,,! ,,new ,,a/ronomy ,,! ,,new ,,a/ronomy ,,by ,,samuel ,,pi]pont ,,langley1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,allegh5y ,,obs]vatory1 ,,memb] ,,national ,,academy1 ,,fell[ ,,royal ,,a/ronomical ,,society1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,illu/rat$ ,illu/ration ,,bo/on4 ,,ticknor ,,& ,,company #baa ,tremont ,/reet #ahhh ,,copyright1 #ahhd1 #ahhe1 #ahhf1 ,,& #ahhg1 ,,by ,,! ,,c5tury ,,co42 ,,& #ahhg1 ,,by ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,univ]sity ,press3 ,,john ,,wilson ,,& ,,son1 ,,cambridge4 ,,preface4 ,i h writt5 ^! pages1 n = ! pr(essional read]1 b ) ! hope ( rea*+ a "p ( t educat$ public on ^: support he is s (t5 dep5d5t = ! means ( ext5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( k4 ,x is n g5]ally und]/ood t among u n only ! support ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 b ) sc>cely an exception e new private b5efaction1 is devot$ to 8! ,old0 ,a/ronomy1 :i* is relatively munific5tly end[$ already2 :ile t :i* ,i h "h call$ 8! ,new10 s fruitful 9 results ( int]e/ & importance1 /ruggles almo/ unaid$4 ,we are all glad to "k t ,urania1 :o 0 9 ! beg9n+ b a poor ,*aldean %eph]dess1 has long s9ce become well-to-d1 & dwells n[ 9 /ate4 ,x is f> less kn[n ?an x %\ld be t %e has a y\ng] si/] n[ among u1 be>+ e m>k ( h] cele/ial bir?1 b all un5d[$ & portionless4 ,x is = ! read]'s int]e/ 9 ! latt] t ?is book is a plea4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,spots ,,on ,,! ,,sun #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sun',s ,,surr\nd+s #ce ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sun',s ,,en]gy #gj ,,iv4 ,,! ,,sun',s ,,en]gy 7,cont9u$7 #ia ,v4 ,,! ,,planets ,,& ,,! ,,moon #aag ,,vi4 ,,meteors #age ,,vii4 ,,comets #aii ,,viii4 ,,! ,,/>s #bba ,,index #bec ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,figure ,,page #a4 ,,! ,,sun',s ,,surr\nd+s #d #b4 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,on ,,sept4 #bj1 #ahgj #f #c4 ,,! ,,sun ,,on ,,sept4 #bb1 #ahgj #f #d4 ,,! ,,sun ,,on ,,sept4 #bf1 #ahgj #g #e4 ,,! ,,sun ,,on ,,sept4 #ai1 #ahgj #h #f4 ,,! ,,sun ,,on ,,sept4 #bj1 #ahgj #h #g4 ,,! ,,sun ,,on ,,sept4 #ba1 #ahgj #i #h4 ,,! ,,sun ,,on ,,sept4 #bb1 #ahgj #i #i4 ,,! ,,sun ,,on ,,sept4 #bc1 #ahgj #aj #aj4 ,,! ,,sun ,,on ,,sept4 #bf1 #ahgj #aj #aa4 ,,nasmy?',s ,,will[ ,,leaves #aa #ab4 ,,! ,,cactus ,,type #ab #ac4 ,,equatorial ,,telescope ,,& ,,projection #ac #ad4 ,,pol>iz+ ,,eye-,,piece #ad #ae4 ,,spot ,,( ,,sept4 #ba1 #ahgj #ae #af4 ,,spot ,,( ,,m>* #e1 #ahgc #ae #ag4 ,,sun ,,on ,,m>* #e1 #ahgc #ah #ah4 8,,! ,,plume0 ,,spot ,,( ,,m>* #e ,,& #f1 #ahgc #ai #ai4 ,,typical ,,sun-,,spot ,,( ,,decemb]1 #ahgc #ba #bj4 ,,fro/ ,,cry/al #bc #ba4 ,,cyclone ,,spot #bd #bb4 ,,spot ,,( ,,m>* #ca1 #ahge #be #bc4 ,,cirr\s ,,cl\d #bg #bd4 ,,spot ,,( ,,m>* #ca1 #ahge #bh #be4 ,,typical ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,faye',s ,,!ory #bi #bf4 ,,spot ,,( ,,oct4 #ac1 #ahgf #cj #bg4 ,,photograph ,,( ,,edge ,,( ,,sun #ca #bh4 ,,facula #cc #bi4 ,,lun> ,,cone ,,%ad[ #cf #cj4 ,,track ,,( ,,lun> ,,%ad[ #ci #ca4 ,,inn] ,,corona ,,eclipse ,,( #ahfi #dj #cb4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,out] ,,corona1 #ahfi #da #cc4 ,,tac*9i',s ,,draw+ ,,( ,,corona ,,( #ahgj #dc #cd4 ,,watson',s ,,nak$-,,eye ,,draw+ ,,( ,,corona ,,( #ahgj #dd #ce4 ,,photograph ,,%[+ ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,out] ,,corona #de #cf4 ,,eclipse ,,( #aheg1 ,,draw+ ,,by ,,liais #dh #cg4 ,,enl>gem5t ,,( ,,"p ,,( ,,fig4 #ch #di #ch4 ,,fac-,,simile ,,( ,,photograph ,,( ,,corona ,,( #ahga #ea #ci4 8,,spectres0 #ed #dj4 ,,out] ,,corona ,,( #ahgh #eg #da4 ,,spectroscope ,,slit ,,& ,,sol> ,,image #ei #db4 ,,slit ,,& ,,prom95ces #ei #dc4 ,,tac*9i',s ,,*romosph]ic ,,cl\ds #fb #dd4 ,,tac*9i',s ,,*romosph]ic ,,cl\ds #fb #de4 ,,vogel',s ,,*romosph]ic ,,=ms #fd #df4 ,,tac*9i',s ,,*romosph]ic ,,=ms #ff #dg4 ,,eruptive ,,prom95ces #fg #dh4 ,,sun-,,spots ,,& ,,price ,,( ,,gra9 #gg #di4 ,,sun-,,spot ,,( ,,nov4 #af1 #ahhb1 ,,& ,,e>? #hj #ej4 ,,gre5wi* ,,record ,,( ,,di/urbance ,,( ,,magnetic ,,ne$le1 ,,nov4 #af ,,& #ag1 #ahhb #ha #ea4 ,,sun-,,spots ,,& ,,magnetic ,,v>iations #hg #eb4 ,,gre5wi* ,,magnetic ,,obs]vations1 ,,aug4 #c ,,& #e1 #ahgb #hi #ec4 ,,"o ,,cubic ,,c5timetre #ic #ed4 ,,p\illet',s ,,pyrheliomet] #ic #ee4 ,,b]ni,,res',s ,,great ,,burn+-,,glass #ajc #ef4 ,a 8,,p\r0 ,,f ,,! ,,bessem] ,,conv]t] #aje #eg4 ,,photomet]-,,box #ajh #eh4 ,,m\*ot',s ,,sol> ,,eng9e #aji #ei4 ,,ericsson',s ,,new ,,sol> ,,eng9e1 ,,n[ ,,9 ,,practical ,,use ,,9 ,,new ,,york #aac #fj4 ,,saturn #aai #fa4 ,,! ,,equatorial ,,telescope ,,at ,,wa%+ton #abb #fb4 ,,jupit]1 ,,moon1 ,,& ,,%ad[ #abe #fc4 ,,?ree ,,views ,,( ,,m>s #abi #fd4 ,,map ,,( ,,m>s #abi #fe4 ,,! ,,moon #acg #ff4 ,,! ,,full ,,moon #ada #fg4 ,,glass ,,globe1 ,,crack$ #ade #fh4 ,,plato ,,& ,,! ,,lun> ,,alps #adi #fi4 ,,! ,,lun> ,,ap5n9es3 ,,ar*im$es #aec #gj4 ,,vesuvius ,,& ,,neighborhood ,,( ,,naples #aeg #ga4 ,,ptolemy ,,& ,,arza*el #afa #gb4 ,,m]cator ,,& ,,campanus #afe #gc4 ,,)]$ ,,h& #afh #gd4 ,,ideal ,,lun> ,,l&scape ,,& ,,e>?-,,%9e #afi #ge4 ,,)]$ ,,apple #aga #gf4 ,,gass5di4 ,,nov4 #g1 #ahfg #agc #gg4 ,,! ,,camp ,,at ,,m\nt ,,:itney #agg #gh4 ,,vesuvius ,,dur+ ,,an ,,eruption #ahc #gi4 ,,meteors ,,obs]v$ ,,nov4 #ac ,,& #ad1 #ahfh1 ,,betwe5 ,,midnight ,,& ,,five ,o',,clock1 ,a4 ,m4 #ahi #hj4 ,,comet ,,( ,,donati1 ,,sept4 #af1 #aheh #bja #ha4 8,a ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,comet0 #bjc #hb4 ,,comet ,,( ,,donati1 ,,sept4 #bd1 #aheh #bje #hc4 ,,comet ,,( ,,donati1 ,,oct4 #c1 #aheh #bji #hd4 ,,comet ,,( ,,donati1 ,,oct4 #i1 #aheh #bac #he4 ,,comet ,,( ,,donati1 ,,oct4 #e1 #aheh #bag #hf4 ,,types ,,( ,,/ell> ,,spectra #bbb #hg4 ,,! ,,milky ,,way #bbe #hh4 ,,spectra ,,( ,,/>s ,,9 ,,pleiades #bca #hi4 ,,spectrum ,,( ,,aldeb>an #bce #ij4 ,,spectrum ,,( ,,vega #bce #ia4 ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,orion #bci #ib4 ,a ,,fall+ ,,man #bdc #ic4 ,a ,,fla% ,,( ,,lightn+ #bde ,,! ,,new ,,a/ronomy4 ,i4 ,,spots ,,on ,,! ,,sun4 ,! visitor to ,salisbury ,pla9 sees ar\nd him a lonely wa/e1 utt]ly b>r5 except = a few rec5tly plant$ trees1 & o!rwise z desolate z x c\ld h be5 :5 ,h5gi/ & ,horsa l&$ 9 ,brita92 = its monotony is /ill unbrok5 except by ! fun]al m\nds ( anci5t *iefs1 :i* dot x to its horizon1 & contra/ /rangely ) ! cr[d$ life & f]tile soil :i* ev]y:]e surr\nd its bord]s4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is lonel9ess rise ! rude1 enorm\s monoli?s ( ,/oneh5ge1--circles ( gray /ones1 :i* seem z old z "t1 & 7 !re1 z we n[ are told1 ! temple ( a p :i* _h already pass$ away1 & ^: wor%ip 0 =gott51 :5 our ,saxon =efa!rs fir/ saw ! place4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! inn] circle is a /one :i* is believ$ once to h be5 ! alt>2 :ile beyond ! outmo/ r+1 q away to ! nor!a/ ^u ! op5 pla91 /ill /&s a solit>y /one1 set up !re evid5tly ) "s special object by ! same unkn[n build]s4 ,se5 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 x is difficult to div9e its connection ) ! o!rs2 b we are told t once 9 ea* ye>1 ^u ! morn+ ( ! longe/ day1 ! level %ad[ ( ?is di/ant1 isolat$ /one is project$ at sunrise to ! v c5tre ( ! anci5t sanctu>y1 & falls j ^u ! alt>4 ,! primitive man :o devis$ ?is 0 bo? a/ronom] & prie/1 = he n only ador$ ! ris5 god ^: fir/ beams br\ght him light & w>m?1 b he c\ld m>k its place1 & ?\gh utt]ly ignorant ( its nature1 _h evid5tly le>n$ en\gh ( its motions to embody 8 simple a/ronomical k 9 a record s exact & s endur+ t ?\gh 8 v memory has gone1 common m5 are /ill int]e/$ 9 x2 =1 z ,i le>n$ :5 view+ ! sc5e1 p are accu/om$ to come f all ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & pass 9 ?is desolate spot ! %ort night prec$+ ! longe/ day ( ! ye>1 to see ! %ad[ t\* ! alt> at ! mom5t ( sunrise4 ,mo/ great national obs]vatories1 l ,gre5wi* or ,wa%+ton1 are ! p]fect$ developm5t ( t k9d ( a/ronomy ( :i* ! build]s ( ,/oneh5ge repres5t ! infancy4 ,^? primitive m5 c\ld "k :]e ! sun w\ld rise on a c]ta9 day1 & make _! obs]vation ( its place1 z we see1 v well1 )\t kn[+ any?+ ( its physical nature4 ,at ,gre5wi* ! moon has be5 obs]v$ ) sc>cely an int]mission = "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 b we %\ld mi/ake greatly did we suppose t x 0 = ! purpose ( see+ :at x 0 made (1 or ( mak+ discov]ies 9 x4 ,?is imm5se mass ( ,gre5wi* obs]vations is = q ano!r purpose1--= ! v practical purpose ( =m+ ! lun> tables1 :i*1 by means ( ! moon's place among ! />s1 w tell ! navigator 9 di/ant oceans :]e he is1 & conduct ! fleets ( ,engl& safely home4 ,9 ! obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton "o may see a wond]fully exact in/rum5t1 9 :i* circles ( brass h replac$ circles ( /one1 all s bolt$ betwe5 massive pi]s t ! sun c be obs]v$ by x b once daily1 z x crosses ! m]idian4 ,?is in/rum5t is ! complet$ atta9m5t along t long l9e ( progress 9 "o direction1 ( :i* ! solit>y /one at ,/oneh5ge m>ks ! initial /ep1--! atta9m5t1 t is1 purely ( precision ( measurem5t2 = ! a/ronom] ( to-day c /ill use 8 circles = ! special purpose ( fix+ ! sun's place 9 ! heav5s1 )\t any m k ( t body's *emical con/itution ?an _h ! man :o built ,/oneh5ge4 ,yet ! object ( bo? is1 9 fact1 ! same4 ,x is true t ! functions ( a/ronom] & prie/ h become divid$ 9 ! advance ( our mod]n civilization1 :i* has committ$ ! special cultivation ( ! religi\s aspect ( ^! problems to a di/9ct pr(ession2 :ile ! mod]n obs]v] has possibly ex*ang$ ! emotions ( awe & wond] = a m exact k ( ! equ9ox ?an 0 possess$ by 8 primitive bro!r1 :o bo? obs]v$ & ador$4 ,/ill1 bo? aim at ! common end1 n ( le>n+ :at ! sun is made (1 b ( :]e x w be at a c]ta9 mom5t2 = ! prime object ( a/ronomy1 until v lately inde$1 has /ill be5 to say :]e any heav5ly body is1 & n :at x is4 ,x is ?is precision ( measurem5t1 !n1 :i* has always--& ju/ly--be5 a p>am\nt object ( ?is olde/ ( ! sci5ces1 n only z a good 9 itself1 b z lead+ to great ends2 & x is ?is :i* ! poet ( ,urania has *os5 rightly to note z its *>act]i/ic1 :5 he says1-- 8,t little ,v]ni]1 on ^: sl5d] l9es ,! midnight tap] trembles z x %9es1 ,tells ?r\gh ! mi/ :]e dazzl$ ,m]cury burns1 ,& m>ks ! po9t :]e ,uranus returns40 ,b )9 a comp>atively few ye>s a new bran* ( a/ronomy has aris51 :i* /udies sun1 moon1 & />s = :at !y are 9 !mselves1 & 9 relation to ourselves4 ,its /udy ( ! sun1 beg9n+ ) its ext]nal features 7& full ( novelty & int]e/1 ev51 z reg>ds ^?71 l$ to ! fur!r inquiry z to :at x 0 made (1 & !n to f9d+ ! unexpect$ relations :i* x bore to ! e>? & our own daily lives on x1 ! conclusion be+ t1 9 a physical s5se1 x made u & re-creates u1 z x 71 daily1 & t ! k ( ! intimate ties :i* unite man ) x br+s results ( ! mo/ practical & important k9d1 :i* a g5]ation ago 7 unguess$ at4 ,?is new bran* ( inquiry is sometimes call$ ,cele/ial ,physics1 sometimes ,sol> ,physics1 & is sometimes m r>ely ref]r$ to z ! ,new ,a/ronomy4 ,i w call x "h by ?is title1 & try to tell ! read] some?+ ab\t x :i* may int]e/ him1 beg9n+ ) ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,sun',s ,,surr\nd+s4 ,! :ole ( :at we h to say ab\t ! sun & />s presupposes a k ( _! size & di/ance1 & we may take x = grant$ t ! read] has at "s "t or ano!r he>d su* /atem5ts z t ! moon's di/ance is two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& miles1 & ! sun's n9ety-?ree million 7& v probably has =gott5 !m aga9 z ( no practical conc]n74 ,he w n be (f]$ "h ! k9d ( /ati/ics :i* he w\ld expect 9 a college text-book2 b we mu/ l+] a mom5t on ! ?re%old ( our subject--! nature ( ^! bodies--to insi/ on ! real mean+ ( su* figures z ^? j quot$4 ,we are accu/om$ to look on ! sun & moon z f> (f toge!r 9 ! sky2 & ?\gh we "k ! sun is great]1 we are apt to ?9k ( !m vaguely z ?+s ( a common ord] ( l>g5ess1 away among ! />s4 ,x w\ld be safe to say t ?\gh n9e out ( t5 read]s h le>n$ t ! sun is l>g] ?an ! moon1 &1 9 fact1 l>g] ?an ! e>? itself1 mo/ ( !m d n at all realize t ! diff]5ce is s enorm\s t if we c\ld holl[ out ! sun's globe & place ! e>? 9 ! c5tre1 !re w\ld /ill be s mu* room t ! moon might g on mov+ 9 h] pres5t orbit at two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& miles f ! e>?1--all )9 ! globe ( ! sun itself1--& h pl5ty ( room to sp>e4 ,z to ! di/ance ( n9ety-?ree million miles1 a cannon-ball w\ld travel x 9 ab\t fifte5 ye>s4 ,x may help u to rememb] t at ! spe$ atta9$ by ! ,limit$ ,express on our railroads a tra9 :i* _h left ! sun = ! e>? :5 ! 8,mayfl[]0 sail$ f ,delft%av5 ) ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs1 & :i* ran at t rate day & night1 w\ld 9 #ahhg /ill be a j\rney ( "s ye>s away f its t]re/rial /ation4 ,! f>e at ! cu/om>y rates1 x may be rem>k$1 w\ld be r ov] two million five hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 s t x is cle> t we %\ld ne$ bo? money & leisure = ! j\rney4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ! sun's di/ance is giv5 by express+ x 9 t]ms ( :at ! physiologi/s w\ld call velocity ( n]ve transmission4 ,x has be5 f\nd t s5sation is n absolutely in/antane\s1 b t x occupies a v m9ute "t 9 travell+ along ! n]ves2 s t if a *ild puts its f+] into ! c&le1 !re is a c]ta9 almo/ inconceivably small space ( "t1 say ! "o-hundr$? ( a second1 be=e he feels ! heat4 ,9 case1 !n1 a *ild's arm 7 long en\gh to t\* ! sun1 x c be calculat$ f ?is kn[n rate ( transmission t ! infant w\ld h to live to be a man ( ov] a hundr$ be=e x knew t its f+]s 7 burn$4 ,try+ ) ! help ( ^! /ill inadequate images1 we may get "s idea ( ! real size & di/ance ( ! sun4 ,i c\ld wi% n to h to dwell ^u su* figures1 t seem1 h[ev]1 indisp5sable2 b we are n[ done ) ^!1 & are ready to turn to ! telescope & see :at ! sun itself looks l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,view ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,on ,,sept4 #bj1 #ahgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,! ,,sun ,,on ,,sept4 #bb1 #ahgj4 7,,f ,a ,,photograph7 ,! sun1 z we %all le>n lat]1 is a />1 & n a p>ticul>ly l>ge />4 ,x is1 z has be5 said1 8only a private 9 ! ho/ ( heav510 b x is "o ( t ho/2 x is "o ( ^? glitt]+ po9ts to :i* we h be5 br\ght ne>4 ,let u keep 9 m9d1 !n1 f ! fir/1 :at we %all see confirm$ lat]1 t !re is an ess5tially simil> con/itution 9 !m all1 & n =get t :5 we /udy ! sun1 z we n[ beg9 to d1 we are /udy+ ! />s also4 ,if we 7 call$ on to give a description ( ! e>? & all t is on x1 x w\ld be easily und]/ood t ! task 0 impossibly great1 & t ev5 an acc\nt ( its mo/ /rik+ g5]al features might fill volumes4 ,s x is ) ! sun2 & we %all f9d t 9 ! description ( ! g5]al "* ( its imm$iate surface alone1 !re is a great deal to be told4 ,fir/1 let u look at a little conv5tional repres5tation 7,fig4 #a71 z at a k9d ( outl9e ( ! unkn[n regions we are ab\t to explore4 ,! circle repres5ts ! ,photosph]e1 :i* is simply :at ! ^w implies1 t 8sph]e0 ( 8light0 :i* we h daily be=e our eyes1 or :i* we c /udy ) ! telescope4 ,outside ?is !re is a ?9 envelope1 :i* rises "h & !re into irregul> prom95ces1 "s orange-sc>let1 "s rose-p9k4 ,?is is ! ,*romosph]e1 a ?9 %ell1 ma9ly ( crimson & sc>let t9ts1 invisible ev5 to ! telescope except at ! "t ( a total eclipse1 :5 alone its true colors are disc]nible1 b se5 z to its =m at all times by ! spectroscope4 ,x is always !re1 n hidd5 9 any way1 & yet n se51 only because x is ov]p[]$ by ! int5s] brilliancy ( ! ,photosph]e1 z a gl[-worm's %9e w\ld be if x 7 put beside an electric light4 ,outside all is ! /range %ape1 :i* repres5ts ! my/]i\s ,corona1 se5 by ! nak$ eye 9 a total eclipse1 b at all o!r times invisible ev5 to telescope & spectroscope1 & ( ^: true nature we are ne>ly ignorant f lack ( opportunity to /udy x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,! ,,sun ,,on ,,sept4 #bf1 #ahgj4 ,disreg>d+ o!r details1 let u c>ry 9 our m9ds ! ?ree ma9 divisions1--! ,photosph]e1 or daily visible surface ( ! sun1 :i* conta9s ne>ly all its mass or sub/ance2 ! ,*romosph]e2 & ! unsub/antial ,corona1 :i* is nev]!less l>g] ?an all ! re/4 ,we beg9 our exam9ation ) ! ,photosph]e4 ,!re are records ( spots hav+ be5 se5 ) ! nak$ eye be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 b !y 7 suppos$ to be planets pass+ betwe5 u & ! surface2 & ! idea t ! sun 0 pure fire1 necess>ily immaculate1 0 taught by ! pr(essors ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy 9 m$ival s*ools1 & reg>d$ almo/ z an article ( religi\s fai?4 ,we c h>dly conceive1 n[1 ! %ock ( ! fir/ ann\ncem5t t spots 7 to be f\nd on ! sun1 b ! notion p>took 9 contempor>y m9ds at once ( ! absurd & ! impi\s2 & we notice "h1 :at we %all h occasion to notice aga91 t ^! physical discov]ies f ! fir/ affect m5's ?\ghts 9 unexpect$ ways1 & modify _! s*eme ( ! moral univ]se z well z ( ! physical "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,sept4 #ai1 #ahgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,sept4 #bj1 #ahgj4 7,,engrav$ ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,ru!rfurd47 ,v little inde$ 0 add$ to ! e>ly obs]vations ( ,fabricius & ,galileo until a "t )9 ! remembrance ( _m ( u2 = x is s9ce ! adv5t ( ! g5]ation n[ on ! /age t n9e-t5?s ( ! k ( ! subject has be5 rea*$4 ,let u fir/ take a g5]al view ( ! sun1 & aft]w>d /udy x 9 detail4 ,:at we see ) a good telescope 9 ?is g5]al view is some?+ l ?is4 ,opposite are ?ree successive views 7,figs4 #b1 #c1 #d7 tak5 on ?ree successive days1--q au!ntic portraits1 s9ce ! sun himself made !m2 !y be+1 9 fact1 project$ telescopic images :i* h be5 fix$ = u by photography1 & !n exactly reproduc$ by ! engrav]4 ,! fir/ 0 tak5 7by ,mr4 ,ru!rfurd1 ( ,new ,york7 on ! #bj? ( ,septemb]1 #ahgj1 :5 a rem>kably l>ge spot _h come into view4 ,x is se5 "h n f> f ! ea/]n edge 7! left h& 9 ! engrav+71 & num]\s o!r spots are also visible4 ,! read] %\ld notice ! position ( ^!1 & !n on turn+ to ! next view 7,fig4 #c1 tak5 on ,septemb] #bb;d7 he w see t !y h all %ift$ _! places1 by a common motion t[>d ! we/4 ,! great spot on ! left has n[ got well into view1 & we c see its sep>ate p>ts2 ! gr\p :i* 0 on ! left ( ! c5tre has got a little to ! "r ( x1 & s on4 ,f ! common motion ( !m all1 we might suspect t ! sun 0 turn+ r\nd on an axis l ! e>?1 c>ry+ ! spots ) x2 & z we cont9ue to obs]ve1 ?is suspicion becomes c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! ?ird view 7,fig4 #d71 tak5 on ,septemb] #bf?1 ! spot we fir/ saw on ! left has travell$ m ?an half across ! disk1 :ile o!rs we saw on ,septemb] #bj? h approa*$ to ! "r-h& edge or pass$ :olly out ( sight beh9d x4 ,! sun does rotate1 !n1 b 9 tw5ty-five or tw5ty-six ( our days1--,i say tw5ty-five or tw5ty-six1 because 7:at is v extraord9>y7 x does n turn all-(-a-piece l ! e>?1 b "s p>ts revolve fa/] ?an o!rs1--n only fa/] 9 feet & in*es1 b 9 ! numb] ( turns1--j z ?\gh ! rim ( a c>riage :eel 7 to make m revolutions 9 a mile ?an ! spokes1 & ! spokes m ?an ! hub4 ,( c\rse no solid :eel c\ld s turn )\t wr5*+ itself 9 pieces1 b t ! great sol> :eel does1 is inconte/able2 & ?is alone is a conv9c+ pro( t ! sun's surface is n solid1 b liquid or gase\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,sept4 #ba1 #ahgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,sept4 #bb1 #ahgj4 ,b let u return to ! great spot :i* we saw com+ r\nd ! ea/]n edge4 ,possibly ! ^w 8great0 may seem misappli$ to :at 0 b ! size ( a p9-head 9 ! fir/ engrav+1 b we mu/ rememb] t ! disk ( ! sun !re %[n is 9 reality ov] #hjj1jjj miles 9 diamet]4 ,we %all soon see :e!r ?is spot des]ves to be call$ 8great0 or n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,sept4 #bc1 #ahgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,sept4 #bf1 #ahgj4 ,next we h six enl>g$ views ( x on ! #ai?1 #bj?1 #ba/1 #bb;d1 #bc;d1 & #bf?4 ,on ! #ai? x is se5 v ne> ! ea/]n limb1 %[+ l a great hole 9 ! sun1 & =e%ort5$ z x comes into view ar\nd ! d>k edge2 = ! edge ( ! sun is really d>k] ?an ! c5tral p>ts1 z x is %[n "h1 or z "o may see ev5 ?r\gh a smok$ glass by c>eful att5tion4 ,on ! #bj? we h ! edge /ill visible1 b on ! #ba/ ! spot has advanc$ s f> t ! edge _c be %[n = want ( room4 ,we see di/9ctly ! division ( ! spot into ! out] %ades :i* con/itute ! p5umbra1 & ! inn] d>k] ones :i* =m ! umbra & nucleus4 ,we notice p>ticul>ly 9 ?is enl>g$ view1 by comp>+ ! appe>ances on ! #ba/1 #bb;d1 & #bc;d1 t ! spot n only turns ) ! sun 7z we h already le>n$71 b moves & *anges )9 itself 9 ! mo/ surpris+ way1 l a t]re/rial cl\d1 :i* n only revolves ) ! re/ ( ! globe1 b v>ies its %ape f h\r to h\r4 ,?is is se5 /ill m pla9ly :5 we comp>e ! appe>ance on ! #bc;d ) t on ! #bf?1 only ?ree days lat]1 :]e ! process has begun by :i* ! spot f9ally breaks up & =ev] disappe>s4 ,on look+ at all ?is1 ! trem5d\s scale on :i* ! action occurs mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,on ! #ba/1 = in/ance1 ! umbra1 or d>k c5tral hole1 alone 0 l>ge en\gh to let ! :ole globe ( our own e>? drop 9 )\t t\*+ ! sides6 ,we %all h occasion to recur to ?is view ( ! #ba/ ,septemb] aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,nasmy?',s ,,will[ ,,leaves4 7,,f ,,h]s*el',s 8,,outl9es ,,( ,,a/ronomy407 ,9 look+ at ?is spot & its /rik+ *anges1 ! read] mu/ n omit to notice1 also1 a mu* less obvi\s feature1--! vaguely se5 mottl+s :i* %[ all ov] ! sun's surface1 bo? q away f ! spots & also close to !m1 & :i* seem to m]ge into !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,! ,,cactus ,,type4 7,,f ,,sec*i',s 8,,le ,,soleil407 ,i ?9k if we assign "o ye> r ?an ano!r = ! bir? ( ! y\?ful sci5ce ( sol> physics1 x %\ld be #ahfa1 :5 ,kir*h(f & ,buns5 publi%$ _! memorable rese>* on ,spectrum ,analysis1 & :5 ,nasmy? obs]v$ :at he call$ ! 8will[-leaf0 /ructure ( ! sol> surface 7see ,fig4 #aa74 ,mr4 ,nasmy?1 ) a v p[]ful reflect+ telescope1 ?\ght he _h succe$$ 9 f9d+ :at ^! fa9t mottl+s really are compos$ (1 & believ$ t he _h discov]$ 9 !m "s mo/ extraord9>y ?+s4 ,?is is :at he ?\ght he saw3 ,! :ole sun is1 accord+ to him1 cov]$ ) huge bodies ( mo/ def9ite %ape1 t ( ! oblong will[ leaf1 & ( enorm\s b uni=m size2 & ! fa9t mottl+s ! read] has j notic$ are1 accord+ to him1 made up ( ^!4 8,^!10 he says1 8cov] ! :ole disk ( ! sun 7except 9 ! space occupi$ by ! spots7 9 c\ntless millions1 & lie cross+ ea* o!r 9 e imag9able direction40 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el took a p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ! suppos$ discov]y1 &1 treat+ x z a matt] ( e/abli%$ fact1 proce$$ to make "o ( ! mo/ amaz+ sugge/ions 9 explanation t ev] came f a sci5tific man ( des]v$ em95ce4 ,we mu/ rememb] h[ mu* !re is unkn[n 9 ! sun /ill1 & :at a great my/]y ev5 yet ov]hangs _m ( our relations to t body :i* ma9ta9s our own vital action1 :5 we read ! foll[+ words1 :i* are ,h]s*el's own4 ,speak+ ( ^! suppos$ sp9dle-%ap$ mon/]s1 he says3 8,! exce$+ly def9ite %ape ( ^! objects1 _! exact simil>ity to "o ano!r1 & ! way 9 :i* !y lie across & a?w>t ea* o!r1--all ^! *>act]s seem q repugnant to ! notion ( _! be+ ( a vapor\s1 a cl\dy1 or a fluid nature4 ,no?+ rema9s b to consid] !m z sep>ate & indep5d5t %eets1 flakes1 or scales1 hav+ "s sort ( solidity4 ,& ^! 444 are evid5tly ! imm$iate s\rces ( ! sol> light & heat1 by :atev] me*anism or :atev] processes !y may be enabl$ to develop1 & z x 7 elaborate1 ^! elem5ts f ! bosom ( ! non-lum9\s fluid 9 :i* !y appe> to float4 ,look$ at 9 ?is po9t ( view1 we _c refuse to reg>d !m z organisms ( "s peculi> & amaz+ k9d2 & ?\gh x w\ld be too d>+ to speak ( su* organization z p>tak+ ( ! nature ( life1 yet we d "k t vital action is compet5t to develop at once heat & light & electricity40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,equatorial ,,telescope ,,& ,,projection4 ,su* are 8 words2 & :5 we consid] t ea* ( ^! sol> inhabitants 0 suppos$ to ext5d ab\t two hundr$ by "o ?\s& miles ^u ! surface ( ! fi]y ocean1 we may subscribe to ,mr4 ,proctor's comm5t1 t 8,milton's picture ( him :o on ! fires ( hell #8lay float+ _m a rood1' seems tame & commonplace comp>$ ) ,h]s*el's conception ( ^! float+ mon/]s1 ! lea/ cov]+ a great] space ?an ! ,briti% ,isl&s40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,pol>iz+ ,,eye-,,piece4 ,i hope ,i may n appe> want+ 9 respect = ,sir ,john ,h]s*el--a man ^: memory ,i rev]5ce--9 ?us cit+ views :i*1 if 8 honor$ life c\ld h be5 prolong$1 he w\ld h ab&on$4 ,i d s because no?+ else c s =cibly illu/rate ! field = wond] & wild conjecture sol> physics pres5t$ ev5 a few ye>s ago2 & its suppos$ connection ) t 8,vital ,=ce10 :i* 0 till s lately accept$ by physiology1 s]ves z a k9d ( l&m>k on ! way we h come4 ,?is new sci5ce ( ours1 !n1 y\?ful z x is1 has already _h its age ( fable4 ,aft] a "t ,nasmy?'s obs]vation 0 attribut$ to imp]fect def9ition1 b 0 n fairly disprov$4 ,he _h1 inde$1 a basis ( fact = 8 /atem5t1 & to him belongs ! cr$it ( fir/ po9t+ out ! exi/5ce ( ?is m9ute /ructure1 ?\gh he mi/ook its true "*4 ,x w be se5 lat] h[ ! real =ms might be mi/ak5 = leaves1 & 9 c]ta9 p>ticul> cases !y c]ta9ly d take on a v leaf-l appe>ance4 ,"h is a draw+ 7,fig4 #ab7 :i* ,fa!r ,sec*i gives ( "s ( !m 9 ! spot ( ,april #ad1 #ahfg1 & :i* he comp>es to a bran* ( cactus4 ,he rem>ks some:]e else t !y resemble a cry/allization ( sal-ammoniac1 & calls !m veils ( mo/ intricate /ructure4 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( our k 9 #ahgj1 & x may seem surpris+ t su* wond]ful /atem5ts _h n be5 prov$ or disprov$1 :5 !y ref]r$ to m]e matt]s ( obs]vation4 ,b direct obs]vation is "h v difficult on acc\nt ( ! incessant tremor & vibration ( our own atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,spot ,,( ,,sept4 #ba1 #ahgj4 7,,r$uc$ ,,f ,,an ,,orig9al ,,draw+ ,,by ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,spot ,,( ,,m>* #e1 #ahgc4 7,,r$uc$ ,,f ,,an ,,orig9al ,,draw+ ,,by ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley47 ,! surface ( ! sun may be comp>$ to an elaborate engrav+1 fill$ ) ! close/ & mo/ delicate l9es & hat*+s1 b an engrav+ :i* dur+ n9ety-n9e hundr$?s ( ! "t c only be se5 across su* a quiv]+ mass ( heat$ air z makes ev]y?+ confus$ & liable to be mi/ak51 caus+ :at is def9ite to look l a vaguely se5 mottl+4 ,x is lit]ally true t ! m delicate features we are ab\t to %[1 are only di/9ctly visible ev5 by ! be/ telescope dur+ less ?an "o-hundr$? ( ! "t1 com+ out z !y d 9 brief in/ants :5 our danc+ air is mom5t>ily /ill1 s t "o :o has sat at a p[]ful telescope all day is exceptionally lucky if he has secur$ en\gh glimpses ( ! true /ructure to aggregate five m9utes ( cle> see+1 :ile at all o!r times ! attempt to magnify only produces a blurr+ ( ! image4 ,?is /udy1 !n1 dem&s n only f9e telescopes & special optical aids1 b endless pati5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,sun ,,on ,,m>* #e1 #ahgc4 7,,f ,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley47 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ p>ticul>ly direct$ to ! subject 9 #ahgj 7%ortly aft] ! regul> /udy ( ! ,photosph]e 0 begun at ! ,allegh5y ,obs]vatory by means ( its equatorial telescope ( ?irte5 in*es' ap]ture71 ) ! view ( f9d+ out :at ?is vaguely se5 /ructure really is4 ,ne>ly ?ree ye>s ( con/ant wat*+ 7 giv5 to obta9 ! results :i* foll[4 ,! me?od ,i h us$ = x is indicat$ 9 ! draw+ 7,fig4 #ac71 :i* %[s ! prelim9>y /ep ( project+ ! image ( ! sun directly ^u a %eet ( pap]1 divid$ into squ>es & atta*$ to ! eye-end ( a great equatorial telescope4 ,:5 ?is is direct$ to ! sun 9 a d>k5$ dome1 ! sol> picture is =m$ ^u ! pap] z 9 a cam]a obscura1 & ?is picture c be made z l>ge or z small z we please by v>y+ ! l5ses :i* project x4 ,z ! sun moves along 9 ! sky1 its image moves across ! pap]2 & z we c obs]ve h[ long ! :ole sun 7^: diamet] 9 miles is kn[n7 takes to cross1 we c f9d h[ _m miles correspond to ! "t x is 9 cross+ "o ( ! squ>es1 & s get ! scale ( ! future draw+1 & ! true size 9 miles ( ! spot we are ab\t to /udy4 ,!n a piece ( clock-"w atta*$ to ! telescope is put 9 motion1 & x beg9s to foll[ ! sun 9 ! sky1 & ! spot appe>s fix$ on ! pap]4 ,a trac+ ( ! spot's outl9e is next made1 b ! f9] details are n to be obs]v$ by ?is me?od1 :i* is purely prelim9>y1 & only = ! purpose ( fix+ ! scale & ! po9ts ( ! compass 7s to speak7 on ! sun's face4 ,! project+ app>atus is next remov$ & replac$ by ! pol>iz+ eye-piece4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el us$ to avoid ! bl9d+ effects ( ! conc5trat$ sol> light by pass+ ! rays ?r\gh ink & wat]1 b ! ph5om5a ( 8pol>ization0 h be5 us$ to bett] advantage 9 mod]n app>atus4 ,?is in/rum5t1 "o ( ! fir/ ( its k9d ev] con/ruct$1 & 9 :i* ! light is pol>iz$ ) ?ree successive reflections ?r\gh ! ?ree tubes se5 9 ! draw+ 7,fig4 #ad71 0 made 9 ,pittsburgh z a "p ( ! gift ( app>atus by "o ( its citiz5s to ! ,obs]vatory1 & has be5 mo/ useful4 ,by its aid ! eye c be safely plac$ :]e ! conc5trat$ heat w\ld o!rwise melt iron4 ,9 practice ,i h (t5 gaz$ ?r\gh x at ! sun's face )\t int]mission f f\r to five h\rs1 ) no m fatigue or h>m to ! eye ?an 9 read+ a book4 ,by its aid ! obs]v] fills 9 ! outl9e already project$ on ! pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--8,,! ,,plume0 ,,spot ,,( ,,m>* #e ,,& #f1 #ahgc4 7,,f ,,an ,,orig9al ,,draw+ ,,by ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley47 ,! photograph has transport$ u already s ne> ! sun's surface t we h se5 details !re invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,we h se5 t :at we h call$ 8spots0 are inde$ regions ^: actual va/ness surpasses ! vague imm5sity ( a dream1 & x w n cause surprise t 9 !m is a temp]ature :i* also surpasses greatly t ( ! hotte/ furnace4 ,we %all see lat]1 9 fact1 t ! :ole surface is compos$ l>gely ( metals turn$ into vapor 9 ?is heat1 & t if we c\ld inde$ drop our great globe itself ^u ! sun1 x w\ld be dissipat$ z a sn[-flake4 ,n[1 we _c suppose ?is great space is fully describ$ :5 we h divid$ x into ! p5umbra1 umbra1 & nucleus1 or t ! little photograph has %[n u all !re is1 & we r anticipate t ^! great spaces mu/ be fill$ ) curi\s ?+s1 if we c\ld get ne> en\gh to see !m4 ,we _c advantage\sly enl>ge our photograph fur!r2 b if we c\ld really come clos]1 we %\ld h ! ne>] view t ! "w at ,allegh5y1 ,i h j allud$ to1 n[ af=ds4 ,! draw+ 7,fig4 #ae7 ( ! c5tral "p ( ! same great spot1 already cit$1 0 made on ! #ba/ ( ,septemb]1 #ahgj1 & may be comp>$ ) ! photograph ( t day4 ,we h n[ a greatly m magnifi$ view ?an be=e1 b x is n blurr$ by ! magnify+1 & is full ( detail4 ,we h be5 br\ght )9 two hundr$ ?\s& miles ( ! sun1 or r less ?an ! actual di/ance ( ! moon1 & are see+ = ourselves :at 0 a few ye>s s9ce ?\ght out ( ! rea* ( any obs]v]4 ,see h[ full ( intricate =ms t void1 black1 umbral space 9 ! photograph has become6 ,! p5umbra is fill$ ) detail ( ! /range/ k9d1 & !re are two great 8bridges10 z !y are call$1 :i* are almo/ :olly invisible 9 ! photograph4 ,notice ! l9e 9 "o ( ! bridges :i* foll[s its s9uosities ?r\gh its :ole l5g? ( twelve ?\s& miles1 mak+ u suspect t x is made up ( small] p>ts z a rope is made up ( cords 7z1 9 fact1 x is72 & look at ! end1 :]e ! cords !mselves are unravell$ into ?reads f9e z ?reads ( silk1 & ^! aga9 resolv$ into f9] fibres1 till 9 m & m web-l f95ess x passes beyond ! rea* ( sight6 ,i am speak+1 h[ev]1 "h r ( ! wond]ful orig9al1 z ,i s well rememb] x1 ?an ( :at my sket* or ev5 ! engrav]'s skill c r5d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,typical ,,sun ,,spot ,,( ,,decemb]1 #ahgc4 7,,r$uc$ ,,f ,,an ,,orig9al ,,draw+ ,,by ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,,fro/ ,,cry/al4 ,next we h q ano!r 8spot0 belong+ to ano!r ye> 7#ahgc74 ,fir/1 !re is a view 7,fig4 #ag7 ( ! sun's disk ) ! spot on x 7z x w\ld appe> 9 a small telescope71 to %[ its relative size1 & !n a l>g] draw+ ( ! spot itself 7,fig4 #af71 on a scale ( twelve ?\s& miles to ! in*1 s t ! region %[n to ! read]'s eyes1 ?\gh b a 8spot0 on ! sun1 cov]s an area ( ov] "o billion squ>e miles1 or m ?an five times ! entire surface ( ! e>?1 l&1 & wat]4 ,to help u to conceive its va/ness1 ,i h drawn 9 "o corn] ! cont95ts ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica on ! same scale z ! 8spot40 ,notice ! evid5ce ( sol> :irlw9ds & ! extraord9>y 8plume0 7,fig4 #af71 :i* is a some?+ we h no t]re/rial simile =4 ,! appe>ance ( ! orig9al w\ld h be5 describ$ mo/ correctly by su* incongru\s images z 8leaf-l0 & 8cry/all9e0 & 8flame-l20 & ev5 9 ?is inadequate sket* !re may rema9 "s fa9t sugge/ion ( ! appe>ance ( its wond]ful ar*etype1 :i* 0 inde$ t ( a great flame leap+ into spires & view$ ?r\gh a w9d[ cov]$ ) fro/ cry/als4 ,nei!r 8fro/0 nor 8flame0 is really !re1 b we _c avoid ?is seem+ly unnatural union ( images1 :i* 0 fully ju/ifi$ by ! m>vell\s ?+ itself4 ,! read] mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! :ole ( ?is 0 actually 9 motion1 n m]ely turn+ ) ! sun's rotation1 b :irl+ & %ift+ )9 itself1 & t ! motion 0 9 p>ts occasionally probably z high z fifty miles p] second1--p] second1 rememb]1 n p] h\r1--s t x *ang$ "u ! gaz]'s eyes4 ,! hook-%ap$ prom95ce 9 ! l[] "p 7actually l>g] ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 broke up & disappe>$ 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 or :ile ! writ] 0 engag$ 9 draw+ x4 ,! imag9ation is conf\nd$ 9 an attempt to realize to itself ! true "* ( su* a ph5om5on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,,cyclone ,,spot4 7,,drawn ,,by ,,fa!r ,,sec*i47 ,on page #ai is a sep>ate view ( ! plume 7,fig4 #ah71 a fac-simile ( ! orig9al sket*1 :i* 0 made ) ! eye at ! telescope4 ,! po9t$ or flame-l tips are n a v common =m1 ! t]m9als be+ m commonly clubb$1 l ^? 9 ,fa!r ,sec*i's 8bran* ( cactus0 type giv5 on page #ab4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 too1 if ! draw+ does n seem to conta9 all t ! text implies1 t !re 7 b a few m9utes 9 :i* to attempt to draw1 :]e ev5 a skill$ draughtsman might h sp5t h\rs on ! details mom5t>ily visible1 & t mu* mu/ be left to memory4 ,! writ]'s note-book at ! "t conta9s an expression ( despair at 8 utt] inability to r5d] mo/ ( :at he saw4 ,let u n[ look at ano!r & ev5 m wond]ful example4 ,fig4 #ai %[s "p ( a great spot :i* ! writ] drew 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgc1 :5 ! r>e co9cid5ce happ5$ ( a f9e spot & f9e t]re/rial wea!r to obs]ve x 94 ,9 ?is1 z well z 9 ! prec$+ draw+1 ! pores :i* cov] ! sun's surface by millions may be not$4 ,! lum9\s dots :i* divide !m are :at ,nasmy? imp]fectly saw1 b we are h>dly m able ?an he to say :at !y really are4 ,ea* ( ^! c\ntless 8dots0 is l>g] ?an ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel& toge!r6 ,! wond]ful 8cry/all9e0 /ructure 9 ! c5tre _c be a real cry/al1 = x is t5 times ! area ( ,europe1 & *ang$ sl[ly :ile ,i drew x2 b ! read] may be sure t its resemblance to "s cry/allizations has n be5 9 ! lea/ exagg]at$4 ,i h s\ght to /udy v>i\s actual cry/als = comp>ison1 b f\nd none q satisfactory4 ,t ( sal-ammoniac 9 "s remote way resembles x1 z ,sec*i says2 b p]haps ! fro/ cry/als on a w9d[-pane are bett]4 ,fig4 #bj %[s "o select$ among sev]al w9d[s ,i _h photograph$ 9 a prec$+ w9t]1 :i* has "s sugge/ions ( ! s-call$ cry/all9e spot-=ms 9 x1 b :i* lacks ! filam5t>y ?read-l compon5ts pres5tly describ$4 ,( c\rse ! read] w und]/& t x is giv5 z a sugge/ion ( ! appe>ance m]ely1 & t no simil>ity ( nature is meant to be indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,spot ,,( ,,m>* #ca1 #ahge4 7,,f ,,an ,,orig9al ,,draw+ ,,by ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley47 ,!re 7 wond]ful f]n-l =ms 9 ?is spot1 too1 & an appe>ance l t ( p9e-b\ghs cov]$ ) sn[2 =1 /rangely en\gh1 ! int5se :it5ess ( ! sol> surface 9 ! be/ telescopes con/antly sugge/s cold4 ,i h _h ! same impression vividly 9 look+ at ! imm5se masses ( molt5-:ite iron 9 a great puddl+-furnace4 ,! sali5t feature "h is "o v difficult to see1 ev5 9 good telescopes1 b "o :i* is ( great int]e/4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! previ\s draw+s1 b we h n enl>g$ on x4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ! spot are long :ite ?reads1 or filam5ts1 ly+ ^u "o ano!r1 t5d+ 9 a g5]al s5se t[>d ! c5tre1 & ea* ( :i* gr[s bright] t[>d its inn] extremity4 ,^! make up1 9 fact1 z we n[ see1 ! p5umbra1 or out] %ade1 & ! s-call$ 8cry/al0 is really affiliat$ to !m4 ,besides ?is1 on clos] look+ we see t ! inn] %ade1 or umbra1 & ! v deepe/ %ades1 or nuclei1 are really made ( !m too4 ,we c look into ! d>k c5tre1 z into a funnel1 to ! dep? ( probably ov] five ?\s& miles2 b z f> z we may g d[n we come to no liquid or solid floor1 & see only volumes ( :irl+ vapor1 dispos$ n vaguely l our cl\ds1 b 9 ! s+ul>ly def9ite1 f]n-l1 fl[]-l =ms :i* are !mselves made ( ^! 8filam5ts10 ea* ( :i* is f ?ree to five ?\s& miles long1 & f fifty to two hundr$ miles ?ick1 & ea* ( :i* 7z we saw 9 ! fir/ spot7 appe>s to be made up l a rope ( /ill f9] & f9] /r&s1 look+ 9 ! r>e in/ants :5 irradiation makes an isolat$ "o visible1 l a ?read ( gossam] or ! f9e/ ( cobweb4 ,^! sugge/ ! f9e ?reads ( spun glass2 & "h !re is some?+ m ?an a m]e resemblance ( =m1 = bo? appe> to h "o causal feature 9 common1 due to a visc\s or 8/icky0 fluid2 = !re is mu* reason to believe t ! sol> atmosph]e1 ev5 :]e ?9n] ?an our own air1 is r5d]$ visc\s by ! enorm\s heat1 & owes to ?is its t5d5cy to pull out 9 /r+s 9 common ) su* o!rwise dissimil> ?+s z honey1 or melt$ sug>1 or melt$ glass4 ,we may comp>e ^? my/]i\s ?+s1 ! filam5ts1 to long grasses gr[+ 9 ! b$ ( a /ream1 :i* %[ u ! direction & ! eddies ( ! curr5t4 ,! lik5ess holds 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,!y are n ly+1 z x 71 flat ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 b )9 ! m$ium2 & !y d n /ret* along 9 any "o plane1 b !y b5d d[n & up4 ,moreov]1 !y are1 z we see1 app>5tly root$ at "o end1 & _! tips rise above ! turbid fluid & gr[ bright] z !y are lift$ out ( x4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ significant use ( ! comp>ison is made if we ask :e!r ! /ream is mov+ 9 an eddy l a :irlpool or boil+ up f ! gr\nd4 ,! "q 9 o!r words is1 8,are ^! spots !mselves ! sign ( a m]e *aotic di/urbance1 or d !y %[ u by ! disposition ( ^! filam5ts t ea* is a great sol> mael/rom1 c>ry+ ! surface matt] ( ! sun d[n into its body8 or1 f9ally1 are !y j ! opposite1--some?+ comp>able to fi]y f\nta9s or volcanoes on ! e>?1 ?r[+ up to ! surface ! cont5ts ( ! unkn[n sol> int]ior80 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,,cirr\s ,,cl\d4 7,,f ,a ,,photograph47 ,be=e we try to answ] ?is "q1 let u rememb] t ! a/oni%+ rapidity ) :i* ^! =ms *ange1 & /ill m ! fact t !y d n by any means always *ange by a bodily removal ( "o "p f ano!r1 b by a dissolv+ away & a fad+ out into invisibility1 l ! melt+ ( a cl\d into ?9 air1--let u rememb] t all ?is assimilates !m to some?+ cl\d-l & vapor\s1 r ?an cry/all9e1 & t1 z we h "h se51 we c ourselves pron\nce f su* results ( rec5t obs]vation t ^! are n lumps ( scori float+ on ! sol> furnace 7z "s h ?\ght !m71 & /ill less1 lit]al cry/als4 ,we c see = ourselves1 ,i believe1 t s f> !re is no evid5ce "h ( any solid1 or ev5 liquid1 b t ! surface ( ! sun is purely vapor\s4 ,fig4 #bc %[s a cirr\s cl\d 9 our own atmosph]e1 caught = u by photography1 & :i* ! read] w f9d x int]e/+ to comp>e ) ! app>5tly analog\s sol> cl\d-=ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,spot ,,( ,,m>* #ca1 #ahge4 7,,f ,,an ,,orig9al ,,draw+ ,,by ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley47 8,vapor\s10 we call !m1 = want ( a bett] ^w1 b )\t mean+ t x is l ! vapor ( our cl\ds4 ,!re is no exact t]re/rial analogy = ^! extraord9>y =ms1 :i* are 9 fact1 z we %all see lat]1 compos$ ( iron & o!r metals--n ( solid iron nor ev5 ( liquid1 b iron heat$ beyond ev5 ! liquid /ate to t ( iron-/eam or vapor4 ,) all ?is 9 m9d1 let u return to ! "q1 8,are ! spots1 ^! gigantic areas ( di/urbance1 comp>able to :irlpools or to volcanoes80 ,x may seem unphilosophical to assume t !y are "o or ! o!r1 & 9 fact !y may possibly be nei!r2 b x is c]ta9 t ! surface ( ! sun w\ld soon cool f its enorm\s temp]ature1 if x 7 n suppli$ ) fre% heat1 & x is almo/ c]ta9 t ?is heat is drawn f ! int]ior4 ,z ,m4 ,faye has po9t$ out1#a !re mu/ be a circulation up & d[n1 ! cool$ products be+ c>ri$ )91 heat$ & br\ght out aga91 or ! sun w\ld1 h[ev] hot1 gr[ cold outside2 &1 :at is ( int]e/ to u1 ! e>? w\ld gr[ cold also1 & we %\ld all die4 ,no "o1 ,i believe1 :o has /udi$ ! subject1 w contradict ! /atem5t t if ! sun's surface 7 absolutely cut (f f any heat supply f ! int]ior1 organic life 9 g5]al ^u ! e>? 7& our own life 9 p>ticul>7 w\ld cease mu* )9 a mon?4 ,?is sol> circulation1 !n1 is ( ne>ly z mu* consequ5ce to u z t ( our own bodies1 if we b knew x2 & n[ let u look at ! spots aga9 ) ?is 9 m9d4 #a ,to ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] mu/ be assign$ ! e>lie/ sugge/ion ( ! necessity ( su* a circulation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,typical ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,faye',s ,,!ory4 ,fig4 #ba %[s a draw+ by ,fa!r ,sec*i ( a spot 9 #ahed2 & x is1 if unexagg]at$1 q ! mo/ rem>kable case ( di/9ct cyclonic action record$4 ,i say 8if unexagg]at$0 because !re is a /rong t5d5cy 9 mo/ design]s to select :at is /rik+ 9 a spot1 & to emphasize t unduly1 ev5 :5 !re is no consci\s disposition to alt]4 ,e "o :o sket*es may see a simil> unconsci\s t5d5cy 9 himself or h]self1 %[n 9 a disposition to draw all ! m\nta9s & hills too high1--a t5d5cy on :i* ,rusk91 ,i ?9k1 has rem>k$4 ,9 draw+s ( ! sun !re is a /rong temptation to exagg]ate ^! circul> =ms1 & we mu/ n =get ?is 9 mak+ up ! evid5ce4 ,!re is great ne$ ( caution1 !n1 9 receiv+ su* repres5tations2 b !re c]ta9ly are =ms :i* seem to be cle>ly due to cyclonic action4 ,!y are usually scatt]$1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh l>g] spots1 & ,i h nev]1 9 all my /udy ( ! sun1 se5 "o su* complete type ( ! cyclone spot z t fir/ giv5 f ,sec*i4 ,in/ances :]e spots break up into num]\s subdivisions by a process ( 8segm5tation0 "u ! app>5t action ( sep>ate :irlw9ds are mu* m common4 ,i h notic$1 z an app>5t effect ( ?is segm5tation1 :at ,i may call ! 8honeycomb /ructure0 f its appe>ance ) l[ p[]s1 b :i* ) high] ones turns out to be made up ( filam5t>y masses dispos$ 9 circul> & ovoid curves1 (t5 app>5tly ov]ly+ "o ano!r1 & frequ5tly pres5t+ a mo/ curi\s resemblance to vegetable =ms1 ?\gh we appe> to see ! real ag5cy ( :irlw9ds 9 mak+ !m4 ,i add "s transcripts ( my orig9al p5cil memor&a !mselves1 made ) ! eye at ! telescope1 :i*1 ?\gh n at all f9i%$ draw+s1 may be tru/$ ! m z be+ q lit]al transcripts at fir/ h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,spot ,,( ,,oct4 #ac1 #ahgf4 7,,f ,,orig9al ,,draw+ ,,by ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley47 ,figs4 #bb & #bd1 = in/ance1 are two sket*es ( a little spot1 %[+ :at1 ) l[ p[]s1 gives ! appe>ance ,i h call$ ! honeycomb /ructure1 b :i* we see "h to be due to :irls :i* h dispos$ ! filam5ts 9 ^! rem>kable =ms4 ,! fir/ 0 drawn at elev5 9 ! =5oon ( ,m>* #ca1 #ahge1 ! second at ?ree 9 ! aft]noon ( ! same day4 ,! scale ( ! draw+ is fifte5 ?\s& miles to ! in*1 & ! *anges 9 ?is little spot 9 ^! few h\rs imply a cataclysm comp>$ ) :i* ! disappe>ance ( ! ,am]ican cont95t f ! e>?'s surface w\ld be a trifle4 ,! v act ( ! sol> :irlw9d's motion seem$ to pass be=e my eyes 9 "s ( ^! sket*es2 = :ile draw+ !m z rapidly z possible1 a new hole w\ld be =m$ :]e !re 0 none be=e1 z if by a gigantic invisible aug] bor+ d[nw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,photograph ,,( ,,edge ,,( ,,sun4 7,,by ,,p]mission ,,( ,,w>r5 ,,de ,,la ,,rue1 ,,london47 ,m4 ,faye1 ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* a/ronom]1 believes t1 ow+ to ! fact t diff]5t zones ( ! sun rotate fa/] ?an o!rs1 :irlw9ds analog\s to our t]re/rial cyclones1 b on a va/] scale1 are set 9 motion1 & suck d[n ! cool$ vapors ( ! sol> surface into its int]ior1 to be heat$ & return$ aga91 ?us e/abli%+ a circulation :i* keeps ! surface f cool+ d[n4 ,he po9ts out t we %\ld n conclude t ^! :irlw9ds are n act+ ev]y:]e1 m]ely because our bird's-eye view does n always %[ !m4 ,we see t ! sp9n+ action ( a :irlpool 9 wat] becomes m m>k$ z we g bel[ ! surface1 :i* is comp>atively undi/urb$1 & we (t5 see "o :irl break up into sev]al m9or ones1 b all suck+ d[nw>d & nev] upw>d4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,faye1 some?+ v l ?is takes place on ! sun1 & 9 ,fig4 #be he gives ?is section to %[ :at he believes to occur 9 ! case ( a spot :i* has 8segm5t$10 or divid$ into two1 l ! "o ^: 7imag9>y7 section is %[n above x4 ,?is !ory is to be consid]$ 9 connection ) su* draw+s z we h j %[n1 :i* are !mselves1 h[ev]1 no way dep5d5t on !ory1 b transcripts f ,nature4 ,i d n "h ei!r esp\se or oppose ! 8cyclonic0 !ory1 b x is h>dly possible = any "o :o has be5 an eyewitness ( su* ?+s to refuse to reg>d "s su* di/urbance z a real & effici5t cause 9 su* in/ances z ?is4 ,fig4 #bf1 on ne>ly ! same scale z ! la/1 %[s a spot :i* 0 se5 on ,oct4 #ac1 #ahgf4 ,x look$ at fir/1 9 ! telescope1 l two spots )\t any connection2 !n1 z vision improv$ & high] p[]s 7 employ$1 ! two 7 se5 to h a subtle bond ( union1 & ea* to be fill$ ) ! mo/ curi\s foliage-=ms1 :i* ,i c\ld only indicate 9 ! few mom5ts t ! good def9ition la/$4 ,! read] may be sure1 ,i ?9k1 t !re is no exagg]ation ( ! curi\s %apes ( ! orig9al2 = ,i h be5 s anxi\s to avoid ! ov]/atem5t ( curvature t ! error is m likely to be 9 ! opposite direction4 ,we mu/ conclude t ! "q z to ! cyclonic hypo!sis _c yet be decid$1 ?\gh ! probabilities f telescopic evid5ce at pres5t seem to me on ! :ole 9 favor ( ,m4 ,faye's rem>kable !ory1 :i* has ! great additional attraction to ! /ud5t t x unites & expla9s num]\s o!r q disconnect$ facts4 ,turn+ n[ to ! o!r sol> features1 let u once m consid] ! sun z a :ole4 ,fig4 #bg is a photograph tak5 f a "p ( ! sun ne> its edge4 ,we notice on x1 :at we see on e c>eful del9eation ( ! sun1 t its g5]al surface is n uni=mly bright1 b t x gr[s d>k] z we approa* ! edge1 :]e x is m>k$ by :it] mottl+s call$ facul1 8some?+ 9 ! sun bright] ?an ! sun itself10 & look+ 9 ! enl>g$ view :i* we pres5t ( "o ( !m 7,fig4 #bh71 z if ! surface ( p>tly cool$ metal 9 a caldron _h be5 brok5 into fissures %[+ ! bright] gl[ b5ea?4 ,^! 8facul10 h[ev]1 are really above ! sol> surface1 n bel[ x1 & :at we wi% to direct p>ticul> att5tion to is t d>k5+ t[>d ! edge :i* makes !m visible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,,facula4 7,,f ,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,,*acornac47 ,?is is v significant1 b its full mean+ may n at fir/ be cle>4 ,x is ow+ to an atmosph]e :i* surr\nds ! sun1 z ! air does ! e>?4 ,:5 we look horizontally ?r\gh our own air1 z at sunrise & sunset1 we gaze ?r\gh great] ?icknesses ( x ?an :5 we turn our eyes to ! z5i?4 ,s :5 we look at ! edge ( ! sun1 ! l9e ( sight passes ?r\gh great] dep?s ( ?is sol> atmosph]e1 & x dims ! light %9+ beh9d x m ?an at ! c5tre1 :]e x is ?94 ,?is d>k5+ t[>d ! edge1 !n1 means t ! sun has an atmosph]e :i* temp]s its heat to u4 ,:atev] ! sun's heat supply is )9 its globe1 if ?is atmosph]e gr[ ?ick]1 ! heat is m conf9$ )91 & our e>? w gr[ cold]2 if ! sol> atmosph]e gr[ ?9n]1 ! sun's en]gy w be exp5d$ m rapidly1 & our e>? w gr[ hott]4 ,?is atmosph]e1 !n1 is 9 consid]able "p1 at lea/1 ! subject ( ! action ( ! spots2 ?is is :at !y are suppos$ to c>ry d[n or to sp\t up4 ,we %all return to ! /udy ( x aga92 b :at ,i want to po9t out n[ is t ! temp]ature ( ! e>?1 & ev5 ! exi/5ce ( man ^u x1 dep5ds v mu* ^u ?is1 at fir/ sight1 insignificant ph5om5on4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! sol> atmosph]e8 ,is x a p]man5t ?+8 ,n at all4 ,x is m light & unsub/antial ?an our own air1 & is be+ :irl$ ab\t by sol> w9ds z ours toss ! du/ ( ! /reets4 ,x is be+ suck$ d[n )9 ! body ( ! sun by "s action we d n cle>ly und]/&1 & return$ to ! surface by "s c\nt] effect :i* we compreh5d no bett]2 & ^u ?is imp]fectly und]/ood ex*ange dep5ds 9 "s way our own safety4 ,!re us$ to be record$ 9 m$ical books ! case ( a boy :o1 to repres5t ,phbus 9 a ,roman mask1 0 gild$ all ov] to produce ! effect ( ! gold5-ray$ god1 b :o di$ 9 a few h\rs because1 all ! pores ( ! sk9 be+ clos$ by ! gold-leaf1 ! natural circulation 0 arre/$4 ,we c c\nt ) ! telescope millions ( pores ^u ! sun's surface1 :i* are 9 "s way connect$ ) ! int]*ange :i* has j be5 spok5 (2 & if ?is1 8 own natural circulation1 7 arre/$ or notably dim9i%$1 we %\ld see 8 face gr[ cold1 & "k t our own heal?1 ) ! life ( all ! human race1 0 wait+ on 8 recov]y4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sun',s ,,surr\nd+s4 ,z ,i write ?is1 ! fields glitt] ) sn[-cry/als 9 ! w9t] noon1 & ! eye is dazzl$ ) a reflection ( ! spl5dor :i* ! sun p\rs s fully into e nook t by x alone we appe> to see ev]y?+4 ,yet1 z ! day decl9es1 & ! gl[ ( ! sunset spreads up to ! z5i?1 !re comes out 9 x ! :ite-%9+ ev5+ />1 :i* n ! light1 b ! d>kness1 makes visible2 & z ! la/ ruddy twilight fades1 n only ?is neighbor-_w1 ^: light is f$ f ! sunk5 sun1 b o!r />s appe>1 !mselves self-%9+ suns1 :i* 7 above u all ?r\gh ! day1 unse5 because ( ! v light4 ,z night draws on1 we may see ! occasional fla% ( a %oot+-/>1 or p]haps ! auroral /ream]s spread+ ov] ! heav5s2 & rememb]+ t ^! w fade z ! sun rises1 & t ! ne>] !y are to x ! m completely !y w be blott$ out1 we inf] t if ! sun 7 surr\nd$ by a halo ( only simil> brightness1 ?is w\ld rema9 =ev] invisible1--unless1 inde$1 !re 7 "s way ( cutt+ (f ! light f ! sun )\t obscur+ its surr\nd+s4 ,b if we try ! exp]im5t ( hold+ up a scre5 :i* j conceals ! sun1 no?+ new is se5 9 its vic9ity1 = we are also light$ by ! neighbor+ sky1 :i* is s dazzl+ly bright ) reflect$ light z effectually to hide any?+ :i* may be beh9d x1 s t to get rid ( ?is gl>e we %\ld ne$ to hang up a scre5 outside ! e>?'s atmosph]e altoge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,lun> ,,cone ,,%ad[4 ,nature hangs su* a scre5 9 front ( ! e>? :5 ! moon passes betwe5 x & ! sun2 b z ! moon is f> too small to scre5 all ! e>? completely1 & z s limit$ a portion ( its surface is 9 complete %ad[ t ! *ances are mu* aga9/ any giv5 individual's be+ on ! s+le spot cov]$ by x1 _m c5turies usually elapse be=e su* a total eclipse occurs at any giv5 po9t2 :ile yet almo/ e ye> !re may be a p>tial eclipse1 :51 ov] a great portion ( ! e>? at once1 p may be able to look r\nd ! moon's edge & see ! sunlight b p>tly cut (f4 ,ne>ly e "o1 !n1 has se5 a p>tial eclipse ( ! sun1 b comp>atively few a total "o1 :i* is q ano!r ?+1 & wor? a j\rney r\nd ! _w to behold2 = su* a nimbus1 or glory1 z we h sugge/$ ! possibility (1 does actually exi/ ab\t ! sun1 & becomes visible to ! nak$ eye on ! r>e occasions :5 x is visible at all1 accompani$ by ph5om5a :i* are unique among cele/ial wond]s4 ,! 8corona10 z ?is sol> cr[n is call$1 is se5 dur+ a total eclipse to consi/ ( a bright inn] light next ! invisible sun1 :i* melts into a fa9t] & imm5sely ext5d$ radiance 7! writ] has foll[$ ! latt] to ! di/ance ( ab\t t5 million miles71 & all ?is inn] corona is fill$ ) curi\s detail4 ,all ?is is to be di/+ui%$ f ano!r rem>kable feature se5 at ! same "t2 = close to ! black body ( ! moon are prom95ces ( a vivid crimson & sc>let1 ris+ up l m\nta9s f ! hidd5 sol> disk1 & ^!1 :i* w be consid]$ lat]1 are q di/9ct f ! corona1 ?\gh se5 on ! backgr\nd ( its pe>ly light4 ,to und]/& :at ! lun> scre5 is do+ = u1 we may imag9e ourselves at "s /ation outside ! e>?1 :5ce we %\ld behold ! moon's %ad[ some:at z 9 ,fig4 #bi1 :]e we mu/ rememb] t s9ce ! lun> orbit is n a circle1 b ne>ly an ellipse1 ! moon is at "s times f>!r f ! e>? ?an at o!rs4 ,"h ! extremity ( its %ad[ is repres5t$ z j t\*+ ! surface ( ! globe1 :ile x is evid5t t if ! moon 7 at its greate/ di/ance1 its %ad[ might come to a po9t be=e rea*+ ! e>? at all4 ,we speak1 ( c\rse1 only ( ! c5tral cone ( %ade2 = !re is an out] "o1 indicat$ by ! fa9t dott$ l9es1 )9 ^: mu* m ext5d$ limits ! eclipse is p>tial1 b ) ! latt] we h at pres5t no?+ to d4 ,! figure h[ev]1 = want ( room1 is made to repres5t ! proportions incorrectly1 ! real ones ( ! %ad[ be+ actually some?+ l ^? ( a sew+-ne$le1--?is v long att5uat$ %ad[ sometimes1 z we h j said1 n rea*+ ! e>? at all1 & :5 x does rea* x1 cov]+ at ! mo/ a v small region inde$4 ,:]e ?is po9t t\*es1 & :]ev] x re/s1 we %\ld1 9 look+ d[n f our cele/ial /ation1 see t "p ( ! e>? 9 complete %ad[1 appe>+ l a m9ute d>k spot1 ^: less] diamet] is seldom ov] a hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,! eclipse is total only to ^? inhabitants ( ! e>? )9 ! track ( ?is d>k spot1 ?\gh ! spot itself travels across ! e>? ) ! spe$ ( ! moon 9 ! sky2 s t if x c\ld leave a m>k1 x w\ld 9 a few h\rs trace a d>k l9e across ! globe1 look+ l a n>r[ black tape curv+ across ! side ( ! _w next ! sun4 ,9 ,fig4 #cj1 = in/ance1 is ! c5tral track ( ! eclipse ( ,july #bi1 #ahgh1 z x w\ld be visible to our cele/ial obs]v]1 beg9n+ 9 ,alaska 9 ! =5oon1 & end+ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :i* x rea*$ 9 ! aft]noon4 ,to ^? on ! e>?'s surface )9 ?is %ad[ x cov]$ ev]y?+ 9 view1 &1 = any?+ ^? involv$ 9 x c\ld see1 x 0 all-embrac+ & t]rible1 & wor?ily describ$ 9 su* l9es z ,milton's1-- 8,z :5 ! sun 444 ,9 dim eclipse1 disa/r\s twilight %$s ,on half ! nations1 & ) fe> ( *ange ,p]plexes mon>*s40 ,we may enjoy ! poet's vision2 b "h1 :ile we look d[n on ! :ole e>? at once1 we mu/ admit t ! actual area ( ! 8twilight0 is v small inde$4 ,)9 ?is area1 h[ev]1 ! spectacle is "o ( :i*1 ?\gh ! man ( sci5ce may prosaically /ate ! facts1 p]haps only ! poet c\ld r5d] ! impression4 ,we c fa9tly picture1 p]haps1 h[ x w\ld seem1 f a /ation ne> ! lun> orbit1 to see ! moon--a mov+ _w--ru% by ) a velocity great] ?an t ( ! cannon-ball 9 its swifte/ flight2 b ) equal spe$ its %ad[ actually travels along ! e>?4 ,& n[1 if we return f our imag9>y /ation to a real "o "h bel[1 we are bett] prep>$ to see :y ?is fly+ %ad[ is su* a unique spectacle2 =1 small z x may be :5 se5 9 relation to ! :ole globe1 x is imm5se to ! obs]v]1 ^: entire horizon is fill$ ) x1 & :o sees ! actual velocity ( "o ( ! heav5ly bodies1 z x 71 br\ght d[n to him4 ,! read] :o has ev] asc5d$ to ! ,sup]ga1 at ,tur91 w recall ! magnific5t view1 & be able to und]/& ! good =tune ( an obs]v] 7,=bes7 :o once _h ! opportunity to witness !nce ?is ph5om5on1 & "u a ne>ly cl\dless sky4 8,i p]ceiv$10 he says1 89 ! s\?we/ a black %ad[ l t ( a /orm ab\t to break1 :i* obscur$ ! ,alps4 ,x 0 ! lun> %ad[ com+ t[>d u40 ,& he speaks ( ! 8/upefaction0--x is 8 ^w--caus$ by ! spectacle4 8,i confess10 he cont9ues1 8x 0 ! mo/ t]rify+ sight ,i ev] saw4 ,z always happ5s 9 ! cases ( sudd51 sil5t1 unexpect$ movem5ts1 ! spectator conf\nds real & relative motion4 ,i felt almo/ giddy = a mom5t1 z ?\gh ! massive build+ "u me b[$ on ! side ( ! com+ eclipse40 ,ano!r witness1 :o _h be5 look+ at "s bright cl\ds j be=e1 says3 8,! bright cl\d ,i saw di/9ctly put out l a c&le4 ,! rapidity ( ! %ad[1 & ! int5sity1 produc$ a feel+ t some?+ mat]ial 0 sweep+ ov] ! e>? at a spe$ p]fectly frightful4 ,i involunt>ily li/5$ = ! ru%+ noise ( a mighty w9d40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj--,,track ,,( ,,lun> ,,%ad[4 ,ea* "o notes some?+ diff]5t f ano!r at su* a "t2 & ?\gh ! read] w f9d m9ute descriptions ( ! ph5om5a already 9 pr9t1 x w p]haps be m int]e/+ if1 in/ead ( citations f books1 ,i invite him to view !m ) me1 s9ce ea* c tell be/ :at he has p]sonally se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,,inn] ,,corona ,,eclipse ,,( #ahfi4 ,,f ,,%elbyville ,,photograph4 7,,royal ,,a/ronomical ,,society',s ,,memoirs47 ,i h witness$ ?ree total eclipses1 b ,i d n f9d t repetition dulls ! int]e/4 ,! fir/ 0 t ( #ahfi1 :i* pass$ across ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 0 ne>ly c5tral ov] ,l\isville4 ,my /ation 0 on ! s\!rn bord] ( ! eclipse track1 n v f> f ! ,mammo? ,cave 9 ,k5tucky1 & ,i well rememb] t e>ly exp]i5ce4 ,! special obs]vations ( precision 9 :i* ,i 0 engag$ w\ld n int]e/ ! read]2 b :ile try+ to give my undivid$ att5tion to ^!1 a m5tal photograph ( ! :ole spectacle seem$ to be tak+ )\t my volition4 ,fir/1 ! black body ( ! moon advanc$ sl[ly on ! sun1 z we h all se5 x d 9 p>tial eclipses1 )\t any?+ noticeable appe>+2 nor till ! sun 0 v ne>ly cov]$ did ! light ( day ab\t u seem mu* dim9i%$4 ,b :5 ! sun's face 0 r$uc$ to a v n>r[ cresc5t1 ! *ange 0 sudd5 & />tl+1 = ! light :i* fell on u n only dw9dl$ rapidly1 b became ( a k9d unkn[n be=e1 s t a pallid appe>ance ov]spread ! face ( ! e>? ) an ugly livid hue2 & z ?is /range wanness increas$1 a cold seem$ to come ) x4 ,! impression 0 ( some?+ unnatural2 b !re 0 only a mom5t to note x1 = ! sun w5t out z sudd5ly z a bl[n-out gas-jet1 & ,i became z sudd5ly aw>e t all ar\nd1 :]e x _h be51 !re _h be5 gr[+ into vision a k9d ( gho/ly radiance1 compos$ ( sep>ate pe>ly beams1 look+ di/9ct ea* f ea*1 z ?\gh ! black circle :]e ! sun once 01 bri/l$ ) pale /ream]s1 /ret*+ f> away f x 9 a sort ( cr[n4 ,?is 0 ! my/]i\s corona1 only se5 dur+ ! brief mom5ts :ile ! %ad[ is fly+ ov]head2 b z ,i am und]tak+ to recall fai?fully ! impressions ( ! in/ant1 ,i may admit t ,i 0 at ! "t equally /ruck ) a circum/ance t may appe> trivial 9 description1--! extraord9>y globul> appe>ance ( ! moon h]self4 ,we all "k well en\gh t ! moon is a solid sph]e1 b x commonly looks l a bright1 flat circle fa/5$ to ! concave ( ! />ry vault2 & n[1 ow+ to its unwont$ illum9ation1 ! actual rotundity 0 se5 = ! fir/ "t1 & ! result 0 to %[ x z x really is1--a mon/r\s1 solid globe1 susp5d$ by "s invisible support above ! e>?1 ) no?+ app>5t to keep x f tumbl+ on u1 look+ at ! mom5t v ne>1 & m ?an any?+ else l a gigantic black cannon-ball1 hung by "s miracle 9 ! air above ! neighbor+ cornfield4 ,b 9 a few seconds all 0 ov]2 ! sunlight fla%$ f "o po9t ( ! moon's edge & !n ano!r1 almo/ simultane\sly1 l sudd5ly k9dl$ electric lights1 :i* z in/antly fl[$ into "o1 & x 0 day aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,sket* ,,( ,,out] ,,corona1 #ahfi4 7,u4 ,s4 ,,coa/ ,,survey ,,report47 ,i h spok5 ( ! 8unnatural0 appe>ance ( ! light j be=e totality4 ,?is is n due to excit$ fancy1 = !re is some?+ s ess5tially diff]5t f ! natural d>kness ( twilight1 t ! brute creation %>es ! feel+ ) u4 ,arago1 = in/ance1 m5tions t 9 ! eclipse ( #ahdb1 at ,p]pignan1 :]e he 0 /ation$1 a dog :i* _h be5 kept f food tw5ty-f\r h\rs 01 to te/ ?is1 ?r[n "s bread j be=e 8totality0 began4 ,! dog seiz$ ! loaf1 began to dev\r x rav5\sly1 & !n1 z ! appe>ance already describ$ came on1 he dropp$ x4 ,! d>kness la/$ "s m9utes1 b n till ! sun came =? aga9 did ! poor creature return to ! food4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t m5 also1 :e!r educat$ or ignorant1 d n escape ! impression4 ,a p>ty ( ! c\rti]s ( ,l\is ,,xv4 is said to h ga!r$ r\nd ,cass9i to witness an eclipse f ! t]race ( ! ,p>is obs]vatory1 & to h be5 laugh+ at ! populace1 ^: cries 7 he>d z ! light began to fade2 :51 z ! unnatural gloom came quickly on1 a sudd5 sil5ce fell on !m too1 ! panic t]ror /rik+ ?r\gh _! laught]4 ,some?+ common to man & ! brute speaks at su* times1 if nev] be=e or aga92 some?+ :i* is n altoge!r physical appreh5sion1 b m l ! moral dismay :5 ! %ock ( an e>?quake is felt = ! fir/ "t1 & we fir/ "k t />tl+ d\bt1 sup]ior to reason1 :e!r ! solid frame ( e>? is real1 & n 8baseless z ! fabric ( a vision40 ,b ?is is appeal+ = illu/ration to an exp]i5ce :i* mo/ read]s h d\btless be5 sp>$1#b & ,i w\ld r cite ! light] "o ( our c5tral p>ty t day1 a few miles nor? ( me1 at ,%elbyville4 ,9 ?is "p ( ,k5tucky ! color$ population 0 l>ge1 & 79 ^? days7 ignorant ( ev]y?+ outside ! life ( ! plantation1 f :i* !y _h only lately be5 emancipat$4 ,on t ev5tful #h? ( ,augu/ !y came 9 great numb]s to view ! enclosure & ! t5ts ( ! obs]v+ p>ty1 & to inquire ! price ( ! %[4 ,on le>n+ t !y might see x )\t *>ge f ! outside1 a mo/ unfavorable op9ion 0 creat$ among !m z to ! probable m]its ( s *eap a spectacle1 & !y cr[d$ ! trees ab\t ! camp1 %\t+ to ea* o!r s>ca/ic comm5ts on ! inf]ior int]e/ ( ! ent]ta9m5t4 8,^? trees !re10 said "o ( ! obs]v]s to me ! next day1 87 black ) !m1 & !y kept up _! noise till ne> ! la/1 :5 !y sudd5ly /opp$1 & all at once1 & z #8totality' came1 we he>d a wail & a noise ( tumbl+1 z ?\gh ! trees _h be5 %ak5 ( _! fruit1 & !n ! bolde/ did n feel safe till he 0 "u 8 own b$ 9 8 own cab940 #b ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ! 8,*>le/on e>?quake0 occurr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,tac*9i',s ,,draw+ ,,( ,,corona ,,( #ahgj4 7,,sec*i',s 8,,le ,,soleil407 ,x is impossible to give an exact view ( :at our fri5ds at ,%elbyville saw1 = no draw+s made !re appe> to h be5 pres]v$1 & photography at t "t c\ld only indicate feebly ! portion ( ! corona ne> ! sun :]e x is brighte/4 ,fig4 #ca is a fac-simile ( "o ( ! photographs tak5 on ! occasion1 :i* is int]e/+ p]haps z "o ( ! e>ly attempts 9 ?is direction1 = comp>ison ) lat] ones2 b z a picture x is v disappo9t+1 = ! :ole /ructure ( ! out] corona we h allud$ to is miss$ altoge!r1 ! plate hav+ tak5 no impression ( x4 ,a draw+ 7,fig4 #cb7 made by ano!r obs]v]1 ,mr4 ,m',leod1 at ,spr+field1 repres5ts m ( ! out] /ructure2 b ! read] mu/ rememb] t all draw+s mu/1 9 ! nature ( ! case 7s9ce !re are b two or ?ree m9utes to sket* 971 be incomplete1 :atev] ! arti/'s skill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,watson',s ,,nak$-,,eye ,,draw+ ,,( ,,corona ,,( #ahgj4 7,u4 ,s4 ,,coa/ ,,survey ,,report47 ,up to ?is "t x 0 /ill d\btful1 n only :at ! corona 01 b :]e x 02 :e!r x 0 a some?+ ab\t ! sun or moon1 or :e!r1 inde$1 x might n be 9 our own atmosph]e4 ,! spectroscopic obs]vations ( ,pr(essors ,"y & ,h>kness at ?is same eclipse ( a gre5 l9e 9 its spectrum1 due to "s gl[+ gas1 %[$ conclusively t x 0 l>gely1 at any rate1 a sol> app5dage1 & p>tly1 at lea/1 self-lum9\s2 & ^! & o!r results hav+ awak5$ g5]al discussion among a/ronom]s 9 ,europe z well z at home1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t s5t an exp$ition1 "u ! direction ( ! late ,pr(essor ,pi]ce1 to obs]ve an eclipse :i* 9 ! next ye>1 on ,dec4 #h1 #ahgj1 0 total 9 ! s\? ( ,spa94 ,!re 7 ?ree p>ties2 & ( ! mo/ we/]n ( ^!1 :i* 0 at ,x]es "u ! *>ge ( ,pr(essor ,w9lock1 ,i 0 a memb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,photograph ,,%[+ ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,out] ,,corona4 7,,royal ,,a/ronomical ,,society',s ,,memoirs47 ,! duration ( totality 0 kn[n be=eh&4 ,x w\ld la/ two m9utes & t5 seconds1 & to secure :at c\ld be se5 9 ?is brief int]val we cross$ ! ocean4 ,our /ation 0 9 ! mid/ ( ! %]ry di/rict1 & a "p ( ! in/rum5ts 7 9 an orange-grove1 :]e ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) ! ripe fall5 fruit1 :ile ! olive & v9e ab\t u 9 ,decemb] rem9d$ u ( ! di/ance we _h come to ga!r ! results ( s brief an opportunity4 ,to prep>e = x1 we _h all arriv$ on ! gr\nd "s weeks be=eh&1 & _h be5 assidu\sly busy 9 in/all+ ! app>atus 9 ! obs]v+ camp1 :i* sugge/$ t ( a small army1 ! num]\s in/rum5ts1 "s ( !m ( consid]able size1--equatorials1 photographic app>atus1 pol>iscopes1 photomet]s1 & spectroscopes1--be+ "u t5ts1 ! fronts ( :i* c\ld be lift$ :5 ! "t came = action4 ,to ! equatorial telescopes photographic cam]as are atta*$ in/ead ( ! eye-pieces1 9 ! hope t ! corona may be made to impress itself on ! plate in/ead ( on ! eye4 ,! eye is an admirable in/rum5t itself1 no d\bt2 b beh9d x is a bra91 p]haps ov]wr\ght ) excitem5t1 & respond+ too completely to ! n]v\s t5sion :i* mo/ ( u exp]i5ce :5 ^? critical mom5ts are pass+ s rapidly4 ,! cam]a c see f> less ( ! corona ?an ! man1 b x has no n]ves1 & :at x sets d[n we may rely on4 ,at su* a "t ea* obs]v] has "s p>ticul> task assign$ to him1 on :i*1 if wise1 he has drill$ himself = weeks be=eh&1 s t no hesitation or d\bt may arise 9 ! mom5t ( action2 & 8 att5tion is expect$ to be devot$ to ?is duty alone1 :i* may keep him f not+ any ( ! features :i* make ! occasion s impressive z a spectacle4 ,mo/ ( my own p>ticul> "w 0 aga9 ( a k9d :i* w\ld n int]e/ ! read]4 ,ap>t f ?is1 ,i c recall little b ! sort ( pa9 ( expectation1 z ! mom5t approa*$1 till )9 a m9ute be=e totality ! hum ( voices ar\nd ceas$1 & an utt] & mo/ impressive sil5ce succe$$1 brok5 only by a l[ 8,ah60 f ! gr\p )\t ! camp1 :5 ! mom5t came4 ,i rememb] t ! cl\ds1 :i* _h hung ov] ! sun :ile ! moon 0 fir/ advanc+ on its body1 cle>$ away be=e ! in/ant ( totality1 s t ! la/ ?+ ,i saw 0 a range ( m\nta9s to ! ea/w>d /ill bright 9 ! light2 !n1 ! next mom5t1 ! %ad[ ru%$ ov]head & blott$ out ! di/ant hills1 almo/ be=e ,i c\ld turn my face to ! in/rum5t be=e me4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,,eclipse ,,( #aheg1 ,,draw+ ,,by ,,liais4 7,,royal ,,a/ronomical ,,society',s ,,memoirs47 ,! corona appe>$ to me a diff]5t ?+ f :at x did ! ye> be=e4 ,x 0 app>5tly conf9$ to a pe>ly light ( a r\ghly quadrangul> %ape1 close to ! limb ( ! sun1 brok5 by d>k rifts 7"o ( :i* 0 a conspicu\s object72 :ile )91 & close to ! limb1 0 :at look$ l a m\nta9 ris+ f ! hidd5 sun1 ( ! color ( ! ri*e/ t9t we %\ld see 9 a rose-leaf held up aga9/ ! light1 :ile o!rs 7 visible ( an orange-sc>let4 ,aft] a %ort scrut9y ,i turn$ to my task ( analyz+ ! nature ( ! :ite light4 ,! seconds fl$1 ! light broke out aga91 & s did ! hubbub ( voices1--x 0 all ov]1 & :at _h be5 miss$ !n c\ld n be recov]$4 ,! s5se ( self-reproa* = wa/$ opportunity is a common en\gh feel+ at ?is "t1 ?\gh "o may h done 8 be/1 s little x seems to ea* he has accompli%$2 b :5 all ! results _h be5 br\ght toge!r1 we f\nd t ! spectroscopes1 cam]as1 & pol>iscopes _h ea* done _! "w1 & ! j\rney _h n be5 tak5 9 va94 ,9 "o po9t only we all diff]$1 & ?is 0 ab\t ! direct ocul> evid5ce1 = ea* seem$ to h se5 a diff]5t corona1 & ! draw+s ( x 7 s+ul>ly unlike4 ,"h are two 7,figs4 #cc & #cd7 tak5 at ?is eclipse at ! same "t1 & f neighbor+ /ations1 by two mo/ exp]i5c$ a/ronom]s1 ,tac*9i & ,watson4 ,no "o c\ld guess t !y repres5t$ ! same object1 & a simil> discrepancy 0 common4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,,enl>gem5t ,,( ,,"p ,,( ,,fig4 #ch4 ,consid]+ t ^! 7 tra9$ exp]ts1 ^: special task x 01 9 ?is case1 to draw ! corona1 :i* !re=e claim$ _! undivid$ att5tion1 ,i h>dly "k a m /rik+ in/ance ( ! fallibility ( human te/imony4 ,! evid5ce ( sev]al obs]v]s1 h[ev]1 po9t$ to ! fact t ! light really 0 m ne>ly conf9$ to ! "p next ! sun ?an ! ye> be=e1 s t ! corona _h probably *ang$ dur+ t int]val1 & gr[n small]1 :i* 0 rem>kable en\gh4 ,! evid5ce ( ! pol>iscope1 on ! :ole1 %[$ x to be p>tly due to reflect$ sunlight1 :ile ! spectroscope 9 ! h&s ( ,pr(essor ,"y confirm$ ! la/ ye>'s obs]vation1 t x 0 also1 & l>gely1 self-lum9\s4 ,f9ally1 ! photographs1 tak5 at v di/ant /ations1 %[$ ! same d>k rifts 9 ! same place1 & ?us br\ght confirmatory evid5ce t x 0 n a local ph5om5on 9 our own atmosph]e4 ,a photograph ( x1 tak5 by ,mr4 ,bro!rs 9 ,sicily1 is ! subject ( ! annex$ illu/ration 7,fig4 #ce71 9 :i* ! v bright lights :i*1 ow+ to 8photographic irradiation10 seem to ind5t ! moon1 are *iefly due to ! color$ flames ,i h spok5 (1 :i* w be describ$ lat]4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! photographs tak5 9 ! next ye> 7#ahga7 7 /ill m successful1 & began to %[ /ill m ( ! /ructure1 ^: curi\s =ms1 resembl+ l>ge petals1 _h already be5 figur$ by ,liais4 ,8 draw+ 7,fig4 #cf71 made 9 #aheg1 0 suppos$ to be r a fanciful sket* ?an a tru/wor?y "o2 b1 z x w be se51 ! photograph goes f> to ju/ify x4 ,figures #cg & #ch are copies publi%$ by ,mr4 ,rany>d ( ! excell5t photographs obta9$ 9 #ahga1 :i* are p]haps z good z any?+ done s9ce1 ?\gh ev5 ^! d n %[ ! out] corona4 ,! fir/ is an enl>gem5t ( a small portion ( ! detail 9 ! second4 ,x is sc>cely possible = wood-engrav+ to reproduce ! delicate texture ( ! orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,,fac-,,simile ,,( ,,photograph ,,( ,,corona ,,( #ahga4 7,,royal ,,a/ronomical ,,society',s ,,memoirs47 ,! ye>s br\ght r\nd ! eclipse ( #ahgh1 :i* 0 aga9 9 ,unit$ ,/ates t]ritory1 ! c5tral track 7z ,fig4 #cj has already %[n7 runn+ directly ov] "o ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s ( ! c\ntry1 ,pike's ,peak1 9 ,colorado4 ,pike's ,peak1 ?\gh ov] f\rte5 ?\s& feet high1 is (t5 asc5d$ by pleasure t\ri/s2 b x is "o ?+ to /ay !re = an h\r or two1 & ano!r to take up "o's abode !re & get acclimat$1--= to d ! latt] we mu/ fir/ pass ?r\gh ! horrors 7n too /rong a ^w7 ( m\nta9-sickness4 ,?is rea*es its height usually on ! second or ?ird day1 & is some?+ l viol5t sea-sickness1 complicat$ ) ! s5sations a m\se may be suppos$ to h "u ! bell ( an air-pump4 ,aft] a week ! /rong beg9 to get ov] x1 b none b ! v robu/ %\ld take its *ances1 z we did1 )\t prep>ation2 = on ! night be=e ! eclipse ! life ( "o ( our little p>ty 0 pron\nc$ 9 dang]1 & he 0 c>ri$ d[n 9 a litt] to a cab9 at an altitude ( ab\t t5 ?\s& feet1 :]e he recov]$ s spe$ily z to be able to d good s]vice on ! foll[+ day4 ,! summit ( ! 8,peak0 is cov]$ ) great angul> b[ld]s ( spl9t]$ granite1 among :i* we laid logs br\ght up = firewood1 & on ^!1 sacks ( damp hay1 !n /ret*+ a little t5t ov] all & ty+ x d[n ) wire to ! rocks1 we 7 fa9 to turn 9 "u damp blankets1 & to lie awake ) incessant heada*e1 draw+ long1 /ruggl+ brea?s 9 ! va9 attempt to get air1 & wond]+ h[ long ! t5t w\ld la/1 z ! canvas flapp$ & ro>$ ) a noise l t ( a loose sail 9 a gale at sea1 ) occasional int]vals ( a dead sil5ce1 usually foll[$ by a gu/ t %ov$ aga9/ ! t5t ) ! pu% ( a solid body1 & if a sleep]s %\ld]s t\*$ ! canvas1 %\ld]$ him ov] 9 8 b$4 ,! /\t canvas held1 b ! sn[ ent]$ ) ! w9d & lay 9 a deep drift on ! pill[1 :5 ,i woke aft] a brief sleep t[>d morn+1 &1 look+ out on ! gray dawn1 f\nd t ! sn[ _h turn$ to hail1 :i* 0 rattl+ %>ply on ! rocks ) an accompanim5t ( ?und]1 :i* seem$ to roll f all p>ts ( ! horizon4 ,! sn[ lay ?ick1 & ! %eets ( hail 7 l a wall1 %utt+ out ! sight ( ev]y?+ a few rods (f1 & ?is 0 9 ,july6 ,i ?\ght ( my ,decemb] /ation 9 sunny ,&alusia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--8,,spectres40 ,hail1 ra91 sleet1 sn[1 fog1 & e =m ( bad wea!r cont9u$ = a week on ! summit1 :ile x 0 almo/ always cle> bel[4 ,x 0 (t5 a rem>kable sight to g to ! edge & look d[n4 ,! expanse ( 8! pla9s10 :i* /ret*$ ea/w>d to a horizon l9e ov] a hundr$ miles di/ant1 w\ld be 9 bright sun%9e b5ea?1 :ile ! hail 0 all ar\nd & above u2 & ! light com+ up in/ead ( d[n gave s+ul> effects :5 ! cl\ds p>t$ bel[1 ! pla9s seem+ at su* times to be opalesc5t ) lum9\s yell[ & gre51 z ?\gh ! l[] _w 7 transluc5t1 & ! sun 7 b5ea? x & %9+ up ?r\gh4 ,fig4 #ci is a picture ( ?ree ( u on ! m\nta9-top1 :o saw a r>] spectacle2 = directly opposite ! sett+ sun1 & on ! mi/ ov] ! gulf beyond u1 0 a bright r+1 9 ^: c5tre 7 ?ree phantom images ( our ?ree selves1 :i* mov$ z we mov$1 & !n fad$ z ! sun sank4 ,x 0 8! spectre ( ! ,brock540 ,^! gho/ly pres5tm5ts 7 tol]ably def9$1 z 9 ! sket*1 b did n seem to be gigantic1 z "s h describ$ !m4 ,we r ?\ght !m close at h&2 b be=e we c\ld det]m9e1 ! vision fad$4 ,! cl\ds1 to our good =tune1 roll$ away on ! #bi?2 & a numb] ( pleasure-seek]s1 :o came up to view ! eclipse & ! unwont$ bright sun%9e1 made a sc5e :i* x 0 h>d to id5tify ) ! usual "o4 ,?is "t my bus9ess 0 to draw ! corona2 & ! extreme altitude & ! cle>ness ( ! air1 ) p]haps "s great] ext5sion ?an usual 9 ! object itself1 enabl$ x to be foll[$ to an unprec$5t$ di/ance4 ,dur+ totality ! sun 0 surr\nd$ by a n>r[ r+--h>dly m ?an a l9e--( vivid light1 pres5t+ no /ructure to ! nak$ eye 7b a rem>kable "o 9 ! telescope72 & ?is fad$ ) great sudd5ness into a circul> nebul\s lum9osity betwe5 two & ?ree diamet]s ( ! sun wide1 b )\t su* m>k$ plumes1 or filam5ts1 z ,i _h se5 9 #ahfi4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y ?+1 h[ev]1 0 a beam ( light1 incl9$ at an angle ( ab\t =ty-five degrees1 ab\t z wide z ! sun1 & ext5d+ to ! di/ance ( ne>ly six ( its diamet]s on "o side & ov] twelve on ! o!r2 on "o side alone1 t is1 to ! amaz+ di/ance ( ov] t5 million miles f its body4 ,sub/antially ! same obs]vation 0 made1 z x appe>$ lat]1 by ,pr(essor ,newcomb1 at a l[] level4 ,! direction1 :5 m c>efully measur$1 x 0 int]e/+ to note1 co9cid$ closely ) t ( ! ,zodiacal light1 & a fa9t c5tral rib add$ to its resemblance to t body4 ,x is notewor?y1 9 illu/ration ( :at has already be5 said z to ! conflict ( ocul> te/imony1 t ?\gh ,i1 ) ! great majority ( obs]v]s bel[1 saw only ?is beam1 two witnesses ^: evid5ce is unimpea*able1 ,pr(essors ,"y & ,abbe1 saw a pale beam at "r angles to x2 & t "o obs]v] did n see ! beam 9 "q at all4 ,fig4 #dj is a sket* made f my own1 b necess>ily on a scale :i* c %[ only its g5]al features4 ,) ! telescope1 ! :ole ( ! bright inn] light close to ! sun 0 f\nd to be made up ( filam5ts1 m def9ite ev5 ?an ^? describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt] z se5 9 sun-spots1 & bri/l+ 9 all directions f ! edge2 n conceal+ ea* o!r1 z we might expect su* ?+s to d1 ^u a sph]e1 b fr++ ! sun's edge 9 def9ite outl9e1 z ?\gh x 7 really b a disk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,out] ,,corona ,,( #ahgh4 7,u4 ,s4 ,,naval ,,obs]vatory47 ,^? :o 7 at leisure to wat* ! com+ %ad[ ( ! moon describ$ its curv$ outl9e z di/9ctly visible on ! pla9s4 8,a r\nd$ ball ( d>kness ) an orange-yell[ bord]10 "o call$ x4 ,^?1 aga91 :o look$ d[n on ! bright cl\ds bel[ say ! %ad[ 0 prec$$ by a yell[ fr+e1 ca/+ a bright light ov] ! cl\ds & pass+ into orange1 p9k1 rose-r$1 & d>k-r$1 9 ab\t tw5ty seconds4 ,?is beautiful effect 0 notic$ by ne>ly all ! amateur obs]v]s pres5t1 :o _h _! att5tion at lib]ty1 & 0 g5]ally unse5 by ! pr(essional ones1 :o 7 %ut up 9 d>k t5ts ) photomet]s1 or engag$ o!rwise ?an 9 admir+ ! glory ( ! spectacle z a spectacle m]ely4 ,?is /range light1 =m+ a b& ( color ab\t ! %ad[ z se5 f above1 mu/ h really cov]$ t5 miles or m 9 wid?1 & h occupi$ a consid]able fraction ( a m9ute 9 pass+ ov] ! heads ( ^? bel[1 to :om x probably con/itut$ t lurid light on _! l&scape ,i h spok5 ( z s peculi> & 8unnatural40 ,x seems to be due to ! color$ flames r\nd ! sun1 :i* %9e out :5 its bright] light is ext+ui%$4 ,i %\ld add t on ! summit ( ,pike's ,peak ! corona did n entirely disappe> at ! in/ant ! sun broke =? aga91 b t its outly+ portions fir/ w5t & !n its bright] & inn] ones1 till our eag] gaze1 try+ to foll[ x z long z possible1 only aft] ! lapse ( "s m9utes saw ! la/ ( ! wond]ful ?+ disappe> & 8fade into ! light ( common day40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,,spectromet] ,,slit ,,& ,,sol> ,,image4 7,,f 8,,! ,,sun10 ,,by ,,"y47 ,!re h be5 o!r eclipses s9ce2 b1 9 spite ( all1 our k ( ! corona rema9s v incomplete1 & if ! mo/ le>n$ 9 su* matt]s 7 ask$ :at x 01 he c\ld probably answ] tru?fully1 8,i don't "k40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,,slit ,,& ,,prom95ces4 78,,! ,,sun10 ,,by ,,"y47 ,?is w n be wond]$ at :5 x is consid]$ t z total eclipses come1 ab\t e o!r ye>1 & cont9ue1 "o ) ano!r1 h>dly ?ree m9utes1 an a/ronom] :o %\ld devote ?irty ye>s exclusively to ! subject1 nev] miss+ an eclipse 9 :atev] qu>t] ( ! globe x occurr$1 w\ld 9 t "t h secur$1 9 all1 some?+ l ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r = obs]vation4 ,accord+ly1 :at we "k be/ ab\t ! corona is h[ x looks1 :at x is be+ /ill l>gely conjecture2 & x is = ?is reason t ,i h ?\ght ! space devot$ to x w\ld be be/ us$ by giv+ ! unsci5tific read] "s idea ( ! visible ph5om5a z !y pres5t !mselves to an eyewitness4 ,treatises l ,locky]'s 8,sol> ,physics10 ,proctor's 8,! ,sun10 ,sec*i's 8,le ,soleil10 & ,"y's 8,! ,sun0 7! latt] is mo/ rec5t71 w give ! read] :o desires to le>n m ( ! little t is kn[n1 ! full] in=mation :i* ?is is n ! place =2 b x may be said v briefly t x is c]ta9 t ! corona is at times ( enorm\s ext5t 7! :ole l5g? ( ! long] beam se5 on ,pike's ,peak mu/ h be5 ov] f\rte5 million miles71 t x almo/ c]ta9ly *anges 9 its %ape & dim5sions f ye> to ye> 7possibly mu* (t5]1 b ?is we _c yet "k71 & t x %9es p>tly by its own & p>tly by reflect$ light4 ,:5 we come to ask :e!r x is a gas or n1 ! evid5ce is conflict+4 ,! appe>ance ( ! gre5 coronal l9e1 & o!r te/imony we h n allud$ to1 w\ld make x seem almo/ c]ta9 t !re mu/ be a gas "h ( extreme t5uity1 rea*+ ! height ( "s hundr$ ?\s& miles1 at ! lea/2 :ile yet ! fact t su* light bodies z comets h be5 kn[n to pass ?r\gh x1 close to ! sun1 )\t suff]+ any visible ret>dation1 su* z w\ld come ev5 f a gas f> light] ?an hydrog51 appe>s to ?r[ d\bt on evid5ce o!rwise /rong4 ,x is possible to conceive ( ! corona1 & especially ( ! out] portion1 z v l>gely made up ( m9ute p>ticles su* z =m ! scatt]$ du/ ( meteoric tra9s1 & ?is seems to be ! mo/ probable con/itution ( its outly+ p>ts4 ,x is ev5 possible to conceive t x is 9 "s degree a subjective ph5om5on1 caus$1 z ,pr(essor ,ha/+s has sugge/$1 by diffraction ^u ! edge ( ! moon1--! moon1 t is1 n m]ely s]v+ z a scre5 to ! sun to reveal ! corona1 b p>tly mak+ ! corona by diffract+ ! light1 some:at z we see t ! edge ( any v di/ant object scre5+ ! sun is gild$ by its beams4 ,?is effect may be se5 :5 ! sun rises or sets unusually cle>1 = objects on ! horizon p>tly hid+ x are !n fr+$ = a mom5t ) a l9e ( light1--an appe>ance :i* has n escap$ ,%akspe>e1 :]e he says1-- 8,b :5 f "u ?is t]re/rial ball ,he fires ! tall tops ( ! ea/]n p9es40 ,/ill1 9 admitt+ ! possibility ( "s su* contributory effect on ! "p ( ! moon1 we mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood z mean+ t ! corona z a :ole does n h a real exi/5ce1 q indep5d5t ( ! *anges :i* ! pres5ce ( ! moon may br+2 & 9 leav+ ! wond]ful ?+ we mu/ rememb] t x is1 aft] all1 a reality1 & n a phantasm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,tac*9i',s ,,*romosph]ic ,,cl\ds4 78,,memorie ,,degli ,,spettroscopi/i ,,italiani407 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,,tac*9i',s ,,*romosph]ic ,,cl\ds4 78,,memorie ,,degli ,,spettroscopi/i ,,italiani407 ,i h already describ$ h[1 at ! eclipse ( #ahgj1 ,i 7) o!rs7 saw )9 ! corona :at seem$ l rose & sc>let-color$ m\nta9s ris+ f ! sun's edge1 an appe>ance :i* _h fir/ be5 p>ticul>ly /udi$ 9 ! eclipse ( #ahfh1 two ye>s be=e1 & :i*1 x might be add$1 ,messrs4 ,locky] & ,janss5 _h succe$$ 9 obs]v+ )\t an eclipse by ! spectroscope4 ,besides ! corona1 x may be said1 !n1 t ! sun is surr\nd$ by a ?9 envelope1 ris+ "h & !re into prom95ces ( a rose & sc>let color1 invisible 9 ! telescope1 except at a total eclipse1 b always visible ?r\gh ! spectroscope4 ,x is )9 & q di/9ct f ! corona1 & is usually call$ ! 8*romosph]e10 be+ a sort ( sph]e ( color$ fire surr\nd+ ! sun1 b :i* we c usually see only on ! edge4 8,! appe>ance10 says ,"y1 8is z if c\ntless jets ( heat$ gas 7 issu+ ?r\gh v5ts & spiracles ov] ! :ole surface1 ?us clo?+ x ) flame1 :i* heaves & tosses l ! blaze ( a conflagration40 ,out ( ?is1 !n1 some:at l great] waves or l>g] swell+s ( ! color$ fires1 rise ! prom95ces1 ^: place1 close to ! sun's edge1 has be5 indicat$ 9 _m ( ! draw+s & photographs j giv5 ( ! corona1 on ^: backgr\nd !y are se5 dur+ eclipses2 b z !y c be /udi$ at our leisure ) ! spectroscope1 we h res]v$ a m p>ticul> description ( !m till n[4 ,!y are at all times directly be=e u1 z well z ! corona2 b :ile bo? are yet invisible f ! ov]p[]+ brightness ( ! sunlight reflect$ f ! e>?'s atmosph]e 9 front ( !m1 ^! r$ flames are s f> bright] ?an ! coronal backgr\nd1 t if we c\ld only weak5 ?is 8gl>e0 a little1 !y at lea/ might become visible1 ev5 if ! corona 7 n4 ,! difficulty is evid5tly to f9d "s contrivance :i* w weak5 ! 8gl>e0 )\t enfeebl+ ! prom95ces too2 & ?is ! spectroscope does by diffus+ ! :ite sunlight1 :ile x lets ! color pass ne>ly unimpair$4 ,= ! full und]/&+ ( its action ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to su* works z ^? on ! sun already m5tion$2 b a g5]al idea ( x may be ga!r$1 if we reflect t :ite light is compos$ ( e possible v>iety ( colors1 & t ! spectroscope1 :i* consi/s ess5tially ( a prism beh9d a v n>r[ slit ?r\gh :i* ! light ent]s1 lets any s+le color pass freely1 )\t weak5+ x or alt]+ x 9 any?+ b its direction1 b gives a diff]5t direction to ea*1 & h5ce sorts out ! t9ts1 di/ribut+ !m side by side1 e "o 9 its own place1 ^u ! long color$ b& call$ ! spectrum4 ,if ?is di/ribution has spread ! colors along a space a ?\s& times z wide z ! orig9al beam1 ! av]age light mu/ be j s mu* weak] ?an ! :ite light 01 because ?is orig9ally consi/$ ( a ?\s& 7let u say a ?\s&1 b x is really an inf9ite numb]7 m+l$ t9ts ( blue1 gre51 yell[1 orange1 & r$1 :i* h n[ be5 ?us di/ribut$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we look ?r\gh ! prism at a rose-leaf1 & x has no blue1 gre51 yell[1 or orange 9 x1 & no?+ b pure r$1 z ea* s+le color passes un*ang$1 ?is r$ w1 accord+ to :at has be5 said1 be z bright aft] x has pass$ z be=e4 ,all dep5ds1 !n1 on ! fact t ^! prom95ces d consi/ ma9ly ( light ( "o color1 l ! rose-leaf1 s t ?is mono*romatic light w be se5 ?r\gh ! spectroscope j z x is1 :ile ! lum9\s veil ( gl>+ :ite be=e x w seem to be bru%$ away4 ,if a l>ge telescope be direct$ t[>d ! sun1 ! glass at ! f>!r end w1 if we remove ! eye-piece1 =m a little picture ( ! sun1 z a picture is =m$ 9 a cam]a-obscura2 & n[1 if we also fa/5 ! spectroscope to ?is eye-end1 :]e ! obs]v]'s head w\ld be 7 he look+ ?r\gh1 ! edge ( ! sol> image may be made to fall j (f ! slit1 s t only ! light f ! prom95ces 7& ! :ite gl>e ab\t !m7 %all pass 94 ,to see ?is m cle>ly1 let u turn our backs to ! sun & ! telescope1 & look at ! place :]e ! image falls by ! spectroscope slit1 :i* 9 ,fig4 #da is drawn ( its full size4 ,?is is a brass plate1 hav+ a m9ute rectangul> w9d[1 ! 8slit10 9 x4 ,! wid? ( ?is slit is regulat$ by a screw1 & any rays fall+ into ! n>r[ ap]ture pass ?r\gh ! prism )91 & f9ally fall on ! obs]v]'s eye1 b n till !y h be5 sort$ by ! prism 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,=m$ on ! brass plate1 j z x w\ld be =m$ on a %eet ( pap]1 or any?+ else held 9 ! focus1 we see ! bright sol> image1 a circle ( light p]haps an in* & a half 9 diamet]1--a m9iature ( ! sun ) its spots4 ,! :ole ( ! sun 7! photosph]e7 !n is hidd5 to an obs]v] :o is look+ up ?r\gh ! slit f ! o!r side1 =1 z ! sun's edge does n q t\* ! slit1 none ( its rays c ent] x2 b if !re be also ! image "h ( a prom95ce1 project+ beyond ! edge1 & really ov]hang+ ! slit 7?\gh to u invisible on acc\nt ( ! gl>e ab\t x71 ^! rays w fall into ! slit & pass d[n to ! prism1 :i* w dispose ( x 9 ! way already /at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,,vogel',s ,,*romosph]ic ,,=ms4 78,,beoba*tung510 ,,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,vogel47 ,& n[ let u get to ! o!r side1 &1 look+ up ?r\gh ! prism ) ! aid ( a magnify+-glass1 see :at x has done = u 7,fig4 #db74 ,! l>ge rectangul> op5+ "h is ! same z ! small "o :i* 0 visible f ! outside1 only t x is n[ magnifi$1 & :at 0 be=e invisible is se52 ! edge ( ! sun itself is j hidd51 b ! sc>let flames ( ! *romosph]e h become visible1 ) a cl\dy prom95ce ris+ above !m4 ,! 8flames0 are flame-l only 9 =m1 = _! light is probably due n to any combu/ion1 b to ! gl[ ( int5sely heat$ matt]2 & z its light is n q pure r$1 we c1 by go+ to ano!r "p ( ! spectrum1 see ! same ?+ repeat$ 9 orange1 ! effect be+ z ?\gh we _h a numb] ( long n>r[ w9d[s1 "s glaz$ ) r$1 "s ) orange1 & "s ) o!r colors1 ?r\gh :i* we c\ld look out at ! same cl\ds4 ,i h look$ at ^! prom95ces (t5 9 ?is way2 b ,i pref]1 9 ! read]'s int]e/1 to borr[ f ! description by ,pr(essor ,"y1 :o has made ^! mo/ int]e/+ & wond]ful =ms a special /udy4 ,let u premise t ! dep? ( ! crimson %ell out ( :i* !y rise is usually less ?an five ?\s& miles1 & t ?\gh ! prom95ces v>y greatly1 ! majority rea* a height ( ne>ly tw5ty ?\s& miles1 :ile 9 exceptional cases ?is is imm5sely exce$$4 ,pr(essor ,"y has se5 "o :i* grew to a height ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty ?\s& miles 9 an h\r & a half1 & 9 half an h\r m _h fad$ away4 ,^! =ms fall into two ma9 classes1--t ( ! quiet & cl\d-l1 & t ( ! eruptive1--! fir/ be+ almo/ exactly 9 =m l ! cl\ds ( our own sky1 sometimes appe>+ to lie on ! limb ( ! sun l a bank ( cl\ds on ! horizon1 sometimes float+ entirely free2 :ile sometimes 8! :ole "u surface is fr+$ ) d[n-hang+ filam5ts1 :i* rem9d "o ( a summ] %[] hang+ f a heavy ?und]-cl\d40 ,"h are "s ( ! typical =ms ( ! quiet] ones3-- ,fig4 #dc1 by ,tac*9i1 ! ,director ( ! ,roman ,obs]vatory1 repres5ts an ord9>y prom95ce1 or cl\d-gr\p 9 ! *romosph]e1 ^: height is ab\t tw5ty-five ?\s& miles4 ,! little spires ( flame :i* rise1 ?ick z grass-blades1 ev]y:]e f ! surface1 are se5 on its "r & left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,,tac*9i',s ,,*romosph]ic ,,=ms4 78,,memorie ,,degli ,,spettroscopi/i ,,italiani407 ,fig4 #dd 7,tac*9i7 is "o :]e ! agitation is great] & ! 8filam5t>y0 type is m m>k$4 ,besides ! curi\sly ?read-l =ms 7s sugge/ive ( :at we h already se5 9 ! photosph]e71 we h "h :at looks l an ext5d$ cl\dy mass1 drawn out by a horizontally mov+ w9d4 ,fig4 #de 7by ,vogel1 at ,bo?kamp7 repres5ts ano!r ( ^! num]\s types4 ,! extraord9>y ,fig4 #df is f ano!r draw+1 by ,tac*9i1 ( a protub]ance se5 9 #ahga 7a "t ( great sol> di/urbance71 & x belongs to ! m en]getic ( its class4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,,eruptive ,,prom95ces4 78,,! ,,sun10 ,,by ,,"y47 ,?is fanta/ic cl\d-%ape1 8if %ape x might be call$ t %ape _h none10 look+ l "s nightm>e vision1 0 ab\t fifty ?\s& miles long & sixty ?\s& high above ! surface4 ,! read] w notice also ! fi]y ra91 l ! drops f a fall+ rocket1 & may add to x all1 9 imag9ation1 ! actual color1 :i* is ( a deep sc>let4 ,x may add to !-int]e/ su* ?+s excite1 to "k t !y h "s my/]i\s connection ) a t]re/rial ph5om5on1--! aurora1--= ! nor!rn lights h be5 aga9 & aga9 notic$ to dance 9 company ) ^! sol> displays4 ,! eruptive prom95ces are v diff]5t 9 appe>ance1 z w be se5 by ! next illu/ration1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,"y4 ,9 ,fig4 #dg we h a gr\p ( mo/ int]e/+ views by him 7drawn "h on ! common scale ( sev5ty-five ?\s& miles to an in*71 illu/rat+ ! m eruptive types1 ( :i* we w let him speak directly4 ,! fir/ %[s a case ( ! v]tical filam5ts1 l ^? rocket-drops we saw j1 n[ 9 ,tac*9i's draw+1 b "h m m>k$2 :ile ! second 7on ! left side7 is a cyclone-=m1 :]e ! twi/$ /ems sugge/ :at we h se5 be=e 9 ! 8bridges0 ( sun-spots1 & bel[ ?is is ano!r example ( filam5t>y =ms4 ,! upp] "o1 on ! "r1 is ! view ( a cl\d prom95ce z x appe>$ at half-pa/ twelve o'clock1 on ,sept4 #g1 #ahga4 ,bel[ x is ! same prom95ce at "o o'clock 7half an h\r lat]71 :5 x has be5 %att]$ by "s inconceivable explosion1 bl[+ x into fragm5ts1 & driv+ ! hydrog5 to a height ( two hundr$ ?\s& miles4 ,! l[e/ figure on ! "r %[s ano!r case :]e incl9$ jets 7( hydrog57 7 se5 to rise to a height ( fifty ?\s& miles4 ,pr(essor ,"y says ( ^!3-- 8,_! =m & appe>ance *ange ) great rapidity1 s t ! motion c almo/ be se5 ) ! eye4 ,sometimes !y consi/ ( po9t$ rays1 div]g+ 9 all directions1 l h$gehog-sp9es4 ,sometimes !y look l flames2 sometimes l %eaves ( gra92 sometimes l :irl+ wat]-sp\ts1 capp$ ) a great cl\d2 occasionally !y pres5t mo/ exactly ! appe>ance ( jets ( liquid fire1 ris+ & fall+ 9 graceful p>abolas2 frequ5tly !y c>ry on _! edges spirals l ! volutes ( an ,ionic column2 & cont9ually !y deta* filam5ts :i* rise to a great elevation1 gradually exp&+ & gr[+ fa9t] z !y asc5d1 until ! eye loses !m4 ,!re is no end to ! numb] ( curi\s & int]e/+ appe>ances :i* !y exhibit "u v>y+ circum/ances4 ,! velocity ( ! motions (t5 exce$s a hundr$ miles a second1 & sometimes1 ?\gh v r>ely1 rea*es two hundr$ miles40 ,9 ! case ( ! p>ticul> ph5om5on record$ by ,pr(essor ,"y 9 ! la/ illu/ration1 ,mr4 ,proctor1 h[ev]1 has calculat$ t ! initial velocity probably exce$$ five hundr$ miles a second1 :i*1 except = ! resi/ance exp]i5c$ by ! sun's own atmosph]e1 w\ld h hurl$ ! eject$ matt] into space entirely cle> ( ! sun's p[] to recall x1 s t x w\ld nev] return4 ,x adds to our int]e/ 9 ^! flames to "k t !y at lea/ are connect$ ) t up-ru% ( heat$ matt] f ! sun's int]ior1 =m+ a "p ( ! circulation :i* ma9ta9s bo? ! temp]ature ( its surface & t radiation on :i* all t]re/rial life dep5ds4 ,! flames1 inde$1 add ( !mselves little to ! heat ! sun s5ds u1 b !y are 9 ?is way ! outw>d & visible signs ( a con/ant process )91 by :i* we live2 & s f> !y seem to h a m imm$iate int]e/ to u1 ?\gh invisible1 ?an ! corona :i* surr\nds !m4 ,b we mu/ rememb] :5 we lift our eyes to ! sun t ?is latt] wond] is really !re1 :e!r man sees x or n1 & t ! cause ( its exi/5ce is /ill unkn[n4 ,we ask = its 8object0 p]haps ) an unconsci\s assumption t ! :ole mu/ h be5 9 "s way provid$ to subs]ve our wants2 b !re is n z yet ! slighte/ evid5ce connect+ its exi/5ce ) any human ne$ or purpose1 & z yet we h no k t1 9 ?is s5se1 x exi/s to any 8end0 at all4 8,z ! ?\ght ( man is wid5$ ) ! process ( ! suns10 let u hope t we %all "o day "k m4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sun',s ,,en]gy4 8,x is inde$10 says good ,bi%op ,b]keley1 8an op9ion /rangely prevail+ among/ m5 t 444 all s5sible objects h an exi/5ce 444 di/9ct f _! be+ p]ceiv$ by ! und]/&+4 ,b 444 "s tru?s !re are1 s ne> & obvi\s to ! m9d1 t a man ne$ only op5 8 eyes to see !m4 ,su* ,i take ?is important "o to be1 namely1 t all ! *oir ( heav5 & furniture ( ! e>?--9 a ^w1 all ^? bodies :i* compose ! mighty frame ( ! _w--h n any subsi/5ce )\t a m9d40 ,we are n go+ to take ! read] along 8! high priori road0 ( metaphysics1 b only to speak ( c]ta9 accept$ conclusions ( mod]n exp]im5tal physics1 :i* d n !mselves1 inde$1 ju/ify all ( ,b]keley's language1 b to :i* ^! words ( ! au?or ( 8,a ,new ,!ory ( ,vision0 seem to be a n unfit prelude4 ,:5 we see a rose-leaf1 we see ) x :at we call a color1 & we are apt to ?9k x is 9 ! rose4 ,b ! color is 9 u1 = x is a s5sation :i* some?+ com+ f ! sun excites 9 ! eye2 s t if ! rose-leaf 7 /ill !re1 !re w\ld be no color unless !re 7 an eye to receive & a bra9 to int]pret ! s5sation4 ,e color t is lovely 9 ! ra9b[ or ! fl[]1 e hue t is vivid 9 a ribbon or sombre 9 ! grave h>monies ( "s old ,p]sian rug1 ! metallic lu/re ( ! humm+-bird or ! sob] imp]ial yell[ ( preci\s *9a1--all ^! h no exi/5ce z color ap>t f ! see+ eye1 & all h _! f\nt & orig9 9 ! sun itself4 8,color0 & 8light10 !n1 are n1 prop]ly speak+1 ext]nal ?+s1 b names giv5 to ! s5sations caus$ by an uncompreh5d$ some?+ radiat$ f ! sun1 :5 ?is falls on our eyes4 ,if ?is v same some?+ falls on our face1 x produces ano!r k9d ( s5sation1 :i* we call 8heat10 or if x falls on a !rmomet] x makes x rise2 :ile if x re/s long on ! face x w produce yet ano!r effect1 8*emical action10 = x w tan ! *eek1 produc+ a *emical *ange !re2 or x w d ! l "w m promptly if x meet a photographic plate4 ,if we be> 9 m9d t x is ! id5tically same ?+ 7:atev] t is7 :i* produces all ^! div]se effects1 we see1 "s ( u p]haps = ! fir/ "t1 t 8color10 8light10 8radiant heat10 8act9ism10 etc41 are only names giv5 to ! div]se effects ( "s ?+1 n ?+s !mselves2 s t1 = in/ance1 all ! spl5dor ( color 9 ! visible _w exi/s only 9 ! eye t sees x4 ,! read] mu/ n suppose t he is "h be+ ask$ to ent]ta9 any metaphysical subtlety4 ,we are consid]+ a fact almo/ univ]sally accept$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s by physici/s1 :o n[ g5]ally admit ! exi/5ce ( a some?+ com+ f ! sun1 :i* is n itself light1 heat1 or *emical action1 b ( :i* ^! are effects4 ,:5 we give ?is unkn[n ?+ a "n1 we call x 8radiant en]gy40 ,h[ x crosses ! void ( space we _c be prop]ly said to "k1 b all ! ph5om5a lead u to ?9k x is 9 ! =m ( motion 9 "s m$ium1--some:at 7to use an imp]fect analogy7 l ! transmission ?r\gh ! air ( ! vibrations :i* w cause s\nd :5 !y rea* an e>4 ,?is1 at any rate1 is c]ta91 t !re is an action ( "s sort incessantly go+ on betwe5 u & ! sun1 :i* enables u to exp]i5ce ! effects ( light & heat4 ,we assume x to be a p>ticul> mode ( vibration2 b :atev] x is1 x is repeat$ ) incompreh5sible rapidity4 ,exp]im5ts rec5tly made by ! writ] %[ t ! sl[] heat vibrations :i* rea* u f ! sun succe$ ea* o!r ne>ly #ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj times 9 a s+le second1 :ile ^? :i* make u see1 h long be5 kn[n to be m rapid /ill4 ,^! pass outw>d f ! sun 9 e direction1 9 ev]-wid5+ sph]es2 & 9 !m1 s f> z we "k1 lies ! pot5cy ( life = ! planet ^u ^: surface !y fall4 ,did ! read] ev] consid] t next to ! my/]y ( gravitation1 :i* draws all ?+s on ! e>?'s surface d[n1 comes t my/]y--n se5 to be "o because s famili>--( ! occult =ce 9 ! sunbeams :i* lifts ?+s up8 ,! incompreh5sible en]gy ( ! sunbeam br\ght ! c>bon out ( ! air1 put x toge!r 9 ! we$ or ! plant1 & lift$ ea* tree-trunk above ! soil4 ,! soil did n lift x1 any m ?an ! soil 9 ,broadway lift$ ! spire ( ,tr9ity4 ,m5 br\ght /ones !re 9 wagons to build ! *ur*1 & ! sun br\ght ! mat]ials 9 its own way1 & built up alike ! sl5d] %aft t su/a9s ! grass blade & ! column ( ! p9e4 ,if ! tree or ! spire fell1 x w\ld require a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w ( m5 or horses or eng9es to set x up aga94 ,s mu* actual "w1 at lea/1 ! sun did 9 ! orig9al build+2 & if we consid] ! numb] ( trees 9 ! =e/1 we see t ?is alone is some?+ great4 ,b besides ?is1 ! sun lock$ up 9 ea* tree a /ore ( en]gy ?\s&s ( times great] ?an t :i* 0 sp5t 9 m]ely lift+ ! trunk f ! gr\nd1 z we may see by unlock+ x aga91 :5 we burn ! tree "u ! boil] ( an eng9e2 = x w develop a p[] equal to ! lift+ ( ?\s&s ( its k9d1 if we *oose to employ x 9 ?is way4 ,?is is s true1 t ! tree may fall1 & turn to coal 9 ! soil1 & /ill keep ?is en]gy imprison$ 9 x1--keep x = millions ( ye>s1 till ! black lump "u ! furnace gives out1 9 ! :irl+ sp9dles ( ! factory or ! turn+ :eel ( ! /eamboat1 ! en]gy ga!r$ 9 ! sun%9e ( ! primeval _w4 ,! mo/ active rays 9 build+ up plant-life are said to be ! yell[ & orange1 ?\gh ,nature's fondness = gre5 ev]y:]e is probably ju/ifi$ by "s special utility4 ,at any rate1 ! action ( ^! sol> rays is to decompose ! products ( combu/ion1 to set free ! oxyg51 & to fix ! c>bon 9 ! plant4 ,p]haps ^! words d n convey a def9ite mean+ to ! read]1 b x is to be hop$ !y w1 = ! /atem5t !y imply is wond]ful en\gh4 ,swift's philosoph] at ,laputa1 :o _h a project = extract+ sunbeams out ( cucumb]s1 0 wis] ?an 8 au?or knew2 = cucumb]s1 l o!r vegetables1 are n[ f\nd to be really 9 l>ge "p put toge!r by sunbeams1 & sunbeams1 or :at is sc>cely di/+ui%able f su*1 c\ld ) our pres5t sci5tific k be extract$ f cucumb]s aga91 only ! process w\ld be too exp5sive to pay4 ,! sunbeam1 h[ev]1 does :at our wise/ *emi/ry _c d3 x takes ! burn$ out a%es & makes !m anew into gre5 wood2 x takes ! close & brea!d out air1 & makes x sweet & fit to brea! by means ( ! plant1 ^: food is ! same z our poison4 ,) ! aid ( sunlight a lily w\ld ?rive on ! deadly atmosph]e ( ! 8black hole ( ,calcutta20 = ?is bane to u1 we repeat1 is vital air to ! plant1 :i* brea!s x 9 ?r\gh all its pores1 br++ x into contact ) ! *lorophyl1 its gre5 blood1 :i* is to x :at ! r$ blood is to u2 do+ almo/ ev]y?+1 h[ev]1 by means ( ! sun ray1 = if ?is be lack+1 ! oxyg5 is no long] set free or ! c>bon reta9$1 & ! plant dies4 ,?is too brief /atem5t mu/ answ] in/ead ( a full] description ( h[ ! sun's en]gy builds up ! vegetable _w4 ,b ! ox1 ! %eep1 & ! lamb fe$ on ! vegetable1 & we 9 turn on !m 7& on vegetables too72 s t1 ?\gh we might eat our own meals 9 d>kness & /ill live1 ! meals !mselves are provid$ lit]ally at ! sun's exp5se1 virtue hav+ gone out ( him to furni% ea* morsel we put 9 our m\?s4 ,b :ile he ?us prep>es ! mat]ial = our own bodies1 & :ile x is pla9 t )\t him we c\ld n exi/ any m ?an ! plant1 ! processes by :i* he acts gr[ m intricate & m obscure 9 our own high] organism1 s t sci5ce z yet only half guesses h[ ! sun makes u4 ,b ! mak+ is done 9 "s way by ! sun1 & s almo/ exclusively is e process ( life4 ,x is n g5]ally und]/ood1 ,i ?9k1 h[ lit]ally true ?is is ( e object 9 ! organic _w4 ,9 a subsequ5t illu/ration we %all see a newspap] be+ pr9t$ by p[] directly & visibly d]iv$ f ! sunbeam4 ,b all ! p[] d]iv$ f coal1 & all ! p[] d]iv$ f human muscles1 comes orig9ally f ! sun1 9 j z lit]al a s5se2 = ! pap] on :i* ! read]'s eye re/s 0 n only made prim>ily f mat]ial gr[n by ! sun1 b 0 /it*$ toge!r by d]iv$ sun-p[]1 & by ?is1 also1 ea* page 0 pr9t$1 s t ! am\nt ( ?is sol> radiation exp5d$ = pr9t+ ea* *apt] ( ?is book c\ld be /at$ ) approximate accuracy 9 figures4 ,to make ev5 ! read]'s h& :i* holds ?is page1 or ! eye :i* sees x1 en]gy aga9 w5t out f ! sun2 & 9 say+ ?is ,i am to be und]/ood 9 ! pla9 & common mean+ ( ! words4 ,did ! read] ev] happ5 to be 9 a great cotton-mill1 :]e _m hundr$s ( op]atives wat*$ _m ?\s&s ( sp9dles8 ,no?+ is visible to cause ! multipli$ movem5t1 ! eng9e be+ p]haps away 9 altoge!r ano!r build+4 ,w&]+ f room to room1 :]e ev]y?+ is 9 motion d]iv$ f "s unse5 s\rce1 he may be arre/$ 9 8 walk by a sudd5 cessation ( ! hum & bu/le1--at once on ! floor bel[1 & on t above1 & all ar\nd him4 ,! simultane\sness ( ?is /oppage at po9ts f> ap>t :5 ! /eam is turn$ (f1 /rikes "o ) a s5se ( ! intimate dep5d5ce ( e complex process go+ on ^u "s remote invisible motor4 ,! cessation is n1 h[ev]1 absolutely in/antane\s2 = ! great fly-:eel1 9 :i* a trifl+ "p ( ! motor p[] is /or$1 makes "o or two turns m1 till ! en]gy 9 ?is also is exhau/$1 & all is /ill4 ,! coal-b$s & ! =e/s are to ! sun :at ! fly-:eel is to ! eng9e3 all _! p[] comes f him2 !y reta9 a little ( x 9 /ore1 b v little by comp>ison ) ! orig9al2 & 7 ! *ange we h already spok5 ( to come ov] ! sun's circulation1--7 ! sol> eng9e disconnect$ f u1--we c\ld g on p]haps a %ort "t at ! co/ ( ?is /ore1 b :5 ?is 0 ov] x w\ld be ov] ) u1 & all w\ld be /ill "h too4 ,is !re n a special int]e/ = u 9 t ,new ,a/ronomy :i* consid]s ^! ?+s1 & /udies ! sun1 n only 9 ! heav5s z a />1 b 9 its work+s "h1 & s l>gely 9 its relations to man8 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce1 !n1 we are ! *ildr5 ( ! sun1 & our bodies a product ( its rays1 z mu* z ! ephem]al insects t its heat hat*es f ! soil1 x is a wor?y problem to le>n h[ ?+s e>?ly dep5d ^u ?is mat]ial rul] ( our days4 ,b al?\gh we "k x does ne>ly all ?+s done on ! e>?1 & h le>n$ a little ( ! way x builds up ! plant1 we "k s little ( ! way x does _m o!r ?+s "h t we are /ill (t5 only able to connect ! t]re/rial effect ) ! sol> cause by not+ :at ev5ts happ5 toge!r4 ,we are 9 ?is respect 9 ! position ( our =efa!rs1 :o _h n yet le>n$ ! sci5ce ( electricity1 b :o not$ t :5 a fla% ( lightn+ came a clap ( ?und] foll[$1 & conclud$ z ju/ly z ,frankl9 or ,f>aday c\ld h done t !re 0 a physical relation betwe5 !m4 ,q 9 ?is way1 we :o are 9 a l position ) reg>d to ! ,new ,a/ronomy1 :i* we hope w "o day expla9 to u :at is at pres5t my/]i\s 9 our connection ) ! sun1 c z yet (t5 only inf] t :5 c]ta9 ph5om5a !re are foll[$ or accompani$ by o!rs "h1 all are really connect$ z products ( "o cause1 h[ev] dissimil> !y may look1 & h[ev] little we "k :at ! real connection may be4 ,!re is no m common inquiry ?an z to ! influ5ce ( sun-spots on ! wea!r2 b z we d n yet "k ! real nature ( ! connection1 if !re be any1 we c only try to f9d out by assembl+ indep5d5t records ( sun-spots & ( ! wea!r "h1 & notic+ if any *anges 9 ! "o are accompani$ by *anges 9 ! o!r2 to see1 = in/ance1 if :5 sun-spots are pl5ty ! wea!r ! _w ov] is ra9y or n1 or to see if :5 an unusual di/urbance breaks out 9 a sun-spot any t]re/rial di/urbance is simultane\sly not$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,sun-,,spots ,,& ,,price ,,( ,,gra94 7,,f 8,,obs]vations ,,( ,,sol> ,,spots407 ,:5 we rememb] h[ our lives dep5d on a c]ta9 circulation 9 ! sun1 ( :i* ! spots appe> to be special examples1 x is ( int]e/ n only to /udy ! =ms )9 !m1 z we h already be5 do+ "h1 b to ask :e!r ! spots !mselves are pres5t z mu* "o ye> z ano!r4 ,! sun sometimes has num]\s spots on x1 & sometimes none at all2 b x does n seem to h occurr$ to any "o to see :e!r !y _h any regul> p]iod = com+ or go+1 till ,s*wabe1 a magi/rate 9 a little ,g]man t[n1 :o happ5$ to h a small telescope & a good deal ( leisure1 began = 8 own amusem5t to note _! numb] e day4 ,he comm5c$ 9 #ahbf1 & ) ,g]man pati5ce obs]v$ daily = =ty ye>s4 ,he fir/ f\nd t ! spots grew m num]\s 9 #ahcj1 :5 !re 0 no s+le day )\t "o2 !n ! numb] decl9$ v rapidly1 till 9 #ahcc !y 7 ab\t gone2 !n !y increas$ 9 numb] aga9 till #ahch1 !n aga9 decl9$2 & s on1 till x became evid5t t sun-spots d n come & g by *ance1 b run ?r\gh a cycle ( gr[? & disappe>ance1 on ! av]age ab\t once 9 e elev5 ye>s4 ,:ile amus+ himself ) 8 telescope1 an important sequ5ce 9 ,nature _h ?us be5 add$ to our k by ! obscure ,h(ra? ,s*wabe1 :o inde$ comp>es himself to ,saul1 go+ out to seek 8 fa!r's asses & f9d+ a k+dom4 ,old records made be=e ,s*wabe's "t h s9ce be5 hunt$ up1 s t we h a fairly connect$ hi/ory ( ! sun's surface = ne>ly a hundr$ & fifty ye>s2 & ! ye>s :5 spots w be pl5tiful or r>e c n[ be (t5 pr$ict$ f see+ :at has be5 9 ! pa/4 ,?us ,i may v5ture to say t ! spots1 s frequ5t 9 #ahhe1 w h probably ne>ly disappe>$ 9 #ahhh1 & w be probably v pl5tiful 9 #ahid4 ,i d n "k at all :y ?is is likely to happ52 ,i only "k t x has repeat$ly happ5$ at correspond+ p]iods 9 ! pa/4 8,n[10 x may be ask$1 8h ^! ?+s any connection ) wea!r *anges1 & is x ( any practical advantage to "k if !y h80 ,w\ld x be1 x may be answ]$1 ( any practical int]e/ to a m]*ant 9 bread-/uffs to h private in=mation ( a reliable "* t crops ! _w ov] w\ld be f9e 9 #ahhh & fail 9 #ahid8 ,! exclusive possession ( su* k might pla9ly br+ 8weal? beyond ! dreams ( av>ice0 to ! us]2 or1 to asc5d f ! l[] gr\nd ( p]sonal int]e/ to ! high] aims ( philan?ropy & sci5ce1 c\ld we pr$ict ! h>ve/s1 we %\ld be arm$ ) a k t might provide aga9/ com+ ye>s ( fam9e1 & make life di/9ctly happi] & easi] to hundr$s ( millions ( toil]s on ! e>?'s surface4 8,b c we pr$ict80 ,we c]ta9ly _c till we h1 at any rate1 fir/ %[n t !re is a connection betwe5 sun-spots & ! wea!r4 ,s9ce we "k no?+ ( ! ultimate causes involv$1 we c only at pres5t1 z ,i say1 collect records ( ! *anges !re1 & comp>e !m ) o!rs ( ! *anges "h1 to see if !re is any significant co9cid5ce4 ,to avoid columns ( figures1 & yet to enable ! read] to judge = himself 9 "s degree ( ! evid5ce1 ,i w give ! results ( "s ( ^! records repres5t$ graphically by curves1 l ^? :i* he may p]haps rememb] to h se5 us$ to %[ ! fluctuations 9 ! value ( gold & gra91 or ( /ocks 9 ! /ock-m>ket4 ,x is only fair to say t ma!maticians us$ ?is me?od long be=e x 0 ev] he>d ( by bus9ess m51 & t ! /ockbrok]s borr[$ x f ! a/ronom]s1 & n ! a/ronom]s f !m4 ,9 ,fig4 #dh1 f ,c>r+ton's "w1 ea* horizontal space repres5ts t5 ye>s ( "t1 & ! figures 9 ! upp] "p repres5t ! fluctuations ( ! sun-spot curve4 ,9 ! middle curve1 v>iations 9 v]tical di/ances correspond to diff]5ces 9 ! di/ance f ! sun ( ! planet ,jupit]1 ! possibility ( ^: influ5ce on sun-spot p]iods c ?us be exam9$4 ,9 ! ?ird & l[e/1 sugge/$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 ! figures at ! side are proportional to ! price ( :eat 9 ! ,engli% m>ket1 ris+ :5 :eat rul$ high1 fall+ :5 x 0 *eap4 ,9 all ?ree curves "o-t5? ( a horizontal spac+ along ! top or bottom corresponds to "o ye>2 & 9 ?is way we h at a glance ! cond5s$ result ( obs]vations & /ati/ics = sixty ye>s1 :i* o!rwise /at$ w\ld fill volumes4 ,! result is in/ructive 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,! v>iations ( ,jupit]'s di/ance c]ta9ly d pres5t a /rik+ co9cid5ce ) ! *anges 9 spot frequ5cy1 & ?is may indicate a real connection betwe5 ! ph5om5a2 b be=e we decide t x does s1 we mu/ rememb] t ! numb] ( cycles ( *ange pres5t$ by ! possible comb9ation ( planet>y p]iods is all b inf9ite4 ,?us we might safely und]take1 ) /udy en\gh1 to f9d a curve1 dep5d+ solely on c]ta9 planet>y configurations1 :i* yet w\ld repres5t ) q /rik+ agreem5t = a "t ! rise & fall 9 any giv5 railroad /ock1 ! relative numb]s ( ,democratic & ,republican congressm5 f ye> to ye>1 or any?+ else ) :i* ! heav5ly bodies h 9 reality z little to d4 ,! ?ird curve 7meant by ! price ( :eat to te/ ! possible influ5ce ( sun-spots on ye>s ( good or bad h>ve/s7 is n op5 to ! la/ objection1 b involves a fallacy ( ano!r k9d4 ,9 fact ! price ( :eat dep5ds on _m ?+s q ap>t f ! op]ations ( ,nature1--on w>s & legislation1 = in/ance2 & "h ! great rise 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! c5tury is z cle>ly connect$ ) ! great cont95tal w>s ( ! fir/ ,napoleon1 :i* %ut up =eign ports1 z ! sudd5 fall ab\t #ahae1 ! ye> ( ,wat]loo1 is ) ! subsequ5t peace4 ,mean:ile an imm5se am\nt ( labor has be5 sp5t 9 mak+ tables ( ! wea!r1 & ( almo/ e conceivable e>?ly ph5om5on :i* may be suppos$ to h a simil> p]iodic "*1 ) v d\btful success1 ne>ly e "o hav+ br\ght out "s result :i* might be plausible if x /ood alone1 b :i* is apt to be contradict$ by ! o!rs4 ,= in/ance1 ,mr4 ,/one1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & ,dr4 ,g\ld1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 consid] t ! obs]vations tak5 at ^? places %[ a little dim9ution ( ! e>?'s temp]ature 7am\nt+ to "o or two degrees7 at a sun-spot maximum4 ,mr4 ,*amb]s concludes1 f tw5ty-eight ye>s' obs]vations1 t ! hotte/ are ^? ( mo/ sun-spots4 ,s ea* ( ^! contradicts ! o!r4 ,!n we h ,gel9ck1 :o1 f a /udy ( num]\s obs]vations1 concludes t all are wrong toge!r1 & t !re is really no *ange 9 ei!r way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,,sun-,,spot ,,( ,,nov4 #af1 #ahhb1 ,,& ,,e>?4 ,i might g on cit+ names ) no bett] result4 ,"o obs]v] tabulates obs]vations ( t]re/rial temp]ature1 or ra9-fall1 or b>omet]1 or ozone2 ano!r1 ! visitations ( ,asiatic *ol]a2 :ile /ill ano!r 7! late ,pr(essor ,jevons7 tabulates comm]cial crises ) ! s]i\s attempt to f9d a connection betwe5 ! sun-spots & bus9ess panics4 ,( mak+ su* cycles !re is no end1 & mu* /udy ( !m w\ld be a we>9ess ,i w n inflict4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,,gre5wi* ,,record ,,( ,,di/urbance ,,( ,,magnetic ,,ne$le1 ,,nov4 #af ,,& #ag1 #ahhb4 ,our own conclusion is1 t f su* inve/igations ( t]re/rial *anges no?+ is yet c]ta9ly kn[n ) reg>d to ! influ5ce ( sun-spots on ! wea!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 q ano!r way2 t is1 to measure _! effect at ! orig9 9 ! sun itself4 ,! sun-spot is cool] ?an ! re/ ( ! surface1 & x might be ?\ght t :5 !re are _m ! sun w\ld give less heat4 ,z f> z ! spots !mselves are conc]n$1 ?is is s1 b 9 a v small degree4 ,i h be5 able to asc]ta9 h[ mu* ?is deprivation ( heat am\nts to1 & f9d x is a real b a mo/ insignificant quantity1 ris+ to ab\t two-?irds ( "o degree ,fahr5heit e elev5 ye>s4 ,?is1 x w be rememb]$1 is ! direct effect ( ! spots consid]$ m]ely z s _m cool pat*es on ! surface1 & x does n imply t :5 !re are mo/ spots ! sun w necess>ily give less heat4 ,9 fact !re may be a comp5sat+ action accompany+ !m :i* makes ! radiation great] ?an :5 !y are abs5t4 ,i w n ent] on a detail$ explanation1 b only say t 9 ! be/ judgm5t ,i c =m by a good deal ( /udy & direct exp]im5t1 !re is no c]ta9 evid5ce t ! sun is hott] at "o "t ?an at ano!r4 ,if we inve/igate1 h[ev]1 ! connection betwe5 spots & t]re/rial magnetic di/urbances1 we %all f9d altoge!r m satisfactory te/imony4 ,?is evid5ce is ( all degrees ( /r5g?1 f probability up to :at may be call$ c]ta9ty1 & x is always obta9$1 n by a priori reason+1 b by ! comp>ison ( indep5d5t obs]vations ( some?+ :i* has happ5$ on ! sun & on ! e>?4 ,we w fir/ take an in/ance ( :at we consid] ! weake/ degree ( evid5ce 7weak1 t is1 :5 any su* s+le case is consid]$71 & we d s by simply quot+ textually ?ree records :i* 7 made at ne>ly ! same "t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w 9 #ahhb4 ,a c]ta9 spot _h be5 visible on ! sun at int]vals = "s weeks2 b :5 on ! #af? ( ,novemb] a glimpse 0 caught ( x aft] previ\s days ( cl\dy wea!r1 ! obs]v]1 x w be se51 is /ruck by ! great activity go+ on 9 x1 &1 ?\gh famili> ) su* sights1 describes ?is "o z 8magnific5t40 #a4 ,f ! daily record at ! ,allegh5y ,obs]vatory1 ,novemb] #af1 #ahhb3-- 8,v l>ge spot on ! sun2 444 great v>iety ( =ms2 inru% f ,s4 ,e4 to ,s4 ,w42 t5d5cy to cyclonic action at sev]al po9ts4 ,! spot is app>5tly ne> its p]iod ( greate/ activity4 ,a magnific5t sight40 ,at ! same "t a sket* 0 comm5c$ :i* 0 int]rupt$ by ! cl\dy wea!r ( ?is & foll[+ days4 ,! outl9e ( ! ma9 spot only is "h giv5 7,fig4 #di74 ,its area1 z measur$ at ,allegh5y1 0 #b1bjj1jjj1jjj squ>e miles2 at ,gre5wi* its area1 inclusive ( "s outly+ portions1 0 e/imat$ on ! same day to be #b1fjj1jjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! e>? is %[n ( its relative size ^u x1 to give a prop] idea ( ! scale4 #b4 ,f ! 8,new ,york ,tribune0 ( ,novemb] #ah? 7describ+ :at took place 9 ! night prec$+ ! #ag?73-- ,,an ,,electric ,,/orm4 ,,telegraph ,,wires ,,greatly ,,affect$4 ,,! ,,di/urbance ,,wide-,,spread4 444 ,at ! ,mutual ,union (fice ! manag] said1 8,our wires are all runn+1 b v sl[ly4 ,!re is (t5 an int]mission ( f "o to five m9utes betwe5 ! words ( a s5t5ce4 ,! electric /orm is g5]al z f> z our wires are conc]n$40444 ,! cable messages 7 also delay$1 9 "s cases z mu* z an h\r4 ,! telephone s]vice 0 practically useless dur+ ! day4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,nov4 #ag4--;,a magnetic /orm ( m ?an usual int5sity began "h at an e>ly h\r ?is morn+1 & has cont9u$ ) occasional int]ruptions dur+ ! day1 s]i\sly int]f]+ ) telegraphic communication4444 ,z an exp]im5t "o ( ! wires ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company 0 work$ betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore ?is aft]noon ) ! t]re/rial curr5t alone1 ! batt]ies hav+ be5 entirely deta*$4 ,,*icago1 ,nov4 #ag4--;,an electric /orm ( ! greate/ viol5ce rag$ 9 all ! t]ritory to po9ts beyond ,omaha4444 ,! swit*-bo>d "h has be5 on fire a doz5 times dur+ ! =5oon4 ,at noon only a s+le wire out ( fifte5 betwe5 ?is city & ,new ,york 0 9 op]ation4 ,& s on ?r\gh a column4 #c4 ,9 ,fig4 #ej we give a portion ( ! automatic trace ( ! magnetic ne$les at ,gre5wi*4#c ,^! ne$les are m\nt$ on massive pi]s 9 ! cell>s ( ! obs]vatory1 f> remov$ f e visible s\rce ( di/urbance1 & ea* c>ries a small mirror1 :5ce a spot ( light is reflect$ ^u a /rip ( photographic pap]1 kept cont9ually roll+ be=e x by clock-"w4 ,if ! ne$le is /ill1 ! mov+ /rip ( pap] w h a /raight l9e on x1 trac$ by ! po9t ( light1 :i* is 9 ?is case motionless4 ,if ! ne$le sw+s to ! "r or left1 ! light-spot vibrates ) x1 & ! l9e x traces becomes s9u\s1 or m & m %>ply zigzagg$ z ! ne$le %iv]s "u ! unkn[n =ces :i* control x4 #c ,x appe>s "h ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,we regret to say t ,am]ican obs]v]s are dep5d5t on ! c\rtesy ( =eign ones 9 su* matt]s1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates hav+ no obs]vatory :]e su* records ( sun-spots & magnetic v>iation are sy/ematically kept4 ,! upp] "p ( ,fig4 #ej gives a little portion ( ?is automatic trace on ,novemb] #af? be=e ! di/urbance began1 to %[ ! ord9>y daily record1 :i* %\ld be comp>$ ) ! viol5t p]turbation occurr+ simultane\sly ) ! telegraphic di/urbance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we may1 = ! read]'s conv5i5ce1 rem>k t z ! a/ronomical day beg9s twelve h\rs lat] ?an ! civil day1 ! approximate ,wa%+ton mean times1 correspond+ to ! ,gre5wi* h\rs aft] twelve1 are f\nd by add+ "o to ! days & subtract+ sev5te5 f ! h\rs4 ,?us 8,novemb] #af?1 tw5ty-two h\rs0 corresponds 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates ne>ly to five o'clock 9 ! morn+ ( ,novemb] #ag?4 ,! ,allegh5y obs]v]1 x w be rememb]$1 9 8 glimpse ( ! spot on ,novemb] #af?1 0 /ruck ) ! great activity ( ! int]nal motions !n go+ on 9 x4 ,! ,a/ronom] ,royal /ates t a portion ( ! spot became deta*$ on ,novemb] #ag? or #ah?1 & t sev]al small spots :i* broke out 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood 7 se5 = ! fir/ "t on ! photographs tak5 ,novemb] #ag?1 tw5ty-two h\rs4 8,are we to conclude f ?is10 x may be ask$1 8t :at w5t on 9 ! sun 0 ! cause ( ! tr\ble on ! telegraph wires80 ,i ?9k we are n at all entitl$ to conclude s f ?is in/ance alone2 b ?\gh 9 "o su* case1 tak5 by itself1 !re is no?+ conclusive1 yet :5 su* a degree ( co9cid5ce occurs aga9 & aga91 ! habitual obs]v] ( sol> ph5om5a le>ns to look ) "s confid5ce = evid5ce ( electrical di/urbance "h foll[+ c]ta9 k9ds ( di/urbance !re1 & ! weight ( ?is "p ( ! evid5ce is n to be s\ght s mu* 9 ! /r5g? ( a s+le case1 z 9 ! multitude ( su* co9cid5ces4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 n only ! means ( comp>+ sun-spot ye>s ) ye>s ( t]re/rial electric di/urbance1 b individual in/ances1 p>ticul> m9utes ( sun-spot *anges1 ) p>ticul> m9utes ( t]re/rial *ange2 & bo? comp>isons are ( ! mo/ conv9c+ "*4 ,fir/1 let u obs]ve t ! compass ne$le1 9 its regul> & ord9>y behavior1 does n po9t con/antly 9 any "o direction ?r\gh ! day1 b moves a v little "o way 9 ! morn+1 & back 9 ! aft]noon4 ,?is same movem5t1 :i* c be notic$ ev5 9 a good surveyor's compass1 is call$ ! 8diurnal oscillation10 & has long be5 kn[n4 ,x has be5 kn[n1 too1 t its am\nt alt]$ f "o ye> to ano!r2 b s9ce ,s*wabe's obs]vations x has be5 f\nd t ! *anges 9 ?is v>iation & 9 ! numb] ( ! spots w5t on toge!r4 ,! co9cid5ces :i* we fail$ to note 9 ! comp>ison ( ! spots ) ! prices ( gra9 are "h made out ) conv9c+ cle>ness1 z ! read] w see by a simple inspection ( ?is *>t 7,fig4 #ea1 tak5 f ,pr(essor ,"y's "w71 :]e ! horizontal divisions /ill d5ote ye>s1 & ! height ( ! cont9u\s curve ! relative numb] ( spots1 :ile ! height ( ! dott$ curve is ! am\nt ( ! magnetic v>iation4 ,?\gh we h giv5 b a "p ( ! curve1 ! presumption f ! agreem5t 9 ! =ty ye>s alone w\ld be a /rong "o t ! two effects1 app>5tly s widely remote 9 _! nature1 are really due to a common cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,sun-,,spots ,,& ,,magnetic ,,v>iations4 ,"h we h comp>$ ye>s ) ye>s2 let u next comp>e m9utes ) m9utes4 ,?us1 to cite 7f ,mr4 ,proctor's "w7 a well-kn[n in/ance3 ,on ,sept4 #a1 #ahfi1 at eighte5 m9utes pa/ elev51 ,mr4 ,c>r+ton1 an exp]i5c$ sol> obs]v]1 sudd5ly saw 9 ! sun some?+ bright] ?an ! sun1--two pat*es ( light1 break+ out s in/antly & s int5sely t 8 fir/ ?\ght 0 t daylight 0 ent]+ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! d>k5+ scre5 he us$4 ,x 0 imm$iately1 h[ev]1 made c]ta9 t some?+ unusual 0 occurr+ 9 ! sun itself1 across :i* ! brilliant spots 7 mov+1 travell+ ?irty-five ?\s& miles 9 five m9utes1 at ! end ( :i* "t 7at tw5ty-?ree m9utes pa/ elev57 !y disappe>$ f sight4 ,by good =tune1 ano!r obs]v] a few miles di/ant saw & indep5d5tly describ$ ! same ph5om5on2 & z ! m9ute _h be5 not$1 x 0 imm$iately aft]w>d f\nd t record+ in/rum5ts regi/]$ a magnetic di/urbance at ! same "t1--8at ! v mom5t10 says ,dr4 ,/ew>t1 ! director ( ! obs]vatory at ,kew4 8,by degrees10 says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 8acc\nts began to p\r 9 ( 444 great electro-magnetic di/urbances 9 e "p ( ! _w4444 ,at ,wa%+ton & ,philadelphia1 9 ,am]ica1 ! telegraphic signal m5 receiv$ sev]e electric %ocks4 ,at ,bo/on1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 a flame ( fire foll[$ ! p5 ( ,ba9's electric telegraph40 7,su* electric di/urbances1 x may be m5tion$1 are call$ 8electric /orms10 ?\gh :5 !y occur ! wea!r may be p]fectly s]5e to ! eye4 ,!y are %[n also by rapid vibrations ( ! magnetic ne$le1 l ^? we h illu/rat$47 ,on ,aug4 #c1 #ahgb1 ,pr(essor ,"y1 :o 0 obs]v+ at ,%]man 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 saw ?ree notable p>oxysms 9 ! sun's *romosph]e1 jets ( lum9\s matt] ( int5se brilliance be+ project$ at #h;h4 #dem41 #aj;h4 #cjm41 & #aa;h4 #ejm4 ( ! local "t4 8,at d9n]10 he says1 8! photograph] ( ! p>ty1 :o 0 mak+ our magnetic obs]vations1 told me1 be=e kn[+ any?+ ab\t :at ,i _h be5 obs]v+1 t he _h be5 oblig$ to give up "w1 8 magnet hav+ swung cle> (f ! limb40 ,simil> ph5om5a 7 obs]v$ ,augu/ #e?4 ,pr(essor ,"y wrote to ,engl&1 & receiv$ f ,gre5wi* & ,/onyhur/ copies ( ! automatic record1 :i* he gives1 & :i* we give 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,aft] all[+ = diff]5ce ( longitude1 ! read] :o w take ! pa9s to comp>e !m may see = himself t bo? %[ a jump ( ! ne$les 9 ! cell>s at ,gre5wi* at ! same m9ute 9 ea* ( ! f\r cases ( outbur/ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,,gre5wi* ,,magnetic ,,obs]vations1 ,,aug4 #c ,,& #e1 #ahgb4 ,:ile we admit t ! evid5ce 9 any s+le case is r>ely s conclusive z 9 ^!2 :ile we agree t ! spot is n s mu* ! cause ( ! *ange z ! index ( "s o!r sol> action :i* does cause x2 & :ile we fully conc$e our pres5t ignorance ( ! nature ( ?is cause1--we _c refuse to accept ! cumulative evid5ce1 ( :i* a little has be5 submitt$4 ,x is only 9 r>e cases t we c feel q sure2 & yet1 9 reg>d ev5 to "o ( ! m common & less conclusive ones1 we may at lea/ feel w>rant$ 9 say+ t if ! read] =feit$ a bus9ess engagem5t or miss$ an invitation to d9n] ?r\gh ! failure ( ! telegraph or telephone on su* an occasion z t ( ! #ag? ( ,novemb]1 #ahhb1 ! f>-(f sun-spot 0 n improbably connect$ ) ! cause4 ,probably we %\ld all l to he> "s at lea/ equally positive conclusion ab\t ! wea!r also1 & to le>n t !re 0 a likelihood ( our be+ able to pr$ict x = ! next ye>1 z ! ,signal ,s]vice n[ does = ! next day2 b !re is at pres5t no su* likelihood4 ,! /udy ( ! possible connection betwe5 sun-spots & ! wea!r is1 nev]!less1 "o t w always h great int]e/ to _m2 = ev5 if we set its sci5tific aim aside & consid] x 9 its purely utilit>ian aspect1 x is evid5t t ! k h[ to pr$ict :e!r com+ h>ve/s w\ld be good or bad1 w\ld enable u to d = ! :ole _w :at ,joseph's prophetic vision ( ! sev5 good & sev5 b>r5 ye>s did = ! l& ( ,egypt1 & conf] a great] p[] on its discov]] ?an any sov]eign n[ possesses4 ,!re is some?+ to be said1 !n1 = ! cycli/s2 = if _! zeal does sometimes outrun k1 _! object is a wor?y "o1 & _! aims su* z we c sympa?ize )1 & ( :i* none ( u c say t !re is any inh]5t impossibility 9 !m1 or t !y may n conceivably yet lead to some?+4 ,let u n1 !n1 treat ! inquir] :o tries to connect panics on #8,*ange ) sun-spots z a m]e lunatic2 = !re is ?is am\nt ( reason 9 8 !ory1 t ! panics1 toge!r ) ! g5]al /ate ( bus9ess1 are connect$ 9 "s obscure way ) ! good or bad h>ve/s1 & ^! aga9 9 "s /ill obscur] way ) *anges 9 our sun4 ,we may leave1 !n1 ?is vision ( =eca/+ ! h>ve/s & ! m>kets ( ! _w f a /udy ( ! sun1 z "o ( ! fair dreams = ! future ( our sci5ce4 ,p]haps ! dream w "o day be realiz$4 ,:o kn[s8 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,sun',s ,,en]gy 7,cont9u$74 ,if we paus$ on ! words ) :i* our la/ *apt] clos$1 ! read] might p]haps s f> ga!r an impression t ! :ole all-important subject ( ! sol> en]gy 0 involv$ 9 my/]y & d\bt4 ,b if x be inde$ a my/]y :5 consid]$ 9 its ess5ce1 s are all ?+s2 :ile reg>d$ sep>ately 9 any "o ( its t]re/rial effects ( magnetic or *emical action1 or ( light or heat1 x may seem less s4 ,s9ce !re is n room to consid] all ^! aspects1 let u *oose ! la/1 & look at ?is en]gy 9 its famili> =m ( ! heat by :i* we live4 ,we1 ! human race1 are w>m+ ourselves at ?is great fire :i* call$ our bodies into be+1 & :5 x goes out we %all g too4 ,:at is x8 ,h[ long has x be58 ,h[ long w x la/8 ,h[ %all we use x8 ,to look across ! space ( ov] n9ety million miles1 & to try to le>n f t di/ance ! nature ( ! sol> heat1 & h[ x is kept up1 seem$ to ! a/ronom]s ( ! la/ c5tury a hopeless task4 ,! difficulty 0 avoid$ r ?an met by ! doctr9e t ! sun 0 pure fire1 & %one because 8x 0 its nature to40 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages su* an idea 0 univ]sal2 & along ) x1 & z a logical sequ5ce ( x1 ! belief 0 long preval5t t x 0 possible to make ano!r su* flame "h1 9 ! =m ( a lamp :i* %\ld burn =ev] & radiate light endlessly )\t exhau/ion4 ,) ! philosoph]'s /one1 :i* 0 to transmute lead into gold1 ?is p]petual lamp =m$ a prime object ( rese>* = ! al*emi/ & /ud5t ( magic4 ,we recall ! use :i* ,scott has made ( ! belief 9 ?is product ( 8gram>ye0 9 ! 8,lay ( ! ,la/ ,m9/rel10 :]e x is s\ght to op5 ! grave ( ! great wiz>d 9 ,melrose ,abbey4 ,x is midnight :5 ! /one :i* cov]s x is heav$ away1 & ,mi*ael's undy+ lamp1 buri$ ) him long ago1 %9es out f ! op5 tomb & illum9ates ! d>kness ( ! *ancel4 8,i w\ld y _h be5 !re to see ,! light break =? s glori\sly2 ,t lamp %all burn unqu5*ably ,until ! et]nal doom %all be10 says ! poet4 ,n[ we are at lib]ty to enjoy ! fiction z a fiction2 b if we admit t ! art :i* c\ld make su* a lamp w\ld inde$ be a black art1 :i* did n "w "u ,nature's laws1 b aga9/ !m1 !n we ought to see t z ! :ole conception is d]iv$ f ! e>ly notion ( a miracul\s con/itution ( ! sun1 ! idea ( an et]nal self-su/a9$ sun is no m p]mitt$ to u ?an t ( an et]nal self-su/a9$ lamp4 ,we mu/ look = ! cause ( ! sun's heat 9 ,nature's laws1 & we "k ^? laws *iefly by :at we see "h4 ,be=e exam9+ ! s\rce ( ! sun's heat1 let u look a little m into its am\nt4 ,to f9d ! exact am\nt ( heat :i* x s5ds out is a v difficult problem1 especially if we are to use all ! ref9em5ts ( ! late/ me?ods 9 det]m9+ x4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 is embodi$ 9 an old me?od1 :i* gives1 x is true1 r crude results1 b by s simple a treatm5t t ! read] c foll[ x readily1 especially if unemb>rass$ ) details1 9 :i* mo/ ( ! actual tr\ble lies4 ,we mu/ w>n him 9 advance t he is go+ to be confront$ ) a k9d ( enorm\s sum 9 multiplication1 = ^: g5]al accuracy he may1 h[ev]1 tru/ to u if he pleases4 ,we h n attempt$ exact accuracy1 because x is m conv5i5t = him t we %\ld deal ) r\nd numb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,,"o ,,cubic ,,c5timetre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,,p\illet',s ,,pyrheliomet]4 ,! app>atus :i* we %all ne$ = ! attack ( ?is great problem is surpris+ly simple1 & mod]ate 9 size4 ,let u beg9 by f9d+ h[ mu* sun-heat falls 9 a small kn[n area4 ,to d ?is we take a flat1 %all[ vessel1 :i* is to be fill$ ) wat]4 ,! am\nt x conta9s is usually a hundr$ cubic c5timetres 7a c5timetre be+ ne>ly f\r-t5?s ( an in*71 s t if we imag9e a t9y cubical box ab\t z l>ge z a backgammon die1 or1 m exactly1 hav+ ea* side j ! size ( ?is 7,fig4 #ec71 to be fill$ & empti$ into ! vessel "o hundr$ times1 we %all h a precise idea ( its limit$ capacity4 ,into ?is vessel we dip a !rmomet]1 s z to read ! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 seal all up s t ! wat] %all n run out1 & expose x s t ! heat at noon falls p]p5dicul>ly on x4 ,! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ed1 atta*$ to a tree4 ,! /em ( ! in/rum5t holds ! !rmomet]1 :i* is upside d[n1 its bulb be+ 9 ! wat]-vessel4 ,n[1 all ! sun's rays d n rea* ?is vessel1 = "s are absorb$ by our atmosph]e2 & all ! heat :i* falls on x does n /ay !re1 z ! wat] loses "p ( x by ! contact ( ! air ) ! box outside1 & 9 o!r ways4 ,:5 all[ance is made = ^! losses1 we f9d t ! sun's heat1 if all reta9$1 w\ld h rais$ ! temp]ature ( ! few drops ( wat] :i* w\ld fill a box ! size ( our little cube 7accord+ to ^! late/ obs]vations7 ne>ly ?ree degrees ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet] 9 "o m9ute1--a mo/ insignificant result1 app>5tly1 z a measure ( :at we h be5 told is ! almo/ inf9ite heat ( ! sun6 ,b if we ?9k s1 we are =gett+ ! p[] ( numb]s1 ( :i* we are ab\t to h an illu/ration z /rik+ 9 its way z t :i* ,ar*im$es once gave ) ! gra9s ( s&4 ,!re is a treatise ( 8 extant1 9 :i* he rem>ks 7,i cite f memory7 t z "s p believe x possible = numb]s to express a quantity z great z t ( ! gra9s ( s& ^u ! sea-%ore1 :ile o!rs d5y ?is1 he w %[ t !y c express "o ev5 l>g]4 ,to prove ?is beyond dispute1 he beg9s by tak+ a small se$1 beside :i* he ranges s+le gra9s ( s& 9 a l9e1 till he c give ! numb] ( ^! latt] :i* equal its l5g?4 ,next he ranges se$s beside ea* o!r till _! numb] makes up ! l5g? ( a span2 !n he c\nts ! spans 9 a /adium1 & ! /adia 9 ! :ole _w z kn[n to ! anci5ts1 at ea* /ep express+ 8 results 9 a numb] c]ta9ly great] ?an ! numb] ( s&-gra9s :i* ! se$1 or ! span1 or ! /adium1 or f9ally ! :ole _w1 is ?us successively %[n to conta94 ,he has !n already got a numb] be=e 8 read]'s eyes demon/rably l>g] ?an t ( all ! gra9s ( s& on ! sea-%ore2 yet he does n /op1 b /eps (f ! e>? into space1 to calculate & express a numb] great] ?an t ( all ! gra9s ( s& :i* w\ld fill a sph]e embrac+ ! e>? & ! sun6 ,we are go+ to use our little unit ( heat 9 ! same way1 = 7to calculate 9 r\nd figures & 9 ,engli% measure7 we f9d t we c set ov] n9e hundr$ ( ^! small cubes side by side 9 a squ>e foot1 &1 z !re are #bh1jjj1jjj feet 9 a squ>e mile1 t ! latt] w\ld conta9 #be1jjj1jjj1jjj ( ! cubes1 plac$ side by side1 t\*+ ea* o!r1 l a mosaic pavem5t4 ,we f9d also1 by weigh+ our little cup1 t we %\ld ne$ to fill & empty x almo/ exactly a million times to exhau/ a tank conta9+ a ton ( wat]4 ,! sun-heat fall+ on "o squ>e mile corresponds1 !n1 to ov] sev5 hundr$ & fifty tons ( wat] rais$ e m9ute f ! freez+-po9t to boil+1 :i* already is becom+ a respectable am\nt6 ,b !re are #di1jjj1jjj squ>e miles 9 ! cross-section ( ! e>? expos$ to ! sun's rays1 :i* x w\ld !re=e ne$ #a1bbe1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ( our little dies to cov] "o deep2 & !re=e 9 ea* m9ute ! sun's heat fall+ on ! e>? w\ld raise to boil+ #cg1jjj1jjj1jjj tons ( wat]4 ,we may express ?is 9 o!r ways1 z by ! quantity ( ice x w\ld melt2 & z ! heat requir$ to melt a giv5 weight ( ice is #gi_/ajj ( t requir$ to br+ z mu* wat] f ! freez+ to ! boil+ po9t1 & z ! :ole surface ( ! e>?1 includ+ ! night side1 is f\r times ! cross-section expos$ to ! sun1 we f9d1 by tak+ #ebf1jjj m9utes to a ye>1 t ! sun's rays w\ld melt 9 ! ye> a coat+ ( ice ov] ! :ole e>? m ?an "o hundr$ & sixty feet ?ick4 ,we h asc5d$ already f our small />t+-po9t to numb]s :i* express ! heat t falls ^u ! :ole planet1 & enable u to deal1 if we wi%1 ) que/ions relat+ to ! glacial epo*s & o!r *anges 9 its hi/ory4 ,we h done ?is by ref]r+ at ea* /ep to ! little cube :i* we h c>ri$ along ) u1 & :i* is ! f\ndation ( all ! re/2 & we n[ see :y su* exactness 9 ! fir/ det]m9ation is ne$$1 s9ce any error is multipli$ by enorm\s numb]s4 ,b n[ we too are go+ to /ep (f ! e>? & to deal ) numb]s :i* we c /ill express 9 ! same way if we *oose1 b :i* gr[ s l>ge ?us /at$ t we w seek "s great] t]m ( comp>ison = !m4 ,we h j se5 ! almo/ incompreh5sible am\nt ( heat :i* ! sun mu/ s5d ! e>? 9 ord] to w>m its oceans & make gre5 its cont95ts2 b h[ little ?is is to :at passes u by6 ,! e>? z x moves on 9 its annual pa? cont9ually comes into new regions1 :]e x f9ds ! same am\nt ( heat already p\r+ =?2 & ?is same am\nt /ill cont9ues to fall into ! empty space we h j quitt$1 :]e !re is no "o left to note x1 & :]e x goes on 9 :at seems to u utt] wa/e4 ,if1 !n1 ! :ole annual orbit 7 set close ) globes l ours1 & /rung ) worlds l beads ^u a r+1 ea* w\ld receive ! same enorm\s am\nt ! e>? does n[4 ,b ?is is n all2 = n only along ! orbit1 b above & bel[ x1 ! sun s5ds its heat 9 seem+ly incr$ible wa/efulness1 ! f9al am\nt be+ expressible 9 ! numb] ( worlds l ours t x c\ld w>m l ours1 :i* is #b1bjj1jjj1jjj4 ,we h possibly giv5 a surfeit ( su* numb]s1 b we _c escape or altoge!r avoid !m :5 deal+ ) ?is /up5d\s outfl[ ( ! sol> heat4 ,!y are too great1 p]haps1 to convey a cle> idea to ! m9d1 b let u be=e leav+ !m try to give an illu/ration ( _! significance4 ,let u suppose t we c\ld sweep up f ! e>? all ! ice & sn[ on its surface1 &1 ga!r+ 9 ! accumulations :i* lie on its ,arctic & ,ant>ctic poles1 comm5ce build+ ) x a t[] great] ?an t ( ,babel1 fifte5 miles 9 diamet]1 & s high z to exhau/ our /ore4 ,imag9e t x c\ld be pres]v$ unt\*$ by ! sun's rays1 :ile we built on ) ! accumulations ( successive w9t]s1 until x /ret*$ out #bdj1jjj miles into space1 & =m$ an ice-bridge to ! moon1 & t !n we conc5trat$ on x ! sun's :ole radiation1 nei!r m nor less ?an t :i* goes on e mom5t4 ,9 "o second ! :ole w\ld be gone1 melt$1 boil$1 & dissipat$ 9 vapor4 ,& ?is is ! rate at :i* ! sol> heat is be+ 7to human appreh5sion7 wa/$6 ,nature1 we are told1 always accompli%es h] purpose ) ! lea/ possible exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,is h] purpose "h1 !n1 some?+ q indep5d5t ( man's com=t & happ9ess8 ,( ! :ole sol> heat1 we h j se5 t less ?an #a_/b1jjj1jjj1--less1 t is1 ?an ! "o tw5ty-?\s&? "p ( "o p] c5t1--is made useful to u4 8,b may !re n be o!r planets on :i* intellig5t life exi/s1 & :]e ?is heat1 :i* passes u by1 s]ves o!r be+s ?an ourselves80 ,!re may be2 b if we c\ld suppose all ! o!r planets ( ! sol> sy/em to be inhabit$1 x w\ld help ! matt] v little2 = ! :ole toge!r int]cept s little ( ! great sum1 t all ( x :i* ,nature be/[s on man is /ill z no?+ to :at %e be/[s on "s end--if end !re be--:i* is to u z yet inscrutable4 ,h[ is ?is heat ma9ta9$8 ,n by ! miracle ( a p]petual self-su/a9$ flame1 we may be sure4 ,b1 !n1 by :at fuel is su* a fire f$8 ,!re c be no "q ( simple burn+1 l t ( coal 9 ! grate1 = !re is no s\rce ( supply adequate to ! dem&4 ,! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 = in/ance1 is und]laid by "o ( ! ri*e/ coal-fields ( ! _w1 capable ( supply+ ! consumption ( ! :ole c\ntry at its pres5t rate = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s to come4 ,if ! s\rce ( ! sol> heat 7:atev] t is7 7 )drawn1 & we 7 enabl$ to c>ry ?is coal !re1 & %oot x into ! sol> furnace fa/ en\gh to keep up ! kn[n heat-supply1 s t ! sol> radiation w\ld g on at j its actual rate1 ! "t :i* ?is coal w\ld la/ is easily calculable4 ,x w\ld n la/ days or h\rs1 b ! :ole ( ^! coal-b$s w\ld demon/rably be us$ up 9 r less ?an "o "o-?\s&? ( a second6 ,we f9d by a simil> calculation t if ! sun 7 itself "o solid block ( coal1 x w\ld h burn$ out to ! la/ c9d] 9 less "t ?an man has c]ta9ly be5 on ! e>?4 ,b dur+ hi/oric times !re has z surely be5 no noticeable dim9ution ( ! sun's heat1 = ! olive & ! v9e gr[ j z !y did ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 & ! hypo!sis ( an actual burn+ becomes unt5able4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s t meteors /rik+ ! sol> surface might g5]ate heat by _! impact1 j z a cannon-ball fir$ aga9/ an armor-plate causes a fla% ( light1 & a heat s sudd5 & int5se z to p>tly melt ! ball at ! in/ant ( concussion4 ,?is is probably a real s\rce ( heat-supply s f> z x goes1 b x _c g v f>2 &1 inde$1 if our :ole _w %\ld fall ^u ! sol> surface l an imm5se projectile1 ga!r+ spe$ z x fell1 & f9ally /rik+ 7z x w\ld7 ) ! =ce due to a rate ( ov] ?ree hundr$ miles a second1 ! heat develop$ w\ld supply ! sun = b little m ?an sixty ye>s4#d #d ,^! e/imates diff] some:at f ^? ( ,helmholtz & ,tyndall1 z !y re/ on lat] measures4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 t a body %\ld be mov+ rapidly to develop heat1 = arre/$ motion always g5]ates x1 :e!r ! motion be fa/ or sl[1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] case ! mass arre/$ mu/ be l>g] to produce ! same result4 ,x is 9 ! sl[ settlem5t ( ! sun's own sub/ance t[>d its c5tre1 z x contracts 9 cool+1 t we f9d a suffici5t cause = ! heat develop$4 ,?is explanation is (t5 unsatisfactory to ^? :o h n /udi$ ! subject1 because ! fact t heat is s g5]at$ is n made famili> to mo/ ( u by obs]vation4 ,p]haps ! foll[+ illu/ration w make ! matt] pla9]4 ,:5 we are c>ri$ up 9 a lift1 or elevator1 we "k well en\gh t heat has be5 exp5d$ "u ! boil] ( "s eng9e to drag u up aga9/ ! p[] ( gravity4 ,:5 ! elevator is at ! top ( its c\rse1 x is ready to give out 9 desc5d+ j ! same am\nt ( p[] ne$$ to raise x1 z we see by its draw+ up a ne>ly equal c\nt]poise 9 ! desc5t4 ,x c & mu/ give out 9 com+ d[n ! p[] t 0 sp5t 9 rais+ x up2 & ?\gh !re is no practical occasion to d s1 a l>ge "p ( ?is p[] c\ld1 if we wi%$1 be actually recov]$ 9 ! =m ( heat aga94 ,9 ! case ( a l>g] body1 su* z ! pyramid ( ,ghizeh1 :i* weighs betwe5 six & sev5 million tons1 all ! furnaces 9 ! _w1 burn+ coal "u all its eng9es1 w\ld h to supply _! heat = a measurable "t to lift x a mile high2 & !n1 if x 7 all[$ to come d[n1 :e!r x tell at once or 7 made to desc5d ) imp]ceptible sl[ness1 by ! "t x t\*$ ! e>? ! same heat w\ld be giv5 out aga94 ,p]haps ! fact t ! sun is gase\s r ?an solid makes x less easy to realize ! enorm\s weight :i* is consi/5t ) ?is vapor\s con/itution4 ,a cubic mile ( hydrog5 gas 7! lighte/ sub/ance kn[n7 w\ld weigh mu* m at ! sun's surface ?an ! ,great ,pyramid does "h1 & ! numb] ( ^! cubic miles 9 a /ratum "o mile deep bel[ its surface is ov] #b1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj6 ,?is alone is en\gh to %[ t z !y settle d[nw>d z ! sol> globe %r9ks1 "h is a possible s\rce ( supply = all ! heat ! sun s5ds out4 ,m exact calculation %[s t x is suffici5t1 & t a contraction ( ?ree hundr$ feet a ye> 7:i* 9 t5 ?\s& ye>s w\ld make a %r9kage h>dly visible 9 ! mo/ p[]ful telescope7 w\ld give all ! imm5se outfl[ ( heat :i* we see4 ,!re is an ultimate limit1 h[ev]1 to ! sun's %r9k+1 & !re mu/ h be5 "s b\nds to ! heat he c already h ?us acquir$2 =--?\gh ! great] ! orig9al diamet] ( 8 sph]e1 ! great] ! ga9 ( heat by %r9k+ to its pres5t size--if ! orig9al diamet] be suppos$ z great z possible1 !re is /ill a f9ite limit to ! heat ga9$4 ,suppose1 9 o!r words1 ! sun itself & all ! planets gr\nd to p[d]1 & di/ribut$ on ! surface ( a sph]e ^: radius is inf9ite1 & t ?is matt] 7! same 9 am\nt z t con/itut+ ! pres5t sol> sy/em7 is all[$ to fall toge!r at ! c5tre4 ,! actual %r9kage _c possibly be great] ?an 9 ?is extreme case2 b ev5 9 ?is practically impossible in/ance1 x is easy to calculate t ! heat giv5 out w\ld n support ! pres5t radiation ov] eighte5 million ye>s1 & ?us we are enabl$ to look back ov] pa/ "t1 & fix an approximate limit to ! age ( ! sun & e>?4 ,we say 8pres5t0 rate ( radiation1 because1 s long z ! sun is purely gase\s1 its temp]ature rises z x contracts1 & ! heat is sp5t fa/]2 s t 9 e>ly ages be=e ?is temp]ature 0 z high z x is n[1 ! heat 0 sp5t m sl[ly1 & :at c\ld h la/$ 8only0 eighte5 million ye>s at ! pres5t rate might h actually spread ov] an indef9itely great] "t 9 ! pa/2 possibly cov]+ m ?an all ! ons geologi/s ask =4 ,if we w\ld look into ! future1 also1 we f9d t at ! pres5t rate we may say t ! sun's heat-supply is en\gh to la/ = "s su* t]m z f\r or five million ye>s be=e x s5sibly fails4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t by ! aid ( our sci5ce man c look out f ?is 8bank & %oal ( "t10 :]e 8 fleet+ exi/5ce is sp5t1 n only back on ! almo/ inf9ite lapse ( ages pa/1 b t he c =eca/ ) "s sort ( assurance :at is to happ5 9 an almo/ inf9itely di/ant future1 long aft] ! human race itself w h disappe>$ f its pres5t home4 ,b s x is1 & we may say--) some?+ l awe at ! mean+ to :i* sci5ce po9ts--t ! :ole future radiation _c la/ s long z t5 million ye>s4 ,its probable life 9 its pres5t condition is cov]$ by ab\t ?irty million ye>s4 ,no reasonable all[ance = ! fall ( meteors or = all o!r kn[n causes ( supply c\ld possibly at ! pres5t rate ( radiation raise ! :ole t]m ( its exi/5ce to sixty million ye>s4 ,?is is sub/antially ,pr(essor ,"y's view1 & he adds3-- 8,at ! same "t x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to ass]t t !re has be5 no cata/rophe 9 ! pa/1 no collision ) "s w&]+ /> 444 produc+ a %ock :i* might 9 a few h\rs1 or mom5ts ev51 re/ore ! wa/$ en]gy ( ages4 ,nei!r is x :olly safe to assume t !re may n be ways1 ( :i* we z yet h no conception1 by :i* ! en]gy app>5tly lo/ 9 space may be return$4 ,b ! :ole c\rse & t5d5cy ( ,nature1 s f> z sci5ce n[ makes out1 po9ts backw>d to a beg9n+ & =w>d to an end4 ,! pres5t ord] ( ?+s seems to be b\nd$ bo? 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! future by t]m9al cata/rophes :i* are veil$ 9 cl\ds z yet inscrutable40 ,!re is ano!r matt] ( int]e/ to u z dwell]s on ?is planet1 connect$ n ) ! am\nt ( ! sun's heat s mu* z ) ! degree ( its temp]ature2 = x is almo/ c]ta9 t a v little fall 9 ! temp]ature w cause an imm5se & :olly disproportionate dim9ution ( ! heat-supply4 ,! same pr9ciple may be obs]v$ 9 m famili> ?+s4 ,we c1 = in/ance1 w>m q a l>ge h\se by a v small furnace1 if we urge ?is 7by a wa/eful use ( coal7 to a dazzl+ :ite heat4 ,if we n[ let ! furnace cool to half ?is :ite-heat temp]ature1 we %all be sure to f9d t ! heat radiat$ has n dim9i%$ 9 proportion1 b out ( all proportion1--has sunk1 = in/ance1 n only to "o-half :at x 0 7z we might ?9k x w\ld d71 b to p]haps a tw5tie? or ev5 less1 s t ! furnace :i* heat$ ! h\se c no long] w>m a s+le room4 ,! human race1 z we h said1 is w>m+ itself at ! great sol> furnace1 :i* we h j se5 conta9s an int]nal s\rce = g5]at+ heat en\gh = millions ( ye>s to come2 b we h also le>n$ t if ! sun's int]nal circulation 7 /opp$1 ! surface w\ld cool & %ut up ! heat inside1 :]e x w\ld d u no good4 ,! temp]ature ( ! surface1 !n1 on :i* ! rate ( heat-emission dep5ds1 conc]ns u v mu*2 & if we _h a !rmomet] s long t we c\ld dip its bulb into ! sun & read ! degrees on ! /em "h1 we %\ld f9d out :at obs]v]s w\ld v mu* l to "k1 & at pres5t are dispos$ to qu>rel ab\t4 ,! difficulty is n 9 measur+ ! heat1--= t we h j se5 h[ to d1--b 9 tell+ :at temp]ature corresponds to x1 s9ce !re is no kn[n rule by :i* to f9d "o f ! o!r4 ,"o c]ta9 ?+ is ?is--t we _c by any contrivance raise ! temp]ature 9 ! focus ( any l5s or mirror beyond t ( its s\rce 7practically we _c d ev5 s mu*72 we _c1 = in/ance1 by any burn+-l5s make ! image ( a c&le z hot z ! orig9al flame4 ,:atev] a !rmomet] may read :5 ! c&le-heat is conc5trat$ on its bulb by a l5s1 x w\ld read yet m if ! bulb 7 dipp$ 9 ! c&le-flame itself2 & "o obvi\s application ( ?is fact is t ?\gh we _c dip our !rmomet] 9 ! sun1 we "k t if we c\ld d s1 ! temp]ature w\ld at lea/ be great] ?an any we get by ! l>ge/ burn+-glass4 ,we ne$ h no fe> ( mak+ ! burn+-glass too big2 ! temp]ature at its sol> focus is always & necess>ily l[] ?an t ( ! sun itself4 ,= "s reason no v great burn+-l5s or mirror has be5 con/ruct$ = a long "t1 & we h to g back to ! eighte5? c5tury to see :at c be done 9 ?is way4 ,! annex$ figure 7,fig4 #ee7 is f a wood-cut ( ! la/ c5tury1 describ+ ! l>ge/ burn+-l5s !n or s9ce con/ruct$ 9 ,france1 ^: size & mode ( use ! draw+ cle>ly %[s4 ,all ! heat fall+ on ! great l5s 0 conc5trat$ on a small] "o1 & ! small] "o conc5trat$ x 9 turn1 till at ! v focus we are assur$ t iron1 gold1 & o!r metals ran l melt$ butt]4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! l>ge/ burn+-l5s on record 0 made ab\t ! same "t by an optician nam$ ,p>k] = ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t1 :o design$ x z a pres5t to be tak5 by ,"l ,mac>tney's embassy to ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a4 ,p>k]'s l5s 0 ?ree feet 9 diamet] & v massive1 be+ sev5 in*es ?ick at ! c5tre4 ,9 its focus ! mo/ refractory sub/ances 7 fus$1 & ev5 ! diamond 0 r$uc$ to vapor1 s t ! temp]ature ( ! sun's surface is at any rate high] ?an ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,,b]ni,,res',s ,,great ,,burn+-,,glass4 7,,aft] ,,an ,,old ,,fr5* ,,pr9t47 7,:at became ( ! ,fr5* l5s %[n1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k4 ,if x is /ill above gr\nd1 its fate has be5 bett] ?an t ( ! ,engli% "o4 ,x is said t ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a1 :5 he got 8 l5s1 0 mu* al>m$ by x1 z be+ possibly s5t him by ! ,engli% ) "s cov]t design = 8 injury4 ,by way ( a te/1 a smi? 0 ord]$ to /rike x ) 8 hamm]2 b ! hamm] reb\nd$ f ! solid glass1 & ?is 0 tak5 to be conclusive evid5ce ( magic 9 ! ?+1 :i* 0 imm$iately buri$1 & probably is /ill repos+ "u ! soil ( ! ,cele/ial ,fl[]y ,k+dom47 ,we c confirm ! evid5ce ( su* burn+-l5ses z to ! sun's high temp]ature by ano!r class ( exp]im5t1 :i* re/s on an analog\s pr9ciple4 ,we c make ! comp>ison betwe5 ! heat f "s artificially heat$ object & t :i* w\ld be giv5 out f an equal area ( ! sun's face4 ,n[1 suppos+ l emissive p[]s1 if ! latt] be f\nd ! hott]1 ?\gh we _c tell :at its temp]ature absolutely is1 we c at lea/ say t x is great] ?an t ( ! ?+ ) :i* x is comp>$2 s t we *oose = comp>ison ! hotte/ ?+ we c f9d1 on a scale l>ge en\gh = ! exp]im5t4 ,"o obs]vation ( my own 9 ?is direction ,i w p]mit myself to cite 9 illu/ration4 ,p]haps ! highe/ temp]ature we c get on a l>ge scale 9 ! arts is t ( molt5 /eel 9 ! ,bessem] conv]t]4 ,z _m may be z ignorant ( :at ?is is z ,i 0 be=e ,i tri$ ! exp]im5t1 ,i w try to describe x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,a 8,,p\r0 ,,f ,,! ,,bessem] ,,conv]t]4 ,! 8conv]t]0 is an enorm\s iron pot1 l9$ ) fire-brick1 & capable ( hold+ ?irty or =ty ?\s& p\nds ( melt$ metal2 & x is swung on trunnions1 s t x c be rais$ by an eng9e to a v]tical position1 or l[]$ by ma*9]y s z to p\r its cont5ts out into a caldron4 ,fir/ ! empty conv]t] is incl9$1 & fifte5 ?\s& p\nds ( fluid iron /reams d[n into ! m\? f an adjac5t furnace :]e x has be5 melt$4 ,!n ! eng9e lifts ! conv]t] into an erect position1 :ile an air-bla/ f a bl[+-eng9e is =c$ 9 at ! bottom & ?r\gh ! liquid iron1 :i* has comb9$ ) x ne>ly half a ton ( silicon & c>bon1--mat]ials :i*1 ) ! oxyg5 ( ! bla/1 create a heat :i* leaves t ( ! already molt5 iron f> beh9d4 ,aft] "s "t ! conv]t] is tipp$ =w>d1 & fifte5 hundr$ p\nds m ( melt$ iron is add$ to t already 9 x4 ,:at ! temp]ature ( ?is la/ is1 may be judg$ f ! fact t ?\gh ord9>y melt$ iron is dazzl+ly bright1 ! melt$ metal 9 ! conv]t] is s mu* bright] /ill1 t ! ent]+ /ream is d>k br[n by comp>ison1 pres5t+ a contra/ l t ( *ocolate p\r$ into a :ite cup4 ,! cont5ts are n[ no long] iron1 b liquid /eel1 ready = p\r+ into ! caldron2 &1 look+ f ! front d[n into ! incl9$ vessel1 we see ! almo/ bl9d+ly bright int]ior dripp+ ) ! dra9age ( ! metal runn+ d[n its side1 s t ! circul> m\?1 :i* is tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 pres5ts ! effect ( a disk ( molt5 metal ( t size 77 x possible to ma9ta9 su* a disk 9 a v]tical position74 ,9 addition1 we h ! actual /ream ( fall+ metal1 :i* cont9ues ne>ly a m9ute1 & pres5ts an area ( "s squ>e feet4 ,! %[] ( sc9tillations f ?is cat>act ( :at seems at fir/ 8sunlike0 brilliancy1 & ! area :5ce su* int5se heat & light are = a brief "t radiat$1 make ! spectacle a mo/ /rik+ "o4 7,see ,fig4 #ef47 ,! 8p\r0 is prec$$ by a %[] ( sp>ks1 consi/+ ( little p>ticles ( molt5 /eel :i* are project$ fully a hundr$ feet 9 ! direction ( ! op5 m\? ( ! conv]t]4 ,9 ! l9e ( ?is my app>atus 0 /ation$ 9 an op5 w9d[1 at a po9t :]e its view c\ld be direct$ d[n into ! conv]t] on "o side1 & up at ! sun on ! o!r4 ,?is app>atus consi/$ ( a long photomet]-box ) a porte-lumire at "o end4 ,! mirror ( ?is reflect$ ! sun's rays ?r\gh ! box & !n on to ! p\r+ metal1 trac+ _! way to x by a beam visible 9 ! du/y air 7,fig4 #eg74 ,9 ! pa? ( ?is beam 0 plac$ ! measur+ app>atus1 bo? = heat & light4 ,z ! be/ po9t ( obs]vation 0 9 ! l9e ( ! bla/1 a %[] ( sp>ks 0 driv5 ov] ! in/rum5t & obs]v] at e 8p\r20 & ! ra9 ( wet soot f *imneys )\t1 ! bomb>dm5t f )91 & ! mov+ masses ( r$-hot iron ar\nd1 made ! exp]im5t an altoge!r peculi> "o4 ,! app>atus 0 arrang$ 9 su* a way t ! effect 7except = ! absorption ( its beams on ! way7 0 indep5d5t ( ! size or di/ance ( ! sun1 & dep5d$ on ! absolute radiation !re1 & 0 equival5t1 9 fact1 to tak+ a sample piece ( ! sun's face ( equal size ) ! fluid metal1 br++ !m face to face1 & see+ :i* 0 ! hott] & bright]4 ,! comp>ison1 h[ev]1 0 unfair to ! sun1 because its rays 7 9 reality p>tly absorb$ by ! atmosph]e on ! way1 :ile ^? ( ! furnace 7 n4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! heat f any s+le squ>e foot ( ! sun's surface 0 f\nd to be at lea/ eighty-sev5 times t f a squ>e foot ( ! melt$ metal1 :ile ! light f ! sun 0 prov$ to be1 foot = foot1 ov] five ?\s& times t f ! molt5 /eel1 ?\gh ! latt]1 sep>ately consid]$1 seem$ to be itself1 z ,i h said1 ( q sunlike brilliancy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,photomet]-,,box4 ,we mu/ n conclude f ?is t ! temp]ature ( ! sun 0 five ?\s& times t ( ! /eel1 b we may be c]ta9 t x 0 at any rate a great deal ! high] ( ! two4 ,x is probable1 f all exp]im5ts made up to ?is date1 t ! sol> effective temp]ature is n less ?an #c1jjj nor m ?an #cj1jjj degrees ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]4 ,sir ,william ,siem5s1 ^: op9ion on any "q z to heat is entitl$ to great respect1 ?\ght ! l[] value ne>] ! tru?1 b ?is is d\btful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,m\*ot',s ,,sol> ,,eng9e4 7,,f ,a ,,fr5* ,,pr9t47 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h1 9 all t has prec$$1 be5 speak+ ( ! sun's con/itution & appe>ance1 & h h>dly ent]$ on ! "q ( its indu/rial relations to man4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 h[ev]1 t if we d]ive1 z x is ass]t$ we d1 almo/ all our me*anical p[] f ?is sol> heat1--if our wat]-:eel is driv5 by riv]s :i* ! sun fe$s by ! ra9 he sucks up = !m into ! cl\ds1 if ! coal is /or$ sun-p[]1 & if1 z ,/ev5son said1 x really is ! sun :i* drives our eng9es1 ?\gh at second h&1--!re is an imm5se fund ( possible me*anical p[] /ill com+ to u f him :i* might be economically utiliz$4 ,leav+ out ( sight all our m important relations to him 7=1 z has be5 already said1 he is 9 a physical s5se our creator1 & he keeps u alive f h\r to h\r71 & consid]+ him only z a possible s]vant to gr9d our corn & sp9 our flax1 we f9d t ev5 9 ?is light !re are />tl+ possibilities ( pr(it 9 ! /udy ( our subject4 ,f rec5t measures x appe>s t f e squ>e y>d ( ! e>? expos$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! sun's rays1 9 ! abs5ce ( an absorb+ atmosph]e1 !re c\ld be d]iv$ m ?an "o horse-p[]1 if ! heat 7 all conv]t$ into ?is use1 & t ev5 on su* a little area z ! isl& ( ,manhattan1 or t occupi$ by ! city ( ,london1 ! noontide heat is en\gh1 c\ld x all be utiliz$1 to drive all ! /eam-eng9es 9 ! _w4 ,x w n be surpris+1 !n1 to he> t _m practical m5 are turn+ _! att5tion to ?is z a s\rce ( p[]1 & t1 ?\gh x has hi!rto co/ m to utilize ! p[] ?an x is wor?1 !re is reason to believe t "s ( ! greate/ *anges :i* civilization has to br+ may yet be due to su* inve/igations4 ,! visitor to ! la/ ,p>is ,exposition may rememb] an extraord9>y ma*9e on ! gr\nds ( ! ,trocadro1 look+ l a gigantic inv]t$ umbrella po9t$ sunw>d4 ,?is 0 ! sun-ma*9e ( ,m4 ,m\*ot1 consi/+ ( a great p>abolic reflector1 :i* conc5trat$ ! heat on a boil] 9 ! focus & drove a /eam-eng9e ) x1 :i* 0 employ$ 9 turn to "w a pr9t+-press1 z our engrav+ %[s 7,fig4 #eh74 ,because ^! con/ructions h be5 hi!rto little m ?an play?+s1 we are n to ?9k ( !m z useless4 ,if toys1 !y are ! toys ( ! *ildhood ( a sci5ce :i* is de/9$ to gr[1 & 9 its maturity to apply ?is sol> en]gy to ! use ( all mank9d4 ,ev5 n[ !y are beg9n+ to pass into ! region ( practical utility1 & 9 ! =m ( ! late/ a*ievem5t ( ,mr4 ,ericsson's ev]-"y g5ius are ready = actual "w on an economical scale4 ,we pres5t 9 ,fig4 #ei 8 new actually work+ sol> eng9e1 :i* !re is e reason to believe is m effici5t ?an ,m\*ot's1 & probably capable ( be+ us$ ) economical advantage 9 pump+ wat] 9 des]t regions ( our own c\ntry4 ,x is pregnant ) sugge/ion ( ! future1 if we consid] ! gr[+ dem& = p[] 9 ! _w1 & ! fact t its /ock ( coal1 ?\gh va/1 is /rictly limit$1 9 ! s5se t :5 x is gone we c get absolutely no m4 ,! sun has be5 mak+ a little e day = millions ( ye>s1--s little & = s long1 t x is z ?\gh "t _h daily dropp$ a s+le p5ny into ! bank to our cr$it = untold ages1 until an enorm\s fund _h be5 ?us sl[ly accumulat$ 9 our favor4 ,we are draw+ on ?is fund l a prodigal :o ?9ks 8 means endless1 b ! day w come :5 our *eck w no long] be honor$1 & :at %all we d !n8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,,ericsson',s ,,new ,,sol> ,,eng9e1 ,,n[ ,,9 ,,practical ,,use ,,9 ,,new ,,york4 ,! exhau/ion ( "s ( ! coal-b$s is an affair ( ! imm$iate future1 by comp>ison ) ! va/ p]iod ( "t we h be5 speak+ (4 ,! ,engli% coal-b$s1 x is ass]t$1 w1 f pres5t indications1 be q us$ up 9 ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s m4 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! sun1 look+ d[n on ! ,engl& ( our =efa!rs1 saw a fair l& ( gre5 woods & quiet wat]s1 a l& unvex$ ) noisi] ma*9]y ?an ! sp9n+-:eel1 or ! ne$les ( ! 8free maids t weave _! ?reads ) bones40 ,because ( ! coal :i* has be5 dug f its soil1 he sees x n[ soot-black5$1 furr[$ ) railway-cutt+s1 cov]$ ) noisy manufactories1 fill$ ) grimy op]atives1 :ile ! isl& %akes ) ! ?rob ( coal-driv5 eng9es1 & its once quiet wat]s are *urn$ by ! :eels ( /eam%ips4 ,_m g5]ations ( ! lives ( m5 h pass$ to make ! ,engl& ( ,elizabe? into ! ,engl& ( ,victoria2 b :at a mom5t ?is "t is1 comp>$ ) ! va/ lapse ( ages dur+ :i* ! coal 0 be+ /or$6 ,:at a mom5t 9 ! life ( ! 8all-behold+ sun10 :o 9 a few hundr$ ye>s--8 gift exhau/$ & ! la/ furnace-fire out--may s5d 8 beams ?r\gh r5ts 9 ! ivy-gr[n walls ( des]t$ factories1 ^u sil5t eng9es br[n ) ru/1 :ile ! mill-h& has gone to o!r l&s1 ! riv]s are clean aga91 ! h>bors %[ only :ite sails1 & ,engl&'s 8black c\ntry0 is gre5 once m6 ,to ,am]ica1 too1 su* a "t may come1 ?\gh at a greatly long] di/ance4 ,does ?is all seem b ! idle/ fancy8 ,t some?+ l x w come to pass soon] or lat]1 is a mo/ c]ta9 fact--z c]ta9 z any process ( ,nature--if we d n f9d a new s\rce ( p[]2 = ( ! coal :i* has suppli$ u1 aft] a c]ta9 "t we c get no m4 ,future ages may see ! seat ( empire transf]r$ to regions ( ! e>? n[ b>r5 & desolat$ "u int5se sol> heat1--c\ntries :i*1 = t v cause1 w n improbably become ! seat ( me*anical & !nce ( political p[]4 ,:oev] f9ds ! way to make indu/rially useful ! va/ sun-p[] n[ wa/$ on ! des]ts ( ,nor? ,africa or ! %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 w effect a great] *ange 9 m5's affairs ?an any conqu]or 9 hi/ory has done2 = he w once m p ^? wa/e places ) ! life t sw>m$ !re 9 ! be/ days ( ,c>?age & ( old ,egypt1 b "u ano!r civilization1 :]e man no long] %all wor%ip ! sun z a god1 b %all h le>n$ to make x 8 s]vant4 ,v4 ,,! ,,planets ,,& ,,! ,,moon4 ,:5 we look up at ! heav5s1 we see1 if we wat* ?r\gh ! night1 ! ho/ ( />s ris+ 9 ! ea/ & pass+ above u to s9k 9 ! we/1 always at ! same di/ance & 9 un*ang+ ord]1 ea* seem+ a po9t ( light z feeble z ! gl[-worm's %9e 9 ! mead[ ov] :i* !y are ris+1 ea* flick]+ z ?\gh ! ev5+ w9d w\ld bl[ x out4 ,! infant /ret*es out its h& to grasp ! ,pleiades2 b :5 ! *ild has become an old man ! 8sev5 />s0 are /ill !re un*ang$1 dim only 9 8 ag$ sight1 & prov+ !mselves ! endur+ sub/ance1 :ile x is 8 own life :i* has gone1 z ! %9e ( ! gl[-worm 9 ! night4 ,!y 7 !re j ! same a hundr$ g5]ations ago1 be=e ! ,pyramids 7 built2 & !y w tremble !re /ill1 :5 ! ,pyramids h be5 worn d[n to du/ ) ! bl[+ ( ! des]t s& aga9/ _! granite sides4 ,!y wat*$ ! e>? gr[ fit = man long be=e man came1 & !y w d\btless be %9+ on :5 our poor human race itself has disappe>$ f ! surface ( ?is planet4 ,probably !re is no "o ( u :o has n felt ?is solemn s5se ( _! almo/ inf9ite duration z comp>$ ) 8 own little portion ( "t1 & x w\ld be a wor?y subject = our ?\ght if we c\ld /udy !m 9 ! light t ! ,new ,a/ronomy %$s = u on _! nature4 ,b ,i mu/ "h conf9e myself to ! description ( b a few ( _! numb]1 & speak1 n ( ! inf9ite multitude & v>iety ( />s1 ea* a self-%9+ sun1 b only ( ^? :i* move close at h&2 = x is n true ( q all t !y keep at ! same di/ance & ord]4 ,( ! :ole cele/ial army :i* ! nak$ eye wat*es1 !re are five />s :i* d *ange _! places 9 ! ranks1 & ^! *ange 9 an irregul> & caprici\s mann]1 go+ ab\t among ! o!rs1 n[ =w>d & n[ back1 z if lo/ & w&]+ ?r\gh ! sky4 ,^! w&]]s 7 long s9ce kn[n by di/9ct names1 z ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn1 & believ$ to be ne>] ?an ! o!rs2 & !y are1 9 fact1 companions to ! e>? & f$ l x by ! w>m? ( our sun1 & l ! moon are visible by ! sunlight :i* !y reflect to u4 ,) ! e>lie/ use ( ! telescope1 x 0 f\nd t :ile ! o!r />s rema9$ 9 x m]e po9ts ( light z be=e1 ^! became magnifi$ into disks on :i* m>k+s 7 visible1 & ! m>k+s h be5 f\nd ) our mod]n in/rum5ts1 9 "o case at lea/1 to take ! appe>ance ( oceans & sn[-capp$ cont95ts & isl&s4 ,^!1 !n1 are n un9habitable self-%9+ suns1 b worlds1 vivifi$ f ! same f\nt ( en]gy t supplies u1 & ! possible abode ( creatures l ourselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,,saturn4 7,,f ,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,,tr\velot74 8,prop]ly speak+10 x is said1 8man is ! only subject ( int]e/ to man20 & if we h c>$ to /udy ! un9habitable sun because all t goes on !re is f\nd to be s intimately relat$ to u1 x is surely a reasonable curiosity :i* prompts ! "q s (t5 he>d z to ! pres5ce ( life on ^! neighbor worlds1 :]e x seems at lea/ n impossible t life %\ld exi/4 ,ev5 ! v little we c say 9 answ] to ?is "q w always be int]e/+2 b we mu/ regretfully admit at ! outset t x is b little1 & t ) "s planets1 l ,m]cury & ,v5us1 ! great telescopes ( mod]n times _c d mu* m ?an ^? ( ,galileo1 ) :i* our ,new ,a/ronomy _h its beg9n+4 ,let u leave ^!1 !n1 & pass out to ! conf9es ( ! planet>y sy/em1 :]e we may employ our telescopes to bett] advantage4 ,! out] planets1 ,neptune & ,uranus1 rema9 pale disks 9 ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts1 ! fir/ att5d$ by a s+le moon1 ! second by f\r1 b>ely visible2 & !re is s v little yet kn[n ab\t _! physical features1 t we %all d bett] to give our att5tion to "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ objects 9 ! :ole heav5s1--! planet ,saturn1 on :i* we c at any rate see en\gh to ar\se a lively curiosity to "k m4 ,:5 ,galileo fir/ turn$ 8 glass on ,saturn1 he saw1 z he ?\ght1 t x consi/$ ( ?ree sph]es close toge!r1 ! middle "o be+ ! l>ge/4 ,he 0 n q sure ( ! fact1 & 0 9 a dilemma betwe5 8 desire to wait long] = fur!r obs]vation1 & 8 fe> t "s o!r obs]v] might ann\nce ! discov]y if he hesitat$4 ,to comb9e ^! incompatibilities--to ann\nce x s z to secure ! priority1 & yet n ann\nce x till he 0 ready--might seem to pres5t z great a difficulty z ! discov]y itself2 b ,galileo solv$ ?is1 z we may rememb]1 by writ+ x 9 ! s5t5ce1 8,altissimum planetam t]gem9um obs]vavi0 78,i h obs]v$ ! highe/ planet to be triple071 & !n ?r[+ x 79 ! pr9t]'s phrase7 8into pi10 or jumbl+ ! lett]s1 :i* made ! s5t5ce into ! mon/r\s ^w ,,smajsmrmjlmeboetalevmjpvn5vgttavjras1 & publi%+ ?is1 :i* conta9$ 8 discov]y1 b "u lock & key4 ,he _h reason to congratulate himself on 8 prud5ce1 = )9 two ye>s two ( ! suppos$ bodies disappe>$1 leav+ only "o4 ,?is 0 9 #afab2 & = ne>ly fifty ye>s ,saturn cont9u$ to all a/ronom]s ! enigma :i* x 0 to ,galileo1 till 9 #afef x 0 f9ally made cle> t x 0 surr\nd$ by a ?9 flat r+1 :i* :5 se5 fully gave rise to ! fir/ appe>ance 9 ,galileo's small telescope1 & :5 se5 edgewise disappe>$ f its view altoge!r4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ?is "p ( our "w dep5ds on ! p[] ( ! telescope we employ1 & 9 describ+ ! mod]n means ( obs]vation we pass ov] two c5turies ( sl[ advance1 ea* decade ( :i* has m>k$ "s progress 9 ! in/rum5t1 to "o ( its complete/ types1 9 ! great equatorial at ,wa%+ton1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,,! ,,equatorial ,,telescope ,,at ,,wa%+ton4 ,! revolv+ dome above1 ! great tube b5ea?1 its massive pi]s1 & all its accessories are only means to c>ry & direct ! great l5s at ! fur!r end1 :i* acts ! "p ( ! l5s 9 our own eye1 & =ms ! image ( ! ?+ to be look$ at4 ,galileo's orig9al l5s 0 a s+le piece ( glass1 r small] ?an t ( our common spectacles2 b ! l5s "h is compos$ ( two pieces1 ea* tw5ty-six in*es 9 diamet]1 & collects z mu* light z a human eye w\ld d if ov] two feet across4 ,b ?is is useless if ! l5s is n %ap$ ) su* precision z to s5d e ray to its prop] place at ! eye-piece1 ne>ly ?irty-five feet away2 &1 9 fact1 ! %ape giv5 its surface by ! skilful h&s ( ! ,messrs4 ,cl>k1 :o made x1 is s exquisitely exact t all ! light ( a /> ga!r$ by ?is great surface is pack$ at ! di/ant focus into a circle v mu* small] ?an t made by ! dot on ?is i1 & ! same /atem5t may be made ( ! great ,lick glass1 :i* is ?ree feet 9 diamet]1--an accuracy we might call incr$ible 7 x n c]ta94 ,x is ) in/rum5ts ( su* accuracy t a/ronomy n[ works1 & x is ) ?is p>ticul> "o t "s ( ! obs]vations we are go+ to describe h be5 made4 ,9 all ! heav5s !re is no m wond]ful object ?an ,saturn1 = x pres]ves to u an app>5t type ( ! plan on :i* all ! worlds 7 orig9ally made4 ,let u look at x 9 ?is /udy by ,tr\velot 7,fig4 #fj74 ,! planet1 we mu/ rememb]1 is a globe ne>ly sev5ty ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 & ! out]mo/ r+ is ov] "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& miles across1 s t ! proportionate size ( our e>? w\ld be ov]-repres5t$ "h by a pea laid on ! engrav+4 ,! belts on ! globe %[ delicate t9ts ( br[n & blue1 & p>ts ( ! r+ are1 z a :ole1 bright] ?an ! planet2 b ?is r+1 z ! read] may see1 consi/s ( at lea/ ?ree ma9 divisions1 ea* itself conta9+ sep>ate features4 ,fir/ is ! gray out] r+1 !n ! middle "o1 & next ! curi\s 8crape0 r+1 v mu* d>k] ?an ! o!rs1 look+ l a belt :]e x crosses ! planet1 & app>5tly feebly transp>5t1 = ! outl9e ( ! globe has be5 se5 7?\gh n v di/9ctly7 ?r\gh x4 ,! :ole sy/em ( r+s is ( ! mo/ amaz+ ?9ness1 = x is probably ?9n] 9 proportion to its size ?an ! pap] on :i* ?is is pr9t$ is to ! wid? ( ! page2 & :5 x is turn$ edgewise to u1 x disappe>s to all b ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes1 9 :i* x looks !n l ! ?9ne/ conceivable l9e ( light1 on :i* ! moons h be5 se5 project$1 appe>+ l beads slid+ along a gold5 wire4 ,! globe ( ! planet ca/s on ! r+ a %ad[1 :i* is "h %[n z a brok5 l9e1 z ?\gh ! level ( ! r+s 7 sudd5ly di/urb$4 ,at o!r times 7z 9 a beautiful draw+ made ) ! same in/rum5t by ,pr(essor ,hold57 ! l9e seems cont9u\s1 ?\gh curv$ z ?\gh ! middle ( ! r+ sy/em 7 ?ick] ?an ! edge4 ,! rotation ( ! r+ has be5 made out by direct obs]vations2 & ! :ole is 9 motion ab\t ! globe1--a motion s smoo? & /eady t !re is no flick]+ 9 ! %ad[ 8:]e ,saturn's /eadfa/ %ade sleeps on its lum9\s r+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,,jupit]1 ,,moon1 ,,& ,,%ad[4 7,,by ,,p]mission ,,( ,,w>r5 ,,de ,,la ,,rue47 ,:at is x8 ,no solid c\ld hold toge!r "u su* conditions2 we c h>dly admit ! possibility ( its be+ a liquid film ext5d$ 9 space2 & !re are difficulties 9 admitt+ x to be gase\s4 ,b if n a solid1 a liquid1 or a gas1 aga9 :at c x be8 ,x 0 sugge/$ ne>ly two c5turies ago t ! r+ might be compos$ ( innum]able little bodies l meteorites1 circl+ r\nd ! globe s close toge!r z to give ! appe>ance we see1 mu* z a sw>m ( bees at a di/ance looks l a cont9u\s cl\d2 & ?is rema9s ! mo/ plausible solution ( :at is /ill 9 "s degree a my/]y4 ,:atev] x be1 we see 9 ! r+ ! condition ( ?+s :i*1 accord+ to ! nebul> hypo!sis1 once p]ta9$ to all ! planets at a c]ta9 /age ( _! =mation2 & ?is1 ) ! extraord9>y lightness ( ! globe 7= ! :ole planet w\ld float on wat]71 makes u look on x z /ill 9 ! =mative /age ( uncond5s$ matt]1 :]e ! solid l& z yet is n1 & ! foot c\ld f9d no re/+-place4 ,a/rology figur$ ,saturn z 8spiteful & cold1--an old man melan*oly20 b if we may indulge su* a speculation1 mod]n a/ronomy r leads u to ?9k ( x z 9 ! infancy ( its life1 ) e process ( planet>y gr[? /ill 9 its future1 & sep>at$ by an almo/ unlimit$ /ret* ( ye>s f ! "t :5 life "u ! conditions 9 :i* we "k x c ev5 beg9 to exi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l ?is appe>s also ! condition ( ,jupit] 7,fig4 #fb71 ! greate/ ( ! planets1 ^: globe1 eighty-eight ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 turns s rapidly t ! c5trifugal =ce causes a visible flatt5+4 ,! belts :i* /ret* across its disk are ( all delicate t9ts--"s pale blue1 "s ( a crimson lake2 a sea-gre5 pat* has be5 se51 & at int]vals ( late ye>s !re has be5 a great oval r$ spot1 :i* has n[ ne>ly gone1 & :i* our engrav+ does n %[4 ,! belts are l>gely1 if n :olly1 =m$ ( roll+ cl\ds1 drift+ & *ang+ "u our eyes1 ?\gh m r>ely a feature l ! oval spot j m5tion$ w la/ = ye>s1 an endur+ enigma4 ,! mo/ rec5t obs]vations t5d to make u believe t ! equatorial regions ( ,jupit]1 l ^? ( ! sun1 make m turns 9 a ye> ?an ! pol> ones2 :ile ! d>k5+ t[>d ! edge is ano!r sunlike feature1 ?\gh p]haps due to a di/9ct cause1 & ?is is beautifully br\ght out :5 any "o ( ! f\r moons :i* circle ! planet passes betwe5 u & its face1 an occurr5ce also repres5t$ 9 our figure4 ,! moon1 z x /eals on ! comp>atively d>k edge1 %[s u a little circle ( an almo/ lemon-yell[1 b ! effect ( contra/ gr[s less z x approa*es ! c5tre4 ,next 7or sometimes be=e71 ! disk is invad$ by a small & int5sely black spot1 ! %ad[ ( ! moon1 :i* slides across ! planet's face1 ! transit la/+ long en\gh = u to see t ! :ole great globe1 s]v+ z a backgr\nd = ! spectacle1 has visibly revolv$ on its axis s9ce we began to gaze4 ,photography1 9 ! skilful h&s ( ! late ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,drap]1 gave u reason to suspect ! possibility t a dull light is s5t to u f p>ts ( ! planet's surface besides :at x reflects1 z ?\gh x 7 /ill feebly gl[+ l a ne>ly ext+ui%$ sun2 &1 on ! :ole1 a ma9 int]e/ ( ^! features to u lies 9 ! presumption !y create t ! giant planet is n yet fit to be ! abode ( life1 b is m probably 9 a condition l t ( our e>? millions ( ye>s s9ce1 9 a pa/ s remote t geology only inf]s its exi/5ce1 & long be=e our own race began to be4 ,t sci5ce1 inde$1 itself tea*es u t su* all b inf9ite p]iods are ne$$ to prep>e a planet = man's abode1 t ! entire duration ( 8 race ^u x is probably brief 9 comp>ison4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we pass by ! belt ( a/]oids1 & ov] a di/ance _m times great] ?an t :i* sep>ates ! e>? f ! sun1 till we approa* our own _w4 ,"h1 close beside x z x 71 9 comp>ison ) ! enorm\s spaces :i* int]v5e betwe5 x & ,saturn & ,jupit]1 we f9d a planet ^: size & features are 9 /rik+ contra/ to ^? ( ! great globe we h j quitt$4 ,x is ,m>s1 :i* %9es s r$ & looks s l>ge 9 ! sky because x is s ne>1 b ^: diamet] is only ab\t half t ( our e>?4 ,?is is inde$ prop]ly to be call$ a neighbor _w1 b ! planet>y spaces are s imm5se t ?is neighbor is at close/ /ill ab\t ?irty-f\r million miles away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #fc4--,,?ree ,,views ,,( ,,m>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #fd4--,,map ,,( ,,m>s4 ,look+ across t great gulf1 we see 9 our engrav+ 7,fig4 #fc7--:]e we h ?ree successive views tak5 at int]vals ( a few h\rs--a globe n m>k$ by ! belts ( ,jupit] or ,saturn1 b ) outl9es z ( cont95ts & isl&s1 :i* pass 9 turn be=e our eyes z x revolves 9 a little ov] tw5ty-f\r & a half ( our h\rs1 :ile at ei!r pole is a :ite spot4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 0 ! fir/ to notice t ?is spot increas$ 9 size :5 x 0 turn$ away f ! sun1 & dim9i%$ :5 ! sol> heat fell on x2 s t we h :at is almo/ pro( t "h is ice 7& consequ5tly wat]7 on ano!r _w4 ,!n1 z we /udy m1 we disc]n =ms :i* move f day to day on ! globe ap>t f its rotation1 & we recognize 9 !m cl\ds sweep+ ov] ! surface1--n a surface ( /ill o!r cl\ds bel[1 b ( :at we h good reason to believe to be l& & wat]4 ,by ! indu/ry ( num]\s a/ronom]s1 seiz+ e favorable opportunity :5 ,m>s comes ne>1 s _m ( ^! features h be5 ga!r$ t we h be5 enabl$ to make fairly complete maps ( ! planet1 "o ( :i* by ,mr4 ,gre5 is "h giv5 7,fig4 #fd74 ,"h we see ! surface m div]sifi$ ?an t ( our e>?1 :ile ! oceans are long1 n>r[1 canal-l seas1 :i* ev]y:]e invade ! l&1 s t on ,m>s "o c\ld travel almo/ ev]y:]e by wat]4 ,^! canals seem also 9 "s cases to exi/ 9 pairs or to be rem>kably duplicat$4 ,! spectroscope indicates wat]-vapor 9 ! ,m>tial atmosph]e1 & "s ( ! cont95ts1 l 8,locky] ,l&10 are sometimes se5 :ite1 z ?\gh cov]$ ) ice3 :ile "o isl& 7m>k$ on our map z ,hall ,isl&7 has be5 se5 s frequ5tly ?us1 t x is v probable t "h "s m\nta9 or tablel& rises into ! region ( p]petual sn[4 ,! cause ( ! r$ color ( ,m>s has nev] be5 satisfactorily asc]ta9$4 ,its atmosph]e does n appe> to be d>k en\gh to produce su* an effect1 & p]haps z probable an explanation z any is "o ! sugge/ion ( :i* is a little />tl+ at fir/4 ,x is t vegetation on ,m>s may be r$ in/ead ( gre56 ,!re is no intr9sic improbability 9 ! idea1 = we are ev5 to-day unprep>$ to say ) any c]ta9ty :y vegetation is gre5 "h1 & x is q easy to conceive ( atmosph]ic conditions :i* w\ld make r$ ! be/ absorb] ( ! sol> heat4 ,"h1 !n1 we f9d a planet on :i* we obta9 _m ( ! conditions ( life :i* we "k ourselves1 & "h1 if any:]e 9 ! sy/em1 we may all[ably inquire = evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( some?+ l our own race2 b ?\gh we may indulge 9 supposition1 !re is un=tunately no prospect t ) any conceivable improvem5t 9 our telescopes we %all ev] obta9 any?+ l c]ta9ty4 ,we _c ass]t t !re are any b\nds to man's inv5tion1 or t sci5ce may n1 by "s means z unkn[n to u z ! spectroscope 0 to our gr&fa!rs1 a*ieve :at n[ seems impossible2 b to our pres5t k no su* means exi/1 ?\gh we are n =bidd5 to look at ! ruddy planet ) ! feel+ t x may hold possibilities m int]e/+ to our humanity ?an all ! wond]s ( ! sun1 & all ! un9habitable imm5sities ( 8 o!r worlds4 ,be=e we leave ,m>s1 we may recall to ! read]'s memory ! extraord9>y v]ification ( a /atem5t made ab\t x m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,we %all h = a mom5t to leave ! pa?s ( sci5ce = ^? ( pure fiction1 = ! words we are go+ to quote are ^? ( no less a p]son ?an our old fri5d ,capta9 ,gulliv]1 :o1 aft] 8 adv5tures ) ! ,lilliputians1 w5t to a fly+ isl& inhabit$ l>gely by a/ronom]s4 ,if ! read] w take d[n 8 copy ( ,swift1 he w f9d 9 ?is voyage ( ,gulliv]'s to ,laputa ! foll[+ imag9>y description ( :at its imag9>y a/ronom]s saw3-- 8,!y h likewise discov]$ two less] />s or satellites :i* revolve ab\t ,m>s1 :]e( ! inn]mo/ is di/ant f ! c5tre ( ! prim>y planet exactly ?ree ( its diamet]s1 & ! out]mo/ five2 ! =m] revolves 9 ! space ( t5 h\rs1 & ! latt] 9 tw5ty-"o & a half40 ,n[1 comp>e ?is passage1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #agbg1 ) ! ann\ncem5t 9 ! sci5tific j\rnals ( ,augu/1 #ahgg 7a hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft]71 t two moons did exi/1 & _h j be5 discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,hall1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ) ! great telescope ( :i* a draw+ has be5 already giv54 ,! resemblance does n end ev5 "h1 = ,swift 0 "r also 9 describ+ !m z v ne> ! planet & ) v %ort p]iods1 ! actual di/ances be+ ab\t "o & a half & sev5 diamet]s1 & ! actual times ab\t eight & ?irty h\rs respectively1--di/ances & p]iods :i*1 if n exactly ^? ( ,swift's description1 agree ) x 9 be+ less ?an any be=e kn[n 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,x is c]ta9 t !re c\ld n h be5 ! smalle/ gr\nd = a suspicion ( _! exi/5ce :5 8,gulliv]'s ,travels0 0 writt51 & ! co9cid5ce--:i* is a pure co9cid5ce--c]ta9ly approa*es ! miracul\s4 ,we c no long]1 !n1 prop]ly speak ( 8! sn[y poles ( moonless ,m>s10 ?\gh x does /ill rema9 moonless to all b ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes 9 ! _w1 = ^! bodies are ! v smalle/ kn[n 9 ! sy/em4 ,!y pres5t no visible disks to measure1 b look l ! fa9te/ ( po9ts ( light1 & _! size is only to be guess$ at f _! brightness4 ,pr(essor ,pick]+ has c>ri$ on an int]e/+ inve/igation ( !m4 ,8 me?od dep5d$ 9 "p on gett+ holes ( su* smallness made 9 a plate ( metal t ! light com+ ?r\gh !m w\ld be comp>able ) t ( ! ,m>tial moons 9 ! telescope4 ,x 0 f\nd almo/ impossible to comm& ! skill to make ^! holes small en\gh1 ?\gh "o ( ! arti/s employ$ _h already di/+ui%$ himself by drill+ a hole ?r\gh a f9e cambric ne$le l5g?wise1 s z to make a t9y /eel tube ( x4 ,:5 ! difficulty 0 at la/ ov]come1 ! satellites 7 f\nd to be less ?an t5 miles 9 diamet]1 & a j impression bo? ( _! app>5t size & light may be ga!r$ f ! /atem5t t ei!r r\ghly corresponds to t :i* w\ld be giv5 by a human h& held up at ,wa%+ton1 & view$ f ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts1 a di/ance ( f\r hundr$ miles4 ,we approa* n[ ! only planet 9 :i* man is c]ta9ly kn[n to exi/1 & :i* ought to h an int]e/ = u sup]ior to any :i* we h yet se51 = x is our own4 ,we are voyag]s on x ?r\gh space1 x has be5 said1 z pass5g]s on a %ip1 & _m ( u h nev] ?\ght ( any "p ( ! vessel b ! cab9 :]e we are qu>t]$4 ,"s curi\s pass5g]s 7^! are ! geograph]s7 h visit$ ! /e]age1 & "s 7! geologi/s7 h look$ "u ! hat*es1 & yet x rema9s true t ^? 9 "o "p ( our vessel "k little1 ev5 n[1 ( _! fell[-voyag]s 9 ano!r4 ,h[ mu* less1 !n1 d mo/ ( u "k ( ! %ip itself1 = we 7 all born on x1 & h nev] once be5 (f x to view x f ! outside6 ,no _w comes s ne> u 9 ! a]ial ocean z ! moon2 & if we desire to view our own e>? z a planet1 we may put ourselves 9 fancy 9 ! place ( a lun> obs]v]4 8,is x inhabit$80 w\ld probably be "o ( ! fir/ que/ions :i* he w\ld ask1 if he _h ! same int]e/ 9 u t we h 9 him2 & ! answ] to ?is w\ld call out all ! p[]s ( ! be/ telescopes su* z we possess4 ,an old au?or1 ,font5elle1 has put 9 ! m\? ( an imag9>y spectator a lively description ( :at w\ld be visible 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs to "o look+ d[n on ! e>? z x turn$ r\nd b5ea? him4 8,i see pass+ "u my eyes10 he says1 8all sorts ( faces1--:ite & black & olive & br[n4 ,n[ x's hats1 & n[ turbans1 n[ long locks & !n %av5 cr[ns2 n[ come cities ) /eeples1 next m ) tall1 cresc5t-capp$ m9>ets1 !n o!rs ) porcela9 t[]s2 n[ great desolate l&s1 n[ great oceans1 !n dreadful des]ts1--9 %ort1 all ! inf9ite v>iety ! e>?'s surface be>s40 ,! tru? is1 h[ev]1 t1 look+ at ! e>? f ! moon1 ! l>ge/ mov+ animal1 ! :ale or ! elephant1 w\ld be utt]ly beyond our k52 & x is que/ionable :e!r ! l>ge/ %ip on ! ocean w\ld be visible1 = ! popul> idea z to ! magnify+ p[] ( great telescopes is exagg]at$4 ,x is probable t "u any b extraord9>y circum/ances our lun> obs]v]1 ) our be/ telescopes1 c\ld n br+ ! e>? )9 less ?an an app>5t di/ance ( five hundr$ miles2 & ! read] may judge h[ l>ge a mov+ object mu/ be to be se51 mu* less recogniz$1 by ! nak$ eye at su* a di/ance4 ,( c\rse1 a *ief int]e/ ( ! supposition we are mak+ lies 9 ! fact t x w give u a measure ( our own ability to discov] evid5ces ( life 9 ! moon1 if !re are any su* z exi/ "h2 & 9 ?is po9t ( view x is wor? :ile to repeat1 t sc>cely any tempor>y ph5om5on due to human action c\ld be ev5 telescopically visible f ! moon "u ! mo/ favor+ circum/ances4 ,an army su* z ,napoleon l$ to ,russia might conceivably be visible if x mov$ 9 a d>k solid column across ! sn[4 ,x is b>ely possible t su* a vessel z "o ( ! l>ge/ ocean /eam%ips might be se51 "u v favorable circum/ances1 z a mov+ dot2 & x is ev5 q probable t su* a conflagration z ! great fire ( ,*icago w\ld be visible 9 ! lun> telescope1 z some?+ l a r$di% /> on ! night side ( our planet2 b ?is is all 9 ?is sort t c\ld be disc]n$4 ,by mak+ m9ute maps1 or1 /ill bett]1 photographs1 & comp>+ "o ye> ) ano!r1 mu* h[ev] might h be5 done by our lun> obs]v] dur+ ?is c5tury4 ,9 its beg9n+1 9 comp>ison to ! va/ =e/s :i* !n cov]$ ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 ! cultivat$ fields along its ea/]n seabo>d w\ld h look$ to him l a gold5 fr+e bord]+ a broad mantle ( gre52 b n[ he w\ld see t ! gold5 fr+e has encroa*$ ^u ! gre5 f>!r back ?an ! ,mississippi1 & he w\ld ga!r 8 be/ evid5ce ( *ange f ! fact 7surely a notewor?y "o7 t ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h alt]$ ! features ( ! _w dur+ ! pres5t c5tury to a degree visible 9 ano!r planet6 ,our obs]v] w\ld probably be /ruck by ! mov+ panorama ( =e/s1 lakes1 cont95ts1 isl&s1 & oceans1 successively glid+ ?r\gh ! field ( view ( 8 telescope z ! e>? revolv$2 b1 travell+ along beside x on 8 lun> /ation1 he w\ld h>dly appreciate its actual flight ?r\gh space1 :i* is an easy ?+ to describe 9 figures1 & a h>d "o to conceive4 ,if we look up at ! clock1 & z we wat* ! p5dulum recall t we h mov$ ab\t n9ete5 miles at e beat1 or 9 less ?an ?ree m9utes1 ov] a di/ance great] ?an t :i* divides ,new ,york f ,liv]pool1 we /ill probably b v imp]fectly realize ! fact t 7dropp+ all metaphor7 ! e>? is really a great projectile1 heavi] ?an ! heavie/ ( h] surface rocks1 & trav]s+ space ) a velocity ( ov] sixty times t ( ! cannon-ball4 ,ev5 ! fir+ ( a great gun ) a ball weigh+ "o or two hundr$ p\nds is1 to ! novice at lea/1 a /rik+ spectacle4 ,! massive iron sph]e is hoi/$ into ! gun1 ! dis*>ge comes1 ! gr\nd trembles1 &1 z x seems1 almo/ 9 ! same in/ant1 a jet rises :]e ! ball has t\*$ ! wat] f> away4 ,! impression ( imm5se velocity & ( a resi/less capacity ( de/ruction 9 t fly+ mass is irresi/ible1 & ju/ifiable too3 b :at is ?is ball to t ( ! e>?1 :i* is a globe c\nt+ eight ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 & weigh+ ab\t six ?\s& millions ( millions ( millions ( tons2 :i*1 if our cannon-ball 7 fly+ ahead a mile 9 advance ( its track1 w\ld ov]take x 9 less ?an ! t5? "p ( a second2 & :i* c>ries su* a pot5cy ( lat5t de/ruction & dea? 9 ?is motion1 t if x 7 possible in/antly to arre/ x1 !n1 9 t in/ant1 8e>? & all :i* x inh]its w\ld dissolve0 & pass away 9 vapor8 ,our turn+ sph]e is mov+ ?r\gh :at seems to be all b an inf9ite void1 peopl$ only by w&]+ meteorites1 & :]e w>m? f any o!r s\rce ?an ! sun c sc>cely be said to exi/2 = x is important to obs]ve t :e!r ! int]ior be molt5 or n1 we get next to no heat f x4 ,! cold ( out] space c only be e/imat$ 9 view ( rec5t obs]vations z at lea/ f\r hundr$ degrees ,fahr5heit bel[ z]o 7m]cury freezes at ?irty-n9e degrees bel[71 & x is ! sun :i* makes up ! diff]5ce ( all ^! lack+ hundr$s ( degrees to u1 b indirectly1 & n 9 ! way t we might naturally ?9k1 & h till v lately ?\ght2 = our atmosph]e has a great deal to d ) x beside ! direct sol> rays1 all[+ m to come 9 ?an to g out1 until ! temp]ature rises v mu* high] ?an x w\ld 7 !re no air "h4 ,?us1 s9ce x is ?is p[] 9 ! atmosph]e ( /or+ ! heat :i* makes u live1 no less ?an ! sun's rays !mselves1 we see h[ ! temp]ature ( a planet may dep5d on consid]ations q beside its di/ance f ! sun2 & :5 we discuss ! possibility ( life 9 o!r worlds1 we %all d well to rememb] t ,saturn may be possibly a w>m _w1 & ,m]cury conceivably a cold "o4 ,we us$ to be told t ?is atmosph]e ext5d$ =ty-five miles above u1 b lat] obs]vation proves its exi/5ce at a height ( _m times ?is2 & a rem>kable speculation1 :i* ,dr4 ,hunt /r5g!ns ) ! great "n ( ,newton1 ev5 contemplates x z ext5d+ 9 ev]-increas+ t5uity until x t\*es & m]ges 9 ! atmosph]e ( o!r worlds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,,! ,,moon4 7,,f ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,l4 ,m4 ,,ru!rfurd1 #ahgc1 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,o4 ,g4 ,,mason47 ,b if we beg9 to talk ( ?+s new & old :i* int]e/ u 9 our e>? z a planet1 x is h>d to make an end4 ,/ill we may obs]ve t x is ! v famili>ity ( "s ( ^! :i* h9d]s u f see+ !m z ! wond]s !y really are4 ,h[ has ?is famili>ity1 = in/ance1 made commonplace to u n only ! wond]ful fact t ! fields & =e/s1 & ! app>5tly endless pla9 ( e>? & ocean1 are really p>ts ( a great globe :i* is turn+ r\nd 7= ?is rotation we all are famili> )71 b ! less appreciat$ miracle t we are all be+ hurl$ ?r\gh space ) an imm5sely great] spe$ ?an t ( ! rotation itself4 ,x ne$s ! vision ( a poet to see ?is daily miracle ) new eyes2 & a great poet has describ$ x = u1 9 words :i* may vivify our sci5tific conception4 ,let u recall ! prologue to 8,fau/10 :]e ! ar*angels are prais+ ! works ( ! ,"l1 & look+ at ! e>?1 n z we see x1 b d[n on x1 f heav51 z x passes by1 & notice t x is precisely ?is miracul\s swiftness1 s ins5sible to u1 :i* calls out an angel's wond]4 8,& swift & swift beyond conceiv+ ,! spl5dor ( ! _w goes r\nd1 ,day's ,ed5-brightness /ill reliev+ ,! awful ,night's int5se pr(\nd4 ,! ocean tides 9 foam are break+1 ,aga9/ ! rocks' deep bases hurl$1 ,& bo?1 ! sph]ic race p>tak+1 ,et]nal1 swift1 are onw>d :irl$40#e #e ,bay>d ,taylor's translation4 ,s1 inde$1 might an angel see x & describe x6 99 99 99 99 99 ,we may h be5 already l$ to inf] t !re is a k9d ( evolution 9 ! planets' life1 :i* we may comp>e1 by a n :olly fanciful analogy1 to ours2 = we h se5 worlds gr[+ into conditions :i* may fit !m = habitability1 & aga9 o!r worlds :]e we may surmise1 or may "k1 t life has come4 ,to le>n ( at lea/ "o :i* has complet$ ! analogy1 by pass+ beyond ?is t]m to t :]e all life has ceas$1 we ne$ only look on ! moon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /udy ( ! moon's surface has be5 cont9u$ n[ f ! "t ( ,galileo1 & ( late ye>s a :ole class ( compet5t obs]v]s has be5 devot$ to x1 s t a/ronom]s engag$ 9 o!r bran*es h (t5] look$ on ?is z a field = occasional h\rs ( recreation ) ! telescope ?an made x a con/ant /udy4 ,i c recall "o or two su* h\rs 9 e>li] obs]v+ days1 :51 seat$ alone "u ! ov]>*+ iron dome1 ! _w bel[ %ut out1 & ! _w above op5$1 ! sil5ce di/urb$ by no s\nd b ! beat+ ( ! equatorial clock1 & ! great telescope itself direct$ to "s hill or valley ( ! moon1 ,i h be5 s lo/ 9 gaz+ t x seem$ z ?\gh a look ?r\gh ?is1 ! real magic tube1 _h inde$ transport$ me to ! surface ( t /range ali5 _w4 ,=tunately = u1 ! same spectacle has impress$ o!rs ) m "t to devote to x & m ability to r5d] x1 s t we n only h mo/ elaborate maps ( ! moon = ! pr(essional a/ronom]1 b abundance ( pa9t+s1 draw+s1 & models1 :i* reproduce ! appe>ance ( its surface z se5 9 p[]ful telescopes4 ,none ( ! latt] class des]ves m att5tion ?an ! beautiful /udies ( ,messrs4 ,nasmy? & ,c>p5t]1 :o prep>$ at great labor v elaborate &1 9 g5]al1 v fai?ful models ( p>ts ( its surface1 & !n _h !m photograph$ "u ! same illum9ation :i* fell on ! orig9al2 & ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge "h ! special indebt$ness ( ?is "p ( :at ,i h to lay be=e ! read] to _! "w1 f :i* ! foll[+ illu/rations are *iefly tak54 ,let u rememb] t ! moon is a little ov] tw5ty-"o hundr$ miles 9 diamet]2 t x weighs1 bulk = bulk1 ab\t two-?irds :at ! e>? does1 s t1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is & its small] size1 its total weight is only ab\t "o-eightie? ( t ( our globe2 & t1 ! =ce ( gravity at its surface be+ only "o-six? :at x is "h1 eruptive explosions c s5d _! products high] ?an 9 our volcanoes4 ,its area is betwe5 f\r & five times t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & its av]age di/ance is a little less ?an two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,,! ,,full ,,moon4 ,?is is v little 9 comp>ison ) ! great spaces we h be5 trav]s+ 9 imag9ation2 b x is absolutely v l>ge1 & across x ! valleys & m\nta9s ( ?is our ne>e/ neighbor disappe>1 & pres5t to ! nak$ eye only ! vague lights & %ades kn[n to u f *ildhood z 8! man 9 ! moon10 & :i* 7 ! puzzle ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 :o (t5 expla9$ !m z reflections ( ! e>? itself1 s5t back to u f ! moon z f a mirror4 ,x1 at any rate1 %[s t ! moon always turns ! same face t[>d u1 s9ce we always see ! same 8man10 & t !re mu/ be a back to ! moon :i* we nev] behold at all2 &1 9 fact1 ne>ly half ( ?is planet does rema9 =ev] hidd5 f human obs]vation4 ,! 8man 9 ! moon0 disappe>s :5 we are look+ 9 a telescope1 because we are !n br\ght s ne> to details t ! g5]al features are lo/2 b he c be se5 9 any photograph ( ! full moon by view+ x at a suffici5t di/ance1 & mak+ all[ance = ! fact t ! contra/s ( light & %ade appe> /rong] 9 ! photograph ?an !y are 9 reality4 ,if ! small full moon giv5 9 ,fig4 #ff1 = in/ance1 be look$ at f across a room1 ! nak$-eye view w be recov]$1 & its connection ) ! telescopic ones bett] made out4 ,! be/ "t = view+ ! moon1 h[ev]1 is n at ! full1 b at ! close ( ! fir/ qu>t]2 = !n we see1 z 9 ?is beautiful photograph 7,fig4 #fe7 by ,mr4 ,ru!rfurd1 t ! sunlight1 fall+ slant+ly on x1 ca/s %ad[s :i* br+ out all ! details s t we c di/+ui% _m ( !m ev5 "h1--?is photograph1 ?\gh mu* r$uc$1 giv+ ! read] a bett] view ?an ,galileo obta9$ ) 8 mo/ p[]ful telescope4 ,! l>ge gray expanse 9 ! l[] "p is ! ,m>e ,s]5itatis1 t on ! left ! ,m>e ,crisium1 & s on2 ^! 8seas10 z !y 7 call$ by ! old obs]v]s1 be+ no seas at all 9 reality1 b ext5d$ pla9s :i* reflect less light ?an o!r portions1 & :i* ) high] p[]s %[ an irregul> surface4 ,mo/ ( ! names ( ! ma9 features ( ! lun> surface 7 be/[$ by ! e>li] obs]v]s 9 ! infancy ( ! telescope1 :5 h] orb 8,?r\gh optic glass ! ,tuscan arti/ #8view$' ,at ev5+ f ! top ( ,fiesole ,or 9 ,vald>no1 to descry new l&s1 ,riv]s1 or m\nta9s 9 h] spotty globe40 ,m\nta9s !re are1 l ! *a9 ( ! lun> ,ap5n9es1 :i* ! read] sees a little bel[ ! middle ( ! moon1 & to ! "r ( ! ,m>e ,s]5itatis1 & :]e a good telescope w %[ sev]al ?\s& di/9ct summits4 ,ap>t f ! m\nta9 *a9s1 h[ev]1 ! :ole surface is visibly pitt$ ) %all[1 crat]-l cavities1 :i* v>y f ov] a hundr$ miles 9 diamet] to a few hundr$ y>ds or less1 & :i*1 we %all see lat]1 are small] sunk5 pla9s wall$ ab\t ) m\nta9s or hills4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable1 ( ^! is ,ty*o1 "h se5 on ! photograph ( ! full moon 7,fig4 #ff71 f :i* radiat+ /reaks g 9 all directions ov] ! lun> surface4 ,^! /reaks are a feature peculi> to ! moon 7at lea/ we "k ( no?+ to :i* !y c be comp>$ on ! e>?71 = !y run ?r\gh m\nta9 & valley = hundr$s ( miles )\t any app>5t ref]5ce to ! ob/acles 9 _! way1 & x is cle> t ! cause is a deep-seat$ "o4 ,?is cause is believ$ by our au?ors to be ! fact t ! moon 0 once a liquid sph]e ov] :i* a h>d cru/ =m$1 & t 9 subsequ5t "t ! expansion ( ! int]ior be=e solidification crack$ ! %ell z we see4 ,! annex$ figure 7,fig4 #fg7 is furni%$ by !m to illu/rate _! !ory1 & to %[ ! effects ( :at !y believe to be an analog\s exp]im5t1 9 m9imis1 to :at ,nature has p]=m$ on ! gr&e/ scale2 = ! photograph %[s a glass globe actually crack$ by ! expansion ( an enclos$ fluid 79 ?is case wat]71 & ! resemblance ( ! model to ! photograph ( ! full moon on page #ada is c]ta9ly a v int]e/+ "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,,glass ,,globe1 ,,crack$4 ,we are able to see f ?is1 & f ! multitude ( crat]s %[n ev5 on ! g5]al view1 :]e ! :ole face ( our satellite is pit-m>k$1 t eruptive action has be5 m prom95t on ! moon 9 ages pa/ ?an on our own planet1 & we are p>tly prep>$ = :at we see :5 we beg9 to /udy x 9 detail4 ,we may select almo/ any "p ( ! moon's surface = ?is ne>] view1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( f9d+ some?+ int]e/+4 ,let u *oose1 = in/ance1 on ! photograph ( ! half-full moon 7,fig4 #fe71 ! po9t ne> ! l[] "p ( ! ,t]m9ator 7z ! l9e divid+ light f d>kness is call$7 :]e a m9ute sickle ( light seems to invade ! d>kness1 & let u apply 9 imag9ation ! p[] ( a l>ge telescope to x4 ,we are br\ght at once consid]ably )9 a ?\s& miles ( ! surface1 ov] :i* we seem to be susp5d$1 ev]y?+ ly+ directly b5ea? u z 9 a bird's-eye view1 & :at we see is ! rem>kable sc5e %[n 9 ,fig4 #fh4 ,we h be=e u su* a weal? ( detail t ! only tr\ble is to *oose :at to speak ( :]e e po9t has some?+ to dem& att5tion1 & we c only give "h ! briefe/ ref]5ce to ! pr9cipal features4 ,! mo/ prom95t ( ^! is ! great crat] 8,plato10 :i* lies 9 ! l[] "r-h& "p ( ! cut4 ,x w give ! read] an idea ( ! scale ( ?+s to /ate t ! diamet] ( its r+ is ab\t sev5ty miles2 s t he w readily und]/& t ! m\nta9s surr\nd+ x may av]age five to six ?\s& feet 9 height1 z !y d4 ,! sun is %9+ f ! left1 &1 be+ l[1 ca/s long %ad[s1 s t ! real =ms ( ! m\nta9s on "o side are beautifully indicat$ by ^! %ad[s1 :]e !y fall on ! floor ( ! crat]4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! m\nta9 wall !re has be5 a l&-slide1 z we see by ! fragm5ts t h roll$ d[n into ! pla91 & ( :i* a trace c be obs]v$ 9 our engrav+4 ,! :ole is q unlike mo/ t]re/rial crat]s1 h[ev]1 n only 9 its enorm\s size1 b 9 its proportions2 = ! floor is n precipit\s1 b flat1 or p>tak+ ( ! g5]al curvature ( ! lun> surface1 :i* x s9ks b little bel[4 ,i h wat*$ ) int]e/ 9 ! telescope /reaks & %ades on ! floor ( ,plato1 n %[n 9 our cut2 = "h "s h suspect$ evid5ces ( *ange1 & fanci$ a fa9t gre5i% t9t1 z if due to vegetation1 b x is probably fancy only4 ,notice ! numb] ( small crat]s ar\nd ! big "o1 & ev]y:]e on ! plate1 & !n look at ! amaz+ly rugg$ & tumbl$ m\nta9 heaps on ! left 7! lun> ,alps71 cut directly ?r\gh by a great valley 7! valley ( ! ,alps71 :i* is at ! bottom ab\t six miles wide & extraord9>ily flat1--flatt] & smoo!r ev5 ?an our engrav+ %[s x1 & look+ z ?\gh a great eng9e]+ "w1 r ?an an op]ation ( ,nature1 7 9 "q4 ,above ?is ! m\nta9 %ad[s are ca/ ^u a wide pla91 9 :i* are bo? depress$ pits ) little m\nta9 7or r hill7 r+s ab\t !m1 & extraord9>y peaks1 "o ( :i*1 ,pico 7above ! great crat]71 />ts up abruptly to ! height ( eight ?\s& feet1 a lun> ,matt]horn4 ,if ,m>s 7 z ne> z ! moon1 we %\ld see ) ! nak$ eye cl\ds pass+ ov] its face2 & t we nev] d see ^! on ! moon1 ev5 ) ! telescope1 is itself a pro( t none exi/ !re4 ,n[1 ?is abs5ce ( cl\ds1 or inde$ ( any evid5ce ( moi/ure1 is confirm$ by e "o ( ! ne>] views l ^? we are "h gett+4 ,we might return to ?is region ) ! telescope e mon? ( our lives )\t f9d+ "o indication ( vapor1 ( moi/ure1 or ev5 ( air2 & f a summit l ,pico1 c\ld we asc5d x1 we %\ld look out on a sc5e ( su* absolute desolation z probably no e>?ly view c\ld p>allel4 ,if1 z is conceivable1 ^! pla9s 7 once cov]$ ) v]dure1 & ! abode ( liv+ creatures1 v]dure & life exi/ "h no long]1 & ov] all mu/ be ! sil5ce ( univ]sal dea?4 ,b we mu/ leave x = ano!r sc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,,plato ,,& ,,! ,,lun> ,,alps4 ,s\? ( ,plato ext5ds = _m hundr$ miles a great pla91 :i* f its smoo?ness 0 ?\ght by ! anci5t obs]v]s to be wat]1 & 0 nam$ by !m ! 8,imbrian ,sea10 & ?is is b\nd$ on ! s\? & we/ by a range ( m\nta9s--! 8lun> ,ap5n9es0 7,fig4 #fi7--:i* are ! mo/ /rik+ on our satellite4 ,!y are visible ev5 ) a spy-glass1 look+ !n l bread-crumbs rang$ ^u a clo?1 :ile ) a great] p[] !y gr[ l>g] & at ! same "t m *aotic4 ,z we approa* ne>]1 we see t !y rise ) a comp>atively gradual slope1 to fall abruptly1 9 a *a9 ( precipices t may well be call$ trem5d\s1 d[n to ! pla9 bel[1 across :i* _! %ad[s are ca/4 ,ne> _! bases are "s great crat]s ( a some:at diff]5t type f ,plato1 & our illu/ration repres5ts an enl>g$ view ( a "p ( ?is ,ap5n9e *a91 ( ! great crat] ,ar*im$es1 & ( its companions ,ari/illus & ,autolycus4 ,our engrav+ w tell1 m ?an any description1 ( ! contra/ ( ! tumbl$ m\nta9 peaks ) ! level pla9 f :i* !y spr+1--a contra/ = :i* we h sc>cely a t]re/rial p>allel1 ?\gh ! rise ( ! ,alps f ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy may sugge/ an inadequate "o4 ,! ,si]ra ,nevadas ( ,cali=nia climb sl[ly up f ! coa/ side1 to desc5d 9 great precipices on ! ea/1 some:at l ?is2 b ! c\ntry at _! feet is irregul> & brok51 & _! highe/ summits d n equal ^? be=e u1 :i* rise to sev5te5 or eighte5 ?\s& feet1 & f "o ( :i* we %\ld look out ov] su* a sc5e ( desolation z we c only imp]fectly picture to ourselves f any exp]i5ce ( a t]re/rial des]t4 ,! curvature ( ! moon's surface is s mu* great] ?an ours1 t x w\ld hide ! spurs ( hills :i* buttress ! s\!rn slopes ( ,ar*im$es1 leav+ only ! walls ( ! great m\nta9 r+ visible 9 ! extreme/ horizon1 :ile betwe5 u & !m w\ld ext5d :at "s /ill ma9ta9 to h be5 ! b$ ( an anci5t lun> ocean1 ?\gh assur$ly no wat] exi/s !re n[4 ,among ! _m fanciful !ories to acc\nt = ! =ms ( ! r+$ pla9s1 "o 7& ?is is f a man ( sci5ce ^: ideas are always orig9al7 invokes ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,accord+ to x1 ^! great pla9s 7 once ocean b$s1 & 9 !m work$ a coral insect1 build+ up lun> 8atolls0 & r+-%ap$ subm>9e m\nta9s1 z ! coral polyp does "h4 ,! highe/ summits ( ! great r+s ?us =m$ 7 !n l[ isl&s1 j 8a-wa%0 ) ! waves ( ! anci5t lun> sea1 &1 = aught we "k1 gre5 ) fea!ry palms4 ,!n came 79 ! supposition 9 "q7 a "t :5 ! ocean dri$ up1 & ! m\nta9s 7 left /&+1 z we see1 9 r+s1 aft] ! cause ( _! =mation 0 gone4 ,if x be ask$ :]e ! wat] w5t to1 ! answ] is n v obvi\s on ! old !ories2 b ^? :o believe 9 !m po9t to ! extraord9>y cracks 9 ! soil1 l ^? our engrav+ %[s1 z *asms & r5ts1 by :i* ! vani%$ seas1 & p]haps also ! vani%$ air1 h be5 absorb$ into ! int]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,,! ,,lun> ,,ap5n9es3 ,,ar*im$es4 ,if !re 0 inde$ su* an anci5t ocean1 x w\ld h wa%$ ! v feet ( ! precipices on ^: summits we are 9 imag9ation /&+1 & bel[ u _! recesses w\ld h =m$ h>bors :i* fancy might fill ) comm]ce1 & cities 9 :i* we might picture life & movem5t :]e all is n[ dead4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t no telescope has ev] reveal$ _! exi/5ce 7if su* ru9s1 inde$1 !re are71 & x may be add$ t ! op9ion ( geologi/s is1 z a :ole1 unfavorable to ! pres5ce ( wat] on ! moon1 ev5 9 ! pa/1 f ! abs5ce ( any cle> evid5ce ( erosive action2 b p]haps we are n yet entitl$ to speak on ^! po9ts ) c]ta9ty1 & are n =bidd5 to believe t wat] may h exi/$ "h 9 ! pa/ by any absolute te/imony to ! contr>y4 ,! views ( ^? :o hold ! l>g] portion ( ! lun> crat]s to h be5 volcanic 9 _! =mation are f> m probable2 & p]haps z simple an evid5ce ( ! presumption 9 _! favor z we c give is directly to comp>e su* a lun> region z ?is1 ! picture ( :i* 0 made = u f a model1 ) a simil> model made f "s t]re/rial volcanic region4 ,"h 7,fig4 #gj7 is a photograph ( su* a modell$ plan ( ! c\ntry r\nd ! ,bay ( ,naples1 %[+ ! anci5t crat] ( ,vesuvius & its c5tral cone1 ) o!r & small] crat]s along ! sea4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 we "k t ! =ms orig9at$ 9 volcanic action1 & a comp>ison ( !m ) our moon-draw+ is mo/ int]e/+4 ,to return to our ,ap5n9e region 7,fig4 #fi71 we mu/ admit1 h[ev]1 :5 we consid] ! va/ size ( ^! ?+s 7,ar*im$es is fifty miles 9 diamet]71 t !y are v diff]5t 9 proportion f our t]re/rial crat]s1 & t numb]s ( !m pres5t no c5tral cone :atev]2 s t if "s ( !m seem cle>ly eruptive1 !re are o!rs to :i* we h great difficulties 9 mak+ ^! volcanic !ories apply4 ,let u look1 = in/ance1 at /ill ano!r region 7,fig4 #ga74 ,x lies r above ! c5tre ( ! full moon1 & may be recogniz$ also on ! ,ru!rfurd photograph2 & x consi/s ( ! gr\p ( great r+-pla9s1 ?ree ( :i* =m prom95t figures 9 our cut4 ,ptolemy 7! l[] ( ^! 9 ! draw+7 is an example ( su* a pla91 ^: diamet] rea*es to ab\t "o hundr$ & fifte5 miles1 s t x encloses an area ( ne>ly eight ?\s& squ>e miles 7or ab\t t ( ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts71 )9 :i* !re is no c5tral cone or po9t f :i* eruptive =ces appe> to h act$1 except ! small] crat]s x encloses4 ,on ! s\? we see a pass 9 ! m\nta9 wall op5+ into ! neighbor+ r+-pla9 ( ,alphonsus1 :i* is only less 9 size2 & s\? ( ?is aga9 is ,arza*el1 sixty-six miles 9 diamet]1 surr\nd$ ) t]rac$ walls1 ris+ 9 "o place to a height great] ?an t ( ,mont ,blanc1 :ile ! c5tral cone is f> l[]4 ,! :ole ( ! region r\nd ab\t1 ?\gh n ! r\ghe/ on ! moon1 is r\gh & brok5 9 a way beyond any p>allel "h1 & :i* may speak = itself2 b p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ ( ! _m curi\s features--at lea/ ! only "o we c pause to exam9e--is :at is call$ 8,! ,railway10 an almo/ p]fectly /raight l9e1 on "o side ( :i* ! gr\nd has abruptly sunk1 leav+ ! undi/urb$ "p /&+ l a wall1 & =m+ a 8fault10 z geologi/s call x4 ,?is is ! mo/ conspicu\s example ( its k9d 9 ! moon1 b x is only "o ( _m evid5ces t we are look+ at a _w ^: geological hi/ory has be5 n :olly unlike our own4 ,b ! moon conta9s1 z has be5 said1 b ! "o-eightie? "p ( ! mass ( our globe1 & has !re=e cool$ ) mu* great] rapidity1 s t x has n only gone ?r\gh ! epo*s ( our own pa/ "t1 b has 9 all probability already und]gone exp]i5ces :i* = u lie f> 9 ! future2 & x is h>dly less ?an ju/ifiable language to say t we are behold+ "h 9 "s respects :at ! face ( our _w may be :5 ages h pass$ away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,,vesuvius ,,& ,,neighborhood ,,( ,,naples4 ,to see ?is m cle>ly1 we may consid] t 9 g5]al we f9d t ! e>ly /ages ( cosmical life are *>act]iz$ by great heat2 a rem>k ( ! tru? ( :i* ! sun itself furni%es ! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s illu/ration4 ,!n come p]iods :i* we appe> to h se5 exemplifi$ 9 ,jupit]1 :]e ! planet is surr\nd$ by volumes ( /eam-l vapor1 ?r\gh :i* we may almo/ believe we recognize ! dull gl[ ( n yet ext+ui%$ fires2 !n times l ^? :i* our e>? pass$ ?r\gh be=e x became ! abode ( man2 & !n ! times 9 :i* human hi/ory beg9s4 ,b if ?is process ( ! gradual loss ( heat g on indef9itely1 we mu/ yet come to /ill ano!r era1 :5 ! planet has gr[n too cold to support life1 z x 0 be=e too hot2 & ?is condition1 9 ! light ( "s v rec5t inve/igations1 x seems probable we h n[ be=e u on ! moon4 ,we h1 x is true1 be5 taught until v lately t ! side ( ! moon turn$ sunw>d w\ld gr[ hott] & hott] 9 ! long lun> day1 till x rea*$ a temp]ature ( two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ degrees ,fahr5heit1 & t 9 ! equally long lun> night x w\ld fall z mu* z ?is bel[ z]o4 ,b ! evid5ce :i* 0 suppos$ to support ?is conclusion z to ! heat ( ! lun> day is n support$ by rec5t exp]im5ts ( ! writ]2 & if ^! be tru/wor?y1 c]ta9 facts appe> to him to %[ t ! temp]ature ( ! moon's surface1 ev5 "u full p]petual sun%9e1 mu/ be l[1--& ?is because ( ! abs5ce ( air !re to keep ! /or$ sun-heat f be+ radiat$ away aga9 into space4 ,z we asc5d ! highe/ t]re/rial m\nta9s1 & get p>tly above our own protect+ blanket ( air1 ?+s d n gr[ hott] & hott]1 b cold] & cold]2 & x seems contr>y to ! tea*+s ( common s5se to believe t if we c\ld asc5d high] yet1 :]e ! air ceases altoge!r1 we %\ld n f9d t x grew cold] /ill4 ,b ?is la/ condition 7( airlessness7 is ! "o :i* does prevail beyond a d\bt 9 ! moon1 on ^: :ole surface1 !n1 !re mu/ be 7unless !re are s\rces ( int]nal heat ( :i* we "k no?+7 conditions ( temp]ature :i* are an exagg]ation ( ^? we exp]i5ce on ! summit ( a v l(ty m\nta91 :]e we h ! curi\s result t ! sk9 may be burn$ "u ! sol> rays1 :ile we are %iv]+ at ! same "t 9 :at ! !rmomet] %[s is an arctic cold4 ,we h he>d ( ?is (t52 b a p]sonal exp]i5ce s impress$ ! fact on me t ,i w relate x = ! b5efit ( ! read]1 :o may wi% to realize to himself ! actual conditions :i* probably exi/ 9 ! airless lun> m\nta9s & pla9s we are look+ at4 ,he _c g !re2 b he may g if he pleases1 z ,i h done1 to ! wat]less1 %adeless wa/e :i* /ret*es at ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevadas 7a *a9 almo/ z high & /eep z ! lun> ,ap5n9es71 & live "s "p ( ,july & ,augu/ 9 ?is des]t1 :]e ! !rmomet] rises occasionally to "o hundr$ & t5 degrees 9 ! %ade1 & 8 face is tann$ till x c tan no m1 & he appe>s to himself to h exp]i5c$ ! utmo/ 9 ?is way t ! sun c d4 ,! sky is cl\dless1 & ! air s cle> t all idea ( ! real di/ance & size ( ?+s is lo/4 ,! m\nta9s1 :i* rise 9 trem5d\s precipices above him1 seem l moss-cov]$ rocks close at h&1 on ! tops ( :i*1 "h & !re1 a :ite clo? has be5 dropp$2 b ! 8moss0 is great primeval =e/s1 & ! :ite clo?s l>ge isolat$ sn[-fields1 tantaliz+ ! dwell] 9 ! burn+ des]t ) _! delusive ne>ness4 ,:5 ,i climb$ ! m\nta9s1 at an altitude ( t5 ?\s& feet ,i already f\nd ! coolness delici\s1 b at ! same "t 7by ! /range effect ,i h be5 speak+ (7 ! sk9 began to burn1 z ?\gh ! season+ 9 ! des]t c\nt$ = no?+ at all2 & z ! air grew ?9n] & ?9n] :ile ,i m\nt$ /ill high] & high]1 ?\gh ! !rmomet] fell1 e "p ( ! p]son expos$ to ! sol> rays pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a rec5t sev]e burn f an actual fire1--& a really sev]e burn x 01 z ,i c te/ify1--& yet all ! :ile ar\nd u1 "u ?is burn+ sun & cl\dless sky1 reign$ a p]petual w9t] :i* made x h>d to believe t torrid summ] /ill lay bel[4 ,! ?9n] ! air1 !n1 ! cold] x gr[s1 ev5 :]e we are expos$ to ! sun1 & ! l[] becomes ! read+ ( ! !rmomet]4 ,n[1 by means ( suitable app>atus1 x 0 s\ght by ! writ] to det]m9e1 :ile at ?is elevation ( fifte5 ?\s& feet1 h[ great ! fall ( temp]ature w\ld be if ! ?9 air !re c\ld be remov$ altoge!r2 & ! result 0 t ! !rmomet] w\ld "u su* circum/ances fall1 at any rate1 bel[ z]o 9 ! full sun%9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,,ptolemy ,,& ,,arza*el4 ,( c\rse1 all ?is applies indirectly to ! moon1 above ^: surface 7if ^! inf]5ces be correct7 ! m]cury 9 ! bulb ( a !rmomet] w\ld probably freeze & nev] melt aga9 dur+ ! lun> day 7& /ill less dur+ ! lun> night71--a conclusion :i* has be5 rea*$ ?r\gh o!r means by ,mr4 ,ericsson1--& ^: surface itself _c be v greatly w>m]4 ,o!r & direct measures ( ! lun> heat are /ill 9 progress :ile ?is is be+ writt51 b _! probable result seems to be already indicat$3 x is t ! moon's surface1 ev5 9 p]petual sun%9e1 mu/ be =ev] cold4 ,j h[ cold1 is /ill d\btful2 & x is n yet c]ta9 :e!r ice1 if once =m$ !re1 c\ld ev] melt4 ,"h 7,fig4 #gb7 is "o m sc5e f ! almo/ unlimit$ field ! lun> surface af=ds4 ,! mo/ prom95t ?+s 9 ! l&scape be=e u are two f9e crat]s 7,m]cator & ,campanus71 ea* ov] ?irty miles 9 diamet]2 b we h *os5 ?is sc5e = rem>k r on acc\nt ( ! great crack or rift :i* is se5 9 ! upp] "p1 & :i* cuts ?r\gh pla9 & m\nta9 = a l5g? ( sixty miles4 ,su* cracks are c\nt$ by hundr$s on ! moon1 :]e !y are to be se5 almo/ ev]y:]e2 & o!r v>ieties1 9 fact1 are visible on ?is same plate1 b we w n /op to describe !m4 ,?is "o v>ies 9 wid? f an eigh? ( a mile to a mile2 & ?\gh we _c see to ! bottom ( x1 o!rs are kn[n to be at lea/ eight miles deep1 & may be indef9itely deep]4 ,! edge ( a cliff on ! e>? commonly gets wea!r-worn & r\nd$2 b "h ! edge is %>p1 s t a travell] along ! lun> pla9s w\ld come to ! v br9k ( ?is trem5d\s *asm be=e he _h any w>n+ ( its exi/5ce4 ,x is usually ?us ) all su* rifts2 & ! /raightness & %>pness ( ! edge 9 ^! cases sugge/ ! appe>ance ( an ice-crack to ! obs]v]4 ,i d n mean to ass]t t !re is m ?an a sup]ficial resemblance4 ,i d n write z a geologi/2 b 9 view ( :at we h j be5 read+ ( ! lun> cold1 we may ask ourselves :e!r1 if wat] ev] did exi/ "h1 we %\ld n expect to f9d p]petual ice1 n necess>ily glitt]+1 b cov]$1 p]haps1 ) ! deposits ( an air lad5 ) ! du/-products ( lat] volcanic eruptions1 or ev5 cov]$ 9 aft] ages1 :5 ! air has ceas$ f ! moon1 ) ! sl[ deposit ( meteoric du/ dur+ millions ( ye>s ( w9dless calm4 ,:at else c we ?9k w become ( ! wat] on our own e>? if x be de/9$ to pass ?r\gh su* an exp]i5ce z we seem to see prophesi$ 9 ! condition ( our dead satellite8 ,! read] mu/ n und]/& me z say+ t !re is ice on ! moon1--only t !re is n improbably p]petual ice !re n[ if !re ev] 0 wat] 9 pa/ "t2 & he is n to suppose t to say ?is is 9 any way to d5y :at seems ! /rong evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( volcanic action ev]y:]e1 = ! two ?+s may well h exi/$ 9 successive ages ( our satellite's pa/1 or ev5 h bo? exi/$ toge!r1 l ,hecla1 )9 our own arctic sn[s2 & if no sign ( any /ill active lun> volcano has be5 discov]$1 we appe> to read ! traces ( _! pres5ce 9 ! pa/ none ! less cle>ly4 ,i rememb] t at "o "t1 :5 liv+ on ! lonely upp] lava-wa/es ( ,m\nt ,etna1 :i* are pitt$ ) little crat]s1 ,i grew acqua9t$ ) s _m a *asm & r5t fill$ ) ^!1 t ! dre>y l&scape appe>$ f above z if a bit ( ! surface ( ! moon ,i look$ up at ?r\gh ! telescope _h be5 br\ght d[n beside me4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,,m]cator ,,& ,,campanus4 ,i rememb]1 too1 t z ,i /udi$ ! sun !re1 & wat*$ ! volcanic outbur/s on its surface1 ,i felt t ,i possibly embrac$ 9 a ?reefold picture z _m /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( planet>y exi/5ce1 ?r\gh all ( :i* ?is eruptive action 0 an ag5t1--above 9 ! primal en]gies ( ! sun2 all ar\nd me 9 ! great volcano1 black & torn ) ! fires t /ill burn bel[1 & ^: smoke rose ov] me 9 ! plume t float$ high up f ! c5tral cone2 & f9ally 9 ?is la/ /age 9 ! moon1 :i* hung !re pale 9 ! daylight sky1 & across ^: face ! vapors ( ! great t]re/rial volcano drift$1 b on ^: own surface ! la/ fire 0 ext9ct4 ,we %all n get an adequate idea ( x all1 unless we add to our bird's-eye views "o %[+ a *a9 ( lun> m\nta9s z !y w\ld appe> to u if we saw !m1 z we d our own ,alps or ,ap5n9es1 f ab\t _! feet2 & su* a view ,fig4 #gd af=ds u4 ,9 ! b>r5 pla9 on ! =egr\nd are great rifts su* z we h be5 look+ at f above1 & small] crat]s1 ) _! ext9ct cones2 :ile beyond rise ! m\nta9s1 gha/ly :ite 9 ! cold sun%9e1 _! precipices cr[n$ by no m\nta9 fir or c$>1 & s(t5$ by no int]v5+ air to veil _! nak$ness4 ,if ! read] has ev] climb$ "o ( ! highe/ ,alp9e peaks1 l ^? ab\t ,monte ,rosa or ! ,matt]horn1 & !re wait$ = ! dawn1 he _c b rememb] ! s5se ( desolation & /rang5ess due to ! utt] abs5ce ( ev]y?+ belong+ to man or 8 works or 8 cu/om>y abode1 above all :i* he is lift$ into an upp] _w1 s novel &1 z x 71 s unhuman 9 its features1 t he is n likely to h =gott5 8 fir/ impression ( x2 & ?is impression gives ! ne>e/ b /ill a feeble idea ( :at we see ) ! telescope 9 look+ d[n on su* a colorless sc5e1 :]e too no wat] bubbles1 no tree c sigh 9 ! breeze1 no bird c s+1--! home ( sil5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--,,)]$ ,,h&4 ,b "h1 above x1 hangs a _w 9 ! sky1 :i* we %\ld ne$ to call 9 color to depict1 = x is gre5 & yell[ ) ! =e/s & ! h>ve/-fields t ov]spread its cont95ts1 ) em]ald isl&s /udd+ its gray oceans1 ov] all ( :i* sweep ! cl\ds t br+ ! life-giv+ ra94 ,x is our own _w1 :i* lights up ! dre>y lun> night1 z ! moon does ours4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--;,,ideal ,,lun> ,,l&scape ,,& ,,e>?-,,%9e4 ,! signs ( age are on ! moon4 ,x seems pitt$1 torn1 & r5t by ! pa/ action ( long-dead fires1 till its surface is l a piece ( por\s c9d] "u ! magnify+-glass1--a burnt-out c9d] ( a planet1 :i* rolls ?r\gh ! void l a ru9 ( :at has be52 &1 m significant /ill1 ?is surface is wr9kl$ ev]y:]e1 till ! analogy ) an old & %rivell$ face or h& or fruit 7,figs4 #gc & #ge71 :]e ! puck]$ sk9 is fold$ ab\t a %runk5 c5tre1 =ces itself on our att5tion1 & sugge/s a common cause1--a some?+ und]ly+ ! analogy1 & mak+ x m ?an a m]e resemblance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,,)]$ ,,apple4 ,! moon1 !n1 is dead2 & if x ev] 0 ! home ( a race l ours1 t race is dead too4 ,i h said t our ,new ,a/ronomy modifies our view ( ! moral univ]se z well z ( ! physical "o2 nor d we ne$ a m pregnant in/ance ?an 9 ?is be=e u4 ,9 ^! days ( decay ( old cre$s ( ! et]nal1 x has be5 s\ght to satisfy man's ye>n+ t[>d x by f\nd+ a new religion ^: god is ,humanity1 & ^: hope lies 9 ! future exi/5ce ( our own race1 9 ^: collective be+ ! individual :o mu/ die may fancy 8 aims & purpose p]petuat$ 9 an endless progress4 ,b1 alas = hopes look+ to ?is alone6 we are "h br\ght to face ! solemn ?\ght t1 l ! individual1 ?\gh at a little fur!r date1 ,humanity itself may die6 ,be=e we leave ?is dead _w1 let u take a la/ glance at "o ( its faire/ sc5es1--t :i* we obta9 :5 look+ at a portion on :i* ! sun is ris+1 z 9 ?is view ( ,gass5di 7,fig4 #gf71 9 :i* ! d>k "p on our "r is /ill ! body ( ! moon1 on :i* ! sun has n yet ris54 ,its ne>ly level rays /ret* else:]e ov] a surface t is1 9 places1 ( a /rangely smoo? texture1 contra/+ ) ! rugg$ness ( ! ord9>y soil1 :i* is "h ga!r$ into l[ plaits1 t1 ) ! texture we h spok5 (1 look 8,l m>r[y crapes ( ,*9a silk1 ,or wr9kl$ sk9 on scald$ milk10 z !y lie1 s(t & almo/ beautiful1 9 ! gr[+ light4 ,:]e its fir/ beams are k9dl+1 ! summits ca/ _! %ad[s illimit$ly ov] ! d>k5+ pla9s away on ! "r1 until !y melt away into ! night1--a night :i* is n utt]ly black1 = ev5 "h a subdu$ radiance comes f ! e>?-%9e ( our own _w 9 ! sky4 ,let u leave "h ! desolation ab\t u1 happy t we c come back at w to t _w1 our own famili> dwell+1 :]e ! mead[s are /ill gre5 & ! birds /ill s+1 & :]e1 bett] yet1 /ill dwells our own k9d1--surely ! _w1 ( all we h f\nd 9 our w&]+s1 :i* we %\ld ourselves h *os5 to be our home4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--;,,gass5di4 ,,nov4 #g1 #ahfg4 ,,vi4 ,,meteors4 ,:at is tru?8 ,:at is fact1 & :at is fancy1 ev5 ) reg>d to solid visible ?+s t we may see & h&le8 ,among ! _m sup]/itions ( ! e>ly _w & cr$ul\s fancies ( ! ,middle ,ages1 0 ! belief t great /ones sometimes fell d[n out ( heav5 onto ! e>?4 ,pl9y has a /ory ( su* a black /one1 big en\gh to load a *>iot2 ! ,mussulman /ill adores "o at ,mecca2 & a m$ival emp]or ( ,g]many _h a sword :i* 0 said to h be5 =c$ f "o ( ^! bolts %ot out ( ! blue4 ,b ) ! revival ( le>n+1 p came to "k bett]6 ,t /ones %\ld fall d[n f ! sky 0 cle>ly1 !y ?\ght1 an absurdity2 inde$1 accord+ to ! le>n$ op9ion ( t "t1 "o w\ld h>dly ask a bett] in/ance ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! realities :i* sci5ce recogniz$ & ! absurdities :i* x condemn$ ?an ! fancy t su* a ?+ c\ld be4 ,s at lea/ ! matt] look$ to ! philosoph]s ( ! la/ c5tury1 :o treat$ x mu* z !y might treat c]ta9 alleg$ m5tal ph5om5a1 = in/ance1 if !y 7 alive to-day1 & at fir/ refus$ to take any notice ( ^! /ories1 :5 f "t to "t !y /ill came to h&4 ,:5 induc$ to give ! matt] consid]ation1 !y obs]v$ t all ! conditions = sci5tific obs]vation 7 violat$ by ^! bodies1 s9ce ! wond] always happ5$ at "s f>-(f place or at "s pa/ "t1 & 7suspici\s circum/ance67 ! /ones only fell 9 ! pres5ce ( ignorant & unsci5tific witnesses1 & nev] :5 sci5tific m5 7 at h& to exam9e ! facts4 ,t !re 7 _m wor?y1 if ignorant1 m5 :o ass]t$ t !y _h se5 su* /ones fall1 se5 !m ) _! v eyes1 & held !m 9 _! own h&s1 0 acc\nt$ = by ! g5]al love ( ! m>vell\s & by ! ignorance ( ! common m9d1 unle>n$ 9 ! conditions ( sci5tific obs]vation1 & unguid$ by ! great pr9ciple ( ! uni=mity ( ! ,laws ( ,nature4 ,su* a tone1 ( c\rse1 _c be he>d among u1 :o nev] ha/ily pron\nce any?+ a dep>ture f ! 8,laws ( ,nature10 :ile unc]ta9 t ^! c be sep>at$ f ! laws ( ! fallible human m9d1 9 :i* alone ,nature is se54 ,b 9 ! la/ c5tury philosoph]s _h n yet become humble1 or sci5tific m5 diffid5t ( ! absolut5ess ( _! own k1 & s x seem$ t no am\nt ( evid5ce 0 en\gh to ga9 an imp>tial he>+ 9 ! face ( ! settl$ belief t ! atmosph]e ext5d$ only a few miles above ! e>?'s surface1 & t ! region beyond1 :5ce alone su* ?+s c\ld come1 0 an absolute void ext5d+ to ! ne>e/ planet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,,! ,,camp ,,at ,,m\nt ,,:itney4 7,,f 8,,pr(essional ,,pap]s ,,( ,,! ,,signal ,,s]vice10 ,,vol4 ,,xv47 ,x us$ to be suppos$ t we 7 absolutely isolat$1 n only f ! />s b f o!r planets1 by va/ empty spaces ext5d+ f _w to _w1--regions altoge!r vacant except = "s vagrant comet2 b ( late ye>s we are gr[+ to h new ideas on ?is subject1 & n only to consid] space z f> f void or t5antless1 b to admit1 z a possibility at lea/1 t !re is a sort ( cont9uity betwe5 our v e>?'s surface1 ! air above x1 & all :i* lies beyond ! blue ov]>*+ dome ( our own sky4 ,our k ( ! physical nature ( ! univ]se )\t has *iefly come f :at ! spectroscope1 ov]leap+ ! space betwe5 u & ! />s1 has taught u ( !m2 z a telegram might report to u ! exi/5ce ( a race across ! ocean1 )\t tell+ any?+ ( :at lay betwe54 ,x w\ld be a novel pa? to ! />s1 & to ! int]m$iate regions :5ce ^! once my?ical /ones are n[ actually believ$ to come1 if we c\ld take ! read] to !m by a r\te :i* enabl$ u to note ea* /ep ( a cont9u\s j\rney f ! e>?'s surface out into ! unkn[n2 b if we und]take to />t ^u x1 he w und]/& t we mu/ almo/ at ! outset leave ! gr\nd ( comp>ative c]ta9ty on :i* we h hi!rto re/$1 & ne$ to speak ( ?+s on ?is road :i* are /ill b probabilities1 & ev5 "s :i* are little m ?an conjectures1 be=e we get to ! region ( comp>ative c]ta9ty aga91--a region :i*1 /range to say1 exi/s f> away f u1 :ile t ( d\bt lies close at h&1 = we may be said )\t exagg]ation to "k m ab\t ,sirius ?an ab\t ! atmosph]e a ?\s& miles above ! e>?'s surface2 inde$1 x w\ld be m j to say t we are sure n only ( ! exi/5ce b ( ! elem5ts t compose a />1 ?\gh a million ( times z f> (f z ! sun1 :ile at ! ne> po9t nam$ we are n sure ( s mu* z t ! atmosph]e exi/s at all4 ,to beg9 our outw>d j\rney 9 a lit]al s5se1 we might rise f ! e>?'s surface "s miles 9 a balloon1 :5 we %\ld f9d our progress /ay$ by ! r>ity ( ! air4 ,bel[ u w\ld be a gray cl\d-ocean1 ?r\gh :i* we c\ld see "h & !re ! gre5 e>? b5ea?1 :ile above u !re w\ld /ill be some?+ 9 ! app>5tly empty air1 = if ! sun has j set x w /ill be light all r\nd u4 ,some?+ !n1 9 a cl\dless sky1 /ill exi/s to reflect ! rays t[>ds u1 & ?is some?+ is made up ( sep>ately invisible specks ( du/ & vapor1 b v l>gely ( actual du/1 :i* probably =ms ! nucleus ( ea* mi/-p>ticle4 ,t discrete matt] ( "s k9d exi/s "h has long be5 recogniz$ f ! ph5om5a ( twilight2 b x is1 ,i ?9k1 only rec5tly t we are com+ to admit t a %ell ( actual solid p>ticles 9 ! =m ( du/ probably encloses ! :ole globe1 up to f> above ! highe/ cl\ds4 ,9 #ahha ! writ] _h occasion to conduct a sci5tific exp$ition to ! highe/ po9t 9 ! t]ritories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on "o ( ! summits ( ! ,si]ra ,nevadas ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 :i* rise ev5 above ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! illu/ration on page #agg repres5ts ! camp occupi$ by ?is p>ty bel[ ! summit1 :]e ! t5ts1 :i* look z if 9 ! bottom ( a valley1 are yet really above ! highe/ zone ( vegetation1 & at an altitude ( ne>ly twelve ?\s& feet4 ,/ill above ^! rise ! precipices ( b>r5 rock se5 9 ! backgr\nd1 _! v bases f> above ! highe/ visible du/-cl\ds1 :i* ov]spread l a sea ! des]ts at ! m\nta9's foot1--precipices :i* :5 scal$ lift ! obs]v] into :at is1 p]haps1 ! cle>e/ & pure/ air to be f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,x w be se5 f ! m]e looks ( ! l&scape t we are f> away "h f ord9>y s\rces ( contam9ation 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,yet ev5 above "h on ! highe/ peak1 :]e we felt z if /&+ on ! ro( ( ! cont95t & elevat$ into ! great a]ial curr5ts ( ! globe1 ! telescope %[$ p>ticles ( du/ 9 ! air1 :i* ! geologi/s deem$ to h probably =m$ "p ( ! soil ( ,*9a & to h be5 borne across ! ,pacific1 b :i* also1 z we %all see lat]1 may owe some?+ to ! my/]i\s s\rce ( ! ph5om5a already allud$ to4 ,x is f> f be+ indiff]5t to u t ! du/ is !re2 =1 to m5tion no?+ else1 )\t x1 x w\ld be night till ! sunrise1 & black night aga9 z soon z ! sun's edge disappe>$ bel[ ! horizon4 ,! morn+ & ! ev5+ twilight1 :i* 9 nor!rn latitudes increase our av]age "t ( light by "s h\rs1 & add v mat]ially to ! actual days ( man's life1 are probably due almo/ :olly to p>ticles sc>cely visible 9 ! microscope1 & to ! pres5ce ( su* atoms1 small] ?an ! v motes ord9>ily se5 9 ! sunbeam1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,aitk5 has %[n1 fill ! air we brea!1--s m9ute & remote are ! causes on :i* ! habits ( life dep5d4 ,be=e we c see t a "p ( ?is impalpable1 invisible du/ is also p]haps a l9k betwe5 our _w & o!r memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em1 we mu/ ask h[ x gets into ! atmosph]e4 ,is x bl[n up f ! e>?1 or does x fall d[n out ( ! miscall$ 8void0 ( space8 ,if we ca/ a h&ful ( du/ into ! air1 x w n m\nt f> above ! h& unless we set ! air 9 motion ) x1 z 9 asc5d+ smoke-curr5ts2 & ! greate/ explosions we c artificially produce1 hurl _! f9] products b a few hundr$ feet at mo/ f ! soil4 ,utt]ly diff]5t are ! =ces ( ,nature4 ,we h on page #ahc a reproduction f a photograph ( an eruption ( ,vesuvius1--a m]e toy-volcano comp>$ to ,etna or ,hecla4 ,b obs]ve ! smoke-cl\d :i* rises high 9 ! sun%9e1 look+ solid z ! r\nd$ sn[s ( an ,alp1 :ile ! cities & ! sea bel[ are 9 ! %ad[4 ,! smoke t m\nts f ! =egr\nd1 :]e ! burn+ lava-/reams are p\r+ ov] ! surface & fir+ ! woods1 is ( ano!r k9d f t roll+ high above4 ,?is comes f )9 ! m\nta91 & is compos$ ( cl\ds ( /eam m+l$ ) myriads ( du/-p>ticles f ! comm9ut$ products ( ! e>?'s int]ior2 & we c see ourselves t x is borne away on a level1 miles high 9 ! upp] air4 ,b :at is ?is to ! eruption ( ,sumbawa or ,krakatao8 ,! latt] occurr$ 9 #ahhc1 & x w be rememb]$ t ! air-wave />t$ by ! explosion 0 felt ar\nd ! globe1 & t1 probably ow+ to ! du/ & wat]-vapor bl[n into ! atmosph]e1 ! sunsets ev5 9 ,am]ica became ( t extraord9>y crimson we all rememb] ?ree ye>s ago2 & co9cid5tly1 t dim r$di% halo made its appe>ance ab\t ! sun1 ! _w ov]1 :i* is h>dly yet gone4#f ,v c>eful e/imates ( ! am\nt ( a%es eject$ h be5 made2 & ?\gh mo/ ( ! heavi] p>ticles are kn[n to h fall5 into ! sea )9 a few miles1 a c]ta9 portion--! lighte/--0 probably c>ri$ by ! explosion f> above ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 to desc5d s sl[ly t "s ( x may /ill be !re4 ,( ?is light] class ! mo/ c>eful e/imates mu/ be vague2 b accord+ to ! report ( ! (ficial inve/igation by ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t1 t :i* rema9$ float+ is some?+ enorm\s4 ,an idea ( its am\nt may be ga9$ by suppos+ ^! impalpable & invisible p>ticles to cond5se aga9 f ! upp] sky1 & to p\r d[n on ! highe/ edifice 9 ! _w1 ! ,wa%+ton ,monum5t4 ,if ! du/ 7 all[$ to spread out on all sides1 till ! pyramidal slope 0 s flat z to be p]man5t1 ! cap/one ( ! monum5t w\ld n only be buri$ be=e ! supply 0 exhau/$1 b buri$ z f> bel[ ! surface z t p9nacle is n[ above x4 #f ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahhg4 ,( ! explosive sudd5ness ) :i* ! mass 0 hurl$1 we c judge some?+ 7comp>+ small ?+s ) great7 by ! explosion ( dynamite4 ,x happ5$ once t ! writ] 0 /&+ by a c> 9 :i* "s railway port]s 7 lift+ boxes4 ,at t mom5t came an almo/ indescribable s\nd1 = x 0 lit]ally /unn+1 ?\gh close & %>p z ! crack ( a :ip 9 "o's h&1 & yet l\d] ?an ! ne>e/ ?und]-clap4 ,! m5 leap$ f ! c>1 ?9k+ t "o ( ! boxes _h explod$ betwe5 !m2 b ! boxes 7 intact1 & we saw :at seem$ a pill> ( du/ ris+ above ! ro( ( ! /ation1 hundr$s ( y>ds away4 ,:5 we hurri$ ?r\gh ! build+1 we f\nd no?+ on ! o!r side b a b>e pla91 ext5d+ ov] a mile1 & beyond ?is ! actual sc5e ( ! explosion t _h seem$ to be at our feet4 ,!re _h be5 !re1 a few m9utes be=e1 ext5sive build+s & %ops belong+ to ! railroad1 & sid+s on :i* c>s 7 /&+1 two ( :i*1 load$ ) dynamite1 _h explod$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,,vesuvius ,,dur+ ,,an ,,eruption4 ,:]e !y _h be5 0 a crat]-l depression 9 ! e>?1 "s rods 9 diamet]2 ! ne>e/ build+s1 great solid /ructures ( brick & /one1 _h vani%$1 & ! m di/ant wood5 ones & ! remot] l9es ( freight-c>s on ! side-tracks pres5t$ a curi\s sight1 = !y 7 n %att]$ s mu* z b5t & lean+ e way1 z ?\gh !y _h be5 built ( pa/ebo>d1 l c>d-h\ses1 & _h half yield$ to "s gigantic puff ( brea?4 ,all t ! explosion _h %ot skyw>d _h settl$ to e>? or bl[n away be=e we got 9 sight ( ! sc5e1 :i* 0 j z quiet z x _h be5 a m9ute be=e4 ,x 0 l "o ( ! *anges ( a dream4 ,n[1 x is ( "s conc]n to u to "k t ! e>? holds )9 itself simil> =ces1 on an incomp>ably great] scale4 ,= in/ance1 ! explosion :i* occurr$ at ,krakatao1 at five m9utes pa/ t51 on ! #bg? ( ,augu/1 #ahhc1 accord+ to (ficial evid5ce1 0 he>d at a di/ance ( eighte5 hundr$ miles1 & ! puff ( its air-wave injur$ dwell+s two hundr$ miles di/ant1 &1 we repeat1 c>ri$ into ! highe/ regions ( ! atmosph]e & ar\nd ! _w matt] :i* x is at lea/ possible /ill affects ! aspect ( ! sun to-day f ,new ,york or ,*icago4 ,d n ! great flames :i* we h se5 %ot out f ! sun at ! rate ( hundr$s ( miles a second1 ! imm5se & sudd5 p]turbations 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,jupit]1 & ! sc>r$ surface ( ! moon1 seem to be evid5ces ( analog\s ph5om5a1 common to ! :ole sol> sy/em1 n :olly unconnect$ ) ^? ( e>?quakes1 & :i* we c /ill /udy 9 ! active volcanoes ( ! e>?8 ,if ! explosion ( gunp[d] c hurl a cannon-%ot ?ree or f\r miles into ! air1 h[ f> might ! explosion ( ,krakatao ca/ its fragm5ts8 ,at fir/ we might ?9k !re mu/ be "s proportionality betwe5 ! volume ( ! explosion & ! di/ance1 b ?is is n necess>ily s4 ,ap>t f ! resi/ance ( ! air1 x is a "q ( ! velocity ) :i* ! ?+ is %ot upw>d1 r ?an ! size ( ! gun1 or ! size ( ! ?+ itself1 & ) a suffici5t velocity ! projectile w\ld nev] fall back aga94 8,:at goes up mu/ come d[n10 is1 l mo/ popul> maxims1 true only )9 ! limits ( ord9>y exp]i5ce2 & ev5 7 !re no?+ else 9 ! univ]se to attract x1 & ?\gh ! e>?'s attraction ext5d to inf9ity1 s t ! body w\ld nev] escape f x1 x is yet q c]ta9 t x w\ld1 ) a c]ta9 initial velocity 7v mod]ate 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! planet itself71 g up & nev] come back2 :ile "u o!r & possible conditions x might voyage out into space on a comet-l orbit1 & be br\ght back to ! e>?1 p]haps 9 aft] ages1 :5 ! orig9al explosion _h pass$ out ( memory or tradition4 ,b because all ?is is possible1 x does n foll[ t x is necess>ily true2 & if ! read] ask :y he %\ld !n be invit$ to consid] su* suppositions at all1 we repeat t 9 our j\rney outw>d1 be=e we come to ! />s1 ( :i* we "k some?+1 we pass ?r\gh a region ( :i* we "k almo/ no?+2 & ?is region1 :i* is peopl$ by ! subjects ( conjecture1 is ! sc5e1 if n ! s\rce1 ( ! m>vel ( ! fall+ /ones1 conc]n+ :i* ! la/ c5tury 0 s incr$ul\s1 b = :i* we c1 aid$ by :at has j be5 said1 n[ see at lea/ a possible cause1 & to :i* we n[ return4 ,/ories ( fall+ /ones1 !n1 kept aris+ f "t to "t dur+ ! la/ c5tury z !y _h always done1 & philosoph]s kept on disbeliev+ !m z !y _h always done1 till an ev5t occurr$ :i* sudd5ly *ang$ sci5tific op9ion to compulsory belief4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,april1 #ahjc1 !re fell1 n 9 "s f>-(f "p ( ! _w1 b 9 ,france1 n "o alone1 b _m ?\s& /ones1 ov] an area ( "s miles1 accompani$ ) noises l ! dis*>ge ( artill]y4 ,a committee ( sci5tific m5 visit$ ! spot on ! "p ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 & br\ght back n only ! te/imony ( scores ( witnesses or auditors1 b ! /ones !mselves4 ,soon aft] /ones fell 9 ,connecticut1 & "h & else:]e1 z soon z m5 7 prep>$ to believe1 !y f\nd evid5ce multipli$2 & su* falls1 x is n[ admitt$1 ?\gh r>e 9 any s+le di/rict1 are ( :at may be call$ frequ5t occurr5ce z reg>ds ! _w at l>ge1--=1 tak+ l& & sea toge!r1 ! annual /one-falls are probably to be c\nt$ by hundr$s4 ,x 0 e>ly notic$ t ^! /ones consi/$ ei!r ( a peculi> alloy ( iron1 or ( m9]als ( volcanic orig91 or bo?2 & ! fir/ hypo!sis 0 t !y _h j be5 %ot out f t]re/rial volcanoes4 ,z !y 7 h[ev] f\nd1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,connecticut meteorite1 ?\s&s ( miles f any active volcanoes1 & 7 se5 to fall1 n v]tically d[n1 b z if %ot horizontally ov]head1 ?is view 0 ab&on$4 ,next ! idea 0 sugge/$ t !y 7 com+ f volcanoes 9 ! moon2 & ?\gh ?is _h little to recomm5d x1 x 0 adopt$ 9 default ( a bett]1 & ent]ta9$ d[n to a comp>atively v rec5t p]iod4 ,^! /ones are n[ collect$ 9 museums1 :]e any "o may see !m1 & are to be _h ( ! deal]s 9 su* articles by any :o wi% to buy !m4 ,!y are com+ to h su* a consid]able money value t1 9 "o case at lea/1 a lawsuit has be5 in/itut$ = _! possession betwe5 ! f9d]1 :o _h pick$ ! /ones up on gr\nd leas$ to him1 & claim$ !m "u ! t5ant's "r to wild game1 & 8 l&lord1 :o ?\ght !y 7 8 z "p ( ! real e/ate4 ,leav+ ! decision ( ?is novel law-po9t to ! lawy]s1 let u notice "s facts n[ well e/abli%$4 ,! fall is usually prec$$ by a ?und]+ s\nd1 sometimes foll[$ or accompani$ by a peculi> noise describ$ z l t ( a flock ( ducks ris+ f ! wat]4 ,! pr9cipal s\nd is (t51 h[ev]1 f> l\d] ?an any ?und]1 & sometimes ( /unn+ viol5ce4 ,at night ?is is accompani$ by a blaze ( lightn+-l sudd5ness & :it5ess1 & ! /ones commonly d n fall v]tically1 b z if %ot f a cannon at long range4 ,!y are usually burn+ hot1 b 9 at lea/ "o au!nticat$ in/ance "o 0 s int5sely cold t x c\ld n be h&l$4 ,!y are ( all sizes1 f tons to ounces1 comp>atively few1 h[ev]1 exce$+ a hundr$-weight1 & !y are (t5e/ ( a r\nd$ =m1 or look+ l pieces ( :at 0 orig9ally r\nd1 & usually :olly or p>tly cov]$ ) a glaze =m$ ( ! fus$ sub/ance itself4 ,if we sl[ly heat a lump ( loaf sug> all ?r\gh1 x w =m a pa/y mass1 :ile we may also hold x )\t inconv5i5ce 9 our f+]s to ! gas-flame a few seconds1 :5 x w be melt$ only on ! side next ! sudd5 heat1 & r\nd$ by ! melt+4 ,! %>p contra/ ( ! melt$ & ! r\gh side is some?+ l t ( ! meteorites2 & j z ! sug> does n burn ! h&1 ?\gh close to :]e x is br\ght sudd5ly to a melt+ heat1 a mass ( iron/one may be sudd5ly heat$ on ! surface1 :ile x rema9s cold on ! inside4 ,b1 h[ev] x got !re1 ! /one und\bt$ly comes f ! int5sely cold spaces above ! upp] air2 & :at is ! s\rce ( su* a heat t x is melt$ 9 ! cold air1 & 9 a few seconds8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,,meteors ,,obs]v$ ,,nov4 #ac ,,& #ad1 #ahfh1 ,,betwe5 ,,midnight ,,& ,,five ,o',,clock1 ,a4 ,m4 ,ev]ybody has notic$ t if we move a fan g5tly1 ! air p>ts be=e x ) little ef=t1 :ile1 :5 we try to fan viol5tly1 ! same air is felt to react2 yet if we g on to say t if ! motion is /ill m viol5t ! atmosph]e w resi/ l a solid1 aga9/ :i* ! fan1 if made ( iron1 w\ld break 9 pieces1 ?is may seem to "s an unexpect$ prop]ty ( ! 8nimble0 air ?r\gh :i* we move daily4 ,yet ?is is ! case2 & if ! motion is only s quick t ! air _c get out ( ! way1 a body hurl$ aga9/ x w rise 9 temp]ature l a %ot /rik+ an armor-plate4 ,x is all a "q ( spe$1 & t ( ! meteorite is kn[n to be imm5se4 ,"o has be5 se5 to fly ov] ?is c\ntry f ! ,mississippi to ! ,atlantic 9 an inappreciably %ort "t1 probably 9 less ?an two m9utes2 & ?\gh at a presumable height ( ov] fifty miles1 ! velocity ) :i* x %ot by gave e "o ! impression t x w5t j above 8 head1 & "s witnesses ( ! unexpect$ app>ition look$ ! next day to see if x _h /ruck _! *imneys4 ,! heat develop$ by arre/$ motion 9 ! case ( a mass ( iron mov+ tw5ty miles a second c be calculat$1 & is f\nd to be mu* m ?an en\gh1 n only to melt x1 b to turn x into vapor2 ?\gh :at probably does happ5 is1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,newton1 t ! melt$ surface-portions are wip$ away by ! pressure ( ! air & volatiliz$ to =m ! lum9\s tra91 ! int]ior rema9+ cold1 until ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature causes a fracture1 :5 ! /one breaks & pieces fall1--"s ( !m at r$-hot heat1 "s ( !m possibly at ! temp]ature ( out] space1 or f> bel[ t ( freez+ m]cury4 ,:]e d ^! /ones come f8 ,:at made !m8 ,! answ] is n yet complete2 b if a "p ( ! riddle is already yield+ to pati5ce1 x is wor?y ( note1 z an in/ance ( ! connection ( ! sci5ces1 t ! fir/ help to ! solution ( ?is a/ronomical enigma came f ! *emi/s & ! geologi/s4 ,! e>lie/ /ep 9 ! /udy1 :i* has n[ be5 go+ on = _m ye>s1 0 to analyze ! meteorite1 & ! fir/ result 0 t x conta9$ no elem5ts n f\nd on ?is planet4 ,! next 0 t1 ?\gh none ( ^! elem5ts 7 unkn[n1 !y 7 n comb9$ z we see !m 9 ! m9]als we dig f ! e>?4 ,next x 0 f\nd t ! comb9ations1 if unfamili> at ! e>?'s surface & n[h]e reproduc$ exactly1 7 at lea/ v l su* z exi/$ d[n b5ea? x1 9 l[] /rata1 z f> z we c judge by specim5s ( ! e>?'s int]ior ca/ up f volcanoes4 ,lat]1 a resemblance 0 recogniz$ 9 ! elem5ts ( ! meteorites to ^? f\nd by ! spectroscope 9 %oot+ />s1 ?\gh ! spectroscopic obs]vation ( ! latt] is too difficult to h ev5 yet proce$$ v f>4 ,& n[1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 we seem to be com+ ne> to a surpris+ solution4 ,x has n[ be5 %[n t meteoric /ones sometimes conta9 pieces ( ess5tially diff]5t rocks fus$ toge!r1 & pieces ( detritus1--! we>+ d[n ( old] rocks4 ,?us1 z we "k t s&/one is made ( compact$ s&1 & s& itself 0 9 "s /ill e>li] "t "p ( rocks worn d[n by friction1--:5 x is %[n1 z x has be5 by ,m4 ,meuni]1 t a s&/one p5etrat$ by metallic ?reads 7l "s ( our t]re/rial =mations7 has come to u 9 a meteorite1 ! conclusion t ^! /ones may be "p ( "s old _w is "o t1 h[ev] />tl+1 we _c refuse at lea/ to consid]4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 !re may h be5 a consid]able planet ne> ! e>?1 :i*1 hav+ rea*$ ! la/ /age ( planet>y exi/5ce %[n 9 ! case ( our pres5t moon1 w5t "o /ep fur!r1--w5t1 t is1 out ( exi/5ce altoge!r1 by lit]al break+ up & f9al disappe>ance4 ,we h se5 ! actual moon sc>r$ & torn 9 e direction1 & are ask$ to admit ! possibility t a cont9uance ( ! process on a simil> body has brok5 x up into ! fragm5ts t come to u4 ,we d n say t ?is is ! case1 b t 7z reg>ds ! orig9 ( "s ( ! meteorites at lea/7 we _c at pres5t disprove x4 ,we may1 at any rate1 pres5t to ! noveli/ seek+ a new motif t ( a meteorite br++ to u ! /ory ( a lo/ race1 9 "s fragm5t ( art or ar*itecture ( its lo/ _w6 ,we are n driv5 to ?is _w-%att]+ hypo!sis by ! abs5ce ( o!rs1 = we may admit ^! to be fragm5ts ( a l>g] body )\t necess>ily conclud+ t x 0 a _w l ours1 or1 ev5 if x 71 t ! _w :i* s5t !m to u is de/roy$4 ,9 view ( :at we h be5 le>n+ ( ! trem5d\s explosive =ces we see 9 action on ! sun & probably on o!r planets1 & ev5 9 t]re/rial volcanoes to-day1 x is c]ta9ly conceivable t "s ( ^! /ones may h be5 eject$ by "s su* process f any sun1 or />1 or _w we see4 ,! read] is already prep>$ = ! sugge/ion t "p ( !m may be ! product ( t]re/rial volcanoes 9 e>ly epo*s1 :5 our planet 0 yet gl[+ sunlike ) its prop] heat1 & ! =ces ( ,nature 7 m active2 & t ^! errant *ildr5 ( "m e>?'s y\?1 aft] circulat+ 9 l5g!n$ orbits1 are com+ back to h] 9 h] age4 ,d n let u1 h[ev]1 =get t ^! are mo/ly speculations only1 & p]haps ! "p ( wisdom is n to speculate at all till we le>n m facts2 b are n ! facts !mselves z extraord9>y z any inv5tion ( fancy8 ,al?\gh x is true t ! exi/5ce ( ! connection betwe5 %oot+ />s & meteorites lacks "s l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( pro(1 we may v safely consid] !m toge!r2 & if we wi% to "k :at ! ,new ,a/ronomy has done = u 9 ?is field1 we %\ld take up "s treatise on a/ronomy ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,we turn 9 "o to ! subject ( fall+ />s1 & f9d t 8?is species ( ,/> is only a light ,exhalation1 almo/ :olly sulphur\s1 :i* is inflam$ 9 ! free ,air mu* aft] ! same mann] z ,?und] 9 a ,cl\d by ! bl[+ ( ! ,w9ds40 ,t ! pres5t op9ion is diff]5t1 we %all %ortly notice4 ,all ( u h se5 %oot+ />s1 & !y are inde$ some?+ probably z old z ?is _w1 & h left _! record 9 my?ology z well z 9 hi/ory4 ,accord+ to ,moslem tradition1 ! evil g5ii are accu/om$ to fly at night up to ! conf9es ( heav5 9 ord] to ov]he> ! conv]sation ( ! angels1 & ! %oot+ />s are ! fi]y arr[s hurl$ by ! latt] at _! lurk+ foes1 ) s good an aim t we are told t = e fall+ /> we may be sure t !re is "o _s ( evil ! less 9 ! _w4 ,! sci5tific view ( !m1 h[ev]1 if n s consolatory1 is p]haps m in/ructive1 & we %all "h give mo/ att5tion to ! latt]4 ,to beg9 )1 !re h be5 obs]v$ 9 hi/ory c]ta9 times :5 %oot+ />s 7 unusually num]\s4 ,! night :5 ,k+ ,ibrahim ,b5 ,ahm$ di$1 9 ,octob]1 #ijb1 0 not$ by ! ,arabians z rem>kable 9 ?is way2 & x has frequ5tly be5 obs]v$ s9ce1 t1 ?\gh we c always see "s ( ^! meteors nightly1 !re are at int]vals v special displays ( !m4 ,! mo/ notable mod]n "o 0 on ,nov4 #ac1 #ahcc1 & ?is 0 visible ov] mu* ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 =m+ a spectacle ( t]rify+ gr&eur4 ,an eyewitness 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a wrote3-- 8,i 0 sudd5ly awak5$ by ! mo/ di/ress+ cries t ev] fell on my e>s4 ,%rieks ( horror & cries = m]cy ,i c\ld he> f mo/ ( ! negroes ( ! ?ree plantations1 am\nt+ 9 all to ab\t six hundr$ or eight hundr$4 ,:ile e>ne/ly li/5+ = ! cause ,i he>d a fa9t voice ne> ! door1 call+ my "n4 ,i arose1 &1 tak+ my sword1 /ood at ! door4 ,at ?is mom5t ,i he>d ! same voice /ill besee*+ me to rise1 & say+1 #8,o my ,god1 ! _w is on fire6' ,i !n op5$ ! door1 & x is difficult to say :i* excit$ me ! mo/--! awfulness ( ! sc5e1 or ! di/ress$ cries ( ! negroes4 ,upw>ds ( "o hundr$ lay pro/rate on ! gr\nd1--"s spee*less & "s ) ! bitt]e/ cries1 b ) _! h&s rais$1 implor+ ,god to save ! _w & !m4 #8,! sc5e 0 truly awful2 = nev] did ra9 fall mu* ?ick] ?an ! meteors fell t[>d ! e>?2 ea/1 we/1 nor?1 & s\?1 x 0 ! same40 ,! illu/ration on page #ahi does n exagg]ate ! numb] ( ! fi]y fla%es at su* a "t1 ?\gh ! zigzag c\rse :i* is obs]v$ 9 "s is h>dly s common z x "h appe>s4 ,:5 x 0 not$ t ! same date1 ,novemb] #ac?1 _h be5 di/+ui%$ by />-%[]s 9 #ahca & #ahcb1 & t ! great %[] obs]v$ by ,humboldt 9 #agii 0 on ?is day1 ! ph5om5on 0 trac$ back & f\nd to pres5t itself ab\t e ?irty-?ree ye>s1 ! t5d5cy be+ to a little delay on ea* return2 s t ,pr(essor ,newton & o!rs h f\nd x possible ) ?is clew to discov] 9 e>ly ,arabic & o!r m$ival *ronicles1 & 9 lat] writ]s1 descriptions :i*1 fitt$ toge!r1 make a tol]ably cont9u\s record ( ?is ?irty-?ree-ye> %[]1 beg9n+ ) t ( ,k+ ,ibrahim already allud$ to4 ,! %[] appe>$ aga9 9 ,novemb]1 #ahfg & #ahfh1 ) less display1 b ) suffici5t brilliance to make ! writ] well rememb] ! wat* ?r\gh ! night1 & ! c\nt ( ! fly+ />s1 8 mo/ lively recollection be+ ( _! occasional colors1 :i* 9 exceptional cases rang$ f full crimson to a vivid gre54 ,! c\nt on ?is night 0 v great1 b ! numb] :i* ent] ! e>?'s atmosph]e ev5 ord9>ily is mo/ surpris+2 =1 ?\gh any s+le obs]v] may note only a few 9 8 own horizon1 yet1 tak+ ! _w ov]1 at lea/ t5 millions appe> e night1 & on ^! special occasions v _m m4 ,?is ,novemb] %[] comes always f a p>ticul> qu>t] ( ! sky1 t occupi$ by ! con/ellation ,leo1 b !re are o!rs1 su* z t ( ,augu/ #aj? 7:i* is annual71 9 :i* ! 8/>s0 seem to be %ot at u f ! con/ellation ,p]seus2 & ea* ( ! num]\s gr\ps ( />-%[]s is n[ kn[n by ! "n ( ! con/ellation :5ce x seems to come1 s t we h ,p]seids on ,augu/ #aj?1 ,gem9ids on ,decemb] #ab?1 ,lyrids1 ,april #bj?1 & s on4 ,! great ,novemb] %[]1 :i* is com+ once m 9 ?is c5tury1 & :i* e read] may hope to see t[>d #ahii1 is ( p>ticul> int]e/ to u z ! fir/ ^: movem5ts 7 subject$ to analysis2 = x has be5 %[n by ! labors ( ,pr(essor ,newton1 ( ,yale1 & ,adams1 ( ,cambridge1 t ^! %oot+ />s are bodies mov+ ar\nd ! sun 9 an orbit :i* is complet$ 9 ab\t ?irty-?ree ye>s4 ,x is q c]ta91 too1 t !y are n exhalations f ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 b little solids1 invisible till !y %9e out by ! light produc$ by _! own fusion4 ,ea*1 !n1 moves on its own track1 b ! g5]al direction ( all ! tracks concurs2 & ?\gh "s ( !m may conceivably be solidifi$ gases1 we %\ld ?9k ( !m n z gase\s 9 =m1 b z solid %ot1 ( ! av]age size ( some?+ l a *]ry1 or p]haps ev5 ( a *]ry-/one1 yet ea* an indep5d5t planetoid1 fly+ ) a hundr$ times ! spe$ ( a rifle-bullet on its sep>ate way z f> out z ! orbit ( ,uranus2 com+ back ?ree times 9 a c5tury to ab\t ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun1 & repeat+ ?is m>* =ev]1 unless x happ5 to /rike ! atmosph]e ( ! e>? itself1 :5 !re comes a sudd5 fla% ( fire f ! contact1 & ! di/9ct exi/5ce ( ! little body1 :i* may h la/$ = hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 is end$ 9 a second4 ,if ! read] w admit s r\gh a simile1 we may comp>e su* a flight ( ^! bodies to a ?9 sw>m ( swift-fly+ birds--?91 b yet imm5sely long1 s z to be1 9 spite ( ! rapid motion1 sev]al ye>s 9 pass+ a giv5 po9t1 & ^: l9e ( flight is cut across by u on ! #ac? ( ,novemb]1 :5 ! e>? passes ?r\gh x4 ,we are only !re on t day1 & c only see x !n2 b ! sw>m is ye>s 9 all gett+ by1 & s we may pass into successive portions ( x on ! anniv]s>y ( ! same day = ye>s to come4 ,! />s appe> to %oot f ,leo1 only because t con/ellation is 9 ! l9e ( _! flight :5 we look up to x1 j z an int]m9able tra9 ( p>allel fly+ birds w\ld appe> to come f "s def9ite po9t on ! horizon4 ,we c (t5 see ! fla%es ( meteors at ov] a hundr$ miles1 & ?\gh at times !y may seem to come ?ick z ,hakes ( fall+ sn[1 x is probable1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,newton1 t ev5 9 a 8%[]0 ea* t9y planetoid is m ?an t5 miles f its ne>e/ neighbor1 :ile on ! av]age x is reckon$ t we may consid] t ea* little body1 ?\gh possibly no l>g] ?an a pea1 is ov] two hundr$ miles f its neighbor1 or t to ea* su* gra9 !re is ne>ly t5 million cubic miles ( void space4 ,_! velocity z comp\nd$ ) t ( ! e>? is enorm\s1 sometimes =ty to fifty miles p] second 7accord+ to a rec5t b unprov$ !ory ( ,mr4 ,d5n+1 x w\ld be mu* great]71 & x is ?is enorm\s rate ( progress t af=ds ! semblance ( an abundant fall ( ra91 not)/&+ ! di/ance at :i* "o drop foll[s ano!r4 ,x is only f _! light t we are able to =m a r\gh e/imate ( _! av]age size1 :i* is1 z we h se51 extremely small2 b1 f _! great numb]1 ! total weight !y add to ! e>? daily may possibly be a hundr$ tons1 probably n v mu* m4 ,z !y are z a rule entirely dissipat$ 9 ! upp] air1 (t5 at a height ( f fifty to sev5ty miles1 x foll[s t _m tons ( ! f9e/ pulv]iz$ & gase\s matt] are %ot into ! e>?'s atmosph]e e tw5ty-f\r h\rs f out] space1 s t "h is an indep5d5t & con/ant supply ( du/1 :i* we may expect to f9d com+ d[n f f> above ! highe/ cl\ds4 ,n[1 :5 ! read] sees ! fla% ( a %oot+ />1 he may1 if he please1 ?9k ( ! way ! imag9ation ( ! ,ea/ acc\nts = x1 or he may look at :at sci5ce has giv5 him in/ead4 ,9 ! latt] case he w "k t a light :i* fla%$ & fad$ almo/ toge!r came f "s /range little entity :i* _h be5 trav]s+ cold & vacant space = untold ye>s1 to p]i% 9 a mom5t ( m ?an fi]y heat2 an enigma ^: :ole secret is unkn[n1 b ( :i*1 dur+ t in/ant fla%1 ! spectroscope caught a "p1 & f\nd evid5ce ( ! id5tity ( "s ( its con/itu5ts ) ^? ( ! obs]v]'s own body4 ,,vii4 ,,comets4 ,( comets1 ! ,old ,a/ronomy knew t !y came to ! sun f great di/ances 9 all directions1 & 9 calculable orbits2 b z to :at !y 71 ?is1 ev5 9 ! *ildhood ( ^? ( u :o are middle-ag$1 0 z little kn[n z to ! c5turies dur+ :i* !y /ill f _! horrid heads %ook pe/il5ce & w>4 ,we d n "k ev5 n[ by any means exactly :at !y are1 = en\gh yet rema9s to be le>n$ ab\t !m /ill to give _! :ole /udy ! attraction :i* belongs to ! unkn[n2 & yet we le>n s mu*1 & 9 a way :i* to our gr&fa!rs w\ld h be5 s unexpect$1 connect+ toge!r ! comet1 ! %oot+ />1 & ! meteorite1 t ! a/ronom] :o p]haps speaks ) mo/ au?ority ab\t ^! to-day 0 able1 n long ago1 9 beg9n+ a lecture1 to /ate t he held 9 8 h& :at _h be5 a "p ( a comet2 & :at he held 01 n some?+ half vapor\s or gase\s1 z we might suppose f our old associations1 b a curi\s /one l ?is on page #bjc1 :i*1 ) o!rs1 _h fall5 f ! sky 9 ,i[a1 a fla%+ prodigy1 to ! t]ror ( b>k+ dogs1 %y+ horses1 & fe>ful m51 foll[$ by cl\ds ( smoke & vapor1 & explosions t %ook ! h\ses l an e>?quake1 & 8holl[ bell[+s & rattl+ s\nds m+l$ ) clang & cla% & ro>10 z an auditor describ$ x4 ,x is only a fragm5t ( a l>g] /one :i* may h weigh$ tons4 ,x looks in(f5sive en\gh n[1 & its appe>ance af=ds no h9t ( ! commotion x caus$ 9 a peaceable neighborhood only t5 ye>s ago4 ,b :at1 x may be ask$1 is ! connection betwe5 su* ?+s & comets8 ,to answ] ?is1 let u recall ! /atem5t t ! orbit ( ! ,novemb] meteor sw>m has be5 comput$2 :i* means t ^? fly+ bodies h be5 f\nd to come only f "o p>ticul> qu>t] out ( all possible qu>t]s1 at "o p>ticul> angle out ( all possible angles1 at "o p>ticul> velocity out ( all possible velocities1 & s on2 s t ! *ances are endless aga9/ m]e accid5t produc+ ano!r body :i* agre$ 9 all ^! p>ticul>s1 & o!rs besides4 ,n[1 9 #ahfg ! rem>kable fact 0 e/abli%$ t a comet se5 9 ! previ\s ye> 7,comet #a1 #ahff7 _h ! same orbit z ! meteoroids1 :i* implies1 z we h j se51 t ! comet & ! meteors 7 9 "s way closely relat$4 ,! pa?s ( ! ,augu/ meteors & ( ! ,lyrids also h bo? be5 f\nd to agree closely ) ^? ( kn[n comets1 & !re is o!r evid5ce :i* n only connects ! comets & ! %oot+ />s1 & makes x probable t ! latt] are due to "s dis9tegration ( ! =m]1 b ev5 looks z ?\gh ! process 7 /ill go+ on4 ,& n[ ) ?is 9 m9d we may1 p]haps1 look at ^! draw+s ) m int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,,comet ,,( ,,donati1 ,,sept4 #af1 #aheh4g #g ,! five engrav+s ( ! ,comet ( ,donati are f 8,annals ( ! ,a/ronomical ,obs]vatory ( ,h>v>d ,college40 ,we h all se5 a comet1 & we h all felt1 p]haps1 some?+ ( ! awe :i* is call$ up by ! ?\ght ( its imm5sity & its ru% ?r\gh space l a runaway />4 ,its head is commonly l a small lum9\s po9t1 f :i* usually gr[s z x approa*es ! sun a relatively enorm\s bru% or tail ( pale light1 :i* has sometimes be5 se5 to /ret* across ! :ole sky f z5i? to horizon4 ,x is useless to look only along ! ecliptic road = a comet's com+2 r may we expect to see x ru%+ d[n f above1 or up f bel[1 sometimes ) a spe$ :i* is possibly great] ?an x c\ld get f any fall--n s mu*1 t is1 ! spe$ ( a body m]ely dropp+ t[>d ! sun by its weight1 z t ( a missile hurl$ into ! ord]ly sol> sy/em f "s unkn[n s\rce )\t1 & also associat$ ) "s unkn[n p[]2 = :ile x is d\btful :e!r gravity is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! velocity ( all comets1 x seems c]ta9 t gravity c 9 no way expla9 "s ( ! ph5om5a ( _! tails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--8;,a ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,comet40 ,?\s&s ( comets h be5 se5 s9ce ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ! orbits ( hundr$s h be5 calculat$ s9ce ! "t ( ,newton4 ,?\gh !y may describe any conic section1 & ?\gh mo/ orbits are spok5 ( z p>abolas1 ?is is r a device = ! analy/'s conv5i5ce ?an ! exact repres5tation ( fact4 ,)\t introduc+ m te*nical language1 x w be en\gh to say "h t we le>n 9 o!r cases f ! =m ( ! orbit :e!r ! body is drawn ess5tially by ! sun's gravity1 or :e!r x has be5 ?r[n into ! sy/em by "s p[] beyond ! sun's control1 to pass away aga91 out ( t control1 nev] to return4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh sev]al orbits are s class$1 !re is n any "o kn[n to be beyond d\bt ( ?is latt] k9d1 :ile we are c]ta9 t _m comets1 if n all1 are erratic memb]s ( ! sol> family1 com+ back aga9 aft] _! excursions1 at regul>1 ?\gh p]haps enorm\s1 int]vals4 ,b :at we h j be5 say+ belongs r to ! prov9ce ( ! ,old ,a/ronomy ?an ! ,new1 :i* conc]ns itself m ) ! nature & appe>ance ( ! heav5ly bodies ?an ! pa?s !y travel on4 ,p]haps ! be/ way = u to look at comets w be to conf9e our att5tion at fir/ to "s s+le "o1 & to foll[ x f its e>lie/ appe>ance to its la/1 by ! aid ( pictures1 & ?us to /udy1 z x 71 ! species 9 ! individual4 ,! difficulty w be "o :i* arises f ! exquisitely fa9t & diaphan\s appe>ance ( ! orig9al1 :i* no ord9>y c>e c possibly r5d]1 ?\gh "h ! read] has _h done = him all t ! wood-engrav] c d4 ,we w take z ! subject ( our illu/ration ! beautiful comet :i* ^? ( u :o are middle-ag$ c rememb] see+ 9 #aheh1 & :i* is call$ ,donati's f ! "n ( its discov]]4 ,we *oose ?is "o because x is ! subject ( an admirable monograph by ,pr(essor ,bond ( ! ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 f :i* our engrav+s h1 by p]mission1 be5 made4 ,let u take ! hi/ory ( ?is comet1 !n1 z a g5]al type ( o!rs2 & to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 we mu/ make ! v ess5tial admission t ! orig9 ( ! comet's life is unkn[n to u4 ,:]e x 0 born1 or h[ x 0 laun*$ on its ecc5tric pa?1 we c only guess1 b d n "k2 & h[ long x has be5 trav]s+ x we c only tell lat]4 ,on ! #b;d ( ,june1 #aheh1 ?is "o 0 discov]$ 9 ! way mo/ comets are f\nd1 t is1 by a comet-hunt]1 :o detect$ x z a telescopic speck long be=e x became visible to ! nak$ eye1 or put =? ! tail :i* 0 de/9$ to gr[ into ! beautiful object _m ( u c rememb] see+4 ,= ov] a c5tury n[ !re has be5 probably no ye> 9 :i* ! heav5s h n be5 ?us se>*$ by a class ( obs]v]s :o make comet-hunt+ a specialty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,,comet ,,( ,,donati1 ,,sept4 #bd1 #aheh4 7,,telescopic ,,view ,,( ,,head47 ,! fa!r ( ?is v valuable class ( obs]v]s appe>s to h be5 ,messi]1 a ,fr5*man ( ! la/ c5tury & ( ! pure/ type ( ! comet-hunt]s1 end[$ by ,nature ) ! in/9ct = _! se>* t a t]ri] has = rats4 ,9 t grave book1 ,delambre's 8,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy10 z we plod along its dry /atem5ts & ?r\gh its long equations1 we f9d1 unexpect$ z a joke 9 a table ( log>i?ms1 ! foll[+ piece ( human nature 7quot$ f ,messi]'s contempor>y1 ,la ,h>pe73-- 8,he ,messi] has pass$ 8 life 9 nos+ out ! tracks ( comets4 ,he is a v wor?y man1 ) ! simplicity ( a baby4 ,"s ye>s ago he lo/ 8 wife1 & 8 att5tion to h] prev5t$ him f discov]+ a comet he 0 on ! se>* =1 & :i* ,montaigne ( ,limoges got away f him4 ,he 0 9 despair4 ,:5 he 0 condol$ ) on ! loss he _h met1 he repli$1 ) 8 head full ( ! comet1 #8,oh1 de>6 to ?9k t :5 ,i _h discov]$ twelve1 ?is ,montaigne %\ld h got my ?irte5?4' ,& 8 eyes fill$ ) te>s1 till1 rememb]+ :at x 0 he ought to be weep+ =1 he moan$1 #8,oh1 my poor wife6' b w5t on cry+ = 8 comet40 ,messi]'s sci5tific po/]ity has greatly multipli$1 & x is r>e n[ = a comet to be se5 by ! nak$ eye be=e x has be5 caught by ! telescope ( "o ( ^! assidu\s se>*]s4 ,donati _h1 z we see1 obs]v$ 8 "s mon?s be=e x became g5]ally visible1 & accord+ly ! engrav+ on page #bja %[s x z x appe>$ on ! ev5+ ( ,septemb] #af1 #aheh1 :5 ! tail 0 already =m$1 &1 ?\gh small1 0 di/9ct to ! nak$ eye1 ne> ! />s ( ! ,great ,be>4 ,! read] w easily recognize 9 ! plate ! famili> 8dipp]10 z ! ,am]ican *ild calls x1 :]e ! lead+ />s are put d[n ) c>e1 s t he may1 if he please1 id5tify !m by comp>ison ) ! orig9als 9 ! sky1 ev5 to ! little companion to ,miz> 7! second 9 ! h&le ( ! 8dipp]10 & :i* ! ,arabs say is ! lo/ ,pleiad74 ,we w\ld sugge/ t he %\ld note bo? ! l5g? ( ! tail on ?is ev5+ z comp>$ ) ! space betwe5 any two />s ( ! 8dipp]0 7= in/ance1 ! two "r-h& ones1 call$ ! 8po9t]s07 & its di/ance f !m1 & !n turn to page #bji1 :]e we h ! same comet z se5 a little ov] a =tnight lat]1 on ,octob] #c;d4 ,look fir/ at its new place among ! />s4 ,! 8dipp]0 is /ill 9 view1 b ! comet has drift$ away f x t[>d ! left & into o!r con/ellations4 ,! l>ge /> close to ! left m>g9 ( ! plate1 ) ?ree little />s bel[ & to ! "r1 is ,arcturus2 & ! we/]n />s ( ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n are j se5 high] up4 ,=tunately ! 8po9t]s10 ) :i* we comp>$ ! comet on ,septemb] #af?1 are /ill "h1 & we c see = ourselves h[ x has n only %ift$ b gr[n4 ,! tail is ?ree times z long z be=e4 ,x is rimm$ ) light on its upp] edge1 & fades away s gradually bel[ t "o c h>dly say :]e x ends4 ,b1--wond]ful & incompreh5sible feature6--%ot out f ! head1 almo/ z /raight z a ray ( light itself1 b fa9t] ?an ! moonbeam1 n[ appe>s an extraord9>y addition1 a sort ( spur1 :i* we c h>dly call a new tail1 x is s unlike ! old "o1 b :i* appe>s to h be5 d>t$ out into space z if by "s my/]i\s =ce act+ ?r\gh ! head itself4 ,:at ! spur is1 :at ! tail is1 ev5 :at ! nucleus is1 we _c be said really to "k ev5 to-day2 b ( ! tail & ( ! nucleus or speck 9 ! v head ( ! comet 7too small to be visible 9 ! engrav+71 we may say t ! hairy tail 7comes7 gives ! comet its "n1 & is ! comet to popul> appreh5sion1 b t x is probably ! smalle/ "p ( ! :ole mass1 :ile ! little %9+ head1 :i* to ! telescope pres5ts a /ill small] speck call$ ! nucleus1 conta9s1 x n[ seems probable1 ! only elem5t ( possible dang] to ! e>?4 ,:ile admitt+ our lack ( absolute k1 we may1 if we agree t meteorites 7 once "p ( a comet1 say t x n[ seems probable t ! nucleus is a h>d1 /one-l mass1 or collection ( su* masses1 :i* comes f 8space0 7t is1 f we don't "k h[ f>7 to ! vic9ity ( ! sun1 & !re is brok5 by ! heat z a /one 9 a hot fire4 7,sir ,isaac ,newton calculates1 9 an (t5 quot$ passage ( ! ,pr9cipia1 t ! heat :i* ! comet ( #afhj 0 subject$ to 9 its passage by ! sun 0 two ?\s& times t ( r$-hot iron47 ,we h se5 ! way 9 :i* meteoric /ones actually d crack 9 pieces ) heat 9 our own atmosph]e1 p>tly1 p]haps1 f ! expansion ( ! gases ! /one conta9s1 & x seems entirely reasonable to suppose t !y may d s f ! heat ( ! sun1 & t ! escap$ gases may contribute some?+ t[>d ! =mation ( ! tail1 :i* is always turn$ away f ! sun1 & :i* always gr[s l>g] z t is approa*$1 & small] z x is rec$$ f4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re is no d\bt t ! orig9al solid :i* we "h suppose may =m ! nucleus is capable ( mis*ief1 = x is ass]t$ t x (t5 passes ! e>?'s orbit ) a velocity ( z mu* z "o hundr$ times t ( a cannon-ball2 t is1 ) t5 ?\s& times ! de/ructive capacity ( a ball ( ! same weight %ot f a cannon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,,comet ,,( ,,donati1 ,,oct4 #c1 #aheh4 ,"o week lat]1 ,octob] #i?1 ! comet _h pass$ ov] ,arcturus ) a motion t[>d our left into a new region ( ! sky1 leav+ ,arcturus1 :i* we c recognize ) ! upp] "o ( its ?ree little companions1 on ! "r4 ,above x is ! :ole sickle ( ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 & ov] ^! />s ! extremity ( ! n[ l5g!n$ tail 0 se5 to spread1 b ) s ?9 a veil t no art ( ! engrav] c "h adequately repres5t its fa9tness4 ,! tail !n1 z se5 9 ! sky1 0 n[ ne>ly twice its =m] size1 ?\gh = ! reason m5tion$ x may n appe> s 9 our picture4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood1 too1 t ev5 ! brighte/ p>ts ( ! orig9al 7 f> fa9t] ?an !y seem "h 9 comp>ison ) ! />s1 :i* 9 ! sky are brilliant po9ts ( light1 :i* ! engrav] c only repres5t by dots ( ! :it5ess ( ! pap]4 ,?is be+ obs]v$1 x w be bett] und]/ood t 9 ! sky itself ! fa9te/ />s 7 view$ app>5tly undimm$ ?r\gh ! bright] p>ts ( ! comet1 :ile we c b fa9tly trace "h ano!r mo/ fa9t b curi\s feature1 a division ( ! tail into fa9t cross-b&s l auroral /ream]s1 giv+ a look z if x 7 yield+ to a w9d1 :i* fold$ x into fa9t ridges l ^? :i* may be se5 9 ! smoke ( a /eam] z x lags f> beh9d ! vessel4 ,9 fact1 :5 we speak ( 8!0 tail1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 z ,m4 ,faye rem9ds u1 to be 9 ! same s5se t we speak ( ! plume ( smoke t accompanies an ocean /eam]1 )\t mean+ t x is ! same ?+ :i* we are wat*+ f night to night1 m ?an we d t ! same smoke-p>ticles accompany ! /eam] z x moves across ! ,atlantic4 ,9 bo? cases ! =m alone probably rema9s2 ! ?+ itself is be+ incessantly dissipat$ & r5ew$4 ,!re is no air "h1 & yet "s ( ^! appe>ances 9 ! orig9al almo/ sugge/ ! idea ( m$ium inappreciably ?9 z comp>$ ) ! head ( ! comet1 b ^: resi/ance is se5 9 ! m unsub/antial tail1 z t is drawn ?r\gh x & b5t backw>d1 z if by a w9d bl[+ t[>d ! cele/ial pole4 ,! mo/ notable feature1 h[ev]1 is ! developm5t ( a second ray or spur1 :i* has be5 app>5tly d>t$ ?r\gh millions ( miles 9 ! int]val s9ce we look$ at x1 & an almo/ imp]ceptible b5d+ backw>d 9 bo?1 z if !y too felt ! resi/ance ( some?+ 9 :at we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( z an absolute & p]fect void4 ,^! tails are a peculi>ly my/]i\s feature4 ,!y are app>5tly %ot out 9 a direction opposite to ! sun 7& consequ5tly oppos$ to ! direction ( gravity7 at ! rate ( millions ( miles a day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,,comet ,,( ,,donati1 ,,oct4 #i1 #aheh4 ,beyond ! fact t ! exi/5ce ( "s repulsive =ce 9 ! sun1 a 8negative gravity0 actually exi/5t1 n 9 fancy1 b 9 fact1 seems po9t$ at1 a/ronom]s c (f] little b conjecture "h2 & :ile "s conceive ?is =ce z ( an electrical nature1 o!rs /r5u\sly d5y x4 ,we ought to admit t up to ! pres5t "t we really "k no?+ ab\t x1 except t x exi/s4 ,at ?is date 7,octob] #i?7 ! comet _h made ne>ly its close/ approa* to ! e>?1 & ! g5]al outl9e has be5 comp>$ to t ( ! w+ ( "s bird1 :ile ! actual size 0 s va/ t ev5 at ! di/ance f :i* x 0 se5 x fill$ an angle m ?an half ( t f ! z5i? to ! horizon4 ,all ! prec$+ draw+s h be5 f nak$-eye views2 b if ! read] w\ld l to look m closely1 he c see on page #bag "o tak5 on ! night ( ,octob] #e? ?r\gh ! great telescope at ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,we w leave ?is to tell its own /ory1 only rem>k+ t x is n possible to reproduce ! phantom-l fa9tness ( ! orig9al spur1 "h also di/9ctly se51 or inde$ to indicate fairly ! inf9ite t5uity ( ! tail itself4 ,?\gh millions ( miles ?ick1 ! fa9te/ /> is yet p]ceptibly undimm$ by x1 & 9 e/imat+ ! "* & quantity ( matt] x conta9s1 aft] not+ t x is n self-lum9\s1 b %9es only l ! moon by reflect$ sunlight1 we may recall ! acute obs]vation ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton :]e he comp>es ! brightness ( a comet's tail ) t ( ! light reflect$ f ! p>ticles 9 a sunbeam an in* or two ?ick1 9 a d>k5$ room1 &1 aft] obs]v+ t if a little sph]e ( common air "o in* 9 diamet] 7 r>ifi$ to ! degree :i* mu/ obta9 at only f\r ?\s& miles f ! e>?'s surface x w\ld fill all ! regions ( ! planets to f> beyond ! orbit ( ,saturn1 sugge/s ! excessively small quantity ( vapor t is really requisite to create ?is prodigi\s phantom4 ,! writ] has _h occasion = _m ye>s to make a special /udy ( ! reflection ( light f ! sky2 & if su* /udies may au?orize him to express any op9ion ( 8 own1 he w\ld give 8 adhesion to ! rem>k ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 t ! actual weight ( matt] 9 su* a comet>y tail may be conceivably only an affair ( p\nds or ev5 ounces4 ,b if ?is is true ( ! tail1 x does n foll[ ( ! nucleus1 j se5 9 ?is picture1 b ( :i* ! engrav+ on page #bje gives a mu* m magnifi$ view4 ,x is a sket* ( ! head alone1 tak5 f a telescopic view on ! #bd? ( ,septemb]4 ,"h ! direction ( ! comet is /ill t[>d ! sun 7:i* mu/ be suppos$ to be "s indef9ite di/ance beyond ! upp] "p ( ! draw+71 & we see t ! lucid matt] appe>s to be fir/ jett$ up1 & !n =c$ backw>d on ei!r side1 z if by a w9d f ! sun1 to =m ! tail1 pres5t+ successive cresc5t-%ap$ envelopes ( decreas+ brightness1 :i* are n symmetrical1 b "o-sid$1 :ile sometimes ! appe>ance is t ( spurts ( lum9\s smoke1 wav]+ z if ?r[n out ( p>ticul> p>ts ( ! int]nal nucleus 8l a squib n held fa/40 ,d[n ! c5tre ( ! tail runs a wond]fully /raight black l9e1 l a %ad[ ca/ f ! nucleus4 ,only ! nucleus itself /ill evades u1 & ev5 9 ?is1 ! mo/ magnifi$ view :i* ! mo/ p[]ful telescope till lately 9 exi/5ce c\ld give1 rema9s a po9t4 ,consid]+ ! di/ance ( ! comet & ! o!r optical conditions1 ?is is /ill p]fectly consi/5t ) ! possibility t x may h an actual diamet] ( a hundr$ miles or m4 ,x 8may0 h1 obs]ve1 n x 8has10 = 9 fact we "k no?+ ab\t x2 b t x is at any rate less ?an "s few hundr$ miles 9 diamet]1 & x may1 = any?+ we c positively say1 n be m ?an a v l>ge /one1 9 :i* case our atmosph]e w\ld probably act z an effici5t buff] if x /ruck u2 or x may h a mass :i*1 c\pl$ ) its t]rible spe$1 w\ld cause ! %ock ( its contact n s mu* to pulv]ize ! region x /ruck1 z dissipate x & ev]y?+ on x in/antly into vapor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,,comet ,,( ,,donati1 ,,oct4 #e1 #aheh4 7,,telescopic ,,view47 ,( ! rem>kable inve/igations ( ! spectroscope on comets1 we h only room left to say t !y in=m u t ! mo/ prom95t comet>y elem5t seems to be c>bon1--c>bon1 :i* ,newton two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! spectroscope1 & be=e ! t]m 8c>bonic-acid gas0 0 co9$1 by "s guess or div9ation _h describ$ 9 o!r words z possibly br\ght to u by comets to keep up ! c>bonic-acid-gas supply 9 our air1--c>bon1 :i* we f9d 9 our own bodies1 & ( :i*1 accord+ to ?is view1 ! comets are orig9al s\rces4 ,t we may be p>tly made ( old & us$-up comets1--surely x might seem t a madd] fancy nev] came f ! bra9 ( a lunatic at ! full ( ! moon6 ,sci5ce may easily be p>don$ = n giv+ in/ant reception to su* an idea1 b let u also rememb]1 fir/1 t x is a consequ5ce ( t ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 & t 9 ! case ( su* a man z he we %\ld n be ha/y to ?9k we und]/& 8 ignorance1 :5 we may be 8ignorant ( 8 und]/&+20 &1 second1 t x has be5 r5d]$ at lea/ debatable by ,dr4 ,hunt's rec5t rese>*es :e!r x is possible to acc\nt = ! p]5nial supply ( c>bon f ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 )\t look+ to "s means ( r5ewal ext]nal to ! planet4 ,! old dread ( comets is pass+ away1 & all t sci5ce has to tell u ( !m indicates t1 ?\gh /ill fruitful s\rces ( curiosity & inde$ ( wond]1 !y ne$ no long] be objects ( t]ror4 ,?\gh !re be1 z ,kepl] said1 m comets 9 ! sky ?an fi% 9 ! ocean1 ! enc\nt] ( ! e>? ) a comet's tail w\ld be l ! enc\nt] ) a %ad[1 & ! *ance ( a collision ) ! nucleus is remote inde$4 ,we may sleep undi/urb$ ev5 if a new comet is ann\nc$ e mon?1 ?\gh x is true t "h z else:]e lie remote possibilities ( evil4 ,! consid]ation ( ! unfamili> p[]s c]ta9ly lat5t 9 ,nature1 su* z belong to a little tremor ( ! planet's surface or su* z 0 %[n 9 t sc5e ,i h describ$1 :5 ! comp>atively insignificant effect ( ! few tons ( dynamite 0 to make solid build+s unrealities1 :i* vani%$ away z quickly z magic-lant]n pictures f a scre51 may help u to und]/& t ! words ( ! great poet are b ! possible expression ( a physical fact1 & t 8! cl\d-capp$ t[]s1 ! gorge\s palaces1 ! solemn temples10--& we ) !m1--may inde$ conceivably "s day vani% z ! airy no?+s at ! t\* ( ,prosp]o's w&1 & )\t ! w>n+ to u ( a s+le in/ant t ! security ( our ord9>y lives is ab\t to be brok54 ,we conc$e ?is1 h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t case only z an ab/ract possibility2 = ! advance ( a/ronomical k is mu* m likely to %[ t ! k]nel ( ! comet is b ( ! bigness ( "s l>ge meteorite1 aga9/ :i* our air is an effici5t %ield1 & ! *ance ( evil is 9 any case mo/ remote1--9 any case only su* z may come 9 any h\r ( our lives f any qu>t]1 n alone f ! e>?quake or ! comet1 b f 8! pe/il5ce t walke? 9 d>kness20 f ! inf9itely little bel[ & )9 u1 z well z f ! inf9ite p[]s ( ! univ]se )\t4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,/>s4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum !re is1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 an imm5se collection ( objects1 appeal+ to all ta/es & all classes1 & we f9d !re at ! same "t p belong+ to ! weal?y & cultivat$ "p ( society l+]+ ov] ! ,l\is ,seize cab9ets or ! old majolica1 & ! artisan & 8 wife /udy+ ! /atem5ts z to ! relative economy ( bak+-p[d]s1 or admir+ ,tippoo ,saib's wood5 tig]4 ,!re is "o %elf1 h[ev]1 :i* seems to h "s attraction common to all social grades1 = its cont5ts appe> to be ( equal int]e/ to ! pe] & ! co/]mong]4 ,x is ! repres5tation ( a man resolv$ into 8 *emical elem5ts1 or r an exhibition ( ! mat]ials ( :i* ! human body is compos$4 ,!re is a def9ite am\nt ( wat]1 = in/ance1 9 our blood & tissues1 & !re on ! %elf are j s _m gallons ( wat] 9 a l>ge vessel4 ,ano!r j> %[s ! exact quantity ( c>bon 9 u2 small] bottles conta9 our iron & our phosphorus 9 j proportion1 :ile o!rs exhibit /ill o!r con/itu5ts ( ! body1 & ! :ole reposes on ! %elf z if ready = ! com+ ( a new ,frank5/e9 to re-create ! orig9al man & make him walk ab\t aga9 z we d4 ,! little vials t conta9 ! diff]5t elem5ts :i* we all be> ab\t 9 small proportions are m num]\s1 & !y sugge/1 n m]ely ! complexity ( our con/itutions1 b ! id5tity ( our elem5ts ) ^? we h f\nd by ! spectroscope1 n alone 9 ! sun1 b ev5 9 ! di/ant />s & nebul2 = ?is wond]ful in/rum5t ( ! ,new ,a/ronomy c f9d ! traces ( poison 9 a /oma* or analyze a />1 & its conclusions lead u to ?9k t ! anci5ts 7 ne>ly "r :5 !y call$ man a microcosm1 or little univ]se4 ,we h lit]ally )9 our own bodies samples ( ! mo/ important elem5ts ( :i* ! great univ]se )\t is compos$2 & y & ,i are n only l ea* o!r1 & bro!rs 9 humanity1 b *ildr5 ( ! sun & />s 9 a m lit]al s5se1 hav+ bodies actually made 9 l>ge "p ( ! same ?+s t make ,sirius & ,aldeb>an4 ,!y & we are ne> relatives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,,types ,,( ,,/ell> ,,spectra4 ,b if ne> 9 k9d1 we are di/ant relatives 9 ano!r way1 = ! sun1 ^: remot5ess we h else:]e tri$ to give an idea (1 is comp>atively close at h&2 q at h&1 "o may say1 = if 8 di/ance1 :i* we h f\nd s enorm\s1 be repres5t$ by t ( a man /&+ s close beside u t our h& may re/ on 8 %\ld]1 to obta9 ! proportionate di/ance ( "o ( ! ne>e/ />s1 l ,sirius1 = in/ance1 we %\ld ne$ to s5d ! man ov] a hundr$ miles away4 ,x is probably impossible to give to any "o an adequate idea ( ! ext5t ( ! sid]eal univ]se2 b x c]ta9ly is especially h>d = ! read] :o has j realiz$ ) difficulty ! actual imm5sity ( ! di/ance ( ! sun1 & :o is next told t ?is di/ance is lit]ally a physical po9t z se5 f ! ne>e/ />4 ,! jad$ imag9ation c be spurr$ to no high] flight1 & ! facts & ! enorm\s numb]s t convey !m w n be compreh5d$4 ,look d[n at "o ( ! ne/s ( ^? smalle/ ants1 :i* are made 9 our pa?s4 ,to ^! little p1 we may suppose1 ! o!r side ( ! gravel walk is ! o!r side ( ! _w1 & ! ant :o has be5 z f> z ! gate1 a great] travell] ?an a man :o comes back f ! ,indies4 ,x is v h>d to ?9k n only ( ourselves z relatively f> small] ?an su* insects1 b t1 less ?an su* an ant-hill is to ! :ole l&scape1 is our sol> sy/em itself 9 comp>ison ) ! new prospect be=e u2 yet s x is4 ,all greatness & littl5ess are relative4 ,:5 ! travell] f ! great /> ,sirius 7:]e1 accord+ to ! au?or ( 8,micromegas10 all ! inhabitants are proportionately tall & proportionately long-liv$71 discov]$ our own little sol> sy/em1 & light$ on :at we call ! maje/ic planet ,saturn1 he 0 naturally a/oni%$ at ! pett9ess ( ev]y?+ comp>$ ) ! _w he _h left4 ,t ! ,saturnian inhabitants 7 9 8 eyes a race ( m]e dw>fs 7!y 7 only a mile high1 in/ead ( tw5ty-f\r miles l himself7 did n make !m contemptible to 8 philosophic m9d1 = he reflect$ t su* little creatures might /ill ?9k & reason2 b :5 he le>n$ t ^! puny be+s 7 also correspond+ly %ort-liv$1 & pass$ b fifte5 ?\s& ye>s betwe5 ! cradle & ! grave1 he c\ld n b agree t ?is 0 l dy+ z soon z "o 0 born1 t _! life 0 b a span1 & _! globe an atom4 ,yet x seems t :5 "o ( ^! v ,saturnian dw>fs came aft]w>d ) him to our own little ball1 & by ! aid ( a microscope discov]$ c]ta9 animalcul on its surface1 & ev5 held conv]se ) two ( !m1 he c\ld n 9 turn make up 8 own m9d t intellig5ce c\ld inh]e 9 su* invisible insects1 till "o ( !m 7x 0 an a/ronom] ) 8 sextant7 measur$ 8 height to an in*1 & ! o!r1 a div9e1 exp\nd$ to him ! !ology ( "s ( ^! mites1 accord+ to :i* all ! heav5ly ho/1 includ+ ,saturn & ,sirius itself1 7 creat$ = !m4 ,d n let u hold ?is p>able z out ( place "h1 = :at use is x to write d[n a long s]ies ( figures express+ ! magnitude ( o!r worlds1 if x leave u ) ! old s5se ( ! importance to creation ( our own2 & :at use to describe _! inf9ite numb] to a human mite :o reads1 & rema9s ( ! op9ion t he is ! object !y 7 all creat$ =8 ,above u are millions ( suns l ours4 ,! ,milky ,way 7%[n on page #bbe7 spreads among !m1 vague & all-surr\nd+1 z a type ( ! inf9ities yet unexplor$1 & ( ! _w ( nebul ( :i* we /ill "k s little4 ,let u say at once t x is impossible "h to und]take ! description ( ! discov]ies ( ! ,new ,a/ronomy 9 ?is region1 = we c sc>cely indicate ! head+s ( ! *apt]s :i* w\ld ne$ to be writt5 to describe :at is mo/ important4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--,,! ,,milky ,,way4 7,,f ,a ,,/udy ,,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,tr\velot74 ,! fir/ ( ^! *apt]s 7if we treat$ our subjects 9 ! ord] ( di/ance7 w\ld be "o on space itself1 & our *ang$ ideas ( ! void :i* sep>ates u f ! />s4 ,( ?is we w only say 9 pass+1 t ! old t]m 8! temp]ature ( space0 has be5 ne>ly abrogat$2 = :ile x us$ to be suppos$ t m ?an half ( ! heat :i* w>m$ ! e>? came f ?is my/]i\s 8space0 or f ! />s1 x is n[ recogniz$ t ! e>? is pr9cipally w>m$ only by ! sun4 ,( ! cont5ts ( ! region betwe5 ! e>? & ! />s1 we h1 x mu/ be admitt$1 /ill little b conjecture2 ?\gh p]haps t conjecture turns m ?an =m]ly to ! idea t ! void is n a real void1 b t x is occupi$ by some?+ :i*1 if highly att5uat$1 is none ! less matt]1 & some?+ o!r & m ?an ! m]e metaphysical conception ( a vehicle to transmit light to u4 ,( ! />s !mselves1 we %\ld ne$ ano!r *apt] to tell :at has be5 newly le>n$ z to _! color & light1 ev5 by ! old me?ods1 t is1 by ! eye & ! telescope alone2 b if we _c dwell on ?is1 we mu/ at lea/ ref]1 h[ev] inadequately1 to :at ,am]ican a/ronom]s are do+ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ! ,new ,a/ronomy1 & fir/ 9 ! photometry ( ! />s1 :i* has assum$ a new importance ( late ye>s1 ow+ to ! labors c>ri$ on 9 ?is dep>tm5t at ,cambridge4 ,t "o /> diff]s f ano!r /> 9 glory we h long he>d1 b our k ( physical ?+s dep5ds l>gely on our ability to answ] ! "q1 8h[ mu*80 & ! value ( ?is new "w lies 9 ! accuracy & fulness ( its measures2 = 9 ?is case ! :ole heav5s visible f ,cambridge to ne> ! s\!rn horizon h be5 survey$1 & ! brightness ( e nak$-eye /> repeat$ly measur$1 s t all future *anges c be not$4 ,?is great "w has tax$ ! res\rces ( a great obs]vatory1 & its results are only to be adequately valu$ by o!r a/ronom]s2 b ,pr(essor ,pick]+'s own inve/igations on v>iable />s h a m popul> int]e/4 ,x is surely an amaz+ fact t suns z l>ge or l>g] ?an our own %\ld seem to dw9dle almo/ to ext9ction1 & rega9 _! light )9 a few days or ev5 h\rs2 yet ! fact has long be5 kn[n1 :ile ! cause has rema9$ a my/]y4 ,a my/]y1 9 mo/ cases1 x rema9s /ill2 b 9 "s we h begun to get k1 z 9 ! well-kn[n in/ance ( ,algol1 ! /> 9 ! head ( ,m$usa4 ,"h x has always be5 ?\ght probable t ! *ange 0 due to some?+ com+ betwe5 u & ! />2 b x is on ?is v acc\nt t ! new inve/igation is m int]e/+1 z %[+ h[ mu* c be done on an old subject by fre% reason+ alone1 & h[ mu* valuable ore may lie 9 mat]ial :i* has already be5 sift$4 ,! discussion ( ! subject by ,pr(essor ,pick]+1 ap>t f its elevat$ aim1 has if1 9 its acute analysis only1 ! int]e/ belong+ to a /ory :]e ! read] fir/ sees a numb] ( possible clews to "s my/]y1 & !n ! gradual sett+ aside1 "o by "o1 ( ^? :i* are only loose ends1 & ! recognition ( ! real ones :i* lead to ! successful solution4 ,! skill ( ! noveli/1 h[ev]1 is m app>5t ?an real1 s9ce ! riddle he solves = u is "o he has himself con/ruct$1 :ile "h ! enigma is ( ,nature's prop\nd+2 & if ! solution alone 7 giv5 u1 ! means by :i* x is rea*$ w\ld inde$ seem to be inexplicable4 ,?is is especially s :5 we rememb] :at a po9t !re is to "w on1 = ! :ole sy/em reason$ ab\t1 ?\gh x may be l>g] ?an our own1 is at su* a di/ance t x appe>s1 lit]ally & exactly1 f> small] to ! eye ?an ! po9t ( ! f9e/ sew+-ne$le2 & x is a c\rse ( accurate reason+1 & reason+ alone1 on ! "* ( ! obs]v$ *ang+ brightness ( ?is po9t1 :i* has n only %[n ! exi/5ce ( "s great d>k satellite1 b indicat$ its size1 its di/ance f its sun1 its "t ( revolution1 ! incl9ation ( its orbit1 & /ill m4 ,! exi/5ce ( d>k invisible bodies 9 space1 !n1 is 9 "o case at lea/ demon/rat$1 & 9 ?is in/ance ! d>k body is ( enorm\s size2 =1 to illu/rate by our own sol> sy/em1 we %\ld probably h to repres5t x 9 imag9ation by a planet or sw>m ( planetoids hundr$s ( times ! size ( ,jupit]1 & 7x may be add$7 :irl+ ar\nd ! sun at less ?an a t5? ! di/ance ( ,m]cury4 ,( a :olly diff]5t class ( v>iables are ^? :i* h till lately only be5 kn[n at int]vals ( c5turies1 l t new /> ,ty*o saw 9 #aegb4 ,i inf] f num]\s inquiries t !re is su* a preval5t popul> notion t ! 8,/> ( ,be?lehem0 may be expect$ to %[ itself aga9 at ab\t ! pres5t "t1 t p]haps ,i may be excus$ = answ]+ ^! que/ions 9 ! pres5t connection4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! idea is n a new1 b a v old "o1 go+ back to ! "t ( ,ty*o himself1 :o disput$ ! alleg$ id5tity ( 8 /> ) t :i* appe>$ to ! %eph]ds at ! ,nativity4 ,! evid5ce reli$ on is1 t bright />s are said to h appe>$ 9 ?is con/ellation repeat$ly at int]vals ( f ?ree hundr$ & eight to ?ree hundr$ & n9ete5 ye>s 7?\gh ev5 ?is is unc]ta972 & z ! mean ( ^! numb]s is ab\t ?ree hundr$ & f\rte51 :i* aga9 is ab\t "o-fif? ( #aegb 7! !n numb] ( ye>s f ! bir? ( ,*ri/71 x has be5 sugge/$1 9 support ( ! old notion1 t ! ,/> ( ,be?lehem might h be5 a v>iable1 %9+ out e ?ree hundr$ & f\rte5 or ?ree hundr$ & fifte5 ye>s1 ^: fif? return w\ld fall 9 ) ! appe>ance t ,ty*o saw1 & ^: six? return w\ld come 9 #ahhf or #ahhg4 ,?is is all !re is ab\t x1 & !re is no?+ l evid5ce1 ei!r t ?is 0 ! /> se5 by ! ,wise ,m51 or t x is to be se5 aga9 by u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no?+ 9 our k1 or r 9 our ignorance1 au?orizes u to say positively x _c come aga92 & x may be /at$ = ! b5efit ( ^? :o l to believe 9 its spe$y return1 t if x does come1 x w make its appe>ance "s night 9 ! nor!rn con/ellation ( ,cassiopeia's *air1 ! position orig9ally det]m9$ by ,ty*o at its la/ appe>ance1 be+ tw5ty-eight degrees & ?irte5 m9utes f ! pole1 & tw5ty-six m9utes 9 "r asc5sion4 ,we 7 speak+ ( ^! new />s z hav+ till lately only appe>$ at int]vals ( c5turies2 b x is n to be inf]r$ t if !y n[ appe> (t5] x is because !re are m ( !m4 ,! reason is1 t !re are m p]sons look+ = !m2 & ! fact is recogniz$ t1 if we h obs]v]s en\gh & look closely en\gh1 ! appe>ance ( 8new />s0 is n s v r>e a ph5om5on4 ,e "o at all int]e/$ 9 su* matt]s rememb]s t 9 #ahff a new /> broke out 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n s sudd5ly t x 0 %9+ z bright z ! ,pol> ,/>1 :]e six h\rs be=e !re _h be5 no?+ visible to ! eve4 ,n[ all />s are n z l>ge z our sun1 ?\gh "s are mu* l>g]2 b !re are circum/ances :i* make x improbable t ?is 0 a small or ne> object1 & x is well rememb]$ h[ ! spectroscope %[$ ! pres5ce ( abnormal am\nts ( inc&esc5t hydrog51 ! mat]ial :i* is p]haps ! mo/ widely diffus$ 9 ! univ]se 7& :i* is pl5tiful1 too1 9 our own bodies71 s t !re 0 "s c\nt5ance to ! popul> notion t ?is 0 a _w 9 flames4 ,we 71 at any rate1 witness+ a cata/rophe :i* no e>?ly exp]i5ce c give u a notion (1 9 a field ( action s remote t ! fla% ( light :i* br\ght ! news 0 unkn[n ye>s on ! way1 s t all ?is--/range b n[ famili> ?\ght--occurr$ long be=e we saw x happ54 ,! /> fad$ 9 a few days to invisibility to ! nak$ eye1 ?\gh n to ! telescope2 &1 9 fact1 all ^! ph5om5a at pres5t appe> r to be enorm\s & sudd5 enl>gem5ts ( ! light ( exi/+ bodies ?an ! creation ( absolutely new ones2 :ile ( ^! 8new />s0 ! examples may almo/ be said to be n[ gr[+ num]\s1 two hav+ appe>$ 9 ! la/ two ye>s4 ,n to enl>ge1 !n1 on ?is *apt] ( photometry1 let u add1 9 ref]5ce to ano!r dep>tm5t ( /ell> a/ronomical "w1 t ! recogniz$ ma/] 9 ! /udy ( d\ble />s ! _w ov] is n an a/ronom] by pr(ession1 at ! head ( "s national obs]vatory 9 ,b]l9 or ,p>is1 b a /5ograph] 9 ! ,*icago law-c\rts1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,burnham1 :o1 aft] 8 day's duties1 by nightly labor1 prolong$ = ye>s ) ! small means at an amateur's comm&1 has p]haps add$ m to our k ( 8 special subject 9 t5 ye>s ?an all o!r liv+ a/ronom]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,,spectra ,,( ,,/>s ,,9 ,,pleiades4 ,we h "h only allud$ to ! spectroscope 9 its application to /ell> rese>*1 & we _c n[ d m ?an to note ! m]e headl9es ( ! *apt]s t %\ld be writt5 on x4 ,fir/1 !re is ! memorable fact t1 aft] rea*+ across ! immeasurable di/ances1 we f9d t ! />s are l u1--l 9 _! ultimate elem5ts to ^? f\nd 9 our own sun1 our own e>?1 our own bodies4 ,any full] view ( ! subject ?an t :i* we "h only indicate1 w\ld beg9 ) ! evid5ce ( ?is tru?1 :i* is p]haps on ! :ole ! mo/ mom5t\s our sci5ce has br\ght u1 & ) :i* no famili>ity %\ld less5 our wond]1 or our s5se ( its deep & p]man5t significance4 ,next1 p]haps1 we %\ld und]/& t1 invad+ ! prov9ce ( ! ,old ,a/ronomy1 ! spectroscope n[ tells u ( ! motions ( ^! />s1 :i* we _c see move1--motions 9 :at we h always call$ ! 8fix$0 />s1 to signify a /ate ( fixity to ! human eye1 :i* is su*1 t to x at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !y rema9 9 ! same relative positions t !y occupi$ :5 t eye fir/ look$ on !m1 9 "s p]iod long be=e ! c\nt ( c5turies began4 ,9 p]haps ! e>lie/ & mo/ endur+ "w ( man's h&s1 ! great pyramid ( ,egypt1 is a long /raight %aft1 cut slop+ly ?r\gh ! solid /one1 & po9t+1 l a telescope1 to ! heav5s ne> ! pole4 ,if we look ?r\gh x n[ we see--no?+2 b :5 x 0 set up x po9t$ to a p>ticul> /> :i* is no long] !re4 ,t pyramid 0 built :5 ! savages ( ,brita9 saw ! ,s\!rn ,cross at night2 & ! same sl[ *ange 9 ! direction ( ! e>?'s axis1 t 9 ?\s&s ( ye>s has borne t con/ellation to s\!rn skies1 has c>ri$ ! /one tube away f ! /> t x once po9t$ at4 ,! actual motion ( ! /> itself1 relatively to our sy/em1 is sl[] yet1--s inconceivably sl[ t we c h>dly realize x by comp>ison ) ! duration ( ! longe/ p]iods ( human hi/ory4 ,! /one tube 0 po9t$ at ! /> by ! old ,egyptians1 b 8,egypt itself is n[ become ! l& ( oblivi\sness1 & dote?4 ,h] anci5t civility is gone1 & h] glory ha? vani%$ z a phantasma4 ,%e pore? n ^u ! heav5s1 a/ronomy is dead unto h]1 & k make? o!r cycles4 ,canopus is af> (f1 ,memnon res\nde? n to ! ,sun1 & ,nilus he>e? /range voices40 ,9 all ?is lapse ( ages1 ! />'s own motion c\ld n h s mu* z c>ri$ x across ! m\? ( ! n>r[ tube4 ,yet a motion to or f u ( ?is degree1 s sl[ t ! unaid$ eve c\ld n see x 9 ?\s&s ( ye>s ( wat*+1 ! spectroscope1 fir/ effici5tly 9 ! h&s ( ! ,engli% a/ronom]1 ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 & lat] 9 ^? ( ,pr(essor ,"y ( ,pr9ceton1 n only reveals at a look1 b tells u ! am\nt & direction ( x1 9 a way t is z /range & unexpect$1 9 ! view ( our k a g5]ation ago1 z its revelation ( ! ess5tial composition ( ! bodies !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--,,spectrum ,,( ,,aldeb>an4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--,,spectrum ,,( ,,vega4 ,aga91 9 %[+ u ?is composition1 x has also %[n u m1 = x has enabl$ u to =m a conjecture z to ! relative ages ( ! />s & suns2 & ?is "w ( classify+ !m1 n only accord+ to _! brightness1 b ea* aft] 8 k9d1 we may obs]ve 0 begun by a c\ntryman ( our own1 ,mr4 ,ru!rfurd1 :o seems to h be5 among ! fir/ aft] ,fraunh(] to apply ! newly-inv5t$ in/rum5t to ! />s1 & q ! fir/ to recognize t ^! 71 broadly speak+1 divisible into a few lead+ types1 dep5d+ n on _! size b on _! ess5tial nature4 ,aft] him ,sec*i 7to :om ! fir/ conception is (t5 wrongly attribut$7 develop$ x1 & gave f\r ma9 classes into :i* ! />s are 9 ?is way divisible1 a classification :i* has be5 mu* ext5d$ by o!rs2 :ile ! fir/ c>efully del9eat$ spectra 7 ^? ( ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 :o has done s mu* = all dep>tm5ts ( our sci5ce t 9 a full] acc\nt 8 "n w\ld reappe> 9 e *apt] ( ?is ,new ,a/ronomy1 & ?an :om !re is no m em95t liv+ example ( its /udy4 ,ow+ to _! feeble light1 ye>s 7 ne$$ :5 he began 8 "w to depict completely s full a s+le spectrum z t he gives ( ,aldeb>an1 ?\gh he has liv$ to see /ell> spectrum photography1 ^: use he fir/ made famili>1 produc+ 9 its newe/ developm5t1 :i* we give "h1 ! same result 9 almo/ z _m m9utes4 ,be=e we pres5t ?is late/ a*ievem5t ( cele/ial photography1 let u employ ! old me?od ( an engrav+ made f eye-draw+s1 once m1 to illu/rate on page #bbb ! di/9ct "* ( ^! spectra1 & _! mean+4 ,9 ! telespectroscope1 ! /> is drawn out into a b& ( color$ light1 b "h we note only 9 black & :ite ! l9es :i* are se5 cross+ x1 ! r$ end 9 ^! draw+s be+ at ! left1 & ! violet at ! "r2 & we may obs]ve ( ?is illu/ration1 t ?\gh x may be criticis$ by ! pr(essional /ud5t1 & ?\gh x lack to ! g5]al read] ! attraction ( color1 or ( beautiful =m1 x is yet full ( int]e/ to any "o :o wi%es to le>n ! mean+ ( ! message ! />'s light c be made to yield ?r\gh ! spectroscope1 & to "k h[ significant ! diff]5ces are x indicates betwe5 "o /> & ano!r1 :]e all look s alike to ! eye4 ,fir/ is ! spectrum ( a typical :ite or blue-:ite />1 ,sirius1--! v brighte/ /> 9 ! sky1 & :i* we all "k4 ,! bright] "p ( ! spectrum is a ne>ly cont9u\s ribbon ( color1 cross$ by conspicu\s1 broad1 d>k l9es1 exactly correspond+ 9 place to n>r[] ones 9 our sun1 & due pr9cipally to hydrog54 ,iron & magnesium are also indicat$ 9 ?is class1 b by too f9e l9es to be "h %[n4 ,sirius1 z w be pres5tly se51 belongs to ! division ( />s ^: spectrum indicates a v high temp]ature1 & 9 ?is case1 z 9 :at foll[s1 we may rem>k 7to use 9 "p ,mr4 ,locky]'s words7 t "o ( ! mo/ important di/9ctions betwe5 ! />s 9 ! heav5s is "o n dep5d+ ^u _! mass or ^u any?+ ( t k9d1 b ^u conditions :i* make _! spectra diff]1 j 9 ! way t 9 our laboratories ! spectrum ( "o & ! same body w diff] at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,:at ^! absolutely are 9 ! case ( ! />s1 we may n "k2 b plac+ !m 9 _! mo/ probable relative ord]1 we h tak5 z an in/ance ( ! second class1 or l[]-temp]ature /age1 our own sun4 ,! impossibility ( giv+ a j notion ( its real complexity may be und]/ood1 :5 we /ate t 9 ! rec5t magnific5t photographs by ,pr(essor ,r[l&1 a "p alone ( ?is spectrum occupies some?+ l fifty times ! space "h giv5 to ! :ole1 s t1 cr[d$ ) l9es z ?is appe>s1 sc>cely "o 9 fifty ( ^? actually visible c be giv5 9 x4 ,)\t try+ to und]/& all ^! n[1 let u notice only ! id5tity ( two or ?ree ( its pr9cipal elem5ts ) ^? f\nd 9 o!r />s1 z %[n by ! correspond+ id5tity ( "s lead+ l9es4 ,?us1 ,c & ,f 7) o!rs7 are kn[n to be caus$ by hydrog52 ,d1 by sodium2 b1 by magnesium2 :ile fa9t] l9es are giv5 by iron & by o!r sub/ances4 ,^! elem5ts c be trac$ by _! l9es 9 mo/ ( ! diff]5t />-spectra on ?is plate1 & all ^? nam$ are con/itu5ts ( our own frames4 ,! hydrog5 l9es are n q accurately %[n 9 ! plate f :i* our engrav+ is made1 ^? 9 ,sirius1 = in/ance1 be+ really wid] by comp>ison ?an !y are "h giv52 & we may obs]ve 9 ?is connection1 t by ! p>ticul> appe>ance su* l9es we> 9 ! spectrum itself we c obta9 "s notion ( ! mass ( a />1 z well z ( its *emical con/itution4 ,we c comp>e ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( su* bodies1 !n1 )\t ref]5ce to _! app>5t size1 or z ?\gh !y 7 all equally remote2 & x is a /rik+ ?\ght1 t :5 we ?us rise to an imp>tial contemplation ( ! :ole /ell> univ]se1 our sun1 ^: lea/ ray makes ! :ole ho/ ( />s disappe>1 is f\nd to be n only itself a />1 b by comp>ison a small "o1--"o at lea/ :i* is m probably bel[ ?an above ! av]age individual ( its class1 :ile "s1 su* z ,sirius1 are n impossibly hundr$s ( times its size4 ,!n comes a ?ird class1 su* z is %[n 9 ! spectrum ( ! brighte/ /> 9 ,orion1 look+ /ill a little l t ( our sun2 b yet m di/9ctively 9 t ( ! brighte/ /> 9 ,h]cules1 look+ l a column> or flut$ /ructure1 & conc]n+ :i* ! obs]vations ( ,locky] & o!rs create ! /rong presumption1 n to say c]ta9ty1 t we h "h a l[] temp]ature /ill4 ,ant>es & o!r r$di% />s belong to ?is division1 :i* 9 ! v r$ />s passes into ! f\r? type1 & !re are m classes & subclasses )\t end2 b we invite "h att5tion p>ticul>ly to ! fir/ ?ree1 mu* z we might pres5t a *ild1 an adult1 & an old man1 z types ( ! /ages ( human exi/5ce1 )\t mean+ to d5y t !re are any numb] ( ages betwe54 ,we c ev5 say t ?is may be some?+ m ?an a m]e figure ( spee*1 & t a succession 9 age is n improbably po9t$ at 9 ^! types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--;,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,orion4 7,,f ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,a4 ,a4 ,,common1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s47 ,we may h consid]$--p]haps n )\t a sort ( awe at ! va/ness ( ! retrospect--! pa/ life ( ! worlds ( our own sy/em1 f our own globe ( fluid fire z we see x by analogy 9 ! pa/1 ?r\gh ! /ages ( planet>y life to ! actual condition ( our pres5t gre5 e>?1 & on to ! /illness ( ! moon4 ,yet ! life hi/ory ( our sun1 we c h>dly b admit1 is indef9itely long] ?an ?is4 ,we feel1 r ?an compreh5d1 ! va/ness ( ! p]iod t sep>ates our civilization f ! e>ly life ( ! _w2 b :at is ?is to ! age ( ! sun1 :i* has look$ on & se5 its planet>y *ildr5 gr[8 ,yet if we admit ?is temp]ature classification ( ! />s1 we are n f> f admitt+ t ! spectroscope is n[ po9t+ out ! /ages 9 ! life ( suns !mselves2 suns j beg9n+ _! life ( almo/ inf9ite ye>s2 suns 9 ! middle ( _! c\rse2 suns :i* are gr[+ old & ca/+ feebl] beams1--all ^! & _m m x br+s be=e u4 ,ano!r division ( our subject w\ld1 ) m space1 include a full] acc\nt ( t /range & mo/ int]e/+ developm5t ( photography :i* is go+ on ev5 :ile we write2 & ?is is s new & s important1 t we mu/ try to give "s h9t ( x ev5 9 ?is brief summ>y1 = ev5 s9ce ! fir/ numb]s ( ?is s]ies 7 writt51 great advances h tak5 place 9 its application to cele/ial objects4 ,mo/ ( u h vague ideas ab\t small portions ( "t2 s mu* s1 t x is r surpris+ to f9d to h[ _m intellig5t p1 a second1 z se5 on ! clock face1 is its lea/ conceivable int]val4 ,yet a second has n only a beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 z mu* z a ye> has1 b c1 9 ?\ght at lea/1 be divid$ into j z _m numb]$ p>ts z a ye> c4 ,)\t ent]+ on a disquisition ab\t ?is1 let u try to %[ by "s famili> ?+ t we c at any rate n only divide a second 9 imag9ation into1 let u say1 a hundr$ p>ts1 b t we c obs]ve di/9ctly :at is happ5+ 9 su* a %ort "t1 & make a picture ( x1--a picture :i* %all be begun & complet$ :ile ?is hundr$? ( a second la/s4 ,e "o has fall5 ?r\gh at lea/ "s su* a little di/ance z comes 9 jump+ f a *air to ! floor1 & mo/ ( u1 x is safe to say1 h a famili> impression ( ! fact t x takes1 at any rate1 less ?an a second 9 su* a case f ! "t ! foot leaves its fir/ support till x t\*es ! gr\nd4 ,pla9ly1 h[ev] l>ge or small ! fall may be1 ea* fraction ( an in* ( x mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh 9 succession1 & if we suppose ! space to be divid$1 = in/ance1 into a hundr$ p>ts1 we mu/ divide 9 ?\ght ! second into at lea/ z _m1 s9ce ea* little successive space 0 trav]s$ 9 its own little int]val ( "t1 & ! :ole toge!r did n make a second4 ,we c ev51 z a matt] ( fact1 v easily calculate ! "t t x w take any?+ :i* has already fall51 let u say "o foot1 to fall an in* m2 & we f9d ?is1 9 ! suppos$ in/ance1 to be almo/ exactly "o "o-hundr$? ( a second4 ,on page #bdc is a reproduction ( a photograph f ,nature1 ( a man fall+ freely ?r\gh ! air4 ,he has dropp$ f ! grasp ( ! man above him1 & has already fall5 ?r\gh "s small di/ance1--a foot or s4 ,if we suppose x to be a foot1 s9ce we c see t ! man's features are n blurr$1 z !y w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 _h he mov$ ev5 mu* less ?an an in* :ile ?is picture 0 be+ tak51 x foll[s1 f :at has be5 said1 t ! mak+ ( ! :ole picture--l&scape1 spectators1 & all--occupi$ n ov] "o "o-hundr$? ( a second4 ,we h giv5 ?is view ( 8! fall+ man0 because1 rightly und]/ood1 x ?us c>ries int]nal evid5ce ( ! limit ( "t 9 :i* x c\ld h be5 made2 & ?is w s]ve z an introduction to ano!r picture1 :]e probably no "o w dispute t ! "t 0 /ill %ort]1 b :]e we _c give ! same k9d ( evid5ce ( ! fact4 8,quick z lightn+0 is our common simile = any?+ occupy+1 to ord9>y s5se1 no "t at all4 ,exact measurem5ts %[ t ! electric sp>k does occupy a "t1 :i* is almo/ inconceivably small1 & ( :i* we c only say "h t ! "o "o-hundr$? ( a second we h j be5 consid]+ is a long p]iod by comp>ison ) ! duration ( ! brighte/ portion ( ! light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--;,a ,,fall+ ,,man4 ,on page #bde we h ! photograph ( a fla% ( lightn+ 7:i* proves to be sev]al simultane\s fla%es71 tak5 la/ ,july f a po9t on ! ,connecticut coa/1 & %[+ n only ! vivid zigzag /reaks ( ! lightn+ itself1 b some?+ ( ! di/ant sea view1 & ! ma/s ( ! coa/ survey s*oon] 8,pal9urus0 9 ! =egr\nd1 reliev$ aga9/ ! sky4 ,we are "h conc]n$ ) ?is int]e/+ autograph ( ! lightn+1 only z an illu/ration ( our subject1 & z prov+ ! almo/ inf9ite s5sitiv5ess ( ! rec5t photographic processes2 = !re seems to be no limit to ! briefness ( "t 9 :i*1 ^! c s act 9 "s degree1 :e!r ! light be bright or fa9t1 & no kn[n limit to ! briefness ( "t requir$ = !m to act effectively if ! light be bright en\gh4 ,:at has j prec$$ w n[ help u to und]/& h[ x is t photography also succe$s s well 9 ! incomp>ably fa9t] objects we are ab\t to consid]1 & :i* h be5 produc$ n by %ort b by long exposures4 ,we h j se5 h[ s5sitive ! mod]n plate is1 & we are next to notice a new & v important po9t 9 :i* photographic action 9 g5]al diff]s rem>kably f t ( ! eye4 ,see+ may be describ$1 n :olly inaptly1 z ! recognition ( a s]ies ( brief successive photographs1 tak5 by ! optic l5s on ! ret9a2 b ! important diff]5ce betwe5 see+ & photograph+1 :i* we n[ ask att5tion to1 is ?is3 ,:5 ! eye looks at a fa9t object1 su* z ! spectrum ( a />1 or at ! /ill fa9t] nebula1 ?is1 z we "k1 appe>s no bright] at ! end ( half an h\r ?an at ! end ( ! fir/ half-second4 ,9 o!r words1 aft] a brief fraction ( a second1 ! visual effect does n s5sibly accumulate4 ,b 9 ! action ( ! photograph1 on ! contr>y1 ! effect does accumulate1 & 9 ! case ( a weak light accumulates indef9itely4 ,x is ow+ to ?is preci\s prop]ty1 t suppos+ 7= illu/ration m]ely7 ! lightn+ fla% to h occupi$ ! "o-?\s&? "p ( a second 9 impress+ itself on ! plate1 to get a ne>ly simil> effect f a cont9u\s light "o ?\s& times weak]1 we h only to expose ! date a ?\s& times z long1 t is1 = "o second2 :ile f a light a million times weak] we %\ld get ! same result by expos+ x a million times z long1 t is1 = a ?\s& seconds4 ,& n[ t we come to ! />s1 ^: spectra occupy m9utes 9 tak+1 :at we j consid]$ w help u to und]/& h[ we c advantage\sly ?us pass f a ?\s&? ( a second or less1 to "o ?\s& seconds or ev5 m1 & h[ we c ev51--giv5 "t en\gh1--conceivably1 be able to photograph :at ! eye _c see at all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--;,a ,,fla% ,,( ,,lightn+4 7,,f ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,dr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,piff>d47 ,we h on page #bca a photograph q rec5tly tak5 at ,cambridge f a gr\p ( />s 7! ,pleiades7 pass+ by ! telescope4 ,e /> is caught z x goes1 & pres5t$1 n 9 its ord9>y appe>ance to ! eye1 b by its spectrum4 ,!re is a g5]al resemblance 9 ^! spectra f ! same clu/]2 :ile 9 o!r cases ! spectra are ( all types & k9ds1 ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 individuals alike to ! eve1 be+ m /rik+ly %[n1 z />s app>5tly f> away f "o ano!r are se5 to h a common nature1 & />s look+ close toge!r 7b :i* may be m]ely 9 l9e1 & really f> ap>t7 h (t5 no resemblance2 & s ! :ole procession passes ?r\gh ! field ( view1 ea* individual leav+ its own description4 ,?is self-description w be bett] se5 9 ! rem>kable photographs ( ! spectra ( ,vega & ,aldeb>an1 :i* are reproduc$ on page #bce f ! orig9als by a process indep5d5t ( ! grav]4 ,!y 7 obta9$ on ! night ( ,novemb] #i1 #ahhf1 at ,cambridge1 z a "p ( ! "w pursu$ by ,pr(essor ,pick]+1 ) means :i* h be5 giv5 f fitt+ h&s1 ?us to =m a memorial ( ! late ,dr4 ,h5ry ,drap]4 ,we are oblig$ to ! s\rce indicat$1 !n1 = ! ability to %[ ! read] "h ! late/1 & z yet in$it$1 results 9 ?is direction2 & !y are su* z fully to ju/ify ! rem>k made above1 t m9utes1 by ?is new process1 take ! place ( ye>s ( "w by ! mo/ skilful a/ronom]'s eye & h&4 ,! spectrum ( ,vega 7,alpha ,lyr7 is m>k$ only by a few /rong l9es1 due *iefly to hydrog51 because ^! are all !re are to be se5 9 a /> ( its class4 ,aldeb>an 7! bright /> 9 ,taurus71 on ! contr>y1 "h ann\nces itself z belong+ to ! family ( our own sun1 a probably lat] type1 & di/+ui%$ by sol>-l l9es 9 its spectrum1 :i* may be c\nt$ 9 ! orig9al photograph to ! numb] ( ov] two hundr$4 ,!re is necess>ily "s loss 9 ! pr9t$ reproduction2 b is x n a wond]ful ?+1 to be able to look up1 z ! read] may d1 to ,aldeb>an 9 ! sky1 & !n d[n ^u ! page be=e u1 kn[+ t t remote1 trembl+ speck ( light has by "o ( ! late/ developm5ts ( ! ,new ,a/ronomy be5 made1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! grav]'s h&1 to write its own autograph record on ! page be=e him8 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( nebul> a/ronomy1 photography has work$ an equal *ange4 ,! writ] well rememb]s ! weeks he has himself sp5t 9 draw+ or attempt+ to draw nebul1--?+s (t5 s gho/-l z to disappe> f view e "t ! eye turn$ f ! :ite pap]1 & only to be se5 aga9 :5 x _h recov]$ its s5sitiv5ess by gaz+ into ! d>kness4 ,! labors ( weeks 71 lit]ally1 only repres5t$ by :at look$ l a /a9 on ! pap]2 & no two obs]v]s1 h[ev] c>eful1 c\ld be sure t ! *ange betwe5 two draw+s ( a nebula at diff]5t dates 0 due to an alt]ation 9 ! ?+ itself1 or 9 ! eye or h& ( ! obs]v]1 ?\gh un=tunately = ! same reason x is impossible fully to r5d] ! nebul\s effect ( ! photograph 9 engrav+4 ,we _c ) our be/ ef=ts1 !n1 d full ju/ice to ! admirable "o ( ,orion1 on page #bci1 :i* we owe to ! p>ticul> k9dness ( ,mr4 ,common1 ( ,eal+1 ,engl&1 ^: "w 9 ?is field is z yet unequall$4 ,! orig9al enl>gem5t measures ne>ly two squ>e feet 9 area1 ) f9e def9ition4 ,x is tak5 by ?irty-n9e m9utes' exposure1 & its "* c only be indicat$ "h2 = x is n too mu* to say "h ( ?is orig9al also1 t z _m ye>s ( ! life ( ! mo/ skill$ arti/ c\ld n produce s tru/wor?y a record ( ?is wond]4 ,! writ] rememb]s ! int]e/ ) :i* he he>d ,dr4 ,drap]1 n long be=e 8 lam5t$ dea?1 speak ( ! almo/ incr$ible s5sitiv5ess ( ^! mo/ rec5t photographic processes1 & 8 belief t we 7 fa/ approa*+ ! "t :5 we %\ld photograph :at we c\ld n ev5 see4 ,t "t has n[ arriv$4 ,at ,cambridge1 9 ,massa*usetts1 & at ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 by tak+ advantage ( ! cumulative action we h ref]r$ to1 & by long exposures1 photographs h rec5tly be5 tak5 %[+ />s absolutely invisible to ! telescope1 & enabl+ u to discov] fa9t nebul ^: previ\s exi/5ce _h n be5 suspect$2 & :5 we consid] t an h\r's exposure ( a plate1 n[ n only secures a full] />-*>t ?an ye>s ( an a/ronom]'s labor1 b a m exact "o1 t ! art is e mon? advanc+ p]ceptibly ov] ! la/1 & t x is already1 z we may say1 n only mak+ pictures ( :at we see1 b ( :at we _c see ev5 ) ! telescope1--we h be=e u a prospect ^: possibilities no fur!r words are ne$$ to sugge/4 ,we h n[1 n describ$1 b only m5tion$1 "s division ( ! labors ( ! ,new ,a/ronomy 9 its photometric1 spectroscopic1 & photographic /ell> rese>*es1 on ea* ( :i* z _m books1 r ?an *apt]s1 might be writt51 to give only :at is novel & ( curr5t int]e/4 ,b ^! are !mselves b a "p ( ! mod]n "w t has ov]turn$ or modifi$ almo/ e conception ab\t ! /ell> univ]se :i* 0 famili> to ! la/ g5]ation1 or :i* p]haps we 7 taught 9 our own y\?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 consid]+ ! results to be drawn f ?is glance we h tak5 at "s facts ( mod]n obs]vation1 if x be ask$1 n only :at ! facts are1 b :at lessons ! facts !mselves h to tea*1 !re is m ?an "o answ]1 = ! moral ( a /ory dep5ds on ! "o :o draws x1 & we may look on our /ory ( ! heav5s f ! po9t ( view ei!r ( our own importance or ( our own insignificance4 ,9 ! "o case we behold ! univ]se z a sort ( reflex ( our own selves1 mirror+ 9 va/ proportions ( "t & space our own de/9y2 & ev5 f ?is /&po9t1 "o ( ! lessons ( our subject is surely t !re is no p]man5ce 9 any creat$ ?+4 ,:5 primitive man le>n$ t ) laps+ ye>s ! oak )]$ & ! v rock decay$1 m sl[ly b z surely z himself1 he look$ up to ! />s z ! types ( contra/ to ! *ange he %>$1 & fondly deem$ !m et]nal2 b n[ we h f\nd *ange !re1 & t probably ! /> clu/]s & ! nebul1 ev5 if cl\ds ( suns & worlds1 are fix$ only by comp>ison ) our own brief ye>s1 &1 tri$ by ! t]ms ( _! own long exi/5ce1 are fleet+ l ourselves4 8,we h (t5 witness$ ! =mation ( a cl\d 9 a s]5e sky4 ,a hazy po9t b>ely p]ceptible--a little wrea? ( mi/ increases 9 volume & becomes d>k] & d5s]1 until x obscures a l>ge portion ( ! heav5s4 ,x ?r[s itself into fanta/ic %apes1 x ga!rs a glory f ! sun1 is borne onw>d by ! w9d1 & z x gradually came1 s1 p]haps1 x gradually disappe>s1 melt+ away 9 ! untr\bl$ air4 ,b ! univ]se is no?+ m ?an su* a cl\d1--a cl\d ( suns & worlds4 ,supremely gr& ?\gh x may seem to u1 to ! inf9ite & et]nal intellect x is no m ?an a fleet+ mi/4 ,if !re be a succession ( worlds 9 inf9ite space1 !re is also a succession ( worlds 9 inf9ite "t4 ,z "o aft] ano!r cl\d replaces cl\ds 9 ! skies1 s ?is />ry sy/em1 ! univ]se1 is ! successor ( c\ntless o!rs t h prec$$ x1--! pr$ecessor ( c\ntless o!rs t w foll[40 ,^! impressions are /r5g!n$ r ?an weak5$ :5 we come back f ! out] univ]se to our own little sol> sy/em2 = e process :i* we "k1 t5ds to ! dissipation1 or r ! degradation1 ( heat1 & seems to po9t1 9 our pres5t k1 to ! f9al decay & ext9ction ( ! light ( ! _w4 ,9 ! words ( "o ( ! mo/ em95t liv+ /ud5ts ( our subject1 8,! c&le ( ! sun is burn+ d[n1 &1 z f> z we c see1 mu/ at la/ rea* ! socket4 ,!n w beg9 a total eclipse :i* w h no end4 #8,dies ir1 dies illa1 ,solvet sclum 9 favilla4'0 ,yet ?\gh x may well be t ! fact itself "h is true1 x is possible t we draw ! moral to x1 unaw>es1 f an unackn[l$g$ satisfaction 9 ! idea ( ! va/ness ( ! fun]al pyre provid$ = su* be+s z ourselves1 & t x is pride1 aft] all1 :i* sugge/s ! ?\ght t :5 ! sun ( ! human race sets1 ! univ]se w be left t5antless1 z a body f :i* ! s\l has fl$4 ,c we n br+ ourselves to admit t !re may be some?+ high] ?an man & m endur+ ?an frail humanity1 9 "s sph]e 9 :i* our univ]se1 condition$ z x is 9 space & "t1 is itself embrac$2 & s di/ru/ ! conclusions ( man's reason :]e !y seem to flatt] 8 pride8 ,may we n receive ev5 ! tea*+s ( sci5ce1 z to ! 8,laws ( ,nature10 ) ! con/ant memory t all we "k1 ev5 f sci5ce itself1 dep5ds on our v limit$ s5sations1 our v limit$ exp]i5ce1 & our /ill m limit$ p[] ( conceiv+ any?+ = :i* ?is exp]i5ce has n prep>$ u8 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h read some:]e a /ory ab\t a race ( ephem]al insects :o live b an h\r4 ,to ^? :o are born 9 ! e>ly morn+ ! sunrise is ! "t ( y\?4 ,!y die ( old age :ile 8 beams are yet ga!r+ =ce1 & only _! desc5dants live on to midday2 :ile x is ano!r race :i* sees ! sun decl9e1 f t :i* saw him rise4 ,imag9e ! sun ab\t to set1 & ! :ole nation ( mites ga!r$ "u ! %ad[ ( "s mu%room 7to !m anci5t z ! sun itself7 to he> :at _! wise/ philosoph] has to say ( ! gloomy prospect4 ,if ,i rememb] aright1 he fir/ told !m t1 incr$ible z x might seem1 !re 0 n only a "t 9 ! _w's y\? :5 ! mu%room itself 0 "y1 b t ! sun 9 ^? e>ly ages 0 9 ! ea/]n1 n 9 ! we/]n1 sky4 ,s9ce !n1 he expla9$1 ! eyes ( sci5tific ephem]a _h foll[$ x1 & e/abli%$ by induction f va/ exp]i5ce ! great 8,law ( ,nature10 t x mov$ only we/w>d2 & he %[$ t s9ce x 0 n[ ne>+ ! we/]n horizon1 sci5ce h]self po9t$ to ! conclusion t x 0 ab\t to disappe> =ev]1 toge!r ) ! great race ( ephem]a = :om x 0 creat$4 ,:at 8 he>]s ?\ght ( ?is disc\rse ,i d n rememb]1 b ,i h he>d t ! sun rose aga9 ! next morn+4 ,,index4 ,abbe1 ,pr(essor1 #ef4 ,act9ism1 #ga4 ,adams1 ,pr(essor1 #aie4 ,africa1 #aaf4 ,ages1 /ell>1 #bch4 ,air3 danc+1 #ag2 a m$ium1 #cc2 cont9u\s1 #agf2 r>efi$1 #agi2 motes1 #aha2 nimble1 #aia4 7,see ,atmosph]e47 ,airless ,m\nta9s1 #afj4 ,air-wave1 #ahe4 ,aitk5's ,rese>*es1 #aha4 ,alaska1 #ch4 ,aldeb>an1 #bbb1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bdf4 ,algot1 #bbh4 ,allegh5y ,obs]vatory1 #ag1 #ai1 #hd1 #hf4 7,see ,langley47 ,alphonsus ,r+-pla91 #aef4 ,alps1 #ci1 #adh1 #aea1 #afg1 #aha4 7,see ,ap5n9es1 ,lun>47 ,am]ican ,a/ronom]s1 #bbg4 ,am]ican ,cont95ts1 #bj1 #ba1 #ca4 7,see ,s\?47 ,&alusia1 #ec4 ,animalcul1 #bbd4 ,animals3 food1 #gd2 fright1 #db4 7,see ,dog47 ,ant>es1 #bch4 ,ants1 #bbc4 7,see ,insects47 ,ap5n9es1 #aea1 #aec1 #aee1 #afj1 #afg4 7,see ,alps1 ,lun>47 ,apples1 #aga4 ,arab ,traditions1 #aid4 7,see ,moslem47 ,arago1 quot$1 #da1 #db4 ,ar*im$es1 #id4 ,ar*im$es ,crat]1 #aea-aec1 #aee4 ,arctic ,cold1 #aei4 ,arctic ,pole1 #if4 ,arcturus1 #bjh1 #baa4 ,ari/illus ,crat]1 #aea4 ,ari/otelian ,philosophy1 #h4 ,arza*el1 #aef1 #afa4 ,a/]oids1 #abh4 ,a/rology1 #abg4 ,a/ronom]s & 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