,,magic ,,%ad[s ,,magic ,,%ad[s ,! ,/ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,motion ,pictures by ,,m>t9 ,,quigley1 ,,jr4 ,illu/ration ,,quigley ,,publi%+ ,,company ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #aifj ,copyright1 #aidh-aifj1 by ,m>t9 ,quigley1 ,jr4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,no "p ( ?is book may be reproduc$ 9 any =m )\t writt5 p]mission except 9 ! case ( brief quotations includ$ 9 reviews4 ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog ,c>d ,numb]3 #fj-adgig ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,cont5ts ,,=eword #g ,,introduction #i ,i ,,x ,,/>t$ ,,) 8,a0 #ac ,,ii ,,fri> ,,bacon',s ,,magic #bd ,,iii ,,da ,,v9ci',s ,,cam]a #bi ,,iv ,,porta1 ,,fir/ ,,scre5 ,,%[man #cf ,v ,,kepl] ,,& ,,! ,,/>s #dc ,,vi ,,kir*]',s #ajj? ,,art #dh ,,vii ,,popul>iz+ ,,kir*]',s ,,projector #fb ,,viii ,,muss*5broek ,,& ,,motion #gj ,,ix ,,phantasmagoria #ge ,x ,,dr4 ,,p>is' ,,toy #hj ,,xi ,,plateau ,,creates ,,motion ,,pictures #he ,,xii ,,! ,,b>on',s ,,projector #ih ,,xiii ,,! ,,lang5heims ,,( ,,philadelphia #ajf ,,xiv ,,m>ey ,,& ,,movem5t #aae ,,xv ,,edison',s ,,peep-,,%[ #acj ,,xvi ,,fir/ ,,/eps #aci ,,xvii ,,_w ,,premi]es #adi ,,app5dix ,i ,,*ronology #afc ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,bibliography #agg ,,index #ahe ,,illu/rations fac+ page ,,a?anasius ,,kir*] #i ,,ar*im$es' ,,burn+ ,,glasses #cb ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci #cc ,,cam]a ,,obscura #dj ,,johannes ,,kepl] #da ,,kir*]',s ,,giant ,,:eel #dh ,,! ,,/ory ,,disk #dh ,,! ,,magic ,,lant]n #di ,,zahn',s ,,lant]ns #fd ,,"t & ,,w9d ,,projectors #fe ,,joseph ,,plateau #hh ,,plateau',s ,,motion ,,device #hi ,,danc+ ,,girl--,,ph5aki/icope #hi ,,franz ,,u*atius #ajd ,,fir/ ,,action ,,projectors #aje ,,lang5heim ,,bro!rs #aab ,,eti5ne ,,jules ,,m>ey #aac ,,muybridge ,,batt]y ,,cam]a ,,sy/em #abj ,,m>ey',s ,,outdoor ,,/udio #aba ,,gun ,,cam]a #aba ,,edison ,,& ,,ea/man #acf ,,! ,,k9etoscope ,,p>lor #acg ,,reynaud',s ,,!atre ,,optique #adh ,,ans*utz',s ,,electrical ,,ta*yscope #adi ,,l\is ,,lumi]e #afj ,,rob]t ,w4 ,,paul #afj ,,! ,,vitascope #afa ,,=eword ,ask almo/ anyone ab\t ! orig9s ( ! motion picture1 & y'll get a glib & automatic answ]4 ,x w include a fa/1 indef9ite ref]5ce to ,edison & ,ea/man & w move on1 ) m-or-less au!ntic no/algia1 to ,mack ,s5nett1 ,fatty ,arbuckle1 ,d4 ,w4 ,griffi? & maybe a few o!rs4 ,) luck1 "o or two titles--,! ,great ,tra9 ,robb]y1 = example--may creep 94 ,! fact is1 mo/ ( u simply d n "k mu* ab\t x4 ,x is good1 !re=e1 to take a long look at ! p1 ! ev5ts1 & ! discov]ies--accid5tal & o!rwise--:i* comb9$1 dur+ ! ye>s ( _m c5turies1 to produce ! motion picture z we "k x today4 ,?is book gives u ! long look1 ! au!ntic p]spective4 ,x may t5d to sl[ d[n our glibness1 to clo! our fancy ) fact1 & to deflate any notion t ! movies belong exclusively to our own well-publiciz$ #bj? ,c5tury4 ,x is sob]+1 b x is necess>y4 ,=1 unless we brace ourselves ) "s k ( :at has gone be=e1 we _c be adequately prep>$ = :at lies ahead4 ,! indu/ry1 z we h kn[n x 9 ! pa/1 is und]go+ great *anges4 ,x is difficult to pr$ict exactly :at =m x w ev5tually take4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 h[ev]--! 8,magic ,%ad[s0 9 "o =m or ano!r w cont9ue to ent]ta9 & in/ruct ! millions 9 e l& = g5]ations to come4 ,,edw>d ,p4 ,,curtis ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,july #b1 #aifj ,illu/ration3 ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae1 #afga ,,a?anasius ,,kir*]1 ! fir/ p]son to project pictures4 ,8 magic lant]n orig9at$ ! scre5 art-sci5ce 9 ,rome circa #afde4 ,,introduction ,! art ( magic %ad[s1 :i* j be=e ! dawn ( ! tw5tie? c5tury evolv$ into ! mod]n motion picture1 0 born ?ree c5turies ago1 at ,rome4 ,!re ,a?anasius ,kir*]1 a ,g]man prie/1 fir/ %[$ 8 inv5tion1 ! magic lant]n1 to fri5ds1 & enemies1 at ! ,collegio ,romano1 :]e he 0 a pr(essor ( ma!matics4 ,! _w premi]e ( ! fir/ real 8magic %ad[0 p]=mance pass$ )\t public notice4 ,9 ^? days !re 7 no press ag5ts or publici/s4 ,!re 7 no newspap]s4 ,! p did n c>e :at ! nobles & s*ol>s 7 do+ 9 _! idle mom5ts2 ! intellectuals paid little att5tion to ! p4 ,hi/ory has n record$ ! day & mon? 9 :i* ,kir*] pres5t$ 8 projector1 ! fundam5tal in/rum5t ( all scre5 %[s1 !n & n[4 ,! occasion c be set only approximately--"s "t 9 ! ye> #afdd or #afde4 ,! h\r ( ! p]=mance presumably 0 9 ! ev5+1 = ! light & %ad[ pictures _h to be %[n 9 d>kness1 j z today films mu/ be exhibit$ 9 d>k5$ !atres4 ,we may be sure t ! score or m ( invit$ gue/s--,romans & di/+ui%$ =eign]s--eag]ly accept$ an opportunity to see :at ,kir*] 0 up to4 ,rome _h be5 buzz+ ) rumors4 ,! en]getic little ,jesuit prie/ :o e>n$ = himself ! title1 8,doctor ( a ,hundr$ ,arts10 _h ev5 be5 suspect$ ( necromancy & work+ 9 league ) ! devil4 ,aft] ! %[+ ( ! magic lant]n & its project$ pictures "s 7 c]ta9 t he practic$ ! 8black arts40 ,! audi5ce = ! fir/ scre5 p]=mance 0 z di/+ui%$ z any t has s9ce grac$ a ,hollywood production4 ,o!r pr(essors ( ! ,roman ,college 7 !re to note = !mselves on :i* "o ( 8 8hundr$ arts0 ,kir*] _h be5 busy4 ,^! m5 7 among ! mo/ le>n$ 9 ,europe & _h made ! ,jesuit ,univ]sity1 e/abli%$ 9 #aehb1 already an influ5ce 9 all circles ( ?\ght4 ,a select$ gr\p ( /ud5ts1 "y ,romans ( noble bir?1 surely 7 also invit$4 ,until ! h\r ( ! demon/ration1 ^! /ood outside 9 ! l>ge ,piazza di ,collegio ,romano be=e ! ma9 entrance4 ,?ree c5turies lat]1 f ,june1 #aidd to late #aide1 ,am]ican ,army ,m,ps rac$ ?r\gh ?is same ,piazza on jeeps & motorcycles to _! headqu>t]s 9 ,rome1 j across ! squ>e f ! entrance to ! ,collegio ,romano4 ,j at ! appo9t$ h\r = ,kir*]'s %[1 a few di/+ui%$ monsignori1 9 fl[+ purple 7 driv5 to ! entrance 9 _! c>riages ) m\nt$ escort4 ,p]haps1 too1 a hu% w5t ?r\gh ! small gr\p1 assembl$ 9 an upp] hall1 :5 a ,pr9ce ( ! ,*ur*1 su* z ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i :o _h summon$ ,kir*] to ,rome a decade be=e1 came to see = himself4 ,aft] all ! monsignori & o!r visitors _h be5 greet$ ) c]emony & salutation 9 keep+ ) _! rank1 ! c&les & lamps 7 ext+ui%$2 ,kir*] slipp$ beh9d a curta9 or p>tition :]e 8 projector 0 conceal$ & ! fir/ light & %ad[ scre5 %[ 0 on4 ,= a mom5t ,kir*]'s audi5ce c\ld see no?+4 ,!n sl[ly _! eyes became accu/om$ to ! d>kness & a fa9t light appe>$ on a :ite surface set up 9 front ( ! few r[s ( seats4 ,z ! flames 9 ,kir*]'s lant]n began to burn m brightly & he adju/$ ! crude projection sy/em1 ! picture ( 8 fir/ glass slide 0 ?r[n ^u ! scre54 ,! "y m5 ) ke5 eyesight 7 ! fir/ to note t ! light & %ad[ on ! scre51 l "s gho/ly figm5t1 began to take =m into a recognizable picture4 ,!n ! old] ecclesia/ics saw or ?\ght !y saw4 ,! incr$ul\s murmur$ pray]ful ejaculations4 ,! wond] increas$ z successive pictures 7 project$4 ,kir*] 0 en\gh ( a %[man to use pictures :i* w\ld ent]ta9 & amaze4 ,he includ$ animal draw+s1 arti/ic designs &1 to taunt ^? :o ?\ght he 0 dabbl+ 9 necromancy1 pictures ( ! devil4 ,prud5ce 0 n "o ( 8 8hundr$ arts40 ,we may be amus$ n[ at ! disbelief ( ,kir*]'s fir/ audi5ce4 ,b by try+ to place ourselves 9 t hall ( ! ,roman ,college1 ?ree c5turies ago1 x is easy to realize ! difficulties4 ,no?+ l ,kir*]'s %[ _h ev] be5 pres5t$ be=e4 ,he _h *a9$ light & %ad[1 b ! suspicion 0 held by "s ( ! spectators t !re 0 d>k magic ab\t x all & t ,kir*] _h dabbl$ 9 ! 8black arts40 ,! fir/ audi5ce congratulat$ ,kir*] at ! end ( ! p]=mance1 b "s w5t away wond]+1 dubi\s4 ,ye>s lat]1 ,kir*] wrote 9 8 autobiography1 8,new accusations pil$ up & my critics said ,i %\ld devote my :ole life to develop+ ma!matics40 99 99 99 99 99 ,two & a half c5turies lat]1 ! scre5 art ( magic %ad[ projection came to life 9 ! motion picture4 ,?is 0 q a diff]5t premi]e4 ,b ,kir*] w\ld h recogniz$ ! device z an improvem5t on & developm5t ( 8 magic lant]n4 ,he1 & hundr$s :o came aft] him1 _h tri$ to capture ! animation ( life 9 light & %ad[ pictures4 ,full success 0 n possible until a lat] date because ! necess>y mat]ials 7 n available until ne> ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! sc5e ( ! mo/ significant motion picture premi]e 0 at ,ko/] ,bial's ,music ,hall1 #cd? ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 :i* /ood on ! site n[ occupi$ by ! ,r4 ,h4 ,macy dep>tm5t /ore4 ,! "t 0 ,april #bc1 #ahif4 ,b 9 contra/ to ,kir*]'s premi]e1 ?\gh 8,?omas ,a4 ,edison's ,late/ ,m>vel--! ,vitascope0 _h featur$ bill+ on ! %[1 x 0 n ! only ent]ta9m5t on ! program4 ,alb]t ,bial1 manag]1 prec$$ ! %[+ ( ! motion pictures ) a half-doz5 acts ( vaudeville4 ,!re 7 ! ,russian cl[n1 ecc5tric danc]1 a?letic & gymna/ic com$ian1 s+]s & actors & actresses4 ,b ! movies /ole t %[ &1 9 little m ?an a decade1 became /aple ent]ta9m5t 9 t5s ( ?\s&s ( !atres all ov] ! _w4 ,! special top hat & silk tie audi5ce at ,ko/] ,bial's ,music ,hall t ,spr+ ev5+ a half-c5tury ago 0 treat$ to a selection ( %ort films :i* ran only a few mom5ts ea*3 8,sea ,waves01 8,umbrella ,dance01 8,! ,b>b] ,%op01 8,burlesque ,box+01 8,monroe ,doctr9e01 8,a ,box+ ,b\t01 8,v5ice1 ,%[+ ,gondolas01 8,kais] ,wilhelm1 ,review+ ,8 ,troops01 8,skirt ,dance01 8,butt]fly ,dance01 8,! ,b> ,room0 & 8,cuba ,libre04 ,?omas ,armat1 ! inv5tor ( ! projector :i* _h be5 built by ,edison1 sup]vis$ projection ( ^? fir/ scre5 motion pictures %[n on ,broadway4 ,we c well imag9e t ,kir*] 0 look+ ov] 8 %\ld]1 delight$ t 8 "w />t$ #bej ye>s be=e _h be5 br\ght to ! triumph ( ! liv+ mov+ picture4 ,! great ,edison 0 9 a box at ! ,music ,hall t ev5+ & he1 too1 0 glad t ! ,new ,york audi5ce ( fir/ night]s s well receiv$ ! l>ge scre5 motion pictures4 ,a few ye>s be=e1 8 ,k9etograph cam]a & 8 ,k9etoscope peep-hole view] _h pres5t$ motion pictures4 ,b z ,kir*] 9 ! #ag? c5tury want$ 8 pictures life-size on ! scre51 s did ! public ( ! ,n9eties4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kir*] & ,edison d n /& alone 9 ! p>ade ( pione]s 9 ! art & sci5ce ( ! scre54 ,! li/ ( build]s ( ! c9ema is z cosmopolitan z its appeal3 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,p]sians1 ,briti%1 ,italians1 ,g]mans1 ,fr5*1 ,belgians1 ,au/rians & la/ly1 & 9 "s ways mo/ importantly1 ,am]icans4 ,anci5t philosoph]s1 m$ieval monks1 s*ol>ly giants ( ! ,r5aissance1 sci5ti/s1 necromanc]s1 mod]n inv5tors--all _h a role 9 ! #bejj ye> /ory ( ! creation1 out ( light & %ad[1 ( ?is mo/ popul> & mo/ influ5tial expression--! motion picture4 ,great & /range m51 "s ^: fame d]ives f activities 9 o!r fields1 o!rs h>dly record$ 9 ! pass+ ( hi/ory1 contribut$ to :at 0 ev5tually to become ! motion picture4 ,_m ( ! pione]s ( ! magic %ad[ art-sci5ce realiz$ ! ent]ta9m5t1 educational & sci5tific pot5tialities ( _! discov]ies2 o!rs did n1 because !y 7 preoccupi$ ) o!r affairs & only toy$ ) ! light & %ad[ devices4 ,! foll[+ *apt]s tell h[ m5 le>n$ ab\t vision & light1 & h[ app>atus to record & project liv+ realities 0 develop$4 ,x is ! /ory ( ! orig9 ( ! motion picture1 f ,adam to ,edison4 ,,x ,,/>t$ ,,) 8,a0 ,fir/ magic %ad[ %[--,anci5t optical /udies--,*9ese ,%ad[ ,plays1 ,japanese & ,engli% mirrors--,! art-sci5ce beg9s ) ,ari/otle & ,ar*im$es1 ,greeks1 & ,alhaz51 an ,arab4 ,f any viewpo9t ! /ory ( ! orig9 ( ! motion picture beg9s ) 8,a04 ,! fundam5tal & in/9ctive urge to create pictures 9 liv+ reality goes all ! way back to ,adam4 ,ari/otle develop$ ! !oretical basis ( ! sci5ce ( optics4 ,ar*im$es made ! fir/ sy/ematic use ( l5ses & mirrors4 ,alhaz51 ! ,arab1 pione]$ 9 ! /udy ( ! human eye1 a pr]equisite = develop+ ma*9es to duplicate requisite functions ( ! human eye4 ,lights & %ad[s 7 made :5 ! night & ! day 7 made3 ,& ,god said3 ,be light made4 ,& light 0 made4 ,& ,god saw ! light t x 0 good2 & ,he divid$ ! light f ! d>kness4 ,& ,he call$ ! light ,day1 & ! d>kness ,night2 & !re 0 ev5+ & morn+ "o day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& ,god said3 ,let !re be lights made 9 ! firmam5t ( heav54444 ,& ,god made two great lights3 a great] light to rule ! day2 & a less] light to rule ! night2 & ! />s4 --,book ( ,g5esis ,! moon play+ ^u sil5t wat]s1 ! sun ca/+ deep5+ %ad[s 9 ! woods1 a tw9kl+ campfire1 />light danc+ on ruffl$ wat]s--all provid$ ! fir/ pageantries ( light & %ad[4 ,! fir/ eclipse ( ! sun se5 by man 0 ! mo/ ?rill+ & t]rify+ light & %ad[ %[ ( t era1 a premi]e nev] rivall$ by ,hollywood's be/4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! record ( human aspiration m5 _h ! urge to create repres5tations ( life4 ,ef=ts 7 made to duplicate 9 p]man5t =m ! pictures reflect$ 9 /ill wat]1 %ad[s1 & birds & animals & p4 ,& s1 9 a v e>ly day man took up draw+1 a v>iation ( light & %ad[ portrayal4 ,b ! e>ly draw+s1 & attempts = c5turies !reaft]1 did n :olly succe$ 9 _! purpose4 ,life ( ! surr\nd+ _w c\ld n be caught 9 all its wondr\s detail no matt] h[ skill$ 0 ! arti/4 ,! fir/ picture critics po9t$ out t ! draw+s 7 unnatural because no action 0 %[n & life itself 0 full ( motion4 ,= c9ema purposes1 "o ( ! e>lie/ examples ( 8motion0 /ill pictures is a repres5tation ( a bo> trott+ along1 = "s #aj1jjj1 #bj1jjj or #cj1jjj ye>s1 on a wall ( ! ,font-de-,faune cave at ,altamira ne> ,santillana del ,m> 9 ,nor!rn ,spa94 ,! arti/ tri$ to %[ ! bo>'s headlong pace by equipp+ ! animal ) two complete sets ( legs4 ,x 0 recogniz$ a long :ile be=e ,walt ,disney t m ?an "o /ill picture 0 necess>y to portray natural motion4 ,= c5turies arti/s cont9u$ to /rive = ! 8illusion0 ( motion )\t 8mov+ pictures40 ,dep5d+ on ! skill ( ! arti/1 ! result approa*$ ! goal 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,action 0 always1 & /ill is1 a problem to ! arti/ work+ ) a 8/ill0 m$ium4 ,a p9nacle ( success 9 ?is que/ 0 rea*$ 9 ! ,w+$ ,victory ( ,samo?race 9 :i* ! arti/ did all 9 8 p[] to %[ motion 9 ! m$ium ( cold1 lifeless m>ble4 ,h[ev]1 ! pot5tial progress 0 limit$ z long z x 0 necess>y to rely ^u ! skill$ h& ( ! arti/ to convey motion4 ,m _h to be le>n$ ab\t light & %ad[ & also a great deal ab\t ! ev]la/+ wond] ( ! human eye be=e liv+ reality c\ld be captur$ = future repres5tation4 ,! poets may speculate ab\t man's fir/ ?\ghts on light1 ! sun1 moon & />s1 & fire4 ,b man us$ 8 eyes = ages be=e he became int]e/$ & consid]$ :y & h[ he c\ld see1 & :at light & %ad[ might be & h[ !y c\ld be usefully h>ness$4 ,ev5 9 our day ( app>5t enlight5m5t1 ! und]ly+ explanation ( vision & light /ill eludes our sci5ti/s1 s we %\ld be pati5t ab\t ! "t x took our ance/ors to devise ways ( h>ness+ light & %ad[ to prep>e ! brightly light$ way = ! ,b+ ,crosbys & ,betty ,grables ( our day4 ,! /udy ( light & vision1 & ! ne$ = bett] me?ods & in/rum5ts = obs]v+ life result$ 9 "t 9 ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ optical device--! magnify+ glass4 ,all telescopes1 microscopes1 spectacles1 cam]as1 projectors & o!r optical in/rum5ts h be5 evolv$ f ! simple l5s or magnify+ glass4 ,t l5s 0 a special boon to ! m5 & wom5 :o ?r\gh bir?1 age or mis=tune _h poor eyesight4 ,"s au?orities hold t z long ago z #fjjj ,b4,c4 magnify+ glasses 7 us$ by ! ,*aldeans 9 ! anci5t biblical l&s4 ,x is kn[n t ! ,*aldeans1 :o develop$ an elaborate civilization1 gave fir/ att5tion to ! /udy ( light & all its problems4 ,a few ?\s& ye>s be=e ! new era ! ,babylonians1 fam$ too z g>d5]s1 became great a/ronom]s4 ,! heav5s1 !n & n[1 pres5t ! greate/ natural light & %ad[ %[1 ) a cont9u\s run e night s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,s x is n surpris+ t ! fir/ /udy ( light & %ad[ %\ld conc]n itself ) ! />s & planets4 ,! ,babylonians1 ) b ! nak$ eye1 pick$ out con/ellations & id5tifi$ !m4 ,x 0 a desire to le>n m ab\t ! />s t result$ 9 ! developm5t ( a telescope1 :i* 0 a m>k$ advance 9 ! sci5ce ( light & %ad[4 ,9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 de/roy$ 9 #fjf ,b4,c41 0 f\nd a convex l5s ( qu>tz & an inscription too f9e to be read by ! nak$ eye--pro( t ^? p knew ! uses ( l5ses & treasur$ f9e arti/ic draw+s & writ+s :i* c\ld be inscrib$ only ?r\gh ! use ( a magnify+ glass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at an e>ly date ! conflict arose betwe5 ^? :o wi%$ to use ! magic %ad[s to ent]ta9 & in/ruct & ^? :o wi%$ to use !m = purposes ( deception4 ,! ,egyptian prie/s h fir/ claim on ! title ( light & %ad[ %[m54 ,"s ( ! fragm5ts ( hi]oglyphics indicate t !y us$ optical devices to deceive4 ,x is likely t a simple mirror 0 us$ to ?r[ images into space4 ,b t w\ld h amaz$ ! p & w\ld h be5 tak5 z a sure sign ( miracul\s p[]4 ,! olde/ m$ia ( light & %ad[ ent]ta9m5t & deception 0 develop$ by ano!r great & s*ol>ly gr\p1 ! e>ly ,*9ese sci5ti/s4 ,^! 7 ! ,*9ese ,%ad[ ,plays1 ! orig9 ( :i* is lo/ 9 antiquity1 dat+ back p]haps to #ejjj ,b4,c4 ,silh\ette figures %[n on a backgr\nd ( smoke & animat$ z 9 a puppet %[ ent]ta9$ a public ?\s&s ( ye>s ago 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! ,*9ese ,%ad[ ,plays appe> to h a close relation to ! old-"t fireside tricks ( twi/+ ! f+]s s z to =m :at appe>$ to be ! %ad[ ( a donkey's head or a repres5tation ( a rabbit or ( "s o!r animal4 ,despite ! tr\bl$ hi/ory ( ,*9a1 ^! ,%ad[ ,plays 7 nev] lo/ & !y are /ill pres5t$ 9 remote p>ts ( ,*9a & 9 ,java4 ,dates ( ! ,*9ese contributions to ! /ory ( ! orig9 ( ! c9ema & relat$ sci5ces are unc]ta94 ,! ,*9ese empire 0 f\nd$ ar\nd #bhjj ,b4,c4 & )9 #ejj ye>s ( t "t ! heav5s _h be5 *>t$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,a hundr$ ye>s aft] an h]$it>y mon>*y 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,*9a1 ab\t #bbjj ,b4,c41 ! rul+ p[]s execut$ two a/ronom]s = fail+ to obs]ve prop]ly an eclipse ( ! sun4 ,aft] ! ,*9ese ,%ad[ ,plays1 m5tion %\ld be made ( ano!r ,ori5tal light & %ad[ inv5tion4 ,?is "o 0 develop$ by ! ,japanese4 ,! devices are kn[n z ,japanese ,mirrors4 ,^! are fam$ 9 leg5d & hi/ory z be+ end[$ ) great magical p[]s4 ,!y1 z 9 ! inv5tions ( ! ,egyptians1 us$ an optical illusion to ent]ta9 & also to trick4 ,! me?od ( ! ,japanese ,mirrors 0 simple3 ,!y 7 ( poli%$ bronze ) a design emboss$ on ! surface4 ,:5 held to ! sun1 ! reflect$ light w\ld fall on a wall or o!r smoo? surface1 & ! spectators w\ld see ! design1 appe>+ z if ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! devil or "s propiti\s deity4 ,if ! op]ator did n all[ 8 mirror to be closely exam9$ by ! audi5ce he c\ld c]ta9ly be cr$it$ ) magical p[]s--! p[] to br+ animals & m51 & any k9d ( design to life4 ,n a devil or a god2 b 9 reality only an e>ly %[man6 ,& done ) mirrors6 ,! s-call$ ,engli% ,mirrors1 ( a mu* lat] date1 work$ on a simil> pr9ciple1 b 7 ev5 m +5i\s4 ,!y _h great] 8magical0 p[]4 ,! ,engli% ,mirrors resembl$ ! ,japanese ,mirrors1 yet on close exam9ation no emboss+ w\ld be discov]$ on ! surface4 ,ev5 today "o might h a difficult "t discov]+ ! secret4 ,! picture to be project$ 0 v c>efully & lightly et*$ ) acid ^u ! brass surface ( ! ,engli% ,mirrors4 ,! mirror 0 !n poli%$ until ! et*$ patt]n c\ld n be detect$ by eye or t\*4 ,b ! imp]ceptible r\ghness outl9+ ! patt]n rema9$ on ! mirror & 0 suffici5t to record & reflect ! outl9e ( ! design 9 :at seem$ a magical fa%ion4 ,aft] a vague />t 9 ,babylonia1 ,egypt & ! ,f> ,ea/1 ! /udy ( light & %ad[1 l _m ano!r art & sci5ce1 began 9 a ?or\gh way 9 ,greece4 ,ari/otle1 great ,greek philosoph]1 born ab\t #chd ,b4,c41 made ! fir/ important contribution to ! hi/ory ( ! light & %ad[ art-sci5ce :i* c be assign$ to an id5tifiable individual4 ,ari/otle's family _h be5 long id5tifi$ ) m$ic9e4 ,8 fa!r 0 c\rt physician to ! ,k+ ( ,mac$onia & sev]al ( 8 ance/ors _h simil> po/s4 ,!re=e1 9 a s5se1 x 0 natural = him to seek le>n+4 ,= "s ye>s he 0 a /ud5t ( ! philosoph] ,plato at ,a!ns4 ,he 0 a m practical man ?an 8 tea*]1 favor+ exp]im5tal obs]vation z supplem5tal to philosophy4 ,univ]sal tru? & k 7 ! goals ,ari/otle set = himself4 ,also he believ$ x well to keep 9 ! good graces ( ! rul]s4 ,:5 ,alex&] ! ,great 0 #ac ye>s old1 ,ari/otle 0 appo9t$ 8 tea*] & f t "t on _h a deep influ5ce on ! pupil :o1 !y tell u1 came to te>s because he _h no m worlds to conqu]4 ,ari/otle lat] head$ ! ,p]ipatetic or 8walk ab\t0 s*ool at ,a!ns1 s nam$ because k 0 imp>t$ f tea*] to /ud5t z !y /roll$ ab\t ! groves4 ,ari/otle wrote au?oritatively on almo/ e subject4 ,! sun1 light1 & vision1 ( c\rse1 receiv$ ! att5tion ( ?is philosoph] ^: ^w on philosophic & sci5tific matt]s 0 accept$ by _m )\t "q z law = c5turies4 ,ev5 today _m pr9ciples fir/ enunciat$ by ,ari/otle are /ill g5]ally respect$ 9 philosophy4 ,9 ,ari/otle's book titl$ ,problems !re 0 describ$ ! ph5om5on ( sunlight pass+ ?r\gh a squ>e hole & /ill ca/+ an image ( a r\nd--n squ>e--sun on ! wall or floor4 ,?is 0 an a/\nd+ discov]y6 ,x may /rike ! read] z /range1 b he may easily conv9ce himself by mak+ a little exp]im5t3 cut a squ>e hole 9 a piece ( d>k pap] & let ! image ( ! sun fall on a mirror or o!r smoo? surface & y w see t ! sun is /ill r\nd despite ! squ>e hole4 ,z a ^w ( caution1 "o mu/ be c>eful to avoid eye /ra9 :5 view+ ! sun & its reflections4 ,sev]al ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s 9 motion picture pre-hi/ory ru9$ _! eyes by /udy+ ! sun = too long a p]iod at "o "t4 ,ari/otle's squ>e hole & r\nd sun exp]im5t 0 a beg9n+ & sci5ti/s 7 />t+ to le>n some?+ important ab\t light & optical ph5om5a4 ,ari/otle also made a valuable contribution to ! /udy ( vision4 ,9 8 book1 ,on ,dreams1 he not$ ! exi/5ce ( aft]-images1 a p]si/5ce ( vision ph5om5on4 ,t faculty contributes vitally to ! motion picture effect4 ,a common example is t a :irl+ firebr& appe>s to make a complete cont9u\s circle ( fire4 ,a /rong light or image ( any k9d w be visible to ! eye = a mom5t aft] ! physical /imulus has be5 remov$4 ,ari/otle also 0 int]e/$ 9 color & 9 a /udy 9 ?is connection he not$ t c]ta9 giv5 plants 7 blea*$ by ! sun4 ,?is 0 ! initial sci5tific obs]vation 9 ! *a9 :i* ultimately1 ?\gh indirectly1 l$ to photography4 ,ar*im$es 7#bhg-bab ,b4,c471 a half-c5tury aft] ,ari/otle1 develop$ at ,syracuse1 !n a ,greek colony on ! isl& ( ,sicily1 ! fir/ record$ light app>atus1 8,! ,burn+ ,mirrors or ,l5ses40 ,fam$ z ! fir/ great geometrician1 ,ar*im$es is be/ kn[n = 8 pr9ciple ^u :i* all %ip con/ruction is bas$--! buoyant =ce ex]t$ by a liquid is equal to ! weight ( ! displac$ liquid4 ,9 o!r words1 a %ap$ object ( metal1 su* z a %ip1 w float if x displaces a suffici5t quantity ( wat]4 ,k+ ,hi]o ( ,syracuse1 a relative ( ,ar*im$es1 gave him ! problem ( det]m9+ :e!r or n a new cr[n he _h receiv$ 0 made ( pure gold1 z ord]$1 or :e!r ! gold _h be5 mix$ ) silv]4 ,?is w\ld h be5 no task at all if ! ,k+ _h n be5 fond ( ! cr[n & wi%$ ! in=mation secur$ )\t damag+ x 9 any way4 ,z 0 ! cu/om 9 ^? days1 ,ar*im$es consid]$ ! problem "o aft]noon at ! local ba? :i* s]v$ ! d\ble function ( promot+ cleanl9ess & ( fo/]+ e k9d ( discussion4 ,x 0 ! g5tlem5's club ( ! day & place4 ,ar*im$es lik$ to ba! ) a tub full ( wat] & ?is p>ticul> aft]noon he not$ t a consid]able am\nt ( wat] 0 spill$ ov] ! sides ( ! tub z he /epp$ 94 ,he imm$iately & correctly conclud$ t !re 0 a relation betwe5 ! mass ( 8 body & ! weight ( ! wat] displac$4 ,!n accord+ to tradition he ru%$ home1 ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,syracuse1 nak$1 9 ord] to te/ ! ,k+'s cr[n1 %\t+ 8,eureka--,i h f\nd x40 ,?is tal5t$ ,greek 0 ke5ly aw>e ( 8 sci5tific pr[ess & 0 n a man to keep 8 ideas secret4 ,he promis$ to lift ! _w ) a lev] 7! pr9ciple ( :i* he _h develop$ sci5tifically7 provid$ someone w\ld furni% him a fulcrum4 ,!re 7 no tak]s4 ,:5 ,ar*im$es 0 #gc ye>s old & respect$ ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w = 8 "w 9 ma!matics & sci5ce1 ! ,roman invad] ,m>cellus lay siege to ,syracuse4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! two long ye>s ( /ruggle1 ,ar*im$es put aside 8 !oretical "w & ) ! vigor ( a y\? help$ to def5d ! city1 inv5t+ num]\s eng9es ( w> = ! purpose4 ,9 ?is he 0 ! real pione] ( ! sci5ti/s ( our own day :o p]fect$ 9 w>time ! atomic bomb1 rad> & o!r devices4 ,ar*im$es' mo/ important developm5t 9 8 m>tial pursuits 0 ! ,great ,burn+ ,glasses or ,l5ses ^u :i* mu* ( 8 fame has s9ce re/$4 ,accord+ to tradition1 ! ,great ,burn+ ,glasses ( ,ar*im$es 7 us$ to burn ! fleets ( ,m>cellus1 act+ on ! same pr9ciple us$ by ! mod]n ,boy ,sc\t or woodsman 9 />t+ a fire ) a pocket magnify+ glass4 ,! efficacy ( ,ar*im$es' l5ses = burn+ purposes has be5 argu$ = c5turies4 ,?is mu* is c]ta93 !y did n succe$ 9 _! purpose = ,m>cellus sack$ ! city 9 #bab ,b4,c41 aft] ! walls _h be5 /orm$4 ,ar*im$es 0 kill$ b aft] 8 dea? he 0 honor$ ev5 by ! invad] ,m>cellus1 :o ord]$ a monum5t erect$ ov] 8 grave4 ,"o explanation is t ! ,burn+ ,glasses ( ,ar*im$es 7 us$ 9 :at w\ld n[ be call$ psy*ological w>f>e4 ,ar*im$es knew h[ to con/ruct glasses1 sy/ems t w\ld set small fires at a close range2 ! enemy knew ?is4 ,s :at bett] ruse w\ld !re be ?an to con/ruct a gigantic ,burn+ ,glass atop ! highe/ build+ ( ,syracuse1 cle>ly 9 view ( ! enemy fleet & let ! intellig5ce report leak out t on su* & su* a day ,ar*im$es 0 go+ to burn up ! :ole fleet & raise ! siege8 ,"o c imag9e :at ! effect 0 on ! sailors & (fic]s ( ! fleet1 includ+ ,m>cellus himself4 ,ar*im$es' /rategy might h prolong$ ! def5se ?r\gh a great "p ( ! two ye>s 9 :i* ! city resi/$4 ,! ma9 problem1 ( c\rse1 & suspicion 9 ! m9ds ( ! enemy 0--c\ld ,ar*im$es actually burn ! fleet ) 8 my/]i\s mirrors & l5ses8 7,illu/ration fac+ page #cb47 ,! possibility ( actual use ( ! ,burn+ ,glasses to />t fires on ! %ips ( an invad] 0 n entirely dismiss$ by ,a?anasius ,kir*] :o made a special trip to ,syracuse 9 #afcf to /udy ! problem on ! spot4 ,he wrote 9 ! same book 9 :i* ! magic lant]n is describ$ t he _h con/ruct$ a burn+ glass or l5s :i* />t$ a fire at a di/ance ( #ab feet & t a fri5d ( 81 ,manfr$ ,septal1 on ,febru>y #ae1 #afde1 %ortly be=e ,kir*]'s book 0 complet$1 _h />t$ a fire at #ae paces4 ,kir*] did n believe burn+ glasses c\ld be us$ to />t a fire at a great di/ance z claim$ by "s sci5ti/s & exp]im5t]s4 ,he said t ,c>dano's /ory ( burn+ at #a1jjj paces 0 ridicul\s1 z 7 exagg]at$ claims ( ,porta4 ,b ,kir*] did po9t out t !re may be some?+ ( tru? 9 ! orig9al /ory ( ,ar*im$es because1 9 8 op9ion1 %ips ( ! attack+ =ce w\ld be an*or$ j (f ! walls ( ! city1 p]haps only #be to #ej feet away4 ,?is 0 done s ! full =ce ( ! fleet's armam5t ( ! day c\ld be ?r[n aga9/ ! def5d]s on ! walls & yet ! m5 ( ! %ips w\ld be out ( range ( h&-to-h& enc\nt]s ) ! ,syracusans4 ,kir*] reason$ t a great ,burn+ ,glass c\ld />t a fire 9 a %ip "r "u ! walls ( ! city if ! glass 7 m\nt$ on top ( a ne>by build+4 ,x is likely t at ! mo/ ,ar*im$es w\ld h be5 able to />t only a small fire on ! sail ( "o ( ! enemy's %ips4 ,ar*im$es' ,burn+ ,glasses are ! only real anci5t optical in/rum5ts ab\t :i* we h a contempor>y or ne>ly contempor>y record4 ,^! e>ly wat]-fill$ glasses 7 ! fir/ projection l5ses4 ,ar*im$es' ,burn+ ,glasses play$ an important "p 9 ! developm5ts :i* l$ to ! mod]n motion picture because1 )\t l5ses = ! projection1 films w\ld be no?+ b peep-%[s1 visible to "o p]son at a "t4 ,)\t l5ses our cam]as w\ld be v crude in/rum5ts4 ,9 a true s5se ! focus$ mirror or l5s burn+ glass is ! f\ndation ( e k9d ( cam]a & all projection "w4 ,ari/otle & ,ar*im$es & o!r ,greek sci5ti/s1 includ+ ,euclid1 :o is cr$it$ ) be+ ! fir/ to demon/rate t light travels 9 /raight l9es1 op5$ ! book ( k ( ! light & %ad[ art4 ,ptolemy :o fl\ri%$ at ,alex&ria ar\nd #acj ,a4,d4 0 ! greate/ sci5ti/ ( 8 era & 8 influ5ce 0 p[]ful = fifte5 c5turies4 ,x 0 he :o develop$ ! ,ptolemaic !ory :i* view$ ! e>? z ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 ) ! sun & o!r bodies revolv+ ar\nd x4 ,t !ory v naturally t5d$ to increase man's idea ( 8 own importance4 ,ptolemy 0 a geograph] & ma!matician z well z an a/ronom]4 ,8 great "w 0 call$ ,almage/ by ! ,arabs4 ,ptolemy discuss$ ! p]si/5ce ( vision1 ! laws ( reflection & made /udies ( refraction4 ,! poor tools !n available & inaccurate und]/&+ ( "s basic pr9ciples prev5t$ 9 anci5t days ! discov]y ( devices capable ( captur+ ! illusion ( motion4 ,hi/ory play$ its "p1 too4 ,aft] ! /imulus giv5 to all k by ! ,greeks1 little int]e/ 9 ! arts & sci5ces 0 tak5 any:]e = a long "t4 ,!n 9 ! #i? c5tury ! s*ol>%ip ( ,greece 0 advanc$ by ! ,arabs1 f :om ,europe began to receive x 9 ! #ab? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 ! real 8,d>k ,ages0 :5 b>b>ian hordes ov]ran mu* ( ,europe1 ! seat ( le>n+ 0 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/1 9 ,arabia & ,p]sia4 ,today x may be difficult = "s to attribute great intellectual advance to a p (t5 associat$ 9 ! common m9d ) des]t life & ! crudities ( camel transport4 ,b ar\nd ! ye> #hej ,a4,d4 ! mo/ elaborate c\rts ( ! _w1 & ke5e/ s*ol>%ip1 7 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,! late/ ( ! anci5t pione]s 9 magic %ad[s1 ! f\r? 8,a01 0 ,alhaz51 ! ,arab4 ,alhaz5 7,abu ,ali ,alhasan ,ibn ,alhasan1 ,ibnu-l-,haitam or ,ibn ,al-,haitan7 0 ! greate/ ,arab sci5ti/ 9 ! field ( optics & vision4 ,born 9 #ife at ,basra1 ,arabian c5t] ( comm]ce & le>n+1 ne> ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ,alhaz5 f an e>ly age devot$ himself to sci5ce ( a practical r ?an !oretical nature4 ,he 0 :at w\ld be call$ a civil eng9e] 9 our day4 ,at ! invitation ( ! ,k+ ( ,egypt1 ,alhaz5 und]took ! gigantic task ( regulat+ ! ,nile4 ,he 0 inde$ a man ( c\rage4 ,ev5 back 9 ^? days ! floods ( t great riv] 7 a s]i\s m5ace to lives & prop]ty1 & control 0 attempt$4 ,b x 0 n until mod]n times t any successful regulation ( ! flood wat]s ( ! ,nile 0 effect$1 & ?is 0 "u ! skill ( ,briti% eng9e]+2 s ,alhaz5 %\ld n be blam$ = 8 failure4 ,alhaz5 w5t to ,egypt & made prelim9>y calculations4 ,he saw t ! task 0 impossible ) available tools1 m5 & k1 b to admit failure 9 ^? days usually meant los+ a life--"o's own4 ,absolute rul]s did n l to h agreem5ts brok54 ,alhaz5 feign$ madness & escap$4 ,by pret5d+ to lose 8 head he sav$ 8 life4 ,despite 8 failure ) ! ,nile1 ,alhaz5 is reg>d$ z ! fir/ great discov]] 9 optics aft] ! "t ( ,ptolemy4 ,! ,arabs 7 en?usia/ic foll[]s ( ,ari/otle & also knew ( ! "w ( ,ar*im$es1 ,ptolemy & o!r ,greek s*ol>s4 ,alhaz5's great "w1 ,opticae ,!saurus ,alhaz5i ,arabis1 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #aegb b manuscript copies ( ! ,de ,aspectibus or ,p]spectiva & ! ,de ,crepusculis ,nubium ,asc5sionibus _h f\nd _! way ab\t ! late #ab? c5tury into all ! great libr>ies ( ! ,middle ,ages & 8 influ5ce on all subsequ5t "w 9 optics 0 great & widespread4 ,! book is v curi\s1 cov]+ a multitude ( subjects4 ,alhaz5 /udi$ images1 ! v>i\s k9ds ( %ad[s & ev5 attempt$ to calculate ! size ( ! e>?4 ,he is cr$it$ ) be+ ! fir/ to expla9 successfully ! app>5t increase ( heav5ly bodies ne> ! horizon--! famili> ph5om5on ( ! great sun at sunset & ! huge h>ve/ moon z x comes up 9 ! ,ea/4 ,light also 0 ext5sively consid]$ by ,alhaz5 & he treat$ its use1 sett+ d[n _m rules on reflection & refraction4 ,he recogniz$ ! elem5t ( "t necess>y to complete ! act ( vision2 9 o!r words1 ! p]si/5ce ( vision or ! "t lag4 ,he gave a description ( ! l5s' magnify+ p[] z he 0 famili> ) v>i\s l5ses & mirrors4 ,b1 p]haps ( mo/ importance1 ,alhaz5 0 ! fir/ to note 9 "s detail ! work+s ( ! human eye4 ,alhaz5 discuss$ h[ we see b "o picture ev5 ?\gh we h two eyes1 bo? function+ at ! same "t4 ,he is also "o ( ! au?orities :o made x possible = lat] s*ol>s to "k t ! ,greeks & ,pho5icians knew & und]/ood ! simpl] optical ph5om5a4 ,x w\ld be expect+ too mu* to hope t ,alhaz5's "w w\ld be unmix$ ) error4 ,at 8 "t & = c5turies lat]1 on acc\nt ( ! lack ( suitable in/rum5ts & k ( :at 0 be+ s\ght1 ! imag9ation 0 reli$ on m ?an x %\ld h be5 9 an exact sci5ce4 ,9 e>ly days mu* ( ! advance 9 le>n+ _h to be reason$ out & !n v]ifi$1 if possible1 by exp]im5ts4 ,n[ we rev]se ! process4 ,our sci5ti/s exp]im5t fir/ by obs]v+ ph5om5a "u all sorts ( conditions & !n lat] try to reason to a satisfactory explanation :i*1 ev5 ) all our le>n+1 _c always be f\nd4 ,9 fact1 ! und]ly+ explanation ( _m ( ! commone/ ?+s 9 life escape u4 ,= example1 we d n "k a great deal m ?an ! anci5ts ab\t ! ultimate con/itu5ts ( matt]1 ! nature ( light or h[ our s5ses really "w4 ,alhaz5 did valuable "w himself b 0 f> m important z ! inspiration = /udy 9 optics = ! greate/ sci5ti/ ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! fir/ exp]im5tal sci5ti/ & "o ( ! greate/ ,engli%m5 ( all "t1 ,rog] ,bacon4 ,,ii ,,fri> ,,bacon',s ,,magic ,rog] ,bacon1 ,engli% monk ( ! #ac? ,c5tury1 /udies ! anci5ts--& ! ,greeks--& inaugurates ! sci5tific /udy ( magic %ad[s & devices = creat+ !m4 ,rog] ,bacon made a great contribution to human k1 especially 9 sci5tific matt]s4 ,yet ?is great philosoph] & sci5ti/ 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z 8,fri> ,bacon10 a mad monk :o play$ ) magic & dealt ) ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,?is my? p]si/$ ev5 ?\gh ,bacon's contempor>ies _h be/[$ ^u him ! title ( 8,doctor ,mirabilis40 ,/udies made 9 ! #ai? c5tury & ! fir/ "p ( ?is c5tury h t5d$ to confirm him 9 8 prop] high place 9 hi/ory4 ,rog] ,bacon 0 born at ,il*e/] 9 ,som]set%ire1 ,engl&1 ab\t #abad1 ! ye> be=e ! ,magna ,*>ta 0 sign$4 ,9 ^? days s]i\s education began e>ly4 ,:5 ,bacon 0 #ab or #ac he 0 s5t to ,ox=d4 ,lat] on he cont9u$ 8 /udies at ,p>is4 ,9 8 y\? ,bacon's family gave him ! consid]able sums he ne$$ = 8 education4 ,aft] complet+ 8 /udies1 ,bacon 0 a pr(essor at ,ox=d & !n ent]$ ! ,franciscan ,ord]4 ,z a monk he f\nd ! pursuit ( le>n+ some:at m difficult ev5 ?\gh ! libr>ies ( ! religi\s ord]s 7 ! be/ ( ! p]iod & mo/ ( ! le>n$ m5 7 ecclesia/ics4 ,aft] hav+ tak5 a v[ ( pov]ty ,bacon _h difficulty 9 obta9+ f "s ( 8 sup]iors money to buy p5s & pay copyi/s4 ,c]ta9 au?orities did n look ) complete satisfaction on 8 exp]im5tal sci5ce inve/igations & !y lik$ ev5 less 8 b>b$ comm5ts on o!r philosoph]s ( ! day4 ,bacon z a memb] ( ! ,franciscan ,ord] f\nd himself confront$ ) ! rule requir+ 8 sup]iors' p]mission to publi% any "w4 ,h[ev]1 ,pope ,clem5t ,,iv1 a ,fr5*man1 _h ! requirem5t lift$ s f> z ,bacon 0 conc]n$ by p]sonally communicat+ ) him & ask+ him to publi% 8 /udies4 ,:5 t ,pope 0 ,c>d9al ,guy le ,gros de ,f\lques 7or ,f\lquois71 ! ,papal ,delegate 9 ,engl&1 he _h be5 impress$ ) ,bacon's s*ol>%ip4 ,foll[+ ! ,pope's comm&1 ,bacon set out to d ! job4 ,aft] "s difficulty 9 obta9+ money = p5s & copyi/s1 ! ?ree great works1 ,opus ,majus1 ,m9us & ,t]tium 7#abfg-fh7 7 complet$ 9 ! almo/ unbelievable "t ( #ah mon?s4 ,^!1 toge!r ) 8 %ort book1 8,conc]n+ ! m>vel\s p[] ( art & nature & ! ineffectiv5ess ( magic0--also kn[n z 8,lett] conc]n+ ! secret works ( art & nature0--are 8 be/ kn[n writ+s4 ,z soon z 8 fir/ book 0 complet$ ,bacon s5t x (f to ! ,pope 9 c>e ( 8 fri5d1 ,john ( ,p>is4 ,un=tunately1 ,pope ,clem5t ,,iv di$ )9 a ye> ( receiv+ ,bacon's book & no (ficial papal action 0 tak5 9 connection ) 8 sci5tific op9ions4 ,bacon cont9u$ to tea*1 /udy & exp]im5t at ,ox=d :]e he held = a "t ! (fice ( ,*ancellor4 ,"s say he 0 ev5tually imprison$2 ! record is n cle>4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ,bacon's "w1 s f> z motion picture prehi/ory is conc]n$1 is conta9$ 9 8 lett] 8,on ! ,p[] ( ,art & ,nature & ,magic40 ,x is 9 ?is "w t ,bacon speaks ( ! _m wond]ful devices he kn[s ab\t & :i* w\ld be 9 s]vice 9 ! future4 ,"h we read ( self-propell$ vehicles1 "u-wat] craft1 fly+ ma*9es1 gun-p[d] 7! idea ( :i* probably came f ! ,ea/71 l5ses1 microscopes1 telescopes4 ,bacon claim$ t he _h se5 all ^! wond]ful ?+s ) ! exception ( ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,b ev5 ?is did n leave him at a loss1 = he tells u t he has se5 draw+s by a man :o has x all work$ out on pap]6 ,9 t book ( ,bacon !re is also ! !ory ( go+ we/w>d to ,india--! idea t lat] result$ 9 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! idea1 !re=e1 0 n orig9al ) ,*ri/oph] ,columbus4 ,bacon des]ves great cr$it1 = 8 views at lea/ _h a direct influ5ce4 ,8 /atem5ts 7 us$ )\t cr$it by ,pi]re d',ailly 9 8 ,imago ,mundi1 publi%$ 9 #adhj4 ,we "k ,columbus consult$ ?is "w1 = he quot$ a passage 9 8 lett] to ,f]d9& & ,isabella :5 seek+ f9ancial support = ! voyage4 ,& x 0 ! v passage ( ,bacon1 /ol5 by d',ailly1 :i* ,columbus us$ to drive home 8 argum5ts ) ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,spa94 ,bacon devot$ t5 :ole ye>s to ! /udy ( optics & "s ( 8 be/ "w 0 done 9 t field4 ,! pr9cipal influ5ce on ,bacon 9 ?is subject 0 ! "w ( ,alhaz51 ! ,arab4 ,! conc5tration ( rays & ! pr9cipal focus1 k necess>y = f9e cam]a "w1 z well z good picture projection1 7 famili> to ,bacon4 ,?is 0 an advance ov] ,euclid1 ,ptolemy & ,alhaz54 ,bacon recogniz$ t light _h a measurable spe$4 ,up to t "t mo/ m5 ?\ght t ! spe$ ( light 0 inf9ite4 7,measurem5ts 7 n made until ! #ai? c5tury47 ,bacon also /udi$ ! optical illusions p]ta9+ to motion & re/1 fundam5tal = ! motion picture4 ,he belong$ to ! s*ool ( vision /udy t believ$ we see by some?+ %ot out f ! objects view$4 ,?is is directly oppos$ to ! idea ( ,lucretius & o!rs :o held t some?+ 0 %ot out ( ! eye to make sight possible4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ,bacon actually inv5t$ a telescope b he c]ta9ly 0 aw>e ( ! pr9ciple4 ,he plann$ a comb9ation ( l5ses :i* w\ld br+ f> ?+s ne>4 ,rog] ,bacon has (t5 be5 call$ ! inv5tor ( ! cam]a obscura1 or 8d>k room10 :i* is ! he>t ( ! sy/em = tak+ & exhibit+ pictures4 7,illu/ration fac+ page #dj47 ,h[ev]1 ! orig9al ( ! mod]n box p9-hole cam]a 9 its simple/ =m is only a d>k room ) a v small hole 9 "o wall1 & 0 nev] actually inv5t$4 ,! ph5om5on ( an image ( :at 0 on ! outside appe>+ upside d[n 9 a d>k room 0 surely a natural discov]y fir/ obs]v$ 9 ! remote pa/4 ,! 8d>k room0 c easily be consid]$ z a giant box cam]a ) ! spectator inside ! box4 ,an inv]t$ image ( ! sc5e outside appe>s on ! wall or floor ) ! light com+ ?r\gh a small circul> op5+1 z 9 a 8p9-hole0 cam]a4 ,record ( ! fir/ use ( ! 8d>k room0 = ent]ta9m5t or sci5ce has be5 lo/ 9 ! dim pa/4 ,z late z #agbg ! ,fr5* ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel sugge/$1 9 desp]ation1 t ,solomon himself mu/ h inv5t$ ! room cam]a4 ,until ! #ac? c5tury1 ! images 9 ! room cam]a 7 fa9t & upside d[n because no l5s sy/em 0 us$4 ,9 anci5t days & ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages ! cam]a 0 a wond]ful & t]rify+ ?+4 ,! !atre always 0 "s small d>k5$ room4 ,) a brilliant sun & ! necess>y small hole & a :ite wall or floor1 ! outside sc5e w\ld be project$4 ,spectators & /ud5ts c]ta9ly 7 ?rill$ & aw$4 ,! ,romans le>n$ ab\t ! cam]a f ! ,greeks1 :o probably _h obta9$ ! k f ! ,ea/ :]e1 ) brilliant sun 9 :i* ! be/ results c\ld be obta9$1 x is likely ! effects 7 fir/ notic$4 ,su* le>n$ ,arabs z ,alhaz5 are believ$ to h _h a k ( ! use ( ! room cam]a1 b ,alhaz5 did n leave any good description ( x 9 8 writ+s4 ,to ,bacon mu/ g ! cr$it = ! fir/ description ( ! cam]a us$ = sci5tific purposes4 ,two ,lat9 manuscripts1 attribut$ to him or "o ( 8 pupils1 9 :i* ! use ( ! room cam]a to obs]ve an eclipse is describ$1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,fr5* ,national ,libr>y4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t ?is me?od makes x possible = ! a/ronom] to obs]ve ! eclipse )\t endang]+ 8 eyesight by />+ at ! sun4 ,x is c]ta9 ,bacon us$ a mirror-l5s device = ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction4 ,9 8 ,p]spectiva !re appe>s ! foll[+ passage3 ,mirrors c be s arrang$ t1 z (t5 z we wi%1 any object1 ei!r 9 ! h\se or ! /reet1 c be made to appe>4 ,anyone look+ at ! images =m$ by ! mirrors w see some?+ real b :5 he goes to ! place :]e ! object seems to be he w f9d no?+4 ,= ! mirrors are s clev]ly arrang$ 9 relation to ! object t ! images appe> to be 9 space1 =m$ !re by ! union ( ! visible rays4 ,& ! spectators w run to ! place ( ! app>itions :]e !y ?9k ! objects actually are1 b w f9d no?+ b an illusion ( ! object4 ,bacon's description is n cle>3 ! effects & n ! app>atus are describ$4 ,! words c\ld apply to a v>iation ( ! cam]a pr9ciple b x seems m likely t only a mirror sy/em1 relat$ to ! mod]n p]iscope1 0 us$4 ,! device did n a*ieve projection 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,bacon's description cle>ly /ates t ?r\gh ! use ( mirrors objects 7 made to appe> :]e !y 7 n4 ,9 effect1 ?is rem9ds u ( ! illusion ( ! mod]n motion picture4 ,!re are /ories t native p :5 fir/ see+ motion pictures1 attempt to run up to ! scre5 & greet ! pictures4 ,x is only ?r\gh exp]i5ce t !y le>n ! *>act]s are n actually alive on ! scre54 ,bacon knew t light & %ad[ in/rum5ts 7 n always us$ = wor?y purposes ( ent]ta9m5t or in/ruction b 7 also us$ to deceive4 ,he vigor\sly attack$ ! practices ( necromancy--%[+ ! correctness ( 8 position ev5 ?\gh 9 gossip 8 "n has be5 l9k$ ) ! 8,black ,art01 z 0 ,kir*]'s f\r c5turies lat]4 8,= !re are p]sons10 ,bacon wrote1 8:o by a swift movem5t ( _! limbs or a *ang+ ( _! voice or by f9e in/rum5ts or d>kness or ! coop]ation ( o!rs produce app>itions1 & ?us place be=e mortals m>vels :i* h n ! tru? ( actual exi/5ce40 ,bacon add$ t ! _w 0 full ( su* fak]s4 ,x is n surpris+ t ^? skill$ 9 ! black arts tri$ to use ! /range m$ium ( light & %ad[ to impose ^u ! ignorant & unw>y4 ,! dea? ( ,rog] ,bacon 9 #abid 0 ! pass+ ( "o ( ! greate/ m5 9 ! hi/ory ( light & %ad[4 ,) him ! art-sci5ce _h rea*$ a po9t at :i* magic %ad[ ent]ta9m5t devices c\ld be built4 ,fri> ,bacon did mu* m to prep>e ! way = devices :i* 7 n to be p]fect$ = c5turies ?an m]ely make a contribution to ! k ( light1 l5ses & mirrors4 ,he blaz$ ! way = all lat] exp]im5tal sci5ti/s4 ,up to 8 "t emphasis _h be5 plac$ on !oretical1 speculative ?9k+4 ,bacon %[$ t sci5ce mu/ be bas$ on practical exp]im5tation z ! f\ndation = its pr9ciples4 ,,iii ,,da ,,v9ci',s ,,cam]a ,italy ( ! ,r5aissance dom9ates magic %ad[ developm5t--,leon>do da ,v9ci describes 9 detail ! cam]a obscura--,inv5tions are by ,alb]ti1 ,maurolico1 ,ces>iano & ,c>dano4 ,to ! giant ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 mu/ g ! cr$it = be+ ! fir/ to det]m9e & record ! pr9ciples ( ! cam]a obscura1 or 8d>k room01 basic in/rum5t ( all photography4 ,da ,v9ci liv$ 9 a wondr\s age4 ,mi*elangelo 0 pa9t+ & sculptur+ 8 unp>allel$ creations4 ,raphael 0 at "w4 ,! ,italians ( ! ,r5aissance l$ ! _w 9 a new culture4 ,! tor* ( le>n+ & art once held high 9 ,greece1 !n at anci5t ,rome1 lat] by ! ,arabs1 0 c>ri$ high 9 ,italy ( ! late ,middle ,ages4 ,toge!r ) ! g5]al ,r5aissance 9 ,italy !re 0 a rebir? ( int]e/ 9 optics & especially light & %ad[ demon/rations & devices4 ,! new activity _h come aft] a second 8d>k age0 ( ne>ly two c5turies1 f ! "t ( ,rog] ,bacon to da ,v9ci4 ,aft] ?is 8d>k age0 ! room box-cam]a 0 8r$iscov]$0 9 ,italy4 ,( c\rse1 z not$ above1 s9ce ! cam]a _h nev] be5 inv5t$ 9 ! usual s5se ( ! t]m1 x 0 n actually 8r$iscov]$0 ei!r4 ,x is likely t da ,v9ci & o!rs receiv$ _! /imulus 9 ?is g5]al subject f ,bacon & p]haps ,alhaz5 or ,witelo4 ,! r5ew$ int]e/ 9 sc5ic beauty 9 ! ,r5aissance sugge/$ "w ) a portable cam]a1 z x 0 f\nd to be an excell5t aid 9 pa9t+ & draw+ ! beauties ( nature4 ,leone ,batti/a ,alb]ti 7#adjd-adgb71 a ,flor5t9e ecclesia/ic & arti/1 0 ! fir/ ,italian to make a notable contribution to ! magic %ad[ /ory4 ,alb]ti1 l ! great] da ,v9ci1 _h _m tal5ts4 ,a native ( ,flor5ce1 he grew up 9 an atmosph]e ( arti/ic culture4 ,he 0 a prie/1 poet1 musician1 pa9t] & sculptor1 b mo/ not$ z an ar*itect4 ,he wrote ,de ,re ,a$ificatoria1 8,conc]n+ ar*itecture or build+01 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? 9 #adhe & _m o!r works1 includ+ ,della ,famiglia1 8,! ,family04 ,alb]ti complet$ "w on ! ,pitti ,palace 9 ,flor5ce b 8 be/ design is said to be ! ,/4 ,francis ,*ur* at ,rim9i4 ,he also design$ ! new facade ( ,/4 ,m>ia ,novella ,*ur* at ,flor5ce & is believ$ to be ! ar*itect ( ! unf9i%$ c\rty>d at ! ,palazzo ,v5ezia :i* ne>ly #ejj ye>s lat] 0 ! (fice ( ! late & unlam5t$ ,b5ito ,mussol9i4 ,8 pa9t+1 8,la ,visitazione01 is 9 ! ,uffizi gall]y4 ,z an ecclesia/ic1 ,alb]ti 0 ,canon ( ! ,metropolitan ,*ur* ( ,flor5ce 9 #addg & lat] 0 ,abbot ( ! ,san ,sov9o mona/]y1 ,pisa4 ,b x 0 z an arti/ t ,alb]ti made 8 contribution to ! art & sci5ce ( light & %ad[s4 ,he inv5t$ ! cam]a lucida1 a ma*9e :i* aid$ arti/s & pa9t]s by reflect+ images & sc5es to be pa9t$ or drawn4 ,! device1 a modification ( ! 8d>k room01 c\ld also be us$ to make x easy to copy a design4 ,9 a s5se1 ! cam]a lucida 0 ! =]unn] ( ! mod]n blue-pr9t duplicator4 ,aft] ,alb]ti _h made 8 orig9al draw+s1 an assi/ant1 ) ! aid ( ! device1 c\ld rapidly copy !m & give duplicates to ! build]s = use on ! con/ruction job4 ,vas>i's ,lives ( ,pa9t]s1 ,sculptors & ,ar*itects is ! *ief s\rce ( in=mation ab\t ,alb]ti4 ,t writ] said ,alb]ti 0 m anxi\s = inv5tion ?an = fame & _h m int]e/ 9 exp]im5t+ ?an 9 publi%+ 8 results4 ,?is is an attempt to expla9 :y ,alb]ti's own words ( description ( 8 cam]a lucida are n pres]v$4 ,alb]ti 0 said to h writt5 on ! art ( repres5tation1 expla9+ 8 8depictive %[+s0 :i* 8spectators f\nd unbelievable04 ,accord+ to ,vas>i's description x w\ld appe> t ,alb]ti us$ a =m ( ! cam]a obscura or room box-cam]a b introduc$ special sc5es su* z pa9t+s ( m\nta9s & ! seas & ! />s4 ,9 ?is way ,alb]ti s\ght to introduce a t\* ( %[man%ip into ! p]=mances ( ! room cam]a :i* up to ?is "t 0 us$ *iefly = obs]vation ( eclipses & o!r sci5tific purposes4 ,?\gh ,alb]ti di$ :5 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 0 a "y man1 x is c]ta9 t ,leon>do knew ( him1 z !y 7 natives ( ! same city4 ,p]haps da ,v9ci _h ev5 att5d$ "s ( ,alb]ti's magic %ad[s exhibitions4 ,leon>do di ,s] ,pi]o da ,v9ci 0 born ne> ,flor5ce 9 #adeb & di$ ne> ,amboise1 ,france1 9 #aeai4 ,9 #aici1 #dbj ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 a great exhibition ( ! ma/]'s works 0 held at ,milan & p>ts ( x 7 %[n 9 ! next ye> at ! ,museum ( ,sci5ce & ,indu/ry 9 ,rockefell] ,c5t]1 ,new ,york4 ,! ,milan exhibit includ$ works 9 ! foll[+ fields3 /udies & draw+s 9 ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 geology1 geodesy1 cosmography1 map-mak+1 hydraulics1 botany1 anatomy1 optics 7includ+ pro( ( ,alhaz5's problem ( measur+ ! angle ( reflection ( light71 ac\/ics1 me*anics1 & fly+2 n to m5tion sculpture1 pa9t+1 draw+1 sket*es1 ar*itecture1 t[n plann+ & milit>y arts & sci5ces4 ,da ,v9ci is be/ kn[n today = 8 pa9t+s1 su* z ! r5[n$ 8,la/ ,supp]01 belov$ ev]y:]e1 & ! 8,mona ,lisa04 ,he 0 "o ( ! truly univ]sal g5iuses4 ,!re 0 little inde$ t he c\ld n d4 ,leon>do's /udy ( optics & p]spective 0 report$ 9 8 ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 writt5 ab\t #aeae & fir/ publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #afea1 b well kn[n prior to t "t ?r\gh manuscript copies4 ,da ,v9ci has be5 a great trial to ! /ud5ts & hi/orians1 = he wrote 9 8 own special =m ( %or?& :i* 0 f\nd to be extremely h>d to deciph]4 ,da ,v9ci exp]im5t$ ) ! cam]a obscura & wrote an accurate sci5tific description ( x1 prep>+ ! way = ! m5 :o 7 to make ! ma*9e a practical m$ium4 ,vas>i 9 8 fam\s ,life ( ,leon>do po9ts out t he gave 8 att5tion to mirrors & le>n$ h[ !y op]at$ & h[ images 7 =m$4 ,b m important ?an ?is1 he /udi$ ! human eye & 0 ! fir/ to expla9 x accurately1 us+ ! cam]a z 8 model1 & 9 ?is way he really le>n$ ! fundam5tals ( its functional pr9ciples4 ,to ?is day ! cam]a is expla9$ 9 simple/ t]ms z a me*anical eye & ! human eye is expla9$ z a m>vel\s1 natural cam]a4 ,da ,v9ci also not$ ! effects ( visible impressions on ! eye4 ,rog] ,bacon 0 und\bt$ly ,leon>do's ma/] 9 optics & ?is is a def9ite l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ! gr[+ k ( light & %ad[ & ( devices :i* w\ld create illusions = in/ruction & ent]ta9m5t4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ,leon>do & ,rog] ,bacon _h mu* 9 common--bo? be+ s f> ahead ( _! own times t !y 7 n und]/ood until c5turies lat]4 ,& bo? m5 believ$ passionately 9 sci5tific rese>* & inve/igation4 ,z an example1 ,leon>do w\ld sp5d h\rs1 days or ev5 weeks /udy+ a muscle ( an animal appe>+ 9 ! backgr\nd ( a pa9t+ s t x c\ld be drawn p]fectly4 ,z a concrete l9k ) ,bacon1 ,leon>do describ$ a mirror cam]a device :i* made x possible = p on ! inside to see ! pass]by 9 ! /reet outside4 ,bacon1 y may recall1 a*iev$ & describ$ a simil> effect4 ,)9 two ye>s aft] da ,v9ci's dea? two o!r ,italians1 ,maurolico & ,ces>iano1 advanc$ ! magic %ad[ art-sci5ce by writ+ sci5tific & exp]im5tal discussions ( ! subject4 ,some:at lat] ano!r ,italian1 ,c>dano1 made ano!r contribution4 ,francesco ,maurolico 7,maurolycus71 #adid-aege1 a ma!matician ( ,mess9a1 & ! great a/ronom] ( 8 day1 wrote ,de ,subtilitate1 ab\t #aebj1 9 :i* ,pl9y1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ,leon>do da ,v9ci are m5tion$4 ,! mat]ial includ$ a ma!matical1 r ?an exp]im5tal1 discussion ( light1 mirrors & light !atres4 ,?is la/ subject %[s t ! use ( light & %ad[ = !atrical purposes 0 be+ rapidly advanc$4 ,9 #aeba1 ,maurolico 0 said to h f9i%$ ,!oremata de lum9e et umbra ad p]spectivam et radiorum incid5tiam faci5tia1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #afaa at ,naples & 9 #afac at ,leyd54 ,?is book expla9$ h[ a comp\nd microscope c\ld be fa%ion$4 ,m5 7 n[ le>n+ h[ to use l5ses & h[ to make bett] ones s necess>y = satisfactory projection ( images4 ,illu/ration3 ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae1 #afdf ,,burn+ ,,glasses ( ,ar*im$es 7 anci5t optical devices4 ,!y 7 us$ 9 ! def5se ( ,syracuse 9 #bab ,b4 ,c4 ,"s type ( glass or l5s is requir$ 9 e cam]a or projector4 ,proposition #bj ( ! book 0 entitl$ 8,an object's %ad[ c be conv]t$ & project$40 ,! au?or po9t$ out t if an object betwe5 a light & an op5+ is mov$ "o way its %ad[ appe>s to move ! o!r4 ,he !n w5t on to expla9 ! reasons = ,ari/otle's squ>e hole & r\nd sun4 ,he also %[$ accurately ! relation ( images & objects :i* 0 fundam5tal = und]/&+ h[ to focus l5ses & mirrors4 ,illu/ration3 ,self portrait4 ,royal ,palace1 ,tur9 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci1 fam$ ,r5aissance pa9t] & sculptor1 expla9$ h[ to use ! cam]a & describ$ its relation%ip to ! human eye4 ,lat] a/ronom]s cr$it ,maurolico ) hav+ describ$ ! application ( ! cam]a obscura me?od to an obs]vation ( eclipses 7b ?is 0 done = ! fir/ record$ "t by ,bacon or 8 contempor>ies74 ,maurolico knew ! works ( ,bacon & ,john ,peckham1 ano!r ,engli% ,franciscan monk ( ! #ac? c5tury1 & /udi$ bo? c>efully4 ,9 #aece he wrote ,cosmographia & 9 lat] life /udi$ ! rays ( light t make ! ph5om5on ( ! images appe>+ 9 a cam]a obscura1 or any cam]a1 possible )\t m5tion+ ! app>atus or device or describ+ x4 ,be+ a ma!matician prim>ily he 0 int]e/$ 9 t side ( ! problem & 0 n a practical demon/rator or %[man4 ,ces>e ,ces>iano1 an ar*itect1 pa9t] & writ] on art1 made a ref]5ce to a light & %ad[ device :i* curi\sly has nev] be5 adequately expla9$4 ,ces>iano 0 born 9 ,milan 9 #adhc & di$ !re on ,m>* #cj1 #aedc4 ,9 #aebh he became ar*itect to ,c>lo ,v & 9 #aecc ar*itect to ! city ( ,milan4 ,9 #aeba he design$ ! beautiful ca!dral ( ,como4 ,:ile at ,como1 ,ces>iano prep>$ a translation & comm5t>y on ! ,ar*itectura ( ,vitruvius1 ar*itect to ,emp]or ,augu/us1 ^: classic on ! subject 0 r$iscov]$ 9 ! #ae? c5tury4 ,vitruvius' book includ$ a *apt] on 8,ac\/ic ,prop]ties ( a ,!atre0--a good subject = /udy ev5 today4 ,ces>iano's edition 0 publi%$ at ,como 9 #aeba ) a note say+ t aft] ! sudd5 dep>ture ( ! translator & comm5tator f ,como ! "w 0 f9i%$ by ,bruono ,m>iro & ,b5$etto ,giovio4 ,x 0 consid]$ a m>vel\s "w1 to be 9 ! v]nacul> & n 9 ,lat94 ,at ?is p]iod p want$ to h books 9 _! own language & n 9 ,lat94 ,:ile comm5t+ on ! ^w1 spectaculum1 translat$ z a 8sight+ tube01 ,ces>iano describ$ h[ a ,b5$ict9e monk & ar*itect1 ,don ,papnutio or ,panuce1 made a little sight+ tube & fitt$ x into a small hole made = ! purpose 9 a door4 ,x 0 s arrang$ t no light c\ld ent] ! room except ?r\gh ! small tube4 ,! result 0 t outside objects 7 se51 ) _! own colors1 9 :at really 0 a natural cam]a sy/em4 ,( c\rse1 ! images 7 upside d[n1 z 9 any cam]a1 )\t a special l5s arrangem5t1 b ?is fact 0 n not$ by ,ces>iano4 ,! :ole matt] is p]plex+4 ,:at is describ$ is a 8d>k room0 cam]a :i*1 z has be5 obs]v$1 0 nev] actually inv5t$ or discov]$ & 0 kn[n = c5turies4 ,?is ,b5$ict9e monk & ar*itect may h made "s ref9em5ts by c>efully fitt+ ! small op5+ to admit ! light b t is all4 ,at ab\t ?is "t1 or a little e>li]1 ! pr9ciples ( ! cam]a 7 set d[n by ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,! writ] & o!r rese>*]s h n be5 able to discov] any trace ( ,b5$ettano ,don ,papnutio or ,panuce4 ,he c]ta9ly did n write any books or 8 "n w\ld be kn[n to hi/ory & x w\ld be possible to f9d m in=mation ab\t him & 8 "w4 ,!re is no record ( him 9 ! ,b5$ict9e bibliography4 ,guillaume ,libri1 ,italian writ]1 :o work$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! #ai? c5tury &1 incid5tally1 0 *>g$ ) /eal+ da ,v9ci's manuscripts1 said1 8,i h n s f> be5 able to asc]ta9 :o ,don ,panuce 01 or :5 he liv$40 ,libri ass]t$ t at any rate ,leon>do's obs]vation ( ! cam]a obscura mu/ h be5 made be=e ,ces>iano saw or he>d ab\t ?is monk4 ,h[ev]1 ,ces>iano seems to h ! record = ! fir/ publi%$ acc\nt ( h[ to make a workable cam]a obscura4 ,girolamo or ,hi]onimo ,c>dano 7#aeja-aegf7 0 an ,italian physician & ma!matician :o has be5 describ$ by ,cajori1 ! ma!matical hi/orian1 z 8a s+ul> mixture ( g5ius1 folly1 self-conceit & my/icism40 ,he lectur$ 9 m$ic9e at ! ,univ]sities ( ,milan1 ,p>is & ,bologna4 ,9 #aega1 aft] hav+ be51 accord+ to "s1 jail$ = debt ! ye> be=e1 he 0 p5sion$ by ! ,pope & w5t to ,rome to cont9ue special "w 9 m$ic9e4 ,c>dano's contribution to motion picture pre-hi/ory 0 made 9 8 ,de ,subtilitate1 publi%$ at ,nuremb]g 9 #aeej4 ,he %[$ h[ a concave mirror c\ld be us$ to produce q a wond]ful %[3--8,if y wi% to see :at is happ5+ on ! /reet1 put a small r\nd glass at ! w9d[ :5 ! sun is bright & aft] ! w9d[ has be5 %ut "o c see dim images on ! opposite wall40 ,he w5t on to expla9 h[ ! images c\ld be d\bl$1 !n quadrupl$ & h[ o!r /range appe>ances ( ?+s & "o's self c\ld be devis$ ) a concave mirror4 ,he rem>k$ t ! images appe>$ upside d[n4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is ano!r description ( ! cam]a obscura1 ) a few additional po9ts = recreational & in/ructional purposes4 ,x w be not$ t ,c>dano's description is v l ^? ( ,bacon1 ,leon>do & ,ces>iano4 ,n[ da ,v9ci's cam]a1 ! orig9al 8d>k room0 cam]a & prog5itor ( ! mod]n p9-hole box cam]a1 0 ready = %[m5 to turn x to successful uses4 ,j aft] ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury1 a "y ,neapolitan 0 prep>$ to spread ! k ( ! sport+ use ( ! device ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,,iv ,,porta1 ,,fir/ ,,scre5 ,,%[man ,porta1 a ,neapolitan1 bl5ds fancy & %[man%ip = magic %ad[ ent]ta9m5ts 9 ! #af? c5tury--,b>b>o & ,b5$etti put a l5s 9 ! 8p9-hole0 cam]a or cam]a obscura4 ,! fir/ contact ( ! new dramatic art1 !n be+ develop$ 9 ,europe & especially 9 ,engl&1 ) ! magic %ad[ m$ium 0 made by a rem>kable ,neapolitan1 ,giovanni ,batti/a della ,porta4 ,porta1 a boy wond]1 :o w\ld h felt at home 9 ! mod]n ,hollywood1 put ! room cam]a to !atrical uses4 ,9 a way ,porta 0 bo? ! la/ ( ! necromanc]s1 :o us$ l5s & mirror devices to deceive1 & ! fir/ legitimate scre5 writ] & produc] ( light & %ad[ plays ) true ent]ta9m5t values4 ,porta 0 born 9 ,naples ab\t ! ye> #aech4 ,he & 8 bro!r1 ,v9c5zo1 7 educat$ by _! uncle ,adriano ,spata=e1 a le>n$ man4 ,! uncle _h consid]able weal?1 :i* enabl$ "y ,porta to travel ext5sively & h ! be/ available in/ructors4 ,f boyhood ,porta's *ief int]e/s 7 ! /age & magic4 ,at an e>ly age he />t$ writ+ = ! !atre & 8 com$ies are rat$ ) ! be/ produc$ 9 ,italy 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,b ev5 be=e he began 8 pr(essional writ+ = ! /age1 he _h develop$ an int]e/ 9 magic & any?+ approa*+ ! magical4 ,?is avocation 0 develop$ dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,porta 0 v fond ( secrets & secret societies1 f\nd+ ! ,academy ( ,secrets at ,naples4 ,he 0 also a memb] ( ! ,roman ,academy ( ! ,lynxes1 sci5tific society f\nd$ 9 #afjc--nam$ = its tradem>k4 ,ev5 magic inks = secret writ+ 7 an attraction to him4 ,= ye>s x 0 g5]ally believ$ t ,porta inv5t$ ! cam]a obscura b1 z we h se51 x 0 kn[n long be=e he 0 born4 ,at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( photography ,porta's title to ! inv5tion ( ! cam]a 0 discuss$ & x 0 def9itely e/abli%$ t :ile he made "s ref9em5ts &1 ( c\rse1 devis$ "s special uses1 he _h no?+ to d ) its inv5tion4 ,:5 ab\t #ae1 ,porta began ! inve/igations :i* l$ to ! writ+ ( ,magia ,naturalis1 sive de ,miraculis ,r]um ,naturalium1 8,natural ,magic1 or ! wond]s ( natural ?+s40 ,! mat]ial 0 publi%$ five ye>s lat]1 at ,naples1 9 f\r 8books01 or l>ge *apt]s4 ,?r\gh ! ye>s he increas$ 8 notes on ! subject & 9 #aehi ! "w 0 pr9t$ 9 tw5ty *apt]s4 ,porta's ,natural ,magic 0 a popul> book1 a be/-sell] ( ! day4 ,x 0 fir/ translat$ into ,engli% & publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #afeh4 ,x 0 also translat$ into _m o!r languages4 ,natural ,magic conta9s a wide v>iety ( subjects1 includ+ developm5ts 9 ! light & %ad[ art-sci5ce4 ,porta publi%$ ! fir/ detail$ explanation ( ! con/ruction & use ( ! cam]a obscura 9 ! f\r? 8book04 8,a sy/em by :i* y c see1 9 _! own colors1 9 ! d>kness objects outdoors light$ by ! sun10 0 ,porta's title = ! section4 ,he cont9u$3 ,if anyone wi%es to see ?is effect1 all ! w9d[s %\ld be clos$1 & x w\ld be helpful if ! cracks 7 seal$ s t no light may ent] to ru9 ! %[4 ,!n 9 "o w9d[ make a small op5+ 9 ! =m ( a cone ) ! sun at ! base & fac+ ! room4 ,:it5 ! walls ( ! room or cov] !m ) :ite l95 or pap]4 ,9 ?is way y w see all ?+s outside light$ by ! sun1 z ^? walk+ 9 ! /reets1 z if _! feet 7 upw>ds1 ! "r & left ( ! objects w be rev]s$ & all ?+s w seem int]*ang$4 ,& ! fur!r ! scre5 is f ! op5+1 proportionately ! l>g] ! objects w appe>2 ! clos] ! pap] scre5 or tablet1 is drawn to ! hole1 ! small] ! objects w appe>4 ,porta also _h an explanation ( ! p]si/5ce ( vision1 s f> z x 0 !n und]/ood4 ,z an example1 he m5tion$ t aft] walk+ 9 ! bright sun x is difficult to disc]n objects 9 ! d>kness1 until our eyes become accu/om$ to ! *ange--& !n we c see cle>ly 9 ! dim light4 ,to see ! natural colors1 ,porta propos$ ! use ( a concave mirror z ! scre5 = ! cam]a images4 ,he !n discuss$ ph5om5a result+ f ! pr9cipal focus ( ! mirror4 ,he tri$ to use ! p>allel to %[ h[ we see ?+s rightside up in/ead ( upside d[n4 ,b 8 k 0 n suffici5t = t purpose1 = he held t ! seat ( vision 0 at ! c5t] ( ! eye1 z ! focus ( a concave mirror or l5s sy/em4 ,9 ?is he 0 n correct1 accord+ to mod]n exp]im5ts1 b at lea/ x 0 a plausible !ory4 ,z a ?ird po9t 9 8 description ( uses ( ! natural cam]a ,porta said1 8,anyone n kn[+ h[ to draw c outl9e ! =m ( any object ?r\gh ! means ( a /ylus40 ,"h 0 ,alb]ti's cam]a lucida1 or ! cam]a adopt$ = ! use ( pa9t]s & design]s4 ,porta in/ruct$ 8 read]s to le>n ! colors ( ! object & !n :5 x 0 ?r[n on ! scre5 x w\ld be easy to trace & pa9t 9 natural colors4 ,he po9t$ out ano!r int]e/+ & important fact--a c&le or lamp c\ld be us$ z ! light s\rce in/ead ( ! sun4 ,porta conclud$ 8 acc\nt ( #aeeh ) an ass]tion t ! sy/em c\ld be us$ to deceive & to d tricks ?r\gh ! aid ( o!r devices4 ,8 la/ words on ! subject 7 confus+3 8,^? :o h attempt$ ^! exp]im5ts h produc$ no?+ b trifles1 & ,i d n ?9k x has be5 inv5t$ by anyone else up to n[40 ,e>li] 9 8 acc\nt he m5tion$ t he 0 n[ reveal+ :at he ?\ght %\ld be kept a secret4 ,rog] ,bacon1 ,alb]ti & ,leon>do da ,v9ci & o!rs 7 figuratively wat*+ ,porta :5 he wrote ^? l9es & made ^? exp]im5ts4 ,ev5 ! same words ab\t see+ p on ! /reets outside g back to ,bacon1 at lea/2 & ! use ( ! cam]a = draw+ to ,alb]ti & ,leon>do4 ,x is n cle> :e!r or n ,porta actually wi%$ 8 read]s to believe t he _h inv5t$ ! cam]a obscura :i* he describ$ or t he _h m]ely f\nd "s int]e/+ applications4 ,p]haps he want$ ! :ole matt] consid]$ a secret4 ,b ?\gh ,porta borr[$ f ! anci5ts )\t giv+ !m cr$it1 he des]ves praise = publi%+ descriptions1 foll[+ te/s :i* he himself mu/ h made4 ,z 9 all sci5ces1 ! prehi/ory ( ! motion picture _h exp]im5t]s & popul>izes--& n infrequ5tly ! two functions 7 sep>at$ by a consid]able p]iod4 ,! developm5ts claim$ by ,porta 9 ! second edition ( ,natural ,magic publi%$ 9 #aehi _h be5 describ$ previ\sly by o!rs4 ,once aga9 he 0 a copi] & popul>iz] r ?an an inv5tor & discov]]4 ,& t seems prop] = a man :o 0 by pr(ession a playwright ) a hobby int]e/ 9 secret ?+s1 especially ^? relat+ to natural ph5om5a4 ,dur+ ! ?ree decades prior to #aehi1 important developm5ts 7 made 9 ! sci5ce ( optics4 ,bo? ,b>b>o & ,b5$etti describ$ cam]a obscura sy/ems fitt$ ) l5ses to improve ! images1 & ,e4 ,danti1 an editor & translator1 expla9$ 9 #aegc h[ an upright1 in/ead ( an upside d[n1 image c\ld be %[n ?r\gh ! use ( a l5s-mirror sy/em4 ,monsignor ,daniello ,b>b>o publi%$ at ,v5ice1 9 #aefh1 ,la ,pratica della ,p]spettiva1 8,! ,practice ( ,p]spective01 a book on optics4 ,he describes ! in/rum5t design$ by ,alb]ti1 ! cam]a lucida1 & gives an illu/ration ( x4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,b5$etti1 ,b>b>o's *ief title to memory is t he introduc$ ! projection l5s to ! natural cam]a1 !reby enl>g+ its scope4 ,)\t any l5ses ev5 a mod]n cam]a w\ld give only inf]ior results & motion pictures w\ld n be practical4 ,x is also said ,b>b>o introduc$ ! diaphragm1 :i* is v important z a means ( controll+ ! light 9 ! cam]a4 ,giovanni ,batti/a ,b5$etti1 a patrician ( ,v5ice1 #aecj-ij1 publi%$ at ,tur9 a book call$ ,div]s>um ,speculationum ,ma!matic>um et ,physic>um ,lib]1 8,a ,book ( ,v>i\s ,ma!matical & ,physical ,speculations01 9 :i* 0 includ$ ! fir/ complete & cle> description ( ! cam]a obscura equipp$ ) a l5s4 ,! date ( ! volume 0 #aehe1 f\r ye>s be=e ,porta publi%$ 8 revis$ edition4 ,b5$etti us$ a d\ble convex l5s4 ,8 fir/ k ( optics came f a /udy ( ,ar*im$es1 :om he admir$ greatly4 ,b 8 le>n+ 0 n conf9$ to optics4 ,he influ5c$ ! great ,desc>tes 9 geo/atics1 /udy+ ! laws ( in]tia & mak+ ! contribution ( ! pa? tak5 by a body go+ (f f a revolv+ circle1 i4e41 tang5t4 ,9 #aeec he report$ t bodies 9 a vacuum fall ) ! same velocity4 ,b5$etti's description ( ! cam]a obscura includ$ details on h[ to make ! images appe> upright4 ,! mat]ial is conta9$ 9 a pr9t$ lett] to ,pi]ro de ,arzonis4 ,fir/ ,b5$etti discusses light & ! fact t a great] light ov]%ad[s a small]1 8j z by day ! />s _c be se540 ,he !n po9t$ out t if ! light 7 controll$ 9 a cam]a ! outside images c\ld be se51 b if ! rays ( ! sun 7 all[$ to ent] 7z by mak+ ! op5+ hole too l>ge7 !n ! images w\ld 8m or less vani% accord+ to ! /r5g? or weakness ( ! sol> rays40 ,b5$etti cont9u$3 ,i d n wi% to keep any rem>kable effect ( ?is sy/em a secret f y 444 ! r\nd op5+ ! size ( "o small mirror may be fill$ 9 ) "o ( ^? spectacles :i* are made = old p 7b n ! k9d = ^? ( %ort sight71 b "o ^: bo? surfaces are convex1 n concave4 ,!n set up a :ite %eet ( pap] 7z ! scre571 s f> back f ! op5+ t ! objects on ! outside may appe> on x4 ,& if inde$ ^! outside objects are illum9at$ by ! sun !y w be se5 s cle>ly & di/9ctly t no?+ w seem to be m beautiful or m delightful4 ,! only objection is t ! objects w appe> inv]t$4 ,b if we wi% to see ^? objects upright1 ?is c be done be/ by int]pos+ ano!r plane mirror4 ,9 ! revis$ & exp&$ edition ( 8 ,natural ,magic1 ,porta gave a m complete description ( ! uses ( ! cam]a4 ,"p ( ! text 0 id5tical ) ! e>li] acc\nts2 "p 0 new4 ,illu/ration3 ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae1 #afdf ,,cam]a ,,obscura1 ! natural room cam]a1 0 accid5tally discov]$ 9 antiquity1 probably 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,"h is %[n an improv$ v]sion by ,giovanni ,batti/a della ,porta1 #af? ,c5tury ,neopolitan writ]1 sci5ti/ & %[man4 ,a transluc5t %eet 0 ! scre54 ,! images 7 upside d[n & indi/9ct z no l5ses 7 us$4 ,arti/s & ent]ta9]s f\nd ! app>atus ( value4 ,porta _h le>n$ h[ to make 8 op5+ 9 ! s+le w9d[ bett] by ?is "t--8make ! op5+ a palm's size 9 wid? & bread? & glue ov] ?is a %eet ( lead or bronze :i* has 9 ! middle an op5+ ab\t ! size ( a f+]40 ,he next po9t$ out t ! outside objects c be se5 cle>] & %>p] if a cry/all9e l5s is put 9 ! op5+ ( ! cam]a z sugge/$ by ,b>b>o & ,b5$etti4 ,porta also m5tion$ t ! ins]tion ( ano!r mirror 9 ! sy/em w\ld make ! images appe> upright in/ead ( upside d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,abh&lung51 #ahgh ,,johannes ,,kepl] develop$ ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( ! cam]a & its use 9 a/ronomy4 ,b ,porta %[$ himself a real %[man by 8 f9al ^w--describ+ h[ hunt+1 battles & o!r illusions may be made to appe> 9 a room4 ,"h artificial objects & pa9t$ sc5es 7 sub/itut$ = ! natural outdoors z ! pictures = ! room cam]a 9 a me?od orig9ally sugge/$ by ,alb]ti4 ,porta said1 8,no?+ c be m pleas+ = important p1 dilettants & connoisseurs to behold40--,an e>ly premi]e audi5ce ( invit$ gue/s6 ,porta recomm5d$ ! use ( m9iature models ( animals & natural sc5es1 ! fir/ /age sets = 8motion pictures10 ) puppet-l *>act]s4 ,he wrote1 8,^? pres5t 9 ! %[-room w behold ! trees1 animals1 hunt]s & o!r objects )\t kn[+ :e!r !y are true or only illusions40 ,porta reveal$ t he _h put on %[s ( ?is k9d _m times = 8 fri5ds & ! illusions ( reality 7 s good t ! delight$ audi5ce c\ld sc>cely be told h[ ! effects 7 a*iev$4 ,he also told h[ ! audi5ce c\ld be t]rifi$4 ,porta conclud$ ?is acc\nt ) a description ( h[ to use ! cam]a 9 ord] to obs]ve an eclipse1 some?+ :i* ,bacon or "o ( 8 contempor>ies _h already work$ out4 ,be=e good in/rum5ts 7 develop$1 ! room cam]a 0 an excell5t device to save ! a/ronom]'s eyesight & /ill give him a good view ( an eclipse4 ,! giant #bjj-;in* telescope at ,palom> 9 ,cali=nia is closely relat$ to ! orig9al use ( ! cam]a = a/ronomical "w4 ,!re does n seem to be any evid5ce t ,porta develop$ a portable cam]a1 ! direct ance/or ( ! mod]n photographic cam]a4 ,he also did n appe> to h mu* success ) 8 l5ses1 z he f\nd ! concave mirrors z good z or bett] ?an a cam]a obscura ) a l5s4 ,! g5]al subject ( ! *apt] :i* includ$ ! cam]a 0 8,h]e9 ,are ,prop\nd$ ,burn+ ,glasses0 8& ! ,wond]ful ,sights to be ,se5 by ,!m40 7,recall ,ar*im$es & 8 ,burn+ ,glasses47 ,let ,porta tell x3 8,:at c\ld be se5 m wond]ful1 ?an t by reciprocal /rokes ( reflexion1 images %\ld appe> outw>dly hang+ 9 ! air & yet nei!r ! visible object nor ! glass se58 t !y may seem n to be rep]cussions ( ! glasses1 b spirits ( va9 phantasms40 ,9 a book on refraction1 publi%$ 9 #aeic1 ! eye & ! cam]a obscura 7 comp>$ by ,porta4 ,he also cov]$ refraction1 vision1 ! ra9b[1 prismatic colors 7all subjects treat$ by ! e>ly exp]im5t]s 9 optics74 ,porta _h a great1 ?\gh mix$1 influ5ce4 ,ev5 9 8 own m9d he did n seem able to decide :e!r ! magic %ad[s %\ld be us$ to deceive ! public z effects ( secret p[]s or :e!r !y %\ld be us$ = g5u9e ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction4 ,aft] ,porta1 ! 8d>k *amb]0 0 develop$ = ! use ( pa9t]s & arti/s 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t4 ,v ,,kepl] ,,& ,,! ,,/>s ,kepl]1 ,g]man a/ronom]1 develops ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( ! cam]a obscura & applies magic %ad[s to ! />s ( ! heav5s--,s*e9] & ,d',aguilon improve image devices4 ,johannes ,kepl]1 ! great a/ronom]1 advanc$ ! art-sci5ce ( magic %ad[s by develop+ ! !ory ( ! projection ( images z well z ! sci5tific use ( multiple l5ses & ! cam]a obscura or 8d>k *amb]04 ,da ,v9ci told h[ ! cam]a c\ld be us$2 ,porta tri$ x out = ent]ta9m5t on a consid]able scale b !re /ill 0 ne$ = p5etrat+ att5tion f a sci5ti/4 ,t ,kepl] suppli$4 ,kepl] 0 a precoci\s *ild ?\gh he suff]$ f poor heal?4 ,he _h no special int]e/ or incl9ation t[>ds a/ronomy until 9 #aeid1 at ! age ( #bc1 he f\nd himself requir$ to tea* a class 9 t subject4 ,soon he became an exp]t & be=e 8 dea? ann\nc$ ! ,kepl] laws expla9+ ! planet>y sy/em4 ,9 #afjj ,kepl] became assi/ant to ,ty*o ,brahe 7#aedf-afja71 ! greate/ practical a/ronom] to t date b "o :o reject$ ! ,cop]nican !ory t ! e>? & planets revolve ar\nd ! sun1 a !ory :i* 0 firmly prov$ by ,kepl]4 ,brahe lo/ ! tip ( 8 nose 9 a duel1 s he wore a gold "o1 c>ry+ ) him cem5t ) :i* to /ick on ! tip :5ev] x fell (f4 ,a few ye>s aft] becom+ a/ronom] to ! ,emp]or1 ,kepl] publi%$1 9 #afjd1 ,ad ,vitellionem ,p>alipom5a--8,supplem5t to ,witelo02 ,witelo1 a ,pole call$ ,?ur+opolonus1 wrote a treatise on optics ab\t #abgj4 ,he 0 a contempor>y ( ,rog] ,bacon4 ,kepl] us$ da ,v9ci's p>allel ( ! eye & ! room cam]a & set ! latt]'s pr9ciples on a firm sci5tific basis4 ,kepl] wrote1 8,?is art1 accord+ to my k1 0 fir/ h&$ d[n by ,giovanni ,batti/a ,porta & 0 "o ( ! *ief p>ts ( 8 ,natural ,magic40 7,b1 z ! read] recalls1 ,porta 0 n ! fir/ to "k ab\t ! cam]a obscura & 0 n its inv5tor b only a popul>iz]47 8,b cont5t ) a practical exp]i5ce10 ,kepl] cont9u$1 8,porta did n add a sci5tific demon/ration4 ,yet only by ! use ( ?is device c a/ronom]s /udy ! image ( ! sol> eclipse40 ,kepl] !n describ$ ! cam]a obscura or 8d>k *amb]10 add+ an int]e/+ obs]vation4 ,he propos$ t ! spectator %\ld keep out ( ! daylight = fifte5 m9utes or a half h\r be=e he plann$ to use ! cam]a s t he c\ld get 8 eyes accu/om$ to ! d>kness 9 ord] to obs]ve ! images m cle>ly4 ,kepl] !n in/ruct$ t ! objects to be repres5t$ %\ld be plac$ 9 bright light1 ei!r ( ! sun or lamps4 ,he also not$ t ! objects 7 rev]s$1 & rem>k$ t ! images appe>$ 9 ! colors ( ! objects4 ,kepl] also expla9$ t a diaphragm 0 ne$$ to control ! am\nt ( light admitt$ to ! cam]a1 & t be/ results 7 obta9$ :5 ! sun 0 ne> ! horizon4 ,a detail$ & r te*nical explanation ( h[ ! cam]a sy/em works 0 giv5 by ,kepl]4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! description he wrote an important in/ruction3 8,all ! walls ( ! cam]a except ! "o us$ z ! scre5 = ! images %\ld be black40 ,?is 0 necess>y to prev5t reflection & dull+ ( ! brilliance ( ! images on ! :ite wall or scre54 ,ev]yone kn[s h[ ! insides ( a mod]n cam]a are black = ! v same purpose4 ,kepl] also not$ t ! 8cam]a0 mu/ be tightly seal$4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to ref] to ! device "u ! simple "n ( 8cam]a0 :i* 9 "t 0 adopt$ univ]sally4 ,kepl] also 0 ! fir/ to give a s\nd !ory ( vision4 7,recall ! %ot-f-eye or %ot-f-object s*ools ( ! anci5ts47 ,kepl] /at$1 8,see+ am\nts to feel+ ! /imulus ( ! ret9a :i* is pa9t$ ) color$ rays ( ! visible _w4 ,! picture mu/ !n be transmitt$ to ! bra9 by a m5tal curr5t & deliv]$ at ! seat ( ! visual faculty40 ,t is a r good def9ition ev5 by mod]n /&>ds4 ,kepl]1 h[ev]1 0 n #ajj p] c5t correct4 ,he held t light _h an inf9ite velocity4 ,to ,kepl] goes ! cr$it = be+ ! fir/ correctly to expla9 aft]-images1 a k ( :i* is s vital to und]/&+ h[ ! illusion ( motion is creat$4 ,kepl] />t$ to use a telescope ab\t #afji & ?r\gh its use he 0 able to develop improv$ ideas = ! room cam]a by ! "t he publi%$ 8 ,dioptrice1 8,conc]n+ ,l5ses10 a f\ndation ( mod]n optics1 9 #afaa4 ,9 t "w ! basis 0 fir/ e/abli%$ = :at 0 lat] to be long-range or 8telescope0 photography :i* makes possible _m important effects 9 ! mod]n motion picture4 ,! telescope1 ! mo/ highly develop$ l5s sy/em & ! rev]se ( a projection arrangem5t1 0 inv5t$ 9 ,holl& 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,galileo1 :o ) ,kepl] did mu* to popul>ize ! telescope1 admitt$ t he _h se5 "o made by a ,dut*man be=e he fa%ion$ 8 own4 ,! "n 8telescope0 0 co9$ by ,damiscian ( ! ,italian sci5tific 8,academy ( ! ,lynxes10 to :i* ,porta also _h belong$4 ,! inv5tion ( ! telescope is commonly cr$it$ to 8! spectacle mak] ( ,middleburgh10 usually id5tifi$ z ,hans ,lipp]%ey4 ,! comp\nd microscope1 effects ( :i* _h be5 indicat$ by ,rog] ,bacon1 evid5tly also 0 inv5t$ a few ye>s prior to ! telescope--by ,za*>y ,janss51 9 ,holl&4 ,b x 0 fir/ describ$ 9 ,italy4 ,e>ly telescopes g5]ally foll[$ ! model develop$ by ,galileo1 :ile by ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury ! sup]iority ( ,kepl]'s me?od 0 recogniz$ & l>g] & m p[]ful telescopes 7 possible4 ,9 rec5t times ! telescope has rev]t$ to a mirror--or ,burn+ ,glass--reflect+ sy/em in/ead ( ! /&>d /yle refract+ telescope4 ,to a contempor>y ( ,kepl] goes ! acclaim = be+ ! fir/ to use ! cam]a obscura ap>t f a room2 9 o!r words1 9 a portable =m4 ,?us 0 ! fir/ portable cam]a develop$ m ?an two hundr$ ye>s be=e photography 0 inv5t$4 ,! man 0 ,s*e9]1 ano!r a/ronom]4 ,*ri/oph] ,s*e9]1 a ,g]man ,jesuit1 born ab\t #aege 9 ,swabia1 did mu* "w 9 a/ronomy & p]fect$ v>i\s +5i\s optical in/rum5ts4 ,"s say he 0 ! fir/ to use ! cam]a projection device = ?r[+ ! sun's image on a scre5 9 ord] to /udy its details4 ,?is replac$ a sy/em :i* us$ color$ glasses4 ,kepl]1 prior to ?is1 sugge/$ ! me?od b x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t ,s*e9] made ! fir/ application4 ,9 #afaj ,s*e9] inv5t$ 8 ,pantograph or optical copy+ in/rum5t4 ,9 ,m>*1 #afaa1 he obs]v$ sun spots4 ,8 sup]iors 7 afraid t he & !y w\ld be expos$ to ridicule if he 7 to publi% su* a discov]y "u 8 own "n--x 0 s oppos$ to ! contempor>y sci5tific z well z traditional sci5tific belief4 ,& s 8 f9d+s 7 publi%$ 9 #afab by a fri5d1 "u an assum$ "n4 ,s*e9] 0 a believ] 9 ! ne$ = accuracy 9 exp]im5ts to =m a firm basis = future developm5t ( !ory4 ,he /udi$ ! eye & believ$ t ! ret9a 0 ! seat ( vision4 ,by ! ye> #afaf he _h s attract$ att5tion ( sci5ti/s t ! ,ar*duke ,maximilian invit$ him to ,innsbruck4 ,s*e9] taught ma!matics & ,hebrew & cont9u$ 8 "w 9 optics4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( ,rosa ,urs9a1--#afbf-cj1 ! /&>d "w on ! sun = g5]ations4 ,9 #afbc he 0 a pr(essor ( ma!matics at ! ,roman ,college1 :]e ,kir*] fell "u 8 p]sonal influ5ce4 ,! la/ ye>s ( ,s*e9]'s life 7 sp5t at ,neisse 9 ,silesia1 :]e he di$ 9 #afej4 ,s*e9] 0 influ5c$ by ,franois d',aguilon1 ! fir/ ( sev]al ,jesuits :o made an important contribution to :at 0 to be ! mod]n motion picture4 ,d',aguilon advanc$ ! k ( optics ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,d',aguilon 0 born 9 ,brussels 9 #aeff & aft] ent]+ ! ,jesuits 9 #aehf & be+ educat$ he became a pr(essor ( philosophy at ! fam\s college 9 ,d\ai1 ,france4 ,lat] he 0 head ( ! ,college ( ,antw]p4 ,d',aguilon did n conf9e 8 int]e/s to philosophy & speculative k alone b 0 v mu* int]e/$ 9 c]ta9 sci5ces1 notably optics4 ,moreov]1 he 0 a practic+ ar*itect & probably design$ ! ,jesuit *ur* at ,antw]p4 ,8 "w on optics1 publi%$ at ,antw]p 9 #afac1 0 fam\s4 ,9 x is f\nd = ! fir/ "t ! expression 8/]eographic projection10 :i* has surviv$ to ! pres5t4 ,?is 0 kn[n f ! "t ( ,hipp>*us b _h n receiv$ a p]man5t "n until x 0 giv5 by d',aguilon1 to :om mu/ g "p ( ! cr$it = ! "n ( all devices ) 8/]eo0 some:]e 9 ! title4 ,d',aguilon explor$ at l5g? ! subject ( aft]-images4 ,he correctly po9t$ out t ! image physically disappe>s :5 ! cause is remov$ 7z a cam]a no long] 8sees0 aft] ! %utt] is clos$7 b !re rema9s some?+ impress$ on ! organ ( sight1 a c]ta9 effect on ! s5se ( vision4 ,d',aguilon 0 revis+ 8 book on optics :5 he di$1 9 #afag4 ,"o edition 0 publi%$ 9 ,antw]p 9 #afhe ) ! title ,opticorum ,libri ,sex4 ,p]haps he 0 on ! eve ( ! great discov]y :i* 0 to be made 9 a few ye>s by "o ( 8 successors4 ,h[ev]1 to him goes ! cr$it = ! "n :i* 0 atta*$ = c5turies to all k9ds ( %ad[-plays1 & is /ill kn[n today--,/]eoscopic4 ,by ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! #ag? c5tury ! cam]a 0 widely us$ = ! obs]vation ( ! greate/ light & %ad[ %[--! univ]se ) sun1 moon & />s4 ,exp]im5ts also _h be5 made1 by ,porta & o!rs1 9 ! ent]ta9m5t possibilities ( ! 8d>k *amb]40 ,! /age 0 ready = ! man :o w\ld br+ ab\t projection1 z we "k x1 ) ! magic lant]n4 ,a long /ep w\ld !n be tak5 t[>ds realiz+ man's in/9ctive ambition to capture & recreate life = ent]ta9m5t & in/ructive purposes4 ,,vi ,,kir*]',s #ajj? ,,art ,kir*]'s magic lant]n projects pictures & ! art ( scre5 pres5tation is born--,fir/ scre5 picture %[ 9 ,rome1 #afdf--,kir*]'s book1 ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae1 tells ! _w h[4 ,9 ! second qu>t] ( ! #ag? ,c5tury ! /age 0 set = ! bir? ( ! magic lant]n1 prog5itor ( all c9ematographic projectors4 ,! *ief actor 0 a ,g]man1 a fell[ c\ntryman ( ,kepl] & ( _m o!r s]i\s sci5ti/s 9 ! light & %ad[ field1 b x 0 9 ,italy1 native l& ( _m arts & %[m51 ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ( ,porta1 t he work$4 ,! man 0 ,a?anasius ,kir*]4 ,! age 9 :i* ,kir*] work$ 0 a difficult p]iod4 ,! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w> ravag$ ,europe f #afah to #afdh & ! p suff]$ m ?an at any p]iod d[n to our own4 ,europe politically 0 9 *aos z aft] ,_w ,w>s ,i & ,,ii4 ,only 9 lit]ature & sci5ce 7 !re signs ( hope & promise4 ,! eyes ( _m ?\ghtful ,europeans turn$ away f ! ,old ,_w to ! new l&s across ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae1 #afdf-afga ,,picture ,,:eels inv5t$ by ,kir*]4 ,above1 rotat+ giant :eel caus$ "o picture to succe$ ano!r4 ,bel[1 /ory tell+ disk4 ,kir*] 0 born five ye>s be=e ! fir/ p]man5t ,engli% settlem5t 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,b let him tell u 9 ! words ( 8 ,lat9 autobiography1 p>ts ( :i*1 x is believ$1 are "h translat$ into ,engli% = ! fir/ "t3 8,at ! ?ird h\r aft] midnight on ! second ( ,may 9 ! ye> #afjb1 ,i 0 br\ght into ! common air ( disa/] at ,geysa1 a t[n :i* is a ?ree h\rs' j\rney f ,fulda40 7,n f> f ! mod]n ,frankfurt-on-,ma91 ,g]many47 8,:5 ,i 0 six days old ,i 0 d$icat$ to ,a?anasius by my p>5ts1 ,john ,kir*] & ,anna ,gansek91 ,ca?olics & s]vants ( ,god & work]s ( good de$s1 because ,i 0 born on t ,sa9t's ,fea/ ,day40 ,illu/ration3 ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae1 #afga ,,magic ,,lant]n1 ,kir*]'s projector1 ! orig9al /]eopticon4 ,! scre5 images 7 crude silh\ettes b ! projector includ$ ! ess5tial elem5ts4 ,kir*] ?us describ$ 8 fa!r1 "m & ! family3 8,john ,kir*] 0 a v great s*ol> & a doctor ( philosophy4 ,:5 ! report ( 8 le>n+ & wisdom came to ! ,pr9ce10 7probably ,rudolph71 8he 0 summon$ & made a memb] ( ! c\ncil at ,fulda4 ,lat] he 0 put 9 *>ge ( ! =tress ( ,hasel/e9 because he _h be5 dilig5t 9 de/roy+ ! pr9t+ ma*9es ( ! h]etics4 ,he m>ri$ a maid5 ( ,fulda1 ,anna1 daught] ( an hone/ citiz5 nam$ ,gansek94 ,n9e *ildr51 six boys & ?ree girls1 7 born to !m4 ,all ! boys ent]$ "o ( ! sev]al religi\s ord]s4 ,( all ^! ,i 0 ! y\nge/ & smalle/40 ,kir*]'s fa!r 0 a man ( influ5ce & le>n+1 ?\gh evid5tly n ( noble bir?4 ,he _h /udi$ philosophy & !ology b 0 n a religi\s1 ?\gh he did tea* = a "t 9 a ,b5$ict9e mona/]y4 ,v likely he 0 a /]n p>5t4 ,! "m1 x w\ld appe>1 0 ! daught] ( a m]*ant or /ore-keep] & c]ta9ly 0 n le>n$ l h] husb&4 ,b no d\bt %e 0 m lib]al & und]/&+4 ,kir*]'s c\rse ( /udies is int]e/+3 8,aft] ! age ( *ildhood1 ar\nd ! t5? ye>1 ,i 0 plac$ 9 ! elem5t>y /udies1 at fir/ at ,music2 !n ,i 0 introduc$ to ! elem5ts ( ! ,lat9 language40 ,at t "t ,lat9 0 /ill ! univ]sal language ( s*ol>%ip4 ,x is likely t ,kir*] spoke ,lat9 mu* m ?an any o!r language4 ,all 8 writ+ 0 9 ,lat91 ?\gh 9 "t he became a tal5t$ l+ui/4 ,kir*]'s fa!r s5t him to ! ,jesuit college at ,fulda1 because he want$ 8 y\nge/ son to le>n ,greek 9 addition to ,lat9 & 9 "t to become a univ]sal s*ol>4 ,kir*]'s tea*] at ,fulda 0 ,john ,alt9k1 ,s4,j4 ,! c\rse foll[$ ! fam\s ,jesuit ,ratio ,/udiorum1 :i* is /ill ! basis ( /udies 9 ! _m hundr$s ( s*ools conduct$ by t ord] ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,!n1 z n[1 emphasis 0 on ! classics4 ,some:at lat] 8 fa!r took him to a ,rabbi 8:o taught me ,hebrew10 z ,kir*] wrote1 8) ! result t ,i 0 skill$ 9 t language = ! re/ ( my life40 ,at ! same age z a high s*ool graduate 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,kir*] c\ld read1 write & speak ,lat91 ,greek & ,hebrew1 9 addition to ,g]man1 & probably he also _h a good f\ndation 9 ,fr5* & ,italian4 ,at ! old t[n ( ,pad]born on ,octob] #b1 #afah1 ,kir*] ent]$ ! ,society ( ,jesus1 militant religi\s ord] f\nd$ by ! ,spani>d-soldi]-*ur*man1 ,ignatius ( ,loyola1 9 #aedj1 & already a p[]ful influ5ce 9 education 9 ,europe & 9 mission>y "w ev5 z f> z ,india & ,japan4 ,kir*] did n ent] ! ,jesuits z e>ly z he _h wi%$ because he _h fall5 :ile ice-skat+ & _h suff]$ an injury4 ,f #afah to #afbj1 ,kir*] occupi$ himself ) religi\s duties1 sp5d+ ! "t l>gely 9 pray]4 ,aft] #afbj he cont9u$ ) ! usual /udies = ! prie/hood--philosophy & !ology4 ,he /udi$ philosophy at ,cologne & briefly taught at ! ,jesuit ,colleges at ,cobl5z & ,heilig5/adt4 ,along ) ^! pursuits1 ,kir*] took a special int]e/ 9 languages & 9 ma!matics1 ! f\ndation = all sci5tific "w4 ,he complet$ 8 /udies 9 !ology at ,ma9z & 0 orda9$ a prie/ 9 #afbh4 ,kir*] 0 giv5 ample opportunity to take c\rses1 despite ! tr\bl$ times result+ f ! w>s4 ,9 ! ye> #afbi1 he 0 at ,spey] :]e he express$ to 8 religi\s sup]ior a pref]5ce = mission>y "w 9 ,*9a4 ,next he took an int]e/ 9 ,egyptian writ+1 hi]oglyphics1 :i* 7 n to be translat$ until _m ye>s lat]4 ,*aldean1 ,arabic & ,sam>itan 7 add$ to ,kir*]'s language /udies4 ,!n = a %ort p]iod he 0 pr(essor ( e?ics & ma!matics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,wrzburg4 ,9 #afah1 :5 ,kir*] _h ent]$ ! ,jesuits1 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> _h brok5 out4 ,!n1 z 9 our own "t1 ,g]many 0 no place = s]i\s /udies4 ,kir*]1 aft] he became a prie/1 sp5t consid]able "t 9 ,france :]e ! organization ( a p[]ful c5tral gov]nm5t 0 be+ und]tak5 by ,ri*elieu4 ,! ,c>d9al 0 a patron ( ! arts1 f\nd+ ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,x is likely t ^w ( ,kir*]'s le>n+ rea*$ ,ri*elieu1 = ,kir*] visit$ sev]al ( ! colleges & univ]sities 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 /opp+ at ,lyons & lat] at ,avignon4 ,kir*] cont9u$ all ! :ile 8 rem>kable /udies1 & began to write1 publi%+ 8 fir/ book 9 #afcj4 ,soon ! fame ( ,kir*] attract$ ! att5tion ( ! highe/ ecclesia/ical & educational au?orities4 ,pope ,urban ,,viii1 :o _h /ruggl$ 9 va9 to prev5t ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 & ,francesco ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i 7nephew ( ,pope ,urban71 summon$ ,kir*] to ,rome late 9 #afcc4 ,j be=e ! ^w to come to ,rome rea*$ him1 he 0 invit$ to ,vi5na by ! ,emp]or ,f]d9&4 ,kir*] />t$ = ,au/ria by boat f a ,fr5* port b 0 %ipwreck$ & ! ord] to report to ,rome rea*$ him aft] 8 rescue4 ,! invitation to come to ,rome c\ld n be refus$4 ,b !re is e reason to believe t ,kir*] 0 delight$ to h ! opportunity ( work+ 9 ,rome "u su* high auspices4 ,! civil situation 0 some:at m /able 9 ,rome ?an 9 ,g]many4 ,fur!rmore ,rome 0 ! intellectual c5t] z well z focal po9t ( mu* political maneuv]+4 ,ambassadors & special ag5ts repres5t+ ,ri*elieu ( ,france1 ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many & _m ( ! o!r ,european p[]s1 great & small1 7 con/antly com+ & go+1 seek+ to increase ! p[] ( ! /ate !y repres5t$ & _! own pre/ige z well4 ,! heads ( all ! religi\s ord]s liv$ 9 ,rome & h5ce x 0 ! headqu>t]s = k ( new developm5ts 9 sci5ce & ( news f ! l&s be+ explor$ 9 ,am]ica & 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,kir*] /ood ap>t f ^! /ruggles = political1 religi\s & educational p[]4 ,z a ,jesuit he _h put aside prospects ( ecclesia/ical advancem5t4 ,he 0 cont5t ) 8 /udies1 8 tea*+ & 8 inv5tions4 ,b o!rs 7 n cont5t to leave him 9 peace4 ,at ! reque/ ( ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 ,kir*] 0 made pr(essor ( ma!matics at ! ,roman ,college :i* 0 !n popul> ) ! "y ,roman nobility & ! le>n$ f all ov] ! _w4 ,:ile tea*+1 ,kir*] cont9u$ 8 "w 9 ! ,ori5tal languages & ma!matics & also bran*$ out into ! natural sci5ces4 ,kir*] 0 a little man ( b\ndless en]gy & once int]e/$ 9 a problem 0 nev] cont5t till he knew all ! facts1 f p]sonal inve/igation if possible1 & _h writt5 an exhau/ive tome on ! subject4 ,he made _m field trips to te/ !ories & ideas by practical exp]i5ce4 ,an active expon5t ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 ,kir*] made important contributions to human k1 ?\gh "s ( 8 books conta9$ n a little error1 & ev5 "s nons5se4 ,kir*]'s "w ) magic lant]ns & 8 obs]vations on ! magic %ad[ art-sci5ce 7 releas$ to ! educat$ _w 9 8 ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae--8,! ,great ,art ( ,light & ,%ad[0--publi%$ at ,rome 9 #afdf4 ,kir*] def9$ 8 8,great ,art0 z 8! faculty by :i* we make & exhibit ) light & %ad[ ! wond]s ( ?+s 9 nature40 ,t applies to liv+ pictures today z x did 9 ! #ag? ,c5tury4 ,ev5 ! s\nd ( ! mod]n motion pictures is record$ & reproduc$ ?r\gh light & %ad[ action4 ,no clue is giv5 by ,kir*] to ! exact date he inv5t$ ! magic projection lant]n4 ,b x 0 probably n long be=e he f9i%$ ! book 9 #afdd or #afde4 ,kir*] d$icat$ 8 ?ick qu>to volume1 :i* 0 h&somely publi%$ by ,h]man ,s*eus at ! press ( ,ludovici ,grignani 9 ,rome1 to ,ar*duke ,f]d9& ,,iii1 ! ,holy ,roman ,emp]or1 ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 ,k+ ( ,bohemia & ,k+ ( ! ,romans4 ,h5ce1 k ( ! scre5 fir/ appe>$ 9 pr9t "u v di/+ui%$ patronage4 ,! title page expla9$ t ! great art ( light & %ad[ _h be5 8dige/$0 into t5 books 89 :i* ! wond]ful p[]s ( light & %ad[ 9 ! _w & ev5 9 ! natural univ]se are %[n & new =ms = exhibit+ ! v>i\s e>?ly uses are expla9$40 ,! ,emp]or wrote a =eword & ?is 0 foll[$ by an introduction ( ,kir*] 8to ! read]40 ,kir*] spoke ( ! e>li] use ( light & %ad[ by ! necromanc]s to deceive1 b po9t$ out t 8 developm5ts 7 = 8public use1 or a means ( private recreation40 ,introductory mat]ial also includ$ sev]al odes ab\t ! subject & ! au?or1 z well z ! necess>y ecclesia/ical approvals4 ,! fir/ n9e books1 or long sections1 ( ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae include su* div]se topics z ! foll[+3 ,light1 reflection1 images1 ! speak+ tube1 ! /ructure ( ! eye1 sket*+ devices1 ! art ( pa9t+1 geometrical patt]ns1 clocks1 ! nature ( reflect$ light1 refraction & means ( measur+ ! e>?4 ,! section :i* is ( special int]e/ 9 ! /ory ( magic %ad[s is ! t5?--x gives ! title to ! :ole "w4 ,! sub-title ( ! *apt] is1 8,wond]s ( light & %ad[1 9 :i* is consid]$ ! m hidd5 effects ( light & %ad[ & v>i\s applications40 ,9 ! preface to ! section ,kir*] wrote 89 ?is1 z 9 our o!r rese>*1 we h believ$ t ! results ( our important exp]im5ts %\ld be made public40 8,t risk is tak510 he cont9u$1 8= ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! curi\s read]s f be+ defraud$ ( "t & money by ^? :o sell imitation devices1 = _m h provid$ wondr\s1 r>e1 m>vel\s & unkn[n ?+s & o!rs h sold s mu* bunk40 ,! fir/ section ( ! all-important t5? *apt] discuss$ magic clocks & sun-dials2 ! second1 ! cam]a obscura or 8d>k *amb]10 l5ses1 telescopes1 o!r optical devices4 ,9 ! ?ird section !re appe>s ! magic lant]n4 ,! section is call$1 8,magia ,catoptrica1 or conc]n+ ! wondr\s exhibition ( ?+s by ! use ( a mirror40 ,catoptron 9 ,greek means 8mirror40 ,kir*] wrote1 8,magia catoptrica is no?+ else b ! me?od ( exhibit+ ?r\gh ! means ( mirrors hidd5 ?+s :i* seem to be outside ! scope ( ! human m9d40 ,anci5t au?orities :o _h made contributions to ?is art-sci5ce 7 m5tion$ by ,kir*]4 ,fir/ ,kir*] expla9$ h[ /eel mirrors 7 made & poli%$--mirrors or reflectors are /ill ( importance 9 ga!r+ light 9 ! motion picture projector4 ,he comm5t$ on ! v>i\s types ( convex1 concave1 sph]ical & o!r types ( mirrors4 ,9 ,kir*]'s day ev5 ! le>n$ 7 q un$ucat$ accord+ to mod]n /&>ds1 especially on all matt]s ( physical sci5ce4 ,images t appe>$ f n[h]e 7 mo/ my/]i\s & few knew h[ !y 7 produc$4 ,! telescope & microscope 7 /ill v new & _m d\bt$ :at _! eyes saw ?r\gh ^! inv5tions4 ,kir*]1 z a %[man1 describ$ a ,catoptric ,!atre--a l>ge cab9et 9 :i* _m mirrors 7 conceal$4 ,"o ( ! 8,!atres0 0 plac$ 9 ! ,villa ,borghese ,palace 9 ,rome & d\btless delight$ ! nobles ( t day z mu* z ! p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 pleas$ ) ! fir/ ,edison peep-%[ ma*9es 9 #ahid4 ,= ,kir*]'s ,catoptric ,!atre 0 an e>ly peep-%[ device4 ,x also has a relation to ! ,kaleidoscope ( ! e>ly #ai? c5tury4 ,! fir/ =m ( ! magic lant]n describ$ by ,kir*] 0 m]ely a lant]n suitable = %[+ lett]s at a remote di/ance4 ,x is v simple & appe>s entirely elem5t>y4 ,b ! fir/ /ep 0 tak54 ,! ?ird problem ( ! ?ird section ( ! t5? book ( ! ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae 0 h[ to con/ruct su* an artificial lant]n ) :i* writt5 *>act]s may be %[n at a remote di/ance4 ,! p>ts are easily di/+ui%$--a concave mirror at ! re>2 a c&le = a light s\rce2 a h&le & a place = ins]t+ silh\ette lett] slides4 ,kir*] not$ t 9 ! device ! flame w burn ) an unaccu/om$ brilliance4 8,?r\gh ! aid ( ?is device v small lett]s may be exhibit$ )\t any tr\ble40 ,he not$ t "s w ?9k !re is an enorm\s fire1 s bright w ! lant]n %9e4 ,he add$ t ! /r5g? ( ! light w be increas$ if ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d] is cov]$ ) an alloy ( silv] & lead to increase its reflect+ qualities4 ,! second ,kir*] device ( direct relation to ! motion picture is 8 ma*9e = creat+ metamorphoses or rapid *anges4 ,all k9ds ( trans=mations c\ld be %[n4 ,"h 0 fir/ introduc$ ! revolv+ :eel on :i* pictures 7 pa9t$4 ,x be>s an analog\s relation to ! motion picture devices ( ! e>ly #ai? c5tury--also us+ a revolv+ v]tical :eel4 ,! mod]n projector likewise has its film pictures on a small :eel or reel4 ,kir*] expla9$ t 9 ?is catoptric ma*9e a man look+ at ! mirror 7equival5t to ! scre5 9 a !atre7 sees images ( a fire1 a c[ & o!r animals all bl5d+ "o into ano!r4 ,x is unlikely t ! giant :eel c\ld be revolv$ swiftly en\gh to give any?+ l ! prop] illusion ( motion b c]ta9ly !re 0 a trans=mation :i* mu/ h appe>$ wondr\s & ent]ta9+4 7,illu/ration fac+ page #dh47 ,kir*] also describ$ h[ images ( objects c\ld be project$ by means ( ! light ( a c&le4 ,?r\gh ?is sy/em v>i\s images 7 exhibit$ 9 a d>k5$ *amb]4 ,b ,kir*] evid5tly 0 n satisfi$ ) ?is me?od1 = no illu/ration ( x appe>$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 book4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,a c&le c\ld provide only en\gh illum9ation = ! fa9te/ %ad[s4 ,kir*] wrote t ^? objects :i* ne$ only a fraction ( ! sun's light c be %[n by a c&le 9 a small room4 ,two me?ods = ?is 7 indicat$3 7#a7 ) a concave mirror reflect+ ! images & 7#b7 project+ ! image ?r\gh a l5s4 ,x 0 not$ t ! bett] s+le me?od 0 ?r\gh ! l5s4 ,a comb9ation ( ! two provid$ ! mo/ light4 ,kir*] rem>k$ t he _h read 9 a hi/ory ( ! ,arabs t a c]ta9 k+ ( ,bagdad us$ a mirror to "w wond]s 9 ord] to deceive ! p4 ,he also po9t$ out t "s m5 _h us$ mirrors to project into d>k places :at ! ignorant ?\ght 7 devils4 ,! *ief problem 9 ,kir*]'s day & = c5turies aft]w>ds 0 to provide suffici5t light4 ,! f9al solution did n come until electric light 0 introduc$4 ,probably ,kir*]'s mo/ effici5t projection 0 "o 9 :i* ! sun 0 us$ z ! s\rce ( light4 ,ev5 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #bj? c5tury arrangem5ts 7 us$ :i* hook$ up ! sun ) ! magic lant]n because x 0 ?\ght t ! results 7 ev5 bett] & *eap] ?an ^? obta9$ ) electric light4 ,kir*]'s sun magic projector us$ a real optical sy/em :i* is fundam5tal ev5 to ?is day4 ,!re 0 fir/ ! s\rce ( light1 !n a reflector & ! object1 & ! project$ image4 ,! effects1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be mo/ />tl+ 9 a d>k5$ room4 ,kir*] also %[$ h[ %ad[s ( any type ( figure c\ld be ?r[n onto a wall or scre5 ?r\gh ! same me?od4 ,9 ^? days :5 !re 0 mu* secret correspond5ce & ke5 int]e/ 9 v>i\s =ms ( ciph]1 _m ( ,kir*]'s read]s 7 glad to note h[ ! magic lant]n c\ld be us$ = su* a purpose4 ,at t "t p w\ld n1 x 0 believ$1 detect t ! lett]s 9 su* a sy/em 7 simply backw>ds & upside d[n4 ,! message c\ld be read easily by project+ images ( ! lett]s4 ,! same result c\ld be _h by turn+ ! pap] upside d[n & hold+ x be=e a mirror4 ,aft] li/+ ^! _m div]se uses ( ! magic lant]n sy/em ,kir*] ?\ght x well to conclude 8 book le/ he be *>g$ ) 8me&]+0 endlessly on a subject :i* "s w\ld consid] trivial4 ,kir*] said1 8,we leave all ^! to ! tal5t$ read] = fur!r ref9em5t4 ,a ^w to ! wise is suffici5t4 ,innum]able ?+s c\ld be said conc]n+ ! application ( ?is device b we leave to o!rs new mat]ial ( inv5tion & le/ ?is "w gr[ too long we cut (f ! ?read ( discussion ab\t ^! devices40 ,kir*] end$ 8 entire book by say+ t x 0 publi%$ 8n = income or glory b = ! common good40 ,9 8 ,lat9 autobiography ,kir*] made only "o pass+ ref]5ce to 8 ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae1 8,! ,great ,art ( ,light & ,%ad[40 ,let ,kir*] speak3 ,at ?is "t 7ar\nd #afde7 ?ree m books 7 publi%$1 ! fir/ on ! magnetic art1 ,on ,magnetism2 ano!r ,on ! ,great ,art ( ,light & ,%ad[ & a ?ird writt5 9 ! "n ( ,musurgia1 8,music40 ,^! are n insignificant works1 praise be ,god4 ,!y occasion$ applause b ?is applause soon br\ght me ano!r =m ( tribulation2 new accusations pil$ up & = ?is reason my critics said ,i %\ld devote my :ole life to develop+ ma!matics4 ,s ) desp]ate hope on acc\nt ( ?is imp5etrable difficulty ,i gave up my "w on hi]oglyphics & my he>t & m9d 7 disc\rag$4 ,at "o po9t 9 ! discussion ( ! magic lant]n 9 ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae ,kir*] int]rupt$ ! ?read ( ! /ory long en\gh to po9t out t *>ges ( ! use ( ! black arts _h be5 made aga9/ him & o!rs :o knew ! use ( mirrors & l5ses by "s :o _h no k ( philosophy & sci5ce4 ,he told h[ ,rog] ,bacon 0 *>g$ ) necromancy because he c\ld %[ a recognizable %ad[ ( himself 9 a d>k room :]e 8 fri5ds 7 assembl$4 ,kir*] not$ t c]ta9ly a tal5t$ philosoph] & sci5ti/ c\ld accompli% all ^! effects ?r\gh skill 9 ! use ( mirrors & l5ses & )\t any trace ( ! suspect black art4 ,! *>ge ( necromantic art 0 ! s\rce ( mu* ( ,kir*]'s unhapp9ess4 ,"s consid]$ him 9 league ) ! devil because he c\ld make images & %ad[s & objects appe> :]e none _h be5 be=e4 ,x 0 ! age-old /ory t "s 9 ! audi5ce or among ! read]s did n und]/& h[ an effect 0 produc$ s its validity & legitimacy 7 d5i$4 ,praise & blame always h be5 ! lot ( discov]]s & inv5tors4 ,kir*] _h1 h[ev]1 bett] =tune ?an _m o!rs4 ,he 0 able to write 9 8 autobiography1 8,div9e ,provid5ce1 :i* nev] fails u1 took c>e ( my tr\ble 9 ?is wond]ful way--my appo9t$ "w 0 re/or$ to me & by ! occasion ( ?is good =tune ,i escap$ ! traps ( my adv]s>ies40 ,adv]s>ies on ev5 sci5tific matt]s 9 ^? days battl$ to ! dea?4 ,:at happ5$ 0 ?is3 ,a commission e/abli%$ by ,innoc5t ,x1 :o _h be5 elect$ ,pope 9 #afdd1 ord]$ t ,kir*] be all[$ to cont9ue 8 belov$ antiqu>ian /udies4 ,x seem$ t ! ,obelisk ( ,c>acalla _h be5 p>tially de/roy$ & ,kir*] 0 giv5 ! task ( direct+ ! re/oration4 ,kir*]'s orig9al patron1 ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 cont9u$ to h influ5ce1 be+ ,pope ,innoc5t's legate or ambassador to ! ,emp]or4 ,& s ! man :o _h done s mu* to advance ! art-sci5ce ( liv+ pictures = ! k & enjoym5t ( va/ millions 9 ! c5turies to come sp5t ! happie/ days ( 8 life look+ t[>ds ! dead & buri$ pa/4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]1 ,kir*] 0 able to revise & enl>ge 8 book on ,! ,great ,art ( ,light & ,%ad[ & h x pr9t$ 9 a great folio edition 9 #afga by ,john ,jansson ( ,waesb]ge at ,am/]dam4 ,conditions _h *ang$ greatly--,kir*] 0 no long] a newcom] at ,rome1 suspect$ ( be+ 9 league ) ! devil on acc\nt ( 8 p[]s ) mirrors & l5ses & 8 amaz+ project$ images4 ,8 fame z a univ]sal s*ol>1 8,! ,doctor ( a ,hundr$ ,arts10 _h spread ?r\gh\t ! ,european _w4 ,m5 n[ _h begun to realize !re 0 mu* ( great value 9 8 ,magia ,catoptrica or ,magic ,projection ) mirrors4 ,jacob ,alban ,ghibbesim1 ,m4,d41 pr(essor at ! ,roman ,college1 9 ! caption = ,kir*]'s portrait1 us$ ^! words3 8,?is man & 8 "n are kn[n to ! ends ( ! e>?40 ,9 #afgj ,kir*] _h a new patron1 ,john ,fr$]ic1 to :om he d$icat$ 8 "w4 ,! ,emp]or ,f]d9&1 :o sponsor$ ! fir/ edition1 _h di$ 9 #afeg4 ,europe 0 gradually recov]+ f ! effects ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,l\is ,,xiv 0 e/abli%+ an all-p[]ful p]sonal rule 9 ,france4 ,holl& & ,switz]l& 7 jeal\sly gu>d+ _! newly won indep5d5ce4 ,sw$5 0 an important ,european p[]4 ,great ,brita9 _h a %ort-liv$ republic "u ,cromwell4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w ! ,engli% _h consolidat$ _! position by driv+ ! ,dut* out ( ,new ,am/]dam1 occupy+ ,new ,york 9 #affd4 ,mu* ( ! ,new ,_w _h yet to be explor$4 8,vagabonds & impo/]s0 _h c>ri$ ! magic lant]n ev]y:]e dur+ ! qu>t] c5tury foll[+ its ann\ncem5t1 usually claim+ x z _! own inv5tion4 ,kir*] ?\ght ! "t _h come = him to set d[n 9 m detail v>i\s additional applications ( 8 magic lant]n1 inv5t$ #cj ye>s be=e4 ,! only additions ,kir*] made to ! entire tome 7 9 ! section on ! magic lant]ns4 ,two new plates 7 made1 %[+ room & box-type projectors & also add$ 0 ano!r special plate on a p>ticul> application demon/rat+ t ,kir*] us$ ! lant]n idea to tell a /ory4 7,illu/ration fac+ page #di47 ,let ,kir*] n[ expla9 ab\t ,walg5/e91 a ,dane1 "o ( 8 fir/ & mo/ successful imitators 9 ! practice ( ! magic lant]n3 ,conc]n+ ! con/ruction ( ,magic ,lant]n or ,?aumaturga 7,wond] ,projector7-- ,al?\gh we h already m5tion$ ?is lant]n 9 sev]al places & %[n a me?od ( transmitt+ images by ! sun into d>k places1 we w illu/rate "o fur!r use--t is1 a me?od ( project+ pa9t$ images ( objects 9 _! own colors4 ,because previ\sly we m]ely outl9$ ?is subject & left x entirely ap>t f o!r m important inv5tions1 x happ5$ t _m :o 7 drawn by ! novelty ( ! magic lant]n appli$ _! m9ds to its ref9em5t4 ,fir/ among ^! 0 a ,dane1 ,?omas ,walg5/e91 n a little kn[n z a ma!matician1 :o1 recall+ my inv5tion1 produc$ a bett] =m ( ! lant]n :i* ,i _h describ$4 ,^! he sold1 ) great pr(it to himself1 to _m ( ! prom95t p ( ,italy4 ,he sold s _m t by n[ ! magic lant]n is ne>ly commonplace 9 ,rome4 ,h[ev]1 !re is none among all ^! lant]ns :i* diff]s f ! lant]n describ$ by u4 ,walg5/e9 said t ) ?is lant]n model he %[$ a l>ge numb] ( suffici5tly bright & %9+ pictures 9 a d>k *amb] & !y ar\s$ ! greate/ admiration 9 ! audi5ces4 ,we 9 our d>k *amb] at ! college are accu/om$ to %[ _m new pictures to ! greate/ wond] ( ^? look+ on4 ,! %[ is mo/ wor?:ile see+1 ! subjects be+ ei!r satire or tragic plays1 all ! pictures 9 ! appe>ances ( ! liv+4 ,f ,kir*]'s /atem5t ,walg5/e9 %\ld be hail$ z ! fir/ comm]cializ] ( ! projector & ! fir/ travel+ picture %[man or 8road-%[ man40 ,un=tunately1 little is kn[n ( ?is man4 ,:ile he may h be5 8n a little kn[n0 9 ,kir*]'s "t1 he left no m>k on hi/ory1 evid5tly nev] writ+ a book or hold+ an educational or o!r position :i* w\ld h be5 record$4 ,x seems c]ta9 t he 0 ! ,dane ( :om ! ,fr5* inv5tor & sci5ti/1 ,milliet de ,*ales1 spoke ab\t z introduc+ ! magic lant]n 9 ,lyons1 ,france1 "s ye>s aft] x 0 inv5t$ by ,kir*]4 ,kir*]'s /atem5t ab\t ! %[s :i* he put on at ! ,roman ,college is mo/ int]e/+4 ,! ref]5ce to tragic & comic plays indicates beyond d\bt t ,kir*] us$ a succession ( lant]n slides to tell a /ory z ! mod]n motion picture is made up ( a succession ( pictures4 ,kir*] includ$ a description ( ! slide projector s t all :o wi%$ c\ld imitate 8 "w4 8,all ^! ?+s h be5 %[n s t ! read] c make 8 own10 he said4 8,! "w ( art =m]ly describ$ does n diff] f ! new lant]n40 ,he po9t$ out t mov+ slides _h be5 add$ s t ! objects might appe> ) ! aspect ( liv+ %ad[s4 ,he aga9 expla9$ h[ a concave mirror & diaphragm %\ld be us$4 ,kir*] in=m$ 8 read]s t he usually us$ f\r or five slides1 ea* hav+ eight pictures pa9t$ on glass4 ,! illu/rations1 he not$1 expla9 ! sy/em bett] ?an words4 ,we e*o t & ref] ! read] to ! illu/rations ( ! box & room mov+-slide projectors ( ,kir*]4 ,kir*] 9 8 #afga edition describ$ a =m ( revolv+ disc to tell a /ory4 7,he select$ ! mo/ widely kn[n /ory ( all = ! model--,! ,life ( ,*ri/47 ,! light available w\ld n give a great effect b ! patt]n 0 set4 ,ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s lat] ! fir/ projection ( motion pictures 0 to be a*iev$ ) a some:at simil> disc & s]ies ( pa9t$ figures4 ,kir*]'s revolv+ disc told ! /ory ) a s]ies ( /ill pictures rapidly succe$+ ea* o!r4 7,illu/ration fac+ page #dh47 ,by expla9+ all details ( ! me?od & con/ruction ( ! magic lant]n to ev]yone int]e/$1 ,kir*] _h hop$ to expose "s ( ! impo/]s :o 7 us+ 8 inv5tion to ar\se fe> & make ! p believe t ! op]ator _h magic p[]s4 ,kir*]1 ) 8 8hundr$ arts10 became vir toto orbe celebratissimus--a man well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w--accord+ to ,j]ome ,lang5mantel :o edit$ 8 autobiography 9 #afhd4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce 8 own era ,kir*] has be5 relatively unkn[n4 ,!re 0 h>dly a bran* ( le>n+ t did n attract ,kir*]'s att5tion4 ,he assembl$ "o ( ! be/ e?nological collections ( 8 "t4 ,he attempt$ to develop a basic language & 0 "o ( ! fir/ to make a />t t[>ds deciph]+ hi]oglyphics4 ,9 ! field ( magnetism he 0 a pione] & 9 #afcb 0 "o ( ! fir/ to map compass v>iation & ocean curr5ts4 ,9 m$ic9e ,kir*] 0 a propon5t ( ! new & g5]ally disbeliev$ g]m !ory ( disease1 & an exp]im5t] 9 ! use ( hypnotism = heal+ purposes4 ,he contribut$ mu* to ! e>ly k ( volcanoes4 ,z an inv5tor1 ,kir*] p]fect$ "o ( ! fir/ c\nt+ ma*9es1 speak+ tubes1 ,aeolian h>ps & develop$ ! microscope to an enl>g+ p[] ( #a1jjj diamet]s4 ,h[ev]1 despite all 8 k1 8 title ( 8,doctor ( a ,hundr$ ,arts0 & ! tr\ble & fame incid5tal to ! inv5tion ( ! magic lant]n--8 lea/ art1 or 8! hundr$?0--,kir*] 0 n prideful ( 8 reputation4 ,he conclud$ 8 little autobiography by describ+ himself z 8a poor1 humble & unwor?y s]vant ( ,god40 ,8 he>t 0 buri$ 9 a %r9e to ,m>y1 ! ,"m ( ,god1 :i* ,kir*] _h con/ruct$ on ! ,sab9e ,hill 9 ,rome4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! art-sci5ce ( projection & ! magic lant]n 7 fur!r expla9$ ?r\gh ! publication ( ?ree o!r books :i* includ$ a description ( ,kir*]'s "w & illu/rations ( 8 projector sy/ems2 namely1 ,george de ,valesius' volume on ! ,museum ( ! ,roman ,college 9 #afgh1 :i* po9t$ out t ,kir*] _h develop$ magic lant]ns us+ "o or m l5ses1 & t sev]al diff]5t models 7 on display & 9 use s9ce ! "t ( _! inv5tion2 ,johann ,/ephan ,kesl]'s book on ,kir*]'s exp]im5ts publi%$ 9 #afhj & ano!r edition 9 #afhf2 & f9ally !re 0 publi%$ 9 ,rome 9 #agjg1 a "w on ! ,kir*] ,museum--! ,museum ( ! ,roman ,college :i* _h by !n be5 giv5 (ficially ! "n ( its collector4 ,today only a few small objects rema9 ( ,kir*]'s orig9al collections4 ,un=tunately1 ,kir*]'s devices 7 de/roy$ %ortly aft] 8 dea?4 ,! museum ( ,kir*] at ! ,roman ,college1 ! fir/ picture !atre 9 ! _w1 0 an amaz+ place4 ,e conceivable k9d ( antiqu>ian & sci5tific object 0 assembl$--f ,egyptian inscriptions to /uff$ animals1 fi%1 r>e /ones1 curiosities f ! ,new ,worlds & ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ! pursuits ( ! 8,doctor ( a ,hundr$ ,arts40 ,any spectator1 f "o ( ! em95t ,c>d9als to a "y ,roman nobleman & /ud5t at ! ,college :o 0 invit$ to a p]=mance1 w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 well prep>$ = an extraord9>y %[ aft] look+ at ! div]se collections at ! museum4 ,9 ! #ag? c5tury !re 0 no d\bt z to ! id5tity ( ! inv5tor ( ! magic lant]n4 ,be=e ,kir*]'s dea? 9 #afhj 8 magic lant]n 0 widely us$ 9 ,europe = sci5tific & ent]ta9m5t purposes z well z = ! art ( deception4 ,! "q 0 rais$ by lat] writ]s seek+ to claim a national ( _! own c\ntry z ! inv5tor4 ,kesl] wrote 9 #afhj1 8,9 ! catoptric art images are exhibit$ 9 d>k places ?r\gh ! magic lant]n :i* our au?or 7,kir*]7 inv5t$ & :i*1 to 8 undy+ memory1 he communicat$ to ! _w40 ,9 ^? days "s m5 lik$ to keep secret _! inv5tions le/ "s "o else claim ! rew>ds4 ,two & a half c5turies lat]1 ,?omas ,a4 ,edison sometimes f\nd x bett] n to take out =eign pat5ts on 8 inv5tions because t frequ5tly s]v$ only z notice to ^? :o s\ght to duplicate 8 "w4 ,= ?is reason ,edison did n sp5d ! #aej necess>y to obta9 =eign pat5ts on 8 mov+ picture cam]as & view]s4 ,,vii ,,popul>iz+ ,,kir*]',s ,,projector ,kir*]'s magic lant]n is popul>iz$ by o!rs--,s*ott--,milliet de ,*ales--,zahn--,molyneux--,! "n & fame ( ! inv5tor are lo/ to ! public :ile magic %ad[ projection spreads ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,z ) _m ano!r inv5tor1 ,kir*] receiv$ little praise & mu* blame = 8 inv5tion ( ! magic lant]n4 ,*>ges ( be+ 9 league ) ! devil to a*ieve ! wondr\s images on ! scre5 almo/ broke 8 _s4 ,?\gh 8 device 0 widely pirat$ 9 ,europe )\t ackn[l$gem5t ( ! inv5tor1 be=e ,kir*]'s dea? he 0 able to take "s satisfaction f ! fact t 8 projector 0 no long] view$ z 8black magic0 b z a great boon = mank9d4 ,_h he liv$ long] he w\ld h aga9 be5 sadd5$ z o!rs claim$ ! magic lant]n z _! own4 ,at ?is lat] day ! "n ( ,kir*] 0 kn[n only to a few s*ol>s al?\gh ! magic lant]n audi5ces c\ld be numb]$ 9 ! _m ?\s&s4 ,9 ! fir/ half c5tury aft] ! inv5tion ( ! magic lant]n projector1 f\r m51 9 addition to ,kir*] himself1 made its sci5tific pr9ciples & con/ruction widely kn[n4 ,!y 7 a curi\s gr\p3 ,gasp> ,s*ott1 a protg ( ,kir*]2 ,claude ,milliet de ,*ales1 a ,fr5* prie/ & milit>y exp]t2 ,johann ,zahn ,g]man writ]2 & ,william ,molyneux1 an ,iri% patriot1 tea*] & sci5ti/4 ,gasp> ,s*ott 0 ! be/ kn[n ( ,kir*]'s pupils :o help$ to awak5 sci5tific int]e/ 9 ,europe4 ,he 0 born at ,knig%(51 ,bohemia1 9 #afjh4 ,he ent]$ ! ,jesuit ,ord] at ! age ( #ai4 ,l ,kir*]1 8 s5ior by six ye>s1 ,s*ott 0 compell$ to flee ! disord]s 9 ,g]many & cont9ue 8 /udies abroad4 ,= 8 c\rses 9 philosophy & !ology ,s*ott w5t to ,sicily4 ,lat] he /udi$ "u ,kir*] at ! ,roman ,college4 ,f 8 contact ) ,kir*]1 ,s*ott _h develop$ a great int]e/ 9 sci5tific matt]s & ma!matics4 ,he conduct$ rese>* & wrote at ,augsburg until 8 dea? 9 #afff4 ,s*ott's books 7 once v popul>4 ,_! subjects rang$ f extracts ( ! di>ies kept by ,kir*] on 8 v>i\s sci5tific travels to ma!matical text books & ev5 a /udy on ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,nile4 ,s f> z ! /ory ( magic %ad[s goes1 ,s*ott's mo/ valuable book 0 ! ,magia ,univ]salis ,natur et ,artis4 8,wond]s ( ,univ]sal ,nature & ,art10 publi%$ at ,wrzburg 9 #afeh1 ) a second edition 9 #afgd4 ,s*ott describ$ e type ( magic lant]n1 bas+ 8 rem>ks1 ( c\rse1 on ! "w ( ,kir*]4 ,! projection app>atus describ$ by him 0 bett] ?an t ( ! ma/]1 ,kir*]4 ,s*ott describ$ lant]ns ) & )\t l5ses1 & cov]$ po9ts ( practical use z well z ! !ory4 ,! age-old ,burn+ ,glasses ( ,ar*im$es 7 /udi$ by ,s*ott1 :o knew ab\t ! v>i\s k9ds ( images1 mirrors1 & ! focal l5g? & its importance 9 produc+ %>p pictures on ! scre54 ,a ref9em5t 9 ! telescope 0 also expla9$4 ,s*ott 0 probably ! fir/ man to write ab\t1 & /udy ) ! magic lant]n1 optical illusions caus$ by a rapidly revolv+ :eel1 includ+ ! appe>ance ( di/ort$ figures4 ,x 0 ?is same /udy1 c>ri$ on almo/ two hundr$ ye>s lat] 9 ,engl&1 ,france & ,belgium1 t 0 to result 9 ! fir/ real motion pictures4 ,9 ideas ,s*ott outran ! limitations ( ! physical app>atus available at ! "t1 z did ,kir*] himself4 ,kir*] _h be5 ask$ by ,s*ott to write ! =eword to 8 book4 ,b ,kir*] 0 too busy ) o!r works4 7,x is b>ely possible t he 0 jeal\s ( ! gr[+ fame ( 8 =m] pupil2 or1 m likely1 t he 0 unwill+ to appe> 9 pr9t at t "t on ! subject :i* _h s mu* contribut$ to 8 tr\bles47 ,ni*olas ,mohr1 :o did write ! introduction1 po9t$ out t ,s*ott _h be5 c>ry+ on ! "w ( ,kir*]4 ,s*ott discuss$ ! v>i\s details ( ! magic lant]n projector 9 sci5tific t]ms4 ,he 0 a pure sci5ti/ )\t ! da% ( %[man%ip :i* at once di/+ui%$ ,kir*] & probably help$ to cause him difficulty ) 8 8enemies40 ,s*ott describ$ h[ 8to con/ruct ! ,kir*] ,catoptric ,ma*9e40 ,?is 0 ! fir/ c\pl+ ( ,kir*]'s own "n ) ! magic lant]n4 ,b p pref]r$ ,kir*]'s appellation ( 8magic lant]n40 ,& s 8 own "n did n gr[ into ! language to /& = ! device he inv5t$4 ,ab\t fifte5 ye>s aft] ,s*ott's book appe>$ & ne>ly ?irty ye>s aft] ! fir/ description ( ! magic lant]n by ,kir*] 9 8 ,great ,art ( light & ,%ad[1 ! fir/ prom95t ,fr5*man 9 ! hi/ory ( ! magic %ad[s made a contribution by improv+ "s details ( ! projector4 ,9 keep+ ) :at has n be5 an infrequ5t practice among/ ,fr5* hi/orians 9 claim+ inv5tions = ,fr5*m51 x has be5 held t ,claude ,franois ,milliet de ,*ales1 & n ,a?anasius ,kir*]1 inv5t$ ! magic lant]n4 ,milliet de ,*ales 0 a tal5t$ man b1 z he himself cle>ly wrote1 he did n inv5t ! magic lant]n4 ,:at happ5$ 0 t de ,*ales saw "o exhibit$ 9 ,lyons1 :]e he 0 /ation$1 & !n devis$ "s improvem5ts4 ,de ,*ales 0 mu* too "y to h inv5t$ ! magic lant]n1 z he 0 born at ,*ambry 9 #afba4 ,he ent]$ ! ,jesuits 9 #afcf & aft] 8 /udies sp5t "s "t 9 mission>y "w 9 ,turkey4 ,:ile de ,*ales 0 on ! missions1 ,kir*] _h already demon/rat$ ! magic lant]n at ,rome4 ,fa!r de ,*ales _h an int]e/+ c>e]4 ,^u 8 return f mission>y "w he became a pr(essor ( humanities & rhetoric4 ,lat] 8 att5tion 0 turn$ to ?+s sci5tific4 ,l\is ,,xiv made him pr(essor ( hydrography at ,m>seilles & !re de ,*ales 0 able to devote mu* "t to navigation & to o!r arts :i* w\ld h a milit>y application4 ,de ,*ales lat] taught ma!matics & !ology1 ev5tually becom+ rector ( ,*ambry4 ,he di$ 9 ,tur9 9 #afgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,oculus ,artificialis ,tel$ioptricus1 #afhe ,,johann ,,zahn1 ,gasp> ,s*ott1 ,claude ,milliet de ,*ales & ,william ,molyneux p]fect$ ,kir*]'s magic lant]n projector & spread k ( x ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,illu/rat$ are table models by ,zahn4 ,! m\nt+ ( ! slides %[s ! que/ = movem5t4 ,no basic improvem5ts 9 ! projector 7 made = ano!r c5tury & a half4 ,de ,*ales' monum5tal "w is ,cursus seu ,mundus ,ma!maticus1 8,! ,ma!matical ,_w10 writt5 9 #afgd4 ,an edition1 edit$ f ! au?or's review$ manuscript1 by ,amati ,v>c91 ,s4 ,j41 0 publi%$ at ,lyons 9 #afij1 #ab ye>s aft] de ,*ales' dea?4 ,"o section 0 devot$ to optics4 ,de ,*ales /udi$ ! eye & knew t ! image is upside d[n on ! ret9a4 ,he inve/igat$ o!r vision problems1 includ+ angul> vision & vision at long range1 consid]$ b9ocul> vision & ! images =m$ by ea* eye4 ,he devis$ satisfactory l5ses & spectacles = bo? f> & ne>-sight$ p]sons4 7,! orig9al "n = ne>-sight$ness--8,myopia0--came d[n f ,ari/otle47 ,de ,*ales exp]im5t$ ) light & d>k color$ objects & gave consid]ation to :y we see bett] ) two eyes ?an "o4 ,he not$ t ! eye actually sees color & light & n objects & movem5t--a fact ^u :i* ! :ole motion picture process is bas$4 ,he po9t$ out t ! %ip appe>s to /& /ill & ! %ore moves to an obs]v] abo>d4 ,he also /udi$ ! nature ( color & ! laws ( light4 ,de ,*ales ev5 attempt$ ?ree dim5sion projection6 ,ev5 n[ _m ef=ts are be+ made to a*ieve 8?ree dim5sion0 motion pictures )\t ! use ( special glasses or o!r view+ devices = ! spectators4 ,illu/ration3 ,oculus ,artificialis ,tel$ioptricus1 #afhe ,"t & w9d indicators by projection 7 among ! curi\s adaptations ( ! magic lant]n device develop$ by ,zahn4 ,above1 ! h\r 0 indicat$ by ! po9t ( ! sword4 ,bel[1 ! w9d in/rum5t 0 +5i\sly connect$ to a vane on ! ro(4 ,x 0 automatic 9 action2 ! 8clock0 0 n4 ,de ,*ales consid]$ plane & curv$ mirrors1 improv+ ! design ( ! old cam]a lucida ( ,alb]ti by introduc+ a mirror4 ,he devis$ a simple se>*light to improve ! projection ( images1 9 a sy/em simil> to ,kir*]'s design = ! fir/ magic lant]n1 b z x _h a /rong] light s\rce x 0 %[n h[ lett]s1 bright en\gh to read1 c\ld be project$ a great di/ance4 ,de ,*ales n>rat$ h[ fires c\ld be set ) ! two l5s sy/em--z ! old ,burn+ ,glasses ( ,ar*im$es4 ,he 0 a practical man z well z an +5i\s "o & includ$ details on h[ to make l5ses4 ,o!r /udies includ$ consid]ation ( color reflection1 a telescope ) two convex l5ses1 an attempt to make b9ocul>s & ev5 an exp]im5t ) prisms1 lay+ "s ( ! gr\ndwork = ,newton4 ,de ,*ales wrote t = _m ?+s ?is me?od ( projection--direct ) a /rong light s\rce--0 8! be/ & mo/ c]ta940 ,d\btless he 0 "r1 consid]+ available means4 ,he also po9t$ out ! milit>y uses ( ! projector & o!r mirror-l5s devices4 ,today 9 enemy wat]s or :]e ho/ile sea or aircraft are expect$ & a 8radio sil5ce0 mu/ be ma9ta9$--%ips & planes mu/ use optical signal+ devices & de ,*ales 0 ! fir/ to consid] c>efully ?is subject4 ,de ,*ales' mo/ important ref9em5t 9 ! projector 0 ! introduction ( a two-l5s projection sy/em4 ,he describ$ 9 8 book h[ ! magic lant]n fir/ came to 8 att5tion4 8,we h se5 "h at ,lyons a dioptric ma*9e1 call$ a magic lant]n4 ,rays ( light are project$ ?r\gh a tube = a di/ance ( t5 or twelve feet4 ,an enl>g$ image1 ab\t f\r feet 9 diamet]1 is %[n 9 all its colors40 ,! effect 0 consid]$ wond]ful1 accord+ to de ,*ales4 ,he not$1 h[ev]1 t a convex l5s 0 us$ b po9t$ out t x w\ld be bett] to use a d\ble l5s 8z he demon/rat$40 ,de ,*ales did n disc>d ! concave mirror1 us$ z ! light collector on almo/ all types ( projectors f ,kir*]'s to ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 a subsequ5t *apt] de ,*ales gave m in=mation on ?is subject4 8,z ,i h indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] a le>n$ ,dane0 7v likely ! same ,walg5/e9 ( :om ,kir*] wrote z a popul>iz] ( 8 lant]n projector7 8came to ,lyons 9 ! ye> #afee40 ,de ,*ales cont9u$1 8,?is ,dane 0 well v]s$ 9 optics & among o!r ?+s %[$ a lant]n40 ,de ,*ales aga9 not$ h[ he _h develop$ an improvem5t1 us+ two l5ses1 :i* made possible a projection to ! !n amaz+ di/ance ( #bj feet4 ,! pres5t projection 8?r[0 at ! ,radio ,city ,music ,hall1 ,rockefell] ,c5t]1 ,new ,york1 is approximately #bjj feet4 ,9 addition to optics & _m o!r fields ( /udy1 de ,*ales 0 int]e/$ 9 navigation4 ,he wrote a book1 probably on ! ord] ( ! ,k+'s g5]al /aff1 ,! ,art ( ,navigation demon/rat$ by pr9ciple & prov$ by _m obs]vations drawn f practical exp]i5ce4 ,he devis$ a paddle-:eel %ip t w\ld g aga9/ ! curr5t1 8)\t sails1 )\t o>s & )\t ! traction ( any animal0--surely a milit>y weapon6 ,8 mo/ important milit>y "w 0 ,! ,art ( ,=tify+ & ,def5d+ & ,attack+ accord+ to ! ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 ,italian & ,spani% ,me?ods4 ,de ,*ales m5tion$ 9 8 writ+s ,alhaz51 ,witelo & o!r anci5t au?orities4 ,he mu/ h read ! fir/ edition ( ,kir*]'s book & also ,gasp> ,s*ott's be=e 8 own 0 writt54 ,h[ev]1 de ,*ales made a def9ite improvem5t ) 8 l5s sy/em :i* is ess5tially ! mod]n "o4 ,also1 8 "w help$ to popul>ize & ext5d ! art & sci5ce ( light & %ad[4 ,he 0 ano!r /range man 9 ?is complex /ory--a mission>y1 a tea*] & a milit>y exp]t4 ,johann ,zahn 9 ,oculus ,artificialis ,tel$ioptricus sive ,telescopium1 8,! ,artificial ,telescopic ,eye or ,telescope10 publi%$ at ,nuremb]g 9 #afhe & #agjb1 outl9$ a bett] l5s sy/em = ! magic lant]n & describ$ _m applications1 includ+ false repres5tations to create wond] & fe>4 ,"o ( ,zahn's tea*]s 0 ,j]ome ,lang5mantel1 ! editor ( ,kir*]'s autobiography1 s ! l9k ) ,kir*] is close & direct4 ,zahn consid]$ ! eye1 vision & light1 bas+ 8 "w on e>li] writ]s4 ,x 0 not$ t ,kir*]1 & 8 aide ,s*em]1 us$ a sy/em--probably ! natural cam]a--to obs]ve ! sun at ,rome 9 #afce4 ,he also describ$ telescopes & microscopes & a device :i* 0 a =]unn] 9 ! ,/]eoscope4 ,9 8 section on ! magic lant]n1 ,zahn ackn[l$ges 8 debt to ,kir*]1 ref]r+ to ,kir*]'s book & to ,s*ott's say+ 8! projection ( images ( objects 0 ann\nc$ 9 a wond]ful mann] by ,kir*]40 ,he also knew de ,*ales' "w4 ,b he %[$ t an improvem5t c\ld be made4 ,zahn %[$ a complete magic lant]n1 or ,?aumaturga ,lant]n 7names orig9at$ by ,kir*]7 or ,megalographica ,lant]n 7,great-writ+71 because ev5 little figures & images c appe> life-l 9 size4 ,! sy/em 0 complete3 reflect+ mirror to focus ! light1 a lamp z ! light s\rce & two projection l5ses =m+ ! projection sy/em4 ,zahn wrote1 8,v great wond]s are pres5t$ & set =? 9 ! magic lant]n includ+ ! projection ( light & curi\s images40 ,he proves himself a %[man by say+ ! purpose is to create 8! greate/ admiration & enjoym5t ( ^? look+ on40 ,! regul> magic lant]n 01 he said1 8already well kn[n40 ,he develop$ "s v +5i\s improvem5ts1 includ+ table model projectors :i* set ! patt]n "r to ! end ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,all t 0 lat] add$ 0 improv$ light s\rces includ+1 f9ally1 electric light4 7,illu/rations fac+ page #fd47 ,zahn = 8 !atre %[s describ$ h[ images c\ld be project$ ev5 "u wat]4 ,he /ress$ ! importance ( conceal+ ! projector 9 a sep>ate room s t ! audi5ce w\ld n "k ! s\rce ( ! magical vision4 ,9 "o model ( ! magic lant]n ,zahn expla9$ h[ ! glass slides c\ld be m\nt$ on a circul> disk :i* c\ld be revolv$ 9 front ( ! magic lant]n l5s4 ,9 o!r words1 he took ! disk %[n by ,kir*] & comb9$ x ) ,kir*]'s projector4 ,b ,zahn's modification 0 ! dom9ant patt]n us$ by lat] exp]im5t]s1 j be=e ! dawn ( ! motion picture z we "k x4 ,! fir/ projector to %[ 8motion pictures0 f h&-drawn slides 0 inv5t$ ab\t #ahea by ,franz von ,u*atius & look$ v simil> to ?is model ( ,zahn4 ,zahn _h also _m curi\s applications1 includ+ ! use ( ! magic lant]n to tell "t or r to project ! correct "t on a great 8clock0 on ! wall4 ,ano!r application 0 ! use ( ! lant]n1 connect$ ) a w9d vane atop ! /ructure to %[ ! direction ! w9d 0 bl[+ at ! p>ticul> in/ant4 7,illu/ration fac+ page #fe47 ,j4 ,kunckelius1 :o wrote on ! ,glass ,art1 is cr$it$ by ,zahn ) develop+ a good ink or pa9t to be us$ on ! glass = ! magic lant]n slides4 ,?is in=mation 0 pass$ on by him to 8 read]s4 ,f ,kir*]'s day until ! inv5tion ( film & its use 9 photography 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ai? c5tury1 glass slides =m$ ! physical picture supports = practically e k9d ( a magic %ad[ %[4 ,kir*]'s magic lant]n 0 e/abli%$ on a sci5tific basis 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ _w by ! writ+ ( ,william ,molyneux1 a citiz5 ( ,dubl94 ,molyneux became an ,iri% patriot by tak+ a /& aga9/ ! cont5d$ "r ( ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t to rule ,iri%m54 ,he 0 a lead] 9 ! con/itutional /ruggle = ,iri% autonomy 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,molyneux1 a pr(essor at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 includ$ 8 treatm5t ( ! magic lant]n 9 8 ,dioptrica ,nova1 :i* ! c5sor pass$ on ,june #d1 #afij ) ! note1 8,i ?9k ?is book is fit to be pr9t$40 ,b x 0 n publi%$ until two ye>s lat]4 ,molyneux1 z o!r pione]s 9 ?is art-sci5ce1 _h 8 p]iod ( exile4 ,he wrote 9 ,dioptrica ,nova1 8! pres5t di/ractions ( our mis]able c\ntry h sep>at$ me & my books40 ,9 ! introduction ,molyneux po9t$ out t up to !n !re 0 no?+ writt5 9 ! ,engli% language on t "p ( ma!matics &1 he said1 8,i am sure !re are _m +5i\s ,heads1 great ,geomet]s1 & ,ma/]s 9 ,ma!matics1 :o are n s well skill$ 9 ,lat940 ,& c]ta9ly ,molyneux 0 "r1 = ! use ( ! mod]n languages 0 exp&+ con/antly 9 t p]iod4 ,molyneux _h a l[ reg>d = ,zahn1 :om he call$ 8a bl9d transcrib] f o!rs0 & ass]t$ t he copi$ ! errors ( de ,*ales4 ,an e>ly section ( ! book 0 8,on ! ,repres5tation ( outw>d objects 9 a ,d>k ,*amb]2 by a ,convex ,glass40 ,?is 0 a modifi$ v]sion ( ! natural cam]a1 fir/ set d[n c>efully by da ,v9ci & dat+ back to ,rog] ,bacon4 ,molyneux devot$ a :ole section to 8,! ,explication ( ! ,magick ,lant]n1 sometimes call$ ,lant]na ,megalographica0 7t la/ 0 "o ( ! names ,kir*] gave to x74 ,molyneux sci5tifically describ$ a good model featur+ a metal lant]n & adju/able l5ses4 ,he expla9$ t ! pictures to be %[n 7 pa9t$ ) transp>5t colors on pieces ( ?9 glass :i* 7 inv]t$ & plac$ 9 ! projector4 ,8 comm5t on ! type ( picture is ent]ta9+3 8,?is is usually "s ,ludicr\s or frightful ,repres5tation1 ! m to div]t ! ,spectators40 8,horror0 pictures--& com$ies--7 born c5turies be=e ,hollywood4 ,also discuss$ 7 focus+ l5ses1 glass & concave mirrors1 adju/m5ts 9 ! picture focus1 ! ?r[ f projector to ! scre54 ,h[ev]1 ,molyneux wi%$ to keep /rictly on ! sci5tific & s*ol>ly side say+1 8,z to ! ,me*anick ,contrivances ( ?is ,lant]n1 ! mo/ ,conv5i5t ,proportion ( ! ,glasse1 etc4 ?is is s ord9>y among/ ! common ,glass ,gr9d]s t 'tis ne$less to insi/ fur!r !reon 9 ?is place4 ',tis suffici5t to me t ,i h expla9$ ! !ory !re(40 ,at ! end ( ! volume !re 0 an adv]tisem5t--x 0 not$ t all ! in/rum5ts m5tion$ 8are made & sold by ,john ,y>well at ! ,ar*im$es & ,?ree ,gold5 ,prospects1 ne> ! great ,nor? ,door 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*-,y>d3 ,london40 ,?is makes ,john ,y>well ! fir/ record$ comm]cial deal] 9 ! magic %ad[ sci5ce4 ,9 addition to ,s*ott1 ,milliet de ,*ales1 ,zahn & ,molyneux1 _m travell+ %[m5 su* z ,walg5/e91 ! ,dane1 introduc$ ! magic lant]n & its magic %ad[ %[s 9 great cities & little hamlets ( ,europe4 ,"s 7 pr(essional ent]ta9]s1 accept+ ! projector z a new device2 o!rs 7 ! 8vagabonds & impo/]s10 ( ! type condemn$ by ,kir*]4 ,?is gr\p recogniz$ no law & copi$ & appropriat$ ! magic lant]n projector :5ev] opportunity pres5t$ itself4 ,!re 0 no copyright or o!r protection to re/ra9 !m4 ,by ! e>ly "p ( ! #ah? ,c5tury ! magic lant]n 0 commonplace & _m m5 7 skill$ 9 its use4 ,,viii ,,muss*5broek ,,& ,,motion ,magic %ad[s move 9 ! projector ( ,muss*5broek1 a ,dut*man--,que/ = real 8motion pictures0 cont9ues--,abb ,nollet sp9s a top--,lant]n %[s 9 ,p>is & ,london become spectacul>4 ,n long aft] ,kir*]'s dea? 8 magic lant]n projector 0 9 use ev]y:]e 9 ,europe b ! app>atus did n d all t 0 desir$4 ,! goal ( motion pictures 0 /ill ar\nd a corn]4 ,piet] van ,muss*5broek 7#afib-agfa71 a ,dut* natural philosoph] & ma!matician1 0 ! fir/ to successfully simulate motion ) ! aid ( ! projector & glass slides4 ,! effects ( motion produc$ on ! scre5 ?r\gh ! sy/em develop$ by ,muss*5broek 7 crude b progress 0 made4 ,!re 0 also fur!r concrete evid5ce t ! primitive urge ( ! fir/ pa9t] to re-create nature ) all its life & movem5t 0 /ill p[]ful & _h n be5 =gott54 ,previ\sly ,zahn1 z we h se51 m\nt$ a s]ies ( glass slides on a circul> disk :i* c\ld be revolv$ be=e ! l5s ( ! projector4 ,b !re ! me?od really only assur$ quick *anges f "o /ill picture to ano!r4 ,9 ! v beg9n+ ,kir*] also _h ! disk idea & 9 o!r models ( 8 lant]n arrang$ ! glass slides on a long panel s ! successive views c\ld be *ang$ rapidly4 ,muss*5broek1 work+ 9 ,holl& 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ah? c5tury1 a*iev$ 8 effect ( motion by fitt+ two panels ( slides into ! same lant]n = simultane\s projection4 ,"o slide 0 /ation>y & usually depict$ ! backgr\nd2 ! o!r 0 mobile & 0 set 9 motion by means ( a cord4 ,) a skill$ manipulator ! effects 7 c]ta9ly wond]ful--= t p]iod4 ,! motion magic lant]n projector 0 develop$ z a hobby by ,muss*5broek1 :o 0 unaw>e ( its importance until he _h a visit 9 #agcf f ! ,fr5* sci5ti/1 or m accurately popul>iz] ( sci5ce1 ,abb ,nollet 7#agjj-aggj74 ,abb ,nollet correspond$ ) sci5ti/s ?r\gh\t ! _w & 8 salon 9 ,p>is 0 cr[d$ ea* ev5+ ) ,fr5* & visit+ sci5ti/s & ! hang]s-on ( ! great4 ,:ile 9 ,holl&1 ,nollet visit$ ,muss*5broek4 ,"o ev5+ aft] a pleasant d9n] & mu* s]i\s conv]sation on educational & sci5tific matt]1 ! ho/1 ,muss*5broek1 propos$ a bit ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,he may h told 8 di/+ui%$ ,fr5* visitor1 8,i h a surprise = y4 ,i w %[ y some?+ t is z yet unkn[n 9 y\r wise ,p>is40 ,x is c]ta9 ,abb ,nollet's curiosity 0 /irr$ up & he look$ =w>d ) ke5 anticipation to ! demon/ration4 ,he 0 t k9d ( a p]son--eag] = any new sci5tific developm5t or application4 ,muss*5broek's %[ t ev5+ 9 ,holl& includ$1 accord+ to ,abb ,nollet1 magic lant]n views ( a w9d-mill ^: arms revolv$--wond] ( wond]s6 ,also a lady b[+ z %e walk$ along ! /reet4 ,& a cavali] remov+ 8 hat 9 c\rtesy4 ,t w\ld seem to prove t ,muss*5broek1 ! /aid sci5ti/1 9 8 idle mom5ts _h attempt$ to create ! fir/ 8boy-meets-girl0 motion picture4 ,! magic lant]n ) movem5t ( ,muss*5broek's description 0 br\ght back to ,p>is by ,nollet :o />t$ its popul>ization4 ,! sy/em became wide-spread foll[+ ! publication ( a book1 ,n\velles ,recrations ,physiques et ,ma?matiques1 by ,abb ,guyot :i* w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions 9 ,p>is & 0 translat$ & publi%$ also 9 at lea/ two editions 9 ,engl& by ,w4 ,hoop]1 ,m4,d4 "u ! title1 ,rational ,recreations 9 :i* ! ,pr9ciples ( ,numb]s & ,natural ,philosophy are ,cle>ly & ,copi\sly ,elucidat$1 by a ,s]ies ( ,easy1 ,ent]ta9+1 ,int]e/+ ,exp]im5ts4 ,hoop] copi$ ev5 ! plates f ! ,fr5* book ( ,guyot4 ,! projections ( ! magic lant]n1 x 0 said1 8may be r5d]$ mu* m amus+1 & at ! same "t m m>vel\s1 by prep>+ figures to :i* diff]5t natural motions may be giv51 :i* ev]yone may p]=m accord+ to 8 own ta/e2 ei!r by movem5ts 9 ! figures !mselves1 or by pa9t+ ! subject on two glasses1 & pass+ !m at ! same "t ?r\gh ! groove 7( ! lant]n740 ,x 0 not$ by ,guyot-,hoop] t 9 ,muss*5broek's ,philosophical ,essays !re are _m me?ods ( p]=m+ all ^! movem5ts1 8by "s me*anical contrivances t are n difficult to execute40 ,an illu/ration ( ! ,muss*5broek sy/em 0 giv54 ,! subject s\ght to portray h[1 8,to repres5t a tempe/ by ! magic lant]n40 ,on "o ( ^! glasses y are to pa9t ! appe>ance ( ! sea1 f ! slighte/ agitation to ! mo/ viol5t commotion4 ,obs]ve t ^! repres5tations are n to be di/9ct1 b run into ea* o!r1 t !y may =m a natural gradation2 rememb] also1 t great "p ( ! effect dep5ds on ! p]fection ( ! pa9t+1 & ! picturesque appe>ance ( ! design4 ,on ! o!r glass y are to pa9t vessels 9 diff]5t =ms & dim5sions1 & 9 diff]5t directions1 toge!r ) ! appe>ance ( cl\ds 9 ! tempe/u\s p>ts4 ,precise in/ructions 7 set d[n = ?is fir/ 8motion picture0 /orm effect3 ,y are !n to pass ! glass repres5t+ ! sea sl[ly ?r\gh ! groove1 & :5 y come to t "p :]e ! /orm beg9s1 y are to move ! glass g5tly up & d[n1 :i* w give x ! appe>ance ( a sea t beg9s to be agitat$2 & s increase ! motion till y come to ! height ( ! /orm4 ,at ! same "t y are to introduce ! o!r glass ) ! %ips1 & mov+ 9 l mann]1 y w h a natural repres5tation ( ! sea1 & ( %ips 9 a calm & 9 a /orm4 ,z y draw ! glasses sl[ly back1 ! tempe/ w seem to subside1 ! sky gr[ cle>1 & ! %ips glide g5tly ov] ! waves4 ,) ,muss*5broek ! magic %ad[s began to h real motion & ! effect on ! audi5ce consequ5tly 0 mu* great]4 ,kir*]'s projector 0 gr[+ up4 ,9 ! ,guyot-,hoop] book x 0 also not$1 8,by means ( two glasses dispos$ 9 ?is mann] y may repres5t a battle1 or sea fight1 & numb]less o!r subjects1 t ev]yone w contrive accord+ to 8 own ta/e4 ,!y may also be made to repres5t "s rem>kable or ludicr\s action betwe5 diff]5t p]sons1 & _m o!r amusem5ts t a lively imag9ation w easily sugge/40 ,complete details 7 giv5 = a 8magical !atre0 9 :i* regul> magic %ad[ plays c\ld be pres5t$4 ,an elaborate lant]n ) a numb] ( grooves = slides 0 propos$4 ,! cl\ds1 palaces ( ! gods & ! l 7 dropp$ d[n f above2 ! caves & inf]nal places rose f bel[2 & e>?ly palaces1 g>d5s1 *>act]s1 etc4 came 9 f ei!r side--all1 ( c\rse1 on glass slides4 ,projection 0 provid$ by a lamp ) a doz5 flames4 ,z an illu/ration a play bas$ on ! siege ( ,troy 0 sugge/$4 ,slides includ$ ! foll[+3 walls ( ,troy1 ! ,grecian ,camp1 ! backgr\nd atmosph]e1 ! ,grecian & ,trojan troops1 %ips1 ! wood5 horse1 palaces & h\ses1 temple ( ,pallas1 fire & smoke = ! conflagration1 individual *>act]s1 etc4 ,scre5 directions 7 giv5 = a complete magic %ad[ play 9 five acts4 ,?is surely 0 among ! fir/--if n ! fir/--motion picture sc5>io4 ,! scre5 0 !n ab\t ?ree feet wide4 ,muss*5broek1 9 addition to be+ ! fir/ cr$it$ ) introduc+ effective1 ?\gh v artificial1 motion into light & %ad[ ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction1 0 said to be ! fir/ man to create ! illusion ( :ite light by revolv+ v rapidly a disk pa9t$ ) sev5 colors4 ,t effect mu/ h be5 z magical to ,abb ,nollet z 8 8mov+0 pictures4 ,x also indicates t consid]able advance 0 be+ made 9 ! k ( vision & ! means to create optical illusions1 ^u :i* ! pr9ciple ( ! motion picture re/s4 ,z _m o!r m5 9 ?is /ory1 ,muss*5broek cov]$ ! :ole field ( sci5ce4 ,he /udies our old fri5d1 ! cam]a obscura1 mirrors1 prisms1 ! eye1 ! microscope 9 _m =ms1 w9ds1 wat]sp\ts1 magnetism1 capill>y tubes1 ! size ( ! e>?1 s\nd & pneumatic ma*9es4 ,x is easy to det]m9e f t li/ ( s]i\s /udies t ,muss*5broek's mov+ %ad[ projection 0 ! pure/ k9d ( an avocation4 ,abb ,nollet :o help$ to introduce ,muss*5broek's novel movem5t magic lant]n is n cr$it$ ) any great sci5tific discov]y 9 any field b he s]v$ z a cle>+ h\se ( sci5tific k 9 8 day4 ,he travel$ widely1 to ,italy & ,engl& z well z to ,holl&4 ,s f> z ?is tale is conc]n$1 ,nollet's "n is ( significance1 aft] 8 "p 9 mak+ kn[n ! ,muss*5broek device1 by ! fact t he also popul>iz$ a v simple little toy--8,! ,dazzl+ or ,:irl+ ,top40 ,?is little *ildr5's play?+ help$ to /imulate ! /udy ( ! p]si/5ce ( vision & l$ to a bett] und]/&+ ( motion4 ,?is 9 turn result$1 )9 a half c5tury1 9 le>n+ a way to re-create actual motion effects4 ,ar\nd #agfj ,nollet develop$ ! top :i*1 ?\gh only an outl9e 9 =m1 :5 :irl$ rapidly appe>s to be a solid object4 ,nollet also describ$ ! use ( ! cam]a obscura & ! v>i\s types ( lant]ns = ent]ta9m5t & tea*+ purposes4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 7#agjf-agij71 fam$ ,am]ican /atesman1 writ] & sci5ti/1 correspond$ ) ,abb ,nollet4 ,frankl91 ?\gh disagree+ ) ,nollet on electricity1 admir$ him1 call+ him 8an able exp]im5t]40 ,nollet m>vel$ t su* sci5ce z manife/ by ! publication ( c]ta9 ( ,frankl9's works 9 ,p>is c\ld come f ,am]ica4 ,at fir/ he conceiv$ t 8 enemies 9 ,p>is _h falsifi$ ! pap]s to cause 8 emb>rassm5t4 ,frankl9 made no direct contribution to ! art-sci5ce ( magic %ad[s b _h a p]t95t rem>k to make ab\t ! m$ium--light itself--:i* is ne>ly z true today z :5 he wrote x 9 #ageb = a pap] read to ! ,royal ,society 9 ,london3 8,i mu/ own ,i am mu* 9 ! d>k ab\t light10 he said4 ,,ix ,,phantasmagoria ,magic lant]ns m\nt$ on :eels & images project$ on scre5s ( smoke make gho/ %ad[ plays--,rob]tson 8resurrects0 ,l\is ,,xvi--,?tre ,rob]t ,h\d91 ,p>is1 #ahde1 ,polyte*nic ,in/itution1 ,london1 #ahdh & ,nazi ,army1 #aidj--;all use magic %ad[s = sup]natural effects4 ,! tongue-twi/+ ^w1 ,phantasmagoria1 /&s = a c]ta9 type ( light & %ad[ %[ popul> imm$iately aft] ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,x m>k$ a def9ite ?r[back 9 ! /ory ( magic %ad[s4 ,x 0 ess5tially a revival ( ! m$ieval black magic or necromantic use ( light & %ad[ to trick1 deceive & keep ev]yone 89 ! d>k ab\t light40 ,phantasmagoria is ! magic lant]n illusion associat$ ) mak+ phantasms appe> be=e an audi5ce4 ,! only contribution to ! art-sci5ce is t x creat$ an illusion ( motion ?r\gh ! novel means ( mov+ ! projector in/ead ( ! slides or film4 ,! ,phantasmagoria magic lant]n 0 m\nt$ on roll]s & ! l5s 0 adju/able s t gho/s w\ld appe> to gr[ & dim9i% & move ab\t4 ,c]ta9 dissolve effects 7 also produc$4 ,= ,phantasmagoria ! images--regul>ly gho/s--7 project$ n on a scre5 b on smoke1 a factor :i* naturally contribut$ to ! weird effects4 ,phantasmagoria 0 mo/ popul> 9 ,p>is 9 ! late #agijs1 probably z "s k9d ( a psy*ological reaction to ! horrors ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,m5 & wom5 ( ! day ?\ght mu* ( dea?1 gho/s & ! l4 ,! basic idea = comb9+ motion illusions successfully ) ! magic lant]n is trac$ directly to ,muss*5broek4 ,! use ( smoke = a scre5 goes back to ! anci5t practition]s ( light & %ad[ trick]y4 ,guyot %[$1 on a small scale1 h[ gho/ illusions c be project$ on smoke4 ,he not$1 8,x is rem>kable 9 ?is repres5tation1 t ! motion ( smoke does n at all *ange ! figures1 :i* appe> s conspicu\s t ! spectator ?9ks he c grasp !m ) 8 h&40 ,^! devices 7 int5d$ prim>ily = simple amusem5t on a private or semi-private scale4 ,an indication ( ! mood ( ! ,european p ( ! "t is ! fame grant$ ,aless&ro ,conte di ,caglio/ro 7#agdc-agie74 ,?is man ^: real "n 0 ,giuseppe ,balsamo 0 kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,?omas ,c>lyle wrote ab\t him "u ! title 8,c\nt ,caglio/ro40 ,he us$ all k9ds ( deceptive devices1 & 0 jail$ 9 ,france1 ,engl& & 9 8 native ,italy :]e he di$4 ,! black magic ( ,caglio/ro1 ! phantasm images1 & a ?ird factor1 ! ,%ad[ ,plays1 7 to be comb9$ to make ! ,phantasmagoria4 ,e>li] m5tion has be5 made ( ! ,*9ese ,%ad[ ,plays :i* h be5 9 use 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury ! ,%ad[ ,plays 7 v popul> 9 ,g]many4 ,%ad[s 7 us$ to portray action4 ,! audi5ce sat be=e a transluc5t scre5 on :i* 7 ca/1 by means ( a /rong light s\rce1 %ad[s ( ! v>i\s play]s or objects4 ,9 c]ta9 arrangem5ts a regul> magic lant]n w\ld also be us$1 project+1 f 9 front ( ! scre51 ! backgr\nd sc5]y or cl\d & sky effects4 ,a %[man nam$ ,franois ,s]aph9 has be5 cr$it$ ) introduc+ ! ,%ad[ ,plays--,ombres ,*9oises--into ,france 9 #aggb4 ,he got ! idea dur+ 8 travels 9 ,italy4 ,!n ! %ad[ ent]ta9m5t receiv$ its ,fr5* 8fir/ night0 at ! ,palace ( ,v]sailles4 ,light & ,%ad[ ,plays 7 v popul> at ! royal c\rt1 especially ) ! *ildr54 ,9 #aghd ,s]aph9 decid$ t ! ent]ta9m5t 0 ready = introduction on a popul> basis--! tr5d ( ! times may well h influ5c$ 8 decision4 ,! ,%ad[ ,play !atre ( ,s]aph9 0 mov$ f ,v]sailles to ! ,palais-,royal & its popul>ity cont9u$ = a "t4 ,%ad[ ent]ta9m5t 0 c>ri$ on by memb]s ( ! same family till pa/ ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury :5 an attempt 0 made to rega9 popul>ity by us+ m>ionettes4 ,o!r ,%ad[ ,plays cont9u$ to attract audi5ces 9 ,p>is until ! end ( ! #ai? c5tury1 :5 ! pre-motion picture devices became popul>4 ,phantasmagoria rea*$ its peak "u an extraord9>y "*--,eti5ne ,gasp>d ,rob]t 7#agfc-ahcg71 a ,belgian & a practic] ( a multitude ( pr(essions & hobbies4 ,rob]t1 = "s reason1 call$ himself ,rob]tson4 ,rob]tson />t$ life on a s]i\s en\gh basis & 9 "t became pr(essor ( physics 9 8 native t[n ( ,lige4 ,rob]tson tells 9 8 memoirs h[ he came ^u ! works ( ,kir*]1 ,s*ott & _m o!rs1 :o1 he believ$1 practic$ magic4 ,he read up on optics &1 ab\t #aghd1 exhibit$ 9 ,holl&1 :]e he 0 at ! "t1 an improv$ magic lant]n4 ,he 0 greatly influ5c$ by ! results ( ,muss*5broek & ! success ( ! ,%ad[ ,plays at ,v]sailles4 ,rob]tson's *>act]s 7 gho/s4 ,he comm5t$1 8! enc\ragem5ts t ,i receiv$ made me try to improve my me?ods40 ,m & m p]sons 7 attract$ to ,rob]tson's %[s 9 ,holl& & f9ally ev5 ! burgoma/] att5d$4 ,at ,p>is ,rob]tson improv$ 8 k ( ! magic lant]n4 ,!re he met ,jacques ,alex&re ,cs> ,*>les1 :o 0 us+ a lant]n = sci5tific purposes at 8 laboratory 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,rob]tson s\ght a bright] light s\rce = ! lant]n & p]si/$ 9 8 que/ ev5 ?\gh ,*>les 0 said to h tri$ to disc\rage him by po9t+ out t mu* money _h be5 sp5t 9 va9 on t project4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 ,rob]tson laid be=e ! ,gov]nm5t a plan :i* w\ld au?orize him to build a huge burn+ mirror1 z ,ar*im$es did1 s t he c\ld de/roy any attack+ ,engli% fleet be=e x c\ld rea* ! 8invasion coa/40 ,no action 0 tak5 on ! proposal4 ,9 our own day ! ,engli% 7 ready to burn any ,nazi invasion fleet :i* sail$ f ,france--n by burn+ glasses b by equally amaz+ devices4 ,aft] ! ,revolution1 dur+ ! /ormy days ( ! fir/ ,fr5* ,republic1 ,rob]tson held 8seances0 at ! ,pavillion de l',e*iqui]4 ,a projector m\nt$ on :eels 0 us$4 ,a pat5t on ! device "u ! "n ( ,fantascope or ,phantoscope 0 obta9$ on ,m>* #bi1 #agii4 ,rob]tson's *>act]s or gho/s :i* w\ld appe> to gr[ & disappe> on ! scre5 ( smoke 7 usually su* h]oes z ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 ,m>at1 & ,lavoisi]4 ,at ! end ( ea* p]=mance1 a skeleton w\ld appe> & ,rob]tson w\ld rem>k t ?is 0 ! fate await+ ea* "o 9 ! audi5ce4 ,grim ent]ta9m5t6 ,a clev] arti/1 ,rob]tson _h a l>ge collection ( slides & w\ld call ^u 8 audi5ce--:i* nev] q knew :e!r to believe t he 0 9 league ) ! devil & br\ght ! gho/s into appe>ance or n--to ask = :i*ev] gho/ !y wi%$4 ,y c imag9e ! effect :5 "s ,fr5*man call$ = ,m>at & !n1 small at fir/ & gradually gr[+ l>ge until life-size & m1 a %ad[y1 recognizable image ( ,m>at w\ld appe>4 ,?is 8reque/0 "p ( ! program caus$ ,rob]tson tr\ble4 ,"o night1 a memb] ( ! audi5ce :o _h _h a few extra sips ( w9e1 or :o 0 t]rifi$ beyond ! o!rs1 call$ = ! return ( ! gho/ ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,?is 0 too mu*4 ,! au?orities %ut ! !atre & refus$ to grant ,rob]tson p]mission to cont9ue 8 8seances40 ,!y did n want ev5 ! gho/ ( ,l\is return$4 ,political c5sor%ip ( scre5 ent]ta9m5t _h made its fir/ appe>ance4 ,rob]tson w5t to ,bordeaux to make sure t he1 himself1 did n prematurely jo9 ,l\is & 8 o!r gho/s4 ,lat] he 0 able to return to ,p>is & op5 ano!r !atre ne> ! ,place ,v5dme4 ,?is 0 a p>ticul>ly />tl+ auditorium4 ,he us$ an ab&on$ *apel ( a ,capu*9 mona/]y4 ,rob]tson's light & %ad[ gho/s came to life among ! mortal rema9s ( anci5t monks4 7,! read] may be aw>e ( ! anci5t ,capu*9 cu/om ( us+ bones ( deceas$ memb]s ( ! ord] z "p ( ! ornam5t ( _! *apels z a con/ant rem9d] ( dea?47 ,ev5 ?\gh ,rob]tson _h admitt$ t f *ildhood he _h ! ke5e/ int]e/ 9 ?+s m>vel\s1 he tir$ ( 8 magic4 ,next we he> ( him1 he is a pione] ballooni/1 cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( "o ( ! e>ly p>a*utes6 ,on ,july #ah1 #ahjc1 he made a notable asc5t 9 a balloon4 ,9 #ahde !re 0 op5$ 9 ,p>is a !atre :i* 0 to play a "p 9 ! light & %ad[ /ory4 ,x 0 call$ = its proprietor & *ief p]=m]1 ,?tre ,rob]t ,h\d94 ,h\d91 aft] :om ,h>ry ,h\d9i ( ! #bj? c5tury nam$ himself1 practic$ e k9d ( trick & wondr\s illusion4 ,he us$ ,phantasmagorial effects & ! ,fr5* public flock$ to ! %[s4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury ,emile ,reynaud took ov] ! ,?tre ,rob]t ,h\d9 & %[$ ! be/ magic %ad[ plays prior to ! introduction ( ! motion picture itself4 ,dur+ ! middle ( ! c5tury1 ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itution1 at ,london1 attract$ l>ge cr[ds ) magic lant]n %[s4 ,gho/s 7 creat$ la ,rob]tson & ! ,phantasmagorial me?ods4 ,regul> ent]ta9m5t 0 also provid$ ) su* magic lant]n /ories z ,puss 9 ,boots & v]sions ( ,swift's ,gulliv]'s ,travels & ,! ,tale ( ! ,tub4 ,z _m z a half-doz5 magic lant]ns w\ld be us$ to create impressive sc5es1 su* z battles4 ,9 our own day attempts h be5 made to use ,phantasmagorial effects to fright5 & deceive4 ,an int]e/+ example is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ ,associat$ ,press dispat* tell+ h[ ! ,nazis attempt$ to make ! ,engli% soldi]s believe t ,heav5 0 entreat+ !m to ab&on ! w>3 ,p>is1 ,feb4 #ae 7#aidj7 7,,ap7--,press acc\nts f ! front sector occupi$ by ! ,briti% report$ today t ,tommies mann+ an outpo/ dur+ ! night sudd5ly saw an image ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y appe> 9 ! cl\ds1 ) h] arms out/ret*$ 9 entreaty4 ,! comm&] s5t out a patrol1 :i* return$ ) ! in=mation t ! ,g]mans 7 project+ ! image f a ma*9e on ! gr\nd4 ,phantasmagoria is n dead yet4 ,television may ev5 increase ! possibilities ( ?is type ( magic %ad[ div]sion4 ,x ,,dr4 ,,p>is' ,,toy ,an ,engli% physician1 ,dr4 ,p>is1 inv5ts ! ,?aumatrope1 a simple device :i* creates ! illusion ( motion by hav+ "o "p ( a picture on "o side ( a disk & ! o!r on ! rev]se side--,sci5tific in/rum5t & *ild's play?+4 ,dur+ ! p]iod :i* foll[$ ! defeat ( ,napoleon at ,wat]loo1 !re appe>$1 fir/ 9 ,london & lat] 9 ,p>is & else:]e1 a small c>dbo>d toy :i* 0 at once ! play?+ ( *ildr5 & a sci5tific curiosity :i* illu/rat$ 9 a />tl+ way ! illusion ( ! p]si/5ce ( vision4 ,?is toy 0 ! ,?aumatrope4 ,! "n ,?aumatrope means 8wond]-turn]0 7a ^w rem9isc5t ( "o ( ,kir*]'s titles = ! magic %ad[ projection art--?aumaturga74 ,! ,?aumatrope is a small disk ) "o image on ! face & ano!r on ! back4 ,two %ort ?reads or bits ( /r+ are atta*$ to ! disk4 ,! ,?aumatrope's effects are obs]v$ by twirl+ ! disk4 ,! eye1 z 9 ! case ( motion pictures1 does n di/+ui% ! sep>ate pictures on ea* side ( ! disk b only ! "o1 comb9$ impression4 ,a v>iation ( ! ,?aumatrope1 h[ev]1 came ev5 clos] to ! motion picture idea--! two ends ( cord 7 n set opposite ea* o!r1 :i* result$ 9 an irregul> motion & an additional illusion4 ,john ,ayrton ,p>is 7#aghe-ahef71 an ,engli% doctor1 has ! be/ claim to ! inv5tion ( ! ,?aumatrope4 ,at any rate1 he 0 responsible = ! popul>ity ( ?is sci5tific toy4 ,p>is 0 a skill$ physician :o 0 specially kn[n = 8 tal5t 9 judg+ ! heal? ( 8 pati5ts by _! g5]al appe>ance4 ,he took int]e/ 9 affairs well outside 8 m$ical pr(ession & 0 respect$ z a conv]sationali/ ^: talk enliv5$ _m a draw+ room ev5+ 9 ,london4 ,a ke5 m9d & a great memory1 ev5 = ! smalle/ detail1 7 qualities t help$ to make ,p>is a *>m+ companion4 ,= recreation ,p>is wrote a 8novel0 call$1 ,philosophy 9 ,sport ,made ,sci5ce 9 ,e>ne/2 be+ an attempt to illu/rate ! fir/ pr9ciples ( natural philosophy by aid ( ,popul> ,toys & ,sports4 ,! "w 0 publi%$ 9 ?ree small volumes1 9 keep+ ) ! #ai? c5tury cu/om t e novel mu/ be issu$ 9 ?ree volumes4 ,p>is us$ a ?read ( /ory z a frame-"w on :i* to build ! v>i\s sci5tific illu/rations4 ,! book ,philosophy 9 ,sport1 %[s ! influ5ce ( ! noveli/-humori/ ,?omas ,love ,peacock4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ! noveli/1 ,m>ia ,edgewor?4 ,p>is' "w 0 publi%$ anonym\sly 9 #ahbg & 0 a 8be/ sell]0 all ?r\gh ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,on 8 dea?-b$ 9 #ahef he 0 busy revis+ ! pro(s ( ! #h? edition4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ?ird volume dealt ) ! ,?aumatrope :i* ,p>is in=m$ 8 read]s c\ld be obta9$ 8at ,mr4 ,william ,phillip's1 ,george ,y>d1 ,lomb>d ,/reet1 ! publi%]40 ,p>is cont9u$1 8,we m5tion ?is circum/ance to gu>d ! read] aga9/ ^? inf]ior imitations :i* are v5d$ 9 ! %ops ( ,london40 ,george ,cruik%ank1 #agib-ahgh1 ! skill$ illu/rator1 :o work$ on books ( ,scott & ,dick5s1 made "s ( ! designs = ,p>is' ,?aumatrope4 ,p>is introduc$ ! ,?aumatrope amid a great numb] ( puns :i* p]haps 7 v funny 9 8 day4 ,no soon] _h ,mr4 ,seym\r put ! c>d 9 motion ?an ! vic>1 9 a tone ( ! greate/ surprise1 exclaim$1 8,magic6 ,magic6 ,i decl>e ! rat is 9 ! cage660 8,& :at is ! motto80 ask$ ,l\isa4 8,:y is ?is rat l an opposition memb] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :o jo9s ! m9i/ry80 repli$ ,mr4 ,seym\r4 8,ha1 ha1 ha--excell5t10 cri$ ! major1 z he read ! foll[+ answ]3 8because by turn+ r\nd he ga9s a snug b]?1 b ceases to be free40 8,%[ u ano!r c>d10 said ,tom1 eag]ly4 8,"h !n is a wat*-box2 :5 ,i turn x r\nd1 y w see ! wat*man com=tably sleep+ at 8 po/40 8,v good6 ,x is v surpris+10 obs]v$ ! vic>4 8,yes10 obs]v$ ! major2 8& to c>ry on y\r political joke1 x may be said t1 l mo/ wor?ies :o ga9 a po/1 by turn+ r\nd1 he sleeps ov] 8 duty40 ,"o epigram1 accompany+ a ,?aumatrope c>d1 _h a ref]5ce to ! rec5t activities ( ,napoleon3 ,head1 legs & arms1 alone appe>2 ,obs]ve t nobody is "h3 ,napoleon-l ,i und]take ,( nobody a k+ to make4 ,p>is1 z inv5tor ( ! ,?aumatrope1 c\ld n avoid ! temptation to h a little spee* f ! anonym\s inv5tor1 himself3 8,! inv5tor confid5tly anticipates ! fav\r & patronage ( an enlight5$ & lib]al public1 on ! well-gr\nd$ assurance t #8"o good turn des]ves ano!r'2 & he tru/s t 8 discov]y may af=d ! happy means ( giv+ activity to wit t has be5 long /ation>y2 ( revolutioniz+ ! pres5t sy/em ( /&+ jokes1 & ( putt+ into rapid circulation ! mo/ appreciat$ bon mots40 ,! ,?aumatrope 0 adv]tis$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! ,?aumatrope be+ ,r\nds ( ,amusem5t or ,h[ to ,please & ,surprise by turns4 ,?r\gh ! *>act]s ( 8 8novel10 ,p>is !n comm5t$ on ! illusion ( ! p]si/5ce ( vision :i* makes ! ,?aumatrope 7& ! motion picture7 a reality4 ,he discuss$ ! :irl+ flame :i* appe>$ to make a circle2 ,hom]'s ref]5ce to 8long %ad[$0 spe>2 & ! tail ( a rocket4 ,p>is also describ$ an improv$ model ( ! ,?aumatrope4 ,9 ?is c>d device a c5t] disk is all[$ to *ange f "o position to ano!r z ! :ole revolves4 ,9 "o illu/ration a jockey 0 on "o side & a horse on ! o!r4 ,by tight5+ ! /r+s z ! c>d revolv$ ! jockey appe>$ to be fall+ ov] ! neck ( ! horse4 ,9 ano!r an ,indian juggl] 0 repres5t$ z us+ two1 !n ?ree & f9ally f\r balls4 ,o!r illusions indicat$ 7 a sailor r[+ a boat1 8a d&y mak+ a b[40 ,?r\gh ! words ( ! vic>1 ,p>is !n w>n$1 8,i hope t1 amid/ all y\r improvem5ts 79 ! ,?aumatrope71 y w /ill keep 9 view y\r fir/ & mo/ laudable design1 t ( r5d]+ x subs]vi5t to classical illu/ration40 ,x is c]ta9 t ,p>is develop$ ! ,?aumatrope1 fir/1 = sci5tific illu/ration ( ! p]si/5ce ( vision1 p]haps to bett] expla9 ! ph5om5on to "o ( 8 pati5ts or /ud5ts4 ,b be+ a clev] man1 he imm$iately realiz$ its comm]cial value & arrang$ to h sets ( ! c>ds made up & sold 9 ,london4 ,d\btless ! *apt] 9 8 book on ! ,?aumatrope did mu* to increase ! sale ( ! toys4 ,david ,brew/] 7#agha-ahfh71 ,scotti% sci5ti/ ^: "w on ! pol>ization ( light l$ him to inv5t1 ar\nd #ahae1 ! ,kaleidoscope--an optical in/rum5t :i* creates & exhibits by reflection a v>iety ( beautiful symmetrical designs 9 v>i$ colors--0 ! fir/ to comm5t 9 pr9t on ! ,?aumatrope ( ,p>is1 ! ye> be=e ! latt]'s book appe>$4 ,9 ! f\r? volume ( 8 ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ,brew/] wrote1 "u ! description ( ! ,?aumatrope1 8a v +5i\s philosophical toy1 inv5t$1 we believe1 by ,dr4 ,p>is40 ,brew/] rem>k$ t ! circul> disks %\ld be #b in*es 9 diamet] & t ! cord %\ld be ( silk4 ,brew/] describ$ ! foll[+ ,?aumatrope c>ds3 ,rose-tree & g>d5-pot1 horse & man1 a bran* ) & )\t leaves1 woman 9 "o dress & !n ano!r1 body ( a ,turk & 8 head1 wat*man's box & ! wat*man1 ,h>lequ9 & ,columb9e1 comic head & wig1 a man asleep & awake1 & ! use ( ! c>ds = ciph] writ+4 ,accord+ to ,brew/]1 8! pr9ciple ( ! ?aumatrope may be ext5d$ to _m o!r devices40 ,he also comm5t$ on ! imp]fections ( ! toy aris+ f ! hobbl+ effect ( irregul> rotation4 ,he sugge/$ t a 8solid axis ( rotation is decid$ly pref]able & w produce mu* m pleas+ comb9ations40 ,brew/] himself 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 light & vision ph5om5a4 ,despite its orig9al sci5tific purposes1 8 ,kaleidoscope also 0 a popul> toy4 ,brew/] pat5t$ ! toy 9 #ahaf b x 0 pirat$4 ,"s #bjj1jjj 7 sold 9 ?ree mon?s4 ,9 8 ,treatise on ! ,kaleidoscope1 #ahai1 ,brew/] told x 0 discov]$ :ile he 0 te/+ ! successive reflections ( gold & silv] plates4 ,he also not$ ! application ( ! ,kaleidoscope to ,kir*]'s magic lant]n 9 ord] to br+ ! effects be=e a l>ge audi5ce at "o "t4 ,! inv5tion ( ! ,?aumatrope has be5 attribut$ to o!rs besides ,p>is1 despite ! weighty au?ority ( ,brew/] & ,p>is' own book4 ,*>les ,babbage 7#agib-ahga71 ,engli% sci5ti/ & ma!matician not$ = 8 calculat+ ma*9e & 8 campaign aga9/ noise 7:i* he said robb$ u ( "o-qu>t] ( our work+ life71 attribut$ ! discov]y ( ! ,?aumatrope to 8 fri5d & classmate1 ,john ,h]s*el1 ! a/ronom]1 7#agib-ahga74 ,babbage wrote 9 8 autobiography t "o ev5+ ,h]s*el spun a %ill+ be=e a mirror s t bo? sides ( x c\ld be visible--! ,?aumatrope effect4 ,dr4 ,william ,fitton1 ,capta9 ,ka/] & ,dr4 ,william ,hyde ,wolla/on 7#agff-ahbh7 7 told ab\t ! me?od & v>i\s ,?aumatropes 7 made1 accord+ to ,babbage1 ab\t #ahah or #ahai4 8,aft] a lapse ( "s "t ! device 0 =gott54 ,!n 9 #ahbf10 ,babbage wrote 8dur+ a d9n] at ! ,royal ,society ,club1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks be+ 9 ! *air1 ,i he>d ,mr4 ,b>r[1 !n ,secret>y to ! ,admiralty1 talk+ v l\dly ab\t a wond]ful inv5tion ( ,dr4 ,p>is1 ! object ( :i* ,i c\ld n q und]/&40 ,babbage !n claim$ x 0 8 inv5tion4 ,at any rate1 ,p>is & n ,h]s*el1 ,fitton1 ,wolla/on or ,babbage1 0 ! "o to popul>ize ! ,?aumatrope4 ,9 pass+1 x may be not$ t at ! "t ,p>is 0 mak+ ! ,?aumatrope well kn[n ,babbage 0 ?9k+ ab\t subm>9e craft3 8,su* a vessel0 7a f\r-man subm>9e equipp$ = a #dh-;h\r /ay "u wat]7 8c\ld be propell$ by a screw & might ent]1 )\t be+ suspect$1 any h>b\r1 & place any am\nt ( explosive matt] "u ! bottoms ( %ips40 ,,xi ,,plateau ,,creates ,,motion ,,pictures ,plateau1 bl9d half ( 8 life1 develops devices to %[ motion f h&-drawn images1 op5+ ! road to ! mod]n motion picture--,/ampf] indep5d5tly inv5ts simil> app>atus--,p]si/5ce ( vision /udi$4 ,plateau1 a ,belgian sci5ti/ :o became bl9d 9 "w t result$ 9 mak+ x possible = millions all ov] ! _w to see motion pictures1 des]ves m ?an anyone else ! title1 8,fa!r ( ! ,motion ,picture40 ,j z ,a?anasius ,kir*] orig9at$ projection z we "k x ) ! magic lant]n1 ,joseph ,anto9e ,f]d9& ,plateau has ! be/ claim ( all to cr$it = mak+ ! motion picture illusion a reality4 ,nev] int]e/$ 9 pr(its = himself1 ,plateau did n tr\ble to pat5t 8 magic disk picture ma*9es b took pa9s to issue correct in/ructions :5 comm]cial imitators made devices lack+ 9 "s ess5tial4 ,plateau 0 born on ,oct4 #ad1 #ahja1 at ,brussels1 ,belgium1 ! son ( a l&scape & fl[] pa9t]4 ,8 "m 0 ! =m] ,ca!r9e ,?irion4 ,f e>lie/ boyhood1 ,plateau 0 tra9$ to be an arti/ & ! nature ( 8 /udies & "w 9 lat] life indicat$ t he mu/ h %[n great promise1 = he _h ! temp]am5tal qualities ( a great arti/4 ,aft] 8 elem5t>y /udies1 8 fa!r lo/ no "t 9 direct+ 8 son's att5tion t[>ds ! arts by s5d+ him to ! ,academy ( ,design at ,brussels4 ,at ! age ( #ad ,plateau 0 left an orphan1 & 0 made a w>d ( 8 mat]nal uncle4 ,9 delicate heal? "y ,plateau 0 s5t into ! c\ntry to recup]ate f ! %ock ( los+ bo? 8 p>5ts 9 two ye>s4 ,! location select$ 0 ne> ,wat]loo & ,plateau _h to take %elt] 9 ! woods = t5 days & nights :ile ! battle rag$4 ,soon ! plans ,plateau's fa!r _h made = him to /udy art 7 alt]$4 ,! uncle 0 a lawy] & wi%$ 8 w>d to succe$ him 9 t pr(ession4 ,plateau himself evid5tly 0 /rong-will$ & p]sev]+ ev5 at an e>ly age1 = dur+ ! next few ye>s he /udi$ bo? arts & sci5ces4 ,?is w\ld make x possible = him to foll[ 8 fa!r's1 8 uncle's1 or 8 own wi%4 ,he want$ to /rike out into a new field1 & ?is he did4 ,high] /udies 7 c>ri$ on at ! ,royal ,college & 9 #ahbb1 at ! age ( #ba1 ,plateau ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,lige z a c&idate = a degree bo? 9 philosophy & lett]s1 & 9 sci5ce4 ,z ! ye>s progress$ ,plateau turn$ m & m ( 8 att5tion t[>d sci5ce1 especially problems conc]n+ color1 vision & ! p]ception ( motion4 ,b all ?r\gh life he reta9$ ! fullness ( viewpo9t ( a man ) a backgr\nd & int]e/s 9 _m fields s 8 imag9ation nev] 0 dull$1 z sometimes happ5s 9 ! cases ( speciali/s 9 a re/rict$ field ( sci5ce4 ,! art ( 8 fa!r nev] left him4 ,:ile /udy+ = ! doctorate ,plateau c>ri$ on 8 fir/ important "w 9 vision & motion :i* result$ 9 ! sci5tific approa* to ! fir/ motion picture ma*9e4 ,he inve/igat$ ! visual effects ( :irl+ a disk :i* 0 color$ half 9 yell[1 half 9 blue4 ,9 #ahbg "p ( ,plateau's rese>* 0 publi%$ 9 ,quetelet's ,correspondance ,ma?matique et ,physique4 ,quetelet 7#agif-ahgd7 0 a pione] 9 /ati/ics & ,plateau's pr(essor at ! ,royal ,college1 & also taught at ! ,museum ( ,sci5ce & ,lett]s 9 ,belgium4 ,! next ye>1 #ahbh1 ,plateau s5t ano!r communication to ,m4 ,quetelet on ! appe>ances produc$ by two l9es turn+ ar\nd a po9t ) uni=m motion4 ,9 t lett] ,plateau ref]r$ to ! "w ( ,roget on p]si/5ce ( vision publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,london1 #ahbd4 ,pet] ,m>k ,roget 7#aggi-ahfi71 ,engli% doctor be/ kn[n = 8 ,!saurus ( ,engli% ,words & ,phrases1 comb9$ 8 m$ical "w ) int]e/ 9 ! sci5ces4 ,on ,decemb] #i1 #ahbd1 he read1 at ! ,royal ,society1 a pap] call$1 8,explanation ( an optical deception 9 ! appe>ance ( ! spokes ( a :eel se5 ?r\gh v]tical ap]tures40 ,roget po9t$ out t ! ph5om5on _h be5 not$ b n expla9$ by an anonym\s contributor :o sign$ himself 8,j4 ,m40 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,decemb] #a1 #ahbj4 8,j4 ,m40 comm5t$ on ! curvature ( spokes :5 a :eel is 9 motion & is view$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( v]tical b>s4 ,ev]yone has not$ ! /range rotations ( motor c> :eels :5 view$ "u c]ta9 conditions1 z 9 ! mod]n motion picture4 8,j4 ,m40 po9t$ out t at times ! :eel appe>$ to rotate backw>ds2 at o!r times1 =w>d & /ill aga9 seem to /& /ill4 ,a nod ( praise %\ld be be/[$ t[>ds 8,j4 ,m40 7^! are n ! initials ( any ( ! bett] kn[n ,engli% sci5ti/s ( ! p]iod74 ,t5 ye>s lat] ! great ,f>aday confess$ he did n "k ! id5tity ( ?is man :o _h /imulat$ ^? inve/igations :i* we n[ "k l$ directly to ! fir/ actual motion pictures =m$ f h&-drawn designs4 ,roget1 9 #ahbd1 not$ t a c]ta9 velocity & a c]ta9 am\nt ( light 7 necess>y be=e ! 8:eel ph5om5on0 0 visible--bo? spe$ ( motion & bright light s\rce are necess>y = ! motion picture illusion4 ,roget said1 8,x is evid5t f ! facts above /at$ t ! deception 9 ! appe>ance ( ! spokes mu/ arise f ! circum/ances ( sep>ate p>ts only ( ea* spoke be+ se5 at ! same mom5t2 ! rema9+ p>ts be+ conceal$ f view by ! b>s0 7equival5t to ! %utt]s 9 ! motion picture ma*9e74 ,roget cont9u$1 8s t x is evid5t t ! sev]al portions ( "o & ! same l9e1 se5 ?r\gh ! int]vals ( ! b>s1 =m on ! ret9a ! images ( s _m diff]5t radii40 ,roget rem>k$ t ! illusion 0 ! same z :5 a bright object is :irl$ 9 a circle--8an impression made by a p5cil ( rays on ! ret9a1 if suffici5tly vivid1 w rema9 = a c]ta9 "t aft] ! cause has ceas$40 ,a few weeks lat]1 on ,decemb] #bd1 #ahbd1 ,roget lectur$ on ! p]si/5ce ( vision ) reg>d to mov+ objects1 a ph5om5on fir/ recogniz$ by ! anci5t sci5ti/s4 ,plateau wrote 9 #ahbh z foll[s3 ,i h made an in/rum5t by means ( :i* ,i c\ld produce ^! fix$ images ) ease & ,i also c\ld make visible ! =mation ( *anges 9 ! curvature 444 :5 work+ at my fir/ exp]im5ts relative to s5sations1 ,i obs]v$ t :ile turn+ rapidly a :eel ^: tee? 7 p]p5dicul> to its axis1 & plac+ ! eye at "s di/ance f ! plane ( ! axis1 "o p]ceiv$ ! image ( a s]ies ( p]fectly immobile tee?2 t also ) two :eels revolv+1 ! "o beh9d ! o!r1 ) consid]able spe$ & 9 opposite directions1 produc$ 9 ! eye ! s5sation ( a fix$ :eel4 ,i h rem>k$ fur!r t1 :ile ! two :eels are n conc5tric1 ! fix$ image appe>s to be made up ( curv$ l9es4 ,today /roboscopic ma*9es1 bas$ on ! pr9ciples ( ,plateau's devices1 are us$ to /udy mov+ objects4 ,9 ?is way mod]n sci5ti/s le>n m ab\t ! nature ( movem5t & its /resses on :eels & o!r objects4 ,plateau receiv$ ! degree ( doctor ( physical & ma!matical sci5ces f ! ,univ]sity ( ,lige on ,june #c1 #ahbi1 :5 he 0 #bh4 ,8 !sis 0 on 8,c]ta9 ,prop]ties ( ! ,impressions ,produc$ by ,light ^u ! ,organ ( ,sight40 ,x is /range t su* a le>n$ pap] w\ld h s mu* influ5ce on :at 0 to be ! mod]n motion picture4 ,! *ief po9ts--all ( importance 9 build+ motion pictures--( ! ,plateau !sis dat$ ,april #bd1 #ahbi1 73 ,fir/1 ! s5sation 7result ( ! picture pres5t$ to ! eye7 mu/ /ay = a "t to =m completely--?is h9t$ def9itely at ! necessity ( int]mitt5t movem5t = a really successful & practical motion picture ma*9e4 ,second1 ! s5sations d n disappe> imm$iately b gradually dim--?is makes motion pictures possible4 ,if ea* image disappe>$ all at once1 only individual /ill pictures w\ld be recogniz$4 ,! gradually dimm+ makes possible fusion ( "o image ) ! next :i* results 9 appe>ance ( motion4 ,! ?ird po9t cov]$ 0 ! relative effect on ! eye ( v>i\s colors4 ,plateau conclud$ t ! int5sity ( ! *ief colors decreas$ f :ite1 yell[1 r$1 blue--9 t ord]4 ,he also ann\nc$ results ( p]ception ( v>i\s colors at diff]5t angles1 /udies made 9 ! %ade & 9 ! light4 ,x 0 fur!r po9t$ out t two colors--z two images--*ang$ rapidly result 9 only "o s5sation or image4 ,aft] receiv+ 8 doctor's degree f ! ,univ]sity1 ,plateau taught at ! ,royal ,college ( ,lige :ile he cont9u$ 8 rese>* on vision & relat$ matt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,annuaire1 ,l',acadmie de ,belgique1 #ahhe ,,joseph ,,plateau sacrific$ 8 own eyesight 9 an ef=t to enable o!rs to see pictures 9 motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,correspondance ,ma?matique1 #ahbi-ahcc ,,plateau',s fir/ real motion picture device1 %[n above1 see page #hi4 ,bel[1 ! ,phnaki/icope ) :i* a s+le p]son c\ld see pictures 9 motion4 ,! fir/ ma*9e creat+ ! illusion ( motion f a s]ies ( draw+s 0 describ$ by ,plateau 9 a lett] to ,quetelet dat$ ,lige1 ,decemb] #e1 #ahbi1 ) ! sci5tific title1 8,diff]5t ,optical ,exp]im5ts40 7,relative diffr5tes expri5ces d'optique47 ,a simil> in/rum5t 0 already ref]r$ to by ,plateau 9 8 pap] writt5 9 ! prec$+ ye>4 ,al?\gh ! device made by ,plateau 9 #ahbh & describ$ 9 ! #ahbi article foll[$ by sev]al ye>s ! introduction ( ! ,?aumatrope1 x rates z ! fir/ motion picture ma*9e because ! ,?aumatrope 0 really only a sci5tific toy1 j z ,p>is call$ x4 ,plateau illu/rat$ 8 lett] describ+ 8 in/rum5t 9 writ+ to ,quetelet 9 answ] to an inquiry4 ,! draw+ 7opposite page7 ( ,plateau %[s t1 ?\gh a sci5ti/1 he nev] =got 8 e>ly tra9+ & 0 some?+ ( an arti/4 ,! pr9ciples ( 8 ma*9e c\ld be illu/rat$ by draw+s ( l9es & o!r geometrical figures1 b ,plateau *ose a woman's head4 ,9 ! foll[+ words ,plateau describ$ 8 in/rum5t3 ,two small copp] pulleys1 7a7 & 7b71 drive by means ( an endless cord a l>ge wood5 :eel1 7c71 :i* has a d\ble groove2 ! diamet]s ( ! small pulleys are su* t ! two cords are equally taut & ! sy/em is plac$ 9 movem5t by means ( ! h&le1 7d71 ! spe$ ( "o pulley be+ an exact multiple ( ! o!r2 ! axes t]m9ate 9 ! =m ( a vise & are divis$ 9 su* a way t y c atta* to !m by little screws ! draw+s or c>toons ) :i* y wi% to exp]im5t4 ,! pulleys are held by iron supports1 7f7 & 7g71 :i* slide 9 two grooves practically p>allel ) ! /& or base 7hk71 & are held 9 position by means ( ?umb screws4 ,l9es or draw+s to be /udi$ are m\nt$ on ! two pulleys4 ,! ma*9e is ( su* a nature1 ,plateau po9t$ out1 t draw+s c be easily *ang$1 ! relative spe$s ( ! two :eels 7"o s]v+ z a %utt] :5 draw+s are us$7 c be regulat$1 alignm5t c be readju/$ & by cross+ ! cords ! disks c be made to rotate 9 opposite directions4 ,plateau cont9u$ by expla9+ t :5 ! spe$ on "o disk is n an exact multiple ( ! o!r !y d n keep ! same relative positions aft] rotation4 ,a diff]5t image is produc$ at ea* revolution & ! eye1 in/ead ( see+ "o fix$ l9e 7or image71 sees only a rapid succession ( diff]5t l9es 7or images72 h[ev] if ! swift] is little m ?an a multiple ( ! o!r1 ! diff]5ce is v little 9 a mann] :i* ! eye _c di/+ui% "o f ano!r4 ,9 ?is case ! spectacle w appe> to *ange little by little4444 ,!re is ! g]m ( ! motion picture--a real in/rum5t :i* makes pictures move4 ,! diagram illu/rates a model 9 :i* 8a p]fectly regul> image is produc$ f a de=m$ figure0 turn+ 9 a spe$ proportional to ! di/ortion beh9d ! %utt] disk4 ,plateau po9t$ out t ! de=m$ figure c be pa9t$ black & turn be=e a :ite surface1 or be :ite & turn beh9d a slot pi]c$ 9 a black disk4 ,he said1 8,?is la/ me?od is pref]able to ! o!r because x gives an image ( great] lifelik5ess44440 ,?is ( c\rse is ! quality s\ght 9 all dramatic repres5tations--reali/ic liv+ pictures4 8,= ?is effect10 he expla9$1 8y design ! de=m$ figure on :ite transp>5t pap] & pa9t ! surr\nd+ space ) a v opaque black1 !n make ! exp]im5t c>efully1 & place a /rong light beh9d ! pap]40 ,9 ! example %[n 9 ! draw+ ! two disks1 m\nt$ "o beh9d ! o!r1 are rotat$ 9 an opposite direction1 ! motion ( ! de=m$ figure is d\ble t ( ! %utt] & ! effect produc$ is t ( ! regul> image %[n 9 ,figure #c4 ,plateau !n rem>k$1 8,! con/ruction ( ^! images is v simple40 ,he gave ! me?od & an example4 8,:ile ! %utt] w be mak+ a ?ird "p ( a revolution all ! po9ts ( ! circle c>ry+ ! de=m$ figure w be pres5t beh9d x & 9 consequ5ce x w produce "o regul> complete image4 ,!n dur+ ! second & ?ird "p ( ! revolution ( ! %utt] x w be able to =m itself into second & ?ird images resembl+ ! fir/40 ,^! 7 ! words ,plateau us$ to expla9 ! nature ( ! op]ations ( ! fir/ movie ma*9e4 ,he conclud$3 8,z y are ma/] ( ! production ( ! figures y c make !m z biz>re & z irregul> z y wi%40 ,produc]s ( ! mod]n motion picture h inde$ made pictures t are bo? 8biz>re0 & 8irregul>40 ,plateau w\ld h lik$ mod]n motion pictures because he 0 fond ( ! !atre1 especially lik+ com$ies4 ,:ile ,plateau 0 mak+ ! exp]im5ts 9 #ahbi :i* l$ to sci5tific pres5tations ( visual & optical ph5om5a z well z con/ruction ( ! fir/ motion picture ma*9e to illu/rate ^? pr9ciples z well z to ent]ta91 a tragic ev5t happ5$4 ,plateau 9 8 inve/igations ( see+ light & motion gave special att5tion to ! *ief s\rce ( all light on e>?1 ! sun4 ,"o day1 to see = himself ! effects ( a great /imulus1 ! greate/ possible 9 nature on 8 eye1 he />$ at ! sun = #be seconds )\t glasses or o!r protection4 ,! int5sity 0 great & ! effect equal4 ,he 0 bl9d = ! re/ ( t day4 ,9 a few days 8 sight came back b x 0 p]man5tly injur$4 ,x gradually wan$ & 0 gone 9 #ahdc4 ,a *oroid inflammation p]si/$ & blott$ out ! vision ( "o ( ! greate/ inve/igators ( vision 9 all hi/ory4 ,dur+ ! p]iod :ile 8 sight 0 gradually go+1 ,plateau cont9u$ "w on vision & made great contributions to ! !n unkn[n motion picture4 ,f #ahdc he _h to discont9ue tea*+ on acc\nt ( total bl9dness b ?is did n /op 8 exp]im5ts4 ,9 #ahcj ,plateau publi%$ a fur!r explanation ( 8 :eel device 9 ,quetelet's ,j\rnal4 ,9 #ahca & #ahcb ,plateau & ,mi*ael ,f>aday 7#agia-ahfg71 ,engli% sci5ti/1 _h a writt5 argum5t ov] c]ta9 phases ( priority 9 obs]v+ ! 8:eel ph5om5on0 :i* l$ to ! motion picture4 ,on ,decemb] #aj?1 #ahcj1 ,f>aday1 ! son ( a blacksmi?1 :o attract$ ! att5tion ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 address$ ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita9 8,on ! ,peculi> ,class ( ,optical ,deceptions40 ,! pap] 0 publi%$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahca1 9 ! ,in/itution's ,j\rnal4 ,f>aday1 call$ by ,tyndall1 8! greate/ exp]im5tal philosoph] ! _w has ev] se510 0 attract$ to ! :eel ph5om5on :i* he not$ 8,j4 ,m40 _h discuss$ 9 #ahbj & ,roget 9 #ahbd4 ,at ! lead mills ( ,messrs4 ,maltsby ,f>aday saw cog :eels rapidly revolv+ "o 9 "o direction1 ! o!r 9 ano!r4 ,! optical effect 0 curi\s4 ,he design$ 9 8 laboratory a disk ma*9e 9 ord] to create ! same illusion1 not+ t ! effects produc$ 7 sometimes beautiful4 ,f>aday said t ! device ( ! revolv+ :eels c\ld be spun be=e a mirror & int]e/+ results obs]v$4 ,he did n propose ! use ( images or pictures4 ,mr4 ,:eat/one1 ,f>aday said1 0 engag$ 9 ! g5]al exploration ( ! subject & hop$ soon t ! results w\ld be made public4 ,plateau lat] 9 ! ye> wrote 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 a sci5tific publication pr9t$ 9 ,p>is & edit$ by ,guy-,lussac & ,arago1 t sci5ti/s bo? 9 ,france & ,engl& 7 /udy+ ! effects ( two revolv+ :eels1 "o plac$ beh9d ! o!r & ea* revolv+ at diff]5t spe$s4 ,plateau claim$ priority 9 ^! words3 8,sev]al ye>s ago ,i obs]v$ ^? ph5om5a & f t conduct$ exp]im5ts ^: results 7 publi%$4 ,my exp]im5ts attract$ little att5tion outside ! c\ntry & ,mr4 ,f>aday )\t d\bt _h no k ( my "w4444 ,x is because su* a man z ,mr4 ,f>aday has decid$ t ! ph5om5on 9 "q 0 n unwor?y ( 8 att5tion t ,i atta* "s m]it to ! honor ( hav+ obs]v$ x be=e him40 ,9 ! #ahcb edition ( ! ,correspondance ,ma?matique et ,physique ( ,quetelet1 ,plateau rem>k$ 79 a note dat$ ,janu>y #bj1 #ahcc7 t foll[+ ! lett] publi%$ 9 ! ,annales ( ,novemb]1 #ahca1 8,he 7,f>aday7 wrote me & recogniz$ 9 a mann] mo/ flatt]+ = me ! priority ( my obs]vations40 ,plateau f9ally conclud$ t ,f>aday _h _h "s k aft] all ( 8 e>li] "w :5 ! ,engli%man wrote 8 pap] at ! end ( #ahcj4 ,plateau ackn[l$g$ t ,f>aday's pap] _h "s int]e/+ obs]vations :i* he expla9$ & enl>g$ ^u4 ,foll[+ ! pr9ciple outl9$ 9 8 "w ( #ahbh1 ,plateau !n con/ruct$ ! fir/ ,fantascope or ,phnaki/icope1 ! fir/ ma*9e :i* creat$ illusions ( motion f a s]ies ( pictures4 ,mad\1 a bro!r-9-law ( ,quetelet1 0 cr$it$ ) copy+ ,plateau's draw+ ) extreme c>e4 ,plateau conceiv$ ! idea ( hav+ successively diff]5t pictures :i* w\ld give ! illusion ( motion = use on ! revolv+ disk4 ,) ea* figure %[+ "s *anges ( position f ! prec$+1 ! illusion is t ! figures move & n ! disk2 & s x is ) mod]n motion pictures4 ,we h no consci\sness ( ! movem5t ( film ?r\gh ! ma*9e be=e our eyes--only ( movem5t ( ! figures on ! film z project$ on ! scre54 7,illu/ration fac+ page #hi47 ,plateau also po9t$ out t a /rong light 0 necess>y = ! motion pictures--z today--& t ! 8projector0 mu/ be a c]ta9 di/ance f ! mirror 7n[ a scre57 on :i* ! images are se54 8,i %all n describe ! v>iety ( curi\s illusion :i* c be produc$ by ?is new me?od10 ,plateau conclud$4 8,i leave to ! imag9ation ( p]sons :o w\ld try ^! exp]i5ces ! c>e to f9d out ! mo/ int]e/+40 ,motion picture produc]s d[n to ?is day1 us+ _! imag9ation1 h foll[$ ! *all5ge ( ,plateau1 & /ill ! field is inexhau/ible4 ,9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique = #ahcc ,plateau gave a fur!r explanation ( 8 device1 nam$ by o!rs ! ,phnaki/icope4 ,o!rs _h also comm]cializ$ x4 ,mc,leans' ,optical ,illusions1 ,no4 #bf ,haym>ket ,/reet1 ,london1 & o!r firms 7 sell+ models bas$ on ,plateau's inv5tion4 8,i wi% to take ?is opportunity to /ate1 t :ile ! ,phnaki/icope has be5 made f an idea :i* ,i h publi%$ on ?is new me?od ( creat+ illusions1 ,i h no "p :atsoev] 9 ! execution ( ?is in/rum5t :i* leaves mu* to be desir$ accord+ to reports4 ,! !ory & exp]im5ts h %[n t to obta9 results z p]fect z possible x is necess>y to take c]ta9 precautions :i* h be5 omitt$ 9 ! ,phnaki/icope40 ,plateau w5t on to expla9 t he _h made "s models 9 :i* ! necess>y /eps _h be5 tak5 & 8^! models n[ con/itute a new in/rum5t :i* has be5 publi%$ 9 ,london "u ! "n ( ,fantascope40 ,! improv$ in/rum5t 0 describ$ ) ! orig9al danc] & m>*+ m5 z illu/rations4 ,he also po9t$ out t ! disks mu/ revolve at a c]ta9 spe$--if too sl[1 ! illusion ( motion is n pres5t1 & if too rapid ! figures become blurr$4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ,plateau inv5t$ 8 ,phnaki/icope or ,fantascope indep5d5tly1 ! same device 0 inv5t$ by ,simon ,ritt] von ,/ampf]1 an ,au/rian geometrician & geologi/4 ,/ampf] 0 born ,octob] #bh1 #agib1 9 ! ,tyrol4 ,z a "y boy he />$ at ! sun = a long p]iod b recov]$ 8 normal sight aft] ! image ( ! sun p]si/$ = #bd days4 ,:5 a pr(essor ( practical geometry at ! ,polyte*nical ,in/itute at ,vi5na1 ,/ampf] publi%$ 8 acc\nt ( ! ,/roboscope1 z he call$ x1 9 #ahcd4 ,/ampf] 9 8 article m5tion$ ,dr4 ,p>is' ,?aumatrope1 ,dr4 ,roget's pap] on ! p]si/5ce ( vision 9 reg>d to :eel spokes & ! pap] ( ,f>aday--all m5tion$ above4 ,/ampf]'s treatm5t ( ! disks to create ! illusion ( motion 0 a ma!matical "o4 ,he expla9$ _m complicat$ ma!matical =mulae & unlike ! ,plateau pap]s 8 7 n accompani$ by a draw+4 ,/ampf]1 ?\gh n hav+ ,plateau's arti/ic tal5t1 0 a m practical man4 ,on ,may #g1 #ahcc1 he took out an ,imp]ial pat5t on 8 inv5tion4 ,/ampf] di$ on ,novemb] #aj1 #ahfd1 9 ,vi5na4 ,plateau himself is ! be/ au?ority = ! respective claims ( himself & ,/ampf]1 ?\gh z always he may h be5 mu* m mode/ & g5]\s ?an ! facts w>rant$ = basically 8 disk _h mu* great] influ5ce ?an ,/ampf]'s & 8 rese>* 0 />t$ fir/4 ,:ile describ+ an improv$ =m ( 8 orig9al ,anor?oscope1 or ma*9e us$ to create di/ort$ images develop$ fir/ 9 #ahbh & #ahbi1 ,plateau wrote on ! inv5tion ( ! ,phnaki/icope1 ,fantascope or ,/roboscope1 9 #ahcf 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,belgium3 ,i w\ld l to take ?is occasion to say "h a few words on ! "q ( my priority to ! inv5tion ( ano!r in/rum5t1 ! ,fantascope or ,phnaki/icope1 priority :i* is %>$ equally ) ,mr4 ,/ampf]1 pr(essor at ,vi5na1 :o has publi%$ a simil> in/rum5t "u ! "n ( ,/roboscopic ,disks4 ,9 ! notice :i* accompanies ! second edition ( ^! ,/roboscopic ,disks pr9t$ 9 ,july ( #ahcc1 ,mr4 ,/ampf] /at$ t he _h comm5c$ 9 ,decemb] ( ! prec$+ ye> to repeat ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,f>aday on c]ta9 illusions ( optics & t ^! exp]im5ts _h result$ 9 ! inv5tion ( ! in/rum5t :i* he _h publi%$4 ,also ! editors affirm$ 9 a =eword t 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y ( ! foll[+ ye> ,mr4 ,/ampf] _h assembl$ a collection ( ^! disks & _h %[n !m successively to 8 fri5ds1 includ+ prom95t p]sons4 ,!y br\ght x ab\t t on ,may #g ( t ye> he 0 giv5 an exclusive ,imp]ial pat5t to ! rights to 8 inv5tion4 ,s mu* = :at conc]ns ,mr4 ,/ampf]4 ,"o sees t ! pat5t above m5tion$ 0 n obta9$ until ,may #g1 #ahcc4 ,! pr(essor has n be5 able to place 8 fir/ publication prior to t "t4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! lett] :i* gives fir/ description ( my ,fantascope is dat$ ,janu>y #bj1 #ahcb4 ,?us my fir/ publication is ov] a ye> be=e t ( ,mr4 ,/ampf]4 ,z = ! "t :5 ,i fir/ got ! idea = ?is in/rum5t1 ! idea to :i* ,i 0 also l$ by ! pap] ( ,mr4 ,f>aday1 x is difficult = me to be precise2 h[ev]1 ! draw+ :i* accompanies t lett] prov$ t ,i _h already at t "t f9i%$ ! fir/ disk & :5 ,i recall my labor1 ! difficulties :i* ,i enc\nt]$ 9 ! fir/ con/ruction & ! extreme c>e :i* ,i _h giv5 to x1 ,i believe t ,i c place ! inv5tion at ab\t ! same "t1 t is to say1 z ,mr4 ,/ampf]1 9 ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 #ahcb4 ,roget also may be consid]$ a pione] 9 ?is field4 ,9 #ahcd he wrote t ,f>aday's writ+ _h call$ aga9 to 8 att5tion :eel devices & t 9 ! ,spr+ ( #ahca he _h con/ruct$ sev]al 8:i* ,i %[$ to _m ( my fri5ds10 he wrote1 8b 9 consequ5ce ( occupations & c>es ( a m s]i\s k9d ,i did n publi% any acc\nt ( ?is inv5tion :i* 0 la/ ye> reproduc$ on ! cont95t40 ,f #ahce until #ahdc ,plateau cont9u$ 8 "w & tea*+ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,lige 9 8 capacity ( pr(essor ( exp]im5tal physics1 tak+ "t (f to be m>ri$ 9 #ahdj to ,fanny ,clav>eau4 ,b all ! :ile ! man :o _h help$ to br+ visual education & ent]ta9m5t to millions :o 7 to come aft] him 0 gradually go+ bl9d4 ,he 0 a popul> tea*]1 despite 8 h&icap4 ,f #ahdd1 :5 8 vision 0 entirely gone1 ,plateau work$ cont9ually at home1 hav+ set up !re a laboratory 9 :i* fri5ds & relatives act$ z 8 assi/ants4 ,plateau himself gave all ! in/ructions to 8 aids2 !y report$ to him e detail ( ! results ( ! exp]im5ts & he !n dictat$ ! notes cov]+ ! "w1 rely+ on a rem>kable memory4 ,lat] ! notes w\ld be revis$ = publication4 ,plateau suppli$ ! imag9ation & pi]c+ intellig5ce2 8 help]s suppli$ ! eyes & 7 ! report]s4 ,plateau 0 ! editor4 ,sci5tific critics h held t he n only ov]came 8 h&icap b actually did bett] "w4 ,9 #ahdi ,plateau publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,belgium fur!r /udies on revolv+ disks & ! use ( a %utt]4 ,?is "t he also treat$ ! effects :5 color$1 & v>i-color$ disks are us$4 ,! sy/em 0 simil> to ! ,anor?oscope4 ,sixte5 images 7 m\nt$ on ! m>g9 ( a glass disk4 ,ano!r disk ) f\r slots 0 revolv$ f\r times z swiftly4 ,a numb] ( spectators c\ld see ! effect at ! same "t4 ,! *ief illusion 0 a devil bl[+ up a fire4 ,edison's peep-%[ film ma*9e ( #ahia also _h a revolv+ disk ) f\r slots4 ,! la/ "t ,plateau wrote = publication directly on ! motion picture ma*9e 0 9 #aheb1 #bj ye>s aft] 8 inv5tion4 ,once m he _h to la% back at critics1 ?is "t at ^? :o said he /ole n f ano!r ( 8 own "t b f ! anci5t ,romans4 ,9 ! ,may #cj1 #aheb issue ( ,cosmos1 a ,fr5* weekly review ( sci5ce1 edit$ by ,abb ,moigno1 comm5ts 7 made ab\t an article writt5 by "o ,dr4 ,s9/$5 9 ! ,g]man sci5ce review1 ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 :i* ass]t$ t ,lucretius 9 ! f\r? book ( ,de ,r]um ,natura describ$ ! ,fantascope or ,phnaki/icope inv5t$ by ,plateau 8) su* exactitude t1 if x 7 n = ! long s]ies ( !oretical consid]ations & practical exp]im5ts t l$ ! ,belgian sci5ti/ to arrive at ! con/ruction ( ! app>atus "o w\ld suppose t he took ! idea f ! ,roman philosoph]40 ,to back up ! position1 ! text f ,lucretius 0 quot$ 9 ,lat9 & ,fr5* & ,abb ,moigno made ano!r comm5t1 8,:at is ! effect ( t b ! ,phnaki/icope--c\ld ,lucretius h describ$ x 9 t]ms m precise or m cle>80 ,plateau repli$ 9 ! issue ( ,july #be ( ! same ye> & answ]$ = all "t ! ass]tion t ,lucretius _h inv5t$ ! fir/ motion picture ma*9e _m hundr$s ( ye>s be=e4 ,moigno realiz$ 8 mi/ake & prefac$ ,plateau's words ) an apology1 8,we are always ready to retract ! errors :i* we pr9t4 ,our le>n$ fri5d1 ,plateau1 has writt5 u today ab\t a translation writt5 f a preconceiv$ idea4 ,he has a hundr$ reasons = compla9t40 ,plateau's few l9es 7 deva/at+4 ,he po9t$ out t ! passage ( ,lucretius us$ by ,dr4 ,s9/$5 & pick$ up by ,abb ,moigno _h suppress$ "o l9e ( ! text & _h mi/ranslat$ o!rs4 ,x 0 prov$ t ,lucretius 0 describ+ n an optical in/rum5t b dreams4 ,plateau conclud$1 8,^! few words suffice1 ,i hope1 to %[ ! true relation%ip :i* exi/s betwe5 ! passage ( ,lucretius & ! ,phnaki/icope1 & to remove f me all suspicion ( hav+ /ol5 ! idea ( my in/rum5t f antiquity40 ,a re-exam9ation ( ! ,lat9 text ( ,lucretius leaves no d\bt :atsoev] t ,plateau 0 correct & ,lucretius 0 writ+ ab\t dreams & n ! fir/ movie device4 ,! l9es ( ,lucretius talk ab\t images1 ! imag9ation & dreams4 ,dr4 ,s9/$5 & o!rs 9 ! #ai? c5tury :o believ$ t ,lucretius 0 describ+ an in/rum5t 7 confus$ by fail+ to und]/& 8 words & confus+ 8 !ory ( vision ) an actual piece ( app>atus & its effects4 ,x 0 a simple mi/ake & acc\nts = ,lucretius' record$ connection ) ! orig9 ( ! motion picture :i* has be5 repeat$ 9 _m books4 ,a few ye>s be=e 8 dea? ,plateau publi%$ a complete1 annotat$ bibliography ( works on vision f ! e>lie/ "t to 8 own day4 ,he />t$ ) ,ari/otle & foll[$ ! entire hi/orical trail4 ,ab\t #ajj ye>s be=e 8 own exp]im5ts1 ! fir/ ef=ts to measure ! p]si/5ce ( vision 7 made4 ,all ! _m ye>s he 0 bl9d he 0 mo/ int]e/$ 9 light1 color1 vision1 ! illusion ( motion & relat$ ph5om5a4 ,plateau regul>ly att5d$ sci5tific meet+s & 8 fame 0 well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! sci5tific _w4 ,he 0 well kn[n = 8 religi\s devotion & piety4 ,plateau1 honor$ by 8 sci5tific colleagues & ! ,belgian ,gov]nm5t1 di$ at ,gh5t on ,septemb] #ae1 #ahhc1 a few ye>s be=e ! motion picture 0 pres5t$ to ! public & acclaim$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! art sci5ce ( magic %ad[s _h made great progress "u ?is ,belgian :o 0 end[$ ) r>e tal5t & an indomitable _s4 ,,xii ,,! ,,b>on',s ,,projector ,fir/ impact ( w> on magic %ad[s--,g5]al ,u*atius inv5ts a projector comb9+ ,kir*]'s magic lant]n & ! ,plateau-,/ampf] picture disks--,motion pictures rea* ! scre54 ,! fir/ man to comb9e ,kir*]'s magic lant]n & ! ,plateau-,/ampf] disk & !reby a*ieve mov+ images on a scre5 visible to an audi5ce 0 ,b>on ,g5]al ,franz von ,u*atius4 ,a type ( bronze 0 nam$ = ?is ,au/rian balli/ic exp]t b1 ?\gh 8 ma*9e 0 ! patt]n = motion picture projectors until ! adv5t ( film at ! end ( ! c5tury1 8 "n 0 n l9k$ ) ! device4 ,) ,u*atius also came ! fir/ impact ( project$ pictures on ! sci5ce ( w>4 ,f ^! small beg9n+s1 9 less ?an a c5tury1 ! motion picture--9 our day--became a great weapon ( psy*ological w>f>e4 ,franz ,u*atius1 ! second son ( a =m] artill]y (fic] & in/ructor 9 ! cadet s*ool :o resign$ aft] #ai ye>s' s]vice to become /reet commission] 9 a small ,au/rian t[n1 0 born on ,octob] #bj1 #ahaa1 at ,!resi5feld1 ,wi5] ,neu/adt1 ,au/ria4 ,! fa!r _h m>ri$ a woman f ,bav>ia & liv$ com=tably1 = 9 addition to 8 t[n job he manag$ an e/ate & d]iv$ income f an agricultural s[+ ma*9e :i* he _h inv5t$4 ,aft] elem5t>y & high s*ool education ne> 8 home1 ,franz 0 appr5tic$ to a ,vi5nese m]*ant4 ,8 fa!r _h to pay an annual fee ( "s #cjj guld5 7ab\t #abj7 = ! privilege4 ,franz1 a small1 s5sitive boy1 0 v unhappy z an appr5tice1 hav+ no int]e/ 9 m]*&is+4 ,aft] mu* p]suasion1 = 8 fa!r evid5tly _h f\nd life happi] outside ! army1 ,franz receiv$ p]mission to jo9 8 elde/ bro!r1 ,joseph1 9 ! artill]y4 ,!re 0 ano!r difficulty4 ,franz 0 "u ! m9imum height e/abli%$ = t bran* ( ! army4 ,special p]mission _h to be receiv$ f ,ar*duke ,ludwig1 ! y\nge/ son ( ,emp]or ,francis & ! g5]al inspector ( artill]y1 be=e he c\ld ent] ! artill]y s*ool4 ,b ev]y?+ 0 arrang$ & on ,augu/ #e1 #ahbi1 :5 ,u*atius 0 #ag1 he 0 tak5 to ! ,r5nweg] armory 9 ,vi5na to />t tra9+ z an artill]y sub-cadet4 ,u*atius 0 especially int]e/$ 9 physics1 ma!matics & *emi/ry4 ,*emi/ry 0 n highly reg>d$ !n & 0 usually res]v$ = non-commission$ (fic]s4 ,u*atius ov]came ?is prejudice by becom+ ! laboratory assi/ant to ! pr(essor4 ,milit>y advancem5t came sl[ly to ,u*atius4 ,at #be he 0 a gunn] b also 0 able to att5d lectures at ! ,polyte*nical ,s*ool4 ,! next ye>1 #ahcg1 he aga9 became assi/ant to ! *emi/ry pr(essor at ! artill]y s*ool1 keep+ ?is position until #ahda4 ,dur+ t p]iod he s]v$ z special tutor to ,turki% (fic]s1 !n /udy+ 9 ,vi5na1 & also work$ 9 ! gun f\ndry4 ,f9ally 9 #ahdc1 at ! age ( #cb1 he 0 commission$ a lieut5ant4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t he did 8 fir/ inv5t+4 ,a special fuse = guns 0 8 initial a*ievem5t4 ,some:at lat] he inv5t$ ! fir/ ,european hydroc>bon lamp4 ,?is 0 a special lant]n design$ = use abo>d %ip4 ,x 0 s con/ruct$ t x w\ld n g out ev5 :5 completely ov]turn$4 ,a modification ( ?is lamp 0 us$ by ,u*atius 9 "o model ( 8 pre-film motion picture projector4 ,! description ( ,u*atius' 8,app>atus = ! pres5tation ( motion pictures ^u a wall0 0 n publi%$ until #ahec4 ,! acc\nt appe>$ 9 ! ,sitzungsb]i*te ( ! ,kais]li*e ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 ( ,vi5na4 ,b1 z ,u*atius himself said1 he 0 ask$ to develop ! inv5tion z f> back z #ahde1 at ! reque/ ( ,field ,m>%al ,lieut5ant von ,hauslab4 ,t g5]al v probably ?\ght t if mov+ figures ( ! ,plateau-,/ampf] magic disks c\ld be project$ on ! wall !re w\ld be available a pot5t in/rum5t = milit>y in/ruction4 ,9 our own day ! motion picture has come to be an important aid 9 milit>y tra9+ all ov] ! _w4 ,u*atius wrote z foll[s3 ,! well kn[n illusion caus$ by means ( ! ,/ampf] disk arises f ! fact t ! eye receives on ! same portion ( ! ret9a pictures succe$+ "o ano!r at %ort int]vals1 :i* pres5t "s recurr+ motion 9 its v>i\s phases1 & ?r\gh ?is arises an effect :i* equals t ( "o picture obs]v$ 9 motion4 ,! me?od us$ by ,u*atius to ?r[ a connect$ s]ies ( images on a wall 89 any desir$ size0 is indicat$ by ! illu/rations4 ,u*atius not$ t ! ,plateau-,/ampf] disk _h a c]ta9 disadvantage n only because b "o p]son c\ld obs]ve ! effects at a "t b also because ! pictures 7 n %>p & cle>4 ,! fir/ model develop$ by ,u*atius 0 describ$ z foll[s3 ,! pictures 7a71 7a7 444 are pa9t$ on transp>5t glass & m\nt$ on a disk1 7,a71 at equal int]vals1 & ! l[e/ ( ! pictures 0 illum9at$ f beh9d by ! lamp 7,s7 & ! illum9at+ l5s 7,b74 ,a second disk1 7,c71 conta9$ ! slits 7b71 7b7 444 7! mod]n %utt]7 to be br\ght be=e ea* picture4 ,! slits correspond to ^? 9 ! ,/ampf] disk4 ,bo? disks are m\nt$ on ! same axis1 7,d71 & are rotat$ by ! crank 7,e74 ,! slit1 7c71 corresponds to ! pupil op5+ ( ! eye & ! a*romatic l5s1 7,f71 to ! cry/al l5s ( ! eye4 ,! l5s is adju/able to all[ ! picture to be focuss$ %>ply4 ,! surface1 7,g7 7! scre57 f9ally corresponds to ! position ( ! ret9a ( ! eye4 ,:5 ! disks are turn$1 ! successive pictures appe> on ! wall1 7,g71 j z !y are se5 9 ! ,/ampf] disk1 9 int]vals s %ort t !y are n notic$ by ! eye4 ,?is ma*9e 0 satisfactory b limit$4 ,u*atius 0 a %>p critic ( 8 own "w3 8,! app>atus produc$ v good motion pictures ^: size1 h[ev]1 c\ld be enl>g$ to a maximum ( only six in*es 9 diamet]1 because %\ld ! wall1 7,g71 be mov$ f> f ! projector ! pictures became too d>k on acc\nt ( ! light cut (f by ! slits4 ,& an enl>gem5t ( ! slits br\ght ab\t great] indi/9ctness4 ,h[ev]1 a project$ motion picture _h be5 atta9$ :i* c\ld be view$ simultane\sly by a consid]able numb] ( p4 ,b x /ill rema9$ desirable to project ?is picture 9 a suitable size on a wall & ?us %[ x 9 an auditorium or !atre40 ,! fir/ model _h %[n t ! use ( slits1 ev5 ) ! brighte/ light1 c\ld n result 9 a successful picture1 accord+ to ,u*atius4 7,illu/ration fac+ page #aje47 ,he !n con/ruct$ ! improv$ model4 ,! pictures 7a71 7a7 444 are pa9t$ transp>5tly & set upright 9 a circle z close toge!r z possible on ! wood5 slide 7,a74 ,9 front ( ea* picture is a projection l5s 7b71 7b7 444 :i* c be incl9$ t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! app>atus by means ( a h+e & set screw4 ,! incl9ation ( all ! projection l5ses is s adju/$ t _! optical axes int]sect at ! di/ance at :i* ! picture appe>s 79 o!r words on ! scre574 ,x foll[s !re t all ! pictures mu/ appe> at "o & ! same po9t on ! wall1 7,w74 ,! light s\rce consi/s ( a lime cyl9d]1 7,b7 gl[+ 9 a /ream ( oxyhydrog5 gas & ! cond5s+ l5s1 7,c71 :i* gives some:at conv]g+ rays & illum9ates only "o picture at a "t4 ,! light is turn$ 9 a circle by a simple me*anism by means ( a crank1 7,d71 ei!r rapidly or sl[ly z desir$1 7! fir/ sl[ motion projector z well74 ,dur+ ! movem5t ! light s\rce reta9s its upright position because ( its own weight1 s9ce x is susp5d$ f its support1 7c71 s z to be easily movable4 ,! two rubb] gas tubes rise & fall ?r\gh ! op5$ bottom ( ! cab9et4 ,! lead weight1 7,e71 s]ves z a c\nt]weight to ! light s\rce4 ,u*atius 0 pleas$ ) ?is ma*9e4 8,! result is n[ evid5t4 ,! successively illum9at$ pictures appe> on ! wall 9 ! same way z ! s-call$ dissolv+ views b mu* m rapidly1 !reby caus+ ! effect ( a mov+ picture4 ,! size ( ! picture is n limit$ by ! slits & ! %>pness is n affect$ s9ce no motion ( ! object picture occurs40 ,9 ?is mann] ,u*atius solv$ ! problem ( project+ ^! pre-film h&-pa9t$ motion pictures4 ,9 ! v beg9n+ ( magic %ad[ projection ,a?anasius ,kir*] _h s\ght ! same results b did n h ! app>atus or ! k ( vision & movem5t necess>y to c>ry out 8 wi%4 ,! lant]n model ( ,zahn equipp$ ) a revolv+ disk approximates ! plan ( ,u*atius b fail$1 z did ,kir*]'s1 & = ! same reason4 ,s f> z ,plateau 0 conc]n$1 ! illusion ( mov+ images visible to "o p]son at a "t 0 suffici5t4 ,anyway1 ! bl9d man--miss+ 8 own sight--probably did n feel impell$ t[>d arrang+ simultane\s view+ = o!rs4 ,d\btlessly he ?\ght t to see motion pictures--"o p]son at a "t--0 a suffici5t m>vel4 ,edison1 m ?an half a c5tury lat]1 t5d$ to ! same op9ion4 ,u*atius said t 8 model projector 0 equipp$ ) space = twelve pictures pa9t$ on glass slides1 b he add$3 8,!re are no insup]able ob/acles 9 ! way ( con/ruct+ a simil> app>atus ) #ajj pictures1 !reby a mov+ tableau ) an action la/+ "o-half m9ute c\ld be pres5t$4 ,! app>atus w\ld n ne$ to be m ?an six feet high40 ,?is %[s t ,u*atius also 0 look+ ahead to ! /ory motion picture4 ,until ! middle #ahijs !re 7 no real motion picture sc5es on any scre5 = m ?an ! "o-half m9ute indicat$ by ,u*atius4 ,8 ma*9e 0 ! basic model = f\r decades & _h an influ5ce on ! design ( _m e>ly motion picture projectors & cam]as4 ,u*atius po9t$ out t ! projector w\ld be useful 9 demon/rat+ its own pr9ciple 9 physics & vision classes & c\ld %[ 9 a vivid way action ( s\nd waves & 8inde$ all motions :i* _c be demon/rat$ by me*anism40 ,! fir/ motion picture projector deal] 0 ,w4 ,prokes*1 an optician & l5s mak] ( #df ,la9bruge ,/reet1 ,vi5na1 :o1 ,u*atius said1 8prep>es app>atuses ( ?is sort ) greate/ precision & ^u reque/ also furni%es pictures !re=40 ,prokes* wrote _m ye>s lat] t ! records %[ t ,u*atius began 8 correspond5ce ) ! optical firm ab\t ! motion picture projector on ,febru>y #af1 #ahea4 ,x is possible t ,u*atius solv$ ! problem ( ! projector soon aft] ! assignm5t 0 giv5 to him by ,g5]al von ,hauslab 9 #ahde4 ,b he 0 a v busy man f t ye>1 :5 he became a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 until ! #ahea-ec p]iod :5 he _h "t to complete ! "w1 arrange = comm]cial con/ruction ( projectors & write ! report = ! j\rnal ( ! ,polyte*nical ,s*ool1 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,sitzungsb]i*te4 ,9 #ahdf ,u*atius 0 giv5 ord]s to op5 up a section ( ! gun f\ndry & a/\nd$ milit>y circles by produc+ ! !n great quantity ( #aj1jjj six-p\nd cannon balls 9 ?ree mon?s4 ,he taught ! ,emp]or's bro!rs at ! ,polyte*nical ,s*ool 9 #ahdg4 ,at ! age ( #cg1 9 #ahdh1 :5 he _h a family ( ?ree *ildr5 & _h be5 9 ! artill]y s]vice = #ai ye>s1 he receiv$ a promotion to fir/ lieut5ant4 ,advancem5t 0 sl[ because ?is extremely tal5t$ man _h no influ5ce 9 political circles4 ,9 #ahdh ,u*atius 0 assign$ to ,italy & assi/$ at ! siege ( ,v5ice4 ,!re he />t$ ! un5viable prec$5t ( ! a]ial bomb>dm5t ( cities4 ,9 ?ree weeks he _h con/ruct$ m ?an #ajj balloons fitt$ to c>ry explosive *>ges to be dropp$ on ! heads ( ! 8besieg$1 rebelli\s ,v5etians40 ,u*atius & 8 bro!r1 ,joseph1 /udi$ ! problem on ! spot4 ,! exp]im5t 0 only p>tially successful4 ,! ,v5etians 7 probably z t]rifi$ by rumor ( bombs fall+ f ! heav5s z 7 ! invad]s "u ,m>cellus be=e ,syracuse :5 ,ar*im$es develop$ 8 ,burn+ ,glasses4 ,u*atius' relations ) ! ,navy :i* 0 direct+ ! siege 7 n ! be/ & he 0 glad to be able to return to ,vi5na4 ,dur+ ! next few ye>s he cont9u$ to make little progress 9 ! milit>y _w b 0 do+ excell5t sci5tific "w4 ,he began to te/ guns & _h an opportunity to travel & inspect =eign ordnance & manufactur+ me?ods4 ,9 #ahfg1 at ! age ( #ef1 he receiv$ 8 fir/ important recognition4 ,he 0 decorat$ = 8 "w & made colonel comm&] ( ! artill]y ordnance factory 9 #ahga4 ,previ\sly he _h help$ to direct ! con/ruction ( ! ars5al at ,vi5na4 ,9 #ahgd he develop$ ! fir/ /eel-bronze cannon out ( 8,u*atius0 bronze4 ,?r\gh ! next few ye>s he c>ri$ on a /ruggle = ! e/abli%m5t ( a native ordnance indu/ry s t ,au/ria w\ld n dep5d ^u a =eign munitions suppli]4 ,"s 9 au?ority want$ ! heavy guns made at ,krupp1 9 ,prussia1 b ,u*atius f9ally won & 0 promot$ to ! rank ( major-g5]al by ! ,emp]or1 giv5 ! ,comm&]'s ,cross ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,/eph51 a lifetime p]sonal annual bonus ( #b1jjj guld51 toge!r ) b>on%ip4 ,u*atius' weapons 7 us$ by ,au/ria 9 ! occupation at ,bosnia & ,h]zegovnia 9 #ahgh-gi1 :5 ! ,turks )drew1 9 accordance ) ! ,treaty ( ,b]l94 ,x is easy to see t a man ( su* activity _h no "t to fur!r "w on ! motion picture projector :i* he _h inv5t$ z a "y man1 pass+ away t$i\s ye>s :ile await+ promotion & responsibility4 ,ev5tually ,u*atius became a ,field ,m>%al1 b he di$ unhappy4 ,he wrote a f>ewell note1 8,=give me1 my de> ones1 because ,i am unable to endure life any long]10 & kill$ himself on ,june #d1 #ahha1 at ! age ( #fi4 ,he 0 brok5-he>t$4 ,?\gh 8 artill]y weapons _h be5 a great success1 he _h yet to p]fect coa/ def5se guns4 ,! f9al bl[ 0 a rem>k pass$ on f ! ,au/rian ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 t ! (ficials d\bt$ !y w\ld live to see successful completion ( ,u*atius' coa/al guns4 ,also1 an ord] 0 s5t to ,krupp = f\r su* guns = ! h>bor ( ,pola1 !n an ,au/ro-,hung>ian seaport1 & aft] ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 a port 9 ! area disput$ by ,italy & ,yugoslavia4 ,x 0 said t ! g5]al 0 ill1 suff]+ f an incurable canc] ( ! /oma*4 ,u*atius 0 naturally a h]o ( ! ,au/rian artill]y4 ,a monum5tal obelisk 0 rais$ to 8 memory by subscriptions f ! m5 :o 7 us+ 8 weapons4 ,8 biograph]1 ,k>l ,spail1 wrote3 8,z (t5 z ?is c\ntry 7,au/ria7 beg9s to re>m1 x is no wond] t ! "n ( ,u*atius is m5tion$ & prais$ anew40 ,b ,u*atius !n & n[ %\ld h be5 prais$ n = 8 eng9es ( w> b = 8 important contribution to ! magic %ad[ art-sci5ce4 ,= by p]fect+ a motion picture ma*9e :i* w\ld br+ liv+ pictures be=e audi5ces1 ,u*atius1 toge!r ) ,kir*] & ,plateau1 ! o!r great magic %ad[ pione]s1 des]ves cr$it & ! gratitude ( untold millions :o d[n ?r\gh ! ye>s h _h _! lives enri*$ ?r\gh ?is great new m$ium ( expression4 ,! use ( ,u*atius' projector spread rapidly4 ,x satisfi$ a natural urge4 ,man f ! beg9n+ s\ght to recreate life naturally & reali/ically4 ,l>ge scre5 motion pictures1 ev5 ( b "o sc5e1 repeat$ ov] & ov]1 repres5t$ a def9ite /ep on t road4 ,illu/ration3 ,abb4 #a4 ,franz ,freih]r von ,u*atius4 lbildnis von ,sigmund l',allem& im ,besitz des ,wi5] ,he]esmuseums4 ,s*weiz]is*e ,zeits*rift1 #aije ,,franz ,,von ,,u*atius 9 #ahec comb9$ ,kir*]'s projector ( #afde & ,plateau's revolv+ disk ( #ahcb to a*ieve ! fir/ projection ( animat$ designs4 ,)9 a few ye>s aft] ! publication ( acc\nts ( ! ,u*atius motion picture projector1 models 7 br\ght out by ,engli% & ,fr5* inv5tors4 ,projectors1 includ+ "o :i* ?rew onto a scre5 by means ( a mirror sy/em images ( liv+ p]sons1 7 us$ at ! ,london ,polyte*nic ,in/itute4 ,= _m ye>s aft] ! ann\ncem5t ( ! ,u*atius picture projector1 only h&-drawn designs 7 us$4 ,! new photographs 7 available only 9 s+le /ills4 ,b n[ ! mod]n motion picture 0 j ar\nd a n too di/ant corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,k4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 #ahec ,,projectors by ,u*atius4 ,%[n are two v]sions ( ! #ahec picture projector4 ,9 ! "o above a picture disk is revolv$ by a crank4 ,bel[1 ! draw+s are 9 fix$ m\nts1 ea* be=e a projection l5s1 & ! light s\rce is revolv$4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,lang5heims ,,( ,,philadelphia ,bro!rs ,lang5heim p]fect a sy/em ( pr9t+ photographs on glass slides p]mitt+ projection on ! scre5--,projectors are made by ,duboscq 9 ,france2 ,:eat/one & ,claudet 9 ,engl&2 ,br[n & ,heyl 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,william ,p5n's 8,city ( ,bro!rly ,love01 ,philadelphia1 0 ! home ( sev]al important ,am]ican contributors to ! magic %ad[ art-sci5ce4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 7 two bro!rs1 ,fr$]ic & ,william ,lang5heim4 ,william ,lang5heim came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,g]many 9 #ahcd1 ! ye> ,eb5ez] ,/rong ,snell1 a pr(essor at ,amh]/ ,college1 introduc$ 9 ,am]ica ! ,plateau-,/ampf] magic disks4 ,successively1 he s]v$ 9 ,texas dur+ its w> = indep5d5ce f ,mexico2 0 pres5t at ! recapture ( ! ,alamo by ,am]ican =ces2 0 captur$ himself & s5t5c$ to be %ot2 escap$1 & s]v$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army 9 ! ,second ,florida ,sem9ole ,w>4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s ( adv5ture1 ,william decid$ 9 #ahdj to settle 9 ,philadelphia & ent] bus9ess4 ,he _h 8 bro!r1 ,fr$]ic1 come to ,am]ica to be 8 p>tn]4 ,fr$]ic ,lang5heim br\ght to 8 bro!r news ( ! late/ developm5ts 9 photography & !y decid$ to emb>k ^u t pursuit4 ,! ye> be=e1 #ahci1 ,l\is ,jacques ,m&e ,dagu]re 7#aghi-ahea71 9 ,france1 & ,william ,h5ry ,fox ,talbot 7#ahjj-ahgg71 9 ,engl&1 _h ann\nc$ successful /ill pictures made ) a modifi$ portable =m ( our old fri5d1 ! cam]a obscura1 fitt$ ) a *emically coat$ plate :i* aft] developm5t made ! picture p]man5t4 ,fr$]ic ,lang5heim 0 famili> ) all ^! advances :5 he came to ,philadelphia 9 #ahdj & he ei!r br\ght ) him a good cam]a or "o 0 ord]$ f ,vi5na %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahdj-da ! ,lang5heim bro!rs op5$ a /udio at ! ,m]*ant's ,ex*ange1 #crd & ,walnut ,/reets1 ,philadelphia4 ,!y 7 n ! fir/ photograph]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates b 7 among ! pione]s4 ,pictures f ! size ( a pea to v l>ge ones 7 adv]tis$4 ,presid5t ,tyl] & ,h5ry ,clay 7 among ^? :o sat = ,lang5heim4 ,9 an e>ly adv5ture 9 ! use ( photography = adv]tis+1 ! ,lang5heims _h some?+ less ?an a complete success1 f ! cli5t's po9t ( view4 ,a picture 0 made %[+ a numb] ( prom95t p]sons dr9k+ at a local e/abli%m5t4 ,x 0 n good = bus9ess--a rigor\s public object$ to ! 8dr9k+ sc5e40 ,fr$]ic1 :o 0 ! 8outside man0 ( ! bus9ess & ! pr9cipal photograph] ( natural subjects--,william h&l$ ! bus9ess end & ! portraits--w5t to ,niag>a ,falls 9 #ahde & made sc5e pictures t br\ght fame & r5[n to ! firm ( ,lang5heim ,bros4 ,copies 7 s5t to ,que5 ,victoria1 ! ,k+s ( ,prussia1 ,saxony & ,wurt5b]g & ! ,duke ( ,brunswick1 ! prov9ce 9 ,g]many :5ce ! bro!rs orig9ally came2 & to ,dagu]re himself4 ,! latt] prais$ ! successful photography 9 a lett] transmitt$ to ! ,lang5heims4 ,9 #ahdh ,william w5t abroad & 9 ,engl& conclud$ a deal ) ,william ,h5ry ,fox ,talbot1 ,briti% pione] 9 photography1 giv+ ! ,lang5heims exclusive contract rights to ! ,talbot calotype process :i* us$ a negative f :i* any numb] ( pap] pr9ts c\ld be made4 ,x 0 a va/ improvem5t ov] ! ,dagu]reotype negative-positive sy/em :i* did n make possible pr9t+ ( copies b ! ,lang5heims 7 n successful 9 sub-lic5s+ ! ,talbot process 9 ,am]ica4 ,%ortly aft] ?is ! ,lang5heims made an important contribution to ! art-sci5ce ( light & %ad[ pictures by develop+ a sy/em :i* made x possible to project ! photographs 9 ! old ,kir*] magic lant]n4 ,?is prep>$ ! way = ! projection ( a s]ies ( photographs %[+ a s+le movem5t4 ,kir*] & ! o!rs :o us$ 8 magic lant]n1 includ+ ! projection model ( ,u*atius1 pa9t$ or drew _! v>i\s sc5es on glass slides4 ,until ab\t #ahej :5 ! ,lang5heim developm5t 0 ann\nc$1 !re 0 no satisfactory me?od ( mak+ glass plates ( positive photographs4 ,( c\rse1 ! heat ( ! project+ lamp made x impossible to use pictures pr9t$ on pap]4 ,fr$]ic ,lang5heim1 ) ,u4 ,s4 pat5t ,no4 #g1ghd1 dat$ ,novemb] #ai1 #ahej1 solv$ ! problem4 ,! ,lang5heim sy/em 0 call$ 8,hyalotype10 f ! ,greek1 mean+ 8glass0 & 8to pr9t0 or to pr9t on glass4 ,prior to ! inv5tion1 "s "t 9 ! w9t] ( #ahdg-dh1 ! p]iod ( ! ,cali=nia ,gold ,ru%1 x 0 said ! ,lang5heims1 by means ( a ,vi5nese cam]a conv]t$ into a magic lant]n equipp$ ) a gas lamp1 project$ ,dagu]reotype pictures4 ,?is probably 0 a*iev$ ) ! aid ( a mirror sy/em4 ,! e>ly ,lang5heim glass projector slides 7 circul> & ( a deep sepia t9t2 lat] excell5t black-&-:ite plates 7 made4 ,! ,lang5heim glass photo slides reproduc$ nature on ! scre5 8) fidelity truly a/oni%+40 ,! two plates ( ! slide 7 made adh]5t ) ,canada ,balsam1 :i* is /ill us$ 9 ?is way z well z to atta* p>ts ( projection l5s sy/ems4 ,only v rec5tly h new syn!tic res9s begun to displace ,canada ,balsam = ^! purposes4 ,9 #ahea ! ,lang5heim ,hyalotypes made _! debut 9 ,europe "u great auspices1 at ! fam\s ,exposition ( ! ,works ( ,all ,nations at ,london4 ,! glass projection photos 7 8v rem>kable & well appreciat$ by compet5t visitors10 accord+ to ,rob]t ,hunt1 a pione] ,briti% photographic au?ority1 :o inspect$ ! exhibit & wrote ab\t x4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! ,lang5heims comb9$ _! glass projection slides ) ! magic disk ( ,plateau to a*ieve motion pictures4 ,!y made "o contribution & seem$ to be satisfi$ ) t4 ,& x 0 successful = !m1 = 9 ! next tw5ty-five ye>s _m ?\s&s ( ^! slides 7 sold 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,o!rs :o p]haps 7 mu* m famili> ) ! ,plateau-,/ampf] magic disks ?an ! ,lang5heims comb9$ _! process ) ! ,:eel ( ,life4 ,! l9k nev]!less ) ! ,lang5heims is direct & imm$iate4 ,all ! foll[]s us$ ! photos on glass slides & ! me?od 0 popul>iz$ by ! ,lang5heim exhibition at ! ,exposition4 ,relatively little 0 done1 h[ev]1 9 comb9+ ! glass photo slides 9 motion picture sequ5ce ) ! magic lant]n1 because at ! "t !re 0 no me?od ( obta9+ a numb] ( successive photos ( ! same action4 ,jules ,duboscq 7#ahag-ahhf7 9 ,p>is copi$ ! ,lang5heim process ( glass plates ) great success4 ,duboscq 0 an exhibitor ( optical in/rum5ts at ! ,exposition ( #ahea4 ,he _h be5 ! lic5see ( ,dagu]re = ,engl&1 b ! me?od 0 nev] popul> !re z x 0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on ,febru>y #af1 #aheb1 ,duboscq receiv$ a ,fr5* pat5t on an app>atus :i* comb9$ photos & ! ,plateau ,phnaki/icope or ,fantascope4 ,8 device 0 call$ ! ,/]e(antascope or ,bioscope4 ,"o ,duboscq model _h two /rips ( pictures made ) a b9ocul> cam]a runn+ next to ea* o!r on a v]tical disk1 z ! orig9al ,plateau model1 & ! :ole 0 rapidly revolv$ be=e a mirror by a spectator :o wore specially-made glasses4 ,! second & bett] sy/em _h ! pictures m\nt$ on ! horizontal ,fantascope or ,:eel ( ,life1 z develop$ by ,horn] 9 #ahcd1 ) "o picture m\nt$ above ! o!r4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 slight di/ortion because ! pictures 7 b5t to fit ar\nd ! inside ( ! cyl9d]4 ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one 7#ahjb-ahge71 :o also comb9$ photos & ! magic disk1 9 #aheb1 _h a m>k$ influ5ce on magic picture developm5t dur+ ! middle "p ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,9 fact1 x may well be t ! ef=ts exp5d$ 9 try+ to comb9e ! ?ird dim5sional effect ( 8 /]eoscope ) ! magic disk ret>d$ developm5t ( scre5 projection ( motion pictures4 ,:eat/one 0 a timid man1 ?\gh a great sci5ti/1 & frequ5tly _h ! great ,mi*ael ,f>aday ann\nce 8 inv5tions at ! ,royal ,society meet+s4 ,! ,/]eoscope 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahch4 7,! read] may recall t c5turies be=e d',aguilon _h co9$ ! "n 8,/]eo0 = 8see+ solid0 effects74 ,! ,/]eoscope a*ieves its effect by bl5d+ into "o image pictures or draw+s ( an object tak5 f slightly diff]5t po9ts ( view s t ! impression ( relief is obta9$ 9 our s5se ( vision4 ,)\t our two eyes ! /]eoscopic effect w\ld n be possible4 ,x _h be5 kn[n = a v long "t t ! two eyes did n see ! id5tical picture4 ,:eat/one made an in/rum5t :i* took advantage ( ?is fact4 ,he said he conceiv$ ! idea 9 #ahce & made ! fir/ pres5tation ( ! ,/]eoscope 9 ,augu/ ( #ahch at a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association held at ,newca/le4 ,9 #ahej ,:eat/one 0 9 ,p>is & %[$ 8 improv$ ,/]eoscope to ,abb ,moigno1 to ,soleil & 8 son-9-law1 ,duboscq1 :o 7 comm]cial in/rum5t mak]s1 & to memb]s ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute4 ,its value 0 imm$iately recogniz$ n only = amusem5t b = ! arts & sci5ces1 especially portraiture & sculpture1 ,moigno report$ 9 ,la ,presse ( ,decemb] #bh1 #ahej4 ,duboscq imm$iately />t$ to make "o & us$ ,dagu]reotypes 9 x4 ,moigno prais$ ,duboscq's 8intellig5ce1 activity1 affability1 indefatigable ard\r40 ,9 #ahea ,moigno br\ght ,duboscq to ! att5tion ( ! ,que5 by pres5t+ h] ) a ,:eat/one-type ,/]eoscope :i* he _h made4 ,t 0 ! ye> ,l\is ,napoleon seiz$ p[] & 0 nam$ presid5t = a t5 ye> t]m4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aheb he proclaim$ himself ,emp]or4 ,:eat/one also develop$ a comb9ation ( photos & ! ,plateau disk :i* 0 fitt$ ) a cog :i* made ea* photo re/ mom5t>ily z x 0 held be=e ! mirror4 ,! same in/rum5t 0 made 9 ,france "u ! "n ( ,helioc9egraphe4 ,anto9e ,franois ,jean ,claudet 7#agig-ahfg71 0 a ,fr5*man :o m>ri$ an ,engli% girl & mov$ to ,london 9 #ahbg4 ,9 #aheb he comb9$ ! ,plateau-,/ampf] disk ) ! ,lang5heim me?od ( photographs on glass plates4 ,x is claim$ t1 :ile ,claudet />t$ "w ahead ( him1 ,duboscq _h satisfactory results fir/4 ,claudet's exp]im5ts 7 successful 9 ,may ( #aheb1 ab\t "o ye> aft] ! ,lang5heim exhibit at ! ,exposition4 ,9 #ahec ,claudet became a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,claudet1 at a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce held at ,birm+ham 9 ,septemb]1 #ahfe1 spoke 8,on ,mov+ ,photographic figures1 illu/rat+ "s ph5om5a ( vision connect$ ) ! comb9ation ( ! /]eoscope & ! ph5aki/icope by means ( photography40 ,claudet not$ t f ! beg9n+ ( photography ^? acqua9t$ ) ,plateau's disk ?\ght t pictures w\ld be m suitable ?an h& draw+s to %[ ! illusions ( motion4 ,b !y also s\ght ! ?ird dim5sional effect4 ,duboscq's ef=ts 7 n completely successful1 accord+ to ,claudet :o describ$ a ma*9e he _h work$ out4 ,! illusion ( motion 0 effect$ by hav+ "o eye see "o picture & ! o!r eye ! next picture4 ,?is result$ 9 a simultane\s motion & solid effect4 ,! spectator 0 n consci\s ( ! vision be+ transf]r$ f "o eye to ano!r4 ,claudet's example 0 a box] ab\t to /rike & !n deliv]+ ! bl[4 ,! pictures 9 ,claudet's ma*9e mu/ h left mu* to ! imag9ation b an int]e/+ p]fection ( ?is device 0 %[n 9 ,new ,york 9 late #aibb & e>ly #aibc1 "u ! "n ( ,hammond's ,teleview4 ,an entire !atre 0 equipp$ ) a special %utt] device = ea* spectator4 ,! %utt]s 7 syn*roniz$ ) ! %utt] ( ! motion picture projector & ! spectator1 look+ ?r\gh ! device1 saw motion 9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,! developm5t 0 n comm]cially practicable because ! app>atus 0 exp5sive1 a nuisance to ! spectators & ! _m little motors op]at+ ! %utt]s creat$ an annoy+ hum 9 ! auditorium4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,lang5heim bro!rs did mu* to popul>ize ! ,/]eoscope & its v>i\s modifications4 ,ab\t #ahej !y />t$ to make & sell /]eoscopic views 9 ,philadelphia1 by mail & ?r\gh ag5ts ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,9 ^? days1 ) ! ,gold ,ru% 9 ,cali=nia j subsid+1 !re 0 great int]e/ 9 sc5ic wond]s & views ( remote places4 ,/]eoscopic photos _h a great sale & 7 ev5tually f\nd 9 almo/ e p>lor ( ! day4 ,be=e ! ,civil ,w> ! ,lang5heims op5$ at #ahh ,*e/nut ,/reet ! 8,/]eoscope ,cosmorama ,exhibit40 ,!re ea* spectator sat & c\ld see "o /]eoscopic view aft] ano!r by turn+ a crank4 ,x may v well h be5 ?is turn+ crank sy/em :i* sugge/$ an int]e/+ motion picture device to ! fell[ citiz5 ( ,lang5heims1 ,coleman ,sell]s4 ,coleman ,sell]s 7#ahbg-aijg7 0 a skill$ eng9e]4 ,he reproduc$ ,f>aday's electric exp]im5ts 9 ?is c\ntry2 con/ruct$ locomotives 9 ,c9c9nati *iefly = ! ,panama ,railroad2 he also work$ on ! ,niag>a ,falls p[] developm5t4 ,ev5 = hobbies he turn$ to sci5tific toys & gadgets4 ,9 #ahef he 0 call$ to ,philadelphia aga9 to take 8 place 9 ! family eng9e]+ company4 ,sell]s' family dat$ f "o ,samuel ,sell]s :o receiv$ a royal grant ( l& 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 #afhb4 ,sell]s pat5t$ on ,febru>y #e1 #ahfa a device :i* he call$ ! ,k9ematoscope1 evid5tly ! fir/ use ( ! ^w 8c9ema0 if we exclude ! ,fr5*man :o copi$ ,:eat/one's device "u ! "n ( ,qu9etoscope4 ,! ,sell]s device revolv$ a s]ies ( pos$ /ill pictures1 paddle-:eel fa%ion1 be=e ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,a p]iod ( relative re/ 0 a*iev$ ?r\gh ?is motion z ea* picture 0 com+ t[>ds ! obs]v] = a specific "t & !n out ( view z ! next photo came into position4 ,sell]s' motion photos include 8 wife sew+1 8 two sons1 ,coleman1 ,jr4 & ,horace1 play+ & rock+ a *air4 ,sell]s tri$ to comb9e motion & solid effects4 ,he f\nd ! wet plate photographic process inv5t$ by ,fr$]ick ,scott ,ar*] 7#ahac-aheg7 9 #ahej q unsatisfactory = 8pos$0 motion "w4 ,ar*] did n tr\ble to pat5t ! process4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ! ,lang5heims took ne>ly #a1jjj pictures :i* 7 m\nt$ = %[+ 9 ! projection magic lant]ns1 & dur+ ! ,franco-,prussian ,w> 9 #ahgj-ga sev]al hundr$ photographs & draw+s 7 releas$ by ! ,lang5heim bro!rs = lant]n use4 ,! la/ catalogue ( ! firm 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgd & includ$ "s #f1jjj color$ slides pric$ at #cc a doz51 & ^? specially photograph$ & made at #d ea*4 ,william ,lang5heim di$ on ,may #d1 #ahgd4 ,fr$]ic tri$ to cont9ue ! bus9ess = a "t b he1 too1 0 gett+ old & ev5tually sold out 9 ! ,autumn to ,casp> ,w4 ,briggs1 ano!r e>ly ,philadelphia photograph]4 ,at ! ,philadelphia exhibit ,fr$]ic _h a %[+ ( ! ,voigtl&] l5ses made 9 ,vi5na :i* 7 ! be/ !n available = c]ta9 types ( photographic "w4 ,ano!r ,philadelphian1 ,h5ry ,r5no ,heyl 7#ahdb-aiai71 a fri5d & associate ( ,sell]s on ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 0 ! fir/ p]son 9 ,am]ica to develop a projector :i* us$ 8pos$0 motion photographs4 ,! individual pictures 7 tak5 by ! same me?od us$ by ,sell]s = 8 ,k9ematoscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,museum ( ,photography ,,lang5heim ,,bro!rs1 ,william 7seat$7 & ,fr$]ic1 pione] ,philadelphia photograph]s1 :o develop$1 9 #ahej1 picture projection us+ glass slides4 ,some:at e>li]1 ,o4 ,b4 ,br[n1 ( ,mald51 ,mass4 obta9$ ,u4 ,s4 pat5t ,no4 #ic1eid1 dat$ ,augu/ #aj1 #ahfi1 on :at is ! fir/ ,am]ican 8motion picture0 projector4 ,x1 h[ev]1 us$ only drawn designs & n photographs4 ,9 pr9ciple x 0 bas$1 z o!r projectors ( ! "t1 on ! sy/em develop$ by ,u*atius4 ,9 ,br[n's projector ! ,plateau magic disk ) ! figures 0 m\nt$ betwe5 ! light s\rce & ! projection l5s & 0 rotat$ by a ge> arrangem5t4 ,9 front ( ! l5s !re 0 a rotat+ %utt] ) two holes :i* int]rupt$ ! light :5 ! pictures 7 9 int]mitt5t motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,maurice ,bessy ,collection ,,eti5ne ,,jules ,,m>ey1 ,fr5* physiologi/1 ^: rese>* on ! movem5t ( m5 & animals contribut$ to progress 9 photography ( motion1 #ahgj to #ahij4 ,heyl p]haps may h obta9$ 8 basic idea f ,br[n or x may h come to him indep5d5tly because ! urge to comb9e ! new photos & ! old] magic lant]n 0 felt by _m p]sons4 ,at any rate1 ! ,heyl app>atus be>s v little relation to ,br[n's4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ,heyl attempt$ to pat5t 8 device1 s ! ,pat5t ,(fice nev] 0 call$ ^u to decide ! po9t4 ,heyl1 a native ( ,columbus1 ,ohio1 :o design$ _m types ( ma*9]y1 includ+ boxes & pap] & book /it*+ devices1 has be5 hail$ by "s z ! fir/ to use photos 9 a projection device4 ,he himself1 h[ev]1 nev] claim$ t honor4 ,he publi%$ a lett] dat$ ,philadelphia1 ,febru>y #a1 #ahih1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 8,a contribution to ! hi/ory ( ! art ( photograph+ liv+ subjects 9 motion & reproduc+ ! natural movem5ts by ! lant]n40 8,among ! e>lie/ public exhibitions0 ( su* a comb9ation 0 "o giv5 by him at an ent]ta9m5t held 9 ! ,academy ( ,music1 9 ,philadelphia on ,febru>y #e1 #ahgj4 ,a catalogue note ann\nc$ z a feature ( ! v>i$ ent]ta9m5t ! %[+ ( 8,! ,phasmatrope1 a mo/ rec5t sci5tific inv5tion10 ^: effects are simil> 8to ! famili> toy call$ ! ,zoetrope40 ,! managem5t express$ pleasure at hav+ 8! fir/ opportunity ( pres5t+ its m]its to our audi5ce40 ,heyl & a danc+ p>tn] pos$ = six pictures 9 ! v>i\s phases ( ! waltz at ,o4 ,h4 ,will>d's photographic /udio at #abjf ,*e/nut ,/reet4 ,o!r photo slides 7 made ( a !n popul> ,japanese acrobatic p]=m]--8,little ,all ,"r40 ,! "t exposures 7 tak5 on wet plates1 !n pr9ts 7 transf]r$ to ?9 glass plates ) ! images only ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* high4 ,! six /ills 7 duplicat$ ?ree times to fill ! eighte5 spaces 9 ! :eel ( ! projector4 ,! ,heyl projector _h an int]mitt5t movem5t controll$ by a rat*et & pawl me*anism op]at$ by a reciprocat+ b> mov$ up & d[n by ! h&4 ,! fa/ movem5t 0 us$ = ! acrobats ) a complete /op at ! end ( ea* som]sault1 & a sl[ tempo = ! waltz :i* 0 accompani$ by an or*e/ra4 ,! problem ( a %utt] to int]rupt ! light :ile ! pictures 7 mov+ 0 solv$ 9 ! foll[+ way1 accord+ to ,heyl3 8,?is 0 accompli%$ by a vibrat+ %utt] plac$ back ( ! picture :eel t 0 op]at$ on ! same drawb> t mov$ ! :eel1 only ! %utt] movem5t 0 s tim$ t x mov$ fir/ & cov]$ ! picture be=e ! latt] mov$ & complet$ ! movem5t aft] ! next picture 0 9 place4 ,?is movem5t r$uc$ to a great ext5t ! flick]+ & gave v natural & life-l repres5tations ( ! mov+ figures40 ,heyl's ,phasmatrope 0 an +5i\s app>atus b ! imag9ation _h to comp5sate = its _m imp]fections4 ,:5 x 0 demon/rat$ on ,m>* #af1 #ahgj1 at a meet+ ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 x creat$ s little notice t m5tion ( ! %[+ 0 n includ$ 9 ! m9utes4 ,x is int]e/+ to note x 0 at ?is meet+ t ,sell]s 0 elect$ head ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute4 ,we c wond] :at 8 reaction 0 to ! fact t ,heyl1 a man fifte5 ye>s 8 junior1 _h add$ projection to ! pr9ciple ( 8 ,k9ematoscope :i* _h also us$ 8pos$ pictures0 9 a peep-%[ app>atus4 ,9 #ahge1 9 ,philadelphia1 ,casp> ,briggs1 :o _h b\ght out ! ,lang5heim int]e/ ! ye> be=e1 introduc$ a device simil> to ! ,heyl projector :i* also us$ /ill photographs made ( draw+s to simulate motion4 ,8 mo/ popul> subject 0 8,! ,danc+ ,skeleton10 a selection rem9isc5t ( ,phantasmagoria & ! 8black arts0 or necromancy4 ,! little pictures 7 m\nt$ on ! edge ( a mica disk :i* revolv$ be=e ! projection l5s4 ,briggs also improv$ ! ,lang5heim magic lant]n slide process & gave a fur!r impetus to photographic activity 9 ,philadelphia4 ,f ! ,lang5heims & _! contempor>ies 9 ,am]ica ! spotlight ( magic %ad[ developm5t %ifts back to ! ,old ,_w1 to ,france1 & to a sci5ti/ ( di/9ction4 ,,xiv ,,m>ey ,,& ,,movem5t ,m>ey 9 ,p>is1 & ,muybridge & ,isaacs 9 ,san ,francisco1 record motion by photographs--,ducos du ,hauron has an idea = a complete sy/em--,janss5 makes a 8movie0 cam]a--,reynauld keeps magic %ad[ %[man%ip alive--,ans*tz uses electricity4 ,! developm5t capital 9 ! /ory ( ! magic %ad[ art-sci5ce %ift$ _m times4 ,seas1 m\nta9s1 oceans & "t itself 7 no b>ri]s4 ,successively1 ,greece1 ,arabia1 ,p]sia1 ,engl&1 ,italy1 ,holl&1 ,belgium1 ,au/ria & ! ,unit$ ,/ates took ! lead 9 %[+ ! way t[>d ! goal ( g5u9ely life-l pictures4 ,aft] ! great spurt ( activity 9 ,philadelphia1 dur+ ! work+ life ( ! ,lang5heims1 ! *ief c5t] ( activity 0 ,p>is & ! lead] 0 ,eti5ne ,jules ,m>ey4 ,plateau 9 ,belgium came to ! inv5tion ( ! magic disk1 :i* 0 ! fir/ 8motion picture0 device1 ?r\gh 8 /udy ( vision & ! desire to und]/& m ab\t x4 ,m>ey1 by 8 own action & ! "w ( o!rs influ5c$ by him1 gave great impetus to ! photograph+ & projection ( motion pictures1 ?r\gh 8 wi% to le>n m ab\t movem5t1 ! movem5t ( life--animals1 birds1 & m54 ,m>ey 0 "o ( ! fir/ great physiologi/s & conduct$ = ye>s :at 0 !n ! only private1 sci5tific laboratory 9 ,france4 ,he 0 born 9 ,beaume1 ,france1 9 #ahcj1 & :5 n9ete5 w5t to ,p>is to /udy m$ic9e4 ,six ye>s lat] he became an int]ne &1 9 #ahei1 receiv$ 8 doctor's degree1 do+ at ?is "t 8 fir/ important "w on animal locomotion4 ,9 #ahfi he became a pr(essor at ! ,college ( ,france & ?ree ye>s lat] he 0 admitt$ to ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 &1 9 #ahgh1 to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,ab\t #ahfg ,m>ey />t$ to /udy ! attitudes ( animals 9 movem5t ?r\gh ! aid ( a ,plateau magic disk & draw+s made ) ! aid ( ,ma?ias ,duval1 pr(essor ( anatomy at ! ,s*ool ( ,beaux ,arts4 ,"s ( ! designs us$ by ,m>ey 9 ! ,:eel ( ,life & a magic lant]n projector 7 drawn by ,col4 ,duh\sset1 a great horseman & arti/1 f v e>ly & imp]fect in/antane\s photographs4 ,prior to ,m>ey !re _h be5 a numb] ( attempts to record motion by photography4 ,! mo/ successful 0 by ! ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,pi]re ,jules ,cs> ,janss5 7#ahbd-aijg7 :o us$ a photogun1 ,revolv] ,photographique1 to record ! transit ( ,v5us 9 ,japan 9 #ahgd4 ,janss5 may h be5 influ5c$ by ,m>ey's e>lie/ "w4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,maddox 9 #ahga _h develop$ 9 ,engl& dry plate photography1 bas$ on ,scott ,ar*]'s wet plate process4 ,?is help$ to make in/antane\s photography1 or ,*ronophotography1 z x 0 call$1 possible4 ,janss5 p]fect$ ! fir/ workable motion picture cam]a4 ,b x 0 a l>ge1 /ation>y piece ( app>atus1 limit$ 9 scope & s5sitiv5ess4 ,! device 0 describ$ by a ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,c4 ,flamm>ion1 9 ! magaz9e ,la ,nature ( ,may #h1 #ahge1 & by ,janss5 himself 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,fr5* ,photographic ,societies ( ,april #g1 #ahgf4 ,janss5's device took =ty-eight pictures on a simple revolv+ plate b he said ! numb] c\ld easily be d\bl$ or tripl$4 ,a "t clock me*anism controll$ ! revolutions ( ! photographic plate b x 0 s arrang$ t x c\ld also be rotat$ by h&4 ,an electrical hook-up also 0 possible4 ,! influ5ce ( ,plateau's magic disk is cle> & s ackn[l$g$ by ,janss54 ,! device simply rev]s$ ! old ,plateau disk :i* %[$ motion pictures ?r\gh two revolv+ disks1 "o ) ! pictures & ! o!r ) ! %utt] slits4 ,9 ! ,janss5 a/ronomical gun ! "o disk 0 coat$ ) photographic *emicals & ! o!r _h ! usual slits2 ! necess>y int]mitt5t movem5t 0 provid$ by ! ge> driv5 me*anism :i* rotat$ ! disks4 ,janss5 po9t$ out t ! app>atus c\ld be us$ = physiological purposes--to /udy walk+1 runn+1 flight & ! movem5t ( animals2 b he nev] _h "t to develop ! device = physiological uses1 :i* 0 n 9 8 imm$iate field4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 int]e/$ 9 ,m>ey's lat] ref9em5ts & applications4 ,! mo/ important 8precursor0 ( motion picture photography & projection1 s f> z ! basic idea 0 conc]n$1 0 ,l\is ,ducos du ,hauron 7#ahcg-aibj71 a ,fr5*man :o develop$ ! fir/ successful me?od ( pr9t+ color pictures4 ,l\is lik$ sci5ce1 pa9t+ & music b 0 held back 9 s*ool on acc\nt ( poor heal?4 ,at ! age ( #ae1 he 0 a good piani/4 ,he began 8 exp]im5ts 9 natural color pr9t+ ar\nd #ahei & by ! ,fall ( #ahfh _h a*iev$ success4 ,! public reaction 0 n en?usia/ic & ,l\is became disc\rag$4 ,_m p]sons 7 ho/ile to 8 me?od :i* he hop$ w\ld br+ books1 illu/rat$ ) _m color plates1 )9 rea* ( ev]yone 7z o!rs foll[+ 8 sy/em ev5tually a*iev$74 ,x 0 = ?is reason t he fail$ to exploit 8 cam]a & picture projector idea4 ,9 ,m>* & ,decemb] ( #ahfd ,l\is ,ducos du ,hauron took out ! fir/ pat5ts on a complete motion picture sy/em1 includ+ an app>atus to regi/] & reproduce motion by photography4 ,! ,fr5* pat5t 0 describ$ 9 ^! words1 8,app>atus = ! photographic reproduction ( any view toge!r ) all *anges ! subject und]goes dur+ a c]ta9 "t40 ,a me*anic ( ,ag5 :]e ,l\is liv$ = _m ye>s ) 8 old] bro!r1 ,alcide1 con/ruct$ a model ( ! device4 ,x 0 n successful because ! available photographic mat]ials 7 n suffici5tly s5sitive4 ,ducos' pat5t ev5 provid$ = ! use ( 8b&s0 ( pap]2 b&s or reels ( film f9ally solv$ ! motion picture problem b n until ne> ! end ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,z 9 "o ( ,u*atius' projectors1 ! cam]a & projector ( ,l\is ,ducos du ,hauron us$ a numb] ( small l5ses4 ,o!r pat5ts tak5 out by ?is small1 sl5d]1 timid ,fr5*man :o only became truly animat$ :5 talk+ ab\t "o ( 8 inv5tions1 includ$ color photography 9 #ahfh1 a horizontal w9d-mill 9 #ahfi1 a comb9$ natural & photographic cam]a 9 #ahgd1 photographic devices 9 #ahhh & #ahib4 ,9 #ahif he aga9 turn$ to motion pictures1 aft] o!rs _h p]fect$ !m1 propos+ an optical sy/em int5d$ to d away ) all int]ruption ( light 9 motion picture projection & photography4 ,honors came v late 9 life to ,ducos du ,hauron & to 8 dy+ day he reproa*$ himself = n exploit+ suffici5tly 8 ideas4 ,b :5 he _h tri$ to d ?is he enc\nt]$ only indiff]5ce because ! sci5ti/s 7 n int]e/$ 9 ! "w ( "o :o 0 )\t academic /atus4 ,n[ ,ducos du ,hauron is reg>d$ z "o ( ! greate/ g5iuses ( photography4 ,he actually pr$ict$ & describ$ a monopack color film4 ,! _m good color processes ( ?is type are mod]n realizations ( 8 extraord9>y sci5tific analyses4 ,m>ey 0 famili> 9 a g5]al way ) all ^! developm5ts & ideas1 b he 0 ess5tially a sci5ti/ & n a photograph]4 ,motion picture photography to him 0 j a good way ( le>n+ m ab\t liv+ movem5t4 ,ab\t #ahgj he _h made /udies ( movem5ts 9 o!r ways 9 addition to primitive photographs & draw+s made f su* photographs4 ,! results ( ^! /udies 7 kn[n all ov] ! _w & _h a direct influ5ce on ! photograph]s :o fir/ successfully took successive pictures ( animals 9 motion4 ,^! photograph]s 7 ,eadwe>d ,muybridge & ,john ,d4 ,isaacs4 ,eadwe>d ,muybridge 7#ahcj-aijd71 or ,edw>d ,james ,mugg]idge1 z he 0 orig9ally nam$1 0 born 9 ,engl&1 at ,k+/on-on-,?ames4 ,z a "y man he 0 an adv5tur] :o call$ photography 8 pr(ession4 ,he made a numb] ( trips back & =? betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&4 ,he 0 s]i\sly injur$ 9 a run-away /age coa* accid5t 9 ,july ( #ahfj1 9 ,arkansas1 & lat] obta9$ sev]al ?\s& doll>s 9 damages f ! ,s\!rn ,ov]l& ,/age ,company4 ,return+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates aft] a visit 9 ,engl&1 foll[+ ! accid5t1 ,muybridge receiv$ an assignm5t to photograph1 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 ! new t]ritory ( ,alaska1 pur*as$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahfg4 ,aft] ?is assignm5t he settl$ 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,9 #ahgb ,gov]nor ,lel& ,/an=d ( ,cali=nia made a #be1jjj bet 9 connection ) a dispute z to :e!r or n all ! legs ( a horse runn+ at a full gallop are (f ! gr\nd simultane\sly4 ,! eye 0 n quick en\gh to f9d ! answ]4 ,horsem5 _h nev] be5 completely satisfi$ ) ! draw+s & pictures made by arti/s ( horses 9 motion4 ,san=d1 z ,t]ry ,ramsaye describes 9 8 hi/ory ( ! motion picture1 ,a ,million & ,"o ,nights1 9 #ahgb s5t = ! photograph] ,muybridge & _h him g to ! ,sacram5to race track to get photographic pro( 9 ord] to settle ! dispute4 ,ov] a p]iod ( ye>s ,/an=d sp5t consid]ably m ?an ! #be1jjj wag] on ! photographic exp]im5ts4 ,& out ( ! exp]im5ts grew ! leg5d t ,muybridge _h inv5t$ 8motion pictures40 ,ab\t #ahgj ,m>ey _h e/abli%$ ! movem5t ( ! legs ( a horse 9 a gallop ?r\gh 8 physiological inve/igations4 ,b at t "t he _h no photographic pro( ( 8 !ory4 ,ye>s lat] ,muybridge said t ,/an=d obta9$ 8 basic ideas = photographs to w9 ! bet f ! writ+s ( ,m>ey4 ,muybridge might h be5 successful 9 8 e>ly exp]im5ts if x _h n be5 = an int]ruption :i* 0 ( ab\t five ye>s' duration4 ,he _h dome/ic tr\bles ( a nature t end$ 9 viol5ce4 ,9 ,octob] #ahgd1 he %ot & kill$ ,major ,h>ry ,l>kyn :o _h elop$ ) 8 wife4 ,aft] a s5sational trial 9 :i* ! def5se 0 able to succe$ 9 putt+ ! jurors m5tally 9 ,muybridge's place1 he 0 acquitt$ on ,febru>y #e1 #ahge1 at ! c\r?\se 9 ,napa1 ,cali=nia4 ,/an=d ma9ta9$ a fri5dly int]e/ 9 ,muybridge because he _h become increas+ly int]e/$ 9 ! problem ( ! movem5ts ( a horse 9 fa/ action & he wi%$ to obta9 evid5ce to confirm ! new !ory ( animal locomotion :i* _h be5 develop$ *iefly by ,m>ey 9 ,france4 ,/an=d 0 prim>ily int]e/$ 9 ! runn+ gaits ( horses & o!r movem5ts second>ily4 ,! /ories ( :at really happ5$ 9 #ahgg are n id5tical4 ,muybridge said 9 #ahhc at a lecture at ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute 9 ,philadelphia1 8,be+ mu* int]e/$ ) ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,m>ey444 ,i inv5t$ a me?od ( employ+ a numb] ( cam]as 4444 ,i expla9$ my int5d$ exp]im5ts to a weal?y resid5t ( ,san ,francisco1 ,mr4 ,/an=d1 :o lib]ally agre$ to place ! res\rces ( 8 /ock bre$+ f>m at my disposal & to reimburse ! exp5ses ( my inve/igation1 ^u ! condition ( my supply+ him1 = 8 private use1 ) a few copies ( ! contemplat$ results40 ,on ! m]e /atem5t1 ,muybridge's position is subject to s]i\s "q4 ,x c]ta9ly is unlikely t ,/an=d w\ld pay all exp5ses j to obta9 a few copies ( ! 8int5d$ results = private use40 ,! own]%ip ( ! results 0 subject to consid]able dispute4 ,/an=d copyright$ ! pictures 9 #ahha & _h !m publi%$ 9 a book edit$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,b4 ,/illman1 entitl$ ,! ,horse 9 ,motion4 ,9 t book ! /ory is t :5 ,muybridge return$ to ,san ,francisco 9 #ahgg1 he 0 engag$ to cont9ue ! exp]im5ts by ,/an=d4 ,accord+ to ,/illman1 9 #ahgg pictures 7 tak5 ( "o ( ,/an=d's horses1 ) a s+le cam]a & 8"o ( ^!1 repres5t+ him ) all 8 feet cle> ( ! gr\nd1 0 enl>g$1 ret\*$ & di/ribut$ to ! p>ties int]e/$40 ,?is !n 0 j ano!r ef=t to obta9 a good1 %>p1 fa/1 s+le picture ( action4 ,john ,d4 ,isaacs1 lat] *ief eng9e] = ! ,h>riman ,railroad ,sy/em1 _h design$ & sup]vis$ all ! in/allation ( ! batt]y cam]a app>atus4 ,8 "n 0 sugge/$ to ,/an=d by ,ar?ur ,br[n1 !n *ief eng9e] ( ma9t5ance ( ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 "o ( ,/an=d's int]e/s4 ,isaacs 0 a "y man fre% f ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 :]e he _h graduat$ 9 #ahge4 ,he 0 an amateur photograph] & v famili> ) ,m>ey's "w & t ( ! photograph]s 9 ,france & ,engl& & 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahgh fur!r ef=ts 7 made at ,/an=d's private track at ,palo ,alto1 :]e ! batt]y sy/em ( cam]as 0 introduc$ & good results obta9$4 ,ea* cam]a 9 ! batt]y 0 equipp$ ) a fa/-act+ %utt] & 0 set (f successively by a me*anical-electrical device4 7,illu/ration on opposite page47 ,! mo/ successful results1 :i* 7 little bett] ?an silh\ettes1 7 obta9$ :5 tw5ty-f\r cam]as1 set ab\t "o foot ap>t1 7 us$4 ,! photographs actually 7 n made at equal int]vals ( "t b ( space4 ,! cam]as & backgr\nd 7 l9$ up = a measurem5t ( di/ance & n ( "t4 ,al?\gh ,isaacs contribut$ eng9e]+ skill to ! developm5t ( ! app>atus1 because he 0 *iefly int]e/$ 9 railroad eng9e]+ & ?is assignm5t 9 8 photographic hobby 0 a favor = ! 8big boss10 ,muybridge alone obta9$ ! pat5ts on ! me?od4 ,on ,june #bg & ,july #aa1 #ahgh he appli$ = a pat5t on1 8,a me?od & app>atus = photograph+ objects 9 motion0 7! batt]y sy/em71 & = ! d\ble action %utt] controls4 ,! pat5ts 7 issu$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahgi4 ,wet collodion plates 7 us$ 9 ea* cam]a & a spe$ ( up to #a_/ejjj? ( a second 0 claim$ by ,muybridge 9 8 applications4 ,isaacs lat] became *ief eng9e] ( ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railroad ,sy/em :ile ,muybridge made 8sci5tific0 photography a pr(ession4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,horse 9 ,motion1 #ahhb ,,cam]a ,,sy/em develop$ by ,john ,d4 ,isaacs1 eng9e]1 & ,eadwe>d ,muybridge1 photograph]1 :i* made pictures at equal int]vals ( space r ?an ( "t4 ,x settl$ a wag] on ! nature ( ! movem5ts ( a horse4 ,dur+ lat] life ,muybridge s\ght to e/abli% himself z a sci5ti/ & 9 ?is ef=t he drew heavily on physiological data :i* orig9at$ ) ,m>ey 9 ,france4 ,muybridge 0 a photograph]1 :o1 ?r\gh ! res\rces ( ,/an=d1 a ri* & det]m9$ back]1 came into possession ( a me?od ( tak+ successive pictures ( action4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! me?od 0 cumb]some & inexact1 ,muybridge nev] *ang$ x b cont9u$ to exploit x = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,illu/ration3 ,la ,nature4 #ahhb ,,physiological ,,p>k4 ,p>is1 above1 ! fir/ motion picture /udio4 ,m>ey in/all$ ! cam]a 9 a box on rails4 ,bel[1 ,m>ey's photo gun1 fir/ portable cam]a = photograph+ motion4 ,m>ey1 9 ,france1 0 delight$ to he> ( ! results ( ,muybridge's "w & to inspect !m1 = "h at la/ 0 excell5t confirmation ( 8 physiological !ories4 ,m>ey1 :ile prais+ ! "w ( ,muybridge1 not$ c]ta9 errors result+ f ! batt]y cam]a sy/em--! l&scape & n ! animal appe>$ to be mov+ :5 ! result+ photographs 7 analyz$ 9 ! ,plateau magic disk & also ! "t int]val1 z not$ above1 0 n exact4 ,m>ey 0 ! fir/ to syn!size motion f ! photographs by m\nt+ !m s ! action c\ld be recon/ruct$4 ,muybridge _h no int]e/ 9 ?is phase ( ! subject until he met ,m>ey & le>n$ f him4 ,ev5 aft]w>ds ,muybridge cont9u$ to be int]e/$ *iefly 9 tak+ pictures & n 9 /udy+ & analyz+ !m4 ,te*nically speak+1 ,m>ey analyz$ & syn!siz$ ! results obta9$ 9 ! ,muybridge photographs4 ,9 addition to us+ ! simple ,plateau disk :i* only "o p]son at a "t c\ld see1 ,m>ey some:at lat] _h ! photographs copi$ on glass slides1 m\nt$ on a revolv+ disk & project$ onto a scre5 ) ! ,u*atius type projector1 equipp$ ) a revolv+ slit %utt]4 ,?is sci5tific demon/ration 0 ! fir/ actual motion picture %[ ( real motion & n pos$ z 9 ! ,heyl1 ,b\rb\ze & o!r demon/rations ( ab\t #ahgj4 ,ga/on ,tiss&i]1 editor ( ,la ,nature1 9 ! ,decemb] #g1 #ahgh1 issue wrote on 8,! ,attitudes ( ! ,horse1 repres5t$ by in/antane\s photography10 & discuss$ ! photographs ( ,eadwe>d ,muybridge ( ,san ,francisco :i* 7 on display at ! firm ( ,br&on & ,morgan ,br[n1 #a1 ,rue ,lafitte1 ,p>is4 ,! e>ly "w ( ,m>ey 0 m5tion$ & ! importance ( ! new pictures 0 /ress$4 ,on ,decemb] #bh1 #ahgh1 a lett] ( ,m>ey's1 publi%$ 9 ,la ,nature1 express$ ! hope t ,muybridge w\ld also record & analyze ! action ( birds 9 flight z well z animals 9 motion4 ,m>ey m5tion$ h[ effective su* pictures w\ld be 9 ! ,:eel ( ,life disks & _! value 9 zoology4 ,!re also ,m>ey spoke ( a photographic gun :i* he 0 to inv5t lat]4 ,a return lett] f ,muybridge 0 publi%$ on ,febru>y #ag1 #ahgi 9 ! same magaz9e3 8,please h ! goodness to transmit to ,pr(essor ,m>ey ! assurance ( my highe/ e/eem & tell him t ! read+ ( 8 celebrat$ book on animal me*anism _h inspir$ ,gov]nor ,/an=d ) ! fir/ idea ( ! possibility ( solv+ ! problem ( locomotion ) ! aid ( photography4 ,mr4 ,/an=d consult$ me 9 ?is matt] &1 on 8 reque/1 ,i decid$ to und]take ! task4 ,he ask$ me to foll[ a mo/ complete s]ies ( exp]im5ts40 ,muybridge said also t he 0 us+ z _m z ?irty cam]as1 m\nt$ twelve in*es ap>t1 & t he plann$ to /udy all movem5ts1 includ+ flights ( birds 9 :i* ,m>ey 0 s int]e/$ at ! "t4 ,9 ! ,m>* #ag issue ( ,la ,nature1 ,m>ey express$ pleasure t ,muybridge 0 und]tak+ /udy ( birds 9 flight4 ,9 ! same issue !re appe>$ an int]e/+ lett] f ,eug5e ,vassel1 ,capta9 ( ,armam5t at ! ,suez ,canal1 dat$ ,janu>y #bj1 #ahgi1 comm5t+ on ,m>ey's idea ( a photographic gun & tell+ ( an idea = a simil> automatic cam]a4 ,?is illu/rates t at ! "t1 ev5 at ! ends ( ! e>?1 f>!/ remov$ f pr9cipal educational & sci5tific c5t]s1 ! problem ( photograph+ objects 9 natural movem5t 0 "u /udy4 ,x 0 !n a long way1 inde$1 f ,p>is to ,san ,francisco to ,suez4 ,by #ahhj ,plateau magic disks equipp$ ) ,muybridge photographs 7 on sale 9 ,engl& & at ab\t ! same "t 9 ,france4 ,9 ! ,decemb] #ca1 #ahha1 issue ( ,la ,nature sev]al ( ^! 7 illu/rat$ & ! possibilities ( _! use = in/ruction & ent]ta9m5t 7 discuss$4 ,x 0 evid5t t !y 7 common z toys 9 ,p>is4 ,subjects includ$ ! orig9al "o ( a horse 9 motion & ev5 a com$y item ( a mule kick+ a ball4 ,muybridge1 9 ! ,summ] ( #ahha1 w5t to ,p>is & !re came directly "u ! influ5ce ( ,m>ey :o 0 always mo/ g5]\s 9 express+ 8 appreciation ( valu$ "w4 ,9 ?is ,m>ey's nature rem9ds "o ( ,plateau1 ! ,belgian4 ,evid5tly ,muybridge _h n dream$ ( ! importance ( 8 pictures = physiological /udy & o!r su* purposes until x 0 expla9$ to him4 ,x 0 ! press+ que/ ( ,m>ey = great] p]fection 9 duplicat+ nature t gave a great /imulus to ! developm5t ( ! motion picture art-sci5ce4 ,p]haps he1 too1 w\ld h be5 surpris$ _h he kn[n t ! motion picture1 :ile a great in/rum5t ( sci5ce1 w\ld = _m ye>s at lea/ f9d its *ief use z an ent]ta9m5t m$ium4 ,to ! la/1 ,m>ey always ?\ght ( x = sci5ce &1 :ile he did n disda9 amusem5t uses1 8 int]e/ 0 exclusively 9 broad5+ ! field ( k4 ,9 ,p>is ,muybridge met _m notables1 includ+ ,jean ,l\is ,erne/ ,meissoni] 7#ahae-ahia71 ,fr5* pa9t] :o specializ$ 9 great detail & exact duplication ( nature4 ,meissoni] appreciat$ ! value ( ! ,muybridge photos1 z he did ,m>ey's "w 9 analyz+ motion 9 animals & m51 z an aid to pa9t+4 ,f t "t on ,meissoni] always kept a ,plateau disk & projection device 9 8 /udio s t photographs ( objects :i* 7 to be pa9t$ c\ld be /udi$ fir/ by himself & 8 colleagues4 ,muybridge evid5tly took a lik+ to ,meissoni] & 8 "w because he s+l$ him out 9 lat] ye>s z a pa9t] 7"o ( ! few7 :o 0 exact 9 8 repres5tation ( animals 9 movem5t ev5 be=e ! evid5ce ( in/antane\s photographs 0 available4 ,dur+ 8 visit 9 ,p>is ,muybridge n only obta9$ sci5tific k f ,m>ey & 8 associates b took up a practical projection device1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( appropriat+ ! "n f ,*>les ,reynaud1 a ,fr5* inv5tor :o 0 lat] to be ! fir/ great motion picture %[man1 ev5 ?\gh he pref]r$ us+ h&-drawn films to photographs4 ,*>les ,emile ,reynaud 7#ahdd-aiah7 9 #ahgg develop$ ! ,prax9oscope :i* 0 an +5i\s arrangem5t ( ! ,plateau magic disk device4 ,! sev]al pictures 7 m\nt$ on ! inside ( a horizontal :eel & 7 view$ on a polygonal-mirror 9 ! c5t]4 ,9 ?is device a numb] ( spectators c\ld wat* ! mov+ figures4 ,light 0 reflect$ f a lamp m\nt$ above4 ,photographs 7 also us$ 9 v>i\s ( ! ,prax9oscope models4 ,x 0 useful = color rese>*4 ,9 an article 9 ,la ,nature ( ,febru>y #a1 #ahgi1 x 0 /at$ t ,mr4 ,reynaud _h already plann$ a projection model :i* w\ld ?r[ life-size figures f ! ,prax9oscope onto a scre5 be=e a l>ge audi5ce4 ,9 #ahhj ! ,fr5* ,society ( ,photograph]s 0 ask$ to int]e/ itself 9 ?is problem4 ,9 #ahha1 or 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,reynaud a*iev$ success ) ! ,projection ,prax9oscope or ,lamposcope describ$ by ,ga/on ,tiss&i]1 9 ! ,novemb] #d1 #ahhb1 issue ( ,la ,nature4 ,"o lant]n ?rew ! backgr\nd & ! mov+ device project$ ! motion pictures4 ,! designs 7 color$ on glass slides :i* 7 jo9$ 9 a b&4 ,a special advantage ( ! ,reynaud ,projection ,prax9oscope or ,lamposcope 0 t no special light s\rce 0 requir$4 ,a common table lamp 0 suitable4 ,( c\rse1 only "o sc5e at a "t c\ld be %[n 9 ! device = x _h no reels to h&le ! b& ( glass slides4 ,"o ev5+1 e>ly 9 #ahhb1 ,m>ey _h ,muybridge pres5t at a l>ge ga!r+4 ,helmholtz1 ,bj]knes1 ,govi1 ,crookes & o!rs ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ce also 7 pres5t4 ,! projector fitt$ ) ,muybridge's photos ( action 0 giv5 its debut4 ,m>ey1 ye>s lat]1 comm5t$ t ^? sci5ti/s nev] _h se5 any?+ t w5t s f> 9 ! reproduction ( nature z ,muybridge-type photographs m\nt$ 9 8 ,zooprax9ographoscope disk & projector4 ,9 ,m>* ( #ahhb ,muybridge 0 9 8 native ,engl& & pres5t$ two %[+s ( 8 photographs1 illu/rat$ ) a projector :i* he call$ ! ,zoopraxiscope1 borr[+ ! "n almo/ entirely f ,reynaud & ! sci5tific data f ,m>ey4 ,muybridge gave a lecture1 8,attitudes ( ,animals 9 ,motion1 illu/rat$ ) ! ,zoopraxiscope10 at a special meet+ ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 held on ,m>* #ac1 #ahhb1 ) ,8 ,royal ,highness1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 honor>y memb]1 presid+4 ,! mat]ial 0 previ\sly pres5t$ 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society4 ,muybridge said1 8,! analyses ( "s ( ! movem5ts inve/igat$ by ! aid ( electro-photographic exposures 444 are r5d]$ m p]fectly intelligible by ! reproduction ( ! actual motion projection on a scre5 ?r\gh ! zoopraxiscope40 ,! walk1 trot1 amble1 rack1 cant]1 run & gallop--:i* are ! sev]al gaits ( a horse--7 discuss$ at l5g? ) mu* emphasis on ! physiological aspects4 ,figuratively1 ,m>ey mu/ h be5 /&+ beside ,muybridge z he talk$4 ,! lecture1 virtually ^w = ^w1 0 giv5 by ,muybridge 9 ,febru>y1 #ahcc1 at ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute 9 ,philadelphia4 ,b x is significant to note t !n !re 0 no m5tion ( ! ,zoopraxiscope4 ,muybridge evid5tly 0 n a good op]ator & !re seems to h be5 difficulty ) ! projector4 ,op]ation ( ! projector 0 a problem !n because !re _h to be a relation betwe5 ! numb] ( pictures & ! slits 9 ! projection %utt]4 ,muybridge seems to h f\nd x all too mu* tr\ble & turn$ to ! task ( tak+ successive /ills :i* c\ld !n be made up into h&some illu/rat$ books4 ,mean:ile1 ,m>ey 9 ! ,spr+ ( #ahhb f9ally f9i%$ "w on 8 ,photographical ,gun :i* he _h conceiv$ sev]al ye>s previ\sly4 ,by ?is "t ,m>ey _h a l>ge op5 air /udio set up 9 ! ,bois de ,b\logne4 7,illu/rations fac+ page #aba47 ,m>ey said t he _h work$ twelve ye>s on ! g5]al subject ( movem5t1 !reby plac+ 8 fir/ ef=ts back 9 #ahgj4 ,! 8beautiful in/antane\s photographs ( ,muybridge prov$ 8 "w10 he decl>$4 ,he cont9u$1 say+ t 9 #ahgh he _h ! idea ( a photographic gun some:at analog\s to ! a/ronomical revolv] ( ,janss54 ,f9ally1 he resolv$ to devote ! ,w9t] ( #ahhb to ! realization ( ! project4 ,m>ey us$ 8 gun to /udy 8 favorite project ( birds 9 flight4 ,m>ey's photographic gun 0 ! fir/ practical motion picture cam]a1 primitive & limit$ ?\gh x 04 ,9 ?is s5se x 0 ! orig9al ( all newsreel & o!r portable motion picture cam]as4 ,x is wor? not+ t 9 our own "t cam]as are m\nt$ z 8photographic guns0 9 airplanes z a sub/itute = gunn]y 9 peacetime & z a *eck on results dur+ w>4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ,georges ,dem5y 7#ahej-aiag7 became associat$ ) ,m>ey 9 ?is "w4 ,m>ey always gave cr$it to 8 pupil1 aide & collaborator4 ,ev5tually1 h[ev]1 !y p>t$ company because ,dem5y 0 int]e/$ 9 comm]cializ+ ! "w & ,m>ey wi%$ to cont9ue ) pure sci5ce4 ,lat] ,dem5y ass]t$ t 8 motion picture ideas 7 sup]ior to ,m>ey's & t he 0 responsible = ! actual execution ( all ! plans4 ,dem5y at ?irte5 _h begun inv5t+ at 8 home1 b 8 fa!r1 a musician1 want$ him to be a univ]sity pr(essor4 ,9 #ahgd he w5t to ,p>is & at ! ,sorbonne 0 a pupil ( ,m>ey 9 physiology & ( ,ma?ias ,duval--:o also work$ ) ,m>ey--9 anatomy4 ,he did "s m$ical /udies & op5$ "o ( ! fir/ physical education e/abli%m5ts call$1 ,le ,c]cle de ,gymna/ique ,rationnelle4 ,f #ahhj on he sup]vis$ _m ( ! /udies at ,m>ey's ,physiological ,p>k4 ,9 ,july1 #ahhb1 ,m>ey propos$ ! use ( a b& ( s5sitiz$ pap] 9 ! cam]a4 ,= v>i\s reasons ! pap] 0 n satisfactory &1 ( c\rse1 0 impractical = direct projection z x might be set on fire by ! projection lamp4 ,! ,lang5heims ( ,philadelphia _h solv$ ! problem ( project+ photographs 9 ! magic lant]n by devis+ a me?od ( pr9t+ ! picture on glass4 ,h[ev]1 a projector equipp$1 z ! orig9al model ( ,u*atius1 ) a revolv+ disk c\ld only hold a few glass slides4 ,?is limit$ ! project$ pictures to brief action4 ,9 #ahhg & #ahhh ,m>ey a*iev$ 8 fir/ real success 9 :at he call$ *ronophotography1 us+ a box ma*9e :i* took eight pictures a second on a s+le metal plate1 or on a s5sitiz$ pap] b&4 ,m>ey _h difficulty controll+ ! pap] film because x 0 n p]=at$ & ! pictures 7 n equally spac$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 made no diff]5ce to ,m>ey s9ce 8 ma9 purpose 0 to obta9 data = physiological /udy1 & n ent]ta9m5t motion pictures4 ,9 #ahhh ,m>ey obta9$ a successful s]ies ( photographs ( fi%es swimm+1 tak5 ) int]mitt5t action on a pap] roll film4 ,! images 7 tak5 at ! rate ( ei!r tw5ty or sixty p] second4 ,?is me?od ( us+ pap] /rips obviates ! necessity ( op]at+ 9 a d>k cam]a *amb]4 ,at fir/ ! pap] photographic /rips 7 load$ 9 a d>k room1 limit+ ! scope ( ! cam]a1 b lat] light-pro( cam]as 7 p]fect$4 ,m>ey also propos$ an optical sy/em featur+ a turn+ mirror :i* w\ld make int]mitt5t action unnecess>y4 ,b ?is me?od 0 wa/eful ( film4 ,a contempor>y ( ,m>ey & ,muybridge1 & a skill$ photograph] 9 8 own "r1 0 ,ottom> ,ans*tz 7#ahdf-aijg71 a ,g]man :o work$ out "o ( ! be/ sy/ems = exhibit+ a s]ies ( pictures prior to ,edison on :om he _h an influ5ce4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,muybridge pictures came to ,europe1 ,ans*tz began simil> exp]im5ts4 ,accord+ to ,m>ey1 he a*iev$ bett] results ?an ,muybridge1 ?\gh ! results 7 n p]fect1 hav+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( di/ortion4 ,ans*tz obta9$ %>p] photographs ( action ?an ,muybridge = 8 pictures c\ld be us$ 9 ! ,plateau magic disk or ! projector )\t be+ copi$ z silh\ettes z 0 done ) ,muybridge's photographs until a late date4 ,9 #ahhc ,ans*tz tri$ to use a s+le cam]a on ! ,m>ey gun pr9ciple b a*iev$ bett] results ) a batt]y ( z _m z =ty-eight cam]as4 ,! %utt] op5+s 9 ! ,zoetrope or magic disk 7 modifi$ accord+ to ! numb] ( pictures 9 ! p>ticul> s]ies4 ,ans*tz's *ief claim to fame re/s on ! fact t he 0 ! fir/ to comb9e successfully ! in/antane\s pictures ( an object 9 motion ) ! brilliant int]mitt5t fla% ( ! electric ,geissl] tube4 ,he9ri* ,geissl] 7#ahad-ahgi71 a ,g]man me*anic & physici/1 ab\t #ahed inv5t$ an electric tube = ! purpose ( /udy+ dis*>ges 9 r>efi$ gases4 ,! app>atus consi/$ ( a ?9 tube ( glass1 equipp$ ) plat9um wires seal$ into ea* end & fill$ ) a r>efi$ gas1 & an electric batt]y connection4 ,9 #ahhi ,ans*tz ann\nc$ ! ,electrical ,ta*yscope1 a motion picture view+ ma*9e :i* became popul> all ov] ! _w4 ,8 action photographs 7 m\nt$ on a :eel & 7 light$ successively by a ,geissl] tube's int]mitt5t electric fla%4 ,! l>ge photographs 7 view$ directly by ! audi5ce 9 an adjo9+ room4 ,ans*tz's device 0 fir/ depict$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( ,novemb] #af1 #ahhi4 ,a slot ma*9e model 0 also devis$ & 0 %[n at ,frankfurt1 ,g]many 9 #ahia1 & at ! ,*icago ,_w's ,fair 9 #ahic1 :]e sev]al p]sons saw x & 7 giv5 ! idea ( attempt+ to a*ieve projection ( life-size motion pictures ( complete actions in/ead ( m]e phases ( motion4 7,illu/ration fac+ page #adi47 ,! g5]al te*nique develop$ by ,ans*tz 9 8 ,electrical ,ta*yscope is n[ us$ 9 ! tak+ ( /roboscopic motion pictures4 ,x also may be appli$ 9 new photographic1 motion picture & television processes = increas$ dep? ( field4 ,9 #ahic ,muybridge lectur$ at ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,*icago at ! ,zoopraxographical ,hall1 :]e hundr$s ( 8 pictures 7 %[n4 ,! same mat]ial 0 publi%$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania "u ! title ( ,descriptive ,zoopraxography1 or ! sci5ce ( animal locomotion made popul>4 ,muybridge _h settl$ d[n 9 #ahhe ) a position at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 :]e he took _m pictures ) ! same batt]y sy/em1 borr[+1 h[ev]1 "s ideas ab\t ! /udio arrangem5ts f ,m>ey4 ,muybridge nev] improv$ 8 te*nique or realiz$ t su* a cumb]some me?od c\ld n produce satisfactory results4 ,?is did n seem to di/urb him = !re is no evid5ce t he s\ght l>ge scre5 projection ( ! magic %ad[s be=e audi5ces4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahhf1 ,muybridge visit$ ,edison at 8 ,new ,j]sey laboratory & %[$ him plates ( successive motion pictures1 or1 m accurately1 a succession ( /ills ( v>i\s phases ( ! same action4 ,:5 ,muybridge lectur$ at ! ,london ,in/itution 9 ! ,fall ( #ahhi a complete report 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,photography = ,decemb] #bj1 #ahhi1 9 an article by ,w4 ,p4 ,adams4 ,f ?is we le>n t ,muybridge 0 !n us+ a simple projector fitt$ ) a ge> sy/em :i* revolv$ be=e ! l5s a glass disk ( "s fifte5 in*es 9 diamet] on :i* ! photos 7 m\nt$2 9 front ( ?is 0 a z9c %utt] disk ) radial slits totall+ "o m ?an ! numb] ( pictures1 9 ord] to give a =w>d motion to ! figures4 ,t 0 ! old ,plateau magic disk idea4 ,) ! same numb] ( op5+s 9 ! %utt] z pictures1 ! figures w\ld appe> to move _! arms & legs & yet /ay 9 ! same place2 if less %utt] op5+s1 !re w\ld be an appe>ance ( backw>d motion4 8,! disks are rotat$ at ! same spe$ 9 opposite directions1 & ! figures rapidly foll[+ ea* o!r appe> on ! scre5 z a cont9u\s movem5t ( ! animal10 ! ,engli% review] rem>k$4 ,muybridge %[$ sl[ & normal action motion4 ,! subjects includ$ a mule kick+1 a woman empty+ a pail ( wat]1 a girl walk+ d[n /eps c>ry+ a breakfa/ cup & sauc]1 & :at 0 said to be ! be/ ( all1 a little girl f9d+ & pick+ up a doll4 ,9 pass+1 we may note t 9 addition to s+l+ out ,meissoni] = praise1 ,muybridge ass]t$ t ! ,japanese 7 f> ahead ( ev]yone else 9 repres5t+ motion 9 art6 ,muybridge ev5tually retir$ to 8 native ,k+/on1 ,engl&1 aft] w9n+ fame ?r\gh 8 "w 9 ,am]ica4 ,b he obta9$ m ?an fame1 = he 0 able to leave a consid]able sum ( money1 9 addition to 8 in/rum5ts1 to ! local museum4 ,ef=ts to locate ! ,muybridge in/rum5ts at ! ,k+/on-on-,?ames ,museum 9 #aidc 7 unsuccessful4 ,9 #ahhi1 ,?omas ,a4 ,edison1 already work+ on ! problem ( motion pictures = a ye> or two1 visit$ ! ,exposition at ,p>is & !re met ,m>ey :o %[$ him ! results obta9$ ) 8 me?ods ( motion photography1 & ! reproduction ( ! sc5e ) a ,plateau-disk comb9$ ) a projector & ! disk illum9at$ by an electric ,geissl] tube4 ,?is electrically driv5 ma*9e1 display$ at ! exhibit ( ,fonta9e1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 %[$ pictures ( animals 9 motion1 z well z m5 & birds4 ,! old photo /&-by ( horses 9 motion 9 diff]5t gaits aga9 0 featur$4 ,?is sy/em r pleas$ ,m>ey1 z he rem>k$ t x w\ld be h>d to con/ruct a bett] ,:eel ( ,life1 ?\gh ,edison _h ev5 !n accompli%$ x 9 8 laboratory at ,we/ ,orange1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,! limitations ( ! me?od1 h[ev]1 7 fully recogniz$ by ,m>ey :o m5tion$ ! small numb] ( images :i* c\ld be %[n1 ! re/rict$ enl>gem5t1 & ! int]mitt5t movem5t tr\bles4 ,also1 ! device 0 noisy & ! flick] _h n be5 elim9at$4 ,?us ! ye> ( #ahhi br\ght toge!r two great figures1 ,m>ey1 a pure sci5ti/ ^: zeal = le>n+ ab\t locomotion result$ 9 improvem5ts 9 :at 0 to be ! motion picture art-sci5ce1 & ,edison :o inv5t$ ! fir/ entirely practical motion picture cam]a & ! fir/ film peep-%[ device :i* 0 to be ! inspiration = projectors z !y 7 f9ally e/abli%$1 sett+ ! patt]n ev5 to our day4 ,,xv ,,edison',s ,,peep-,,%[ ,edison turns to motion pictures--,doni/horpe ( ,engl& works x all out on pap]--,ea/man manufactures film--,edison p]fects a motion picture cam]a1 ! ,k9etograph1 & a peep-hole view]1 ! ,k9etoscope--,_w ,premi]e1 ,new ,york--,april1 #ahid4 ,9 ! laboratory ( ,?omas ,alva ,edison ! developm5t ( a practicable motion picture cam]a & view+ app>atus 0 really a*iev$4 ,lead]%ip 9 ! magic %ad[ art-sci5ce came ) ,edison once aga9 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & x has n left ?is c\ntry s9ce4 ,z a sequel ,am]ica & motion pictures are l9k$ 9 ! m9ds ( millions ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,edison came to ! motion picture ?r\gh 8 ,talk+ ,phonograph1 :i* he _h develop$ n z an ent]ta9m5t ma*9e b z a device :i* w\ld be a sub/itute = ! c\rt report] & 9 o!r proce$+s requir+ exact record+4 ,! motion picture exp]im5ts 7 made r z a hobby & a div]sion f m s]i\s rese>* & inv5tion2 ! aim 0 to comb9e ! automatic he>+ & speak+ ( ! phonograph ) ! sight & action ( ! motion picture4 ,curi\sly en\gh ,plateau1 a man :o w5t bl9d1 made ! fir/ motion picture possible2 ,edison :o 0 q deaf made a great contribution to record+ & reproduc+ s\nd4 ,edison1 9 ,novemb] ( #ahgg1 s5t to 8 fri5d ,alfr$ ,hopk9s1 editor ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 sev]al sket*es ( models ( 8 new inv5tion 9 :i* 8spee* 0 capable ( indef9ite repetition f automatic records40 ,! next mon? a model 0 p]fect$4 ,! incid5t 0 describ$ z foll[s 9 ! ,decemb] #bb1 #ahgg1 issue ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican3 8,mr4 ,?omas ,a4 ,edison rec5tly came into ?is (fice1 plac$ a little ma*9e on our desk1 turn$ ! crank1 & ! ma*9e inquir$ z to our heal?1 ask$ h[ we lik$ ! phonograph1 in=m$ u t x 0 well1 & bid u a cordial good night40 ,x 0 not$ t ! s\nd 0 fully audible to a doz5 memb]s ( ! /aff :o ga!r$ ar\nd4 ,! writ] also not$1 8,:5 x becomes possible to magnify ! s\nd1 z x d\btless w1 ! witness 9 c\rt w h 8 own te/imony repeat$4 ,! te/ator w repeat 8 own w40 ,! editor ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican conclud$ 8 comm5t on ! ,edison 8,talk+0 phonograph by say+3 8,x is already possible to ?r[ /]eoscopic photographs ( p on scre5s 9 full view ( an audi5ce 7i4e41 /ill pictures74 ,add ! talk+ phonograph to c\nt]feit _! voices & x w\ld be difficult to c>ry ! illusion ( real pres5ce mu* fur!r40 ,! description ( ! ,edison phonograph attract$ wide att5tion4 ,! article ref]r$ to above 0 quot$ fully 9 ,nature1 a ,briti% publication4 ,?is l$ ,wordswor? ,doni/horpe to set d[n ! fir/ complete plan ( ! talk+ motion picture4 ,o!rs1 ( c\rse1 _h _h ! idea b up to t "t ! plan _h nev] be5 express$ s cle>ly & completely4 ,wordswor? ,doni/horpe1 born 9 #ahdg1 0 an ,engli% lawy] :o ?r\gh\t life ma9ta9$ a lively int]e/ 9 _m affairs4 ,he 0 an outspok5 individuali/1 be+ a firm believ] 9 local gov]nm5t4 ,he wrote books on su* subjects z ,law 9 a ,free ,/ate1 & ,love & ,law1 z well z on sci5tific matt]s4 ,:5 he design$ 8 device1 ! ,k9esigraph1 he 0 liv+ at ,pr9ces ,p>k1 ,liv]pool4 ,aft] read+ ab\t ,edison's phonograph1 ,doni/horpe wrote to ! ,nature magaz9e & ref]r$ to ! idea ( comb9+ ! phonograph & /ill projection sugge/$ by ! ,editor ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,doni/horpe quot$ t comm5t & !n said3 ,+5i\s z ?is sugge/$ comb9ation is1 ,i believe ,i am 9 a position to cap x4 ,by comb9+ ! phonograph & ! ,k9esigraph ,i w und]take n only to produce a talk+ picture ( ,mr4 ,glad/one :i*1 ) motionless lips & un*ang$ expression1 %all positively recite 8 late/ anti-,turki% spee* 9 8 own voice & tone4 ,n only ?is1 b ! life-size phonograph itself %all move & ge/iculate precisely z he did :5 mak+ ! spee*1 ! words & ge/ures correspond+ z 9 real life4 ,surely ?is is an advance ^u ! conception ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican6 ,! mode 9 :i* ,i effect ?is is describ$ 9 ! accompany+ provisional specifications1 :i* may be briefly summ$ up ?us3 ,in/antane\s photographs ( bodies or gr\ps ( bodies 9 motion are tak5 at equal %ort int]vals--say qu>t] or half seconds1 ! exposure ( ! plate occupy+ n m ?an an eigh? ( a second4 ,aft] fix+1 ! pr9ts f ^! plates are tak5 "o bel[ ! o!r on a long /rip ( ribbon or pap]4 ,! /rip is w\nd f "o cyl9d] to ano!r s z to cause ! sev]al photographs to pass be=e ! eye successively at ! same int]vals ( "t z ^? at :i* !y 7 tak54 ,ea* picture z is passes ! eye is in/antane\sly light$ up by an electric sp>k4 ,?us ! picture is made to appe> /ation>y :ile ! p or ?+s 9 x appe> to move z 9 nature4 ,i ne$ n ent] m into detail beyond say+ t if ! int]vals betwe5 ! pres5tation ( ! successive pictures are f\nd to be too %ort ! gaps c be fill$ up by duplicates or triplicates ( ea* succe$+ pr9t4 ,?is w n p]ceptibly alt] ! g5]al effect4 ,i ?9k x w be admitt$ t by ?is means a drama act$ by daylight or magnesium light may be record$ & react$ on ! scre5 or %eet ( a magic lant]n1 & ) ! assi/ance ( ! phonograph ! dialogues may be repeat$ 9 ! v voices ( ! actors4 ,:5 ?is is actually accompli%$ ! photography ( colors w alone be want+ to r5d] ! repres5tation absolutely complete & = ?is we %all n1 ,i tru/1 h long to wait4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r or n ,edison read ,doni/horpe's sugge/ion4 ,at any rate1 x 0 t5 ye>s1 n till #ahhg1 t ,edison decid$ to see ab\t try+ to comb9e ! phonograph1 greatly improv$ by ?is "t1 & a motion picture app>atus4 ,aft] complet+ improvem5ts on ! phonograph 9 #ahhf & await+ ! op5+ ( new laboratory qu>t]s1 ,edison f\nd himself ) "s idle mom5ts4 ,sometime1 9 ! middle or late "p ( #ahhg ,edison />t$ "w on :at 0 to become 8 ,k9etograph1 ! fir/ motion picture cam]a t c\ld photograph a few seconds ( action at a "t1 & ! ,k9etoscope1 ! popul> peep-%[ film device :i* br\ght ! magic %ad[ art be=e ! mod]n public & op5$ ! way = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! motion picture indu/ry4 ,edison 0 assi/$ 9 8 motion picture exp]im5ts by ,william ,k5n$y ,laurie ,dickson1 a man :o _h ab\t ! same relation to ,edison z ,george ,dem5y _h ) ,m>ey 9 ,france4 ,9 keep+ ) ! ,dem5y tradition1 ,dickson ev5tually broke ) 8 ma/] & engag$ 9 controv]sy ov] priority ( ideas & actual contributions to v>i\s developm5ts4 ,b ,edison & ,m>ey bo? suppli$ ! ideas & direct$ ! "w1 :ile ,dickson & ,dem5y 7 responsible = c>ry+ out ! exp]im5ts4 ,bo? contribut$ importantly4 ,edison _h employ$ ,dickson z a "y man1 j aft] he came f ,engl& to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & he 0 a tru/$ associate1 hav+ fir/ be5 ) ,edison 9 ! in/allation ( ! und]gr\nd wires 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,9 #ahhg ,dickson 0 call$ to ,edison's private laboratory & giv5 two major projects to sup]vise3 7#a7 a magnetic device = sep>at+ ores1 & 7#b7 a device to comb9e ! s\nds ( ! phonograph & pictures4 ,late 9 #ahhg1 9 8,room ,five0 ( ! ,edison ,private ,laboratory1 ,dickson />t$ to "w on ,edison's ideas = a motion picture device4 ,! fir/ ef=ts 7 c5t]$ on a cyl9d] record+ sy/em1 analog\s to ! cyl9d] phonograph :i* ,edison pref]r$ to ! disk type4 ,he did n bo!r to pat5t ! disk phonograph /yle & !reby lo/ a =tune z he did 9 o!r pat5t matt]s1 includ+ =eign rights to 8 motion picture cam]a & peep-%[ app>atus4 ,! fir/ ,edison mov+ pictures 7 extremely t9y & _h to be inspect$ ?r\gh a microscope arrangem5t4 ,ar\nd #ahgj ,talbot1 ! photographic pione]1 9 ,engl& _h done "s "w on a simil> sy/em4 ,! results ( ,edison's exp]im5ts 9 ?is connection 7 n successful4 ,next1 dur+ #ahhh or e>ly #ahhi1 ,edison turn$ to celluloid1 made by ! ,hyatt ,company 9 ,new>k1 & adapt$ to photographic purposes by ,c>butt 9 ,philadelphia4 ,?is mat]ial 0 f\nd to be too ?ick to be roll$ conv5i5tly on reels1 & did n make a good photographic base4 ,edison f\nd t not*es or p]=ations 7 ne$$ to keep ! film pass+ ?r\gh ! cam]a & view+ device at a uni=m rate4 ,he fir/ us$ not*es on ! bottom1 & f9ally f\r p]=ations on ea* side = ea* picture or frame4 ,edison's arrangem5t has cont9u$ z ! "w /&>d4 ,edison look$ ar\nd = a m suitable sub/ance on :i* to m\nt ! pictures--! age-old ne$4 ,he f\nd x 9 film j be+ manufactur$ = ! fir/ "t by ,george ,ea/man at ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,an ord] 0 plac$ & ! solution appe>$ at h&4 ,= sev]al ye>s ,ea/man _h be5 seek+ a suitable sub/ance = 8 ,kodak cam]as 9 ord] to make photography simple & foolpro( & make widespread amateur use possible4 ,= a "t 8 8roll] photography0 sy/em us$ pap] rolls coat$ ) a deta*able photographic emulsion4 ,?is 0 an improvem5t ov] glass plates b ! me?od 0 cumb]some z ! ,kodaks _h to be return$ to ,ro*e/] = reload+ & process+4 ,e>ly 9 #ahhi ,ea/man f\nd ! answ] 9 a flexible photographic base--a pla/ic--& film 0 born4 ,9 ,augu/ ( t ye> manufactur+ began 9 8 ,c\rt ,/reet plant 9 ,ro*e/]4 ,! film /rips 7 prep>$ on glass %eets m\nt$ on #ajj-;foot long tables4 ,ea/man appli$ = 8 film pat5t on ,decemb] #aj1 #ahhi4 ,:5 ,edison return$ f ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahhi1 :]e ,m>ey _h %[n him motion picture photographs m\nt$ on a l>ge disk & project$1 & also illum9at$ by an electric fla% z 9 ! ,ta*yscope ( ,ans*tz1 ,dickson 0 able to ann\nce success 9 ! motion picture project4 ,t 0 9 ,octob]1 #ahhi4 ,x c nev] be decid$ exactly :at 0 %[n at ! fir/ demon/ration1 because ! int]e/s ( ,edison & ,dickson split & ! te/imony 0 contradictory4 ,no?+ 0 done ab\t x = ne>ly two ye>s1 & ! peep-%[ film ma*9es did n g on public display until ! ,spr+ ( #ahid4 ,dickson claim$ t ! pictures1 syn*roniz$ ) a phonograph1 7 project$ scre5 size 9 ! ,fall ( #ahhi4 ,edison said !re 0 no projection at ! "t4 ,"s "t betwe5 #ahhi & #ahid1 projection exp]im5ts 7 made b ,edison did n ?9k scre5 projection ( motion pictures w\ld be comm]cially successful1 believ+ t a few ma*9es w\ld exhau/ ! _w's dem& & once ! novelty wore (f ! bus9ess w\ld die4 ,x is also possible t he 0 n satisfi$ ) ! exp]im5ts at projection because !y mu/ h be5 q imp]fect4 ,! ,edison magic-disk device _h cont9u\sly runn+ film & a %utt] revolv+ at ! rate ( t5 times a second4 ,no light s\rce !n available w\ld give projection ) t set-up4 ,int]mitt5t movem5t 0 requir$ = effici5t op]ation 9 ! projector z 9 ! cam]a4 ,h>p]'s ,weekly ( ,june #ac1 #ahia1 c>ri$ a two-page /ory on ! new ,edison inv5tion4 ,! device 0 n claim$ to be p]fect$ b "o hav+ v wond]ful possibilities4 ,! writ] said1 8,to say t ! ,k9etograph c be no?+ m ?an a m>vel\s toy w\ld be na/y40 ,edison said1 8,all t ,i h done is to p]fect :at has be5 attempt$ be=e1 b did n succe$4 ,x's j t "o /ep t ,i h tak540 ,on ,augu/ #bd1 #ahia1 ,edison appli$ = an ,am]ican pat5t b decid$ n to inve/ ! requir$ sum1 approximately #aej1 to make =eign applications4 ,too (t5 9 ! pa/ he f\nd t a pat5t application by him 0 simply a =m ( g5]al adv]tis+ to 8 imitators & competitors to />t us+ 8 newe/ inv5tion4 ,9 #ahia ! ,k9etograph ( ,edison 0 n p]fect$ or highly reg>d$4 ,9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,news ( ,may #cj1 #ahia1 a brief note read3 ,! ,k9etograph is ! late/ report$ inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,edison4 ,9 an int]view publi%$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,sun1 ,mr4 ,edison describ$ ?is /ill unp]fect$ ma*9e z an in/rum5t ) :i* he photographs a man or a company ( m5 9 action at ! rate ( #df p] second4 ,! negatives are "o-half in* squ>e1 tak5 on a cont9u\s film ( gelat9e ( any l5g? desir$4 ,by an +5i\s arrangem5t ! images f ! gelat9e ribbon are lat] ?r[n ^u a scre5 & ?is ribbon is made to move at a rate correspond+ to ! orig9al rate ( action1 & at ! same "t a phonograph is made to repeat ! words ( ! speak] repres5t$4 ,to ?us photograph a #cj-m9ute act ( an op]a1 = example1 a ribbon #f1djj feet long w\ld be requir$1 ea* photograph "o-half in* squ>e & requir+ an in* ( l9e> space4 ,! comm]cial sph]e ( ! ,k9etograph has n yet be5 def9$4 ,t la/ obs]vation 0 v true = ! "t be+4 ,9 late ,may ( #ahia an indiff]5t acc\nt ( ! device 0 cabl$ to ! ,london ,times by its ,new ,york correspond5t4 ,! matt] 0 comm5t$ ^u 9 ! ,eng9e]+ magaz9e ( ,london = ,june #e1 #ahia4 ,t publication obs]v$ t s9ce ! "t ( ! inv5tion ( ! telephone !re _h be5 ef=ts to d = sight :at ! telephone did = s\nd4 ,( ,edison's inv5tion ( ! motion picture cam]a & view] x 0 said1 8,x is a matt] ( mu* less importance & mu* less orig9ality ?an ?\ght40 ,x 0 ass]t$ t x w\ld n be possible to photograph int]iors at ! rate ( #df pictures p] second4 ,b ,edison 0 do+ j t 9 8 fir/ motion picture /udio4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahic x 0 decid$ to m>ket comm]cially ! peep-%[ motion picture devices4 ,aft] a ye>'s po/ponem5t1 ! ,*icago ,_w's ,fair 0 s*$ul$ to op5 9 ! ,spr+ ( #ahic & ?is 0 ?\ght an ideal place = ! debut ( ! app>atus4 ,9 ,janu>y ( #ahic ! fam\s 8,black ,m>ia0 ,edison ,/udio 0 con/ruct$ *iefly ( t> pap] at a co/ ( ab\t #fjj1 & ! fir/ comm]cial films made4 ,dickson 0 produc]1 director1 cam]aman & laboratory exp]t4 ,fr$ ,ott1 a laboratory me*anic1 & 8 sneeze 7 among ! fir/ actors & film 8acts40 ,o!r subjects includ$ danc]s & simil> ent]ta9m5t subjects ( a vaudeville "*1 toge!r ) sc5ic views4 ,! debut ( ! projection app>atus _h be5 h]ald$ long be=e x actually arriv$4 ,! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition ,illu/rat$1 publi%$ = ! ,*icago ,fair ( #ahic1 said3 ,edison w %[ 8 k9eto-graph4 ,?is ma*9e is a comb9ation1 fir/ ( ! cam]a & phonograph & !n ! phonograph & ,/]eopticon 7magic lant]n projector74 ,by means ( ?is ma*9e1 :5 a man makes a spee* ! phonograph takes 8 words4 ,connect$ electrically & 9 syn*ronism ) ! phonograph is a cam]a :i* takes pictures ( ! speak] at ! rate ( =ty-sev5 p] second on a long transp>5t slip4 ,?is is develop$ & fix$ & !n plac$ 9 a /]eopticon :i* is also 9 electrical syn*ronism ) ! phonograph4 ,! /]eopticon %[s ^! photographs on ! scre5 at a rate ( =ty-sev5 p] second1 :ile ! phonograph reproduces ! words1 & ?us a life-l repres5tation ( ! speak] is giv51 ) 8 words1 actions & ge/ures precisely z he deliv]$ ! spee* 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,ea/man ,kodak ,,ea/man & ,,edison4 ,george ,ea/man & ,?omas ,a4 ,edison1 ! two greate/ ,am]ican contributors to ! practical developm5t ( motion pictures1 at a meet+ 9 #aibh4 ,illu/ration3 ,edison ,ar*ives1 #ahid ,,k9etoscope ,,p>lor1 pres5t+ ,edison's peep-hole view]1 op5$ at #aaee ,broadway on ,april #ad1 #ahid4 ,subsequ5t %[+s 9 ,london & ,p>is inspir$ ,european inv5tors4 ,edison's projection app>atus 0 n p]fect$ by ! "t ( ! ,fair or inde$ = sev]al ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,ev5 ! peep-%[ ,k9etoscope ma*9es _h n be5 manufactur$ 9 suffici5t numb] = exhibition !re4 ,! me*anic on ! job 0 report$ to h sp5t too mu* "t at ! local b> in/ead ( work+ 9 ! ,we/ ,orange laboratory4 ,dur+ ! ,fair ,edison's ag5ts wait$ = ! fir/ %ipm5t ( ! ,k9etoscopes b none arriv$ 9 "t4 ,! pat5t applications made 9 #ahia by ,edison = 8an app>atus = exhibit+ photographs ( mov+ objects0 & 8 ,k9etograph cam]a 7 grant$ 9 ! ,spr+ ( #ahic4 ,! premi]e ( ,edison's ,k9etoscope did n take place until ,april #ad1 #ahid4 ,t fir/ night 0 "o ( ! mo/ significant = magic %ad[s because out ( ! ,k9etoscope & ! ,k9etograph cam]a evolv$ ! mod]n motion picture devices4 ,edison suppli$ ! peep-%[ ,k9etoscope to 8 ag5ts1 ,raff ,gammon at #bjj ea*1 & !y 7 retail$ to %[m5 at prices f #cjj to #cej4 ,&rew ,m4 ,holl&1 a ,canadian1 acquir$ t5 ,k9etoscopes & op5$ up ! fir/ ,k9etoscope ,p>lor at #aaee ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! location previ\sly 0 occupi$ by a %oe /ore & a half c5tury lat] x 0 aga9 a %oe /ore4 7,illu/ration on opposite page47 ,! ,k9etoscopes on ,broadway 7 successful4 #abj 0 tak5 9 ! fir/ night4 ,! orig9al %[ ( films 0 a k9d ( 8d\ble feature0 9 t ! spectator 0 *>g$ #be to see ! second l9e ( five ,k9etoscopes4 ,! films includ$ ! fam\s 8,fr$ ,ott's ,sneeze40 ,9 ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e = ,june1 #ahid1 !re 0 an article by ,dickson & ,antonia ,dickson on 8,edison's ,inv5tion ( ! ,k9etophonograph40 ,edison wrote a =w>d :i* said 9 "p t he _h ! idea t x 0 possible to devise a sight & s\nd comb9ation app>atus 9 #ahhg4 8,?is idea1 ! g]m ( :i* came f ! little toy call$ ! ,zoetrope 7i4e41 ! ,plateau-,/ampf] magic disk7 & ! "w by ,muybridge1 ,m>ie 7i4e41 ,m>ey7 & o!rs has n[ be5 accompli%$1 s t e *ange ( facial expression c be record$ & reproduc$ life-size4 ,! ,k9etoscope is only a small model illu/rat+ ! pres5t /age ( progress b ) ea* succe$+ mon? new possibilities are br\ght into view40 ,edison !n prophesi$ t ) 8 "w & t ( o!rs 8gr& op]a c be giv5 at ! ,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se at ,new ,york )\t any mat]ial *ange f ! orig9al1 & ) arti/s & musicians long s9ce dead40 ,on ,june #af1 #ahid1 ! ,electrical ,_w report$ on 8,! ,k9etophonograph0 & on ! nickel-9-!-slot peep-%[ models on display at ! ,broadway /ore4 ,! review 0 n en?usia/ic ev5 !n4 ,x conclud$3 8,z to ! future ( ?is mo/ +5i\s & int]e/+ bit ( me*anism1 "t only w demon/rate :e!r x is to be a new sci5tific toy or an inv5tion ( real practical value40 ,"t did demon/rate all t & m4 ,! reaction to ,edison's ,k9etograph 9 ,p>is1 %[place ( ! _w1 0 mu* m en?usia/ic ?an 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 ,la ,nature ! wond]ful me*anical p]fection ( ! film peep-%[ app>atus 0 prais$ ) special note giv5 to ! fact t x 0 driv5 by electricity4 ,! ,w]n] firm _h op5$ a demon/ration ( ! ,k9etoscope at #bj ,b\lev>d ,poissonnire1 ,p>is1 & ! ma*9es 7 9 use all day & e ev5+4 ,! ,k9etoscope also w5t on display 9 ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,london1 9 ,octob]1 #ahid1 br\ght !re f ,new ,york by two ,greeks1 ,george ,georgiades & ,george ,traj$is4 ,f ! %[+s ( ! ,edison peep-%[ 9 ,new ,york1 ,p>is1 & ,london1 !re arose an increas$ int]e/ 9 ! motion picture4 ,out ( ^! demon/rations grew projection ma*9es :i* at la/ br\ght ! %ad[ art-sci5ce be=e ! _w 9 full developm5t4 ,,xvi ,,fir/ ,,/eps ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many ef=ts are made to project motion pictures on ! scre5--,half successes1 :ole failures1 bitt] disappo9tm5ts & yet--p]5nial hope to h>ness magic %ad[s4 ,dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 ! "t ,edison a*iev$ 8 fir/ success ) motion pictures1 9 #ahhi1 until 8 peep-%[ view+ ma*9es 7 put on public display 9 ,new ,york1 ,p>is & ,london 9 #ahid1 hesitant1 un/eady /eps1 l ^? ( a baby le>n+ to walk1 7 be+ tak5 9 advanc+ ! magic %ad[ art-sci5ce4 ,progress 0 made 9 ,engl& "u ,wordswor? ,doni/horpe1 an int]e/+ "* nam$ ,l\is ,aim ,augu/9 ,le ,pr9ce1 ?ree associates1 ,gre5e1 ,rudge & ,evans1 & o!rs4 ,9 ,france1 !re 7 ,m>ey & ,dem5y1 ) ,m>ey develop+ :at 0 probably ! fir/ real motion picture projector capable ( project+ m ?an "o %ort sc5e--! limitation ( all disk models ?\gh x 0 only int5d$ = laboratory use2 & ,reynaud ) ! fir/ popul> motion picture !atre :i*1 h[ev]1 did n use photographic pictures4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,ans*tz1 inv5tor ( ! ,ta*yscope1 0 work+ on a projector1 z 7 o!rs on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,doni/horpe1 ) ! help ( ,w4 ,c4 ,cr(t1 :om he lat] describ$ z 8a good draughtsman0 b n a p]son skill$ 9 optics1 con/ruct$ ab\t #ahhi a ,k9esigraph :i* ,doni/horpe _h orig9ally sugge/$ 9 #ahgg1 at ! "t he wrote conc]n+ ,edison's phonograph & a plan to comb9e x ) a motion picture ma*9e4 ,describ+ ! circum/ances 9 a lett] to ! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,photography ( ,m>* #ab1 #ahig1 ,doni/horpe said3 8,i agre$ to give him 7,cr(t7 an int]e/ 9 my inv5tion = draw+ & sup]vis+ con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t1 z ,i 0 at t "t busy ) o!r "w40 ,he not$ t ,cr(t _h nev] claim$ to be its inv5tor4 ,z ! read] w recall1 ,doni/horpe _h nam$ 8 idea1 ! ,k9esigraph1 twelve ye>s be=e ?is arrangem5t ) ,cr(t4 ,doni/horpe & ,cr(t obta9$ a ,briti% pat5t 9 #ahhi b t expir$ :5 n r5ew$ aft] f\r ye>s4 ,doni/horpe compla9$ t an adv]se report ( "s alleg$ exp]ts kill$ 8 plan :5 he attempt$ to obta9 f9anc+ f ,sir ,george ,newnes1 :o might h be5 ! film's fir/ patron4 ,newnes _h made 8 =tune z a newspap] & magaz9e own]4 ,he inve/$ a l>ge sum 9 ! ,norwegian ,s\? ,pole exp$ition ( #ahih b 0 dissuad$ f back+ motion pictures4 ,doni/horpe's idea 0 call$ 8wild1 vision>y & ridicul\s & t ! only result ( attempt+ to photograph motion w\ld be an indescribable blur40 8,i %all ask 9 ! future10 ,doni/horpe cont9u$1 8to give me all ,i %all ev] get 9 return = my "t & ?\ght1 namely1 ! cr$it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to inv5t1 & ! fir/ to pat5t ! ,k9esigraph1 ! photography ( motion40 ,he also not$ t z a b>ri/] he w\ld n c>e to def5d ! monopoly ( any pat5tee aft] #ahhi4 ,b he 0 nev] call$ ^u = t1 = 9 ,engl&1 z else:]e1 ! motion picture pat5t situation ev5tually became a hopeless muddle4 ,9 ! ,m>* #bf1 #ahig issue ( ! same publication1 ! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,photography1 ,doni/horpe also comm5t$ on 8 ,k9esigraph3 8,! in/rum5t 0 pat5t$1 made & work$ be=e any o!r saw ! light4 ,i d n pret5d ! results 7 9 all respects satisfactory4 ,:at fir/ ma*9e ev] is80 ,doni/horpe express$ surprise t "s _h n attempt$ to copy 8 ma*9e :i* op]at$ ) a s+le mov+ l5s & took pictures two & "o-half in*es 9 diamet] on s5sitiz$ pap]4 ,?is 0 lat] made transp>5t by ! application ( petroleum jelly or ca/or oil1 a process :i* ,ea/man _h us$1 = /ill pictures1 ) pap] roll film 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #ahhd until 8 film base 0 develop$ late 9 #ahhi4 ,doni/horpe held t ! cont9u\s action ) ! mov+ l5s provid+ ! necess>y int]mitt5cy 0 a decid$ advantage ov] o!r types3 8,9 "o p>ticul>1 my own inv5tion is s va/ly sup]ior ev5 n[ to all t h come aft] x1 t ,i am surpris$ practical m5 h n adopt$ x1 n[ t x is op5 to ! ,engli% public to d s40 ,z int]e/+ z ,doni/horpe's idea 0 ev5 9 #ahgg & also 9 #ahhi1 x is v unlikely t 8 ma*9e 0 satisfactory4 ,ev5 n[ ! int]mitt5t motion picture cam]a & projector hold practical supremacy except 9 ! case ( v high spe$ photography = sci5tific purposes4 ,l\is ,aim ,augu/9 ,le ,pr9ce 7#ahdb-ahij71 :o work$ 9 ,engl&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,france1 0 ! son ( a ,fr5* (fic] :o 0 a fri5d ( ,dagu]re1 ! pione] 9 photography4 ,le ,pr9ce became a photograph]1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,dagu]re & 9 #ahgj w5t to "w 9 ,le$s1 ,york%ire1 ,engl&1 :]e he _h 8 own %op4 ,f %ortly aft] #ahhj to #ahhi he 0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 return+ !n to ,le$s4 ,le ,pr9ce propos$ a multiple-l5s cam]a-projector sy/em4 ,on ,janu>y #aj1 #ahhh he appli$ = an ,am]ican pat5t1 :i* 0 issu$ on ,novemb] #af ( ! same ye>1 on a 8,me?od ( an app>atus = produc+ animat$ pictures ( natural sc5]y & life40 ,9 ,le ,pr9ce's me?od1 two /rips ( s5sitiz$ pap] or o!r mat]ial w\ld be f$ alt]nately ?r\gh a cam]a & projector equipp$ ) two sets ( rotat+ l5ses4 ,x has be5 said t ,le ,pr9ce also _h an idea ( a sy/em us+ only "o l5s4 ,ye>s lat]1 at ! trial ( ! ,am]ican ,mutoscope & ,biograph ,company aga9/ ,?omas ,a4 ,edison1 a model ( ! ,le ,pr9ce cam]a-projector 0 introduc$ toge!r ) results purport$ly made by ,joe ,mason ( ,biograph1 b x 0 unsatisfactory--! d\ble l5s sy/em did n produce ev5ly spac$ pictures & ea* _h to be pr9t$ sep>ately4 ,fur!rmore1 ! backgr\nd _h to be treat$ specially or ! figures w\ld appe> to jump "r & left1 because ea* l5s took pictures f a slightly diff]5t angle4 ,le ,pr9ce disappe>$ 9 #ahij :5 he 0 visit+ 9 ,france prior to return+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "s inve/igators h ass]t$1 to %[ a p]fect$ model ( 8 projector-cam]a4 ,! my/]y ( 8 disappe>ance has nev] be5 solv$4 ,john ,ar?ur ,roebuck ,rudge1 an optician & in/rum5t mak] ( ,ba?1 ,engl&1 _h develop$ ab\t #ahff ! ,bio-,phantoscope1 an application ( ! ,plateau magic-disk4 ,he ma9ta9$ a cont9u+ int]e/ 9 photography4 ,ab\t #ahhb ,william ,friese ,gre5e 7#ahee-aiba71 a "y man :o 0 a fri5d ( ! ,engli% photograph] ,talbot1 came into contact ) ,rudge4 ,9 #ahhe ,gre5e op5$ a cam]a %op 9 ,london4 ,a few ye>s lat] he demon/rat$ be=e ! ,photographic ,society a little projection in/rum5t made by ,rudge :i* %[$ f\r pictures 9 rapid succession z1 = example1 ! *ange ( an expression f grave to gay1 or a face 9 ! act ( blu%+4 ,t device 0 consid]ably m primitive ?an ! projector fir/ inv5t$ by ,u*atius1 long be=e ,gre5e 0 born4 ,9 ,may ( #ahij ,rudge %[$ at a meet+ ( ! ,ba? ,photographic ,society a new optical lant]n fitt$ ) a me*anism :i* aim$ to repres5t1 by means ( a s]ies ( photographic slides1 m5 & animals mov+ z 9 life4 ,t device1 an improvem5t ( ! e>li] ,rudge projector1 _h "o cond5s] to ga!r ! light & f\r small projection l5ses4 ,gre5e sugge/$ ! addition ( ! color+ effects by coat+ p>ts ( ! slides ) pigm5ts4 ,h[ev]1 ! ma*9e 0 describ$ z unf9i%$1 ?\gh 9 ! ,photographic ,news ( ,may #cj? x 0 /at$1 8,! effects 71 f an ent]ta9m5t po9t ( view1 va/ly sup]ior to ^? produc$ by ,mr4 ,muybridge & o!rs by ! application ( ! ,?aumatrope pr9ciple1 ! unpleasant j]k9ess ( :i* is well kn[n40 ,b x 0 /at$ t ,rudge's ma*9e _h sev]al s]i\s defects4 ,! pictures 7 small & limit$ to only a few 9 numb]4 ,gre5e also _h a model & gave a demon/ration 9 ,london :i* seem$ to impress only a ,mr4 ,*ang ( ! ,*9ese ,embassy1 "o ( ! invit$ gue/s4 ,! ,gre5e-,rudge or ,rudge-,gre5e ma*9e 0 p>tially ! "w ( ,mortim] ,evans1 a civil eng9e]1 ) :om ,gre5e made contact 9 #ahhi4 ,t ye> !y appli$ jo9tly = a pat5t on a film device4 ,! same ye> ,evans sold out 8 int]e/ = a report$ #a1bjj & ,gre5e 0 9 f9ancial tr\bles4 ,! ,gre5e-,rudge-,evans device 0 a box film cam]a :i*1 x 0 claim$1 c\ld be conv]t$ into a projector4 ,by ?is "t celluloid film 0 available 9 ,engl& z well z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,france4 ,accord+ to ! ,febru>y #bh1 #ahij1 ,photographic ,news1 ! cam]a c\ld take t5 photographs a second4 ,! ,gre5e cam]a1 measur+ eight by n9e by n9e-&-a-qu>t] in*es1 c\ld take #cjj pictures1 & a small] model turn$ out by ,evans1 #ajj pictures4 ,! review] ( #ahij wrote1 8! object ( x is to obta9 consecutive pictures ( ?+s 9 motion :i* c aft]w>ds be rapidly consecutively project$ on a scre5 s z to reproduce1 say1 a /reet sc5e1 ) ! horses1 human be+s1 & o!r ?+s mov+ z 9 nature40 ,gre5e ?is same ye> claim$ t 8 ma*9e cam]a w\ld h important milit>y uses4 ,9 ?is he 0 f>sight$1 z ! mod]n motion picture cam]a is an important in/rum5t ( milit>y reconnaissance1 record & in/ruction z ,_w ,w> ,,ii has s amply demon/rat$4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,photography = ,decemb] #e1 #ahie1 ,a4 ,t4 ,/ory def5d$ ,gre5e's priority ( inv5tion & claim$ t ,gre5e's projection app>atus ( #ahhi-ij 0 a success4 ,t conclusion is n inescapable4 ,!re appe>s no concrete evid5ce t ,gre5e-,rudge-,evans a*iev$ scre5 projection1 = x is obvi\s t _h !y done s x w\ld h be5 widely acclaim$ at ! "t4 ,b !y did make a cam]a & attempt$ a projector4 ,! cam]a app>5tly 0 practical4 ,m>ey & o!rs 9 ,france1 ,ans*tz 9 ,g]many1 ,edison1 & ,wallace ,goold ,levison 9 ,brooklyn & ,w4 ,n4 ,j5n+s ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau 9 ,*icago1 among o!rs1 7 mak+ successful motion picture films at t "t4 ,projection rema9$ ! great problem4 ,9 #ahic ,gre5e obta9$ a pat5t on a device relat$ to ! ,*ronophotographe develop$ by ,john ,v>ley1 a memb] ( ! ,engli% l&scape pa9t+ family4 ,8 projection idea includ$ a loop =m$ by means ( int]mitt5t pressure on ! film pass+ be=e ! l5s4 ,gre5e's ,novemb] #bi1 #ahic1 pat5t application1 accept$ exactly "o ye> lat]1 0 8to produce by means ( reflect$ light artificial sc5]y to take ! place ( ! ord9>y sc5]y or backgr\nd40 ,x includ$ 8improvem5ts 9 app>atus = exhibit+ panoramic1 dissolv+ or *ang+ views & 9 ! manufacture ( slides = ! use !re(40 ,f ?is x is cle> t ev5 z late z #ahic ,gre5e's idea 0 limit$ 9 scope & effectiv5ess4 ,at ?is "t ,gre5e made "s pictures 9 ,hyde ,p>k ) a l>ge portable cam]a4 ,x 0 describ$ z a cam]a & projector 9 "o1 b t comb9ation1 )\t _m modifications1 has nev] be5 entirely practical4 ,gre5e _h an unhappy1 ill-/>r$ life & ?\gh n a great inv5tor des]v$ bett]4 ,ab\t #ahii he made attempts at color motion pictures1 us+ a rotat+ l5s ) a filt]1 b "h aga9 he 0 unsuccessful4 ,ab\t #aiaa he 0 br\ght to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to te/ify 9 ! motion picture pat5t suit b he did n impress ! ,am]ican attorneys repres5t+ ,edison's oppon5ts1 & he nev] 0 call$ to ! witness /&4 ,ab\t #aiae x 0 report$ t he 0 de/itute & ,w ,day1 ,engli% motion picture exp]t1 & o!rs1 organiz$ a relief fund 9 8 behalf & lat] he _h a m9or position ) a color photo-engrav+ firm4 ,at a d9n] 9 8 honor 9 #aiba1 j aft] he _h once aga9 told ! /ory ( 8 pione] "w on motion pictures1 he dropp$ dead4 ,app>5tly 8 projection ef=ts 7 doom$ to failure1 because !y nev] 7 bas$ on s\nd pr9ciples4 ,! d\ble l5s sy/em has nev] be5 made to "w satisfactorily4 ,m>ey1 :o 0 n[ us+ /rips ( coat$ celluloid = 8 in/antane\s photographs1 s\ght to devise a suitable projector4 ,?is he accompli%$ 9 #ahic ) :at 0 p]haps ! fir/ effici5t motion picture projector :i* c\ld h&le m ?an "o brief sc5e1 us+ long /rips ( coat$ celluloid film in/ead ( pictures set on a disk4 ,9 ord] to obta9 suffici5t illum9ation1 x us$ sunlight in/ead ( an electric arc or o!r s\rce ( light4 ,?is limit$ ,m>ey's projector to laboratory use1 ?\gh z late z #aiae "s exp]ts claim$ t sunlight 0 bett] ?an ! electric arc = magic lant]n projection4 ,an available illu/ration ( ,m>ey's projector %[s ! pa? ( ! rays :i* are reflect$ f ! sun by a helio/at4 ,t device 0 inv5t$ by ! ,dut* sci5ti/1 ,willem ,jacob1 & is simply a me*anically driv5 reflector :i* keeps ! light ( ! sun focus$ on a s+le spot by comp5sat+ = ! movem5t ( ! e>?4 ,9 ,m>ey's projector ! sun's rays are int]rupt$ by a h& driv5 %utt] :eel & reflect$ by two mirrors ?r\gh ! film1 ! light !n pass+ ?r\gh ! projection l5s & ?r[+ ! pictures onto ! scre54 8,! motion ( ! film10 ,m>ey wrote1 8z x halts at ea* fla%1 is br\ght ab\t by an app>atus n %[n 9 ! figure4 ,x is simil> to t ( ! simple *ronophotographic app>atus 7cam]a71 ) ! diff]5ce t ! positive film1 hav+ its ends fa/5$ toge!r to make an endless belt1 passes ov] a s]ies ( roll]s :i* /ret* x taut40 ,?is roll] sy/em 0 probably simil> to t us$ by ,edison 9 8 peep-%[ ,k9etoscope4 ,! projector1 ,m>ey himself admitt$1 0 n p]fect4 8,! pr9cipal imp]fection ( ! *ronophotographic projector 0 a j]k9ess due to imp]fect equality ( ! int]vals40 ,?is result$ f ! fact t ,m>ey did n p]=ate ! film because he ?\ght ! space along ! edge %\ld n be wa/$4 ,he knew t ,edison _h be5 successful ?r\gh ! use ( f\r p]=ations on ea* side ( e frame1 or picture4 ,he 0 free to copy ?is1 _h he wi%$1 because ,edison did n pat5t ! me?od abroad4 ,mean:ile1 ,m>ey cont9u$ 8 "w & f9ally1 9 #ahih1 ann\nc$ a successful projector sy/em :i* ov]came 8 *ief difficulty :i* 0 ! ev5 spac+ ( ! pictures )\t us+ ! ,edison p]=ations4 ,8 sy/em featur$ specially con/ruct$ roll]s :i* gripp$ ! edges ( ! film4 ,! next ye> ,m>ey work$ out a comb9ation ( ! motion picture cam]a & ! microscope1 op5+ ! way = mu* progress 9 sci5tific rese>*4 ,he cont9u$ to /udy motion & 9 #ahii improv$ 8 e>ly photographic gun cam]a s t x w\ld h&le ab\t #fe feet ( film at "o load+4 ,m>ey1 :o 0 int]e/$ only 9 sci5ce & n 9 comm]cial exploitation1 ne$$ funds :i* he ev5tually receiv$ f ! ,am]ican ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 ^: secret>y1 ,samuel ,p4 ,langley1 ! a]onautical pione]1 _h be5 foll[+ ! ,fr5* physiologi/'s motion picture /udies1 includ+ 8 pione] "w 9 photograph+ air curr5ts4 ,m>ey's motto1 s f> z motion pictures 7 conc]n$1 03 8,x is n ! mo/ int]e/+ motion pictures t are ! mo/ useful40 ,9 ?is he /ood aga9/ comm]cialization1 & always = in/ructional uses4 ,9 #ahic ,dem5y broke ) ,m>ey & pat5t$ on ,octob] #aj1 #ahic1 "u 8 own "n1 a modification ( ! ,m>ey cam]a1 :i* he call$ ! ,bioscope4 ,?is he 0 able to d1 ev5 ?\gh ! me?od _h be5 kn[n at ,m>ey's laboratory1 simply because ,m>ey _h nev] actually adopt$ x4 ,fr5* pat5ts 7 regul>ly issu$ ^u application4 ,dem5y 0 ! motion picture amateur or home-movie-mak]'s fir/ fri5d4 ,! in/antane\s photographic devices ( ,m>ey & o!rs 7 relatively clumsy & exp5sive4 ,dem5y br\ght out a portable cam]a suitable = amateur use4 ,9 op]ation ?is model 0 held ov] "o arm1 mak+ x necess>y = ! cam]aman to photograph a sc5e :i* he did n see at all1 or only imp]fectly out ( ! corn] ( 8 eye4 ,dem5y's film 0 giv5 an int]mitt5t action ?r\gh two ecc5trically m\nt$ p9s us$ z ! roll hold]s4 ,dem5y realiz$ t ! pictures mu/ be tak5 at equal int]vals ( "t & also ev5ly spac$ on ! film = successful results4 ,8 ecc5tric cam]a nev] actually a*iev$ ?is result4 ,9 #ahia ,dem5y became int]e/$ 9 /udy+ spee*4 ,9 ?is "w he 0 associat$ ) ,h4 ,m>is*elle1 !n a "y pr(essor at ! ,fr5* national in/itute = deaf mutes4 ,m>is*elle & ,dem5y _h ! idea t ?r\gh photographs ( spee* ! deaf c\ld le>n to talk4 ,dem5y develop$ ! ,photophone & ! ,photoscope1 :i* 7 modifi$ v]sions ( ! ,m>ey cam]a sy/em & a lant]n projector equipp$ ) an oxyhydrog5 light4 ,dem5y made close-up in/antane\s photographs ( p]sons speak+4 ,! phrase1 8,vive la ,france0 0 a popul> subject4 ,dem5y said t ! app>atus1 8cons]ves ! expression ( ! face z ! voice is pres]v$ 9 ! phonograph40 ,he add$ t x 01 8possible ev5 to jo9 ! phonograph to 8 phonoscope to complete ! illusion40 ,t 0 ! idea express$ by ,doni/horpe 9 #ahgg & on :i* ,edison _h be5 work+ s9ce #ahhg--! comb9$ projector & phonograph or ! talk+ motion picture :i* inde$ 0 n to be p]fect$ = _m decades4 ,9 ! ,spr+ ( #ahib ,dem5y tri$ to exploit comm]cially ! sy/em ( ,talk+ ,photographs or1 m accurately1 mov+ pictures ( ! action ( ! m\? 9 speak+4 ,dem5y always blam$ ! organization1 ! ,socit ,gnrale du ,phonoscope ) :i* he 0 associat$1 = n develop+ 8 "w4 ,x is probable h[ev]1 t ! ,dem5y ma*9es 7 n entirely satisfactory4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 aft] successful projection ( motion pictures _h be5 a*iev$ on a comm]cial basis1 ,dem5y became associat$ ) ,lon ,gaumont1 & a numb] ( e>ly ,fr5* ma*9es c>ri$ ,dem5y's "n ?\gh he alone 0 n entirely responsible = ! design4 ,dem5y & ,gaumont develop$ a projector :i* includ$ a ge> :eel :i* fitt$ into p]=ations on ! film & an ecc5tric p9 simil> to ,m>ey's cam]a sy/em4 ,ans*tz1 "o ( ! fir/ successful photograph]s ( motion1 aft] ,muybridge1 & ! "o :o introduc$ ! electric ,geissl] tube z a me?od ( illum9ation & projection ( a s]ies ( /ill photos to create ! illusion ( motion1 0 cont9u+ 8 "w 9 ,g]many 9 ?is p]iod4 ,on ,novemb] #ae1 #ahid1 he obta9$ a ,fr5* pat5t on a 8process ( projection ( images 9 /roboscopic movem5t40 ,?is projector _h an int]mitt5t light arrangem5t & may h be5 bett] ?an ,m>ey's sun model ( #ahic1 because ,ans*tz 0 a pr(essional photograph] & mak] ( optical in/rum5ts :ile ,m>ey 0 a pr(essional physiologi/4 ,9 ,novemb] ( #ahie ,ans*tz %[$ an improv$ model ( 8 projector at ! ,po/al ,build+ 9 ! ,artill]ie/rasse1 ,dsseldorf1 ,g]many4 ,a contempor>y acc\nt 9 ! j\rnal1 ,photographis*es ,ar*iv1 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,paul ,e4 ,liesegang1 report$ t ! demon/ration 0 8be=e an invit$ cr[d & 0 rightly receiv$ ) great en?usiasm by all ! p]sons pres5t40 ,ans*tz _h improv$ 8 projection app>atus to a po9t at :i* images c\ld be ?r[n life-size on a scre54 ,be=e t "t pictures project$ by 8 ,elektris* ,s*nellseh] 7 only ! size ( ! orig9al pictures & ?us c\ld be se5 by only a few spectators at "o "t4 ,ans*tz _h bo? motion pictures & _m /ills on 8 program1 includ+ sc5es tak5 :5 ! corn]/one ( ! ,rei*/ag ,build+ 0 laid4 ,once aga9 ! milit>y connection ( magic %ad[s 0 %[n z ,ans*tz project$ sc5es ( army life4 ,aft] ! demon/ration ,colonel ,a4 ,d4 ,tan]a /ress$ ! importance ( motion picture photography = ! /udy ( milit>y hi/ory & also = mak+ obs]vations 9 ! field4 ,reynaud1 ! fir/ magic %ad[ %[man ( mod]n times & ! imm$iate =]unn] ( ! motion picture exhibitor ( our day1 0 n[ op]at+ 8 ,?tre ,optique 9 ,p>is4 ,he a*iev$ ! fir/ solid comm]cial success ( ! art4 ,f #ahib to #aijj1 :5 ! competition ( real motion pictures =c$ him to close1 #ejj1jjj p]sons att5d$ ! ,reynaud scre5 ent]ta9m5ts :i* 7 pres5t$ e day f ?ree to six 9 ! aft]noon & eight to elev5 at night4 7,illu/ration fac+ page #adh47 ,! projection app>atus us$ at ! ,?tre ,optique 0 a modification ( ,reynaud's orig9al ,prax9oscope ( #ahgg & 8 simple projector model ( #ahhb4 ,! sc5es 7 pa9t$ on transp>5t celluloid & "o magic lant]n provid$ ! backgr\nd & ano!r optical sy/em :i* h&l$ ! mov+ film ca/ ! motion effects onto ! scre54 ,re> projection 0 us$ ) ! app>atus conceal$ on ! !atre /age beh9d ! scre54 ,9 #ahhi ,reynaud _h obta9$ a pat5t on a p]=at$ b& ( film & he 0 ! fir/ to introduce on a comm]cially practical basis reels or spools to h&le ! film4 ,reynaud 0 n cont5t to %[ m]ely sc5es ( action b wi%$ to tell a /ory4 ,be=e long x 0 f\nd t ! /ory film or famili> feature picture 0 ! mo/ popul> all ov] ! _w4 8,poor ,little ,pet]0 7,pauvre ,pi]rot7 0 "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ,reynaud's film %[s4 ,h>lequ9 & ,colomb9e 7 o!r popul> *>act]s4 ,reynaud provid$ "s ( ! e>lie/ uses ( trick projection1 = 8 app>atus 0 fully rev]sible & at times he w\ld create novel & hil>i\s effects by mak+ ! *>act]s jump backw>ds4 ,reynaud /ood betwe5 ! ,%ad[ ,plays & pantomimes ( ! anci5ts & ! mod]n motion picture4 ,?\gh he took no "p 9 ! developm5t ( motion picture photography & its application to ! scre51 he influ5c$ ! art-sci5ce by pione]+ 9 ! dramatic use ( ! m$ium1 z well z introduc+ te*nical devices :i* 7 readily adaptable to motion picture use4 ,reynaud 01 z ,porta two-&-a-half c5turies be=e1 a %[man4 ,b :ile he 0 ent]ta9+ ! public ) scre5 pictures1 ! ef=ts ( ,m>ey1 ,gre5e1 ,rudge1 ,evans1 ,doni/horpe & _m o!rs1 includ+ ,edison1 7 prep>+ ! way = ! scre5 art & sci5ce ( magic %ad[s4 ,at la/ ! valid motion picture 0 ready = its public scre5 debut4 ,illu/ration3 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 #ahib ,,!atre ,,optique ( ,emile ,reynaud us$ h&-pa9t$ film to tell ent]ta9+ /ories4 ,! scre5 plays receiv$ wide approval f audi5ces 9 ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 #ahhi ,,electrical ,,ta*yscope ( ,ottom> ,ans*tz 0 an attraction at ! ,*icago ,_w's ,fair1 #ahic4 ,x us$ an int]mitt5t light s\rce4 ,,xvii ,,_w ,,premi]es ,success at la/--,magic %ad[s rea* ! scre5 9 liv+ motion--,edison-,armat & ! ,vitascope--,les ,frres ,lumire & ! ,c9matographe--,paul ( ,london & ! ,animatograph or ,!atrograph4 ,! motion picture made its comm]cial debut 9 #ahie & #ahif1 m or less simultane\sly1 9 ,p>is1 ,london1 ,new ,york & else:]e4 ,t debut is duplicat$ occasionally at ! pres5t "t :5 important ,hollywood films h a numb] ( simultane\s 8_w premi]es40 ,) ! introduction ( a satisfactory projector ( life-size mov+ pictures :i* 7 n limit$ to a few seconds' duration b c\ld run = a numb] ( m9utes1 ! /ory ( ! orig9 ( magic %ad[ ent]ta9m5t comes to an end4 ,f t day ! ph5om5al progress 9 ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction ( ! motion picture is p>ticul>ly hi/ory ( t art-sci5ce4 ,magic %ad[ hi/ory is be+ writt5 curr5tly e ev5+ on t5s ( ?\s&s ( scre5s be=e millions ( spectators4 ,! motion picture projectors :i* f9ally 7 entirely successful & f :i* ! hi/ory ( ! motion picture1 prop]ly speak+1 arises 7 all pr9cipally bas$ on ,edison's ,k9etograph film peep-%[ :i* 9 #ahid 0 %[n 9 ,new ,york1 ,p>is & ,london4 ,9 ! ,fall ( #ahid ,l\is ,lumire saw ! ,edison ,k9etograph demon/rat$ at ! ,w]n] firm exhibit 9 ,p>is at #bj ,b\lev>d ,poissonire4 ,f ?is he conceiv$ ! idea ( comb9+ su* an app>atus ) ! ,reynaud-type1 :i* 0 already provid+ scre5 ent]ta9m5t 9 ,p>is4 ,d\btless1 ,lumire 0 also famili> ) ,m>ey's "w4 ,l\is ,lumire & 8 bro!r1 ,augu/e1 op]at$ a photographic e/abli%m5t at ,lyons :i* _! fa!r _h e/abli%$4 ,lyons figur$ once be=e 9 ! magic %ad[ %[2 x 0 "h t ,walg5/e91 ! ,dane1 fir/ introduc$ ,kir*]'s magic lant]n 9 ,france4 ,lumire1 :o 0 a successful photograph]1 decid$ t ! numb] ( images us$ by ,edison p] second1 =ty-eight1 0 m ?an necess>y s he us$ sixte54 ,lumire1 h[ev]1 borr[$ f ,edison ! idea ( p]=at+ ! edge ( ! film1 hav+ "o on ea* side ( e frame in/ead ( ,edison's f\r4 ,lumire adopt$ a claw type int]mitt5t drive = ! app>atus :i* 0 design$ by an eng9e]1 ,*>les ,moissant4 ,lon ,gaumont1 :o lat] became associat$ ) ,dem5y1 0 ,moissant's secret>y4 ,! ma*9e 0 con/ruct$ by ! ,jules ,c>p5ti] manufactur+ firm4 ,fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made ) coat$ pap] b ?is 0 f\nd unsuitable4 ,celluloid 0 ord]$ f ! ,am]ican ,celluloid ,company & ?is ! ,lumires coat$ !mselves because1 unlike ,edison1 !y 7 skill$ 9 photography be=e !y took up ! motion picture problem4 ,! ,lumires 7 able to use celluloid b x 0 n z good z ! ,ea/man motion picture film :i* ,edison _h f\nd s satisfactory4 ,on ,febru>y #ac1 #ahie1 ! ,lumires obta9$ a ,fr5* pat5t on _! cam]a-projector device1 ! ,c9matographe4 ,! "n ,c9matographe probably 0 d]iv$ f a ,fr5* pat5t issu$ ,febru>y #ab1 #ahib1 to ,lon ,b\ly :o _h an idea = a cam]a :i* evid5tly 0 n r$uc$ to practice4 ,le ,repas de ,bb1 8,! ,baby's ,meal10 0 ! fir/ ,lumire film4 ,o!r sc5es 7 made 9 ! ,lumire photographic plant1 toge!r ) views ( ! city1 includ+ ! ,b\rse4 ,a demon/ration ( ! app>atus 0 giv5 !re on ,m>* #bb1 #ahie1 b ! ,lumires 7 already e/abli%$ 9 bus9ess & 9 no ha/e to develop ! new inv5tion4 ,! ,c9matographe 0 %[n at ,m>seilles 9 ,april1 ! mon? an ,engli% pat5t 0 obta9$1 & next %[n at ! ,congress ( ! ,national ,union ( ,fr5* ,photographic ,societies1 held 9 ,june ( ! same ye>4 ,!re ! ,lumires creat$ a s5sation by film+ ! delegates arriv+ = ! op5+ meet+ on ,june #aj1 develop+ ! film & %[+ x be=e ! conf]5ce 0 adj\rn$ on ,june #ab4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ newsreel use ( ! motion picture4 ,on ,decemb] #bh?1 ! ,lumires op5$ a comm]cial e/abli%m5t = ! ,c9matographe 9 ! ,salle au ,gr&-,caf at #ad1 ,b\lev>d des ,capuc9es4 ,an admission *>ge ( "o franc 0 made1 b only a few doz5 curi\s p /opp$ 9 ! fir/ day4 ,soon h[ev] ! fame ( ! ,c9matographe spread ?r\gh\t ,p>is4 ,)9 a few weeks ! ,lumire films 7 play+ to 8/&+ room only10 av]ag+ m ?an two ?\s& admissions p] day4 ,! ,lumire ,c9matographe 0 widely hail$4 ,9 8 usual g5]\s mann]1 ,m>ey prais$ ! accompli%m5t ev5 ?\gh he mu/ h be5 disappo9t$ t o!rs _h a*iev$ :at he _h long be5 seek+4 ,! ,c9matographe 0 %ipp$ to ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates at an e>ly date4 ,9 ,new ,york x 0 exhibit$ fir/ 9 ,june1 #ahif1 at ,kei?'s #ad? ,/reet ,!atre1 on ,union ,squ>e4 ,9 bo? c\ntries x 0 a /imulus to imitators4 ,x cont9u$ to be "o ( ! be/ projectors available = "s "t4 ,! ,lumire claw drive1 h[ev]1 0 n z satisfactory z ! ,maltese-cross type us$ on "s projectors f ab\t #ahgj & adopt$ by ,edison = ! cam]a1 & x gradually yield$ to ! new] models4 ,! ,lumires cont9u$ to ma9ta9 a lively int]e/ 9 motion picture developm5ts ev5 aft] _! success ) ! cam]a & projector4 ,9 #ahig !y devis$ a safety cond5s] z a protection aga9/ ! fire haz>d2 9 #ahih a peep-%[ view+ model1 & 9 #aijc !y began a /udy ( ! possibilities ( direct photograph+ ( colors4 ,?is rese>* l$ to a good color process :i* 0 lat] introduc$ comm]cially4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,rob]t ,william ,paul 7#ahfi-aidc71 sci5tific in/rum5t-mak]1 :o 0 ! son ( a ,london %ip own]1 0 ask$ by ,george ,georgiades & ,george ,traj$is1 two ,greeks1 to duplicate ! ,edison ,k9etoscope4 ,georgiades & ,traj$is _h b\ght ,k9etoscopes 9 ,new ,york f ,holl& ,bros41 ea/]n ag5ts ( ! fir/ ,k9etoscope ,company & br\ght !m to ,london :]e !y 7 exhibit$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahid1 at a /ore 9 ,old ,broad ,/reet4 ,paul inspect$ ! ,k9etoscope & knew he c\ld copy x4 ,b he did n believe he 0 free to d s1 feel+ sure t ,edison _h already pat5t$ ! ma*9e 9 ,engl&4 ,inve/igation %[$ t no su* action _h be5 tak54 ,!reupon at 8 "w %op 9 ,hatton ,g>d51 ,london1 ,paul made ,k9etoscopes = ! two ,greek exhibitors & also = himself4 ,) 8 own ma*9es he op5$ a display at ,e>l's ,c\rt1 ,london4 ,soon ,paul began "w on a cam]a & projector bas$ on ! ,k9etoscope peep-%[ device4 ,paul _h become int]e/$ 9 creat+ a ma*9e :i* w\ld take ! spectators into ! pa/ or future aft] read+ a fanta/ic tale ( ,h4 ,g4 ,wells call$ ,! ,"t ,ma*9e1 publi%$ 9 #ahid4 ,paul & ,wells talk$ ! matt] ov]1 ! "o a design] & inv5tor1 ! o!r a successful writ] gift$ ) an extravagant imag9ation4 ,a ,briti% pat5t 0 appli$ = b no model or app>atus 0 ev] devis$ because ! money = su* an und]tak+ 0 n f\nd4 ,! ,paul-,wells ,"t ,ma*9e 0 to be an elaborate affair4 ,spectators 7 to be seat$ on plat=ms :i* w\ld move ab\t2 add+ to ! illusion1 magic lant]ns & motion picture projectors 7 to fla% pictures on all sides4 ,x 0 ano!r application ( ! old ,phantasmagoria idea to a*ieve effects by mov+ ! projectors--& 9 ?is case1 ! audi5ce also4 ,simil> effects are a*iev$ ) mu* less tr\ble1 bo? = ! %[man & ! spectator1 9 ! mod]n /ory motion picture4 ,9 ! ,spr+ ( #ahie1 ,paul made an agreem5t ) ,birt ,acres by :i* ,acres w\ld make films ) a cam]a con/ruct$ by ,paul4 ,previ\sly ,paul _h be5 us+ ,edison films b ! supply 0 cut (f4 ,8 cam]a 0 mu* small] & m portable ?an ! ,edison model4 ,acres claim$ t he _h />t$ "w on a motion picture cam]a z f> back z #ahhi b ! ef=t _h n be5 v successful4 ,by ! end ( #ahic ,acres said he _h develop$ a cam]a :i* us$ "o l5s or a batt]y ( twelve 7,u*atius fa%ion7 & _h devot$ himself to improv+ ! app>atus in/ead ( 8seek+ a bubble reputation z a music hall %[man10 z he himself put x4 ,9 #ahig :5 he _h correspond5ce ) ,wordswor? ,doni/horpe ov] ! latt]'s e>ly "w 9 motion pictures1 ,acres 0 n happy ab\t 8 motion picture associations1 = he said3 8,e ,tom1 ,dick & ,h>ry is n[ claim+ to be ! inv5tor & fir/ exhibitor ( ^! animat$ photographs & ,i c fully sympa?ize ) ,mr4 ,wordswor? ,doni/horpe1 inasmu* z "s "o else has obta9$ cr$it = 8 inv5tion4 ,my own exp]i5ce ) v>i\s adv5tur]s is n unique40 ,paul's fir/ cam]a design _h an int]mitt5t movem5t featur+ a clamp+ & unclamp+ action :i* 0 r h>d on ! celluloid film made by ! ,hyatt bro!rs 9 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 import$ to ,engl& & coat$ = photographic use by ! ,blair ,company4 ,%ortly !reaft]1 ,paul *ang$ to an int]mitt5t movem5t hav+ a sev5-po9t ,maltese ,cross4 ,?is 0 an important developm5t4 ,paul's projector1 call$ ! ,animatograph1 _h its fir/ %[+ at ! ,f9sbury ,te*nical ,college on ,febru>y #bj1 #ahif4 ,eight days lat] x 0 demon/rat$ at ! ,royal ,in/itute4 ,its success came to ! att5tion ( a !atreman1 ,sir ,augu/us ,h>ris1 op]ator ( ! ,olympia ,!atre4 ,a deal 0 made by ,h>ris ) ,paul & ! projector re*ri/5$ ! 8,!atrograph40 ,aft] a %ort b successful run at ! ,olympia 9 ,london1 ! device 0 book$ = two weeks at ! ,alhambra1 ,leice/] ,squ>e4 ,?is motion picture %[ /ay$ !re f\r ye>s4 ,subjects project$ at tw5ty pictures p] second by ! ,paul device 9 ! e>ly programs 73 8,a ,r\gh ,sea at ,dov]10 a h& color$ film2 8,bootblack at ,"w 9 a ,london ,/reet10 sport+ ev5ts & _m o!r sc5es4 ,acres & ,paul film$ ! ,d]by ( #ahif1 mak+ "s ( ! fir/ successful topical pictures4 ,sc5es %[+ ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales' horse1 ,p]simmon1 w9n+ ! ,d]by 7 exhibit$ at ! ,alhambra ! ev5+ aft] ! race1 creat+ a s5sation & num]\s curta9 calls = ,paul4 ,! public 0 amaz$4 ,paul cont9u$ to be int]e/$ 9 motion pictures1 especially _! sci5tific aspects1 z a k9d ( hobby1 = ab\t #ae ye>s4 ,h[ev]1 9 #aiab he de/roy$ practically all 8 films & gave no fur!r att5tion to ! c9ema4 ,9 addition to 8 e>ly "w 9 projection & cam]a design ,paul himself _h film$ _m pictures includ+ a s]ies ( animat$ draw+s1 la ,walt ,disney1 to %[ electrical ph5om5a result+ f ! approa* ( two magnets4 ,^! sci5tific films 7 made 9 association ) ,pr(essor ,silvanus ,?ompson4 ,paul also produc$ a numb] ( com$ies & us$ trick cam]a "w to %[ motor c>s fly+ to ! moon & o!r biz>re effects4 ,dur+ ,_w ,w> ,i ,paul inv5t$ secret w> app>atus includ+ an anti-aircraft height f9d] & anti-subm>9e device4 ,*>les ,pa?1 a great "n 9 ! e>ly ,fr5* film _w & c>ri$ on by sev]al companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & else:]e1 b\ght "o ( ! fir/ ,paul motion picture projectors4 ,previ\sly he _h road%[$ ! ,edison phonograph4 ,acres _h a projector ( 8 own call$ ! ,k9etic ,lant]n1 :i* he said 0 f9i%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahif1 b ! title 0 *ang$ to ,k9eopticon & lat] to ,c9ematoscope = a special program = ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,probably ?is projector also 0 made by ,paul or he assi/$ 9 its design4 ,acres1 h[ev]1 0 prim>ily int]e/$ 9 8 pr(ession ( photography1 & motion pictures appe>$ to him to be only "o aspect ( ! subject4 ,9 #ahig he said3 8,!re is some?+ 9 photography &1 9 p>ticul>1 9 animat$ photography4 ,inde$1 ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt t animat$ photography is de/9$ to revolutionize our art-sci5ce1 bo? z reg>ds matt]s hi/orical & sci5tific1 9 addition to giv+ u life-long portraits40 ,by ! "t ,acres ?us spoke ! revolution 0 well "u way4 ,z 9 ,france1 a numb] ( m5 imm$iately />t$ mak+ cam]as & projectors 9 ,engl&4 ,! pat5t rights 7 confus$1 *iefly because ,edison neglect$ to secure =eign cov]age1 leav+ ! field wide op54 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates two factors dom9at$ ! exp]im5tation3 7#a7 ! ,ans*tz ,electrical ,ta*yscope1 %[n at ! ,*icago ,fair 9 #ahic & 7#b7 ! ,edison peep-%[ film device on display 9 _m places1 />t+ 9 ,new ,york 9 ! ,spr+ ( #ahid4 ,! projection ( life-size motion pictures on a scre5 be=e an audi5ce might h be5 a*iev$ consid]ably e>li] _h ,edison n felt t !re w\ld be no comm]cial m>ket = su* a device4 ,! little peep-%[ models c\ld be manufactur$ at r l[ co/ & sold at a pr(it1 s no impetus 0 giv5 to ! developm5t ( a scre5 projector :i* might1 he ?\ght1 quickly dissipate ! public's int]e/ & de/roy ! m>ket4 ,b1 x may be recall$1 ! scre5 projector1 comb9$ ) ! talk+ phonograph1 _h be5 ,edison's orig9al goal :5 he />t$ ! exp]im5ts 9 #ahhg4 ,"o ( ! m5 :o 0 impress$ by ,ans*tz's ,electrical ,ta*yscope at ! ,*icago ,fair 0 a "y ,virg9ian1 ,?omas ,armat4 ,he 0 a man ( means & ?\gh associat$ 9 a real e/ate (fice 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 /ill _h "t to foll[ 8 sci5tific int]e/s :i* induc$ him to att5d ! ,bliss ,s*ool ( ,electricity 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,at ?is "t1 ,armat _h already inv5t$ a conduit = an electric railway & _h refus$ an (f] to int]e/ himself 9 ! di/ribution ( ! ,edison peep-%[ film ,k9etoscope4 ,he want$ scre5 projection4 ,at ! ,bliss ,s*ool ,armat 0 introduc$ to ,c4 ,francis ,j5k9s1 a "y ,gov]nm5t cl]k1 :o also 0 int]e/$ 9 sci5tific matt]s4 ,he _h /udi$ ! ,edison ,k9etoscope &1 = ! ,pure ,food ,%[ 9 ,conv5tion ,hall1 9 ,novemb] ( #ahid1 _h %[n a model :i* in/ead ( ,edison's revolv+ %utt] _h revolv+ electric lights1 bas$ on ! ,u*atius idea4 ,9 ,m>* ( #ahid ,j5k9s receiv$ a pat5t on a motion picture cam]a :i* us$ a revolv+ l5s sy/em call$ ! ,phantoscope4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ,j5k9s ev] made t cam]a op]ate effici5tly4 ,x 0 describ$ 9 ! ,photographic ,times ( ,july1 #ahid1 z be+ only five by five by eight in*es 9 size & weigh+ t5 p\nds4 ,pictures ( an a?lete 9 action1 said to h be5 tak5 ) ,j5k9s' device 7 reproduc$4 ,j5k9s 0 hav+ difficulty a*iev+ projection4 ,armat & he decid$ to =m a p>tn]%ip4 ,armat 0 to build a projector aft] ,j5k9s' design &1 9 return1 he w\ld receive rights to ! rotat+ l5s cam]a pat5t4 ,! results 7 a failure4 ,armat decid$ to cont9ue ) 8 own ideas & !re 0 no objection1 z he 0 supply+ ! money & ! place = ! "w 9 ! basem5t ( 8 real e/ate (fice at #acac 8,f0 ,/reet1 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,armat decid$ t ! ,j5k9s idea ( cont9u\s movem5t ) revolv+ lights 0 unworkable & *ose an int]mitt5t action4 ,a v>iation ( ! ,maltese-cross ge> sy/em 0 tri$4 ,! ev5tual legal dispute betwe5 ,armat & ,j5k9s has obscur$ data on ! sy/em fir/ us$4 ,x is c]ta9 ! results 7 n :olly successful4 ,?ree ( ^! ma*9es 7 built 9 ! ,summ] ( #ahie & ! fir/ %[+ 0 held at ! ,cotton ,/ates ,exposition at ,atlanta1 ,georgia1 9 mid-,septemb]4 ,!re ! *ief picture competition 0 ! inspiration--! ,ans*tz ,electrical ,ta*yscope4 ,!re 0 also an ext5sive display ( ! ,edison peep-%[ ma*9es4 ,armat mu/ h be5 glad to see ! ,edison activity because x 0 f t s\rce t he 0 gett+ 8 film = ! projector4 ,! projector at ! ,cotton ,/ates ,exposition 0 n well receiv$4 ,! %[ f9ally burn$ up 9 a fire t swept ! area4 ,fifte5 hundr$ doll>s 0 borr[$ f ,armat's bro!rs to cont9ue activities4 ,j5k9s w5t home to ,ri*mond1 ,indiana1 = 8 bro!r's w$d+1 tak+ "o ( ! projectors ) him4 ,mean:ile1 ,armat hit ^u a loop to ease ! /ra9 ( projection4 ,j5k9s gave a demon/ration ( ! projector on ,octob] #bi1 #ahie1 & by ,novemb] #bbnd1 ,armat & ,j5k9s _h disagre$4 ,j5k9s tri$ to pat5t "s modification on 8 own1 )\t 8 p>tn]1 b f\nd t he 0 9 int]f]5ce ) ! ,armat-,j5k9s projector pat5t & sign$ a concession ( priority4 ,f 8 inv5tion ,armat made a great pr(it :i* 0 obta9$ n )\t _m law suits4 ,lat] ,j5k9s produc$ a non-int]mitt5t projector ( clev] b impractical design4 ,he also contribut$ "s orig9al ideas to television developm5t b aga9 ! results 7 n v practical4 ,c]ta9 o!r attempts 7 made to a*ieve projection ( ! magic %ad[s & complete ! motion picture sy/em at ?is "t4 ,mo/ ( !m also 7 /imulat$ by ! exhibition ( ,ans*tz's ,electrical ,ta*yscope4 ,"o ( ^! 0 made by ,rudolph ,melville ,hunt] 7#ahef-aice71 a consult+ eng9e] & inv5tor ( consid]able prom95ce 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 #ahhc ,hunt] _h sugge/$ a ,dov]-,calais tunnel1 some?+ t might h made ! ,dunkirk evacuation ( #aidj mu* easi]2 ! ye> be=e1 #ahhb1 he _h sugge/$ torp$o boats2 lat] he devis$ smokeless p[d] = ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t & sold "s #cjj pat5ts to ! ,g5]al ,electric & ,we/+h\se companies4 ,he 0 also a consultant on ac\/ics4 ,9 8 biography1 la/ pr9t$ 9 ! #aibj-ba edition ( ,:o's ,:o 7at :i* "t he evid5tly retir$71 ,hunt] ass]t$ t he 8design$ & built ! fir/ motion picture projector 9 ! _w 9 #ahid40 ,8 %[1 s*$ul$ = ,atlantic ,city1 nev] op5$4 ,no details are kn[n ( 8 projector4 ,9 ! ,summ] ( #ahid1 two gay "y m51 ,grey & ,otway ,la?am1 drug company salesm5 op]at+ out ( ,new ,york1 became concessionaires = ! ,k9etoscope & =m$ ! ,k9etoscope ,exhibition ,company4 ,t firm's *ief purpose 0 to photograph & exhibit prize-fight films4 ,9 ,septemb] ( #ahid ! "y ,la?ams decid$ t !re nev] w\ld be mu* to ! peep-%[ motion picture bus9ess & det]m9$ to try to get life-size pictures on ! scre54 ,!y call$ ^u _! fa!r1 ,major ,woodville ,la?am1 = assi/ance4 ,major ,la?am _h _h a di/+ui%$ c>e] z an ordnance (fic] ( ! ,conf$]acy dur+ ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>4 ,= a "t he 0 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! ,univ]sity ( ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahid1 ! ,la?ams =m$ ! ,lambda ,company--! ,greek 8,l0 = ,la?am--& a />t 0 made 9 _! que/ = a motion picture projector4 ,dickson 0 9 on ! deal al?\gh he 0 /ill work+ = ,edison4 ,eugne ,lau/e1 a some:at secretive fri5d ( ,dickson1 :o 0 born 9 ,p>is 9 #aheg & _h come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahhg1 0 ! me*anic :o work$ 9 ,la?am's %op4 ,lau/e previ\sly _h be5 employ$ by ,edison4 ,by ! end ( ! ,w9t] ( #ahid-ie ! ,la?am project 0 %[+ signs ( success4 ,a demon/ration 0 held on ,april #ba1 #ahie1 at #ce ,frank=d ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city & on ,may #bj1 #ahie1 a public %[+ op5$ 9 a small /ore at #aec ,broadway4 ,! ,la?am projector 0 f\nd to be inadequate & ! foll[+ comm5ts 7 made 9 ! ,photographic ,times = ,septemb]1 #ahie3 8,ev5 9 ?is1 ! late/ device1 !re is consid]able room = improvem5t & _m drawbacks h yet to be ov]come40 ,specific objections 7 made to ! gra9 ( ! film1 ! fact t x 0 n entirely transp>5t1 & o!r factors4 ,x 0 not$ t ,major ,la?am 0 8p]sev]+0 9 ef=ts to improve ! device4 ,b "s ^w ( enc\ragem5t 0 giv53 8,ev5 9 ! pres5t /ate ! results obta9$ are mo/ int]e/+ & (t5 />tl+4 ,q a cr[d ( p visit ! /ore at ea* p]=mance1 _m mak+ _! exit wond]+ #8,h[ x's done'40 ,x is wor? not+ t no illu/ration ( ! ,la?am ma*9e 0 giv5 b in/ead ! ,reynaud ,optical ,!atre ( ,p>is 0 %[n4 ,la?am's projector 0 call$ ! ,pantoptikon & lat] ! ,eidoloscope4 ,la?am indignantly d5i$ t p>ts ( 8 device 7 borr[$ f ,edison's ma*9es4 ,x is likely ! ,major 0 n aw>e ( all t w5t on 9 8 "w %op4 ,dickson ev5tually jo9$ an organization call$ ! ,,kmcd syndicate1 = ,e4 ,b4 ,koopman ( ! ,magic ,introduction ,company2 ,h5ry ,norton ,m>v91 a =m] ,edison ,associate2 ,h]man ,casl]1 ! actual inv5tor ( a cam]a design$ to evade ,edison me?ods1 & ,dickson4 ,! ,casl] cam]a or ,mutograph1 & ! peep-%[ view] or ,mutoscope1 s\ght to evade ! ,edison pat5ts1 s ev]y?+ t ,edison _h !y tri$ to avoid4 ,! ,mutoscope 9 its simple/ =m 0 really a /ep backw>ds to ! old ,?aumatrope pr9ciple ( fla%+ successive c>d views be=e ! eye4 ,! ,casl] cam]a us$ unp]=at$ wide gauge film ) ! pictures irregul>ly spac$4 ,?is made no diff]5ce1 = ! pictures 7 ea* m\nt$ on c>ds4 ,! ,mutoscope & ! ,mutograph /imulat$ int]e/ & competition 9 films1 & 0 ! fa!r ( ! conc]n ar\nd :i* opposition to ,edison c5t]$4 ,! 8indep5d5ts0 reli$ on ! ,am]ican ,mutoscope ,company1 or ,biograph z x became1 to supply films :i* w\ld be outside ! re/riction ( ! ,edison pat5ts4 ,! ensu+ pat5t w> 0 long & bitt] b did n mat]ially int]f]e ) ! developm5t ( ! motion picture4 ,mean:ile1 ,edison's ag5ts1 ,raff ,gammon1 7 becom+ important4 ,! sale ( ! peep-%[ ,k9etoscopes 0 only s]v+ to increase ! dem& = projection & x 0 fe>$ t ! imitators ( ,edison1 su* z ,lumire1 ,paul & ,la?am & o!rs w\ld control ! field4 ,edison1 h[ev]1 0 n able--= lack ( "t or o!r reasons--to meet ! dem&s ( 8 film ag5ts ) p]fection en\gh to satisfy himself4 ,8 rese>*es cont9u$ b 8 ag5ts & ! public 7 impati5t4 ,gammon1 ( ! ,raff ,gammon firm1 decid$ to inve/igate ! ,armat projector :i* he _h he>d ab\t 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,a five or six m9ute %[ 0 giv5 on ,decemb] #h1 #ahie1 by ,armat 9 ! basem5t ( 8 real e/ate (fice4 ,9 ,janu>y ( #ahif a deal 0 made :]eby ,edison w\ld manufacture ! projector & x w\ld be introduc$ "u 8 "n1 b z 8,armat design$40 ,! ag5ts want$1 ( c\rse1 to play up ! "n ( ,edison = comm]cial reasons4 ,edison 0 induc$ to accept ?is arrangem5t by 8 g5]al manag] ,w4 ,e4 ,gilmore--:o1 incid5tally1 _h dis*>g$ ,dickson4 ,a demon/ration ( ! ,armat-,edison projector 0 held on ,april #c & on ,april #bc1 #ahif1 ! ,vitascope1 z x 0 call$1 made its debut at ! ,ko/] ,bial's ,music ,hall on ,h]ald ,squ>e1 #cd? ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,?is 0 a bann] day 9 ! hi/ory ( ! scre54 ,! _m hesitant & unc]ta9 /eps d[n ?r\gh ! c5turies quick5$ into an assur$ m>* ( progress4 ,! public reaction to ! ,vitascope 0 excell5t1 al?\gh ! programs pres5t$ 7 crude & immature4 ,= sev]al ye>s to come ! films (f]$ 7 only %ort items :i* f\nd _! *ief use z audi5ce 8*as]s10 run z ! f9al numb] 9 vaudeville %[s4 7,illu/ration fac+ page #afa47 ,! ,new ,york ,h]ald report$ on ,may #c1 #ahif1 t ! subjects w\ld soon be l5g!n$ f #ej feet to #aej feet & #ejj feet4 8,gone ,) ! ,w9d10 ! mammo? ( #aida1 0 #bj1jjj feet long4 ,new attractions promis$ 9 ! fir/ days 7 to include ,niag>a ,falls1 :i* ,lang5heim _h photograph$ ) m>k$ success a half-c5tury e>li]2 a /eam] go+ d[n ! ,la*9e ,rapids1 & an ocean l9] leav+ its dock4 ,! ,h]ald said3 8,! result is int5sely int]e/+ & pleas+ b ,mr4 ,edison is n q satisfi$ yet4 ,he wants n[ to improve ! phonograph s t x w record d\ble ! am\nt ( s\nd x does at pres5t1 & he hopes !n to comb9e ?is improv$ phonograph ) ! ,vitascope s z to make x possible = an audi5ce to witness a photographic reproduction ( an op]a or a play--to see ! movem5ts ( ! actors & he> _! voices z pla9ly z ?\gh !y 7 witness+ ! orig9al production itself40 ,! 8_w premi]e0 newspap] review conclud$3 8,& :5 x is rememb]$ :at m>vels ,edison has produc$1 x w\ld n seem at all improbable t he may yet add ?is "o to 8 _m o!rs40 ,! talk+ picture1 h[ev]1 did n make its real debut = ?ree decades4 ,! ,new ,york ,tribune on ,sunday1 ,may #c1 #ahif1 said3 8,edison's ,vitascope has made a decid$ hit at ,ko/] ,bial's ,music ,hall4 ,tomorr[ ev5+ all ! pictures w be 9 colors4 ,! ,vitascope1 toge!r ) ,alb]t ,*evali]1 is draw+ l>ge audi5ces40 ,raff ,gammon n[ _h some?+ t c\ld be sold easily2 ! ,vitascope 0 ev]y:]e well receiv$4 ,eighty projectors ( ! ,armat design 7 deliv]$ by ! ,edison company f ,april to ,novemb] ( #ahif4 ,& ,edison />t$ r5ew$ "w on 8 own 8,project+ ,k9etoscope10 indep5d5tly ( ,armat4 ,an adv]tis+ bro*ure = ! ,vitascope told ! /ory ?is way3 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,mr4 ,edison conceiv$ ! idea ( project+ mov+ figures & sc5es ^u a canvas or scre51 be=e an audi5ce4 ,ow+ to ! pressure ( 8 ext5sive bus9ess1 he c\ld n fully develop 8 inv5tive ideas at ! "t4 ,h[ev]1 he put 8 exp]ts to "w ^u a ma*9e :i* %\ld reproduce mov+ pictures ^u a small scale1 & ! ,k9etoscope 0 ! result4 ,aft] p]fect+ ! ,k9etoscope1 ,mr4 ,edison turn$ 8 att5tion to 8 orig9al plan ( inv5t+ a ma*9e capable ( %[+ ! mov+ figures & sc5es1 life-size1 be=e a l>ge audi5ce4 ,8 ideas soon took practical =m1 & z long ago z la/ ,summ] a v cr$itable result 0 obta9$2 b ,mr4 ,edison 0 unwill+ to give 8 unqualifi$ approval until ! highe/ practicable success _h be5 a*iev$4 ,s9ce !n1 ,mr4 ,edison's exp]ts h be5 putt+ 8 ideas & sugge/ions to practical te/ & execution &1 9 addition1 "s ( ! orig9al ideas & inv5tive skill ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,armat 7! ris+ inv5tor1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c47 h be5 embodi$ 9 ! ,vitascope2 ! f9al result be+ t today x c almo/ be said t ! impossible _h be5 accompli%$1 & a ma*9e has be5 con/ruct$ :i* trans=ms dead pictures into liv+ mov+ realities4 ,on ! la/ page ( ! adv]tis+ bro*ure = ! ,vitascope x 0 ass]t$ t ! rights 7 controll$ = ! _w4 ,if t _h be5 true ! ,edison firm w\ld h reap$ an incalculable =tune4 ,b by ?is "t _m projection ma*9es & cam]as by div]se manufactur]s 7 com+ into use 9 _m c\ntries4 ,magic %ad[s--liv+ reproductions ( p & ! _w--at la/ _h rea*$ ! scre54 99 99 99 99 99 ,b !re /ill rema9$ a long & important /ep to be tak5 9 ord] t ! true fidelity ( liv+ pictures c\ld be a*iev$4 ,s\nd ne$$ to be add$ to sight4 ,s aga91 ?irty ye>s lat]1 magic %ad[ hi/ory 0 made--?is "t at ! ,w9t] ,g>d5 !atre 9 ,new ,york ,city1 on ,octob] #f1 #aibg4 ,! ev5t 0 ! premi]e ( 8,! ,jazz ,s+]10 />r+ ,al ,jolson & pres5t+ ! ,vitaphone sy/em ( talk+ motion pictures4 ,?is r\nd+ out ( ! faculties ( magic %ad[s came ?r\gh ! ent]prise ( ! ,w>n] bro!rs--,h>ry1 ,sam1 ,alb]t & ,jack--& ! te*nological a*ievem5ts ( ,dr4 ,lee ,de,forest1 ,!odore ,case1 ,*>les ,a4 ,hoxie & ! o!rs :o gave ! scre5 its voice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fr5* ,in=mation ,s]vice ,,l\is ,,lumi]e1 inv5tor ( ! ,c9matographe cam]a & projection sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,cambridge ,in/rum5t ,co4 ,,rob]t ,w4 ,,paul1 in/rum5t mak]1 con/ruct$ cam]as & projectors 9 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,vitascope be+ ,exhibit$ 9 a ,!atre or ,public ,hall4 7,! ma*9e c be j z successfully exhibit$ 9 vacant /ore-rooms1 etc47 ,vitascope ,bro*ure1 #ahif ,,vitascope1 ,edison made1 ,armat design$1 z an arti/ saw x 9 action--drawn = ! fir/ adv]tis+ promotion booklet1 ,new ,york 9 #ahif4 ,g5]ally1 ! motion picture indu/ry 0 skeptical ( talk+ motion pictures & _! future4 ,b soon public op9ion regi/]$ emphatically & ! addition ( s\nd 0 accept$ z an indisp5sable faculty ( ! m$ium ( ! scre54 ,& n[ f9ally ! anci5t & p]sev]+ urge = true liv+ pictures 0 satisfi$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& ?us ! motion picture1 l _m ano!r a*ievem5t ( ! human he>t & h& & m9d1 has come d[n to u z ! result ( incalculable ef=t on ! "p ( _m4 ,?is great b5efaction to humanity ! _w ov] is ! realization ( ! aspirations ( _m :o labor$ unceas+ly & well d[n ?r\gh ! c5turies--,ar*im$es1 ,ari/otle1 ,alhaz51 ,rog] ,bacon1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,porta1 ,a?anasius ,kir*]1 ,muss*5broek1 ,p>is1 ,plateau1 ,u*atius1 ,lang5heim1 ,m>ey1 ,muybridge1 ,edison & o!rs4 ,x is ! creation ( m5 ( _m c5turies & _m nations & f ^! div]sities ( "t & p]sons x has ga9$ its amaz+ p[]1 its univ]sal appeal4 ,,! ,,end ,app5dix ,i ,,magic ,,%ad[s ,a ,descriptive ,*ronology ,b4 ,c4 8 ,fir/ arti/'s aspiration to recreate life & ! movem5t ( ! _w ( nature4 #fjjj ,babylonians & ,egyptians acquire fir/ sci5tific k to ( ! light & %ad[ art-sci5ce4 ,crude magnify+ #aejj glasses are fa%ion$4 ,light & %ad[ are us$ = ent]ta9m5t & deception4 ,*9ese ,%ad[ ,plays make use ( silh\ette figures ca/ on a scre5 ( smoke4 ,japanese & ,engli% mirrors are devices = reflect+ /range optical illusions4 #cdj ,ari/otle gives impetus to all /udies4 ,fir/ record$ magic %ad[ exp]im5t--8! squ>e hole & r\nd sun40 ,euclid demon/rates t light travels 9 /raight l9es1 a fundam5tal = all projection & photography4 #bbe ,ar*im$es devises ! fam\s 8,burn+ ,glasses0 = de/roy+ %ips ( ! enemy1 :i* may or may n h be5 a factor 9 ! def5se ( ,syracuse4 #fj ,lucretius1 ! ,roman poet1 writes ,de ,r]um ,natura1 8,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s10 comb9+ v]se & philosophy & a bit ( sci5ce4 ,! "w conta9s a ref]5ce errone\sly int]pret$ z a description ( a magic lant]n %[4 ,a4 ,d4 #ej ,pl9y & ,s5eca advance sci5tific k4 ,! effect ( ! atmosph]e on silv] is not$ by ,pl9y4 ,s5eca writes on ! p]si/5ce ( ! s5sation ( vision4 #gi ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum are de/roy$ by ! eruption ( ,vesuvius4 ,excavations h recov]$ a l5s & a s\nd effects sy/em probably us$ by ! prie/s to trick ! p4 #acj ,ptolemy writes ! ,almage/ :i* 0 ! /&>d "w on optics = c5turies4 ,subjects treat$ includ$ ! p]si/5ce ( vision1 ! laws ( reflection & /udies ( refraction4 #agj ,gal51 an e>ly m$ical au?ority1 consid]s ! problems ( vision1 fundam5tal to ! sci5tific application ( light to create ! illusion ( motion4 #eaj ,boe?ius tries to measure ! spe$ ( light4 ,*>ges ( treason & magic result 9 8 decapitation 9 #ebe at ! ord] ( 8 =m] patron1 ,k+ ,!odoric1 ,o/rogo? dictator ( ,italy4 #gej ,geb]1 ,arabian al*emi/1 notes ! effect ( light on silv] nitrate1 a basis ( photography4 #hgj ,alk9di1 an ,arab1 advances sci5tific le>n+1 includ+ "w 9 ! fields ( a/ronomy & navigation4 #ajaj ,alhaz51 greate/ ( ! ,arab sci5ti/s 9 optics1 advances ! art-sci5ce ( magic %ad[s & succe$s ,ptolemy z ! /&>d au?ority4 #ajbj ,avic5na1 ano!r ,arab1 /udies ! movem5ts ( ! eye 9 vision4 #aage ,av]ros1 fam$ ,arab philosoph]1 /udies vision & eye movem5t4 #abfg ,rog] ,bacon1 ,engli% ,fri>1 describes ! use ( mirrors & l5ses & attacks necromanc]s :o use su* devices to deceive ! p4 #abgj ,witelo1 a ,pole call$ ,?ur+opolonus1 writes on all phases ( optics & ) ,bacon dom9ates exp]im5ts 9 ?is field = g5]ations4 #abge ,/4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,dom9ican s*ol> & tea*] ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 takes special int]e/ 9 ! ra9b[ & assign$ a f9ite b v great velocity to light4 #abgi ,john ,peckham1 ,engli% ,franciscan & al*emi/1 9 8 ,p]spectiva ,communis po9ts out t ! rays ( ! sun c be %[n 9 any desir$ place1 indicat+ a k ( ! 8d>k room40 #acjj ,spectacles are introduc$ 9 ,italy4 #adch ,gut5b]g develops pr9t+ f movable type :i* ha/5s ! ex*ange ( all k1 an aid to ! gr[+ int]e/ 9 all light & %ad[ problems4 #adej ,leone ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 an ,italian cl]ic & ar*itect1 designs ! cam]a lucida1 a light & %ad[ device simil> to a l>ge box cam]a = ! use ( arti/s 9 copy+1 draw+ & nature4 #adfd ,ni*olas ( ,cusa writes ! fir/ book ab\t eye glasses4 #aejj ,leon>do da ,v9ci sets d[n ! fir/ accurate description ( ! portable or 8d>k room0 cam]a obscura & %[s its relation to ! human eye4 #aebj ,francesco ,maurolico1 a ma!matician & a/ronom] ( ,mess9a1 develops ! sci5tific b n exp]im5tal pr9ciples ( light z reflect$ by mirrors & ! use ( light !atres4 ,! next ye> he describes ! con/ruction ( a comp\nd microscope4 #aeba ,ces>e ,ces>iano1 an ar*itect & writ] on art1 ass]ts 9 8 introduction to a new edition ( ,vitruvius t a ,b5$ict9e monk1 ,don ,papnutio or ,panuce1 con/ruct$ a satisfactory cam]a obscura4 ,con/ruction details are giv5 = ! fir/ "t 9 a publi%$ "w4 #aedj ,erasmus ,re9hold uses a cam]a obscura to obs]ve an eclipse ( ! sun at ,witt5b]g4 ,anci5t a/ronom]s _h f\nd x impossible to obs]ve an eclipse unless !re 7 cl\ds 9 ! sky or ! sun 0 ne> ! horizon to cut d[n ! light4 #aeej ,girolamo ,c>dano1 an ,italian physician & ma!matician1 describes h[ ! box cam]a obscura c be us$ = ent]ta9m5t purposes4 #aeeh ,giovanni ,batti/a della ,porta ( ,naples writes ( mak+ _m light & %ad[ devices & e>ns ! "r to ! title1 8fir/ scre5 %[man40 #aefh ,monsignor ,daniello ,b>b>o introduces ! projection l5s 9 ! cam]a obscura4 #aehe ,giovanni ,batti/a ,b5$etti1 a patrician ( ,v5ice1 publi%es ! fir/ complete & cle> description ( ! cam]a obscura or box cam]a equipp$ ) a l5s4 #aehi ,porta's book1 ,natural ,magic1 repr9t$ ) a new section on ! use ( ! cam]a obscura = ent]ta9m5t purposes4 #afjd ,johannes ,kepl] expla9s ! use ( ! 8d>k *amb]0 device = a/ronomical "w4 #afab ,*ri/oph] ,s*e9]1 a ,g]man prie/1 uses ! device to /udy sun spots4 #afac ,franois d',aguilon1 ano!r prie/1 /imulates ! /udy ( all bran*es ( optics & is ! fir/ to co9 ! "n 8/]eoscopic40 #afbj ,sir ,h5ry ,wotton1 diplomat & au?or1 gives "o ( ! fir/ descriptions 9 ,engli% ( ! cam]a obscura = draw+ purposes4 ,he describes a portable t5t cam]a4 #afbf ,willebrord ,snell promulgates 8 8law0 on ! angles ( reflection & refraction1 ess5tial data = gr9d+ & poli%+ l5ses & o!r phases ( advanc$ optics4 #afdd or ,a?anasius ,kir*] inv5ts ! magic lant]n at ,rome4 #afde ,?is is ! fir/ projector ( magic %ad[s4 #afdf ,kir*]'s book1 ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae1 8,! ,great ,art ( ,light & ,%ad[10 is publi%$4 #afeb ,jean ,pi]re ,nic]on %[s h[ irregul> figures c be made into pla9 figures ?r\gh a mirror projection l5s sy/em4 #afeh ,gasp> ,s*ott develops ,kir*]'s projection lant]n 9 8 ,wond]s ( ,univ]sal ,nature & ,art4 #affe ,walg5/e91 a ,dane1 %[s a ,kir*]-type magic lant]n 9 ,france & else:]e4 #affi ,rob]t ,boyle fur!rs int]e/ 9 magic %ad[s ) a description ( a 8,portable ,d>k5$ ,room0 9 8 ,sy/ematic or ,cosmical ,qualities ( ,?+s4 #afga ,! second edition ( ,kir*]'s ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae is publi%$ ) an exp&$ treatm5t ( ! magic lant]n & specific in/ructions on h[ x may be us$ = ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction4 #afgd ,claude ,milliet de ,*ales1 a ,fr5*man1 describes ! use ( an improv$ projection l5s sy/em = ! magic lant]n4 #afhj ,rob]t ,hooke develops 8 cam]a lucida 9 ,engl&4 ,8 plan 0 sugge/$ 9 #affh b by #afhj x _h be5 improv$ & %[$ images 9 a room :i* 0 only p>tially d>k5$4 #afhe ,johann ,zahn develops ,kir*]'s lant]n to its highe/ /ate prior to ! introduction ( improv$ light s\rces ( electricity or gas 9 ! #ai? c5tury4 #afib ,william ,molyneux1 ( ,dubl91 9 8 ,dioptrica ,nova introduces ! improv$ magic lant]n1 sci5tifically describ$1 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 #agjd ,john ,h>ris1 div9e & sci5tific writ]1 describes a bett] cam]a fitt$ ) a 8scioptic ball0 or p]=at$ globe ( wood :i* c\ld be turn$ 9 diff]5t directions to %[ div]se views4 #agaa ,willem ,jakob ,van's ,graves&e1 a ,dut*man1 discusses projection & is cr$it$ ) inv5t+ ! helio/at :i* made x possible = sci5ti/s to use ! light ( ! sun 9 projection "w1 z well z 9 a/ronomy4 #agbg ,publication ( ! revis$ ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel ( ,abb ,anto9e ,furetire edit$ by ,m4 ,brutel de la ,rivire--) a description ( ! magic lant]n spreads ! use ( ! projector 9 ,france4 ,johann ,he9ri* ,s*ultze1 a ,g]man pr(essor ( eloqu5ce & antiquities1 obs]ves t light has an effect on a bottle ( *alk & silv] nitrate solution4 ,he expla9s h[ o!rs c duplicate 8 effects by conc5trat+ ! sun's rays on a bottle ( ! solution by means ( a burn+ glass4 #agcf ,piet] van ,muss*5broek introduces 8motion0 into ! magic lant]n by us+ a multiple slide sy/em & a me*anical means ( %ak+ "o ( ! glass slides4 #agdg ,leonh>d ,eul]1 a ,swiss ma!matician1 describes a cam]a = ,empress ,ca!r9e ( ,russia4 #ageb ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 pione] ,am]ican sci5ti/1 writes3 8,i mu/ own ,i am mu* 9 ! d>k ab\t light40 #agec ,?ree diff]5t types ( ! cam]a 9 fix$ & portable models are describ$ 9 ! fam\s ,fr5* ,encyclopdie4 #agfj ,abb ,nollet's 8,:irl+ ,top10 a toy :i* %[s ! illusion ( motion 9 a /rik+ fa%ion1 is a popul> *ildr5's play?+ 9 ,p>is4 #aggb ,franois ,sraph91 a magician1 is cr$it$ ) introduc+ ! art ( %ad[ plays 9 ,france4 #aggg ,c>l ,william ,s*eele1 a ,sw$i% *emi/1 discusses ! action ( light on silv] *loride4 #aghj ,jacques ,alex&re ,cs> ,*>les1 work+ "u ! patronage ( ,l\is ,,xvi at ! ,l\vre1 inv5ts ! ,magascope or a projection microscope4 ,?is 0 a developm5t ( an e>li] device he _h = ?r[+ on a scre5 images ( liv+ p]sons4 #agij ,pi]re ,l4 ,gu9>d1 a ,swiss glass work]1 makes improvem5ts 9 ! processes ( gr9d+ & poli%+ optical glass4 #agih ,eti5ne ,gasp>d ,rob]tson resurrects 8gho/s0 ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution ) 8 ,phantasmagoria %[s1 featur+ a magic lant]n m\nt$ on :eels & a scre5 ( smoke4 #ahjb ,tom ,w$gwood repeats ! exp]im5ts ( ,s*ultze & ,s*eele & ann\nces a process ( copy+ pa9t+s on glass & mak+ pr(iles by ! action ( light ^u nitrate ( silv]4 #ahjg ,dr4 ,william ,hyde ,wolla/on inv5ts a new model ( ! cam]a lucida4 #ahad ,joseph ,nicphore ,niepce beg9s "w on photography4 #ahae ,david ,brew/]1 ,scotti% sci5ti/1 inv5ts ! ,kaleidoscope1 an optical device :i* creates colorful designs4 #ahbj to ,engli% & ,fr5* sci5ti/s /udy ! optical ph5om5a #ahbe aris+ f ! rotation ( :eels4 #ahbj 8,j4 ,m401 anonym\s ,engli% sci5ti/1 comm5ts on :eel ph5om5a 9 ! ,engli% ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal1 /imulat+ /udy ( a basic factor 9 motion picture photography & projection4 #ahbd ,pet] ,m>k ,roget1 ( ,!saurus fame1 discusses :eel ph5om5a & gives an explanation--an e>ly sci5tific acc\nt ( ! 8p]si/5ce ( vision0 ) reg>d to mov+ objects4 #ahbe ,william ,rit*ie1 rector ( ,ta9 ,academy1 ,engl&1 develops an improv$ lant]n = 8gho/0 projection us+ a gas light s\rce4 #ahbf ,john ,ayrton ,p>is' ,?aumatrope1 or small disk ) "p ( ! complete sc5e on "o side & "p on ! o!r side1 becomes a sci5tific play?+4 7,*>les ,babbage1 ,engli% sci5ti/ & ma!matician1 claims an e>li] inv5tion on ! same l9es4 ,! inv5tion ( ! ,?aumatrope has also be5 attribut$ to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,dr4 ,william ,fitton & ,dr4 ,william ,hyde ,wolla/on47 #ahbg ,niepce's ,heliotypes1 :i* 7 photo silh\ettes obta9$ aft] z mu* z six or twelve h\rs' exposure1 are %[n 9 ,london4 #ahbg ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one inv5ts ! ,kaleidophone1 or ,phonetic ,kaleidoscope1 to illu/rate 8amus+ ac\/ical & optical ph5om5a40 #ahbh ,joseph ,anto9e ,f]d9& ,plateau1 a ,belgian1 makes ! fir/ motion picture ma*9e--a device :i* *anges a di/ort$ draw+ into a correct & natural "o4 #ahbi ,niepce & ,l\is ,jacques ,m& ,dagu]re1 a pa9t] & %[man1 =m a p>tn]%ip = ! developm5t ( photography4 #ahcj ,mi*ael ,f>aday takes up ! /udy ( :eels & spokes & motion1 & ! effects ( motion on ! human eye4 #ahcb ,plateau & ,simon ,ritt] von ,/ampf]1 ,au/rian1 indep5d5tly introduce ! magic disks :i* %[ real motion4 ,^! sp9n+ :eels ) a s]ies ( designs are call$ ! ,fantascope1 ,phnaki/icope or ,/roboscope4 #ahcd ,william ,george ,horn] 9 ,engl& devises an improv$ model ( ! magic disks by arrang+ ! designs on a horizontal in/ead ( v]tical :eel4 ,?is made x possible = sev]al p]sons1 in/ead ( "o1 to see ! movem5t at ! same "t4 ,eb5ez] ,/rong ,snell1 a pr(essor at ,amh]/1 introduces ! picture disks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ahce ,william ,h5ry ,fox ,talbot beg9s 8 photographic inve/igations4 #ahch ,:eat/one inv5ts ! ,/]eoscope :i* gives ! illusion ( dep? by pres5t+ two slightly dissimil> pictures to ! two eyes4 ,abb ,franois ,napolon ,m>ie ,moigno1 9 ,france1 uses magic lant]ns made by ,franois ,soleil1 ,p>isian optician & fa!r-9-law ( ,jules ,duboscq1 to illu/rate *emical reactions4 #ahci ,talbot 9 ,engl& & ,dagu]re 9 ,france ann\nce practical photographic sy/ems :i* make x possible to p]man5tly record ! age-old images ( ! 8d>k room0 or cam]a obscura4 ,hippolyte ,bay>d exp]im5ts ) pap] photographic pr9ts4 #ahde ,johann ,mll] 9 ,g]many uses ! ,fantascope disks to /udy ! wave motion ( light4 ,simil> "w is c>ri$ out by o!rs4 #ahdh ,e4 ,m4 ,cl>ke demon/rates1 at ! ,london ,polyte*nic ,in/itution1 a good magic lant]n fitt$ ) an oxyg5-hydrog5 lamp4 ,he publi%es a booklet on lant]n projection--8,directions = us+ ! philosophical app>atus 9 private rese>* & public exhibition40 #ahdi ,brew/] introduces a b9ocul> cam]a = photograph+ /]eoscopic pictures4 ,x is copi$ 9 ,p>is by ,m4 ,qu9et1 a photograph]1 :o calls x ! ,qu9etoscope4 #ahej ,fr$]ic & ,william ,lang5heim1 ( ,philadelphia1 pat5t ! ,hyalotype1 a process = mak+ positives on glass slides suitable = use 9 ! magic lant]n4 ,?is makes x possible to comb9e photography & ! ,plateau-,/ampf] disks4 ,:eat/one %[s 9 ,p>is an improv$ /]eoscope :i* uses photos specially made = x4 #aheb ,photographs in/ead ( draw+s are us$ 9 ! magic disks by a numb] ( sci5ti/s & photograph]s1 includ+ ,:eat/one1 ,jules ,duboscq 9 ,p>is1 ,anto9e ,franois ,jean ,claudet4 ,! imp]fect photographic equipm5t z well z ! limits ( ! individual disks result$ 9 unnatural mov+ pictures4 #ahec ,franz von ,u*atius1 an ,au/rian army (fic]1 develops a motion picture projector :i* comb9es ! ,plateau-,/ampf] disks & ! magic lant]n ( ,kir*]4 #ahed ,sequ91 a ,fr5*man1 obta9s a pat5t on an improv$ projector4 #ahfj ,claudet1 ,duboscq1 ,%aw & o!rs exp]im5t ) ! to magic disk & ! /]eoscope 9 an ef=t to comb9e ! #ahfe illusion ( motion & ! illusion ( dep?4 #ahfj ,?omas ,hooman ,dumont draws up on pap] a motion picture cam]a4 ,o!r attempts are also made b ! app>atus is n yet ready4 ,pi]re ,hub]t ,desvignes obta9s a ,fr5* pat5t on a sy/em :i* sugge/s ! use ( an endless b& & an app>atus = look+ at /]eoscopic views & small objects 9 motion4 ,he also us$ models in/ead ( designs or photographs 9 8 ef=ts to recapture motion4 #ahfa ,william ,?omas ,%aw ann\nces ! ,/]eo/rope :i* m\nt$ eight /]eoscopic pictures on an octagonal drum4 ,^! 7 view$ 9 an ord9>y ,:eat/one ,/]eoscope4 8,! effect ( solid>ity is sup]add$ s t ! object is p]ceiv$ z if 9 motion & ) an appe>ance ( relief z 9 nature40 ,coleman ,sell]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts ! ,k9ematoscope :i* is a toy us+ a paddle :eel action to %[ 8pos$0 motion pictures4 #ahfd ,l\is ,ducos du ,hauron pat5ts a motion picture photography-projection sy/em1 b !re are no adequate mat]ials available to make x practical4 #ahfe ,james ,la+ ann\nces ! ,motorscope--ano!r solid-plus-motion device ak9 to t ( ,%aw4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! foll[+ also %[$ simil> devices3 ,lon ,f\cauld1 ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ! ,/]e(antascope or ,bioscope2 ,cook & ,bonelli1 ! ,photobioscope2 ,humb]t de ,mol&1 ,reville1 ,almeida1 ,seely & ,lee4 ,a4 ,molt5i1 optician1 ( ,p>is1 inv5ts ! ,*oreutoscope ,t\rnant :i* uses a ,maltese ,cross movem5t1 a type :i* 0 ( consid]able importance 9 ! developm5t ( int]mitt5t movem5t 9 projectors4 #ahff ,lionel ,smi? ,beale1 a speciali/ 9 ! use ( ! microscope1 p]fects ! ,molt5i turn+ :eel4 #ahfh ,john ,wesley ,hyatt ( ,new ,york inv5ts celluloid :ile seek+ a sub/itute = ivory = billi>d balls4 7,prior to ?is "t ,alex&] ,p>kes 9 ,engl& work$ on a product some:at simil> to celluloid b ! process 0 diff]5t47 ,langlois & ,angi]s pat5t an improv$ ,?aumatrope :i* uses microscope views se5 ?r\gh a l5s sy/em4 ,l9nett develops ! ,k9eograph or little book :i*1 :5 ?umb$ rapidly1 fla%es successive pictures be=e ! eye1 creat+ an illusion ( motion4 #ahfi ,o4 ,b4 ,br[n obta9s ! fir/ ,u4 ,s4 pat5t on a projector--x is ! old famili> model ( ,u*atius & uses h&-drawn designs4 ,james ,cl]k ,maxwell1 fam$ = 8 "w 9 color & electricity1 develops :at is hail$ z ! p]fect ,zoetrope or ,:eel ( ,life by sub/itut+ concave l5ses = ! slots 9 ord] to elim9ate di/ortion4 ,h& drawn figures 7 project$ 9 a simil> sy/em4 #ahgj ,h5ry ,r5no ,heyl1 ( ,philadelphia2 ,b\rb\ze1 ,fr5* sci5ti/2 ,sequ91 a pr9t] & arti/1 & o!rs comb9e 8pos$0 motion pictures ) ! magic lant]n s t flick]+1 brief & imp]fect mov+ images appe> on ! scre54 ,b\rb\ze uses pictures at ! ,sorbonne ,univ]sity to %[ ! actions ( pi/ons1 vapor & air ma*9es4 #ahgb ,eadwe>d ,muybridge or ,edw>d ,james ,mugg]idge & o!rs make progress on ! road to ! photograph+ ( successive /ill pictures ( objects 9 motion4 ,lionel ,smi? ,beale1 9 ,engl&1 despairs ( obta9+ en\gh light by ord9>y me?ods s he cuts 8 images on a ?9 brass rim & uses a primitive int]mitt5t movem5t & %utt] 9 projection4 ,device 0 call$ ! ,*oreutoscope4 #ahgd ,pi]re ,jules ,cs> ,janss51 ,fr5* a/ronom]1 p]fects ! photographic-revolv]1 a fix$-motion picture cam]a1 to photograph ! transit ( ,v5us 9 ,japan4 #ahge ,casp> ,w4 ,briggs1 successor to ! ,lang5heims 9 ,philadelphia1 br+s out a projector4 #ahgg ,?omas ,a4 ,edison inv5ts ! ,talk+ ,phonograph4 ,wordswor? ,doni/horpe1 an ,engli% lawy]1 sugge/s ! ,k9esigraph to comb9e ! effects ( ! phonograph & ! magic lant]n4 ,*>les ,emile ,reynaud develops ! ,prax9oscope1 an +5i\s arrangem5t ( ! ,plateau-,/ampf] magic disks1 us+ a mirror set 9 ! c5t]4 #ahgh ,muybridge & ,john ,d4 ,isaacs1 an eng9e]1 a*ieve photographic success ) a 8batt]y0 ( /ill cam]as hook$ up to take successive pictures ( mov+ objects4 ,eti5ne ,jules ,m>ey1 physiologi/1 9 ,p>is analyzes ! motion pictures made by ! ,muybridge-,isaacs sy/em by means ( ! magic disks4 #ahgi ,reynaud works out a projection model ( 8 ,prax9oscope4 #ahha ,jean ,meissoni]1 ,fr5* pa9t]1 uses a magic disk device ) photos to analyze motion & assi/ him 9 8 "w4 #ahhb ,muybridge1 guid$ by ,m>ey 9 ,p>is1 m\nts 8 photographs on a ,u*atius magic lant]n & actual motion pictures briefly are ?r[n on ! scre5 be=e an audi5ce ) ! ,zoopraxiscope4 ,reynaud has a projector call$ ! ,lamposcope--z all e>ly projectors1 limit$ to %[+ ! "o sc5e made up ( a set ( /ills m\nt$ on ! edge ( a disk4 #ahhd ,george ,ea/man beg9s at ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 ! manufacture ( roll pap] film = use 9 8 ,kodak cam]a4 #ahhg ,hannibal ,willi/on ,goodw91 an ,episcopalian m9i/]1 obta9s a pat5t on ,photographic ,pellicle :i* is describ$ z transp>5t1 s5sitive & l celluloid4 ,8 ef=ts came aft] becom+ int]e/$ 9 photography ?r\gh magic lant]n ent]ta9m5ts he conduct$ = 8 congregation4 ,8 pat5ts ultimately l$ to ! bus9ess ( ,an?ony ,scoville1 n[ kn[n z ,ansco4 ,m>ey1 9 ,france1 a*ieves fir/ success ) 8 *ronophotographic or motion picture sy/em us+ slips ( coat$ pap] film4 ,edison beg9s exp]im5ts aim$ at produc+ an app>atus :i* w\ld d = sight :at ! phonograph _h done = s\nd--i4 e41 motion pictures2 & a device :i* w\ld comb9e bo?--i4 e41 a s\nd motion picture sy/em4 #ahhh ,john ,c>butt a*ieves success 9 8 ef=ts1 />t$ sev]al ye>s be=e1 to treat ) photographic *emicals long /rips ( celluloid obta9$ f ! ,hyatt ,company4 ,ea/man cont9ues "w :i* lead to successful motion picture film4 ,l\is ,aim ,augu/9 ,le ,pr9ce pat5ts a multiple l5s cam]a-projector sy/em :i*1 h[ev]1 nev] produc$ satisfactory results4 #ahhi ,ottom> ,ans*tz /imulates int]e/ 9 motion pictures ) 8 ,electrical ,ta*yscope--a good view+ app>atus = a s]ies ( pictures successively illum9at$ by a ,geissl] tube4 ,?is device 0 ! prog5itor ( mod]n /roboscopic photography4 ,edison & ,k5n$y ,laurie ,dickson1 8 assi/ant = motion picture rese>*1 cont9ue inve/igations4 ,film /ock is ord]$ f ,ea/man4 ,fir/ successes are claim$4 ,9 ,p>is1 ,m>ey %[s ,edison a magic disk equipp$ ) photos & light$ by electric fla%es4 ,ea/man applies1 on ,decemb] #aj1 #ahhi1 = a pat5t on 8! manufacture ( flexible photographic films40 ,! pat5t 0 n issu$ until #ahih & a long legal battle ensu$ ) ! ,goodw9 e/ate until a compromise 0 rea*$4 #ahhi to ,edison inve/igations aim$ at produc+ a motion picture #ahid cam]a & projector cont9ue4 #ahhi ,wordswor? ,doni/horpe & ,cr(t obta9 ! fir/ real motion picture pat5ts 9 ,engl& b nev] _h suffici5t f9ancial back+ to p]fect ! sy/em or ev5 make an effici5t model4 #ahij ,john ,ar?ur ,roebuck ,rudge & ,william ,friese ,gre5e & ,mortim] ,evans1 9 ,engl&1 con/ruct a simple1 limit$ motion projector4 #ahia ,edison's ,k9etograph cam]a & ,k9etoscope view+ app>atus complet$ & ! pat5t application made4 ,! pat5t 0 n issu$ = two ye>s4 #ahib ,reynaud runs ! ,?tre ,optique 9 ,p>is1 ! fir/ film !atre :i* uses h&-drawn & n photograph$ pictures4 #ahic ,m>ey develops a motion picture projector :i* uses ! sun = its light s\rce4 ,gre5e pat5ts a cam]a & projector sy/em :i* is limit$ 9 scope4 #ahid ,edison peep-%[ ,k9etoscopes g on display on ,april #ad?1 at #aaee ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 & lat] t ye> on ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,london1 & 9 ,p>is4 ,^! demon/rations influ5ce a numb] ( sci5ti/s & photograph]s :o f9ally solv$ ! problem ( scre5 projection ( cont9u\s motion pictures4 ,ans*tz pat5ts an e>ly projection model 9 ,france4 ,dem5y uses a cam]a & projector sy/em some:at simil> to t develop$ "u ,m>ey4 #ahie ,successful projection ( motion pictures onto a scre5 a*iev$ by ,l\is & ,augu/e ,lumire ) ! ,c9matographe1 9 ,france2 by ,rob]t ,w4 ,paul ) films made by ,birt ,acres 9 ! ,bioscope1 9 ,engl&2 by ,?omas ,armat1 ,c4 ,francis ,j5k9s1 ! ,la?ams1 & o!rs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ahif ,scre5 projection ( motion pictures becomes a comm]cial reality & ! magic %ad[ art />ts on ! way to becom+ ! greate/ ent]ta9m5t m$ium ev] kn[n4 ,9 ,new ,york ! premi]e is held at ,ko/] ,bial's ,music ,hall1 ,h]ald ,squ>e1 ,new ,york ,city1 on ! ev5+ ( ,april #bc1 #ahif4 ,9 addition to ^? nam$1 ! foll[+1 among _m1 7 also work+ on scre5 projection 9 ! #ahie-if-ig p]iod ( success3 ,georges ,melies1 :o br\ght ! _s ( ,phantasmagoria to ! mod]n motion picture2 ,max ,skladan[ski1 :o claim$ a projection %[ at ! ,w9t]g>t5 9 ,dsseldorf 9 ! ,fall ( #ahif2 ,ow5 ,a4 ,eames1 ( ,bo/on2 ,edw9 ,hill ,amet1 ( ,*icago2 ,h5ri ,joly1 ,w4 ,c4 ,hughes1 ,cecil ,m4 ,hopwood1 ,c>p5ti]1 ,drumont1 ,w]n]1 ,goss>t1 ,augu/e ,b>on1 ,grey1 ,proszynski1 ,bets1 ,pi]re ,victor ,cont9s\za1 ,ra\l ,grimo9-,sanson2 ,p]ret ,lacroix2 ,ambrose ,francis ,p>nal&1 ,sall ,mazo2 ,pipon2 ,zion1 ,avias ,h(fman1 ,brun1 ,gau?i]1 ,m5del1 ,messag]1 ,*]i-,r\sseau1 ,morti]1 ,wattson1 ,maguire ,baucus1 ,phillip ,wolff1 ,f4 ,br[n1 ,f4 ,h[>d1 ,ottway1 ,r[e1 ,dom-,m>t91 ,appleton1 ,baxt] ,wray1 ,riley1 ,pre/wi*1 ,newman ,gu>dia1 ,rid] de ,b$ts1 ,noakes ,norman1 ,clem5t ,gilm]1 etc41 etc4 ,?us ! *ronology ( magic %ad[s1 or ! orig9 ( ! motion picture1 concludes ) a roll ( names ( m5 ( _m nations1 a po9t illu/rative bo? ( ! univ]sal appeal ( ! motion picture & ( ! long & div]se collection ( individuals :o contribut$ to ! developm5t ( ! art-sci5ce4 ,app5dix ,,ii ,,bibliography & ,ackn[l$gem5ts ,! pursuit ( ! /ory ( ! orig9 ( ! motion picture has be5 c>ri$ on int]mitt5tly s9ce ! ,w9t] ( #aicf-cg4 ,z hi/orical books mu/ be1 x is bas$ ma9ly on ! writt5 record4 ,ef=ts 7 made1 :5ev] possible1 to g directly to ! s\rce mat]ial4 ,! :ole field ( books on ! motion picture1 z well z /&>d biographical & sci5tific works1 0 survey$4 ,rese>* 0 conduct$ pr9cipally at ! foll[+ libr>ies3 ,libr>y ( ,congress1 ,georget[n ,univ]sity1 ,surgeon ,g5]al's1 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,new ,york ,public & ,columbia ,univ]sity 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,"w 0 also done at ! ,academy ( ,motion ,picture ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,hollywood2 ,new ,york ,eng9e]+ ,societies1 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,london2 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 & ,vittorio ,emanuele--=m]ly ,collegio ,romano--libr>y1 ,rome4 ,"p ( ! orig9al ,kir*] ,museum at ,rome1 0 inspect$ 9 ! ,summ] ( #aici4 7,! e>ly projector models1 accord+ to ! evid5ce n[ available 7 de/roy$ %ortly aft] ,kir*]'s dea?47 ,! #aici exhibit ( ! works ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 9 ,milan 0 visit$4 ,t]ry ,ramsaye1 au?or ( ,a ,million & ,"o ,nights--,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,motion ,picture1 & editor ( ,motion ,picture ,h]ald1 is responsible = sugge/+ l9es ( /udy :i* l$ to ! decision to write ?is book4 ,also1 he has r5d]$ valuable guidance & assi/ance especially 9 connection ) ! e>ly ,am]ican motion picture pione]s1 & 9 read+ ! manuscript & contribut+ ! =eword4 ,special ?anks are due to memb]s ( ! faculty ( ,georget[n ,univ]sity = mak+ available works 9 ! ,riggs ,memorial ,libr>y ( t in/itution & giv+ assi/ance on special aspects ( ! subject4 ,! writ] likewise is grateful = hav+ _h ! opportunity ( consult+ books 9 ! spl5did ,ep/e9 ,photographic ,collection at ! ,columbia ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 & = biographical notes on ,rob]t ,w4 ,paul secur$ ?r\gh ! ,cambridge ,in/rum5t ,company4 ,appreciation is express$ to ,rev4 ,hunt] ,gu?rie1 ,s4,j41 dean ( ! ,graduate ,s*ool1 ,georget[n ,univ]sity1 & to ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,n4 ,goldsmi?1 consult+ eng9e]1 = k9dness 9 read+ pro(s & (f]+ invaluable sugge/ions4 ,,bibliography ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( books1 arrang$ accord+ to ! *apt]s ( ?is /ory1 :i* may s]ve to disclose any p>ticul> "p ( ! subject to read]s :o wi% to make a detail$ /udy4 ,9 g5]al articles 9 ! v>i\s p]iodicals give ! fir/1 & (t5 mo/ complete1 publication ( ea* developm5t4 ,?is li/ repres5ts only a limit$ numb] ( ! books & publications consult$1 b ! pr9cipal titles are includ$3 ,,g5]al ,,t]ry ,,ramsaye4 ,a ,million & ,"o ,nights4 ,new ,york1 #aibf4 ,a /&>d hi/ory ( ! motion picture & a special s\rce ( mat]ial on ,edison1 ,muybridge1 ,armat1 ,la?am & o!r e>ly ,am]ican exp]im5t]s4 ,,joseph ,,anto9e ,,f]d9& ,,plateau4 8,bibliographie des pr9cipaux phnom5es subjectifs de la vision depuis les temps anci5ts jusqu' la f9 du ,,xviii sicle10 ,mmoires4 ,acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 des ,lettres et des ,beaux ,arts de ,belgique4 ,brussels1 #ahgg-ahgh4 ,a mo/ complete1 annotat$ li/ ( works on vision4 ,,lynn ,,?orndike4 ,hi/ory ( ,magic & ,exp]im5tal ,sci5ces4 ,new ,york1 #aibc-da4 ,a monum5tal ref]5ce "w ( p>ticul> int]e/ to s*ol>s4 ,,h5ry ,v4 ,,hopwood4 ,liv+ ,pictures3 _! hi/ory1 photo-reproduction & practical work+4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,,rob]t ,,bruce ,,fo/]4 ,hopwood's ,liv+ ,pictures4 ,london1 #aiae4 ,! orig9al edition ( ?is book & ! revis$ edition bo? include a g5]al review ( e>ly activity plus a valuable bibliography ( ! p]iod f #ahbe to #ahih4 ,g4 ,,mi*el ,,coissac4 ,hi/oire du ,c9matographe de ses orig9es jusqu' nos j\rs4 ,p>is1 #aibe4 ,! fir/ half ( ?is book is an important hi/orical "w1 writt5 f ! ,fr5* po9t ( view4 ,an app5dix li/s ,fr5* c9ema pat5ts issu$ f #ahij to #aijj4 ,,major ,,g5]al ,,james ,,wat]h\se4 8,notes on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! cam]a obscura10 ,photographic ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 ,no4 #i4 ,london1 ,may #ca1 #aija4 ,,georges ,,potonniee4 ,les ,orig9es du ,c9matographe4 ,p>is1 #aibh4 ,,wilfr$ ,e4 ,l4 ,,day4 ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue ( ! ,w ,day ,hi/orical ,collection ( ,c9ematograph & ,mov+ ,picture ,equipm5t4 ,london4 ,,simon ,,h5ry ,,gage ,,& ,,h5ry ,,phelps ,,gage4 ,optic ,projection4 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiad4 ,?is book has a good hi/orical bibliography4 ,p]iodicals :i* conta9 important pap]s include3 ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,london4 ,j\rnal4 ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita94 ,london4 ,comptes-r5dus4 ,acadmie des ,sci5ces 7,in/itut de ,france74 ,p>is4 ,cosmos2 revue des sci5ces et de leurs applications4 7,also kn[n z ,les ,mondes74 ,p>is4 ,la ,nature4 ,p>is4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,new ,york4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice ,gazette4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,photographic ,j\rnal1 includ+ ! transactions ( ! ,royal ,photographic ,society ( ,great ,brita94 ,london4 ,photographic ,j\rnal ( ,am]ica4 ,philadelphia4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,ari/otle4 ,problems4 ,on ,dreams4 ,,euclid4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,geometrie translat$ by ,h4 ,bill+sley4 ,london1 #aegj4 ,la ,prospettiva di ,euclide4 ,flor5ce1 #aegc4 ,,lucretius1 ,de ,r]um ,natura4 ,,ptolemy 7,,claudius ,,ptolemaeus74 ,ptolemaei ,ma!maticae4 ,witt5b]g1 #aedi4 ,almage/4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,bapti/e ,ricciolus1 ,s4 ,j4 #afea4 ,,alhaz54 ,opticae ,!saurus ,alhaz5i ,arabis4 ,basel1 #aegb4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,rog] ,,bacon4 ,fr4 ,rog]i ,bacon ,op]a ,qua$am ,hact5us ,in$ita4 ,j4 ,s4 ,brew/]4 ,london1 #ahei4 ,! ,opus ,majus ( ,rog] ,bacon1 edit$ ) an introduction & analytical table by ,john ,h5ry ,bridges4 ,ox=d1 #ahig-aijj4 ,lett] conc]n+ ! m>vel\s p[] ( art & ( nature1 & conc]n+ ! nullity ( magic4 ,translat$ f ! ,lat9 by ,t5ney ,l4 ,davis4 ,ea/on1 ,pa41 #aibc4 ,"p ( ! ,opus ,t]tium ( ,rog] ,bacon1 includ+ a fragm5t n[ pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t1 edit$ by ,a4 ,g4 ,little4 ,ab]de51 #aiab4 ,,pi]re ,,maurice ,,m>ie ,,duhem4 ,le ,sy/me du monde1 hi/oire des doctr9es cosmologiques de ,platon ,cop]nic4 ,p>is1 #aiac-aiag4 ,,witelo4 ,vitellionis ,tur+opoloni ,libri ,x4 ,basel1 #aegb4 ,vitellionis ,ma!matici ,doctissimi 4 ,nuremb]g1 #aece4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,leon>do ,,di ,,s] ,,pi]o ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,a ,treatise ( ,pa9t+4 ,translat$ f ! orig9al ,lat94 ,p>is1 #afea4 ,! ,life ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci done into ,engli% f ! text ( ! second edition ( ! 8,lives0 7by ,giorgio ,vas>i7 ) a comm5t>y by ,h]b]t ,p4 ,horne4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,! ,lit]>y ,works ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 compil$ & edit$ f ! orig9al manuscripts by ,jean ,paul ,rickt]4 ,london1 #ahhj-ahhc4 ,essai sur les ouvrages physico-ma?matiques de ,lon>d de ,v9ci1 avec des fragm5s tirs de ses manuscripts apports de l',italie4 ,giovanni ,batti/a ,v5turi4 ,p>is1 #agig4 ,,guillaume ,,libri4 ,hi/oire des sci5ces ma?matiques en ,italie1 depuis la r5aissance des lettres jusqu' la f9 du dix-septime sicle4 ,p>is1 #ahch-ahda4 ,,giorgio ,,vas>i4 ,lives ( ,sev5ty ( ! ,mo/ ,em95t ,pa9t]s1 ,sculptors & ,ar*itects4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,h4 & ,e4 ,w4 ,bla%field & ,a4 ,a4 ,hopk9s4 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 ,,francesco ,,maurolico4 ,cosmographia4 ,v5ice1 #aedc4 ,!oremata de ,lum9e1 et ,umbra1 ad ,p]spectivam ,radiorum ,incid5tiam ,faci5tia4 ,leyd51 #afac4 ,,girolamo ,,c>dano4 ,de ,subtilitate4 ,nuremb]g1 #aeej4 ,les ,livres de ,hi]ome ,c>danus ,mdec9 ,milannois4 ,ri*>d ,le ,blanc4 ,p>is1 #aeef4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,giovanni ,,batti/a ,,della ,,porta4 ,magia ,naturalis1 sive de ,miraculis ,r]um ,naturalium4 ,naples1 #aeeh4 ,revis$ & enl>g$ edition4 ,naples1 #aehi4 ,natural ,magic4 ,london1 #afeg4 7,9 ?is ,engli% translation ! au?or's "n is giv5 an ,engli% =m--,john ,bapti/a ,porta47 ,,daniello ,,b>b>o4 ,la ,pratica della ,p]spettiva4 ,v5ice1 #aefi4 ,,giovanni ,,batti/a ,,b5$etti4 ,div]s>um ,speculationum ,ma!matic>um et ,physic>um ,lib]4 ,tur91 #aehe4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,gemma 7,,re9]us7 ,,frisius4 ,de ,radio ,a/ronomico et ,geometrico ,lib]4 ,antw]p1 #aede4 ,,erasmus ,,re9hold4 ,!oricae ,novae ,planet>ium4 ,edit$ by ,georgius ,peurba*ius4 ,p>is1 #aeec4 ,,johannes ,,kepl]4 ,ad ,vitellionem ,p>alipom5a4 ,frank=t1 #afjd4 ,dioptrice4 #afaa4 ,,fran,,ois ,d',,aguilon4 ,optic>um ,libri ,sex4 ,antw]p1 #afhe4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,a?anasius ,,kir*]4 ,vita admodum rev]5di ,p4 ,a?anasii ,kir*]i1 ,societ4 ,jesu1 vir toto orbe celebratissimus4 #afhd4 ,! ,lat9 autobiography ( ,a?anasius ,kir*]1 edit$ by ,j]ome ,lang5mantel 7,hi]onymus ,ambrosius ,lang5mantelius74 ,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbrae4 ,rome1 #afdf4 ,second edition4 ,am/]dam1 #afga4 ,num]\s o!r books by ,kir*] on _m subjects4 ,see ,kir*]'s bibliography 9 ,la ,biblio?que des ,ecriva9s de la ,compagnie de ,jsus1 by ,augu/9 & ,aloysius de ,back]1 & ,biblio?que de la ,compagnie de ,jsus by ,*>les ,somm]vogel4 ,,george ,,de ,,sepibus ,,valesius4 ,romani ,collegii ,societatis ,jesu ,musum4 ,celeb]rimum4 ,am/]dam1 #afgh4 ,musum ,kir*]ianum 9 ,romano ,soc4 ,jesu ,coliegio4 ,rome1 #agjg4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,gasp> ,,s*ott4 ,magia ,univ]salis ,natur et ,artis4 ,wrzburg1 #afeh-afgd4 ,,claude ,,fran,,ois ,,milliet ,,de ,,*ales4 ,cursus seu ,mundus ,ma!maticus4 ,lyons1 #afij4 ,,johann ,,zahn4 ,oculus ,artificialis ,tel$ioptricus sive ,telescopium4 ,nuremb]g1 #afhe4 ,specula ,physico-,ma!matico-,hi/oria ,notabilium ac ,mirabilium ,sci5dorum4 ,nuremb]g1 #afif4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,piet] ,,van ,,muss*5broek4 ,physic exprim5tales4 ,leyd51 #agbi2 ,v5ice1 #agef4 ,c\rs de ,physique ,exprim5tale et ,ma?matique4 ,p>is1 #agfi4 ,,abb ,,guyot4 ,n\velles ,recrations ,physiques et ,ma?matiques4 ,p>is1 #aggj4 ,,william ,,hoop]4 ,rational ,recreations4 ,london1 #aggd4 ,second edition1 #aghb4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,eti5ne ,,gasp>d ,,rob]t 7,,rob]tson74 ,mmoires ,rcratifs1 ,sci5tifiques et ,anecdotiques du ,physici5-,aronaute4 ,p>is1 #ahca-cc4 ,,william ,,rit*ie4 8,proposal = ,improv+ ! ,phantasmagoria10 ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal4 #ahbe4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,john ,,ayrton ,,p>is 7,publi%$ anonym\sly7 ,philosophy 9 ,sport ,made ,sci5ce 9 ,e>ne/4 ,london1 #ahbg4 ,,david ,,brew/]4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,kaleidoscope4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahai4 ,! ,/]eoscope3 ,its ,hi/ory1 ,!ory & ! ,con/ruction1 ) ,its ,application to ! ,f9e & ,useful ,arts & to ,education4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,,joseph ,,prie/ly4 ,! ,hi/ory & ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,discov]ies ,relat+ to ,vision1 ,light & ,col\rs4 ,london1 #aggb4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,lamb]t ,,adolphe ,,jacques ,,quetelet1 editor4 ,correspondance ,ma?matique et ,physique4 ,brussels4 ,s4 ,,/ampf]4 ,jahrb*] ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ule4 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 #bcg4 ,vi5na1 #ahcd4 ,e4 ,s4 ,,snell4 8,on ! ,magic ,disks 9 ,am]ica10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts4 7,silliman's ,j\rnal74 ,vol4 #bg1 p4 #caj4 ,new ,hav51 #ahce4 ,,pet] ,,m>k ,,roget4 ,animal & ,vegetable ,physiology1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to natural !ology4 ,london1 #ahcd4 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique4 ,p>is4 ,bullet94 ,l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 des ,lettres1 et des ,beaux ,arts4 ,brussels4 ,annuaire4 ,l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 des ,lettres1 et des ,beaux ,arts4 ,brussels1 #ahhe4 ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie4 ,edit$ by ,johann ,*ri/ian ,pogg5dorff4 ,leipzig4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,franz ,,u*atius4 8,app>at zur ,d>/ellung bewegli*] ,bild] an d] ,w&0 7,app>atus = ! ,pres5tation ( ,motion ,pictures ^u a ,wall74 ,sitzungsb]i*te4 ,k4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft54 ,vi5na1 #ahec4 ,,k>l ,,spacil4 8,franz ,freih]r von ,u*atius10 ,s*weiz]is*e ,zeits*rift fr ,artill]ie und ,g5ie4 ,vol4 ,,xli1 pp4 #baf-bbc4 ,frau5feld1 #aije4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,m>cus ,a4 ,,root4 ,! ,cam]a & ! ,p5cil2 or ! ,heliographic ,art1 its !ory & practice4 ,philadelphia1 #ahfd4 ,p5nsylvania ,arts & ,sci5ces4 ,a qu>t]ly publi%$ by ! ,p5nsylvania ,arts & ,sci5ces ,society4 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #be4 ,philadelphia1 #aicg4 ,,ri*>d ,,buckley ,,lit*field4 ,tom ,w$gwood--,! ,fir/ ,photograph]4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,,georges ,,potonniee4 ,hi/oire de la ,dc\v]te de la ,photographie4 ,p>is1 #aibe4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,discov]y ( ,photography4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,edw>d ,ep/ean4 ,new ,york1 #aicf4 ,,l\is ,,jacques ,,m&e ,,dagu]re4 ,hi/orique et ,description des ,procds du ,dagu]rotype et du ,diorma4 ,p>is1 #ahci4 ,,*>les ,,l\is ,,*evali]4 ,guide de ,photographie4 ,p>is1 #ahed4 ,,victor ,,f\que4 ,! ,tru? ,conc]n+ ! ,inv5tion ( ,photography4 ,nicphore ,niepce2 8 life1 lett]s & works4 ,translat$ by ,edw>d ,ep/ean4 ,new ,york3 ,t5nant ,w>d1 #aice4 ,la ,vrit sur l'inv5tion de la ,photographie4 ,nicphore ,niepce1 sa vie1 ses essais1 ses travaux1 d'aprs sa correspondance et autres docum5ts in$ita4 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 ,,h5ry ,,r5no ,,heyl4 8,a ,contribution to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,photograph+ ,liv+ ,subjects 9 ,motion & ,reproduc+ ! ,natural ,movem5ts by ! ,lant]n10 ,j\rnal4 ,! ,frankl9 ,in/itute4 ,vol4 ,,cxv1 p4 #caj4 ,philadelphia1 #ahih4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,eti5ne ,,jules ,,m>ey4 ,le ,m\vem5t4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,movem5t4 ,london & ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,la ,m?ode ,graphique dans les sci5ces exprim5tales et pr9cipalem5t en physiologie et en mdec9e4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,la ,*ronophotographie1 applique l'tude des actes musculaires dans la locomotion4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,*ronophotography4 7,an extract f ! ,smi?sonian ,report = #aija74 ,wa%+ton1 #aijb4 ,,eadwe>d ,,muybridge4 ,j\rnal4 ,publi%$ by ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhc4 ,j4 ,d4 ,b4 ,,/illman4 ,! ,horse 9 ,motion1 z %[n by in/antane\s photography4 ,! ,muybridge photographs publi%$ "u ! auspices ( ,lel& ,/an=d4 ,bo/on1 #ahhb4 ,,georges ,,potonniee4 ,l\is ,ducos du ,hauron1 8 life & "w4 ,translat$ by ,edw>d ,ep/ean f ! ,fr5* edition ( #aiad4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,photo-,engrav]s ,bullet94 ,febru>y & ,m>*4 ,new ,york1 #aici4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,t]ry ,,ramsaye4 ,a ,million & ,"o ,nights4 ,new ,york1 #aibf4 ,,antonia ,,& ,,william ,,k5n$y ,,laurie ,,dickson4 8,edison's ,inv5tion ( ! ,k9eto-phonograph10 repr9t$ f ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,june1 #ahid1 ) an introduction by ,*>les ,gall[ay ,cl>ke4 ,los ,angeles1 #aici4 ,,dayton ,,cl>5ce ,,mill]4 ,anecdotal ,hi/ory ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,s\nd to ! beg9n+ ( ! #bj? ,c5tury4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan1 #aice4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,maurice ,,nov]re4 ,la ,vrit sur l'inv5tion de la ,projection ,anime4 ,emile ,reynaud1 sa ,vie1 et ses ,travaux4 ,bre/1 #aibf4 ,,georges ,,brunel4 ,les ,projections ,m\vem5tes4 ,p>is1 #ahig4 ,,eug5e ,,trutat4 ,trait ,gnral des ,projections4 ,p>is1 #ahig4 ,la ,photographie ,anime1 avec une prface de ,j4 ,m>ey4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,,georges ,,emile ,,joseph ,,dem5y4 ,les ,orig9es du ,c9matographe4 ,p>is1 #aiji4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,ramsaye4 ,lib4 cit4 ,,luci5 ,,bull4 ,la ,c9matographie4 ,p>is1 #aibh4 ,index ,a ,acres1 ,birt1 #aeb1 #aed1 #agf4 ,aft]-images1 #ah1 #de4 ,aguilon1 ,franois d'1 #df1 #dg1 #aji1 #aff4 ,ailly1 ,pi]re d'1 #bf4 ,alb]ti1 ,leone ,batti/a1 #cj1 #ca1 #ch1 #da1 #fe1 #afe4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,/41 #cb1 #afd4 ,alhambra ,!atre1 #aec4 ,alhaz51 #ac1 #ba-bc1 #bf1 #ca1 #afa1 #afd4 ,alk9di1 #afd4 ,almeida1 #agb4 ,am]ican ,mutoscope 7 ,biograph7 ,company1 #ada1 #aeh4 ,amet1 ,edw9 ,hill1 #agf4 ,angi]s1 #agb4 ,animatograph1 #aec4 ,anor?oscope1 #id1 #if4 ,ans*tz1 ,ottom>1 #abf1 #acd1 #aci1 #adc1 #adf1 #adg1 #aed-aef1 #agd1 #agf4 ,appleton1 #agf4 ,ar*]1 ,fr$]ick ,scott1 #aab1 #aaf4 ,ar*im$es1 #ac1 #ah-bb1 #ci1 #fc1 #gg1 #ajc1 #afa1 #afc4 ,ari/otle1 #ac1 #ag1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #cb1 #fd1 #afa1 #afc4 ,armat1 ,?omas1 #aa1 #aed-afj1 #agf4 ,arzonis1 ,pi]ro de1 #dj4 ,av]ros1 #afd4 ,avias ,h(fman1 #agf4 ,avic5na1 #afd4 ,b ,babbage1 ,*>les1 #hd1 #afi4 ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #bc1 #bd-bh1 #cb-cd1 #ch1 #de1 #fh1 #afa1 #afd4 ,banks1 ,joseph1 #hd4 ,b>b>o1 ,daniello1 #ci1 #da1 #aff4 ,b>b]9i1 ,francesco ,c>d9al1 #aj1 #ea1 #eg4 ,b>on1 ,augu/e1 #agf4 ,baxt] ,wray1 #agf4 ,bay>d1 ,hippolyte1 #agj4 ,beale1 ,lionel ,smi?1 #agb1 #agc4 ,b$ts1 ,rid] de1 #agf4 ,b5$etti1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 #ci-da1 #aff4 ,bets1 #agf4 ,bial1 ,alb]t1 #aa4 ,see also ,ko/] ,bial's ,music ,hall4 ,bio-,phantoscope1 #ada4 ,biograph1 #aeh4 ,bioscope3 ,dem5y's1 #ade2 ,duboscq's1 #aji2 ,f\cauld's1 #agb2 ,paul's1 #agf4 ,bj]knes1 #abd4 8,black ,art40 ,see ,necromancy4 ,blair ,company1 #aec4 ,bliss ,s*ool ( ,electricity1 #aed4 ,boe?ius1 #afd4 ,b\ly1 ,lon1 #aej4 ,b\rb\ze1 #aba1 #agb4 ,boyle1 ,rob]t1 #afg4 ,brahe1 ,ty*o1 #dc4 ,brew/]1 ,david1 #hc1 #afi1 #aga4 ,briggs1 ,casp> ,w41 #aab1 #aad1 #agc4 ,br[n1 ,ar?ur1 #abj4 ,br[n1 ,f41 #agf4 ,br[n1 ,o4 ,b41 #aab1 #aac1 #agb4 ,brun1 #agf4 ,burn+ ,glasses1 #ai-ba1 #fc1 #fe1 #ajc1 #afc4 ,c ,caglio/ro1 ,aless&ro conte di1 #gf4 ,calotype4 ,see ,talbot calotype process4 ,cam]a3 ,see also ,cam]a lucida & ,cam]a obscura2 8batt]y sy/em0 7,muybridge-,isaacs71 #abj1 #abb1 #abf1 #abg1 #agc2 motion picture1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abe1 #abf1 #abi1 #acc1 #acf1 #ada1 #aej-aec1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #agd1 #age1 #agf2 portable1 #de1 #df1 #adc1 #ade1 #adf1 #aeb1 #afg1 #afh2 ) microscope1 #ade2 ) projector1 #adb1 #adc4 ,cam]a lucida1 #cj1 #ch1 #ci1 #fe1 #afg1 #afi4 ,see also ,cam]a4 ,cam]a obscura1 #bf1 #bi-ca1 #cc-de1 #ec1 #gc1 #ajg1 #afe1 #aff1 #agj4 ,see also ,cam]a4 ,c>butt1 ,john1 #acc1 #agd4 ,c>dano1 ,girolamo1 #bj1 #cd1 #ce1 #afe4 ,c>p5ti]1 ,jules1 #aej1 #agf4 ,case1 ,!odore1 #afj4 ,casl]1 ,h]man1 #aeg4 ,cave ( ,font-de-,faune4 ,see ,font-de-,faune1 ,cave (4 ,c]cle de ,gymna/ique ,rationnelle1 #abe4 ,ces>iano1 ,ces>e1 #cb-cd1 #afe4 ,*ales1 ,claude ,franois ,milliet de1 #eh1 #fb1 #fd-ff1 #fh1 #fi1 #afg4 ,*>les1 ,jacques ,alex&re ,cs>1 #afh4 ,*]i-,r\sseau1 #agf4 ,*evali]1 ,alb]t1 #aei4 ,*icago ,_w's ,fair4 ,see ,expositions4 ,*9ese ,%ad[ ,plays4 ,see ,%ad[ ,plays4 ,*oreutoscope1 #agc4 ,*oreutoscope ,t\rnant1 #agb4 ,*ronophotographe1 #adc4 ,*ronophotography1 #aaf1 #abf1 #agd4 ,c9matographe1 #aej-aea1 #age4 ,c9ematoscope1 #aed4 ,see also ,k9ematoscope4 ,cl>ke1 ,e4 ,m41 #agj4 ,claudet1 ,anto9e ,franois ,jean1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aga4 ,clem5t ,gilm]1 #agf4 ,collegio ,romano1 #i1 #aj1 #df1 #ea1 #ei1 #fj1 #fc4 ,color ,p]ception1 #hh4 ,color ,photography1 #aag1 #adc1 #aeg4 ,color ,pr9t+1 #aag4 ,color ,projection4 ,see ,projection4 ,cont9s\za1 ,pi]re ,victor1 #agf4 ,cook & ,bonelli1 #agb4 ,cotton ,/ates ,exposition4 ,see ,expositions4 ,cr(t1 ,w4 ,c41 #aci1 #age4 ,crookes1 #abd4 ,cruik%ank1 ,george1 #ha4 ,d ,dagu]re1 ,l\is ,jacques ,m&1 #ajf1 #aji1 #ada1 #agj4 ,dagu]reotype1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaj4 ,d',aguilon1 ,franois4 ,see ,aguilon1 ,franois d'4 ,d',ailly1 ,pi]re4 ,see ,ailly1 ,pi]re d'4 ,danti1 ,e41 #ci4 ,da ,v9ci1 ,leon>do4 ,see ,v9ci1 ,leon>do da4 ,day1 ,wilfr$1 #add4 ,deal]s1 comm]cial1 #fi1 #ajb1 #acg1 #aeh4 ,de ,b$ts1 ,rid]4 ,see ,b$ts1 ,rid] de4 ,de ,*ales1 ,claude ,franois ,milliet4 ,see ,*ales1 ,claude ,franois ,milliet de4 ,de ,=e/1 ,lee1 #afj4 ,della ,porta1 ,giovanni ,batti/a4 ,see ,porta1 ,giovanni ,batti/a della4 ,dem5y1 ,georges1 #abe1 #acc1 #aci1 #ade1 #adf1 #aej1 #agf4 ,de ,mol&1 ,humb]t4 ,see ,mol&1 ,humb]t de4 ,desvignes1 ,pi]re ,hub]t1 #aga4 ,de ,valesius1 ,george4 ,see ,valesius1 ,george de4 ,diaphragm1 #ci4 ,dickson1 ,antonia1 #acg4 ,dickson1 ,william ,k5n$y ,laurie1 #acc1 #acd1 #acf1 #acg1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #agd4 ,disks3 ,see also ,phnaki/icope2 glass1 #abh2 magic1 see ,plateau-,/ampf] ,magic ,disks2 mica1 #aad2 ,plateau-,/ampf]1 see ,plateau-,/ampf] ,magic ,disks2 revolv+1 see ,revolv+ ,disks2 z9c %utt]1 #abh4 ,disney1 ,walt1 #ad1 #aec4 ,dom-,m>t91 #agf4 ,doni/horpe1 ,wordswor?1 #acj1 #aca1 #aci1 #adj1 #adf1 #adh1 #aeb1 #agc1 #age4 ,drumont1 #agf4 ,dry-plate ,photography4 ,see ,photography4 ,duboscq1 ,jules1 #aji1 #aaj1 #agj1 #aga4 ,du ,hauron1 ,l\is ,ducos1 #aag1 #aah1 #agb4 ,duh\sset1 ,col41 #aaf4 ,dumont1 ,?omas ,hooman1 #aga4 ,duval1 ,ma?ias1 #aaf1 #abe4 ,e ,eames1 ,ow5 ,a41 #agf4 ,ea/man1 ,george1 #acj1 #acd1 #adj1 #aej1 #agd1 #age4 ,edison1 ,?omas ,alva1 #ab1 #fa1 #ajb1 #abf1 #abh-ach1 #ada1 #adc1 #ade1 #adf1 #adh1 #adi1 #aed1 #aeg-afa1 #agc-age4 ,edgewor?1 ,m>ia1 #ha4 ,eidoloscope1 #aeg4 ,electrical ,ta*yscope1 #abg1 #acd1 #aci1 #aed-aef1 #agd4 ,engli% ,mirrors4 ,see ,mirrors4 ,euclid1 #ba1 #afc4 ,eul]1 ,leonh>d1 #afh4 ,evans1 ,mortim]1 #aci1 #adb1 #adh1 #age4 ,expositions3 ,*icago ,_w's ,fair1 #abg1 #acf1 #aed2 ,cotton ,/ates1 #aee2 ,p>is--#ahhi1 #abh1 #acd2 ,works ( ,all ,nations1 #ajh-aaj4 ,f ,fantascope1 #gh1 #ic1 #id1 #if1 #aji1 #agj4 ,see also ,phantoscope & ,phnaki/icope4 ,f>aday1 ,mi*ael1 #hg1 #ia1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #aji1 #aaa1 #agj4 ,film3 ,see also ,ea/man & ,goodw92 celluloid1 #acc1 #adb1 #add1 #adg1 #aej1 #agb1 #agd2 on spools or reels1 #acc1 #adh2 pa9t$1 #adg1 #aec2 pap]1 #abf1 #acb1 #adj1 #agd2 p]=at$ or not*$1 #acc1 #acd1 #ade1 #aej2 pla/ic1 #acd1 #adb1 #aej1 #aec1 #aeg1 #agd2 unp]=at$1 #ade1 #aeh4 ,fitton1 ,william1 #hd1 #afi4 ,flamm>ion1 ,c41 #aaf4 ,fonta9e1 #abi4 ,font-de-,faune1 ,cave (1 #ad4 ,=e/1 ,lee de4 ,see ,de ,=e/1 ,lee4 ,f\cauld1 ,lon1 #agb4 ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 #gd1 #afh4 ,friese-,gre5e1 ,william4 ,see ,gre5e1 ,william ,friese4 ,g ,gal51 #afd4 ,galileo1 #de4 ,gammon4 ,see ,raff ,gammon4 ,gaumont1 ,lon1 #adf1 #aej4 ,gau?i]1 #agf4 ,geb]1 #afd4 ,geissl]1 ,he9ri*1 #abg4 ,geissl] tube4 ,see ,projection ,light ,s\rces4 ,georgiades1 ,george1 #ach1 #aea4 ,gilmore1 ,w4 ,e41 #aeh4 ,giovio1 ,b5$etto1 #cc4 ,glass ,slides4 ,see ,slides4 ,glasses1 ,burn+4 ,see ,burn+ ,glasses4 ,goodw91 ,hannibal ,willi/on1 #agd1 #age4 ,goss>t1 ,a41 #agf4 ,govi1 #abd4 ,graves&e1 ,willem ,jakob van's4 ,see ,van's ,graves&e1 ,willem ,jakob4 ,gre5e1 ,william ,friese1 #aci1 #adb-add1 #adh1 #age4 ,grey1 #agf4 ,grimo9-,sanson1 ,ra\l1 #agf4 ,gu9>d1 ,pi]re ,l41 #afh4 ,gut5b]g1 #afe4 ,guyot1 ,jean ,gilles1 #ga1 #gb1 #ge4 ,h ,hammond's ,teleview1 #aaa4 ,h>ris1 ,augu/us1 #aec4 ,h>ris1 ,john1 #afg4 ,hauron1 ,l\is ,ducos du4 ,see ,du ,hauron1 ,l\is ,ducos4 ,hauslab1 ,field ,m>%all von1 #ii1 #ajb4 ,helioc9egraphe1 #aaj4 ,helio/at1 #afg4 ,heliotypes1 #afi4 ,helmholtz1 ,h]mann ,ludwig ,f]d9& von1 #abd4 ,h]s*el1 ,john1 #hd1 #afi4 ,heyl1 ,h5ry ,r5no1 #aab-aad1 #aba1 #agb4 ,holl&1 ,&rew1 ,m41 #acg4 ,holl& ,bros41 #aea4 ,hooke1 ,rob]t1 #afg4 ,hopk9s1 ,alfr$1 #acj4 ,hopwood1 ,cecil ,m41 #agf4 ,horn]1 ,william ,george1 #aji1 #agj4 ,h[>d1 ,f41 #agf4 ,hoxie1 ,*>les ,a41 #afj4 ,hughes1 ,w4 ,c41 #agf4 ,hunt1 ,rob]t1 #ajh4 ,hunt]1 ,rudolph ,melville1 #aef4 ,hyalotype1 #ajh1 #aga4 ,hyatt ,company1 #acc1 #aec4 ,hyatt1 ,john ,wesley1 #agb4 ,hydroc>bon ,lamp4 ,see ,projection ,light ,s\rces4 ,i ,illusion ( ,motion4 ,see ,motion1 ,illusion (4 ,illusions1 ,optical1 #fc1 #gc4 ,int]mitt5t ,movem5t4 ,see ,movem5t1 ,int]mitt5t4 ,isaacs1 ,john ,d41 #aah1 #abj1 #agc4 ,j ,jacob1 ,willem1 #add4 ,janss51 ,pi]re ,jules ,cs>1 #aaf1 #abe1 #agc4 ,janss51 ,za*>y1 #de4 ,japanese ,mirrors4 ,see ,mirrors4 8,jazz ,s+]1 ,!10 #afj4 ,j5k9s1 ,c4 7,*>les7 ,francis1 #aee1 #aef1 #agf4 ,j5n+s1 ,w4 ,n41 #adc4 8,j4 ,m401 #hg1 #afi4 ,joly1 ,h5ri1 #agf4 ,k ,kaleidophone1 #afi4 ,kaleidoscope1 #ec1 #hc1 #afi4 ,ka/]1 ,capta91 #hd4 ,kei?'s ,!atre1 #aea4 ,kepl]1 ,johannes1 #dc-df1 #aff4 ,kesl]1 ,john ,/ephan1 #fj4 ,k9ematoscope1 #aab1 #aad1 #agb4 ,see also ,c9ematoscope4 ,k9eograph1 #agb4 ,k9eopticon1 #aed4 ,k9esigraph1 #aca1 #aci1 #agc4 ,k9etic ,lant]n1 #aed4 ,k9etograph1 #acj1 #acc1 #ace-ach1 #adi1 #age4 ,k9etophonograph1 #acg1 #ach4 ,k9etoscope1 #acj1 #acc1 #acg1 #aea1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeh1 #aei1 #age4 ,k9etoscope ,exhibition ,company1 #aef4 ,k9etoscope ,p>lor1 #acg4 ,k+/on-on-,?ames ,museum1 #abh4 ,kir*]1 ,a?anasius1 #i-ab1 #bj1 #df1 #dh-hj1 #he1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #afa1 #aff1 #aga4 ,,kmcd ,syndicate1 #aeg4 ,koopman1 ,e4 ,b41 #aeg4 ,ko/] ,bial's ,music ,hall1 #aa1 #aeh1 #aei1 #agf4 ,kunckelius1 ,j41 #fh4 ,l ,la+1 ,james1 #agb4 ,lambda ,company1 #aeg4 ,lamposcope1 #abd1 #agd4 ,lang5heim ,bro!rs1 #ajf-aab1 #aad1 #afa1 #aga1 #agc4 ,lang5heim1 ,fr$]ic1 #ajf-ajh1 #aab1 #aga4 ,see also ,lang5heim ,bro!rs4 ,lang5heim1 ,william1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aab1 #aga4 ,see also ,lang5heim ,bro!rs4 ,lang5mantel1 ,j]ome1 #ei1 #fg4 ,langley1 ,samuel ,p41 #ade4 ,langlois1 #agb4 ,lant]ns4 ,see ,k9etic ,lant]n1 ,magic ,lant]n1 ,megalographica ,lant]n1 & ,?aumaturga ,lant]n4 ,la?am1 ,grey1 #aef1 #agf4 ,la?am1 ,otway1 #aef1 #agf4 ,la?am1 ,woodville1 #aef-aeh1 #agf4 ,lau/e1 ,eugne1 #aeg4 ,lee1 #agb4 ,l5ses1 #ci1 #ed1 #fc1 #fe-fg1 #fi1 #gj1 #ge1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajh1 #aab1 #ada1 #add1 #aee1 #aff-afg4 ,le ,pr9ce1 ,l\is ,aim ,augu/91 #aci1 #ada1 #agd4 ,levison1 ,wallace ,goold1 #adc4 ,libri1 ,guillaume1 #cd4 ,liesegang1 ,paul ,e41 #adg4 ,l9nett1 #agb4 ,lucretius1 #if1 #ig1 #afc4 ,lumire1 ,augu/e1 #aej1 #age4 ,lumire ,bros41 #adi1 #aej1 #age4 ,lumire1 ,l\is1 #adi1 #aej1 #aeh1 #age4 ,m ,maddox1 ,r4 ,l41 #aaf4 ,mad\1 #ib4 ,magascope1 #afh4 ,magic ,disks4 ,see ,plateau-,/ampf] ,magic ,disks4 ,magic ,lant]n3 #i1 #aa1 #dh-fi1 #hd1 #ih1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #acf1 #adg1 #aej1 #aff1 #aga1 #agc2 ,motion effects3 ,see ,*apt]s ,,viii & ,,ix4 ,magnify+ glass1 #ae1 #afc4 ,maguire ,baucus1 #agf4 ,maltese ,cross ,ge> ,sy/em1 #aec1 #aee1 #agb4 ,m>ey1 ,eti5ne ,jules1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aai1 #aba-abi1 #acc1 #acd1 #acg1 #aci1 #adc-ade1 #adg1 #adh1 #aej1 #aea1 #afa1 #agc-age4 ,m>iro1 ,bruono1 #cc4 ,m>is*elle1 ,h41 #adf4 ,m>v91 ,h5ry ,norton1 #aeg4 ,mason1 ,joe1 #ada4 ,maurolico 7,maurolycus71 ,francesco1 #cb1 #cc1 #afe4 ,maxwell1 ,james ,cl]k1 #agc4 ,megalographica ,lant]n1 #fg4 ,meissoni]1 ,jean ,l\is ,erne/1 #abc1 #abh1 #agd4 ,melies1 ,georges1 #agf4 ,m5del1 #agf4 ,messag]1 #agf4 ,microscope1 #ae1 #be1 #cb1 #fg1 #afh1 #agb4 ,mirrors3 #ci1 #dj1 #ec1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #afd2 ,engli%1 #af1 #ag1 #afc2 ,japanese1 #af1 #afc4 ,mohr1 ,ni*olas1 #fc4 ,moigno1 ,abb ,franois ,napolon ,m>ie1 #if1 #aaj1 #agj4 ,moissant1 ,*>les1 #aej4 ,mol&1 ,humb]t de1 #agb4 ,molt5i1 ,a41 #agb4 ,molyneux1 ,william1 #fb1 #fh1 #fi1 #afg4 ,morti]1 #agf4 ,motion ,color ,photography1 #adc4 ,motion1 ,illusion (1 #ad1 #ah1 #ba1 #bf1 #de1 #gc1 #hi-ig1 #ajj-aad4 ,motion ,photography1 #aaf-abe1 #abh1 #acb1 #adc1 #adf1 #adg4 ,motion ,projection3 ,see ,projection4 ,motorscope1 #agb4 ,movem5t1 ,int]mitt5t1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aej1 #aec1 #aee1 #agb1 #agc4 ,see also ,m>ey & ,muybridge4 ,mll]1 ,johann1 #agj4 ,mugg]idge1 ,edw>d ,james3 ,see ,muybridge1 ,eadwe>d4 ,multiple ,l5ses3 ,see ,l5ses4 ,muss*5broek1 ,piet] van1 #gj-gd1 #gf1 #gg1 #afa1 #afh4 ,mutograph1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,mutoscope1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,muybridge1 ,eadwe>d1 #aah-abh1 #acg1 #adb1 #adg1 #afa1 #agc1 #agd4 ,n ,natural ,cam]a3 ,see ,cam]a ,obscura4 ,necromancy1 #i1 #aj1 #bh1 #ef1 #ge1 #gf1 #aad1 #afd4 ,see also ,phantasmagoria4 ,newman ,gu>dia1 #agf4 ,newnes1 ,george1 #adj4 ,newsreel1 fir/1 #aea4 ,nic]on1 ,jean ,pi]re1 #aff4 ,ni*olas ( ,cusa1 #afe4 ,niepce1 ,joseph ,nicphore1 #afi1 #agj4 ,noakes ,norman1 #agf4 ,nollet1 ,abb1 #ga1 #gc1 #gd1 #afh4 ,o ,olympia ,!atre1 #aec4 ,optical ,illusions3 ,see ,illusions1 ,optical4 ,ott1 ,fr$1 #acf1 #acg4 ,ottway1 #agf4 ,p ,pantograph1 #df4 ,pantoptikon1 #aeg4 ,panuce3 ,see ,papnutio1 ,b5$ettano ,don4 ,papnutio1 ,b5$ettano ,don1 #cc1 #cd1 #afe4 ,p>is1 ,john ,ayrton1 #hj-hd1 #afa1 #afi4 ,p>nal&1 ,ambrose ,francis1 #agf4 ,p>kes1 ,alex&]1 #agb4 ,pa?1 ,*>les1 #aec4 ,paul1 ,rob]t ,william1 #aea-aed1 #aeh1 #agf4 ,peacock1 ,?omas ,love1 #ha4 ,peckham1 ,john1 #cc1 #afe4 ,peep-%[ ma*9e1 ,edison's1 #if1 #acd1 #ach1 #aci1 #adi1 #aed1 #aee4 ,p]ret ,lacroix1 #agf4 ,p]si/5ce ( vision1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #ch1 #hj1 #hb1 #hc1 #he-hg1 #id1 #ig1 #afc1 #afd1 #afi4 ,phantasmagoria1 #ge-gi1 #aad1 #aeb1 #afh4 ,see also ,necromancy4 ,phantoscope1 #gh1 #aee4 ,see also ,fantascope4 ,phasmatrope1 #aac1 #aad4 ,phnaki/icope1 #ib-id1 #if1 #ig1 #aji1 #agj4 ,see also ,fantascope4 ,phonetic ,kaleidoscope1 #afi4 ,phonograph1 #acj-acb1 #adj1 #adf1 #aed1 #aei1 #agc1 #agd4 ,photo-gun1 #aaf1 #abb1 #abe1 #ade1 #agc4 ,photobioscope1 #agb4 ,photograph projection1 #aje-aad1 #aba1 #acd1 #adb4 ,photographic ,pellicle1 #agd4 ,photography3 color1 see ,color ,photography2 dry plate1 #aaf2 motion1 see ,motion ,photography2 motion color1 see ,motion ,color ,photography2 wet plate1 #aab1 #abj4 ,photophone1 #adf4 ,photoscope1 #adf4 ,physiological ,p>k1 ,m>ey's1 #abe4 ,pipon1 #agf4 ,plateau1 ,joseph ,anto9e ,f]d9&1 #he-ig1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aae1 #abb1 #acj1 #afa1 #agj4 ,plateau-,/ampf] ,magic ,disks1 #ic-if1 #ih-ajj1 #ajh-aaj1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aba1 #abc1 #abf1 #abh1 #acg1 #adb1 #agj1 #aga1 #agc4 ,pl9y1 #cb1 #afc4 ,porta1 ,giovanni ,batti/a della1 #cf-de1 #dg1 #dh1 #adh1 #afa1 #aff4 ,prax9oscope1 #abd1 #adg1 #agd4 ,pre/wi*1 #agf4 ,pr9ce1 ,l\is ,aim ,augu/9 ,le3 ,see ,le ,pr9ce1 ,l\is ,aim ,augu/94 ,projection3 color1 #ff1 #fi1 #if1 #aja1 #aec1 #aei2 motion1 #fh1 #gj-ge1 #hi1 #ib1 #ih1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aab1 #aag1 #aba1 #abg1 #abh1 #acj1 #acf1 #aci1 #adj1 #adi1 #aeb1 #aga-agf2 photograph1 see ,photograph ,projection2 slide1 see ,slide ,projection2 film1 see ,film2 light s\rces1 see ,projection ,light ,s\rces2 re>1 #adh2 scre51 #aj1 #aa1 #dj1 #ib1 #ih1 #ajd1 #aba1 #abc1 #acb1 #acd1 #adg1 #adh1 #aed-aei1 #agf2 ?ree-dim5sional1 #fe1 #aji-aaa4 ,projection ,l5ses3 ,see ,l5ses4 ,projection ,light ,s\rces3 c&le1 #ed2 electric arc1 #add2 gas lamp1 #ajh1 #afi2 ,geissl] tube1 #abg1 #abh1 #adg1 #agd2 hydroc>bon lamp1 #ii2 oxyhydrog5 light1 #aja1 #adf1 #aga2 sun1 #ee1 #add1 #afg1 #age2 table lamp1 #fg1 #gc1 #abd4 ,projection ( ,motion3 ,see ,projection4 ,projectors3 #ae1 #ajd1 #abi1 #aci1 #adi1 #afc-agf2 ,acres1 #aed2 ,ans*tz1 #adf1 #adg2 ,armat-,edison1 #aeh-afj2 ,armat-,j5k9s1 #aee1 #aeh2 ,*ales1 de1 #fe2 ,dem5y1 #adf2 ,edison1 #ace-acg2 see also ,vitascope2 ,gaumont1 #adf2 ,gre5e1 #adc2 ,gre5e-,rudge1 #adb1 #age2 ,heyl1 #aac2 see also ,phasmatrope2 ,j5k9s2 see ,armat-,j5k9s2 ,kir*]1 #ec-ee1 #ei2 see also ,magic ,lant]n2 ,la?am1 #aeg2 ,le ,pr9ce1 #ada2 ,lumire1 #aej1 #aea2 ,m>ey1 #add1 #ade2 ,muybridge1 #abh2 see also ,zoopraxiscope2 ,paul1 #aeb1 #aec2 ,reynaud1 #abc1 #adg1 #adh2 see also ,prax9oscope2 ,rudge1 #ada1 #adb2 ,s*ott1 #fc2 ,u*atius1 #ajj-ajb2 ,zahn1 #fg4 ,prokes*1 ,w41 #ajb4 ,proszynski1 #agf4 ,ptolemy1 #ba1 #bb1 #bf1 #afd4 ,q ,quetelet1 ,lamb]t ,adolphe ,jacques1 #hf1 #hi1 #ib4 ,qu9etoscope1 #aab1 #aga4 ,r ,raff ,gammon1 #acg1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,radio ,city ,music ,hall1 #ff4 ,re> ,projection3 ,see ,projection4 ,re9hold1 ,erasmus1 #afe4 ,reville1 #agb4 ,revolv+ disks1 #ei1 #fg1 #gj1 #hi1 #ib1 #ic1 #if1 #ajj1 #aaf1 #aba4 ,reynaud1 ,emile1 #gi1 #abc1 #aci1 #adg1 #agc-age4 ,riley1 #agf4 ,rit*ie1 ,william1 #afi4 ,rob]t1 ,eti5ne ,gasp>d3 ,see ,rob]tson1 ,eti5ne ,gasp>d4 ,rob]tson1 ,eti5ne ,gasp>d1 #gg-gi1 #afh4 ,rog]1 ,pet] ,m>k1 #hf1 #hg1 #id1 #ie1 #afi4 ,roman ,college3 ,see ,collegio ,romano4 ,rotat+ l5ses3 ,see ,l5ses4 ,r[e1 #agf4 ,rudge1 ,john ,ar?ur ,roebuck1 #aci1 #ada-adc1 #adh1 #age4 ,s ,sall ,mazo1 #agf4 ,salle au ,gr&-,caf1 #aea4 ,sanson1 ,ra\l ,grimo93 ,see ,grimo9-,sanson1 ,ra\l4 ,s*eele1 ,c>l ,william1 #afh4 ,s*e9]1 ,*ri/oph]1 #de1 #df1 #aff4 ,s*em]1 #fg4 ,s*ott1 ,gasp>1 #fb-fd1 #ff1 #fg1 #fi1 #aff4 ,s*ultze1 ,johann ,he9ri*1 #afg1 #afh4 ,scre5 ,projection3 ,see ,projection4 ,seely1 #agb4 ,sell]s1 ,coleman1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aad1 #agb4 ,s5eca1 #afc4 ,sequ91 #aga1 #agc4 ,s]aph91 ,franois1 #gf1 #afh4 ,%ad[ ,plays1 #ac1 #af1 #gf1 #gg1 #adh1 #afc1 #afh4 ,%aw1 ,william ,?omas1 #aga4 ,%[man%ip1 #ae1 #af1 #cf-db1 #eh1 #fg1 #fh1 #gb1 #gc1 #gf-gi1 #abc1 #afh4 ,%utt]s1 #if1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aba1 #abd1 #ace4 ,silv]1 #afc4 ,silv] *loride1 #afh4 ,silv] nitrate1 #afd1 #afh1 #afi4 ,s9/$51 ,dr41 #if1 #ig4 ,skladan[ski1 ,max1 #agf4 ,slide ,projection1 #dh-gi1 #he-aad4 ,slides3 pa9t$1 #fh1 #fi1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aaj1 #abd2 photographic3 ,see ,photograph projection4 ,snell1 ,eb5ez] ,/rong1 #ajf1 #agj4 ,snell1 ,willebrord1 #aff4 ,soleil1 ,franois1 #aaj1 #agj4 ,s\nd ,motion ,pictures1 #aca1 #acb1 #acd-ach1 #aei1 #afj4 ,s\rces ( ,light3 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