,illustration3 ,,arise ,,pray ,,work ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,biographical ,,catalogue ,,of ,,the ,,portraits ,,at ,,longleat ,,in ,,the ,,county ,,of ,,wilts ,,the ,,seat ,,of ,,the ,,marquis ,,of ,,bath ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,biographical ,,catalogue ,,of ,,the ,,portraits ,,at ,,longleat ,,in ,,the ,,county ,,of ,,wilts ,,the ,,seat ,,of ,,the ,,marquis ,,of ,,bath #8,a true delineation1 even of the smallest man1 and his scene of pilgrimage through life1 is capable of interesting the greatest man2 for all men are to an unspeakable degree brothers1 each man's life a strange emblem of every man's1 and human portraits faithfully drawn are1 of all pictures1 the welcomest on human walls4' ,,carlyle4 ,,london3 ,,elliot ,,stock #ahha4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,dedication ,,to ,,the ,,owners ,,of ,,that ,,beautiful ,,home1 ,,endeared ,,to ,,me ,,by ,,the ,,kindness ,,and ,,friendship ,,of ,,three ,,generations1 ,,these ,,pages ,,are ,,inscribed ,,by ,,their ,,faithful ,,kinswoman ,,mary ,,louisa ,,boyle4 ,,london1 ,september #ahha4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,i ,,feel it incumbent upon me to offer a few words of apology for the shortcomings and inequalities of this small work1 and the disproportion of the length of some notices1 and that of others2 but ,i have had many difficulties to contend with since ,i began my pleasant labours1--the absence1 for instance1 of books of reference when travelling1 and still more1 the failure of sight1 which has rendered me more than usually dependent on the kind help of others for description of pictures1 details of dress1 and the like4 ,being essentially a family record1 ,i have given more especial attention to the notices of such personages as were connected1 even remotely1 with the owners of ,longleat1 making1 as a rule1 the records of public1 subservient to those of private1 and domestic life1 excepting1 as in many cases1 where they were closely intertwined4 ,to ,kings and ,queens ,i have usually apportioned but a few lines1 deviating from this rule1 however1 when treating of the ,king and ,queen of ,bohemia1 whose lives read as a romance4 ,i have consulted history by many hands1 and memoirs of all kinds1--,clarendon1 ,burnet1 ,strype1 ,aubrey1 ,conway1 ,granger1 ,lodge1 etc4 etc41 and only refrained from quoting my authorities in footnotes from the fear of swelling a volume already1 ,i fear1 too bulky4 ,to ,canon ,jackson1 for whose invaluable help ,i can offer no adequate thanks1 ,i am indebted for stores of information1 which his well-known local knowledge1 and love1 and power of research1 could alone supply4 ,neither am ,i ashamed to own 7since ,i had his permission7 how largely ,i have helped myself to gifts so freely bestowed4 ,mr4 ,ernest ,law kindly came to my assistance in the vexed question of the portrait of ,francis ,i4 and his ,queen1 for so many years improperly named1 by allowing me to make use of a note belonging to his forthcoming interesting work on ,hampton ,court ,palace4 ,the picture in question has been attributed to different painters1--,sir ,antonio ,more1 ,janet1 and a ,french artist1 ,matre ,amboise1 little known to fame4 ,a similar portrait was painted1 and has been engraved1 of ,charles ,brandon1 ,duke of ,suffolk1 and his wife1 ,mary1 widow of ,louis ,,xii41 ,king of ,france1 but the position of the figures is transposed1 the ,queen 7doubtless in deference to her rank7 being on the right hand4 ,many delightful hours1 both at ,longleat itself1 and in manifold1 and devious wanderings1 have been passed1 in compiling this brief memorial of the portraits in #8the most august house in ,england4' ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,entrance ,,hall ,contains large pictures by ,john ,wootton1 representing the second ,lord ,weymouth1 several gentlemen1 members of the hunt1 attendants1 horses1 hounds1 etc4 etc4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,library4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,library4 ------- ,no4 #a4 ,,first ,,viscount ,,weymouth4 ,oval4 ,brown coat4 ,wig4 ---------- ,no4 #b4 ,,bishop ,,ken4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afcg1 ,,died #agaa4 ,oval4 ,in ,canonicals4 ,black skull-cap4 ,,he was the youngest son of ,thomas ,ken1 of ,furnival's ,inn4 ,born at ,berkhampstead1 county ,herts4 ,the ,kens were a family of great antiquity in ,somersetshire4 ,the future ,bishop was educated at ,winchester and ,new ,college1 ,oxford1 and entered the ,university1 about the year #afef1 at the same time as ,mr4 ,thynne 7afterwards ,lord ,weymouth71 who became the faithful friend of his whole 7subsequent7 life4 ,oxford was at that time in a state of great disorder2--the ,book of ,common ,prayer forbidden2 #8the ,proctor a boisterous fellow at cudgelling1 and foot-ball playing2 the ,vice-,chancellor in ,spanish leather boots1 huge ribbons at the knee1 and his hat mostly cocked4' ,but such examples were lost on ,ken4 ,he pursued his studies with sobriety1 and diligence1 and took his ,degree4 ,in #afff he became a ,fellow of ,winchester ,college1 and was made chaplain to ,morley1 ,bishop of the diocese1 who gave him a living in the ,isle of ,wight4 ,here he was most zealous in his duties1 allowing himself but little sleep1 and 7in the words of a near relation and friend7 #8so lively and cheerful was his temper that he would be very facetious to his friends of an evening1 though he could scarce keep his eyes open1 and he used to sing his morning hymn to his lute before he dressed4' ,in #affi he was appointed ,prebendary of ,winchester1 and travelled to ,italy with his nephew1 who was also the nephew and namesake of the celebrated ,izaak ,walton2 and in #afhb we hear of him on board the ,tangiers fleet1 with ,lord ,dartmouth4 ,the ,princess of ,orange 7afterwards ,queen ,mary of ,england71 whose chaplain he became1 appreciated ,ken's straightforward and uncompromising character4 ,but the ,prince was very wroth with him on one occasion1 when the ,englishman stood forward as champion of a young lady1 at the ,dutch ,court1 who had been wronged4 ,ken insisted that her seducer should marry her1 and he carried his point1 but ,william 7with whom he had not been on friendly terms1 before this event7 resented the interference1 and threatened to deprive his wife's chaplain of his post4 ,the ,princess was in despair when she found her favourite on the eve of departure1 and endeavoured to compromise matters2 but ,ken would brook no half measures1 and told his royal mistress roundly1 that he would not remain in ,holland unless requested to do so by the ,prince1 and that in person4 ,the matter was soon settled according to ,ken's own stipulations2 but shortly afterwards he was back in ,england1 and appointed to a royal chaplaincy by ,charles ,,ii4 ,it seemed his fate1 however1 to fall out with his royal patrons1 for the ,court repairing to ,winchester for the summer1 ,ken's prebendal house was pitched on as a suitable residence for ,madam ,eleanor ,gwynne2 but the merry monarch had reckoned without his host1 in every sense of the word1 and no power on earth could persuade the ,churchman to admit the siren4 ,it speaks well for ,charles that he bore ,ken no ill-will for his resistance1 as he preferred him not long after to the ,see of ,bath and ,wells4 ,but before the new ,bishop entered on his ,episcopal duties1 the ,king fell sick1 and ,burnet bears testimony to the zeal with which ,ken attended ,charles's deathbed1 striving #8to awaken his conscience1 and speaking with great elevation1 as of a man inspired4' ,on the ,king's death1 the ,bishop devoted himself to his ,episcopal duties2 he published several works1 chiefly on divinity1 and1 disgusted with the ignorance of the people in his diocese1 he founded several schools1 trying1 as he said1 #8to lay a foundation to make the next generation better4' ,he was invariably courteous in his demeanour to all men1 so much so1 as to give some members of the ,roman ,catholic faith1 a hope of his conversion2 but he was a staunch ,protestant1 and withstood and denounced ,popery1 regardless of ,court favour4 ,indeed1 he spoke boldly from his own pulpit1 but1 more daring still1 he admonished the ,court on the subject1 calling on them to hold fast by the reformed religion1 and rebuking them for unmanly policy4 ,james ,,ii4 bore with ,ken for a time1 and was said to have done all in his power to gain over one1 who was indeed a staunch champion of the creed1 or opinion he professed2 but ,bath and ,wells would listen to no overtures1 and took his way to the ,tower with the six other prelates4 ,in spite of all these religious differences1 ,ken was loyal to the house of ,stuart1 and when ,william and the ,revolution appeared1 he refused to take the oath of allegiance1 and was in consequence deprived of his bishopric--,william perhaps not unwilling to pay off old scores4 ,ken was much beloved in his diocese1 and when he took his departure he was followed by the prayers and good wishes of all men2 and now that the horizon had clouded over for him1 there rose up a noble and faithful friend1 #8even like unto a brother1 who was born for adversity4' ,lord ,weymouth1 who had been his fellow-collegian at ,oxford1 gladly availed himself of the plea that ,longleat was in the diocese1 and cordially bade the outcast welcome4 ,in that beautiful home did the ex-,bishop reside for twenty years1 treated with the greatest kindness and consideration1 his own apartments assigned him 7near the old library71 allowed to come and go at his own free will1 to enjoy perfect leisure1 to choose and receive his friends1 and pursue his literary labours in peace4 ,lord ,weymouth's only son1 who died before his father1 was of a studious and scholarly turn of mind1 and he and ,ken had friends in common1 among others the celebrated ,elizabeth ,rowe1 daughter of a ,nonconformist minister at ,frome of the name of ,singer4 ,she showed great talent at an early age1 and ,mr4 ,thynne took much pleasure in giving her lessons in ,latin and ,french1 when she came over to ,longleat4 ,dr4 ,harbin1 ,lord ,weymouth's chaplain1 and the ,rev4 ,izaak ,walton of ,poulshot1 ,ken's nephew1 were also members of this pleasant society4 ,had it not been for the failure of his health1 the learned divine might have spent the evening of his days in peace and rest4 ,perhaps we may say he did so1 in spite of his sufferings1 for he accepted every trial in a truly ,christian spirit1 and in a collection of hymns he called #8,anodynes' 7seeing that their composition afforded him solace when unable to prosecute works which required more research and continuity of work71 there is a most pathetic poem on pain1 in which he blesses the pangs that bring him nearer his ,god4 ,he says-- #8,one day of pain improves me more ,than years of ease could do before4 ,by pain ,god me instructs2 ,by pain to endless bliss conducts4' ,and many such passages indicating his entire submission to the ,divine will4 ,his descriptions also of his sleepless nights show us1 we were indebted to that very sleeplessness for his hymns for morning1 evening1 and midnight4 ,there is a tradition that he composed one of these sacred songs at least while reposing on the beautiful hill which overlooks the house1 and is familiarly and fondly called #8,heaven's ,gate4' ,in truth1 it is a spot to inspire a poet as well as a painter1 more especially when radiant with autumnal tints4 ,ken had had enough to do with political troubles1 and wisely abstained from interference in public affairs1 from the moment of his retirement4 ,he refused to acknowledge his first successor to the see1 ,dr4 ,kidder2 but on that prelate's death in #agjc1 he requested ,dr4 ,hooper to accept his congratulations1 signing himself #8,late ,bishop of ,bath and ,wells4' ,the ,queen had a great admiration for ,ken's intellectual and moral reputation1 and made him an allowance4 ,but his bodily infirmities increased2 he went to the hot wells at ,bristol1 and afterwards to pay a visit to ,mrs4 ,thynne1 near ,sherborne1 where he had a stroke2 and wishing to go to ,bath1 he set forward1 but halted at ,longleat1 where he died4 ,surely no one could be better prepared to meet death1 which he called his final friend4 ,the day before he breathed his last1 he told his friends to look in his portmanteau and they would find his shroud1 which he always carried with him1 saying it might as soon be wanted1 as any other of his habiliments4 ,he was buried1 by his own desire1 in the nearest parish within his diocese2 and there1 in ,frome churchyard1 under the east window of the chancel of ,st4 ,john's1 a quaint tomb covers the mortal remains of ,thomas ,ken4 ,many are the pilgrims who still visit that stone coffin1 surmounted by a mitre and pastoral staff4 ,some years after his death1 four volumes of miscellaneous works were published--theological1 devotional1 secular1 in prose and verse4 ,in consequence of the rumours which had been circulated of a leaning towards ,roman ,catholicism1 an extract from his will was made public3--#8,i die in the ,holy ,catholic and ,apostolic faith2 more particularly1 ,i die in the communion of the ,church of ,england1 as it stands distinguished from all ,papal and ,puritanical denominations1 as it adheres to the doctrines of the ,cross4' ,professor ,keble1 in speaking of his forerunner in sacred lyrical composition1 pays a graceful tribute to ,thomas ,ken when he says3--#8,we shall scarcely find in all ecclesiastical history a greener spot than the latter years of this courageous and affectionate pastor1 persecuted alternately by both parties1 and driven from his station in his declining age1 yet singing on with unabated cheerfulness to the last4' ,from all we hear and read indeed of ,ken1 it would seem as if he had reached nearer his own ideal than is the lot of most men4 ,in his description of what a poet should be1 he says-- #8,prophets and poets were of old ,made in the same celestial mould2 ,true poets are a saint-like race1 ,and with the gift receive the grace1 ,of their own songs the virtue feel1 etc4 ,a poet should have heat and light1 ,of all things a capacious sight1 ,serenity with rapture joined1 ,aims noble1 eloquence refined1 ,strong1 modest1 sweetness to endear1 ,expressions lively1 lofty1 clear4 ,such graces can nowhere be found ,except on consecrated ground1 ,where poets fix on ,god their thought1 ,by sacred inspiration taught1 ,where each poetic votary sings ,in heavenly tones of heavenly things4' -------------- ,no4 #c4 ,,anthony ,,ashley ,,cooper1 ,,first ,,earl ,,of ,,shaftesbury4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afba1 ,,died #afhc4 ,in coloured ,chancellor's robes4 ,,son of ,sir ,john ,cooper of ,rockbourne1 county ,hants1 by ,anne1 daughter and sole heir of ,sir ,anthony ,ashley1 ,bart41 of ,wimborne ,st4 ,giles1 county ,dorset1 where the future ,chancellor was born4 ,in his autobiography1 he describes his mother of #8low stature1' as was also the aforesaid ,sir ,anthony1 #8a large mind but his person of the lowest1' while his own father was #8lovely and graceful in mind and person1 neither too high nor too low1' therefore the pigmy body of which ,dryden speaks must have been inherited from the maternal side4 ,sir ,anthony was delighted with his grandson1 and although at the time of the infant's birth1 the septuagenarian was on the point of espousing a young wife1 his affection was in no wise diminished for his daughter1 or her boy4 ,lady ,cooper and her father died within six months of each other4 ,sir ,john married again1 a daughter of ,sir ,charles ,morrison1 of ,cassiobury1 county ,herts1 by whom he had several children4 ,he died in #afca1 leaving the little ,anthony bereft of both parents1 with large but much encumbered estates1 and law-suits pending4 ,many of his own relations being most inimical to his interests1 ,anthony went with his brother and sister to reside with ,sir ,daniel ,norton1 one of his trustees1 who--we once more quote the autobiography--#8took me to ,london1 thinking my presence might work some compassion1 on those who ought to have been my friends4' ,he refers to the suit in which they were now engaged4 ,the boy must have had a winning way with him 7as the old saying goes71 for when only thirteen1 he went of his own accord to ,noy1 the ,solicitor-,general1 and entreated his assistance as the friend of his grandfather4 ,noy was deeply touched1 took up the case warmly1 and gained one suit in the ,court of wards1 stoutly refusing to take any fee whatever4 ,after ,sir ,daniel ,norton's death1 ,anthony went to live with an uncle1 ,mr4 ,tooker1 near ,salisbury1 though it was supposed ,lady ,norton would gladly have kept him under her roof1 with a view to a match with one of her daughters4 ,he says himself1--#8,had it not been for the state of my litigious fortune1 the young lady's sweet disposition had made me look no farther for a wife4' ,in #afcg he went to ,exeter ,college1 ,oxford1 where he #8made such rapid strides in learning as to be accounted the most prodigious youth in the whole ,university4' ,by his own showing1 he was popular with his companions and well satisfied with himself1 indeed a general spirit of self-complacency pervades these pages4 ,in little more than a year he went to ,lincoln's ,inn1 where he appears to have found the theatres1 fencing galleries1 and the like1 more to his taste than the study of the law4 ,an astrologer who was in old ,sir ,anthony's house at the time of the grandson's birth1 cast the horoscope1 and to the fulfilment of these predictions1 may probably be attributed young ,anthony's own predilection for the study of astrology in later days4 ,the horoscope in question foreboded feuds and trouble at an early age1 and some years afterwards the same magician1 foreseeing through the medium of the planets that a certain ,miss ,roberts 7a neighbour without any apparent prospects of wealth7 would become a great heiress1 he endeavoured to persuade his pupil to marry her4 ,the lady did eventually come into a considerable fortune2 but ,mr4 ,tooker1 who was not over-credulous1 had other views at the time for his nephew2 and accordingly1 at eighteen1 ,ashley ,cooper became the husband of ,margaret1 the daughter of my ,lord ,keeper ,coventry1 #8a woman of excellent beauty and incomparable gifts4' ,the young couple resided with the bride's father in ,london1 ,anthony paying flying visits to ,dorsetshire4 ,he was subject to fits1 but even this infirmity redounded to his advantage according to his own version2 how that being in ,gloucestershire on one occasion1 and taken suddenly ill1 #8the women admired his courage and patience under suffering1' and he contrived to ingratiate himself with the electors of ,tewkesbury to some purpose4 ,he gives us an amusing and characteristic description of how he won the favour of the electors and bailiffs of this town by his conduct at a public dinner1 where he and a certain ,sir ,henry ,spiller were guests1 and sat opposite each other4 ,the knight1 a crafty1 perverse1 rich man1 a ,privy ,councillor1 had rendered himself very obnoxious in the hunting-field1 and at the banquet aforementioned1 began the dinner with all the affronts and dislikes he could possibly put on the bailiffs and their entertainment1 which enraged and disgusted them1 and this rough raillery he continued4 #8,at length ,i thought it my duty to defend the cause of those whose bread ,i was eating1 which ,i did with so good success1 sparing not the bitterest retorts1 that ,i had a complete victory4 ,this gained the townsmen's hearts1 and their wives' to boot4 ,i was made free of the town1 and at the next ,parliament 7though absent at the time71 was chosen burgess by an unanimous vote1 and that without a penny charge4' ,sir ,anthony had strange humours3 he loved a frolic dearly4 ,he had a confidential servant who resembled him so much that1 when dressed in his master's left-offs1 the lackey was often mistaken for his better4 ,this worthy was a clever man-milliner1 and had many small accomplishments which made him popular in country houses1 and his master confesses that he often listened to the valet's gossip1 and made use of it1 in the exercise of palmistry and fortune-telling1 which produced great jollity1 and #8of which ,i did not make so bad a use as many would have done4' ,with this account he finishes the record of his youth4 ,a time of business followed1 #8and the rest of my life is not without great mixture of public concerns1 and intermingled with the history of the times4' ,sir ,anthony sat for ,tewkesbury in #afci1 but that ,parliament was hastily dissolved4 ,he raised a regiment of horse for the king's service1 and occupied places of trust in his own county2 but believing himself unjustly treated and slighted by the ,court1 he listened to the overtures of the ,parliament1 and returned to ,dorsetshire as colonel of a regiment in their army4 ,in #afdi he lost the wife he dearly loved1 to whose memory he pays a most touching tribute in his diary4 ,but she left no living child1 and before the expiration of the year the widower had espoused ,lady ,frances ,cecil1 daughter of the ,earl of ,exeter1 a royalist4 ,the friendship of the ,protector and ,sir ,anthony was of a most fitful and spasmodic nature1--now fast allies1 now at daggers drawn4 ,some writers affirm that1 on the death of his second wife1 he asked the hand of one of ,cromwell's daughters2 others1 that he advised the ,protector to assume the ,crown1 who offered it to him in turn6 ,he held many appointments under the reigning ,government1 and continued to sit in ,parliament2 but having1 with many other ,members1 withstood the encroachments of the great man1 ,oliver endeavoured to prevent his return1 and not being able to do so1 forbade him to enter the ,house of ,commons4 7,see the history of the times47 ,the ,members1 with ,ashley ,cooper at their head1 insisted on readmittance4 ,again ousted1 again readmitted2 nothing but quarrels and reconciliations4 ,the fact was1 that ,sir ,anthony was too great a card to lose hold of1 entirely4 ,he had still a commission in the ,parliamentary army1 and a seat at the ,privy ,council1 circumstances that in no wise prevented him carrying on a correspondence with the ,king #8over the water4' ,indeed1 he was accused of levying men for the ,royal service2 arrested1 acquitted1 sat again in ,parliament under ,richard ,cromwell1 joined the ,presbyterian party to bring back ,charles1 and when the ,parliament declared for the ,king1 ,sir ,anthony was one of the twelve ,members sent over to ,breda1 to invite his return4 ,when in ,holland ,ashley ,cooper had a fall from his carriage1 and a narrow escape of being killed4 ,clarendon 7there was no love lost between them7 says it was hoped that by his alliance 7as his third wife7 with a daughter of ,lord ,spencer of ,wormleighton1 a niece of the ,earl of ,southampton1 #8his slippery humour would be restrained by his uncle4' ,he now took a leading part in politics1 was appointed one of the ,judges of the ,regicides1 created ,baron ,ashley at the coronation1 and afterwards became ,chancellor of the ,exchequer1 ,under-,treasurer1 and further high offices1 and in #afgb ,lord ,cooper of ,pawlett1 county ,somerset1 and ,earl of ,shaftesbury2 and so quickly did honours rain on him1 that the same year saw him ,lord ,high ,chancellor of ,england4 ,he appears to have given great umbrage to many of the law officers1 by his haughty bearing4 ,we are told #8he was the gloriousest man alive2 he said he would teach the bar that a man of sense was above all their forms2 and that he was impatient to show them he was a superior judge to all who had ever sat before on the marble chair4' ,he maddened the gentlemen of the long robe by his vagaries1 and innovations1 and defiance of precedents4 ,he wore an ash-coloured gown instead of the regulation black1 assigning as his reason1 that black was distinctive of the barrister-at-law1 and he had never been called to the bar4 ,he went to keep ,hilary term #8on a horse richly caparisoned1 his grooms walking beside him1' all his officers ordered to ride on horseback1 #8as in the olden time4' ,no doubt the good ,dorsetshire country gentleman1 the lover of sport and of horse-flesh1 who had been accused of regaling his four-footed favourites on wine and cheese-cakes1 had a mischievous pleasure in seeing the uneasy and scared looks of his worshipful brethren1 some of whom perhaps had never sat on a saddle till that day4 ,at all events1 poor ,judge ,twisden was laid in the dust1 and he swore roundly no ,lord ,chancellor should ever reduce him to such a plight again4 ,shaftesbury lived at this time in great pomp at ,exeter ,house1 in the ,strand1 and was in high favour with his royal master1 who visited him at ,wimborne ,st4 ,giles during the ,plague1 when the ,court was at ,salisbury4 ,at ,oxford1 when ,parliament sat1 he made acquaintance with the celebrated ,john ,locke1 who afterwards became an inmate of his patron's house1 his tried friend1 and medical adviser4 ,the situations of public employment which ,shaftesbury obtained for this eminent man were1 unfortunately1 in the end1 the source of difficulty1 and distress rather than advantage4 ,the history of the ,cabal1 of which he was the mainspring1 and of which he formed the fourth letter 7,clifford1 ,arlington1 ,buckingham1 ,ashley1 ,lauderdale71 would suffice for his biography1 during the five years of its life4 ,but it must never be forgotten that to ,shaftesbury ,england owes the passing of the ,habeas ,corpus ,bill1 as likewise one for making judges independent of the ,crown4 ,the reader must seek elsewhere1 and elect for himself1 whether ,shaftesbury was or was not guilty of all the plots and conspiracies against ,king and country of which he has been accused4 ,to the ,duke of ,york he made himself most obnoxious4 ,he was instrumental in establishing the ,test ,act1 which made ,roman ,catholics ineligible for public offices2 he was1 moreover1 the champion of the ,exclusion ,bill1 and opposed ,james's marriage with ,mary of ,modena2 and there is little doubt that the ,duke did all to undermine ,shaftesbury's favour with the ,king4 ,there was always an element of humour mixed up with his doings1 even when fortune frowned on him4 ,finding that the ,king meant to unseat him from the ,woolsack1 and that his successor was already named1 he sought the royal presence2 the ,king was about to proceed to chapel4 ,the fallen favourite told ,charles he knew what his intentions were1 but he trusted he was not to be dismissed with contempt4 #8,cod's fish1 my lord1' replied the easy-going monarch1 #8,i will not do it with any circumstances that may look like a slight1' upon which the ex-,minister asked permission to carry the ,great ,seals of ,office for the last time before the ,king into chapel1 and then to his own house till the evening4 ,granted permission1 ,shaftesbury1 with a smiling countenance1 entered the sacred building1 and spoiled the devotions of all his enemies1 during that service at least4 ,lord ,keeper ,finch1 who was to succeed him1 was at his wit's end1 believing ,shaftesbury reinstated1 and all 7and there were many7 who wished his downfall were in despair4 ,the whole account is most amusing and characteristic1 including the manner in which the ,seals were actually resigned1 but we have not space to say more4 ,shaftesbury was indeed now #8out of suits with fortune4' ,in #afgg he1 with other noblemen1 was committed to the ,tower for contempt of the authority of ,parliament1 and although other prisoners were soon liberated1 he was kept in confinement thirteen months4 ,on regaining his freedom he was made ,lord ,president of the ,council1 but opposing the ,duke of ,york's succession1 was dismissed from that post in a few months4 ,in #afha he was again apprehended1 on false testimony1 and once more sent to the ,tower on charge of treason1 and that without a trial4 ,his papers were searched1 but nothing could be found against him except one document1 #8neither writ nor signed by his hand4' ,the jurors brought in the bill #8,ignoramus1' which pleased the ,protestant portion of the community1 who believed the ,earl suffered in the cause of religion4 ,bonfires were kindled in his honour2 one of the witnesses against him narrowly escaped from the fury of the mob2 a medal was struck in his honour to commemorate his enlargement4 ,hence the poem of that name from the pen of ,dryden1 suggested by the ,king4 ,on regaining his liberty1 ,shaftesbury went to reside at his house in ,aldersgate ,street1 when1 finding his enemies were still working against him1 he took the friendly advice of ,lord ,mordaunt1 and after lying perdu in another part of ,london1 for a night or two1 he set off for ,harwich en route for ,holland with a young relative1 both disguised as ,presbyterian ministers1 with long black perukes4 ,adverse winds detained them at a small inn1 when one day the landlady entered the elder gentleman's room1 and carefully shutting the door1 told him that the chambermaid had just been into his companion's apartment1 and instead of a swarthy sour-faced dominie1 had found a beautiful fair-haired youth4 #8,be assured1 sir1' said the good woman1 #8that ,i will neither ask questions1 nor tell tales1 but ,i cannot answer for a young girl's discretion4' ,the man who had been so hunted of late1 was touched1 thanked the good soul1 and bade his handsome young friend make love to the maid1 till the wind changed4 ,the fugitives1 however1 had an extra run for it1 as it was1 for the hounds were on their track4 ,fortunately the capture of one of ,shaftesbury's servants1 dressed like his master1 gave them time to embark4 ,they arrived at ,amsterdam after a stormy passage1 where ,shaftesbury hired a large house1 with the intention of remaining some time1 and all the more that he found himself treated with great respect1 by all the principal inhabitants4 ,but misfortune pursued him4 ,he was seized with gout in the stomach1 and expired on the #ast of ,january #afhc4 ,his body was conveyed to ,england1 and landed at ,poole1 whither the gentlemen of his native county flocked1 uninvited1 to pay a tribute to his memory1 by attending the remains to ,wimborne ,st4 ,giles4 ,we leave the sentence to be pronounced on the first ,earl of ,shaftesbury to wiser heads than ours1 but one remark we feel authorised to make1--that we are not called on to believe him as black as ,dryden has painted him1 since we cannot but question the justice of the pen that described ,charles the ,second as the ,god-like ,david1 in the far-famed poem of #8,absalom 7the ,duke of ,monmouth7 and ,achitophel' 7,shaftesbury74 ,he loads the latter with invective3-- #8,a man to all succeeding nations curst1 ,for close designs and crooked councils fit1 ,sagacious1 bold1 and turbulent of wit4 ,restless1 unfixed in principles and place1 ,in power unpleased1 impatient of disgrace1 ,a fiery soul1 which working out its way1 ,fretted the pigmy body to decay4 ,great wits are sure to madness close allied2 ,oh1 had he been content to serve the ,crown ,with virtues only proper to the gown1' etc4 etc4 ,there spoke the ,poet-,laureate1 and woe indeed to the man who had such a poet as ,dryden for his censor6 ,yet for all this abuse which he had written to order1 ,dryden could not help bearing testimony as follows3-- #8,yet fame deserved1 no memory can grudge1 ,the ,statesman we abhor1 but praise the ,judge2 ,in ,israel's court ne'er sate an ,abithin ,with more discerning eyes or hands more clean1 ,unbribed1 unsought1 the wretched to redress1 ,swift of despatch1 and easy of access4' ,lord ,shaftesbury was kind and charitable to the poor in his neighbourhood1 and was very hospitable4 ,in #affi1 ,cosimo de' ,medici1 being in ,england1 went to ,st4 ,giles's1 and was so much pleased with his reception1 that he kept up a correspondence with his ,english friend1 and sent him annually a present of ,tuscan wine4 ,it has been adduced by some1 in evidence of his immorality1 that on one occasion1 while still in favour with ,charles1 the ,king said to him1 #8,i believe1 ,shaftesbury1 you are the greatest profligate in ,england4' ,the ,earl bowed low1 and replied1 #8,for a subject1 sire1 ,i believe ,i am4' ,it would be hard to condemn a man on the testimony of a repartee4 -------------- ,no4 #d4 ,,edward ,,seymour1 ,,first ,,duke ,,of ,,somerset1 ,,the ,,protector4 ,,by ,,holbein4 ,,executed ,,in #aeeb4 ,black gown1 with fur4 ,black cap1 and jewel4 ,collar of ,garter1 and ,george4 ,,the second but eldest surviving son of ,sir ,john ,seymour1 of ,wulfhall1 county ,wilts1 by ,margaret1 daughter of ,sir ,john ,wentworth1 of ,nettlested1 in ,suffolk4 ,sir ,john 7a distinguished soldier7 accompanied ,henry ,,viii4 to ,france1 and when ,charles1 ,emperor of ,germany1 came over to ,england1 he was selected to attend on that monarch4 ,he was in high favour with the ,king1 who appointed him to many places even before the royal marriage with ,jane ,seymour1 #8the fairest and most discreet of his wives4' ,the ceremony took place at her paternal home of ,wulfhall in #aecf4 ,the old barn1 the scene of great festivities1 may still be seen1 with hooks dangling from the rafters where the hangings were attached2 ,sir ,john ,seymour died the same year4 ,many interesting papers relating to this and other subsequent royal visits1 and the domestic economy of ,wulfhall1 are treasured among the archives of ,longleat1 ,sir ,john ,thynne having been the ,protector's confidential agent and secretary1 and having conducted the whole of his private1 and personal business when the ,duke was occupied in public matters4 ,but we are anticipating1 and must return to the early years of ,edward ,seymour4 ,he was educated both at ,oxford and ,cambridge2 and afterwards joining his father at ,court1 entered the army1 and also distinguished himself greatly in ,france1 and was knighted for his services in #aebe4 ,on his return to ,england he was appointed ,esquire to the ,king1 and was one of the challengers in the tilt-yard of ,greenwich1 when ,henry kept his ,christmas there4 ,on the ,king's marriage with his sister ,jane1 ,edward ,seymour was created ,viscount ,beauchamp1 with other grants and honours1 and in #aecg1 ,earl of ,hertford4 ,he was sent to ,france on a mission of importance1 and1 returning1 was made ,knight ,companion of the ,garter at ,hampton ,court4 ,from this time ,seymour's life became most eventful1 he went twice to ,scotland1 high in command1 likewise again to ,france1 where he did good service1 and was instrumental in concluding peace with that country4 ,honours and distinctions too numerous to relate were heaped on the ,king's brother-in-law1 even after the death of poor ,queen ,jane4 ,nor must we omit to mention that ,henry1 shortly before his marriage with ,anne of ,cleves1 revisited ,wulfhall1 where he was sumptuously entertained 7with an enormous retinue7 for three days1 which pleased him so much1 that he returned thither a third time in #aedc4 ,the papers and bills at ,longleat testify to the grandeur of these receptions1 showing at the same time how all the family took up their quarters in the long barn 7once used for the ill-fated ,jane's wedding dance71 leaving the rest of the house to the royal party4 ,could they have given the ,king credit for any over-sensibility on the occasion8 ,lord ,hertford was a gallant soldier2 but in some of his expeditions against the ,scots he has been reproached for his #8heavy hand4' ,when ,henry ,,viii4 felt his end approaching1 he took his brother-in-law into his confidence1 and spent a long time in conferring with him1 and ,sir ,william ,paget1 on the state of the country1 his hopes and fears for young ,prince ,edward1 etc4 ,they were both with him at his death1 and there were rumours to ,hertford's disadvantage1 respecting the royal will4 ,he was one of the many executors1 but he agitated so successfully1 that1 as the ,king's uncle1 he was granted precedency1 and appointed his guardian with many conditions1 from which he soon emancipated himself4 ,he hurried his royal ward to ,london1 where the nephew was proclaimed ,king1 and the uncle ,protector of the realm4 ,the latter already bore the title of ,earl and ,viscount1 and the ,king further bestowed on him that of ,baron1 and next day the ducal coronet was awarded him1 with the title of ,somerset1 the royal patent setting forth #8that the name of that family1 from which our most beloved mother1 ,jane1 late ,queen of ,england1 drew her beginning1 might not be clouded by any higher title1 or colour of dignity4' ,on the ,duke of ,norfolk being attainted1 the ,duke of ,somerset was made ,earl ,marshal for life4 ,his power seemed almost absolute1 and ,edward1 who delighted to do him honour1 both publicly and privately1 appointed him to sit on the right hand of the throne4 ,nor was the ,duke any way loath to enjoy such dignities2 the first years of the reign of ,edward the ,king contain the biography of ,edward the ,protector1 and are recorded elsewhere4 ,but he climbed too fast2 he was ,king in all but name4 ,he surrounded himself with regal pomp1 and his enemies accused him of aspiring to the throne in good earnest1 in proof of which it was adduced that he used the royal pronoun #8we1' and signed himself1 #8,protector1 by the grace of ,god4' ,true it is that he wrote in former times to his well-beloved ,mr4 ,thynne1 #8,i bid you heartily farewell1' while later documents1 amid ,longleat's varied stores1 are couched in grander terms1 such as #8we greet you well1' #8it is our intention1' and the like4 ,for all the vicissitudes of his eventful life1 for his deeds of military glory1 his ambition that #8o'erselled itself1' the plots in which he was accused of taking part1 and the factions which rose up against him1 at the head of which were the ,earl of ,warwick1 and his own ungrateful brother1 ,thomas ,lord ,seymour of ,sudeley1 see the ,chronicles of the ,kings of ,england4 ,a majority of the ,privy ,council1 with his deadly foe1 ,warwick1 as leader1 was now united against him1 and though hitherto a favourite with the people1 they were at last 7for the most part7 persuaded that #8the royal person was not safe in the ,duke's hands1 whose doings were treacherous1 and his proceedings devilish4' ,somerset submitted2 he resigned the authority his enemies were bent on wresting from him1 and was committed to the ,tower4 ,the circumstances attending his downfall were most humiliating4 ,deprived of all his great offices1 save that of ,privy ,councillor1 he was compelled to own the justice of his sentence1 and that on his bended knees4 ,his first imprisonment did not last long1 and his loving nephew contrived to restore several forfeited estates1 and to make up to the ex-,protector1 at least for pecuniary losses1 as far as in him lay1--for the ,earl of ,warwick1 though there was no love lost between them1 was yet in no wise averse to the union of his eldest son1 ,lord ,lisle1 with ,lady ,mary ,seymour1 ,somerset's daughter4 ,the ,duke was occasionally called upon to take part in public affairs1 and on the reassembling of ,parliament1 the ,commons1 with whom he was still popular1 agitated for his re-election to the ,protectorate1 but ,warwick was bent on his destruction4 ,he went so far as to accuse ,somerset of a design to murder him1 on which1 and many other counts1 the ,duke was once more sent to the ,tower1 together with many other noblemen1 and the next day was followed thither by his ,duchess1 ,sir ,john ,thynne1 and several more4 ,wearied1 exposed to constant examinations1 and arraigned at ,westminster ,hall1 he demanded a trial of his peers1 was acquitted of high treason1 but found guilty of felony1 and re-conducted to the ,tower4 ,on his road thither there was a demonstration in his favour1 for he still stood high with the people2 he remained two months in prison1 and was then brought out1 and1 in spite of the poor young ,king1 condemned to die on the scaffold4 ,on the #bb;d of ,january #aeeb every householder in ,london was forbidden to stir abroad1 7a rescue being feared17 nevertheless ,tower ,hill was crowded long before the ,duke appeared1 surrounded by guards and officials4 ,on reaching the platform1 he kneeled on both knees1 and fervently commended his soul to ,god1 then1 rising1 #8with great alacrity1 and cheerfulness1' he addressed the people in quiet1 measured terms4 ,he declared his innocence1 his loyalty to the ,king1 his love of his country1 and of the reformed religion1 to which he admonished his hearers to be faithful4 ,here he was interrupted by a strange kind of tumult1 and ,sir ,anthony ,browne appearing on horseback in the crowd1 the people cried aloud1 #8,a pardon6 a pardon6 ,god save the ,king6' ,but he told them there was no hope1 and all the time his arch-enemy1 ,lord ,warwick 7or rather ,northumberland1 as he then was71 stood untouched1 shaking his cap1 and making signs to the people to be quiet4 ,the ,duke of ,somerset resumed his discourse1 exhorting his hearers to be loyal to the ,king1 and submissive to the laws1 concluding with1 #8,i wish you all to bear witness that ,i die in the faith of ,jesus ,christ1 desiring you to help me with your prayers4' ,we have not space to make more extracts from a dying speech which for manliness1 forbearance1 and piety could scarcely be surpassed4 ,unbuckling his sword1 he presented it to the ,lieutenant of the ,tower1 gave the executioner money and rings1 bade all near him graciously farewell1 then1 kneeling down1 arranged his collar1 and covered his face1 which showed #8no signs of trouble1' with his handkerchief4 ,he was required to rise up1 once more1 to remove his doublet1 and again laying his head on the block1 and calling thrice1 #8,lord ,jesu save me6' received the death-stroke4 ,the head and body were both interred in the north side of ,st4 ,peter's ,church in the ,tower4 ,there is a story told of a fair enthusiast1 who dipped her handkerchief in the #8martyr's' blood1 and afterwards flourished it in the face of the ,duke of ,northumberland1 when he1 two years later1 was led captive through the ,city1 for his opposition to ,queen ,mary4 ,varying as have been the verdicts on the character of the ,protector ,somerset1 surely no one can deny him the attributes of courage1 energy1 and piety4 ,he had enthusiastic friends1 and bitter enemies1 among the last his own brother4 ,edward1 first ,duke of ,somerset1 was remarkably handsome1 majestic1 and naturally of a melancholy aspect1 #8every inch a gentleman4' ,his extravagance1 both in public and private matters1 was undeniable1 and he affected great splendour in dress1 not only on ,state occasions4 ,during his imprisonment he employed himself in works of a religious character4 ,he was twice married--first to ,catherine1 daughter and co-heir of ,sir ,william ,fillol of ,woodlands1 county ,dorset4 ,respecting this lady there exists a mystery3 there were rumours of misconduct1 and certain it is her son was disinherited4 ,there seems little doubt that the ,duke's second wife 7the daughter of ,sir ,edward ,stanhope of ,rampton1 county ,notts71 a proud1 ambitious1 and violent woman1 worked on her husband's mind1 to the detriment of her predecessor's children1 but in spite of it all1 the coveted titles devolved1 after some generations1 on ,catherine ,fillol's descendants1 ancestors in the direct line to the present ,duke of ,somerset4 ,anne ,stanhope brought her husband three sons and six daughters4 -------------- ,no4 #e4 ,,lucius ,,carey1 ,,second ,,viscount ,,falkland4 ,,by ,,vandyck4 ,,born ,,in #afaj1 ,,killed ,,in ,,battle #afdc4 ,half length4 ,black and white slashed dress4 ,,of the family of ,careys of ,cockington1 county ,devon1 eldest son of ,henry ,carey1 first ,viscount ,falkland1 by ,elizabeth1 daughter and heir of ,sir ,laurence ,tanfield1 ,chief ,baron of ,exchequer4 ,lucius was born at ,burton1 county ,oxford1 one of the estates his mother brought into the family4 ,studied at ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 and ,st4 ,john's1 ,cambridge4 ,before attaining his majority he inherited a large fortune from his grandfather1 while both parents were still living4 ,with the hope of procuring some command1 he went into the ,low ,countries2 but being disappointed1 he returned to ,england1 and devoted himself to study4 ,lord ,clarendon says that all the men of note and learning flocked from ,oxford to his house1 in the neighbourhood1 #8where they found a ,university in a less volume4' ,the historian praises the young host for the solidity of his judgment1 knowledge1 wit1 fancy1 and extreme humility1--a rare combination of qualities and attainments4 ,before ,lucius was twenty-three he had read all the ,latin and ,greek ,fathers1 and studied diligently all the books he had collected from all parts4 ,about #afcc1 the time of his father's death1 he became attached to the ,court of ,charles ,i42 in #afci he went with the expedition against the ,scots1 and afterwards volunteered under the ,earl of ,essex4 ,in ,april #afdj he sat for ,newport1 ,isle of ,wight1 and after the dissolution was re-elected for the same place1 in the same year4 ,he made strenuous opposition in the ,house to the exorbitancies of the ,court1 and was a rigid observer of the laws1 denouncing those ,ministers who1 on the plea of expediency1 deviated from them4 ,for this reason he withstood ,lords ,strafford and ,finch with a boldness and vehemence at variance with his usual gentleness4 ,his concurrence in the first ,bill1 that was passed to deprive the ,bishops of their votes1 caused him to be suspected of lukewarmness to the ,established ,church4 ,he maintained his belief in the good faith of ,parliament1 until he found how far the so-called popular party were carrying their measures1 and then he came to a check1 voted differently on the second ,bishops' ,bill1 and opposed the ,commons on so many occasions as to be accused by them of truckling to the ,court4 ,on this point he was so sensitive of suspicion that he was said to have refused the ,king's offer of a place about his person1 more than once1 in a morose and curt manner1 although in reality much attached to his royal master4 ,he required persuasion to induce him to accept the office of ,privy ,councillor1 and the positive command of the ,king1 who at length also prevailed on him1 to become his secretary4 ,but in these offices ,falkland maintained his own strict notions of honour and integrity1 and he absolutely refused ever to employ a spy1 or open a letter1 however important the knowledge he might thus have gained4 ,from this time he was most loyal in his adherence to ,charles1 and fell in consequence into the displeasure of the ,parliament4 ,the anecdote of his visiting the library at ,oxford is well known1 and yet we cannot omit alluding to it4 ,taking down a copy of ,virgil1 ,falkland invited the ,king to read his destiny therein1 by opening the book at random4 ,the passage was1 alas6 too soon verified3-- #8,oppressed with numbers1 in the unequal field1 ,his men discouraged1 and himself expelled1 ,let him for succour sue1 from place to place1 ,torn from his subjects and his son's embrace1' etc4 etc4 ,it is a part of ,dido's curse4 ,the ,king was very much impressed by the boding passage1 and ,lord ,falkland tried his fortune4 ,this was quite as prophetic as the last1 being the lament of ,evander over his son1 who was killed in battle3-- #8,well ,i knew1 ,what perils youthful ardour would pursue1 ,that boiling blood would carry thee too far1 ,young as thou wert in danger1 raw to war4 ,o curst essay of arms1 disastrous doom1 ,prelude of bloody fields1 and fights to come4' ,such predictions were not calculated to cheer the spirits of the inquirers4 ,as time passed on1 and all hope of peace between the ,royalists and the ,parliamentarians seemed lost1 ,lord ,falkland1 to whom his ,king and countrymen were alike dear1 became a prey to profound melancholy4 ,that worst of all misfortunes1 a civil war1 affected him deeply2 all his efforts at pacification were ineffectual2 he would sit often silent when in company1 for a long time1 and then break forth in shrill accents--#8,peace6 peace6 peace6' ,pale1 dejected1 negligent of his dress1 of which in former days he had been proverbially careful1 he passed sleepless nights1 and often said his heart was breaking4 ,in battle he exposed himself to so much danger1 that a friend expostulated with him1 upon which he replied1 among other reasons1 that it behoved him to be more hazardous than others1 lest any one should say that his desire for peace proceeded from pusillanimity4 ,on the morning of the battle of ,newbury #8he appeared more cheerful1 put on a clean shirt in case he should be killed1 and said he was weary of the times1 and did think he would be out of it1 before night4' ,on the #bjth of ,september #afdc1 in the front rank of ,lord ,byron's regiment1 ,lucius ,carey1 ,viscount ,falkland1 fell from his horse1 pierced by a musket-ball4 ,his body was not found till next morning4 ,thus1 at the early age of thirty-four years1 died one of the most remarkable men of his age and country4 ,a true patriot1 a loyal and attached subject1 learned1 witty1 wise1 honourable1 and of so gentle and winning a disposition1 that all men could not choose but love him2 a soldier1 a scholar1 deeply attached to the ,protestant faith1 he withstood all the endeavours of his mother1 a strict ,roman ,catholic1 and a woman of great power of mind1 to gain him over to her way of thinking4 ,he was very studious1 and used to say he pitied #8unlearned gentlemen on a rainy day4' #8,lord ,falkland had dark hair and black eyes1 in stature low1 and of no great strength4' -------------- ,no4 #f4 ,,the ,,lord ,,keeper ,,coventry4 ,in robes of office4 -------------- ,no4 #g4 ,,edward ,,sackville1 ,,fourth ,,earl ,,of ,,dorset4 ,,by ,,cornelius ,,jansen4 ,,born #aeij1 ,,died #afeb4 ,white and black slashed dress1 gold buttons4 ,jewel of the ,garter4 ,,he was the second surviving son of ,robert ,earl of ,dorset1 by ,lady ,mary ,howard1 only daughter of ,thomas1 fourth ,duke of ,norfolk1 of that family2 he went to ,oxford1 and studied there for three years4 ,he seems to have been a great favourite with ,lord ,clarendon1 who paints his portrait in glowing colours3 #8,his person graceful1 beautiful1 vigorous1 his wit sparkling1 his other parts of learning1 of that lustre1 that he could not miscarry in the world1 the vices he had were of the age4' ,his grandfather1 ,buckhurst1 the ,grand ,treasurer1 took delight in his education1 left him a good fortune1 and helped him to a wife1 who was heir to another4 ,in early life1 ,edward ,sackville appears to have yielded to the dissipated examples by which he was surrounded1 and a fatal duel with ,lord ,bruce1 a young ,scotch nobleman1 caused him to incur many a remorseful hour in after days4 ,the quarrel was so inveterate that the two young men went to ,flanders and fought under the walls of ,antwerp1 with only two #8chirurgeons' as witnesses1 having bound themselves by the obligation not to stir1 till one or other of the antagonists fell4 ,lord ,bruce was the victim1 but his adversary narrowly escaped death also1 for ,bruce's surgeon1 seizing his ,lord's sword1 fell suddenly on ,sackville1 till stayed by the cry of the dying man1 #8,rascal6 hold thy hand6' ,edward ,sackville took refuge in a monastery1 there to have his wounds dressed1 and to repent his crime at leisure4 ,the cause of the quarrel did not transpire1 but from a hint which ,lord ,clarendon lets drop1 it would appear there was #8a lady in the case4' ,no notice 7to use a familiar expression7 was taken1 either publicly or privately1 of this tragical incident1 and ,sackville continued high in favour at the ,court of ,james ,i4 ,he was made ,knight of the ,bath in #afaf1 was a leading member of the ,house of ,commons1 and spoke very eloquently1 more especially in defence of the ,lord ,chancellor ,bacon1 when accused of corruption4 ,his powers of oratory seem indeed to have been of a superior order1 and a speech he made on the subject of supplies to the ,palatinate1 was highly commended4 ,his chivalrous nature was roused in the cause of the ,princess ,elizabeth1 ,queen of ,bohemia4 ,he spoke of the daughter of their ,king 7in his appeal to ,parliament71 #8who scarce knew where to lay her head1 or1 if she did1 not in safety4' ,he had a command in the forces sent to the aid of ,frederic1 ,king of ,bohemia1 and fought at the battle of ,prague1 went afterwards to ,france1 as ,ambassador1 and on his return was made a ,privy ,councillor4 ,in #afbd he succeeded to the title of ,earl of ,dorset1 on the death of his brother1 who had greatly impoverished the estates by his extravagance4 ,on the accession of ,charles ,i4 he received the ,order of the ,garter1 and was named ,chamberlain to the ,queen's ,majesty4 ,subsequently ,lord ,dorset was employed in many important offices1 such as ,joint-,commissioner1 with other noblemen1 for the management of ,irish affairs1 likewise for treating with ,holland respecting the marriage of ,princess ,mary and ,william of ,orange4 ,dorset was wont to carry matters with a high hand1 and at the time of the ,bill against the ,bishops1 finding a mob had been brought down to intimidate the ,house of ,peers1 he1 as ,lord-,lieutenant of ,middlesex1 in command of the ,trained ,bands1 ordered them to fire1 which soon put the affrighted rabble to flight4 ,the ,house of ,commons was very irate1 and talked of impeachment1 but nothing came of it4 ,dorset was a staunch adherent of the ,king1 upholding him by word of mouth1 supplying him with money1 and fighting by his side in the field1 at the battle of ,edgehill1 where he distinguished himself1 and recovered the royal standard from the hands of the enemy4 ,he was1 as ,clarendon says1 #8of most entire fidelity to the ,crown1' attending on the royal person constantly1 and using every endeavour to bring about peace between ,charles and his subjects4 ,it is said1 on the authority of ,sir ,edward ,walker1 that so deeply did the noble ,earl of ,dorset take to heart the murder of his royal master1 that he never stirred out of his house after the ,king's execution4 ,he married ,mary1 daughter and co-heir of ,sir ,george ,curzon of ,croxhall1 county ,dorset1 a lady of large fortune1 most virtuous and accomplished4 ,indeed1 so highly esteemed and honoured was she1 that at her demise in #afde1 both ,houses of ,parliament decreed her a public funeral4 ,by his wife1 ,lord ,dorset had one daughter1 and two sons1 the eldest of whom succeeded him1 and the second1 when in arms for the ,king1 was taken prisoner by the ,roundheads and barbarously murdered4 -------------- ,no4 #h4 ,,henry ,,rich1 ,,earl ,,of ,,holland4 ,,by ,,cornelius ,,jansen4 ,,executed #afdi4 ,breastplate4 ,order of the ,garter4 ,white collar4 ,white and gold sleeves4 ,flowing hair4 ,he was the second son of ,robert ,rich1 first ,earl of ,warwick1 by the ,lady ,penelope ,devereux1 daughter of ,walter ,earl of ,essex4 ,clarendon says of him that #8he was a very handsome man1 of a lovely and winning presence and genteel conversation4' ,he went to ,france in his youth1 was afterwards in arms in ,holland2 and returning to ,england1 presented himself at ,court4 ,here he attracted the notice and favour of ,george ,duke of ,buckingham1 then all-powerful with ,king ,james ,i4 ,young ,rich was said to have flattered his patron not a little1 and certainly if he did so1 it was to some purpose4 ,it seems to have been through ,buckingham's intervention that he married the rich heiress of ,sir ,john ,cope of ,kensington1 of which place ,rich shortly bore the title of ,baron4 ,he also held offices at ,court1 both about the ,king's person and that of ,henry1 ,prince of ,wales1 was made ,earl of ,holland1 ,knight of the ,garter1 ,privy ,councillor1 and sent ,ambassador to treat1 concerning the marriage of ,prince ,charles1 first in ,spain and afterwards in ,france4 ,on the latter occasion1 it was rumoured that his beauty and courtliness made a deep impression on the heart of ,henrietta ,maria4 ,he also went to ,holland with the ,duke of ,buckingham on matters regarding the ,palatinate1 etc4 ,in #afci1 on the first breaking out of an insurrection of the ,scots1 he was made ,general of the ,horse in that expedition1 and though not in arms at the commencement of the ,civil ,war1 when evil days fell on the ,king1 ,holland joined him with many other ,royalist noblemen1 and being appointed ,general of the ,king's army1 numbers flocked to ask commissions from him4 ,but in ,july #afdh1 after several fluctuations of fortune1 ,lord ,holland was pursued1 and taken prisoner near ,st4 ,neot's1 in ,huntingdonshire1 whence he was conveyed to ,warwick ,house1 and finally to the ,tower4 ,a ,high ,court of ,justice was appointed to sit for the trial of the ,duke of ,hamilton1 the ,earl of ,holland1 and other ,peers2 he was in ill-health1 and when examined1 answered little1 #8as a man who would rather receive his life from their favour1 than from the strength of his defence4' ,but he was condemned with the rest of the ,lords1 in spite of the influence of his brother1 the ,earl of ,warwick1 and the ,presbyterian party1 who to a man voted for his life4 ,there was a majority against him of three or four votes only2 but ,cromwell1 it appears1 had an inveterate dislike to him4 ,accordingly1 on the #ith of ,march #afdi1 on the scaffold erected before ,westminster ,hall1 ,lord ,holland suffered death1 immediately after the ,duke of ,hamilton4 ,spent by long sickness1 he addressed but few words to the people1 recommending them1 with his last breath1 to uphold the ,king's government and the established religion4 ,he left four sons and five daughters4 ,robert1 the eldest1 succeeded to his father's honours1 and likewise to the earldom of ,warwick1 on the death of his uncle in #afgb4 -------------- ,no4 #i4 ,,male ,,portrait--,,unknown4 ,black gown and cap4 ,holding a carnation4 ,a scroll with the words #8,supplicatur vos4' ,the rest is illegible4 -------------- ,no4 #aj4 ,,henry ,,the ,,eighth1 ,,king ,,of ,,england4 ,,by ,,holbein4 ,,born #adia1 ,,died #aedg4 ,inscription in background1 #8,anno reg4 #cf1 etatis #ed4' ,gold and jewelled dress1 slashed4 ,white collar4 ,chain1 alternate columns and ,h4,s4 ,a disk of gold adorned with jewels4 ,he holds a glove4 ,mantle trimmed with fur4 ,sleeves of cloth of gold1 very full4 ,hat and feathers4 ,,the eldest surviving son of ,henry ,,vii4 by ,elizabeth of ,york4 ,succeeded his father in #aeji4 ,he married six wives1 of whom #8the best beloved' was ,jane ,seymour1 with whose family1 that of the ,thynnes had much intercourse and relationship4 -------------- ,no4 #aa4 ,,thomas ,,lord ,,seymour ,,of ,,sudeley4 ,,by ,,holbein4 ,,executed #aedi-ej4 ,black gown and cap4 ,badge of ,garter suspended by a ribbon round his neck4 ,,he was the fourth son of ,sir ,john ,seymour of ,wulfhall1 by ,margaret ,wentworth4 ,he was one of the twelve assistants to the executors of the will of his brother-in-law ,henry ,,viii41 and on the accession of ,edward ,,vi4 he was advanced to great honour4 ,having already distinguished himself as a sailor1 he was made ,lord ,high ,admiral and ,baron ,seymour of ,sudeley1 also ,knight of the ,garter4 ,but these honours did not satisfy the ,king's ambitious uncle2 he turned his thoughts to a royal alliance1 and asked the consent of the ,council to his marriage with the ,princess ,elizabeth1 then only fifteen4 ,his suit was refused4 ,he then1 having in his pay a gentleman about the ,king1 bade him ask ,edward whom he should marry4 #8,his ,majesty1' says ,froude1 #8graciously offered ,anne of ,cleves1' and then added he would rather he married ,princess ,mary1 in order that she might change her opinions4 ,but that would neither have suited the ,council1 nor ,mary herself1 so ,seymour was fain to put up with a ,queen-,dowager instead of a future ,queen-,regnant1 and he proffered his addresses in a quarter where he knew they would be acceptable4 ,between him and ,queen ,catharine ,parr there had been love-passages1 when she was the widow of ,lord ,latimer1 till a ,king became his rival4 ,catharine at first refused to marry until her two years of widowhood should be passed1 but ,seymour soon prevailed on her to consent to a private union1 and letters still extant show that she used to receive him clandestinely1 at the palace1 ,chelsea4 ,she shared her ,lord's hatred1 and jealousy of his brother the ,protector1 and his wife1 and said1 if they refused their consent1 it would be of no consequence4 ,the amiable young ,king was easily persuaded to do as his uncle wished1 and begged ,catharine to listen to ,seymour's suit4 ,she also desired her lover to ask the ,council to intercede with her in his behalf1 when she was already his wife4 ,princess ,mary sensibly refrained from meddling1 and while all these schemes were being carried on1 the whole truth was discovered4 ,there was a general outcry at the scandal1 and it was no wonder that the ,protector was much displeased4 ,besides1 it was a question if it were not high treason to marry a ,queen widow1 so soon after the ,sovereign's death1 7at all events it was made into a charge against ,seymour later17 as it might possibly have added a fresh difficulty to the vexed question of the succession to the ,crown4 ,on the breaking out of the ,scotch war1 the ,lord ,high ,admiral was ordered to take command of the fleet1 but he preferred remaining at home1 and superintending the affairs of the ,admiralty1 and sent a substitute to sea4 ,strange as it may appear1 after all that had happened1 ,princess ,elizabeth still remained where she had been placed for some time under the guardianship of ,catharine ,parr4 ,but after a while ,seymour's conduct towards the ,king's sister1 his want of respect1 and extreme familiarity1 scandalised the royal attendants1 and roused the tardy jealousy of his easy-going wife4 ,the ,princess was1 in consequence1 removed to safer keeping2 but ,seymour had other noble wards1--the daughters of the ,marquis of ,dorset1 of whom one was the unfortunate ,lady ,jane ,grey4 ,the deadly hatred which ,seymour bore his brother was shared and fostered by his wife1 who writes to him on one occasion1 #8,this schal be to advertyse you1 that my lord your brother has this afternoone made me a lyttell warme4 ,i am glad we were dystant1 or ,i suppose ,i sholde have bitten him4' ,during the time the ,duke of ,somerset was in ,scotland1 ,thomas ,seymour did all he could to injure and supplant him1 telling ,edward the invasion was madly undertaken1 and money wasted--that it was a pity he did not assert himself more--that he was not allowed enough money to be generous to his own servants1 etc4 ,seymour also set about a report that the late ,king never intended there should be a ,protectorate1 and he even went so far as to write a letter1 which he suggested1 the ,king should copy and sign1 to both ,houses of ,parliament1 in his 7,seymour's7 own favour1 but this was refused4 ,catharine had two grievances against the ,duke and ,duchess3 one was the question of precedency between her and her sister-in-law2 the other a matter respecting some jewels which ,somerset had sequestered as ,crown ,jewels1 but which ,catharine affirmed had been left her by the ,king4 ,seymour tried to bring in a ,bill to separate the offices of ,protector and ,guardian1 in order to gain possession of the ,king's person1 but he was foiled on all sides4 ,his conduct was so outrageous that he was summoned before the ,council to explain it2 he defied1 and disobeyed the summons4 ,in spite of this behaviour1 and all these machinations against himself1 ,somerset was lenient to his misguided brother1 even to extremes2 he palliated his faults1 and1 #8striving to bridle him with liberality1' gave him fresh grants of land4 ,but ,seymour was not of the stuff that can be softened by generosity2 he grew desperate1 and it was reported1 and believed1 that he had entered into a treaty with certain privateers then infesting the seas1 and that his purchase of the ,scilly ,islands at this juncture was with the view of acting in connection with them for his own interest4 ,the ,protector1 who showed no signs of weakness in public affairs1 mildly expostulated with the headstrong man1 who was speeding to his ruin1 but all his forbearance was thrown away4 ,catharine ,parr was confined of a daughter1 and died a few days after1 not without some rumours of her husband having helped her exit from the world2 but he was out of favour now with almost all classes1 and nothing was too bad to be said of him4 ,lady ,dorset naturally wished to remove her daughter ,jane from the ,admiral's roof on the death of his wife1 but he1 knowing that the ,duchess of ,somerset was bent on marrying the young lady to her eldest son1 so worked on the weakness of ,lord ,dorset1 that ,jane ,grey remained under ,lord ,seymour's questionable care4 ,once more his thoughts reverted to the ,princess ,elizabeth4 ,he gained over two of her people1 who were instructed to praise him to the skies1 and keep his name always before her4 ,but ,elizabeth1 though only sixteen1 acted with discretion and dignity1 refusing to take any step without the consent of the ,council1 and positively declining to receive ,seymour1 in spite of all his tender messages4 ,the failures in ,scotland1 religious discontent1 and many untoward events1 had shaken the ,protector's power1 and his brother was working strenuously against him4 ,seymour was warned of his danger2 he was told that his designs on the ,princess1 and his scheme of possessing himself of the person of the ,king were discovered2 but he defied advice1 remonstrance1 and threats4 ,again summoned before the ,council1 he again disobeyed4 ,he appealed to the ,earl of ,warwick1 on the plea that he was the enemy of the ,protector1 but ,warwick said1 if there were to be any change in the ,government1 it should not be for the advantage of another ,seymour1 and so he was arrested1 and sent to the ,tower4 ,all his creatures and accomplices turned upon him1 and gave evidence against him1 all his intrigues and machinations were discovered2 and two months after his committal the ,council went to the ,tower and caused thirty-three charges against the ,lord ,high ,admiral to be read aloud1 in his presence4 ,when called upon for an answer1 he refused to give any1 7though urged to speak on his allegiance17 and demanded an open trial4 ,the question now arose as to the manner of the trial1 and the ,chancellor and the rest of the ,council gave their opinions for an ,act of ,attainder1 while the ,protector1 pleading #8what a sorrowful case this was for him1 did yet rather regard his bounden duty to the ,king's ,majesty and the ,crown of ,england than his own son or brother1 and did weigh more his allegiance than his blood1 and therefore he would not resist their ,lordships4' ,king ,edward was present1 and although his gentle nature always inclined to clemency1 he gave his consent to the decision4 ,seymour was brought before a committee of both ,houses1 where he pleaded his own cause2 but as the charges grew graver1 he stopped short1 and refused to say any more4 ,the next day the ,bill was brought before the ,lords1 and passed without a dissenting voice1 the ,lord ,protector only1 #8for natural pity's sake1 desiring licence to be away4' ,seymour had a small party of friends in the ,commons1 but having heard the evidence1 the ,lower ,house also passed the ,bill4 ,it was sent to the ,crown with the request that justice might have place4 ,the sentence was given without reference to the ,protector1 who would still have interfered to save the ungrateful brother whose inveterate hatred was unconquered1 but he was prevented4 ,the ,bishop of ,ely visited the prisoner to bid him prepare for death1 which he did1 by writing to ,elizabeth and ,mary to incite them to conspire against the ,duke4 ,he concealed the letters in the sole of his shoe1 and his last words1 as he knelt before the block1 were to commission his servant to deliver them4 ,he died with a courage worthy a better cause4 ,bishop ,latimer said of his death--#8,whether he be saved or no1 ,i leave that to ,god4 ,in the twinkling of an eye ,he can save a man1 and turn his heart4 ,what ,he did ,i cannot tell4 ,and when a man hath two strokes with an axe1 who can tell but between the two strokes he doth repent8 ,it is hard to judge2 but this ,i will say1 if they ask me what ,i think of his death1 ,i say that he died very irksomely1 dangerously1 and horribly4' ,latimer says elsewhere that the ,admiral was a man furthest from the fear of ,god that ever he heard of in ,england4 ,and yet in the picture in which we are treating there are verses that laud him to the skies4 ,not only his outward form-- #8,of person rare1 stronge limbes1 and manly shape2 ,of nature framed to serve on sea and lande1 etc41 ,a subject true to ,kinge1 frinde to ,god's truth'-- and so forth1 concluding with the lines3-- #8,yet againste nature1 reason1 and just lawes1 ,his blode was spilte1 giltless1 without just cause6' ,the ,bishop and the ,poet were at variance in the estimate of ,lord ,seymour of ,sudeley's character4 -------------- ,no4 #ab4 ,,thomas ,,wriothesley1 ,,last ,,earl ,,of ,,southampton4 ,,by ,,vandyck4 ,,died #affg4 ,order of the ,garter4 ,,he was the second born1 but only surviving son of the third ,earl1 by ,elizabeth1 daughter of ,john ,vernon of ,hodnet1 county ,salop4 ,he was educated at ,eton and ,oxford1 where he distinguished himself1 and then went on foreign travel4 ,he tarried some time in ,france1 where it is probable he espoused his first wife1 and afterwards proceeded to the ,low ,countries4 ,his father had also gone thither in command of a military expedition1 accompanied by his eldest son1 but they were both attacked by low fever4 ,the youth died1 and the afflicted father1 journeying home with the loved remains1 ere he was fit to travel1 also succumbed1 and died at ,bergen-op-,zoom4 ,thomas1 now ,earl of ,southampton1 on his return to ,england1 found public affairs in great confusion1 it was soon evident that he did not approve of many of the ,government measures1 and that he had no sympathy with the ,earl of ,strafford2 in consequence of which1 the discontented leaders in ,parliament strove hard to gain him over to their side2 but neither did he uphold their proceedings1 which he considered disloyal1 and would take no part therein4 ,in #afda1 he1 with ,lord ,robartes1 refused assent to ,pym's protestation against #8plots and conspiracies1' which was signed by every other member in each ,house4 ,this incensed the ,parliament1 but pleased the ,king4 ,southampton was appointed ,privy ,councillor and ,lord of the ,bedchamber1 and was henceforth1 in every sense of the word1 attached to the royal person4 ,he was prudent and zealous in his master's cause1 often giving him unpalatable advice1 they were now seldom apart1 ,southampton frequently sleeping in the ,king's chamber1 and trying to soothe his hours of mental anguish4 ,he treated 7unsuccessfully indeed1 but nobly1 and with dignity7 between the adverse parties4 ,in #afdg1 when the unhappy monarch fled from ,hampton ,court1 he took shelter with ,southampton at ,titchfield in ,hampshire1 the family estate1 and when brought back to the palace1 in the hands of his enemies1 his first request was for the attendance of his trusty friend4 ,southampton was one of the last allowed to remain with the unfortunate ,charles1 and one of the four to pay the last sad duties to the remains of the master he so dearly loved1 in #8privacy and darkness4' ,he kept up a correspondence with the exiled ,king1 supplied him with large sums1 and on ,charles's arrival in ,england1 went to meet him1 and was rewarded 7at the same time as other faithful adherents of the ,crown7 with the ,order of the ,garter4 ,he was shortly afterwards made ,lord ,high ,treasurer1 in which office1 says ,clarendon1 #8he had no dependence on the ,court1 or purpose to have any1 but wholly pursued the public interest4' ,consequently he offended the ,king by opposing to his utmost the ,bill for ,liberty of ,conscience1 as it was called1 both in ,parliament and ,council2 yet he was not removed from his office1 but held it for a few short years longer1 although suffering from a terrible and painful disease1 which made business irksome to him4 ,the testimony of ,burnet and ,clarendon both go to prove that #8he was a man of virtue1 and of very good parts1 and incorrupt1' and during seven years' management of the ,treasury he made but an ordinary fortune1 disdaining1 unlike many of his predecessors1 to sell places4 #8,he was by nature inclined to melancholy1 and being born a younger brother1 was much troubled at being called 8,my ,lord40 ,great quickness of apprehension1 and that readiness of expression on any sudden debate1 that no man delivered more efficaciously with his hearers1 so that no man ever gave them more trouble in his opposition1 or drew so many to concurrence in opinion4' ,the ,earl of ,southampton was thrice married4 ,his first wife was ,rachel1 daughter of ,daniel de ,massey1 lord of ,ruvigny1 in ,france1 by whom he had two sons1 who died young1 and three daughters1 the second of whom was ,rachel1 the faithful wife and widow of ,william ,lord ,russell1 who was beheaded1 her first husband being ,lord ,carbery1 in ,ireland4 ,the second ,countess of ,southampton was ,elizabeth1 daughter and co-heir to ,francis ,booth1 ,lord ,dunsmore1 who brought him four girls1 one of whom was ,elizabeth1 ,countess of ,northumberland4 ,the third wife was the daughter of ,william1 second ,duke of ,somerset1 and widow of ,viscount ,molyneux4 ,the ,earl died at ,southampton ,house1 in ,bloomsbury1 of a violent attack of the malady from which he had long suffered1 and was buried at ,titchfield4 -------------- ,no4 #ac4 ,,george ,,lord ,,lansdowne4 ,,by ,,sir ,,godfrey ,,kneller4 ,tawny dress4 ,blue velvet cap4 ,he was the second son of ,sir ,bernard ,granville1 by ,anne1 sole daughter and heir of ,cuthbert ,morley1 of ,normanby in ,cleveland1 county ,york1 consequently grandson to the gallant ,sir ,bevil ,granville1 who was slain at the battle of ,lansdowne4 ,he was raised to the peerage as ,baron ,lansdowne1 of ,bideford1 county ,devon1 having held the appointments of ,secretary at ,war1 ,comptroller of the ,household1 ,treasurer1 and ,privy ,councillor4 ,he married1 in #agaa1 ,lady ,mary1 the widow of ,thomas ,thynne1 ,esq41 daughter of the ,earl of ,jersey1 and mother of the second ,lord ,weymouth4 -------------- ,no4 #ad4 ,,sir ,,henry ,,frederick ,,thynne4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afae4 ,oval4 ,dark dress4 ,white cravat4 ,tawny mantle4 ,,was the eldest surviving son of ,sir ,thomas ,thynne1 by his second wife1 ,catharine ,howard4 ,his royal godmother1 ,queen ,anne1 wife to ,james ,i41 desired he should bear the name of ,frederick1 after her father1 the ,king of ,denmark1 ,thomas1 first ,earl of ,suffolk1 and cousin to ,henry's mother1 being one of ,her ,majesty's #8gossips4' ,sir ,henry ,thynne1 who was created a ,baronet in #afda1 married ,mary1 daughter of ,thomas1 first ,lord ,coventry1 by whom he had ,sir ,thomas ,thynne1 his heir2 ,james of ,buckland1 county ,gloucester1 one of the representatives for ,cirencester in ,parliament2 ,henry ,frederick2 ,john2 ,mary1 wife to ,sir ,richard ,how1 ,bart41 of ,wishford1 county ,wilts2 and ,catharine1 married to ,sir ,john ,lowther1 afterwards ,viscount ,lonsdale4 ,sir ,henry ,frederick died at his residence at ,kempsford1 where he and his wife lie buried4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,third ,,library4 ,no4 #ae4 ,,edward1 ,,first ,,lord ,,thurlow4 ,,by ,,sir ,,joshua ,,reynolds4 ,,born #agcb1 ,,died #ahjf4 ,full length4 ,in ,chancellor's robes4 ,,son of the ,rev4 ,thomas ,thurlow of ,ashfield1 county ,suffolk1 by ,elizabeth ,smith4 ,he went to ,cambridge1 but left it before taking his degree1 studying too little1 and amusing himself too much4 ,he then proceeded to ,london to read law1 but took part in all the pleasures and dissipations of the town4 ,one time1 when opposed to the famous lawyer1 ,sir ,fletcher ,norton1 he completely worsted his eminent antagonist1 which was esteemed a great feat in one so young to the legal profession4 ,but what brought him into prominent notice1 and gave him the silk gown1 was the able manner in which he conducted the case of ,archibald ,douglas versus the ,duke of ,hamilton1 which made a great noise at the time4 ,it was by the merest chance that ,thurlow was consulted in the matter4 ,two lawyers belonging to the counsel were conversing together over the matter at a fashionable coffee-house1 where ,thurlow passed a great deal too much of his time4 ,they came to the conclusion1 that a clear and elaborate statement of the facts of the case in question1 must be carefully drawn up1 a labour to which they were both averse4 ,they accordingly proposed to young ,thurlow1 at that moment idling in the bar with the pretty maid1 to undertake the task4 ,he did so1 and executed the work with so much talent and ability1 that he was retained for the defence1 and was the chief instrument in gaining his client's cause4 ,this brought him into great notice1 and gained him1 amongst others1 the patronage of ,lord ,weymouth1 then in the ,administration1 who brought him into ,parliament4 ,solicitor-,general in #aggj1 and ,attorney-,general in #agga1 he was a firm supporter of ,lord ,north's ,administration1 and spoke so eloquently on the ,ministerial side when the ,american war broke out1 that he was created ,lord ,thurlow of ,ashfield1 and next day ,lord ,high ,chancellor4 ,on taking his seat in the ,house of ,lords1 the ,duke of ,grafton made some slighting remark on the obscurity of the ,thurlow family1 to which the new ,peer1 although owning the truth of this assertion1 retorted in so cutting a manner1 with an allusion to the bar sinister in the ,ducal coat of arms1 as turned the laugh completely against his ,grace4 ,lord ,thurlow retained the ,great ,seal till turned out by the ,cornwallis ,ministry1 but on ,pitt becoming ,premier he was reinstated in office4 ,in #agic-d his opinions were so adverse to those of the ,government1 that he tendered his resignation1 and never returned to office4 ,he still1 however1 continued to take great interest in public affairs during the remainder of his life1 frequenting1 and often speaking in the ,house of ,lords4 ,eloquent1 energetic1 just1 severe1 at times morose1 he was unpopular 7socially speaking7 with the members of the legal profession4 ,lord ,thurlow was a man of pleasure1 but a scholar1 a patron of literature and the arts1 though sometimes accused of bestowing benefits in an ungracious manner4 ,he never married1 and his honours devolved on his brother1 the ,bishop of ,durham4 ,he left three natural daughters1 to two of whom he bequeathed good fortunes1 and to the other only a scanty pittance1 in consequence of her having made a marriage which displeased him4 ,on his retirement he gave himself up to literary pursuits1 translating the classics1 and writing fugitive pieces on various subjects2 and in a high-flown dedication of his poem1 #8,the ,doge's ,daughter1' to ,lord ,eldon1 he extols the efficacy of #8the light and cheerful airs of poesy' as #8medicine for the mind4' ,there seems little doubt he derived great amusement from his own poetical effusions1 whatever his readers may have done4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,billiard ,,room4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,billiard ,,room4 ------- ,no4 #af4 ,,frances ,,howard1 ,,duchess ,,of ,,richmond ,,and ,,lennox4 ,,by ,,vandyck4 ,,born #aegg-h1 ,,died #afci4 ,full length4 ,black velvet dress4 ,girdle of pearls4 ,pearls in her hair4 ,cap1 wimple4 ,in one hand a staff1 in the other a handkerchief1 marked ,f4 ,r4 ,miniature at her bosom4 ,coronet on the table4 ,,she was the daughter of ,thomas1 first ,viscount ,howard of ,bindon1 by his third wife1 ,mabel1 daughter of ,nicholas ,burton of ,carshalton1 county ,surrey4 ,a curious contemporaneous account is given of this remarkable woman3 #8,she was one of the greatest1 both for birth and beauty1 in the land1 but at first she went a step backward4' ,this alludes to her early fancy for one ,prannall1 a vintner1 and son to a rich alderman4 ,their union made a great noise in the world of which ,frances ,howard was a distinguished ornament1 the bridegroom having incurred severe censure1 wrote a touching and manly appeal1 to ,lord ,burghley on the occasion4 ,we subjoin some extracts3 #8,my very good ,lorde1 hearing to my very grete griefe1 how your ,honour1 by misinformation1 shulde be incensed againste me1 and daring not presume into your ,lordship's presence to pleade pardon for my amisse1 ,i thoughte it my duty to acknowledge my fault1 and under your ,lordship's favoure1 with all humilitie1 to allege somewhat for myselfe4 ,though ,i have married ,mistress ,frances ,howard1 yet ,i proteste1 as ,i desire your ,honour's patronage1 ,i did not begin my suit without the knowledge of her friendes1 neither cann they justifie ,i married her against their willes4 ,the gentlewoman ,i have a long time dearlie loved1 being bounde thereto by her mutuall likinge of me4 ,i expected little or nothing with her1 she having little or nothing to maintaine herself1 and being destitute of friendes1 ,i thoughte it friendlie to present her myselfe1 and thereby to make her partaker of #8all wherewith ,god had blessed me1' and so forth4 ,then he goes on to remark to the great ,minister that he did not think #8your ,lordship1 being busied with serious publick affairs1 woulde have time to be troubled with such domestical and private matters1' etc4 etc4 #8,it cannot be justlie suggested that the gentlewoman is cast away1 consideringe ,i will avowe myself a poore gentleman1 the son of a deceased alderman of honest fame1--one who is to assure her a large jointure1 one whose inward disposition of mynde his outward behaviour can testifie4' ,continuing in this quaint style1 he encloses a schedule of his estate and property1 and concludes with #8all manner of goode wishes for ,lord ,burghley himself1 and his progenie1 both in this worlde and that which is to come1' subscribing himself1 #8your ,honour's poore suppliant1 ,henry ,prannall4' ,the true-hearted plebeian did not survive his marriage long1 to fret the proud spirit of the ,howards2 and1 faithful to his promise1 he left a large fortune to his young and beautiful widow1 unencumbered by children to perpetuate the despised name of ,prannall4 ,under these circumstances1 it may well be imagined ,mistress ,frances did not want for suitors4 ,one ,sir ,george ,rodney1 we are told1 #8a gentleman of the ,west1 well fitted in person and fortune1 fixed his hopes upon her1 but ,edward ,earl of ,hertford1 being entangled by her eyes1 she1 having 8a tang of her grandfather's ambition10 left ,rodney1 and married ,hertford4 ,the knight having drunk in too much affection1 and not being able to digest it1 summoned up his scattered spirits1 to a most desperate attempt1 and coming to ,amesbury in ,wilts1 where the ,earl and ,countess then resided1 shut himself in a chamber1 and wrote a large paper of well-composed verses to the ,countess in his own blood4' ,a strange sort of composedness1 #8wherein he wails his unhappinesse1 and when he had sent them to her1 he ran himself upon his sword1 leaving the ,countess to a strict remembrance of her inconstancy1 and himself a desperate and sad spectacle of frailty4' ,such trifles made little impression on ,lady ,hertford1 who so wrought upon the good-nature of the ,earl1 her husband1 that he settled above #ejjj a year on her1 for life4 ,she carried a fair fame during ,lord ,hertford's time1 although she had many admirers1 and amongst them the ,duke of ,richmond1 whom she afterwards espoused4 ,she was very fond of boasting of her high descent1 and of her two grand1 grandfathers1 the ,dukes of ,norfolk and ,buckingham1 but she would desist when ,hertford came into her presence1 for1 #8when he found her in those exaltations1 he would say1 8,frank1 ,frank1 how long is it since thou wert married to ,prannall80 which woulde damp the wings of her spirit4' ,lodowick ,stuart1 son of ,esme1 fifth ,duke of ,lennox and second ,duke of ,richmond1 as we have already said1 paid his addresses to her1 while ,lord ,hertford was still alive2 and1 says ,wilson1 7whom we have already quoted17 #8that in very odd disguises4' ,she survived the ,duke1 her third husband1 well pleased with the grand title he had bestowed on her4 ,but the proud widow had #8still more transcendent heights in speculation1' for ,king ,james1 being then a widower1 she turned her eyes on him1 saying1 #8that after so great a ,prince as ,richmond1' she #8would never condescend to be kissed by1 or to eat at the table of a subject4 ,she wished this vow to be spread abroad1 that the ,king might take notice of the bravery of her spirit4 ,but it did not catch the old ,king1 so that she missed her aim4' #8,the ,duchess was a woman greedy of fame1 and loved to keep great state with little cost1 for being much visited by the great ones1 she had a formality of officers and gentlemen that gave attendance4 ,none ever sat with her1 yet all the tables in the hall were spread2 but before eating-time1 the house being voided1 the linen returned into its folds1 and all her people grazed on few dishes4 ,yet when her actions came into fame's fingering1 her gifts were suitable to her greatness2 for the ,queen of ,bohemia1 to the christening of whose child she was a witness1 had some taste of them4 ,the ,duchess1 either to magnify her merit 7or it was done by others in mockery to magnify her vanity7 had huge inventories of massy plate writ down that she had given that ,queen2 yet they were but paper presents4 ,those inventories had a non est inventus4 ,at the ,hague1 the shell 7the inventory7 was seen2 but the kernel 7the plate7 was never found4' ,the ,duchess of ,richmond was half-sister to ,lady ,thynne1 second wife to ,sir ,thomas ,thynne4 ,she died at ,exeter ,house in the ,strand1 and was buried in ,henry ,,vii4's chapel1 beside her last husband4 -------------- ,no4 #ag4 ,,thomas ,,thynne1 ,,second ,,marquis ,,of ,,bath4 ,,by ,,pickersgill4 ,,born #agfe1 ,,died #ahcg4 ,full length4 ,robes of ,knight of the ,garter4 ,,the eldest son of the first ,marquis1 by ,lady ,elizabeth ,bentinck1 was ,knight of the ,garter1 ,lord-,lieutenant and ,custos ,rotulorum1 county ,somerset1 ,f4,s4,a4 and ,f4,s4,l4 ,married in #agid ,isabella1 daughter of ,george1 fourth ,viscount ,torrington1 and ,lady ,lucy ,boyle1 by whom he had seven sons1 and three daughters4 ,lord ,bath1 like his predecessors1 made considerable alterations in the house1 and estate1 and died in #ahcg1 deeply and deservedly regretted for his hospitality1 and open-handed charity4 ,not only did he relieve the wants of the poor on his property1 but he showed them that personal sympathy which is above all price4 ,he indeed loved to share his good fortune with those around him1 and was a benefactor to the neighbourhood where he lived during a long life4 -------------- ,no4 #ah4 ,,frances ,,isabella ,,catherine1 ,,marchioness ,,of ,,bath4 ,,by ,g4 ,f4 ,,watts1 ,r4,a4 ,full length4 ,white dress4 ,,she is the eldest daughter of ,thomas1 third ,viscount de ,vesci1 by ,lady ,emma ,herbert1 youngest daughter of ,george ,augustus1 eleventh ,earl of ,pembroke4 ,she married ,john ,alexander1 fourth and present ,marquis of ,bath1 in #ahfa4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,dining ,,room4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,dining ,,room4 ,no4 #ai4 ,,elizabeth ,,sackville1 ,,viscountess ,,weymouth4 ,,born #agac1 ,,died #agbi4 ,plain white dress4 ,looking at a miniature she holds in her hand4 ,,the second daughter of ,lionel1 first ,duke of ,dorset1 by the daughter of ,general ,colyear4 ,she became the bride of the second ,lord ,weymouth1 the respective ages of the pair being sixteen and fourteen4 ,immediately after the ceremony the bridegroom proceeded on his travels1 and the separation was eternal1 for the poor child-wife died before the return of her lord to ,england4 -------------- ,no4 #bj4 ,,frances ,,finch1 ,,viscountess ,,weymouth4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,died #agab4 ,fair hair4 ,grey gown4 ,blue mantle4 ,spaniel in her lap4 ,,eldest daughter of ,heneage ,finch1 second ,earl of ,winchilsea1 by ,mary1 daughter of ,william ,seymour1 ,duke of ,somerset4 ,she married the first ,lord ,weymouth1 by whom she had a son1 ,henry1 who died v4p41 and a daughter1 married to ,sir ,robert ,worsley1 ,bart4 -------------- ,no4 #ba4 ,,thomas ,,thynne1 ,,second ,,viscount ,,weymouth4 ,,by ,,dahl4 ,,born #agaj1 ,,died #agea4 ,tawny coat4 ,white skirt4 ,short hair4 ,,on the death of the first ,viscount1 the title and estates1 by virtue of patent1 and entail1 descended to the heirs of his youngest brother1 ,henry ,frederick1 namely1 his grandson ,thomas1 then only four years old1 the posthumous son of ,thomas ,thynne1 by ,lady ,mary ,villiers1 daughter of the first ,earl of ,jersey4 ,his guardians appear to have been in haste to arrange the young lord's marriage4 ,at the early age of sixteen he espoused ,lady ,elizabeth ,sackville1 eldest surviving daughter of ,lionel1 ,duke of ,dorset4 ,but the married pair were immediately separated1 as before mentioned1 and ,lord ,weymouth sent off to travel1 and while absent from his wife she fell sick1 and died in #agbi4 ,on his return to ,england in the same year1 a second wife was speedily provided for him1 in the person of ,lady ,louisa ,carteret1 daughter of ,john ,earl ,granville1 by whom he had three sons2 ,lord ,weymouth1 on first coming of age1 finding the grounds and gardens round ,longleat ,house1 not only in a bad state1 but in too antiquated a style to suit his taste1 sent for the renowned #8,capability ,brown' to improve and modernise them2 some of the plans1 however1 made at that time were not carried out till later4 #8,the most august house in ,england' was much neglected during this ,lord's lifetime4 ,he did not reside there in his minority1 and soon after he came of age he went to live in an old manor-house in the neighbouring village of ,horningsham1 which had once belonged to the ,arundel family4 ,he died and was buried at ,horningsham4 ,in #agci ,lord ,weymouth was appointed ,ranger of ,hyde and ,st4 ,james's ,parks4 -------------- ,no4 #bb4 ,,thomas ,,thynne1 ,,first ,,viscount ,,weymouth4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afdj1 ,,died #agad4 ,coronation robes4 ,holding coronet4 ,full wig4 ,,the eldest son of ,sir ,henry ,frederick ,thynne1 ,bart41 of ,kempsford1 by ,mary1 daughter of the first ,lord ,coventry4 ,from his schoolmaster1 ,dr4 ,william ,burton1 young ,thynne imbibed a taste for antiquarian research1 which lasted his life4 ,he studied successively under ,dr4 ,triplet and ,dr4 ,henry ,drummond1 both literary men of mark1 and finally at ,christ ,church ,college1 ,oxford1 under ,dr4 ,john ,fell1 afterwards ,bishop of the diocese4 ,it was about the year #afeg1 that ,thynne entered the ,university at the same time as ,ken1 with whom he then formed a close friendship1 which only terminated with the life of that celebrated divine4 ,in #afgc ,thomas ,thynne was returned ,m4,p4 for the ,university of ,oxford1 in place of ,sir ,heneage ,finch1 appointed ,lord ,keeper1 and later he sat for ,tamworth4 ,in #afgi he was chosen ,honorary ,steward of ,sutton ,coldfield1 county ,warwick2 and in #afhb1 in addition to his large paternal estates1 he inherited ,longleat and other vast possessions on the murder of his cousin and namesake4 ,this was in virtue of an entail made by his uncle1 ,sir ,james4 ,the same year he was raised to the peerage by the titles of ,baron ,thynne of ,warminster1 county ,wilts1 and ,viscount ,weymouth1 county ,dorset1 with limitations to his brothers in default of male issue4 ,in #agfb ,lord ,weymouth was sworn of ,queen ,anne's ,privy ,council1 and in #agaj ,custos ,rotulorum1 county ,wilts1 and the ensuing year ,keeper of ,his ,majesty's deer1 and woods1 ,forest of ,dean4 ,he married the daughter of the second ,earl of ,winchilsea1 by whom he had three children4 ,lord ,weymouth was much esteemed for many excellent qualities4 ,he died in the seventy-fourth year of his age1 and was buried at ,longbridge ,deverill2 his kindness and hospitality towards ,bishop ,ken is recorded in another page4 ,he appears to have been worthy of his good fortune1 inasmuch as he valued and appreciated the beautiful estate which had fallen to his share4 ,he made considerable improvements in the interior of ,longleat ,house1 finished and caused to be consecrated the domestic chapel1 and laid out the gardens adjoining the mansion4 ,he was a friend to literature1 a patron of literary men1 and was deservedly regretted when he passed away4 -------------- ,no4 #bc4 ,,sir ,,john ,,coventry4 ,,by ,,dobson4 ,grey suit4 ,blue cloak4 ,,sir ,john of ,pitminster1 county ,somerset1 and ,mere1 county ,wilts1 was the son of ,john ,coventry1 by ,elizabeth1 daughter and co-heir of ,john ,barton1 and widow of one ,herbert1 a gentleman of ,hampshire4 ,the ,lord ,keeper ,coventry was his grandfather4 ,he was ,knight of the ,bath1 and sat in the ,long ,parliament1 and others1 for ,weymouth4 ,in #afgj an inhuman assault was made on him1 which gave rise to the ,act since known as #8,the ,coventry ,act1' against wounding1 maiming1 etc4 ,money being asked for in the ,house of ,commons at a time when ,sir ,john1 and other members1 were advocating economy1 the good knight proposed to tax the theatres1 the immorality of which was at that time notorious4 ,the courtiers opposed the measure1 saying that the players were the ,king's servants1 and part of his pleasure4 ,whereupon ,sir ,john asked facetiously1 #8,whether the ,king's pleasure lay among the actors1 or the actresses8' ,this speech was reported to ,his ,majesty by those who were glad to inflame his choler against ,coventry1 and revenge was projected4 ,some of the guards were to watch for ,sir ,john in the street1 and set a mark upon him4 ,the ,duke of ,york heard of the plot1 and told ,bishop ,burnet that he had done all in his power to dissuade his brother from so cruel and unjust a proceeding1 but in vain4 ,as ,coventry came out of his house one evening1 he was attacked by three gentlemen1 but snatching the flambeau from his servant1 with the light in one hand1 and his sword in the other1 he made a most gallant defence4 ,he wounded one1 but was soon overpowered1 and the villains cut his nose to the bone1--#8to remind him1' they said1 #8of the respect he owed the ,king1' and leaving him in his pain1 returned to the ,duke of ,monmouth's1 whence they came4 ,the ,duke was much censured for the part he had taken in the affair1 and all the more that he and ,coventry had been on friendly terms4 ,fortunately for the sufferer1 #8his nose was so well needled up1' that the scar was scarcely perceptible4 ,the members of the ,house of ,commons were furious1 and passed a ,bill of banishment against the perpetrators of the outrage1 with a clause that it should not be in the ,king's power to pardon them4 ,sir ,john died unmarried4 -------------- ,no4 #bd4 ,,sir ,,john ,,thynne1 ,,called #8,,the ,,builder4' ,,by ,,holbein4 ,,born #aeae1 ,,died #aehj4 ,white and gold dress1 with buttons4 ,badge4 ,sword4 ,in the corner an inscription3 #8,sir ,john ,thynne1 builder of ,long ,leat4 ,ano ,domi #aeff4 tatis su1 #ea4' ,,the son of ,thomas ,thynne of ,stretton1 ,shropshire1 by ,margaret ,eynes4 ,in #aedj he married ,christian1 daughter of ,sir ,richard ,gresham1 7twice ,lord ,mayor of ,london17 who was half-sister and co-heir of ,sir ,thomas ,gresham1 builder of the ,royal ,exchange4 ,in the same year ,sir ,john purchased the old ,priory of the ,black ,canons of ,st4 ,augustine1 near to ,horningsham1 county ,wilts1 with the adjoining lands1 and he spent several years in improving and enlarging the estate4 ,in #aedg1 being then ,secretary to the ,duke of ,somerset1 he was knighted by that nobleman in the camp before ,roxburgh1 after the battle of ,musselburgh and the siege of ,leith4 ,when the ,protector ,somerset1 to whom ,sir ,john was much attached1 was sent to the ,tower1 on being attainted1 his ,secretary was also imprisoned1 and subjected to a heavy fine1 but was soon released4 ,in #aeee he obtained a grant of ,kempsford1 county ,gloucester1 and was appointed by the ,lady ,elizabeth 7afterwards ,queen7 ,comptroller of her ,household1 a post he ere long vacated1 and went to live on his estate4 ,he sat in ,parliament for county ,wilts1 for ,bedwyn1 and for ,heytesbury4 ,now ,sir ,john's good fortune roused the jealousy of his neighbours1 one of whom1 an ,earl and a ,privy ,councillor1 caused him to be arraigned before the ,council1 upon the somewhat novel accusation of having amassed a large fortune4 ,perhaps the worshipful gentlemen were in hopes of discovering ,sir ,john's secret4 ,the knight spake out boldly1 and honestly1 saying his wife's fortune had laid a good foundation1 which he had improved by industry and economy1 and he wound up his defence by observing that his ,lordship and the other gentlemen had now as good a mistress in the ,queen as he had formerly had a master in the ,duke of ,somerset2 and thus terminated the legal 787 inquiry into well-gotten wealth4 ,it was in #aefg that he began to build that noble structure1 the glory1 not only of the west1 but of all ,england1 respecting the architecture of which1 so many pages of controversy have been written4 ,both to ,john of ,padua and ,john ,thorpe 7unless they be one and the same person7 the designs for the house were attributed2 but from documents lately discovered1 the most probable solution of the mystery is1 that ,sir ,john made use of designs prepared many years before by his patron1 the ,duke of ,somerset1 for a house on his own estate2 this would account for the name of the architect not being mentioned in the records of the building4 ,be this as it may1 the fame of ,longleat and its beauty reached the ears of ,queen ,elizabeth1 and she resolved to judge for herself1 even before its completion2 and so ,sir ,henry ,seymour 7the ,protector's brother7 told poor ,sir ,john roundly1 #8that her ,grace did not relish his seeming unwillingness to receive her1 and making excuses of sicknesses and other letts to divert her from the country4' ,moreover1 the said ,sir ,henry ,seymour1 and ,lord ,sussex1 a personal friend of ,sir ,john's1 were so good as to pacify the ,queen1 by assuring her1 that the master of ,longleat hurried on the building1 mainly with the view of receiving his royal mistress4 ,thither therefore she repaired in #aegd1 in her progress from ,bristol4 ,after feasting the royal party in the most sumptuous manner1 the good knight was rewarded for his unbounded hospitality by a message1 through the ,earl of ,hertford 7son of ,protector ,somerset71 to the effect his illustrious guest had expressed #8great liking for her entertainment in the west1 especially at your house4' ,moreover1 the ,queen condescended1 in conversation1 to praise the charms of ,longleat1 an example that has not been lost on succeeding generations4 ,sir ,john finished the south and east fronts1 and the interior from the hall to what was then called the ,chapel ,court4 ,he had to his second wife1 ,dorothy1 daughter to ,sir ,william ,wroughton of ,broadhinton1 county ,wilts2 he died in #aehj1 and by his own desire was buried by his first wife at ,longbridge ,deverill4 ,amidst all the persecutions of ,mary's reign1 he was a staunch supporter of the ,reformed ,church4 -------------- ,no4 #be4 ,,sir ,,egremont ,,thynne4 ,red robe4 ,ruff4 ,holding a scroll4 ,,he was the eldest son of ,sir ,john ,thynne of ,longleat1 by his second wife4 ,he was ,serjeant-at-,law1 and married ,barbara1 daughter of ,henry ,calthorpe1 whose brother was ,lord ,mayor of ,london4 ,aubrey has a strange story connected with him1 in his ,miscellanies1 which is interesting to those who love the marvellous4 ,one of ,sir ,egremont's sisters married 7as his second wife7 ,sir ,walter ,long of ,draycot1 county ,wilts1 and had several children2 it would appear that this lady used every means in her power to induce her husband to disinherit his son by the first marriage1 sowing dissension between the father and his first-born in a most unpardonable manner4 ,she persuaded her brother1 ,sir ,egremont ,thynne1 to draw up a paper1 by which ,sir ,walter1 if prevailed on to sign the same1 cut off his eldest son from the inheritance4 ,this was at ,bath1 during the ,assizes1 where the learned serjeant-at-law was engaged in his legal duties2 ,sir ,egremont accordingly drew up the document1 and gave it to his clerk one night1 bidding him sit up and engross it4 ,the man set to work1 but no sooner had he commenced1 than he was startled by a shadow falling on the parchment2 he looked up hastily1 and perceived a hand between him and the candle2 he rubbed his eyes1 and roused himself to his work1 in the belief that he was falling asleep4 ,once more came the dark blot on the deed1 and this time he saw quite clearly a small1 white1 lady's hand1 that vanished each time1 as he gazed on it4 ,he flung down his pen in terror1 and1 hastening from the room1 went and told his master he would have no more to do with so unpleasant a transaction4 ,but ,lady ,long found some one else to do her bidding1 and the obedient husband signed and sealed4 ,no good came1 as may well be imagined1 of such dealings4 ,the rightful heir's maternal relations rose in his defence1 seized the body of ,sir ,walter 7who died shortly afterwards7 in the church porch1 and began a law-suit against the second son1 by which they compelled him to accept of a moiety of the property1 and to relinquish the principal estate to his half1 and elder1 brother4 -------------- ,no4 #bf4 ,,louisa ,,viscountess ,,weymouth4 ,,by ,,van ,,der ,,bank4 ,in a fancy dress of pink and black4 ,pearl ornaments4 ,aigrette in her hair4 ,,lady ,louisa ,carteret was the daughter of ,john ,carteret1 ,earl ,granville1 by ,lady ,grace1 daughter of ,john ,granville1 ,earl of ,bath4 ,she married the second ,lord ,weymouth 7as his second wife7 in #agcc1 and had by him two sons--,thomas1 who succeeded his father2 and ,henry1 who became ,lord ,carteret4 ,the dress in which ,lady ,weymouth is painted1 was worn by her at a fancy ball at the ,spanish ,ambassador's1 and was so much admired1 that she sat for her portrait in the same4 -------------- ,no4 #bg4 ,,thomas ,,thynne1 ,,third ,,viscount ,,weymouth1 ,,first ,,marquis ,,of ,,bath4 ,,by ,,sir ,,thomas ,,lawrence4 ,,born #agcd1 ,,died #agif4 ,in ,parliamentary robes4 ,,son of the second ,viscount1 by ,lady ,louisa ,carteret4 ,in #agec he set out on a foreign tour to complete his education2 in #agfj he was appointed ,lord of the ,bedchamber to the ,king2 in #agfc1 ,master of the ,horse to the ,queen2 in #agfe1 ,lord-,lieutenant of ,ireland1 which post he did not occupy more than a few months1 and in #agfh1 ,secretary of ,state4 ,he was also a ,privy ,councillor1 ,high ,steward of the ,corporation of ,tamworth1 and an ,elder ,brother of the ,trinity ,house4 ,in #agei he married ,lady ,elizabeth ,cavendish ,bentinck1 eldest daughter of ,william1 second ,duke of ,portland1 by whom he had three sons and six daughters4 ,in #aghi he was created ,marquis of ,bath1 and in the autumn of that year their ,majesties and the ,princesses1 with a numerous suite1 were sumptuously entertained at ,longleat4 ,by the way1 it is mentioned1 in an elaborate account of this visit1 that #cj1jjj people pressed into the park1 and #abe guests1 independent of servants1 slept in the house4 ,the ,king1 ,george ,,iii41 who had just recovered from a serious illness1 and was on his road from ,weymouth1 was delighted with his reception4 ,he went out on the roof of the house1 and there observed1 what many have said before1 and since1 that ,longleat far exceeded its reputation for beauty4 ,lord ,bath continued the alterations begun by his father1 and died in #agif4 -------------- ,no4 #bh4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,thynne4 ,black dress4 ,pointed beard4 ,,he was the eldest son of ,sir ,thomas ,thynne1 by his first wife1 the daughter of ,lord ,audley4 ,he was seated at ,richmond1 in ,surrey1 and married the daughter of ,walter ,balquanhill1 ,dean of ,durham1 by whom he had ,thomas1 called of #8,ten ,thousand1' who was murdered4 ,he died v4p4 -------------- ,no4 #bi4 ,,the ,,honourable ,,henry ,,coventry4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afbj1 ,,died #afhf4 ,scarlet and gold dress4 ,tawny mantle4 ,wig4 ,,he was the third son of ,lord ,keeper ,coventry1 by the daughter of ,john ,aldersley2 educated at ,all ,souls ,college1 ,oxford4 ,a firm ,royalist1 on the ,restoration he was appointed a groom of the ,bedchamber1 and in #affd was sent ,ambassador-,extraordinary to ,sweden1 where he remained till #afff4 ,the following year he and ,denzil1 ,lord ,holles1 went as ,joint-,plenipotentiaries to ,breda1 where they concluded a peace with ,france1 ,denmark1 and the ,states-,general4 ,in #affh he went again on an embassy to ,sweden1 and on his return was made one of the ,principal ,secretaries of ,state1 and ,privy ,councillor4 ,he gave so much satisfaction in office that when compelled to retire from bad health1 the ,gazette had a notice respecting him3 #8,his ,majesty has accepted the resignation with some unwillingness1 because of the great satisfaction he always had in his services4' ,lord ,clarendon commends his diplomatic duties1 and says he was beloved of every one4 ,he retired into private life1 and died at his house in the ,haymarket1 unmarried1 leaving his estates to his namesake ,henry ,coventry1 and his nephew ,james ,thynne1 with several charitable bequests4 -------------- ,no4 #cj4 ,,sir ,,james ,,thynne4 ,,died #afgj4 ,in armour4 ,flowing hair4 ,,the eldest surviving son of the first ,sir ,thomas ,thynne of ,longleat1 whom he succeeded4 -------------- ,no4 #ca4 ,,thomas ,,thynne1 ,,esq4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,murdered #afhb4 ,tawny-coloured dress4 ,wig and ruffles4 ,holding a cane4 ,,the son of ,sir ,thomas ,thynne of ,richmond1 ,surrey1 by ,stuart1 daughter and co-heir of ,dr4 ,walter ,balquanhill1 ,dean of ,durham and ,master of the ,savoy4 ,on the death of his uncle ,sir ,james1 ,thomas ,thynne inherited ,longleat and other large estates1 and was thenceforward known by the nickname of #8,tom o' ,ten ,thousand4' ,he enlarged and improved the house of his inheritance1 built stabling1 made good roads1 which were a benefit to the country round1 and was proverbial for generosity and hospitality4 ,indeed1 his hospitable treats are immortalised in ,dryden's poem of #8,absalom and ,achitophel1' for ,absalom 7the ,duke of ,monmouth7 and the ,master of ,longleat were sincerely attached to each other4 ,and on the ,duke's return from banishment to ,holland1 in #afhj1 his staunch friend ,thynne gave him so enthusiastic a welcome at his house1 that he was in consequence deprived of the command of a regiment of militia in the county4 ,thomas ,thynne now turned his thoughts to matrimony1 and resolved to take a wife whose birth and fortune qualified her to reign as mistress of his lordly mansion4 ,he therefore selected the first match in the ,united ,kingdom1 and engaged himself to a widow lady of the mature age of thirteen years1 ,lady ,elizabeth ,percy1 daughter and heir of the eleventh ,earl of ,northumberland4 ,she had been removed from her mother's guardianship on that lady's second marriage1 and committed to the care of her grandmother1 the ,dowager ,lady ,northumberland1 by whom she was betrothed to ,lord ,ogle1 son of the ,duke of ,newcastle1 #afgi4 ,but the bridegroom dying the next year1 the heiress was once more free to bestow her hand1 and the ,duke of ,monmouth interested himself to further the suit of his friend1 #8,tom o' ,ten ,thousand1' but it was whispered that the grandmother favoured the idea more than the granddaughter4 ,however1 in ,june #afha they were contracted1 and in ,july ,mr4 ,thynne gained the young lady's consent that the marriage should be solemnised1 on condition that it was kept secret until her year of mourning should be over4 ,in the ,marriage ,service1 when they came to the passage #8with all my worldly goods ,i thee endow1' the husband placed on the open ,prayer-,book one hundred pieces of golden guineas1 mixed with silver1 #8which the lady put into her handkerchief1 and then pocketed4' ,no sooner was the ceremony concluded than the bride announced her intention of going abroad to spend a year with ,lady ,temple1 the wife of the celebrated ,sir ,william ,temple1 in ,holland1 a proceeding which was the cause of much gossip1 some saying that she disliked her husband1 and preferred another1 and hoped to procure a dissolution of the marriage1 etc4 ,be this as it may1 there is no doubt that ,count ,knigsmark1 a handsome and distinguished officer1 the head of one of ,sweden's noblest families1 then residing in ,london1 was ,thynne's rival4 ,it is said he followed the young bride to the ,continent1 at all events he laid a deep scheme to rid himself of the obnoxious husband1 by whom1 he affirmed1 he had been insulted4 ,he accordingly secured the services of a ,german officer1 who on his part hired two men1 to one of whom 7a ,pole7 was intrusted the actual murder4 ,knigsmark kept out of the way1 while his three creatures watched ,thynne's proceedings1 and lay in wait for him4 ,on the night of ,february the #abth1 #afhb1 as the unfortunate gentleman was returning from a visit to the ,countess of ,northumberland1 his coach was stopped1 one villain riding up to the horses' heads1 another alongside pointing to the occupant of the carriage1 when the ,pole fired1 lodging several shots in the body of ,thomas ,thynne4 ,on hearing the sad news1 his faithful friend1 the ,duke of ,monmouth1 from whom he had just parted1 hastened to the sufferer's bedside1 tending him through the night with the utmost care1 and taking the most energetic measures for the detection of the murderers4 ,indeed1 it was at first supposed that the shot was intended for the ,duke himself1 but this ,knigsmark strenuously denied4 ,thomas ,thynne lingered till the next morning4 ,the instigator of this foul deed was acquitted2 the three men in his employ suffered death1 the ,duke of ,monmouth witnessing the execution4 ,the ,german officer behaved with gallantry worthy a better cause1 his accomplice protested against the hardness of his fate1 seeing he was about to die for two men1 and a woman1 on not one of whom he had ever set his eyes2 and the ,pole pleaded that he had only obeyed orders1 as a soldier should do4 ,the ,count1 so unjustly acquitted1 found1 however1 that his reputation had suffered by the dastardly and cruel deed1 and confessing that it was a stain on his name1 he entered the ,venetian service1 went to the wars1 was sent to ,greece as second in command1 and fell at the siege of ,argos1 ,august #afhf4 ,the well-known marble monument erected by ,thomas ,thynne's family to his memory1 in ,westminster ,abbey1 has an elaborate bas-relief representing the murder4 ,dying without children1 he was succeeded by his second cousin and namesake1 afterwards first ,viscount ,weymouth4 -------------- ,no4 #cb4 ,,elizabeth1 ,,first ,,marchioness ,,of ,,bath4 ,,pastel4 ,,born #agcd1 ,,died #ahbe4 ,white dshabille4 ,blue scarf4 ,,lady ,elizabeth ,cavendish ,bentinck was the eldest daughter of ,william1 second ,duke of ,portland1 by ,lady ,margaret ,harley1 only daughter and heir of ,edward1 second ,earl of ,oxford4 ,she married1 in #agei1 ,viscount ,weymouth1 who became ,marquis of ,bath in #aghi4 ,their children were ,viscount ,weymouth1 who succeeded to the ,marquisate1 and ,george1 second ,lord ,carteret1 married to ,harriet1 daughter to the second ,viscount ,courtenay4 ,lord ,carteret died #ahch1 s4p41 and was succeeded in the title by his brother ,john1 married to ,mary ,anne1 daughter of ,thomas1 ,master of the ,abbey1 ,cirencester4 ,this ,lord ,carteret also died childless1 when the title became extinct4 ,lord and ,lady ,bath had four daughters1--,louisa ,countess of ,aylesford1 ,henrietta ,countess of ,chesterfield1 ,sophia ,countess of ,ashburnham1 and ,mary1 wife to ,osborn ,markham1 son of the ,archbishop of ,york4 ,two died unmarried1 ,isabella and ,caroline1 of whom the former was ,lady of the ,bedchamber to the ,princess ,mary1 ,duchess of ,gloucester4 -------------- ,no4 #cc4 ,,sir ,,henry ,,frederick ,,thynne4 ,plum and fawn-coloured dress4 ,long and flowing hair4 -------------- ,no4 #cd4 ,,george1 ,,fourth ,,viscount ,,torrington4 ,,by ,,hoppner4 ,,died #ahab4 ,dark coat4 ,full wig4 ,,the eldest son of the third ,viscount by ,miss ,daniel2 he married1 in #agfe1 the ,lady ,lucy ,boyle1 only daughter of ,john ,earl of ,cork and ,orrery1 by whom he had four daughters1--,lady ,john ,russell1 the ,countess of ,bradford1 the ,marchioness of ,bath1 and ,emily1 married to ,henry1 eldest son of ,lord ,robert ,seymour4 -------------- ,no4 #ce4 ,,viscountess ,,lansdowne4 ,in a white dshabille4 ,flowers on the table beside her4 ,,the daughter of the ,earl of ,jersey1 the wife of ,thomas ,thynne1 7by whom she had the second ,lord ,weymouth17 and afterwards of ,lord ,lansdowne4 -------------- ,no4 #cf4 ,,lady ,,isabella ,,thynne4 ,buff gown4 ,pearls4 ,ringlets4 ,oval4 ,,daughter of the ,earl of ,holland1 and wife to ,sir ,james ,thynne of ,longleat4 -------------- ,no4 #cg4 ,,james ,,thynne4 ,,by ,,clostermann4 ,,died #agjh-i4 ,grey coat4 ,red mantle4 ,cravat and ruffles4 ,,second son of ,sir ,henry ,frederick ,thynne by the daughter of ,lord ,keeper ,coventry2 seated at ,buckland1 county ,gloucester2 ,,ll4,d4 at ,oxford2 was ,m4,p4 for borough of ,cirencester1 #agjj-a4 ,he died unmarried4 -------------- ,no4 #ch4 ,,john ,,alexander1 ,,fourth ,,marquis ,,of ,,bath4 ,,by ,,george ,,richmond1 ,r4,a4 ,,born #ahca4 ,shooting dress4 ,,marquis of ,bath1 ,viscount ,weymouth1 ,baron ,thynne of ,warminster1 county ,wilts1 and a ,baronet1 succeeded his father in #ahcg4 ,was educated at ,eton1 and ,christ ,church1 ,oxford2 married the daughter of ,viscount de ,vesci in #ahfa4 ,has six children1 three sons1 and three daughters4 -------------- ,no4 #ci4 ,,the ,,lord ,,keeper ,,coventry4 ,,by ,,cornelius ,,jansen4 ,,born #aegh1 ,,died #afdj4 ,in robes of office4 ,,the founder of the family's fortunes was one ,john1 who1 assuming the name of his native town1 went to ,london1 where he became a mercer1 and1 doing well in business1 was elected ,lord ,mayor in #adbe4 ,thomas1 a descendant of the worshipful aforesaid 7a lawyer1 and eventually a ,judge of ,common ,pleas71 married ,margaret1 daughter and heir of ---- ,jefferies of ,croome d',abitot1 county ,worcester1 still the residence of the ,earls of ,coventry4 ,the subject of this notice was his son and heir1 educated under the eye of his father1 till he was fourteen1 afterwards at ,balliol ,college1 ,oxford1 where he remained three years1 then passed to the ,inner ,temple1 ,london1 to study law1 which he did zealously4 #8,by an indefatigable diligence he attained the bar1 and appeared in the lustre of his profession above the common expectations1' according to the magniloquent phrases of the time4 ,in #afaf he was elected ,recorder of ,london1 and in the following year ,solicitor-,general1 and shortly afterwards he was knighted at ,theobalds4 #afbj saw him ,attorney-,general1 and in #afbe ,buckingham recommended him to the ,king1 as ,lord ,keeper1 the ,duke being most anxious to oust his old enemy ,bishop ,williams1 who then held the ,seals4 ,a letter is extant from ,coventry to the ,duke1 in which1 with many circumlocuting paragraphs1 he accepts the responsible post1 which it would appear he had at first declined from diffidence4 #8,but after a great conflict in himself against those disabilities1' he laid himself #8in all humility and submission at the feet of his ,sovereign1 hoping that ,god and ,his ,majestie would accept his true hart and willing endevor1' etc4 etc4 ,but although he wrote in a style that may seem to us time-serving1 it should be rather attributed to the fashion of the day1 since not long after he had the independence to resist the grasping ambition of the ,duke1 his original patron4 ,buckingham was moving heaven and earth to induce the ,king to revive in his favour the dormant post of ,lord ,high ,constable4 ,the ,lord ,keeper was well aware what a dangerous power would thus devolve on a dangerous man1 and he strongly advised the ,king to refuse4 ,buckingham1 furious1 insolently demanded1 #8,who made you1 ,coventry1 ,lord ,keeper8' #8,the ,king1' was the reply4 #8',tis false1 'twas ,i1 and you shall see that ,i who made1 can and will unmake you4' #8,did ,i conceive1' answered the ,lord ,keeper1 with dignity1 #8that ,i held my place by your favour1 ,i would presently unmake myself by resigning the ,seals to ,his ,majesty4' ,the arrogant ,buckingham dashed off1 breathing revenge1 and there is little doubt that he would have done his worst against the man who presumed to oppose him1 had not his career been so soon ended by the knife of the assassin4 ,but ,coventry had other enemies1 and he offended the ,marquis of ,hamilton and the ,earl of ,manchester by the rigid discharge of his duties2 the ,earl of ,portland1 ,lord ,high ,admiral1 was also much opposed to him1 nevertheless he stood high at ,court4 ,in #afbh he was created ,baron ,coventry of ,aylesborough1 and ,lord ,clarendon says that #8he discharged all his offices with great ability and singular reputation of integrity4 ,he enjoyed his place of ,lord ,keeper for sixteen years1 and sure justice was never better administered1 even until his death2 no man had held the post so long1 for the lapse of forty years4' ,the whole character of the man by ,lord ,clarendon is most admirable1 and shows what a true friend he was to the ,king he loved1 by opposing him in any unwise or unjust proceeding1 even on his deathbed sending him good and wholesome counsel4 ,another witness says of him1 #8,he had a noble fame--not that he passed unaccused1 for envy is a constant follower of greatness1 and detraction an utter enemy of desert4' #8,amongst all and the many felicities of his life1' we again quote ,clarendon1 #8that of his short sickness and willing embracement of deathe with open armes1 were of the most remarkable observacion1 for it is our finis qui coronat opus4' ,the venial charges brought against this great and good man are so slight as to demand no place in these pages4 #8,he was of a venerable aspect1 wise1 grave1 and severe almost to moroseness1 yet tempered with courtesy1 discreet and reticent1 speaking to the point without much eloquence--few enemies and some well-wishers--a man rather exceedingly than passionately loved4' ,he died at ,durham ,house1 ,strand4 ,his first wife was the daughter of ,edward ,sebright of ,besford1 county ,worcester1 by whom he had a daughter1 and a son1 his successor1 the mother dying in childbirth4 ,his second wife was the daughter of ,john ,aldersey of ,spurston1 county ,chester1 and widow of ,william ,pitchford of ,london1 citizen--#8lovely1 young1 rich1 and of good fame4' ,she brought him four sons1 of whom two at least1 and four daughters1 were all celebrated for some high quality--,anne1 married to ,sir ,william ,saville2 ,mary1 wife to ,sir ,henry ,frederick ,thynne of ,kempsford2 ,margaret1 to the first ,earl of ,shaftesbury2 and ,dorothy1 to ,sir ,john ,pakington1 ,bart41 of ,westwood1 county ,worcester4 #8,this lady1' says ,lodge1 #8stood at one time first candidate for the honour of having written ,the ,whole ,duty of ,man1 a possibility which at least speaks well for the consideration in which her talents and piety were held at the time4' ,lord ,coventry published some legal works4 -------------- ,no4 #dj4 ,,sir ,,william ,,coventry4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afbf1 ,,died #afhf4 ,tawny-coloured coat4 ,wig4 ,hand resting on book4 ,,he was the youngest brother of ,sir ,john ,coventry4 ,went to ,queen's ,college1 ,oxford1 as gentleman-commoner1 when sixteen2 then travelled in foreign parts3 on his return1 declaring himself a loyal subject of ,king ,charles1 he was appointed secretary to the ,duke of ,york1 and also to the ,admiralty4 ,other honours succeeded--,privy ,councillor1 ,commissioner of the ,treasury1 etc4 ,evelyn calls him a #8wise and witty gentleman4' ,burnet says of him3 #8,a man of great notions and eminent virtues1 the best speaker in the ,house of ,commons1 and capable of leading the best ,ministry1 as it was once thought he was very near it1 and deserved it more than all the rest did4' ,having quarrelled with the ,duke of ,buckingham1 and a duel being in contemplation1 he was forbid the ,court1 and retired to ,minster-,lovell1 near ,witney1 in ,oxfordshire1 where he led a quiet country life1 refusing all offers of public appointments4 ,he was never married1 and died at ,somerhill1 near ,tunbridge ,wells1 where he had gone for the benefit of the waters4 ,he was buried at ,penshurst1 in the same county4 ,he left in his will #bjjj for the relief of the ,french ,protestants lately banished on account of their religion1 who had taken refuge in ,england2 also #cjjj for the redemption of captives from ,algeria4 -------------- ,no4 #da4 ,,thomas ,,thynne1 ,,esq4 ,,by ,,sir ,,godfrey ,,kneller4 ,,died #agaj4 ,tawny suit4 ,full wig4 ,,the only son of ,henry ,frederick ,thynne1 by the daughter and co-heir of ,francis ,philips of ,sunbury1 county ,middlesex2 born at ,little ,holland ,house1 ,kensington2 educated at ,eton and ,oxford4 ,he afterwards travelled on the ,continent for two years1 and on his return1 ,lord ,weymouth1 who was his uncle1 godfather1 and guardian1 arranged a marriage for him with ,lady ,mary ,villiers1 daughter of the first ,earl of ,jersey4 ,by his father's will he was not to come into possession of his estates till he was twenty-four1 which age he never attained1 but his guardians purchased property for him in ,dorset1 ,wilts1 etc4 etc4 ,he died of the small-pox in ,london1 leaving his wife near her confinement1 and accordingly1 the month ensuing1 she gave birth to a son1 afterwards the second ,viscount ,weymouth4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,lower ,,corridor4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lower ,,corridor4 -------------- ,no4 #db4 ,,maria ,,audley1 ,,the ,,honourable ,,lady ,,thynne4 ,,by ,,mytens4 ,full length4 ,richly-embroidered crimson skirt1 laced and fringed1 over gown of white4 ,white shoes4 ,holding fan4 ,,the first wife of ,sir ,thomas ,thynne1 daughter and co-heir of ,lord ,audley1 by ,lucia1 daughter and heir of ,sir ,james ,mervin of ,fonthill4 ,strange enough1 there had been a negotiation of marriage between ,miss ,mervin and ,sir ,john ,thynne1 father of ,sir ,thomas4 ,we are not told why the owner of ,longleat disapproved of the match for his son1 but the families were destined to be united4 ,maria1 ,lady ,thynne1 had five children1--,john1 who died unmarried2 ,thomas1 seated at ,richmond in ,surrey1 died v4p42 ,james1 who succeeded his father2 and two daughters1--,stuart1 married to ,sir ,edward ,bayntun of ,bromham ,bayntun1 county ,wilts1 and ,elizabeth1 married to ,john ,hall of ,bradford1 in the same county4 ,the reason assigned for ,lady ,thynne having sat for her portrait in an interesting1 rather than a becoming condition1 is as follows3 she had a dream that she should not survive her confinement1 and told her husband1 if he wished to possess a picture of her no time must be lost4 ,it is possible that her fears may have hastened the event1 for the story goes that the foreboding was fulfilled at the appointed time1 but we have only family tradition as our authority4 -------------- ,no4 #dc4 ,,catharine ,,howard1 ,,the ,,honourable ,,lady ,,thynne4 ,,by ,,mytens4 ,,died #afej4 ,full length4 ,white gown1 richly embroidered in coloured flowers4 ,blue and gold band on left arm4 ,,she was the daughter of ,charles ,viscount ,howard of ,bindon1 and second wife to ,sir ,thomas ,thynne of ,longleat1 by whom she had 7beside two sons who died unmarried7 ,sir ,henry ,frederick ,thynne of ,kempsford4 ,lady ,thynne was buried in ,henry ,,vii4's ,chapel1 ,westminster ,abbey1 near the steps of the ,duke of ,richmond's monument4 -------------- ,no4 #dd4 ,,lady ,,isabella ,,thynne4 ,,by ,,dobson4 ,full length4 ,white gown4 ,coloured scarf4 ,ringlets4 ,holding a handkerchief4 ,,the daughter of ,henry ,rich1 ,earl of ,holland1 by the heiress of ,sir ,william ,cope of ,kensington4 ,there is a most tragical story connected with this lady's youth4 ,king ,james ,i41 with the shameful injustice that characterised him1 had wrested the estates and revenues of the noble family of ,butler from their rightful owner1 the ,earl of ,ormonde1 and bestowed them on a favourite of his own1 ,preston by name1 who was1 moreover1 created ,baron ,dingwall1 and eventually ,earl of ,desmond4 ,lord ,dingwall married ,lady ,elizabeth ,butler1 whose brother1 ,lord ,ormonde1 had been despoiled in his favour4 ,their only child ,elizabeth became the ,earl of ,holland's ward1 and was brought up chiefly under his roof2 she was a beautiful and engaging girl1 when her cousin1 ,lord ,thurles1 7,lord ,ormonde's son17 fell in love with her4 ,it was a most suitable match1 and so thought ,lord ,holland and his wife1 and1 indeed1 the whole household4 ,the cousins pledged their troth1 ,lord ,thurles's visits were encouraged1 and all went well for a time1 but so great a prize as ,lady ,elizabeth ,preston was sure to be coveted4 ,the ,duke of ,buckingham desired her hand for his nephew1 and induced the ,king to forbid the marriage with young ,lord ,thurles4 ,elizabeth's affections were irrevocably fixed1 and she had many friends and confidants2 her guardian durst not assist her openly1 having received the ,king's commands on the subject2 but there was one who was in a position to do so1 and that was his daughter ,isabella1 ,elizabeth's chosen friend1 and sister1 7in all but blood17 a beautiful sharp-witted girl of her own age1 who admitted ,lord ,thurles every day1 at all hours1 in a clandestine manner1 7as was necessary17 nor did her parents object1 or interfere with her proceedings1 but allowed her to make a feint of receiving ,lord ,thurles's addresses1 and implicit trust was placed by all parties in ,isabella's rectitude4 ,alas6 for the compact which we must believe was begun in good faith3 ,lord ,thurles was young1 handsome1 agreeable1 captivating in fact1 and the rle of confidante is proverbially dangerous4 ,in an evil moment he forgot his loyalty to his betrothed1 and ,isabella forgot her friend1 herself1 her duty1 and all but her infatuation for the man1 who was playing a double part by the two girls4 ,surely no romance can outdo this real history in sensational incident4 ,lord ,desmond was drowned about the same time his wife died1 leaving as her last injunction that ,elizabeth should marry no one but her cousin1 and by that means restore him the property1 the acquisition of which had weighed heavily on poor ,lady ,desmond's mind4 ,buckingham was assassinated1 the ,king died1 and ,charles ,i41 on his accession1 gave the royal consent to the union of the cousins4 #8,and so1' says the biographer of the great ,duke of ,ormonde 7who1 by the way1 makes very light of this episode with his bride's friend71 #8the marriage was joyously consummated1 and every one content4' ,we are not informed how the unfortunate ,lady ,isabella fared on the occasion1 but the dnouement remains to be told4 ,several years afterwards1 when ,ormonde was in ,paris1 he went to the ,academy there to visit a handsome and intelligent youth1 whom he had sent thither for his education1 whereupon he sat down and wrote a long description of the boy to ,lady ,isabella 7then the wife of ,sir ,james ,thynne71 being a subject in which they had a common interest4 ,as ill-luck would have it1 he at the same time indited a letter to his wife1 and misdirected the covers2 while ,lady ,ormonde was occupied in making the discovery that she had been cruelly betrayed1 and deceived by the two people she loved best1 and trusted most1 in the world1 ,isabella came in1 and found her reading the fatal letter4 ,an agitating scene ensued1 ,isabella humbled herself before the woman she had so grievously injured1 and sought by every means of fascination which she possessed to soften her just resentment4 ,tears1 sobs1 caresses1 remorse4 ,elizabeth1 generous and high-minded1 almost beyond belief1 raised the suppliant who was kneeling at her feet1 with the promise not only of pardon1 but of unchanging friendship2 a promise nobly kept1 as we shall see later4 ,still more marvellous is the fact1 7for we can scarcely doubt the evidence17 that ,lady ,ormonde not only never upbraided her husband1 but maintained a profound silence on the subject4 ,as to ,lady ,isabella's marriage to ,sir ,james ,thynne1 we have been unable to ascertain the date1 or any circumstances attending it4 ,but it would appear she lived apart from her husband for some time before the legal separation1 which took place 7according to ,longleat documents7 in #afec4 ,she led a most independent life during the time the ,court was at ,oxford3 we are told a great deal about ,lady ,isabella ,thynne1 who lodged at ,balliol ,college2 strange stories of her doings2 of #8how she and ,mistress ,fanshawe went to morning chapel dressed as angels1' i4e4 in scanty drapery2 of #8how our grove is converted into a ,daphne1 for the ladies and their gallants2 how ,lady ,isabella used to make her entry there1 in a jaunty manner1 with a lute before her1 dressed in a fantastical costume2' also how she and her friend ,fanshawe paid a visit for a frolic to a great ,don1 and behaved in so extravagant a manner1 that the learned man rebuked the two ladies sharply4 ,lady ,isabella seems to have carried her eccentricities a little too far1 according to some contemporary evidence3 #8,they say there is a lady banisht from ,court lately--the ,lady ,thinne4 ,it is a bad sign when such stars fall4' ,again3 #8,it was reported that ,her ,majesty should strike the good ,lady ,thynne2 methinks it should not be true4 ,yet they say ,her ,majesty gave her a box on the ear1 which ,lady ,thynne gave ,mr4 ,gorman to keep4' ,in #afdg the paper entitled ,parliament of ,ladies for that year said1 #8,the rattle-headed ladies having assembled at ,kate's in the ,covent ,garden1 and choosing a speaker1 at last resolved on ,lady ,isabella ,thynne4' ,but we have dwelt perhaps too long on the vagaries of one whom we are assured #8was most beautiful1 most accomplished1 most humble1 most charitable4' ,the destinies of the two women who had been early friends1 but whose characters were so opposed1 seem to have been strangely entangled4 ,lady ,isabella was fated to cross ,lady ,ormonde's path once more2 the occurrence is a curious one1 and is related in the life of ,lord ,broghill 7afterwards better known as the ,earl of ,orrery71 who was at the time in high favour with ,cromwell1 and had pleaded ,lady ,ormonde's cause to some purpose1 with the autocrat1 being deeply attached to that most noble lady and her husband4 ,he had just returned from ,ireland1 where he had distinguished himself1 when he was summoned to the ,protector's presence4 #8,if you are still interested in my ,lord ,ormonde's safety1' said ,oliver1 #8you had better advise him to leave ,london4 ,we know all about him1 where he is1 what he is doing1 and he had best absent himself4' ,the hint was given and taken1 and ,lord ,ormonde left ,england in haste4 ,a short time elapsed1 when one day ,lady ,ormonde was much distressed by receiving a domiciliary visit from one of ,cromwell's functionaries1 who ransacked the house1 and carried away every paper he could find4 ,she immediately sent for her faithful friend1 and besought him to intercede once more in her behalf4 ,broghill lost no time1 but hastened off to ,whitehall1 where he found the great man in a towering passion4 #8,you have undertaken1 indeed1 for the quietness of a fine person1' he said4 #8,i have allowed my ,lady ,ormonde #bjjj a year1 out of her husband's estates1 because they were sufferers in ,ireland4 ,but ,i find she is a wicked woman1 and ,i promise you she shall pay for it4' ,it was some time before ,lord ,broghill could gain a hearing1 but when he was permitted to speak1 he asked what proof could be adduced of ,lady ,ormonde's treachery1 upon which ,cromwell threw him a letter1 that certainly left no doubt of the writer's ,royalist tendencies and disaffection to the existing ,government4 #8,this had been found1' he said1 #8in searching the escritoire at ,ormonde ,house4' ,lord ,broghill could not help laughing4 #8,but this1' he said1 #8is not the writing of my ,lady ,ormonde4' #8,indeed1' exclaimed ,cromwell angrily1 #8and pray who wrote these lines8' ,bent on saving ,lady ,ormonde's credit1 ,lord ,broghill not only told him the letter was from ,lady ,isabella ,thynne1 7between whom and ,lord ,ormonde there had been undoubted love-passages17 but he produced some other letters of the same lady1 to identify the handwriting1 and further proceeded to relate several anecdotes of a most lively nature1 respecting her1 which turned all ,cromwell's anger into mirth1 and he laughed immoderately4 ,broghill's judicious conduct had gained ,lady ,ormonde's cause4 ,but some time afterwards she went to reside at ,caen1 her husband being on the ,continent1 and ,lady ,isabella having got herself into hot water once more1 recalled and claimed her friend's promise4 ,nor did she do so in vain3 ,lady ,ormonde welcomed her to her house1 where ,isabella remained two years1 during which time ,lord ,ormonde was a frequent visitor4 ,we do not give the dates1 as they are not clearly set down by our authorities2 but to the best of our belief she was in ,england in #afec4 ,lord ,clarendon tells us #8that ,hyde's heart ached for poor ,lady ,isabella ,thynne4' ,no less a poet than ,waller wrote verses to her1 on her playing the lute1 on her exquisite cutting of trees in paper1 etc4 ,in #affe one ,flecknoe's ,muse was also inspired by her charms4 ,of her death we know nothing2 but there was a story current that both she and her sister1 the ,lady ,diana1 had warnings of their approaching dissolution by meeting their own #8fetches1' the latter lady in ,kensington ,gardens4 -------------- ,no4 #de4 ,,mary ,,coventry1 ,,the ,,honourable ,,lady ,,thynne4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,full length4 ,white gown4 ,blue scarf over her shoulders4 ,pearl ornaments4 ,ringlets4 ,,she was the daughter of ,lord ,keeper ,coventry1 and the wife of ,sir ,henry ,frederick ,thynne1 by whom she had three sons and two daughters1--,thomas1 who succeeded his father1 ,james1 who died unmarried1 and ,henry ,frederick2 ,mary1 wife of ,sir ,richard ,how1 ,wishford1 county ,wilts2 and ,catherine1 wife of ,sir ,john ,lowther1 afterwards ,viscount ,lonsdale4 -------------- ,no4 #df4 ,,sir ,,walter ,,covert4 ,,by ,,mytens4 ,full length4 ,black dress and sword belt4 ,lace collar and cuffs4 ,,the ,coverts were an ancient and knightly race1 supposed to be of ,norman origin2 settled in ,sussex about the middle of the twelfth century4 ,a marriage with an heiress of the ,norman family of the ,d',aiguillon brought them good estates1 ,broadbridge and ,sullington in the same county1 and at the latter place they remained for several generations2 in the church there is the tomb of a mailed knight--temp4 ,henry ,,iii4--supposed to be that of ,sir ,william de ,covert4 ,they formed alliances with some of the oldest families in ,sussex1 and were reckoned the richest untitled gentry in that part of the country1 where they were held in good repute4 ,in the reigns of ,henry ,,viii41 ,elizabeth1 and ,james1 there is so much confusion in the printed pedigrees and county histories respecting the ,coverts that we are unable to mention names and circumstances relating to ,sir ,walter1 with any degree of certainty4 ,in a ,sussex archological journal1 we find that in #aehg a survey of the county was made by ,thomas ,parker and ,sir ,walter ,covert 7two deputy-lieutenants7 in order to ascertain how far the shores were prepared for defence4 ,sir ,walter was twice married4 ,by his first wife1 ,anne ,covert1 he had a son1 the first and only ,baronet4 ,it is difficult to decide if he obtained the estate of ,slaughane by this marriage1 or by inheritance1 but he is reputed to have been the builder of the noble mansion there4 ,his second wife was ,jane ,shurley4 ,sir ,walter died before the year #afcb4 -------------- ,no4 #dg4 ,,jane ,,shurley1 ,,lady ,,covert4 ,,by ,,cornelius ,,jansen4 ,full length4 ,white dress4 ,red under-skirt4 ,red and white ribbons4 ,in a garden4 ,,daughter of ,sir ,john ,shurley of ,ifield1 county ,sussex1 who died in #afca4 ,she married ,sir ,walter ,covert as his second wife1 and after his death became the second wife of ,denzil ,lord ,holles4 ,the dates which are given of this lady's birth1 marriage1 and death are so different1 according to different authorities1 that we think it best not to adopt any4 -------------- ,no4 #dh4 ,,gaspard ,,de ,,ch,,tillon1 ,,sire ,,de ,,coligny1 ,,grand ,,amiral ,,de ,,france4 ,,born #aeag1 ,,murdered #aegb4 ,black dress4 ,black hat4 ,,he was the son of ,jean de ,chtillon1 ,sire de ,coligny1 and was born at the ancestral estate of ,chtillon-sur-,loing4 ,his mother was ,louise de ,montmorency2 his father dying when he was quite a child1 the guardianship devolved on ,gaspard's maternal uncle1 the celebrated ,connetble de ,montmorency4 ,the boy was educated in the ,roman ,catholic religion1 and he showed much talent and intelligence1 but rather drew back from distinguishing himself1 lest his family should insist on his entering the ,church1 a step to which he was much averse4 ,he showed1 on the contrary1 an early predilection for a military career1 and the ,king 7,henry ,,ii471 whose favour he had gained1 appointed him1 while still young1 to a high post in the army4 ,coligny1 when at ,court1 had formed a close intimacy with ,franois ,duc de ,guise1 and joining the army together1 they were for some time inseparable brothers-in-arms4 ,in ,de ,coligny's first campaign he was twice severely wounded1 and also made prisoner of war2 he served in ,flanders1 in ,italy1 in ,picardy1 etc4 etc4 ,his courage and endurance were proverbial1 and when intrusted with diplomatic negotiations he showed great ability4 ,in #aeeb-c he was appointed ,lord ,high ,admiral of ,france1 and about two years afterwards he1 with the royal consent1 vacated his military command in favour of his well-loved brother and brave comrade1 ,franois de ,coligny 7better known as ,d',andelot71 and returned to his home and family at ,chtillon1 where he gave himself up for some time to theological studies1 more particularly to the investigation of the doctrines of the ,reformed ,church4 ,this was done at the earnest request of his brother1 who had become a ,huguenot4 ,his conversion was owing to the perusal of several religious books on the subject1 procured for him while a prisoner of war at ,milan4 ,the ,admiral was not slow in following ,d',andelot's example1 and he became an ardent proselyte1 although the fear lest the step should prove disadvantageous to his family prevented him from making an open profession at first4 ,but ,gaspard de ,coligny was not a man for half-measures1 and ere long he stood forth as a staunch champion of the ,huguenot party1 only second in importance to the ,prince de ,cond4 ,he spent large sums of money in establishing reformed colonies in ,florida and ,brazil 7neither of which were long-lived71 and he memorialised the ,king to allow the ,huguenots freedom of worship1 and to grant them exemption from many persecutions4 ,an edict was passed which seemed favourable to this oppressed people1 but it was not of long duration4 ,the murder of a ,huguenot by one of the ,guise faction again lit the flame1 and the war was resumed4 ,at the first call to arms1 ,coligny hastened to join the ,prince de ,cond1 then ,generalissimo of the ,huguenot army1 and the two friends took the field together1 against the ,duke of ,guise4 ,for some time fortune smiled first on one1 and then on the other side of the opponents1 until the battle of ,dreux1 where the ,duke of ,guise was victorious and marched off in triumph to ,orleans4 ,but his days were numbered4 ,at the moment of giving orders for storming the town1 a shot fired by ,poltrot de ,mery1 a ,huguenot enthusiast1 struck him down in his tent1 mortally wounded4 ,there were not found wanting some who dared accuse the noble ,coligny of being the instigator of this deed2 but few of either party gave credence to so foul a calumny1 although the ,guise faction made it a plea for hunting their enemy even to the death4 ,another religious truce1 and ,coligny once more disbanded his soldiers1 and returned to his beloved ,chtillon4 ,another outbreak1 when the ,huguenots1 confirmed in the opinion that the ,queen-,mother1 ,catherine of ,medicis1 was their deadly enemy1 formed a project to possess themselves of the person of the young ,king1 which failed4 ,in the meantime the wily ,catherine #8babbled of peace1' and strove by every means in her power to allure ,cond and ,coligny to ,paris--an invitation they wisely refused4 ,the ,huguenots had acquired a valuable ally in the person of ,jeanne d',albret1 ,queen of ,navarre1 sole daughter and heir of the late ,king1 and widow of ,antoine de ,bourbon1 ,duc de ,vendme4 ,this ,princess1 called when a child #8,la ,mignonne des ,rois1' from the tender love which her father and her uncle 7,francis ,i47 both bore her1 was remarkable for her courage1 her judgment1 and her devotion to the tenets of the ,reformed ,church4 ,she had arrived from the ,pyrenees with a large escort and a considerable sum1 7realised by the sale of her jewels17 to join the ,huguenot camp1 and swell its treasure4 ,she was accompanied by her son ,henry1 ,prince de ,barn1 7afterwards ,henry ,,iv417 about fourteen years of age1 who pleaded earnestly1 though vainly1 to be allowed then and there to flesh his maiden sword4 ,a terrible blow awaited the ,huguenots in the death of their leader1 the great ,cond1 who was slain at the battle of ,jarnac1 in #afee4 ,jeanne d',albret did all in her power to raise their drooping spirits1 and entering the camp in person1 with her son on one side1 and the young ,prince de ,cond on the other1--#8,my friends1' she said1 #8here are two new chiefs with whom ,god has provided you1 two orphans ,i intrust to your care4' ,coligny1 indeed1 acted the part of a second father to the young ,prince de ,barn1 who studied the art of war under this great master1 and did him early honour1 for at a time when ,coligny was invalided1 the young warrior took the command of the army and greatly distinguished himself4 ,time passed on2 the ,queen1 ,catherine1 having matured a terrible plan for the ruin of the ,huguenots1 set about bringing it to bear4 ,she negotiated a marriage between ,henry1 then heir to the throne of ,navarre1 and the ,princess ,margaret1 sister to the ,king of ,france4 ,the hitherto prudent ,jeanne d',albret fell into the snare1 and repaired to ,paris with her betrothed son1 in order to consummate a union that promised so many advantages for all parties concerned4 ,her example was followed by ,coligny1 whose reception at ,court was as flattering as the wily ,italian thought prudent4 ,the young ,king1 well tutored1 assured the ,admiral by his mother it was the happiest day of his life1 and offered him as a bait a high command in ,flanders4 ,the ,huguenots flocked to the capital in numbers1 and there were only a comparative few1 who still harboured any suspicion4 ,to the friendly warnings he received1 ,coligny replied1 #8,i am resigned1 it shall all be as ,god pleases4' ,one of his own household1 after striving in vain to persuade his master to seek safety at ,chtillon1 or at least to be allowed1 himself1 to leave ,paris1 was asked what he feared4 #8,ils vous font trop de caresses1' was the wise reply4 ,the preparations for the marriage were not concluded ere the sudden death of his beloved mother overwhelmed the fianc with deep sorrow4 ,but he was allowed no time to indulge his natural grief1 for the nuptials were hastened4 ,there were rumours of poison1 but the matter was hushed2 the next incident that was calculated to alarm the ,huguenots was the attempted assassination of the ,admiral4 ,a miscreant1 supposed to be a creature of the ,duchess of ,nemours1 7widow of the ,duke of ,guise1 who died at ,orleans17 fired a shot from an arquebuse1 as ,coligny was passing a window1 and wounded him in the right hand and left arm4 ,but the time had not yet arrived4 ,the ,king hastened to the ,admiral's house1 ,rue de ,bthisy1 now ,rue des ,fosss1 to inquire1 to sympathise1 and to condole1 promising that the assassin should be brought to justice4 ,whether ,de ,coligny's eyes were opened at last or not1 it was now too late4 ,on the night of the ,feast of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 the ,duke of ,guise1 at the head of a body of men1 forced the door of ,coligny's house1 and killed the guard1 while a ,bohemian1 by name ,behme1 rushed up to the ,admiral's bedchamber4 ,awaked by the noise1 the man who had braved danger in almost every form1 opened the door1 and stood face to face with the intruder4 ,being asked if he were the ,sire de ,coligny1 he replied in the affirmative1 and then added1 #8,jeune homme1 respectez mes cheveux blancs4' ,the miscreant's only answer was by a sword-thrust on the head1 then seizing his victim by the heels1 he dragged him to the window1 and flung him headlong into the court below1 at the feet of the ,duke of ,guise4 ,this brutal man kicked his expiring enemy several times1 and then delivered him up to the mob1 who tore him to pieces4 ,the body was gibbeted at ,montfaucon1 and the ,king went to look at it1 saying1 with the ,emperor ,vitellius1 #8that a dead enemy is not a horrible sight1 and does not smell bad4' ,the ,admiral's faithful servants carried off the corpse at great personal risk1 and buried it at ,chtillon1 but it was afterwards transported to ,maupertuis1 whose proprietor caused a grand monument to be erected4 ,thus died this brave and noble man1 after a life full of vicissitude1 leaving behind him a name dear to all lovers of human greatness and goodness1 whatever their creed or nation4 ,as a general he was not reckoned successful1 yet so energetic and skilful at #8reparation1' that ,de ,coligny was considered more dangerous after defeat #8than his enemies after victory4' ,although a staunch disciplinarian1 he was much beloved by his soldiery on account of his benevolence and consideration4 ,he spoke and wrote well1 and was the author of several works1 some of which are still extant4 ,gaspard de ,coligny was twice married--first to ,charlotte de ,laval1 daughter of ,guy1 fifteenth of that name1 ,comte de ,laval1 by ,antoinette de ,daillon1 by whom he had several sons and daughters4 ,the circumstances attending his second marriage are of so remarkable and romantic a nature that we cannot pass them over in silence4 ,jacqueline de ,montbel was the daughter and sole heir of a noble and wealthy ,savoyard1 the ,comte d',entremonts1 and widow of ,claude de ,bastarnai1 ,comte de ,bonchage4 ,she was moreover a zealous ,huguenot1 and the reputation of ,coligny1 as the champion of that persecuted party1 and the fame of his valour and piety1 had so inflamed the fancy of the beautiful ,savoyarde1 that even before they had ever met1 she conceived an unconquerable passion for the far-famed hero4 ,the ,duke of ,savoy was very much averse to the marriage1 probably wishing to retain the lady and her wealth within the precincts of his own dominions4 ,he therefore caused her to be watched1 but woman's wit eluded his vigilance2 the ,comtesse ,jacqueline escaped to ,la ,rochelle1 and bestowed her hand on the man she had chosen from the world beside4 ,the ,duke of ,savoy1 enraged at her disobedience1 seized on the lady's estates4 ,about the same time ,louise1 ,coligny's daughter by his first wife1 was united to ,m4 de ,tligny1 #8un simple gentilhomme1 de la compagnie de l',amiral de ,chtillon4' ,he was much beloved by his father-in-law1 whose fate he shared1 being also murdered on the day of ,st4 ,bartholomew2 ,louise survived1 to become the wife of ,william of ,nassau1 ,prince of ,orange4 ,there is a curious historical parallel between more than one circumstance in the lives of these two heroes1 both heads of the ,huguenot party1 both beloved1 from their reputation alone1 by noble and beautiful women1 and both victims of a cruel murder4 ,by ,de ,coligny1 ,jacqueline had a posthumous daughter named ,beatrice2 we cannot close this brief notice without inserting a translation of the characteristic epitaph which was written in ,latin3-- #8,ci gissent les os de ,gaspard de ,coligny1 ,grand ,amiral de ,france1 ,seigneur de ,chtillon1 son me est dans le sein de ,celui pour lequel il combattit avec tant de constance4' -------------- ,no4 #di4 ,,robert ,,devereux1 ,,earl ,,of ,,essex4 ,,born #aefg1 ,,executed #afja4 ,full length4 ,white dress4 ,embroidered vest4 ,george1 ,ribbon1 and ,garter4 ,left hand resting on the pommel of his sword2 right hand holding a cane4 ,,the eldest son of ,walter1 first ,earl of ,essex of the ,devereux family1 by ,lettice1 daughter of ,sir ,francis ,knollys1 ,knight4 ,he succeeded to the title and estates before he had reached his ninth year4 ,but his father's solicitude had provided him with worthy guardians2 ,lords ,burghley and ,sussex1 and ,dr4 ,waterhouse1 of whom1 in his last moments1 ,walter1 ,lord ,essex1 took leave in these terms--#8,farewell1 ,ned2 thou art the friendliest and faithfullest gentleman that ever ,i knew2' and well did ,waterhouse fulfil the trust imposed on him by his dying friend1 he took the direction of the minor's affairs1 which he managed with great ability1 and watched over the boy himself1 with paternal care4 ,in #aegg young ,essex went to ,cambridge1 where he bore an excellent character1 and gained the reputation of #8an elegant scholar1' while his refined and genial manners made him generally popular4 ,he remained at the ,university till #aeha1 when he retired to his country house in ,pembrokeshire1 and seemed to have #8become enamoured of a rural life4' ,in #aehd1 on his first presentation at ,court1 he found his stepfather1 the ,earl of ,leicester1 reigning supreme1 with whom he was in no way inclined to stand on friendly relations4 ,the sudden death of ,essex's father1 and the indecent haste of his mother's marriage with ,robert ,dudley1 were too vivid in his remembrance4 ,but the royal gis had been thrown over the pair1 and the matter had been hushed up4 ,lord ,leicester strove by every means in his power to propitiate his wife's son1 and the young man was not proof against the professions of affection1 or the prospects of advancement4 ,at least so it would seem1 for in the following year the two ,earls went together to the ,low ,countries1 ,leicester as ,captain-,general1 and ,essex 7though not more than eighteen at the time7 as ,general of the ,horse4 ,here the latter was greatly commended for his valour1 more especially at the battle of ,zutphen4 ,on his return to ,england he was made ,master of the ,horse1 and not only intrusted with a high command in the army1 at the time of the threatened ,spanish invasion1 but invested with the ,order of the ,garter--a proceeding which excited no little jealousy4 ,lord ,leicester dying in the same year1 the post of first favourite became vacant1 and to that dangerous elevation was the new knight elected without loss of time2 and now began afresh the disgraceful farce which ,elizabeth ,tudor had already enacted with ,leicester1 and in a minor degree with ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 and others4 ,alas6 this time the curtain was to fall on a tragedy4 ,the ,queen's coquetries1 her advances and retreats1 her attacks on the citadel of the handsome and accomplished courtier's heart1 are part of history1 and need not be detailed here4 ,notwithstanding the honours she heaped upon him1 his eager spirit was often #8vexed past patience1' even in these early days4 ,in #aehi he absented himself without leave from ,court1 even as ,sir ,philip ,sidney had done before him1 and sailed with ,sir ,francis ,drake on his expedition to ,portugal4 ,elizabeth ordered him to return in a most peremptory letter written with her own hand2 but when he did so1 she received him with open arms1 keeping up for some time a skirmish of lover's quarrels4 ,at length her indignation was seriously aroused on learning the old story1 that her favourite had married without her permission4 ,she called it a msalliance1 a word that could scarcely apply in the case of the daughter of ,sir ,francis ,walsingham1 and the widow of ,sir ,philip ,sidney4 ,in #aeia he commanded troops sent to the assistance of ,henry ,,iv4 of ,france1 and on his return was made a ,privy ,councillor2 but jealousy was rife1 plots were hatching against him1 and the train was laid which was to be fired some years later4 ,he was appointed to the joint command of the fleet in the expedition against ,spain1 with ,admiral ,howard1 and on their return1 the marked difference between the manner in which the ,ministers received ,essex and his coadjutor was most distasteful to the former4 ,howard was treated with honour and consideration1 while ,essex was exposed to blame and mortification4 ,he now retired to the country in disgust1 and would not even attend ,parliament till the question arose of a proposed treaty with ,spain1 when he hastened up to ,london to be present at a ,council1 and to advocate war1 which he did in such vehement and passionate terms that his quondam guardian1 ,lord ,burghley1 rose from the table1 and drawing a prayer-book from his pocket1 pointed to a passage in the ,psalms which proved too prophetic-- #8,the bloodthirsty and deceitful man shall not live out half his days4' ,burghley1 who died soon after1 was indeed a tried and trusty friend1 ever ready to defend him against all his enemies1 even the worst of all1 ,essex's own self4 ,peace was concluded1 however1 and ,robert ,devereux added to his general unpopularity1 while he angered the ,queen1 by rushing into print on the occasion1 and that in most unmeasured terms4 ,not long afterwards1 occurred the well-known scene at the ,council1 where was a hot discussion relative to the choice of a ,governor for ,ireland1 and ,lord ,essex's language was so intemperate that ,elizabeth in a rage rose from her seat and struck him on the cheek4 ,stung to the quick1 he half drew his sword1 and swearing he would not endure such treatment1 left the royal presence in a fury1 and once more hurried off to his country house1 whence it required much persuasion to induce him to return to his allegiance4 ,the ill-fated man did not realise 7after he had made a species of proud apology7 how far he was playing into his enemies' hand1 by accepting the command now given him1 to put down a rebellious outbreak in ,ireland4 ,the complete failure of this expedition is well known4 ,essex incurred the unmitigated censure of the ,government1 and of the ,queen herself4 ,his mind was at this time in a very wretched and unsettled state1 and on the receipt of a letter from ,elizabeth full of reproaches1 he left ,ireland1 and drew no breath till he stood suddenly in her presence at ,nonsuch ,place1 coming1 he said1 to throw himself on her mercy1 and implore her to listen to his vindication4 ,after a conference of some duration1 she dismissed him with the desire that he should remain in the custody of the ,lord ,keeper4 ,in this species of honourable imprisonment he continued for some time in suspense1 probably relying on ,her ,majesty's constancy to pardon him4 ,but there were those who whispered distrust and slander in the royal ear4 ,alas for the proud spirit of ,robert ,devereux6 he was examined for eleven hours before the ,privy ,council1 during most of the time compelled #8to remain on his knees4' ,when released1 he once more retired to the country1 and then came up to ,london1 where he made his house the centre of the disaffected2 and although still professing unshaken loyalty1 yet his actions and the companions he drew around him were well calculated to excite the suspicions both of the ,queen and of her ,ministers4 ,again summoned before the ,council1 he refused to appear2 and when the ,lord ,keeper and the ,lord ,chancellor went to his house to expostulate1 he detained them prisoners4 ,a climax to his rashness was the step he took in sallying forth into the city to enlist volunteers1 at the head of a large body of armed adherents1 and on his return to his house he fortified himself therein4 ,he was proclaimed a traitor1 besieged1 and taken prisoner on the #hth of ,february #afja1 and on the #aith brought to trial1 and condemned to die4 ,the struggle between anger1 tenderness1 and compassion in the breast of ,elizabeth has been recorded in history1 drama1 and fiction2 and the story of the ring1 which will be found in another page1 is one of the widest circulated of historical romances4 ,there is little doubt that ,elizabeth never recovered the shock of ,essex's death1 although her own hand dealt the blow to both4 ,on the night preceding his execution1 the noble prisoner opened his window1 and addressing the guards and pages1 regretted he had nothing to give them2 #8for ,i have nothing save what ,i am going to pay the ,queen on the morrow4' ,he rose soon after midnight1 and prayed with the chaplain1 saying1 #8,god bless you1 as you shall comfort me4' ,he dressed himself with care in a black suit1 velvet gown1 felt hat1 and starched ruff4 ,on his road to the scaffold he continued instant in prayer4 #8,god grant me true penitence1 true patience1 true humility1 and put all worldly thoughts from my mind4' ,no one can deny that ,robert ,devereux made a noble end4 ,he spoke earnestly to the crowd1 asking them to join in prayer with him1 repeated the ,lord's ,prayer with great fervour1 desired forgiveness of ,god and of the ,queen1 #8whom he had never intended to harm1' and answered the executioner with gentle courtesy1 who kneeling1 asked his forgiveness4 #8,thou art but the minister of justice1' said ,essex2 then taking off his velvet gown and doublet1 he continued to pray till the cruel blow silenced that noble voice for ever4 ,he was deeply mourned by many4 #8,my ,lady of ,essex1' says a contemporary writer 7she had made strenuous efforts to save him71 #8is a most sorrowful creature1 she wears black of the meanest price1 and will receive no comfort4' ,she loved him dearly1 and was his chosen companion in the quieter moments of his life1 sharing and lightening his literary studies and labour4 ,they had an only son1 ,robert1 the last ,devereux who bore the title of ,essex1 and two daughters--,frances1 married to ,william1 ,marquis of ,hertford1 afterwards ,duke of ,somerset2 and ,dorothy1 married1 first1 to ,sir ,henry ,shirley of ,stanton ,harold1 county ,leicester1 and secondly1 to ,william ,stafford of ,blatherwyck1 county ,north ,hants4 -------------- ,no4 #ej4 ,,gustavus ,,adolphus1 ,,king ,,of ,,sweden4 ,,born #aeid1 ,,killed ,,in ,,action #afcb4 ,full length4 ,drab leather coat1 grey and gold embroidered sleeves1 and trunk hose4 ,high drab boots4 ,helmet with grey and drab feathers on the table beside him4 ,,the son of ,charles ,,ix41 ,king of ,sweden1 by ,christina of ,holstein1 and grandson of the great ,gustavus ,vasa4 ,he ascended the throne when only fifteen1 and at that early age showed great capacity for government1 and discrimination in the choice of his ministers4 ,but his education and tastes led him to a military career2 he engaged in wars with ,denmark1 ,muscovy1 and ,poland with wonderful success1 and he then entered into an alliance with the ,protestant powers of ,germany against the ,emperor of ,austria1 and was the hero of the ,thirty ,years' ,war1 the friend and comrade-in-arms of all those brave spirits whose names live for ever in the pages of ,schiller1 and the memory of all lovers of religion and valour4 ,after a series of brilliant campaigns1 where he appeared to bear a charmed life1 ,gustavus ,adolphus fell at the battle of ,ltzen4 ,it was said of him1 #8,he died with the sword in his hand1 the word of command on his tongue1 and the victory in his anticipation4' ,when surrounded by enemies1 his page tried to hide the rank of his royal master1 but the hero exclaimed1 #8,i am the ,king of ,sweden1 and ,i seal with my blood the ,protestant faith and the liberties of ,germany4' ,then he called on the ,god he had served so well1 and with the name of his beloved ,queen on his lips he expired4 ,the body was instantly stripped1 for every one was anxious to possess some relic of ,gustavus ,adolphus2 but his noble and commanding form1 though divested of all the trappings of royalty1 caused it to be recognised amid the heaps of less eminent slain4 ,in appearance the ,king of ,sweden was fair1 his eyes were light blue1 but most expressive1 his features aquiline1 his complexion florid4 ,all his portraits resemble each other so nearly that we cannot but feel familiar with the personal aspect of this great and good man4 ,he was idolised by his friends1 subjects1 and comrades4 ,his death seems to have stricken down the unfortunate ,king of ,bohemia1 who loved him dearly1 and on all the ,protestant princes it fell like a thunderbolt4 ,he cultivated the arts and sciences1 and improved the social position of ,sweden1 although so often absent on foreign campaigns4 ,by his beloved and beautiful wife1 ,maria ,elenora1 ,princess of ,brandenburgh1 ,gustavus left an only daughter1 the famous ,christina1 who succeeded her father on the throne of ,sweden2 but after reigning about twenty years she abdicated4 -------------- ,no4 #ea4 ,,viscountess ,,torrington4 ,blue mantle trimmed with fur4 ,,lady ,lucy ,boyle1 only daughter of ,john ,earl of ,cork and ,orrery1 by ,margaret1 daughter and sole heir of ,john ,hamilton of ,caledon1 county ,tyrone1 ,ireland1 and wife of ,george1 fourth ,viscount ,torrington4 -------------- ,no4 #eb4 ,,louisa ,,carteret1 ,,viscountess ,,weymouth4 ,,the ,,second ,,wife ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,viscount ,,weymouth4 ,in the ,coronation robes of a ,peeress4 -------------- ,no4 #ec4 ,,thomas1 ,,second ,,viscount ,,weymouth4 ,,by ,,sir ,,godfrey ,,kneller4 ,full length4 ,in a ,peer's ,parliamentary robes4 -------------- ,no4 #ed4 ,,viscountess ,,lansdowne4 ,,by ,,sir ,,godfrey ,,kneller4 ,in the ,coronation robes of a ,peeress4 ,,she was the daughter of the ,earl of ,jersey1 by ,barbara1 daughter of ,chiffinch1 the closet-keeper and close confidant of ,charles ,,ii41 who has gained no enviable fame from the sketch which ,sir ,walter ,scott has drawn of him in ,peveril of the ,peak4 ,she married first1 ,thomas ,thynne1 ,esq41 of ,old ,windsor1 who died1 leaving her with child4 ,her son succeeded to the title of ,weymouth4 ,lady ,mary ,thynne afterwards married ,lord ,lansdowne1 by whom she had four daughters4 -------------- ,no4 #ee4 ,,william1 ,,earl1 ,,afterwards ,,marquis1 ,,of ,,hertford ,,and ,,duke ,,of ,,somerset4 ,,old ,,stone4 ,,after ,,vandyck4 ,,died #affj4 ,in armour4 ,holding a truncheon4 ,,he was the eldest surviving son of ,lord ,beauchamp 7consequently great-grandson to ,protector ,somerset71 by ,honora1 daughter of ,sir ,richard ,rogers of ,bryanston1 county ,dorset4 ,he was educated at ,magdalen ,college1 ,oxford1 at the time that ,james ,i4 and his ,queen were keeping ,court at ,woodstock4 ,amongst the fairest and noblest of ,her ,majesty's ladies1 was the ,king's own cousin1 the ,lady ,arabella ,stuart4 ,as soon as she and ,william ,seymour met1 they loved1 and the young lady1 suspecting that her royal kinsman would be averse to their union1 impressed on her lover the importance of secrecy4 ,their attachment was discovered1 and ,arabella ,stuart and ,william ,seymour were summoned before the ,privy ,council1 and reprimanded in no moderate terms1 but the affection had taken so deep a root1 that even the tyrannical decrees of ,james could not prevent the consummation of the marriage4 ,as we have told at length in the notice of ,arabella ,stuart's life1 they were privately united1 for which crime they were both imprisoned1 and both in the course of time made their escape4 ,seymour was far more fortunate than his wife1 and it was supposed that the authorities were not unwilling that he should regain his liberty4 ,disguised1 in a black peruke1 and tawny suit1 he followed a cart out of the courtyard of the ,tower1 which had brought in firewood1 and found a faithful friend at the iron gate1 in whose company he travelled with all speed to the sea-coast1 where it had been arranged he should meet ,arabella4 ,foiled in this hope1 he made his way to ,ostend1 and resided some time in ,flanders1 after the death of his wife1 until that of his grandfather1 when he succeeded to the titles of ,lord ,beauchamp and ,earl of ,hertford4 ,he then returned to ,england1 and went to reside on his estates1 and in the society of a few chosen friends1 passed his time in study1 and the improvement of the fortune1 which had been sadly diminished1 at the time of the attainder of ,protector ,somerset4 ,for some time after the accession of ,charles ,i41 ,lord ,hertford voted on the popular side1 but he became disgusted with their ultra views1 and with the injustice of the proceedings at the trial of ,lord ,strafford1 although that nobleman was no personal friend of his4 ,as was the case with many leading men of the time1 ,hertford now seceded from the party he had hitherto upheld1 and devoted his services1 his fortune1 and his influence to the ,royal cause4 ,in his new career he displayed an energy and activity of which he had hitherto appeared incapable4 ,he proved his zeal1 moreover1 by accepting the post of ,governor to the ,prince of ,wales1 for which ,clarendon tells us he was not fitted1 neither did he incline to the duties4 ,but so conscientious was he in their discharge1 that he boldly withstood ,parliament in a matter where the ,prince of ,wales's interests were involved4 ,about this time he succeeded to the ,marquisate of ,hertford4 ,in #afdc he was named ,lieutenant-,general ,commandant of the western counties1 with power to raise troops at his discretion for the ,king's service4 ,he was not very successful at first1 but was afterwards joined by the ,princes ,maurice and ,rupert1 who served under him1 and was present at the victories of ,lansdowne and ,roundway4 ,at the taking of ,weymouth a dispute arose between him and ,rupert as to the nomination of a ,governor to that town4 ,hertford waived his claim in submission to the ,king's wish1 but1 throwing up his military command1 went to reside with ,charles at ,oxford1 who gave him a place in the household1 and he was elected ,chancellor of the ,university4 ,he now served the ,king in a civil capacity1 taking part in the negotiations between his ,majesty and the ,parliament1 and that with so much rectitude and moderation as to procure him the respect of both parties4 ,his generosity kept pace with his loyalty2 his coffers were open to his ,king2 and during the time of ,charles ,,ii4's exile1 ,hertford allowed him an annual income1 and he was one of the few mourners permitted to pay their last tribute to their martyred ,king by attending his funeral4 ,at the ,restoration he met ,charles at ,dover1 who invested him with the ,garter to which he had been named some years before2 ,cromwell had deprived him of the ,chancellorship of ,oxford1 which he now resumed1 and the ,king1 in the most flattering manner1 restored to him the ,dukedom of ,somerset1 forfeited by the ,protector1 and after expressing his gratitude for the loyalty which ,lord ,hertford had evinced to his father and himself1 hoped #8no man would envy the honours thus bestowed1' observing #8that it was no more than a good master should do for such a servant4' ,the ,duke did not survive this mark of royal favour very long4 ,he died in #affj1 and was buried at ,st4 ,bedwin in ,wales4 ,his second wife was the ,lady ,frances ,devereux1 daughter of ,robert1 the second ,earl of ,essex1 and sister and co-heir of ,robert1 the third ,earl1 and ,parliamentary ,general4 ,of his five sons1 three died unmarried1 and his four daughters all married ,peers of the realm4 ,lord ,clarendon said of him1 #8,he was a man of good parts and conversant with books1 both ,greek and ,latin2 he loved study better than exercise1 and a country better than a public life4 ,by nature he was indolent1 and though brave and faithful1 he was by no means a good soldier4' ,he was succeeded by his grandson and namesake1 ,william ,duke of ,somerset1 who died young4 -------------- ,no4 #ef4 ,,joan ,,hayward1 ,,lady ,,thynne4 ,,by ,,zucchero4 ,full length4 ,black and white embroidered dress4 ,ruff4 ,holding a feather fan4 ,,youngest daughter of ,sir ,rowland ,hayward1 ,knight1 who was twice ,lord ,mayor of ,london4 ,she was co-heir to her mother1 ,joan ,tylsworth1 and brought into the ,thynne family ,cawse ,castle1 the ,manor of ,tretton1 county ,salop1 and other lands4 ,she married ,sir ,john ,thynne1 7the second of that name17 by whom she had ,sir ,thomas and other children4 -------------- ,no4 #eg4 ,,the ,,ladies ,,devereux4 ,,by ,,zucchero7874 7,according to one ,catalogue of an earlier date1 #8,two ,ladies1 by ,honthorst1' or as it is spelled1 ,hunthurst47 ,two sisters dressed alike1 in one picture4 ,half length4 ,light hair4 ,red and gold velvet bodices4 ,white sleeves4 ,pearl necklaces4 ,,in all probability1 the ,lady ,frances and the ,lady ,dorothy ,devereux1 daughters of ,robert1 the second ,earl of ,essex 7,queen ,elizabeth's favourite7--the eldest married to the ,earl of ,hertford1 widower of ,arabella ,stuart1 afterwards ,duke of ,somerset2 and the younger to ,sir ,henry ,shirley of ,stanton ,harold1 county ,leicester1 and secondly1 to ,william ,stafford1 ,esq4 of ,blatherwyck1 county ,north ,hants4 -------------- ,no4 #eh4 ,,sir ,,john ,,thynne1 ,,the ,,second4 ,,died #afjd4 ,black dress4 ,white collar and sleeves4 ,right hand resting on hip1 left on pommel of sword4 ,,eldest son of ,sir ,john1 the builder of ,longleat1 by ,christian1 daughter of ,sir ,richard ,gresham4 ,he married ,joan1 daughter of ,sir ,rowland ,hayward1 who brought many estates into the family4 -------------- ,no4 #ei4 ,,lady ,,arabella ,,stuart4 ,a head4 ,dress as in large picture on staircase4 -------------- ,no4 #fj4 ,,grace1 ,,countess ,,granville4 ,,by ,,sir ,,godfrey ,,kneller4 ,full length4 ,in the ,coronation robes of a ,peeress4 ,,she was the daughter of ,john ,granville1 first ,earl of ,bath1 by ,jane1 daughter of ,sir ,peter ,wyche4 ,the ,granvilles1 or ,grenvilles1 as they were originally called1 were a noble and heroic race2 witness the exploits by sea of ,sir ,richard1 immortalised in history and poetry1 who lived in the time of ,queen ,elizabeth1 and of the brave ,sir ,bevil1 who perished in arms for ,king ,charles ,i4 at the battle of ,lansdowne1 he on whose death it was written-- #8,where shall the next famed ,grenvil's ashes stand8 ,thy grandsire fills the sea1 and thou the land1' a couplet most characteristic of the high-flown language of the period4 ,lady ,grace was destined to be allied with heroes1 for she married ,sir ,george ,carteret1 afterwards raised to the ,peerage as ,baron ,carteret1 in consideration of the services of his father1 and his grandfather1 the gallant ,earl of ,sandwich4 ,these two brave men died at ,solebay fight in #afhb1 in an engagement with the ,dutch1 when ,lord ,sandwich's ship held out singly for five hours1 at fearful odds with the enemy4 ,after ,sir ,george's death1 his widow was created ,countess ,granville and ,baroness ,carteret1 in her own right1 with limitation of her first title to her eldest son2 she also succeeded to vast wealth and estates on the death of her nephew1 the ,earl of ,bath4 ,but both these titles soon became extinct1 that of ,carteret being renewed in the person of ,henry ,thynne1 son of the second ,lord ,weymouth by ,lady ,louisa ,carteret1 ,lady ,granville's granddaughter4 ,the ,peerage of ,carteret was destined to be short-lived1 as it is now again extinct4 -------------- ,no4 #fa4 ,,edward ,,villiers1 ,,first ,,earl ,,of ,,jersey4 ,,died #agaa4 ,full length4 ,in ,peer's ,coronation robes1 holding a wand4 ,,the eldest son of ,sir ,edward ,villiers1 by ,frances1 daughter to the ,earl of ,suffolk4 ,he accompanied ,princess ,mary to ,holland on her marriage with the ,prince of ,orange2 returned to ,england with them in #afhh1 and was appointed ,master of the ,horse to the ,queen1 with other marks of royal favour4 ,in the third year of ,king ,william's reign he was created ,viscount ,villiers of ,dartford and ,baron ,villiers of the ,hoo1 both in county ,kent4 ,on the ,queen's death he went to the ,hague as ,plenipotentiary2 in #afig was employed in the same capacity for the ,treaty of ,ryswick1 and shortly afterwards ,ambassador to the ,states-,general1 on which occasion he was created ,earl of ,jersey4 ,in #afih he went to ,paris as ,ambassador-,extraordinary1 where he kept up great state4 ,on his return ,lord ,jersey was made one of the ,principal ,secretaries of ,state and one of the ,lords ,justices for the administration of the government1 during the ,king's absence in ,holland4 ,he joined ,william at the ,loo1 and held other diplomatic posts1 besides being chosen ,lord ,chamberlain of the ,household1 an office he continued to hold under ,queen ,anne until #agjd1 when he retired from public life4 ,he died in #agaa1 the day before his intended nomination as ,privy ,seal1 and was buried in ,st4 ,michael's ,chapel1 ,westminster4 ,he married ,barbara1 daughter to ,william ,chiffinch1 by whom he left three sons and a daughter--,mary1 wife of ,thomas ,thynne of ,old ,windsor1 7and mother of the second ,viscount ,weymouth17 who was afterwards ,lady ,lansdowne4 -------------- ,no4 #fb4 ,,the ,,honourable ,,lady ,,savile4 ,,died #affb4 ,oval4 ,black dress4 ,jewels4 ,ringlets4 ,,anne1 eldest daughter of the ,lord ,keeper ,coventry1 married ,sir ,william ,savile of ,thornhill1 county ,york1 a distinguished officer1 enthusiastically devoted to the cause of ,charles ,i4 ,he had served under his relative the ,earl of ,arundel against the ,scots in #afci1 and in #afdc he was appointed by his kinsman ,william ,cavendish1 ,earl 7afterwards ,duke7 of ,shrewsbury 7at that time in command of the ,royal ,forces in the northern counties71 ,governor of ,sheffield4 ,but his services were soon required elsewhere1 and ,thomas ,beaumont was named ,governor-,deputy in his absence4 ,sir ,william was anxious that his wife should accompany him1 but she was too near her confinement to be able to follow him in his frequent marches and countermarches4 ,the separation was for ever4 ,sir ,william died early in #afdc-dd1 and in the ,august of that year the town of ,sheffield was besieged by the ,roundheads under ,major-,general ,crawford1 who sent a summons to ,beaumont to surrender4 ,but the garrison1 the ,governor1 and the brave widow of their late commander1 were all of one mind4 ,the reply1 accompanied with a volley of shot1 was to the effect that they refused to parley4 ,batteries were raised1 and artillery kept playing for twenty-four hours without effect4 ,crawford then sent for the #8,queen's ,pocket ,pistol1' a celebrated piece of ordnance1 and a culverin1 which did sad damage to the walls1 already full of cracks4 ,at length the garrison showed signs of wishing to capitulate1 but ,lady ,savile1 whose time of trouble was drawing very near1 assured the soldiers she would rather perish than give up the fortress intrusted to them by her gallant husband2 even though her state was all the more distressing in consequence of the besiegers refusing admittance into the town of a female attendant1 whose services the noble lady so much required4 ,such is the testimony of a zealous ,royalist1 ,dr4 ,barwick1 ,dean of ,st4 ,paul's4 ,but there was no help for it1 and the garrison surrendered1 having made honourable terms for the lady whose courage had so endeared her to them all3-- #8,lady ,savile1 with her family1 with her own proper goods1 shall pass with horses1 coaches1 and wagons to ,thornhill1 or elsewhere1 with guard befitting her quality1 and without any injury to their persons1 or plundering of their goods1 or otherwise2 she1 they1 or any of them to go1 or stay1 at their own pleasure1 until she or they be in a condition to remove themselves4' ,terms so honourable to both parties seem at variance with the spirit of cruelty which could forbid help1 but a few hours before2 but then the fortress was still unconquered4 ,the day after the surrender ,lady ,savile gave birth to a son1 who became ,earl of ,halifax4 ,she married1 as her second husband1 ,sir ,thomas ,chicheley of ,wimpole1 ,cambridgeshire4 ,finding herself very ill1 #8this illustrious example of piety towards ,god and love to her country sent for her constant friend1 ,dr4 ,barwick 7whose counsel in doubtful1 and whose advice in difficult affairs she had often experienced71 to make use of his pious ministrations4 ,she resigned her breath easily1 dying at ,wimpole one year and a half after the ,restoration4' -------------- ,no4 #fc4 ,,old ,,prince ,,of ,,cond4 ,,so called in the ,catalogue1 but no evidence to say which ,prince of ,cond1 as they none of them lived to be old4 -------------- ,no4 #fd4 ,,an ,,ecclesiastic4 -------------- ,no4 #fe4 ,,sir ,,james ,,thynne4 ,,by ,,dobson4 ,,died #afgj4 ,full length4 ,buff jerkin4 ,slashed sleeves4 ,red scarf4 ,red ribbons at knees and on shoes4 ,,he was the eldest surviving son of ,sir ,thomas ,thynne1 by his first wife1 the daughter of ,lord ,audley4 ,he married the ,lady ,isabella ,rich1 daughter of the ,earl of ,holland4 ,an ill-starred union2 for even before her marriage the lady bore a sorry reputation1 and her subsequent conduct was such1 that in #afec she was legally separated from her husband1 having doubtless tried his forbearance too far4 ,sir ,james was a staunch ,royalist1 and we are told his house of ,longleat was plundered by a party of ,roundheads in #afdc1 under the command of ,sir ,edward ,hungerford and ,colonel ,slade4 ,the marauders seemed to have turned their attention especially to the contents of the stables and harness-room4 ,handsome saddles1 caparisons1 plumes1 bits1 pleased the fancy of the two officers1 while their men made free with the contents of the wardrobes1 cellars1 larders1 and what not4 ,in #affc ,charles ,,ii4 and his ,queen visited ,sir ,james at ,longleat4 ,dying without children at ,richmond1 in ,surrey1 in #afgj1 he was succeeded by his nephew4 -------------- ,no4 #ff4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,thynne4 ,,by ,,mytens4 ,,died #afci4 ,full length4 ,black and gold dress4 ,close-fitting vest4 ,lace collar4 ,scarlet stockings4 ,shoes with rosette4 ,,he was the eldest son of ,sir ,john 7and the grandson of ,sir ,john the builder7 of ,longleat1 by ,joan ,hayward4 ,he was twice married--first to a daughter of ,lord ,audley1 and secondly to a daughter of ,lord ,howard of ,bindon4 ,he had children by both wives1 and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son1 ,james4 -------------- ,no4 #fg4 ,,vid,,me ,,de ,,chartres4 ,,by ,,zucchero4 ,white close-fitting vest4 ,trimmed beard and moustaches4 ,inscription1 #8tatis su #cc1 ao #ae4' ,an escutcheon in the corner4 ,,messire ,prejamn de la ,fin1 ,vidme de ,chartres1 ,prince de ,chabanois1 ,baron de ,confolant et ,pousaujes1 ,seigneur de la ,fert1 et ,sire de ,gravlie2 ,capitaine de cinquante hommes d'armes1 des ordonnances du ,roi trs ,chretien4 ,we read in ,strype that when peace was concluded between ,france and ,england in #aeej1 and ,boulogne ceded to ,france1 a large sum was to be paid to ,king ,edward ,,vi41 and several of the highest ,french nobles came over to this country as hostages4 ,among many distinguished names1 we find that of the ,vidme de ,chartres1 but we cannot be quite sure whether allusion be made to the subject of this notice or the kinsman1 ,franois de ,vendme1 from whom he inherited his title and estates4 ,there is mention of him in #aefj as an agent of the ,bourbons1 sent on a mission to the ,conntable de ,montmorency1 where he is described as a ,huguenot of high birth1 and akin to the ,conntable himself4 ,there was some rumour of a scandal between this nobleman and ,queen ,catherine de ,medicis1 for which probably there was no foundation4 ,in #aefg the ,cond party had taken possession of ,st4 ,denis1 demanding the diminution of taxes and the summoning of the ,states-,general1 in consequence of which a royal herald was sent to call upon the chiefs 7,cond1 the ,vidme de ,chartres1 and others7 to lay down their arms1 on pain of being proclaimed rebels4 ,the ,king1 after much discussion1 came to a compromise with ,cond1 for a time at least1 but a decree was passed against ,coligny1 the ,vidme1 and others1 of confiscation of property1 execution1 etc41 the latter sentence being carried into effect1 but fortunately at that time only in effigy4 ,in #aefi we hear of him again1 for ,lord ,leicester writes to the ,ambassador of the ,emperor of ,muscovy3 #8,the ,vidme de ,chartres is come to ,england1 with his wife and familie1 on a 8snuffe10 having in the last action 7a battle near ,coignac7 proved himselfe neither fishe nor fowle4' ,we also find in the ,life of ,archbishop ,grindal1 speaking of the same3 #8,a great nobleman of ,france1 and of chief account among the ,protestants1 was here on some business relating to religion1 and was favoured much by the friends of religion1 but not so much by all at ,court4 ,the ,bishop of ,london obtained for him the ,bishop of ,ely's house in ,holborn1 where he remained some time4' ,he was one of those who1 just before the ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 strove to persuade ,coligny and his son-in-law to leave ,paris1 but in vain1 though the life of the brave ,admiral had already been attempted4 ,at this time a colony of ,huguenots lived outside the walls of ,paris1 the ,vidme included1 and it had been arranged that on the day of ,st4 ,bartholomew the ,provost-,marshal should let loose a thousand men to attack that quarter4 ,but by good fortune the murderers stopped by the way to plunder1 and never reached their destination4 ,the ,huguenot population was aroused by a tumult1 and believing it to be a rising of the ,guises1 they were about to fly to the assistance of the ,king2 so little did they suspect the truth4 ,but the frightful reality was soon forced upon them1 the massacre had already begun1 and turning away1 the chief part fled into the country4 ,the ,vidme's escape was almost miraculous1 the ,duke of ,guise had actually followed him into his own house with the intention of murdering him1 but the fugitive contrived to elude his pursuer1 and to conceal himself until he procured a safeguard from the ,king4 ,charles was suspected of having promised it while the ,vidme was still in hiding1 with the conviction that he1 being thrown off his guard1 would return home1 and thus fall into the hands of his enemies4 ,but the hunted man was too wary3 he stole away1 and got safely on shipboard for ,england4 ,immediately on his arrival1 he wrote to the ,treasurer to admonish him #8to arouse ,queen ,elizabeth to a sense of her own danger1 to excite her warmly to resent what had passed1 and not to be too lenient to the ,papists1 believing they would become more gentle by a few light words1 for he was assured they would become more insolent if too easily dealt with4' ,in several letters from ,secretary ,smith to ,lord ,burghley1 both in #aegb and the ensuing year1 he mentions frequent interviews which the ,vidme and other noble refugees had with the ,queen relating to the interests of the ,huguenot party in ,france4 ,england1 who has never been found wanting in sympathy or hospitality towards the oppressed or exiled of other nations1 welcomed the fugitives from the ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew with more than usual warmth1 and the ,queen showed some of them great consideration1 and especially the ,vidme de ,chartres4 ,we once more quote ,secretary ,smith1 who1 writing to the ,english ,ambassador1 then in ,france1 observes that it did him #8good to see the princely compassion that was in ,her ,majestie towards the poor ,vidme1 who was escaped by good fortune into ,england1 for whom the ,queen had1 at his humble and lamentable suit1 written to the ,king of ,france in his favour1 which she bade her ,ambassador deliver with as good words as he might1 and to require an answer4' ,to which the ,king gives this answer3 #8,that as he was glad to gratifie ,her ,majestie1 so he could not grant this earnest request without touch of his honour1 to suffer any of his subjects to live in a foreign countrie without a kind of defiance of his sincerity4 ,yet he could for gratifying ,her ,majestie be content that the ,vidme should return home and enjoy his livings there1 as he could not have occasion to doubt his safety4' ,but the exile dared not trust himself to these protestations of a hypocrite4 ,queen ,elizabeth answered the ,king1 that in the present state of ,france1 his subjects in ,england did not think it safe to return there4 ,these particulars1 though somewhat disjointed1 are all we have been able to gather of a man1 whose life was most eventful4 ,neither can we tell if he died in ,england4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,chapel ,,corridor4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,chapel ,,corridor4 -------------- ,no4 #fh4 ,,mary1 ,,queen ,,of ,,england4 ,,by ,,sir ,,godfrey ,,kneller4 ,,born #affa1 ,,ascended ,,the ,,throne #afhi1 ,,died #afid4 ,red and white brocade dress4 ,blue mantle4 ,flowers in her hand4 ,,she was the eldest daughter of ,king ,james ,,ii41 by ,anne ,hyde1 daughter of the ,earl of ,clarendon4 ,married in #afgg her first cousin1 ,william1 ,prince of ,orange1 by whom she had no children4 ,they reigned jointly as ,king and ,queen on the abdication of her father4 -------------- ,no4 #fi4 ,,fair ,,rosamond4 ,black and scarlet dress4 ,scarlet mantle4 ,holding a golden cup in one hand1 and the cover in the other4 ,,the second daughter of ,walter ,fitz-,pons or ,poyntz1 who took the name of ,clifford1 having married ,margaret de ,toeni1 the heiress of the ,clifford family4 ,the pitiful story of #8the ,rose of the ,world1' her amours with ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england1 the beauteous labyrinth in which he concealed the sweet flower1 and her murder by ,queen ,eleanor1 are amongst the best known of the romances of early ,english history2 and few even endeavour to disentangle truth from fiction4 ,all is doubtful1 even dates2 but it is said ,rosamond was buried at ,godston1 near ,oxford1 by her royal lover4 ,she had two sons--,william ,longespe1 ,earl of ,salisbury in right of his wife2 and ,geoffrey1 ,archbishop of ,york4 -------------- ,no4 #gj4 ,,the ,,earl ,,and ,,countess ,,of ,,carnarvon4 ,,after ,,vandyck4 ,,the ,,earl ,,was ,,killed ,,in ,,action1 #afdc4 ,full length4 ,drab coat and boots4 ,brown trunks4 ,lace collar4 ,sword-hand on hip4 ,countess holding her husband's hand4 ,blue dress trimmed with pearls4 ,ringlets4 ,black page in scarlet dress1 trunks1 and hose4 ,badge on breast4 ,,the eldest son of ,william ,dormer1 by ,alice1 daughter of ,richard ,molyneux1 of ,sefton1 county ,lancaster4 ,he succeeded his grandfather1 who had been created first a ,baronet and then ,baron ,dormer of ,wenge1 county ,bucks 7by ,james ,i471 in these titles1 but was himself raised to the dignity of ,viscount ,ascot1 and ,earl of ,carnarvon by ,charles ,i4 ,in early life he travelled further than most young nobles of the time1 not only visiting ,france and ,italy1 but also ,spain1 ,turkey1 etc4 etc4 ,clarendon seems to regret that #8he brought home some foreign tastes4' ,but another biographer 7,david ,lloyd7 says that #8if he had contracted a taste for gambling he hated drunkenness most perfectly4' ,he took his degree of ,deacon of ,civil ,law at ,oxford1 but did not come forward publicly till the impeachment of ,strafford1 whom he strove to befriend4 ,on the rising of the ,buckinghamshire men1 under ,hampden1 when they came to ,london in #afdb to present #8seditious petitions' to both ,houses of ,parliament1 ,lord ,carnarvon went down into the county1 where he owned a large property1 to raise troops in conjunction with other ,royalists1 and used all his influence to advance the ,king's cause4 ,he was with ,charles at ,york1 and was one of the ,peers who signed #8the ,declaration4' ,he afterwards joined ,his ,majesty at ,nottingham1 with a force of a thousand men levied and equipped at his own cost2 so zealous was he in the ,royal service that his name was excepted from the list of those to whom the ,parliament offered a pardon1 in its instructions to the ,general ,lord ,essex4 ,carnarvon was present at almost every action of importance about this time1 and his courage1 which often amounted to rashness1 made him much beloved by the soldiery4 ,at the battle of ,edgehill 7when in command of a squadron of horse under ,prince ,rupert7 he pursued a body of the rebel cavalry so fast and so far1 as to endanger the safety of his own men4 ,he was appointed ,general of the ,horse in the army of ,lord ,hertford1 whom he joined in the west of ,england4 ,he maintained his reputation for valour at the battle of ,stratton1 and at ,chewton1 in the vicinity of ,wells1 he charged1 ,lord ,clarendon says1 #8with incomparable gallantry1 for ,lord ,carnarvon always charges home4' ,but once more his hot pursuit brought him into imminent danger1 when venturing too near the enemy's quarters he encountered a superior force of ,sir ,william ,waller's dragoons2 ,prince ,maurice hastened to the rescue1 but was himself wounded1 unhorsed1 and in his turn saved by ,carnarvon1 who rallied his men1 and again sent the rebels flying4 ,at the battle of ,roundway ,down he served as volunteer in ,sir ,john ,byron's regiment1 and greatly contributed towards gaining the victory2 he then marched on ,dorchester1 at that time fortified by the rebels1 which soon surrendered4 ,but on the arrival of ,prince ,maurice there arose a difference of opinion between them4 ,lord ,carnarvon1 being #8full of honour and justice1' was desirous of restraining the licence of the soldiery1 a point on which the ,prince was somewhat lax4 ,the result was1 that ,carnarvon threw up his command1 and marched on ,gloucester1 which the ,king was besieging4 ,he had scarcely arrived when ,lord ,essex compelled the ,royalists to raise the siege1 and they accordingly took their way towards ,london4 ,but they had not proceeded far when they were obliged to give battle1 and on the #bjth of ,september was fought the memorable battle of ,newbury1 when so many of ,england's proudest chivalry were laid low4 ,lord ,carnarvon1 as usual1 had been rash in pursuit1 and was returning carelessly1 when a stray trooper recognised his person1 and closing on him suddenly1 ran him through the body4 ,he did not survive above an hour1 but was most anxious in his inquiries as to the safety of his beloved master4 ,a friend who was attending on him inquired if there were any last request he would wish conveyed to the ,king4 #8,nay1' he replied1 #8,i will not die with a suit in my mouth to any king1 save the ,king of ,heaven4' ,lord ,clarendon1 after paying a fine tribute to his memory1 sums up by saying1 #8,if he had lived he would have been a great ornament to his profession1 and by his death the ,king found a sensible weakness in the army4' ,lord ,carnarvon married ,anne ,sophia1 eldest daughter of ,philip ,herbert1 fourth ,earl of ,pembroke and first ,earl of ,montgomery4 ,they had no children1 and the title became extinct1 although afterwards revived in the ,herbert family4 -------------- ,no4 #ga4 ,,giacomo ,,robusti1 ,,detto ,,il ,,tintoretto4 ,,by ,,himself4 ,,died #aeid4 ,a ,,venetian1 son of a dyer2 hence his sobriquet4 ,studied under ,titian1 but was desirous of forming a new school combining the colouring of his great master with the drawing of ,michael ,angelo4 ,on the door of his studio was inscribed1 #8,disegno di ,michelangelo1 colorito di ,tiziano4' ,his best works are in his native ,venice1 but there are many at the ,louvre 7where is his own portrait7 and elsewhere4 ,he was celebrated for his quickness in finishing his pictures on occasions2 which may account for the inequality of their excellence4 ,his son ,domenico1 and his daughter ,marietta1 were also painters4 -------------- ,no4 #gb4 ,,john ,,alexander1 ,,fourth ,,marquis ,,of ,,bath4 ,,by ,,james ,,swinton4 ,,born #ahca1 ,,succeeded #ahcg4 ,full length4 ,brown coat4 ,white waistcoat4 ,cane and hat4 ,a large dog beside him4 -------------- ,no4 #gc4 ,,elizabeth ,,byng1 ,,second ,,marchioness ,,of ,,bath1 ,,with ,,three ,,children4 ,,by ,,sir ,,thomas ,,lawrence4 ,,died #ahcj4 ,unfinished4 ,red gown4 ,gold-coloured scarf4 ,girls in white frocks and blue sashes4 ,boy in jacket and trousers4 ,a ,,daughter of ,george1 fourth ,viscount ,torrington1 by ,lady ,lucy ,boyle4 ,married in #agid ,thomas1 second ,marquis of ,bath1 by whom she had ten children4 ,the three portraits in this group are ,elizabeth1 afterwards the ,countess of ,cawdor1 ,lord ,john ,thynne1 afterwards in ,holy ,orders1 and ,lady ,louisa1 afterwards ,countess of ,harewood4 ,the other children were ,viscount ,weymouth1 who died v4p41 ,henry1 who succeeded to the ,marquisate1 but only survived his father three months1 ,william1 ,francis1 ,edward1 ,george1 ,charlotte ,duchess of ,buccleuch1 and ,charles4 -------------- ,no4 #gd4 ,,george ,i41 ,,king ,,of ,,england4 ,,born #afhj1 ,,succeeded ,,to ,,the ,,english ,,throne #agad1 ,,died #agbg4 ,in royal robes4 ,,son of the ,elector of ,hanover1 by ,sophia1 daughter of ,elizabeth1 ,queen of ,bohemia4 ,succeeded his father in the ,electorate in #afih1 and ,queen ,anne on the ,throne of ,england in #agad4 ,married ,sophia of ,zell1 his cousin1 whom he divorced and imprisoned4 ,by her he had an only son1 who succeeded as ,george ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,housekeeper',s ,,room4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,housekeeper',s ,,room4 -------------- ,no4 #ge4 ,,elizabeth1 ,,duchess ,,of ,,albemarle4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,died ,,circa #agcd4 ,seated4 ,brocaded dress1 short sleeves1 deep lace4 ,blue mantle4 ,jewels4 ,ringlets4 ,,she was daughter and co-heir of ,henry ,cavendish1 second ,duke of ,newcastle1 by ,frances ,pierrepoint1 daughter of the ,earl of ,kingston4 ,her large possessions made her a most desirable match in the eyes of ,general ,monck1 ,duke of ,albemarle1 for his son ,christopher4 ,feeling his end approaching1 the anxious father hurried on the negotiations for the marriage1 which were pending with ,elizabeth's family1 and went so far as to insist that the nuptials should be celebrated in his own bedchamber1 a few days previous to his death in #afgj4 ,we have at this time no means of gaining much information respecting the married life of ,christopher1 second ,duke of ,albemarle1 and his wife2 but in #afhg he went out as ,governor-,general to ,jamaica1 and died there the following year4 ,neither are we in a position to ascertain the circumstances attending the insanity of his widow1 as we have no trace of her life until the mention of her second marriage with ,ralph1 ,lord 7afterwards ,duke of7 ,montagu4 ,this eccentric man1 after losing his beautiful and accomplished wife 7,elizabeth ,wriothesley1 widow of ,josceline ,percy1 ,earl of ,northumberland7 in #afij1 thought to console himself with the wealth of the ,duchess of ,albemarle1 whose madness was then well known4 ,this trifling impediment was not considered by any means insurmountable1 and the unfortunate woman1 or rather her large fortune1 had many suitors4 ,one of the disappointed band1 ,lord ,ross1 gave vent to his spite1 on hearing of ,lord ,montagu's success1 in the following lines3-- #8,insulting rival1 never boast ,thy conquest lately won1 ,no wonder if her heart was lost1 ,her senses first were gone4 ,from one that's under ,bedlam's laws ,what glory can be had8 ,for love1 indeed1 was not the cause1-- ,it proves that she was mad4' ,finding that the poor maniac had announced her determination of marrying no one but a ,sovereign1 ,montagu caused himself to be presented to her as the ,emperor of ,china1 and doubtless the mumming and masquerading which ensued suited his volatile and eccentric humour4 ,but if he looked forward to enjoying his wife's wealth without her society1 he was disappointed1 as she survived him twenty-six years4 ,happy in her royal illusions1 served to her dying day on bended knee1 addressed always as ,majesty1 while even after death1 her wishes were obeyed by the sumptuous funeral which was given to her remains in the lofty pile of ,westminster ,abbey compatible with her imperial dignity4 -------------- ,no4 #gf4 ,,pope ,,innocent ,,xi4 ,,after ,,rubens4 ,,born #afaa1 ,,elected #afgf1 ,,died #afhi4 ,,benedetto1 of the noble ,house of ,odescalchi1 of ,como1 went to ,rome1 and on to ,naples1 when about twenty-five years of age1 with no possessions save the weapons which he required for the military profession he had chosen4 ,but a ,cardinal1 with whom he became acquainted1 dissuaded him from becoming a soldier1 and on his return to ,rome ,odescalchi entered on the career of the #8,curia1' where he was soon distinguished for zeal and ability1 and gradually rose to elevation in several public offices4 ,in #afde he obtained the ,cardinal's ,hat1 and the ,bishopric of ,novara1 a step which his enemies unjustly attributed to the influence of the celebrated ,donna ,olympia1 for ,odescalchi was ever remarkable for the morality1 and even austerity1 of his life4 ,he became so popular in ,rome1 that when the ,conclave was sitting1 a large concourse assembled under the portico of ,st4 ,peter's1 and shouted out his name2 and the election of ,innocent ,,xi4 to the ,papal ,chair gave very general satisfaction4 ,the new ,pontiff1 upright and conscientious by nature1 first turned his thoughts to financial reform4 ,he reduced the annual expenditure1 inquired into all the abuses of ,government sinecures1 and though he had a worthy kinsman to whom he was much attached1 he eschewed nepotism2 he also watched over the state of the money market1 and after the lapse of a few years1 his efforts were rewarded by a great increase of the public revenue4 ,innocent showed himself a firm opponent of ,louis ,,xiv41 when that ,king encroached1 as ,his ,holiness deemed1 on spiritual privileges4 ,he embraced the cause of the ,jansenist priests who had fallen under the displeasure of the #8,grand ,monarque' for withstanding some of the decrees they considered arbitrary1 more especially on the long-vexed question of the #8,regale4' ,they appealed to the ,pope1 who wrote once1 and yet twice1 to the ,king on the subject1 admonishing him not to listen to flatterers1 and not to lay hands on the immunities of the ,church1 lest by so doing1 he should #8dry up the fountains of divine grace from his kingdom4' ,finding his homilies of no avail1 ,innocent spoke out more boldly still1 assuring ,louis that he #8would suffer no storm nor danger to appal him1 but would use every resource of that power he held at the hands of ,god' to resist his injustice4 ,but so completely were the mass of the ,french clergy enslaved by ,his ,majesty that the ,prince de ,cond was used to say that if ,louis chose to go over to the ,protestant faith1 the priests would be the first to follow him4 ,therefore they feared to stand by the ,pope1 who had defended their rights so zealously1 and the #8,declarations' that were published from year to year increased and strengthened the royal authority in spiritual concerns4 ,this was especially manifest in the ,articles of the ,convocation of #afhb2 but the ,pope was not easily disheartened4 ,to those members of the ,declaration whom ,louis had preferred before all other candidates for ,episcopal offices1 ,innocent denied spiritual institution4 ,they might indeed receive the revenues of the sees1 but ordination was refused them1 neither could they exercise one spiritual act of their office4 ,about this time1 the ,king1 it was said1 thought to ingratiate himself with the ,holy ,see by his cruel persecutions of the ,huguenots1 but such measures were not calculated to please a man of ,odescalchi's character1 and fresh disputes arose4 ,one of the abuses which the ,pope had endeavoured to abolish in ,rome was the #8right of asylum1' as it was called1 hitherto claimed by foreign ,ambassadors4 ,not only on their arrival in the imperial city had they a palace assigned them1 but quarters for innumerable hangers-on1 in several adjacent streets4 ,the ,emperor1 the ,king of ,spain1 and others1 had listened to the remonstrances of ,his ,holiness1 and waived their claim to these unreasonable privileges2 but ,louis was glad of a fresh opportunity to oppose the ,pope1 boasting that he was not in the habit of following the example of others4 ,accordingly1 he sent his ,ambassador1 with a considerable armed force1 to demand the rights of #8asylum' in the name of his royal master4 ,the formidable array brought no fear to the brave heart of ,benedetto ,odescalchi4 #8,they come with horses and chariots1' he said1 #8but we will walk in the name of the ,lord4' ,the ,french emissary was excommunicated1 and the ,church of ,st4 ,louis 7the patron saint of ,france71 where he attended mass1 was placed under interdict4 ,reprisals were now the order of the day4 ,the ,papal ,nuncio was detained a prisoner in ,paris1 many ,french bishops deprived of their canonical institutions1 a territory of the ,holy ,see occupied by ,france2 in fact1 daggers drawn6 ,but other ,powers besides ,rome were jealous of the encroachments and arrogance of the ,french monarch1 and ,innocent allied himself with them from political motives4 ,he made a friend of ,austria1 by assisting her with subsidies in the war with ,turkey1 and he incurred blame from some of the ,catholic bystanders by an alliance with the ,protestant ,prince ,william of ,orange4 ,the plea was1 that ,william had undertaken the command of the ,rhine1 and would defend not only the rights of the ,empire1 but also those of the ,church1 against ,louis ,,xiv4 ,be this as it may1 it seems strange that the ,pope should perhaps unwittingly have assisted in the elevation of the enemy of ,james ,,ii41 to whose son he had stood godfather4 ,but if the head of the ,roman ,catholic ,church proved indirectly instrumental in furthering the ,protestant cause in ,england1 the ,protestants1 on their side1 by maintaining the balance of power in ,europe1 did ,his ,holiness a good turn4 ,innocent died soon after these events1 leaving behind him a character for courage and steadfastness1 combined with great humility and gentleness of manners4 ,as we have already said1 he was remarkable for the purity of his morals1 and made himself very unpopular with the women of all classes by denouncing1 in no measured terms1 the indecency of dress and laxity of manners1 which were 7he considered7 unusually prevalent in his reign4 ,he was much opposed to the sect of the ,quietists1 and confirmed the sentence of the ,inquisition against their unfortunate founder ,molinos1 who was imprisoned1 and eventually died in the cells of that dread institution4 ,he was but a poor scholar1 and his secretaries were obliged to translate or turn into ,italian1 all ,latin documents with which he had to deal4 ,innocent ,,xi4 was charitable to the poor1 and much beloved1 especially by his dependants1 of whose wellbeing he was most careful4 ,he died in the month of ,august #afhi1 and the ,roman people flocked round his tomb1 invoking him as a saint1 and disputing with each other any available relic of their favourite ,pontiff4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,great ,,staircase4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,great ,,staircase4 -------------- ,no4 #gg4 ,,george ,,villiers1 ,,second ,,duke ,,of ,,buckingham4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afbg1 ,,died #afhh4 ,steel cuirass4 ,buff leather coat4 ,black and white sleeves4 ,one hand resting on a helmet4 ,red plume4 ,,he was the second son of the first ,duke of ,buckingham1 7of the ,villiers family17 by ,catherine1 daughter and sole heir of ,francis ,manners1 sixth ,earl of ,rutland4 ,no sooner did ,charles ,i4 learn the news of the murder of his friend 7the first ,duke7 than he hastened to the residence of the sorrowing widow1 to pay her a visit of condolence2 the little ,duke being then but an infant1 and his mother expecting her confinement4 ,the ,king1 much touched by her sad position1 said all he could to comfort her1 and promised to be a father to her children2 nor did he forget to fulfil the self-imposed trust4 ,at the proper age1 ,george ,villiers was sent to ,cambridge1 and afterwards to travel abroad1 accompanied by his brother ,francis1 under the care of a tutor provided for them by their royal guardian4 ,on the breaking out of the civil war the two youths returned to ,england1 and hastened to proffer their services to their ,sovereign1 a proceeding which brought down upon them the vengeance of the ,parliament4 ,their property was confiscated1 but in consideration of their youth the estates and revenues were soon restored to them4 ,poverty was ill suited to the splendid tastes1 and profuse style of living1 which characterised the ,duke1 on his second trip abroad1 or indeed wherever he went1 and in later life he was in constant pecuniary difficulties4 ,the war broke out afresh between ,charles and his subjects2 he was a prisoner in the ,isle of ,wight1 when the loyal brothers returned home1 and joined the ,royalist army1 under the ,earl of ,holland1 who had unfurled his standard in the county of ,surrey4 ,lord ,holland was quartered at ,kingston-on-,thames1 and it was on the #aath of ,july #afdh that ,lord ,francis ,villiers1 #8after performing prodigies of valour1' was killed in a skirmish with the ,parliamentarians near ,nonsuch1 to the sincere regret of his comrades and the inexpressible grief of his brother4 #8,he was a youth1' says ,clarendon1 #8of rare beauty and comeliness of person4' ,the expedition proved most disastrous2 ,lord ,holland himself was taken prisoner shortly after1 near ,st4 ,neot's1 and beheaded1 the ,duke of ,buckingham narrowly escaping the same fate4 ,he contrived to conceal himself1 but one morning1 finding the house in which he lay1 surrounded by a troop of the enemy's cavalry 7with the dashing bravery which always characterised him71 he leaped on his horse1 and followed by one faithful servant1 cut his way through the troopers1 killing the officer in command1 and gained the sea-shore1 where he joined the ,prince of ,wales1 who was on board a vessel lying in the ,downs4 ,a proclamation was issued by the ,parliament1 to the effect that if the ,duke did not return in forty days1 his property would a second time be forfeited4 ,buckingham stood the test1 and remained faithful to his allegiance4 ,he lived for some time on the proceeds of a sale of magnificent pictures bequeathed to him by the ,duke1 his father 7the chief part once the property of ,rubens71 which he disposed of at ,antwerp4 ,he remained abroad for some time1 but accompanied his ,king on the expedition to ,scotland1 and after the battle of ,worcester had another of his #8hair-breadth #8scapes1' almost as miraculous as that of his royal master4 ,after leaving the ,king concealed in ,boscobel ,house1 the ,duke1 with other ,royalist nobles1 rode northward1 and were intercepted by a body of ,roundheads 7who took many of them prisoners74 ,buckingham1 according to his wont1 escaped1 by the aid of some friendly labourers and workmen1 with one of whom he changed habits1 and was concealed in a wood4 ,he afterwards went from one house in the neighbourhood to another1 and again made his way to the ,continent in safety1 first to ,holland1 and then to ,france1 where he gained fresh laurels by his conduct at the sieges of ,arras and ,valenciennes4 ,buckingham now resolved on a bold and daring step4 ,the ,parliament had awarded the chief part of his estates and revenues to ,general ,lord ,fairfax1 but this noble-minded man had already set apart a considerable portion for the service of the widowed ,duchess2 and the ,duke 7although an outlaw7 deemed it politic to return to ,england and appeal to the further generosity of #8my ,lord ,fairfax4' ,he repaired1 then1 forthwith to the home of his ancestors1 ingratiated himself not only into the favourable feelings of the father1 but still more into those of the daughter4 ,the handsome and irresistible ,george ,villiers was not likely to sue long in vain2 he proposed1 was accepted1 and became the son-in-law of the man who was in possession of his rent-roll4 ,cromwell1 on hearing of the marriage1 was exasperated beyond measure1 and the ,duke was again forced to go into hiding4 ,most likely this was not difficult1 surrounded by his own tenantry1 with the assistance of a loving bride2 but he was rash1 and doubtless trusted to his own talent for evading danger2 and so one day1 riding to visit his sister in the neighbourhood1 he was waylaid1 taken prisoner1 and carried off to the ,tower4 ,fairfax1 already disgusted with many of ,cromwell's proceedings1 was furious1 and expressed himself boldly4 ,but the ,protector was not one to listen patiently to any strictures on his own conduct1 and laughed the ,general to scorn4 ,fortunately for the captive1 ,cromwell did not survive much longer1 and on the abdication of ,richard ,cromwell the ,duke regained his liberty4 ,at the ,restoration he was marked out for favour by the ,king1 to whose fortunes he had been so faithful2 he was made ,lord-in-,waiting1 ,lord-,lieutenant of ,york1 ,master of the ,horse1 etc4 etc4 ,but his restless and intriguing spirit led him into many dangerous plots1 so much so that in #afff he was deprived of all his offices1 and summoned to take his trial4 ,the ,king came to the rescue1 and caused him to be reinstated in many of his posts4 ,buckingham joined ,lord ,shaftesbury against ,clarendon1 became ,president of the ,council1 and his initial1 as is well known1 stood for the third letter of #8,cabal4' ,in #afgj he was sent ,ambassador to the ,king of ,france1 ostensibly to condole with him on the death of the ,duchess of ,orleans1 but in reality with the project of breaking #8,the ,triple ,alliance4' ,about this time there was an attempt on the life of the ,duke of ,ormonde by one ,blood1 and ,lord ,ossory 7,ormonde's son7 accused the ,duke of ,buckingham of being an accomplice of the villain4 ,his plea was that his father was a friend of ,lord ,clarendon's1 to whom ,buckingham had vowed deadly enmity1 but the charge soon fell to the ground4 ,buckingham was one of the ,plenipotentiaries 7with the ,earl of ,arlington and others7 to ,holland1 but the negotiations with which they were intrusted1 failed4 ,the ,cabal breaking up1 the ,duke once more found himself accused of many heavy charges1--of treasonable correspondence with the ,king's enemies1 and the like4 ,he also made himself obnoxious to his royal master by the part he took respecting the ,test ,bill1 and above all1 by maintaining that the ,king had exceeded his royal prerogative in proroguing the ,parliament for a longer time than was legal4 ,he was sent to the ,tower1 and when once more liberated1 mixed himself up 7with a restlessness he doubtless called patriotism7 in fresh plots and cabals4 ,on the death of ,charles ,,ii41 the ,duke of ,buckingham1 well aware that he could not expect the same indulgence from ,king ,james as from his predecessor1 retired to the country 7being in failing health at the time71 and gave himself up to literary occupations and the sports of the field4 ,one day1 while intent on unearthing a fox1 he was imprudent enough to sit for some time on the damp ground1 in consequence of which he caught a chill that proved fatal in three days4 ,his wife1 who long survived him1 was a most exemplary woman1 who loved him in spite of his numerous and flagrant infidelities4 ,they had no children1 and the title became extinct4 ,the witty1 handsome1 profligate ,duke of ,buckingham is a well-known acquaintance to all readers1 both of history and fiction4 ,his manners were genial1 even captivating2 his anger or revenge generally vented itself in pointed satires or pungent bon-mots4 ,dryden immortalised him as ,zimri in #8,absalom and ,achitophel4' ,pope drew his portrait in the ,moral ,essays 7,epist4 iii472 his love for astrology and alchemy helped him to squander his living1 but all his tastes were extravagant4 ,his comedy of #8,the ,rehearsal' 7in which1 however1 he is supposed to have been much assisted by friends7 made a great noise1 and his delineation of ,dryden under the character of ,bayes was much admired4 -------------- ,no4 #gh4 ,,catherine ,,carey1 ,,countess ,,of ,,nottingham4 ,,died ,,in #afjc4 ,black dress4 ,white lace cap4 ,ruff and cuffs4 ,black veil4 ,holding a glove4 ,,the daughter of ,henry ,carey1 ,lord ,hunsdon1 who was first cousin to ,queen ,elizabeth his mother being ,mary ,boleyn4 ,nor did #8her ,grace disdain to call him cousin1' and her visit to ,hunsdon ,house is immortalised in a painting 7engraved7 by ,mark ,gerrard1 where she is carried in procession4 ,the picture contains many portraits1 including ,lord and ,lady ,hunsdon1 and ,catherine1 their daughter1 the subject of this notice4 ,grainger1 speaking of ,lord ,hunsdon in his usually quaint manner1 tells us #8he was of a soldierly disposition1 and a great seller of bargains to the maids of honour1' and the ,queen esteemed him much1 and offered to create him an ,earl on his deathbed1 which somewhat tardy dignity he refused4 ,catherine married the gallant ,charles ,howard1 ,lord ,high ,admiral of ,england1 whose name is invariably connected with the glorious defeat of the ,spanish ,armada4 ,he was first created ,baron of ,effingham1 and afterwards ,earl of ,nottingham2 and it was to his wife that the unfortunate ,essex intrusted the ring which ,elizabeth had given him in the height of his favour1 with the promise that whatever crime he should commit1 she would pardon1 provided he returned the pledge4 ,the story connected with this ring has been so often and so variously told1 so many times asserted and disbelieved1 that we might be tempted to let the subject pass in silence were it not for the fact that the actual relic is in the possession of ,lord ,john ,thynne1 uncle of the present ,marquis of ,bath1 7#ahgi17 and therefore claims a comment in these pages4 ,we subjoin what appears to us the most authentic account3-- ,not very long before the death of ,queen ,elizabeth1 she being then in failing health1 and much depressed in mind1 after the execution of her favourite1 ,her ,majesty received a message from the ,countess of ,nottingham 7one of the ladies of her household1 and a connection of her own71 to say that she lay a-dying1 but that she had something on her mind which she would fain impart to the ,queen before her death4 ,elizabeth lost no time in repairing to the house of the ,earl of ,nottingham1 and taking her place by the sufferer's bedside1 listened to the following confession4 ,when ,lord ,essex lay under sentence of death1 he bethought himself of the ,queen's present1 and the promise which accompanied it1 and he began to devise means how to send it to his royal mistress4 ,he dared not trust any one near him1 but watching from the window1 he perceived a boy1 whose appearance inspired him with confidence4 ,he contrived to get speech of him1 and induced him1 by means of money and promises1 to be the bearer of the ring1 which he drew from his finger and intrusted to him4 ,the ,earl's injunctions were that it should be carried to his friend ,lady ,scrope1 7one of the royal household1 and sister to the ,lady ,nottingham17 with the earnest request that she would present it to the ,queen4 ,the boy1 by some unfortunate mistake1 carried the ring to the ,countess of ,nottingham1 who immediately consulted her husband on the subject4 ,it is further said 7although it may appear inconsistent with the character of the gallant sailor for generosity7 that he peremptorily forbade his wife to undertake the mission1 or to interfere in the matter4 ,yet we are also told that on the downfall of ,essex1 ,lord ,nottingham evinced the greatest friendship for the man with whom he had once been at enmity1 visiting him in prison1 and the like4 ,certain it is that the lady whose conscience was so ill at rest1 screened herself under the prohibition of her husband1 who1 she added1 insisted on her keeping the ring1 and returning no answer to the unfortunate captive4 ,the secret being divulged1 the dying woman entreated the ,queen to pardon her4 ,the answer she gave is well known3 #8,god may forgive you1 but ,i never can2' and she left the room in a fury4 ,strange1 if she believed that ,lord ,nottingham was in fault1 that ,her ,majesty should not only forgive him1 but keep him constantly in her presence1 in her last days1 7for she did not survive this scene above a fortnight17 talking with him on matters of the greatest importance1 and sometimes accepting nourishment and medicine from his hand1 which she would refuse from that of others4 ,lady ,nottingham died soon after the stormy interview with the ,queen1 having borne two sons and three daughters to her husband4 ,it would appear that the cause of the doubt and perplexity which have been thrown over the romantic story of the ,essex ring1 can be accounted for in this manner3 ,the fact is there were two historical rings1 and the ,carey family were connected with both1 as also1 to make the confusion more complete1 the name of ,lady ,scrope1 born ,carey1 is mixed up with both4 ,when ,queen ,elizabeth was dying1 ,robert ,carey1 ,earl of ,monmouth1 was stationed on horseback under the window1 and no sooner was the ,queen's last breath expended1 than a lady 7said to be ,lady ,scrope7 threw a ring from the window1 with which ,monmouth rode post-haste to ,scotland1 it being a pledge agreed upon between ,king ,james and a member of ,elizabeth's ,court1 to inform him1 betimes1 of the death of the ,english ,queen4 ,this ring is a sapphire1 and in the possession of the ,earl of ,cork and ,orrery1 to whom it descended by inheritance4 ,two rings1 both secret pledges1 and with both of which the names of ,queen ,elizabeth and ,lady ,scrope are connected1 it no longer appears strange that confusion and perplexity should have arisen on the subject4 ,the ring in the possession of ,lord ,john ,thynne has a gold hoop of delicate workmanship engraved1 and relieved with blue enamel4 ,the centre is an onyx1 with a cameo head of ,queen ,elizabeth1 a perfect likeness1 in relief1 and is surmised to have been the work of ,valerio ,vincentino1 an ,italian artist of great merit1 who executed several works of the kind1 for the ,queen1 ,lord ,burghley1 and others4 ,there is no record to inform us how this ring returned into the possession of the ,devereux family4 ,but it seems more than likely that ,lady ,nottingham1 or her husband1 may have bequeathed or restored it to the rightful owners4 ,it descended to the present possessor in unbroken succession from the ,duchess of ,somerset1 ,frances ,devereux1 ,essex's daughter1 who was grandmother to the first ,lady ,weymouth4 -------------- ,no4 #gi4 ,,sir ,,henry ,,sidney4 ,full length4 ,black dress4 ,white ruff4 ,high hat on table4 ,,he was the son of ,sir ,william ,sidney1 ,chamberlain to ,henry ,,viii41 and was born at ,penshurst1 a royal grant from ,edward ,,vi4 to the family4 ,henry became the bosom friend of the young ,king1 who knighted him1 and sent him as ,ambassador to ,france when only twenty-one4 ,sir ,henry was much admired and esteemed at the ,courts of ,france and ,england4 ,his friend1 ,king ,edward1 expired in his arms4 ,he also found favour in the eyes of ,queen ,mary1 after whose husband he named his son ,philip4 ,she made him ,vice-,treasurer and general governor of the royal revenues in ,ireland1 also ,lord ,deputy of that country1 where his administration was more than commonly popular1 considering the state of the times4 ,in the reign of ,elizabeth he was appointed ,lord ,president of ,wales1 and he placed his son ,philip at school at ,shrewsbury1 so as to be near him4 ,the boy was delicate in health1 and extant letters prove his father's tender solicitude for the bodily and mental education of his first-born4 ,sir ,henry ,sidney married ,lady ,mary ,dudley1 the daughter of the ,duke of ,northumberland--a woman of #8rare merit4' ,later on in years1 when leading #8a quiet and contented life at home1' a proposal was made to him to resume the government of ,ireland1 on which subject he consulted his son ,philip3 would he accompany him with the hope of succeeding to the post when he should vacate it8 etc4 etc41 but he made so many stipulations and conditions to the ,queen1 dependent on his acceptance1 that the matter fell through1 probably from the fact of ,elizabeth declining to be dictated to1 though here we speak without book4 ,sir ,henry ,sidney shone in domestic as in public life1 and his wife was worthy of her husband4 ,they both died in #aehf1 within a few months of each other1 ,sir ,henry being buried at ,penshurst1 though his heart was lodged at ,ludlow4 -------------- ,no4 #hj4 ,,sir ,,walter ,,raleigh4 ,,by ,,zucchero4 ,,born #aeeb1 ,,executed #afah4 ,full length4 ,white and scarlet dress4 ,scarlet garters and rosettes4 ,brown trunk hose4 ,white hat4 ,ruff and sash4 ,,he was the younger son of ,walter ,raleigh1 ,esq4 of ,cornwood1 near ,plymouth1 by his third wife1 daughter of ,sir ,philip ,champernon1 and widow of ,otho ,gilbert4 ,at sixteen ,walter went to ,oriel ,college for a year1 and left it with a good character for study4 ,in #aefi he became a volunteer in a troop raised by a relative1 ,henry ,champernon1 attached to the expedition which ,elizabeth was sending out to the relief of the ,huguenots in ,france4 ,he was engaged in this campaign five years1 and in #aegg he served in the ,low ,countries2 in the following year he embarked with his half-brother1 ,sir ,humphrey ,gilbert1 who had obtained a patent from the ,queen1 to colonise ,north ,america4 ,this expedition failed4 ,the ,english were attacked1 and defeated on the high seas by a superior force of ,spaniards4 ,on ,raleigh's return to ,england he found that an insurrection had just broken out in ,ireland2 thither he proceeded1 and soon gave token not only of his courage1 but of his capacity for military command4 ,he was shortly afterwards appointed to the joint government of ,munster1 and to that of ,cork4 ,in #aeha1 there being a lull in ,ireland1 he returned to ,england4 ,it would appear that he was bent on making his way at ,court1 and we all know1 and most of us believe1 the story of his flinging down his velvet cloak before his royal mistress1 that she might step across the mire1 likewise his writing with a diamond on a window-pane1 which would necessarily attract ,elizabeth's attention3-- #8,fain would ,i climb1 but fear to fall4' ,the tale goes on to say that the ,queen wrote underneath1 #8,if thy heart fail thee1 climb not at all4' ,we hope to be excused for alluding to stories which1 if #8fables1' are at least characteristic of the times4 ,in #aehc he appeared before the ,privy ,council to plead his cause in the matter of a difference that had occurred between him and ,lord 7,deputy7 ,grey de ,wilton1 when they were together in ,ireland4 ,on this occasion1 says ,sir ,robert ,naunton1 #8what advantage ,raleigh had in the controversy ,i know not2 but he had much the better in the telling of his tale1 inasmuch as the ,queen and the ,lords took no slight mark of the man1 for from thenceforth he came to be known1 and have access to the ,lords1' etc4 etc4 ,naunton goes on to say1 #8that he does not know if ,lord ,leicester had recommended him to her ,majesty1 but true it is1 ,raleigh had gotten the ,queen's ear at a trice1 and she began to be taken with his eloquence1 and loved to hear his reasons to her demands1 and in truth1 she took him for a kind of oracle1 which nettled them all4' ,raleigh1 whose whole soul was bent on enterprise1 made use of his favour at ,court to enable him to prosecute his maritime discoveries4 ,in #aehc--;in a ship he had1 however1 manned and victualled at his own expense1 and named after himself--in company with his brother1 he sailed for ,newfoundland4 ,but they were again unfortunate2 as ,gilbert was returning to ,england he was lost1 with two of his ships4 ,yet ,raleigh's heart never #8did fail him1' and the following year he obtained a grant from ,queen and ,council1 #8free liberty to discover remote and barbarous lands4' ,he proceeded to ,florida1 discovered and colonised ,virginia1 and for several years prosecuted his voyages1 discoveries1 and colonisations1 all of which belong to the record of naval history4 ,in #aehd he was knighted1 and honours and dignities of all kinds bestowed on him1 together with good estates from the ,queen4 ,at ,sherborne1 county ,dorset1 he built #8a fine house1 with gardens and groves of much variety and delight4' ,notwithstanding all the favours he received at her hands1 ,raleigh never truckled to ,elizabeth1 and although she often fell out with him1 she invariably in the end listened to her loyal but independent subject4 ,he was always ready to intercede for others1 and one day1 when asking a service for a friend1 the ,queen said1 #8,when1 ,sir ,walter1 will you cease to be a beggar8' #8,when your ,majesty ceases to be beneficent1' was the reply4 ,but he fell into disgrace at ,court when ,elizabeth found out that he was too high in the good graces of one of her own maids of honour1 and although he married the lady1 7,mistress ,elizabeth ,throckmorton1 daughter of ,sir ,nicholas of ,beddington1 county ,surrey17 yet the lovers were imprisoned for some months in the ,tower4 ,voyages innumerable1 fresh projects of colonisation followed1 but unfortunately in two expeditions the ,earl of ,essex had the chief command1 and he and ,raleigh had a deadly quarrel4 ,on their return it was continued1 and there can be little doubt ,raleigh hated and worked against ,essex1 at a time when there were many intrigues going on1 to get rid of the ,queen's unfortunate favourite4 ,more honours1 more places of trust1 were bestowed on ,raleigh4 ,in #afjj he went ,ambassador to ,france1 and soon after was named ,governor of ,jersey2 in fact1 while ,elizabeth lived1 she never swerved in her friendship1 but on her death1 ,cecil1 who was ,raleigh's enemy1 undermined his favour with ,james1 who received him ungraciously1 and dismissed him from the offices he held4 ,sir ,walter1 on discovering his secret foe1 tried to impress on the ,king's mind that ,cecil had been instrumental in the execution of his mother1 but this made no difference in his ,majesty's demeanour1 and only insured the minister's bitter hatred4 ,so commenced ,raleigh's downfall4 ,he was accused1 with several other noblemen1 of a plot to place ,arabella ,stuart on the throne1 tried for high treason1 and in spite of deficiency of evidence1 in spite of his gallant defence1 he was found guilty by a shameful jury1 for even ,coke1 the ,attorney-,general1 who1 we are told1 made #8brutal speeches1' on the trial1 exclaimed1 when informed of the verdict1 7not being in ,court at the time17 #8,surely thou art mistaken1 for ,i only accused him of misprision of treason4' ,sir ,walter remained at ,winchester under sentence of death for a month1 during which time he appealed to the justice and mercy1 of a ,king who was devoid of both4 ,he was reprieved1 and sent to the ,tower1 where they held that noble spirit captive for twelve years4 ,he occupied his melancholy hours with works which would have sufficed to make his name immortal1 had it not already become so by #8his hairbreadth #8scapes1 and moving accidents by flood and field4' ,it having been made worth his while1 ,villiers ,duke of ,buckingham interceded for ,raleigh's release1 and he was accordingly liberated in #afaf4 ,stripped of all his possessions1 and cast entirely on his own resources1 the gallant knight once more embarked for ,guiana1 ,james1 in the hope of wealth accruing to himself1 granted him a commission1 as ,admiral4 ,but on his arrival he found he had been betrayed to the ,spaniards1 who were drawn up against him in great numbers4 #8,never1' he says himself1 #8was poor man more exposed to the slaughter as ,i was4' ,information was sent to the ,king of ,spain2 the cowardly and cruel ,james1 terrified at the prospect of a rupture with that monarch1 issued a proclamation setting forth that he had forbid ,raleigh to enter on any hostilities1 and threatening severe punishment4 ,the brave1 enterprising1 noble-minded sailor returned to ,england1 his heart bowed down with sorrow1 for the loss of his first-born1 who had died on the field of battle4 ,he was arrested on his road to ,london1 made two ineffectual attempts to escape1 and was once more closely imprisoned in the ,tower2 he was brought to the bar of the ,king's ,bench1 and demanded why the former sentence should not be held good against him4 ,his defence was a model of manly eloquence1 but it did not avail him1 and he was beheaded in ,old ,palace ,yard1 ,westminster1 the #bith of ,october #afah4 ,by ,elizabeth his wife he had two sons--one killed in ,south ,america1 and the other1 ,carew1 who bought an estate called ,west ,horsley1 in ,surrey1 where1 as tradition goes1 he kept his father's head1 and in consequence gained for the quaint old house the reputation of being haunted4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 according to his portraits1 merits ,sir ,robert ,naunton's description of him3 #8,he was of a good presence and well-compacted person4 ,he had a strong natural wit1 and was an indefatigable reader both when at sea and on land4' ,he was also remarkable for great magnificence in dress1 he tilted in silver armour1 with a belt of diamonds1 pearls1 and rubies1 and his retinue was most costly4 ,in the portrait before us his costume is certainly elaborate4 -------------- ,no4 #ha4 ,,catherine ,,of ,,braganza1 ,,queen ,,of ,,england1 ,,wife ,,of ,,charles ,,ii4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afch1 ,,died #agje4 ,full length4 ,seated4 ,black dress4 ,jewels4 ,mantle lined with ermine4 ,crown on the table beside her4 ,,she was the only daughter of the ,duke of ,braganza1 afterwards ,juan ,,iv41 ,king of ,portugal1 by ,luisa de ,guzman1 daughter of the ,duke of ,medina ,sidonia4 ,catherine died childless4 -------------- ,no4 #hb4 ,,charles ,,ii41 ,,king ,,of ,,england4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afcj1 ,,restored #affj1 ,,died #afhe4 ,full length4 ,seated4 ,crimson robes4 ,mantle4 ,collar of the ,garter4 ,long flowing wig4 ,,he was the eldest son of ,charles ,i41 by ,henrietta ,maria of ,france4 ,married ,catherine of ,braganza1 by whom he had no children4 -------------- ,no4 #hc4 ,,peter ,,paul ,,rubens1 ,,wife1 ,,and ,,child4 ,,by ,,himself4 ,,born #aegg1 ,,died #afdj4 ,both seated4 ,he is in a black dress1 reading2 his wife in a red gown1 blue mantle4 ,the child standing on her lap4 ,,the family of ,rubens was of noble ,styrian origin4 ,the father of the illustrious painter settled in ,antwerp about the time of the coronation of ,charles ,v41 ,emperor of ,germany4 ,he became a magistrate1 and married ,maria de ,pipelingue of that city2 but the religious differences1 which were then very fierce1 determined him 7being a ,roman ,catholic7 to quit ,antwerp1 and take up his abode at ,cologne1 where many children were born to him1 the youngest of whom was ,peter ,paul1 of world-wide fame4 ,on the death of ,rubens the elder1 the widow returned with her family to her native city4 ,she placed her youngest son as page in the house of the ,countess de ,lalain1 a noble lady1 destining him at a later period for the magistrature2 but neither of these vocations pleased the youth's fancy1 whose decided bias for art soon declared itself4 ,he had some difficulty in overcoming his mother's repugnance to the profession he had chosen1 but she loved him too well to be obdurate4 ,he began his studies as a painter in the school of ,adam van ,oort1 a man of brutal manners1 who soon disgusted the fine taste and good feeling of young ,rubens4 ,his next instructor was ,otho ,venius1 but the pupil soon threw both masters into the shade4 ,rubens now commenced his travels1 to ,venice first1 and to ,mantua1 where the reigning ,duke showed him the greatest favour1 gave him a place at ,court1 appointed him ,painter-in-,ordinary1 and intrusted him with a diplomatic mission to ,philip ,,iii4 of ,spain4 ,our painter afterwards visited ,rome1 and all the principal cities of ,italy1 working as he went on all subjects1 religious1 historical1 mythological1 and making splendid portraits1 gaining in fact golden opinions from ,popes1 ,princes1 and ,potentates4 ,when at ,genoa he heard of the dangerous illness of his mother1 to whom he was tenderly attached2 he started immediately for ,antwerp1 but the news of her death arrested him on the road1 and he went into retreat near ,brussels1 to nurse his grief1 design a monument to her memory1 and write her epitaph4 ,the ,governor of the ,low ,countries1 the ,archduke ,albert1 and his wife ,isabella1 who admired the painter1 and esteemed the man1 did all they could to fix him at their ,court in ,brussels4 ,they gave him a pension and the key of ,chamberlain1 and showed him marked proofs of a friendship which proved lasting1 but ,rubens preferred returning to ,antwerp1 where he could pursue his art with less interruption4 ,here he built a splendid house1 and formed a noble collection of pictures1 which he sold afterwards to the ,duke of ,buckingham1 with whom he became intimate at ,paris4 ,he was summoned to the ,french capital by ,marie de ,medicis1 and executed for her the well-known decorations of the ,luxembourg4 ,his superb talent1 his handsome person1 his acquaintance with dead and living languages1 and his noble and genial disposition1 made ,rubens welcome in every country1 and with every class4 ,he proceeded to ,england1 ostensibly to paint portraits1 but in reality to negotiate a peace between the ,courts of ,madrid and ,london1 and we are told how discreetly and warily he entered on his mission1 while ,charles ,i4 was sitting for his picture4 ,the ,king took the greatest delight in the society of ,rubens1 loaded him with princely gifts1 knighted him in ,parliament1 7an especial honour17 presenting him on the occasion with a sword set in diamonds2 and when the new ,knight took leave1 ,charles hung his own miniature round the painter's neck1 which ,rubens wore till his death4 ,he was now constantly employed in diplomatic missions of all kinds1 and appears almost always to have been successful2 he made ,antwerp his headquarters1 usually giving the preference during a pressure of work to the orders of his own countrymen1 particularly as regarded religious fraternities4 ,his zeal was unwearied2 there is scarcely a town in ,flanders that is not enriched by his glorious talent4 ,he loved literature1 and while busy at his easel1 would employ a secretary to read aloud to him1 generally selecting some portion of the classics4 ,he lived well1 without excess of any kind1 but had always a love for beautiful surroundings4 ,he was an excellent horseman1 and took great interest in the breeding of horses2 but he had a taste for more serious avocations also1 and delighted in presiding over the education of his children4 ,he was twice married1 first to ,isabella ,brant1 whose charming portrait1 sitting on the ground by her husband's side1 holding his hand1 is in the ,pinakothek at ,munich4 ,his second wife was the beautiful ,helena ,forman1 whose lovely smiling face1 and full rounded form greet us in every gallery in ,europe1 sometimes alone1 sometimes with a blooming little child beside her4 ,rubens made her his model1 and painted her in every shape1 and in every costume1 and frequently without any costume at all4 ,by his first marriage he had two sons1 to the eldest of whom the ,archduke ,albert stood sponsor1 and gave his own name2 by the second he had several children4 ,marie de ,medicis1 in her last exile from ,france1 went to ,cologne1 bought ,rubens's house1 and died there4 ,for some time before his death he was a martyr to the gout1 which at length proved fatal2 he lies buried in the church of ,st4 ,james1 at ,antwerp1 where his widow caused one of his most beautiful pictures to be placed4 ,he painted himself as ,st4 ,george presenting his two wives to the ,madonna1 who carries the ,holy ,child in her arms4 -------------- ,no4 #hd4 ,,john ,,fisher1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,rochester4 ,,born #adee1 ,,executed #aece4 ,ecclesiastical robes4 ,,born at ,beverley1 in ,yorkshire1 but little is known of his early years2 having taken his degree at ,cambridge1 he was appointed confessor to ,margaret1 ,countess of ,richmond1 7mother of ,king ,henry ,,vii471 by whom he was much esteemed1 and over whose mind he gained a powerful influence1 which he exerted for no selfish ends4 ,by his advice and co-operation this ,princess1 after founding the ,colleges of ,st4 ,john's and ,christ's at ,cambridge1 collected famous ,professors from all parts1 to be members of the same4 ,the ,university was not ungrateful to ,fisher for the part he had taken in the aggrandisement of ,cambridge1 and elected him ,chancellor in #aejd4 ,the ,king 7,henry ,,vii47 preferred him to the ,see of ,rochester1 and it is said by some that he was made preceptor to ,prince ,henry 7afterwards the ,eighth74 ,certain it is that that ,prince after his accession was very partial to the ,bishop1 and showed him much favour4 ,until the question arose of the divorce of ,catherine of ,aragon1 to which step ,fisher was strenuously opposed on every account1 he was personally much attached to the ,queen1 and his creed as a ,roman ,catholic caused him to deny the validity of such a proceeding4 ,he was also loud in his disapprobation of the ,king's assumption of spiritual supremacy4 ,it cannot be wondered at1 under these circumstances1 that ,fisher should fall into thorough disgrace at ,court1 or that ,henry 7who could not bear to be thwarted7 should catch at any pretext to persecute him4 ,added to all this1 ,fisher became mixed up in the affair of the #8,holy ,maid of ,kent1' as she was called1 which plunged him into further trouble4 ,his goods having been confiscated1 he was imprisoned during the ,king's good pleasure in the ,tower of ,london1 whence he was only released on the payment of a heavy fine4 ,it will be remembered that the #8,holy ,maid of ,kent' 7an impostor7 pretended to be possessed of the gift of prophecy1 and was made an instrument by some ,roman ,catholic priests to denounce the doctrines of the ,reformed religion1 and to predict a violent death within one month for ,henry1 should he proceed with the divorce suit against the ,queen4 ,the unfortunate woman suffered death with some of her upholders1 and most assuredly her predictions were not verified4 ,henry1 exasperated by ,fisher's determined refusal to acknowledge him as head of the ,church1 once more sent the venerable ecclesiastic to the ,tower as a rebel1 and when there1 in spite of his age and position1 ,fisher was treated with shameful indignity4 ,they stripped him of his priestly garments1 and dressed him in scanty rags4 ,but the old man had a dauntless spirit4 ,he had already been captive for a year1 when the ,pope1 ,paul ,,iii41 hearing of his sufferings1 chiefly on account of his creed1 intimated to him that he should be raised to the grade of a ,cardinal1 a fatal step as far as ,fisher was concerned4 ,the ,king1 in a fury1 forbade the ,hat to be brought into his dominions1 and he sent ,thomas ,cromwell to the ,tower to inquire whether ,fisher intended to accept it4 ,the brave old man replied it was his duty to accept the honour done him by ,his ,holiness1 but he had neither solicited nor desired it1 and such was his indifference to all human grandeur1 that if the ,hat were lying on the floor1 he would not even stoop to pick it up4 ,the ,king was transported with rage when he learned the details of the interview1 and cried out1 #8,let the ,pope send it then1 and it shall be placed on ,john ,fisher's shoulders1 for by the mother of ,god1 ,i will not leave him a head to carry it4' ,this cruel word was kept2 the captive was tried by corrupt judges1 creatures of the tyrant1 condemned1 and beheaded immediately after his trial4 ,fisher was remarkable for his erudition1 his knowledge of ,holy ,writ1 and the writings of the ,fathers4 ,he was likewise an eminent controversialist1 and his argumentative writings against ,luther and the doctrines of the ,reformation made a great noise on the ,continent4 ,yet he was honoured even by his opponents1 and ,erasmus spoke in the highest terms of his integrity and the purity of his life4 ,the cruelty to which he was subjected roused the indignation of many writers1 and there is more than one foreign as well as ,english biography of this learned and good man4 ,he was deeply attached to his ,see of ,rochester1 and although1 when in favour in high places1 he had the offer more than once of translation to other dignities of a more lucrative nature1 he refused to leave his beloved cathedral4 #8,is she not my dear wife8' he was wont to say1 #8and how then can ,i separate myself from my spouse8' -------------- ,no4 #he4 ,,henry ,,fitzalan1 ,,earl ,,of ,,arundel4 ,,by ,,holbein4 ,,born #aeab1 ,,died #aegi-hj4 ,black dress4 ,gold buttons4 ,gold chain4 ,ermine cape4 ,,he was the only son of ,william the seventeenth ,earl of ,arundel1 by ,anne1 daughter of ,henry ,percy1 fourth ,earl of ,northumberland1 and succeeded to the title and estates when about thirty years of age1 until which time he had lived apart from public life4 ,in #aedd he accompanied ,henry ,,viii4 to ,boulogne1 which ,brandon1 ,duke of ,suffolk1 was then besieging4 ,with the wonderful precipitancy which characterised the period1 ,arundel suddenly found himself raised to the grade of ,field-,marshal in the ,english army4 ,nor was the choice misplaced1 for a manuvre on his part carried the town1 which he was the first to enter by a breach1 at the head of his troops4 ,the ,king1 delighted with the success of the undertaking1 granted ,lord ,arundel the government of ,calais1 and subsequently the ,comptrollership of the royal household4 ,not long after1 ,arundel was appointed one of the ,commissioners to negotiate a treaty with the ,scots1 when it so happened that the terms proposed were distasteful to the ,king1 although unanimously approved by his ,ministers4 ,henry sent no less a person than ,william ,cecil 7afterwards ,secretary7 to tell ,arundel that whatever he 7the ,king7 might write by letter1 his royal pleasure was that the treaty should be broken4 ,cecil demurred1 but was ordered off to ,scotland4 ,whatever impartial opinions may decide as to the honesty of the proceeding1 ,arundel gained the ,king's approbation1 insomuch as he followed his master's injunctions1 and that with so much discretion as to take the onus upon himself4 ,henry defended him when censured by the ,government1 ordered his pardon to be drawn up1 and not only made him ,lord ,chamberlain1 but named him one of the guardians to his successor1 the youthful ,edward4 ,after some attempts to remain or appear neutral during the struggle for power between the ,protector ,somerset and the ,earl of ,warwick1 ,arundel at length joined the party of the latter nobleman1 and was chosen one of the six ,lords intrusted with the custody of the ,king's person4 ,we are told that he was #8circumspect and slow1' and #8a man of integrity4' ,such a character was not likely to be acceptable to ,warwick2 ,lord ,arundel was deprived of his ,chamberlain's staff and his seat at the ,privy ,council1 and some frivolous accusations were brought against him1 on the strength of which he was sent to the ,tower4 ,he was1 moreover1 subjected to a heavy fine1 and banished into the country4 #8,doubtless1' says ,sir ,john ,hayward1 #8the ,earl of ,warwick had good reason to suspect that they who had the honesty to disapprove his purpose1 would not want the heart to oppose it4' ,arundel remained on his own estates till the ,king's death1 when he came forward as a zealous supporter of ,mary's claim to the ,crown4 ,at a meeting of the friends of that ,princess he made a most stirring and impressive speech1 nor did he lose the opportunity thus offered him of attacking the ,duke of ,northumberland 7the ,earl of ,warwick7 for his conduct1 past and present1 namely1 his disloyalty in the reign of ,edward1 and his actual treason in setting up his daughter-in-law1 ,jane ,grey1 as ,queen4 ,arundel took upon himself to make promises to the ,protestants in ,mary's name which she unfortunately did not fulfil4 ,but his speech was received with such enthusiasm that at its conclusion the whole assembly escorted the speaker to the city1 and summoning the ,lord ,mayor and ,aldermen1 proceeded then and there to proclaim ,mary ,tudor ,queen of these realms4 ,lord ,arundel immediately took horse and rode down into ,suffolk to announce in person to ,mary herself the success of the exertions made in her behalf1 and at ,cambridge he arrested his old enemy1 the ,duke of ,northumberland1 and led him a prisoner to the ,tower of ,london4 ,these proceedings only occupied three days1 and were completed by the #bast of ,july #aeec4 ,the ,queen was becomingly grateful2 she made ,arundel1 ,steward of her household and ,president of her ,council4 ,in #aeeh he was elected ,chancellor of the ,university of ,oxford1 but in #aefj was obliged to resign that dignity on account of his creed1 when the ,protestant faith was re-established4 ,in spite1 however1 of the difference of their religious views1 ,queen ,elizabeth treated ,lord ,arundel with marked distinction1 continued him in his office of ,lord ,steward1 and named him1 in addition1 ,high ,constable and ,high ,steward of ,england at her coronation4 ,he appears to have thought himself higher in the good graces of the royal coquette1 than was actually the case1 and finding himself somewhat slighted by her and by other friends at ,court1 we are told he grew #8troubled in mind1 and to wear off his grief1 asked leave to travel4' ,accordingly1 he went abroad1 returned for a short time1 and then repaired to ,italy1 where he resided for some years4 ,he contracted #8a great fondness for foreign fashions1' and on coming home introduced many1 and in particular the use of coaches1 the first known in ,england being the property of the ,earl of ,arundel4 ,he remained unemployed until the year #aefi1 when he was named one of the ,commissioners to inquire into the murder of ,henry ,darnley1 ,king of ,scots4 ,he pleaded ,mary's cause1 7believing firmly in her innocence17 and spoke out boldly in her behalf to ,elizabeth herself1 at the ,council table when he considered the proceedings unjust4 ,he never failed in his loyalty to the ,english ,queen1 although the intercourse he held with #8,mary's friends1' as they were called1 rendered him an object of distrust4 ,in #aegb he suffered a brief imprisonment in the ,tower1 and on his release found he had forfeited the royal favour1 which he did not go the right way to regain1 by his resolute opposition to the proposed marriage with the ,duke of ,anjou4 ,he continued in retirement until the beginning of the year #aehj1 when1 says ,camden1 #8,henry ,fitzalan1 ,earl of ,arundel1 rendered his soul to ,god--in whom was extinct the surname of this most noble family1 which had flourished with great honour for three hundred years and more'--from the time1 indeed1 of ,richard ,fitzalan1 who1 in the reign of ,edward ,i41 received the title of ,earl of ,arundel without any creation1 from being possessed of the castle and lordship of ,arundel1 in ,sussex4 ,henry married1 first1 ,catherine ,grey1 daughter of ,thomas1 second ,marquis of ,dorset1 7and aunt to ,jane ,grey17 by whom he had three children1 who all died before their father1 viz43-- ,henry1 died unmarried at ,brussels2 ,joan1 married to ,john ,lord ,lumley2 and ,mary1 the wife of ,thomas ,duke of ,norfolk1 in right of whose descent the present ,duke of ,norfolk enjoys the title of ,earl of ,arundel4 ,henry ,fitzalan's second wife was ,mary1 daughter of ,sir ,john ,arundel of ,lanherne1 county ,cornwall1 by whom he had no children4 -------------- ,no4 #hf4 ,,sir ,,richard ,,gresham4 ,dark coat4 ,yellow sleeves4 ,black cap4 ,chain4 ,,the ,greshams took their name from a town so called in the county of ,norfolk4 ,richard was the second son of ,john ,gresham of ,holt1 in the same county1 by ,alice ,blyth of ,stratton1 who brought her husband a large fortune4 ,he was bred a mercer in ,london1 where he was most successful in trade1 and was appointed royal agent1 or #8,king's merchant1' as it was called1 a trust of great importance and profit1 which consisted in transacting the trading interests of the ,crown in foreign countries4 ,this ,richard ,gresham conducted for ,henry ,,viii4 and ,edward ,,vi4 ,he amassed great riches1 bought estates in several counties1 was knighted in #aeca1 and elected ,lord ,mayor of ,london in #aecg4 ,he enjoyed much esteem and consideration in the city1 and first conceived the idea of building the ,royal ,exchange1 7which his son carried out17 beside many reformations and improvements for the benefit of the commercial community4 ,the merchants had suffered much inconvenience from being exposed to the weather in ,lombard ,street1 when they met for the transaction of business4 ,richard ,gresham married1 first1 ,audrey1 daughter of ,william ,linn of ,southwick1 county ,north ,hants1 by whom he had two sons--the second was ,sir ,thomas1 usually called the founder1 and at all events the builder1 of the ,royal ,exchange1--and two daughters1 ,christian1 or1 as some call her1 ,margaret1 who married ,sir ,john ,thynne1 the builder of ,longleat1 to whom she brought a large dower as co-heir with her brothers1 and ,elizabeth1 who died unmarried4 ,audrey died in #aebb1 and ,sir ,richard married again a widow named ,taverson4 -------------- ,no4 #hg4 ,,arabella ,,stuart4 ,,by ,,van ,,somers4 ,,born #aege1 ,,died #afae4 ,full length4 ,dark gown1 richly embroidered in flowers of gold4 ,ruff4 ,jewel4 ,cord of pearl across the shoulder and round the waist4 ,one hand resting on a table4 ,,margaret ,tudor1 it will be remembered1 7,henry ,,viii4's sister17 married twice1 first ,james ,,iv41 ,king of ,scotland1 and secondly1 ,archibald ,douglas1 ,earl of ,angus4 ,from this double marriage issued two branches1 both ,stuarts1 the elder of which1 on the death of ,elizabeth1 succeeded to the ,throne1 in the person of ,james ,i41 the younger remaining heirs-expectant in case ,james had no children4 ,to this branch belonged the ,lady ,arabella1 and the jealousy shown by the elder to the younger is the key to her melancholy history4 ,by her second husband1 ,margaret ,tudor had a daughter1 who bore her name2 ,lady ,margaret ,douglas was remarkable even in early life for her ambitious and intriguing spirit2 according to modern parlance1 she was always in hot water1 and in the constant habit of paying compulsory visits to the ,tower of ,london4 ,having secretly betrothed herself to ,lord ,thomas ,howard1 son of the first ,duke of ,norfolk of that name1 they were both imprisoned on that account1 and both fell ill of fever4 ,howard died1 but his betrothed was set at liberty4 ,a short time elapsed when she espoused ,matthew ,stuart1 ,earl of ,lennox1 this time with the concurrence of the ,court1 and by him she had several children1 of whom only two sons grew up to manhood1 the unfortunate ,darnley1 and ,charles1 who succeeded his father in the earldom of ,lennox4 ,on the marriage of her eldest son with ,mary ,queen of ,scots ,margaret was again imprisoned4 ,her husband's estates had already been confiscated on a charge of treason2 by the time she was released ,lord ,lennox was dead1 and she went to reside with her son ,charles1 to whom ,king ,james had granted his father's titles 7as also to his heirs without restriction71 at her dwelling-house in ,hackney4 ,here they remained till ,charles was about nineteen1 when his mother thought it high time to provide him with a wife4 ,so in ,october #aegd the mother and son mounted their horses1 and took their way towards ,scotland1 but they were waylaid and intercepted1 by a sumptuous welcome4 ,bess of ,hardwicke1 7there are few who do not know how to apply that nickname17 then ,countess of ,shrewsbury1 heard of the travellers being in the neighbourhood1 and it suited her to receive them as her guests4 ,a word to enlighten1 or remind1 respecting this remarkable woman3-- ,elizabeth1 daughter of ,john ,hardwicke of ,hardwicke ,hall1 in ,derbyshire1 was beautiful1 vivacious1 practical1 and headstrong4 ,at fourteen she married ,mr4 ,barlow1 a rich country gentleman1 who soon left her a widow4 ,she espoused secondly1 ,sir ,william ,cavendish2 thirdly1 ,sir ,william ,saintlow1 and fourthly1 ,george ,talbot1 ,earl of ,shrewsbury4 ,each husband brought her money1 and most of them children and step-children4 ,bess was as fond of marrying 7herself7 and giving in marriage as she was of building2 and so1 as we said before1 she waylaid the equestrians1 and invited them to one of her numerous homes--,rufford ,house1 county ,notts4 ,her husband1 ,lord ,shrewsbury1 gives an amusing account of what took place during the visit3-- #8,the ,lady ,lennox being sickly1 rested her at ,rufford five days1 and kept most her bedchamber1 and in that time the young man1 her son1 fell into liking with my wife's daughter1 ,elizabeth ,cavendish1 and such liking was between them that my wife says she makes no doubt of a match4 ,the young man is so far in love1 that belike he is sick without her4 ,this taking effect1 ,i shall be well at quiet1 for there is no nobleman's son in ,england that she hath not prayed me to deal for1 at one time or another4' ,the poor man reckoned without his host when he spoke of quiet4 ,there was another ,bess in the field1 and one not easily hoodwinked4 ,a few days' courtship1 and a secret marriage6 ,but the news soon reached the ,queen's ear4 ,the whole party 7with the exception of ,lord ,shrewsbury1 in whose custody ,mary ,queen of ,scots then was1 and who exonerated himself in the transaction7 was summoned in a body to ,london4 ,so the first days of the honeymoon were spent in a dreary ride through wintry weather1 by the two poor young lovers1 attended by their respective mothers1 to meet a welcome on their arrival which matched but too well with the severity of the atmosphere4 ,the match-making mothers were lodged in the ,tower1 and left there for some time to reflect on the imprudence of giving so near a kinsman of the ,queen's away in marriage1 without her consent1 one 7more especially7 who had pretensions to the succession4 ,it was some time before the ladies were released1 and by then little ,arabella had appeared on the scene1 having been born at ,chatsworth1 the beautiful estate which ,bess had induced or commanded her second husband1 ,sir ,william ,cavendish1 to purchase4 ,no sooner did ,lord and ,lady ,lennox hear that the ,dowager was at liberty than they joined her with the new-born infant at the old house at ,hackney4 ,the ,queen of ,scotland having written graciously on the occasion of the birth1 both mother and grandmother wrote to thank her for the remembrance #8of our little daughter1 who some day may serve your ,highness4' ,the death of ,charles ,lennox1 which happened shortly afterwards1 plunged his family into poverty as well as sorrow4 ,in spite of all her relations could say in her behalf1 ,arabella's ,english possessions were pounced on by good ,queen ,bess1 while both ,james and the ,regent ,murray ignored the orphan's pretensions to titles1 and land in ,scotland1 heedless of ,queen ,mary's exertions and expostulations4 ,james1 indeed1 was so kind as to propose that ,arabella should marry the man on whom he had bestowed the ,earldom of ,lennox--a favourite scheme of his4 ,the child was about two years old when her grandmother died1 in whom she lost a zealous1 though not always judicious champion4 ,illustrious as was her birth1 ,margaret ,dowager ,countess of ,lennox's finances were so low as not to be sufficient to defray her funeral expenses2 and the ,queen1 doubtless glad to be rid of her importunities1 gave orders for a sumptuous interment in ,westminster ,abbey to the woman she had not scrupled to defraud in her lifetime4 ,in #aehb ,elizabeth ,lady ,lennox followed her mother-in-law to the grave after a short illness1 and her death brought deep grief to the heart of the otherwise worldly-minded ,lady ,shrewsbury1 who took the little orphan to reside with her4 ,in spite of her proud spirit1 ,bess of ,hardwicke did not disdain to write to ,lord ,burghley that her love for the child was more than that of a natural mother1 on account of her near relationship to the ,queen1 to whom both ,lord and ,lady ,shrewsbury made periodical and ineffectual appeals in behalf of their charge4 ,the early days of ,arabella ,stuart's childhood were passed at ,chatsworth and ,hardwicke1 and when she was about seven1 proposals of marriage commenced1 which went on without intermission for years4 ,lord ,leicester1 it seems1 was minded to betroth her to his son 7by ,lettice ,knollys1 widow of the ,earl of ,essex74 ,the bridegroom-elect's age was two1 yet we are gravely informed that the children were told of their engagement1 and portraits exchanged4 ,the ,queen did not approve of the idea1 but a sterner mandate forbade the banns4 #8,the noble imp1 ,baron of ,denbigh1' as he is called on his monument at ,warwick1 died1 to the inexpressible grief of his father4 ,at #8,hardwicke ,hall1 more glass than wall1' 7one of the most interesting of ,england's #8proud ancestral homes1' and a glory to ,bess the builder1 beside the older house1 now a ruin1 where her father lived17 amongst a treasury of portraits1 there is one of little ,arabella1 which is doubtless the identical picture alluded to as painted at this time4 ,a sweet little face peeps out of a formal dress of the period--richly embroidered gown1 high head and cap1 numerous ornaments1 with a jewel bearing this ambiguous and no way prophetic motto1 #8,pour parvenir j'endure4' ,in her hand she carries a doll dressed in the same quaint and stiff manner as the young mistress4 ,the picture is full of pathos to those who remember the subsequent history of the then loved and petted child4 ,arabella's bedroom is shown at ,hardwicke1 and her memory blends well with the picturesque background of those time-honoured walls4 ,lord ,burghley1 who was very friendly to ,arabella's interests1 7and the feeling proved hereditary17 writes to ,bess to warn her #8there are plots to carry off the child4' ,she thanks him2 says she is #8careful ,arabella takes the air near the house2 goes not to any one else2 lieth in my own bedchamber4 ,is most loving and affectionate4' ,the grandam appeared really to have a very soft place in her heart for the pretty intelligent1 amiable1 amenable child2 but ,arabella's early life was passed in the midst of domestic strife1 as ,bess was always at variance with her husband1 and his1 her1 or their children4 ,but with these squabbles the present narrative has nothing to do4 ,sir ,walter ,mildmay1 on a visit to ,lord ,shrewsbury1 was captivated by the little lady1 then about eleven1 and bade her write a letter to the ,queen2 but he reckoned without his host when he thought so innocent and simple an appeal could touch so tough a heart4 ,surely never was one young maiden made the centre of so many matrimonial speculations as the ,lady ,arabella4 ,all kinds of husbands1 of all countries1 grades1 religions1 and ages1 were selected for her2 plots and schemes for the aggrandisement of the plotters1 laid1 while the unconscious object was still playing with the doll we saw at ,hardwicke ,hall4 ,in the course of time1 ,james ,king of ,scotland1 7we do not pretend to place them in chronological order17 ,henry d',albret1 7,henry ,,iv4 of ,france17 ,philip of ,spain1 the ,duke of ,parma1 or his brother1 whom the ,pope would have released from his ecclesiastical vows for such a prize1 the ,king of ,portugal1 the ,duc d',anjou1 as many pretenders as there are sands on the sea-shore2 but the poor girl chose 7and that unfortunately7 for herself4 ,soon after the death of ,mary ,queen of ,scots1 ,elizabeth sent for ,arabella 7then twelve years old7 to ,court1 showed her great favour1 invited her to dine at the royal table1 and gave her precedence over all the nobility4 ,she won all hearts1 pretty1 witty1 amiable1 unsuspicious1 and gentle-hearted4 ,the ,queen treated her with characteristic inconsistency1 now with indulgence1 now with severity4 ,one day at ,court1 calling ,arabella to her side1 and presenting her to ,madame ,chateauneuf 7the ,french ,ambassadress71 she bade the lady look well at that child4 #8,she is not so unimportant as you may think4 ,one day she will be even as ,i am1 and be lady mistress4' ,this speech was doubtless intended to spite the ,king of ,scotland1 rather than to be believed by those who heard it4 ,m4 and ,madame ,chateauneuf were delighted with the child1 observing that #8she spoke ,latin1 ,french1 and ,italian well1 sufficiently handsome in the face1 and without doubt the lawful heritress of the kingdom1 if ,james of ,scotland be excluded4' ,the grave old ,lord ,burghley loved the child1 and made much of her at supper1 on the first night of her presentation at ,court4 ,years passed on1 and ,arabella was made the centre of intrigues of all kinds1 both abroad and at home2 and she became the object of jealousy and suspicion4 ,the ,queen's fury was roused by hearing her young kinswoman had betrothed herself to ,william ,seymour1 grandson to the ,earl of ,hertford1 and the unfortunate ,katherine ,grey4 ,the alliance was most distasteful to ,elizabeth1 who was inimical to the whole house of ,hertford4 ,arabella was arrested1 and ,her ,majesty1 much perturbed1 fell sick2 it was even reported that the illness was of the ,lady ,arabella's contriving6 ,alluding to this1 she writes most pathetically3--#8,while we wash our hands in innocency let the grand accuser1 and all his ,ministers do their worst4 ,god will be on our side1 and reveal the truth to our most gracious ,sovereign4' ,elizabeth died4 ,james succeeded1 and ,cecil spoke to him in behalf of his cousin1 then a kind of honoured prisoner at ,wrest ,house1 the seat of the ,earl of ,kent1 who had married a ,talbot4 ,cecil besought and advised the ,king to deal gently with her1 and she was set at liberty1 but went by her friend's advice to dwell at ,sheen1 with my ,lady ,northampton1 whence she wrote many letters petitioning for some allowance suitable to her birth4 ,james at first showed her much favour1 and appointed her nominally governess to his daughter1 ,princess ,elizabeth4 ,she accordingly set out for ,welbeck to meet the ,queen 7,anne of ,denmark7 and her retinue on her way from ,scotland4 ,sir ,charles ,cavendish 7,arabella's uncle7 gave the royal travellers a royal welcome at his house of ,welbeck with revellings and maskings1 and beautiful girls dressed as nymphs1 and the goddess ,diana1 who came to bid the ,queen welcome1 #8and proved to be no other than the ,lady ,arabella4' ,bess of ,hardwicke had deputed her granddaughter to invite ,queen ,anne to ,chatsworth1 but to the old lady's disgust her invitation was not only rejected but waived in favour of her deadly enemy1 her step-son and son-in-law1 ,lord ,shrewsbury4 ,princess ,elizabeth was charmed with her governess1 and was never so happy as in her company4 ,at ,queen ,anne's first drawing room1 we are told that ,arabella was present with her aunt1 ,lady ,shrewsbury1 and that #8both were sumptuous in apparell1 and exceeding curious in jewellery4' ,from letters preserved at ,longleat we find that ,lord ,shrewsbury was in constant correspondence with his niece1 urging her to prudence1 warning her of pitfalls around her1 in consequence of her being made the unwilling and unconscious nucleus of political plots1 and her answers invariably testify to her sense and her affection for her counsellor4 ,she was at ,woodstock with the ,court during the ,plague1 and writes delightful letters thence1 which we regret not having the space to insert4 ,her own views were in no ways dazzled by ,court life2 her playful description of a ,dutch lady who came over from the ,duchess of ,holstein to learn the ,english fashions1 must perforce be inserted3--#8,she hath been here twice from ,oxford1 and thinketh every day long till she be at home1 so well she liketh her entertainment1 or loveth her own country4 ,in truth1 she is civil1 and therefore cannot but look for the like which she brings out of a ruder country4 ,but if ever there were such a virtue as courtesy at the ,court1 ,i marvel what is become of it1 for ,i protest ,i see little or none of it but in the ,queen1 who speaketh to the people as she passeth1 and receiveth their prayers with thankful countenance4' ,another letter bemoans the loss of time which the royal pair lost in their immoderate passion for hunting1 to the great disgust of many courtiers1 who were not equally enamoured of the noble science4 ,she says3 #8,i could believe ,i had become a child again2 we are seeing the ladies-in-waiting take delight in the most frivolous games1 such as 8,arise up1 pig10 and the like4' ,she was also much disgusted at the manner in which the dead lioness1 the late ,queen1 was kicked at4 ,small as was the pittance allowed her1 she was expected to offer ,christmas and other seasonable gifts to ,her ,majesty ,queen ,anne1 and others4 ,poor ,arabella1 considerate and wise1 whose leisure was spent1 #8scant as it was1 in reading of service and preaching4' ,in #afjc the celebrated trial of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh took place1 in which1 among numerous counts1 he was accused of plotting to place ,arabella ,stuart on the throne4 ,but when her name was mentioned in ,court1 ,robert ,cecil1 her friend1 rose and said1 #8,let us not scandal the innocent by confusion of speech2 the ,lady ,arabella is as innocent of these things as ,i1 or any man here1' and then followed an able defence4 ,arabella1 who was much attached to her uncle1 ,lord ,shrewsbury1 was always striving1 at least by letter1 to make peace between him and her grandmother1 which was perhaps the reason that she lost favour with that irascible old lady4 ,we hear of #8the ,lady ,arabell riding in a procession through the city1 next to the ,queen1 on a crimson velvet caparisoned horse1 acting in masques and pageants1 sumptuously arrayed2 but the poor lady was deep in debt1 and her uncle of ,shrewsbury in the like plight1 unable to help her4' ,she was1 however1 much liked at ,court1 and chosen sponsor to little ,princess ,mary1 7who died young17 and1 says ,birch1 #8she was very dear to ,prince ,henry1 not less for her near relation to him1 than for her accomplishments of mind1 both natural and acquired4' ,the ,duke of ,holstein was a zealous suitor1 #8but the ,lady ,arabella will not hear of marriage4' ,the ,king of ,denmark1 when on a visit to the ,queen1 his sister1 was captivated by her1 and they corresponded in ,latin4 ,in #afjh died ,bess of ,hardwicke1 ,countess of ,shrewsbury1 #8feared by many1 flattered by some1 beloved by none1' having disinherited the grandchild whom she professed to love4 ,arabella's favour at ,court lasted up to #afji1 at the close of which year she was placed in restraint1 and her servants arrested1 and early in the ensuing year she was accused of having entered into a secret treaty of marriage with her old love1 ,william ,seymour4 ,a fitter husband could scarcely be found1 but what availed that fitness1 if the match did not please the tyrant who ruled his unfortunate kinswoman's destinies8 ,seymour was #8a quiet1 steady young man1' loving his book above all other exercise4 ,they are supposed to have met frequently when the youth was at ,college1 and the lady at ,woodstock with the ,court2 be this as it may1 the lovers met1 and solemnly plighted their troth4 ,twice they saw each other1 at the houses of confidential friends1 and ere a third interview could be effected1 they were both summoned before the ,privy ,council1 admonished1 forgiven1 and betrayed into promises impossible to keep4 ,they were separated for a time1 and ,arabella1 with a heavy heart1 was called upon to parade her comeliness and her talent in a ,court masque1 where she enacted a nymph of ,trent1 her costume1 most elaborate and minutely described1 of gold1 silver1 seaweeds1 sedges1 and cloth of both metals1 all embroidered1 and shells and coral on the crest of a helm4 ,that was the end of her grandeur and her prosperity1 and now came tribulation of all kinds4 ,at ,whitsuntide1 ,seymour1 accompanied by a friend and confidant1 by name ,rodney1 went down to ,greenwich1 where they arrived at midnight4 ,they waited till morning1 and then found access to ,lady ,arabella's apartment1 where the lovers were united2 ,rodney and two servants serving as witnesses4 ,the secret soon transpired1 and the luckless bride was placed in the custody of ,sir ,thomas ,parry at a house in ,lambeth1 #8opposite a capital mansion called ,fauxhall1' to remain there with one or two of her women1 without access of any other person till ,his ,majesty's further pleasure should be known4 ,hence she addressed letters which seemed indeed to soften the ,king's hard heart2 the ,queen1 it appears1 frequently interceded1 as did many other influential persons1 but without effect4 ,the bridegroom was lodged in the ,tower2 ,arabella continued to write letters to her uncle1 to her husband1 and innumerable petitions to the ,council in most pathetic terms1 #8that had not ,god for some high purpose steeled the hearts of men1 they must perforce have pitied her4' ,james now ordered her off into the custody of the ,bishop of ,durham1 who repaired to ,sir ,thomas ,parry's house to receive his charge4 ,arabella's grief at the prospect of a long journey far from the city which held the beloved of her heart was intense4 ,her agitation was terrible to witness1 and much affected the good ,prelate1 who used all his poor skill to comfort her1 and make her submit to the royal decree by exhorting her to follow the patient example of holy saints1 and that in the presence of ,mr4 ,chancellor1 ,dr4 ,mountford1 7a trusty friend of the poor prisoners17 and others4 ,but ,arabella would accept no comfort1 and on the journey to ,highgate1 the physician was called on three times to administer cordials1 so faint and sick was his fair charge4 ,he took upon himself next day 7when after passing a miserable night at the house of ,sir ,william ,bond1 ,arabella woke up from a few hours' sleep in great exhaustion7 to forbid her proceeding any further4 ,the ,bishop having the ,king's displeasure before his eyes1 went to her bedside and besought her to rise1 #8telling her of the sweet air1 the beautiful day1 and the duty of her journey4' ,but the good physician braved all for her health's sake1 though this step entailed the necessity of a letter from ,bishop and doctor too1 to the ,lords in ,council4 ,james1 anxious to ascertain if the illness were feigned1 sent his own physician to see ,arabella1 and consult with ,dr4 ,mountford1 who told him plainly #8remedies were useless1 and that he could warrant no amendmente of her health1 or continuance of lyfe if some contentment of minde be not granted4 ,his aim1' he said1 #8was to cherish her into life4' ,nevertheless cruel orders came to hurry her on her way1 and during a ride of six miles1 she was attacked by deadly sickness and faintness1 and was carried almost insensible to the house of a gentleman named ,thomas ,conyers1 resident at ,east ,barnet4 ,letters again passed from the travellers to high quarters1 and the physician wrote to ,lady ,shrewsbury1 7,arabella's aunt17 who was most uneasy on the sufferer's account4 ,a respite of a month was granted4 ,the ,bishop returned to ,durham1 and she was committed to the care of ,sir ,james ,crofts2 but her servants were removed from her side4 ,the ,bishop on his way stopped at ,royston1 where the ,court was1 and thought to benefit the prisoner's cause by most abject appeals to the ,king2 indeed1 the ,bishop went so far as to say #8his cousin would willingly sweep his chamber1' which we take leave to suppose was speaking without book4 ,at the termination of the month the lady was commanded to proceed on her way north2 she was still indisposed1 and she made the most of that excuse4 ,whenever ,sir ,james ,crofts visited her she was stretched on the bed in pain4 #8,she apprehended nothing but fear and anger in the most ugliest forms2 the horrors of her utter ruin drive her to despair2 to live out one only year in some convenient place not so clean out of the world as she termeth ,durham1 she could gather to herself some weak hopes of more gentle times to come4' ,sir ,james1 who like most people seems to have experienced her fascination1 says again1 #8the best and pleasingest discourse had no effect on her mind1 but was met by tears and lamentations4' ,her faithful ,mountford went to ,london to plead for her with ,james1 who declared #8to ,durham she should go if he were ,king1' but at length another month's respite was granted4 ,arabella had now a project in her head1 and her aunt1 ,lady ,shrewsbury1 7born ,cavendish17 had devoted herself to the cause of her unfortunate niece4 ,she appealed to all the persons whom she believed to have influence at ,court1 and finding all other means fail1 she contrived a plan of escape1 and forwarded a large sum of money to facilitate the same4 ,the money was sent nominally for the payment of ,arabella's debts1 and for the commission of purchasing some needlework of ,mary ,queen of ,scots4 ,crompton1 her faithful man-servant1 deeply attached to his mistress1 managed all these transactions1 prepared disguises1 and communicated with ,william ,seymour in some miraculous manner4 ,arabella now feigned entire submission to the ,king's commands1 and expressed her willingness to proceed to ,durham1 by which means she threw her keepers off their guard2 moreover1 she worked on the compassion of one of her attendants 7a minister's wife7 to assist her4 ,on the #dth of ,june the unhappy lady assumed her disguise--#8a pair of ,french-fashioned hose1 a man's doublet1 a long-locked peruke1 black hat and cloak1 white boots with red tops1 and a rapier by her side2' and thus equipped set forth1 with ,markham1 one of her servants1 on foot4 ,but ,arabella was neither as strong of purpose1 or of body as ,rosalind1 and she ofttimes #8disgraced her man's apparel by bearing herself like a woman4' ,she turned faint ere they reached #8the sorry inne' where the trusty ,crompton awaited them with saddle-horses1 so much so that the hostler who held the stirrup remarked1 as she languidly mounted1 #8,the gentleman will scarcely reach ,london4' ,the fresh air and exercise1 however1 revived her1 and they arrived at ,blackwall in safety4 ,this was the place of rendezvous with her husband1 and some faithful followers1 but in vain they waited for ,seymour1 till it was counted so dangerous to delay that1 leaving one to communicate with him1 when he should appear1 she set out in a boat with a female attendant1 the two men1 ,markham1 and ,crompton1 following in another with her baggage4 ,at ,lee they found a vessel lying at anchor4 ,they hailed her1 and finding she was bound for ,berwick1 and would not change her course even for a heavy bribe1 they inquired if there were not a ,french vessel anywhere near4 ,alas6 these inquiries were calculated to put the bloodhounds on the track4 ,in describing the fugitives afterwards1 the captain1 having spoken of the men1 said there were #8two women1 one bare-faced1 in a black riding safeguard1 and a hat2 the other was so wrapped in a long cloak1 and her face so closely covered1 that he could not see her2 but in drawing off her glove she manifested a marvellous fair white hand4' ,poor ,arabella1 to whose beautiful hand so many courtly compliments and sonnets had been addressed6 ,they reached the ,french vessel and embarked1 in despair at the non-appearance of ,seymour2 yet hoping for his arrival at every moment1 she besought the ,french captain to remain at anchor at least another day2 but her attendants insisted on his hoisting sail1 well aware that to delay was madness4 7,seymour's adventures will be related in the notice of his life47 ,so the ,french ship got under weigh1 having on board for freight a heart heavy enough to sink her4 ,the news of her escape filled the ,king's mind with rage and consternation2 he pictured ,arabella to himself making common cause with all his enemies on the ,continent2 the hue and cry became general4 ,salisbury1 who must surely in his secret heart have prayed for the escape of his old favourite1 was ordered to write to the ,governor of ,calais to intercept ,seymour and his wife1 7who were supposed to be together17 on their arrival in port4 ,every ship was to be searched1 every means taken1 for the apprehension of the fugitives4 ,alas6 alas6 the measures were too well taken 7the details are needless72 suffice it to say that the train was but too well laid1 the track but too well followed4 #8,the ,adventure1' one of the vessels sent in pursuit1 standing for ,calais1 was in mid-channel when a sail was sighted4 ,a boat was immediately lowered1 as there was but little wind1 and six armed men made way for the ,french vessel4 ,they challenged her in vain1 and fired a broadside and several volleys of musketry1 giving time for the advance of #8,the ,adventure4' ,the ,frenchman stood thirteen shots before he surrendered1 and then ,arabella1 anxious to avoid bloodshed1 came on deck1 discovered herself to the captain1 and acknowledged there was no use in further resistance4 ,the crew of the boat boarded the ,french ship1 and arrested ,arabella1 at the same time demanding her husband4 ,she made them a brave and noble answer1 saying she had not seen him2 she hoped and believed he was safe1 and the joy she experienced at his escape far outweighed the sorrow she felt at her own capture4 ,she was then taken as a close prisoner on board #8,the ,adventure1' with all the rest of the passengers4 ,the ,king1 overjoyed at the news1 lost no time2 ,arabella and her aunt and confidante1 ,lady ,shrewsbury1 were sent to the ,tower1 with several of their adherents1 and others1 lodged in different prisons--her faithful ,crompton1 ,markham1 the minister's wife1 ,sir ,james ,crofts1 and no end of arrests4 ,lord ,shrewsbury was kept a prisoner in his house1 and the aged ,earl of ,hertford summoned to ,london1 to ,court4 #8,if he be found healthful enough to travel1 he must not delay4' ,the two ladies were examined before the ,privy ,council1 and we are told that ,arabella answered the ,lords #8with good judgment and discretion1' while the ,countess is said #8to be utterly without reason1 crying out that all is but tricks and giggs1 that she will answer nothing in private1 and if she have offended in law she will answer in public4' ,a reply by no means unreasonable1 although it would appear that the younger lady was calm and dignified under provocation and persecution1 and the elder excited and indignant4 ,the chief count against ,lady ,shrewsbury was the ready money she had advanced for her niece's escape1 by which she was accused of intending to bribe the ,catholic party4 ,the ,scotch and ,english faction1 we are informed by the same authority1 were at great issue on this subject4 ,seymour was safe beyond seas1 and ,james was at rest on that score1 as long as the unhappy pair were separated4 ,in vain were appeals made in ,arabella's behalf to the hard-hearted tyrant4 ,bishop ,goodman says of her3 #8,she is a virtuous and good lady1 of great intellectuals1 and harmless1 and gives no offence4' ,she was in all things gentle1 and showed gratitude for the slightest kindness1 but she was treated with great indignity1--the money and jewels found on her person seized by the ,king's orders1 her servants denied access to her1 and ,lady ,shrewsbury was not even allowed to have an attendant of any kind4 ,what a contrast to the sumptuous life at ,hardwicke1 ,chatsworth1 and all the other palaces to which she had been accustomed in her mother's lifetime6 ,lord ,shrewsbury wrote a most pitiful appeal respecting the dilapidated state of his wife's apartments in the ,tower1 to ,lord ,salisbury1 and after a time some mercy was shown her1 and a servant appointed to wait on her1 and1 crowning grace6 a copy of verses1 written by ,charles ,cavendish for the poor prisoner's delectation1 was allowed to be placed in her hands4 ,the wretched ,arabella spent her hours in weeping and mourning4 ,sometimes she roused herself to embroider a gift for the ,king1 which he would not accept4 ,her pen was seldom idle2 #8in all humility1 in most humble wise1' she wrote to ,james1 #8the most wretched1 and unfortunate creature that ever lived1 prostrates herself at the feet of the most merciful ,king that ever was4' ,she wrote to ,lord ,northampton to complain of how badly she is nourished in sickness1 of how others1 however poor and unfortunate1 are preserved alive for charity4 #8,i can neither get clothes nor posset at all1 nor any complement fit for a sick body in any case1 when ,i call for it4' ,body and mind at last gave way1 beneath constant suffering4 ,arabella showed signs of aberration of intellect1 and was now moody1 now despairing1 now prone to fits of forced gaiety4 ,hearing of the marriage of her former friend and pupil1 the ,princess ,elizabeth1 the unhappy captive contrived to procure a new gown1 in which she decked herself with much care4 ,but little effect was produced at ,court by the poor prisoner's gala dress1 and the betrothed was too happy to waste much thought on her favourite of other days4 ,in the same letter1 quoted above1 she says #8that help will come too late1' and declares #8,i do not fear to die1 so ,i be not guilty of my own death1 and oppress others with my ruin4' ,gradually but surely her intellect became undermined4 ,she made some incoherent accusations against ,lady ,shrewsbury1 which proved very disadvantageous to that lady1 the rigour of whose captivity had been lately mitigated2 but was again summoned before the ,council1 charged with contempt towards the ,king in refusing to answer questions1 again replied scornfully1 and pleaded the privilege of her person and nobility1 and a rash vow she had made to be silent4 ,she was remanded to the ,tower1 but the evident signs of insanity evinced by her unfortunate niece nullified the charges brought against her4 ,early in ,march #afac ,arabella was attacked with convulsions1 and declared insane by a physician4 ,her humble friend ,crompton had laid a second plan for her escape1 but deliverance was to come in another guise4 ,her husband and his father were currying favour with ,james1 but seemed to have troubled themselves little about the poor prisoner1 though by some it was believed ,seymour wrote to her constantly1 and that his letters were intercepted4 ,she grew weaker in body and more feeble in mind1 until on the #beth of ,september1 says ,nichols1 #8that ill-fated and persecuted lady1 ,arabella ,seymour1 daughter of ,charles ,earl of ,lennox1 and cousin-german of ,henry ,darnley1 father of ,king ,james1 died in the ,tower of ,london4' ,in the dead of night the daughter of a line of kings was carried along the black river to ,westminster ,abbey1 and there deposited in the royal vault beneath the coffin of ,mary ,queen of ,scots4 ,all pomp and ceremony were forbidden1 the ,burial ,service was read by stealth as over some felon's grave1 not for any fault of her own1 but because #8to have a great funeral for one dying out of the ,king's favour would have reflected upon the ,king's honour4' ,a sadder page can scarcely be found in ,england's history1 and among many crimes which blacken the fame of ,james ,stuart1 perhaps the slow murder of his unhappy kinswoman is the worst4 ,the terrible traces of suffering and unmistakable signs of imbecility exhibited in this portrait1 lead to the conjecture that it must have been painted during her confinement in the ,tower4 -------------- ,no4 #hh4 ,,james ,,duke ,,of ,,york1 ,,afterwards ,,james ,,ii41 ,,king ,,of ,,england4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afcc1 ,,deposed #afhh1 ,,died #agja4 ,full length4 ,crimson robes4 ,mantle4 ,collar and ,order of ,garter4 ,,the second son of ,charles ,i4 by ,henrietta ,maria4 ,married1 first1 ,anne ,hyde1 daughter of the ,earl of ,clarendon1 and1 secondly1 ,maria d',este of ,modena4 ,by his first marriage he had ,mary1 married to the ,prince of ,orange1 afterward ,william ,,iii41 and ,anne1 married to the ,prince of ,denmark1 who succeeded her sister as ,queen4 ,by ,mary of ,modena he had ,charles1 who died young1 ,james1 called the ,chevalier de ,st4 ,george1 or the ,old ,pretender1 and three daughters4 -------------- ,no4 #hi4 ,,elizabeth ,,lady ,,nott4 ,full length4 ,grey satin dress4 ,ringlets4 ,hand resting on table4 ,,she was the sister of ,sir ,henry ,frederick ,thynne and married ,sir ,william ,nott of ,richmond1 in the county of ,surrey4 -------------- ,no4 #ij4 ,,robert ,,dudley1 ,,earl ,,of ,,leicester4 ,,by ,,zucchero4 ,,born ,,circa #aecb1 ,,died #aehh4 ,full length4 ,gold and white dress4 ,gorget4 ,george and ,garter4 ,page holding a helmet and tilting lance4 ,tent in background4 ,,he was the fifth son of ,john ,dudley1 ,earl of ,warwick1 afterwards ,duke of ,northumberland1 by the daughter and heir of ,sir ,henry ,guildford4 ,he began life early4 ,in #aeea he was named ,gentleman of the ,bedchamber and ,master of the ,buckhounds to ,king ,edward ,,vi41 by whom he was much esteemed4 ,but it would appear that before1 or shortly after1 his appointment he fell in love with ,amy1 the fair daughter of ,sir ,john ,robsart1 over whose sad fate the #8,wizard of the ,north' has thrown so dazzling a glamour1 though1 contrary to his version of the story1 it would appear that the marriage was public and took place at ,court4 ,on the death of ,edward1 and the failure of the scheme devised by the ,duke of ,northumberland to place his daughter-in-law1 ,lady ,jane ,grey1 on the throne1 ,lord ,robert ,dudley was imprisoned in the ,tower on a charge of high treason1 and had sentence of death passed on him1 and it was supposed he only escaped sharing his father's fate1 by pleading guilty4 ,any way1 he was liberated with a free pardon1 and on the marriage of ,queen ,mary with ,philip of ,spain1 he ingratiated himself into that ,prince's favour1 and #8was most serviceable to both ,king and ,queen1' says ,strype1 #8by carrying messages between them1 often riding post to do so4' ,to the ,princess ,elizabeth he had been playfellow in childhood1 and fellow-prisoner in the ,tower1 and when she came to the throne she did not forget old days4 ,she made him ,master of the ,horse1 ,knight of the ,garter1 and ,privy ,councillor1 showering upon him grants and estates without number4 ,indeed1 his influence with her was so great that ,secretary ,cecil 7if we may credit that arch gossip1 ,de ,quadra1 the ,spanish ,ambassador at the ,court of ,london7 wished ,lord ,robert ,dudley in ,paradise4 ,the same writer says that the ,queen told him that ,lady ,robert was very ill1 and some time afterwards #8che si ha rotto il collo4' ,it certainly was rumoured at ,court that but for the slight obstacle of a wife1 the ,queen would throw over all her foreign and royal suitors in favour of this handsome polished minion1 as ,froude calls him4 ,the tragedy of ,cumnor ,hall will ever remain a mystery2 but all these reports which preceded it1 and the fact that ,lord and ,lady ,robert had scarcely ever appeared together in public since their marriage1 all went to strengthen suspicion against the husband4 ,on the other hand1 no sooner did ,dudley hear of his wife's death1 which he said was #8the most unfortunate thing that could have happened to him1' than he caused a searching inquiry to be made1 and he sent down poor ,amy's half-brother to investigate the matter4 ,on the inquest1 these facts transpired3 ,the ,lady had insisted on the household leaving her to go to ,abingdon ,fair1 and on their return she was found dead at the bottom of a staircase1 without any marks of violence4 ,by some it was suggested she might have been first suffocated and then placed in that position2 others again were of opinion that she had committed suicide1 seeing she had been overheard to say she prayed ,god to preserve her from desperation4 ,but one of her attendants would not tolerate the idea1 saying she was a good and virtuous gentlewoman4 ,the verdict was accidental death1 but the country was full of strange mutterings1 the echoes of which have never died away4 ,a few contemporaneous documents have lately been found at ,longleat which throw some fresh light on the circumstances of her marriage and domestic life4 ,it does not appear to have been one of constrained seclusion1 as commonly supposed1 nor is there1 in the papers alluded to1 any indication of estrangement on the part of her husband1 still less anything to implicate him1 as accessory to her violent death1 if it really were such4 ,in forming opinions on ,dudley's moral character1 it is only fair to remember that many of the stories which were spread to his prejudice have their origin in a notorious book entitled ,leicester's ,commonwealth1 written by men who were his deadliest enemies in politics and religion1 especially #8,parsons the ,jesuit4' ,this was circulated in ,,ms4 for many years1 a copy being extant at ,longleat2 but the ,queen and ,privy ,council published a protest against its slanders4 ,a gorgeous funeral was decreed to the unhappy ,amy at ,oxford1 and ,dudley was free4 ,we need not recapitulate the well-known story of ,elizabeth's vacillating conduct with regard to him and her numerous suitors2 how all ,england believed she was on the point of selecting him as her husband2 of how ,mary ,queen of ,scots mildly remarked that the ,queen of ,england was about to marry her horsekeeper1 who had murdered his wife to make room for her2 of how ,elizabeth turned round and proposed he should marry ,mary1 saying that if she herself intended to marry1 she should prefer him to all the ,princes in the world2 and contrasting him with his brother ,lord ,warwick1 she said1 #8,he is rough1 and lacks the delicacy of ,robert4' ,as far as she ever was in earnest in her constantly fluctuating matrimonial speculations1 ,bess really did appear to be so about the ,scotch marriage1 as she created her favourite ,earl of ,leicester apparently to fit him for a higher position2 and she remarked querulously to ,melville1 7,mary's confidential envoy to ,england17 #8,you like better yon long lad1' pointing to ,darnley1 who bore the sword of ,state at the ceremony of ,dudley's elevation to the peerage1 and the poor #8long lad1' unfortunately for himself1 became ,mary's choice2 and ,elizabeth returned to the game of fast-and-loose with ,leicester4 ,his suit1 says ,froude1 was never listened to more favourably than when it served to interfere with another man's1 but on a sudden she was informed he was already secretly married to the widow of ,walter ,devereux1 ,earl of ,essex4 ,already during the lifetime of her noble husband this lady's name had been whispered in conjunction with that of ,leicester1 in no creditable manner1 and their hasty marriage1 after the sudden and mysterious death of ,lord ,essex1 gave rise to many dark suspicions4 ,another scandal1 too1 was afloat2 another secret1 or pretended marriage was spoken of between ,leicester and the daughter of ,lord ,effingham1 widow of ,lord ,sheffield4 ,lodge tells us that when ,dudley wished to marry ,lady ,essex1 he compelled the unhappy woman to renounce all claim to the title of his lawful wife1 by publicly espousing ,sir ,edward ,stafford4 ,all this transpired at a later period1 when she came forward in behalf of her son1 whom ,lady ,leicester persecuted with law-suits after his father's death4 ,it would appear that ,dudley entertained much affection for the child whom he had injured1 whose legitimacy he now affirmed1 now denied1 and at his death bequeathed to him the estates of ,kenilworth1 which the bad woman who had supplanted his mother would not allow him to enjoy in peace4 ,lettice1 ,lady ,leicester1 survived her husband nearly half a century4 ,elizabeth always hated her1 and would never be reconciled to her1 although she was the mother of ,robert ,devereux1 ,earl of ,essex1 who succeeded his stepfather in the royal favour4 ,the ,queen stormed and raved on first hearing of the marriage1 wept profusely1 and behaved as was her wont4 ,in #aehd she sent ,leicester to the ,low ,countries in command of the auxiliary forces1 and he joined his gallant nephew1 ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 at ,flushing4 ,he lived in such state1 and took so much upon himself1 as to expose him to a severe reprimand from home4 ,he returned1 and went out again to ,zealand with fresh levies1 and was restored to greater favour than ever4 ,in the famous speech she addressed to the troops at ,tilbury1 ,elizabeth extolled her favourite to the skies1 having already named him to the command of the army raised to oppose the expected ,spanish invasion4 ,it was reported she intended to make him ,viceregent of ,england1 but the mighty solver of many a vexed question arrested his progress4 ,he died of fever at his house at ,cornbury1 county ,oxford1 on his way to ,kenilworth1 ,september #aehh4 -------------- ,no4 #ia4 ,,thomas ,,thynne 7,,tom ,o' ,,ten ,,thousand74 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,shot ,,in ,,his ,,coach1 #afhb4 ,tawny coat4 ,blue mantle4 ,full wig4 ,lace collar4 -------------- ,no4 #ib4 ,,the ,,honourable ,,james ,,thynne4 ,,by ,,kerseboom4 ,,born #agja1 ,,died #agje4 ,full length4 ,a child seated by a fountain1 pouring water from a shell4 ,loose white shirt4 ,pink and blue drapery4 ,a ,,younger son of the first ,lord ,weymouth4 ,he died at an early age4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,drawing ,,room4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,drawing ,,room4 ,,two ,,portraits ,,of ,,children ,,of ,,sir ,,john ,,thynne4 ,,attributed ,,to ,,holbein4 -------------- ,no4 #ic4 ,dressed in a dark brown frock4 ,sleeves of a lighter material4 ,white pinafore4 ,holding in one hand a jewelled cross1 in the other1 two cherries4 ,inscription in background1 #8xv4 ,maii ,,mdlxxii4 tatis mens4 x4' -------------- ,no4 #id4 ,an infant in a white dress1 richly brocaded4 ,close cap and bourlet or pudding4 ,jewelled chain and cross round the neck4 ,rattle in the left hand4 ,inscription1 #8viii4 ,octob4 ,,mdlxiiii41 tat4 mens4 vi4' -------------- ,no4 #ie4 ,,francis ,,the ,,first1 ,,king ,,of ,,france1 ,,and ,,his ,,queen1 ,,eleanor ,,of ,,austria4 ,,painter ,,doubtful4 ,,francis1 ,,born #adid1 ,,died #aedg4 ,,eleanor1 ,,died #aeeh4 ,,king3--,red and white slashed dress4 ,feathers and jewels in his cap4 ,,eleanor3--,blue and white embroidered dress4 ,slashed cap with jewels and feathers4 ,holding the ,king's hand1 and in her other a ,caduceus with bells1 issuing from an artichoke or pine cone4 ,a jester in the background4 ,,he was the son of ,charles d',orleans1 ,duke of ,angoulme1 by ,louise de ,savoie4 ,he married1 first1 the ,princess ,claude1 daughter of ,louis ,,xii41 and succeeded his father-in-law on the throne of ,france4 ,his second wife was ,eleanor of ,austria1 sister to ,charles ,v41 ,emperor of ,germany4 ,for many years this picture has been erroneously named ,francis ,i4 and his mistress1 but late researches prove the female portrait to be that of his second wife1 ,eleanor of ,austria1 and that it was painted as a commemoration picture1 at the time of the marriage1--the ,caduceus1 the emblem of peace1 recording that of ,cambray1 #8,la ,paix des ,dames4' ,eleanor of ,austria was the daughter of ,philip1 ,archduke of ,austria1 by #8,mad ,joan1' as she was called1 7the daughter of ,ferdinand and ,isabella of ,spain17 and consequently sister to ,charles ,v41 ,emperor of ,germany4 ,she was much admired at the ,imperial ,court1 and ,frederick1 brother to the ,elector ,palatine1 no sooner saw than he fell in love with her1 and the affection was reciprocal2 but ,charles1 discovering their intimacy1 exiled ,frederick1 and hastened to give his sister in marriage4 ,emanuel1 ,king of ,portugal1 surnamed #8,the ,fortunate1' had governed his kingdom well1 but he was ill-calculated to take the fancy of the beautiful young ,princess1 still less to drive out the image of a former lover4 ,he was misshapen1 and far advanced in years1 but he treated ,eleanor with great consideration4 ,he did not survive his marriage above two years1 leaving his widow with two children4 ,it may easily be conjectured that the hand of ,eleanor1 gifted as she was with a large dower and great personal charms1 was eagerly sought by many illustrious personages1 but her brother appeared to favour the suit of the ,conntable de ,bourbon4 ,the wars which intervened1 however1 changed these projects after ,francis ,i4 had been taken prisoner by ,charles ,v4 at the battle of ,pavia1 the peace of ,cambray was concluded between them1 called frequently #8,la ,paix des ,dames1' because negotiated by ,margaret of ,austria1 the ,emperor's aunt1 and ,louise of ,savoy1 the ,king of ,france's mother1 who had been ,regent during her son's absence and captivity4 ,one stipulation was the union of the fair young widow with ,francis ,i41 and the nuptials were celebrated with great pomp4 ,eleanor1 indeed1 presided at ,court as ,queen in all the ceremonies1 but neither her mental nor personal charms made much impression on the heart of the ,king1 who was at that moment entirely subjugated by his mistress1 the ,duchesse d'tampes4 ,this beautiful1 but bad and inordinately ambitious woman1 who was designated as #8,la plus belle des savantes1 et la plus savantes des belles1' had been one of the ,queen-,mother's maids of honour4 ,the ,king married her to an old courtier1 and created her ,duchesse d'tampes4 ,she was of an intriguing spirit1 fostered discord1 and interfered in political measures1 always working counter to the ,queen1 who strove to keep peace1 especially between her brother and husband4 ,the ,duchess also hated the ,dauphin1 7afterwards ,henry ,,ii417 and between her and the famous ,diane de ,poictiers 7already firmly established in the favour of the ,prince7 the spirit of rivalry raged fiercely4 ,when ,henry ,,ii4 succeeded to the throne the all-powerful ,diane exiled the ,duchesse d'tampes1 whose downfall was complete4 ,amid all the pomp of the ,court1 ,queen ,eleanor had reason to regret her quiet life at ,lisbon1 where she was at least admired and respected4 ,when ,francis died1 his widow went to reside1 first in the ,netherlands1 and then in ,spain4 ,she died at ,talavera1 and was buried in the ,escurial4 -------------- ,no4 #if4 ,,eleanor ,,of ,,austria4 ,,born #adih1 ,,died #aeeh4 ,black and white dress and head-dress1 both richly ornamented with pearls and diamonds4 ,,sister to ,charles ,v41 ,emperor of ,germany4 ,married first the ,king of ,portugal1 and secondly the ,king of ,france4 -------------- ,no4 #ig4 ,,maximilian ,,emperor ,,of ,,germany4 ,,by ,,albert ,d,,rer4 ,,born #adei1 ,,died #aeai4 ,head4 ,furred dress and cap4 ,collar and badge of ,golden ,fleece4 ,gold diapered background4 ,,the son of ,frederick ,,iii41 ,emperor of ,germany1 by ,eleanor of ,portugal4 ,in his childhood he was nicknamed #8,the ,dumb1' from the difficulty he had in articulating2 although in after years he was remarkable for the sweet tone of his voice4 ,a romantic story is told in connection with him and the beautiful ,princess he afterwards married4 ,charles the ,bold1 the last ,duke of ,burgundy1 had been much struck with the young ,archduke 7in an interview with the ,emperor7 when ,maximilian was only fourteen1 and made so vivid a description of his appearance and promising qualities as to interest the fancy of his fair daughter and influence her future choice4 ,on the death of her father1 ,mary1 7then ,duchess of ,burgundy17 finding herself involved in a war with ,france1 and a series of difficulties with her ,flemish subjects1 felt the importance of securing a strong firm spirit1 to protect and counsel her4 ,amid the crowd of suitors of all nations who competed for the hand of the richest heiress in ,europe1 the fairest ,princess in ,christendom1 she selected the young ,archduke ,maximilian4 ,he began his married life by a war with ,louis ,,xi4 of ,france1 but it was not of long duration4 ,his good and beautiful wife survived her marriage but two years1 dying from the effects of a fall from her horse while engaged in her favourite pastime of hawking2 she left a son and a daughter4 ,on her death the ,states of ,flanders1 regarding the ,archduke with great distrust and jealousy as a foreigner1 rose in revolt1 and even disputed with him the guardianship of his own children4 ,maximilian's life1 indeed1 was one of continual warfare1 but though a brave1 he was not considered on the whole a very successful ,general4 ,he at one time formed an alliance with ,france against ,england1 and at another with ,england against ,france3 now friendly with1 now opposed to1 the ,swiss1 the ,venetians1 and others4 ,on succeeding to the ,imperial throne1 he married1 as his second wife1 ,bianca ,maria1 sister of ,galeazzo ,sforza1 ,duke of ,milan1 who brought him a large dower4 ,this match was most distasteful to the proud ,germans1 who refused to recognise the #8,bastard' as ,empress1 and threatened that1 in the event of her having children1 they should not be recognised as ,princes of the blood-royal4 ,but 7perhaps fortunately for herself7 ,bianca was childless4 ,this union with an ,italian led ,maximilian into further warfare4 ,he formed an alliance with the ,pope1 with his brother-in-law the ,duke of ,milan1 and several ,states of ,italy1 to arrest the progress of the ,king of ,france1 then marching on ,naples1 but this undertaking was not successful in the end4 ,his energetic and ambitious spirit involved ,maximilian1 not only in constant wars1 but caused him to take part in all the struggles of the day1 religious and political4 ,he was a man of remarkable vigour1 learning1 and skill in all martial exercises1 but renowned for his extravagance1 which brought him into so many straits that he gained the nickname of #8,sans ,argent1' and was often without the means of defraying the pay of his soldiers4 ,he helped to form the celebrated ,league of ,cambray1 and presided at the ,diet of ,worms1 etc4 etc4 ,he admired the manly and independent spirit of ,luther1 and showed himself no ways averse to the reform of ,church abuses1 although he did not survive the movement long enough to take a decided part on either side4 ,his health was now fast declining1 and strange fancies took possession of his mind4 ,being dissatisfied with the construction of a palace he had ordered at ,innsprck1 he said1 #8,i will build myself another house1' and sending for a carpenter1 told him to make a coffin with all speed4 ,for four years this ghastly reminder accompanied him in all his marches and wanderings4 ,maximilian died at ,wels1 in ,upper ,austria1 it is said his death was accelerated by eating too freely of melon6 ,finding his end approaching1 he prepared for it1 with much calmness2 making his will1 giving the most eccentric orders concerning his interment1 and joining with fervour in the prayers for the dying which were being offered up in his presence4 ,his body was at a later period transferred to ,innsprck1 where the ,emperor ,ferdinand ,i4 erected a magnificent tomb to his memory4 ,it is of white marble1 representing in high relief the principal events of his most eventful life1 while on either side of the mausoleum1 noble statues in bronze of illustrious sovereigns1 knights1 and dames of all ages and nations1 form a body-guard round ,maximilian's last resting-place4 ,he had only two children1 ,philip1 afterwards ,emperor of ,germany and ,king of ,castille1 in right of his wife1 #8,mad ,joan1' as she was called1 7the only child of ,ferdinand and ,isabella17 by whom he had ,charles ,v41 and ,ferdinand1 who both succeeded to the ,imperial throne4 ,maximilian's only daughter1 ,margaret1 was sent on the death of her mother to ,france1 to be educated with the children of ,louis ,,xi41 who designed the little heiress as bride for the ,dauphin ,charles4 ,the betrothal took place with great pomp and ceremony when ,margaret had attained the advanced age of three years4 ,but in #adia1 ,charles1 who had then succeeded his father as ,king of ,france1 resolving on an alliance with ,anne1 heiress of ,brittany1 sent his little child-wife back to her father1 an indignity which ,maximilian resolved to wipe out in ,french blood4 ,margaret afterwards married ,john ,infant of ,spain1 and secondly ,philibert ,duke of ,savoy1 and she eventually became ,governess of the ,netherlands4 ,albert ,drer was much esteemed not only by the ,emperor ,maximilian1 but by his successors ,charles and ,ferdinand4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,large ,,upper ,,corridor4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,large ,,upper ,,corridor4 -------------- ,no4 #ih4 ,,thomas ,,wentworth1 ,,earl ,,of ,,strafford4 ,,after ,,vandyck4 ,,born #aeid1 ,,executed #afda4 ,in armour4 ,holding a baton4 ,,the eldest son of ,sir ,william ,wentworth1 of ,wentworth ,wodehouse1 county ,york1 by ,anne ,atkinson1 of ,stowel1 county ,gloucester4 ,educated at home1 and afterwards at ,cambridge1 where he gained an excellent reputation for conduct and study4 ,his father dying when ,thomas was twenty-one1 he found himself at that early age the ,master of ,wentworth1 of large estates and property1 the husband #8of a fair wife1' 7the daughter of ,francis ,earl of ,cumberland17 and the guardian of a flock of young relatives1 yet he found time not only for the diligent pursuit of study1 but for the relaxations of #8hunting1 hawking1 and fishing2' in fact1 for all the varied business and pleasures of a country life4 ,but he was not long allowed to remain in the privacy of ,wentworth1 being elected member for ,york1 and ,custos ,rotulorum4 ,this was in the place of ,lord ,savile1 who had been compelled to resign for misconduct4 ,but ,sir ,thomas had not held the office long before the ,duke of ,buckingham requested him to retire1 that ,savile might be reinstated1 a proposition which so nettled his high spirit that he couched an indignant refusal in terms that made a lifelong enemy of the haughty favourite4 ,sir ,thomas was for some time a silent member in the ,house of ,commons1 although warmly espousing the ,liberal side in politics1 and making a vigorous stand against the encroachments of the ,court party1 a course he pursued after the accession of ,charles ,i4 ,the hatred of ,buckingham was not likely to be appeased by such conduct1 and through his instrumentality ,wentworth had the office of ,high ,sheriff thrust upon him in order to disqualify him from voting1 and soon afterwards he was summarily dismissed from the post of ,custos ,rotulorum4 ,he received the ,royal despatch while sitting on the bench of magistrates1 and reading it aloud with pardonable indignation1 observed1 #8,it might easily be believed by what means ,i could retain my post1 but that would cost too dear4 ,yet ,i know of no fault in myself1 or virtue in my successor1 that would justify such a step4' ,in the ensuing year he stoutly refused to contribute to a loan levied without the consent of ,parliament1 and was summoned before the ,council1 where1 while animadverting on the conduct of the #8,court vermin1' ,wentworth took the opportunity of expressing his devoted loyalty to the person of ,charles ,i41 and his desire to serve ,his ,majesty in any manner compatible with his own sense of patriotism4 ,nevertheless he was sentenced to be imprisoned in the ,marshalsea1 an act of injustice which did not prejudice him in favour of his persistent enemy the ,duke of ,buckingham and his party4 ,on his release ,wentworth became a vigorous leader of the opposition1 #8and took the field1' as it was said1 #8with the ,pyms and the ,prynnes' against the ,king's ,government1 supporting with all the eloquence of which he was master1 the memorable ,petition of ,rights to which the ,king was compelled to give a tardy1 but full consent4 ,then ,sir ,thomas ,wentworth adopted that sudden line of conduct1 which has been so differently judged1 so differently described1 by different historians4 ,he declared his conviction that the nation might now be well content with the concessions made by the ,crown1 bade adieu #8to the ,pyms1 the ,prynnes1' and their policy1 walked over to the other side of the ,house1 went through the form of a reconciliation with the ,duke of ,buckingham1 and proffered his services1 head1 heart1 and sword1 to the ,royal cause4 ,the opposition 7above all the #8,puritan party'7 was worked to a pitch of fury1 and heaped opprobrium on his name1--#8an apostate1 a traitor1 a time-server2' while the ,royalists upheld the conduct of a man who chose the moment of impending danger to rally round the unsteady throne and the unpopular ,sovereign4 ,charles naturally received him with open arms1 and the honours which were heaped upon him increased the ire of his enemies4 ,his former ally1 ,pym1 meeting him one day at ,greenwich1 uttered these ominous words3 #8,you are going to leave us1 but ,i will never leave you while you have a head upon your shoulders1' a promise too cruelly redeemed4 ,the murder of the ,duke of ,buckingham removed every obstacle to the advancement of ,sir ,thomas ,wentworth2 he was raised to the ,peerage by the titles of ,baron and ,viscount ,wentworth1 and being appointed to the arduous post of ,lord ,deputy1 and ,commander-in-chief in ,ireland1 he sailed for that #8distracted country' with a code he had drawn up for his own government in his pocket1 from which he never swerved4 ,lord ,wentworth's administration of ,irish affairs1 his transient popularity1 his reforms in all matters1 civil1 military1 and religious1 his quarrels with the ,irish nobles1 punctilio in matters of form and etiquette1 his hurried voyages to and from ,england1 are all subjects of deep interest1 but too lengthy to be discussed here4 ,it would have been well for him if he had taken the advice of his life-long friend and correspondent1 ,archbishop ,laud1 and #8curbed his impetuosity1 and avoided prosecutions1 and the like4' ,the correspondence between these two remarkable men1 7whose friendship1 in the spirit of their joint motto and watchword1 was #8,thorough'17 although treating1 for the most part1 of grave and important subjects1 was interspersed 7more especially on the ,prelate's part7 with playful raillery and constant allusions to the sports of the field1 in which they both delighted4 ,the ,lord ,deputy had gained great odium in consequence of a severe sentence passed by him1 in a court-martial1 upon an ,irish ,peer1 as failing in his duty as an officer1 and the cry was so great against him that ,wentworth judged it best to go and tell his own tale to the ,king of ,england4 ,on his return to his government a harder task than ever awaited him4 ,finding that the disaffection of the ,scotch to the ,crown had produced a baneful influence on the sister country1 he set himself to work to counteract that influence1 and his prompt and vigorous measures made him 7already too well provided with enemies7 an object of detestation to the greater part of the ,scottish nation4 ,in #afci he again crossed to ,england1 where he received the long-coveted ,earldom of ,strafford1 was nominated ,lord-,lieutenant of ,ireland1 taken into the ,king's full confidence1 and became for a time virtually ,prime ,minister4 ,war with ,scotland1 ,parliaments summoned in ,england and ,ireland1 and subsidies demanded1--these were some of ,strafford's proposed measures4 ,from his own privy purse he contributed 7as an example7 #bj1jjj towards defraying the expenses of the coming campaign4 ,to make use of a homely proverb1 #8,the grass was never allowed to grow under' ,strafford's feet4 ,he crossed to ,ireland1 called a ,parliament1 obtained large subsidies1 summoned a council of war1 raised a large body of men to serve under his command in ,scotland4 ,then he took a painful farewell of his beloved children1--#8those dear young whelps1 ,god bless them6 for the old dog there is less matter1' and all this in the space of one fortnight4 ,borne down as he was by continued ill-health and increasing bodily infirmities1 ,lord ,strafford was so anxious to return to ,england that he insisted on crossing in a storm which daunted the sailors1 and he had nearly died at ,chester2 yet1 in spite of all expostulations1 he resolved to proceed to ,london1 and caused himself on his arrival to be carried into the ,council-chamber in a litter1 to all appearance in an expiring condition4 ,but too much remained for him to do1 and the spirit was victorious over the body4 ,on the dissolution of ,parliament1 ,strafford accepted a military command1 7against the ,scots17 under the ostensible command of the ,earl of ,northumberland1 who1 however1 was either too sick1 or feigned to be so1 to prove efficient1 and the real duties fell to ,strafford's share4 ,he came up with the ,king at ,york1 and found the army in a sad plight--#8hope and spirit fled1 and the ,royal cause in the dust4' ,unable to walk1 scarcely able to sit upright on his saddle1 his energy was indomitable4 ,he rallied the troops1 upbraided the sluggishness of the leaders1 and set a brilliant example to the whole army4 ,but the ,king stayed his hand1 and thwarted the vigorous tactics of his ,general1 the command was in fact taken from him1 although ,charles was eager in his praises1 and gave ,strafford the ,garter at ,york4 ,he1 moreover1 insisted that they should travel together to ,london--two victims hastening to their doom4 ,strafford was averse to the plan1 foreseeing the danger which menaced him at the opening of ,parliament1 and his presentiment was realised1 for a few days after the commencement of the session ,pym began his long-meditated attack4 ,the bloodhounds were on the track1 the hunt was up6 ,lord ,strafford was in the ,house of ,lords1 when ,pym appeared at the bar to impeach him of high treason4 ,he was allowed but a short time to say a few words1 and was compelled to listen to the charge on his knees1 then given into custody1 and lodged in the ,tower4 ,we deeply regret the limited space which forbids us to do more than glance at the circumstances of ,strafford's trial and defence1 though in truth it is a well-known tale4 ,a ,scotchman1 and an enemy1 gives a most graphic description of the noble scene which ,westminster ,hall presented on the occasion1 crowded to the roof--the ,king1 the ,queen1 the whole ,court and nobility of ,england1 ladies of the highest rank1 whose tears flowed copiously1 and who were unanimous in their verdict in favour of the illustrious prisoner4 ,it was well said by the elder ,d',israeli1 #8that ,strafford's eloquence was so great as to perpetuate the sympathy which it received in the hour of his agony4' ,he had1 indeed1 need of eloquence4 ,every obstacle was thrown in his way1 especially in the matter of summoning witnesses in his favour1 while his personal enemies were invited from all parts of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland4 ,his confidence was betrayed1 his words perverted2 the proceedings were unlawful and unprecedented2 but the ,solicitor-,general overruled such arguments by declaring that for #8wolves and wild beasts of prey' no law could be given1 and that the prisoner ought to be knocked on the head4 ,whereupon with difficulty a bill of attainder was provided1 and some members who gave negative votes had their names posted up in the city as #8,straffordians4' ,the two ,houses had passages of arms on the subject2 but the vultures were hovering round1 and would not be disappointed of their prey4 ,thus ,thomas ,earl of ,strafford was declared guilty of high treason4 ,we will not dwell on the sad passage in ,charles's sad life4 ,he had pledged his royal word1 #8,you shall not suffer in honour1 in fortune1 or in life4' ,feeble attempts at intercession with the dreaded power of the ,parliament1 hesitation and delay1 and then he signed the death-warrant of his devoted friend1 weeping as he did so--yet he signed1 laying up for himself hours of deep remorse1 during the few years that he survived4 ,the generous captive indeed wrote to his master to absolve him from his promise1 but when he learned that he must prepare for death1 he raised his eyes to heaven1 exclaiming1 #8,put not your trust in princes1 or in any child of men4' ,during the short interval between the sentence and the execution1 the prisoner1 #8resigned and at home with his own fate1 experienced in full all that inward strength which had grown up with the unconscious religion of a noble life4'#a ,footnote #a3 ,mozley4 ,he busied himself with his religious duties1 with the settlement of his worldly affairs1 and in writing wise1 tender1 and pathetic letters to his relatives1 particularly to his eldest son4 ,he petitioned to be allowed an interview with his well-loved friend and fellow-prisoner1 ,archbishop ,laud1 but was cruelly refused1 and only permitted to send him a message1 asking his prayers1 and entreating that he would wave him a blessing as he passed to execution4 ,accordingly on the #abth of ,may #afda1 ,strafford1 on his way to the scaffold1 raised his eyes to the window of the cell where ,laud was confined1 and perceived the ,prelate's aged and trembling hands extended through the bars1 in token of a solemn farewell4 ,so overcome was ,laud by grief and emotion1 that he fell backwards on the floor of his dungeon in a swoon4 ,the avenues to the ,tower were lined with thousands of eager spectators1 and the lieutenant hurried his prisoner into the carriage lest he should be torn in pieces4 ,strafford smiled1 and said #8it mattered little to him whether he died by the hands of the executioner or by those of the people4' ,he had #8faced death too often to fear it in any shape4' ,the mob glared on him as he passed1 but offered him no indignity1 for he marched1 says a spectator1 #8like a general at the head of his army1 bowing with lofty courtesy to the gazing crowd4' ,his friend ,archbishop ,usher and his brother ,sir ,george ,wentworth were already on the platform when he came1 as he said1 #8to pay his last debt to sin1 which was death4' ,he submitted to the judgment with a contented mind4 ,he affirmed that his whole aim through life had been the joint and individual prosperity of the ,king1 and the people1 although it had been his misfortune to be misconstrued3 #8righteous judgment1' he said1 #8shall be hereafter4' ,he stoutly denied the charges of upholding despotism and ,popery1 asked forgiveness of all men whom he had offended1 and prayed that #8we may all live to meet eternally in heaven1 where all tears shall be wiped from our eyes1 and sad thoughts from our hearts4' ,then he prayed for some time1 concluding with the ,lord's ,prayer2 bade farewell to those near him1 and embracing his brother1 delivered the most pathetic messages to different members of his family1 to his sister1 his wife1 with admonitions to his eldest son #8to fear ,god1 be a good subject to the ,king1 and faithful to the ,church of ,england1' etc4 etc42 forbidding him to harbour any feelings of revenge4 #8,give my blessings also to my daughters1 ,anne1 7#8the sweet little ,mistress ,nan1 his loved companion1 the image of her dead mother1'7 to ,arabella1 named after the dear saint1 to the little infant who cannot speak for itself--,god speak for it4 ,one stroke1' he said1 #8will make my wife husbandless1 my children fatherless1 my servants masterless1 and separate me from my dear brother and all my friends4 ,but let ,god be to you1 and to them1 all in all4' ,about to take off his doublet1 he thanked ,god he could do so as cheerfully as ever he did when going to bed4 ,and then he looked round and forgave the executioner and all the world4 ,it was indeed an imposing scene3 ,strafford apparently restored on that momentous day to all the energy of health and vigour2 his tall and symmetrical figure1 his regular features1 with a complexion #8pallid1 but manly1 black1 like polished armour that had received many a hack and bruise in the battle of life4' ,once more he knelt in prayer1 between the ,archbishop of ,armagh and the minister1 tried the block1 and finally having warned the executioner that such would be the sign1 he stretched forth his white and beautifully formed hands1 those hands which ,vandyck has immortalised1 which ,henrietta ,maria1 his sworn enemy1 had pronounced #8the finest in the world1' and one stroke from the cruel axe ended the mortal career of ,thomas ,earl of ,strafford4 ,yet his name still continues a firebrand1 between contending parties1 in religion and politics4 ,his faithful and devoted friend1 ,sir ,george ,radcliffe1 pays a most touching tribute to his memory in a well-sketched mental portraiture1 and among many noble traits he mentions #8that my ,lord was not angry when told of his weaknesses1 though let it be remembered that by nature he was of a hot and hasty spirit1 for he was a man and not an angel1 yet such a man as made conscience of his ways1 and did endeavour to grow in virtue and victory over himself4' ,he was thrice married1 first1 as we have already said1 to ,lady ,margaret ,clifford1 who died childless2 next to the ,lady ,arabella ,holles1 daughter to the ,earl of ,clare1 by whom he had one son1 his successor2 ,anne1 married to ,lord ,rockingham1 and ,arabella1 married to the son of my ,lord ,clancarty4 ,of ,lord ,strafford's second and best loved wife1 ,radcliffe writes3 #8,she was a lady exceeding comely and beautiful1 and yet more lovely in the endowments of her mind4' ,there was a mystery attending his third marriage1 7which was clandestine17 with ,elizabeth1 daughter to ,sir ,godfrey ,rhodes4 ,they parted almost immediately after the ceremony1 and he was some time before he would acknowledge her openly4 ,their correspondence was singular1 in one letter he promises to be a good husband2 in another1 he reminds her that she is the successor of two of the noblest ladies of the time4 ,laud1 in writing his congratulations1 is rather jocose on the subject1 but it does not quite appear whether the doubt existed as to the lady's character1 or to the fitness of her birth and breeding4 ,her husband's letters to her during his trial are couched in affectionate terms4 ,she bore him several children1 one of whom alone survived him4 ,of his connection with that beautiful schemer1 ,lady ,carlisle1 the #8,erinnys of politics' 7born ,percy71 there can be no doubt1 and the undue influence she exercised over him1--she who 7says ,sir ,philip ,warwick7 changed her gallant from ,strafford to ,pym1 going over to his deadly enemy4 ,but there were many other names coupled with his1 apparently without any reason1 save the love of slander4 -------------- ,no4 #ii4 ,,charles ,,the ,,first1 ,,king ,,of ,,england4 ,after ,vandyck4 ,,born #afjj1 ,,succeeded #afbe1 ,,executed #afdi4 ,robes1 ,collar and ,order of the ,garter4 ,,the second son of ,james the ,first by ,anne of ,denmark4 ,married ,henrietta ,maria of ,france4 ,dethroned and beheaded by his subjects4 -------------- ,no4 #ajj4 ,,three ,,children ,,of ,,charles ,,the ,,first4 ,,after ,,vandyck4 ,,charles1 ,,prince ,,of ,,wales1 ,,afterwards ,,king4 ,light dress4 ,lace collar4 ,,james ,,duke ,,of ,,york1 ,,afterwards ,,king4 ,white frock4 ,lace cap4 ,,princess ,,royal1 ,,wife ,,to ,,the ,,prince ,,of ,,orange1 ,,and ,,mother ,,to ,,william ,,the ,,third4 ,two dogs beside the children4 -------------- ,no4 #aja4 ,,henrietta ,,maria1 ,,queen ,,of ,,england4 ,,after ,,vandyck4 ,,born #afjg1 ,,died #affi4 ,blue dress1 with flowers in her lap4 ,,daughter of ,henry ,,iv41 ,king of ,france1 by ,marie de ,medicis1 and wife of ,charles the ,first1 ,king of ,england4 -------------- ,no4 #ajb4 ,,william1 ,,second ,,duke ,,of ,,hamilton4 ,,after ,,vandyck4 ,,born #afaf1 ,,died #afea4 ,mantle1 ,ribbon1 and ,star of ,garter4 ,,second son of ,james1 second ,marquis of ,hamilton1 by ,anne1 daughter of ,james ,conyngham1 seventh ,earl of ,glencairn4 ,educated at the ,university of ,glasgow1 and afterwards travelled in foreign countries4 ,his brother1 who was ten years his senior1 was the friend and companion of ,king ,charles ,i41 who raised him to a ,dukedom4 ,william1 in returning home after his tour1 reckoned on his brother's influence for promotion at ,court1 and applied for the post of ,master of the ,horse to the ,queen4 ,the refusal he met with1 although founded on the plea of a previous promise to another1 so angered young ,hamilton that he announced his intention of going back to ,france1 and it was with difficulty he was dissuaded from so doing by prospects of speedy advancement4 ,he had not long to wait4 ,in #afci he was created ,baron ,polmont and ,machanshire1 and ,earl of ,arran and ,lanark1 and the following year ,secretary of ,state for ,scotland1 honours which must surely have satisfied this ardent and ambitious spirit1 although ,scotland was at that moment in such a state of fermentation that the direction of her affairs was far too arduous for a young man totally unacquainted with public business4 ,lord ,lanark therefore looked to his brother as a man of ability and experience for advice and guidance4 ,the mother of the two ,hamiltons1 a determined and energetic woman1 had early instilled into the mind of her first-born the religious tenets in which she had been educated by her father1 a staunch ,covenanter2 and the elder had no difficulty in imparting his views to the younger brother1 and the two young men conceived1 says ,lodge1 #8the impracticable scheme of uniting and reconciling the actual monarchy with a ,calvinistic ,church4' ,for two years ,lord ,lanark strove1 on the one hand1 to persuade the ,king to make all manner of humiliating concessions to the ,covenanters1 while on the other he used fruitless endeavours to stem the tide of the rebellious outbreak2 and naturally he was unsuccessful in both instances4 ,charles's partiality for the house of ,hamilton was no help to him in his troubles north of the ,tweed4 ,in #afdb1 the ,scotch having called a ,parliament without the royal sanction1 the ,king wrote1--#8,if1 notwithstanding our refusal1 and the endeavours of our well affected subjects and servants to hinder it1 there shall be a ,convention of the ,estates1 we wish all those who are right affected to us should be present at it1 but do nothing but only protest against their meeting and actions4' ,the ,hamiltons accordingly took their seats1 but were silent members on most occasions4 ,their conduct in several instances was most inconsistent1 and when the ,scotch ,parliament1 following the example of their ,english brethren1 levied troops in the ,king's name to make war on ,charles himself1 ,lanark actually affixed the royal signet to the proclamation for the levy6 ,such behaviour naturally incensed all true-hearted ,royalists1 and the ,duke of ,montrose especially was so disgusted that he hastened to ,oxford1 where the ,court then was1 to denounce the brothers4 ,they on their part1 discovering his intention1 thought it wisest to follow him1 but were arrested and imprisoned on their arrival4 ,lanark soon found means to escape to ,london1 and afterwards to ,scotland1 where he recommenced his temporising policy1 professing all the while deep attachment to the ,king1 which did not prevent his joining the ,covenanters against the ,duke of ,montrose4 ,so contradictory a proceeding led to the rumour that he acted in obedience to secret orders from the ,king himself1 who soon afterwards received him back into favour1 and reinstated him in the ,secretaryship of which he had been deprived4 ,charles's conduct with regard to the ,duke was inexplicable1 for when that nobleman1 who had been for some time a prisoner in ,pendennis ,castle1 ,cornwall1 7whence he was released by the chances of war17 joined the ,king at ,newcastle1 he was received without the slightest signs of anger4 ,neither did ,charles resent the manner in which ,lanark endeavoured to enforce the bitter terms proposed by the ,scottish ,parliament1 although he resolutely refused to submit to such conditions4 ,this was in #afdf1 when the idea was entertained of delivering up the person of the ,king to the ,english ,commissioner4 ,lanark1 however1 was roused on this occasion1 and exclaimed indignantly1 #8,as ,god shall have mercy on my soul at the great day1 ,i would choose rather to have my head struck off at the ,market ,cross of ,edinburgh than give my consent to this vote4' ,he was now in constant attendance on the ,king1 who treated him with great confidence4 ,the ,duke of ,hamilton placed himself at the head of an army of ,scottish ,royalists1 and made an irruption into ,england1 but was defeated by ,cromwell's forces and taken prisoner4 ,his trial and execution followed shortly after that of the ,king himself2 and about the same time1 ,lanark1 being deprived of his public offices and proscribed by the ,government1 fled to ,holland4 ,it was not1 indeed1 till his arrival in that country1 ,clarendon says1 #8that he knew he was ,duke ,hamilton by the slaughter of his brother2' ,charles ,,ii4 received the new ,duke with affection and sympathy4 ,lanark had loved his brother with a blind affection1 which led to his following him on many occasions against his own views4 ,he said his condition had been very hard1 for having been bred up in the ,church of ,england1 for which he had a great reverence1 he had been forced to comply with the ,covenant1 which he perfectly detested4 ,charles gave him the ,garter1 and took him in his suite to ,scotland1 where1 not being permitted to enter the capital1 he retired to the isle of ,arran1 whence he was recalled by the ,king's orders4 ,at the commencement of the ensuing year he raised a body of men for ,his ,majesty's service1 and distinguished himself at their head against the ,english ,roundheads in ,scotland1 and was appointed ,lieutenant-,general of the ,scotch army under orders to cross the ,border4 ,hamilton's inclination was to march on ,london1 but his wishes were overruled by the ,king4 ,cromwell came up with the ,royalist troops1 and gave them battle at ,worcester--a sad day for ,england's nobles1 when so many fell4 ,bishop ,burnet tells us how devoutly and piously the ,duke passed the vigil of his last battle4 ,stationed at his post at an early hour1 he saw with dismay 7shortly after the commencement of the action7 his own regiment in retreat1 and rashly galloped forward to rally the fugitives4 ,a shot in the leg shattered the bone1 and the brave ,general fell into the hands of his enemies4 ,but the wound 7though it proved mortal7 saved him from the fate that had attended his brother4 ,he only survived eight days1 the surgeons quarrelling all the time over the question of amputation4 ,there is a tradition in ,worcester that the body of the ,duke was buried provisionally1 under the hearthstone1 in the room of a hospital1 7now a ,blind ,school17 called the ,commandery1 before it was transferred to the ,cathedral4 ,lord ,clarendon says of ,duke ,william3 #8,he was much to be preferred to his brother1 a wiser1 but less cunning man1 an accomplished person2 and though he had been led into some unwarrantable actions1 it was evident it was not through his own inclination4 ,in his death he showed a great cheerfulness1 that he had the honour to die for the ,king1 and thereby wipe out the memory of his former transgressions1 which was odious to himself4' ,burnet says from a child he could never on any temptation be made to lie4 ,his faults seem to have been greatly owing to a blind adherence to the proceedings and opinions of his brother4 ,the ,bishop describes ,william ,duke of ,hamilton #8as of middle stature1 complexion black1 but very agreeable1 and his whole mien noble and sprightful4' ,he married in #afch ,lady ,elizabeth ,maxwell1 eldest daughter and co-heir of ,james ,earl of ,dirleton1 in ,scotland1 and by her had one son who died an infant1 and five daughters4 -------------- ,no4 #ajc4 ,,martin ,,luther4 ,,born #adhc1 ,,died #aedf4 ,black gown and cap4 ,,the biography of #8the day-star of the ,reformation' belongs to the history of the world1 and we have no space for a notice of the principal events of his life4 ,he was the son of a miner1 originally intended for the study of civil law1 but being struck by lightning1 his mind took a strong religious turn1 and he eventually became a priest4 ,it is well known how his indignation was aroused by the sale of indulgences1 and other abuses of the ,church of ,rome1 and with what indomitable courage and energy he upheld and promulgated his opinions1 enduring persecution1 danger1 and imprisonment for conscience' sake4 ,he married ,catherine von ,bora1 who had been a nun1 a step which gave great offence in many quarters4 ,he is one of those men whose name is a history in itself4 -------------- ,no4 #ajd4 ,,charles ,,prince ,,of ,,wales1 ,,afterwards ,,king ,,charles ,,the ,,first4 ,,after ,,vandyck4 ,full length4 ,in armour4 ,red and gold trunks4 ,riding boots1 one top turned down to show the ,garter4 ,helmet on the ground4 -------------- ,no4 #aje4 ,,henry ,,the ,,fourth1 ,,king ,,of ,,navarre1 ,,and ,,of ,,france4 ,,born #aeec1 ,,murdered #afaj4 ,full length4 ,in armour1 with a white scarf1 blue ribbon1 and ,order4 ,boots and spurs4 ,helmet on the ground4 ,,he was the son of ,anthony de ,bourbon and ,jeanne d',albret1 ,queen of ,navarre4 ,brought up by his mother in the strictest principles of the ,protestant faith1 whose champion he became1 defending it by speech and sword4 ,he was heir to the throne of ,france1 as well as ,navarre1 in right of descent from ,louis ,,ix41 called ,st4 ,louis4 ,on the death of ,henry ,,iii4 he succeeded him as ,king1 and it was then he embraced the ,roman ,catholic faith1 although he watched over the interests of his former friends as far as was consistent with the policy of his government4 ,the ,edict of ,nantes in #aeie was most advantageous to the ,huguenots4 ,henry was for some time involved in foreign warfare1 but peace was at length established4 ,though having at heart the improvement and the well-being of his subjects of all conditions1 yet parties ran so high that his life was constantly attempted4 ,it was reserved for the hand of a fanatic1 one ,ravaillac1 7a monk1 whose ill conduct had caused him to be expelled from his convent17 to terminate the valuable life of this great and noble ,prince4 ,he was twice married1 first to ,margaret de ,valois1 sister to ,charles ,,ix41 the ,king and ,queen-,mother having elected to make the terrible massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew one of the features of rejoicing for these ill-starred nuptials4 ,from her he was divorced1 and married as his second wife ,marie de ,medicis4 -------------- ,no4 #ajf4 ,,edward ,,stafford1 ,,duke ,,of ,,buckingham4 ,,after ,,holbein4 ,,executed #aeba4 ,brown vest1 blue sleeves4 ,red mantle with fur4 ,black cap1 and jewel4 ,,his father1 ,henry ,duke of ,buckingham1 was executed in the reign of ,richard ,,iii41 but the titles and estates were restored to his son4 ,edward accompanied ,henry ,,viii4 to ,france when he went to meet the ,french ,king4 ,he was a great favourite with his ,sovereign1 which caused him to be an object of jealousy at ,court1 and his downfall was planned by influential foes1 amongst whom ,wolsey was accounted the chief4 ,buckingham was the last to occupy the post of ,lord ,high ,constable of ,england1 an office of great power and emolument4 ,accused of high treason1 his enemies went so far as to say he aspired to the ,crown1 it having been prophesied by one ,hopkins1 a monk1 that ,king ,henry would die without male issue4 ,the ,duke was found guilty on very insufficient evidence1 and beheaded on ,tower ,hill4 ,his name and memory are endeared to us1 through the inspired pages of ,shakespeare--the eloquent description of his character given by the ,king himself1 even while he promised him no mercy1 and the appeal of ,queen ,katherine1 pathetic1 but unavailing1 #8that the ,lord ,cardinal should deliver all his evidence in charity4' -------------- ,no4 #ajg4 ,,heneage ,,finch1 ,,earl ,,of ,,nottingham4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afba1 ,,died #afhb4 ,robes and badges of office4 ,,sir ,thomas ,finch1 ,privy ,councillor to ,queen ,elizabeth1 holding many lucrative offices under the ,crown1 had an only daughter1 ,elizabeth1 by his wife1 the daughter of ,sir ,nicholas ,poyntz1 of ,acton ,poyntz1 county ,gloucester4 ,sir ,thomas left his heiress a very large fortune1 and she married ,sir ,moyle ,finch1 and was the grandmother of the first ,earl of ,nottingham of that name4 ,sir ,moyle died in #afad1 and his widow was created ,viscountess ,maidstone in #afbc1 and in #afbh further advanced to the grade of ,countess of ,winchilsea4 ,her fourth son1 ,heneage1 was a celebrated lawyer1 ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons1 and the friend of ,bacon4 ,he married the daughter of ,sir ,edmond ,bell of ,beaupr1 county ,suffolk1 and their eldest child was the subject of this memoir4 ,he was born at his father's beautiful estate of ,eastwell in ,kent1 but passed most of his youth at ,kensington1 which property1 it may here be observed1 was purchased by ,william ,,iii4 of ,finch's grandson1 and has remained in possession of the ,crown ever since4 ,heneage received a good education at ,westminster and ,oxford1 and went to ,christ ,church in #afde1 where he was steady and studious2 but the sudden death of his father1 from whom he inherited a large fortune1 called him away from the ,university before he had taken his degree4 ,rich as he was1 it did not suit the young man's taste to remain without a profession2 and he began to study law in the ,inner ,temple1 where he soon gained a name for fluency of speech and readiness of reply1 and was called to the bar before the usual time in consideration of his proficiency4 ,during the ,protectorate ,finch contented himself with an extensive private practice1 and having married ,elizabeth ,harvey1 daughter of a ,london merchant1 lived a happy domestic life with his #8pretty and dearly-loved wife4' ,he came of too loyal a family1 and shared their opinions too truly1 to be popular with the powers that then were1 or to seek their favour4 ,his kinsman1 ,sir ,john ,finch1 7,speaker of the ,house of ,commons17 had made himself so obnoxious to the ,government that he had found it advisable to fly the country1 while another cousin was in actual attendance on the ,king's person4 ,at the time of the ,restoration1 ,heneage ,finch contrived to ingratiate himself with ,his ,majesty by getting up a memorial1 signed by the principal inhabitants of his county1 to show forth that none of #8the men of ,kent' had had any participation in the #8murder of ,charles the ,martyr4' ,at all events1 it was not long after his ,restoration that the ,king summoned him from his retreat1 named him ,solicitor-,general1 and gave him a ,baronetcy4 ,in return for these honours perhaps it might have been that ,sir ,heneage pursued the prosecution of the regicides with great violence1 and would willingly have brought ,john ,milton to condign punishment on account of his political tendencies4 ,he served in several ,parliaments for ,canterbury1 ,oxford1 etc41 but never gave up his profession1 and as a true ,templar he acquired great #8kudos' 7in #afja7 by an eloquent course of lectures1 which he delivered1 in his capacity of ,reader1 at the ,temple4 ,surely that time-honoured pile had never witnessed such a brilliant concourse as flocked to listen to the law and learning of the future ,lord ,chancellor4 ,all the dignitaries of ,london1 in the robes of their respective callings1 municipal1 clerical1 commercial1 legal1 and the last day of the course many ,peers of the realm1 members of the royal household1 in barges of ,state1 attended by servants in scarlet and white doublets1 the ,king's own ,majesty1 accompanied by the ,duke of ,york1 ,prince ,rupert1 and numerous grandees4 ,this was but the shadow of coming honours4 ,sir ,heneage continued in ,parliament for some time1 now gaining1 now losing1 popularity with his constituents1 for voting as he thought fit on important measures4 ,in #afgj he became ,attorney-,general on the death of ,sir ,jeffrey ,palmer1 having exercised the duties of the office for some time past4 ,his ambition1 however1 suffered a temporary disappointment1 when1 on the removal of ,sir ,orlando ,bridgeman1 he saw his rival1 ,lord ,shaftesbury1 elevated to the ,woolsack in his despite4 ,but he had not long to wait for his enemy's downfall4 ,at the end of #afgc the ,great ,seal of ,england was consigned to him1 and the beginning of the next year saw him ,lord ,keeper1 with the title of ,baron ,finch of ,daventry1 in the county of ,northampton1 and other dignities4 ,in #afgg he sat as ,lord ,high ,steward of ,england on the trial of ,philip ,earl of ,pembroke1 and in #afhj on that of ,william ,howard1 ,viscount ,stafford1 where his speech1 in which he passed sentence on that unfortunate nobleman1 7accused of plotting against the ,king17 was pronounced a model of eloquence1 but scarcely of justice4 ,burnet1 who found great fault with him in many ways1 testifies to his probity1 yet other writers insinuate that he consulted the royal wishes on many points of law1 at least before he had attained to the heights of his ambition4 ,be that as it may1 he was very firm on all matters where the interests of the ,reformed ,church were concerned4 ,in his latter days ,lord ,finch became so great a sufferer from gout that he was for some time incapacitated from attending his duties in public1 and he did not long survive the last mark of royal favour1 dying within a year after the ,earldom of ,nottingham had been conferred on him4 ,this great lawyer1 who has been called #8the ,father of ,equity1' and #8,finch the ,silver ,tongue1' died at his house in ,queen ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 and was buried at ,ravenstone1 near ,olney1 county ,bucks1 where a grand monument assigns him every virtue under the sun4 ,he had fourteen children1 of whom the eldest son was the ancestor of the present ,earl of ,winchilsea and ,nottingham1 and the second of the ,earl of ,aylesford4 ,lord ,nottingham was a liberal patron of literary men1 and encouraged rising talent4 ,as ,bishop ,warburton quaintly expresses it1 7in a letter to ,lady ,mansfield1 ,nottingham's granddaughter1 and wife of the celebrated ,judge17 #8,he was elegantly ambitious to give the last polish to his country by patronage of learning and science4' ,in the distribution of ,church preferment he was very conscientious1 and often said1 #8,god knows1 ,i would not willingly appoint one unworthy4' ,he was by no means of a grasping disposition1 and having a good private fortune1 gave up of his own accord #djjj a year1 which was allowed him in his official capacity for the expenses of the table4 ,in #8,absalom and ,achitophel1' ,dryden contrasts him1 7by the name of ,amri17 in most complimentary terms1 with ,lord ,shaftesbury4 ,alluding to the ,english laws1 the poet says he had fathomed them all3-- #8,no ,rabbin speaks like him1 their magic spell1 ,so just1 and with such charms of eloquence2 ,to whom the double blessing does belong1 ,with ,moses' inspiration1 ,aaron's tongue4' ,worth says1 that #8the business1 rather than the justice of the ,court1 flourished exceedingly under ,finch4' ,another opinion has it that #8he was a formalist1 and took much pleasure in encouraging and listening to nice distinctions of law1 instead of taking a broad view of the equity of each case4' ,so do historians differ4 ,it was said he had such fear of thieves stealing his wand of office1 that he used to sleep with the mace under his pillow4 -------------- ,no4 #ajh4 ,,george ,,monck1 ,,duke ,,of ,,albemarle4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afjh1 ,,died #afgj4 ,gold armour4 ,mantle1 collar1 and badge of ,garter4 ,left arm akimbo4 ,right hand holding a truncheon4 ,a ,,native of ,devonshire4 ,when a youth of seventeen he became involved in some local quarrel1 where1 says the ,biographie ,universelle1 #8par excs d'amour filial1 il maltraita le sous-,sheriff d',exeter4' ,he was sent to sea1 and served at one time under the ,duke of ,buckingham4 ,in #afbi he entered an ,english regiment in ,holland1 where he studied the art of war with great diligence1 and was remarkable for his steadiness of conduct1 and the discipline he maintained among the soldiers1 treating them at the same time with uniform kindness4 ,in #afci he returned to ,england2 and in ,charles ,i4's disastrous expedition to ,scotland1 ,monck displayed great skill in command of the artillery1 though productive of no good results4 ,he then went to ,ireland on promotion1 where he did considerable service1 and was made ,governor of ,dublin2 but the ,parliament intervening1 he was suspended from the office2 and on the conclusion of a treaty 7by the ,king's command7 with the ,irish rebels1 he once more returned to ,england4 ,on his arrival he found that doubts of his fidelity had been implanted in ,charles's mind1 but on joining him at ,oxford1 he completely cleared himself1 was promoted1 and ordered to relieve ,sandwich1 where he was taken prisoner by the ,roundheads and sent to the ,tower4 ,during the two years of his captivity ,monck steadily refused all overtures made to him by the ,protector1 and occupied his leisure hours in making notes on military and political subjects4 ,cromwell entertained a high opinion of his soldier-like qualities1 and offered him the alternative of prolonged imprisonment or a command to put down the ,irish rebels under ,o',neill4 ,monck accepted the latter1 but was ill supported by the ,government at home1 so much so that he was reluctantly compelled to sign a truce with the insurgents4 ,for this he was called to account on his return to ,england1 but he was too useful that ,cromwell should afford to quarrel with him again2 and so he was despatched to ,scotland1 where he did much service4 ,the ,protector at the time was well aware of the ,general's loyal proclivities1 and wrote to him shortly before his death3 #8,there be those that tell me there is a certain cunning fellow in ,scotland called ,general ,monck1 who is said to lie in wait there to introduce ,charles ,stuart4 ,i pray you to use your diligence to apprehend him and send him up to me4' ,the share which ,monck took in the ,restoration is too well known to be repeated here4 ,charles called him his father1 gave him the ,garter1 created him ,baron ,monck1 ,earl of ,torrington1 and ,duke of ,albemarle1 and appointed him ,lieutenant-,general of the forces of the ,united ,kingdom1 with a large income4 ,in #afec he married or acknowledged his marriage with ,anne1 daughter of ,john ,clarges1 who had long resided under his roof1--#8a lady1' says ,guizot1 #8whose manners were more vulgar and less simple than those of her husband1 and who was the laughing-stock of a witty and satirical ,court4' ,the ,french historian speaks disparagingly of the great ,general1 but in the time of the plague1 when the ,king and ,ministers left ,london1 the ,duke remained to watch over the necessities of the wretched inhabitants1 to save families from pillage1 and to alleviate the sufferings of the poor4 ,he was afloat when the fire occurred1 and the general cry was3 #8,ah1 if old ,george had been here1 this would not have happened4' ,he died in his sixty-second year1 leaving an enormous fortune to his spendthrift son ,christopher1 and was buried in ,westminster ,abbey with great splendour1 ,charles ,,ii4 attending the funeral4 ,guizot says3 #8,c'etoit un homme capable de grandes choses1 quoiqu'il n'eut pas de grandeur dans l'me4' ,his jealousy of his noble comrade ,lord ,sandwich seems to bear out the ,french historian's opinion in some measure4 ,in his last illness he was much occupied in the arrangement of the alliance of his surviving son ,christopher 7the death of the elder had been a terrible blow to him7 with the heiress of the wealthy ,duke of ,newcastle4 ,his death was peaceful3 he expired in his arm-chair without a groan4 -------------- ,no4 #aji4 ,,henry ,,bennet1 ,,earl ,,of ,,arlington4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afah1 ,,died #afhe4 ,black dress1 white sleeves4 ,sitting holding a letter4 ,black patch on his nose4 ,,the family was settled in ,berkshire1 when towards the close of the sixteenth century two brothers ,bennet went to ,london and respectively made their fortunes by successful commercial undertakings4 ,from the elder descended a certain ,sir ,john ,bennet1 living at ,dawley1 county ,middlesex1 who married ,dorothy1 daughter of ,sir ,john ,crofts of ,saxham1 county ,norfolk4 ,the subject of this notice was their second son4 ,he was carefully educated under the paternal roof1 but went to ,oxford1 and was entered a student at ,christ ,church1 where he took his degree as ,b4,a4 and ,m4,a41 and was much esteemed both as scholar and poet4 ,he remained some time at the ,university1 where he was still a resident when the ,court arrived in #afdd4 ,he was presented to ,king ,charles1 and soon after entered the army as a volunteer4 ,lord ,digby1 then ,secretary of ,state1 took a fancy to young ,bennet1 and appointed him ,under-,secretary4 ,but this post did not interfere with his military duties1 he was ever in the field #8when honour called1' and was so severely wounded at ,andover1 in an engagement near that town1 as to be invalided for a long time4 ,he was indeed dangerously ill1 and there is little doubt that it was in one of these encounters1 that he received the scar by which he is so well known in all his portraits4 ,deeply attached to the ,royalist cause1 on the termination of the war ,bennet went to ,france1 and on into ,germany and ,italy1 never losing sight of the hope of once more joining and serving the house of ,stuart4 ,in #afdi he was summoned to ,paris by ,james ,duke of ,york1 to fill the post of private secretary4 ,king ,charles1 writing to his brother1 says3 #8,you must be very kind to ,harry ,bennet1 and communicate freely with him1 for as you are sure that he is full of duty and integrity to you1 so ,i must tell you that ,i shall trust him more than any about you1 and cause him to be instructed in those businesses of mine1 when ,i cannot write to you myself4' ,charles's letters to ,bennet also plainly show the terms of intimacy and trust which existed between them4 ,this was especially remarkable as regarded the affairs of ,spain2 and in #afeh1 ,sir ,henry ,bennet1 ,knight1 was sent as ,ambassador to ,madrid4 ,clarendon says the step was at the instigation of ,lord ,bristol1 but at this time there was strife between the new ,ambassador and his former patron4 ,henry ,bennet1 with all the zeal that usually characterises a recent convert to ,catholicism1 was very anxious that his royal master should make his profession to the same faith1 whereas ,digby1 or rather the ,earl of ,bristol1 7as he had become17 though himself a ,roman ,catholic1 considered that such a step would be ruinous to ,charles's interests1 and opposed it stoutly4 ,great bitterness in consequence existed between ,bristol and ,bennet1 increased by the jealousy excited in the mind of the former with regard to ,bennet's mission1 being under the impression that he himself was far better fitted for the post4 ,sir ,henry1 however1 seems to have pleased most parties in his diplomatic capacity2 and at the ,restoration he was sent for by the ,king1 who gave him the office of ,privy ,purse1 and made him his constant companion4 ,bennet was well calculated to suit the taste of the ,merry ,monarch4 ,burnet tells us he had the art of observing the ,king's humour1 and managing it1 beyond all the men of his time2 and ,clarendon gives us a clew to one of the reasons1 when he mentions that #8,bennet filled a principal place1 to all intents and purposes1 at the nightly meetings1' 7alluding to the ,king's jovial suppers in ,lady ,castlemaine's apartments17 added to which1 he was most lively and sparkling in conversation4 ,in #affb ,charles bribed ,sir ,edward ,nicholas to resign his ,secretaryship of ,state1 7and that with a considerable sum17 that he might bestow the vacant post on his favourite4 ,the contrast between ,bennet's entire submission to the ,royal will and the honest rectitude of the ,chancellor 7,clarendon7 increased the ,king's dislike to that worthy servant of the ,crown1 on whose downfall ,bennet rose still higher4 ,in #affc he was raised to the ,peerage as ,lord ,arlington1 whereupon ,clarendon threw some ridicule on the choice of the title1 taken from an obscure village in ,middlesex1 which had once belonged to ,bennet's father1 but was now in the possession of another family4 ,while at the head of public affairs1 no measures of any importance were undertaken1 with the exception of the first ,dutch war4 ,in #afgj was formed the famous ,cabal ,ministry 7spoken of more fully in our notice of ,lord ,shaftesbury7 which ,arlington consented to join1 and of which his title formed one of the initials4 ,so notoriously now did he consult the ,king's wishes rather than the public good1 that he was rewarded in #afgb by the dignity of ,baron ,thetford and ,earl of ,arlington1 and later invested with the ,garter4 ,being sent on an embassy to ,utrecht1 in company with the ,duke of ,buckingham and ,lord ,halifax1 7which was productive of no good results17 he afterwards turned his attention to the overthrow of the ,cabal1 in the breaking up of which he was most instrumental4 ,he however fell into great disrepute with both ,catholics and ,protestants about this time1 the ,duke of ,york 7on the passing of the ,test ,act7 loading him with every kind of abuse1 while the opposite side charged him with endeavouring to introduce ,popery4 ,the ,duke of ,buckingham was loud in censure of ,lord ,arlington1 who was impeached1 and1 after making a long defence1 acquitted by a small majority4 ,he held office for a short time longer1 and advocated a treaty of peace with the ,dutch1 but soon after resigned office1 having received 7it was said7 a douceur from his successor of several thousands4 ,in #afgd he was named ,chamberlain of the ,household in recompence 7so ran the ,royal declaration7 #8of his long and faithful services1 and particularly of his having discharged the office of principal ,secretary of ,state to his ,majesty's entire satisfaction4' ,lord ,arlington's wish to be again employed in public affairs was not gratified till #afge1 when he once more went on a diplomatic mission to ,holland1 in company with the ,earl of ,ossory4 ,lady ,arlington and ,lady ,ossory were sisters1 and members of the house of ,nassau4 ,this was his last appearance in public life4 ,burnet says that #8,arlington entirely mistook the character of ,william ,prince of ,orange1' with whom he had to deal2 speaking to him in a dictatorial manner1 which was not at all agreeable to that ,prince1 although he was then young in years4 ,arlington still held a place in the royal household1 but he had fallen into disgrace1 and the ,king encouraged and enjoyed any jest1 or ridicule1 at the expense of his former boon companion4 ,nothing delighted ,charles more than to see some of his courtiers put a black patch upon their noses1 and strut about with a long white staff1 in imitation of #8,harry ,bennet4' ,james ,,ii4 on his accession did not remove ,arlington from his post in the household1 but he only survived a few months1 dying in ,july #afhe4 ,he was buried at ,euston1 in ,suffolk4 ,he married ,isabella1 daughter of ,lewis de ,nassau1 ,lord of ,beverwart1 in the ,united ,provinces1 by whom he had an only child1 ,isabella1 married1 in #afgb1 to ,henry ,fitzroy 7son of ,charles ,,ii4 by ,barbara ,villiers71 who was created ,earl of ,euston and ,duke of ,grafton4 -------------- ,no4 #aaj4 ,,the ,,honourable ,,henry ,,thynne4 ,,by ,,sir ,,godfrey ,,kneller4 ,,born #afge1 ,,died #agjh4 ,blue coat4 ,full wig4 ,,the eldest son of the first ,lord ,weymouth1 by ,lady ,frances ,finch1 daughter of the ,earl of ,winchilsea4 ,he was of a studious and literary turn of mind1 and delighted in the companionship of his father's guest1 ,bishop ,ken1 in conjunction with whom he formed a pleasant coterie of cultivated spirits at ,longleat4 ,henry ,thynne was a good linguist1 and1 as we have mentioned in the notice of ,bishop ,ken1 gave lessons in ,french and ,latin to the young poetess afterwards known as ,elizabeth ,rowe4 ,he married ,grace1 daughter and sole heir of ,sir ,george ,strode of ,leweston1 county ,dorset1 by whom he had two daughters1 ,frances ,countess of ,hertford1 and ,mary1 married to ,william ,greville1 ,lord ,brooke1 who died in the nineteenth year of her age4 ,lady ,hertford inherited her father's taste for literature1 and became a patron and friend of divers authors1 many of whom are well known to fame1 while others were only local bards4 ,for instance1 ,pope and ,thomson were her guests1 while she patronised and befriended ,stephen ,duck1 known by the title of #8,the ,wiltshire ,thresher4' ,henry ,thynne died before his father1 at the age of thirty-three4 -------------- ,no4 #aaa4 ,,william ,,cavendish1 ,,duke ,,of ,,newcastle4 ,,by ,,abraham ,,van ,,diepenbeke4 ,,born #aeib1 ,,died #afgf4 ,he is dressed as a ,roman warrior in armour1 leading his wife by the hand4 ,she wears a yellow robe1 and has a white veil on her head4 ,several children in fantastic costumes4 ,horses4 ,one of the children is mounted on horseback4 ,,he was the son of ,sir ,charles ,cavendish1 7who was brother to the first ,earl of ,devonshire of that family17 by a daughter and co-heir of the last ,lord ,ogle4 ,educated at home1 and then at ,cambridge1 he was made ,knight of the ,bath when ,henry 7son to ,king ,james ,i47 was created ,prince of ,wales4 ,he accompanied ,sir ,henry ,wotton on his embassy to ,savoy1 who writes of him as #8a young man nobly bred1 and of great expectations4' ,the ,duke of ,savoy took a fancy to ,cavendish1 offered him a high post in his army1 and loaded him with valuable presents when he returned to ,england4 ,in #afbj he was created ,lord ,ogle and ,viscount ,mansfield1 having already succeeded to the paternal estates4 ,charles ,i41 after his accession1 further created him ,lord ,cavendish of ,bolsover and ,earl of ,newcastle1 and subsequently ,governor to the ,prince of ,wales1 with a seat in the ,council4 ,newcastle was much liked at ,court4 #8,the ,king esteemed him highly1 as did ,wentworth1 but ,buckingham was jealous of him4' ,his manner of living was splendid2 indeed1 it was said of him later in life1 that he went to battle in a coach-and-six4 ,he entertained the ,king and ,queen at his dwelling-houses of ,welbeck and ,bolsover in so sumptuous a manner as to make a great noise4 ,when the war broke out with the ,scots1 he was one of those loyal nobles who contributed large sums towards levying troops for the ,royal service1 and he raised a regiment at his own expense1 which he named the ,prince of ,wales's ,own4 ,it was on account of a question of precedency for this regiment1 7in which many members of the ,cavendish family held commissions17 that ,newcastle quarrelled with ,lord ,holland1 ,general of the ,horse1 and no sooner was the army disbanded1 than he sent that ,general a challenge1 but the ,king having gained intimation of the impending duel1 prohibited the same1 upon which some of ,newcastle's enemies accused him of avoiding the encounter from want of personal courage1 a statement ill borne out by his proverbial valour4 ,shortly after this he resigned his post at ,court1 and retired to his own estates2 but1 on the breaking out of the ,civil ,war1 he once more buckled on his armour1 and resumed the military career for which ,clarendon tells us #8he had neither talent nor inclination1 but pursued from sheer loyalty4' ,collins gives a very different version1 enumerating manifold victories which ,newcastle was mainly instrumental in gaining1 in the north of ,england1 more especially the battle of ,bradford1 where the rebels were defeated1 and where he took twenty-two great guns1 and many colours4 ,in #afdb he met the ,queen at ,burlington1 when she landed with supplies1 and escorted her to ,oxford1 where the ,king then was1 for which and other services he was made ,marquis of ,newcastle and ,knight of the ,garter4 ,in #afdc his first wife died4 ,newcastle had a stormy time of it in that most stormy period1 not only through the vicissitudes of war1 not only in the battlefield1 but through bickerings and jealousies in the army1 and #8slanderous pens1' which often tempted the ,marquis to throw up his command in disgust4 ,this design he carried into effect1 immediately after the battle of ,marston ,moor1 where he commanded the right wing of the ,royal army4 ,he took ship at ,scarborough1 and1 accompanied by several relatives and friends1 sailed for ,hamburgh4 ,he spent many years on the ,continent1 frequently visiting his royal master ,charles ,,ii4 in ,holland1 and when the ,king was invited to ,scotland1 his faithful servant asked permission to attend him1 but was refused by the ,scots4 ,while abroad the ,duke and ,duchess of ,newcastle 7for he had married a second time7 were in most straitened circumstances1 and were often compelled to pawn their clothes to procure the necessaries of life1 the ,english ,parliament having seized upon most of his estates and revenues1 and cut down his timber1 which caused the ,duchess to go over to ,england1 as we shall presently see4 ,the noble exiles1 after many wanderings1 had settled in the ,city of ,antwerp--#8my ,lord choosing it for the pleasantest and quietest place to retire himself and his ruined fortunes in4' ,it was here he wrote that splendid work on ,horsemanship which adorns most of our finest libraries1 and by which the name of the ,marquis of ,newcastle will ever be remembered4 ,at the ,restoration they returned to ,england1 when he received a dukedom1 but he resolved to have no more to do with public life1 and retired to the shade of the few ancestral trees his enemies' axes had spared him4 ,the ,duke's remaining years were spent in the society of his beloved wife and valued friends1 and in the pursuit of his favourite occupations4 ,he died at an advanced age1 and was buried in ,westminster ,abbey1 where stands a monument to him1 on which are represented the forms of ,william1 ,duke of ,newcastle1 the #8loyall ,duke1' and his wife1 side by side4 ,he was brave and accomplished1 loved riding1 dancing1 singing1 and was so devoted to poetry1 that he was said to have made ,sir ,william ,davenant his ,lieutenant-,general of ,ordnance1 more on account of his proficiency as a poet1 than for any knowledge of military affairs4 #8,his courage1' says ,sir ,philip ,warwick1 #8was invincible1 but his edge had too much of the razor in it4' ,he was a strong upholder of monarchy and the ,church1 though not very nice as to points of creed4 ,we have no room for one hundredth part of the eulogiums pronounced on him by his ,duchess1 but of his exterior she tells us that #8his shape was exactly proportioned1 his stature of a middle size1 his complexion sanguine1 his behaviour a pattern to all gentlemen1 courtly1 civil1 and fine1 without formality1' and so forth2 while another account of him was1 #8a fantastic general and a virtuoso on horseback6' ,from the heading of one of the chapters in his book1 it is evident he was very proud of his proficiency as an equestrian1 for he says1 #8,some1 seeing1 imitate1 and imagine they ride as well as ,i do4' ,his first wife was ,margaret ,basset of ,blore1 county ,stafford1 relict of ,henry ,howard1 son to the ,earl of ,suffolk1 by whom he had a very large family1 and of whom her successor records that #8she was a kind1 virtuous1 and loving lady1 who blessed her husband with dutiful and obedient children1 who did all in their power to relieve and support their father in his banishment4' ,margaret ,lucas1 ,newcastle's second wife1 is better known to fame4 ,her epitaph says #8she was youngest sister to ,lord ,lucas of ,colchester1 a noble familie1 for all the brothers were valiant1 and all the sisters virtuous4 ,this ,duches was a wise1 wittie1 and learned lady1 which her manie books doe testifie4 ,she was a most loving1 virtuous1 and careful wife1 and was with her lord all the time of his banishment and miseries1 and when he came home1 never parted from him in his solitary retirement4' ,she was a voluminous writer in a quaint and high-flown style1 and a great favourite of ,charles ,lamb's1 whose mention of her in ,elia causes her perhaps to be better known than her own literary merits may lay claim to4 ,elia says1 #8where a book is good and rare1 such a book1 for instance1 as the life of the ,duke of ,newcastle1 by his ,duchess1 no casket is sufficiently durable to honour and keep safe such a jewel4' ,in #afdc1 the year in which ,lord ,newcastle lost his first wife1 ,margaret ,lucas went to the ,court of ,henrietta ,maria1 where1 she tells us1 her gravity1 reticent1 and virtuous timidity1 which ill assorted with the courtly manners of the period1 caused her to be regarded as a simpleton4 ,she did not relish the life1 but remained on1 by her mother's wish2 and when the ,queen fled to ,france1 ,margaret ,lucas accompanied her4 ,in #afde1 ,newcastle1 being in ,paris1 saw1 and loved the ,maid of ,honour1 who became his wife4 ,the union was most happy4 #8,they loved each other truly1 and had many pursuits and tastes in common1 notwithstanding which a story is told that the ,duke1 being once complimented on the talent of his wife1 replied1 #8,sir1 a wise woman is a very foolish thing4' ,the ,duchess was of graceful person1 reserved1 and reticent4 ,her piety1 generosity1 and charity1 were proverbial1 and1 as we have before observed1 when her husband's affairs were involved1 she went to ,england1 where she spent a year and a half1 endeavouring with the help of her brother and brother-in-law to get some compensation for the property seized by the ,parliament4 #8,then ,i made haste to return to my ,lord1 with whom ,i had rather be as a poor beggar1 than to be mistress of the world1 absented from him4' ,and they were happy1 #8though fortune did pinch their lives with poverty4' ,it would seem that this picture must represent ,margaret ,lucas1 since the first wife was never ,duchess2 the introduction of the horses1 too1 would surely imply that the portraits were painted after1 or at the time1 the book on ,horsemanship was published2 when we surmise also that ,newcastle made the acquaintance of the painter ,diepenbeke at ,antwerp1 though he accompanied the ,duke to ,england4 -------------- ,no4 #aab4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,overbury4 ,,by ,,zucchero4 ,,born #aeha1 ,,poisoned #afac4 ,oval4 ,black coat4 ,red and white sash4 ,lace collar4 ,pointed beard4 ,,was of a good family in ,warwickshire4 ,born at ,compton ,scorfen1 the home of his maternal grandfather4 ,entered ,queen's ,college1 ,oxford1 as gentleman commoner1 where he studied logic and philosophy1 and afterwards went to the ,middle ,temple4 ,his father1 having been bred to the law1 wished he should pursue the same calling1 but ,thomas preferred the study of polite literature1 and the allurements of a ,court life4 ,after a brief tour on the ,continent he went to ,scotland1 where he became acquainted with ,robert ,carr or ,kerr1 then page to the ,earl of ,dunbar1 and1 forming a close friendship1 they travelled to ,london together4 ,writers appear to be at variance as to the date when ,king ,james ,i4 saw1 and took a fancy to young ,carr2 and the story of his falling wounded from his horse1 in a tilting-match1 at the ,king's feet1 requires confirmation4 ,but there was no doubt that he soon stood high in the royal favour1 and ,carr was one who well knew how to improve his opportunities1 being of a time-serving disposition1 and no way above flattery4 ,his education had been neglected1 and the #8royal pedant1' as ,james has so often been called1 undertook to teach the youth ,latin4 ,whether he prosecuted his studies with much zeal we do not know1 but he was an adept in the art of self-aggrandisement2 and1 believing in ,overbury's disinterested friendship1 he consulted him on every step he took4 ,interceding with the ,king for his friend1 he gained the honour of knighthood 7for honour it was indeed esteemed in those days7 for ,thomas1 and managed that the father ,overbury should be made a judge4 ,this was about #afjh4 ,carr himself was raised to the peerage by the title of ,viscount ,rochester4 ,he became enamoured of the ,countess of ,essex1 7wife to the third ,earl of the ,devereux family1 and daughter to ,howard1 ,earl of ,suffolk17 then but eighteen years of age1 #8of a sweet and bewitching countenance1 hiding a wicked heart4' ,she was headstrong into the bargain1 and her passion for ,carr knew no bounds4 ,she hated her husband1 her father1 and all who expostulated with her on her shameless conduct1 and smiled on no one but her lover and #8sweet ,mistress ,turner1' her go-between4 ,it has been adduced against ,overbury1 that he at first encouraged the intrigue1 but when the question of a divorce arose1 he left no stone unturned to dissuade ,rochester from the attempt to procure one1 which brought down upon him the lasting hatred of the beautiful termagant4 ,overbury warned his friend1 that it would be destructive to his future fortunes to marry a woman whose husband was still living2 moreover1 that her conduct was infamous1 and would brand them both with ignominy4 ,peyton 7,sir ,thomas's servant7 describes the quarrel which took place between his master and my ,lord of ,rochester on the occasion4 ,overbury waited #8in the chamber next the privy gallery' for the return of ,rochester1 who did not appear till three in the morning4 ,high words passed between them1 my ,lord asking angrily what ,sir ,thomas #8did there at that time of night2' ,overbury replying by the question1 #8,where have you been8 ,will you never leave the company of that bad woman8' ,but all his warnings and admonitions were thrown away1 and only insured him the deadly enmity of both lovers4 ,the ,king1 who was not likely to be deterred by any sense of rectitude from the weak pleasure he found in complying with any demand that ,rochester might make1 not only connived at the passing of the divorce1 but created ,carr ,earl of ,somerset1 as he was not considered of sufficiently high rank to marry one who had been a ,countess4 ,the lovers now turned their thoughts to the ruin of their quondam friend4 ,it was easy in those days to procure a commitment to the ,tower1 and ,sir ,thomas ,overbury soon found himself within those dreary walls1 ,somerset pretending all the while the greatest friendship for the prisoner4 ,overbury's father wrote him a pleading letter in behalf of his son1 but ,sir ,thomas was not allowed to see any friends4 ,there can be no doubt of the fact that his food was drugged1 and he fell into bad health2 but his constitution was strong1 and he languished for some time4 ,the perfidious ,somerset sent him a white powder that he was #8convinced would be efficacious4 ,he might1' he said1 #8take it without fear1 even if it produced sickness1 which sickness may be a plea for your release4' ,the unfortunate man's release was by the hand of death4 ,he died from the effects of strong poison administered to him medically1 and was buried with indecent haste4 ,ugly rumours were abroad1 and the names of ,lord and ,lady ,somerset were in many mouths1 but few cared to come forward as accusers while the mantle of ,royal protection was thrown over them4 ,but #8,robie' was supplanted at ,court by #8,steenie1' or in other words1 by ,george ,villiers1 afterwards ,duke of ,buckingham2 and when his star was in the ascendant1 then the mouths of many were opened4 ,about this time too1 a curious incident occurred which helped to confirm the suspicions concerning ,overbury's mysterious death4 ,one day that ,lord ,salisbury was entertaining at the same time1 at dinner1 ,sir ,gervase ,elwes 7,governor of the ,tower at the time of ,overbury's death7 and ,sir ,ralph ,winwood1 ,secretary of ,state1 his lordship recommended the former to the patronage of the latter1 upon which ,winwood said how much he wished ,elwes could clear himself of the imputation of murder that had been cast upon him4 ,whereon he 7,elwes7 spoke out1 and confessed all1 together with the share that the ,earl and ,countess of ,somerset had had in the terrible transaction1 and so it came about that the guilty pair were arrested with the consent of the ,king4 ,the hypocritical ,james1 taking leave of his ex-favourite1 embraced him with every show of affection2 but no sooner had he left the apartment1 than he cried out3 #8,the devil go with thee1 for ,i will never see thy face again4' ,the trial of persons so high in position1 and so well known in royal circles1 caused a great sensation1 and the ,court was crowded with ladies and great personages4 ,lord ,somerset wore a dress of black satin1 and a gown of uncut velvet1 his ruff and cuffs were of cobweb lace1 neither had he forgotten to wear his ,george and ,garter1 or have his hair carefully curled4 ,his handsome face was very pale1 and he pleaded not guilty4 #8,he trusted to the justice of the ,lords to acquit him4' ,he denied everything1 even his own letters1 which he said were #8counterfeit4' ,the lady was arraigned next day1 and her demeanour1 which we are told by a contemporary was #8sober1' was altogether different from that of her husband4 ,she pleaded guilty with a low obeisance4 ,she several times covered her face with her fan1 during evidence given1 but she confessed everything4 ,she shed 7or made a show of shedding7 some tears divers times4 ,her deportment1 says the same authority1 #8was more curious and confident than was fit for a lady in such distress4' ,yet it is also said of her that her voice was scarce audible from fear1 when she hoped the ,lords would intercede for her4 ,the verdict was1 that the ,earl and ,countess of ,somerset1 with several accomplices1 were guilty of devising and compassing the murder of ,sir ,thomas ,overbury4 ,the ,king1 fickle and cruel as he was1 appeared very uneasy during the trial1 even going so far as to lose his appetite for dinner and supper2 but he did not like the idea of signing the death-warrant of the two people at whose wickedness he had connived2 so he signed their pardon1 and they were committed to the ,tower--the lady not being taken thither till after her confinement1 when it is said she shed a few tears over her new-born daughter1 and was removed to prison4 ,the accomplices1 ,elwes1 ,weston1 and the beautiful but infamous #8,mistress ,turner1' ,lady ,somerset's go-between in her amours1 and abettor in the murder of ,overbury1 with others1 were all executed4 ,an eye-witness speaks of the bewitching appearance of the fair ,mistress ,turner on the scaffold4 #8,i saw her die1' says the letter alluded to--#8her powdered hair1 her yellow bands1 her starched ruff2' and a poem that was written1 called #8,overbury's ,vision1' speaks of the cruel cord that did #8misbecome her comely neck2 yet by man's just doom had been her death4' #8,sighs and tears and ,court vanities1' etc4 etc4 ,lord and ,lady ,somerset lived together in the ,tower till #afbb1 when an order from the ,king in ,council set them at liberty1 prescribing for them1 however1 a place of residence4 ,james intended to restore their property1 which was forfeited1 but died before the fulfilment of his promise1 and ,charles ,i4 did not see fit to ratify the same4 ,they were in consequence reduced to great poverty1 and the passion which had led them to such fatal extremes turned to loathing2 so that1 although residing under the same roof1 ,lord and ,lady ,somerset lived as strangers1 and the miserable woman died of a most painful disease1 crying out in her last moments on the name of the husband she had so basely injured3 #8,oh1 ,essex6 ,essex6' ,a touching incident is told of their daughter1 the wife of the ,earl of ,bedford4 ,her portrait by ,vandyck is well known1 and her sweet fair face and lovely form live in more than one gallery4 ,lord ,somerset dearly loved his only child2 the affection was mutual1 and she reverenced his memory2 but one sad day1 as the lovely ,lady ,bedford sat reading by the window1 she came accidentally across a pamphlet which opened her eyes to the complicated guilt of both her parents4 ,the shock was too much for her1 and the next person who entered the room found her in a swoon on the floor1 with the open book beside her4 ,we have perhaps afforded too much space1 in a notice purporting to be a life of ,sir ,thomas ,overbury1 to the story of ,somerset and his wife1 but the lives are so intimately connected1 that we hope to be held excused4 ,overbury had a reputation for wit and talent1 and wrote several pieces in prose and verse4 -------------- ,no4 #aac4 ,,thomas1 ,,second ,,marquis ,,of ,,bath1 ,,when ,,young4 ,,by ,,hoppner4 ,,died #ahcg4 ,maroon-coloured coat4 ,white waistcoat4 -------------- ,no4 #aad4 ,,john ,,russell1 ,,sixth ,,duke ,,of ,,bedford4 ,,born #agff1 ,,died #ahci4 ,seated in a red chair4 ,black coat4 ,wig4 ,,he was the second son of the ,marquis of ,tavistock1 by ,lady ,elizabeth1 daughter of the second ,earl of ,albemarle1 of the ,keppel family4 ,lord ,tavistock was killed by a fall from his horse in #agfg1 and his widow died of grief4 ,of their three sons the two eldest succeeded to the ,dukedom and estates1 and the third 7posthumous71 ,lord ,william1 was murdered by his valet ,courvoisier in #ahdj4 ,in #aghf ,john ,russell married ,georgiana ,byng1 second daughter of the fourth ,lord ,torrington1 who died in #ahja1 and two years afterwards ,lady ,georgiana1 daughter of the fourth ,duke of ,gordon1 which lady died in #ahec4 ,the ,duke had children by both marriages4 -------------- ,no4 #aae4 ,,sir ,,kenelm ,,digby4 ,,old ,,stone1 ,,after ,,vandyck4 ,,born #afjc1 ,,died #affe4 ,black dress4 ,pointed beard4 ,,son of ,sir ,everard ,digby1 born at ,gothurst or ,gayhurst1 county ,bucks1 the property of his mother1 daughter and sole heir of ,william ,mulsho4 ,he was but a child when his father suffered death1 as one of the conspirators in the ,gunpowder ,plot4 ,the ,crown laid claim to the estates and revenues of the family1 but the widowed ,lady ,digby1 a woman of great energy and determination1 not only saved her own dower1 by her strenuous efforts1 but rescued a few hundreds for her son out of the wreck1 and1 although a rigid ,roman ,catholic1 she suffered her boy to be educated as a ,protestant from prudential motives4 ,the romance of the loves of ,kenelm ,digby and ,venetia ,stanley1 which made such a noise at the time1 and has been the subject of curiosity and controversy ever since1 whenever their names are mentioned1 began at a very early age4 ,sir ,edward ,stanley of the noble house of ,derby lived at ,tong ,castle1 county ,salop4 ,he married the daughter and co-heir of the ,earl of ,northumberland1 who brought him two daughters1 #8the divine ,venetia' being the youngest4 ,her mother died when she was a few months old4 ,the widower gave himself up to grief1 shunned all society1 and could not even derive comfort from the society of his children4 ,he sent them therefore 7or at all events ,venetia7 to the care of a relative1 who was a neighbour of ,lady ,digby's4 ,thus began the acquaintance1 and ,sir ,edward's beautiful little girl and ,lady ,digby's lovely boy met constantly1 and played at love-making1 jealousy1 rivalry1 coquetry1 quarrels1 reconciliations1--in fact a perfect rehearsal of all the drama that was to be enacted in good earnest1 a few years later4 ,the marriage of the ,princess ,elizabeth with the ,palatine1 afterwards ,king of ,bohemia1 called ,sir ,edward to ,london4 ,with a violent wrench he tore himself away from his beloved seclusion1 and sending for ,venetia carried her with him to the ,court of ,king ,james1 then the scene of great festivity4 ,in all these gaieties1 according to ,digby's account1 the juvenile beauty took part1 and was the centre of admiration4 ,in the meantime her young lover pursued his studies under the care of ,laud1 ,dean of ,gloucester1 subsequently ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 and afterwards with ,dr4 ,thomas ,allen1 an eminent scholar1 at ,oxford4 ,digby distinguished himself at the ,university1 where he remained two years1 but whenever he returned home for the vacation1 the flirtation with his fair neighbour was resumed4 ,he wrote a strange and wild romance respecting her1 in which it is impossible to disentangle truth from fiction1 but some of the adventures are too marvellous for belief1 and the whole narrative disagreeable1 and tedious in to the bargain4 ,his jealousy seems to have been excited by a certain courtier1 whose suit1 he affirms1 was favoured by ,venetia's governess4 ,lady ,digby was too wise a mother to smile on such a precocious courtship1 even if she disbelieved the reports which had already begun to circulate1 detrimental to mistress ,stanley's reputation4 ,she despatched her son on foreign travel1 but before his departure the lovers had met and plighted their troth4 ,according to the traveller's own account he made a conquest of the ,french ,queen when in ,paris en route for ,italy4 ,a report of his death having been accidentally or purposely circulated1 ,venetia's conduct on the occasion was differently represented to her absent lover1 some declaring she was inconsolable1 others that she lent a willing ear to the suit of the very same courtier who had before excited ,kenelm's jealousy4 ,nothing can be more bombastic and high-flown than the language in which he describes the fluctuations of his passion for ,venetia1 his implicit trust in her constancy in one page1 his doubts and suspicions in another4 ,it seems more than probable that the prudent ,lady ,digby intercepted her son's love-letters1 and did all in her power to prevent a marriage she thought most undesirable1 and she was doubtless delighted when ,kenelm accompanied his kinsman1 ,lord ,bristol1 to ,spain1 where he was then negotiating the ,prince of ,wales's marriage with the ,infanta at ,madrid4 ,kenelm became himself attached to the ,prince's suite1 and took an active part in diplomatic transactions4 ,in this land of romance it may well be imagined that the handsome and accomplished ,englishman ran the gauntlet of many adventures among the dark-eyed daughters of the south1 nor does he omit to allude to innumerable conquests2 indeed1 he went so far as to have a portrait of himself painted with an effigy of one of his victims in the background1 but he incessantly boasted of his constancy to the absent loved one4 ,on his return to ,england with the ,prince of ,wales1 he was knighted by the ,king at ,hinchingbrook1 and immediately flew to his lady-love in spite of maternal prohibition4 ,then followed recriminations1 explanations1 trials of her faith and virtue1 challenges1 duels--a stormy suit1 indeed1 according to his own testimony4 ,respecting the date of their marriage1 there is great difference of opinion4 ,at all events1 ,kenelm insisted on its being kept secret1 nor was poor ,venetia allowed to announce it1 even when a fall from her horse brought on a premature confinement1 which nearly cost her her life4 ,king ,james admired ,sir ,kenelm for his great erudition1 and complimented him on his essays on ,sympathetic ,powder1 ,alchemy1 and other subjects bordering on the supernatural4 ,on the accession of ,charles ,i4 ,sir ,kenelm ,digby was made gentleman of the privy chamber1 commissioner of the navy1 and governor of the ,trinity ,house1 shortly after which1 he was appointed to the command of a naval squadron1 sent to the ,mediterranean against the ,venetian fleet1 and the ,algerine pirates4 ,in this voyage he was eminently successful1 bringing the ,venetians to terms1 chastising the pirates1 and releasing a large number of ,english slaves4 ,it is said that on the eve of his embarkation1 a second son being born to him1 he had permitted his wife to declare their marriage1 and had consigned her to the care of his kinsman1 ,lord ,bristol1 during his absence from ,england4 ,about this time1 his faithful old friend1 ,thomas ,allen1 bequeathed to him a splendid library1 which he made over to the ,bodleian4 ,in #afcc1 after his return1 his beautiful but far from happy wife died1 and the mystery which had shrouded ,venetia's whole life hung like a dark cloud over her death1 and reports of all kinds were current4 ,there is no doubt that ,sir ,kenelm had been in the habit of making chemical and alchemical experiments on ,venetia for some time past1 and the tradition of the concoction of snails which he had invented as a preservative of her naturally brilliant complexion is still extant at ,gayhurst1 where it is said the somewhat rare breed of large #8,pomatia' is still to be found4 ,by ,digby's desire1 his wife's head 7#8which contained but little brain'7 was opened1 and he decided that she had taken an overdose of viper wine4 ,but spiteful women declared she had fallen a victim to a viper husband's jealousy1 though ,aubrey1 who tells sad tales of ,venetia before her marriage1 says she was a blameless wife4 ,there is more than one portrait of her1 with allegorical emblems of ,innocence1 ,slander1 and the like4 ,her name had often been coupled with that of the ,earl of ,dorset1 and some said he had settled an annuity on her1 which was paid up to the time of her death4 ,be this as it may1 ,sir ,kenelm and ,lady ,digby always dined once a year with my ,lord ,dorset1 who received them courteously but formally1 only permitting himself to kiss the beauty's hand with great respect4 ,venetia was buried in a church near ,newgate1 in a tomb of black marble1 with long inscriptions1 surmounted by a copper-gilt bust1 all destroyed in the great fire4 ,numerous epitaphs were written in her honour4 ,ben ,jonson calls her #8,a tender mother1 a discreet wife1 a solemn mistress1 a good friend1 so lovely and charitable in all her petite actions1 so devote in her whole life1' etc4 ,whatever ,sir ,kenelm's real feelings were1 his outward grief was extreme4 ,he retired to ,gresham ,college1 lived like a hermit1 studied chemistry1 wore a long mourning cloak1 and left his beard unshorn4 ,although it was generally supposed that his secession from the ,protestant faith took place when he was in ,spain1 it was not until #afec that he wrote to his friend ,laud 7whose admirable answer is extant7 to announce the fact4 ,he was a firm adherent of ,charles ,i41 and greatly esteemed by ,henrietta ,maria2 but his loyalty got him into trouble with the ,parliament1 and he was exiled to ,france4 ,returning in a few months1 he was imprisoned in #afdj for nearly three years1 and was supposed only to have regained his liberty through the intercession of the ,french ,queen1 who had loved him twenty years before4 ,his release1 however1 was conditional4 ,he was forbidden to take part in any public affairs1 and he therefore gave himself up to literary and scientific pursuits1 and engaged in a polemical correspondence with his quondam tutor1 ,laud1 whom he is said to have tempted to change his faith1 by the bait of a ,cardinal's ,hat4 ,sir ,kenelm returned to ,france1 and frequented the ,court of his old flame1 the ,queen-,dowager1 where his noble appearance1 almost gigantic size1 his handsome features1 agreeable conversation and manners1 his learning1 and last1 but perhaps not least1 his predilection for the occult sciences1 made him an universal favourite4 ,on the death of his eldest son1 killed on the ,royalist side at the battle of ,st4 ,neot's1 ,sir ,kenelm returned to compound for his estates1 but was not suffered to remain in ,england4 ,he went back to ,paris1 where ,henrietta ,maria made him her ,chancellor4 ,and he was then intrusted with a mission to ,pope ,innocent ,x41 who welcomed him at first1 but after a time the #8,englishman grew high1 and hectored at ,his ,holiness1 and gave him the lie4' ,once more in ,england1 after the dissolution of the ,long ,parliament1 ,cromwell took him into his confidence1 hoping by his mediation to gain over the ,roman ,catholics4 ,his conduct in these circumstances has been praised by some and censured by others1 as may well be imagined1 according to religious and political bias4 ,he travelled through ,france1 ,lower ,germany1 and the ,palatinate1 always seeking and being sought by men of letters2 and #affj saw him once more back in his native land4 ,charles ,,ii4 showed him but little favour4 ,he was nominated ,f4,r4,s41 and resided 7#affc7 in a fair house in ,covent ,garden1 where he had a laboratory4 #8,philosopher1 theologian1 courtier1 soldier2 polite1 amiable1 handsome1 graceful4' ,lord ,clarendon's testimony is1 #8eccentric1 vain1 unstable in religion1 a duellist4' ,these are the counterbalancing portraits of ,sir ,kenelm ,digby4 ,he desired to be buried near ,venetia4 ,his epitaph was as follows3-- #8,under this tomb the matchless ,digby lies1 ,digby the great1 the brilliant1 and the wise2 ,this age's wonder1 for his noble partes1 ,skilled in six tongues1 and learn'd in all the artes6 ,born on the day he died1 th' eleventh of ,june1 ,and that day bravely fought at ,scanderoon3 ,it's rare that one and the same day should be ,the day of birth1 and death1 and victory4' ,he had four sons and one daughter4 -------------- ,no4 #aaf4 ,,sir ,,william ,,lynch4 ,,in ,,pastel4 ,,died #aghe4 ,blue coat4 ,red collar and cuffs4 ,,son of ,dr4 ,lynch1 ,dean of ,glastonbury1 friend of the first ,lord ,bath's4 ,was ,member of ,parliament for ,canterbury and other places4 -------------- ,no4 #aag4 ,,archbishop ,,juxon4 ,,by ,,vandyck4 ,,born #aehb1 ,,died #affc4 ,in ,bishop's robes4 ,,the son of ,richard ,juxon of ,chichester1 in ,sussex1 where he was born4 ,educated at ,merchant ,taylors' ,school1 and in #aeih elected a ,fellow of ,st4 ,john's1 ,oxford4 ,destined for the bar1 he studied civil law at the ,university1 and took his degree of ,b4,c4,l4 in #afjc1 having already entered as student at ,gray's ,inn4 ,he changed his mind1 however1 and read divinity with much diligence1 took ,orders1 and was granted a living by his ,college1--,st4 ,giles's1 ,oxford2 but he removed in #afad to ,somerton1 in the same county4 ,in the east window of this church is his paternal coat of arms4 ,he kept up his connection with the ,university1 and was much esteemed by ,laud1 afterwards ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,this remarkable man1 destined to play so conspicuous a part in public life1 was then ,president of ,st4 ,john's ,college1 an office which he resigned in #afba1 and it was chiefly owing to his exertions that ,juxon was chosen to succeed him4 ,in the same year ,juxon became ,doctor of ,laws1 and later on ,vice-,chancellor of the ,university4 ,laud1 who was first ,bishop of ,bath and ,wells1 and then of ,london1 and high in favour with ,charles ,i41 interested the ,king in ,juxon's preferment4 ,he was appointed ,chaplain-in-,ordinary to ,his ,majesty1 ,dean of ,worcester1 and ,prebendary of ,chichester1 and1 at ,laud's particular request1 ,clerk of the ,closet4 ,this was in #afcb1 and ,laud's object in the choice was said to have been his #8desire to have some one he could trust near the royal person1 should he himself grow weak or infirm4' ,new honours crowded on ,dr4 ,juxon4 ,he was elected to the ,bishopric of ,hereford in #afcc1 and made ,dean of the ,king's ,chapel1 but before consecration was translated to the ,see of ,london1 ,laud having become ,primate of ,england4 ,laud1 it seems1 had made himself unpopular in the diocese with many of its members1 but the mild and genial temper of the new ,bishop gained him much respect and kindly feeling4 ,the ,archbishop of ,canterbury desired above most things the aggrandisement of ,churchmen1 and their preferment to public offices of ,state1 and for that aim he worked both for himself and his friend4 ,dr4 ,juxon was1 through his influence1 raised to the office of ,lord ,high ,treasurer1 a post which had not been filled by a ,churchman since the reign of ,henry ,,vii41 and this step was much cavilled at by the greater part of the nation1 especially by many members of noble families who considered themselves 7from their position at least7 better fitted for the situation than a clergyman hitherto little known beyond the precincts of his ,college1 and only two years in the possession of a mitre4 ,loud and angry were the invectives poured on the ,government1 but more particularly on the ,primate1--the ,puritans1 ,laud's bitter enemies1 being most violent on the occasion4 ,juxon1 in the meanwhile1 by his wisdom and discretion1 and the excellency of his administration1 disarmed the anger of most of those who were so averse to his nomination1 and1 says ,chalmers1 #8when the ,republican party ransacked every office for causes of impeachment1 sequestration1 and death1 they found nothing to object to in ,bishop ,juxon4' ,in #afda he was one of the few manly and generous-hearted ,englishmen who defended the cause of ,strafford4 ,on the passing of the bill of attainder1 which he had strenuously opposed1 the ,lord ,high ,treasurer resigned his office1 and retired to his palace at ,fulham1 where he remained quietly for some time1 unshaken in his loyalty to the ,king1 and often visited by persons of distinction1 many of whom consulted him and valued his advice4 ,charles paid him this tribute3 #8,i will say1 ,i never got his opinion freely in my life1 but when ,i had it1 ,i was ever the better for it4' ,by consent of the ,parliament1 ,juxon waited on the ,king at the treaty in the ,isle of ,wight1 #afdh1 and by ,charles's particular desire1 at ,cotton ,house1 in ,westminster1 in ,january of the following year1 at the commencement of the trial4 ,he now never left the ,king1 who found in this excellent ,churchman the greatest comfort and support4 ,he stood beside his royal master on the scaffold1 and when the last moment was approaching1 #8,there is1 sir1' he said1 #8but one stage more1 which1 though turbulent and troublesome1 is still a very short one4 ,it will soon carry you a great way3 it will carry you from earth to heaven1 and there you shall find1 to your great joy1 the prize to which you hasten--a crown of glory4' #8,i go1' said ,charles1 #8from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown1 where no disturbance can be4' #8,you are exchanged1' said ,juxon1 #8from a temporal to an eternal crown--a good exchange4' ,in taking his last leave of his faithful and devoted friend1 ,charles looked at him earnestly and said1 #8,remember6' delivering at the same time his diamond ,george1 to be given to his son4 ,the ,king's last word brought down upon the ,bishop the wrath and curiosity of the regicides4 ,they insisted on knowing what it signified4 ,they insisted also on ,juxon's betraying the confidence of his ,sovereign1 by detailing all his last conversations4 ,so far the ,bishop answered1 that the ,king had charged him to instil into his son's mind the necessity of forgiving his murderers1 and that the word #8,remember' had reference to this admonition2 but this did not satisfy the suspicions of the inquirers4 ,he accompanied the body to ,windsor1 where the cruelty of those in power forbade him to read the ,funeral ,service over the beloved remains4 ,the ,commonwealth deprived ,juxon of his bishopric1 and he retired to his private estate of ,little ,compton in ,gloucestershire1 where he remained for some time without molestation1 occasionally indulging in the relaxation of field sports1 to which he1 in common with his ,grace the ,archbishop1 was much addicted4 ,at the ,restoration he was raised to the ,primacy1 and at the ,coronation he placed the crown on the head of ,charles ,,ii4 ,during the short period of his ,archbishopric1 ,juxon enlarged and improved ,lambeth and ,croydon ,palaces1 and greatly ameliorated the clerical state of the ,see4 ,he died of a painful disease in #affc1 and was interred with great pomp in ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,oxford1 near the tomb of his friend and patron1 ,archbishop ,laud4 ,he left considerable sums to be laid out in ,fellowships for his favourite ,college1 and many charitable bequests4 ,his reputation for moderation1 piety1 learning1 and unswerving loyalty can scarcely be questioned4 ,not many of his genuine writings are extant4 -------------- ,no4 #aah4 ,,william ,,laud1 ,,archbishop ,,of ,,canterbury4 ,by ,,vandyck4 ,,born #aegc1 ,,beheaded #afde4 ,in ,bishop's robes4 ,,son of a clothier at ,reading4 ,became ,fellow of ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,oxford1 and afterwards took ,orders4 ,was very vehement2 very much opposed to the ,puritans2 had many different livings2 named chaplain to ,james ,i41 whom he accompanied to ,scotland4 ,was ,prebendary of ,westminster2 consecutively ,bishop of ,st4 ,david's1 ,bath and ,wells1 and ,london1 and subsequently ,prime ,minister1 and ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,in #afbb he held a famous conference with ,fisher the ,jesuit1 in the presence of the ,duke of ,buckingham and his mother1 who were wavering in their allegiance to the ,protestant faith1 and were fixed therein by the eloquence of ,laud4 ,yet it was said of him that he was more than once tempted to abjure his religion by the offer of a ,cardinal's ,hat2 each time1 however1 he gave an emphatic denial4 ,he was very strict respecting the revision and licensing of published books by high ecclesiastical authority1 and was concerned in several prosecutions of the ,star-,chamber against ,bishop ,williams1 the ,master of ,westminster ,school1 etc4 etc4 ,when the ,parliament was abruptly dissolved in #afci1 ,laud was attacked in his palace at ,lambeth by the mob4 ,he had indeed made himself unpopular with the people at large1 and with the ,house of ,commons2 and on the accusation of ,sir ,henry ,vane1 he was sent to the ,tower in #afda1 where he was detained three years1 and treated with great severity4 ,in #afdd he was tried1 and though the treasonable charges were not proved1 the bill of attainder was passed4 ,he made an eloquent defence2 but all in vain4 ,the execution of ,strafford was the forerunner of his own1 and he suffered death on ,tower ,hill1 displaying great courage4 ,clarendon says3 #8,such learning1 piety1 and virtue have been attained by few1 and the greatest of his infirmities are common to all men4' ,of all the prelates of the ,anglican ,church1 ,lord ,macaulay says1 ,laud departed furthest from the principles of the ,reformation1 and nearest to ,rome4 ,he hated ,calvinism1 loved forms and ceremonies1 and advocated celibacy among the clergy1 all of which opinions made him an object of abhorrence to the ,puritans1 and there was no love lost4 ,every corner of the realm1 every separate congregation1 nay1 it was said the private devotions of individuals1 were subjected to the supervision of his spies4 ,unfortunately for himself and the country1 ,charles was influenced in all public matters by the precepts of the ,primate4 ,he was a staunch friend1 a genial companion1 shrewd and witty1 and fond of field sports4 ,in fact1 all his tastes and qualities endeared him to ,lord ,strafford1 as we have mentioned in the notice of that remarkable man4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,bedroom ,a4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,bedroom ,a4 -------------- ,no4 #aai4 ,,philip1 ,,fourth ,,earl ,,of ,,pembroke4 ,,by ,,vandyck4 ,,died #afdi-ej4 ,tawny coat4 ,blue bows4 ,ribbon1 ,collar1 and ,order of ,garter4 ,,he was the second son of ,henry ,herbert1 ,earl of ,pembroke1 by the beautiful and talented ,mary ,sidney1 the #8,sidney's sister1 ,pembroke's mother1' of #8rare ,ben ,jonson1' or1 as ,spenser describes her1 #8the gentlest shepherdess that most resembled both in shape1 and spirit1 her brother dear4' ,surely those who trace the inheritance of maternal qualities of mind in the child1 are at fault in this instance4 ,philip received his education at ,new ,college1 ,oxford1 but he was so illiterate that he could scarcely write his name4 ,he went to ,court at an early age2 ,rowland ,white1 that amusing gossip1 calls him #8,little ,master ,philip ,herbert1' and three years afterwards says1 #8he is the forwardest courtier that ever ,i saw1 for he had not been here 7at ,court7 two hours than he grew as bold as the best4' ,the young man was at that time engaged in seeking a wife1 and sued 7unsuccessfully7 the daughter1 first of his kinsman1 ,sir ,william ,herbert1 and afterwards of ,sir ,arthur ,gorges4 ,in #afjd1 however1 he espoused ,susan1 daughter of ,edward de ,vere1 ,earl of ,oxford1 the ceremony being performed with great pomp and magnificence4 ,the ,king himself sent a fine present4 ,sir ,thomas ,edmonds1 in a letter to ,gilbert ,earl of ,shrewsbury1 7whose daughter1 the ,countess of ,pembroke1 was sister-in-law to ,philip ,herbert17 says1 #8,the gifts of gloves and garters alone amounted to wellnigh a thousand pounds4' ,the same authority1 speaking of ,herbert's growing favour with ,james ,i41 says1 #8he is desirous to doe all men goode1 and to hurte no man4' ,but another contemporary seems nearer the truth when he observes1 #8,sir ,philip is intolerable1 choleric1 and offensive1 and did not refrain to break wiser heads than his own4' ,he was constantly involved in some quarrel through his arrogance and insolence2 and once being at some races at ,croydon1 he so raised the ire of ,ramsay1 afterwards ,earl of ,holdernesse1 that the enraged ,scot inflicted personal chastisement on ,herbert1 in the sight of the whole course4 ,but ,james made him ,privy ,councillor1 and in #afje ,baron ,herbert of ,hurland1 ,isle of ,sheppey1 and ,earl of ,montgomery4 ,he was already a ,knight of the ,bath1 and shortly afterwards he received the ,garter4 ,other dignities followed1 and on the accession of ,charles ,i41 that ,king continued to distinguish this most unworthy man4 ,he was made ,chamberlain1 and ,warden of the ,stannaries2 he is said to have beaten one ,thomas ,may with his ,chamberlain's staff in the banqueting-hall at ,whitehall1 and to have so far tyrannised over the people of ,devon and ,cornwall as to have endangered a rising in those counties4 ,charles ,i41 whose kindness of heart so often betrayed him into culpable weakness1 bore with ,lord ,montgomery's misconduct for some time1 but after a disgraceful scene in the ,house of ,lords between him and the ,earl of ,arundel1 in which blows are said actually to have passed1 the ,king availed himself of this opening to choose another ,chamberlain4 ,indeed both ,lords were committed to the ,tower for a time1 and from that moment the ,earl of ,pembroke 7for he had succeeded to the ancestral honours on the death of his brother7 forsook the master who had laden him with benefits4 ,he ranged himself with the ,king's bitterest enemies1 and in #afdb1 being appointed one of the committee that waited on ,his ,majesty at ,newmarket1 he urged 7and that in so unbecoming a manner7 that the ,king should relinquish the control of the militia to the ,parliament1 that ,charles exclaimed indignantly1 #8,no1 by ,god6 not for an hour4 ,you have asked that of me1 was never asked of a king before4' ,lord ,pembroke was employed several times in negotiating between the ,king and ,parliament2 he became ,chancellor of the ,university of ,cambridge1 where he was deservedly unpopular4 ,he spoke in the ,house in a most intemperate and even absurd manner1 and in #afdi accepted a seat1 as representative for the county of ,berks1 in ,cromwell's ,house of ,commons4 ,in the ,january following he died4 ,by his first wife he had seven sons1 of whom the fourth1 ,philip1 succeeded him in his titles and estates1 and three daughters4 ,his second wife was the celebrated ,anne ,clifford1 daughter and heir of ,george1 third ,earl of ,cumberland1 and widow of ,richard ,sackville1 third ,earl of ,dorset4 ,he treated her shamefully1 endeavouring to force her to give her daughter ,lady ,isabella ,sackville in marriage to one of his younger sons1 striving hard to get possession of the young lady's portion4 ,in a letter to her uncle1 the ,earl of ,bedford1 ,lady ,pembroke says1 #8,i dare not venture to come up without his leave1 leste he should find occasion to turne mee out of this house1 as he did at ,whitehalle4' ,she fortunately survived her tyrant many years4 ,lodge gives at length a most amusing lampoon1 purporting to be ,philip ,earl of ,pembroke's last will and testament4 ,it was attributed to ,samuel ,butler4 ,we have only space for a few extracts3--#8,imprimis1 for my soule1 ,i confesse ,i have heard a great deal about souls1 but what they are1 and what they are for1 ,god knowes1 ,i knowe not4 ,they tell mee of another worlde1 ,i knowe not one foot of the way thither4 ,when the ,king stood ,i was of his religion1 then came the ,scot and made me a ,presbyterian1 and since ,cromwell ,i have been an ,independent4 ,i will not be buried in the church porch because ,i was a ,lord4 ,i will have no monument1 because then ,i must have an epitaph1 and verses1 and all my life long ,i have had too much of them4 ,item1 ,i give nothing to the ,lord ,say1 because ,i knowe he will bestowe it on the poore4 ,to the two ,countesses1 my sister and wife1 ,i give leave now to enjoy their estates4 ,item1 ,i give fifty pounds to the footman who cudgelled ,sir ,harry ,mildmay1 whom ,i threatened but did not beat4 ,item1 ,as ,i restore other men's wordes1 ,i give to ,lieutenant-,generall ,cromwell one worde of mine1 because hitherto he never kept his owne1 etc4 etc4 ,i give up the ghoste4' -------------- ,no4 #abj4 ,,elizabeth1 ,,queen ,,of ,,bohemia4 ,,by ,,honthorst4 ,,born #aeif1 ,,died #affb4 ,black and gold dress4 ,ruff4 ,small crown4 ,fan in her hand4 ,,the eldest daughter of ,james ,i4 by ,anne of ,denmark1 born in the ,palace of ,falkland1 ,north ,britain4 ,on the accession of her father to the ,english ,crown1 the young ,princess was intrusted to the care of the ,countess of ,kildare1 daughter to ,charles ,howard1 ,earl of ,nottingham1 ,lord ,high ,admiral of ,england1 ,james himself taking pleasure in occasionally presiding over his daughter's studies4 ,she afterwards went to reside with ,lord and ,lady ,harrington at ,combe ,abbey1 county ,warwick1 where she was very happy in the society of genial companions4 ,lord ,harrington had two children--a son1 who became the chosen friend of ,henry ,prince of ,wales1 and a daughter1 ,lucia1 7afterwards ,countess of ,bedford17 whose beauty and learning inspired the muse of ,dryden1 ,donne1 and other poets4 ,lord ,harrington's niece1 ,anne ,dudley1 was1 however1 the ,princess's favourite playmate1 and remained her fast friend in all her wanderings4 ,the only drawback to ,elizabeth's residence at ,combe ,abbey seems to have been the separation of brother and sister1 for dearly did she love the ,prince of ,wales1 and a touching little note is extant1 written by her to ,henry when he was only eight years of age3 #8,most dear and worthy brother1 ,i most kindly salute you1 desiring to hear of you4 ,from whom1 though ,i am now removed far away1 none shall ever be nearer in affection1 than your most loving sister1 ,elizabeth4' ,while staying at ,combe1 the ,princess was treated most royally on all occasions1 and there is a picturesque account of her first visit to ,coventry1 when only eight years old3-- #8,she was sufficiently expert in horsemanship to have headed the procession1 but the degeneracy of the age was attested by their substituting a line of coaches1 in one of which sat the gracious child1 who bore her part bravely with the ,worshipful the ,mayor1 the burghers1 etc4 etc4' ,even at that tender age ,elizabeth was remarkable for that winning gentleness of manner and sweet courtesy1 which1 in after times1 gained for her the title of #8,queen of ,hearts2' but we have no space to linger over the details of the childhood of one whose after life was so eventful4 ,when about sixteen1 several overtures of marriage were made and rejected2 amongst others1 the hero1 ,gustavus ,adolphus of ,sweden1 sought her hand4 ,her parents were at variance on the subject1 the ,queen declaring her daughter should marry none but a ,sovereign1 while ,james1 though loving her dearly1 was less ambitious4 ,frederick ,elector ,palatine had made himself acceptable to the ,king of ,great ,britain by his staunch support of the ,protestant faith4 ,he came to ,england as a suitor to the ,princess ,elizabeth1 saw1 loved1 and was beloved in return4 ,the ,queen was much disgusted at her daughter's choice1 and sneered at her as #8,goody ,palsgrave1' but ,elizabeth1 backed by her father and her brother1 was proof against ridicule1 and declared she would rather marry a ,protestant ,count than a ,catholic ,emperor4 ,a deep sorrow was in store1 not only for the ,royal family1 but for the whole nation1 in the death of ,henry ,prince of ,wales1 the idol of his father's subjects1 but to ,elizabeth the loss was irreparable4 ,the marriage1 however1 took place on ,valentine's ,day #afac1 with much pomp1 and the union was very popular in ,england in spite of the ,queen's ill-temper1 ,james's vacillating humour1 and the new ,prince of ,wales's milder dislike to the bridegroom4 ,in a letter to the ,duke of ,buckingham he says3 #8,steenie1 ,i send you herewith two letters for my sister1 and brother4 ,i place them so1 because ,i think the grey mare the better horse4' ,nor was he quite singular in his opinion4 ,the bride was accompanied by a goodly retinue of countrymen and countrywomen on her voyage1 and many of them remained in her service1 and shared her chequered fortunes4 ,the newly-married pair took up their abode at ,heidelberg1 the capital of the ,palatinate4 ,elizabeth's reception in her new country was1 indeed1 one calculated to delight her imagination1 and gratify her heart4 ,frederick and his people planned all sorts of picturesque surprises1 to which the lovely scenery of the ,rhine formed a charming background1 while his excellent mother and sisters vied with each other in extending a cordial welcome to the ,english ,princess4 ,at ,heidelberg they passed many happy years1 leading useful and contented lives1 doing good in their generation1 beautifying and improving all within their reach1 and welcoming to their ,court not only the distinguished men of the country1 but such old friends as ,lord and ,lady ,harrington1 the poet ,donne1 and others4 ,frederick took great delight in planning and carrying into execution a beautiful garden1 on the slope which surrounds the castle1 for his wife's delectation1 where her sweet spirit seems still to hover1 at least to the ,english pilgrim who visits the shrine of which she was once the idol4 ,alas for the ambition that lured them from this happy home6 #8that preferred to eat bread at a kingly board rather than feast at an electoral table1' though1 doubtless1 the zeal of both husband and wife for the ,protestant cause weighed in their decision4 ,schiller has told the story better than we can4 ,we shall therefore only remind our readers1 as briefly as possible1 of the principal incidents in which the ,elector and his wife were implicated4 ,the kingdom of ,bohemia1 hitherto elective1 had just been made hereditary1 but the king1 ,ferdinand1 was a strong ,papist1 and therefore most unpopular with the ,bohemians1 who were staunch ,reformers4 ,they revolted1 formed a ,provisional ,government1 offered the ,crown 7which was refused7 to the ,dukes of ,savoy and of ,saxony1 and finally to the ,elector ,palatine1 who accepted it4 ,the ,king of ,england tried to dissuade his son-in-law from this step1 but his mother and her family and his beloved wife added their persuasions to his own half-formed decision1 and ,frederick and ,elizabeth were crowned ,king and ,queen of ,bohemia4 ,the ceremony took place in the beautiful city of ,prague1 with all the pomp and circumstance of secular and religious magnificence4 ,the ,emperor ,ferdinand now issued a ban1 proclaiming ,frederick a traitor1 depriving him at the same time of his ,electoral dignity1 while he made preparations to march on ,bohemia4 ,the ,english people were eager to assist their favourite ,princess1 but ,james ignored the newly-gained title1 and refused supplies1 although his daughter wrote earnest appeals for help4 ,the battle of ,prague1 on the #ith of ,november #afbj1 was one of the most decisive and memorable of the war in question2 the newly-made ,sovereigns were compelled to fly1 and a hard journey through the winter's snow 7partly on horseback1 and partly in a coach7 was heroically endured by ,elizabeth1 then many months gone with child4 ,the fugitives went first to ,breslau1 but were hunted from one place to another1 till they took refuge in ,holland4 ,indeed1 it was to the liberality of the ,princes of ,nassau1 combined with casual supplies from private parties in ,england1 that they were indebted for their support4 ,it was a sad and humiliating position for the daughter of a line of kings1 and vulgar satire and petty spite were of course directed against her in her misfortunes4 ,a print1 published at ,antwerp1 is we believe still extant1 representing this ,queen 7at least in name7 as a poor beggar-woman1 with dishevelled hair1 her baby at her back1 and her husband carrying the cradle4 ,but though fortune frowned on her1 ,elizabeth never wanted for friends4 ,her courage1 her dignity1 and her genial warmth of heart made her the object of respectful but devoted affection4 ,the ,knights1 so to speak1 who wore her colours were numerous1 and mostly illustrious in military fame1--the hero ,gustavus ,adolphus1 ,duke ,christian of ,brunswick1 ,count ,thurn1 and above all1 her faithful and lasting friend1 ,lord ,craven1 whose heart1 sword1 and purse were always at her disposal4 ,no one ever merited better that ,crown of an elective monarchy1 the only one that now remained to her1 for even among the common soldiers of the army she was known and acknowledged as ,queen of ,hearts4 ,the accession of her brother to the ,crown of ,england brought back a gleam of hope that the ,palatinate at least might be recovered4 ,but ,charles's exertions in his sister's behalf were only half-measures4 ,not so the zeal displayed by the noble ,king of ,sweden1 whose services were only terminated with his life2 he died a hero's death at the battle of ,ltzen in #afcb1 ,frederick surviving him but a few months1 to mourn his loss4 ,that unfortunate ,prince died at ,mentz in the thirty-sixth year of his age1 absent from his beloved wife1 whom he consigned with his dying breath to the care of ,henry of ,nassau1 a ,prince whose affection for the exiles had been cemented by his union with ,amelia of ,solms1 a chosen friend of ,elizabeth's amongst the ladies of her ,court4 ,the unhappy widow addressed a memorial to the ,states of ,holland1 in which she says3 #8,it has pleased ,almighty ,god to call from this scene of woe my ever and most entirely beloved consort1 and what renders the calamity more overwhelming is1 that it followed immediately that of his ally1 the glorious1 the invincible ,king of ,sweden1 and on the eve of our triumph4' ,poor ,elizabeth1 whose sanguine disposition had held out so long6 ,she was not alone in her distress2 her children mourned their father with passionate sorrow1 while the aged ,princess1 the ,electress ,juliana1 strove to restrain her own feelings1 in order to administer comfort to the widow of her beloved ,frederick4 ,elizabeth resided for some years at ,the ,hague1 busying herself with the care and education of her sons and daughters4 ,her family was so numerous1 and their several destinies so varied and eventful1 that we have no space to attempt any details4 ,charles ,i41 it will be remembered1 invited two of his nephews over to ,england1 of whom the younger1 ,prince ,rupert1 became naturalised1 and did his uncle gallant service in the field4 ,the ex-,queen employed her time in conversation1 and in correspondence with men of literature and science1 taking also great delight in the exercise of hunting1 being a fearless horsewoman4 ,the management of her household she intrusted to her devoted friend1 ,lord ,craven1 who entered the service of the ,states in order to be near her1 and it has commonly been believed that they were privately married4 ,so fervent was her attachment to the ,reformed faith1 that on her brother's sending ,sir ,harry ,vane1 to persuade her into compliance with his proposal that her eldest son should go to ,vienna1 and espouse an ,austrian ,princess1 which step would entail his becoming a ,catholic1 she indignantly replied she would rather kill him with her own hand4 ,this same son treated his mother most unkindly1 and refused her all pecuniary aid in her distress4 ,charles ,,ii41 on his ,restoration1 invited his aunt to return to ,england1 and she landed at ,margate4 ,how wonderful was the contrast between her return and her embarkation from that same place on the occasion of her marriage6 ,in the meanwhile the ,king had raised ,lord ,craven to an earldom4 ,this unwavering and loyal friend conducted ,elizabeth to his own home1 called ,drury ,house1 surrounded by a delightful garden1 where she took up her abode4 ,drury ,lane ,theatre was built on the site of the garden1 but a tavern existed near ,craven ,court1 called #8,the ,queen of ,bohemia1' on the door of which was an equestrian portrait of ,lord ,craven4 ,the building was standing as late as #agid4 ,it would appear that ,elizabeth did not go to ,court1 although ,pepys mentions her accompanying the ,king to the theatres1 sometimes attended by ,lord ,craven4 ,but at his house she had a little ,court of her own1 and all that hospitality1 generosity1 and the most refined consideration for his royal guest1 wife1 or friend1 could suggest1 was lavished upon her by her noble-hearted host4 ,here too she was once more united to her favourite and dutiful son1 ,prince ,rupert4 ,in the autumn she changed her residence1 and went to ,leicester ,house1 belonging to ,lord ,leicester4 ,but her health1 which had been slowly undermined1 now gave way2 she prepared for the end1 and made her will1 leaving her books1 pictures1 7a most interesting collection may be seen at ,combe ,abbey17 and papers to ,lord ,craven4 ,she died on the #acth of ,february #affb4 ,lord ,leicester1 in speaking of his #8royal tenant1' says with some flippancy1 #8,it is a pity she did not live a few hours more1 to die on her wedding-day2 and that there is not so good a poet as ,dr4 ,donne to write her epitaph1 as he did her epithalamium unto ,st4 ,valentine4' ,she was interred with much pomp in ,westminster ,abbey2 ,lord ,craven was occupied at that time in constructing a house for her reception at ,hamstead ,marshall1 county ,berks1 which was destined to be a miniature ,heidelberg1 but it was burnt to the ground before it was completed4 ,the gate-posts1 which are all that remain of the building1 bear an ,electoral ,crown1 entwined with the coronet of an ,english ,earl1 carved thereon4 ,it is strange to reflect that ,elizabeth1 who was deprived of her titles of ,electress and ,queen1 should be the ancestress of every crowned head in ,europe at this moment4 -------------- ,no4 #aba4 ,,francis ,,bacon1 ,,baron ,,verulam1 ,,and ,,viscount ,,st4 ,,albans4 ,,born #aefa1 ,,died #afbf4 ,black dress4 ,ruff4 ,cloak4 ,high hat4 ,,the second son of ,sir ,nicholas ,bacon1 by ,anne1 daughter of ,sir ,anthony ,cooke1 sister-in-law to ,lord ,burghley4 ,nicholas was ,keeper of the ,great ,seal to ,queen ,elizabeth1 who1 visiting him one day at ,gorhambury1 observed that the house was too small for him4 #8,no1 ,madam1' replied the courtier1 #8it is you who have made me too big for my house4' ,the ,queen had a great liking for little ,francis1 and delighted in asking him questions1 which the boy generally answered pertinently4 #8,come hither1' she said to him one day1 #8and tell me how old you are4' #8,just two years younger than your ,majesty's happy reign4' ,the reply pleased ,elizabeth1 who in these early days dubbed the child jestingly #8,my ,lord ,keeper4' ,francis ,bacon was educated at ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,he accompanied ,sir ,amias ,powlett on his embassy to ,paris1 and was employed in several diplomatic missions1 but the sudden death of his father brought him back to ,england4 ,finding himself unprovided for1 he studied the law with great zeal at ,gray's ,inn2 but he did not succeed for some time in getting any official employment1 which was his aim4 ,he formed a close friendship with ,lord ,essex1 which displeased his relations of the ,cecil faction1 who in consequence were not willing to exert themselves in his behalf1 save perhaps by obtaining the reversion of the office of ,registrar-,general4 ,he also sat in the ,house of ,commons4 ,in #aeif1 the post of ,solicitor-,general being vacant1 ,lord ,essex endeavoured to obtain it for ,bacon1 but1 failing in this attempt1 was much disgusted1 and1 we are told1 went over from ,richmond to his friend at ,twickenham to tell him so4 ,the particulars of this interview are related by ,bacon himself--,lord ,essex expressing the anger he felt towards the ,queen for denying his suit1 and thanking ,bacon #8for that you have spent your time and thoughts in my matters1' pressed on his acceptance a piece of land1 i4e4 ,twickenham ,park1 with a delightful house denominated #8,the ,garden of ,paradise4' ,essex also strove1 but with the same lack of success1 to assist ,bacon in his design of forming a wealthy matrimonial alliance4 ,lady ,hatton1 7born ,cecil17 granddaughter to ,lord ,burghley1 and therefore a cousin of ,bacon's1 was the rich widow of ,sir ,william ,hatton1 nephew and heir to the ,lord ,chancellor4 ,the lady was witty1 capricious1 violent in temper1 and of a worldly spirit1 but all these qualities were thickly gilded1 and ,francis ,bacon was needy4 ,lord ,essex once more stood his friend1 and wrote to the lady's father and mother1 to the effect that #8were she my sister or daughter1 ,i would as confidently resolve to further the match as ,i now persuade you4' ,but the wayward fair one had fixed her fancy elsewhere1 and instead of her handsome and accomplished cousin--a rising man between thirty and forty--she preferred crabbed old ,sir ,edward ,coke1 a widower of advanced age1 #8to whom there were seven objections--himself and his six children4' ,she induced her elderly lover 7the future ,chief-,justice7 to elope with her1 and the marriage was performed in so irregular a manner1 that the newly-married pair were summoned before the ,ecclesiastical ,court4 ,not content with running off with ,bacon's mistress1 ,sir ,edward ,coke gained the post of ,solicitor-,general--thus bearing away the two prizes4 ,but if ,francis ,bacon had any revengeful feelings against his rival in love and law1 he might be consoled by learning that ,sir ,edward had a sad life of it with his rich wife1 till she left him1 his very children being taught by her to neglect and disobey him4 ,bacon did not prove grateful for the friendly attempts1 however unsuccessful1 which ,essex had made to serve him4 ,when the favourite fell into disgrace1 he came forward to plead against him at the bar1 and1 not contented with so doing1 published a pamphlet accusing the prisoner of treason1 and the like4 ,it was supposed that he hoped by so doing to ingratiate himself with the ,queen1 in which aim he failed1 and finding he was much censured1 he prepared an apology for his conduct1 which he addressed to the ,earl of ,devonshire1 the attached friend of the ,lord ,essex4 ,disappointed in his hopes of public employment1 our philosopher now devoted himself to scientific studies1 and to the prosecution of those labours and those writings which have rendered his name immortal and gained for it a world-wide fame4 ,the next ,sovereign was more propitious1 for ,james ,i4 was a great admirer of ,bacon's genius and learning1 while he on his part was very useful to the ,king in the ,house of ,commons4 ,he became ,solicitor-,general1 ,attorney-,general1 etc41 ,baron ,verulam1 ,viscount ,st4 ,albans1 and ,lord ,chancellor of ,england4 ,but troublous times were in store for the new peer4 ,he was now very unpopular in the country1 and all the more so for his adherence to the falling fortunes of the ,duke of ,buckingham1 while ,sir ,edward ,coke proved a dangerous enemy4 ,he was first charged with corruption in having accepted large bribes from two suitors in ,chancery1 an accusation that was fully proved2 and although the ,upper ,house1 to which he had just been admitted1 showed a willingness to deal leniently with him1 fresh and startling disclosures of the same nature1 followed fast one upon another4 ,james evinced much sympathy for ,lord ,st4 ,albans1 and thought to serve him by procuring an adjournment of ,parliament1 which only gave his enemies time to gather more evidence against him4 ,the accused deemed it the most prudent course to make a full confession of his guilt1 which he did in a letter universally cited as a model of style and eloquence4 ,the letter was presented by ,henry ,prince of ,wales1 but was of no avail4 ,lord ,st4 ,albans was deprived of the ,great ,seal1 and sentenced to a fine of #dj1jjj1 or to be imprisoned in the ,tower2 also to be declared incapable of holding any public office or sitting in ,parliament for the future4 ,james1 however1 soon released him1 and remitted the whole of the sentence1 with the exception of the ,parliamentary prohibition4 ,lord ,st4 ,albans never again succeeded in obtaining any employment1 although his means were so necessitous that he did not disdain to apply for the ,provostship of ,eton ,college1 and was much mortified by receiving a flat denial4 ,the remainder of his life was given to study1 but the most important of his works were1 curiously enough1 written during the years of his official life4 ,the great philosopher was no true lover4 ,he wrote in slighting terms of the tender passion1 such as3 #8,amongst all the great and worthy persons1 of whom the memory remaineth1 either in modern or ancient times1 there hath not been one man transported to the mad degree of love1 which shows that great spirits and great business do keep out this weak passion4' ,might one dare to call in question the validity of so great a man's opinion8 ,we have seen what strenuous efforts he made to marry an unamiable woman for her wealth1 and late in life he sought the hand of ,alice ,barnham1 daughter to a rich ,london alderman--#8pour les beaux yeaux de sa cassette' alone4 ,the marriage was most unhappy4 ,they lived for some time together on wretched terms1 and at length separated1 the husband1 in his last will1 revoking every bequest he had made in his wife's favour1 and only leaving her what she might claim by settlement4 ,seldom could the line of #8the ruling passion strong in death' be more appropriately applied than in the case of ,bacon1 who indeed fell a victim to his love for scientific research4 ,journeying from ,gravesend to ,gorhambury with the ,king's physician 7a congenial spirit7 in winter1 they fell into a discussion which caused them to set about making the experiment whether snow and ice would prove efficient substitutes for salt in the preservation of dead flesh4 ,the two companions immediately began to search for snow1 and having found a sufficient quantity1 they entered a cottage1 and purchased a fowl1 which ,lord ,st4 ,albans stuffed with snow with his own hands4 ,the weather was intensely cold1 and he was shortly taken with a shivering fit1 and became so alarmingly ill that he could not prosecute his journey1 but was conveyed to a house in the neighbourhood1 belonging to ,lord ,arundel4 ,a splendid house1 as it appears1 and the servants placed their noble guest in the state bed1 but alas6 the room was cold1 the sheets damp1 and the consequences fatal4 ,in his last moments he seems to have found consolation in likening himself to the elder ,pliny1 who fell a victim to his scientific ardour1 being suffocated by the fumes of ,vesuvius from having approached too near the raging crater1 in order to investigate the phenomena of the eruption4 ,bacon--we call him by the name he generally bears as an author--died on ,easter ,day1 in the arms of ,sir ,julius ,cesar4 ,he was of middle height1 limbs well formed1 but not strongly built1 ample forehead1 bright eyes and genial smile1 with deep lines of thought on his face1 as became a philosopher4 ,his manners were attractive4 ,he was fond of the country and rural pursuits1 and found a relaxation from profound study in gardening and planting4 ,his faithful secretary erected a noble monument to his beloved patron in ,st4 ,michael's ,church1 at ,st4 ,albans1 with an excellent portrait of the great philosopher sitting in a chair1 his head resting thoughtfully on his hand4 ,he appears to have been in constant pecuniary difficulties1 having once been actually arrested for debt1 and dying insolvent4 ,he deplored his childlessness1 for though children1 he said1 increase the cares of life1 they mitigate the remembrance of death--laying1 however1 the flattering unction to his soul1 that great men have no continuance4 -------------- ,no4 #abb4 ,,frederick1 ,,king ,,of ,,bohemia4 ,,by ,,honthorst4 ,,born #aeif1 ,,died #afcb4 ,brown and gold slashed dress4 ,blue mantle4 ,blue ribbon4 ,ruff4 ,,the family history of ,frederick1 ,elector ,palatine1 afterwards ,king of ,bohemia1 bears so materially on the public history of the time1 and the events of the ,thirty ,years' ,war1 that we must be held excused if we go back some three generations to notice circumstances which tended not only to shape the career of this ,prince1 but to influence the destinies of all ,germany4 ,jacqueline de ,longwy1 wife of ,louis de ,bourbon1 ,duke of ,montpensier1 was secretly but deeply devoted to the ,reformed faith1 and she contrived1 contrary to her husband's wishes1 to effect a union between her eldest daughter and the ,prince of ,sedan1 a zealous ,calvinist4 ,enraged beyond measure1 the ,duke forced his youngest daughter ,charlotte into a convent1 but not before the girl 7then only eighteen years of age7 had1 at her mother's instigation1 signed a protest against this compulsory step1 at the same time declaring her strong predilection for the religion of her mother4 ,charlotte remained for seven years 7during which time the ,duchess of ,montpensier died7 at ,jouarre in ,normandy1 where she became ,lady ,abbess4 ,in #aegb hostilities commenced between the ,catholics and ,protestants1 and the gates of ,jouarre1 in common with those of many other religious houses1 were thrown open by the latter party4 ,charlotte1 finding herself free to follow the faith in which her mother had reared her1 gladly availed herself of her liberty1 taking refuge first with her sister1 the ,princess of ,sedan1 and afterwards going to reside at ,heidelberg1 under the guardianship of the ,elector ,palatine1 where she openly abjured the creed of ,rome4 ,charlotte was an enthusiast in all things1 and a hero-worshipper1 and even before they had ever met1 the fame of the ,protestant champion1 ,william #8the ,silent1' ,prince of ,orange1 had inflamed her fancy4 ,his valour1 his religion1 his patriotism1 all rendered him an object of admiration in her eyes4 ,she was desirous to consecrate her life to one whose every feeling and opinion were in harmony with her own2 nor was the ,prince insensible to the preference of a woman distinguished alike for nobility of character and birth1 as well as for courage1 while the fame of her personal charms might be supposed to weigh somewhat in the scale4 ,william had divorced his first wife for her infidelity1 and married the daughter of ,maurice of ,saxony1 on whose death he asked the hand of ,charlotte de ,montpensier4 ,but there were those who objected to the match on the plea that his first consort was still living4 ,charlotte's vows of celibacy were also adduced as an impediment1 although they had been compulsory1 and her change of faith had made them null and void by a decree which was confirmed by the ,parliament of ,paris4 ,the lovers now eagerly sought the consent of the ,duke of ,montpensier1 who not only bestowed the paternal benediction1 but enhanced its value by a considerable dower1 and so1 three years from the time ,charlotte de ,montpensier left her convent1 she became the bride of the ,prince of ,orange4 ,their happiness was complete1 and for a while uninterrupted1 but mischief was pending4 ,the ,spanish tyrant1 ,philip ,,ii41 had set a large sum on the head of the patriot ,prince1 and a miscreant was found willing to attempt his life4 ,as ,william was sitting1 surrounded by his family1 in the palace at ,antwerp1 a shot was fired in at the window1 which wounded him severely1 though not mortally4 ,the shot that was aimed at the husband1 may well be said to have entered the wife's heart4 ,she swooned away1 and though she rallied sufficiently to nurse him as he lay for some time between life and death1 yet the shock to her system1 from the alternations of hope and fear1 fatigue and excitement1 proved too much for her strength4 ,she lived to kneel by ,william's side in the thanksgiving service for his recovery1 but she drooped gradually1 and died gently1 with the beloved name on her lips1 mourned not only by her husband and family1 but by the whole nation4 ,in ,louisa1 daughter of the ,admiral de ,coligny1 the ,prince of ,orange gave his children a kind and judicious stepmother1 who reared them with tenderness1 and presided carefully over their education4 ,juliana1 ,charlotte's eldest daughter1 was destined to take an important part in the religious struggles of ,germany4 ,she was a woman of remarkable energy1 wisdom1 and courage1 and 7following in the footsteps of her illustrious parents7 devotedly attached to the ,reformed ,faith4 ,she married the ,elector ,palatine1 and was the mother of ,frederick1 afterwards ,king of ,bohemia4 ,on the death of her husband1 the widowed ,electress was named ,regent and co-guardian with her young kinsman the ,duke de deux ,ponts1 who usually deferred to her matured judgment in matters both public and private4 ,she managed the affairs of the ,palatinate with masculine energy1 always making the interests of the ,reformed ,church her principal object4 ,while yet in their respective cradles1 ,juliana had1 in her own mind1 betrothed her first-born to the ,princess-,royal ,elizabeth of ,england1 and she now devoted her thoughts to giving her son the best education within her reach4 ,the ,duke de ,bouillon had married ,juliana's sister as his second wife1 and at ,sedan they held a small ,court1 which was the resort of the flower of the ,protestant youth of ,france1 ,switzerland1 and ,germany4 ,here the young men were not only encouraged to shine in military exercises and courtly manners1 but they were invited to pursue their academical studies1 strengthened in the tenets of the ,reformation1 both by precept and example4 ,in this wholesome atmosphere the young ,elector ,palatine passed his early years1 much beloved by his relations1 the ,duke and ,duchess de ,bouillon1 and doing honour to their fostering care4 ,his studies completed1 ,frederick returned to ,heidelberg1 and was received with pride and joy by his mother4 ,singularly handsome1 of polished manners1 skilled in all the athletic exercises and the accomplishments which were considered indispensable in the education of a royal prince1 the young ,elector added to these gifts a piety1 earnestness1 and gentleness of heart which made ,juliana believe him fitted to captivate the fancy of the most noble among the princesses of ,christendom4 ,she had relations and connections on all sides1 but especially in the house of ,nassau1 who were willing and capable to assist her in her schemes for the happiness of her son1 and the advancement of the ,protestant religion1 and we have already seen1 in the notice of ,elizabeth1 daughter of ,james ,i41 how successful was the ,elector's suit4 ,on his return to ,heidelberg with his bride1 they lived an almost ideal life of domestic happiness1 until the offer was made to ,frederick to accept the crown of ,bohemia1 and place himself at the head of the ,protestant party1 the ,bohemians having revolted from the ,emperor4 ,frederick is said to have hesitated to break up the happy life which contented his affectionate and unambitious nature1 but the two women he loved best1 ,juliana and ,elizabeth1 were urgent in their persuasions1 and successful4 ,frederick was not only driven from ,bohemia by the imperial army1 but placed under the ban of the ,empire1 and stripped of his hereditary dominions1 which were afterwards recovered by his son4 ,an exile1 a wanderer1 a mere soldier of fortune1 the chief consolation of ,frederick's sad life was the love of his wife and children1 from whom1 however1 he was constantly separated4 ,his health gave way under the pressure of sorrow of all kinds1 aggravated by the untimely death of his eldest son1 who was drowned before his eyes4 ,frederick1 having again joined the army1 was in no fit state to bear with composure the news which reached him while still suffering from fever1 of the death of his illustrious ally and devoted friend1 ,gustavus ,adolphus1 ,king of ,sweden1 who fell at the battle of ,ltzen in the moment of victory4 ,at a distance from his wife and children1 ,frederick's last thoughts were of their welfare1 and he implored the continued friendship and kindness of the ,nassau ,princes2 entreating the ,king of ,england also to watch over his beloved ,elizabeth4 ,thus died the ex-,king of ,bohemia at the ,castle of ,mentz in the thirty-sixth year of his age4 ,how many sad events had been crowded into that short space of time6 ,his brother caused him to be interred within the boundaries of his paternal home1 but1 dreading lest the sanctity of the grave might be violated1 he afterwards directed that the body should be removed to ,sedan4 ,thus the scene of ,frederick's happy and careless youth became his last resting-place4 -------------- ,no4 #abc4 ,,charles ,,gerard1 ,,earl ,,of ,,macclesfield4 ,,by ,,dobson4 ,,died #afic4 ,head in oval4 ,green dress4 ,tagged shoulder-knot4 ,dark hair4 ,a ,,loyalist4 ,was created ,baron ,gerard of ,brandon by ,charles ,i41 #afde1 and ,earl of ,macclesfield by ,charles ,,ii41 in #afgb4 ,he was succeeded by his son1 who died childless1 as did his successor in turn2 when the title became extinct in the ,gerard family4 -------------- ,no4 #abd4 ,,algernon ,,percy1 ,,earl ,,of ,,northumberland4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afjb1 ,,died #affh4 ,black dress4 ,blue ribbon4 ,,the third son of ,henry ,percy1 ninth ,earl of ,northumberland1 by ,dorothy1 daughter of ,walter ,devereux1 ,earl of ,essex4 ,educated at ,christ ,church1 ,oxford1 under ,robert ,hughes1 the celebrated mathematician1 and in #afaf was one of the youthful ,knights of the ,bath1 at the creation of ,charles ,prince of ,wales4 ,on the accession of that ,prince to the ,throne1 he was called by writ to the ,house of ,peers 7his father being then alive7 as ,baron ,percy4 ,he afterwards1 as ,privy ,councillor1 attended the ,king to ,scotland for his coronation1 having by that time succeeded to his father's titles and estates4 ,in #afcf he had the command of a noble fleet1 the largest1 says ,lodge1 since the death of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,lord ,northumberland was much commended for his services in the expedition against the ,dutch fishery1 making advantageous terms for the ,king of ,england1 after which he turned his time and thoughts to reforming many abuses then prevalent in the navy4 ,in #afcg he was named ,lord ,high ,admiral1 and in #afci commander of the troops marching against the ,scots1 but was prevented--so he pleaded--from joining the army by illness1 when the real command devolved on the ,earl of ,strafford4 ,clarendon says1 #8,lord ,northumberland was chosen for ornament4' ,it appears by a letter to his brother-in-law 7,lord ,leicester7 that he had most gloomy forebodings as to the result of the enterprise1 which1 #8it grieves my soul to be involved in4' ,an incident occurred shortly afterwards1 which does not redound to the credit of the ,earl of ,northumberland4 ,we will give an abridged account of ,lord ,clarendon's version4 ,henry ,percy1 a zealous ,royalist1 brother to the ,earl of ,northumberland1 was on his way to ,france1 on the ,king's service1 just at the time that the ,commons had petitioned ,charles to prohibit any of his servants leaving ,england4 ,striving to embark1 he was attacked and wounded by the people of the ,sussex coast1 and narrowly escaped with his life to a place of concealment1 whence he wrote to his brother in a private and confidential manner4 ,northumberland carried the letter to the ,house of ,commons 7which had already voted an impeachment of high treason against ,henry ,percy71 and laid the document upon the table4 ,clarendon makes but a lame defence for this conduct on the part of the elder brother1 who was1 he said1 #8in great trouble how to send ,henry in safety beyond seas1 when his wound was cured1 he having taken shelter at ,northumberland ,house4' ,but the end of the matter was1 that ,henry did escape from ,england1 and there was enmity between the brethren from that day forth4 ,this was the first time in which ,northumberland #8showed his defection from the ,king's cause1 and ,charles had been a good friend to him1 and laden him with bounties4' ,he acted in direct opposition to the ,king's commands1 when he obeyed those of the ,parliament1 to equip the royal navy1 and to appoint the ,earl of ,warwick ,admiral of the fleet4 ,in #afdb he resigned his commission of ,lord ,high ,admiral1 and openly abandoned his allegiance1 siding with the ,parliamentarians1 and though their faith was rather shaken in him on one occasion1 he was too valuable an ally to quarrel with4 ,northumberland was appointed head of the ,commissioners employed to negotiate with the ,king1 in the several treaties of ,oxford1 ,uxbridge1 etc41 and was intrusted with the custody of the royal children1 which he retained until the ,king's death4 ,it would appear that he had at least the grace to facilitate their interviews with their unhappy and loving father1 and that he cared for the wellbeing of his royal wards4 ,they were subsequently committed to the guardianship of his sister1 the ,countess of ,leicester1 and were removed to her ,lord's house of ,penshurst in ,kent4 ,words1 in truth1 ,lord ,northumberland used to prevent the execution of the ,king1 but his deeds had hastened the catastrophe4 ,we are told he #8detested the murder4' ,immediately after ,charles's death ,northumberland repaired to his seat at ,petworth1 in ,sussex1 where he remained until #affj1 when he joined ,monck in his exertions to bring about the ,restoration4 ,he held no public office under ,charles ,,ii4 excepting the ,lord ,lieutenancies of ,sussex and ,northumberland4 ,clarendon1 in a long character of him1 says3 #8,his temper and reservedness in discourse got him the reputation of a wise man4 ,in his own family no one was ever more absolutely obeyed1 or had fewer idle words to answer for2' and1 alluding to his defection from the ,royal cause3 #8,after he was first prevailed upon not to do that which in honour and gratitude he was obliged to1 he was with the more facility led to concur in what in duty and fidelity he ought not to have done1 and so he concurred in all the counsels which produced the rebellion1 and stayed with them to support it4' ,he took great delight in his gardens and plantations at ,petworth1 where he resided in the summer1 but in the winter he was much in town1 attending to his ,parliamentary duties4 ,he had two wives2 the first was ,lady ,anne ,cecil1 daughter to ,thomas1 second ,earl of ,salisbury4 ,on her death we hear ,lord ,northumberland #8is a very sad man1 and his sister 7,lady ,leicester7 has gone to comfort him4' ,by ,lady ,anne he had five daughters4 ,his second wife was the second daughter of ,theophilus ,howard1 second ,earl of ,suffolk1 who brought him in ,northumberland ,house in ,london1 originally called ,northampton ,house4 ,sion ,house had been granted by the ,crown to the ninth ,earl4 ,evelyn went to see it1 and thought it #8pretty1 but the garden more celebrated1 than it deserved4' ,by ,lady ,elizabeth ,howard1 who long survived her husband1 he had an only son and heir1 and a daughter1 who died unmarried4 ,algernon ,earl of ,northumberland was buried at ,petworth1 in ,sussex4 -------------- ,no4 #abe4 ,,helena1 ,,princess ,,ragotski1 ,,or ,,racozi1 ,,wife ,,of ,,count ,,emeric ,,tekeli ,,or ,t,,ckoli4 ,three-quarters length4 ,in widow's weeds4 ,black wimple4 ,the right wrist is concealed by a handkerchief4 ,letter lying on the table4 ,castle burning in the background4 ,,this beautiful woman1 whose life was a series of romantic adventures1 misfortune1 and privation1 was the daughter of ,count ,serini1 or ,zrini1 ,ban of ,croatia4 ,he had involved himself in the struggles of the day1 and was in arms against ,leopold1 the ,emperor of ,austria1 in defence of ,hungarian privileges4 ,his associates in the undertaking numbered most of the noble names in ,hungary1 ,count ,nadasti1 a high officer of ,state1 ,frangipani1 a young nobleman of great promise1 ,trauttenbach1 ,governor of ,styria1 and others4 ,zrini's daughter ,helena 7or as she is called in a contemporaneous novelette1 purporting to be an account of her early adventures1 #8,aurora ,venetia'7 was of exceeding beauty1 and had many suitors2 but the fair one was reckoned cold and coy1 and she showed no preference until the ,count ,emeric ,tekeli entered the lists4 ,so decided was her predilection in his favour1 that she persuaded her father to give his consent to their betrothal1 but ,zrini had at heart to gain over ,prince ,francis ,ragotski 7whose father had been a staunch upholder of ,hungarian liberty7 to the same cause1 and he in consequence broke his daughter's engagement to the penniless ,count1 and gave her hand to the rich ,prince4 ,francis's father had died at ,waradin from the effects of a wound received in a battle against the ,turks4 ,on the point of gaining the victory1 his helmet falling off1 a heavy sabre-cut brought him almost lifeless to the ground4 ,his men1 panic struck1 bore their disabled general from the field1 and left the day to the ,turks4 ,on the death of ,ragotski1 his widow1 who was in the stronghold of ,mongatz with her son1 guarding the family treasures1 thought it advisable to enter into a treaty with the ,emperor4 ,she accordingly delivered up to him certain fiefs1 which had long been coveted by the ,turks1 on condition that ,austria would garrison them against the ,ottoman troops4 ,but she was a courageous and resolute woman1 and when ,leopold sought to encroach on some other of her son's possessions1 she withstood him stoutly4 ,indeed so zealously did she watch over the family treasures in her fortress1 that on a subsequent occasion1 when ,prince ,francis 7her son7 appeared before the walls with the intention of assisting some of the patriots 7whose finances were greatly reduced7 from the family coffers1 the ,chtelaine ordered the guns to be pointed against her own son4 ,but she managed matters between him and the ,emperor so well1 that he was pardoned his share in the rising1 while several of his colleagues were degraded1 their estates confiscated1 their right hands struck off1 and some of them finally executed for high treason4 ,but to return to ,prince ,ragotski1 the husband of ,helena3 ,he did not long survive his marriage4 ,he left two sons1 of whom the eldest 7his namesake7 took great part in the affairs of ,hungary on arriving at man's estate4 ,count ,tekeli no sooner heard that the woman to whom he had been deeply attached was free1 than he turned his eyes in the direction of the beautiful widow4 ,the old ,princess ,ragotski1 a rigid ,roman ,catholic1 set herself to oppose the union1 and sent troops to harass ,tekeli1 and it was not till after the old lady's death that the marriage was brought about1 as was supposed1 by the intervention of young ,zrini1 ,helena's brother1 who had been taken prisoner4 ,the nuptials were celebrated with the greatest pomp and magnificence4 ,helena was eminently fitted to be a soldier's wife4 ,she not only gloried in her husband's feats of arms1 but she constantly instigated him to fresh enterprises1 panting for revenge 7as she was7 on the destroyers of her father and kinsmen4 ,tekeli was reputed to be an indifferent stepfather1 neglecting his wards' comfort and well-being1 but we must remember that he had many detractors4 ,his wife1 at all events1 loved him dearly1 exulted in his valour and successes1 mourned for him in misfortune1 and nobly did she defend the citadel of ,mongatz for upwards of two years against the imperial troops1 and that at a time when her husband was absent4 ,once when1 straitened for want both of food and ammunition1 the garrison showed an inclination to capitulate1 ,helena rallied the soldiers in person1 cheered them with the hope that ,tekeli would shortly come to their rescue2 and such was the influence of her courage and beauty that the men enthusiastically renewed their vows of fidelity4 ,the elements too ranged themselves on her side1 for the constant rains had made the ground so soft as to render the ,austrian ,general's outworks useless1 while they replenished the cisterns of the besieged1 just as the enemy thought to cut off their supply from the river4 ,over and over again did the ,austrian commanders try to bring ,helena to terms2 threats1 reports of her husband's imprisonment1 advice that she should submit1 were all in vain4 ,the intrepid ,chtelaine made proud replies to all these messages2 she said it was not much to the ,emperor's credit to make war upon women and children2 that as guardian of ,prince ,ragotski's sons1 she was bound to defend their possessions and interests2 but at length1 seeing all hope was over1 and the only alternative was starvation for herself1 her children1 and her faithful defenders1 she consented to capitulate1 after having held out1 off and on1 for two years1 and more than once obliged the enemy to raise the siege4 ,the ,emperor wrote her a letter 7doubtless the one lying on the table beside her7 in which he offers her honourable terms1 but she would not be dictated to1 even in her hour of distress1 and she added many stipulations of her own1 before she abandoned the fortress1 which she had so long and so valiantly held4 ,amongst other conditions1 she was to take with her whatsoever she wished of property1 furniture1 etc41 and an amnesty was to be proclaimed for her garrison and people4 ,the fortress of ,mongatz was to be given up to the ,emperor1 who was to undertake the guardianship and education of the young ,ragotskis4 ,two days after the treaty was concluded1 ,countess ,tekeli and her two boys proceeded on their road to ,vienna1 where1 on their arrival1 ,leopold broke almost all the conditions4 ,he took her children from her1 forbade her to write to her husband1 treated the defenders of ,mongatz with severity1 and at last consigned the heroine to a compulsory retreat1 in the ,convent of the ,ursuline ,nuns4 ,the education which ,leopold bestowed on the young ,princes did not 7at all events in the case of the eldest7 bring forth the fruits of submission he anticipated1 as ,francis in after years distinguished himself as an upholder of ,hungarian liberty4 ,helena's freedom was granted her at length1 in exchange for an ,austrian ,general1 and she immediately joined her husband1 living a chequered life of alternate luxury and poverty in the ,east4 ,his latter days were full of privation1 which she shared without a murmur1 and closed a career of heroism1 misfortune1 and fidelity1 by dying two years before ,tekeli1 in #agjc4 ,there is a strange tale which is told by ,la ,mottraye1 but we recommend that it should he taken cum grano4 ,the writer had a profound admiration for the fair exile1 when he visited the ,count ,tekeli at ,constantinople1 and tells us that ,helena had relinquished almost all the money and jewels which ,prince ,ragotski had bequeathed her1 to her second husband1 with the exception of four thousand ducats2 but this sum1 and a few remaining jewels1 she had locked in a little strong-box1 and deposited in the custody of the reverend fathers1 the ,jesuits at ,galata4 ,a devoted ,roman ,catholic1 she had designed the treasure to defray the expenses of a pilgrimage to ,jerusalem1 should her life be prolonged1 or to be expended in masses for her soul1 in the event of her death1 keeping the key in her own hands1 and--so said the good fathers1 her spiritual advisers--all this1 without the knowledge of her husband4 ,her reason may be well imagined1 for he1 being a ,lutheran1 #8and fearing no pains between death and paradise1 and having so much occasion for money in temporal affairs1 would have dissuaded her from being at so much expense for spirituals4' ,only one of her servants knew her secret4 ,him she sent from time to time1 to fetch a priest of the order1 to celebrate mass1 hear her confession1 and administer communion to the exiled lady4 ,when her life was despaired of1 the servant in question told the ,count's secretary of the treasure with the ,jesuits4 ,the secretary immediately told his master1 and they held a council together1 the result of which was1 that they should send the servant1 who would not be suspected1 with a message purporting to be from the ,countess1 to the effect that they should send her the box1 she wishing to make some additions thereto1 and that in three or four days one of the priests should go to her for it4 ,bribed by the promise of a large reward1 the servant is said to have undertaken the business1 but the secretary judged it more prudent to follow1 and watch the messenger4 ,by the time he returned with the treasure1 the ,countess had breathed her last1 and when the father-confessor arrived two days after1 he found the lady buried already2 and instead of the box he had intrusted to the servant1 another was presented to him1 containing ,countess ,tekeli's heart1 which she had bequeathed to the holy fathers in her last moments1 and to which they gave distinguished funeral rites4 ,the secretary offered the priest a hundred ducats1 which he refused1 demanding the whole contents of the casket1 for masses to be said for the soul of the departed4 ,the ,count refused1 observing that1 though his wife might have required the money to travel to the earthly ,jerusalem1 she could not possibly need it to go to the heavenly ,jerusalem4 ,the secretary--we still quote ,la ,mottraye--who was also a ,protestant1 laughed irreverently in his sleeve at the disappointment of the holy men4 ,there are duplicate pictures of the ,count and ,countess in the possession of a lady in ,london4 ,the curious manner in which the ,countess conceals her hand with a handkerchief led to the conjecture that the beautiful insurgent might have suffered the penalty of amputation1 so frequent at that time1 as in the case of her father1 and his friends2 but the lady who owns the companion picture to ,lord ,bath's gave me another version of the story4 ,she had some time ago an old ,german master who was a ,hungarian1 and much interested in the portrait of his fair compatriot4 ,his tradition was1 that the picture was painted to commemorate the valiant manner in which the ,countess behaved1 when1 writing a letter in her tent1 a stray cannonball shattered her right hand4 -------------- ,no4 #abf4 ,,count ,,emeric ,,tekeli ,,or ,t,,ckoli4 ,,born #afeh1 ,,died #agje4 ,three-quarters length4 ,richly-embroidered costume4 ,leopard's skin4 ,holding an axe4 ,crescent in cap4 ,troops crossing a bridge in the background4 ,,the ,hungarian subjects of ,leopold ,i41 the ,emperor of ,austria1 disgusted with his violation of the promises of civil and religious liberty which he had made them on being proclaimed ,king of ,hungary1 and which he ignored on ascending the ,imperial throne1 revolted in large numbers4 ,many of the highest in the land headed the malcontents2 and1 as we mention in the notice of the ,countess ,tekeli1 her father ,count ,zrini1 ,counts ,frangipani1 ,nadasti1 and ,trauttenbach1 suffered death in defence of the privileges of their native land1 in #afgj-ga4 ,count ,stephen ,tekeli1 the friend and comrade of these chiefs1 a ,lutheran of vast possessions1 and obnoxious to the ,emperor on all these counts1 was besieged in his own castle by ,leopold's orders1 and died before it surrendered4 ,his son ,emeric1 the subject of this notice1 then a youth1 made his escape in the disguise of a girl1 with some friends during the night1 and sought refuge at the ,court of ,poland4 ,finding the ,king of that country unable to assist him1 he repaired to ,transylvania1 the ,waiwode of which country1 ,prince ,abaffi1 his father's greatest friend1 welcomed the young ,emeric1 made him ,prime ,minister1 and despatched him with the troops1 which he was sending to the relief of the ,hungarian malcontents4 ,very shortly afterwards the ,count was promoted to the grade of ,generalissimo1 with the title of ,prince and ,protector of the ,kingdom4 ,emeric ,tekeli was at that moment in the full vigour of youth and beauty1 for which he was very remarkable4 ,his presence was majestic1 and his undoubted courage and ardent patriotism gave him great influence4 ,innumerable volunteers flocked to his standard1 bearing the sacred device1 #8,pro aris et focis1'--the persecuted ,lutherans1 the mourners whose relatives had been cut off by the bloody hand of the executioner1 panting for revenge4 ,the discontented of all classes fixed their hopes on the hero1 who had risen so suddenly to eminence4 ,tekeli published a manifesto promising to defend the liberties of ,hungary2 his army increased daily2 and at the head of these irregular troops1 he held his own for three years against the ,imperial army4 ,in the life of the ,countess ,tekeli will be found the account of his marriage4 ,he had been affianced to her before her union with ,prince ,ragotski1 whose suit her father preferred to that of the handsome but then penniless ,count4 ,after ,ragotski's death ,tekeli marched on ,mongatz1 where his former love resided with her two children1 and her mother-in-law1 who was most averse to the union with ,tekeli4 ,there is a romantic story told of how on one occasion the lover contrived to penetrate into the fortress in the disguise of a pedlar1 and being ushered into the presence of ,princess ,helena1 he drew from his bosom the miniature she had given him of herself some years before4 ,but it is difficult to sift fact from fiction in the loves of these remarkable people1 and to fix the dates of their adventures4 ,the marriage did not take place till after the death of the ,princess-,dowager1 and #8war's alarms' soon called ,tekeli from the side of his beautiful wife4 ,she was not one indeed to damp his military ardour1 or to detain him from the field4 ,he marched into ,moldavia1 and continued his campaign1 resisting and distrusting the frequent overtures made him by ,leopold's ministers4 ,but at length he deemed it politic to call in foreign aid1 and applying to the ,sultan1 ,mahomet ,,iv41 he obtained from him1 with the title of ,prince1 an auxiliary of ,ottoman troops1 under the ,grand ,vizier ,caram ,mustapha4 ,the campaign of #afhc was marked by the most revolting cruelty2 and1 terrible to say1 the ,christian commander seemed to vie with his ,pagan allies in acts of violence and rapacity4 ,he was a strange mixture of the fine gentleman and the barbarian1 affecting great luxury and magnificence in his dress1 military appointments1 arms1 accoutrements1 and the arrangement of his tent4 ,there is a story extant respecting the head-dress he wears in his portrait4 ,on his arrival at ,buda1 he was conducted with much ceremony to the ,pasha1 who received him with honour1 and taking off ,count ,tekeli's cap placed it on his own head4 ,count ,tekeli's cap was replaced by another after the ,turkish fashion1 by some called a diadem1 richly studded with precious stones1 and ornamented with heron's feathers4 ,tekeli was present at the famous siege of ,vienna1 and at ,pressburg1 where the cruelties practised will not bear description4 ,the town was rescued from his hands by the ,prince of ,baden2 but ,tekeli and ,mustapha now fell out1 and branded each other with recriminations1 so that the ,hungarian1 who was no better indeed than a tributary of the ,porte1 thought it politic to go to ,constantinople in person to make his own defence against ,mustapha's accusations4 ,he did so1 but not long after his arrival he was seized at the table of the ,seraskier1 loaded with chains1 and imprisoned by order of the ,sultan1 on some frivolous pretext4 ,this conduct so disgusted the ,count's ,hungarian friends1 that they broke their alliance with the ,turk1 and submitted to ,austria under promise of an armistice4 ,then the ,sultan relented1 set ,tekeli free1 and gave him large sums of money4 ,he also nominated him ,waiwode of ,transylvania4 ,surely no one man ever had so many empty titles bestowed on him as ,emeric ,tekeli4 ,he made war in ,slavonia and ,servia against the ,prince of ,baden and ,count ,piccolomini1 but much after the fashion of a guerilla4 ,in #afif he was with the ,sultan in the defence of1 and the battle of ,orlach1 where the ,turks were defeated4 ,tekeli then retired to some mineral baths in ,anatolia to recruit his shattered health and strength1 when he was informed that the ,sultan had declared a renewal of hostilities1 and proclaimed him ,king of ,hungary6 ,into that country the ,ottoman troops had already penetrated1 and the poor titular ,sovereign was dragged off to join them1 in spite of his failing health4 ,he advised the ,sultan to avoid an encounter with the ,imperial troops1 and rather to march on ,transylvania1 which was undefended2 but his counsels were unheeded1 and the ,turks were completely routed in an engagement with ,prince ,eugene4 ,a story was told on this occasion to the disparagement of the ,count1 namely1 that he remained in the ,ottoman camp after the flight of the army1 and possessed himself of all the available treasures his friends had left1 before the reconstruction of a bridge enabled the enemy to come in for their share4 ,it was reckoned a shabby trick1 but all is fair1 we are told1 in love and war1 and if the ,turks had not fled so soon1 they might have carried off their own property4 ,the peace of ,carlowitz put an end to a terrible war1 terminated the campaign1 and concluded ,count ,tekeli's military and political career4 ,by this treaty1 in which the ,count's name was not even mentioned1 ,turkey ceded most of the disputed territories to ,austria1 completely ignoring the man whom she had invested with so many titles appertaining to these provinces4 ,once more ,tekeli proceeded to ,constantinople1 in spite of all this treatment1 to renew his offers of service to the ,sultan1 on the breaking out of a fresh war4 ,but on arriving near the city he was met by a high officer1 who desired him not to enter4 ,it appears that our ,english ,ambassador1 ,lord ,paget1 had had an interview with the ,sultan1 to warn him against harbouring ,tekeli4 ,he was therefore ordered off1 to a kind of sumptuous banishment1 at a delightful country house at ,nicomedia1 whither a few ,hungarians and ,transylvanians followed the man who had been their ,sovereign in name4 ,his faithful wife joined him the moment she regained her liberty2 and here ,count de la ,mottraye visited him1 spending eight days1 as he says1--#8where ,i was nobly entertained1 till ,i was tired1 with pheasants and wild-fowl1 which were found there in prodigious plenty4' ,towards the end of #agjc the ,count and ,countess removed to another country house called ,the ,field of ,flowers1 and here died the brave1 noble1 and devoted1 ,helena ,princess ,ragotski1 ,countess ,tekeli4 ,for the strange story of the hundred ducats1 we refer the reader to the notice of her life4 ,be that true or false1 there is no doubt ,tekeli was treated with ingratitude1 neglect1 and caprice2 his revenues stopped1 and he himself obliged to gain a scanty subsistence by carrying on the trade of a vintner3 the ,prince1 the ,prime ,minister1 the ,generalissimo1 the ,waiwode1 the ,king of ,hungary6 ,monsieur de la ,mottraye visited him a second time at ,the ,field of ,flowers1 and alluding to the affair of the ducats1 he says3 #8,the ,jesuits made many visits to the ,count in the hope of converting him to their creed1 but he remained a steadfast ,lutheran4' ,other writers testify to his having embraced the ,roman ,catholic faith2 but this is the testimony of one who saw him in his latter days1 and thus describes him3-- #8,he was sitting in an elbow-chair1 according to his usual custom1 with a carpet over his knees1 much afflicted with the gout4 ,his beard had grown greyer1 and new troubles1 especially the death of his ,countess1 seemed to grieve him much4 ,he complained that ,france had promised him large sums of money for expenses in the war1 and had not sent him two-thirds1 and since his misfortunes had not sent him ten ducats4 ,i observed that it had to pass through too many hands on its way to ,turkey4' ,the same writer tells us #8,count ,tekeli had the most taking countenance1 and one of the finest tongues1 also that he spoke good ,latin fluently1' but that is an accomplishment shared by most of his countrymen4 ,his personal beauty was acknowledged even by his enemies1 who gave him the sobriquet of ,absalom4 ,poor ,tekeli was 7as ,la ,mottraye observes7 as ill treated by the gout as by fortune4 ,he survived his faithful wife only two years1 and was interred in the ,greek cemetery at ,constantinople4 ,emeric ,tekeli1 from his wild adventures1 his romantic history1 and all his curious vicissitudes1 became a marked man1 the observed of all observers1 and there are very curious books extant1 with squibs1 some in ,italian1 some in ,german1 as also caricatures of a rude kind of pleasantry1 representing him in prison beating against the bars1 and bewailing his sad fate4 #8,so lohnt der ,turk denen die ihm trauen1 ,man sollt' die ,trauerspiel recht anschauen1' etc4 etc4 -------------- ,no4 #abg4 ,,elizabeth ,,seymour1 ,,afterwards ,,countess ,,of ,,ailesbury4 ,as a girl4 ,white dress4 ,scarf and pearls4 ,holds a wand4 ,,she was the daughter of ,henry ,lord ,beauchamp1 by ,mary ,capel4 ,she married ,thomas ,earl of ,ailesbury1 to whom1 on the death of her brother ,william1 third ,duke of ,somerset1 she brought large estates in ,wilts 7,savernake being one of them7 and other counties4 -------------- ,no4 #abh4 ,,john ,,lowther1 ,,viscount ,,lonsdale4 ,,born #afee1 ,,died #agjj4 ,buff coat4 ,white sleeves4 ,cuirass4 ,red mantle4 ,long wig4 ,,he succeeded his grandfather1 as ,baronet1 in #afge2 sat in ,parliament for ,westmoreland in #afgh-i1 and when the ,house dissolved was re-elected1 at the next meeting4 ,it is a matter of history1 how often ,parliament was prorogued and dissolved in those troublous times2 suffice it to say that ,sir ,john distinguished himself by his zeal for the ,protestant cause1 and his opposition to the ,duke of ,york's succession2 yet when that event took place he again served in ,parliament1 as likewise in that called the ,convention1 which settled the ,crown on the heads of the ,prince and ,princess of ,orange4 ,in fact1 in every session1 until called to the ,upper ,house1 he was strong in favour of ,king ,william ,,iii41 and gained over the counties of ,westmoreland and ,cumberland to his cause1 for which services he was made ,vice-,chamberlain1 ,privy ,councillor1 ,lord-,lieutenant of the county1 and in #afif he was created ,baron ,lowther and ,viscount ,lonsdale1 county ,westmoreland4 ,he was twice one of the ,lords ,justices for the government of the kingdom during ,his ,majesty's absence in ,holland1 and in #agjj he died1 and was buried in the church at ,lowther4 ,he married the youngest daughter of ,sir ,henry ,frederick ,thynne of ,longleat4 -------------- ,no4 #abi4 ,,charles ,,the ,,first1 ,,king ,,of ,,great ,,britain4 ,black coat1 slashed sleeves4 ,ruff4 ,ribbon and ,george4 -------------- ,no4 #acj4 ,,catherine ,,viscountess ,,lonsdale4 ,,by ,,michael ,,wright4 ,,died #agab4 ,drab dress4 ,blue mantle4 ,seated4 ,her hand resting on the back of a dog4 ,,catherine was the youngest daughter of ,sir ,henry ,frederick ,thynne1 by the daughter of ,keeper ,coventry1 and therefore sister to ,thomas ,lord ,weymouth4 ,she married ,john ,viscount ,lonsdale1 by whom she had three sons and five daughters4 ,she was buried at ,lowther1 by the side of her husband4 -------------- ,no4 #aca4 ,,william ,,seymour1 ,,third ,,duke ,,of ,,somerset4 ,,born #afea1 ,,died #afga4 ,drab dress4 ,red mantle4 ,white wand in his hand4 ,painted when a boy4 ,,he was the son of ,henry ,earl of ,beauchamp1 by ,mary1 eldest daughter of ,lord ,capel4 ,he succeeded his grandfather in #affj1 but did not long survive him4 ,he was buried at ,great ,bedwyn1 county ,wilts1 when the honours devolved on his uncle1 ,lord ,john ,seymour4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,bedroom ,b4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,bedroom ,b4 -------------- ,no4 #acb4 ,,henry1 ,,prince ,,of ,,wales4 ,,by ,,zucchero4 ,,born #aeid1 ,,died #afab4 ,garter on the leg4 ,mantle1 ,collar1 and ,george of the ,order4 ,red velvet surcoat4 ,white satin trunk hose1 braided with gold4 ,white shoes and rosettes4 ,jewelled sword-belt and glove4 ,hat on table4 ,,the eldest son of ,james ,,vi41 ,king of ,scotland1 afterwards ,i4 of ,england1 by ,anne of ,denmark2 born at ,stirling ,castle1 and consigned when an infant to the joint care of the ,earl of ,mar1 and the ,countess his mother1 who had been nurse to ,his ,majesty4 ,the lady was of an austere temper1 though conscientious1 and between her1 her son1 and the ,queen1 many quarrels ensued4 ,neither ,james nor his wife liked the trouble of educating or bringing up their own children1 the younger members of the family being sent out to board and lodge at the houses of different noblemen4 ,but ,james loved pomp1 and appointed a household for his eldest son1 when still an infant4 ,besides the ,earl of ,mar1 his ,governor1 the illustrious babe had a ,gentleman of the ,bedchamber1 in the person of ,sir ,david ,murray1 who attended him into ,england1 and remained with him till his death4 ,when between five and six1 ,henry was removed to the custody of ,adam ,newton1 a learned ,scot1 on whom ,james1 on his accession to the ,english throne1 bestowed the ,deanery of ,durham 7although a layman71 and a ,baronetcy4 ,this was probably a reward for translating a work of the royal pedant's into ,latin4 ,the ,pope was anxious himself to superintend the education of the heir-apparent to the ,english ,crown1 but the proposal was not smiled upon6 ,no sooner did the little ,prince arrive in ,england than a residence was allotted him in one of the royal palaces1 and a splendid household appointed1 with numerous attendants--the celebrated ,inigo ,jones named ,comptroller of the ,works4 ,henry was of a mild1 loving1 gentle disposition1 combined with high courage1 and a passion for military exercises of all kinds2 dutiful and respectful to a bad father1 religious1 and truthful in the extreme1 he was indeed a gracious ,prince4 ,he never pronounced the name of ,god but with the deepest reverence1 and abhorred the practice of swearing1 to which ,james was so strongly addicted4 ,on one occasion when out hunting1 his sport was spoiled by a butcher's dog setting on the stag1 and killing him4 ,a courtier who was present observed1 had ,his ,majesty been there1 he would assuredly have sworn4 #8,nay1 sir1' said the ,prince1 #8all the pleasure in the world is not worth an oath4' ,the ,ambassador of ,henry ,,iv4 of ,france1 writing to his ,sovereign1 says1--#8,none of his pleasures savour of a child4 ,he loves horses and hunting1 is fond of games1 especially tennis2 usually plays with those older than himself4 ,he studies for two hours every day1 but loves better to toss the pike1 leap1 shoot1 etc4 etc4 ,he is kind and faithful to his dependants4 ,is never idle4 ,he is already feared by those who have the management of affairs1 especially my ,lord of ,salisbury1 who seems to fear the ,prince's ascendency4' ,be it remembered1 this testimony is of a boy of thirteen years of age4 ,he governed his large household1 as he grew in years1 with a discretion and a justice which argued well for the kingdom it was vainly hoped he would one day govern4 #8,he loved1 and did mightily strive1' says ,cornwallis1 #8to do somewhat of everything1 and to excel4 ,he walked fast and far to prepare1 in case long marches should be required of him4 ,he greatly delighted in art1 science1 and mechanism4' ,did ever ,prince seek to educate himself more thoroughly1 or strive to render himself worthy to govern a great country8 ,by nature haughty1 he subdued what might have been arrogance into proper dignity4 ,he took as great an interest in naval as in military affairs1 and his political opinions were in every way opposed to those of his father2 but he was a most dutiful son1 extremely reserved1 the result of his early education4 ,he was a zealous ,protestant1 and steadily refused marriage with all the ,catholic ,princesses suggested to his choice1 saying1 if he must marry one1 it should be the youngest of them all1 as there would be more hope of her conversion4 ,he formed few friendships1 ,sir ,john ,harrington being one of those singled out by him4 ,he showed great partiality for his cousin ,arabella ,stuart1 and strove to befriend her several times4 ,his sister ,elizabeth he loved dearly1 from his early boyhood2 and the correspondence between the royal children1 although partaking of the formal style of the day1 was marked by tenderness4 ,most of the contemporary writers concur in the opinion that the ,prince's heart was not susceptible1 but there were whispers abroad1 that he was a victim to the charms of the beautiful and wicked ,lady ,essex1 and that his dislike to ,lord ,somerset was enhanced by rivalry4 ,neither of his parents was worthy to possess the blessing of such a son4 ,the ,queen tried in vain to gain some influence over his mind1 but she loved him not1 and ,james1 it was easy to imagine1 was jealous of the adoration with which his ,english subjects regarded his son and heir4 ,moreover1 ,henry1 though always respectful to his father1 silently rebuked him by the contrast in their way of life and general conduct4 ,amongst the different suitors for the hand of his beloved sister1 the ,prince of ,wales favoured the young ,elector ,palatine1 more especially on account of his strong ,protestant tendencies4 ,it was in the midst of the preparations for the marriage of the ,princess ,elizabeth1 that the hope of the nation was seized with sudden and almost unaccountable illness4 ,different causes were assigned3--he had1 when over-exerted by too frequent swimmings in the ,thames1 ridden hastily to and from ,belvoir ,castle1 to wait on the ,king's ,majesty1 etc4 etc4 ,the illness1 pronounced by the physician to be putrid fever1 appears to have been aggravated by injudicious medical treatment4 ,he was lying at ,st4 ,james's1 where his father1 mother1 and sister visited him in the early days of his illness4 ,but ,james soon took fright for his own safety1 and retired to ,theobalds4 ,delirium with fearful convulsions now set in1 with lucid intervals1 when ,henry displayed all the courage and gentle patience which might well be expected from so good and noble a ,prince4 ,his illness lasted about a fortnight4 ,we quote the words of ,richard ,earl of ,dorset on this deeply deplored death3 #8,our rising sun set2 it had scarcely shone1 and with him all our glory lies buried4' ,the news which plunged the whole nation in sorrow1 the ,king received with much indifference1 and issued an order forbidding the people to wear mourning1 on the plea of the approaching nuptials of his daughter4 ,he also directed that the arrangements for the ,christmas festivities should in no wise be interrupted4 ,a report was now circulated which accused ,lord ,rochester of having poisoned the ,prince of ,wales1 a suspicion which doubtless gained more credence when that unworthy man was found guilty of the murder of ,sir ,thomas ,overbury4 ,bishop ,burnet says that ,henry's brother ,charles never wavered in his belief that such was the case1 although the ,court physicians denied it4 ,the description which ,sir ,charles ,cornwallis gives us of ,henry's appearance is as follows3 #8,he was of a comely stature1 about five feet eight inches high1 strong1 straight1 and well made1 as if ,nature in him had showed all her cunning2 with somewhat broad shoulders and a small waist1 of an amiable and majestic countenance2 his hair auburn1 long-faced1 and broad forehead1 piercing grave eye1 a most gracious smile1 with a terrible frown4' ,the beautiful house at ,bramshill1 ,hants1 now the property of ,sir ,william ,cope1 was said to have been built as a residence for the ,prince of ,wales1 likewise the picturesque old house of ,charlton1 in ,kent4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,smaller ,,corridor ,,up-,,stairs4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,smaller ,,corridor ,,up-,,stairs4 -------------- ,no4 #acc4 ,,the ,,honourable ,,lady ,,thynne4 ,head oval4 ,brown dress4 ,white scarf1 fastened in front with a jewel4 ,ringlets4 ,,she was the daughter of ,lord ,keeper ,coventry1 and the wife of ,sir ,henry ,frederick ,thynne4 -------------- ,no4 #acd4 ,,admiral ,,cavendish1 ,,the ,,circumnavigator4 ,,by ,,zucchero4 ,,died ,,at ,,sea #aeic4 ,light brown hair4 ,clean shaven4 ,embroidered vest4 ,band of pearls over the shoulder4 ,dark cloak4 ,right arm akimbo4 ,,thomas ,cavendish was the son of a gentleman of fortune in ,suffolk4 ,he had an early fancy for the sea1 which was strengthened by circumstances4 ,at the age of twenty-one he had already dissipated the chief part of the property left him by his father1 through gambling and other pleasures4 ,england was at this time at war with ,spain1 and it was considered fair play for #8amateur buccaneers' on the high seas to attack any vessel1 or take possession of any settlement1 in any part of the world1 belonging to that nation4 ,in this manner ,cavendish thought to retrieve his fortunes1 and he accordingly1 in #aehe1 equipped a stout bark at his own expense1 and accompanied ,sir ,richard ,grenville on his voyage to ,virginia1 ,florida1 the ,west ,indies1 etc4 etc4 ,the expedition was very successful on the whole1 though naturally the ,english met with some reverses4 ,cavendish returned with his income much replenished2 but he went to the ,court of #8the maiden ,queen1' where he lived in splendour1 and indulged in great extravagance1 so that the dollars did not remain long in his purse4 ,he determined to go afloat once more1 but he had to sell or mortgage the remainder of his estates to enable him to fit out three vessels1 and1 fired by the example of ,sir ,francis ,drake1 he resolved to visit some of the spots where that famous sailor had been so successful4 ,he first steered for ,sierra ,leone1 where he landed1 and pillaged and burned the town1 ostensibly as reprisals for a wound inflicted on one of his crew by a native4 ,proceeding to ,south ,america1 he touched at many points as he coasted along1 giving ,english names to the places which took his fancy4 ,one beautiful bay1 glistening with golden sands1 he called #8,elizabeth1' after his royal mistress1 although it did not enjoy a good reputation1 being inhabited by cannibals who had feasted largely on the unfortunate ,spaniards4 ,he landed frequently whenever there was a prospect of gain1 and attacked the ,spaniards in their settlements1 burning1 destroying1 and plundering1 often with considerable loss on his own side2 but he was never daunted1 and his success outweighed his reverses4 ,he took many ,spanish barks1 but his chief prize was the #8,st4 ,anna' galleon laden with rich merchandise1 specie1 jewels1 etc4 etc4 ,he marked her for his own1 lay in wait for her1 and in spite of fearful odds as to numbers of the respective crews1 he boarded and took possession1 with all the invaluable freight4 ,he then proceeded on his voyage round the world1 which he performed most successfully1 and returned to ,plymouth1 being the second ,englishman who had circumnavigated the globe1 and the first who had achieved the voyage in so short a time4 ,cavendish was received at ,court with great favour2 the ,queen knighted him1 and he found ,england ringing with his fame1 which in no wise displeased him4 ,he wrote to ,lord ,hunsdon in a style of self-complacency1 describing all he had done and seen1 especially laying stress on the fact that he had shown no mercy to the ,queen's enemies1 and that he had lost no opportunity of pillage4 ,he had indeed done very good service to navigation by the improvements he had made in charts1 and the like1 the exact log he had kept1 and the observations he had taken as he sailed along1 besides discoveries made4 ,he pointed out especially the resources and advantageous position of the fertile island of ,st4 ,helena1 hitherto little frequented excepting by the ,portuguese4 ,we have not space to recount all his wonderful escapes and adventures4 ,cavendish had1 as we have before observed1 a great taste for magnificence of all kinds1 and when at ,court he was remarked for the splendour of his dress4 ,he was also very nice in the decoration of vessels1 and was said to have had one of them adorned with a mainsail of costly damask4 ,but in all his wanderings he had not learned prudence4 ,a third time he found his money all gone1 and it was no longer in his power to raise a sufficient sum for the fitting out of any more ships4 ,a joint-stock company was formed for the purpose of effecting this1 and ,cavendish was engaged in their service2 but he found himself very soon in a most humiliating position1 under the orders of men who were entirely ignorant of navigation1 and who constantly interfered and took share in the command1 instead of listening to the advice of this experienced ,admiral4 ,quarrels and bickerings ensued1 and not long after the small fleet weighed anchor1 storms and tempests set in1 and disasters of every kind were encountered4 ,the brave spirit gave way at length1 being broken down by ill-health1 disappointment1 and perplexity1 the crowning point being the mutinous conduct of the sailors towards one who had hitherto been paramount on his own quarter-deck4 ,cavendish had not proceeded far on his return to ,england1 which he was never destined to see again1 when he died at sea1 after a life of storm and adventure such as few had experienced even in those stirring times4 -------------- ,no4 #ace4 ,,portrait ,,unknown4 -------------- ,no4 #acf4 ,,lady ,,margaret ,,harley1 ,,afterwards ,,duchess ,,of ,,portland4 ,,by ,,mercier4 ,,died #aghe4 ,as a girl4 ,full length4 ,dressed as a shepherdess4 ,hat and crook4 ,dog and lamb beside her4 ,,she was the only daughter and heir of ,edward ,harley1 ,earl of ,oxford1 by the daughter and heir of ,william ,holles1 ,duke of ,newcastle4 ,prior immortalised her as his sweet1 lovely1 noble1 charming ,peggy4 ,she married ,william ,bentinck1 ,duke of ,portland1 by whom she had several children4 ,the eldest daughter became the wife of the first ,marquis of ,bath4 -------------- ,no4 #acg4 ,,john ,,graham ,,of ,,claverhouse1 ,,viscount ,,dundee4 ,,by ,,vandyck4 ,,born #afdc1 ,,killed ,,in ,,action #afhi4 ,in armour4 ,laced band4 ,broad red sash4 ,holding a baton4 ,,the eldest son of ,sir ,william ,graham of ,claverhouse1 county ,forfar1 ,n4,b41 by ,jane1 daughter of ,john ,carnegie1 first ,earl of ,northesk4 ,the family was a branch of the noble house of ,montrose1 descended from ,william ,lord ,graham of ,kincardine1 by his second wife1 ,margaret1 daughter of ,robert ,,iii41 ,king of ,scotland4 ,john ,graham studied at the ,university of ,st4 ,andrews1 but went to ,france to finish his education1 where he entered the army of the ,great ,monarch as a volunteer4 ,having resolved on the career of a soldier1 he left ,france1 and obtained a cornetcy in the ,horse ,guards of ,william ,prince of ,orange1 by whom he was promoted to the command of a troop in #afgd1 in consideration of his bravery at the battle of ,seneffe1 in which engagement1 indeed1 he saved the ,prince's life4 ,some time afterwards1 ,graham applied for the command of one of the ,scotch regiments in the ,dutch service1 but being refused1 the young soldier was so disgusted that he threw up his commission and went to ,england4 ,now1 although it did not suit the ,prince of ,orange to grant ,graham's request1 he gave him the warmest recommendation to ,charles ,,ii41 who immediately made him commander of a body of horse just levied in ,scotland to oppose the rising of the ,covenanters1 nominally under the orders of the ,duke of ,monmouth4 ,graham found himself vested with full power to act as he thought fit1 and history and historical romance alike testify to the severity1 and even cruelty1 with which he carried out his measures4 ,he entertained a personal hatred to the ,whigs1 and his hot temper made him vindictive in public as well as private matters4 ,he had no toleration for the opinions1 or mercy for the disaffection1 of these enthusiasts1 numbers of whom he forced1 at the point of the sword1 to take an oath hateful to their consciences4 ,in #afgi1 one of their conventicles having been attacked1 the peasants rose and defeated a detachment of his troops with considerable loss4 ,exasperated beyond words at what he considered a disgrace1 the ,general gave vent to his fury1 massacring the unfortunate #8hillside folk1' who were unarmed2 putting to death without a moment's respite those who refused the test1 and making for himself a road of carnage and desolation wherever his march was directed4 ,who can wonder that he gained for himself the name of #8,bloody ,claver'se'8 ,the ,crown1 however1 rewarded his zeal by making him ,sheriff of ,wigtownshire in #afhb1 captain of a troop in the ,royal ,regiment of ,horse1 ,privy ,councillor in ,scotland1 together with a grant of the castle of ,dudhope1 and the office of ,constable of ,dundee4 ,notwithstanding his cruelty to their countrymen1 he was much favoured by the ,scotch ,episcopalians1 until his marriage with the granddaughter of the ,earl of ,dundonald1 #8a fanatic1' brought him into temporary disrepute4 ,on the accession of ,james ,,ii41 the ,king was persuaded 7on the plea of this marriage7 to remove ,claverhouse from his seat in the ,council2 but he was soon reinstated1 and successively promoted to the rank of ,brigadier and ,major-,general1 and in #afhh created ,viscount ,dundee and ,baron ,graham of ,claverhouse in ,scotland4 ,at the time of his elevation to the ,peerage1 ,dundee was in attendance on the ,king in ,london1 vainly endeavouring to prevail on the unhappy monarch to make a stand against the ,prince of ,orange1 offering to collect #aj1jjj of the disbanded troops1 and at their head to stem the torrent of invasion4 ,but ,james was deaf to these manly and vigorous counsels1 though one of the last acts of his ,government was to intrust ,dundee with the management of all military affairs in ,scotland4 ,thither ,claverhouse 7for by that name he is best known7 repaired1 and on arriving in ,edinburgh took his seat at a ,convention of the ,estates then sitting4 ,here he endeavoured to carry matters with too high a hand1 and finding that some of his arbitrary requests were refused1 he left ,edinburgh in dudgeon1 at the head of a large body of horse4 ,prompt and energetic in all his measures1 the ,general repaired to ,stirling1 called a parliament of the friends of the expatriated ,king1 and considerably harassed and hampered the movements of his adversaries4 ,receiving intelligence of the approach of a force sent by the ,convention to seize his person1 he retired to ,lochaber1 where a gathering of the clans soon placed him at the head of a large number of ,highlanders1 all enthusiastically devoted to his person and the ,royal cause4 ,dundee now made a fresh appeal to ,james1 then in ,ireland1 entreating him to cross over to ,scotland1 where his presence would #8fix the wavering and intimidate the fearful1 and where hosts of shepherds would start up warriors at the first wave of his banner on the mountains4' ,but once more his advice was thrown away4 ,james sent him a small store of arms and ammunition1 together with some feeble promises and faint words of praise4 ,claverhouse had not only the qualities of a great commander1 but in his cooler moments possessed the requisites for a ruler and administrator of justice4 ,on one occasion1 at ,inverness1 he found the inhabitants of that town in arms against a body of neighbouring chiefs1 to decide a quarrel respecting some question of debt4 ,he sat in judgment on the matter1 severely reproved both parties for drawing their daggers on each other1 instead of uniting to support the cause of their royal master2 and then1 to the surprise and delight of the litigants1 he drew the amount of the debt from his own purse and paid it on the spot4 ,in an ecstasy of enthusiasm and gratitude the two adverse parties joined in hearty fellowship1 and enlisted with one accord under his banner4 ,indeed1 his influence throughout the country was wonderful1 and he entered on a system of communication with all those whom he considered likely to advance the cause for which he worked so zealously4 ,it is unnecessary to recount all his efforts to win adherents1 but perhaps the most remarkable of his successes in this particular occurred in the case of a band of ,highland vassals raised by ,lord ,murray on the estate of his father1 the ,earl of ,athole4 ,while ,murray was in the act of reviewing them they quitted their ranks1 hastened to a neighbouring brook1 filled their bonnets with water1 drank the health of ,king ,james1 and1 with pipes playing1 marched off to join ,dundee4 ,william ,,iii4 now thought it time to take some decided measures1 and he despatched ,general ,mackay 7who had distinguished himself in ,holland7 with a considerable force into ,scotland1 while ,james sent orders to his ,general to avoid a battle until the arrival of fresh reinforcements from ,ireland4 ,for these supplies the eager-spirited soldier had to wait two months in the mountains1 keeping1 however1 7according to modern parlance17 his hand in during that time by spirited attacks and retreats4 ,the delay must have been displeasing to the man of whom it was said that the first messenger of his approach was the sight of his army1 and the first intelligence of his retreat that he was beyond the enemy's reach4 ,no sooner did the raw and ill-provided recruits who formed the promised reinforcement arrive than ,claverhouse prepared for active measures4 ,hearing that ,mackay was marching on ,blair ,castle1 in ,athole1 a fortress of much importance1 he resolved to intercept him4 ,accordingly1 when ,william's ,general arrived on the plain at the mouth of the ,pass of ,killiecrankie1 he found ,dundee on the surrounding hills awaiting his arrival4 ,he did all he could to incite the enemy to immediate action1 but it suited the ,scotch commander to delay for some hours4 ,as the sun of ,july the #bgth1 #afhi1 sank slowly to rest1 the word was given1 and the ,highlanders1 whose eager spirits had been controlled for so many hours1 dashed down the hillside with even more than their usual impetuosity4 ,it was but the work of a moment3 ,william's army was routed as if by magic4 ,dundee1 who had fought on foot in the onset1 now leaped on his horse and galloped to the mouth of the ,pass to intercept the enemy's retreat4 ,in his hot haste he outstripped his men1 and looking round1 found himself almost alone1 and he waved his sword to motion his men forward1 when a musket-ball struck him in the arm-pit4 ,he fell fainting from his horse1 and was carried off the field1 but soon rallied1 and inquired how things went4 ,on receiving the answer1 #8,all is well1' the gallant soldier replied1 #8,then ,i am well also1' and instantly expired4 ,when ,king ,william heard of his death1 he said1 #8,then the war in ,scotland is over4' ,surely never was countenance more indicative of the inner man than the comely face with which we are so familiar in the portraits of ,john ,graham of ,claverhouse4 ,the faultless features1 the fair complexion1 the profusion of silken hair1 and the slight moustache1 convey an idea of refinement and delicacy1 we should almost say gentleness4 ,but a glance at the dark hazel eyes1 full of latent fire1 and 7even plainer reading to a physiognomist7 the determined lines of the exquisitely curved lip1 bring us face to face with the obdurate1 and 7the true word must be spoken7 cruel man of blood4 ,he was verily #8an eagle at assault and a maiden in the bower1' and there have been few characters that inspired such extremes of love and hatred4 ,he was idolised by his soldiers1 whose hardships he gladly shared in times of privation1 often sending1 to the sick and wounded among his troops1 the dainties which had been provided for himself4 ,yet so strict was he as a disciplinarian1 that for an officer at least1 there seemed no slighter punishment for any military fault than death2 and indeed he said all other punishment1 in his opinion1 disgraced a gentleman4 ,a striking anecdote is told1 characteristic of the man himself1 and of his system1 and worthy of the days of ,sparta3 ,a young gentleman was observed by the ,general to fly in his first action4 ,he had compassion on the boy1 and pretended that he himself had sent him to the rear1 but alas6 on the next occasion the young soldier was again found wanting in courage1 and ,claverhouse1 calling him to the front of the army1 shot him with his own pistol1 being loath1 he said1 #8to let a youth of gentle blood fall by the hand of a common executioner4' ,walter ,scott tells us another anecdote1 of a less tragic nature1 although he does not vouch for its authenticity4 ,the story goes that the gallant ,claverhouse had heard of the fame of a certain ,lady ,elphinstone1 aged upwards of a century1 and was very desirous to see her4 ,now the centenarian was a staunch ,whig1 and required some persuasion to induce her to receive the enemy of her party1 but she1 perhaps1 had some feminine grain of curiosity in her composition1 and was tempted by the notion of seeing the far-famed captivating monster4 ,in the course of conversation the soldier remarked that the lady1 having lived so long1 must have witnessed many wonderful changes4 #8,hout na1 sir1' answered the stout-hearted old ,whigamore2 #8the warld is just wi' me where it began4 ,when ,i was entering life1 there was ane ,knox deaving#b us a' wi' his clavers1#c and noo ,i am ganging out1 there is ane ,claver'se deaving us wi' his knocks4' ,footnote #b3 ,deaving1 i4e4 deafening4 ,footnote #c3 ,clavers1 idle chattering4 ,there can be little doubt the old lady's courage and humour were equally appreciated by the ,general4 ,lord ,dundee married ,jane1 youngest daughter of ,lord ,cochrane1 and 7as before mentioned7 granddaughter of the first ,earl of ,dundonald1 by whom he had an only son1 ,james1 who succeeded to his father's titles1 but died a few months after4 -------------- ,no4 #ach4 ,,frederick1 ,,king ,,of ,,bohemia4 ,profile4 ,oval4 ,armour4 ,white ,collar1 blue ,ribbon and ,order4 -------------- ,no4 #aci4 ,,lady ,,essex ,,rich1 ,,countess ,,of ,,nottingham4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,seated4 ,light blue dress4 ,white sleeves4 ,,she was the daughter1 and one of the co-heirs of ,robert ,earl of ,warwick4 ,she married 7as his first wife7 ,daniel ,finch1 second ,earl of ,nottingham1 who afterwards succeeded his father 7the famous ,chancellor7 as ,earl of ,winchilsea4 ,lady ,essex ,rich had one daughter1 married to the ,marquis of ,halifax4 -------------- ,no4 #adj4 ,,first ,,viscount ,,weymouth4 ,,died #agad4 ,black dress4 ,embroidered collar4 ,long hair4 ,white sleeves4 -------------- ,no4 #ada4 ,,mr4 ,,kelifet4 ,dressed in black4 ,ruff4 ,pointed beard4 ,arms of ,kelifet in corner of picture4 ,,this portrait is supposed to be that of ,richard ,kelifet1 ,esq4 of #8,the ,place1' ,egham1 county ,surrey4 ,he was chief groom of ,queen ,elizabeth's removing wardrobe1 and yeoman of ,her ,majesty's standing wardrobe1 and a most faithful servant of ,her ,majesty1 according to an inscription on his monument in ,egham ,church4 ,his daughter ,cicely married ,sir ,john ,denham1 ,baron of the ,exchequer1 to whom she brought #8,the ,place1' at ,egham1 as her dower4 ,in #afgc this house was occupied by a connection of the ,longleat family1 ,john ,thynne1 ,esq41 when 7we are told7 #8it contained many valuable and curious pictures4' ,this circumstance may possibly be a clew to the fact that the portrait above-named finds a place in the collection of the ,marquis of ,bath4 -------------- ,no4 #adb4 ,,henry ,,lord ,,beauchamp4 ,,by ,,sir ,,peter ,,lely4 ,,born #afbh1 ,,died #afef4 ,brown coat4 ,white sleeves4 ,red mantle4 ,,he was the eldest son of ,william1 second ,duke of ,somerset1 by his second wife1 ,lady ,frances ,devereux1 eldest daughter of the ,earl of ,essex4 ,he married ,mary1 daughter of ,lord ,capel1 by whom he had one son1 ,william1 7who succeeded his grandfather as ,duke of ,somerset17 and three daughters4 ,two died in infancy1 and the third married ,thomas ,lord ,bruce1 afterwards ,earl of ,ailesbury4 ,lord ,beauchamp died vita patris4 -------------- ,no4 #adc4 ,,the ,,honourable ,,leopold ,,finch4 ,,died ,,in #afhi4 ,in black1 with white band4 ,,fifth son of ,heneage ,finch1 second ,earl of ,winchilsea1 by ,lady ,mary ,seymour1 daughter of ,william ,duke of ,somerset4 ,he was ,warden of ,all ,souls1 ,oxford4 ,married ,lucy1 daughter and co-heir of ,john ,davie1 of ,ruxford1 in the county of ,devon1 and died without children4 -------------- ,no4 #add4 ,,the ,,honourable ,,lady ,,savile4 ,blue mantle4 ,white dress4 ,ringlets4 ,leaning against a tree4 ,,daughter of ,lord ,keeper ,coventry1 married first ,sir ,william ,savile1 and afterwards ,sir ,thomas ,chicheley of ,wimpole1 ,cambridgeshire4 -------------- ,no4 #ade4 ,,don ,,ferdinand1 ,,cardinal ,,infant ,,of ,,spain4 ,,after ,,rubens4 ,,born #afji1 ,,died #afda4 ,scarlet robes and cap4 ,,was the son of ,philip ,,iii41 ,king of ,spain1 by ,margaret1 daughter of ,charles ,archduke of ,austria1 and born at the ,escurial4 ,when only ten years old he was created ,cardinal ,archbishop of ,toledo1 and other dignities were conferred on him1 which brought in enormous revenues4 ,his father on his deathbed sent for the little ecclesiastic1 and admonished him on the sacred nature of his duties4 ,ferdinand was remarkable as a warrior1 a politician1 a connoisseur of art1 a man of pleasure1 and much given to hospitality4 ,he kept open house at his country palace near ,madrid1 where he instituted a species of dramatic performance1 half-pageant1 half-operatic1 which took the name of the ,zarzuelas1 from the country house in question4 ,he studied foreign languages1 mathematics1 philosophy1 and strategics2 loved books and literary society1 patronised the arts1 studied painting himself under ,vincenzo and ,carducho1 and sat for his portrait both to ,vandyck and ,rubens4 ,but the career in which he distinguished himself most was that of arms4 ,he was an enthusiastic soldier and an able general1 and did good service for ,spain in the field1 especially at the battle of ,nordlingen1 against the ,imperialists4 ,upon the death of the ,archduchess ,clara ,eugenia1 ,ferdinand ,cardinal ,infant succeeded to the government of the ,low ,countries1 and continued his military career with honour and success4 ,a parallel has been drawn between him and the ,cardinal ,ippolito de ,medici1 natural son to ,julian of that house3--,both ecclesiastics by profession1 and soldiers by choice2 both remarkable for personal beauty1 for accomplishments as well as learning1 fond of the fine arts1 of society and splendid living2 both sat for their portraits in most unclerical costumes1--,ippolito to ,titian in the dress of a ,hungarian noble1--see the superb picture at ,florence2 the other to ,rubens1--armed and mounted on his charger1 ready for the field4 ,it was his boast1 among other successes1 that he obliged the army of the ,prince of ,orange twice to raise the siege of ,guelders4 ,he died the #fth of ,november #afda1 when his loving countrymen erected a gorgeous monument to his memory in the cathedral at ,toledo1 seventy feet high1 the work of ,lorenzo ,fernandez de ,salazar1 with eulogistic inscriptions in various languages4 ,the funeral was conducted with great pomp4 ,canon ,antonio ,calderon pronounced the funeral oration1 speaking of him as one of ,spain's greatest men1--a hero1 a skilful general1 a virtuous citizen4 ,nor did the preacher forget to remind all good ,catholics that the scene of ,ferdinand's most celebrated victory was ,nordlingen1 where #8the heretic ,luther had preached his most pestilent doctrines4' -------------- ,no4 #adf4 ,,robert ,,harley1 ,,earl ,,of ,,oxford4 ,,by ,,sir ,,godfrey ,,kneller4 ,,born #affa1 ,,died #agbd4 ,seated4 ,black coat and breeches4 ,wig4 ,star and ribbon of ,garter4 ,holding his wand of office4 ,left arm akimbo4 ,hat on table4 ,,studied under the famous ,dr4 ,birch1 who boasted of the number of statesmen he had educated2 showed great promise4 ,in #afhh he raised a troop of horse for the service of ,william of ,orange1 whom he joined1 but who showed him no particular favour4 ,harley sat in ,parliament1 but waited for office till #agjd1 when ,queen ,anne gave him a seat in the ,council1 and made him ,secretary of ,state4 ,he was much opposed to ,godolphin and ,marlborough1 and made common cause with the ,queen's new favourite1 ,mrs4 ,masham1 to overthrow the power of the ,whigs4 ,the ,ministers insisted on his dismissal1 but the ,queen stood by him as long as she could4 ,when ,harley was compelled to resign1 the ,queen said to him3 #8,you see the unfortunate condition of monarchs1--they are obliged to give up their friends to please their enemies2' but so good was ,anne's opinion of ,harley1 that she constantly consulted him on public affairs1 even when out of office4 ,on the downfall of the ,whig ,administration1 he was made ,chancellor of the ,exchequer1 and ,treasurer4 ,he was much censured1 even by his own party1 for some of his financial measures1 by which however he enriched the royal coffers4 ,in ,march #agaa an event happened which made a great noise1 and rendered ,harley the hero of the day4 ,a ,french adventurer called ,bourlie1 or the ,marquis de ,guiscard1 was a shifty individual1 who acted first as a spy of ,england against ,france1 and then of ,france against ,england1 being in the pay of both4 ,his intrigues were discovered1 and he was brought before the ,privy ,council4 ,believing that ,harley had been instrumental in his detection1 he resolved to be revenged4 ,while waiting his turn for examination1 he found means to secrete about his person a penknife which was lying on the table1 among some papers4 ,no sooner was he brought forward1 than he rushed in a fury upon ,harley and stabbed him several times1 the ,minister falling senseless on the ground1 covered with blood4 ,a scene of confusion ensued1 and the ,duke of ,buckingham1 drawing his sword1 wounded the assassin1 who was conveyed to ,newgate1 where he died in a few days1 either from the effect of the sword-thrusts or by his own hand4 ,the event seemed to have revived ,harley's popularity2 both ,houses presented an address to the ,queen1 assuring her that ,harley's loyalty had brought this attack upon him1 etc4 etc41 and when he reappeared in the ,house1 a brilliant reception awaited him1 and a ,bill was passed making an attempt on the life of a ,privy ,councillor a felony1 which deprived the offender of benefit of clergy4 ,in the same year1 ,robert ,harley1 being then ,lord ,high ,treasurer1 was created ,baron ,wigmore1 and ,earl of ,oxford and ,mortimer1 and next year he received the ,garter1 and became ,prime ,minister of ,england4 ,lords ,oxford and ,bolingbroke at first worked together to withstand the power of the opposition1 and to bring about the pacification of ,europe1 and the ,peace of ,utrecht added to the popularity of the ministerial party2 but dissensions arose between ,bolingbroke and the ,premier1 and recriminations and fresh intrigues1 in which ,mrs4 ,masham was implicated1 all of which belongs to ,england's political history4 ,oxford was deprived of all his offices1 and accused of plotting in favour of the ,pretender4 ,the ,queen died1 and in #agae he was sent to the ,tower1 on an accusation of high treason4 ,he was imprisoned for two years1 and on his release gave himself up to the enjoyment of art and literature4 ,he formed a magnificent library1 which cost him a fortune1 not only from the splendour of the works themselves1 but on account of their sumptuous binding4 ,his collection of ,,mss41 called after him the ,harleian ,,mss41 which was afterwards greatly increased by his son1 is now one of the glories of the ,british ,museum1 purchased by the ,government after the second ,lord ,oxford's death4 ,few men have been more eulogised on the one hand and reviled on the other1 but he has been unanimously described as a kind patron of men of letters4 ,it was ,harley who brought into operation the measure known to posterity as #8,the ,south ,sea ,bubble1' which entailed ruin on numbers1 and in spite of much opposition he established ,state lotteries4 ,lord ,oxford was twice married1 first to ,elizabeth1 daughter of ,thomas ,foley of ,whitley ,court1 county ,worcester1 by whom he had one son1 and two daughters2 and1 secondly1 to ,sarah1 daughter of ,thomas ,myddleton1 ,esq41 who was childless4 -------------- ,no4 #adg4 ,,lord ,,john ,,russell1 ,,afterwards ,,earl ,,russell1 ,k4,g4 ,,born #agib1 ,,died #ahgh4 ,as a young man4 ,resting his hand on the inner frame of the picture4 ,,the youngest son of ,lord ,john ,russell1 afterwards sixth ,duke of ,bedford1 by the ,hon4 ,georgiana ,elizabeth ,byng4 ,born in the very crisis of the ,french ,revolution1 his uncle 7the reigning ,duke7 was the champion of ,french ideas1 and having been carried far beyond the opinions of his family1 which for more than a century had been zealously ,whig1 both he and his brother1 young ,russell's father1 settled that on ,john's leaving ,westminster1 he should go to the ,university of ,edinburgh1 ,oxford and ,cambridge being too ,tory in their proclivities to suit the family traditions4 ,by the time 7we quote an able article in the ,times of #ahgh7 the youth left ,college1 his political faith had crystallised into something very like that in which he consistently lived1 laboured1 and died4 ,a visit to the ,peninsula1 however1 where the star of ,wellington was then in the ascendant1 modified his ,french ideas and inspired him with such an admiration for the hero1 that ever afterwards1 in the fiercest political struggle1 ,john ,russell maintained towards the ,duke the attitude and language of profound respect1 almost amounting to veneration4 ,on his return to ,england1 while still under age1 he sat for ,tavistock1 and threw himself heart and soul into the ,parliamentary fray at one of the most eventful periods of the history1 not only of ,england1 but of ,europe1 and of that history ,john ,russell's career forms a most important feature4 ,but our limited space will only allow us to glance at the prominent events of his life4 ,he was a zealous advocate for ,catholic ,emancipation1 and all ,liberal measures1 and from the very first threw in his lot with those who demanded ,parliamentary reform1 in which cause he was the primary mover1 and the draught for the first ,bill of which was drawn up by his own hand4 ,to his early efforts in this cause ,macaulay refers with his usual eloquence1 saying3 #8,those were proud and happy days1 when amid the applause and blessings of millions1 my noble friend led us on in the struggle for the ,reform ,bill2 when hundreds waited round our doors till sunrise1 to hear how well we had sped2 when the great cities of the ,north poured forth their populations on the highway to meet the mails which brought tidings from the capital1 whether the battle of the people had been lost or won1' etc4 etc4 ,lord ,john ,russell sat for ,tavistock1 ,hunts1 ,bandon1 etc42 and was a member of the ,lower ,house for forty-seven years1 during many of which he was the leader of the ,opposition4 ,he filled at various times many of the highest offices of ,state1 ,home1 ,foreign1 ,colonial1 ,lord ,president of the ,council1 ,commissioner to the ,congress at ,vienna1 and ,first ,lord of the ,treasury from #ahdf to #aheb4 ,once more ,foreign ,secretary in #ahei1 and again at the head of the ,government in #ahfe1 he retired in #ahff1 having been raised to the ,peerage as ,earl ,russell and ,viscount ,amberley in #ahfa1 and receiving the ,garter in #ahfb4 ,he married1 first1 7in #ahce17 ,adelaide1 daughter of ,thomas ,lister1 of ,armitage ,park1 widow of the second ,lord ,ribblesdale2 she died in #ahch1 leaving two daughters4 ,his second wife was ,lady ,frances ,elliot1 daughter of ,gilbert1 second ,earl of ,minto1 by whom he had three sons and a daughter4 ,besides a drama1 #8,don ,carlos1' written in his youth1 ,lord ,russell was the author of several literary works1 political1 historical1 etc4 etc4 ,he died at ,pembroke ,lodge in #ahgh4 ,his latter years had been much embittered by the premature death of his eldest son1 ,lord ,amberley1 and his wife 7a daughter of ,lord ,stanley of ,alderley71 within a few months of each other4 ,they left two little children1 of whom one is the present ,earl ,russell4 -------------- ,no4 #adh4 ,a ,,lady4 ,seated4 ,in a rich dress4 ,,doubtful4 ,called the ,countess of ,stamford4 ,possibly ,lady ,ogle1 married to ,thomas ,thynne of ,ten ,thousand4 -------------- ,no4 #adi4 ,,thomas ,,thynne1 ,,esq4 ,,by ,,sir ,,godfrey ,,kneller4 ,light brown coat4 ,long fair hair4 ,arm akimbo4 ,,father of the second ,lord ,weymouth4 -------------- ,no4 #aej4 ,,mr4 ,,coningsby1 ,,usher ,,of ,,the ,,black ,,rod4 ,red cloak4 ,black skull-cap4 ,embroidered vest and gauntlets4 ,gold chain and medal4 ,ruff4 ,holding a wand4 ,in the background is the coat of arms of the ,coningsby family4 -------------- ,no4 #aea4 ,,elizabeth1 ,,marchioness ,,of ,,bath4 ,,head ,,by ,,salisbury4 ,,born #agce1 ,,died #ahbe4 ,white lace cap4 ,,she was the eldest daughter of the ,duke of ,portland by ,lady ,margaret ,harley4 ,in #aged she married ,thomas ,thynne1 first ,marquis of ,bath1 by whom she had a very large family4 ,she survived her husband many years4 -------------- ,no4 #aeb4 ,,mr4 ,,cole1 ,,house ,,steward4 ,,uncertain4 ,brown coat4 ,white wig4 ,writing4 ,a seal lying on a book on the table4 -------------- ,no4 #aec4 ,,portrait ,,unknown4 -------------- ,no4 #aed4 ,,anne ,,brudenell1 ,,countess ,,of ,,shrewsbury4 ,,by ,,wissing4 ,,born #afba1 ,,died #agjb4 ,brown dress4 ,white sleeves4 ,blue mantle4 ,,the daughter of ,robert ,brudenell1 second ,earl of ,cardigan1 by ,anne1 daughter of ,viscount ,savage4 ,she married ,francis1 eleventh ,earl of ,shrewsbury1 as his second wife4 ,de ,grammont1 in describing the beauties of the ,court of the new ,queen1 ,catherine of ,braganza1 mentions ,lady ,shrewsbury in the first flight4 ,she seems to have surpassed most of the members of the royal circle in vice and effrontery1 and a long list is given by the author above quoted of those who did not sigh in vain1 but ,de ,grammont says she was even more remarkable for the misfortunes she brought on those with whom she had to deal than for her conquests4 ,the well-known wit and courtier1 ,thomas ,killigrew1 after her desertion of him for the ,duke of ,buckingham1 amused himself by writing lampoons and speaking of her in a most unrestrained manner4 ,he had been admonished that such a proceeding would prove dangerous1 but persisted in his invectives4 ,he was attacked one evening on his return from the ,duke of ,york's at ,st4 ,james's by some assassins1 who made several sword-thrusts through his chair1 one of which pierced his arm4 ,after this narrow escape he bridled his tongue and pen1 but sought for no redress1 well aware the attempt would be fruitless4 ,pepys tells us the ,duke of ,buckingham took ,lady ,shrewsbury to his house1 whereupon the ,duchess1 usually very sparing of her reproaches1 remarked it was not fit for her and the other to remain together under the same roof1 to which the ,duke agreed1 adding1 #8,i have therefore1 ,madam1 ordered your coach to take you to your father's2'--a speech which honest ,pepys designates as #8devilish4' ,evelyn1 in his account of his visits to ,newmarket1 #8where was racing1 revelling1 and feasting with jolly blades' during the ,king's residence there1 mentions the ,duke of ,buckingham with that abandoned woman1 ,shrewsbury1 with fiddlers1 and the like1 #8all of which1' he said1 #8did ill become a ,christian court4' ,her lover also installed her in his beautiful country house on the banks of the ,thames1 to which ,pope alludes-- #8,cliveden's proud alcove1 ,the bower of wanton ,shrewsbury1 and love4' ,but the incident by which she is best remembered is the famous duel1 which ended so fatally4 ,whether ,buckingham's boasts were too loud1 when he expatiated on the constancy and devotion of the hitherto fickle beauty1 or from some other cause1 the patient husband's indignation was at length roused1 and he sent a challenge to the ,duke4 ,we subjoin ,pepys's account3 #8,much discourse of the duel between the ,duke of ,buckingham1 ,holmes1 and one ,jenkins on one side1 and my ,lord of ,shrewsbury1 ,sir ,john ,talbot1 and one ,bernard ,howard1 on the other4 ,it was all about my ,lady ,shrewsbury1 who is1 and hath been for a long time1 mistress to the ,duke of ,buckingham4 ,the husband challenged him1 and they met yesterday1 ,january the #afth1 #affg1 in a close1 near ,barne ,elmes1 and ,lord ,shrewsbury is wounded1 run through the body from the right breast1 through the shoulder1 and ,sir ,john1 all along one of his arms1 and ,jenkins is killed1 and the rest all in a measure wounded4' ,pepys makes a sapient remark on the subject3 #8,this will make the world think that the ,king has some good councillors about him1 when the ,duke1 the greatest man1 is a fellow of no more sobriety than to fight a duel about a mistress4' ,he tells us that the ,king1 having got wind of the matter1 had sent a message by the ,duke of ,albemarle to ,buckingham1 forbidding him to fight1 which message1 like many others1 was never delivered4 #8,there was great talk of the business1 and ,lord ,shrewsbury's case was considered very bad1 and if he should die1 it might make it worse for the ,duke of ,buckingham1 and ,i shall not be much sorry for it1 as we may have some more sober man in his place1 to assist in the ,government4' ,on the #afth of the ensuing ,march1 ,lord ,shrewsbury died of his wounds4 ,there is a story currently believed1 that his shameless wife held her lover's horse1 during the duel1 in the disguise of a page4 ,the ,queen put herself at the head of a party that declaimed against the ,duke and his wicked transactions2 but she was soon silenced1 and the whole matter hushed up4 ,lady ,shrewsbury lived to find a man adventurous enough to marry her1 in the person of the son of ,sir ,thomas ,brydges of ,keynsham1 county ,somerset4 ,she died at the age of eighty-one4 -------------- ,no4 #aee4 ,,dorothy ,,percy1 ,,countess ,,of ,,leicester4 ,,after ,,the ,,vandyck ,,at ,,petworth4 ,,died #afei4 ,seated4 ,white satin gown4 ,blue mantle4 ,pearl ornaments4 ,she was the eldest daughter of ,henry ,percy1 ninth ,earl of ,northumberland1 by ,dorothy1 daughter of ,walter1 first ,earl of ,essex1 of the ,devereux family4 ,she married in #afah ,robert ,sidney1 ,earl of ,leicester4 ,of her affection for her husband let her own letter speak1 written eighteen years after their marriage1 when ,lord ,leicester was ,ambassador in ,paris4 ,she says1 if she were not bound to entertain his messenger a little1 #8,i would bestowe one side of this paper in making love to you1 and since ,i maie with modestie expres it1 ,i will saie that if it be love to think of you sleeping and waking1 to discourse of nothing with pleasure1 but what concerns you1 to wishe myselfe everie hower with you1 and to praie for you with as much devotion as for mie owne sowle1 then sertainlie it maie be said that ,i am in love4' ,dorothy was indeed of a gentle and loving disposition1 and of a character in all respects strongly opposed to that of her sister1 the ,countess of ,carlisle1 whom ,sir ,philip ,warwick designates as #8that busy stateswoman1' with other observations by no means flattering4 ,dorothy's tastes were of a more domestic kind1 and her temper amiable and peaceable4 ,she could not1 however1 prevent a dissension which arose between her brother ,algernon ,earl of ,northumberland and her ,lord1 when the latter was in ,holstein4 ,a letter addressed by ,lord ,leicester to his brother-in-law shows plainly that he was not the implacable one in this matter4 ,after many assurances of friendship he goes on to say3 #8,i present a request to your ,lordship1 that you will make a visit to your sister1 my dear wife1 if she be at ,penshurst4 ,that poor place has not offended1 that it should be forbidden the honour to receive you4 ,she hath not offended1 that she should be deprived of the consolation and delight that your ,lordship's company ever brings her2' many more arguments and conciliatory expressions going to prove that ,leicester1 at least1 desired to be reconciled2 but ,northumberland remained irate4 ,we may gather this from another letter1 from ,dorothy to her husband4 #8,i have not yet seen my brother1' she writes1 #8he being full of the ,king's business1 as he pretends1 neither have ,i perceived any inclination to drawe me from the solitarines ,i suffer in this place2 for though ,i expressed a willingnesse to go to him1 yet have ,i received no manner of invitation1 which ,i take a little unkindlie4 ,but ,i thanke ,god and you1 mie dearest harte1 that the obligations ,i have received from frendes have been small1 and ,i hope mie necessities of the times maie not be encreased4 ,but of this coldnesse in my brother ,i will take little notice1 and content myself the best ,i can1 with this lonelie life1 without enveing others their greatnesse1 their plenty1 or their jollitie4444 ,my best and most earnest praiers shall be offered for you1 and with your owne1 which ,i believe are better than mine1 ,i hope the blessinges shall be obtained1 which shall make us happy4' ,we hear of her afterwards visiting her husband in ,paris1 when the ,queen of ,france presented my ,lady ,leicester with a costly diamond4 ,during the civil war ,lord ,leicester's well-known loyalty made him obnoxious to the ,parliament1 and his estates were sequestered4 ,but the ,countess drew up what ,lodge designates as #8a bold and dignified memorial1' and which perhaps tended to the removal of the sequestration which followed shortly afterwards1 enhanced1 as it was1 by the combined influence of her brother and her son4 ,lord ,northumberland1 now partially reconciled to his sister1 had been coquetting for a long time with the ,royalist and the ,roundhead parties1 and was therefore thought worth winning over by both1 while the young heir of ,penshurst1 ,lord ,l',isle1 was very popular with the powers that were then in the ascendant1 on account of his republican tendencies4 ,so ,lord and ,lady ,leicester were left in peaceful possession of their beautiful home1 the #8,arcadia' of the ,sidneys4 ,on the death of ,king ,charles ,i41 the care of the younger children1 the ,princess ,elizabeth and the ,duke of ,gloucester1 devolved on the ,countess1 and we cannot doubt her guardianship was tender1 though ,lord ,clarendon1 who did not much affect the ,lord and ,lady of ,penshurst1 speaks rather slightingly on the subject4 ,but the reduced allowance1 the lessening of respect1 the omission of titles1 and the like1 were not to be laid to the charge of the royal children's guardians1 but to that of the ,government then in power4 ,at all events1 ,princess ,elizabeth evinced her affection for ,lady ,leicester by bequeathing to her a jewel of much value1 on her death1 at ,carisbrook in the ,isle of ,wight1 where she had been removed from the shades of ,penshurst4 ,this token of gratitude and friendship was grudged by the ,parliament1 who1 questioning the validity of the will1 instituted a suit against the ,earl of ,leicester1 and after some litigation1 7as might have been expected17 gained possession of this bone of contention4 ,lady ,leicester did not long survive her young ward4 ,there is a letter extant1 addressed by her husband1 on her death1 to her unkind brother1 ,lord ,northumberland1 which we do not transcribe1 as the cringing1 courtier-like style does not take our fancy1 although speaking with much affection of the wife whose loss he no doubt so deeply mourned4 ,they had four sons and eight daughters4 -------------- ,no4 #aef4 ,,cardinal ,,richelieu4 ,,born #aehe1 ,,died #afdb4 ,red dress and cap of ,cardinal4 ,ribbon and ,order4 ,,armand1 the son of ,francis ,duplessis ,richelieu1 who was ,captain of the ,guard to ,henry ,,iv4 of ,france4 ,the family was originally of ,poitou4 ,born at ,paris1 educated at the ,sorbonne4 ,evinced great talent at an early age4 ,went to ,rome1 where he was elected ,bishop of ,luchon when only twenty-two4 ,it is said that he gave himself out for two years older to ,paul ,v41 who1 on discovering the deceit that had been practised1 observed1 #8,ce jeune vque a de l'esprit1 mais ce sera un jour un grand fourbe4' ,on ,richelieu's return to ,france1 his insinuating manners and agreeable conversation1 combined with more solid qualities1 made him very welcome at the ,court of the ,queen-,mother1 ,mary of ,medicis1 ,regent of the kingdom4 ,the newly-made bishop was chosen as her ,grand ,almoner1 and afterwards made ,secretary of ,state4 ,but the ,queen fell into disgrace both with her son and the ,government1 and was exiled to ,blois1 where ,richelieu followed her4 ,he paved the way to his own aggrandisement by effecting a reconciliation between the young ,king and his mother1 for which he was rewarded with the red hat of a ,cardinal4 ,louis ,,xiii4 in these early days disliked ,richelieu1 who stood so high in the ,regent's favour1 and warned her3 #8,il est d'une ambition dmesure4' ,this was his estimate of the man in whose hands he became later but a mere puppet4 ,the rise of ,cardinal ,richelieu to the zenith of power1 and his administration as ,prime ,minister1 the manner in which he fell and rose alternately1 in the confidence of the ,regent and the ,king1 forms one of the most important pages in the history of ,france4 ,he always knew how to right himself in an emergency1 and as far as public affairs were concerned he advanced the power of ,france in a most eminent degree1 and in so doing gratified his own personal ambition4 ,he was one of the many who did not scruple to throw down the ladder on which he had risen1 and that in several instances4 ,he hated the ,huguenots1 and worked against them1 but he hated ,austria still more1 and1 to humble her power1 he assisted the ,protestant leaders in ,germany1 during the ,thirty ,years' ,war1 with supplies4 ,he also loved to take down the pride of the ,french aristocracy1 and no consideration of mercy or rectitude arrested him in his course1 particularly where his own personal animosity urged him forward4 ,he showed remarkable aptitude for military affairs1 and beneath his rule1 as we have said before1 the glory of the ,french arms was much advanced4 ,he also patronised the arts of peace1 founded institutions1 erected many splendid edifices1 and built for himself a magnificent dwelling in ,paris1 which he called #8,le ,palais du ,cardinal1' now the ,palais ,royal1 which he bequeathed to ,louis ,,xiii4 ,richelieu loved literature1 and left numerous writings4 ,his cruel sentence in respect to ,cinq ,mars1 and ,de ,thou1 accused of conspiracy1 is a well-known episode in the life of this ,minister4 ,he did not long survive his victims1 but died1 after great suffering1 with courage and firmness1 protesting solemnly in his last hour that his whole aim in life had been the welfare of his king and country4 ,he was a man of gallantry1 and was said to have presumed so far as to raise his eyes to the reigning ,queen1 ,anne of ,austria1 who1 however1 much disliked him1 and opposed him whenever it was in her power to do so4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,portraits ,,not ,,placed4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,portraits ,,not ,,placed4 -------------- ,no4 #aeg4 ,,charles ,,brandon1 ,,duke ,,of ,,suffolk4 ,,after ,,holbein4 ,,born #aejd1 ,,died #aede4 ,black and red dress4 ,black cap4 ,seated4 ,escutcheon of arms in the corner4 ,,he was the son of ,sir ,william ,brandon1 by ,elizabeth1 daughter and co-heir of ,sir ,henry ,bruyn1 and widow of one ,mallory4 ,sir ,william had been a zealous adherent of ,henry ,earl of ,richmond1 afterwards ,henry ,,vii41 one of the first assertors of that ,prince's right to the throne of ,england1 and so much attached to his person1 that he forfeited a good fortune to join his royal friend in ,brittany4 ,brandon returned in ,henry's suite to ,england1 and sealed his fidelity with his life-blood1 dying on the field of ,bosworth by the hand of ,richard ,,iii4 himself4 ,the favour which could not be awarded to the father was extended to the son1 and ,king ,henry became friend and guardian to the young orphan1 who was bred up at ,court1 and made the companion and playfellow of the royal ,henry1 afterwards the eighth of that name1 on whose accession to the throne ,charles ,brandon was appointed ,esquire of the body1 and ,chamberlain of the ,principality of ,wales4 ,in #aeac ,lord ,herbert thus makes mention of him3--#8,the gallants of the ,court1 finding the ,king's favour shine manifestly on ,cardinal ,wolsey1 applied themselves much to him1 and ,charles ,brandon especially1 who for his goodly person1 courage1 and conformity of disposition1 was noted to be most acceptable to ,henry in all his exercises and pastimes4' ,in these pursuits indeed he rivalled his royal master4 ,the year in which he attracted the notice of ,lord ,herbert1 ,brandon first served with distinction1 in an engagement with a ,french squadron1 off ,brest4 ,on his return he was raised to the ,peerage by the title of ,viscount ,l',isle4 ,later on1 ,lord ,l',isle made the ,french campaign with the ,king1 and fought at the battle of the ,spurs1 the siege of ,terouenne1 etc4 etc41 holding a high command in the ,english army4 ,thence they marched into ,flanders1 reduced ,tournay1 and were received with splendour and sumptuously entertained by the ,emperor ,maximilian4 ,the goodly person and other noble gifts of ,charles ,brandon appear to have made an impression on the heart of the ,archduchess ,margaret1 the ,emperor's daughter4 ,herbert says3 #8,find some overtures of a match between ,lord ,l',isle and the ,princess ,margaret1 which1 though they took no effect1 were not yet without much demonstration of outward grace and favour on her part4' ,but ,brandon was reserved for a still happier fate4 ,in the early part of the year #aead1 having been created ,duke of ,suffolk1 he formed one of the band of noble #8jousters' who graced the nuptials of ,mary ,princess of ,england1 7the ,king's sister17 with ,louis ,,xii4 of ,france4 ,historians differ as to the time at which the germ of a deep attachment sprang up in the heart of ,princess ,mary for the captivating young noble4 ,by some it is maintained that before political considerations had compelled her to consummate a union with the already aged and feeble ,king1 she had nourished a tender feeling for her brother's early playmate2 while others affirm that it was on the occasion of her ill-assorted marriage that the courage1 skill1 and grace which he displayed in the chivalrous exercises1 to which we have alluded1 captivated her fancy4 ,be this as it may1 the ,french ,king only survived his marriage a few months1 and a day or two after his death the young widow secretly espoused the man she dearly loved4 ,we have again recourse to ,lord ,herbert's testimony4 ,speaking of the treaty of peace then pending with ,france1 he says3--#8,together with the proposing of this treaty1 our ,king sent a letter to the ,queen1 his sister1 desiring to know how she stood affected as to her return to ,england1 and desiring her not to match without his consent4 ,she1 on the other hand1 who had privately engaged her affections to ,suffolk1 made no difficulty to discover herself to both ,kings1 7her brother ,henry1 and ,francis ,i41 who had succeeded her late husband as ,king of ,france17 entreating the latter to mediate the marriage1 and our ,king to approve it1 unto which ,francis easily agreed4 ,but our ,king1 for the conservation of his dignity1 held off a little2 however1 he had long designed her for ,suffolk1' the ,queen observing1 #8that if the ,king would have her married in any place but where her heart was1 she would shut herself up in a religious house4' ,and no wonder she should so speak1 being in fact already the wife of ,charles ,brandon4 ,mary took all the blame of this step on herself1 striving to shield her beloved from ,henry's displeasure1 who1 with the good offices of ,francis1 soon restored the pair to his favour4 ,wolsey also stood their friend with the ,king1 observing how much better it was that the ,queen had not bestowed her hand on some ,frenchman of quality4 ,they were publicly married1 first at ,calais1 and afterwards at ,greenwich in ,may #aeae4 ,mary brought her husband enormous wealth4 ,in addition to her other gifts1 of birth and nature1 her jointure was #fj1jjj crowns annually1 besides personal property brought from ,france1 estimated at #bjj1jjj1 with a diamond of enormous price1 entitled #8,le ,miroir de ,naples4' ,a disagreement shortly afterwards arose between ,suffolk and ,cardinal ,wolsey1 which caused the ,duke to retire for a while into the country1 whence ,henry1 who could not brook the loss of his society1 soon recalled him4 ,suffolk reappeared at ,court1 and accompanied his august brother-in-law to ,france1 where he was present at the world-famed interview between the ,french and ,english ,kings1 entitled #8,the ,field of the ,cloth of ,gold4' ,some years later1 ,suffolk went again to ,france in command of an invading force1 where1 in spite of the successes which his courage and military skill insured to the ,english arms1 he was compelled to retreat in consequence of the scanty manner in which his troops were provisioned1 those being days when the commissariat department was little understood4 ,this step was blamed by ,henry1 and it was some time ere the royal anger could be appeased4 ,in #aebi ,suffolk was a witness in the inquiry on which ,henry founded his plea for the desired divorce from ,catherine of ,aragon1 was one of the peers who subscribed the declaration to the ,pope1 threatening the abolition of the ,holy ,see1 should ,clement refuse to annul the marriage1 and was also a party to the accusations preferred against ,cardinal ,wolsey4 ,for these too ready proofs of his subservience to ,henry's wishes the ,duke was rewarded by considerable grants of ,church lands4 ,he was again called into active service1 in order to quell some disturbances in ,lincolnshire and ,yorkshire1 and in #aedd made his last campaign in ,france1 reducing the town of ,boulogne1 after a siege which lasted six weeks4 ,previous to his departure from ,england he made his will1 containing some curious bequests2 amongst others1 desiring that a cup of gold should be formed out of his ,collar of the ,garter1 and given to the ,king4 ,he ordered that his funeral should be conducted #8without outward pomp or pride of the world1' and that his body should be interred in the ,collegiate ,church of ,tattershall1 in ,lincolnshire4 ,but the ,king's special commands overruled his last wishes1 and ,charles ,brandon1 ,duke of ,suffolk1 was buried with unusual magnificence in ,st4 ,george's ,chapel1 ,windsor4 ,he was #8,justice in ,eyre' of all the ,king's forests1 and ,great ,master or ,steward of the royal household4 ,charles ,brandon was four times married4 ,from his first wife1 ,margaret1 daughter of ,john ,melville1 ,marquis ,montague1 and widow of ,sir ,john ,mortimer1 he was divorced at her suit1 in consequence of his having previously signed a contract of marriage with ,anne1 daughter of ,sir ,anthony ,browne1 ,lieutenant of ,calais4 ,this lady became his second wife1 and by her he had two daughters1 who married ,lords ,powis and ,monteagle4 ,the ,queen-,dowager of ,france brought him a son1 created ,earl of ,lincoln1 who died young1 and two daughters1 the eldest married to ,henry ,clifford1 ,earl of ,cumberland1 and the younger1 first to ,henry ,grey1 ,duke of ,suffolk1 and afterwards to ,adrian ,stokes4 ,his fourth wife was ,catherine1 daughter and heir of ,william ,lord ,willoughby d',eresby1 by whom he had two sons1 who both died on the same day1 shortly after their father1 of the sweating-sickness1 at the ,episcopal ,palace of ,buckden1 county ,hunts4 -------------- ,no4 #aeh4 ,,lord ,,keeper ,,williams4 ,,painter ,,unknown4 ,,born #aehb1 ,,died #afej4 ,painted on wood4 ,black eyes1 moustaches1 and beard4 ,low-crowned broad-brimmed hat4 ,left hand rests on the case of the ,great ,seal4 ,in the corner a shield1 with many quarterings1 surmounted by a mitre4 ,inscription3 #8,lord ,keeper ,williams1 ,archbishop of ,york1 #afbe4' ,,john1 son of ,edmund ,williams1 by ,anne ,wynne1 7both names that testify to true ,cambrian descent17 born at ,aberconway1 county ,carnarvon1 educated at a ,grammar ,school1 where it was said of him1 #8that he was a proficient in ,greek1 and ,latin1 but had little ,sassenach4' ,he then went to ,cambridge1 where all the ,welshmen were proud of their countryman's talents1 although his accent and pronunciation caused an occasional laugh at his expense4 ,he accepted a small living in ,norfolk1 and a better one in ,northamptonshire1 but still continued to reside for some time at the ,university4 ,lord ,chancellor ,ellesmere was so taken by his preaching and his good character that he appointed ,williams his private chaplain1 took him into his confidence1 and made him his inseparable companion4 ,even in the ,courts of ,chancery and the ,star ,chamber the young man sat beside his patron1 and as an earnest listener did the future ,lord ,keeper begin his legal education4 ,he had the chief command of the ,chancellor's ecclesiastical patronage1 which he dispensed with judgment1 never losing sight for a moment of his own interests4 ,he became a large pluralist1 had two good livings1 and stalls in four cathedrals1 while a sermon he preached at ,court1 on the divine right of kings1 insured him the favour of ,james ,i4 ,prince ,henry also admired his preaching1 and said he was #8an honour to the ,principality4' ,lord ,ellesmere was now growing old1 and made use of his chaplain in all his business transactions with the ,king1 a fortunate circumstance for ,williams1 as ,james took a great liking for him4 ,when the ,chancellor was dying1 he offered his chaplain a reward for his services4 #8,i wish for nothing at your hands1' was the reply1 #8you have filled my cup so full4 ,give me directions how to live in the world1 if ,i survive you4' #8,you are an expert workman1' said the dying man2 #8take these tools1 they are the best ,i have1' at the same time giving him his own four treatises1 on the manner of conducting business in the ,courts of ,chancery1 ,parliament1 the ,star ,chamber1 and ,council4 ,lord ,bacon1 on succeeding to the ,woolsack1 offered to continue ,williams as his chaplain1 but he chose rather to go to his living1 and work there as parish priest1 ,justice of the ,peace1 etc4 etc41 with occasional visits to ,london to preach at ,court1 and keep up his interest there4 ,watching passing events1 he soon made up his mind1 that it was impossible to rise without the help of the all-powerful ,buckingham4 ,fortunately for our wary ,welshman1 an opportunity soon offered to ingratiate himself into the ,duke's good books4 ,the handsome courtier was a suitor for the hand of the beautiful heiress1 ,lady ,catherine ,manners1 but her father1 the ,earl of ,rutland1 considered ,buckingham #8an upstart1' and the lady was a strict ,roman ,catholic1 and moreover much scandalised by her lover's reputation as a man of gallantry4 ,williams lived near ,belvoir1 where he was a frequent and welcome visitor1 and ,buckingham asked his mediation4 ,so successfully did he conduct matters1 that ere long all scruples were overcome on the part of father and daughter1 and the latter converted to the ,protestant faith1 according to the tenets of which ,williams married the couple1 having first himself drawn up the marriage settlements4 ,he used to say1 with reason1 that this affair was the keystone in the arch of his fortune4 ,as a recompence1 he demanded and obtained the ,deanery of ,westminster4 ,when the cry was raised against ,lord ,bacon1 ,williams took part with his enemies1 at first secretly4 ,when the ,great ,seal was taken from ,bacon1 and put into commission for a time1 ,williams1 after some delay1 carried off the prize in spite of numerous competitors1--the ,king and ,buckingham being both in favour of this most unpopular choice4 ,the lawyers were irate1 that one who had never run in the race should win the garland6 ,his installation was delayed1 and he now set to work to educate himself for the post he had already attained1 studying day and night1 and scarcely allowing time for food or sleep4 ,indeed we are told that through life he never slept more than three hours at a time4 ,he had not1 said his ,secretary1 #8one drop of lazy blood in his veins4' ,he was raised to the ,see of ,lincoln1 and on becoming ,lord ,keeper1 retained all his ecclesiastical preferment4 #8,he had a whole diocese in his person1--,bishop1 ,dean1 ,prebendary1 ,parson1 and ,priest4' ,verily the ,lord ,keeper had feathered his nest6 ,in his legal capacity he worked strenuously1 and chose his advisers well1 although at times an error in technical terms caused a titter in ,court4 ,there is a good story of a certain lawyer attempting a joke at the ,lord ,keeper's expense1 by making a sham motion1 which was crammed like a grenade with obsolete words1 of far-fetched antiquity1 thinking to keep the new ,judge in the dark1 and take him at a disadvantage4 ,but we are told it is dangerous to play with edged tools4 ,the ,lord ,keeper discovered the plot1 and rising1 answered his antagonist in a long speech1 in which the words categorematical and syn-categorematical were among the shortest and simplest of his polysyllables4 ,the laugh1 and the tables1 were turned in an instant4 ,so zealous and skilful was he in the prosecution of his new duties1 that few complaints were heard2 but ,buckingham and ,laud were both jealous of his growing power1 and preferred charges against him1 the latter especially1 for betraying #8the secrets of the ,council4' ,he was moreover in bad odour at this time1 for the violent part he took against ,abbot1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 who had accidentally shot ,lord ,zouche's gamekeeper1 instead of a deer at which he was aiming4 ,there were whispers that ,williams would not have disliked the post of ,primate1 but nothing came of it4 ,buckingham returned about this time from ,spain1 and accused the ,lord ,keeper of having plotted against him during his absence4 ,williams humbled himself before the great man1 who said1 #8,i will not seek your ruin1 though ,i shall cease to study your fortune4' ,when ,king ,james lay on his deathbed1 ,williams ministered to him1 closed his eyes1 and preached his funeral sermon4 ,charles1 on his accession1 confirmed him in all his offices1 but was soon persuaded by ,buckingham to deprive him of the ,great ,seal4 ,williams therefore retired to his palace at ,buckden1 which1 being in a dilapidated condition1 he restored1 and lived there in much state4 ,but he could not place a guard over the door of his lips1 and he who had been accused of employing spies himself1 seems to have been surrounded by them4 ,it was reported at ,court1 how disrespectfully ,williams spoke of high personages and their doings1 and he was forbidden to appear at the forthcoming ,coronation4 ,many slights and indignities were put upon him1 but for all that1 he kept his place on the bench of ,bishops1 and supported the popular cause1 more especially the famous ,petition of ,right4 ,he was now attacked on all sides1 and grave charges were made against him1 so that he was dismissed from his seat at the ,council ,board1 and then brought to trial4 ,found guilty of manifold crimes and misdemeanours1 he was sentenced to be fined1 suspended1 and imprisoned4 ,accordingly he was arrested and sent to the ,tower4 ,before he was released1 fresh accusations were brought against him1 and the fines upon him were increased2 ,laud being always foremost in the rank of his adversaries1 for he had no reason to love ,williams4 ,it was now proposed to the prisoner1 voluntarily to resign all his offices1 including his bishopric1 and to accept an ,irish ,see1 but this offer he stoutly refused4 ,williams was at length released by the ,long ,parliament1 and all proceedings against him cancelled4 ,on his appearance at ,court1 he was received with open arms1 and raised to the ,archbishopric of ,york4 ,although professing to disapprove of the attainder of ,strafford1 he advised the ,king most cruelly1 and ,clarendon says was instrumental in ,strafford's death4 ,he opposed the ,bill for excluding the ,bishops from the ,house of ,lords1 and took so active a part that he was once more sent to the ,tower for a short time4 ,during his second imprisonment1 7,laud being then under the same gloomy roof17 the two ,archbishops met1 and were reconciled4 ,on his release1 ,williams entered on a new career1 that of arms1 joining the ,royal cause with all his heart1 and working strenuously to advance it in ,wales4 ,he had a design of fortifying ,carwood ,castle in his ,see1 but found the place untenable1 being almost a ruin2 and he was obliged to fly in the dead of night1 on the approach of #8those two traitors1 ,sir ,john ,hotham and his son1' with scarcely a change of raiment1 without provisions1 and not a coin in his purse4 ,the next day1 meeting his royal master by the way1 this loyal subject gave up the best of the horsemen who rode with him1 and proceeded to his native town1 which he had left as a mere stripling1 about fifty years before4 ,the ,archbishop continued to preach religion1 morality1 and loyalty among the ,welsh1 and repaired and fortified ,conway ,castle1 for which good service ,king ,charles 7whom he joined at ,oxford for a time7 appointed him ,governor of the same4 ,this displeased ,prince ,rupert1 who hated ,churchmen1 and he caused ,williams to be superseded1--a circumstance which rankled deeply in the warlike prelate's bosom4 ,he remained for a time inactive1 but falling in with a ,parliamentary force1 the desire of revenge got the better of his loyalty1 and he was persuaded by the ,general to assist him in the attack on ,conway1 still under the command of his successor4 ,the assault succeeded1 and ,williams was once more for a short period installed in ,conway ,castle4 ,soon after this he retired to the house of his kinswoman1 ,lady ,mostyn1 where he remained till his death4 ,he was horrified when he heard the ,king had left ,oxford4 #8,what6' he said1 #8take the advice of a stranger1 and trust the ,scots6 then all is lost4' ,on being told of ,charles's execution1 he fainted away1 and said he would never take comfort more4 ,he survived about a year1 but spent most of his time in bed1 rising at midnight to pray1 #8as that was the hour at which ,christ would come to judge the quick and dead4' ,he died on his sixty-eighth birthday1 his last words being #8,lord ,jesus1 come quickly1' for he had long wished for death4 ,his temper was fiery1 owing1 said his ,secretary1 to his ,welsh blood4 ,he was hospitable and charitable1 had a great taste for building1 and restored ,westminster at his own expense1 besides many munificent grants to both ,universities4 ,he gave much offence to the ,puritans by his love of dramatic performances4 ,one ,sunday1 the very day of an ,episcopal ordination1 he caused the #8,midsummer ,night's ,dream' to be represented1 7on a stage erected in ,buckden ,palace17 for the edification of the young priests4 ,in person he was handsome2 his countenance comely1 his complexion fair1 his gait stately4 ,he was merry1 and even facetious1 until the time of the ,king's death1 after which he seldom opened his lips1 except to call down vengeance on ,cromwell and the ,regicides4 ,he repurchased his family estate1 and bequeathed it to his heir4 ,he left several theological writings4 ,lord ,keeper ,williams1 ,archbishop of ,york1 lies buried in a small church near ,penrhyn1 in ,wales4 -------------- ,no4 #aei4 ,,sir ,,theodore ,,mayerne4 ,,painter ,,unknown4 ,,born #aegb-c1 ,,died #afef-g4 ,seated in an arm-chair4 ,dressed in a black gown4 ,white collar and cuffs4 ,black skull-cap4 ,grey beard and whiskers4 ,his hand resting on a bust of ,hippocrates4 ,a large clasped book on the table1 inscribed #8,hermes4' ,the painting is on wood4 ,,theodore ,,turquet1 ,sieur de ,mayerne1 ,baron ,d',aumont1 born at ,geneva4 ,his father was an author of no very great repute4 ,theodore was ,physician-in-,ordinary to ,henry ,,iv4 of ,france1 and after his death1 came to ,england1 and occupied the same post at the courts of ,james ,i41 ,charles ,i4 and his ,queen1 and ,charles ,,ii4 ,his name is specially remembered in connection with that of ,henry1 ,prince of ,wales1 whose last illness was so sudden1 but it was not for some days after the attack that ,mayerne was called in to consult with ,henry's own medical adviser4 ,there were rumours afloat that the hope of the nation1 the darling of his father's people1 was the victim of poison1 administered by ,lord ,rochester1 the ,king's favourite1 through jealousy of the ,prince's supposed admiration for the beautiful but abandoned ,countess of ,essex1 but ,mayerne refuted the accusation1 in an elaborate account of ,henry's illness1 7which he published in ,english1 ,french1 and ,latin17 proving that the ,prince's death was occasioned by natural causes4 ,he disagreed with the other physicians as to the treatment of the patient1 and the ,king gave him a certificate1 and the ,lords in ,council and the gentlemen of the ,prince's household expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which this able man had conducted the case4 ,theodore ,mayerne1 ,baron ,d',aumont1 received the honour of ,knighthood from the hands of ,charles ,i4 ,his death was caused by drinking 7though moderately7 of bad wine when dining with a few friends at a tavern in the ,strand4 ,bad wine is usually a slow poison1 but in ,sir ,theodore's case1 advanced age1 and consequent weakness1 quickened the result4 ,he foretold to his companions the exact hour at which death would ensue1 and the prediction proved but too true4 ,mayerne had the credit of inventing many valuable medicines1 and left behind him many receipts that were much esteemed4 ,he was an excellent ,latin scholar1 and wrote several medical works in that language4 ,he was moreover an admirable chemist1 and ,walpole tells us that the celebrated miniature painter ,petitot owed the perfection of his colouring in enamel to some chemical secret imparted to him by the ,court physician4 ,sir ,theodore was buried in the old church of ,st4 ,martin's in the ,fields4 ,he had an only daughter1 married to the ,marquis de ,cugnac1 who died when only twenty4 ,she was buried at ,chelsea4 -------------- ,no4 #afj4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,chicheley4 ,black dress4 ,,we have not been able to gain much information respecting him1 but the fact that ,lady ,savile married him as her second husband will sufficiently account for his portrait being here4 ,we believe him to have been a staunch ,royalist1 which may have recommended him in the lady's eyes1 though it is curious that her biographer1 ,dr4 ,barwick1 makes no mention of this marriage1 or1 if at all1 only in a scanty note4 ,we find in ,collins's ,baronetage1 that ,thomas ,chicheley of ,wimpole1 county ,cambridge1 was recommended as qualified to be made a ,knight of the ,royal ,oak1 in #affj1 and that ,sir ,thomas ,chicheley was ,master of the ,ordnance to ,king ,charles ,,ii4 ,he sold the estate of ,wimpole1 in #afhf1 to ,sir ,john ,cutler4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,index ,,of ,,portraits4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,index ,,of ,,portraits4 -------------- ,the first page mentioned indicates the notice of the ,life4 ,,albemarle1 ,,george ,,monck1 ,,duke ,,of1 #bca 444 ,,elizabeth1 ,,duchess ,,of1 #acg ,,arlington1 ,,henry ,,bennet1 ,,earl ,,of1 #bcd ,,arundel1 ,,henry ,,fitzalan1 ,,earl ,,of1 #afg ,,bath1 ,,first ,,marquis ,,of1 #gj 444 ,,first ,,marchioness ,,of1 #gf1 #ccf 444 ,,second ,,marquis ,,of1 #eg1 #bdi 444 ,,second ,,marchioness ,,of1 #acd 444 ,,fourth ,,marquis ,,of1 #gi1 #acc 444 ,,fourth ,,marchioness ,,of1 #eh ,,beauchamp1 ,,lord1 #cbg ,,bedford1 ,,john ,,russell1 ,,sixth ,,duke ,,of1 #bej ,,bohemia1 ,,king ,,of1 #bha1 #cbe 444 ,,queen ,,of1 #bfh ,,buckingham1 ,,edward ,,stafford1 ,,duke ,,of1 #bbf 444 ,,george ,,villiers1 ,,second ,,duke ,,of1 #ade ,,carnarvon1 ,,earl ,,and ,,countess ,,of1 #acj ,,catherine ,,of ,,braganza1 ,,queen ,,of ,,england1 #afj ,,cavendish1 ,,admiral1 ,,the ,,circumnavigator1 #cae ,,charles1 ,,prince ,,of ,,wales1 #bbe 444 ,,the ,,first1 ,,king ,,of ,,england1 #bah1 #cjc 444 ,,the ,,second1 #afj ,,chartres1 ,,vid,,me ,,de1 #abb ,,chicheley1 ,,sir ,,thomas1 #cfj ,,children ,,of ,,charles ,,the ,,first1 #bai 444 ,,of ,,sir ,,john ,,thynne ,,the ,,builder1 #aii ,,cole1 ,,mr41 #ccf ,,coligny1 ,,admiral ,,de1 #if ,,cond1 ,,prince ,,de1 #abj ,,coningsby1 ,,mr41 #cce ,,coventry1 ,,the ,,honourable ,,henry1 #gb 444 ,,sir ,,john1 #fd 444 ,,the ,,lord ,,keeper1 #gi1 #cj 444 ,,sir ,,william1 #hb ,,covert1 ,,sir ,,walter1 #id 444 ,,lady1 #ie ,,devereux1 ,,the ,,ladies1 #aae ,,digby1 ,,sir ,,kenelm1 #bej ,,dorset1 ,,edward ,,sackville1 ,,fourth ,,earl ,,of1 #ca ,,dundee1 ,,john ,,grahame ,,of ,,claverhouse1 ,,viscount1 #cai ,,eleanor ,,of ,,austria1 #bjj1 #bjb ,,essex1 ,,robert ,,devereux1 ,,earl ,,of1 #ajb ,,falkland1 ,,lucius ,,carey1 ,,second ,,viscount1 #bg ,,ferdinand1 ,,don1 ,,cardinal1 ,,infant ,,of ,,spain1 #cbh ,,finch1 ,,the ,,honourable ,,leopold1 #cbg ,,fisher1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,rochester1 #aff ,,george ,,the ,,first1 ,,king ,,of ,,england1 #acd ,,granville1 ,,grace ,,carteret1 ,,countess1 #aaf ,,gresham1 ,,sir ,,richard1 #aga ,,gustavus ,,adolphus1 ,,king ,,of ,,sweden1 #ajh ,,hamilton1 ,,william1 ,,second ,,duke ,,of1 #bbj ,,harley1 ,,lady ,,margaret1 #cah ,,henrietta ,,maria1 ,,queen ,,of ,,england1 #bai ,,henry ,,the ,,eighth1 ,,king ,,of ,,england1 #cf ,,henry ,,the ,,fourth1 ,,king ,,of ,,france ,,and ,,navarre1 #bbe ,,henry1 ,,prince ,,of ,,wales1 #cjg ,,hertford1 ,,earl ,,of1 ,,afterwards ,,duke ,,of ,,somerset1 #aaa ,,holland1 ,,henry ,,rich1 ,,earl ,,of1 #cd ,,innocent ,,the ,,eleventh1 ,,pope1 #aci ,,jersey1 ,,edward ,,villiers1 ,,first ,,earl ,,of1 #aag ,,juxon1 ,,archbishop1 #beg ,,kelifet1 ,,mr41 #cbf ,,ken1 ,,bishop1 #e ,,lansdowne1 ,,george ,,lord1 #de 444 ,,lady#d1 #aaj1 #gh ,,laud1 ,,william1 ,,archbishop ,,of ,,canterbury1 #bfa ,,leicester1 ,,robert ,,dudley1 ,,earl ,,of1 #aia 444 ,,dorothy ,,sidney1 ,,countess ,,of1 #cdj ,,lonsdale1 ,,john ,,lowther1 ,,viscount1 #cjb 444 ,,viscountess1 #cjc ,,luther1 ,,martin1 #bbd ,,lynch1 ,,sir ,,william1 #bef ,,macclesfield1 ,,charles ,,gerard1 ,,earl ,,of1 #bhf ,,mary1 ,,queen ,,of ,,england1 #abi ,,maximilian1 ,,emperor ,,of ,,germany1 #bjc ,,mayerne1 ,,sir ,,theodore1 #ceh ,,newcastle1 ,,william ,,cavendish1 ,,first ,,duke ,,of1 ,,and ,,his ,,duchess1 #bci ,,northumberland1 ,,algernon ,,percy1 ,,earl ,,of1 #bhf ,,nott1 ,,lady1 #aij ,,nottingham1 ,,heneage ,,finch1 ,,earl ,,of1 #bbg 444 ,,catherine ,,carey1 ,,countess ,,of1 #aej 444 ,,essex ,,rich1 ,,countess ,,of1 #cbe ,,overbury1 ,,sir ,,thomas1 #bdd ,,oxford1 ,,robert ,,harley1 ,,earl ,,of1 #ccj ,,pembroke1 ,,philip ,,herbert1 ,,earl ,,of1 #bfe ,,raleigh1 ,,sir ,,walter1 #aee ,,richelieu1 ,,cardinal1 #cdc ,,richmond ,,and ,,lennox1 ,,frances ,,howard1 ,,duchess ,,of1 #ec ,,rosamond1 ,,fair1 #abi ,,rubens1 ,,peter ,,paul1 ,,wife ,,and ,,child1 #afg ,,russell1 ,,lord ,,john1 ,,afterwards ,,earl ,,russell1 ,k4,g41 #ccc ,,savile1 ,,the ,,honourable ,,lady1 #aah1 #cbh ,,seymour1 ,,elizabeth1 ,,afterwards ,,countess ,,of ,,ailesbury1 #cjb ,,shaftesbury1 ,,anthony ,,ashley ,,cooper1 ,,first ,,earl ,,of1 #aa ,,shrewsbury1 ,,elizabeth ,,brudenell1 ,,countess ,,of1 #ccg ,,sidney1 ,,sir ,,henry1 #aec ,,somerset1 ,,duke ,,of1 ,,protector1 #ba 444 ,,william1 ,,duke ,,of1--,a ,,boy1 #cjd ,,southampton1 ,,thomas ,,wriothesley1 ,,earl ,,of1 #db ,,strafford1 ,,thomas ,,wentworth1 ,,earl ,,of1 #bji ,,st4 ,,albans1 ,,francis ,,bacon1 ,,viscount1 #bgf ,,stuart1 ,,lady ,,arabella1 #agb1 #aaf ,,sudeley1 ,,thomas ,,lord ,,seymour ,,of1 #cf ,,suffolk1 ,,charles ,,brandon1 ,,duke ,,of1 #cdg ,,thurlow1 ,,edward1 ,,first ,,lord1 #dg ,,the ,,thynne ,,family-- ,,thynne1 ,,sir ,,egremont1 #fh 444 ,,sir ,,henry ,,frederick1 #de1 #gg 444 ,,his ,,wife1 #id1 #cae 444 ,,the ,,honourable ,,henry1 #bch 444 ,,the ,,honourable ,,james1 #aie 444 ,,james1 ,,esq41 #ih 444 ,,sir ,,james1 #aba1 #gc 444 ,,lady ,,isabella1 ,,his ,,wife1 #hi1 #gh 444 ,,sir ,,john1 ,,the ,,builder ,,of ,,longleat1 #ff 444 ,,the ,,second ,,sir ,,john1 #aae 444 ,,his ,,wife1 #aad 444 ,,sir ,,thomas1 ,,of ,,richmond1 #ga ,,thynne1 ,,sir ,,thomas1 ,,of ,,longleat1 #abb 444 ,,his ,,first ,,wife1 #hg 444 ,,his ,,second ,,wife1 #hh 444 ,,thomas1 ,,father ,,of ,,second ,,viscount ,,weymouth1 #hc1 #cce 444 ,,tom ,o' ,,ten ,,thousand1 #gc1 #ie ,,tintoretto1 ,,giacomo ,,robusti1 #acc ,t,,ckoli1 ,,helena1 ,,countess1 #bij 444 ,,count ,,emeric1 #bif ,,torrington1 ,,george1 ,,fourth ,,viscount1 #gg 444 ,,viscountess1 #aji ,,weymouth1 ,,first ,,viscount1 #fc1 #e1 #cbf 444 ,,his ,,wife1 #fa 444 ,,second ,,viscount1 #fb1 #aaj 444 ,,his ,,first ,,wife1 #fa 444 ,,his ,,second ,,wife1 #gj1 #aaj ,,williams1 ,,lord ,,keeper1 #ceb ,,york1 ,,james ,,duke ,,of1 #aij ,footnote #d3 ,by inadvertence1 ,lady ,lansdowne has been called #8,viscountess' in the text of the book4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,errata4 ,page #bij and #bif1 for 7,emperor of7 ,austria read ,germany4 ,page #cca1 insert ,langallerie after ,marquis de ,guiscard4 ,page #cdd1 for ,palais ,royal read ,bibliothque du ,roi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,rest ,,pray ,,sleep ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected4 ,typographical errors were silently corrected4 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book4 ,text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores 7italics74 4