,illu/ration ,,dut* ,,et*]s ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,by ,,laur5ce ,,b9yon ,( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s1 ,briti% ,museum ,illu/ration ,,london ,,seeley ,,& ,,co4 ,,limit$1 ,,essex ,,/reet1 ,,/r& ,,new ,,york1 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 #ahie ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plates ,,page ,! ,two ,pl\gh ,horses4 ,f ! et*+ by ,paul ,pott]4 ,b4 #ab ,frontispiece ,! ,wife ,sp9n+4 ,f ! et*+ by ,a4 ,van ,o/ade4 ,b4 #ca to face#bh ,sea ,piece4 ,f ! et*+ by ,l4 ,backhuys54 ,b4 #d 0 0 #eb ,ox & ,%eep4 ,f ! et*+ by ,a4 ,van de ,velde4 ,b4 #ab 0 0 #gd ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,text ,,fig4 #a4 ,! ,spectacle ,sell]4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #bi #h #b4 ,peasant ) a ,po9t$ ,cap4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #c #aj #c4 ,game ( ,backgammon4 ,f a draw+ by ,o/ade4 ,briti% ,museum #ab #d4 ,! ,*ild & ! ,doll4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #af #ad #e4 ,man & ,woman ,conv]s+4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #cg #af #f4 ,! ,b>n4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #bc #ai #g4 ,! ,humpback$ ,fiddl]4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #dd #bb #h4 ,peasant pay+ 8 ,reckon+4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #db #be #i4 ,say+ ,grace4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #cd #bg #aj4 ,! ,angl]4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #bf #bi #aa4 ,! ,tav]n4 ,by ,bega4 ,b4 #cb #cc #ab4 ,tobias & ! ,angel4 ,by ,h4 ,segh]s4 ,m4 #bcf #cf #ac4 ,! ,flight into ,egypt4 ,by ,rembr&t4 ,m4 #bcf #ci #ad4 ,?ree ,m5 "u a ,tree4 ,by ,ev]d+54 ,b4 #e #db #ae4 ,l&scape 9 ,norway4 ,by ,ev]d+54 ,b4 #ge #dc #af4 ,dr9k+ ! ,wat]s at ,spa4 ,by ,ev]d+54 ,b4 #if #de #ag4 ,! ,cornfield4 ,by ,j4 ,ruisdael4 ,b4 #e #di #ah4 ,! ,burnt ,h\se on ! ,canal4 ,by ,van d] ,heyd5 #ea #ai4 ,fi%+ ,boats4 ,by ,r4 ,zeeman4 ,b4 #ch #ed #bj4 ,road1 ) ,trees & ,figures4 ,by ,bre5b]gh4 ,b4 #ag #ef #ba4 ,l&scape4 ,by ,bo?4 ,b4 #c #ei #bb4 ,a ,ram4 ,by ,b]*em4 ,b4 #ea #fa #bc4 ,title ,piece4 ,by ,b]*em4 ,b4 #ce #fd #bd4 ,! ,bull4 ,by ,paul ,pott]4 ,b4 #a #ff #be4 ,/udies ( a ,dog4 ,by ,paul ,pott]4 ,briti% ,museum #fi #bf4 ,! ,c[4 ,by ,paul ,pott]4 ,b4 #c #gb #bg4 ,mules4 ,by ,k4 ,du ,j>d94 ,b4 #b #gc #bh4 ,pigs4 ,by ,k4 ,du ,j>d94 ,b4 #ae #gf #bi4 ,a ,goat4 ,by ,a4 ,van de ,velde4 ,b4 #af #gh ,,dut* ,,et*]s ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,,introduction ,i ,:51 t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,adam ,b>ts* began t monum5t ( 8 indu/ry & pati5ce1 ,le ,pe9tre ,graveur1 he devot$ ! fir/ volumes ( 8 tw5ty-"o1 n to ! e>ly engrav]s ( ,g]many or ,italy1 b to ! ,dut* et*]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,^! 71 9 fact1 ! idols ( ! amateur ( t day2 & ! indiscrim9ate praises :i* ,b>ts* lavi%es on m$iocre arti/s1 l ,wat]loo or ,le ,ducq1 suffici5tly %[ h[ unconte/$ 0 _! rank1 & h[ fa%ionable _! reputation4 ,s9ce !n _! vogue has consid]ably decl9$4 ,rembr&t1 ( :om ,b>ts* treat$ 9 a sep>ate "w1 is p]haps m admir$1 m /udi$ ?an he ev] 04 ,8 et*+s1 reproduc$ 9 m or less accurate =ms1 are n only famili> to arti/s & to /ud5ts1 b1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 rea* ev5 ! g5]al public4 ,b ,rembr&t's glory has obscur$ ! fame ( 8 c\ntrym5 & contempor>ies4 ,l ,%akespe>e by ! side ( ! less] ,elizabe?ans1 he /&s =? alone & dazzl+1 &1 ?\gh !y enjoy a titul> r5[n1 !y suff] a comp>ative neglect4 ,yet1 if ,rembr&t is by f> ! greate/1 o!rs are great also4 ,! foll[+ pages are design$ to s]ve z a sort ( introduction to ! m notable among ^! et*]s1 9 ! same way t ,mr4 ,ham]ton's monograph1 ! fir/ ( ! pres5t s]ies ( ! ,portfolio1 0 int5d$ z an introduction to ! et*$ "w ( ,rembr&t4 ,& fir/1 let u w>n ! read] :o is famili> p]haps ) ma/]pieces l ! ,*ri/ ,heal+ ! ,sick & ,rembr&t ,draw+ at a ,w9d[1 ,clem5t de ,jonghe1 or ,! ,?ree ,trees1 b :o is n yet acqua9t$ ) ! et*+s ( ,o/ade & ,paul ,pott]1 n to expect too mu*4 ,few ( ^! less] ma/]s approa* ,rembr&t 9 ! specific qualities ( ! et*]3 he is beyond !m all 9 draughtsman%ip1 f> beyond !m 9 ! int5sity ( 8 imag9ation4 ,yet ! be/ ( !m mu/ rank high4 ,x is 8 imm5sity ( range :i* m>ks (f ,rembr&t1 m ev5 ?an 8 transc5d5t p[]s1 f ! re/ ( ! ,dut* et*]s4 ,n only did 8 production exce$ by f> ! mo/ prolific among !m1 b he t\*$ on almo/ e side ( life4 ,yet he 0 n ! s*ool 9 epitome1 z a ha/y en?usiasm might affirm4 ,) all 8 bread? ( sympa?y1 8 insatiable curiosity1 he 0 n q univ]sal4 ,! life ( animals1 ! gr[? & beauty ( trees1 ! motion ( ! sea-waves--none ( ^! attract$ ,rembr&t deeply4 ,& "h1 to supplem5t him1 we h ! "w ( m5 l ,pott]1 ,backhuys51 ,ruisdael1 ea* develop+ 8 peculi> ve94 ,all ( ^! et*]s :om we h to consid] are1 h[ev]1 indep5d5t ( ,rembr&t & 8 influ5ce4 ,! ,rembr&t s*ool has be5 expressly exclud$ f ! pres5t monograph4 ,=1 int]e/+ z "s ( ^? arti/s are1 ! fir/ ?\ght sugge/$ by _! "w is t x recalls ,rembr&t3 ! second ?\ght1 t x is n ,rembr&t4 ,x is _! relation to _! ma/] t int]e/s u r ?an any intr9sic excell5ce ( _! own4 ,only ! indep5d5t ma/]s1 !re=e1 are exhibit$ "h2 & f ^! gr\ps ( et*]s sev]al ( ! greate/ names 9 ,dut* art are abs5t4 ,frans ,hals1 ,jan ,/e51 ,v]me] ( ,delft1 ,hobbema1 ,de ,hoo*--none ( ^!1 s f> z we "k1 has left a s+le plate4 ,adria5 ,br\w] et*$ a few2 b !y af=d only ! slighte/ indications ( 8 g5ius4 ,& ,alb]t ,cuyp1 :o is ! au?or ( half a doz5 small et*+s1 %[$ 9 ?is l9e b little ( 8 skill1 & did n app>5tly pursue x f>!r4 ,yet ! quantity ( et*$ plates produc$ dur+ ?is p]iod 9 ,holl& is imm5se1 & mo/ ( ! be/ "w 0 publi%$ )9 ! same two or ?ree decades4 ,to take a s+le ye>1 #afeb1 ,pott]'s /udies ( horses1 a set ( cattle by ,b]*em1 sev]al plates by ,du ,j>d91 "o ( ! f9e/ pieces ( ,o/ade1 ,la ,fileuse1 appe>$ 9 x2 :ile ! ye> foll[+ saw ! publication ( ,adria5 van de ,velde's l>ge/ et*+1 & ,ruisdael's ,?ree ,oaks _h be5 issu$ b ?ree ye>s e>li]4 ,rembr&t's ,tobit ,bl9d is dat$ #afea1 & ! ,?ree ,crosses #afec4 ,?is great fecundity has be5 necess>ily a s\rce ( "s emb>rassm5t to ! writ]2 & ?\gh a numb] ( m9or m5 h be5 omitt$1 sev]al et*]s h be5 includ$1 :om = ! sake ( complet5ess x 0 necess>y to give "s acc\nt (1 b :om x is h>d to make int]e/+1 & ab\t :om en?usiasm is impossible4 ,,ii ,treat+1 z x does1 ( s consid]able a numb] ( ma/]s1 ! pres5t monograph aims at indicat+1 z f> z space w\ld all[1 some?+ ( ! relations betwe5 !m1 & at trac+ ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! v>i\s s*ools4 ,to h tak5 ! et*]s sep>ately & consid]$ _! "w ap>t1 w\ld h meant ! compilation ( a t$i\sly cr[d$ catalogue4 ,b :5 once ! ma/]s are approa*$ f ! hi/orical side1 x is impossible to treat !m simply z et*]s4 ,x is z pa9t]s t !y influ5c$ & 7 influ5c$4 ,consequ5tly "s acc\nt has _h to be tak5 ( !m z pa9t]s4 ,& s9ce "s :o produc$ little1 & t little n v rem>kable1 9 et*+1 are yet ( great significance z arti/s1 x has be5 impossible to treat ea* man simply on 8 m]its z an et*]4 ,h5ce1 = in/ance1 mu* m space has be5 devot$ to ,ruisdael ?an ! quality or ! am\nt ( 8 "w on copp] /rictly m]its4 ,! lives ( mo/ ( ^! arti/s h1 till rec5tly1 re/$ on a some:at %ift+ f\ndation4 ,dates ( bir? & dea? h fluctuat$ 9 v>i\s au?ors ) easy rapidity4 ,( "s1 ev5 n[1 no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n4 ,b ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 van d] ,willig51 ,dr4 ,br$ius1 ,dr4 ,h(/$e de ,groot1 & o!rs 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,dut* cities h prov$ mu*1 disprov$ m1 & set ! :ole subject 9 a cle>] light4 ,to ,dr4 ,br$ius' ,mei/]w]ke d] knigli*5 ,gemlde-,gal]ie im ,haag1 & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,! ,spectacle ,sell]4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #bi4 /ill m to 8 ,mei/]w]ke des ,rijks ,museum zu ,am/]dam1 ! writ] is "u special obligation1 :i* he desires mo/ gratefully to ackn[l$ge4 ,b 9 spite ( _m readju/m5ts ( *ronology1 mat]ials = ! lives ( ^! arti/s are s+ul>ly meagre4 ,d\btless _! lives 7 9 mo/ cases extremely simple4 ,_m nev] left _! native t[n1 or ex*ang$ x only = a home a few miles (f3 ,ha>lem = ,am/]dam1 or ,am/]dam = ! ,hague4 ,o!rs made ! j\rney to ,italy1 or sp5t "s ye>s 9 ,france or ,g]many2 b "h ! j\rney itself is sometimes only a matt] ( inf]5ce f ! pa9t]'s works4 ,bir?1 m>riage1 & dea?3 !re is little beyond ^!1 & ! dates ( _! pr9cipal productions1 to record ab\t _m ( ^! m54 ,( ! :ole social life ( ! ,holl& ( t day we "k practically no?+ b :at its pa9t+s tell u4 ,_h ^? pa9t+s n surviv$1 :at a blank w\ld be left 9 our conceptions ( ?is c\ntry & its hi/ory6 ,mo/ c\ntries t h left u great art h left u also great lit]ature1 & ea* is ! complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,! m>bles ( ! ,p>!non h n only ! en*antm5t ( _! incomp>able sculpture1 b br+ to our m9ds a ?\s& recollections1 ga!r$ 9 ! fields ( lit]ature4 ,9 a less degree1 x is ! same ) our enjoym5t ( ,italian pa9t+4 ,x is "o aspect ( ! fl[]+ "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 b n ! only aspect1 nor ! only mat]ial we h = inve/igat+ & realis+ t movem5t4 ,!re 01 no d\bt1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( lit]ature produc$ 9 sev5te5?-c5tury ,holl&2 b x does n p5etrate beyond ,holl&4 ,besides ! names ( ,sp9oza & ( ,grotius1 :o are great b n 9 lit]ature prop]1 n a s+le au?or's "n is famili>1 nor any book em95t en\gh to become a classic 9 translations4 ,& x is c]ta9ly n = ! sake ( ! lit]ature t a =eign] le>ns ,dut*4 ,h5ce a c]ta9 remot5ess 9 our ideas ab\t ,holl&1 al?\gh x lies s ne> u3 a remot5ess emphasis$ 9 ,engl& by ! g5]al ignorance ( ! language4 ,:5 "o looks at a picture by ,watteau1 "o seems to be jo9+ 9 ! conv]sation ( ^? adorable ladies & _! gallants2 half in/9ctively1 "o seems to div9e ! witty phrase1 ! happy complim5t t is on ! speak]'s lips4 ,b ! conv]sations ( ,t] ,bor* & ( ,metsu are mute & di/ant4 ,we he> ! jovial laught] ( ,hals1 b we _c div9e 8 je/s & oa?s4 ,& ,van de ,velde's m]ry skat+ companies1 & ,o/ade's tav]n-haunt+ peasants1 & ! family gr\ps 9 _! gravely furni%$ rooms1 ri* ) a sob] opul5ce1 ( ,de ,hoo* or ( ,jan ,/e51 all1 9 spite ( _! human t\*es & _! gaiety1 affect u ) a k9d ( haunt+ sil5ce4 ,mr4 ,pat]1 9 "o ( ! mo/ f9i%$ & *>m+ ( 8 ,imag9>y ,portraits1 ,seba/ian van ,/orck1 call$ up a picture ( ! social life ( ^! times1 v sugge/ive & delightful2 b x 0 notewor?y1 h[ mu* ( x 0 m]ely a recon/ruction1 9 words1 ( impressions f ! contempor>y pictures4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 our ignorance may n co/ u mu*4 ,we judge ! pa9t]s z pa9t]s1 & by _! works2 we are n di/ract$ by ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,peasant ) a ,po9t$ ,cap4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #c4 o!r circum/ances ab\t !m1 & t is an advantage4 ,!y may h _h !ories ab\t pa9t+1 b =tunately we d n "k !m1 except by inf]5ce f _! practice4 ,& if sev5te5?-c5tury ,holl& has only express$ h]self 9 pa9t+1 %e has kn[n h[ to express h]self ) m>vell\s fulness4 ,nev] be=e1 & nev] p]haps s9ce1 has pictorial art be5 s univ]sally ! spee* ( a nation2 nev] has x be5 m v>i\s & abundant4 ,in/ead ( be+ ! h&maid ( religion or ! adornm5t ( a c\rt1 x is n[ = ! fir/ "t itself3 full-blood$1 active1 exub]ant1 scorn+ no?+1 attempt+ ev]y?+4 ,mod]n ) all ! add$ ri*ness t ! mod]n _s all[s 9 life & art1 x reflects ! j pride & joy ( a great nation arriv$1 ?r\gh incr$ible /ruggle & privation1 at victory & peace4 ,yet m wond]ful ev5 ?an ?is abundance is ! f9e tact1 ! in/9ctive judgm5t1 :i* guid$ su* pr(use creation4 ,= 9 all ! great pa9t]s ( ,holl& !re is ! same sure *oice ( subjects prop] to pa9t+1 ! same sure avoidance ( :at does n l5d itself s mu* to pa9t+ z to "s o!r expression ( art4 ,religi\s pictures 9 ! old s5se1 pictures int5d$ = *ur*es1 7 =bidd5 by ! ,prote/ant _s4 ,no c\rt exi/$ to patronise ! pa9t]s4 ,yet !y seem$ unconsci\s ( be+ cut (f f any prov9ce4 ,9 ! life ar\nd !m !y f\nd ov]fl[+ mat]ial1 & _! *oice ( subject 0 inv>iably simple1 nev] a complex product l ! engrav+s ( ,dr]1 half lit]>y 9 _! int]e/2 nev] anecdotic or moral4 ,an excell5t tradition 0 begun1 :i* la/$ ?r\gh ! c5tury4 ,nor 0 ?is tradition due to ! creative impulse ( "o man4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ,holl& p>allel to ! r5ovation1 ! re-creation r1 ( ,flemi% art by ,rub5s4 ,rembr&t came ne> ! beg9n+1 b he did n />t ! p]iod4 ,"o _c say precisely h[ ?is great tradition began2 x seems z if ! fl[]+ "t came all at once ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 ) ! my/]i\s sudd5ness ( spr+4 ,till ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x 0 ,italy f :i* ,dut* arti/s took _! inspiration1 b h5ce=w>d x is a native impulse4 ,only m5 ( less] importance w5t to pa9t at ,rome1 & ev5 !n !y took !re m ?an !y br\ght away4 ,,iii ,consid]$ z et*]s1 ! ,dut* ma/]s range !mselves some:at diff]5tly4 ,only a few1 seem+ly1 realis$ ! specific capacities & limitations ( et*+3 ! re/ reg>d$ x m]ely z a me?od ( reproduc+ _! draw+s1 z an easi] k9d ( engrav+4 ,?is 0 probably ! conception ( ^? :o fir/ appli$ acid to metal = ! purpose ( reproduc+ designs1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury3 ! art _h be5 =m]ly employ$ only 9 ! damasc5+ ( swords or arm\r4 ,alb]t ,dr] is an exception2 =1 ?\gh he did n develop ! me?od f>1 he saw t x requir$ a diff]5t k9d ( h&l+ f t suitable = ! bur92 & 9 8 few et*$ plates ! "w is fre] & m op5 ?an t ( 8 l9e-engrav+s4 ,! fir/ m5 to use et*+ ext5sively 7 ! ,hopf] family ( ,augsburg1 :o produc$ a great numb] ( pr9ts1 *iefly decorative designs4 ,x 0 employ$ 9 l&scape by ,altdorf]1 ,hirs*vogel1 ,laut5sack1 & o!rs among ! ,little ,ma/]s4 ,b ^! did little m ?an ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,game ( ,backgammon4 ,f a draw+ by ,o/ade4 ,briti% ,museum4 c>ry on ! ,nrnb]g tradition ( engrav+1 ?r\gh ano!r m$ium4 ,!y _h little or no influ5ce on ! ,dut*m54 ,a new & p[]ful /imulus1 h[ev]1 0 to be giv5 to et*+ ) ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 by ! prolific & fam\s ,fr5* arti/1 ,jacques ,callot4 ,born 9 #aeib1 ,callot produc$ a great mass ( "w be=e 8 dea? 9 #afch1 & 8 et*+s1 by :i* alone he is kn[n1 _h a great popul>ity 9 8 lifetime4 ,9 #afbd he 0 invit$ to ,brussels by ! ,infanta ,isabella ,cl>a ,eug5ia1 & 0 commission$ by h] to commemorate ! ,siege ( ,br$a1 an ev5t :i* also occasion$ a ma/]piece to ,velasquez1 ! fam\s ,lances ( ,madrid4 ,callot und\bt$ly br\ght ! art into prom95ce & fav\r 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,yet ( direct influ5ce ov] ei!r ,flem+s or ,dut*m51 ,callot _h little or none4 ,8 _s 0 too ess5tially ,fr5*1 8 me?od too individual1 = him to be imitat$ by m5 ( su* diff]5t race & temp]am5t4 ,9 #afbg1 h[ev]1 ,callot met1 at ,nancy1 ,claude ,lorra9e1 & probably in/ruct$ him 9 et*+4 ,claude left ,nancy = ,italy 9 ! same ye>1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> et*$ 8 fir/ plates4 ,betwe5 #afcj & #affc1 he publi%$ a consid]able numb]1 among !m "s ( exquisite delicacy & beauty4 ,& f ^! et*+s _m ( ! ,dut*m5 d]ive _! inspiration2 & ,claude is said to h employ$ m5 l ,swaneveldt1 ,&ries ,bo?1 & ,jan ,miel = ins]t+ figures 9 8 l&scapes4 ,ano!r =eign ma/] :o ex]cis$ a widespread influ5ce ov] ! ,dut* et*]s 0 ! ,g]man1 ,adam ,el%eim]4 ,traces ( ?is influ5ce p]vade ! hi/ory ( ,dut* art1 z ,dr4 ,bode 9 8 ,/udi5 zur ,ges*i*te d] holldndis*5 ,mal]ei has v fully demon/rat$4 ,el%eim] et*$ a few plates2 b1 ) all def]5ce to ,dr4 ,bode's au?ority1 we f9d x difficult to atta* to !m ! importance :i* he gives !m4 ,?r\gh ! et*+s & engrav+s made f 8 pictures ,el%eim] 0 und\bt$ly a s\rce ( inspiration to ! ,dut*m51 b sc>cely ?r\gh ! r>e & by no means rem>kable plates :i* he et*$ himself4 ,! real importance ( ,el%eim]1 & ! secret ( 8 fasc9ation ov] 8 contempor>ies1 lie 9 8 fre% treatm5t ( light & %ade4 ,problems ( light+ occupi$ 8 contempor>ies1 ,c>avaggio & ,hon?or/1 b ^! devot$ _! skill *iefly to effects ( d\ble light+ & /rong contra/2 x 0 ! r5d]+ ( lum9\s %ad[ & subtle tones ( twilight t ,el%eim] 0 ! fir/ to attack4 ,9 ?is he is a =]unn] ( ,rembr&t1 :o und\bt$ly took sugge/ions f him1 & 0 help$ by him 9 8 own developm5t ( *i>oscuro4 ,rembr&t _c be fully und]/ood )\t a k ( :at ,el%eim] _h done be=e him4 ,b ,rembr&t 0 by no means ! only ,dut* ma/] :o pr(it$ by ! ,g]man's art4 ,! :ole ( ! ,italianis$ ,dut* s*ool at ,rome1 m5 l ,poel5burg = in/ance1 felt 8 influ5ce m or less /rongly4 ,nor 0 he )\t foll[]s 9 ! native s*ool ( l&scape pa9t]s & et*]s 9 ,holl&1 z we %all see :5 we come to !m4 ,el%eim]1 9 f9e1 ?\gh by no means a great pa9t]1 is ( consid]able hi/orical importance1 & ! admiration :i* he excit$ 9 8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,! ,*ild & ! ,doll4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #af4 own day c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$4 ,s great a man z ,rub5s admir$ him s mu* t he _h ?ree ( 8 l&scapes on 8 walls1 & made copies f 8 pa9t+s & designs4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable1 because ,rub5s r>ely occupi$ himself ) ! problems t fasc9at$ ,el%eim]4 ,& :ile ^! problems 7 ( a k9d to appeal to et*]s1 x 0 n on et*+ b on l9e-engrav+1 an art admitt+ little scope = subtlety ( *i>oscuro1 t ,rub5s ca/ 8 pot5t influ5ce4 ,)\t us+ ! bur9 himself1 he employ$ a numb] ( brilliant engrav]s to reproduce 8 designs1 j z ,raphael _h employ$ ,m>c ,antonio = ! l purpose4 ,ev5 9 our day1 :5 public picture-gall]ies are num]\s & ! di/ances betwe5 v>i\s capitals h s imm5sely %runk1 ! fame ( ! great pa9t]s re/s /ill to a l>ge ext5t on photographs & engrav+s f _! works2 x is easy1 !re=e1 to compreh5d ( :at capital importance x 0 = ma/]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies to secure compet5t int]pret]s4 ,l9e-engrav+ 0 admirably suit$ = ! reproduction ( pictures l ^? ( ,rub5s1 ) _! l>ge design & fl[+ sweep4 ,& s pot5t 0 ,rub5s's example1 t et*+ f\nd 9 ,belgium only a few isolat$1 & ) ! s+le exception ( ,v&yck1 unimportant foll[]s4 ,9 ,holl& x 0 j ! rev]se4 ,p]haps x 0 ! result ( "s vital diff]5ce 9 temp]am5t betwe5 ! ,flem+s & ! ,dut*m51 su* z caus$ ! "o c\ntry to embrace ! sev]]1 sob]] religion ( ,prote/antism1 :ile ! o!r clung to ! m anci5t cre$ ( ,rome1 ) its /rong appeal to ! s5ses2 at any rate1 x seems *>act]i/ic t l9e-engrav+1 ) its capacity = reproduc+ qualities ( spl5d\r & spaci\s action1 %\ld h f\nd 9 ,antw]p its mo/ effective1 v>i\s1 & brilliant exposition1 :ile ! pla9]1 m self-conta9$1 m int5se _s ( ! great ,dut*m5 develop$ ! m p]sonal1 intimate1 subtle art ( et*+1 z x _h nev] be5 develop$ be=e4 ,b ,dut*m51 no less ?an ,flem+s1 felt ! ne$ = reproduc+ _! designs1 & "h arose a difficulty4 ,= et*+ is n1 9 spite ( mod]n successes1 s well adapt$ to reproduction z l9e-engrav+ is4 ,z we h said1 x 0 only a c]ta9 numb] ( ! ,dut*m5 :o div9$ ?is4 ,rembr&t1 ( c\rse1 p]ceiv$ x2 & ?\gh he spread 8 fame by work+ /eadily on copp] z well z on canvas1 he made 8 et*$ "w indep5d5t ( 8 pa9t+ & nev] a simple reproduction ( pictures4 ,less] m5 _h n ! intellig5ce to d z he did2 & _m ( ! arti/s ( :om we %all treat1 ?\gh !y produc$ f9e "w on copp]1 _c be e/eem$ true et*]s4 ,we w beg9 our /udies ) "o :o 01 beyond dispute1 a born et*]1 ,o/ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,man & ,woman ,conv]s+4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #cg4 ,,o/ade ,,& ,,8 ,,s*ool ,i ,adria5 van ,o/ade 0 born 9 ,ha>lem1 at ! end ( #afaj4 ,! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,van d] ,willig5 h plac$ ?is fact beyond d\bt1 & ! old tradition ( 8 hav+ be5 born at ,lbeck mu/ !re=e be set aside4 ,9 ! baptismal regi/] = ,decemb] #aj1 #afaj1 !re is ent]$ ! "n ( ,adria51 son ( ,jan ,h5dricx1 ( ,eyndhov51 & ( ,janneke ,h5driks54 ,on ! #bnd ( ,june1 #afba1 ! bir? ( ,isack1 son ( ! same p>5ts1 is record$4 ,^! dates h always be5 associat$ ) ! bir?s ( ! bro!rs ,o/ade1 & !re are o!r gr\nds = id5tify+ !m ) ! ,adria5 & ,isack j m5tion$4 ,jan ,h5dricx 0 a weav]1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! religi\s p]secutions ( ! "t1 left 8 native ,eyndhov51 a village 9 ,nor? ,brabant1 = ,ha>lem4 ,?is 0 "s "t be=e #afje1 = 9 t ye>1 already a burgess ( ! t[n1 he m>ri$4 ,he _h sev]al *ildr52 & 9 a docum5t ( #afej1 two ( !m are m5tion$ z bro!r & si/] to ,adria5 & ,isack1 :o are ?us prov$ to h be5 8 sons4 ,! "n ( ,o/ade 0 tak5 f a hamlet close to ,eyndhov54 ,adria5 is fir/ m5tion$ ) ?is surname z a memb] ( ! civic gu>d1 9 #afcf4 ,ha>lem1 ,m4 ,vosma] has said1 is 9 two ?+s l ,flor5ce4 ,x is a city ( fl[]s & a city ( arti/s4 ,its ar*ives %[ t f an e>ly "t ! arts fl\ri%$ & 7 fo/]$ !re4 ,money 0 nev] grudg$ = f9e "w 9 e bran* ( skilful indu/ry1 no less ?an = good pa9t+ & good sculpture4 ,! goldsmi?1 ! pott]1 ! lea!r-work]1 ! /one-cutt]1 c\ld f9d employm5t = _! p[]s & remun]ation wor? _! skill4 ,ha>lem 01 9 fact1 a type ( ^? busy & prosp]\s cities :]e x seems t art ?rives be/2 = ?\gh art & comm]ce are (t5 suppos$ to h a natural disagreem5t1 hi/ory %[s !m to h be5 ! mo/ apt companions4 ,b ! city ( ,di]ick ,b\ts1 ( ,alb]t van ,ouwat]1 ( ,jan ,scorel1 0 at ! "t ( ,o/ade's bir?1 9 a condition ev5 m fav\rable = ! production ( f9e "w ?an x _h be5 9 ! fifte5? & foll[+ c5turies4 ,9 #aegc occurr$ ! fam\s siege by ! ,spani>ds4 ,^? :o _h borne ! burd5 ( ^? t]rible days 7 n[ gr[+ old2 b ! "y g5]ation receiv$ & h&$ on _! h]oic memories1 unembitt]$ by ?\ghts ( loss1 suff]+1 or defeat4 ,& :51 9 #afji1 peace came1 & ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 ackn[l$g$ by ,spa91 turn$ to enjoy _! victori\s repose1 !re 0 add$ ! s5se ( triumph to t ( trials endur$4 ,x 0 ! great "t = ,holl&4 ,h] soldi]s 7 fam$ z ! f9e/ 9 ,europe4 ,h] navy 0 ! mo/ p[]ful1 ! be/-mann$4 ,h] cities grew1 & weal? p\r$ into !m4 ,a univ]sal well-be+ p]vad$ ! c\ntry1 & a _s ( joy & ( expansion1 l ! gl[ ( heal?1 diffus$ itself 9 ! citiz5s4 ,x 0 natural t art1 too1 %\ld feel ?is new influ5ce4 ,& 9 ,ha>lem1 :]e ! siege _h de/roy$ s mu* ( ! old t[n1 & mod]n build+s ( w>m r$ brick _h sprung r\nd ! va/ surviv+ monum5t ( ! middle ages1 ! ,groote ,k]k ( ,/4 ,bavon2 9 ,ha>lem especially1 a new _s1 int5sely mod]n1 began to possess ! ris+ pa9t]s4 ,f art :i* lavi%$ its p>ade ( dext]ity on ! old my?ological fables1 h&l$ )\t he>t or mean+1 f ! smoo? & pallid conv5tionalities ( ,cornelis ,corneliszoon1 & ! extravagant clev]ness ( ,goltzius1 ^! m5 turn$ to ! life t 0 ar\nd !m4 ,among !m 7 arti/s l ,jan de ,bray1 ,esaias van de ,velde1 ,dirk & ,frans ,hals4 ,x 0 9 ! /udio ( ,frans ,hals t ! "y ,o/ade le>nt to pa9t4 ,already 9 #afaf1 ,hals _h pa9t$ 8 sup]b gr\p ( ! civic gu>d1 & 0 n[ 9 ! fulness ( 8 extraord9>y p[]4 ,! exub]ant joy & en]gy1 ! confid5t s9c]ity1 ! swift & c]ta9 t\*1 intimate ) realities1 t m>k$ ,hals1 7 typical ( ! c\ntry & ! "t4 ,life--t is ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,! ,b>n4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #bc4 absolute necessity = su* an arti/3 = him ev]y?+ t has life is a possible subject1 a possible realm to conqu]4 ,a subject t he _c feel1 z well z conceive1 8 in/9ct rejects at once4 ,a great pride ( life is :at *>act]ises ,hals' pictures human life 9 all its fulness he accepts3 unh9d]$ by ! %r9k+s ( m fa/idi\s natures1 he enjoys ) a robu/ enjoym5t4 ,x is ! same also ) ,o/ade2 b ! pupil 0 too individual an arti/ to repeat 8 ma/]4 ,o/ade felt1 p]haps1 t he c\ld nev] rival ^? magnific5t portrait-gr\ps1 & 8 own pref]5ces1 8 own gifts1 l$ him to a diff]5t *oice ( subject4 ,p]haps "s :o h se5 ,o/ade's pictures & f\nd !m co>se & ignoble1 h imag9$ ! pa9t] ( !m to be equally co>se & ignoble-look+ z 8 boors4 ,8 portrait %[s him a man ( some:at sev]e1 ke5 c\nt5ance1 9 pla9 attire2 a grave man1 "o w\ld say1 ) hum\r lurk+ 9 8 gravity1 z (t5 happ5s2 x is a portrait t might be tak5 = t ( an ,engli%man ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,o/ade 01 9 fact1 a well-to-d citiz5 ( ! middle class4 ,8 collection ( pictures1 sold at 8 dea? 9 #afhe1 01 z we "k f ! ,ha>lem ,gazette1 ext5sive2 & ! fact t x conta9$ two hundr$ ( 8 own pa9t+s1 proves t he 01 unlike s _m ( 8 compe]s1 f> remov$ f want4 ,( ,o/ade's life1 ap>t f 8 production1 we "k almo/ no?+4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,oude ,s*uts1 ! anci5t & hon\rable ,company ( ,arquebusi]s4 ,he 0 m>ri$ twice2 fir/1 9 #afcf1 to ,ma*telg5 ,piet]s51 :o di$ 9 #afdb2 & aga9 to a second wife1 ^: "n is n kn[n1 by :om he _h a girl1 ,johanna ,m>ia4 ,?is daught] m>ri$ a surgeon1 ,dirk van d] ,/oel1 into ^: h&s ,o/ade's et*$ plates & pro(s pass$ at 8 dea?4 ,9 #afdg & #affa ,o/ade is m5tion$ z a memb] ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,guild4 ,9 #affb1 he 0 dean ( ! ,guild4 ,an incid5t ( 8 e>li] ye>s is ( int]e/1 z %[+ 8 lib]al _s4 ,9 #afdb he jo9$ ,salomon ,ruysdael1 at a meet+ ( ! ,guild1 9 prote/+ aga9/ ! policy ( protection1 :i* inspir$ ,ha>lem ,guild1 l _m o!rs1 to oppose ! importation ( works ( art f o!r t[ns or _! sale 9 ,ha>lem4 ,o/ade seems nev] to h travell$1 l _m ( 8 c\ntrym51 beyond ! bord]s ( ,holl&1 nor ev] to h *ang$ 8 home1 except f "o /reet ( ,ha>lem to ano!r4 ,he di$ 9 #afhe4 ,on an e>ly aft]noon ( ,may 8 body 0 c>ri$ f 8 h\se 9 ! ,kuis-/raat to ! ,groote ,k]k1 a little company ( 8 fri5ds foll[+4 ,,ii ,) mo/ ( ! ,dut* arti/s1 et*+ 0 a subord9ate accompli%m5t1 & _! "w on copp] is b a less int]e/+ reflection ( _! "w on canvas4 ,?is _c be said ( ,o/ade4 ,z ) ,rembr&t1 8 et*$ "w is ! complem5t1 r ?an a supplem5t m]ely1 ( 8 pa9t+4 ,to ! pres5t writ]1 inde$1 8 et*+s h m int]e/ ?an 8 pictures4 ,! latt] are num]\s2 !y may be se5 9 almo/ all gall]ies ( importance1 & ! read] is d\btless famili> ) _! *>act]i/ics4 ,delightful z !y (t5 are1 !y d n rival ^? ( ,adria5 ,br\w]1 :o 0 by f\r ye>s ,o/ade's s5ior1 & :o1 ?\gh born a ,flem+1 work$ mo/ly 9 ,holl&1 & ent]$ ,hals' /udio at ! same "t4 ,!re are a few plates attribut$ to ,br\w]2 b1 if g5u9e1 ^! %[ t he nev] ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! te*nique ( et*+2 none ( !m approa*es ! lea/ successful plates ( ,o/ade4 ,br\w] z a pa9t]1 on ! o!r h&1 surpasses beyond "q all ! pa9t]s ( peasant life1 :e!r ( ,holl& or ( ,fl&]s4 ,o/ade does n manage pa9t ) ! fre$om ( a great ma/]1 b 8 draw+ is always sup]b4 ,! draw+ reproduc$ 7,fig4 #c7 is a *>act]i/ic specim54 ,x is ! end ( a game ( backgammon4 ,! game is won1 b ! defeat$ play] refuses to accept 8 defeat )\t a c>eful scrut9y4 ,9 ! attitudes1 ! ge/ures ( play]s & onlook]s1 ev]y?+ is vital2 ! mom5t is admirably caught4 ,!re is an et*+ also ( a game ( backgammon1 b x does n directly illu/rate ! draw+4 ,o/ade did1 h[ev]1 make use ( sket*es = 8 et*+s4 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a sket* = ,! ,fa!r ( a ,family 7,b4 #cc74 ,a comp>ison ( ?is ) ! et*$ plate is int]e/+4 ,!re is a c]ta9 aff9ity to ,rembr&t 9 ! mann] ( draw+2 less summ>y & swift1 b ma/]ful & free4 ,&1 l ,rembr&t1 ,o/ade does n use 8 sket* z a f9i%$ ?+1 & copy x fai?fully & m9utely4 ,8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,! ,humpback$ ,fiddl]4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #dd4 int]e/ 9 ! subject has n di$ out2 he is al]t = a new po/ure1 a fre% t\*1 a liveli] h&l+ ( "s "p ( 8 design1 t may improve ! :ole4 ,9 ?is case ! draw+1 :i* is ( a diff]5t %ape f ! pr9t & mu* broad]1 conta9s at ! left ! figure ( a man seat$ & cutt+ a loaf ( bread on 8 knees4 ,o/ade felt t ?is figure di/urb$ ! unity ( ! piece no less ?an ! s5se ( home seclusion1 & he omitt$ x f 8 "w on ! copp]4 ,?is reveals ! born et*]3 "o :o works ) directness1 swiftness1 passion2 ^: ne$le takes ! impulse ( 8 ?\ght imm$iately1 :o nev] works 9 cold blood4 ,,iii ,let u n[ consid] ! et*+s !mselves4 ,!re are j fifty 9 all1 & n9e or p]haps t5 ( ! numb] are dat$4 ,! e>lie/ date is #afdg1 ! late/ #afgh4 ,arrang+ ! dat$ plates 9 ord] ( "t1 we get ! foll[+ table4 ,! ref]5ces are to ! numb]s 9 ,b>ts*1 ,pe9tre-,graveur1 ,vol4 ,i43-- #afdg4 ,! ,hurdy-,gurdy ,play]4 ,b4 #h4 ,! ,b>n4 ,b4 #bc4 ,! ,family4 ,b4 #df4 #afdh4 ,! ,fa!r ( ! ,family4 ,b4 #cc4 #afeb4 ,! ,wife ,sp9n+4 ,b4 #ca4 #afec4 ,! ,tav]n ,brawl4 ,b4 #ah4 ,say+ ,grace4 ,b4 #cd4 #afga4 ,! ,cobbl]4 ,b4 #bg4 #afgh4a ,! ,*ild & ! ,doll4 ,b4 #af4 ,to ?is may possibly be add$ ,! ,humpback$ ,fiddl] 7,b4 #dd74 ,nei!r ,b>ts* nor ,dutuit appe>s to h notic$ a date on ?is plate2 b x seems cle> t x is !re1 foll[+ ! signature1 ?\gh obscur$ by l9es4 ,! writ] incl9es to deciph] x z #afca or #afea2 b x is impossible to be positive on ! po9t4 ,^! data w\ld d\btless s]ve _m critics ) mat]ial = con/ruct+ a *ronological li/ ( ! :ole ( ! et*+s4 ,b ?is amusem5t %all be left to ! read]4 ,! et*+s1 z a matt] ( fact1 d n pres5t any m>k$ v>iety ( treatm5t4 ,o/ade 0 n1 l ,rembr&t1 a ma/] ( _m /yles2 nor did he develop any p>ticul> /yle by cont9ually surpass+ 8 own successes4 ,we c only say t he seems to h atta9$ 8 greate/ ma/]y 9 a middle p]iod1 ab\t #afej4 ,! ,wife ,sp9n+ ( #afeb is n foll[$ by any dat$ piece t at all rivals x4 ,! ,cobbl] ( #afga1 = in/ance1 :i* 0 a failure 9 ! fir/ bit+1 betrays also a c]ta9 languor ( h&l+1 v diff]5t f ! inexhau/ible c>e & skill be/[$ on ! e>li] plate4 ,?is inf]5ce is confirm$ by :at we "k ( ,o/ade's "w on canvas4 ,8 fir/ p]iod dates f #afcj to #afce2 !n foll[s a middle p]iod 9 :i*1 influ5c$ by ,rembr&t1 he adopt$ a w>m] s*eme ( col\r2 la/ly1 9 a ?ird p]iod1 he began to repeat himself & decl9e4 ,beyond su* g5]al d$uctions x does n seem wor? :ile to g4 ,9 ,rembr&t's case ! "q ( *ronology is ( extreme int]e/ & significance1 b 9 ,o/ade !re is no developm5t to speak (1 & to lab\r aft] exhibit+ x w\ld be wa/e ( "t4 ,next1 z to ! v>i\s /ates ( ! et*+s4 ,! rev]5ce = fir/ /ates & r>e /ates1 common to collectors1 has f _! po9t ( view its own ju/ification2 b !y are apt p]haps sometimes to confuse ! /hetic value ( a pr9t ) its m>ket value4 ,arti/s1 on ! o!r h&1 are sometimes prone to dismiss ! :ole "q ( /ates z t$i\s & absurd4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( great importance t ! et*] %\ld be judg$ on 8 own m]its & n on ! m]its1 or dem]its1 ( o!r p4 ,o/ade und\bt$ly made alt]ations 9 8 plates dur+ pr9t+ & ?us creat$ 8/ates02 b _m m /ates 7 creat$ aft] 8 dea? by o!r h&s re-work+ ! worn copp]4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t ! la/ /ate t\*$ by ! arti/ is ! "o t he w\ld wi% to be tak5 z typical ( 8 p]fect "w4 ,b ! "q arises3 ,:i* is ! la/ /ate t\*$ by ! arti/8 ,! "w ( lat] h&s1 add$ to a plate aft] ! arti/'s dea?1 does n conc]n u2 b ! developm5t ( ! et*+ up to t /ate :5 ! arti/ leaves x z a f9i%$ ?+1 mu/ int]e/ u greatly4 ,h[ are we to decide8 ,9 ! case ( ,o/ade1 we are help$ a little by ext]nal data4 ,z we ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,peasant pay+ 8 ,reckon+4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #db4 h se51 ! plates 7 sold at 8 dea? 9 #afhe4 ,we "k also t !y 7 sold aga9 by _! new possessor1 ,dirk van d] ,/oel1 ,o/ade's son-9-law1 9 #afhf2 & eight ye>s lat] aga91 9 #afid4 ,:at /ate !y 7 9 !n we c only conjecture3 b we may inf] some?+ f :at we "k to h be5 _! /ate 9 #agaj or a little lat]4 ,9 ! ye> j m5tion$ a ,fr5* engrav]1 ,b]n>d ,pic>t1 arriv$ 9 ,holl&2 & "s "t aft] 8 arrival he publi%$ a collection ( ! et*$ "w ( ,o/ade & ( 8 pupil ,bega4 ,! book ( ,o/ade's et*+s 0 b\ght1 p]haps on its publication1 by ,hans ,sloane3 & ?r\gh him x has pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,:oev] exam9es x w notice at once ! inequality ( ! plates3 "s are worn & h>%ly ret\*$1 "s are passable1 a few are ev5 good4 ,some?+ ( ?is is due to ! delicately-work$ plates1 giv+ out soon] ?an ^? m co>sely et*$4 ,probably also "s 7 m 9 dem& ?an o!rs4 ,?us1 to take a few examples3 :ile ,! ,pa9t] 9 ,8 ,/udio 7,b4 #cb7 is 9 ! t5? & la/ /ate1 & ,peasant ,pay+ ,8 ,reckon+ 7,b4 #db7 is 9 ! sev5? or la/ b "o1 ,! ,dance 9 ! ,tav]n 7,b4 #di7 is 9 ! f\r? out ( sev5 /ates 9 all1 & ,! ,empty ,jug 7,b4 #ae7 9 ! f\r? out ( eight /ates 9 all4 ,& sev]al ( ! small] plates are /ill 9 ! second /ate4 ,9 det]m9+ !re=e ! ext5t to :i* lat] h&s h work$ on ! et*+s1 ea* mu/ be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,only 9 a few cases1 probably1 are ^? 9 ,pic>t's edition /ill 9 ! condition left by ! ma/] himself2 & mo/ seem to h be5 ret\*$ m ?an once4 ,e "o w judge = himself ! precise po9t at :i* new "w comes 93 & op9ion w always diff] on su* que/ions4 ,z ,o/ade 0 n always successful 9 8 fir/ bit+1 ! second /ate is g5]ally ! mo/ repres5tative4 ,peasant ,pay+ ,8 ,reckon+ is a v diff]5t ?+ 9 ,pic>t's edition f ! brilliant second /ate ( ! same et*+4 ,! /ud5t ( ,o/ade w f9d ,dutuit's book#b indisp5sable3 x conta9s all t 0 kn[n ( ! et*+s & _! diff]5t impressions up to ! ye> ( its publication4 ,& ! au?or's own collection 0 p]haps unrivall$4 ,nev]!less1 x is n p]fect4 ,! /ates are describ$ ) an extraord9>y sup]fluity ( detail1 & ! "o or two diff]5tiat+ circum/ances are buri$ 9 a mass ( irrelevant description4 ,v]ification is !re=e a matt] ( "t & lab\r4 ,!re are also a few /ates /ill undescrib$4 ,/ill1 = ^? :o h an appetite = 8/ates10 ,dutuit is v satisfy+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i--,say+ ,grace4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #cd4 ,,iv ,o/ade's et*$ "w is1 consid]$ z et*+1 unequal4 ,sometimes1 z = in/ance 9 ,! ,cobbl] 7,b4 #bg71 ! fir/ bit+ 0 n a success2 at o!r times1 z 9 ! ,man ,laugh+ 7,b4 #d71 ! ,say+ ,grace 7,b4 #cd71 or ! ,fiddl]s 7,b4 #de71 ! plate has be5 ov]-bitt54 ,! plate :i* ,b>ts* calls ,la ,fileuse 7,! ,wife ,sp9n+4 ,b4 #ca7 ,plate ,i41 is "o :i* repres5ts v fully "s ( ,o/ade's *>act]i/ic excell5ces z an et*]4 ,x is a f9e example ( 8 success 9 ba?+ 8 subject 9 atmosph]e4 ,"o feels ! quiet aft]noon w>m? ^u ! cottage-front1 z ! woman :o sp9s feels x1 z ! *ild feels x1 z ! two bask+ pigs feel x4 ,t s(tness ( air1 :i* 9 our nor!rn climate gives ev5 to ! ne> trees a k9d ( impalpable look1 & :i* seems to clo! ?+s ) itself--t is :at ,o/ade has s\ght to r5d] ) m]e et*$ l9es2 & he has triumph$ ov] imm5se difficulties4 ,8 figures deta* !mselves ) a wond]ful reality1 ) no h>d brilliancy1 no sup]flu\s %ad[s4 ,!re is a f9e abs5ce ( clev]ness 9 su* quiet ma/]y ( means4 ,m rem>kable /ill is ! little plate 7,b4 #db7 :i* is reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! am\nt ( k1 ( feel+ = light & %ad[1 ( subtle & sure draughtsman%ip 9 ?is small et*+ is a/oni%+4 ,! problem ( pa9t+ daylight z x is diffus$ 9 a room ?r\gh ! w9d[1 :i*1 ( all pa9t]s 9 ! _w1 ,jan ,v]me] & ,piet] de ,hoo*1 &1 9 a diff]5t way1 ,rembr&t & ,o/ade himself1 h mo/ fully ma/]$1 is "h attack$ 9 et*+1 & ) extraord9>y success4 ,:at seems /range is t a problem s fasc9at+1 "o :i* _h evid5tly a /rong s$uction = ,o/ade 9 8 pa9t+1 %\ld h be5 attempt$ by him s r>ely 9 8 et*+s4 ,! ,pa9t] 9 8 ,/udio 7,b4 #cb7 is ano!r success 9 ! same l9e1 :ile ! ,play]s at ,backgammon 7,b4 #ci7 is p>tly a failure1 ?r\gh ! bit+ hav+ gone wrong4 ,b1 z a rule1 ,o/ade pref]s out-(-door effects4 ,none ( ! et*+s q rivals1 9 ! writ]'s judgm5t at lea/1 ?is little plate1 ,peasant ,pay+ 8 ,reckon+4 ,b !re are sev]al typical small pieces :i* h a great *>m4 ,! ,spectacle-sell] 7,b4 #bb1 ,fig4 #a71 = in/ance1 is an admirable composition1 & ! ,illu/ration et*+ ri*4 ,! ,humpback$ ,fiddl] 7,b4 #dd1 ,fig4 #g71 & ! ,man & ,woman ,conv]s+ 7,b4 #be1 ,fig4 #e71 ?\gh ! ne$le has be5 us$ some:at diff]5tly 9 ea*1 h simil> m]it4 ,b ! plates t int]e/1 p]haps1 mo/1 are n always ^? :i* are et*$ ! be/4 ,! *ief glory ( ,o/ade is 8 imag9ative draughtsman%ip1 & ak9 to ?is are 8 vivid human sympa?y & 8 hum\r4 ,^! are n s manife/ 9 ! plates we h m5tion$ z 9 "s o!rs4 ,b be=e pass+ to ^? pieces :i* %[ ^! qualities at _! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,! ,angl]4 ,by ,o/ade4 ,b4 #bf4 be/1 let u notice "o :i* is unlike any ( ! o!rs4 ,?is is ,! ,b>n 7,b4 #bh1 ,fig4 #f74 ,_h ! execution ( ?is plate mat*$ ! feel+ x ev9ces1 x w\ld h be5 a f9e a*ievem5t4 ,:o does n "k ! /range1 vague impression :i* su* a b>n z ?is produces on ! m9d8 ,! cool dimness1 ! my/]i\s %ad[ among ! raft]s1 p5etrat$ "h & !re by s(t rays1 ! atmosph]e ( ! f>m1 sc5t ( hay1 cries ( f[ls1 m+l+ 9 a s5se ( imp]turbable antiquity--all exhale an intangible emotion impossible to express 9 language1 b :i* a pa9t+ or an et*+ c\ld well convey4 ,o/ade has conceiv$ 8 subject f9ely2 b ! acid & ! ne$le h imp]fectly second$ 8 design4 ,rembr&t w\ld h giv5 u out ( su* mat]ial a memorable plate inde$4 ,b let u n d5y ,o/ade 8 due4 ,mu* 9 ! piece is admirable3 note especially ! s(tness ) :i* ! light comes ?r\gh ! *9ks on to ! hay4 ,9 ,! ,angl] 7,b4 #bf1 ,fig4 #aj7 ! difficulties attempt$ are less great1 & !re seems little want+ to entire success4 ,"h ,o/ade's human int]e/ is engag$1 & :5ev] ?is is s1 he is great4 ,! /ation>y po/ure1 ! muscul> habit ( ! angl]1 ) lax body b firm wri/1 is p]fectly giv52 z is ! slack5+ ( ! l9e1 ! indol5t gaze ( ! boy lean+ on ! rail1 & ! sleepy impression ( a /ill summ] day )\t breezes4 ,x is 9 su* expressive draw+ ( ! human body t ,o/ade %[s himself a ma/]4 ,! delight$ eag]ness ( ! baby 9 ,fig4 #d2 ! j]k ( its %ort limbs & cr[+ ( its lips2 or 9 ,! ,music ,p>ty 7,b4 #cj71 ! boi/]\s1 maudl9 pleasure ( ! man :o sits 9 ! *air1 beat+ "t ) 8 h& to ! labori\s scrap+ ( ! fiddl]1 cat*+ :at he c ( ! score1 ) :at hum\r & expression are ^! portray$6 ,"o he>s ! t]rible discord & ! *e]ful ?ump ( ! peasant's fi/ accompany+ x4 ,ano!r piece ( imag9ative draw+ is ,! ,brawl 7,b4 #ah74 ,! loose1 ineffectual1 lur*+ /roke ( ! drunk5 man1 ! />tl$ ef=t ( ! fat man z he spr+s up f 8 b>rel1 ! t]ror ( ! woman clasp+ h] baby clos]1 ! m+l$ fe>1 ang]1 & surprise ( ! little man :o has provok$ ! qu>rel & prep>es to def5d himself--all are excell5t4 ,! same qualities p]vade ,o/ade's l>ge/ plate1 ! ,dance 9 ! ,tav]n 7,b4 #di71 :i* also %[s 8 extraord9>y art 9 composition at its be/4 ,!re are p1 & p]haps always w be1 :o f9d 9 "w su* z ,o/ade's no?+ b vulg>ity4 ,& "s1 :o _c help enjoy+ 8 f9e draw+1 f9d !mselves repell$ by 8 *oice ( subjects4 ,x seems difficult to und]/& ?is repulsion4 ,= 9 8 et*+s1 at any rate1 ,o/ade %[s no exclusive pref]5ce = ! co>se & sordid4 ,mr4 ,ham]ton has accus$ him ( deadness ( he>t & apa?y ( intellect1 & decl>es him to be ins5sitive to all t is be/ among ! poor4 ,b is ?is q true8 ,an accompli%$ lady "s "t ago wrote an essay 9 condemnation ( ! 8vulg>ity0 ( ,john ,lee* & ,*>les ,ke5e 9 c]ta9 ( _! draw+s = ,pun*4 ,su* criticism seems to argue an excessive delicacy or a defici5cy ( hum\r4 ,o/ade's range 0 limit$1 comp>$ ) t ( ^? two great arti/s1 b z a draughtsman he is 9 ! same ord] ) !m2 & 9 ! writ]'s judgm5t he is equally free f t dulness :i* has no s5se = ! f9e or r>e 9 m5 & ?+s1 t acceptance ( ! common price1 ! common /&>d1 :i* are ! attributes ( real vulg>ity4 ,look1 = in/ance1 at ! et*+ reproduc$ 7,fig4 #i74 ,! subject has be5 ! !me ( _m pa9t]s & engrav]s4 ,x is a subject easily spoil$2 a little too mu* ( s5tim5tal piety1 a little too mu* ( satirical mock]y1 & ! !me is made trivial or obvi\s4 ,b ,o/ade's feel+ is j "r4 ,!re is no draw+ ( a trite moral1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! treatm5t ( ! same subject by a lat] engrav]1 ,ni*olas van ,haeft54 ,nor is !re a h9t ( mock]y at ! discrepancy betwe5 ! 8good ?+s0 = :i* ,heav5 is ?ank$ & ! humble pottage on ! table4 ,b is !re n1 besides ! wond]ful s5sitiv5ess ( draw+ 9 ! figures1 :i* makes "o feel h[ ! toil-h>d5$1 clumsy h&s tremble awkw>dly z !y are clasp$1 & h[ ! boy1 ?\gh 8 back is turn$1 is %utt+ 8 eyes resolutely tight--is !re n also a t5d]ness1 a dignity 9 ! :ole8 ,aga91 9 ! little plate1 ,! ,*ild & ,doll1 is !re n true feel+1 express$ ) a f9e retic5ce1 9 ! "m's face & 9 ! *ild's8 ,! c>eful fondness ( ! "m is ev5 bett] express$ 9 ano!r et*+1 :]e %e h&s a baby d[n to ! eag] arms ( its eld] si/]1 a *ild ( six or sev51 :o receives x ) joyful pride4 ,! draw+ rem9ds "o ( "s ( ! exquisitely humor\s & exquisitely t5d] sket*es ( ,lee*4 ,v ,x is :5 we come to ! "w ( 8 pupils1 ,bega & ,dus>t1 t we realise be/ ,o/ade's f9] qualities4 ,cornelis ,piet]sz ,bega 0 born at ,ha>lem 9 #afbj1 & di$ !re ( ! plague 9 #affd1 fully tw5ty ye>s be=e 8 ma/]4 ,accord+ to ,h\brak5's /ory1 8 real "n 0 ,begyn1 :i* he *ang$ to ,bega aft] be+ turn$ out ( 8 fa!r's h\se = 8 y\?ful escapades4 ,! /ory is n incr$ible ( su* a y\? z he appe>s 9 8 portrait1 gay & some:at va9-look+1 ) long curl+ locks4 ,bega's et*+s are ?irty-eight 9 numb]1 & h a v di/9ctive air4 ,c]ta9 *>act]i/ics seem to indicate t 8 orig9al b5t 0 t[>ds a decorative treatm5t ( 8 subject4 ,8 draw+s %[ a c>e = ! happy disposition ( drap]y1 rem>kable 9 ?is s*ool4 ,he has a feel+ = l>ge design1 comb9$ ) great indiff]5ce to human "*4 ,b su* treatm5t 0 ali5 to ! ,dut* s*ool 9 g5]al2 nor did ,dut* peasants l5d !mselves at all will+ly1 s x seems1 to passive decoration4 ,c]ta9ly a pupil ( ,o/ade's w\ld h no enc\rag+ influ5ces to help him =w>d on su* l9es4 ,s1 ?\gh ,bega adopts 9 "p ! !mes & g5]al h&l+ ( 8 tea*]1 ! r flat design :i* he affects1 8 frankly artificial *i>oscuro1 8 use ( light & %ad[ z masses ( black & :ite r ?an z opportunities ( my/]y1 contra/ /rongly ) ,o/ade's solid modell+1 8 p]vad+ atmosph]e1 & 8 pre-occupy+ human int]e/4 ,"o p]ceives t ! ma/]'s influ5ce c\ld n altoge!r swamp ! pupil's natural impulse3 b nei!r w9s ! day1 & ! result is an unsatisfy+ compromise4 ,! ,tav]n 7,fig4 #aa7 is a v *>act]i/ic plate4 ,x is v brilliant1 & makes a p[]ful impression at fir/ sight4 ,b x does n be> close /udy4 ,!re is a want ( subtlety 9 x1 & a want ( feel+2 a c]ta9 h>dness1 comb9$ ) a c]ta9 clev]ness1 t repels4 ,bega's two o!r l>ge plates1 also ( tav]n sc5es1 reveal j ! same qualities1 & ne$ n be fur!r p>ticul>is$4 ,9 te*nical "*1 ^! et*+s recall ! ,spani% et*] ,goya1 :o 0 also fond ( produc+ a %>p1 vivid1 emphatic effect by a simil> artificial mann] ( light+4 ,n improbably ,bega's et*+s may h be5 kn[n to ,goya1 & giv5 him a sugge/ion4 ,bega _h app>5tly no t5d]ness1 & little or no int]e/ 9 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,! ,tav]n4 ,by ,bega4 ,b4 #cb4 humanity4 ,?is defici5cy1 9 "o ( ! ,dut* s*ool1 & tra9$ 9 ! ,dut* tradition1 is notable4 ,"o has only to turn f 8 "m & baby sitt+ by ! w9d[ 7,b4 #ba7 to ,o/ade's ,*ild & ,doll1 to feel :at a diff]5ce lies betwe5 ! two4 ,cornelis ,dus>t 0 a mu* lat] s*ol>4 ,at ,bega's dea? he 0 only a *ild ( f\r1 & he surviv$ ,o/ade _m ye>s1 liv+ on till #agjd4 ,:5 ,o/ade di$1 he f9i%$ 8 ma/]'s uncomplet$ pictures1 b kept !m till 8 dea? 9 8 own possession4 ,"s ( ,dus>t's et*+s1 z = in/ance ,! ,village ,fte 7,b4 #af7 h a pleas+ effect1 ) well-manag$ light & %ade2 b !y _c be comp>$ ) ! simil> pieces by ,o/ade1 ^: me?od is "h c>ri$ on1 b 9 an inf]ior mann]4 ,yet he has a ve9 ( 8 own1 a gross1 riot\s1 extravagant ve91 ) a great fondness = viol5t action4 ,9 ! plate call$ by ,b>ts* ,le ,violon ,assis 7,b4 #ae71 :i* 0 too l>ge to be reproduc$ "h1 8 specific qualities appe> to great advantage4 ,"o seems to he> an hil>i\s d9 m]ely f look+ at x4 ,! fiddl] plays ) a wild fanta/ic en]gy2 "o peasant accompanies him ) cra%+ tank>d & ro>+ *orus2 ano!r sits b5t & sull5 ) 8 head on 8 h&s4 ,! l&lord1 ) huge frame & r\nd paun*1 looks on ) tw9kl+ eyes4 ,a woman by ! great *imney1 on :i* hangs ! notice ( a sale ( tulips & hyac9?s1 8,tulpaan en ,hyac9!n10 calls a *ild to h]4 ,! roomy backgr\nd ) its beams & raft]s1 is drawn & light$ ) extraord9>y skill4 ,z a page ( daily life1 fre% & vivid1 ?is et*+ des]ves ! fulle/ praise4 ,dus>t 9 8 lat] ye>s devot$ himself to mezzot9t1 & produc$ a great deal 9 ?is mann]4 ,^! engrav+s1 "s ( :i* repres5t 9 ,dus>t's extravagant way1 ! joy 9 ,holl& at ! tak+ ( ,namur 9 #afie by ,william ,,iii41 are m int]e/+ hi/orically ?an arti/ically4 ,x 0 n till ! middle ( next c5tury t mezzot9t1 ! inv5tion ( :i* does n date f mu* e>li] ?an ,dus>t's bir?1 rea*$ its p]fection 9 ! h&s ( ! ,engli% engrav]s4 ,,! ,,et*]s ,,( ,,l&scape ,i ,! sev5te5? c5tury1 :i* inaugurat$ s mu* t is *>act]i/ic 9 mod]n art1 p]mitt$ = ! fir/ "t ! recognition ( l&scape z a subject wor?y = its own sake ( pa9t+4 ,& feel+ = l&scape seems to be almo/ entirely a mod]n ?+4 ,draw+s ( l&scape by ,titian & ,campagnola among ! ,italians1 & by ,dr] among ! ,g]mans1 _h indicat$ ! fir/ beg9n+s ( a pref]5ce2 & !re are a c]ta9 numb] ( l&scape subjects among ! engrav$ "w ( ! ,little ,ma/]s4 ,b ^! are occasional ef=ts by m5 ^: *ief "w lay 9 o!r l9es4 ,9 pa9t+ no "o v5tur$ z yet to conc5trate 8 int]e/ on ! l&scape1 & ?\gh m5 l ! ,flemi% ,joa*im ,pat9ir evid5tly c>$ m = _! backgr\nds ( m\nta9 & riv] ?an = ! human incid5ts :i* relieve !m1 !y _h n ! c\rage to ca/ away compromise & brave au?ority by omitt+ ! traditional =egr\nd4 ,rub5s is ! fir/ great ,nor!rn ma/] :o pa9ts l&scape ) entire & frank ab&onm5t to ! subject4 ,! broad prospects & swell+ undulations ( ,flemi% c\ntry are pa9t$ by him ) a k9d ( glory t reflects 8 l>ge & joy\s m9d4 ,lod[yck de ,vadd] & ,lucas van ,ud51 8 contempor>ies1 et*$ l&scape = ! fir/ "t 9 ,fl&]s4 ,b x 0 9 ,holl& t ?is l9e 0 mo/ abundantly develop$4 ,to tranquil1 obs]vant natures1 su* z seem typical ( ! nation1 !re 0 9 l&scape a /rong appeal1 a p]man5t delight4 ,! majority ( ! ,dut* et*]s f\nd "h _! *ief mat]ial4 ,,ii ,e>lie/1 p]haps1 ( all ,dut* l&scape pa9t]s1 & almo/ c]ta9ly e>lie/ among ,dut* l&scape et*]s1 is a little kn[n arti/1 ,h]cules ,segh]s4 ,a my/]y hangs ov] him2 = ?\gh !re is docum5t>y evid5ce 9 an inv5tory ( #afbe or !reab\ts1 t he pa9t$ a consid]able numb] ( l&scapes1 ^! pictures h ne>ly all disappe>$4 ,"s1 d\btless1 may be lurk+ "u o!r names2 "o1 call$ a ,rembr&t1 0 discov]$ "s "t ago at ,flor5ce2 "o is at ,b]l92 b ?is c h>dly acc\nt = all4 ,we c only guess :at !y 7 l f ! et*+s1 :i* are usually ei!r views ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,tobias & ! ,angel4 ,by ,h4 ,segh]s4 ,m4 #bcf4 ( ,holl& ) va/ horizons1 or /range visions ( wild & m\nta9\s c\ntry4 ,segh]s 0 born 9 #aehi1c & di$ 9 #afej4 ,a s*ol> ( ,gillis van ,conn9cxloo1 he 0 produc+ "w z e>ly z #afjg1 & f t date to #afcj seems to h be5 8 *ief p]iod ( activity4#d ,8 life1 l t ( sev]al ( ! ,dut* ma/]s1 0 a long & hopeless /ruggle aga9/ pov]ty4 ,he is said to h become a drunk>d1 & to h di$ f ! effects ( a fall4 ,dr4 ,br$ius1 judg+ app>5tly f 8 "w1 ?9ks t he mu/ h visit$ ! ,alps1 travell$ into ,italy1 & f\nd a /imulus 9 ! art ( ,adam ,el%eim]4 ,c]ta9ly ! rocky l&scapes :i* appe> 9 ! et*+s c\ld h no ar*etypes 9 ,holl&4 ,b !re is s /rong a ve9 ( ! fanta/ic 9 !m1 t x is difficult to believe !y 7 done f nature1 especially :5 "o obs]ves h[ precise a p5cil ,segh]s uses :5 he sket*es 8 native c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 tru? to m\nta9 =mation is any?+ b an easy ?+ to seize2 only by incessant tra9+ & close obs]vation does ! eye acquire x2 & to draw rocks imag9atively1 t is1 ) vivid realisation ( _! ess5tial =ms1 is sc>cely possible to "o :o has n ! "w ( pr$ecessors to le>n f & to surpass1 & ^: eye has n dwelt ^u !m f *ildhood4 ,"o may imag9e1 !re=e1 t ! ef=ts ( a l[l&]1 to :om m\nta9s mu/ h _h some?+ vision>y & /range 9 _! aspect1 w\ld be halt+1 labori\s1 & confus$ 9 grappl+ ) su* unfamili> mat]ial4 ,! rocks pa9t$ by ,pat9ir are a case 9 po9t4 ,?is may well expla9 ! s+ul> %ortcom+s ( ,segh]s' r5d]+ ( rocks & m\nta9s4 ,9 8 attempts to repres5t float+ cl\ds on ! m\nta9 sides he is simply grotesque4 ,if1 !n1 x 0 actual sc5]y t ,segh]s et*$1 :]e is t sc5]y to be f\nd8 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! ,alps1 & ?\gh "o or two plates sugge/ ! ,tyrol1 ! l&scape is mo/ l 9 "* to ! ,k>/ di/rict on ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,adriatic4 ,"o ( ! et*+s might almo/ /& = ! rock-surr\nd$ pla9 ( ,cett9j1 9 ,mont5egro1 ?\gh to inf] t ,segh]s travell$ to s remote a c\ntry w\ld be a wild conjecture4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! influ5ce ( ,el%eim] ov] ,segh]s1 & ?r\gh him1 ov] ,rembr&t4 ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y !re is a picture by ,el%eim] repres5t+ ,tobias & ! ,angel1 9 a wood$ l&scape4 ,?is 0 engrav$ by ,el%eim]'s fri5d1 ,c\nt de ,g\dt1 & ei!r f ! picture or ! engrav+1#e ,segh]s borr[$ ! ma9 features ( "o ( 8 et*+s 7,fig4 #ab74 ,! two *ief figures h be5 reta9$ almo/ unalt]$2 b _! be+ plac$ high] up 9 ! picture makes a consid]able *ange 9 ! composition1 !y h m dignity & significance4 ,! elim9ation1 also1 ( "s r trivial details1 su* z ! great fl[]s 9 ! =egr\nd1 & ! pass+ figures 9 ! middle di/ance1 make = ! same effect4 ,a k9d ( my/]y & solemnity h be5 add$ to ! l&scape1 & 9 fact ! impression ( ! :ole is deep5$ & enl>g$4 ,! subject has be5 fus$ 9 ,segh]s' m9d & has become 8 own4 ,at 8 dea?1 ,segh]s' effects1 includ+ 8 et*$ plates1 7 sold4 ,among ! buy]s ( ^! latt] 71 app>5tly1 ,antoni ,wat]loo & ,rembr&t4 ,wat]loo publi%$ "s ( ,segh]s' l&scapes ) 8 own1 & x has be5 assum$ by ,dutuit t ^! impressions 7 f ! e>li] arti/'s plates1 re-work$4 ,comp>ison ( "o ( ! orig9al et*+s1 h[ev]1 ) t publi%$ by ,wat]loo ( ! same subject1 leads ! writ] to d\bt ?is4 ,! "w is entirely diff]5t4 ,rembr&t1 we "k f ! inv5tory ( 8 effects tak5 9 #afef1 b\ght six ( ,segh]s' l&scapes1 & he also b\ght ! copp] on :i* _h be5 et*$ ! ,tobias & ! ,angel4 ,x 0 re-work$ by ,rembr&t1 & x n[ appe>s 9 ,rembr&t's "w z a ,flight into ,egypt4#f 7,see ,fig4 #ac47 ,! d>k wood$ l&scape rema9s unalt]$1 & ?\gh ! ,holy ,family & a gr\p ( trees n[ occupy ! "r h& ( ! sc5e1 ! great w+ ( ! angel is /ill di/9ctly to be se5 above !m1 & ,tobias's legs h n be5 p]fectly eras$4 ,rembr&t1 we may be sure1 w\ld nev] h tak5 ano!r man's "w unless he _h f\nd 9 x a /rong appeal to 8 own nature4 ,& ,segh]s seems to h be5 8 prototype 9 l&scape4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! my/]i\s1 d>kly wood$1 m\nta9\s visions ( ,segh]s sugge/ ! type ( l&scape 9 :i* ,rembr&t set1 = in/ance1 8 own ,tobias & ! ,angel1#g a type :i* he 0 fond ( reproduc+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,segh]s' love = ! va/ di/ances ( ,holl&1 cr[d$ pla9s ) broad riv]s w9d+ into an inf9ite horizon1 appe>s aga9 9 "s ( ,rembr&t's et*+s1 & m notably /ill 9 ^? spaci\s prospects1 8escapes = ! m9d0 z ,mr4 ,pat] has call$ !m1 ( ,rembr&t's pupil1 ! mo/ truly ,dut* & p]haps ! greate/1 ( all ! l&scape pa9t]s ( ,holl&--,philip de ,kon9ck4 ,to return to ,segh]s' et*+s4 ,!re is some?+ ab\t !m :i* arre/s ! eye at once1 & ?is is p>tly due to _! peculi> pr9t+4 ,segh]s 0 a born mak] ( exp]im5ts1 & 9 ne>ly all 8 plates s\ght to get an effect ( col\r4 ,9 fact1 x is usually ass]t$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,! ,flight into ,egypt4 ,by ,rembr&t4 ,m4 #bcf4 t he anticipat$1 by a hundr$ ye>s1 ! col\r$ engrav+s ( ,leblond4 ,pr9t+ 9 col\r f two or m blocks _h be5 practis$ by wood-engrav]s long be=e ?is "t4 ,burgkmair & ,crana* 9 ,g]many1 ,ugo da ,c>pi & ,&rea ,&reani 9 ,italy1 _h produc$ a numb] ( ^! 8*i>oscuros10 z !y are call$1 ) *>m+ effect4 ,?is 0 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,& almo/ 9 ,segh]s' own "t1 ,h5drik ,goltzius1 ( ,ha>lem1 publi%$ "s ( 8 be/ "w f col\r$ wood-blocks4 ,b 9 all ( ^! cases1 at lea/ two1 & (t5 ?ree sep>ate blocks 7 us$1 & ! col\rs sup]impos$ on ea* o!r4 ,?is 0 also ! proc$ure ( ,leblond1 ?\gh he us$ metal plates & mezzot9t4 ,segh]s1 h[ev]1 employ$ a s+le plate only1 & 8 effects are n due to :at is usually und]/ood z col\r pr9t+4 ,he fir/ prep>$ 8 pap] ) a coat ( pa9t1 :i* =m$ ! gr\nd2 9 "s cases ?is 0 a gre5i% t9t4 ,he !n et*$ 8 subject & pr9t$ x 9 an indigo ink2 & 9 ord] to procure %ad+ ( ! same col\r1 he lightly scrat*$ ! p>ts to be %ad$ ) ! dry-po9t1 s t ! copp] held ! ink on its surface4 ,by ?is simple means he produc$ an app>5tly complex effect4#h ,! gre5 t9t & d>k-blue ink are1 ( c\rse1 only tak5 z a specim51 = ,segh]s us$ v>i\s col\rs4 ,sometimes ! impressions are pr9t$ on l954 ,9 "o case ! et*+ is pr9t$ 9 :ite on a br[n gr\nd4 ,besides views ( ,dut* pla9s & ( m\nta9 sc5]y1 ,segh]s also et*$ trees2 n ) great success1 b ) a /riv+ aft] tru? ( foliage v r>e 9 8 day4 ,n[ & !n1 too1 he attempt$ build+s1 & ) a real feel+ = ! romantic1 = picturesque beauty1 9 ar*itecture4 ,on ! :ole1 we mu/ all[ an important place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,dut* l&scape to ,h]cules ,segh]s4 ,b t mu/ n prev5t u f p]ceiv+ t x is an hi/orical importance only4 ,segh]s op5$ up ! road1 b he a*iev$ no em95t triumph himself4 ,nor1 9 spite ( 8 sugge/iv5ess = ,rembr&t & ,de ,kon9ck1 does he seem to h ex]cis$ any great influ5ce on ! l&scape et*]s :o imm$iately succe$$ him4 ,he has no aff9ity ) ! m5 ^: "w we mu/ n[ consid]4 ,,iii ,! two div]g+ t5d5cies ( ,dut* art1 t :i* f$ on ! ,italian tradition & t :i* clung to ! native soil1 are bo? to "s ext5t repres5t$ 9 ,segh]s4 ,leav+ = a "t ! ,italianis$ ma/]s1 let u foll[ ! ma9 developm5t ( ,dut* l&scape art1 ! pa9t]s & et*]s :om ,holl& alone inspir$4 ,! fir/ names ( note are ^? ( ,esaias & ,jan van de ,velde4 ,jan 0 born 9 #aeif1 ,esaias a few ye>s e>li]4 ,( ! =m] we %all say some?+ lat] on4 ,he produc$ a great deal ( "w1 ! mo/ rem>kable "p ( :i* is a numb] ( plates engrav$ & et*$ 9 ! mann] ( ,el%eim]4 ,x is by ^! plates t he is be/ kn[n1 & ?r\gh !m he ranks z "o ( ! ,italianis$ s*ool4 ,z1 h[ev]1 he et*$ a c]ta9 numb] ( purely ,dut* l&scapes1 aft] ! designs probably ( 8 bro!r1 he mu/ also be m5tion$ "h4 ,^! l&scapes are mo/ly sets ( traditional subjects1 su* z ! sixte5? c5tury lov$3 ,! ,f\r ,elem5ts1 ,! ,f\r ,seasons1 ,! ,twelve ,mon?s4 ,always /rongly ov]work$ ) ! bur91 ^! et*+s h a some:at h>% & dry effect4 ,! h>%ness is especially noticeable 9 ! treatm5t ( foliage4 ,x is z if ! arti/ 7 /riv+ to reproduce ) ! et*+-ne$le ! mann] ( l9e-engrav+ z employ$ by ! ,goltzius s*ool4 ,fail+ to secure ?is he has rec\rse to ! bur9 to supplem5t 8 incomplete success 9 et*+4 ,esaias uses ! acid 9 a mu* frank] fa%ion4 ,a plate ( 81 :i* we may take z repres5tative1 depicts a :ale ca/ on ! %ores ( ,holl&1 p]haps at ,s*ev5+51 9 #afad4 ,a great cr[d has assembl$ on ! bea* />+ at ! /r&$ mon/]1 exam9+ & measur+ its va/ proportions4 ,! dunes rec$e 9 ! di/ance2 boats are at an*or 9 ! surf4 ,! sc5e is treat$ ) ! pla9ness & s9c]ity *>act]i/ic ( ,dut* art4 ,& ! et*+1 ) its firmly & r co>sely bitt5 l9es1 unsophi/icat$ by ! bur91 has a solidity & simplicity n )\t attraction4 ,reg>d$ z et*+1 ?is is primitive "w4 ,/ill x is g5u9e et*+1 & by "o :o has p]ceiv$ t ne$le & acid dem& an employm5t & an aim diff]5t 9 k9d f t ( ! grav]4 ,x is int]e/+1 !re=e1 to comp>e ?is plate ) ! l9e-engrav+ ( a simil> subject1 repres5t+ ano!r :ale /r&$1 a few ye>s be=e1 9 #aeih1 by ,jacob ,ma?am1 ! pupil ( ,goltzius4 ,) ! ,van de ,veldes x is natural to associate two contempor>ies1 :o ) !m help$ to inaugurate ! great age ( ,dut* art2 ,piet] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,?ree ,m5 "u a ,tree4 ,by ,ev]d+54 ,b4 #e4 ,molyn1 ! eld]1 & ,jan van ,goy51 ! latt] born 9 ! same ye> ) ,jan van de ,velde4 ,molyn1 :o 0 born 9 ,london1 b 0 work+ 9 ,ha>lem be=e #afaf1 is an arti/ ( real indep5d5ce4 ,a set ( et*+s1 publi%$ 9 #afbf1 %[s ! same qualities t appe> 9 8 draw+s--firm draughtsman%ip1 op5ness & fre$om ( design1 & a f9e economy ( means4 ,hea?s & moors1 a climb+ c\ntry road ) plodd+ waggon1 a wayside inn1 su* 7 ! simple elem5ts :i* he translat$ into always di/+ui%$ "w4 ,d\btless to ,molyn's tea*+ mu/ be attribut$ some?+ ( t f9e mann] :i* imp>ts s mu* *>m to ! pictures ( ,g]>d ,t] ,bor*1 8 pupil4 ,dy+ 9 #afef1 ,molyn surviv$ by a few ye>s "o :o1 ?\gh n a pupil1 came c]ta9ly "u 8 influ5ce2 ,van ,goy54 ,till lately ,van ,goy51 p]haps because 8 works are bett] kn[n1 0 suppos$ to h be5 ,molyn's tea*]1 or at lea/ to h giv5 a /imulus to 8 art4 ,van ,goy5 %[s m p[] 9 8 draw+s ?an 9 8 pa9t+s1 :i* are sometimes b little remov$ f sepia mono*romes2 & x is a surprise to come1 "h & !re1 ^u a picture ( 8 :i* is bright & fre%4 ,! few et*+s :i* he publi%$ are undat$1 b belong1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,lippman1 to 8 middle life1 #afbe-cj4 ,!y ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,l&scape 9 ,norway4 ,by ,ev]d+54 ,b4 #ge4 h n ! "* ( ,molyn's plates1 & are f> less good z et*+s4 ,simon de ,vlieg]1 :o ranks 9 date z a y\ng] contempor>y ( ! ,van de ,veldes & ( ,molyn1 is m successful z an et*] 9 ! few plates :i* he produc$1 ?an any ( ! e>ly l&scape arti/s4 ,unhamp]$ by ! traditions ( ! l9e-engrav]1 he aims at an effect at once delicate & free4 ,z a pa9t]1 he is kn[n almo/ entirely by sea-pieces1 silv]y 9 tone1 f :i* ,jan van de ,cappelle drew some?+ ( 8 ma/]y ov] /ill effects at sea1 morn+s ( sleepy mi/ ?r\gh :i* ! sun breaks palely on ! sails ( an*or$ vessels4 ,l mo/ ( ! ,dut* pa9t]s1 de ,vlieg] *ang$ 8 home sev]al times4 ,born at ,rott]dam 9 #afjj1 he 0 at ,delft f #afcd to #afdj1 & f !n till 8 dea?1 n9ete5 ye>s lat]1 at ,am/]dam4 ,x seems probable t "h he gave lessons to ! "y ,willem van de ,velde1 :o 0 aft]w>ds to be fam\s z ! greate/ ( ,dut* sea-pa9t]s1 & :o di$ at ,gre5wi*1 a ,c\rt pa9t] to ,*>les ,,ii4 ,9 8 et*+s1 :i* are undat$1 de ,vlieg] does n attempt ! sea2 ?\gh "o 7,b4 #aj71 a f9e piece 9 its way1 is a sc5e on ! sea-bea*1 ) fi%]m5 & _! haul4 ,! be/ ( ! plates are two ,sylvan pieces1 ,! ,wood by ! ,canal 7,b4 #f71 & ! ,grassy ,hill 7,b4 #g74 ,! foliage is m s5sitively treat$ ?an x commonly is by ,dut* et*]s1 & ) m approa* to delicate tru?4 ,!re is also a set ( animals & p\ltry2 possibly "o ( ! e>lie/ sets ( subjects ( ?is k9d1 :i* ! middle ( ! c5tury f\nd s popul>4 ,,iv ,) ,all>dt van ,ev]d+5 7#afba-afge7 we rea* a new elem5t 9 ,dut* l&scape4 ,work+ "u ,piet] ,molyn at ,ha>lem1 he began by pa9t+ m>9e subjects2 & ) a view to increas+ 8 k ( ! sea1 took %ip on ! ,baltic4 ,b a /orm drove him to ,norway2 & !re = "s "t1 tak+ advantage ( mis=tune1 he l+]$ travell+ & sket*+4 ,be=e #afde1 h[ev]--t is be=e he 0 tw5ty-five1 ,ev]d+5 0 back 9 ,ha>lem4 ,he n[ began to pa9t pictures f 8 ,norwegian sket*es3 & to ! ,dut* public ?is nor!rn sc5]y disclos$ a novel *>m4 ,us$ to wide pa/ures & ample skies1 !y f\nd a romantic /rang5ess 9 tumbl+ /reams among rocks & p9e-=e/s1 :]e ! sky 0 %ut (f by m\nta9 slopes4 ,9 #afeb ,ev]d+5 remov$ to ,am/]dam1 :]e he rema9$ till 8 dea?4 ,probably 8 fame _h prec$$ him3 at any rate 8 popul>ity soon grew great !re also1 & 8 canvases 7 mu* s\ght aft]4 ,besides num]\s pictures1 ! ,norwegian sket*es provid$ ! arti/ ) mat]ial = a long s]ies ( et*+s4 ,fig4 #ae is a v *>act]i/ic specim5 ( !m4 ,)\t any extraord9>y qualities1 !y h (t5 a g5u9e *>m4 ,! ,norwegian l&scape is treat$ ) insight into its peculi> features1 & ?\gh ,ev]d+5 fails entirely to sugge/ ! ru% & foam ( torr5ts1 he makes f9e use ( ! log cab9s1 rafts1 & pal+s1 & et*es p9es ) tru? & _s4 ,( a probably lat] date are ! f\r views ( a wat]+-place1 possibly ,spa1 "o ( :i* is "h reproduc$ 7,fig4 #af74 ,! subject is ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,dr9k+ ! ,wat]s at ,spa4 ,by ,ev]d+54 ,b4 #if4 int]e/+1 & ! h&l+ ( ! build+s & ! gr\ps ( p is excell5t4 ,ev]d+5 0 n )\t hum\r1 :i* is %[n 9 ! long s]ies ( illu/rations to ,reyn>d ! ,fox4 ,b mo/ read]s w probably f9d ! *ief int]e/ ( ! arti/ to lie 9 8 relations ) a great] man1 ,ruisdael4 ,v ,?\gh a native ( ,ha>lem1 ,jacob van ,ruisdael produc$ mo/ ( 8 life's "w at ,am/]dam4 ,he is conjectur$ to h be5 born ab\t #afbe2 ! precise ye> has n be5 discov]$4 ,8 fa!r ,isaak1 a frame-mak]1 _h him tra9$ z a surgeon2 & x 0 n till aft] he _h pass$ a c\rse ( surg]y t he ab&on$ ! pr(ession = pa9t+1 9 :i* he _h e>ly %[n 8 gift4 ,ruisdael's fir/ pictures are dat$ #afdf1 & 8 works f t ye> to #afee1 8 8e>ly p]iod10 are ne>ly all views ( ,ha>lem & its neighb\rhood4 ,?or\ghly ,dut* 9 "*1 !y h little ( t gloomy tone s frequ5t 9 ! arti/'s lat] "t4 ,! beautiful ,view ( ,ha>lem at ! ,hague1 ) its mass$ cl\ds & ray ( sun%9e glid+ ov] ! pla91 is a p]fect example ( ?is e>ly mann]4 ,) ,ruisdael's removal f ,ha>lem1 a great *ange comes ov] 8 art4 ,!re seems no d\bt t 8 e>ly ,dut* l&scapes 7 n popul>4 ,!y 7 p]haps too orig9al4 ,he came to ,am/]dam poor & )\t mu* reputation1 & he f\nd !re1 e/abli%$ 9 fame & popul>ity1 ,all>dt van ,ev]d+51 return$ f ,norway & n[ attract+ ! _w ( buy]s by 8 pictures ( t wild & romantic c\ntry4 ,x 0 9 #afeb1 z we h se51 t ,ev]d+5 settl$ 9 ! city1 & ?ree or f\r ye>s lat] ,ruisdael arriv$4 ,he did n become a burgess till #afei1 b _h probably be5 already "s ye>s 9 resid5ce be=e ! =mal inscription ( 8 "n4 ,f ?is p]iod dates ! lam5table *ange 9 ,ruisdael's art4 ,! ma/]1 ^: native indep5d5ce is s m>k$ t "o is at a loss to "n 8 probable tea*]1 ( 8 own w & 9 %e] mortification ( _s at 8 want ( success1 =ces himself f ! mead[s & dunes ( 8 delight1 & inv5ts1 to w9 ! patronage ( ! ri* m5 ( ,am/]dam1 a ,norway ( 8 own4 ,a visit to ,nor? ,g]many1 ( :i* !re is "s evid5ce1 help$ 8 inv5tion4 ,n[ beg9s ! long s]ies ( wat]falls & p9es & torr5ts s famili> 9 ! picture gall]ies4 ,x is n on ^! t ,ruisdael's fame re/s2 on ?is gr\nd ,ev]d+51 9 spite ( 8 inf]ior m]its z a pa9t]1 rema9s 8 ma/]4 ,b z ! pictures ( ?is p]iod are ! mo/ common1 ! public is apt to id5tify him ) ?is acquir$ /yle 9 :i* ! true ,ruisdael is obscur$4 ,= ?is reason x 0 a =tunate *oice :i* secur$ = ! ,national ,gall]y1 two ye>s ago1 s exquisite a specim5 ( ! pa9t] at 8 be/ z ! ,%ore at ,s*ev5+51 ,no4 #acij4 ,! *illy end+ ( an aft]noon1 ) cl\ds bl[+ up & ! ra9 beg9n+1 ! vex$ movem5t ( %all[ wat] z ! ris+ w9d breaks x into %ort waves1 ! wetness ( ! spray-lad5 atmosph]e1 are pa9t$ ) a s5sitive subtlety t m mod]n l&scape1 ) all its triumphs1 has n excell$4 ,! mood ( feel+ "h express$ is intimately ,ruisdael's own4 ,)\t ! brood+ melan*oly :i* became oppressively habitual lat]1 :i* f\nd su* gr&iose expression 9 pictures l ! fam\s ,jews' ,bury+-place at ,dresd51 !re is "h a lat5t sadness t seems to h be5 br$ 9 ! fibre ( ! man4 ,x seems a k9d ( expectation ( sorr[2 ! mood t poetry ) great] int5sity has express$ 9 "s l9es ( ,br[n+ :i* sugge/ !mselves3 ,! ra9 set e>ly 9 to-night2 ,! sull5 w9d 0 soon awake3 ,x tore ! elm-tops d[n = spite1 ,& did its wor/ to vex ! lake4 ,i li/5$1 ) he>t fit to break4444 ,= su* a nature :o w\ld pr$ict happ9ess8 ,=tune satisfi$ t inborn melan*oly to ! full4 ,! ye>s br\ght increas+ pov]ty1 & ! c>es ( provid+ = himself & = 8 fa!r wore ! arti/ d[n4 ,! autumn ( #afha f\nd him ill & helpless2 s helpless t ! religi\s community to :i* he belong$1 ! sect ( ,m5nonites1 procur$ admission = him to _! alm%\se at ,ha>lem4 ,!re he l+]$ till ! next spr+4 ,9 ,m>* he 0 buri$ 9 ,/4 ,bavon's4 ,,vi ,ruisdael's et*+s are b twelve1 or p]haps ?irte51 9 numb]2 only sev5 be+ catalogu$ by ,b>ts*4 ,_! fewness %[s1 :at _! te*nical qualities confirm1 t ! arti/ nei!r _h great aptitude = ?is me?od ( expression nor c>$ to pursue 8 exp]im5ts 9 x f>4 ,!y all belong to 8 e>lie/ p]iod4 ,"o1 ! ,?ree ,oaks 7,b4 #f71 is dat$ #afdi1 & x is difficult to assign any ( ! o!rs1 except possibly ! ,cornfield1 to a lat] date4 ,( ! f\r l>ge plates1 ! "o :i* ,b>ts* calls ,les ,voyageurs 7,b4 #d71 is decid$ly ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,x is a =e/ sc5e1 wild & intricate1 ) wat] runn+ or /&+ 9 pools among ! great roots ( ! oak :i* occupies ! c5tre & ( ! bee* :i* fills ! left4 ,! two figures are pass+ 9 ! middle di/ance1 :]e ! wood is cle>]4 ,x is a remnant1 p]haps1 ( t va/ =e/ :i* at "o "t cov]$ ! :ole ( ,holl&4 ,ruisdael's /rong feel+ = old trees1 = ! solitude ( =e/s1 d5sely bran*+ & my/]i\s1 inspires him "h2 & "o has only to turn to ! facile et*]s ( sylvan sc5]y1 ,wat]loo or ,swanevelt1 or ,van d] ,cabel1 to realise ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! man :o feels :at he _c p]fectly ma/] & ! man :o has p]fect ma/]y ( a facile =mula4 ,ruisdael nev] succe$$ 9 f9d+ a q satisfactory conv5tion = foliage 9 et*$ l9e2 b 8 cont9ual feel+ aft] tru? ( r5d]+1 8 s5sitiv5ess1 to :i* ! =ms ( bran* & leaf are always fre% & wond]ful1 make 8 "w always int]e/+4 ,! ?ree o!r l>ge plates 7,b4 #a-c7 are less successful h&l+s ( ! same k9d ( subject4 ,?\gh ! fir/1 ,! ,little ,bridge1 is n a =e/ sc5e1 & repres5ts a decay$ old f>m-build+1 x is p5etrat$ ) ! same feel+ = picturesque1 moss-gr[n antiquity & neglect$ solitude4 ,! ,?ree ,oaks are et*$ ) tru? & /r5g?1 b !y d n rival ! gr&eur ( ! oak 9 ! l>g] plate4 ,! ,cornfield 7,fig4 #ag7 is sunny & pleasant4 ,!re are two /ates ( ! f\r l>ge plates1 & _m ( ! ,?ree ,oaks & ! ,cornfield4 ,z ! lat] /ates are by f> ! m common1 x is well to be w>n$ t ! plates h be5 ret\*$1 &1 9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 c]ta9ly n by ,ruisdael4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree a pudd+-%ap$ cl\d1 ) h>d1 bulg+ edges 7:at a satire on ?is consummate ma/] ( cl\ds67 has be5 ins]t$1 & 9 all !re is fre% "w1 sometimes add+ to ! effect ( ! plate1 b /ill sugge/+ an ali5 h&4 ,ruisdael's et*+ is little m ?an an illu/ration ( 8 pa9t+2 criticism1 !re=e1 ( ! "o mu/ deal to a c]ta9 ext5t ) ! o!r4 ,ruisdael's great fame re/s1 p]haps1 z mu* on 8 hi/orical importance z on 8 actual m]it4 ,) ,hobbema he prep>$ ! way = ,crome & ,con/able1 & ?r\gh !m = ,r\sseau & ! l&scape ( mod]n ,france4 ,b1 tak5 on 8 own m]its1 he is a consid]able figure4 ,7 x n = ! fatigu+ s]ies ( unp]suasive wat]falls1 :i* too (t5 repres5t him1 8 real qualities w\ld h m *ance ( mak+ !mselves felt4 ,:5 on 8 own gr\nd he is ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,! ,cornfield4 ,by ,j4 ,ruisdael4 ,b4 #e4 m v>i\s1 m subtle1 altoge!r f9] ?an ,hobbema1 except :5 ,hobbema is at 8 v be/1 z 9 ! sev]ely *>m+ ,av5ue ( ,middleh>nis4 ,hobbema (t5 fails to conv9ce1 because he has n suffici5tly felt 8 subject2 & s he w pa9t a gr& sky ) ! w9d mov+ great cl\ds across x1 b :5 he comes to ! trees ( 8 =egr\nd he =gets 8 sky1 & pa9ts ! bran*es 9 a brea?lessly /iff atmosph]e1 )\t ! sugge/ion ( a w9d4 ,! result+ effect is a p]plex+ heav9ess4 ,ruisdael betrays ! same defect 9 8 lat] pictures2 :at else c\ld "o expect f "o condemn$ to produce unrealities = a m>ket8 ,b 9 8 good p]iod he always %[s an impressible imag9ation1 & 8 mat]ials are fus$ by ! feel+ 9 :i* he /eeps !m4 ,8 s5se = ! beauty ( trees is pr(\nd1 ?\gh r limit$ 9 its range4 ,he 0 lack+ 9 ! consummate /yle ( ,crome1 & w\ld nev] h a*iev$ ! l>g5ess & retic5t p[] ( a picture l ! ,engli% ma/]'s ,av5ue at ,*apel ,fields4 ,b = skies1 = cl\ds1 he has an eye m true1 a love m compreh5sive1 ?an ^? ( any :o _h gone be=e him1 ?an ^? ( _m :o 7 to foll[ him4 ,he piles 8 cl\ds 9 m\nta9\s glory1 8trail+0 _! %ad[s ov] ! wide c\ntry1 till ! level pa/ures ( ,holl& gr[ 9 8vision>y maje/ies0 l ! gr&e/ m\nta9s ( ,norway4 ,?is gives u all ! m reason to deplore ! abs5ce ( any attempt to deal ) cl\ds 9 ! et*+s1 /ill m ! pres5ce ( ^? inflat$ %apes ins]t$ by a /upid publi%]4 ,,vii ,?\gh an important figure 9 ! hi/ory ( l&scape pa9t+1 ,ruisdael did n /rongly influ5ce ! contempor>y et*]s ( l&scape4 ,hobbema1 8 fam\s s*ol>1 did n1 s f> z we "k1 et* at all4 ,a few et*]s1 h[ev]1 felt ,ruisdael's /imulus m or less3 ,van ,b]e/eyn1 :o 0 work+ at ,ha>lem 9 #afdd1 & produc$ "s et*+s some:at 9 ! mann] ( ,ruisdael's ,cornfield1 b ) a mann]$ treatm5t ( trees3 ,h4 ,naiw9cx1 :o h&l$ a delicate po9t1 & et*$ a set ( graceful plates ( woodl& & riv]3 & ,adria5 ,v]boom1 :o 9 8 two or ?ree et*+s is p]haps m successful 9 treatm5t ( trees ?an any ( ! ,dut*m54 ,b m celebrat$ ?an any ( ^! is ,antoni ,wat]loo4 ,8 et*+s1 to :i* alone he owes 8 reputation1 are consid]ably ov] a hundr$ 9 numb]2 & z ! subjects are monoton\s1 !y soon become t$i\s4 ,gr\ps ( trees by a roadside1 or a fr+e ( wood alone occupy ,wat]loo's ne$le4 ,n[ & !n1 z 9 ,b4 #bh1 ! t\* is light & ! effect pleasant3 b hav+ once f\nd a =mula1 ,wat]loo is cont5t to repeat x4 ,8 foliage is h>d & heavy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,! ,burnt ,h\se on ! ,canal4 ,by ,van d] ,heyd54 ,roelant ,roghman 7#aeig-afhf71 ?\gh mo/ ( 8 plates are nom9ally topographical1 %[s m feel+1 if less skill4 ,"o set ( plates by him illu/rates ! ,dut* po/al sy/em betwe5 ! "m c\ntry & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & has !re=e an hi/orical int]e/4 ,b ,roghman's *ief claim on our conc]n is t he 0 ! fai?ful & belov$ fri5d ( ,rembr&t4 ,8 et*+s1 h[ev]1 %[ no trace ( ,rembr&t's influ5ce2 & he 0 by t5 ye>s ! eld] man4 ,l ,segh]s & l ,ruisdael1 ,roghman 0 neglect$ & mis]able 9 8 life1 & di$ 9 an alm%\se4 ,"o ( 8 l&scapes is 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,,viii ,! illu/ration on page #ea 7,fig4 #ah7 is f an et*+ :i* repres5ts a c]ta9 prov9ce ( ,dut* art1 h&l$ by sev]al ( ! pa9t]s ) mu* success1 b sc>cely t\*$ by ! et*]s4 ,( ?is gr\p1 to :om ar*itecture1 :e!r 9 ! spaci\s & au/]e int]iors ( ! ,dut* *ur*es1 or ! squ>es & ruddy brick h\se-fronts ( ! t[ns1 0 ! *ief preoccupation1 ,jan van d] ,heyd5 is ! mo/ fam\s & ! be/4 ,he is also ! "o among !m :o has et*$4 ,! illu/ration1 ?\gh mu* r$uc$1 gives a fairly good idea ( 8 "w4 ,ma/] ( a precise & pati5t p5cil1 ,van d] ,heyd5 is n cont5t till he has drawn 9 e brick1 e /one4 ,& ! m>vel is1 t 9 spite ( 8 me?od1 he contrives to convey a c]ta9 _s ( l>g5ess into 8 design4 ,9 fact1 ?\gh s m9ute 9 detail1 he seems always to h kept 8 eye on ! :ole4 ,a pleasant temp]ate w>m? ( col\r p]vades 8 pictures1 ! k9d ( light :i* on c]ta9 days suffuses old brick walls1 z if dy$ 9 ! sun%9e ( _m summ]s3 & t exquisite ord]1 ! almo/ extravagant cleanl9ess ( ,dut* h\seholds1 makes itself felt 9 ^! glimpses ( tree-bord]$ canals1 & ( trim h\se-fronts ) _! well-proportion$ w9d[s4 ,mu* ( ?is col\r p]si/s ev5 9 ! black & :ite ( an et*+ l t reproduc$4 ,x is ! day aft] a fire1 & a little cr[d ( neighb\rs is ga!r$ to look on ! burnt remnant ( ! h\se4 ,h[ ,illu/ration3 ,sea ,piece4 ,f an et*+ by ,l4 ,backhuys54 excell5tly are ! gr\ps & figures depict$6 ,?is is n true et*]'s "w2 b x is v skilful "w1 v good "w1 ( its k9d4 ,nei!r ,van d] ,heyd51 nor any ( ! ,dut* pa9t]s ( ar*itecture1 realis$ ! capacity ( outl9es 9 /one or brick1 att5d$ by _! circum/ance ( light & %ad[1 to impress ! imag9ation1 to /ir emotion1 z ,mryon 0 to d lat]4 ,b _! "w1 by its sob]ness & firm simplicity1 w9s u4 ,9 its own way1 & 9 its own degree1 x w always give pleasure4 ,,ix ,f ,holl&1 ! fir/ naval p[] 9 ,europe ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a love ( ! sea & an expression ( x 9 art 7 naturally to be expect$3 & among ! sev]al f9e pa9t]s :o n[ = ! fir/ "t made ! sea _! subject1 two at lea/1 ,reyni] ,zeeman & ,ludolph ,backhuys51 h left "s admirable et*+s4 ,simon de ,vlieg] pa9t$1 b did n et* m>9e subjects2 ( ,jan van de ,capelle only ?ree indiff]5t plates are kn[n2 & ,willem van de ,velde did n et* at all4 ,zeeman's real "n 0 ,nooms2 b 8 love ( ! sea procur$ him e>ly ! "n :i* he adopts on all 8 plates4 ,he travell$ mu*1 b work$ *iefly at ,am/]dam1 :]e probably he 0 born 9 #afbc4 ,zeeman's et*+s are ne>ly all 9 sets1 repres5t+ views ( ,am/]dam1 diff]5t k9ds ( ,dut* %ipp+1 & naval battles4 ,!y pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( sev]al publi%]s1 :o1 we may conjecture1 commission$ him to d !m3 & !y 7 evid5tly popul>4 ,su* "w1 nom9ally & prim>ily int5d$ to s]ve a lit]>y r ?an a pictorial purpose1 suff]s 9 consequ5ce4 ,! arti/ has _h to *oose 8 subjects ) a view to ^? ^: int]e/ 0 n 9 ! et*] z et*]1 b 9 8 k ( %ips & skill 9 depict+ !m4 ,yet ,zeeman has manag$ to s]ve art z well z hi/ory4 ,%ips1 ) _! ord]$ intricacy ( rigg+ & _! my/]i\s beauty1 h an endless fasc9ation = him3 = x is %ipp+1 r ?an ! sea itself1 :i* he loves4 ,& 8 %ips are et*$ ) an admirable feel+1 a simple & effective h&l+ ( ! bitt5 l9es4 ,8 m5 ( w> move ) royal /atel9ess2 & ! battle-pieces h some?+ ( ! magnific5ce "o imag9es 9 ! old sea-fights4 ,equally good 9 _! way are plates l ! fi%+ boats 7,fig4 #ai7 sett+ out at morn+ ov] ! /ill sea1 ba!d 9 a wa% ( limpid air & sun%9e4 ,only 9 8 cl\ds does ,zeeman completely fail4 ,hi/orically1 too1 ^! pr9ts are int]e/+4 ,"h1 ) patriotic pride1 ,zeeman is fond ( %[+ ! ,engli% %ip ( ! l9e or frigate1 ) h] sails riddl$1 conqu]$ at la/1 & ) ! ,dut* tricol\r hoi/$ ov] ! ,/4 ,george's ,cross4 ,no?+ c\ld m ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,fi%+ ,boats4 ,by ,r4 ,zeeman4 ,b4 #ch4 vividly br+ home to ,engli%m5 ! p[]ful position ( ,holl& at ! "t4 ,backhuys5's et*+s are lat] ?an ,zeeman's1 be+ all produc$ 9 #agja1 :5 ! arti/ 0 sev5ty ye>s old1#i & sev5 ye>s be=e 8 dea? at ,am/]dam4 ,a pupil ( ,ev]d+51 he _h soon ris5 to fame & 0 employ$ or s\ght aft] by _m =eign pr9ces1 includ+ ! ,ts> ,pet] ! ,great2 & f ov] mu* production 8 "w suff]$4 ,! et*+s1 h[ev]1 ?\gh produc$ s late 9 life1 are nei!r languid nor feeble4 ,9 fre%ness & vivacity !y excel ,backhuys5's draw+s4 ,x is ! same ) ,zeeman3 probably because ! et*+-ne$le has s mu* m capacity = giv+ ! crispness ( foam & ! %>p lights ( runn+ waves1 ?an p5cil & sepia4 ,no "o1 till ,turn] came1 succe$$ at all 9 pa9t+ ! mass & weight ( wat] z ! tides move x 9 deep seas2 b ! easily agitat$1 breezy motion ( ! %all[ ,dut* wat]s is (t5 sugge/$ ) a pleasant fre%ness by ,backhuys54 ,! be/ ( ! et*+s is t ( ! %ip "u sail1 cru%+ ! wat] "u h] b[s into foam4 ,x ,s f>1 we h consid]$ only ! native s*ool ( l&scape arti/s1 :o took _! subjects f ,holl& & its bord]s4 ,b t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,rome a gr\p ( pa9t]s f ! ,ne!rl&s1 to :i* ea* succe$+ g5]ation add$ new memb]s1 :e!r !y settl$ !re = life or /ay$ only = a few ye>s4 ,belong+ to ?is gr\p are a c]ta9 numb] ( et*]s1 d]iv+ orig9ally1 9 m or less degree1 f ,el%eim]1 & receiv+ a second & m p[]ful /imulus f ! art ( ,claude4 ,jan van de ,velde1#aj x seems probable1 sp5t "s ye>s ( 8 manhood 9 ,italy1 & p]haps work$ "u ,el%eim] himself4 ,at any rate1 a numb] ( 8 plates are entirely 9 ,el%eim]'s mann]4 ,^! are s heavily ov]work$ ) ! bur9 t !y mu/ c\nt r z l9e-engrav+s ?an z et*+s4 ,! bur9 plays1 inde$1 a m or less important "p 9 all ,jan van de ,velde's pr9ts4 ,"o set1 illu/rat+ ! /ory ( ,tobias1 0 et*$ f designs by ,moses van ,uyt5broeck1 an arti/ :o also publi%$ a numb] ( plates ( 8 own4 ,"h aga9 is an in/ance ( ! traditional *ronology be+ at fault4 ,uyt5broeck's bir? is usually giv5 z #afjj4 ,b ,bode has po9t$ out t !re are engrav+s aft] 8 "w by an arti/ :o di$ 9 #afab4 ,! date mu/ !re=e be put back sev]al ye>s4 ,uyt5broeck is p]haps ! ne>e/ to ,el%eim] ( all 8 foll[]s4 ,! relation ( ! figures to ! l&scape1 ! curi\s human types1 ) _! r /olid1 pla9 faces & heavy ge/ures1 ! treatm5t ( ,italian l&scape1 all are intimately ak9 to ! ,g]man ma/]'s art4 ,el%eim]'s influ5ce /ill p]si/s /rongly 9 ,cornelis ,poel5burg1 "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ! ,dut* arti/s 9 ,rome1 ^: small1 smoo?ly gl[+ pictures ( grottoes & ba?+ nymphs are famili> 9 e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,road1 ) ,trees & ,figures4 ,by ,bre5b]gh4 ,b4 #ag4 gall]y4 ,poel5burg did n et* himself1 b 8 fri5d ,jan ,g]ritz ,bron*or/ et*$ f 8 pa9t+s & 9 8 /yle1 ?\gh ) less grace & elegance4 ,we f9d "h ! beg9n+s ( t s*ool ( l&scape1 8,arcadian0 z ,bode calls x1 :i* s soon receiv$ its fulle/ & mo/ p]fect expression 9 ! l>ge & tranquil art ( ,claude4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,l&scape4 ,by ,bo?4 ,b4 #c4 ,piet] de ,la]1 ( ^: et*+s ( animals we %all say some?+ 9 ! next *apt]1 et*$ "o l&scape at lea/ 9 ! delicate s(t mann] ( t ma/]4 ,& ) him maybe associat$ ,b>tolomeus ,bre5b]gh1 :o liv$ 9 ,rome f 8 tw5ty-fir/ to 8 tw5ty-eigh? ye>1 #afbj-afbg4 ,he 0 m>ri$ at ,am/]dam 9 #afcc & di$ !re 9 #afei or e>li]2 b 0 at ,rome aga9 9 ! int]val1 dur+ :i* he publi%$ 7#afdj7 a set ( v attractive little pr9ts4 ,fig4 #bj is an example ( 8 "w4 ,! same delicate1 f9e ne$le1 & ! same pref]5ce = ! picturesque1 *>act]ise ! e>li] et*+s ( ,?omas ,wyck4 ,lat] he adopt$ a fre]1 broad] /yle1 & work$ on a l>g] scale1 b ) less success4 ,b ! mo/ conspicu\s & important ( ?is gr\p is ,jan ,bo?4 ,l ,poel5burg1 he 0 a man ( ,utre*t1 :]e he 0 born 9 #afaj & :]e he di$ 9 #afeb4 ,8 portrait1 tak5 9 8 lat] days at home1 is t ( a /\t1 grave burgh]4 ,q "y he left ! /udio ( 8 ma/] ,bloem>t & travell$ ?r\gh ,france to ,rome4 ,!re ! s(t sun%9e ( ,claude fasc9at$ him & he began to foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( t fam\s pa9t]4 ,e "o kn[s ! l&scapes ( ,bo?1 _! smoo?1 r insipid grace1 _! prem$itat$ balance ( composition1 _! elegant monotony4 ,x is c]ta9 t !y 7 popul> 9 ,holl&1 :i!r !y 7 br\ght 9 %ips f ,italy to adorn ! walls ( weal?y buy]s4 ,probably 9 t day su* pa9t+ ( placid sun%9e 0 a new ?+2 :at we p]ceive to be a surface acqua9tance ) ,nature sav\r$ almo/ ( intimacy2 & d\btless ,bo?'s pretty & monoton\s conv5tions _h !n a p]man5t *>m4 ,9 8 et*+s1 ,bo?'s weaknesses d n appe> s /rongly4 ,&1 wisely1 he did n produce _m4 ,_h !re be5 m !y w\ld1 beyond d\bt1 h be5 precisely simil> to :at we h2 & f m]e fatigue at _! monotony "o w\ld h rat$ !m bel[ _! wor?4 ,z x is1 ! t5 l&scapes aft] 8 own designs are m ?an en\gh to reveal ,bo?'s great limitations4 ,yet !y are few en\gh = u to enjoy !m4 ,=1 aft] all1 !y are attractive & accompli%$ et*+s4 ,f ,claude1 ,bo? _h le>n$ h[ to produce1 ) a nice managem5t ( ! acid1 an exquisite s(tness 9 8 di/ances4 ,! atmosph]e is limpid & ba!d 9 sun%9e1 & ! =egr\nds are sugge/$ ) t light t\* & selection ( detail :i* are fir/ requisites 9 an et*+4 ,"h1 aga91 x is only fair to ! arti/ to judge him by ! e>ly /ates ( 8 "w4 ,! rul$ l9es defac+ ! sky :i* !y are meant to con/itute1 7 add$ 9 ! second /ate by ! publi%]4 ,( t !re c be little d\bt4 ,un=tunately1 ,bo?'s fir/ /ates are extremely r>e4 ,bo?'s pupil1 ,willem de ,heus*1 approa*es if he does n rival 8 ma/]4 ,he is n indep5d5t en\gh1 h[ev]1 to m]it special notice4 ,h]man van ,swanevelt1 ano!r arti/ ^: bir?-date mu/ be put fur!r back ?an ! traditional #afbj1aa liv$ on to #afij1 :5 he di$ at ,rome4 ,8 et*+s are m consid]able 9 numb] ?an 9 m]it4 ,he began ! s*ool ( rem9isc5ces f ,claude & ,titian's l&scapes :i* l+]$ on ?r\gh pal] & pal] repetitions into ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 ! sad facility ( ,g5oels & ,van d] ,cabel & ,glaub]4 ,nev] 0 art m bloodless & apa!tic ?an 9 ^! deg5]ate spoil]s ( a f9e tradition4 ,,! ,,et*]s ,,( ,,pa/oral ,i ,:ile l&scape ?us occupi$ ! tal5t ( s _m ,dut* pa9t]s1 a c]ta9 numb] /ruck out a bran* ap>t1 *oos+ subjects t may briefly be call$ pa/oral4 ,= ^! m5 ! =egr\nd ( cattle1 ! goa!rd or ! %eph]d ) 8 flock1 0 ( great] int]e/ ?an ! backgr\nd ( (t5 q conv5tional sc5]y4 ,sometimes two or m pa9t]s collaborat$1 & "o pa9t$ ! l&scape :ile ano!r put 9 ! animals4 ,& z 9 pa9t+1 s 9 et*+4 ,a c]ta9 gr\p ( m5 et*$ no?+ b animals1 ) n[ & !n a l&scape4 ,( ^! ! *ief are ,paul ,pott]1 ,claes ,b]*em1 ,adria5 van de ,velde1 ,k>el du ,j>d94 ,?is love ( ! dome/ic animals = _! own sake 9 art seems native & almo/ peculi> to ,holl&4 ,_m pa9t]s be=e ?is "t _h %[n a rem>kable love ( animals4 ,f ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli to ,bassano1 individuals among ! ,italian ma/]s _h introduc$ _! fav\rites1 :]ev] opportunity (f]$1 into sacr$ & hi/orical compositions4 ,& among ! eld] contempor>ies ( ! ,dut*m51 ,rub5s1 ,snyd]s1 & ,velasquez _h pa9t$ dogs & horses z only !y c\ld pa9t !m4 ,b x is ma9ly 9 hunt+ pieces1 z s]vants or companions ( man1 t ^! pa9t]s introduce animals2 cattle & %eep d n int]e/ !m4 ,x is ! same ) ! great engrav]s :o prec$$ ! sev5te5?-c5tury et*]s4 ,dr] 0 und\bt$ly v fond ( animals & engrav$ !m frequ5tly4 ,& t s+ul> ma/] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ^: "n we d n "k1 b :o is g5]ally call$ ! ,ma/] ( ! ,am/]dam ,cab9et f ! fact t by f> ! fulle/ collection ( 8 pr9ts is at ,am/]dam1 engrav$ dogs & horses ) a fre$om & a vivacity :i* ,dr] nev] atta9$1 & :i* 7 9 t p]iod ( ,nor!rn art unique4 ,?is ma/] 0 long ?\ght a ,dut*man1 b ! type ( 8 faces1 among o!r consid]ations1 m>ks him z a ,swabian arti/4 ,yet 9 none ( ^! m5 appe>s any?+ l ! peculi> feel+ :i* 9 ,pott]1 = in/ance1 /rikes s /rong a note4 ,! glory & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,a ,ram4 ,by ,b]*em4 ,b4 #ea4 excitem5t ( ! *ase1 s magnific5tly put on canvas by ,rub5s1 ! reli% ( ! bo>'s savage fury z ! h\nds hurl !mselves at him1 are absolutely ali5 to t brood+ int5tness1 z al]t to cat* e curve 9 ! attitude ( cattle ris+ or ly+ d[n1 z subtle to p5etrate to _! my/]i\s non-human exi/5ce1 s di/ant & alo(1 p]vad+ ! ,dut*man's art4 ,x is a mood :i* fuses ! m9d into ! life x wat*es1 till ! delight ( cool runn+ wat] to ! cattle1 z !y plunge 9 f ! hot fields1 is z intimately felt z ! joy ( battle 9 _! *>g+ h\nds1 :i* is m]ely reflect$ human feel+1 is felt by ! pa9t]s ( ! hunt4 ,?us1 :ile 9 ,fl&]s pa9t]s & et*]s l ,jan ,fyt c>ri$ on 9 _! animal pieces ! tradition ( ,rub5s & ,snyd]s1 a totally diff]5t mode ( animal pa9t+ & et*+ 0 spr++ up 9 ,holl&4 8,pa/oral10 x is mo/ conv5i5t to call x2 b x is n pa/oral 9 ! same s5se t ! ^w has come to h1 z appli$ to c]ta9 types ( poetry1 :e!r ! ,idylls ( ,!ocritus or ! ,eclogues ( ,virgil4 ,!re1 z ) ! e>ly pa9t]s ( animals1 ! human int]e/ is ! preoccupy+ int]e/2 & ! poet s+s ( ! peasant's life 9 ! fields1 8 indu/ries1 8 pleasures1 8 loves & qu>rels1 ei!r f native love & k ( t life1 or 9 a desire no less g5u9e1 if express$ ?r\gh =ms ( m or less artificial col\r+ & outl9e1 = ! real simplicity ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is ! h]dsman1 n 8 h]d1 t is ! pa/oral poet's !me4 ,n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! arti/ dis5gages himself f ! po9t ( view ( man1 & effaces himself be=e ! dumb life he contemplates4 ,already1 9 ! engrav+s ( ,lucas van ,leyd51 :o1 by 8 e>ly maturity & 8 e>ly dea?1 8 g5tle nature & 8 exquisite skill1 seems to /& z a prototype ( ,paul ,pott]--a k9d ( =e%ad[+ ( ?is attitude appe>s4 ,b n till ! sev5te5? c5tury does ! ve9 beg9 to be develop$4 ,!n1 by rapid degrees1 n ?r\gh any s+le influ5ce1 b communicat$ imp]ceptibly z if 89 ! air10 ! tradition gr[s4 ,,ii ,moses van ,uyt5broeck & ,claes ,moey>t1 ^: et*+s 9 ! /yle ( ,el%eim] 7 m5tion$ e>li]1 bo? produc$ a c]ta9 numb] ( purely pa/oral plates4 ,( ,uyt5broeck1 we h a set ( gr\ps ( animals ) backgr\nds ( ,campagna l&scape1 :i* seem to date f e>ly 9 ! c5tury4 ,& 9 ! lat] mann] ( ,moey>t1 dat$ #afch1 is a gr\p ( cattle1 %eep1 & goats1 "u %ady trees1 9 a conv5tional l&scape b ) an unidealis$ ,dut* h]dsman4 ,nei!r ( ^! m5 et*$ cattle ) mu* k or _s1 ?\gh ,moey>t 0 an arti/ ( _m-sid$ tal5t1 & pa9t$ pictures t are excell5t 9 _! way4 ,consid]ably bett] is an et*+ by ,jan ,g]ritz ,bleeck]1 also dat$ #afch4 ,x is a gr\p ( cattle ) a c[h]d pip+1 conceiv$ 9 ! pa/oral ve9 ( ,pott]'s ,%eph]d4 ,"h1 already1 ! int]e/ ( ! arti/ beg9s to c5tre on ! animals4 ,9 ,piet] de ,la] ?is int]e/ is /ill m frank4 ,born be=e #afac1 de ,la] f\nd e>ly a home 9 ,italy1 :]e 8 pictures 7 widely appreciat$4 ,9 ! same ye> t we h j m5tion$1 #afch1 he1 too1 publi%$ a set ( et*+s ( animals1 9 :i* attitude & action are caught ) f> m vivacity & tru? ?an hi!rto1 :ile ! design--?\gh co>sely bitt5--is light & free1 comp>$ ) e>li] "w4 ,ano!r set ( horses1 :i* probably foll[$ ?is1 is ! prototype ( /udies l ^? ( ,pott]'s4 ,de ,la] seems to h be5 "o ( ! fir/ ,dut*m5 to import ,dut* realism & ! ,dut* me?od ( pa9t+ into ,italy4 ,! ,italians f\nd 9 su* art some?+ fre% & vigor\s4 ,de ,la] soon ga9$ imm5se vogue 9 ! s\?1 & _h a correspond+ influ5ce on 8 c\ntrym5 :o came to "w !re4 ,among ^!1 probably1 0 ,claes ,piet]sz ,b]*em4 ,x is n kn[n = c]ta9 :e!r ?is arti/ visit$ ,italy1 b ! int]nal evid5ce ( 8 pictures po9ts /rongly to ! supposition t he did4 ,at any rate1 ,dr4 ,br$ius is conv9c$ ( x1 & = ! pres5t we may safely accept ! hypo!sis on 8 au?ority4 ,b]*em 0 born at ,ha>lem 9 #afbj1 b 0 work+ at ,am/]dam be=e #afdb1 9 :i* ye> 8 "n occurs z memb] ( ! ,ha>lem ,guild ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,we also "k t he 0 pa9t$ by ,rembr&t 9 #afdg4ab ,0 ?is be=e or aft] 8 j\rney to ,italy1 asks ,br$ius1 & leaves ! "q op54 ,! et*+s1 h[ev]1 help u t[>ds an answ]4 #afdd is ! date on a set ( cattle1 ) a milkmaid = title2 also on ! ,return f ! ,fields 7,l',homme ,mont sur l'ne7 7,b4 #e74 ,^! are et*$ ) f9e1 delicate %ort /rokes1 9 a mann] aft]w>ds ab&on$ by ,b]*em4 ,8 mo/ celebrat$ pr9t1 h[ev]1 ! s-call$ 8,diamond10 or ,j\eur de ,cornemuse 7,b4 #d71 & ! ,flut+ ,%eph]d 7,b4 #f71 are 9 ! delicate e>ly mann]1 & mu/ be assign$ to ! same date4 ,n[1 ^! are all unmi/akably ,italian 9 "*4 ,if we may assume f ,b]*em's pictures t he _h be5 to ,italy1 we c assume x ) equal safety f ^! et*+s4 ,we may inf]1 !n1 t 9 #afdg he _h already return$ f ,italy4 ,b]*em _h _m pupils1 includ+ ,k>el du ,j>d91 ( :om we %all speak lat]4 ,he 0 evid5tly "o ( ! popul> arti/s ( ! day4 ,x is curi\s to comp>e ! features ( ! man z !y live 9 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,title ,piece4 ,by ,b]*em4 ,b4 #ce4 ,rembr&t's magnific5t portrait1#ac ) ! *>act]i/ics ( 8 art4 ,x is a face 9 :i*1 = all its obvi\s /r5g?1 !re is a want ( g5tl5ess1 f95ess1 impressibility2 a type ( nature t succe$s easi] 9 life ?an 9 art3 = ! qualities :i* c\nt = /r5g? 9 ! _w c\nt (t5 9 art = weakness4 ,& weak1 9 tru?1 is ,b]*em ! arti/4 ,) 8 pa9t+s we are n n[ conc]n$4 ,?r\gh !m he rivall$ ,bo? 9 popul>ity1 & = facility & complac5cy x is h>d to say :i* be>s ! palm4 ,b]*em is q cont5t to pa9t ! gn>l$ trunk ( an oak1 ! hairy leaf ( a burdock1 ! moss on a /one & ! /one itself1 grass & leap+ wat]1 z ( ! same poli%$1 "o might almo/ say1 8slimy0 texture4 ,s long z he has produc$ an agreeable composition1 he is cont5t4 ,9 8 et*+s1 ?is ins5sibility to ! f9e diff]5ces 9 ! gra9 & m\ld+ ( ?+s1 all t goes to give trees & rocks & plants ! *>m & int]e/ ( "*1 is less obvi\sly disclos$4 ,at fir/ sight ! plates h a pleasant look1 !y are t\*$ by a cunn+ h& :i* has atta9$ no common skill 9 di/ribut+ light & 9 gr\p+4 ,b "o has n to look at !m long be=e we>y+ ( _! empt9ess4 ,b]*em et*es c[s1 & %eep1 & goats1 because !y make pretty gr\ps 9 composition--!y add to ! effect ( a pa/oral l&scape2 b 9 !mselves he %[s no real int]e/ :atev]4 ,8 goats pose2 8 c[s h a look ( fad$ human s5tim5t2 8 v %eep are fooli%ly self-consci\s4 ,?\gh !y are drawn ) a c]ta9 _s & ) a 8t\*0 t m$iocre arti/s & _! admir]s mi/ake = an evid5ce ( g5ius1 ! ma9 tru?s 9 ! l9es ( ^! animal =ms escape him4 ,9 f9e1 ,b]*em 0 "o ( ^? m5 :o h little ( ! arti/ 9 !m b skill ( h& & facility 9 assimilation4 ,hav+ inv5t$ or concoct$ a recipe = produc+ a *os5 class ( subjects1 he is p]fectly happy 9 repeat+ himself z long z ! dem& cont9ues4 ,b]*em liv$ sixty-?ree ye>s1 & work$ h>d4 ,,iii ,:o t has se5 x c =get ! portrait ( ,paul ,pott] by 8 fri5d ,van d] ,hel/8 ,! mo/ beautiful portrait ( t accompli%$ pa9t]1 x has also an impalpable attraction t comes :olly f ! sitt]1 & ( ! _m *oice pictures 9 t *oice gall]y ( ! ,hague1 ! ,mauritzhuis1 its *>m is n ! lea/ endur+4 ,! picture 0 pa9t$ 9 #afed1 :5 ,pott] 0 already ne> dea?4 ,a c]ta9 droop+ ( ! eyelids1 a pallor ( ! face1 indicate ! fatigue :i* 0 ov]ma/]+ 8 p[]s4 ,he 0 n yet ?irty :5 he di$1 b 8 production _h be5 imm5se4 ,& 9 him1 z sometimes happ5s1 ,nature1 z if by a k9d ( anticipation1 _h br\ght ! inborn gift to e>ly fl[]1 a comp5sation 9 "s sort to ! _w = its e>ly loss4 ,x 0 at ,enkhuis51 a village on ! extreme po9t ( jutt+ l& ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,! ,bull4 ,by ,paul ,pott]4 ,b4 #a4 t looks out ^u ! ,zuid] ,zee1 t ,paul ,pott] 0 born1 ,nov4 #bj1 #afbe4 ,b only 8 e>ly boyhood 0 pass$ !re1 = 9 #afca 8 fa!r ,piet]1 also a pa9t]1 remov$ to ,am/]dam4 ,f 8 fa!r ! boy fir/ le>nt to draw1 & p]haps f him also inh]it$ ! love ( animals :i* 0 s /rong 9 him4 ,m4 van ,we/rhe5e1 9 8 life ( ,pott]1 conjectures t he 0 influ5c$ by two arti/s1 ,aelb]t ,klomp & ,gov]t ,camphuis51 :o pa9t$ pictures ( ! k9d t ,pott] made fam\s4 ,b ^! m5 appe> to h begun pa9t+ too late = ?is to h be5 possible4 ,dr4 ,br$ius ?9ks ,claes ,moey>t 0 a m likely s\rce ( influ5ce4 ,x is kn[n also t at a c]ta9 p]iod1 ab\t #afdb1 ,pott] 0 9 ! /udio ( ,jacob de ,wet at ,ha>lem4 ,b :oev] may h taught him1 8 e>ly rip5ess & ! /rong s9c]ity ( 8 nature assure u t ,pott] d]iv$ little f any tea*]4 ,) vivid pref]5ces1 a habit ( subtle obs]vation1 & an extraord9>y skill ( h&1 he w\ld h be5 cont5t to repeat no ma/]'s =mulas1 h[ev] popul>4 ,8 fir/ sign$ picture & 8 fir/ sign$ et*+ be> ! same date1 #afdc4 ,he 0 eighte5 ye>s old4 ,! et*+ 7,b4 #ad7 %[s already skill 9 gr\p+ & a hi!rto unkn[n k 9 et*+ ( animal =ms4 ,its fault is ov]-mu* elaboration4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ,pott] 0 at ,delft1 & !re 9 #afdg1 at ! age ( tw5ty-two1 pa9t$ 8 mo/ fam\s picture1 ,! ,"y ,bull1 n[ at ! ,hague4 ,x 0 "o ( ! pictures c>ri$ (f by ,napoleon1 & ( all ^? ma/]pieces f all c\ntries :i* 7 re/or$ by ,france 9 #ahae1 ?is 0 e/eem$ ! second 9 value4 ,s9ce !n its fame has fall51 b ) all its obvi\s dem]its x has suff]$ m--to borr[ an expression appli$ by ,mr4 ,sw9burne to ,byron's ,address to ,ocean 9 ,*ilde ,h>old--f praise ?an f dispraise4 ,9 #afdi ,pott] remov$ to ! ,hague1 & x 0 "h t he met 8 wife1 ,adriana ,bal*5eynde1 daught] ( an ar*itect 9 t t[n4 ,!y 7 m>ri$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,8 m>riage did n /op ! arti/'s ceaseless indu/ry1 b r increas$ x by 8 desire to provide = 8 h\sehold4 ,?9k+ p]haps to f9d m patrons !re ?an at ! ,hague1 he 0 induc$ by ,dr4 ,tulp1 ! pr(essor ( anatomy1 fam\s f ,rembr&t's picture1 to come to ,am/]dam4 ,9 a lett] by a ,fr5*man :o 0 9 ,am/]dam at ?is "t1 look+ = pictures on behalf ( ,que5 ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$51 we h a glimpse ( ,pott] 9 8 /udio1 work+ ) prodigi\s assiduity4 ,! ,fr5*man f\nd ,pott] at "w on a pa9t+ :i* _h already co/ him five mon?s ( cont9u\s toil4 8,ri5 ne se peut voir plus curieusem5t fait10 says ! ,fr5*man4 ,:5 we consid] t ! pa9t] produc$ consid]ably ov] "o hundr$ pictures 9 8 brief life1 x is amaz+ to realise 8 p[]s ( "w4 ,he 0 only to live two ye>s long]4 ,,iv ,! et*$ "w ( ,pott] t has come d[n to u consi/s ( eighte5 plates2 n _m1 consid]+ h[ prolific he 0 z a pa9t]1 b all ! plates are important4 ,tak+ !m 9 *ronological ord]1 we h fir/ ! et*+ already spok5 (1 done :5 ! arti/ 0 only eighte51 ,! ,c[h]d 7,b4 #ad74 ,9 #afdi1 six ye>s aft] its orig9al execution1 ! plate 0 r$uc$ 9 l5g? by ,pott] & ! new date affix$4 ,a re$y holl[1 ) a pool1 0 sub/itut$ = ! gr\p ( ?ree c[s at ! left2 & an alt]ation 0 also made 9 ! feet ( "o ( ! c[s desc5d+ ! hill on ! "r4 ,! et*+1 we "k1 0 popul>4 ,=1 aft] x _h be5 cut d[n1 x 0 issu$ by at lea/ ?ree publi%]s 9 turn2 by ,f4 de ,wit1 by ,p4 ,s*5k1 & by an anonym\s publi%] :o effac$ ! two =m] names4 ,probably 9 ! fir/ in/ance x 0 issu$ by ,pott] himself1 z 0 ! s]ies ( cattle publi%$ 9 #afej4 ,full ( skill 9 gr\p+ & k ( =m z ?is plate is1 x is c]ta9ly inf]ior to ! lat] et*+s4 ,already1 by ! next ye>1 ,pott] 0 able to produce a pr9t1 ,! ,%eph]d 7,b4 #ae7 :i* surpasses x 9 e way1 & :i* to m s\nd draw+ adds a pa/oral atmosph]e ( lightness & sun%9e & repose4 ,b]*em1 ,pott]'s s5ior by five ye>s1 0 at ,ha>lem 9 #afdb1 :5 ,pott]1 z we "k1 0 9 ,de ,wet's /udio4 ,we may assume1 !re=e1 t ! two met4 ,p]haps x 0 9 emulation ( ,b]*em's set ( et*+s1 publi%$ 9 #afdd1 t ,pott] produc$ 8 ,c[h]d & ,%eph]d4 ,if s1 he succe$$ 9 surpass+ !m4 ,!re n[ occurs an int]val ( "s ye>s 9 ,pott]'s et*$ "w4 ,8 next publication1 s f> z we "k1 0 ! s]ies ( eight plates 7,b4 #a-h7 repres5t+ cattle1 & beg9n+ ) ! f9e ,bull 7,fig4 #bd74 ,?is title-piece is dat$ #afej1 s t we may ref] ! production ( ! plates to #afdi1 & possibly ! ye> or two imm$iately prec$+4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact t #afdi is ! date ( ! revis$ ,c[h]d seems to po9t to ,pott]'s hav+ resum$ 8 int]e/ 9 et*+ 9 t ye>1 & to 8 hav+ execut$ ! :ole set aft] ! re-publication ( t plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,/udies ( a ,dog4 ,by ,paul ,pott]4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,he w\ld h>dly issue an immature "w1 :5 he _h by him mu* m triumphant specim5s ( 8 skill4 ,z /udies ( animals1 ^! eight little plates are z good z !y c be4 ,b !y are n m ?an /udies4 ,z we saw1 x _h become a fa%ion = arti/s to et* su* /udies1 & s spread _! fame among ^? :o c\ld n buy _! pictures4 ,?is at once sugge/s ! reason ( ,pott]'s defici5cy z an et*]4 ,/rictly speak+1 he 0 n an et*] at all4 ,he us$ et*+ because x 0 ! fav\rite m$ium = multiply+ sket*es ( 8 "t4 ,b "o feels t ! bur9 w\ld h be5 ! apt] in/rum5t = t sure & cunn+ h&4 ,!re is a delib]ation1 a want ( imm$iacy 9 ^! designs1 t are n ( ! born et*]4 ,betwe5 ! treatm5t ( cattle 9 ^! et*+s & _! treatm5t 9 l9e-engrav+ by ,lucas van ,leyd5 !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,b we mu/ take ?+s z !y are1 & z specim5s ( subtle & c]ta9 draw+1 ! plates are a/oni%+4 ,! attitudes & movem5ts ( ox5 h nev] be5 bett] giv54 ,b x is n 9 m]e correctness ( draw+ t ,pott] excels 8 rivals4 ,b]*em 0 only int]e/$ 9 animals s f> z !y help$ him 9 ! composition ( a l&scape1 b ) ,pott] !y 7 ! ma9 int]e/1 he lov$ !m = !mselves4 ,& 9 express+ t vague in>ticulate s\l t is 9 ! look ( cattle1 t mildness & acquiesc5ce :i* are 9 _! attitudes & motions1 he is a ma/]1 great] ?an any4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ,dut* l&scape1 s op51 tranquil1 l>ge1 :i* seems to look = ! pres5ce ( ^! peaceful creatures z its natural complem5t2 _! _s is s entirely 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( _! pa/ures4 ,n accid5tal1 p]haps1 nor )\t its due effect1 0 ! ,dut* /ra9 ( blood 9 ! ,am]ican poet :o seems to h fir/ sugge/$ 9 words :at ,pott] express$ 9 art-- ,ox5 t rattle ! yoke & *a91 or halt 9 ! leafy %ade1 ,:at is x t y express 9 y\r eyes8 ,x seems to me m ?an all ! pr9t ,i h read 9 my life4#ad ,l ,:itman1 ,pott] is possess$ by ! fasc9ation ( animals2 he1 too1 8/&s & looks at !m long & long40 ,& ) a feel+ s retic5t t its int5sity escapes a sup]ficial notice1 he puts into ^! et*$ l9es ! brea? t moves _! bodies1 & ! dumbness t looks out ( _! eyes4 ,v ,two ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! cattle s]ies1 appe>$ ! five l>g] plates ( horses4 ,^! h less ! air ( be+ m]e et*$ /udies = pictures2 !y seem to h be5 made = _! own sake1 & make a k9d ( hi/ory1 su* z ,tol/oi 9 ! /range /ory ( ,kohl/omir has writt52 a k9d ( ,horse's ,progress4 ,! f\r? 7,b4 #ab71 ! ,two ,pl\gh ,horses1 is reproduc$ on ,plate ,,iii4 ,?is & ! ,horse ,:9ny+ 7,b4 #aj7 seem to ! writ] ! f9e/ ( ! s]ies1 & ! f9e/ ( all ,pott]'s et*+s4 ,! "w is entirely simple & unaffect$3 !re is imm5se skill1 b no app>5t consci\sness ( x1 /ill less p>ade ( x4 ,no?+ adv5titi\s is br\ght 91 no artifice is us$ ( sett+ or surr\nd+3 ba!d 9 light & air1 on _! own level pa/ures1 ! horses /& cle>ly outl9$4 ,b :at a feel+ ( morn+ fre%ness1 ( c>eless & free joy1 is 9 ! breeze t tosses ! mane ( ! :9ny+ horse1 & makes him tremble ) felt vitality6 ,x is a triumph ( ! untam$ en]gy ( life4 ,h[ diff]5t a picture f ?is ( ! two tir$ creatures1 set free f _! heavy lab\r at ! pl\gh1 b no long] rejoic+ 9 _! fre$om1 except z a respite4 ,by "s magic ( sympa?y ,pott] makes u feel ! a*e ( _! limbs1 /iff ) fatigue1 j z he expresses ! pati5ce 9 _! eyes4 ,yet t5d] z is ! feel+ ( ! draw+1 x is s re/ra9$ t 8pity0 seems a ^w out ( place4 ,x is r ! simple articulation by means ( s5sitive portrayal1 ( an else in>ticulate pa?os4 ,su* draw+ z ?is is 9 a true s5se imag9ative4 ,! /udies ( dogs1 reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #be are an admirable example ( ,pott]'s gift4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e !m ) a draw+ by ,b]*em1 also 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 repres5t+ a hunt+ sc5e1 ) ! bo> at bay & dogs spr++ at him or /ruggl+ 9 ! lea%4 ,un=tunately1 x has be5 impossible to f9d room = a reproduction ( x2 b :oev] looks at x w p]ceive at once a vital diff]5ce betwe5 su* draw+ & t ( ,pott]'s4 ,b]*em sket*es ! sc5e 9 a rapid1 summ>y mann]1 us+ a few /rokes only = ea* figure4 ,x is ,rembr&t's me?od2 b :at a diff]5ce 9 ! result6 ,!re is a sket* by ,rembr&t ( a lion spr++ at & seiz+ a man on horseback4 ,only a few l9es are us$1 b ! :ole action ( ea* figure is express$ p]fectly4 ,b]*em ?9ks to d ! l1 b 8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,! ,c[4 ,by ,paul ,pott]4 ,b4 #c4 l9es are all j beside ! tru?4 ,8 m9d1 :i* has n suffici5t love = ?+s to brood ^u _! =ms1 is incapable ( ! swift act ( sympa?y necess>y to seize _! movem5t 9 action2 & its p[] ( reproduction1 by nature probably a delicate & precise faculty1 has be5 w>p$ & blunt$ by ! man's satisfaction 9 8 own clev]ness1 till x gives an inaccurate image4 ,b]*em's "w is !re=e false1 & des]ves to be call$ unimag9ative4 ,x conv9ces only ! incompet5t spectator ( ?+s4 ,pott]'s "w is nev] false1 & its imag9ative quality is r obscur$ ?an abs5t 9 8 poor] productions4 ,! fact is t1 hav+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,mules4 ,by ,k4 ,du ,j>d94 ,b4 #b4 giv5 ! vital image ( an animal1 he c\ld n resi/ ! temptation ( add+ to x non-ess5tial facts4 ,he _h n t transc5d5t intellig5ce :i* in/9ctively practises ! economy call$ 8/yle40 ,b x 0 on ! side ( intellig5ce1 c]ta9ly n ( t5d]ness or sympa?y1 t he 0 lack+4 ,he sat d[n to ,nature's fea/1 & ! delight ( 8 eyes s$uc$ him4 ,be=e leav+ ?is plate ( ! ,two ,pl\gh ,horses1 we may notice a po9t :i* does n seem to h be5 rem>k$ be=e1 t !re 0 app>5tly a k9d ( tradition ( subjects among ! animal pa9t]s & et*]s4 ,?is plate 0 publi%$1 9 ! set ( horses1 9 #afeb4 ,b 9 a set ( et*+s publi%$ ! ye> be=e1 #afea1 by ! arti/ ,dirk ,/oop1 ?is id5tical subject appe>s4 ,! horses /& t[>ds ! left ( ! plate 9 precisely ! position ( ,pott]'s horses4 ,/oop1 ?\gh z good z _m ( ! ,dut* et*]s1 0 no consummate draughtsman1 & 8 horses are n to be comp>$ ) ,pott]'s4 ,yet !y d n look 9 ! lea/ l a copy1 :ile ! dates disc\nt5ance su* a supposition4 ,if !re be any direct relation betwe5 ! two et*+s x mu/ h be5 ,pott] :o took a h9t f ,/oop4 ,b x seems equally likely to suppose t ! subject1 two pl\gh-horses releas$ f lab\r1 0 a traditional "o4 ,! life ( cattle & horses does n (f] m ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( typical pictures1 & h5ce ! t5d5cy ( pa9t]s & et*]s to repeat ! same subject1 always ) an eye to improv+ on ! be/ yet done2 j z e>li] pa9t]s w\ld *oose a ,sa9t ,seba/ian z ! typical subject 9 :i* to display _! p[] ( pa9t+ ! human figure4 ,9 ! same way ,pott]'s fif? et*+ ( horses1 :]e he depicts ! =lorn dea? t ov]comes ! worn-out bea/1 has its prototype 9 a simil> et*+ by ,piet] de ,la]1 & ! subject is repeat$ by ,du ,j>d94 ,! et*] m5tion$ above1 ,dirk ,/oop1 ,j$ a w&]+ life1 w5t to ,lisbon1 became pa9t] to ! ,c\rt !re1 &1 be+ br\ght ov] to ,engl& ) ! ,infanta1 work$ also 9 ,london4 ,8 et*+s ( horses & dogs are less good ?an ^? ( ! c\rt ftes1 processions1 & spectacles at ,lisbon1 at ,hampton ,c\rt1 & at ,london4 ,,vi ,if ,pott] did n produce _m et*+s himself1 ,m>cus de ,bye1 :o et*$ 9 mo/ cases aft] ,pott]'s designs1 0 comp>atively prolific4 ,he produc$ ov] a hundr$ pr9ts4 ,"s ( ^!1 ,illu/ration3 ,ox & ,%eep4 ,f an et*+ by ,a4 ,van de ,velde4 purport+ to be aft] draw+s by ,pott]1 are /udies1 n ( cattle & %eep or horses1 b ( wild animals--lions1 tig]s1 & wolves4 ,if ^! c\ld be tak5 z fairly repres5tative ( ,pott]'s "w1 we %\ld h to inf] t ,pott] 0 f> less =tunate 9 8 draw+ ( wild creatures ?an ( tame4 ,& x w\ld be unlike ,pott] to h made su* /udies except f ! life4 ,de ,bye1 h[ev]1 lo/ a great deal ( ! subtlety & life ( 8 orig9al 9 work+ f ,pott]'s sket*es4 ,k>el du ,j>d9 is a m indep5d5t arti/4 ,born at ,am/]dam 9 #afbb1 he 0 tra9$ 9 ,b]*em's /udio1 b w5t to ,italy /ill "y4 ,!re he f\nd ,de ,la]'s pictures 9 great e/eem1 & develop$ a mann] & a *oice ( subject v simil> to 84 ,"s "t be=e #afef he return$ to ,holl&1 & rema9$ at ! ,hague till #afei1 :5 he remov$ to ,am/]dam4 ,!re he pa9t$ "s f9e portraits1 q unlike 8 ord9>y pictures 9 /yle1 be+ /irr$ to emulation presumably by ! sup]b ,corporation pieces !n produc$ !re4 ,9 #afge he />t$ aga9 = ,italy1 b di$ ?ree ye>s lat] 9 ,v5ice4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a r$-*alk draw+ ( ,du ,j>d9 by himself4 ,x is an agreeable portrait1 b ! face does n sugge/ mu* p[]4 ,?\gh a pupil ( ,b]*em1 ,du ,j>d9 9 8 et*+s foll[s ,pott] mu* m ?an t arti/4 ,dr4 ,lippmann1 9 fact1 speaks ( him z 8,s*ul] ,pott]s10 b ! expression mu/ only mean a foll[]1 n a pupil1 ( ,pott]4 ,tw5ty-f\r ( ,du ,j>d9's et*+s are dat$1 ! dates be+ #afeb1 #afec1 #afee1 #afef1 #afeh1 #afei1 #affj1 & #afge4 ,only "o piece belongs to ! la/ ye>1 :ile ! o!r ye>s h two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & five pieces ea*4 ,s t1 :5ev] ! undat$ et*+s 7 produc$1 ! bulk ( ,du ,j>d9's "w on copp] may safely be assign$ to ! eight ye>s #afeb-affj2 t is to say1 to ! fir/ ye>s aft] 8 return to ,holl&1 & possibly to ! la/ ye> or two ( 8 fir/ /ay 9 ,italy4 ,mo/ ( ! et*+s are f sket*es made 9 ,italy4 ,fig4 #bg is an example1 & is a good specim5 ( ,du ,j>d9 z an et*]4 ,!re is no?+ v orig9al ab\t su* art1 b its agreeable qualities w always give pleasure4 ,du ,j>d91 9 8 draw+ & 9 8 pa9t+1 has a light & happy t\*2 yet beyond su* craftsman's m]its !re is little to be said = him4 ,he seems to h pa9t$ & et*$ :at 0 ! fa%ion ) a facile grace & comm5dable skill1 b )\t any /rong inborn love ( ! subjects he h&l$4 ,z an et*] he is ( ! same ord] z ,pott]4 ,a good _m ( ! pr9ts are pa/oral l&scapes2 ^! are less good ?an ^? 9 :i* animals are ! ma9 subject4 ,to turn f "s ( ^! small l&scape ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,pigs4 ,by ,k4 ,du ,j>d94 ,b4 #ae4 /udies ( ,du ,j>d9's1 9 :i* no?+ is seiz$ /rongly :ile ev]y?+ is made a little dull1 to an et*+ ( ,rembr&t's1 say ,six's ,bridge1 is to receive a mo/ vivid impression ( ,rembr&t's imm5se sup]iority4 ,rembr&t's light sket* is in/9ct ) /yle2 ,du ,j>d91 9 ^! pr9ts at any rate1 has no /yle at all4 ,su* et*+s z t ( ! pigs 7,fig4 #bh7 are ( f> high] quality4 ,ano!r et*] f ,am/]dam1 ,adria5 van de ,velde1 came /rongly "u ,pott]'s influ5ce4 ,born 9 #afce-cf ,van de ,velde1 l ,du ,j>d91 /udi$ ) ,b]*em4 ,x has sometimes be5 assum$ t he1 too1 foll[$ up 8 /udies ) a j\rney to ,italy1 b ,dr4 ,br$ius decides aga9/ ?is supposition4 ,!re is ,italian sc5]y 9 _m ( ,adria5's pictures1 b !re 7 pl5ty ( fell[ arti/s to borr[ mat]ials = su* backgr\nds f4 ,& ) him ! l&scape is nev] mu* m ?an a backgr\nd4 ,8 int]e/ lay m 9 8 cattle & 8 figures ?an 9 _! surr\nd+4 ,x is kn[n1 inde$1 t he ins]t$ figures = sev]al ( ! l&scape pa9t]s1 includ+ ,ruisdael & ,hobbema4 ,van de ,velde's et*+s are ne>ly all ( cattle1 & "h he sometimes comes ne> ,pott] 9 draw+1 :ile 9 managem5t ( ! acid he is decid$ly ,pott]'s sup]ior4 ,8 e>lie/ dat$ et*+ ( #afec is a l>ge plate1 :i* ?\gh n p[]ful has a real beauty4 ,! c[ :i* =ms ! c5tre ( ! composition is almo/ id5tical ) t 9 ! =egr\nd ( ,pott]'s ,c[h]d4 ,p]haps ?is 0 delib]ate imitation1 & if s1 is evid5ce ( ! recognition ,pott]'s k ( animal =m comm&$1 b x may equally well h be5 an accid5t4 ,! :ole plate is ba!d 9 dr[sy sun%9e1 ) :i* ! man asleep by ! roadside1 drawn ) an admirable sugge/ion ( repose1 h>monises well4 ,?is pr9t is "o ( ^? :i* mu/ be se5 9 ! silv]y e>lie/ /ate to be appreciat$4 ,! orig9al design = ?is plate is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 ! same collection is also ! design = ,! ,c[ ,ly+ ,d[n 7,b4 #b74 ,on ! same %eet ( pap] is a /udy ( "p ( ! c[ 9 a slightly alt]$ position1 & ?is has be5 adopt$ 9 ! et*+4 ,except = ?is insignificant *ange1 ! two et*+s are copi$ f ! p5cil /udies ) entire fidelity4 ,& probably ?is 0 always ,van de ,velde's practice1 z x 0 ) ,pott] & ,du ,j>d94 ,x is1 !re=e1 /rictly speak+1 incorrect to describe ! draw+s z be+ made = ! et*+s4 ,! /udies 7 et*$ simply t !y might be multipli$4 ,none ( ! /udies ( cattle1 et*$ by ! ,dut* ma/]s1 surpasses ,van de ,velde's set ( ?ree1 numb]$ #aa1 #ab1 & #ac 9 ,b>ts*4 ,! second is reproduc$ 7,plate ,,iv474 ,pott] nev] produc$ an effect s delicate & s ri* 9 col\r z ,van de ,velde 9 ^! ?ree et*+s4 ,at ! same "t !re is no o/5tation ( skill2 r !re seems a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,a ,goat4 ,by ,a4 ,van de ,velde4 ,b4 #af4 k9d ( mode/y 9 ! workman%ip t is w9n+4 ,equally excell5t is ! *>m+ little /udy ( a goat 7,fig4 #bi74 ,van de ,velde1 if n a great arti/1 0 a true "o1 & 8 e>ly dea? at ! age ( ?irty-sev5 0 a loss to ! art ( ,holl&4 ,,index ,altdorf]1 #ab ,am/]dam ,cab9et1 ,ma/] (1 #fj ,backhuys51 #ec1 #ed1 #ee ,b>ts*1 #e1 #bc ,bassano1 #fj ,bega1 #bf1 #ca1 #cb ,b]*em1 #fj1 #fc-fe1 #fh1 #ga1 #gb ,b]e/eyn1 ,c4 van1 #ej ,bleeck]1 #fc ,bode1 #ac1 #ee1 #ef ,bo?1 ,a4 #ac ,bo?1 ,j4 #eg1 #eh1 #fe ,bray1 ,j4 de1 #ah ,br$ius1 #h1 #cg1 #fc1 #fg1 #gg ,bre5b]gh1 #eg ,bron*or/1 #ef ,br\w]1 #ba ,bye1 ,m4 de1 #gd1 #ge ,cabel1 ,a4 van d]1 #dh1 #eh ,callot1 #ab1 #ac ,campagnola1 #ce ,camphuis51 #fg ,capelle1 ,j4 van de1 #dc1 #ec ,c>avaggio1 #ac ,claude1 #ac1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg ,con/able1 #di ,cornelis ,cornelisz1 #ah ,crome1 #di1 #ej ,du ,j>d91 #fj1 #fd1 #gd1 #ge ,dr]1 #aa1 #ce1 #fj ,dus>t1 #ca1 #cd ,dutuit1 #bd1 #bf1 #ch ,el%eim]1 #ac1 #ad1 #cg1 #ee ,ev]d+51 ,a4 van1 #dd-df ,fyt1 ,j41 #fb ,g5oels1 #eh ,glaub]1 #eh ,goltzius1 #ah1 #ci ,g\dt1 ,c\nt de1 #cg ,goya1 #cb ,goy51 ,j4 van1 #db1 #dc ,gozzoli1 #fj ,groot1 ,h(/$e de1 #h ,grotius1 #i ,haeft51 ,n4 van1 #ca ,hals1 ,d41 #ah ,hals1 ,f41 #f1 #ah1 #bj ,ham]ton1 #f1 #cj ,hel/1 ,b4 van d]1 #fe ,heus*1 ,w4 de1 #eh ,heyd51 ,j4 van d]1 #eb1 #ec ,hirs*vogel1 #ab ,hobbema1 #f1 #di1 #ej1 #gg ,hon?or/1 #ac ,hoo*1 ,p4 de1 #f1 #i1 #bh ,hopf]1 #ab ,ke5e1 #ca ,klomp1 #ff ,koehl]1 #dj ,kon9ck1 ,p4 de1 #ci ,la]1 ,p4 de1 #eg1 #fc1 #gd ,laut5sack1 #ab ,leblond1 #ci1 #dj ,le ,ducq1 #e ,lee*1 #ca ,leyd51 ,lucas van1 #fb1 #gj ,lippmann1 #dc1 #ge ,ma?am1 #db ,metsu1 #i ,miel1 #ac ,moey>t1 #fb1 #fg ,molyn1 ,p4 de1 #db1 #dc ,naiw9cx1 #ej ,o/ade1 ,a4 van1 #f1 #ag-cb ,pat]1 ,walt]1 #i1 #ch ,pat9ir1 #ce1 #cg ,pic>t1 #be ,pott]1 #f1 #fj1 #fb1 #fc1 #fe-ge1 #gg ,rembr&t1 #e1 #f1 #ac1 #ae1 #bd1 #bh1 #ch1 #fc1 #gb1 #gf ,roghman1 #ej1 #eb ,r\sseau1 ,?41 #di ,rub5s1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 #ce1 #fj1 #fa ,ruisdael1 #f1 #g1 #df-ej1 #gg ,segh]s1 ,h41 #cf-dj ,snyd]s1 #fj1 #fb ,sp9oza1 #i ,/e51 #f1 #i ,/oop1 #gd ,swanevelt1 #ac1 #dh1 #eh ,t]bor*1 #i1 #db ,!ocritus1 #fb ,titian1 #ce ,tol/oi1 #ga ,ud51 ,l4 van1 #ce ,uyt5broeck1 ,m4 van1 #ee1 #fb ,vadd]1 ,l4 de1 #ce ,v&yck1 #ae ,velasquez1 #ac1 #fj ,velde1 ,a4 van de1 #fj1 #gg1 #gh ,velde1 ,e4 van de1 #ah1 #da ,velde1 ,j4 van de1 #da1 #ee ,velde1 ,w4 van de1 #dd1 #ec ,v]boom1 #ej ,v]me]1 #f1 #bh ,vlieg]1 ,s4 de1 #dc1 #ec ,vosma]1 #ag ,wat]loo1 #e1 #ch1 #dh1 #ej ,watteau1 #i ,we/rhe5e1 van1 #ff ,wet1 ,j4 de1 #fg1 #fh ,:itman1 #gj ,willig51 van d]1 #h1 #ag ,wyck1 #eg ,zeeman1 #ec1 #ed ,,footnotes3 #a ,! la/ figure is d\btful4 ,x is #h accord+ to ,b>ts* & ,dutuit1 b may also be #i4 #b ,manuel de l',amateur d',e/ampes3 p> ,m4 ,eug5e ,dutuit4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,p>is4 #ahhb4 #c ,by all ! old] au?orities ! date is wrongly giv5 z #afbe4 #d ,! ,tobias & ! ,angel dates probably f ab\t #afac1 or a little lat]1 z ?is 0 ! date ( de ,g\dt's pr9t4 #e ,probably ! engrav+1 s9ce ,segh]s' pr9t is a rev]se copy f ?is1 b 9 ! same s5se z ! picture4 #f ,no4 #bcf 9 ,middleton's ,catalogue4 #g ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 #h ,segh]s has also be5 cr$it$ ) ! use ( s(t gr\nd et*+ or ( aquat9t4 ,exam9ation ( ! pr9ts %[s1 h[ev]1 t ! effects 9 "q 7 got ei!r by us+ acid on ! plate1 or by work+ 9 dott$ l9es1 n ) ! r\lette b ) ! simple ne$le4 ,9 asc]ta9+ ^! facts & 9 correct+ "s ( 8 fir/ impressions ! writ] has pr(it$ by ! k & ! k9d assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,s4 ,r4 ,koehl]1 ,keep] ( ! ,pr9ts at ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 ^: au?ority on su* que/ions is well kn[n4 #i ,?is assumes him to h be5 born #afca4 ,ano!r date giv5 is #afcc4 #aj ,see supra3 p4 #da4 #aa ,a draw+ ( 8 is dat$ ,p>is1 #afbc4 ,& accord+ to ,b]tolotti he 0 9 ,rome by #afbg4 #ab ,br$ius gives ! date z #afdd4 #ac ,exhibit$ la/ w9t] 7#ahie7 at ,burl+ton ,h\se by ! ,duke ( ,we/m9/]4 #ad ,comp>e also a little-kn[n piece ( ,:itman's 8,! ,ox-,tam]10 9 ,autumn ,rivulets1 :i* ends3 ,n[ ,i m>vel :at x c be he appe>s to !m 444 ,i confess ,i envy only 8 fasc9ation--my sil5t1 illit]ate fri5d1 ,:om a hundr$ ox5 love !re 9 8 life on f>ms1 ,9 ! nor!rn c\nty f>1 9 ! placid pa/oral region4