,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,e?ical ,,!ory ,,by ,,george ,,/u>t ,,full]ton ,to ,,my ,,wife ,,preface ,we are all amply provid$1 ) moral maxims1 :i* we hold ) m or less confid5ce1 b an insight into _! significance is n atta9$ )\t reflection & "s s]i\s ef=t4 ,yet1 surely1 9 a field 9 :i* !re are s _m diff]5ces ( op9ion1 cle>ness ( insight & bread? ( view are em95tly desirable4 ,x is ) a view to help+ /ud5ts ( e?ics 9 our univ]sities & outside ( !m to a cle>] compreh5sion ( ! significance ( morals & ! end ( e?ical endeavor1 t ?is book has be5 writt54 ,i h1 9 ! ,notes app5d$ to x1 tak5 ! lib]ty ( mak+ a few sugge/ions to tea*]s1 "s ( :om h few] ye>s ( tea*+ beh9d !m ?an ,i h4 ,i make no apology = writ+ 9 a cle> & unte*nical /yle1 nor = r$uc+ to a m9imum ref]5ces to lit]atures 9 o!r tongues ?an our own4 ,^! ?+s are 9 accord ) ! aim ( ! volume4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( ?ank+ ,pr(essor ,m>g>et ,f4 ,wa%burn1 ( ,vass> ,college1 & ,pr(essor ,f4 ,j4 ,e4 ,woodbridge1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 = k9d assi/ance1 :i* ,i h f\nd helpful4 ,g4 ,s4 ,f4 ,new ,york1 #aiba4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,accept$ ,,cont5t ,,( ,,morals ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,is ,,!re ,,an ,,accept$ ,,cont5t8 #a4 ,! ,po9t 9 ,dispute4 #b4 ,:at ,con/itutes ,sub/antial ,agreem5t8 #c4 ,dogmatic ,assumption4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,codes ,,( ,,communities #d4 ,! ,codes ( ,communities3 ,ju/ice4 #e4 ,! ,codes ( ,communities3 ,v]acity4 #f4 ,! ,codes ( ,communities3 ! ,common ,good4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,codes ,,( ,,! ,,morali/s #g4 ,! ,morali/s4 #h4 ,epicurean & ,/oic4 #i4 ,plato2 ,ari/otle2 ! ,*ur*4 #aj4 ,lat] ,li/s ( ! ,virtues4 #aa4 ,! ,/ret*+ ( ,moral ,concepts4 #ab4 ,! ,reflective ,m9d & ! ,moral ,codes4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,e?ics ,,z ,,sci5ce ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,awak5+ ,,to ,,reflection #ac4 ,! ,dogmatism ( ! ,natural ,man4 #ad4 ,! ,awak5+4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,e?ical ,,me?od #ae4 ,inductive & ,d$uctive ,me?od4 #af ,! ,au?ority ( ! ,giv54 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,e?ics #ag4 ,h[ ! ,morali/ %\ld ,proce$4 #ah4 ,! ,philosoph] z ,morali/4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,e?ics ,,z ,,sci5ce #ai4 ,! ,appeal to ,reason4 #bj4 ,! ,appeal to ,reason ,ju/ifi$4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,man ,,& ,,8 ,,environm5t ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,man',s ,,nature #ba4 ,! ,backgr\nd ( ,actions4 #bb4 ,man's ,nature4 #bc4 ,h[ ,discov] ,man's ,nature8 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,man',s ,,mat]ial ,,environm5t #bd4 ,! ,/ruggle ) ,nature4 #be4 ,! ,conque/s ( ! ,m9d4 #bf4 ,! ,conque/ ( ,nature & ! ,well-be+ ( ,man4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,man',s ,,social ,,environm5t #bg4 ,man is ,assign$ 8 ,place4 #bh4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,social ,ord]4 #bi4 ,social ,organization4 #cj4 ,social ,ord] & ,human ,w4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,! ,,realm ,,( ,,ends ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,impulse1 ,,desire1 ,,& ,,w #ca4 ,impulse4 #cb4 ,desire4 #cc4 ,desire ( ! ,unatta9able4 #cd4 ,w4 #ce4 ,desire & ,w n ,id5tical4 #cf4 ,! ,w & ,def]r$ ,action4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,p]man5t ,,w #cg4 ,consci\sly ,*os5 ,ends4 #ch4 ,ends n ,consci\sly ,*os54 #ci4 ,! ,*oice ( ,ideals4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,object ,,9 ,,desire ,,& ,,w #dj4 ,! ,object z ,end to be ,realiz$4 #da4 ,human ,nature & ! ,objects ,*os54 #db4 ,! ,in/9cts & ,impulses ( ,man4 #dc4 ,! ,/udy ( ,man's ,in/9cts ,important4 #dd4 ,! ,bewild]+ ,multiplicity ( ! ,objects ( ,desire1 & ! ,ef=t to ,f9d an ,und]ly+ ,unity4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,int5tion ,,& ,,motive #de4 ,complex ,ends4 #df4 ,int5tion4 #dg4 ,motive4 #dh4 ,e?ical ,significance ( ,int5tion & ,motive4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,feel+ ,,z ,,motive #di4 ,feel+4 #ej4 ,feel+ & ,action4 #ea4 ,feel+ z ,object4 #eb4 ,fre$om z ,object4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,rationality ,,& ,,w #ec4 ,! ,irrational ,w4 #ed4 ,"o ,view ( ,reason4 #ee4 ,dom9ant & ,subord9ate ,desires4 #ef4 ,! ,h>monization ( ,desires4 #eg4 ,v>ieties ( ,dom9ant ,ends4 #eh4 ,an ,objection ,answ]$4 #ei4 ,?is ,view ( ,reason ,misconceiv$4 #fj4 ,ano!r ,view ( ,reason4 ,,"p ,v ,,! ,,social ,,w ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,social ,,w #fa4 ,:at is ! ,social ,w8 #fb4 ,social ,w & ,social ,habits4 #fc4 ,social ,w & ,social ,organization4 #fd4 ,! ,social ,w & ,ideal ,ends4 #fe4 ,! ,p]man5t ,social ,w4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,expressions ,,( ,,! ,,social ,,w #ff4 ,cu/om4 #fg4 ,! ,gr\nd = ! ,au?ority ( ,cu/om4 #fh4 ,! ,orig9 & ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,cu/oms4 #fi4 ,law4 #gj4 ,public ,op9ion4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,%>]s ,,9 ,,! ,,social ,,w #ga4 ,! ,community4 #gb4 ,! ,community & ! ,dead4 #gc4 ,! ,community & ! ,sup]natural4 #gd4 ,religion & ! ,community4 #ge4 ,! ,spread ( ! ,community4 ,,"p ,,vi ,,! ,,real ,,social ,,w ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,imp]fect ,,social ,,w #gf4 ,! ,app>5t & ! ,real ,social ,w4 #gg4 ,! ,w ( ! ,majority4 #gh4 ,ignorance & ,error & ! ,social ,w4 #gi4 ,he$lessness & ! ,social ,w4 #hj4 ,rational ,elem5ts 9 ! ,irrational ,w4 #ha4 ,! ,social ,w & ! ,selfi%ness ( ! ,individual4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,rational ,,social ,,w #hb4 ,reasonable ,ends4 #hc4 ,an ,objection ,answ]$4 #hd4 ,reasonable ,social ,ends4 #he4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,reason4 #hf4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,civilization4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,individual ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,w #hg4 ,man's ,multiple ,allegiance4 #hh4 ,! ,appeal to ,reason4 #hi4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,reason & ! ,v>y+ ,moral ,codes4 ,,"p ,,vii ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,morali/s ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,intuitionism #ij4 ,:at is x8 #ia4 ,v>ieties ( ,intuitionism4 #ib4 ,argum5ts = ,intuitionism4 #ic4 ,argum5ts aga9/ ,intuitionism4 #id4 ,! ,value ( ,moral ,intuitions4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,egoism #ie4 ,:at is ,egoism8 #if4 ,crass ,egoisms4 #ig4 ,equivocal ,egoism8 #ih4 ,:at is ,meant by ! ,self8 #ii4 ,egoism & ! ,broad] ,self4 #ajj4 ,egoism n ,unavoidable4 #aja4 ,v>ieties ( ,egoism4 #ajb4 ,! ,argum5ts = ,egoism4 #ajc4 ,! ,argum5t aga9/ ,egoism4 #ajd4 ,! ,morali/'s ,int]e/ 9 ,egoism4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,utilit>ianism #aje4 ,:at is ,utilit>ianism8 #ajf4 ,b5?am's ,doctr9e4 #ajg4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 #ajh4 ,! ,argum5t = ,utilit>ianism4 #aji4 ,! ,di/ribution ( ,happ9ess4 #aaj4 ,! ,calculus ( ,pleasures4 #aaa4 ,! ,difficulties ( ,o!r ,s*ools4 #aab4 ,summ>y ( ,argum5ts = ,utilit>ianism4 #aac4 ,argum5ts aga9/ ,utilit>ianism4 #aad4 ,transfigur$ ,utilit>ianism4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,nature1 ,,p]fection1 ,,self-,,realization ,i4 ,nature #aae4 ,human ,nature z ,accept$ ,/&>d4 #aaf4 ,human ,nature & ! ,law ( ,nature4 #aag4 ,vagu5ess ( ! ,law ( ,nature4 #aah4 ,! ,appeal to ,nature & ,intuitionism4 ,,ii4 ,p]fection #aai4 ,p]fection & ,type4 #abj4 ,m & ,less ,p]fect ,types4 #aba4 ,p]fectionism & ,intuitionism4 ,,iii4 ,self-realization #abb4 ,! ,self-realization ,doctr9e4 #abc4 ,! ,doctr9e ,ak9 to t ( ,foll[+ ,nature4 #abd4 ,is ! ,doctr9e ,m ,egoi/ic8 #abe4 ,:y ,aim to ,realize ,capacities8 #abf4 ,! ,problem ( ,self-sacrifice4 #abg4 ,self-satisfaction & ,self-sacrifice4 #abh4 ,c ,moral ,self-sacrifice be a ,duty8 #abi4 ,self-sacrifice & ! ,id5tity ( ,selves4 #acj4 ,que/ions :i* ,seem to be ,left ,op54 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,evolution #aca4 ,! ,significance ( ! ,title4 #acb4 ,evolution & ! ,s*ools ( ! ,morali/s4 #acc4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,individual ,evolutioni/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,pessimism #acd4 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,pessimi/4 #ace4 ,comm5t on ! ,e?ics ( ,pessimism4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,kant1 ,,hegel ,,& ,,nietzs*e #acf4 ,kant4 #acg4 ,hegel4 #ach4 ,nietzs*e4 ,,"p ,,viii ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,social ,,w ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,reason #aci4 ,! ,doctr9e ,support$ by ! ,o!r ,s*ools4 #adj4 ,its ,me?od ( ,approa* to ,problems4 #ada4 ,its ,solution ( ,c]ta9 ,difficulties4 #adb4 ,! ,cultivation ( ,our ,capacities4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,moral ,,law ,,& ,,moral ,,ideals #adc4 ,duties & ,virtues4 #add4 ,! ,negative ,aspect ( ! ,moral ,law4 #ade4 ,h[ ,c ,"o ,"k ! ,moral ,law8 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,concepts #adf4 ,good & ,bad2 ,"r & ,wrong4 #adg4 ,duty & ,obligation4 #adh4 ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t4 #adi4 ,virtues & ,vices4 #aej4 ,consci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,individual4 #aea4 ,:at is ,meant by ! ,t]m8 #aeb4 ,! ,virtues ( ! ,individual4 #aec4 ,conv5tional ,morality4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,/ate #aed4 ,! ,aim ( ! ,/ate4 #aee4 ,its ,orig9 & ,au?ority4 #aef4 ,=ms ( ,organization4 #aeg4 ,! ,laws ( ! ,/ate4 #aeh4 ,! ,rights & ,duties ( ! ,/ate4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,int]national ,,e?ics #aei4 ,:at is ,meant by ! ,t]m4 #afj4 ,our ,me?od ( ,approa* to ! ,subject4 #afa4 ,"s ,problems ( ,int]national ,e?ics4 #afb4 ,! ,o!r ,side ( ! ,%ield4 #afc4 ,! ,solution4 #afd4 ,! ,necessity = ,caution4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,e?ics ,,& ,,o!r ,,discipl9es #afe4 ,sci5ces t ,conc]n ! ,morali/4 #aff4 ,e?ics & ,philosophy4 #afg4 ,e?ics & ,religion4 #afh4 ,e?ics & ,belief4 #afi4 ,! ,la/ ,^w4 ,,notes ,,index ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,accept$ ,,cont5t ,,( ,,morals ,,*apt] ,i ,,is ,,!re ,,an ,,accept$ ,,cont5t8 #a4 ,,! ,,po9t ,,9 ,,dispute4--,is !re an accept$ cont5t ( morals8 ,c we use ! expression )\t go+ on to ask3 ,accept$ :]e1 :51 & by :om8 ,to be sure1 c]ta9 em95t morali/s h incl9$ to ma9ta9 t m5 are 9 sub/antial agreem5t 9 reg>d to _! moral judgm5ts4 ,joseph ,butl]1 writ+ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 came to ! conclusion t1 h[ev] m5 may dispute ab\t p>ticul>s1 !re is an univ]sally ackn[l$g$ /&>d ( virtue1 pr(ess$ 9 public 9 all ages & all c\ntries1 made a %[ ( by all m51 en=c$ by ! prim>y & fundam5tal laws ( all civil con/itutions3 namely1 ju/ice1 v]acity1 & reg>d to common good4 ,footnote3 ,diss]tation on ! ,nature ( ,virtue4 ,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 writ+ 9 ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5?1 tells u t 9 "o s5se morali/s are almo/ unanim\s2 9 ano!r !y are hopelessly discordant4 ,!y are unanim\s 9 pron\nc+ c]ta9 classes ( conduct to be "r & ! opposite wrong4 ,no morali/ d5ies t cruelty1 falsity & intemp]ance are vici\s1 or t m]cy1 tru? & temp]ance are virtu\s4 ,footnote3 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *apt] i1 ,sec4 #a4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! writ]s w\ld tea* u t m5 are1 on ! :ole1 agre$ 9 approv+1 explicitly or implicitly1 "s /&>d ( conduct suffici5tly def9ite to s]ve z a code ( morals4 ,b t !re is su* a sub/antial agreem5t among m5 has n impress$ all obs]v]s to ! same degree4 ,locke1 :o wrote be=e ,butl]1 bas$ 8 argum5ts aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( innate moral maxims ^u ! wide div]g5cies f\nd among v>i\s classes ( m5 t\*+ :at is "r & :at is wrong4 ,footnote3 ,essay ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ,book ,i1 *apt] iii4 ,! hi/orian1 ! an?ropologi/ & ! sociologi/ re9=ce 8 reason+s ) a weal? ( illu/ration n op5 to ! m5 ( an e>li] "t4 ,!y pres5t u ) codes1 n a code2 ) multitud9\s /&>ds1 n a s+le /&>d2 ) :at has be5 accept$ "h or !re1 at ?is "t or at t2 & we may well ask ourselves :]e1 amid ?is pr(usion1 we are to f9d ! "o & acceptable code4 #b4 ,,:at ,,con/itutes ,,sub/antial ,,agreem5t8--,to be sure1 we may be v g5]\s 9 our int]pretation ( :at con/itutes sub/antial agreem5t2 we may d5y significance to all sorts ( discrepancies by relegat+ !m to ! unimpressive class ( disputes ab\t p>ticul>s4 ,su* an impressioni/ic indiff]5ce to detail may leave u ) some?+ on our h&s z little s]viceable z a composite photograph made f individual objects :i* h little 9 common1 a blur lack+ all def9ite outl9e & n recognizable z any object at all4 ,no man c guide 8 conduct by ! common core ( _m or ( all moral codes4 ,tak5 9 its bald ab/raction1 x is n a code or any?+ l a code4 ,:o c walk1 )\t walk+ 9 "s p>ticul> way1 9 "s direction1 at "s "t8 ,:o c m9d 8 mann]s )\t be+ mann]ly 9 accordance ) ! usages ( "s race or p8 ,^? :o cont5t !mselves ) enunciat+ v g5]al moral pr9ciples may1 x is true1 be ( no little s]vice to _! fell[-m52 b t is only because _! fell[-m5 are able to supply ! details t conv]t ! blur into a picture4 ,"s tw5ty-f\r hundr$ ye>s ago ,h]aclitus told 8 contempor>ies to act accord+ to nature ) und]/&+2 we are (t5 told today t ! rule ( our lives %\ld be to d good4 ,_h ! anci5t ,greek n possess$ 8 own notions ( :at might prop]ly be meant by nature & by und]/&+1 did we n ourselves h "s r def9ite conception ( :at actions may prop]ly fall "u ! caption ( do+ good1 su* admonitions c\ld n lead to ! /irr+ ( a f+]4 ,:o w\ld appeal to 8 physician = advice z to diet1 if he expect$ f him no m ?an ! c\nsel to eat1 at ! prop] h\rs1 en\gh1 b n too mu*1 ( suitable food8 ,if1 !n1 we conf9e our admonitions to ! gr\p ( ab/ractions :i* con/itute ! univ]sally ackn[l$g$ /&>d ( virtue :5 all ! individual diff]5ces :i* *>act]ize diff]5t codes h be5 ignor$1 we prea* :at1 tak5 alone1 no man c live by1 & no community ( m5 has ev] attempt$ to live by4 ,if we leave x to our he>]s to drape our nak$ ab/ractions ) concrete details1 ea* w set to "w 9 a diff]5t way4 ,! me?od ( ! composite photograph seems unpr(itable 9 attempt+ to solve ! problem ( morals4 #c4 ,,dogmatic ,,assumption4--,!re is1 h[ev]1 a second way by :i* ! v>iations :i* *>act]ize diff]5t codes may come to be relegat$ to a position ( relative insignificance4 ,we may assume t our own code is ! ultimate /&>d by :i* all o!rs are to be judg$1 & we may set d[n deviations f x to ! acc\nt ( ! ignorance or ! p]v]sity ( our fell[m54 ,s reg>d$1 !y are ab]rations f ! normal1 & only true code ( conduct2 int]e/+1 p]haps1 b little enlight5+1 = !y c h little be>+ ^u our conception ( :at we ought to d4 ,a presumption aga9/ ?is arbitr>y assumption t we h ! "o & only desirable code is sugge/$ ! un?9k+ acceptance ( ! traditional by ^? :o are lack+ 9 enlight5m5t & 9 ! capacity reflection4 ,is x n significant t a contact ) new ways ( ?9k+ has a t5d5cy1 at lea/1 to make m5 broad5 _! horizon & to revise "s ( _! views8 ,9 o!r fields1 we hope to atta9 to a capacity = self-criticism4 ,we expect to le>n f o!r m54 ,:y %\ld we1 9 ! sph]e ( morals1 lay claim to ! possession ( ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?8 ,:y %\ld we refuse to le>n f anyone8 ,su* a position seems unreason+4 ,x puts moral judgm5ts beyond ! pale ( argum5t & intellig5t discussion4 ,x is an assumption ( infallibility little 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( sci5ce4 ,! fact t a giv5 /&>d ( conduct is 9 h>mony ) our traditions1 habits ( ?\ght1 & emotional responses1 does n prove to o!r m5 t x is1 n "o ( a numb] ( accept$ codes1 b 9 a q peculi> s5se acceptable1 a ?+ to put 9 a class by itself--! class into :i* ea* "m puts h] own *ild1 z ov] aga9/ o!r *ildr54 ,moreov]1 su* an unreason$ assumption ( sup]iority mu/ make "o little sympa!tic 9 "o's attitude t[>d ! moral life ( o!r peoples4 ,into ! significance ( _! social organization1 ( _! cu/oms1 _! laws1 "o c ga9 no insight4 ,_! hopes1 _! fe>s1 _! /riv+s1 _! successes & _! failures1 _! approval & disapproval ( _! fell[s1 _! peace ( consci5ce & _! remorse1 mu/ leave u cold & alo(4 ,x is n pr(itable = u to assume at ! outset t ! diff]5ces exhibit$ 9 ! moral judgm5ts ( individuals or ( peoples are ( m9or significance4 ,!y are facts to be dealt ) 9 ! light ( "s !ory4 ,an e?ical !ory :i* ignores !m mu/ re/ ^u a n>r[ & insecure f\ndation4 ,x is expos$ to assault f _m qu>t]s4 ,x may1 9 default ( bett] means ( def5ce1 be compell$ to take refuge beh9d ! bl9d wall ( dogmatic ass]tion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a !ory :i* gives !m frank recognition1 & /rives to exhibit _! real significance 9 ! life ( ! individual & ( ! race1 may be able to %[ ly+ among !m ! gold5 cord ( reason :i* saves !m f ! *>ge ( be+ incoh]5t facts4 ,x may ev5 lead u back to a cons]vatism no long] unreason+1 b rationally def5sible & consci\s ( its prop] limits4 ,! bl9dly cons]vative man seems to be fac$ ) ! alt]native ( /agnation or revolution4 ,! rationally cons]vative may reg>d ! developm5t ( ! moral life z a ,pilgrim's ,progress1 n )\t its unt[>d accid5ts1 b1 9 spite ( !m1 a gradual advance t[>d a desirable goal4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,codes ,,( ,,communities #d4 ,,! ,,codes ,,( ,,communities3 ,,ju/ice4--,9 view ( ! exi/+ t5d5cy 9 ! av]age man1 & ev5 9 "s philosoph]s1 to pass lightly ov] ! div]sities exhibit$ by diff]5t codes1 x is well to ca/ a brief prelim9>y glance at ! cont5t ( morals z accept$1 bo? by communities ( m51 & by _! m reflective spokesm51 ! morali/s4 ,let u fir/ take a look at ! codes ( communities4 ,we h se5 t ,butl] view$ ju/ice1 v]acity & reg>d to common good z virtues accept$ among m5 ev]y:]e4 ,b we may also see1 if we look into 8 pages1 t he neglect$ to po9t out t !re may be ! wide/ div]g5cies 9 m5's notions ( :at con/itutes ju/ice1 v]acity & common good4 ,& m5 diff] widely on ! score ( ! degree ( emphasis to be laid ^u _! obs]vance4 ,take ju/ice4 ,:]e m5 possess a code1 writt5 or unwritt51 t may prop]ly be call$ moral1 we expect ( !m ! judgm5t t guilt %\ld be puni%$4 ,b :at %all be acc\nt$ guilt8 ,:at %all be ! measure ( retribution8 ,:o %all be fix$ ^u z guilty8 ,z to :at con/itutes guilt4 ,we h only to rem9d ourselves t ! ,dyak head-hunt] is n condemn$ by 8 fell[s1 b is admir$2 ,footnote3 ,,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 ,london1 #aijf1 ,i1 *apt] xiv4 t ! fatt5+ & eat+ ( a slave may1 9 a giv5 primitive community1 be acc\nt$ no crime2 ,footnote3 ,,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 ,,ii1 *apt] xlvi4 t infanticide has be5 mo/ widely approv$1 & t n m]ely 9 primitive communities1 = ,greece & ,rome1 :5 !y 7 f> f primitive1 practic$ c]ta9 =ms ( x ) a view to ! good ( ! /ate2 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,i1 *apt] xvii4 t ! hold+ ( a fell[-creature 9 bondage1 & exploit+ him = "o's own advantage1 ev5 "u ! la%1 01 until rec5tly1 n a crime 9 ! eye ( ! law ev5 9 ! mo/ civiliz$ /ates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be a crime to eat a female opossum4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,i1 *apt] iv1 p4 #abd4 ,! impressive imp]ative3 ,?\ %alt n6 appe>s to be> unmi/akable ref]5ce to "t & circum/ance4 ,& :at is ! natural & prop] measure ( puni%m5t8 ,! anci5t & primitive rule ( an eye = an eye & a too? = a too? sugge/s ! figure ( ! scales1 ! imp>tially met+ out to ea* man ( 8 due4 ,x is obvi\sly a rule t _c be appli$ 9 all cases4 ,"o _c take ! too? ( a too?less man1 or compel a ?ievi% begg> to re/ore fruit :i* he has eat54 ,we %\ld be horrifi$ 7 any s]i\s attempt made to make ! rule ! basis ( legislation 9 any civiliz$ /ate today1 b m5 h n always be5 s fa/idi\s4 ,approximations to x h be5 incorporat$ into ! laws ( v>i\s peoples4 ,b all h modifi$ x to "s degree1 & ! modifications h tak5 _m =ms--! puni%m5t ( someone n ! crim9al1 comp5sation 9 money or 9 goods1 inc>c]ation1 & :at n4 ,nor h ! modifications be5 made solely on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( apply+ ! rule baldly /at$4 ,o!r influ5ces h be5 at "w4 ,?us1 9 ! fam\s ,babylonian code1 ! man :o /ruck out ! eye ( a patrician lo/ 8 own eye 9 return1 & 8 too? answ]$ = ! too? ( an equal--b ! rule 0 n made g5]al4 ,footnote3 #e ,,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution1 ,i1 *apt] iii1 ,sec #c2 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 ,9 /ate aft] /ate x has be5 f\nd j to treat diff]5tly ! patrician1 ! plebeian1 ! slave1 ! man1 ! woman1 ! prie/4 ,9 ! v /ate to :i* ,butl] belong$1 b5efit ( cl]gy c\ld be claim$1 up to relatively rec5t times1 by ^? :o c\ld read4 ,! educat$ crim9al escap$ hang+ = (f5ces = :i* 8 illit]ate neighbor _h to sw+4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,sec4 #aa4 ,nor is !re any cle> conc5sus ( op9ion t\*+ ! "q ( :o %all be select$ z ! be>] ( puni%m5t4 ,if a man has injur$ ano!r un9t5tionally1 %all he be held to make am5ds8 ,x has seem$ j to m5 t he %\ld4 ,footnote3 ,,we/]m>ck1 *apt] ix4 ,t "o man %\ld be made responsible = ! misde$s ( ano!r1 "u ! pr9ciple ( collective responsibility1 has comm5d$ itself z j to a multitude ( m9ds4 ,n m]ely ! s9s ( ! fa!rs1 b ^? ( ! mo/ di/ant relations1 ^? ( neighbors1 ( fell[-tribesm51 ( fell[-citiz5s1 h be5 visit$ ^u ^? ^: sole guilt lay 9 su* a connection ) ! directly guilty p>ties4 ,?is is n a sporadic ph5om5on4 ,among ! anci5t ,hebrews1 9 ,babylonia1 9 ,greece1 9 ! lat] legislation ( ,rome1 9 m$ieval & ev5 9 mod]n ,europe1 ! pr9ciple ( collective responsibility has be5 accept$ & has seem$ acceptable4 ,asia1 ,africa & ,oceania h ca/ votes = x4 ,s h ! ,am]icas4 ,footnote3 ,,we/]m>ck1 ,i1 *apt] ii2 ,,dewey ,,& ,,tufts1 ,e?ics1 ,new ,york1 #aiai1 ,"p ,i1 *apt] ii4 #e4 ,,! ,,codes ,,( ,,communites3 ,,v]acity4--,z to v]acity3 ,x has und\bt$ly be5 valu$ to "s degree1 & ) c]ta9 limitations1 by tribes & nations ! mo/ div]se 9 _! degrees ( culture4 ,did m5 nev] speak ! tru? !y might well nev] speak at all4 ,b to ma9ta9 t absolute v]acity has at all times be5 greatly valu$ w\ld be an exagg]ation4 ,! lie ( c\rtesy1 ! clev] lie1 ! lie to ! /rang]1 h be5 & /ill are1 9 _m communities bo? unciviliz$ & m advanc$1 n m]ely condon$1 b approv$4 ,) ! def5ce :i* has be5 made ( ! doctr9es ( m5tal res]vation & pi\s fraud /ud5ts ( *ur* hi/ory are famili>4 ,9 diplomacy & 9 w> today highly civiliz$ nations f9d deceptions ( _m sorts pr(itable to !m1 nor are su* g5]ally condemn$4 ,footnote3 ,,we/]m>ck1 ,,ii1 *apt]s xxx & xxxi4 ,:at mod]n gov]nm5t does n employ secret s]vice ag5ts1 & value !m 9 proportion to ! degree ( skill ) :i* !y manage to deceive _! fell[s1 :ile limit+ ! ex]cise ( pr(essional good fai? to _! int]c\rse ) _! payma/]8 ,! secret s]vice ag5t ( transp>5t frankness1 :o c\ld n be> to deceive 8 neighbor1 w\ld n hold 8 po/ = a day4 ,he w\ld be a subject = ,hom]ic laught]4 ,moreov]1 if ! "q may be rais$3 :at con/itutes ju/ice8 may "o n equally well ask3 :at con/itutes v]acity or its opposite8 ,:]e does ! sil5ce ( indiff]5ce %ade into purpos$ concealm5t1 & ! latt] into :at is unequivocally deception8 ,at :at po9t does deception blossom out into ! unmi/akable lie8 ,"o may take advantage ( an accid5tal misund]/&+ ( :at "o has said2 "o may use ambigu\s language2 "o may po9t in/ead ( speak+4 ,betwe5 go+ ab\t ) a head ( glass1 ) all "o's ?\ghts display$ z 9 a %[-case to e com]1 & ! settl$ purpose to deceive by ! direct v]bal falsification1 !re is a long s]ies ( int]m$iate positions4 ,! comm]cial maxim t "o is n b\nd to tea* ! man ) :om "o is deal+ h[ to conduct 8 bus9ess1 & ! lawy]'s dictum t ! advocate is "u no obligation to put himself 9 ! position ( ! judge1 obvi\sly1 w be> mu* /ret*+4 #f4 ,,! ,,codes ,,( ,,communities3 ,,! ,,common ,,good4--,nor are ! facts :i* confront u less p]plex+ :5 we turn to t reg>d to ! common good :i* ,butl] f9ds to be ackn[l$g$ & en=c$ by ! prim>y & fundam5tal laws ( all civil con/itutions4 ,:e!r we look at ! pa/ or view ! pres5t1 :e!r we /udy primitive communities or conf9e ourselves to civiliz$ nations1 we see t common good is n1 app>5tly1 conceiv$ z ! good ( all m51 h[ev] mu* ! words ju/ice & humanity may be ^u m5's lips4 ,has any mod]n /ate z yet succe$$ 9 incorporat+ 9 its civil con/itution su* provisions z w ensure to all classes ( its subjects any consid]able %>e 9 ! common good8 ,slaves & animals1 said ,ari/otle1 h no %>e 9 happ9ess1 nor d !y live aft] _! own *oice4 ,footnote3 ,politics1 iii1 #i4 ,! p]vad+ unre/ ( ! mod]n economic community is due to ! widespread conviction t ! exi/+ organization ( society does n suffici5tly make = ! happ9ess ( all4 ,"s /ates ) a high degree ( culture h n ev5 made a pret5ce ( hav+ any su* aim4 ,!y h delib]ately legislat$ = ! few4 ,footnote3 ,! citiz5s ( ! anci5t ,greek /ate 7 a privileg$ class :o legislat$ 9 _! own int]e/4 ,let ! read] look into ,plato's ,laws & ,ari/otle's ,politics & see h[ inconceivable ! cultivat$ ,greek f\nd :at is n[ ! ideal ( a mod]n democracy4 ,citiz5s %\ld own l&$ prop]ty1 & "w x by slaves1 b>b>ians & s]vants4 ,!y %\ld n be ignoble me*anics or petty trad]s4 ,comp>e ! _s ( ,froiss>t's ,*ronicles1 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,see :at ,bryce 7,s\? ,am]ica1 ,new ,york1 #aiah1 *apt]s xi & xv7 says ab\t ! position ( ! ,negro 9 our ,s\!rn /ates1 & ( ! ,indians 9 ,s\? ,am]ican republics4 ,ev5 :]e ! av[$ aim is ! common good ( all1 /ates h assum$ t "s mu/ be sacrific$ = o!rs4 ,c]ta9 individuals are select$ to die 9 ! tr5*es 9 ! face ( ! enemy1 t o!rs may be gu>ante$ lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,grotius1 ! fam\s juri/ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 has be5 criticiz$ = hold+ t a beleagu]$ t[n might ju/ly deliv] up to ! enemy a small numb] ( its citiz5s 9 ord] to pur*ase immunity = ! re/4 ,h[ f> d ! cases diff] 9 pr9ciple8 ,among p]sons v>i\sly end[$1 wrote ,hegel1 inequality mu/ occur1 & equality w\ld be wrong4 ,footnote3 ,hegel1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,"r1 translat$ by ,dyde1 ,london1 #ahif1 p4 #ef4 ,commonweal?s ( _m degrees ( developm5t h recogniz$ inequalities ( _m sorts1 & h treat$ _! subjects accord+ly4 ,= diet1 said ,b5?am ) repell5t frankness1 no?+ b self- reg>d+ affection w s]ve4 ,b5evol5ce he consid]$ a valuable addition = a dess]t4 ,he _h 9 m9d ! individual1 & he did inju/ice to individuals 9 c]ta9 ( _! relations4 ,b h[ d ?+s look :5 we turn our att5tion to ! relations betwe5 /ates8 ,does any /ate actually make x a practice to treat its neighbor z itself8 ,w\ld its citiz5s approve ( its do+ s8 ,! ,roman 0 compell$ to =mulate a jus g5tium1 a law ( nations1 to deal ) ^? :o held1 to him1 a place beyond ! pale ( law z he knew x4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 *apt] iii4 ,_m c5turies h elaps$ s9ce pagan philosoph]s taught ! bro!rhood ( man1 & s9ce ,*ri/ian div9es began to prea* x ) passionate f]vor4 ,yet civiliz$ nations today are /ill seek+ to f9d a modus viv5di1 :i* may put an end to /rife & enable !m to live toge!r4 ,! jus g5tium1 or its mod]n equival5t1 is1 alas6 /ill 9 its rudim5ts4 ,to obviate misund]/&+ at ?is po9t1 x is well to /ate t1 9 adduc+ all ! above facts1 ,i d n mean to argue t x is abnormal & an undesirable ?+ t ! scales ( ju/ice %\ld1 at times1 be weight$ 9 div]s ways4 ,i am n ma9ta9+ t ! di/ribution ( common good %\ld proce$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( /rict imp>tiality4 ,:at is possible & is desirable 9 ?is field is n some?+ to be decid$ (f-h&4 ,b ! facts suffice to illu/rate ! tru? t ! discrepancies to be f\nd 9 ! codes ( diff]5t communities c sc>cely be dismiss$ z unimportant details4 ,!y are some?+ f> too significant = t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,codes ,,( ,,! ,,morali/s #g4 ,,! ,,morali/s4--,if1 f ! codes1 or ! m or less vague bodies ( op9ion1 :i* h *>act]iz$ diff]5t communities1 we turn to ! morali/s1 we f9d simil> food = ?\ght4 ,b :o are ! morali/s8 ,c we put into "o class ^? :o prea* a %ort-sight$ selfi%ness or a calculat+ egoism & ^? :o urge ^u u ! law ( love8 ,^? :o recomm5d a contempt ( mank9d1 & ^? :o inculcate a rev]5ce = humanity8 ,^? :o incl9e to leave u to our own devices1 tell+ u to li/5 to consci5ce1 & ^? :o draw up = u elaborate sets ( rules to guide conduct8 ,! hi/ories ( e?ics are r tol]ant 9 h]d+ toge!r %eep & goats4 ,& n )\t reason4 ,^? :om !y include h be5 9 a s5se ! spokesm5 ( _! fell[s4 ,_! words h f\nd an e*o 9 ! s\ls ( _m4 ,!y are conc]n$ ) a rule ( life1 & _! rule ( life1 su* z x is1 re/s ^u "s pr9ciple :i* has impress$ m5 z be+ n :olly unreasonable4 ,9 tak+ a glance at :at !y h to (f] u1 ,i %all n g f> afield1 & %all ex]cise a brevity compatible ) ! purpose ( m]e illu/ration4 ,to ! morali/s ( anci5t ,greece1 &1 to a less] degree1 to ^? ( ! ,roman ,empire1 to ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s :o succe$$ to _! h]itage 9 ! c5turies :i* foll[$1 & to ! m or less indep5d5t ?9k]s :o made _! appe>ance aft] ! ,re=mation1 we c trace our e?ical p$igree4 ,= our purpose we ne$ seek no wid] field4 ,"h we may f9d suffici5tly notable contra/s ( op9ion to di/urb ! dogmatic slumb] ( ev5 an in]t m9d4 ,! mo/ cursory glance makes u incl9$ to accept ) "s res]ve ,/eph5's claim t ! diff]5ce betwe5 diff]5t sy/ems is *iefly 9 ! details & special application ( g5]ally admitt$ pr9ciples4 #h4 ,,epicurean ,,& ,,/oic4--,?us1 ,ari/ippus ( ,cyr5e advis$ m5 to grasp ! pleasure ( ! mom5t r ?an to await ! m unc]ta9 pleasure ( ! future2 b he also c\nsell$1 = prud5tial reasons1 ! avoidance ( a conflict ) ! laws4 ,su* advice takes cognizance ( ! self-love ( ! individual1 & is n self-love reasonable8 ,nev]!less1 su* advice might be giv5 by a disc\rag$ crim9al ( a reflective turn ( m9d1 on 8 release f prison1 to a comrade n yet *a/5$ by inc>c]ation4 ,epicurus praises temp]ance & =titude1 b only z measures ( prud5ce4 ,he praises ju/ice1 b only 9 s f> z x enables u to escape h>m1 & frees u f t dread ( discov]y t haunts ! /eps ( ! evil-do]4 ,8 m specific maxims1 d n fall 9 love ) a woman1 become ! fa!r ( a family1 or1 g5]ally1 g into politics1 smack /rongly ( ! rule ( life recomm5d$ to ,feuillet's h]o1 ,monsieur de ,camors1 by 8 worldly-wise & cynical fa!r4 ,contra/ ) ^! m5 ! ,/oics1 ^: rule ( life 0 to foll[ ,nature1 & to es*ew ! pursuit ( pleasure4 ,man's nature1 said ,epictetus1 is social2 wrongdo+ is antisocial2 affection is natural4 ,footnote3 ,disc\rses1 ,book ,i1 *apt] xxiii--a clev] answ] to ,epicurus4 ,said ,m>cus ,aurelius1 x is *>act]i/ic ( ! rational s\l = a man to love 8 neighbor4 ,! cauti\s ba*elor imbu$ ) ,epicurean pr9ciples w\ld f9d /range & disconc]t+ ! ,/oic position t\*+ citiz5%ip3 ,my nature is rational & social2 & my city & c\ntry1 s f> z ,i am ,anton9us1 is ,rome1 b s f> z ,i am a man1 x is ! _w4 ,! ?+s !n :i* are useful to ^! cities are alone useful to me4 ,footnote3 ,?\ghts1 ,book ,,vi1 #dd2 translat$ by ,,george ,,long4 #i4 ,,plato2 ,,ari/otle2 ,,! ,,*ur*4--,no m fam\s classification ( ! virtues--^? qualities ( "* :i* x is desirable = a man to h1 & :i* det]m9e 8 do+ :at x is desirable t he %\ld d--has ev] be5 drawn up ?an t (f]$ u by ,plato3 ,wisdom1 ,c\rage1 ,temp]ance & ,ju/ice4 ,footnote3 ,= ,,plato's acc\nt ( ! virtues see ! ,republic1 ,book ,,iv1 & ! ,laws1 ,book ,i4 ,x is int]e/+ to lay beside x ! long] li/ drawn up by ,ari/otle1 & to comp>e bo? ) t :i* comm5d$ itself to ! m9d ( ! m$iaeval *ur*man4 ,) ,ari/otle1 ! virtues are made to include3 ,footnote3 ,e?ics2 ,i ref] ! read] to ! admirable exposition & criticism by ,,sidgwick1 ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics1 ,london1 #ahif1 *apt] ii1 ,sec #aj-ab2 comp>e ,,zell]1 ,ari/otle & ! ,e>li] ,p]ipatetics1 ,engli% translation ,london1 #ahig1 ,volume ,,ii1 *apt] xii4 ,wisdom ,high-m9d$ness ,ju/ice ,ambition ,c\rage ,g5tl5ess ,temp]ance ,fri5dl9ess ,lib]ality ,tru?fulness ,magnific5ce ,decor\s ,wit & x is sugge/$ t1 al?\gh sc>cely a virtue1 a s5se ( %ame is becom+ 9 y\?4 ,we f9d ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s especially recomm5d+3 ,footnote3 ,see ,,sidgwick',s sympa!tic acc\nt ( ! ,*ur*man's view ( ! virtues1 loc4 cit41 *apt] iii4 ,ob$i5ce ,pati5ce ,b5evol5ce ,purity ,humility ,ali5ation f ! ,_w ,ali5ation f ! ,fle% & _! li/s ( ! deadly s9s !y select f ! foll[+3 ,pride ,arrogance ,ang] ,gluttony ,un*a/ity ,envy ,va9-,glory ,gloom9ess ,languid ,indiff]5ce4 ,c\ld !re be a m /rik+ contra/ ?an t betwe5 ! m$iaeval code & ^? ( ! great ,greek ?9k]s8 ,plato recomm5d$ z virtues c]ta9 g5]al *>act]i/ics ( "* mu* admir$ by ! ,greek ( 8 day4 ,ari/otle accept$ !m & add$ to !m4 ,he has pa9t$ mu* m 9 detail ! gifts & graces ( a well-born & well-situat$ ,greek g5tleman z he conceiv$ him4 ,! p]sonage w\ld cut a sorry figure 9 ! role ( a m$iaeval sa9t2 ! m$iaeval sa9t w\ld we> a t>ni%$ halo if end[$ ) ! ,ari/otelian virtues4 ,! "o ideal1 ! ,greek1 brea!s an air ( self-ass]tion2 ! o!r "o ( self-abnegation4 ,b5evol5ce1 ,purity1 ,humility & ,unworldl9ess are n to be f\nd 9 ! =m]2 ,ju/ice1 ,c\rage & ,v]acity appe> to be miss+ 9 ! latt]4 ,wisdom1 insight1 has giv5 place to ! ,ob$i5ce appropriate to a man cle>ly consci\s ( a ,law1 n man-made1 to :i* man feels himself to be subject4 ,inde$1 ! discrepancy betwe5 ! ideals is su* t ,ari/otle's virtu\sly high-m9d$ man w\ld h be5 conceiv$ by ! m$iaeval *ur*man to be liv+ 9 deadly s91 z ! v embodim5t ( pride & arrogance4 ,we f9d him portray$ z nei!r seek+ nor avoid+ dang]1 = !re are few ?+s ab\t :i* he c>es2 z a%am$ to accept favors1 s9ce t implies inf]iority2 z sluggi% & indiff]5t except :5 /imulat$ by "s great honor to be ga9$ or "s great "w to be p]=m$2 z frank1 = ?is is *>act]i/ic ( ! man :o despises o!rs2 z admir+ little1 = no?+ is great to him4 ,8 pride prev5ts him f h>bor+ res5tm5t1 f seek+ praise1 & f prais+ o!rs4 ,?is ,nietzs*ean h]o w\ld attract att5tion ^u any /age3 ,! /ep ( ! high-m9d$ man is sl[1 8 voice deep1 & 8 language /ately1 = he :o feels anxiety ab\t few ?+s is n apt to be 9 a hurry2 & he :o ?9ks highly ( no?+ is n vehem5t4 ,footnote3 ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iv1 *apt] 91 #ai1 translation by ,r4 ,w4 ,,br[ne1 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,to be sure1 virtues n on a giv5 li/ may be f\nd 91 or read into1 "s ( ! writ+s ( ! man :o pres5ts x4 ,x w\ld be absurd to ma9ta9 t ! m$iaeval *ur*man _h no reg>d = ju/ice1 c\rage & v]acity1 z he w\ld def9e !m1 or t ,plato & ,ari/otle 7 :olly deaf to ! claims ( b5evol5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ! v>iations 9 ! emphasis laid on ?is virtue or on t1 or 9 ! conception ( :at con/itutes ?is virtue or t1 may yield ideals ( "* & ( conduct :i* be> b a slight family resemblance4 ,imag9e ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi l[]+ 8 voice1 sl[+ 8 /ep1 & cultivat+ high- m9d$ness1 or /riv+ to make himself a patt]n ( decor\s wit4 #aj4 ,,lat] ,,li/s ,,( ,,! ,,virtues4--,! codes propos$ by ! morali/s ( a lat] "t are num]\s & widely scatt]+4 ,x is impossible to d ju/ice to !m 9 any brief compass4 ,a v few in/ances1 select$ f among ^? mo/ famili> to ,engli% read]s1 mu/ suffice to indicate ! div]sity ( _! nature4 ,hobbes ,footnote3 ,levia?an1 *apt] xv41 deeply conc]n$ to discov] "s modus viv5di :i* %\ld put a *eck ^u /rife betwe5 man & 8 fell[-man1 & save u f a life solit>y1 poor1 na/y1 bruti% & %ort1 recomm5ds among o!r virtues3 ,ju/ice ,equity ,requital ( b5efits ,sociability ,a mod]ate degree ( =giv5ess ,! avoidance ( pride & arrogance4 ,locke ,footnote3 ,essay1 ,book ,,iv1 *apt] iii1 ,sec4 #ah2 ,( ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 ,book ,,ii1 *apt] ii41 :o believes t moral pr9ciples mu/ be intuitively evid5t to "o :o contemplates ! nature ( ,god & ! relations ( m5 to ,him & to ea* o!r1 ?9ks x wor? :ile to set d[n su* r&om maxims z3 ,no gov]nm5t all[s absolute lib]ty4 ,:]e !re is no prop]ty !re is no inju/ice4 ,all m5 are orig9ally equal4 ,m5 ought n to h>m "o ano!r4 ,p>5ts h a "r to control _! *ildr54 ,hume1 ,footnote3 ,an ,enquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ,sec #f1 ,"p ,i ^: two classes ( virtues comprise ! qualities imm$iately agreeable or useful to ourselves & ^? imm$iately agreeable or useful to o!rs1 (f]s u an ext5d$ li/4 ,he puts into ! fir/ class3 ,discretion ,caution ,ent]prise ,indu/ry ,frugality ,economy ,good ,s5se1 etc4 ,temp]ance ,sobriety ,pati5ce ,p]sev]ance ,consid]at5ess ,secrecy ,ord]1 etc4 ,9 ! second class he includes3 ,b5evol5ce ,ju/ice ,v]acity ,fidelity ,polit5ess ,wit ,mode/y ,cleanl9ess4 ,manife/ly1 ! li/s may be indef9itely prolong$4 ,:y n add to ! fir/ class ! pa*yd]mat\s indiff]5ce to rebuffs :i* is ( su* s]vice to ! social climb]1 &1 to ! second1 ta/e 9 dress & ! habit ( n repeat+ /ories8 ,?omas ,reid lays /ress ^u ! deliv]ances ( ! individual consci5ce1 :5 consult$ 9 a quiet h\r4 ,nev]!less he proposes five fundam5tal maxims3 ,footnote3 ,on ! ,active ,p[]s ( ,man1 ,essay ,v1 *apt] i4 ,we ought to ex]cise a rational self-love1 & pref] a great] to a less] good4 ,we %\ld foll[ nature1 z reveal$ 9 ! con/itution ( man4 ,we %\ld ex]cise b5evol5ce4 ,"r & wrong are ! same = all 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,we %\ld v5]ate & obey ,god4 ,) su* writ]s we may contra/ ! ,utilit>ians & ! adh]5ts ( ! doctr9e ( ,self-realization1 ,footnote3 ,^! w be discuss$ bel[1 *apt]s xxv & xxvi4 :o lay little /ress ^u li/s ( virtues or duties1 b aim1 respectively1 at ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]1 & at ! h>moni\s developm5t ( ! faculties ( man1 reg>d+ z virtues su* qualities ( "* z make = ! atta9m5t1 9 ! long run1 ( ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! ends4 #aa4 ,,! ,,/ret*+ ,,( ,,moral ,,concepts4--,! in/ances giv5 suffice to %[ t ! morali/s speak ) a v>iety ( tongues4 ,! code ( "o age is apt to seem /range & =eign to ! m5 ( ano!r4 ,ev5 :]e !re is app>5t agreem5t1 a clos] scrut9y (t5 reveals t x has be5 atta9$ by a process ( /ret*+ conceptions4 ,take = example ! s-call$ c>d9al virtues ,footnote3 ,f c>do1 a h+e4 ,^! virtues 7 suppos$ to be fundam5tal4 ,! "n giv5 to !m 0 fir/ us$ by ,,ambrose 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,see ,,sidgwick1 ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics1 *ap1 ii1 p4 #dd4 dwelt ^u by ,plato4 ,! ,/oics1 :o made use ( 8 li/1 *ang$ its _s4 ,cic]o /ret*es ju/ice s z to make x cov] a wat]y b5evol5ce4 ,/4 ,augu/9e f9ds ! c>d9al virtues to be diff]5t aspects ( ,love to ,god4 ,! great s*ola/ic philosoph] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,/4 ,?omas1 places 9 ! fir/ rank ! ,*ri/ian graces ( ,fai?1 ,hope & ,*>ity1 b /ill f9ds x conv5i5t to use ! ,platonic s*eme 9 ord]+ a li/ ( ! self- reg>d+ virtues tak5 f ,ari/otle4 ,?us may ! pill>s ( a pagan temple be utiliz$ z /ructural units 91 or embelli%m5ts (1 a ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,our own age reveals ! same t5d5cy4 ,?omas ,hill ,gre51 ! ,ox=d pr(essor1 foll[s ,plato4 ,b ) him we f9d wisdom /ret*$ to cov] arti/ic creation2 we see t c\rage & temp]ance h tak5 on new faces2 & ju/ice appe>s to be able to ga!r "u its w+s bo? b5evol5ce & v]acity4 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] iii1 & ,book ,,iv1 *apt] v4 ,a /ill wid] div]g5ce f ! orig9al und]/&+ ( ! c>d9al virtues is t ( ,dewey1 :o conceives ( !m z traits ess5tial to all morality4 ,he treats1 "u temp]ance1 ( purity & rev]5ce2 he makes c\rage synonym\s ) p]si/5t vigor2 he ext5ds ju/ice s z to include love & sympa?y2 he trans=ms wisdom into consci5ti\sness4 ,footnote3 ,,dewey ,,& ,,tufts1 ,e?ics1 pp4 #djd-dbc4 ,?is v>iation 9 ! cont5t ( moral concepts may be illu/rat$ f any qu>t] 9 ! field ( e?ics4 ,cic]o's circumspect b5evol5ce advances ! doctr9e t :atev] "o c give )\t suff]+ loss %\ld be giv5 ev5 to an entire /rang]4 ,among su* obligations he reckons3 to prohibit no "o f dr9k+ at a /ream ( runn+ wat]2 to p]mit anyone :o wi%es to light fire f fire2 to give fai?ful advice to "o :o is 9 d\bt2 :i* ?+s1 z he naively rem>ks1 are useful to ! receiv] & d no h>m to ! giv]4 ,footnote3 ,de ,(ficiis1 ,book ,i1 *apt] xvi4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! admonition to love "o's neighbor z oneself2 ,sidgwick's self-evid5t proposition t ,i ought n to pref] my own less] good to ! great] good ( ano!r2 ,footnote3 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] xiii1 ,sec #c4 ,b5?am's utilit>ian =mula1 ev]ybody to c\nt = "o1 & nobody = m ?an "o4 ,! admonition1 be b5evol5t1 may mean _m ?+s4 #ab4 ,,! ,,reflective ,,m9d ,,& ,,! ,,moral ,,codes4--,ev5 ! cursory glance we h giv5 above to ! moral codes ( diff]5t communities & ^? propos$ by individual morali/s mu/ suffice to br+ any ?\ghtful man to ! consci\sness t !y diff] widely among !mselves1 & t ! diff]5ces c sc>cely be dismiss$ z insignificant4 ,a little reflection w suffice to conv9ce him1 fur!rmore1 t to treat all o!r codes z if !y 7 m]e pa?ological v>iations f 8 own is indef5sibly dogmatic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 codes %\ld n be unduly emphasiz$4 ,! core ( id5tity is !re1 &1 al?\gh 9 its bald ab/ractness x is n en\gh to live by1 x is va/ly significant1 nev]!less4 ,if !re 7 n "s congruity 9 ! mat]ials1 !y w\ld nev] be br\ght toge!r z ! subject ( "o sci5ce4 ,unless good1 "r1 obligation1 approval1 etc41 or ! rudim5t>y conceptions :i* =e%ad[ !m 9 ! m9d ( ! mo/ primitive human be+s1 _h a core ( id5tity :i* c\ld be trac$ 9 societies ! mo/ div]se1 !re w\ld be no significance 9 speak+ ( ! enlight5$ morality ( "o p & ! degrad$ & undevelop$ morality ( ano!r4 ,!re c\ld be no hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! moral ideas4 ,collections ( disp>ate & disconnect$ facts d n con/itute a sci5ce1 nor are !y ! prop] subject ( a hi/ory4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we all d speak ( degrad$ moral conceptions1 ( a p]v]t$ consci5ce1 ( a l(ty morality1 ( a f9e s5se ( duty2 we d n hesitate to comp>e1 i4 e41 to treat z simil> & yet dissimil>1 ! cu/oms1 laws & e?ical maxims ( diff]5t ages & ( diff]5t races4 ,?is means t we h 9 our m9ds "s /&>d1 p]haps consci\sly =mulat$1 p]haps dimly appreh5d$1 accord+ to :i* we rate !m4 ,! unreflective man is 9 dang] ( tak+ z ?is /&>d 8 own actual code1 su* z x is2 ( accept+1 toge!r ) su* elem5ts ( reason z x may conta91 ! :ole mass ( 8 inh]it$ or acquir$ prejudices2 ! m reflective man w /rive to be m rationally critical4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,e?ics ,,z ,,sci5ce ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,awak5+ ,,to ,,reflection #ac4 ,,! ,,dogmatism ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,man4--,9 morals & 9 politics x seems natural = man to be dogmatic1 to take a position )\t hesitation1 to def5d x vehem5tly1 to ma9ta9 t o!rs are 9 ! wrong4 ,?is is n surpris+4 ,we are born into a moral environm5t z into an all-embrac+ atmosph]e4 ,f ! cradle to ! grave1 we walk ) our heads 9 a cl\d ( exhortations & prohibitions4 ,f our e>lie/ ye>s we h be5 urg$ to make decisions & to act1 & we h be5 furni%$ ) g5]al maxims to guide our action4 ,:51 !re=e1 we approa* ! solution ( a moral problem1 we d n1 z a rule1 acutely feel our fitness to solve x1 ev5 ?\gh we may be judg$ q unfit by o!rs4 ,?is unruffl$ confid5ce 9 "o's possession ( an adequate supply ( indubitable moral tru? may be f\nd 9 m5 :o diff] widely 9 _! degree ( intellig5ce & 9 ! ext5t ( _! in=mation4 ,"s individuals seem born to x4 ,we may come ^u x 9 ! e?ical philosoph]2 we may meet x 9 ! man ( sci5ce1 :o kn[s t x has tak5 him a qu>t] ( a c5tury to fit himself to be an au?ority 9 matt]s *emical or physical1 b :o w&]s 9 8 h\rs ( leisure into ! field ( e?ics & has no hesitation 9 propos+ radical re=ms4 ,b x is m natural to look = ! unwav]+ confid5ce :i* kn[s no que/ion+s among p]sons ( re/rict$ outlook1 :o h be5 br\ght into contact ) b "o set ( op9ions4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! *ild1 ( ! uncultivat$ classes 9 all communities1 ( :ole communities primitive 9 _! culture & relatively un5light5$4 #ad4 ,,! ,,awak5+4--,manife/ly1 ev5 ! beg9n+s ( e?ical sci5ce are an impossibility :]e su* a _s prevails4 ,:]e !re are no d\bts1 no que/ion+s1 !re c be no attempt at rational con/ruction4 ,=tunately = ! cause ( human enlight5m5t !re are =ces at "w :i* t5d to ar\se m5 f ?is /ate ( le?>gy4 ,horizons are broad5$1 new ideas make _! appe>ance1 !re is a conflict ( au?orities1 ! bir? ( a d\bt1 &1 f9ally1 a m or less articulate appeal to ,reason4 ,ev5 a *ild is capable ( see+ t pat]nal & mat]nal injunctions & reactions are n :olly alike1 & x sets !m (f aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,nor h all ! *ildr5 9 ! home precisely ! same nature4 ,"o is temp]am5tally frank & op51 b unsympa!tic2 ano!r is affectionate1 & prone to ly+ z ! sp>ks fly upw>d4 ,! virtues & vices are n spontane\sly arrang$ 9 ! same ord] ( importance by *ildr51 & diff]5ces ( op9ion may arise4 ,nor does x take ! *ild long to discov] t ! law ( its own home is n id5tical ) t ( ! h\se next door4 ,at s*ool ! exp]i5ce is repeat$ on a l>g] scale2 _m homes are repres5t$1 &1 besides t1 two codes ( law claim allegiance1 ! code ( ! s*oolboy & t ( ! ma/]4 ,!y may be by no means 9 accord4 ,& :51 9 college1 ! /ud5t = ! fir/ "t s]i\sly addresses himself to ! task ( ! /udy ( e?ics z sci5ce1 he comes to x by no means :olly unprep>$4 ,he has _h r a broad exp]i5ce ( ! contra/s :i* obta9 betwe5 diff]5t codes4 ,he is famili> ) ! code ( ! home1 ( ! s*ool1 ( ! social class1 ( ! religi\s community1 ( ! civil community4 ,!re sit on ! same b5*es ) him ! s5sitively consci5ti\s /ud5t :o d\bts :e!r x is a p]missible deception ( "o's neighbor to apply a pat* to an old g>m5t s skillfully t x w escape detection2 ! sport+ "* :o takes x to be ! mutual und]/&+ among m5 t tru? %all n be dem&$ ( ^? :o deal 9 horses & dogs2 ! y\? f ,texas :o claims t ! ,fr5* philosoph]1 ,janet1 _c be an au?ority on morals1 s9ce he ass]ts t he :o *eats at c>ds mu/ feel a burn+ %ame4 ,) ! e?ics ( ! anci5t ,hebrews1 ( ! ,greeks1 ( ! ,romans1 our "y morali/ has _h ! opportunity to acquire "s famili>ity1 & he c comp>e !m1 if he w1 ) ! ,*ri/ian e?ics ( 8 own day4 ,he kn[s some?+ ( hi/ory & biography2 he has read books ( travel1 & has "s acqua9tance ) ! mann]s & cu/oms ( o!r peoples4 ,7 he giv5 to reflection1 x ought n to surprise him to f9d a ,portuguese sea-cook ma9ta9+ t x is wrong to /eal1 except f ! ri*2 or to le>n t a ,wahabee sa9t rat$ ! smok+ ( tobacco z ! wor/ possible s9 next to idolatry1 :ile ma9ta9+ t murd]1 robb]y1 & su* l1 7 peccadilloes :i* a m]ciful ,god might prop]ly ov]look4 ,mat]ial = reflection he has 9 abundance--& he (t5 rema9s relatively dogmatic & unplagu$ by d\bt4 ,b only relatively s2 & only s long z ! claims ( conflict+ au?orities are n =c$ ^u 8 att5tion1 r5d]$ importunate 9 ! light ( discussion1 made s famili> z to seem real & sub/antial4 ,x is ! t5d5cy ( ! wid5+ ( ! horizon to ar\se m5 to reflection1 to /imulate to criticism4 ,f su* criticism ! sci5ce ( e?ics has its bir?4 ,:at is true ( ! individual is true ( m5 9 ! mass4 ,! bl9d life ( social classes long laid 9 *a9s by cu/om & tradition may come to be illum9at$ by new ideas1 & passive acquiesc5ce may give way to active p>ticipation 9 social endeavor4 ,nor c primitive peoples rema9 :olly primitive except 9 isolation4 ,) ! increas$ int]c\rse betwe5 races & peoples1 m5 are br\ght to a cle> consci\sness t ! accept$ 9 morals is manifold & div]se2 ! next /ep is to "q :e!r x is1 9 any giv5 in/ance1 ( unque/ionable au?ority2 ?us d m5 become ripe = ! se>* = ! acceptable4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,e?ical ,,me?od #ae4 ,,inductive ,,& ,,d$uctive ,,me?od4--,pr(essor ,h5ry ,sidgwick has def9$ a me?od ( e?ics z any rational proc$ure by :i* we det]m9e :at is "r = individual human be+s to d1 or to seek to realize by volunt>y action4 ,footnote3 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,i1 *apt] i1 ,sec ,i4 ,he po9ts out t _m me?ods are natural & are habitually us$1 b claims t only "o c be rational4 ,by :i* he means t ! sev]al me?ods ( det]m9+ "r conduct urg$ by ! diff]5t s*ools ( ! morali/s mu/ be reconcil$1 or all b "o mu/ be reject$4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 *apt] i1 ,sec #c4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i %all n discuss 9 detail ! s*ools ( ! morali/s & ! specific me?ods :i* *>act]ize !m4 ,i am "h conc]n$ only ) ! g5]al di/9ction betwe5 ! sci5tific me?ods ( d$uction & induction1 & its be>+ ^u e?ical inve/igations4 ,h[ d we discov] t1 9 an isosceles triangle1 ! sides :i* subt5d ! equal angles are equal8 ,we d n g ab\t collect+ ! op9ions ( individuals ^u ! subject1 nor d we consult ! records ( o!r peoples1 pa/ or pres5t4 ,we d n measure a great numb] ( triangles & arrive at our conclusion aft] a calculation ( ! probable error ( our measurem5ts4 ,! appeal to au?orities does n int]e/ u2 t measurem5ts are always m or less inaccurate1 & t all actual triangles are m or less irregul>1 we freely admit1 b we d n reg>d su* facts z significant4 ,we use a s+le triangle z an illu/ration1 & f :at is giv5 91 or along )1 t individual in/ance1 we d$uce c]ta9 consequ5ces 9 :i* we h ! highe/ confid5ce4 ,"h we foll[ ! me?od ( d$uction4 ,we accept a giv51 ) its validity we d n conc]n ourselves2 our aim is ! discov]y ( :at may be gott5 out ( x4 ,9 ! inductive sci5ces ! individual in/ance has an importance ( q a diff]5t sort4 ,x is n a m]e illu/ration1 unequivocally embody+ a g5]al tru? to :i* we may appeal directly1 treat+ ! in/ance z a m]e vehicle1 9 itself ( little significance4 ,individual in/ances are obs]v$ & comp>$2 uni=mities are se>*$ =2 x is s\ght to e/abli% g5]al tru?s1 n directly evid5t1 b ^: au?ority re/s ^u ! p>ticul> facts t h be5 obs]v$ & classifi$4 ,x is a commonplace ( logic t bo? induction & d$uction may be employ$ 9 _m fields ( sci5ce4 ,we may atta9 by inductive inquiry to m or less g5]al tru?s1 :i* we no long] c>e to call 9 "q1 & :i* we accept z a giv51 to be exploit$ & c>ri$ out 9 its consequ5ces4 ,inde$1 we ne$ n betake ourselves to sci5ce to h an illu/ration ( ?is me?od ( proc$ure4 ,9 ev]yday life m5 h maxims by :i* !y judge ( ! probable actions ( _! fell[-m5 & 9 ! light ( :i* !y direct _! deal+s ) !m4 ,su* maxims z t m5 may be c\nt$ ^u to consult _! own int]e/s h c]ta9ly n be5 adopt$ indep5d5tly ( an exp]i5ce ( :at1 on p>ticul> occasions1 m5 h %[n !mselves to be4 ,b1 once adopt$1 !y may be treat$ z1 = practical purposes1 unque/ionable2 m5 are conc]n$ to apply !m1 n to sub/antiate !m4 ,9 s f>1 m5 reason f !m d$uctively & pass f ! g5]al rule to ! p>ticul> in/ance4 #af4 ,,! ,,au?ority ,,( ,,! ,,giv54--,obvi\sly ! giv51 9 ! s5se indicat$1 may possess1 9 c]ta9 cases1 a v high degree ( au?ority1 &1 9 o!rs1 a v l[ degree4 ,9 ! case ( ! ma!matical tru? ref]r$ to above1 m5 d n1 9 fact1 f9d x necess>y to call 9 "q ! giv51 ?\gh !y may be divid$ 9 _! notions t\*+ ! g5]al nature ( ma!matical evid5ce & :5ce x draws its app>5tly indisputable au?ority4 ,9 c]ta9 ( ! inductive sci5ces1 z 9 me*anics1 physics & *emi/ry1 g5]alizations h be5 atta9$ 9 :i* ev5 ! critical repose mu* confid5ce4 ,9 o!r fields m5 are con/antly mak+ g5]al /atem5ts :i* are promptly contradict$ by _! fell[s1 & are draw+ f !m inf]5ces ! ju/ice ( :i* is 9 _m qu>t]s disall[$4 ,!re are axioms & axioms1 maxims & maxims4 ,! confid5ce felt by a giv5 individual 9 a p>ticul> giv5 does n gu>antee its acceptance by all m5 ( equal intellig5ce4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! evid5ce ^u :i* a disput$ giv5 is bas$ is =?com+1 !re is1 at lea/1 gr\nd = rational discussion4 ,n a few fam\s writ]s h treat$ moral tru?s z analog\s to ma!matical4 ,footnote3 ,see ! *apt] on ,intuitionism1 ,sec #ij1 note4 ,to take "h a s+le in/ance4 ,sidgwick1 9 8 truly admirable "w on ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ma9ta9s ,footnote3 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] xiii1 ,sec #c4 t ! propositions1 ',i ought n to pref] a pres5t less] good to a future great] good1' & ',i ought n to pref] my own less] good to ! great] good ( ano!r1' d pres5t !mselves z self-evid5t2 z mu* 7e4g47 z ! ma!matical axiom t 'if equals be add$ to equals ! :oles are equals4' ,b x is "o ?+ to claim t we are 9 possession ( a giv5 ) ultimate & indisputable au?ority2 x is ano!r to conv9ce m5 t we really d possess x4 ,locke's ef=ts at d$uction fall lam5tably %ort ( ! model set by ,euclid4 ,pr(essor ,sidgwick's well-kn[n moral axiom1 ',i ought n to pref] my own less] good to ! great] good ( ano!r1' w\ld1 writes ,we/]m>ck1 ,footnote3 ,op4 cit41 ,volume ,i1 *apt] i1 p4 #ab4 if expla9$ to a ,fuegian or a ,hott5tot1 be reg>d$ by him1 n z self-evid5t1 b z simply absurd2 nor c x claim g5]al acceptance ev5 among ourselves4 ,:o is t ',ano!r' to ^: great] good ,i ought n to pref] my own less] good8 ,a fell[- c\ntryman1 a savage1 a crim9al1 a bird1 a fi%--all )\t di/9ction8 ,to ,b5?am's ev]ybody to c\nt = "o & nobody = m ?an "o may be oppos$ ,h>tley's pref]5ce ( b5evol5t & religi\s p]sons to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,footnote3 ,obs]vations on ,man1 ,"p ,,ii1 *apt] iii1 #f4 ,! fact t m5 em95t = _! intellectual ability & = ! bread? ( _! in=mation are1 9 morals1 incl9$ to accept1 z ultimate1 pr9ciples n id5tical1 & ?us to f\nd diff]5t s*ools1 w\ld seem to indicate t1 to "o :o aims at treat+ e?ics z a sci5ce1 pr9ciples1 z well z ! d$uctions f !m1 %\ld be objects ( close/ scrut9y4 ,!y %\ld n be tak5 = grant$4 ,! hi/ory ( e?ical !ory appe>s to make x cle> t ! giv5 ( ! morali/ is n ( ! same nature z t ( ! geomet]4 ,! e?ical philosoph] _c1 h5ce1 conf9e himself to develop+ d$uctively ! implications ( "s pr9ciple or pr9ciples assum$ )\t critical exam9ation4 ,he mu/ e/abli% ! validity ev5 ( 8 pr9ciples4 ,?is we %\ld be> 9 m9d :5 we approa* ! /udy ( ! diff]5t e?ical s*ools4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,e?ics #ag4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,morali/ ,,%\ld ,,proce$4--,! above reflections on me?od sugge/ ! mat]ials ( :i* ! morali/ %\ld avail himself 9 re>+ ! edifice ( 8 sci5ce4 7#a7 ,evid5tly he %\ld reflect ^u ! moral judgm5ts :i* he f9ds 9 himself1 ! moral be+ ) :om he is be/ acqua9t$4 ,he %\ld endeavor to r5d] consi/5t & lum9\s moral judgm5ts :i*1 z he f9ds1 h too (t5 be5 inconsi/5t & m or less bl9d4 7#b7 ,he %\ld take cognizance ( 8 own sett+--( ! social consci5ce embodi$ 9 ! community 9 :i* he lives4 7#c7 ,& s9ce1 z we h se51 ! significance1 ei!r ( ! individual consci5ce1 or ( ! social consci5ce reveal$ 9 cu/om1 law & public op9ion1 c h>dly become app>5t to "o :o does n br+ )9 8 horizon _m consci5ces individual & social1 he %\ld enl>ge 8 view s z to include su*4 ,! morali/s1 9 our day1 %[ an increas+ t5d5cy to pay s]i\s att5tion to ?is mass ( mat]ials4 ,!y d n conf9e _! att5tion to ! moral /&>d :i* ?is man or t has accept$ z au?oritative = him1 nor to t accept$ z au?oritative 9 a giv5 community4 ,!y /udy man-- man 9 all /ages ( 8 developm5t & 9 mat]ial & social sett+s ! mo/ div]se4 7#d7 ,nor %\ld ! /ud5t ( e?ics ov]look ! "w :i* has be5 done by ^? morali/s :o h gone be=e him4 ,he :o has /udi$ descriptive anatomy is aw>e ( ! imm5se s]vice :i* has be5 done him by ! unwe>i$ obs]vations ( 8 pr$ecessors2 obs]vations :i* h be5 put on record1 & :i* draw 8 att5tion to numb]less details ( /ructure t w\ld1 )\t su* aid1 c]ta9ly escape 8 att5tion4 ,e?ics is an anci5t discipl9e4 ,x has fix$ ! att5tion ( acute m9ds = _m c5turies4 ,he :o approa*es ! subject naively1 )\t an acqua9tance ) ! _m e?ical !ories :i* h be5 advanc$ & ! acute criticisms to :i* !y h be5 subject$1 w almo/ c]ta9ly say :at someone has said be=e1 & said1 p]haps1 mu* bett]4 ,! valor ( ignorance w involve him 9 ignom9i\s defeat4 7#e7 ,x is evid5t t ! morali/ mu/ make use ( mat]ials (f]$ him by work]s 9 _m o!r fields ( sci5ce4 ,! biologi/ may h valuable sugge/ions to make t\*+ ! impulses & in/9cts ( man4 ,! psy*ologi/ treats ( ! same1 & exhibits ! "w ( ! intellect 9 ord]+ & organiz+ ! impulses4 ,he /udies ! ph5om5a ( desire1 w1 habit1 ! =mation ( "*4 ,! an?ropologi/ & ! sociologi/ are conc]n$ ) ! codes ( communities & ) ! laws ( social developm5t4 ,! fields ( economics1 politics & comp>ative jurisprud5ce obvi\sly m>* ) t cultivat$ by ! /ud5t ( e?ics4 #ah4 ,,! ,,philosoph] ,,z ,,morali/4--,9 all ^! sci5ces at once x is n possible = ! morali/ to be an adept4 ,! mass ( ! mat]ial !y furni% is s va/ t ! e?ical writ] :o />ts out to ma/] x 9 all its details may well dread t he may be ov]come by s5ility be=e he is ready to und]take ! =mulation ( an e?ical !ory4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t he %\ld leave to ^? :o occupy !mselves pr(essionally ) any ( ^! fields ! task ( fram+ a !ory ( morals4 ,he mu/ h suffici5t in=mation to be able to select ) intellig5ce :at has "s important be>+ ^u ! problem ( conduct1 b !re are _m details into :i* he ne$ n g4 ,x is well to note ! foll[+ po9ts3 7#a7 ,a multitude ( details may be illu/rative ( a comp>atively small numb] ( g5]al pr9ciples4 ,x is ) ^! g5]al pr9ciples t ! morali/ is conc]n$4 ,! an?ropologi/ may reg>d x z 8 duty to sp5d mu* labor 9 ! attempt to discov] :y ?is or t act1 ?is or t article ( food1 happ5s 9 a giv5 community to be taboo to c]ta9 p]sons4 ,! /ud5t ( e?ics is n b\nd to take up ! detail$ inve/igation ( su* matt]s4 ,human nature1 9 its g5]al con/itution1 is mu* ! same 9 diff]5t races & peoples4 ,! influ5ce ( environm5t is ev]y:]e app>5t4 ,!re are significant uni=mities to be discov]$ ev5 by "o :o has a limit$ am\nt ( detail$ in=mation4 ,^? :o come aft] u w see no?+ new1 said ,anton9us1 nor h ^? be=e u se5 any?+ m1 b 9 a mann] he :o is =ty ye>s old2 if he has any und]/&+ at all1 has se5 by virtue ( ! uni=mity :i* prevails all ?+s :i* h be5 & all t w be4 ,footnote3 ,?\ghts1 ,,xi1 #a4 ,london1 #ahia1 translat$ by ,,george ,,long4 ,:i* is1 to be sure1 an ov]/atem5t ( ! case1 b "o conta9+ a g]m ( tru?4 7#b7 ,we f9d1 by look+ into _! books1 t m5 mo/ intimately acqua9t$ ) ! facts ( ! moral life z reveal$ 9 diff]5t races & peoples may diff] widely 9 ! e?ical doctr9e :i* !y are incl9$ to base ^u !m4 ,n all m51 ev5 :5 end[$ ) no little le>n+1 are gift$ ) ! cle>ness ( vision :i* c detect ! significance ( giv5 facts2 nor are all equally capable ( weav+ relevant facts into a consi/5t & reasonable !ory4 ,! ke5ness & ! con/ructive g5ius ( ! individual c\nt = mu*4 ,& bread? ( view c\nts = mu* also4 ,we h se5 t e?ics t\*es _m fields ( inve/igation1 & ! philosoph] is suppos$1 at lea/1 to let 8 vision range ov] a broad realm1 & to grasp ! relations ( ! diff]5t sci5ces to ea* o!r4 ,he is1 moreov]1 suppos$ to be tra9$ 9 reflective analysis1 & ( ?is e?ical !ory appe>s to /& 9 no little ne$4 7#c7 ,f9ally1 ! m]e fact t e?ics has = s _m c5turies be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! discipl9es fall+ )9 ! doma9 ( ! philosoph] is n )\t its significance4 ,"o may deplore ! t5d5cy to base e?ics ^u ?is or t metaphysical doctr9e1 & desire to see x made an indep5d5t sci5ce2 & yet "o may be compell$ to admit t x is n easy to compreh5d & to e/imate ! value ( _m ( ! e?ical !ories :i* h be5 evolv$ 9 ! pa/1 )\t hav+ r an intimate acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,! e?ical tea*+s ( ,plato1 ( ,ari/otle1 ( ,/4 ,?omas1 ( ,kant1 ( ,hegel1 ( ,gre51 lose mu* ( _! mean+ :5 tak5 out ( _! sett+4 ,! hi/ory ( e?ical !ory is bl9d :5 divorc$ f ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 & ) ! hi/ory ( e?ical !ory ! morali/ %\ld be acqua9t$4 ,! philosoph] has no prescriptive "r to preempt ! field ( e?ics4 ,_m m5 may cultivate x ) pr(it4 ,nev]!less1 he1 too1 %\ld cultivate x1 n indep5d5tly & ) a disreg>d ( :at has be5 done by o!rs1 b 9 a _s ( he>ty coop]ation1 ?ankfully accept+ su* help z is (f]$ him by 8 neighbors4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,e?ics ,,z ,,sci5ce #ai4 ,,! ,,appeal ,,to ,,reason4--,! prop] aim ( ! sci5tific /udy ( e?ics appe>s to be sugge/$ ) suffici5t cle>ness by :at has be5 said 9 ! *apt]s on ! accept$ cont5t ( morals4 ,:]e individuals take up unreflectively ! maxims :i* are to control _! conduct1 human life c sc>cely be said to be "u ! guidance ( reason4 ,:]e1 moreov]1 ! codes ( individuals cla% ) ea* o!r or ) ! social consci5ce ( _! community1 & :]e ! codes ( diff]5t communities are disconc]t+ly div]se1 planful conc]t$ action ) a view to ! control ( conduct appe>s to be impracticable4 ,hi/orical accid5t1 bl9d impulse & caprice1 _c s]ve z guides = a rational creature seek+ to live1 along ) o!rs1 a rational life4 ,! aim ( e?ics1 says ,sidgwick1 ,footnote3 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,i1 *apt] vi1 ,sec #a4 is to r5d] sci5tific--i4e41 true1 & z f> z possible sy/ematic--! app>5t cognitions t mo/ m5 h ( ! rightness or reasonabl5ess ( conduct1 :e!r ! conduct be consid]$ z "r 9 itself1 or z ! means to "s end conceiv$ z ultimately reasonable4 ,! use "h ( ! ^w cognitions calls our att5tion to ! fact t1 :5 m5 say1 ?is is "r1 t is wrong1 !y mean no m ?an1 ?is ,i l1 t ,i d n l2 & ! use ( ! ^w app>5t indicates t ! judgm5ts express$ may be approv$ by ! man :o makes !m1 & yet be errone\s4 ,! appeal is to an objective /&>d2 !re is a dem& = pro(4 ,t mo/ m5 recognize1 9 "s cases dimly1 9 "s cases cle>ly & explicitly1 t ! appeal to su* a /&>d is ju/ifiable1 c sc>cely be d5i$4 ,betwe5 ,i *oose & ,i ought to *oose1 betwe5 ! community dem&s1 & ! community ought to dem&1 m5 g5]ally recognize a di/9ction :5 !y h atta9$ to a capacity = reflection4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 d5i$ t ! appeal is ju/ifiable1 & d5i$ by no mean au?ority4 ,! presum$ objectivity ( moral judgm5ts1 writes ,we/]m>ck1 ,footnote3 #b ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 *apt] i1 p4 #ag4 be+ a *im]a1 !re c be no moral tru? 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ?is t]m is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,! ultimate reason = ?is is1 t ! moral concepts are bas$ ^u emotions1 & t ! cont5ts ( an emotion fall entirely outside ! category ( tru?4 ,b x may be true or n t we h a c]ta9 emotion1 x may be true or n t a giv5 mode ( conduct has a t5d5cy to evoke 9 u moral indignation or moral approval4 ,h5ce a moral judgm5t is true or false accord+ z its subject has or has n t t5d5cy :i* ! pr$icate attributes to x4 ,if ,i say t x is wrong to resi/ evil1 & yet resi/ance to evil has no t5d5cy :atev] to call =? 9 me an emotion ( moral disapproval1 !n my judgm5t is false4 ,! conclusion drawn f ?is is t !re are no g5]al moral tru?s1 & t ! object ( sci5tific e?ics _c be to fix rules = human conduct2 x c only be to /udy ! moral consci\sness z a fact4 #bj4 ,,! ,,appeal ,,to ,,reason ,,ju/ifi$4--,! words ( s high an au?ority %\ld n be pass$ ov] lightly4 ,"o is impell$ to seek = _! prop] appreciation & _! reconciliation ) ! judgm5t ( o!r morali/s4 ,su* c be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 by turn+ to two tru?s dwelt ^u 9 :at has prec$$3 ! tru? t ! morali/ %\ld n assume t he is possess$ ( a giv5 analog\s to t ( ! geomet]--a /&>d 9 no ne$ ( criticism2 & ! equally important tru? t ! morali/ _c hope to frame a code :i* w simply replace ! codes ( individual communities & w prescribe ! details ( human conduct :ile ignor+ su* codes altoge!r4 ,b x does n seem to foll[ t1 because ! morali/ may n set up an arbitr>y code ( ?is sort1 he is also =bidd5 to criticize & comp>e moral judgm5ts1 to arrange exi/+ codes 9 a c]ta9 ord] z l[] & high]1 to frame "s notion ( :at con/itutes progress4 ,he may hold be=e himself1 9 outl9e1 at lea/1 an ideal ( conduct1 & n "o tak5 up arbitr>ily b bas$ ^u ! ph5om5a ( ! moral consci\sness z he has obs]v$ !m4 ,& 9 ! light ( ?is ideal he may judge ( conduct2 8 appeal is to an objective /&>d4 ,?us1 he :o says t x is false t x is "r to r$uce to slav]y prison]s tak5 9 w> may1 if he be suffici5tly unreflective1 h no bett] reason = 8 judgm5t ?an a feel+ ( repugnance to su* conduct4 ,b1 if he has ris5 to ! po9t ( tak+ broad views ( m5 & _! moral codes1 he may v well ass]t ! falsity ( ! /atem5t ev5 :5 he feels no p]sonal repugnance to ! hold+ ( c]ta9 p]sons z slaves4 ,8 appeal is1 9 fact1 to su* a /&>d z is above indicat$1 & 8 condemnation ( c]ta9 =ms ( conduct is bas$ ^u _! incompatibility ) x4 ,h5ce1 a man may significantly ass]t t c]ta9 conduct is objectively desirable1 al?\gh x may n be desir$ by himself or by 8 community4 ,he may judge a ?+ to be wrong )\t feel+ x to be wrong4 ,:e!r any?+ w\ld actually be judg$ to be wrong1 if no "o ev] _h any emotions1 is a diff]5t "q4 ,) x we may class ! "q :e!r any?+ w\ld be judg$ to be wrong if no "o 7 possess$ ( ev5 a sp>k ( reason4 ,!re is small *oice betwe5 hav+ no?+ to see & n be+ able to see any?+4 ,footnote3 ,t1 9 ! citation above giv51 ,,we/]m>ck',s att5tion 0 conc5trat$ ^u ! extreme position tak5 by "s morali/s t\*+ ! function ( ! reason 9 moral judgm5ts seems to me evid5t4 ,he is f> too able an obs]v] to ov]look ! significance ( ! div]sity ( moral codes & ! mean+ ( progress4 ,he writes3 ,?\gh root$ 9 ! emotional side ( our nature1 our moral op9ions are 9 a l>ge measure am5able to reason4 ,n[ 9 e society ! traditional notions z to :at is good or bad1 obligatory or indiff]5t1 are commonly accept$ by ! majority ( p )\t fur!r reflection4 ,by trac+ !m to _! s\rce x w be f\nd t n a few ( ^! notions h _! orig9 9 s5tim5tal lik+s & antipa?ies1 to :i* a scrut9iz+ & enlight5$ judge c atta* little importance2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 he mu/ acc\nt blamable _m an act & omission :i* public op9ion1 out ( ?\ghtlessness1 treats ) indiff]5ce4 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #b-c4 ,see also 8 appeals to reason :]e x is a "q ( ! attitude ( ! community t[>d legal responsibility on ! "p ( ! "y1 t[>d drunk5ness1 & t[>d ! he$less production ( (fspr+ doom$ to mis]y & disease1 pp4 #bfi & #caj4 ,an appeal1 ?us1 f ! actual to ! ideal appe>s to be possible4 ,&1 s9ce ! natural man1 un5light5$ & unreflective1 is n m incl9$ to %[ himself to be a reasonable be+ 9 ! sph]e ( morals ?an else:]e1 x seems t !re is no little ne$ ( e?ical sci5ce4 ,its aim is to br+ ab\t ! ne$$ enlight5m5t4 ,its value c only be logically d5i$ by ^? :o ma9ta9 s]i\sly t x is easy to "k :at x is "r to d4 ,d m5 really hold ?is1 if !y are ?\ghtful8 ,,"p ,,iii ,,man ,,& ,,8 ,,environm5t ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,man',s ,,nature #ba4 ,,! ,,backgr\nd ,,( ,,actions4--,9 e/imat+ human actions we take into consid]ation bo? ! do] & ! circum/ances "u :i* ! de$ 0 done4 ,actions may be desirable or undesirable1 good or bad1 accord+ to _! sett+4 ,h[ %all we judge ( ! bl[ t takes away human life8 ,x may be ! involunt>y reaction ( a man />tl$ by a %ock2 x may be a motion ( ju/ifiable self-def5ce2 x may be "o /ruck at ! comm& ( a sup]ior & 9 ! def5ce ( "o's c\ntry2 x may be ! horrid outcome ( cruel rapacity or base malevol5ce4 ,nor are ! emotions1 torn out ( _! context1 m significant ?an actions )\t a backgr\nd4 ,!y are m5tal ph5om5a to be obs]v$ & describ$ by ! psy*ologi/2 to ! morali/ !y are1 tak5 alone1 z unmean+ z ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 b1 l !m1 capable 9 comb9ation ( c>ry+ _m mean+s4 ,ang]1 fe>1 wond]1 & all ! re/ are1 z natural emotions1 nei!r good nor bad2 !y are colors1 :i* may ent] into a picture & 9 x acquire v>i\s values4 ,9 morals1 :5 m5 h atta9$ to ! /age ( enlight5m5t at :i* moral e/imation is a possible process1 !y always consid] emotions1 int5tions1 & actions 9 ! light ( _! backgr\nd4 ,we d n dem& a moral life ( ! brutes2 we d n look = x 9 ! intellectually defective & ! emotionally insane2 nor d we expect a savage caught 9 ! bu% to h>bor ! same emotions1 or to h ! same e?ical outlook1 z ! mission>y ) :om we may confront him4 ,! concepts ( moral responsibility1 ( des]t1 ( guilt1 are empti$ ( all significance1 :5 we lose sight ( ! nature1 inborn or acquir$1 ( ! creature hal$ be=e ! b> ( our judgm5t1 & ( ! environm5t1 :i* on ! "o h&1 impels him to action1 &1 on ! o!r1 furni%es ! /age ^u :i* ! drama ( 8 life mu/ be play$ out to ! end4 ,h5ce1 he :o w\ld n act z ! creature ( bl9d impulse or z ! un?9k+ slave ( tradition1 b w\ld ex]cise a consci\s & intellig5t control ov] 8 conduct1 seems compell$ to look at 8 life & its sett+ 9 a broad way1 to scrut9ize ) c>e bo? ! nature ( man & ! environm5t )\t :i* t nature c\ld f9d no expression4 ,:5 he does ?is1 he only does m intellig5tly :at m5 g5]ally d in/9ctively & some:at at haphaz>d4 ,he seeks a rational e/imate ( ! significance ( conduct1 & a /&>d by :i* x may be measur$4 #bb4 ,,man',s ,,nature4--,morali/s anci5t & mod]n h _h a good deal to say ab\t ! nature ( man4 ,to "s ( !m x has seem$ r a simple ?+ to describe x4 ,its con/itution1 z !y h conceiv$ x1 has furni%$ !m ) c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* %\ld guide human action4 ,ari/otle1 :o assum$ t e man seeks 8 own good1 conceiv$ ( 8 good or well-be+ z l>gely id5tical ) well- do+4 ,?is well-do+ meant to him fulfill+ ! prop] functions ( man1 or 9 o!r words act+ z ! nature ( man prescribes4 ,footnote3 ,politics1 i1 #b4 ,see1 fur!r1 on ,man's ,nature1 *apt] xxvi4 ,to ! ,/oic man's duty 0 action 9 accordance ) 8 nature4 ,footnote3 ,,m>cus ,,aurelius1 ,?\ghts1 v1 #a4 ,butl]1 ,footnote3 ,s]mons on ,human ,nature1 ii _m c5turies lat]1 f\nd 9 man's nature a c]ta9 con/itution1 ) consci5ce naturally supreme & ! passions 9 a position ( subord9ation4 ,?is con/itution pla9ly indicat$ to him ! conduct appropriate to a human be+4 ,su* appeals to man's nature we are apt to li/5 to ) a good deal ( sympa?y4 ,manife/ly1 man diff]s f ! brutes1 & !y diff]1 9 _! k9d1 f ea* o!r4 ,to ea* k9d1 a life ( a c]ta9 sort seems appropriate4 ,! rational be+ is expect$ to act rationally1 to "s degree1 at lea/4 ,9 our deal+s ) creatures on a l[] plane1 we pit* our expectations mu* l[]4 ,& ! behavior we expect f ea* is t appropriate to its k9d4 ,! bee & ! ant foll[ unsw]v+ly _! own law1 & live _! own complicat$ community life4 ,h[ev] ! behavior ( ! brute may v>y 9 ! pres5ce ( v>y+ conditions1 ! degree ( ! v>iation seems to be det]m9$ by r n>r[ limits4 ,^! we recognize z ! limits ( ! nature ( ! creature4 ,x dictates to itself1 unconsci\sly1 its own law ( action1 & x foll[s t law simply & )\t revolt4 ,:5 we turn to man1 ! cr[n & glory ( ! univ]se1 z ,d>w9 calls him1 we f9d him1 too1 end[$ ) a c]ta9 nature 9 an analog\s s5se ( ! ^w4 ,he has capacities = :i* we look 9 va9 else:]e4 ,! type ( conduct we expect ( him has its root 9 ^! capacities4 ,human nature c def9itely be expect$ to express itself 9 a human life1--"o l[] or high]1 b1 9 e case1 di/+ui%able f ! life ( ! brute4 ,x means some?+ to speak ( ! physical & m5tal con/itution ( man1 t my/]i\s res]voir f :i* 8 emotions & actions are suppos$ to fl[4 ,we feel t we h a "r to use ! expression1 ev5 :ile admitt+ t ! bra9 ( man is1 z f> z psy*ology is conc]n$1 almo/ unexplor$ t]ritory1 & t ! relation ( m9d to bra9 is1 & is long likely to rema91 a subject ( dispute ) philosoph]s & psy*ologi/s4 #bc4 ,,h[ ,,discov] ,,man',s ,,nature8--,nev]!less1 9 speak+ ( ! nature ( any liv+ creature1 we are =c$ to rem9d ourselves t ! orig9al end[m5t ( ! creature /udi$ c nev] be isolat$ & subject$ to inspection indep5d5tly ( ! sett+ 9 :i* ! subject ( our /udy is f\nd4 ,:o1 by an exam9ation ( ! bra9 ( a bee or ( an ant1 c\ld =esee ! intricate organiz$ indu/ry ( ! hive or ! an?ill8 ,! sev5 ages ( man are n /or$ ready-made 9 ! little body ( ! infant4 ,at any rate1 !y are beyond ! rea* ( ! mo/ p5etrat+ vision4 ,9 ! case ( ! simple me*anisms :i* c be con/ruct$ by man a =eca/ ( future function is possible on ! basis ( a g5]al k ( me*anics4 ,b !re is no liv+ be+ ( ^: int]nal con/itution we h a simil> k4 ,f ! behavior ( ! creature we ga!r a k ( its nature2 we d n />t ) its nature z directly reveal$ & inf] its behavior4 ,t !re are diff]5ces 9 ! int]nal con/itution ( be+s :i* react to ! same environm5t 9 diff]5t ways1 we h e reason to believe4 ,:at ^? diff]5ces are 9 detail we _c "k4 ,& our k ( ! capacities inh]5t 9 ?is or t con/itution w be limit$ by :at we c obs]ve ( its reaction to environm5t4 ,sometimes ! reaction to environm5t is relatively simple & uni=m4 ,9 ?is case we feel t we c atta9 )\t great difficulty to :at may be reg>d$ z a satisfactory k ( ! nature ( ! creature /udi$4 ,! conception ( t nature appe>s to be r def9ite & unequivocal4 ,:5 x is once atta9$1 we speak ) "s assurance ( ! way 9 :i* ! creature w act 9 ?is situation or 9 t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! capacities are va/ly m ample1 & ! environm5t to :i* ?is creature is adju/$ is greatly ext5d$1 ! difficulty ( describ+ 9 any unequivocal way ! nature ( ! creature becomes indef9itely great]4 ,is x possible to contemplate man )\t be+ /ruck ) ! bread? & dep? ( ! gulf :i* sep>ates ! primitive human be+ f ! f9i%$ product ( civilization8 ,:at a diff]5ce 9 range ( emotion1 9 rea* ( intellect1 9 /or$ in=mation1 9 fre$om ( action1 betwe5 man at 8 l[e/ & man at 8 highe/6 ,c we describe 9 ! same t]ms :at is natural to man ev]y:]e & always8 ,= ! fil?y & ignorant savage1 absorb$ 9 satisfy+ 8 imm$iate bodily ne$s1 /&+ 9 ! simple/ ( social relations1 tak+ lit]ally no ?\ght = ! morr[1 pr(\ndly ignorant ( ! _w 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 possess+ ov] nature no control wor?y ( ! "n1 ! sport & slave ( 8 environm5t1 x is natural to act 9 "o way4 ,= enlight5$ humanity1 acqua9t$ ) ! pa/ & =eca/+ ! future1 develop$ 9 intellect & ref9$ 9 feel+1 ri* 9 ! possession ( arts & sci5ces1 intellig5tly controll+ & direct+ ! =ces ( nature1 socially organiz$ 9 highly complicat$ ways1 x is natural to act 9 ano!r way4 ,& to ea* ( ! int]m$iate /ages 9 ! evolution ( civilization "s type ( conduct appe>s to be appropriate & natural4 ,:i!r1 !n1 %all we turn = our conception ( man's nature8 ,%all we m]ely draw up a li/ ( ! in/9cts & impulses :i* may be obs]vable 9 all m58 ,%all we say no m ?an t man is gift$ ) an intellig5ce sup]ior to t ( ! brutes8 ,to d ?is is1 to be sure1 to give "s vague indication ( man's orig9al end[m5t4 ,b x c give u little indication ( :at x is possible = man1 ) su* an end[m5t1 & 9 su* an environm5t z makes 8 sett+1 to become4 ,& :at man becomes1 t he is4 ,if man's nature c be reveal$ only ?r\gh ! developm5t ( 8 capacities1 x is futile to seek x 9 a return to undevelop$ man4 ,! nature ( ! *ick5 is n be/ reveal$ 9 ! egg4 ,&1 z man c develop only 9 int]action ) 8 environm5t1 we mu/1 to und]/& him1 /udy 8 environm5t also4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,man',s ,,mat]ial ,,environm5t #bd4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,) ,,nature4--,x is n possible to dis5tangle f ea* o!r & to consid] q sep>ately ! div]se elem5ts :i* ent] into ! environm5t ( man & :i* influ5ce 8 developm5t4 ,8 environm5t is two-fold1 mat]ial & social2 b 8 mat]ial sett+ may affect 8 social relations1 & x is social man1 n ! individual z su*1 t a*ieves a conque/ ov] nature4 ,h[ev]1 x is possible1 & x is conv5i5t1 to direct att5tion successively ^u ! "o & ! o!r aspect ( 8 environm5t4 ,at e /age ( 8 developm5t1 man mu/ h food1 %elt]1 "s means ( def5se4 ,if !y are n easily obta9able1 he mu/ /ra9 e n]ve to atta9 !m4 ,are 8 p[]s feeble & 8 intellig5ce undevelop$1 x may tax all 8 ef=ts to keep himself alive & to cont9ue ! race 9 any fa%ion4 ,! rules :i* det]m9e 8 conduct seem r ! dictates ( a /]n necessity ?an ! products ( any?+ resembl+ free *oice4 ,he :o is la%$ by hung] & haunt$ by fe>1 :o _c provide = ! remote future1 b mu/ accept good or ill =tune z ! accid5t ( ! day precipitates 8 lot ^u him1 lives & mu/ live a life at b "o remove f t ( ! brute4 ,9 su* a life ! in/9cts ( man atta9 to a c]ta9 expression1 b intellig5ce plays a feeble "p4 ,! man rema9s a slave1 "u dictation1 & mov$ by ! dread ( imm$iate disa/]4 ,= an int]e/ 9 :at is remote 9 "t & place1 = ! ext5sion ( k = its own sake1 = ! developm5t ( activities :i* h no direct be>+ ^u ! problem ( keep+ him alive & f$1 !re c be little place4 ,"o mu/ be assur$ t "o c live1 & live 9 reasonable security & physical well-be+1 be=e ! problem ( enri*+ & embelli%+ life c fairly pres5t itself z an important problem4 ,"o mu/ be set free be=e "o c delib]ately set out to %ape "o's life aft] an ideal4 ,n t a sev]e /ruggle ) physical nature is necess>ily & ( itself a curse4 ,x may call out man's p[]s1 /imulate to action1 & result 9 gr[? & developm5t4 ,:]e a prodigal nature amply provides = man's bodily necessities )\t mu* ef=t on 8 "p1 ! result may be1 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r /imulat+ influ5ces giv+ rise to new wants1 a p>alyz+ slo?fulness1 an animal passivity & cont5t4 ,?is may be obs]v$ 9 :ole peoples highly favor$ by soil & climate1 & protect$ by _! situation f ext]nal dang]s4 ,x may be obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 favor$ classes ev5 9 communities :i*1 by long & /r5u\s ef=t1 h conqu]$ nature & rais$ !mselves high 9 ! scale ( civilization4 ,! idle sons ( ! ri*1 reliev$ f ! spur ( necessity1 may und]go ! deg5]ation appropriate to p>asitic life4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a /r5u\s activity adapt$ to call out ! be/ intellectual & moral p[]s ( man1 !y may rema9 unaffect$ by x1 incapable ( ef=t1 un9tellig5t1 slo?ful1 ! weak & passive recipi5ts ( :at is br\ght to !m by ! labor ( o!rs4 ,b ! /ruggle ) physical nature1 sometimes a spur to progress & issu+ 9 triumph1 may also issue 9 defeat4 ,nature may be too /rong = man1 or1 at lea/1 = man at an e>ly /age ( 8 developm5t4 ,%e may ?w>t 8 ef=ts & dw>f 8 life4 ,x 0 ?r\gh no accid5t t ! ,a!nian /ate rose & fl\ri%$ ^u ! %ores ( ! ,aegean2 no su* effloresc5ce ( civilization c\ld be look$ = among ! ,esquimaux ( ! froz5 ,nor?4 #be4 ,,! ,,conque/s ,,( ,,! ,,m9d4--,physical environm5t c\nts = mu*1 b ! physical environm5t ( man is ! same z t ( ! creatures bel[ him :o seem incapable ( progress4 ,x is z an intellig5t be+ t he succe$s 9 br++ ab\t ev] new & m complicat$ adju/m5ts to 8 environm5t4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( 8 animal life 9 _m respects inf]ior to o!r creatures--less /rong1 less swift1 less adequately provid$ ) natural means ( def5se1 less protect$ by nature aga9/ cold1 heat & ! inclem5cies ( ! wea!r1 end[$ ) in/9cts less un]r+1 less prolific1 ?r\gh a long p]iod ( infancy helpless & dep5d5t-- man nev]!less survives & prosp]s4 ,he has conqu]$ ! /rong1 ov]tak5 ! swift1 call$ ^u 8 +5uity to furni% him ) means ( def5ce4 ,he has defi$ cold & heat1 & we f9d him1 ) appliances ( 8 own devis+1 successfully combat+ ! rigors ( ,arctic fro/s & ! torrid sun ( ! tropics4 ,intellig5ce has supplem5t$ in/9ct & has gu>ante$ ! survival ( ! individual & ( ! race4 ,x has ev5 protect$ man aga9/ himself1 aga9/ ! v dang]s aris+ out ( 8 immunity f o!r dang]s4 ,a greg>i\s creature1 increas+ & multiply+1 he w\ld be ?reat5$ ) />vation did n 8 intellig5t control ov] nature furni% him ) a food-supply :i* makes x possible = va/ numb]s ( human be+s to live & ?rive on a t]ritory ( limit$ ext5t4 ,moreov]1 he has compass$ ^? complicat$ =ms ( social organization :i* reveal !mselves 9 cities & /ates1 solv+ problems ( production1 transportation & di/ribution be=e :i* undevelop$ man w\ld /& helpless4 ,& f ! problem ( liv+ at all he has pass$ to t ( liv+ well4 ,he has creat$ new wants & has satisfi$ !m4 ,he has built up = himself a ri* & div]sifi$ life1 _m ( ! activities ( :i* appe> to h ! remote/ ( be>+s ^u ! m]e /ruggle = exi/5ce1 b ! ex]cise ( :i* gives him satisfaction4 ,?us1 ! primitive in/9ct ( curiosity1 once relatively aimless & insignificant1 has develop$ into ! passion = sy/ematic k & ! p]si/5t se>* = tru?2 ! rudim5t>y ae/hetic feel+ :i* is reveal$ 9 primitive man1 & traces ( :i* are recognizable 9 creatures f> l[] 9 ! scale1 has blossom$ out 9 ^? elaborate creations1 :i*1 at an enorm\s exp5se ( labor & +5uity1 h come to enri* ! doma9s ( lit]ature1 music1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 ar*itecture4 ,civiliz$ man is to a great ext5t occupi$ ) ! production ( :at he does n ne$1 if ne$ be measur$ by :at 8 wants are at a l[] /age ( 8 developm5t4 ,b ^! same ?+s he ne$s imp]atively1 if we measure 8 ne$ by 8 desires :5 !y h be5 multipli$ & _! scope indef9itely wid5$4 #bf4 ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,well-,,be+ ,,( ,,man4--,x is evid5t t ! successful exploitation ( ! res\rces ( mat]ial nature is ( enorm\s significance to ! life ( man4 ,x may br+ emancipation2 x (f]s opportunity4 ,"o is tempt$ to affirm1 )\t /opp+ to reflect1 t ! developm5t ( ! arts & sci5ces1 ! increase ( weal? & ( k1 mu/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s increase human happ9ess4 ,"o is tempt$1 fur!r1 to ma9ta9 t an advance 9 civilization mu/ imply an advance 9 moralization4 ,man has a moral nature :i* exhibits itself to "s degree at e /age ( 8 developm5t4 ,:at m natural to conclude ?an t1 ) ! progressive unfold+ ( 8 intellig5ce1 ) increase 9 k1 ) "s relaxation ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* pits man aga9/ 8 fell[-man1 & subord9ates all o!r consid]ations to ! inexorable law ( self- pres]vation1 8 moral nature w\ld h ! opportunity to %[ itself 9 a full] measure8 ,:5 we comp>e man at 8 v l[e/ ) man at 8 highe/ su* judgm5ts appe> to be ju/ifi$4 ,b man is to be f\nd at all sorts ( int]m$iate /ages4 ,8 k may be limit$1 ! developm5t ( ! arts n f> advanc$1 8 control ov] nature f> f complete1 & yet he may live 9 comp>ative security & ) su* wants z he has reasonably well satisfi$4 ,8 competition ) 8 fell[s may n be bitt] & absorb+4 ,! simple life is n necess>ily an unhappy life1 if ! simplicity :i* *>act]izes x be n too extreme4 ,9 judg+ broadly ( ! significance = human life ( ! control ov] nature :i* is impli$ 9 ! advance ( civilization1 "o mu/ take into consid]ation sev]al po9ts ( capital importance3 7#a7 ,! multiplication ( man's wants results1 n 9 happ9ess1 b 9 unhapp9ess1 unless ! satisfaction ( ^? wants c be adequately provid$ =4 7#b7 ,! ef=t to satisfy ! new wants :i* h be5 call$ into be+ may be accompani$ by an enorm\s exp5diture ( ef=t4 ,:]e ! ef=t is excessive man becomes aga9 ! slave ( 8 environm5t4 ,8 task is set = him1 & he fulfills x "u ! la% ( an imp]i\s necessity4 ,! high] /&>d may become z inexorable a task-ma/] z 0 ! l[]4 7#c7 ,x does n foll[ t1 because a giv5 community is set free f ! bondage ( ! daily anxiety t\*+ ! problem ( liv+ at all1 & may address itself delib]ately to ! problem ( liv+ well1 x w necess>ily take up into its ideal ( :at con/itutes liv+ well all ^? goods ^u :i* develop$ man is apt to set a value4 ,a civilization may be a grossly mat]ial "o1 ev5 :5 end[$ ) no little weal?4 ,) weal? comes ! opportunity = ! developm5t ( ! arts :i* embelli% life1 b t opportunity may n be embrac$4 ,man may be mat]ially ri* & spiritually poor2 he may all[ "s ( 8 faculties to lie dormant1 & may lose ! enjoym5ts :i* w\ld h be5 8 _h !y be5 develop$4 ,! ,a!nian citiz5 two mill5niums ago _h no su* ma/]y ov] ! =ces ( nature z we possess today4 ,nev]!less1 he 0 enabl$ to live a _m-sid$ life beside :i* ! life ( ! mod]n man may appe> poor & b>e4 ,x is by no means self- evid5t t ! good ( man consi/s 9 ! multitude ( ! mat]ial ?+s :i* he c compel to 8 s]vice4 7#d7 ,moreov]1 x does n foll[ t1 because ! sum ( man's activities1 8 behavior1 broadly tak51 is va/ly alt]$1 by an increase 9 8 control ov] 8 mat]ial environm5t1 ! result is an advance 9 moralization4 ,an advance 9 civilization--9 k1 9 ! control ov] nature's res\rces1 9 ! evolution ( ! indu/rial & ev5 ( ! f9e arts--does n necess>ily imply a correspond+ e?ical advance on ! "p ( a giv5 community4 ,new conditions1 br\ght ab\t by an increase ( k1 ( weal?1 ( p[]1 may result 9 e?ical deg5]ation4 ,:at con/itutes ! moral 9 human behavior1 :at m>ks out "r or wrong conduct f conduct e?ically indiff]5t1 we h n yet consid]$4 ,b no man is :olly )\t in=mation 9 ! field ( morals1 & we may "h fall back ^u su* conceptions z m5 g5]ally possess be=e !y h evolv$ a sci5ce ( morals4 ,9 ! light ( su* conceptions a simple & comp>atively undevelop$ culture may comp>e v favorably ) "o mu* high] 9 ! scale ( civilization4 ,9 ! simple/ gr\ps ( human be+s1 ju/ice1 v]acity & a reg>d to common good may be conspicu\s2 ! claim ( ea* man ^u 8 fell[-man may be g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,9 communities m advanc$1 ! gr[? ( class di/9ctions & ! inequalities due to ! amass+ ( weal? on ! "p ( individuals may g f> to nullify ! advantage to ! individual ( any advance made by ! community z a :ole4 ,! social bonds :i* h obta9$ betwe5 memb]s ( ! same gr\p may be relax$2 ! devotion to ! common good may be replac$ by ! selfi% calculation ( pr(it to ! individual2 ! exploitation ( man by 8 fell[-man may be accept$ z natural & normal4 ,x is n )\t its significance t ! mo/ highly civiliz$ ( /ates h1 "u ! pressure ( economic advance1 come to adopt ! in/itution ( slav]y 9 its mo/ degrad$ =ms2 t ! problem ( prop]ty & pov]ty may pres5t itself z mo/ press+ & mo/ difficult ( solution :]e national weal? has gr[n to enorm\s proportions4 ,! body politic may be mo/ prosp]\s f a mat]ial po9t ( view1 & at ! same "t1 consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! morali/1 ?or\ghly rott5 9 its con/itution4 ,x is well to rememb] t1 ev5 9 ! mo/ advanc$ ( mod]n civilizations1 :atev] ! degree ( enlight5m5t & ! p[] enjoy$ by ! community z a :ole1 x is q possible = ! individual to be condemn$ to a life little diff]5t 9 ess5tials f t ( ! l[e/ savage4 ,he ^: fev]i% exi/5ce is devot$ to ! n]ve- rack+ occupation ( gambl+ 9 /ocks1 :o goes to 8 b$ at night s*em+ h[ he may ) impunity exploit 8 fell[-man1 & :o rises 9 ! morn+ ) a /ra9$ consci\sness ( possible fluctuations 9 ! m>ket :i* may ov]:elm him 9 irretrievable disa/]1 lives 9 p]ils :i* easily be> comp>ison ) ^? :i* ?reat5 ! prec>i\s exi/5ce ( primitive man4 ,to masses ( m5 9 civiliz$ communities ! problem ( ! food supply is all-absorb+1 & may exclude all o!r & broad] int]e/s4 ,! factory-work]1 ) a m9d /upefi$ by ! me*anical repetition ( "s few simple physical movem5ts ( no possible int]e/ to him except z result+ 9 ! wage t keeps him alive1 has no %>e 9 su* light z may be scatt]$ ab\t him4 ,! control ( ! =ces ( nature br+s ab\t great *anges 9 human societies1 b x may leave ! individual1 :e!r ri* or poor1 a prey to dang]s & anxieties1 engag$ 9 an unequal combat ) 8 environm5t1 absorb$ 9 ! satisfaction ( mat]ial ne$s1 undevelop$1 unreflective & mo/ re/rict$ 9 8 outlook4 ,( emancipation !re c "h be no "q4 ,& a civilization 9 :i* ! control ( ! =ces ( nature has be5 c>ri$ to ! highe/ pit* ( developm5t may furni% a backgr\nd to ! d>ke/ ( passions4 ,x may s]ve z a /age ^u :i* call\s indiff]5ce1 gre$1 rapacity1 gross s5suality1 play _! p>ts nak$ & una%am$4 ,t "s m5 sunk 9 ignorance & subject to su* passions live 9 huts & h _! noses pi]c$1 & o!rs h tak5 up f _! environm5t ! habit ( d9+ 9 ev5+ dress1 is to ! morali/ a relatively insignificant detail4 ,he looks at ! man1 & he f9ds him 9 ea* case ess5tially ! same--a primitive & undevelop$ creature :o has n come into 8 rightful h]itage4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,man',s ,,social ,,environm5t #bg4 ,,man ,,is ,,assign$ ,,8 ,,place4--,! old fable ( a social contract1 by virtue ( :i* man becomes a memb] ( a society1 agree+ to r5\nce c]ta9 rights he might ex]cise if :olly indep5d5t1 & to receive 9 ex*ange legal rights :i* gu>antee to ! individual ! protection ( life & prop]ty & ! manifold advantages to be d]iv$ f coop]ative ef=t1 po9ts a moral1 l o!r fables4 ,! contract 9 "q nev] _h an exi/5ce1 b nei!r did ! conv]sation betwe5 ! gras%opp] & ! ant4 ,9 ea* case1 a tru? is illu/rat$ by a play ( ! imag9ation4 ,contracts !re h be5 9 pl5ty1 betwe5 individuals1 betwe5 families1 betwe5 social classes1 betwe5 nations2 b !y h all be5 contracts betwe5 m5 already 9 a social /ate ( "s sort1 capable ( *oice & m]ely desir\s ( modify+ 9 "s p>ticul> "s aspect ( t social /ate4 ,! notion ( an orig9al contract1 ly+ at ! base ( all association ( man ) man1 is no m ?an a fiction :i* s]ves to illu/rate ! tru? t ! desires & wills ( m5 are a significant factor 9 det]m9+ ! p>ticul> =ms "u :i* t association reveals itself4 ,no man ent]s into a contract to be born1 or to be born a ,kaffir1 a ,malay1 a ,h9doo1 an ,engli%man or an ,am]ican4 ,he ent]s ! _w )\t 8 own cons5t1 & )\t 8 own connivance he is assign$ a place 9 a social /ate ( "s sort4 ,! reception :i* is accord$ to him is ( ! utmo/ mom5t to him4 ,he may be reject$ utt]ly by ! social =ces presid+ ov] 8 bir?4 ,9 :i* case he does n />t life indep5d5tly1 b is snuff$ out z is a c&le-flame by ! w9d4 ,& if accept$1 z he usually is 9 civiliz$ communities1 he takes 8 place 9 ! def9ite social ord] into :i* he is born1 & becomes ! subject ( education & tra9+ z a memb] ( t p>ticul> community4 #bh4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,social ,,ord]4--,! social ord] into :i* he is ?us u%]$ may be mo/ v>i$ 9 "*4 ,he may f9d himself a memb] ( a small & primitive gr\p ( human be+s1 a family /&+ 9 m or less loose relations to a limit$ numb] ( o!r families2 he may belong to a clan 9 :i* family relation%ip /ill s]ves z a real or fictive bond2 8 clan may h its place 9 a conf$]ation2 or ! body politic 9 :i* he is a unit may be a nation1 or an empire includ+ _m nationalities4 ,8 relations to 8 fell[-man w naturally pres5t !mselves to him 9 a diff]5t light accord+ to ! diff]5t nature ( ! social environm5t 9 :i* he f9ds himself4 ,! community ( feel+ & ( int]e/s :i* def9es rights1 det]m9es expectations1 & prescribes duties1 _c be ! same "u diff]+ conditions4 ,social life implies coop]ation1 b ! limits ( possible coop]ation are v diff]5tly e/imat$ by man at diff]5t /ages ( 8 developm5t4 ,to a few human be+s ea* man is b\nd closely at e /age ( 8 evolution4 ,! family bond is ev]y:]e recogniz$4 ,b1 beyond t1 !re are wid] & loos] relation%ips recogniz$ 9 v div]se degrees1 z intellig5ce exp&s1 z economic advance & political enlight5m5t make possible a community life on a l>g] scale1 z sympa?y becomes less n>r[ & exclusive4 ,x is n easy = a memb] ( a community at a giv5 /age ( its developm5t ev5 to conceive ! possibility ( su* communities z may come into exi/5ce "u widely diff]5t conditions4 ,! simple1 communi/ic savage1 limit$ 9 8 outlook1 ?9ks 9 t]ms ( small numb]s4 ,a h&ful ( individuals enjoy memb]%ip 9 8 gr\p2 he recognizes c]ta9 relations1 m or less loose1 to o!r gr\ps1 ) :i* 8 gr\p comes into contact2 beyond is ! /rang]1 ! natural enemy1 ^u :om he has no claim & to :om he owes no duty4 ,at a high] level !re comes into be+ ! /ate1 includ+ a great] numb] ( individuals & int]nally organiz$ z ! simpl] society is n4 ,b ev5 9 a highly civiliz$ /ate mu* ! same attitude t[>ds diff]5t classes ( human be+s may seem natural & inevitable4 ,to ,plato !re rema9$ ! /rongly m>k$ di/9ctions betwe5 ! ,a!nian1 ! citiz5 ( ano!r ,hell5ic community1 & ! b>b>ian4 ,w>1 :5 wag$ aga9/ ! la/1 might ju/ifiably be m]ciless2 n s1 :5 x 0 w> betwe5 ,greek /ates4 ,footnote3 ,republic1 ,book ,v4 ,into su* conceptions ( rights & duties m5 are born2 !y take !m up ) ! v air t !y brea!1 & !y may nev] feel impell$ to subject !m to ! te/ ( criticism4 ,x is in/ructive to rem>k t nei!r ! speculative g5ius ( a ,plato nor ! acute intellig5ce ( an ,ari/otle c\ld rise to ! conception ( an organiz$1 self-gov]n+ community on a great scale4 ,to ea* x seem$ evid5t t ! gr\p prop] mu/ rema9 a comp>atively small "o4 ,plato f9ds x necess>y to provide 9 8 ,laws t ! numb] ( h\seholds 9 ! ,/ate %all be limit$ to five ?\s& & =ty4 ,ari/otle1 less arbitr>ily exact1 all[s a v>iation )9 r broad limits1 hold+ t a political community %\ld n comprise a numb] ( citiz5s small] ?an t51 nor "o great] ?an "o hundr$ ?\s&4 ,,footnote3 ,,plato1 ,laws1 v4 ,,ari/otle1 ,e?ics1 ix1 #aj4 ,t a highly organiz$ /ate1 a /ate n compos$ ( a horde ( subjects "u autocratic control1 b "o 9 :i* ! citiz5s are1 9 !ory1 self-gov]n+1 %\ld spread ov] half a cont95t & include a hundr$ millions ( s\ls1 w\ld h seem$ to ^! m5 ( g5ius ! wilde/ ( dreams4 ,yet su* a dream has be5 realiz$4 #bi4 ,,social ,,organization4--,! social body ( :i* man becomes1 by ! accid5t ( bir?1 an involunt>y memb]1 may /& at any po9t 9 ! scale ( economic evolution4 ,x may be a primitive gr\p liv+ f h& to m\? by ! *ase1 by fi%+ or by ga!r+ su* food z nature spontane\sly produces4 ,x may be a pa/oral p1 m or less nomadic1 occupi$ ) ! c>e ( flocks & h]ds4 ,x may be an agricultural community1 root$ to ! soil1 look+ =w>d f se$- "t to h>ve/1 capable ( =esight 9 /or+ & di/ribut+ ! fruits ( its labors4 ,x may comb9e "s ( ! above activities2 & may1 9 addition1 h arriv$ at ! /age at :i* ! arts & crafts h atta9$ to a consid]able developm5t4 ,9 its life comm]ce may h come to play an important role1 br++ x into peaceful relations ) o!r communities & broad5+ ! circle ( its int]e/s4 ,t human societies at su* diff]5t /ages ( _! developm5t %\ld diff] greatly 9 _! int]nal organization1 9 _! relations to o!r communities1 & 9 ! dem&s :i* !y make ^u ! individuals :o compose !m1 is to be expect$4 ,"s mann] ( life1 appropriate to ! /atus ( ! community1 comes to be prescrib$4 ,! ideal ( conduct1 :e!r unconsci\sly admitt$ or consci\sly embrac$ & inculcat$1 is n ! same 9 diff]5t societies4 ,! virtues :i* come to be priz$1 ! defects :i* are disapprov$1 v>y ) _! sett+4 ,moreov]1 ! process ( inn] developm5t results 9 diff]5tiation ( function4 ,cle>ly m>k$ social classes come into exi/5ce1 /&+ 9 m or less %>ply def9$ relations to o!r social classes1 end[$ ) special rights & call$ to ! p]=mance ( peculi> duties4 ,man is n m]ely born into ?is or t community2 he is born into a place 9 ! community4 ,9 v primitive societies t place may diff] little f o!r places1 save z su* are det]m9$ by age or sex4 ,b 9 m highly diff]5tiat$ societies x may diff] enorm\sly1 entail ! p]=mance ( widely diff]5t functions1 & prescribe di/9ct v>ieties ( conduct4 ,:at w be ! mann] ( life1 said ,plato1 ,footnote3 ,laws1 vii4 among m5 :o may be suppos$ to h _! food & clo?+ provid$ = !m 9 mod]ation1 & :o h entru/$ ! practice ( ! arts to o!rs1 & ^: husb&ry1 committ$ to slaves pay+ a "p ( ! produce1 br+s !m a return suffici5t = liv+ temp]ately8 ,8 ideal leisure class is patt]n$ aft] :at he saw be=e him 9 ,a!ns4 ,he conceives ^? :o belong to x to be set free f sordid c>es & physical labors1 9 ord] t !y may devote !mselves to ! p]fect+ ( _! own m9ds & bodies & to prep>ation = ! s]i\s "w ( sup]vis+ & controll+ ! /ate4 ,_! memb]%ip 9 ! class def9$ _! duties & prescrib$ ! c\rse ( education :i* %\ld fit !m to fulfill !m4 ,x is n conceiv$ t ! functions natural & prop] to "o human be+ are also natural & prop] to ano!r 9 ! same community4 ,! flat monotony :i* obta9s 9 ^? simple/ human societies1 resembl+ ext5d$ families1 :]e !re is sc>cely a dem>cation ( classes1 a di/9ction ( occupations & a recognition ( private prop]ty 9 any develop$ s5se1 has giv5 place 9 su* a /ate to %>p contra/s 9 ! /atus ( man & man4 ,su* contra/s obta9 9 all mod]n civiliz$ communities4 ,man is n m]ely a subject or citiz52 he is a subject or citiz5 ( ?is class or ( t1 & ! environm5t :i* molds him v>ies accord+ly4 #cj4 ,,social ,,ord] ,,& ,,human ,,w4--,we h se5 t ! mat]ial environm5t ( a man1 ! ext5t ( 8 ma/]y ov] nature & ( 8 emancipation f ! dictation ( press+ bodily ne$s1 is a factor ( enorm\s importance 9 det]m9+ :at he %all become & :at sort ( a life he %all lead4 ,t 8 social sett+ is equally significant is obvi\s4 ,:at he %all "k1 :at habits he %all =m1 :at emotions he %all exp]i5ce 9 ?is situation & 9 t1 :at tasks he %all f9d set be=e him1 & :at ideals he %all /rive to atta91 are l>gely det]m9$ = him indep5d5tly ( 8 *oice4 ,to be sure1 x rema9s true t man is man1 end[$ ) c]ta9 in/9cts & impulses & gift$ ) human intellig5ce4 ,nor are all m5 alike 9 _! impulses or 9 ! degree ( _! intellig5ce4 ,)9 limits ! individual may ex]cise *oice1 react+ ^u & modify+ 8 environm5t & himself4 ,b a mom5t's reflection reveals to u t ! new dep>ture is b a /ep tak5 f a vantage-gr\nd :i* has n be5 won by indep5d5t ef=t4 ,! in=mation 9 ! light ( :i* he *ooses1 ! situation 9 ! face ( :i* he acts1 ! emotional nature :i* impels him to ef=t1 ! habits ( ?\ght & action :i* h become "p ( 8 be+--^! are l>gely due to ! l>g] :ole ( :i* he f9ds himself a "p4 ,he did n build ! /age ^u :i* he is to act4 ,8 l9es h be5 le>n$ f o!rs4 ,he may recite !m imp]fectly2 he may modify !m 9 ?is or 9 t p>ticul>4 ,b ! drama f :i*1 & f :i* alone1 he ga9s 8 significance1 is n 8 own creation4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ! individual 9 ! face ( 8 mat]ial & social environm5t makes itself m app>5t ) ! progressive developm5t ( man4 ,b man atta9s 8 developm5t z a memb] ( society1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a hi/orical evolution4 ,x 0 po9t$ out _m c5turies ago t a h& cut (f f ! human body _c prop]ly be call$ a h&1 = x c p]=m none ( ! functions ( "o4 ,& man1 torn f 8 sett+1 c no long] be consid]$ man z ! prop] subject ( moral sci5ce4 ,x is z a ?9k+ & will+ creature 9 a social sett+ t man becomes a moral ag5t4 ,to und]/& him we mu/ make a /udy ( ! individual & ( ! social w4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,! ,,realm ,,( ,,ends ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,impulse1 ,,desire1 ,,& ,,w #ca4 ,,impulse4--,comm&s & prohibitions address !mselves to man z a volunt>y ag5t4 ,b x seems "r to treat z will$ by man mu* m ?an falls "u ! head ( consci\s & delib]ate volition4 ,we d n hesitate to make him responsible = va/ly m2 & yet common s5se does n1 :5 enlight5$1 reg>d m5 z responsible = :at is recogniz$ z fall+ :olly beyond ! direct & indirect control ( _! wills4 ,motions due to ev5 ! bl9de/ ( impulses are n to be conf\nd$ ) ^? br\ght ab\t by ext]nal compulsion4 ,!y may h ! appe>ance ( be+ vaguely purposive1 al?\gh we w\ld nev] attribute purpose to ! creature mak+ !m4 ,! infant t cries & /ruggles1 :5 torm5t$ by ! intrusive p91 ! worm wri?+ 9 ! beak ( a bird1--^! act bl9dly1 b x does n appe> mean+less to say t !y act4 ,! impulse is f )94 ,"s impulses result 9 actions v nicely adju/$ to def9ite ends4 ,su* are w9k+1 sneez+1 swall[+4 ,^! reflexes may occur z ! me*anical response to a giv5 /imulus4 ,!y may occur )\t our be+ consci\s ( !m & )\t our hav+ will$ !m4 ,yet su* responses to /imuli are n necess>ily unconsci\s & cut (f f volunt>y control4 ,he :o w9ks involunt>ily :5 a h& is pass$ be=e 8 eyes may become consci\s t he has done s1 & may1 if he *ooses1 ev5 acquire "s facility 9 controll+ ! reflex4 ,"o may resi/ ! t5d5cy to swall[ :5 ! ?roat is dry1 may hold back a sneeze1 or may keep rigid ! h& t is prick$ by a p94 ,t is to say1 actions 9 _! orig9 me*anical & indep5d5t ( *oice may be rais$ out ( _! l[ e/ate1 made ! objects ( att5tion1 & br\ght )9 ! doma9 ( delib]ate *oice4 ,fur!rmore1 _m actions :i*1 at ! outset1 claim$ consci\s att5tion & 7 delib]ately will$ may become s habitual t ! do] lapses into unconsci\sness or semi-unconsci\sness ( 8 de$4 ,!y take on ! nature ( acquir$ reflexes4 ,! habit ( act+ appe>s to h be5 acquir$ by ! m9d & !n turn$ ov] to ! body1 t ! m9d may be free to occupy itself ) o!r activities4 ,! man has become less ! do] ?an ! spectator ( 8 acts2 p]haps he is ev5 less ?an t1 he is ! /age ^u :i* ! action makes its appe>ance1 :ile ! spectator is 8 neighbor4 ,! complicat$ bodily movem5ts call$ into play :5 "o bites "o's nails _h to be le>n$4 ,x requires no little +5uity to accompli% ! act :5 ! nails are %ort4 ,yet "o may come to ! /age ( p]fection at :i* "o bites "o's nails :5 "o is absorb$ 9 ?\ght ab\t o!r ?+s4 ,& "o may le>n to sl&] "o's neighbor almo/ z me*anically & un?9k+ly z "o swall[s :5 ! ?roat is dry4 ,:5 we speak ( man's impulses1 we are us+ a vague ^w4 ,!re are impulses :i* w nev] be any?+ m4 ,!re are impulses :i* may become some?+ m4 ,!re are impulses :i* are no long] any?+ m4 ,impulses h _! psy*ic aspect4 ,at its l[] limit1 impulse may appe> v me*anical2 at its upp]1 "o may hesitate to say t desire & w are :olly abs5t4 ,x is n wise to reg>d impulse z ly+ :olly beyond ! sph]e ( w4 #cb4 ,,desire4--,at its l[] limit1 desire is n di/+ui%$ by any %>p l9e f m]e impulse4 ,is ! infant t /ret*es out its h&s t[>d a bright object consci\s ( a desire to possess x8 ,or does ! motion made foll[ ! visual s5sation z ! wail foll[s ! w\nd made by ! p98 ,at a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t ! ph5om5a ( desire become unmi/akable4 ,! idea ( some?+ to be atta9$1 ! notion ( means to ! atta9m5t ( an end1 ! consci\sness ( t5sion1 may /& out cle>ly4 ,! analysis ( ! psy*ologi/1 :i* f9ds 9 desire a consci\sness ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! self1 an idea ( a future /ate1 & a feel+ ( t5sion t[>ds ! realization ( ! latt]1 may repres5t fai?fully ! elem5ts pres5t 9 desire 9 ! high] /ages ( its developm5t1 b x w\ld be difficult to f9d ^? elem5ts cle>ly m>k$ 9 desire :i* has j begun to diff]5tiate itself f impulse4 ,!re may be a desire :]e !re c sc>cely be said to be a self z an object ( consci\sness2 "o may desire :]e !re is no cle> consci\sness ( a future /ate z di/9ct f a pres5t "o4 ,moreov]1 ! consci\sness ( desire may be fa9t & fugitive1 z x may be int5se & p]si/5t4 ,desire is ! /ep betwe5 ! fir/ consci\sness ( ! object & ! volunt>y release ( en]gy :i* works t[>d its atta9m5t4 ,?is /ep may be pass$ ov] almo/ unnotic$4 ,! ?\ght ( %ift+ my position :5 ,i feel uncom=table may be foll[$ by ! act ) no cle> consci\sness ( a t5sion & its volunt>y release4 ,! m]e ?\ght1 itself b fa9tly & mom5t>ily 9 consci\sness1 appe>s to be foll[$ at once by ! act1 & desire & w to be elim9at$4 ,x does n foll[ t !y are actually elim9at$2 !y may be pres5t z fleet+ %ad[s :i* fail to attract att5tion4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! desire fails to f9d its imm$iate fruition1 if x is fru/rat$1 consci\sness ( x may become exce$+ly int5se4 ,!re is ! con/ant ?\ght ( ! object1 a vivid feel+ ( t5sion1 ( a /riv+ to atta9 ! object4 ,desire may become an obsession1 a torm5t fill+ ! horizon1 & ! volition 9 :i* x f9ds its fruition /&s =? z a m>k$ relief4 ,?is condition ( ?+s may be br\ght ab\t by ! inhibition occasion$ by ! physical impossibility ( atta9+ ! object2 b x may also be br\ght ab\t by ! /ruggle ( incompatible desires among !mselves4 ,! man is drawn 9 diff]5t directions1 he is subject to v>i\s t5sions1 & he becomes acutely consci\s t he is impell$ to move 9 sev]al ways & is mov+ 9 none4 ,i h us$ ! ^w t5sion to describe ! psy*ic fact pres5t 9 desire4 ,i h done s = want ( a bett] ^w4 ,( ! physical basis ( desire1 ( :at takes place 9 ! bra91 we "k no?+4 ,) ! psy*ic fact1 ! feel+ ( agitation & unre/1 we are all famili>4 ,( ! t5d5cy ( desire to dis*>ge itself 9 action we are aw>e4 ,a desire appe>s to be an in*oate volition--t :i*1 if rip5$ successfully & n nipp$ 9 ! bud1 w\ld become a volition4 ,x may be look$ ^u z ! fir/ /ep t[>d action--a /ep :i* may or may n be foll[$ by o!rs4 ,x does n seem out ( place to call x a /ate ( t5sion1 ( /ra91 ( incl9ation4 ,9 speak+1 ?us1 we use physical metaphors1 b !y d n appe> out ( place4 #cc4 ,,desire ,,( ,,! ,,unatta9able4--,b if a desire may be reg>d$ z an unripe act ( w1 an in*oate volition1 h[ is x t we c desire ! unatta9able1 a suffici5tly common exp]i5ce8 ,i may bitt]ly regret "s act ( my own 9 ! pa/2 ,i may e>ne/ly wi% t ,i _h n p]=m$ x4 ,b ! pa/ is irrevocable4 ,h5ce1 ! desire = ! atta9m5t ( :at is 9 ?is case ! object1 a diff]5t pa/1 c h>dly be reg>d$ z ev5 a prep>atory /ep t[>d atta9m5t4 ,9 ?is case x c n1 & 7 all desires direct$ ^u :at is 9 ! nature ( ! case :olly unatta9able by ef=t1 x w\ld occur to no "o to speak ( desire z a fir/ /ep t[>d action4 ,b normally & usually desires are n ( ?is nature4 ,!y usually d con/itute a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( occurr5ces :i* end 9 action4 ,did !y n1 !y w\ld h little significance 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! creature desir+4 ,) ! appe>ance ( free ideas1 ) an ext5sion ( ! range ( memory & imag9ation1 objects may be held be=e ! m9d :i* are n prop]ly objects to be atta9$4 ,yet su* objects are ( ! k9d :i* attract or repel1 i4e41 ( ! k9d :i* m5 endeavor to realize 9 action4 ,!y _c be realiz$2 we d n w to realize !m2 b we %\ld w to d s 7 !y realizable4 ,! psy*ic factor1 ! /ra91 ! t5sion1 is unmi/akably pres5t4 ,real desire is reveal$1 & common spee*1 z well z ! language ( sci5ce1 recognizes ! fact4 ,?is g5]al attraction or repulsion ex]cis$ by objects1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! objects may n appe> to be realizable1 is n )\t significance4 ,! h9drance to realization may be an accid5tal "o2 x may n be :olly insup]able4 ,! pres5ce ( a p]si/5t desire may result 9 p]si/5t ef=t1 :i* may ultimately be cr[n$ by success4 ,or x may %[ itself z a p]man5t read9ess = ef=t4 ,7 e fru/rat$ desire at once dismiss$ f consci\sness1 ! result w\ld %[ itself 9 a passivity detrim5tal to action 9 g5]al4 ,:]e ! object is intr9sically an impossible "o1 p]si/5t desire is1 ( c\rse1 futile4 ,! dog bay+ at ! cat 9 ! tree is ! prey ( su* a desire1 b he does n realize x1 or he might discont9ue 8 inefficaci\s leaps4 ,! man torm5t$ by 8 unwor?y act 9 ! pa/ is q aw>e ( ! futility ( 8 long+s4 ,8 condition is psy*ologically explicable1 b to a rational be+1 9 s f> z rational1 x is n normal4 ,normally1 desire is ! int]m$iate /ep betwe5 ! recognition ( an object & ! w to atta9 x4 ,! mo/ futile ( desires may be h>bor$4 ,! imag9ative m9d may range ov] a limitless field1 & give itself up to desires ! mo/ extravagant4 ,b indulg5ce 9 ?is habit s]ves z a *eck to action s]viceable to ! individual & to ! race4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 desire is usually = :at seems conceivably )9 ! limit ( possible atta9m5t4 ,! man desires to cat* a tra91 to run t he may atta9 t end2 8 m9d is little occupi$ ) ! desire to fly1 nor does 8 long+ c5t] ^u ! c>pet ( ,solomon4 ,to ! desirability ( dismiss+ f ! m9d futile desires curr5t moral maxims be> witness4 #cd4 ,,w4--,! natural fruition ( a desire is1 !n1 an act ( w2 ! t5sion is normally foll[$ by t release ( en]gy :i* makes = ! atta9m5t ( ! object or end ( ! desire4 ,! "q sugge/s itself1 may !re n be pres5t1 ev5 9 bl9dly impulsive action1 some?+ fa9tly correspond+ to desire & w8 ,t !re %\ld be an object 9 ! s5se ( some?+ aim$ at1 held 9 view z an idea to be realiz$1 appe>s to be out ( ! "q4 ,b may !re n be a m or less vague & evanesc5t s5se ( t5sion1 & "s psy*ic fact :i* may be reg>d$ z ! %ad[y =]unn] ( ! consci\sness ( ! release ( t5sion :i*1 on a high] plane1 reveals itself z ! consci\sness ( w8 ,!re may be3 introspection is n capable ( answ]+ ! "q1 & "o is =c$ to fall back ^u an argum5t f analogy4 ,bl9dly impulsive action & action 9 :i* w indubitably & consci\sly plays a "p are n :olly unlike1 b !y diff] by a v wide int]val4 ,! int]val is n an empty gap1 h[ev]1 =1 z we h se51 all volitions d n /& out ^u ! backgr\nd ( our consci\sness ) ! same unmi/akable di/9ctness4 ,!re are volitions no "o w\ld hesitate to call su*4 ,& !re are ph5om5a resembl+ volition :i* we m & m d\btfully include "u t caption z we pass own on ! desc5d+ scale4 ,naturally1 9 describ+ desire & volition we d n turn to ! twilight region :]e all outl9es are blurr$ & indi/9ct4 ,we fix our att5tion ^u ^? in/ances 9 :i* ! ph5om5a are cle>ly & /rongly m>k$4 ,!y are mo/ cle>ly m>k$ :]e desire does n1 at once & unimp$$1 dis*>ge itself 9 action1 b :]e action is def]r$1 & a /ruggle takes place betwe5 desires4 ,! man is subject to v>i\s t5sions1 he is impell$ 9 div]s directions1 he hesitates1 delib]ates1 & he f9ally makes a decision4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( delib]ation he is apt to be vividly consci\s ( desire z su*--z a t5sion n yet reliev$1 z an alt]nation ( t5sions z ! att5tion occupies itself1 fir/ ) "o desirable object1 !n ) ano!r4 ,& ! decision1 :i* puts an end to ! /rife1 is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! desires z su*4 ,9 ! reflective m9d1 :i* turns its att5tion ^u itself & its own processes1 ! di/9ction betwe5 desire & w seems to be a m>k$ "o4 ,b x is n m]ely ! develop$ & reflective m9d :i* is ! seat ( delib]ation4 ,! *ild delib]ates betwe5 satisfy+ its appetite & avoid+ possible puni%m5t2 x rea*es = ! =bidd5 fruit1 & )draws its h&2 x wav]s1 x is mov$ 9 "o direction z "o desire becomes pr$om9ant1 & its action is *eck$ z ! o!r ga9s 9 asc5d5cy4 ,delib]ation ?is unmi/akably is4 ,& delib]ation we may obs]ve 9 creatures bel[ ! level ( man2 9 ! sp>r[1 hopp+ z close z x d>es to ! h& t spr9kles crumbs be=e x2 9 ! dog1 ready to d>t away 9 pursuance ( 8 private desires1 b re/ra9$ by ! w>n+ voice ( 8 ma/]4 ,?is is delib]ation4 ,su* delib]ation z we f9d 9 ! develop$ & enlight5$ human be+ x is n4 ,t1 h[ev]1 !re is pres5t ev5 9 ^! humble in/ances1 "s psy*ic fact correspond+ to :at 9 ! high] m9d reveals itself z desire & volition1 we h no reason to d\bt4 #ce4 ,,desire ,,& ,,w ,,n ,,id5tical4--,i h _h occasion to rem>k t ! mod]n psy*ologi/ draws no su* %>p l9e betwe5 desire & volition z ! psy*ologi/ ( an e>li] "t4 ,t "s di/9ction %\ld be drawn seems palpable4 ,x is n )\t significance t immemorial usage sanctions ?is di/9ction4 ,! anci5t ,/oic's qu>rel 0 ) ! desires1 n ) ! w4 ,! w 0 treat$ z a ma/] end[$ ) rightful au?ority2 ! desires 7 subjects1 (t5 9 rebellion1 b ju/ly to be held 9 subjection4 ,& f ! days ( ! ,/oic d[n almo/ to our own1 ! w has be5 treat$ mu* z ?\gh x 7 an especial & di/9ct faculty ( man1 n un9flu5c$ by desire1 b 9 no s5se to be id5tifi$ ) x1--above x1 its law-giv]1 deta*$1 indep5d5t1 supreme4 ,?is t5d5cy f9ds its culm9ation 9 t impressive mod]n ,/oic1 ,immanuel ,kant1 :o desires to isolate ! w1 & to emancipate x altoge!r f ! influ5ce ( desire4 ,rec5tly ! p5dulum has swung 9 ! o!r direction4 ,x has be5 recogniz$ t w is ! natural outcome ( desire1 & t )\t desire !re w\ld be no w at all4 ,x has ev5 be5 ma9ta9$ t w is desire1 ! desire ) :i* ! self id5tifies itself4 ,footnote3 ,see1 = example1 ,,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec #add-adi4 ,to ?is la/ =m ( expression objection may be made on ! score ( its vagu5ess4 ,:at does x mean = ! self to id5tify itself ) a desire8 ,& if su* an id5tification is necess>y to w1 c !re be volition or any?+ resembl+ volition :]e self-consci\sness has n yet be5 develop$8 ,x is v imp]fectly develop$ 9 "y *ildr51 & 9 ! l[] animals /ill less develop$1 if at all2 & yet we see 9 !m ! /ruggle ( desires & ! resultant decision em]g+ 9 action4 ,if we call a volition 9 :i* consci\sness ( ! self has play$ its "p volition prop]1 x /ill rema9s to inquire h[ volitions on a l[] plane are to be di/+ui%$ f m]e desires4 ,:at happ5s 9 a typical case ( delib]ation & decision8 ,two or m objects are be=e ! m9d & ! att5tion occupies itself ) !m successively4 ,t5sions alt]nate1 wax /rong & die away1 only to recov] _! /r5g? aga94 ,f9ally ! att5tion fixes ^u "o object to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 ! /rife ( desires come to an end1 & !re is an inception ( action 9 ! direction ( ! realization ( t p>ticul> desire4 ,! desire itself is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! decision2 ! t5sion1 ) its release4 ,! psy*ic fact is 9 ! two cases diff]5t4 ,! decision br+s relief f ! /ra94 ,x _c prop]ly be call$ a desire1 n ev5 a triumphant desire1 al?\gh 9 x a desire atta9s a victory & its realization has begun4 ,su* a victory n all desires1 ev5 :5 mo/ int5se & prolong$1 are able to atta94 ,we h se5 t ! desire = ! unatta9able may am\nt to an obsession1 & yet x w n rip5 into an act ( volition4 ,! release ( ! t5sion 9 incipi5t action does n come4 ,! b5t b[ rema9s b5t4 ,f ! s5se ( /ra9 9 su* a case "o may be fre$1 z "o is fre$ f ! desires :i* succumb dur+ ! process ( delib]ation1 by ! occupation ( ! att5tion ) o!r ?+s4 ,b ! desire has be5 =gott51 n satisfi$4 ,x may at any "t recur 9 all its /r5g?4 ,we _c m ne>ly describe ! psy*ic fact call$ decision4 ,j z we _c m ne>ly describe ! psy*ic fact to :i* we h giv5 ! "n t5sion4 ,al?\gh ! n]v\s basis ( ! ph5om5a ( desire & w are unkn[n1 we c easily conceive t1 dur+ desire1 & be=e desire has result$ 9 ! release ( en]gy :i* is ! imm$iate =]unn] ( action1 ! c]ebral occurr5ce %\ld be diff]5t f t :i* is pres5t :5 t release takes place4 ,nor %\ld x be surpris+ t ! psy*ical fact correspond+ to ea* %\ld be diff]5t4 ,! view "h set =? does n confuse desire & w1 mak+ w indi/+ui%able f desire1 or1 at lea/1 f c]ta9 desires4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x does n sep>ate !m1 z ?\gh !y c\ld n be br\ght )9 ! "o s]ies ( occurr5ces :i* may prop]ly be reg>d$ z a unit4 ,x has ! advantage ( mak+ compreh5sible ! mutual relations ( impulse1 desire1 & w4 ,bl9d impulse dis*>ges itself 9 action seem+ly )\t ! psy*ic accompanim5ts :i* di/+ui% desire & w4 ,b all impulse is n bl9d impulse1 & desir+ & will+ admit ( _m degrees ( developm5t4 ,to d5y w to creatures l[] ?an man1 z "s writ]s h done1 is to misconceive ! nature ( ! process t issues 9 action4 ,we are tempt$ to d x only :5 we comp>e w 9 its highe/ manife/ations ) ^? rudim5t>y =e%ad[+s ( x :i* /& at ! l[] end ( ! scale4 ,b ev5 9 man we c disc]n bl9d impulse1 dimly consci\s desires :i* rip5 into z dimly recogniz$ decisions1 &1 at ! v top ( ! scale1 consci\s decisions :i* foll[ delib]ation1 & are ! resultant ( a /ruggle betwe5 _m desires4 ,= e?ical sci5ce x is ( no little importance to appreh5d cle>ly ! relation ( decision to desire4 ,moral rules aim to control human conduct1 & conduct is ! expression ( ! :ole man4 ,if we h no cle> conception ( ! desires :i* /ruggle = ! ma/]y )9 him1 & ( ! relation ( 8 decisions to ^? desires1 9 va9 w we endeavor to influ5ce him 9 ! direction 9 :i* we wi% him to move4 #cf4 ,,! ,,w ,,& ,,def]r$ ,,action4--,x rema9s to speak briefly ( "o po9t t\*+ ! nature ( w4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! decision is ! psy*ic fact correspond+ to ! release ( n]v\s en]gy :i* relieves ! t5sion ( desire4 ,x is ! beg9n+ ( action1 ( realization4 ,b :at %all we say ( resolves :i* _c at once be c>ri$ out 9 action8 ,( decisions ! realization ( :i* is def]r$8 ,i may long debate ! matt] & !n det]m9e to pay a bill :5 x comes due next mon?4 ,! decision is made2 b1 = a "t1 at lea/1 no?+ happ5s4 ,h[ c ,i "h speak ( ! beg9n+ ( action8 ,! action does n at once beg91 yet x is1 9 a s5se1 initiat$4 ,! /ruggle ( conflict+ consid]ations has ceas$2 ! man is set = action 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,= ! "t be+ ! matt] is settl$1 & only an ext]nal circum/ance prev5ts ! resolve f be+ c>ri$ out4 ,! psy*ic factor is widely diff]5t f t ( m]e desire1 & is n recogniz$ to be diff]5t f t pres5t 9 volition :i* at once issues 9 action4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,p]man5t ,,w #cg4 ,,consci\sly ,,*os5 ,,ends4--,our volitions1 delib]ate1 less delib]ate1 & ^? v]g+ ^u :at sc>cely des]ves ! "n ( volition1 weave !mselves into complicat$ patt]ns1 :i* f9d _! expression 9 long s]ies ( ! mo/ v>i$ activities4 ,! nature ( ! patt]n z a :ole may be det]m9$ by ! delib]ate selection ( an end1 & to t ! o!r *oices :i* ent] into ! complex may be subord9ate4 ,?us1 a man may decide t he c af=d to give himself ! pleasure ( a long walk ?r\gh ! c\ntry be=e tak+ ! tra9 at ! next t[n4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ramble he may make a numb] ( m or less consci\s decisions n incompatible ) ! purpose he orig9ally embrac$--to take ?is bit ( road or t1 to loit] 9 ! %ade1 to climb a hill t he may enjoy a view1 to ha/5 le/ he f9d himself too late 9 arriv+ at 8 de/9ation4 ,^! decisions may require little delib]ation2 !y spr+ into be+ at ! call ( ! mom5t1 are n prec$$ by delib]ation1 & leave little trace 9 ! memory4 ,!y may be made semi-consci\sly1 & :ile ! m9d is l>gely occupi$ ) o!r ?+s1 ) ?\ghts ( ! pa/ or ! future1 ) o!r sc5es sugge/$ by ! l&scape1 or ) ! fl[]s :i* skirt ! road4 ,nev]!less1 we w\ld n hesitate to call !m decisions4 ,may we apply ! ^w 9 speak+ ( ! s+le /eps made by ! travel] z he advances8 ,8 feet seem to move ( !mselves & to make no dem&s at all ^u 8 att5tion4 ,yet x is n /rictly true to say t !y move ( !mselves4 ,!y are "u control1 & ! successive /eps foll[ ^u ea* o!r n )\t direction4 ,!y s]ve z expressions ( ! w to take ! walk1 & !y are adju/$ to ! end consci\sly held 9 view4 ,t att5tion is n fix$ ^u ! individual /eps does n remove !m f ! sph]e ( ! volunt>y1 9 a prop] s5se ( ! words4 ,!y are expressions ( ! man's w1 ev5 if !y be n ! result ( a consci\s s]ies ( delib]ations & decisions4 ,:e!r we %all use ! t]m decision 9 connection ) ! s+le /ep is r a "q ( v]bal usage ?an ( ! det]m9ation ( fact4 ,we h se5 t decisions %ade d[n gradually1 f ^? q unmi/akable & *>act]i/ic1 to occurr5ces f> less *>act]i/ic & m disputable4 ,! consci\sness ( delib]ation & decision does n disappe> abruptly at "s po9t 9 ! s]ies4 ,x fades away1 z ! light ( day gradually passes1 ?r\gh twilight1 into ! %ades ( night4 ,& actions n directly recognizable z consci\sly volunt>y may be obvi\sly "u volunt>y control4 ,!y weave !mselves1 ) actions m palpably volunt>y & high] 9 ! scale1 into ^? complicat$ patt]ns det]m9$ by ! consci\s selection ( an end4 ,z long z !y s]ve _! purpose1 & require no ef=t1 !y may rema9 inconspicu\s & unconsid]$4 ,b1 z soon z a *eck is met )1 att5tion is direct$ ^u !m & !y become ! subject ( consci\s volunt>y control4 #ch4 ,,ends ,,n ,,consci\sly ,,*os54--,9 ! above illu/ration ! end :i* det]m9es ! "* ( a long *a9 ( actions has be5 delib]ately *os54 ,x is a consci\sly select$ end4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we contemplate critically ! lives ( our fell[-m51 we seem to become aw>e ( ! fact t _m ( !m act 9 unconsci\sness ( ! ultimate end ^u :i* _! actions conv]ge4 ,! att5tion is tak5 up ) m9or decisions1 & takes no note ( ! p]man5t tr5d ( ! w4 ,?us1 ! selfi% man may be unaw>e ( ! significance ( ! :ole s]ies ( *oices :i* he makes 9 a day2 ! malici\s man may n realize t he is animat$ by ! settl$ purpose to injure 8 neighbors2 "o may be law-abid+ )\t ev] hav+ resolv$ to obey ! laws ?r\gh ! c\rse ( a life4 ,if call$ ^u to acc\nt = ?is or t subord9ate decision1 ea* may exhau/ 8 +5uity 9 assign+ false causes1 :ile ignor+ ! p]man5t attitude ( ! w reveal$ 9 ! s]ies ( decisions z a :ole & giv+ !m :at consi/5cy !y possess4 ,h5ce1 ! *oice ( ends1 z well z ! adoption ( means to ! atta9m5t ( ends1 may reveal itself ei!r 9 consci\s delib]ate decisions1 or 9 ! work+ ( obscure impulses :i* d n em]ge into ! light4 ,ev5 9 ! latt] case1 we h n to d ) :at is :olly beyond ! sph]e ( intellig5t volunt>y control4 ,! selfi% man may be made aw>e t he is selfi%2 ! malici\s man1 t he is malici\s2 & ea* may delib]ately take /eps to rem$y ! defect reveal$4 ,:5 we und]/& ! ^w w 9 ! broad s5se indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 we see t a man's habits may ju/ly be reg>d$ z expressions ( ! man's w4 ,t1 ?r\gh repetition1 8 actions h become almo/ automatic does n remove !m f ! sph]e ( ! volitional4 ,t he does n cle>ly see1 or t he misconceives1 ! significance ( 8 habits1 & may acquiesce 9 !m ev5 ?\gh !y be injuri\s to him1 does n make !m ! less will$1 s long z he foll[s !m4 ,x is only :5 he actively endeavors to control or modify a habit t he may be said to w its opposite4 #ci4 ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,ideals4--,nor is x too mu* to br+ "u ! head ( will+ ! attitudes ( approval & disapproval tak5 by man 9 contemplat+ c]ta9 occurr5ces1 actual or possible1 :i* lie beyond ! conf9es ( ! field )9 :i* he c ex]cise control4 ,! field ( control1 direct & indirect1 is z we h se5 a broad "o1 b x has its limits1 & _m ( ! ?+s he w\ld l to see accompli%$ or prev5t$ lie )\t x4 ,a man's w may be set ^u ! pres]vation ( 8 heal?1 he may /rive to atta9 t end1 & circum/ances may condemn him to a life ( invalidism4 ,he w\ld be heal?y if he c\ld1 b 8 /riv+s are ov]rul$4 ,or he may e>ne/ly pursue ! atta9m5t ( weal?1 & may end 9 bankruptcy4 ,he has ! w to be ri*1 b t w is fru/rat$4 ,x is ! same :5 we consid] 8 attitude t[>d ! decisions & actions ( o!r m54 ,by m]e will+ he _c condition ano!r's *oice4 ,b by will+ he c (t5 influ5ce indirectly ! volitions ( 8 fell[s4 ,he c enlight5 or mis9=m1 p]suade or ?reat51 rew>d or puni%4 ,9 _m ways he c weight ! scale ( 8 neighbor's m9d4 ,b su* influ5ces are n all-p[]ful1 & only )9 limits c we b5d o!r wills to foll[ a c\rse prescrib$ = !m by our own4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 beyond ^? limits1 ! attitude ( a man's m9d t[>d ! actions ( 8 neighbor may be a volitional "o4 ,8 w may be = !m or aga9/ !m2 he may approve or disapprove1 comm& or prohibit4 ,we "k q well t comm&s & prohibitions laid ^u *ildr5 & s]vants w n always be effective1 yet we issue g5]al comm&s & prohibitions1 z ?\gh assum+ unlimit$ control4 ,x is q 9 accordance ) usage to speak ( a man z will+ an end1 ev5 :]e x is cle>ly recogniz$ t ! w to atta9 does n gu>antee atta9m5t4 ,! man does :at he c2 c\ld he d m he w\ld d s2 9 8 helplessness ! attitude ( ! w p]si/s un*ang$4 ,x is obvi\s t1 9 ?is l>ge s5se ( ! ^w w1 we may speak ( a man z cont9u+ to w or to approve a giv5 end1 ev5 :5 he is n will+ or approv+ any?+1 9 a n>r[] s5se ( ! words1 at ?is or t mom5t4 ,we speak ( a man z inspir$ by ! p]man5t w to be ri*1 al?\gh at _m times dur+ ! day1 & c]ta9ly dur+ 8 h\rs ( sleep1 no act ( volition ) su* an end 9 view has an actual exi/5ce4 ,no man always ?9ks ( ! p]man5t ends :i* he has select$ z controls to 8 actions4 ,!y are select$1 !y pass f 8 m9d1 &1 :5 !y recur to x aga91 ! selection is reaffirm$4 ,b1 :e!r he is actually ?9k+ ab\t ! ends 9 "q or n1 ! settl$ tr5d ( 8 w is express$ 9 !m4 ,?is settl$ tr5d ( ! w1 ev5 :5 sc>cely recogniz$ by ! man himself1 may be va/ly m significant ?an ! pass+ individual decision1 al?\gh ! latt] be accompani$ by cle> consci\sness4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! latt] is a true expon5t ( "*1 b n infrequ5tly x is n4 ,x may be ! result ( a :im1 ( an irrational impulse little congru\s ) a man's nature4 ,x may be ! outcome ( "s misconception & 9 contradiction ) :at ! man w\ld w1 if enlight5$4 ,! individual volition appe>s only to disappe>2 x may leave no app>5t trace4 ,! p]man5t w indicates a habit ( m9d1 a way ( act+1 :i* may be expect$ to make its influ5ce felt ) ! p]si/5cy ( t :i* ex]ts a /eady pressure4 ,to refuse x ! "n ( w seems arbitr>y & unju/ifiable4 ,9 ! p]man5t w is express$ ! "* ( ! man4 ,?is "* is reflect$ 9 8 ideals4 ,sometimes ideals are cle>ly recogniz$ & delib]ately *os54 ,sometimes a man is little aw>e ( ! nature ( ! ideals :i* control 8 /riv+s4 ,he may be said to *oose1 b to *oose m or less bl9dly4 ,b1 :e!r he *ooses ) cle> vision or )\t x1 he may *oose well or ill4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,object ,,9 ,,desire ,,& ,,w #dj4 ,,! ,,object ,,z ,,end ,,to ,,be ,,realiz$4--,! expression ! object be=e ! m9d 9 desir+ & will+ is n free f ambiguity4 ,x may be us$ 9 ref]r+ to ! idea1 ! psy*ic fact1 :i* is pres5t :5 "o desires or wills4 ,or x may be us$ to indicate ! future fact :i* is ! realization ( ! idea1 t :i* ! idea po9ts to z its end4 ,! idea & ! end are1 ( c\rse1 n id5tical1 b !y are relat$4 ,! idea mirrors ! end1 =e%ad[s x4 ,9 ! attempt to expla9 a volunt>y act we may turn ei!r to ! "o or to ! o!r2 we may reg>d ! idea z ! effici5t cause :i* has result$ 9 ! act1 or we may acc\nt = ! act by po9t+ out ! end x 0 purpos$ to atta94 ,!re is no reason :y we %\ld n recognize bo? ! effici5t cause & ! f9al cause1 or end4 ,! latt] has be5 ! subject ( m or less my/ification4 ,h[1 x has be5 ask$1 c an end1 :i* does n1 z yet1 exi/1 be a cause :i* sets 9 motion ! app>atus t br+s ab\t its own exi/5ce8 ,footnote3 ,see ,,janet1 ,les ,causes ,f9ales1 ,p>is1 #aija1 p4 #a1 ff4 ,! difficulty is a gratuit\s "o4 ,x lies 9 ! confusion ( ! f9al cause or end1 ) ! effici5t cause4 ,:5 we realize t ! expression f9al cause means simply t :i* is purpos$1 or accept$ z an end1 objections to x fall away4 ,t1 9 desire & w1 9 all _! high] manife/ations1 at lea/1 !re is consci\sness ( an end1 !re c be no "q4 ,if we attempt to give m ?an a vague physical explanation ( actions due to bl9d impulse1 we are compell$ to ref] to ! idea1 ! psy*ic fact pres5t1 z effici5t cause4 ,n s :5 we are conc]n$ ) actions ( a high] ord]4 ,we con/antly ref] su* actions to ! ends !y h 9 view4 ,we reg>d !m z satisfactorily expla9$ :5 we h po9t$ out ! end ^u :i* !y are direct$4 ,to ! morali/ x is ( ! utmo/ importance to "k :at ends m5 actually *oose1 & :at !y may be induc$ to *oose4 ,he is conc]n$ ) conduct1 :i* is intellig5t & purposive action4 ,conduct may be /udi$ )\t ent]+ ^u an inve/igation ( ! effici5t causes1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 :i* are ! antec$5ts ( action ( any k9d4 ,su* matt]s "o may leave to ! physiologi/ & ! psy*ologi/4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,i speak ( ! object 9 desir+ & will+1 ,i %all use ! ^w to indicate ! end held 9 view1 t t[>d :i* ! creature desir+ or will+ /rives4 #da4 ,,human ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,objects ,,*os54--,:at objects d m5 actually desire & w to atta98 ,to give a detail$ acc\nt ( !m appe>s to be a hopeless & pr(itless task4 ,i take up my p51 ,i write1 ,i turn to a book2 ,i look at my wat*1 *ange my position1 /ret*1 walk up & d[n1 speak to "s "o :o is pres5t1 smile or give v5t to irritation2 ,i sit d[n to a meal1 eat ( ?is di% r ?an ( t1 g out to visit a place ( amusem5t1 respond to ! appeal ( ! begg> 9 ! /reet--9 %ort1 ,i fill my day ) a ?\s& actions ! mo/ div]se1 :i* foll[ ea* o!r )\t int]mission4 ,ea* ( ^! actions may be ! object ( desire & w4 ,no novel1 h[ev] reali/ic1 h[ev] prolix 9 its descriptions1 c give u m ?an ! b>e/ outl9es ( ! c\rse ( life foll[$ by ! p]sonages x attempts to portray4 ,a t\* "h1 a t\* !re1 & a "* is indicat$4 ,no m1 = m w\ld be intol]able4 ,x is significant1 h[ev]1 t ! few po9ts t\*$ ^u c s]ve to give an idea ( a "*4 ,n-)/&+ _! div]sity1 volitions fall into classes2 x is q possible to indicate 9 a g5]al way ! k9d ( *oices a giv5 creature may be impell$ to make4 ,!y are a revelation ( ! nature ( ! creature *oos+4 ,t be+s diff]+ 9 _! nature %\ld be impell$ to diff]5t c\rses ( action c surprise no "o4 ,cats h no temptation to w&] 9 h]ds2 ! exhibition ( pugnacity 9 a %eep w\ld /rike u ) wond]4 ,to e k9d ( creature its nature3 &1 al?\gh individuals )9 a k9d diff] m or less f "o ano!r1 we look = approximation to a type4 ,s x is ) man4 ,! expression human nature1 s mu* 9 ! m\?s ( c]ta9 morali/s anci5t & mod]n1 al?\gh some:at vague1 is n )\t its significance4 ,to x we ref] 9 pass+ a judgm5t ^u individual human be+s1 & we reg>d z abnormal ^? :o v>y widely f ! type4 #db4 ,,! ,,in/9cts ,,& ,,impulses ,,( ,,man4--,9 sket*+ = u ! outl9es ( ?is di/9ctively human nature1 ! psy*ologi/ proce$s to an enum]ation ( ! fundam5tal in/9cts & g5]al innate t5d5cies ( man1 & he draws up a li/ ( ! emotions :i* correspond to !m4 ,he m5tions ! in/9cts ( flight1 repulsion1 curiosity1 pugnacity1 self- abasem5t1 self-ass]tion1 ! p>5tal in/9ct1 ! in/9ct ( sex1 ! in/9ct = food1 t = acquisition1 etc4 ,he po9ts out t man is by nature op5 to sympa?y1 is sugge/ible1 & has ! impulse to play4 ,9 su* in/9cts & inborn g5]al t5d5cies1 bl5d+ & re9=c+ or oppos+ & inhibit+ "o ano!r1 he sees ! =ces :i* give _! direction to desire & w2 :i* select1 out ( all possible objects1 ^? :i* are to become objects = man4 ,x is n necess>y "h to discuss ! nature ( in/9ct1 to di/+ui% betwe5 an in/9ct & a m g5]al inborn t5d5cy1 or to attempt a complete li/ ( ! in/9cts & inborn t5d5cies ( man4 ,nor ne$ ,i ask :e!r e *oice made by a human be+ c be trac$1 directly or indirectly1 to "o or m ( ! in/9cts & o!r t5d5cies giv5 9 ! above or 9 any simil> li/4 ,9 expla9+ ! individual *oices :i* m5 make1 or ! desires to :i* !y are subject1 !re is mu* scope = ! +5uity ( ! psy*ologi/4 ,b ( ! significance = human life ( ! impulses m5tion$ !re c be no "q4 ,:at w\ld ! life ( a man be if he c\ld feel no fe> or repulsion8 ,c\ld !re be a developm5t ( k 9 ! abs5ce ( curiosity8 ,h[ long w\ld ! race endure if ! p>5tal in/9ct 7 :olly lack+8 ,:at w\ld become ( a man :o nev] desir$ food8 ,c\ld a human society ( any sort exi/ if !re 7 no sympa?y or t5d] feel+1 no impulse to seek ! company ( o!r m58 ,x is m51 su* z !y are1 end[$ ) ! qualities :i* di/+ui% man1 :o associate !mselves into communities1 & ! cu/oms & laws ( su* reflect ! fundam5tal impulses 9 :i* !y _h _! orig94 #dc4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,man',s ,,in/9cts ,,important4--,t a c>eful /udy ( human nature is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! morali/ is palpable4 ,he mu/ n prescribe = man a rule ( conduct :i* x is n 9 man to foll[4 ,he mu/ n set be=e him1 z inducem5ts to actions1 objects :i* x is impossible = him to desire &1 h5ce1 to *oose4 ,to be sure1 ! ma9 traits ( human nature 7 pretty well recogniz$ _m c5turies be=e ! mod]n sci5ce ( psy*ology _h its bir?4 ,_h !y n be51 man c\ld n h _h rational deal+s ) 8 fell[- man2 c\ld n effectively h p]suad$ & ?reat5$1 rew>d$ & puni%$1 &1 9 %ort1 set 9 motion all ! ma*9]y :i* is at ! s]vice ( "o man :5 he wants to influ5ce ! conduct ( ano!r4 ,b morali/s anci5t & mod]n h made s]i\s blund]s ?r\gh an imp]fect und]/&+ ( ! impulses natural to man2 & ! mod]n psy*ologi/1 )\t claim+ to be a :olly orig9al or an infallible guide1 may be ( no little s]vice 9 help+ u to detect !m4 ,?us1 x 0 possible = z %rewd an obs]v] ( man z ,ari/otle to expla9 ! affection ( a man = 8 *ild by reg>d+ x z an ext5sion ( self-love1 ! *ild be+1 9 a s5se1 a "p ( ! p>5t4 ,footnote3 ,e?ics1 ,book ,,viii1 *apt] xii4 ,ari/otle's qua9t explanation ( ! fact t mat]nal affection is apt to be /rong] ?an pat]nal is an error ( a k9dr$ nature4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,book ,,ix1 *apt] vii4 ,& ! anci5t egoi/s1 ,footnote3 ,see ! answ] to ,epicurus 9 ! ,disc\rses ( ,epictetus1 translat$ by ,,long1 ,london1 #ahij1 pp4 #fi-gj4 9 sett+ be=e man _! selfi% & anti-social ideal ( human conduct1 made _! appeal1 n to ! :ole man1 b only to a "p ( him4 ,! normal man1 :e!r savage or civiliz$1 :e!r anci5t or mod]n1 _c desire a life fill$ only ) ! objects :i* !y set be=e him4 ,nor is ! mod]n morali/1 or z he pref]s to /yle himself1 immorali/1 ,nietzs*e1 ,footnote3 ,a sket* ( ,nietzs*e's doctr9e is giv5 lat]1 see *apt] xxix4 guilty ( less gross a blund]4 ,he rails at morality z commonly und]/ood1 call+ x ! morality ( ! h]d1 & he recomm5ds isolation1 ! repression ( sympa?y1 & a contempt = "o's fell[s4 ,to be sure1 ! h]d is a scornful1 rhetorical expression1--:at ,b5?am w\ld h call$ a "q-begg+ epi!t1--= m5 d n1 prop]ly speak+1 live 9 h]ds2 b !y d normally live 9 human societies ( "s sort1 & !y h ! in/9cts & impulses :i* fit !m to d s4 ,! repression ( su* in/9cts & impulses does viol5ce to _! nature1 & he :o advocates o!r ?an a social morality %\ld advocate x = "s creature o!r ?an man4 ,man is a social creature1 &1 among ! objects ( 8 desire & w1 he mu/ give a prom95t place to "s :i* are di/9ctively social4 #dd4 ,,! ,,bewild]+ ,,multiplicity ,,( ,,! ,,objects ,,( ,,desire1 ,,& ,,! ,,ef=t ,,to ,,f9d ,,an ,,und]ly+ ,,unity4--,! m]e enum]ation ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* h be5 adduc$ z in/9cts or fundam5tal innate t5d5cies ( man is en\gh to reveal ! tru? t man is n m]ely ! subject ( desire1 b ( desires2 t is to say1 8 impulses are direct$ ^u objects widely diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,& :5 we call to m9d t ! concepts ( ! in/9cts & fundam5tal t5d5cies ( human nature1 z ?us enum]at$1 are products ( ab/raction & g5]alization--are g5]al notions ga!r$ f ! numb]less concrete in/ances ( desire & w furni%$ by our obs]vation--we are =c$ to realize t ! objects :i* individual m5 set be=e !mselves 9 desir+ & will+ are really endlessly v>i$4 ,all m5 are n equally mov$ by fe>1 ang]1 repulsion1 t5d] emotion1 or sympa?y4 ,nor d all m5 f9d ! same ?+s ! objects ( _! fe>1 ang]1 repulsion1 & ! re/4 ,! desire = food is an ab/raction2 9 ! concrete1 ?is man eag]ly accepts an oy/]1 & t "o turns f x 9 disgu/4 ,9 ord] to deal successfully ) our fell[-man1 we mu/ n m]ely "k man4 ,we mu/ "k m54 ,fur!rmore1 n only d individuals set _! affections ^u diff]5t objects1 b ! same p]son at diff]5t /ages ( 8 developm5t desires widely diff]5t ?+s4 ,:at is a temptation to ! boy has no attraction = ! man4 ,:at fills ! savage ) long+s may inspire 9 ! product ( a high civilization no o!r feel+ ?an repulsion4 ,& :at is true ( ! individual is true ( m5 9 ! mass4 ,! objects ( desire & ( endeavor are n ! same 9 communities ( all ord]s4 ,ea* k9d ( man has its own nature1 :i* diff]s 9 "s respects f t ( ea* o!r k9d1 & dictates :at %all be1 = ?is or t man1 an object ( desire & w4 ,no two m5 desire precisely ! same ?+ 9 all p>ticul>s4 ,yet ea* is a man1 & is end[$ ) ! usual complem5t ( human in/9cts4 ,! process ( ab/raction & g5]alization :i* result$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ li/ ( ! elem5ts :i* ent] into ! con/itution ( human nature is1 nev]!less1 n )\t its uses4 ,x s]ves to ord]1 to "s ext5t1 at lea/1 ! bewild]+ v>iety ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ to u :5 we view ! broad field ( ! desires & volitions ( all sorts & conditions ( m54 ,m5's *oices fall into k9ds2 !re is simili>ity 9 diff]5ce4 ,we d n approa* an unkn[n man ) ! feel+ t he is a :olly unkn[n quantity4 ,he is1 at lea/1 a man1 & we "k some?+ ( m54 ,we h "s notion h[ to g at him4 ,b ! ord]+ ( ! motley multiplicity ( m5's desires by a ref]5ce to ! fundam5tal in/9cts ( man /ops f> %ort ( a complete unification4 ,we are left ) a numb] ( di/9ct & app>5tly irr$ucible impulses & t5d5cies on our h&s4 ,if x is useful to g s f>1 may x n be mu* m useful to g /ill f>!r8 ,ari/otle divid$ ?+s eligible into ^? eligible 9 !mselves & ^? eligible = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,h[ x w\ld illum9ate ! field ( action1 if x 7 discov]$ t m5 ultimately desire b "o ?+1 & *oose all o!r ?+s on acc\nt ( x6 ,w\ld ! discov]y n facilitate imm5sely our deal+s ) our fell[s1 sugge/+ new possibilities ( control8 ,a notori\s in/ance ( ! attempt to conjure away ! bewild]+ div]sity 9 m5's desires & *oices lies 9 ! selection ( pleasure z ! "o ?+ eligible 9 itself1 ! unique ultimate object ( human action4 ,( ?is object we h1 s f>1 tak5 no acc\nt4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,int5tion ,,& ,,motive #de4 ,,complex ,,ends4--,i may desire to cle> my ?roat & may d s4 ,! action is a trivial "o1 is ov] 9 a mom5t1 & is =gott54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i may desire to sp5d my summ] on ! sea-coa/1 to gr[ ri* 9 bus9ess1 to atta9 to high social position1 or to satisfy political ambition4 ,:5 ! object is ( ?is complicat$ description1 !re may easily be elem5ts 9 x :i*1 consid]$ alone1 ,i %\ld n desire at all4 ,! summ] on ! ,new ,j]sey coa/ may make = heal?4 ,b x may entail mosquitoes1 uncom=table rooms1 unaccu/om$ food1 ! lack ( wont$ occupations1 & a di/a/eful association at close qu>t]s ) neighbors n ( "o's *oos+4 ,! road to weal? is an ardu\s "o4 ,! envi$ social /ation may imply ! swall[+ ( _m rebuffs4 ,! way ( ! politician is h>d4 ,"o may desire1 on ! :ole1 "o ( ^! objects1 or a ?\s& l !m2 b !re are1 obvi\sly1 _m ?+s compris$ 9 ! :ole1 or unavoidably b\nd up ) x1 t _c attract1 & are n eligible = _! own sake4 #df4 ,,int5tion4--,an object *os5 & realiz$ may br+ 9 its tra9 an indef9ite s]ies ( consequ5ces =ese5 or un=ese54 ,! /rik+ ( a mat* to light a c&le may result 9 an un=ese5 & disa/r\s conflagration4 ,! ov]ma/]+ desire to gr[ ri* may h its fruit 9 an excessive application to bus9ess1 ! neglect ( ! family & ( ! duties ( citiz5%ip1 & 9 h>d &1 p]haps1 unscrupul\s deal+s4 ,^! ?+s may be =ese5 & accept$ z natural accompanim5ts ( ! end *os54 ,b !re may also be entail$ %att]$ heal?1 ov]:elm+ anxieties1 & ! di/ress ( see+ "o's sons1 br\ght up 9 luxury & )\t inc5tive to ef=t1 victims to ! dang]s :i* m5ace ! idle ri*4 ,:e!r su* consequ5ces might h be5 =ese5 & provid$ aga9/ or n1 x is true t !y are frequ5tly n =ese5 ) cle>ness4 ,!y c]ta9ly =m no "p ( ! int5tion ( ! man :o b5ds 8 en]gies to ! atta9m5t ( weal?4 ,he does n delib]ately int5d to injure 8 heal?1 to lose ! affection ( 8 family1 to leave beh9d him deg5]ate *ildr54 ,he does int5d to get ri*1 if he c4 ,h[ _m ( ! elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! object *os51 or s b\nd up ) x t !y mu/ be accept$ along ) x1 may fairly be said to fall )9 ! int5tion ( ! *oos]8 ,!re may easily be dispute t\*+ ! latitude ) :i* ! ^w int5tion may be us$4 ,"s ?+s a man sees cle>ly to be insep>ably connect$ ) ! object ( 8 *oice2 "s he is less consci\s (2 "s he ov]looks altoge!r4 ,x does n seem unw>rant$ to ma9ta9 t ! fir/ ( ! ?ree classes ( ?+s1 at lea/1 may be said to be int5d$4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,katz5b]g]1 9 8 desire to get across ! road )\t s9k+ 9 ! mire1 us$ z a /epp+-/one 8 old s]vant ,flex1 :o _h fall5 d[n1 8 complete int5tion 0 n simply to cross ! road unmuddi$4 ,x 0 to cross ! road unmuddi$ by /epp+ on ,flex4 ,evid5tly ! int5tion--! :ole object--gives "s revelation ( ! "* ( a man4 ,_m m5 may w to avoid ! mud2 b n all ( ^! c w to avoid x by /epp+ ^u a fell[-man4 #dg4 ,,motive4--,! /epp+ ^u a fell[-man ) :om "o is on good t]ms c sc>cely be reg>d$ z a ?+ desirable 9 itself4 ,if x is desir$1 x is because ( ! complex 9 :i* x is an elem5t4 ,"s o!r elem5t or elem5ts may ex]t ! :ole attractive =ce :i* moves desire & w4 ,9 o!r words1 "s ?+s are *os5 = ! sake ( o!rs4 ,:5 we h discov]$ t = ! sake ( :i* any object is *os51 we h come ^u ! ,motive4 ,! int5tion may be said to embrace ! :ole object z =ese54 ,! motive embraces only a "p ( x1 b ! vital "p1 ! "p )\t :i* ! object w\ld n be desir$ & will$4 #dh4 ,,e?ical ,,significance ,,( ,,int5tion ,,& ,,motive4--,!re has be5 mu* dispute among morali/s z to ! e?ical significance ( int5tion & motive4 ,b5?am ma9ta9s t f "o & ! same motive1 & f e k9d ( motive1 may proce$ actions t are good1 o!rs t are bad1 & o!rs t are indiff]5t4 ,he gives ! foll[+ illu/ration3 ,footnote3 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *apt] x1 ,sec #c4 #a4 ,a boy1 9 ord] to div]t himself1 reads an inspir+ book2 ! motive is acc\nt$1 p]haps1 a good "o2 at any rate1 n a bad "o4 #b4 ,he sets 8 top a-sp9n+3 ! motive is deem$ at any rate n a bad "o4 #c4 ,he sets loose a mad ox among a cr[d3 8 motive is n[1 p]haps1 t]m$ an abom9able "o4 ,yet 9 all ?ree cases ! motive may be ! v same3 x may be nei!r m nor less ?an curiosity4 ,9 criticiz+ ?is citation ,i mu/ po9t out t curiosity is n1 prop]ly speak+1 an object ( *oice at all4 ,i h us$ ! ^w object to indicate :at is *os51 n to indicate ! psy*ic fact pres5t at ! "t ( ! *oice4 ,& ,i h said t ! motive is ! vital "p ( ! object4 ,h5ce curiosity %\ld n be call$ ! motive4 ,no man *ooses curiosity z an object1 ei!r 9 ! ab/ract or 9 ! concrete4 ,curiosity is a fundam5tal impulse ( human nature2 we may elect to satisfy ! impulse 9 any giv5 in/ance2 9 o!r words1 we may *oose ! appropriate object4 ,9 ! case ( ! boy lett+ loose ! bull 9 ! cr[d1 ! object is to see :at w happ5 "u ! giv5 circum/ances4 ,?is is :at appeals to ! boy4 ,some?+ else might h appeal$ to him 9 p]=m+ ! action4 ,he might h _h ! delib]ate wi% to injure c]ta9 p]sons pres5t aga9/ :om he h>bor$ res5tm5t4 ,or 8 sympa?ies might h be5 ) ! bull1 :i* _h be5 ! victim ( bad treatm5t1 & to :i* he wi%$ to grant its lib]ty4 ,7 ! cr[d 9 "q a b& ( ruffians int5t ^u lyn*+1 he might h be5 mov$ by ! desire to assi/1 9 a some:at irregul> way1 9 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( law & ord]4 ,b ev5 if 8 real object is only to see :at w happ51 !re is no reason to put x on a p> ) ! object 9 view :5 a boy sp9s a top4 ,to see :at w happ5 is ! vague/ ( phrases1 & cov]s a multitude ( disp>ate objects4 ,he :o does ?+s to see :at w happ5 has1 at lea/1 a v g5]al k ( ! k9d ( ?+ likely to happ51 if a giv5 exp]im5t is made4 ,a boy does n hold 8 f+] 9 ! c&le-flame to see :at w happ54 ,he :o does ?+s to see :at w happ51 9 really complete ignorance ( :at is likely to happ51 may be set d[n z too mu* ( a fool to be ! subject ( moral judgm5ts4 ,x is obvi\s t an act may be done ) _m diff]5t objects 9 view--,i mean real objects1 motives4 ,i give money to a begg> ^: case is "o to inspire pity4 ,my motive1 my vital object1 may be to relieve ! man4 ,b x may equally well be to get rid ( him1 to gratify my self-feel+ by becom+ ! disp5s] ( b\nty1 or to inspire admiration 9 ! onlook]4 ,! int5tion1 z ,i h us$ ! ^w above1 is to relieve ! begg>1 ) su* consequ5ces ( ! act z may be =ese5 at ! "t4 ,)9 ! limits ( ?is int5tion1 ! motive may v>y widely1 & may1 9 a giv5 in/ance1 be ei!r admirable or contemptible4 ,x may be claim$1 9 answ] to ?is1 t ! real int5tion is1 9 e case1 :at ,i h call$ ! motive2 t1 9 ! fir/ case1 x 0 to relieve suff]+2 9 ! second1 to get rid ( an annoyance2 9 ! ?ird to satisfy vanity2 9 ! f\r?1 to be admir$4 ,! ^w int5tion1 ?us us$1 is equival5t to motive4 ,popul> usage gives "s sanction to ?is confusion ( ! words4 ,we say ( a man :o has done a que/ionable act3 ,8 int5tions 7 good1 or1 ,8 motives 7 good4 ,/ill1 popul> usage does n always reg>d ! two expressions z equival5t4 ,to rev]t to ! case ( ! unhappy ,flex4 ,x does n seem inappropriate to say t ! use ( a man z a /epp+- /one 0 a "p ( 8 ma/]'s int5tion4 ,x does appe> inappropriate to call x ! motive or a "p ( ! motive ( ! :ole transaction4 ,int5tion & motive are conv5i5t words to designate ! :ole object *os5 & ! "p ( ! object :i* acc\nts = ! *oice ( ! :ole4 ,t x is important to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two is palpable4 ,! int5tion gives "s indication ( "*4 ,we "k some?+ ab\t a man :5 we "k :at k9ds ( objects he w probably set be=e himself z aims4 ,b we "k m :5 we "k :y he *ooses ^! objects r ?an o!rs2 :5 we c analyze ! complex & c discov] j :at elem5ts 9 x attract him4 ,) an increase ( our k comes an increas$ p[] ( control4 ,until we "k a man's motives1 we d n really "k ! man2 & until we "k ! man1 our ef=ts to influ5ce him mu/ be r bl9d4 ,! se>* = motives appe>s to c>ry u 9 ! direction ( ! sy/ematization & simplification ( ! emb>rass+ weal? ( objects :i* are actually ! goal ( human desires & volitions4 ,man may desire a b\ndless v>iety ( objects4 ,8 motives 9 desir+ !m may1 conceivably1 be comp>atively few4 ,x %\ld be app>5t t bo? int5tion & motive h e?ical significance4 ,we h our op9ion ( m5 capable ( h>bor+ c]ta9 int5tions4 ,b we recognize t "s m5 may h>bor !m ) bett] motives ?an o!rs4 ,& we c see t a man's int5tion may be bad1 & yet 8 motive1 consid]$ 9 itself1 be good4 ,h[ we are to rate ! man1 morally1 becomes r a nice "q4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,feel+ ,,z ,,motive #di4 ,,feel+4 ,footnote3 ,see ! notes on ?is *apt] at ! end ( ?is volume4--,two m5 may recognize ) equal cle>ness ! pres5ce ( a dang]4 ,t recognition may evoke 9 ! "o a viol5t emotion ( fe>1 & 9 ! o!r little or no emotion4 ,two m5 may be treat$ ) indignity4 ,! "o fumes ) rage2 ! o!r rema9s calm4 ,x is well recogniz$ t m5 may be susceptible to emotion 9 g5]al1 or to c]ta9 specific emotions1 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,k is n always accompani$ by a m>k$ manife/ation ( emotion4 ,?\ghts may be cle>1 b cold4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 natures ^: intellectual processes are /eep$ 9 emotion4 ,su* m5 live 9 an atmosph]e ( agitation4 ,li/s ( ! emotions :i* correspond to ! in/9cts & fundam5tal impulses ( man h be5 drawn up4 ,9 !m we f9d m5tion$ fe>1 disgu/1 wond]1 ang]1 elation1 t5d] feel+1 & s =?2 ph5om5a :i*1 by e>li] writ]s1 7 classifi$ z passions1 & to :i* we may conv5i5tly give ! "n feel+4 ,we con/antly speak ( our emotions z our feel+s1 & we contra/ ! man ( feel+ ) ! coldly intellectual m9d 9 :i* emotion is at a m9imum4 ,b x is n alone to su* specific emotions z ^? above-m5tion$ t we apply ! t]m feel+4 ,?\ghts are agreeable or disagreeable1 pleasurable or pa9ful4 ,s are emotions4 ,! agreeabl5ess or disagreeabl5ess1 pleasantness or pa9fulness1 :i* are ! accompanim5ts ( ?\ghts & emotions1 h be5 call$ by mod]n psy*ologi/s _! feel+-tone4 ,x is n out ( h>mony ) common usage to give !m ! "n ( feel+s4 ,9 s do+ we contra/ !m ) k & assimilate !m to emotion4 ,:e!r e s5sation & e ?\ght gives rise to an emotion ( "s sort is matt] = dispute1 z is also ! "q :e!r e s5sation1 ?\ght & emotion is t+$ ) "s degree ( pleasurable or pa9ful feel+4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( conclusive evid5ce1 x is op5 to u to assume t "s feel+ is always pres5t :]e !re is m5tal activity ( any k9d4 ,! feel+ may be s fa9t & evanesc5t z to escape detection1 b ?is does n prove t x is abs5t4 #ej4 ,,feel+ ,,& ,,action4--,emotions & feel+s ( pleasure & pa9 are ! normal accompanim5ts ( ! ex]cise ( ! in/9cts & impulses ( creatures t desire & w4 ,)9 limits1 we appe> to be able to take !m z an index ( ! /r5g? ( ! desire & ! vigor ( ! ef=t at atta9m5t4 ,an act ( cruelty is p]petrat$4 ,i see x1 & x leaves me1 p]haps1 cold & unmov$4 ,9 su* case1 x is h>dly expect$ ( me t ,i %\ld take en]getic measures to h ! evil-do] puni%$4 ,! man ^: face flu%es1 ^: br[s desc5d1 ^: tee? come toge!r1 ^: fi/s cl5*1 ^: he>t beats ?ickly1 at ! recognition ( an insult1 is1 z a rule1 ! man f :om we look = vigor\s ef=ts at retaliation4 ,! apa!tic creature :o feels no res5tm5t is usually expect$ to swall[ ! indignity4 ,! *ild :o jumps = joy at ! sight ( a new doll is suppos$ to desire x eag]ly1 & to be ready to make ef=ts to obta9 x4 ,b x is only )9 limits t ?is relation betwe5 feel+ & action holds4 ,m5 ( little emotion may be resolute & prompt to action4 ,_! desires1 z ev9c$ by _! actions1 may be p]si/5t & effective4 ,nor ne$ ! individual fix 8 *oice ^u ! p>ticul> object t ar\ses 9 him ! mo/ feel+4 ,a man may see 8 fell[- creature de/itute1 & may %$ te>s ov] 8 pitiable lot4 ,b he w n bequea? 8 money to him4 ,he w leave x to 8 son1 = :om1 p]haps1 he has no respect & has come to h little affection4 ,& he may leave x to him ) regret1 kn[+ t x w be dissipat$ 9 ways :i* he _c approve4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out ) ju/ice t ! ex]cise ( _m in/9cts may be accompani$ ) little feel+2 & we are all aw>e ( ! fact t1 z action becomes habitual1 emotion t5ds to evaporate & ! pleasure ( ef=t & atta9m5t is apt to be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 #ea4 ,,feel+ ,,z ,,object4--,x is well to keep 9 m9d ! di/9ction betwe5 feel+ z a psy*ic fact pres5t 9 ! m9d ( ! creature desir+ & will+1 & feel+ z ! object ( desire & w4 ,a man 9 a rage is ! victim ( a /orm ( feel+4 ,! ?\ght ( ! injury he has receiv$ & ! desire = retaliation by no means exhau/ ! cont5ts ( 8 m9d4 ,b ! passion :i* %akes him is n 8 object2 t object is rev5geful action4 ,nev]!less1 feel+ may be made ! object ( desire & w4 ,"o may att5d a religi\s or political meet+ ) ! delib]ate view ( ar\s+ 9 "o's self c]ta9 complex emotions4 ,poe's gruesome tales are read = ! sake ( ! ?rill :i* is produc$ by ! p]usal4 ,probably ! desire = excitem5t1 = ! exp]i5c+ ( c]ta9 vivid emotions1 has no little to d ) ! attraction ex]cis$ by c]ta9 crim9al pr(essions4 ,! burgl> desires ! booty1 b he may desire some?+ m4 ,emotions h1 z we h se51 _! tone ( pleasure or pa94 ,!y are agreeable or ! rev]se1 & x is palpable t m5 d n1 z a rule1 delib]ately make !m ! object ( desire & w 9 indiff]5ce to ! fact t !y are pleasant or are pa9ful4 ,we d n normally wi% to atta9 to /ates ( m9d 9 :i* remorse plays a prom95t "p2 we d n aim to revel 9 %ame2 we d n seek to be haunt$ ) fe>4 ,pleasurable emotions are desir$1 :]e desire is set on emotions at all2 & pa9ful emotions are reg>d$ by ! m9d z unwelcome gue/s4 ,at any rate1 ?is appe>s to be ! rule1 & to *>act]ize ! man :om we reg>d z normal4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x seems natural to ask :e!r1 :5 we embrace ! int5tion ( produc+ 9 ourselves a giv5 emotion1 our motive may n be n>r[] 9 scope1 namely1 ! atta9m5t ( pleasure8 &1 :5 we wi% to rid ! m9d ( any emotion1 our motive may n be ! avoidance ( pa98 ,! adoption ( ?is view w\ld give to ! feel+s ( pleasure & pa9 a unique importance4 ,!y w\ld be accept$ z ! only ultimate objects ( desire & w4 ,by _m !y h be5 ?us accept$4 ,x has be5 insi/$ t objects ( e description are *os5 only z !y ar\se "s feel+2 & t ^? :i* promise pleasant feel+ are s\ght & ^? :i* entail pa9 are avoid$4 ,! g5]al recognition ( ! primacy ( pleasure & pa9 ov] our o!r feel+s1 ov] ! specific emotions m5tion$ above1 is indicat$ by ! fact t e?ical writ]s ( em95ce sometimes make pleasure & pa9 synonym\s ) feel+ 9 g5]al1 pass+ ov] o!r feel+s1 z ?\gh x 7 n important = ! morali/ to take !m into consid]ation4 ,! dispute :e!r ! prop] c\rse = human action to take is prescrib$ by reason or is dictat$ by feel+ (t5 resolves itself into ! problem :e!r we %\ld be guid$ by reason1 or by a consid]ation ( pleasure to be atta9$ or pa9 to be avoid$4 #eb4 ,,fre$om ,,z ,,object4--,! acceptance ( pleasure & pa9 z ! ultimate motives ( human action seems1 at fir/ sight1 to be ( ine/imable assi/ance to u 9 ?read+ our way ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( div]se *oices made by creatures t desire & w4 ,b only at fir/ sight4 ,ev5 if x be true t e creature seeks only to atta9 pleasure & to avoid pa91 & uses ! means x f9ds to h& 9 ! atta9m5t ( ^! ends1 ! endless div]sity ( ! means rema9s z a ?+ to reckon )4 ,! k t all m5 desire pleasure does n help u a :it 9 deal+ ) m51 unless we "k :at ?+s w give pleasure to ?is man or to t4 ,all m5 may desire pleasure2 b x rema9s true t :at gives pleasure to ! sp5d?rift gives pa9 to ! mis]2 :at appeals to ! glutton disgu/s a man ( ref9$ ta/es4 ,if all m5 7 alike & precisely alike1 & if _! natures 7 v simple & rema9$ un*ang$1 ! problem ( ! di/ribution ( pleasures w\ld be va/ly simplifi$4 ,:e!r ! pursuit ( pleasure & ! avoidance ( pa9 may be reg>d$ z ! only ultimate ends prop] to man w be discuss$ lat]4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] xxv4 ,"h1 x is important to insi/ t s g5]al a =mula gives u little useful in=mation t\*+ ! set ( ! w ei!r ( classes ( m5 or ( individuals4 ,?is we c atta9 to only z a result ( ! /udy ( ! complex nature ( man z reveal$ 9 ! *oices :i* he actually makes4 ,! ends ( man are _m & v>i\s2 "s ( ^! ends are accid5tal1 palpably means = ! atta9m5t ( o!r ends m fundam5tal1 & = !m o!r means ( atta9+ ! same ends may be sub/itut$4 ,b o!r ends1 & !y are by no means to be r$uc$ to a s+le class1 appe> to belong to ! v nature ( man4 ,9 seek+ !m he is giv+ expression to ! impulses :i* make him :at he is4 ,9 s f> z ^! impulses f9d an unimp$$ expression ! man is free2 o!rwise he is "u re/ra9t4 ,)\t r5d]+ "h a f9al decision ^u ! importance ( ! role play$ 9 human life by pleasure & pa91 "o feels impell$ to ask ! "q :e!r ! goal ( a man's endeavors may n be/ be describ$ z fre$om8 ,n fre$om 9 ! ab/ract1 fre$om to d any?+ & ev]y?+1 b fre$om to live ! life appropriate to him z man1 & z a man ( a giv5 type4 ,t ?is fre$om is limit$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 by 8 mat]ial environm5t1 by ! cla%+ ( impulses )9 himself1 by ! conflict ( 8 desires ) ! w ( ! social organism 9 :i* he f9ds 8 place1 is suffici5tly palpable4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,rationality ,,& ,,w #ec4 ,,! ,,irrational ,,w4--,z dreams d n consi/ ( an insignificant m$ley ( elem5ts drawn f ! exp]i5ces ( wak+ life1 b1 9 spite ( _! fanta/ic "*1 be> "s semblance ( ord]$ reality1 s ! impulses ( ev5 ! mo/ un9tellig5t & inconsequ5t ( human be+s are n :olly *aotic1 b diff] only 9 ! degree ( _! organization f ^? ( ! mo/ rational & f>-see+4 ,:]e !re is ev5 a glimm] ( intellig5ce1 ends are recogniz$ & means to _! atta9m5t are *os54 ,ends are comp>$1 & ! pref]5ce is giv5 to "s ov] o!rs4 ,b1 ) all ?is1 !re may be mu* incoh]5ce & planlessness4 ,m5 c live someh[ )\t look+ f> into ! future1 or keep+ well 9 m9d ! lessons to be le>n$ f ! pa/4 ,!y c manage to exi/ 9 ! face ( no little %ort- sight$ impulsiv5ess & inconsi/5cy4 ,b x is palpable t !y _c1 "u su* circum/ances1 live z !y might live 7 !y m truly rational4 ,! individual defici5t 9 =esight & control may1 x is true1 be c>ri$ along & def5d$ f disa/] by ! pres5ce ( ^! qualities 9 ! great] organism ( :i* he is a "p4 ,! infant is a p>asite ^u society2 x is provid$ = indep5d5tly ( its own ef=ts4 ,! *ild w\ld soon come to grief 7 its ends n *os5 by o!rs & its conduct kept "u control4 ,& a va/ numb] ( p]sons n *ildr5 are 9 mu* ! same position4 ,!re is =esight & rational purpose some:]e2 !y pr(it by x2 b ( =esight & rational purpose !y !mselves possess b a modicum4 ,:]e bread? ( view is lack+1 :]e ! future is un=ese5 or ignor$ & ! pa/ is =gott51 :]e desires arise & impel to action 9 relative indep5d5ce ( "o ano!r1 ! man seeks today :at tomorr[ he rejects4 ,we c sc>cely say t ! man *ooses4 ,he is ! sc5e ( indep5d5t *oices1 v>i$ & inconsi/5t4 ,he is ! victim ( caprice1 & appe>s to u l>gely ! creature ( accid5t1 a prey to ! impulse :i* happ5s to be 9 8 m9d at ! mom5t4 ,f su* a man we _c look = an adh]5ce to di/ant aims1 & ! m>%all+ ( ! prop] means to _! atta9m5t4 ,he _c c\nt ^u himself1 & he _c be c\nt$ ^u4 ,t he c play no significant role 9 su* /able organizations z ! /ate & *ur* is obvi\s4 ,8 desires may be _m & v>i$1 b !y conv]ge ^u no "o end4 ,we set him d[n z irrational4 #ed4 ,,"o ,,view ,,( ,,reason4--,conc]n+ ! "p play$ by reason or intellig5ce 9 ! active life ( man !re has be5 no little dispute4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$1 on ! "o h&1 t reason or intellig5ce s]ves its :ole purpose 9 hold+ be=e ! m9d all its impulses & desires1 reveal+ _! int]relations1 & mak+ possible an enlight5$ & delib]ate *oice f among !m4 ,:]e ! horizon is ?us ext5d$ & m5tal cl>ity reigns1 ! att5tion c roam unimp$$ ov] ! :ole field1 consid] ! objects ( desire 9 _! true relations & comp>e !m ) "o ano!r4 ,congru\s desires c re9=ce ea* o!r2 conflict+ desires c be br\ght face to face1 & ! "o or ! o!r c delib]ately be dismiss$2 fundam5tal & dom9ant desires may ass]t _! supremacy1 & give _! /amp to f>- rea*+ decisions :i* ex]cise a control ov] m9or decisions & favor or repress a multitude ( desires & volitions4 ,! atta9m5t ( p]fect rationality 9 ?is s5se is an ideal nev] completely realiz$4 ,no man c hold be=e 8 m9d all 8 impulses & desires1 see !m 9 _! true relations to ea* o!r1 & come to a decision :i* w d complete ju/ice to all4 ,b ! ideal may be approa*$4 ,! reason1 9 ?is case1 resembles ! presid+ (fic] ( a delib]ative assembly1 :o insi/s t all ! memb]s %all be he>d f1 all proposals s]i\sly consid]$1 & t ! ultimate decision %all ju/ly repres5t ! true w ( ! delib]ative body z a :ole4 ,! speci\s b fallaci\s argum5t is1 9 ! debate1 reveal$ 9 its true nature2 ! ob/9ate insi/5ce ( ! individual is n all[$ to prevail2 ! l\d voice is recogniz$ to be a l\d voice & no?+ m2 fugitive gu/s ( passion exhau/ !mselves2 ! p]man5t & fundam5tal w ( ! assembly is reveal$ 9 ! f9al vote4 ,x is claim$ t1 9 su* a m9d1 ! result is a h>monization & unification ( ! multiplicity ( ! desires & purposes :i*1 9 a m9d less rational1 jo/le "o ano!r )\t control1 & refuse to fall into an ord]$ sy/em4 ,t ! decisions ( a rational m9d reveal bo? a unity & a h>mony n ev9c$ by a m9d %ort-sight$ & impulsive _c be d5i$4 ,b x is well to und]/& cle>ly :at is meant by su* unity & h>mony4 #ee4 ,,dom9ant ,,& ,,subord9ate ,,desires4--,:]ev] a gr\p ( desires fall into a sy/em & "w toge!r t[>d a common end1 we h unity4 ,su* a sy/em may be %ort-liv$1 comp>atively poor 9 cont5t1 & ( no great significance = a man's life z a :ole4 ,x may come into competition ) ano!r simil> sy/em1 & be displac$ by x4 ,an int]e/ t has dom9at$ our m9ds = a "t1 & controll$ our desires & volitions1 may readily give place to diff]5t *oices4 ,i may successively b5d all my en]gies ^u ! w9n+ ( a game1 ! do+ ( a successful /roke ( bus9ess1 ! defeat ( a social rival1 ! success ( a philan?ropic und]tak+4 ,!re is no normal human be+ :o does n exhibit su* limit$ volitional units4 ,! mo/ idle & purposeless ( vagrants1 ! mo/ scatt]-bra9$ s*ool-boy1 ! mo/ volatile coquette1 may1 = a "t1 be dom9at$ by "s desire :i* calls into its s]vice o!r desires & ?us realizes "s *os5 end4 ,su* volitional units d n1 h[ev]1 g f> t[>d unify+ ! ef=ts ( a life4 ,x is only :5 "s dom9ant & deep-seat$ desire1 (t recurr+1 n easily displac$ by o!rs1 sweeps into its tra9 ! o!r desires ( a man1 e/abli%+ a sov]eignty & exact+ subs]vi5ce1 t su* an effect is accompli%$4 ,!n ! less] units fall into a significant relation to ea* o!r z con/itu5t elem5ts 9 ! great] unit4 ,! life1 z su*1 may be said to h a purpose2 x /rives t[>d a s+le goal4 ,:atev] be>s ^u ! atta9m5t ( su* a dom9ant purpose may1 h[ev] trivial 9 itself1 acquire a vital importance & be eag]ly desir$4 ,to a man ( mature m9d !re c be little int]e/ 9 hitt+ a small ball ) a /ick1 ab/ractly consid]$4 ,nor is ! dropp+ ( a bit ( pap] into a box ) a slit 9 x an action 9 itself calculat$ to /ir pr(\nd emotion4 ,b if ! hitt+ ( ! ball 9 ! "r way m>ks ! critical po9t 9 w9n+ an eag]ly conte/$ game ( golf1 ! int]e/ 9 x may be absorb+4 ,& if ! bit ( pap] is an (f] ( m>riage committ$ to ! po/1 ! h& may tremble & ! he>t leap 9 ! brea/4 ,a dom9ant desire may create or re9=ce o!r desires to a degree to :i* x is n easy to set limits4 #ef4 ,,! ,,h>monization ,,( ,,desires4--,& x may actively repress o!r desires or cause !m to dw9dle & disappe>4 ,a man possess$ by a dev\r+ ambition may resolutely scorn delights to :i* he w\ld o!rwise be ke5ly susceptible1 or he may simply ignore !m )\t ef=t4 ,! att5tion1 fix$ ^u "s *os5 end1 & busi$ ) ! means to its atta9m5t1 may leave !m unhe$$4 ,f9d+ no place 9 ! volitional patt]n t occupies ! m9d1 !y are ca/ aside & soon =gott54 ,9 s f>1 h5ce1 z ! desires ( a man t5d to fall ?us into gr\ps conv]g+ ^u a s+le end1 we f9d n m]ely unity b h>mony4 ,! volitional patt]n is ( a giv5 k9d1 & ! colors :i* ent] into x are select$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we speak ( ! desires ( a rational m9d z h>moniz$1 we d n mean t incompatible desires are reconcil$4 ,"o _c laugh & dr9k at ! same "t1 nor c ! desire = luxuri\s ease be made to fall ^u ! neck ( ! desire = atta9m5t ?r\gh /r5u\s ef=t4 ,! f9al h>mony atta9$ resembles 9 "s respects ! peace en=c$ by ! viol5t "* depict$ by ,m>k ,twa91 :o w\ld h peace at any price1 & 0 will+ to sacrifice to x ! life & limb ( ! oppos+ p>ty4 ,! cessation ( /rife does n imply ! satisfaction ( all p>ties to a conte/2 nor does ! fact t a life is controll$ by a rul+ motive1 :i* re9=ces or calls into be+ c]ta9 desires & robs o!rs ( _! insi/5ce1 imply t by any device all ! desires :i* man has1 /ill less all t he1 z a human be+1 might h1 c f9d _! satisfaction4 ,h>mony is obta9$ at ! price ( ! suppression ( _m desires2 b1 :]e a m9d is /rongly dom9at$ by a compreh5sive volitional unit1 ! price may be paid )\t mu* regret4 #eg4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,dom9ant ,,ends4--,obvi\sly1 ! compreh5sive & h>moni\s volitional complexes :i* may come to *>act]ize diff]5t m9ds may be ( v diff]5t complexion4 ,peace ( m9d1 ! bubble reputation1 ! amass+ ( a =tune1 a happy dome/ic life1 humanit>ian ef=t1 ! p]fect+ ( "o's "*--ea* may become ! controll+ end :i* fur!rs or inhibits individual desires & emotions4 ,or ! ends may be su* z to appe> to mo/ m5 f> m insignificant4 ,to ! collection ( fir/ editions or ! heap+ toge!r ( bric-a-brac a man may sacrifice 8 f9ancial security & ! welf>e ( 8 family4 ,naturally1 ! morali/ _c put all su* ends ^u ! same level2 b1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! psy*ologi/1 ! processes :i* take place 9 ! m9ds ?us unifi$ & h>moniz$ are ess5tially ! same4 #eh4 ,,an ,,objection ,,answ]$4--,to ! position t x is reason or intellig5ce t br+s ab\t ?is unity & h>mony an objection may be br\ght4 ,x may be claim$ t bread? ( in=mation & cl>ity ( vision are q compatible ) highly inconsi/5t action reveal+ ! tempor>y dom9ance ( a succession ( incongru\s desires4 ,video meliora proboque1 det]iora sequor1 confess$ ! ,lat9 poet4 ,h we n se5 m5 ( ! highe/ intellig5ce1 gift$ ) =esight1 q capable ( grasp+ ! relation ( means to ends1 nev]!less subject to ! baleful influ5ce ( mom5t>y desires :i* drive !m hi!r & ?i!r l a rudd]less b>k at ! m]cy ( ! w9d & tide8 ,h[ does x happ5 t _! intellig5ce does n help !m8 ,to ?is we may answ] t x is n ! same ?+ to possess intellig5ce & to use x4 ,"o may be suppli$ ) in=mation & q capable ( tak+ long views & embrac+ inclusive ends--& ! att5tion may be s preoccupi$ ) ! desire ( ! mom5t1 t ! voices ( o!rs are /ifl$4 ,9 s f> z ?is is ! case1 ! man c n1 at ! "t1 be said to be reasonable or intellig5t4 ,he has in=mation1 & acts z if he 7 ignorant2 8 *oices d n issue z a resultant ( 8 desires z a :ole2 !re is no resultant2 ! s+le desires make _! influ5ce felt sep>ately4 ,to be sure1 an insi/5t & (t-recurr+ desire may introduce a good deal ( unity & h>mony into life1 ev5 :]e long views are n tak5 & !re is little intellig5ce4 ,! /upid egoi/ may become r a consi/5t egoi/1 & increas+ly s z he gr[s old]4 ,8 desires & volitions may conv]ge ^u an end ( :i* he is v imp]fectly consci\s2 incompatible desires may come to be repress$4 ,b ?is does n refute ! position t1 :5 reason or intellig5ce is supreme1 ! att5tion is direct$ ^u a wide range ( desires1 !y are weigh$ 9 ! light ( ea* o!r1 & ! ultimate decision is no long] bl9d1 b fairly expresses ! p]man5t pu% ( ! man's nature4 ,ev5 :]e a desire or gr\p ( desires1 unillum9at$ by intellig5ce1 seems s insi/5t z to take on some?+ ( ?is "*1 complete unity & h>mony ( action may be lack+1 due to ! %ort-sight$ness ( ! me?ods employ$ to atta9 to ! *os5 goal4 ,bl9d desires may easily defeat _! own ends2 weal? does n necess>ily accumulate 9 proportion to a man's mis]l9ess2 ! ard5t b un5light5$ philan?ropi/ may d 8 fell[-man m h>m ?an good4 ,long views are ( no little s]vice 9 we$+ out inconsi/5t actions & introduc+ ord] & unity into life4 #ei4 ,,?is ,,view ,,( ,,reason ,,misconceiv$4--,9 ! above view ( ! function ( reason or intellig5ce x has n be5 repres5t$ z issu+ comm&s to p]=m c]ta9 actions r ?an o!rs1 nor z furni%+ motives n 9 "s way relat$ to ! impulses & desires ( man4 ,x has be5 treat$1 lit]ally1 z ! presid+ (fic] ( a public assembly1 :o insi/s t e voice %all be he>d2 t all proposals %all be weigh$ & comp>$ ) "o ano!r2 t ! consequ5ces ( all %all be cle>ly =ese54 ,its function is enlight5m5t2 ! driv+ =ce :i* impels to action ( any sort has be5 f\nd 9 ! impulses & ! desires4 ,x is possible to set ?is view =? 9 t]ms :i* make x highly unpalatable4 ,?us ,hume1 :o has a weakness = %ock+ ! susceptibilities ( ! cons]vative & ! sob]-m9d$1 />tles u ) ! rem>k t ,reason is1 & ought only to be1 ! slave ( ! passions4 ,footnote3 ,a ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 iv1 ,sec #c4 ,?is doctr9e1 tak5 z ! av]age read] is almo/ inevitably impell$ to take x1 seems wor?y ( in/ant reprobation4 ,x appe>s to degrade ! rational 9 man & to exalt ! bl9d & irrational4 ,b x is n fair to ! doctr9e to set x =? 9 su* t]ms4 ,!re is no small diff]5ce betwe5 r&om & fugitive desires & ^? m fundam5tal desires t express truly ! nature ( a man4 ,desires organiz$ & h>moniz$ ga9 great /r5g?1 & are enabl$ to ov]come & expel f ! m9d erratic impulses1 ! ob$i5ce to :i* may easily be foll[$ by regret4 ,action tak5 )\t a cle> =esight ( consequ5ces1 ) an imp]fect conception ( ! relation ( means to ends1 is bl9d & irrational action4 ,reason1 z br++ enlight5m5t1 z mak+ possible delib]ation1 z turn+ ! incoh]5t clamors ( a mob ( inconsi/5t desires into ! au?oritative voice ( an ord]ly delib]ative assembly1 is n a faculty to be lightly reg>d$4 ,nor %\ld x be =gott5 t1 nei!r to ! pla9 man1 nor to ! morali/1 d desires all /& ^u ! same level4 ,he :o b5ds 8 intellectual en]gies to ! satisfaction ( 8 gre$1 8 av>ice1 8 long+ = rev5ge1 may fairly be said to be pro/itut+ 8 m9d to ! s]vice ( passion4 ,b is x a prop] use ( language to describe z ! slave ( 8 passions ! man ^: ?\ght is set ^u ! enlight5m5t ( mank9d1 ! alleviation ( suff]+1 ! s]vice ( a /ate1 ! atta9m5t ( a noble "*8 ,7 ,socrates1 ,/4 ,francis1 ,abraham ,l9coln1 ,wilb]=ce1 ,?omas ,hill ,gre51 ! slaves ( _! passions8 ,yet ^! m5 7 mov$ by c]ta9 dom9ant desires1 & _! unsw]v+ pursuit ( _! goal 0 made possible only by ! reason t h>moniz$ _! lives & sub/itut$ delib]ate purpose = r&om impulse4 ,! doctr9e1 !n1 t ! reason is to be lik5$ r to ! presid+ (fic] ( a delib]ative assembly1 conc]n$ only to give e voice a fair he>+1 ?an to a legislator issu+ comm&s indep5d5tly1 may be s /at$ z n to %ock ! sob]-m9d$4 ,& ! doctr9e recomm5ds itself 9 %[+ t reason & incl9ation or desire are n enemies4 ,! possession ( reason mu/ lead to ! suppression ( "s desires--^? incompatible ) a compreh5sive purpose delib]ately embrac$2 b ! desires & ! reason or intellig5ce "w toge!r to a common end4 ,on ?is view1 x is n ! rational man :o is divid$ aga9/ himself2 x is ! %ort-sight$1 ! impulsive1 ! inconsi/5t1 ! irrational man4 ,he is ! prey ( w>r+ desires ^: /rife leads to no p]man5t peace "u ! guidance ( reason4 #fj4 ,,ano!r ,,view ,,( ,,reason4--,to c]ta9 m9ds ?is view ( reason z ! arbit] & reconcil] ( man's impulses & desires does n appeal4 ,?us1 ,kant1 ^: doctr9e w be m fully consid]$ lat]1 ,footnote3 ,*apt] xxix4 holds t man's reason promulgates a law :i* takes no acc\nt ( ! impulses & desires ( man4 ,?us1 also1 ,h5ry ,sidgwick1 :o diff]s f ,kant 9 mak+ ! atta9m5t ( happ9ess ! goal ( human endeavor1 & :o1 consequ5tly1 is n tempt$ to disreg>d ! desires ( man1 yet ref]s to ! reason indep5d5tly c]ta9 maxims1 :i* he reg>ds z self-evid5t1 t\*+ our own good & ! good ( our neighbor4 ,footnote3 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 *apt] iii4 ,!re are c]ta9 consid]ations :i* appe> to favor ! view t ! reason is a faculty :i* may be reg>d$ z an indep5d5t law-giv]4 ,a man may be possess$ ( great intellig5ce2 he may be well-in=m$1 acute 9 8 reason+s1 & consi/5t 9 8 /riv+s to atta9 "s compreh5sive end1 :i*1 on ! :ole1 appe>s congru\s to 8 nature1 su* z x is4 ,yet we may reg>d him z highly unreasonable4 ,judg$ by "s high] /&>d :i* we look ^u z approv$ by reason1 he is f\nd to fall %ort4 ,is reason1 !n1 synonym\s ) intellig5ce8 ,or is x some?+ m--! s\rce ( an ultimate /&>d ( action1 intuitively kn[n1 & by :i* all man's actions mu/ be judg$8 ,^u ?is "q light w be ?r[n 9 ! pages foll[+4 ,,"p ,v ,,! ,,social ,,w ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,social ,,w #fa4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,social ,,w8--,! social w is n a my/]i\s entity1 sep>ate & di/9ct f all individual wills4 ,x is _! resultant4 ,! resultant ( two or m physical =ces is a =ce2 x has a "* & may be describ$4 ,! resultant ( individual wills 9 int]action is a w ) a giv5 "* :i* x is ( no small importance = ! morali/ to compreh5d4 ,?is w pres5ts aspects closely analog\s to ^? pres5t$ by ! w ( ! individual4 ,?us1 to beg9 )1 a community ( m5 may be said to w a va/ numb] ( ?+s :i* h nev] be5 made by ! memb]s ( ! community ! object ( consci\s reflection4 ,x may un?9k+ly move along ! groove made = x by tradition4 ,x may be intellectually ^u s l[ a plane t ev5 ! possibility ( act+ 9 o!r ways does n occur to x4 ,nev]!less1 ways ( action ?us un?9k+ly pursu$ _c prop]ly be said to be beyond ! volunt>y control ( ! community4 ,a new situation may draw att5tion to ! fact t !y are unsatisfactory1 lead to critical exam9ation1 to inhibition1 to delib]ate *ange4 ,betwe5 ! passive acceptance ( actions prescrib$ by tradition & delib]ate consci\s *oice 9 ! pres5ce ( recogniz$ alt]natives !re is no cle> l9e ( dem>cation4 ,"u ! pressure ( circum/ances or ) ! gradual increase ( in=mation & intellig5ce ! traditional may und]go slight modifications :i* sc>cely rank z consci\s dep>tures f :at has be5 passively accept$4 ,! algebraic sum ( su* dep>tures may1 ) ! lapse ( "t1 come to be by no means insignificant1 yet no individual may h ex]cis$ 9 any consid]able degree consci\s reflection or %[n 9 any l>ge measure fre$om ( *oice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! social w may1 at times1 reveal itself 9 delib]ate decisions1 prec$$ by mu* consci\s delib]ation1 & initiat+ wide dep>tures f e/abli%$ usage4 ,! pres5ce ( new enemies or a dim9ution ( ! food-supply may awake a primitive community f its le?>gy1 lead+ x to modify its habits & adju/ itself to new conditions4 ,a b>b>\s horde may set out ^u a c>e] ( conque/1 & may introduce revolution>y *anges into its mann] ( life4 ,a civiliz$ nation may come to ! conclusion t1 9 ! c\rse ( human ev5ts1 x has become necess>y = x to dissolve ! b&s :i* h held x to ano!r nation2 x may frame = itself an indep5d5t con/itution1 embody+ new ideals & prescrib+ a new =m ( corporate life4 ,b1 z 9 ! case ( ! individual1 s 9 t ( ! community1 ! t5d5cy to fall aga9 into a rut is always app>5t4 ,laws1 once enact$1 l5d a passive resi/ance to *ange1 ev5 :5 !y no long] s]ve well ! ends !y 7 int5d$ to s]ve4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ?\ght & action reveal$ 9 ! adoption ( new con/itutions are n conspicu\s 9 _! ma9t5ance4 ,man collective1 z well z man individual1 falls into habits1 & he commits to 8 un?9k+ self :at 0 wr\ght out by himself z ?9k+ & consci\sly *oos+4 ,passive acceptance ( ! traditional aga9 w9s ! day & becomes a rul+ factor 9 action4 ,footnote3 ,x is indisputable t mu* ! greate/ "p ( mank9d has nev] %[n a p>ticle ( desire t its civil in/itutions %\ld be improv$ s9ce ! mom5t :5 ext]nal complet5ess 0 fir/ giv5 to !m by _! embodim5t 9 "s p]man5t record4 ,,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 *apt] ii4 ,?is t5d5cy to me*anization %\ld n surprise u1 = we meet ) ! ph5om5on ev]y:]e4 ,! man :o says1 ,good-by today does n mean ,god be ) !e1 & ! ,gruss ,di* ,gott ( ! ,bav>ian peasant is v prop]ly translat$ by ! ,am]ican *ild z ,hallo4 ,! traditional t5ds to lose or to alt] its mean+1 b x cont9ues to s]ve a purpose4 ,a community )\t traditions1 )\t settl$ ways ( act+1 foll[$1 = ! mo/ "p1 )\t mu* reflection1 w\ld be 9 ! position ( a man )\t habits ei!r good or bad4 ,human life z we "k x c\ld n g on ^u su* a basis4 ,! rule has1 at times1 its inconv5i5ces2 b x leads some:]e1 at lea/2 :]eas he :o plunges into ! unexplor$ =e/ may f9d e /ep a problem1 & may come ev5 to d\bt :e!r any /ep is a /ep 9 advance4 #fb4 ,,social ,,w ,,& ,,social ,,habits4--,)9 ! prov9ce ( ! social w fall :at may n inaptly be call$ ! habits ( a community--ways ( act+ acquir$ l>gely )\t prem$itation & foll[$ to a great ext5t ?r\gh m]e in]tia4 ,! prov9ce ( ! social w is a broad "o4 ,delib]ate *oices2 ^? half-consci\s *oices analog\s to ! unhe$$ expressions ( pref]5ce :i* fill ! days ( ! individual2 impulses & t5d5cies :i* sc>cely em]ge into ! light--all are expressions ( ! social w4 ,9 ! next *apt] ,i %all di/+ui% betwe5 cu/oms prop] & social habits 9 a broad] s5se4 ,b1 9 discuss+ ! g5]al problem ( ! relation ( habit to w1 x is n necess>y to m>k ! di/9ction4 ,"s habits re/ ^u u lightly2 "s are invet]ate4 ,( "s we are well aw>e2 o!rs h to be po9t$ out to u be=e we recognize t we h !m4 ,"s we approve1 "s we disapprove1 to "s we are indulg5t or indiff]5t4 ,all ^! peculi>ities are f\nd 9 ! relation ( ! social w to social habits4 ,x may recognize !m1 approve ( !m1 enc\rage !m4 ,x may pay !m little att5tion4 ,x may disapprove !m & /rive to repress !m4 ,w has br\ght !m into be+2 x is w t ma9ta9s !m2 x is w t mu/ modify or suppress !m4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 all communities d t5d to *ange _! habits1 "s m sl[ly1 "s m rapidly4 ,& = its habits we hold a community responsible4 ,common s5se ref]s !m to its w1 & ex]cises approval or disapproval4 ,?is x w\ld n d 7 ! practices ^u :i* judgm5t is pass$ recogniz$ z beyond ! control ( w altoge!r4 #fc4 ,,social ,,w ,,& ,,social ,,organization4--,"u ! g5]al head+ ( ! habits ( a society x is n out ( place to discuss its social & political organization4 ,! fact t !re nev] 0 an orig9al social contract1 made ) ea* o!r by m5 solit>y & unrelat$1 ) ! delib]ate int5t ( putt+ an end to ! w> ( all aga9/ all1 does n signify t ! social /ate 9 :i* m5 f9d !mselves is a some?+ ) :i* ! human w has _h1 & has1 no?+ to d4 ,social & political organization are ! result ( a secul> process1 b beh9d t process1 z mov+ & direct+ =ces1 /& ! w & ! intellig5ce ( man4 ,! social & political organization ( a community is n ! creation ( any s+le g5]ation ( m54 ,ea* g5]ation is born into a giv5 social sett+1 z ! individual is born into ! sett+ furni%$ by ! community4 ,?is social sett+1 ! h]itage ( ! community f ! pa/1 may be comp>$ to a great e/ate br\ght toge!r by ! ef=ts ( a man's ance/ors1 & transmitt$ to him to hold intact1 to add to1 to squ&]1 z he may be incl9$4 ,x is a product atta9$ by man's nature 9 its /ruggle ) environm5t1 & t product may be modifi$ by ! same =ces t made x :at x is4 ,into ?is h]itage ! g5]ation ( m5 :o compose a community at any giv5 "t may ent] ) little ?\ght ( its significance1 ) no in=mation1 or ) false in=mation1 t\*+ ! mann] ( its com+ into be+1 & ) small incl9ation to d any?+ save to leave un*ang$ ! in/itutions ( :i* x f9ds itself possess$4 ,nev]!less1 ! =ms "u :i* societies are organiz$ are subject to ! social w1 &1 if disapprov$1 are modifi$ or aboli%$4 ,"s *ange is tak+ place ev5 :]e !re is app>5t immobility1 z becomes evid5t :5 ! hi/ory ( in/itutions is foll[$ ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t4 ,! utmo/ t c be said is t1 :]e intellig5ce is little develop$ & en]gy at a l[ ebb1 ! social w may be> ! /amp ( passive acceptance ( ! inh]it$1 r ?an exhibit a t5d5cy to innovation4 ,w x rema9s1 b we may hesitate to describe x z a free w4 ,x is at times =c$ ^u our att5tion ) unmi/akable emphasis t ! =ms ( social & political organization are "u volunt>y control4 ,mom5t\s *anges may be made delib]ately1 & ) full consci\sness ( _! significance4 ,among ! m progressive nations 9 our day ! duty ( introduc+ innovations appe>s to be g5]ally recogniz$3 con/itutions are am5d$2 ! /atus ( social classes is made ! object ( legislation2 ev5 ! doma9 ( ! family is invad$1 z 9 legislation t\*+ m>riage & divorce4 ,m5 appe> to feel !mselves free to w delib]ately ! end t %all be s]v$ by ! me*anism ( ! /ate1 & to adapt t me*anism to ! atta9m5t ( ! end *os54 #fd4 ,,! ,,social ,,w ,,& ,,ideal ,,ends4--,! social w1 l ! wall ( ! individual1 may manife/ itself 9 decisions :i* x is obvi\sly impossible to c>ry out to a completely successful issue4 ,a community has a p[] ( control ov] its memb]s1 b t control has its limits4 ,ev5 a man's actions _c be completely controll$ by ! community ( :i* he is a "p4 ,!re are always individuals :o violate rules1 & to :om1 z x w\ld seem1 no motive c be pres5t$ :i* is adequate to keep !m 9 ! rut prescrib$ by society4 ,/ill less c ! social w ex]cise full control ov] m5's ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,influ5c$ to "s degree !y may be4 ,a man may be kept 9 ignorance1 or furni%$ ) in=mation calculat$ to det]m9e 8 ?\ght 9 a giv5 direction4 ,8 emotions may be play$ ^u2 he may be exhort$1 rew>d$1 puni%$4 ,b ?\ghts & feel+s are n op5 to direct inspection2 !y may be conceal$ or simulat$4 ,mu* m readily ?an actions c !y )draw !mselves f control4 ,nev]!less1 ! social w may1 & does1 ignore all su* limitations to its p[]s4 ,laws are n pass$ to regulate ! *anges ( ! wea!r1 :i* palpably fall outside ! prov9ce ( ! law2 b !y are pass$ to regulate ! actions ( m51 :i* normally fall )9 x2 t is1 :i* c1 to a v significant degree1 be influ5c$ by ! attitude ( ! social w4 ,= ! same reason laws may ev5 take cognizance ( m5's ?\ghts4 ,( ! accid5tal limitations ( its p[] ( control )9 ! g5]al sph]e 9 :i* x has a mean+ to speak ( control1 ! social w is n compell$ to take cognizance4 ,x may set itself to enc\rage or repress c]ta9 types ( "* & conduct1 & take measures to atta9 ! end x has select$4 ,t ! measures tak5 %\ld sometimes prove inadequate does n alt] ! fact ( ! *oice ( an end1 nor does x obscure ! revelation ( ! tr5d ( ! social w4 ,?us1 a community may be said to w t its memb]s %all n be guilty ( viol5ce2 x may w to live at peace ) o!r communities2 x may w to conqu] & subjugate4 ,:e!r1 9 ea* case1 ! w %all be completely realiz$ or n1 may n be det]m9$ by ! m]e fact ( its will+4 ,nev]!less1 ! p]man5t volitional attitude may be unmi/akably pres5t1 & may reveal itself 9 /riv+s t[>d ! *os5 goal4 ,to describe ?is attitude z no m ?an wi%+ is manife/ly to d x an inju/ice4 #fe4 ,,! ,,p]man5t ,,social ,,w4--,! social w may be reg>d$ z some?+ p]man5t4 ,its exi/5ce is n conf9$ to ^? mom5ts 9 :i* collective decisions are be+ made4 ,! w to be "o :i* con/itutes a gr\p ( human be+s a nation is n at all times actively ex]cis$1 b ! settl$ disposition to action look+ t[>d t end may be always pres5t & ready to be call$ into action4 ,an autocracy rema9s su* :5 its irresponsible head is mak+ no decisions2 & a democracy is n su* only :ile elections are be+ held or ! legislature is sitt+4 ,! organization ( a society1 ! :ole body ( ! usages :i* x accepts & approves1 are revelations ( ! social w4 ,t w does1 x is true1 give expression to itself 9 a s]ies ( actual decisions m or less consci\s & delib]ate1 b x is f> m ?an any su* s]ies ( decisions4 ,x is a disposition1 root$ 9 ! pa/ & rea*+ into ! future4 ,x is a gu>antee ( decisions to come1 ( ^: nature we may make "s =eca/4 ,! p]man5t social w con/itutes ! "* ( a community4 ,our /udy ( ! w ( ! individual prep>es u = ! recognition ( ! fact t communities may be b dimly aw>e ( _! own "*1 & may be q unable to give an unbias$ acc\nt ( ! ideals :i* animate !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,expressions ,,( ,,! ,,social ,,w #ff4 ,,cu/om4--,we h se5 above t ev5 ! =ms ( political & social organization may ju/ly be reg>d$ z an expression ( ! social w4 ,su* =ms are ! result ( pa/ *oices1 & _! acceptance 9 ! pres5t is evid5ce ( pres5t *oice4 ,betwe5 ! organization ( a society & its cu/oms prop] we may di/+ui% by comp>+ ! =m] to /ructure & ! latt] to function 9 ! case ( any organism4 ,b we mu/ be> 9 m9d t1 "h1 /ructure has be5 built up by1 & is 9 process ( modification by1 ! same =ces t exhibit !mselves 9 function4 ,x w\ld n be :olly out ( place to describe a p z hav+ ! cu/om ( be+ rul$ by h]$it>y *iefs1 ( *oos+ _! mon>*s1 or ( gov]n+ !mselves ?r\gh elect$ repres5tatives4 ,=ms ( organization are h&$ d[n to successive g5]ations by ! same social tradition t transmits cu/oms ( e description4 ,cu/oms are public habits :i* are1 on ! :ole1 approv$ by a community4 ,!y are ways ( act+ :i* are reg>d$ z normal & prop]4 ,:]e ! au?ority ( cu/om is evok$1 pressure is br\ght to be> ^u ! individual to adju/ himself to ! w ( ! community4 ,a community1 l an individual1 may h habits :i* x does n approve4 ,su* may be tol]at$1 al?\gh disapprov$2 or active ef=ts may be made to set !m aside4 ,"s habits may be reg>d$ ) comp>ative indiff]5ce1 al?\gh pr(ess$ly held 9 condemnation4 ,! individual1 9 foll[+ su* habits1 may claim t !y are n unequivocally condemn$ by ! community1 & he is n consci\s ( ! weight ( displeasure :i* visits ! violation ( ! w ( ! community :5 unequivocally express$4 ,9 simple & primitive societies cu/om prescribes to ! individual 8 c\rse ( life 9 ! m9ute/ detail4 ,x possesses ! au?ority ( ! dictator4 ,9 societies ^u a high] level x may leave to him "s discretion 9 decid+ ^u ! details ( 8 daily life1 :ile /ill ex]cis+ a p>am\nt control ov] ! g5]al tr5d ( 8 actions4 ,?us ! w ( ! community1 express$ 9 cu/om1 det]m9es :at ! memb]s ( ! community ought to d1 & x takes measures to en=ce ob$i5ce to its decisions4 ,is x surpris+ t ! names :i* h be5 giv5 to ! sci5ce :i* treats ( man's rights & duties1 morals1 e?ics 7mores1 e?ica1 ,sitt571 %\ld reflect ?is tru?8 ,x w\ld be an inadequate /atem5t to ma9ta9 t ! sci5ce ( morals is no m ?an a sy/ematic exposition ( ! cu/om>y 9 human societies4 ,x is n an inadequate /atem5t to ass]t t1 9 _m societies1 cu/om has1 9 fact1 furni%$ ! ultimate & complete /&>d ( obligation1 & t 9 all societies x is ( enorm\s significance 9 m\ld+ m5's notions ( "r & wrong4 #fg4 ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,= ,,! ,,au?ority ,,( ,,cu/om4--,habits are z ess5tial to a society z !y are to an individual human be+4 ,)\t !m1 society c\ld n live4 ,9 any social /ate--& no man c live except 9 a social /ate--!re mu/ be coop]ation4 ,h[ c !re be coop]ation if !re are no social habits ^u :i* m5 may c\nt 9 _! deal+s ) "o ano!r8 ,try to conceive all ! tacit mutual conv5tions1 ! unconsci\s adaptations to cu/om1 :i* guide our daily lives1 susp5d$ = tw5ty- f\r h\rs4 ,:5 %\ld "o rise 9 ! morn+8 ,h[ %\ld "o dress8 ,:at & h[ %\ld "o eat8 ,( bus9ess !re c\ld be no "q1 nor c\ld !re be coop]ation 9 pleasures4 ,public ord] !re c\ld n be1 = !re w\ld be no public wor?y ( ! "n4 ,protection ( life & limb w\ld be ! creature ( accid5t4 ,betwe5 civility & insult !re w\ld be no recognizable di/9ction4 ,9 %ort1 m5 c\ld n behave ei!r well or ill1 = !re w\ld be no rule to foll[ or to violate1 no?+ to expect1 &1 h5ce1 no gr\nd = disappo9tm5t4 ,9 su* a *aotic condition no society ( m5 has ev] liv$4 ,no actual /ate ( an>*y has ev] be5 complete1 nor c\ld x be1 & endure4 ,a reign ( t]ror is a reign ( law 9 comp>ison ) su* a dissolution ( all ! bonds :i* knit man to man4 ,:5 we pass f "o community to ano!r1 we f9d "o set ( public habits ex*ang$ = ano!r4 ,"s sets impress u z bett]1 "s z worse4 ,b !re is no set :i* is n bett] ?an none4 ,x makes x possible = m5 to live1 if n to live well4 ,cu/oms are1 !n1 a necessity4 ,x is equally necess>y t !y %\ld1 9 g5]al1 h b9d+ =ce = ! individual4 ,b !re are cu/oms good & bad4 ,! individual may fall into habits :i* he1 ^u reflection1 concludes to be injuri\s to him1 & :i* o!rs see cle>ly to be injuri\s4 ,a community suffici5tly enlight5$ to criticize itself at all1 may come to disapprove "s ( its cu/oms & may endeavor to aboli% !m4 ,?is means t a new act ( ! social w may set itself 9 opposition to ! social w already cry/alliz$ into cu/om4 ,9 a giv5 in/ance1 & :]e !re are diff]5ces ( op9ion1 x may be a nice "q :e!r ! new or ! old %\ld be reg>d$ z ! au?oritative expression ( ! social w4 #fh4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,! ,,p]si/5ce ,,( ,,cu/oms4--,f ! fact t cu/oms are1 9 g5]al1 to be reg>d$ z expressions ( ! social w1 x might be assum$ t _! purposive "* & social utility %\ld be a suffici5t explanation ( _! com+ into be+4 ,b ! matt] is n s simple4 ,a man may fall into habits :i* are no indication ( :at he reg>ds z useful to him4 ,su* habits h n be5 =m$ indep5d5tly ( 8 w1 & yet !y may appe> to be purposeless1 or ev5 detrim5tal4 ,:o wi%es to h ! invet]ate habit ( crack+ ! jo9ts ( 8 f+]s or ( bit+ 8 f+]-nails8 ,:at purpose d su* habits s]ve8 ,al?\gh ! social utility ( cu/oms1 tak5 g5]ally1 is easily app>5t1 yet !re are _m cu/oms :i* seem inexplicable ^u su* a pr9ciple4 ,:y1 = example1 %\ld ! k+ ( a primitive community be prohibit$ f sleep+ ly+ d[n8 or :y %\ld x be =bidd5 t he gaze ^u ! sea8 ,footnote3 ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 ,elev5? edition1 article ,taboo4 ,! orig9 ( su* cu/oms is hidd5 9 obscurity4 ,t _! adoption 0 n )\t its reason1 we may assume4 ,t ! reason 0 a reasonable "o _c be ma9ta9$4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t x at "s "t seem$ reasonable to "s "o4 ,! p]si/5ce ( habit1 social z well z individual1 w\ld acc\nt = ! p]petuation ( ! cu/om long aft] ! occasion :i* gave rise to x _h be5 =gott54 #fi4 ,,law4--,betwe5 cu/om & law1 tak5 g5]ally1 x is by no means easy to draw a %>p di/9ction1 al?\gh1 9 "s in/ances1 ! di/9ction1 may be cle>ly m>k$4 ,9 primitive communities1 laws r$uc$ to writ+1 & adm9i/]$ by p]sons delib]ately *os5 = t end1 may be :olly lack+2 & yet :o w\ld say t su* communities d n live "u ! reign ( law 9 a broad s5se ( ! t]m8 ,a c\rse ( life is prescrib$ to ! individual2 failure to come up to ! /&>d meets ) puni%m5t4 ,nev]!less1 z social life rises 9 ! scale & z communities become develop$1 cu/om & law become diff]5tiat$4 ,! latt] /&s out ^u ! backgr\nd ( ! =m] z some?+ m %>ply def9$4 ,p5alties & ! me?od ( _! infliction are m exactly fix$4 ,n all violations ( :at is cu/om>y are tak5 up into ! legal code z puni%able (f5ces1 al?\gh !y meet ) t indef9ite measure ( puni%m5t entail$ by social disapproval4 ,^? public habits :i* x seems to a community x is ( especial importance to pres]ve & en=ce come to be embodi$ 9 laws4 ,! selection is a matt] ( m or less delib]ate *oice1 & is an expression ( w4 ,! *oice is n1 normally1 an arbitr>y "o4 ,! laws ( a p are1 unless accid5t has int]v5$1 ! outcome & expression ( its corporate life4 ,= _! ultimate au?ority !y re/ ^u ! acquiesc5ce ( ! social w4 ,laws contr>y to deep-seat$ & widely accept$ cu/om are n apt to be reg>d$ z ( b9d+ =ce4 ,!y are felt to be tyrann\s1 & are obey$1 if at all1 unwill+ly1 & because ( pressure f )\t4 ,9 a lat] *apt] ,footnote3 ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,i %all dwell ^u ! fact t ! accid5tal may play a v significant role 9 law4 ,9 giv5 in/ances ! laws ( a community may be1 n ! outcome ( its w 9 any s5se1 b some?+ impos$ ^u x4 ,su* laws _c b be felt to be oppressive & a re/riction ( fre$om4 ,laws1 l cu/oms1 may cease to h a significance1 & !y may be modifi$ or all[$ to fall into desuetude4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 mu* cons]vatism1 z all :o are famili> ) legal usage "k4 ,& laws may fail ( _! purpose4 ,!y may aim to dim9i% crime1 & _! undiscrim9at+ sev]ity may fo/] crime4 ,s may ! individual select an end1 fall into error 9 8 *oice ( means1 &1 z a result ( exp]i5ce1 resolve to sub/itute = su* means o!rs :i* are bett] adapt$ to c>ry out 8 purpose4 #gj4 ,,public ,,op9ion4--,public op9ion is manife/ly a =ce broad] & m vague ?an e/abli%$ cu/om1 & /ill broad] ?an law4 ,public op9ion may approve or condemn :at no law t\*es1 & x makes its influ5ce felt beyond ! sph]e ( :at is cu/om>y4 ,:]e cu/oms & laws come to be imp]fect expressions ( ! social w1 !y may /& condemn$ by public op9ion4 ,9 su* a case _! au?ority is und]m9$ & violations ( !m are condon$4 ,:]e public op9ion is /rongly aga9/ a law2 ! law becomes ineffective4 ,! cons]vatism ( law is su* t a law may be all[$ to /& un*ang$1 & yet may fail to be c>ri$ into effect4 ,juries may refuse to convict1 or ! unpalatable infliction ( puni%m5t may be avoid$ by grant+ to ! judge a wide discretion 9 pron\nc+ s5t5ce4 ,! gradual developm5t ( a /rong public s5tim5t may lead to ! passage ( new laws1 n bas$ ^u previ\sly e/abli%$ cu/oms1 b delib]ately fram$ ) a view to ! public weal4 ,old cu/oms may be modifi$ & new cu/oms may be introduc$4 ,t ! recomm5dations ( public op9ion ext5d beyond ! sph]e ( ! cu/om>y is manife/4 ,x is n ! cu/om ( mo/ m5 to leave any l>ge "p ( _! e/ate to public *>ity4 ,except 9 ! case ( ! v ri*1 ! failure to d s is n1 z a rule1 expressly condemn$4 ,yet su* beque/s are approv$1 ! te/ators are prais$1 & ! attitude ( public op9ion has no small influ5ce ^u ! conduct ( individuals4 ,aga91 extreme self- sacrifice is n cu/om>y2 x is exceptional2 & yet %9+ examples ( unselfi%ness excite a w>m sympa?y4 ,! expression ( ?is sympa?y is n )\t its influ5ce4 ,public op9ion is m palpably an expression ( ! actual social w ?an are cu/om & law4 ,we h se5 t ! la/ two may repres5t1 9 giv5 in/ances1 r ! inh]it$ w ( ! pa/ ?an ! liv+ w ( ! pres5t4 ,b :5 we call public op9ion an expression ( ! social w we _c mean t x necess>ily reflects ! s5tim5t ( all ! memb]s ( a giv5 community4 ,9 primitive communities cu/om may be a public habit :i* embraces all1 or ne>ly all1 individuals4 ,public op9ion may sc>cely h a sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,9 communities m develop$1 "s individuals may disapprove & refuse to foll[ _m cu/oms :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! society to :i* !y belong4 ,laws are n approv$ by all1 &1 9 progressive /ates1 !re is usually "s agitation :i* has z its object ! repeal ( old laws or ! passage ( new ones4 ,9 communities :]e !re is indep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 public op9ion is usually divid$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! communities to :i* civiliz$ m5 belong are n homog5e\s aggregations ( units4 ,!re is ! public op9ion :i* obta9s )9 s+le gr\ps )9 ! /ate4 ,! adh]5ts ( a religi\s sect may h notions peculi> to !mselves ( ! conduct prop] to ! individual1 & su* notions may ext5d f> beyond :at is actually prescrib$ by ! t5ets ( ! sect4 ,! sev]al trades & pr(essions1 ! social classes1 neighborhoods1 ev5 less] volunt>y associations ( m51 su* z clubs1 may be p]vad$ by a public s5tim5t :i* v>ies ) ea* gr\p4 ,:5 we speak ( public op9ion g5]ally we h 9 m9d some?+ broad]1 a resultant4 ,b ! public s5tim5t ( ! less] gr\ps _c be ignor$4 ,! individual feels himself especially influ5c$ by ! op9ions ( ^? mo/ ne>ly associat$ ) him4 ,"u ! head ( public op9ion x is conv5i5t to speak ( ! op9ions ( moral tea*]s :o h influ5c$ ! race4 ,su* a ?9k] may enunciate tru?s f> 9 advance ( ! op9ions ( 8 fell[s4 ,8 tea*+s are n1 h5ce1 fairly repres5tative ( ! social w z x reveals itself 9 8 "t4 ,b ! s5tim5ts ( ! m enlight5$ nev] are completely 9 accord ) ^? ( ! mass ( _! fell[s4 ,!y are n m]e ab]rations f ! social w2 !y are its =]unn]s4 ,! morali/ & ! religi\s tea*] initiate new *oices1 :i* may become ! *oices ( l>ge bodies ( m54 ,f !m proce$ influ5ces :i* h _! issue 9 new expressions ( ! social w1 *>act]iz+ :ole societies1 & giv+ bir? to new cu/oms1 new laws1 & a new =m ( public op9ion4 ,"o c sc>cely imag9e :at ,*9a w\ld be )\t h] ,confucius2 or ! ,arabic _w1 ) ,mahomet ab/ract$4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,%>]s ,,9 ,,! ,,social ,,w #ga4 ,,! ,,community4--,x is difficult to /ate ) absolute exactness :at con/itutes a community4 ,we may def9e x z a gr\p ( human be+s associat$ 9 a common life1 dep5d+ ^u & coop]at+ ) ea* o!r4 ,?is def9ition w apply1 to be sure1 to less] gr\ps )9 a tribe or /ate2 & ev5 to a collection ( tribes or /ates 9 s f> z su* ent] into alliances & coop]ate to _! mutual advantage4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! bond ( union is1 9 ! =m] case1 subord9ate to ! high] au?ority ( a l>g] gr\p 7= ! family is subject to ! tribe or /ate72 & z1 9 ! latt] case1 ! bond ( union is a relatively loose "o1 & evid5tly subord9ate to t :i* b9ds ! citiz5s ( individual /ates1 ! community prop] may be reg>d$ z t gr\p :i* is *>act]iz$ by a relatively great degree ( inn] coh]5ce & by relative ext]nal indep5d5ce4 ,! type ( su* communities is1 among ! m primitive peoples1 ! tribe1 & among ! m develop$1 ! /ate4 ,! au?ority ( su* gr\ps ov] _! own memb]s is1 !oretically1 p>am\nt1 al?\gh x may be susp5d$ or aboli%$ by ! ex]tion ( =ce f )\t4 ,su* a community may be said to be inspir$ by a social w express$ 9 its cu/oms1 its laws & ! public op9ion preval5t 9 x4 ,its memb]s may be said to be %>]s 9 ! social w ( ! community4 ,_! p>ticipation 9 x is m>k$ by _! be+ end[$ ) rights & *>g$ ) duties4 ,x has n be5 *>act]i/ic ( communities g5]ally t all :o f9d _! place 9 !m %\ld be l %>]s 9 ! social w4 ,! di/9ction has be5 made betwe5 ! citiz51 :o enjoys ! fulle/ rights & may1 p]haps1 directly take "p 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate1 & ^? :o1 :ile 9 ! /ate1 are n ( x1 z !y d n enjoy citiz5%ip4 ,:]e slav]y1 9 any ( its =ms1 has prevail$1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ^? :o are significant factors 9 det]m9+ ! social w1 & ^? :o h n ?is pr]ogative1 has be5 v m>k$4 ,social classes h (t5 enjoy$1 ev5 be=e ! law1 privileges ( great mom5t4 ,wom5 h1 z a rule1 n be5 treat$ z citiz5s1 & h be5 refus$ a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! community4 ,*ildr5 are c>$ = & are protect$1 b political rights are d5i$ !m4 ,_! /atus be=e ! law is a peculi> "o4 ,! m5tally defective1 bo? 9 primitive communities & 9 develop$ ones1 /& 9 a relation to ! community peculi> to !mselves4 ,!y are n exclud$ f x2 !y are accord$ rights2 b !y are assign$ 9 ! community a place ( _! own4 ,:]ev] we look1 we f9d inequality4 ,! %>]s 9 ! social w d n %>e equally1 nor d !y %>e 9 ! same way4 ,?is is true ( communities ( e description1 b ! diff]5ces are m m>k$ 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs4 #gb4 ,,! ,,community ,,& ,,! ,,dead4--,x is n m]ely ( ! liv+ human be+s :i* compose a community t ! social w takes cognizance4 ,o!r wills are made p>ticipants 9 ! body ( rights & duties peculi> to ! community4 ,9 _m communities ! dead are /ill c\nt$ among its memb]s4 ,!y are conceiv$ z affect+ its welf>e1 & z dem&+ s]vices f ! liv+4 ,duties t[>ds ! dead are a well-recogniz$ division ( ! sum ( a man's obligations 9 communities ! mo/ div]se 9 _! "*4 ,9 "s1 !y occupy a v prom95t place2 9 no community are !y :olly ov]look$4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! recognition by ! social w ( ! rights ( ! dead is to be f\nd 9 ! :ole mod]n law ( te/am5t>y succession4 ,! w express$ by a man :ile he is alive is giv5 effect z ?\gh he 7 /ill 9 ! fle% & insi/$ ^u ! fulfillm5t ( 8 desire4 ,x appe>s to "w z a p]man5t factor 9 ! community life1 mak+ its influ5ce felt = g5]ations4 ,witness its influ5ce 9 *>itable f\ndations1 9 ! law ( entail1 & ! l4 #gc4 ,,! ,,community ,,& ,,! ,,sup]natural4--,nor is x m]ely 9 recogniz+ ! wills ( ! dead t ! social w ext5ds its sph]e beyond ! community ( liv+ human be+s4 ,to primitive man1 & to man f> f primitive1 8 social environm5t has n seem$ to be limit$ to ! liv+ & ! dead :o h1 or :o h _h1 an und5iable & unequivocal place 9 ! community4 ,! "p play$ 9 ! life ( man by sup]natural be+s ( v>i\s ord]s has be5 a mo/ significant "o4 ,demons & gods1 spirits ( a l[] or ( a high] ord]1 h occupi$ 8 m9d & h influ5c$ 8 actions4 ,su* be+s h be5 conceiv$ to be1 sometimes1 malevol5t & ne$+ to be placat$1 sometimes1 b5evol5t & fit objects ( gratitude4 ,_! wills man has reg>d$ z =ces to be tak5 into acc\nt1 a some?+ to :i* ! individual & ! community mu/ adju/ !mselves4 ,man's relation1 or suppos$ relation1 to su* be+s has be5 a s\rce ( classes ( duties ^u :i* great /ress has be5 laid4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is admission ( sup]natural be+s into ! circle ( ^? directly conc]n$ 9 ! community life has f\nd its expression 9 ! organization ( ! /ate1 9 cu/om1 9 law1 9 public op9ion4 ,we "k little ( a community :5 we ov]look ?is factor4 ,betwe5 magic & religion x is n easy to draw a %>p l9e1 especially :5 we view religion 9 ! l[] /ages ( its developm5t4 ,9 bo? we h to d ) :at may be call$ ! sup]natural4 ,magic has be5 def9$ z ! employm5t ( me*anical means to atta9 ! desir$ end4 ,9 religion1 :5 x s f> develops t its specific "* seems cle>ly reveal$1 we h left ! sph]e ( ! me*anical4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! me*anical & ! spiritual is famili> to u 9 our deal+s ) our fell[-m54 ,9 su* deal+s we may employ physical =ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may appeal to _! intellig5ce & _! emotions1 & ?us influ5ce _! action4 ,9 s f> z we d n make su* an appeal1 we deal ) our fell[s1 n z ?\gh !y belong$ to our social environm5t1 b to our physical4 ,at ! l[e/ /ages ( 8 developm5t1 man does n di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 p]sons & ?+s4 ,?is means t he _c di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 8 mat]ial environm5t & 8 social4 ,b ! di/9ction becomes gradually cle>]1 & x is1 9 ! end1 a m>k$ "o4 ,religion becomes diff]5tiat$ f magic4 ,to conf\nd religion1 9 its high] developm5ts1 ) magic is an inexcusable confusion4 #gd4 ,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,community4--,! d5otation ( ! t]m religion is a broad "o1 & !re w probably always be dispute z to ! ju/ice ( its ext5sion to ?is or to t p>ticul> =m ( fai?4 ,b x seems cle> t x is typical ( religion to ext5d :at may n unju/ly be call$ ! social environm5t ( man4 ,w is recogniz$ o!r ?an ! wills ( ! human be+s con/itut+ ! community4 ,to ! "p play$ by su* wills a v great prom95ce may be giv54 ,/ates may be !ocratic1 z among ! anci5t ,hebrews2 or *ur* & /ate may %>e ! dom9ion1 or /ruggle betwe5 !mselves = ! supremacy1 z 9 ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 or ! /ate may be !oretically supreme 9 au?ority & yet ma9ta9 & l5d au?ority to a *ur*4 ,ev5 :]e *ur* & /ate are1 9 !ory1 q divorc$--a mod]n conception--! *ur* ) its ord9ances & prescriptions1 its sacr$ days1 its c]emonial1 its educational in/itutions1 rema9s a v significant factor 9 ! social environm5t ( man4 ,religi\s duties h at all times & 9 all sorts ( societies be5 reg>d$ z con/itut+ an important aspect ( conduct4 ,!y color /rongly ! mores ( ! community4 ,:ole codes ( morals may be ref]r$ to ! tea*+s ( c]ta9 religi\s lead]s4 ,!y claim _! au?ority on religi\s gr\nds4 ,! great significance ( ! role play$ by religion 9 ! sph]e ( morals is impress$ ^u "o :o glances ov] ! works ( ^? writ]s :o h approa*$ ! subject ( e?ics f ! side ( an?ropology or sociology4 ,a review ( ! facts has ev5 tempt$ "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ to seek ! orig9 ( morals almo/ :olly 9 religion4 ,footnote3 ,,wundt1 ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,! ,facts ( ! ,moral ,life2 see *apt]s ii & iii4 ,engli% ,translation1 ,london1 #ahig4 ,t religion %\ld play an important "p 9 giv+ bir? to or modify+ moral codes is n surpris+4 ,man adju/s himself to 8 social environm5t z he conceives x4 ,if ! community ( wills :i* he recognizes includes ! wills ( sup]natural be+s1 x is natural t ! social w :i* f9ds its expression 9 ! organization ( ! /ate1 9 cu/om1 9 law & 9 public op9ion1 %\ld be modifi$ by su* inclusion4 ,nor is x surpris+ t ! sup]natural elem5t %\ld1 at times1 dw>f & r5d] insignificant ! o!r elem5ts :i* ent] into ! social w4 ,x may seem to man ! all-important factor 9 8 life4 ,)9 ! human community "s individuals c\nt = mu* m ?an d o!rs4 ,!re are ^? :o sc>cely seem to h any voice 9 contribut+ to ! "* & direction ( ! social w4 ,o!rs are influ5tial2 &1 9 extreme cases1 ! wills ( ! few1 or ev5 t ( a s+le individual1 may be ! s\rce ( law = ! _m4 ,if m5 come to ! conclusion t ! weal & woe ( ! community are dep5d5t ^u ! w ( ! gods1 or ( ,god1 !y w unavoidably give frank recognition to t w above o!rs1 & su* recognition w dictate conduct4 ,! gods ( ,epicurus1 lead+ a lazy exi/5ce 9 ! int]/ell> spaces1 indiff]5t to man & 9 no wise affect+ 8 life1 c\ld sc>cely become ! objects ( a cult4 ,b ! ,god ( ! ,mahometan1 ( ! ,jew1 or ( ! ,*ri/ian1 is a rul] to be fe>$1 lov$1 obey$4 ,8 w is law1 & is det]m9ative ( conduct4 #ge4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,! ,,community4--,s f> ,i h be5 speak+ ( ! community prop]ly s call$1 ( ! s+le gr\p ( human be+s liv+ its corporate life4 ,b su* gr\ps d n normally rema9 9 isolation4 ,z ! isolation ( ! gr\p dim9i%es1 z contacts betwe5 x & o!rs become m num]\s & m important1 ! necessity ( conv5tions controll+ ! relations ( gr\ps becomes m press+4 ,?is implies ! developm5t ( a broad] social w1 inclusive ( ! social wills ( ! sev]al communities4 ,?is social w may be v feeble1 & ! bond betwe5 m5 belong+ to diff]5t communities may be a weak "o2 or x may be vigor\s1 & furni% an intimate bond4 ,! savage1 to :om ^? beyond ! pale ( 8 tribe or small conf$]ation are m]e /rang]s1 & probably enemies1 /&s at ! l[] limit ( ! scale2 ! trad]1 to :om ! /rang] is co-p>tn] 9 a mutually pr(itable transaction1 /&s high]2 ! ,/oic philosoph]1 cosmopolitan 9 ?\ght & feel+1 rat+ ! claims ( k9dr$ & c\ntry z less significant ?an ! bonds :i* unite all m5 9 virtue ( _! common humanity1 m>ks ! o!r extreme4 ,! spread ( ! social w gr[s m>k$ z man rises 9 ! scale ( civilization4 ,b>ri]s are brok5 d[n & limits are transc5d$4 ,?is broad] social w1 l ! n>r[]1 reveals itself 9 ! organization ( society4 ,we f9d conf$]ations ( tribes or /ates2 alliances tempor>y or relatively p]man5t4 ,& ! broad] social w modifies cu/oms1 gives bir? to sy/ems ( law1 & enc\rages ! developm5t ( an inclusive humanit>ian s5tim5t4 ,x does n necess>ily oblit]ate old di/9ctions4 ,! family1 neighborhood1 k9dr$1 h _! claims ev5 "u ! mo/ firmly organiz$ ( /ates2 b ^? claims are limit$ & controll$4 ,ev5 s1 ! broad] social w may come to reg>d /ates z answ]able = _! decisions4 ,int]national law rema9s to ! pres5t day :at has aptly be5 call$ a pi\s wi%4 ,b public op9ion prep>es ! way = law2 & all /ates1 :atev] be _! real aims1 n[ attempt to ju/ify _! actions by an appeal to ! m or less nebul\s tribunal ( int]national public op9ion4 ,9 ?is !y recognize its claim to act z arbit]4 ,)9 ! jurisdiction ( a /ate1 ! motto1 my family1 "r or wrong1 w\ld n be a maxim approv$ 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,int]national law is made a mock ( by ! frank enunciation ( ! maxim1 my c\ntry1 "r or wrong4 ,h5ce1 su* frankness is1 9 int]national relations1 n enc\rag$4 ,! m or less skillfully made appeal to ! moral s5se ( mank9d--to ! broad] social w z public op9ion--implies a c]ta9 recognition ( its au?ority1 or1 at lea/1 ( its influ5ce4 ,:e!r ?is is a def9ite /ep t[>d ! grant+ ( a real au?ority to ! broad] social w1 an au?ority :i* w curb imp>tially ! selfi%ness ( individual /ates1 x rema9s = ! future to decide4 ,,"p ,,vi ,,! ,,real ,,social ,,w ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,imp]fect ,,social ,,w #gf4 ,,! ,,app>5t ,,& ,,! ,,real ,,social ,,w4--,x is important to di/+ui% betwe5 ! app>5t & ! real social w4 ,we may beg9 by po9t+ out t ! "q app>5t to :om8 is a p]t95t "o4 ,! social w is br\ght to be> ^u ! individual ?r\gh a v>iety ( ag5cies4 ,! family1 ! neighborhood1 ! *ur*1 ! trade or pr(ession1 ! political p>ty1 ! social class--all ^! h _! habits & maxims4 ,!y t5d to mold to _! type ^? :om !y c\nt among _! memb]s4 ,! pressure :i* !y br+ to be> is felt z a s5se ( moral obligation4 ,naturally1 individuals ) diff]5t affiliations w be s5sible ( ! pressure 9 diff]5t ways1 & may diff] widely 9 _! conceptions ( ! obligations actually laid ^u ! individual by ! w ( ! great] organism ( :i* he is a "p4 ,b ev5 he :o rises above m9or di/9ctions & takes a broad view ( society is =c$ to recognize t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! app>5t & ! real social w may be a mo/ significant "o4 ,we h f\nd ! expression ( ! social w 9 cu/om1 law & public op9ion4 ,?is is j2 b ! /atem5t mu/ be accept$ ) res]vations4 ,!re are in/ances 9 :i* nei!r ! organization ( ! /ate1 nor ! laws accord+ to :i* x is gov]n$1 c be consid]$ z 9 any s5se an expression ( ! social w4 ,an autocracy1 e/abli%$ by =ce1 & rul+ )\t ! free cons5t ( ! gov]n$1 is an ext]nal & ov]rul+ p[]4 ,x may be obey$1 b x is n cons5t$ to4 ,nor is any body ( law or sy/em ( gov]nm5t impos$ ^u a subject p by an ali5 & dom9ant race a fair expon5t ( ! social w ( ! p ?us gov]n$4 ,cu/om & public op9ion are at v>iance ) law4 ,h[ev] j & enlight5$ ! gov]nm5t1 z judg$ f ! /&po9t ( "s o!r race or nation1 its control mu/ be felt z oppressive by ^? ^u :om x is impos$4 ,traditions felt to be ! mo/ sacr$ may be violat$2 moral laws1 z und]/ood by ^? ?us "u dictation1 may be transgress$ by ob$i5ce to ! law ( ! l&4 ,:]e cu/om1 law & public op9ion are m ne>ly ! spontane\s outcome ( ! life ( a community1 !y may ) m ju/ice be tak5 z expressions ( ! social w ( t community z x is at ! "t4 ,yet1 ev5 "h1 we mu/ make res]vations4 ,! organization ( a /ate repres5ts r ! cry/alliz$ w ( ! pa/ ?an ! free *oice ( ! pres5t4 ,to be sure1 x is accept$ 9 ! pres5t2 b ?is is little m ?an ! acquiesc5ce ( in]tia4 ,& public op9ion may be at v>iance bo? ) cu/om & ) law long be=e x succe$s 9 modify+ ei!r4 ,:at is ! actual social w ( a community dur+ ! int]val8 ,! pa/ may be felt z ex]cis+ a c]ta9 tyranny ov] ! pres5t4 ,t ! pres5t _c be cut :olly loose f x is manife/1 b h[ f> %\ld its dep5d5ce be accept$8 ,9 ! pa/ !re h be5 hi/orical causes = ! rise ( dictator%ips1 ( olig>*ies1 ( dom9ant social classes4 ,! m5 ( a lat] "t inh]it su* social in/itutions1 may accept !m z desirable1 or may feel !m z in/rum5ts ( tyranny4 ,%all we say t !y repres5t ! actual social w ( ! community until su* "t z !y are done away ) by a successful revolution8 ,or %all we say t !y are 9 h>mony ) ! app>5t social w only1 & really /& condemn$8 #gg4 ,,! ,,w ,,( ,,! ,,majority4--,our own democratic in/itutions re/ ^u ! !ory t ! social w is to be det]m9$ by ! majority vote4 ,to be sure1 we seem to f9d x necess>y to limit ! application ( ?is doctr9e1 & to seek /ability ( gov]nm5t by fix+1 9 c]ta9 cases r arbitr>ily1 ! size ( ! majority t %all c\nt4 ,footnote3 ,see ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,article ,v4 ,b ! doctr9e1 tak5 g5]ally1 does seem 9 h>mony ) ! te/ ( rationality develop$ above4 ,footnote3 ,*apt] xvi4 ,x aims at ! satisfaction ( _m desires--at :at may be t]m$ satisfaction on ! :ole4 ,nev]!less1 x is possible to "q :e!r ! vote ( ! majority repres5ts1 9 a giv5 in/ance1 ! actual w ( ! community4 ,no "o kn[s bett] ?an ! practical politician h[ ! votes ( ! majority are obta9$4 ,no "o kn[s bett] ?an he t1 9 ! mo/ democratic ( communities1 x is ! wills ( ! few t c\nt4 ,! organization ( a p>ty1 clev] lead]%ip1 ! comm& ( ! press1 ! cat*+ phrases ( ! popul> orator1 ! /reet procession1 ! brass b&1 ! possession ( ! ability to cajole & to ?reat5--^! play no mean role 9 ! outcome1 :i* may be ! adoption ( a /ate policy ( :i* a l>ge proportion ( ! majority vot+ may be q unable to compreh5d ! significance4 ,%all we say1 9 su* a case1 t ! w ( ! majority 0 = ! ultimate end8 ,or %all we say t ! vote 0 9 pursuance ( a multitude ( m9or ends1 _m ( :i* _h b an accid5tal connection ) ! ultimate end8 #gh4 ,,ignorance ,,& ,,error ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,w4--,! app>5t w ( ! community appe>s to be1 9 l>ge measure1 an accid5tal ?+4 ,t is to say1 m5 w :at !y w\ld n w 7 !y n hamp]$ by ignorance & error1 & 7 !y n incapable ( tak+ long views ( _! own int]e/s4 ,! decisions ( ! social w may be ! outcome ( ignorance & sup]/ition4 ,:]e x is ?\ght necess>y to puni% ! accid5tal homicide 9 ord] to appease ! gho/ ( ! dead man1 :i* might o!rwise become a cause ( h>m1 ! c\rse ( ju/ice1 if "o may call x su*1 deviates f :at ! enlight5$ man mu/ reg>d z normal4 ,! belief t s9 is an infection1 communicable by h]$ity or ev5 by contact1 mu/ lead to simil> ab]rations ( primitive ju/ice4 ,animals1 & ev5 mat]ial ?+s1 h1 & n by peoples ! mo/ primitive1 be5 treat$ z rational1 responsible & am5able to law4 ,?is seems to d ! brutes m ?an ju/ice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! philosophical t5et ( ! ,c>tesians1 :i* d5i$ a m9d to ! brutes1 result$ 9 no little cruelty4 ,! treatm5t ( drunk>ds1 & ( ! m5tally defective1 has1 at times1 be5 bas$ ^u ! notion t !y are possess$ by god or demon1 &1 h5ce1 h a "r to peculi> consid]ation1 or may be treat$ ) extreme rigor4 ,x is wor? :ile to foll[ up ! above ref]5ce to ! ,c>tesians by a ref]5ce to ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,tra9s ( reason+ bas$ ^u !ological or philosophical t5ets h m ?an once giv5 rise to ab]rations ( ! moral judgm5t4 ,! intellectual subtlety ( ,augu/9e betrays him into magnify+ to enorm\s proportions ! guilt ( ! boyi% prank ( /eal+ gre5 pe>s f ! g>d5 ( a neighbor1 inspir$ by ! agreeable ?\ght ( ! irritation :i* w\ld be caus$ by ! !ft4 ,! pe>s 7 n edible1 & 7 ?r[n to ! pigs1 :i* circum/ance s$uces ?is fa!r ( ! ,*ur* into ! reflection t ! s9 mu/ h be5 committ$ = no o!r end ?an = ! sake ( s9n+4 ,a great] crime ?an ?is he _c conceive4 ,_m ye>s aft] ! ev5t1 9 writ+ 8 ,confessions1 he expresses 9 unmeasur$ t]ms 8 horror ( ! de$1 fill+ sev5 *apt]s ,footnote3 ,confessions1 *apt]s iv-x4 ) 8 reflections & lam5tations3 ,behold my he>t1 ,o ,god1 behold my he>t1 ^u :i* ?\ had/ m]cy :5 9 ! dep?s ( ?is bottomless pit4 ,o corruption6 ,o mon/] ( life & dep? ( dea?6 ,is x possible t ,i lik$ to d :at ,i might n1 simply & = no o!r reason ?an because ,i might n8 ,sa9t z he 01 ,augu/9e w\ld h made a sorry s*oolma/]4 ,x is evid5t t ! enlight5$ m9d _c reg>d s*oolboys z unique mon/]s ( iniquity = mak+ a raid on an or*>d4 ,! community ^: decisions are made "u ! influ5ce ( errone\s preconceptions und\bt$ly wills1 b its w is det]m9$ by ! accid5t ( ignorance4 ,x is to be lik5$ to ! man :o1 9 unfamili> surr\nd+s1 takes ! wrong road 9 8 desire to get home4 ,he *ooses1 b he does n *oose :at he w\ld if he knew :at he 0 ab\t4 #gi4 ,,he$lessness ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,w4--,numb]less illu/rations might be giv5 ( ! fact t1 n m]ely ignorance & error1 b also a %ort- sight$ he$lessness plays no small "p 9 introduc+ elem5ts ( ! accid5tal & irrational into ! social w4 ,! man :o sp5ds freely ) no ?\ght = ! morr[ is n m irrational ?an ! /ate t p]mits a squ&]+ ( its res\rces1 & wakes up too late only to discov] t x has lo/ :at _c easily be replac$4 ,! life ( ! community is a long "o1 & calls = long views ( ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,^! are too (t5 lack+4 ,he$lessness & indiff]5ce are a f]tile s\rce ( abuses4 ,9 :i* case1 ! w ( ! community resembles t ( ! impulsive & erratic man1 :o has too little =esight & self-control to consult consi/5tly 8 own int]e/s4 ,we may say t he desires 8 own good on ! :ole1 b we _c say t he desires x at all times4 ,future goods disappe> f 8 view4 ,8 *oices cla%4 ,8 actual w at any giv5 mom5t appe>s to be ! creature ( accid5t4 ,s x may be ) ! community4 #hj4 ,,rational ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,irrational ,,w4--,! actual social w1 z reveal$ 9 cu/om1 law & public op9ion1 (t5 appe>s1 ?us1 highly irrational1 & we may be ju/ifi$ 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 x & ! real w :i* we conceive ( z /ruggl+ to get itself express$4 ,nev]!less1 9 ju/ice to cu/om1 law & public op9ion1 we mu/ look bel[ ! surface ( ?+s4 ,ev5 :]e ! decisions ( ! community seem mo/ irrational1 & :]e !re appe>s to be little consci\sness ( ! ends pursu$ by ! real w1 ! discrim9at+ obs]v] may see t pure irrationality does n prevail4 ,! individual may %[ by 8 actions t he has compreh5sive ends1 & may yet n be di/9ctly aw>e ( !m4 ,s may a community ( m54 ,! true mean+ ( e?ical obligations1 says ,hobh\se1 ,footnote3 ,morals 9 ,evolution1 ,new ,york1 #aijf1 p4 #cj4 --_! be>+ on human purposes1 _! function 9 social life--only em]ges by sl[ degrees4 ,! onlook]1 inve/igat+ a primitive cu/om1 c see t moral elem5ts h help$ to build x up1 s t x embodies some?+ ( moral tru?4 ,yet ^! elem5ts ( moral tru? 7 p]haps nev] pres5t to ! m9ds ( ^? :o built x4 ,in/ead !re( we are likely to f9d "s obscure ref]5ce to magic or to ! _w ( spirits4 ,! cu/om :i* we c see1 p]haps1 to be excell5tly devis$ 9 ! int]e/s ( social ord] or = ! promotion ( mutual aid is by ^? :o practice x bas$ on "s taboo1 or pres]v$ f violation f fe> ( ! res5tm5t ( somebody's gho/4 ,x is n :olly irrational t1 9 ! laws ( v>i\s peoples1 an all[ance %\ld be made = ! sudd5 res5tm5t :i* flames up :5 wrong has be5 suff]$1 & t an (f5ce gr[n cold %\ld be treat$ m l5i5tly ?an "o :i* is fre% & ! sm>t caus$ by :i* has n _h "t to suff] dim9ution4 ,society has to d ) m5 z !y are4 ,x is its task to b5d ! w ( ! individual into con=mity ) ! social w4 ,t res5tm5t = wrongs suff]$ is an important elem5t 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ord] 9 ! community c sc>cely be d5i$1 nor is x :olly unreasonable1 m5 be+ :at !y are1 = ! community to make "s concessions to ! natural feel+ ( ! individual4 ,moreov]1 ! (f5d] caught 9 ! act is indubitably ! real (f5d]2 & settl$ animosities are m injuri\s to ! social ord] ?an are fugitive gu/s ( passion4 ,& if x is true t ! arbitr>y laws ( hospitality1 z recogniz$ by "s primitive & half-civiliz$ communities1 are re9=c$ by ! sup]/iti\s fe> ( ! /rang]'s curse1 x is none ! less true t !y s]ve c]ta9 social ne$s4 ,! fact t hospitality t5ds to decl9e :5 x becomes sup]flu\s is suffici5t to indicate its social significance4 ,aga91 collective responsibility--! mak+ ( a man responsible = ! del9qu5cies ( ^? connect$ ) him1 ev5 :5 he c\ld 9 no way h prev5t$ ! evils 9 "q--appe>s to mod]n civiliz$ man1 9 mo/ in/ances1 ,footnote3 ,only "u normal conditions4 ,we h rec5tly _h abundant opportunity to see t 9 "t ( w> civiliz$ nations h no scruples 9 mak+ ! innoc5t suff] ) ! guilty1 or ev5 = ! guilty4 an irrational ?+4 ,yet m5 are actually knit into gr\ps ) common int]e/s & accu/om$ to coop]ation4 ,to treat !m z :olly indep5d5t units1 responsible only to "s high] organization su* z ! /ate1 is to ov]look actual relation%ips :i* h no small influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! c\rse ( _! lives4 ,)9 ea* less] gr\p ! memb]s c & d enc\rage or repress giv5 types ( action b5eficial or ! rev]se4 ,is x irrational = ! l>g] gr\p to set su* influ5ces to "w by hold+ ! less] gr\p responsible 9 its collective capacity8 ,9 ,*9a ! pr9ciple has work$ ) "s measure ( success z an in/rum5t ( ord] = _m c5turies4 ,9 an enlight5$ society "s bett] me?od ( atta9+ ord] may obta91 b x w\ld be a mi/ake to assume t !re is no?+ beh9d ! pr9ciple ( collective responsibility save ! un9tellig5t attempt to satisfy res5tm5t by /rik+ indirectly at ! (f5d] ?r\gh ^? connect$ ) him1 or ! m5tal confusion t id5tifies ! culprit1 ?r\gh m]e association ( ideas1 ) o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p to :i* he belongs4 #ha4 ,,! ,,social ,,w ,,& ,,! ,,selfi%ness ,,( ,,! ,,individual4--,!re is1 !n1 (t5 "s reason to be discov]$ ev5 9 :at appe>s at fir/ sight to be :olly irrational4 ,b no small "p ( ! irrationality ( ! actual social w mu/ be set d[n1 9 ! la/ in/ance1 to t peculi> =m ( irrationality 9 ! individual or 9 gr\ps ( individuals :i* we call selfi%ness4 ,t "s degree ( inequality %\ld be necess>y 9 communities ( m51 9 view ( ! diff]5tiation ( function impli$ 9 coop]ative ef=t1 may be admitt$4 ,h[ f> ! inh]it$ organization or ! exi/+ environm5t ( a giv5 community may make x necess>y1 9 ! int]e/s ( all1 to grant a l>ge measure ( p[] or pr]ogative to a s+le individual1 or to ! few1 is fair matt] = inve/igation4 ,b ! mo/ cursory glance at ! pages ( hi/ory1 ! mo/ sup]ficial survey ( ! pres5t condition ( mank9d1 mu/ make x evid5t t a f>-see+ & enlight5$ social w has n be5 ! det]m9+ factor 9 br++ into exi/5ce _m ( ! in/itutions :i* are accept$ by ! actual social w ( a giv5 epo*4 ,nei!r ,alex&] ! ,great nor ,napoleon c be reg>d$ z true expon5ts ( ! social w4 ,! rule ( ! olig>*y is bas$ ^u selfi% consid]ations4 ,! in/itution ( slav]y ov]rides ! w ( ! bondsman 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 possessor4 ,! p]5nial /ruggle betwe5 ! haves & ! h nots--! ri* & ! poor--is1 un=tunately1 c>ri$ on by ^? engag$ 9 x ) a view to _! own int]e/s & n ) a view to ! good ( society z a :ole4 ,t ^? to :om especial opportunities are1 by ! accid5t ( _! position1 op51 or by :om special rights are inh]it$1 %\ld accept ! situation z "r & prop] is n to be wond]$ at4 ,all rights & duties h _! roots 9 ! pa/1 & conceptions ( :at is feasible & desirable are always influ5c$ by tradition4 ,:ile f ! /&po9t ( ! real social w anomal\s & accid5tal x is nev]!less psy*ologically explicable & natural t ! m$iaeval knight %\ld be b\nd by ! rules ( *ivalry only 9 8 deal+s ) ^? ( 8 own rank2 t ! murd] ( a prie/ %\ld be reg>d$ z a crime ( a special class2 t b5efit ( cl]gy %\ld be ext5d$ to a limit$ numb] ( ^? guilty ( ! same (f5ce2 t ! li/s ( ! deadly s9s %\ld1 9 an age dom9at$ by ! mona/ic idea1 smack s /rongly ( ! cloi/]4 ,natural x is1 &1 p]haps1 inevitable1 t su* expressions ( ! social w %\ld make _! appe>ance4 ,!y h _! place 9 ! hi/oric evolution ( society4 ,b !y betray ! fact t man is imp]fectly rational4 ,!y _c be reg>d$ z expressions ( ! p]man5t rational w :i* belongs to man z man4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,rational ,,social ,,w #hb4 ,,reasonable ,,ends4--,we h se5 9 ! *apt] on ,rationality & ,w1 t we _c consid] a man rational unless 8 *oices are h>moniz$ & conv]ge ^u "s compreh5sive end4 ,x has be5 h9t$1 fur!rmore1 t n all compreh5sive ends c be describ$ z reasonable or rational4 ,a *ild may be consi/5tly disob$i5t to its p>5ts1 &1 giv5 p>5ts ( a c]ta9 k9d1 x may f9d its life highly satisfactory4 ,a man may consi/5tly be a bad neighbor1 & may h>bor ! conviction t1 on ! :ole1 he ga9s by x4 ,a mis] may be consi/5t2 he may come to joy 9 d5y+ himself luxuries & ev5 com=ts1 repaid 9 ! consci\sness ( an increas+ /ore4 ,! philosophical egoi/ may reason ) admirable consi/5cy1 & may habitually act 9 accordance ) 8 convictions1 lead+1 = him1 a v endurable life4 ,all ^! may be intellig5t1 ev5 acutely intellig5t1 & may reason cle>ly & well4 ,nev]!less1 m5 g5]ally refuse to consid] _! behavior reasonable4 ,!re are ends :i* we reg>d z rational1 & o!rs :i* we condemn z irrational4 ,x is n en\gh1 h5ce1 t a man's volitions %\ld be intellig5tly h>moniz$ & unifi$4 ,8 w mu/ be adju/$ to ends :i* !mselves c be judg$ rational4 ,& 9 decid+ :e!r ! ends he *ooses are rational or n1 we proce$ j z we d 9 judg+ ! rationality ( 8 individual *oices4 ,if ! latt] are made 9 ! light ( in=mation1 if _! significance is realiz$1 if !y conv]ge ^u "s compreh5sive end & d n m]ely cla% & defeat "o ano!r1 we h se5 t !y are made "u ! guidance ( reason or intellig5ce4 ,! individual volitions are congru\s ) ! p]man5t set ( ! man's w4 ,!y are judg$ by _! backgr\nd1 by _! h>mony ) ! patt]n :i* is reveal$ 9 ! man's volitional life4 ,ev5 s1 ea* su* volitional patt]n1 ! h>moniz$ & unifi$ w ( ! individual z direct$ ^u "s compreh5sive end1 is judg$ to be rational or n accord+ z x does or does n accord ) ! ends pursu$ by ! social w4 ,individuals1 ^: wills are ?or\ghly unifi$ & h>moniz$ by ! dom9ant influ5ce ( giv5 *os5 ends1 may be ?or\ghly out ( h>mony ) ! *os5 ends ( ! l>g] organism ( :i* !y are a "p4 ,!y may be out ( h>mony ) ea* o!r4 ,consid]$ alone1 ea* may display an int]nal ord] & unity4 ,tak5 toge!r !y may be se5 to be 9 op5 /rife4 ,we h f\nd ! social w to be some?+ relatively p]man5t & mov+ ) m or less consi/5cy t[>d c]ta9 compreh5sive ends4 ,t ! ends *os5 by giv5 individuals may be v mu* out ( h>mony ) ^! is palpable4 ,! delib]ate idl]1 ! :ole-he>t$ epicure1 ! habitually untru?ful man1 ! mis]1 ! cold egoi/--^! & su* z ^! are condemn$ 9 enlight5$ communities4 ,_! lives d n help to fur!r1 b s]ve to fru/rate1 ! ends approv$ by ! social w4 ,9 s f> !y may be reg>d$ z consi/5tly irrational4 #hc4 ,,an ,,objection ,,answ]$4--,consi/5tly irrational6 x may be exclaim$2 h[ c t be8 is n a f>-sight$ consi/5cy ! v m>k ( rational *oice8 ,! difficulty is only an app>5t "o4 ,_m =ms ( consi/5cy may indicate a c]ta9 degree ( rationality1 & yet too slight a degree to w9 approval4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z a n>r[ consi/5cy4 ,he :o devotes 8 life to ! purpose ( rev5ge1 may live consi/5tly1 b he loses mu*4 ,a bitt] & angry life is n a desirable ?+1 ev5 f ! /&po9t ( ! individual4 ,b :y %\ld we limit ourselves to ! /&po9t ( ! individual1 9 judg+ ( ! rationality ( ends8 ,!re are ^? to :om x appe>s self-evid5t t ?is %\ld be done2 ^? to :om x does n seem reasonable = a man to d any?+ by :i* he1 on ! :ole1 loses2 ^? :o d5y ! reasonabl5ess ( self-sacrifice 9 any =m4 ,?is doctr9e w be exam9$ lat]4 ,footnote3 ,see ,sec #ajb & #abh4 ,"h x is en\gh to po9t out t m5 d n actually limit ! notion ( rationality 9 ?is way4 ,9 e1 ev5 mod]ately1 rational life "s desires mu/ be suppress$4 ,all desires _c be satisfi$4 ,:y %\ld x n be reg>d$ z rational & reasonable t1 to atta9 ! compreh5sive ends ( ! social w1 c]ta9 ends consi/5tly *os5 by c]ta9 k9ds ( individuals %\ld delib]ately be d5i$8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 m5 g5]ally d s reg>d x4 ,!y employ ! t]ms rational & irrational1 reasonable & unreasonable1 to indicate ! h>mony or lack ( h>mony betwe5 ! individual & ! social w4 ,we call ! man unreasonable :o insi/s ^u hav+ 8 own way reg>dless ( 8 fell[s2 & ?is1 ev5 9 in/ances 9 :i* 8 fell[s _c puni% him = 8 selfi% attitude4 ,x is n a matt] ( accid5t t ?is %\ld be s4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! relation ( sep>ate volitions to ! dom9ant ends :i* control action on ! "p ( ! individual1 & ! relation ( ! ultimate *oices ( individuals to ! ends pursu$ by ! social w1 is a close "o4 ,9 ! well-ord]$ m9d ! cla% ( conflict+ desires is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,9 a well-ord]$ community ! conflict ( individual wills is also r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,9 ea* case1 we are conc]n$ ) ! "w ( reason1 & judgm5ts z to rationality & irrationality are equally 9 place4 #hd4 ,,reasonable ,,social ,,ends4--,! w ( ! individual1 :5 affirm$ to be rational or irrational1 is1 !re=e1 ref]r$ to ! backgr\nd ( ! social w4 ,b ! social w is m or less diff]5t 9 diff]5t communities1 & 9 ! "o community at diff]5t /ages ( its developm5t4 ,is !re any measure ( ! degree ( rationality ( ! social w itself8 is !re any /&>d to :i* its diff]5t expressions may be ref]r$8 ,we may criticise a community z we criticise an individual man ev5 :5 he is tak5 z ab/ract$ f 8 social sett+4 ,! man's *oices may be bl9d1 conflict+1 wayw>d1 & ill-adapt$ to s]ve 8 int]e/s tak5 z a :ole4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we saw t a community may resemble su* a man4 ,x may be ignorant1 sup]/iti\s1 %ort-sight$1 & 9 conflict ) itself4 ,! social w z actually reveal$ may be an imp]fect & inconsi/5t ?+4 ,"h enlight5m5t & inn] h>monization are call$ =1 to set ! social w free4 ,b ev5 :]e ! w ( a community is some?+ m def9ite & consi/5t ?an ?is1 x may be condemn$ by ! moral judgm5t ( ! enlight5$4 ,an appeal may be made f ! w ( ! community 9 ! n>r[] s5se to t ( ! l>g] community4 ,! limits ( nation1 race & religion may be transc5d$1 & we may appeal to humanity z su*1 refus+ to recognize ! w ( any less] unit z really ultimate4 ,he :o occupies ! "o /&po9t is apt to speak ( def5d+ 8 legitimate rights1 or ( ext5d+ to subject races ! bless+s ( civilization4 ,he :o takes 8 /& ^u ! o!r may talk ( lu/ ( dom9ion1 or desire = economic advantage4 ,! "o may use ! t]m righte\s indignation2 ! o!r1 ! ^w ang]4 ,! moral judgm5t pass$ ^u an act dep5ds ^u ! concept "u :i* m5 manage to br+ x4 ,:at is approv$ by ! tribal e?ics may be abhorr5t to ! e?ics ( humanity4 ,b ! l>g] social w1 s f> z x has gott5 itself express$ at all1 seems to rema9 some?+ vague & indef9ite4 ,x is appeal$ to z rational2 b h[ indicate cle>ly ! end :i* x sets be=e itself & ! obligations :i* x lays ^u mank9d8 ,! difficulty ( describ+ 9 detail ! ultimate ends ( ! real social w has l$ "s writ]s to speak 9 t]ms ( exagg]at$ vagu5ess4 ,! m]e idea 9 a man ( some?+1 he kn[s n :at1 :i* he may & %\ld become c give little guidance to action2 nor c "o aim ) mu* confid5ce at a goal ( :i* we c only speak or ?9k 9 negatives4 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec ,sec #aib1 #agb1 #ahj4 ,b ,,gre5 is n always s indef9ite4 ,he is on ! "r track4 ,he rev]5ces ! social w & ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! social ord]4 ,b x is n necess>y to speak 9 ?is way4 ,we may =m "s conception ( ! real1 rational social w1 )\t be+ compell$ to "k all t man is capable ( becom+ & )\t be+ able to =eca/ ! details ( 8 environm5t 9 ! di/ant future4 ,we may atta9 to our conception by det]m9+ cle>ly ! nature ( ! aims man sets be=e himself 9 proportion to 8 gr[+ rationality4 ,we c see 9 :at direction man moves z he develops & becomes enlight5$4 ,f ?is /&po9t1 ! aims ( ! rational social w appe> to be z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! h>moni\s satisfaction ( ! impulses & desires ( man4 7#b7 ,su* an unfold+ ( 8 p[]s z w increase _! range & v>iety1 broad5 man's horizon1 & give him an increas$ control ov] erratic impulses4 7#c7 ,! br++ ab\t ( a social /ate 9 :i* ! w ( ea* individual )9 a community c\nts = some?+1 & n m]ely ! w ( a *os5 few4 7#d7 ,! broad5+ ( ! conception ( :at con/itutes a community1 s t ev] increas+ numb]s are reg>d$ z hav+ claims t mu/ be recogniz$4 7#e7 ,! tak+ into consid]ation ( ! :ole ( life2 ! :ole life ( individuals & ( communities1 s t ! insi/5t pres5t %all n be giv5 undue weight1 z aga9/ ! future4 #he4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,reason4--,! doctr9e ( ! ,rational ,social ,w might v prop]ly be call$ ! ,e?ics ( ,reason4 ,x is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! s-call$ tribal or gr\p e?ics4 ,to be sure1 x has to d ) man z a social be+2 b ?is is *>act]i/ic ( e?ical sy/ems g5]ally4 ,man is a social be+2 he is "o ess5tially1 & n accid5tally4 ,t he %\ld be a memb] ( a tribe1 or ( any less] gr\p ?an ! :ole body ( s5ti5t & reasonable be+s1 may n unju/ly be reg>d$ z an hi/orical accid5t1 z a function ( 8 position 9 ! scale ( developm5t4 ,9 judg+ ! doctr9e ( ! rational social w1 be> 9 m9d ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,x re/s ^u ! basis ( ! impulsive & volitional nature ( man4 7#b7 ,x recognizes reason 9 ! individual1 & decl>es t only s f> z he is rational is he ! prop] subject ( e?ics at all4 ,erratic & uncontroll$ impulse kn[s no moral law4 7#c7 ,x sees reason 9 ! cu/oms1 laws & public op9ion ( ! tribe or ! /ate1 :ile recogniz+ a high] tribunal be=e ! b> ( :i* all ^! are summon$4 7#d7 ,x appeals to ! reason ( ! race--! reason appropriate to ! race z enlight5$ & fre$ f ! %ackles ( local prejudice & re/rict$ sympa?y4 7#e7 ,x recognizes t man c give expression to 8 nature1 c satisfy 8 desires & ex]cise 8 reason1 only z aid$ by 8 physical & social environm5t4 ,x emphasizes ! necessity ( a c]ta9 rev]5ce = ! actual hi/orical developm5t ( human societies1 ) _! in/itutions4 ,su* in/itutions are ! embodim5t ( reason--n pure reason1 b reason /ruggl+ to get itself express$ z x c4 ,he :o w\ld legislate = man indep5d5tly ( su* in/itutions has left ! solid e>? & man f> beh9d4 ,he is susp5d$ 9 ! void4 #hf4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,civilization4--,civilizations diff]2 "s are m mat]ial1 lay+ /ress ^u man's conque/ ( 8 mat]ial environm5t4 ,o!rs exhibit a great] appreciation ( ideali/ic elem5ts1 ! pursuit ( k = its own sake1 ! cultivation ( ! f9e arts1 ! developm5t ( humanit>ian s5tim5t4 ,= civilization 9 g5]al x is n necess>y to advance an argum5t4 ,b !re are elem5ts 9 _m civilizations :i* ! ?\ghtful man may feel call$ ^u to def5d4 ,civilization1 tak5 g5]ally1 sc>cely ne$s a labor$ ju/ification because x is only 9 a civilization ( "s k9d or o!r t we c look = a gu>antee ( ! broad social w1 = ! reign ( reason4 ,undevelop$ man is at ! m]cy ( nature2 he is ! sport ( hi/ory4 ,:]e develop$ man c raise 8 voice1 man possess$ ( p[] & capable ( tak+ broad views ( ?+s1 ! rule ( reason may be set up4 ,a delib]ate attempt may be made to recognize _m wills1 h>monize discords4 ,ord] may be br\ght out ( *aos1 & ! limits ( ! realm )9 ! bord]s ( :i* ord] reigns may be indef9itely ext5d$4 ,su* is ! g5]al e?ical ju/ification = ! rise ( a civilization4 ,x is an expression (1 & an in/rum5t = ! realization (1 ! broad] social w4 ,t a giv5 civilization may be imp]fect 9 bo? respects has be5 made cle> 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,9 ! light ( ! g5]al ju/ification = civilization _m que/ions may be rais$ t\*+ ?is or t elem5t 9 civilizations z we obs]ve !m4 ,?us1 x may be po9t$ out t z man progresses 9 civilization he calls into be+ a multitude ( new wants1 _m ( :i* may h to rema9 unsatisfi$4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e *apt] xxx1 ,sec #adb4 ,x may be ass]t$ t lit]ature1 art & sci5ce are1 9 fact1 *]i%$ z ?\gh !y 7 ends 9 !mselves1 & n means call$ into exi/5ce to s]ve ! int]e/s ( man4 ,absorb+ z x may be to him1 h[ c ! philologi/ prove t 8 sci5ce is useful to humanity ei!r pres5t or prospective8 ,h[ %all ! a/ronom]1 :o may frankly admit t he _c conceive t n9e t5?s ( ! "w ) :i* he occupies himself c ev] be ( any actual use to anyone1 ju/ify himself 9 devot+ 8 life to x8 ,%all a curiosity1 :i* seems to lead n[h]e1 be satisfi$8 ,& if s1 on :at gr\nd8 ,moreov]1 e civilization recognizes t "s wills are to be giv5 a m unequivocal recognition ?an o!rs4 ,inequality is ! rule4 ,a man does n put 8 own *ildr5 ^u a level ) ^? ( 8 neighbor4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ democratic ( /ates m5 d n /& ^u ! same level4 ,9 deal+ ) our own fell[s we d n employ ! same weights & measures z 9 deal+ ) =eign]s4 ,:o loses 8 appetite = 8 breakfa/ :5 he reads t !re h be5 inundations 9 ,*9a or t an ,african tribe has come "u ! protection ( a race ( ano!r color8 ,! :ite man has add$ to 8 burd5--! burd5 ( economic advantage pres5t or prospective--& we f9d x z x %\ld be4 ,f9ally1 :5 we br+ )9 our horizon ! int]e/s ( humbl] s5ti5t creatures1 we see t !y are unhesitat+ly subord9at$ to our own4 ,"s att5tion is paid to !m 9 civiliz$ communities4 ,!y are recogniz$1 n m]ely by cu/om & public op9ion1 b1 to "s degree1 ev5 by law4 ,m5 are puni%$ = treat+ c]ta9 animals 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,b :y8 ,h ! animals rights8 ,!re is no topic )9 ! sph]e ( morals ^u :i* morali/s speak ) m wav]+ & unc]ta9 acc5ts4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] ,,xxx1 ,sec #ada4 ,i "k ( no way 9 :i* su* problems z ! above c be approa*$ o!r ?an by ! appeal to reason1 z reason has be5 und]/ood 9 ! pages prec$+4 ,! reign ( reason implies ! recognition ( all wills1 s f> z su* a recognition is )9 ! b\nds ( possibility4 ,! escape f *aos lies 9 ! evolution ( ! enlight5$ social w4 ,man mu/ be rais$ 9 ! scale1 9 ord] t he may h control2 control ov] himself1 ov] o!r m51 ov] ! brutes4 ,& he _c rise except ?r\gh ! hi/orical evolution ( a social ord]4 ,?is implies ! developm5t ( ! capacities lat5t 9 man4 ,to decide t any ( 8 capacities %all be all[$ to rema9 dormant may ?reat5 future developm5t4 ,to cut (f c]ta9 arts & sci5ces z n palpably s]v+ ! int]e/s ( man is a dang]\s ?+4 ,to ignore ! actual hi/ory ( man's ef=ts to become a rational be+1 & to place1 h5ce1 all wills ^u ! "o level1 is to fru/rate ! desir$ end4 ,x is n ?us t ! reign ( reason c be e/abli%$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,individual ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,w #hg4 ,,man',s ,,multiple ,,allegiance4--,we h se5 t ea* man has 8 place 9 a social ord]4 ,?is ord] is ! expression & ! embodim5t ( ! social w1 :i* accepts him1 protects him1 gives him a %>e 9 ! goods ! community has s f> atta9$1 recognizes 8 individual w 9 t x accords to him rights1 & prescribes 8 c\rse ( conduct1 t is1 def9es 8 duties or obligations4 ,! social w is au?oritative2 x issues comm&s & en=ces ob$i5ce4 ,) its comm&s ! individual may be 9 sympa?y or he may n4 ,b ^u ob$i5ce ! social w insi/s1 & x compasses its ends by ! be/[al ( rew>ds or ! infliction ( puni%m5t4 ,! moral law to :i* man ?us f9ds himself subject is some?+ n :olly =eign to ! nature ( ! individual4 ,x has come into be+ z an expression ( ! nature ( man4 ,t nature ! individual %>es ) 8 fell[s4 ,ob$i5ce to ! social w w\ld be a relatively simple matt] 7 t w always unequivocally & unmi/akably express$1 & did all ! memb]s ( a community feel ! pressure ( ! social w 9 ! same mann] & to ! same degree4 ,b ! :ole matt] is indef9itely complicat$ by :at may be call$ man's multiple allegiance4 ,organiz$ societies d n consi/ ( undiff]5tiat$ units4 ,!y are n m]e aggregates1 bo? are highly complex 9 _! int]nal con/itution4 ,a consci5ti\s man may feel t he owes duties to himself1 to 8 imm$iate family1 to 8 k9dr$1 to 8 neighborhood1 to 8 social class1 to 8 political p>ty1 to 8 *ur*1 to 8 c\ntry1 to its allies1 to humanity4 ,! social w does n br+ its pressure to be> ^u ! man :o holds "o place 9 ! social ord] j z x does ^u him :o holds ano!r4 ,nor are ! injunctions laid ^u a man always 9 h>mony4 ,! dem&s ( family may seem to conflict ) ^? ( neighborhood or ( pr(ession2 duties to ! *ur* may seem to conflict ) duties to ! /ate2 patriotism may appe> to be m or less 9 conflict ) an int]e/ 9 humanity tak5 broadly4 ,t ! individual %\ld (t5 approa* 9 d\bt & hesitation ! decision z to :at x is1 on ! :ole1 8 duty to d1 is n surpris+4 ,nor is x surpris+ t individuals ! mo/ consci5ti\s %\ld f9d x impossible to be at "o on ! subject ( rights & duties4 ,two m5 may agree p]fectly t x is "r to d good1 & be q unable to agree j :at good x is "r to d n[1 or ) :om "o %\ld make a beg9n+4 #hh4 ,,! ,,appeal ,,to ,,reason4--,7 !re no appeal save to ! social w z x happ5s to make its pressure felt ^u ?is p]son or t1 9 ?is situation or t1 !re c\ld be no issue to dispute4 ,dispute w\ld be useless & %e] dogmatism w\ld prevail4 ,b !re is su* an appeal & m5 d make x1 :]e !y are 9 any degree enlight5$4 ,x is ! appeal to ,reason4 ,he :o says3 ,i h especial rights1 j because ,i am ,smi?1 & s has my fa!r1 because he is my fa!r1 has no gr\nd ( argum5t ) ,jones1 :o says3 ,i h especial rights because ,i am ,jones1 & s has my fa!r1 because he is my fa!r4 ,^u su* a basis1 or lack ( basis1 all discussion becomes fatu\s4 ,b if ,smi? & ,jones agree t duties to self %\ld only )9 limits be recogniz$1 & t duties to family h _! place ^u ! l>g] backgr\nd ( ! w ( ! /ate1 !y may1 at lea/1 beg9 to talk4 ,! multiple allegiance ( ! individual does n mean t a man is subject to a multitude ( indep5d5t ma/]s ^: sev]al claims h no relation to "o ano!r4 ,an appeal may be made f l[] to high]4 ,we h se5 t1 9 ! organization ( a giv5 society1 ! social w may be imp]fectly express$4 ,x may come ab\t t ! place 9 ! social ord] assign$ to a man cramps & pa9s him1 or =ces him to ex]tions :i* seem intol]able4 ,he may passively accept x1 or he may set himself 9 opposition to ! social w z x is1 appeal+ to a bett] social w4 ,! fact t an individual f9ds himself out ( h>mony ) giv5 aspects ( ! social w *>act]i/ic ( 8 age & c\ntry is no pro( t he desires to set himself up 9 opposition to ! social w 9 g5]al4 ,9 a giv5 in/ance1 he may be1 f ! /&po9t ( exi/+ law1 a crim9al4 ,yet he may rev]5ce ! law above 8 fell[s4 ,8 ab]rations ne$ n be arbitr>y w&]+s1 prompt$ by selfi% impulses4 ,he may leave ! beat5 track because he does n approve ( x1 :i* is a v diff]5t ?+ f dislik+ x4 ,"s w judge him to be a pe/il5t fell[2 "s w rate him z a re=m]1 a prophet1 p]haps a m>tyr4 ,nei!r judgm5t is ( ! lea/ value s long z x reflects m]ely ! ta/es or prejudices ( ! individual4 ,ea* mu/ ju/ify itself be=e ! b> ( reason1 if x w\ld h a respectful he>+4 ,a reason mu/ be giv5 = cons]vatism & a reason mu/ be giv5 = re=m4 #hi4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,reason ,,& ,,! ,,v>y+ ,,moral ,,codes4--,sev]al advantages may be claim$ = ! e?ical doctr9e ,i h be5 advocat+3 7#a7 ,x gives a relative ju/ification to ! v>y+ moral codes ( communities ( m5 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! pres5t4 ,a code may1 ev5 :5 imp]fect f "s high] po9t ( view1 fit well a community at a giv5 /age ( its developm5t4 ,x may be a man's duty to obey its injunctions1 ev5 :]e !y are n se5 to be ! wise/ possible4 ,"o reason = b[+ to cu/om is t x is cu/om2 "o reason = obey+ laws is t !y are laws4 ,!y embody ! p]man5ce & /ability ( ! social w1 & h a prima facie claim to our rev]5ce4 7#b7 ,9 recogniz+ ! social w z some?+ deep] & broad] ?an ! w ( ! individual1 z hav+ its roots 9 ! remote pa/ & z rea*+ into ! di/ant future1 x admits ! futility ( devis+ utopian s*emes :i* w\ld bless humanity 9 defiance ( ! actual expressions ( ! social w reveal$ 9 ! developm5t ( human societies4 ,! :im ( ! individual _c well be sub/itut$ = ! settl$ purpose ( ! community--a purpose rip5$ by g5]ations ( exp]i5ce1 & adju/$ to :at is possible "u exi/+ conditions4 7#c7 ,on ! o!r h&1 x di/+ui%es betwe5 l[] & high] e?ical codes1 or codes l[] or high] 9 c]ta9 ( _! aspects4 ,x sets a /&>d ( comp>ison2 x recognizes progress t[>ds a goal4 7#d7 ,&1 9 all ?is1 x does n appe> to decide arbitr>ily ei!r :at is ! goal ( man's moral ef=ts or :at means mu/ be adopt$ to atta9 to x4 ,x re/s ^u a /udy ( man2 man z he has be51 man z he is1 9 all ! manifold relations 9 :i* he /&s to 8 environm5t1 physical & social4 ,!re are o!r e?ical !ories 9 ! field1 ( c\rse4 ,"s ( !m are advocat$ by m5 ( orig9al g5ius & ( no little le>n+4 ,"s des]ve m att5tion ?an o!rs1 b all %\ld h a he>+1 at lea/4 ,a close scrut9y w (t5 reveal t advocates ( diff]5t !ories are by no means s f> ap>t z a ha/y read+ ( _! works w\ld sugge/4 ,writ]s ! mo/ div]se may assi/ "o to a compreh5sion ( "o's own !ory4 ,its implications may be develop$1 objections to x may be sugge/$1 its /rong po9ts may /& reveal$4 ,by no means ! lea/ important "p ( a "w on e?ics is its treatm5t ( ! s*ools ( ! morali/s4 ,if x be writt5 ) any degree ( fairness1 x may conta9 :at w s]ve ! read] ) an antidote to errone\s op9ions on ! "p ( ! writ]4 ,to a /udy ( ! mo/ important s*ools ( ! morali/s ,i %all n[ turn4 ,,"p ,,vii ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,morali/s ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,intuitionism #ij4 ,,:at ,,is ,,x8--,we come into ! _w1 said ,epictetus1 ) no natural notion ( a "r-angl$ triangle1 or ( a qu>t]-tone1 or ( a half-tone2 b we le>n ea* ( ^! ?+s by a c]ta9 transmission accord+ to art2 & = ?is reason ^? :o d n "k !m d n ?9k t !y "k !m4 ,b z to good & evil1 & beautiful & ugly1 & becom+ & unbecom+1 & happ9ess & mis=tune1 & prop] & improp]1 & :at we ought to d & :at we ought n to d1 :o ev] came into ! _w )\t hav+ an innate idea ( !m8 ,footnote3 ,disc\rses1 ,book ,,ii1 *apt] xi1 translation by ,,george ,,long4 ,s5eca adds 8 te/imony to ! self-lum9\s "* ( moral tru?3 ,:atev] ?+s t5d to make u bett] or happi] are ei!r obvi\s or easily discov]$4 ,footnote3 ,on ,b5efits1 ,book ,,vii1 *apt] i4 ,) ! g5]al _s ( ^! utt]ances ! typical intuitioni/ is 9 sympa?y1 al?\gh he ne$ n ass5t to ! doctr9e ( innate ideas1 nor ne$ he hold t all moral tru?s are equally self-evid5t4 ,!re are intuitioni/s ( v>i\s classes1 & !re are suffici5tly notable diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,/ill1 all intuitioni/s believe t "s moral tru?1 at lea/1 is reveal$ to ! individual by direct inspection 7intueor71 & t we mu/ be cont5t ) su* evid5ce & mu/ n seek = pro(4 ,x may be ma9ta9$ t our moral judgm5ts--or "s ( !m--are ! result ( an imm$iate disc]nm5t ( ! natures ( ?+s by ! und]/&+4 & appeal may be made to ! analogy furni%$ by ma!matical tru?s4 ,footnote3 ,?is appeal has be5 made by fam\s intuitioni/s f ! sev5te5? c5tury to ! n9ete5?-- ,cudwor?1 ,m1 ,locke1 ,cl>ke1 ,price1 ,:ewell4 #ia4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,intuitionism4--,=ms ( intuitionism h be5 conv5i5tly classifi$ z ,p]ceptional1 ,dogmatic & ,philosophical4 ,footnote3 ,,sidgwick1 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,i1 *apt] viii1 ,sec #d4 ,to ?is nom5clature x may be object$ t ! t]m dogmatic c>ries ) x a c]ta9 flavor ( disapprobation1 & pr$isposes "o to ! assumption ( a critical attitude1 :ile ! t]m philosophical has ! rev]se sugge/ion1 & smacks ( special plead+4 ,:ile admitt+ t !re is some?+ 9 ! objection1 ,i reta9 ! conv5i5t t]ms1 m]ely w>n+ ! read] to be on 8 gu>d4 7#a7 ,p]ceptional ,intuitionism falls back ^u ! analogy ( p]ception 9 g5]al4 ,i seem to p]ceive by direct inspection t my blott] is gre51 & t my p5hold] is long] ?an my p5cil4 ,i d n seek = evid5ce2 ,i d n h rec\rse to any *a9 ( reason+s to e/abli% ! fact4 ,& ,i am conc]n$ "h ) facts1 n ) "s g5]al proposition applicable to _m facts4 ,ev5 s1 ,i may ma9ta9 t1 9 specific situations1 ! rightness or wrongness ( giv5 c\rses ( action may be p]ceiv$ imm$iately4 ,he :o accepts ! spontane\s deliv]ances ( 8 consci5ce1 :5 confront$ ) ! necessity ( mak+ a decision1 z revelations ( moral tru?1 may be call$ a p]ceptional intuitioni/4 ,! deliv]ances mu/1 h[ev]1 be spontane\s & imm$iate1 n ! result ( reason+4 ,if a man reasons1 if he falls back ^u g5]al consid]ations1 if he looks into ! future & weighs ! consequ5ces ( 8 act1 &1 z a result1 decides :at he ought to d1 he is no long] a p]ceptional intuitioni/4 ,! p]ceptional intuitioni/1 consi/5tly & unres]v$ly su*1 is r an ideal con/ruction ?an an actually exi/+ p]son4 ,mo/ m51 on c]ta9 occasions1 are incl9$ to say1 ,i feel ?is to be "r1 & w d x1 al?\gh ,i _c support my decision by giv+ reasons4 ,_m m5 are1 at times1 tempt$ to ma9ta9 t a giv5 c\rse ( action is evid5tly "r & %\ld be foll[$ irrespective ( consequ5ces4 ,b ?is is n ! habitual attitude ev5 ( m5 v little gift$ ) reflection1 & x is highly unsatisfactory to ^? :o h ! habit ( ?9k+4 ,primitive man supports 8 decisions by an appeal to cu/om4 ,civiliz$ man turns to cu/om1 to law1 or to g5]al pr9ciples ( "s sort1 :i* he accepts z au?oritative1 & :i* he reg>ds z hav+ a be>+ ^u ! p>ticul> in/ance 9 "q4 ,t individual decisions %\ld be capable ( "s sort ( ju/ification by ! adduction ( a reason or reasons is g5]ally admitt$4 ,no sane man w\ld ma9ta9 ! g5]al proposition t ! consequ5ces ( acts %\ld be :olly disreg>d$ 9 det]m9+ :e!r !y are or are n desirable4 7#b7 ,?us1 ,p]ceptional ,intuitionism gives place to :at has be5 call$ ,dogmatic ,intuitionism--to ! doctr9e t c]ta9 g5]al moral rules c be imm$iately p]ceiv$ to be valid4 ,! application ( su* g5]al rules to p>ticul> in/ances implies discrim9ation & ! use ( reason4 ,"h decisions are n :olly unsupport$4 ,reasons may be ask$ = & giv54 ,9 answ] to ! "q3 ,:y %\ld ,i say ?is or t8 x may be said3 ,because ! law ( v]acity dem&s x4 ,9 answ] to ! "q3 ,:y %\ld ,i act ?us8 x may be said3 ,because x is j1 or is 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( b5evol5ce4 ,! g5]al rule is accept$ z intuitively evid5t1 b x is incumb5t ^u ! individual to use 8 judgm5t 9 det]m9+ :at may prop]ly fall "u ! g5]al rule4 ,b !re are rules & rules4 ,x is n easy to draw a %>p l9e betwe5 ,p]ceptional ,intuitionism & ,dogmatic1 j z x is n easy 9 o!r fields to di/+ui% %>ply betwe5 k giv5 directly 9 p]ception1 & k 9 :i* m or less consci\s processes ( inf]5ce play a "p4 ,d ,i p]ceive ! man :om ,i see1 :5 ,i look into a mirror1 to be beh9d ! mirror or 9 front ( x8 ,d ,i p]ceive ! :]eab\ts ( ! coa* :i* ,i he> rattl+ by my w9d[1 or does reason+ play its "p 9 giv+ me in=mation8 ,& if ,i foll[ my consci5ce 9 n )hold+ f ! cabman ! small cu/om>y fee 9 addition to 8 f>e1 am ,i prompt$ by an unreason$ p]ception ( ! rightness ( my act1 or am ,i influ5c$ by g5]al consid]ations--! ?\ght ( :at is cu/om>y1 ! belief t gratuities %\ld n be )held :]e s]vices ( a c]ta9 k9d are r5d]$1 etc48 ,ev5 s1 x is difficult to draw a %>p l9e betwe5 ,dogmatic ,intuitioni/s & ,philosophical1 or to reg>d ,dogmatic ,intuitioni/s z a cle>ly def9$ class ( any sort4 ,a man may accept x z self-evid5t t a wait] %\ld receive t5 p] c5t ( ! am\nt ( 8 bill2 a woman may f9d x obvi\sly prop] t an old lady %\ld we> purple4 ,^? little giv5 to reflection may accept su* maxims z ^! )\t attempt+ to ju/ify !m by fall+ back ^u any m g5]al rule4 ,we all f9d ab\t u human be+s :o h _! m9ds /or$ ) a multitude ( maxims n greatly diff]5t f ^? adduc$1 & :o f9d !m s]viceable 9 guid+ _! actions4 ,b ?\ghtful m5 c sc>cely be cont5t ) su* a modicum ( reason1 & !y di/+ui% betwe5 ultimate pr9ciples & m9or maxims :i* /& 9 ne$ ( ju/ification by _! ref]5ce to pr9ciples4 ,! intuitional morali/s by pr(ession draw ?is di/9ction4 ,we f9d !m sett+ =? z ultimate a limit$ numb] ( e?ical pr9ciples ( a high degree ( g5]ality4 ,x is obvi\s t1 ! m g5]al ! pr9ciple1 ! m room = consci\s reason+ 9 its int]pretation & application4 ,! man to :om x appe>s z 9 ! nature ( ?+s suitable t ! wait] %\ld receive 8 t5 p] c5t is reliev$ f _m p]plexities :i* may beset ! man :o feels assur$ only ( ! g5]al tru? t x is "r to be b5evol5t4 ,a glance at a few ( ! morali/s :o are treat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( e?ics z repres5tative intuitioni/s reveals t !y are little 9 h>mony z t\*+ ! p>ticul> moral intuitions :i* !y urge z ! f\ndation ( e?ics4 ,?us1 ,john ,locke ma9ta9s t f ! idea ( ,god1 & ( ourselves z rational be+s1 a sci5ce ( morality may be d$uc$ demon/ratively2 a sci5ce3 :]e9 ,i d\bt n b f self-evid5t propositions1 by necess>y consequ5ces1 z inconte/ible z ^? 9 ma!matics1 ! measures ( "r & wrong might be made out to anyone t w apply himself ) ! same indiff]5cy & att5tion to ! "o1 z he does to ! o!r ( ^? sci5ces4 ,footnote3 ,essay ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ,book ,,iv1 *apt] iii1 ,sec #ah4 ,among ,locke's self-evid5t propositions or moral axioms we f9d3 :]e !re is no prop]ty !re is no inju/ice2 no gov]nm5t all[s absolute lib]ty2 all m5 are orig9ally free & equal2 p>5ts h ! p[] to control _! *ildr5 till !y come ( age2 ! "r ( prop]ty is bas$ ^u "w1 b is limit$ by ! supply ( prop]ty left = o!rs to enjoy4 ,footnote3 ,see above1 *apt] iii1 ,sec #aj4 ,^! axioms _c be id5tifi$ ) ,samuel ,cl>ke's f\r *ief rules ( righte\sness1 :i* inculcate3 piety t[>d ,god1 equity 9 our deal+s ) m51 b5evol5ce1 & sobriety4 ,footnote3 ,a ,disc\rse conc]n+ ! ,unalt]able ,relations ( ,natural ,religion1 ,prop4 ,i4 ,ri*>d ,price gives u /ill ano!r *oice1 9 dwell+ ^u our obligation z reg>ds piety1 prud5ce1 b5efic5ce1 gratitude1 v]acity1 ! fulfillm5t ( promises1 & ju/ice4 ,footnote3 ,a ,review ( ! ,pr9cipal ,que/ions & ,difficulties 9 ,morals1 *apt] vii4 ,& ,:ewell1 emulat+ ! p]=mance ( ,euclid1 tri$ to build up a sy/em ( morals ^u axioms embody+ ! sev5 pr9ciples ( b5evol5ce1 ju/ice1 tru?1 purity1 ord]1 e>ne/ness1 & moral purpose4 ,footnote3 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,morality1 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] iv4 ,^! morali/s press ! analogy ( ma!matical tru?4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t a r[ ( text-books on geometry1 ) s scatt]+ & indef9ite a collection ( axioms1 w\ld d little to support "o ano!r2 & little to conv9ce u t !y repres5t$ a coh]5t & consi/5t body ( tru? 9 :i* we might h unque/ion+ fai?4 7#c7 ,x is n unnatural t "s ?\ghtful intuitioni/s1 dissatisfi$ ) a consid]able numb] ( indep5d5t moral pr9ciples1 %\ld aim at a fur!r simplification4 ,su* a simplification ,kant f9ds 9 ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 or unconditional comm& ( ! ,practical ,reason3 ,act only on t maxim :]eby ?\ can/ at ! same "t w t x %\ld become a univ]sal law4 ,footnote3 ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ! ,metaphysic ( ,morals1 ,sec #b4 ,& ,h5ry ,sidgwick1 refus+ to reg>d all intuitions z ( equal au?ority1 selects two only z ultimately & indep5d5tly valid--t :i* recomm5ds a f>-see+ prud5ce1 & t :i* urges a rational b5evol5ce4 ,footnote3 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] xiii1 ,sec #c4 ,^? :o make _! ultimate moral rules s broad & inclusive base ^u !m ! multitude ( m9or maxims to :i* m5 are apt to h rec\rse 9 ju/ify+ _! actions4 ,:e!r _! doctr9e may be call$ philosophical 9 a s5se imply+ comm5dation is matt] = discussion4 #ib4 ,,argum5ts ,,= ,,intuitionism4--,:at may be said 9 favor ( intuitionism8 7#a7 ,x may be urg$ t x is ! doctr9e :i* appeals mo/ directly to common s5se1 & t x is f\nd reasonably satisfactory 9 practice by m5 g5]ally4 ,intuition appe>s to be1 9 fact1 man's guide 9 an ov]:elm+ majority ( ! situations 9 :i* he is call$ ^u to act4 ,9 ! face ( ! concrete situation he feels t he %\ld say a k9d ^w1 help a neighbor1 /& 8 gr\nd c\rage\sly1 speak ! tru?1 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s :i* a morali/ might1 ^u reflection1 approve4 ,t he feels ?is does n mean m]ely t he is influ5c$ by an emotion4 ,we con/antly employ ! ^w to indicate ! pres5ce ( a judgm5t :i* pres5ts itself spontane\sly & = :i* m5 _c or d n seek support by hav+ rec\rse to reasons4 ,he :o1 )\t reflection1 affirms1 ?is action is "r1 has fram$ a moral judgm5t4 ,he has 9 a giv5 in/ance di/+ui%$ betwe5 "r & wrong1 al?\gh he has n rais$ ! g5]al problem ( :at con/itutes "r & wrong4 ,he has ex]cis$ ! pr]ogative ( a moral be+1 ?\gh n ( a v ?\ghtful "o4 ,we h se5 above1 t p]ceptional intuitionism t5ds to pass ov] into dogmatic intuitionism ( "s sort1 ev5 9 ! case ( m9ds little develop$4 ,! egoi/ic ru/ic may def5d 8 selfi%ness by cit+ ! prov]b1 my %irt is clos] to me ?an my coat4 ,if he does s1 x means t a d\bt has be5 sugge/$1 a conflict ( "s sort call$ into be+4 ,7 su* conflicts1 caus+ hesitation & delib]ation1 ( v frequ5t occurr5ce1 life c\ld sc>cely g on at all4 ,conv]sation w\ld be impossible 7 no ^w plac$ & no inflection *os5 )\t consci\s ref]5ce to ! rules ( gramm>4 ,no man c\ld conduct himself prop]ly 9 a draw+-room or at a table1 7 8 m9d h>k+ back at e mom5t to ! in/ructions conta9$ 9 "s volume on etiquette4 ,he :o mu/ ju/ify e act by reflection is condemn$ to ! j]kie/ & mo/ hesitant ( moral lives4 ,p]ceptional moral intuition mu/ /& our fri5d1 if !re is to be a fl[ ( conduct wor?y ( ! "n4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 occasions = *eck+ ! fl[ by reflection4 ,!n m5 are =c$ to ?9k1 & we f9d !m appeal+ to cu/om1 cit+ prov]bs1 quot+ maxims1 tak+ _! /& ^u pr9ciples4 ,rec\rse may be _h to g5]alizations ( a v l[ or ( a v high degree ( g5]ality4 ,b l[ or high1 x is ^u intuitions t m5 actually fall back 9 ju/ify+ _! actions4 ,b5evol5ce1 ju/ice1 hone/y1 tru?fulness1 purity1 honor1 mode/y1 c\rtesy1 & :at n1 are intuitively p]ceiv$ to be "r1 & an ef=t is made to br+ ! individual act "u "s "o ( ^! head+s4 ,! mass ( m51 ev5 9 enlight5$ communities1 d n feel impell$ to ju/ify ^! g5]al moral maxims1 to r$uce !m to a h>moni\s sy/em1 or to reconcile ) ea* o!r ! diff]5t li/s ( !m :i* h be5 drawn up4 ,!y f9d x possible 9 practice to resolve mo/ ( _! d\bts by an appeal to ?is maxim or to t4 ,f su* d\bts z refuse to be resolv$ !y are apt to turn away _! att5tion4 ,b ! moral life goes on1 & to intuitions x owes its guidance4 ,z to ! few :o r$uce ! moral intuitions to a m9imum1 &1 l ,kant & ,sidgwick1 end ) "o or two ultimate intuitional moral pr9ciples1 we may say t !y1 l o!r m51 are compell$1 9 ! actual conduct ( life1 to turn to intuitions ( l[] ord]s4 ,all sorts ( moral intuitions are actually f\nd helpful by all sorts ( m54 7#b7 ,to ! m9ds ( m5 diff]+ 9 _! education & traditions1 & at diff]5t /ages ( intellectual & moral developm5t1 v diff]5t moral judgm5ts spontane\sly pres5t !mselves4 ,x is n a matt] ( accid5t t ?is man may feel an action to be "r1 & t man may feel x to be wrong4 ,!re is evid5t adaptation ( ! judgm5ts to hi/ory & environm5t4 ,!y spr+ into be+ because ! m5 are :at !y are & are situat$ z !y are4 ,x is ?is adaptation t r5d]s ! moral intuitions s]viceable 9 c>ry+ on ! actual bus9ess ( life4 ,x is m complete1 ! less ab/ract ! moral intuitions :i* come into play4 ,plato1 :o 9 8 ,laws ent]s v m9utely into ! "q ( ! p]missible & ! =bidd5 9 ! life ( ! citiz5s ( 8 ideal /ate1 f9ds x necess>y to leave "s ?+s to ! judgm5t ( ! individual4 ,?us1 he f9ds x impossible to det]m9e exhau/ively :at ?+s are1 & :at ?+s are n1 wor?y ( a freeman4 ,he leaves x to ! virtu\s to give judgm5ts 9 accordance ) _! feel+s ( "r & wrong4 ,footnote3 ,book ,,xi2 see ! acc\nt ( ! occupations p]missible to ! l&$ proprietor4 ,! intuitions ( ! m$iaeval sa9t1 ( ! upright mod]n ,european1 ( ! virtu\s ,*9aman1 w\ld h impress$ him z )\t rhyme or reason4 ,he appeal$ to ! ,greek g5tleman1 ^: s5se ( propriety 0 ,greek1 & might be expect$ to be adju/$ to ! situation4 7#c7 ,! intuitive judgm5t ( a s5sitive moral nature may (t5 be m ne>ly "r ?an moral judgm5ts bas$ ^u ! mo/ subtle ( reason+s4 ,x is n h>d to f9d1 ) a little +5uity1 app>5t ju/ification = actions :i* ! consci5ces ( ! enlight5$ condemn at fir/ sight4 ,sc>cely any action may n be br\ght "u "s moral rule1 if "o delib]ately sets out to d s4 ,a n>r[ selfi%ness is def5d$ z c>+ = "o's own2 a refusal ( aid to ! ne$y is ju/ifi$ by a ref]5ce to ! evils ( paup]ization2 patriotism becomes ! excuse = hatr$1 wilful bl9dness & untru?ful vilification4 ,to ! sophi/ries ( ^? :o w\ld ?us make ! worse appe> ! bett]1 ! intuitive judgm5t ( ! moral man opposes its unreason$ conviction4 ,t ! conviction is n support$ by argum5ts does n prove t x is n a j "o4 #ic4 ,,argum5ts ,,aga9/ ,,intuitionism4--,:at may be urg$ aga9/ ,intuitionism8 7#a7 ,x may be po9t$ out t su* consid]ations z ! above con/itute an argum5t to prove ! value ( moral intuitions1 & n "o to prove ! value ( intuitionism z an e?ical !ory4 ,t moral intuitions are indisp5sable may be freely admitt$ ev5 by "o :o demurs to ! doctr9e t intuitionism 9 "s "o ( its =ms may be accept$ z a satisfactory !ory ( morals4 7#b7 ,p]ceptional ,intuitionism1 at lea/1 _c be reg>d$ z embody+ a rational !ory or furni%+ a sci5ce ( any sort4 ,its "o & only dogma mu/ be t :atev] actions reveal !mselves to ?is man or t z "r1 are "r1 & !re is no go+ beh9d ! judgm5t ( ! individual4 ,%all we say to m53 ,9 ord] to "k :at is "r & :at is wrong 9 human conduct1 we ne$ only to li/5 to ! dictates ( consci5ce :5 ! m9d is calm & unruffl$8 ,footnote3 ,,?omas ,,reid1 ,essays on ! ,active ,p[]s ( ,man1 v1 ,sec #d4 ,z well say3 ,! "r "t is ! "t indicat$ by y\r wat*1 :5 y are n %ak+ x4 ,if m5 are to keep appo9tm5ts ) ea* o!r1 !y mu/ h "s o!r /&>d ( "t ?an t c>ri$ by ea* man 9 8 ve/-pocket4 ,p]ceptional ,intuitionism ignores ! fact t consci5ces may sometimes disagree1 & t !re may be a *oice 9 consci5ces4 ,! consi/5t p]ceptional intuitioni/ is1 h[ev]1 sc>cely to be f\nd1 z has be5 said above2 & we actually f9d ^?1 "s ( ^: utt]ances read z ?\gh ! au?ors ought to be adh]5ts ( su* a s*ool1 dwell+ ^u ! desirability ( ! education ( ! consci5ce1 i4e41 ^u ! desirability ( acquir+ a capacity = hav+ ! "r intuitions4 ,9 o!r words1 !y tell u to foll[ our noses--b to make sure t !y po9t 9 ! "r direction4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,?omas ,,reid1 ,essays on ! ,active ,p[]s ( ,man1 iii1 ,"p #c1 ,sec #h ,9 :i* case ! det]m9ation ( ! "r direction is n left to p]ceptional intuition4 7#c7 ,! ,dogmatic ,intuitioni/ has difficulties ( 8 own ) :i* to cope4 ,x is n en\gh to possess a collection ( valid & au?oritative rules4 ,! rules mu/ be appli$2 !re is room = ! ex]cise ( judgm5t & = ! possibility ( error4 ,error is n exclud$ ev5 :5 ! rule appe>s to be at only "o or two removes f ! individual in/ance2 :]e ! rule is "o ( great g5]ality ! problem ( its application becomes correspond+ly difficult4 ,! int]pretation ( ! rule is n giv5 intuitively ) ! rule4 ,?is means t ! rule mu/1 9 practice1 be supplem5t$4 ,always & ev]y:]e1 a /raight l9e appe>s to be ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts4 ,:at is meant by %ortness h>dly seems to be legitimate matt] = dispute4 ,b ! man conv9c$ t he ought to pay 8 workman a fair wage1 & t he ought to d 8 duty by 8 son1 may be 9 no little p]plexity :5 he attempts to def9e t fair wage or t p>5tal duty4 ,if he turns = advice to o!rs1 he w f9d t hi/ory & tradition1 "t1 place & circum/ance1 v p]ceptibly color ! advice !y (f]4 ,! application ( ! g5]al rule is1 h5ce1 q z important z ! rule4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z conduct 9 ! ab/ract4 ,let u admit t b5evol5ce is morally obligatory4 ,h[ %all we be b5evol5t8 ,%all we foll[ ,cic]o1 & give only t :i* co/s u no?+8 or %all we emulate ,/4 ,francis8 ,! g5]al rule may be a faultless skeleton1 b x is1 aft] all1 only a skeleton1 & x _c walk ( itself4 ,aga94 ,! dogmatic intuitioni/ has q a collection ( rules by :i* he mu/ judge ( 8 actions4 ,!y are sev]ally indep5d5t & au?oritative4 ,suppose an act appe>s to be comm&$ by "o rule & =bidd5 by ano!r8 ,:o %all decide betwe5 !m8 ,prud5ce & b5evol5ce may urge him 9 opposite directions4 ,b5evol5ce & ju/ice may n obvi\sly be 9 h>mony4 ,! rule ( v]acity may seem1 at times1 to prescribe conduct :i* w entail mu* suff]+ on ! "p ( ! innoc5t4 ,to :at c\rt ( appeal c we ref] ! conflicts :i* may arise :5 ultimate au?orities disagree8 ,he :o1 9 w> "t1 c consci5ti\sly %oot a s5try1 b _c consci5ti\sly lie to him1 may1 lat]1 h 8 misgiv+s1 :5 ! ,gold5 ,rule knocks at ! gate ( 8 m9d4 7#d7 ,nor does he leave all difficulties beh9d him1 :o ab&ons ,dogmatic ,intuitionism & takes refuge 9 ,philosophical4 ,kant's maxim ne$s a va/ am\nt ( int]pretation4 ,z x /&s1 x is little m ?an an empty =mula4 ,:at ,i c wi% to be ! law ( ! univ]se mu/ dep5d v mu* ^u :at ,i am4 ,! lion & ! lamb d n ?ir/ = ! same law4 ,to ! qu>relsome h]oes ( ,walhalla a _w ( p]petual fight+ & fea/+ mu/ seem a v good _w1 9 spite ( knocks receiv$ z well z giv54 ,kant's fundam5tal maxim sc>cely appe>s to be a moral rule at all1 unless we make x read3 ,act on a maxim :i* a wise & good man c w to be a univ]sal law4 ,b h[ decide :o is ! wise & good man8 ,! philosophical intuitioni/ :o accepts m ?an "o ultimate moral rule mu/ face ! possibility t he w meet ) a conflict ( ! high] intuitions to :i* he has _h rec\rse4 ,%all 8 intuitions be ^? recomm5d+ a rational self-int]e/ & a rational b5evol5ce8 ,c he be sure t ! two are necess>ily 9 accord8 ,c !re be a rational adju/m5t ( ! claims ( ea*8 ,n if !re be no c\rt ( appeal to :i* bo? intuitions are subject4 ,footnote3 ,) 8 usual c&or1 ,,sidgwick admits ?is difficulty4 ,he leaves x unresolv$4 ,see1 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 9 ! conclud+ *apt]4 ,fur!rmore1 betwe5 ! philosophical & ! dogmatic intuitioni/ s]i\s diff]5ces ( op9ion may be expect$ to arise4 ,he :o makes1 let u say1 b5evol5ce ! supreme law naturally all[s to o!r intuitions1 su* z ju/ice & v]acity1 b a d]ivative au?ority4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t !re may be occasions on :i* !y are n valid4 ,to "s fam\s intuitioni/s ?is has seem$ to be a p]nici\s doctr9e4 ,we are1 writes ,bi%op ,butl]1 con/itut$ s z to condemn falsehood1 unprovok$ viol5ce1 inju/ice1 & to approve ( b5evol5ce to "s pref]ably to o!rs1 ab/ract$ f all consid]ation1 :i* conduct is likelie/ to produce an ov]balance ( happ9ess or mis]y4 ,footnote3 ,diss]tations app5d$ to ! ,analogy1 ,,ii1 ,( ! ,nature ( ,virtue4 ,cf4 ,,dugald ,,/ew>t1 ,outl9es ( ,moral ,philosophy1 ,"p #b1 ,sec #cdh4 ,butl] ?\ght t ju/ice %\ld be done ?\gh ! heav5s fall2 ! philosophical intuitioni/ mu/ ma9ta9 t ! dang] ( br++ d[n ! heav5s is nev] to be lo/ sight (4 ,b ?is doctr9e t !re are intuitions & intuitions1 "s ultimately au?oritative & o!rs n s1 raises ! :ole "q ( ! validity ( intuitions4 ,h[ are we to di/+ui% ^? t are always valid f o!rs8 ,by intuition8 ,intuition appe>s to be discr$it$4 ,& if x is prop] to dem& pro( t ju/ice %\ld be done & ! tru? spok51 :y may "o n dem& pro( t m5 %\ld be prud5t & b5evol5t8 ,"o may talk ( an imm$iate disc]nm5t ( ! nature ( ?+s by ! und]/&+ 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,if error is possible !re1 :y n "h8 #id4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,moral ,,intuitions4--,x w\ld n be fair to close ?is *apt] on intuitionism1 an e?ical !ory compet+ ) o!rs = our approval1 )\t emphasiz+ ! value ( ! role play$ by ! moral intuitions4 ,!y are ! v guide ( life1 & )\t !m our reason+s w\ld be ( little s]vice4 ,!y %\ld be treat$ g5tly1 gratefully1 ) rev]5ce4 ,to !m human societies owe _! /ability1 _! capacity = an ord]ly developm5t1 ! smoo? work+ ( ! ma*9]y ( daily life4 ,_! pres5ce does n exclude ! employm5t ( reason+1 b !y furni% a basis ^u :i* ! reason c occupy itself ) pr(it4 ,!y are a safegu>d aga9/ ^? utopian s*emes :i* w\ld %att] our _w & try exp]im5ts 9 creation out ( no?+4 ,nev]!less1 he :o busies himself ) e?ics z sci5ce mu/ /udy !m critically & /rive to e/imate ju/ly _! true significance4 ,he may come to reg>d !m1 n z some?+ fix$ & *angeless1 b z liv+ & develop+1 com+ into be+1 & modify+ !mselves1 9 ! s]vice ( life4 ,does he di%onor !m :o s views !m8 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,egoism #ie4 ,,:at ,,is ,,egoism8--,egoism has be5 def9$ z any e?ical sy/em 9 :i* ! happ9ess or good ( ! individual is made ! ma9 crit]ion ( moral action1 ,footnote3 ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 #aa? edition4 or z ! do+ or seek+ ( t :i* af=ds pleasure or advantage to oneself1 9 di/9ction to t :i* af=ds pleasure or advantage to o!rs4 ,footnote3 ,c5tury ,diction>y4 ,x may /rike ! av]age read] z odd to be told t su* def9itions bri/le ) ambiguities1 & t x is by no means easy to draw a %>p l9e betwe5 doctr9es :i* ev]yone w\ld admit to be egoi/ic1 & o!rs :i* seem m d\btfully to fall "u t head4 ,happ9ess1 good1 advantage1 self1 all are t]ms :i* call = scrut9y1 & :i* set pitfalls = ! unw>y4 #if4 ,,crass ,,egoisms4--,we may be/ approa* ! subject ( :at may prop]ly be reg>d$ z con/itut+ egoism1 by turn+ fir/ to "o or two t]rible examples4 ,no "o w\ld hesitate to call egoi/ic ! doctr9e ( ,ari/ippus1 ! ,cyr5aic1 ! errant disciple ( ,socrates4 ,he made pleasure ! end ( life1 & taught t x might be s\ght )\t a great] reg>d to cu/om>y morality ?an 0 made prud5t by ! p5alties to be fe>$ z a consequ5ce ( its violation4 ,:]e ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! sy/em ( ! ,cyr5aics falls is evid5t f _! hold+ t corporeal pleasures are sup]ior to m5tal ones1 & t a fri5d is desirable = ! use :i* we c make ( him4 ,footnote3 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,lives ( ! ,philosoph]s1 ,ari/ippus1 viii4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,engli% philosoph]1 ,?omas ,hobbes1 is z unequivocally egoi/ic4 ,( ! volunt>y acts ( e man1 he writes1 ,footnote3 ,levia?an1 ,"p ,i1 xiv4 ! object is "s good to himself2 & aga91 ,footnote ,ibid4 xv4 no man give?1 b ) int5tion ( good to himself2 because gift is volunt>y2 & ( all volunt>y acts ! object is to e man 8 own good4 ,he leaves u 9 no d\bt z to ! sort ( good :i* he conceives m5 to seek :5 !y practice :at has ! appe>ance ( g5]osity4 ,contract he calls a mutual transf]5ce ( rights1 & he di/+ui%es gift f contract z foll[s3 ,:5 ! transf]r+ ( "r is n mutual1 b "o ( ! p>ties transf]re?1 9 hope to ga9 !reby fri5d%ip1 or s]vice f ano!r1 or f 8 fri5ds1 or 9 hope to ga9 ! reputation ( *>ity or magnanimity1 or to deliv] 8 m9d f ! pa9 ( compassion1 or 9 hope ( rew>d 9 heav51 ?is is n contract b gift1 free gift1 grace1 :i* words signify ! same ?+4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,i1 xiv4 ,! italics are m9e4 ,x 0 ?us t ,hobbes acc\nt$ = 8 giv+ a sixp5ce to a begg>3 ,i 0 9 pa9 to consid] ! mis]able condition ( ! old man2 & n[ my alms1 giv+ him "s relief1 do? also ease me4 ,hobbes1 by ,g4 ,c4 ,,rob]tson1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf1 p4 #bjf4 ,!re is a passage f ! p5 ( ! ,briti% div9e1 ,paley1 :i* appe>s to m]it a place alongside ( ! citations f ,hobbes1 widely z ! m5 diff] 9 _m ( _! views4 ,x reads3 ,we c be oblig$ to no?+ b :at we ourselves are to ga9 or lose some?+ by2 = no?+ else c be a 'viol5t motion' to u4 ,z we %\ld n be oblig$ to obey ! laws1 or ! magi/rate1 unless rew>ds or puni%m5ts1 pleasure or pa91 someh[ or o!r1 dep5d$ ^u our ob$i5ce2 s nei!r %\ld we1 )\t ! same reason1 be oblig$ to d :at is "r1 to practice virtue1 or to obey ! comm&m5ts ( ,god4 ,footnote3 ,moral ,philosophy1 ,book ,,ii1 *apt] ii4 #ig4 ,,equivocal ,,egoism8--,! above is unque/ionably egoism4 ,! man :o accepts su* a doctr9e & consi/5tly walks 9 ! light mu/ be set d[n z self-seek+4 ,b self-seek+1 z und]/ood by diff]5t m51 appe>s to take on diff]5t aspects4 ,%all we class all ^? :o frankly accept x z man's only ultimate motive ) ,ari/ippus & ,epicurus & ,hobbes8 ,?omas ,hill ,gre5 writes3 ,any?+ conceiv$ z good 9 su* a way t ! ag5t acts = ! sake ( x1 mu/ be conceiv$ z 8 own good4 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec #ib4 ,! motive to action is1 he ma9ta9s1 always "s idea ( ! man's p]sonal good4 ,footnote3 ,sec ,sec #ie1 #ig4 ,he does n hesitate to say t a man necess>ily lives = himself2 ,footnote3 ,sec #ach4 & he calls ! human self or ! man ,footnote3 ,sec #ii4 a self-seek+ ego1 a self-seek+ subject1 & a self- seek+ p]son4 ,footnote3 ,sec ,sec #ih1 #ajj1 #ade4 ,7 ,gre5's book a lo/ "w1 only pres]v$ to ! memories ( m5 by su* citations z ! above1 ! au?or w\ld c]ta9ly be relegat$ to a class ( morali/s ) :i* he _h1 9 fact1 little sympa?y4 ,b ! book is n lo/1 & by turn+ to x we f9d ,gre5 cont9u+ ! fir/ ( ! above citations ) ! words3 ,?\gh he may conceive x z 8 own good only on acc\nt ( 8 int]e/ 9 o!rs1 & 9 spite ( any am\nt ( suff]+ on 8 own "p incid5tal to its atta9m5t4 ,he is will+ to grant ! self-seek+ ego an eye s+le to its own int]e/s1 b he is c>eful to expla9 t3 ,^! are n m]ely int]e/s dep5d5t on o!r p]sons = ! means to _! gratification1 b int]e/s 9 ! good ( ^? o!r p]sons1 int]e/s :i* _c be satisfi$ )\t ! consci\sness t ^? o!r p]sons are satisfi$4 ,footnote3 ,sec #aii4 ,:5 ,hobbes gave an acc\nt ( ! passions t incl9e m5 to peace1 ,footnote3 ,levia?an1 ,i1 xiii4 he made no m5tion ( ! social nature ( man4 ,t nature ,gre5 conceives to be s ess5tially social t ! individual _c dis5tangle 8 own good f ! good ( 8 fell[s4 ,to live = himself1 s9ce t self is a social self1 means to live = o!rs4 ,may ?is fairly be call$ egoi/ic doctr9e8 #ih4 ,,:at ,,is ,,meant ,,by ,,! ,,self8--,x is suffici5tly cle> t ! happ9ess1 or good1 or advantage1 or int]e/s ( ! individual or self may mean _m ?+s4 ,x is equally cle> t 9 our int]pretation ( all su* t]ms our notions ( ! nature ( ! self w play no inconsid]able role4 ,:at is ! self8 ,9 8 fam\s *apt] on ! ,consci\sness ( ,self1 ,footnote3 ,psy*ology1 ,new ,york1 #ahij1 ,i1 *apt] x4 ,william ,james enum]ates f\r s5ses ( ! ^w4 ,) ?ree ( ^! we may pr(itably occupy ourselves "h4 ,he calls !m ! ,mat]ial ,self1 ! ,social ,self & ! ,spiritual ,self4 ,! inn]mo/ "p ( ! mat]ial self he makes our body1 & next to x1 9 _! ord]1 he places our clo!s1 our family1 our home1 & our prop]ty4 ,!y contribute to our be+ :at we are 9 our own eyes1 we id5tify ourselves ) !m1 & we exp]i5ce a s5se ( ! %r9kage ( our p]sonality :5 ev5 ! m outly+ elem5ts1 su* z our possessions1 are lo/4 ,our imm$iate family1 he writes1 is a "p ( ourselves4 ,our fa!r & "m1 our wife & babes1 are bone ( our bone & fle% ( our fle%4 ,:5 !y die1 a "p ( our v selves is gone4 ,if !y d any?+ wrong1 x is our %ame4 ,if !y are insult$1 our ang] fla%es =? z readily z if we /ood 9 _! place4 ,x is obvi\s t ! limits ( ! mat]ial self1 z above und]/ood1 may be indef9itely ext5d$4 ,!re are m5 :o feel ab\t _! c\ntry z ! av]age normal man feels ab\t 8 home2 & d\btless ! suff]+ ( a /ray begg> tugg$ at ! he>t ( ,/4 ,francis z ! mis=tune ( wife or *ild does 9 ! case ( o!r m54 ,h[ f> abroad our int]e/s are to be f\nd1 & j :at int]e/s we %all reg>d z intimately & peculi>ly our own1 dep5ds ^u :at we are4 ,! ,social ,self ,james describes z ! recognition a man gets f 8 mates3 ,we are n only greg>i\s animals1 lik+ to be 9 ! sight ( our fell[s1 b we h an innate prop5sity to get ourselves notic$1 & notic$ favorably1 by our k9d4 ,m5 c]ta9ly reg>d _! fame or honor z to be includ$ among _! int]e/s1 & !y may value & seek to obta9 ! good op9ion ( a v little clique or ( a mu* wid] circle4 ,by ! ,spiritual ,self is meant our qualities ( m9d & "*--! mo/ endur+ & intimate "p ( ! ,self1 t :i* we mo/ v]ily seem to be4 ,our int]e/ 9 ^! x is impossible to ov]look1 & _! cultivation & developm5t may become a rul+ passion4 ,james's illum9at+ pages make cle> t he :o speaks ( ! advantage or int]e/ ( ! individual may h 9 m9d pr$om9antly any "o ( ^! aspects ( ! ,self1 or all ( !m conjo9tly4 ,! ,self z he conceives x may be a n>r[ "o1 or x may be a v broad "o4 #ii4 ,,egoism ,,& ,,! ,,broad] ,,self4--,x may ) "s plausibility be ma9ta9$ t he :o lives = himself may n prop]ly be reg>d$ z an egoi/ & call$ selfi%1 if 8 ,self is suffici5tly exp&$4 ,may x n1 !oretically1 include z mu* ( ! univ]se z is kn[n to man8 ,& :]e c a man seek ends ( any sort beyond ?is broad field8 ,on ?is view1 all m5 are1 9 a s5se1 self-seek+1 b only ^? are repreh5sibly self-seek+ :o h n>r[ & scanty selves4 ,b common s5se & ! common usage ( spee* d n sanction su* /atem5ts z t a man necess>ily lives = himself & t all m5 are self-seek+4 ,x is ju/ly recogniz$ t "s m5 ) broad int]e/s--( a sort--are self-seek+1 & t "s o!rs ) great limitations are n4 ,he :o has prop]ty scatt]$ ov] f\r cont95ts & wat*es ) absorb+ int]e/ all movem5ts ^u ! political & economic /age may nev]!less be a ?or\gh-go+ egoi/4 ,! bread? ( 8 horizon w n r$eem him4 ,"o may look f> afield & live labori\s days 9 ! pursuit ( fame1 & be egoi/ic to ! back-bone1 al?\gh "o's int]e/s1 9 ?is case1 include ev5 ! cont5ts ( ! m9ds ( g5]ations yet unborn4 ,"o may =ego _m pleasures & conc5trate all "o's ef=ts ^u ! atta9m5t ( intellectual em95ce or ( a virtu\s "*1 & yet seem to h a claim to ! "n ( egoi/4 ,t ev5 ! pursuit ( virtue may take an egoi/ic turn has frequ5tly be5 recogniz$3 ,woe betides t man1 writes ,dewey1 :o hav+ ent]$ ^u a c\rse ( reflection :i* leads to a cle>] conception ( 8 own moral capacities & weaknesses1 ma9ta9s t ?\ght z a di/9ct m5tal end1 & !reby makes 8 subsequ5t acts simply means to improv+ or p]fect+ 8 moral nature4 ,footnote3 ,e?ics1 *apt] xviii1 ,sec #c1 p4 #chd4 ,he *>act]izes ?is z "o ( ! wor/ k9ds ( selfi%ness4 ,! task set himself by ! egoi/ :o aims at out%9+ 8 fell[s 9 an unselfi% self-=getfulness w\ld seem to be a p>ticul>ly difficult "o2 yet we h all met p]sons :o appe> to be animat$ by "s su* desire4 #ajj4 ,egoism n ,unavoidable4--,on su* cases z ! above ! common judgm5t c h>dly be 9 d\bt4 ,b !re are cases m que/ionable4 ,0 ,hobbes really self-seek+ :5 he gave ! sixp5ce to ! old begg>8 ,is x egoism t leads ! "y "m to give h]self ! exquisite pleasure ( fe$+ & c>+ = h] babes8 or t induces ! patriot to die = 8 c\ntry8 ,to be sure1 bo? ! babes & ! fa!rl& may fall )9 ! limits ( ! self1 z ! psy*ologi/ has broadly def9$ x4 ,b !y fall )9 x only 9 a s5se4 ,no doctr9e ( ! mutual inclusion ( selves c oblit]ate ! di/9ction betwe5 self & neighbor1 & make my neighbor m]ely a "p ( myself4 ,! common op9ion ( mank9d is n at fault 9 bas+ ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 selves ! fur!r di/9ction betwe5 egoism & altruism4 ,:atev] int]e/s ! egoi/ may h1 8 ultimate motive to action _c be ! recognition ( ! desire or w ( ano!r4 ,su* c be ! motive ( ! altrui/4 ,human motives are ( _m sorts1 & j :at !y are x is n always easy to discov]4 ,cornelia1 9 exhibit+ h] jewels1 may h be5 puff$ up ) pride4 ,:5 ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac ?rew1 ) a noble ge/ure1 8 purse to ! play]s1 8 ,mais quel ge/e6 reveals t he 0 a play] himself & 0 %[+ (f4 ,!re may be spectacul> patriots1 :o are will+ to suff] ! extreme p5alty = ! sake ( a place 9 hi/ory4 ,b all mat]nal affection is n id5tical ) pride2 all g5]\s impulses _c be trac$ to vanity2 all patriotism is n spectacul>2 nor is ! motive to ! relief ( suff]+ necess>ily ! removal ( "o's own pa94 ,x is "o ?+ to hire ,laz>us n to exhibit himself 9 8 %ock+ plight on our front por*1 & x is a di/9ctly diff]5t ?+ to be conc]n$ ab\t ! ne$s ( ,laz>us p] se4 ,x is obvi\s1 !n1 t x is only by a /ra9+ ( language t "o c say t man necess>ily lives = himself1 or is unavoidably self- seek+4 ,he :o makes su* /atem5ts ov]looks ! fact t1 ev5 if is true t1 9 a s5se1 a man's self may be reg>d$ z coext5sive ) all t int]e/s him1 x is equally true t diff]5t selves are mutually exclusive & t ! good ( "o may s]ve z ! ultimate motive 9 det]m9+ ! action ( ano!r4 ,! e?nologi/ is compell$ to recognize altrui/ic impulses 9 m5 primitive & 9 m5 civiliz$3 ,( ! doctr9e ( self-int]e/ z ! prim>y & only g5u9e human motive1 x is suffici5t to say t x be>s no relation to ! facts ( human nature1 & implies an incorrect view ( ! orig9 ( in/9ct4 ,footnote3 ,,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution1 p4 #af #aja4 ,v>ieties ( ,egoism4--,! egoi/ may set 8 affections ^u pleasure1 & become a repres5tative ( ,egoi/ic ,h$onism1 ! v>iety ( egoism normally treat$ z typical & made ! subject ( criticism 9 e?ical treatises4 ,b !re is no?+ to prev5t him f mak+ 8 aim1 n s mu* pleasure1 z self-pres]vation2 or f tak+ z 8 goal weal?1 p[]1 reputation1 intellectual or moral atta9m5t1 or :at n4 ,footnote3 ,?us1 ,hobbes made 8 end self-pres]vation2 ,sp9oza takes mu* ! same position2 ,nietzs*e makes t :i* is aim$ at1 p[]4 ,s long z ! motives :i* impel him to get1 to avoid1 to be1 or to d1 some?+1 d n include1 except z means to "s ult]ior end1 ! desire or w ( 8 fell[-man1 !re appe>s no reason to d5y him ! title ( ,egoi/4 ,nor ne$ we d5y him ! title because he may be unconsci\s ( 8 egoism4 ,!re are unconsci\s egoi/s :o are :olly absorb$ 9 ! individual objects :i* are ! end ( _! /riv+s4 ,!y may be q unaw>e t !y are rul$ by self-int]e/1 :5 x is cle> to ! spectator t su* is ! case4 ,footnote3 ,james1 ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i1 *apt] x1 pp4 #cai-cba2 a baby is *>act]iz$ z ! complete/ egoi/4 ,b ! philosophical egoi/ mu/ rise to a high] plane ( reflection4 ,!re are1 ?us1 egoisms ( _m sorts1 & !y may urge m5 to v diff]5t c\rses ( conduct4 ,"s ( !m may pass ov] m naturally ?an o!rs into =ms ( doctr9e :i* are n egoi/ic at all4 ,he :o aims at a maximum ( pleasure = himself is likely to rema9 an egoi/2 he ^: ambition is to be a patron ( sci5ce or a philan?ropi/1 may1 x is true1 rema9 )9 ! circle ( ! self1 b x is q possible t 8 ult]ior aim may come to be =gott5 & 8 real int]e/ be transf]r$ to ! enlight5m5t ( mank9d or to ! relief ( suff]+4 ,x is especially wor?y ( rem>k t 9 judg+ a sy/em ( doctr9e we mu/ take x z a :ole1 & n conf9e ourselves to a few utt]ances ( ! man :o urges x1 h[ev] unequivocal !y may appe> :5 tak5 9 isolation4 ,he ^: motive to action is always "s idea ( 8 own p]sonal good is an egoi/4 ,b a philosoph] may hold t human motives are always ( ?is sort1 & yet reveal unmi/akably1 bo? 9 8 life & 9 8 writ+s1 t he is n really an egoi/ at all4 ,9 :i* case1 we may tax him ) m or less inconsi/5cy1 b we %\ld n misconceive him4 #ajb4 ,,! ,,argum5ts ,,= ,,egoism4--,s mu* = ! =ms ( egoism4 ,x rema9s to enquire :at may be urg$ 9 favor ( ! doctr9e1 & :at may be said aga9/ x4 7#a7 ,x has be5 urg$ t egoism is inevitable4 ,?is1 to be sure1 c sc>cely be reg>d$ z an argum5t t a man ought to be an egoi/1 = !re seems little s5se 9 tell+ a man t he ought to d :at he _c possibly help do+4 ,b ! argum5t may be us$ to det] u f advocat+ "s o!r e?ical doctr9e4 ,on ! occasion ( e act t he ex]cises1 says ,b5?am1 e human be+ is l$ to pursue t l9e ( conduct :i*1 accord+ to 8 view ( ! case1 tak5 by him at ! mom5t1 w be 9 ! highe/ degree contributory to 8 own greate/ happ9ess4 ,footnote3 ,! ,con/itutional ,code4 ,introduction1 ,sec #b4 ,f ?is we might conclude1 n only t e man is an egoi/1 b also t e man is at all times a prud5t & calculat+ egoi/-- :i* seems to flatt] grossly ! drunk>d & ! excit$ man lay+ ab\t him 9 bl9d fury4 ,b "o may hold t egoism is inevitable )\t go+ s f>4 ,footnote3 ,psy*ological ,h$onism1 ! doctr9e t volition is always det]m9$ by pleasures or pa9s actual or prospective1 ne$ n be ?us exagg]at$4 ,see ,,sidgwick's ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,i1 iv1 ,sec #a4 7#b7 ,! egoi/ic ideal may be urg$ ^u u on ! gr\nd t x addresses itself to man z natural & reasonable4 ,?us1 ! ,cyr5aics saw 9 ! fact t we are f our *ildhood attract$ to pleasure1 &1 :5 we h atta9$ x1 seek no fur!r1 a pro( t pleasure is ! *ief good4 ,footnote3 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,,ii1 ,ari/ippus1 ,sec #h4 ,paley ma9ta9s t1 :5 x has be5 po9t$ out t private happ9ess has be5 ! motive ( an act1 no fur!r "q c reasonably be ask$4 ,footnote3 ,moral ,philosophy1 ,,ii1 ,sec #c4 ,our citations f ,hobbes & ,b5?am & ,gre5 reveal t ^! writ]s nev] ?9k ( giv+ reasons :y a man %\ld seek 8 own good4 ,& v>i\s morali/s1 :o d n make self-int]e/ ! "o fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* %\ld rule human conduct1 are evid5tly loa? to make ( x a pr9ciple subord9ate to "s o!r4 ,bi%op ,butl]1 :o ma9ta9s t virtue consi/s 9 ! pursuit ( "r & good z su*1 yet holds t3 ,:5 we sit d[n 9 a cool h\r1 we c nei!r ju/ify to ourselves ?is nor any o!r pursuit till we are conv9c$ t x w be = our happ9ess1 or at lea/ n contr>y to x4 ,footnote3 ,s]mon ,,xi4 ,cl>ke1 :o dwells ^u ! et]nal & immutable obligations ( morality incumb5t on m5 f ! v nature & reason ( ?+s !mselves tea*es t x is n reasonable = m5 to adh]e to virtue if !y receive no advantage f x4 ,footnote3 ,boyle ,lectures1 #agje1 ,prop4 ,i4 ,! moral "h seems to be t1 :atev] else a man ought to d1 he ought to seek 8 own advantage--real self-sacrifice _c be 8 duty4 ,?is conviction ( ! unreasonabl5ess ( self-sacrifice reveals itself 9 ano!r =m 9 ! doctr9e t morality _c be made completely rational unless a reconciliation betwe5 prud5ce & b5evol5ce c be f\nd2 ,footnote3 ,,sidgwick1 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 conclud+ *apt]1 ,sec #e4 & 9 ! labor$ attempts to %[ t ! good ( ! individual mu/ actually co9cide ) t ( ! community4 ,footnote3 ,e4 g4 ,,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec ,sec #bdd-bde4 ,ari/otle tries to prove t he :o dies = 8 c\ntry is impell$ by self-love4 ,he does :at is honorable1 & ?us gives ! great] good to himself4 ,e?ics1 ,book ,,ix1 *apt] viii4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! same conviction did n lurk 9 ! back ( ! m9d ( t /]ne/ ( morali/s1 ,kant1 :o d5i$ t happ9ess ought to be s\ght at all1 & yet f\nd s irrational ! divorce ( virtue & happ9ess t he po/ulat$ a ,god to gu>antee _! union4 ,footnote3 ,! ,critique ( ! ,practical ,reason1 *apt] ii4 ,?us1 morali/s ( widely diff]5t s*ools agree 9 recogniz+ t self-int]e/ is a pr9ciple t %\ld n be plac$ second to any o!r4 ,! confess$ egoi/ only goes a /ep fur!r 9 recogniz+ x z a pr9ciple t has no rival4 ,& t m5 g5]ally are incl9$ to reg>d egoism z n unnatural seems ev9c$ by ! fact t = app>5tly altrui/ic actions !y are v apt to seek ult]ior egoi/ic motives1 :ile1 if ! action seems pla9ly egoi/ic1 !y seek no fur!r4 ,does1 !n1 any?+ seem m natural ?an egoism8 &1 if natural1 may x n be assum$ to be prop] & "r8 7#c7 ,f9ally1 x may be urg$ t he :o s]ves 8 own int]e/s at all intellig5tly has1 at lea/1 a compreh5sive aim1 & does n live at r&om4 ,9 s f>1 egoism appe>s to be rational 9 a s5se dwelt on above2 ,footnote3 ,sec ,sec #ee-ef x h>monizes & unifies ! impulses & desires ( ! man4 #ajc4 ,,! ,,argum5t ,,aga9/ ,,egoism4--,:at may be said aga9/ egoism8 7#a7 ,en\gh has be5 said above to %[ t egoism is n inevitable1 b t m5 actually are influ5c$ by motives :i* _c be reg>d$ z egoi/ic4 ,x is1 h5ce1 n necess>y to dwell ^u ?is po9t4 7#b7 ,z to ! naturalness ( egoism4 ,bo? ! pr(essional morali/ & ! man 9 ! /reet may hesitate to admit t a man %\ld neglect 8 own int]e/s1 & may f9d x natural t he %\ld cultivate !m assidu\sly4 ,b x is only ! exceptional man :o ma9ta9s t he %\ld h no?+ else 9 view4 ,!re are individuals s con/itut$ t self-int]e/ makes to !m a peculi>ly /rong appeal4 ,o!rs1 m social by nature1 may be misl$ by psy*ological !ory to ma9ta9 t a man's *ief & only end is 8 own satisfaction4 ,footnote3 ,see bel[1 *apt] xxvi1 #c4 ,/ill o!rs1 realiz+ t bo? "o's own int]e/s & ! int]e/s ( "o's neighbor are natural & seem+ly legitimate objects ( reg>d1 are p]plex$ z to ! me?od ( reconcil+ _! app>5tly conflict+ claims1 & are betray$ into inconsi/5t utt]ances4 ,b x is too mu* to say t ! pr(essional morali/ & ! pla9 man normally reg>d pure egoism ) favor & f9d x natural4 ,9 spite ( our cynical maxims & our incl9ation to seek = ult]ior motives = app>5tly altrui/ic acts1 we abhor ! ?or\gh-go+ egoi/1 & we are n incl9$ to look ^u ! ph5om5a1 let u say1 ( ! family life1 z manife/ations ( self-seek+4 ,x is wor? :ile to rem>k t1 ev5 if ! approa* to ! ,cyr5aic ideal 7 s common z n to seem :olly unnatural1 t w\ld n prove t x ought to be embrac$2 x is natural = m5 to err1 b t does n make error our duty4 7#c7 ,by ! moral conviction ( organiz$ humanity1 z express$ 9 cu/om1 law1 & public op9ion1 egoism /&s condemn$4 ,nei!r 9 savage life nor among civiliz$ peoples1 nei!r 9 ! dawn ( human hi/ory nor 9 its late/ *apt]s1 d we f9d ^! ag5cies enc\rag+ e man to live exclusively = himself4 ,egoi/ic impulses are recogniz$1 9 t rew>d & puni%m5t are allott$1 b ! end urg$ ^u ! att5tion ( ! individual is ! common good1 n 8 own p>ticul> good4 ,! social consci5ce has always dem&$ ( ! individual self- sacrifice1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( lay+ d[n 8 life1 on occasion1 = ! public weal4 ,& ! enlight5$ social consci5ce does n reg>d a man z truly moral ^: outw>d con=mity to moral laws re/s solely ^u a basis ( egoi/ic calculation4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ! family1 ! tribe1 ! /ate1 is a prote/ aga9/ pure egoism4 ,7 all m5 z egoi/ic z ,ari/ippus seems to h pr(ess$ to be1 a /able community life ( any sort w\ld be impossible4 7#d7 ,! argum5t t egoism is rational at lea/ 9 s f> z x introduces consi/5cy into actions & unifies & h>monizes desires & impulses des]ves little consid]ation4 ,any compreh5sive end w d ! same1 & _m compreh5sive ends may be v trivial4 ,"o may make x ! aim ( "o's life to rema9 sl5d]1 or may devote all "o's en]gies to ! amelioration ( ! social position ( bald-head$ m54 ,he :o c\nsels delib]ate egoism does n recomm5d x m]ely on ! score t x leads to consi/5t action4 ,he does x on ! gr\nd t ! end itself appeals to him z "o t ought to be select$ & w be select$ if a man is wise4 ,t ! int]e/ ( ! individual is 9 ?is s5se a matt] ( obligation1 is some?+ to be prov$1 n assum$4 #ajd4 ,,! ,,morali/',s ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,egoism--,x has be5 wor? :ile to treat at l5g? ( egoism because ! doctr9e takes on m or less subtle =ms1 & its fundam5tal pr9ciple1 self-int]e/1 has a significance = v>i\s e?ical s*ools :i* are n1 or are n consid]$1 egoi/ic4 ,m5 h be5 va/ly puzzl$ by ! moral claims ( ! pr9ciple ( self-int]e/1 bo? pla9 m5 & pr(essional morali/s4 ,t prud5ce is n ! only fundam5tal virtue1 mo/ m5 w\ld be ready en\gh to admit2 b is x prop]ly speak+1 a virtue at all8 ,ought ,i1 = example1 to try to make myself happy8 ,suppose ,i d n want to be happy1 :at is ! s\rce ( ! obligation8 ,butl] tells me t int]e/1 "o's own happ9ess1 is a manife/ obligation2 ,footnote3 ,diss]tation on ! ,nature ( ,virtue1 ,sec #h2 ,s]mons ,,iii & ,,xi4 ,b5?am1 a writ] ( a widely diff]5t s*ool1 in=ms me t ! con/antly prop] end ( action on ! "p ( any individual at ! mom5t ( action is 8 real greate/ happ9ess f t mom5t to ! end ( 8 life4 ,footnote3 ,,b5?am1 ,memoirs1 ,vol4 ,x ( ,b[r+'s ,edition1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahdc1 p4 #efj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,hut*eson tea*es me t ,i am "u no obligation to be good to myself1 al?\gh ,i am "u obligation to be good to o!rs3 ,actions :i* fl[ solely f self-love1 & yet evid5ce no want ( b5evol5ce1 hav+ no hurtful effects ^u o!rs1 seem p]fectly indiff]5t 9 a moral s5se4 ,footnote3 ,an ,enquiry conc]n+ ,moral ,good & ,evil1 ,sec #c1 #e4 ,:i* means t intemp]ance is blamewor?y only s f> z x is aga9/ ! public int]e/4 ,may ,i1 %\ld ,i1 on occasion1 sacrifice myself8 ,?\ghtful m5 g5]ally recognize self-sacrifice1 n only z possible1 b z actual1 & believe x to be at times a duty4 ,b ! morali/ gives =? "h an unc]ta9 s\nd4 ,self-int]e/ & b5evol5ce h be5 left to fight out _! qu>rel 9 a c\rt )\t a judge to decide ^u _! conflict+ claims2 ,footnote3 ,see ,sec #ajb1 ! citations f ,butl] & ,cl>ke4 self- sacrifice has be5 enjo9$2 ,footnote3 ,,kant1 see1 lat]1 *apt] xxix4 x has be5 decl>$ impossible2 ,footnote3 ,see1 above1 ! position ( ,gre51 ,sec #ig2 cf41 bel[1 ,sec #abf4 x has be5 d5i$ t x c ev] be a duty2 ,footnote3 ,,fite1 ,an ,introductory ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 *apt] vii1 ,sec #e4 ! k9d ( self-sacrifice 9 "q has be5 reg>d$ z significant4 ,footnote3 ,,sidgwick1 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,introduction1 ,sec #d4 ,he :o has reject$ z unwor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation ! naive egoism ( an ,ari/ippus or an ,epicurus is n on t acc\nt done ) egoism1 by any means4 ,footnote3 ,! "q ( self-sacrifice recurs aga9 9 *apt] xxvi1 #c4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,utilit>ianism #aje4 ,,:at ,,is ,,utilit>ianism8--,! division ( ?+s desirable into ^? desirable 9 !mselves1 & ^? desirable = ! sake ( some?+ else1 is two ?\s& ye>s old4 ,^? ?+s :i* we recognize z desirable = ! sake ( some?+ else1 we call useful4 ,:at we %all reg>d z useful dep5ds 9 ea* case ^u ! nature ( ! end at :i* we aim4 ,if our aim is ! atta9m5t ( pleasure1 ! pres]vation ( life1 ! h>moni\s developm5t ( our faculties1 or any o!r1 we may t]m useful :atev] makes = ! realization ( t end4 ,h5ce1 we c1 by /ret*+ ! application ( ! ^w1 call utilit>ian any e?ical doctr9e :i* sets an ultimate end to human endeavor & judges actions z moral or ! rev]se1 accord+ to _! t5d5cy to realize t end1 or to fru/rate its realization4 ,z ! ends ?us *os5 may be v div]se1 x is obvi\s t widely diff]5t =ms ( utilit>ian doctr9e may come into be+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 inconv5i5t to /ret* ! t]m1 utilit>ianism 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,c]ta9 =ms ( doctr9e :i*1 9 its wid] s5se1 x w\ld include1 h come to be kn[n "u names ( _! own2 &1 besides1 ! especial type ( utilit>ianism advocat$ by ,b5?am & ,john ,/u>t ,mill appe>s to h a claim ^u ! appellation :i* !y set 9 circulation4 ,common usage has ?us limit$ ! significance ( ! ^w1 & we naturally ?9k ( ! doctr9e ( ^! m5 :5 we he> x utt]$4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,i %all use x4 ,! cre$ :i* accepts z ! f\ndation ( morals1 ,utility1 or ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple1 writes ,mill1 holds t actions are "r 9 proportion z !y t5d to promote happ9ess1 wrong z !y t5d to produce ! rev]se ( happ9ess4 ,by happ9ess is int5d$ pleasure1 & ! abs5ce ( pa92 by unhapp9ess1 pa9 & ! privation ( pleasure4 ,?is means1 he adds1 t pleasure1 & fre$om f pa91 are ! only ?+s desirable z ends2 & t all desirable ?+s 444 are desirable ei!r = ! pleasure inh]5t 9 !mselves1 or z means to ! promotion ( pleasure & ! prev5tion ( pa94 ,footnote3 ,utilit>ianism1 *apt] ii4 ,9 ! pages foll[+1 :5 ,i leave out a ref]5ce to pa9 9 discuss+ ! utilit>ian doctr9e1 x w be = conv5i5ce & = ! sake ( brevity4 ,! intellig5t read] c supply ! omissions4 ,! pleasure "h int5d$ is n ! selfi% pleasure ( ! individual4 ,utilit>ianism is n ,cyr5aicism4 ,! goal ( ! utilit>ian's endeavors is ! g5]al happ9ess1 9 :i* _m individuals p>ticipate4 ,! moral rules :i* control & direct ! /riv+s ( ! individual d]ive _! au?ority f _! t5d5cy to s]ve ?is end4 #ajf4 ,,b5?am',s ,,doctr9e4--,mo/ uncompromis+ is ! utilit>ianism set =? 9 ! writ+s ( ,mill's ma/]1 t mo/ b5evol5t & philan?ropic ( m51 ,j]emy ,b5?am4 ,he is true to 8 pr9ciples & he makes no concessions4 ,he reg>ds t z 9 ! int]e/ ( ! individual :i* t5ds to add to ! sum total ( 8 pleasures or to dim9i% ! sum total ( 8 pa9s4 ,& he und]/&s 9 ! same s5se ! int]e/ ( ! community4 ,footnote3 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *apt] i1 ,sec #e4 ,t :i* s]ves t int]e/ he sets d[n z con=mable to ! pr9ciple ( utility4 ,:at is ?us con=mable he decl>es ought to be done1 :at is n con=mable ought n to be done4 ,"r & wrong he di/+ui%es 9 ! same mann]4 ,:5 ?us int]pret$1 he insi/s1 ! words ought1 & "r & wrong1 & o!rs ( t /amp1 h a mean+2 :5 o!rwise1 !y h none ,footnote3 ,ibid41 i1 #aj4 ,( diff]5ces 9 quality betwe5 pleasures ,b5?am takes no acc\nt4 ,9 8 curi\s & int]e/+ *apt] entitl$ ,value ( a ,lot ( ,pleasure or ,pa91 h[ to be ,measur$1 he enum]ates ! circum/ances :i* %\ld det]m9e ! value ( a pleasure or a pa94 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 *apt] iv4 #a4 ,its int5sity4 #b4 ,its duration4 #c4 ,its c]ta9ty or unc]ta9ty4 #d4 ,its prop9quity or remot5ess4 #e4 ,its fecundity4 #f4 ,its purity4 #g4 ,its ext5t4 ,! fir/ f\r ( ^! *>act]i/ics call = no comm5t4 ,by ! fecundity ( a pleasure ,b5?am und]/&s its likelihood ( be+ foll[$ by o!r pleasures2 by its purity1 ! likelihood t x w n be foll[$ by pa9s4 ,! *>act]i/ic ext5t m>ks (f utilit>ianism f egoism1 = x has ref]5ce to ! numb] ( p]sons affect$ by ! pleasure or ! pa94 ,! great] ! numb]1 ! high] ! value 9 "q4 ,! greate/ numb] ( pleasures ( ! highe/ value1 z free z possible f admixture ) pa9s1 is ! goal ( ! endeavors ( ! utilit>ian4 ,naturally1 :5 ! int]e/s ( _m p]sons are tak5 into acc\nt1 ! "q ( ! pr9ciple accord+ to :i* lots ( pleasure are to be di/ribut$ becomes a press+ "o4 ,b5?am decides x z foll[s3 ,ev]ybody to c\nt = "o1 & nobody = m ?an "o4 ,footnote3 ,see ! discussion ( ,b5?am's dictum 9 its be>+s on ju/ice1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism1 *apt] v4 ,9 o!r words1 ! di/ribution %\ld be an imp>tial "o4 ,at fir/ sight1 ?is acc\nt ( ! relative desirability ( pleasures & undesirability ( pa9s seems s5sible en\gh4 ,m5 d desire pleasure1 & !y und\bt$ly approve ! pref]5ce giv5 to pleasures m int5se1 endur+1 c]ta91 imm$iate1 fruitful 9 fur!r pleasures1 free f pa9ful consequ5ces1 & %>$ by _m1 ov] ^? :i* h n ^! *>act]i/ics3 ,int5se1 long1 c]ta91 spe$y1 fruitful1 pure-- ,su* m>ks 9 pleasures & 9 pa9s endure4 ,su* pleasures seek1 if private be ?y end3 ,if x be public1 wide let !m ext5d4 ,su* pa9s avoid1 :i*ev] be ?y view2 ,if pa9s mu/ come1 let !m ext5d to few4 ,footnote3 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *apt] iv1 i1 ,note4 ,^! mnemonic l9es may well /rike _m read]s z embody+ a v good work+ rule ( common-s5se morality2 z pay+ a prop] reg>d to prud5ce & to b5evol5ce z well4 ,b !re are passages 9 ,b5?am calculat$ to %ake su* acquiesc5ce4 ,he writes3 ,n[ pleasure is 9 itself a good2 nay1 ev5 sett+ aside immunity f pa91 ! only good3 pa9 is 9 itself an evil1 &1 inde$ )\t exception1 ! only evil2 or else ! words good & evil h no mean+4 ,& ?is is alike true ( e sort ( pa91 & ( e sort ( pleasure4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 *apt] x1 #aj4 ,let a man's motive be ill-w2 call x ev5 malice1 envy1 cruelty2 x is /ill a k9d ( pleasure t is 8 motive3 ! pleasure he takes at ! ?\ght ( ! pa9 :i* he sees1 or expects to see1 8 adv]s>y und]go4 ,n[ ev5 ?is wret*$ pleasure1 tak5 by itself1 is good3 x may be fa9t2 x may be %ort2 x mu/ at any rate be impure3 yet1 :ile x la/s1 & be=e any bad consequ5ces arrive1 x is z good z any o!r t is n m int5se4 ,footnote3 ,ibid1 note4 ,reflection ^u su* passages may well lead a man to ask himself3 7#a7 ,is x1 aft] all1 ! cons5sus ( human op9ion t pleasure is ! only good & pa9 ! only evil8 7#b7 ,are "s pleasures actually reg>d$ z m desirable ?an o!rs1 solely ?r\gh ! application ( ! /&>d giv5 above8 7#c7 ,c ! pleasure ( a malignant act prop]ly be call$ morally good at all8 #ajg4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill4--,b5?am's purely quantitative e/imate ( ! value ( pleasures has ar\s$ 9 _m m9ds ! feel+ t he puts morality ^u a l[ level4 ,footnote3 ,9 ju/ice to ,b5?am x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t 8 prime int]e/ 0 n 9 e?ical !ory1 b 9 legislative re=m4 ,8 doctr9e1 su* z x 01 & appli$ z he appli$ x1 0 a tool ( no mean efficacy4 ,b5?am mu/ c\nt among ! real b5efactors ( mank9d4 ,mill attempts an improvem5t ^u 8 doctr9e4 ,x is q compatible ) ! pr9ciple ( utility1 he writes1 to recognize ! fact t "s k9ds ( pleasure are m desirable & m valuable ?an o!rs4 ,x w\ld be absurd t1 :ile 9 e/imat+ all o!r ?+s quality is consid]$ z well z quantity1 ! e/imation ( pleasures %\ld be suppos$ to dep5d on quantity alone4 ,footnote3 ,utilit>ianism1 *apt] i4 ,?us1 ,mill di/+ui%es betwe5 high] pleasures & l[]1 & he gives a crit]ion = di/+ui%+ ! =m] f ! latt]3 ,( two pleasures1 if !re be "o to :i* all or almo/ all :o h exp]i5ce ( bo? give a decid$ pref]5ce1 irrespective ( any feel+ ( moral obligation to pref] x1 t is ! m desirable pleasure4 ,he ref]s ! :ole matt] to ! judgm5t ( ! compet5t2 &1 9 accordance ) t judgm5t1 decides t3 ,x is bett] to be a human be+ dissatisfi$ ?an a pig satisfi$2 bett] to be ,socrates dissatisfi$ ?an a fool satisfi$4 ,& if ! fool1 or ! pig1 are ( a diff]5t op9ion1 x is because !y only "k _! own side ( ! "q4 ,! o!r p>ty to ! comp>ison kn[s bo? sides4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,t "s pleasures may prop]ly be call$ high] ?an o!rs morali/s ( _m s*ools w be ready to admit1 b to ,mill's crit]ion ( :at proves !m to be high] !y may demur4 ,( ! delight t a fool takes 9 8 folly a wise man may be z incapable z a fool is ( ! enjoym5t ( wisdom4 ,) mature ye>s m5 cease to be compet5t judges ( ! pleasures ( boyhood4 ,to ea* nature1 its appropriate *oice ( pleasures4 ,t human be+s at a giv5 level ( intellectual & emotional developm5t actually desire c]ta9 ?+s r ?an c]ta9 o!rs does n prove t ^? ?+s are desirable 9 any g5]al s5se4 ,x does n prove t m5 ought to desire !m4 ,= t pro( we mu/ look 9 "s o!r direction2 & a critical scrut9y ( ! pleasures :i* morali/s anci5t & mod]n h g5]ally accept$ z high] reveals a common *>act]i/ic :i* expla9s _! be+ ?us class$ toge!r mu* bett] ?an ! appeal to ,mill's crit]ion4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] xxx1 ,sec #adb4 ,z has (t5 be5 po9t$ out1 ,mill1 :ile def5d+ ,utilit>ianism1 really passes beyond x1 & 8 doctr9e t5ds to m]ge 9 "o widely diff]5t f t ( ,b5?am4 ,= ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple he virtually sub/itutes ! ,highe/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple4 ,b he sc>cely realizes ! significance ( 8 sub/itution1 & he gives an inadequate acc\nt ( ! significance ( high] & l[]4 #ajh4 ,,! ,,argum5t ,,= ,,utilit>ianism4--,we h se5 above t ,b5?am ma9ta9s t su* words z ought1 "r & wrong h no mean+ unless int]pret$ aft] ! fa%ion ( ! utilit>ian4 ,he admits t 8 pr9ciple ( utility is n susceptible ( direct pro(1 b claims t su* a pro( is ne$less4 ,footnote3 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *apt] i1 #aa4 ,accept+ x z a fact reveal$ by obs]vation t ! actual end ( action on ! "p ( e individual is 8 own happ9ess z he conceives x1 he appe>s to h pass$ on )\t "q to ! fur!r positions1 t ! prop] end ( action ( ! individual is 8 own greate/ happ9ess1 &1 yet1 8 prop] end ( action1 z a memb] ( a community1 is ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! community4 ,footnote3 ,see ! pap] entitl$ ,logical ,arrangem5ts1 ,employ$ z ,in/rum5ts 9 ,legislation etc41 ,memoirs1 ,b[r+'s ,edition1 ,volume ,x1 page #efj4 ,! second ( ^! positions _c be d$uc$ f ! fir/1 nor c ! ?ird be inf]r$ f ! o!r two4 ,b5?am appe>s to h tak5 ! pr9ciple ( utility = grant$2 b "o com+ aft] him & scrut9iz+ 8 "w c sc>cely avoid rais+ ! "q ( ! ju/ice ( 8 assumption4 ,t happ9ess is ! only ?+ desirable1 & t ! happ9ess ( all %\ld be ! object aim$ at by ea*1 are propositions :i* seem to /& 9 ne$ ( pro(4 ,su* pro( ,mill attempt$ to furni%4 ,footnote3 ,he does n reg>d 8 doctr9e z provable 9 ! usual s5se2 b he adduces :at he reg>ds z equival5t to pro(4 ,utilit>ianism1 *apt] i4 ,he argues z foll[s3 ,! only pro( capable ( be+ giv5 t an object is visible1 is t p actually see x4 ,! only pro( t a s\nd is audible1 is t p he> x2 & s ( ! o!r s\rces ( our exp]i5ce4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i appreh5d1 ! sole evid5ce x is possible to produce t any?+ is desirable1 is t p d actually desire x4 ,if ! end :i* ! utilit>ian doctr9e proposes to itself 7 n1 9 !ory & practice1 ackn[l$g$ to be an end1 no?+ c\ld ev] conv9ce any p]son t x 0 s4 ,no reason c be giv5 :y ! g5]al happ9ess is desirable1 except t ea* p]son1 s f> z he believes x to be atta9able1 desires 8 own happ9ess4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 be+ a fact1 we h n only all ! pro( ! case admits (1 b all :i* x is possible to require1 t happ9ess is a good3 t ea* p]son's happ9ess is a good to t p]son1 & ! g5]al happ9ess1 !re=e1 a good to ! aggregate ( all p]sons4 ,happ9ess has made out its title z "o ( ! ends ( conduct1 &1 consequ5tly "o ( ! ends ( morality4 ,footnote3 ,utilit>ianism1 *apt] iv4 ,t happ9ess is ! only ultimate end1 ,mill reg>ds z e/abli%$ by ! argum5t t o!r ?+s1 = example1 virtue1 ?\gh !y come to be valu$ = !mselves1 d s only ?r\gh ! fact t1 orig9ally valu$ z means to ! atta9m5t ( happ9ess1 !y become1 ?r\gh association1 valu$ ev5 out ( ?is relation1 & ?us treat$ z a "p ( happ9ess4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,! defects 9 ,mill's argum5t h made !mselves app>5t1 n m]ely to ! oppon5ts ( utilit>ianism1 b ev5 to its advocates4 ,footnote3 ,,sidgwick1 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] xiii1 ,sec #e ,we _c say t ?+s are desirable 9 any moral s5se1 simply because !y are desir$4 ,9 a loose s5se ( ! ^w1 ev]y?+ t is or has be5 desir$ by anyone is desirable--x evid5tly c be desir$4 ,:5 we say no m ?an ?is1 we say no?+4 ,b :5 we call a c\rse ( action desirable we mean m ?an ?is2 & we are compell$ to admit t a multitude ( desirable ?+s are n g5]ally desir$4 ,?is is ! burd5 ( ! lam5t ( e re=m]4 ,fur!rmore1 x does n appe> to foll[ t1 because 8 own happ9ess is a good to ea* memb] ( a community1 ! happ9ess ( all mu/ likewise be a good to ea* sev]ally4 ,a community 9 :i* e man /udies 8 own int]e/ may conceivably be a community 9 :i* no man reg>ds x z desirable to consult ! public weal4 ,t ! g5]al happ9ess is desirable1 9 a loose s5se ( ! ^w1 is palpable fact2 x is obvi\s t x c be desir$1 = "s p]sons d actually desire x4 ,b t x is desirable 9 any s5se _c be inf]r$ f ! fact t all m5 desire some?+ else1 namely1 _! own individual happ9ess4 ,we mu/1 !n1 look fur!r = ! pro( ( ! utilit>ian pr9ciple4 ,h5ry ,sidgwick1 t admirable s*ol> & mo/ judicial m9d1 falls back ^u c]ta9 intuitions :i*1 he conceives1 pres5t !mselves z ultimate & unassailable4 ,he writes3 ,let u reflect ^u ! cle>e/ & mo/ c]ta9 ( our moral intuitions4 ,i f9d t ,i und\bt$ly seem to p]ceive1 z cle>ly & c]ta9ly z ,i see any axiom 9 ,ari?metic or ,geometry1 t x is '"r' & 'reasonable' = me to treat o!rs z ,i %\ld ?9k t ,i myself ought to be treat$ "u simil> conditions1 & to d :at ,i believe to be ultimately conducive to univ]sal ,good or ,happ9ess4 ,& aga93 ,! propositions1 ',i ought n to pref] a pres5t less] good to a future great] good1' & ',i ought n to pref] my own less] good to ! great] good ( ano!r1' d pres5t !mselves z self- evid5t2 z mu* 7e4 g47 z ! ma!matical axiom t 'if equals be add$ to equals ! :oles are equal4' ,footnote3 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 conclud+ *apt]1 ,sec #e1 & ,book ,,iii1 *apt] xiii1 ,sec #c4 ,:e!r ^! intuitions w be accept$ z furni%+ an indisputably s\nd basis = utilit>ianism w dep5d ^u "o's attitude t[>d intuitions 9 g5]al & ! li/ ( intuitions "o is incl9$ to accept4 ,x is significant t ,sidgwick does n accept z self-evid5t su* subord9ate propositions z1 ,i ought to speak ! tru?4 ,he reg>ds _! au?ority z d]iv$ f ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple4 #aji4 ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,happ9ess4--,! man :o accepts ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple z ! sole basis ( 8 e?ical doctr9e is fac$ ) ! problem ( its application 9 detail4 ,! greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb] is a vague expression4 ,:at is prop]ly und]/ood by ! greate/ numb]8 & ^u :at pr9ciple %all lots ( happ9ess be assign$ to ea*8 ,v puzzl+ que/ions arise :5 we approa* ! problem ( ! di/ribution ( pleasures & ! calculation ( _! values4 ,let u look at !m4 ,i4 ,:o %\ld be consid]$ 9 ! ,di/ribution8 7#a7 ,%all we aim directly at ! happ9ess ( all m5 n[ liv+8 or %all we cont5t ourselves ) a small] numb]8 ,c]ta9ly1 ) increas+ intellig5ce & broad5+ sympa?ies1 m5 t5d t[>d a m embrac+ b5evol5ce4 7#b7 ,%all we admit to ! circle g5]ations yet unborn8 &1 if s1 h[ f> into ! future %\ld we look8 7#c7 ,%\ld we make a delib]ate attempt to increase ! numb] ( ^? :o may %>e ! common fund ( happ9ess1 by /riv+ = an increase 9 ! numb] ( bir?s8 ,?is end has be5 consci\sly s\ght = div]s reasons4 ,! ance/or-wor%ip ( ,*9a has made ! ,*9aman eag]ly desir\s ( leav+ beh9d him ^? :o w\ld devote !mselves to him aft] he has dep>t$ ?is life4 ,nations anci5t & mod]n h endeavor$ to /r5g!n ! /ate by provid+ = an increase 9 its population4 ,%all a simil> end be pursu$ = ! e?ical purpose ( wid5+ ! circle ( ^? :o %all live & be happy8 ,mo/ e?ical tea*]s d n appe> to h reg>d$ ?is z a coroll>y to ! doctr9e ( b5evol5ce4 7#d7 ,%all we enl>ge ! circle s z to include ! l[] animals8 ,z ,b5?am express$ x3 ,! "q is n1 ,c !y reason8 nor1 ,c !y talk8 b1 ,c !y suff]8 ,footnote3 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *apt] xvii1 ,sec #d4 ,,ii4 ,h[ %\ld ! lots ( happ9ess be measur$8 7#a7 ,%\ld ev]ybody c\nt z "o1 & nobody z m ?an "o8 9 o!r words1 %\ld /rict imp>tiality be aim$ at8 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's /rik+ reply to ! argum5t = imp>tiality z urg$ by ,pr(essor ,sidgwick has already be5 quot$4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] v1 ,sec #af4 ,let ! read] glance at x aga94 ,x mu/ be confess$ t to put "o's p>5ts1 "o's *ildr51 "o's neighbors1 /rang]s1 =eign]s1 ! brutes1 all ^u ! same level1 is contr>y to ! moral judgm5t ( savage & civiliz$ alike4 ,x w\ld seem contr>y to ! s5tim5ts :i* lie at ! root ( ! family1 ! community1 & ! /ate4 ,nor h we reason to look =w>d to any future /ate ( human society 9 :i* su* less] gr\ps )9 ! broad circle ( humanity w be done away )1 ?\gh !y t5d to become less exclusive 9 _! dem&s ^u human sympa?y4 7#b7 ,suppose t ! greate/ sum ( happ9ess on ! :ole c\ld be be/ atta9$ by an unequal di/ribution--by mak+ a limit$ numb] v happy at ! exp5se ( ! re/4 ,w\ld ?is be ju/ifiable8 ,x w\ld be 9 h>mony ) ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple1 ?\gh n ) ! pr9ciple ( ! greate/ happ9ess equally %>$4 ,,iii4 ,! "q ( ! di/ribution ( happ9ess 9 ! life ( ! individual is n "o to be ignor$4 ,if we are conc]n$ only ) ! quantity ( happ9ess1 may we n take z ! e?ical precept a %ort life & a m]ry "o--provid$ ! brief span ( ye>s be m]ry en\gh1 & !re be no objection to ! *oice on ! score ( h>m to o!rs8 ,?is problem is closely analog\s to t ( ! di/ribution ( pleasures to ^? :o compose ! greate/ numb] tak5 into acc\nt4 ,!re we 7 conc]n$ ) ! %>es allott$ to individuals2 "h we are conc]n$ ) ! %>es assign$ to ! diff]5t p>ts ( a s+le life4 ,9 ! attempt to solve ! problem1 ,b5?am's crit]ia ( int5sity1 c]ta9ty1 purity1 etc41 might naturally be appeal$ to4 #aaj4 ,,! ,,calculus ,,( ,,pleasures4--,nor are ! problems :i* meet u less p]plex+ :5 we pass f que/ions ( ! di/ribution ( pleasures to t ( ! calculus ( pleasures4 ,h[ are delights & mis]ies to be weigh$1 & reasonably balanc$8 7#a7 ,m5 desire pleasure1 & !y desire to avoid pa94 ,! two seem to be oppos$4 ,b m5 con/antly accept pleasures :i* entail "s suff]+1 & !y avoid pa9s ev5 at ! exp5se ( "s pleasure4 ,are1 h[ev]1 pleasures & pa9s /rictly comm5surable8 ,h[ mu* admixture ( pa9 is call$ = to r$uce ! value ( a pleasure to z]o8 & h[ mu* pleasure1 add$ to a pa91 w make ! :ole emotional /ate pr$om9antly a pleasurable "o8 ,a disagreeable ta/e & an agreeable odor may be exp]i5c$ toge!r1 b !y _c be treat$ z an algebraic sum4 ,if we d s treat !m1 we seem to fall back ^u ! assumption t ! m]e fact t ! het]og5e\s complex is accept$ or reject$ is evid5ce t its +r$i5ts h be5 measur$ & comp>$4 ,?is is an ungr\nd$ assumption4 7#b7 ,und\bt$ly m5 pref] int5se pleasures to mild ones1 & ^? long-cont9u$ to ^? :i* are fleet+4 ,b :at degree ( int5sity w ov]balance :at p]iod ( duration8 ,"h1 aga91 we appe> to be )\t a unit ( measure1 bo? 9 ! case ( pleasures & ( pa9s4 7#c7 ,obvi\sly1 he :o w\ld di/ribute pleasures ) imp>tiality mu/ take into consid]ation ! natures & capacities ( ! recipi5ts4 ,all are n susceptible ( pleasure 9 ! same degree1 nor are all capable ( enjoy+ ! same pleasures4 ,x is small k9dness to a cat to (f] x hay2 nor w ! mis] ?ank u = ! opportunity to enjoy ! pleasures ( lib]ality4 ,! gift :i* ar\ses deep emotion 9 "o man1 w leave ano!r cold4 ,! div]sity ( natures w\ld make ! calculus ( pleasures1 9 any accurate s5se ( ! expression1 a mo/ difficult problem1 ev5 if su* a calculus 7 admissible 9 ! case ( a s+le individual4 ,footnote3 ,?is difficulty has n be5 ov]look$ by ! ,utilit>ian1 see ,,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *apt] vi4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,difficulties ,,( ,,o!r ,,s*ools4--,x w\ld be unju/ to ! utilit>ian n to po9t out t ^? :o advocate o!r doctr9es mu/ f9d "s way ( cop+ ) ! difficulties :i* emb>rass him4 ,?us1 ! egoi/ may ignore duties to o!rs1 b he _c free himself f ! problems ( ! di/ribution ( happ9ess 9 8 own life & ( ! calculus ( pleasures4 ,! intuitioni/1 :o1 among o!r precepts1 accepts z ultimate ^? enjo9+ ^u him ju/ice & b5evol5ce1 may well ask himself t[>d :om ^! virtues are to be ex]cis$1 & :e!r ! claims ( all :o belong to ! class 9 "q are id5tical 9 k9d & degree4 ,if !y are n1 he mu/ f9d "s rule = e/imat+ _! relative importance4 ,he :o makes x 8 moral ideal to ,foll[ ,nature1 to ,/rive = ,p]fection1 or to ,realize 8 ,capacities1 mu/ det]m9e 9 detail :at conduct1 self-reg>d+ & o!r- reg>d+1 ! acceptance ( su* aims entails4 ,only ! unreflective c reg>d ! utilit>ian z hav+ a monopoly ( ! difficulties :i* face ! morali/4 ,! vague g5]al /atem5t t we %\ld /rive to r5d] o!rs happy--a duty recogniz$ by m5 ( v diff]5t s*ools-- nev] frees u f ! p]plexities :i* arise :5 x is ask$3 ,:at o!rs8 ,) :at degree ( imp>tiality8 ,:58 ,by :at means8 ,b t su* que/ions c be approa*$ by a pa? m satisfactory ?an t foll[$ by ! utilit>ian1 !re is good reason to ma9ta94 ,footnote3 ,see1 bel[1 *apt] xxx1 ,sec ,sec #adj-adb4 #aab4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,argum5ts ,,= ,,utilit>ianism4--,x is wor? :ile to summ>ize :at may be said = utilit>ianism1 & :at may be said aga9/ x4 ,x may be argu$ 9 its favor3 7#a7 ,t x appe>s to set z ! aim ( human endeavor1 an intelligible end1 & a fairly def9ite "o4 ,ev]yone has "s notion ( :at happ9ess means1 & is n )\t ideas t\*+ ! way to seek 8 own happ9ess1 or to contribute to t ( o!rs4 7#b7 ,! end is "o actually desir$ by m5 at all /ages ( intellectual & moral developm5t4 ,m5 are impell$ to seek _! own happ9ess1 & !re are few :o d n feel impell$ to take into consid]ation1 to "s degree1 at lea/1 ! happ9ess ( "s o!rs4 7#c7 ,! g5]al happ9ess is n m]ely desir$ by "s m51 b x is felt to be desirable2 t is1 x is an end n out ( h>mony ) ! moral judgm5ts ( mank9d4 ,x makes its appeal to ! social nature ( man2 x seems to furni% a basis = ! ex]cise ( b5evol5ce & ju/ice4 7#d7 ,! utilit>ian's cle> recognition ( ! g5]al happ9ess z ! ultimate end ( human endeavor1 & 8 insi/5ce t in/itutions1 laws & moral maxims mu/ be judg$ solely by _! fitness to s]ve z means to t end1 h made him an en]getic apo/le ( re=m1 & intol]ant ( old & passively accept$ abuses4 ,8 insi/5ce ^u ! pr9ciple ( imp>tiality 9 ! di/ribution ( happ9ess has made him a *ampion ( ! in>ticulate & ! oppress$4 ,:atev] "o may ?9k ( 8 ab/ract pr9ciples1 ! g5]al "* ( ! specific measures he has advocat$ mu/ meet ) ! approval ( enlight5$ morali/s ( v diff]5t s*ools4 #aac4 ,,argum5ts ,,aga9/ ,,utilit>ianism4--,aga9/ utilit>ianism z an e?ical !ory v>i\s objections h be5 br\ght or may be br\ght4 7#a7 ,objection may be tak5 to ! utilit>ian assumption t ! only ultimate object ( desire is pleasure or happ9ess4 ,x 0 po9t$ out =cibly by ,bi%op ,butl] 9 ! eighte5? c5tury t m5 desire _m ?+s besides pleasure4 ,man's desires are an outcome ( 8 nature1 & t results 9 p>ticul> movem5ts t[>ds p>ticul> ext]nal objects--honor1 p[]1 ! h>m or good ( ano!r4 ,footnote3 ,s]mons1 ,preface1 ,sec #bi2 cf4 ,s]mon ,,xi4 ,to be sure1 no "o c act b f a desire1 or *oice1 or pref]5ce ( 8 own1 b ?is is no evid5ce t :at he seeks 9 act+ is always pleasure4 ,p>ticul> passions or appetites are1 ,butl] +5i\sly argues1 necess>ily presuppos$ by ! v idea ( an int]e/$ pursuit2 s9ce ! v idea ( int]e/ or happ9ess consi/s 9 ?is1 t an appetite or affection enjoys its object4 ,"h we f9d our att5tion call$ to a v important tru?1 ! significance ( :i* !re is dang] ( our ov]look+4 ,pleasure or happ9ess is n some?+ t c be p>cell$ up & h&$ ab\t indep5d5tly ( ! nature ( ! recipi5t4 ,x is n ev]yone :o c desire ev]y?+ & feel pleasure 9 its atta9m5t4 ,t ! objects ( desire & w are _m1 & t ! /riv+s ( consci\s creatures h 9 view _m ends1 & v>y accord+ to ! impulsive & in/9ctive end[m5ts ( ! creatures 9 "q1 has be5 well br\ght out 9 ! admirable /udies ( in/9ct :i* we n[ h at our disposal4 ,! mo/ ard5t devotee ( pleasure mu/ recognize1 t only c]ta9 pleasures are op5 to him2 t1 su* z !y are1 !y are a revelation ( 8 nature & capacities2 t pleasures1 if s\ght at all1 _c be secur$ directly1 b only z ! result ( a successful /riv+ = objects n pleasures1 :i* br+ pleasure z _! accompanim5t4 ,he :o w\ld h ! pleasure ( eat+ mu/ desire food2 & nei!r food1 nor ! eat+ ( food1 c be reg>d$ z1 p] se1 pleasure4 ,! pleasure ( ! brood+ h5 is beyond ! rea* ( man1 :o1 h[ev] pleasure-lov+1 _c desire to sit ^u eggs1 & s mu/ =ego ! pleasure :i*1 9 ! case ( ! bird1 cr[ns t ex]cise4 ,su* consid]ations z ! above h l$ "s morali/s to def9e1 z ! end ( desire1 n pleasure1 b self-satisfaction4 ,e desire1 x is po9t$ out1 /rives to satisfy itself 9 ! atta9m5t ( its appropriate object4 ,) ! atta9m5t ( ! object1 ! desire has produc$ its prop] fruit & ceases to be4 ,x is admitt$ t ! satisfaction ( desire is accompani$ by pleasure1 b x is d5i$ t ! pleasure may be prop]ly call$ ! object ( ! desire1 or reg>d$ z call+ x into be+3 ,! appetite ( hung] mu/ prec$e & condition ! pleasure :i* consi/s 9 its satisfaction4 ,x _c !re=e h t pleasure = its excit+ object4 ,footnote3 ,,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] i1 ,sec #afa4 ,see also ,book ,,ii1 *apt] ii1 ,sec #aca2 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] i1 ,sec ,sec #aed-afj4 ,at ! same "t x is conc$$ t ! idea ( a pleasure to be atta9$ may re9=ce ! desire = an object1 may int5sify ! putt+ =? ( en]gy1 & may t5d to su/a9 & prolong any mode ( action4 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec #afa2 ,,dewey1 ,e?ics1 *apt] xiv1 ,sec #a1 p4 #bga2 ,,mcd\gall1 ,social ,psy*ology1 ,london1 #aiaf1 p4 #dc4 ,x is fur!r conc$$ t pleasures may be consci\sly aim$ at1 b x is urg$ t ?is does n result 9 true self-satisfaction1 & is evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( unheal?y desires4 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec #aeh2 ,,dewey1 ,e?ics p4 #bgj4 ,! utilit>ian is n :olly helpless 9 ! face ( su* objections4 ,he may argue t1 if x is difficult to see h[ a pleasure :i* is ! result ( a desire may cause ! desire1 x is equally difficult to see h[ x may prolong1 re9=ce or int5sify x4 ,& he may ma9ta9 t1 al?\gh ! pursuit ( pleasure1 9 c]ta9 =ms1 is calculat$ to defeat its own aim & is und\bt$ly unheal?y1 ?is ne$ n be ! case if "o's aim be ! true utilit>ian "o--! happ9ess ( all4 ,! direct attack ^u 8 ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple :i* consi/s 9 ! objection t1 if pleasure is ! only object ( desire1 a sum ( pleasures1 z n be+ a pleasure1 _c be desir$1 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec #bba4 he c put aside ) ! rem>k t no f>-rea*+ & compreh5sive aim c be realiz$ at "o /roke4 ,i c desire a long & useful life2 ?is _c be _h all at once4 ,i c desire a long life full ( pleasures2 ?is _c be enjoy$ all at once ei!r4 ,b ea* c c]ta9ly be ! object ( desire4 ,b1 :5 all is said1 x rema9s true t ! cont5tion ( ^?1 :o di/+ui% %>ply betwe5 ! satisfaction ( desire & ! atta9m5t ( pleasure1 is ( no little importance4 ,x calls our att5tion to ! foll[+ tru?s3 7a7 ,we h def9ite in/9cts & impulses :i* t5d to satisfy !mselves ) _! appropriate objects4 7b7 ,at _! fir/ ex]cise1 our aim c\ld n h be5 ! pleasure result+ f _! satisfaction1 = t c\ld n h be5 =ese54 7c7 ,al?\gh1 aft] exp]i5ce1 ! atta9m5t ( pleasure may come to be our aim 9 ! ex]cise ( _m activities1 & may (t51 z f> z we c see1 be a natural & n un:olesome aim2 x is by no means evid5t t1 ev5 :5 we are exp]i5c$ & reflective1 ! ex]cise ( our faculties comes to be reg>d$ only z a means to ! atta9m5t ( pleasure4 7d7 ,! h$oni/1 9 ma9ta9+ t pleasure is ! only ultimate object ( desire1 appe>s1 ?us1 to be committ$ to ! doctr9e t ! satisfaction ( all o!r desires is subord9at$ to ! satisfaction ( ! desire = pleasure4 ,= ?is position he c furni% no adequate pro(4 ,self-evid5t ! doctr9e is n4 7e7 ,x is incumb5t ^u him1 z a morali/1 to prove1 n m]ely t all o!r satisfactions are1 b also t !y ought to be subord9at$ to ! satisfaction ( ! desire = pleasure4 ,?is he appe>s to assume )\t pro(4 7#b7 ,we h se5 above ,footnote3 ,see ,sec #ajh4 t ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( utilit>ian h$onism1 z aga9/ egoi/ic1 namely1 ! mak+ ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ( ! ,greate/ ,numb] ! object ( ! endeavors ( ea* individual1 has n be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$ by lead+ utilit>ians4 ,b5?am assumes ! pr9ciple2 ,mill advances a d\btful argum5t2 ,sidgwick falls back ^u intuitions :i* all w n admit to be indubitable4 ,to 8 ass]tion3 ,reason %[s me t if my happ9ess is desirable & a good1 ! equal happ9ess ( any o!r p]son mu/ be equally desirable1 ,footnote3 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] xiv1 ,sec #e4 ! d\bt] may reply3 ,desirable to :om8 to him or to me8 7#c7 ,f9ally1 x may be object$ t ! consi/5t utilit>ian1 9 mak+ pleasure1 ab/ractly tak51 ! only ultimate good1 & 9 reg>d+ z ! sole crit]ion ( "r actions _! t5d5cy to produce pleasure1 really te>s pleasure out ( its moral sett+ altoge!r4 ,?us ,b5?am's cont5tion ,footnote3 ,sec #ajf1 above4 t ! pleasure a man may d]ive f ! ex]cise ( malice or cruelty is1 tak5 by itself1 good--:ile x la/s1 & be=e any bad consequ5ces h set 91 z good z any o!r t is n m int5se--d]ives :at plausibility x has1 f an ambiguity 9 ! ^w good4 ,pleasure1 tak5 by itself1 is und\bt$ly pleasure1 :atev] be its s\rce4 ,to affirm ?is is m]e tautology4 ,&1 if we *ose to make good b a synonym = pleasure1 we rema9 9 ! same tautology :5 we affirm t e pleasure is a good4 ,b ,b5?am assum$ t good 9 ?is s5se & moral good are ! same ?+4 ,8 assumption is n borne out by ! moral judgm5ts ( mank9d4 ,ev5 a cursory view ( ^? moral judgm5ts z reveal$ 9 cu/oms1 laws & public op9ion makes x evid5t t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 pleasure is reg>d$ z1 f a moral /&po9t1 a good1 &1 "u o!r circum/ances1 an evil4 ,torn out ( its sett+1 x is simply pleasure1 a psy*ological ph5om5on l any o!r1 ) no e?ical significance4 ,take ! case ( ! pleasure enjoy$ by ! malignant man4 ,x may be int5se1 if he be peculi>ly susceptible to su* pleasure4 ,! pa9 suff]$ by 8 victim may conceivably be less int5se4 ,bo? may die be=e ! bad consequ5ces1 t is to say1 o!r pa9s1 arrive4 ,!re may be no spectators4 ,is1 9 su* a case1 ! pleasure "o to be call$ a good8 ,c x be approv$8 ,no reflective morali/ w\ld ma9ta9 t x c4 ,:i* means t ! morali/s1 9 all ages1 h meant by good some?+ m ?an pleasure1 tak5 ab/ractly1 & t ,b5?am's assumption may be reg>d$ z an ab]ration4 #aad4 ,,transfigur$ ,,utilit>ianism4--,x is possible to hold to a utilit>ianism m circumspect & less />tl+ ?an ,b5?am's4 ,x is possible1 :ile ma9ta9+ t pleasure is ! only ?+ t an exp]i5c$ & reasonable be+ c reg>d z ultimately desirable1 to ma9ta9 at ! same "t t x is ra% = any man to attempt to seek 8 own happ9ess1 or to /rive to promote ! g5]al happ9ess1 )\t tak+ into v c>eful consid]ation ! in/9cts & impulses ( man & ! nature ( ! social organization :i* has result$ f man's be+ :at he is4 ,"o may argue t ! exp]i5ce ( ! race is1 z a rule1 a saf] guide ?an ! indep5d5t judgm5t ( ! individual2 & t1 9 ! secul> endeavor to compass ! g5]al happ9ess1 x has discov]$ ! pa?s to t goal :i* may mo/ successfully be foll[$4 ,?us1 "o may di/ru/ ,utopian s*emes1 recogniz+ ! significance ( cu/om1 law1 traditional moral maxims1 & public op9ion1 & yet rema9 a utilit>ian4 ,b he :o does ?is mu/ /ill answ] ! prec$+ objections4 ,he mu/ prove3 7#a7 ,t pleasure is ! only ?+ ultimately desirable2 7#b7 t ea* is "u obligation to promote ! pleasure ( all2 7#c7 t its m]e conduciv5ess to ! production ( a prepond]ance ( pleasure makes an action "r1 ev5 ?\gh ! pleasure be a malici\s "o1 z 9 ! illu/ration above giv54 ,/ill1 8 doctr9e has become less />tl+1 & he has mov$ 9 ! direction ( a great] h>mony ) ! moral judgm5ts ( m5 g5]ally4 ,! conduct he recomm5ds ne$ n1 z a rule1 diff] greatly f t recogniz$ z "r by morali/s ( q diff]5t s*ools4 ,su* a utilit>ian may easily pass ov] to a =m ( doctr9e :i* is n utilit>ian at all4 ,?us1 ,sidgwick asks :e!r !re is a measurable quality ( feel+ express$ by ! ^w pleasure1 :i* is indep5d5t ( its relation to volition1 & /rictly undef9able f its simplicity--l ! quality ( feel+ express$ by 'sweet1' ( :i* also we are consci\s 9 v>y+ degrees ( int5sity2 & he answ]s3 ,= my own "p1 :5 ! t]m 7pleasure7 is us$ 9 ! m ext5d$ s5se :i* ,i h adopt$1 to include ! mo/ ref9$ & subtle intellectual & emotional gratifications1 no less ?an ! co>s] & m def9ite s5sual enjoym5ts1 ,i c f9d no common quality 9 ! feel+s s designat$ except "s relation to desire or volition4 ,footnote3 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,ii1 *apt] ii1 ,sec #b1 #d? ,edition4 ,,sidgwick nev] appreciably modifi$ ?is op9ion1 :i* is mo/ cle>ly express$ 9 ! ,edition quot$4 ,:5 we seek1 !n1 to give pleasure1 are we do+ no?+ else ?an giv+ recognition to ! desire & w ( our neighbor8 ,:at has become ( ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple8 ,has x n dissolv$ into ! doctr9e ( ! ,real ,social ,w8 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,nature1 ,,p]fection1 ,,self-,,realization ,i4 ,,nature #aae4 ,,human ,,nature ,,z ,,accept$ ,,/&>d4--,! ?ree doctr9es1 t ! norm ( moral action is to foll[ nature1 t x is to aim at ! atta9m5t ( p]fection1 & t x is ! realization ( "o's capabilities1 h mu* 9 common4 ,!y may conv5i5tly be treat$ 9 ! same *apt]4 ,e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e?ics we f9d ! morali/ prea*+ t x is ! duty ( man to foll[ nature1 & br&+ vice z unnatural &1 h5ce1 to be abhorr$4 ,! ^w nature1 ?us us$1 has _h a fluctuat+ mean+4 ,sometimes ! ?\ght has be5 pr$om9antly ( human nature1 & sometimes ! appeal has be5 to nature 9 a wid] s5se4 ,ari/otle1 :o f9ds ! good ( man 9 happ9ess or well-be+1 po9ts out t ?is is some?+ relative to man's nature4 ,! well- be+ ( a man he conceives z1 9 l>ge "p1 well-do+1 & well- do+ he def9es z p]=m+ ! prop] functions ( a man4 ,footnote3 ,ni*oma*ean ,e?ics1 ,book ,i1 *apt]s iv1 vii1 viii4 ,if we ask him :at is prop] or natural to man1 he ref]s u to :at man1 :5 fully develop$1 becomes3 ,:at e be+ is 9 its complet$ /ate1 t c]ta9ly is ! nature ( t ?+1 :e!r x be a man1 a h\se1 or a horse4 ,footnote3 ,politics1 i1 #b4 ,he conceives man's nature1 ?us1 z t :i* x is 9 man to become4 ,t[>d ?is end man /rives2 & x is ?is :i* furni%es him ) ! law ( 8 action4 ,b1 x may be ask$1 h[ %all ?is end be def9$ 9 detail8 ,individual m51 :o arrive at mature ye>s1 are by no means alike4 ,"s we approve2 "s we disapprove4 ,we evid5tly appeal to a /&>d by :i* ! individual is judg$4 ,! appeal to ! nature ( man helps u little unless we c agree ^u :at we may accept z a j revelation ( t nature--a patt]n ( "s sort1 div]g5ce f :i* may be call$ unnatural1 & is to be reprobat$4 ,nei!r ,ari/otle1 nor ^? :o1 aft] him1 took human nature z ! moral norm1 7 )\t "s conception ( su* a patt]n4 ,!y kept 9 view c]ta9 ?+s t m5 may become r ?an c]ta9 o!rs4 ,!y accept$ z _! /&>d a type ( human nature :i* t5ds1 on ! :ole1 to realize itself m & m 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t ( human communities4 ,b z diff]5t human societies diff] m or less 9 ! *>act]i/ics :i* !y t5d to transmit to _! memb]s1 9 ! k9d ( man :om !y t5d to =m1 we f9d ! ideal ( human nature1 ) :i* we are pres5t$1 some:at vague & fluctuat+4 ,diff]5t traits are dwelt ^u by diff]5t morali/s4 ,/ill1 ! appeals to human nature h a good deal 9 common2 ^u man's rational & social qualities especial /ress is apt to be laid4 #aaf4 ,,human ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,nature4--,e nature1 said ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,footnote3 ,?\ghts1 translat$ by ,george ,long1 viii1 #g4 is cont5t$ ) itself :5 x goes on its way well2 & a rational nature goes on its way well1 :5 9 its ?\ghts x ass5ts to no?+ false or unc]ta91 & :5 x directs its movem5ts to social acts only1 & :5 x conf9es its desires & av]sions to ! ?+s :i* are 9 its p[]1 & :5 x is satisfi$ ) ev]y?+ t is assign$ to x by ! common ,nature4 ,9 ! la/ clause ! ,/oic turns f ! contemplation ( man's nature1 tak5 by itself1 & dwells ^u ! nature ( ! univ]se1 :i* he conceives to be controll$ by reason4 ,he ?us ga9s an add$ argum5t = ! obligations laid ^u man by 8 own nature4 ,he writes3 ,e in/rum5t1 tool1 vessel1 if x does t = :i* x has be5 made1 is well1 & yet he :o made x is n !re4 ,b 9 ! ?+s :i* are held toge!r by ,nature !re is )9 & !re abides 9 !m ! p[] :i* made !m2 :]e=e ! m is x fit to rev]5ce ?is p[]1 & to ?9k t1 if ?\ do/ live & act accord+ to its w1 ev]y?+ 9 !e is 9 con=mity to intellig5ce4 ,footnote3 ,ibid vi1 #dj4 ,! law ( man's nature is1 ?us1 reg>d$ z a "p ( ! law ( ,nature--,we are all work+ toge!r to "o end1 "s ) k & design1 & o!rs )\t kn[+ :at !y d4 ,footnote3 ,ibid1 vi1 #db4 ,&1 ?is be+ ! case1 man may take patt]n1 :5 he is incl9$ to fall bel[ ! /&>d ( duty appropriate to him1 by consid]+ humbl] creatures3 ,do/ ?\ n see ! little plants1 ! little birds1 ! ants1 ! spid]s1 ! bees work+ toge!r to put 9 ord] _! sev]al p>ts ( ! univ]se8 ,& art ?\ unwill+ to d ! "w ( a human be+8 ,& do/ ?\ n make ha/e to d t :i* is accord+ to ?y nature8 ,footnote3 ,ibid1 v1 #a4 ,! del9qu5t is1 h5ce1 judg$ guilty1 n m]ely ( d]ogation f 8 high e/ate1 b also ( impiety4 ,footnote3 ,ibid1 ix1 #a4 #aag4 ,,vagu5ess ,,( ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,nature4--,! "q ( ! influ5ce ( religi\s belief ^u a !ory ( morals ,i %all discuss else:]e4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] xxxvi4 ,"h x is only necess>y to po9t out t1 if !re is vagu5ess 9 ! appeal to human nature1 x c sc>cely be dissipat$ satisfactorily by simply turn+ to ,nature 9 a broad] s5se4 ,%all we1 :5 9 d\bt z to human behavior1 copy t ( ! brutes8 ,! indu/ry ( "s humble creatures x seems edify+ to dwell ^u2 b f ! fact t bees are /ung to dea? by _! si/]s 9 ! hive1 or t ! spid] is giv5 to dev\r+ h] mate1 we c h>dly draw a moral lesson = man4 ,! appeal to a ,law ( ,nature s (t5 made 9 ! hi/ory ( e?ical speculation has furni%$ b a vague & elusive norm4 ,he :o makes x is apt to fall back ^u ! moral intuitions ) :i* he is furni%$1 & to pack a great] or less numb] ( !m into 8 notion ( ,natural ,law4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,ma9e',s fasc9at+ *apt]s on ! ,law ( ,nature1 ,anci5t ,law1 *apt]s 9 & iv4 ,! innum]able appeals to ! ,law ( ,nature conta9$ 9 ,grotius's fam\s "w on ! ,law ( ,w> & ,peace are v illum9at+4 ,9 ,cic]o1 ,nature becomes fairly g>rul\s to man on all matt]s ( deportm5t3 ,let u foll[ ,nature1 & refra9 f :atev] lacks ! approval ( eye & e>4 ,let attitude1 gait1 mode ( sitt+1 po/ure at table1 c\nt5ance1 eyes1 movem5t ( ! h&s1 pres]ve ! becom+ness ( :i* ,i speak4 ,footnote3 ,de ,(ficiis1 i1 #ce1 translat$ by ,peabody1 #aah4 ,,! ,,appeal ,,to ,,nature ,,& ,,intuitionism4--,! morali/s :o urge u to foll[ nature1 :e!r human nature or ,nature 9 a wid] s5se1 we may1 h5ce1 reg>d z intuitioni/s ( a sort4 ,^? :o emphasize human nature evid5tly dep5d ^u _! moral intuitions to give !m in=mation z to its *>act]i/ics4 ,x is intuition t pa9ts = !m _! patt]n4 ,!y d n take man z !y actually f9d him2 !y call = ! suppression ( "s traits1 & ! exagg]ation ( o!rs4 ,nor are ^? :o appeal to ,nature 9 a wid] s5se less guid$ by moral intuitions4 ,! appeal is nev] made )\t re/rictions & limitations4 ,no "o dreams t ! bird1 ! ant1 ! spid]1 ! bee1 c be reg>d$ z satisfactory tea*]s ( morals to human be+s4 ,ea* may be occupi$ 9 putt+ 9 ord] its corn] ( ! univ]se2 b ! ord] atta9$ is n a human ord]1 & !re is 9 x mu* t is revolt+ to ! moral judgm5ts ( mank9d4 ,man mu/ h a /&>d ( 8 own4 ,he li/5s to ,nature only :5 %e tells him :at he already approves4 ,z a =m ( intuitionism ! doctr9e ( foll[+44 nature may be criticis$ 9 mu* ! same way z o!r =ms4 ,"o great m]it x has4 ,x calls att5tion to ! fact t e?ics is a discipl9e :i* has no significance ab/ract$ f ! nature ( man4 ,x appe>s absurd to say t man ought to d :at x is n 9 man1 "u any conceivable circum/ances1 to d4 ,&1 l o!r =ms ( intuitionism1 x has ! m]it ( avoid+ t %ort-circuit+ :i* may easily prove s$uctive to ! egoi/ or ! utilit>ian4 ,he :o accepts z 8 end ei!r 8 own happ9ess or t ( m5 g5]ally may easily be induc$ to take %ort cuts to t end1 & pay little att5tion to moral maxims z su*4 ,he may treat lightly t great sy/em ( rules & obs]vances by :i* m5 are guid$ 9 _! relations ) "o ano!r1 & :i* prev5t human societies f relaps+ into a *aos4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! foll[] ( nature1 l o!r intuitioni/s1 may easily be ?r[n into p]plexity by ! fact t :at seems to him natural1 &1 h5ce1 "r1 may n be approv$ by o!r m54 ,he _c prove t he is "r & !y are wrong4 ,he appe>s condemn$ to take refuge 9 subjective conviction1 t is1 9 m]e dogmatism4 ,,ii4 ,,p]fection #aai4 ,,p]fection ,,& ,,type4--,:5 we speak ( a ?+ z m or less p]fect1 we commonly mean t x is m or less p]fect 9 its k9d4 ,a good saw makes a poor razor2 a good *air1 a m ?an indiff]5t b$4 ,a bee cru%$ by a bl[1 a bird ) a brok5 w+1 we reg>d z imp]fect4 ,b x sc>cely occurs to u to ask ourselves :e!r ! bee is m or less p]fect ?an ! bird1 or ! bird ?an ! spid]4 ,swift's ,h\yhnhnms at _! be/ c\ld n be ei!r p]fect horses or p]fect m54 ,!y 7 creatures ) a p]fection ( _! own1 & "o appropriate to _! hybrid nature4 ,to e creature its own p]fection4 ,?is pr9ciple m5 seem to assume tacitly 9 _! judgm5ts4 ,!y set up a /&>d = ea* k9d1 & !y conceive ! individual to atta9 or to fall %ort1 accord+ to ! degree ( its approa* to1 or ( its div]g5ce f1 ! allott$ /&>d4 ,if we take p]fection 9 ?is s5se--& we usually h no o!r s5se 9 m9d 9 our judgm5ts ( p]fection--! doctr9e t x is ! :ole duty ( man to /rive to atta9 to p]fection is none o!r ?an ! doctr9e t x is 8 duty to foll[ nature1 8 prop] nature z man4 ,& any difficulties :i* may legitimately be urg$ ^u ! att5tion ( ! morali/ :o recomm5ds ! foll[+ ( nature may ) equal ju/ice be urg$ ^u ! att5tion ( him :o exhorts u to aim at p]fection4 ,?us1 if x is d\btful j :at nature dem&s ( u1 x seems no less d\btful :at obligations are laid ^u u :5 we make p]fection our goal4 ,t goal _c mean = ea* man simply ! develop+ to ! utmo/ ( all ! capacities :i* he possesses4 ,!re are m5 ri* 9 ! possibilities ( slo?1 ( indiff]5ce to future good1 ( egoism1 ev5 ( malignant feel+4 ,nor does ! av]age man furni% ! patt]n ( p]fection4 ,! p]fectioni/ does n reg>d ! av]age man z ! embodim5t ( 8 ideal4 ,he seeks to bett] him4 ,t1 9 /riv+ to atta9 p]fection1 a man %\ld rema9 a man1 ) ess5tially human *>act]i/ics1 seems evid5t4 ,b :at sort ( a man he %\ld be is n z cle>4 ,until we are 9 a position to give "s reason$ acc\nt ( :at we mean by p]fection z an ideal1 & to %[ t x is a desirable goal = man1 we appe> to be sett+ up b a vague end = human endeavor1 & to be assum+ intuitively t x is a desirable end4 #abj4 ,,m ,,& ,,less ,,p]fect ,,types4--,s mu* = p]fection z synonym\s ) ! ideal human nature ( :i* anci5t & mod]n morali/s h treat$4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 possible to use ! ^w p]fection 9 a some:at diff]5t s5se4 ,man is n m]ely man2 he is a liv+ be+1 & !re are liv+ be+s ( _m ord]s4 ,! plants1 ! simpl] =ms ( animal life1 ! brutes :i* we recognize z /&+ ne>] to u1 & man may1 f ?is po9t ( view1 be ref]r$ to ! "o s]ies4 ,"s memb]s ( ?is s]ies we *>act]ize z l[]1 & o!rs we speak ( z high] 9 ! scale4 ,n[1 su* designations z high] & l[] _c be appli$ indiscrim9ately4 ,!re is little s5se 9 ! ass]tion t a bit ( /r+ is high] ?an a /raight l9e1 or a hat ?an a h&k]*ief4 ,"s significant basis ( comp>ison mu/ be pres5t4 ,?+s mu/ be recogniz$ z approximat+ to or div]g+ f an accept$ /&>d 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,su* a basis ( comp>ison is pres5t :5 "s objects possess ! same qualities 9 a m m>k$ degree ?an d o!rs4 ,b ?is is n ! only possible basis ( comp>ison4 ,we may assume t ! possession ( c]ta9 qualities m>ks a creature z high]1 & t ! creature :i* has !m n1 or has !m imp]fectly develop$1 !reby /amps itself z be+ ( a l[] ord]4 ,some?+ l ?is appe>s to det]m9e our judgm5ts :5 we assign to v>i\s creatures _! place 9 ! scale ( liv+ be+s4 ,we d n mean t ! high] possess to a great] degree all ! capacities possess$ by ! l[]4 ,_m ?+s :i* ! plant does man _c d at all2 &1 among ! animals1 ^? :i* we recognize z high] may be lack+ 9 _m capacities pres5t 9 a m>k$ degree 9 ! l[]4 ,9 rank+ "o liv+ creature z high]1 &1 ?us1 z m p]fect1 ?an ano!r1 we assume t ! nature ( ! "o1 ) its v>i\s capacities & lacks ( capacity1 is1 on ! :ole1 ( m wor? ?an ! nature ( ano!r4 ,x might be ma9ta9$ t1 9 8 e/imate ( ! wor? ( diff]5t k9ds ( be+s man is influ5c$ by 8 p>tiality = ! di/9ctively human1 rat+ creatures z l[] or high] 9 proportion to _! div]g5ce f or approximation to 8 own type4 ,und\bt$ly ?is plays a "p 9 m5's judgm5ts4 ,we are p>tial to ourselves4 ,& yet judgm5ts ( p]fection & imp]fection _c :olly be expla9$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,i ?9k we mu/ admit )\t pro(1 writes ,pr(essor ,janet1 ,footnote3 ,! ,!ory ( ,morals1 ,book ,i1 *apt] iii1 ,engli% translation1 ,new ,york1 #ahhc1 p4 #dh4 a brilliant apo/le ( ! doctr9e ( p]fection1 t ?+s are good1 ev5 indep5d5tly ( ! pleasure :i* !y give u1 9 !mselves & by !mselves1 because ( _! intr9sic excell5ce4 ,if anyone 7 to dem& t ,i %\ld prove t ?\ght is wor? m ?an dige/ion1 a tree m ?an a heap ( /ones1 lib]ty ?an slav]y1 mat]nal love ?an luxury1 ,i c\ld only reply by ask+ him to demon/rate t ! :ole is great] ?an "o ( its p>ts4 ,no s5sible p]son d5ies t1 9 pass+ f ! m9]al k+dom to ! vegetable k+dom1 f ?is to ! animal k+dom1 f ! animal to man1 f ! savage to ! enlight5$ citiz5 ( a free c\ntry1 ,nature has made a cont9ual advance2 t is to say1 at ea* /ep has ga9$ 9 excell5ce & p]fection4 ,"o is naturally impell$ to ask f :at po9t ( view ?+s s disp>ate z ! m9]al1 ! plant1 ! brute1 man1 ?\ght & dige/ion1 lib]ty & slav]y1 c be comp>$ ) "o ano!r at all1 & ref]r$ to any sort ( a s]ies4 ,:at is1 9 its ess5ce1 ?is excell5ce or p]fection ( :i* we h m %9+ evid5ce z we g up 9 ! scale8 ,janet id5tifies x ) int5sity ( be+1 ) activity4 ,! great] ! activity1 ! great] ! p]fection4 ,to ! id5tification ( p]fection & activity we may hesitate to ass5t4 ,x does n seem cle> t !re is great] activity manife/$ 9 a snail ?an 9 a burn+ h\se1 9 mat]nal love ?an 9 furi\s hate1 9 quiet ?\ght ?an 9 passion4 ,yet x seems significant t judgm5ts ( wor? d n appe> out ( place 9 comp>+ su* ?+s4 #aba4 ,,p]fectionism ,,& ,,intuitionism4--,tak+ into consid]ation all t is said above1 x seems n unreasonable to conclude3 7#a7 ,t 9 speak+ ( ! p]fection ( any creature we v (t5 judge x only by ! /&>d set by its own type4 ,we reg>d x z a good specim5 ( its k9d4 7#b7 ,b :5 we use p]fection 9 a wid] s5se1 we judge diff]5t types aft] ! /&>d furni%$ by ! di/9ctively human4 7#c7 ,& we take z our /&>d ( ! human ! patt]n man held 9 view by ^? :o urge u to foll[ nature4 ,b :y %\ld ?is patt]n man be assum$ to be bett] or wor?i] ?an a man ( a diff]5t sort8 ,he :o f9ds 9 him a great] exhibition ( activity may ) equal ju/ice address to himself ! "q3 ,:y is activity1 9 itself1 ( value8 ,! "o "q1 l ! o!r1 looks = its answ] 9 ! dictum ( "s intuition4 ,:at may be said =1 & :at aga9/1 intuitions1 we h already consid]$4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] xxiii ,,iii4 ,,self-,,realization #abb4 ,,! ,,self-,,realization ,,doctr9e4--,! e?ical s*ool :i* makes ! realization ( ! capacities ( ! self ! aim ( moral action has = a g5]ation1 especially 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 _h ! support ( _m acute & s*ol>ly m9ds4 ,! doctr9e1 (t5 spok5 ( z ! ,neo- ,kantian or ! ,neo-,hegelian1 may be said to be influ5c$ by ,kant1 s f> z conc]ns metaphysical !ory1 b its e?ical "* is m prop]ly ,hegelian & sugge/s 9 _m p>ticul>s t great ,g]man philosoph]'s ,philosophy ( ,"r4 ,we may conv5i5tly take z ! protagoni/ ( ! s*ool ! ,ox=d s*ol>1 ,?omas ,hill ,gre51 ^: ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics has _h1 directly & indirectly1 a p[]ful influ5ce ^u ! m9ds ( ! m5 ( our g5]ation4 ,we f9d ! doctr9e ( self-realization1 z set =? by ,gre51 to be z foll[s3 7#a7 ,9 all desire "s object is pres5t$ to ! m9d z n yet real1 & !re is a /riv+ to make x real1 & ?us to satisfy1 or ext+ui%1 ! desire4 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec #aca4 7#b7 ,self-consci\sness knits ! desires into a sy/em1 & ?us atta9s to ! conception ( well-be+1 :i* implies ! satisfaction ( desire 9 g5]al1 & n m]ely ( ?is or t desire4 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec #abh4 7#c7 ,good is t :i* satisfies "s desire4 ,any good at :i* an ag5t aims mu/ be 8 own good2 & true good is no?+ else ?an p]man5t well-be+4 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec ,sec #aij1 #ib1 #bjc4 7#d7 ,a desire is det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! creature desir+2 man c atta9 satisfaction only 9 ! realization ( 8 capacities4 ,8 true good lies only 9 _! complete realization--9 8 becom+ all t x is 9 him to become4 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec ,sec #aga-b1 #ahj4 7#e7 ,b man is a social be+1 & has an int]e/ 9 o!r p]sons ?an himself4 ,h5ce 8 complete self-satisfaction implies ! satisfaction ( 8 social z well z ( 8 o!r impulses4 ,t is1 8 true good includes ! good ( o!rs4 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec ,sec #aii- #bje4 7#f7 ,we c only discov] :at our capacities are by obs]v+ !m z s f> realiz$1 & ?us ga9+ ! idea ( future progress4 ,! ultimate end is unkn[n to u4 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec #agb4 7#g7 ,b we see en\gh to recognize t man's capacities c be realiz$1 8 self-satisfaction intellig5tly s\ght1 only 9 a social /ate bas$ ^u ! notion ( ! common good4 ,! "r reveals itself 9 ! actual evolution ( society4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,sec ,sec #agb-gf1 #bje4 #abc4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,ak9 ,,to ,,t ,,( ,,foll[+ ,,nature4--,! self- realization doctr9e has mu* 9 common ) ! doctr9e ( foll[+ nature4 ,?us3 #a4 ,x evid5tly does n recomm5d ! realization ( all ! capacities ( ! individual z su*1 b holds 9 view a patt]n man4 #b4 ,?is is social man1 ! true repres5tative ( human nature z conceiv$ by ! anci5t ,/oic4 ,gre5 holds be=e himself ! ideal ( a society 9 :i* ev]yone %all treat ev]yone else z 8 neighbor1 9 :i* to e rational ag5t ! well-be+ or p]fection ( e o!r su* ag5t %all be includ$ 9 t p]fection = :i* he lives4 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec #bje4 ,! same ?\ght 0 m pi?ily express$ by ,m>cus ,aurelius 9 ! aphorism t :at is good = ! hive is good = ! bee4 #c4 ,we f9d1 too1 ! analogue ( t wid] appeal to nature :i* suffus$ ! ,/oic doctr9e ) religi\s feel+4 ,9 ! above brief recapitulation ( ! /eps 9 ! self-realization doctr9e ,i h omitt$ ?is aspect1 z ,i wi%$ to conf9e myself to ! e?ical doctr9e pure & simple4 ,b ,gre5 conceives ( ! ,div9e ,consci\sness z already hav+ be=e x ! consummation t[>d :i* man /rives 9 8 ef=ts at self-realization2 he reg>ds man z work+ t[>d ! atta9m5t ( a ,div9e ,purpose4 ,! self-realizationi/ may pref]1 sometimes1 to use language m ab/ract4 ,he may say3 ,man's consci\sness ( himself z a memb] ( society involves a ref]5ce to a cosmic ord]4 ,footnote3 ,,muirhead1 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,i1 *apt] 91 ,sec #aj4 ,b ! diff]5ce ( language sc>cely c>ries ) x a sub/antial diff]5ce ( ?\ght4 ,footnote3 ,?\gh ! philosoph] z su* may %un ! t]m ',god' on acc\nt ( its an?ropomorphic associations1 & may pref] to speak ( ! 'consci\s pr9ciple1' or ( ! 'univ]sal self1' yet ! latt] has 9 sub/ance ! same mean+ z ! =m]4 ,,fite1 ,an ,introductory ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 *apt] xiii1 ,sec #d4 #d4 ,z ! appeal to human nature1 or to nature 9 a broad] s5se1 left ! norm = ! guidance ( human actions some:at vague1 s ! appeal to ! pr9ciple ( self-realization seems to leave "o )\t v def9ite guidance4 ,!re may easily arise disputes t\*+ :at capacities are to be realiz$1 & 9 :at degree4 #abd4 ,,is ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,m ,,egoi/ic8--,"o diff]5ce betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( foll[+ nature1 /riv+ to atta9 to p]fection1 & aim+ at self-realization seems to =ce itself ^u our notice4 ,on ! surface1 at lea/1 ! la/ doctr9e appe>s to /& out z m di/9ctly egoi/ic4 ,! v "n has an egoi/ic flavor2 ! doctr9e bases itself ^u ! satisfaction ( desire2 nor d its advocates hesitate to emphasize t ! satisfaction s\ght is ! satisfaction ( ! ag5t desir+4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,egoism ,footnote3 ,*apt] xxiv4 ,i h cit$ "s utt]ances :i* s\nd egoi/ic1 & su* citations might be multipli$4 ,nev]!less1 f ?is egoi/ic root spr+s a fl[] :i* dissem9ates ! p]fume ( a sa9tly self-abnegation4 ,h[ is ?is seem+ miracle accompli%$8 ,! transition is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh a *a9 ( reason+ :i* is subtle & +5i\s 9 ! extreme4 ,mu/ we n admit t 9 all purposive action--! only action ) :i* ! morali/ ne$ conc]n himself--!re is a /riv+ to realize or satisfy desire 9 ! atta9m5t ( "s object8 ,& if ! desires ( a m9d or self conv]ge ^u "s object1 does n its realization imply ! satisfaction or realization ( ! desires ( t m9d or self8 ,fur!rmore1 if our desires h z _! root our capacities--= we c desire no?+ t x is n 9 u to desire--is n ! realization ( desire ! realization ( capacity8 ,does x n foll[1 h5ce1 t e m9d or self1 9 all purposive action1 is /riv+1 ei!r blund]+ly or ) f>-sight$ intellig5ce1 to atta9 to self-satisfaction1 :i* means1 to ! realization ( its capacities8 ,f9ally1 z m5 are by nature social creatures1 h[ c a man fully realize 8 capacities )\t becom+ a truly unselfi% be+8 ,unselfi%ness appe>s to be ! inevitable goal ( ! /riv+s = self-satisfaction ( an unselfi% self4 #abe4 ,,:y ,,aim ,,to ,,realize ,,capacities8--,?is reason+ appe>s highly satisfactory 9 two v diff]5t ways4 ,x seems1 on ! "o h&1 to /op ! m\? ( ! egoi/1 :o insi/s t 8 own advantage is 8 only prop] aim4 ,x assures him t he is ?r\gh\t seek+ 8 own advantage1 :5 he aims at self-realization4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x assures ! man to :om egoism appe>s repellant & immoral1 t self- realization implies t "o mu/ love "o's neighbor z oneself4 ,! immemorial qu>rel betwe5 self-love & b5evol5ce appe>s to be adju/$ to ! mutual satisfaction ( bo? p>ties4 ,is ! reason+ unassailable8 ,!re are two /eps 9 x :i* appe> to dem& a clos] scrut9y4 ,"o is ! transition f desire to capacity2 ! o!r1 ! assumption t he :o foll[s an unselfi% impulse may prop]ly be said to aim at self-satisfaction1 & to ex]cise no self- d5ial4 ,z to ! fir/4 ,our desires may h _! roots 9 our capacities1 b desires & capacities are1 nev]!less1 n ! same ?+4 ,m5 d actually /rive to realize _! desires--a desire is no?+ else ?an su* a /riv+ = realization or satisfaction4 ,b x _c be said t m5 g5]ally /rive to realize _! capacities1 except to ! limit$ degree 9 :i* _! capacities may happ5 to be express$ 9 actual desires4 ,capacities may lie dormant1 & ! man 9 :om !y lie dormant ne$ n on t acc\nt feel dissatisfi$1 z does ! man ^: desires are n realiz$4 ,self-realization1 z und]/ood by ! s*ool ( ?9k]s :i* advocates x1 implies mu* m ?an ! satisfaction ( desire4 ,x implies ! multiplication ( desires & _! satisfaction4 ,on :at gr\nd %all we p]suade ! cont5t$ egoi/1 :o has b a h&ful ( commonplace desires & f9ds x possible to satisfy mo/ ( !m1 t x is bett] to call into be+ a multitude ( wants _m ( :i* w probably rema9 unrealiz$8 ,he may po9t out t ! div9e discont5t is apt to leave ! ideali/ & ! re=m] z lean z ,cassius4 ,all ( :i* does n prove t ! self-realizationi/ is n "r 9 exhort+ m5 to develop _! capacities 9 ! direction ( ! patt]n :i* he holds 9 view2 b x does seem to prove t ! pa? to self-realization1 9 ?is s5se1 is n necess>ily ! pa? to self-satisfaction4 ,! good has come to mean m ?an t :i* satisfies desire4 ,h[ %all we p]suade m5 t x is _! duty to make ?is good _! end8 #abf4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,self-,,sacrifice4--,z = ! second po9t4 ,he :o makes 8 moral aim self-satisfaction c sc>cely be expect$ to advocate self-sacrifice4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d among self-realizationi/s1 a t5d5cy to repudiate altoge!r :at may prop]ly be call$ self-d5ial4 ,any?+ conceiv$ z good 9 su* a way t ! ag5t acts = ! sake ( x1 said ,gre51 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a1 ,sec #ib4 mu/ be conceiv$ z 8 own good4 ,a mom5t's consid]ation w %[1 writes ,pr(essor ,fite1 9 8 cle> & attractive book1 ,footnote3 ,an ,introductory ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 *apt] viii1 ,sec #e4 t1 = self-sacrifice 9 any absolute s5se1 no gr\nd ( obligation is conceivable4 ,unless ,i am 9 "s way int]e/$ 9 ! object ,footnote3 ,i4e41 unless ,i desire ! object4 ^: atta9m5t is set be=e me z a duty1 x seems to be psy*ologically impossible t ,i %\ld ev] /rive = x4 ,n[ we d seem compell$ to conc$e t1 unless a man desires an end1 he _c w t end4 ,any?+ t is select$ z an end1 & /riv5 =1 mu/ be desir$4 ,& ! atta9m5t ( ! end implies1 ( c\rse1 ! satisfaction ( t p>ticul> desire4 ,b1 admitt+ all ?is1 is n ! "q left op5 :e!r "s desires may n be sacrific$ to o!rs2 & :e!r1 inde$1 a :ole ext5sive sy/em ( desires may n1 on occasion1 be sacrific$ to a s+le desire8 ,9 ?is case1 may n ! transaction prop]ly be call$ self-sacrifice8 ,suppose ! desire to s]ve "o's neighbor1 if satisfi$1 prev5ts ! realization ( a multitude ( o!r desires ( ! same ag5t4 ,is x c]ta9 t its satisfaction does n imply self-d5ial8 #abg4 ,,self-,,satisfaction ,,& ,,self-,,sacrifice4--,! argum5t to prove t x is n really self-sacrifice may foll[ div]s pa?s4 ,?us1 x may be argu$ t1 s9ce ! prop] end ( a rational be+ is 8 own p]man5t good1 ! sacrifice ( su* goods z d n conduce to ?is end is n self-sacrifice4 ,s5sual pleasures1 ! satisfaction ( vanity or ambition1 ! accompli%m5t ( a v5geful purpose1 an excessive preoccupation ) "o's own int]e/s z contra/$ ) ^? ( o!rs--su* ?+s z ^!1 x is claim$1 d n p]man5tly satisfy4 ,t ! s-call$ man ( pleasure is a man ^u :om pleasures pall1 & t he :o seeks too e>ne/ly to save 8 own life is apt to lose x1 has be5 reit]at$ by a long l9e ( pr(essional & lay morali/s f ,buddha to ,tol/oi4 ,! refuge f ! discont5t aris+ out ( ! attempt to qu5* "o's ?ir/ by sipp+ at transi5t delights has always be5 f\nd 9 altruism "u "s guise4 ,! self- realizationi/s may claim t c]ta9 ?+s are giv5 up 9 ord] t o!r ?+s m p]man5tly satisfy+ to ! self may be atta9$1 & may d5y t ?is is any r5unciation ( self-satisfaction4 ,footnote3 ,,gre51 op4 cit41 ,sec #agf4 ,aga94 ,x may be argu$ t m5's int]e/s d n conflict z widely z is commonly suppos$4 ,to be sure1 two m5 may h to /ruggle ) ea* o!r = ! pleasure ( eat+ a giv5 apple1 ( mak+ a pecuni>y pr(it1 ( obta9+ a covet$ po/1 ( be+ ! fir/ au?ority 9 a giv5 sci5ce or art1 ( secur+ ! affections ( a p>ticul> woman4 ,"h "o man's loss seems to be ano!r man's ga94 ,b two m5 may enjoy see+ a *ild eat an apple1 or a des]v+ man pr(it1 or _! common c&idate w9 ! election1 or _! favorite arti/ honor$1 or _! belov$ nephew accept$ by ! lady ( 8 *oice4 ,if "o desires c]ta9 ?+s1 & c]ta9 ?+s only1 !re seems no reason :y "o's desires %\ld n be 9 h>mony ) ^? ( o!rs4 ,! ?+s be/ wor? hav+1 x is claim$1 d n admit ( be+ compet$ =4 ,footnote3 ,,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec ,sec #bdd- #bde4 ,if my aim is unselfi% devotion to humanity1 h[ c ,i lose if my neighbor atta9s 9 ! same runn+8 ,d virtu\s m51 9 s f> z !y are virtu\s1 /& 9 ea* o!r's light8 ,are !re n z _m prizes z !re are competitors8 ,z long z ,i rema9 9 ?is field ,i may seek self-satisfaction )\t scruple4 ,i satisfy ano!r's desire 9 satisfy+ my own4 ,by b5evol5ce ,i lose no?+4 ,! li/ ( ?+s :i* "o may =ego )\t self-sacrifice has be5 made a long "o4 ,ev5 ! realization ( capacities highly valu$ by cultivat$ m5 has be5 br\ght into x3 ,no conflict1 writes ,pr(essor ,se?1 ,footnote3 ,a ,/udy ( ,e?ical ,pr9ciples1 ,"p ,,ii1 *apt] ii1 ,sec #d1 ,ed9burgh1 #aiaa1 p4 #bhf4 is possible betwe5 ! ends ( ! individual & ^? ( society4 ,! individual may be call$ ^u to sacrifice1 = example1 8 opportunity ( e/hetic or intellectual culture2 b 9 t v sacrifice lies 8 opportunity ( moral culture1 ( true self-realization4 #abh4 ,,c ,,moral ,,self-,,sacrifice ,,be ,a ,,duty8--,to ?is position "o is tempt$ to demur until two que/ions h f\nd a satisfactory answ]3 #a4 ,is x true t !re is no sacrifice ( self-realization or self- satisfaction1 prop]ly s call$1 :]e all o!r desires & impulses are sacrific$ to ! "o desire to d "r8 #b4 ,is x n conceivable1 at lea/1 t ob$i5ce to an unselfi% impulse may result ev5 9 ! sacrifice ( ! opportunities ( moral culture 9 g5]al8 ,c x1 !n1 be call$ self-realization8 ,t\*+ ! fir/ "q x may plausibly be ma9ta9$ t ! desires ( ! self are _m & v>i\s1 & t ! satisfaction ( an altrui/ic impulse may imply ! sacrifice ( s _m ( !m t ! self may v d\btfully be said to atta9 to p]man5t satisfaction :5 ! impulse is realiz$4 ,ari/otle's h]o1 :o1 9 dy+ = 8 c\ntry1 *ooses ! m honorable = himself1 ,footnote3 ,e?ics1 ,book ,,ix1 *apt] viii1 ,sec #ab4 c h>dly be said 9 t "o act to h accompli%$ a /ate ( p]man5t satisfaction or well-be+ = ! self ^: be+ 01 9 t act1 br\ght to an abrupt t]m9ation4 ,c]ta9 ,/oics seem to h taught t virtue is its own adequate rew>d & t no?+ else matt]s2 b ?is has n be5 ! v]dict ( morali/s g5]ally4 ,paley1 :o writes l an unblu%+ egoi/1 ,footnote3 ,see ,sec #if4 we may pass ov]2 b ev5 ,kant1 a ?9k] ( a v diff]5t complexion1 appe>s to reg>d ! m]e do+ ( a "r act z n a suffici5t rew>d = ! do]4 ,he looks = ! act to be cr[n$ ) happ9ess 9 a life to come1 ?us sav+ x f be+ m]e self- sacrifice4 ,! second "q "o approa*es ) "s hesitation4 ,no morali/1 writes ,pr(essor ,sidgwick1 ,footnote3 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,introduction4 has ev] direct$ an individual to promote ! virtue ( o!rs except 9 s f> z ?is promotion is compatible )1 or r involv$ 91 ! complete realization ( virtue 9 himself4 ,x appe>s ra% to admit to be a duty t :i* z high an au?ority z ,sidgwick ma9ta9s no morali/ has ev] v5tur$ to advise4 ,/ill1 x is p]missible to adduce an illu/ration tak5 f actual life1 & to ask ! read] to =m 8 op9ion indep5d5tly4 ,a girl1 anxi\s to provide h] y\ng] si/] ) a bett] lot1 ent]s a factory & gives up h] life to labor ( a monoton\s & m9d- de/roy+ "*1 amid sordid & m or less degrad+ surr\nd+s4 ,! act is a h]oic "o1 b is x cle> t x conduces to ! self-realization1 n ( ! si/]1 b ( ! ag5t h]self8 ,! influ5ce ( surr\nd+s c\nts = mu*4 ,high impulses may1 "u su* pressure1 come to be repress$4 ,capacity = ! nobl] feel+s1 writes ,mill1 ,footnote3 ,utilit>ianism1 *apt] iii is 9 mo/ natures a v t5d] plant1 easily kill$1 n only by ho/ile influ5ces1 b by m]e want ( su/5ance2 & 9 ! majority ( "y p]sons x spe$ily dies away if ! occupations to :i* _! position 9 life has devot$ !m1 & ! society into :i* x has ?r[n !m1 are n favorable to keep+ t high] capacity 9 ex]cise4 ,m5 lose _! high aspirations z !y lose _! intellectual ta/es1 because !y h n "t or opportunity = indulg+ !m2 & !y addict !mselves to inf]ior pleasures1 n because !y delib]ately pref] !m1 b because !y are ei!r ! only ones to :i* !y h access1 or ! only ones !y are any long] capable ( enjoy+4 ,9 o!r words1 "o may put oneself into a situation 9 :i* self- realization appe>s to be made a mo/ difficult & problematic goal4 ,nor does x seem inconceivable t "o %\ld d ?is = ! sake ( ano!r's good4 ,h5ce1 ev5 if we re/rict ! mean+ ( ! ^w self- sacrifice to ! sacrifice ( ! real or moral self1 ! impossibility ( self-sacrifice sc>cely appe>s to h be5 prov$2 ! impossibility ( a conflict betwe5 ! ends ( ! individual & ( society does n appe> to be indubitably e/abli%$4 #abi4 ,,self-,,sacrifice ,,& ,,! ,,id5tity ,,( ,,selves4--,c x be ma9ta9$ ^u any o!r gr\nds ?an ^? adduc$ above8 ,"o l9e ( argum5t rema9s op5 to u4 ,we may ma9ta9 t1 :ile two bodies are two because !y occupy two portions ( space1 two m9ds1 z n 9 space1 _c ?us be held ap>t1 & we may conclude t ! _m individuals compos+ ! race are n really _m1 b "o4 ,footnote3 ,fite1 ,an ,introductory ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 *apt] xii4 ,i suppose t he :o c take ?is position w f9d x natural to argue t any act :i* s]ves ! int]e/s ( any self mu/ be reg>d$ z s]v+ ! int]e/s ( e self1 & ?us _c be consid]$ z sacrific+ ! int]e/s ( any self4 ,to ^! transc5d5tal heights1 h[ev]1 comp>atively few w be able to climb4 ,to m5 g5]ally x w /ill appe> t ,pet]'s love to ,paul is n id5tical ) ,pet]'s love to ,pet]2 & t ,pet] may act 9 su* a way t1 on ! :ole1 he loses1 :ile ,paul ga9s4 ,t ! int]e/s ( ,pet] & ,paul1 z develop$ social be+s & memb]s ( a civiliz$ community1 are less likely to be 9 conflict ?an ^? ( _! primitive cave-dwell+ =]unn]s may be freely conc$$4 ,b f su* relative h>mony to a complete id5tity ( int]e/s seems a f> cry4 #acj4 ,,que/ions ,,:i* ,,seem ,,to ,,be ,,left ,,op54--,evid5tly1 ! self- realization doctr9e is a great advance ^u ! doctr9e ( foll[+ nature4 ,! self-realizationi/ realizes t man's nature is 9 ! mak+1 & he is n bl9d to ! difficulty ( ! task ( det]m9+ j :at ! real dem&s ( human nature are4 ,?is leads to 8 lay+ mu* /ress ^u ! gradual developm5t ( sy/ems ( rights & duties z !y em]ge "u ! actual conditions to :i* human societies are subject$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! evolution4 ,he reads hi/ory ) compreh5d+ eyes1 & rev]5ces ! human reason z cry/alliz$ 9 social in/itutions4 ,h5ce1 ! div]g5ce ( ! moral /&>ds :i* obta9 9 diff]5t ages & among diff]5t peoples does n seem to him a baffl+ my/]y4 ,he c f9d a relative ju/ification = ea*1 & yet hold to an ideal 9 ! light ( :i* ea* mu/ be judg$4 ,x may be que/ion$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! edifice :i* he erects c be bas$ :olly ^u ! appeal to ! self :i* o/5sibly furni%es ! gr\ndwork ( ! doctr9e4 ,we may ask :e!r su* an appeal c3 7#a7 ,prescribe to ! individual 9 :at measure 8 v>i\s capacities %\ld be realiz$4 7#b7 ,%[ t x is reasonable to awak5 dormant capacities1 & ?us multiply desires4 7#c7 ,ju/ify social acts :i* c]ta9ly appe> to be self-sacrific+1 & :i* ! moral judgm5ts ( m5 g5]ally d n hesitate to approve4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,evolution #aca4 ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,title4--,! title1 ,! ,e?ics ( ,evolution1 seems to assume t ! evolutioni/1 frankly accept+ himself z su*1 mu/ be prep>$ to jo9 "s s*ool ( ! morali/s diff]5t f o!r s*ools1 & bas+ itself ^u evolution>y doctr9e4 ,t ! e?ical views ( individuals & ( communities ( m5 may und]go a process ( evolution or developm5t is palpable4 ,! e?ical notions ( ! *ild are n ^? ( ! man1 nor are ! moral ideas ( primitive races id5tical ) ^? ( races m advanc$ intellectually & morally4 ,b x is "o ?+ to ma9ta9 t morals may be 9 evolution 9 individuals & 9 communities1 & q ano!r to hold t ! acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( evolution1 broadly tak51 =ces ^u "o "s new norm by :i* human actions may be judg$4 ,x 0 possible = z ard5t an evolutioni/ z ,huxley to hold t evolution & e?ics are n m]ely indep5d5t1 b are actually at w> ) "o ano!r1 ! competitive /ruggle = exi/5ce *>act]i/ic ( ! "o giv+ place 9 ! o!r to a new pr9ciple 9 :i* ! rights ( ! weak & ! helpless atta9 express recognition4 ,footnote3 ,,huxley1 ,evolution & ,e?ics1 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 ,see1 especially1 ! ,prolegom5a4 ,& ,sidgwick1 t cle>e/ ( ?9k]s1 ma9ta9s ,footnote3 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,i1 *apt] vi1 ,sec #b4 t we h no reason to assume t x is our duty z moral be+s simply to accel]ate ! pace 9 ! direction already m>k$ out by evolution4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ^w evolution may be us$ equivocally4 ,x is n evid5t t all evolution is 9 ! direction ( a life1 brute or human1 t we commonly recognize z high]4 ,!re is retrogression1 z well z progress1 :]e su* retrogression is favor$ by environm5t4 ,we may call ?is1 if we please1 devolution4 ,7 ! conditions ( 8 life v unfavorable1 man c\ld n live z he n[ lives2 &1 inde$1 7 !y suffici5tly unfavorable--= example1 if ! e>? cool$ (f to a c]ta9 po9t--he c\ld n live at all1 b w\ld h to give place to a l[li] creature bett] fitt$ to ! conditions4 ,mu/ ! man :o =esees ?is end approa*+ /rive to ha/5 its arrival1 or %\ld he oppose x8 ,9 a decad5t society1 to come ne>] to ! problems :i* conc]n u 9 e?ics1 mu/ a man /rive to realize ! social w express$ 9 progressive decad5ce8 ,%\ld he ha/5 ! decl9e ( ! community8 ,t ^? :o /udy man z a moral be+1 l ^? :o /udy man 9 any ( 8 o!r aspects1 w be m or less influ5c$ 9 _! outlook by ! broad5+ ( ! horizon :i* results f a /udy ( :at ! /ud5ts ( ! evolution>y process h to tell u1 may be conc$$4 ,b :5 we admit ?is1 we d n necess>ily h to look = a new norm by :i* to judge conduct4 ,we seem1 r1 =c$ to ask ourselves h[ ?is broad5+ ( ! horizon affects ! norms :i* h h]et(ore appeal$ to m5 z reasonable4 ,to be sure1 any evolutioni/ has1 9 ! capacity ( a morali/1 ! "r to sugge/ a new norm4 ,b1 9 t case1 he mu/1 l any o!r morali/1 conv9ce u t x is a reasonable "o4 #acb4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,morali/s4--,^? :o h sugge/$ ! norms discuss$ above1 no "o w\ld ?9k ( z greatly influ5c$ 9 _! e?ical tea*+ by ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,locke1 ,price1 ,butl] & ,sidgwick2 ,ari/ippus & ,epicurus2 ,paley & ,hobbes2 ,b5?am & ,mill2 ,epictetus & ,m>cus ,aurelius2 ,janet1 ,gre51 & ! re/1 no "o w\ld be incl9$ to class simply z evolution>y morali/s4 ,"s ( !m nev] ?\ght ( evolution at all4 ,h[ w\ld x affect _! /&>ds ( "r & wrong 7 evolution expressly tak5 into acc\nt8 ,w\ld ! /&>ds h to be ab&on$8 ,or w\ld ! m51 z broad] m51 m]ely h to revise "s ( _! moral judgm5ts8 7#a7 ,x might be suppos$ t ! acceptance ( evolution>y doctr9e w\ld br+ into be+ a grave problem = ! intuitioni/1 at lea/4 ,if ! body & m9d ( man are products ( evolution1 mu/ we n admit z mu* ( man's moral intuitions8 ,!n :y n admit t ^! may be replac$ "s day by o!r moral intuitions to be evolv$ 9 an unkn[n future8 ,he :o reasons ?us %\ld be> 9 m9d t ,sidgwick1 :o by no means repudiat$ ! doctr9e ( evolution1 0 an intuitioni/1 & plac$ 8 ultimate moral intuitions on a p> ) su* ma!matical intuitions z t two & two make f\r4 ,if all intuitions are a product ( evolution1 ,sidgwick might claim t ! moral intuitions he accepts f>e no worse ?an ^? elem5t>y ma!matical tru?s :i* we accept )\t "q & )\t reflection4 ,& he might ma9ta9 t an appeal to evolution ne$ ca/ no great] d\bt ^u ultimate moral tru? ?an ^u ma!matical4 ,if intuitionism 9 all its =ms is to be reject$1 x seems z ?\gh x mu/ be done ^u "s o!r gr\nd ?an an appeal to evolution4 7#b7 ,z to ! egoi/4 ,x is n easy to see h[ ! appeal to evolution ne$ disconc]t him4 ,%\ld he be s fooli% z to ma9ta9 t egoism is always1 9 fact1 necess>y & unavoidable on ! "p ( e liv+ creature1 he might easily be refut$ by a ref]5ce to ! actual life ( ! brutes1 :]e altruism c be %[n to play no insignificant role4 ,b if he simply ma9ta9s t ! only reasonable pr9ciple = a man to adopt is egoism1 he may cont9ue to d s4 ,he makes ! self & its satisfactions 8 end4 ,h[ c x conc]n him to le>n h[ ! self came to be :at x is1 or :at x w be 9 ! di/ant future8 ,he p&]s to ! pres5t self2 he may assume t x w be reasonable to p&] at ! appropriate "t to ! self t is to be1 :atev] its nature4 7#c7 ,! utilit>ian rema9s su* :e!r he makes ! greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb] to consi/ 9 pleasure or 9 "s o!r end1 su* z self-pres]vation4 ,"s utilit>ians1 :o h be5 incl9$ to emphasize ! good ( man1 r ?an to ext5d ev5 to ! brutes ! goods to be di/ribut$1 may be influ5c$ to ext5d ! sph]e ( duties1 if !y w li/5 to ! evolutioni/1 :o _c well leave out ( view humbl] creatures4 ,footnote3 ,?us we %all n g wrong 9 attribut+ to ! high] animals 9 _! simple social life1 n only ! elem5t>y feel+s1 ! loves & hates1 sympa?ies & jeal\sies :i* und]lie all =ms ( society1 b also 9 a rudim5t>y /age ! intellig5ce :i* enables ^? feel+s to direct ! op]ations ( ! animal s z be/ to gratify !m4 ,,hobh\se1 ,e?ics 9 ,evolution1 *apt] i1 ,sec #d4 ,he may broad5 8 sympa?ies4 ,b ?is ne$ n compel him to ab&on 8 fundam5tal doctr9e4 7#d7 ,a v simil> conclusion may be drawn1 :5 we consid] ! influ5ce ( an acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( evolution ^u ^? :o w\ld turn to man's nature1 to p]fection1 or to self-realization1 z furni%+ ! norm ( human conduct4 ,a ,m>cus ,aurelius c\ld1 ) little ref]5ce to evolution1 accept man's nature1 or ,nature 9 ! wid] s5se1 z m>k+ out = man ! r\nd ( 8 duties4 ,a mod]n ,d>w9ian might fall back ^u mu* ! same /&>d1 :ile cle>ly consci\s ( ! fact t man's nature is n some?+ un*angeable1 & :ile incl9$ to view ,nature 9 g5]al ) diff]5t eyes f ^? ( ! ,roman ,/oic4 ,no s5sible evolutioni/ w\ld ma9ta9 t a creature ( a giv5 species %\ld act 9 defiance ( all ! in/9cts ( creatures ( t type1 m]ely on ! gr\nd t species may be involv$ 9 a process ( progressive developm5t4 ,nor ne$ ! p]fectioni/ ab&on 8 p]fectionism 9 view ( any su* consid]ation4 ,he :o measures p]fection by ! degree ( activity ex]cis$ 9 action1 may admit t ! com+ man w be m p]fect ?an x is possible = any man to be n[2 b t ne$ n prev5t him f hold+ t x is man's pres5t duty to aim at ! only p]fection possible to him1 he be+ :at he is4 ,simil> reason+ w apply to any o!r conception ( p]fection likely to be adopt$1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 by any adh]5t ( ! s*ool 9 "q4 ,z = ! self-realizationi/1 a v little reflection seems suffici5t to reveal t ! maxim t x is man's duty to become all t x is 9 him to become is 9 no wise refut$ by ! claim t man may1 9 ! indef9itely di/ant future1 become mu* m ?an _m p h suppos$ or n[ suppose4 7#e7 ,!re rema9s ! doctr9e ( ! ,rational ,social ,w z furni%+ ! norm ( conduct4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t ?is doctr9e mu/ re/ ^u broad views ( man & ( man's environm5t4 ,x is ! v ess5ce ( ! rational w to take broad views1 to consid] ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future4 ,surely ! adh]5t ( ?is s*ool may let ! evolutioni/ "w 9 peace1 may ?ank him = any helpful sugge/ions he has to (f]1 & may develop 8 own doctr9e ) little cause = uneas9ess at ! ?\ght t in=mation giv5 him may refute 8 fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,h[ev]1 x is n out ( place = him to po9t out1 if revolution>y measures ( any sort are sugge/$ by ?is or t evolutioni/1 t e?ics is a discipl9e :i* is conc]n$ ) :at m5 h to d1 "h & n[4 ,x mu/ take into consid]ation :at is advisable & feasible4 ,utopian s*emes :i* break viol5tly ) ! actual ord] ( ?+s & ! normal developm5t ( human societies may be sugge/$ by evolutioni/s1 z !y h be5 sugge/$ by m5 :o 7 n evolutioni/s at all4 ,!y are n to be tak5 mu* m s]i\sly 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 #acc4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,individual ,,evolutioni/s4--,su* consid]ations seem to make x evid5t t ! acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( evolution %\ld h no o!r influ5ce ^u u z morali/s ?an t ( mak+ u take broad views ( man & ( 8 environm5t4 ,x /ill rema9s to f9d a norm ( conduct1 & evolutioni/s1 l o!r m51 may develop e?ical sy/ems :i* are n id5tical4 ,x is wor? :ile "h to t\* v briefly ^u ! sugge/ions ( "o or two individual evolutioni/s4 ,^? :o speak ( ! e?ics ( evolution are v apt to h su* 9 m9d4 ,?us1 ,d>w91 ^: /udy ( ! l[] animals l$ him to believe t ! social in/9cts h be5 develop$ = ! g5]al good r ?an = ! g5]al happ9ess ( ! species1 def9es ! good z ! re>+ ( ! greate/ numb] ( individuals 9 full vigor & heal?1 ) all _! faculties p]fect1 "u ! conditions to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,! greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple he reg>ds z an important second>y guide to conduct1 :ile mak+ social in/9ct & sympa?y prim>y guides4 ,footnote3 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 *apt] iv1 conclud+ rem>ks4 ,sp5c] ma9ta9s t ! evolution ( conduct becomes ! highe/ possible :5 ! conduct simultane\sly a*ieves ! greate/ totality ( life 9 self1 9 (fspr+1 & 9 fell[-m54 ,! conduct call$ good1 he writes1 rises to ! conduct conceiv$ z be/1 :5 x fulfills all ?ree classes ( ends at ! same "t4 ,b life he does n reg>d z necess>ily a good4 ,he judges x to be good or bad accord+ z x has or has n a surplus ( agreeable feel+4 ,h5ce1 conduct is good or bad accord+ z its total effects are pleasurable or pa9ful4 ,footnote3 ,! ,data ( ,e?ics1 *apt] 91 ,sec ,sec #h & #aj4 ,to be sure1 ,sp5c] criticises ! utilit>ians1 & ?9ks little ( ! ,b5?amic calculus ( pleasures4 ,he believes t we %\ld sub/itute = x some?+ m sci5tific1 a /udy ( ! processes ( life4 ,9 8 e>li] writ+s he appe>s to be l>gely 9 accord ) ! intuitioni/s 9 judg+ ( conduct1 reg>d+ intuitions z hav+ _! orig9 9 ! exp]i5ces ( ! race4 ,nor does he ev] seem incl9$ to break ) intuitionism completely4 ,b1 z we h se5 above 7,sec #ajh71 !re appe>s to be no?+ to prev5t a utilit>ian f be+ an intuitioni/ ( "s sort1 z well4 ,/eph51 9 8 cle> & beautifully writt5 "w on morals1 also accepts ! g5]al happ9ess z ! ultimate end ( reasonable conduct2 & he1 too1 criticizes ! curr5t utilit>ianism4 ,he writes3 ,?is1 z x seems to me1 repres5ts ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! utilit>ian & ! evolutioni/ crit]ion4 ,! "o lays d[n z a crit]ion ! happ9ess1 ! o!r ! heal? ( society4 ,footnote3 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 ,london1 #ahhb1 *apt] ix1 #ab4 ,by :i*1 ( c\rse1 he does n mean m]ely physical heal?1 b su* a condition ( vigor & effici5cy z c>ries ) x a promise ( cont9u$ exi/5ce & well- be+ 9 ! future4 ,x is n necess>y to multiply in/ances4 ,x c readily be se5 t all ?ree ( ! writ]s cit$ are utilit>ians1 & ! la/ two are :at h be5 *>act]iz$ z h$oni/ic utilit>ians4 ,t !y sugge/ ?is or t means ( be/ atta9+ to ! desir$ goal does n put !m outside ( a s*ool :i* embraces m5 ( _m %ades ( op9ion4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,pessimism #acd4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,pessimi/4--,) philosophy 9 g5]al ?is volume has little to d2 b z pessimism is n ! doctr9e ( normal m5 g5]ally1 b is apt to be id5tifi$ 9 our m9ds ) ! tea*+s ( c]ta9 ( its lead+ expon5ts1 x may be well to give1 9 briefe/ outl9e1 ! type ( reason+s ^u :i* ! pessimi/ may take 8 /&4 ,s*op5hau] held t ! "o ,_w-,w1 :i* manife/s itself 9 all nature1 inorganic & organic1 & is id5tical ) ! w ( :i* ea* man is consci\s 9 himself1 is a w to live4 ,:5 ! ,_w- ,w becomes consci\s1 z x does 9 man1 ! w to live is consci\sly ass]t$4 ,b ! w to live is ess5tially bl9d & unreason+1 or x w\ld n d any?+ s /upid z to w life ( any sort4 ,he writes3 ,only a bl9d w1 no see+ w1 c\ld place itself 9 ! position 9 :i* we behold ourselves4 ,a see+ w w\ld r h soon made ! calculation t ! bus9ess did n cov] ! co/2 = su* a mighty ef=t & /ruggle1 ) ! /ra9+ ( all ! p[]s1 "u con/ant c>e1 anxiety & want1 & ) ! inevitable de/ruction ( e individual life1 f9ds no comp5sation 9 ! ephem]al exi/5ce itself1 :i* is s obta9$1 & :i* passes into no?+ 9 our h&s4 ,footnote3 ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 translat$ by ,,haldane & ,,kemp1 ,london1 #ahif4 ,on ! ,vanity & ,suff]+ ( ,life4 ,volume ,,iii1 p4 #cij4 ,! basis ( all w1 says ,s*op5hau]1 is ne$1 defici5cy1 &1 h5ce1 pa94 ,he dwells at l5g? ^u ! mis]y ( life1 & ! desirability ( a release f life4 ,! refuge ( suicide at once sugge/s itself1 b is reject$ by ,s*op5hau] on ! gr\nd t ! de/ruction ( ! individual _c prev5t ! ,"o ,w f manife/+ itself 9 o!r individuals4 ,curi\sly en\gh he appe>s to approve ( suicide by />vation1 z indicat+ a r5unciation ( ! w to live4 ,b 8 g5]al recomm5dation is asceticism1 r5unciation ( ! /riv+ = pleasure1 ! volunt>y acceptance ( pa94 ,?r\gh ?is ! ,w is to be taught to appreh5d its own nature1 &1 ?us1 to d5y itself4 ,h[ a g5]al asceticism on our "p w rob ! "o univ]sal ,w1 reveal$ 9 ! m9]al1 vegetable & animal worlds1 ( its nature1 & /ill its /riv+s1 ! great pessimi/ does n indicate4 ,at ?is po9t1 von ,h>tmann1 :o may fairly be call$ ,s*op5hau]'s pupil1 takes up ! tale4 ,he sugge/s t x is conceivable t a univ]sal negation ( ! w may be obta9$1 if ! prepond]at+ "p ( ! actual ,_w-,w %\ld come to be conta9$ 9 ! consci\s m9ds t resolve to w no m4 ,?is he ?9ks may neutralize ! :ole1 & put an end to exi/5ce1 :i* is unavoidably an evil1 & implies a prepond]ance ( pa94 ,footnote3 ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 ,metaphysic ( ! ,unconsci\s1 *apt] xiv4 #ace4 ,,comm5t ,,on ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,pessimism4--,on ! metaphysics ( ! pessimi/s ,i %all make no comm5t save t !re appe>s to be "h suffici5t vagu5ess to satisfy ! mo/ poetical ( m9ds4 ,b ! foll[+ po9ts 9 ! e?ics ( pessimism %\ld be not$3 7#a7 ,pleasure & pa9 are made ! measure ( ! desirability or undesirability ( exi/5ce4 7#b7 ,x is assum$ t pleasure & pa9 are measurable2 & t !y may be quantitatively balanc$ aga9/ "o ano!r 9 su* a way t ?is or t mixture ( !m may be decl>$ by an enlight5$ man to be1 on ! :ole1 desirable or ! rev]se4 7#c7 ,x is claim$ t ! balance mu/ necess>ily incl9e to ! side ( pa91 & h5ce1 t life is n wor? liv+4 7#d7 ,x foll[s f all ?is t x is our duty to aim1 n necess>ily directly1 b 9 "s mann]1 at lea/1 at ! de/ruction ( life ev]y:]e4 7#e7 ,i beg ! read] to obs]ve t ! above doctr9e re/s ^u assumptions :i* seem to be made )\t due consid]ation4 ,?us3 7a7 ,x is by no means to be assum$ )\t "q t pleasure & pa9 alone are ! measure ( ! desirable4 ,!y are n ! only ?+s actually desir$2 &1 if we ass]t t !y alone are desirable1 we fall back ^u a dubi\s intuition4 7#f7 ,! quantitative relations ( pleasures & pa9s are legitimate subjects ( dispute1 z we h se5 9 e>li] *apt]s 9 ?is volume4 ,:5 is "o pleasure twice z great z ano!r8 ,h[ c we "k t ?ree pleasures c\nt]balance a pa98 ,is x by ! m]e fact t we w z we d1 9 a giv5 in/ance8 ,!n h[ prove t we w z we d1 because ( ! equival5ce ( ! pleasure to ! pa98 7c7 ,:o %all decide = u :e!r life is--n desir$1 x is admitt$ly t1 z a rule1--b1 also1 desirable8 ,may ! man :o d5ies x re/ 8 ass]tion ^u su* g5]al consid]ations z t satisfaction presupposes desire1 & t desire implies a lack1 &1 h5ce1 pa98 ,! fam\s au?or ( ,utopia po9t$ out long ago t ! pa9s ( hung] beg9 be=e ! pleasure ( eat+1 & only die :5 x does4 ,%all we1 !n1 reg>d a he>ty appetite z a curse1 to be mitigat$ b n :olly neutraliz$ by a s]ies ( good d9n]s8 ,to be sure1 ! pessimi/s d n dep5d :olly ^u su* g5]al argum5ts1 b po9t out 9 great detail t !re is mu* suff]+ 9 ! _w1 & t ! fulfillm5t ( desire1 :5 x is atta9$1 (t5 results 9 disillusionm5t4 ,b ! fact rema9s t life1 su* z x is1 is desir$ by m5 & o!r creatures g5]ally2 desir$ n z an exception1 & "u a misappreh5sion1 b1 z a rule1 ev5 by ! enlight5$ & ! f>-see+4 ,is n ! desirable :at is desir$ by ! rational w8 ,we h se5 t ! rational social w does n aim at ! suppression ( desires g5]ally1 b only at ! suppression ( su* desires z int]f]e ) broad] satisfactions4 ,view$ f ?is /&-po9t1 ! pessimi/'s d5ial ( ! w to live appe>s z an expression ( ! accid5tal or irrational w4 ,x is n an expression ( ! nature ( man1 b ( ! nature ( ! pessimi/4 7#f7 ,x is1 p]haps1 wor? :ile to po9t out t !re is no?+ to prev5t a giv5 pessimi/ f be+ an intuitioni/1 an egoi/1 a utilit>ian 7( a sort71 or an adh]5t ( "o ( ! o!r s*ools above discuss$4 ,he may assume intuitively t life is undesirable2 9 view ( its undesirability he may act1 ei!r tak+ himself alone into consid]ation1 or includ+ 8 neighbor2 he may invoke ! doctr9e ( evolution2 he may ev51 if he *ooses1 call x self-realization to annihilate himself1 = he may argue t a w t comes to cle> consci\sness mu/ see t x mu/ be its own undo+4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out1 h[ev]1 t ! pessimi/1 z su*1 %\ld n be 9 any wise conf\nd$ ) ! morali/s discuss$ 9 ! five *apt]s prec$+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,kant1 ,,hegel ,,& ,,nietzs*e #acf4 ,,kant4---,x is impossible1 9 any brief compass1 to treat ( ! _m individual morali/s1 "s ( !m m5 ( g5ius & well wor?y ( our /udy1 :o (f] u e?ical sy/ems *>act]iz$ by diff]5ces ( m or less importance4 ,:5 we ref] a man to ?is or t s*ool & d no m1 we say comp>atively little ab\t him1 z has become evid5t 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,z we h se51 x has be5 necess>y to class toge!r ^? :o diff] r widely 9 _m ( _! op9ions4 ,"h1 ,i %all devote a few pages to ?ree m5 only1 p>tly because ( _! prom95ce1 & p>tly because x is in/ructive to call att5tion to ! contra/ betwe5 !m 9 _! fundam5tal positions4 ,i %all beg9 ) ,kant4 ,kant held t ! human reason issues categorial imp]atives1 t is to say1 unconditional comm&s to act 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,! motive = moral action mu/ n be ! desire = pleasure1 b solely ! desire to d "r4 ,he makes 8 fundam5tal rule ab/ract & =mal3 ,s act t y c\ld wi% y\r maxim to be univ]sal law4 ,z no man c\ld wi% to be himself neglect$ :5 9 di/ress1 ?is law compels him to be b5evol5t1 & a new =m ( ! fundam5tal rule is develop$3 ,treat humanity1 9 y\rself or any o!r1 z an end always1 & nev] z a means4 ,footnote3 ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ! ,metaphysic ( ,morals1 ,sec #b4 ,n[ ,kant1 al?\gh he ma9ta9s t x is n a man's duty to seek 8 own happ9ess--a ?+ :i* natural incl9ation w\ld prompt him to d-- by no means ov]looks happ9ess altoge!r4 ,he ?9ks t virtue & happ9ess toge!r con/itute ! :ole & p]fect good desir$ by rational be+s4 ,! atta9m5t ( ?is good mu/ be ! supreme end ( a w morally det]m9$4 ,footnote3 ,dialectic ( ! ,pure ,practical ,reason1 *apt] ii4 ,we are morally b\nd to /rive to be virtu\s ourselves & to make o!rs happy4 ,/ill1 ea* man's happ9ess means mu* to him2 & ,kant1 conv9c$ t virtue ought to be rew>d$ ) happ9ess1 holds t our _w is a moral _w1 :]e ,god w rew>d ! virtu\s4 ,if we d n assume su* a _w1 he claims1 moral laws are r$uc$ to idle dreams4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,su* utt]ances z ! la/ may well lead ! utilit>ian to "q :e!r ,kant 0 q :ole-he>t$ 9 8 doctr9e ( ! unconditional comm&s ( ! practical reason ( man4 ,!y appe> to be n indep5d5t ( all consid]ation ( human happ9ess4 ,i %all n ask :e!r ,kant 0 consi/5t4 ,great m51 l less] m51 seldom are4 ,b1 9 ord] t ! contra/ betwe5 8 doctr9e & ^? ( ! two writ]s :om ,i %all next discuss may be br\ght out cle>ly1 ,i %all ask t ! foll[+ po9ts be kept well 9 m9d3 7#a7 ,kant 0 an out-&-out intuitioni/4 ,he goes directly to ! practical reason ( man = an enunciation ( ! moral law4 7#b7 ,moral rules ( less] g5]ality1 su* z ^? t\*+ b5evol5ce1 ju/ice & v]acity1 he traces to ! practical reason1 mak+ !m indep5d5t ( all consid]ations ( exp$i5cy4 ,?us he def5ds ! body ( moral tru? accept$ by s _m ( 8 fell[-morali/s4 7#c7 ,8 practical reason speaks directly to ! individual4 ,kant look$ )91 n )\t4 ,we may call him an e?ical individuali/4 ,socrates1 :5 on trial = 8 life1 li/5$ = ! voice ( ! div9ity )9 him4 ,he ne$$ no o!r4 #acg4 ,,hegel4--,9 /ronge/ contra/ to ! individualism ( ,kant /&s ! doctr9e ( ,hegel4 ,to ! latt]1 duty consi/s 9 ! realization ( ! free reasonable w--b ?is w is id5tical 9 all individuals1 ,footnote3 ,! ,philosophy ( ,"r1 ,sec #bji & its realization reveals itself 9 ! cu/oms1 laws & in/itutions ( ! /ate4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! individual is an accid5tal ?+2 ! e?ical ord] reveal$ 9 society is p]man5t1 & has absolute au?ority4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t x is n some?+ =eign to ! individual2 he is consci\s ( x z 8 own be+4 ,9 duty he f9ds 8 lib]ation4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,sec ,sec #ade-adi ,b :at is a man's duty8 ,:at a man ought to d1 says ,hegel1 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,sec #aej :at duties he %\ld fulfill 9 ord] to be virtu\s1 is 9 an e?ical community easy to say--! man has only to d :at is pres5t$1 express$ & recogniz$ 9 ! e/abli%$ relations 9 :i* he f9ds himself4 ,9 o!r words1 he ought to d j :at 8 community prescribes6 ,?is seems1 tak5 q lit]ally1 a />tl+ doctr9e4 ,x w\ld be a wrong to ,hegel to take him q lit]ally1 = he else:]e ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,introduction4 makes x pla9 t he by no means approves ( all ! laws & cu/oms t h obta9$ 9 v>i\s societies4 ,/ill1 he exalts ! law ( ! /ate & reg>ds any opposition to x on ! au?ority ( private conviction z /up5d\s presumption4 ,footnote3 ,op4 cit41 ,sec #ach4 ,?is is a s]i\s rebuke to ! re=m]4 ,! individual mu/1 accord+ to ,hegel1 look = ! moral law outside ( himself--( himself z an individual1 at lea/4 ,he mu/ f9d x 9 ! ,/ate4 #ach4 ,,nietzs*e4--,aga9 a />tl+ contra/3 aft] ,hegel1 ,nietzs*e--! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1 exquisitely1 passionately1 b sc>cely ) articulate sci5tific utt]ance4 ,a prophet ( revolt & emancipation2 a cave-dwell]1 :o w\ld flee organiz$ society & ! ref9em5ts ( civilization2 ! rabid individuali/1 to :om ! community is ! h]d1 & common notions ( "r & wrong are absurdities to be visit$ ) scorn & d5unciation4 ,he makes a /rong appeal to "y m51 ev5 aft] ! ye>s dur+ :i* ! c>ry+ ( "o's own lat*-key is a s\rce ( elation4 ,he appeals also to ^? p]5nially "y p]sons :o nev] atta9 to ! /ature :i* befits ^? :o are to take a responsible %>e 9 ! organiz$ ef=ts ( communities ( m54 ,) ,nietzs*e ! man1 8 suff]+ life1 & ! melan*oly eclipse ( 8 brilliant intellect1 e?ics z sci5ce is little conc]n$4 ,9 ,nietzs*e ! m>vell\s lit]>y arti/ x c h no int]e/4 ,^! ?+s are ! affair ( lit]ature & biography4 ,"h we are conc]n$ only ) 8 contribution to e?ics4 ,j :at t has be5 x is m difficult to det]m9e ?an w\ld be ! case 9 a writ] m sy/ematic & sci5tific4 ,b he makes x v cle> t he repudiates ! morals :i* h be5 accept$ h]et(ore by morali/s & communities ( m5 g5]ally4 ,he confesses himself an immorali/4 ,he despises man z he is1 & hails ! ,sup]man1 a creature inspir$ by ! w to h p[] & free f all moral prejudices1 includ+ t ( sympa?y ) ! weak & ! helpless4 ,full is ! _w ( ! sup]flu\s1 he s+s 9 8 fam\s di?yramb1 ,footnote3 ,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra1 ,i1 xi4 ,x is a pity to read ,,nietzs*e 9 any translation4 ,8 diction is exquisite4 ,b ^? :o c only read him 9 ,engli% may be ref]r$ to ! translations ( 8 works edit$ by ,,levy4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 m>r$ is life by ! _m-too- _m4444 ,_m too _m are born2 = ! sup]flu\s ones 0 ! ,/ate devis$4444,!re1 :]e ! ,/ate cease?--!re only comm5ce? ! man :o is n sup]flu\s4 ,man1 says ,nietzs*e1 %\ld reg>d himself z a bridge ov] :i* he c pass to some?+ high]4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,prologue1 & ,i1 ,,iv1 ,,xi1 et passim4 ,^u ! fact t ! ,sup]man may h ! same reason = reg>d+ himself z a bridge z ! mo/ commonplace ( mortals1 & may beg9 anew ) loa?+ & self-contempt1 he does n dwell4 ,yet1 z long z progress is possible1 man may always be reg>d$ z a bridge4 ,! read] ( ,nietzs*e is tempt$ to believe t hatr$ & contempt mu/ always be ! pr$om9ant emotions 9 ! m9d ( ! sup]ior man4 ,d>w91 :o knew mu* m ab\t man & nature ?an did our passionate poet1 0 /ill able to reg>d man z ! cr[n & glory ( ! univ]se4 ,n s1 ,nietzs*e4 ,^? :o h read little 9 e?ics are incl9$ to attribute to ,nietzs*e a great] measure ( orig9ality ?an he c reasonably claim4 ,m ?an two mill5iums be=e him1 ,plato conceiv$ an ideal ,republic 9 :i* moral laws1 z commonly accept$1 7 to be set aside4 ,m>riage 0 to be done away )2 bir?s 7 to be sci5tifically regulat$2 *ildr5 7 to be tak5 f _! mo!rs2 sickly infants 7 to be de/roy$4 ,9 ,sp>ta ! committee ( ! eld]s did n p]mit ! prompt+s ( sympa?y & ! cries ( w\nd$ mat]nal love to influ5ce ! decision t\*+ ! life or dea? ( ! new-born4 ,"h 0 an attempt at bridge-build+1 b x 0 conceiv$ z a sci5tific matt]1 to be tak5 9 h& by ! ,/ate1 & = ! good ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ,nietzs*e w\ld de/roy ! ,/ate4 ,8 ,sup]man appe>s z individuali/ic z a rogue elephant1 a few passages to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,are we to reg>d him z a m]e lawless egoi/1 or z some?+ m8 ,we are left 9 ! d>k4 ,footnote3 ,see ! volume1 ,beyond ,good & ,evil1 ,:at is ,noble8 ,sec #bfe4 ,b we note t ,nietzs*e disagrees ) mo/ morali/s1 9 t he refuses to reg>d ,caes> ,borgia z a morbid gr[?4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,morals1 ,sec #aig4 ,,do/oievsky',s g5ius has portray$ = u an admirable ,sup]man 9 ! p]son ( ! ,russian convict ,orl(f4 ,see 8 ,h\se ( ! ,dead1 *apt] v4 ,! ,sup]man has always be5 ) u1 9 some:at v>y+ types4 ,f ,alex&] ! ,great to ,napoleon1 & be=e & aft]1 he adorns ! pages ( hi/ory4 ,attila1 among o!rs1 may ent] 8 claim to consid]ation4 ,x rema9s = ! s]i\s /ud5t ( e?ics to e/imate sci5tifically 8 value z an e?ical ideal1 & to judge h[ f> ?is type ( "* may pr(itably be tak5 z a patt]n4 ,nietzs*e /&s at ! f>!/ possible remove f ,hegel4 ,does he1 z an individuali/1 /& )9 hail ( ,kant8 ,x sc>cely seems s4 ,:5 we exam9e ,kant's practical reason1 9 o!r words1 ! moral law z x reveal$ itself to ,kant1 we f9d t x _h tak5 up into itself ! moral developm5t ( ! ages prec$+4 ,kant's practical reason1 8 consci5ce1 to speak pla9 ,engli%1 0 n ! practical reason (1 = example1 ,ari/otle4 ,! latt] c\ld speak ( a slave z an animat$ tool1 & c\ld believe !re 7 m5 int5d$ by nature = slav]y4 ,kant c\ld n4 ,9 !ory an individuali/1 ! ,sage ( ,konigsb]g /&s1 9 reality1 n f> f ,hegel4 ,he does n break ) ! pa/4 ,b ,nietzs*e is revolt inc>nate4 ,,"p ,,viii ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,social ,,w ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,reason #aci4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,support$ ,,by ,,! ,,o!r ,,s*ools4--- ,i urge ! m confid5tly ! ,e?ics ( ,reason1 or ! ,e?ics ( ! ,rational ,social ,w1 because !re is s little 9 x t is really new4 ,x only makes articulate :at we all "k already1 & /rives to get rid ( c]ta9 exagg]ations into :i* _m m5 :o reason1 & :o reason well1 h unwitt+ly fall54 ,! fundam5tals ( ! doctr9e h be5 exhibit$ 9 ,p>ts ,v & ,,vi ( ?is volume1 & ! exagg]ations allud$ to h be5 treat$ 9 ,"p ,,vii4 ,h5ce1 ,i may speak v briefly 9 indicat+ h[ ! ,e?ics ( ,reason f9ds a _m-sid$ support 9 s*ools :i* appe>1 on ! surface1 to be 9 ! opposition4 ,x is evid5t1 to beg9 )1 t ! ,e?ics ( ! ,social ,w _c disp5se ) ,moral ,intuitions1 b mu/ reg>d !m z indisp5sable2 z1 inde$1 ! v f\ndation ( ! moral life4 ,t ! individual may1 & if he is prop]ly equipp$ = ! task1 ought1 to exam9e critically 8 own moral intuitions & ^? ( ! community 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 & %\ld1 ) becom+ mode/y & hesitation1 n[ & !n sugge/ an innovation1 means no m ?an t he & ! community are n dead1 b are liv+1 & t progress is a possibility1 at lea/4 ,z = ! ,egoi/1 unless he is an absurd extremi/1 we mu/ admit t he says mu* t is wor? li/5+ to4 ,0 n ,b5?am q "r 9 ma9ta9+ t if all ,a's int]e/s 7 committ$ to ,b1 & all ,b's to ,a1 ! _w w\ld get on v badly8 ,a *>ity t beg9s at ! planet ,m>s w\ld arrive n[h]e4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,reason has room = a v c>eful consid]ation ( ! int]e/s ( ! self4 ,b x may object to ! position t ! moral ma!matician may reg>d z ! only important numb] ! numb] ,"o4 ,) ! ,utilit>ian our doctr9e ne$ h1 z we h se51 no qu>rel4 ,did n t le>n$1 enlight5$1 & mo/ fair-m9d$ ( utilit>ians1 ,sidgwick1 ultimately resolve ! happ9ess :i* m5 seek into any?+ :i* may be ! object ( ! m9d 9 will+8 ,did n a critical utilit>ianism resolve itself into ! doctr9e ( ! ,rational ,social ,w8 ,:y take less critical utilit>ians z ! only expon5ts ( ! s*ool8 ,besides1 is !re any reason :y ! social w %\ld be bl9d to ! fact t m5 g5]ally d desire to ga9 pleasure & to avoid pa98 ,x is only ! exagg]ation ( ?is tru? t we ne$ to combat4 ,to ,nature1 prop]ly und]/ood1 we c ent] no objection4 ,:o objects to ,p]fection z a c\nsel ( p]fection8 ,c ! ,social ,w object to a man's /riv+ to ,realize 8 ,capacities--"u prop] control1 & ) a reg>d to o!rs8 ,! ,pessimi/ is an unheal?y creature1 & ! ,social ,w repres5ts normal & heal?y humanity4 ,"h we h disp>ity4 ,b to ,evolution our doctr9e (f]s no opposition4 ,x is only by a process ( developm5t t ! ,actual ,social ,w has come to be :at x is2 & ! ,rational ,social ,w looks to a fur!r developm5t "u ! guidance ( reason4 ,! fact is t ?\ghtful m5 belong+ to diff]5t s*ools t5d to introduce into _! /atem5t ( _! doctr9es modify+ clauses2 & 9 ! end we f9d !m n z f> ap>t z !y seem$ at ! beg9n+4 ,! t5d5cy is1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! direction ( ! recognition ( ! ,rational ,social ,w4 ,?is doctr9e belongs to nobody 9 p>ticul>2 x is !4 common prop]ty ( u all4 ,x conta9s little t is />tl+4 #adj4 ,,its ,,me?od ,,( ,,approa* ,,to ,,problems4---,he :o looks to ! ,rational ,social ,w = guidance is giv5 a compass :i* may be ( no small s]vice to him4 ,= example3 7#a7 ,he w see t moral ph5om5a are n to be isolat$4 ,he w accept ! hi/oric ord] ( society & judge man & 8 emotions & actions 9 ! light ( x4 ,he w nev] feel tempt$ to say1 ) ,b5?am1 t ! pleasure :i* has its roots 9 malice1 envy1 cruelty1 tak5 by itself1 is good4 ,footnote3 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *apt] x1 ,sec #aj1 note4 ,he w simply say1 x is pleasure4 ,t x is1 ( c\rse2 b he w ma9ta9 t no?+ tak5 by itself is ei!r good or bad1 f ! morali/'s po9t ( view4 ,! cruel man may w to see suff]+1 & may enjoy x4 ,! moral man may hold t ! cruel man1 8 act ( w1 & 8 pleasure1 %\ld all be snuff$ out1 9 ! int]e/ ( humanity1 z an unmitigat$ evil4 7#b7 ,! advocate ( ! ,rational ,social ,w recognizes1 z d _m adh]5ts ( o!r s*ools1 t ! social w1 z express$ at any giv5 "t1 is only relatively rational2 t m5 mu/ live 9 _! own day & g5]ation1 al?\gh !y c1 to "s degree1 rea* beyond !m2 & t "s diff]5ces ( op9ion z to ! relative values ( virtues1 & ! goodness ( *>act]s1 are to be expect$4 7#c7 ,fur!rmore1 he is 9 a position to expla9 h[ a man may be subjectively "r & yet objectively wrong4 ,! man's "* may be su* t x is1 on ! :ole1 to be approv$ by ! ,rational ,social ,w4 ,he may be animat$ by ! desire to adju/ himself to t w4 ,& yet1 ! accid5t ( ignorance1 ! accid5t ( prejudice n recogniz$ by himself z su*1 may lead him to d :at he ?9ks "r & :at ^? m enlight5$ recognize to be wrong4 #ada4 ,,its ,,solution ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,difficulties4--,p]haps x w\ld be bett] = me to give ?is section a head+ m ne>ly l ! la/4 ,i aim only to give ! read] a po9t ( view f :i* he c approa* ! problem ( a solution4 ,take ! problem :i* has come up be=e 9 ! =m ( ! di/ribution ( pleasures4 ,footnote3 ,see ,sec #aji4 ,he :o dwells1 n s mu* ^u pleasure1 z ^u ! satisfaction ( desire & w1 mu/ /ate x diff]5tly1 b ! problem is mu* ! same4 ,:at degree ( recognition %\ld be giv5 to ! w ( ea* individual1 or to ! sep>ate volitions & desires 9 ! life ( ! individual8 ,%\ld ev]ybody c\nt = "o8 ,%\ld e desire or gr\p ( desires receive recognition8 ,is no di/9ction to be made 9 ! int5sity ( desires8 ,& h[ _m individuals %all we include 9 our reckon+8 ,light seems to be %$ ^u ?is complicat$ problem or set ( problems :5 we hold cle>ly be=e ourselves :at ! task ( reason is 9 regulat+ ! life ( man individually & collectively4 ,its function is to br+ ord] out ( *aos & /rife2 to sub/itute h>mony & planfulness = accid5t2 to introduce long views 9 ! place ( mom5t>y impulses2 to prev5t ! b>t] ( p]man5t good = a mess ( pottage4 ,reason mu/ accept ! impulses & in/9cts ( man z x f9ds !m1 & d :at x c ) !m4 ,x _c ignore !m4 ,sl[ly1 civilizations1 to "s degree rational1 h come into be+4 ,9 s f> z !y are rational1 !y are ju/ifi$4 ,keep+ all ?is 9 view we may say1 t5tatively3 7a7 ,! pr9ciple1 ev]ybody to c\nt = "o1 & nobody = m ?an "o1 mu/ be int]pret$ z an expression ( ! conviction t no w %\ld be ne$lessly sacrific$4 ,reason is bodiless1 except z incorporat$ 9 human societies1 & ^! mu/ h _! hi/oric developm5t4 ,c we d away ) ! special claims ( family1 ( neighborhood1 ( ! /ate8 ,!y h _! place 9 ! hi/oric rational ord]4 ,b ! :isp]$ ev]ybody to c\nt = "o may help u to realize t su* special claims _c take ! place ( all o!rs4 7b7 ,%all a delib]ate attempt be made to enl>ge ! circle ( ^? :o are to %>e 9 ! social w1 n m]ely by dim9i%+ ! numb] ( dea?s1 b by promot+ ! numb] ( bir?s8 ,/ates h attempt$ x (t5 en\gh4 ,i c only say t1 if ?is be attempt$1 x %\ld n be attempt$ 9 ways t ignore ! hi/orical developm5t ( society1 ) its social & moral traditions4 7c7 ,:y n ju/ify our attitude t[>d ! brutes by ma9ta9+ t !y h1 !oretically1 rights to recognition1 9 s f> z su* recognition does n int]f]e ) ! rights ( man 9 ! rational social ord]8 ,! brutes outnumb] u1 to be sure4 ,we are 9 a hopeless m9ority4 ,b 7 ?is m9ority sacrific$1 !re w\ld be no rational social ord] at all--no "r1 no wrong2 no?+ b ! cla% ( wills or impulses :i* reason n[ /rives to h>monize z x c4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] xxi 7d7 ,:5 we turn to ! problem ( ! di/ribution ( satisfactions 9 ! life ( ! individual1 we f9d ready to h& a v>iety ( unwise saws--,a %ort life & a m]ry "o1 & ! l4 ,h[ %\ld ! individual *oose 8 satisfactions8 ,m]ely f ! /&po9t ( ! individual8 ,:at is desirable8 ,n desir$1 by ?is man or by t1 b desirable1 reasonable8 ,x is an op5 secret t ! h\se ( mir? lacks e conv5i5ce dem&$ ( a p]man5t resid5ce1 & t ^? :o brea?lessly pursue pleasure are seldom pleas$4 ,nor d m51 :5 !y /op to ?9k1 want _! lives to be v %ort4 ,&1 9 any case1 ?is "q ( ! di/ribution ( satisfactions 9 ! life ( ! individual does n conc]n ! individual alone4 ,is ! man :o wants a %ort life & a m]ry "o an undesirable f ! /&po9t ( ! ,rational ,social ,w8 ,!n he %\ld be suppress$4 ,! mann] ( di/ribution ( ev5 8 own p]sonal satisfactions is n 8 affair exclusively4 ,e ord]$ society has its notions t\*+ ! type ( man :i* suits its ends4 7e7 ,b %all we1 9 mak+ up our m9ds ab\t ! satisfaction on ! :ole :i* busies ! rational individual or ! rational community1 take no acc\nt at all ( ! int5sity ( pleasures & ( pa9s1 ! eag]ness ) :i* "s ?+s are desir$ & ! feebl5ess ( ! impulsion t[>d o!rs8 ,may n ! int5se ?rill ( a mom5t m ?an c\nt]balance f\r lukew>m h\rs8 ,are we n1 if we take su* ?+s into consid]ation1 back aga9 face to face ) some?+ v l ! calculus ( pleasures--t bugbe> ( ! egoi/ & ( ! utilit>ian8 ,x w\ld be fooli% to ma9ta9 t man1 ei!r individually or collectively1 places all desires ^u ! same level4 ,no man ( s5se holds t e desire %\ld c\nt z "o4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no man ( s5se pret5ds to h any accurate unit ( measurem5t by :i* he c make un]r+ e/imates ( desirability4 ,=tunately1 he is n compell$ to fall back ^u su* a unit4 ,ev5 if he 0 born ye/]day1 ! race 0 n4 ,he is born into a sy/em ( values express$ 9 social organization & social in/itutions4 ,x is ! resultant ( innum]able expressions ( pref]5ce on ! "p ( innum]able m54 ,x is a g5]al guide to :at1 on ! :ole1 man wants4 ,x is1 !n1 fooli% = him to raise su* que/ions z1 :e!r x is n bett] to aim at int5se happ9ess on ! "p ( ! few1 to ! utt] ignor+ ( ! mass ( mank9d4 ,su* que/ions ! ,rational ,social ,w has already answ]$ 9 ! negative4 #adb4 ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,our ,,capacities4--,f9ally1 we may approa* ! "q :e!r x is reasonable to awake dormant desires1 to call into be+ new ne$s2 :i*1 satisfi$1 may be recogniz$ z a good1 b :i*1 unsatisfi$1 may result 9 unhapp9ess4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e *apt] xxi1 ,sec #hf4 ,a little cup may be fill$ ) :at leaves a big "o half empty4 ,x is easy to f9d gr\nds ^u :i* to congratulate ! av]age man4 ,all ! _w cat]s to him--ready-made clo?+ is measur$ to fit 8 figure1 & x is sold *eap2 ! av]age re/aurant consults 8 ta/e & 8 pocket2 ! av]age woman j suits him z a help-mate2 he is mu* at home ) 8 neighbors1 mo/ ( :om div]ge little f ! av]age4 ,:y /rive to rise above ! av]age--& fall into a div9e discont5t8 ,may "o n say mu* ! same ( a community8 ,:y %\ld x /rive to atta9 to new conque/s1 to awak5 9 its memb]s new wants & /ra9 to satisfy !m8 ,does x seem self-evid5t t x is reasonable1 9 g5]al1 to multiply desires ) no gu>antee ( _! satisfaction8 ,i "k no way ( approa*+ ! solution ( ?is problem save f ! /&po9t ( ! ,rational ,social ,w4 ,we are confront$ ) ! g5]al problem ( ! desirability ( civilization1 ) all t t implies4 ,! life ( man 9 "s r primitive societies has seem$ 9 c]ta9 respects r idyllic4 ,! eat+ ( ! fruit ( ! tree1 & ! consequ5t op5+ ( ! eyes1 has1 "t & aga91 seem$ to result 9 disa/]4 ,b 0 ! idyllic life n an accid5tal ?+1 due to a =tuit\s comb9ation ( circum/ances1 r ?an to man's intellig5t control ( a l>g] environm5t8 ,civilization ( "s sort seems inevitable4 ,h we any o!r gu>antee t we c make x1 9 ! long run1 rational1 ?an a _m-sid$ developm5t ( man's capacities8 ,& mu/ we n ex]cise a broad fai? 9 ! value ( enlight5m5t1 increase ( k1 f>sight$ness1 ! cultivation ( complex emotions1 ev5 at ! risk ( "s wa/e ( ef=t & "s suff]+ to c]ta9 individuals8 ,p]haps ?is is z good a place z any to say a ^w ab\t ! significance ( ! t]ms high] & l[]1 :5 us$ 9 a moral s5se4 ,we h se5 t ,john ,/u>t ,mill made mu* ( ! di/9ction 9 8 utilit>ianism4 ,b5?am appe>s to s9 aga9/ ! enlight5$ moral judgm5t 9 hold+ t1 quantities ( pleasure be+ ! same1 pu%- p9 is z good z poetry4 ,:5 we realize t ! wor? ( ?+s may be det]m9$ f ! /&po9t ( ! ,rational ,social ,w1 we c easily und]/& t "s occupations & _! accompany+ pleasures %\ld be rat$ high] ?an o!rs1 h[ev] satisfactory ! latt] may seem to c]ta9 individuals4 ,x is n unreasonable to rate ! pleasure ( sci5tific discov]y z high] ?an ! pleasure ( swall[+ an oy/]2 & t1 )\t foll[+ ,b5?am 9 fall+ back ^u a quantitative /&>d1 or foll[+ ,mill 9 ma9ta9+ t pleasures1 z pleasures1 diff] 9 k9d4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] xxv1 ,sec #ajg4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,! ,,moral ,,law ,,& ,,moral ,,ideals #adc4 ,,duties ,,& ,,virtues4--,we saw1 at ! v beg9n+ ( ?is volume ,footnote3 ,*apt] i1 ,sec #b4 t a s+le moral law1 s ab/ractly /at$ z to cov] ! :ole sph]e ( conduct1 mu/ be some?+ s vague & indet]m9ate z to be practically useless z a guide to action4 ,! admonition1 d "r1 does n mean any?+ 9 p>ticul> to ! man :o is n already well in/ruct$ z to :at1 9 detail1 con/itutes "r action4 ,nor d we make ourselves m intelligible1 :5 we say to him be good4 ,x seems to mean some?+ m :5 we say act ju/ly or be j2 speak ! tru?1 or be tru?ful4 ,& ! m we p>ticul>ize1 ! m we help ! individual confront$ ) concrete problems--! only problems ) :i* life actually confronts u4 ,?is is z x %\ld be4 ,duties & virtues are expressions ( ! ,rational ,social ,w1 & t w is a m]e ab/raction except z x is incorporat$1 ) a weal? ( detail1 9 human societies4 ,x w\ld be h>d = ! small boy to classify1 "u any t5 comm&m5ts1 ! innum]able company ( ! don'ts :i* he he>s f 8 "m dur+ ! c\rse ( a week4 ,he c leave su* "w to ! morali/4 ,b he is receiv+ an education 9 ! moral law1 z an expression ( ! social w1 ?r\gh ! :ole sev5 days4 ,if we wi%1 we c emphasize ! moral law1 & dwell ^u ! duties ( man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may lay /ress ^u ! virtues1 & po9t to ideals4 ,! ,greek made mu* ( ! virtues2 ! ,*ri/ian morali/ _h m to say ( man's duties4 ,9 ! end1 !re ne$ be little discrepancy 9 ! results4 ,i make ! same recomm5dation1 :e!r ,i say to a man1 ,speak ! tru?6 or :e!r ,i say to him1 ,be tru?ful6 ,x may be claim$ t %ades ( diff]5ce make !mselves app>5t1 :]e "o emphasizes ! law & ano!r po9ts to an ideal4 ,p]haps !y d1 9 mo/ m9ds4 ,x c]ta9ly s\nds m conceit$ to say3 ,i am try+ to be virtu\s1 ?an to say3 ,i am try+ to d my duty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! admonition1 ,be tru?ful1 appe>s to leave "o a little latitude4 ,we take ! tru?ful man1 s to speak1 9 ! lump4 ,if he has a /rong bias t[>d tru?-speak+1 & is felt to be reliable1 on ! :ole1 x is n c]ta9 t we %\ld rob him ( 8 title on ! gr\nd ( "o or two lapses = :i* weighty reasons c\ld be urg$4 ,! admonition3 ,speak ! tru?6 seems m uncompromis+2 & yet he :o pref]s ?is legal =m may ma9ta9 t x is a g5]al admonition address$ to m5 ( s5se :o are suppos$ to be able to ex]cise reason4 #add4 ,,! ,,negative ,,aspect ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,law4--,:y does ! ,moral ,law1 on ! surface at lea/1 appe> to be s l>gely negative8 ,z we look back ^u our e>ly y\?1 our days appe> to be punctuat$ ) puni%m5ts4 ,:5 we atta9 to ye>s ( discretion1 ?is is n ! case1 ) mo/ ( u1 at lea/4 ,b :5 we turn to ! law1 9 our own society or 9 o!rs1 we f9d prohibitions & p5alties ev]y:]e4 ,( rew>ds little is said4 ,is ! social w meant to be *iefly inhibitory8 ,is x a *eck to ! action ( ! individual8 7#a7 ,! negative aspect ( ! moral law is1 to a consid]able degree1 an illusion4 ,! social w takes u up into itself & =ms u4 ,9 our e>ly y\? we are acutely consci\s ( ! process4 ,a va/ numb] ( ! ?+s a boy wants to d are ?+s t d n suit ! social w at all4 ,he wants to break w9d[s2 he wants to fight o!r boys2 he wants to be idle2 8 delight is 9 adv5tures n normally )9 ! rea* (1 or suit$ to ! ta/e (1 ! citiz5s ( an ord]$ /ate4 ,x is little wond] t ! boy reg>ds ! moral law z a nuisance & ! /ate z a suitable refuge = ^? suff]+ f s5ile decay4 ,!re are individuals :o sc>cely get beyond ?is /age4 ,!y rema91 ev5 9 _! lat] ye>s1 at w> ) ! /ate4 ,f "t to "t1 we seize !m & inc>c]ate !m4 ,t ! law =bids & puni%es1 !y nev] =get4 ,x is *iefly = su* t ! crim9al law exi/s4 ,!y are 9 ! /ate1 b !y are n ( x4 ,!y h small %>e 9 ! h]itage ( ! civiliz$ man4 ,= mo/ ( u !re comes a "t :5 mo/ prohibitions are little ?\ght (4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$1 t ! law is negative p>tly = ! reason t positive duties are too num]\s to be =mulat$4 ,b h[ num]\s are ! ?+s t ought n to be done :i* normal m5 nev] ?9k ( do+6 ,at ?is mom5t1 ,i c\ld swall[ a p51 ta/e ! ink 9 ! ink-well1 ?r[ my pap]s f ! w9d[1 hurl ! porcela9 j> on ! *imney-piece at ! cat next door1 sw+ on ! *&eli]4 ,i am consci\s ( no con/ra9t 9 n do+ ^! ?+s4 ,:y8 ,i h become to "s degree adju/$ to ! type :i* ! social w /rives to produce4 7#b7 ,&1 hav+ become s f> adju/$1 ,i recognize t ! social w is di/ribut+ rew>ds mo/ lavi%ly4 ,! :ole organism ( society is its in/rum5t4 ,"w is f\nd = me1 & ,i am paid = x4 ,if ,i am indu/ri\s & dep5dable1 ,i am recomp5s$4 ,if ,i am tru?ful1 ,i am believ$1 :i* is no little conv5i5ce4 ,if ,i am en]getic & p]sev]+1 ,i may gr[ ri* or be elect$ to (fice4 ,if ,i am c\rte\s1 ,i am lik$ & am treat$ ) c\rtesy4 ,e day ,i am paid1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 accord+ to my des]ts4 ,:y %\ld society "w out an extraord9>y sy/em ( rew>ds = ^? :om x is already rew>d+ automatically8 ,9 "s cases1 rec\rse is _h to extraord9>y rew>ds4 ,we give prizes to *ildr5 9 ! s*ools2 we give m$als to soldi]s = di/+ui%$ s]vice2 we conf] honor>y degrees ^u m5 = a v>iety ( reasons4 ,9 mon>*ical c\ntries & 9 _! colonies1 ! man :o e>ns an extraord9>y rew>d may ev5 pass x on1 9 ! %ape ( a title1 to 8 desc5dants1 z ?\gh x 7 orig9al s94 ,b ! giv+ ( extraord9>y rew>ds to all ord9>y1 normal p]sons w\ld be too mu*4 ,! man :o m>k$ly (f5ds aga9/ ! moral law is n an ord9>y1 normal p]son4 ,he is n adju/$ to ! social w4 ,x is natural t he %\ld attract especial att5tion4 ,?us ! ,?\ %alt n6 is giv5 prom95ce4 ,to ?is ,i might add1 t puni%m5ts are *eap] & easi] ?an extraord9>y rew>ds4 ,pa9s are %>p] ?an pleasures1 & are easily inflict$4 7#c7 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t1 ) ! evolution ( morality1 x t5ds to become positive4 ,! enlight5$ moral man recognizes1 n m]ely ! actual social w1 b also ! ,rational ,social ,w4 ,he may feel x 8 duty to d mu* m ?an society =mally dem&s ( him4 #ade4 ,,h[ ,,c ,,"o ,,"k ,,! ,,moral ,,law8--,?is "q has already be5 answ]$ 9 *apt]s prec$+4 ,e man has ?ree c\nsellors3 7#a7 ,! objective morality ( 8 community--cu/om1 law1 & public op9ion1 :i* c]ta9ly des]ve to be tak5 v s]i\sly2 7#b7 8 moral intuitions1 :i* may be ( ! f9e/2 & 7#c7 8 reason1 :i* prev5ts him f mak+ decisions )\t reflection4 ,c a man :o li/5s to ^! ?ree c\nsellors be sure t he is "r 9 a giv5 decision8 ,! soon] a man le>ns t he is n infallible & impeccable1 ! bett] x w be = him1 = 8 neighbor1 & = ! _w at l>ge4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,! ,,moral ,,concepts #adf4 ,,good ,,& ,,bad2 ,,"r ,,& ,,wrong4--,z a rule1 m5 reflect little t\*+ ! moral t]ms :i* are on _! lips e day4 ,x is well wor? :ile to take "s ( !m up & to turn !m ov] = exam9ation4 ,we may use ! t]ms good & bad1 "r & wrong1 9 a v broad s5se4 ,a good trick may be a contemptible action2 ! "r way to crack a bank-safe may be ! means to ! successful commission ( a crime4 ,evid5tly1 ! words1 ?us us$1 are n employ$ 9 a moral s5se4 ,:5 we pass judgm5ts f ! moral po9t ( view1 we conc]n ourselves ) m5 & ) _! actions1 & measure !m by ! /&>d ( ! social w4 ,m5 & actions are good1 :5 !y c meet ! te/4 ,actions are "r or wrong1 :5 !y are 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( ! moral law1 or are at v>iance ) !m4 ,t an act may be bo? "r & wrong1 :5 view$ f diff]5t /&po9ts1 ev5 on moral gr\nd1 we h se5 9 ,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,a man may mean to d "r1 & may1 ?r\gh ignorance or error1 be guilty ( an act t we condemn4 ,to ! intellig5t1 confusions are "h unnecess>y4 ,b ! hi/ory ( e?ics is full ( confusions 9 j ?is field4 #adg4 ,,duty ,,& ,,obligation4--,v]bal usage sometimes ju/ifies ! use ( "o ( ^! words1 & sometimes t ( ! o!r4 ,we say3 ,i did my duty2 we d n say3 ,i did my obligation4 ,b ?is is a m]e matt] ( v]bal expression1 & we are really conc]n$ ) two names = ! same ?+4 7#a7 ,!re has be5 mu* dispute z to :e!r ! s5se ( duty or moral obligation c or _c be analyz$4 ,x has be5 decl>$ unanalyzable & unique4 ,"s ?9k ?is a po9t ( mu* importance :i* imp>ts a peculi> sacr$ness to ! s5se ( duty4 ,!re appe>s no reason :y ?is position %\ld be tak54 ,no "o has be5 able to analyze into its ultimate s5sational elem5ts ! peculi> feel+ "o has :5 "o is tickl$4 ,b ?is does n make ! feel+ sacr$ or awe-inspir+4 ,! au?ority ( ! s5se ( duty mu/ be look$ = 9 ano!r direction--& au?ority x has4 7#b7 ,i h spok5 ( ! s5se ( duty4 ,we all recognize t1 :5 we are fac$ ) a duty1 a feel+ is normally pres5t4 ,b ! :ole argum5t ( ?is volume has ma9ta9$ t man is n to be treat$ only z ! subject ( emotions4 ,he is a rational be+4 ,9 "s p]sons feel+ is v prom95t2 9 o!rs x is less s4 ,x is q conceivable t1 9 a giv5 case1 a man capable ( reflection %\ld recognize t he is confront$ ) a duty1 & yet t he %\ld feel no impulse to p]=m x4 ,did no "o ev] feel any su* impulse1 ! :ole sy/em ( duties1 ! :ole rational ord] ( society itself1 w\ld dissolve & disappe>4 ,=tunately1 ! normal man does feel an impulse to p]=m duties recogniz$ z su*4 ,& 9 ! case ( ^? exceptional p]sons :o d n1 society /rives to supply surrogates1 extraord9>y impulses bas$ ^u a sy/em ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,?is is a m]e supplem5t1 & c\ld nev] keep alive a society f :i* ! s5se ( duty _h disappe>$4 ,duty is sacr$4 ,x is ! v f\ndation ( e rational society4 ,x does n greatly conc]n e?ics :e!r ! impulse1 :i* makes itself felt 9 m5 :o want to d _! duty1 c or _c be analyz$4 ,b x is all-important t !y %\ld feel ! impulse4 7#c7 ,c a man d m ?an 8 duty8 ,is x ! duty ( ev]yone to be1 n m]ely a good1 av]age1 hone/1 fai?ful1 law-abid+ citiz51 b to g f> beyond ?is & be conspicu\sly a sa9t8 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t we are conc]n$ ) ! connotation prop]ly to be giv5 to a ^w 9 common use4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( goodness ! social w appe>s to dem& ( m5 r p]emptorily4 ,its dem&s seem to v>y some:at ) ! exig5cies ( ! times--= example1 9 peace & 9 w>4 ,x does n make ! same dem&s ( all m54 ,f ^? to :om mu* has be5 giv5-- weal?1 education1 social or political influ5ce1--mu* is requir$4 ,f c]ta9 p]sons x appe>s to be glad to get any?+4 ,if !y keep out ( ! police-c\rt1 x is agreeably surpris$4 ,i h no desire to dissuade anyone f ! ardu\s pursuit ( sa9?ood2 b ,i submit t ! ^w duty1 z sanction$ by usage1 implies b a limit$ dem&1 & takes cognizance ( "* & environm5t4 ,he :o comes up to ?is mod]ate /&>d is n condemn$2 b he is free to g f>!r & to become z great a sa9t z he pleases4 ,9 :i* case1 we admire him4 ,^? :o1 9 ! pa/1 h spok5 ( c\nsels ( p]fection1 h drawn ^u a pr(\nd k ( human nature & ( human societies4 #adh4 ,,rew>d ,,& ,,puni%m5t4--,we saw 9 ! la/ *apt] 7,sec #add7 t x is some?+ ( a criticism ^u man & ^u societies ( m5 t extraord9>y rew>ds h to be giv5 & t puni%m5ts mu/ be inflict$4 ,m att5tion has be5 paid to puni%m5ts ?an to rew>ds1 & ! "q t\*+ ! prop] aim ( puni%m5t 9 a civiliz$ /ate has receiv$ mu* discussion4 ,! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! infliction ( puni%m5t is sugge/ive1 b x does n %$ a cle> light4 ,! social w has n always be5 a rational social w1 & "s ( its decisions may be plac$ among ! curiosities ( lit]ature4 ,/ill1 !y may s]ve ! purpose ( ! traditional t]rible example4 ,%\ld we1 9 puni%+1 aim at ! prev5tion ( crime8 ,are puni%m5ts to be det]r5t8 ,"u ?is head we mu/ consid]1 n m]ely ! crim9al himself1 b also ^? :o are 9 m or less dang] ( becom+ crim9als1 ?\gh !y h1 z yet1 committ$ no kn[n crime4 ,%\ld ! aim ( puni%m5t be ! re=mation ( ! crim9al8 ,%\ld we puni% m]ely t ju/ice be done8 ,he :o /eals & eats fruit is visit$ ) puni%m5t1 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 if ! fruit is unripe4 ,b he suff]s equally if he eats 8 own fruit1 "u l conditions4 ,?is seems a bl9d puni%m5t4 ,%\ld we visit pa9 ^u him = ! !ft1 m]ely because x is a !ft1 & )\t look+ abroad = any o!r reason8 ,light appe>s to be ?r[n ^u ^! problems :5 we reflect t puni%m5t is an in/rum5t1 employ$ by ! ,rational ,social ,w1 9 pursuance ( its ends4 7#a7 ,x is desirable t m5 %\ld be det]r$ f committ+ crime4 ,if ?is _c be done save by ! infliction ( puni%m5t1 !n let m5 be puni%$4 ,b be x rememb]$ t puni%m5t is a regrettable necessity1 & t ! occasions = ! infliction ( p5alties may greatly be dim9i%$ by ! amelioration ( ! organism ( society4 ,!re is ! born crim9al1 z !re is ! born inmate ( an asylum = ! insane4 ,b !re is also ! manufactur$ crim9al2 ! product ( ! slum1 ! victim ( ignorance1 ! prey ( ! walk+-delegate1 ! suff]] f ov]-"w & und]n\ri%m5t1 ! inhabitant ( ! fil?y & ov]cr[d$ t5em5t1 ! man robb$ ( 8 self-respect1 :o has no %>e 9 ! sweetness & light ( civilization4 ,a society t fir/ manufactures crim9als & !n exp5ds great sums 9 puni%+ !m is1 9 s f>1 n rational4 7#b7 ,x is desirable t ! crim9al %\ld be re=m$ & return$ to society z a normal man4 ,b ?is is n ! "o & only aim ( ! social w4 ,! :ole flock %\ld n be sacrific$ to ! "o black %eep1 z "s s5tim5tal p]sons appe> to believe4 ,!re is room "h = ! ex]cise ( judgm5t & ( "s cool calculation4 7#c7 ,z = ! dem& t a giv5 pa9 %all be inflict$ = a giv5 wrong done1 irrespective ( any ga9 to anybody1 & irrespective ( consequ5ces1--x appe>s to c>ry "o back to anci5t & primitive law4 ,und\bt$ly _m puni%m5ts h be5 inflict$ 9 ! pa/ to satisfy ! s5se ( res5tm5t4 ,footnote3 ,x may be object$ t we are n conc]n$ "h ) res5tm5t b ) ! satisfaction ( ju/ice4 ,m5's notions ( ! ju/ice ( puni%m5ts h be5 t\*$ ^u 9 *apt] ii1 ,sec #d4 ,plato sugge/s1 9 8 ,laws1 t ! slave :o /eals a bun* ( grapes %\ld receive a bl[ = e grape 9 ! bun*4 ,?is has an agreeably ma!matical flavor ( exactitude4 ,b :at %all be done to ! man :o /eals half ( a ham or a ?ird ( a wat]melon8 ,und\bt$ly ! same is true ( ! pres5t4 ,c any?+ be said 9 favor ( ?is impulse8 ,x plays no small "p 9 ! life ( humanity4 ,we feel t a bad man ought to be puni%$4 ,we h>bor a c]ta9 res5tm5t aga9/ him4 ,! res5tm5t ( ! individual = p]sonal injuries we recognize to be wrong4 ,x is n imp>tial1 & x is apt to be excessive & unreason+4 ,public ord] dem&s t x be refus$ expression4 ,b is !--we mu/ admit1 some:at m dis9t]e/$--res5tm5t ( ! community a rational ?+8 ,h m51 collectively1 no :ims1 no prejudices8 ,:5 a trial is def]r$1 & public indignation has cool$ (f1 h[ d ! *ances ( ! prison] comp>e ) ^? he enjoy$ j aft] ! commission ( ! crime8 ,& yet some?+ may be said = public res5tm5t4 ,x has a c]ta9 driv+-p[]4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r ei!r our desire to det] m5 f crime1 or our b5evol5t int]e/ 9 ! crim9al1 w\ld be q suffici5t to en=ce law1 if all s5se ( res5tm5t aga9/ ! law-break] 7 lack+4 ,its usefulness z an in/rum5t ( ! social w appe>s to give x a c]ta9 ju/ification4 ,b x also sugge/s t ev5 public res5tm5t %\ld n be giv5 free re94 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( rew>d & puni%m5t1 x may be well to say a ^w t\*+ our use ( ! t]ms cr$it & discr$it1 m]it & dem]it4 ,we d n give a man cr$it = an action1 we d n ?9k ( him z m]itori\s1 m]ely because he has done "r4 ,:o ?9ks ( prais+ ! "y "m = fe$+ & wa%+ h] fir/-born8 ,:o %akes ! h& ( ! ,sunday-s*ool tea*] & congratulates him ^u hav+ /ol5 no?+ = a week8 ,b ! waif f ! gutt] :o w&]s ?r\gh a dep>tm5t-/ore & resolutely takes no?+1 em]g+ exhau/$ ) ! /ruggle1 we slap ^u ! back & call a little man4 ,our notions ( cr$it & m]it are b\nd up ) our notions ( extraord9>y rew>ds4 ,! cr$itable action1 ! m]itori\s man1 h a c]ta9 claim ^u u1 if only ! claim ( special recognition4 ,any man :o makes a notable /ep =w>d des]ves cr$it1 :atev] 8 actual position ^u ! moral scale4 ,he :o only m>ks "t ^u a relatively high level may be a good man1 b we d n give him cr$it = ! act normally to be expect$ ( him4 ,! recognition ( m]it is a "p ( ! ma*9]y ( moralization4 #adi4 ,,virtues ,,& ,,vices4--,"o swall[1 said ,ari/otle1 does n make a spr+1 nor does "o happy day make a happy life4 ,else:]e he draws our att5tion to ! fact t "o good action does n con/itute a virtue4 ,we may def9e ! virtues z ^? relatively p]man5t qualities ( "* :i* x is desirable1 f ! moral po9t ( view1 t a man %\ld h4 ,! vices are ! correspond+ defects4 ,i %all n attempt to draw up a li/ ( ! virtues4 ,= a v>iety ( li/s1 exhibit+ curi\s & int]e/+ div]sities1 ,i ref] ! read] back to ,*apt] ,,iii1 ,sec ,sec #i-aa4 ,! ,rational ,social ,w aims to build up a social ord] :i* %all d ju/ice to ! fundam5tal impulses & desires ( man1 a social & rational creature4 ,! /ones :i* x mu/ build into its edifice are human be+s4 ,if ! human be+s are m]e lumps ( s(t clay1 incapable ( hold+ _! %ape or ( be>+ any weight1 ! walls _c rise4 ,& a human be+ may be satisfactory 9 "o respect1 & f> f satisfactory 9 ano!r4 ,no "o ( u is :olly ignorant ( ! qualities desirable 9 our build+-mat]ial4 ,cu/om1 law & public op9ion are !re to indicate :at qualities h1 9 fact1 prov$1 on ! :ole1 n detrim5tal4 ,our intuitions help u 9 =m+ a judgm5t4 ,rational reflection is ( s]vice4 ,b "o ?+ is v evid5t4 ,n[h]e is x made cle>] ?an 9 ! /udy ( ! virtues & vices1 t ! morali/ _c consid] ! ph5om5a1 ) :i* he occupies himself1 9 a /ate ( isolation4 ,is c\rage a virtue8 ,is1 !n1 ! man :o is will+ to take ! risk ( break+ a bank1 or hold+ up a /age-coa*1 9 s f> virtu\s8 ,is p]sev]ance a virtue8 ,is1 !n1 ! woman1 :o holds out to ! bitt] end 9 h] desire to h ! la/ ^w1 9 s f> virtu\s8 ,is ju/ice a virtue8 ,!n :y n be virtu\s 9 dem&+ ! p\nd ( fle%1 if x is ! law--z x once 08 ,c]ta9 qualities ( "* h be5 recogniz$ z1 on ! :ole1 & g5]ally1 s]viceable to ! social w4 ,b a man is n a quality ( "*1 & qualities ( "* are sometimes ga!r$ into /range bundles4 ,x is ( m5 t ! /ate is compos$2 ( ?9k+1 feel+ m54 ,we _c isolate qualities ( "*1 & assess _! value 9 _! isolation4 #aej4 ,,consci5ce4--,we are all =c$ to recognize t consci5ce has its dual aspect4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by feel+2 & ! feel+ is seldom bl9d1 or1 at lea/1 :olly bl9d2 consci5ce implies a judgm5t t some?+ is "r or wrong4 7#a7 ,! feel+ is1 to be sure1 v (t5 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,^? :o say1 ,my consci5ce tells me t ?is is wrong1 (t5 mean little m ?an1 ,i feel t x is wrong4 ,b ! ^w feel+ is an ambigu\s "o4 ,x is us$ to cov] all sorts ( intuitive judgm5ts z well z m]e emotions4 ,! man :o takes ! "t to reflect ^u 8 feel+ ( ! rightness or wrongness ( an action c (t5 discov] "s1 p]haps r vague1 reason = 8 feel+ prop]4 7#b7 ,9 o!r words1 he may come ^u an intuitive judgm5t4 ,& ! ?\ghtful man :o talks ab\t 8 consci5ce is r>ely satisfi$ ) a bl9d intuition2 he wants to be sure he is "r1 & he ?9ks ! :ole matt] ov]4 7#c7 ,! feel+ & ! judgm5t are n necess>ily 9 accord4 ,! feel+ may lag beh9d an enlight5$ judgm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! feel+ ( repugnance to act+ 9 c]ta9 ways may be a ju/ifiable prote/ aga9/ a bit ( intellectual sophi/ry4 7#d7 ,s mu* ought to be admitt$ by ev]yone :o holds t consci5ce may be blunt$ or may be enlight5$4 ,consci5ces v>y indef9itely4 ,"s we set d[n z hopelessly bel[ ! av]age2 o!rs we rev]5ce z ref9$ & enlight5$4 ,! social work] makes x 8 aim to awak5 consci5ce1 to cultivate x1 to br+ x up to a high /&>d4 ,no practical morali/ reg>ds ! consci5ce ( ! individual z some?+ :i* mu/ simply be left to itself & treat$ z sacr$1 no matt] :at its "*4 7#e7 ,! above suffici5tly expla9s "s ( ! puzzles :i* confront ! man :o rev]5ces consci5ce & yet /udies ! consci5ces ( 8 fell[-m54 ,he f9ds t ! individual consci5ce is n an infallible guide-po/ po9t+ to "r action2 t x is n a p]fect "t- keep]1 9 complete accord ) ! wat*es ( o!r m54 ,x's a turrible ?+ to h kill$ ! wrong man1 said ! consci5ce-/rick5 illicit di/ill] 9 8 m\nta9 fa/ness4 ,i nev] se5 good come o' goodness yet2 him z /rikes fir/ is my fancy1 said ! dy+ pirate 9 ,treasure ,isl&4 ,augu/9e1 pass+ ov] mu* worse (f5ces1 exhau/s himself 9 agonies ( remorse ov] a boyi% prank4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] xx1 ,sec #gh4 ,s5eca draws up a li/ ( ! mo/ horrify+ crimes1 & decides t +ratitude exce$s !m all 9 enormity4 ,footnote3 ,on ,b5efits1 i1 #aj4 7#f7 ,x appe>s to be q evid5t t consci5ces ought to be /&>diz$1 & t ! /&>d %\ld be made a high "o4 ,! true /&>d is ! "o set by ! ,rational ,social ,w4 ,x is z mu* a duty to h a good consci5ce z x is to obey ! consci5ce "o has4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,individual #aea4 ,,:at ,,is ,,meant ,,by ,,! ,,t]m8--,m5 collect$ into gr\ps & organiz$ 9 v>i\s ways we call /ates1 & we treat a /ate z a unit4 ,we look ^u x z hav+ rights & z ow+ duties bo? to individuals & to o!r /ates4 ,!re are individuals :om we are apt to reg>d z repres5tatives ( ! /ate2 z in/rum5ts1 r ?an z m5-- executive (fic]s1 legislators1 (ficial int]pret]s ( its laws1 :e!r good or bad4 ,= /ates & _! repres5tatives we (t5 h especial moral /&>ds1 diff]+ m or less f ^? by :i* we judge human be+s m]ely z human be+s4 ,x is ) ! morality ( ! latt] t ,i am "h conc]n$4 ,to be sure1 all human be+s are to be f\nd 9 /ates1 or 9 t rudim5t>y social some?+ :i* =e%ad[s ! /ate4 ,to talk ( ! morality ( ! isolat$ individual is nons5se4 ,morality is ! expression ( ! social w2 & if we ?9k ( ev5 ,rob9son ,crusoe z a good man1 x means t we apply to him social /&>ds4 ,_h he n be5 moraliz$1 he w\ld h kill$ & eat5 ,friday1 :5 ! latt] made 8 appe>ance4 ,we mu/1 !n1 take ! individual z we f9d him 9 ! /ate1 b x is conv5i5t to consid] 8 morality sep>ately f ! e?ics ( ! /ate1 its in/itutions & its in/rum5ts4 #aeb4 ,,! ,,virtues ,,( ,,! ,,individual4--,:at moral traits h we a "r to look = 9 ! individual man8 ,:at sort ( a man is x 8 duty to be8 ,evid5tly1 m5's duties mu/ v>y some:at accord+ to ! type ( ! society to :i* !y belong1 & to _! def9ite place 9 t society4 ,/ill1 c]ta9 g5]al desirable traits ( "* unavoidably sugge/ !mselves4 ,to attempt a complete li/ seems futile1 b ! mo/ sali5t h be5 dwelt ^u by ! morali/s ( _m s*ools1 & = c5turies pa/4 ,does x n appe> self-evid5t t a man %\ld be law-abid+1 hone/1 indu/ri\s1 tru?ful1 & capable ( unselfi%ness8 ,%\ld he n h a reg>d = 8 heal? & effici5cy8 ,%\ld he n aim to develop 8 capacities1 & 9 s f> to dim9i% ! dead mass ( ignorance & bad ta/e :i* weighs d[n society8 ,( m>ital fidelity1 ) all t t implies--p]sonal purity1 ! good ( "o's *ildr51 a f9e s5se ( loyalty--x is sc>cely necess>y to speak4 ,no man1 betro!d or m>ri$1 c be sure t he w n meet tomorr[ "s woman :om ! unprejudic$ w\ld judge to be m attractive ?an ! "o to :om he has b\nd himself4 ,%all he rema9 unprejudic$--a float+ m9e1 ready to explode at any accid5tal contact8 ,away ) him6 ,he has1 9 ! eyes ( ! sci5tific morali/1 too mu* ego 9 8 cosmos4 ,^? babble ( aff9ities :o "k little1 & c>e less1 ab\t ! long & ardu\s asc5t up :i* mank9d has toil$1 9 ! ef=t to atta9 to civilization4 ,& :at %all we say ( su* ?+s z religi\s duties1 ( *e]fulness1 ( good mann]s1 ( p]sonal cleanl9ess8 ,( religi\s duties ,i %all speak else:]e4 ,footnote3 ,*apt] xxxvi4 ,z to *e]fulness & good mann]s1 x is only necess>y to reflect ^u ! baleful influ5ce ex]cis$ ^u ! "y--:o h "h my entire sympa?y--by a bili\s & depress+ piety1 or by ^? :o are rudely & sup]cili\sly moral4 ,cleanl9ess des]ves "s special att5tion1 on acc\nt ( ! fact t x has p]plex$ ev5 ?\ghtful s*ol>s to discov] :y society has come to reg>d x z a duty at all4 ,footnote3 ,! *apt] on cleanl9ess by ,epictetus is a homily1 & n a philosophic argum5t4 ,see1 ,disc\rses1 ,book ,,iv1 *apt] xi4 ,t1 if society does reg>d cleanl9ess z important1 x %\ld be ! duty ( ! individual to keep himself & 8 h\se clean pres5ts no problem4 ,he has no "r to make himself gratuit\sly (f5sive1 & gratuit\sly (f5sive he w be1 if he is a dirty fell[4 ,b :y does anyone object to 8 be+ a dirty fell[8 ,! prejudice 9 favor ( cleanl9ess does n appe> to be univ]sal--witness ! ,eskimo & v>i\s o!r peoples4 ,we h le>n$ t ! social w has its f\ndation 9 ! fundam5tal impulses & in/9cts ( man4 ,an admirable s*ol> has sugge/$ t ! ultimate root ( ! reg>d = cleanl9ess :i* m or less *>act]izes civiliz$ societies may be trac$ to "s su* primitive & inexplicable impulse to cleanl9ess z we obs]ve1 = example1 9 ! cat4 ,footnote3 ,,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 *apt] xxxix4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t x is f> m m>k$ 9 ! cat ?an 9 ! human be+4 ,a kitt5 is mu* m fa/idi\s ?an is a baby1 & a gr[n cat w\ld tol]ate no p[d] or r\ge4 ,b1 assum+ t su* an in/9ct exi/s1 ev5 9 weak measure1 x might easily develop ) ! developm5t ( society4 ,&1 z man is a rational be+1 capable ( discov]+ a connection betwe5 cleanl9ess & hygi5e1 ! duty ( cleanl9ess w\ld acquire a new au?ority4 ,dirt becomes no long] m]ely di/a/eful2 x is recogniz$ z a dang]4 #aec4 ,,conv5tional ,,morality4--,!re are virtues--tak+ ! traits ( "* indicat$ by ! names broadly & loosely1 & mak+ all[ance = all sorts ( v>iations )9 wide limits--:i* appe> to be recogniz$ z su* v g5]ally4 ,bi%op ,butl] reg>d$ ju/ice1 v]acity & reg>d to common good z valu$ 9 all societies4 ,c]ta9ly !y h s]v$ z expressions ( ! social w 9 _m societies1 anci5t & mod]n1 primitive & highly civiliz$4 ,we h se5 t ! =ms "u :i* !y appe> are n indep5d5t ( ! degree & k9d ( ! developm5t ( ! society we may happ5 to be contemplat+4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] ii4 ,& we h realiz$ t man is born into a _w ( ready-made duties :i* are lit]ally =c$ ^u 8 att5tion4 ,he f9ds himself a memb] ( a family1 somebody's neighbor1 a resid5t 9 a t[n or village1 allott$ to a social class1 an employ] or an employee1 a citiz5 ( a /ate4 ,ju/ice1 v]acity & a reg>d = common good appe> to h _! value 9 all ^! relations2 b ! mann] ( _! int]pretation is n indep5d5t ( ! relations1 & ! relations ) _! appropriate dem&s are relatively indep5d5t ( ! individual w4 ,"o _c ignore ^! dem&s & fall back1 indep5d5tly1 ^u metaphysical !ory4 ,ari/otle's claim t a man _c be unju/ to 8 own *ild1 because ! *ild is a "p ( himself1 & a man _c be unju/ to himself1 ,footnote3 ,e?ics1 ,book ,v1 *apt] vi1 ,sec #g4 excites our curiosity4 ,x does n elicit our approval4 ,x is because ! va/ majority ( our duties are s unequivocally ?ru/ ^u u t ,i h be5 able to t\* s lightly1 9 ! la/ section1 ^u ! duties ( ! individual4 ,:y dilate ^u :at ev]ybody kn[s8 ,is x n en\gh to set him ?9k+ ab\t x8 ,&1 9 help+ him to ?9k1 ! ref]5ce to ! virtue ( cleanl9ess has its value4 ,cleanl9ess is priz$ by ^? :o "k little ( hygi5e4 ,if a society _c be happy )\t cleanl9ess1 = :atev] reason1 is x n ! duty ( ! individual to be clean8 ,b h[ clean %\ld he be8 ,!re are virtues--,i use ! ^w "h broadly to cov] approv$ habits-- :i* seem to h a v direct ref]5ce to *ronology & geography4 ,!y are conv5tional virtues2 !y suit a giv5 society1 & satisfy its actual social w4 ,a ,v]mont h\sekeep] 9 an igloo w\ld be an intol]able nuisance4 ,imag9e an unbrok5 succession ( ,new ,engl& h\se-clean+s ) ! inhabitants ( ! h\se sitt+ 9 despair 9 ! sn[ outside4 ,^? :o live nor? ( ! ,alps are sometimes criticiz$ = dipp+ ,zwieback into _! tea4 ,^? :o live s\? ( ! ,alps eat mac>oni 9 ways revolt+ to o!r nations4 ,a v pretty ,fr5*woman1 dev\r+ snails aft] ! approv$ fa%ion ( ! locality1 has driv5 me out ( an excell5t re/aurant4 ,& ! _w op5s its eyes 9 wond] :5 x sees ! well-br$ ,anglo-,saxon dispose ( 8 asp>agus4 ,!re is a little-recogniz$ virtue call$ tol]ation4 ,/4 ,ambrose 0 a wise man :5 he advis$ ,/4 ,augu/9e to d1 :5 9 ,rome1 z ! ,romans d4 ,( c\rse1 he did n mean ?is to apply to robb]y or to murd]4 ,he 0 giv+ an involunt>y recognition to ! doctr9e t !re are conv5tional virtues1 wor?y ( our notice1 z well z virtues ( heavi] calib] & wid] range4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,/ate #aed4 ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,! ,,/ate4--,he :o has resolv$ to devote b a s+le *apt] to ! ,e?ics ( ! ,/ate mu/ delib]ately sacrifice n9e- t5?s1 at lea/1 ( ! mat]ial--"s ( x v good mat]ial1 & "s ( x mo/ curi\s & int]e/+--:i* has heap$ itself toge!r on 8 h&s 9 ! c\rse ( 8 read+ & ?9k+4 ,i h resolv$ to write only ! "o *apt]4 ,! ,/ate is ! backgr\nd ( ! individual1 ! scaffold :i* supports 8 moral life4 ,)\t x1 he may be a be+2 b he is sc>cely recognizable z a human be+4 ,x has made ! individual :at he is1 & x is ! m$ium 9 :i* he c give expression to ! nature :i* he n[ possesses4 ,plato ma9ta9s t ! object ( ! con/itution ( ! /ate is ! happ9ess ( ! :ole1 n ( any "p4 ,footnote3 ,republic1 ,,ii4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle _h ! ,greek prejudice t\*+ citiz5%ip4 ,_! citiz5%ip 0 enjoy$ by a /rictly limit$ class4 ,ari/otle1 9 8 ,politics1 ma9ta9s t x is ! aim ( ! /ate to enable m5 to live well4 ,sidgwick def9es politics z ! !ory ( :at ought to be 79 human affairs7 z f> z ?is dep5ds on ! common action ( societies ( m54 ,footnote3 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 *apt] ii4 ,we may agree ) all ?ree1 & yet leave ourselves mu* latitude 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( ! organization (1 & ! limits prop]ly to be set to ! activities (1 ! ,/ate z su*4 ,%all ! ,/ate only /rive to repress grave disord]s8 or %all x take a pat]nal int]e/ 9 its citiz5s1 mak+ !m virtu\s & happy 9 spite ( !mselves8 #aee4 ,,its ,,orig9 ,,& ,,au?ority4--,9 ,p>ts ,,iii to ,,vi we h se5 h[ & ^u :at basis ! ,/ate has gr[n up4 ,x is an organism1 some?+ t lives & gr[s4 ,x is n a ma*9e1 delib]ately put toge!r at a def9ite "t by "s man or "s gr\p ( m54 ,! social contract fanatic may h read hi/ory1 b he has n und]/ood x4 ,( psy*ology he has no compreh5sion at all4 ,h]odotus1 at "s ( ^: /ories we smile1 0 a wis] man4 ,he writes3 ,x appe>s c]ta9 to me1 by a great v>iety ( pro(s1 t ,cambyses 0 rav+ mad2 he w\ld n else h set himself to make a mock ( holy rites & long-e/abli%$ usages4 ,=1 if "o 7 to (f] m5 to *oose out ( all ! cu/oms 9 ! _w su* z seem$ to !m ! be/1 !y w\ld exam9e ! :ole numb]1 & end by pref]r+ _! own2 s conv9c$ are !y t _! own usages f> surpass ^? ( all o!rs4 ,footnote3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,h]odotus1 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] xxxviii1 translat$ by ,,george ,,rawl9son1 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,?is may be some?+ ( an ov]-/atem5t1 = m5 9 "o /ate h %[n !mselves to be1 )9 limits1 capable ( le>n+ f m5 9 ano!r4 ,b only )9 limits4 ,^? ?+s :i* give a /ate /ability--& )\t /ability we are toss$ ^u ! waves ( m]e an>*y--h _! roots 9 ! remote pa/4 ,/rip a man ( 8 pa/1 & he is little bett] ?an an idiot2 /rip m5 )9 ! ,/ate ( _! corporate in/itutions & ideals1 ( _! loyalties & emotional lean+s1 & we h on our h&s a mob ( savages1 some?+ mu* bel[ ! tribe prop]1 knit into unity ( purpose by cu/om & tribal law4 ,! ,/ate has its orig9 9 man z a creature desir+ & will+1 & at ! same "t end[$ ) reason4 ,its au?ority is ! au?ority ( reason4 ,n reason 9 ! ab/ract1 ) no gr\nd to /& ^u1 & no mat]ial = its ex]cise2 b reason z incorporate 9 in/itutions & social usages2 reason :i* takes cognizance ( ! nature ( man1 & recognizes :at man has already succe$$ 9 do+4 ,:]e %all we look = a limit to ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate8 ,surely1 only 9 ! ,reason :i* makes x possible = ! ,/ate to be4 ,! ,/ate mu/ n defeat its own object4 #aef4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,organization4--,! special sci5ce ( politics ent]s 9 detail into ! =ms ( organization ( ! ,/ate4 ,! e?ical philosoph] mu/ cont5t himself ) c]ta9 g5]al reflections4 ,ev]yone kn[s t ,/ates h be5 organiz$ 9 div]s ways2 & t _! citiz5s1 "u mu* ! same =m ( political organization1 h be5 "h happy & cont5t$1 & !re 9 a /ate ( f]m5t4 ,! =m ( gov]nm5t c\nts = some?+2 b its suitability to ! population gov]n$1 & ! degree ( enlight5m5t & discipl9e *>act]i/ic ( ! population1 c\nt = mu* m4 ,x is n e %oe t fits e foot1 & !re are feet t are little at home 9 %oes ( any description4 ,mon>*ies ( _m sorts1 ari/ocracies1 olig>*ies1 democracies1 ev5 communisms1 h be5 tri$2 & all1 save ! la/1 h manag$ to hold _! own ) "s degree ( success4 ,x is easy to br+ objections aga9/ ea* =m ( gov]nm5t1 j z x is easy to say some?+ speci\s 9 its favor4 ,are ! elde/ sons ( a few families peculi>ly fitt$ by nature to be gov]nors ( ! ,/ate8 ,look at hi/ory1 & wake up to common s5se4 ,( ! div9e "r ( k+s ,i %all n speak1 = ! adh]5ts ( ! doctr9e are 9 our day relegat$ to museums ( antiquities4 ,& h ! memb]s ( ari/ocracies be5 c>efully br$ ) a view to _! intellectual & moral sup]iority1 z we bre$ f9e v>ieties ( horses & dogs8 ,h ^? :o h _h _! %>e 9 olig>*ies be5 peculi>ly wise & peculi>ly devot$ to ! common good8 ,! communi/ makes two fatal mi/akes4 ,he %uts 8 eyes to hi/ory1 & he ov]looks ! fact t !re is su* a ?+ z human nature4 ,!re rema9s democracy4 ,( ?is1 ,h]odotus1 already quot$ z a man ( s5se1 has 8 op9ion4 ,he makes a %rewd ,p]sian1 9 a political crisis1 ?us address 8 fell[-conspirators3 ,!re is no?+ s void ( und]/&+1 no?+ s full ( wantonness1 z ! unwieldy rabble4 ,x 7 folly n to be borne1 = m51 :ile seek+ to escape ! wantonness ( a tyrant1 to give !mselves up to ! wantonness ( a rude unbridl$ mob4 ,! tyrant1 9 all 8 do+s1 at lea/ kn[s :at he is ab\t1 b a mob is altoge!r devoid ( k2 = h[ %\ld !re be any k 9 a rabble1 untaught1 & ) no natural s5se ( :at is "r & fit8 ,x ru%es wildly into /ate affairs ) all ! fury ( a /ream swoll5 9 ! w9t]1 & confuses ev]y?+4 ,let ! enemies ( ! ,p]sians be rul$ by democracies2 b let u *oose out f ! citiz5s a c]ta9 numb] ( ! wor?ie/1 & put ! gov]nm5t into _! h&s4 ,footnote3 ,op4 cit4 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] lxxxi4 ,to be sure1 we1 :o belong to a mod]n1 enlight5$ democracy1 w\ld res5t be+ call$ a rude unbridl$ mob1 & be+ lik5$ to ! populace ( anci5t ,p]sia4 ,b ^? ( u :o reflect recognize ! dang]s t lurk 9 ! psy*ology ( ! cr[d2 & we are all aw>e t1 aft] a popul> vote1 x is q possible to discov] t few1 except a h&ful ( (fice-hold]s1 h gott5 any?+ t !y really want4 ,democracy is n a panacea = all political evils1 & !re are democracies ( _m k9ds4 ,/ill1 :5 all is said1 x seems z ?\gh ! ,rational ,social ,w1 ! ultimate arbit] ( e moral ,/ate1 %\ld give its au?ority to a democratic =m ( gov]nm5t1 r ?an to ano!r =m4 ,e individual w has a prima facie claim to recognition4 ,b ! ,rational ,social ,w c nev] =get t human nature is 9 process ( developm5t1 & t ea* nation1 at a giv5 "t1 is a hi/orical ph5om5on4 ,! ,rational ,social ,w is too enlight5$ to drape an infant 9 ! raim5t appropriate to a college graduate4 ,x is only an intemp]ate en?usiasm t is capable ( t4 #aeg4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,! ,,/ate4--,! ,/ate allots to individuals1 & to ! less] gr\ps ( human be+s1 ( :i* x is compos$1 rights1 & x prescribes to !m duties4 ,^u its activities 9 ?is sph]e ,i c t\* only by way ( illu/ration1 & = ! sake ( mak+ cle> ! nature ( ! functions ( ! ,/ate4 7#a7 ,to :om %all ! ,/ate grant a %>e 9 ! =mulation & execution ( its laws8 ,once1 9 communities v enlight5$1 9 _! own peculi> way1 wom51 *ildr51 slaves1 me*anics1 petty trad]s1 & hir$ s]vants 7 deem$ q unfit to be entru/$ ) su* responsibilities4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,ari/otle',s ,politics4 ,) u1 ! position ( woman has *ang$4 ,slav]y1 9 a te*nical s5se1 has be5 aboli%$4 ,! me*anic & ! petty trad] are mu* 9 evid5ce at prim>ies4 ,hir$ s]vants are by "s accus$ ( be+ tyrants4 ,*ildr51 & defectives :o are grossly & palpably defective1 we b> f elections1 & we also reject "s crim9als4 ,! times h *ang$1 & our notions ( ! "r ( ! individual to an active %>e 9 ! ,/ate h *ang$ ) !m4 ,! expression ( ! social w has und]gone modification1 & ,i ?9k we c say t x is1 on ! :ole1 modification 9 ! "r direction4 ,to be sure1 ! c\rt ( la/ resort is ! ,rational ,social ,w4 ,:at is be/ = ! ,/ate1 &1 h5ce1 = ^? :o compose x8 ,:at is practicable 9 ! actual condition 9 :i* a giv5 /ate f9ds itself at a giv5 "t8 ,x seems too easy a solution ( our problems to seek dogmatic answ]s to our que/ion+s by hav+ rec\rse to ! natural light1 t ready oracle ( ! philosoph]1 ,desc>tes4 7#b7 ,!re are c]ta9 classes ( rights :i* civiliz$ /ates g5]ally gu>antee to _! citiz5s ) v>y+ degrees ( success4 ,!y make x ! duty ( _! citiz5s to respect ^! rights 9 o!rs4 7a7 ,! laws protect life & limb4 ,mu* progress has be5 made 9 ?is respect 9 ! la/ c5turies pa/4 ,i own no coat ( mail2 &1 :5 ,i walk abroad1 ,i nei!r c>ry a sword nor surr\nd myself ) arm$ reta9]s4 7b7 ,!y protect private prop]ty4 ,to be sure1 ! promot] may prey ^u my simplicity2 & ! /ate itself does n recognize t ,i h any absolute "r to my prop]ty1 any m ?an x recognizes t ,i h an absolute "r to my life4 ,x may s5d me into ! tr5*es4 ,x may take f me :at x w 9 ! =m ( taxes4 ,x may ev5 =bid me to increase my income by us+ my prop]ty 9 ways :i* w make me insupportable to my neighbors4 ,b x w n all[ my neighbor1 :o is /rong] ?an ,i1 to take possession ( my h\se )\t =m ( law4 ,x w ev5 all[ me to dispose ( my prop]ty by w1 aft] my dea?4 ,i sugge/ t ^?1 to :om ?is "r appe>s to be root$ 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 & n to be a creation ( ! ,/ate1 call$ into be+ at ! behe/ ( ! social w 9 a c]ta9 /age ( its developm5t1 %\ld read & re-read :at ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e has to say ab\t te/am5t>y succession1 9 8 wond]ful little book on ,anci5t ,law4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt]s vi & vii4 ,! ,/ate has n always treat$ a man z an individual1 directly & p]sonally responsible to ! /ate4 ,x has treat$ him z a memb] ( a family or "s o!r gr\p2 a be+ end[$1 by virtue ( 8 position1 ) c]ta9 rights1 & burd5$ ) c]ta9 duties4 ,a be+ :o1 :5 he drops out ( be+1 is automatically replac$ by someone else :o is clo!d ^u ) bo? 8 rights & 8 responsibilities4 ,our conceptions h *ang$4 ,! less] gr\ps )9 ! ,/ate h to "s degree lo/ _! cohesion1 & ! bond betwe5 ! individual1 z su*1 & ! /ate has be5 correspond+ly /r5g!n$4 ,b _m traces ( ! old conception make !mselves app>5t4 ,! law compels me to provide = my wife & *ildr52 &1 if ,i die inte/ate1 ! law by no means assumes t my prop]ty is left )\t a claimant4 ,h we be5 mov+ 9 ! "r direction1 z judg$ by ! /&>d ( ! ,rational ,social ,w8 ,we ?9k s4 ,b x is well to be> 9 m9d :at ,h]odotus said ab\t ! madness ( ,cambyses1 & ! prejudice m5 h 9 favor ( _! own cu/oms4 ,no /ate is a m]e aggregate ( unrelat$ individuals4 ,m5 are set 9 families1 & ! ,/ate seems to be compos$ ( gr\ps )9 gr\ps4 ,h[ f> ! ,/ate %\ld recognize ! w ( ! individual1 z ov] aga9/ ! claims ( ! less] gr\ps to :i* he may belong1 is a nice "q = ! ,rational ,social ,w to settle4 7c7 ,! law mu/ regulate m>riage & divorce4 ,matt]s s vital to ! int]e/s ( society _c be left at ! m]cy ( ! egoi/ic :ims ( ! individual4 ,b to :at law %all we h rec\rse8 ,x seems highly irrational to h =ty-eight indep5d5t au?orities ^u ?is subject )9 ! limits ( a s+le nation4 ,&1 if we turn ! matt] ov] to ! *ur*es1 we discov] t we h committ$ x to ! c>e ( "o hundr$ & eighty1 or m1 sects4 ,add to ?is1 t a /ate ( any sort _c be set ^u its feet )\t "s difficulty1 :ile any ent]pris+ man or woman c call a sect into exi/5ce any day4 ,!re is a new adh]5t = sect>ian ecc5tricities born e m9ute4 ,surely1 "h is a field = ! activities ( ! ,rational ,social ,w4 7d7 ,to pat]nalism ( "s sort ! mod]n ,/ate1 z law-giv]1 seems hopelessly pl$g$4 ,if we ignore ?is we are simply clos+ our eyes4 ,! ,/ate seems to be ju/ifi$ 9 educat+ its citiz5s1 9 protect+ *ildr5 & wom5 aga9/ exploitation1 9 protect+ ! work+ classes1 9 /amp+ out infecti\s diseases4 ,we are n ev5 all[$ to expectorate :5 & :]e we w1 a privilege enjoy$ by ! m]e/ savage4 7e7 ,9 "o respect ! pat]nalism ( our own ,/ate has lagg$ beh9d t ( c]ta9 o!rs4 ,we d little to secure to a man a dec5t privacy1 or to safegu>d 8 p]sonal dignity4 ,! newspap] report] is all[$ to rage un*eck$1 to une>? sc&als 9 private families1 & to cause great pa9 by pr9t+ ! names ( individuals4 ,i h kn[n1 9 ,europe1 a man1 aft] a diff]5ce ( op9ion t\*+ ! v5tilation ( a railway c>riage1 to break a w9d[ ) 8 elb[ & to apply to 8 fell[-pass5g] an (f5sive epi!t4 ,! c\rt made him pay a doll> & a half = break+ ! w9d[ & six doll>s = giv+ himself ! pleasure ( be+ insult+4 ,:i* 0 ! great] (f5se8 ,h]odotus w\ld expect ?is "q to be answ]$ 9 accordance ) ! prejudices ( ! p]son giv+ ! answ]4 #aeh4 ,,! ,,rights ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,/ate4--,! ,/ate evid5tly has rights ov] its citiz5s1 & may en=ce ^! rights ?r\gh ! infliction ( puni%m5t4 ,x z evid5tly has duties4 ,a giv5 /ate may n be answ]able to any actual giv5 p[]4 ,our own ,/ate is 9 su* a position at ! pres5t "t--!re is no o!r /ate /rong en\gh to call x to acc\nt4 ,b ?is does n free x f duties4 ,no /ate is any?+ m ?an a brute =ce1 except z x incorporates1 9 "s measure1 ! ,rational ,social ,w4 ,& /ates t fall f> %ort1 z judg$ by ?is /&>d1 may ov]/ep _! rights & ignore _! duties1 :e!r !y are deal+ ) individuals or ) o!r /ates4 ,9 puni%+1 ! ,/ate %\ld puni% rationally4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] xxxii1 ,sec #adh4 ,& x %\ld n dem& ( its subjects :at w degrade !m z moral be+s4 ,we all recognize1 said a pure & c&id s\l1 t a rightful sov]eign may comm& 8 subjects to d :at is wrong1 & t x is !n _! duty to disobey him4 ,footnote3 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,,iii1 vi4 ,b h[ discov] :at dem&s are j8 ,x is ! :ole argum5t ( ?is volume t no man %\ld v5ture an op9ion ^u ?is subject )\t hav+ come to "s appreciation ( :at is meant by ! ,rational ,social ,w4 ,man1 8 in/9cts1 ! degree ( 8 intellig5ce & self- control1 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( human societies1 _c be ignor$4 ,x is ! weakness ( good m51 end[$ ) a high degree ( speculative intellig5ce1 to con/ruct ,utopias1 & to tabulate ! rights ( man1 or1 z ,b5?am well express$ x1 to make li/s ( an>*ical fallacies4 ,footnote3 ,see ,works1 ,b[r+'s ,edition1 ,volume ,,ii4 ,?us1 "s may1 ) ,plato & ,ari/otle1 advocate infanticide4 ,! ,greek city-/ate 0 a cr[d$ little affair1 & 9 dang] ( ov]-population4 ,"s may propose radical measures to increase ! population4 ,to ,france & ,arg5t9a1 9 our day1 su* an increase appe>s highly desirable4 ,may any & e me?od be embrac$ :i* seems adapt$ to av]t a giv5 evil or to atta9 to a desir$ end8 ,x is in/ructive to note t ,francis ,galton1 ! fa!r ( eug5ics1 propos$ to leave morals out ( ! "q z involv+ too _m hopeless difficulties4 ,footnote3 ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 #aa? edition1 article1 ,sociology4 ,b d m5 live well :o leave morals out ( ! "q8 ,! man :o falls back ^u intuition alone1 9 8 advocacy ( ! abolition ( capital puni%m5t1 may be expect$ to ma9ta9 next t a /ate1 9 go+ to w>1 %\ld /op %ort at ! po9t :]e ! lives ( its citiz5s are put 9 jeop>dy4 ,:y kill a good man1 :5 x is wrong to kill a bad "o8 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ,/ate & its repres5tatives enjoy "s rights & duties n accord$ to individuals4 ,! ,/ate may condemn m5 to dea? or to imprisonm5t2 x may take ov] prop]ty2 x may make itself a compulsory arbit] betwe5 individuals4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its repres5tatives are n always z free z are private p]sons4 ,! individual1 if he is a g5]\s s\l1 may freely =ego "s ( 8 advantages & may seek only a fair fight ) an oppon5t4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! duty ! ,/ate owes to its citiz5s p]mits ( *ivalry4 ,c]ta9ly /rong /ates d n hesitate to attack weak ones2 nor d _m hesitate to comb9e aga9/ "o1 on ! score ( fair play4 ,& a private man may temp] ju/ice ) m]cy 9 ways =bidd5 to a judge4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,int]national ,,e?ics #aei4 ,,:at ,,is ,,meant ,,by ,,! ,,t]m4--,i am almo/ tempt$ to avoid ! discussion ( ?is ?orny subject by simply ref]r+ ! read] to :at has be5 said already on ,! ,spread ( ! ,community1 & develop$ 9 ! *apt]s on ,! ,rational ,social ,w & ,! ,individual & ! ,social ,w4 ,footnote3 ,see ,sec #ge & *apt]s xxi-xxii4 ,he :o conf9es himself to g5]alities avoids _m difficulties & c assure himself ( ! approval ( _m4 ,:o1 condemns ju/ice & humanity 9 ! ab/ract8 ,:o c wax eloqu5t 9 8 condemnation ( fre$om8 ,:o f9ds ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* on 8 side1 :5 he advocates rapacity & ! oppression ( ! helpless1 )\t ent]+ into details8 ,on ! o!r h&1 :o wi%es to view 8 c\ntry ) a cold imp>tiality1 & to place its int]e/s exactly on a p> ) ! int]e/s ( o!r l&s8 ,:o1 save ! ,*9aman himself1 ?9ks x z important t a ,*9aman %\ld h en\gh to eat z t an ,am]ican or an ,engli%man %\ld8 ,0 n ! turpitude1 t exclud$ ! ,*9aman f ,au/ralia1 trac$ to ! two deadly s9s ( undue dilig5ce & sobriety8 ,footnote3 ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 #aa? edition1 article1 ,au/ralia4 ,z = fre$om1 m5 ( c]ta9 nations reg>d x z ! highe/ virtue to be will+ to die = x--_! own fre$om1 be x und]/ood1--:ile !y reg>d ! same desire = fre$om on ! "p ( _! coloni/s z a moral obliquity to be extirpat$1 root & bran*4 ,t ! hi/orian & ! sociologi/ %\ld f9d mu* to say t\*+ ! relation ( nations to ea* o!r & to subject peoples goes )\t say+4 ,b ! cynic may ma9ta9 ) "s plausibility t ! morali/'s *apt] on ,int]national ,e?ics mu/ be z void ( cont5t z ! traditional *apt] on ,snakes 9 ,irel&4 ,9 ?is ! cynic is wrong1 z usual2 b x is in/ructive to li/5 to him1 if only t we may intellig5tly refute him4 ,x is n always easy = an individual to det]m9e j :at he owes to 8 family1 to 8 neighbors1 or to 8 c\ntry4 ,is x surpris+ t x %\ld be difficult = m5 to det]m9e j :at "o c\ntry1 or :at "o race1 owes to ano!r8 ,?is is ! subject ( int]national e?ics4 ,he :o treads ^u ?is gr\nd %\ld walk g+]ly1 & n feel too sure ( himself4 ,b !re is no reason :y ! morali/ %\ld n put ^u pap] su* reflections z occur to him4 ,he _c say any?+ m devoid ( reason ?an mu* t is said by o!rs4 ,! great ,grotius1 9 writ+ on int]national law1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 drew 8 illu/rations *iefly f ,greeks & ,romans long dead4 ,he _h mu* m rec5t mat]ial ready to h&4 ,b he well knew t he1 :o w\ld induce ano!r to give him calm & dispassionate att5tion1 mu/ n beg9 by tread+ on ! toes ( 8 li/5]4 ,i %all /rive to pr(it by 8 example4 ,x is be/ to say only :at ea* man c apply to 8 neighbor4 ,we are all s5sitive 9 ?is field4 #afj4 ,,our ,,me?od ,,( ,,approa* ,,to ,,! ,,subject--,we h se5 7,sec #hj7 t rational elem5ts are to be f\nd ev5 9 ! irrational w1 if "o w look bel[ ! surface4 ,is x rational = ! "m to place be=e all else ! int]e/s ( ! hairless1 too?less &1 app>5tly1 m9dless little creature t %e clasps to h] brea/8 ,! v exi/5ce ( society dep5ds ^u h] hav+ ! feel+ t prompts h] to d x4 ,is x rational to favor "o's neighbor1 to be pr\d ( "o's native t[n1 :i* may be a poor sort ( a t[n8 ,is x rational to be patriotic1 ev5 :5 "o's /ate is n mu* ( a /ate8 ,we h se5 t ! ,rational ,social ,w incorporates itself 9 societies v gradually1 & t x draws into its s]vice less] gr\ps ( _m descriptions4 ,he :o deta*es himself f ^! less] gr\ps is n a man4 ,he is ! m]e outl9e ( a man--! fea!rless bip$ ( ! philosoph]4 ,x is n ( su* t a /ate c be made4 ,x is ! duty ( ! /ate to prev5t a man f %r9k+ into be+ ! m]e memb] ( "s less] gr\p1 b x is n its duty to oblit]ate :at is human 9 him4 ,& ! ,rational ,social ,w mu/ see to x t he does n1 on ! o!r h&1 =get1 9 a bl9d & irrational patriotism1 t he is a human be+ ) a capacity = human sympa?ies--sympa?ies ext5d+ f> beyond ! limits ( any /ate4 ,except :5 !y are "u ! influ5ce ( /rong passion1 ,i ?9k we may say t m5 9 civiliz$ /ates1 at lea/1 h already %[n !mselves am5able to ! influ5ce ( ! ,rational ,social ,w 9 ?is direction4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t t influ5ce has1 z yet1 be5 limit$4 ,! approa* to ! subject ( int]national e?ics mu/ lie 9 ! recognition t m5 are set 9 families1 9 neighborhoods1 9 t[ns or cities1 9 /ates2 & are yet human be+s ) a capacity = respect+ & lov+ ^? :o belong to none ( ^! p>ticul> organizations4 ,my advice to ! man :o wi%es to abuse 8 fell[-man is to d x quickly1 & be=e he is acqua9t$ ) him4 ,if he gets to "k him well1 he w probably f9d some?+ lovable 9 him1 & he w lose ! pleasure ( be+ malici\s4 #afa4 ,,"s ,,problems ,,( ,,int]national ,,e?ics4--,! man :o reads hi/ory f9ds1 sometimes1 ?+s to inspire him2 & sometimes1 ?+s t are depress+4 ,he sees t ! family mu/ exp& into ! clan1 t ! clan mu/ come into contact ) o!rs1 t ! /ate mu/ rise1 & t "s int]relation ( /ates is an inevitable necessity4 ,he sees t man's increase 9 insight1 9 dilig5ce1 9 ent]prise1 mu/ make him rea* out & trade ) 8 fell[-man4 ,he sees also conque/1 ) ! subjugation ( peoples2 he sees trade ext5d$ by =ce1 & "u ! smoke ( cannon2 he sees a peaceful economic p5etration1 :i* ends 9 protectorates & annexations1 9 defiance ( ! w ( ^? :o d n want to be ei!r protect$ or annex$4 ,:at is rational is real1 & :at is real is rational1 said ,hegel4 ,footnote3 ,! ,philosophy ( ,"r1 ,preface1 & see ,sec ,sec #cea & #cdg4 ,he fur!r ma9ta9$ t civiliz$ nations may treat z b>b>ians peoples :o are beh9d !m 9 ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! /ate2 & also t1 9 a giv5 epo*1 a giv5 nation is dom9ant1 & o!r exi/+ nations are void ( "r4 ,hegel has long be5 dead1 & is turn$ to du/4 ,he always 0 z dry z du/1 ev5 :5 he 0 alive1 b he 0 a great man4 ,b ! fam\s ,engli%man1 ,sir ,?omas ,m1 wrote m engag+ly2 & does he n tell u1 9 8 ,utopia1 t any nation's hold+ unus$ a piece ( gr\nd ne$$ = ! n\ri%m5t ( o!r p is a j cause ( w>8 ,su* doctr9es %\ld be mo/ com=t+ to u ,am]icans4 ,!y appe> to tea* u t we are1 at pres5t1 ! *os5 p2 t ! rights ( o!r peoples are z ! rights ( ! ,hivites1 ! ,hittites1 & all ! re/2 t we are ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ :at we please1 = :o is !re to )/& u8 ,yet e?ical ,am]icans %ake _! heads ov] su* philosophies1 & "s ( !m ev5 speak slight+ly ( philosoph]s4 ,?is1 9 spite ( ! fact t great m5 seldom talk pure nons5se1 except :5 c>ri$ away by excitem5t1 z all m5 may be1 at times4 ,if :at !y say s\nds to u :olly unmean+1 x is probable t we h n fully und]/ood ! voice t speaks )9 !m4 ,:at c be said 9 _! def5se8 & :at c be said 91 at lea/1 p>tial def5ce ( ! actual hi/orical proc$ure ( ! nations8 ,!y h n be5 :olly compos$ ( crim9als1 & !y mu/ possess at lea/ ! rudim5ts ( a moral s5se4 7#a7 ,we h se5 t ! /ate ma9ta9s its "r z aga9/ ^? :o belong to x by controll+1 n by de/roy+1 ! less] gr\ps :i* exi/ )9 ! /ate4 ,su* a control appe>s to be dem&$ by ! ,rational ,social ,w1 b x (t5 fru/rates ! w ( ! individual4 7#b7 ,we h se5 t ! spread ( ! community is inevitable1 & t1 9 ! int]e/s ( rationality1 x is desirable4 7#c7 ,we h se5 t1 ev5 9 ! family1 all ! memb]s are n equally free ag5ts4 ,! small boy is n consult$ t\*+ ! am\nt ( 8 puni%m5t1 nor c he dictate :]e x %all be laid on4 ,& ! /ate does n give to all ! individuals 9 x equal political rights1 nor gu>antee to !m an equal %>e ( influ5ce4 ,?is is desirable1 on ! :ole1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! :ole1 b grave abuses may easily come into be+4 7#d7 ,we h se5 t ! great] :ole gu>antees to individuals rights1 & assigns to !m duties4 ,9 s f> z x is rational1 x _c d ?is arbitr>ily4 ,to h rec\rse to metaphysical ab/ractions is futile4 ,%all we say1 )\t h$g+1 t a man has a "r to ! fruits ( 8 labor1 or t fir/ occupation gives a "r to ! soil8 ,!n1 %all ! man :o is too weak to "w be refus$ a "r to ! own]%ip ( a coat8 ,or mu/ ! discov]] ( a cont95t prove a real occupancy1 by p]=m+ ! ridicul\s task ( ! abnormal c5t] ( ! my?ical ma!matical inf9ite circle1 by be+ ev]y:]e at ! same "t8 7#e7 ,we h se5 t ! human community1 tak+ ! words 9 a broad s5se1 w spread1 & already has spread1 beyond ! limits ( sev]al nationalities4 ,x is 9 ! int]e/ ( human society t x %\ld d s4 ,x is rational1 9 ! s5se ( ! ^w ev]y:]e us$ 9 ?is book4 ,b ! nations cont9ue to exi/1 & !y (t5 cultivate selfi%ly national int]e/s4 ,s d families cultivate selfi%ly family int]e/s4 ,s does ! egoi/ selfi%ly dig ab\t & f]tilize ! numb] ,"o4 7#f7 ,x requires little acut5ess to see t "s communities ( m5 are mis]able expon5ts ( ! social w4 ,!y are deplorably gov]n$4 ,read ,slat9's fasc9at+ book1 ,fire & ,sword 9 ! ,s\dan1--x is bett] ?an any novel1--& ask y\rself :at becomes ( ! social w or ( rationality ( any sort "u ! rule ( a ,mahdi4 ,is x n ! duty ( ! nations to comb9e & to relieve suff]+ humanity8 7#g7 ,!re are !ori/s :o ma9ta9 t1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ! soil belongs to nobody4 ,we f9d1 9 ! actual /ate ( ?+s1 x usually belongs to somebody1 unless x is s poor t x is n wor? own+ at all4 ,b x may belong to somebody :o c make little m use ( x ?an an infant c ( a gold wat*4 ,a h&ful ( ,indians1 w&]+ ov] a great tract ( c\ntry 9 :i* !y *ase game 9 ! int]vals ( "t dur+ :i* !y *ase & scalp "o ano!r1 may h an immemorial1 al?\gh unrecord$1 title to ! l&4 ,%all !y be p]mitt$ to keep back settl]s f m or less civiliz$ & d5sely populat$ c\ntries8 ,settl]s eag] to cultivate ! l& & to make x support _m1 :]e be=e x support$ few1 & support$ ^? few mis]ably8 ,& %all ! natural res\rces ( great regions ( ! e>? be p]mitt$ to lie fall[ m]ely because ! actual inhabitants are too ignorant & too indol5t to want to produce any?+ & to trade8 ,he :o f9ds 8 happ9ess 9 idl5ess1 bananas1 & black wives :o c be beat5 ) impunity1 has little int]e/ 9 int]national traffic1 ) su* bless+s z x is suppos$ to br+4 ,! _w is fill+ up4 ,! losses due to w> & pe/il5ce1 said no less an au?ority ?an ,d>w91 are soon made up4 ,!re is some?+ t]rify+ 9 :at ! v mod]n sci5ce ( geography has to tell u ab\t ! rapidity ) :i* ! rema9+ "p ( ! e>?'s surface1 available = ! n\ri%m5t ( man1 is be+ exhau/$4 ,:at problems w face ! ,rational ,social ,w 9 ! none too di/ant future8 #afb4 ,,! ,,o!r ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,%ield4--,we h se5 t some?+ c be said = ! philosoph]4 ,! ,rational ,social ,w does n appe> to give c>te blan*e to ! man :o wi%es to rema9 ignorant1 idle1 cut (f f ! family ( ! nations1 ! possessor ( great tracts ( l& :i* he w n develop1 ! cruel oppressor ( su* z he f9ds )9 8 p[]4 ,x t5ds to deal ) him1 :]ev] x f9ds him1 z an enlight5$ nation treats ! idle1 ! vici\s & ! irresponsible )9 its own bord]s4 ,und\bt$ly civilization has made "s advance 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies4 ,:5 ! _w is at peace1 ! /rang] is n normally an outlaw4 ,i h soj\rn$ 9 ! cities ( _m ( ! nations ( ,europe & h made excursions into ,africa & ,asia4 ,n[h]e h ,i be5 compell$ to ask = ! protection ( an ,am]ican consul4 ,x has be5 recogniz$ t ,i _h rights1 al?\gh an ,am]ican4 ,& ! ability to sign my "n has procur$ me a supply ( money4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 x is depress+ to read ( ! deal+s ( ! nations ) ea* o!r1 & ) backw>d peoples--:o h be5 well def9$ z peoples :o possess gold-m9es1 b no effici5t navy4 ,is x n g5]ally tak5 = grant$ t x is ! duty ( m p[]ful & m enlight5$ nations to take ! backw>d nations 9 h&1 to exploit _! res\rces1 &1 incid5tally1 to exploit !m8 ,n t int]national law has n c\nt$ = some?+4 ,to be sure ,hegel r$uc$ x to ! level ( a good int5tion1 ,footnote3 ,! ,philosophy ( ,"r1 ,sec ,sec #ccj-ccc4 b x has c\nt$ = some?+4 ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza c\ld1 ) impunity1 be h]etics 9 little ,holl&4 ,switz]l& has = c5turies be5 ! refuge ( ! oppress$4 ,b we _c =get t our highe/ au?ority1 ,capta9 ,mahan1 decl>$1 9 #ahhi1 t c]ta9 rights ( neutrals 7 =ev] secur$1 ,footnote3 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,sea ,p[] ^u ,hi/ory1 ,bo/on1 #aijh1 *apt] ii1 p4 #hd4 & he has s9ce /ood reveal$ z a false prophet1 a m]e man mak+ a guess4 ,int]national law is a capital ?+--:5 x is n put "u a /ra91 & :5 no nation is too p[]ful4 ,! depress+ ?+ is t rapacity & oppression become glorifi$1 :5 ! cloak ( patriotism is ?r[n ov] _! %\ld]s4 ,i drew my illu/rations 9 ! la/ section f wild ,indians & f ,african savages4 ,b !re are nations 9 all /ages ( _! developm5t4 ,h[ backw>d mu/ a nation be to give u ! "r to rule ov] x by =ce8 ,no p 7 m +5i\s ?an ! anci5t ,romans 9 f9d+ plausible reasons = ! w>s :i* x pleas$ !m to wage4 ,?is has nev] be5 a lo/ art4 ,m5's enemies are1 l ! abs5t1 always 9 ! wrong2 & ^? are apt to become enemies1 9 ^: defeat "s sub/antial advantage is to be look$ =4 #afc4 ,,! ,,solution4--,! v title seems a presumption4 ,:o may dogmatize 9 matt]s s involv$8 ,i make no pret5tions to giv+ a cle> vision ( yond] %9+ light1 b ,i v5ture to h9t at ! g5]al direction 9 :i* "o is to seek ! little wicket gate4 ,! only e?ical solution ( our problem appe>s to lie 9 ! frank recognition ( ! fact t ! gr\ps ( m51 call$ nations1 may be z brutal egoi/s z are individual p]sons1 & 9 ! e>ne/ attempt to avoid ! baleful influ5ce ( su* egoism4 ,man is 8 bro!r's keep]4 ,b t does n give him ! "r to keep 8 bro!r 9 *a9s1 nor to use him = selfi% ends4 ,?is is z true ( nations z x is ( individuals1 ( families1 ( religi\s ord]s1 or ( unions1 :e!r ( employ]s or ( employees4 ,x is c]ta9ly true ( nations4 ,x is only z hav+ a place 91 & z be+ an in/rum5t (1 ! great organism ( humanity aim$ at by ! ,rational ,social ,w1 t ! individual1 ! family1 ! tribe1 ! nation1 h any e?ical ju/ification = be+ at all4 ,sometimes x is v pr(itable = ! individual1 or = "s gr\p ( human be+s1 to disall[ ?is obligation to be moral4 ,we treat ! individual z a robb]2 :y n admit t !re are robb] nations8 ,i feel l reit]at+ t x is a great ?+ to be "y2 to live 9 t ,gold5 ,age 9 :i* "o /ill believes :at "o sees 9 pr9t1 & /ill is mov$ by ! honey$ words ( /atesm54 ,:5 "o is old1 & has enjoy$ "s bread? ( culture1 "o has read ! newspap]s ( _m l&s1 & has met a c]ta9 numb] ( /atesm51 usually ) a />t ( surprise4 ,x is borne 9 ^u "o--a matt] t\*$ ^u 9 ! la/ *apt]--t x appe>s to be g5]ally accept$ t ! /ate & its repres5tatives may adopt a peculi> v>iety ( e?ics4 ,c]ta9ly /atesm5 feel ju/ifi$ 9 do+ = _! c\ntry :at !y1 z g5tlem51 w\ld nev] dream ( do+ = !mselves4 ,!y talk ( ju/ice1 :5 !y w\ld sc(f at su* ju/ice )9 ! bord]s ( _! own /ates2 !y talk ( humanity1 & !y h 9 m9d ! economic advantage ( _! own peoples2 !y speak ( protection & ,*ri/ianization1 :5 !y mean economic exploitation or /rategic sup]iority4 ,z = tru?1 ! less said ab\t t subject ! bett]4 ,i "k ( only "o way 9 :i* ! det]m9ation ( a nation to aid 9 ! g5]al realization ( ! ,rational ,social ,w c be te/$4 ,does x1 9 deal+ ) o!r nations1 civiliz$ or backw>d1 propose :at is palpably to its own advantage1 or is x evid5tly dis9t]e/$8 ,x is ?us t we judge a man1 :5 we wi% to fix 8 e?ical /atus2 x is ?us t ! ,rational ,social ,w judges a nation4 ,! language 9 :i* ! proposals are made is a matt] ( no mom5t4 ,x may fairly be call$ pr(essional slang1 & c quickly be acquir$1 ev5 by m5 ( m$iocre intellig5ce1 9 any diplomatic circle4 #afd4 ,,! ,,necessity ,,= ,,caution4--,%all a man1 !n1 es*ew patriotism1 & become a citiz5 ( ! _w1 z ?\gh he 7 a ,/oic philosoph]8 ,by no means4 ,z well es*ew ! family or ! neighborhood4 ,b let him n1 9 8 patriotism1 =get t he is a man4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e1 he is call$ ^u to ex]cise judgm5t4 ,?is is a burd5 :i* he c nev] ?r[ (f4 ,he mu/ pay ! p5alty ( be+ a rational human be+4 ,z an in/rum5t ( ! ,rational ,social ,w ! /ate mu/ be kept up4 ,x is 8 duty to see t x is done4 ,8 cat has an easi] task2 %e may sleep h] life away 9 peace4 ,we he> mu* ( ! bro!rhood ( man & ( artificial b>ri]s4 ,! b>ri]s are n all artificial1 & !y _c be swept away ) a ge/ure4 ,races & peoples are =m$ ^u ! model ( _! own immemorial pa/4 ,!y h _! in/itutions1 _! traditions1 _! loyalties1 _! /&>ds ( liv+4 ,:at is tol]able to "o man is :olly intol]able to ano!r4 ,to compel m5 to live toge!r 9 intimacy1 :5 c5turies ( tra9+ h made !m antipa!tic1 is %e] cruelty4 ,m5 may be bro!rs1 b !re are big bro!rs & little bro!rs4 ,i d n ref] to physical bulk4 ,i ref] to ! developm5t ( intellig5ce1 to ! degree & k9d ( culture1 :i* has be5 atta9$4 ,!re are little bro!rs /ill at ! /age ( developm5t at :i* x is natural = human be+s to drool4 ,%all we h !m sit up to ! table & s]ve !m ) ! complete d9n]1 enliv5+ x ) intellectual conv]sation8 ,betwe5 incont95tly do+ ?is1 & relegat+ ! little bro!rs to a nurs]y :]e !y w be treat$ ) cruelty & />v$ 9 our int]e/s1 "s p]sons seem to ?9k !re is no middle c\rse4 ,9 _! en?usiasm = humanity1 !y =get t ! bro!rhood ( man may be made z ridicul\s z ! eight-h\r day4 ,betwe5 eight h\rs ( ! creative "w ( a ,milton & eight h\rs ( ! dawdl+ done by a lazy h\semaid1 !re is no relation save t bo? may be measur$ by a clock4 ,^! en?usia/s =get mu*4 ,m5 are n alike2 !y d n want to be alike2 !y d n want to live toge!r 9 close intimacy1 :5 !y h little 9 common2 !y rev]5ce diff]5t ?+s2 z a rule1 !y w\ld r be some:at unhappy aft] _! own fa%ion1 ?an be happy "u compulsion1 aft] ! fa%ion ( someone else4 ,we h1 ?us1 on ! "o h&1 ! en?usia/s :o w\ld at once s\nd ! trump & ann\nce ! mill5ium1 fe$+ ! lion & ! suck+ calf out ( ! same di% & on ! same meat4 ,we h1 on ! o!r1 ^? :o are eag] to take on _! %\ld]s ! :ite man's burd5--to enclose 9 a coop1 z if !y 7 *ick5s1 ! great] "p ( ! human race1 allay+ ! discont5t ( ! imprison$ by po9t+ out to !m t1 al?\gh _! fre$om ( movem5t is limit$1 !y are gr[+ fat1 & t !y %\ld %[ _! gratitude by lay+ eggs4 ,surely1 !re mu/ be "s middle c\rse4 ,pati5ce & caution are virtues4 ,surely1 x is possible to accept ! exi/+ organism ( society1 to love "o's c\ntry1 & yet to /rive to respect ! fre$om ( o!rs4 ,x is n easy = a true patriot to d ?is1 b x seems to be :at ! ,rational ,social ,w dem&s ( him4 ,! morali/ :o reads hi/ory c>efully is n :olly disc\rag$4 ,he may look =w>d to "s "t1 9 ! m or less di/ant future1 :5 !re may be a union ( ! nations 9 ! int]e/s ( all m52 :5 ! gross egoism ( ! hyp]trophi$ patriot may be curb$2 :5 ! melliflu\s language ( ! /atesman may mean m ?an did ! pi\s lett] :i* ,n]o wrote to ! ,roman ,s5ate1 aft] he _h murd]$ 8 "m4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,e?ics ,,& ,,o!r ,,discipl9es #afe4 ,,sci5ces ,,t ,,conc]n ,,! ,,morali/4--,!re are c]ta9 sci5ces t ! ,morali/ mu/ lay "u contribution v directly1 & yet he seems to be able to make little return to ^? :o cultivate !m1 at lea/ 9 _! pr(essional capacity4 ,he mu/ ask aid f ! biologi/1 ! psy*ologi/1 ! an?ropologi/4 ,!y help him to a compreh5sion ( :at man is2 &1 h5ce1 ( :at x is desirable t man %\ld /rive to d4 ,b ^! m5 seldom come to ! morali/ = advice4 ,!y appe> to be able to "w )\t 8 help4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r sci5ces 9 :i* ! morali/ feels t he has m ( a "r to m$dle1 h[ev] indep5d5t !y may reg>d !mselves4 ,take1 = example1 politics or economics1 or ! v mod]n & rudim5t>y sci5ce ( eug5ics4 ,! man :o cultivates political sci5ce may "k mu* m ?an d mo/ morali/s ab\t /ates & _! =ms ( organization2 ab\t legislative1 executive & judicial functions2 ab\t ! probable effects ( ! c5tralization or dec5tralization ( au?ority2 ab\t :at may be expect$1 9 a giv5 case1 f a re/riction or ext5sion ( ! fran*ise2 ab\t ! creation & ma9t5ance ( a milit>y e/abli%m5t & ! build+ up ( an effici5t civil s]vice4 ,! economi/ may be a mon/] ( le>n+ & a ma/] 9 +5uity on all problems t\*+ ! creation & di/ribution ( weal?4 ,b ! political sci5ti/ & ! economi/1 h[ev] able1 %>e our common humanity4 ,a man's outlook is m or less apt to be b\nd$ by ! limits ( ! sci5ce ( 8 pr$ilection4 ,! sev]al sci5ces1 broad] or m specializ$1 re/1 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ m51 ^u f\ndations :i* are tak5 = grant$4 ,x is too mu* to expect t e s]mon %\ld beg9 z f> back z ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,practical politics & economics d n1 z a rule1 g s f> back4 ,! transition f practical politics & economics to e?ical problems may be made at any "t4 ,no man 0 %rewd] ?an ,ma*iavelli1 & ! moral s5se ( mank9d has rebell$ aga9/ him & made him a byword4 ,a /ate1 desir\s ( ma9ta9+ itself1 may palpably violate 9 its in/itutions1 inh]it$ f ! pa/1 a social w gr[n m rational1 m consci\s ( its rights & m articulate4 ,!n ! appeal is made to "r & ju/ice 9 o!r ?an ! traditional =ms4 ,x may1 9 a giv5 in/ance1 be wrong to create weal?2 exi/+ =ms ( its di/ribution may be iniquit\s4 ,! ultimate arbit] 9 all su* matt]s mu/ be ! ,e?ical ,man4 ,human society is indef9itely complex4 ,_m speciali/s mu/ occupy !mselves ) its problems4 ,a te*nical "q 9 ?is field may always be c>ri$ ov] to moral gr\nd4 ,he :o und]takes to make ?is transition )\t hav+ made a fairly ?or\gh /udy ( e?ics appe>s to be work+ 9 ! d>k4 ,8 assumptions h be5 que/ion$1 or h be5 ab&on$4 ,:o %all furni% him ) a new basis = 8 special sci5ce8 ,e?ics is a basal sci5ce4 ,x ju/ifies1 or x refuses to ju/ify1 ^? speciali/s :o conc]n !mselves ) m5 9 societies4 ,x is a v old sci5ce & has int]e/$ m5 va/ly4 ,i h spok5 above ( eug5ics z a new sci5ce4 ,only 9 its mod]n =m is x new4 ,plato cultivat$ x intemp]ately :5 he wrote 8 ,republic--b he saw t 8 ,republic w\ld n d1 & he wrote 8 ,laws4 ,he /ood condemn$ by ,e?ics4 ,usually m5 :o occupy !mselves s]i\sly1 & 9 a broad way1 ) man 9 society1 h adopt$1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 "s e?ical doctr9e4 ,b ?is is (t5 done )\t due consid]ation1 & )\t a suffici5t k ( :at has be5 said by ! great ?9k]s ( ! pa/4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,i h treat$ at su* l5g? 9 ?is volume ( ! s*ools ( ! morali/s4 #aff4 ,,e?ics ,,& ,,philosophy4--,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 develop+ ! ,e?ics ( ! ,rational ,social ,w1 or ! ,e?ics ( ,reason--! doctr9e advocat$ 9 ?is volume--,i h n dep5d$ ^u a p>ticul> philosophy4 ,i see no reason :y a ,reali/ or an ,ideali/1 a ,moni/ or a ,duali/1 "o :o holds to an imm$iate p]ception ( an ext]nal _w or "o :o reg>ds our acqua9tance ) x z a matt] ( inf]5ce1 %\ld refuse to g ) me s f>4 ,nor d ,i see any reason :y a believ] 9 ,god1 "o :o b[s at ! %r9e ( ,m9d-,/uff1 or "o :o refuses to commit himself at all ^u su* matt]s1 %\ld ent] a demurr]4 ,! ,p>alleli/ & ! ,int]actioni/1 h[ev] widely !y diff] t\*+ ! relation ( m9d & body1 may "h fall ^u "o ano!r's necks & %$ te>s ( bro!rly affection4 ,t x is prop] = ! philosoph] to int]e/ himself 9 e?ics1 ,i h ma9ta9$4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] vi1 ,sec #ah4 ,he is suppos$ to be a critical & reflective man1 & to take broad views ( human affairs4 ,su* views are ne$$ :5 "o comes to ! /udy ( e?ics4 ,i am =c$ to admit t "s philosoph]s1 :5 !y h writt5 on e?ical subjects1 h said c]ta9 ?+s to :i* ! critical morali/ _c readily ass5t4 ,he :o ma9ta9s t c]ta9 human intuitions-- :i* x may ev5 appe> impossible to reconcile ) ea* o!r--are inexplicably & infallibly au?oritative1 seems to leave u )\t s mu* z ! hope ( ev] atta9+ to ultimate rationality4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] xxiii4 ,& !re are philosoph]s :o w\ld p]suade u t1 unless we accept all ! religi\s or !ological doctr9es :i* h appe>$ to !m acceptable1 we rob man ( e inc5tive = be+ moral at all4 ,if ,god is n go+ to repay him ) int]e/ = ! pa9s :i* he gives himself1 does he n play ! "p ( a dupe 9 be+ good8 ,we h se5 t ?is 0 palpably ! position ( ,paley4 ,footnote3 ,*apt] xxiv1 ,sec #if4 ,if ,god w n reconcile1 ultimately1 b5evol5ce & self- int]e/1 proclaim$ ,reid1 man is r$uc$ to ?is mis]able dilemma1 :e!r x is be/ to be a fool or a knave4 ,footnote3 ,essays on ! ,active ,p[]s ( ,man1 ,essay ,,iii1 ,"p ,,iii1 *apt] viii4 ,x w\ld be absurd to believe t ei!r ,paley or ,reid liv$ d[n to ! level ( 8 doctr9e4 ,bo? 7 v dec5t m51 & capable ( dis9t]e/$ness4 ,"s ( ! utt]ances ( ,kant & ( ,gre5 seem to po9t 9 ! same direction1 b bo? h made x abundantly pla9 t !y1 p]sonally1 & :atev] _! intellectual p]plexities1 7 mov$ by some?+ mu* high] ?an egoism4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt]s xxiv1 ,sec #ig2 xxvi1 #c2 & xxix4 ,i mean to say v little ab\t philosophy 9 ?is volume4 ,i wi% to keep to e?ics1 a sci5ce old en\gh & /rong en\gh to /& ^u its own feet4 ,b x w\ld be wrong n to und]l9e "o or two po9ts 9 ?is connection1 if only to obviate misund]/&+3 7#a7 ,!re is no?+ wrong 9 a man's wi%+ to e>n ! heav5 9 :i* he believes4 ,x is n wrong = him to wi% to be happy on e>? & 9 ! body4 ,b if ! desire = 8 own happ9ess1 ei!r "h or h]eaft]1 is ! only motive t c move him1 he is n a good man4 ,prud5ce may be a virtue1 g5]ally speak+2 b x is no sub/itute = b5evol5ce4 ,! man :o is only prud5t is no fit memb] ( any society ( rational be+s any:]e4 7#b7 ,m5 are (t5 bett] ?an _! words w\ld indicate4 ,paley talks z if he 7 a cad2 ,reid fl\nd]s2 ,kant1 noble z are _m ( 8 utt]ances1 sometimes gives =? an unc]ta9 s\nd4 ,yet no "o ( ^! m5 0 p]sonally selfi%4 ,& yet all ( ^! m5 assum$ t morality is endang]$ unless !re is a ,god to repay m5 = be+ good4 ,:y did !y insi/ s /r5u\sly ^u ?is1 & incorporate x into _! philosophy8 ,we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 g b5ea? ! surface to f9d ! real reason2 & :5 we h discov]$ x1 we _c reg>d !m 9 an unfavorable light4 ,!y felt1 ,i believe1 t good m5 ought to be made happy2 t ?is is rational1 if any?+ is4 ,s f>1 !y are q 9 accord ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,rational ,social ,w4 ,& !y saw no o!r way ( gu>antee+ a complete rationality ?an 9 hold+ to a !i/ic philosophy4 7#c7 ,?is means t _! real motives 7 n selfi% & p]sonal4 ,?is is admirably br\ght out :5 we turn to ,gre54 ,x is too mu* to expect t _m ( my read]s h read 8 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 :i* is repetiti\s1 t$i\s1 & r vague1 ?\gh x is inspir$ by a f9e _s & has ! great m]it ( hav+ influ5c$1 directly or indirectly1 a numb] ( able writ]s to produce excell5t works on e?ics4 ,footnote3 ,i ne$ only to ref] to ! text-books by ,muirhead1 ,mack5zie1 ,dewey & ,fite4 ,gre5 dwells1 ) inf9ite repetition1 ^u ! pres5ce 9 man ( a pr9ciple n natural1 :i* is id5tical 9 all m51 & :i*1 9 "s way t he does n expla91 holds ! _w ( our exp]i5ces toge!r1 be+ itself n 9 "t or 9 space4 ,! disciple ( ,paley or ,reid or ,kant w se>* 8 pages 9 va9 = any indication t ?is pr9ciple p]=ms or c p]=m any ( ! functions ( ! ,god believ$ 9 by ! above-m5tion$ philosoph]s4 ,nev]!less1 x is ! s\rce ( an ard5t inspiration to ,gre51 :o relieves ! baldness ( ! appellation pr9ciple1 by call+ x1 sometimes1 self- consci\sness1 sometimes1 reason4 ,x does n appe> to promise ,gre5 any?+1 s 8 devotion to x may be reg>d$ z dis9t]e/$4 ,h[ev]1 he owes to x inspiration4 ,philosoph]s f9d _! inspiration 9 v diff]5t directions4 ,! philosoph]1 z su*1 sometimes r objects to ! ^w1 ,god4 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] xxvi1 ,sec #abc1 note4 ,b he may feel mu* z m5 g5]ally feel t[>d ,god1 :5 he contemplates 8 ,consci\s ,pr9ciple1 or 8 ,idea1 or ! ,sub/ance :i* he conceives z ! id5tity ( ?\ght & ext5sion1 or1 = t matt]1 ,m9d-,/uff or ! ,unkn[able4 ,t o!r m5 may n see t he has any?+ 9 p>ticul> to be inspir$ ab\t1 or t he c hope = any?+ 9 p>ticul> = himself or = o!r m51 does n rob him ( 8 inspiration1 & t may affect 8 life deeply4 ,x is1 h5ce1 n a matt] ( no importance to e?ics :at mann] ( philosophy x pleases a man to elect4 ,"o's outlook ^u ! great _w may repress or may /imulate e?ical /riv+s1 may n>r[ or may broad5 ! e?ical horizon4 ,x is some?+ to feel1 ev5 r bl9dly1 t "o has a ,cause4 ,= myself1 ,i ?9k x is bett] to h a ,cause t seems wor? :ile1 ev5 :5 r imp>tially look$ at4 ,b1 ( ?is1 m 9 ! next section4 7#d7 ,:atev] "o ?9ks ( su* matt]s1 x is well to come back to ! fact t1 nev]!less1 e?ics /&s ^u its own feet4 ,ev5 if ,paley1 & ,reid1 & ,kant1 & ,gre51 & _m o!rs1 are 9 ! wrong1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,rational ,social ,w /&s sure4 ,x is wrong to be selfi%2 x is wrong to be untru?ful2 x is wrong to be unju/4 ,x is wrong = individuals1 & x is wrong = nations4 ,! man1 or ! gr\p ( m51 t does wrong1 is irrational4 ,x /&s condemn$4 #afg4 ,,e?ics ,,& ,,religion4--,i regret hav+ to speak1 9 ?is book1 ab\t religion at all1 j z ,i regret hav+ to ref] to ! philosoph]s4 ,b x w\ld be folly to omit all ref]5ce to religi\s duties4 ,!y h play$ q too important a "p 9 ! life ( ! family1 ( ! tribe1 ( ! /ate2 & t n m]ely "h & !re1 b ev]y:]e1 9 societies ( all degrees ( developm5t1 9 rec5t c5turies & 9 times ( a ho>y antiquity4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 ! classics h read ! rem>kable little book1 ,! ,anci5t ,city1 by ,fu/el de ,c\langes4 ,z s*oolboys we 7 br\ght up on ! pi\s ,a5eas4 ,all ,*ri/ians h "s k ( ! !ocratic /ate ( ! ,hebrews1 & we "k some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,! an?ropologi/ gives u masses ( in=mation t\*+ ! religi\s duties ( all sorts & conditions ( m54 ,!re are ^? :o rid !mselves easily ( ! problem ( religi\s duties4 ,!y simply d5y t !re are any4 ,& !re are ^?--! classes ov]lap--:o easily %uffle (f duties to ! family & to ! /ate4 ,!y reg>d x z _! function to ignore & to de/roy4 7#a7 ,i _c ?9k ! matt] is s simple4 ,!re always h be5 religi\s duties g5]ally recogniz$1 z a matt] ( fact4 ,! bolde/ & mo/ gift$ ( ?9k]s1 :o h n hesitat$ to call into be+ ,utopian s*emes = an ideal /ate1 su* m5 z ,plato & ,m1 h ?\ght t ! ideal /ate mu/ h a religion4 ,& ! mod]n sci5ti/ has gravely rais$ ! "q :e!r ! /ate c ma9ta9 itself1 if all religi\s beliefs1 ) _! inspirations & _! re/ra9ts1 die out4 ,footnote3 ,mc,dougall1 ,social ,psy*ology1 *apt] xiii4 ,! morali/1 :o accepts religi\s duties1 has a difficult task4 ,x is n en\gh = him to say t m5 h religi\s duties 9 g5]al1 j z x is n en\gh = him to say t !y h political duties 9 g5]al4 ,on ! o!r h& x w\ld be ! height ( presumption = him to endeavor to tell e man :at he %\ld d 9 detail4 ,he does n feel x 8 duty to tell e man :om he %\ld m>ry1 or = :om he %\ld vote at ea* election4 ,/ill1 x does seem z ?\gh ! morali/ ought to d m ?an tell a man vaguely t he has religi\s duties4 7#b7 ,:y n foll[ ! analogy sugge/$ by duties to ! family1 ! neighborhood1 ! /ate8 ,/ates h _! religions1 sometimes unequivocally & unmi/akably1 & sometimes n s palpably4 ,! religion ( a p has1 z a rule1 its roots f> back 9 ! hi/ory ( t p4 ,its religion has influ5c$ 9 _m subtle ways its in/itutions1 its emotions1 its habits1 its :ole outlook ^u life4 ,ev5 :]e1 z ) u1 /ate & *ur* h be51 9 !ory1 :olly sund]$1 !re has be5 no "q1 up to ! pres5t1 ( ! disappe>ance ( a religion4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 reg>d$ z a ,*ri/ian nation1 inspir$ by ideals & addict$ to cu/oms only explicable by a ,*ri/ian pa/4 ,! fact t x is s is some:at obscur$ to u4 ,= ?is !re are two causes4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! ,am]ican1 :o is a freeman1 possesses & ex]cises a fatal +5uity 9 ! creation ( a multitude ( sects out ( practically no?+4 ,/ill1 mo/ ( ^! sects h m 9 common ?an "s ( _! adh]5ts suppose4 ,!y spr+1 z a rule1 f a ,*ri/ian root4 ,! second is1 t our l& has be5 ! goal ( ! greate/ migration ev] record$ 9 human hi/ory4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o h come to u h1 s f>1 come f nations 9 "s s5se ,*ri/ian1 b !y h br\ght ) !m v div]se traditions1 & "s appe> to object to traditions altoge!r4 ,nev]!less1 ,i ?9k we may be call$ a ,*ri/ian nation1 & if we foll[ ! analogy above sugge/$--t ( ! relations ( m5 to ! /ate & to less] organisms )9 ! /ate--x w\ld appe> t x is ! duty ( an ,am]ican to recognize himself z a ,*ri/ian r ?an z a ,mahometan or a ,pagan4 ,if he does recognize ?is1 he w feel himself "u c]ta9 obligations :i* are indep5d5t ( 8 p]sonal ta/es & proclivities4 7#c7 ,= "o ?+1 he w recognize t a religion is n a ?+ to be /ripp$ (f & drawn on z "o *anges a suit ( clo!s4 ,a woman may regret t h] infant has r$ hair4 ,%e w n1 on t acc\nt1 z a rule1 ex*ange him surreptiti\sly = ano!r4 ,m5 d n commonly repudiate _! fa!rs because !y are n ri* or are gr[+ old4 ,a good citiz5 may regret t 8 c\ntry has se5 fit to ent] into a giv5 w>1 b he w n1 !re=e1 give aid or com=t to ! enemy4 ,he :o is capable ( lightly repudiat+ 8 religion resembles ! man :o is capable ( disc>d+ 8 wife1 :5 he sees ! fir/ grey hair4 ,^? :o d su* ?+s are apt to be m5 :o fill _! :ole field ( vision ) _! rights1 & c f9d no place !re = _! duties4 ,nor %\ld x be ov]look$ t ! man1 :o is capable ( lightly disc>d+ 8 wife1 is ! man z capable ( supply+ h] place ) a worse4 ,ev5 s1 he :o easily ?r[s (f 8 religion is usually ! man :o easily replaces x ) "s sup]/ition1 sci5tific or m]ely :imsical1 at :i* o!r m5 wond]4 ,m5 lam5t sometimes ov] ! fact t ! task ( ! =eign mission>y is a h>d "o4 ,7 x really an easy "o1 !re w\ld be no /ability 9 human societies1 = !re w\ld be no /ability 9 human nature4 ,! man ( light cr$ulity is ! man :o easily takes on new fai?s2 n ! man to :om tradition & loyalty mean some?+4 7#d7 ,x seems to foll[1 z a coroll>y1 t ! religion 9 :i* a man has be5 br\ght up has ! fir/ claim ^u him4 ,i accept ?is )\t hesitation4 ,b ?is does n mean t ! claim is 9 all cases f9al & valid4 ,!re may be cases 9 :i* x seems to be ! duty ( a man to leave 8 wife1 to dis9h]it a *ild1 to transf] 8 allegiance f "o /ate to ano!r4 ,su* cases are recogniz$ z ju/ifiable by m5 :o are ?\ghtful & dis9t]e/$4 ,b ! same m5 also recognize t1 7 su* disruptions ( ! bonds :i* unite m5 9 communities ! rule & n ! exception1 x w\ld mean ! de/ruction ( ! community4 ,simil>ly1 x may become ! duty ( a man to transf] 8 allegiance f "o *ur* to ano!r4 ,are n religions1 rationally comp>$1 ( diff]5t values8 ,h !re n be5 religions indisputably on a moral level l[] ?an t ( ! community :i* !y repres5t8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,& !re h be5 gov]nm5ts s bad t ! only refuge has seem$ to lie 9 revolution4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t revolutions c be resort$ to too lightly2 & t evolution1 :]e possible1 is pref]able to revolution1 :e!r 9 ?+s secul> or 9 ?+s religi\s4 ,x is always easi] to te> d[n ?an x is to build up4 ,nor does anyone1 save ! an>*i/1 te> d[n ?r\gh wanton love ( de/ruction4 ,ev5 he is apt to feel call$ ^u to give "s sort ( a vague excuse = 8 viol5ce4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,i h all along spok51 n m]ely ( religion1 b ( ! ,*ur*4 ,i h done ?is because religion is a social ph5om5on4 ,x has its in/itutions1 & _c live )\t !m4 ,x _c be d5i$ t individual philosoph]s h evolv$ religi\s philosophies2 x _c be d5i$ t solit>y individuals1 z su*1 h felt religi\s emotions4 ,h[ mu* ( ?is is due to ! fact t !re h be5 religions & *ur*es1 ,i d n believe t !y !mselves h realiz$4 ,b1 if religion is to be a vital =ce ( any sort 9 a /ate1 hold+ up ideals & /imulat+ ! emotion t helps to realize !m1 x mu/ be incorporat$ 9 an in/itution or 9 in/itutions4 ,y _c remove ! rose & keep ! p]fume4 ,ev5 ! memory ( x t5ds to vani%4 ,a religi\s man )\t a *ur* is l a citiz5 )\t a /ate4 ,a citiz5 )\t a /ate is a man :o makes ! ef=t to keep /ep1 & to walk 9 s+le file1 all alone4 7#e7 ,hav+ said s mu* = ,religion & = ! ,*ur*1 x is "r t ,i %\ld ref] to "s ?+s t may be said on ! o!r side4 ,x may be claim$ t m5 ( sci5ce h a t5d5cy to turn away f religion & to gr[ indiff]5t to or to d5y religi\s duties4 ,9 ?is !re is "s tru?1 al?\gh notable exceptions to ! rule may be cit$4 ,b ,i h kn[n _m m5 ( le>n+ 9 two hemisph]es1 9 "s cases r intimately4 ,) ! utmo/ respect = _! le>n+ & = _! m5tal ability1 ,i am /ill b\nd to say t ,i h f\nd !m q human4 ,"s ( !m--among ! greate/ ( !m--h be5 s absorb$ 9 _! special fields ( inve/igation1 t !y h n m]ely giv5 scant att5tion to religion & to religi\s duties1 b h done scant ju/ice ev5 to _! own family life or to ! /ate4 ,& all h n be5 equally broad m51 capable ( see+ cle>ly ! "p :i* religion has play$ 9 ! life ( humanity4 ,to ?is ,i mu/ add t ! imp>tial objectivity ) :i* ! s*ol> is suppos$ by ! layman to view ?+s is some?+ ( a *im]a4 ,9 say+ ?is ,i criticize no "o m sev]ely ?an ,i criticize myself4 ,?is may be tak5 z my apology = ! utt]ance4 ,h we n se51 n _m ye>s s9ce1 t1 9 ! feel+ ar\s$ by an int]national conflict1 "s scores ( great s*ol>s on ! "o side f\nd x possible to write & to sign a s]ies ( /atem5ts diametrically oppos$ to a s]ies drawn up & sign$ by "s scores ( equally fam\s s*ol>s on ! o!r8 ,0 ei!r gr\p wall$ 9 hopelessly by %e] ignorance8 ,x is easy to take lightly matt]s ab\t :i* "o does n p>ticul>ly c>e4 ,!re is ano!r objection br\ght aga9/ religion & ! *ur* :i* seems to be m significant4 ,is !re n a dang] t an int]e/ 9 ^! may hamp] fre$om ( ?\ght & enc\rage an undue cons]vatism8 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t religion & ! *ur* are n ! only =ces t make = cons]vatism4 ,family affection is cons]vative2 ! law is cons]vatism itself1 & m5 feel t x %\ld n be lightly tamp]$ )4 ,h[ imp>tial & h[ ready to introduce innovations %\ld m5 be 9 any field8 ,*anges ( c]ta9 k9ds1 ?\gh !y may h no little be>+ ^u our com=t1 d n ?reat5 ! exi/5ce ( ei!r /ate or *ur*4 ,c\ld someone devise a s*eme by :i* ! p]iodical visits ( ! plumb] c\ld be avoid$1 we %\ld all welcome x1 & h no fe> ( ! consequ5ces4 ,o!r innovations may br+ 9 _! tra9 consequ5ces m mom5t\s4 ,:at m5 deeply c>e ab\t1 !y cl+ to1 & ! "q :i* confronts u is a v broad "o4 ,does humanity1 on ! :ole1 ga9 or lose by a giv5 degree ( cons]vatism8 ,an increase ( k is by no means ! only ?+ t makes = civilization4 ,m5 may be highly enlight5$1 & yet rott5 to ! v core4 ,h[ mu* ( ! balla/ ( cons]vatism & ( loyalty to tradition is x well to ?r[ ov]bo>d 9 ! int]e/ ( accel]at$ motion8 ,^? :o1 9 our judgm5t1 ?r[ ov]bo>d mu* too mu* we h tak5 to deport+4 7#f7 ,"h x w v likely be object$3 ,9 all ?is y are advocat+ %e] ,pragmatism6 ,are we to accept ,god & look = a life to come1 ext5d+ ! spread ( ! community aft] ! fa%ion sugge/$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xix1 & broad5+ ! outlook = a future & m p]fect rationality1 = no bett] reason ?an t x is our :im8 ,%all we believe & jo9 ourselves ) o!r believ]s1 = no bett] reason ?an t some?+ happ5s to tempt our w8 ,i beg ! read]1 if he w be j to my ?\ght1 to foll[ me "h ) close att5tion4 #afh4 ,,e?ics ,,& ,,belief4--,"u ?is head+ ,i mu/ call att5tion to sev]al po9ts4 7#a7 ,i d5y t ,i advocate ,pragmatism at all4 ,! views :i* ,i advocate are s _m ?\s& ye>s old] ?an ,pragmatism1 t x seems unju/ to !m1 at ?is late date1 to compel !m to take on a new "n1 & to be c>ri$ ab\t 9 swaddl+ clo!s 9 ! arms ( ! philosoph]s1 aft] !y h be5 function+ z adults 9 human communities f "t immemorial4 7a7 ,t ab\nd+ g5ius & mo/ lovable man1 ,william ,james1 realiz+1 z _m less] m5 did n realize1 t ! tru? conta9$ 9 su* views 0 9 dang] ( be+ lo/ sight ( by _m1 wrote1 ) *>act]i/ic vivacity & un]r+ dramatic in/9ct1 ! little volume call$ ,pragmatism4 ,x is ) no lack ( appreciation ( ! s]vices he has r5d]$1 t ,i v5ture to call att5tion to ! fact t he has1 9 c]ta9 respects1 fail$ to d ju/ice to ^? views4 7b7 ,pragmatism has receiv$ att5tion p>tly on acc\nt ( ! exagg]ations ( :i* x has be5 guilty4 ,^! h repell$ "s m5 ( sob] m9d4 ,x appe>s to be ma9ta9$ t we c play fa/ & loose ) ! _w1 & make x :at we w4 ,i h criticiz$ ?is else:]e1#i & %all n d s n[4 ,i %all only say "h t ,i d n believe t s able a man ( sci5ce z ,william ,james meant all t he said to be tak5 q lit]ally4 ,he 0 gift$ ) a s5se ( humor4 ,?is1 "s lack4 7c7 ,m5 ( g5ius are apt to be /rongly individuali/ic & impati5t ( re/ra9ts4 ,we h se5 t !re is su* a ?+ z a public consci5ce & a private consci5ce4 ,! latt] is only too (t5 a :imsical ?+4 ,pragmatism appe>s to tea* t any individual1 z su*1 has a moral "r to adopt any hypo!sis live en\gh to appeal to 8 individual w4 ,"o has only to call to m9d ! extraord9>y assortm5t ( gue/s collect$ by ,sign] ,pap9i 9 8 novel pragmatic hotel4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,c su*1 by any human +5uity1 be m\ld$ into any?+ resembl+ an ord]ly community8 7d7 ,9 a lat] "w1 ,pr(essor ,james1 realiz+ t religion & !ology are n id5tical1 & /rongly desir\s ( promot+ religion1 deals sev]ely ) !ology & ! !ologians4 ,footnote3 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 ,lecture xviii4 ,"o tru? has be5 se51 b has n ano!r be5 treat$ ) "s inju/ice8 ,is x n inevitable t reflective m51 :o *]i% beliefs1 %\ld endeavor to give a m or less cle> & reason$ acc\nt ( !m8 ,:at degree ( success is to be look$ =1 & :at emphasis %\ld be laid ^u su* attempts1 are que/ions :i* w probably divide m5 = a long "t to come4 7#b7 ,h5ce1 ,i d n advocate ,pragmatism at all1 b ,i agree ) x 9 s f>1 at lea/1 z to recognize t belief is a ph5om5on :i* conc]ns ! w4 ,t x is s is a commonplace ( psy*ology2 & x 0 recogniz$ dimly long be=e ! psy*ologi/1 z su*1 came into be+4 ,t x is s is r readily ov]look$ :]e ! evid5ce = c]ta9 beliefs is und5iable & ov]p[]+4 ,i seem =c$ to believe t ,i am n[ writ+4 ,i d n seem =c$ 9 a simil> mann] to accept a p>ticul> metaphysical doctr9e or a giv5 sy/em ( !ological dogma4 ,intellig5t m5 appe> to be able to discuss su* matt]s ) ea* o!r & to agree to disagree4 ,if !y are tol]ant1 !y c d ?is good- temp]$ly4 ,x is wor? :ile to keep sev]al po9ts cle>ly 9 m9d3 7a7 ,beliefs are n a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,"s evid5tly lead to palpable & spe$y disa/]4 ,if ,i elect to believe t ,i c fly1 & leave my w9d[-sill z lightly z does ! sp>r[ ,i n[ see !re1 x is "t = my fri5ds to provide me ) an att5dant4 ,o!r beliefs are n ( ?is "*4 ,& t !y w lead to ultimate disa/] ( any sort to myself or to o!rs seems highly disputable4 7b7 ,:at may be call$ sci5tific evid5ce may be adduc$ = diff]5t beliefs ) v>y+ degrees ( cog5cy4 ,hegel tries to di/+ui% betwe5 ! au?ority ( ! /ate & t ( ! *ur* by attribut+ to ! =m] some?+ l infallibility4 ,he ma9ta9s t religion believes1 b t ! /ate kn[s4 ,footnote3 ,! ,philosophy ( ,"r1 ,sec #bgj4 ,we h _h abundant reason to see t ! /ate does n "k1 b believes1 & t x is v (t5 mi/ak5 9 its beliefs4 ,nev]!less1 x does its be/ to keep ord]1 to be z rational z x c1 & to look a little way ahead4 ,i ?9k x ought to be admitt$ t x conc]ns itself ) matt]s m t]re-a-t]re ?an does ! *ur*2 & t x ought n to be tak5 z a g5]al tru? t ! /ate %\ld take its ord]s f ! *ur*4 ,x has to d ) matt]s :i*1 l our daily bread1 mu/ be assur$1 if c]ta9 o!r matt]s are to be consid]$ at all4 ,9 s f> ,hegel 0 "r4 ,!re are ^? :o =get ?is1 & talk z if metaphysical sy/ems & religi\s beliefs %\ld be =c$ ^u m5 9 spite ( !mselves1 ei!r by %e] =ce ( w9dp[] or ) ! aid ( ! police4 ,to ?is x may be add$ t beliefs range f an un%akable & un?9k+ conviction to t degree ( acquiesc5ce :i* c sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f m]e loyalty4 ,x rema9s to be prov$ t ! latt] may n come "u ! head ( belief1 & is some?+ to be condemn$4 ,footnote3 ,m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 :ile ,i 0 ! gue/ ( ,h5ry ,sidgwick at ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 ,i ask$ him h[ x 0 t he1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 _h nev]1 9 8 presid5tial addresses1 express$ a belief 9 ! ph5om5a inve/igat$4 ,he answ]$ t if ! ^w belief 7 tak5 broadly en\gh to express a will+ness to look into ?+s1 he might be said to believe4 ,no m c&id s\l ev] brea!d4 7c7 ,beliefs1 be+ ph5om5a :i* conc]n ! w1 are at ! m]cy ( _m influ5ces4 ,is !re any sci5tific evid5ce op5 to ! p>alleli/ 9 psy*ology :i* is n also op5 to ! int]actioni/8 ,is ! conviction t "o's c\ntry is 9 ! "r a m]e matt] ( sci5tific evid5ce8 ,are ! enlight5$ adh]5ts ( a giv5 sect :olly ignorant ( ! t5ets & ( ! argum5ts ( ano!r8 ,i ma9ta9 t tradition & loyalty h _! claims4 ,!y are n ! only claims t c be made1 b !y are wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,man is man1 :e!r he is deal+ ) ?+s secul> or ) ?+s religi\s4 ,to see t su* claims are recogniz$ ev]y:]e we h only to op5 our eyes4 ,x is absurd to believe t all ! adh]5ts ( a political p>ty are influ5c$ only by ! logical argum5ts publi%$ 9 ! newspap]s4 ,a newspap] t liv$ on logic alone w\ld />ve to dea?4 ,x is ridicul\s to believe t all ! memb]s ( a *ur* are induc$ to become su* only by ! argum5ts ( ! !ologians1 _m ( :i* argum5ts ! mass ( ! memb]s are n 9 a position to compreh5d at all4 ,& le>n$ m5 are m51 too4 ,! philosoph] :o really kept himself free f all prepossessions w\ld1 if he did mu* s]i\s read+1 probably epitomize 9 8 own p]son a l>ge "p ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 fall+ out ( "o sy/em & into ano!r1 l an acrobat4 ,b he is usually caught "y & influ5c$ by "s tea*]1 or he is c>ri$ away by "s book or by ! _s ( ! times4 ,z he is n an abnormal creature1 he acts l o!r m51 becom+ an adh]5t ( a s*ool1 or1 if he is ambiti\s1 />t+ "o4 7d7 ,we h se5 t ! individual has duties t[>d ! /ate4 ,we h also se5 t ! /ate has duties t[>d ! individual4 ,! /ate %\ld n make x practically impossible = him to be a loyal citiz54 ,a some:at simil> duty appe>s to be incumb5t ^u ! *ur*4 ,a *ur* t =ces ^u all ( its memb]s1 z a condition ( memb]%ip1 intricate & ab/ract sy/ems ( metaphysics2 a *ur* t does n tea* good-w t[>d m51 b makes walls ( sep>ation out ( slight diff]5ces ( op9ion2 a *ur* t lags beh9d ! moral s5se ( ! community 9 :i* x f9ds itself2 a *ur* t />ves ! religi\s life2 ^!1 & su* z ^!1 mu/ expect to lose adh]5ts4 ,x is n t m5 reject !m2 x is t !y reject m54 ,^? :o read hi/ory h no reason to ?9k t m51 except "h & !re & "u exceptional circum/ances1 w cease to reg>d religi\s duties z duties4 ,i h n v5tur$ to (f] any detail$ solution ( ! problem ( loyalty to ! *ur*4 ,b nei!r h ,i v5tur$ to (f] any detail$ solution ( ! problem ( loyalty to ! /ate4 ,9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 ,i sugge/ z guides tradition1 intuition & reflective reason+4 ,i c only c\nsel good s5se & "s degree ( pati5ce4 ,x may be said3 ,y d n solve ! difficulty = ! individual4 ,i admit x4 ,su* difficulties e ?9k+ man mu/ meet & solve = himself4 #afi4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,^w4--,^? p]sons1 :e!r /ud5ts1 or tea*]s1 :o dislike ?is f9al *apt]1 may omit x1 )\t detrim5t to ! re/ ( ! book4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,rational ,social ,w is n f\nd$ ^u ?is *apt]4 ,! latt] is a m]e app5dix4 ,i regret t1 9 a "w 9 :i* ,i h wi%$ to avoid disputation1 ,i h felt compell$ to t\* ^u religi\s duties at all4 ,b !y h play$1 & /ill play1 s significant a role 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 t ! omission c\ld sc>cely h be5 made4 ,y are free to take !m or leave !m2 b y are n free to take or leave ! ,rational ,social ,w z ! ,moral ,arbit] ( ! ,de/9ies ( ,man4 ,,notes #a4 ,,*apt]s ,i ,,to ,,iii4--,! notes 9 a book ( any sort are r>ely read1 except by a few speciali/s1 & by !m n seldom ) a view to refut+ ! au?or4 ,i %all make ! foll[+ z brief z ,i may4 ,b ,i d wi% to give "s ( my read]s--all w n be equally le>n$--an opportunity to get acqua9t$ ) a few books bett] ?an ?is "o4 ,?is fir/ note is n address$ to ! le>n$1 & "s w f9d x sup]flu\s4 ,i int5d to m5tion "h a h&ful ( books :i* any cultivat$ man may read ) pr(it1 & re-read ) pr(it1 if he has already read !m4 ,!y c be collect$ gradually at a relatively slight exp5se1 & x is a pleasure to h !m 9 "o's libr>y4 ,! li/ may easily be bett]$1 & may be indef9itely l5g!n$4 ,i m5tion only books = ^? :o are accu/om$ to d _! read+ 9 ,engli%4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ,i d n advise all ?is read+ 9 connection ) ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( ?is book4 ,b1 z ^? *apt]s are conc]n$ ) ! accept$ cont5t ( morals z recogniz$ by individuals & communities1 ,i h a good excuse = br++ ! li/ 9 "h4 ,_m o!r good books1 n 9 ! li/1 are ref]r$ to lat] 9 ! volume1 9 o!r *apt]s4 ,x is v conv5i5t to h )9 "o's rea* "s su* book z ,sidgwick's ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics4 ,! only fault to f9d ) ,sidgwick is t he has made 8 book too %ort1 & has n giv5 en\gh ref]5ces4 ,b he is admirably fair & sympa!tic1 z well z cle> & int]e/+4 ,he1 :o w\ld dip m deeply into ! ,greek morali/s1 c read ! acc\nts ( ! anci5t egoi/s1 ,ari/ippus & ,epicurus1 9 ! ,lives ( ! ,philosoph]s by t ent]ta9+ old gossip1 ,diog5es ,la]tius4 ,! translation 9 ,bohn's edition w s]ve ! purpose4 ,z = ! greate/ ( ! ,greeks--a ke5 pleasure1 intellectual & ae/hetic1 awaits ! man :o turns to ,plato's ,republic & 8 ,laws4 ,j[ett's great translation is 9 e public libr>y4 ,& we mu/ read ,ari/otle's ,ni*oma*ean ,e?ics & 8 ,politics4 ,"h little att5tion is giv5 to arti/ic =m2 b ! pret]natural acut5ess ( ! man is ov]p[]+4 ,if we w\ld und]/& "s ( ! reasons :i* induc$ ,plato & ,ari/otle to write ( ! /ate z !y did1 we c turn to *apt] xiv ( ,grote's ,ari/otle4 ,) c]ta9 lat] classical morali/s mo/ ( u are m or less famili>4 ,s5eca1 9 8 "w ,on ,b5efits1 gives a good picture ( ! moral emotions & judgm5ts ( an enlight5$ man ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 a great favorite ) ,*ri/ian writ]s lat]4 ,cic]o's "w1 ,de ,(ficiis--,on ,duties--x is be/ kn[n "u ! ,lat9 title1 is v cle> & v clev]4 ,x is1 9 its la/ half1 full ( cases ( consci5ce4 ,i v5ture to sugge/ to ! tea*] ( und]graduates :o f9d e?ics a dry subject1 t he give !m a h&ful ( ,cic]o's cases to qu>rel ov]4 ,do+ j ?is has br\ght ab\t some?+ resembl+ civil w> 9 c]ta9 classes ( my und]graduates4 ,x has done !m good1 & x has va/ly ent]ta9$ me4 ,b ea* tea*] mu/ foll[ 8 own me?ods4 ,we c none ( u dictate4 ,h[ _m ( u h drawn inspiration f ! noble reflections conta9$ 9 ! ,?\ghts ( ,m>cus ,aurelius & 9 ! ,disc\rses ( ,epictetus1 ^? great ,/oics6 ,! unadorn$ translations ( ,george ,long w s]ve to introduce u to ^!4 ,to get a good idea ( h[ ! moral _w reveal$ itself to a ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! fif? c5tury1 we h only to turn to t mo/ fasc9at+ ( autobiographies1 ! ,confessions ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,8 ,city ( ,god is too long1 ?\gh int]e/+4 ,augu/9e's ?\ght influ5c$ ! _w = c5turies4 ,!n we may take a long jump & come d[n to ,/4 ,?omas1 ! great ,s*ola/ic ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,to get acqua9t$ ) him1 we may turn to ! ,engli% v]sions by ,rickaby1 ,aqu9as ,e?icus4 ,^? ( u :o are smugly satisfi$ at belong+ to ! tw5tie? c5tury mu/ rem9d ourselves t !re 7 great m5 9 ! ?irte5?1 & t _m among our contempor>ies are /ill li/5+ to !m4 ,we ,prote/ant tea*]s ( philosophy are sometimes 9 dang] ( =gett+ ?is4 ,a /rictly fre% c5tury & a /rictly fre% egg _c claim to be precisely on a p>4 ,i d n ?9k t ,i %all add ! mod]n morali/s to ?is li/4 ,!re are a great _m ( !m1 & _m ( !m are v good4 ,b !y are discuss$ at l5g? 9 ,"p ,,vii1 :i* deals ) ! s*ools ( ! morali/s4 ,citations & ref]5ces are !re giv54 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ,i ought to add "h t ,i %\ld reg>d an e?ical collection incomplete t did n include at lea/ "o ( ! compreh5sive works on morals lately (f]$ u by c]ta9 sociologi/s4 ,we/]m>ck's wond]ful book--a m9e ( in=mation--on ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 or ! admirable book by ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution1 w s]ve to fill ! gap4 ,in=mation reg>d+ editions ( all ! books ,i h m5tion$ c be _h 9 mo/ public libr>ies1 or f any good publi%] & book-sell]4 ,z = ! read+ to accompany ^! ,*apt]s1 ,i-,,iii1 ,i sugge/ look+ ov] ! *apt]s by ,we/]m>ck & ,hobh\se1 indicat$ 9 foot-notes4 ,he :o w\ld realize h[ m5 h diff]$ 9 _! moral outlook on life might read ! lives ( ,ari/ippus1 ,epicurus & ,z5o1 9 ,diog5es ,la]tius2 or foll[ ! acc\nt1 9 ,sidgwick's ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics1 ( ,ari/otle's tea*+1 z comp>$ ) ! e?ics ( ! ,*ur*4 #b4 ,*apt]s ,,iv to ,,vii4--,^! *apt]s on e?ics z sci5ce & on e?ical me?od d n appe> to me to call = ext5sive notes4 ,sev]al foot-notes are giv5 :i* might be foll[$ up4 ,i ?9k x w\ld be a v good ?+ = ! /ud5t to read *apt]s i & vi 9 ,sidgwick's admirable "w1 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics4 #c4 ,*apt]s ,,viii to ,x4--,to und]take to give any adequate li/ ( ref]5ces on ! *apt]s :i* treat ( man's nature & ( 8 mat]ial & social environm5t w\ld take u q too f> afield4 ,i m]ely sugge/ look+ up ! articles on ,an?ropology & ,sociology 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica4 ,ref]5ces are giv5 !re4 ,& "o %\ld n ov]look ,d>w9's great book on ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,x w nev] be r5d]$ sup]flu\s1 al?\gh ! m5 ( our day criticize x 9 detail4 ,a rec5t "w ( value is ,h]$ity & ,environm5t 9 ! ,developm5t ( ,m51 by ,pr(essor ,edw9 ,grant ,conkl91 #aiah4 #d4 ,*apt]s ,,xi to ,,xvi4--,"h my notes mu/ be some:at m detail$1 = we are on q debatable gr\nd4 ,at any rate1 !re is mu* dispute1 betwe5 m5 ( unque/ionable ability1 on ! "o side & on ! o!r4 ,i may be p>don$ = ?9k+ t ! g5]al argum5t ( ^! *apt]s is reasonable & s\nd4 ,9 comm5t+ ^u ,*apt] ,,xi1 ,i sugge/ t ! read] look up :at ,hobh\se has to say on impulse1 desire & w1 9 8 volume1 ,morals 9 ,evolution2 also t he consult ! same topics 9 ,james' ,psy*ology4 ,mc,dougall's ,social ,psy*ology might be read ) mu* pr(it4 ,"s admirable writ]s h a repugnance to us+ ! ^w volition 9 speak+ ( ! brutes4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t ?is is a dispute t\*+ ! prop] use ( a ^w1 r ?an t any important di/9ction 9 k9d is m>k$4 ,"s human volitions /& out v cle>ly z su*4 ,!re are free ideas pres5t1 !re is ! t5sion ( desires1 !re is delib]ation1 & !re is cle>ly consci\s *oice1 or ! f9al release ( t5sion4 ,b h[ _m ( ! decisions--,i see no objection to ! ^w1--:i* we make dur+ ! c\rse ( a day1 are ( ?is "*6 ,x w\ld be difficult to set a l[] limit to volition4 ,muirhead1 :o writes1 9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 cle>ly & well ( desires1 emphasiz+ ! pres5ce ( t5sions1 foll[s ! ,neo- ,hegelian tradition 9 speak+ ( w4 ,he describes x z ! act by :i* ! att5tion is conc5trat$ ^u "o object ( desire1 & he calls ! act ( *oice ! id5tify+ ( oneself ) "o object or l9e ( action4 ,naturally1 x is n easy to ?9k ( ! bee or ! ant or ! spid]1 p]haps n ev5 ( ! cat or dog1 z id5tify+ itself ) "s object ( desire4 ,i sugge/ t ! read]1 aft] a p]usal ( ,muirhead1 reflect ^u :at ,hobh\se has to say ( ! l[] animals2 or t he look up ,miss ,wa%burn's book on ,! ,animal ,m9d1 7second edition1 #aiah71 :]e a really s]i\s /udy ( ! brute is und]tak54 ,on ,*apt] ,,xii1 ,i f9d no comm5t necess>y4 ,z to ,*apt] ,,xiii1 ,i recomm5d to ! read] a read+ or re-read+ ( ! fasc9at+ pages 9 :i* ,james treats ( in/9ct 9 8 ,psy*ology4 ,& let him look up ! same subject 9 ,mc,dougall's ,social ,psy*ology4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i ent] a note ( w>n+ aga9/ read+ ev5 su* good writ]s uncritically4 ,!re is no little dispute 9 ?is field4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,m>%all's volume ,m9d & ,conduct gives an unusually ?\ghtful acc\nt ( in/9ct 7,n4 ,y41 #aiai74 ,comm5t on ,*apt] ,,xiv is n imp]atively necess>y4 ,b ,i mu/ speak ) detail ( ,*apt] ,,xv1 = ! be/ ( m5 qu>rel :5 !y come ^u ?is gr\nd3 ,sec #di4 ,! psy*ologi/ takes into 8 m\? no ^w m ambigu\s ?an feel+4 ,x may be us$ to indicate any m5tal cont5t :atev]--,john ,/u>t ,mill c\ld speak ( consci\sness z compos$ ( a /r+ ( feel+s4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] divid$ consci\s processes into feel+s & relations betwe5 feel+s4 ,james oblit]ates ! di/9ction1 & f9ds x possible to speak ( a feel+ ( &1 a feel+ ( if1 a feel+ ( b1 etc4 7,psy*ology ,i1 p4 #aed1 ff474 ,"s writ]s d n di/+ui% betwe5 emotions & feel+s4 ,?us1 ,d>w91 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man1 calls pleasure & pa9 emotions4 ,m>%all 7op4 cit41 *apt] ii7 makes emotions1 & ev5 intuitions1 in/9ct-feel+s4 ,dewey1 9 8 ,e?ics 7p4 #bea71 appe>s to treat emotions z synonym\s ) feel+s4 ,g>d9]1 9 8 int]e/+ & c>eful /udy1 ,affective ,psy*ology 9 ,anci5t ,writ]s aft] ,ari/otle 7,psy*ological ,review4 ,may1 #aiai71 treats ( :at are popul>ly call$ ! feel+s1 includ+ emotions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 e?ical writ+s ! ^w1 feel+s1 v (t5 means no m ?an pleasure & pa94 ,?us1 ,se? 7,a ,/udy ( ,e?ical ,pr9ciples1 p4 #fc71 makes feel+s synonym\s ) pleasure & pa94 ,muirhead 7,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 p4 #df71 says1 by feel+ is meant simply pleasure & pa92 & to h int]e/ 91 he def9es z to h pleasure 9 7p4 #df74 ,?is n>r[+ ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w on ! "p ( e?ical writ]s is1 p]haps1 natural4 ,! h$oni/ic morali/s made pleasure & pa9 ! only ultimate reasonable /imulants to action4 ,_m morali/s oppos$ !m 7see1 lat]1 ,*apt]s ,,xxiv & ,,xxv74 ,s pleasure & pa9 became ! feel+s1 p> excell5ce4 ,bo? ,dewey & ,alex&] sometimes speak z if1 by ! ^w feel+1 we meant no m ?an pleasure & pa94 ,s does ,kant4 ,! mod]n psy*ologi/ sometimes di/+ui%es pleasure & pa9 f agreeabl5ess & disagreeabl5ess4 ,m>%all1 a high au?ority on pleasure & pa91 refuses to draw ! di/9ction 7op4 cit41 ,"p ,,iii4 *apt] vi74 ,b he also refuses to call pleasure & pa9 s5sations1 reg>d+ !m z qualifications ( our s5sations1 l int5sity1 duration1 & ! l4 ,are pleasures1 z pleasures1 alike8 & are pa9s1 z pa9s1 alike8 ,j]emy ,b5?am refus$ to di/+ui% betwe5 k9ds ( pleasures4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill did s 7see ,*apt] ,,xxv 9 ?is volume72 & ,s4 ,alex&]1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 ma9ta9s t pleasures diff] 9 k9d1 & _c be comp>$ m]ely 9 _! int5sity 7see page #bjb74 ,! :ole matt] is complicat$ en\gh1 & !re is occupation = ! mo/ disputati\s4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t ^! disputes v directly affect ! argum5t ( my *apt]4 ,sec #ej4 ,t !re is a relation betwe5 feel+ & action1 b t ! two are by no means nicely adju/$ to ea* o!r1 has be5 recogniz$ 9 _m qu>t]s4 ,d>w91 discuss+ ! m5tal & moral qualities ( man1 po9ts out t ! satisfaction ( "s fundam5tal in/9cts gives little pleasure1 al?\gh uneas9ess is suff]$ if !y are n satisfi$4 ,se? 7op4 cit41 p4 #fd7 says t feel+s guide action2 & he claims t ! en]gy ( a mov+ idea lies 9 ! feel+ :i* x ar\ses 7p4 #gj74 ,on ! quantity ( emotion1 & its relation to action1 see ,/eph51 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 ii1 iii1 #be4 ,sec #ea4 ,x appe>s to be repugnant to ,gre5 to admit t feel+-- pleasure--c be ! direct object ( action2 & he d5ies r\ndly t a sum ( pleasures c be made an object ( desire & w at all 7,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,sec #bba2 see ,sec #aac ( ?is book74 ,moreov]1 he ma9ta9s1 & 9 ?is ,dewey foll[s him1 t ! mak+ ( pleasure an object is evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( unheal?y desires4 ,i _c b ?9k ?is1 tak5 g5]ally1 an exagg]ation4 ,( c\rse1 :at is call$ a man ( pleasure is a pretty poor sort ( a ?+4 ,sec #eb4 ,9 ?is section ,i d n t\* at all ^u ! immemorial dispute conc]n+ :at has be5 call$ ! 'fre$om' ( ! w4 ,inde$1 ,i leave x out ( ?is book altoge!r4 ,! morali/ mu/1 ,i ?9k1 assume t man has natural impulses & is a rational creature4 ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! problem above m5tion$1 may turn to my ,introduction to ,philosophy1 *apt] xi1 ,sec #df1 :]e ! matt] is discuss$1 & ref]5ces 79 ! correspond+ note7 are giv54 ,*apt] ,,xvi4--,! matt] ( ?is *apt] appe>s1 cle> en\gh1 b x may be well to give a few ref]5ces t\*+ ! two conceptions ( ! functions ( ,reason4 ,m5 ( q v>y+ views h incl9$ to ! doctr9e :i* appeals to me4 ,i ?9k x is to be gott5 out ( ,hegel4 ,gre51 :o is mu* influ5c$ by him1 takes1 z ! rational end ( conduct1 a satisfaction on ! :ole1 :i* implies a h>monization & unification ( ! desires 7see1 9 ?is book1 ,*apt] ,,xxvi1 ,sec #abb74 ,sp5c]1 9 8 ,/udy ( ,sociology1 def9es ! rational z ! consi/5t4 ,/eph51 9 8 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *apt] ii1 ,sec #c1 says3 ,reason1 9 %ort1 :atev] its nature1 is ! faculty :i* enables u to act ) a view to ! di/ant & ! future4 ,he claims t rationality t5ds to br+ ab\t a c]ta9 unity or h>mony4 ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution1 7pp4 #egb-eha71 says t reason h>monizes ! impulses4 ,! *ampions ( ! opposite view are ! intuitioni/s prop]--su* m5 z ,kant1 ,reid1 ,price1 ev5 ,sidgwick4 ,to judge ( _! doctr9e--!y 7 great m51 be x rememb]$1 & wor?y ( all respect--,i sugge/ t ! read] wait until he has read ! *apt] on ,intuitionism 9 ?is volume1 ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 #e4 ,,*apt]s ,,xvii ,,to ,,xix4--,:at is said 9 ,*apt] ,,xvii seems too obvi\sly true to ne$ comm5t4 ,inde$1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! *apt] is n full ( platitudes4 ,b ev5 platitudes are ov]look$ by "s2 & !re is "s m]it 9 arrang+ !m sy/ematically4 ,besides1 !y may s]ve z a spr+-bo>d4 ,z to ,*apt] ,,xviii1 ,i sugge/ read+ *apt] vii1 ( ,we/]m>ck's book on ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas4 ,x is entitl$ ,cu/oms & ,laws z ,expressions ( ,moral ,ideas4 ,= ,*apt] ,,xix1 "o may read ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution1 ,"p ,i1 *apt] vi1 :]e he %[s h[ ! m]e gr\p morality gradually gives place to a wid] morality 9 :i* ! concept ( humanity plays a "p4 ,9 ! same "w1 ,"p ,,ii1 *apt]s i & ii1 ! au?or treats ( religi\s or sub-religi\s ideas z affect+ conduct4 ,comp>e ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit41 *apt] xl4 ,see1 also1 ,! ,anci5t ,city1 by ,fu/el de ,c\langes4 #f4 ,,*apt]s ,,xx ,,to ,,xxii4--,:at is said 9 ,*apt] ,,xx may be well re9=c$ by turn+ to ,hobh\se 7op4 cit471 ,"p ,i1 *apt] iii1 :]e he traces ! gradual evolution ( rational morality 9 ! field ( ju/ice4 ,see1 also1 ,we/]m>ck1 7op4 cit47 *apt]s ix & x1 i4 e41 ,! ,w z ! ,subject ( ,moral ,judgm5t & ! ,influ5ce ( ,ext]nal ,ev5ts1 & ,ag5ts "u ,intellectual ,disability4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ref]r$ to1 animals1 drunk>ds1 idiots1 ! insane1 etc41 come on ! /age4 ,! *apt] is full ( curi\s in=mation4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxi 7,sec #hf71 ,i h spok5 ( ! hesitat+ utt]ances ( morali/s t\*+ any duties we may owe to ! brutes4 ,i sugge/ t be=e anyone dogmatize 9 detail on ?is subject he read ) "s c>e su* a compreh5sive "w z ,miss ,wa%burn's ,! ,animal ,m9d4 ,! book is admirable4 ,*apt]s x & xliv ( ,we/]m>ck's "w are in/ructive & ent]ta9+ on ?is subject4 ,hegel disposes ( ! animals r summ>ily4 ,see 8 ,philosophy ( ,"r1 ,sec #dg4 ,sidgwick1 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] iv1 #b1 is well wor? consult+4 ,see 9 my own volume1 ,*apt] ,,xxx1 ,sec #ada4 ,= ,*apt] ,,xxii1 ,i give no ref]5ces4 ,i appeal only to ! common s5se ( my read]4 #g4 ,*apt]s ,,xxiii to ,,xxix4--,= ! *apt]s on ! ,s*ools ( ! ,morali/s1 ,,xxiii to ,,xxix1 ,i %all give brief] notes ?an ,i %\ld h giv51 7 ! *apt]s n already s well provid$ ) foot-notes4 ,s f> z ! fir/ f\r ( ^! *apt]s are conc]n$1 ,i %all assume t en\gh has be5 said1 draw+ att5tion only to two po9ts :i* conc]n ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,x is v int]e/+ to note t "o ( our be/ critics ( intuitionism1 ,hemy ,sidgwick1 0 himself an intuitioni/4 ,8 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics des]ves v close att5tion4 ,aga9 ,intuitions are (t5 spok5 ( z if !y _h be5 %ot out ( a pi/ol1 & _h nei!r fa!r nor "m4 ,to und]/& !m bett] x is only necess>y to read *apt] viii ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,m>%all's little book1 ,m9d & ,conduct1 :i* %[s h[ difficult x is to m>k intuitions (f %>ply1 & to treat !m z if !y _h no?+ 9 common ) reason4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 ! e?ics ( evolution1 treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxvii1 %\ld n miss read+ ! f\r? *apt] ( ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,huxley's essay1 ,evolution & ,e?ics1 might be read4 ,! ,prolegom5a to ! essay is1 h[ev]1 mu* m valuable ?an ! essay itself4 ,sp5c]'s g5]al !ory ( conduct is be/ ga!r$ f 8 ,data ( ,e?ics1 :i* 0 repr9t$ z ,"p ,i ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics4 ,! volume by ,c4 ,m4 ,williams1 entitl$1 ,a ,review ( ,evolution>y ,e?ics1 gives a conv5i5t acc\nt ( a doz5 or m writ]s :o h treat$ ( e?ics f ! evolution>y /&po9t4 ,x is well n to ov]look :at ,sidgwick has to say ( evolution & e?ics2 see ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,i1 *apt] ii1 ,sec #b4 ,z = ,*apt] ,,xxviii1 on ,pessimism1 x is en\gh1 ,i ?9k1 to ref] ! read] to ,book ,,iv1 9 ,s*op5hau]'s "w on ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea4 ,! ,book is entitl$ ,! ,ass]tion & ,d5ial ( ! ,w to ,live1 :]e ,self-consci\sness has be5 ,atta9$4 ,see also 8 supplem5t>y *apt]s1 xlvi1 on ,! ,vanity & ,suff]+ ( ,life1 & xlviii1 ,on ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,d5ial ( ! ,w to ,live4 ,= ! doctr9e ( von ,h>tmann1 see *apt]s xiii to xv1 9 ! "p ( 8 "w entitl$1 ,! ,metaphysic ( ! ,unconsci\s4 ,= ! *apt] on ,kant1 ,hegel & ,nietzs*e1 ,i %all give b a few ref]5ces1 ?\gh ! lit]ature on ^! writ]s is enorm\s4 ,! ,engli% read] w f9d ,t4 ,k4 ,abbott's translation ( ,kant's e?ical writ+s a v conv5i5t volume 7?ird edition1 ,london1 #ahhc74 ,! translation ( ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,"r1 by ,s4 ,w4 ,dyde 7#ahif71 ,i h f\nd good1 :]e ,i h comp>$ x ) ! orig9al4 ,! ^w ,"r 9 ! title is unavoidably ambigu\s1 = ! ,g]man ^w means bo? "r & law4 ,hegel is deal+1 9 a s5se1 ) bo?4 ,i h indicat$1 9 a foot-note1 t ,nietzs*e ought to be read 9 ! orig9al4 ,he is a m>vell\s arti/4 ,p]haps ,i %\ld add t ,nietzs*e w be read ) mo/ pleasure by ^? :o d n attempt to f9d 9 8 works a sy/em ( e?ics4 ,i recomm5d to ! read]1 especially1 8 ?ree volumes3 ,! ,g5ealogy ( ,morals2 ,beyond ,good & ,evil2 & ,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra2 7,new ,york1 #aiaa74 #h4 ,,*apt]s ,,xxx ,,to ,,xxxvi4--,i %all n comm5t on ,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,x is suffici5tly int]pret$ by :at has be5 said e>li] 9 ?is book4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t ,*apt] ,,xxxi ne$s to be discuss$ "h4 ,i ne$ only say t _m morali/s h comm5t$ ^u ! negative aspect ( ! moral law4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! demon ( ,socrates--a dreadful translation--0 a negative sign4 ,i d n ?9k t ^? :o h dwelt ^u ! negative aspect ( morality h reflect$ suffici5tly ^u ! moral organization ( society4 ,we are put to s*ool unavoidably z soon z we are born4 ,i %all n dwell ^u ,*apt]s ,,xxxii & ,,xxxiii4 ,"h ,i appeal m]ely to ! good s5se ( ! read]4 ,b ,*apt] ,,xxxiv dem&s m att5tion4 ,he :o is ignorant ( hi/ory1 & has come into no close contact ) ! organization & function+ ( any /ate o!r ?an 8 own1 is z unfit to pass judgm5t ^u /ates g5]ally1 z is ! man :o has nev] be5 away f 8 native village to pass judgm5t ^u t[ns g5]ally--t[ns inhabit$ by v>i\s peoples & situat$ 9 diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,8 lot may1 x is true1 happ5 to be ca/ 9 a good village2 b h[ he is to tell t x is good1 ,i _c conceive4 ,he has no /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,=tunately1 8 ignorance is n z h>mful z x might be4 ,! ,rational ,social ,w1 :i* is p5etrat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) traditions wis] ?an ! :ims ( ! individual1 c>ries him along ^u its broad bosom1 & makes decisions = him4 ,! sociologi/ & ! political philosoph] %\ld be consult$1 z well z ! hi/orian1 by "o :o w\ld make a satisfactory li/ ( books t\*+ ! subject ( ?is *apt]4 ,b ! morali/ may be all[$ to sugge/ a few titles1 "s ( !m v old ones4 ,plato's ,republic is fasc9at+1 & ,ari/otle's ,politics is ! %rewde/ ( books4 ,b comp>e ! /ate z conceiv$ by ^! m5 ) our notions ( a mod]n democracy6 ,m's ,utopia is a delight4 ,to get back to e>? & see :at hi/ory means to a /ate1 & to its con/itution & laws1 read ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e's ,anci5t ,law4 ,/ates are n made 9 a day1 al?\gh1 "u abnormal conditions1 gov]nm5ts may be upset1 & new ones set up1 )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,aft] su* unhi/orical proce$+s1 "o c sc>cely expect fa/ colors4 ,"o or two wa%+s w suffice to %[ :at 0 !re be=e4 ,he :o has a weakness = ! op]atic c p]use ,r\sseau's ,social ,contract & ! ,decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man publi%$ 9 ! great ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,z an antidote1 ,i sugge/ ,b5?am's essay on ,an>*ical ,fallacies4 ,b read+ w d little good--ev5 hi/orical read+--unless "o also ?9ks4 ,x is wond]ful h[ mu* k a man may escape1 if he is born "u ! prop] />4 ,i once knew an und]graduate 9 an ,am]ican univ]sity1 :o att5d$ compulsory *apel = m ?an ?ree ye>s1 & :o /ill ?\ght t ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 a hi/ory ( ! ,anci5t ,romans4 ,!re is q too mu* to say ab\t ,*apt]s ,,xxxv & ,,xxxvi4 ,! only ?+ to d is to say no?+4 ,i %all t\* ^u j "o po9t 9 ea* *apt]4 ,i v5ture to beg ! tea*]1 :5 he treats ( ,int]national ,e?ics1 to read 9 class1 ) 8 /ud5ts1 ^? pages 9 :i* ,sir ,?omas ,m describes ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,utopians conduct$ _! w>s4 ,rememb] t ,sir ,?omas 0 n m]ely a /atesman1 b1 by common cons5t1 a le>n$1 a great1 & a good man4 ,m>k ! reaction ( ! und]graduate m9d4 ,! "o matt] ^u :i* ,i %all comm5t 9 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi1 is ! "q ( belief z an object ( approval or ( c5sure4 ,we/]m>ck /ates 7,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 ,volume ,i1 *apt] viii1 p4 #baf71 t nei!r ! ,ca?olic nor ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* reg>d$ belief1 z su*1 z an object ( c5sure4 ,yet ea* 0 will+ to puni% h]esy4 ,! po9t is mo/ int]e/+1 & ,i haz>d an explanation4 ,! *ur*es 7 organizations ) a def9ite object4 ,!y made use ( rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,?is 0 reasonable en\gh1 ab/ractly consid]$4 ,h[ev]1 doctr9e 0 ! affair ( ! !ologian4 ,n[ ! !ologian1 l ! philosoph]1 is a man :o assumes t he is conc]n$ ) pro(s1 & ) pro(s only4 ,if a ?+ is prov$1 h[ c a man help believ+ x8 ,only if he w n1 :i* is %e] ob/9acy or p]v]sity4 ,let him1 !n1 be puni%$ on acc\nt ( 8 defective "* 7see ,we/]m>ck1 ,i1 *apt] xi1 p4 #bhc74 ,i ?9k ! app>5t quibbl+ "h c be gott5 rid ( by recogniz+ ! tru? emphasiz$ 9 ,sec ,sec #afg-afh1 namely1 t logical pro(s play b a subord9ate "p 9 ! adoption or rejection ( beliefs t\*+ a va/ numb] ( matt]s bo? secul> & religi\s4 ,if we c influ5ce m5's emotions1 we c influ5ce _! beliefs4 ,bo? ,/ate & ,*ur* h ?is p[]4 ,x is a p[] t c be abus$4 ,b x is1 on ! :ole1 a good ?+ t m5's beliefs c ?us be influ5c$4 ,!re w\ld be no /ability 9 human society c\ld !y n4 ,e ignorant man--& _m m5 are ignorant--w\ld be at ! m]cy ( e clev] talk]2 & he w\ld *ange 8 beliefs e day4 ,z m5 act on beliefs1 ?is means t he w\ld zig-zag ?r\gh life to ! detrim5t ( all ord]ly developm5t4 ,i beg ! read]1 le>n$ or unle>n$1 to put aside prepossessions1 & to look at ?+s z !y are 9 ?is field4