ,law4 ,?is "w 0 exp&$1 amplifi$ & br\ght d[n to date by ,pr(4 ,john ,bassett ,moore1 "u ! same title1 9 #aijf4 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance1 n only z a repository ( diplomatic & legal prec$5t1 b z a def9ite & public record ( ! position tak5 by ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t on all int]national que/ions t _h aris5 up to ! date ( its publication4 ,! prep>ation ( su* dige/ on ! "p ( o!r gov]nm5ts is highly to be desir$ = ! purpose ( cl>ify+ int]national law & policy1 & = giv+ !m a s\nd basis ( reason & exp]i5ce ^u :i* ! p & gov]nm5ts may rely4 ,! fact t a prec$5t report$ 9 ?is dige/1 might be cit$ aga9/ ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t z an admission1 does n imply a disadvantage :i* w\ld at all (fset ! b5efits result+ 9 g5]al f public k4 ,) respect to ! details ( negotiation1 !re are confid5tial relation%ips :i* h always be5 obs]v$ by ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4 ,ord9>y consid]ations ( c\rtesy require t ^? :o may speak to u frankly 9 confid5ce %all n be made to suff] by be+ quot$ & ?us p]haps be expos$ to misund]/&+ & criticism4 ,on our "p1 9 prep>+ a s\nd basis ( action1 favorable z well z unfavorable matt]s h to be consid]$2 yet !re is ord9>ily no ne$ ( publicly adv]tis+ ! %ortcom+s ( individuals & gov]nm5ts z set =? 9 reports on su* unfavorable matt]s4 ,su* consid]ate action is n bas$ on a desire to mislead or to take advantage1 b to save unnecess>y irritation4 ,= ! purpose ( p]mitt+ complete fre$om ( discussion & ( criticism )\t ! risk ( giv+ (f5se1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 z a matt] ( its ord9>y proc$ure1 goes into secret session :5 discuss+ a treaty submitt$ to x4 ,!re h1 h[ev]1 be5 sev]al exceptions4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! debates on ! ,bay>d-,*amb]la9 ,fi%]ies ,treaty ( #ahhh1 on ! ,taft arbitration treaties ( #aiab1 & on ! ,nic>agua ,treaty ( #aiaf1 7 c>ri$ on1 & conclud$1 9 op5 session4 ,_m s5ators are 9 favor ( mak+ ?is ! common practice4 ,be=e ! w>1 z ,pr(4 ,john ,bassett ,moore1 ^: k ( ! records is unequal$1 said to me1 ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t _h no secrets :atsoev]1 ) ! exception ( p]sonnel reports4 ,we1 too1 h[ev]1 c dep>t f a well-e/abli%$ tradition1 z is %[n by our diplomatic hi/ory dur+ ! w>4 ,i d n believe x w ev] be *>g$ t 9 any matt] big or little ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t s\ght n>r[1 selfi% advantages4 ,secrecy due to su* motives1 !re 0 none4 ,!re 0 no ,am]ican policy or ent]prise t ne$$ concealm5t1 ap>t f milit>y policies & /rategy dur+ a w>4 ,:5 ,i glanc$ ov] at ! end ( my mission 9 ,pek+ ! extra-confid5tial cable correspond5ce1 ,i 0 inw>dly amaz$ by ! entire lack ( any?+ t really ne$$ conceal+1 9 t closely gu>d$ dossi]4 ,yet ,am]ican diplomacy did dur+ ! w> fall some:at "u ! spell ( ! traditional me?ods /ill 9 vogue 9 ,europe4 ,we 7 n a p>ty to any secret engagem5ts = ! division ( spoils aft] ! w>1 al?\gh f ! "t ( ! peace conf]5ce on1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t 0 ex]cis$ mo/ly 9 secret1 & ! agreem5ts subsidi>y to ! g5]al settlem5t 7 secretly sign$4 ,^! did n conta9 any apportionm5t ( advantage to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b on ! contr>y 7 suppos$ to conta9 ! ne>e/ approa* to ! equitable ideas ( ,am]ican policy :i* 01 "u exi/+ conditions1 obta9able4 ,b ?r\gh\t ?is try+ p]iod ! conduct ( ,am]ican diplomacy did n re/ on ! f\ndation ( a cont9u\s1 frank appeal to ! public op9ion ( our own nation or ( ! _w4 ,ev5 be=e ! armi/ice "s v important matt]s 7 dealt ) 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,?\gh ! p]man5t importance ( ! ,lans+-,i%ii note z affect+ 9 a concrete & specific way ! def9ition ( rights & policies 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ is v d\btful1 yet 9 its imm$iate effect "u all ( ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 ?is 0 c]ta9ly a notewor?y docum5t to issue f ! ,am]ican =eign (fice4 ,yet1 its conception & execution 0 absolutely surr\nd$ ) secrecy s t n ev5 ! high (ficials normally consult$ 9 su* matt]s1 ) ! exception ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate himself1 7 in=m$ z to :at 0 com+4 ,?is secrecy work$ entirely 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,japanese gov]nm5t4 ,by privately giv+ out ! agreem5t 9 ,japan & 9 ,*9a be=e ! date :5 its publication _h be5 agre$ ^u1 ! ,japanese gov]nm5t succe$$ to a c]ta9 ext5t & = a "t1 9 giv+ ?is matt] ! appe>ance ( a great ,japanese diplomatic victory & ( a highly important concession on ! "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is n necess>y to recall ! g5]al disillusionm5t t came ab\t :5 ,presid5t ,wilson agre$ to ! policy ( secrecy at ! peace conf]5ce4 ,und\bt$ly ?is decision 0 bas$ on ! motive to secure1 ) a promptness requir$ by ! /ress ( ! times1 a settlem5t :i* w\ld 9 g5]al comm5d itself to ! s5se ( ju/ice ( ! _w1 al?\gh x might necess>ily conta9 details :i*1 if publi%$ by !mselves1 w\ld cause l5g?y public discussion & delay ! f9al solution4 ,if su* an expectation 0 ent]ta9$1 x 0 n z a matt] ( fact fulfill$ 9 ! results ( ^! secret consultations4 ,! me?od adopt$ did n favor ! broad & p]man5t view1 b r ! m %ortsight$ b>ga9+ 9 :i* ! old diplomacy excels4 ,9 _! solutions nei!r ! consultations ( ! peace conf]5ce1 nor ! subsequ5t diplomatic negotiations among ! ,allies1 got beyond ! old me?ods ( b>t]+ ! de/9ies ( small & weak peoples1 :i* _h be5 us$ by ! ,congresses ( ,vi5na & ( ,b]l9 ) disa/r\s results4 ,! v>i\s conf]5ces ( #aiai to #aibj record$ a complete return to ! sy/em ( secret diplomacy1 to su* an ext5t t x appe>$ con/antly z if ! pl5ipot5ti>ies fe>$ to let _! do+s be kn[n4 ,ev5 :5 !re 0 no reason f any po9t ( view = concealm5t1 in=mation came out 9 a r\ndab\t fa%ion :i* left ! public m9d confus$2 z = in/ance 9 ! giv+ out ( a decision reg>d+ ! fate ( ,con/ant9ople1 & 9 ! reports conc]n+ ! text ( ,presid5t ,wilson's ,adriatic memor&um :i* 7 curr5t be=e its publication4 ,f ! entanglem5ts ( ?is proc$ure ,am]ican diplomacy did n keep itself free1 nor did x1 at ?is "t1 assi/ ! _w 9 f9d+ a m /raight=w>d me?od m 9 accord ) ,am]ican political exp]i5ce4 ,! disadvantages ( secret me?ods ( transact+ public bus9ess h be5 br\ght home to ! ,am]ican p ?r\gh sev]al incid5tal matt]s ( no small importance4 ,x evid5tly 0 ! int5tion ( ,presid5t ,wilson to res]ve ,am]ican rights z to ! ,isl& ( ,yap :i* is a vital l9k 9 ! *a9 ( cable communication betwe5 ,am]ica & ! ,f> ,ea/1 & a res]vation ( ?is k9d is indicat$ by ref]5ces 9 ! (ficial m9utes1 ?\gh n by a writt5 protocol4 ,)\t ! k ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,league ( ,nations lat] dispos$ ( ! m&ate = all ( ! ,nor? ,pacific ,isl&s4 ,z ?is action 0 secret1 x c\ld n be kn[n :e!r ! ,am]ican int]e/ be>+ on ,yap ,isl& _h be5 safegu>d$ or n4 ,x 0 /at$ z late z ,janu>y #bf1 #aiba1 t ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t 0 n 9 possession ( ! great] "p ( ! m9utes ( ! ,peace ,conf]5ce4 ,not)/&+ ! prote/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,japan bas$ h] claim to ! ,nor? ,pacific ,isl&s on ! secret treaties made dur+ ! w>4 ,! secrecy ( ! peace conf]5ce1 & ! revelations be=e & dur+ its sessions1 conc]n+ ! secret treaties = ! division ( ! spoils1 produc$ a great disillusionm5t 9 ! public m9d4 ,! fact t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?\gh ask$ to make enorm\s sacrifices 9 ! common cause _h be5 kept 9 ! d>k conc]n+ at lea/ "s ( ^! treaties1 & p>ticul>ly ( ^? :i* affect$ its own int]e/1 did n inspire ! ,am]ican public ) any confid5ce 9 ! g5]al conduct ( affairs among ! nations4 ,aft] ! adj\rnm5t ( ! conf]5ce ! ,am]ican ,presid5t & ,gov]nm5t /ill cont9u$ to take a "p 9 ! v>i\s attempts to settle out/&+ que/ions1 p>ticul>ly ) respect to ! ,adriatic4 ,:5 ,presid5t ,wilson t[>ds ! end ( ,febru>y1 #aibj1 address$ a note to ! alli$ p[]s conc]n+ ! ,adriatic settlem5t1 ! docum5ts & negotiations :i* _h gone be=e 7 entirely unkn[n to ! public4 ,on ,decemb] #i1 #aiai1 an agreem5t _h be5 sign$ by ,great ,brita91 ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,und]secret>y ,polk sign+ = ! latt]4 ,on ,janu>y #i?1 ! ,briti% & ,fr5* premi]s _h agre$ ) ! ,italian premi] on a modifi$ plan ( settlem5t4 ,on ,febru>y #aj?1 ! ,am]ican ,secret>y ( ,/ate wrote a note conta9+ ,presid5t ,wilson's objections to ! plan ( ,janu>y #i?4 ,! alli$ premi]s repli$ to ?is note on ,febru>y #ah?4 ,all ^! agreem5ts & ?is correspond5ce 7 kept secret1 nor 0 ,presid5t ,wilson's f9al answ] giv5 out = "s "t2 only m or less accurate progno/ications appe>$ 9 ! press4 ,! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t at ?is "t 0 at a disadvantage 9 n p>ticipat+ 9 ! negotiations directly2 ! ,am]ican ambassador at ,p>is 0 invit$ f "t to "t to he> :at ! conf]5ce ( premi]s c>$ to tell him1 b ! proce$+s ( ! conf]5ce 7 app>5tly n transmitt$ to ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,briti% press at ! "t q g5]ally express$ great dissatisfaction ) ! me?ods foll[$ by ! diplomats4 ,! ,we/m9/] ,gazette wrote3 8,! :ole ( bo? peoples is acutely conc]n$ 9 ! result4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 regi/] a prote/ aga9/ ! mann] 9 :i* ! negotiations are be+ conduct$4 ,!y are be+ c>ri$ on 9 secrecy1 only brok5 by unreliable rumors1 by ! ?ree pr9cipal gov]nm5ts4 ,! peoples h a "r to "k :at is be+ done 9 _! "n1 s t !y may be able to prote/1 if ne$ be1 aga9/ decisions :i* may affect _! future relations40 ,! ,times prote/$3 8,we are n go+ to /& by & h our fri5d%ip & relations ) ,am]ica jeop>diz$ by ! proce$+s ( a triumvirate sitt+ beh9d clos$ doors4 ,! ,am]ican democracy1 we imag9e1 w n be less resolv$ to ass]t _! rights & /ifle ?is ef=t at secret diplomacy40 ,at ?is "t ,mr4 ,bon> ,law1 ! gov]nm5t spokesman 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 d5i$ absolutely t a h>% & uncompromis+ reply _h orig9ally be5 draft$ to ,presid5t ,wilson's despat*1 & t x _h subsequ5tly be5 *ang$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,visc\nt ,grey & ,"l ,rob]t ,cecil4 ,! ,times *>act]iz$ ?is d5ial z 8an example ( v]bal quibbl+ :i* inf]ior intellig5ces mi/ake = diplomacy10 & ma9ta9$ t 8?\gh x may be v]bally true1 x conveys & is design$ to convey :at is untrue02 & ! ,daily ,mail /at$ t ! c\ntry ow$ a debt ( gratitude to ,"l ,grey = 8 activities 9 ! matt]4 ,?is all illu/rates on h[ insecure a f\ndation1 & ) :at *ances ( confusion1 public op9ion has to "w 9 matt]s ( =eign affairs :]e ! practices ( ! old diplomacy are foll[$4 ,! ,am]ican p at ?is "t v ne>ly lo/ pati5ce ) ! entire bus9ess1 & turn$ away f ,european affairs ) complete disgu/4 ,?is is ! mo/ out/&+ effect produc$ by ! secret diplomacy ( ,europe z f> z ! ,am]ican p are conc]n$4 ,! dang] n[ is t _! feel+ ( disgu/ & confusion1 & _! impati5ce ) ! selfi% & %ortsight$ manipulations ( ,european diplomacy1 w ov]-emphasize ! desire ( ,am]ica to live by & = h]self alone4 ,if su* a mood & temp] %\ld prevail1 x w\ld be a great loss to ,am]ica & to ! _w4 ,at no "t has ! _w ne$$ ,am]ica m ?an at pres5t1 n s mu* f ! po9t ( view ( direct economic assi/ance1 z on acc\nt ( ! fact t ,am]ican exp]i5ce1 pr9ciples & ideals con/itute at ! pres5t "t ! hope ( ! peoples ( ! :ole _w2 & ,am]ica c\ld1 if %e desir$1 ex]cise an enorm\s influ5ce 9 mak+ ! popul> desire = su* action active1 vital & fruitful4 ,b ev5 aside f ! g5]al confid5ce :i* is felt by ! peoples ( ,europe & ,asia 9 ! "* & ideals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re are a great _m specific contributions :i* ,am]ica c\ld make to ! solution ( ,european problems4 ,no matt] h[ mu* we %all desire dur+ ! next decade to hold alo( f ,europe & to conc5trate on our own affairs1 nev]!less1 %\ld ,european affairs g radically wrong ?r\gh a con/ant d5ial & deception ( ! hopes & aspirations ( ! p = hone/ & s5sible solutions1 ,am]ica 9 ! end w aga9 h to %>e ! burd5 ?us laid on ! %\ld]s ( mank9d4 ,! fundam5tal ,am]ican pr9ciple t treaties h ! =ce & /atus ( law conta9s 9 itself ! promise ( solv+ "s ( ! wor/ tr\bles ( ! _w1 if x c\ld be g5]ally appli$4 ,am]ica %\ld cont9ue1 = h] own safety & t ( ! _w1 to use h] :ole influ5ce = mak+ t pr9ciple a "p ( ! univ]sal public law4 ,no int]national engagem5t %all be b9d+ unless ratifi$ by a repres5tative body1 & publi%$ to all ! nations4 ,o!rwise x %all be absolutely void1 & %all n give rise to any rights or obligations2 9 fact1 an attempt to make an agreem5t contr>y to ^! conditions %all be consid]$ an act ho/ile to ! peace ( ! _w4 ,t %\ld be ! recogniz$ law4 ,no?+ %[s s cle>ly h[ human developm5t has halt$ at ?is po9t1 z ! fact t x %\ld /ill require an argum5t to %[ ! necessity ( publicity & lawfulness ) respect to ! mo/ ess5tial int]e/s ( ! va/ populations t make up ! int]national family4 ,! record & con/ant practice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z well z h] great actual & pot5tial p[]1 fit h] above all o!rs to be a lead] 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,! ,am]ican nation possesses a great moral capital 9 ! confid5ce & tru/ t ! peoples ( ! _w repose 9 x4 ,no matt] if unsympa!tic *anc]ies %\ld plot to prev5t ,am]ica f mak+ h] influ5ce felt 9 ! affairs ( ! _w1 no matt] h[ ,european diplomacy may occasionally sne] at ,am]ican idealism1 ! peoples !mselves1 great & small1 includ+ p>ticul>ly ^? areas s imm5sely important--,russia & ,*9a--w\ld will+ly look to ,am]ica = lead]%ip & guidance1 ) complete tru/ & confid5ce4 ,:5 ?is is fully realiz$1 we %all also be able to judge h[ vitally :at ,am]ica /&s = 9 ! _w w be /r5g!n$ by a con/ant adh]5ce to op5 & /raight=w>d me?ods 9 int]national int]c\rse4 ,b ,am]ica h]self1 x w be said1 _c fundam5tally *ange ! _s t animates =eign policies1 & br+ ab\t ! univ]sal use ( hone/ & op5 practices4 ,we are liv+ "u a sy/em :i* is ! result ( hi/oric =ces t h n yet fully sp5t !mselves & :i* put ! pot5tial enmity among nations 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,i d n believe t x is necess>y to %ut our eyes to reality & to seek rec\rse 9 a ,utopian policy1 9 ord] to escape ! m5ace inh]5t 9 curr5t int]national practices4 ,if ,am]ica w only n fall 9 l9e ) ! absoluti/ tradition 9 diplomacy1 b w emphasize at all times1 ) all h] influ5ce1 ^? pr9ciples ( int]national conduct :i* our natural fre$om f entanglem5ts has p]mitt$ u to develop z ( actual exp]i5ce1 ,am]ica w contribute 9 a mo/ pot5t mann] to ! realization ( t new _s :i* mu/ surely come to deliv] humanity4 ,t _s is n a m]e ideal1--x is =tunately already pres5t 9 mu* ( int]national practice2 b x ne$s con/antly to be foll[$ up & support$ 9 ord] t x may become ! cu/om>y & in/9ctive guide1 sup]s$+ su* prejudices z are /ill curr5t :i* favor tortu\s manipulation & p]petuate an un9=m$ & confus$ /ate ( ! public m9d4 ,9 ord] to fulfil ?is promise & de/9y ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld h to rely 9 ! fir/ place on ! inh]5t m]it ( h] ideals & pr9ciples ( action1 & on ! support :i* !y w receive f ! approval ( ! peoples ( ! _w4 ,z f> z organiz$ gov]nm5ts g1 z di/+ui%$ f ! p1 "s w be m incl9$ ?an o!rs to cop]ate ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a re=m ( int]national practice4 ,!re is no "q b t ! great majority ( gov]nm5ts w ?us cop]ate1 ?\gh "s ( ! mo/ important may = a "t be left on ! o!r side4 ,) ^? peoples & gov]nm5ts :o are 9 language1 political traditions & g5]al impulses mo/ closely relat$ to u1 !re %\ld gr[ up a p>ticul>ly /rong feel+ ( confid5ce mak+ all our int]c\rse absolutely op54 ,!re c]ta9ly ne$ n be any secrets betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! great commonweal?s ( ,canada & ,au/ralia4 ,our int]e/s1 our condition1 our in/itutions1 all make = ! close/ und]/&+4 ,?r\gh !m !re may be also realiz$ t h>mony :i* ought by e normal reason to exi/ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,engli% p1 & :i* is di/urb$ only f "t to "t :5 ! policy ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t is det]m9$ m f ! po9t ( view ( ! suppos$ ne$s ( ! ,briti% ,empire 9 ,india1 ?an ( t ( ! true tradition ( ! ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,i d n ?9k ( treaties or ( alliances1 b ( some?+ mu* /rong]--an intimate und]/&+ among peoples1 bas$ on mutual tru/ & confid5ce1 & ! consci\sness ( a common de/9y1 common purposes1 & a common belief 9 ! ?+s :i* alone w prev5t civilization f ext+ui%+ itself 9 s5seless hatr$s4 ,,conclusion ,9 mod]n diplomacy !re /ill p]si/s ! image ( ! *ess play]s int5t on _! complicat$ game1 plann+ ea* move ) long =esight ( all ! comb9ations t c\ld possibly be organiz$ by ! oppon5t4 ,9 ! popul> image1 too1 ! great diplomat is conceiv$ z sp9n+ a complicat$ web ( actions & relation%ips 9 :i* e detail is subord9ate & subs]vi5t to a g5]al dom9ant purpose4 ,!n comes ! int]national publici/ & ) +5uity /ill m ref9$ ?an t ( ! imag9$ diplomat1 he reasons out ! inn]mo/ ambitions t dom9ate & inspire ! mak]s ( =eign affairs4 ,s x has rema9$ possible = ! mo/ extravagant imag9>y con/ructions to be put =? 9 volumes ( sob] aspect1 :i* purport to give ! key to diplomacy or to expose ! p]nici\s ambitions ( ?is or t =eign (fice4 ,x has become a game 9 :i* no?+ is impossible to ! con/ructive imag9ation4 ,to any "o famili> ) ! usual me?ods ( =eign (fices & ( diplomatic repres5tatives1 ! idea t =eign affairs are really h&l$ 9 ?is mann]1 l m5tal leg]dema91 becomes q grotesque4 ,complicat$ manipulations ) respect to movem5ts f> 9 ! future1 look+ to /ill m di/ant results1--t k9d ( diplomatic plann+ exi/s m 9 ! imag9ation ?an 9 ! actual conduct ( =eign affairs4 ,9 ! majority ( cases =eign (fices meet ea* situation z x arises1 rely+ inde$ on prec$5ts & hav+ c]ta9 und]ly+ aims & purposes1 b giv+ mo/ att5tion to ! facts imm$iately pres5t & (t5 satisfi$ ) any?+ t w ease a tr\blesome or emb>rass+ situation4 ,=eign (fices inde$ diff] greatly 9 ! def9it5ess & con/ancy ( _! objectives & ! complet5ess ) :i* !y subord9ate details to c5tral aims4 ,! ,russian =eign (fice always _h ! reputation ( great cont9uity ( policy2 x gave ! c5tral place to fundam5tal objectives to :i* problems t arose f day to day c\ld be ref]r$2 & ?us x solv$ !m ) a cumulative effect ^u ! advancem5t ( its political aims4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! old] traditions ( diplomacy1 !re w\ld be a decid$ advantage 9 def9it5ess ( plan & 9 ! h>moni\s subord9ation ( all details to ! ma9 idea4 ,h[ev]1 ! advantage ( ?is me?od is frequ5tly defeat$ ?r\gh ! n>r[ness ( ! objects aim$ at1 :5 diplomatic policy is conceiv$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,imm$iate purposes may inde$ be a*iev$ m readily1 b ! p]man5t results w usually be b>r5 or lead ultimately to conflicts ( =ces4 ,9 su* a sy/em !re is too mu* ab/raction f ! multi=m =ces ( actual life2 & :ile ^? :o pursue x may flatt] !mselves t !y are mak+ hi/ory1 !y are n (t5 build+ 9 accordance ) natural & hi/oric =ces4 ,! concept ( diplomacy :i* has be5 criticiz$ 9 ^! pages does n exclude ! possibility ( imm$iate brilliant success2 b its ineffectiv5ess appe>s :5 we view x ov] long] p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,x is built on too n>r[ a f\ndation4 ,we h se5 t ev5 ) ! greate/ /atesm51 any plan ( action conceiv$ 9 ?is mann] has su* positive limitations t ! v success 9 execut+ su* policies ?r\gh a %rewd play ( diplomatic =ces1 conjures up new dang]s & difficulties4 ,! wisdom ( no man nor small self-conta9$ gr\p ( m5 is at pres5t suffici5t to measure ! ne$s ( society & to trans=m its impulses into effective action4 ,a broad] basis = policy is ne$$4 ,b ! greate/ weakness ( ! old me?od lies 9 ! fact t j at ! v times :5 m5 are mo/ 9 ne$ ( confid5ce & ( a _s ( reason & sane judgm5t1 ?is mode ( action leaves ! public m9d 9 confusion1 excitem5t & ! d>ke/ fe>s4 ,if democracy means any?+1 its significance = ! welf>e ( humanity mu/ lie 9 ! value ( all[+ con/antly m & m m9ds to p>ticipate 9 ! great ?+s ( ! _w4 ,n only w\ld su* p>ticipation seem to be a natural "r ( ! human m9d b also ! ?+s mo/ wor? :ile c be a*iev$ only :5 ! able/ & be/ c freely l5d _! ef=ts4 ,to all ?is a n>r[ sy/em ( secret managem5t by a limit$ hi]>*y is ho/ile4 ,! old diplomacy re/s entirely on skepticism z to ! wisdom & self-control ( ! p4 ,! p are m]ely mat]ial = /atesman%ip4 ,?is conception is bl9d to ! fact t ev]y?+ t is great 9 mod]n life has aris5 ?r\gh ! fre$om ) :i* tal5t may manife/ itself :]ev] f\nd & t 9 all pursuits ( humanity t are wor? :ile1 innum]able m9ds cop]ate1 9 a degree z w>rant$ by _! capacity to br+ ab\t s\nd action & improvem5t4 ,! old] diplomacy assum$ t ! p furni%$ only passive mat]ial = /atesman%ip to "w ^u1 & x saw 9 ! public only pot5tialities = vague & g5]al influ5ces :i* /atesman%ip 9 turn 0 to mold & utilize4 ,! greate/ di/ance x w5t1 0 to admit t national policy mu/ re/ on popul> in/9ct2 a pr9ciple :i* is q compatible ) ! practice ( secret diplomacy4 ,:5 we come to talk ( political in/9cts1 h[ev]1 we are deal+ ) "o ( ! vague/ & mo/ indef9ite concepts kn[n to ?\ght4 ,^! in/9cts may be int]pret$ & giv5 active expression z x suits any diplomatic policy4 ,un=tunately ! 8in/9cts0 mo/ to ! =e are n usually helpful to calm & s\nd action4 ,9 int]national affairs1 an in/9ctive dislike or hatr$ ( any?+ diff]5t has aga9 & aga9 be5 made ! basis ( aggressive action1 /irr+ up o!rwise peaceful populations to w>like & murd]\s int5t4 ,great national policies may (t5 truly be said to re/ on in/9ct 9 ! s5se t undivid$ popul> support is giv5 to a policy f a v>iety ( motives :i* are n cle>ly reason$ out b :i* all express !mselves 9 an ov]p[]+ impulse :i* may be call$ in/9ctive4 ,?us ! ,monroe policy 9 :i* ! mo/ fundam5tal motive is ! desire = peace & = ! safety ( ! cont95tal position ( ! ,am]ican nation1 may be said to re/ on ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,b x is q pla9 t unless :at is "h call$ in/9ct c be trans=m$ into an intellig5t1 wise & discrim9at+ public op9ion1 su* in/9ct is b a %ift+ s&1 af=d+ mat]ial :i* may be mold$ into any desir$ =m by an ambiti\s policy work+ ?r\gh sugge/ion & propag&a4 ,in/9ct c be trans=m$ into a true public policy only ?r\gh publicity & ?r\gh ! tra9+ ( l>ge gr\ps ( m5 to see ?+s ) true eyes & to judge ) reason & wisdom4 ,"h is ! crux ( ! matt]4 ,secret diplomacy treats all except ! inn] (ficial r+ z outsid]s & 8p]sons )\t responsibility40 ,among ^! outsid]s !re may be num]\s p]sons actually bett] qualifi$ ?an ! (ficials !mselves1 ?r\gh exp]i5ce & ?\ght1 to judge ( int]national affairs4 ,no "o c "h assume infallibility4 ,safe c\nsel c come only if ! entire intellig5ce & moral s5tim5t ( a nation c f9d expression & if its fitte/ individuals c conc5trate _! att5tion ^u e great problem z x arises4 ,a s\nd1 j1 wise public policy )\t publicity _c be imag9$4 ,to consid] publicity an evil1 to consid] x z imp$+ ! prop] fl[ ( int]national influ5ces & ob/ruct+ ! solution ( int]national difficulties1 appe>s z an unbelievable p]v]sion :5 we consid] ! true implications ( su* a ?\ght4 ,x is !re=e ine/imably important t ! facts ( int]national life1 ! mat]ials out ( :i* policies are =m$1 %\ld be kn[n freely & fully to ! public ( e nation4 ,! manipulation ( int]national communications = political purposes is ! mo/ s9i/] & dang]\s "p ( ! sy/em ) :i* secret diplomacy is entw9$4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory x is n only n good = ! p to "k ev]y?+ b !y mu/ also be made to "k ?+s ab\t ! tru? ( :i* we ne$ n bo!r our heads b :i* w /imulate ! passions & ar\se ! in/9cts our policy desires to "w ^u4 ,?us ! void left by secrecy1 by a concealm5t ( ! true nature & "* ( int]nationally important matt]s1 is frequ5tly suppli$ by an intellig5ce s]vice c>ry+ di/ort$ & color$ v]sions ( facts2 all ?is confuses & disc\rages ! public m9d to su* an ext5t t x becomes unable to sev] fact f fiction & to =m a consi/5t & firm judgm5t4 ,! abolition ( secret diplomacy is n a matt] ( agree+ to h no m secrets4 ,x is a matt] ( ar\s+ among ! public s p[]ful a det]m9ation to "k1 s /rong a s5tim5t ( ! value ( tru?1 su* a p5etrat+ _s ( inquiry1 t ! secrets w fade away z !y always d :5 ! importance ( a situation is really und]/ood by a l>ge numb] ( p4 ,mean:ile x ne$ n appe> futile to "w = ! positive elim9ation ( secrecy4 ,no "o c d\bt t ! provision ( ! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league ( ,nations1 :i* requires t all treaties %all be made public1 is salut>y & t its en=cem5t w\ld greatly increase public confid5ce4 ,b x is necess>y to g beyond ?is & to outlaw any agreem5t :i* is kept secret1 by mak+ x ! public law ( ! _w t no rights or obligations c be f\nd$ on su* attempts aga9/ ! peace & common welf>e ( ! nations4 ,! p]sonal relation%ips ( diplomacy also require att5tion4 ,! _s ( ! ,diplomatic ,s]vice %\ld be trans=m$ 9 accordance ) ! mod]n organization ( society4 ,! mo/ ess5tial weakness ( ca/e diplomacy lies 9 ! fact t x does n provide means = a suffici5t contact among ! peoples ( ! _w4 ,contact is ma9ta9$ only )9 a n>r[ class4 ,! diplomatic frat]nity lives 9 its own realm ( prec$5ces1 rivalries & traditions4 ,to conf9e ! int]c\rse & int]*ange ( influ5ces s n>r[ly1 is a great weakness ( our pres5t political sy/em4 ,! diplomatic (fice %\ld be conceiv$ z hav+ ! function to repres5t n only ! special national int]e/ ( ! respective c\ntry1 b also1 on an equal plane1 its p>ticipation 9 all ! activities & int]e/s :i* are common to ! nations ( ! _w4 ,! legations & embassies %\ld be provid$ ) a p]sonnel ( atta*s n only = political & milit>y affairs1 b = comm]ce1 education1 sci5ce & social legislation4 ,all ^! matt]s are already dealt ) to "s ext5t by common action among ! nations4 ,! s5d+ ( m9i/]s z delegates to int]national te*nical conf]5ces has (t5 be5 criticiz$ z import+ into su* conf]5ces ! n>r[1 sep>ati/ po9t ( view ( diplomatic politics4 ,x %\ld be exactly ! o!r way2 p>ticipation 9 su* conf]5ces ought to imp>t to diplomats a broad _s ( cop]ation in/ead ( a desire to ma9ta9 intact a !oretical isolation4 ,t is ! ess5ce ( ! matt]4 ,z long z x is suppos$ t by jeal\sly scrut9iz+ e int]national relation%ip f ! po9t ( view ( ab/ract political indep5d5ce1 & assum+ t x is be/ to make ! v lea/ possible contribution ( en]gy & cop]ation1 ! national int]e/ c be mo/ promot$2 s long w diplomatic action cont9ue on a /ra9$ basis1 always be+ pa9fully consci\s ( ! pot5tial enmity among nations4 ,b :5 x is realiz$ t 9 ne>ly e case ! national int]e/1 or ! int]e/ ( ! p ( ! nation :i* ought to be synonym\s !re)1 is be/ advanc$ by :ole-s\l$ cop]ation 9 con/ructive "w 9 comm]ce1 indu/ry1 sci5ce & ! arts1 !n ! political factor ( diplomatic rivalry w assume m j proportions z comp>$ ) ! o!r int]e/s ( humanity4 ,?is bord]s ^u a v broad subject deal+ r ) g5]al int]national policy ?an ) ! specific problems we 7 consid]+2 & yet we ought to be aw>e ( ?is backgr\nd4 ,we ne$ n give up our conviction t ! autonomy ( ! national /ate mu/ be pres]v$ & t ea* political society %all dispose ( its own affairs )9 its bord]s z its wisdom & judgm5t may dictate1 free f int]v5tion f )\t4 ,b complete fre$om ( local self-det]m9ation c re/ only ^u a univ]sal recognition ( t "r 9 all o!rs1 9 a _s ( confid5ce & security eng5d]$ by ! abs5ce ( intrigue & secret ambitions4 ,9 a /ill great] measure does ! happ9ess ( ! national /ate dep5d on free & full cop]ation ) all o!rs 9 all pursuits1 activities & int]e/s common to humanity & 9 mak+ ! e>? a place = dignifi$ & happy human life4 ,unless diplomacy looks =w>d to ?is & helps to br+ x ab\t1 x w rema9 ensn>$ 9 ! old practices :i* ev] lead only to b>r5 results4 ,l9coln's simple fai? 9 ! p has n yet be5 adequately appli$ 9 int]national affairs4 ,int]national action has %[n ! imp]sonal "* ( calculat$ manipulations coldly dispos+ ( ! rights & lives ( millions ) cruel call\sness4 ,! la/ great w> has made u consid] ! relation ( w> sacrifices to ! daily welf>e ( ! p4 ,a great deal ( ! prevail+ unre/ 9 ! _w is und\bt$ly due to a lack ( confid5ce t great affairs are be+ h&l$ ) wisdom & ) reg>d to ! true1 la/+ welf>e ( ! p !mselves4 ,x is difficult to r$uce to p]sonal t]ms relations s ab/ract & g5]al z ^? obta9+ 9 int]national affairs4 ,we ?9k ( ! armies 9 s]ri$ ranks & are impress$ ) ! impact ( _! =ce & ! great feats x may accompli%4 ,b we are too apt to =get ! individual de/9y c>ri$ 9 e brea/1 ! human feel+ 9 e he>t1 among all ! millions t make up ?is eng9e ( p[] & de/ruction4 ,human welf>e r ?an human p[] has n yet be5 made ! con/ant & ov]%ad[+ aim ( diplomacy4 ,t w be done only :5 ! p !mselves dem& t int]national affairs %all be dealt ) 9 a diff]5t _s & ) o!r me?ods4 ,!n we %all h policies t c be av[$ & und]/ood by ! p :o be> ! burd5 & :o pay ! bill4 ,! que/ions :i* we h be5 consid]+ are n di/9ct & isolat$ b are b\nd up ) all t goes t[>d a m adequate organization ( mod]n society4 ,ev5 9 ! indu/ries1 m5 are no long] satisfi$ ) a n>r[ly c5traliz$ control4 ,!y call = in=mation & acc\ntability1 !y claim a %>e 9 managem5t1 at lea/ ( an advisory or consultative nature4 ,all :o contribute 9 be>+ ! risks ( indu/ry dem& to be kept in=m$ ( ! policies & actions ( ! managem5t4 ,9 ev] ext5d+ circles m5 %>e 9 ! responsibility = action tak5 9 _! "n4 ,x is a truism t risk is dim9i%$ & t5ds to disappe> z x is di/ribut$ ov] great] & great] numb]s4 ,"u our pres5t political sy/em nations are c>ry+ a trem5d\s risk 9 int]national affairs--!y are risk+ _! weal?1 ! lives ( _! citiz5s1 _! own v exi/5ce4 ,! responsibility = be>+ ^! risks & = arrang+ ! conditions ( safety is n[ too n>r[ly c5traliz$4 ,x is an elem5t>y dem& ( safety t x %\ld be m widely di/ribut$1 t a l>g] numb] ( compet5t & repres5tative m9ds %\ld take "p 9 c>ry+ ?is burd54 ,& !y %\ld at all po9ts be support$ by a well-in=m$ public op9ion ?r\gh\t ! nation4 ,b !re is a condition t lies /ill deep]4 ,! popul> psy*ology cultivat$ "u ! n>r[ aims ( nationalism has exhau/$ itself 9 int]national matt]s 9 dislike & hatr$ ( ev]y?+ ali5 & ( all t lies beyond ! national pale4 ,su* a /ate ( m9d is ev] ready to act ! bull to any r$ rag ( newspap] s5sationalism4 ,s1 ! inside manag]s ( diplomatic affairs may /ill say ) "s ju/ification1 8,op5 discussion w\ld too mu* excite ! public m9d40 ,?is fundam5tal condition _c be sudd5ly purg$ ( all its pot5cy = evil4 ,only by gradual degrees may an attitude be br\ght ab\t )9 ! national communities :i* w be m j to ! outside _w & to ev]y?+ t is /range & unaccu/om$4 ,:at ! great imag9ative writ]s ( ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury accompli%$ 9 break+ d[n social prejudices & abuses w h to be done = humanity by a new ho/ ( inspir$ mold]s ( human s5tim5t4 ,we may n get rid ( artificial ho/ilities n[ /ill nurtur$ by nationalism1 until ideals ( int]national goodwill & fell[%ip h be5 express$ 9 ! =m ( human exp]i5ce & portray$ z "p ( ! /ruggles & triumphs ( ! individual human s\l4 ,pati5t1 s\nd1 upbuild+ influ5ces %all h to "w p[]fully on ! masses ( m51 & on _! lead]s1 be=e we may f9ally ov]come ! evils t express !mselves 9 practices inh]5t 9 a sy/em su* z t we call 8secret diplomacy10 be=e ! _w may be made an abode ( mutual confid5ce & helpfulness in/ead ( a h\se ( imprisonm5t1 suspicion & t]ror4 ,,%ort ,,bibliography ,,a%ley4 ,life ( ,palm]/on4 ,,bagg]1 ,e4 ,s4 ,c5tral ,european ,conspiracy4 ,n4 ,y4 ,nation1 ,novemb] #ag1 #aibj4 ,,b>?,,lemy1 ,j4 ,dmocratic et politique trangre4 #aiag4 ,"p ,i4 ,,bass1 ,j4 ,f4 ,! ,peace ,tangle4 #aibj4 ,,br[n1 ,,philip4 ,democracy & ,diplomacy4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review4 #aiaf4 ,,calli,,res1 ,f4 ,,de4 ,on ! ,mann] ( ,negotiat+ ) ,pr9ces4 #agaf4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,f4 ,:yte4 #aiai4 ,,coolidge1 ,a4 ,c4 7,,ed474 ,secret ,treaties ( ,au/ria-,hung>y4 #aibj4 ,,cz]n91 ,,c\nt4 ,9 ! ,_w ,w>4 #aiai4 ,,dick9son1 ,g4 ,l4 ,democratic ,control ( ,=eign ,policy4 ,atlantic1 ,augu/1 #aiaf4 ,,dillon1 ,e4 ,j4 ,! ,inside ,/ory ( ! ,peace ,conf]5ce4 #aibj4 ,,fay1 ,s4 ,b4 ,orig9s ( ! ,w>4 ,am4 ,hi/4 ,rev4 #aibj4 ,,fitzmaurice1 ,,"l4 ,life ( ,"l ,granville4 #aije4 ,,gori,,ar & ,l4 ,b4 ,,/[e4 ,inside ,/ory ( ,au/ro-,g]man ,intrigue4 #aibj4 ,,h>ris1 ,,john ,h4 ,! ,*>t]$ ,millions4 ,sw>?more ,press1 ,london4 ,,haya%i1 ,,c\nt4 ,secret ,memoirs4 ,ed4 ,a4 ,m4 ,pooley4 #aiae4 ,,heatly1 ,d4 ,p4 ,diplomacy & ! ,/udy ( ,int]national ,relations4 #aiai4 ,,isvolsky1 ,,alex&]4 ,memoirs4 #aiba4 ,,lab\*]e1 ,,h5ry4 ,life (4 #aiaf4 ,,lane-,,poole1 ,,/anley4 ,! ,life ( ,"l ,/rat=d de ,r$cliffe4 #ahij4 ,,lans+1 ,,rob]t4 ,! ,peace ,negotiations4 #aiba4 ,*apt] #ag4 ,,leutrum1 ,,c\ntess4 ,c\rt & ,diplomacy 9 ,au/ria4 #aibj4 ,,l(tus1 ,,"l ,,augu/us4 ,diplomatic ,rem9isc5ces4 #ahcg-ahfb4 ,,loreburn1 ,,e>l4 ,h[ ! ,w> ,came4 #aiai4 ,,macknight1 ,,?omas4 ,?irty ,ye>s ( ,=eign ,policy4 #ahee4 ,,malmesbury1 ,,e>l ,,(4 ,di>ies & ,correspond5ce4 #ahdd4 ,,maxwell1 ,,sir ,,h]b]t4 ,life ( ,"l ,cl>5don4 #aiac4 ,,mett]ni*4 ,memoirs4 ,,morel1 ,e4 ,d4 ,t5 ,ye>s ( ,secret ,diplomacy4 #f? ,edition4 #aibj4 ,,morel1 ,e4 ,d4 ,pre-,w> ,diplomacy4 #aibj4 ,,murray1 ,,sir ,,gilb]t4 ,fai?1 ,w> & ,policy4 #aiag4 ,"p #f4 ,,my]s1 ,d4 ,p4 ,legislatures & ,=eign ,relations4 ,am4 ,political ,sci5ce ,review4 #aiag4 ,,neilson1 ,,francis4 ,h[ ,diplomats make ,w>4 #aiaf4 ,,ponsonby1 ,a4 ,democracy & ,diplomacy4 #aiai4 ,report ( ! ,select ,committee on ! ,diplomatic ,s]vice4 #ahfa4 ,s,,gur4 ,politique de t\s les cab9ets4 #crd ,edition1 #ahjb4 ,,smi?1 ,,munro4 ,milit>ism & ,/atecraft4 #aiah4 ,,?ompson1 ,g4 ,c4 ,public ,op9ion & ,"l ,beaconsfield4 #ahhf4 ,union = ,democratic ,control4 ,london4 ,publications4 #aibj-aiba4 ,,witte1 ,,c\nt4 ,memoirs4 #aiba4 ,,"y1 ,,george4 ,diplomacy1 ,old & ,new4 #aiba4 ,,zurl9d51 ,s4 ,! 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