,transcrib]'s ,notes ,text pr9t$ 9 italics has be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright #aijj by ,a4 ,r4 ,,dugmore4 ,,snapp+-,,turtles ,,fight+4 ,,intellig5ce ,,9 ,,plants ,,& ,,animals ,,be+ ,a ,,new ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,privately ,,issu$ 8,,s\l ,,& ,,immortality0 ,,by ,,?omas ,g4 ,,g5try1 ,sc4 ,d4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,life-,,hi/ories ,,( ,,birds ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,p5nsylvania10 8,,! ,,h\se ,,sp>r[10 8,,ne/s ,,& ,,eggs ,,( ,,birds ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates10 ,,etc41 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,new ,,york ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,co4 #aijj ,copyright #aijj1 ,,by ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,co4 ,,to ,,all ,,human ,,be+s ,,:o ,,are ,,good ,,& ,,k9d ,,to ,,! ,,humble/ ,,( ,,god',s ,,creatures ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,mo/ ,,affectionately ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 8,e bea/ ( ! =e/ is m9e1 & ! cattle ^u a ?\s& hills4 8,i "k all ! f[ls ( ! m\nta9s3 & ! wild bea/s ( ! field are m9e40--,psalm #a3aj1 #aa4 ,,preface4 ,no?+ is m *>m+ to ! m9d ( man ?an ! /udy ( ,nature4 ,religion1 mod]ation & magnanimity h be5 made a "p ( 8 inn] be+ ?r\gh h] tea*+s1 & ! s\l has be5 rescu$ by h] influ5ce f obscurity4 ,no long] do? man grovel 9 ! du/1 seek+1 animal-l1 ! gratification ( l[ & base desires1 z 0 8 wont1 b on ! w+s ( ?\ght is enabl$ to so> to ! v gates ( ,heav5 & hold communion ) ,god4 ,?\gh made 8a little l[] ?an ! angels10 yet1 ?r\gh ! mighty play ( =ces t h be5 at "w 9 ! _w1 :i* we1 9 ! latt] half ( ?is enlight5$ c5tury1 are j beg9n+ to recognize & compreh5d1 he has be5 lift$ f ! mire ( degradation & plac$ ^u a high] social1 intellectual1 moral & spiritual level4 ,out ( ! animal1 9 ! s*eme ( ,deity1 ! spiritual sy/em ( ?+s is to be elaborat$1 & n ! animal out ( ! spiritual4 ,?is natural _w1 s to speak1 is ! raw mat]ial ( ! spiritual4 ,!re=e1 ere man c und]/& ! spiritual1 he mu/ und]/& ! natural4 ,?\gh 8 k 0 at fir/ ab\t mat]ial ?+s1 or su* z p]ta9$ to natural ph5om5a1 yet f ?is ?r\gh ! ages has be5 build$1 little by little1 t m\nta9-height ( k1 intellectual & moral1 :i*1 if rightly direct$1 is to br+ him into fell[%ip ) ,deity4 8,z we h borne ! image ( ! e>?y1 we %all also be> ! image ( ! heav5ly10 or1 ,"l f heav54 ,:5 is consid]$1 !re=e1 ! imm5se good :i* ! /udy & inve/igation ( nature h accompli%$1 x is n at all surpris+ t ! lit]ature on ! subject %\ld be m>k$ly 9 ! asc5dant4 ,natural sci5ce bids fair to be 9 a prem95t degree ! pursuit ( ! com+ man4 ,!re is no end to ! books t h be5 writt5 ^u ! subject dur+ ! pa/ few decades1 if n by speciali/s1 b by m5 & wom5 :o h be5 well in=m$ & :o h made !mselves fully capable ( contemplat+ und]/&+ly ! _w :i* lies ab\t !m4 ,our libr>ies are to-day q afflu5t 9 books t are ! h&maids ( natural sci5ce4 ,mi*elet & ,hugh ,mill]1 9 _! day1 op5$ glori\s new worlds be=e a ris+ g5]ation1 & t g5]ation is n[ do+ excell5t "w "u ! inspiration ( ! impetus :i* x !n receiv$4 ,tait1 ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 ,dawson1 ,gray1 ,mc,cook1 ,?ompson1 ,scudd]1 ,mrs4 ,treat1 ,olive ,?orne ,mill] & o!rs h done mu* to cont9ue ! int]e/1 pleasure & en?usiasm awak5$ by ^? e>li] writ]s1 & ev5 ,d>w9 & ,huxley !mselves1 9 detail+ _! exp]im5ts1 h n scorn$ to br+ _! ?\ghts )9 ! range ( n>r[] m9ds4 ,b 9 ! popul>ization ( natural sci5ce no man has done m ?an ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood 9 8 num]\s works4 ,n only h 8 writ+s creat$ 9 ?\s&s a ta/e = nature-/udies1 b !y h be5 no less ! means ( cultivat+ ! obs]vation1 awak5+ en?usiasm & direct+ ef=t 9 ! l9es ( orig9al rese>* & discov]y4 ,c]ta9ly no "o1 z 8 _m writ+s s abundantly atte/1 possess$ a l>g] fund ( k conc]n+ ! p[]s & capabilities ( ! l[] animals ?an ?is au?or4 ,few knew our dome/ic animals bett] ?an he1 & none 0 m capable ( judg+ ( ! m5tal & moral /atus :i* !y %\ld occupy 9 ! _w ( animals4 ,x is true t m5 & wom51 em95t 9 !ology1 lit]ature & sci5ce1 _h express$ a belief 9 ! idea t ! 8lat5t p[]s & capacities0 ( ! l[] animals might be develop$ 9 a future life1 b no "o _h felt secure en\gh 9 ?is belief to w>rant m ?an a pass+ ?\ght or two ^u ! subject4 ,bi%op ,butl]1 9 8 8,analogy ( ,religion10 und\bt$ly believ$ ! l[] animals capable ( a future life4 ,9 speak+ ( !m 9 ?is connection 9 ! op5+ ( 8 "w1 he says3 8,x is said ^! obs]vations are equally applicable to brutes2 & x is ?\ght an insup]able difficulty t !y %\ld be immortal1 & by consequ5ce capable ( ev]la/+ happ9ess4 ,& ?is mann] ( expression is bo? invidi\s & weak2 b ! ?+ int5d$ by x is really no difficulty at all1 ei!r 9 ! way ( natural or moral consid]ation40 ,ref]r+ !n to ! undevelop$ p[]s & capacities ( ! s-call$ brutes1 ! ,bi%op c\ld p]ceive no reason :y !y %\ld n atta9 _! developm5t 9 an exi/5ce beyond ! e>?-life4 ,x 0 9 pursuance ( ?is same tra9 ( ?\ght t ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood 0 l$ to %[ 9 a "w1 entitl$ 8,man & ,bea/ ,"h & ,h]eaft]10 t ! l[] animals d possess ^? m5tal & moral *>act]i/ics--! attributes ( reason1 language1 memory1 moral responsibility1 unselfi%ness & love--:i* we admit 9 man z belong+ to ! immortal _s1 r ?an to ! p]i%able body4 ,hav+ previ\sly cle>$ away ! difficulties :i* c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t seem+ly int]pos$1 & prov$ t ! ,scriptures d n d5y futurity ( life to l[] animals1 he v naturally conclud$ t z man expects to reta9 ^! qualities 9 ! future life !re is e reason to suppose t !y may %>e 8 immortality 9 ! ,h]eaft] z 9 ! ,n[ !y are p>tak]s ( 8 mortal nature4 ,few m9ds1 unsway$ by ?\ghts mat]iali/ic1 c /udy ! liv+ works ( ,god1 :e!r vegetal or animal1 & fail to be conv9c$ t !y1 z liv+ expon5ts ( ,div9e conceptions1 are z ne$ful 9 ! _w ( _s z 9 ! _w ( matt]4 ,:ile _m are dispos$ to believe t man w %>e ! future life ) bea/1 bird1 insect & su* l1 yet b few1 if any1 c be f\nd :o believe t tree & %rub & fl[] w be !re to cont9ue ! life begun on e>? & rea* out to high] & full] developm5t4 ,9 ann\nc+ ?is belief1 ! au?or b expresses a conviction z deep z any t c\ld occupy a human m9d4 ,! possession ( s\l & _s c be pr$icat$ no less ( plants ?an ( man & ! l[] animals4 ,!y h all "o brea? or life & "o _s1 & z su* are liv+ s\ls1 liv+1 brea?+ frames or bodies ( life4 ,f be+ liv+1 brea?+ frames1 & end[$ ) ! same life & _s z man & ! l[] animals1 !y h all "o de/9y1 = 8all g unto "o place2 all are ( ! du/1 & all turn to du/ aga940 ,b ( ! new life :i* ,*ri/ came d[n to e>? to pr(f] to man t he might inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,:ile to man x 0 only (f]$1 & _h = its purpose ! uplift+ & improvem5t ( 8 e>?-life by ! promise ( some?+ high] & bett] to ^? :o are acc\nt$ wor?y1 yet !re c be no d\bt t x 0 equally int5d$ ?r\gh 8 uplift+ to place all ! creatures ( ! e>? ov] :i* he 0 giv5 dom9ion by ,god ^u a m elevat$ & nobl] plane1 s t ^? :i* _h be5 pr(it$ 9 ! e>?-life by 8 b5efic5t influ5ce %\ld become p>tak]s ) him 9 ! new life1 :5 ,*ri/ %all 8transfigure ! body ( our humiliation1 t x may become ( l =m ) ! body ( ,8 glory1 by ! p[] ( t :i* enables ,him ev5 to subdue all ?+s to ,himself40 ,z all exi/5ce is a unit1 :i* ! au?or has tak5 especial pa9s ?r\gh ! body ( ?is book to impress ^u ! m9ds ( 8 read]s1 x c h>dly be conceiv$ t an all-wise ,god1 :o is inf9ite 9 love1 m]cy & ju/ice1 w\ld look to ! pres]vation 9 a future /ate ( b a v small "p ( ! life :i* ,he has be5 in/rum5tal 9 plac+ ^u ?is e>?4 ,x w\ld be m consi/5t ) ,8 attributes1 & ) ! s*eme ( developm5t ( life ^u our planet1 :]eby life has be5 progressive1 ! fitte/ only be+ all[$ to survive1 to h provid$ 9 ! gr& plan ( r$emption1 n m]ely ! salvation ( ! highe/ ( e>?-life1 b ( all life1 ! pure/ & ! be/1 t w\ld repres5t 9 ! heav5-life1 9 spiritualiz$ =m1 ! highe/ liv+ expon5ts ( ,div9e ideas4 ,no o!r belief accords s well ) ! tea*+s ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,9 its acceptance1 = x makes all life relat$ to ! ,div9e life1 c !re be any hope ( escape f mat]ialism1 t curse ( ! age4 ,,?omas ,g4 ,,g5try1 ,,sc4 ,d4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,febru>y #bh1 #ahig4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,preface #a ,life & ,its ,conditions #i ,plants t ,fe$ on ,insects #af ,slime-,animals #cb ,primitive ,lasso-,?r[]s #cf ,five-,f+]$ ,jack on ! ,oy/] #da ,e>?-worms 9 ,hi/ory #dh ,fiddl]-& ,h]mit-,crabs #gj ,funnel-,web ,build] #gg ,book-,lov]s #hf ,y-ee-up #ij ,t[]-,build+ ,cicada #ie ,honey-,dew #ajd ,mil*-,c[s ( ! ,ants #ajh ,liv+ ,artill]y #aaa ,bright & ,%9+ ,ones #aae ,que5 ( ,am]ican ,silk-,sp9n]s #aba ,basket-,c>ri]s #abf ,honey-,produc+ ,cat]pill>s #acb ,hib]nat+ ,butt]flies #add ,leaf-,cutt] ,bee #adi ,battle ,betwe5 ,ants #aec ,ne/-,build+ ,fi%es #aeh ,slipp]y z an ,eel #afh ,rana & ,bufo #agd ,our ,natural ,enemies #ahf ,h\se-,be>+ ,reptiles #aih ,summ] ,duck #bjd ,am]ican ,woodcock #baj ,pip+ ,plov] #bah ,bob ,:ite #bbb ,ruff$ ,gr\se #bcj ,an ,old ,acqua9tance #bdj ,am]ican ,osprey #bde ,turkey ,buzz>d #beb ,r>e & ,curi\s ,ne/s #bfc ,/range ,fri5d%ip #bgi ,nature's ,little ,/ore-,keep] #bhe ,can9e ,sagacity #bij ,fel9e ,intellig5ce #bie ,bright ,little ,cebidae #cja ,untutor$ ,man #cji ,liv+ ,s\ls #caf ,consci\sness 9 ,plants #cbc ,m9d 9 ,animals #cdd ,life ,progressive #djd ,survival ( ! ,fitte/ #dbf ,man's ,prem95ce #dfi ,future ,life #dgi ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page #a ,portrait ( ,au?or ,frontispiece #b ,v5us's ,fly-trap #bj #c ,r\nd-,leav$ ,sundew #be #d ,protomyxa ,fe$+ #cd #e ,fre%-,wat] ,hydra #cg #f ,/>-fi% ,op5+ an ,oy/] #de #g ,common ,e>?-worms #fj #h ,fiddl]-,crabs #gb #i ,w>ty ,h]mit-,crabs #ge #aj ,agal5a & ,h] ,funnel-,web #gi #aa ,lepismas at ,"w #hh #ab ,y-ee-up 9 ,8 ,d5 #ia #ac ,sev5te5-ye> ,cicada #ig #ad ,new-born ,cicada #ii #ae ,dome-l ,h\se ( ,cicada #aja #af ,blossom ( ,cucurbita #aje #ag ,ne/ ( ,lasius #aji #ah ,bra*9us ,pursu$ by an ,enemy #aab #ai ,common ,tig] ,beetle #aag #bj ,am]ican ,luna ,mo? #abc #ba ,h\se-build] ,mo? #abi #bb ,pseud>giolus ,butt]fly #acd #bc ,violacea ,butt]fly #ach #bd ,neglecta ,butt]fly #adb #be ,m\rn+-,cloak ,butt]fly #adf #bf ,leaf-,cutt] ,bee at ,"w #aej #bg ,battle ,betwe5 ,ants #aed #bh ,ne/ ( ,common ,sun-fi% #aei #bi ,black-nos$ ,dace #afc #cj ,common ,am]ican ,eel #agb #ca ,rana ,clamata1 or ,gre5 ,frog #agg #cb ,common ,am]ican ,toad #aha #cc ,nor!rn ,rattlesnake #ahi #cd ,"m ,black ,snake #aib #ce ,summ] ,gre5 ,snake #aie #cf ,wat] ,snake #aif #cg ,common ,box ,tortoise #bja #ch ,summ] ,ducks & ,"y #bjf #ci ,am]ican ,woodcock #bad #dj ,female ,pip+ ,plov] #bbj #da ,home ( ,bob ,:ite #bbe #db ,ruff$ ,gr\se 9 ,spr+-"t #bce #dc ,mexican ,wild ,turkey #bda #dd ,ne/ ( ,am]ican ,osprey #bdg #de ,female ,turkey ,buzz>d ,d9+ #bei #df ,ne/ ( ! ,rob9 #bfd #dg ,r$-w+$ ,blackbird's ,ne/ #bff #dh ,d\ble ,ne/ ( ,or*>d ,oriole #bfh #di ,female ,baltimore ,oriole #bgj #ej ,acadian ,flycat*]s #bgb #ea ,long-bill$ ,m>% ,wr5s #bgd #eb ,gold5-,cr[n$ ,k+lets #bge #ec ,lace ,hammock ( ,p>ula ,w>bl] #bgf #ed ,?ree-/ory ,ne/ ( ,yell[ ,w>bl] #bgh #ee ,saw-:et ,owl & ,*ick>ee ,squirrel #bhb #ef ,hackee1 or ,*ipp+ ,squirrel #bhg #eg ,my ,dog ,frisky #bib #eh ,tom on ,duty #big #ei ,jack at ,d9n] #cje #fj ,au/ralian at ,home #caa #fa ,repres5tative ,life ( ,we/]n ,asia #cai #fb ,se$l+ ( ,w9t] ,grape #cbe #fc ,tip ( ,radicle ( ,se$l+ ,maple #cca #fd ,wond]ful ,equ9e ,intellig5ce #cdg #fe ,papi]-,ma* ,palace ( ! ,hornet #cec #ff ,unsolicit$ & ,unlook$-= ,k9dness #ceg #fg ,exhibition ( ,gr&eur #cgh #fh ,f\r ,orphan$ ,rob9s #chi #fi ,mat$ = ,life #cif #gj ,evid5ce ( ,conjugal ,affection #djj #ga ,life 9 ! ,primordial ,sea #daj #gb ,c>bonif]\s ,times #dab #gc ,mesozoic ,flora & ,fauna #dae #gd ,paloli?ic ,m5 ,attack+ ,cave ,be> #ddh #ge ,era ( ,m9d & ,he>t #dfb ,,full ,,page ,,plates4 ,f ,photographs f ,nature by ,a4 ,,radclyffe ,,dugmore4 #a ,snapp+ ,turtles ,fight+ ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page #b ,crab ,wait+ = ,food ,"u a ,rock #gd #c ,box-tortoise ,fe$+ on ,fungus #bjj #d ,woodcock on ,ne/ 7%[+ protective color+7 #bab #e ,r$-ey$ ,vireo's ,two-,/ori$ ,ne/ ,) ,c[-bird's egg b5ea? #bfd #f ,long-bill$ ,m>% ,wr5's ,ne/ #bgb #g ,*ipp+ ,squirrels ,fe$+ #bhf #h ,wood ,?ru% ,sett+ #djb ,,life ,,& ,,immortality4 ,,life ,,& ,,its ,,conditions4 ,all natural objects1 r\ghly divid$1 arrange !mselves into ?ree gr\ps1 con/itut+ ! s-call$ ,m9]al1 ,vegetable & ,animal k+doms4 ,m9]al bodies are all devoid ( life4 ,!y consi/ ( ei!r a s+le elem5t1 or1 if comb9$1 occur 9 nature 9 ! =m ( simple comp\nds1 compos$ ( m ?an two or ?ree elem5ts4 ,!y are homog5e\s 9 texture1 or1 :5 unmix$1 =m$ ( simil> p>ticles :i* h no def9ite relations to "o ano!r4 ,9 =m !y are ei!r altoge!r indef9ite1 :5 !y are said to be amorph\s1 or h a def9ite %ape1 call$ cry/all9e1 9 :i* case !y are ord9>ily b\nd$ by plane surfaces & /raight l9es4 ,:5 m9]al bodies increase 9 size1 z cry/als may d1 ! increase is produc$ simply by accretion4 ,!y exhibit purely physical & *emical ph5om5a1 & %[ no t5d5cy to p]iodic *anges ( any k9d4 ,fossils or petrifactions1 :i* owe _! exi/5ce & *>act]s to be+s :i* liv$ 9 =m] p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 _c1 ?\gh made up ( m9]al matt]1 be prop]ly said to belong to ! m9]al k+dom4 ,b objects belong+ to ! vegetable & animal k+doms diff] m>k$ly f in]t1 lifeless1 m9]al matt]4 ,c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg5 & nitrog5 are ! mo/ important ( ! few *emical elem5ts :i* ent] into _! composition1 & ^! elem5ts are comb9$ into complex organic comp\nds1 :i* always conta9 a l>ge p]c5tage ( wat]1 are v un/able1 & prone to spontane\s decomposition4 ,!y are compos$ ( het]og5e\s1 b relat$1 p>ts1 t]m$ organs1 ! objects possess+ !m be+ call$ organiz$ bodies4 ,"s ( ! l[e/ =ms ( animals h bodies ^: sub/ance is s uni=m t !y exhibit no def9ite organs1 b ?is exception does n affect ! g5]al value ( ?is di/9ction4 ,!y are always m or less def9ite 9 %ape1 pres5t+ concave & convex surfaces1 & be+ limit$ by curv$ l9es4 ,:5 !y increase 9 size1 or gr[1 z we prop]ly t]m x1 x is n by ! addition ( p>ticles f ! outside1 b by ! reception ( =eign matt] into _! int]ior & its consequ5t assimilation4 ,c]ta9 p]iodic *anges1 :i* foll[ a def9ite & discov]able ord]1 are inv>iably pass$ ?r\gh by organiz$ bodies4 ,^! *anges con/itute :at is kn[n z life4 ,all ! objects1 !n1 :i* fulfil ^! conditions are said to be alive1 & !y all app]ta9 ei!r to ! vegetable or ! animal k+dom4 ,! /udy ( liv+ objects1 no matt] to :i* k+dom !y belong1 is !re=e conv5i5tly call$ by ! g5]al "n ( ,biology1 :i* means a disc\rse on life4 ,& z all liv+ objects may be ref]r$ to "o or o!r ( ^! k+doms1 s ,biology may be divid$ into ,botany1 :i* treats ( plants1 & ,zology1 :i* treats ( animals4 ,n[ t we h divid$ all organiz$ bodies into plants & animals1 x becomes necess>y to inquire into ! diff]5ces :i* subsi/ betwe5 !m1 & :i* w enable u to sep>ate ! k9dr$ sci5ces ( ,botany & ,zology4 ,no?+ 0 ?\ght s easy by old] obs]v]s ?an ! det]m9ation ( ! animal or vegetable nature ( any giv5 organism1 b1 9 po9t ( fact1 no h>d-&-fa/ l9e c be drawn1 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( our k1 betwe5 ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 & x is sometimes difficult1 or ev5 impossible1 to decide ) positiv5ess :e!r we are deal+ ) a plant or an animal4 ,9 ! high] ord]s ( ! two k+doms !re is no difficulty 9 rea*+ a decision1 ! high] animals be+ readily sep>at$ f ! high] plants by ! possession ( a n]v\s sy/em1 ( a locomotive p[] :i* c be volunt>ily ex]cis$1 & ( an int]nal cavity adapt$ = ! reception & dige/ion ( solid food4 ,no s-call$ n]v\s sy/em or organs ( s5se are possess$ by ! high] plants1 al?\gh "s ( !m d\btlessly manife/ consci\s & intellig5t action1 nor are !y capable ( volunt>y *anges ( place1 nor provid$ ) any def9ite int]nal cavity1 _! food be+ g5]ally fluid or gase\s4 ,desc5d+ ! scale to ! v bottom1 we rea* a class ( animals1 ! ,protozoa1 :i* _c be sep>at$ 9 _m cases f ! ,protophyta by ^! di/9ctions1 s9ce _m ( ! =m] h no dige/ive cavity1 nor ! slighte/ trace ( a n]v\s sy/em1 :ile _m ( ! latt] possess ! p[] ( active locomotion4 ,z to ext]nal configuration1 no c]ta9 rules c be laid d[n = sep>at+ animals & plants1 _m ( ! l[] plants1 ei!r 9 _! e>li] /ages1 or 9 _! maturity1 be+ exactly simil> 9 =m to "s ( ! l[] animals4 ,?is is ! case ) "s ( ! ,alg1 :i* resemble v closely 9 =m c]ta9 ,infusorian animalcules4 ,aga91 _m und\bt$ animals1 :i* are root$ to solid objects 9 _! adult /ate1 are s plant-l 9 appe>ance z to be popul>ly reg>d$ z vegetables4 ,! ,sea-firs1 & ! m highly organiz$ ,flu/ras or ,sea-mats1 :i* are usually consid]$ z sea-we$s by sea-side visitors1 are a few ( _m examples t might be tak5 f ! s-call$ ,hydroid ,zophytes4 ,no decid$ di/9ction betwe5 animals & plants c be drawn z to _! m9ute int]nal /ructure1 bo? alike consi/+ ( molecules1 ( cells1 or ( fibres4 ,"s decid$1 ?\gh n univ]sal1 diff]5ces exi/ 9 *emical composition4 ,plants exhibit a decid$ pr$om9ance ( t]n>y comp\nds1 or comp\nds :i*1 l sug>1 />* & cellulose1 are made up ( ! ?ree elem5ts1 c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 b are1 comp>atively speak+1 poorly suppli$ ) quat]n>y comp\nds1 or ^? :i* conta9 an additional elem5t ( nitrog54 ,animals1 on ! contr>y1 are ri* 9 quat]n>y nitrog5iz$ comp\nds1 su* z album5 or fibr94 ,/ill1 9 bo? k+doms we f9d nitrog5iz$ & non-nitrog5iz$ comp\nds1 & x is only 9 ! proportion :i* ^! su/a9 to ea* o!r 9 ! organism t animals diff] 9 any way f plants4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ! microscope1 no indep5d5t volunt>y movem5ts1 if we except ! op5+ & closure ( fl[]s1 & _! turn+ t[>ds ! sun1 ! droop+ ( ! leaves ( s5sitive plants "u irritation1 & "s o!r k9dr$ ph5om5a1 7 kn[n 9 plants4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we "k ( _m plants :i* are end[$1 ei!r :5 "y or ?r\gh\t life1 ) ! p[] ( effect+ volunt>y movem5ts app>5tly z spontane\s & indep5d5t z ^? p]=m$ by ! l[] animals1 ! movem5ts be+ br\ght ab\t by means ( little vibrat+ cilia1 or hairs1 ) :i* a "p or ! :ole ( ! surface is furni%$4 ,:5 x is add$ t _m animals are p]man5tly root$1 9 _! fully-gr[n condition1 to solid objects1 x w at once be app>5t t no absolute di/9ction c be made betwe5 animals & plants m]ely because ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( indep5d5t locomotive p[]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a te/1 ! mo/ reliable ( all t h be5 discov]$1 by :i* an animal may be di/+ui%$ f a plant1 & t is ! nature ( ! food & ! products :i* are elaborat$ !refrom 9 ! body4 ,plants live ^u su* inorganic sub/ances z wat]1 c>bonic acid & ammonia1 & !y h ! p[] ( manufactur+ out ( ^! true organic mat]ials1 & are !re=e ! great produc]s ( nature4 ,all plants :i* conta9 gre5 color+ matt]1 te*nically call$ *lorophyll1 break up c>bonic acid 9 ! process ( dige/ion into its two con/itu5ts ( c>bon & oxyg51 reta9+ ! =m] & sett+ ! latt] free4 ,& z ! atmosph]e always conta9s c>bonic acid 9 small quantities1 ! result is t plants remove c>bonic acid !refrom & give out oxyg54 ,animals1 on ! o!r h&1 h no p[] ( liv+ on wat]1 c>bonic acid & ammonia1 nor ( conv]t+ ^! into ! complex organic sub/ances ( _! bodies4 ,t _! exi/5ce may be ma9ta9$ animals require to be suppli$ ) ready-made organic comp\nds1 & = ^! !y are all dep5d5t ^u plants1 ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,9 requir+ z food complex organic bodies1 :i* !y ultimately r$uce to v simply inorganic ones1 animals are ?us f\nd to diff] f plants4 ,:il/ plants are ! great manufactur]s 9 nature1 animals are ! great consum]s4 ,ano!r di/9ction1 aris+ f ! nature ( _! food1 is t animals absorb oxyg5 & ?r[ out c>bonic acid1 _! reaction ^u ! atmosph]e be+ exactly ! rev]se ( t ( plants4 ,!re are organisms1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 :i* are g5u9e plants s f> z _! nutritive processes are conc]n$1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 are 9 ! possession ( *>act]s :i* c\ld locate !m among ! animals4 ,volvox1 s abundant 9 our /reams dur+ ! prop] seasons1 af=ds a spl5did illu/ration ( ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t4 ,plants1 :i* are devoid ( *lorophyll1 z is ! case ) ! ,fungi1 d n possess ! p[] ( decompos+ c>bonic acid "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight1 b are l animals 9 requir+ organic comp\nds = _! food4 ,two po9ts mu/ !re=e be borne 9 m9d 9 reg>d+ ! g5]al di/9ctions betwe5 plants & animals :i* we h ?us briefly outl9$1 & ^! are t !y _c (t5 be appli$ 9 practice to ambigu\s microscopic organisms1 & c]ta9ly n to plant-=ms t are de/itute ( *lorophyll4 ,t life %\ld manife/ itself c]ta9 conditions are ess5tial1 b "s ( :i*1 ?\gh g5]ally pres5t1 are n absolutely indisp5sable4 ,"o condition1 h[ev]1 seems to be v necess>y1 & t is t ! liv+ body %\ld be compos$ ( a c]ta9 mat]ial4 ,?is mat]ial1 :i* =ms ! ess5tial & fundam5tal p>ts ( ev]y?+ liv+1 :e!r vegetable or animal1 is te*nically call$ protoplasm4 ,o!r sub/ances ?an x are (t5 f\nd 9 liv+ bodies1 b x is 9 protoplasm only t vitality appe>s to be inh]5t4 ,b :e!r x is ! same 9 plants z 9 animals is a matt] ( op9ion4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 seems reasonably c]ta91 & t is t x is ! m$ium or vehicle ?r\gh :i* vital =ce is made manife/4 ,us$ 9 its g5]al s5se1 protoplasm is *emically relat$ 9 its nature to album51 & g5]ally has ! "* ( a jelly-l1 semi-fluid1 transp>5t mat]ial1 :i*1 9 itself1 exhibits no def9it5ess ( /ructure4 ,:5 heat$ to a c]ta9 temp]ature x coagulates1 j z ! :ite ( an egg does :5 boil$4 ,liv+ protoplasm has ! p[] ( movem5t1 ( increas+ 9 size or ( ma9ta9+ its exi/5ce by ! assimilation ( fre% & =eign mat]ials1 & ( deta*+ portions ( itself :i* may subsequ5tly develop into fre% masses4 ,?\gh protoplasm be pres5t 9 ! ova ( animals & ! se$s ( plants1 yet !re is no ext]nal & visible manife/ation ( life4 ,!re is 9 !m :at is call$ a dormant vitality1 :i* may rema9 = a long "t un*ang$1 until alt]$ ext]nal circum/ances cause ! organism to pass into a /ate ( active life4 ,g5]ally1 c]ta9 ext]nal conditions mu/ be pres5t be=e any ext]nal vital ph5om5a c be manife/$4 ,! pres5ce ( atmosph]ic air1 or r ( free oxyg51 is 9 an ord9>y way ess5tial to active life4 ,life1 t is its high] manife/ations1 is only possible betwe5 c]ta9 ranges ( temp]ature1 v>y+ f ne> ! freez+ po9t to ab\t #abj ,fahr5heit4 ,z wat] is a necess>y con/itu5t ( protoplasm 9 its liv+ /ate1 s x becomes an absolutely ess5tial requisite to ! c>ry+ on ( vital processes ( all k9ds1 = ! m]e dry+ ( an animal or plant w1 9 mo/ cases1 kill x outright1 & w always br+ ab\t a susp5sion ( all visible life-ph5om5a4 ,:ile ! l>ge majority ( liv+ be+s are organiz$1 or compos$ ( diff]5t p>ts1 call$ organs1 :i* su/a9 c]ta9 relations ) "o ano!r1 & :i* dis*>ge diff]5t (fices1 yet x mu/ n !re=e be conclud$ t organization is a necess>y accompanim5t ( vitality1 or t all liv+ creatures are organiz$4 ,innum]\s l[ =ms ( life1 s l[ t !y occupy ! v l[e/ place 9 ! scale ( animat$ exi/5ces1 absolutely exhibit no visible /ructure1 & _c1 !re=e1 be said to be organiz$1 b !y1 nev]!less1 dis*>ge all _! vital functions j z well z ?\gh !y possess$ special organs = ! purpose4 ,conclud+ our !me1 we are =c$ to admit t animals are organiz$1 or possess /ructure1 because !y are alive1 & n t !y live because !y are organiz$4 ,by c>efully comp>+ ! morphological & physiological diff]5ces betwe5 diff]5t animals & plants1 naturali/s h divid$ ! entire animal & vegetable k+doms into a numb] ( divisions1 ^: lead+ *>act]i/ics may be f\nd 9 almo/ e text-book4 ,all t we promis$ ourselves :5 ?is "w 0 fir/ ?\ght ( 0 a brief treatm5t ( a few ( ! mo/ int]e/+ life-=ms ( ?is planet ( ours 9 ! light ( _! ways & do+s1 & ! direction ( human ?\ght to ^? traits ( "* & manife/ations ( consci\s intellig5ce :i* fit !m to become p>tak]s ) man ( t new life :i* awaits him beyond ! grave4 ,,plants ,,t ,,fe$ ,,on ,,insects4 ,p]haps x w\ld be difficult to f9d 9 ! :ole range ( vegetable creation any?+ m curi\s ?an ! c>nivor\s or fle%-eat+ plants4 ,t animals eat plants creates 9 u no emotion ( curiosity1 = ?is is ! common law ( nature4 ,b t plants %\ld dev\r animals is a m>vel to :i* few m9ds un9itiat$ 9 sci5ce w\ld give cr$5ce4 ,?\gh ^! /range =ms ( vegetable life h be5 kn[n = ab\t a c5tury1 yet x has be5 b a few ye>s s9ce ! att5tion ( naturali/s 0 fir/ specially call$ to _! habits & "*4 ,no "o has probably done m to expla9 ! life & op]ations ( ! fle%-eat+ plants ?an ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,= c5turies /range rumors _h be5 circulat$ ( ! exi/5ce ( huge plants 9 ! m remote & unvisit$ p>ts ( ,asia :i* w\ld imprison & de/roy l>ge animals & m5 t w\ld v5ture )9 rea* ( _! great quiv]+ leaves arm$ ) hook$ sp9es1 ! fle% ( ! dead victim be+ absorb$ into _! /ructure1 b all ^! giant fle%-eat+ trees or plants h s f> prov$ to be m]e my?s4 ,sci5ce has discov]$1 h[ev]1 t !re is "s f\ndation = ^! excit+ fictions1 & x has n be5 oblig$ to g to ! di/ant ,ea/ to f9d x1 = fle%-eat+ plants are by no means uncommon 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe4 ,b ^! plants conf9e _! de/ructive prop5sities to ! crawl+ & fly+ insects :i* are beguil$ by "s tempt+ rew>d to re/ on _! leaves4 ,su* a /range provision ( nature is no less int]e/+ ?an if ^! plants _h ! p[] to de/roy ! l>g] animals1 = x is ! fact itself :i* />tles ! att5tion by its seem+ rev]sal ( natural laws4 ,no bett] example ( c>nivor\s plants c\ld be tak5 ?an ,diona muscipula1 or to use ! common "n1 ,v5us's ,fly-trap4 ,x is a species t is indig5\s to ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ! adjac5t p>ts ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 affect+ s&y bogs 9 ! p9e =e/s f ,april to ,june1 & a repres5tative ( ! ,droscrace1 or ,sundew ,family4 ,"o _c fail aft] once see+ x ( becom+ impress$ ) its peculi> *>act]i/ics4 ,x is a smoo? p]5nial h]b ) tuft$ radical leaves on broadly-w+$1 spatulate /ems1 ! limb orbicul>1 not*$ at bo? ends1 & fr+$ on ! m>g9s ) /rong bri/les4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! rosette ( leaves proce$s at ! prop] "t a scape or leafless /alk :i* t]m9ates 9 an umbel-l cyme ( f eight to t5 :ite bract$ fl[]s1 ea* fl[] be+ "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,! roots are small & consi/ ( two bran*es ea* an in* 9 l5g? spr++ f a bulb\s enl>gem5t4 ,l an epiphytic or*id1 ^! plants c be gr[n 9 well-dra9$ damp moss )\t any soil1 ?us %[+ t ! roots probably s]ve = ! absorption ( wat] solely4 ,?ree m9ute po9t$ processes or filam5ts1 plac$ triangul>ly1 project f ! upp] surface ( ea* lobe ( ! bi-lob$ leaf1 al?\gh cases are obs]v$ :]e f\r & ev5 t5 filam5ts are f\nd4 ,^! filam5ts are rem>kable = _! extreme s5sitiv5ess to t\*1 z %[n n only by _! own movem5t1 b by t ( ! lobes also4 ,%>p1 rigid projections1 dim9utive spikes z x 71 /& out f ! leaf-m>g9s1 ea* ( :i* be+ ent]$ by a bundle ( spiral vessels4 ,!y are s arrang$ t :5 ! lobes close !y int]lock l ! tee? ( an old-fa%ion$ rat-trap4 ,t consid]able /r5g? may be _h1 ! mid-rib ( ! leaf1 on ! l[] side1 is q l>gely develop$4 ,m9ute gl&s1 ( a r$di% or purpli% color1 ?ickly cov] ! upp] surface ( ! leaf1 except+ t[>ds ! m>g9s1 ! re/ ( ! leaf be+ gre54 ,no gl&s are f\nd ^u ! spikes or ^u ! foliace\s foot/alk4 ,f tw5ty to ?irty polygonal cells1 fill$ ) purple fluid1 con/itute ea* gl&4 ,!y are convex above1 some:at flatt5$ und]nea?1 & /& on v %ort p$icels1 into :i* spiral vessels d n ent]4 ,!y h ! p[] ( secretion "u c]ta9 influ5ces1 & also t ( absorption4 ,m9ute oct(id projections1 ( a r$di%-br[n color1 are scatt]$ 9 consid]able numb]s ov] ! foot/alk1 ! backs ( ! leaves & ! spikes1 ) a few on ! upp] surfaces ( ! lobes4 ,! s5sitive filam5ts1 :i* are a little m ?an "o-tw5tie? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & ?91 delicate & tap]+ to a po9t1 are =m$ ( sev]al r[s ( elongat$ cells1 fill$ ) a purpli% fluid4 ,!y are sometimes bifid or ev5 trifid at ! apex1 & t[>ds ! base !re is a con/riction =m$ ( broad] cells1 & b5ea? ! con/riction an articulation1 support$ on an enl>g$ base1 consi/+ ( diff]5tly %ap$ polygonal cells4 ,z ! filam5ts project at "r angles to ! surface ( ! leaf1 !y w\ld h be5 9 dang] ( be+ brok5 (f :5ev] ! lobes clos$ toge!r _h x n be5 = ! articulation1 :i* all[s !m to b5d flat d[n4 ,s exquisitely s5sitive are ^! filam5ts1 f _! tips to _! bases1 to a mom5t>y t\*1 t x is h>dly possible to t\* !m ev5 s lightly or quickly ) any h>d object )\t caus+ ! lobes to close1 b a piece ( delicate human hair1 two & a-half in*es 9 l5g?1 held dangl+ ov] a filam5t s z to t\* x1 or p9*es ( f9e :eat5 fl\r1 dropp$ f a height1 produce no effect4 ,?\gh n gl&ul>1 & h5ce incapable ( secretion1 yet ! filam5ts by _! s5sitiv5ess to a mom5t>y t\*1 :i* is foll[$ by ! rapid closure ( ! lobes ( ! leaf1 assure to ,diona ! necess>y supply ( insect food = all its wants4 ,inorganic bodies1 ev5 ( l>ge size1 su* z bits ( /one1 glass & su* l1 or organic bodies n conta9+ nitrog5e\s matt] 9 a soluble condition1 z bits ( cork1 wood1 moss = examples1 or bodies conta9+ soluble nitrog5e\s matt]1 if p]fectly dry1 su* z small pieces ( meat1 album51 gelat9e1 etc41 may be long left on ! lobes1 & no movem5t is excit$4 ,b :5 nitrog5e\s organic bodies1 :i* are all damp1 are left on ! lobes1 ! result is widely diff]5t1 = ^! !n close by a sl[ & gradual movem5t & n 9 a rapid mann] z :5 "o ( ! s5sitive filam5ts is t\*$ by a h>d sub/ance4 ,small purpli%1 almo/ sessile gl&s1 z has already be5 /at$1 ?ickly cov] ! upp] surface ( ! lobes4 ,^! h ! p[] bo? ( secretion & absorption1 b !y d n secrete until excit$ by ! absorption ( nitrog5e\s matt]4 ,no o!r excitem5t1 z f> z exp]im5ts %[1 produces ?is effect4 ,:5 ! lobes are made to close ov] a bit ( meat or an insect1 ! gl&s ov] ! entire surface ( ! leaf emit a copi\s dis*>ge1 z 9 ?is case ! gl&s on bo? sides are press$ aga9/ ! meat or insect1 ! secretion be+ twice z great z :5 ! "o or ! o!r is laid on ! surface ( a s+le lobe2 & z ! two lobes come into almo/ close contact ! secretion1 conta9+ dissolv$ animal matt]1 diffuses itself by capill>y attraction1 caus+ fre% gl&s on bo? sides to beg9 secret+ 9 a cont9ually wid5+ circle4 ,! secretion is almo/ colorless1 slightly mucilag9\s1 mod]ately acid1 & s copi\s at times 9 ! furr[ ov] ! mid-rib z to trickle d[n to ! e>?4 ,b all ?is secretion is = ! purposes ( dige/ion4 ,be ! animal matt] :i* ! enclos$ object yields ev] s little1 x s]ves z a peptog5e1 & ! gl&s on ! surface ( ! leaf p\r =? _! acid dis*>ge1 :i* acts l ! ga/ric juice ( animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v5us',s ,,fly-,,trap4 ,h[ ,x ,captures ,insects4 ,n[ z to ! mann] 9 :i* insects are caught by ! leaves ( ,diona muscipula4 ,9 its native c\ntry !y are caught 9 l>ge numb]s1 b :e!r !y are attract$ 9 any special way no "o seems to "k4 ,bo? lobes close ) a/oni%+ quickness z soon z a filam5t is t\*$1 & z !y /& at less ?an a "r angle to ea* o!r1 !y h an excell5t *ance ( captur+ any intrud]4 ,! *ief seat ( ! movem5t is ne> ! mid-rib1 b is n re/rict$ to ?is "p4 ,ea* lobe1 :5 ! lobes come toge!r1 curves inw>ds across its :ole bread?1 ! m>g9al spikes alone n becom+ curv$4 ,f ! curv+ inw>ds ( ! two lobes1 z !y advance t[>ds ea* o!r1 ! /raight m>g9al spikes int]cross by _! apices at fir/1 & ultimately by _! bases4 ,! leaf is !n completely %ut & encloses a %all[ cavity4 ,if made to %ut m]ely by ! t\*+ ( "o ( ! s5sitive filam5ts1 or by ! inclusion ( an object n yield+ soluble nitrog5e\s matt]1 ! two lobes reta9 _! inw>dly concave =m until !y re-exp&4 ,! re-expansion1 :5 no organic matt] is enclos$1 v>ies accord+ to circum/ances1 a leaf 9 "o in/ance be+ fully re-exp&$ 9 ?irty-two h\rs4 ,b ! lobes1 :5 soluble nitrog5e\s matt] is includ$1 in/ead ( rema9+ concave1 ?us conta9+ )9 a concavity1 sl[ly press closely toge!r ?r\gh\t _! entire bread?1 & z ?is takes place ! m>g9s gradually become a little ev]t$1 s t ! spikes1 :i* at fir/ int]cross$1 at la/ project 9 two p>allel r[s4 ,s firmly d !y become press$ toge!r t1 if any l>ge insect has be5 caught1 a correspond+ projection is cle>ly visible on ! outside ( ! leaf4 ,:5 ! two lobes are ?us completely clos$1 !y resi/ be+ op5$1 z by a ?9 w$ge driv5 ) a/oni%+ =ce betwe5 !m1 & are g5]ally ruptur$ r ?an yield4 ,if n ruptur$1 !y close aga9 ) q a l\d flap4 ,! sl[ movem5t spok5 (1 excit$ by ! absorption ( diffus$ animal matt]1 suffices = its f9al purpose1 :il/ ! movem5t br\ght on by ! t\*+ ( "o ( ! s5sitive filam5ts is rapid1 & ?us indisp5sable = ! captur+ ( insects4 ,leaves rema9 %ut = a long] "t ov] insects1 especially if ! latt] are l>ge1 ?an ov] meat4 ,9 _m in/ances :]e !y h rema9$ = a long p]iod ov] insects naturally caught1 !y 7 m or less torpid :5 !y reop5$1 & g5]ally s mu* s dur+ _m succe$+ days t no excitem5t ( ! filam5ts caus$ ! lea/ movem5t4 ,vigor\s leaves w sometimes dev\r prey sev]al times1 b ord9>ily twice1 or1 q (t51 once is en\gh to r5d] !m uns]viceable4 ,:at purpose ! m>g9al spikes1 :i* =m s conspicu\s a feature 9 ! appe>ance ( ! plant1 subs]ve 0 unkn[n until ! g5ius ( ,d>w9 solv$ ! my/]y4 ,x 0 he t %[$ t elongat$ spaces betwe5 ! spikes1 v>y+ f "o-fifte5? to "o-t5? ( an in* 9 bread? accord+ to ! size ( ! leaf1 are left op5 = a %ort "t be=e ! edges ( ! lobes come into contact1 consequ5t ^u ! int]cross+ ( ! tips ( ! m>g9al spikes fir/1 ?us enabl+ an insect ^: body is n ?ick] ?an ^! measurem5ts to escape1 :5 di/urb$ by ! clos+ lobes & ! increas+ d>kness1 q easily betwe5 ! cross$ spikes4 ,mod]ately siz$ insects1 if !y try to escape betwe5 ! b>s1 w be pu%$ back into ! horrid prison ) ! sl[ly clos+ walls1 = ! spikes cont9ue to close m & m until ! lobes are br\ght into contact4 ,v /rong insects1 h[ev]1 manage to effect _! release4 ,x w\ld manife/ly be a great disadvantage to ! plant to rema9 _m days clasp$ ov] a m9ute insect1 & z _m additional days or weeks 9 recov]+ its s5sibility1 inasmu* z a v small insect w\ld af=d b little n\ri%m5t4 ,f> bett] w\ld x be = ! plant to wait until a mod]ately l>ge insect 0 captur$1 & to all[ ! little ones to escape1 & ?is advantage is ga9$ by ! sl[ int]cross+ ( ! m>g9al spikes1 :i*1 act+ l ! l>ge me%es ( a fi%+-net1 all[ ! small & wor?less fry to pass ?r\gh4 ,t\*+ any "o ( ! six filam5ts is suffici5t to cause bo? lobes to close1 ^! becom+ at ! in/ant incurv$ ?r\gh\t _! entire bread?4 ,! /imulus mu/ !re=e radiate 9 all directions f any "o filam5t1 & x mu/ also be transmitt$ ) consid]able rapidity across ! leaf1 = 9 all ord9>y cases1 z f> z ! eye c judge1 bo? lobes close at ! same "t4 ,physiologi/s g5]ally believe t 9 irritable plants ! excitem5t is transmitt$ along1 or 9 close connection )1 ! fibro-vascul> bundles4 ,^? 9 ,diona seem at fir/ sight to favor ?is belief1 = !y run up ! mid-rib 9 a great bundle1 s5d+ (f small bundles almo/ at "r angles on ea* side1 :i* bifurcate occasionally z !y /ret* t[>ds ! m>g91 ! m>g9al bran*es f adjo9+ bran*es unit+ & ent]+ ! m>g9al spikes4 ,?us a cont9u\s zigzag l9e ( vessels runs r\nd ! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! leaf1 :ile 9 ! mid-rib all ! vessels are 9 close contiguity1 s t all p>ts ( ! leaf seem to be br\ght into "s degree ( communication4 ,! pres5ce ( vessels1 h[ev]1 is n necess>y = ! transmission ( ! motor impulse1 = x is transmitt$ f ! apices ( ! s5sitive filam5ts1 :i* are h>dly "o-t5? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 into :i* no vessels are se5 to ent]4 ,slits made close to ! bases ( ! filam5ts1 p>allel to ! mid-rib1 & ?us directly across ! c\rse ( ! vessels1 sometimes on ! inn] & sometimes on ! out] sides ( ! filam5ts1 d n int]f]e ) ! transmission ( ! motor impulse along ! vessels1 & conclusively %[ t !re is no necessity = a direct l9e ( communication f ! filam5t1 :i* is t\*$ t[>ds ! mid-rib & opposite lobe1 or t[>ds ! out] p>ts ( ! same lobe4 ,) respect to ! movem5t ( ! leaves1 ! wond]ful discov]y made by ,dr4 ,burdon ,s&]son1 & publi%$ 9 #ahgd1 (f]s an easy explanation4 ,!re is1 says ?is di/+ui%$ au?ority1 a normal electrical curr5t 9 ! blade & foot/alk1 :i*1 :5 ! leaves are irritat$1 is di/urb$ 9 ! same mann] z is ! muscle ( an animal :5 contraction takes place4 ,aft] contraction has endur$ = a great] or less "t1 dep5d5t ^u circum/ances :i* we d n well und]/&1 re-expansion ( ! leaves is effect$ at an ins5sibly sl[ rate1 :e!r or n any object is enclos$1 bo? lobes op5+ 9 all ord9>y cases at ! same "t1 al?\gh ea* lobe may act to a c]ta9 ext5t indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,! re-expansion is n det]m9$ by ! s5sitive filam5ts1 = ^! may be cut (f close to _! bases1 or be entirely remov$1 & re-expansion occur 9 ! usual mann]4 ,x is believ$ t ! sev]al lay]s ( cells =m+ ! l[] surface ( ! leaf are always 9 a /ate ( t5sion1 & t x is ow+ to ?is me*anical /ate1 aid$ probably by fre% fluid be+ drawn into ! cells1 t ! lobes beg9 to sep>ate z soon z ! contraction ( ! upp] surface dim9i%es4 ,six kn[n g5]a1 ,drosophyllum1 ,roridula1 ,byblis1 ,dros]a1 ,diona & ,aldrov&a comprise ! ,dros]ace1 all ( :i* capture insects4 ,! fir/ ?ree g5]a effect ?is purpose solely by ! viscid fluid secret$ f _! gl&s1 & ! la/1 l ,diona1 :i* has already be5 describ$1 ?r\gh ! clos+ ( ! blades ( ! leaf4 ,9 ^! la/ two g5]a rapid movem5t makes up = ! loss ( viscid secretion4 ,b ( all ! g5]a none is m int]e/+ ?an ! typical ,sundews4 ,gr[+ 9 poor peaty soil1 & sometimes along ! bord]s ( ponds :]e no?+ else c gr[1 c]ta9 l[ h]bace\s plants1 call$ ,dros]as1 ab\nd4 ,s small & app>5tly insignificant are !y1 t to ! ord9>y obs]v] !y are almo/ unnotic$4 ,b !y h peculi>ities ( /ructure & nature t readily di/+ui% !m4 ,scatt]$ ?ickly ov] _! leaves are r$di% bri/les or t5tacles1 ea* surm\nt$ by a gl&1 f :i* an extremely viscid fluid1 sp>kl+ 9 ! sunlight l dew1 exudes 9 transp>5t drops4 ,h5ce ! common "n ( ,sundew by :i* ! half-doz5 species f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] are kn[n4 ,a "o-sid$ raceme1 ^: fl[]s op5 only :5 ! sun %9es1 cr[ns a smoo? scape1 :i* is devoid ( t5tacles4 ,dros]a rotundifolia1 our commone/ species1 has a wide range1 be+ indig5\s to bo? ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x ext5ds f ,new ,engl& to ,florida & we/w>d1 & is occasionally associat$ ) ,dros]a longifolia1 a =m ) long /rap-%ap$ leaves1 b ^: di/ribution is mo/ly re/rict$ to m>itime regions1 f ,massa*usetts to ,florida4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r\nd-,,leav$ ,,sundew4 ,leaves ,act+ z ,/oma*s4 ,all ( ! species are rem>kably simil> 9 habits1 captur+ insects1 & dige/+ & absorb+ ! s(t p>ts1 a circum/ance :i* expla9s h[ ^! plants c fl\ri% 9 an extremely poor soil :]e mosses1 :i* dep5d almo/ entirely ^u ! atmosph]e = _! n\ri%m5t1 only c live4 ,al?\gh ! leaves ( ! ,dros]as at a ha/y glance d n appe> gre51 ow+ to ! purple color ( ! t5tacles1 yet ! sup]ior & inf]ior surfaces ( ! blade1 ! /alks ( ! c5tral t5tacles1 & ! petioles conta9 *lorophyll1 r5d]+ ! be/ ( evid5ce t ! plants obta9 & assimilate c>bon dioxide f ! air4 ,b :5 ! pov]ty ( ! soil :]e ^! plants gr[ is consid]$1 x is at once app>5t t _! supply ( nitrog5 w\ld be exce$+ly small1 or q defici5t1 unless !y _h ! p[] ( obta9+ x f "s o!r s\rce4 ,f captur$ insects ?is important elem5t is l>gely obta9$1 & ?us we are prep>$ to und]/& h[ x is t _! roots1 :i* consi/ ( only two or ?ree slightly divid$ bran*es1 f "o-half to "o in* 9 l5g?1 & furni%$ ) absorb5t hairs1 are s poorly develop$4 ,f :at has be5 /at$ x w\ld seem t ! roots b s]ve to imbibe wat]1 b !re is no d\bt t nutriti\s matt]s w\ld also be absorb$ 7 !y pres5t 9 ! soil4 ,) ! edges ( its leaves curl$ s z to =m a tempor>y /oma*1 & ) ! gl&s ( its closely-inflect$ t5tacles p\r+ =? _! truly acid secretion1 :i* dissolves animal matt]s t are subsequ5tly absorb$1 ,dros]a may be said to fe$ l an animal4 ,b1 unlike an animal1 x dr9ks by means ( its roots1 & l>gely1 too1 = x w\ld n be able to supply its gl&s ) ! necess>y viscid fluid4 ,! am\nt ne$$ is by no means an inconsid]able quantity1 z two hundr$ & sev5ty drops may sometimes be expos$ dur+ a :ole day to a gl>+ sun4 ,su* a pr(use exudation implies prep>ations = ho/s ( insect visitors4 ,9 ?is ,dros]a has n miscalculat$4 ,its bright p9k blossoms & brilliant1 gli/5+ dew lure va/ numb]s ( ! small] k9ds1 & ! l>g] ones1 too1 to c]ta9 dea?4 ,b ! :olesale de/ruction ( life t goes on is mu* 9 excess ( :at ! plant requires = food4 ,:ile ! small] flies rema9 adh]5t to ! leaves1 af=d+ !m ! ne$$ alim5t1 ! l>g] insects1 aft] dea?1 fall ar\nd ! roots1 :]e !y decay & f]tilize ! soil ) nitrog51 :i* d\btless ?r\gh ! prop] *annels makes its way into ! body ( ! plant1 ?us help+ to give x tone & vigor4 ,!re are times :5 ^! plants "w bett] ?an at o!rs1 b :e!r ?is is caus$ by ! electrical condition ( ! atmosph]e1 or ! am\nt ( its conta9$ moi/ure1 is a "q :i* sci5ce has n positively det]m9$4 ,dros]a longifolia folds x leaves entirely ar\nd its victim1 f ! apex d[n to ! petiole aft] ! mann] ( its v]nation1 b 9 ,dros]a rotundifolia1 ^: m>g9al t5tacles are long]1 ! t5tacles simply curve ar\nd ! object1 ! gl&s t\*+ ! sub/ance1 l s _m m\?s receiv+ n\ri%m5t4 ,exp]im5t$ ^u ) raw beef1 ! t5tacles ( heal?y leaves1 f )9 to )\t1 b 9 p]iods ( "t v>y+ f six to eight or n9e h\rs1 clasp firmly ! beef1 almo/ conceal+ x f view4 ,equally vigor\s leaves1 h[ev]1 made no move t[>ds clasp+ a bit ( dry *alk1 a *ip ( fl9t1 or a lump ( e>?4 ,bits ( raw apple cause a curv+ ( ! t5tacles1 b v few ( ! gl&s are se5 t\*+ !m4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ^! plants are really c>nivor\s1 pref]r+ animal sub/ances1 :i* !y1 by ! aid ( "s f]m5t analog\s to peps91 :i* is secret$ by ! gl&s1 are able to absorb4 ,a m9ute quantity ( already soluble animal matt] is ! excit+ cause1 & ?is mu/ be tak5 9 by ! gl&s1 or !re is no secretion ( ! f]m5t+ mat]ial4 ,9 all ord9>y cases ! gl&s alone are susceptible to excitem5t4 ,:5 excit$1 !y d n !mselves move or *ange =m1 b transmit a motor impulse to ! b5d+ "p ( _! own & adjo9+ t5tacles1 & are ?us c>ri$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! leaf4 ,/imulants appli$ to ! gl&s ( ! %ort t5tacles on ! disc indirectly excite movem5t ( ! ext]ior t5tacles1 = ! /imulus ( ! gl&s ( ! disc acts on ! b5d+ "p ( ! latt] t5tacles1 ne> _! bases1 & does n fir/ travel up ! p$icels to ! gl&s1 to be !n reflect$ back to ! b5d+ place4 ,"s influ5ce1 h[ev]1 does travel up to ! gl&s1 caus+ !m to secrete mo/ copi\sly1 & ! secretion to become acid1 j su* an influ5ce z t :i* 9 animals is transmitt$ along ! n]ves to gl&s1 modify+ _! p[] ( secretion1 indep5d5tly ( ! condition ( ! blood-vessels4 ,ov] organic sub/ances t yield soluble matt] ! t5tacles rema9 clasp$ = a mu* long] "t ?an ov] ^? n act$ ^u by ! secretion1 or ov] inorganic objects4 ,t !y h ! p[] ( r5d]+ organic sub/ances soluble1 t is1 t !y h ! p[] ( dige/ion1 is no long] a "q ( dispute4 ,!y c]ta9ly h ?is p[]1 act+ on album9\s comp\nds 9 exactly ! same mann] z does ! ga/ric juice ( mammals1 ! dige/$ matt] be+ aft]w>ds absorb$4 ,9 animals ! dige/ion ( album9\s comp\nds is effect$ by means ( a f]m5t1 peps91 toge!r ) weak hydro*loric acid1 ?\gh almo/ any acid w s]ve1 yet nei!r peps9 nor an acid by itself has any su* p[]4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t :5 ! gl&s ( ! disc are excit$ by ! contact ( any object1 especially ( "o conta9+ nitrog5e\s matt]1 ! out] t5tacles & (t5 ! blade become inflect$1 ! leaf !reby becom+ conv]t$ into a tempor>y cup or /oma*4 ,! discal gl&s !n secrete m copi\sly1 ! secretion becom+ acid1 &1 moreov]1 "s influ5ce be+ transmitt$ by !m to ! gl&s ( ! ext]ior t5tacles1 caus+ !m to emit a m abundant secretion1 :i* also becomes acid4 ,?is secretion is to a c]ta9 ext5t antiseptic1 z x *ecks ! appe>ance ( m\ld & infusoria1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> acts l ! ga/ric juice ( ! high] animals1 :i* is kn[n to arre/ putrefaction by de/roy+ ! microzymes4 ,) animals1 accord+ to ,s*iff1 me*anical irritation excites ! gl&s ( ! /oma* to secrete an acid1 b n peps94 ,!re is /rong reason to believe1 too1 t ! gl&s ( ,dros]a1 :i* are cont9ually secret+ viscid fluid to replace ! losses by evaporation1 d n secrete ! f]m5t prop] = dige/ion :5 me*anically irritat$1 b only aft] absorb+ c]ta9 matt]s ( a nitrog5e\s nature4 ,! gl&s ( ! /oma*s ( animals secrete peps9 only aft] !y h absorb$ c]ta9 soluble sub/ances designat$ peptog5es1 %[+ a rem>kable p>allelism betwe5 ! gl&s ( ,dros]a & ^? ( ! /oma* 9 ! secretion ( _! appropriate acid & f]m5t4 ,n only animal matt]1 b also ! album5 ( liv+ se$s1 :i* are injur$ or kill$ by ! secretion1 are act$ ^u by ! gl&s ( ,dros]a4 ,matt] is likewise absorb$ f poll51 & f fre% leaves4 ,! /oma*s ( vegetable-fe$+ animals1 z is only too well kn[n1 possess a simil> p[] ( extract+ n\ri%m5t f su* articles4 ,?\gh prop]ly an insectivor\s plant1 b z poll51 z well z ! se$s & leaves ( surr\nd+ plants1 _c fail to be (t5 or occasionally bl[n ^u ! gl&s ( ,dros]a1 yet x mu/ be cr$it$ ) be+ to a c]ta9 ext5t a vegetable fe$]4 ,t a plant & an animal %\ld secrete ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 complex dige/ive fluid1 adapt$ = a simil> purpose1 is a wond]ful fact 9 physiology1 b n m rem>kable ?an ! movem5ts ( a t5tacle consequ5t ^u an impulse receiv$ f its own gl&1 ! movem5t at ! b5d+ place ( ! t5tacle be+ always t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! leaf1 & s x is ) all ! t5tacles :5 _! gl&s are excit$ by imm]sion 9 a suitable fluid4 ,! %ort t5tacles 9 ! middle "p ( ! disc1 h[ev]1 mu/ be except$1 z ^! d n b5d at all :5 ?us excit$4 ,b :5 ! motor impulse comes f "o side ( ! disc1 ! surr\nd+ t5tacles1 & ev5 ! %ort ones 9 ! middle ( ! disc1 all b5d ) precision t[>ds ! po9t ( excitem5t1 no matt] :]e x may be locat$4 ,?is is 9 e way a rem>kable ph5om5on1 = ! leaf appe>s z if end[$ ) animal s5se & intellig5ce4 ,x is all ! m rem>kable :5 ! motor impulse /rikes ! base ( a t5tacle obliquely to its flatt5$ surface1 = !n ! contraction ( ! cells mu/ be re/rict$ to "o1 two or a v few r[s at "o end1 & diff]5t sides ( ! surr\nd+ t5tacles mu/ be act$ on t all may b5d ) precision to ! po9t ( excitem5t4 ,! motor impulse1 z x spreads f "o or m gl&s across ! disc1 ent]s ! bases ( ! surr\nd+ t5tacles1 & in/antly acts on ! b5d+ place1 b does n fir/ proce$ up ! t5tacles to ! gl&s1 caus+ !m to reflect back an impulse to _! bases1 al?\gh "s influ5ce is s5t up to ! gl&s1 :]eby _! secretion is soon increas$ & r5d]$ acid4 ,! gl&s1 be+ ?us excit$1 s5d back "s o!r influ5ce1 dep5d5t nei!r on increas$ secretion nor on ! inflection ( ! t5tacles1 :i* causes ! protoplasm to aggregate 9 cell b5ea? cell4 ,?is maybe call$ a reflex action4 ,h[ x diff]s f t :i* proce$s f ! n]ve-ganglion ( an animal1 if x diff] at all1 no "o c say4 ,x is probably ! only kn[n case ( reflex action 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,conc]n+ ! me*anism ( ! movem5ts & ! "* ( ! motor impulse little is kn[n4 ,dur+ ! act ( inflection fluid surely passes f "o "p to ano!r ( ! t5tacles4 ,9 explanation ( ! fact x is claim$ t ! motor impulse is alli$ 9 nature to ! aggregat+ process1 & t ?is causes ! molecules ( ! cell-walls to approa* ea* o!r1 z d ! molecules ( ! protoplasm )9 ! cells1 !reby caus+ ! cells 9 all to contract4 ,?is is probably ! hypo!sis t be/ accords ) ! obs]v$ facts1 al?\gh "s /rong objections may be urg$ aga9/ ?is view4 ,! ela/icity ( _! out] cells1 :i* comes into activity z soon z ^? on ! inn] side cease contract+ ) prepot5t =ce1 leads l>gely to ! re-expansion ( ! t5tacles1 b !re is reason to suspect t fluid is cont9ually & sl[ly attract$ into ! out] cells dur+ ! act ( re-expansion1 ?us augm5t+ _! t5sion4 ,) respect to ! /ructure1 movem5ts1 con/itution & habits ( ,diona muscipula & ,dros]a rotundifolia1 z well z k9dr$ species1 little has be5 made out by pati5t /udy & inve/igation 9 comp>ison ) :at rema9s unexpla9$ & unkn[n4 ,_m ( _! movem5ts1 especially ( ,diona & ,dros]a1 seem s s5sible & intellig5t t ! reflect+ m9d ( man c h>dly hesitate to assign !m high positions 9 organic nature & ! possession1 ev5 ?\gh 9 a v small degree1 ( t consci\sness ) :i* animal life is end[$4 ,t man is psy*ically relat$ to all life is ! belief ( millions 9 ! old _w1 & ! hope ( millions 9 ! new4 ,9 ?is ?\ght is ! escape f mat]ialism1 t ?reat ( ! ignorant & unbeliev+4 ,high] conceptions ( beauty & greatness are n[ be+ ent]ta9$ by ! multitudes1 & we beg9 to feel t ! next great /ep is be+ tak5 :5 we %all become1 in/ead ( poor trembl+ d5iz5s ( a p]i%able _w1 pr\d & consci\s citiz5s ( an imp]i%able univ]se4 ,t we ( ! upp] ranks ( ,god's creation alone possess an inn] life :i* %all transc5d all *ange is no long] a g5]al belief1 b !re is a gr[+ hope t all nature %>es x1 & t love is its expression & its me?od4 ,all exi/5ce is a unit4 ,life1 law & love are div9e4 ,man1 look+ calmly ab\t him1 _c set himself ap>t z some?+ ess5tially diff]5t f nature1 b mu/ recognize himself z a "p1 & include love 9 ! univ]sal s*eme ( developm5t4 ,all o!r expressions ( life mu/ %>e ) him 9 ! div9e love & progress4 ,8 dogmas1 f\nd$ on mi/ak5 traditions1 h giv5 way to sci5ce1 & he _c b believe t love is 9 & ( ! s\l1 & t all life has "s sort ( developm5t ( s\l4 ,because plant-life has no bra91 & !re=e has no intellig5ce1 no m9d1 no s\l1 is prepo/]\s to contemplate4 ,:o c positively affirm t bra9 alone is ! seat ( consci\s intellig5ce8 ,none b ,he alone1 ! ,giv] ( all life1 :o sits en?ron$ & exalt$ 9 ! ev]la/+ heav5s4 ,,slime-,,animals4 ,possibly ! simple/ ( life's *ildr5 are ! s+ul>ly unique & /ructureless little ,f+] ,slimes1 :i* live n only 9 ! sea b also 9 puddles & pools1 & 9 ! gutt]s ( our /reets & ( our h\se-tops4 ,any:]e t /agnant wat] ab\nds ^! t9y drops ( slime w gr[ up & make x _! home4 ,sometimes few & f> betwe51 & sometimes 9 su* imm5se cr[ds t ! entire pond w\ld seem1 if !y c\ld be se5 ) ! unaid$ vision1 lit]ally alive ) !m1 !y live1 & multiply & die "u our v feet4 ,no?+ c be less animal-l ?an "o ( ^! %apeless masses ( pure protoplasm1 yet "u a microscope ( /rong p[] x may be se5 mov+ lazily along by pull+ out a ?ick f+] ( slime & !n lett+ all ! re/ ( its body fl[ aft] x4 ,:5 com+ into contact ) food x may be said to fl[ ov] x1 dissolv+ ! s(t p>ts & s5d+ out ! h>d1 indige/ible refuse any:]e1 no matt] :]e1 = its body is devoid ( sk91 be+ m]ely "o g5]al mass ( homog5e\s slime4 ,b :at c ^! little slime specks tell u ab\t ! wond]ful p[]s ( life8 ,no?+ at all1 x w\ld seem1 = 9 ^! t9y creatures life has no?+ bett] to "w ) ?an a m]e drop ( liv+ matt]1 :i* is all alike ?r\gh\t1 s t if brok5 into a hundr$ pieces e piece w\ld be z mu* a liv+ be+ z ! :ole4 ,& yet by means ( ! wond]ful gift ( life1 ) :i* ! all-wise ,omnipot5ce has end[$ x1 ?is slime-drop lives1 & brea!s1 & eats1 & increases1 %r9ks away :5 y t\* x1 feels = its food1 & moves f place to place1 *ang+ its %ape to =m limbs & feel+-?reads1 :i* are let into ! g5]al organism :5 !y h s]v$ ! purpose ( _! exi/+1 only to be succe$$ by o!rs z %ort-liv$ z !mselves :5 necessity requires _! developm5t4 ,s small are ^! creatures t ! l>ge/ specim5 w be f\nd to be small] ?an ! smalle/ p9's head4 ,exam9e h[ we w1 !re w be f\nd no m\?1 no /oma*1 no muscles1 no n]ves1 no p>ts ( any k9d4 ,! animal looks m]ely l a m9ute drop ( gum ) f9e gra9s diffus$ ?r\gh\t1 float+ 9 ! wat]1 "s times ) out/ret*$ arms1 & at o!r times z a simple drop4 ,an analysis ( ! matt] ( :i* x is compos$ %[s x to be mu* ! same z a speck ( :ite-(-egg4 ,yet x is alive1 = x brea!s4 ,kept 9 a drop ( wat]1 x uses up ! oxyg5 x conta9s1 & r5d]s ! wat] f\l by ! c>bonic acid x brea!s out4 ,! arms1 s necess>y 9 ! procurem5t ( food1 c be drawn 9 & ?r[n out :5 & :]e ! animal *ooses1 %[+ t "s option is und\bt$ly ex]cis$ 9 ! matt]4 ,m9ute jelly-plants1 t live 9 ! wat]1 & ev5 high] animals ?an itself1 con/itute its food4 ,! pres5ce ( an animal ) a %ell does n det] x f attack1 = x is j z able to deal ) x z ) ! s(t]1 %ell-less k9ds1 suck+ _! jelly-l cont5ts1 & disc>d+ ! empty1 innutriti\s %ells4 ,q z int]e/+ among ! ,mon]s1 to :i* ! ,f+] ,slime belongs1 is ! ,protomyxa aurantiaca1 a %apeless bit ( transp>5t matt]1 conta9+ m]ely circulat+ granules4 ,locomotion is effect$ by ext5d+ ! body into pseudopodia1 or false feet1 & contract+ !m4 ,its movem5t is sl[ & glid+4 ,:5 at re/ x appe>s z a m]e lump ( jelly1 b its :ole demeanor *anges :5 9 ! pres5ce ( a liv+ animal suit$ = food4 ,f9e ?reads imm$iately beg9 to %oot out f all sides1 :i* fuse ab\t ! unsuspect+ prey1 :ile all ! little gra9s 9 ! slime c\rse to & fro4 ,= five or six h\rs ! little fell[ hugs closely r\nd ! prey until x has become ?or\ghly absorb$1 at lea/ ! nutriti\s p>ts1 into its body-mass1 :5 x draws itself away1 or back into its orig9al place1 leav+ by its side ! skeleton ( its late victim4 ,)\t eyes or e>s or p>ts ( any k9d x kn[s h[ to f9d its food2 )\t muscles or limbs x is able to seize x2 )\t a m\? x c suck out its liv+ body1 & )\t a /oma* x c dige/ ! food 9 ! mid/ ( its own slime1 & ca/ out ! p>ts = :i* x has no use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,protomyxa ,,fe$+4 ,:5 ,protomyxa has become a burd5 to itself x divides itself by a simple process ( fission1 ea* "p be+ complete 9 itself1 or x assumes a ?ick cov]+1 becom+ ency/$1 z x is t]m$4 ,9 a little :ile ! enclos$ mass divides into sph]es1 ! cell-wall bur/s1 & ! little sph]es1 :i* h n[ tak5 on a sort ( tadpole %ape1 float out ^u ! wat]1 :]e !y soon assume ! p>5t-=m4 ,l all liv+ ?+s1 ^! ,mon]s h a desire = food1 :i* _! protoplasm fir/ appropriates1 !n conv]ts into available mat]ial4 ,!y ?us gr[ & increase 9 size1 b :5 !y become too l>ge to be com=table !y usually split into two1 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( _! be+1 & ea* half goes its own way z a liv+ animal4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ =m ( p>5tage1 ! simple/ =m ( reproduction4 ,?us yield+ to ?is necessity ( a sep>ation ( "o into m ?an "o1 ^! ,mon]s live on =ev]1 or z long z ! e>? cont9ues to support life1 ?us becom+ immortal 9 ! sci5tific s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is us$ to devote a cont9uance ( ! physical life on e>?4 ,!y only & _! ne>e/ relatives1 z simple 9 /ructure z !mselves1 a*ieve ?is /up5d\s result1 = 9 su* a division ( _! entire sub/ance !y "k no loss1 no dea? ( any "p1 viol5ce only be+ able to sund] !m f life4 ,!y resolve !mselves into _! own (fspr+1 & no?+ p]i%es4 ,,primitive ,,lasso-,,?r[]s4 ,e "o kn[s t ! long cord or ?ong1 call$ ! lasso1 is ! peculi> weapon ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican hunt]4 ,almo/ f 8 e>lie/ *ildhood ! "y ,gau*o le>ns to amuse himself ) x1 & z soon z he is able to walk takes great pleasure 9 cat*+ "y birds & o!r animals ar\nd 8 fa!r's hut1 hurl+ ! long la% ) su* dext]ity t ! noose drops ov] _! bodies & br+s !m to 8 feet4 ,did we wi% to select f among all ! d5iz5s ( life ! mo/ brilliant1 graceful1 & sylph-l1 ^: v life-hi/ories read m l ! romance ( poetry ?an sob] reality1 we w\ld *oose ^? :i* might be appropriately designat$ ! lasso-?r[]s4 ,n[ among animals1 z is only too well kn[n1 any weapons :i* !y c\ld be call$ ^u to use mu/ develop 9 _! own bodies1 & !re=e x c\ld h>dly be suspect$ t a simple jelly-animal c\ld be provid$ ) a lasso ready gr[n 9 its own fle%4 ,yet x is s1 = 9 t class ( animals1 :i* ranks j above ! sponges1 we discov] a weapon ( ?is k9d z simple & z deadly1 & f> m wond]ful 9 its action ?an any us$ by man4 ,9 fre%-wat] ponds1 atta*$ by its base to ! "u surfaces ( aquatic plants1 may be f\nd a v small animal1 j l>ge en\gh to be se5 )\t ! aid ( a l5s1 usually pale gre51 b sometimes ( a br[n color4 ,?is is our common hydra1 te*nically call$ ,hydra fusca4 ,x is no?+ m ?an a tube or sac1 ) a suck] at "o end to hold on )1 & a m\? at ! o!r1 surr\nd$ ) f five to eight holl[ t5tacles or feel]s1 :i* op5s into a c5tral cavity or /oma*4 ,firm & muscul> are ! walls ( ! sac1 s t ! little creature1 :i* is n fix$ p]man5tly to :atev] x is f\nd cl++ to1 may /ret* itself out or draw back z its own volition dictates1 or move sl[ly along by means ( its suck]1 or float easily or cont5t$ly ^u ! wat]4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable1 z well z ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ?is odd creature is ! p[] :i* x possesses ( ov]com+ animals m p[]ful & active ?an itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,hydra ,,moor$ ,,& ,,se>*+ ,,= ,,prey4 ,grop+ ab\t ) its flexible arms1 :i* are closely inve/$ ) f9e jelly-hairs1 ) :i* x seem+ly feels1 or atta*$ to "s leaf or bit ( float+ /ick1 its t5tacles rea*+ out 9 all directions1 ! ,hydra in/antly p>alyzes any m9ute insects1 "y snail or infusorian t t\*es its feel]s1 & complac5tly clos+ its arms ov] ! helpless victim1 c>efully tucks x away1 s to speak1 into its /oma*1 :]e x is spe$ily dige/$4 ,?is p[] ( p>alyz+ & ?us readily captur+ active liv+ creatures is due to ! pres5ce 9 ! sk9 ( ! t5tacles & body ( :at are call$ lasso-cells1 or nettl+-organs1 :i* are m9ute1 transp>5t cells1 s small t two hundr$ ( ! l>ge/ w\ld occupy b ! di/ance ( an in*1 ea* be+ arm$ ) a long b>b$ ?read coil$ up )9 its walls4 ,?is delicate ?read1 :i* is (t5 f tw5ty to =ty times ! l5g? ( ! cell1 lies ba!d 9 a poison\s fluid1 & only waits = ! cell-walls to bur/1 :i* !y d :5 ! ,hydra t\*es an animal swimm+ ne> x1 :5 ?\s&s ( ^! little b>b$ cords d>t into ! victim1 quickly p>alyz+ x & r5d]+ x an easy prey to its captor4 ,all ,cl5t]ates1 su* z jelly-fi%es & coral polyps1 possess ^! nettl+-organs4 ,?us we see :]e ! ,hydra's /r5g? lies4 ,he has no ne$ to /ruggle1 = 8 victim1 p5etrat$ by a multitude ( d>ts1 & made p[]less by ! poison in/ill$1 becomes z manageable z an equal bulk ( in]t matt]4 ,x behooves ! little creature to take ?+s quietly1 = a cell once bur/ _c be us$ aga91 & he is !re=e compell$ to wait until a new "o is gr[n to take ! place ( ! "o t has become exhau/$4 ,s he pati5tly bides 8 "t till 8 victim is half-conqu]$1 :5 he draws him g5tly into 8 body4 ,he lives & cat*es 8 food1 z mu/ be app>5t1 )\t ! necessity ( mov+ v f> f ! place :]e he _h 8 bir?4 ,all ! summ] ?r\gh ! ,hydra puts out buds f its side1 :i*1 :5 _! t5tacles h gr[n1 drop f ! p>5t-body1 & settle d[n 9 life = !mselves4 ,b :5 w9t] comes1 & be=e all life has become ext9ct1 an egg appe>s ne> ! base ( ! tubes ( ^? t are liv+1 & ^! eggs lie dormant till ! next spr+1 :5 !y are hat*$1 & a new g5]ation ( ,hydras is produc$4 ,budd+1 :i* is b a process ( natural self-division1 is c>ri$ on to a l>ge ext5t1 m individuals be+ produc$ 9 ?is way ?an f eggs4 ,^! buds are at fir/ a simple bulg+ out ( ! body-walls1 ! bud envelop+ a portion ( ! /oma*1 until x becomes con/rict$ & drops (f1 ! t5tacles mean:ile budd+ out f ! di/al end1 & a m\?-op5+ aris+ betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! ,hydra1 ! ,act9ia1 & o!r polyps1 & 9 tru? 9 all ! l[] animals1 budd+ is simply due to an increase 9 ! gr[? & multiplication ( cells at a special place on ! outside ( ! body4 ,z 9 ! v]tebrates1 man includ$1 ! ,hydra arises f an egg :i*1 aft] f]tilization1 passes ?r\gh two /ages1 ! g]m consi/+ at fir/ ( two cell-lay]s1 b ! sexes are n sep>ate z 9 ! m>9e ,hydroids1 :i* gr[ 9 colonies t may be ei!r male or female4 ,l "s o!r animals ( simple /ructure1 ! ,hydra is capable ( reproduc+ to a mo/ wond]ful degree :5 cut into pieces4 ,divid$ 9 two1 ea* becomes a p]fect ,hydra1 & ev5 :5 slic$ into any numb] ( ?9 r+s ea* r+ w gr[ out a cr[n ( t5tacles4 ,y may split !m into longitud9al /rips & ea* /rip w ev5tually become a well-%ap$ ,hydra4 ,two individuals may be fa/5$ toge!r by a horse-hair & 9 a %ort "t !y w h become l ,siamese tw9s1 b !re w nev] arise ! slighte/ disagreem5t betwe5 !m4 ,a ,hydra turn$ inside out w readily adapt itself to ! *ange1 & 9 a few days w be able to swall[ & dige/ bits ( meat1 its =m] /oma*-l9+ hav+ n[ tak5 ^u itself ! condition ( sk94 ,hydra fusca is our simple/ lasso-?r[]1 & ! only "o to be f\nd 9 fre% wat]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,su* a wond]ful & deadly weapon is 81 t x is easy to und]/& h[ 8 num]\s relatives 9 ! wide ocean h made good use ( ! weapon ) :i* nature has provid$ !m1 & secur$1 "u all k9ds ( %apes & =ms1 homes & re/+-places ?r\gh\t ! va/ wa/e ( wat]s4 ,f ! ,arctic to ! ,tropics1 & f ! %all[ seaside pools at l[ tide to ! fa?omless abysses ( ! ocean1 we meet ! lasso-?r[]s4 ,n[ 9 ! =m ( huge jelly-fi%es1 cov]+ ! sea = miles & miles1 transp>5t domes by day & phosphoresc+ lights by night1 & n[ z t9y balls ( jelly1 gli/5+ by millions 9 "s quiet bay & spl9t]+ into light ^u ! bea*2 or 9 ! =m ( liv+ animal-trees wav+ _! graceful arms ov] rocks 9 wat]s deep1 or creep+ l delicate ?reads ov] %ells & /ones & seawe$ on ! %ore1 :]e !y (t5 lose _! id5tity & are mi/ak5 = plants4 ,!re is sc>cely a nook or cranny 9 ! b$ ( ocean :]e ^! tree-l =ms1 associat$ ) ! beautiful sea-anemone1 ^: brilliant crimson1 gre5 & purple are unmat*$ 9 color by gem & fl[]1 are n to be f\nd4 ,all ^! beautiful creatures1 z well z ! liv+ coral t ne/les 9 ! bosom ( ! w>m ,m$it]ranean or ! sea t la%es our ,s\!rn %ores1 or t /ruggles boldly aga9/ ,pacific's waves1 are lasso-?r[]s4 ,cl5t]ata1 ! 8holl[-bodi$ animals10 because ( ! l>ge cavity )9 _! bodies1 is ! "n by :i* !y are kn[n to sci5ce4 ,!y naturally fall into two families1 ! ,hydrozoa1 or ,wat] ,animals1 & ! ,act9izoa1 or ,ray-l ,animals1 our little ,hydra1 ab\t :i* s mu* has be5 writt51 be+ repres5tative ( ! =m] & ! ,anemones ( ! latt] division4 ,,five-,,f+]$ ,,jack ,,on ,,! ,,oy/]4 ,q z inf9ite 9 numb]1 v>iety & =m is ! life ( ! sea z t ( ! l&4 ,b ( all m>9e animals1 h[ev]1 !re is none m curi\s ?an ! e*9od]m1 a "n d]iv$ by sci5ce f two ,greek words1 indicat+ an animal bri/l+ ) sp9es l ! h$gehog4 ,^! creatures are sometimes free1 b q z (t5 atta*$ by a /em1 flexible or o!rwise1 & radiate aft] ! fa%ion ( a circle or />1 or are ( ! =m ( a />1 ) m or less elongat$ arms4 ,!y are cov]$ ) %ell-l plates1 :i* !y secrete = !mselves1 & are /ill fur!r protect$ by sp9es or scales4 ,p]haps ! mo/ common ( ! e*9od]ms is ! ,/>-fi%1 or ,five-f+]$ ,jack1 z x is call$ by sailors4 ,:oev] has sp5t any "t on ! sea%ore has d\btless made ! acqua9tance ( ?is animal1 = x is readily di/+ui%able by its %ape1 its upp] surface be+ r\gh & tub]cul\s1 & arm$ ) sp9e-l projections1 :ile ! "u portion is s(t1 conta9+ ! ess5tial organs ( life & locomotion4 ,:5 fir/ se5 /r&$ on ! %ore ! ,/>-fi%1 by ! un9itiat$1 is ?\ght to be a creature incapable ( movem5t ( any k9d4 ,b ?is is f> f be+ ! case1 = 9 its native elem5t x moves along ! bottom ( ! sea ) ! greate/ ease1 be+ provid$ ) an app>atus specially adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,ord9>ily its arms are kept ^u ! same level1 b 9 pass+ ov] ob/acles t lay 9 its pa?1 ! animal has ! p[] ( rais+ any "o ( its sev]al arms4 ,elevations are asc5d$ ) ! same ease & facility z progression on plane surfaces is effect$4 ,p]=at+ ! arms1 or rays1 & issu+ f ap]tures1 w be f\nd l>ge numb]s ( membran\s tubes1 :i* prove to be ! feet ( ! animal4 ,^u c>eful exam9ation ! latt] w be f\nd to consi/ ( two p>ts1 a bladd]-l portion1 resid5t )9 ! body1 & a tubul> outly+ projection1 end+ 9 a disk-%ap$ suck]1 ?us %[+ ! feet to be muscul> cyl9d]s1 holl[ 9 ! c5tre1 & v ext5sible4 ,9 progression ! animal ext5ds a few ( its feet1 atta*es its suck]s to ! rocks or /ones & !n1 by retract+ its feet1 draws ! body =w>d4 ,l t ( ! tortoise1 its pace is sl[ & sure4 ,b ! mo/ s+ul> ?+ ab\t ?is s+ul> animal is its mann] ( ov]com+ ob/ructions1 :i* x mu/ c]ta9ly p]ceive1 judg+ f ! prep>ations to surm\nt !m :i* x makes at ! opportune mom5t4 ,9 addition to organs ( locomotion ,/>-fi%es possess blood-vessels1 dige/ive & respiratory app>atus1 & a n]v\s sy/em ( a v l[ ord]1 an inf]5ce to :i* its seem+ capacity ( endur+ vivisection )\t pa9 unmi/akably leads4 ,int]e/+ z its mann] ( progression1 ev5 "u ! mo/ try+ circum/ances1 mu/ be1 yet !re is no?+ 9 ! life ( ?is l[ly-organiz$ animal t has half ! *>m to ! true lov] & /ud5t ( nature ?an ! "m ,/>'s devotion to h] "y4 ,h] eggs %e c>ries 9 little p\*es plac$ at ! base ( ! rays4 ,:5 emitt$ ?r\gh an op5+1 :i* occasionally & un9t5tionally occurs1 ! "m does n ab&on !m to ! cruel *>ities ( ! ocean _w1 b ga!rs !m toge!r1 =m+ a k9d ( protect+ cov] ( !m1 v mu* l a h5 brood+ ov] h] *ick5s4 ,h] actions bespeak an anxiety :i* c\ld only be born ( an affection1 z real & sympa!tic z t :i* a human "m feels = ! loss ( any ( h] (fspr+4 ,no matt] h[ (t5 ! eggs become accid5tally scatt]$1 ! "m does n gr[ we>y ( h] *>ges & leave !m to !mselves1 b ga!rs !m to ! mat]nal fold ) ! same t5d]1 pati5t solicitude z *>act]iz$ h] fir/ ef=ts4 ,conf9$ to a tank1 :5 ) ova1 ! "m ,/> has be5 kn[n to trav]se ! entire l5g? ( ! vessel until %e has f\nd & recov]$ h] scatt]$ treasures4 ,reproduction by eggs is n ! only means ( g5]ation 9 vogue4 ,9 common ) o!r sea animals ! ,/>-fi% has ! /range capacity ( deta*+ "o or m ( its arms1 ea* ( ! ca/-(f memb]s becom+ 9 "t a p]fect creature ( its own k9d1 :ile a new arm1 fully equipp$ to p]=m all necess>y functions1 w gr[ out 9 place ( ! lo/ memb]4 ,f twelve to fifte5 weeks are requir$ to reproduce a lo/ ray1 ! animal mean:ile seem+ n ! lea/ discont5t$1 b act+ z utt]ly unconsci\s ( any *anges 9 its anatomy4 ,z f\nd ^u ! %ore1 ,/>-fi%es appe> dead :5 really !y are alive4 ,put "o ( ^! p]fectly /ill creatures into fre% sea-wat]1 & 9 a %ort "t x w probably be disport+ itself z freely z ev] x did4 ,b z ! dead & ! liv+1 :5 /r&$ by ! tide1 pres5t ne>ly ! same appe>ance1 "s c]ta9 te/ seems necess>y to di/+ui% !m ap>t4 ,if a ,/>-fi% hangs loose & limp1 x is dead2 b1 h[ev] dead x may look1 if on t\*+ x !re are manife/ a firmness & consi/5cy 9 its sub/ance1 "o may feel reasonably sure t x is play+ ! 'possum & w revive :5 plac$ 9 ! wat]4 ,q z c]ta9 a mode ( asc]ta9+ :e!r y\r />ry fri5d is liv+ or dead1 is to lay x ^u its back1 :51 if alive1 a numb] ( semi-transp>5t globul> objects w be se5 to move1 rea*+ ?is way & t1 z ?\gh feel+ = some?+ to lay hold ( :]e) to re/ore x to its normal position4 ,^! globul> app5dages are ! ambulacra1 or locomotory organs1 seek+ to acquire ?is end4 ,if1 h[ev]1 no movem5t is manife/$1 y c wisely conclude t y\r animal is dead4 ,! ,/>-fi%1 n unlike all o!r animals ( ! sea1 has an appetite t is nev] satisfi$4 ,d9n] is always welcome4 ,! procurem5t ( food seems its *ief conc]n 9 life4 ,x is a scav5g] ( no mean importance1 keep+ up an incessant *ase aft] all k9ds ( dead animal matt]1 & ?us l>gely contribut+1 x is probable1 t[>ds ! ma9ta9+ ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,b its fe$+ is n exclusively re/rict$ to decay+ matt]s4 ,any species ( mollusk1 f ! humble :elk1 n m ?an five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 to ! lordly oy/]1 s e/eem$ by epicures1 con/itutes a da9ty tidbit4 ,no m invet]ate ravag] & brig&1 n ev5 except+ man himself1 h ! oy/]-b$s to di/urb ! equanimity & s]5ity ( _! exi/5ce ?an ! audaci\s1 ins9uat+ ,/>-fi%4 ,) its five arms1 & app>5tly )\t any o!r organ1 ?is comp>atively insignificant little be+ accompli%es a "w :i* man1 )\t ! aid ( extrane\s appliances1 is q unable to execute4 ,x op5s an oy/] z deftly & effectually z an exp]t oy/]man w\ld d1 & t1 too1 )\t ! habitual oy/]-knife1 & swall[s ! slimy bivalve 9 ! same mann] z ! lords ( creation d4 ,man1 ) all 8 g5ius & skill1 7 he depriv$ ( all o!r means ( subsi/5ce ?an ! oy/]1 & hav+ no implem5t ) :i* to op5 x1 w\ld be sev]ely puzzl$ to get at ! savory morsel %ut up 9 its ob/9ate valves1 yet ! ,/>-fi% p]=ms ! task seem+ly )\t ! lea/ difficulty4 ,h[ ! ,/>-fi% manages ! problem 0 at fir/ a matt] ( guess-"w4 ,= a long "t x 0 confid5tly believ$ t ! animal wait$ = ! mom5t :5 ! oy/] op5$ its %ell to introduce "o ( its arms into ! op5+4 ,?is mu* ga9$1 ! o!r f\r arms 7 got 9 )\t mu* tr\ble1 & ! :ole bus9ess end$ ) ! dev\r+ ( ! inmate4 ,?is belief is no long] t5able4 ,c>eful obs]vation has reveal$ to u ! true inw>dness ( ! proce$+4 ,! oy/] is seiz$ betwe5 ! arms ( ! ,/>-fi% & held "u its m\? by ! aid ( its suck]s4 ,?us secur$1 ! ,a/]ias1 or ,/>-fi%1 ev]ts its /oma*1 & envelops ! :ole oy/] 9 its int]ior recesses1 di/ill+ a poison\s fluid1 a secretion f its m\?1 :i* causes ! oy/] to op5 its %ell1 :5 ! robb]1 z x 71 crawls 9 & takes its dess]t4 ,incr$ible numb]s ( oy/]s are de/roy$ by ,/>-fi%es1 b ! oy/]m5 fail to see t _! own b>b>ic ignorance is l>gely to blame4 ,/>-fi%es drawn up 9 nets1 rakes & dr$ges 9 imm5se quantities are ti$ into bundles1 b ! cords are made s tight t ! pile is cut 9 twa91 ! result be+ t all ! pieces1 :5 aft]w>ds ?r[n ov]bo>d1 become new & p]fect ,/>-fi%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/>-,,fi% ,,op5+ ,,an ,,oy/]4 ,n (t5 has "o ! pleasure ( meet+ ) ^! animals on ! ,new ,j]sey coa/1 b yet !y are occasionally se51 m frequ5tly1 p]haps1 9 ! ,nor?4 ,a/]ias b]yl9us1 ! common] =m1 is a fairly l>ge species1 ( a m or less gre5i% color1 sometimes wan+ to br[n1 & r\ghly cov]$ ) tub]cles4 ,its five arms1 at ! extremity ( ea* ( :i* is situat$ a s+le r$-eye speck1 are some:at irregul>ly arrang$1 & n r>ely "o is /umpy ?r\gh breakage or unequal developm5t4 ,:5 a ,/>-fi% is al>m$1 or f9ds itself 9 /range qu>t]s1 x w be se5 to curl up ! tips ( its rays1 & !re "u ! po9t ( ea* ray w be f\nd a ?ick r$ spot seat$ on ! extremity ( a n]ve1 & hav+ 9 x z _m z f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ cry/al l5ses surr\nd$ by r$ cells4 ,) su* a highly-develop$ eye1 :i* is f> bett] ?an ! jelly-fi% enjoys1 x is no wond] t ! ,/>-fi% is s quick 9 disc]n+ food1 or enrages ! fi%]man by ! discov]y ( ! bait :i* he _h int5d$ = o!r animals1 = x turns out t ?is /upid-look+ animal is m wide-awake ?an x is giv5 cr$it =4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! beautifully delicate ,/>-fi%1 call$ ! 8,l+?orn10 a s(t lid1 or feel]1 hangs ov] ! eye-spot1 :i* gives to ! creature a curi\sly intellig5t look1 b 9 ! case ( our common =m ?is lid is notably abs5t4 ,f all t has be5 writt5 x mu/ be evid5t t our fir/ walk+ animal is by no means a poor or feeble creature4 ,he has a *a9 armor wov5 into 8 lea!ry sk91 ) %>p1 po9t$ sp9es1 & snapp+1 beak-l claws to protect him2 an excell5t dige/ion & a capaci\s m\? to fe$ 8 gre$y /oma*1 & a f9e array ( n]ves1 quick feel+ & eyesight1 & a wond]ful app>atus = mov+ ov] ! gr\nd4 ,:5 x is add$ to all ^! possessions ! ability to close ov] ! w\nd 9 ! case ( a lo/ ray & ! gr[+ ( a new "o1 we see t 8 p[]s ( liv+ satisfactorily are by no means insignificant4 ,b ?is curi\s walk+ app>atus ( ! ,/>-fi% is f> f be+ p]fect 9 all 8 relations4 ,!y d n all walk by means ( suck]s any m ?an all sponge-animals build toilet sponge1 or all slime-animals make *amb]$ %ells4 ,sure1 ! ,rosy ,fea!r-/>s1 = example1 h no use = feet-tubes1 z _! lives are g5]ally sp5t ^u ! rocks or ne/l$ 9 bun*es ( sea-we$4 ,brittle-/>s1 z ^! are call$1 ?\gh closely relat$ to ! ,/>-fi%es1 are n easily conf\nd$ ) !m1 = _! arms are f\nd to radiate f a cle>ly def9$ c5tral disk1 & !re is no prolongation ( _! /oma*s & ov>ies into _! int]iors4 ,! tube-feet pass out f ! plates along ! sides ( ! arms1 in/ead ( f ! "u surface z 9 ! ,/>-fi%es prop]1 & probably s]ve m]ely z a help = brea?+1 locomotion ov] ! s&s be+ effect$ by _! long flexible arms4 ,_! home is *iefly among ! tangle & eel-grass1 :]e _! protect+ cov]+ af=ds !m security f _! _m enemies4 ,,e>?-,,worms ,,9 ,,hi/ory4 ,e>?-worms are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,?\gh few 9 g5]a1 & n _m 9 species1 yet !y make up 9 individual numb]s1 = x has be5 e/imat$ t !y av]age ab\t "o hundr$ ?\s& to ! acre4 ,our ,am]ican species h nev] be5 monograph$1 :i* r5d]s x impossible to judge ( _! probable numb]4 ,_! ca/+s may be se5 on commons1 s z to cov] almo/ entirely _! surface1 :]e ! soil is poor & ! grass %ort & ?91 & !y are almo/ z num]\s 9 "s ( our p>ks :]e ! grass gr[s well & ! soil appe>s ri*4 ,ev5 on ! same piece ( gr\nd worms are mu* m frequ5t 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs1 al?\gh no visible diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! soil is manife/4 ,!y ab\nd 9 pav$ c\rt-y>ds contigu\s to h\ses1 & on ! sidewalks 9 c\ntry t[ns1 & in/ances h be5 report$ :]e !y h burr[$ ?r\gh ! floors ( v damp cell>s4 ,b5ea? l>ge trees few ca/+s c be f\nd dur+ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ye>1 & ?is is app>5tly due to ! moi/ure hav+ be5 suck$ out ( ! gr\nd by ! innum]able roots ( ! trees1 an explanation :i* seems to be confirm$ by ! fact t su* places may be obs]v$ cov]$ ) ca/+s aft] ! heavy autumnal ra9s4 ,al?\gh mo/ coppices & woods support l>ge numb]s ( worms1 yet 9 =e/s ( c]ta9 k9ds ( tree-gr[?s1 :]e ! gr\nd b5ea? is de/itute ( vegetation1 n a ca/+ is se5 ov] wide rea*es ( gr\nd1 ev5 dur+ ! autumn4 ,9 m\nta9\s di/ricts worms are mo/ly r>e1 x w\ld seem1 a circum/ance :i* is p]haps ow+ to ! close proximity ( ! subjac5t rocks1 into :i* x is impossible = !m to burr[ dur+ ! w9t]1 s z to escape be+ froz54 ,b !re are "s exceptions to ?is rule1 = !y h be5 f\nd at great altitudes 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w1 & especially is ?is s 9 ,india1 :]e !y h be5 obs]v$ to be q num]\s ^u ! m\nta9s4 ,?\gh 9 "o s5se semi-aquatic animals1 l ! o!r memb]s ( ! great class ( ,annelids to :i* !y belong1 yet x _c be d5i$ t e>?-worms are t]re/rial creatures4 ,_! exposure to ! dry air ( a room = a s+le night proves fatal to !m1 :ile on ! o!r h& !y h be5 kept alive = ne>ly f\r mon?s completely subm]g$ 9 wat]4 ,dur+ ! summ]1 :5 ! gr\nd is dry1 !y p5etrate to a great dep? & cease to "w1 j z !y d 9 w9t] :5 ! gr\nd is froz54 ,!y are nocturnal 9 _! habits1 & may be se5 crawl+ ab\t 9 l>ge numb]s at night1 b g5]ally ) _! tails /ill ins]t$ 9 _! burr[s4 ,by ! expansion ( ?is "p ( ! body1 & ) ! aid ( ! %ort reflex$ bri/les ) :i* !y are arm$ inf]iorly1 !y hold s securely t !y c seldom be )drawn f ! gr\nd )\t be+ torn 9 pieces4 ,b dur+ ! day1 except at ! "t ( pair+1 :5 ^? :i* inhabit adjo9+ burr[s expose ! great] "p ( _! bodies = an h\r or two 9 ! e>ly morn+1 !y rema9 9 _! burr[s4 ,sick individuals1 ^: illness is caus$ by ! p>asitic l>v ( a fly1 mu/ also be except$1 z !y w&] ab\t dur+ ! day & die on ! surface4 ,a/oni%+ numb]s ( dead worms may sometimes be se5 ly+ on ! gr\nd aft] a heavy ra9 succe$+ dry wea!r1 no less ?an a half-hundr$ 9 a space ( a few squ>e y>ds1 b ^! are d\btless worms t 7 already sick1 ^: dea?s 7 m]ely ha/5$ by ! gr\nd be+ flood$1 = if !y _h be5 dr[n$ x is probable1 f ! facts already giv51 t !y w\ld h p]i%$ 9 _! burr[s4 ,aft] !re has be5 a heavy ra9 ! film ( mud or ( v f9e s& to be se5 ov] gravel-walks 9 ! morn+ is (t5 di/9ctly m>k$ ) ! tracks ( worms4 ,f ,may to ,augu/1 inclusive1 ?is has be5 notic$ :5 ! mon?s h be5 wet4 ,v few dead worms are any:]e to be se5 on ^! occasions1 al?\gh ! walks are m>k$ ) innum]able tracks1 five tracks (t5 be+ c\nt$ cross+ a space ( only an in* squ>e1 :i* c\ld be trac$ ei!r to or f ! m\?s ( ! burr[s 9 ! gravel-walks = di/ances v>y+ f ?ree to fifte5 y>ds1 b no two tracks be+ se5 to lead to ! same burr[4 ,x is n likely1 f :at is kn[n ( ! s5se-organs ( ^! animals1 t a worm c\ld f9d its way back to its burr[ aft] hav+ once left x4 ,!y leave _! burr[s1 x w\ld seem1 on a voyage ( discov]y1 & ?us !y f9d new sites = ! ex]cise ( _! p[]s4 ,= h\rs toge!r !y may (t5 be se5 ly+ almo/ motionless b5ea? ! m\?s ( _! burr[s4 ,b let ! eject$ e>? or rubbi% ov] _! burr[s be sudd5ly remov$ & ! end ( ! worm's body may be se5 rapidly retreat+4 ,?is habit ( ly+ ne> ! surface leads to _! de/ruction to an imm5se ext5t1 =1 at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 ! rob9s & blackbirds t visit our lawns 9 ! c\ntry may be obs]v$ draw+ out ( _! holes an a/oni%+ numb] ( worms1 :i* c\ld n be done unless !y lay close to ! surface4 ,b :at br+s ! worms to ! surface8 ,?is is a "q ^: answ] _c be positively ass]t$4 ,x is n probable t !y behave 9 ?is mann] = ! purpose ( brea?+ fre% air1 = x has be5 se5 t !y c live a long "t "u wat]4 ,t !y are !re = ! sake ( w>m?1 especially 9 ! morn+1 is a m reasonable supposition1 :i* seems to be confirm$ by ! fact t !y (t5 coat ! m\?s ( _! burr[s ) leaves1 app>5tly to prev5t _! bodies f com+ into contact ) ! cold1 damp e>?1 & by ! /ill o!r fact t !y completely close _! burr[s dur+ ! w9t]4 ,"s rem>ks ab\t ! /ructure ( ! e>?-worm n[ appe> apropos4 ,its body consi/s ( f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ almo/ cyl9drical r+s1 ea* provid$ ) m9ute bri/les4 ,! muscul> sy/em is well develop$1 ?us enabl+ ^! animals to crawl backw>ds z well z =w>ds1 & to retreat by ! help ( _! affix$ tails into _! burr[s ) extraord9>y rapidity4 ,situat$ at ! ant]ior end ( ! body is ! m\?4 ,x is furni%$ ) a little projection1 v>i\sly call$ ! lobe or lip1 :i* is us$ = preh5sion4 ,beh9d ! m\?1 int]nally locat$1 is a /rong ph>ynx1 :i* is pu%$ =w>ds :5 ! animal eats1 correspond+1 x is said1 ) ! protrudable trunk ( o!r ,annelids4 ,! ph>ynx conducts to ! sophagus1 on ea* side ( ! l[] "p ( :i* are plac$ ?ree pairs ( l>ge gl&s1 call$ calcif]\s gl&s1 ^: function is ! secretion ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,^! gl&s are v rem>kable organs1 & _! l is n to be f\nd 9 any o!r animal4 ,_! use is connect$ 9 "s way ) ! process ( dige/ion4 ,! sophagus1 9 mo/ ( ! species1 is enl>g$ into a crop 9 front ( ! gizz>d4 ,?is latt] organ is l9$ ) a smoo?1 ?ick *it9\s membrane1 & is surr\nd$ by weak1 longitud9al1 b p[]ful transv]se muscles1 ^: en]getic action is mo/ effectual 9 ! trituration ( ! food1 = ^! worms possess no jaws1 or tee? ( any k9d4 ,gra9s ( s& & small /ones1 f ! "o-tw5tie? to ! "o-t5? ( an in* 9 size1 are f\nd 9 _! gizz>ds & inte/9es1 & ^! little /ones1 indep5d5tly ( ^? swall[$ :ile excavat+ _! burr[s1 mo/ probably s]ve1 l mill/ones1 to triturate _! food4 ,! gizz>d op5s into ! inte/9e--a mo/ rem>kable /ructure1 an inte/9e )9 an inte/9e--:i* runs 9 a /raight l9e to ! v5t at ! po/]ior end ( ! body4 ,b ?is curi\s /ructure1 z %[n by ,clap>de1 m]ely consi/s ( a deep longitud9al involution ( ! walls ( ! inte/9e1 by :i* means an ext5sive absorb5t surface is secur$4 ,worms h a well-develop$ circulat+ sy/em4 ,_! brea?+ is effect$ by ! sk91 & s !y d n possess any special respiratory app>atus4 ,ea* individual unites ! two sexes 9 its own body1 b two individuals pair toge!r4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is fairly well develop$1 ! two ne>ly conflu5t c]ebral ganglia be+ situat$ v close to ! ant]ior extremity ( ! body4 ,be+ de/itute ( eyes1 we w\ld naturally conclude t worms 7 q ins5sible to light2 b f _m exp]im5ts t h be5 made by ,d>w91 ,h(mei/] & o!rs1 x is evid5t t light affects !m1 b only by its int5sity & duration4 ,x is ! ant]ior extremity ( ! body1 :]e ! c]ebral ganglia lie1 t is affect$1 = if ?is "p is %ad$ & o!r p>ts ( ! body are illum9at$ no effect w be produc$4 ,z ^! animals h no eyes1 x is probable t ! light passes ?r\gh _! sk9s & excites 9 "s mann] _! c]ebral ganglia4 ,:5 worms are employ$ 9 dragg+ leaves into _! burr[s or 9 eat+ !m1 & ev5 dur+ ! brief int]vals ( re/ f _! labors1 !y ei!r d n p]ceive ! light or are reg>dless ( x1 & ?is is ev5 ! case :5 ! light is conc5trat$ ^u !m ?r\gh a l>ge l5s4 ,pair$ individuals w rema9 = an h\r or two toge!r out ( _! burr[s1 fully expos$ to ! morn+ light1 b x appe>s1 f :at "s writ]s h said1 t a light w occasionally cause pair$ individuals to sep>ate4 ,:5 a worm is sudd5ly illum9at$ & da%es into its burr[1 "o is l$ to look at ! action z a reflex "o1 ! irritation ( ! c]ebral ganglia app>5tly caus+ c]ta9 muscles to contract 9 an inevitable mann]1 )\t ! ex]cise ( ! w or consci\sness ( ! animal1 z ?\gh x 0 an automaton4 ,b ! diff]5t effect :i* a light produces on diff]5t occasions1 & especially ! fact t a worm :5 9 any way occupi$1 no matt] :at set ( muscles & ganglia may be br\ght into play1 is (t5 reg>dless ( light1 are antagoni/ic to ! view ( ! sudd5 )drawal be+ a simple reflex action4 ,) ! high] animals1 :5 close att5tion to "s object leads to ! disreg>d ( ! impressions :i* o!r objects mu/ be produc+ ^u !m1 we ascribe ?is to _! att5tion be+ !n absorb$1 & att5tion necess>ily implies ! pres5ce ( m9d4 ,al?\gh worms _c be said to possess ! p[] ( vision1 yet _! s5sitiv5ess to light enables !m to discrim9ate betwe5 day & night1 & ?us !y escape ! attacks ( ! _m diurnal animals t w\ld prey ^u !m4 ,!y are less s5sitive to a mod]ate radiant heat ?an to a bright light1 z repeat$ exp]im5ts h conclusively %[n2 & _! dis9cl9ation to leave _! burr[s dur+ a fro/ proves t !y are s5sitive to a l[ temp]ature4 ,inve/igation fails to locate 9 worms any organ ( he>+1 f :i* mu/ be conclud$ t !y are ins5sible to s\nds4 ,! %rill notes ( a metallic :i/le s\nd$ ne> !m1 & ! deepe/ & l\de/ tones ( a bassoon1 fail$ to awak5 ! lea/ notice4 ,al?\gh indiff]5t to modulations 9 ! air1 audible to human e>s1 yet !y are extremely s5sitive to vibrations 9 any solid object4 ,ev5 ! light & delicate tread ( a rob9 affrights & s5ds !m deep into _! burr[s4 ,x has be5 said t if ! gr\nd is beat51 or o!rwise made to tremble1 t worms believe !y are pursu$ by a mole & leave _! burr[s1 b ?is does n /& ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 = ! writ] has frequ5tly beat5 ! gr\nd 9 _m places :]e ^! creatures ab\nd$1 b n "o em]g$4 ,a worm's entire body is s5sitive to contact1 ! slighte/ puff ( air f ! m\? caus+ an in/ant retreat4 ,:5 a worm fir/ comes out ( its burr[ x g5]ally moves ! mu*-ext5d$ ant]ior extremity ( its body f side to side 9 all directions1 app>5tly z an object ( t\*1 & !re is good reason to believe t !y are ?us enabl$ to ga9 a g5]al k ( ! =m ( an object4 ,t\*1 includ+ 9 ?is t]m ! p]ception ( a vibration1 seems mu* ! mo/ highly develop$ ( all _! s5ses4 ,! s5se ( smell is q feeble1 & is app>5tly conf9$ to ! p]ception ( c]ta9 odors4 ,!y are q indiff]5t to ! human brea?1 ev5 :5 ta9t$ by tobacco1 or to a pellet ( cotton-wool ) a few drops ( ,millefleur's p]fume :5 held by p9c]s & mov$ ab\t )9 a few in*es ( !m4 ,! p]ception ( su* an unnatural odor w\ld be ( no s]vice to !m4 ,n[1 z su* timid creatures w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly exhibit "s signs ( any new impression1 we may reasonably conclude t !y did n p]ceive ^! odors4 ,b :5 cabbage leaves & pieces ( onion 7 employ$1 bo? ( :i* are dev\r$ ) mu* reli% by worms1 ! result 0 diff]5t4 ,^!1 ) bits ( fre% raw meat1 h be5 buri$ 9 pots b5ea? "o-f\r? ( an in* ( common g>d5 soil1 or sometimes laid on pieces ( t9 foil 9 ! e>?1 ! gr\nd be+ press$ d[n slightly1 s z n to prev5t ! emission ( any odor1 & yet !y 7 always discov]$ by ! worms t 7 plac$ 9 ! pots1 & remov$ aft] v>y+ p]iods ( "t4 ,^! facts indicate t worms possess "s p[] ( smell1 & t !y discov] by ?is means odorif]\s & mu*-covet$ k9ds ( food4 ,t all animals :i* fe$ on v>i\s sub/ances possess ! s5se ( ta/e1 is a wise presumption4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! case ) worms4 ,cabbage leaves are mu* lik$ by worms1 & x w\ld seem t !y are able to di/+ui% betwe5 ! diff]5t v>ieties1 b ?is may p]haps be ow+ to diff]5ces 9 _! texture4 ,:5 leaves ( ! cabbage1 horse-radi% & onion 7 giv5 toge!r1 !y manife/ly pref]r$ ! la/ to ! o!rs4 ,cel]y is pref]r$ to ! leaves ( ! cabbage1 lime-tree1 ampelopsis & p>snip1 & ! leaves ( ! wild *]ry & c>rots1 especially ! latt]1 to all ! o!rs4 ,t ! worms h a pref]5ce = "o ta/e ov] ano!r1 is /ill fur!r %[n f :at foll[s4 ,pieces ( ! leaves ( cabbage1 turnip1 horse-radi% & onion h be5 f$ to ! worms1 m+l$ ) ! leaves ( an ,artemisia & ( ! cul9>y sage1 ?yme & m9t1 diff]+ 9 no mat]ial degree 9 texture f ! =ego+ f\r1 yet q z /rong 9 ta/e1 b ! latt] 7 q neglect$ except+ ^? ( ! m9t1 :i* 7 slightly nibbl$1 b ! o!rs 7 all attack$ & _h to be r5ew$4 ,!re is little to be not$ ab\t ! m5tal qualities ( worms4 ,!y h be5 se5 to be timid creatures4 ,_! eag]ness = c]ta9 k9ds ( food manife/ly %[s t !y mu/ enjoy ! pleasure ( eat+4 ,s /rong is _! sexual passion t !y ov]come = a "t _! dread ( light4 ,!y seem to h a trace ( social feel+1 = !y are n di/urb$ by crawl+ ov] ea* o!r's bodies1 & !y sometimes lie 9 contact4 ,al?\gh rem>kably defici5t 9 ! sev]al s5se-organs1 yet ?is does n necess>ily preclude intellig5ce1 = x has be5 %[n t :5 _! att5tion is engag$ !y neglect impressions to :i* !y w\ld o!rwise h att5d$1 & att5tion1 z is well kn[n1 indicates ! pres5ce ( a m9d ( "s k9d4 ,a few actions are p]=m$ in/9ctively1 t is1 all ! individuals1 includ+ ! "y1 p]=m ea* action 9 ne>ly ! same mann]4 ,! v>i\s species ( ,p]i*ta eject _! ca/+s s z to con/ruct t[]s1 & ! burr[s ( ! ,common ,e>?-worm--,lumbricus t]re/ris--are smoo?ly l9$ ) f9e e>? & (t5 ) little /ones1 & ! m\? ) leaves4 ,"o ( _! /ronge/ in/9cts is ! plugg+ up ( ! m\?s ( _! burr[s ) v>i\s objects1 ! v "y worms act+ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,b "s degree ( intellig5ce is manife/$1 z w subsequ5tly appe>4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ is eat5 by worms4 ,!y swall[ enorm\s quantities ( e>?1 f :i* !y extract any dige/ible matt] x may conta94 ,l>ge numb]s ( half-decay$ leaves ( all k9ds1 except+ a few t are too t\gh & unpleasant to ! ta/e1 & likewise petioles1 p$uncles1 & decay$ fl[]s4 ,fre% leaves are consum$ z well4 ,p>ticles ( sug>1 licorice & />*1 & bits ( raw & roa/$ meat1 & pref]ably raw fat1 are eat5 :5 !y come into _! possession1 b ! la/ article ) a bett] reli% ?an any o!r sub/ance giv5 to !m4 ,!y are cannibals to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & h be5 kn[n to eat ! dead bodies ( _! own companions4 ,! dige/ive fluid ( worms1 accord+ to ,len ,frdricq1 is analog\s 9 nature to ! pancreatic secretion ( ! high] animals1 & ?is conclusion agrees p]fectly ) ! k9ds ( food :i* !y consume4 ,pancreatic juice emulsifies fat1 dissolves fibr91 & worms gre$ily dev\r fat & eat raw meat4 ,x conv]ts />* into grape-sug> ) wond]ful rapidity1 & ! dige/ive fluid ( worms acts ^u ! />* ( leaves4 ,b worms live *iefly on half-decay$ leaves1 & ^! w\ld be useless to !m unless !y c\ld dige/ ! cellulose =m+ ! cell-walls1 = all o!r nutriti\s sub/ances1 z is well kn[n1 are almo/ completely )drawn f leaves %ortly be=e !y fall (f4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t cellulose1 ?\gh v little or n at all attack$ by ! ga/ric juice ( ! high] animals1 is act$ on by t f ! pancreas1 & s worms eat ! leaves z mu* = ! cellulose z = ! />* !y conta94 ,! half-decay$ or fre% leaves :i* are int5d$ = food are dragg$ into ! m\?s ( _! burr[s to a dep? ( f "o to ?ree in*es1 & are !n moi/5$ ) a secret$ fluid1 :i* has be5 assum$ to ha/5 _! decay1 b :i*1 f its alkal9e nature1 & f its act+ bo? on ! />*-granules & on ! protoplasmic cont5ts ( ! cells1 is n ( ! nature ( saliva1 b a pancreatic secretion1 & ( ! same k9d z is f\nd 9 ! inte/9es ( worms4 ,z ! leaves :i* are dragg$ into ! burr[s are (t5 dry & %rivell$1 x is indisp5sable = ! un>m$ m\?s ( worms t !y %\ld fir/ be moi/5$ & s(t5$1 _! dis9tegration be+ !reby ! m readily effect$4 ,fre% leaves1 h[ev] s(t & t5d] !y may be1 are simil>ly treat$1 probably f habit4 ,?us ! leaves are p>tially dige/$ be=e !y are tak5 into ! alim5t>y canal1 an in/ance ( extra-/oma*al dige/ion1 ^: ne>e/ analogy is to be f\nd 9 su* plants z ,diona & ,dros]a1 = 9 !m animal matt] is dige/$ & conv]t$ into peptone1 n )9 a /oma*1 b on ! surfaces ( ! leaves4 ,b no portion ( ! economy ( worms has be5 m ! subject ( speculation ?an ! calcif]\s gl&s4 ,ab\t z _m !ories h be5 advanc$ on _! utility z !re h be5 obs]v]s4 ,judg+ f _! size & f _! ri* supply ( blood-vessels1 !y mu/ be ( va/ importance to ^! animals4 ,!y consi/ ( ?ree pairs1 :i* 9 ! ,common ,e>?-worm deb\* into ! alim5t>y canal 9 front ( ! gizz>d1 b po/]iorly to x1 9 "s g5]a4 ,! two po/]ior pairs are =m$ by lamell1 div]ticula f ! sophagus1 :i* are coat$ ) a pulpy cellul> lay]1 ) ! out] cells ly+ free 9 inf9ite numb]s4 ,if "o ( ^! gl&s is punctur$ & squeez$1 a quantity ( :ite1 pulpy matt] exudes1 consi/+ ( ^! free cells1 :i* are m9ute bodies1 v>y+ 9 diamet] f two to six millimetres4 ,!y conta9 9 _! c5tres a small quantity ( excessively f9e granul> matt]1 t looks s l oil globules t _m sci5ti/s are deceiv$ by its appe>ance4 ,:5 treat$ ) acetic acid !y quickly dissolve ) eff]vesc5ce4 ,an addition ( oxalate ( ammonia to ! solution ?r[s d[n a :ite precipitate1 %[+ t ! cells conta9 c>bonate ( lime4 ,! two ant]ior gl&s diff] a little 9 %ape f ! f\r po/]ior ones by be+ m oval1 & also conspicu\sly 9 g5]ally conta9+ sev]al small1 or two or ?ree l>g]1 or a s+le v l>ge concretion ( c>bonate ( lime1 z mu* z "o & "o-half millimetres 9 diamet]4 ,) respect to ! function ( ! calcif]\s gl&s1 x is likely t !y prim>ily s]ve z organs ( excretion1 & second>ily z an aid to dige/ion4 ,worms consume _m fall5 leaves4 ,x is kn[n t lime goes on accumulat+ 9 leaves until !y drop (f ! p>5t-plant1 in/ead ( be+ re-absorb$ into ! /em or roots1 l v>i\s o!r organic & inorganic sub/ances1 & worms w\ld !re=e be liable to become *>g$ ) ?is e>?1 unless !re 0 "s special app>atus = its excretion1 & = ?is purpose ! calcif]\s gl&s are ably adapt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! c>bonate ( lime1 :i* is excret$ by ! gl&s1 aids ! dige/ive process "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,leaves dur+ _! decay g5]ate an abundance ( v>i\s k9ds ( acids1 :i* h be5 gr\p$ toge!r "u ! t]m ( humus acids4 ,^! half-decay$ leaves1 :i* are swall[$ by worms 9 l>ge quantities1 w\ld1 !re=e1 aft] hav+ be5 moi/5$ & triturat$ 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 be apt to produce su* acids1 & 9 ! case ( sev]al worms1 ^: alim5t>y canals 7 exam9$1 _! cont5ts 7 pla9ly %[n by litmus pap] to be decid$ly acid4 ,?is acidity _c be attribut$ to ! nature ( ! dige/ive fluid1 = pancreatic juice is alkal9e1 & s also is ! secretion :i* is p\r$ out ( ! m\?s ( worms = ! prep>ation ( ! leaves = consumption4 ,) worms n only ! cont5ts ( ! inte/9es1 b _! eject$ matt] or ! ca/+s are g5]ally acid4 ,! dige/ive fluid ( worms resembles 9 its action1 z already /at$1 ! pancreatic secretion ( ! high] animals1 & 9 ^! latt] pancreatic dige/ion is necess>ily alkal9e1 & ! action w n take place unless "s alkali be pres5t2 & ! activity ( an alkal9e juice is arre/$ by acidification1 & h9d]$ by neutralization4 ,!re=e is seems probable t innum]able calcif]\s cells1 :i* are empti$ f ! f\r po/]ior gl&s 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 s]ve to neutralize m or less completely ! acids g5]at$ !re by ! half-decay$ leaves4 ,^! cells1 z has be5 se51 are in/antly dissolv$ by a small quantity ( acetic acid1 & z !y d n always suffice to r5d] ( no effect ! cont5ts ( ! upp] "p ( ! alim5t>y canal1 x is probable t ! lime is aggregat$ into concretions1 9 ! ant]ior pair ( gl&s1 9 ord] t "s may be convey$ to ! po/]ior p>ts ( ! inte/9e1 :]e ^! concretions w\ld be roll$ ab\t among ! acid cont5ts4 ,! concretions f\nd 9 ! inte/9es & 9 ! ca/+s (t5 pres5t a worn appe>ance1 b :e!r due to attrition or *emical corrosion x is impossible to say4 ,t !y are =m$ = ! sake ( act+ z mill /ones1 z ,clap>de believ$1 & ( ?us assi/+ 9 ! trituration ( food1 is n at all likely1 z ?is object is already atta9$ by ! /ones t are pres5t 9 ! gizz>ds & inte/9es4 ,9 dragg+ leaves into _! burr[s worms g5]ally seize ! ?9 edge ( a leaf ) _! m\?s1 betwe5 ! project+ upp] & l[] lip1 ! ?ick & /rong ph>ynx at ! same "t be+ pu%$ =w>ds )9 _! bodies1 s z to af=d a po9t de resi/ance = ! upp] lip2 b 9 ! case ( broad & flat objects ! po9t$ ant]ior extremity ( ! body1 aft] be+ br\ght into contact ) an object ( ?is k9d1 is drawn )9 ! adjo9+ r+s1 s t x becomes truncat$ & z ?ick z ! re/ ( ! body4 ,?is "p is !n se5 to swell a little1 seem+ly f ! ph>ynx be+ pu%$ a little =w>ds4 ,by a slight )drawal ( ! ph>ynx1 or by its expansion1 a vacuum is produc$ b5ea? ! truncat$1 slimy end ( ! body :il/ 9 contact ) ! object1 & by ?is means ! two adh]e firmly toge!r4 ,worms c atta* !mselves to an object 9 ! same mann] "u ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,common ,,e>?-,,worms4 ,out on a ,=ag+ ,excursion4 ,z worms h no tee?1 & _! m\?s consi/ ( v s(t tissue1 x may be presum$ t !y consume by means ( suction ( ! edges & p>5*yma ( fre% leaves aft] !y h be5 s(t5$ by ! dige/ive fluid4 ,!y _c attack su* /rong leaves z ^? ( sea-kale or l>ge & ?ick leaves ( ivy4 ,!y n only seize leaves & o!r objects = purposes ( food1 b = plugg+ up ! m\?s ( _! burr[s4 ,fl[]-p$uncles1 decay$ twigs ( trees1 bits ( pap]1 fea!rs1 tufts ( wool & horse-hair are "s ( ! _m ?+s o!r ?an leaves t are dragg$ into _! burr[s = ?is purpose4 ,_m hundr$ leaves ( ! p9e-tree h be5 f\nd drawn by _! bases into burr[s4 ,:]e fall5 leaves are abundant1 especially ord9>y dicotyl$on\s leaves1 _m m ?an c be us$ are collect$ ov] ! m\? ( a burr[1 s t a small pile ( unus$ leaves is left l a ro( ov] ^? :i* h be5 p>tly dragg$ 94 ,a leaf 9 be+ dragg$ a little way into a cyl9drical burr[ necess>ily becomes mu* fold$ or crumpl$1 & :5 ano!r is drawn 91 ?is is done ext]iorly to ! fir/1 & s on ) succe$+ leaves1 till f9ally !y all become closely fold$ & press$ toge!r4 ,sometimes ! m\? ( a burr[ is enl>g$1 or a fre% "o is made close by1 s t a l>g] numb] ( leaves may be drawn 94 ,g5]ally ! int]/ices betwe5 ! drawn-9 leaves are fill$ ) moi/1 viscid e>? eject$ f _! bodies1 ?us r5d]+ !m d\bly secure4 ,hundr$s ( su* plugg$ burr[s may be se5 dur+ ! autumnal & e>ly w9t] mon?s4 ,:5 leaves1 petioles1 /icks1 etc41 _c be obta9$ = ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 heaps ( /ones1 smoo?1 r\nd$ pebbles1 are utiliz$ = protection4 ,:5 ! /ones are remov$ & ! surface ( ! gr\nd is cle>$ = "s in*es r\nd ! burr[1 ! worms may be se5 ) _! tails fix$ 9 _! burr[s dragg+ ! /ones inw>d by ! aid ( _! m\?s1 /ones weigh+ z mu* z two ounces (t5 be+ f\nd 9 ! little heaps1 :i* goes to %[ h[ /rong ^! app>5tly weak creatures are4 ,"w ( ?is k9d is usually p]=m$ dur+ ! night1 al?\gh objects h be5 occasionally kn[n to be drawn into ! burr[s dur+ ! day4 ,:at advantage worms d]ive f plugg+ up ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 or f pil+ /ones ov] !m1 _c be satisfactorily answ]$4 ,!y d n act 9 ?is mann] :5 !y eject mu* e>? f _! burr[s1 = !n _! ca/+s s]ve to cov] ! m\?4 ,p]haps ! plugs s]ve to protect !m f ! attacks ( scolop5d]s1 _! mo/ invet]ate enemies1 or to enable !m to rema9 ) safety ) _! heads close to ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 :i* !y l s well to d1 b :i*1 unless protect$1 co/s _m a fell[ its life4 ,besides1 may n ! plugs *eck ! free +ress ( ! l[e/ /ratum ( air1 :5 *ill$ by radiation at night1 f ! surr\nd+ gr\nd & h]bage8 ,! la/ view ( ! matt] seems especially well tak51 because worms kept 9 pots :]e !re is fire1 hav+ no cold air ) :i* to cont5d1 plug up _! burr[s 9 a slov5ly mann]1 & because !y (t5 coat ! upp] "p ( _! burr[s ) leaves1 app>5tly to prev5t _! bodies f com+ into contact ) ! cold1 damp e>?4 ,b ! plugg+-up process may und\bt$ly s]ve = all ^! purposes4 ,:atev] ! motive may be1 x seems t worms mu* dislike leav+ ! m\?s ( _! burr[s op51 yet1 nev]!less1 !y w reop5 !m at night1 :e!r or n !y are able aft]w>ds to close !m4 ,consid]able intellig5ce is %[n by worms 9 _! mann] ( plugg+ up _! burr[s4 ,if man _h to plug up a cyl9drical hole ) su* objects z leaves1 petioles or twigs1 he w\ld pu% !m 9 by _! po9t$ ends1 b if ^! 7 ?9 relatively to ! size ( ! hole1 he w\ld probably ins]t "s by _! broad] ends4 ,intellig5ce w\ld c]ta9ly be 8 guide 9 su* a case4 ,b h[ worms w\ld drag leaves into _! burr[s1 :e!r by _! tips1 bases1 or middle p>ts1 has be5 a matt] ( int]e/ to _m4 ,d>w91 :o exp]im5t$ ^u ! subject1 f\nd x especially desirable to exp]im5t ) plants n native to 8 c\ntry1 = he conceiv$ t al?\gh ! habit ( dragg+ leaves into _! burr[s is und\bt$ly in/9ctive ) worms1 yet in/9ct c\ld n tea* !m h[ to act 9 ! case ( leaves ab\t :i* _! prog5itors knew no?+4 ,did !y act solely ?r\gh in/9ct1 or an unv>y+ inh]it$ impulse1 !y w\ld draw all k9ds ( leaves into _! burr[s 9 ! same mann]4 ,hav+ no su* def9ite in/9ct1 *ance might be expect$ to det]m9e :e!r ! tip1 base1 or middle might be seiz$4 ,if ! worm 9 ea* case fir/ tries _m diff]5t me?ods1 & foll[s t alone :i* proves possible or ! mo/ easy1 !n bo? in/9ct & *ance are rul$ out ( ! solution ( ! "q4 ,b to act 9 ?is mann]1 & to try diff]5t me?ods1 makes :at 9 man w\ld be call$ intellig5t action4 ,?ree species ( p9e-leaves are m5tion$ by ,d>w9 z be+ regul>ly drawn into ! m\?s ( worm-burr[s on ! gravel-walk 9 8 g>d54 ,^! leaves consi/ ( two ne$les1 :i* are unit$ to a common base1 & x is by ?is po9t t !y are almo/ inv>iably drawn into ! burr[s4 ,z ! %>ply-po9t$ ne$les div]ge some:at1 & z sev]al are drawn into ! same burr[1 ea* tuft =ms a p]fect *evaux-de-frise4 ,_m tufts 7 pull$ up 9 ! ev5+1 b by ! ensu+ morn+ fre% leaves _h tak5 _! places1 & ! burr[s aga9 well protect$4 ,impossible x w\ld be to drag ^! leaves to any dep? into ! burr[s1 except by _! bases1 z a worm _c seize hold ( ! two leaves at ! same "t1 & if "o alone 7 seiz$ by ! apex1 ! o!r w\ld be press$ aga9/ ! gr\nd & resi/ ! entry ( ! "o t 0 seiz$4 ,t ! worms %\ld d _! "w well1 x 0 v ess5tial t !y drag ! p9e-leaves into _! burr[s by _! bases1 t is1 :]e ! two ne$les are conjo9$4 ,b h[ !y are guid$ 9 ?is "w 0 at fir/ p]plex+4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 0 soon settl$4 ,) ! assi/ance ( 8 son ,francis1 ! eld] ,d>w9 set to "w to obs]ve worms 9 conf9em5t dur+ sev]al nights by ! aid ( a dim light1 :ile !y dragg$ ! leaves ( ! a=em5tion$ k9ds into _! burr[s4 ,!y 7 se5 to move ! ant]ior extremities ( _! bodies ab\t ! leaves1 & on sev]al occasions :5 !y t\*$ ! %>p end ( ! ne$le !y sudd5ly )drew z ?\gh !y _h be5 prick$1 b x is d\btful t !y 7 hurt1 = !y are indiff]5t to %>p objects1 be+ kn[n to swall[ rose-?orns & small spl9t]s ( glass4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! %>p end ( ! ne$le s]ves to tell !m t is ! wrong end to seize1 = ! po9ts ( _m 7 cut (f = ! l5g? ( an in*1 & ^! leaves 7 always drawn 9 by _! bases & n by ! cut-(f ends4 ,! worms1 x seem$1 almo/ in/antly p]ceiv$ z soon z !y _h seiz$ a leaf 9 ! prop] mann]4 ,_m leaves 7 cem5t$ toge!r at ! top1 or ti$ toge!r by f9e ?read1 & ^! 9 ! majority ( in/ances 7 dragg$ 9 by _! bases1 :i* leads to ! conclusion t !re mu/ be some?+ attractive to worms 9 ! base ( p9e-leaves1 not)/&+ t few ord9>y leaves are drawn 9 by _! base or foot/alk4 ,leaves ( o!r plants1 & also ! petioles ( "s comp\nd plants1 z well z triangul> bits ( pap]1 dry & damp1 7 exp]im5t$ )1 & ! mann] ( seiz+ ! objects & be>+ !m into _! burr[s 7 z amus+ z !y 7 novel & int]e/+4 ,! leaves & /ems us$ 7 su* z ! worms _h n be5 accu/om$ to 9 _! respective haunts4 ,:5 ! sev]al cases exp]im5t$ on are consid]$1 "o c h>dly escape f ! conclusion t "s degree ( intellig5ce is %[n by worms 9 plugg+ up _! burr[s4 ,ea* p>ticul> object is seiz$ 9 too uni=m a mann]1 & f causes :i* we c g5]ally und]/&1 = ! result to be attribut$ to m]e *ance4 ,t e object has n be5 drawn 9 by its po9t$ end may be acc\nt$ = by labor hav+ be5 sav$ by "s be+ c>ri$ 9 by _! broad] ends4 ,!re is no d\bt t worms are gov]n$ by in/9ct 9 plugg+ up _! burr[s1 & x might be expect$ t !y w\ld h be5 taught 9 e p>ticul> in/ance h[ to act indep5d5tly ( intellig5ce4 ,x is v difficult to judge :5 intellig5ce comes into play4 ,! actions ( animals1 appe>+ due to intellig5ce1 may be p]=m$ ?r\gh inh]it$ habit )\t any intellig5ce1 al?\gh aborig9ally acquir$1 or ! habit may be acquir$ ?r\gh ! pres]vation & inh]itance ( "s o!r action1 & 9 ! latt] case ! new habit w h be5 acquir$ indep5d5tly ( intellig5ce ?r\gh\t ! entire c\rse ( its developm5t4 ,!re is no priori improbability 9 worms hav+ acquir$ special in/9cts ?r\gh ei!r ( ^! two latt] means4 ,nev]!less x is incr$ible t in/9cts %\ld h be5 develop$ 9 ref]5ce to objects1 su* z ! leaves & petioles ( =eign plants1 :olly unkn[n to ! prog5itors ( ! worms :i* h act$ 9 ! mann] j describ$4 ,nor are _! actions s unv>y+ or inevitable z are mo/ true in/9cts4 ,z worms are n controll$ by special in/9cts 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 ?\gh possess+ a g5]al in/9ct to plug up _! burr[s1 & z *ance is exclud$1 ! next mo/ probable conclusion is t !y try 9 _m ways to draw 9 objects & f9ally succe$ 9 "s "o way4 ,x is surpris+1 h[ev]1 t an animal s l[ 9 ! scale z a worm %\ld h ! capacity to act 9 ?is way1 z _m high] animals h no su* capacity1 ! in/9cts ( ! latt] (t5 be+ foll[$ 9 a s5seless or purposeless mann]4 ,we c safely inf] intellig5ce1 z ,mr4 ,romanes1 :o has specially /udi$ animals1 says1 only :5 we see an individual pr(it+ by 8 own exp]i5ces4 ,t worms are able to judge ei!r be=e or aft] hav+ drawn an object close to ! m\?s ( _! burr[s h[ be/ to drag x 91 %[s t !y mu/ h acquir$ "s notion ( its g5]al %ape4 ,?is !y probably acquire by t\*+ x 9 _m places ) ! ant]ior extremity ( _! bodies1 :i* s]ves !m z a tactile organ4 ,man1 ev5 :5 born bl9d & deaf1 %[s h[ p]fect ! s5se ( t\* may become1 & if worms1 :i* also come into be+ 9 ! same condition1 h ! p[] ( acquir+ "s notion1 h[ev] rude1 ( ! %ape ( an object & _! burr[s1 !y des]ve1 x mu/ seem to e s5sible m9d1 to be call$ intellig5t creatures1 = !y act 9 su* a case 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z a man w\ld "u simil> circum/ances4 ,t worms1 :i* /& s l[ 9 ! scale ( organization1 %\ld possess "s degree ( intellig5ce1 w d\btless /rike ev]yone z v improbable4 ,x may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 :e!r we "k en\gh ab\t ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! l[] animals to ju/ify our natural di/ru/ ( su* a conclusion4 ,) reg>d to ! small size ( ! c]ebral ganglia1 we w\ld d well to rememb] :at a mass ( inh]it$ k1 ) "s p[] ( adapt+ means to an end1 is cr[d$ into ! m9ute bra9 ( a work] ant4 ,two ways are adopt$ by worms 9 excavat+ _! burr[s4 ,ei!r ! e>? is pu%$ away on all sides or x is swall[$ by ! animal4 ,9 ! =m] case ! worm ins]ts ! /ret*$-out & att5uat$ ant]ior extremity ( its body into any little crevice or hole1 & ! ph>ynx is pu%$ =w>d into ?is "p1 :i* consequ5tly swells & pu%es away ! e>? on all sides1 ! ant]ior extremity ?us act+ z a w$ge4 ,:5 plac$ 9 loose m\ld a worm w bury itself 9 betwe5 two & ?ree m9utes1 b 9 e>? t is mod]ately press$ d[n x (t5 requires z _m z fifte5 m9utes = its disappe>ance4 ,b :5ev] a worm burr[s to a dep? ( sev]al feet 9 undi/urb$ compact gr\nd1 x mu/ =m its passage by swall[+ ! e>?1 = x is impossible t ! gr\nd c\ld yield on all sides to ! pressure ( ! ph>ynx :5 pu%$ =w>d )9 ! worm's body4 ,great dep?s are rea*$ only dur+ cont9u$ dry wea!r & sev]e cold1 ! burr[s sometimes atta9+ to a dep? ( f sev5 to eight feet4 ,! burr[s run d[n p]p5dicul>ly1 or1 m commonly1 obliquely1 & are sometimes said to bran*4 ,g5]ally1 or inv>iably z ,i ?9k1 !y are l9$ ) f9e1 d>k-color$ e>? void$ by ! worm1 s t at fir/ !y mu/ be made a little wid] ?an _! ultimate diamet]4 ,little globul> pellets ( void$ e>?1 /ill s(t & viscid1 (t5 dot ! walls ( fre% burr[s1 & ^! are spread out on all sides by ! worm z x travels up or d[n its burr[1 ! l9+ ?us =m$ becom+ v compact & smoo? :5 ne>ly dry & closely fitt+ ! worm's body4 ,excell5t po9ts ( support are ?us af=d$ = ! m9ute reflex$ bri/les :i* project 9 r[s on all sides f ! body1 ?us r5d]+ ! burr[ well adapt$ = ! rapid movem5t ( ! animal4 ,! l9+ appe>s also to /r5g!n ! walls1 & p]haps saves ! worm's body f be+ scrat*$1 :i* w\ld assur$ly be ! case :5 ! burr[s1 z is occasionally obs]v$1 pass ?r\gh a lay] ( sift$ coal c9d]s4 ,! burr[s are ?us se5 to be n m]e excavations1 b may be comp>$ ) tunnels l9$ ) cem5t4 ,^? :i* run f> d[n into ! gr\nd g5]ally1 or at lea/ frequ5tly1 t]m9ate 9 little *amb]s1 :]e "o or sev]al worms pass ! w9t] roll$ up into a ball4 ,small pebbles & se$s z l>ge z gra9s ( mu/>d are c>ri$ d[n f ! surface by be+ swall[$ or )9 ! m\?s ( worms1 z well z bits ( glass & tile1 ^: only use 9 _! w9t]-qu>t]s seems to be ! prev5tion ( _! closely coil$-up bodies f com+ into contiguity ) ! surr\nd+ cold soil1 = su* contact w\ld p]haps int]f]e ) _! respiration1 :i* is effect$ by ! sk9 alone4 ,aft] swall[+ e>?1 :e!r = mak+ its burr[ or = food1 ! e>?-worm soon comes to ! surface to empty its body4 ,! reject$ matt] is ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! inte/9al secretions1 & is ?us r5d]$ viscid4 ,aft] becom+ dri$1 x sets h>d4 ,:5 9 a v liquid /ate ! e>? is ?r[n out 9 little spurts1 & :5 n s liquid by a sl[ p]i/altic movem5t ( ! inte/9e4 ,x is n ca/ indiff]5tly on any side1 b fir/ on "o & !n on ano!r1 ! tail be+ us$ almo/ l a tr[el4 ,! little heap be+ =m$ ! worm seem+ly avoids1 = ! sake ( safety1 ! use ( its tail1 ! e>?y matt] be+ =c$ up ?r\gh ! previ\sly deposit$ s(t mass4 ,! m\? ( ! same burr[ is us$ = ?is purpose = a consid]able "t4 ,:5 a worm comes to ! surface to eject e>?1 ! tail protrudes1 b :5 x collects leaves its head mu/ protrude1 & ?us worms mu/ h ! p[] ( p]=m+ ! difficult feat1 z x seems to u1 ( turn+ r\nd 9 _! closely-fitt+ burr[s4 ,worms d n always eject _! ca/+s ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 = :5 burr[+ 9 newly turn$-up e>?1 or betwe5 ! /ems ( bank$-up plants1 !y deposit _! ca/+s 9 su* places1 & ev5 holl[s b5ea? l>ge /ems ly+ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd are fill$ up ) _! ejections4 ,old burr[s collapse 9 "t4 ,! f9e e>? void$ by worms1 if spread out uni=mly1 w\ld =m 9 _m places a lay] ( "o-fif? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,b ?is l>ge am\nt is n deposit$ )9 ! old unus$ burr[s4 ,if ! burr[s did n collapse1 ! :ole gr\nd w\ld be fir/ ?ickly riddl$ ) holes to ! dep? ( t5 in*es or m1 :i* 9 fifty ye>s w\ld gr[ into a holl[1 unsupport$ place t5 in*es deep4 ,h>dly any animal is m univ]sally di/ribut$ ?an worms4 ,! e>?-worm is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & "s ( ! g5]a h an enorm\s range4 ,!y inhabit ! mo/ isolat$ isl&s1 ab\nd+ 9 ,icel&1 & also be+ kn[n to exi/ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,madagasc>1 ,new ,cal$onia & ,tahiti4 ,worms f ,k]gul5 ,l& 9 ! ,ant>ctic regions h be5 describ$ by ,ray ,lanke/]1 & ,d>w9 has report$ !m z be+ f\nd 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,h[ !y rea* su* isolat$ isl&s is q unkn[n4 ,!y are easily kill$ by salt wat]1 & x does n seem likely t "y worms or _! egg-capsules c\ld be c>ri$ 9 e>? adh]+ to ! feet or beaks ( l&-birds1 especially to ,k]gul5 ,l&1 = x is n n[ inhabit$ by any t]re/rial bird4 ,we h se5 t worms are f\nd 9 ne>ly e "p ( ! globe1 t !y are v num]\s1 z _m z #cdh1dhj hav+ be5 f\nd 9 an acre ( ri* gr\nd 9 ,new ,zeal&1 & t by ! peculi> economy ( _! nature !y are fitt$ to accompli% a great deal ( good 9 ! e>?4 ,!y h play$ a m important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ?an mo/ p]sons w\ld at fir/ suppose4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 accord+ to ,d>w91 a weight ( m ?an t5 tons ( dry e>? annually passes ?r\gh _! bodies & is br\ght to ! surface 9 ea* acre ( l&1 s t ! entire sup]ficial b$ ( vegetable m\ld passes ?r\gh _! bodies 9 ! c\rse ( e few ye>s2 & 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! =e/s & pa/ure-l&s ( ,s\!rn ,brazil1 :]e sev]al species ( e>?-worms ab\nd1 ! :ole soil to a dep? ( a qu>t] ( a metre looks z ?\gh x _h pass$ ?r\gh ! inte/9es ( worms1 ev5 :]e sc>cely any ca/+s are to be obs]v$ ^u ! surface4 ,! upp] cru/ is cont9ually be+ eat5 & eject$ by !m1 ?us aid+ ! f]tility ( ! soil1 z well z convey+ wat] & air to ! int]ior by ! myriads ( burr[s :i* !y drill4 ,! va/ quantities ( leaves t !y drag into _! holes t5d also to enri* ! gr\nd4 ,nor does _! good end "h4 ,!y cov] up se$s1 und]m9e rocks1 bury+ !m up1 & to _! labors is due ! pres]vation ( _m ru9s & anci5t works ( art4 ,num]\s old-"t ,roman villas h be5 discov]$ b5ea? ! gr\nd 9 ,engl&1 ^: entombm5ts 7 und\bt$ly caus$ by ! worms t und]m9$ !m & deposit$ _! ca/+s ^u ! floors1 till f9ally1 aid$ by o!r causes1 !y disappe>$ f sight4 ,:5 a wide1 turf-cov]$ expanse ( e>? is beheld1 we w\ld d well to rememb] t its smoo?ness1 ^u :i* s mu* ( its beauty dep5ds1 is l>gely due to all ! inequalities hav+ be5 sl[ly levell$ by worms4 ,t all ! surface-m\ld ( any su* expanse has pass$1 & w aga9 pass1 e few ye>s ?r\gh ! bodies ( worms is a m>vell\s reflection1 & "o :i* %\ld n be lightly dismiss$ f ! m9d4 ,! mo/ anci5t1 z well z "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( man's inv5tions1 is ! pl\gh4 ,b long be=e man exi/$ ! l& 0 9 fact regul>ly pl\gh$1 & /ill cont9ues to be pl\gh$1 by e>?-worms4 ,no o!r animal has play$ su* a "p 9 hi/ory z h ^! l[ly-organiz$ creatures4 ,true x is t corals1 :i* are /ill l[] 9 ! scale ( animals1 h p]=m$ m conspicu\s "w 9 ! innum]able reefs & isl&s !y h built 9 ! great oceans1 b _! "w is conf9$ to ! tropical zones1 :ile t ( ! e>?-worm is well-nigh univ]sal4 ,v]ily x is by ! little ?+s 9 life t ! ,creator has erect$ ! mo/ /up5d\s monum5ts to %[ =? ,8 inf9ite p[] & wisdom4 ,,fiddl]- ,,& ,,h]mit-,,crabs4 ,among our fir/ acqua9tances ( ! sea-%ore are sure to be a numb] ( m]ry little sprites :i* d n seem to h yet ma/]$ ! lesson ( walk+ /raight ahead4 ,_! movem5ts w be se5 to be 9 a direction at "r angles to t t[>ds :i* ! head po9ts4 ,x is a v int]e/+ sight to wat* ^! app>5tly "o-sid$ creatures hurry+ (f 9 _! lat]al progression t[>ds _! burr[s 9 ! s& or mud1 or 9 que/ ( food4 ,pass !m1 & y w be surpris$ to see h[ quickly "s ( !m w rev]se _! motion1 seem+ly )\t s mu* z paus+ to glance at _! pursu]1 _! ma*9]y appe>+ to h giv5 out at "o end1 ?us compell+ !m to rev]se & travel back ov] _! old c\rses4 ,^! little ,fiddl]- or ,call+-crabs1 z !y are t]m$1 are ! mo/ pron\nc$ (f5d]s aga9/ ! commonly accept$ rule ( prop] walk+4 ,scatt]$ all ov] ! salt m>%es & mud-flats1 at ab\t high-wat] m>k1 may be not$ _! burr[s1 :i* are ab\t z l>ge z a ?ru/ made by an umbrella po9t1 & f :i* c be frequ5tly se5 ! little animal peep+ =?1 prep>atory to mak+ a sally4 ,at ano!r "p ( ! flat1 :]e ! noise ( y\r foot/eps has n giv5 signals ( dang]1 hundr$s ( crabbl+s are busy ) _! out-door occupations4 ,draw ne> to !m1 & away !y scamp] to _! dwell+s1 males & females int]m+l$ promiscu\sly1 ! =m] recognizable by ! undue developm5t ( "o ( ! claws1 :i* is c>ri$ transv]sely 9 front ( ! head4 ,:5 ! animal is provok$1 ?is claw is br&i%$ 9 a some:at m5ac+ mann]1 :i* has be5 lik5$ by "s to ! pull+ ( a viol9 b[1 & by o!rs to ! action ( beckon+ or call+1 & h5ce ! names :i* h be5 appli$ to ^! ecc5tric creatures4 ,h y a desire = a m intimate k ( ! animal1 take him up by ! big claw1 & y c n[ exam9e him )\t ! lea/ fe> ( incurr+ ! pro(s ( 8 displeasure4 ,two bead-l1 comp\nd eyes1 support$ on long /alks1 :i* c be readily )drawn into ! protect+ %ield ( ! c>apace1 w be obs]v$4 ,f ! mann] ( ?is support1 :i* all[s ( vision 9 almo/ e direction1 ! "n ( /alk-ey$ cru/aceans has be5 giv5 to ! gr\p 9 :i* ?is /ructure is f\nd4 ,! two pairs ( feel]s1 :i* y see 9 front ( ! eyes1 are kn[n z ant5n & ant5nules4 ,!y are ( peculi> int]e/1 =1 aside f act+ z feel]s1 !y subs]ve ! functions ( smell+ & he>+1 ! auditory app>atus be+ lodg$ 9 ! base ( ! small] pair4 ,!re are t5 feet1 & ?is is a "* ( importance1 z x is a feature di/9ctive ( ! t5-foot$1 or decapod1 cru/aceans4 ,at fir/ sight x appe>s t ! animal is devoid ( a tail1 b if y turn him ov] ^u 8 back y w f9d a v %ort "o tuck$ safely "u ! body4 ,a comp>ison ( our /udy ( ?is crab ) t ( ! lob/] or cray-fi% w %[ t ! tail1 or1 m prop]ly1 ! abdom51 is /ret*$ out beyond ! body prop]1 & t ! elongation is 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( ! animal4 ,two di/9ct gr\ps ( t5-legg$1 /alk-ey$ cru/aceans are ?us recogniz$1 namely3 ! %ort-tail$ =ms1 or crabs1 & ! opposite1 or long-tail$ =ms1 to :i* ! lob/] & %rimp belong1 ! h]mit-crabs con/itut+ an int]m$iate type4 ,two species ( ! ,fiddl]1 consid]ably resembl+ ea* o!r 9 color & ornam5tation1 are to be f\nd ^u our ,atlantic ,coa/4 ,! m common =m1 ,gelasimus vocator1 has a smoo?1 %9+ c>apace1 :ile t ( ,gelasimus m9ax is f9ely granulat$ & 9 "p tub]culat$1 ! back ( bo? appe>+ impress$ ) a figure v simil> to ! lett] ,h4 ,! latt]1 :i* appe>s to be a vegetable fe$]1 is ! l>g]1 its burr[s n infrequ5tly measur+ "o & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,e/u>9e regions1 9 close proximity to fre% wat]1 r ?an ! tidal flats1 are its habitat1 &1 9 tru?1 x seems to be able to get along = weeks1 & ev5 mon?s1 )\t any absolute ne$ ( salt wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fiddl]-,,crabs4 ,two ,males ,fight+ = a ,female4 ,9 ! excavation ( _! homes ! ,fiddl]s ?r[ up ! pellets ( moi/ e>? by means ( _! ant]ior walk+ legs1 deposit+ _! burd5 usually at "s little di/ance f ! m\? ( ! burr[4 ,z w9t] approa*es1 ! domicili>y ap]tures are clos$ up1 & ! fam9e ( w9t] is sp5t 9 a /ate ( torpidity4 ,) ! adv5t ( spr+ !y come =? f _! brumal retreats1 & soon conc]n !mselves ) ! duties incid5t to ! propagation ( _! k9d4 ,two males are (t5 obs]v$ cont5d+ 9 ! fi]ce/ mann] = ! possession ( a female4 ,!y /rike ) ! =midable claw mo/ p[]ful bl[s1 & ,i h (t5 se5 an oppon5t s completely claw-lock$ z to be unutt]ly unable to make any det]m9$ resi/ance4 ,^! conte/s la/ a long :ile1 & f9ally conclude ) ! complete vanqui%m5t ( "o or ! o!r ( ! fight+ p>ties1 "o or bo? su/a9+ at times "s sev]e injury z ! loss ( an eye-p$uncle or ! jo9t ( a limb4 ,all ! :ile ! battle is wag+1 ! female is a sil5t1 passive spectator1 & g5]ally allies h]self ) ! successful competitor = h] affections4 ,ev5 dur+ ! summ] season1 :5 ! c>es ( brood-rais+ no long] comm& & enslave ! att5tion ( ! female1 ^! combats are /ill indulg$ 9 by ! males1 gr[+ out (1 z x w\ld seem1 ! l+]+ sm>ts ( old animosities fe/]+ 9 ! memory4 ,:ile ^! c>c9ological lords ( ! sea-side are em95tly fitt$ = ! sp>r+ bus9ess1 ! :ole physiognomy ( _! small]1 weak] p>tn]s bespeaks a life 9 :i* broils c h no "p1 a life devot$ to peaceful & dome/ic pursuits4 ,diff]+ widely 9 /ructure & habits f ! ,call+-crabs1 & affect+ wat]y situations ne> ! %ore1 are to be f\nd ! ,h]mit-crabs4 ,^! sprightly little animals1 :i* are usually ( small size1 & h truly habits ( _! own1 t /amp !m at once z be+ orig9al & di/9ctive1 are a s\rce ( nev]-fail+ delight to ! /ud5t ( nature4 ,!y d]ive _! "n1 z is well kn[n1 f ! seclusion into :i* !y ca/ !mselves z ! inhabitants ( ! %ells ( o!r animals1 b x is probably n g5]ally kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ! rights ( t5antry are (t5times ex]cis$ 9 ! mo/ arbitr>y mann]4 ,n always satisfi$ ) a dead %ell1 ! ,h]mit-crab has be5 se5 to raid ^u a liv+ possessor & attempt to drag him f 8 home1 9 :i* op]ation ! assailant is (t5 assi/$ by a numb] ( 8 fell[s1 ea* be>+ ) him 8 ca/le z def5sive armor4 ,true1 ! attack is probably made 9 _m in/ances = ! purpose ( gett+ possession ( ! enemy z well z 8 belong+s1 &1 h[ev] ?is may be1 =cible possession is by !m consid]$ no misdemeanor4 ,! body ( ! ,h]mit-crab1 9 ! great] numb] ( species1 is unprovid$ ) a c>apace1 &1 be+ s(t & liable to injury1 ! animal is compell$ to seek %elt] usually 9 a snail-%ell1 w9d+ himself ab\t ! coils1 to ! inn] extremity ( :i* he atta*es himself by 8 modifi$ po/]ior feet4 ,s securely is he n[ intr5*$ t x is only ) difficulty he c be )drawn1 retract+ himself z he does fur!r & fur!r )9 cov] ( ! %ell4 ,a sudd5 fracture ( ! apex ( ! %ell1 "u :i* appe>s to be ! mo/ delicate "p ( ! animal's body1 w g5]ally effect a spe$y dislodgm5t1 ! fright5$ ,crab dropp+ f ! ap]ture4 ,) 8 progressive developm5t 9 size ! ,h]mit requires frequ5t *anges ( abode4 ,8 me?ods 9 secur+ a new habitation are among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( 8 life4 ,he is v circumspect 9 8 movem5ts1 & w make sev]al reconnoissances be=e he is fully satisfi$ ) ! conditions ( 8 prospective home1 retir+ aft] ea* visit to ! old %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright #aijj by ,a4 ,r4 ,,dugmore4 ,,crab ,,wait+ ,,= ,,food ,,"u ,a ,,rock4 ,f a photograph tak5 ?r\gh wat]4 ,l _m bip$s1 he has 8 fir/ ( ,may1 & s he goes h\se-hunt+4 ,he f9ds a %ell4 ,w x d8 ,he exam9es x )91 feel+ly if n c\rte\sly1 to see :e!r x is to let4 ,satisfi$ on ?is po9t1 he turns x ov]1 !n turns x r\nd1 to "k if x w suit1 ! weight ( ! h\se be+ q an item 9 ! reckon+ to "o :o is to c>ry x ^u 8 back4 ,all ?+s be+ "r1 8 m9d is made up to move1 & quickly1 too1 at t1 le/ he miss 8 *ance ?r\gh "s m active fell[ h\se-hunt] :o is on ! al]t4 ,out comes ! body f ! old h\se1 & pop x goes into ! new4 ,! resolution to move1 ! surr5d] ( ! old h\se1 & ! occupancy ( ! new1 7 all effect$ )9 a fraction ( a second ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w>ty ,,h]mit-,,crabs4 ,"o at ,home1 ! ,o!r ,h\se-,hunt+4 ,b ! matt] does n always g on pleasantly4 ,two h\se-hunt]s may f9d ! same t5em5t4 ,%\ld !y bo? desire x1 !n comes ! tug ( w>4 ,dwell toge!r !y nei!r c nor w4 ,rec\rse is _h to battle1 9 :i* ! /rong] proves 8 claim "r by ! rule ( might4 ,9 ^! enc\nt]s t]rible mutilations q (t5 occur4 ,z an (fset to all ?is bad feel+ & blood%$1 x is a sad sight to see ! little ,h]mit :5 8 "t comes to die4 ,h[ev] droll 8 c>e] may h be51 he is n[ v grave1 = he kn[s he mu/ "p ) life & all its joys & pleasures4 ,:o c expla9 ! /range fact8 ,! poor little fell[ comes out ( 8 h\se to die4 ,yes1 to die4 ,to u humans home is ! only fit place to die 91 b to ,eupagurus x has no attractions at ?is solemn "t4 ,poor fell[6 ,) a sad look & a melan*oly movem5t he quits ( 8 own w ! h\se = :i* he f\ght s well4 ,^? feel]s t (t5 /ood out s provok+ly1 & t 7 q z (t5 pok$ into ev]ybody's bus9ess1 n[ lie prone & h>mless2 ! eyes h lo/ _! p]tness1 & dead1 /one dead1 ! h\seless ,h]mit lies ^u t moss-cov]$ rock4 ,!re are two species ( ,h]mit-crab occurr+ on our coa/1 :i* are readily di/+ui%able f ea* o!r by _! size & ! diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( ! big claw4 ,eupagurus pollic>is1 ! ,w>ty ,h]mit1 is ! l>g] species4 ,he inhabits ! %ells ( ! big ,naticas & ! ,fulgurs1 & c be easily recogniz$ by 8 co>se1 broad claws1 :i* close up 9 great "p ! ap]ture ( ! %ell :i* he occupies4 ,9 ! m common =m1 ,eupagurus longic>pus1 :i* seldom atta9s a l5g? exce$+ an in*1 ! legs are all mu* elongat$1 giv+ ! animal a v sl5d] appe>ance4 ,,funnel-,,web ,,build]4 ,simple ne/s & tubes are all ! majority ( spid]s con/ruct = _! homes4 ,! l>g] & bett] kn[n webs = cat*+ insects are made by comp>atively few species4 ,he :o is a/ir 9 ! grass-fields on damp summ] morn+s1 w ev]y:]e see innum]\s flat webs1 f an in* or two to a foot 9 diamet]1 :i* wea!r-wise folks consid] progno/ic ( a fair day4 ,^! webs may always be f\nd ^u ! grass at ! prop] season1 b only become visible f a di/ance :5 ! dew is ^u !m1 mak+ ! e>? appe> z cov]$ by an almo/ cont9u\s c>pet ( silk4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( ^! ne/s is ( ! =m :i* is t]m$ funnel-webs1 :i* consi/ ( a concave %eet ( silk1 con/itut$ ( /rong ?reads1 cross$ by f9] ones1 :i* ! au?or sp9s ) ! long h9d-sp9n]ets1 sw++ !m f side to side1 & lay+ d[n a b& ( ?reads at ea* /roke1 ! _m hundr$ ?reads ext5d+ 9 all directions to ! support+ spe>s ( grass4 ,! web is s close & tight t ! foot/eps ( ! spid] c be di/9ctly he>d by ! att5tive1 li/5+ e> z %e runs hi!r & ?i!r ov] its sc>cely b5d+ surface4 ,at "o side ( ! web is a tube1 lead+ d[n among ! grass-/ems1 :i* s]ves z a hid+-place = ! own] ( ! web4 ,"h1 at ! top1 & j out ( sight1 ! spid] ord9>ily /&s1 wait+ = some?+ to light ^u ! web1 :5 %e eag]ly ru%es out1 seiz+ ! prey unluckily caught & c>ry+ x into h] tube to eat4 ,if too =midable an insect comes ^u ! web1 %e turns h]self r\nd1 beat+ a precipitate retreat out ( ! l[] end ( h] funnel & soon is lo/ b5ea? ! me% ( envelop+ & int]lac+ grasses4 ,:]e favorably locat$1 ^! webs rema9 ?r\gh ! entire season1 & are enl>g$1 z ! spid] gr[s1 by additions on ! out] edges1 & are support$ by ?reads runn+ up into ! neighbor+ plants4 ,sometimes ! webs are built 9 close proximity to a /one p>tially imb$d$ 9 ! e>?1 ! bottom ( ! funnel op5+ slightly und]nea? ! /one1 :i* secures to ! spid] a conv5i5t h>bor 9 case ( ?reat5+ dang]4 ,agal5id1 z our funnel-web weav]s are call$1 are long-legg$1 br[n spid]s1 9 :i* ! head "p ( ! cephalo-?orax is high] ?an ! ?oracic "p1 & di/9ctly sep>at$ f x by grooves or m>ks at ! sides4 ,! eyes are usually 9 two r[s1 b 9 ,agal5a ! middle eyes ( bo? r[s are mu* high] ?an ! o!rs4 ,! feet h ?ree claws1 & ! po/]ior pairs ( sp9n]ets are two-jo9t$ & usually long] ?an ! o!rs4 ,agal5a nvia1 ! te*nical "n ( our ,common ,grass ,spid]1 ab\nds 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b its v commonness is ! pr9cipal reason :y x is s little kn[n except by ! tra9$ naturali/1 its v famili>ity lead+ ! av]age man & woman to look ^u x ) contempt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,agal5a ,,& ,,h] ,,funnel-,,web4 ,h\se-,fly1 ,caught 9 ! ,toils1 ,becomes a ,victim4 ,p]sons unfamili> ) spid]s f9d x difficult to di/+ui% ! "y f ! old1 & male f female4 ,?is is caus$1 9 "p1 by ! great diff]5ces betwe5 diff]5t ages & sexes ( ! same spid]1 on acc\nt ( :i* !y are suppos$ to belong to di/9ct species4 ,! adult males & females1 h[ev]1 are easily di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 & f ! "y1 by ! complete developm5t ( organs peculi> to ea* sex1 ! palpal organs on ! ends ( ! palpi 9 ! males1 & ! epigynum1 a h>d swoll5 place j 9 front ( ! op5+ ( ! ov>ies 9 ! females4 ,usually ! males are small] ?an _! p>tn]s1 & h1 9 proportion to _! size1 small] abdom5s & long] legs4 ,!y are g5]ally d>k] color$1 especially on ! head & front "p ( ! body1 & m>k+s :i* are di/9ct 9 ! female coalesce & become d>k] 9 ! male4 ,9 mo/ species ^! diff]5ces are n v great1 b 9 "s1 ,argiope & ,nephila = examples1 :]e ! males are ab\t "o-t5? z l>ge z ! females1 "o w\ld h>dly suppose1 )\t o!r evid5ce1 t ! males & females _h any relation%ip to ea* o!r4 ,! palpal organs & ! epigynum are sexual *>act]s :i* d n atta9 _! functional value until aft] ! la/ m\lt has be5 effect$4 ,spid]s are naturally v selfi% creatures4 ,_! *ief conc]n 9 life seems to be ! gratification ( _! desires = food4 ,!y are em95tly unsocial1 ! sexes pref]r+ to live solit>y lives4 ,x is only :5 actuat$ by amatory influ5ces t ! females w tol]ate _! weak] lords1 & 9 "s in/ances x is only by /ratagem & agility t ! latt] are able to accompli% ! fulfilm5t ( ! law ( _! be+1 ! females by _! ugly1 vici\s temp]s resi/+ to ! utmo/4 ,9 ! case ( ,agal5a ! male is ! /rong] ( ! two4 ,he1 at ! prop] "t1 :5 ! reproductive cells are matur$1 takes ! female 9 8 p[]ful m&ibles1 lays h] g5tly on "o side1 & ins]ts "o ( 8 palpi1 ^: little sacs _h previ\sly be5 fill$ ) ! fecundat+ dis*>ge1 into ! epigynum und]nea?4 ,aft] a "t1 necess>ily brief1 he rises on tiptoe1 turns h] ar\nd & ov]1 s t %e com=tably lies on ! o!r side1 h] head be+ 9 ! opposite direction1 & ins]ts ! o!r palpus4 ,all ?r\gh ! op]ation ! female lies z ?\gh %e 0 dead4 ,! ends ( nature be+ s]v$1 ! sexes sep>ate1 ! male return+ to ! solit>y life he previ\sly l$1 :ile ! female busies h]self 9 provid+ = ! duties ( mat]nity4 ,! eggs becom+ mature1 ! latt] proce$s to make a little web & lays !m 9 x1 practis+ ! utmo/ c>e4 ,%e n[ cov]s !m ov] ) silk1 :i* %e weaves into a cocoon1 :]e ! "y rema9 "s "t aft] !y are hat*$4 ,seldom is ! lay+ se51 = x g5]ally happ5s 9 ! night-"t1 or 9 retir$ places4 ,(t51 9 conf9em5t1 ! spid] refuses to lay at all4 ,an egg ( a spid]1 l t ( any o!r animal1 is a cell :i* sep>ates f ! body ( ! female1 & subsequ5tly unites ) "o or m cells t h sep>at$ f ! body ( ! male4 ,?is process ( union1 t]m$ f]tilization1 d\btless takes place :5 ! eggs h atta9$ _! full size & are ab\t to be laid4 ,aft] be+ laid & h>d5$ x is a v easy matt] to wat* _! developm5t4 ,all t is necess>y to be done is to cov] ! egg to be exam9$ ) oil1 alcohol or any liquid t w wet x1 = ?is t5ds to make ! %ell transp>5t4 ,eggs laid 9 summ] are ready to hat* 9 a =tnight1 :ile ^? laid 9 autumn develop sl[ly all ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,a day or two are occupi$ 9 hat*+4 ,:5 ! "t has arriv$ ! %ell1 or m prop]ly ! sk91 cracks along ! l9es betwe5 ! legs1 & comes (f 9 rags1 & ! spid] sl[ly /ret*es itself & creeps ab\t4 ,pale & s(t x appe>s1 & devoid ( hairs or sp9es1 b its feet are arm$ ) small claws4 ,9 two or ?ree days x gets rid ( ano!r sk91 & beg9s to assume a spid]-l appe>ance1 ! eyes becom+ d>k-color$1 ! ?oracic m>ks gr[+ m di/9ct1 & a d>k /ripe appe>+ across ! edge ( ea* segm5t ( ! abdom54 ,! hairs are n[ long1 b few 9 numb]1 & arrang$ 9 r[s across ! abdom5 & along ! middle ( ! ?orax4 ,be=e ! next m\lt !y usually =sake ! cocoon1 & live toge!r = a %ort "t 9 a web spun 9 common4 ,:]e l>g] broods ( "y spid]s live toge!r1 !y soon %[ cannibal-l qualities1 & if kept 9 conf9em5t "o or two out ( a cocoon-full may be rais$ )\t rec\rse to any o!r food4 ,z spid]s gr[ l>g]1 !y mu/ m\lt f "t to "t4 ,?is is an int]e/+ process4 ,! spid] hangs h]self by a ?read f ! sp9n]ets to ! c5tre ( ! web4 ,9 a %ort "t ! sk9 cracks ar\nd ! ?orax1 j ov] ! fir/ jo9ts ( ! legs1 & ! top "p falls =w>d1 be+ held only at ! front edge4 ,! sk9 ( ! abdom5 n[ breaks irregul>ly along ! sides & back1 & %r9ks toge!r 9 a bun*1 leav+ ! spid] susp5d$ only by a %ort ?read f ! sp9n]ets1 h] legs /ill be+ trammell$ by ! old sk94 ,fifte5 m9utes ( viol5t ex]tion releases h] f ! encumbrance1 :5 %e drops d[n1 hang+ by h] sp9n]ets l a wet rag4 ,%e c d no?+ 9 ?is condition1 n ev5 draw h] legs away f an approa*+ h&4 ,9 t5 or twelve m9utes ! legs %[ signs ( /r5g!n+1 & %e is able to draw !m gradually t[>ds h]4 ,a few up-&-d[n movem5ts1 & %e manages to get into ! web aga94 ,t :i*1 m ?an any?+ else1 discrim9ates spid]s f o!r animals is _! habit ( sp9n+ webs4 ,"s ( ! mites sp9 irregul> ?reads ^u plants1 or cocoons = _! eggs1 & _m insects cocoons 9 :i* to und]go _! *anges f l>va to imago1 b 9 ! spid]s ! sp9n+-organs are mu* m complicat$1 & us$ = a great] v>iety ( purposes1 = mak+ egg-cocoons1 silk l9+s to _! ne/s1 & nets = cat*+ insects4 ,! spid]'s ?read diff]s f t ( insects1 9 be+ con/itut$ ( a great numb] ( f9] ?reads laid toge!r1 :ile s(t en\gh to coalesce into "o4 ,ea* sp9n]et is provid$ ) a numb] ( little tubes1 :i* convey ! viscid liquid t =ms ! ?read f gl&s 9 ! spid]'s body4 ,9 ,agal5a ! two h9d] sp9n]ets are long1 & h sp9n+-tubes along ! "u side ( ! la/ jo9t4 ,:5 ab\t to produce a ?read ! spid] presses ! sp9n]ets aga9/ "s object & =ces out f ea* tube en\gh ( ! secretion to adh]e to x1 :5 ! sp9n]ets are mov$ away1 draw+ ! viscid liquid out1 :i* h>d5s at once into ?reads = ea* tube4 ,a b& ( ?reads is =m$ :5 ! sp9n]ets are kept ap>t1 b :5 clos$ toge!r ! f9e ?reads unite into "o or m l>ge ones4 ,commonly ! sp9n+ is aid$ by ! h9d] feet1 :i* guide ! ?read1 keep+ x cle> ( surr\nd+ objects1 & ev5 pull+ x f ! sp9n]ets4 ,spid]s are be/ kn[n & hat$ z animals t bite4 ,_! bit+-app>atus1 ! m&ibles1 are locat$ 9 front ( ! head4 ,p>tly 9 ! basal jo9ts ( ^! organs & p>tly 9 ! head1 ! poison-gl&s are seat$1 f :i* is dis*>g$ ?r\gh a tube ! v5om1 :i* makes spid]s s mu* to be fe>$4 ,?is tube op5s at ! po9t ( ! claw ( ! m&ible4 ,:5 ! app>atus is n 9 use ! claws are clos$ up aga9/ ! p>ts betwe5 ! r[s ( tee?2 b :5 ! jaws are op5$ to bite ! claws are turn$ outw>d1 s t _! po9ts c be made to p5etrate any?+ t comes betwe5 ! jaws4 ,! ord9>y function ( ! m&ibles is ! kill+ & cru%+ ( insects1 s t ! s(t p>ts c be eat5 by ! spid]1 & 9 ?is prep>ation !y are sub/antially aid$ by ! maxill4 ,spid]s w sometimes *ew an insect = h\rs1 until x becomes a m]e ball ( sk91 only swall[+ su* bits z may happ5 to be suck$ 9 ) ! blood4 ,let alone & unmole/$1 !y bite no?+ except insects t are useful = food4 ,b :5 attack$ & corn]$1 all species op5 _! jaws & bite if !y c1 _! ability to d s dep5d+ ^u _! size & ! /r5g? ( _! jaws4 ,not)/&+ ! l>ge numb] ( pimples & /+s ascrib$ to spid]s1 und\bt$ cases ( _! bit+ ! human sk9 are exce$+ly r>e1 & ! /ories ( dea?1 insanity & lam5ess f spid]-bites are probably all untrue4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made to te/ ! effect ( ! bites ( spid]s on animals4 ,insects succumb mo/ readily to _! bites1 "s soon] ?an o!rs1 b birds1 except :5 bitt5 by ! l>g] ,mygale1 recov] aft] ! lapse ( a few h\rs4 ,! effect ^u man1 ev5 :5 ! bite is deep en\gh to draw blood1 is l ! pricks ( a ne$le1 att5d$ by little or no inflammation or pa94 ,ev5 9 cases :]e dea? among insects & birds ensues x is claim$ by ! au?orities1 m5 z em95t z ,blackwall1 ,moggridge & ,duf\r1 t ! secretion f spid]s' jaws is n poison\s1 b t ! animals die1 :5 bitt51 f loss ( blood & me*anical injury4 ,su* is ! prejudice aga9/ ! spid]1 t its pres5ce1 no matt] :]e f\nd1 :e!r 9 ! op5 field or 9 a corn] ( ! h\se1 is an inducem5t = its invet]ate enemy1 man1 to sweep x to ! gr\nd or floor & cru% its frail life out ) "o bl[ ( ! foot4 ,few "k1 or c>e to "k1 x w\ld seem1 ! good x does = man4 ,he owes to x1 9 a l>ge measure1 ! protection ( 8 crops1 & no little ( ! com=t he enjoys 9 life4 ,spid]s are c>nivor\s creatures1 & de/roy va/ numb] ( insects1 _m ( :i* are man's wor/ enemies4 ,!y m]it1 & des]v+ly1 too1 8 k9dness & protection = ! b5efits !y conf]4 ,t>antulas h be5 suppos$ to produce epilepsy by _! bites1 :i* c\ld only be reliev$ by music ( c]ta9 k9ds4 ,su* /ories1 & !y h be5 widely circulat$ & believ$1 are ! v]ie/ nons5se1 = t>antula-bites produce no su* effects n[adays4 ,^! spid]s1 :i* live 9 holes 9 s&1 out ( :i* !y rea* aft] pass+ insects1 are no m savage 9 _! habits ?an o!r spid]s1 = ,duf\r1 a celebrat$ ,fr5* naturali/1 once kept "o t soon le>n$ to take flies f 8 f+]s )\t manife/+ ! lea/ disposition to bite4 ,diff]5t species quickly le>n1 :5 treat$ ) k9dness1 to reg>d man z _! fri5d4 ,i h se5 ,agal5a take food f ! h& out ( a pair ( =ceps1 or wat] f a bru%1 & ev5 to rea* on tiptoe aft] x f ! m\? ( a bottle plac$ = h] accommodation4 ,?\gh naturally timid & %y1 & prone to flee to h] funnel on man's approa*1 yet %e has be5 kn[n to p]mit ! mo/ unexpect$ famili>ities )\t fe> or res5tm5t4 ,_m a female has tak5 f my h& ! pr(f]$ fly1 & submitt$ to ! g5tle c>esses ( my f+] d[n ! back & abdom5 ) ! mo/ pleasurable satisfaction4 ,!y h come at ! s\nd ( my voice1 danc+ ^u _! %eet$ web l "o gone mad1 s p]fectly c>ri$ away ) delight4 ,an int]e/+ exp]i5ce ( la/ summ] dur+ a brief /ay 9 ! c\ntry seems apropos at ?is "t4 ,:ile saunt]+ c>elessly along a =e/-road ,i came unexpect$ly ^u a ru/ic bridge1 ) a rail+ on "o side1 :i* ov]spann$ a small wat]-c\rse4 ,lean+ = re/ & support aga9/ ! rail+1 soon my att5tion 0 arre/$ by a huge female spid]1 :i* ,i recogniz$ z ,epeira domiciliorum4 ,%e 0 evid5tly 9 que/ ( some?+1 z ,i 0 l$ to suspect f h] seem+ly ?\ghtful & delib]ate movem5ts4 ,i wat*$ h] closely & criticis+ly = a long :ile1 & 9 "o ( h] contemplative moods1 :5 %e /ood p]fectly motionless & fix$ z x 7 to ! rail+1 ,i rea*$ out my f+] r impulsively & began /rok+ h] along ! abdom51 a famili>ity :i* %e did n res5t1 & :i* seem$ to give h] ! mo/ int5se delight4 ,:5 ! c>ess+ _h ceas$1 %e w\ld turn r\nd & confront h] newly-made acqua9tance1 b ! lift+ ( ! f+] 0 always ! signal = h] to assume an attitude ( ! mo/ p]fect quiesc5ce4 ,t %e enjoy$ ^! little att5tions !re _c be a %ad[ ( d\bt1 or actions are no use 9 ! int]pretation ( feel+4 ,_h !y be5 pa9ful1 %e w\ld h s\ght relief 9 flight1 or 9 ! manife/ation ( an unt[>d disposition t[>ds h] un9t5tional p]secutor4 ,,book-,,lov]s4 ,liv+ 9 *9ks & crannies ( ranges 9 our homes1 & occasionally 9 bookcases & closets :]e glut9\s & sug>y matt]s ab\nd1 b :i* has probably n be5 met ) else:]e1 is a /range b beautiful little creature :i*1 z f> z c be det]m9$1 goes ?r\gh ! brief r\nd ( its exi/5ce )\t a "n to di/+ui% x f its fell[s4 ,few entomologi/s h giv5 any special att5tion to its family relation%ips4 ,! possession ( c]ta9 bri/le-l app5dages :i* t]m9ate ! abdom51 & :i* are no d\bt comp>able ) ! abdom9al legs ( ! ,myriopods1 or ,?\s& ,legs1 classes x ) ! ,bri/le-tails1 or ,lepismas4 ,9 g5]al =m1 a lik5ess to ! l>va ( ,p]la1 a net-ve9$ neuropt]\s insect1 is manife/1 or to ! n>r[-bodi$ species ( ,blatt>i1 or ,cockroa*es1 :5 dive/$ ( w+s4 ,lepisma sac*>9a1 ( ,europe1 :i* is indi/+ui%able f our ord9>y ,am]ican =m1 is f> f uncommon 9 old1 damp h\ses4 ,its /ructure is less complicat$ ?an ! heat-lov+ species to :i* ,i h allud$1 & !re are likewise diff]5ces ( habits :i* %[ !mselves to ! close inve/igator ( natural ph5om5a4 ,n unlike ! cockroa*es1 :i* our little d5iz5 ( ! he>? some:at vaguely resembles 9 =m1 x affects hot1 dry localities1 & is always a/ir at nights 9 que/ ( its f>e1 = x disda9s ! light ( ! day & ! consequ5t publicity ( its de$s ( %ame & plund]4 ,_m a h\sewife 9 ! dis*>ge ( duty has une>!d1 s to speak1 ! miscreant f its hidd5 retreat1 & s\ght by foot or h& to cru% ! life t d>es obtrude its uncleanly pres5ce 9 h] l>d]1 b ! cunn+1 swift-foot$ ,lepisma d>ts (f1 l a /reak ( light1 to "s ne>-by crack or brea*1 :]e x manages to hide f ?reat5+ dang]4 ,! bodies ( ^! nimble1 sil5t-mov+ creatures be+ coat$ 9 a suit ( %9+ mail1 :i* ! arrangem5t ( ! scales s v mu* resembles1 !y h a weird & gho/ly look4 ,?is appe>ance1 & ! swiftness ( _! movem5t1 :i* ! eye c h>dly trace1 h l$ ! vivid m9d ( man1 9 c\ntry t[n & village1 to dub !m 8silv] wit*es40 ,s fleet ( foot are !y1 & s l a wave ( blurr$ light !y cross ! vision1 t x is va9 to try to figure :at !y are 9 %ape & look4 ,9 dea? !y yield _! all ( e>? to pry+ sci5ce4 ,_! body's =m is n>r[1 flatt5$2 _! legs 9 pairs ( ?rees1 ea* ( six jo9ts consi/+1 ! basal jo9ts broad1 flat1 triangul>1 ! t>sal l>ge1 9 numb] two1 & arm$ at end ) pair ( claws incurv$4 ,! ?ree ?oracic segm5ts are v l 9 size1 & eight abdom9als1 ( simil> l5g? & wid?4 ,s weak x seems ! r long abdom5 is1 t two pairs or six ( bri/les1 simple1 unjo9t$1 & freely movable1 s]ve z support1 & also1 z 9 o!r gr\ps ( insects1 z organs locomotive4 ,! mode ( ant5na-ins]tion--& ! same prevails 9 ! entire family--is mu* l t ( ! ,myriopods1 ! front ( ! head be+ flatt5$ & conceal+1 z 9 ! ,c5tip$es1 ! base ( ! ant5n4 ,inde$1 ! head ( any ( ! ,bri/le-tails1 z se5 f above1 be>s a g5]al resemblance 9 "s ( its features to t ( ! ,c5tip$e & its allies1 & s1 9 a less degree1 does ! head ( ! l>v ( c]ta9 beetles & neuropt]s4 ,! eyes are comp\nd1 ! individual facets con/itut+ a sort ( heap4 ,! m\?-p>ts are readily comp>$ ) ^? ( ! l>va ( ,p]la1 ! r l>ge1 /\t m&ibles be+ hid at _! tips by ! upp] lip1 :i* moves freely up & d[n :5 ! creature op5s its m\?4 ,9 l5g? ! m&ible is ?ree times its bread?1 & furni%$ ) ?ree %>p tee? on ! out] edge1 & ) a broad cutt+ m>g9 )91 & /ill fur!r inw>ds ) a numb] ( /raggl+ small sp9es4 ,! l[] lip is broad & /\t1 ) a di/9ct m$ium suture1 :i* indicates a =m] sep>ation 9 embryonic life into a pair ( app5dages4 ,its palpi are ?ree-jo9t$1 ! jo9ts be+ broad1 & direct$ backw>ds 9 life1 & n =w>ds1 z 9 ! high] insecta4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lepismas ,,at ,,"w4 ,h[ ,books are ,de/roy$4 ,p]haps n m ?an a half-doz5 species ( ,lepisma are kn[n to exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,our commone/ =m is v abundant 9 ! ,middle ,/ates "u /ones & leaves 9 =e/s1 & nor?w>d 9 damp h\ses1 :]e x has mu* ( ! habits ( ! cockroa*1 eat+ clo!s1 tape/ry1 silk5 trimm+s ( furniture1 & do+ great mis*ief to libr>ies by dev\r+ ! pa/e & mutilat+ ! leaves & cov]s ( books4 ,our heat-lov+ =m1 :i* is app>5tly alli$ to ! ,lepisma !rmophila ( ,europe1 & :i* may be an import$ species1 is q z de/ructive z its ne>e/ ( k9 ,lepisma sac*>9a4 ,x does n conf9e its ravages to closets & pantries1 & fe$ ^u sug> & cake & pa/ry1 b has latt]ly tak5 to bookcases1 :]e x leads an easy1 com=table life1 )\t fe> ( mole/ation4 ,s delicately con/ruct$ are ! ,lepismas1 & s seem+ly feeble ! brea? ( life :i* animates _! frail h\ses ( clay1 t nature has end[$ !m ) qualities ( m9d & body :i* em95tly fit !m = ! "p !y h to play 9 ! _w4 ,%e has made !m lov]s ( d>kness r ?an light1 end[$ !m ) ke5ness ( vision & he>+ truly wond]ful1 & giv5 !m a cel]ity ( movem5t :i* enables !m to out/rip 9 spe$ ! fleete/ ( _! insect-enemies1 & ev5 to baffle ! well-direct$ ef=ts ( man = _! de/ruction4 ,! silv]-coat$ armor ) :i* !y are inve/$ is s glossy & smoo? t !y c slip into a crevice 9 ! wall or floor ) ! utmo/ ease & facility4 ,f _! actions x w\ld seem t !y 7 always on ! al]t1 = :5 p]il is imm95t !y d n run aimlessly ab\t = a place ( security1 b "k j :]e to f9d x ) ! lea/ possible exp5diture ( "t & physical /r5g?4 ,e nook & cranny ( _! appropriat$ doma9 is z well kn[n to ^! v humble ( ,god's creatures z "s =e/-tract ( c\ntry to "o skill$ 9 wood-craft4 ,nev] h ,i /udi$ ! behavior ( ,lepisma t ,i h n be5 deeply impress$ ) ! intellig5ce ( its actions4 ,!re h always be5 display$ a purpose & an aim1 :i* %[$ z pla9ly z c\ld be t no bl9d in/9ct 0 ! cause ( a conduct s rational & human-l4 ,,y-,,ee-,,up4 ,h>dly a p]son liv+ 9 a s&y c\ntry di/rict c be f\nd :o has n se5 or he>d ( ! que] little insect call$ ,y-ee-up1 a "n :i* ! books d n give1 & ( :i* writ]s on entomological subjects seem to be ignorant4 ,! le>n$ call him ,myrmeleon1 or ,ant-lion1 & v appropriately too1 because1 l ! great k+ ( bea/s1 he nev] attacks 8 prey 9 ! op5 field1 b by /ratagem :ile ly+ 9 wait 9 "s hidd5 retreat or secret cov]t4 ,%\ld y *ance1 on a w>m summ] day1 :]e sunny slopes ab\nd on ! outskirts ( a woods1 or by ! side ( a frequ5t$ pa? or road1 look c>efully ab\t & soon w y descry a small funnel-l op5+1 sc>ce two in*es 9 dep? & 9 wid?1 ^u a b>e pat* ( s& 9 ! mid/ ( an ocean ( v]dure4 ,?is little cavity is ! int5tional "w ( ! l>va ( ! ,ant-lion4 ,a v close scrut9y w %[1 by ! pres5ce ( a pair ( fi]ce jaws1 ! ,ant-lion at home4 ,w\ld y "k ! +5i\s build]8 ,lift him out t5d]ly f 8 burr[ ( s&1 & :5 y h plac$ him ^u ! palm ( y\r wide op5 h&1 note ) ! mo/ c>eful exactness ! peculi> make-up ( 8 /ructure1 s t 9 ! future y may h little difficulty 9 recogniz+ him %\ld y aga9 meet4 ,8 %ort1 flat head1 arm$ ) p[]ful m&ibles1 heavy-set *e/1 & l>ge1 s(t1 fle%y abdom51 amply protect$ on ! sides ) /iff1 bri/ly hairs1 add$ to 8 compact1 robu/ =m1 ! =w>d projection ( 8 front & middle legs1 & ! backw>d prolongation ( ! /rong] & less movable h9d ones1 :i* em95tly adapts !m to a backw>d mann] ( walk+1 are *>act]s :i* s deeply impress1 t we _c fail to call up1 :5 occasion dem&s1 ! possessor ( s wond]ful a me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,y-,,ee-,,up ,,9 ,,8 ,,d54 ,z ,he ,appe>s 9 ,y\? & ,old ,age4 ,n[ t y h become famili> ) ! odd creature 9 =m & 9 mi51 set him once m ^u 8 pr\d realm ( s&1 & seat y\rself on ! bank close by to wat* & enjoy 8 curi\s behavior4 ,9 a m9ute or two 8 fe>s w h subsid$1 & he 9 control aga9 ( 8 accu/om$ indiff]5ce4 ,see1 he moves4 ,r\nd & r\nd he turns 9 ! loose grey s&1 bury+ himself deep] & deep]1 & ?r[+ ! gra9s out f ! hole he has made by 8 twi/+s1 us+ 8 %ort1 flat head = a %ovel4 ,! s&1 z x is ?r[n ov] ! side ( ! burr[1 =ms q a m>g91 & :5 all is complet$ ! ,ant-lion s9ks himself deep into ! bottom ( ! trap he has digg$1 leav+ only ! tips ( 8 m&ibles 9 sight1 :i* are ext5d$ & ready to seize any insect t is s luckless z to fall into _! rea*4 ,! un=tunate ant t v5tures too close to ! m>g9 sets ! s& (f roll+1 & x imm$iately beg9s to /ruggle aga9/ fall+ d[n1 b ! ,ant-lion ?r[s a few %ovelfuls ( s& aga9/ x1 & x soon comes tumbl+ d[n to ! bottom ( ! funnel1 :5 x is in/antly seiz$ betwe5 ! %>p m&ibles 9 wait+1 :i*1 be+ p]=at$ by sl5d] tubes1 enable _! blood-?ir/y own] to suck out its juices4 ,c\ntry *ildr51 & adults z well1 manife/ a deep int]e/ 9 ^! /range be+s4 ,!y call !m1 z has be5 intimat$ be=e1 ,y-ee-ups4 ,h[ ! "n orig9at$1 & :51 ,i d n pret5d to "k1 nor h ,i be5 able ^u inquiry to f9d out f ! olde/ inhabitants ( ! regions !y affect4 ,old m5 & old wom5 9 ! sev5ties & eighties knew ^! insects by ?is "n :5 !y 7 *ildr51 & ,i h be5 in=m$ t !y 7 always s spok5 ( by _! fa!rs & mo!rs4 ,ev5 ! insects !mselves are believ$ to "k ! odd "n by :i* !y are designat$4 ,s fix$ is ! belief 9 ! m9ds ( ! _m t1 to contradict x1 is sure to subject ! p]son s ra% & presumptu\s to ! grosse/ abuse f ! fri5ds ( ! /range little creature4 ,!y h se5 him 9 8 s&y retreat1 & h call$ him by "n1 & he has nev] be5 kn[n to decl9e a response4 8,y-ee-up1 y-ee-up10 cries "o1 ) 8 m\? j ov] ! op5+1 & up comes ! /range 8crittur0 z ob$i5t z a lackey4 8,y-ee-d[n1 y-ee-d[n10 says ! same *ildi% voice1 & d[n he goes to 8 d5 to await1 z is ?\ght1 ! giv+ ( fur!r ord]s4 ,t ! ,ant-lion does seem to respond :5 call$1 _c be d5i$1 = ,i h tri$ ! exp]im5t myself1 & o!rs h tri$ x 9 my pres5ce1 & always ) ! same successful results4 ,b p g ?r\gh ! _w n only ) _! eyes clos$ & _! e>s seal$1 b also ) _! m9ds =ev] lock$ aga9/ ?9k+1 le/1 by ?9k+1 !y might d !mselves s]i\s injury4 ,_h b a little ( ?9k+ be5 done1 or "s common s5se ex]cis$1 ! solution ( ! insect's /range actions c\ld h be5 rea*$ )\t any great difficulty4 ,let me briefly expla94 ,"o _c talk1 z is well kn[n1 )\t "s motion be+ imp>t$ to ! outly+ air4 ,?is mov+ air imp++ ^u ! loosely arrang$ s& pil$ up ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! t9y pitfall1 dislodges "s p>ticles1 & ^!1 fall+ into ! jaws ( ! hidd5 ,ant-lion1 br+ him to ! surface1 = he ascribes ! commotion to "s ill-fat$ ant1 or o!r su* insect1 t has1 9 its anxi\s se>*+ = food1 tumbl$ unconsci\sly into 8 artfully-laid trap4 ,9 a mom5t ! mi/ake is discov]$1 &1 ) all possible dispat*1 he backs himself d[n into 8 d5 to await fur!r developm5ts4 ,8 appe>ance on ! occasion is greet$ by 8y-ee-d[n1 y-ee-d[n10 & z he goes d[n app>5tly 9 ob$i5ce to ! ord]1 b really because x is a matt] ( bus9ess s to d1 x is claim$ by ! unle>n$ & unwise t 8 movem5ts are responsive to ! comm& ( ! p]son by :om he is address$4 ,two ye>s ( l>val life1 & ! subject ( our sket* is lo/ to ! sight ( ! rural folks4 ,a new life1 :]e fe$+ is no long] necess>y1 awaits him1 b "o 9 :i* ! mo/ radical *anges mu/ occur if he is to fulfil ! exi/5ce :i* nature design$ 9 h] gr& s*eme ( creation4 ,f a silk-gl&1 :i*1 unlike ^? ( ! butt]flies & mo?s1 is situat$ at ! end ( ! body1 he sp9s a cocoon1 b !re be+ s little ( silk to sp>e1 he ne$s mu/ supply ! defici5cy by ! utilization ( a quantity ( s&1 :i* he glues into ! walls ( 8 h\se4 ,"h he dwells a comp>atively inactive pupa = ?ree brief weeks1 reta9+ 8 l>ge1 p[]ful m&ibles to ! la/1 :i* he uses 9 cutt+ 8 way out ( ! cocoon1 :5 he is ready to em]ge z a w+$ neuropt]4 ,9 ! adult =m he resembles ! dragon-flies 9 flight1 flapp+ wildly & irregul>ly ab\t1 z if 8 muscles 7 too weak to wield 8 great /ret* ( w+s4 ,b 9 repose 8 al> app5dages are fold$ above ea* o!r1 =m+ an acute-angl$ ro( above ! long1 sl5d] abdom54 ,! ant5n or feel]s are %ort1 /\t & club-%ap$1 & ! w+s long1 n>r[ & d5sely ve9$4 ,myrmeleon obsoletus1 a "n giv5 to ?is insect by ,?omas ,say1 a naturali/ ( repute1 :o liv$ 9 ,philadelphia 9 ! e>ly half ( ! pres5t c5tury1 is by no means a r>e species1 if se>* is made 9 ! prop] places4 ,9 ! cut ! l>va is f\nd to ! "r ( ! burr[1 :ile deep 9 ! bottom1 ) ! jaws only 9 view1 is ano!r1 prep>$ to receive ! small ant j above %\ld x lose its foo?old & tumble into ! trap4 ,on ! w+1 a little 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! picture1 may be se5 ! adult insect1 repres5t$ 9 hawk+ = prey ov] a mead[y expanse ( c\ntry4 ,,t[]-,,build+ ,,cicada4 ,closely alli$ to ! bugs is a gr\p ( rem>kable insects to :i* naturali/s n[ apply ! "n ( ,cicada1 b :i* are g5]ally1 ?\gh improp]ly1 designat$ ,locu/ by ! common p4 ,!y are readily di/+ui%$ by _! broad heads1 l>ge prom95t eyes1 ) ?ree eyelets triangul>ly plac$ betwe5 !m1 & delicately transp>5t1 ve9$ w+-cov]s & w+s4 ,! abdom5 is %ort & po9t$1 & ! legs are %ort1 ! ant]ior femora be+ mu* ?ick5$ & too!d b5ea?4 ,! h9d] extremity ( ! body ( ! female is conical1 & ! "u-side has a longitud9al *annel = ! reception ( ! ovipositor1 or pi]c]1 :i* is fur!rmore protect$ by f\r %ort-groov$ pieces :i* are immovably fix$ to ! sides ( ! *annel4 ,! pi]c] itself consi/s ( two out] p>ts groov$ on ! inside & slightly enl>g$ & angul> at ! tips1 :i* are ext]nally beset ) small saw-l tee?1 & a c5tral spe>-po9t$ bor] :i* plays betwe5 ! o!r two1 ?us comb9+ ! advantages ( an awl & a d\ble-edg$ saw1 or r ( two key-hole saws cutt+ opposite to ea* o!r4 ,a h>d1 horny sub/ance1 call$ *it9e1 ! same z exi/s 9 ! /+s ( bees & wasps1 is ! mat]ial ( its composition4 ,x w\ld be impossible to conceive ( any?+ m exactly fitt$ = its requir$ uses ?an is ?is beautiful complicat$ in/rum5t4 ,b ! mo/ peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ?is family1 h[ev]1 consi/s 9 ! /ructure ( ! me*anism by :i* ! males make ! trill+ s\nd = :i* !y h be5 s long fam\s4 ,9 ! male ( ! ,sev5te5-ye> ,cicada ! musical in/rum5t consi/s ( two /ret*$ membranes1 "o on ea* side ( ! body1 :i* are pla9ly to be se5 imm$iately beh9d ! w+s4 ,^! membranes are ga!r$ into num]\s f9e plaits1 & are play$ ^u by muscles or cords fa/5$ to _! "u surfaces4 ,:5 ^! muscles contract & relax1 :i* !y d ) great rapidity1 ! drum-heads1 :i* ! membranes resemble1 are alt]nately tight5$ & loos5$1 ! effect ( ?is alt]nate t5sion & relaxation be+ ! production ( a rattl+ s\nd v mu* l t caus$ by a succession ( quick pressures ^u a slightly complex & ela/ic piece ( t9-plate4 ,c]ta9 cavities )9 ! body ( ! insect1 :i* may be se5 on rais+ two l>ge valves b5ea? ! abdom51 & :i* are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ?9 transp>5t p>titions ( ! brilliancy ( mica or highly poli%$ glass1 t5d to increase ! int5sity ( ! s\nd4 ,9 ! w+$ /ate ,cicada sept5decim1 z ! subject ( our sket* 0 nam$ by ! immortal ,l9nu1 is ( a black color1 ) transp>5t w+s & w+-cov]s1 ! ?ick ant]ior edge & ve9s ( :i* be+ orange-r$4 ,ne> ! tips ( ! latt] !re is a dusky zig-zag l9e :i* resembles 9 %ape ! lett] ,w4 ,! eyes1 :5 liv+1 are also r$1 :ile ! legs are a dull orange1 :i* color is conspicu\s along ! edges ( ! r+s ( ! body4 ,! w+s exp& f two & a half to ?ree & a qu>t] in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sev5te5-,,ye> ,,cicada4 ,adult1 ,*rysalis-,case1 ,pupa1 ,entrances to ,burr[s & ,egg-,ne/s4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,june ! p]fect insects make _! appe>ance1 & z !y g5]ally come 9 l>ge numb]s !y d a great deal ( damage4 ,9 "s localities !y congregate to su* an ext5t ^u ! trees z to b5d & ev5 to break d[n ! limbs by _! weight4 ,! d9 ( _! discordant drums res\nds 9 ! woods & or*>ds f morn+ to ev5+4 ,z _! life is ( r %ort duration1 n la/+ = a long] p]iod ?an a mon?1 !y soon beg9 to pair1 & x is n long aft]w>ds t ! females may be se5 prep>+ ne/s = ! reception ( _! eggs4 ,bran*es ( mod]ate size are select$ = ?is purpose4 ,_! mann] ( p]=ation is curi\s & int]e/+4 ,clasp+ ! bran* on bo? sides ) _! legs1 & b5d+ ! ovipositor at an angle ( =ty-five degrees1 !y repeat$ly ?ru/ x into ! b>k & wood 9 ! direction ( ! fibres1 at ! same "t sett+ ! lat]al saws at "w1 !reby deta*+ little spl9t]s ( wood at "o end1 :i* are int5d$ to s]ve z a k9d ( fibr\s cov] = ! ne/4 ,! hole is bor$ obliquely to ! pi?1 & by a repetition ( ! same op]ation is gradually enl>g$ until is =m$ a longitud9al fissure ( suffici5t ext5t to receive f t5 to tw5ty eggs4 ,! side-pieces ( ! pi]c] act z a groove to convey ! eggs to ! ne/1 :]e !y are deposit$ 9 pairs1 b sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a n>r[ /rip ( wood4 ,:5 two eggs h be5 ?us plac$1 ! pi]c] is )drawn = a mom5t1 & !n ins]t$ till two m eggs are dropp$ 9 a l9e ) ! fir/1 & ?us ! op]ation is repeat$ until ! fissure has be5 fill$1 :5 ! insect removes to a little di/ance & comm5ces to make ano!r ne/ to conta9 two m r[s ( eggs4 ,x takes ab\t fifte5 m9utes to prep>e a groove & fill x ) eggs4 ,z _m z tw5ty grooves are sometimes made 9 a bran* by a s+le insect1 & :5 ! limb has be5 suffici5tly /ock$ %e goes f x to ano!r1 or f tree to tree1 until %e has got rid ( h] complem5t ( f five hundr$ to sev5 hundr$ eggs4 ,s weak does %e at l5g? become1 9 h] cont9u$ endeavor to provide = ! succession ( h] race1 z to fall1 9 an attempt to fly1 an almo/ lifeless lump to ! e>?1 :]e h] _s soon goes out nev] m to enliv5 its frail h\se ( clay4 ,al?\gh ,cicadas ab\nd mo/ ^u ! oaks1 yet !re seem to be no trees or %rubs t are exempt f _! attacks1 unless x be ! v>i\s species ( p9es & firs4 ,! punctur$ limbs langui% & die soon aft] ! eggs are laid1 & z (t5 happ5s are brok5 (f by ! w9ds2 b :5 ?is is ! case ! eggs nev] hat*1 = ! moi/ure ( ! liv+ bran* seems necess>y = _! prop] developm5t4 ,! eggs are "o-twelf? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & "o-sixte5? ( an in* ?r\gh ! middle1 b tap] to an obtuse po9t at ea* end4 ,!y are ( a pe>l-:ite color4 ,! %ell is s ?9 & delicate t ! =m ( ! inclos$ insect c be se5 be=e ! egg is hat*$4 ,"o writ] claims t fifty-two days1 & o!rs t f\rte5 days1 con/itute ! p]iod requir$ = ! hat*+ ( ! egg4 ,:5 x bur/s ! %ell ! "y insect is "o-sixte5? ( an in* long1 & is ( a yell[i%-:ite color1 except+ ! eyes & ! claws ( ! =e-legs1 :i* are r$di%4 ,x is clo!d ) small hairs4 ,9 =m x is grub-l1 l>g] proportionally ?an ! p>5t1 & provid$ ) six legs1 ! fir/ pair be+ v l>ge1 %ap$ l lob/]-claws1 & arm$ b5ea? ) /rong sp9es4 ,little prom95ces take ! place ( w+s1 & "u ! brea/ is a long beak = suction4 ,its movem5ts1 aft] leav+ ! egg1 are v lively1 & ne>ly z quick z "s ( ! ants4 ,b aft] a few mom5ts _! in/9cts prompt !m to rea* ! gr\nd4 ,!y d n atta9 ?is end by desc5d+ ! body ( ! tree1 nor by ca/+ !mselves (f precipitately1 b1 runn+ to ! side ( ! limb1 delib]ately loos5 _! hold & drop to ! gr\nd1 mak+ ! p]il\s desc5t ) ! utmo/ safety4 ,?is seems almo/ incr$ible1 b x has be5 repeat$ly obs]v$ by scores ( hone/ witnesses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new-,,born ,,cicada4 ,l9e ,bel[ ,%[s ,natural ,size4 ,on rea*+ ! gr\nd ! "y insects imm$iately burr[ _! way into ! soil1 us+ _! broad & /rong =e-feet pretty mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( ! mole4 ,!y app>5tly foll[1 9 _! desc5t1 ! roots ( plants1 fa/5+ _! beaks into ! mo/ t5d] & succul5t1 & ?us imbib+ _! juices1 :i* con/itute _! sole alim5t4 ,!y d n desc5d v deeply into ! gr\nd1 probably n m ?an t5 or twelve in*es1 al?\gh acc\nts h be5 publi%$ ( _! discov]y at a dep? ( t5 or twelve feet1 b _! occurr5ce at su* great di/ances f ! top ( ! gr\nd is d\btless ! result ( accid5t4 ,! only alt]ation to :i* ! insects are subject dur+ ! sev5te5 ye>s ( _! subt]ranean conf9em5t1 is an increase 9 size1 & ! m complete developm5t ( ! f\r small scale-l prom95ces ( ! back1 :i* conta9 _! future w+s4 ,:5 ! "t ( its trans=mation draws ne>1 ! l>va1 9 :i* /age ! insect passes ! great] "p ( its exi/5ce1 works its way up t[>ds ! surface1 (t5times 9 a v circuit\s mann]1 = local *anges make x necess>y = x to bore ?r\gh h>d woods & betwe5 /ones well beat5 d[n4 ,! burr[ :i* x ?us produces is cyl9drical1 ab\t five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & firmly cem5t$ & v>ni%$ s z to be wat]-pro(4 ,! upp] portion1 to ! ext5t ( five or six in*es1 is empty1 & s]ves z a habitation till ! p]iod ( its exit arrives1 :ile ! l[] is fill$ ) e>?y matt] remov$ by ! insect 9 its progress4 ,9 ?is cell x rema9s dur+ sev]al days1 asc5d+ to ! top = ! b5efit ( ! sun%9e & air :5 ! wea!r is auspici\s1 ev5 v5tur+ to peep =? occasionally1 b desc5d+ on ! occurr5ce ( cold or wet wea!r4 ,b :5 ! favorable mom5t to leave _! subt]ranean retreats arrives1 ! ,cicada-grubs1 or m prop]ly pup1 = su* !y are n[ to be consid]$1 al?\gh !y /ill reta9 some?+ ( ! grub-l =m1 issue f ! gr\nd 9 great numb]s z ev5+ draws on1 crawl up ! trunks ( trees1 ! /ems ( h]bace\s plants1 or on to :atev] is conv5i5t1 :i* !y grasp securely ) _! claws4 ,aft] re/+ a:ile1 _! sk9s1 :i* h become dry & ( an amb] color1 are by repeat$ ex]tions r5t along ! back1 & ?r\gh ! slit =m$ ! includ$ ,cicada pu%es its head & body1 & )draws its w+s & legs f _! sep>ate cases1 &1 crawl+ to a %ort di/ance1 leaves its empty pupa-case fa/5$ to ! tree4 ,at fir/ ! w+-cov]s & w+s are small & opaque1 b 9 a few h\rs !y acquire _! natural size & %ape4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 = ?ree or f\r days t ! muscles h>d5 suffici5tly = !m to assume _! *>act]i/ic flight4 ,! males make _! appe>ance "s days 9 advance ( ! females1 & also disappe> soon]4 ,dur+ sev]al successive nights ! pup cont9ue to issue f ! gr\nd1 & 9 "s places1 z 0 ! case 9 ,may ( #ahfh1 :5 ^! insects appe>$ 9 great numb]s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,philadelphia1 ! :ole surface ( ! soil 0 made by _! op]ations to assume a honey-comb$ appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dome-,,l ,,h\se ,,( ,,cicada4 ,longitud9al ,section ,%[+ ,pupa 9 ,two ,positions4 ,9 localities :]e ! soil is l[ & swampy1 a rem>kable *amb] is built up by ! l>va1 :]e ! pupa may be f\nd await+ ! "t ( its *ange to ! w+$ /ate4 ,^! *amb]s 7 fir/ notic$ by ,s4 ,s4 ,ra?von1 at ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 & are f f\r to six in*es above ! gr\nd1 & h a diamet] ( "o in* & a qu>t]4 ,:5 ready to em]ge ! insect backs d[n to an op5+ :i* is left 9 ! side ( ! /ructure on a level ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 issues =? & und]goes its trans=mation 9 ! usual mann]4 ,?is peculi> habit ( ne/-build+1 :i* is s unlike :at is cu/om>y ) ! ,cicadid1 or ) ,hemipt]a 9 g5]al1 po9ts to a high degree ( intellig5ce among ^! insects1 %[+ a rem>kable ability to adapt !mselves to environ+ circum/ances4 ,undue moi/ure w\ld be prejudicial to ! pupa1 z ! l>va seem$ to "k1 ?r\gh ! guidance ( ! same dumb & un]r+ in/9ct :i* tea*es x to cem5t its und]gr\nd dwell+1 b w\ld t same in/9ct tea* x to con/ruct s wond]ful a dome-l h\se z ! "o describ$ = ! pres]vation ( its aft]-life1 & "o s em95tly fitt$ by its position1 %ape1 size & entrance to secure ! necess>y %elt]1 w>m? & air = its protection & developm5t8 ,i appreh5d n4 ,no?+ %ort ( a reason1 simil> to t 9 man1 b diff]+ 9 degree1 w\ld enable x to grasp ! situation 9 :i* x f\nd itself to be plac$ :5 ne>+ its f9al *ange1 & plan ) ! view ( c>ry+ out ! ultimate aim ( its exi/5ce4 ,=tunately1 ^! insects are appo9t$ to return at p]iods s di/ant t vegetation has a *ance to recov] f ! injuries :i* !y inflict4 ,7 !y to appe> at %ort] int]vals1 our =e/- & fruit-trees w\ld be entirely de/roy$ by !m4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 subject to _m accid5ts1 & h _m enemies1 :i* contribute to dim9i% _! numb]s4 ,_! eggs are eat5 by birds1 & ! "y1 :5 !y leave ! egg1 are prey$ ^u by ants1 :o m\nt ! trees = t purpose1 or take !m ^u ! gr\nd z !y are ab\t to ent] ^u _! protract$ l>val c>e]4 ,blackbirds eat !m 9 ! spr+ :5 turn$ up by ! pl\gh1 & hogs1 :5 all[$ to run at l>ge 9 ! woods1 root !m up & dev\r l>ge numb]s1 especially j be=e ! arrival ( ! p]iod ( _! f9al trans=mation1 :5 !y are lodg$ only a few in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! soil4 ,_m p]i% 9 ! egg by ! clos+ up ( ! b>k & wood t con/itute ! walls ( ! p]=ations1 ?us bury+ ! eggs be=e !y h hat*$1 & o!rs1 no d\bt1 are kill$ by _! p]il\s desc5t f ! trees4 ,z its "n implies1 ?is insect g5]ally requires sev5te5 ye>s to complete its trans=mations1 a fact t 0 fir/ po9t$ out _m ye>s ago by ! botani/ ,kalm4 ,! late ,pr(4 ,riley1 :o _h giv5 ?is species a great deal ( /udy1 0 ! fir/ to "w out ! problem ( its p]iodical returns4 ,he f\nd t !re are also ?irte5-ye> broods1 & t bo? sometimes occur 9 ! same locality1 b t 9 g5]al t]ms ! ?irte5-ye> brood might be call$ ! s\!rn =m1 & ! sev5te5-ye> ! nor!rn =m4 ,at ! limits ( _! respective ranges ^! broods ov]lap ea* o!r4 ,! %ort]-liv$ =m he nam$ provisionally ,cicada tr$ecim4 ,x 0 ! exi/5ce ( ?is brood t l$ entomologi/s to d\bt ! propriety ( ,l9n's "n1 because1 9 calculat+ ea* appe>ance z occurr+ 9 any locality at ! end ( e sev5te5 ye>s1 !y c\ld n make ! dates ( its p]iodical returns correct4 ,b x 0 ,pr(4 ,riley t cle>$ up ! matt]4 ,x happ5$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahfh t "o ( ! l>ge/ sev5te5-ye> broods occurr$ simultane\sly ) "o ( ! l>ge/ ?irte5-ye> broods4 ,su* an ev5t1 s f> z ^! two p>ticul> broods are conc]n$1 has n tak5 place s9ce #afdg1 nor w x take place aga9 till ! ye> #bjhi4 ,!re are absolutely no specific diff]5ces betwe5 ! two broods o!r ?an 9 ! "t ( matur+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a dimorph\s =m t appe>s ) bo? ^! broods4 ,x is small]1 ( a mu* d>k] color1 has an entirely diff]5t voice1 appe>s a =tnight soon]1 & is nev] kn[n to pair ) ! ord9>y =m4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,fi%]1 9 #ahea1 describ$ x z ,cicada cass9ii1 b ! specific diff]5ces are n suffici5tly well def9$ to entitle x to rank z a species4 ,,honey-,,dew4 ,t aphides secrete1 or r excrete1 a sac*>9e fluid1 call$ honey-dew1 :i* con/itutes an important "p ( ! food ( ants1 is a fact well kn[n to naturali/s4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 its primitive use4 ,b t x is 9 "s way connect$ ) ! pres]vation ( ! t5d] creatures by :i* x is elaborat$1 !re c exi/ n ! slighte/ d\bt4 ,conc]n+ its orig9 & application1 & ! b5efit :i* x secures to its au?ors1 v>i\s op9ions h be5 haz>d$1 b !y h all be5 too unsatisfactory to m]it m ?an a pass+ notice4 ,t x 0 ( "s advantage to "y aphides 0 surmis$ by _m1 b ! pro(s necess>y to su/a9 su* a surmise 7 un=tunately want+4 ,x 0 left to ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to ?r[ correct light ^u ! subject4 ,:il/ engag$ "s few ye>s ago 9 ! /udy ( ! species t affects ! blossoms ( "o ( our g\rds--! ,cucurbita ovif]a ( botani/s--c]ta9 ph5om5a 7 obs]v$1 :i* promis$ an easy & spe$y solution ( ! problem4 ,ga!r$ 9 compact masses1 l companies ( soldi]y prep>+ = a =ay1 hundr$s ( aphides 7 se51 busily fe$+1 all ov] ! fl[]s4 ,!re 7 old & "y1 n an indiscrim9ate m+l+ ( ages & sizes1 b an ord]ly arrangem5t ( families1 ea* family prec$$ by its own appropriate head4 ,fir/ came ! v "y ( ea* family1 only to be foll[$ by ^? t 7 old]1 leav+ ! olde/ ( all to lead up ! re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,blossom ,,( ,,cucurbita4 ,"m-,aphis & ,h] ,army ( ,*ildr5 on ,tube4 ,"h1 x 0 app>5t1 0 a mo/ wond]ful manife/ation ( intellig5t design4 ,! newly-born1 ne$+ ! "m's e>lie/ att5tion1 7 9 close/ proximity1 :ile ! almo/ mature 7 ! f>!/ remov$ f h] ess5tial pres5ce4 ,all ?is seem$ to indicate ! de>e/ relation%ip subsi/+ betwe5 "m & (fspr+1 b judg+ f outw>d appe>ances1 little1 if any1 love exi/$4 ,x is true t mat]nal in/9ct1 :i* is seldom s f> gone z to %ut its e>s to ! besee*+s ( suff]+ (fspr+ = food1 0 f> f be+ abs5t4 ,in/ances ( its pres5ce 7 mom5t>ily not$4 ,b a /imulus seem$1 9 "s cases1 q necess>y to its manife/ation4 ,!re 7 times :5 ! honey-gl&s act$ )\t any provocation4 ,x 0 only1 h[ev]1 :5 ! v t5d] 7 a-hungry1 t pressure 0 br\ght to be> ^u ! mo!rs4 ,a few g5tle rem9d]s s]v$ to ar\se !m f ! apa!tic indiff]5ce :i* possess$ !m4 ,! ant5n ( ! "y 7 ! means employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,two or ?ree c>esses almo/ imm$iately br\ght a dis*>ge ( honey4 ,aga9 & aga9 0 ! process obs]v$1 & always ) ! same inv>iable result4 ,nev] = a long] p]iod ?an two days 7 ! v "y dep5d5t ^u ?is mann] ( fe$+1 = _! dige/ive organs 7 too weak & delicate to assimilate e>li]1 )\t injury1 ! p[]ful juices ( ! food-plant4 ,b :at ( ! old] (fspr+8 ,t !y 7 f> f be+ disreg>d$ by p>5tal provision1 subsequ5t developm5ts only too pla9ly %[$4 ,! excretion1 ?\gh less urg5t 9 _! case ?an 9 t ( ! v "y1 0 q z indisp5sable4 ,7 x n s1 :at reason c be assign$ = _! v /rict adh]5ce to ! c\rse ov] :i* ! mat]nal head _h already pass$ 9 fe$+8 ,f :at has be5 said1 !re c be no d\bt t ! newly-born aphis d]ives mat]ial advantage f ! excretion4 ,b z ! supply is cle>ly above ! requirem5ts1 :y ! excess8 ,x is evid5t nature does n ne$ x z a k9d ( comp5sation = losses su/a9$ ?r\gh aphides4 ,!n :at purpose does x s]ve8 ,x becomes 9 "p ! pabulum ( ! /rong] ( ! "y1 & ?is x accompli%es by mix+ ) ! natural juices ( ! plant1 !reby r5d]+ !m fit = use4 ,to s]ve z food = ! "y is !n ! prim>y object ( aphis-excretion4 ,t a second>y purpose1 namely1 ! pres]vation ( ! species1 is also subs]v$1 !re c be no "q4 ,h[ ?is is effect$1 x %all n[ be my endeavor to %[4 ,ants1 x is well kn[n1 are fond ( sug>1 gums & sac*>9e solutions1 z well z ! ri* juices & t5d] tissues ( animals4 ,b _! appetite = sweets is /rong] ?an = all o!r diets4 ,to !m aphis w\ld prove q z too?some a morsel z x is to ,cocc9ella1 & w\ld be z eag]ly hunt$ = by !m 7 x n = ?is matt] ( sweets4 ,way back 9 ! hi/ory ( "t1 ?+s 7 p]haps diff]5t f :at !y are n[4 ,aphis 0 !n a racy tidbit1 & %>$1 no d\bt1 ! murd]\s assaults ( ,=mica1 z x did ( o!r c>nivores4 ,= ages ?is may h be5 go+ on1 b h[ long conjecture only c tell4 ,b !re came a "t :5 affairs 7 *ang$4 ,a new ord] ( ?+s 0 initiat$4 ,e>? 0 gr[+ bett] & impress+ new features ^u its life4 ,an ,ant1 m wise ?an any ( its fell[s1 or any t _h ev] liv$ be=e1 d\btless /epp$ ^u ! sc5e1 & a new era = ,aphis inaugurat$4 ,f9d+ by accid5t1 or o!rwise1 ! delightful qualities ( aphis-excretion1 x w\ld n be sl[ to communicate ! in=mation to its companions4 ,& z news travels rapidly1 & ants are by no means retic5t creatures1 b a %ort "t w\ld be necess>y to c>ry x ev]y:]e1 till all ! families1 ne> & remote1 ( ! great _w ( ! ,=micid w\ld be made acqua9t$ ) ! important discov]y4 ,n[1 z ants are end[$ ) a high degree ( intellig5ce1 consid]+ ! position !y occupy 9 ! gr& scale ( creat$ exi/5ces1 !y w\ld soon p]ceive t _! highe/ good w\ld be atta9$ by tak+ "u _! protection ! little creatures :i* are ! au?ors ( ?is excretion4 ,f ?is "t ! ants w\ld beg9 to ab&on _! sangu9>y prop5sities & manife/ "s reg>d = ! aphides4 ,! latt]1 9 return1 p]ceiv+ ! =m]'s fri5dly disposition1 w\ld cease to fe> !m1 & le>n to cat] to _! wants4 ,?us w\ld be develop$1 9 "t1 ^? amicable relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 ! two great1 yet widely diff]5tiat$1 families4 ,,mil*-,,c[s ,,( ,,! ,,ants4 ,:ile mu* has be5 writt5 ^u ! social relations subsi/+ betwe5 ants & aphides1 yet ! subject nev] gr[s un9t]e/+ or ?readb>e4 ,new facts are br\ght to light z obs]vations wid5 & ext5d1 "s t5d+ to confirm1 & o!rs to subv]t old notions4 ,t aphides excrete a sweet1 viscid1 honey-l fluid1 :i* af=ds food = _m species ( ants1 has be5 long kn[n to naturali/s4 ,any "o c conv9ce himself ( ?is tru? if he w b put himself to ! tr\ble ( exam9+ ! leaves or bran*lets ( any plant at ! prop] season ( ! ye>4 ,scatt]$ ^u ! foliage & t5d] twigs !re( w be f\nd millions ( aphides1 & close beside !m c\ntless ants1 t ev] & anon w be se5 to c>ess1 by means ( _! ant5n1 ! little creatures = ! sweets )9 _! bodies4 ,x has ev5 be5 ass]t$ t "s species ( ants keep aphides z human be+s d c[s1 b ?is by ! _m has be5 d\bt$1 or deem$ imag9>y4 ,:5 a "y man ! writ] 0 dispos$ to drift ) ! popul> op9ion 9 ?is p>ticul>1 b a few facts t fell "u 8 notice :il/ se>*+ = c>abi & o!r beetles t live "u /ones & decay$ logs1 *ang$ ! bias ( 8 m9d & e/abli%$ 9 him ! idea t ) "o species ( ant ?is 0 at lea/ ! case4 ,x 0 on an occasion :ile explor+ a neighbor+ ?icket = ! objects ( 8 se>*1 t he discov]$1 und]nea? a l>ge flat /one :i* he _h rais$1 a ne/ ( a small r$ ant1 :i* he took to be ! ,lasius flavus ( ! books4 ,! gr\nd 0 cov]$ all ov] ) pits1 & div]s communicat+ roads1 & r\nd ab\t 7 hundr$s ( ants1 l>v 9 v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 pup & eggs1 & innum]\s flocks ( a :ite aphis1 all ( :i* 7 be+ t5d]ly c>$ = by a l>ge army ( ?\ghtful nurses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,lasius4 ,neut]s ,ab\t ,_! ,"w4 ,no soon] did ! intrusion occur ?an ! colony 0 a sc5e ( busy activity4 ,int]e/$ 9 :at 0 be=e him1 ! writ] seat$ himself ^u a small m\nd ov]look+ ! ne/1 :]e c\ld be cle>ly obs]v$ ! m9ute/ details ( ant-life4 ,! neut]s 7 ev]y:]e to be notic$1 b n a s+le male or female ant4 ,all ! "w devolv$ ^u ! neut]s4 ,^! 7 divid$ into ?ree sets1 ea* set hav+ a def9ite "p to p]=m 9 ! unexpect$ drama be=e x4 ,"s neut]s _h ! exclusive *>ge ( ! mature l>v1 o!rs ( ! pup & v "y grubs1 & ! re/ ( _! aphidian h]ds4 ,b x is to ^? t _h ! c>e ( ! aphides t we %all p>ticul>ly invite att5tion4 ,at ! "t ( ! di/urbance1 ^! specializ$ neut]s 7 busy milk+ _! c[s1 :i* !y did by rubb+ _! long1 pliant feel]s aga9/ ! anal nipples ( ! latt]1 draw+ !refrom1 z x seem$1 a drop ( ! covet$ fluid ) ea* ant5nal /roke4 ,no aphis 0 kn[n to be visit$ 9 ?is bus9ess twice 9 succession1 b ! ants w\ld g f "o to ano!r1 & only return to ! fir/ :5 suffici5t "t _h elaps$ = ! repl5i%+ ( its /ore4 ,s int5t 7 !y ^u _! task1 t sev]al m9utes mu/ h pass$ be=e !y took 9 ! dang] to :i* !y 7 expos$4 ,y %\ld !n h se5 _! anxiety1 & ! pres5ce ( m9d !y exhibit$4 ,consci\s z ( attack1 & kn[+ ! p]il t beset !m1 !y did n flee to _! und]gr\nd gall]ies1 or to ! adjo9+ grasses1 = %elt]1 & ?us leave _! flocks to ! m]cy ( ! invad]1 b !y manife/$ ! deepe/ conc]n = ! little creatures1 s unable to def5d !mselves1 t _h s will+ly cat]$ to _! temporal wants4 ,n an ant 0 se5 to des]t its po/1 b all rema9$ on duty till ! la/ ( _! protegs 0 c>ri$ to safe & com=table ap>tm5ts 9 ! gr\nd b5ea?4 ,:at cle>] evid5ce is want$ to %[ ! love ^! neut]s be> ! t5d] objects ( _! c>e8 ,x mu/ be pla9 t man be/[s n half ! att5tion ^u 8 flocks ?an d ^! ants on !irs4 ,x is true !y d n br+ !m food1 b t !y build _! homes :]e food1 ! roots ( h]bs & grasses1 ab\nd1 !re is no d\bt4 ,x may be1 too1 t !y are c>ri$ to _! pa/ure-gr\nds1 :5 t necessity occurs1 b ?is _c ) tru? be said4 ,:5 "s w\ld /ray1 !y 7 return$ )9 ! fold1 :i* %[s ! wat* ^! ants d ex]cise4 ,conclud+ !n1 ?is mu* may be av]r$3 food1 :olesome1 sweet1 nutriti\s food1 ! aphides supply to ants1 ! neut]s & ! "y1 b specially ! "y4 ,& t !y lead mo/ happy1 prosp]\s lives1 ! ants _! ma/]s1 mu/ surely be1 or looks deceive4 ,,liv+ ,,artill]y4 ,no m rem>kable creature exi/s1 p]haps1 ?an ! little ,bra*9us fumans1 :i* is s v common 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,damp situations are affect$ by x1 b x is seldom met ) except by insect-hunt]s1 = x conceals itself g5]ally "u /ones1 z _m z a half-doz5 individuals (t5 be+ f\nd 9 company 9 a s+le locality4 ,banks ( tidal riv]s af=d excell5t hunt+-gr\nds 9 ,engl& = ,bra*9us1 b 9 ,am]ica l[1 dank woods & bord]s ( /reams are ! places :]e "o mu/ look to discov] its pres5ce4 ,:5 once y h made ! acqua9tance ( s rem>kable a /rang] y c nev] aft]w>ds fail to recognize him 9 y\r travels4 ,he is peculi>1 b n at all di/+ui%$ 9 looks1 z "s ( 8 bre?r54 ,picture a yell[i%-r$ beetle1 ) a blui% frock-coat1 :i* 8 w+-cov]s resemble1 & possess$ ( a %ort1 n>r[ head1 a he>t-%ap$ pro?orax1 z ! front ( ! *e/-segm5ts is call$1 & a long1 broad abdom51 ?ree times ! size ( ! re/ ( 8 body1 & y h a tol]ably fair idea ( ,bra*9us4 ,b x is n s mu* 8 odd %ape z a mo/ extraord9>y prop]ty he possesses1 :i* is s+ul>ly unique 9 ! animal k+dom1 t makes him an object ( int]e/ & curiosity4 ,deep d[n 9 8 mo/ m>vell\s body a fluid1 highly volatile 9 its nature1 is elaborat$1 :i* ! little creature c reta9 or expel at 8 pleasure4 ,x is only1 h[ev]1 :5 al>m$ t he utilizes ?is fluid 9 small quantities 9 def5se1 b its effect is wond]ful1 = 9 com+ into contact ) ! atmosph]e x imm$iately volatilizes & explodes1 look+ v mu* l a dis*>ge ( p[d] f a m9iature artill]y4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ph5om5on ! insect :i* produces x is popul>ly call$ ! ,bomb>di] ,beetle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bra*9us ,,pursu$ ,,by ,,an ,,enemy4 ,8 ,curi\s & ,unique ,me?od ( ,def5ce4 ,s small a coleopt]1 be+ sc>cely "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & s comp>atively weak1 is likely to be attack$ by ! l>g] ,geodephaga1 or ,e>? ,dev\r]s1 & especially by ! ,c>abi1 :i* inhabit simil> retreats4 ,b = ?is curi\s def5ce ! small] insect c\ld h b ! b>e/ *ance ( liv+ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,(t5 h ,i se5 a ,c>abus 9 hot pursuit ( ,bra*9us4 ,! *ase is always an int]e/+ "o1 & nev] fails1 h[ev] frequ5tly x has be5 obs]v$1 ( attract+ att5tion & excit+ admiration4 ,b ! wide-awake1 ev] wat*ful ,bra*9us nev] loses 8 head = a second :5 ?us pursu$1 b l ! clev] artill]yman t he is1 awaits ! opportune mom5t1 & !n p\rs a heavy dis*>ge ( 8 fulm9at+ fluid into ! v face ( ! enemy4 ,baffl$1 al>m$1 ,c>abus desi/s f ! attack1 & backs sl[ly away f ! t9y blue smoke1 :ile ,bra*9us1 9 ! confusion t ensues1 escapes to "s place ( security = re/ & protection4 ,mo/ skilfully has ! arti/ del9eat$ ! sc5e4 ,c>abus s]ratus1 ! pursu+ beetle1 is *as+ ! ,bomb>di]1 & has ne>ly effect$ 8 capture1 :51 all ( a sudd51 a dis*>ge ( artill]y has /opp$ ! pursuit1 "u cov] ( :i* ! ,bomb>di] w make (f4 ,mean:ile ! ,c>abus1 ex*ang+ 8 rapid advance = a retreat q z rapid1 ?r[s back 8 ant5n1 a sign ( 8 defeat1 & skulks away to recov] 8 wont$ self-possession4 ,! volatile fluid1 :i* produces su* curi\s effects1 is secret$ 9 a small sac j )9 ! end ( ! abdom54 ,n only is x capable ( repell+ ! l>g] beetles by its explosion & cl\d ( blue vapor1 b x is also p[]ful en\gh to discolor ! human sk91 z _m :o h captur$ ,bomb>di] ,beetles by ! h& "k only too well4 ,%\ld ! fluid get )9 ! eyelids1 ! pa9 & irritation produc$ are v di/ress+4 ,"s ye>s ago ! writ]1 :ile se>*+ = c>abi und]nea? /ones & 9 crevic$ rocks1 met = ! fir/ "t ) ,bra*9us1 b 0 ignorant z a *ild ( 8 obnoxi\s prop]ty4 ,plac+ a little fell[ ^u 8 h& = close exam9ation1 he soon exp]i5c$ a burn+ & pa9ful s5sation ( ! ball ( ! eye1 b did n = a long :ile attribute ! cause to a dis*>ge f ! ,beetle4 ,repeat$ inve/igations at v %ort ranges by means ( a microscope 7 att5d$ ) simil> results1 till ev5tually an inflammation ( ! visual organs set 91 accompani$ by a blurr+ ( ! sight1 :i* deb>r$ him f read+ & /udy = ne>ly a =tnight4 ,"o le>ns wisdom by exp]i5ce1 & ! wisdom ?us acquir$ s]ves = a lifetime4 ,ev5 ,bra*9us has le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 d\btless1 to be economical 9 ! use ( 8 res\rces4 ,! :ole ( ! cont5ts ( 8 t9y magaz9e are n eject$ at "o dis*>ge1 b !re is suffici5t to produce a s]ies ( explosions1 ea* explosion be+ p]ceptibly fa9t] ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,by press+ ! abdom5 ( ! dead ,beetle betwe5 f+] & ?umb ^! explosions may ev5 be produc$4 ,9 hot c\ntries1 :]e exce$+ly l>ge species ab\nd1 ! explosions are said to be v l\d1 & accompani$ ) q a cl\d ( blue vapor4 ,,bright ,,& ,,%9+ ,,ones4 ,probably m ?an n9ety ?\s& diff]5t species ( beetles exi/ 9 ! _w1 fir/ & =emo/ among !m /&+ ! ,cic9delid1 or ,tig] ,beetles4 ,f _! high position 9 ! coleopt]\s _w !y may well dem& our att5tion1 b !y h o!r claims ^u our consid]ation4 ,!y are beautiful1 c\rage\s little creatures1 & accompli% a va/ am\nt ( good to man4 ,! "n ,cic9dela1 by :i* !y are kn[n to sci5tific p1 tells u t !y are ! 8bright & %9+ ones20 :ile ! cognom5 ( ,tig] ,beetle reveals to all ,engli%-speak+ nations ! /ory ( ! incessant w>f>e :i* !y wage ^u _! fell[s4 ,! ,cic9del love ! m]ry sun%9e4 ,on any bright summ] day !y may be f\nd runn+ & fly+ ab\t sunny banks1 or revell+ 9 s&y places :]e ! day-god smil+ly rejoices4 ,!y mo/ly avoid vegetation1 z x *ecks _! easy rapid movem5ts1 al?\gh "s k9ds affect grassy spots among ! trees4 ,!y are ! mo/ pr$ace\s ( ! coleopt]a1 & behave l ! tig]s among mammals1 ! hawks among birds1 ! crocodiles among reptiles & ! %>ks among fi%es4 ,9 ! tropics "s few g5]a seek _! food on ! leaves ( trees1 b 9 temp]ate & sub-tropical regions1 :]e ! species are m abundant1 !y are t]re/rial 9 habits4 ,let u n[ take our in/rum5ts ( capture & g 9 que/ ( "s ( ! doz5 or m species t h _! home ) u4 ,! day is auspici\s4 ,"h is a likely spot4 ,see !re ^u ! gr\nd are "s specim5s ( our commone/ species--! ,cic9dela vulg>is ( naturali/s4 ,g = t "o4 ,he sees y z quickly z y see him1 & is (f = a few y>ds1 b sudd5ly drops to ! grass f 8 flight1 b always ) 8 head t[>ds ! enemy4 ,aga9 & aga9 y />t him1 b at la/1 tir+ ( ! *ase1 he takes a long] flight t usual4 ,?is is a ruse ( 81 & kn[+ :at x means1 y hurry back to :]e y fir/ saw him 9 "t to see him all unsuspect+ly alight1 & y easily take him captive 9 y\r toils4 ,n[ t y h him secure1 exam9e him closely4 ,wat* h[ savagely he moves 8 m&ibles & tries to p9*4 ,y ne$ n be afraid1 = 8 bite is in(f5sive & n v pa9ful4 ,y measure ) ! eye 8 size1 & y rightly decide t he is n mu* ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 & sc>cely "o-f\r? 9 bread?4 ,8 head y w f9d v l>ge & bra9y1 8 jaws p[]ful & long & curv$1 two scimit>-l weapons1 :i* are admirably fitt$ = cutt+ & c>v+ ! quiv]+ bodies ( 8 prey4 ,8 elev5-jo9t$ ant5n are long1 sl5d] & graceful4 ,9 color 8 back is dull purple1 b b5ea? he is respl5d5t 9 a bright brassy gre54 ,?ree :iti%1 irregul> b&s adorn 8 w+-cov]s4 ,8 legs1 long & sl5d]1 are j ! ?+s on :i* to hunt ! active insects ^u :i* he fe$s4 ,8 next ( k91 ! ,purple ,tig] ,beetle1 is ne>ly z l>ge z he1 & (t5 jo9s him 9 company4 ,beautifully rob$ 9 purple he usually is1 b sometimes 9 a gre5i% g>b array$4 ,f ! out] almo/ to ! inn] m>g9 ( ea* w+ me&]s a r$di% l9e1 :ile l[] d[n a dot1 & /ill ano!r at ! f>!/ tip ( ! inn] bord]1 enhance 8 beauty4 ,cold spr+ days delight him be/1 & he is (t5 se5 :5 sn[ is yet ^u ! gr\nd4 ,m beautiful by f> ?an ei!r1 & no less active1 is ,cic9dela sex guttata1 or ! ,six-spott$ ,tig] ,beetle1 ^: dress1 a brilliant metallic gre51 fleck$ ) six small silv] spots1 r5d]s him a pretty sight :5 y fla% ! rays ( light a?w>t 8 burni%$ armor4 ,hot1 ,june-l days & du/y road-sides suit him be/1 & !re1 :at "t ! sun looks d[n 9 all 8 burn+ ardor1 our little fri5d is met1 8 purpose b5t on slaught]4 ,o!r species might be in/anc$1 = ,nor? ,am]ica conta9s at lea/ a hundr$1 b en\gh h be5 giv5 = our pres5t object4 ,illu/ration3 ,,common ,,tig] ,,beetle4 ,l>v 9 ,burr[s4 ,two ,o!r ,species 9 ,backgr\nd4 ,tig] ,beetles may well be call$ b5eficial insects4 ,al?\gh !y d n1 l t brilliant murd]ess1 ! dragon-fly1 cle> ! atmosph]e ( ! gnats & flies t torm5t mank9d1 b /ill1 ) _! p[]ful curv$ dagg]s1 :i* s]ve !m = jaws1 !y accompli% a swift & almo/ incr$ible havoc among ! small] insects4 ,we %\ld take c>e ( !m1 & respect !m1 = !y are an invaluable auxili>y to ! f>m]4 ,! f]ocity ( ^! insects is rem>kable4 ,no soon] h !y tak5 _! prey1 ?an !y quickly /rip x ( w+s & legs1 & proce$ at once to suck out ! cont5ts ( its abdom54 ,(t5 :5 !y are di/urb$ 9 ?is agreeable occupation1 n wi%+ to leave _! victim1 !y fly away ) x to a place ( un9t]rupt$ security1 b !y are unable to c>ry a heavy burd5 to any great di/ance4 ,!y are true *ildr5 ( ! e>?4 ,! eggs are laid 9 ! e>?1 & 9 ! e>? ! grubs are hat*$1 & 9 ! e>? !y sp5d _! days1 & 9 ! e>? !y prep>e _! %r\ds1 &1 wrapp$ !re91 sleep _! pupa-sleep ?r\gh ! long1 dre>y w9t]1 & ) ! return+ w>m? ( spr+ crawl out ( _! e>?y *amb]s to run & sport on e>?1 seldom us+ _! new-=m$ w+s to fly away f _! belov$ "m4 ,! grubs are hide\s hun*backs1 b possess$ ( bra9s & /oma*4 ,!y live 9 ! same localities z _! p>5ts1 ! anxi\s "m1 ) wise precision1 hav+ c>efully deposit$ h] eggs :]e food w\ld be readily atta9able by h] *ildr54 ,h y a desire to exam9e a l>va8 ,!re is a hole t has be5 made by "o ( ^! creatures4 ,place d[n into x a small /raw or a bit ( f9e twig4 ,! cranky little h]mit1 :o is always wide-awake1 resi/s mo/ fi]cely su* unprovok$ insol5ce1 & in/antly seeks1 by ! aid ( 8 broad1 expansive head1 to eject ! intrud+ object4 ,n[ is y\r "t4 ,:5 he %[s himself1 quickly seize him ) y\r f+]s4 ,y w f9d him a p]fect ,daniel ,quilp1 ) head enorm\s1 flat1 metallic 9 color & arm$ ) long1 curv$ jaws4 ,8 legs are six 9 numb]1 & on ! back1 half-way betwe5 ! legs & tail1 are two curi\s1 odd-look+ tub]cles1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 a pair ( recurv$ hooks4 ,! head & fir/ body-division are horny1 ! re/ ( ! creature be+ s(t & v s5sitive4 ,:ile ! l>val ,cic9dela has all ! desire = slaught] :i* 8 p>5ts manife/1 yet 8 delicate sk91 long body & /ubby legs n only prev5t him f *as+ prey1 b also f attempt+ a /ruggle ) an insect ( any size2 nev]!less ?is imp]fectly arm$ creature manages to secure 8 food )\t expos+ himself to any s]i\s risk4 ,) 8 %ort1 ?ick sp9y legs he loos5s ! e>?1 & ) 8 flat head1 :i* he uses z a %ovel1 & turn+ himself into a z-%ap$ figure1 hoi/s up ! clay & upsets x ar\nd ! m\? ( 8 int5d$ dwell+4 ,) head & legs1 & ) a p]sev]ance t is truly surpris+1 he s9ks 9 a v %ort "t a %aft a foot 9 l5g? & z l>ge 9 diamet] z an ord9>y lead-p5cil4 ,especial pa9s are tak5 to see t ! tunnel is suffici5tly wide1 s t ! little creature c crawl 9 ) ease4 ,if he wi%es to rema9 set fa/1 he /icks ! back ( 8 body aga9/ ! sides & re/s safely ) ! aid ( 8 hooks4 ,9 ?is position he c poke 8 head out ( ! gr\nd1 ?us clos+ ! entrance ( 8 burr[1 :ile 9 pati5t wait+ = "s unsuspici\s wayf>] to pass ov]4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! luckless insect t\*es ! top ( 8 head1 he rel9qui%es 8 hold )9 ! tunnel & desc5ds ) great precipitation to ! bottom1 & ?us 8 victim falls into ! hole1 :]e x is seiz$ by ! p[]ful jaws & its juices absorb$ 9 a quiet1 leisurely mann]4 ,! loose e>? ar\nd ! op5+ ( ! tunnel gives way on ! approa* ( an insect1 & ?us ! success ( ! cunn+ ,cic9dela is d\bly insur$4 ,sometimes 9 ! con/ruction ( a burr[1 aft] a c]ta9 dep? has be5 rea*$1 ! "y ,cic9dela meets ) a difficulty :i* he _h n expect$4 ,a flat /one is enc\nt]$1 & ?us fur!r progress 9 a v]tical direction is prev5t$4 ,if ! ob/acle1 on acc\nt ( its size1 _c be gone r\nd1 & ! %aft is n deep en\gh = 8 purpose1 x is n unusual = him to des]t x & attempt ! tunnell+ ( a home 9 "s m desirable spot4 ,he does n und]take a v long j\rney1 = he kn[s too well ! risk :i* he runs by s do+1 z he is 9 dang] ( be+ assault$ by secret foes 9 ! re>1 an attack :i* ! peculi> con=mation ( 8 h9d] body ill fits him to resi/4 ,on l& he is timid & c[>dly1 & well might he be1 b )9 ! protect+ walls ( 8 und]gr\nd ca/le1 ) a pair ( p[]ful swords ) :i* to def5d himself1 he is ! imp]sonation ( fe>lessness & c\rage4 ,:5 fully gr[n ! l>va closes up ! m\? ( its abode1 & 9 quiet & solitude und]goes its metamorphosis1 ly+ dormant dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,b :5 ! brea? ( w>m spr+ days has melt$ ! icy coldness ( ! e>?1 & fill$ ! air ) vivify+ influ5ces1 !n comes x =? 9 all ! pomp & spl5dor ( its nature--a w+$ exi/5ce4 ,x has be5 se5 :at a beautiful adaptation ( means to an end is %[n by ! "y ,cic9dela4 ,ev5 ! adult1 or mature =m1 ) its long1 sl5d] legs1 s admirably =m$ = sil5ce & fleetness ( movem5t1 :i* are alike necess>y to pursuit ( prey & escape f enemies1 displays ! wisdom ( ,him :o brea!d into all animat$ nature1 no matt] h[ small or h[ humble1 ! ess5ce ( ,8 be+1 & end[$ "o & all ) qualities ( m9d & body :i* %\ld respond to environ+ conditions & ?us prep>e !m to survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,,que5 ,,( ,,am]ican ,,silk-,,sp9n]s4 ,no insect af=ds a bett] pro( ( high art 9 nature1 & ( ! transc5d5t beauty ( ! ,creator's ?\ghts1 ?an ! ,luna mo?1 :i* is z prem95t above h] fell[s z h] namesake1 ! fair empress ( ! sky1 above ! less] lights t dom9ate ! night4 ,h] elegant robes ( gre51 set (f ) trimm+s ( purple1 & jewell$ ) diamonds1 add$ to h] que5ly grace & p]sonal *>ms1 w always di/+ui% h] f ! pr(anum vulgus ( ! articulata4 ,& n[ = a %ort biographical sket* ( ?is rem>kable beauty f ! cradle to ! grave1 & beyond1 aft] %e has assum$ h] resurrection-attire1 to ! day :51 h] appo9t$ "w on e>? be+ end$1 %e quietly lays h] body d[n to m+le ) its native clay4 ,9 h] *ildhood1 or cat]pill> /ate1 h] head is elliptical 9 %ape1 ( a light pe>ly color1 ! re/ ( ! body be+ a cle> blui%-gre54 ,a fa9t yell[ b& /ret*es along ea* side1 j bel[ ! l9e ( h] brea?+-organs1 f ! fir/ to ! t5? segm5t1 :ile ! back1 betwe5 ! sev]al body-r+s1 is cross$ by n>r[ transv]se b>s1 simil> 9 coloration4 ,ea* segm5t1 aft] ! fa%ion ( h] ki? & k91 is adorn$ ) small pe>ly w>ts1 t+$ ) purple1 "s five or six 9 numb]1 ea* tipp$ ) a few simple hairs4 ,?ree br[n spots1 bord]$ above ) yell[1 ornam5t ! end ( ! tail4 ,an int]e/+ v>iety1 ^: g5]al color is a dull r$di%-br[n1 is sometimes met )1 b ! lat]al & transv]se /ripes ( yell[ h disappe>$1 & ! pe>l-color$ w>ts ) edges ( purple h assum$ a ri*] hue & blaze l a coronet ( rubies4 ,:5 at re/1 ) ! r+s all bun*$ & body %ort5$1 ! infantile ,luna is z ?ick z a man's ?umb1 measur+ b two in*es 9 l9e> direction2 b :5 %e sets out ^u h] travels1 feel+ ! dignity ( h] /ation 9 life1 %e /ret*es to h] full l5g? ( ?ree in*es4 ,:5 h be5 complet$ h] allott$ days ( fe$+ ^u ! leaves ( ! hickory1 oak1 walnut or sweet gum1 & %e is s]i\sly contemplat+ ! prep>+ ( a %r\d & casket 9 :i* to await h] resurrection-morn1 %e ca/s ab\t = leaves1 :i*1 :5 !y are f\nd1 %e securely draws toge!r1 & )9 ! holl[ space !re is soon spun a v close & /rong oval cocoon ( silk1 "o & ?ree-f\r?s in*es 9 l5g?1 ( *e/nut-br[n color1 ?91 & cov]$ ) w>ts & excresc5ces1 b seldom %[+ ! impr9ts ( leaves4 ,cocoons ( ,luna s ne>ly resemble ^? ( polyphemus1 t _m an exp]i5c$ collector is greatly *agr9$1 aft] gett+ toge!r a l>ge supply ( :at he deems ,luna cocoons1 to f9d dusky1 "o-ey$ polyphemi to issue f ! silk5 tombs r ?an a goodly ?rong1 9 delicate bridal attire1 ( pr\d empresses ( ! night4 ,polyphemus cocoons are1 h[ev]1 some:at small] ?an ,lunas1 :ite or dirty-:ite 9 color1 r\nd$ at ea* end1 & sometimes angul>1 because ( ! leaves be+ unev5ly m\ld$ into _! surfaces1 & g5]ally cov]$ ) a :iti% meal-l p[d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,luna ,,mo?4 ,l>va on ,bran* ,bel[1 & ,cocoon on ,twig ,j ,above4 ,9 ,june ! ,lunas awake f _! dea?-l slumb]1 bur/ asund] _! silk5 c]em5ts1 hav+ at fir/ made loose ! compact ?reads by a fluid-ejection1 & come out into ! _w 9 all ! fre%ness & glory ( a new & untri$ exi/5ce4 ,_! w+s1 :i* exp& f f\r & ?ree-f\r?s to five & "o-half in*es1 are ( a delicate light-gre5 color1 ! h9d] ones be+ prolong$ into a tail ( an in* & a half or m 9 l5g?4 ,along ! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! =e-w+s is a broad purple-br[n /ripe1 ext5d+ also across ! back1 & s5d+ d[nw>ds a little bran* to a glitt]+ eye-l spot ne> ! middle ( ! w+4 ,^! eyes1 ( :i* !re is "o on ea* w+1 are transp>5t 9 ! c5tre1 & encircl$ by :ite1 yell[1 blue & black r+s4 ,! h9d] bord]s are m or less edg$ ) purple-br[n4 ,all ! n]vures are v di/9ct1 & pale-br[n 9 color4 ,ne> ! body ! w+s are ?ickly inve/$ ) long :ite hairs4 ,! "u sides1 except+ t an indi/9ct l9e runs along ! m>g9 ( bo? w+s1 are l to ! upp]4 ,z = ! body1 ! ?orax is :ite1 occasionally yell[i% or gre5i%1 & c\rs$ by ! purple-br[n /ripe t trav]ses ! entire l5g? ( ! upp] edge ( ! w+s2 & ! abdom51 simil>ly color$1 & clo!d ) :ite1 wool-l hairs4 ,! head is small & :ite1 & furni%$ ) broad1 flat & /rongly pect9at$ ant5n1 :i* are v mu* wid] 9 ! male4 ,! legs are purple-br[n1 & poorly adapt$ = walk+1 b ?is defect is l>gely comp5sat$ = 9 ! wide /ret* ( w+s1 t fit _! possessor = p[]ful & long-su/a9$ flight4 ,su* is ,luna 9 h] v>i\s trans=mations4 ,not)/&+ h] great size & almo/ mat*less lovel9ess1 h] habits are n proportionally notewor?y4 ,! gift ( sup]ior beauty1 9 ! insect z 9 ! mammalian _w1 does n (t5 c>ry ) x a high ord] ( intellig5ce4 ,x is true ! "y ,luna kn[s pretty well ! secret ( dissembl+4 ,h[ quickly %e p]ceives ! approa* ( an enemy6 ,& %e kn[s h[ to deal ) him1 b h] little trick ( simulat+ dea?1 or an immobile twig1 does n always succe$ ) ! wily spid]1 or artful i*neumon4 ,t %e is a tol]ably good connoisseur ( ! "* ( foods1 !re c be no "q4 ,y _c deceive h]4 ,take f h] ! foods h] ance/ors h us$ = c5turies untold1 & sub/itute o!rs %e kn[s no?+ ab\t1 & %e is at once cognizant ( ! *ange4 ,h[ev] hungry %e may be1 & 9 h] e>ly gr[+ ye>s %e is ev] a voraci\s fe$]1 %e w />ve r ?an eat :at ! unwritt5 law ( h] race has /rictly int]dict$4 ,i h kn[n cases :]e dea? has ensu$1 or ! cat]pill> has pupat$ e>li] ?an usual1 :5 ali5 food has be5 giv5 x to eat4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ ( life1 j aft] ! fir/ sk9-m\lt+ has be5 effect$1 ere ! little creature has atta9$ its sev5? day ( age1 no tr\ble is exp]i5c$ 9 *ang+ ! food1 almo/ any?+ edible 9 ! plant-l9e be+ eat51 ?\gh "s ?+s ) a m decid$ reli% ?an o!rs4 ,9 ! matt] ( cocoon-weav+1 :]e ! necess>y leaves = a basis _c be obta9$1 z occurs 9 captivity1 ! inconv5i5ce is ov]come1 b n )\t difficulty4 ,leaves1 y mu/ "k1 are 9 ,luna's way ( ?9k+1 z ess5tial to cocoon-build+ z wood5 or iron beams & gird]s to man's own con/ruct+4 ,)\t a framework ( "s sort1 :at a sorry attempt w\ld we make at home-build+1 b ,luna does succe$1 aft] a good deal ( wise plann+ & no little worry1 9 produc+ a h\se :i* is well wor?y h] ef=t4 ,:ile ! gaudy mo? or butt]fly1 :5 contra/$ 9 wisdom & s5se ) ! d+y-color$ bee1 may suff] 9 comp>ison1 yet %e is by no means ! dull1 /upid creature %e is pictur$ to be4 ,%e lives1 x is a fact1 z has (t5 be5 said1 = ! increase ( h] race1 b ! int]e/ %e %[s = ! "y %e may nev] see1 9 lay+ h] eggs ^u ! plant t is to s]ve !m z food & home1 puts h] ^u a r high plane ( intellig5t exi/5ce4 ,luna's life1 9 ! p]fect /ate1 is usually q brief4 ,x is "o ( ! happie/ ( honeymoons4 ,love conqu]s & de/roys all o!r passions ( h] be+1 :ile h] gorm&iz+ (fspr+ are nev] tr\bl$ by ! ard5t flame :i* consumes ev5 ! ?\ght ( sipp+ ! nect> ( ! fl[]s t rival 9 beauty ! w+s ( ! "m1 :o is ! p]fect repres5tation & embodim5t ( elegance & grace4 ,:ile ! e>ly insect lives & eats1 ! adult =m1 ^u :om ,dame ,nature has exp5d$ s mu* weal? ( color & su* symmetry ( %ape1 :i* make h] a 8?+ ( beauty & a joy =ev]10 lives & dies1 = 9 h] seem+ ha/e & =getfulness ! great "m ( u all has made h] )\t ! ess5tial means ( ta/+ food1 a delight & an enjoym5t :i* ! lords ( creation are s wont to e/eem ! purpose & aim ( all human exi/5ce4 ,,basket-,,c>ri]s4 ,y :o h be5 to ! c\ntry1 9 ! summ]1 & :o h kept y\r eyes alive to ! surr\nd+s1 h d\btless se5 ! ,basket-worm fe$+ ^u ! leaves ( ! qu9ce1 apple1 pea*1 l9d51 & o!r decidu\s trees1 z well z ^u su* ev]gre5 z ! arbor-vit1 ,norway spruce1 & r$ c$>4 ,9 ,g]many ^! worms are popul>ly designat$ ,sack-trg]1 or ,sack-be>]1 :ile ! mature insect is spok5 ( z ! ,h\se-build] ,mo?4 ,sci5tifically speak+1 ! latt] is call$ ,?yridopt]yx ephem]=mis1 a "n :i* is ne>ly twice ! l5g? ( ! cat]pill> x repres5ts4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ! curi\s wea!r-beat5 bags ( ^! worms may be obs]v$ hang+ f ! tree-bran*es1 app>5tly )\t a trace ( ! odd-look+ creatures t hung !m !re ! autumn be=e4 ,if a numb] ( ^! bags are ga!r$ & cut op5 at ?is "t1 _m ( !m w be discov]$ to be empty1 b ! great] portion w be f\nd p>tly full ( yell[ eggs4 ,^? :i* d n conta9 eggs are male bags1 & ! empty *rysalis ( ! male w be f\nd protrud+ f ! l[] extremity4 ,^u close exam9ation ^! eggs w be obs]v$ to be obovate 9 =m1 s(t & opaque1 ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & surr\nd$ by m or less fawn-color$ silky d[n4 ,if left to !mselves1 !y hat* sometime 9 ,may1 or e>ly 9 ,june4 ,! "y :i* come f ^! eggs are ( a br[n color1 v active 9 _! movem5ts1 & beg9 at once to make = !mselves cov]+s ( silk1 to :i* !y fa/5 bits ( ! leaves ( ! tree on :i* !y are fe$+1 =m+ small cones t are closely adh]5t to ! leaf-surfaces4 ,z ! l>v gr[1 !y augm5t ! size ( _! enclosures or bags f ! bottom1 until !y become s l>ge & heavy t !y hang in/ead ( rema9+ upright1 z !y did at fir/4 ,by ! end ( ,july ! cat]pill>s become fully gr[n4 ,!y are n[ exce$+ly re/less1 & may be se5 w&]+ f bran* to bran* by means ( _! true legs :i* are project$ f ! m\?s ( _! baskets1 to :i* !y keep firm hold1 or susp5d$ f a bran* ( a tree by a long silk5 ?read ( _! own manufacture4 ,:5 v abundant1 z !y 7 9 c]ta9 localities dur+ ! season j end$1 !y become a great nuisance1 z "o c h>dly walk b5ea? ! trees )\t be+ inconv5i5c$ by a doz5 or m dangl+ into 8 face4 ,remov$ f ! case at ?is /age ( exi/5ce & closely exam9$1 t portion ( ! body :i* has be5 cov]$ by ! bag w be se5 to be s(t1 & ( a dull br[ni% color1 incl9+ to r$ at ! sides1 :ile ! ?ree ant]ior segm5ts1 :i* are expos$ :5 ! insect is fe$+ or travell+1 w be f\nd to be horny & mottl$ ) black & :ite4 ,! pro-legs on ! middle & h9d] segm5ts1 :i* are s(t & fle%y1 w %[ !mselves fr+$ ) num]\s hooks1 by :i* ! l>va is enabl$ to cl+ to ! silk5 l9+ ( its bag & drag x along :]ev] x goes4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ! bag is r\gh & irregul>1 (t5 pres5t+ a beautiful ruffle-l appe>ance1 :i* is due to ! project+ portions ( ! /ems & leaves :i* are wov5 into x4 ,dur+ _! gr[+-p]iod ^! cat]pill>s are sl[ travell]s1 seldom leav+ ! tree on :i* !y 7 hat*$4 ,:5 ab\t to *ange into *rysalids1 !y fa/5 _! bags securely to ! twigs on :i* !y happ5 to be1 & !n und]go _! *ange1 ! male *rysalis be+ v mu* small] ?an ! female1 h>dly "o-?ird its size4 ,:5 we exam9e ! cases ( ! ,basket-worm1 h>dly any two w be se5 to be alike 9 _! ornam5tation4 ,s completely is ! outside cov]$1 :5 made ^u ! arbor-vit1 :i* seems to be a favorite food-plant ( ! species1 t ! silk5 envelope is conceal$ f view4 ,! bits ( twigs & leaves are probably protective1 & yet "o w\ld ?9k t ! extremely t\gh case :i* cov]s ! cat]pill> w\ld be q suffici5t to protect x aga9/ all assaults ( foes & /ress ( wea!r4 ,nev]!less1 ?is leafy coat ( mail1 :i* sometimes :olly cov]s ! sac1 mu/ c]ta9ly add v mu* to ! protective value ( ! cov]+4 ,! cat]pill> has a s(t1 hairless body1 & is ?us m expos$ ?an _m ( its neighbors1 & nature1 x w\ld seem1 has favor$ x f> above all ( its fell[s4 ,h[ ! worm manages to trim its coat 9 ?is mann] mu/ seem1 to ! un9itiat$ 9 su* matt]s1 :olly inexplicable4 ,to enable ! read] to und]/& ! mann] ( op]ation1 x w be necess>y fir/ to expla9 its mode ( fe$+4 ,! l>va has p]fect control ( its own movem5ts1 not)/&+ ! fact t x c>ries its h\se ^u its back4 ,x c ?us ?ru/ its body out ( ! sac-m\? until ne>ly ! :ole ( x is expos$1 & twi/ & b5d itself 9 e direction4 ,specim5s h be5 met ) t _h dropp$ f ! trees hang+ by a ?read & squirm+1 b5d+ & snapp+ _! bodies 9 ! mo/ grotesque ways1 :ile ! case spun ar\nd l an old-fa%ion$ di/aff4 ,n[1 :5 ! cat]pill> wants to fe$ x /ret*es its head & neck out ( ! case & moves !m ab\t until a satisfactory place has be5 secur$1 :i* x clasps ) its true legs1 ?ree pairs ( h>d1 conical organs arm$ ) %>p claws1 & pulls up its body & comm5ces to sp94 ,! sp9n+-organs are ne> ! m\?1 & aft] sev]al movem5ts ( ! head1 z ?\gh sme>+ ! liquid viscid silk ^u ! leaf1 ! head is drawn back1 draw+ out ) x a %ort ?read4 ,a simil> movem5t is !n made aga9/ "o side ( ! m\? ( ! sac1 ! process be+ repeat$ sev]al times until a /\t /ay-l9e is spun by :i* ! l>va hangs securely4 ,n[ ! creature is ready to fe$4 ,! behavior1 h[ev]1 v>ies a great deal4 ,9 fe$+ ^u ! :ite p9e x secures itself to "o leaf by its /ay-l9e1 :ile x rea*es to an adjo9+ leaf :i* x bites (f1 & sitt+ erect1 z x 71 9 its h\se1 com=tably *ews (f ! end :i* is cont9ually %or$ upw>d by ! fir/ & second pairs ( true legs t /& out free & untrammell$ above ! sac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h\se-,,build] ,,mo?4 ,"y 9 ,h\se1 ,w+$ ,male1 ,"y ,susp5d$ & ,bag-l ,female 9 ,longitud9ally-,split ,cocoon4 ,b m frequ5tly ! worm fe$s )\t sep>at+ ! leaf f ! po9t ( susp5sion4 ,by mak+ itself fa/ to ! "u "p ( ! leaf x is ?us enabl$ to rea* ! edge1 :i* x gnaws r\nd & r\nd until x has complet$ its de/ruction4 ,s securely does ! cat]pill> hold on to its h\se1 t "o w\ld suppose t its body 0 la%$ to ! inside4 ,b no1 its body is unhamp]$1 = x c turn itself easily ar\nd 9 its case1 & g out at ei!r end1 al?\gh ! head is g5]ally direct$ upw>d4 ,x cl+s to ! inside ) ! hooks ^u its h9d] feet1 & s t5aci\sly1 too1 t ! writ] has nev] be5 able to pull "o out1 be+ *eck$ by ! fe> ( te>+ ! creature 9 two4 ,& n[ to ! mode ( atta*+ ! leaf-cutt+s to ! case4 ,?is is always done at or ne> ! m\? ( ! sac4 ,! ,ephem]a=m l>va is a gr[+ creature1 unlike ! mo? itself1 :i* em]ges a p]fect insect ( full gr[?4 ,x comm5ces life z a small worm1 eats small quantities1 &1 z may be obs]v$1 d[n t[>ds ! foot ( ! case sews on v small tags4 ,b aft] x has fa/5$ on ^! pieces to ! m\?1 x gr[s itself1 & s also does ! case1 :i* x cont9ually /ret*es & enl>ges4 ,h5ce ! m\? ( ! case is cont9ually *ang+1 mov+ upw>d z ! worm fe$s1 s t ! pieces sew$ ^u ! cap ( ! case ?us appe>1 9 an adult cat]pill>1 precisely z !y are se5 scatt]$ along ! outside f top to bottom4 ,& n[1 z to h[ ! pieces are put into ! case1 ,i %all endeavor to expla94 ,t ! worm cuts purposely ?r\gh ! twig :i* x ne$s = ! case1 ,i feel c]ta94 ,( c\rse ! out] or deta*$ "p drops d[n4 ,b1 :ile eat+1 ! worm frequ5tly1 q con/antly1 inde$1 spreads its viscid silk along ! leaf & s keeps x atta*$ on bo? sides to ! upp] rim ( ! sac1 or to its own m\?-p>ts1 & ?us ! tip ( ! twig or leaf1 in/ead ( fall+ to ! gr\nd :5 x is sev]$ f ! /em1 simply drops alongside ( ! case1 to :i* x is held by ! slight filam5t t atta*es x to ! sac1 or1 z happ5s 9 _m in/ances1 rema9s atta*$ to ! cat]pill>'s sp9n]et4 ,9 ei!r case ! leaf1 twig or /em rema9s1 &1 aft] be+ drawn up1 adju/$ & tight5$ by ! worm1 adh]es tightly4 ,z ! creature is =ev] mov+ its sp9n+-tubes ar\nd ! top ( ! sac1 ^! fa/5+s are be+ cont9ually /r5g!n$1 & ?us "o piece aft] ano!r is add$1 & s ! basket gr[s4 ,:ile ! case ( ! ,basket-worm1 & ev5 t "p ( its body :i* x *ooses to expose to view1 are kn[n to ! casual obs]v]1 yet b few p]sons h ev] se5 ! mature insect4 ,! female mo? is w+less1 & nev] leaves ! bag1 b makes h] way to its l[] orifice1 & !re awaits ! att5dance ( ! male4 ,%e is n only )\t w+s1 b is devoid ( legs also1 be+1 9 %ort1 no?+ m ?an a yell[i% bag ( eggs ) a r+ ( s(t1 pale-br[n1 silky hair ne> ! tail4 ,! male1 on ! o!r h&1 has transp>5t w+s & a black body1 & is v active on ! w+ dur+ ! w>m] portions ( ! day4 ,aft] pair+ ! female deposits h] eggs1 int]m+l$ ) fawn-color$ d[n1 )9 ! empty pupa-case1 & :5 ?is task is complet$ works h] way out ( ! case1 drops exhau/$ to ! gr\nd & dies4 ,?\gh a ,s\!rn r ?an a ,nor!rn insect1 yet x is f\nd z f> nor? z ,new ,j]sey & ,new ,york1 & occasionally 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,x is extremely local 9 "*1 ab\nd+ 9 "o p>ticul> neighborhood & totally unkn[n a few miles away4 ,:]e !y occur 9 abundance !y (t5 almo/ entirely defoliate ! trees !y attack1 b ?is c be easily prev5t$ by ga!r+ ! cases conta9+ ! eggs = ! next brood dur+ ! w9t] & de/roy+ !m4 ,h&-pick+ ! cases ) ! worms 9 !m1 :]e _! ravages are conf9$ to small trees & %rubb]y1 w also help to hold !m 9 *eck4 ,nature has provid$ two species ( i*neumon = _! de/ruction4 ,"o ( !m1 ,cryptus inquisitor1 is ab\t two-fif?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & ! o!r1 ,hemiteles ?yridopt]yx1 is ne>ly "o-?ird ( an in*4 ,five or six ( ?is latt] species w sometimes occupy ! body ( a s+le cat]pill>1 & aft] de/roy+ _! victim sp9 = !mselves t\gh1 :ite1 silk5 cocoons )9 ! bag4 ,,honey-,,produc+ ,,cat]pill>s4 ,late 9 ,june1 gr[+ abundantly 9 ! edges ( woods ?r\gh\t ?is region1 may be se5 ! ,cimicifuga racemosa ( botani/s1 popul>ly call$ ,rattlewe$1 or ,black ,snak]oot4 ,x s5ds up a /alk1 sometimes bran*+1 f\r or five feet1 t]m9at+ 9 a spike or spikes1 six to t5 in*es long1 ( r\nd1 gre5i%-:ite buds1 :i* /& ^u %ort /ems1 & are arrang$ 9 r[s ab\t ! /alk1 dim9i%+ 9 size till !y rea* ! po9t$ top4 ,! l[] buds1 :5 !y are ab\t ! size ( an ord9>y pea1 op5 fir/1 & ! fl[]+ proce$s by degrees up ! spike1 s t buds are to be met ) ?r\gh\t a p]iod ( f f\r to six weeks4 ,! fl[]s emit an int5sely sweet odor1 :i* r5d]s !m attractive to butt]flies & bees4 ,b %\ld y exam9e ^! buds ) c>e1 y w f9d a numb] ( small cat]pill>s1 ! l>va ( ! beautiful ,azure ,butt]fly1 call$ ,lycna pseud>giolus1 fe$+ !reon4 ,dur+ its y\ng] /ages x is :ite1 & s ne> ! color ( ^! buds t x is well protect$1 & v difficult to f9d4 ,lat] on1 x may be :ite or gre5i%1 & (t5 div]sifi$ ) a few black or br[n pat*es1 irregul>ly diffus$ ov] ! surface4 ,:5 mature ! l>va is "o-half ( an in* 9 l5g?1 &1 l all ,lycnid l>v1 is onisci=m1 or %ap$ l ! little pill-bug1 s common "u /ones & logs4 ,! head is v small1 & is plac$ on ! end ( a long1 gre5 neck1 :i* at ! junction is ( ! ?ickness ( ! head1 b gradually enl>ges1 & seems to be fix$ at ! h9d] "p ( ! second segm5t1 ! latt] be+ holl[$ out s z to =m = x a %ea?4 ,9 ! f9al l>val /ages ?is segm5t is elevat$1 transv]sely compress$1 & incl9es =w>d1 !reby %ield+ ! head z ! l>va moves ab\t4 ,:5 quiesc5t ! neck & head are :olly retract$1 & z ! =m]1 :5 fully ext5d$1 is v mu* long] ?an ! dep? ( ! second segm5t1 x mu/ possess consid]able ela/icity4 ,! l>va fe$s on ! he>t ( ! bud1 & to rea* ?is cuts away ! surface on "o side till an op5+ is made suffici5tly l>ge to admit its head2 & z x fe$s ! second segm5t is firmly press$ aga9/ ! bud s z to p]mit ! utmo/ elongation ( ! neck4 ,?us x is enabl$ to eat out ! cont5ts ( ! bud1 & only desi/s :5 !re rema9s b ! empty %ell4 ,:5 s engag$ ! ant]ior segm5ts are curv$ up & ! o!rs re/ ^u ! /alk ( ! plant1 b v small l>v repose :olly 9 ! bud4 ,n a s+le in/ance has be5 obs]v$ :]e an op5 fl[] has be5 attack$1 b ! de/ruction ( buds is v ext5sive4 ,b n[ comes ! mo/ rem>kable "p ( ! l>val hi/ory ( ,pseud>giolus4 ,! :ole upp] "p ( ! l>va is cov]$ ) small1 glassy1 />-%ap$ processes1 sc>cely rais$ above ! surr\nd+ surface1 f ! c5tre ( :i* spr+ %ort1 filam5t\s bodies1 bri/l+ ) fea!ry-look+ t5tacles1 :i* ! cat]pill> has ! p[] ( protrud+ at w4 ,x ?r[s !m out l ! t5tacles ( ,papilio or ! horns ( snails4 ,m s+ul> /ill is an op5+ ^u ! elev5? segm5t1 plac$ transv]sely & surr\nd$ by a rais$ cu%ion1 ab\t :i* ! granulations t cov] ! body ( ! cat]pill> are p>ticul>ly d5se4 ,f ! middle ( ?is op5+1 :i* is %ap$ l a button-hole1 issues1 at ! cat]pill>'s w1 a sort ( transp>5t1 hemisph]ical vesicle1 f :i* is emitt$ a good-siz$ drop ( fluid1 :i* ! animal is capable ( reproduc+ :5 absorb$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pseud>giolus ,,butt]fly4 ,l>va ,fe$+ on ,bud ( ,black ,snak]oot1 & ,gu>d$ by ,ants4 ,f\r species ( ants may be se5 att5d+1 n ! small l>v1 b ^? t h atta9$ ! ne>ly mature condition4 ,!y are inv>iably f\nd on or ne> ! l>va4 ,_! actions1 z !y run ov] ! body1 c>ess+ ) ant5n1 evid5tly p]suad+ ! l>va to emit a drop ( ! fluid1 are alike curi\s & int]e/+4 ,mo/ ( ?is c>ess+ is done ab\t ! ant]ior segm5ts1 & :ile ! ants are ?us occupi$1 or r1 :ile !y are abs5t f ! la/ segm5ts1 ! tubes ( ! twelf? seem exp&$ to _! full ext5t1 & s rema91 )\t retract+ or ?robb+1 until ! ants come hurry+ along ) great excitem5t & set foot or ant5na directly on or close by ! tubes1 :5 !y are in/antly )drawn4 ,! ants pay no he$ to ! tubes4 ,!y seek = no?+ f !m1 & expect no?+4 ,b !y turn at once to ! elev5?1 c>ess ! back ( t segm5t1 &1 putt+ _! m\?s to its op5+1 exhibit an eag] desire & expectancy4 ,sudd5ly a dull gre51 fle%y1 mammilloid organ protrudes1 & f ! summit ( :i* comes a t9y drop ( cle> gre5 fluid1 :i* ! ants1 "s two or ?ree p]haps /&+ ab\t x1 lap gre$ily up4 ,z ! drop disappe>s1 ?is organ s9ks 9 at ! apex1 & is s )drawn4 ,! ants !n run ab\t1 "s 9 que/ ( o!r l>v ^u ! same /em1 "s ) no def9ite object1 b pres5tly return & pursue ! c>ess+s z be=e4 ,! int]vals betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ! globule v>y ) ! condition ( ! l>va4 ,:]e exhau/ion by long-cont9u$ solicit+s occurs1 "s m9utes elapse be=e r5ewal is effect$1 ! tubes 9 ! meantime rema9+ conceal$4 ,fre% l>v1 h[ev]1 require little or no urg+1 & globule foll[s globule1 z _m z six emissions 9 sev5ty-five seconds1 )\t ev5 a retract+ ( ! organ4 ,(t5 ! pres5ce ( ! ant1 :5 ! l>va is aw>e ( x1 evokes1 all uns\ght1 ! sug>y fluid4 ,ord9>ily ! tubes exp& :5 ! ants are abs5t f ! la/ segm5ts1 & are c]ta9ly )drawn :5 !y come ne>4 ,^! tubes1 f all appe>ances1 s]ve z signals to ! ants4 ,:5 ! latt] discov] !m exp&$1 !y "k t a refection is ready1 & ru% to ! op5+ 9 ! elev5? segm5t :]e x is to be f\nd4 ,! tubes c]ta9ly s]ve no o!r purpose4 ,no visible duct appe>s 9 ! dome ( ! tube :5 l>gely magnifi$1 & ! ants seek no?+ f x or ! twelf? segm5t4 ,!y _c be us$ to intimidate1 or to fright5 away enemies1 = 9 ! y\ng] /ages1 :5 ! l>v h ! mo/ to dread1 nei!r ! tube nor ! organ 9 ! elev5? segm5t is available4 ,! outw>d op5+s1 & ! orifice 9 ! elev5? segm5t1 exi/ 9 ! y\nge/ l>val /ages1 b are functionless until ! l>va has ne>ly atta9$ maturity4 ,ants seldom attempt to c>ess or solicit "y l>v1 b pass !m by ) indiff]5ce1 seem+ly kn[+ t !y _c emit ! secretion4 ,:5 an ant approa*es "o ( ^! immature l>v1 ! l>va manife/s consid]able annoyance1 ?r[+ up ! h9d] segm5ts1 z ?\gh ! ant 0 an enemy :i* x 0 desir\s to get rid (4 ,if ! tubes c\ld n[ be ?ru/ out1 ! ant w\ld be attract$1 r ?an repell$4 ,b :5 ! p]iod arrives t ! tubes are free1 & ! secretion is ready to be eject$1 :i* is p]haps j aft] ! ?ird sk9-m\lt+1 & x _c be e>li]1 ! l>va gr[s n[ quiet & submissive1 invit+ ! att5tions ( ! ants1 & rew>d+ _! ant5nal c>esses4 ,f\r species ( p>asites affect ^! l>v4 ,two are dipt]\s4 ,^!1 :i* are ( ! size ( ! common h\se-fly1 deposit _! eggs1 dur+ ! second l>val /age1 on ! back1 & ne> ! junction ( ! second & ?ird segm5ts4 ,9 process ( "t ! grubs hat* & eat _! way into ! l>va1 to em]ge :5 ! latt] has become fully gr[n1 ?us de/roy+ its life4 ,ano!r ( ^! enemies is a m9ute hym5opt]\s insect1 ^: egg is plac$ 9 ! v "y l>va1 probably 9 ! fir/ /age ( its life4 ,! grub1 9 ?is case1 eats its way out ( ! half-gr[n l>va1 sp9s a silk5 cocoon1 f :i* 9 a few days issues ! newly-matur$ p>asite4 ,! de/ruction ( l>v by ^!1 & v likely by o!r simil> p>asites1 is d\btless imm5se4 ,b no p>asite attacks1 x does seem1 ! mature l>va1 =1 if x did1 ! grub ( ! =m] w\ld live )9 & de/roy ! *rysalis1 & in/ead ( a butt]fly em]g+ !refrom w\ld come =? ! p>asite4 ,multitudes ( *rysalids ( o!r species ( butt]flies are ?us de/roy$1 b ,pseud>giolus1 at ?is /age1 appe>s to enjoy a s+ul> immunity f enemies4 ,:y ?is species1 & d\btless _m o!rs ( its family1 are ?us favor$1 w soon be app>5t4 ,ants may be se5 :]ev] ^! l>v may be f\nd1 ev] ready to receive ! honey$ secretion :5 x pleases ! little creatures to eject x1 b all ! :ile ex]cis+ ! close/ vigilance le/ "s w>y i*neumon may come along & deal a ?ru/ ( its ovipositor1 :i* means mis]y & ultimate dea? to _! helpless fri5ds4 ,s int5t is ! l>va1 ) its head buri$ 9 ! fl[]1 ^u its fe$+1 & s quietly & /eal?ily does ! i*neumon approa* its int5d$ victim1 t h>dly a s+le individual w\ld be left to tell ! /ory ( its exi/5ce 7 x n = ! ants4 ,! l>v "k _! protectors1 x w\ld seem f _! actions1 & are able & will+ to rew>d _! s]vices4 ,! advantage is mutual1 & ! association fri5dly4 ,no compell+ by r\gh means on ! "o "p is noticeable1 & no reluctant yield+ on ! o!r4 ,all demon/rations made by ! ants are ( ! mo/ g5tle "*4 ,!y c>ess1 entreat1 & z !y dr9k 9 ! sweet fluid1 lift+ _! heads to prolong ! swall[+1 !y manife/ to ! utmo/ _! satisfaction & delight4 ,x is amus+ to see !m lick away ! la/ trace1 c>ess+ ! back ( ! segm5t ) _! ant5n z !y d s1 z ?\gh !y 7 coax+ = a little m4 ,9 ,pseud>giolus ! tubes are :ite1 cyl9drical1 ne>ly equal 9 size1 r\nd$ at summit1 & /udd$ ) little tub]culations f :i* arise ! t5tacles4 ,^! la/ are tap]+1 arm$ ) small spurs set 9 :orls1 & /& out /raight1 mak+ a :ite hemisph]ical dome ov] ! cyl9d]1 b none ( !m fall bel[ ! plane ( ! base ( ! dome1 nor d !y ev] hang limp or lie across ! dome1 z is ! case 9 a ,european species4 ,:5 ! tube comes up ! rays rise 9 a close p5cil1 & take position z ! dome exp&s2 b1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! tube is )drawn1 ! top ( ! dome s9ks fir/1 ! rays com+ toge!r 9 p5cil aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,violacea ,,butt]fly4 ,l>va1 ,protect$ by ,ants1 ,fe$+ on ,fl[]-buds ( ,dogwood4 ,lycna pseud>giolus is subject to great v>iation1 & occurs "u _m =ms1 mo/ ( :i* hav+ be5 reg>d$ z di/9ct species4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ ,violacea appe>s1 & is *>act]iz$ by dimorphism 9 ! female1 "s ( t sex be+ blue1 o!rs black4 ,?is =m1 :i* may be call$ ! w9t] =m1 deposits its eggs 9 ! clu/]s ( fl[]-buds ( ! ,dogwood1 ! "y l>v obta9+ _! fir/ food by bor+ into ! buds1 b lat] on eat+ _! way into ! ov>ies4 ,! flies t come f ^! l>v late 9 ,may are ,pseud>giolus1 :i*1 z /at$ be=e1 lays its eggs on ,cimicifuga racemosa1 mo/ ( ! result+ butt]flies ov]-w9t]+ to produce ,violacea4 ,a small p]c5tage ( ! ,may *rysalids give butt]flies z late z ,septemb]1 :i* are small] ?an ! p>5t-=m1 & also diff] !refrom 9 ! m decid$ "* ( ! m>g9al cresc5t discal spots on ! "u side ( ! w+s4 ,!re does n seem to be any regul> second summ] brood1 t is1 !re are b two regul> annual broods1 ! ,violacea ( ,m>* & ! ,pseud>giolus ( ,may1 ! individuals happ5+ to em]ge 9 ,july1 ,augu/ & ,septemb] be+ irregul> visitants1 = :i* ! "n ( ,neglecta has be5 giv54 ,! females ( ! la/ =m lay _! eggs ^u ,act9om]is squ>rosa1 & ! *rysalids1 !nce result+1 give ,violacea ! next spr+4 ,l>v fe$+ on ,dogwood v>y mu* 9 color f ^? t fe$ on ! ,black ,snak]oot1 few be+ :ite 9 ! la/ /ages1 b ne>ly all dull-crimson or gre51 or a m+l+ ( ! two4 ,nev]!less1 a small p]c5tage ( ! l>v on ,cimicifuga racemosa are also gre5 or crimson1 ?\gh ! mo/ ( !m :ite4 ,ants d n seem to visit ! l>v on ! ,dogwood1 & on be+ introduc$ to !m 9 conf9em5t treat !m ) indiff]5ce4 ,on r>e occasions tubes h be5 discov]$ 9 ! elev5? segm5t1 fully exp&$1 & accompani$ by a pulsat+ movem5t1 b no teas+ or irritat+ avail$ to make !m appe>4 ,ev5 sev]e pressure appli$ to ! sides ( ! segm5t fail$ to =ce out any fluid4 ,z ) ! fall food-plant1 ,act9om]is squ>rosa1 ! ,dogwood is nei!r sweet nor juicy1 & x is possible t ! l>v fe$+ on ^! plants d n secrete ! fluid4 ,eggs ( ?is polymorphic species are r\nd1 flat at base1 ! top flatt5$ & depress$1 & h a diamet] ( "o-fiftie? ( an in*4 ,_! gr\nd-color is a delicate gre51 ! entire surface be+ cov]$ ) a :ite lace-"w1 ! me%es ( :i* be+ mo/ly loz5ge-%ap$1 ) a %ort r\nd$ process at ea* angle4 ,9 f f\r to eight days ! egg hat*es into a l>va1 :i* is sc>cely "o-tw5ty-fif? ( an in* long1 & ^: upp] side is r\nd$1 ! "u be+ flat4 ,on ea* side ( ! dorsal l9e is a r[ ( :ite clubb$ hairs1 ) simil> ones at ! base & 9 front ( ! second jo9t1 mak+ a fr+e ar\nd ! body4 ,! head is v small1 obovoid1 retractile & black2 ! legs retractile1 & ! color a gre5i%-:ite or br[ni%-yell[4 ,! fir/ m\lt occurs 9 f ?ree to five days1 ! l>va hav+ increas$ to twice its =m] l5g?1 :ile v little diff]5ce is manife/ 9 ! coloration4 ,9 f ?ree to five days ! cat]pill> has aga9 *ang$ its sk91 d\bl$ its l5g?1 assum$ m pron\nc$ colors1 :i* are div]sifi$ 9 "s ) mottl+s ^u back & sides1 & develop$ along ! back1 f ! ?ird to ! t5? jo9t1 a l[1 broad1 cont9u\s1 tub]cul\s ridge1 cleft to ! body at ! junction ( ! segm5ts1 ! ant]ior edge ( ea* jo9t be+ depress$1 ! sides incurv$4 ,! ?ird m\lt takes place 9 ?ree or f\r days m1 b !re is v little *ange f ! =m] p]iod4 ,?ree or f\r days subsequ5t to ?is *ange occurs ! f\r? or f9al m\lt1 & 9 five or six days f ?is ! l>va is ready to pass into ! *rysalis /ate4 ,9 its mature =m ! l>va is ab\t "o-half ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! body is onisci=m1 flatt5$ at base1 furni%$ ) retractile legs1 & has ! back elevat$ into a r\nd$ ridge1 :i* slopes backw>ds f ! six? segm5t4 ,! sides are r deeply holl[$1 & 9 ! middle ( ea* segm5t1 f ! ?ird to ! elev5?1 is a v]tical1 n>r[ depression4 ,! la/ segm5ts are flatt5$1 ! la/ ( all t]m9at+ r\ndly1 its sides be+ n>r[$ & slightly incurv$1 :ile ! second segm5t is flatt5$1 ar*$ & b5t ne>ly flat ov] ! head4 ,/&+ on ! body is a ridge1 tub]cul> 9 nature1 :i* 9 ea* segm5t f ! ?ird to ! elev5? is di/9ct & cleft to ! body4 ,9 color1 specim5s v>y4 ,"s examples are :ite1 o!rs decid$ly gre5i%1 b _m h ! po/]ior slope ( ! second segm5t black or d>k br[n1 :ile a few h mo/ ( ! back a d>k br[n1 irregul>ly mottl+ a light gr\nd1 or ) small br[n pat*es diffus$ ov] ! back1 b mo/ly on ! ant]ior segm5ts4 ,! entire surface is velvety4 ,?is appe>ance is caus$ by m9ute /ellate glossy processes1 sc>cely rais$ above ! surface1 mo/ly six-ray$1 & s5d+ f ! c5tre a concolor$ filam5t\s sp9e a little long] ?an ! rays4 ,^! />s are arrang$ 9 ne>ly regul> r[s1 & are light1 except 9 ! br[n pat*es1 :]e bo? /> & sp9e are br[n4 ,?is velvet-l condition ( ! sk9 only reveals its true composition "u a magnify+ glass4 ,on ! elev5? segm5t1 ne> ! po/]ior edge ( ! back1 is a transv]se slit1 9 a sub-oval spot1 f :i* proce$s a membran\s process2 & on ! twelf?1 on ea* side1 is a m>k l a /igma1 b a little l>g]1 f :i* proce$s a membran\s tube1 end+ 9 a cr[n ( fea!ry t5tacles1 ^! ?ree special organs be+ expos$ or conceal$ at ! w ( ! l>va4 ,! head is small1 obovoid1 d>k br[n1 & is plac$ at ! end ( a long1 pale gre51 conical neck1 :i* is rectractile1 bo? neck & head be+ cov]$ by ! second segm5t4 ,be=e *ang+ to a *rysalis1 ! summ] l>v sometimes turn p9k1 & f p9k to br[n1 or become br[n )\t ! p9k /age1 al?\gh o!rs rema9 :ite or *ange to ru/y br[n4 ,! body contracts to ab\t ?ree-t5?s ( an in* & takes on a r\nd$ =m4 ,! *rysalis is d>k-br[n or yell[-br[n1 b v>y+ 9 color1 ! w+-cases be+ d>k or gre5-t9t$4 ,two sub-dorsal r[s ( blacki% dots are f\nd on ! abdom51 & sometimes a d>k dorsal l9e4 ,9 ! few in/ances 9 :i* ! butt]fly em]ges ! same season ! duration ( ?is /age is f ?irty to sixty days1 b mo/ *rysalids pass ! w9t] & mature 9 ! spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,neglecta ,,butt]fly4 ,l>va ,fe$+ on ,c5tral ,florets ( ,act9om]is1 & ,gu>d$ by ,ants4 ,n[ = a description ( ! butt]fly4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 ! upp] side ( ! w+s ( ! male is a deep azure-blue1 ) a delicate t]m9al black bord]4 ,on ! apical "p ( ! =e-w+s ! fr+es are black1 b :ite & b>r$ ) black on ! re/ ( ^! w+s & on ! h9d-w+s4 ,9 ! female ! =e-w+s h a broad1 blacki% out] bord]1 9 "s examples ext5d+ along ! co/a1 :ile ! h9d-w+s h a blacki% co/a & a r[ ( d>k spots along ! out] m>g94 ,usually ! gr\nd-color is a light] blue 9 ! females ?an 9 ! males4 ,a pale silv]y gray1 ) a silky lu/re1 is ! color ( ! "u side ( ! w+s1 :i* is reliev$ by a r[ ( spots along ! out] m>g91 ea* prec$$ by a cresc5t1 a curv$ r[ ( elongate spots across ! disk ( ! =e-w+s1 & sev]al spots on ! basal "p ( ! h9d-w+s1 all ! m>k+s be+ ( a pale br[n color4 ,violacea1 ! s-call$ w9t] =m1 has ! d>k p>ts & cresc5ts on ! "u side ( ! w+s q prom95t1 b !y d n1 ei!r 9 ! out] bord] or 9 ! basal portion1 coalesce4 ,pseud>giolus1 ! l>ge/ ( ! s]ies1 !re be+ b ?ree =ms 9 ,p5nsylvania1 exp&s "o & f\r-t5?s in*es4 ,! upp] surface ( ! male usually has a t]m9al bord] to ! h9d-w+s ( ! same %ade ( blue z is visible on ! =e-w+s1 ! middle area ( ! h9d-w+s be+ a little pal] ?an ?is bord] on ! =e-w+s4 ,on ! "u side ( ! w+s ! spots are mu* small] ?an on ! prec$+ =m4 ,neglecta1 :i* resembles ,pseud>giolus1 & has ! spots on ! "u surface small1 is a small] =m1 nev] exp&+ m ?an "o & "o-t5? in*es4 ,x is a summ] =m :5 !re is m ?an "o g5]ation 9 a season1 rang+ f ,canada1 ?r\gh ,new ,engl& to ,we/ ,virg9ia & ,georgia1 & occurr+ also 9 ,montana & ,nevada4 ,violacea has a m ext5d$ limit1 be+ f\nd 9 ,alaska1 ,briti% ,am]ica1 ,ont>io1 ,quebec1 ,new ,engl& to ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & ,colorado1 :ile ,pseud>giolus ranges f ,wiscons9 s\? to ,t5nessee1 & on ! ea/ f ,p5nsylvania to ,georgia4 ,,hib]nat+ ,,butt]flies4 ,e>ly 9 ,m>*1 & (t5 :ile ! sn[ yet l+]s ^u ! l&scape1 may be se5 fly+ 9 & out among ! =e/-trees1 or lazily me&]+ along "s des]t$ road ?r\gh a ?icket1 ! beautiful ,antiopa4 ,h] ri* crimson dress1 s d>k t x almo/ seems black1 ) its buff-color$1 sky-dott$ bord]1 s]ves to di/+ui% h] f h] no less int]e/+1 b small]1 si/]s ( ! ,vanessa family ( butt]flies4 ,b ! ,antiopas y !n see are g5]ally ragg$ & %abby1 :i* is n to be wond]$ at1 :5 x is consid]$ t x is _! la/ ye>'s dresses !y we>1 = late 9 ! prec$+ ,augu/ !y _h _! be+1 & all ?r\gh ! autumn _h be5 expos$ to a hundr$ mis=tunes or m :ile seek+ _! liv+4 ,b ) ! com+ ( fro/ & ( cold comes ! blight+ ( fl[]s4 ,a feel+ ( torpor 9 consequ5ce /eals ov] _! once b\yant spirits1 & into "s crevice 9 a b>n or a wood-pile or /one-heap !y creep1 & !re sleep ! w9t] away1 till ! w>m? ( ! sun f 8 s\?w>d-b\nd j\rney return+ sets ! br[n buds a-swell+1 :5 out ( _! hib]nat+ retreats !y leisurely crawl = a fly+ /roll ?r\gh ! awak5+ trees4 ,sl[ & delib]ate _! movem5ts are1 z ?\gh "s grave & mom5t\s ev5t 7 dep5d5t !reon4 ,nev] h ,i wat*$ su* actions1 s human-l h !y seem$1 ?an ! conviction has gone home to my m9d t !y pla9ly ev9c$ a ?\ght & a purpose1 :i* _h _! orig91 if n 9 a bra91 at lea/ 9 "o ( ! sev]al ganglions :i* l>gely make up _! wond]ful & some:at complicat$ n]v\s ma*9]y4 ,no matt] h[ l[ 9 intellig5ce %e may rank1 ,antiopa has nev]!less1 or all exp]i5ce is at fault1 "s g5]al ideas ( ! "t & fitness ( ?+s4 ,f h] gloomy abode 9 ! wood-pile %e has em]g$1 :ile all ! gay butt]fly _w1 b>r+ a few famili> exceptions1 is asleep1 = a t\r ( inve/igation4 ,h] v5ture is seldom ill-tim$1 = ! violets h prec$$ h]1 & f _! delicately curv$ flagons pr(f] h] food & refre%m5t4 ,cool & unheal?ful z ! morn+s are at fir/1 x is n till ! sun is ne>ly ov]head t %e leaves h] retreat1 = :at ( plant-life exi/s is !n1 "u ! full =ce ( 8 beams1 at its v be/4 ,?ree or f\r h\rs a day1 ) few int]vals ( re/1 %e is actively on w+1 regal+ h]self ) ex]cise & food1 ?us /or+ little by little h] body ) "s ( ! /r5g? & vivacity :i* 7 h]s :5 ! fam9e ( w9t] ov]took h] & =c$ h] to retirem5t1 s z ! bett] to prep>e = t "w1 ! propagation ( h] k9d1 :i* is ! pr9cipal1 b n ! only1 aim ( h] exi/5ce4 ,aft] f\r 9 ! aft]noon h] pres5ce is sc>ce1 z %e has s\ght h] old1 or "s o!r1 place ( %elt] & security4 ,b :5 ! days h gr[n long] & w>m]1 & ! trees are array$ 9 _! liv]y ( gre51 %e is 9 ! fields bright & e>ly1 & (t5 ere ! dew has disappe>$ f ! grass & ! fl[]s4 ,! mo/ re/less ( be+s %e n[ is4 ,anon alight+ ^u a bu% = a mom5t>y re/1 !n (f = a doz5 or m rods1 :5 ! pres5ce ( "s favorite blossom meets h] quick sight & invites h] to pause1 :i* %e does1 b only = a second to qu5* h] ?ir/4 ,:]e will[s1 or elms1 or popl>s ab\nd1 %e is m frequ5tly se5 lat] on 9 ,may1 b fly+ m sl[ly & s$ately ?an ev] be=e4 ,! fl[]s pass unhe$$4 ,%e seems 9 a dream1 9 a rev]ie4 ,b all ( a sudd5 %e quick5s h] spe$4 ,y look = ! cause4 ,!re1 9 ! di/ance1 ano!r is se51 j l h] 9 mi51 "s w\ld-be suitor = h] h& & affections4 ,he ent]s 8 suit1 he pleads 8 great love1 & awaits h] sweet pleasure4 ,! answ] is brief1 & soon by _! actions1 z high up 9 ! air !y circle & circle1 c>ess+ ea* o!r ) /rokes ( ! ant5n1 ! /ory is told t 8 love has be5 requit$4 ,a brief honey-moon ( two or ?ree days & ! love-sc5e is ov]1 & ! two settle d[n to ! prosy realities ( ev]yday life4 ,! male goes back to 8 old-"t pursuit ( rifl+ ! fl[]s ( _! honey$ treasures1 :il/ ! female1 ^u :om devolves ! duty ( provid+ = ! (fspr+ :om %e is nev] likely to see1 looks scrut9iz+ly ab\t = h] favorite trees1 ! popl>1 ! elm1 or ! will[4 ,9 h] selection ( a tree a wond]fully ke5 disc]nm5t is %[n1 = %e seldom1 if ev]1 mi/akes h] plant-species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m\rn+-,,cloak ,,butt]fly4 ,l>va ,fe$+ on ,will[ ,leaf1 & ,*rysalis ,susp5d$ f ,twig4 ,:5 a *oice has be5 made1 no "t is exp5d$ 9 fruitless endeavor4 ,%e proce$s at once to deposit h] eggs4 ,!y are laid 9 a clu/] r\nd ! twig1 & ne> ! petiole ( a "y leaf1 ^u :i* ! newly-hat*$ l>v are to fe$4 ,! eggs hat* inside ( a week into small black sp9y cat]pill>s :i*1 9 _! e>ly /ages1 are v social 9 _! habits4 ,j be=e ! f9al sk9-m\lt+ !y sep>ate1 ea* cat]pill> liv+ alone1 ! necessity = food1 :i* _! v vigor\s appetites n[ dem&1 be+ ! impell+ motive4 ,9 a /ate ( maturity ! l>v are two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y are black1 & m9utely dott$ ) :ite1 :i* gives !m a greyi% look4 ,a r[ ( brick-r$ spots are f\nd d[n ! back1 & _! body is arm$ ) _m black1 r long & slightly bran*+ sp9es4 ,! head is black1 & r\gh5$ ) small black tub]cles4 ,hav+ complet$ _! p]iod ( fe$+1 :i* !y d 9 ab\t f\r weeks1 ! cat]pill>s atta* !mselves by means ( _! tails to a f5ce-rail1 a w9d[-l$ge1 or "s su* place1 & pass into ! *rysalis /ate1 :i* is accompli%$ 9 ab\t f\r days4 ,9 ?is condition !y pres5t an odd-look+ appe>ance4 ,! head w be f\nd to be deeply not*$1 or furni%$ ) two e>-l prom95ces4 ,! sides are v angul>4 ,9 ! middle ( ! ?orax !re is a ?9 projection1 some:at l a ,roman nose 9 pr(ile1 :ile on ! back are two r[s ( v %>p tub]cles ( a tawny color1 :i* contra/ v m>k$ly 9 coloration ) ! d>k-br[n ( ! re/ ( ! *rysalis4 ,fifte5 days1 :5 ! wea!r is favorable1 are suffici5t = ! developm5t ( ! imago1 or butt]fly4 ,z maturity approa*es1 ! *rysalis-%ell becomes q s(t1 & ! ef=ts ( ! imago to free itself f ?is cov]+ are facilitat$ by ! ejection ( a blood-r$ fluid1 :i* rots ! case1 :ile x acts1 at ! same "t1 z a lubricant to ! em]g+ butt]fly4 ,:5 ^! cat]pill>s are v abundant1 z 0 ! case 9 ! vic9ity ( ,g]mant[n "s tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 e f5ce-rail 0 hung ) *rysalids1 z _m z a doz5 be+ f\nd ^u a s+le rail4 ,! cat]pill>s ev5 climb$ up ! sides ( ! h\ses & susp5d$ !mselves f ! w9d[-l$ges & ! edges ( ! ov]hang+ %+les4 ,:5 ! butt]flies em]g$1 great blot*es ( ! fluid bespatt]$ ! f5ces & h\ses z ?\gh ! cl\ds _h ra9$ great drops ( blood4 ,! will[s & popl>s 7 alive ) ! cat]pill>s1 & ev5 ! maples 7 ov]run :5 !re came a sc>city ( ! leaves ( ! natural food-plants4 ,gre5 cat]pill>-hunt]s 7 ev]y:]e pl5tiful1 & ! writ] c\ld h tak5 hundr$s ( specim5s1 b ^! highly-useful beetles made a v sorry attempt 9 hold+ ! enemy 9 *eck4 ,two broods ( ! cat]pill>s are rais$1 "o 9 ,june & ! o!r 9 ,augu/1 b ! ag5cies by nature employ$ = _! de/ruction s effectually accompli% _! mission t h>dly a season br+s to my notice a doz5 full-gr[n l>v4 ,vanessa antiopa1 z ?is species is call$ by ! sci5tific /ud5t1 or ,m\rn+-,cloak by p & amateurs1 is g5]ally f\nd ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e x is popul>ly call$ ! ,camb]well ,beauty1 because specim5s 7 fir/ tak5 ne> ,camb]well1 x is ! r>e/ ( butt]flies2 :ile on ! ,cont95t1 z 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is a v pl5tiful insect4 ,,leaf-,,cutt] ,,bee4 ,few hym5opt]a ( ! family ( bees are s little kn[n z ! ,mega*ilid1 or ,leaf-cutt]s4 ,!y are /\t1 ?ick-bodi$ insects1 ) l>ge1 squ>e heads1 & arm$ ) %>p1 scissors-l jaws1 :i* admirably fit !m = ! "w !y h to d 9 prep>+ mat]ials = ! build+ ( _! homes4 ,our commone/ species1 ,mega*ile c5tuncul>is1 is ab\t ! size ( ! hive-bee4 ,9 g>d5s & nurs]ies :]e %rubb]y ab\nds1 x is v preval5t1 especially ! female1 :i* is readily di/+ui%$ by a ?ick mass ( /\t1 d5se hair on ! "u side ( ! tail1 :i* s]ves z a c>ri] ( poll54 ,! honey- & bumble-bees diff] mat]ially f !m1 = !y h ! h9d tibi & basal jo9ts ( ! t>si v mu* broad5$ = t purpose4 ,mega*ile is by no means a rem>kable-look+ insect4 ,judg+ f its v humble ext]ior1 "o c h>dly believe x possess$ ( ! wond]ful intellig5ce1 z %[n 9 its wise provisions = its "y1 :i* x is f\nd to display4 ,ord9>ily ! female1 :o is entru/$ ) ! dis*>ge ( ?is v ess5tial bus9ess1 places h] ne/ 9 ! solid e>? und]nea? "s species ( %rub4 ,a v]tical hole1 ?ree in*es 9 dep?1 is dug1 & ?is is enl>g$ into a horizontal gall]y1 "s five or six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,y %\ld see ! little creature 9 h] nev]-tir+ "w ( prep>+ mat]ial = h] ne/4 ,9 & out among ! roses %e goes1 exam9+ ea* leaf ) ! mo/ critical c>e1 & only desi/+ f h] labor :5 a suitable "o has be5 *os54 ,%e scans x ov] & ov]1 & at la/ f a position on its upp] or ne!r surface proce$s to cut a piece j fitt$ = h] "w1 :i*1 heavy z x seems1 is seiz$ betwe5 ! legs & jaws & c>ri$ on swiftly-agitat$ w+s to h] burr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leaf-,,cutt] ,,bee ,,at ,,"w4 ,two ,tunnels ,be+ ,fill$ ,) ,leaf-,cells4 ,t5 pieces or m1 ea* diff]+ 9 %ape1 are cut & borne away1 :i* ! +5i\s insect tailor twi/s & folds1 ! "o )9 ! o!r1 until is =m$ a funnel-l cone1 ^: end is n>r[] ?an its m\?4 ,s p]fectly jo9$ are ! p>ts1 t ev5 :5 dry !y h be5 f\nd to reta9 _! =m & integrity4 ,a cake ( honey & poll51 = ! use ( "s yet unborn ,leaf-cutt]1 is deposit$ )91 & on ?is1 9 due "t1 is laid a s+le small egg4 ,n\ght n[ rema9s b to wall up ! cell4 ,a circle ( leaf1 ( ! size ( ! op5+1 is cut1 & ?is is closely adju/$ )9 ! wall ( roll$-up leaves4 ,sometimes z _m z f\r pieces are ?us utiliz$4 ,a second cell1 simil>ly built1 is fitt$ to ! fir/1 & ?is is succe$$ by eight or t5 o!rs4 ,:5 all is complet$1 ! eggs be+ laid & ! cells all victuall$1 ! hole ( ! %aft is clos$ ) ! e>? t 0 ?r[n out1 & s c>efully1 too1 t n a trace ( h] do+s rema9s to tell u ! /ory4 ,l o!r insects1 ,mega*ile is occasionally prone to *ange4 ,"s labor]s :ile digg+1 "o e>ly spr+-day1 "s ?irte5 ye>s ago1 ab\t a clu/] ( plants ( ,spira corymbosa1 a species alli$ to ! roses & c9quefoils1 came unexpect$ly ^u a doz5 or m cells ( ?is insect1 arrang$ horizontally 9 lay]s1 "s ?ree or f\r in*es bel[ ! gr\nd's surface4 ,^! cells 7 ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 "o-f\r? 9 wid?1 & =m$ ( ! leaves ( ,spira4 ,six circles1 ( ?ree pieces ea*1 con/itut$ ! cell1 & ^! 7 s arrang$ t ea* succe$+ circle 0 made to project b slightly beyond its pr$ecessor4 ,six circul> pieces1 l>g] ?an seem$ ne$ful1 clos$ up ! op5+ ( ea* cell4 ,t !re 0 a purpose "h manife/$ 0 v app>5t4 ,?is purpose1 z x appe>$ to ! writ]1 0 ! bett] accommodation by ! holl[ surface ( ! cell t 0 to foll[1 & ! giv+ ( great] firmness & security to ! entire /ructure4 ,m curi\s1 h[ev]1 7 "s cells t 7 f\nd ! ensu+ ye>1 :i*1 9 looks1 resembl$ v closely ^? ( ,pelopu1 a species ( wasp1 famili>ly designat$ ! ,mud-daub]4 ,^! cells1 9 numb]s ( ?ree1 7 adh]5t to ! raft]s ( a h>dly-us$ g>ret4 ,9 =m1 & 9 ! peculi> comb9ation ( _! pellets ( clay1 !y 7 ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! ,mud-daub]'s4 ,b ! curi\s funnel-l arrangem5t ( leaves on ! inside1 s /rik+ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,mega*ilid1 0 evid5ce ( ! mo/ positive k9d t ,pelopu _h no?+ :atev] to d ) _! putt+ toge!r4 ,x bespoke a piece ( "w t 0 entirely beyond ! highe/ capability ( h] be+ to execute4 ,ea* ( ! includ$ leafy cells 0 "o & "o-eigh? in*es 9 l5g?1 & j b>ely exce$+ "o-f\r? 9 wid?4 ,elliptical pieces ( ,spira1 less 9 size ?an ^? previ\sly describ$1 b arrang$ 9 a simil> mann]1 compos$ ! sev]al /ructures4 ,)9 ea*1 a dead b p]fectly-=m$ ,mega*ile1 encas$ 9 a cyl9drical bag ( silk1 0 f\nd1 s t !re c\ld be no possible d\bt ( ! build]4 ,t ?is inn] fabric 0 ! labor ( "s "m ,mega*ile admits n ( a scruple1 = no o!r bee is kn[n to con/ruct a ne/ ( l "*4 ,b :at ( ! out] envelop+ fabric ( mud8 ,x 0 cle>ly impossible = ! skill ( a ,mega*ile1 :o1 :ile c]ta9ly fitt$ = tunnell+ ! gr\nd & = snipp+ circul> & elliptical pieces ( suit$ dim5sions f leaves ) all a tailor's precision1 w\ld f9d h]self w(ully unadapt$ = ! mak+ ( mort> & ! build+ ( ne/s1 9 imitations ( tunnels1 out ( pellets ( mud t _h to be m\ld$ into consi/5cy & %ape by ! jaws ( ! build]4 ,pelopu alone1 ( all hym5opt]s1 possesses ! ability & means ( mak+ su* /ructures4 ,mega*ile1 :o is kn[n to occasionally build "u ! bo>ds ( ! ro( ( a piazza1 might sometimes 9 h] que/ ( a place appropriate ! disc>d$ cells ( "s pre-exi/5t ,pelopu = ne/+ purposes1 b %e runs a v great risk 9 s do+1 = ! ,mud-daub] does n always build a fre% home = h] treasures1 save :5 !re is a lack ( ! la/ ye>'s /ructures4 ,old ne/s1 :5 f\nd1 are put 9 spe$y repair & made to d z invaluable a s]vice4 ,,battle ,,betwe5 ,,ants4 ,:il/ recl9+ "o beautiful ,may aft]noon 9 ! %ade ( an oak t /ood on ! outskirts ( a ?icket1 my att5tion 0 arre/$ by ! activity & bu/le pres5t$ by a colony ( yell[ ants1 :i* prov$ to be ! ,=mica flava1 s common ev]y:]e4 ,scatt]$ indiscrim9ately ab\t 7 numb]less l>v 9 v>i\s /ages ( gr[?1 & n a few immobile pup1 t _h be5 br\ght up f subt]ranean domiciles by ?\ghtful nurses1 :ile "h & !re 7 a doz5 or m ants1 b rec5tly escap$ f _! mummy-cases1 bask+ 9 ! sun's w>m?1 prep>atory to ent]+ ^u ! duties ( ! =mic>ium4 ,! v picture ( re/lessness & anxiety 7 ^! full-gr[n neut]s4 ,t some?+ 0 transpir+1 or 0 ab\t to transpire1 seem$ n unlikely1 = ov1 l>v & pup 7 be+ quickly c>ri$ to places ( concealm5t 9 ! e>?1 or hu/l$ away among ! entangl+ & int]lac+ grasses4 ,look+ ab\t = ! cause ( all ?is excitem5t1 ! tru? at once became pa9fully app>5t4 ,?ree l>ge1 burly ants1 repres5tatives ( ,=mica subt]ranea1 a black species t is ev]y:]e abundant 9 wood$ regions1 _h intrud$ _! obnoxi\s pres5ce into ! happy colony1 b5t1 z x 0 evid5t1 on pillage or slaught]4 ,7 plund] ! inspir+ motive1 ^! giant invad]s 7 n sl[ to le>n t _! weak] k91 ?\gh lack+ _! /r5g?1 c\ld m ?an mat* !m 9 cunn+ & /ratagem4 ,n d>+ to attack ! foe1 & be+ unwill+ t any ( _! numb] %\ld be l$ into slav]y1 or suff] aught at ! h&s ( o!rs1 !y imm$iately set to "w to de/roy all :om x 0 impossible to protect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,battle ,,betwe5 ,,ants4 ,"y ,de/roy$ by ,nurses4 ,detail$ z mo/ ( ! neut]s seem$ to be 9 look+ aft] ! wants ( ! immature1 !re 7 a few obs]v$ runn+ hi!r & ?i!r & seiz+ 9 _! jaws ! newly-develop$1 n to be> !m out ( ! rea* ( dang]1 z 0 at fir/ suppos$1 b to kill !m s z to prev5t !m f fall+ a liv+ prey into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,kn[+ ! sympa?y & affection :i* ! nurses are ev] wont to *]i% t[>ds ! objects ( _! c>e1 ?is act ( cruelty /ruck me z some?+ v a/oni%+ & peculi>4 ,prompt$ by curiosity to "k ! nature ( ! w\nds ?us inflict$1 ,i plac$ ^u ! palm ( my h& "o ( ! w\nd$ ants1 & made1 by means ( a microscope1 a c>eful exam9ation ( its injuries4 ,above & bel[ ! abdom51 betwe5 ! second & ?ird segm5ts1 two deep w\nds1 :i* met ea* o!r 9 ! int]ior1 7 pla9ly to be se54 ,sev]al cases ( ! k9d 7 aft]w>ds notic$4 ,^! 7 n accid5tal occurr5ces1 made ?r\gh ef=ts to c>ry ! "y to places ( %elt]4 ,possibly1 ?r\gh inexp]i5ce1 accid5ts might happ5 once 9 a long "t1 b to suppose t insects1 accu/om$ to h&l+ _! "y z ! neut]s assur$ly are1 w\ld be likely to make su* blund]s1 is too unreasonable to be ent]ta9$4 ,admitt+ = argum5t's sake t su* ?+s might occasionally occur1 w\ld successive repetitions be expect$8 ,i appreh5d n4 ,b on ! supposition t a purpose 0 !reby subs]v$1 ! object _h 9 view w>rants1 x w\ld seem1 ! means employ$ = its accompli%m5t4 ,:at ! purpose 0 x w n[ be my aim to %[4 ,t _m animals1 tame z well z wild1 are wont to de/roy disabl$ & w\nd$ companions1 is well e/abli%$ by hi/ory4 ,9 _m in/ances ! de/ruction is ju/ifi$ to pres]ve ! h]d or pack f ! close pursuit ( enemies4 8,in/9ct or reason10 z ,d>w9 says1 8may sugge/ ! expell+ an injur$ companion1 le/ bea/s ( prey1 includ+ man1 %\ld be tempt$ to foll[ ! troop40 ,audubon1 9 writ+ ( ! wild turkey1 s abundant 9 8 day1 obs]ves sub/antially t ! old males 9 _! m>*es (t5 de/roy ! "y by pick+ ! head1 b d n v5ture to di/urb ! full-gr[n & vigor\s4 ,! feeble & immature be+ an encumbrance1 x is obvi\s t ! wat*fulness & att5tion :i* !y w\ld require1 7 sympa?y & affection ! emotions by :i* ! males are actuat$1 w\ld necess>ily ret>d progress1 & lead to ! de/ruction ( ! entire flock4 ,in/9ct or reason "h op]ates = individual & family good4 ,grant+ t in/9ct or reason does sometimes act = individual & family pres]vation 9 ! mann] describ$1 ,i am n will+ to admit t 9 e case t may arise 9 :i* ! weak & disabl$ are sacrific$1 t x is done = ! mat]ial b5efit ( ! physically able & robu/4 ,h[ ! de/ruction ( ! weak & ne>ly-develop$ ant c result 9 good to ! colony1 9 view ( ! fact t n ! slighte/ ef=t to escape ! dang] by flight is und]tak51 ! sole object be+ ! hid+ ( ! "y1 x is mo/ difficult to conceive4 ,!re seems to be "o ( two !ories1 9 ! writ]'s judgm5t1 t w1 9 any?+ l a satisfactory mann]1 acc\nt = ?is /range1 abnormal habit ^u ! "p ( an insect t has be5 prov]bially di/+ui%$ = its k9d & affectionate disposition t[>ds ! t5d] be+s committ$ to its tru/2 ei!r to attribute x to an unwill+ness & dislike to see its (fspr+ made ! s]vants ( a ho/ile race or ! subjects ( ill-treatm5t & abuse1 or to ! survival ( a habit ( ! pa/ :5 its ance/ors 7 a migratory1 or nomadic1 species4 ,t a feel+ ( repugnance does sometimes take possession ( animal nature :5 ! objects ( p>5tal c>e & solicitude are1 or are ab\t to be1 r$uc$ to slav]y or conf9em5t1 & impels to actions ( cruelty1 w be pat5t f :at foll[s3-- ,a fri5d1 sev]al summ]s ago1 hav+ procur$ a pair ( "y rob9s1 plac$ !m 9 a cage1 :i* he hung f a tree-bran* close to 8 dwell+1 :]e ! p>5t-birds c\ld h an opportunity to fe$ !m4 ,all w5t well = a few days1 :5 ! p>5ts1 :o _h busi$ !mselves 9 ! int]vals ( fe$+ 9 attempts to secure _! release1 f9d+ _! ef=ts unavail+1 flew away1 b only to return ) some?+ gre5 9 _! bills1 mo/ probably poison\s cat]pill>s1 :i* !y f$ to _! (fspr+4 ,a few m9utes lat] & !y lay 9 ! bottom ( ! cage dead1 b ! p>5ts1 z if consci\s ( :at w\ld result1 flew away1 & nev] came back4 ,may x n be t ! p>5ts1 f9d+ all ef=ts to re/ore _! "y to fre$om ineffectual1 s\ght ?is me?od ( sav+ !m f a life to :i* dea? mu/ assur$ly be pref]able8 ,in/ances ( l "* might be adduc$ by ! hundr$1 b en\gh has be5 writt5 to %[ t1 9 ! case ( ,=mica flava1 an unwill+ness to all[ ! humble/ ( ! colony to be tak5 into bondage 0 ! motive :i* prompt$ ! sacrifice4 ,,ne/-,,build+ ,,fi%es4 ,n alone 9 color d fi%es resemble birds4 ,9 ! home-life & love ( (fspr+ a close resemblance obta9s4 ,_m are ne/-build]s1 erect+ /ructures q z complicat$ z ^? ( "s birds1 & h>dly less elaborate 9 design & f9i%4 ,float+ along "s woodl& /ream1 or /roll+ along its grass-fr+$ m>g91 we h wat*$ ! dome/ic life ( ! ,sun-fi%1 ! ,eupomotis vulg>is ( writ]s1 t mottl$1 bespangl$ beauty t seems always on h& to be caught by ! angl] 9 default ( m noble game4 ,:]e delicate grasses gr[1 & float+ lily-pads ca/ _! %ad[s1 !re among ! w9d+ /ems ! ,sun-fi% builds its home4 ,mov+ 9 pairs 9 & out among ! lilies ne> ! %ore1 z if jo9tly select+ a site = a nurs]y1 !y may be se54 ,! spot is g5]ally a gravelly "o1 &1 once det]m9$ ^u1 no "t is lo/ 9 pu%+ ! "w to a spe$y conclusion4 ,= sev]al in*es ar\nd ! space is cle>$ ( /ems or roots1 & ^! are c>efully c>ri$ away4 ,! small] roots are swept aside by well-direct$ bl[s ( _! tails1 or by mimic :irlpools :i* ! fi%es1 /&+ ov] ! ne/1 create by _! f9s4 ,! /ones are next tak5 up1 ! small] ones 9 _! m\?s1 ! l>g] be+ pu%$ out bodily1 or fann$ away by ! sweep+ process1 until an oval depression1 ) a s&y bottom1 f9ally appe>s4 ,ab\t ! sides ! /ems ( aquatic v]dure1 :i* seem to h be5 purposely left1 may be se5 /&+1 & ^! n[ naturally fall ov]1 (t5times con/itut+ ! ne/ a p]fect b[]1 ) walls b$eck$ ) buds1 :ile ! ro( is a mat ( :ite lilies float+ ^u ! surface4 ,"h ! eggs are deposit$1 ! male & female alt]nately wat*+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,common ,,sun-,,fi%4 ,male & ,female ,def5d+ ,x f ,attack ( ,cat-fi%4 ,:ile ! ,sun-fi% is always recogniz$ z ! mo/ peaceful ( ! f9ny tribe1 & only *as+ 9 wanton playfulness its neighbors1 x is o!rwise :5 ! passions are wr\ght to a high pit* ( excitem5t ?r\gh ! play ( amatory influ5ces 9 ! spr+-"t4 ,let a /rang]1 a be:isk]$ cat-fi%1 approa* ! b[]1 & w> is at once decl>$4 ,! little creatures snap at ! intrud] ) ang] & defiance4 ,_! %>p dorsal f9s /& erect1 ! pectorals vibrate ) repress$ emotion1 :ile ! viol5t movem5ts ( _! p[]ful tails ev9ce a read9ess & det]m9ation to /& by _! home at all haz>ds4 ,inde$1 s vigor\s is _! *>ge1 t ev5 l>ge fi%es are =c$ to retreat1 &1 z ! ,sun-fi%es build 9 companies1 ! intrud] (t5 f9ds himself attack$ by a :ole colony ( !m4 ,ne>ly all ! ,sun-fi%es are ne/-build]s1 "s =m+ arbors1 z we h se51 o!rs scoop+ out ne/s on s&y %oals1 :ile "o1 ! ,spott$ ,sun-fi%1 is m democratic1 affect+ muddy /reams1 :]e1 on ! approa* ( cold wea!r1 x makes a ne/ 9 ! muddy bottom1 & !re x lies dormant till ! com+ spr+4 ,:o has n made fri5ds ) ! ,dace--,rh9i*?ys atronasus8 ,he is a v]itable f9ny je/]4 ,we h wat*$ him 9 8 wat]y retreat1 &1 p]haps unse51 h play$ ! spy ^u 8 dome/ic proce$+s4 ,life is a gala "t to ^! little fi%es4 ,!y h seem+ly nev] a c>e or a bo!r4 ,9 je/ !y jo9 9 ! *ase ( "s curi\s m9n[ t intrudes ^u _! pres5ce1 sudd5ly *ang+ _! c\rse to da% at "s respl5d5t dragon-fly t hov]s ov] ! leafy canopy ( _! home1 & z quickly d>t+ (f aga9 to attack "s bit ( float+ leaf or imag9>y insect4 ,all is n play1 h[ev]1 ev5 among ! ,dace4 ,! w>m days ( ,june u%] 9 ! /]n] duties1 ! ne/+-"t4 ,male & female jo9 9 ! prep>ation1 & a locality1 p]haps 9 %all[ wat] 9 "s runn+ brook1 is select$4 ,roots1 snags & leaves are c>ri$ away1 bo? fi%es sometimes f\nd tugg+ away at a s+le piece1 tak+ x d[n-/ream1 & work+ fai?fully & vigor\sly until1 9 a few h\rs1 a cle>+ ov] two feet 9 diamet] is ! result4 ,!re ! fir/ eggs are laid4 ,! male1 :o has retir$1 soon appe>s f up-/ream1 be>+ 9 8 m\? a pebble1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! cle>+4 ,n[ !y bo? swim away1 b soon return+1 ea* be>+ a pebble1 t is also dropp$ ^u ! eggs4 ,sl[ly ! "w proce$s1 until a lay] ( clean pebbles app>5tly cov]s ! eggs4 ,a second lay] ( eggs is n[ deposit$ by ! female1 & ^! are cov]$ by pebbles z ! o!rs _h be51 ! indu/ri\s little work]s sc\r+ ! neighborhood = !m1 seem+ly pil+ up eggs & /ones alt]nately until ! heap atta9s a height ( eight in*es or m4 ,^! heaps v>y 9 %ape1 "s be+ pyramidal1 & o!rs dome-%ap$4 ,su* pati5ce z ^! f9ny h\sekeep]s manife/ is n appreciat$ by man4 ,! glean]s ( ! gold5 fields1 9 ^: wat]s our little fri5ds are f\nd1 h n discov]$ _! secret1 & ?9k ! curi\s piles ! wa%es ( ! brook itself4 ,b _! purpose is ! protection ( _! eggs4 ,9 swift-runn+ /reams1 :i* ^! fi% are s wont to affect1 ! eggs w\ld be wa%$ away1 &1 driv5 aga9/ rocks & snags1 w\ld be de/roy$1 or1 ev5 escap+ de/ruction1 w\ld1 by ! undulat+ movem5t to :i* !y w\ld become subject$1 be r5d]$ impossible ( incubation4 ,besides1 7 !y n ?us protect$1 ev5 ?\gh !re 0 no dang] ( be+ wa%$ away1 !y w\ld become easy prey to ! attacks ( c>nivor\s fi%es4 ,unlike z ! ,lamprey-eels are 9 /ructure to ! ,dace1 yet 9 _! habits ( erect+ a ne/ !y are v simil>4 ,^u our ,ea/]n sea-bo>d !y are a common species1 inhabit+ bo? salt & fre% wat]4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ !y foll[ ! %ad up ! riv]s1 occasionally prec$+ !m1 & se>* ab\t = suitable localities 9 :i* to deposit _! spawn4 ,!y clean away ! /ones z ! ,dace 7 se5 to d1 b5d+ _! long bodies 9 coils1 :i* !y use 9 pu%+ aside ! accumulation on ! bottom4 ,to ! unle>n$ ! appe>ance ( two ,eels1 ea* ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 twi/+ & seem+ly coil+ ab\t ea* o!r1 w\ld be indicative ( w>4 ,b hav+ clean$ = !mselves a smoo? spot1 ! ,lampreys proce$ to place /ones4 ,irregul>ly-%ap$ /ones ( small size are easily & quickly transport$ 9 _! m\?s1 b :5 /ones t weigh sev]al p\nds are to be br\ght1 ! tactics !y adopt are wor?y ( an eng9e]4 ,z ! spots *os5 = ! re>+ ( _! subm>9e ca/les are ord9>ily subject$ to a swift curr5t1 ! l>ge/ /ones1 :i* x w\ld be ?\ght impossible = !m to move1 are look$ = up /ream4 ,a suitable "o f\nd1 & a favorable position pres5t$1 ! suck+ m\? is fa/5$ to x1 & by a convulsive ef=t1 ! tail ( ! fi% be+ rais$ al(t1 ! heavy /one is lift$ f its place1 ! curr5t pu%+ aga9/ ! fi% & /one1 be>+ !m along sev]al feet be=e !y s9k4 ,ano!r ef=t ( ! fi%1 & ! rock is aga9 rais$ & c>ri$ d[n /ream1 until f9ally1 by repeat$ lift+s & /ruggles1 ! +5i\s1 p]sev]+ ne/-build] is swept d[n to ! ne/1 :]e ! load is deposit$4 ,?is labori\s "w is c>ri$ on until ! pile has atta9$ a height ( two or ?ree feet1 & a diamet] ( f\r4 ,no special =m seems to be necess>y4 ,! ne/ is g5]ally oval1 compact & well devis$ to conta9 ! eggs1 :i* are c>efully deposit$ )91 ?us af=d+ protection 9 its num]\s int]/ices = ! "y :5 !y hat*4 ,:5 ab\t six in*es long1 ! "y ,petromyzon m>9us1 :i* is a /range little fell[1 is devoid ( tee?1 & bl9d1 & possesses s _m *>act]i/ics di/9ct f ! p>5t1 t = a long "t he 0 consid]$ a sep>ate species1 & ev5 assign$ a place 9 a diff]5t g5us4 ,enorm\s ne/s are sometimes built4 ,john ,m4 ,bat*eld]1 ,esq41 describes "o1 :i* he saw 9 ! ,saco ,riv]1 ,ma9e1 t 0 ab\t fifte5 feet long1 & f "o to ?ree feet 9 height1 its position & triangul> %ape 9 v]tical section be+ well adapt$ = secur+ a *ange ( wat]1 & a hid+-place = ! "y4 ,! op]ation ( build+ 0 v me?odical1 a hundr$ & m ,eels be+ at "w ^u ! /ructure4 ,wat]-worn /ones1 *ips ( granites & fragm5ts ( bricks1 sometimes weigh+ z mu* z two p\nds & transport$ by a s+le individual1 7 utiliz$ 9 ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black-,,nos$ ,,dace4 ,con/ruct+ ,_! ,ne/ ( ,pebbles4 ,m rem>kable1 h[ev]1 ?an any previ\sly describ$1 are ! ne/s ( ! ,fre%-wat] ,*ub1 ,semotilus bull>is1 :i* is kn[n 9 "s localities z ! ,/one ,tot]4 ,?is fi% atta9s a l5g? ( ab\t fifte5 in*es4 ,! f9e/ ne/s are on ! %ores ( ,we/m9/] ,isl&1 b !y are common on ne>ly e isl& t has a s&y1 gravelly %ore among ! _m t make up ! ,?\s& ,isl&s4 ,! ne/ is a pile ( /ones1 sometimes measur+ t5 feet across at ! base1 f\r feet 9 height1 & conta9+ a good-siz$ c>t-load ( /ones1 weigh+ 9 all p]haps a ton4 ,/ones f small pebbles to "s f\r in*es 9 l5g? 7 us$1 & z "s ( ! ne/s are plac$ at consid]able di/ances f ! gravel-b$s1 & ea* /one repres5t$ a j\rney1 ! am\nt ( labor p]=m$1 :5 x is consid]$ t t5s ( ?\s&s ( /ones mu/ h be5 us$ 9 ! build+1 c]ta9ly 0 incr$ible4 ,ea* /one is br\ght 9 ! m\? ( ! ,*ub & dropp$ ov] ! piles1 "o or m fi%es work+ at ! same heap4 ,"s plan is evid5tly foll[$ 9 ! "w1 ! fir/ deposit ( /ones be+ small1 & dropp$ s z to =m a circle or semi-circle4 ,! l>ge/ heaps are und\bt$ly ! "w ( successive ye>s1 ! ne/s be+ annually add$ to dur+ ! la/ ( ,may or ,june1 :5 ! ,*ubs are se5 ly+ 9 ! heaps1 at :i* "t ! eggs are probably deposit$4 ,all ! labor ( pil+ up is to protect !m f pr$atory fi%es1 a necess>y & wise provision1 z cat-fi%1 rock-bass1 p]* & o!rs prey ^u ! eggs4 ,9 gravelly b$s ! ,tr\t excavates a simple ne/1 a m]e depression 9 ! s&1 t is n at all incomp>able to ! ne/ ( "s species ( gulls4 ,a furr[ 9 ! gravelly bottom ( a riv]1 (t5 t5 feet 9 l5g?1 ! depression be+ made z fa/ z x is requir$1 is ! ne/ ( ! ,salmon4 ,9 ,canadian riv]s ^! ne/s c be easily di/+ui%$ by ! light] m>k+ 9 ! bottom4 ,few p]sons ( ! _m :o delight to drift along our sea-%ores are unfamili> ) ! ,toad-fi%4 ,s closely does he 9 %ape & color resemble a moss-cov]$ /one t 8 enemies are deceiv$4 ,intr5*$ among ! we$s & gravel1 :i* ! "m-fi% c>elessly ?r[s aside1 aft] ! fa%ion ( "s ( ! gulls1 ! "y are re>$1 _! yolk-sacs enabl+ !m to cl+ to ! rocks ( ! ne/ soon aft] bir?4 ,!re1 "u ! wat*ful eye ( ! p>5t1 !y rema9 until old en\gh to swim away4 ,b ! mo/ vigilant ( all ne/-build]s is ! ,f\r-sp9$ ,/ickleback--,apeltes quadracus4 ,9 "s neighbor+ /ream1 t soon] or lat] f9ds its way to ! ocean1 he may be f\nd4 ,!re are diff]5t species ( ^! fi%1 b _! ar*itectural ideas are pretty mu* ! same4 ,!y v>y ma9ly 9 ! locations !y select = ne/+4 ,"s place ! ne/s ^u ! bottom1 conceal$ among ! sea-we$ f\nd !re1 :ile o!rs hang !irs f "s project+ l$ge1 or sw+ x 9 ! tide f ! sunk5 b\gh ( "s ov]hang+ tree4 ,z is unusual1 ! "w ( nidification is solely p]=m$ by ! male ,/ickleback1 ! female tak+ no "p 9 ! labor4 ,! spawn+ season hav+ arriv$1 he1 assum+ a bright nuptial lu/re1 %[s rem>kable activity 9 select+ a site = an edifice1 & transport+ ! build+ mat]ial ?i!r4 ,fragm5ts ( all k9ds ( plants1 ga!r$ (t5 at a di/ance1 are br\ght home 9 8 m\?4 ,^! are arrang$ z a sort ( a c>pet1 b z !re is dang] ( ! light mat]ials be+ c>ri$ away by ! curr5t1 !y are weight$ d[n by s& to keep !m 9 _! places4 ,hav+ entw9$ !m ) 8 m\? to 8 complete satisfaction1 he !n glides g5tly ov] !m on 8 belly1 & glues !m ) ! mucus t exudes f 8 pores4 ,m solid mat]ials1 sometimes bits ( wood1 sometimes bits ( /raw1 :i* he seizes ) 8 m\?1 are adju/$ to ! sides ( ! floor to con/itute ! walls4 ,he is n[ v p>ticul>4 ,if ! piece _c be prop]ly adju/$ to 8 build+1 & he does n lose pati5ce 9 8 ef=ts to fit x 91 he c>ries x to "s di/ance f ! ne/ & leaves x4 ,aft] ! side walls are erect$1 a ro( ( ! same mat]ials ) ! floor is laid ov] ! *amb]4 ,firmness is giv5 to ! :ole /ructure by pass+ ov] x ) 8 body1 ! light & useless p>ticles be+ fann$ away by ! action ( 8 f9s & ! vibratory movem5ts ( 8 tail4 ,9 c>ry+ on 8 build+ op]ations c>e is tak5 to pres]ve a circul> op5+ into ! *amb]1 8 head & a great "p ( 8 body be+ ?ru/ !re91 ?us wid5+ & consolidat+ x1 & r5d]+ x a fit receptacle = ! female4 ,:5 *oos+ mat]ial1 ! fi% has be5 se5 te/+ its specific gravity by lett+ x s9k once or twice 9 ! wat]1 & if ! desc5t 0 n rapid en\gh f9ally ab&on+ x4 ,( ! exact me?od us$ by ! fi% 9 b9d+ ! ne/ toge!r we are indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,ryd]4 ,! male fi% sp9s f a pore or pores a comp\nd ?read1 us+ 8 body to ins9uate himself ?r\gh ! int]/ices ?r\gh :i* he c>ries ! ?read4 ,! ?read is spun fitfully1 n cont9u\sly4 ,he w g r\nd & r\nd ! ne/ p]haps a doz5 times1 :5 he w re/ a:ile & beg9 anew4 ,its %ape is some:at conical be=e completion4 ,! ?read is w\nd r\nd & r\nd ! ne/ 9 a horizontal direction1 & :5 fre%ly spun is f\nd to consi/ ( six or eight v ?9 transp>5t fibres1 :i* h alt]nat$ tap]+ ends :]e !y are brok5 (f4 ,v soon aft] ! ?read is spun1 p>ticles ( dirt adh]e to x1 & r5d] x difficult to int]pret its "*4 ,! ne/ measures "o-half ( an in* 9 height1 & ?ree-eigh?s 9 diamet]4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 collect+ mat]ials & con/ruct+ ! ne/ is ab\t f\r h\rs1 & :5 all is ready ! male />ts out to seek a female1 &1 hav+ f\nd h]1 conducts h] ) _m polite att5tions to ! prep>$ home4 ,! eggs be+ deposit$1 ! male e/abli%es himself z a gu>dian ( ! preci\s treasures1 n ev5 suff]+ ! female to approa* x aga94 ,e fi% t comes ne>1 no matt] h[ l>ge1 is furi\sly assail$4 ,he gives battle valiantly1 /rik+ at _! eyes & seiz+ _! f9s 9 8 m\?4 ,8 %>p dorsal & v5tral sp9es are v effective weapons 9 8 def5ce4 ,con/ant wat*fulness ^u ! "p ( ! male is ne$$1 =1 if he g away = only a few mom5ts1 ! /icklebacks & o!r fi% lurk+ 9 ! vic9ity ru% 9 & dev\r ! eggs 9 an in/ant4 ,a :ole mon? he is occupi$ 9 provid+ = ! safety ( 8 (fspr+4 ,ab\t ! t5? day he employs himself 9 te>+ d[n ! ne/ & c>ry+ ! mat]ial to "s little di/ance4 ,! fry may n[ be obs]v$ 9 motion4 ,& ^! ! male cont9ually nurses1 suff]+ no encroa*m5t1 & if ! "y brood %[ a t5d5cy to /ray beyond b\nds1 !y are driv5 back )9 _! prec9cts1 until !y are /rong en\gh to provide = _! own liv+1 :5 bo? old & "y disappe> toge!r4 ,b no?+ 9 ! lives ( all ^! little ne/-build]s is m int]e/+ ?an ! intellig5ce !y display & ! facility ) :i* !y adapt !mselves to circum/ances4 ,!y seem to be able to grasp almo/ in/antly ! conditions ( ! environm5t1 & to employ a wise discrim9ation 9 suit+ !m to _! wants4 ,h>dly two ne/s are alike4 ,m>k$ diff]5ces 9 details ( /ructure1 configuration & surr\nd+s are app>5t1 :i* prove t ^! creatures are controll$ by reason1 r ?an in/9ct1 9 ! elaboration ( _! homes4 ,t !y h "s means ( communicat+ _! desires to ea* o!r _c be d\bt$4 ,:5 ! male has laid hold ( a /em1 a pebble or a /ick t completely baffles all ef=t at removal1 8 mate seems summon$ to 8 assi/ance1 & ! unit$ /r5g? ( ! pair accompli%es ! object to be ga9$4 ,!re is ev] noticeable 9 :atev] ! sexes und]take "s conc]t ( action :i* w\ld put to %ame ! boa/$ intellig5ce ( man himself4 ,! ,sun-fi%es1 z has be5 said1 ne/ 9 companies4 ,:5 ! comb9$ ef=t ( two individuals is unable to expel an invad]1 ! entire community1 z by a s+le mighty impulse1 rises up aga9/ ! foe4 ,!re is evid5ce ( "s =m ( society1 ev5 ?\gh simple 9 its organization1 :]e individual memb]s league !mselves toge!r = mutual protection & def5ce4 ,o!r examples might be cit$ to give ! read] a common-s5se e/imate ( ! comp>atively high ord] ( intellig5ce t *>act]izes ! actions ( _m ( our fi%es4 ,,slipp]y ,,z ,,an ,,eel4 ,eels are f\nd 9 almo/ all w>m & temp]ate c\ntries1 & gr[ to a v great size 9 tropical regions4 ,!y are impati5t ( cold1 & h5ce d n exi/ 9 ! extreme nor!rn & s\!rn p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 _m isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean !y are held 9 consid]able e/imation1 be+ pres]v$ 9 ponds & f$ by h&1 b 9 _m civiliz$ communities a /rong prejudice prevails aga9/ !m1 probably f _! simil>ity to snakes1 :i* prev5ts ev5 a hungry man f c>+ to eat su* :olesome & nutriti\s food4 ,n "o ( our riv] fi%es is s my/]i\s z ! ,eel1 & al?\gh mu* is n[ kn[n t 0 involv$ 9 obscurity1 yet !re is /ill mu* to le>n ( its habits1 especially ! mann] ( its reproduction4 ,diff]5ce ( locality1 x is likely1 may influ5ce ! ,eel & cause a diff]5ce ( habit1 an op9ion :i* seems w>rant$ f ! v>i\s & p]plex+ acc\nts t h be5 giv5 ( its cu/oms by num]\s practical obs]v]s4 ,dur+ ! hot1 /ill & sunny days ( ,june !y are *iefly se5 on top ( ! wat]1 :]ev] masses ( aquatic we$s may be f\nd1 ei!r 9 ! calm enjoym5t ( a sun-ba?1 or = ! purpose ( fe$+ ^u ! myriads ( gnats1 mo?s & flies t seek ! plants = re/ or food1 & :i* by unavoidably damp+ _! w+s become easy prey to _! ambu%$ enemies4 ,at night1 simil> retreats are affect$ = l purposes4 ,float+ masses ( deta*$ we$s t ! eddy+ /ream has w\nd & kept 9 "o place are s\ght 9 w>m1 /illy wea!r1 b 9 bl[+1 cool] or ra9y wea!r !y =sake su* places = ! /ill1 deep dit*es4 ,if a flu% ( wat] comes1 & a little1 %all[ /ream1 runn+ f or into ! ma9 riv]1 becomes full] ?an usual1 !re !y resort 9 va/ numb]s1 evid5tly pleas$ ) ! delici\s *ange1 only to rema9 z long z its fre%ness cont9ues4 ,l _m o!r fi%es1 ,eels are v t5aci\s ( life1 & c live a long "t :5 remov$ f ! wat]1 ow+ to a simple & beautiful modification ( /ructure1 :i* p]mits !m to reta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( moi/ure to keep ! gills damp & 9 a condition to p]=m _! natural functions4 ,!y h be5 se5 crawl+ ov] consid]able di/ances1 some:at snake-l 9 _! movem5ts1 evid5tly ei!r 9 pursuit ( wat]1 _! own dwell+-place be+ ne>ly dri$1 or 9 se>* ( "s runn+ /ream 9 ^: wat]s !y may rea* ! sea aft] ! cu/om>y mann] ( _! race4 ,multitudes ( ,eels1 bo? old & "y1 "s ( ! latt] sc>cely six in*es 9 l5g?1 h be5 se5 crawl+ up ! banks ( a creek1 app>5tly )\t any purpose1 & ov] ! smoo? surface ( a project+ rock1 ) all ! ease ( a fly mov+ ov] a ceil+4 ,s active 7 ! little ones z to defy1 unless ! h& 0 mov$ ) extreme rapidity1 _! capture4 ,va/ numb]s ( ^! little ,eels are 9 ! habit ( proce$+ up ! riv]s 9 ! spr+-"t4 ,9 "s places 9 ,engl& !y are call$ ,elv]s4 ,!y are caught 9 imm5se quantities1 & scald$ & press$ into masses t]m$ ,eel- or ,elv]-cake4 ,:5 dress$ ^! little ,eels af=d a luxuri\s repa/4 ,t[>ds ! latt] "p ( summ] ^! fi%es migrate t[>ds ! sea1 be+ capable ( liv+ 9 fre% or salt wat] ) equal ease1 ! m\?s ( riv]s con/itut+ favorite localities4 ,ev5 9 our seaport t[ns & m>9e wat]+-places ! common riv] ,eel is caught by ^? :o are angl+ 9 ! sea = fi%4 ,v>i\s modes ( captur+ ,eels are adopt$ by man4 ,bobb+1 or clodd+ z x is sometimes call$1 is a v common & successful me?od1 consi/+ 9 bun*+ a numb] ( e>?worms ^u a wor/$ /r+1 & l[]+ x ne> ! place :]e ! fi%es are suppos$ to be fe$+4 ,s eag]ly d ! voraci\s fi% seize ! bait1 & s fi]cely d !y bite1 t !y are pull$ out ( ! wat] be=e !y h "t to collect _! ?\ghts & dis5gage _! tee? f ! /r+4 ,night-l9es1 :i* are laid 9 ! ev5+ & tak5 up 9 ! morn+1 are ano!r plan4 ,b ! mo/ successful me?od is by spe>+4 ,! spe> us$ = ! purpose is n unlike ! conv5tional trid5t ( ,neptune1 except t ! prongs are f\r 9 numb]1 flatt5$1 slightly b>b$ on ea* edge1 & spread r widely f _! junction ) ! %aft4 ,?is is pu%$ at r&om into ! muddy banks :]e ! ,eels love to lie1 & :5 "o is caught1 its long snake-l body is w$g$ 9 betwe5 ! jagg$ prongs & lift$ into ! boat be=e x is able to extricate itself4 ,almo/ any k9d ( food t x c ma/]1 :e!r aquatic or t]re/rial1 is eat5 to satisfy ! creature's mo/ voraci\s appetite4 ,ev5 mice & rats fall victims to its hung]1 & an ,eel is record$ to h be5 f\nd float+ dead on ! wat]1 hav+ be5 *ok$ to dea? by a rat :i* x _h essay$ to swall[1 b :i* prov$ too l>ge a morsel = its ?roat4 ,s rem>kable is ! t5acity ( life :i* ?is fi% possesses1 t aft] ! creature has be5 cut up into l5g?s1 ea* sep>ate piece w move z if alive1 & at ! t\* ( a p9's po9t w curve itself z ?\gh x felt ! injury4 ,:5 all irritability has ceas$1 ! portions w fl\nce vigor\sly ab\t if plac$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & ev5 aft] its influ5ce has ceas$ w1 ^u ! addition ( salt1 jump ab\t z vigor\sly z be=e4 ,!re c be no real s5sation1 let x be und]/ood1 z ! sp9al cord has be5 sev]$ & all connection ) ! bra91 :i* is ! seat ( s5sation1 has be5 cut (f4 ,h[ ! ,eel reproduces its k9d has long be5 a subject ( discussion4 ,"s held t ! "y is produc$ 9 a liv+ condition1 & o!rs t x is hat*$ f ! egg4 ,! matt] has1 h[ev]1 be5 set at re/ by ! microscope1 :i* %[s t ! oily-look+ sub/ance1 g5]ally call$ fat1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! abdom5 ( ! ,eel1 is really an aggregation ( eggs1 & t ^! objects1 m9ute z !y are1 & :i* are n s l>ge z ! po9t ( a p91 are q z p]fect 9 _! /ructure z ! eggs ( a mo? or a bird are se5 to be to ! nak$1 unaid$ vision4 ,anguilla ro/rata1 z ! ,common ,am]ican ,eel is te*nically kn[n1 is abundant 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 liv+ 9 fre%-wat] /reams1 b deposit+ its eggs1 (t5 eight millions to a s+le fi%1 9 ! ocean1 ! "y asc5d+ ! riv]s4 ,eels are devoid ( v5tral f9s4 ,_! scales1 :i* are v m9ute1 are cov]$ ) a ?ick1 slime-l mat]ial4 ,"u ! microscope ea* scale is beautifully ornam5t$1 & ! exquisite patt]n =m$ by ! scales on ! sk9 may be readily & effectively se5 if a bit ( x1 :5 fre%1 be plac$ on ! w9d[-glass & all[$ to dry4 ,! sexes are difficult to di/+ui%2 ! females h ! highe/ dorsal f91 small] eyes1 & a light] color ?an ! males1 :ile ! sn\t is g5]ally broad] at ! tip4 ,:5 contigu\s to ! sea1 z 9 a pond ne> ,wells1 on ! coa/ ( ,ma9e1 ! ,eels inv>iably g d[n into salt wat] at night4 ,z ! connect+ /ream is n>r[1 ! sight is rem>kable1 ?\s&s fill+ ! *annel1 _m ( :om1 :5 al>m$1 leav+ ! wat] & pass+ ov] ! dry rocks to ! ocean4 ,eels are n ! sil5t creatures :i* _m p]sons suppose !m to be4 ,!y frequ5tly utt] a s\nd1 express$ by a s+le note1 :i* is m di/9ctly musical ?an ! s\nds made by o!r fi%es1 & :i* has a cle> metallic resonance4 ,!y are ( sl[ gr[?1 sc>cely rea*+ ! l5g? ( twelve in*es dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 b subsequ5tly atta9+ to l>ge dim5sions1 ! pres]v$ sk9s ( two ,eels1 :i* ,mr4 ,y>rall saw at ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 weigh+ toge!r fifty p\nds1 ! heavi] be+ tw5ty-sev5 p\nds 9 weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,common ,,am]ican ,,eel4 ,h[ ,x ,seeks ,new ,fe$+-,gr\nds4 ,fi%1 z a rule1 d n live m ?an a few m9utes out ( ! wat]4 ,an ,eel1 h[ev]1 w rema9 alive = _m h\rs1 & ev5 days1 9 atmosph]ic air1 provid$ x is laid 9 a damp place4 ,n[1 if "o be c>efully wat*$ :5 plac$ ^u dry l&1 x w be obs]v$ to p\t out ! *eeks on bo? sides ( its face4 ,und]nea? ?is puff$-out sk9 w be f\nd ! gills1 & ! sk9 :i* cov]s !m w be se5 to be s arrang$ z to =m a clos$ sac1 :i* ! ,eel fills ) wat]1 & s keeps ! gill-fibres moi/4 ,?is wond]ful contrivance enables ! ,eel to come out ( ! wat]1 & to travel1 s to speak1 by l&4 ,?us ,eels are (t5 f\nd 9 outly+ ponds ( human con/ruction1 :]e !y 7 nev] plac$ by ! h& ( man4 ,f9d+ old qu>t]s uncom=table1 !y take 9 a good supply ( wat]1 & ex*ange !m = ! bett]1 n by repeat$ leaps t[>ds ! wat]1 z "s fi% are kn[n to d1 b by a smoo?1 uni=m snake-l progression4 ,t "s fi%es %\ld leave ! wat] & travel ov]l& is1 p]haps1 n m rem>kable ?an t "s birds1 ! ouzel = example1 %\ld leave _! natural elem5t & fly into & "u ! wat]4 ,:oev] kn[s ! hidd5 pa?s ( ! m>% has d\btless wat*$ ! br[n-hu$ ,eels wriggl+ _! way ?r\gh ! grass f "o pool to ano!r1 especially at night1 leav+ _! home & w&]+ ab\t1 seem+ly unconsci\s :i!r _! pilgrimage w end4 8,slipp]y z an ,eel0 is prov]bial4 ,_m a p]son has1 by 8 slick1 cunn+ ways1 succe$$ 9 elud+ ! law & escap+ ju/ice1 af=d+ an apt illu/ration ( ! "* ( ! animal ab\t :i* we h be5 talk+1 b ! slipp]9ess ( ! ,eel is n giv5 to x t x may take "s unlawful advantage ( its neighbors1 b t x may ! m readily slip f ! grasp ( a m p[]ful enemy1 or ! m easily make its way into ! muddy dep?s ( ! pond or /ream :i* x s v mu* affects4 ,s x w be se5 t :ile ?is slipp]y "* 9 ! "o is protective1 9 ! economy ( nature1 = a wise & laudable purpose1 yet 9 ! o!r x b secures to ! possessor ! gett+ ( an ignoble ga9 & ! ru9 ( a once pr\d "n4 ,:ile ^! agile d5iz5s ( aquatic life are selfi% & voraci\s almo/ beyond prec$5t1 & app>5tly m conc]n$ 9 fe$+ ?an 9 any?+ else1 !re are c]ta9ly "s traits 9 _! "* :i* are r$eem+ features4 ,l[ z !y are 9 ! scale ( pisc9e exi/5ces1 occupy+ ! v l[e/ family ( ! ,anguillid9e ,apodes1 !y are none ! less susceptible to ! human influ5ce ( k9dness4 ,!y gr[ accu/om$ to man :5 good is at ! basis ( 8 actions1 & h be5 kn[n to accept food f 8 h&4 ,!y rememb] ! face ( a fri5d1 & :5 x is pres5t$ at ! door ( glass1 s to speak1 t op5s ! way to _! home1 !y come )\t fe> or suspicion %[+ itself 9 _! movem5ts4 ,ev5 ! s\nd ( ! voice ( a b5efactor awak5s a sympa!tic response 9 _! bosoms4 ,,rana ,,& ,,bufo4 ,belong+ to ! l[] v]tebrates is a family ( animals call$ sci5tifically ,ranid1 b :i* are1 popul>ly speak+1 be/ kn[n z frogs4 ,!y are que]-look+ creatures1 sc>cely met ) 9 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica1 b rea*+ _! highe/ /ate 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,!y are capable ( endur+ great *anges ( heat & cold1 & c live on l& z well z 9 wat]1 provid$ !y h ! am\nt ( moi/ure necess>y to pres]ve ! suppl5ess ( _! sk9s4 ,salt wat] is fatal to ! frog 9 any /age ( its exi/5ce4 ,rana clamata1 ! lu/y croak] ( ! summ] pond1 is our mo/ famili> species4 ,he may be recogniz$ by ! colors ( 8 dress1 9 :i* gre51 bronze1 gold & silv] play important p>ts1 & by ! e>-splitt+ "* ( 8 vocal intonations4 ,! gl&ul> ridges d[n ! sk9 ( 8 back1 toge!r ) 8 /range coloration1 s+ul>ly fit him = 8 home4 ,imitations ( ! /ems ( plants are se5 9 ! d>k] ridges1 & _! leafage 9 ! gre5 color ( 8 coat4 ,! silv] ( 8 ve/ has ! glimm] ( ! wat] 9 :i* he ba!s1 & ! moi/ e>? seems to h left its /a9 ^u 8 br[ni% feet & m>k+s1 :ile ! yell[ ( ! sev]al badges t adorn 8 p]son 9 be+ l ! /am5s & pi/ils ( ! surr\nd+ fl[]s1 & ( ! hue ( _m buds & blossoms1 adds l>gely to 8 protective display4 ,?us is ! frog 9 8 natural haunts protect$ by 8 g>m5ts1 &1 unless he /irs or is betray$ by 8 full1 bright eyes or ! palpitation ( 8 brea/1 he is n likely to be obs]v$4 ,f\r f+]s or toes are f\nd ^u ! ant]ior extremities1 :ile ^? ( ! po/]ior are five 9 numb] & webb$4 ,! front legs are mu* %ort]1 small] & weak] ?an ! h9d ones1 :i* are l>gely develop$1 & ?us s]viceable 9 swimm+ & leap+4 ,?\gh ! frog is possess$ ( a back-bone1 yet he has no ribs4 ,be+ ribless1 he _c exp& & contract 8 *e/ 9 brea?+1 b mu/ swall[ :at air he requires4 ,9 swall[+ ! air he mu/ close ! m\? & take ! air 9 only by ! no/rils2 !re=e1 oddly en\gh1 if 8 m\? is =cibly kept op51 he w smo!r4 ,! frog's brea?+1 a fact n g5]ally kn[n1 is p>tly ?r\gh 8 sk91 :i* gives (f c>bonic acid gas2 & moi/ure1 !re=e1 is j z ess5tial to 8 sk9 z x is to ! gills ( a fi%4 ,damp1 ra9y wea!r is 8 extreme delight4 ,:5 ! ra9 falls1 out come ! frogs4 ,_! sk9 absorbs moi/ure1 :i* is /or$ up 9 int]nal res]voirs1 & "s ( ?is wat]1 :5 ^! timid creatures are al>m$ by be+ sudd5ly seiz$1 is eject$1 b ,i d n ?9k t x is purposely s done1 z ! wat] is n1 z "s p h fanci$1 ( a poison\s nature4 ,frogs h no poison-sacs1 & 9 tru? no weapons ( any k9d4 ,op5 a frog's m\?1 & y w f9d b a few t9y tee? 9 ! upp] jaw & palate1 :i* are useful = ! p>tial gr9d+ up ( horny insects4 ,8 tongue y w discov] to be a v odd affair1 :i* is fa/5$ at ! front end ( ! m\?1 ! h9d] "p be+ free & hang+ d[n ! creature's ?roat4 ,?is organ is cov]$ ) a glue-l secretion4 ,:5 an insect is to be captur$1 x is snapp$ =w>d f ! m\?1 &1 /rik+ ! insect1 :i* x seldom fails to d1 causes x to adh]e z to bird-lime4 ,a few ?\ghts n[ ab\t ! life-hi/ory ( ! frog4 ,f egg to egg is ! /ory4 ,9 r\ndi% masses1 ^u /icks ly+ 9 wat]1 or ^u ! leaves & /ems ( subm]g$ wat]-plants1 are ! eggs deposit$4 ,! creature t comes f ! egg is no m l a frog ?an a cat]pill> is l a butt]fly4 ,x has a l>ge head1 small tail1 bran*$ gills1 & is devoid ( limbs1 resembl+1 9 ?is /age1 m a fi% ?an a frog4 ,?is is its e>ly *ildhood1 or tadpole /ate4 ,x c only live 9 wat] n[1 & swims & fe$s f ! v mom5t x leaves ! egg4 ,*ange 9 =m almo/ imm$iately beg9s1 ! bran*$ gills be+ drawn )9 ! neck & hidd51 a pair ( =e-legs beg9n+ to bud1 & subsequ5tly a pair ( h9d-legs1 :i* pu% out mu* fa/] ?an ! =e-legs4 ,z ! legs gr[1 ! tail is gradually absorb$ & disappe>s4 ,! int]ior ( ! body mean:ile *anges1 ! lungs & he>t becom+ reptilian4 ,:5 ! gills & tail are gone1 & ! legs are fully =m$1 ! once-swimm+ tadpole hops out ( ! wat] a p]fectly-=m$ frog4 ,:5 fir/ ! tadpole em]g$ f ! egg1 x ate ! jelly-l cov]4 ,!n s(t animal & vegetable matt]s1 ) ! /r5g!n+ ( its pair ( horny jaws1 began to be dev\r$4 ,insects lat] on1 & ev5 its own ki? & k91 became its food4 ,! f>e ( ! adult frog is almo/ exclusively insect 9 "*1 al?\gh necessity sometimes drives him to make a meal out ( "s ( 8 weak] bre?r54 ,seat$ 9 cool1 leafy %ad[s1 n f> f 8 favorite /ream or pool1 ! frog wat*es ) 8 great1 black1 gold-r+$ eyes = su* insects z good =tune %all br+ to 8 retreat4 ,z "o hov]s ne>1 out flies 8 limb]1 /icky1 ribbon-l tongue1 true to its m>k1 & ! hapless insect1 adh]+ to ! viscid project$ ribbon1 is g5tly & clev]ly deposit$ 9 ! op5 ?roat1 ! frog ma9ta9+ all ! :ile an air ( calm1 sup]ior self-satisfaction1 z if he _h n s mu* satisfi$ an appetite z fulfill$ ! mission ( ridd+ nature ( a sup]flu\s insect4 ,a mo/ h>mless1 timid & int]e/+ animal is ! frog1 & (t5 mo/ un=tunate4 ,he is ! legitimate m>k = all ! missiles t c be ?r[n at him by ur*9s w&]+ ab\t 8 native pool4 ,snakes make him _! prey1 & he is always 9 m5tal fe> le/ "s insidi\s s]p5t %all take him unaw>es1 or 8 mus+s %all be sudd5ly cut %ort by ! /ately progress ( "s swan or goose1 sail+ ov] ! limpid wat]1 or se>*+ ! gre5 h]bage :]e9 he sits conceal$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rana ,,clamata1 ,,or ,,gre5 ,,frog4 ,lu/y ,croak] ( ! ,summ] ,pond4 ,t he is susceptible ( be+ tra9$1 !re c be no "q4 ,man is n always view$ by him z an invet]ate enemy1 nor does he always dive headlong into ! pool :5 8 pres5ce is ne>4 ,he has be5 kn[n to cultivate man's acqua9tance1 & to live on fri5dly t]ms ) him4 ,"s ?ree ye>s ago a t9y frog 0 tak5 f a swamp by a fri5d & plac$ 9 a small /ream ( spr+ wat] t pass$ close to ! h\se :]e ! writ] 0 summ]+4 ,a doz5 times a day ! little frog 0 dipp$ up by ! h& f ! bottom ( ! /ream1 & =c$ to endure d[n ! head & back ! t5d]e/ c>esses4 ,a few insects 7 !n (f]$ z food 9 conciliation = ! lib]ty tak51 :i* ! little frog 0 only induc$ to accept aft] a great deal ( p]suasion1 :5 he 0 c>efully put back into 8 wat]y ba?4 ,9 ! space ( a week1 ! frog _h become s atta*$ to 8 fri5d1 t he w\ld leap into 8 out/ret*$ h& & take 8 food )\t ! lea/ di/ru/ or fe>4 ,ev5 ! voice ( ! ma/] 0 recogniz$ by ! frog1 &1 :5 he>d 9 ! di/ance1 0 ! signal = ! /range/ behavior4 ,froggie w\ld leap out ( ! wat] ^u a b>e /ret* ( e>?1 pe] (f 9 ! direction :5ce ! s\nd came1 & !re await 8 ma/]'s arrival ) re/less anxiety4 ,! /ronge/ bond ( fri5d%ip seem$ to unite ! two4 ,n only 0 ! frog able to recognize ! voice ( 8 fri5d1 b he knew him 9 p]son z well4 ,repeat$ ef=ts 7 made by ! writ] to ga9 ! att5tion & good-w ( ! frog1 b all 8 advances 7 receiv$ ) ! utmo/ indiff]5ce4 ,:ile ! species :i* ,i h j describ$ repres5ts ! aquatic ,ranid1 ! ,wood-frog1 its ne> k91 repres5ts a bran* ( ! family :i* pref]s dry situations1 except 9 bre$+ times1 :5 ! eggs mu/ be deposit$ 9 wat]4 ,! ,wood-frog is some:at small] ?an ! ,bull-frog1 & is clad 9 olive-gre5 & br[n colors1 :i* are 9 p]fect keep+ ) ! coloration ( dead leaves & dry twigs4 ,!re is a l>ge black pat* on ! side ( ! head ar\nd ! big e>-drum1 :i* seems /ill fur!r to di/+ui% him f 8 c\s94 ,he is a v %y & suspici\s creature1 & makes a prodigi\s jump at ! fir/ intimation ( dang]1 8 leaps be+ s enorm\s t x is v difficult to capture him4 ,:5 ^u ! gr\nd1 he c h>dly be disc]n$ f ! dry vegetation ar\nd4 ,by hid+ 9 damp moss or 9 decay$ logs1 & 9 little holl[s 9 ! gr\nd1 he is enabl$ to ma9ta9 ! moi/ure ( 8 sk94 ,he avoids ! sun%9e1 & keeps close to ! e>?4 ,ano!r curi\s ,rana is ! ,tree-frog4 ,he is small] ?an any ( 8 c\s9s1 & may be kn[n by 8 bright gre5 dress1 :i* is spott$ ) black1 & by a membrane /ret*$ betwe5 8 toes1 :i* gives him a broad1 flat surface1 :ile x helps to su/a9 him z he leaps1 some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( a fly+ squirrel1 f bran* to bran*4 ,9 tropical regions1 :]e _m ( ! trees are b$eck$ ) gorge\s blossoms1 ,tree-frogs appe> 9 ! gaye/ ( colors1 ! spl5dor ( _! g>b be+ protective 9 su* surr\nd+s4 ,dress$ 9 black & light br[n1 & liv+ 9 m>%es 9 ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 is ano!r species--! ,swamp-frog4 ,8 voice is a prolong$ croak1 :i*1 to ! practis$ e>1 c be readily di/+ui%$ f ! bawl ( ,clamata1 or ! ro> ( ! ,bull-frog4 ,cats1 geese1 hawks1 vultures1 owls & o!r animals eat frogs1 & ! luckless creatures c sc>cely appe> )\t f9d+ an enemy4 ,b nature1 :o is a v wise & consid]ate "m1 provides a means = balanc+ ?is great de/ruction ( _! =ces 9 end[+ !m ) wond]ful reproductive organs4 ,s prolific are frogs1 t :5 ! little black tadpoles appe>1 s ?ickly are !y huddl$ toge!r t ! pond seems lit]ally alive ) _! swimm+ =ms4 ,9 ! same class ( animals to :i* ! frogs belong1 z well z to ! same ord]1 b to a diff]5t sub-ord]1 are plac$ ! toads1 some:at remote c\s9s ( ! frogs4 ,z ! frog is well-kn[n ab\t our ponds1 s ! toad is a con/ant d5iz5 ( our groves & g>d5s4 ,! frog1 y h be5 told1 is a species ( ,rana1 & n[ ,i %all introduce to y ! toad z a species ( ,bufo4 ,9 g5]al anatomy !y are alike4 ,_! eggs & "y are closely simil>1 & ! /ages ( gr[? f egg to adult =m are ne>ly id5tical4 ,:5 ! adult /age is atta9$ ! frogs & toads are v t9y creatures1 b1 small z !y are1 !y are readily di/+ui%able f ea* o!r by ! con=mation ( ! sn\t1 & by ! l>g] developm5t ( ! h9d-legs ( ! frog4 ,_! *ief diff]5ces w n[ be enum]at$4 ,! toad has no tee?1 b ! frog1 z has be5 /at$ be=e1 has tee? 9 bo? ! upp] jaw & ! palate4 ,simil>ly atta*$ is ! tongue1 b ! free end ( ! frog's tongue is =k$1 & ! toad's entire4 ,! sk9 ( ! toad is usually w>ty1 :ile ! frog's is smoo?4 ,a r\nd] body1 %ort] h9d-legs1 less fully webb$ feet & m r\nd$ sn\t /ill fur!r di/+ui% ! toad f ! frog4 ,_! s(t moi/ sk9 %[s !m to be ,amphibians4 ,! abs5ce ( tails places !m among ! ,anuran1 or ,tailless ,amphibians4 ,?us f> !y agree well toge!r1 b diff]5ces loom up ^u c>eful exam9ation1 & we are compell$ to say ( ! frog t he belongs to ! ,ranid1 & ( ! toad t he belongs to ! ,bufonid4 ,( ! two animals1 ! toad is by f> ! m int]e/+ & useful4 ,! toad is almo/ unre/rict$ 9 8 t]ritorial range4 ,he hops ?r\gh ! tropics & ! temp]ate zones1 & well up into ! pol> regions4 ,ev]y:]e he is ! same in(f5sive1 g5tle1 humble1 useful & g5]ally sil5t creature4 ,b l 8 human bro!r he has 8 faults4 ,he has a great fondness = bees4 ,happy is he :51 brig&-l1 he c /& by ! highway ( ! bees & capture !m z !y return to _! wax5 city4 ,_! weal? ( honey he does n dem& z a ransom1 b swall[s ! little creatures !mselves1 alive & :ole1 & dige/s !m at leisure4 ,bee-eat+ seems 8 only fault4 ,n only ! hive-bee1 b o!r insects z well1 %>e 8 att5tion4 ,millions ( noxi\s beetles & bugs are dev\r$1 & ! _w is ! ri*] by ?\s&s ( bu%els ( fruit & vegetables4 ,! good he accompli%es l>gely outweighs ! mis*ief he commits4 ,s ceaselessly & swiftly he swall[s 8 game1 t a gras%opp]'s legs or a sph9x's ant5n may (t5 be se5 /ick+ out ( 8 m\?1 :ile ! c>cass itself is well d[n 9 8 ?roat4 ,fr5* g>d5]s s appreciate 8 utility t he is br\ght to m>ket & sold = a pittance to su* z may ne$ 8 s]vices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,common ,,am]ican ,,toad4 ,h[ ,he ,manages a ,difficulty4 ,toads c be tam$ & taught to eat f ! h&4 ,!y are easily beguil$ ) sug> & ) bread t has be5 soak$ 9 milk1 b1 l a capti\s *ild1 !y eat only ! middle out ( ! slice1 & leave ! cru/4 ,we once saw a toad1 a noble fell[ he 01 :o1 at a c]ta9 h\r ( ! clos+ day1 w\ld come f 8 gloomy retreat to receive at ! h&s ( man 8 supp] ( flies1 :i* he _h be5 tra9$ to cat* on ! ?r[4 ,s un]r+ly w\ld 8 tongue d>t out at ! opportune mom5t1 t he seldom1 if ev]1 %ot wide ( 8 m>k4 ,x is amus+ to obs]ve him :51 9 8 gre$ & ha/e1 he has attempt$ to swall[ a huge gras%opp] ^: legs w n accommodate !mselves to 8 peculi> gape ( m\?4 ,h[ he swall[s & twi/s & contracts ! walls ( 8 ?roat1 b ! legs seem unmanageable4 ,he does n give up1 or endeavor to eject ! half-swall[$ body1 b pond]s ! matt] ov] & ov]4 ,a look ( delight beams out ( 8 eyes1 t %[s he has manag$ ! problem4 ,up goes to ! m\? ! "r =e-leg1 &1 9 less "t ?an x takes to *ronicle ! ev5t1 ! ob/rep]\s insect is pu%$ into ! /oma*4 ,"s curi\s my?s are told ( ! toad4 ,"o says he c live = hundr$s ( ye>s encas$ 9 clay or 9 /one4 ,no m true ( ,bufo is ?is ?an ( ,rana1 8 c\s94 ,ano!r ass]ts t 8 sk91 :5 h&l$1 is productive ( w>ts1 & t ! fluid he emits1 :i* s]ves b to moi/5 8 body1 = )\t moi/ure he c\ld c]ta9ly n live1 & to protect him f enemies1 is poison\s 9 "*4 ,8 p[] to produce w>ts1 we _c admit4 ,b t ! fluid he exudes1 if n poison\s to t\*1 is (f5sive to animals1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,we are l$ to ?is conclusion f ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,dogs1 "y animals especially1 are prone to attack ! toad1 b !y nev] want to repeat _! exp]i5ce4 ,! toad's exudation s affects ! saliv>y gl&s ( ! dog z to cause him to fro? & foam l an animal ) rabies4 ,a case is recall$ :]e a dog1 t _h tak5 a toad 9 8 m\?1 became almo/ frantic4 ,?is dog nev] aft]w>ds 0 well4 ,8 :ole sy/em app>5tly _h become diseas$1 &1 9 less ?an a ye>1 he _h wa/$ to a complete skeleton1 :5 dea? reliev$ him ( 8 suff]+s4 ,ano!r allegation1 t ! toad has a jewel 9 8 head1 has be5 believ$ f v anci5t times4 ,! /ory d\btlessly orig9at$ f ! beauty ( ! toad's eyes1 ! irides be+ a ri* flame-color1 :i*1 9 ! dusk ( ! ev51 %9e l burni%$ gems4 ,:5 hat*$ ! "y ( ! toad are ( a jet black color1 & are v active4 ,_! *anges are made v e>ly & 9 ! same mann] z ^? ( ! frog4 ,!y are q small :5 arriv$ at ! p]fect toad /ate4 ,_! legs produc$ & _! tails absorb$1 !y quit ! wat] & set out on long j\rneys4 ,unlike ! frog1 :i* is a home-/ay]1 ! toad is a born vagrant4 ,!y travel *iefly by night1 hid+ "u /ones & h]bage dur+ ! day4 ,if cl\ds cov] ! sky1 !y take he>t & joy\sly hop =? ^u _! pilgrimage4 ,dur+ a long dr\? !y my/]i\sly disappe>1 b if a ra9 comes on !y sudd5ly come out by hundr$s1 & ?is has giv5 rise to ! tale ( a 8%[] ( toads40 ,worms1 z well z flies1 etc41 con/itute a toad's bill ( f>e4 ,aft] a ra9 toads & worms1 x w\ld seem1 are mutually inspir$ to take _! walks abroad1 & _m an un=tunate worm makes its way into ! toad's maw4 ,dead insects are at a disc\nt ) him1 & he views ) suspicion any?+ t %[s n ! active wriggl+ pr9ciple ( life4 ,:5 w9t] comes on ! toad1 l ! frog1 goes into w9t]-qu>t]s4 ,s9ce ! "y toad rea*es its adult size 9 ! autumn1 x is =c$ to pass ! fir/ p]iod ( its gr[n-up life 9 a sleep1 or coma1 9 "s hole or burr[ :i* x has f\nd or fa%ion$ 9 ! e>?4 ,sometimes toads creep into rock-crevices1 or into holl[s 9 logs & trees1 & be+ f\nd 9 ^! places 9 ! e>ly spr+ are ha/ily suppos$ to h be5 prison]s = _m ye>s4 ,9 ! process ( gr[? ! sk9 ( ! toad1 z well z t ( ! frog1 becomes too small1 & h5ce is ca/ (f4 ,z ! %$d+-"t approa*es1 ! :ite1 gre5 & br[n colors become dull1 & a peculi> dryness appe>s4 ,a new sk9 is n[ =m+ "u ! outgr[n "o1 & pres5tly ! latt] splits half d[n ! middle ( ! back & along ! "u "p ( ! body4 ,by a s]ies ( viol5t twit*+s ( ! toad ! old sk9 is made to wr9kle & fold along ! sides4 ,a h9d-leg is n[ tuck$ "u a =e-arm1 & by a good pull ! animal is soon out ( t leg ( 8 tr\s]s4 ,! o!r leg is remov$ 9 simil> fa%ion4 ,putt+ "o h& 9 8 m\? & giv+ a j]k1 (f comes ! cov]+ ( t h& & arm1 l a disc>d$ glove4 ,he has n[ b to take (f ! o!r1 & he is free4 ,reliev$ ( 8 dress he nei!r sells nor gives x away1 b rolls x up into a neat solid ball & swall[s x4 ,! frog /rips (f & disposes ( 8 outgr[n sk9 9 a simil> way4 ,/range to say1 toads & frogs c *ange to "s ext5t ! color ( _! sk9 to suit _! homes4 ,kept 9 ! d>k ) d>k surr\nd+s1 toads become d>k] 9 color1 :ile ^? t are kept 9 light ) :ite accessories become light]4 ,! color ( ! toad *anges m sl[ly ?an t ( ! frog4 ,x is n ! arrangem5t ( ! color t alt]s1 b m]ely a *ange f light to d>k4 ,:at has be5 said applies to our ,common ,am]ican ,toad1 ! ,bufo ,am]icana ( ! books4 ,let u n[ look at "s curi\s specim5s ( ! ,bufonid4 ,! ,pipa1 or ,sur9am ,toad1 does n lay h] eggs 9 wat]1 b places !m on h] back4 ,a fold ( sk9 rises up & encloses ea* egg 9 a sep>ate cell1 until ! "y h n only be5 hat*$1 b h also pass$ ?r\gh all _! metamorphoses1 & come out fully =m$4 ,ano!r toad1 abundant 9 ,europe & ,asia1 is l>gely color$ ) bright crimson1 & ! fa!r-toad c>ries ! little ones 9 sep>ate cells fa/5$ to 8 h9d-legs l *a9s4 ,! "y *ange to _! p]fect %ape 9 ^! cells1 & ) ! )]+ away ( ! cells ! "y toads hop out1 able to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,some:]e ,i h said t toads are g5]ally sil5t4 ,a little toad ab\t ?ree in*es long1 call$ a ,natt]-jack1 is common 9 ,engl&1 & is a not$ s+]4 ,8 8gluck-gluck1 gluck-k-k10 c be he>d any night4 ,! ,gre5 ,toad1 well kn[n on ! ,cont95t1 is n s noisy z ! ,natt]-jack1 b has a l[1 moan+ cry4 ,all ! ,tree-toads1 or ,hylid1 h cle>1 %rill voices1 & are fond ( s++ s]5ades4 ,9 ! spr+ ! ,common ,toad takes to ! wat] & !re s+s v l\dly4 ,! l\d cont9u\s trill t we he> 9 swamps 9 spr+-"t is made by toads1 & n by frogs1 z is g5]ally believ$4 ,ano!r toad ) a voice is ! ,spade-foot4 ,?is ,toad is r>e1 ?\gh widely di/ribut$4 ,x is rem>kable = its feet1 =m$ = digg+1 its subt]ranean habits1 & its que] way ( appe>+ & disappe>+ v sudd5ly4 ,aft] a ra9y season ! ,spade-foot w em]ge f its hid+-place1 attract att5tion by its l\d cries1 sw>m by hundr$s ab\t ! ponds1 lay innum]able eggs1 & vani%4 ,b :ile ?\s&s ( eggs are laid1 sc>cely any hat*1 = mo/ ( !m p]i% f be+ laid s ne> to ! wat]'s edge z to become dri$ up on ! subsid5ce ( ! wat]4 ,?us we f9d t toads h ?ree diff]5t me?ods ( life4 ,"s live on trees1 b seldom appe> ^u ! gr\nd4 ,o!rs are und]gr\nd dwell]s1 & h>dly ev] come to ! surface4 ,b ! ,common ,toad1 & 8 num]\s k91 are dwell]s 9 ! gr\nd1 hid+ among grass & o!r h]bage :5 asleep1 or :5 ! sun is too int5se = _! com=t4 ,b all toads1 except+ ! two v>ieties m5tion$ above1 :i* c>ry _! "y on _! bodies1 repair to ! wat] to drop _! eggs1 & ! "y live 9 ! wat] until !y h atta9$ ! adult /ate4 ,,our ,,natural ,,enemies4 ,no animal1 p]haps1 is s little kn[n & und]/ood z ! snake4 ,?is is n because its /udy has be5 neglect$ or ov]look$1 z our sci5tific in/itutions are replete ) f9e collections ( mo/ ( ! reptiles1 & exhau/ive works ^u _! habits & cu/oms4 ,yet1 not)/&+ ?is1 ! snake cont9ues to be ! subject ( ev]-recurr+ /ories1 fabul\s 9 ! extreme1 t seem h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,/range to say1 _m ( ^! /ories are curr5t among ^? :o1 f ! nature ( _! lives1 w\ld be expect$ to be well & accurately in=m$ on ! habits ( ! animals4 ,f>m]s & horticulturi/s are pl5tiful :o religi\sly believe t ! ,milk ,snake1 ! beautiful ,ophibolus cl]icus1 deprives milk-giv+ animals ( _! supply ( milk4 ,a /atem5t (t5 se51 & t has _m believ]s1 is t ! ,:ip-snake ( ! ,s\? seizes its tail--:i* is suppos$ to h a /+--9 its m\?1 & rolls away 9 ! =m ( a :eel1 /opp+ sudd5ly & /rik+ ! enemy ) ! /+4 ,su* fables are curr5t by ! score1 & d5ial only /r5g!ns belief4 ,m ?an a hundr$ species ( snakes1 ne>ly all hav+ a wide geographical range1 are f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 nor? ( ,mexico4 ,!y con/itute ! fir/ ord]1 ,ophidia1 ( reptiles1 & h long1 cyl9drical bodies1 are footless1 )\t a %\ld]-girdle1 & inve/$ ) a coat ( scales1 :i* is %$ 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,snakes h no eyelids 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,_! eyes are p]man5tly cov]$ by a delicate membrane t takes ! place ( ! lid1 & ?is expla9s ! /ony />e1 s disagreeable to _m1 t all snakes h4 ,! skeleton ( snakes is s arrang$ z to all[ ! greate/ fre$om & flexibility4 ,num]\s pieces ( bone1 holl[ 9 front & convex beh9d1 make up ! long tap]+ backbone1 :i* lit]ally works on a ball-&-socket plan4 ,articul> facets1 t lock into ea* o!r1 are f\nd ^u ! processes ( ! v]tebr1 & ^! /r5g!n & give to ! backbone a great] degree ( flexibility4 ,a m rem>kable arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 is f\nd 9 ! head1 :i* enables ! snake to prey ^u animals t are l>g] ?an itself4 ,! jaws seem a comb9ation ( ela/ic spr+s1 hav+ no gauge to _! t5sion1 ! quadrate bones connect+ ! l[] jaw ) ! skull be+ movable1 ?us all[+ t enorm\s gape ) :i* all are famili> :o h se5 a snake swall[ its prey4 ,besides ?is1 ! bones ( ! jaw itself & palate are m or less movable1 also t5d+ to ! l>g] di/5tion ( ! ?roat4 ,z snakes d n te> or mutilate _! prey1 _! tee? are n set 9 sockets1 b s]ve m]ely to poison & /upefy ! prey1 or to prev5t its escape1 act+ z hooks by :i* ! body is haul$ ov] ! victim4 ,! bones ( ! l[] jaw1 z we h se51 are n fa/5$ closely to ea* o!r2 s 9 swall[+ prey ! tee? on "o side are advanc$1 & !n ^? on ! o!r side1 & s on until ! victim is haul$1 h& ov] h&1 z x 71 into ! snake's ?roat4 ,poison\s snakes1 su* z ! rattl]s1 h two long1 %>p fangs1 ea* compress$ & b5t up1 & =m+ a holl[ tube1 op5 at bo? ends4 ,! upp] portion ( ! holl[ fang is fa/5$ to a bone 9 ! *eek1 :i* moves ) ease1 s t1 :5 n 9 use1 ! fangs c be pack$ away until ne$$4 ,all animals1 man includ$1 h d\btless 9 _! saliva a deadly poison1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] x is extremely dilut$1 & ess5tial only to ! dige/ion ( food4 ,9 poison\s snakes1 h[ev]1 x is /or$ up 9 sacs1 modifications ( ! saliv>y gl&s1 & plac$ 9 ea* side ( ! upp] jaw4 ,f ! poison-gl& "u ! eye =w>d to ! edge ( ! jaw1 a delicate canal1 :i* op5s into ! fang above ! tube ( ! too?1 ext5ds4 ,alongside ( ! latt] may be se5 rudim5t>y fangs1 all ready to gr[ out %\ld ! l>ge "o be lo/4 ,to use ! poison1 ! snake has m]ely to /rike its prey1 :5 ! muscles ( ! jaw1 :i* are admirably fitt$ = ! "p !y h to play 9 ! trag$y1 press ^u ! gl&s1 squeeze ! poison ?r\gh ! little canal d[n ?r\gh ! holl[ fang1 & ! "w is accompli%$4 ,9 _! actions1 snakes are mo/ graceful4 ,! glid+ motion1 s *>act]i/ic1 is effect$ by ! movem5ts ( ! l>ge c5tral scales1 t are successively pu%$ =w>d1 ! h9d] edges re/+ on ! gr\nd & con/itut+ a support4 ,^! scales1 or pu%]s1 are fa/5$ to ! ribs by muscles1 & by hold+ a snake by ! h& ! swell+ movem5t c readily be felt4 ,snakes v>y mu* 9 color4 ,!y are g5]ally adapt$ to _! surr\nd+s4 ,gre5 ,snakes are f\nd 9 gre5 grass & vegetation1 :ile grey snakes affect rocky di/ricts1 :]e !y are alike protect$4 ,_! sk9 is %$ 9 "o piece at v>i\s seasons ( ! ye>1 be+ =c$ (f by ! snake =m+ a r+ ) its tail & squeez+ ! re/ ( ! body ?r\gh x1 or by wriggl+ ?r\gh entangl$ bu%es4 ,poison\s snakes may be always recogniz$ by _! broad1 flatt5$ heads1 g5]ally %ort & ?ick bodies1 & ! almo/ inv>iable possession ( a v]tical keel along ! c5tre ( ea* scale4 ,long bodies1 small heads devoid ( di/9ct necks1 & scales n keel$1 *>act]ize non-poison\s species4 ,probably ! be/-kn[n ( our common k9ds ( poison\s snakes are ! rattlesnakes4 ,!y belong to ! dang]\s family ,crotalid1 to :i* ! copp]heads & moccas9s also belong1 & are di/+ui%$ by ! l>ge1 ugly head1 abs5ce ( tee? 9 ! upp] jaw except+ ! fangs1 & ! pit 9 ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,rattlesnake4 ,prep>$ to ,attack a ,song ,sp>r[4 ,crotalus horridus1 our ,nor!rn ,rattlesnake1 has d\btless ! wide/ geographical di/ribution1 be+ f\nd 9 ne>ly e ,/ate 9 ! ,union1 f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ,nor!rn ,new ,engl&1 & !nce we/ to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x has a mo/ =bidd+ appe>ance1 & :5 once se5 ) its enorm\s head1 triangul> 9 %ape1 & l>ge brilliant eyes1 ) fi]y irides1 x c nev] be mi/ak54 ,betwe5 ! eye & ! no/ril is a deep pit1 a "* t is peculi> to ! family4 ,all rattl]s1 z ! "n indicates1 h a horny app5dage to ! tail1 =m$ ( sep>ate button-l objects1 t rattle toge!r :5 ! tail is vibrat$4 ,?is rattle n only s]ves to w>n human be+s ( dang]1 b also to ar\se 9 animals a curiosity t (t5 proves fatal4 ,! popul> belief t a rattle is add$ e ye>1 & t x is possible to det]m9e ! age ( ! animals by ?is means1 is n borne out by facts4 ,sometimes two rattles are kn[n to appe> )9 a ye>1 & o!r in/ances are record$ :]e f\r h be5 atta9$ 9 t p]iod1 & o!rs /ill :5 sev]al h be5 lo/1 new ones tak+ _! places4 ,! numb] ( rattles is also unc]ta94 ,! greate/ numb]1 z obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,holbrook1 is tw5ty-"o1 b a specim5 is m5tion$ 9 ! books t _h =ty-f\r4 ,mild & peaceful 9 disposition1 ! ,rattlesnake has nev] be5 kn[n1 unless provok$1 to attack a human be+1 nor to foll[ him ) ho/ile int5tion4 ,he preys ^u small animals1 z rats1 squirrels1 rabbits & birds1 & c always be approa*$ :5 he is /ret*$ out1 only /rik+ :5 he is coil$4 ,he is n a climb]1 seldom1 if ev]1 be+ f\nd 9 trees4 ,8 alleg$ p[]s ( fasc9ation are purely my?ical4 ,! horror 8 pres5ce inspires (t5 p>alyzes ) fe> 8 victim1 :o1 incapable ( flight1 /upidly awaits 8 fate4 ,m51 wom5 & *ildr5 h be5 kn[n1 :5 attack$ by ^! animals1 to become root$ to ! spot1 z x 71 by fe> & surprise4 ,all ! s-call$ cases ( fasc9ation c be expla9$ by ! fe> :i* ! snake's unlook$-= pres5ce inspires4 ,wond]ful curative p[]s are imput$ to ! oil ( ! ,rattlesnake4 ,_m snakes are kill$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s = ?is oil1 b ! gr& ga!r+ ( ! crop is 9 ! fall1 :5 !y h repair$ to _! d5s & w9t]+ places4 ,sunny days 9 ,octob] & ,novemb] are *os5 by snake-hunt]s = raid+ !m4 ,! snakes1 dull & sluggi% at t "t ( ! ye>1 crawl out ( _! d5s ^u ! rocks1 huddl+ toge!r by ! score = ! purpose ( bask+ 9 ! sun4 ,arm$ ) old-fa%ion$ flails ! hunt]s1 :5 !y come ^u a gr\p ( snakes1 proce$ at once to ?re% !m1 b few mak+ good _! escape4 ,! ,rattlesnakes1 assort$ f o!r species t are frequ5tly mass$ toge!r ) !m1 are c>ri$ home1 :5 ! oil is simply tri$ out1 bottl$ up & is !n ready = ! m>ket & ! cr$ul\s pati5t4 ,no subject connect$ ) snakes1 x w\ld seem1 has attract$ s mu* att5tion z ! vex$ "o z to ! c>e :i* !y take ( _! "y4 ,snakes w\ld h>dly be expect$ to %[ any great am\nt ( mat]nal affection1 b t !y d1 & 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]1 by tak+ _! "y into _! m\?s1 if al>m$1 is a well-e/abli%$ fact4 ,! "m1 :5 dang] is imm95t1 s\nds h] rattle z a signal1 op5s h] v l>ge m\?1 & receives 9 x h] little family4 ,! bite ( ne>ly all rattlesnakes is extremely dang]\s1 ?\gh n necess>ily fatal 9 ! small] k9ds4 ,almo/ all animals succumb to _! bite1 & ev5 man himself1 if ! prop] rem$y is n at h&4 ,!re is a g5]al belief t ! hog is exempt1 & act+ ^u ?is belief f>m]s h be5 kn[n1 :]e ^! reptiles are v abundant1 to turn 9 a few hogs ^u !m = _! de/ruction4 ,?is animal1 ?\gh x has a fondness = ! reptile1 & ex]cises a great deal ( caution 9 its attack1 has n infrequ5tly be5 kill$ by ! reptile's poison\s fangs4 ,l>ge doses ( :iskey h be5 successful 9 neutraliz+ ! effects ( ! poison1 b x has be5 practically & exp]im5tally prov$ t p]manganate ( pota% is ! be/ antidote4 ,b ( all ! poison\s snakes ( ?is c\ntry1 ! ,copp]head1 ,anci/rodon contortrix1 is ! mo/ dread$4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 he is kn[n z ! ,cotton-m\?1 ,moccas9 & ,r$-eye1 & is j z common 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates z 9 ! ,atlantic & ,middle ,/ates4 ,he atta9s a l5g? ( two feet1 is ( a hazel hue1 ! head hav+ a bright copp]y lu/re1 & loves to conceal himself 9 %ady spots 9 mead[s ( high grass1 :]e he fe$s ^u small animals1 r>ely1 if ev]1 attack+ l>ge ones unless trodd5 on4 ,! "m ,copp]head has also be5 obs]v$ to %elt] h] "y 9 h] m\? :5 ?reat5$ by dang]4 ,anci/rodon piscivorus1 ! ,wat] ,moccas91 t comm&s s mu* respect f ! negroes ( ! ,s\?1 is1 f ! pugnacity ( 8 nature1 equally to be fe>$4 ,:ile ! ,rattlesnake w sl9k away f dang]1 ! ,moccas9 w attack man or brute ) savage f]ocity4 ,he is ess5tially a wat]-snake1 *as+ fi%es & small reptiles 9 ! /reams ( 8 native haunts1 & may be recogniz$ by ! d>k-br[n colors on ! upp] portion ( ! head & ! yell[i% l9e t passes f ! sn\t to or ov] ! no/ril4 ,8 l5g? r>ely exce$s tw5ty in*es1 & he is /\t 9 proportion4 ,! ,moccas9s %[ ! same curi\s c>e = _! "y already m5tion$4 ,a l[1 bl[+ noise apprises !m ( dang]1 & into ! slightly-op5$ m\? ( ! "m1 :i* is held close to ! gr\nd1 !y hurri$ly disappe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"m ,,black ,,snake4 ,h] ,affection = ,newly-,hat*$ ,"y4 ,"o ( ! commone/ ( ! non-poison\s snakes is ! ,/rip$ ,g>t] ,snake1 t5 species ( :i* be+ kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^u ! e>lie/ appe>ance ( spr+ !y are almo/ ! fir/ to roll out ( _! holes1 :]e !y h la9 dormant 9 balls or clu/]s dur+ ! cold w9t] mon?s4 ,?\gh easily excit$1 & /rik+ quickly1 yet _! bite is little m ?an a scrat*4 ,_! appetites are n[ q vigor\s1 & !y h be5 se5 to *ase a toad = m ?an fifty feet ov] a gravelly road1 effect+ its capture4 ,!y are rem>kably prolific1 & _! numb]s ab\t pools are sometimes a/oni%+4 ,x w\ld seem t !y are vivip>\s z well z ovip>\s1 f ! fact t "s "y ones h be5 free & o!rs 9 sacs 9 ! abdom5 ( ! "m4 ,) a brood ( =ty or fifty "y1 :i* a s+le female has be5 kn[n to produce1 x w\ld seem t ! ,/rip$ ,snake w\ld h a difficult "t 9 protect+ h] (fspr+ by tak+ !m into h] m\?4 ,!y h ?is habit1 h[ev]1 z abundance ( evid5ce c\ld be adduc$ to %[4 ,"o witness obs]v$ a ,/rip$ ,snake ^u a hillside1 & notic$ some?+ mov+ ab\t h] head1 :i* prov$ to be "y snakes4 ,he c\nt$ tw5ty little ones f "o & a half to two in*es long4 ,l$ by curiosity1 he made a move t[>ds ! spot1 :5 ! old "o op5$ h] m\?1 & !y w5t 9 out ( sight4 ,he !n /epp$ back & wait$1 & 9 a few m9utes !y began to come out4 ,ano!r witness came across a female ) "s "y ones ne> h]1 :o1 p]ceiv+ him1 utt]$ a l\d hiss1 & ! "y ones jump$ d[n h] ?roat1 :5 %e in/antly glid$ away to a place ( concealm5t b5ea? a huge heap ( /ones4 ,! ,black ,snake1 ,bascanion con/rictor1 ! mortal enemy ( ! ,rattlesnake1 is a famili> species1 & "o t is widely di/ribut$4 ,z w9t] approa*es1 ^! snakes come f f> & ne> to "s app>5tly appo9t$ place ( r5dezv\s1 :]e1 roll+ !mselves up into a matt$ ball1 !y sleep ! days & nights ( w9t] away1 & come out 9 ! spr+-"t1 :5 ! common "m ( u all has condition$ ?+s to _! habits & ways ( life4 ,9 appe>ance1 f a decorative po9t ( view1 !y are v attractive1 be+ ( a uni=m /eel-blue color1 ) a ri* tessellat$ arrangem5t ( scales4 ,!y are ( wild & untamable natures1 p[]ful & active z foes1 (t5 engag+ 9 enc\nt]s ) o!r snakes1 especially ! ,rattlesnakes1 :om !y kill or =ce to disgorge _! prey4 ,9 _! movem5ts !y are s rapid t !y are (t5 call$ ! ,rac]4 ,x is 9 ! bre$+ season t !y manife/ _! greate/ boldness1 & h (t5 be5 kn[n to g out ( _! way to attack a pass]-by4 ,!y w *ase an intrud] = a long di/ance1 & w ev5 desc5d a tree to attack ! "o :o is teas+ !m4 ,x is ! ,black ,snake t appe>s ! mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! guise ( a *>m]4 ,b1 z has be5 rem>k$ be=e1 ?is p[]1 s (t5 imput$1 is m]ely imag9>y4 ,! reptile preys ^u birds 9 _! ne/s1 p5etrat+ ! ?ickets 9 que/ ( !m1 & (t5 ! cat-bird & ! r$-w+$ blackbird1 :i* are s prone to attack1 are se5 act+ /rangely1 cry+ & flutt]+ be=e ! reptile 9 fe> & rage1 :ile ?us *>m$1 & frequ5tly fall+ a victim 9 _! endeavors to protect _! "y4 ,at su* times ! cries ( di/ress ( ! old birds br+ birds ( diff]5t g5]a toge!r1 :o jo9 _! =ces aga9/ ! common enemy1 f9ally compell+ him to retreat4 ,l o!r snakes m5tion$1 ! ,black ,snake has ! same rem>kable habit ( tak+ h] "y into h] m\? = protection4 ,among ! mo/ attractive =ms are ! ,gre5 ,snakes4 ,leptophis /ivus1 s common 9 ! ,s\?1 & occasionally to be met ) 9 ,s\!rn ,new ,j]sey1 is ( a brilliant gre5 color1 & s p]fectly mimick+ a v9e t x w\ld r>ely be tak5 = a liv+ creature :5 ly+ ar\nd ! bran*es ( a tree4 ,!y h a habit ( coil+ 9 ! ne/s ( birds1 (t5 surpris+ ! egg-hunt] by b\nd+ swiftly away4 ,alli$ species1 fur!r to ! ,s\?1 h be5 obs]v$1 :5 approa*$1 to leap tw5ty feet 9 ! air1 fall+ to ! gr\nd & mak+ _! escape4 ,!y are p]fectly h>mless creatures1 &1 l ! ,gre5 ,snake ( ! ,nor?1 c be h&l$ ) n ! slighte/ risk ( dang]4 ,we once knew a g5tleman :o _h "o 9 conf9em5t1 :om he _h tra9$ to eat f a di% & to come to 8 h& at ! s\nd ( 8 voice4 ,! beautiful creature1 :i* 0 a female1 %[$ ! mo/ m>k$ affection1 & w\ld (t5 tw9e h] little =m ab\t 8 neck or glide h] smoo? head1 lazily z x seem$1 along 8 face & =ehead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,summ] ,,gre5 ,,snake4 ,mann] ( ,mimick+ a ,v9e4 ,an extremely common snake 9 ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates is ! ,wat] ,snake4 ,n]odia sip$on is ! "n by :i* x is kn[n to ! naturali/4 ,!re is 9 ,mi*igan an alli$ =m1 kn[n z ! ,r$-belli$ ,wat] ,snake1 :i* is q z common1 :ile sev]al o!r species ab\nd 9 o!r localities4 ,!y are all in(f5sive creatures & prey ^u small animals4 ,! female %[s ! same reg>d = h] "y z o!r k9ds1 suff]+ !m1 ev5 :5 ?ree or f\r in*es long1 to take %elt] 9 h] ?roat1 :5 %e w clumsily turn 9 se>* ( "s place ( concealm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat] ,,snake4 ,swall[+ ,h] ,"y4 ,wat]-snakes g5]ally affect wat]-c\rses1 (t5 hang+ f ! bran*es ( trees ov] /reams1 into :i* !y drop :5 di/urb$4 ,dr4 ,bell1 an ,engli% naturali/ ( di/9ction1 once tam$ a ,european species ( ?is g5us4 ,?is pet c\ld di/+ui% him among a cr[d1 & w\ld crawl to him1 pass+ into 8 sleeve1 :]e x w\ld curl up = a nap4 ,e morn+ f\nd x at ! doctor's table = its %>e ( milk4 ,= /rang]s x _h an av]sion1 fly+ & hiss+ at !m :5 any famili>ities 7 attempt$4 ,7 ^! grovell+ creatures bett] kn[n1 !re w\ld be f\nd mu* 9 !m to admire & comm5d4 ,!y are n ! hide\s be+s !y are repres5t$ to be4 ,! feel+ ( hatr$ aga9/ !m1 an in/9ctive & unappeasable enmity1 is p]fectly natural1 & has gr[n out ( religi\s sup]/itions4 ,fe>1 disgu/ & av]sion are man's exp]i5ces at ! sight ( a snake1 & !re is at once a disposition to seize a /ick or /one1 or to make use ( 8 heel1 if well protect$1 to deal a fatal /roke4 ,w> to ! dea? seems to be ! cry betwe5 ! highe/ ( ! mammals & ! s]p5t tribe4 ,x is n at all surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! snake1 see+ a human enemy1 %\ld ei!r glide ha/ily (f into ! bu%es1 or1 be+ ?w>t$1 %\ld coil itself up & hiss or ?r[ itself =w>d 9 attack4 ,man w\ld d well to protect ! snakes ab\t 8 doma9s1 & treat !m z fri5ds1 = !y d him invaluable s]vice 9 ! de/ruction ( v]m9 t make havoc ) 8 crops4 ,ants1 bees1 spid]s1 & _m fi%es1 animals t are l[] d[n 9 ! scale ?an ! snake1 x is claim$1 %[ f> m =eca/1 +5uity & ar*itectural ability ?an x1 b ass]t]s ( su* an op9ion =get t ! snake is nev] /udi$ "u favorable conditions4 ,long ages ( p]secution h made him fe>ful ( man1 f ^: pres5ce he flees z f a pe/il5ce or sc\rge1 & !re is consequ5tly no *ance to le>n 8 bett] nature4 ,ev5 man1 until rec5tly1 has %[n no incl9ation to make 8 acqua9tance1 be+ controll$ by a dread :i* x appe>s well nigh impossible to ov]come4 ,:]e ! animal has be5 made to p>take ( ! milk ( human k9dness1 & has le>n$ to reg>d man z a fri5d & n an enemy1 he has %[n rem>kable susceptibility to culture & enlight5m5t4 ,let x be hop$ t a modicum ( ! wisdom :i* has be5 attribut$ to him f ! e>lie/ ( times1 :5 he 0 made ! object ( homage & ! insignia ( ! physician1 %all at lea/ be f\nd to rema9 to ! cr$it ( sci5ce & tru?4 ,,h\se-,,be>+ ,,reptiles4 ,turtles are f\r-legg$ reptiles1 ) %ort1 /\t1 oval-%ap$ bodies encas$ 9 bony boxes1 f :i* !y are able to protrude _! heads1 legs & tails1 & into :i* !y c )draw !m1 at pleasure4 ,consid]able div]sity exi/s 9 ! size & %ape ( ! box-l cov]+ 9 ! diff]5t species4 ,! ,box ,tortoise c retire into 8 %ell or h\se1 clos+ ! "u "p or pla/ron into a groove ( ! upp] edge ( ! c>apace1 z ! upp] "p is call$1 ?us con/itut+ = 8 security an impregnable retreat4 ,!re are species only p>tly enclos$ by ! %ell1 :i* _c br+ _! heads & feet "u cov]4 ,) 8 h\se ^u 8 back ! turtle w&]s ab\t z ! snail does1 & aga9/ 8 enemies c close its doors & be emphatically n at home4 ,he has acute sight & he>+1 b is devoid ( tee?1 ! jaws be+1 l ^? ( birds1 simply cas$ 9 horn4 ,turtles are n altoge!r sil5t creatures1 = _m ( !m are capable ( produc+ v l\d s\nds4 ,_! eggs1 :i* h a p>*m5t-l cov]+1 are buri$ 9 e>? or s&1 & left to !mselves to hat*4 ,! sea-turtle1 our l>ge/ v>iety1 is sometimes f\nd to lay z _m z two hundr$ eggs 9 a heap1 & 9 tropical regions has be5 kn[n to atta9 a weight ( a ?\s& p\nds4 ,ev5 on ! ,atlantic ,coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates individuals1 weigh+ upw>ds ( eight hundr$ p\nds1 h n infrequ5tly be5 captur$4 ,9 ! f\r species ( sea-turtles1 ! feet are flat & paddle-%ap$1 & ! %ell ( "o r lea!ry ?an horny4 ,"s ( ^! m>9e =ms are c>nivor\s1 liv+ on fi%1 mollusks & cru/aceans1 :ile o!rs are /rictly veget>ians1 subsi/+ only on roots & ! v>i\s sea-we$s4 ,! fle% ( "s is ri* & delici\s1 & a favorite & co/ly article ( food1 b ( o!rs x is co>se & ill-flavor$1 & necess>ily n edible4 ,! eggs1 h[ev]1 are always sweet1 good & :olesome food4 ,valuable articles ( comm]ce1 su* z boxes1 cases1 knife-h&les1 jewelry & o!r delicate ornam5ts1 are made f ! %ell1 = x is susceptible ( a v high poli%1 :i* br+s out ) surpris+ cle>ness its ri* br[n & gold5 %ades & m>k+s4 ,next to ! sea-liv+ turtles1 come ! fre%-wat] species1 :i* eat bo? animal & vegetable foods4 ,!y enjoy mu* bett] ?an aught else a b$ ( s(t mud1 _! heads lift$ above ! surface ( ! /agnant wat]1 _! long necks mov+ snake-l z !y gulp 9 m\?ful aft] m\?ful ( air4 ,!y are g5]ally greg>i\s 9 habits1 l>ge numb]s (t5 be+ f\nd huddl$ toge!r 9 ! sun on logs or banks1 close to ! wat]1 into :i* !y quickly slide ^u ! fir/ intimation ( dang]4 ,timid z !y are1 yet !y w snap & bite mo/ furi\sly :5 tak5 9 ! h&4 ,salt- & fre%-wat] t]rap9s are v>ieties ( turtle1 al?\gh "s sci5ti/s re/rict ! latt] t]m to m>9e animals t d n hib]nate1 & t _c draw _! head & feet inside ! %ell4 ,! tortoise nev] goes to sea !y say1 c draw himself )9 8 %ell1 al?\gh ! ,box ,tortoise only c close ! %ell fa/ :5 ?us )drawn1 & f9ally1 t ! tortoise hib]nates4 ,"s ( ! be/ & late/ writ]s on ! subject call all ^! animals turtles1 apply+ ! "n tortoise only to ! famili> ,box ,tortoise ( ! wood4 ,awkw>d z turtles appe> 9 _! box-l cov]+1 yet !y c walk rapidly on l&1 are climb]s ( "s note1 & all are able to swim4 ,! head1 neck1 & legs ( a turtle are ( a bronze1 blacki% gre51 or deep-br[n color1 & ! %ells are beautifully m>k$1 glossy1 ridg$1 or c>v$1 & made up ( closely-unit$1 _m-sid$ plates1 arrang$ ^u a ?ick5$1 light]-color$ & app>5tly uni=m bony plate1 :i* is capable ( be+ sep>at$ into _m indep5d5t pieces4 ,! %ell1 or epid]mic cov]+1 is n brittle & lime-l1 z ! %ells ( all mollusks are1 b is ( ! nature ( horn4 ,9 g5]al ! pla/ron is ( a light] color ?an ! c>apace1 be+ light-br[n1 yell[ or cream1 ) yell[i% l9es divid+ ! plates1 & ) bord]+ b&s ( r$1 yell[ & purple4 ,! upp] plate is usually ( a v d>k color1 m>k$ & l9$ ) d>k] & light] t9ts1 & (t5 display+ a bevell$ yell[ edge4 ,*rysemys picta1 ! ,pa9t$ ,turtle1 receives 8 "n f ! beauty ( 8 _m-color$ %ell1 :ile ! ,spott$ ,turtle1 ,nanemys guttatus1 :i* is (t5 call$ ! ,wood ,turtle1 is di/+ui%$ by ! r\nd yell[ spots t are regul>ly di/ribut$ ov] 8 d>k-color$ c>apace4 ,b ( all our turtles none is s well kn[n or s int]e/+ 9 8 ways z ! ,common ,box ,tortoise--,ci/udo clausa4 ,he affects dry woods1 & dislikes ! wat]1 & is a long-liv$ creature1 "s individuals hav+ be5 kn[n to live m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,box ,tortoises 9 conf9em5t h be5 f\nd to eat meat1 insects & bread & milk f ! h&1 b if b]ries 7 put into _! m\?s !y wip$ !m out 9 a v funny mann] ) _! front feet1 :i* !y us$ aft] ! fa%ion ( a h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright #aijj by ,a4 ,r4 ,,dugmore4 ,,box-,,tortoise ,,fe$+ ,,on ,,fungus4 ,:5 =ag+ 9 ! woods1 especially dur+ ! ra9y season1 at :i* "t manifold v>ieties ( fungi prevail1 !y make _! meals l>gely ^u ^! plants4 ,we h se5 a huge toad/ool t _h be5 gnaw$ (f s ev5ly1 ! c5tral pill> only be+ left intact1 t appe>$ z ?\gh x _h be5 cut away by a knife4 ,?is _h be5 ! "w ( ! ,box ,tortoise1 = on look+ ar\nd we soon descri$1 mov+ leisurely ov] ! leaf-/rewn e>?1 ! creature himself mak+ a fre% attack ^u ano!r species 9 a little op5+ 9 ! woods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,common ,,box ,,tortoise4 ,breakfa/+ on a ,toad/ool4 ,v amus+ x 0 to wat* him1 z ) praisewor?y delib]ation he ate r\nd aft] r\nd ( ! cap ( ! fungus4 ,he w\ld bite (f a m\?ful ( ! toad/ool1 *ew x c>efully until he _h extract$ ! :ole ( ! juice1 !n op5 8 m\? & drop out ! ma/icat$ fibre1 & take a fre% m\?ful1 n bit+ inw>d t[>d ! /em1 b break+ (f ! morsel next beside t :i* he _h j eat54 ,he pac$ r\nd & r\nd ! fungus z he took 8 bites1 & z ! fungus decreas$ 9 regul> circles1 ! *ew$ fragm5ts increas$4 ,9 less ?an an h\r he _h eat5 all ! disk ( ! fungus to ! /ipe1 & !n walk$ sl[ly away to seek = ano!r4 ,! disc>d$ p>ts ( ! fungus appe>$ q dry :5 exam9$1 no?+ nutriti\s be+ left 9 !m4 ,!re mu/ h be5 "s v good reason = reject+ ! c5tral "p & ! /em1 :i* 7 left 9 e in/ance1 b :at t reason 0 we c\ld n imag9e4 ,if a decay$ or wormy portion ( a toad/ool 0 enc\nt]$ 9 ! fe$+ process1 he did n bite r\nd x1 b ab&on$ ! plant altoge!r1 & w5t (f 9 que/ ( a fre% specim54 ,com+1 9 8 travels1 to a /eep gully or rav9e :i* he desires to cross1 he does n attempt ! und]tak+ )\t c\nt+ 8 *ances ( success4 ,he seem+ly revolves ! matt] ov] & ov] = "s "t 9 8 m9d1 &1 :5 at la/ he has rea*$ a conclusion1 draws 8 head & feet "u cov]1 & by "s quick1 sudd5 j]k fl+s himself d[n to ! bottom1 tru/+ to good =tune & 8 own wits to mak+ 8 way ov] ! fur!r incl9e4 ,obs]vation tea*es t 8 delib]ations are g5]ally att5d$ ) ! accompli%m5t ( ! result to be atta9$4 ,!re is a v common turtle1 q abundant 9 ! small lakes & /reams ( our ,we/]n ,/ates1 :]e he is trapp$ 9 great numb]s = ! m>ket1 :i* c\ntry p dub ! ,snapp+ ,turtle1 or :i*1 f ! resemblance :i* ! head & neck1 :5 /ret*$ out1 be> to ! same p>ts ( ! alligator1 takes ! "n ( ,alligator ,turtle1 or ,*elydra s]p5t9a1 ) ! m le>n$ naturali/4 ,he has a %ell too small to close ov] him & hide him completely1 b nature1 to make up = ?is defici5cy ( cov]+1 has giv5 him a bold & ha/y temp]1 :i* leads him to snap vigor\sly :5 di/urb$4 ,snapp+ ,turtles live r h>moni\sly toge!r1 ev5 :5 conf9$ 9 ! same p51 & only manife/ _! ugly dispositions t[>ds ea* o!r :5 excit$ by causes f )\t1 ) ^: orig9 !y h no?+ to d4 ,conte/s ( a v vici\s "* are (t5 ?us precipitat$1 :i* soon] or lat] end 9 ! dea? ( "o or m ( ! bellig]5t p>ties4 ,d[n 9 ! p9e c\ntries ( our ,s\!rn ,/ates lives a l>ge1 /\t animal1 ) a %ell fifte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* is d5om9at$ ! ,goph]1 or ,te/udo ,c>ol9a4 ,^! animals dwell 9 troops1 sev]al families digg+ _! d5s or burr[s ne> toge!r1 ! entrance !reto be+ ab\t f\r feet long & exp&+ into a spaci\s ap>tm5t4 ,9 ea* burr[ resides a s+le pair ( ,goph]s4 ,by day ! ,goph]s keep close h\se1 b by night !y w&] out 9 se>* ( food1 dev\r+ yams1 melons1 corn & o!r g>d5 produce4 ,!y dislike wet wea!r1 & always g 9-doors :5 x ra9s4 ,goph]s' eggs1 :i* are z l>ge z pigeons' eggs1 & also _! fle%1 are highly e/eem$ z articles ( diet by ! negroes4 ,9 ,europe1 a ne> c\s9 ( ! ,goph] is kept ab\t ! h\se = a pet4 ,if all[$1 9 ! autumn1 to f9d 8 way into a g>d51 he digs a hole & hib]nates1 com+ out 9 ! spr+4 ,an ,engli% lady _h "o ( ^! animals :i* liv$ 9 ! kit*54 ,he 0 fond ( creep+ into ! fireplace & gett+ "u ! grate1 :]e he w\ld cont5t$ly lie until ! hot coal & a%es dropp$ ^u 8 back & burnt 8 %ell4 ,:5 w9t] came ?is little creature want$ to take 8 long sleep1 & dug s p]si/5tly into baskets1 draw]s1 boxes & closets1 t f9ally a box ( e>? 0 giv5 to him1 into :i* he work$ 8 way until out ( sight1 & !re he rema9$ until ,april sun & %[]s call$ him f 8 w9t] retreat4 ,8 f>e 0 potatoes1 c>rots1 turnips & bread & milk1 :i* he especially lik$4 ,,summ] ,,duck4 ,p]haps no species ( ,nor? ,am]ican wat]-bird is m highly e/eem$ by lov]s ( ! beautiful 9 nature ?an ,aix sponsa--! ,summ] ,duck1 or ,wood ,duck--&1 :5 obta9able1 is "o ( ! fir/ to f9d room 9 ! collection ( amateur naturali/s4 ,) ! epicure1 h[ev]1 he is ( r inf]ior /&+1 lack+ z he does ! delicacy ( fle% :i* makes ! gre5-w+$ teal & o!rs ( 8 tribe ( su* imm5se ga/ronomic value4 ,?\gh truly an ,am]ican species1 yet ?is bird is m g5]ally f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an any o!r1 ne/+ :]ev] suitable localities pres5t !mselves4 ,nor? ( ! ,potomac ,riv]1 & 9 ! v>i\s ,/ates situat$ above ! p>allel ( latitude :i* cuts its head-wat]s1 at lea/ s f> z ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s is conc]n$1 x is *iefly a migrant1 arriv+ t[>ds ! close ( ,m>*1 or 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,april4 ,s\? ( ?is l9e1 f ,m>yl& to ,florida1 & !nce s\?-we/]ly ?r\gh ! ,gulf ,/ates into ,mexico1 ! birds are f\nd 9 m or less abundance dur+ ! entire ye>4 ,pair+ comm5ces 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf ,/ates1 we are told1 ab\t ! fir/ ( ,m>*1 b 9 ,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,/ates 9 favorable seasons f ! fir/ to ! fifte5? ( ,april1 :]eas 9 ! c\ntry bord]+ on ! ,great ,lakes & 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates g5]ally1 x does n take place till ! la/ ( ,may or ! beg9n+ ( ,june4 ,^u _! arrival 9 our ,nor!rn ,/ates ^! birds1 /range to say1 unlike _m ( _! num]\s family connections1 seldom frequ5t ! sea-%ore or ! adjo9+ salt m>%es1 b manife/ a pr$ilection = ! ponds1 mill-dams & deep muddy /reams ( ! int]ior2 & ! same is true 9 m s\!rn latitudes1 = !y pref] to place _! ne/s along ! creeks & bay\s ( ! l& :]e ! orange & palmetto *>m ! eye ) p]5nial v]dure4 ,betwe5 ! "t ( _! appe>ance 9 ,m>* & ! plight+ ( _! v[s at ! accu/om$ try/+-places1 ! sexes consort toge!r 9 flocks ( f\r or m1 b nev] 9 v l>ge numb]s1 & fatt5 on acorns1 ! se$s ( ! wild oats1 & su* insects z !y c procure f ! tree-bran*es or ! muddy bord]s ( ! /reams & ponds :i* !y s delight to visit4 ,on ea* recurr5ce ( ! mat+ season !re is reason to believe t ! same c\ple come toge!r & pl$ge anew _! fidelity & affection1 unless deb>r$ by dea?1 or "s o!r ( ! _m vicissitudes to :i* life is prone4 ,! tro?-plight seal$1 & a union effect$1 ! happy c\ple soon />t (f 9 que/ ( a spot = a home4 ,9 ! case ( old birds ! same locality1 :]e no int]f]5ce has be5 exp]i5c$ f bea/ or man1 has be5 kn[n to be visit$ = f\r successive ye>s4 ,= obvi\s reasons1 ,wood ,ducks delight to live 9 close proximity to bodies ( wat]1 su* places af=d+ conv5i5ces to ! "y1 :5 !y are suffici5tly matur$ to betake !mselves ?i!r1 = food & ex]cise4 ,situations remote f wat] entail unnecess>y labor ^u ! female1 :o is !n requir$1 at consid]able risk & p]il1 to c>ry !m "o by "o to ! pond or /ream 9 h] bill4 ,:5 ! di/ance is n too great1 & ! gr\nd und]nea? ! ne/+-tree is amply cov]$ ) dry leaves & grasses1 ! "y scramble to ! m\? ( ! ne/1 drop !mselves d[n1 & "u ! mat]nal lead]%ip w5d _! way to ! mu*-lov$ fluid4 ,(t5 ! tree or /ub :i* conta9s _! home is f\nd to ov]%ad[ ! wat]4 ,all t is necess>y !n is = ! t5d] little creatures1 aft] rea*+ ! entrance1 to spread _! ill-fea!r$ p9ions & o>-l feet & fl+ !mselves d[n1 a feat :i* c be p]=m$ )\t jeop>dy to life or limb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,summ] ,,ducks ,,& ,,"y4 ,female ,c>ry+ ,"y 9 ,h] ,bill f ,ne/ 9 ,holl[ ,tree4 ,almo/ any tree1 or tree-bran*1 conta9+ ! ess5tial holl[1 & suitably locat$1 is utiliz$4 ,brok5 bran*es ( high sycamores1 seldom m ?an =ty or fifty feet f wat]1 are1 accord+ to ,audubon1 favorite places1 :ile ,wilson claims to h met ! home ( a pair ( ^! birds 9 a =k compos$ ( bran*es1 & built out ( a few rude /icks4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ! =sak5 retreat ( ! gray squirrel & ! hole ( ! ivory-bill$ woodpeck] are common ne/+-places4 ,(t5 ! entrance to ! ne/ is app>5tly s small :5 comp>$ ) ! bulk ( ! occupant t x is a matt] ( surprise to _m t %e c manage to make h] way into x )\t suff]+ bodily injuries4 ,b %e does1 nev]!less1 :i* is an evid5ce t %e ei!r kn[s h[ to con=m to circum/ances1 or is a bett] judge ( dim5sions ?an _m ( ! w\ld-be-wise lords ( creation4 ,all ne/s ( our f9d+ h be5 wide en\gh at _! m\?s to admit ( easy passage1 & h be5 f f\r to six feet 9 v]tical direction4 ,s(t decay$ wood1 & a few fea!rs1 d\btless pluck$ f ! brea/ ( ! build]1 7 _! only cont5ts4 ,dry plants1 d[n1 & fea!rs ( ! wild turkey1 wild goose & ! common b>ny>d f[l1 h be5 obs]v$1 9 addition to ! =ego+ articles1 by o!r writ]s4 ,! height ( ! entrance above ! gr\nd v>ies f fifte5 to ?irty feet1 b probably a less1 or ev5 a great] elevation1 may sometimes be atta9$4 ,wilson speaks ( a ne/ :i* he obs]v$ 9 an old grotesque :ite oak1 :i* /ood on a slope ( "o ( ! banks ( ! ,tuckahoe ,riv]1 9 ,new ,j]sey1 j tw5ty y>ds f ! wat]'s edge1 t _h be5 occupi$ = f\r consecutive ye>s4 ,at ! "t ( 8 visit ! ne/ conta9$ ?irte5 "y birds1 :i* ! mat]nal head 0 engag$ 9 c>ry+ d[n to ! wat] to give !m1 p]haps1 _! fir/ exp]i5ce 9 ! art ( swimm+4 ,s c>efully1 & yet s adroitly & quickly1 did %e p]=m ?is seem+ly difficult task1 t %e 0 less ?an t5 m9utes 9 its accompli%m5t4 ,al?\gh ! male usually /&s s5try :ile ! processes ( lay+ & sitt+ are go+ on1 & signals ! approa* ( enemies by a peculi> cry :i* has be5 lik5$ to ! cr[+ ( a "y cock---k6 -k6--yet f ! sil5ce ( "o writ] ^u ! subject we inf] t ! duty ( re>+ ! r num]\s family is left to ! "m1 :ile he--h] fri5d & consequ5tial p>tn]1 z ?\gh disda9+ su* ignoble & degrad+ "w1 because ( its slavi% "*--is (f ) 8 gay companions1 disport+ !mselves 9 mid-air1 or trimm+1 :ile p]*$ ^u "s %elt]+ b\gh1 _! ri* & v>i$ plumage4 ,s int5t1 h[ev]1 0 ! "m-bird ^u ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( h] home-duties1 t %e he$$ n ! /ately sloop1 !n ne>ly complet$1 z x lay ^u ! /ocks close-by1 ) its hull loom+ up )9 twelve feet ( h] home1 d>k5$ ) ! pres5ce1 & rev]b]at+ ) ! noise ( workm51 b cont9u$ to pass 9 & out z ?\gh utt]ly unconsci\s ( ! s ne> approa* ( dang]4 ,audubon claims t ! male des]ts ! female :5 ! p]iod ( sitt+ comm5ces1 & jo9s 8 /]n] bre?r51 :o unite into flocks ( consid]able numb]s1 & keep ap>t f _! p>tn]s until ! "y are fully matur$1 :5 "y & old ( bo? sexes come toge!r1 & ?us rema9 until ! return ( ano!r bre$+-season4 ,! female1 x is evid5t f :at has j be5 said1 assumes ! entire *>ge ( incubation4 ,= m ?an tw5ty-"o days %e is ?us busi$1 ) no?+1 x w\ld seem1 to relieve ! monotony ( h] task4 ,h[ (t5 %e despairs & bewails ! h>d%ip ( h] lot1 none c "k4 ,x is ! inexorable decree ( fate t %e %\ld p]=m ! duties alone & unassi/$1 & mo/ will+ly %e submits4 ,b ! ennui ( ! labor is1 9 a measure1 =gott5 9 ! vision t hope holds out to h] pati5ce1 = h] p]si/5t assiduity is ultimately rew>d$ by a :ole ne/-full ( happy duckl+s4 ,:ile ! hat*+ process is go+ on ! pati5t h\sewife only leaves ! ne/ :5 press$ by ! pangs ( hung]1 & b = a %ort "t4 ,be=e leav+1 h[ev]1 %e takes ! precaution to see t h] creamy-:ite1 elliptical treasures1 to ! numb] ( t5 or ?irte5 eggs1 are c>efully cov]$ ) d[n4 ,l ! "y ( our dome/icat$ species1 ! little ,wood ,ducks foll[ ! "m almo/ z soon z !y are hat*$1 & ga!r :atev] ( vegetable & insect food !y happ5 to enc\nt]4 ,!y are passionately fond ( ! wat]1 & be/ %[ _! real "* :5 gracefully float+ ^u its glassy bosom1 or div+ into its azure dep?s4 ,at an e>ly age !y respond to ! p>5t's call ) a s(t & mell[ pee1 pee1 pee-e1 :i* is utt]$ q rapidly1 & at repeat$ int]vals4 ,! call ( ! "m1 :5 address+ ! "y at su* times1 is r l[ & s(t1 & resembles t ( ! "y1 be+ only a little m prolong$4 ,^! beautiful birds h (t5 be5 dome/icat$4 ,!y become at su* times s unsuspici\s & famili> z to all[ !mselves to be /rok$ by ! h&4 ,no h&som] bird c\ld be *os5 = introduction into our y>ds4 ,! male1 "s n9ete5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & ) a scope ( w+ ( two & "o-?ird feet1 is a be+ ( no mean proportions4 ,b x is ! ri*ness & v>iety ( 8 colors t r5d] him an object ( admiration4 ,a conspicu\s gre5 & purple cre/ adorns 8 head1 :ile ! sides1 :i* are iridesc5t purple1 are reliev$ ( _! monotony by a /reak ( :ite f base ( bill to occiput1 & by ano!r1 back ( ! eye1 ( a pure :ite color1 :i* is cont9u\s ) t ( ! ?roat4 ,! sides & front ( ! l[] neck & ! =ep>t ( ! brea/ are a bright *e/nut1 ) five :ite spots1 :ile ! l[] p>ts are g5]ally :ite4 ,beautifully iridesc5t metallic hues set (f ! upp] surfaces ( ! w+s1 :i* %[ mo/ effectively 9 ! blaze ( ! noonday sun4 ,to ! female nature has n be51 x w\ld seem to ! casual obs]v]1 q s propiti\s4 ,h] grayi% head1 ) l5g!n$ h9d-fea!rs1 :ite ?roat1 br[ni%-yell[ =e-neck1 upp] brea/ & sides1 /rip$ ) grayi% & g5]ally d>k-br[n upp] p>ts1 gloss$ *iefly ) purple1 contra/ mo/ m>k$ly ) ! ri*1 gorge\s attire ( h] o!r half4 ,:ile less %[y 9 dress & lack+ ! dignity ( demeanor t *>act]izes h] "l1 %e is none ! less fitt$ to p]=m h] "p 9 ! drama ( life4 ,h] dress1 sob] 9 color1 & ) j en\gh ( ornam5t to relieve ! oppressiv5ess ( its sam5ess1 is s accordant ) h] home-surr\nd+s z to af=d h] ! protection & security %e requires 9 ! try+ & p]il\s duties ( brood-rais+4 ,,am]ican ,,woodcock4 ,q z int]e/+ 9 habits is ! ,am]ican ,woodcock1 ! ,philohela m9or ( ,gray1 :i* belongs to ! grallatorial1 r ?an to ! natatorial1 family ( birds4 ,9 di/ribution he is some:at re/rict$1 diff]+ 9 ?is respect f 8 num]\s cong5]ic bre?r51 :i* h a wide disp]sion4 ,he is *iefly a d5iz5 ( ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! ,briti% t]ritory imm$iately adjac5t4 ,=t ,rice1 9 nor?-we/]n ,dakota1 & ,kansas & ,nebraska 9 ! ,we/1 appe> to be ! limits ( 8 range 9 ^! directions4 ,9 ! ,middle & ,ea/]n ,/ates ,woodcocks are f\nd 9 great] abundance ?an any:]e else4 ,:ile ! bulk pass ,nor? to bre$1 a few rema9 9 ! ,s\? & raise _! happy little families 9 spite ( ! ardor ( ! climate4 ,few migrants arrive e>li] at _! bre$+-gr\nds4 ,!y usually appe> f ! fif? to ! t5? ( ,m>* 9 ,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,atlantic ,/ates1 al?\gh in/ances are record$ :]e !y h be5 obs]v$ z e>ly z ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,febru>y4 ,^! cases are r>e1 h[ev]1 & only happ51 if at all1 :5 ! wea!r has be5 rem>kably auspici\s = a l5g?y spell4 ,z a few birds h be5 kn[n to w9t] 9 ! ,nor?1 :5 ! season has be5 unusually mild1 _! em]g5ce f %elt]$ localities s e>ly might be con/ru$ by p]sons n cognizant ( _! pres5ce1 or ( _! occasional w9t] soj\rn1 z a case ( rec5t arrival4 ,9 view ( ?is fact1 x w\ld be difficult to prove t a bird se5 9 w9t] _h j come f ! ,s\?1 unless discov]$ 9 transitu4 ,small companies1 f f\r to six 9 numb]1 />t toge!r ^u ! migratory t\r4 ,l[1 swampy ?ickets invite _! pres5ce ^u rea*+ _! de/9ation4 ,"h !y conceal !mselves dur+ ! day1 b :5 night has ga!r$ d>k !y come out ( _! grassy retreats & w&] ab\t 9 que/ ( food4 ,f ! sett+ ( ! sun beh9d ! we/]n hills to ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ /reaks ( dawn 9 ! ea/1 !y pursue _! nocturnal rambles4 ,few p]sons h visit$ ^! birds 9 _! accu/om$ haunts :ile =ag+4 ,let me take ! read] to "s neighbor+ swamp1 or by ! side ( "s lonely woodl&1 :i* ^! birds delight to frequ5t4 ,! utmo/ sil5ce mu/ be ma9ta9$1 or !y w be fright5$ away4 ,:ile x w be difficult to see ! creatures t h call$ u hi!r1 yet we "k !y are n f> away by ! ru/le !y produce among ! dry leaves1 & by ! peculi> notes !y emit4 ,*ipp]1 *ip-p]1 *ip may be he>d f ! "r1 & almo/ at ! next in/ant x is v>i$ to bleat or bleat ta bleat ta1 produc$ 9 ! contr>y direction1 or (f 9 ! di/ance1 %[+ t ! au?ors ( ^! s\nds h *ang$ _! positions4 ,:ile ^! birds h a habitual fondness = humid ?ickets1 !y n infrequ5tly betake !mselves to corn-fields & o!r cultivat$ tracts 9 close proximity1 & ev5 to elevat$ woods4 ,= m ?an a =tnight aft] _! arrival ! sexes1 ?\gh fe$+ 9 company1 d n app>5tly manife/ a disposition to assume conjugal relation%ip4 ,! desire = food seems to outweigh e o!r consid]ation4 ,! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1 & ! coldness ( ! e>?1 may h mu* to d ) hold+ ! amatory =ces 9 *eck4 ,b :5 ! opportune p]iod arrives1 :i* x does 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 ! sexes desi/ 9 a measure f _! riot\s liv+ & give ! nobl] in/9cts ( _! be+ a *ance to ass]t _! p[]4 ,! males are ! fir/ to feel ! *anges :i* are be+ wr\ght 9 _! natures4 ,= m ?an a week f ! incipi5cy ( ?is feel+1 9 ! e>ly morn+ & ev5+ h\rs1 !y may be se5 ex]cis+ !mselves by means ( 8curi\s spiral gyrations0 9 mid-air1 & utt]+1 z e>?w>ds !y desc5d1 a note :i* has be5 lik5$ to ! ^w kwank4 ,?is note may be a call to ! female 9 ! spr+1 b z x is (t5 utt]$ 9 ! fall aft] ! bre$+-season is pa/1 x may also be a summons = ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! memb]s ( ! same h\sehold4 ,! production ( ^! s\nds seems a labor ( v great ef=t4 ,b ! movem5ts ( ! males at ^! times mu/ be se5 to be appreciat$4 ,! head & bill are b5t =w>d until ! latt] comes into contact ) ! gr\nd1 &1 j z ! s\nd is be+ emitt$1 ! body is urg$ viol5tly =w>d4 ,^! spasmodic ex]tions hav+ ceas$1 ! actor 9 ?is drama twit*es 8 abbreviat$1 half-spread tail1 assumes an erect attitude ( li/5+1 &1 if no response is elicit$1 repeats 8 *>act]i/ic cry ) all its accompany+ movem5ts4 ,if ! call awakes an answ]+ note1 ! happy lov] flies to ! pres5ce ( ! "o he seeks & lavi%es ^u h] ! mo/ ende>+ c>esses4 ,sometimes1 z ,audubon affirms1 ! male awaits ! arrival ( ! de> "o1 & does n fly to meet h]4 ,! summons1 accord+ to ! same em95t au?ority1 seem sometimes to be repli$ to by "o ( ! same sex1 :i* is always ! prelude to a fi]ce enc\nt] betwe5 ! two1 =1 on su* occasions1 :5 ! feel+s are 9 a high /ate ( t5sion1 ! mo/ int5se enmity exi/s betwe5 ! males4 ,b ^! cont5tions are ord9>ily %ort-liv$1 & cease ) ! assumption ( matrimonial relations4 ,! happ9ess ( ! male is n[ complete4 ,) 8 homely b prepossess+ bride by 8 side1 he soon j\rneys (f 9 se>* ( a home4 ,?is is a matt] ( great consequ5ce1 & tasks ! pati5ce to ! utmo/4 ,b _! labors are ev5tually cr[n$ ) success4 ,! mo/ seclud$ resorts are visit$1 & 9 "s l[1 d5se & swampy woods or brake1 difficult ( access1 & "o t none b ! cruel collector w\ld be likely to f9d1 !y hide away _! ne/4 ,! /ructure is g5]ally plac$ on ! gr\nd1 at ! foot ( a bu% or tussock1 9 ! mid/ ( small bir*es or ald]s1 or on a decay$ /ump or pro/rate log4 ,9 c]ta9 localities1 x is snugly ne/l$ 9 ! mid/ ( a mead[4 ,x is by no means an elaborate affair1 b m]ely consi/s ( a few dri$ leaves or grasses :i* are scrat*$ toge!r by ! female1 & ! "w ( a few brief h\rs at ! mo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright #aijj by ,a4 ,r4 ,,dugmore4 ,,woodcock ,,on ,,ne/ 7,%[+ protective color+7 ,be+ ready = occupancy1 ! female soon comm5ces to deposit h] eggs4 ,^!1 to ! numb] ( ?ree or f\r1 are laid "o at a "t on consecutive days4 ,oviposition1 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 comm5ces 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 :ile 9 ! nor!rn limits ( ! bird's range f ! t5? to ! fifte5? ( ,april1 seldom lat]4 ,bo? birds p]=m ! labor ( incubation1 & s att5tive are !y to ! bus9ess t x is an unusual occurr5ce to f9d bo? abs5t f ! ne/ at ! same "t4 ,:5 ! female is sitt+ ! male busies himself 9 att5d+ to ! dem&s ( hung]2 & :5 h] turn has come ! c>e ( ! ne/ is resign$ to h] noble1 consci5ti\s "l4 ,s fai?fully d !y keep to ! ne/ t no?+ %ort ( ! mo/ m5ac+ dang] w compel !m to leave4 ,! approa* ( a team or a p$e/rian1 ev5 :5 )9 a few feet ( its location1 has n be5 kn[n to />tle !m4 ,b :5 ! dang] is q imm95t ! sitt+ bird slips out ( ! ne/ & makes h] way into ! tall grasses1 :]e1 hidd5 f view1 %e becomes a sil5t & sorr[ful witness ( any disa/] t may befall h] home4 ,%\ld no de/ruction be p]petrat$1 & ! intrud] has gone 8 way1 %e cauti\sly comes out ( h] place ( concealm5t & resumes h] labors4 ,b %e has le>n$ a v impressive lesson1 = on a second visit to ! ne/ no bird is to be se54 ,appris$ ( ! com+ ( dang]1 %e has slipp$ out 9 "t to escape detection4 ,?us1 pati5tly1 p]si/5tly & unwe>i$ly ^! fai?ful creatures apply !mselves by turns to ! task ( sitt+ until success has cr[n$ _! will+ labors4 ,! "t sp5t 9 hat*+ is1 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 f sev5te5 to eighte5 days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,woodcock4 ,"m ,fly+ ,away ,) ,"y ,betwe5 ,h] ,feet4 ,! "y are v timid creatures & keep close to _! p>5ts4 ,consid]able solicitude is %[n by ! latt] = _! well-be+4 ,_! helpless infancy1 s to speak1 is wat*$ ov] ) all ! c>e t a human "m be/[s ^u h] (fspr+1 & :5 _! lives are endang]$ rec\rse is _h to _m a ruse to deceive _! enemies & br+ !m into places ( security4 ,:5 sev]ely press$ by foes1 ! "m1 by a peculi> al>m1 w>ns !m ( ! /ate ( ?+s1 & :ile !y are scatt]+ 9 diff]5t directions seeks to attract att5tion to h]self 9 _m a well-feign$ artifice4 ,9 h] anxiety = _! safety1 %e has ev5 be5 obs]v$ to seize betwe5 h] two feet a y\ngl+ & fly ) x away--a behavior ^: purpose seem$ to be ! div]sion ( ! enemy f ! re/ ( ! brood1 ?us giv+ !m a *ance to flee f imp5d+ p]il to places ( security 9 ! surr\nd+ v]dure4 ,aft] all dang] has disappe>$1 %e summons !m toge!r aga9 by a famili> call1 & d\btless relates to !m ! /ory ( h] adv5tures & ! dang]s f :i* !y 7 sav$4 ,worms1 animalcula1 ants & o!r s(t-bodi$ insects1 :i* ! p>5ts assi/ !m 9 procur+ f ! s(t e>?1 & f b5ea? ! grass & dead leaves t ab\nd 9 ! places !y frequ5t1 con/itute _! food4 ,lat] on !y are able to obta9 _! subsi/5ce1 ) all ! address ( old] birds1 by ?ru/+ _! bills into ! soil & 9 su* o!r places z w\ld be likely to conta9 ! objects desir$4 ,_! tongues1 cov]$ ) a viscid saliva1 adh]e to ! food1 & :5 drawn into ! m\? c>ry x ) !m )\t dang] ( be+ lo/4 ,all :o h made ^! birds a /udy h (t5 disc]n$ holes made 9 ! s(t mud by _! bills4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! 8bor+s10 z !y are call$1 is always an indication t game is n f> di/ant1 :i* a c>eful exploration ( ! locality soon v]ifies4 ,! "y1 :5 matur$1 cont9ue to occupy ! same haunts ) _! p>5ts1 &1 unless br\ght to an untimely dea? by ! m]ciless gun ( ! hunt]1 repair to ! w>m1 sunny1 smil+ ,s\? ) ! return ( fro/4 ,9 ! ,middle ,/ates--& ! same is d\btless true ( o!r sections ( our great c\ntry--!re is nev] m ?an a s+le brood rais$1 al?\gh ! e>ly bre$+ ( ! species w\ld c]ta9ly af=d "t = a second hat*+ be=e ! close ( ! season4 ,less pyri=m are ! eggs ( ! ,woodcock ?an wad]s' mo/ly are1 be+1 9 "s in/ances1 almo/ ovoidal4 ,_! gr\nd-color v>ies f a light clay to "o ( buffy-br[n1 & ! m>k+s occur 9 ! =m ( f9e spots & blot*es ( *ocolate-br[n1 int]sp]s$ ) o!rs ( obscure lilac1 m or less ?ickly scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! egg1 _! size & int5sity ( color be>+1 9 g5]al1 a direct correspond5ce ) ! dep? ( ! backgr\nd4 ,rem>kable v>iations ( size exi/ ?r\gh\t ! species' range1 "s be+ %ort & broad1 :ile o!rs are long & n>r[4 ,a set ( ?ree f ,p5nsylvania1 :i* ! writ] c>efully measur$1 %[$ an av]age measurem5t ( #a4ed by #a4ba in*es4 ,s famili> a bird z ! ,woodcock1 :i* is sometimes t]m$ ! ,bog-suck] or ,wood-snipe1 h>dly ne$s description4 ,he has a ?ick1 heavily-set body1 %ort & ?ick neck1 & l>ge head1 bill & eyes1 & e>s b5ea? ! visual organs4 ,8 w+s are %ort & r\nd$1 ! fir/ ?ree prim>ies be+ v n>r[ & %ort] ?an ! f\r?1 & ! f\r? & fif? ! l>ge/4 ,! t>si are ab\t "o & "o-f\r? in*es long & r /\t1 ! tibi fea!r$ to ! jo9ts1 & ! toes long & sl5d]1 & )\t m>g9al membranes or basal webs4 ,m ?an two & a half in*es 9 l5g? is ! bill1 /raight1 tap]+1 & /\t at base1 ) ridge at base ( maxilla high1 & ! upp] m&ible a little l>g] ?an ! l[]1 & knobb$ at ! end4 ,?ree long grooves1 "o on ridge above1 & ! o!rs on ea* side ( maxilla1 complete ! /ructural details ( ! bill4 ,! sexes are alike1 ! female be+ l>g] ?an ! male4 ,adult specim5s v>y f t5 to twelve in*es 9 l5g?1 & h an expanse ( w+s ( f fifte5 to eighte5 in*es1 & a weight rang+ f f\r to n9e ounces4 ,! eyes are br[n1 legs & bill ( ! dri$ sk9 pale-br[ni%1 upp] p>ts black1 gray1 russet & br[n1 *9 :iti%1 & re/ ( "u p>ts diff]5t %ades ( br[ni%-r$4 ,s exquisitely s5sible is ! extremity ( ! bill1 z 9 ! snipe1 t ^! birds are enabl$ to collect _! food by ! m]e t\*1 )\t us+ _! eyes1 :i* are set at su* a di/ance & elevation 9 ! back "p ( ! head z to give !m an aspect ( /upidity4 ,! eyes be+ situat$ high up & f> back is a wise provision ( nature1 z1 by ?is peculi>ity1 !y escape _m ( _! enemies1 _! field ( vision be+ greatly augm5t$ by su* an arrangem5t4 ,obta9+ _! su/5ance1 z !y l>gely d1 by prob+ ) _! bills1 s amply end[$ ) n]ves1 !y h comp>atively little use = _! eyes1 unless to keep wat* = _! num]\s foes4 ,?\gh well kn[n to ! sportsman1 yet by ! casual obs]v] ?is bird is frequ5tly conf\nd$ ) ! ,wilson's snipe4 ,b ! error c readily be avoid$1 if x is borne 9 m9d t ! ,woodcock has ! entire l[] p>ts1 includ+ ! l9+ ( w+s1 a r$di%-br[n color1 :ile ! snipe has ! abdom5 :ite1 ! ?roat & upp] p>ts ( ! brea/ speckl$1 & ! l9+ ( ! w+s b>r$ ) :ite & black4 ,,pip+ ,,plov]4 ,h y ev] be5 to ! sea-%ore8 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 y h met ! ,pip+ ,plov]1 b1 p]haps1 n to "k him4 ,he is ( ! size ( ! rob91 n q s robu/1 b /&s mu* tall]1 be+ m\nt$ on r long1 /ilt-l legs1 :i* admirably fit him = ! life :i* he is design$ to fill 9 ! _w4 ,he belongs to ! family ( wad+ birds1 & seeks ! pr9cipal "p ( 8 food 9 or by ! wat]1 :i* c\ld n possibly be 7 8 walk+ app5dages curtail$ ! lea/ bit ( _! fair proportions4 ,b to be m precise 9 my ^w-picture1 let me describe him to y z ( a pale a%y-br[n color1 fad+ into grayi% ^u ! "u p>ts1 & z hav+ 8 head set (f ) "s n>r[ black b&s1 t on ! neck r>ely1 if ev]1 =m+ a p]fect r+4 ,8 bill w be f\nd to be %ort & /\t & blunt1 & !re w be an appreciable lack ( webb+ betwe5 ! middle & inn] front toes4 ,n[ t x is pla9 :at ! bird looks l1 y are c]ta9ly prep>$1 m ?an ev]1 to take "s int]e/ 9 him 9 8 brief /ay by ! sea4 ,s /rongly is he atta*$ to ! sc5es r5d]$ de> by pa/ associations & memories t1 f 8 w9t] home 9 ! sunny ,s\?1 & ev5 f ov] ! wat]s beyond our s\!rn bord]s1 he hails ) delight ! return ( ! v]nal equ9ox1 = he kn[s full well t x br+s ) x ! summ]'s heat & all its v>i$1 priceless weal? ( insect life4 ,s ) ! fir/ spr+ signs ( op5 wea!r he quits 8 brumal retreat1 w9ds 8 way up along ! tr5d ( ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 & at la/ rea*es 9 ! nights ( e>ly ,april ! s&y bea*es ( our ,j]sey coa/4 ,9 flocks ( a doz5 individuals !y run ab\t ! s& 9 a mo/ lively mann]1 & utt] all ! :ile a v>iety ( notes m or less pleas+1 bl5d+ z !y d ) ! deep-ton$ bass ( ! ocean4 ,:5 ?is s\nd1 well+ up f a doz5 ?roats1 is he>d 9 ! d>k x is p>ticul>ly /rik+1 z wild & weird z ! :i/l+ ( a w9d at sea ?r\gh ! rigg+ ( a %ip4 ,b ^! flocks soon disp]se into pairs to bre$4 ,slight depressions 9 ! dry s&1 & always 9 ! mid/ ( gr\ps ( brok5 color$ %ells1 b out ( ! rea* ( ! madd5$ waves1 r ?an 9 muddy1 m>%y places back ( ! bea*-l9e1 s]ve !m = ne/s4 ,?is ne/+ among clu/]$ %ells seem+ly po9ts to a love = ! beautiful4 ,b may x n be t ! %ells b m>k ! v>i\s ne/-positions 9 ! unbrok5 wa/e ( s&8 ,we incl9e to ?is op9ion4 ,!re is s mu* div]sity manife/$ 9 ! size ( ! gr\ps & 9 ! arrangem5t & coloration ( ! individual %ells t comprise !m1 t no v great difficulty %\ld be exp]i5c$ by ! sev]al pairs ne/+ 9 ! same locality 9 kn[+ ea* o!r's ne/4 ,:ile ! birds are conc]n$ ) ! c>es ( brood-rais+1 :i* is usually t[>ds ! close ( ,may or ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 !y conf9e _! fe$+ to ! damp1 wet s&4 ,betwe5 x & ! dry a cle> l9e ( sep>ation is pla9ly noticeable4 ,x is only :5 !y are ready = ! home duties t !y are se5 to resort to a]ial navigation4 ,ev5 :5 on ! v b\nd>y-l9e ( ! two /ret*es ( s&1 ! wet & ! dry1 & ) ! ne/ almo/ 9 sight1 !y are kn[n to assume w+1 tak+ due c>e1 h[ev]1 to alight be=e !y h fairly rea*$ ! spot4 ,9 flight an advantage1 t ( a m comm&+ view1 is acquir$1 :i* walk+ does n give4 ,b 9 leav+ ! ne/ = food1 or = any o!r purpose1 !y1 z be=e1 walk "s di/ance away be=e !y v5ture to fly4 ,!re is a seem+ purpose 9 s do+1 ! object to be ga9$ be+ ! deceiv+ ( man & o!r enemies z to ! real location ( ! ne/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,female ,,pip+ ,,plov]4 ,ne/ 9 ,mid/ ( ,brok5 ,%ells4 ,all ^! precautions are und]tak5 = ! sake ( ! eggs1 al?\gh 9 color & m>k+s ^! s closely resemble ! dry s& & int]m+l$ bits ( =eign sub/ances1 t su* actions seem all unnecess>y4 ,:5 birds h be5 flu%$ f ! ne/1 & its exact position has be5 not$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 ,i h fail$1 aft] sev]al m9utes ( ! close/ se>*+1 to detect ! eggs1 s true has be5 ! color-h>mony betwe5 !m & ! surr\nd+ s&4 ,?is resemblance 9 coloration mu/ be se5 to be fully appreciat$4 ,9 gr\nd ! eggs are ! pale/ possible creamy-br[n1 b m>k$ all ov]1 q sp>+ly1 ) small blacki%-br[n dots & specks1 ! l>ge/ h>dly exce$+ a p9's head4 ,f\r is ! usual numb]1 & ^!1 f _! peculi> pe>-%ap$ =m1 are plac$ ) _! po9ts toge!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! ne/4 ,!y are objects ( m ?an ord9>y solicitude1 ! little ,plov]s mak+ mo/ viol5t demon/rations & plead+ pite\sly :5 !y are approa*$4 ,! "m employs all ! well-kn[n artifices1 su* z lam5ess1 inability to fly1 to draw ! intrud] away f ! ne/4 ,! "y run z soon z !y leave ! egg1 & are great adepts at hid+1 squatt+1 & rema9+ motionless4 ,_! d[ny plumage s assimilates !m to ! s& t unless !y reveal !mselves by mov+1 x requires a v ke5 eye to di/+ui% !m f ! numb]less tufts t are scatt]$ ab\t ! high] rea*es ( ! bea*4 ,al?\gh s ess5tially a bird ( ! sea-%ore1 yet 9 ,augu/ _m scores ( ^! birds come up ! ,delaw>e ,riv] z f> z tide-wat] ext5ds1 fe$+ ^u ! mud-flats & gravel-b>s1 & occasionally w5d+ _! way up along ! c\rses ( ! creeks until !y f9d !mselves well into ! c\ntry4 ,x is int]e/+ to wat* !m z !y run 9 & out among ! little hills & holl[s ( ! mud 9 que/ ( _! prey4 ,!y are happy1 light-he>t$ fell[s1 :o d n begrudge1 :5 "s racy tidbit has rew>d$ _! hunt+1 to pipe a few notes ( ?anks to ,him :o wat*es z t5d]ly ov] !m z ov] ! mighty lords ( ! e>?4 ,,bob ,,:ite4 ,some:at relat$ to ! gr\se is ! ,quail1 z he is call$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 or 8,bob ,:ite10 8 univ]sally recogniz$ appellation4 ,8 sci5tific "n is ,ortyx ,virg9ianus4 ,diff]+ f ! ,old ,_w p>tridges1 he has be5 assign$ a place 9 ! sub-family ,odontophor91 ( :i* five g5]a are said to exi/1 mo/ ( !m be+ re/rict$ to ! extreme s\?-we/ ( our c\ntry4 ,8 habits & hi/ory are full ( int]e/ to ev]ybody4 ,quails are re/less1 uneasy birds1 atta*$ to "o place :ile re>+ _! family1 b imm$iately ^u ! brood becom+ able to travel1 comm5c+ _! w&]+s4 ,!re is no acc\nt+ = ^! movem5ts1 :i* sometimes deprive a :ole di/rict ( _! pres5ce = a "t1 to populate a neighbor+ region previ\sly )\t !m4 ,:5 su* j\rneys are und]tak51 a l>ge numb] ( birds p>ticipate1 travell+ on foot1 & pass+ /eadily ?r\gh di/ricts :]e food is pl5tiful1 & seem+ly )\t any def9ite de/9ation 9 m9d1 s loa? are !y to use _! w+s1 t 9 attempt+ to cross wide riv]s & inlets imm5se numb]s are said to p]i%4 ,a limit$ & p>tial migration1 x is highly probable1 takes place annually f ! m nor!rn to w>m] latitudes1 influ5c$ 9 its ext5t by ! comp>ative sev]ity ( ! seasons1 be+ m di/9ctly migrat+ we/ ?an ea/ ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,m>* ! w9t] flocks break up1 & ! mat+ beg9s4 ,al?\gh n indulg+ 9 ! noisy & seem+ly mean+less antics ( ! gr\se to call att5tion to 8 p]sonal attractiv5ess1 ,bob ,:ite1 x w\ld appe>1 becomes sudd5ly consci\s ( 8 comely looks & excell5t voice4 ,9 a dignifi$ mann]1 ) head erect1 he walks pr\dly ab\t1 invit+ ! opposite sex to view him at 8 be/4 ,f ! or*>d gate he calls a saucy good morn+ to ! f>m]1 kn[+ t ! law holds its gis ov] him at ?is "t1 b he keeps an eye to hawks1 cats & o!r pr$atory animals t respect nei!r "t1 place nor season4 ,he is polygam\s1 will+ to assume any am\nt ( family responsibility1 & w help to re> two1 or ev5 ?ree1 broods a ye>1 a successful pair (t5 turn+ out tw5ty-five "y 9 a season4 ,x is n an uncommon occurr5ce to f9d a covey ( little *eep]s1 sc>cely able to fly1 z late z ,novemb]4 ,al?\gh pair$ s e>ly1 ! ,quails d n proce$ to ! bus9ess ( nidification 9 ! c5tral "p ( _! range until ab\t ! middle ( ,may4 ,! leew>d side ( "s d5se tussock ( grass1 a m\ld]+ /ump 9 a wild1 matt$ mead[1 ! woody m>g9 ( a clov] field or or*>d1 or an old pa/ure ov]gr[n ) bramble ?ickets1 are situations commonly *os51 ! female1 z is h] und\bt$ "r1 tak+ ! lead 9 fix+ ^u ! site4 ,an artificial b$ ( grasses & vegetable tra%1 fill+ a %all[ depression1 is ! ne/4 ,sometimes x is plac$ s z to be conceal$ by ov]>*+ grasses1 ?r\gh :i* a regul> tunnel1 sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 conducts to ! sanctum2 &1 at o!r times1 is only cov]$ ) leaves & /raw1 :i* ! birds !mselves h rudely adju/$4 ,! ne/1 :i* is con/ruct$ solely by ! females ( ! family1 v>ies 9 dim5sions accord+ to ! numb] ( ?is sex t anticipate us+ x1 ! male 9 ! meantime go+ ab\t 9 que/ ( food1 or sitt+ ^u a l[ twig close by1 *e]+ 8 wives by 8 trisyllabic note1 & v fai?fully w>n+ !m ( ! imm95ce ( dang]4 ,! "w is prosecut$ ) consid]able zeal1 ?ree days at f>!/ suffic+ to make ! ne/ ready = ! fir/ egg1 :i* is imm$iately laid1 & :i* is foll[$ by "o on ea* consecutive day1 until sev5 or eight h be5 deposit$4 ,z _m z ?irty eggs are sometimes f\nd 9 a s+le ne/1 :i* is due to ! polygamy ( ! male4 ,two1 & (t5 ?ree & f\r females1 are tak5 by a male1 & two h be5 kn[n to occupy simultane\sly ! same ne/4 ,:5 a pair ( birds has e/abli%$ itself 9 a locality f ! fir/1 & has be5 successful 9 re>+ a family ( "y dur+ ! ensu+ spr+1 if ! females are 9 ! majority ! unprovid$ ones /ill cont9ue1 z a g5]al ?+1 to l+] ) ! p>5ts aft] _! m specially favor$ companions h mat$ & mov$ else:]e4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 a new locality :]e ! covey consi/s entirely ( memb]s ( a s+le family4 ,9 cases :]e sev]al families congregate 9 ! fall1 ! *ances are greatly 9 favor ( monogamy4 ,small flocks are m decid$ly polygam\s ?an l>g] ones4 ,we h nev] obs]v$ ! conv]se--t is1 m ?an "o male to a female--b :]e sev]al pairs are f\nd 9 ! same field1 at slight di/ances f ea* o!r1 !re is sometimes a noticeable t5d5cy to associate4 ,! eggs ( ! ,quail are cry/al :ite1 sometimes slightly t+$ ) yell[1 & pyri=m 9 %ape4 ,eighte5 days are requir$ = _! hat*+4 ,:]e ! fa!r is n =tunate en\gh to possess a h>em1 a "p ( ! "w devolves ^u him1 :ile ! "m seeks food & recreation2 b :]e !re are sev]al females1 ! "w is divid$ v amicably among !m1 ea* sitt+ ab\t half a day at a /ret*1 !n call+ h] relief ) a l[ note1 if !re be only two1 ! male tak+ no "p 9 ! labor ( incubation :atev]4 ,%\ld ! family be l>g]1 two females w sit side by side on ! eggs1 !re be+ too _m 9 numb] = "o brea/ to cov]4 ,mean:ile ! husb& rema9s close by1 *irp+ enc\ragem5t 9 a l[ tone1 & betimes mak+ ! field vocal ) 8 l\d1 cle> :i/le4 ,he is exce$+ly vigilant1 & if a human be+ approa*es ! ne/ gives ! al>m to 8 p>tn]s1 :o secretly )draw f ! ne/1 :ile he1 ?\ghtful husb& z he is1 fl+s himself ^u ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! intrud]1 feign+ lam5ess or injury1 & seek+ by e device kn[n to him to attract att5tion & pursuit1 till hav+ beguil$ ! enemy f> away f 8 home he seeks safety = himself 9 flight4 ,! exp]i5c$ ologi/ pays no reg>d to ?is deceit1 see+ 9 x only a sign ( ! ne>ness ( ! covet$ prize1 b pati5tly cont9ues 8 se>* until he has discov]$ its :]eab\ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,home ,,( ,,bob ,,:ite4 ,two ,wives on ,same ,ne/4 ,two broods are inv>iably rais$ & (t5 a ?ird1 b ! la/ appe>+ late 9 ! summ]1 & sc>cely atta9+ _! gr[? be=e ! com+ ( sn[4 ,if unmole/$1 x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! species w\ld increase ) great rapidity1 z %[n by ! cel]ity ) :i* regions1 :]e ! birds _h be5 well nigh ext]m9at$1 h be5 repl5i%$ :5 a p]iod ( quiet = a season or two has be5 all[$ !m4 ,! "y run ab\t 9 a v lively mann] z soon z !y h left ! %ell1 & 9 a few days are giv5 ov] to ! c>e ( ! fa!r1 :om !y foll[ & obey z readily z !y did ! "m1 possibly because !y d n recognize ! *ange ( gu>dians1 :ile %e returns to ! c>es ( re>+ ano!r family4 ,dur+ ! spr+ & e>ly summ] bo? old & "y f9d an abundance ( food = !mselves 9 ! l>v ( v>i\s insects1 ! succul5t %oots ( gr[+ plants & su* se$s z ab\nd4 ,lat] on1 /rawb]ries1 blueb]ries1 huckleb]ries & o!r wild fruits supply _! dem&s4 ,9 ,augu/ !y gr[ fat ^u gras%opp]s1 & z ?is is ! "t :5 se$s rip51 acorns & bee*-nuts fall1 & ! /ubble-fields are full ( scatt]$ :eat1 rye1 b>ley & maize1 & insects are pl5tiful ^u ! gr\nd1 !y fea/ !mselves to satiety be=e ! w9t] beg9s1 until !y h rea*$ t delectable plumpness s highly e/eem$ by bon vivants4 ,atta9+ _! full gr[? by ! end ( ,septemb]1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! e>li] broods1 ! season ( play = ! p>tridges & sport = ! gunn] has come4 ,quail-%oot+ is reg>d$ z a te/ ( m>ksman%ip 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s r>e & wild h ! birds become by reason ( incessant hunt+1 t x c]ta9ly requires skill & f9e %oot+ to make a bag4 ,br$ 9 ! op5 fields1 & fe$+ e>ly 9 ! morn+ & late 9 ! ev5+1 a man may beat a field all day1 & put up only "o or two birds1 :5 he is c]ta9 t twice z _m lay conceal$1 huddl$ up 9 little knots 9 out-(-!-way places1 :i* ! be/ ( dogs might easily pass )\t discov]+4 ,_! inconspicu\s colors1 too1 :i* are 9 keep+ ) ! objects ar\nd !m1 s conceal !m f ! vision ( ! hunt]1 t1 tru/+ to !m1 !y w sit immovable until he has gone "s di/ance beyond1 :5 !y w spr+ up & away l s _m arr[s1 requir+ a quick eye & a /eady h& to turn & drop a brace4 ,:5 ultimately flu%$1 !y fly to "s p>ticul> cov]t1 & s long z ?is ?icket or f]n-brake rema9s undiscov]$1 w repeat$ly repair to x = safety & security4 ,a r curi\s circum/ance1 :i* has creat$ no little discussion among ,am]ican sportsm51 mat]ially aids _! concealm5t4 ,:5 alight+1 aft] be+ flu%$1 ! ,quail is said to give out no sc5t = "s little "t4 ,?is is suppos$ to be a volunt>y act ( ret5tion ( odor on ! "p ( ! bird1 z a consci\s me?od ( protection4 ,"s1 :ile admitt+ ! fact1 believe x to be a p[] belong+ to p>ticul> bevies1 at lea/ 9 a f> great] degree ?an to o!rs1 l ! cu/om ( alight+ ^u ! bran*es ( trees :5 fright5$1 :ile o!rs re/rict ! faculty to p>ticul> individuals r ?an bevies4 ,our e>li] orni?ologi/s d n m5tion ! ret5tion ( sc5t4 ,x is probable1 z claim$ by a few1 t ,quails' swift runn+ ov] ! dry leaves ( upl& woods or mead[s all[s little "t & a poor surface = ! transmission ( ! sc5t1 & t :5 !y drop sudd5ly & rema9 quiet no effluvium escapes1 b :i* only becomes dissem9at$ ! v in/ant !y move4 ,! op5 fields be+ smitt5 by ! wild w9ds ( ,novemb]1 & ! re$s bruis$ & brok51 ! ,quail retreats to ! dep?s ( ! swamp or ! %elt] ( a d5se ?icket1 :]e he keeps life 9 him z be/ he c dur+ ! cold1 /ormy days1 hunt+ ! /ubble & swamp = s(t-%ell$ nuts & se$s1 torpid beetles1 & ! h>d fruits & se$-cases ( grasses & we$s1 "s ( :i*1 ! skunk cabbage = example1 ta9t+ 8 fle% ) _! flavor4 ,huddl$ toge!r ! =lorn covey all[ ! sn[ to cov] !m1 tru/+ to %ake x (f on ! return ( ! morn+1 b occasionally a cru/ freezes ^u ! surface1 & ! poor birds f9d !mselves 9 a prison f :i* !y _c break out be=e !y />ve to dea?4 ,! habit ( huddl+ is peculi> to ,quails ! :ole ye> r\nd4 ,!y select at ev5+ "s spot ( l[ gr\nd1 :]e ! long grass af=ds %elt] & w>m?1 & !re !y encamp1 sleep+ 9 a circle1 %\ld] to %\ld]1 ) heads turn$ out1 keep+ ea* o!r w>m1 & ready to escape at a mom5t's w>n+ )\t /umbl+ ov] "o ano!r4 ,a suitable roo/+-place once f\nd1 night aft] night !y repair ?i!r1 leav+ x 9 ! morn+ be=e sunrise to seek _! breakfa/4 ,unless ! w9t] be unusually mild1 !y may be se5 associat+ 9 ! pa/ure ) ! cattle1 & ev5 foll[+ !m home to glean ! gra9 t falls into ! b>ny>d1 & pick up ! scraps t are ?r[n to ! *ick5s4 ,?is delightful confid5ce is n always abus$1 = _m p]sons take pa9s to fo/] ! bevies !y f9d sp5d+ ! w9t] 9 "s bru%y hillside ne> ! h\se by daily scatt]+ gra9 or clov]-se$ ^u ! sn[ :]e ! hungry birds may come & get x4 ,! p]t air ) :i* "o ( ! cocks w p]* himself on a f5ce-rid] or walk s$ately along a /one wall 9 ! e>ly sunlight ( a gli/5+ ,janu>y morn+ is rew>d en\gh to ! b5efactor1 if he c>es n to pres]ve !m = ! selfi% pleasure ( %oot+ !m ! foll[+ autumn4 ,z a delicate article ( food ! ,quail is highly e/eem$1 & dur+ ! "t ! law all[s ! m>kets are fill$ ) bun*es ( !m4 ,v>i\s devices 9 ! =m ( sn>es1 nets & traps are call$ into s]vice to effect _! capture1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ,new ,engl& especially1 fre% importations h be5 necess>y to pres]ve a suffici5t numb] = sport4 ,b&s ( beat]s 9 ! ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,/ates cauti\sly drive imm5se flocks into nets1 b !re is less dang] ( ext]m9at+ ?is ?an almo/ any o!r species ( game-bird1 x w\ld seem1 on acc\nt ( its seque/]$ habits & prolificacy4 ,tam+ & dome/ication is an easy matt] ) ^! birds4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 :]e ! eggs h be5 hat*$ "u a h5 at lib]ty1 ! ,quail *icks h run away to ! woods z soon z ! leaves h turn$ se> 9 ! fall & nev] come back4 ,!y sang _! 8,ah1 ,bob ,:ite60 j z cle>ly be=e !y _h ev] he>d "o ( _! k9 z any woodl&-br$ ,quails c\ld d4 ,x is q common to re-colonize portions ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates :5 !y h become depopulat$1 & an ef=t made "s ye>s ago to introduce ^! birds into ! ,salt ,lake ,valley ( ,utah 0 em95tly successful4 ,)9 ! pa/ few ye>s "s ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s h be5 coloniz$1 b attempts to acclimatize ! birds 9 ,engl& & ,irel& h prov$ mo/ signal failures4 ,,ruff$ ,,gr\se4 ,consid]able misappreh5sion exi/s 9 relation to ! popul> appellation ( ?is species4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry x is dubb$ ! ,p>tridge1 :ile 9 o!rs x goes by ! "n ( ,pheasant4 ,x is nei!r4 ,all its aff9ities po9t away f ^! families1 9 ! direction ( ! ,true ,gr\se1 ( :i* x con/itutes a useful & int]e/+ memb]4 ,pheasants are nev] f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b are indig5\s to ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,_! ne>e/ repres5tative "h is ! ,wild ,turkey4 ,almo/ z mu* may be said ( ! ,p>tridge1 a gr\p ( birds :i* are exclusive d5iz5s ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,b n[ to our subject4 ,few ,gr\se are s well kn[n z ! ,ruff$ ,gr\se1 ! ,bonasa umbellus ( ,/eph5s4 ,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! timb]$ regions ( ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica x is m or less pl5tiful1 rang+ f ! ,atlantic seabo>d to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & f ,georgia to ,nova ,scotia4 ,9 all our ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ,l\isiana except$1 ^! birds exi/ to "s ext5t1 & are also to be f\nd ov] limit$ portions ( ! ,miss\ri region1 b1 d\btless1 m especially ab\t ! m\? ( ! riv]1 & 9 ! contigu\s c\ntry4 ,9 ! we/]n p>ts ( ! region x is repres5t$ by a =m :i* passes ) orni?ologi/s z a well-def9$1 g5u9e v>iety4 ,x seems to be want+ 9 ,cali=nia1 b 9 ! wood$ sections ( ! ,cascade ,range1 z well z 9 ! valley ( ! ,willamette 9 ,oregon1 :]e x exi/s "u a new v>ietal "n1 x is by no means an uncommon occupant4 ,9 ! ,new ,engl&1 ,middle ,atlantic & ,nor!rn ,c5tral ,/ates x is t ^! birds are to be se5 to ! be/ advantage1 & 9 ! greate/ numb]s4 ,we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 if we exclude ,ea/]n ,kansas1 ,s\!rn ,i[a & ! :ole ( ,miss\ri1 !y occur1 if at all1 9 comp>atively small & isolat$ p>ties4 ,9 regions :i* ^! ,gr\se inhabit1 !y are p]man5t resid5ts1 & are nev] kn[n to move s\?w>d ) ! retreat ( w>m wea!r4 ,!y are capable ( adapt+ !mselves to climatic v>iations ) ease1 b n s readily to surface irregul>ities & _! natural concomitants4 ,d5se woods1 craggy m\nta9-sides & ! bord]s ( /reams are not$ places ( resort4 ,l[l&s1 especially su* z are inve/$ ) ?ick gr[?s ( small bu%es & tall1 rank grasses1 are n infrequ5tly *os54 ,:5 9 se>* ( food & gravel1 !y are kn[n to quit _! favorite haunts & betake !mselves to ! op5 road1 :]e gr\ps may be se5 absorb$ 9 fe$+1 b n to t ext5t1 h[ev]1 :5 ! ru/le ( a mov+ leaf or ! crackl+ ( a twig w\ld pass unnotic$4 ,! slighte/ noise causes a tempor>y susp5sion ( labor & a mom5t>y %udd] ( surprise4 ,all ( a sudd51 & 9 ! mo/ p]fect h>mony1 all heads are rais$ & po9t+ 9 ! direction :5ce ! noise emanat$4 ,! ke5 vision ( ^! birds is n sl[ 9 disc]n+1 ?r\gh ! gloomy recesses1 ! pres5ce ( dang]2 b %\ld no?+ ( an al>m+ nature manife/ itself1 a %ort p>ley ensues & bus9ess is resum$1 ?\gh n ) ! same e>ne/ness & lack ( c>e1 h[ev]1 z be=e4 ,great] caution is n[ obs]vable1 & e ef=t tak5 to prev5t an ambuscade4 ,b let ! cause ( ! al>m1 a dog or a man1 be close at h&1 & ! birds imm$iately /rike = ! cov]1 ei!r on foot or by means ( flight1 ! latt] me?od only be+ adopt$ 9 extreme cases1 :5 ! o!r c\rse w\ld be att5d$ by disa/] & probable ru94 ,9 ! ex]cise ( _! cursorial p[]s1 !y move ) rem>kable swiftness1 z ) head depress$ & tail exp&$ !y run = _! lives4 ,a pile ( bru%wood or an imp5etrable jungle1 :5 ne>1 is r5d]$ subs]vi5t4 ,!re !y manage to conceal !mselves = a "t & ?us recov] brea?4 ,closely pursu$1 & 9 dang] ( be+ trampl$ ^u by ! foot ( ! huntsman or lac]at$ by ! fangs ( 8 quadrup$al fri5d1 !y await ! opportune mom5t1 :51 ) sudd5 :irr+ w+s1 !y cleave ! ela/ic e!r & vigor\sly press =w>d to "s transitory hav5 ( security1 b only to fall once m 9 ! way ( _! rel5tless p]secutors4 ,^! flights are s well tim$ & s unexpect$ t _m an exp]i5c$ gunn] is ?r[n (f 8 gu>d1 & :51 at la/1 he has recov]$ f 8 surprise & collect$ 8 ?\ghts1 feels vex$ at himself = all[+ 8 equanimity to become unsettl$ by s famili> a /ratagem4 ,he f9ds x useless to rep9e1 b endeavors to *oke d[n ! bitt] sigh ( disappo9tm5t t arises z he presses =w>d to fur!r adv5tures4 ,l ! common b>ny>d f[l1 ^! ,gr\se are /rictly greg>i\s1 especially dur+ ! autumnal & w9t] mon?s4 ,! flocks !y =m v>y 9 numb]s1 & :5 di/urb$1 :ile fe$+1 scatt] 9 all directions1 ea* memb] seek+ only its own individual safety & well-be+4 ,b aft] ! lapse ( a few m9utes1 becom+ reassur$1 !y ga!r simultane\sly ab\t ! same spot1 travell+ ! entire di/ance on foot4 ,! utmo/ circumspection & vigilance are always ex]cis$ 9 ^! backw>d movem5ts4 ,sc>city ( food occasionally causes ^! birds1 :]e v num]\s 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts1 to migrate to o!r places4 ,^! j\rneys are usually und]tak5 ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]1 !y !n be+ 9 excell5t ord] & 9 great dem& = ! table4 ,audubon witness$1 9 ! fall ( #ahbj1 an imm5se numb] 9 transitu f ,ohio1 ,indiana & ,ill9ois to ,k5tucky1 _m ( :om became a prey to man4 ,?is disposition to lead a rov+1 migratory life is1 z a g5]al ?+1 n h]$it>y1 & consequ5tly is seldom und]tak51 pl5ty ( food usually be+ f\nd 9 localities :i* ^! birds affect4 ,:]e !re is a paucity ( food-mat]ials1 su* z acorns1 ! se$s ( ! bee* & ( ! v>i\s species ( bir*1 !y d n hesitate to dev\r ! buds ( ! m\nta9 laurel1 :i* imp>t a poison\s "* to _! fle%4 ,:5 sev]ely hung]-press$ !y fe$ ^u dry b>k1 ! insects t h>bor 9 ! crevic$ trunks & bran*es ( trees1 & ev5 /ray to ! roads t w&] ?r\gh _! gloomy retreats & peck at ! h>d1 froz5 horse-dropp+s !y *ance to enc\nt]4 ,b :5 spr+ returns & r5ews h] bond ( fai? ) ,"m ,e>?1 !y m ?an make up = _! scanty w9t] f>e & fea/ ) fa/idi\s appetites ^u ! n[ t5d] & juicy buds ( ! black bir*1 :i* give a peculi> & too?some flavor to _! fle% t has acquir$ = !m 9 "s localities ! "n ( ,bir* ,p>tridge4 ,= a brief spell e o!r int]e/ is n[ absorb$ 9 t ( unre/ra9$ fea/+1 to :i* ! sexes submit !mselves ) all ! ab&on ( civiliz$ humanity4 ,! middle ( ,m>*1 or ! close ( ! mon? d$icat$ by ! anci5t ,romans to purifications & fa/+s1 :5 ! wea!r is favorable1 m>ks a *ange 9 _! life4 ,?is era is ann\nc$ by a l\d drumm+ noise1 :i* is ev]y:]e he>d4 ,/&+ ^u a tall rock or a pro/rate log 9 "s seclud$ woods or o!r locality1 ! au?or ( ?is noise may be f\nd4 ,8 attitude & demeanor ne$s mu/ be se5 to be appreciat$4 ,once se51 he c nev] be =gott54 ,array$ 9 a br&-new spr+ suit1 he is a be+ n to be despis$4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,8 beautifully-contract$ neck1 broad1 exp&$1 fan-l tail & elevat$ fea!r-tufts t ornam5t bo? sides ( 8 neck1 z he /ruts ab\t ) all ! grace & dignity ( "s pomp\s "l or duke1 r5d] him ( no mean importance & greatly add to 8 attractions4 ,b x is 8 f9al actions t impress ! behold] ) wond] & admiration4 ,! hi!rto trail+ w+s n[ assume a condition ( rigidity1 & comm5ce a firm1 b sl[1 d[nw>d & =w>d movem5t1 :i* /eadily increases 9 p[] & rapidity1 until ! swiftly-vibrat+ w+s appe> only z a semi-circul> outl9e ( mi/ above ! bird1 ?us giv+ rise to a s\nd :i* may be appropriately lik5$ to ! rev]b]ations ( di/ant1 mutt]+ ?und]4 ,^! s\nds are mo/ g5]ally he>d dur+ ! cool h\rs ( ! morn+1 :5 8 spirits are buoyant aft] a night ( refre%+ slumb]4 ,b z ! day advances1 !y are less frequ5t1 & irregul>4 ,s nicely c !y be imitat$1 t _m a bird is drawn to 8 doom1 :5 advanc+1 z he suppos$1 to meet an antagoni/4 ,z ! drumm+ is z (t5 he>d 9 ! fall z 9 ! spr+1 x has long be5 a moot$ "q z to its significancy z ! call-note ( ! male dur+ ! p]iod ( bre$+4 ,b !re c be no d\bt ( ! correctness ( ?is int]pretation1 = inconte/able pro( exi/s ( x 9 ! responsive actions ( ! female4 ,nuttall is probably correct 9 ascrib+ ! autumnal exhibition ( ! p[] to self-gratification1 & 9 affirm+ x to be1 9 _m in/ances1 8an in/9ctive expression ( hil>ity & vigor40 ,besides ! peculi> drumm+ s\nd :i* ! males produce dur+ ! love-season1 !y give expression to o!r vocal utt]ances no less rem>kable4 ,^! are g5]ally enunciat$ :5 ab\t to arise f ! gr\nd1 & consi/ ( two well-def9$ & *>act]i/ic notes4 ,! fir/ may be describ$ z a sort ( cackle1 repeat$ sev]al times 9 lively succession2 & ! o!r1 :i* closely foll[s 9 its wake1 z a peculi> lisp+ :i/le1 :i* has n inaptly be5 comp>$ to ! cry ( a "y bird4 ,^! notes d\btless play a consid]able "p 9 ! reconciliation & br++ toge!r ( ! sexes aft] _! tempor>y sep>ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ruff$ ,,gr\se ,,9 ,,spr+-,,"t4 ,two ,males ,display+ ,_! ,graces ,be=e a ,lone ,female4 ,:ile ! c\rt+-season la/s1 x is n an uncommon occurr5ce to f9d a s+le male 9 ! mid/ ( sev]al females be=e :om he is engag$ 9 %[+ (f 8 _m good qualities & graces1 or two males display+1 ^u ! same fall5 log1 ! excell5t beauties ( _! p]son & movem5ts4 ,9 ! =m] dilemma1 enamor$ ( s _m1 he is sometimes dispos$ to be gay & trifl+1 dally+ ) ! affections ( "s pure1 simple-m9d$ female4 ,! mo/ cruel flirtations are (t5 indulg$ 94 ,b :5 he does br+ himself e>ne/ly d[n to ! bus9ess ( *oos+ a p>tn]1 he does n g ab\t x 9 an unc]ta91 hesitat+ mann]1 b makes 8 selection ) promptness & dispat*4 ,! successful female1 pr\d ( ! honor conf]r$1 at ! call ( h] "l1 =sakes ! gr\p ( h] unm>ri$ si/]s1 & foll[s :]esoev] he leade?4 ,! w>me/ tok5s ( affection & reg>d are lavi%$ ^u ! elect$ bride1 & woe to ! rival :o %\ld appe> ^u ! sc5e :ile ^! am\rs are be+ enact$4 ,%\ld ?is ev5t occur1 ! intrud] is in/antly assail$1 & a long & bloody battle ensues1 :i* results 9 ! dea? ( "o or o!r ( ! combatants1 b nev] 9 ! complete vanqui%m5t ( ! def5sive p>ty4 ,in/ances are kn[n :]e males h treat$ _! fir/ loves ) cruel indiff]5ce1 & subsequ5tly des]t$ !m1 b su* ?+s c\ld n o!rwise be1 z w be se5 :5 ! "q ( polygamy comes to be consid]$1 = x is a fact1 n g5]ally kn[n1 t bo? birds are slightly promiscu\s1 ! t5d5cy be+ m pron\nc$1 h[ev]1 ^u ! "p ( ! male4 ,9 ! case :]e a s+le female is c\rt$ by two males1 ! successful competitor = ! honor ( h] h&1 s to speak1 is he ^: movem5ts are m>k$ by ! greate/ elegance & grace4 ,s int5se does ! desire to please become1 t ! slighte/ disposition ^u ! "p ( ! lady to favor "o ( ! rivals r ?an ! o!r1 leads to ! mo/ unhappy consequ5ces1 a qu>rel be+ precipitat$1 ! conte/ants seem+ det]m9$ to settle ! result by ! gage ( battle4 ,! "t ( mat+ v>ies some:at ) climate & ) ! conditions ( ! season4 ,9 ! w>m1 sunny ,s\? x occurs late 9 ,m>* or e>ly 9 ,april4 ,b fur!r ,nor?1 :]e w9t] /ill l+]s ) fro/y coldness1 ! latt] mon? is well nigh v]g+ to its close1 or glid+ into ! succe$+1 be=e ?is ess5tial bus9ess is ?\ght (4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x does happ51 ! female1 ) b little wa/e ( "t1 )draws f ! society ( h] p>tn]1 & repairs to a seclud$ spot 9 ! mid/ ( a woods1 :]e1 usually b5ea? a clump ( ev]gre51 or a pile ( bru%1 or p]haps a fall5 log or project+ rock1 %e ha/ily scrat*es a few dry leaves toge!r = a ne/4 ,!re %e deposits1 "o by "o1 on z _m consecutive days1 h] complem5t ( six to twelve eggs1 & imm$iately ent]s ^u ! duties ( incubation4 ,9 ?is %e is alone1 ! male l5d+ no assi/ance1 n ev5 indirectly by att5d+ to h] dem&s = food4 ,:ile %e is ?us occupi$ he seeks ! company ( o!rs ( 8 sex1 ) :om he rema9s until ! "y are ne>ly full-gr[n1 :5 he jo9s ! family1 & dwells ) x until spr+4 ,! p]iod ( incubation ranges f n9ete5 to tw5ty days4 ,:5 fir/ hat*$ ! "y foll[ ! "m1 & soon le>n to compreh5d h] cluck+ call1 z well z to act responsively !reto4 ,few mo!rs are m devot$ to _! *ildr51 & x is r>e to f9d "o m c\rage\s & wily 9 _! def5ce4 ,let ! family be surpris$ by fri5d or foe1 a s+le note ( al>m is all t is necess>y to cause ! brood to scatt]1 & ) ! mo/ clev] adroitness to hide !mselves b5ea? a bun* ( leaves or grass4 ,s successfully is ! concealm5t accompli%$1 t a c>eful & protract$ se>* is (t5 necess>y to discov] _! :]eab\ts4 ,(t51 :5 squatt+ by ! roadside ) h] brood1 ! p>5t is tak5 unaw>es4 ,?is is ! trial :i* %e ( all o!rs seems to dread4 ,to save h] little ones %e p]ils h] own life by v5tur+ ^u an assault4 ,h] fir/ impulse is to fly at ! face ( ! intrud]1 b sob] ?\ght comes to h] rescue & tea*es h] ! folly ( su* a c\rse4 ,%e yields to ! ?\ght & ! v next mom5t we f9d h] tumbl+ ov] & ov] ^u ! gr\nd1 app>5tly 9 ! deepe/ di/ress1 b soon to recov] h] self-possession 9 "t to c>ry out ! f9al piece ^u ! programme1 a ruse 9 :i* lam5ess is imitat$ ) wond]ful +5uity4 ,:ile ! "m is ?us agitat$1 ! birdl+s are se5 to scamp] 9 e direction to places ( %elt]4 ,hav+ accompli%$ h] "p1 ! happy "m n[ flies away1 & by h] well-kn[n cluck soon ga!rs h] brood toge!r4 ,! cry ( ! "y is a simple peet1 :i* is he>d repeat$ly dur+ fe$+1 b only occasionally :ile ne/l+4 ,_! food consi/s ( ! se$s ( v>i\s plants & b]ries4 ,:ile able to se>* = _! own food1 !y d]ive1 h[ev]1 consid]able assi/ance f ! "m4 ,su* cunn+1 wee creatures1 :5 fir/ !y leave ! egg1 c only be comp>$ ) ! "y ( ! dome/ic h54 ,dress$ 9 a simple g>b1 !y look b little l _! p>5ts4 ,above !y %[ a r$di%-br[n or ruf\s color+1 :i* fades into a ru/y-:ite bel[4 ,except+ a dusky /reak :i* />ts f ! po/]ior "p ( ! eye & crosses ! auricul> regions obliquely d[nw>d1 & a :iti% bill1 !y h no?+ to div]sify ! monotony ( _! plumage4 ,b :5 !y h atta9$ ! age ( f\r or five mon?s1 !y %[ _! h]$ity s pla9ly t _! id5tity _c be disput$ or mi/ak54 ,9 ! adult1 ! tail is r$di%-br[n or gray above1 ) n>r[ b>s ( black4 ,t]m9ally1 x is cross$ by a sl5d] b& ( pale a%1 :i* is prec$$ by a broad] "o ( black1 & ?is by ano!r ( an a%y color4 ,! upp] p>ts are o*race\s-br[n1 & f9ely mottl$ ) grayi% m>k+s4 ,! l[] p>ts are *iefly :ite1 ) broad transv]se b>s ( light br[n1 :i* are mo/ly hidd5 f view ^u ! abdom54 ,^u ! %\ld]s ! %afts ( ! fea!rs h pale /reaks1 :i* also exi/ 9 ^? ( ! w+-cov]ts4 ,! upp] tail-cov]ts & ! w+s are m>k$ ) pale1 grayi% cordate spots1 :ile ! l[] tail-cov]ts are pale o*race\s1 ea* be+ provid$ ) a t]m9al delta-%ap$ spot ( :ite1 :i* is bord]$ ) dusky4 ,! neck-tufts are br[ni%-black4 ,! male measures eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & has a bread? ( w+s ( sev5 & two-t5?s in*es4 ,! tail is ab\t sev5 in*es long4 ,! female is small] ?an ! latt]1 ) simil> colors1 b has less prom95t tufts ^u ! sides ( ! neck4 ,! eggs ( ?is species are usually ( a uni=m d>k-cream color1 b sometimes %[ a ne>ly pure-:ite gr\nd4 ,9 mo/ specim5s !re are no m>k+s at all1 b :5 !y d occur1 are ei!r q num]\s & conspicu\s1 or few 9 numb]1 & obscure4 ,!y are usually ovoidal1 b =ms are occasionally met ) :i* are ne>ly sph]ical4 ,_! av]age dim5sions1 z obta9$ f specim5s f ! mo/ div]se localities1 are ab\t #a4fd by #a4ah in*es4 ,z f> z kn[n ! species nev] produces m ?an a s+le brood annually1 usually ne/+1 z has be5 previ\sly /at$1 on ! gr\nd1 b in/ances are record$ by ,samuels1 :]e ! female has occupi$ a cr['s ne/1 or ! %elt] ( "s tall brok5 trunk ( a tree4 ,,an ,,old ,,acqua9tance4 ,little is kn[n ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! dome/ic ,turkey4 ,writ]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies seem to h be5 ignorant ab\t x1 & to h reg>d$ x z ! gu9ea-f[l or p9tado ( ! anci5ts1 a mi/ake :i* 0 n cle>$ up until ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! "n x n[ be>s1 & :i* x receiv$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e x is reput$ to h be5 introduc$ 9 #aeda1 0 giv5 to x f ! supposition t x came orig9ally f ,turkey4 ,z f> back z #aegc we read ( x z hav+ be5 ! ,*ri/mas f>e ( /urdy ,briti% yeomanry4 ,ovi$o1 a ,spani% writ]1 speaks ( x z a k9d ( peacock t 0 once v abundant 9 ,new ,spa91 z ,mexico 0 call$ 9 8 day1 & :i* _h already1 9 #aebf1 be5 transport$ 9 a dome/ic condition to ! ,we/ ,indies & ! ,spani% ,ma91 :]e x 0 ma9ta9$ by ! ,*ri/ian settl]s4 ,among ! luxuries possess$ by ,montezuma1 ! pr\d1 dignifi$1 semi-cultur$ mon>* ( ! ,aztecs1 0 "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive zological g>d5s on record4 ,repres5tatives ( ne>ly all ( ! animals ( ! c\ntry ov] :i* he reign$1 z well z o!rs1 br\ght at great exp5se f long di/ances1 7 to be f\nd )9 its walls4 ,turkeys1 x is said1 7 daily suppli$ 9 l>ge numb]s to ! c>nivores ( 8 m5ag]ie4 ,respect+ ! "t :5 ?is bird 0 fir/ reclaim$ 9 ,mexico f its wild /ate1 !re c be no idea4 ,probably x has be5 dome/icat$ f remote antiquity4 ,no d\bt exi/s1 h[ev]1 z to its be+ re>$ by ! ,mexicans at ! p]iod ( ! ,spani% ,conque/1 & ( its subsequ5t introduction into ,europe1 ei!r f ,new ,spa91 or f ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 into :i* x _h be5 previ\sly c>ri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mexican ,,wild ,,turkey4 ,ance/or ( ! ,dome/ic ,bird4 ,audubon1 "o ( ! e>ly pione]s ( ,am]ican orni?ology1 suppos$ our common b>ny>d ,turkey to h orig9at$ 9 ! wild bird s preval5t 9 ! ea/]n half ( our great c\ntry4 ,b x has always be5 a matt] ( surprise to naturali/s t ! latt] did n assimilate1 by int]bre$+ & rev]sion1 m intimately 9 color & habits to ! dome/ic =m4 ,no suspicion1 until rec5tly1 appe>s to h be5 ent]ta9$ t ! two birds might belong to diff]5t species4 ,t su* is ! true /atus ( ?+s1 !re is n[ no reasonable d\bt4 ,our common ,wild ,turkey1 once s pl5tiful 9 ,p5nsylvania1 is n[ re/rict$ to ! m ea/]n & s\!rn portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile 9 ! p>ts ( ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 ,colorado & ,arizona adjac5t to ! s\!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & !nce /ret*+ s\?w>d along ! ea/]n slope ( ,mexico z f> z ,orizaba1 !re exi/s ano!r =m1 ess5tially diff]5t1 :i*1 by way ( di/9ction1 has be5 popul>ly call$ ! ,mexican ,turkey4 ,x is f ?is species1 & n f ! o!r1 z has be5 errone\sly suppos$ & taught1 t ! dome/ic f[l has be5 d]iv$4 ,ev5 9 ?is enlight5$ age1 ) s _m orni?ological tea*]s on e h&1 we see ?is mi/ake propagat$ by su* z "k bett]1 & ^: bus9ess x is1 or ought to be1 to h a c>e t tru? %all prevail4 ,betwe5 ! wild bird ( ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,mexican & typical b>ny>d f[ls !re are diff]5ces :i* mu/ be app>5t ev5 to ! mo/ sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,! extremities ( ! tail-fea!rs1 z well z ! fea!rs ov]ly+ ! base ( ! tail1 are 9 ! latt] creamy or fulv\s :ite1 :ile 9 ! =m] !y are ( a decid$ *e/nut-br[n color4 ,o!r *>act]i/ics exi/1 b ^! only become evid5t to ! ke5-sight$ orni?ologi/4 ,! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 e/abli%+ a cross betwe5 our wild & tame birds1 %[s t !y are n z closely relat$ z 0 once suppos$4 ,did a ne> k9%ip subsi/1 int]bre$+ c\ld mo/ readily be accompli%$4 ,) ! ,mexican ,turkey1 matt]s are o!rwise4 ,t a relation%ip does obta9 betwe5 ! dome/ic bird & ! latt]--its wild orig9al--!re c be no "q1 z specim5s ( ! naturaliz$ species are (t5 met ) :i* are ne>ly ! c\nt]p>t ( its ,mexican prog5itor1 diff]+ only 9 ! great] developm5t ( ! fatty app5dages ( ! head & neck1 diff]5ces :i* may be acc\nt$ = z ! effects ( ! influ5ces to :i* ! birds h be5 subject$ by man4 ,no well-au!nticat$ in/ances ( simil> rev]sions to our once famili> ,ea/]n bird h be5 kn[n to occur1 :i* w\ld necess>ily h be5 ! case _h !y be5 s closely relat$ z 0 once ma9ta9$4 ,meleagris ,mexicana affects sp>sely-ov]gr[n savannas1 & occupies 9 ,mexico ! region ( ! oaks & ! coa/--! ti]ra cali5te ( geograph]s4 ,x is a v w>y bird1 & lives 9 families4 ,insects ( div]s k9ds1 b *iefly ( a coleopt]\s "*1 z well z ! se$s ( grasses1 con/itute its bill ( f>e4 ,:5 se>*+ = food1 especially 9 p]il\s localities1 a s5t9el is /ation$ on ! outskirts ( ! flock1 ^: duty x is to ann\nce ! pres5ce ( dang]4 ,flight is seldom resort$ to at su* times1 = ^! birds1 be+ fleet] ( foot ?an ! swifte/ dog1 are able to escape _! enemies by runn+4 ,t[>d ! close ( ,m>*1 or 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 ! h5s sep>ate f ! males1 & seek = !mselves ne/+-places 9 seclud$ localities4 ,! ne/ is any?+ b an elaborate affair1 consi/+ ( a few dry leaves or grasses scrat*$ into a depression by ! side ( a pro/rate log4 ,"h ! eggs--twelve beautiful1 oval1 speckl$ treasures--are laid1 & = ?irty long1 we>y days & nights !y are sat ^u by _! au?or 9 h] ef=ts to w>m !m into life4 ,:5 %e leaves !m1 :i* %e does a %ort "t ea* day = food1 %e always takes ! necess>y precaution to cov] !m ) leaves1 z a protection aga9/ cold & intrusion4 ,no?+ w tempt h] to quit ! ne/ :5 ! "y are ab\t to be hat*$4 ,s absorb$ does %e !n become t %e has be5 kn[n to submit to capture r ?an endang] ! lives ( h] (fspr+4 ,no human "m manife/s deep] affection = h] *ildr5 ?an does ?is bird ( ! prairie = h]s4 ,%e fondles & dries !m aft] !y h escap$ f _! prison-h\ses1 & t5d]ly helps !m out ( ! ne/4 ,x is n[ t h] c>es may be said to comm5ce4 ,:]e _! int]e/ & well-be+ are conc]n$1 h>dly any responsibility is too great = h] to assume4 ,%e leads !m into pleasant pa/ures1 tea*es !m to "k good f bad foods1 & acqua9ts !m ) all ! devices & subt]fuges practis$ = elud+ man & o!r enemies4 ,b x is n long t !y are ?us subs]vi5t to mat]nal wisdom & =e?\ght1 = 9 f\rte5 days !y are old en\gh to scrat* = a liv+1 & to seek %elt] & security f lawlessness & cruelty4 ,_! m5u consi/s ( :eat1 b]ries1 grasses1 e>?-worms1 & all k9ds ( t]re/rial insects4 ,:5 summ] is ov]1 ! diff]5t families ( ! same neighborhood come toge!r1 unite 9 "o l>ge flock1 & travel ov] ! c\ntry = food4 ,! males em]ge f _! meet+-places & jo9 ! mov+ army1 & p>5ts & "y h no?+ to d b to fe$ vigor\sly & gr[ fat4 ,late 9 ,octob]1 or e>ly 9 ,novemb]1 !y beg9 to attract ! att5tion ( gunn]s1 & ?\s&s are kill$ = ! m>ket1 :]e !y are 9 eag] dem& by all lov]s ( good liv+4 ,,am]ican ,,osprey4 ,p&ion halitus1 z ! ,fi% ,hawk or ,osprey is call$ 9 orni?ological language1 is f\nd f ! fur region surr\nd+ ,hudson's ,bay to ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & f ,labrador to ,florida1 except+ ,bo/on ,h>bor1 on ! ,atlantic ,coa/1 & almo/ f ,alaska to ! s\!rn extremity ( ! p59sula ( ,l[] ,cali=nia on ! ,pacific seabo>d4 ,birds h be5 kn[n to ne/ on ! rocky isl&s ( ,cali=nia1 & ab\t ,sitka1 accord+ to ,bis*(f1 z well z along ! small /reams 9 ! vic9ity ( ,nulato4 ,f ,long ,isl& to ,*esapeake !y bre$ 9 va/ communities1 :i* (t5 numb] sev]al hundr$ pairs1 b away f ! sea-coa/ !y are only occasionally met ) on ! m>g9s ( riv]s & lakes4 ,dr4 ,hayd5 f\nd sev]al pairs ne/+ on ! summit ( high cottonwood trees 9 ! ,w9d ,riv] ,m\nta9s1 & ,mr4 ,all5 obs]v$ ! birds p>ticul>ly abundant ab\t ! lakes ( ! ,upp] ,/4 ,john's ,riv] 9 ,florida1 six ne/s be+ noticeable )9 a s+le circle ( vision4 ,salv9 claims t !y ne/ on bo? coa/s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 b m especially ab\t ,balize1 al?\gh on ! isl&s ( ,tr9idad1 ,/4 ,croix1 ,jamaica & ,cuba !y are se5 at all times except dur+ ! bre$+-season4 ,bel[ ,philadelphia1 & 9 ! s\?-ea/]n c\nties ( ,p5nsylvania bord]+ on ! ,delaw>e1 individuals h be5 occasionally obs]v$4 ,_! arrival is ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 (t5 :5 ! /reams :i* !y frequ5t are fett]$ ) icy bonds1 & _! dep>ture occurs ab\t ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,septemb]1 & frequ5tly1 especially :5 ! wea!r is rem>kably f9e1 z late z ! fifte5? ( ,octob]4 ,well-e/abli%$ communities1 numb]+ m ?an fifty pairs1 h be5 met )9 ! swamps ( ,s\!rn ,new ,j]sey1 among :om ! be/ ord] & mo/ p]fect h>mony prevail$4 ,few species display less %yness & great] confid5ce1 or are m em95tly social1 z is p>ticul>ly %[n :5 ^! birds take up _! qu>t]s 9 close proximity to occupi$ dwell+s1 or by ! side ( frequ5t$ by-pa?s & highways4 ,:]e undi/urb$1 ! same localities are visit$ ye> aft] ye>4 ,_! exclusive pisc9e habits secure = !m free & unlimit$ sway 9 _! c>efully *os5 abodes1 = ! p\ltry has no?+ to fe>1 & ! small] birds are n intimidat$ by _! pres5ce & s5t scream+ to _! cov]ts z !y d ev5 :5 pursu$ by ! little sp>r[ hawk4 ,wilson cites a case :]e f\r ne/s ( ! common purple grackle 7 built )9 ! int]/ices ( an ,osprey's ne/1 & a fif? on an adjo9+ bran*1 & ! ,osprey 0 q tol]ant ( su* intrusion & fre$om4 ,! writ] has obs]v$ a ne/ ( ! grackle built 9 a simil> position1 :ile all ar\nd ! great ,hawk's home1 & sc>cely five rods di/ant1 7 ne/s ( ! rob91 wood ?ru%1 r$-w+$ blackbird & o!rs1 & no annoyance 0 kn[n to occur1 ! ,ospreys c>efully att5d+ to _! own bus9ess & sc>cely notic+ _! m humble bre?r54 ,_! bitt]e/ enemy is ! :ite-head$ eagle1 aga9/ :om ! unit$ attacks ( _m ( ^! birds are conc5trat$ :5 he has ! audacity to v5ture )9 _! hunt+-gr\nds or bre$+-qu>t]s1 = !y are too famili> ) 8 p[]ful muscul>ity & c\rage\s disposition to attempt a s+le attack4 ,:5 an ,osprey is pursu$ by ?is k+ ( ! =e/ & hunt+-gr\nd1 8 l\d1 vocif]\s cries ( di/ress1 res\nd+ f> & ne>1 evoke an army ( def5d]s1 :o come ) all possible spe$ to wreak v5geance ^u ! great ar*-enemy ( _! pleasures & happ9ess4 ,^! attacks are made = ! purpose ( compell+ ! ,osprey to drop 8 prey or disgorge1 :i* ! sup]ior bird1 if 8 ef=ts h be5 successful1 p\nces d[n ^u & seizes be=e x has _h "t to rea* ! wat] or gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,am]ican ,,osprey4 ,mann] ( ,secur+ ,food = ,"y4 ,p[]ful z ! flight ( ! ,fi% ,hawk is1 yet x is nev] v high1 nor mu* protract$4 ,:ile skimm+ ov] ! wat]'s surface1 ev5 at a mod]ate elevation1 8 quick eye soon descries 8 qu>ry1 &1 9 an in/ant1 he p\nces d[n ) trem5d\s =ce bel[ ! wat]'s level1 (t5 to a great di/ance1 b seldom miss+ 8 prey4 ,aris+ f 8 wat]y ba?1 he moves (f to a suitable p]* to dige/ 8 meal at leisure4 ,b %\ld ! movem5t attract ! ke5 vision ( ! bald eagle1 :o is g5]ally wait+ 9 "s secret cov]t1 or sail+ s high up 9 ! air z to be almo/ invisible1 ! ,osprey swall[s 8 victim if small1 or seeks to be> x away 9 8 talons to a position ( %elt] & safety1 b1 r ?an endure ! too ne> approa* ( 8 m p[]ful relative1 drops x to ! inf9ite delight & great satisfaction ( ! latt]4 ,:]e a suitable tree1 or a comm&+ /ump1 pres5ts itself by ! side ( 8 *os5 fi%+-gr\nds1 he may be se5 p]*$ !reon = h\rs toge!r1 gaz+ into ! liquid dep?s bel[ = ! f9ny tribes t sport !re91 & ev] & anon swoop+ d[n ) amaz+ velocity & be>+ up 9 8 resi/less talons ! squirm+ victim4 ,9 %all[ places 8 mode ( capture is regulat$ 9 con=mity ) _! "*1 glid+ ov] _! surface & clut*+ at 8 victims z !y come )9 sight4 ,! food ( ! ,osprey consi/s ma9ly ( fi%1 al?\gh ! reptiles & batra*ians t inhabit ! swamps & m>%es :]e9 he builds d n escape 8 vigilance4 ,almo/ all k9ds ( fi%1 except ! v l>ge/1 :i* w\ld be m ?an a mat* = 8 /r5g?1 are captur$ & dev\r$ ) avidity4 ,we h wat*$ ) a great deal ( int]e/ & pleasure 8 piscatorial pursuits on ! %ores ( ,delaw>e ,bay1 & h (t5 se5 him be> f great dep?s fi% mu* l>g] ?an ! common %ad4 ,! latt]1 toge!r ) ! h]r+1 /rip$ bass & black bass1 are favorite articles ( diet1 :ile 8 cat*+s f fre%-wat] /reams1 ! l>g] cypr9idonts1 cat-fi% & pumpk9-se$1 are q z great luxuries4 ,:5 ! ne/+-"t comes ar\nd1 ! la/ ( ,april or ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 ^! birds are n s engross$ ) ! ?\ghts ( fe$+ z to be utt]ly oblivi\s ( ! duties :i* x imposes4 ,g5]ally ! same ne/ is select$ ye> aft] ye>1 b :5 a new "o is to be con/ruct$ x is n uncommon to f9d _m pairs engag$ 9 its build+1 ! fri5ds ( ! de/itute assembl+ & labor+ ) ! mo/ det]m9$ en]gy till its completion4 ,a m sociable disposition c\ld h>dly be conceiv$4 ,! _s :i* w\ld lead ^! birds to fly to ! assi/ance ( a di/ress$ companion w\ld c]ta9ly induce !m to co-op]ate ) _! bre?r5 9 ! difficult task ( ne/-build+1 especially :5 su* a bulky /ructure z ! species is kn[n to con/ruct w\ld sev]ely task bo? ! "t & pati5ce ( ! pair :i* is to occupy x4 ,! va/ am\nt ( labor & "t exp5d$ 9 re>+ su* a fabric is a suffici5t inducem5t = !m n to want to indulge 9 su* employm5t any m ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,h5ce ^! ne/s are con/ruct$ = durability4 ,unlike 8 ,european cong5]1 ^: ne/ is plac$ ^u a high cliff1 ! ,osprey almo/ inv>iably builds on trees4 ,all ne/s tak5 by ! writ] h seldom be5 at a great] elevation ?an fifte5 feet1 al?\gh in/ances h be5 record$ :]e !y 7 twice t height4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! trees support+ ^! ne/s are always dead & g5]ally plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( m>%y gr\nd1 ei!r completely isolat$ or surr\nd$ by a d5se gr[? ( bu%es4 ,at all ev5ts1 !y occupy r conspicu\s positions4 ,x is probable t ! excrem5t ( ! birds or ! sal9e "* ( _! food has mu* to d ) kill+ ! ne/+-trees4 ,trees :i* seem vigor\s & ?rifty at fir/ manife/ aft] a ye>'s occupancy unmi/akable signs ( dea?4 ,n always are trees select$ = ne/+ purposes1 = a ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,edw>ds describes a ne/ built on a tall cliff on ! banks ( ! ,hudson ,riv]1 n v f> f ,we/ ,po9t4 ,ext]nally ! ne/ is compos$ ( l>ge /icks pil$ to a height v>y+ f two to five feet1 & measur+ fully ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,corn-/alks1 mulle9-/ocks & b>k are occasionally int]m+l$ ) ! /icks1 b )9 !re is a r pr(use l9+ ( sea-we$ & ! long grasses :i* gr[ s luxuriantly 9 salt-wat] m>%es4 ,! cavity ranges f f\rte5 to fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & is unusually %all[ 9 proportion to ! size ( ! ne/4 ,?ree eggs con/itute ! usual ne/-complem5t1 al?\gh two are sometimes laid1 & r>ely f\r1 & ^! are deposit$ on consecutive or alt]nate days1 at ! rate ( "o egg a day4 ,!y measure ab\t two & "o-half in*es 9 l5g? & "o & ?ree-f\r?s 9 wid?1 & are ( a yell[i%-:ite color1 ?ickly cov]$ ) l>ge blot*es ( diff]5t %ades ( br[n4 ,incubation foll[s close ^u ! la/ deposit1 ! task be+ begun by ! female1 & devolv+ pr9cipally ^u h]1 al?\gh ! male occasionally relieves h] = a brief spell ea* day4 ,:ile %e is on ! ne/1 he is a jeal\s husb& & a mo/ fai?ful provid]4 ,! *oice/ cat* ( 8 piscatorial exploits is c>ri$ directly to ! ne/ & ungrudg+ly adm9i/]$ to ! pati5t sitt]4 ,:5 n engag$ 9 provid+ = _! wants he /ations himself ^u an adjo9+ tree1 if su* %\ld happ5 to be pres5t1 or some:]e 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood1 & ex]cises ! close/ surveillance ov] ! ne/ & its occupant4 ,all attempts at intrusion are mo/ summ>ily puni%$4 ,dr4 ,brew] m5tions a case :]e a lad essay$ to rea* ! ne/ 9 ord] to rob x ( its eggs1 :5 he 0 assail$ ) s mu* viol5ce t ! male's talons 7 driv5 ?r\gh a clo? cap t he wore & laid b>e ! scalp4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ ! risk incurr$ 9 visit+ ^! ne/s ) ho/ile int5tions4 ,y may pass & repass und]nea? ! ne/1 ! au?ors criticis+ y\r e movem5t ! :ile1 )\t call+ =? ! slighte/ opposition4 ,:51 h[ev]1 y attempt to m\nt ! tree t conta9s _! *]i%$ treasures1 y virtually invite ! full measure ( _! wra?4 ,t ! male is affectionately devot$ to 8 p>tn] is %[n by ,wilson 9 a case :i* he cites ( a female :o 0 prev5t$ f fi%+ by a brok5 leg & t 0 abundantly suppli$ ) food by h] mate4 ,:5 ! "y appe> !y are objects ( m ?an common p>5tal solicitude1 ! p>5ts vy+ ) ea* o!r 9 r5d]+ !m e ne$$ att5tion & 9 provid+ !m ) a pl5tiful supply ( suitable food4 ,b "o p>5t is abs5t f ! ne/ at a "t1 ! o!r rema9+ at home to gu>d aga9/ dang]4 ,!y are rav5\s fe$]s1 & soon atta9 to full developm5t1 :5 !y resemble v closely 9 dress _! p>5ts1 hav+ ! upp] p>ts spott$ ) pale r$di%-br[n or :ite4 ,adult birds are d>k-br[n or grayi%-br[n above1 ) mo/ ( ! head1 neck & "u p>ts :ite1 ! *e/ 9 ! female1 & sometimes 9 ! male1 be+ spott$ ) br[n4 ,! tail1 usually pal] ?an ! back1 has six or sev5 dusky b>s1 & is tipp$ ) :ite4 ,t ^! birds may be fitt$ = p[]ful flight !y are provid$ ) long & po9t$ w+s1 ! second & ?ird quills be+ ! longe/4 ,!y h a /\t bill1 ) a v long hook & %>p end4 ,_! fea!rs are oily to resi/ wat]1 ^? ( ! head be+ l5g!n$ & po9t$1 & ( ! ?ighs & a little ( ! front p>ts ( ! t>si %ort & close toge!r4 ,! legs1 t>si & feet are v /rong & robu/1 & ! claws all ( ! same l5g? & v l>ge & %>p4 ,r\gh scales completely inve/ ! t>si1 & ! toes are padd$ bel[ & cov]$ ) num]\s h>d-po9t$ projections to aid 9 hold+ _! slipp]y prey4 ,! iris 9 "s specim5s is r$di%1 b mo/ly yell[2 ! bill & claws blue-black1 & ! t>si & toes grayi%-blue4 ,male birds are n s l>ge z ! females1 ! latt] measur+ tw5ty-five in*es 9 l5g?1 & ) an ext5t ( w+s ( fifty-two in*es4 ,,turkey ,,buzz>d4 ,few species1 if any1 h a wid] di/ribution 9 ,am]ica ?an ! ,turkey ,buzz>d4 ,x is f\nd m or less abundantly to ! ,saskat*ewan ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,am]ica1 f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific ,coa/1 & 9 all portions ( ,s\? ,am]ica z f> s\? z ! ,/rait ( ,magellan4 ,individuals h be5 met ) 9 ,nova ,scotia & ,new ,brunswick1 ?\gh ^! birds are g5]ally n common nor? ( ,c5tral ,new ,j]sey4 ,f ,ea/]n ,ma9e1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,calais1 to ,connecticut1 specim5s h occasionally be5 captur$4 ,9 a s+le in/ance1 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce obs]v$ a small company ( n9e at ,rockaway1 ,long ,isl&4 ,we/ ( ! ,allegh5ies1 f ,c5tral ,am]ica ne>ly to ! ,arctic regions1 x occurs m abundantly4 ,)\t exception1 x is f\nd 9 great] or less numb]s 9 all ! ,middle1 ,we/]n1 ,s\!rn & ,nor?-we/]n ,/ates4 ,f ,l[] ,cali=nia to ,wa%+ton1 along ! ,pacific1 num]\s p>ties atte/ to its common occurr5ce4 ,! ,we/ ,indies1 ! isl&s ( ,cuba1 ,jamaica & ,tr9idad1 ! la/-nam$ 9 p>ticul>1 include x )9 _! faun4 ,honduras & ,guatemala1 z well z ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 (f ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,patagonia1 are p]man5t resid+-places4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey1 :]e ! writ] has _h abundant opportunities = /udy+ ! species1 ^! ,vultures summ] q pl5tifully4 ,f _! fir/ appe>ance1 9 ,m>*1 l>ge numb]s may be se5 high up 9 ! air1 mov+ 9 l>ge circles1 app>5tly explor+ ! gr\nd bel[ = _! favorite articles ( food4 ,9 rural di/ricts !y are1 h[ev]1 m frequ5tly obs]v$ ?an 9 ! vic9ity ( d5sely-populat$ t[ns1 ! great] abundance ( c>rion to be met ) 9 ! =m] places d\btless be+ ! cause ( ?is pref]5ce4 ,b 9 ,cali=nia & ,oregon1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,newb]ry1 !y are q z common ne> t[ns z ab\t ! l>ge riv]s4 ,9 our ,s\!rn ,/ates !y visit cities & l>ge villages1 & play ! "p ( scav5g]s 9 company ) ! black vulture4 ,!y are said to be s tame & unsuspici\s 9 ,k+/on1 ,jamaica1 t !y roo/ ^u ! h\se-tops or prey ^u (fal 9 ! /reets4 ,9 c\ntry places !y are no less famili> & tru/ful1 z is evid5c$ :ile fe$+4 ,s int5t ^u _! bus9ess are !y at ?is "t t ! pres5ce ( human be+s is unnotic$1 & ev5 :5 =c$ to =sake _! booty !y sull5ly repair to a %ort di/ance1 only to resume _! fe$+ :5 ! annoyance has pass$4 ,! common cr[ has be5 obs]v$ to ga!r ar\nd ! same food1 & ! utmo/ good-feel+ prevail$4 ,a small flock w (t5 settle d[n ^u a dead horse ar\nd :i* sev]al dogs h ga!r$4 ,! snapp+ & sn>l+ ( ! dogs1 :5 !y approa* !m too closely1 d n cause ! ,vultures to retire1 b only to /ep a few paces aside1 :51 no?+ daunt$1 !y cont9ue _! fe$+1 app>5tly oblivi\s ( _! :]eab\ts & surr\nd+s4 ,al?\gh ! s5se ( sight is r ke5ly develop$ 9 ^! birds1 yet t ( smell is none ! less s4 ,?is is an advantage1 = bo? ! visual & olfactory organs seem requisite 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! pres5ce ( decay+ animal matt]s4 ,z a pro( t smell leads to food-detection1 ,dr4 ,brew] cites an in/ance1 on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,hill1 :]e sev]al ( ^! birds 7 attract$ to ! h\se ( a ,g]man emigrant :o 0 pro/rat$ by fev]1 be+ drawn by ! /rong odor escap+ f 8 neglect$ food :i* _h become putrid4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,c4 ,taylor1 :il/ a resid5t ( ,k+/on1 suffici5tly te/$ _! p[] ( smell4 ,he wrapp$ ! c>cass ( a bird 9 a piece ( pap]1 & flung ! p>cel into ! summit ( a d5sely-leav$ tree1 t /ood 9 close proximity to 8 w9d[4 ,a mom5t or two only elaps$1 :5 ! ke5 smell ( ^! birds sc5t$ some?+ edible1 b !y 7 unable to f9d x1 obvi\sly = ! reason t x 0 hidd5 f view by ! envelop+ pap]4 ,g5]ally _! food consi/s ( all k9ds ( animal matt]4 ,!y are (t5 accus$ ( suck+ eggs1 & also ( eat+ ! "y ( h]ons1 z well z ^? ( o!r birds4 ,9 ,tr9idad1 !y are said to live on fri5dly t]ms ) ! p\ltry4 ,z no brea* ( fai? has be5 report$ to h occurr$ 9 ?is in/ance1 x is n likely t !y w\ld mole/ 9 any way our small] birds1 at lea/ we are n cognizant ( any su* cases ( int]f]5ce f our own obs]vation1 nor d we f9d !m 9 ! record$ exp]i5ces ( fri5ds4 ,!y are worse-dispos$1 x seems to u1 to _! own ki?4 ,:5 sev]al are fe$+ toge!r1 mo/ viol5t wrangles occur ov] ! booty4 ,ea* /rives to get ! lion's %>e4 ,x is amus+ to witness _! manuvres4 ,"s luckless fell[ has j discov]$ a *oice & racy bit1 :i* he is endeavor+ to make (f ) 9 a some:at hurri$ mann]1 :5 in/antly he is beset by a ne> companion1 :o has sc>cely swall[$ 8 own morsel4 ,a conflict ensues4 ,! latt]1 be+ ! /rong]1 succe$s aft] a little 9 defraud+ ! o!r ( 8 rightful prop]ty4 ,:5 gorg$1 ^! birds are /upid & indispos$ to ex]tion1 ! p]iod ( dige/ion ord9>ily be+ pass$ 9 a motionless1 li/less attitude1 ) half-op5$ w+s4 ,recov]$ f _! semi-/upid condition1 !y d n at once g to fe$+ aga91 b sp5d a long "t 9 ! heal?ful ex]cise ( _! volant app5dages4 ,few birds are m graceful1 easy & dignifi$ :ile on ! w+4 ,on ! gr\nd !y may seem awkw>d1 b x is :ile so>+ at a great height above ! e>? t !y are se5 9 all _! glory4 ,:5 prep>$ = l(ty flights1 !y spr+ f ! gr\nd ) a s+le b\nd1 &1 aft] a few quick flapp+s ( w+s1 move heav5w>d4 ,atta9+ a great elevation1 !y cleave ! e!r 9 ev]-wid5+ circles1 or sail on ne>ly horizontal w+s1 ! tips be+ slightly rais$1 ) /eady1 uni=m motion4 ,^! a]ial div]sions1 = su* !y seem to be1 are nev] p]=m$ s+ly1 b 9 small p>ties ( a doz5 or m1 be+ m common 9 e>ly spr+1 & at ! close ( ! bre$+-season1 ?an at any o!r "t4 ,x is to be obs]v$ fur!r t ^! movem5ts are execut$ 9 sil5ce1 ! only s\nds :i* ! ,buzz>ds are capable ( produc+ be+ a k9d ( hiss1 :i* has n inaptly be5 comp>$ to ! see?+ noise emitt$ by plung+ a hot iron 9 a vessel ( wat]4 ,:5 ready to bre$ ^! birds look ab\t = a holl[ tree1 or "s /ump or log 9 a /ate ( decay1 ei!r ^u ! gr\nd1 or slightly above x4 ,g5]ally1 !re are no indications ( a ne/4 ,9 occasional in/ances a few rott5 leaves1 scrat*$ into ! holl[ select$ = ! deposition ( ! eggs1 con/itute ! ne/1 ^! treasures be+ laid )\t any previ\s c>e = _! pres]vation & %elt] be+ tak54 ,9 ,s\!rn ,new ,j]sey ! ne/ has be5 inadv]t5tly /ray$ ^u 9 ! mid/ ( a deep & almo/ imp5etrable morass1 :]e x 0 f\nd plac$ ^u a holl[ /ump4 ,)9 ! rocky cav]ns along ! wide1 %all[ ,susquehanna1 z _m z a doz5 ne/s h be5 c\nt$ 9 a few hundr$ y>ds ( space1 (t5 z e>ly z ! la/ week ( ,m>* 9 favorable seasons1 b g5]ally n till ! middle ( ,april4 ,:5 ! w9t]s are n extremely rigor\s1 a few individuals rema9 9 ! vic9ity ( _! bre$+-qu>t]s ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>4 ,we h f\nd ! birds bre$+ 9 ,delaw>e ,c\nty1 ,pa41 t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ,april or ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 b 9 ,philadelphia !y r>ely d1 if !y bre$ at all4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,ohio !y are a common summ] soj\rn]4 ,speak+ ( ! birds 9 ,jamaica1 ,mr4 ,gosse says !y ne/ 9 depressions 9 ! rocks & 9 ! l$ges !re(1 9 retir$ localities & also ^u inaccessible cliffs4 ,on ,galve/on ,isl& ,audubon f\nd ! birds ne/+ 9 great numb]s1 ei!r "u wide-spread+ cactus bran*es or und]nea? l[ bu%es 9 ! mid/ ( tall grasses 9 level sal9e m>%es4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,*]aw1 ,s4 ,c41 ,dr4 ,c4 ,kollock met ) ! black vulture & our pres5t species 9 swamps & d5se =e/s1 :]e !y congregate 9 va/ numb]s ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>4 ,^! places are commonly designat$ ,buzz>ds' roo/s4 ,audubon once visit$ "o ( ^! roo/s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*>le/on1 :i* cov]$ m ?an two acres ( gr\nd1 & :i* 0 completely d5ud$ ( vegetation4 ,on ! banks ( _m ( ! riv]s ( ,s\!rn ,texas1 ,mr4 ,dress] f\nd !m ne/+ 9 l>ge numb]s1 ! timb] along _! bord]s con/itut+ com=table & secure %elt]2 b1 contr>y to :at has always be5 ent]ta9$1 he affirms t !y build l>ge & bulky ne/s ( /icks1 :i* !y place at great heights 9 an oak or cypress1 close by ! riv]-banks4 ,capta9 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott says t 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s ! eggs are deposit$ 9 ! mid/ ( bu%es b5ea? high banks1 or on ! summits ( decay$ balsam logs1 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ,novemb]4 ,9 c]ta9 localities1 :]e ! birds are n v common1 pair$ individuals are n infrequ5tly f\nd4 ,two eggs g5]ally con/itute a ne/-full1 al?\gh in/ances are kn[n :]e b a s+le egg 0 deposit$4 ,on ! ,falkl& ,isl&s !y are said to lay ?ree occasionally4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 especially 9 ! ,bahamas1 ! complem5t is ! same z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !re does n seem to be any diff]5ce 9 ! habits ( ! birds 9 ! two places4 ,specim5s f ,new ,j]sey1 ,texas1 ,florida & ,s\? ,c>ol9a are creamy-:ite 9 gr\nd1 & are v>i\sly m>k$ ) %ades ( br[n1 int]m+l$ ) spla%es ( lav5d] & purple1 :i* are (t5 s fa9t z to be p]ceptible only ^u close exam9ation4 ,brew] m5tions a v>iety f ne> ,*]aw1 ,s4 ,c41 t 0 ne>ly pure :ite1 & :i* %[$ b a few small r$ & slightly purpli% l9es & dots ab\t ! l>g] extremity4 ,rec5tly we h met ) "s f ,texas answ]+ ! same description4 ,9 dim5sions ^! eggs v>y b little1 & h1 on ! av]age1 a l5g? ( #b4gh in*es1 & a wid? ( #b4jj1 or r less4 ,ca?>tes aura1 z ! ,turkey ,buzz>d is kn[n by ! sci5tific naturali/1 is f> f be+ demon/rative 9 ! expression ( h] feel+s4 ,:5 h] home is assail$1 %e makes no ado1 b quietly slips out1 & seem+ly contemplates its desecration ) indiff]5ce4 ,?\gh manife/+ a passive disposition 9 ! face ( human int]f]5ce1 yet %e is n always ! g5tle be+ %e w\ld h u believe1 z %[n by ! _s ( dom9ancy %e displays ov] h] own h\sehold4 ,unlike _m ( h] neighbors1 %e does n entirely assume ! responsibilities ( brood-rais+1 p]mitt+ h] p>tn] ! happy enjoym5t ( a life ( luxuri\s ease1 b1 believ+ 9 ! doctr9e ( a prop] division ( labor1 =ces ^u him 8 %>e ( ! "w4 ,:il/ %e ?us appe>s unduly exact+ t[>ds him1 %e is equally s to h] (fspr+4 ,few mo!rs "k bett] ?an %e ! "r tra9+ ( _! *ildr51 s z to fit !m to become useful & respectable memb]s ( society4 ,?is is no figm5t ( ! imag9ation1 z w pres5tly be se54 ,x 0 :ile explor+ a section ( ,delaw>e ,c\nty ( ?is ,/ate = m9]als 9 ! summ] ( #ahid t "s int]e/+ facts 7 le>n$ ( ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 h] & ! re/ ( h] family4 ,hav+ accid5tally /ray$ ^u a "y gr\nd hog :i* _h b rec5tly be5 kill$1 ! writ] resolv$ to c>ry x home & place x :]e x c\ld be se5 or sc5t$ by ! ,buzz>ds1 s t he might h an opportunity ( mak+ a m intimate acqua9tance ) ^! birds ?an he _h ev] be=e be5 able to make4 ,accord+ly ! dead animal 0 transport$ to a mead[ ov]look$ by ! h\se he 0 occupy+4 ,! resolution 0 well tak51 = on ! f\r? day aft] ! deposit _h be5 made sev]al ,buzz>ds 7 se5 circl+ high ov]head1 m]e specks aga9/ ! blue dome ( ! sky1 evid5tly scann+ ! e>? b5ea? ) _! telescopic vision = ! pres5ce ( food1 or endeavor+ to sc5t x ) _! ke5 s5se ( smell4 ,ne>] & ne>] ! flock drew e>?w>d1 till f9ally1 a full h\r be+ sp5t 9 graceful manuvr+1 ! birds settl$ d[n ^u ! gre5-c>pet$ mead[1 b a few y>ds f ! c>rion t lay fe/]+ ) v]m94 ,_! fea!rs adju/$1 & fold$ to re/ _! wide-spread+ p9ions1 ! "y1 9 ob$i5ce to ord]s1 z x seem$1 leap$ on to a huge p9e log t lay ne> by1 :ile ! old folks survey$1 wi/fully & long1 f _! /&po9t ( obs]vation on ! gr\nd1 ! odor\s c>rion a few feet away1 z if :ett+ _! appetites = ! fea/ !y 7 soon to enjoy4 ,) a few quick /eps1 t 7 meant to be graceful1 ! female drew ne>1 b ! male l+]$ d\bt+ly beh9d4 ,9 a trice %e 0 busy at "w1 te>+ ) claw & ) bill ! da9tie/ morsels4 ,r5d]$ mad by ! smell ( ! food ! male1 no long] seem+ backw>d1 press$ =w>d to h] side1 b only to retreat be=e h] savage assaults4 ,aga9 he essay$ ! attempt1 & 0 beat5 back z he _h be5 be=e4 ,conv9c$ t fur!r ef=t w\ld be useless1 he /rode sulkily to a di/ance1 :]e1 9 moody contemplation1 he n]v\sly await$ h] lady%ip's sweet pleasure4 ,be+ fill$ to ! full ! female n[ mov$ lazily away to a clean pat* ( grass1 :]e %e imm$iately set to "w to arrang+ h] toilet1--wip+ h] bill & h] claws ^u ! gre5 c>pet be=e h]1 cran+ h] neck & /ret*+ h] p9ions1 yawn+ & gap+ & gap+ & yawn+1--& f9ally end+ all by seek+ ! topmo/ rail ( a ne>-by f5ce = re/ & composure4 ,) no?+ to fe>1 ! male n[ /alk$ complac5tly =w>d1 & 0 soon h>d at "w at :at 0 left ( ! c>cass4 ,8 appetite less capaci\s ?an t ( 8 lady1 8 d9n] 0 soon ov]1 & (f /rode he too to a fre% spot ( grass1 :]e he w5t ?r\gh ! same process ( wip+ 8 m\? & /ret*+ & yawn+1 :i*1 be+ f9i%$1 he m\nt$ ! rail by ! side ( 8 mi/ress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,female ,,turkey ,,buzz>d ,,d9+4 ,male & ,"y ,await+ ,h] ,lady%ip's ,pleasure4 ,m int]e/+ f> ?an ei!r ! p>5ts 7 ! ?ree black creatures t /ood ^u ! p9e log4 ,fix$ to ! spot z ?\gh !y _h gr[n !re1 ) sc>cely mov+ heads & d[nca/ eyes !y eag]ly wat*$ ! food disappe>+1 wond]+1 mayhap1 z *ildr5 are prone to d1 if x w\ld all disappe> be=e !y _h a *ance ( te/+ its virtues1 b ma9ta9+ _! s\ls ! :ile 9 p]fect s]5ity ( repose4 ,b _! "t _h at l5g? arriv$1 & d[n f ! log !y ca/ !mselves in/ant]1 ?ree lu/y fell[s z l>ge z ! p>5ts1 b "o ( !m1 f 8 limp+ gait1 prov+ to be lame4 ,great consid]ation 0 %[n ! disabl$ "o by ! o!rs1 :o p]mitt$ him to fe$ fir/1 :ile !y /ood aside until he _h satisfi$ 8 hung]1 :51 )\t ! lea/ bit ( c]emony1 or ! lea/ indication ( ill-nature or selfi%ness1 !y too set to "w1 f9i%+ 9 quick ord] :atev] edible 0 left ( ! dead animal4 ,_! actions aft] fe$+ 7 exactly ! c\nt]p>t ( ^? ( ! p>5ts4 ,hav+ f9i%$ _! toilet1 ! ?ree s\ght ! rail by ! side ( ! fa!r1 :]e1 l _! illu/ri\s heads1 !y 7 soon occupi$ ) ! mo/ self-satisfy+ ?\ghts1 utt]ly oblivi\s1 z x seem$1 ( "t & surr\nd+s4 ,m ?an an h\r 0 ?us sp5t 9 dr[sy m$itation1 :51 z by common cons5t1 !y all1 "o aft] ! o!r1 leap$ to ! gr\nd1 :]e !y busi$ !mselves pre5+ _! fea!rs & prep>+ = dep>ture4 ,! "t be+ ripe1 ! female set ! example4 ,) a run ( a half-doz5 y>ds to ga9 a good />t1 %e 0 soon on ! w+1 & 9 fifte5 m9utes or m 0 lo/ 9 ! e!r4 ,! male foll[$ suit1 & :5 he _h vani%$ f sight1 ! "y1 "o aft] ano!r1 m\nt$ ! atmosph]e1 & gradually circl+ _! way ?r\gh its limitless dep?s1 7 also soon lo/ to ! e>?-*a9$ behold]4 ,conclud+ ?is brief *apt] ( bird-hi/ory1 we h a few brief comm5ts to make4 ,to ! un9itiat$ 9 sci5ce matt]s1 ! /atem5ts j made mu/ seem well nigh incr$ible4 ,b !re 7 o!r witnesses ( ! facts1 j & reliable obs]v]s1 too1 ^: te/imony c\ld be appeal$ to1 to settle all d\bts ( _! au!nticity4 ,f all t has be5 said1 x _c b be evid5t t ! female 0 ! ackn[l$g$ head ( ! family1 a sort ( fea!r$ autocrat1 ^: w 0 ! law by :i* ! family 0 gov]n$4 ,ev5 ! male1 :o did n always respect h] au?ority1 especially :]e h] int]e/s conflict$ ) 8 own1 0 made to see t might makes "r :5 confront$ ) h] /rong] & m p[]ful nature4 ,b x 0 ! pati5ce & ord]ly behavior t *>act]iz$ ! ne>ly-gr[n "y1 & _! sweetness & g5tl5ess ( disposition "u ! mo/ try+ circum/ances z well1 t impress$ u z extremely wond]ful1 & l$ to ! op9ion t man-born (fspr+ might "h le>n a lesson ( filial ob$i5ce & respect t w\ld greatly r$\nd to ! honor & glory ( ! race4 ,:5 captur$1 ^! birds (f] no active resi/ance1 b v effectually w>n (f _! aggressor by vomit+ up ! half-putrid cont5ts ( _! crop4 ,!y w (t5 simulate dea? at su* times4 ,on "o occasion an individual hav+ be5 %ot by ,dr4 ,c\es 0 pick$ up = dead4 ,:ile be+ c>ri$ to ! ,doctor's t5t1 x 0 p]fectly limp4 ,on rea*+ 8 qu>t]s1 he c>elessly ?rew x ^u ! gr\nd1 & w5t to "w at some?+ else4 ,aft] a little1 ^u look+ ar\nd1 he beheld to 8 great surprise t ! bird _h *ang$ position1 & 0 furtively glanc+ ar\nd4 ,on go+ up to x1 its eyes in/antly clos$1 its body became relax$1 & x lay p]fectly motionless1 & app>5tly lifeless4 ,aft] compress+ its *e/ = sev]al m9utes until he fanci$ life ext9ct1 he dropp$ ! bird & repair$ to supp]4 ,^u 8 return ! bird 0 gone1 x evid5tly hav+ scrambl$ into ! bu%es z soon z he _h turn$ 8 back ^u x4 ,! "y1 :5 fir/ hat*$1 are cov]$ ) a :iti% d[n1 & are f$ ^u half-dige/$ matt] :i* is disgorg$ by _! p>5ts4 ,:5 tak5 f ! ne/ & kept 9 captivity until fully gr[n !y become exce$+ly tame1 & w fe$ on fre% meat1 e>?worms1 crickets1 gras%opp]s1 & o!r l>ge insects1 :i* !y app>5tly reli%1 & (t5times w also eat bits ( bread1 cake & p>ticles ( apples or pe>s :i* are ?r[n be=e !m4 ,! b5efits :i* ^! scav5g]s r5d] are too well kn[n to ne$ any comm5t4 ,9 ! mature /ate ! plumage ( ! ,buzz>d is br[ni%-black1 & m or less glossy1 ! quills be+ pal] on ! "u surface4 ,! sk9 ( ! head & neck is r$ & wr9kl$1 & ) scatt]+ bri/le-l fea!rs1 ! bill :iti%1 legs & feet p9ki%1 iris grayi%-br[n1 & no/rils l>ge & oval4 ,_! l5g? is ab\t ?irty in*es1 ext5t ( w+ sev5ty-two in*es1 w+ be+ ab\t tw5ty-five1 & tail twelve4 ,,r>e ,,& ,,curi\s ,,ne/s4 ,f "t immemorial x has be5 ! curr5t popul> belief t birds ( ! same species nev] v>i$ _! /yle ( ar*itecture1 b con/ruct$ ! same =m ( ne/1 & out ( ! same mat]ials1 z _! remote/ prog5itors did1 in/9ct be+ ! pr9ciple by :i* !y 7 guid$4 ,?is op9ion1 ?\gh long s9ce explod$ by sci5tific rese>*1 is /ill1 ,i am sorry to say1 ent]ta9$ by p]sons :o %\ld "k bett]4 ,an exam9ation ( ne/s f diff]5t & widely-sep>at$ localities af=ds evid5ce ( ! mo/ conv9c+ "* ( its errone\sness4 ,mo/ m>k$ diff]5ces w always be f\nd to exi/ 9 compos+ mat]ials1 z ^! are sure to v>y ) environm5t1 & 9 a wid] degree 9 ! ne/s ( "s ?an 9 ^? ( o!r species2 ev5 configuration1 :i* is less prone to *ange1 is (t5 influ5c$ by circum/ances ( position & latitude4 ,among ! ,?ru%es1 ! ne/ ( ! ,rob9 is ! mo/ addict$ to v>iation1 & ?is is n :olly re/rict$ to ! con/itu5ts ( its usually mud-pla/]$ domicile1 b is q frequ5tly obs]v$ to occur 9 ! arrangem5t ( mat]ials1 & 9 cont\r & position z well4 ,:]e l[ m>%y woods ab\nd on ! outskirts ( t[ns & villages1 z is ! case 9 ,s\!rn ,new ,j]sey1 ne/s ( ?is species h be5 tak5 t contra/$ 9 a mo/ wond]ful mann] ) ^? "o is accu/om$ to see 9 m nor!rn localities4 ,! great masses ( grayi%-gre5 fibr\s li*51 :i* dep5d f %rub & tree 9 sylvan m>%es1 are mo/ freely us$1 & f its v nature to mat :5 press$ toge!r all necessity = mud is preclud$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,! ,,rob94 ,built ,^u a ,railroad ,cutt+4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s ne/ ,i h ev] met ) 0 built ^u a railroad cutt+1 :]e ! gr\nd _h a slope ( m ?an =ty-five degrees4 ,su* a position = a dwell+ ( ! k9d ! ,rob9 is kn[n to build1 to "o n conv]sant ) ! facts1 mu/ appe> incr$ible4 ,b t x 0 accompli%$1 ! ne/ itself 0 ! monum5t ( ! build]s' ?\ghtful skill & labor4 ,a semicircul> wall ( mud1 eight in*es 9 diamet] & five in*es 9 height1 con/itut$ ! gr\ndwork1 & )9 ! cavity ?us =m$ 0 re>$ a co>se1 sub/antial1 bulky fabric1 t 0 entirely compos$ ( ! /ems ( grasses1 leaves & roots1 load$ d[n & held 9 place by pellets ( mud4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright #aijj by ,a4 ,r4 ,dugmore4 ,,ne/ ,,f ,,! ,,top4 ,,section ,,( ,,two-,,/ori$ ,,ne/4 ,,r$-,,ey$ ,,vireo',s ,,two-,,/ori$ ,,ne/ ,,) ,,c[-,,bird',s ,,egg ,,b5ea? ,a m rem>kable position1 & "o t seem$ z difficult to manage1 ,i %all n[ relate4 ,few birds c>e s little = position z ! common ,h\se ,wr54 ,almo/ any place answ]s its purpose4 ,ne> ! little t[n ( ,?ornbury1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 a pair ( ^! birds1 9 ! summ] ( #ahhb1 took possession ( a d]rick1 &1 z a site = a home1 select$ ! space ov] a %eave 9 "o ( ! /ation>y blocks1 :]e1 9 due "t1 0 deposit$ _! rude1 yet com=table1 ne/ ( /icks & fea!rs4 ,a simil> /ructure occupi$ ! spot ! previ\s ye>1 & a brood ( eight birds 0 rais$4 ,x 0 n ! elem5ts ( composition ( ^! ne/s t excit$ int]e/ & surprise1 = !y are n mat]ially diff]5t f ! usual =m1 b ! /range1 anomal\s situation :i* !y occupi$4 ,s dext]\sly 7 ! mat]ials arrang$ )9 ! space t ! revolution ( ! :eel 0 n 9 ! lea/ int]f]$ )4 ,! ne/ 0 approa*$ on ! side fac+ ! rope t mov$ ! pulley4 ,! opposite side c\ld h be5 us$ = ?is purpose1 & d\btless ) less dang] to life or limb1 b pref]5ce seem$ to be %[n = ! o!r4 ,:y ?is 0 s 0 = "s "t a my/]y4 ,b :5 ! birds 7 se5 to alight ^u ! rope at ! top ( ! d]rick & ride d[n to ! ne/1 ! explanation at once became app>5t4 ,nev] did l9net enjoy ! rock+ twig1 or bobol9k ! sway+ cat-tail1 ) half ! ze/ ?an did ^! ecc5tric creatures _! ride d[n ! rope4 ,a hundr$ times a day1 :5 necessity arose1 !y treat$ !mselves to ! pleasure1 ! rope all ! :ile mov+ at ! rate ( ?irty feet 9 a second4 ,six ( ! sev5 days1 f e>ly morn till night1 !y avail$ !mselves ( ?is /range conveyance1 & nev] a dang] occurr$ to m> _! delight4 ,9 due "t a family ( happy1 rollick+ *ildr5 0 rais$1 & ! ne/ on ! d]rick des]t$4 ,m beautiful are ! ne/s :i* ! ,r$-w+$ ,blackbirds build4 ,^! are ! birds t affect our swamps & m>%es1 & make ! air r+ ) _! l\d1 cle>1 resonant notes4 ,be=e me is a ne/ t surpasses 9 beauty ! av]age /ructure4 ,x is a bulky affair = ! species1 b s symmetrical 9 cont\r1 & s qua9tly1 deftly wov51 t ! eye nev] tires 9 look+ at x1 nor ! m9d 9 contemplat+ its wond]ful me*anism4 ,broad ribbons ( grasses are its compos+ mat]ials1 & eight ( !m are s wov5 into ! ne/ z to securely fa/5 x to ! tall typhas 9 ! summit ( :i* x 0 plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$-,,w+$ ,,blackbird',s ,,ne/4 ,locat$ 9 a ,field ( ,timo?y4 ,b a m clev] ne/ ( ^! birds1 & "o t is z unique 9 %ape z x is 9 texture & composition1 0 f\nd 9 ! summ] ( #ahgi 9 ! vic9ity ( ,philadelphia4 ,x 0 built 9 a field ( timo?y1 _m ( ! /alks ( :i* be+ wr\ght into ! fabric4 ,its %ape is t ( an inv]t$ cone1 & s beautifully1 symmetrically & compactly put toge!r is x1 t "o c\ld h>dly cr$it ! build]s ) ! possession ( ! skill necess>y to ! production ( s p]fect a domicile4 ,ext]nally ! ne/ is =m$ ( grasses & ru%es1 neatly & intricately int]wov51 ) "h & !re a head ( ! dry pappus ( "s species ( hawkwe$4 ,s$ges & f9e grasses make = x a cosy & com=table l9+4 ,?is ne/ %[s q conspicu\sly 9 ! draw+1 b 9 its natural position1 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge field1 ! au?ors _h sp>$ no pa9s to h its concealm5t z p]fect z possible4 ,typical ne/s ( ^! ,blackbirds are some:at irregul> 9 outl9e1 & r co>sely & rudely built ( /ubble & broad grasses1 v>i\sly int]m+l$1 & l9$ ) s(t mead[ grass4 ,usually !y are plac$ 9 clu/]s ( we$s or 9 ! tops ( small bu%es alongside ( /reams ( wat]4 ,high positions are seldom *os5 = ne/+ purposes1 z !y (f] poor facilities = food-collect+1 ! aquatic l>v1 may-flies1 dragon-flies & mosquitos1 :i* con/itute a prom95t "p ( ! diet ( ^! birds1 be+ only f\nd 9 m>%y situations4 ,small bu%es along ! m>g9s ( /reams1 f ! d\ble advantage :i* !y possess1 are almo/ exclusively adopt$ 9 c]ta9 localities4 ,be+ conv5i5t to appropriate food-/uffs1 !y are1 at ! same "t1 out ( ! rea* ( snakes1 especially wat]-snakes1 :i* h a decid$ fondness = "y birds4 ,( ! sub-family ( ,orioles1 to :i* ! ,r$-w+ belongs1 no memb]1 unless x be ! namesake ( ,m>yl&'s di/+ui%$ proprietor1 builds a m magnific5t ne/ ?an ! "o t inhabits ! or*>d4 ,9 ! books x is kn[n by ! no means euphoni\s title ( ,ict]us spurius4 ,its ne/ is %ap$ l a p\*1 & g5]ally p5sile4 ,s(t1 flexible mead[ grasses1 neatly & compactly wov5 toge!r1 make up ! out] fabric1 :ile )9 is a l9+ ( vegetal or animal wool1 or "o ( f9e grasses int]m+l$ ) horse-hair4 ,b ! h&some/ ev] se5 0 "o t 0 f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,naz>e?1 ,pa41 by ,ri*>d ,*ri/1 9 ! summ] ( #ahhc4 ,x is ( ! usual size1 five in*es 9 height1 ?ree 9 ext]nal diamet]1 b diff]+ f ! normal =m only 9 mat]ials ( composition4 ,! prov]bial mead[ grasses are abs5t1 & 9 lieu !re( are ! head$ /ems ( su* z gr[ by ! roadside1 notably conspicu\s = _! gold5 brightness 9 a /ate ( desiccation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,ne/ ,,( ,,or*>d ,,oriole4 ,female ,sitt+1 ,male ,/&+ ,gu>d4 ,m notewor?y1 h[ev]1 ?an ! ,naz>e? ne/1 is "o t 0 remov$ f a silv] maple-tree4 ,x is a d\ble /ructure1 compos$ ( long1 flexible grasses1 & is firmly b\nd by ! same to sev]al small1 sl5d] bran*es4 ,! l>g] ne/1 inv]sely sub-conical1 is jo9$ to ! small]1 some:at simil>ly %ap$1 b less compact 9 /ructure1 by ribbons ( ! same k9d ( grass t composes ! ne/4 ,a circul> op5+1 "o in* 9 diamet]1 is a noticeable feature ( ! small]4 ,t ! additional /ructure s]v$ "s useful purpose !re c be no d\bt4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t x 0 built = ! accommodation ( ei!r p>5t :ile ! o!r 0 sitt+4 ,! ap]ture 0 a conv5i5t outlook = ! non-sitt+ bird1 :o1 f ?is position1 c\ld ) little difficulty1 l a s5t9el f an outpo/1 detect ! approa* ( an enemy4 ,b no?+ c exce$ 9 beauty & skill ! ne/ ( a female ,baltimore ,oriole 9 ! writ]'s possession4 ,x 0 built "u peculi> circum/ances1 ! build] be+ a prison]1 hav+ be5 tak5 f home :5 q a fl$gl+4 ,a male companion 0 br\ght away at ! same "t4 ,^! birds1 ! prop]ty ( ,dr4 ,detwil]1 ( ,ea/on1 ,pa41 9 #ahhc1 7 a s\rce ( consid]able pleasure to t eld]ly g5tleman 9 8 leisure mom5ts4 ,"u 8 c>eful1 k9dly managem5t1 !y became q tame1 ! female manife/+ great] famili>ity ?an ! male4 ,t ei!r w\ld become s accu/om$ to conf9em5t z to ev9ce a desire to build nev] ent]$ ! m9d ( ! ,doctor4 ,!y _h1 :5 he 0 alone1 ! fre$om ( 8 /udio4 ,"o lovely ,june morn+1 ! outside _w brimm+ ov] ) life & joy & sun%9e1 ! door ( _! cage 0 ?r[n op51 & ! ,doctor settl$ himself into a s(t easy-*air to read4 ,h>dly _h he scann$ a doz5 l9es1 :5 some?+ pull+ at 8 hair caus$ him to drop 8 pap] & look ar\nd4 ,he 0 n sl[ to detect ! (f5d] 9 ! p]son ( 8 female fea!r$ fri5d :o 0 se5 fly+ t[>ds ! mo/ di/ant corn] ( ! room ) some?+1 resembl+ hair1 9 h] bill4 ,! read+ 0 resum$1 & aga9 ! culprit /ole cauti\sly to :]e he 0 sitt+1 &1 seiz+ ano!r hair1 0 (f 9 a tw9kl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,female ,,baltimore ,,oriole4 ,ne/ ! ,exclusive ,"w ( ,h] ,bill4 ,p]mitt+ = a :ile ^! lib]ties1 & notic+ t bits ( /r+s 71 :5 plac$ 9 positions to be se51 q z mu* ! objects ( int]e/ z ! hairs ( 8 head1 ! ,doctor 0 n sl[ 9 div9+ ! motive :i* l$ to ?is /range & unexpect$ behavior4 ,conv9c$ by actions1 z significant z words !mselves c\ld be1 t 8 little fri5d 0 desir\s to build a home1 he began to ca/ ab\t = a corn] :]e %e c\ld be free to c>ry out h] int5tions )\t fe> or int]f]5ce4 ,! attic furni%$ ! place1 & aft] fitt+ x up ) a l>ge tree-bran* = a p]*1 & pl5ty ( new :ite /r+s = build+ purposes1 he bore 8 favorite & h] p>tn] to _! new qu>t]s4 ,soon ! female became at home & ent]$ into h] volunt>ily-impos$ labor ) alacrity1 & at ! end ( a week _h con/ruct$ a domicile :i* h] untam$ prototypes ( field & roadside w\ld /rive 9 va9 to excel4 ,b ! male w\ld h no?+ at all to d ) ! matt]1 b rema9$ ! same cold1 indiff]5t be+ z ,i f\nd him to be ^u my fir/ introduction4 ,"s ne/s are curi\s on acc\nt ( %ape4 ,! birds (t51 x w\ld seem1 try _! v be/ to see h[ oddly !y c build _! homes4 ,! little ,acadian ,flycat*]1 s common 9 ,ea/]n ,p5nsylvania dur+ ! bre$+-season1 sometimes appe>s to be controll$ by cranky ideas ) reg>d to build+4 ,dry blossoms ( ! hickory are ! mat]ials x ord9>ily uses1 & !y c always be obta9$ :5ev] ne$$1 b 9 a ne/ discov]$ by ! writ] 9 #ahhb1 n a blossom 0 to be f\nd1 b 9 place ( !m !re 7 long1 /r+y fibres ( ! inn] b>k ( "s species ( h]bace\s plant1 :i* ! birds _h modell$ into a compactly-built1 %all[1 sauc]-l cavity1 & f :i* !y _h caus$ to dep5d a gradually tap]+ tra9 ( ! same = ne>ly n9e in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,acadian ,,flycat*]s4 ,ne/ ,curi\s on ,acc\nt ( ,its ,tra94 ,! ,k+ ,bird1 a di/ant relative ( ! ,flycat*]1 (t5 displays z mu* ecc5tricity4 ,once ^u a "t a pair ( ,k+ ,birds took a fancy to an old apple-tree t /ood )9 a few y>ds ( my ,g]mant[n home4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n a place ( quiet & retirem5t1 = scores ( noisy1 dirty *ildr5 daily resort$ to its leafy %elt] = coolness & pa/ime4 ,b ! birds 7 n ! lea/ disquiet$4 ,!y _h fix$ _! m9ds ^u ! spot1 & build !y did4 ,! ne/ 0 pos$ betwe5 a =k$ bran*1 j out ( ! rea* ( ! ur*9s4 ,x 0 a crazy affair4 ,black1 sl5d] roots1 wr9kl$ & knott$ & t5drill$1 made up ! body ( ! fabric4 ,z x 0 ne>+ completion1 ! opportune discov]y ( a bun* ( c>pet rags 0 hail$ ) delight4 ,!y 7 in/antly appropriat$1 & promptly adju/$ to ! outside1 b 9 su* a mann] t long ends1 "s f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 7 made to project f ! sides & bottom4 ,:e!r all ?is 0 = ornam5t or protection1 or = bo?1 ,i c\ld n say1 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t safety 0 upp]mo/ 9 ! m9ds ( ! build]s1 =1 look+ f bel[ at ! ne/ x seem$ b a mass ( rags t _h be5 ?r[n into a tree-crot*1 :i*1 ! birds p]ceiv+1 & its close resemblance to an entangl$ bun*1 _h utiliz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright #aijj by ,a4 ,r4 ,,dugmore4 ,,long ,,bill$ ,,m>% ,,wr5',s ,,ne/4 ,c]ta9ly no m beautiful ne/s 9 %ape exi/ ?an ! sph]ical 9 =m4 ,! ,long-bill$ ,m>% ,wr5 builds a ne/ ( ?is type4 ,^u its arrival 9 ! spr+ x seeks ! inl& swamps1 or ! bracki% m>%es ( ! sea-%ore1 :]e1 amid ! splatt]docks ( ! =m] & re$s ( ! latt]1 x f9ds suitable %elt] & protection4 ,!re1 day 9 & day out1 dur+ its entire summ] /ay1 x pursues ! ev5 t5or ( its life1 happy & cont5t$1 nev] c>+1 l _m ( its remot] k91 = ! *>m$ circle ( man4 ,active1 en]getic & buoyant ) hope1 x skips ab\t ! tall rank h]bage1 9 e direction1 9 que/ ( insects1 mak+ its pres5ce kn[n & felt by ! lively *att]+ song1 :i* resembles m ne>ly ! s\nds ( an insect ?an ^? ( a bird1 :i* emanates f its grassy haunts4 ,z ^! birds rea* _! bre$+-gr\nds e>ly 9 ,may1 ne/-build+ is soon begun1 b s secret & my/]i\s are _! movem5ts at fir/1 t we h>dly "k any?+ ( _! pres5ce1 except :5 !y are coloniz$ = ! summ]4 ,! labor ( build+ is ent]$ into ) consid]able alacrity1 & is ma9ly ! result ( ! comb9$ labor ( bo? birds4 ,_! ne/s are usually plac$ 9 l[ bu%es1 a few feet above ! gr\nd1 or wov5 into ! tops ( s$ges out ( ! rea* ( ord9>y tides2 b 9 v r>e in/ances ^u ! gr\nd 9 ! mid/ ( a clump ( grasses4 ,gr\nd ne/s are loosely-con/ruct$ affairs1 :i* is n ! case ) ^? t are elevat$ to ! tops ( tussocks1 or to ! bran*es ( %rubs & trees1 :i* require m compactness & a bett] f9i%4 ,! mo/ beautiful1 z well z arti/ic1 ne/ :i* ,i h ev] se5 is ! "o %[n 9 ! cut4 ,?is ne/ 0 discov]$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,philadelphia 9 ! summ] ( #ahgh4 ,a will[-bran*1 "s fifte5 feet above ! gr\nd1 :i* 0 bifurcat$1 0 made to d s]vice4 ,no ord9>y skill 0 t :i* surm\nt$ ! seem+ly insup]able difficulty ( build+ a ne/1 n p5sile 9 "*1 to su* a sway+ bran*4 ,t ! birds accompli%$ ! feat ! ne/ itself 0 ! evid5ce4 ,9 =m ?is ne/ 0 ne>ly globul>1 f\r & a half & five in*es 9 ! two diamet]s4 ,x 0 wov5 ( ! broad leaves ( a species ( scirpus1 closely & ev5ly1 & _h its int]/ices well seam$ ) br[ni% cottony d[n4 ,a ?9 delicate curta9 ( gauze1 ( ! same mat]ial1 hung ar\nd ! op5+1 & ?is 0 cont9u$ )91 =m+ a ?ick b$d+ ( ! s(te/1 fluffie/ nature1 ( :i* ! mo/ voluptu\s syb>ite might envy its =tunate possessor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,long-,,bill$ ,,m>% ,,wr5s4 ,ne/ ,plac$ ,out ( ! ,rea* ( ,tides4 ,b ! little ,gold5-cr[n$ ,k+let1 a m]e mite ( fle% & fea!rs1 b ) a great deal ( _s1 builds a mu* h&som] ne/4 ,x is ! p]fection ( symmetry4 ,man c\ld n make ) all ! appliances at 8 comm& any ?+ m ne>ly globul>4 ,b its beauty6 ,x looks l a ball ( gre5 moss1 ! delicate pat*es ( moss be+ s artfully arrang$ z to completely hide ! dry /ems ( grasses t con/itute ! walls4 ,no moss ev] spread itself ov] ! gr\nd1 or ov] a /ump or tree-trunk1 m ev5ly4 ,:5 x is kn[n t ?is ,k+let builds its ne/ among ! sl5d] fea!r$ bran*es ( ! hemlock spruce1 !re is manife/ly a reason = ! f]n-l trac]y ^u ! ext]ior1 s necess>y = ! pres]vation ( its home4 ,su* a h&some & impos+ /ructure w\ld be f> f complete 7 ! inside n 9 keep+ ) ! outside4 ,b ! birds h left no?+ to be desir$ 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,! s(te/ & pure/ ( d[n l9es ! little b$-*amb]1 & ev5 swells 9 its lightness till ready to ov]fl[ ! neat circul> door-way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gold5-,,cr[n$ ,,k+lets4 ,ne/ ! ,p]fection ( ,beauty & ,symmetry4 ,p]haps ! mo/ graceful ?+ y may ev] expect to f9d :5 on ! que/1 fitt$ to be consid]$ ! "w ( ! fairies1 is ! pretty lace hammock ( ! ,p>ula ,w>bl]4 ,y mu/ se>* = x e>ly 9 ,june1 9 remote b ?9 woods1 b nev] f> f runn+ wat]4 ,(t5 y w see x ^u a bran* ov]hang+ a /ream4 ,! sl5d] twig ( a bir* is sometimes *os5 = its susp5sion1 ! t]m9al spray ( a hemlock spruce1 or a horizontal bran* ( a :ite oak4 ,l a wat*-pocket1 ) ! op5+ 9 ! side1 x is lightly susp5d$4 ,x is made ( a delicate lace-"w1 ! grayi%-gre5 usnea moss1 t gr[s on old trees4 ,! :ole fabric is ! "w ( two little birds ) slate-blue backs & yell[ brea/s4 ,no o!r bird ( our fauna builds a ne/ ak9 to its sw++1 e]y ne/4 ,x is true mu* ( ! mat]ial is f\nd 9 position :5 ! build]s comm5ce _! labor1 b ! exquisite outl9e & f9i%1 z well z ! cozy int]ior1 are due to ! skill ( ! birds !mselves4 ,ev5 :5 ! /ructure is j s f> complet$ t occupancy by ! female is possible1 ! male nev] we>ies ( its adornm5t by additional filam5ts ( usnea br\ght f a di/ance4 ,he is ! happie/ ( fell[s1 = 8 little beak always f9ds some?+ to d :ile 8 pati5t wife is busy ) ! duties t lead to mat]nity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lace ,,hammock ,,( ,,p>ula ,,w>bl]4 ,female ,ent]+ ,ne/ & ,male ,add+ to ,its ,adornm5ts4 ,com+ l :irl+ leaves1 half autumn yell[1 half gre5 ( spr+1 _! colors bl5d+ l ! out] petals ( grass-gre5 daffodils1 no m sociable & confid+ little creatures are to be f\nd 9 our mid/ ?an ! ,yell[ ,w>bl]s4 ,!y are z mu* at home 9 ! trees by ! h\se z 9 ! fields & woods4 ,:]ev] !y w&]1 ! gl9ts ( sun%9e t fla% f _! backs %\ld make ! mo/ mis]able compla9] feel ! summ]'s *>m4 ,b 9 spite ( _! seem+ pref]5ce = man1 !y are prone to build 9 lonely fields & by-ways4 ,9 su* places x becomes "o ( ! especial victims :i* ! ,c[ ,bird selects to fo/] its r&om eggs4 ,b ! ,w>bl] puts its intellig5ce effectively to "w1 & builds a second /ory to its ne/1 ?us floor+ ov] ! unwelcome eggs4 ,?is exp$i5t is repeat$ z long z ! ,c[ ,bird cont9ues h] mis*ief1 until sometimes a ?ree-/ory ne/ is a*iev$4 ,! outside ( ! ne/1 compos$ ( gli/5+ milkwe$ flax1 is press$ into a felt-l case1 ! fibres s]v+ at ! same "t to la% ! ne/ to its support4 ,)91 to ! dep? ( an in*1 is a s(t sponge-l mat]ial1 :i* ! birds h made f ! wool !y h ga!r$ f ! /ems ( "y f]ns4 ,a few horse-hairs1 to give %ape & /ability to ! ne/1 are to be f\nd 9 ! inside ( ! felt-l l9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree-,,/ory ,,ne/ ,,( ,,yell[ ,,w>bl]4 ,%[+ ! ,build]'s ,mann] ( ,out-witt+ ! ,c[ ,bird4 ,hundr$s ( ne/s1 q z novel z any t h be5 describ$1 might be in/anc$1 %[+ v>ieties f s-call$ normal =ms1 b ,i %all cont5t myself ) only ano!r example4 ,ev]yone is famili> ) ! ,ruby-?roat$ ,humm+ ,bird1 s common 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is ! smalle/ ( all our birds4 ,b its ne/1 :i* is by no means sc>ce1 is a r>e sight to ! av]age man & woman4 ,no ne/ c be comp>$ ) x4 ,x is a ?+ ( beauty & a joy =ev]4 ,a mass ( cotton1 ) a hole 9 ! top1 & ?at*$ all r\nd ) blue-gray li*5s1 & j z big z a walnut1 conveys a good idea ( its appe>ance4 ,b all ne/s are n made ( cotton4 ,! yell[ wool t =ms ! dress ( ! undevelop$ f]n-frond1 or ! r$ %oddy t is w9d-swept into heaps outside "s wooll5 factory1 is (t5 made to take ! place ( ! d[n ( ! se$ ( ! popl>4 ,n to be m5tion$ 9 ! same brea? ) ^!1 is ! ne/ ,i am n[ ab\t to describe4 ,x 0 saddl$ ^u ! horizontal b\gh ( a small :ite oak-tree t grew on ! side ( a ?icket1 & 0 peculi> f ! nature ( ! mat]ial t compos$ its inn] fabric4 ,?is sub/ance resembl$ burnt umb] 9 color1 & 0 z s(t z ! f9e/ wool1 or ! fluffie/ d[n1 & prov$1 ^u exam9ation1 to be ! mycelium ( a fungus :i* ! build]s _h ga!r$ f decay+ /umps or mildew+ tree-bran*4 ,,/range ,,fri5d%ip4 ,some:at widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t temp]ate ,nor? ,am]ica1 b n[h]e v abundant1 is ! little ,acadian ,owl1 or ,saw-:et ,owl1 z he is popul>ly designat$4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,p5nsylvania he seems notably sc>ce1 b ?is may be attribut$ to 8 pre-em95tly nocturnal & seclud$ habits4 ,be+ a d5iz5 ( d5se p9e =e/s1 & only v5tur+ abroad 9 que/ ( food at ! close ( ! day1 8 pres5ce & numb]s rema9 to _m a my/]y4 ,holl[ trees1 & ! d>k cav]ns ( rocks1 are 8 natural retreats1 & z ^! are to be met ) l>gely 9 d5sely-timb]$ regions & seque/]$ localities1 he is seldom1 if ev]1 se5 9 close proximity to human habitations4 ,he seem+ly %uns r ?an c\rts ! society ( man4 ,:5 r\t$ f 8 burr[ 9 ! broad gl>e ( day he becomes v mu* bewild]$1 & is sc>cely able to escape ! approa* ( dang]4 ,! common appellation ( ,saw-:et ,owl1 :i* is appli$ to ! species1 owes its orig9 to ! close resemblance :i* ! notes ( ! bird be> to ! noise produc$ by ! fil+ ( a saw4 ,^! notes are s deceptive1 t p]sons unacqua9t$ ) _! s\rce h fanci$ !mselves 9 ! vic9ity ( a saw-mill1 or 9 ne> pres5ce to a woodman occupi$ 9 :ett+ a saw4 ,audubon1 he>+ ^! notes 9 a ?icket = ! fir/ "t1 0 ?us deceiv$4 ,! same di/+ui%$ writ] gives1 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,mc,cullock1 an int]e/+ description n only ( ! notes ( ?is ,owl1 b also ( 8 rem>kable p[]s ( v5triloquism4 ,on a c]ta9 occasion 8 in=mant 0 ar\s$ by :at appe>$ to be ! feeble tones ( a di/ant bell4 ,b 9 ne>+ ! spot :5ce ! s\nds emanat$1 !y app>5tly %ift$ f po9t to po9t1 be+ he>d at "o "t close by1 & at ! next mom5t 9 ! di/ance1 n[ on ! left1 !n on ! "r1 & z (t5 9 ! re> z 9 ! front4 ,f9ally ! au?or ( ^! s\nds 0 discov]$ at ! entrance ( 8 burr[ 9 a bir*-tree4 ,/ation+ himself at ! base ( ! tree 9 full view ( ! bird :o 0 call+ to 8 p>tn]1 ,mr4 ,mc,cullock _h a spl5did opportunity ( obs]v+ an exhibition ( 8 s+ul> & exceptional v5triloquial p[]s4 ,smoo?1 glid+ & noiseless is ! flight ( ?is ,owl1 & b slightly elevat$ & protract$4 ,:5 seek+ = food he may be se5 sail+ ov] l[ mead[s 9 ! neighborhood ( 8 accu/om$ haunts1 or1 p]*$ ^u a /ump or f5ce-rail adjo9+ !reto1 quietly gaz+ 9 e direction = :atev] ( life may *ance to manife/ itself1 :i* he seizes ) rem>kable adroitness1 ev5 sometimes v5tur+ to assail prey l>g] ?an himself4 ,! small] birds1 awak5$ f _! p]* by 8 cries1 fall ready victims to 8 rapacity4 ,holl[ trees1 or ! des]t$ ne/s ( o!r species1 are select$ = bre$+-qu>t]s4 ,! eggs1 v>y+ f f\r to six 9 numb]1 are pure :ite1 sub-sph]ical1 ( cry/all9e cle>ness1 & measure "o & "o-eigh? by "o & sev5-eigh?s in*es4 ,! food ( ?is int]e/+ little ,owl1 :i* is n s l>ge z a rob91 ?\gh appe>+ bulki]1 consi/s ( small quadrup$s & birds1 b *iefly ( v>i\s species ( insects4 ,:5 tak5 q "y1 & held 9 conf9em5t1 ?is ,owl becomes q tame1 p]mitt+ /rang]s z well z 8 keep] to h&le him ) ! utmo/ fre$om1 )\t s mu* z res5t+ su* famili>ity4 ,b a great] atta*m5t is manife/$ t[>ds ! ma/] :om he is able to recognize by ! s\nd ( 8 voice1 & 9 ^: pres5ce he is peculi>ly fasc9at+ & agreeable4 ,l ,scops asio--! ,r$ ,owl--he leads a solit>y exi/5ce1 save on ! approa* ( w>m wea!r1 :5 ! sexes are discov]$ toge!r1 or are he>d call+ "o to ! o!r4 ,mat+ comm5ces e>ly 9 ,april1 & ab\t ! middle ( ! mon? ! birds h locat$ _! ne/s 9 ! holl[ ( a tree1 ab\t tw5ty feet f ! gr\nd1 :]e ! female lays h] complem5t ( eggs4 ,! entrance to ! hole is v small1 sc>cely two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^u ! female devolves ! :ole "w ( incubation1 al?\gh ! male takes a h& 9 rais+ ! "y4 ,! latt] leave ! ne/ ab\t ! fir/ week ( ,may1 & :5 di/urb$ make a noise t s\nds l a dog sniffl+ ! air1 :i*1 :5 he>d1 especially at night 9 heavy timb]1 is q c]ta9 to />tle "o & make him fancy a be> or "s su* animal up a tree ne> by4 ,"s ye>s ago !re liv$ 9 ! holl[ ( an oak tree1 n f> f ,g]mant[n1 a common ,*ick>ee ,squirrel--,sciurus ,hudsonius--) ?is little ,owl z 8 sole companion4 ,?is association rem9d$ me ( ! connection ( ! burr[+ owl ( ! ,we/ ) ! s+ul> settlem5ts ( ! prairie dog1 ! life-relations ( ! two creatures be+ really intimate 9 v _m localities1 al?\gh ! owls are simply attract$ to ! villages ( ! prairie-dogs z ! mo/ suitable places = %elt] & nidification1 :]e !y f9d eligible ready-made burr[s & are sav$ ! tr\ble ( digg+ = !mselves4 ,community ( int]e/ makes !m greg>i\s to an ext5t unusual among rapaci\s birds1 :ile ! exig5cies ( life on ! pla9s ca/ _! lot ) ! rod5ts4 ,t ! owls live at ease 9 ! settlem5ts1 & on famili> t]ms ) _! f\r-foot$ neighbors1 is an und\bt$ fact1 b t !y h any intimate dome/ic relations is op5 to "q4 ,t ! quadrup$ & ! birds are (t5 se5 to scuttle at ea* o!r's heels into ! same hole :5 al>m$ is no pro( t !y live toge!r1 = 9 su* a case ! two m]ely seek ! ne>e/ %elt]1 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,9 ! l>g] settlem5ts !re are ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( burr[s1 _m ( !m occupi$ by ! dogs1 b m1 p]haps1 vacant4 ,^! latt] are ! homes ( ! owls4 ,x is possible t ! respective retreats ( a dog & an owl may h "o common ve/ibule1 b ?is does n imply t !y ne/ toge!r4 ,!re are fewe/ owls 9 ! t[ns mo/ d5sely populat$ by ! dogs & ! greate/ numb] 9 ! des]t$ villages1 & ?is is /rong evid5ce 9 po9t4 ,b ! owls are by no means conf9$ to ! dog-t[ns1 nor ev5 to ! simil> communities ( o!r greg>i\s sp]mophiles4 ,!y sometimes occupy ! und]gr\nd d5s ( wolves1 foxes & badg]s4 ,:5 ! subject has be5 c>efully inve/igat$1 ! owls nev] appe> to ent] ! same hole or burr[ ) a squirrel1 & a squirrel is nev] se5 to ent] a burr[ t 0 occupi$ by owls1 h[ev] /rongly he may be tempt$ by fe> to ent] ! fir/ hole he %\ld come to4 ,! sp]mophile nev] likes to ent] any burr[ b 8 own1 & has be5 kn[n to run pa/ any numb] ( invit+ entrances 9 ord] t he may hide himself 9 8 own domicile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,saw-,,:et ,,owl ,,& ,,*ick>ee ,,squirrel4 ,liv+ ,toge!r 9 ,p]fect ,h>mony & ,mutual ,good-w4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,*ick>ee ,squirrel & ! ,saw-:et ,owl1 !y occupi$ ! same hole toge!r 9 p]fect h>mony & mutual good-w4 ,x 0 n an accid5tal occurr5ce1 ! ,squirrel m]ely seek+ ! cavity to escape a dang] t imp5d$1 = ! bird & ! ,squirrel _h be5 repeat$ly obs]v$ to ent] ! hole toge!r1 & 9 ! mo/ amicable mann] possible1 z ?\gh !y _h always %>$ ! ap>tm5t4 ,ord9>ily ! ,*ick>ee is a v pugnaci\s creature1 attack+ ) ! greate/ fi]c5ess ! gray & black squirrel :5ev] !y _h ! tem]ity to cross 8 pa?4 ,he seems to be ev] b5t ^u blood4 ,?\gh /rictly by nature a rod5t1 subsi/+ pr9cipally ^u nuts & ! b>k ( trees1 :i* 8 p[]ful incisors enable him to manipulate effectively1 yet he has n always rema9$ true to 8 in/9cts1 = he has be5 frequ5tly detect$ 9 eat+ ! eggs ( birds1 & also 9 ! seizure ( ! fea!r$ d5iz5s ( our lawns & woods1 :i* he w capture ) all ! skill ( ! blood-?ir/y weasel4 ,8 me?od ( op]ation is peculi>4 ,he w lie 9 wait1 conceal$ f view by ! d5se foliage ( ! trees :i* he is wont to affect :5 9 que/ ( game1 & :5 "s unsuspect+ bird hov]s ne> p\nces ^u x ) un]r+ precision1 & effect+ its capture proce$s to suck1 sitt+ up 9 true squirrel fa%ion1 ! life-su/a9+ fluid ?r\gh a w\nd inflict$ 9 ! side ( ! neck4 ,hav+ satiat$ 8 ?ir/1 :i* may h be5 ! prime object ( ! capture1 ! dead body ( ! bird is dropp$1 & ! little mon/]1 ^u erect haun*es1 poses1 ! embodim5t ( p]fect cont5tm5t4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! ,owl x 0 o!rwise4 ,p]haps x 0 too l>ge = ! mon/] to attack1 or1 kn[+ f rumor ( gossip+ fri5ds ! reputation ( ! =m] = cruelty & murd]1 a conciliatory _s 0 ?\ght ! be/ to adopt4 ,no "o kn[s ! bitt] "* ( ! fir/ int]view1 or :e!r a lik+ = ea* o!r sprang up f ! beg9n+4 ,be ?is z x may1 !re c be no d5y+ ! fact t a fri5d%ip 0 cem5t$ betwe5 ! two animals1 widely div]g5t 9 /ructural peculi>ities z !y are kn[n to be1 t gave hope ( becom+ long & endur+4 ,,nature',s ,,little ,,/ore-,,keep]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ famili> ( ,nor? ,am]ican quadrup$s is ! ,hackee1 or ,*ipp+ ,squirrel1 z he is sometimes t]m$1 f ! /range1 qua9t utt]ances :i* he emits :ile rollick+ ) 8 fell[s or 9 que/ ( some?+ to eat4 ,he is a beautiful little creature1 notable alike = ! da9ty elegance ( 8 =m & = ! pleas+ t9ts ) :i* 8 dress is array$4 ,8 g5]al color is br[ni%-gray ^u ! back1 w>m+ into orange-br[n ^u ! =ehead & h9d] qu>t]s4 ,five longitud9al black /ripes & two /reaks ( yell[i%-:ite adorn ! dorsum & sides1 :i* r5d] him a mo/ conspicu\s be+ & "o readily di/+ui%able f any o!r animal4 ,8 abdom5 & ?roat are :ite4 ,he is slightly v>iable 9 color accord+ to locality1 & has be5 kn[n to be s caprici\s ( hue z to become a pure :ite or a jetty black4 ,b = ! commonness ( ! species1 :i* is f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 almo/ e place1 8 fur1 f its extreme beauty1 w\ld long s9ce h tak5 ne>ly z high rank z sable or erm9e4 ,no quadrup$ is s brisk or s lively4 ,8 quick1 rapid movem5ts h n inaptly comp>$ him to ! wr54 ,z he :isks ab\t ! bran*es ( ! bru%wood & small timb] among :i* he is *iefly met1 or %oots ?r\gh _! int]/ices ) 8 peculi> j]k+ movem5ts1 & 8 odd click+ cry1 l ! *ip-*ipp+ ( newly-hat*$ *ick5s1 ! analogy betwe5 himself & ! bird is /rik+ly app>5t4 ,occurr+ 9 great pl5ty1 & be+ a bold little creature1 he is mu* p]secut$ by small boys1 :o1 ) long /icks1 & well-direct$ bl[s1 manage to fell to ! e>? _m a luckless fell[ z he endeavors to escape 8 pursu]s by runn+ along ! rail f5ces4 ,hackees delight 9 seque/]$ localities4 ,!re !y tunnel _! homes1 pref]r+ "s old tree1 or a spot ( e>? %elt]$ by a wall or a bank4 ,_! burr[s are r complicat$ affairs1 runn+ (t5 to great l5g?s1 s t ! task ( digg+ ! animal out ( 8 retreat becomes "o ( no easy accompli%m5t4 ,s&y pat*es ( gr\nd1 on ! outskirts ( a woods1 are n unusually *os5 = burr[s4 ,a hole1 almo/ p]p5dicul>1 is drill$ into ! e>? to a dep? ( ?ree feet1 & is !nce cont9u$ ) "o or m w9d+s1 ris+ a little ne>] ! surface until x has advanc$ "s n9e or t5 feet1 :5 x is made to t]m9ate 9 a l>ge circul> ne/1 made ( oak leaves & dri$ grasses4 ,small lat]al gall]ies bran* (f f ! ma9 burr[1 9 :i* ^! provid5t little creatures lay up _! w9t]'s provisions4 ,:eat1 ,indian corn1 buck:eat1 hazel-nuts1 acorns & ! se$s ( grasses h be5 f\nd 9 _! und]gr\nd receptacles1 a pro(1 7 fur!r evid5ce lack+1 t !y d n pass ! cold fam9e mon?s 9 a sluggi% & b5umb$ condition4 ,sev]al lay]s ( leaves1 aggregat+ n9e in*es 9 ?ickness1 are (t5 f\nd ov] ! entrance1 z a protection f fro/s1 :i* are fur!r prev5t$ f intrusion by ! seal+ up ( ! m\? f )94 ,ev]y?+ is done by ! ,hackee 9 a bus9ess-l mann]4 ,9 ga!r+ 8 food1 le/ ! %>p beak ( ! nut may injure 8 *eeks :5 he places ! fruit 9 8 p\*1 he nips (f ! po9t1 & !n by ! aid ( 8 =e-paws delib]ately pu%es ! nut into "o ( 8 p\*es4 ,ano!r & ano!r are simil>ly treat$1 & tak+ a f\r? betwe5 8 tee?1 he dives into 8 burr[1 &1 hav+ pack$ !m me?odically away1 returns to ! surface = a fre% c>go4 ,f\r nuts are 8 load at ea* j\rney4 ,) 8 *eck-p\*es di/5d$ to _! fulle/ capacity1 & labor+ mo/ truly "u an emb>rassm5t ( ri*es1 ! little fell[ pres5ts a mo/ ludicr\s appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright #aijj by ,a4 ,r4 ,,dugmore4 ,,*ipp+ ,,squirrels ,,fe$+4 ,:5 m5ac$ by foes1 by :i* s def5celess & conspicu\s an animal is sure to be surr\nd$ 9 great numb]s1 ! ,hackee makes at once = 8 burr[1 & is !re secure f ! attacks ( ne>ly all enemies4 ,"o foe !re is1 h[ev]1 t c>es naught = ! burr[1 b foll[s ! poor ,hackee ?r\gh all ( its w9d+s1 & nev] fails to atta9 8 sangu9>y object4 ,?is remorseless foe is ! /oat1 or erm9e1 ^: only p5*ant is ! blood1 & n ! fle%1 ( 8 victim4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hackee1 ,,or ,,*ipp+ ,,squirrel4 ,lay+ up ,food = ! ,fam9e ( ,w9t]4 ,e>ly 9 ,novemb] ! ,hackee moves into 8 w9t]-qu>t]s1 except+ 9 occasional in/ances :5 ! sun %9es ) peculi> w>m?1 & is n se5 aga9 until ! beg9n+ ( spr+4 ,! "y1 to ! numb] ( f\r or five1 are produc$ 9 ,may1 & !re is g5]ally a second brood "s "t 9 ,augu/4 ,a r pugnaci\s animal is ! male ,hackee1 & dur+ ! combats :i* are frequ5tly wag$ :5 sev]al males meet1 _! tails h be5 kn[n to snap asund] f ! viol5ce ( _! movem5ts1 = ^! memb]s1 x is und\bt$ly true1 are wond]fully brittle 9 _! /ructure4 ,pretty z he is1 & graceful z are 8 movem5ts1 x h>dly pays to keep ! animal 9 a dome/icat$ /ate1 = 8 temp] is v unc]ta91 & he is g5]ally sull5 ev5 t[>ds 8 keep]4 ,b c\ld he be induc$ to take to ! life ( a captive k9dly & pleasantly1 he w\ld1 by 8 cunn+ little ways1 prove a mo/ agreeable companion4 ,"s ye>s ago an ,am]ican writ] ( note _h a pair ( ^! animals :i* made _! home 9 ! f\ndation wall ( h] h\se4 ,a r[ ( wild *]ry trees /ood ne> ! lawn 9 ! re> ( ! build+1 :i* ! little fell[s 7 wont to visit _m times daily1 c>ry+ (f 9 _! p\*es q a numb] at a "t ( ! num]\s *]ry pits t lay scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd4 ,! season be+ dry1 "o morn+ e>ly ! p]son to :om ref]5ce has be5 made repair$ to ! lawn & p\r$ a pit*] ( wat] ov] "s plants t grew ne> h] por*1 :5 "o ( ^! squirrels 0 obs]v$ to pass among !m on 8 way to ! trees4 ,he paus$ f 8 j\rney1 sat up on 8 haun*es1 took "o ( ! wet leaves 9 8 h&s1 press$ ! sides toge!r = a tr\gh = ! moi/ure1 & hold+ x to 8 m\? drank f x ! wat] 9 ! mo/ comical fa%ion imag9able4 ,he !n w5t to ano!r & ano!r1 dr9k+ f five or six leaves 9 all1 :ile %e /ood wat*+ ne> by4 ,a l>ge sauc] fill$ ) wat] 0 plac$ ne> ! plants1 :i* ! little fell[s quickly discov]$1 & bo? !reaft] drank & wa%$ regul>ly at ! di%4 ,a practice ( te/+ _! k ( nuts 0 !n made4 ,:5 crack$ hickory nuts 7 giv5 !m1 !y at once sat d[n & pick$ out ( !m ! meats1 :i* !y eag]ly dev\r$4 ,crack$ nuts1 x w\ld seem1 7 deem$ wor?less = /orage4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 :5 :ole nuts 7 giv51 !y te/$ !m1 evid5tly by weight1 to see if !y 7 s\nd4 ,s\nd nuts 7 promptly transport$ to _! burr[1 b ! poor ones 7 dropp$4 ,!y 7 nev] kn[n to be mi/ak5 9 _! judgm5t1 = ! reject$ nuts on be+ crack$ 7 always f\nd to be wor?less4 ,al?\gh ! food ( ! ,hackee is mo/ly vegetal 9 "*1 yet1 l 8 ,engli% relative1 he is occasionally c>nivor\s 9 8 appetite1 = he has be5 detect$ 9 ! cruel act ( robb+ birds' ne/s & dev\r+ _! call[ "y4 ,"s ,squirrels are rem>kable = _! extreme agility 9 climb+ trees1 & 9 mak+ extraord9>y leaps f "o b\gh to ano!r or f "s elevat$ spot to ! e>?4 ,! ,gr\nd ,squirrels1 h[ev]1 are int5d$ to abide on ! e>?1 & are seldom kn[n to asc5d trees to any great height4 ,z !y possess *eek-p\*es1 !y are plac$ 9 a sep>ate g5us "u ! "n ( ,tamias1 :i* is a ,greek ^w1 signify+ a /ore-keep]1 & are di/9ct f ! o!rs 9 be+ furni%$ ) ^! app5dages4 ,tamias /riatus is ! appellation by :i* ! subject ( our sket* is kn[n to ! books4 ,,can9e ,,sagacity4 ,_m ye>s ago1 two decades or m1 ! writ] 0 ! possessor ( a little dog--a ,fr5* poodle by bre$4 ,a m kn[+ animal ( 8 k9d nev] liv$4 ,he 0 a pretty creature1 ) hair z :ite z driv5 sn[1 & mann]s ! mo/ agreeable4 ,great pride 0 tak5 9 8 appe>ance4 ,t 8 dress %\ld ma9ta9 its natural purity1 he 0 weekly subject$ to a w>m-wat] ba?4 ,?is task devolv$ ^u a little brunette1 = :om ! can9e _h contract$ a /rong affection4 ,frisky1 = su* 0 our pet's "n1 _h nev] be=e com+ into ! family kn[n :at x 0 to receive a good wa%+4 ,8 fir/ exp]i5ce 0 z un9t]e/+ z x 0 novel & /range4 ,x 0 any?+ b pleasant to him1 b ! little fell[ bore x l a m>tyr4 ,su* treatm5t1 by ! ord9>y cur1 w\ld h be5 res5t$ ) snaps & sn>ls1 b 8 0 a g5tle nature t knew no su* unt[>d manife/ations4 ,b !re 01 all ! same1 an av]sion to ! ba?1 z looks only too pla9ly indicat$4 ,s pron\nc$ 0 ! dislike1 t ! v sight ( wat] caus$ 8 delicate frame to %ake l a *ild's ) ! cold4 ,_h n ! greate/ c>e be5 tak5 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ba?1 x might h be5 ?\ght t ! tremors t %ook 8 by no means robu/ frame 7 induc$ by ! wat]'s *ill9ess or by its undue w>m?4 ,b ?is c\ld n be ! case1 z ! fluid 0 always temp]$ to ! mo/ s5sitive t\*4 ,b !re came a "t1 h[ev]1 :5 ,frisky 0 det]m9$ to evade ^! k9dnesses ^u ! "p ( 8 mi/ress4 ,he _h plead$ immunity f !m 9 pity+ glances1 b )\t avail4 ,some?+ mu/ be done1 8 looks w\ld seem to say1 z he lay cuddl$ up by ! cosy kit*5 fire4 ,"o c\ld almo/ read ! ?\ghts t 7 %ap+ !mselves 9 8 m9d4 ,= ?ree long ye>s ,frisky1 :o _h be5 all[$ to sleep at nights 9 ! sitt+-room1 0 accu/om$1 :5 morn+ broke1 to visit ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! family 9 _! respective dormitories1 & h a lively1 rollick+ "t4 ,^! visits 7 always look$ =w>d to1 & 9 no in/ance1 dur+ ! :ole ( t p]iod1 7 !y ev] int]mitt$4 ,to h miss$ "o ( ^! excit+ romps1 w\ld h be5 a ke5ly-felt deprivation4 ,b t we 7 to be doom$ to su* disappo9tm5t & affliction1 subsequ5t ev5ts only too cle>ly %[$4 ,"o ,saturday morn+1 = x 0 always on ! ,jewi% ,sabba? t ! ba? 0 giv51 ,frisky fail$ to make 8 accu/om$ calls4 ,?is 0 notic$ by ev]yone1 & no am\nt ( comm5t 0 provok$4 ,l\dly 8 "n 0 spok51 b no response 0 elicit$1 & x soon became evid5t t ! cunn+ little elf 0 beyond ! rea* ( call+4 ,se>* 0 in/itut$1 b to no effect4 ,8 abs5ce 0 lam5t$1 & x 0 fe>$ "s calamity _h befall5 him4 ,a sil5ce1 l unto dea?1 fill$ ! h\se4 ,!re 0 weep+ & wail+ ab\t1 = ,frisky 0 n4 ,b j z ! %ad[s ( night 7 deep5+1 & hope 0 dy+ out ( ! bosoms ( all1 ! patt] ( little feet 0 he>d ^u ! pavem5t lead+ to ! back-door4 ,! s\nds 7 too famili> to be ^? ( a /rang]4 ,all li/5$ ) brea?less sil5ce4 8',tis ,frisky1 'tis ,frisky10 w5t up a *orus ( voices1 & we all ru%$ to ! door to welcome ! runaway back to ! fold4 ,n a *id+ ^w 0 spok51 n a look ( repro( giv51 z ) out/ret*$ arms ! culprit 0 receiv$ to our he>ts4 ,a m cre/fall51 consci5ce-/rick5 be+1 h[ev]1 c\ld h>dly be conceiv$ to exi/4 ,?+s resum$ _! wont$ sway4 ,happ9ess reign$ once m 9 ! family4 ,frisky's matut9al visits 7 z ?\gh !y _h n be5 int]rupt$4 ,8 frolics _h all _! =m] vivacity4 ,! s9 committ$ _h be5 condon$1 & he 9 spl5did repute aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,my ,,dog ,,frisky4 ,h[ ,he ,greet$ ,8 ,ma/]4 ,a week s9ce 8 fir/ wrong-do+ _h elaps$4 ,w\ld he repeat 8 plan ( gett+ rid ( ! obnoxi\s ba?8--_h nev] ent]$ our m9ds4 ,! day dawn$ bright & lovely4 ,all 0 bu/le outside1 & ! slamm+ ( %utt]s told t ! s]vant 0 a/ir 9 ! kit*54 ,z 0 h] usual cu/om1 ! entry door 0 left op5 = ,frisky4 ,all e>s 7 on ! /ret*4 ,!re 7 no famili> signs4 ,! %>p1 glad b>k t always h]ald$ 8 com+ 0 want+1 & s1 too1 ! tim+ ( little feet ^u ! /airs4 ,n a s\nd ( brea?+1 n a ru/le ( c\nt]pane1 0 he>d4 ,/ill & motionless we all lay1 till ! m9utes seem$ h\rs1 & !n came ! ?\ght t x 0 ,saturday & ,frisky _h aga9 disappe>$4 ,se>* 0 ev]y:]e made1 b ! miss+ "o 0 n[h]e to be f\nd4 ,t he _h slipp$ out :5 ! door 0 op5$1 0 n[ mo/ obvi\s4 ,no ef=t 0 made to f9d 8 hid+-place1 = we all knew t he w\ld come back ) ! %ad[s4 ,8 com+ 0 lat] ?is "t ?an be=e4 ,! sun _h long gone to re/4 ,x 0 pit* d>k :5 ! paw+ ( little feet aga9/ ! door ann\nc$ 8 return4 ,?is second (f5ce 0 pass$ ov] z ! fir/ _h be51 & ,frisky 0 8 jolly1 frolicsome self once m4 ,a score ( ,saturdays 0 ?us manag$ & ! hateful ba? escap$1 = well ?is cunn+ bit ( fle% & fur knew t ! sev5? 0 ! only day ( ! week :5 x 0 conv5i5t = 8 mi/ress to att5d to 8 ablutions4 ,t ,frisky 0 able to c\nt1 or _h "s means ( det]m9+ ! com+ ( ! day he s ?or\ghly dete/$1 !re c be no "q4 ,b ! exce$+ cut5ess ( 8 nature n only %[$ itself 9 8 mann] ( gett+ rid ( ! hateful ba?1 b 9 v>i\s o!r ways4 ,he seem$ equal to e em]g5cy t c\ld arise4 ,(t5times ,i h wat*$ him1 z he lay ^u a rug by ! kit*5-he>?1 or ^u ! pill[ ( a new-made b$1 = he 0 at lib]ty to g :]e he pleas$ ab\t ! h\se1 & ,i h fanci$ t ,i c\ld see him ?9k+1 or read ! tra9 ( ?\ghts pass+ ?r\gh 8 m9d1 s human-l seem$ he 9 ^! reflective mom5ts4 ,:5 scold$ = "s trifl+ misdo+1 or ?reat5$ ) d5ial ( "s expect$ pleasure1 no s-call$ brute c\ld %[ m pity+ glances4 ,8 grief 0 (t5 he>t-r5d+ to behold4 ,pro/rate ^u ! gr\nd or c>pet1 or 9 :at place soev] he *anc$ to be1 he w\ld moan & moan = h\rs toge!r1 & only cons5t to be com=t$ :5 ! burd5 0 lift$ f (f 8 s\l by a k9d ^w spok51 a smil+ look giv51 or a quick1 he>ty %ake ( 8 delicate paw4 ,:5 happy1 & x did n take mu* to make him happy1 he 0 full ( life & vivacity1 cap]+ & pranc+ ab\t ) ! utmo/ ab&on1 & do+ 8 v be/ to %[ (f 8 happ9ess & pleasure4 ,8 eyes seem$ k9dl$ ) a holy affection1 & a blaze ( heav5ly sun%9e w\ld appe> to play ov] 8 features4 ,i h se5 him1 :5 9 su* m5tal agony1 to actually %$ te>s1 a sight t nev] c\ld fail to rea* & melt ! fl9tie/ he>ts4 ,he knew & und]/ood e ^w t 0 spok5 to him1 & respond$ by a %ake ( ! head1 or a l[1 s(t b>k4 ,a consci5ce )9 told him ! "r f ! wrong1 & ?\gh he sometimes kn[+ly err$1 yet he 0 always truly sorr[ful = 8 s9s aft]w>ds4 ,!re came a day1 h[ev]1 :5 ! idol ( ! h\sehold w5t out & nev] return$4 ,"s unlucky ev5t _h d\btless befall5 him1 or he _h be5 spirit$ away to p>ts unkn[n4 ,if liv+1 ,i tru/ he is be+ c>$ = z he ri*ly des]ves4 ,he 0 a k9d1 g5tle1 lov+ be+1 & ,i _c help ?9k+ t "s day ,i %all meet him 9 ! beautiful _w beyond ! grave4 ,,fel9e ,,intellig5ce4 ,probably no creature has be5 m calumniat$ by man ?an ! ,dome/ic ,cat4 ,:ile wond]ful intellectual p[]s1 z well z ! mo/ amiable traits ( "*1 h be5 accr$it$ to ! dog1 & rightly s1 x seems r /range t s little ( good has be5 f\nd to exi/ 9 ! subject ( our sket*4 ,%e has be5 held up to reprobation z a ?or\ghly selfi% animal1 seek+ h] own com=t r ?an t ( o!rs1 & manife/+ a /rong] atta*m5t to places ?an to own]s4 ,sly & trea*]\s z h] untam$ k9dr$ ( ! =e/s & jungles are kn[n to be1 %e receives no high] comm5dation1 & is ev5 accus$ ( conceal+ h] talons 9 h] velvety paws :5 matt]s g pleasantly ) h]1 & ready to use !m ev5 ^u h] be/ fri5ds :5 cross$ 9 h] purposes4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h s grossly libell$ ! ,cat1 my own l>ge acqua9tance ) ! animal has l$ to diff]5t conclusions4 ,ne>ly all ! ,cats ) :i* ,i h be5 mo/ famili> h be5 z docile1 tractable & affectionate z any dog c\ld be1 & h exhibit$ an am\nt ( intellectual ability unsurpass$ by few dogs4 ,!re is z mu* to be said ab\t ! good & bad temp] ( ! ,cat z ( ! dog1 :ile1 z to h] m5tal capacities1 ! advantage is n s decid$ly ^u ! side ( ! dog z is g5]ally suppos$4 ,nor is my own exp]i5ce exceptional1 = 9 all in/ances :]e fri5ds h possess$ favorite ,cats _! exp]i5ces h be5 simil> to my own4 ,self is n always p>am\nt to ev]y?+ else ) ,cats4 ,"s are g5]\s to a fault4 ,mo!rs h be5 kn[n1 ^: devotion to _! "y has be5 s /rong t !y h hunt$ all day = _! b5efit1 ev5 :5 ! latt] 7 full-gr[n1 sc>cely tak+ any n\ri%m5t = !mselves4 ,b su* feel+s are p]fectly natural4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we see a ,cat t is will+ to %>e its food ) a /rang]1 "o _c resi/ ! ?\ght t "h is a case ( real g5]osity4 ,a fri5d once possess$ a f9e black ,cat4 ,he 0 da9ty 9 8 eat+1 scrupul\sly exact 9 8 dress1 & well-mann]$ 9 8 deportm5t4 ,no ,cat ev] receiv$ bett] tra9+4 ,unlike ! av]age ,cat1 he c\ld be tru/$ 9 ! pres5ce ( tempt+ vi&s1 & 0 nev] kn[n to abuse ! confid5ce repos$ 9 him4 ,beauty1 = s he 0 call$1 0 a model fell[1 & well des]v$ ! "n4 ,! education he receiv$1 :ile x made him g5tle1 k9d & affectionate1 & gave him reliability ( "*1 did /ill m1 = x end[$ him ) a s\l t 0 n a /rang] to ! noble/ impulses4 ,life _h few luxuries t he did n enjoy2 b a sprig ( catnip 0 m to him ?an ! *oice/ /eak or racie/ tidbit1 & to ?is luxury he 0 weekly treat$4 ,not)/&+ 8 fondness = ! h]b1 he 0 nev] reluctant to %>e x ) ano!r1 :om ,=tune _h less favor$4 ,cats1 at lea/ su* z are well circum/anc$1 possess "s k ( ! uses ( ?+s4 ,we once knew a ,cat t w\ld1 :5 out ( doors1 make its pres5ce kn[n by a few l\d raps ^u ! clos$ door1 adm9i/]$ by its "r front paw4 ,if ! call 0 n imm$iately answ]$1 a few m raps1 l\d] ?an be=e1 w\ld be giv51 & !n ! ,cat1 unable to re/ra9 its impati5ce1 w\ld spr+ up to ! lat*1 /rik+ x a d[nw>d bl[1 z ?\gh endeavor+1 human-l1 to effect an entrance4 ,b q z int]e/+ z any ( ! =ego+ cases is t ( a female ,cat t _h run a sp9e into "o ( h] h9d feet4 ,limp+ ^u ?ree legs %e made h] way to h] mi/ress1 &1 rais+ h] foot1 implor$ ) a pite\s look & sad1 di/ress+ cries ! removal ( ! (f5sive sp9e4 ,a *ild c\ld n h made its suff]+ bett] und]/ood1 nor supplicat$ ! ne$$ relief m intellig5tly1 ?an did ?is poor creature1 :i* ?\ghtless man 9 8 self-glorification is s prone to reg>d z a s5seless1 un9tellig5t & unreason+ be+1 :i* has no exi/5ce beyond ?is sublun>y sph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tom ,,on ,,duty4 ,gu>d+ ,8 ,ma/]'s ,c[s4 ,:ile ,cats are useful 9 ! de/ruction ( v]m91 & af=d man no little amusem5t by _! wond]ful antics1 yet !y seldom put !mselves to any practical use4 ,! ,cat1 ab\t :i* we %all n[ h some?+ to say1 is an exception to ! rule1 & q a m>vel 9 8 ways4 ,he is a resid5t ( a f>-away t[n 9 ,new ,j]sey1 & came to 8 pres5t qu>t]s a long1 gaunt1 wild-ey$1 unf$ creature4 ,b some?+ 9 8 looks told ( a s\l )9 t =e-%ad[$ a great deal ( good1 & s ! ,cat1 :i* at fir/ seem$ an unwelcome gue/1 began to be look$ ^u 9 an appreciative mann]4 ,& n[ ,tom1 z ! ,cat is call$1 is a fixture 9 ! h\sehold4 ,almo/ f 8 adv5t into ! family ,tom began to give an exhibition ( 8 common-s5se4 ,?is fir/ rem>kable %[ ( intellig5ce 0 on ! ,sunday succe$+ 8 adoption4 ,! family _h repair$ to *ur*1 leav+ ,tom cont5t$ly snooz+ 9 a corn] ( ! kit*54 ,b _! surprise c h>dly be pictur$ :5 9 ! mid/ ( ! s]mon ,tom came fly+ d[n ! aisle to ! place :]e 8 ma/] 0 seat$1 & claw+ ! legs ( ! tr\s]s ( ! latt]1 began yell+ at ! top ( 8 voice4 ,! m9i/] /opp$ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 talk+1 & ev]ybody got up to see :at ! tr\ble 01 b ,tom1 utt]ly oblivi\s ( !m all1 cont9u$ 8 /range behavior4 ,conv9c$ t ! actions ( ! ,cat 7 n ! result ( an epileptic fit1 b =ebod$ some?+ wrong at ! h\se1 ! male portion ( ! congregation />t$ ?i!r1 & :5 ! h\se 0 rea*$ a d5se column ( smoke 0 se5 p\r+ f ! kit*5 w9d[4 ,! door 0 ?r[n op51 & ! c>pet on ! floor 0 f\nd burn$ to a c9d]4 ,a coal ( fire _h evid5tly fall5 f ! /ove-grate & />t$ ! fire4 ,t ,tom _h und]/ood ! dang]1 0 %[n by 8 actions4 ,"o day1 a horse1 belong+ to a neighbor+ f>m]1 ran away1 & tore d[n ! road pa/ ,tom's home at a ?und]+ gait4 ,tom 0 saunt]+ ar\nd ! y>d1 & 8 att5tion be+ drawn to ! rattl+ ( ! wagon1 he 0 soon 9 ! road to see :at ! tr\ble 01 & obs]v+ t ! team 0 unaccompani$ by a driv]1 he leap$ ^u ! head ( ! runaway horse & hung on ) tee? & claws until ! animal 0 secur$4 ,on ano!r occasion a tramp1 happ5+ along ! road1 descri$ a bicycle t belong$ to "o ( ! inmates ( ! h\se4 ,he 0 soon a/ride ! :eel1 & might h made 8 escape _h n he fall5 "u ! eyes ( ,tom1 :o1 z quick z a fla%1 0 aft] ! ?ief4 ,leap+ into ! air1 he fell on ! man's %\ld]s & set 8 tee? firmly into 8 neck4 ,!re 0 a h[l & a cra% t br\ght ! family to ! y>d1 & !re !y f\nd ! tramp roll+ on ! gr\nd & mak+ desp]ate ef=ts to get away f ,tom's rigid jaws4 ,f9ally ! ,cat 0 induc$ to relax 8 hold1 & ! w\nds ( ! tramp be+ c>$ =1 he 0 all[$ to proce$ on 8 way4 ,m wond]ful /ill is :at foll[s3 ,:5 ! ma/] wants to bait 8 c[s & keep !m )9 a c]ta9 area he in/ructs ,tom to wat* !m1 & ! allott$ task is p]=m$ ) all ! fai?fulness & wisdom ( a %eph]d's dog4 ,any disposition to /ray outside ! limits is *eck$1 ! err+ animal be+ hu/l$ back by ,tom1 :o1 atta*+ himself to h] caudal extremity1 rema9s !re until %e is br\ght back to :]e %e belongs4 ,no animals seem to require human sympa?y s mu* z ,cats1 or to be s capable ( giv+ sympa?y 9 return4 ,:]e !y h =m$ a /rong atta*m5t to a p]son !y are loa? to be away f 8 society & foll[ him :]esoev] he goes1 giv+ c>esses & expect+ a lib]al %>e ( ! same 9 return4 ,i h be5 ^u a b$ ( sickness & a favorite ,cat1 :i* ,i always address$ z ,puss1 w\ld1 :5ev] ! opportunity occurr$1 make h] way into my room1 &1 jump+ ^u ! b$1 lay h] head aga9/ my face 9 ! mo/ ende>+ mann]1 & purr h] sweete/ & g5tle/1 ev] & anon /opp+ to express h] sympa?y by lick+ my =ehead or uplift$ h&4 ,ev5 :5 ,puss has be5 suff]+ f maladies to :i* all fle% ( h] k9d is heir1 ,i h sat by h] side & /rok$ h] head1 & h read 9 ! look :i* %e gave me t %e felt my sympa?y & appreciat$ x beyond any p[] ( expression ( h]s to decl>e4 ,%e seem$ to ?9k at all times t ,i 0 :olly h] own1 & no o!r ,cat1 n ev5 "o ( h] own (fspr+1 w\ld be all[$ su* famili>ities1 z any attempt 0 sure to provoke ! mo/ int5se jeal\sy4 ,nor 0 ,i p]mitt$ to lavi% att5tions ^u any ( h] ki?1 = %e w\ld soon become wr\ght up to a high pit* ( excitem5t1 & in/ant v5geance w\ld be wreak$ ^u ! recipi5t ( my favors4 ,mu* m might be said ab\t ! ,cat4 ,x has its good qualities & its bad qualities4 ,!re is h>dly a trait ( "* :i* ! human animal possesses t x does n possess4 ,( c\rse ,i n[ speak ( our ,dome/ic ,cat4 ,9 ! long-pa/ times1 :5 ! ,egyptian nation 0 at ! head ( ! civiliz$ _w1 ,felis maniculata1 :i* is ! reput$ orig9 ( our ,dome/ic ,cat1 0 univ]sally dome/icat$ 9 _! homes1 & x is n unkn[n ! v high position x held 9 ! love & e/eem ( ! p1 = x 0 deifi$ & wor%ipp$ z a god4 ,ev5 9 ,engl&1 /ill lat] d[n 9 "t1 ! ,dome/ic ,cat 0 s sc>ce t royal edicts 7 issu$ = its pres]vation4 ,yet 9 ^? days1 ,a4 ,d4 #idh1 ! wild ,cat 0 rife 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s & 0 consid]$ z a vici\s animal1 :i* mu/ be de/roy$1 & n a useful "o to be protect$ by ! law4 ,h[ we came into ! possession ( ! ,cat is a matt] ( conjecture1 ! curr5t belief be+ t x 0 import$ f ,egypt into ,greece & ,rome1 & !nce into ,engl&4 ,,bright ,,little ,,cebidae4 ,next to man1 9 desc5d+ ! scale ( animal life1 come ! ,quadrumana1 or ,f\r-h&$ ,animals4 ,!y are repres5t$ by ! ,apes1 ,baboons1 ,monkeys & ,lemurs4 ,except+ ! la/1 & a few o!r species1 ^! animals are n v pleas+ 9 aspect or habits1 "s ( !m1 ! l>g] apes & baboons1 be+ positively disgu/+4 ,! air ( grotesque humanity t *>act]izes !m is horribly sugge/ive ( human idiocy1 & we approa* an imprison$ gorilla or baboon ) mu* ! same repugnance t we d a debas$ & brutal maniac4 ,?is av]sion seems n to be produc$ s mu* by ! resemblance t ! ape be>s to man1 z by ! horror felt le/ man %\ld deg5]ate to ! condition1 "* & physiognomy ( ! ape4 ,b to ! naturali/1 :o sees wond] or beauty 9 all ?+s animate1 ^! creatures are no less pleas+ ?an o!rs t are n s repugnant4 ,7 we to take a survey ( ! v>i$ =ms :i* ! ,quadrumana ( ! ,old ,_w assume1 we w\ld f9d t ! =ms w\ld %[ su* div]sification t !re w\ld h>dly seem scope = fur!r modifications4 ,yet ! prolific p[] ( nature is s inexhau/ible1 t ! dep? ( our rese>*es w\ld only br+ to light objects ( su* inf9ite v>iety ( =m z to ov]:elm ! m9d ) surprise & admiration4 ,?us x w\ld be f\nd to be ) ! ,cebid1 or ,am]ican ,monkeys4 ,:ile !y w\ld be %[n to possess ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! monkey nature1 ?us e/abli%+ _! close relation%ip ) ! ,old ,_w monkeys1 yet !y w\ld be se5 to exhibit ! /range/ modification ( details4 ,_! f\r h&-l paws1 & o!r quadruman\s peculi>ities1 w\ld indicate _! /atus 9 ! animal k+dom1 :ile sundry diff]5ces ( con=mation w\ld %[ t !y 7 int5d$ to live "u conditions t w\ld ill suit _! relatives on ! o!r side ( ! globe4 ,curi\s x is to obs]ve h[ ! same idea ( animal life is repeat$ 9 v>i\s l&s & climates1 ev5 ?\gh seas1 impassable to creatures unaid$ by ! light ( civiliz$ reason1 int]v5e4 ,s we h ! ,simiad ( ,asia & ,africa repres5t$ by ! ,cebid ( ,am]ica4 ,nor is ?is wond]ful idea re/rict$ exclusively to ! man-l animals4 ,! lion1 tig] & o!r fel9e races ( ! ,ea/]n ,cont95t f9d ,we/]n repres5tatives 9 ! puma & jagu>1 & ! same circum/ance may be obs]v$ ( ne>ly all ! mammalia1 ! birds1 ! reptiles1 ! fi%es1 &1 9 %ort1 ?r\gh ! entire animal k+dom4 ,b ( all ! monkeys ( ! ,new ,_w1 & !y are numb]$ by hundr$s includ$ 9 sev]al g5]a & species1 !re are none t des]ve m consid]ation ?an ! ,capu*9 ,monkeys4 ,!y are active1 little animals1 lively & playful4 ,s simil> are all ! species 9 g5]al habits1 t a description ( "o w equally s]ve = any o!r4 ,_! y\?fulness & sportive mann]s make !m v desirable companions1 & h5ce we frequ5tly f9d !m dome/icat$ by ! native ,indians & ,european settl]s4 ,l o!r small monkeys1 ! ,capu*9 (t5 /rikes up a fri5d%ip = o!r animals t may happ5 to live 9 or ne> its home1 ! cat be+ "o ( ! mo/ favor$ ( its allies4 ,x is sometimes ! case ?is famili>ity is c>ri$ s f> t ! cat is turn$ into a horse by ! monkey1 :o1 seat$ ^u h] back1 p]ambulates ! premises4 ,m unpromis+ subjects1 we are told1 h be5 press$ into simil> s]vice4 ,humboldt cites ! case ( "o t 0 accu/om$ to cat* a pig e morn+1 &1 m\nt$ ^u its back1 0 kn[n to reta9 its seat dur+ ! entire day4 ,ev5 :5 ! pig 0 fe$+ 9 ! savannas its rid] rema9$ firm1 & be/rode ! animal ) z mu* p]t9acity z "o skill$ 9 eque/rianism w\ld ! mo/ rampant /e$4 ,no little difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 settl+ ! species ( ! ,capu*9s1 = _! fur is r v>iable 9 t9t1 & "s individuals diff]+ s greatly z to cause !m to look l ano!r species4 ,! g5]al color ( ! ,capu*9--,cebus apella--is a gold5 olive1 a :ite fur bord]+ ! face 9 "s1 ?\gh n 9 all individuals4 ,cebus fatuellus1 commonly call$ ! ,horn$ ,sapaj\ or ,capu*91 is mu* m conspicu\s ?an ! la/1 z ! erect fr+e ( hair t projects s prom95tly f ! =ehead indicates x at once3 h5ce f ! front1 ! hair assumes ! appe>ance ( two tufts or horns1 f :i* peculi>ity ! animal d]ives its "n4 ,^! horns are n completely develop$ until ! monkey has atta9$ maturity4 ,!re is also a manife/ diff]5ce 9 color ( hair1 ! ,sapaj\ hav+ a con/ant t+e ( r$ 9 its fur4 ,x is usually ( a deep br[n color1 b 9 "s individuals !re is a m>k$ resemblance to t peculi> purple-black :i* is obta9able by dilut+ common black ink ) wat]1 :ile 9 o!rs ! ruddy hue is s pron\nc$ z to imp>t a *e/nut t9t to ! animal's hair4 ,! fr+$ cre/ is tipp$ ) gray4 ,p]haps no m int]e/+ =m ( ! ,capu*9s exi/s ?an ! ,weep] ,monkey1 or ,sai1 or1 z x is call$ 9 ! books1 ,cebus capuc9us4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! two prec$+ species1 x is an inhabitant ( ,v5ezuela & ,brazil1 & z lively z any ( its cong5]s4 ,l its bre?r51 its tail is inve/$ ) a d5se gr[? ( hair1 b ?is does n int]f]e ) its preh5sile p[]s4 ,! ,sai is possess$ ( a l>ge am\nt ( intellig5ce1 & its qua9t little ways make x a great favorite ) ^? :o delight to wat* its quick & agile movem5ts4 ,:ile ?+s ( a vegetable "* con/itute ! *ief "p ( its food1 yet x manife/s a fondness = v>i\s k9ds ( insects1 & is sometimes kn[n to asc5d to high] prey1 = x has be5 obs]v$ to fe$ ^u birds1 :i* x dev\rs ) avidity1 n ev5 wait+ to pluck (f ! fea!rs4 ,eggs are also ?\ght to =m a no inconsid]able "p ( ?is ,capu*9's diet4 ,"s few ye>s ago1 ,pr(4 ,cope _h 9 8 possession a tame ,sai1 :i* 0 kept 9 a cage1 or1 r1 0 suppos$ to be kept 9 x1 = ! animal _h a /rong av]sion to conf9em5t1 & 0 sure to break loose !refrom soon] or lat]4 ,:5 9 durance vile1 & wi%+ to break prison1 he always direct$ 8 att5tion to ! h+es1 & no matt] h[ firmly !y 7 fix$1 he 0 sure be=e long to extract ! /aples1 pull out ! nails1 & s op5 ! door at ! h+es1 & n at ! lat*4 ,f9d+ t ! cage c\ld n hold him1 8 ma/] _h him conf9$ by a /rap fa/5$ ar\nd ! wai/1 aft] ! fa%ion ( monkeys4 ,! /rap1 h[ev]1 prov$ to be ( no m use ?an ! cage1 = ! crafty animal soon contriv$ to op5 x1 & ?is he did by +5i\sly pick+ out ! ?reads by :i* ! /rap 0 sewn to ! buckle1 & s r5d]+ ! fa/5+s useless4 ,aga9 he 0 conf9$ to ! cage & c>efully wat*$4 ,hav+ rid himself ( ! /rap1 he began to consid] h[ he might apply x to "s useful purpose4 ,s1 hav+ p]ceiv$ t "s food _h fall5 beyond 8 rea*1 he took "o end ( ! /rap 9 8 paw1 flung ! o!r ov] ! morsel ( food1 & s drew x t[>d him4 ,9 ?is feat he display$ great accuracy ( aim1 seldom miss+ ! object :i* he desir$4 ,once or twice1 :5 he _h to make a long] ?r[ ?an usual1 he loos5$ 8 hold ( ! /rap4 ,! fir/ "t t ?is happ5$1 "s "o h&$ him ! pok]4 ,he took x1 drew ! /rap t[>d him1 & resum$ its use z be=e4 ,no intellig5t p]son c d5y t ^! acts 7 prompt$ by reason4 ,s f> f ev5 be+ aid$ by in/9ct1 ! animal 0 c]ta9ly act+ 9 direct opposition to x4 ,! in/9ct ( an animal :5 conf9$ or te!r$ 9 any way is to break loose by ma9 /r5g?1 & ! in/9ct ( ! monkey w\ld h impell$ him to =ce 8 way ?r\gh ! b>s ( ! cage or to /ra9 at ! /rap until he _h brok5 x 9 two4 ,b x 0 8 reason t taught him to look = ! weak "p 9 bo? cage & /rap1 &1 hav+ f\nd x1 to devote 8 en]gies to t "p until he _h succe$$ 9 8 object4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jack ,,at ,,d9n]4 ,%[+ ,8 ,use ( ,table ,implem5ts4 ,0 x possible = in/9ct to tea* him t ! h+es 7 ! weak "p ( 8 cage1 & t1 if he c\ld only remove ! /aples or nails1 ! door w\ld op5 & he w\ld be free8 ,c\ld in/9ct tea* him t ! /it*es ( ! /rap-buckle 7 to ! /rap :at ! /aples & nails 7 to ! h+es1 & t if he c\ld b pick out ! ?reads1 ! fa/5+s ( ! /rap w\ld be r5d]$ ( no effect8 ,nei!r c\ld in/9ct tea* him to use ! /rap aft] ! mann] ( a lasso1 nor to employ ! pok] 9 rega9+ 8 lo/ weapon4 ,n only did he ?us %[ 8 ability to deal ) ! ob/acles t /ood 9 ! way ( 8 fre$om1 & )\t ev5 ! slighte/ sugge/ion f ! m9d ( 8 ma/]1 b he also gave evid5ce t he _h ! capacity to pr(it by _m ( ! civilities by :i* he f\nd himself surr\nd$ 9 ! life 9 :i* he 0 plac$4 ,monkeys are rem>kable = _! p[] ( imitation1 & ,jack1 z ?is ,capu*9 0 call$1 prov$ himself to be no ord9>y fell[ 9 ?is respect4 ,he _h se5 8 ma/] eat out ( a di%1 us+ knife1 =k & spoon :5 occasion dem&$1 & no?+ w\ld d b an ab&onm5t ( 8 old habits--! us+ ( 8 f+]s1 :i* 8 ance/ors 7 wont to d--& ! assumption ( civiliz$ practices4 ,9 "t he became q skilful 9 ! use ( ^! table implem5ts & %[$ great] dext]ity 9 h&l+ !m ?an _m a man has %[n4 ,accu/om$ to _! use1 he w\ld nev] h ?+s any o!r way4 ,! writ] has repeat$ly be5 pres5t :5 he 0 tak+ 8 meals4 ,seat$ ^u ! gr\nd1 8 head & body slightly b5t =w>d1 ) 8 plate ( food be=e him1 ! gr\nd s]v+ him z a table1 ,jack w\ld help himself 9 a quiet1 cool & delib]ate mann]1 all ! :ile ev9c+ 9 movem5t & look an air ( ! mo/ consequ5tial importance4 ,to say t he 0 pr\d ( ! success :i* he _h a*iev$ 9 ! correct use ( table implem5ts b tamely expresses ! feel+ :i* w\ld dom9ate 8 bosom at su* times4 ,no human individual :o _h accompli%$ "s wond]ful discov]y or /rik+ feat at arms t _h caus$ ! e>? to res\nd ) 8 praises1 c\ld h felt m ( ! emotion ?an ,jack4 ,inde$1 x 0 a rem>kable feat = ,jack1 & he _h a "r to feel va9 ov] its accompli%m5t4 ,all ! :ile he 0 eat+ he w\ld *att] 9 8 unc\? guttural tongue1 z ?\gh he _h le>n$1 l 8 human bre?r51 t conv]sation gave reli% to a meal & 0 a p[]ful aid to dige/ion4 ,:ile ,jack 0 a v useful fell[ to h ab\t1 especially :]e cats )\t own]s ab\nd$1 = he 0 a t]ror ^u ^! fel9e nuisances1 yet he _h a few faults :i* detract$ v mu* f 8 o!rwise good "*4 ,l "s boys1 he 0 addict$ to ! habit ( ?r[+ /ones1 b ,i am m ?an half dispos$ to believe t ?is 0 an acquir$ prop5sity1 :i* he _h le>n$ by see+ 8 ma/] engag$ 9 a simil> div]sion1 or p]haps1 :i* is n at all unlikely1 he _h be5 tra9$ to su* ex]cise & pa/ime by 8 ma/]4 ,well1 he c\ld ?r[ /ones ) consid]able =ce1 & ) z mu* precision z any well-tra9$ lad ( f\rte5 summ]s c\ld d4 ,let ! ma/] b give him a /one1 & say1 8,n[1 ,jack1 hit t fell[10 & ,jack ne$$ no second tell+4 ,?r[+ 8 "r arm back1 j z a boy w\ld d1 9 ord] to give ! necess>y impetus to ! missile1 he w\ld s5d ! /one fly+ 9 ! "r direction4 ,x requir$ no little skill & cel]ity ( movem5t to dodge ! projectile1 z ! writ] _h m ?an once le>n$ by pa9ful exp]i5ce1 = ,jack's wond]ful & well-direct$ aim seldom w5t a/ray ( its purpose4 ,t[>ds 8 ma/] ,jack %[$ great def]5ce & att5tion1 & 0 ev] ready to obey 8 slighte/ wi%4 ,no "o's society he enjoy$ bett]4 ,x 0 always a pleasure to be ne> him1 b /rang]s he seem$ to despise & treat z enemies4 ,he w\ld always eye !m ) a suspici\s look1 & c\ld nev] tol]ate _! pres5ce = any consid]able l5g? ( "t )\t giv+ v5t to 8 annoyance by ! mo/ angry vocif]ations & hide\s grimaces4 ,%\ld ?is n h ! effect ( caus+ !m to retire1 he w\ld emphasize 8 objection to _! pres5ce by pelt+ !m ) /ones & su* o!r missiles z 7 conv5i5t to h&4 ,t he _h a consid]able affection = 8 ma/]1 & respect$ him1 no /rong] evid5ce c\ld be giv5 ?an :at has already be5 adduc$4 ,aft] all t has be5 said conc]n+ ,jack1 yet ! _w is full ( p1 educat$ & intellig5t z !y consid] !mselves to be1 :o _c see t ?is bit ( fle% & _s has be5 end[$ by ! same wise ,creator ) ! same traits ( "*1 b diff]+ 9 degree1 t !y !mselves possess4 ,go+ back to ! +5uity :i* ,jack display$ 9 ! cases ( ! cage & ! /rap ref]r$ to1 x may be said to 8 cr$it t ev5 ,b>on ,tr5* himself c\ld n h %[n great] skill 9 ! discov]y ( ! weak p>ts ( 8 prison & bonds ?an did ?is s-call$ brute1 nor c\ld he h exhibit$ m pati5ce & p]sev]ance 9 work+ at !m4 ,inde$1 !re are _m human be+s t w\ld n h be5 half s s5sible z ,jack1 b /ill we mu/ believe t su* high intellig5ce1 comp>atively speak+1 mu/ inevitably p]i% ) ! body1 ?r\gh :i* z a vehicle x 0 made to manife/ itself4 ,all intellig5ce is an emanation f ! ,div9e ,intellig5ce1 &1 :5 ! life has gone out ( ! body f :i* x 0 made to %9e =?1 !n x1 in/ead ( p]i%+ ) ! mat]ial1 returns to ! ,s\rce ( all intellig5ce1 n to be re-absorb$1 b1 z ,i ?9k1 to cont9ue z a sep>ate intellig5ce1 draw+ its life & light f ! great ,c5tral ,head1 l z ! planets d]ive !irs f ! c5tre ( our mat]ial univ]se--! ,sun4 ,,untutor$ ,,man4 ,/range & unique z are ! plants & animals ( ,au/ralia1 yet no?+ def9ite c be affirm$ ( its native human inhabitants4 ,!y are a peculi> p1 sep>at$ by a wide remove f ! ,papuans1 ! ,malays & ! ,negro4 ,( a d>k1 c(fee-br[n complexion1 r ?an actually black1 ! ,au/ralian is b little inf]ior to ! av]age ,european 9 height1 b is altoge!r ( a mu* slimm] & feebl] build1 8 limbs1 p>ticul>ly1 be+ v lean & de/itute ( calves1 a defect :i* is a peculi>ity ( ! d>k] races ( man4 ,8 head is long & n>r[1 doli*ocephalic 9 type1 ) a l[ br[1 prom95t j above ! orbital regions1 b rec$+ !nce 9 a v m>k$ degree4 ,! nose1 proce$+ f a comp>atively n>r[ base1 broad5s outw>dly to a some:at squat end1 ! eyes on ea* side ( its att5uat$ root appe>+ drawn toge!r4 ,8 face bulges into high *eek bones2 8 m\? is l>ge & grotesque1 ! jaw-bone contract$1 ! upp] jaw project+ ov] ! l[]1 b ) f9e1 :ite tee?2 ! *9 cut away1 & 8 e>s slightly prick$ =w>d4 ,n only ! head & face1 b ! entire body z well1 is cov]$ ) a pr(usion ( hair1 :i*1 :5 fre$ ( its enclogg+ dirt & oil1 is s(t & glossy4 ,l mo/ savage peoples1 ! effluvium ( 8 sk91 (f5sive z x naturally is1 is v mu* exagg]at$ by ! fi%-oil he uses 9 ! ano9tm5t ( 8 p]son4 ,almo/ exclusively direct$ on ! means ( procur+ su/5ance1 ! intellect ( ! ,au/ralian op]ates :olly )9 ! range ( ! rude/ bodily s5ses4 ,b inside t simple1 elem5t>y sph]e he displays no little nimbl5ess & dext]ity4 ,9 track+ & runn+ d[n 8 prey he is unsurpass$4 ,8 weapons1 ?\gh ( ! mo/ primitive =ms1 are well adapt$ = ! purposes ( ! *ase4 ,rude & unc\? z 8 cul9>y & dome/ic app>atus appe>1 yet !y s]ve equally well ! objects = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,"s imitative facility1 or rude s5se ( elem5t>y art1 is possess$ by him1 z is evid5c$ by ! crude figures ( %>ks1 liz>ds & o!r animals t may be se5 c>v$ 9 caves 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,au/ralia1 & on ! rocks ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,t he has "s exub]ance ( rude s5se is /ill fur!r %[n 9 8 language1 :i*1 )9 its v circumscrib$ s5su\s sph]e1 is fairly expressive & complete1 & likewise 9 ! ease ) :i* he le>ns to *att] ! languages ( peoples ) :om he has be5 ?r[n into contact4 ,outside ! circle describ$1 all is blank to ! ,au/ralian4 ,he has no ar*itecture1 no pott]y & almo/ no weav+1 & may be said to h no religion4 ,8 s5sations may sc>cely1 if at all1 be said to h atta9$ ! dignity ( s5tim5ts1 mu* less t ( s5tim5talities4 ,! man dom9e]s ov] ! woman1 :o is z mu* 8 prop]ty z 8 boom]ang or d+o4 ,male (fspr+ are held 9 consid]able e/imation1 & a fa!r w bewail ! dea? ( a son = mon?s1 & ev5 = ye>s4 ,old m5 & old1 infirm wom51 on ! o!r h&1 are cruelly ab&on$1 & left to />ve to dea?1 = !y are consid]$ wor?less & a burd51 & consum]s ( ! food t %\ld g to ! support ( ! "y & physically /rong4 ,dur+ ! summ] !y roam ab\t nak$1 utt]ly /rang]s to %ame1 :i* seems n to be innate to _! natures4 ,wives are acc\nt$ an item 9 a man's *attels1 ! /eal+ ( :i* be+ met ) "s def9ite puni%m5t4 ,caves1 :]e !y ab\nd1 af=d %elt] & security = "s ( ! tribes1 b :]e ^! are n f\nd1 scre5s ( twigs & bu%es cov]$ ) leaves or turf1 or logs ( wood & turf1 s]ve = protection & cov] = a few days or weeks1 till ! pursuit ( food calls !m else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,au/ralian ,,at ,,home4 ,return$ f ! ,*ase ) ,kang>oo4 ,?rift is unkn[n to ! ,au/ralian4 ,8 life alt]nates betwe5 satiety & semi-/>vation4 ,9 summ] he goes nak$1 b 9 w9t] he wraps himself 9 kang>oo sk9s4 ,a girdle ( hair b\nd ab\t 8 lo9s holds 8 d[ak1 z 8 digg+-/ick is call$1 & an apron ( sk9s susp5d$ f ! girdle af=ds a protection f %rubs4 ,8 food consi/s l>gely ( animals1 :i* he dev\rs alive1 & includes liz>ds1 snakes1 ! heads be+ reject$1 frogs1 :ite ants1 l>v & mo?s4 ,o!r animals are roa/$1 %[+ t ! ,au/ralian kn[s1 contr>y to an op9ion t once prevail$1 ! me?od ( k9dl+ a fire4 ,9 seasons ( de>?1 :5 !re is a paucity ( food-mat]ial1 cannibalism is g5]al4 ,he !n makes an attack ^u a neighbor+ tribe :o is 8 enemy1 & if he _c obta9 food 9 ?is mann]1 he scruples n to fall back ^u 8 wife & 8 *ildr54 ,"o obligation ( ! wife is to keep h] husb& suppli$ ) vegetable food1 su* z ! roots ( ! wild yam1 se$s ( ! acacia1 sophor1 leaves ( ! grass-tree1 etc4 ,fail+ to produce a suffici5cy1 %e is lib]ally treat$ ) maul+s & spe>+s1 s t a wife g5]ally appe>s bruis$ & ga%$ all ov] h] body4 ,among ! diff]5t tribes ( ,au/ralians1 ! boom]ang is ! pr9cipal weapon4 ,?is is a flat /ick1 ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 & curves at ! c5tre4 ,x is ?r[n into ! air among birds1 j]ks 9 a zigzag1 spiral or circul> fa%ion1 & :5 ?r[n by a p]son skill$ 9 its use is sure to br+ d[n a few individuals at e ?r[+4 ,besides ?is weapon !y h ! ?r[+-/ick1 fl9t-po9t$ spe>s1 %ields1 /one-hat*ets1 digg+-/icks1 nett+-ne$les1 nets ( s9ews1 fibres or hairs1 wat]-sk9s & canoes4 ,no gov]nm5t exi/s among ?is p outside t ( ! family1 & no laws except c]ta9 tradition>y rules ab\t prop]ty4 ,z = _! religion1 !y h little save _! t]ror ( gho/s & demons1 & c]ta9 sup]/iti\s traditional rites applicable to epo*s 9 a man's life1 b m especially s at ! "t ( 8 burial4 ,at t5 ye>s ( age1 a boy is cov]$ ) blood2 at t5 to f\rte51 he is circumcis$ 9 ! nor? & s\? ( ,au/ralia1 b n 9 ! we/ or on ! ,murray ,riv]2 & at tw5ty1 he is tattoo$ or sc>r$4 ,felicity aft] dea? is ! rew>d ( prop] burial1 b a man dy+ 9 battle or rott+ 9 a field becomes an evil g5ius4 ,no m p]fect example ( tribal organization exi/s ?an t ( ! tribes ( ,au/ralasia4 ,9 a v l>ge proportion ( exi/+ tribes1 ! tribe is an aggregate ( sev]al /ocks or di/9ct bodies ( k9dr$1 ! p]sons compos+ ! tribes be+ includ$ 9 /ocks :i* are1 or are acc\nt$1 di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,two tribal cu/oms1 namely1 ! prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 p]sons ( ! same /ock1 & ! reckon+ ( k9%ip ?r\gh females only1 s t *ildr5 are acc\nt$ ( ! /ock ( _! "m1 su/a9 ?is organization4 ,p]sons ( ! same /ock1 too1 owe duties to ea* o!r1 & are to "s ext5t p>ticipants 9 ea* o!r's liabilities4 ,an injury done by a man is an injury done by 8 /ock1 :i* may be av5g$ ^u any memb] !re(2 or an injury done to a man is an injury done by 8 /ock1 = :i* e memb] ( x is b\nd to seek v5geance4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ^! cu/oms1 a husb& mu/ be ( a diff]5t /ock f 8 wife or wives1 & !re=e mu/ be acc\nt$ ( a diff]5t /ock f 8 *ildr52 & if he has wives ( diff]5t /ocks1 !n _! respective *ildr5 are acc\nt$ ( diff]5t /ocks4 ,m ?an "o /ock1 x w ?us be p]ceiv$1 is repres5t$ 9 e h\sehold4 ,& s9ce a man owes duties to 8 /ock--! duties ( ackn[l$g$ blood-relation%ip--:ile to ^? ( 8 family :o are n ( 8 /ock1 !re be+ no?+ b ! accid5t ( bir? to unite him1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! family among ^! tribes has v little cohesion4 ,:olly s5su\s is ! language ( ! ,au/ralian1 _! ab/raction t5d+ only 9 ! way ( ari?metic z f> z ! numb] five1 & t itself be+ q an unusual /ret*4 ,polysyllabic z x is 9 =mation1 & hav+ ! acc5t on ! p5ultimate1 x is n at all inh>moni\s4 ,?\gh x compreh5ds _m div]g5t =ms1 yet !y seem to be all fundam5tally connect$1 con/itut+ a gr\p entirely isolat$ f any ( ! l+ui/ic families ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,)9 its n>r[ conf9es ! language is well develop$ & s5su\sly copi\s & expressive4 ,l almo/ all o!r savages1 ! native ,au/ralians are rapidly disappe>+ be=e ! spread ( civilization4 ,! ,european settl]s cr[d !m out ( all ! m f]tile & habitable l&s1 press+ !m m & m into ! des]t ( ! int]ior1 :]e !y f9d x exce$+ly h>d to obta9 9 _! rov+1 unsettl$ lives ! necess>y means ( subsi/5ce4 ,great numb]s are ?us =c$ to succumb to deprivations n ( _! own br++1 & n a few to ! diseases & vices br\ght among !m by ! new possessors ( _! doma9s4 ,! l[e/ e/imate ( _! numb]1 prior to ! settlem5t ( ,europeans among !m1 gives ov] #aej1jjj1 b ! natives /ill surviv+ sc>cely figure "o-half ( t population4 ,x is only a "q ( a decade or two :5 ! ,au/ralian1 l ! ,tasmanian1 :o 0 once 8 ne> neighbor1 w h vani%$ f (f ! face ( ! c\ntry1 leav+ beh9d him 8 implem5ts ( w> & ! *ase1 8 cul9>y & dome/ic app>atus1 & ! rude c>v+s ( 8 h&s 9 caves & 9 rocks1 z ! pr9cipal evid5ces ( 8 e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,by compet5t critics ! ,au/ralian is pron\nc$ to be ! mo/ degrad$ ( human be+s1 & ! l[e/ type ( man4 ,9 reason1 love1 g5]osity1 consci5ce & m]e responsibility he is ! inf]ior ( _m ( ! l[] animals1 & 9 ! erection ( a h\se = com=t1 %elt] & security he is surpass$ by creatures ev5 z l[ 9 ! scale z ! worms & insects4 ,x is true1 :5 hung] has to be met1 t he has %[n "s skill 9 ! manufacture ( implem5ts necess>y to ! obta9m5t ( 8 food1 & also 9 resi/+ ! attacks ( 8 own k9d & ( ! natural enemies by :i* he is surr\nd$4 ,!re is no d\bt t he is well satisfi$ ) 8 condition 9 life1 & c\ld h>dly be induc$ to ex*ange x = ano!r4 ,he has d\btless fulfill$ ! purpose ( 8 be+ 9 ! _w1 & unable to cope 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) a sup]ior civilization mu/ succumb to ! latt] :i* is bett] fitt$ to endure1 a sad b impressive lesson :i* is ! tea*+ ( e *apt] ( ! _w's geologic /ory4 ,,liv+ ,,s\ls4 ,all ?+s 7 made by ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,9 ?is ,^w 0 life1 _s or en]gy4 ,)\t x 0 n any?+ made t 0 made4 ,h5ce1 says ,elihu1 8! ,_s ( ,god ha? made me1 & ! brea? ( ! ,almighty ha? giv5 me life20 or1 z ,moses te/ifies1 8! ,"l ,god =m$ man1 ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( lives2 & man became a ,,liv+ ,,s\l40 ,n[1 if x be ask$ :at ! ,scriptures def9e a liv+ s\l to be1 ! answ] is a liv+ natural1 or animal body1 :e!r ( bea/s1 birds1 fi% or m54 ,! phrase liv+ creature is ! exact synonyme ( liv+ s\l4 ,! words nephe% *ayiah are 9 ,hebrew ! signs ( ! ideas express$ by ,moses1 nephe% signify+ creature1 life1 s\l1 or brea?+ frame f ! v]b brea!1 & *ayiah1 a n\n f ! v]b to live1 ( life4 ,nephe% *ayiah is ! g5us :i* includes all species ( liv+ creatures4 ,9 ! common v]sion ( ! ,scriptures1 x is r5d]$ liv+ s\l1 &1 !re=e1 "u ?is =m ( expression !y speak ( all fle% :i* brea!s 9 air1 e>? & sea4 ,f ! evid5ce adduc$ a man !n is m]ely a body ( life 9 ! s5se ( 8 be+ an animal or liv+ creature--nephe% *ayiah adam4 ,!re=e1 z a natural man1 he has no prem95ce ov] ! creatures ,god has made4 ,moses makes no di/9ction betwe5 him & !m1 = he calls !m all liv+ s\ls1 brea?+ ! brea? ( lives4 ,8 language1 lit]ally r5d]$1 says1 8& ,god said1 ! wat]s %all produce abundantly %]etz *ayiah nephe% ! reptile liv+ s\l20 & aga91 8kal nephe% *ayiah erame%at e liv+ s\l creep+40 ,9 ano!r v]se1 8let ! e>? br+ =? nephe% *ayiah ! liv+ s\l aft] its k9d1 cattle1 & creep+ ?+1 & bea/ ( ! e>? aft] its k9d10 & 8lekol rume% ol e>etz a%] bu nephe% *ayiah to ev]y?+ creep+ ^u ! e>? :i* has 9 x liv+ brea?10 t is1 ! brea? ( lives4 ,& la/ly1 8:atsoev] ,adam call$ nephe% *ayiah ! liv+ s\l t 0 ! "n !re(40 ,n ev5 are quadrup$s & m5 liv+ s\ls1 b !y are vivifi$ by ! same brea? & _s4 ,ne%emet *ayim1 or ! brea? ( lives1 & n ! brea? ( life z ! text ( ! common v]sion has x1 is said to be 9 ! inf]ior creatures z well z 9 man4 ,*ayim 9 ! ,hebrew is 9 ! plural numb]1 & !re=e ! words ne%emet *ayim %\ld be r5d]$ z above4 ,?us1 ,god said1 8,i br+ a flood ( wat]s ^u ! e>? to de/roy all fle% :]e9 is rua* *ayim _s ( lives40 ,& 9 ano!r place1 8!y w5t 9 to ,noah into ! ark1 two & two ( all fle%1 9 :i* is rua* *ayim _s ( lives40 ,& all fle% di$ t mov$ ^u ! e>?1 bo? ( f[l1 & ( cattle1 & ( bea/1 & ( e creep+ ?+1 & e man2 all 9 ^: no/rils 0 ne%emet rua* *ayim1 ,,brea? ,,( ,,_s ,,( ,,lives4 ,n[1 z has be5 previ\sly affirm$1 x 0 ! ne%emet *ayim ) :i* ,god1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,moses1 inflat$ ! no/rils ( ,adam4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is 7 a p>ticle ( ! div9e ess5ce1 z x is decl>$1 :i* became ! immortal s\l 9 man1 !n all o!r animals h likewise immortal s\ls1 = !y all receiv$ brea? ( _s ( lives 9 common ) him4 ,begott5 ( ! same ,invisible ,p[]1 & =m$ f ! sub/ance ( a common e>? "m1 man & bea/s 7 animat$ by ! same _s1 & con/itut$ to be liv+ brea?+ frames1 ?\gh ( diff]5t species1 & 9 ,god !y liv$1 & mov$1 & _h _! cont9u$ be+4 ,return+ to ! philology ( our subject1 x is to be rem>k$ t by a metonymy1 or a figure ( spee* :]e ! conta9] is put = ! ?+ conta9$1 & conv]sely1 nephe%1 brea?+ frame1 is put = ne%emet rua* *ayim1 :i*1 :5 9 motion1 cause? ! frame to respire4 ,h5ce nephe% signifies n only brea? & s\l1 b also life1 or ^? mutually affective1 positive & negative pr9ciples 9 all liv+ creatures1 ^: clos$ circuits cause motion ( & 9 _! frames4 ,by ,moses ^! pr9ciples1 or qualities ( ! same ?+1 are app>5tly /yl$ ! ,rua* ,elohim1 or by ,timo?y ! ,_s ( ,him 8:o only ha? immortality1 dwell+ 9 ! light :i* no man c approa* unto1 :om no man ha? se51 nor c see10 & :i*1 :5 ! ^w 0 spok51 fir/ mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s1 & aft]w>ds dis5gag$ ! light1 evolv$ ! expanse1 ga!r$ ! wat]s toge!r1 br\ght =? ! gre5 vegetation1 manife/$ ! cele/ial univ]se1 vitaliz$ ! brea?+ frames ( ! dry l&1 ! firmam5t & ! seas1 & =m$ man 9 ,8 own image & lik5ess4 ,?is rua*1 or _s1 0 ! in/rum5tal pr9ciple commission$ by ! glori\s ,increate = ! elaboration ( ! natural _w1 ! erection ( ?is e>?ly h\se1 & its equipm5t ) liv+ s\ls ( e species2 & x is ?is same in/rum5tally =mative p[] t1 toge!r ) ! ne%emeh1 or brea?1 t keeps !m f p]i%+1 or return+ to ! du/4 8,if ,god set 8 he>t aga9/ man1 ,he w )draw to himself rua*u v5e%emetu1 t is1 ,8 _s & ,8 brea?2 all fle% %all 8p]i% toge!r1 & man %all turn aga9 to du/40 8,by ! ne%emet el10 or brea? ( ,god1 8fro/ is giv540 ,speak+ ( reptiles & bea/s1 ,david sai?1 8?\ )drawe/ rua*em--_! _s--!y die2 & to _! du/ !y return4 ,?\ s5de/ =? ruheck--?y _s--!y are creat$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,repres5tative ,,life ,,( ,,we/]n ,,asia4 ,illu/rat+ ! ,scriptural ,idea ( ,liv+ ,s\ls4 ,f ?is cumulative evid5ce x is manife/ t ! rua* is all-p]vad+4 ,x is 9 heav51 9 %eol1 or 9 ! du/ ( ! deepe/ holl[2 9 ! utt]mo/ dep?s ( ! sea2 9 ! d>kness z well z 9 ! light2 9 all ?+s animate & inanimate4 ,9 ! broade/1 or ,i may say1 9 an illimitable s5se1 x is an univ]sal pr9ciple4 ,x is ! sub/ratum ( all motion1 :e!r manife/$ 9 ! revolutions ( ! planets1 9 ! ebb & fl[ ( ! sea1 9 w9ds & /orms & tempe/s1 or 9 ! organisms ( plants & animals4 ,! atmosph]ic expanse is *>g$ ) x2 b x is n ! air4 ,animals & plants brea! x1 b x is n _! brea?2 yet )\t x1 ?\gh fill$ ) air1 !y w\ld die4 ,ne%emet el1 or atmosph]ic air1 is ! brea? ( ,god1 z ,job puts x1 or ! mighty expanse1 z affirm$ by ,moses4 ,:at ! rua*1 or _s1 is1 none ) c]ta9ty c say4 ,ext5d+ f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & !nce 9 all directions ?r\gh ! imm5sity ( space1 is ! ,rua* ,elohim1 ^: exi/5ce is demon/rable f ! ph5om5a ( ! natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,x p5etrates :]e ne%emet el _c p5etrate1 b :5 speak+ ( ! motivity & su/5tation ( organiz$ du/1 or s\ls1 !y co-exi/ ) !m1 ! ,rua* ,elohim becom+ ! rua* *ayim1 or _s ( lives2 ! ne%emet el1 ! ne%emet *ayim1 or brea? ( lives1 & bo? toge!r 9 ! elaboration & support ( life1 ! ne%emet rua* *ayim1 or brea? ( ! _s ( lives4 ,liv+ creatures1 or s\ls1 are n animat$1 z is errone\sly suppos$1 by a vital pr9ciple :i* is capable ( disembodi$ exi/5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 s\ls are made liv+ by ! coetane\s op]ation ( ! rua* *ayim & ! ne%emet *ayim ^u _! organiz$ tissues accord+ to c]ta9 fix$ laws1 call$ natural laws4 ,:5 ! z yet occult laws ( ! all-p]vad+ rua*1 or _s1 %all be made kn[n1 m5 w be a/oni%$ at _! ignorance respect+ liv+ s\ls1 z we are at ! notion ( ! anci5ts t _! immortal gods resid$ 9 ! /ocks & ! /ones !y s ignorantly wor%ipp$4 ,?\gh l5t to ! creatures ( ! natural _w = ! allott$ p]iod ( _! liv+ exi/5ce1 yet ! rua* *ayim & ne%emet *ayim are /ill ,god's brea? & ,god's _s1 & to di/+ui% !m f ! expanse ( air & _s 9 _! totality1 !y are sometimes specifically /yl$ 8! _s ( man0 & 8! _s ( ! bea/10 or collectively 8! spirits ( all fle%10 & 8_! brea?40 ,?us x is writt5 9 ,ecclesia/es1 8!y h all "o rua*1 or _s1 s t man ha? no prem95ce ov] a bea/2 = all is vanity or vapor40 8,all g to "o place2 all are ( ! du/1 & all turn to du/ aga940 ,& 9 ! s5se ( supply+ to e liv+ creature1 or s\l1 _s & brea?1 ,jehovah is /yl$ by ,moses 9 ! book ( ,numb]s1--8,god ( ! spirits ( all fle%40 ,en\gh has be5 advanc$ to %[ ! ,scriptural import ( ! text already quot$1 t 8! ,"l ,god =m$ man1 ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( lives2 & man became a liv+ s\l40 ,! simple1 obvi\s & undogmatic mean+ ( ?is is1 t ! du/ be+ animaliz$1 & !n organiz$1 0 next set 9 motion by ! inru% ( ! air ?r\gh 8 no/rils into 8 lungs accord+ to natural laws4 ,?is ph5om5on 0 ! ne%emet el1 or 8brea? ( ,god10 brea?+ into him2 & z x 0 ! pabulum ( life to all creatures con/itut$ ( du/1 x 0 v expressively /yl$ ! 8brea? ( lives10 & n ! 8brea? ( life40 ,god brea!s into e man at 8 bir? ! brea? ( lives to ?is day1 & !re c be no reason1 ,scriptural or o!rwise1 :y we %\ld d5y t ,he brea!d x into ,adam z ,he ha? done into ! no/rils ( 8 po/]ity by ! op]ation ( natural laws4 ,man1 z soon z he began to respire1 l ! embryo pass+ f ftal to infant life1 8became a liv+ s\l10 t is1 nephe% *ayiah1 a liv+1 brea?+ frame1 or body ( life4 ,all k9ds ( fle%1 :e!r ( man1 bea/1 f[l & creep+ ?+1 are made alive by ! same brea? & _s4 ,!y all become1 9 consequ5ce1 liv+ s\ls1 s t1 hav+ a on5ess ( _s1 a man ha? no sup]iority ov] a bea/4 ,hav+ n[ prov$1 z we ?9k1 beyond ! possibility ( a d\bt1 t m5 & bea/s 8h all "o rua*1 or _s10 & h5ce are all liv+ s\ls1 we n[ approa* a =m ( life1 t]m$ vegetable life1 ab\t :i* ! ,scriptures h little to say4 ,ne%emet el1 or atmosph]ic air1 is j z ess5tial to plants z to animals4 ,depriv$ ( x !y )] & die4 ,no less necess>y is ! all-p]vad+ rua*1 or _s4 ,x is 9 ! air1 ?\gh n ( ! air4 ,plants1 equally ) animals1 brea! x1 b x is n _! brea?4 ,)\t x1 ev5 ?\gh fill$ ) air1 !y w\ld p]i%4 ,p]haps x is ! base ( ea* ( ! elem5t>y con/itu5ts ( ! air4 ,uncomb9$1 may x n be t wond]ful fluid ^: explosions are he>d 9 ! ?und]1 ^: fi]y bolts ov]?r[ ! l(tie/ t[]s & rive ! /urdy mon>*s ( ! woods1 & ^: influ5ce1 ?\gh 9 less int5sity1 gives pol>ity to light1 ! ne$le1 & ! bra98 ,liv+ plants are a "p & p>cel ( ! life ( our globe4 ,!y prec$$ 9 ! gr& s*eme ( creation animal exi/5ces4 ,l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( life are =ms ab\t :i* x _c be pr$icat$ ^! are plants & ^! are animals4 ,sci5ti/s are unable to say :]e plant-life ends & animal-life beg9s4 ,no h>d-&-fa/ l9e c be drawn betwe5 ! two va/ k+doms ( life1 & x is (t5 :olly impossible to decide :e!r we are deal+ ) an animal or a plant4 ,!re c be no "q t ! e>lie/ life 0 vegetable by nature1 & t its habitat 0 ! primeval ocean4 ,?is is no less ! tea*+ ( sci5ce ?an t ( ! ,scriptures4 ,f "s su* life1 orig9at+ de novo z ! ,_s ( ,god pass$ ov] ! wat]s1 ! two great bran*es ( animate nature may h tak5 _! rise4 ,:at ! =m ( ?is life may h be51 :e!r cellul> or a m]e mass ( =mless protoplasm1 ! m9d ( man _c assev]ate4 ,x is a my/]y1 & w d\btless ev] rema9 z su* to f9ite intellig5ce4 ,t ?is life1 no matt] h[ app>5tly insignificant x mu/ h be51 brea!d 9 its own simple fa%ion1 t is1 by ! coetane\s op]ation ( ! rua* *ayim & ! ne%emet *ayim ^u its simple sub/ance 9 accordance ) natural law1 !re c be no dispute4 ,brea?+ is n always condition$ by ! exi/5ce ( no/rils4 ,plants respire1 or1 9 o!r words1 take 9 c>bonic acid f ! air ?r\gh _! /omata1 or m\?s1 :i* !y sep>ate into its compon5ts ( c>bon & oxyg51 appropriat+ ! =m]1 :i* !y build into solid matt]1 b usually ?r[+ (f ! latt] into ! great receptacle ( atmosph]e f :i* x 0 extract$4 ,ev5 a mon]1 :i* has no di/9ction ( p>ts1 may be said to brea!1 b x brea!s by means ( its :ole ext]nal surface1 = ne%emeh & rua* are z necess>y to x z to man himself4 ,x w ?us be obvi\s t plants are liv+1 brea?+ frames1 or bodies ( life1 & h5ce are z mu* entitl$ to be consid]$ z liv+ s\ls z animals are4 ,let b ,god )draw 8 rua*1 or _s1 f !m1 & !y die & to _! du/ return4 ,surely no m c\ld be pr$icat$ ( animals4 ,,consci\sness ,,9 ,,plants4 ,plants1 x has be5 vaguely ass]t$1 diff] f animals by n hav+ ! p[] ( movem5t4 ,r %\ld x be /at$ t plants acquire & display ?is p[] :5 x is to _! advantage4 ,?is w be f\nd to be ( comp>atively r>e occurr5ce1 z !y are affix$ to ! gr\nd1 & food is br\ght to !m by ! air & ra94 ,evid5ce ( ! v high position a plant may atta9 9 ! scale ( organization may be se5 :5 we look at "o ( ! m p]fect t5dril-be>]s4 ,z a polypus adju/s its t5tacula = action1 s a plant places its t5drils4 ,if ! t5dril be displac$1 x sets to "w to "r itself4 ,act$ on by ! light1 x b5ds t[>ds or f x1 or disreg>ds x altoge!r1 :i*ev] c\rse may be ! mo/ advantage\s4 ,= sev]al days ! t5drils or int]nodes ( ! plant1 or bo?1 spontane\sly or o!rwise revolve ) a /eady motion4 ,b %\ld !y /rike "s object1 !y curl quickly ar\nd x1 grasp x ) wond]ful firmness1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs contract into spirals1 dragg+ up ! /ems1 & =m+ mo/ excell5t spr+s4 ,all ext]nal movem5ts n[ cease1 & by gr[? ! tissues soon become surpris+ly /rong & durable4 ,su* a movem5t1 z has j be5 consid]$1 is a widely preval5t "o 9 plants1 & is ess5tially ( ! same nature z t ( ! /em ( a climb+ plant1 :i* successively b5ds to all po9ts ( ! compass1 s t ! tip is made to revolve4 ,?is movem5t has be5 call$ revolv+ nutation by "s writ]s1 & circumnutation by o!rs4 ,9 ! case ( ! circumnutat+ movem5t ( ! tip ( ! radicle ( "s plants1 !re c be no d\bt t x is x t af=ds ! radicle "s slight assi/ance 9 p5etrat+ ! gr\nd4 ,b :e!r or n a radicle1 :5 surr\nd$ by s(t5$ e>?1 is aid$ 9 mak+ a passage = itself by circumnutat+1 "o ?+ is c]ta91 t is1 t ?is movem5t1 by guid+ ! radicle along a l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 c h>dly fail to be ( high importance4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 a radicle 9 its d[nw>d gr[? break obliquely into any crevice1 or an op5+ left by a decay$ root1 or "o made by ! l>va ( an insect1 & m especially by worms1 ! circumnutat+ movem5t ( ! tip w mat]ially aid x 9 foll[+ su* op5 passages4 ,n only our own obs]vation1 b also ^? ( su* em95t au?orities z ,d>w9 & ,h5s51 conclusively %[ t roots commonly run d[n ! old burr[s ( worms4 ,b radicles ( se$l+s1 z well z ^? ( m vigor\s plants1 w\ld pass ov] /ones1 roots & o!r ob/acles1 :i* !y mu/ necess>ily enc\nt] 9 ! soil4 ,?is !y are abundantly able to d1 = !y are exce$+ly s5sitive j above _! apices1 & b5d l a t5dril t[>ds ! t\*+ object4 ,:51 h[ev]1 "o side ( ! apex is press$ by any object1 ! gr[+ "p b5ds away f t object1 & ?is seems a beautiful adaptation = avoid+ ob/acles 9 ! soil1 & = foll[+ ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,se$l+ ,,( ,,w9t] ,,grape4 ,e>? ,cut ,away to ,%[ ,directions ,tak5 by ,tip ( ,radicle 9 ,avoid+ a ,/one4 ,s feeble is ! circumnutat+ movem5t ( ! t]m9al gr[+ "p1 bo? ( ! prim>y & second>y radicles1 t x c assi/ !m b little 9 p5etrat+ ! gr\nd1 except+ :5 ! sup]ficial lay] is v s(t & moi/4 ,b x mu/ aid !m mat]ially :5 !y *ance to break obliquely into cracks1 or into burr[s t h be5 made by e>?-worms or l>v4 ,moreov]1 comb9$ z x is ) ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! tip ( ! radicle to contact1 x c h>dly fail to be ( ! highe/ importance1 = z ! tip is always endeavor+ to b5d to all sides1 x w press on all sides1 & w ?us be able to discrim9ate betwe5 ! h>d] & s(t] adjo9+ surfaces4 ,consequ5tly1 x w t5d to b5d f ! h>d] soil1 & w ?us take ! directions ( ! lea/ resi/ance4 ,s x w act if x meet ) a /one or ! root ( ano!r plant 9 ! soil1 z mu/ incessantly occur4 ,if ! tip 7 n s5sitive1 & did n excite ! upp] "p ( ! radicle to b5d away1 :5ev] ob/acles 7 enc\nt]$ at "r angles to its gr[+ direction1 x w\ld und\bt$ly be liable to be d\bl$ up into a contort$ mass4 ,b ) radicles gr[+ d[n incl9$ plates ( glass1 z %[n by exp]im5t1 x has be5 obs]v$ t z soon z ! tip m]ely t\*$ a slip ( wood cem5t$ across ! plate1 ! entire t]m9al gr[+ po9t curv$ away1 s t ! tip soon /ood at "r angles to its =m] direction2 & ?us1 z f> z ! pressure ( ! surr\nd+ soil w\ld p]mit1 w\ld x be ) an ob/acle enc\nt]$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,?ick & /rong radicles1 l ^? ( ! horse-*e/nut1 are end[$ ) less s5sitiv5ess ?an m delicate ones1 & w\ld !re=e be ! bett] able by ! =ce ( _! gr[? to ov]come any slight imp$im5t to _! progress4 ,fur!r1 z radicles p]ceive an excess ( moi/ure 9 ! air on "o side & b5d t[>ds ?is side1 x is reasonable to inf] t !y w act 9 a simil> mann] ) respect to moi/ure 9 ! e>?1 = ! s5sitiv5ess ( moi/ure resides 9 ! tip1 :i* det]m9es ! b5d+ ( ! upp] "p4 ,may n ?is capacity p>tly acc\nt = ! ext5t to :i* dra9-pipes (t5 become *ok$ ) roots8 ,! direction :i* ! apex takes at ea* successive p]iod ( ! gr[? ( a root1 ultimately det]m9es its :ole c\rse4 ,x is !re=e v important t ! apex %\ld foll[ f ! fir/ ! mo/ advantage\s direction4 ,we c ?us und]/& :y s5sitiv5ess to geotropism1 contact & moi/ure %\ld all reside 9 ! tip1 & :y x %\ld det]m9e ! upp] gr[+ "p to b5d ei!r f or to ! excit+ cause4 ,d>w9 has comp>$ a radicle ) a burr[+ animal1 su* z a mole1 :i* wi%es to p5etrate v]tically into ! gr\nd4 ,by a process ( circumnutation1 or ! movem5t ( 8 head f side to side1 he is enabl$ to feel any /one or o!r ob/acle1 z well z any diff]5ce 9 h>dness ( soil t may exi/1 & w !re=e turn f t side2 b if damp] on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 w turn ?i!r z a m suitable hunt+-gr\nd4 ,nev]!less1 aft] ea* int]ruption1 he1 guid$ by ! s5se ( gravity1 w be able to recov] 8 d[nw>d direction & to rea* to a great] dep?4 ,de/ruction ( ! tip ( a radicle does n prev5t ! adjo9+ "p f b5d+1 if ?is "p has already receiv$ "s influ5ce f ! tip4 ,z ) a horizontally ext5d$ radicle1 ^: tip has be5 cut (f or de/roy$1 ! "p :i* %\ld b5d mo/ rema9s motionless = _m days or h\rs1 ev5 ?\gh expos$ at "r angles to ! full influ5ce ( gravity1 we _c d o!rwise ?an conclude t ! tip alone is s5sitive to ?is p[]1 & transmits "s /imulus to ! neighbor+ p>ts1 !reby caus+ !m to b5d4 ,direct evid5ce ( su* transmission has be5 obta9$4 ,:5 a radicle 0 left ext5d$ horizontally = an h\r or an h\r & a half1 by :i* "t ! suppos$ influ5ce w h travell$ "s di/ance f ! tip1 & ! tip 0 !n cut (f1 ! radicle subsequ5tly became b5t1 al?\gh x 0 plac$ 9 a p]p5dicul> position4 ,t]m9al portions ( sev]al radicles ?us treat$ cont9u$ = "s "t to gr[ 9 ! direction ( _! newly-acquir$ curvature1 = be+ de/itute ( tips !y 7 no long] act$ ^u by ! p[] ( gravity4 ,new vegetative po9ts1 h[ev]1 appe>$1 & be+ act$ on by ?is influ5ce c\rs$ !mselves p]p5dicul>ly d[nw>d z 0 _! cu/om4 ,inve/igation hav+ %[n t x is ! tip ( ! radicle t is s5sitive to geotropism 9 ! memb]s ( su* di/9ct families z ! ,legum9os1 ,malvace1 ,cucurbitace & ,gram9e1 :i* may be repres5t$ by ! ,clov]1 ,mall[1 ,g\rd & ,rye1 we may ju/ly inf] t ?is "* is common to ! roots ( mo/ se$l+-plants4 ,:il/ a root is p5etrat+ ! gr\nd1 ! tip mu/ take ! incipi5t /ep1 z x has to det]m9e ! direction ( ! entire root4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is deflect$ by any subt]ranean ob/acle1 x is ess5tial t a consid]able l5g? ( ! root %\ld be able to b5d1 p>ticul>ly z ! tip itself gr[s sl[ly & b5ds b little1 s t ! prop] d[nw>d c\rse %\ld be recov]$4 ,immat]ial z x w\ld seem :e!r ! entire gr[+ "p %\ld be s s5sitive to geotropism z to effect ?is movem5t1 or t x %\ld be br\ght ab\t by an influ5ce transmitt$ exclusively f ! tip1 we %\ld1 h[ev]1 rememb] t x is ! tip t is s5sitive to ! contact ( h>d objects1 caus+ ! radicle to b5d away f !m1 ?us direct+ x along c]ta9 l9es 9 ! soil :]e ! lea/ opposition int]poses4 ,x is aga9 ! tip t is alone s5sitive1 at lea/ 9 "s in/ances1 to moi/ure1 caus+ ! radicle to b5d t[>ds its s\rce4 ,^! la/ two k9ds ( s5sitiv5ess conqu] = a "t ! s5sitiv5ess to geotropism1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ultimately prevails4 ,b ! ?ree k9ds mo/ (t5 come into antagonism1 fir/ "o prevail+1 & !n ! o!r4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be an advantage1 p]haps a necessity1 = ! int]weigh+ & reconcil+ ( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( s5sitiv5ess1 t !y %\ld all be localiz$ 9 ! same gr\p ( cells :i* h to transmit ! comm& to ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ! radicle1 necessitat+ x to b5d to or f ! s\rce ( ! irritation4 ,?\gh g5]ally believ$ by au?ors t ! modification ( ! upp] or l[] surfaces ( a radicle1 :]eby curvature is induc$ 9 ! prop] direction1 is ! direct result ( gravitation1 yet !re c be no "q f all t has be5 said t x is ! tip alone t is act$ on & t transmits "s influ5ce to ! adjo9+ p>ts1 caus+ !m to curve 9 a d[nw>d mann]4 ,gravity1 x w\ld seem1 does n act 9 a m direct way on a radicle ?an x does on any l[ly-organiz$ animal1 :i* moves away :5 x feels "s weight or pressure4 ,:5 we consid] :at we h writt51 x is impossible n to be impress$ ) ! resemblance betwe5 ! movem5ts ( plants & _m ( ! actions p]=m$ by ! l[] animals4 ,) plants an a/oni%+ly small /imulus suffices4 ,"o plant may be highly s5sitive to ! slighte/ cont9u$ pressure1 :ile a closely-alli$ =m j z highly s5sitive to a slight mom5t>y t\*4 ,! habit ( mov+ at c]ta9 p]iods is inh]it$ bo? by plants & animals2 & o!r po9ts ( similitude h be5 specifi$4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ resemblance is ! localization ( _! s5sitiv5ess1 & ! transmission ( a /imulus f ! excit+ po9t to ano!r1 :i* consequ5tly moves4 ,yet plants d n1 ( c\rse1 possess n]ves or a c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,may we n !re=e inf]1 & wisely s1 too1 t ) animals su* /ructures b s]ve = ! m p]fect transmission ( impressions1 & = ! m complete int]communication ( _! sev]al p>ts8 ,no /ructure 9 plants seems m wond]ful1 z f> z its functions are conc]n$1 ?an ! tip ( ! radicle4 ,lightly press$ or burnt or cut1 x transmits an influ5ce to ! upp] adjo9+ "p1 caus+ x to b5d away f ! affect$ side4 ,b m surpris+1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t ! tip c di/+ui% betwe5 a slightly h>d] & s(t] object1 by :i* x is simultane\sly press$ on opposite sides4 ,let ! radicle be press$ by a simil> object a little above ! tip1 & x w be notic$ t ! press$ "p does n transmit any influ5ce to ! m di/ant p>ts1 b b5ds abruptly t[>ds ! object4 ,p]ceiv+ ! air to be moi/] on "o side ?an ! o!r1 x likewise s5ds out an influ5ce to ! upp] adjo9+ "p1 :i* deflects t[>ds ! s\rce ( ! moi/ure4 ,:5 excit$ by light1 ! neighbor+ "p b5ds f ! light2 b :5 excit$ by gravitation1 ! same "p b5ds t[>ds ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,9 almo/ e in/ance ! ultimate purpose or advantage ( ! sev]al movem5ts c be cle>ly p]ceiv$4 ,two1 or p]haps m1 ( ! excit+ causes (t5 act simultane\sly on ! tip1 & "o conqu]s ! o!r1 d\btless 9 accordance ) its importance = ! life ( ! plant4 ,! c\rse pursu$ by ! radicle 9 p5etrat+ ! gr\nd be+ det]m9$ by ! tip1 has acquir$ = x ! div]se k9ds ( s5sitiv5ess :i* x possesses2 & x is h>dly an exagg]ation to ass]t t ! tip ( ! radicle ?us end[$1 & hav+ ! p[] to direct ! movem5ts ( ! adjo9+ p>ts1 acts l ! bra9 ( "o ( ! l[] animals1 :i* organ1 seat$ )9 ! ant]ior end ( ! body1 receives impressions f ! s5se-organs1 & directs _! sev]al movem5ts4 ,9 animals possess$ ( a n]v\s sy/em1 contractions only foll[ /imuli1 :i* are c>ri$ to ! contractile elem5ts by n]v\s ?reads1 ! int]nal en]gy repres5t+ ! ext]nal /imulus be+ call$ n]v\s en]gy or neurism4 ,b :]e a n]v\s sy/em does n exi/1 z is ! case 9 "s l[ animals & 9 all plants1 ext]nal /imuli mu/ be ju/ly suppos$ to be conv]t$ into ! same =m ( en]gy1 :i* 9 su* organisms has a g5]al circulation ?r\gh\t ! contractile protoplasm4 ,! atta9m5t ( "s position1 favorable = ! procurem5t ( relief f "s unpleasant s5sation1 or ! acquisition ( "s agreeable "o1 or = bo?1 is ! important ?+ directly subs]v$ by su* movem5ts 9 ! g5]ality ( animals4 ,:ile we h ! be/ ( reasons = believ+ ?is to be true 9 ! va/ majority ( animals1 because fundam5tally _! /ructure is simil> to our own1 yet ! inf]5ce t ! same is true ( ! l[e/ =ms ( life is ju/ifiable until x is prov$ to be mi/ak54 ,:atev] be ! nature ( any movem5t1 :e!r ! project+ ( portions ( its own body-sub/ance z pseudopodia 9 ! primitive animal1 ! movem5t ( flagella or cilia 9 m specializ$ =ms1 or ! turn+ ( ! radicle ( a plant-se$l+ 9 ov]com+ "s ob/acle1 !re is no resi/+ ! conclusion t ! functions ( ^! organs1 :5 once call$ into exi/5ce1 are due to /imuli n unlike ^? :i* affect ! motions ( ! limbs ( ! high] animals1 & t ! prelim9>y to all su* movem5ts1 :i* are n automatic1 is an ef=t4 ,& z no adaptive movem5t is automatic ! fir/ "t x is p]=m$1 ef=t1 !re=e1 may be reg>d$ z ! imm$iate s\rce ( all movem5t4 ,n[1 ef=t is a consci\s /ate1 & implies a s5se ( resi/ance to be ov]come4 ,b :5 an act is p]=m$ )\t ef=t1 resi/ance has be5 ov]come1 & ! me*anism requisite = its p]=mance has be5 complet$4 ,automatism has n[ be5 rea*$4 ,new movem5ts1 9 _! incipi5cy1 necess>ily meet ) resi/ance4 ,h[ ?is resi/ance is ov]come1 !re seems to be "s div]sity ( op9ion among physiologi/s & metaphysicians1 b x is g5]ally believ$ t "s su* m5tal /ate z a s5sation or a desire1 :i* may or may n /imulate a natural process z an int]v5+ elem5t 9 ! circuit1 is conc]n$ 9 its subduem5t4 ,t s5se-p]ceptions are /imuli to ! imm$iate appe>ance ( /ructural *anges or movem5ts is %[n by ! production ( color-*anges 9 animals ?r\gh *anges 9 ! condition ( ! organs ( sight & 9 ! b5d+ ( ! radicle ( a se$l+-plant a %ort di/ance above its tip 9 ob$i5ce to a communication f ! tip ( a s5sation ( h>dness1 caus$ by contact ) a /one exp]i5c$ 9 its d[nw>d progress 9 ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tip ,,( ,,radicle ,,( ,,se$l+ ,,maple4 ,l[] ,cells ,%[ ,:]e ,consci\sness is ,suppos$ to ,reside4 ,new conditions br+ =? new acts 9 animals4 ,no "o c d5y ?is /atem5t1 z in/ances ( its tru? are too frequ5t to believe o!rwise4 ,t su* may be pr$icat$ ( plants1 :i* h n ! ability1 z a rule1 to meet ) new conditions by reason ( _! be+ affix$ to ! soil1 v few p]sons are will+ to admit2 b !re is no gett+ away f ! fact4 ,! tip ( ! radicle ( a plant n only has ! p[]1 act+ z a bra91 z x w\ld seem1 ( guid+ ! root out ( ! rea* ( an ob/acle t w\ld be injuri\s1 or 9 ! direction ( wat] :5 x w\ld be an advantage1 b a t5dril has also ! ability1 9 ob$i5ce to "s inh]5t =ce1 ( mak+ its way to a support t has be5 purposely plac$ 9 ! ne> di/ance = its especial b5efit4 ,no ext]nal ag5cies1 :i* ! mat]iali/ic naturali/ has devis$ = acc\nt+ = ! movem5ts ( plants & l[ types ( animal exi/5ces t are devoid ( a visible n]v\s sy/em1 c possibly expla9 ^! movem5ts1 :i* are only explicable on ! !ory t n]v\s en]gy may be elaborat$ & be di/ribut$ )\t su* a sy/em by & ?r\gh ! g5]al mass ( ! plant or animal1 or by & ?r\gh su* p>ts z may be necess>y to its good4 ,no "o :o has exp]im5t$ ) ! ,dros]as or ,sundews1 c h fail$ to obs]ve ! extreme s5sitiv5ess :i* resides 9 _! leaves4 ,t ^! plants manife/ a comp>atively high ord] ( consci\sness1 !re c be no "q4 ,try !m ) insects1 or r>e bits ( meat1 z articles ( diet1 & 9 a few h\rs1 if vigor\s leaves h be5 exp]im5t$ )1 ! leaves w h fold$ ar\nd ! food & comm5c$ _! curi\s process ( assimilation4 ,m9]al sub/ances1 su* z bits ( *alk1 magnesia & small pebbles1 h no su* effect4 ,!y seem to ignore ^! ?+s1 j z an intellig5t animal w\ld if !y 7 plac$ by its side4 ,"s exp]im5ts made by ,mrs4 ,treat1 sev]al summ]s ago1 g f> to confirm ! /atem5t t plants are end[$ ) "s sort ( consci\sness4 ,dros]a fili=mis 0 ! species us$ 9 h] exp]im5ts4 ,"s liv+ flies 7 p9n$ "o-half an in* f ! leaves1 b ne> _! apical extremities4 ,9 =ty m9utes ! leaves _h p]ceptibly b5t t[>d ! flies1 & 9 little m ?an an h\r _h rea*$ ! prey1 ! legs ( ! latt] be+ entangl$ & held fa/ by ! t5tacles ( ! leaves4 ,next1 ! flies 7 remov$ ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* fur!r f ! leaves1 b ! latt]1 ev5 ?\gh b5t away f ! direction ( ! light1 fail$ to rea* !m at ?is di/ance4 ,:at 0 x t induc$ ! leaves to /ret* 9 ! direction ( ! flies8 ,_h ! sun be5 %9+ f t side1 x might be said t ! movem5t ( ! leaves 0 influ5c$ by its light & heat1 = plants z a g5]al rule turn t[>d t "p ( ! heav5s :]e ^! en]gies are ! mo/ effective4 ,x _c be t !y 7 produc$ by "s emanation ( moi/ure f ! bodies ( ! flies1 or by any influ5ce t might be ex]cis$ by ! vibratory movem5ts ( _! w+s4 ,no va9 imag9+s ( su* "* w suffice = _! explanation4 ,! en]gy necess>y to expla9 ?is ph5om5on mu/ come f )9 ! leaves !mselves4 ,!re 0 felt )9 !m a desire = food1 & x 0 ?is desire t l$ ! leaves to b5d away f ! light & 9 ! direction ( ! objects ^: pres5ce creat$ 9 !m t s5sation4 ,b h[ !y 7 able1 9 ! abs5ce ( any visible s5se-organs1 to det]m9e ! pres5ce ( ^! objects1 is difficult to surmise4 ,t !y are s5sitive to contact is g5]ally conc$$4 ,& 9 !m1 no d\bt1 ! s5se ( t\* is ke5ly develop$4 ,grant+ ?is to be ! tru?1 !n !y see1 z a bl9d man sees1 by ! s5se ( feel+4 ,curr5ts ( air1 e/abli%$ by ! vibration ( ! insect's w+s1 imp++ ^u ! epid]mis ( ! leaves1 affect ! cells b5ea?1 & a n]v\s influ5ce is />t$1 guid$ by "s c5tral ag5cy1 ( :i* we "k no?+1 caus+ ! leaves to b5d 9 ! prop] direction4 ,b :y ! leaves d n ?us b5d :5 imp+$ ^u by curr5ts o!r ?an ^? produc$ by insects1 ,i am unable to say4 ,ev5 z a bl9d man1 ?\gh deaf1 is able ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\* to discrim9ate mov+ objects by ! curr5ts ( air !y excite1 s x may be presum$ t ! leaves ( ,dros]a are end[$ ) ! same wond]ful & intellig5t capacity4 ,su* a feel+ once exp]i5c$ w\ld be apt to be kn[n aga91 = x w\ld become fix$ 9 consci\sness by a process ( memory4 ,t ,dros]a1 ^: habits are m animal-l ?an plant-l1 mu/ occupy a high position 9 ! scale ( vegetable life1 !re c be no reason to d\bt f :at has be5 said1 & ?is assumption receives a mo/ rem>kable confirmation f ! fact t !re are evid5ces1 n app>5t h[ev]1 ( a sort ( n]v\s sy/em 9 its make-up1 z %[n by ! discov]y ( ,d>w9 t by prick+ a c]ta9 po9t 9 a leaf "o-half ( its sub/ance becomes p>alyz$4 ,wond]ful z ^! facts are1 yet !y are n m s ?an "s rec5t discov]ies made by ,/ahl :ile /udy+ ! simple movem5ts & physical conditions ( c]ta9 l[ plants call$ ,myxomycetes4 ,9 _! "y /ages ^! plants w&] f ! p>ts ( ! deposit on :i* !y are creep+1 & :i* are gradually dry+ up1 t[>d ^? :i* are m moi/4 ,x is possible1 by br++ moi/ bodies 9 proximity to any ramifications1 to produce pseudopodia1 :i* lift !mselves f ! deposit1 & soon come into contact ) ! moi/ object1 s z to enable ! :ole mass ( ! plasmodium1 t is1 ! l>ge1 motile1 membran\s protoplasmic body =m$ by ! coalesc5ce ( ! sw>m-spores ( ! ,myxomycetes1 to migrate !reon4 ,b on ! entrance ( ! plasmodia into ! fructify+ condition1 ! ,myxomycete quits ! moi/ deposit1 te*nically call$ ! sub/ratum1 & creeps upw>ds on to ! surface ( dry objects4 ,unequal di/ribution ( w>m? 9 ! sub/ratum & unequal supplies ( oxyg5 & *emical sub/ances soluble 9 wat] also cause locomotion 9 ^! /range organisms4 ,let ! plasmodia come into contact on "o side ) solutions ( saltpetre1 c>bonate ( pota% or common salt1 & !y at once )draw f ! dang]\s spot2 b an infusion ( tan1 or a dilute solution ( sug>1 causes a fl[ ( ! protoplasm & an ultimate translocation ( ! entire plasmodial mass t[>ds ! s\rce ( n\ri%m5t4 ,"s solutions h an attractive or repulsive effect1 b ?is is 9 accordance ) ! degree ( _! conc5tration4 ,unlike :at is s natural to plants 9 g5]al1 ! ,myxomycetes seem to h an av]sion to light1 z %[n by _! disposition to )draw f its pres5ce4 ,h[ su* t5d] /ructures z ! ,myxomycetes1 :i* are de/itute ( e k9d ( ext]nal protection1 are enabl$ to c>ry on _! exi/5ce1 ! k ( ! rem>kably delicate reaction ( _! plasmodia "u ext]nal influ5ces prep>es u to und]/&4 ,plasmodia1 :i* are n yet ripe = reproduction1 are kept 9 ! moi/ sub/ratum by _! peculi> affection = moi/ure & utt] dislike ( ! light4 ,b )9 ! d>kness & moi/ure ( ! sub/ratum ! plasmodia d n necess>ily rema9 9 "o place1 = ! diff]5ces 9 ! *emical composition ( ! sub/ratum cause cont9ual migrations4 ,no?+ m rem>kable c be said ( ! plasmodia ?an t !y h a wond]ful faculty ( avoid+ h>mful sub/ances1 &1 trav]s+ ! sub/ratum 9 all directions1 ( tak+ up ! mat]ials !y require = food & gr[?4 ,:51 h[ev]1 _! int]nal *anges h advanc$ s f> t ! plasmodia are approa*+ ! fructify+ condition1 !y are br\ght by _! dislike = moi/ure1 :i* n[ sets 91 f ! moi/ gr\nd ( =e/ or wood :i* !y affect to ! surface1 :]e !y creep up v>i\s upright objects1 frequ5tly n do+ m ?an =m+ rigid reproductive capsules at "s height f ! gr\nd4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! sub/ratum becomes gradually cold]1 z is ! case 9 autumn1 a *ange :i* sets 9 at ! surface mov+ d[nw>ds1 !n ! plasmodia migrate into deep] regions /ill hav+ a high] temp]ature2 b :5 ! cool+ proce$s v gradually1 :i* especially happ5s 9 l>ge tan-heaps1 ! plasmodia may 9 _! migration atta9 consid]able dep?s1 :]e !y !n *ange into scl]otia1 :i* are h>d tub]\s sub/ances1 resembl+ ! tub]s & bulbs ( fl[]+ plants4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! temp]ature beg9s to asc5d1 ! scl]otia aga9 g]m9ate1 & movem5t takes place f ! deep] & cool] p>ts to ! upp] already nam$4 ,?us we see1 9 ! locomotion ( ! ,myxomycetes1 extremely int]e/+ cases ( movem5ts due to /imulation4 ,light1 heat1 moi/ure & gravitation are1 9 g5]al1 /imulus-movem5ts1 & ultimately all gr[? dep5ds on /imulus-movem5t1 ! mo/ primitive k9d ( protoplasmic movem5t4 ,no causes o!r ?an ^? :i* actuate high] organisms c be disc]n$ to acc\nt = ?is l[e/ type ( organic movem5t4 ,:at =m ( inorganic en]gy c be cit$ ( suffici5t pot5cy to cause ! organism to *ange1 & )\t reg>d to gravitation or any kn[n =m ( attraction or repulsion1 its position 9 ob$i5ce to /imuli act+ = its self-pres]vation8 ,!re is none4 ,9 ! ,fuligo1 or ,tan ,fl[]1 a mo/ rem>kable example ( design$ movem5t has be5 obs]v$4 ,?is =m w1 accord+ to ,h4 ,j4 ,c>t]1 9 its e>ly ambula /age1 :5 isolat$ f ! sawdu/ & *ips ( wood among :i* x has be5 liv+1 adapt itself to ! wat] ( a wat*-glass1 or any o!r %all[ vessel1 9 :i* x may happ5 to be plac$4 ,b1 if ! wat*-glass be plac$ ^u ! sawdu/1 !n x w make its way ov] ! side ( ! glass to get to ! sawdu/4 ,"h is probably %[n a s5se-p]ception ( ! pres5ce & position ( ! tan-b>k1 z well z a feel+ ( desire to g to x4 ,may n ?is desire h be5 due to a s5se ( discom=t induc$ by ! surr\nd+ wat]1 or to ! call+ up 9 memory ( "s sup]ior com=t associat$ ) ! tan-b>k8 ,man 9 8 self-complac5cy ?9ks t he kn[s ! plants ab\t him4 ,x is true t he has not$ _! =m1 _! anatomy1 _! color & _! resemblances & diff]5ces1 b h[ few h /udi$ !m 9 mead[ & woods by ! light ( a lant]n at night or by ! silv] rays ( ! moon4 ,"o feels on su* an occasion z ?\gh he _h /epp$ f 8 ?re%old ^u a =eign soil4 ,fold$ leaves & /range sleep+ =ms w be f\nd to confront y 9 e direction4 ,( ! nature ( ! nocturnal movem5ts ( plants1 z well z _! v>i$ & curi\s attitudes1 bo? 9 leaves & fl[]s1 mu* speculation has be5 rife among botani/s4 ,9 _m fl[]s ! night attitudes h be5 conclusively %[n to h relation solely to _! f]tilization by insects2 b ! droop+ night attitudes ( ! leaves 7 suppos$ to indicate an av]sion to moi/ure1 _m plants seem+ly v]ify+ ! conjecture by ! assumption ( ! same position dur+ ra9 z 9 ! dew4 ,b :5 ! same pranks 7 play$ on a cl\dy day or a dewless night1 ! explanation _h to be ab&on$4 ,) ! clov]s1 ! nocturnal positions ( ! heads seem to be assum$ only 9 ! d>kness1 & ?is inv>iably1 dew or no dew1 :ile ! leaves appe> to revel 9 ! ra91 rema9+ freely op51 _! *ief conc]n be+ ! protection ( ! "y blossom-clu/]s4 ,7 our eyes %>p en\gh we might disc]n a c]ta9 /rang5ess 9 ! nocturnal expression ( e plant & tree4 ,b 9 no tree is ?is expression s rem>kably emphasiz$ z 9 ! locu/1 a memb] ( ! same legum9\s ord] ( plants ) ! clov]4 ,^! trees are especially not$ = ! pron\nc$ irritability ( _! leaves1 & odd nocturnal cap]s1 ^: seem+ vital consci\sness has induc$ "s au?orities to place !m at ! extremity ( _! sy/em1 9 contact ) ! limits ( ! animal k+dom4 ,h[ /range ! pigwe$s look at night6 ,_! upp] leaves1 :i* dur+ ! day _h ext5d$ wide on _! long /ems1 n[ incl9e upw>d aga9/ ! /alk1 enclos+ ! tops ( ! y\ng] bran*es1 b /ill old] plants are se5 ) leaves ext5d$ mu* z at mid-day1 b ne>ly all turn$ edgewise by a twi/ 9 ! /em4 ,circl+ 9 a close curve1 ! creep+-mall[ blossom n[ ignores h] pr\d array ( *eeses1 & ! oxalis fl[] has =gott5 h] %oot+ pods to keep ! vigil1 clos$ & nodd+ ^u h] /em1 :ile h] leaves masqu]ade 9 "o ( ! odde/ disguises1 _! ?ree he>t-%ap$ leaflets be+ se5 reflex$ & adju/+ !mselves back to back ar\nd ! /em ) _m contortions4 ,:atev] ! function ( ?is /range nocturnal movem5t may be1 & x is /ill a matt] ( dispute ) botani/s1 "o ?+ we are c]ta9 ab\t1 t is1 its ess5tial condition to ! life ( ! plant1 c>eful exp]im5t hav+ demon/rat$1 accord+ to "o au?ority1 t 8if ! leaves are prev5t$ f s regulat+ _! surface1 !y lose _! color & die 9 a few days0--a fact :i* ,d>w9 has j z conclusively %[n to be ! case ) o!r plants4 ,fl[]s t bloom by night c\ld h>dly be suspect$ ( t vanity :i* ,rhodora has be5 made to confess by ,em]son 9 8 beautiful l9es to ?is fl[]4 ,our ev5+ primrose does n bloom 9 ! d>k h\rs = m]e s5tim5t or moon%9e1 b f a nature :i* lies1 figuratively speak+1 mu* ne>] h] he>t4 8,(t5 :5 ! nights are v d>k10 says an old writ]1 8h] petals emit a mild phosphoresc5t light1 & look z if illum9at$ = a holiday4 ,& he :o does n fe> to be out 9 h] mild & lovely haunt may see a v>iety ( nocturnal ephem] hov]+ ar\nd ! light$ petals1 or sipp+ at ! fl[]y f\nta9s1 :ile o!rs re/ among ! bran*es or hurry up ! /ems z if fe>+ to be too late40 ,f ! fir/ mom5t ( h] woo+ welcome x w\ld seem t our ev5+ primrose li/5s = murmur+ w+s1 & awaits t supreme fulfilm5t ) joy\s expectancy1 = x w inv>iably be f\nd t ^! blossoms1 :i* op5 9 ! twilight1 h adapt$ !mselves to crepuscul> mo?s & o!r nocturnal insects1 a fact :i* f9ds a /rik+ illu/ration 9 ! in/ances ( v long tubul>-%ap$ night-bloom+ fl[]s1 l ! honeysuckle & div]s or*ids1 ^: nect> is beyond ! ability ( any insect b a night-fly+ hawk-mo? to atta94 ,true1 x is1 t 9 o!r less deep nocturnal fl[]s ! sweets c\ld be rea*$ by butt]flies or bees if ! blossoms 7 left op54 ,b ! night-murmur]s receive ! fir/ invitation1 :i*1 if accept$1 leaves b a wilt$1 half-he>t$ blossom to welcome ! sipp] ( ! sun%9e4 ,?is beautiful expectancy1 someh[ or o!r1 det]m9es ! limit ( its bloom4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ev5t ( ra9 or o!r causes prev5tive ( insect visits1 ! ev5+ primrose w rema9 op5 = ! att5tion ( ! butt]flies dur+ ! ensu+ day1 :5 o!rwise x w\ld h p]ceptibly droop$1 & ext5d$ to !m b a li/less welcome4 ,mo/ /rik+ly may ?is fact be se5 illu/rat$ 9 a spray ( m\nta9-laurel4 ,= ne>ly a week h ,i obs]v$ 9 my h\se ^! blossoms l+]+ 9 pati5t expectancy1 :5 ! fl[]s on ! p>5t %rub 9 ! woods _h fall5 sev]al days be=e1 _! mission 9 life hav+ be5 fulfill$4 ,9 ! h\se specim5s ! radiat+ /am5s1 :i* are naturally dep5d5t ^u insects = _! release1 & ! consequ5t dis*>ge ( ! poll51 rema9$ 9 _! pockets on ! side ( ! blossom-cup1 a support1 z x seem$1 = ! brac+ up ( ! corolla ^u its receptacle4 ,b :5 ! op]ation ( releas+ ! /am5s 0 artificially consummat$1 ! fl[]-cup soon dropp$ (f or )]$ ^u ! p$uncle4 ,n ma9ly has ! writ]1 9 attribut+ a phosphoresc5t quality to ! ev5+ primrose1 foll[$ ! lic5se ( fancy1 =1 if sci5ti/s are to be believ$1 ! regul> lum9\s gl[ ( ?is & o!r nocturnal fl[]s has long attract$ ! att5tion ( ! curi\s1 & positive qualities ( inh]5t light h be5 accord$ 9 _m in/ances4 ,x is true1 z "o au?ority ass]ts1 t 8! ev5+ primrose is p]fectly visible 9 ! d>ke/ night10 f :i* fact phosphoresc5t prop]ties h be5 ascrib$ to x4 ,_m well-au!nticat$ cases are on record ( lum9\s1 electrical1 lightn+-l phosphoresc5ce play+ ab\t fl[]s1 ! daught] ( ,l9nu hav+ be5 ! fir/ "o to note su* an int]e/+ ph5om5on4 ,simil> fla%es or corona h be5 obs]v$ 9 na/urtiums1 d\ble m>igold1 g]aniums1 r$ poppy1 tub]ose1 sunfl[] & ev5+ primrose4 ,accord+ to v>i\s au?orities1 & x w\ld be a ra% & presumptu\s comm5tator :o w\ld d>e to *all5ge su* an array ( compet5ce1 _m beautiful surprises await ! travell] among ! dewy %ad[s4 ,:oev] has made su* a j\rney w n only return ) ! consci\sness t he has d\bl$ 8 possessions1 b t he has also explor$ a new _w--a realm :i* he c look 9 ! face on ! morr[ ) an ex*ange ( recognition t 0 truly impossible ye/]day4 ,:e!r or n all ! facts t h be5 adduc$ %[ t plants are consci\s organisms 9 ! p>ticul>s = :i* x is claim$1 x matt]s n1 = en\gh h be5 set =? to demon/rate beyond ! %ad[ ( a d\bt ! position t !y are end[$ ) a consci\sness1 no matt] h[ inf9itesimally small a "p x plays 9 nature4 ,ev]yday obs]vation ( ! botani/ tea*es ! fact4 ,s5sation1 :i* is consci\sness1 has prec$$ 9 "t & 9 hi/ory ! evolution ( ! great] "p ( plants & animals1 unicellul> & multicellul>1 &1 !re=e1 if k9etog5esis1 or ! doctr9e ( ! effects ( mol> motion1 be true1 8consci\sness10 z ,cope alleges1 8has be5 ess5tial to a ris+ scale ( organic evolution40 ,animals :i* d n p]=m simple acts ( self-pres]vation mu/ necess>ily1 soon] or lat]1 p]i%4 ,impossible x is to und]/& h[ ! l[e/ =ms ( life1 :olly dep5d5t z !y are on physical conditions ( _m k9ds1 %\ld to-day exi/ if !y 7 n possess$ ( "s degree ( consci\sness "u /imuli at lea/4 ,we h b to picture to ourselves ! condition ( a v]tebrate1 )\t g5]al or special s5sation1 w\ld we obta9 a cle> p]ception ( ! ess5tiality ( consci\sness to its exi/5ce4 ,if n[ use1 z has be5 ma9ta9$1 has modifi$ /ructure1 & s1 9 cop]ation ) ! environm5t1 has direct$ evolution1 we c und]/& ! orig9 & developm5t ( useful organs1 & also h[1 by p>asitism1 or "s o!r mode ( ga9+ a livelihood )\t ex]tion1 ! adoption ( new & skilful movem5ts w\ld be unnecess>y1 & consci\sness itself seldom ar\s$1 = cont9ual repose w\ld be foll[$ by sub-consci\sness1 & lat] by unconsci\sness4 ,su* appe>s to be l>gely ! hi/ory ( deg5]acy ev]y:]e1 & su* is1 p]haps1 9 a great measure ! hi/ory ( ! entire vegetable k+dom1 = plants1 f _! ability to manufacture protoplasm f inorganic sub/ances1 d n bodily move ab\t 9 que/ ( food z animals g5]ally d1 & !re=e require no consci\s conditions1 x w\ld seem1 to guide _! movem5ts4 ,!y become fix$1 & _! entire organization1 except 9 specializ$ in/ances1 becomes monopoliz$ by ! functions ( nutrition & reproduction4 ,_! movem5ts are mo/ly rhy?mic or rot>y1 b t !y exhibit ! quality ( impromptu design m frequ5tly ?an sci5ti/s are will+ to all[ mu/ be admitt$1 or facts & ! conclusions :i* naturally fl[ !refrom con/itute no crit]ia ( judg+4 ,too mu* /ress1 ,i fe>1 is plac$ 9 ^! days ^u ! action ( c]ta9 suppos$ =ces t are resid5t 9 ! plant's or animal's environm5t 9 acc\nt+ = its behavior1 to ! utt] exclusion ( any en]gy t may be act+ f )9 ! organism itself4 8,t consci\sness z well z life prec$$ organism1 & has be5 ! primum mobile 9 ! creation ( organic /ructure10 z ,cope assumes1 !re is no d\bt2 b t x e>ly ab&on$ ! vegetable _w1 & also t all ! en]gies ( vegetable protoplasm soon became automatic1 caus+ plants 9 g5]al to become sessile1 & !re=e p>asitic & 9 "o s5se deg5]ate1 ,i _c :olly accept4 ,t insects h1 9 ! matt] ( evolution ( plant-types1 ex]t$ consid]able influ5ce on ! conditions ( almo/ all ( _! organs1 ! =ms ( ! organs ( fructification & especially ( ! fl[]s1 ?r\gh c]ta9 /imuli & /ra9s to :i* !y h become subject$ by reason ( ^! insects & _! occupancy ( p>ts z dwell+-places1 !re c be no d\bt2 & x is probable also1 z has be5 ma9ta9$1 t we owe to insects1 directly or indirectly1 n only ! =ms1 b also ! colors ( ! fl[]s1 & _! odors & peculi> m>k+s z well4 ,& ?us :ile deg5]acy1 z obs]v$ 9 ! abortion ( ovules1 c>pels & p]ian?1 may be se5 ev]y:]e1 :i* ! influ5ces t h act$ ^u !m h induc$1 yet x is ! height ( presumption to ass]t t consci\sness has entirely ab&on$ ! memb]s ( ! vegetable k+dom1 & t !y are r$uc$ to ! condition ( m]e automata4 ,x is true1 z has be5 claim$1 t ! p]man5t & ! successful =ms ( organization h ev] be5 ^? 9 :i* motion & s5sibility h be5 pres]v$1 z well z ! mo/ highly develop$2 & j z true x is t plants1 ev5 ?\gh fix$ to ! soil & unable to effect a *ange ( environm5t 9 consequ5ce1 are n s incapable ( consci\s actions z n to be able to meet any *anges1 & ^! *anges d v (t5 occur1 t climate1 new conditions ( soil1 helps or h9drances to gr[? & we>1 may br+ ab\t4 ,t !y mu/ adapt !mselves to su* *anges1 or p]i% 9 _! /ruggle to exi/1 none c "q4 ,x is n en\gh to say t natural selection af=ds an explanation ( e ph5om5on t !y may exhibit4 ,!re is an en]gy )9 ! plant1 ?9k & write z we w1 & x is ?is t comes to its aid & directs ! movem5t t w be productive ( ! mo/ good4 ,conclud+1 !n1 let me av] t no plant c exi/ or fulfil its allott$ "p 9 ! drama ( life )\t ! possession ( "s =m or degree ( consci\sness4 ,if x be true t life & consci\sness prec$$ organization1 & ! /atem5t c h>dly be disput$1 & h be5 ! primum mobile 9 ! creation ( organic /ructure1 :at reason1 see+ t life necess>ily p]si/s 9 vegetable organism1 c be giv5 = _! dissociation 9 exi/+ =ms ( plants1 z seems to be ! t5d5cy ( mod]n sci5tific ?\ght8 ,t plants once possess$ consci\sness1 !re c be no diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,well1 !n1 :at has become ( ?is consci\sness8 ,x c\ld n h be5 de/roy$1 = en]gy or =ce1 & consci\sness c]ta9ly mu/ be plac$ "u ?is category1 c nev] be de/roy$4 ,i repeat ! "q4 ,:at has become ( x8 ,ei!r x exi/s 9 ! plant 9 a dormant condition1 await+ opportunities to call x into exi/5ce1 or x has return$ to ! great ,s\rce ( all consci\sness1 :5ce ea* individual organism1 :e!r ( plant or animal1 obta9$ its quantum4 ,x /ill exi/s1 b h[ or "u :at conditions1 ,i _c affirm1 & is to plants :at m9d is to man & animals1 controll+ _! actions :5 su* are = _! well-be+ & good4 ,if m9d p]si/s 9 a future /ate1 !n consci\sness1 :i* may be consid]$ z m9d 9 plants1 mu/ also p]si/1 = x is n at all likely t ! ,s\rce ( all consci\sness1 :i* we wor%ip z ,god1 ! ,creator ( all ?+s1 c\ld be unm9dful ( ! lea/ ( ,8 *ildr54 ,,m9d ,,9 ,,animals4 ,t ! l[] animals are 9 possession ( all ! *>act]s ( ! m9d or s\l t are ei!r ! inh]it$ or acquir$ prop]ties ( man1 "s evid5ce w n[ be adduc$4 ,=emo/ among ^! qualities is ,reason4 ,mu* vagu5ess ( idea exi/s z to :at con/itutes reason1 ! g5]al t5d5cy be+ to conf\nd x ) in/9ct1 & to wond] :]e ! "o ends & ! o!r beg9s4 ,hundr$s ( anecdotes1 too famili> = m5tion1 might be in/anc$1 :i* h be5 describ$ z wond]ful examples ( in/9ct1 b :i*1 ^u c>eful exam9ation1 h be5 %[n to be und\bt$ pro(s ( reason4 ,t disposition ( m9d by :i*1 indep5d5t ( all in/ruction or exp]i5ce1 animals are un]r+ly direct$ to d spontane\sly :atev] is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! individual or ! cont9uation ( ! species1 is in/9ct4 ,x is in/9ct t tea*es ! newly-born *ild to brea!1 or to seek its "m's brea/ & obta9 its n\ri%m5t by suction4 ,in/9ct tea*es ! bird h[ to make its ne/ aft] ! mann] ( its k9d1 b x is reason t leads x to con/ruct a fabric radically diff]5t f ! typical =m4 ,tak+ ! case ( insects1 !re c be no d\bt t x is in/9ct t tea*es ! cat]pill> to make its cocoon1 to rema9 !re until x has develop$ into an imago1 & !n to =ce its entrance into ! _w4 ,ducks1 ?\gh hat*$ "u a h51 in/9ctively make _! way to ! wat]1 :ile *ick5s1 ?\gh hat*$ "u a duck1 in/9ctively keep away f x4 ,man1 z well z ! l[] animals1 has 8 in/9cts1 b v few ( !m are app>5t1 = he is able to br+ ! mo/ ( !m "u subjection by ! p[] ( 8 reason4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 rema9 & ass]t !mselves ?r\gh\t ! entire p]iod ( 8 life4 ,!re is ! wide/ possible diff]5ce betwe5 reason & in/9ct1 ! =m] be+ an ex]cise ( ! w1 :ile ! latt] is indep5d5t !re(4 ,in/9ct comes 9 at bir?1 b reason is an aft]-gr[? ( ! m9d4 ,no ex]cise ( ?\ght does in/9ct require1 b :5 ! m9d reasons "s conclusion is d$uc$ f ! premises :i* x has assum$4 ,all animals1 9 common ) ourselves1 possess ! p[] ( reason+1 al?\gh 9 a less degree4 ,x is by ! sup]iority ( our reason ov] !irs t we ma9ta9 our supremacy4 ,false premises (t5 lead to wrong d$uctions1 b _! process is /ill "o ( pure reason4 ,) !m1 z well z ) ourselves1 reason1 especially 9 ! case ( dome/ic animals1 (t5 conqu]s in/9ct1 & s by contact ) a high] ord] ( reason1 t ( man's1 _! own is m fully develop$4 ,!y1 9 a s5se1 become civiliz$4 ,let a hungry dog & a cat be left 9 a room :]e food is ungu>d$1 & _! in/9cts w urge !m to jump ^u ! table & help !mselves4 ,b if !y h be5 tra9$1 _! reason re/ra9s _! in/9ct1 &1 no matt] h[ hungry !y may be1 !y w n t\* ! food until x is giv5 to !m4 ,"s few ye>s ago a matronly lady & h] dog1 a beautiful pug1 7 accu/om$ to take _! d9n] at a saloon :i* ! writ] daily visit$4 ,! dog 0 giv5 a *air on ! side opposite 8 mi/ress4 ,he 0 a well-mann]$ animal1 & nev] dur+ 8 _m visits to ! place did he ev] violate ! laws ( good mann]s4 ,pati5tly he w\ld wait until ! food 0 put ^u 8 plate1 & n ev5 !n w\ld he take x1 = he _h be5 taught t x 0 some?+ t %\ld n be ha/ily seiz$ & eat54 ,! idea t food co/ money 0 di/9ctly impress$ ^u 8 m9d1 & ?is ! own] did by ?rice repeat+1 8,?is co/ money40 ,x 0 evid5t t ! dog und]/ood :at 0 said f ! ?\ghtful look he gave h]4 ,9 a little :ile he 0 giv5 ! comm& to eat1 b1 l ! cultur$ he 01 ev]y?+ 0 done ord]ly & dec5tly4 ,almo/ any animal c be ?us tra9$ to subject its natural in/9cts to its reason4 ,fi%es are n kn[n to possess mu* reason4 ,!re is n an angl]1 nev]!less1 t w n tell y t he has _h ! p[]s ( 8 m9d tax$ to ! utmo/ 9 8 ef=ts to induce an old & w>y tr\t to take ! bait1 & ev5 :5 he has succe$$ 9 hook+ him1 x has greatly tri$ 8 g5ius = plann+ to prev5t ! fi% f break+ 8 l9e4 ,natural in/9ct tea*es a fi% to fly f man1 & ev5 "o's %ad[ on ! wat] w fright5 away ! fi% & de/roy an angl]'s hopes ( success4 ,yet we h se5 a pond full ( gold-fi% :i* 7 q tame1 & :i*1 :5 !y saw a human be+ at ! side ( ! pond1 w\ld come =w>d in/ead ( %[+ al>m4 ,!y 7 s p]fectly confid+ t !y w\ld take a piece ( bread or biscuit out ( 8 h&4 ,"h1 !n1 is an example ( ! in/9ct1 :i* urges !m to flee f man1 be+ ov]come by ! reason1 :i* tells !m to approa* him4 ,animals ( burd5 may (t5 be se5 att5d+ to prescrib$ "w )\t any sup]vision4 ,dray-horses1 z is well kn[n1 sometimes take pleasure 9 _! "w4 ,i knew ( a horse ( ! k9d t 0 z mu* int]e/$1 app>5tly1 8 "w z 8 own]4 ,he nev] _h to be told :5 to move1 = all ! :ile ! dray 0 load+ he 0 obs]vant ( ev]y?+1 &1 kn[+ ! capacity !re(1 0 ready :5 ! look f ! ma/] told him to proce$4 ,horses h sometimes %[n a k ( ! am\nt ( "w !y are suppos$ to p]=m 9 a day4 ,a case has be5 cit$ ( a horse by ,mr4 ,wood t 0 capable ( do+ 8 "w )\t a driv]4 ,he belong$ to ! own] ( an ,am]ican m9e4 ,z soon z 8 c>t 0 fill$ ) ore1 at a giv5 signal he w5t (f to ! spot :]e ! ore 0 to be dump$1 wait$ until ! c>t 0 unload$1 & !n return$ = ano!r load4 ,s _m loads _h to be c>ri$ daily1 &1 /range to relate1 ! animal knew :5 8 task 0 f9i%$ z well z any ( ! m54 ,:5 ! la/ load = ! day 0 deposit$1 he c\ld be se5 trott+ (f 9 ! direction ( home1 :]e he knew he w\ld receive a k9d reception f 8 mi/ress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wond]ful ,,equ9e ,,intellig5ce4 ,a ,horse ,t ,knew ,:5 ,8 ,day's ,"w ,0 ,done4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t animals h & d ex]cise p[]s ( reason4 ,t !y h ! means ( transmitt+ ideas to _! fell[s is n to be que/ion$4 ,language is ! means ( transmission4 ,n only are !y able to int]*ange ?\ghts ) ea* o!r1 b ) man also :5 !y are br\ght into contact ) him4 ,!y mu/ possess a language ( "s k9d1 :]eby !y c und]/& ea* o!r1 c compreh5d human language1 & make !mselves intelligible to man4 ,all ^! conditions are fulfill$ 9 ! l[] animals1 b !re is "o di/9ction betwe5 ! capability ( und]/&+ _! own language & t ( man1 & t is1 t !y are born ) ! "o & h to le>n ! o!r4 ,newly-hat*$ *ick5s1 al?\gh !y h only ent]$ ! _w an h\r or s ago1 und]/& p]fectly well _! "m4 ,!y "k :at to d :5 %e calls !m to f9d :at food %e has une>!d1 & !y "k :at to d :5 %e w>ns !m ( dang]4 ,:o has n he>d !m talk to h]8 ,b h[ diff]5t are _! tones "u v>i\s circum/ances4 ,! little pip+ notes ( cont5t :5 all is go+ on well c nev] be conf\nd$ ) ! cry ( al>m :5 !y h lo/ _! way or are o!rwise fright5$4 ,wasps1 z ev]ybody kn[s :o has /udi$ ^! insects1 c>ry out "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( milit>y art4 ,!y always h ! gate ( _! =tress gu>d$ by a s5t9el4 ,%\ld dang] be imm95t1 ! al>m is giv5 by ! s5t9el1 & out ru% ! inhabitants to wreak v5geance ^u ! (f5d]4 ,out ( a full-siz$ ne/1 consi/+ ( _m hundr$ wasps1 x is evid5t t ! individual :o is to act z s5t9el mu/ be select$1 & its task appo9t$4 ,h[ ! selection is made1 no "o kn[s4 ,b t su* is done1 !re c be no "q1 = ! re/ ( ! community ackn[l$ge _! s5t9el1 tru/ to x = gu>d+ ! approa*es ( ! ne/1 :ile !y busy !mselves ) ! usual task ( collect+ food = ! "y & new mat]ial = ! ne/4 ,ne>ly relat$ to wasps are ! ants4 ,"s ( _! p]=mances are truly a/oni%+4 ,!y h armies comm&$ by (fic]s1 :o issue ord]s1 insi/ on ob$i5ce1 & w n p]mit1 :ile on ! m>*1 any ( ! privates to /ray f ! ranks4 ,!re are o!r ants :i* till ! gr\nd1 we$ x1 plant ! p>ticul> gra9 on :i* !y fe$1 cut x :5 ripe1 & /ore x 9 _! subt]ranean gran>ies4 ,arrant slavehold]s are o!rs1 :o make sy/ematic raids ^u neighbor+ species1 c>ry (f _! yet unhat*$ cocoons1 & re> !m 9 _! own ne/s to be _! s]vants4 ,some:at rec5t discov]ies %[ t !re are ants :i* bury _! dead4 ,two pairs ( be>]s are *os5 to c>ry ! corpse1 "o pair reliev+ ! o!r :5 tir$1 :ile ! ma9 body1 (t5 sev]al hundr$ 9 numb]1 foll[ beh9d4 ,s mu* c\ld be said ab\t ants1 s closely d _! p]=mances resemble ! cu/oms ( human civilization1 t ! subject c\ld nev] gr[ un9t]e/+1 b we mu/1 = ! pres5t1 =be>4 ,all ^! v>i\s p]=mances c\ld n be possible 7 !re n "s way by :i* communication1 or int]*ange ( ideas1 c\ld be c>ri$ on among ! individual memb]s ( ! same community4 ,sometimes "o species ( ant is capable ( c>ry+ on a conv]sation1 s to speak1 ) ano!r4 ,bees1 wasps & ants are ! be/ l+ui/s ( ! insect race1 _! language be+ *iefly conduct$ by means ( _! ant5n4 ,:o has n (t5 obs]v$ two dogs1 memb]s ( ! same h\sehold1 hold+ sweet conv]se ) ea* o!r8 ,pug & ,gyp 7 two animals t belong$ to ! family :]e ,i sp5t a summ] vacation4 ,!y ?\ght mu* ( ea* o!r :5 romp+ toge!r 9 ! y>d1 or 9 =ag+ ! neighbor+ woods & fields = rabbits & gr\nd-hogs4 ,nev] w\ld !y />t out on an exp$ition = game )\t hav+ previ\sly laid _! plans4 ,x 0 int]e/+ & amus+ to wat* !m4 ,!y w\ld br+ _! heads into close contiguity1 rema9+ 9 ?is position = two or ?ree m9utes1 :51 by mutual cons5t1 !y w\ld sep>ate1 look ea* o!r 9 ! eyes1 & !n />t (f 9 diff]5t directions = ! sc5e ( _! project$ ent]prise4 ,times out ( numb] ,i h obs]v$ su* behavior & h always discov]$ t !y meant some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,!re 7 no audible utt]ances1 no visible ge/ures1 yet !re 0 an int]*ange ( ideas4 ,?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! eye 7 ! ?\ghts convey$4 ,x 0 _s speak+ directly to _s1 convey+ by a s+le glance ( ! eye ?\ghts :i* :ole volumes w\ld fail to express4 ,ea* species ( animal has its own dialect4 ,yet !re is ano!r language1 a sort ( animal l+ua franca1 :i* is common to all4 ,a cry ( w>n+1 no matt] f :at bird or animal x emanates1 is und]/ood by !m all1 z is well kn[n to _m a sportsman :o has lo/ 8 only *ance ( a %ot by reason ( an imp]t95t cr[1 jay or magpie :i* has espi$ him1 & has giv5 its cry ( al>m4 ,!re is n a bird ( g>d5 or or*>d1 or a f[l ( ! b>ny>d or doorside1 t does n und]/& ! peculi> cry ( ! roo/] :5 a hawk is se5 c>e]+ ov]head1 or p]*$ ^u ! summit ( a ne>-by tree4 ,) "o accord !y flee to _! cov]ts1 & !re rema9 until ! dang] is pa/4 ,no m qu>relsome & pugnaci\s species ( bird exi/s ?an ! ,engli% sp>r[4 ,he appropriates e available locality = ne/+ purposes1 & our native species are driv5 to ! necessity ( fight+ = _! rights1 or ( seek+ qu>t]s 9 ! rural di/ricts :i* ^! birds d n infect4 ,?us x is t _m a useful rob91 bluebird or m>t9 is driv5 f our mid/4 ,_m h witness$ enc\nt]s betwe5 ^! birds & ! rob9s4 ,! au?or once saw a conte/ betwe5 a pair ( sp>r[s & a pair ( rob9s = ! possession ( a c]ta9 tree t grew 9 8 y>d4 ,n[ ! rob91 s+le-h&$1 is m ?an a mat* = a sp>r[4 ,9 ! engagem5t ref]r$ to1 ! rob9s 7 gett+ ! bett] ( ! sp>r[s1 :i* ! latt] 7 n sl[ 9 p]ceiv+4 ,in/antly ! sp>r[s set up ! wild1 e>-pi]c+ h>angue = :i* !y are peculi>ly not$1 :5 m ?an a score ( fri5ds f ! imm$iate vic9ity ga!r$ to _! assi/ance4 ,b ! w>-cry :i* !y s\nd$ n only summon$ help to _! /&>d1 b x 0 equally und]/ood by all ! o!r birds ( ! neighborhood1 :o flock$ to ! def5ce ( _! bre?r5 aga9/ ! ali54 ,! battle wag$ w>m & fi]cely = "s m9utes1 :5 ! sp>r[s 7 =c$ to seek safety 9 retreat4 ,n only c cr[s & rooks assemble1 hold c\ncil & agree to act on ! result ( _! delib]ations1 b o!r birds are kn[n to d ! same ?+s4 ,birds are able to communicate _! ?\ghts to ea* o!r by means ( a language1 b x is n likely t 9 _! language1 or ! language ( animals 9 g5]al1 !re are any pr9ciples ( con/ruction su* z are possess$ by all human languages4 ,b ! same effect may be produc$ by diff]5t means1 & ! read] w see t 9 ! above in/ance no human language1 h[ev] p]fect its con/ruction1 c\ld h s]v$ its purpose bett] ?an did ! in>ticulate language ( ! sp>r[s4 ,!y told _! fri5ds t _! t]ritory 0 usurp$ by an intrud] too /rong to be eject$ by !m1 & implor$ _! assi/ance4 ,b :ile x told !m ?is1 x did /ill m1 = x convey$ ! report to _! num]\s foes1 :o w+$ _! way to ! support ( _! oppon5ts4 ,9 fact1 :5ev] animals ( any k9d =m alliances & act simultane\sly = "o common purpose1 x is evid5t t language ( "s sort mu/ be employ$4 ,t bea/s possess a language1 :i* enables !m to communicate _! ideas to ea* o!r1 has be5 cle>ly %[n4 ,x is j z app>5t t !y c act ^u ! ideas s convey$4 ,we h n[ to see :e!r !y c convey _! ideas to man1 & s bridge ov] ! gulf betwe5 ! high] & ! l[] be+s4 ,7 !re no means ( communicat+ ideas betwe5 man & animals1 dome/ication1 x is true1 w\ld be impossible4 ,e "o :o has possess$ & c>$ = "s favorite animal mu/ h obs]v$ t !y c d s4 ,_! own language becomes 9 _m in/ances intelligible to man4 ,j z a *ild1 t is unable to pron\nce words1 c express its mean+ by intimation1 s a dog c d ! same by its diff]5t modes ( b>k+4 ,!re is ! b>k ( joy or welcome1 :5 ! animal sees its ma/]1 or anticipates a walk ) him2 ! furi\s b>k ( ang]1 if ! dog suspects t anyone is likely to injure himself or 8 ma/]1 & ! b>k ( t]ror :5 ! dog is sudd5ly fright5$ at some?+ :i* x _c und]/&4 ,suppos+1 n[1 t its ma/] c\ld n see ! dog1 b c\ld only he> its b>k1 w\ld he n "k p]fectly well ! ideas :i* 7 pass+ ?r\gh ! animal's m9d8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly he w\ld4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! mew ( di/ress & ! ord9>y conv]sation1 ! purr ( pleasure1 ( a cat4 ,a pet can>y always kn[s h[ to call its mi/ress1 & :5 x sees h] w give a glad *irrup ( recognition q di/9ct f its ord9>y call4 ,bees & wasps h q a diff]5t s\nd 9 _! w+s :5 angry ?an :5 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! ord9>y "w4 ,any "o conv]sant ) _! ways und]/&s ! expression ( ang] & makes ! be/ ( 8 way (f4 ,all ! =ego+ are b examples ( s\nd-language4 ,! ge/ure-language ( animals1 h[ev]1 is wond]fully ext5sive & expressive4 ,a cat1 c\ld x say 9 pla9 words1 8,please op5 ! door = me10 c\ld n convey its ideas m intellig5tly ?an x does by go+ to ! door1 utt]+ a pla9tive mew to %[ t x wants help1 & !n patt+ ! door4 ,dogs1 or1 9 fact1 all animals t are accu/om$ to live 9 ! h\se1 w act aft] a simil> fa%ion4 ,!re1 !n1 we p]ceive t ! l[] animals c =m connect$ ideas1 & c convey !m to man1 s t ! same ideas are pass+ at ! same mom5t ?r\gh ! m9ds ( man & bea/1 evid5c+ t !y possess ! same faculties1 ?\gh ( diff]5t ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,papi]-,,ma* ,,palace ,,( ,,! ,,hornet4 ,s5t9el ,gu>d+ ! ,entrance to ! ,palace4 ,"s few examples mu/ suffice to %[ ! p[] ( ge/ure-language 9 ! l[] animals4 ,i once own$ a dog1 a v>iety ( h\nd1 :i* 0 z companionable z any animal c\ld possibly be4 ,he 0 nev] happy unless he 0 on ! g4 ,s fond 0 he ( travel & sight-see+1 t ,i gave him ! "n ( ,rov]4 ,my occupation call+ me f home e day ( ! week1 except ,saturday & ,sunday1 b giv+ me a few h\rs ( ea* day be=e ! %ad[s began to settle r\nd1 ,rov] 0 =c$ to sp5d 8 "t dur+ my abs5ce z be/ he c\ld4 ,he 0 no ord9>y dog4 ,little he c>$ = ! dogs ( ! neighborhood4 ,8 0 a sup]ior nature1 & r ?an associate ) 8 neighbors :5 my companion%ip c\ld n be _h1 he w\ld p]=m 8 j\rneys alone1 sometimes be+ gone ne>ly ! entire day4 ,b he manag$ to keep a pretty fair record ( ! "t1 = he 0 always on h& to greet me on my return home4 ,8 joy at my com+ knew no b\nds4 ,he w\ld rub up aga9/ my side1 cap] ar\nd me1 assum+ a hundr$ diff]5t attitudes1 leap up into my face1 :i* he w\ld c>ess ) 8 tongue4 ,i %all nev] =get ! b>ks ( delight1 nor ! smile1 z ,i w\ld call x1 = x v]ily seem$ a smile to me1 :i* lit up 8 intellig5t face4 ,!n he w\ld sl[ly me&] 8 way to ! gate4 ,rea*+ x1 he w\ld place 8 "r front paw ^u ! lat*1 spr+ x1 &1 tak+ hold ( ! top ) 8 m\?1 fl+ x wide op54 ,he 0 !n a v happy fell[4 ,t he appreciat$ ! favor ,i 0 ab\t to %[ him1 !re c\ld be no "q1 z he pla9ly %[$ x 9 8 look1 ge/ure & spee*4 ,sometimes x 0 n conv5i5t = me to take a walk ) him1 or ,i 0 n 9 ! physical or m5tal condition to d s4 ,x 0 n necess>y = me to tell him 9 s _m words t ! pleasure w\ld h to be =egone = ! pres5t1 = 8 ke51 disc]n+ m9d c\ld read x 9 my looks4 ,i nev] lik$ to disappo9t him1 = ! grief :i* he manife/$ 0 pite\s 9 ! extreme4 ,he w\ld pro/rate himself to ! gr\nd1 place 8 head betwe5 8 front paws1 & look ! v picture ( inconsolable di/ress4 ,! l[1 sorr[ful moan :i* he w\ld emit1 :5 ! disappo9tm5t 0 ! ke5e/1 0 s he>t-r5d+1 t _m a "t ,i w\ld rev]se my purpose & say1 8,come1 ,rov]1 ma/] w n d5y s good a creature ! pleasure ( 8 company = an h\r or s 9 ! woods40 ,in/antly 8 :ole expression w\ld *ange1 & !re w\ld be exhibit$ a joy z int5se z ! grief :i* _h depress$ him to ! e>?4 ,rov] 0 no hypocrite4 ,8 sorr[ 0 n assum$1 b z real & poignant a sorr[ z ev] possess$ a human brea/4 ,i h kn[n him to grieve = h\rs1 & ev5 to refuse ! da9tie/ food :5 he has be5 disappo9t$4 ,7 he dissembl+1 see+ t x avail$ him n1 he w\ld n be likely to h kept x up s long1 & to 8 sore discom=t & detrim5t4 ,examples ( animals mak+ _! language intelligible to man c\ld be multipli$ ad inf9itum1 b we mu/ pass on to say some?+ ab\t _! capability ( und]/&+ ! language ( man4 ,t _m ( ! l[] animals und]/& some?+ ( human language is a famili> fact4 ,all ! dome/icat$ animals1 notably ! dog & ! horse1 c compreh5d an ord] t is giv5 to !m1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 !y may n be able 9 all in/ances to und]/& ! precise words :i* are us$4 ,!re are _m occasions1 h[ev]1 :5 x is evid5t t ! k ( human language does ext5d to ! signification ( p>ticul> words4 ,p>rots1 z is well kn[n1 are well acqua9t$ ) ! mean+s ( ! words :i* !y speak4 ,examples h be5 kn[n to ! writ] ( p>rots t 7 able to speak 9 two languages1 &1 :5 address$1 always repli$ 9 ! language us$ by _! int]locutors1 speak+ ,engli% or ,spani%1 z ! case might be4 8,g1 br+ up ! c[s10 0 an ord] t 0 daily giv5 to ,lion1 a l>ge black dog1 ) a %aggy head1 t belong$ to my mat]nal gr&fa!r1 an old-"t f>m] :o liv$ way back 9 ! fifties4 ,s well did he und]/& ! significance ( ^! words1 & ! labor1 worry & responsibility :i* !y impli$1 t he did n h to be told a second "t1 nor h to h _! import convey$ to him by sign or by action ( ! f>m lad ^: bus9ess x 0 to see t ! animals 7 br\ght to ! b>n-y>d at milk+ "t4 ,ob$i5t to ord]s1 he w\ld trot to ! pa/ure-gr\nd1 ne>ly a qu>t]-mile di/ant1 op5 ! b>s betwe5 ! lane & ! field ) 8 m\?1 & !n />t on 8 bus9ess ) a full s5se ( its requirem5ts4 ,8 com+ 0 well kn[n to ! cattle4 ,:ile ! mo/ ( !m w\ld take _! way 9 a quiet1 ord]ly mann] to ! lane1 yet !re 7 "s unruly ones among !m :o gave ,lion a great deal ( tr\ble1 b he always succe$$ 9 ov]rul+ _! contr>y t5d5cies4 ,:5 !re 0 a tumult 9 ! h5n]y1 accompani$ by l\d noises1 ! comm&1 8,g1 see :at ! tr\ble is60 0 p]=m$ to ! v lett]1 & ! tr\ble1 if any1 0 spe$ily ann\nc$ by a s]ies ( l\d1 %>p1 quick b>ks1 :i* soon br\ght "s "o or m memb]s ( ! family to ! sc5e ( disord]4 ,if no?+ unusual 0 happ5+1 ,lion w\ld return to ! h\se 9 a sl[1 leisurely way1 & by 8 looks convey1 z cle>ly z man c\ld d x1 ! utt] ne$lessness ( ! comm&4 ,n only is ! dog capable ( und]/&+ _m ?+s t are said to him1 b is ev5 capable ( =e/all+ "o's wi%es4 ,"p ( "o ( ! writ]'s vacations 0 sp5t 9 a small c\ntry t[n n v remote f ,philadelphia4 ,!re 0 9 ! family ) :om he bo>d$ a dog call$ ,pr9ce4 ,he 0 a v great favorite1 & 0 once not$ = 8 lively1 vivaci\s disposition & jolly mann]s4 ,b at ! "t ( my introduction to him1 he seem$ to be suff]+ f "s bodily affliction1 :i* _h n only tak5 away 8 appetite = food1 b ! v animus ( 8 be+4 ,^u inquiry ,i le>n$ t ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 to :om ,pr9ce 0 s deeply atta*$1 _h di$ ! ye> be=e1 & t ! dog _h tak5 8 dea? s completely to he>t t he _h lo/ all ( 8 =m] vivacity4 ,he refus$ all food1 (t5 go+ = days )\t tak+ a s+le m\?ful4 ,life seem$ to h lo/ = him all its *>ms4 ,sad & deject$ he w\ld lie ^u ! por*-floor or gr\nd1 seem+ly unconsci\s ( ev]y?+ & ev]ybody4 ,t he 0 sl[ly dy+ seem$ evid5t to all4 ,b a *ange f our fir/ int]view appe>$ to come ov] ! animal4 ,f "s cause or o!r1 he _h tak5 q a fancy to me4 ,he w\ld greet me ) consid]able fri5dl9ess :5 ,i w\ld come d[n 9 ! morn+1 & always seem$ glad to be 9 my pres5ce4 ,my fir/ bus9ess1 on com+ d[n/airs1 0 to g = ! newspap]1 :i* 0 always to be f\nd inside ! y>d1 "s ?irty /eps f ! h\se4 ,i w\ld !n sit d[n ^u ! por* & read x1 b ,pr9ce 0 always close-by1 a will+ spectator4 ,"o morn+1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( go+ to ! gate = ! pap] z 0 my cu/om1 ,i /ood debat+ 9 my m9d :e!r to g or n1 :51 to my utmo/ surprise1 ! dog1 aft] wat*+ me = a :ile1 walk$ v sob]ly d[n to ! gate1 pick$ up ! pap] 9 8 m\?1 & br\ght x to me1 n lay+ x d[n at my feet1 b plac+ x 9 my h&s4 ,i ?ank$ him = 8 k9dness1 gave him a few g5tle pats ^u ! head1 & he walk$ away z pleas$ z a *ild w\ld h be5 :o _h receiv$ a few p5nies = a simil> s]vice4 ,! dog _h evid5tly read 9 my looks ! debate t 0 go+ on 9 my m9d1 & kn[+ t ,i always read ! pap] :5 ,i came d[n f my room1 anticipat$ my wi%es by br++ x to me4 ,illu/ration3 ,,unsolicit$ ,,& ,,unlook$-,,= ,,k9dness4 ,h[ ,pr9ce ,=e/all$ ,my ,wi%es by ,br++ ,me ! ,morn+ ,newspap]4 ,!re is 9 ! two int]e/+ /ories j relat$ a s+ul> aggregation ( faculties :i* are held 9 man to belong to ! immortal1 & n to ! mortal "p ( 8 be+4 ,reason1 or ! d$uction ( a conclusion f premises1 is /rik+ly exhibit$4 ,!n !re is ! p[] ( =m+ ideas & communicat+ !m to man1 & ! capability ( und]/&+ man's language1 & ev5 ( anticipat+ ! wi%es ( human fri5ds4 ,& la/ly1 !re is ! int5se love = ! ma/]1 comb9$ ) ! p[] ( self-sacrifice1 :i* enabl$ ,lion & ,pr9ce to act z !y did1 :ile in/9ct 0 urg+ !m to take _! ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 or 9 ! enjoym5t ( luxuri\s ease4 ,no faculty ( ! m9d gives great] tr\ble to mat]iali/s ?an ,memory4 ,x is t :i* survives :5 e p>ticle ( ! mat]ial bra9 has be5 repeat$ly *ang$4 ,x is t :i* m or less deeply receives impressions & reta9s !m ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ye>s4 ,& ev5 :5 !y are app>5tly =gott51 hidd5 z x 7 beh9d a tempor>y veil1 a pass+ odor1 a dimly-he>d s\nd or a nodd+ fl[] may r5d ! veil asund] 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 & sc5es long =gott5 are reproduc$ be=e ! memory z vividly z ?\gh "t _h be5 annihilat$4 ,no?+ is omitt$4 ,!re comes up to view a m9ute & in/antane\s insight into e detail1 & = a mom5t we break loose f our fle%y tab]nacle1 & see & he> ) our spiritual & n ) our mat]ial eyes & e>s4 ,man expects t he %all reta9 8 memory & c>ry x into ! next _w4 ,he also expects to recognize 9 ! spiritual _w ^? :om he has lov$ 9 ?is temporal sph]e4 ,memory1 !re=e1 mu/ be spiritual & et]nal2 & :]ev] x c be f\nd1 !re exi/s an immortal _s4 ,no /rong] evid5ce1 ap>t f ,revelation1 exi/s ( a future life ( man ?an memory4 ,& if we apply ?is pro( to ourselves1 !n1 9 pure ju/ice1 we %\ld apply x :]ev] memory is f\nd4 ,b "s h claim$ t memory is a m]e emanation f ! bra94 ,t an inf]ior bra9 is c\pl$ ) an inf]ior intellect1 & t if ! bra9 be slightly or s]i\sly injur$1 ! p[]s ( ?\ght w be weak5$ or utt]ly held 9 abeyance1 are argum5ts t h be5 made to prove t ?\ght is ! creation ( ! bra94 ,! facts 9 !mselves are true1 b ! conclusion is false4 ,! bra9 is b ! organ or in/rum5t ( ! ?\ght-p[]1 & /&s 9 ! same relation to x t a tool does to a c>p5t]4 ,h[ev] good an artisan a c>p5t] may be1 x is b common-s5se to say t he _c turn out good "w ) a blunt in/rum5t1 or any "w at all ) a brok5 "o4 ,s x is ) ! bra94 ,x is b ! tool ( ! _s1 &1 if x be damag$ 9 any way1 ! ke5e/ intellect w n be able to "w ) x4 ,memory1 moreov]1 exi/s 9 creatures :i* are devoid ( bra94 ,no real bra91 b only a succession ( n]v\s ganglia runn+ ! entire l5g? ( ! body1 is f\nd 9 insects1 & inde$ 9 _m ( !m ! faculty ( memory is v /rongly develop$4 ,!n !re is ! mon]1 a m]e speck ( =mless protoplasm1 t has n ! slighte/ trace ( a specializ$ n]v\s sy/em1 yet x has ! p[] ( ?r[+ out arms & ( retract+ !m into ! g5]al body-mass1 ( op5+ out m\?s :]e a p>ticle ( food /rikes x1 ( dige/+ its food1 & ( circulat+ its fluid )\t ! necessity ( canals4 ,b h[ are ^! movem5ts effect$8 ,c]ta9ly a n]v\s influ5ce is ! prime mov] ( all its actions4 ,n]ve-matt]1 mayhap1 con/itutes its entire body-mass1 or x may be all bra9 z well z all muscle4 ,?\gh ! l[e/ & simple/ ( all animal life1 yet x possesses an innate consci\sness & intellig5ce4 ,memory is n want+ z a faculty ( ! m9d ( ?is all-bra9 animal1 :i* ,i h ?\ght fit to *>act]ize x1 z "s actions ( x already describ$ "u ! head ( 8,slime ,animals0 seem v cle>ly to indicate4 ,"s fifte5 ye>s ago ,i m5tion$ 9 an article1 entitl$ 8,insect ,pets10 a pair ( flies1 ! common ,musca dome/ica ( our h\ses1 :i* _h be5 closely obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,=e/el1 ! g5tleman :o at t "t _h *>ge ( ! di/ribut+ dep>tm5t ( ! ,philadelphia ,record4 ,?is position necessitates nocturnal employm5t4 ,:ile tak+ 8 midnight lun*1 ,mr4 ,=e/el's att5tion 0 direct$ to a pair ( ^! insects t _h locat$ !mselves ^u 8 plate4 ,_h x be5 9 ! summ] :5 flies 7 pl5tiful1 ! ev5t w\ld h>dly h be5 notic$2 b be+ 9 ! w9t]1 a season notable = _! great sc>city1 !y c\ld n b impress 8 m9d ) some?+ out ( ! ord9>y4 ,night aft] night ^! self-invit$ & curi\s gue/s pres5t$ !mselves at ! same place1 & x 0 a long "t be=e he obs]v$ ! regul>ity ( _! visits4 ,at fir/ he 0 dispos$ to view ! alight+ ( two flies ^u 8 plate z a m]e co9cid5ce1 b he at l5g? became s deeply int]e/$ 9 ! affair1 t he resolv$ to wat* _! actions v closely4 ,x 0 n long be=e he became conv9c$ t !y always wait$ = ! comm5cem5t ( ! meal1 :5 !y w\ld delib]ately fly d[n = _! regul> lun*4 ,s closely did he wat* !m1 t he 0 soon able to discrim9ate betwe5 ! two1 & to discov] beyond a d\bt t x 0 n a s]ies ( two flies1 b always ! same pair4 ,z "t progress$1 ,mr4 ,=e/el & ! flies grew to be fam\s fri5ds4 ,!y 9 "t became s fri5dly1 t !y w\ld p]mit !mselves to be h&l$4 ,al?\gh at fir/ !y w\ld only appe> :5 ,mr4 ,=e/el 0 alone1 yet !y soon became accu/om$ to /rang]s4 ,on ! nights :5 _! fri5d 0 n on duty1 o!rs h spread _! lun*es on ! table us$ by him1 b ! flies 7 n sl[ 9 mak+ ! discov]y1 &1 in/ead ( alight+1 w\ld quickly ha/5 away )\t _! accu/om$ meal4 ,:o c d5y ! possession ( memory to ^! two flies8 ,_h ! discov]y ( ! food be5 an accid5tal occurr5ce ! fir/ "t1 c\ld x h be5 s ! second & all ! succe$+ times8 ,!n1 aga91 ! flies always came at ! "r "t1 %[+ t !y _h "s idea ( ! pass+ mom5ts4 ,ev5 admitt+ t ?is latt] ?\ght is out ( ! range ( probability1 !re c be no d\bt t !y 7 n obs]vant creatures1 else h[ w\ld !y "k :5 to come1 or :e!r or n ! man t sat at ! table 0 ! same t _h %[n !m s mu* k9dness on _! previ\s visits4 ,t !y did "k ^! ?+s1 !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt4 ,b h[ did !y "k !m8 ,!re is only "o answ] to ! qu]y4 ,!y knew !m ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( memory1 ^! creatures impress+ on _! m9ds ! appe>ance ( ! objects ne> ! table1 ! =m & color ( ! table itself1 ! look1 mann] & dress ( ! man :o sat by x1 & act+ on ! result ( ^! impressions4 ,human be+s act 9 j ! same way 9 trav]s+ = ! fir/ "t a locality ?r\gh :i* !y w h to return4 ,& yet1 z has already be5 /at$1 ^! insects h no true bra9s4 ,consid]ably remov$ f insects are ! v]mes1 or worms4 ,man1 9 8 ov]we5+ op9ion ( self1 w\ld h>dly cr$it ! e>?-worm ) ! possession ( any m5tal qualities2 yet x has be5 %[n t x c reason1 & c communicate aft] its fa%ion ) its fell[s4 ,x is n[ my int5tion to prove t x has ! p[] ( memory4 ,has ! read] ev] se5 an e>?-worm try+ to c>ry into its burr[ a pair ( p9e-ne$les jo9$ at _! bases8 ,x kn[s j :]e to seize ! pair4 ,?is x det]m9es by feel+1 or mov+ its head along ! ne$les1 ! s5se ( t\* be+ v acute 9 ?is portion ( its body4 ,h>dly ev] is a mi/ake made by seiz+ ! free or apical extremities4 ,once x has discov]$ :]e to act1 ?is position is fix$ 9 memory1 & ! animal ex]cises ! latt] p[] 9 deal+ ) objects ( ! k9d 9 all subsequ5t op]ations4 ,almo/ any liv+ be+ c by means ( ! faculty ( memory be taught by man4 ,b 7 x abs5t1 no tea*+ w\ld be ( ! slighte/ avail4 ,9 mo/ cases :]e an animal is f]oci\s1 ,i firmly believe t fe>1 & n ill-temp]1 is ! real cause ( its conduct4 ,let a little k9dness be %[n1 & ! animal w nev] =get x4 ,su* acts1 repeat$ly p]=m$1 assure x t y\r int5tions are well-meant1 & x soon le>ns to recognize 9 y a fri5d4 ,! memory ( y\r goodness w (t5 be recollect$ aft] long ye>s ( sep>ation1 & ! mo/ joy\s feel+s be manife/$ at ! sight ( y\r pres5ce ^u return+ home4 ,ev]yone :o has _h p]sonal exp]i5ce ( dome/icat$ animals mu/ h rem>k$ ! great /r5g? & endurance ( _! p[]s ( memory4 ,! dog1 ! cat1 ! horse & ! ass af=d s _m famili> anecdotes 9 po9t1 t ,i %all be oblig$ to pass !m ov] & re/rict my illu/rations to a few animals ab\t :i* little has be5 said4 ,= ob/9acy ( op9ion no animal c excel ! pig4 ,he is a creature :om few1 on acc\nt ( 8 uncleanly p]son & disgu/+ habits1 w\ld c>e to c>ess4 ,yet !re is no animal "u man's c>e t enjoys su* treatm5t bett] ?an he does4 ,he w /& = h\rs :ile y rub 8 head & back1 ! v imp]sonation ( cont5tm5t1 nev] fail+ to express 8 ?anks & appreciation by occasional monosyllabic grunts4 ,a fri5d ( ours1 liv+ 9 ,nor!rn ,indiana1 _h a f9e fell[1 :om he _h rais$ f infancy4 ,:5 he 0 q "y1 he began to %[ him consid]able att5tion1 pick+ him up 9 8 arms1 & fondl+ him 9 ! mo/ affectionate mann]4 ,! *oice/ food 0 always res]v$ = him1 & ! cosie/ b$ ( /raw provid$ = 8 nightly re/4 ,9 process ( "t ! animal grew to great size1 b he nev] =got ^! e>ly att5tions4 ,he expect$ !m all ! same4 ,:5 d5i$ :at he deem$ 7 8 lawful rights1 he w\ld set up an une>?ly squeal+1 en\gh to split ! e>s ( ! gr\ndl+s1 & refuse to be com=t$ until 8 dem&s 7 satisfi$4 ,nev] 0 ! ma/]1 :5 out ( ! h\se1 safe f 8 intrusions4 ,he w\ld besiege him 9 ! pres5ce ( company1 comm& 8 att5tion1 & cry 9 8 own peculi> fa%ion if he ?\ght himself ignor$4 ,_m a r\gh-&-tumble game1 :i* rem9d$ me ( boys 9 my *ildhood days1 w\ld !y h toge!r1 & x 0 really amus+ to see !m4 ,!y enjoy$ ^! tussles1 :i* 7 always ( ! mo/ fri5dly "*4 ,/upid z ! life ( a c[ may seem to be1 yet !re has be5 kn[n to ! writ] "s c[s :i* 7 f> f be+ dull & prosaic4 ,our same ,hoosi] fri5d _h su* an animal1 :om he call$ ,daisy4 ,%e 0 v docile & affectionate1 & w\ld come1 ev5 :5 graz+ 9 ! mo/ delightful pa/ure ( clov]1 :5ev] h] "n happ5$ to be m5tion$4 ,daisy 0 a pretty creature1 & v exempl>y 9 h] conduct4 ,:5 h] companions w\ld break into a field ( corn1 :]e !y _h no "r to be1 %e w\ld n foll[ _! wick$ example1 b rema9$ :]e h] ma/] _h plac$ h] & ! re/ ( ! h]d1 %[+ !m1 z x 71 t %e did n approve ( su* wilful wayw>dness4 ,no memb] ( ! bov9e family ( animals ev] %[$ a great] fondness = love ?an ,daisy4 ,! ma/] c\ld put 8 arms ar\nd h] neck1 & lay 8 face aga9/ ! side ( h] own4 ,t %e approv$ ( su* famili>ity 0 evid5t1 = %e w\ld %[ t %e did by plac+ h] lips aga9/ 8 9 true lov]-l fa%ion4 ,b !re came a "t :5 ?is atta*m5t to ! ma/] became dissolv$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! bad behavior ( ! h]d 9 g5]al1 & to make x a law-abid+ community1 x 0 resolv$ t ea* memb] %\ld h its horns sawn (f close up to ! skull4 ,?is1 x 0 ?\ght1 w\ld improve ! temp] ( ! h]d1 & make x less tr\blesome to manage4 ,no fe> 0 ent]ta9$1 h[ev]1 = ,daisy1 :o 0 already z good z %e c\ld be1 b ,daisy mu/ und]go ! same cruel puni%m5t = ! sake ( uni=mity 9 ?is p>ticul> 9 ! h]d4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 ! opposite effect ^u ,daisy f :at x _h ^u ! re/ ( ! h]d1 = x made h] sull5 & morose1 & f t "t %e res5t$ all famili>ity ^u ! "p ( ! ma/]4 ,%e seem$ to view him z h] wor/ enemy4 ,all attempts to settle h] grievances 7 view$ 9 a suspici\s mann]1 & ! matt] ( reconciliation _h at l5g? to be ab&on$4 ,bea/s1 !re is no d\bt1 7 int5d$ to be ! s]vants ( man1 & !re is no?+ 9 8 h&s half s p[]ful 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ?is end z ?\ghtful k9dness4 ,inflexible decision1 comb9$ ) g5tl5ess & sympa?y1 are irresi/ible weapons 9 8 p[]1 & no animal exi/s1 ,i firmly believe1 :i* _c be subdu$ if ! "r man und]takes ! task4 ,by ?is mixture ( firmness & k9dness _m a wild bea/ ( a horse has be5 9 a half-h\r r5d]$ g5tle & subs]vi5t by ,r>ey1 obey+ ! lea/ sign ( 8 conqu]or1 & p]mitt+ himself to be freely h&l$ )\t display+ ! slighte/ res5tm5t4 ,t !re is some?+ m 9 memory ?an a m]e production ( a mat]ial bra9 mu/ seem probable f ! examples giv54 ,9 sev]al cases ! animals 7 )\t any bra9s at all1 b 9 o!rs1 :]e a bra9 did exi/1 its mat]ial p>ticles mu/ h be5 repeat$ly *ang$1 :ile ! ideas impress$ ^u ! memory /ill rema9$ 9 full =ce4 ,p]haps no attribute ( ! m9d is bett] fitt$ to foll[ t :i* has j be5 treat$ ?an ,g5]osity4 ,b :e!r we accept x 9 ! s5se ( lib]ality or magnanimity1 x is c]ta9ly a v l(ty quality1 & "o :i* inf9itely ennobles ! "* ( ^? :o possess x4 ,tak5 9 ! =m] s5se1 x is an attribute ( ,deity1 :o gives u freely all t we h1 & s sets u an example ( g5]osity to our fell[-creatures4 ,n[1 if x be admitt$ t ! possession ( g5]osity ennobles man's "*1 :ile ! lack ( t quality debases x1 !n ! inf]5ce is und5iable t :5 we f9d a bea/ possess+ g5]osity1 & a man devoid ( x1 ! bea/ is 9 t p>ticul> ! sup]ior ( ! man4 ,& t g5]osity1 be+ a div9e attribute1 belongs to ! _s & n to ! body1 no believ] 9 ,*ri/ianity is likely to d5y4 ,!re=e1 :]ev] we f9d ?is *>act]i/ic develop$1 we mu/ admit ! pres5ce ( an immortal _s4 ,t ! l[] animals d possess g5]osity 9 ! s5se ( ,lib]ality w n[ be prov$ f circum/ances t h occurr$ )9 my own obs]vation4 ,my fir/ pro( is a v int]e/+ "o1 & is drawn f ! life ( a dog t 0 ! companion ( my s*ool-boy days4 ,sport 0 ! "n ( ! animal4 ,he 0 n a gre$y1 selfi% creature1 b a g5]\s1 noble fell[4 ,_m an act ( self-sacrifice _h he be5 kn[n to p]=m1 & he 0 nev] happi] ?an :5 he 0 do+ "s good to 8 fell[s4 ,x 0 n unlike him1 :5 he w\ld meet a poor1 /range & hungry animal ( 8 own k9d by ! roadway1 to br+ him to 8 ma/]'s h\se1 & at ! meal-h\r divide ) ! un=tunate 8 noon-day all[ance4 ,betwe5 him & a c]ta9 cat1 call$ ,blackey1 :i* 0 also a memb] ( ! same h\sehold1 !re exi/$ a v /rong fri5d%ip4 ,any injury done ! cat 0 mo/ summ>ily res5t$ by ,sport4 ,he w\ld %>e 8 meals ) h]1 & nev] seem$ satisfi$ unless %e w\ld cons5t to take ! *oice/ bits4 ,b ! g5]osity 0 n all on 8 side1 = ! cat c]ta9ly rivall$ him 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is noble trait1 :i* all ackn[l$ge to be "o ( ! noble/ *>act]i/ics ( ! human m9d4 ,:5 ,blackey 0 sick1 & unable to be ar\nd1 mu* ( ! "t ( ! dog w\ld be sp5t 9 h] pres5ce4 ,he w\ld c>ess h] ) 8 paw1 smoo? h] silk51 jet-black fur ) 8 tongue1 & seek by e means 9 8 p[] to raise h] droop+ spirits & alleviate h] mis]ies4 ,no animal1 n ev5 man himself1 c\ld %[ m real sympa?y = a fell[ 9 di/ress ?an ,sport did = ,blackey4 ,no bird1 x w\ld seem1 c\ld be expect$ to manife/ s little ( g5]osity z ! sp>r[4 ,z a rule1 sp>r[s are rem>kable = _! ability to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,!irs is a nature :i* is bas$ ^u self4 ,!y are an av>ici\s species1 & little !y reck = _! neighbors4 ,z ! eagle is kn[n to treat ! osprey1 & ! skua-gull its weak] bre?r51 s ! sp>r[ has be5 kn[n to act t[>ds its neighbors4 ,b exceptions exi/ to e rule1 & we are pleas$ to record an honorable "o 9 ! case ( ?is mo/ dete/$ species4 ,close by a maple-tree1 :i* a pair ( sp>r[s _h appropriat$ & made ! support = _! home1 dwelt a /urdy rob9 ) 8 mate4 ,_! home1 a mud-l9$ domicile1 0 plac$ 9 ! crot* ( a small tree4 ,?ree *ildr5 appe>$ 9 process ( "t to bless ! happy c\ple4 ,ev]y?+ w5t along smoo?ly & pleasantly ) ! rob9s1 ! sp>r[s be+ too mu* engross$ ) _! own affairs to ?9k ( giv+ !m any tr\ble4 ,b a trag$y soon happ5$ :i*1 sad to relate1 =ebod$ evil & consequ5t dea? to ! ne/-full ( "y rob9s4 ,fa!r & "m _h1 :ile se>*+ = food = ! little ones1 be5 cruelly kill$ by a consci5celess sportsman4 ,b ! fl$gl+s1 :i* seem$ doom$ to die ! dea? ( />vation1 7 sp>$ by "s good g5ius :o put x into ! he>t ( ! sp>r[s to pass t way1 & ?us 0 _! sad & pitiable condition br\ght to ! light ( day4 ,_! he>t-r5d+ appeals = food1 comb9$ ) _! orphan$ situation1 /ruck a sympa!tic *ord 9 ! brea/ ( ! sp>r[s1 & day aft] day ^! birds1 ^: *ief conc]n naturally seems = self1 might be se5 act+ ! "p ( ! good ,sam>itan t[>ds ^! un=tunate ( ,god's *ildr54 ,b let u n[ pass to t =m ( g5]osity :i* has be5 call$ ,magnanimity4 ,few qualities 9 human nature are m noble ?an ! capability ( =ego+ rev5ge :5 ! (f5d] is p[]less to resi/4 ,?is unwill+ness to res5t an injury1 ev5 ?\gh ! p[] to d s is pres5t 9 ! individual1 is :at is impli$ by magnanimity4 ,:5 we f9d ^? be+s :om we designate brutes ris+ to a moral gr&eur :i* few m5 c atta91 disda9+ to avail !mselves ( ! opportunity ( v5geance1 & ev5 rew>d+ evil ) good1 x does seem an utt] absurdity to affirm t !y are n act+ "u ! inspiration ( ,him :o gave u ! cele/ial maxim1 8,love y\r enemies40 ,by _! actions !y %[ !mselves wor?y ( ev]la/+ life1 & :at !y des]ve !y w assur$ly receive at ! h&s ( ,him :o is ,ju/ice & ,tru?4 ,consci\sly1 or unconsci\sly1 ! feel+ ( magnanimity is ackn[l$g$ among mank9d4 ,ev5 9 ! l[e/ /ratum ( society x is recogniz$4 ,z ) man1 s ) ! l[] animals2 & !re are _m in/ances on record :]e ! /rong h disda9$1 no matt] :at ! (f5ce _h be51 to make reprisals ^u ! weak4 ,bus & ,jack are two dogs ^: acqua9tance ,i made ?ree ye>s ago4 ,! "o is a beagle1 & ! o!r a pug4 ,no "o t has se5 ^! animals 9 _! frolics & plays1 w\ld ev] suspect t any diff]5ces c\ld arise betwe5 !m4 ,b :5 su* disagreem5ts d occur1 & !re is h>dly a day t does n witness a doz5 or m1 x is always ,bus t is ! in/igator4 ,! mo/ trifl+ act ^u ! "p ( ,jack w be made ! cause ( (f5ce1 & an excuse = ! precipitation ( a qu>rel4 ,9 a rage1 ,bus w fly into ! face ( ,jack1 b ! latt] w coolly %ake him (f & walk leisurely away4 ,no provocation w induce him to res5t an insult or an injury1 especially :]e ,pug or a dog small] ?an himself is conc]n$4 ,x is n t he is afraid ( ,pug1 =1 :5 once ar\s$ 9 ! pres5ce ( equal or ev5 sup]ior /r5g?1 he becomes a t]ror4 ,he is too magnanim\s to av5ge a wrong done him by "o less p[]ful ?an himself4 ,! look :i* he w\ld give ,pug1 aft] "o ( ^! attacks _h be5 made1 0 "o ( pure contempt1 & said1 z pla9ly z words c\ld h said1 8,y\r assaults are m]e *ild's play1 & are unwor?y ( recognition by "o :o is s mu* y\r sup]ior 9 feats ( valor40 ,t ,pug felt ! mean+ & =ce ( ! look 0 app>5t1 = he w\ld always sl9k away aba%$ to "s corn]1 :]e he w\ld rema9 = an h\r or two )\t %[+ himself4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 has ,jack all[$ little dogs to bite him )\t tr\bl+ himself to retaliate2 b if a big dog v5tur$ ^u an insult1 t dog _h to run or pay ! p5alty = 8 tem]ity4 ,no dog c\ld give a m disda9ful look ?an ,jack1 & t look always gave him an easy & un9t]rupt$ passage :]ev] he *ose to g4 ,o!r anecdotes ( a simil> nature might be giv5 to %[ t animals c act magnanim\sly t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,t !y are z capable ( display+ ! magnanimity ( _! nature t[>ds m5 :om !y hat$ has frequ5tly be5 obs]v$4 ,! manag] ( a mill 9 ,fife%ire1 ,scotl&1 01 accord+ to ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 v mu* dislik$ by ! wat*-dog1 probably f "s h>% treatm5t :i* ! animal _h receiv$ f 8 h&s4 ,"o v d>k night ! manag] _h /ray$ f 8 pa? & fell ov] ! dog4 ,see+ ! mi/ake he _h made1 & f9d+ t he c\ld n recov] himself1 he gave himself up z lo/1 = ! dog 0 a v p[]ful animal4 ,b ! dog 0 magnanim\s en\gh to sp>e a helpless enemy1 & to lay aside old grievances4 ,in/ead ( seiz+ ! pro/rate man by ! ?roat1 z a brute w\ld be expect$ to d1 ! dog only lick$ 8 face & exhibit$ 8 sympa?y4 ,ev] aft]w>d ! man & ! dog 7 fa/ fri5ds4 ,j z !re are animals capable ( ex]cis+ great self-d5ial by giv+ to o!rs :at belongs to !mselves1 & ev5 manife/+ a g5]osity :i* w\ld put human nature to ! blu%1 s !re are animals :i* c *eat l accompli%$ sw9dl]s4 ,z all ,*eat]y requires ! use ( ! intellect1 x is !re=e evid5t t ! mo/ intellectual animals w be ! mo/ accompli%$ *eats4 ,dogs h %[n !mselves to be consid]able adepts 9 *eat+1 & ?is we w\ld naturally expect4 ,"s curi\s & r ludicr\s in/ances ( *eat]y ^u ! "p ( ! dog are notic$4 ,we once knew a pair ( dogs1 a spaniel & a pug1 t 7 inmates ( ! same h\se4 ,!y 7 v jeal\s ( ea* o!r s f> z ! ma/] 0 conc]n$1 & nei!r c\ld endure to see ! o!r c>ess$4 ,x happ5$ t ! spaniel 0 tak5 q ill1 & 0 9 consequ5ce v mu* c>$ = & pett$4 ,8 companion1 see+ ! att5tion & sympa?y t 7 be/[$ ^u him1 pret5d$ to be sick h]self1 &1 go+ to a corn] ( ! room1 lay d[n ^u ! floor & look$ ! v picture ( mis]y & di/ress4 ,a cat & a dog1 t = _m ye>s 7 memb]s ( ! writ]'s family1 _h tak5 a fancy to ! same spot1 a s(t cu%ion at ! head ( a s(a4 ,:ile !y 7 ! be/ ( fri5ds1 yet a diff]5ce ( op9ion w\ld occasionally arise1 & a slight loss ( temp] w\ld be ! result4 ,:5 ! cat w\ld be 9 ! possession ( ! cu%ion1 ! dog w\ld torm5t h] 9 e possible way ) ! view ( caus+ h] to ab&on ! pet spot4 ,he w\ld pull at ! cu%ion1 seek+ to drag x to ! floor1 or1 seiz+ ! occupant by ! e> or tail1 endeavor to dislodge h] by =ce4 ,b ! cat1 seem+ly unm9dful ( :at 0 go+ on1 & ! v imp]sonation ( pati5ce all ! :ile1 w\ld refuse to give up s com=table a c\*4 ,at la/ ! dog hit ^u a ruse :i* he knew w\ld br+ ! cat d[n f ! s(a4 ,he ru%$ out into ! kit*51 & began act+ z ?\gh 9 pursuit ( a m\se4 ,he & puss _h (t5 engag$ 9 su* div]t+ bus9ess4 ,?is 0 m ?an ! latt] c\ld /&4 ,%e 0 d[n f h] cozy b$ 9 an in/ant1 & 0 soon by ! side ( ! dog4 ,b z soon z puss1 all ablaze ) excitem5t1 _h h] head 9 a corn] & 0 /ra9+ h] eyes to get a glimpse ( ! suppos$ m\se1 ! dog ran to ! s(a at full spe$1 jump$ on ! cu%ion1 curl$ himself r\nd1 & 0 happy4 ,poor puss1 p]ceiv+ t ! dog _h left h]1 0 n sl[ to disc]n t %e _h be5 impos$ ^u by ! latt]1 & t x 0 only a trick t _h be5 play$ ^u h] by h] %rewd companion1 t he might get possession ( ! s(t spot ^u ! s(a4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 bore x good-natur$ly & decor\sly1 & 0 ev] aft]w>d on ! al]t = ^! little tricks ( h] can9e fri5d4 ,birds c be z capable ( *eat+1 n only ea* o!r1 b o!r animals4 ,a cr[1 belong+ to ,john ,sm$ley1 a resid5t ( ,lima1 ,pa41 0 an adept 9 ! bus9ess4 ,:5 d9n] 0 prep>+1 he w\ld fly ar\nd ! corn] ( ! h\se1 set up a t]rific caw+ z ?\gh 9 great di/ress1 & :5 ! mi/ress ( ! h\se1 ) :om he 0 a great favorite1 w\ld come out on a t\r ( inve/igation1 ! rascally bird w\ld elude h] & manage to /eal r\nd to ! table 9 ! opposite direction & seize :at food suit$ him ! be/1 :i* he w\ld c>ry to ! top ( ! h\se1 :]e he w\ld eat x at 8 leisure4 ,no p]suasions w\ld induce him to come d[n1 = he knew t su* action 0 a brea* ( ! peace1 & he 0 fe>ful ( ! puni%m5t1 t ( conf9em5t to a cage1 :i* w\ld foll[4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he felt assur$ t 8 mi/ress _h =giv5 ! wrong-do+1 he w\ld fly d[n to ! por*1 & d 8 utmo/ to conv9ce h] t he 0 a well-mean+ bird1 & t he 0 ?or\ghly a%am$ ( 8 actions4 ,b !re 0 "o memb] ( ! family t utt]ly dete/$ ! bird4 ,x 0 ! dog ,rov]4 ,_m a trick _h ! bird practis$ ^u ! latt]1 especially at meal "t4 ,poor ,rov] 0 n all[$ to eat 9 peace4 ,:5 he w\ld be :olly absorb$ 9 8 d9n]1 ! cr[ w\ld approa* him 9 ! re>1 give him a sev]e twirl ( ! tail1 & !n 9 a tw9kl+ fly to "o side1 look+ ! v picture ( innoc5ce4 ,b ere ! dog _h recov]$ 8 self-possession & 0 ready to resume 8 fe$+ aga91 ! bird _h captur$ ! da9tie/ morsel1 & 0 (f to ! tree-top4 ,discomfit$ & outwitt$1 ! dog w\ld ru% to ! base ( ! tree1 b>k 8 gr[ls ( ang] & defiance1 :ile ! cr[ w\ld look quizzically d[n f above1 & *uckle ) delight4 ,_m ( my read]s may1 p]haps1 rememb] ! /ory ( ! two dogs t us$ to hunt ! h>e 9 conc]t1 ! "o />t+ ! h>e & driv+ x t[>d ! spot :]e 8 accomplice lay conceal$4 ,i recall an in/ance :]e a some:at simil> arrangem5t 0 made1 only ! two contract+ p>ties1 in/ead ( be+ two dogs1 7 a dog & a hawk1 ! latt] mak+ use ( 8 w+s 9 driv+ ! prey out ( ! copse into ! op5 gr\nd4 ,innum]\s examples ( su* alliances are kn[n1 & 9 all ( !m !re is manife/ ! curi\s fact t two animals c arrange a mode ( *eat+ a ?ird4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal /ratagems us$ 9 w>1 t is ! ambuscade1 :]eby ! enemy is induc$ to believe t dang] is imm95t 9 "o direction1 :5 x really lies 9 ! opposite & unsuspect+ direction1 is employ$4 ,no "o w\ld admit t a g5]al :o contriv$ to draw ! enemy into an ambuscade act$ by in/9ct4 ,! act w\ld be con/ru$ z pro( ( ! possession ( reason+ p[]s surpass+ ^? ( ! adv]s>y4 ,& if ?is be ! case ) ! man1 :y n ) ! dog1 or ) ! rav5 or hawk1 :5 ! deception is c>ri$ out by precisely ! same l9e ( reason+8 ,bea/s possess1 9 common ) man1 ! s5se ( ,humor4 ,?is is develop$ 9 _m ways4 ,g5]ally x assumes ! phase ( teas+ or annoy+ o!rs1 & ?us d]iv+ pleasure or amusem5t f _! discom=t4 ,sometimes1 bo? ) man & bea/1 x takes ! =m ( bodily torture1 ! /ruggles ( ! victim be+ highly amus+ to ! tortur]4 ,civiliz$ man has n[ le>n$ to reg>d ! infliction ( pa9 ^u a fell[ z any?+ b an amusem5t1 & w\ld r suff] ! agony ?an inflict x ^u ano!r4 ,b ) ! savage x is o!rwise1 = !re is no ent]ta9m5t s fasc9at+ z ! infliction ( bodily pa9 ^u a human be+4 ,among our ,indian tribes1 torture is a solemn usage ( w>1 :i* e w>rior expects = himself if captur$1 & :i* he is c]ta9 to inflict ^u any prison] :om he may happ5 to take4 ,! tortures :i* he inflicts are absolutely fi5di%1 & yet a :ole tribe w assemble ar\nd ! /ake1 & gloat ^u ! agonies :i* are be+ borne by a fell[-creature4 ,simil>ly ! ,african savage inflicts ! mo/ excruciat+ suff]+s ^u ! man or woman accus$ ( wit*craft1 employ+ means too horrible to be m5tion$4 ,b 9 all ^! cases ! cruelty seems to be 9 a great measure ow+ to obtus5ess ( p]ception4 ,yet ! savage :o b9ds 8 victim to a /ake1 & p]=ates ! s5sitive p>ts ( 8 body ) burn+ p9e-spl9t]s1 behaves v mu* l a *ild :o amuses itself by cat*+ flies1 pull+ (f _! w+s & legs1 & wat*+ _! unavail+ ef=ts to escape4 ,_m ye>s ago cock*af]s 7 publicly sold 9 ,p>is = *ildr5 to torture to dea?4 ,! amusem5t consi/$ 9 runn+ a hook$ p9 ?r\gh ! insect's tail1 fa/5+ a ?read !reto1 & wat*+ ! poor creature sp9 9 ! air4 ,aft] ! poor beetle 0 too enfeebl$ to exp& its w+s1 x 0 sl[ly dismemb]$1 ! *ild be+ greatly amus$ at its endeavors to crawl1 z leg aft] leg 0 pull$ f ! body4 ,a simil> cu/om1 ?\gh 9 a m cruel =m1 prevails 9 ,italy1 ! creatures :i* are tortur$ by way ( sport be+ m capable ( feel+ pa9 ?an are insects4 ,birds are employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry = ! amusem5t ( *ildr54 ,a /r+ is ti$ to ! leg ( ! bird1 & ! un=tunate creature1 aft] its p[]s ( flight are exhau/$1 is g5]ally pluck$ alive & dismemb]$4 ,! idea ( cruelty does n seem to ent] at all 9 ^! practices1 b !y are done f ! %e] incapacity ( und]/&+ t a bird or a bea/ c be a fell[-creature4 ,italians are notori\s = _! cruel treatm5t ( animals1 & if remon/rat$ ) become v mu* a/oni%$ & reply1 8,non ,cri/iano10 t is to say1 8,x is n a ,*ri/ian40 ,engli%m5 h little to boa/ ( on ?is score4 ,be>-bait+ 0 aboli%$ by ! ,puritans1 n because x gave pa9 to ! be>1 b because x gave pleasure to ! spectators4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ?is c\ntry1 !re is a lat5t hank]+ aft] simil> sc5es1 & dog-fight+1 rat-kill+ & cock-fight+1 ev5 ?\gh !y are n[ contr>y to law1 are /ill practis$ 9 secret4 ,simil>ly ! s5se ( humor is develop$ 9 ! l[] animals by caus+ pa9 or annoyance to "s o!r creature1 & ! animal acts 9 precisely ! same mann] z a savage or a *ild4 ,sp>r[s1 z might be expect$ f _! "*1 w gratify _! feel+s ( av]sion by b&+ toge!r = ! purpose ( mobb+ "s creature to :i* !y h an objection4 ,9 ,h>dwicke's ,sci5ce ,gossip = ,decemb]1 #ahgb1 !re is a %ort acc\nt ( a numb] ( sp>r[s mobb+ a cat4 ,evid5tly ! cat _h int5d$ mak+ a meal on "o ( ! birds1 b 0 greatly mi/ak51 = ! sp>r[s da%$ ^u him s fi]cely1 t he soon turn$ tail & ran into ! h\se1 "o ( ! sp>r[s actually pursu+ him into ! h\se4 ,! poor cat ran up-/airs1 & 0 f\nd cr\*+ 9 t]ror "u "o ( ! b$s4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ,london1 :]e ! sp>r[s are less num]\s n[ ?an !y us$ to be4 ,no bird ( my k possesses a l>g] am\nt ( humor ?an ! cr[4 ,i h kn[n him to feign an attack ^u a di/ant "p ( a field ( newly-spr\t$ corn1 :i* 0 be+ gu>d$ by a f>m] ) 8 gun4 ,:5 ! latt] w\ld be drawn to t "p ( ! field :]e ! attack 0 to be made1 ! sagaci\s bird w\ld manage to outwit him1 slip ar\nd to ! o!r side1 drop d[n into ! field & obta9 a few t5d] spr\ts be=e ! f>m] h>dly knew :at 0 go+ on4 ,b he 0 always up & away at ! opportune mom5t1 &1 p]*$ ^u a f5ce-rail1 beyond ! range ( ! gun1 w\ld enjoy "o ( 8 rollick+ caw+ laughs at ! f>m]'s exp5se4 ,cr[s t are tame h ! s5se ( humor m ke5ly develop$ ?an _! wild bre?r5 ( ! fields & ! woods4 ,i once knew a tame cr[ t took great pleasure 9 annoy+ a dog t liv$ 9 ! same family4 ,c>lo1 z ! dog 0 call$1 0 nev] s cont5t$ z :5 all[$ to sleep ! h\rs ( ! morn+ away1 aft] a night's c>\sal1 9 a quiet1 sunny spot 9 ! backy>d4 ,:5 ! dog _h become fa/ wrapp$ 9 ! arms ( ! god ( slumb]1 ! cr[ w\ld /eal to 8 side1 give 8 e> a %>p pull1 & :5 ! dog w\ld awake & look ar\nd ! cr[ w\ld be busy 9 glean+1 ! mo/ unconc]n$ creature 9 ! :ole y>d4 ,aga9 & aga9 w\ld %e annoy ! poor animal1 & always ) ! same evid5t s5se ( delight1 :i* ,i c\ld always read 9 ! mis*iev\s tw9kle t lurk$ 9 h] eyes1 till ! dog1 bewild]$ & unable to acc\nt = su* my/]i\s actions1 w\ld sil5tly skulk away to o!r p>ts1 :]e he hop$ to be free f all intrusion4 ,ev5 ! mi/ress ( ! h\se 0 n exempt f h] annoyance4 ,%e w\ld c>ry (f ev]y?+ %e c\ld lay hold (1 & always hid !m away 9 "o place1 t is1 9 a l>ge crevice on ! top ( ! h\se betwe5 ! peak ( ! ro( & ! *imney4 ,"o day ! mi/ress's spectacles disappe>$4 ,se>* 0 in/itut$ ev]y:]e1 b )\t effect4 ,none knew bett] ?an ! bird :at ! tr\ble 04 ,:ile ! se>* 0 go+ on1 %e busi$ h]self 9 look+ ar\nd1 & seem$ z desir\s ( f9d+ ! miss+ glasses z any memb] ( ! h\sehold4 ,! look :i* ! bird gave %[$ t %e enjoy$ ! situation ( affairs imm5sely1 & consid]$ x a f9e joke t %e _h play$ ^u h] mi/ress4 ,aft] a few days ! lo/ spectacles 7 re/or$ to _! accu/om$ place1 b no "o ev] positively knew h[ !y came ?i!r4 ,dome/ic birds1 z a rule1 are rem>kable = ! g5]osity :i* ! ma/]-bird %[s to 8 inf]iors4 ,he w scrat* ! gr\nd1 une>? "s food1 & !n1 in/ead ( eat+ x himself1 w call "s ( 8 favorites1 & give !m ! delicacy = :i* he labor$4 ,b ,i h met ) a few cases :]e ! cock scrat*$ z usual1 call$ 8 wives1 &1 :5 !y _h ga!r$ r\nd him1 ate ! morsel himself4 ,x 0 b a practical joke t he _h p]petrat$ ^u !m1 & t !y felt x z su* _! looks only too /rongly te/ifi$4 ,!re 0 a reli% ( delight 9 x = ! cock1 = ! cackle1 :i* he imm$iately gave1 assur$ me ( ?is fact z mu* z ! laugh ( a man c\ld h done :o _h play$ su* a joke ^u "o ( 8 fell[s4 ,p>rots are mu* giv5 to practical jok+1 aft] ! ways ( mank9d4 ,a p>rot1 belong+ to an aunt1 _h a bad habit ( :i/l+ = a dog1 & !n enjoy+ ! animal's bewild]m5t & discomfiture4 ,%e w\ld call ! cat1 z h] mi/ress 0 accu/om$ to d1 & :5 puss w\ld come1 expect+ "s da9ty article ( food1 %e w\ld call out 9 h] sev]e/ tone1 8,be (f1 y hussy60 & ! cat w\ld make all possible spe$ = a place ( security1 greatly to ! amusem5t ( ! p>rot f h] p]* 9 ! cage4 ,!re h be5 kn[n p>rots t w\ld play practical jokes ^u human be+s1 b dogs & cats seem to be ! pr9cipal victims ( ! p>rot's s5se ( humor4 ,animals n only %[ _! playfulness 9 su* tricks z h be5 m5tion$1 b _m ( !m are able to appreciate & take "p 9 ! games play$ by *ildr54 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy ,i knew a dog1 a species ( greyh\nd1 :i* 0 an accompli%$ play] at ! well-kn[n game call$ tag1 or t\*4 ,q z mu* en?usiasm 0 display$ by ! animal z by any ( ! human play]s4 ,he w\ld d>t away f ! boy :o happ5$ to be 8t\*0 ) an anxiety t almo/ appe>$ t]ror4 ,x 0 an impossibility to t\* ! clev] can9e play]2 b he 0 a g5]\s creature1 ) a /rong s5se ( ju/ice1 & s1 :5 he ?\ght t 8 turn ought to come1 he w\ld /& /ill & wait quietly to be t\*$4 ,8 mann] ( t\*+ 8 play-fell[s 0 always by grasp+ ! end ( _! tr\s]s ) 8 tee?1 & z x 0 impossible = ! boy to /op :5 s seiz$ 9 full c\rse1 ! dog 0 (t5 j]k$ along ! gr\nd = "s little di/ance4 ,hide-&-seek is a game :i* is (t5 le>n$ & enjoy$ by _m animals4 ,i h (t5 be5 an int]e/$ spectator ( ! play 9 :i* two dogs 7 ! p>ticipants4 ,x 0 z excit+ z su* a div]sion c\ld possibly be betwe5 two *ildr54 ,= an h\r at a "t ,i h wat*$ ! fun1 & ! play]s seem$ n to abate ! lea/ jot or tittle f _! ardor & en?usiasm4 ,!y 7 app>5tly z fre% !n z at ! beg9n+4 ,9 due "t ! game ceas$ z if by mutual cons5t1 b ! animals did n seek "s cool1 quiet spot = com=t & re/1 b />t$ (f to ! woods = "s fur!r div]sion1 f :i* _! voices 7 soon he>d1 tell+ t !y 7 9 pursuit ( a rabbit or ! ignoble gr\nd-hog4 ,we h f> f exhau/$ ! li/ ( examples at h& to %[ t ! l[] animals possess a s5se ( humor4 ,b :at use1 x may be ask$1 c ! capacity ( humor subs]ve 9 ! next _w8 ,mu* ! same1 ,i presume1 t x subs]ves 9 ?is4 ,!re are "s 9 ?is _w 9 :om ! s5se ( humor is absolutely want+4 ,e/imable z !y may be 9 "*1 !y are j solemn prigs1 & ,i %\ld be v sorry to resemble !m 9 ! _w1 :i!r1 x is hop$1 all life t5de?4 ,pride1 ,jeal\sy1 ,ang]1 ,rev5ge & ,tyranny1 :ile n v pleas+ *>act]i/ics1 belong1 z su*1 to ! immat]ial1 & n to ! mat]ial1 "p ( man4 ,t ! l[] animals possess ^! qualities w be se5 f :at foll[s4 ,h5ce ! inf]5ce to be drawn f t fact mu/ be q obvi\s4 ,tak+ ^! *>act]i/ics 9 ord]1 ,pride1 or ,self-e/eem1 is develop$ z fully 9 _m animals z 9 ! pr\de/ ( ! human race4 ,mo/ conspicu\sly is ?is %[n 9 animals :i* h]d toge!r4 ,!re is always "o lead] at ! head1 :o w n p]mit any movem5t to be made )\t 8 ord]1 & :o res5ts ! lea/ int]f]5ce ) 8 au?ority4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! de]1 ! horse & ! ox4 ,ev5 :5 ^! animals are dome/icat$1 & ! habits ( _! f]al life h mat]ially *ang$1 ! feel+ ( pride exi/s to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,:oev] has c>efully wat*$ & /udi$ ! inhabitants ( a f>m-y>d _c fail to h obs]v$ t ! c[s h _! laws ( prec$5ce & etiquette z cle>ly def9$ z ^? ( any ,european ,c\rt4 ,e c[ kn[s h] own place & keeps x4 ,%e w nev] condesc5d to take a l[]1 nor w\ld %e be all[$ to assume a high]4 ,a new-com] 9 a f>m-y>d has ab\t z mu* *ance ( approa*+ ! rack at fe$+-"t z a new boy at s*ool has ( gett+ ne> ! fire on a cold w9t] day4 ,b z ! "y calf increases 9 gr[?1 & is ne>+ maturity1 %e is all[$ to m+le ) h] companions on tol]ably equal t]ms4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 a y\ng] animal ?an h]self be admitt$1 x is amus+ to see ) :at gratification %e bullies ! new-com]1 & h[ mu* high] %e ranks 9 h] own e/imation :5 %e f9ds %e is no long] ! junior4 ,b %\ld ! fates be propiti\s1 & %e %\ld arrive at ! dignity ( be+ s5ior c[1 %e nev] fails to ass]t t dignity on e occasion4 ,:5 ! cattle are tak5 out ( ! y>d to _! pa/ure 9 ! morn+1 & :5 !y are return$ to x 9 ! ev5+1 %e w n all[ any except h]self to take ! lead4 ,an in/ance is record$ :]e ! man 9 *>ge ( a h]d ( c[s w\ld n p]mit ! 8gang]10 z ! head c[ is (t5 call$1 to g out fir/4 ,! result 0 t %e refus$ to g out at all4 ,!re=e1 to get h] to g out ( ! y>d1 ! man _h to drive all ! o!r c[s back aga91 s t %e might take h] prop] place at ! head ( ! h]d4 ,few p "k mu* ab\t ! real disposition ( ! mule4 ,judg+ f popul> ideas respect+ ! animal1 "o w\ld ?9k t x _h no pride 9 its composition4 ,x is 9 reality a v pr\d animal1 & fond ( good society4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics is 8 av]sion to ! ass1 & ! pride :i* he takes 9 8 relation to ! horse4 ,an ass w\ld be h>dly safe 9 a drove ( mules1 = he w\ld1 9 all probability1 be kick$ & lam$ by 8 pr\d relatives2 :]eas a horse1 on ! contr>y1 takes a di/+ui%$ position1 ! mules n only cr[d+ ar\nd him & foll[+ 8 movem5ts1 b exhibit+ a viol5t jeal\sy1 ea* /riv+ to get ! ne>e/ to _! di/+ui%$ relative4 ,illu/ration3 ,,exhibition ,,( ,,gr&eur4 ,male ,peacock 9 ,pres5ce ( ,"s ,b>n-,y>d ,f[ls4 ,we h se5 ! pride ( rank & love ( prec$5ce 9 c[s1 & ! pride ( ance/ry 9 mules4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a pride t takes ! =m ( s5sitiv5ess to ridicule4 ,no?+ is s gall+ to a pr\d man z to f9d himself ! object ( ridicule4 ,! same trait ( "* is to be f\nd 9 _m animals1 & especially 9 ^? t h be5 dome/icat$1 = x is 9 ^! t we h ! mo/ opportunities = obs]vation4 ,all high-br$ dogs are exce$+ly s5sitive to ridicule4 ,we knew ( a cat t 0 q consci\s if spok5 ( 9 a disp>ag+ mann]1 & te/ifi$ 8 disapprobation by ar*+ 8 tail1 hold+ himself v /iff inde$1 & m>*+ sl[ly out ( ! room4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r =m ( pride :i* is (t5 to be se5 among ! l[] animals1 b m especially among birds notable = gaudy or abundant plumage4 ,?is is ! pride :i* manife/s itself 9 p]sonal appe>ance4 ,vanity is ! "n :i* is curr5tly appli$ to ?is =m ( pride4 ,^? :o h obs]v$ a peacock 9 all ! glory ( 8 />ry tra9 w recognize ! int5se pride he feels at 8 own spl5dor4 ,?is display ( 8 magnific5t tra9 is n = ! purpose ( attract+ ! homage ( 8 pla9ly-attir$ mates solely1 b seems to be int5d$ to evoke ! admiration ( human be+s z well4 ,n ev5 ! homage ( birds1 :om he reg>ds 8 inf]iors1 is to be despis$4 ,we h se5 him1 ) 8 tra9 fully spread1 display+ 8 gr&eur ar\nd a doz5 or m b>n-y>d f[ls1 & app>5tly z satisfi$ ) ! effect he produc$1 z he /alk$ maje/ically among !m1 z if he _h be5 surr\nd$ by 8 own ki? & k94 ,!n !re is ! turkey4 ,no movem5ts are m grotesque ?an 84 ,see him z he /ruts ab\t 9 8 nuptial plumage1 & yet no bird1 not)/&+ ! ludicr\sness ( 8 behavior1 surveys himself ) great] complac5cy4 ,! :idah-bird1 or wid[-bird1 z x is (t5 call$1 exhibits ?is trait ( "* 9 its highe/ developm5t4 ,he is wond]fully pr\d ( 8 beautiful tail1 &1 z long z he we>s x1 loses no opportunity ( display+ x to e p]son :o visits 8 cage4 ,b :5 ! m\lt+ season has arriv$1 & he has tak5 on ! pla91 tailless attire ( 8 mate1 a *ange z great has come ov] 8 mann]1 &1 in/ead ( exhibit+ himself 9 all 8 pride & glory1 he mopes li/lessly & /upidly ab\t1 & seem+ly a%am$ ( 8 mean condition4 ,9 all ^! in/ances ! "* ( pride 9 p]sonal appe>ance is z /rongly develop$ z x is possible = x to be 9 any human be+4 ,t peculi> uneas9ess1 :i* arises f ! fe> t a rival w dispossess u ( ! affection ( "o :om we love1 or ! suspicion t he has already done s1 is t]m$ jeal\sy4 ,!re are two =ms ( ?is passion1 "o connect$ ) ! love ( "s o!r be+1 & ! o!r dep5d5t on ! love ( self4 ,b x is ! =m]1 ^: def9ition beg9s ! pres5t p>agraph1 ) :i* we %all exclusively deal4 ,x is evid5t f ! mean+ ( jeal\sy1 z giv5 above1 t ! p[] ( reason+ is impli$1 & t any creature by :i* x is manife/$ mu/ be able to d$uce a conclusion f premises4 ,no matt] if ! conclusion drawn by ! animal be wrong1 ! process1 h[ev] incorrect x may be1 is1 x _c be d5i$1 /ill "o ( reason+4 ,all :o h possess$ pet animals mu/ be famili> ) ! exce$+ jeal\sy display$ by mo/ ( !m4 ,mo/ /rongly is ?is feel+ manife/$ :5 an animal has be5 ! only pet & ano!r is introduc$ into ! h\se4 ,:]e !re are two or m dogs 9 ! same family1 "o is (t5 amus$ at ! b\ndless jeal\sy display$ t[>d ea* o!r :ile engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ma/]1 al?\gh at o!r times !y 7 on ! mo/ excell5t t]ms4 ,bus is ! "n ( a favorite dog belong+ to a fri5d4 ,no m affectionate dog ev] liv$4 ,beagle 0 8 companion4 ,:5 !y 7 by !mselves1 life 0 a r\nd ( frolics & rambles4 ,no matt] h[ r\gh & excit+ _! plays 71 !y nev] got cross1 b endur$ ev]y?+ ) pati5ce & =giv5ess ( _s4 ,beagle 0 a clev] animal1 & v fond ( ! *ase4 ,_m a gr\nd-hog w\ld he dislodge f its burr[ & fight to ! dea?1 :ile ,bus w\ld look on ) wond] & admiration4 ,b let ! slighte/ att5tion be %[n by ! ma/] to ,beagle1 & ,bus's jeal\sy & ang] became unb\nd$4 ,he w\ld fly at 8 fri5d 9 ! mo/ infuriat$ mann]1 r5d+ him ) too? & claw1 :ile ,beagle w\ld quietly slip ar\nd ! corn] ( ! h\se to get out ( ! rea* ( 8 companion's temp]4 ,beagle1 be+ a l>ge & p[]ful dog1 _h 9 him ! ability to give ,bus a v s\nd :ipp+1 b he 0 too noble & magnanim\s a creature to take advantage ( "o y\ng] & small] ?an himself4 ,he w\ld always all[ ,bus to h 8 own way1 kn[+ t ! passion :i* 0 lac]at+ ! bosom ( 8 "y companion & playmate w\ld soon sp5d itself1 & ! latt]1 a%am$ & aba%$1 w\ld be soon seek+ =giv5ess & reconciliation4 ,ev5 9 su* r>ely tam$ animals z ! common m\se ! feel+ ( jeal\sy has be5 kn[n to be s int5se z to lead to murd]4 ,a "y lady1 "o ( ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood's correspond5ts1 _h succe$$ 9 tam+ a common br[n m\se s completely t x w\ld eat out ( h] h& & suff] itself to be tak5 (f ! floor4 ,%e _h also a tame :ite m\se 9 a cage4 ,"o morn+ :5 %e w5t to fe$ ! :ite m\se1 z 0 h] usual cu/om1 %e f\nd x ly+ dead on ! bottom ( ! cage1 & beside x 0 its murd]]1 ! br[n m\se4 ,! cage be+ op5$1 ! latt] made its escape1 z ?\gh fe>ful ( ! consequ5ces t might ensue1 b h[ x _h manag$ to ga9 admission 0 always a my/]y4 ,in/ances are on record :]e ! jeal\sy ( a rival has be5 re/ra9$ = long ye>s ?r\gh fe>1 & has ultimately brok5 out :5 ! cause ( ! fe> has be5 remov$4 ,a case ( ! k9d came "u our notice "s few ye>s ago4 ,!re 7 two cocks1 belong+ to diff]5t bre$s1 :om fate _h plac$ z d5iz5s ( ! same family4 ,"o 0 a magnific5t dunghill cock1 & ! o!r a ,malay1 a c[>dly caitiff1 t 0 kept 9 fe> & subjection by ! =m]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts ! dunghill cock sudd5ly di$4 ,8 rival1 com+ by *ance on 8 dead body1 & p]ceiv+ t ! "t _h come to wreak out ! mixture ( hatr$ & rev5ge t _h la9 sm\ld]+ 9 8 bosom = ye>s1 in/antly sprang ^u x1 kick$1 spurr$ & trampl$ ^u ! lifeless bird1 &1 /&+ ^u ! corpse1 flapp$ 8 w+s 9 triumph1 z x 71 & cr[$ himself ho>se ) ! mo/ disgu/+ en]gy4 ,he imm$iately took possession ( ! h>em1 b he 0 f> f be+ ! noble1 g5]\s & unselfi% creature t 8 pr$ecessor _h be54 ,aga91 comp>+ man ) bea/1 x is at once app>5t t ! bird 9 ?is in/ance act$ exactly z a savage does :5 8 enemy has fall51 = ! savage n only exults ov] ! dead body ( an enemy1 especially if ! latt] has be5 v =midable 9 life1 b also mutilates 9 futile & silly rev5ge ! =m :i* he fe>$ :5 alive4 ,tyranny1 or ! oppression ( ! weak by ! /rong1 is ano!r ( ! _m traits ( "* common to man & ! l[] animals4 ,b :e!r or n t /r5g? belongs to ! body or ! m9d1 x is tyranny all ! same4 ,tak5 9 its mo/ obvi\s =m1 x n only manife/s itself 9 _m ( ! animals 9 ! oppression ( ! weak by ! /rong1 b also 9 ! kill+ & ! eat+ ( ! same1 ev5 ?\gh !y be ( ! same species4 ,human cannibals act 9 j ! same mann]1 eat+ _! enemies aft] !y h kill$ !m4 ,!re is h>dly an animal 9 :i* ! mild] =ms ( tyranny may n be f\nd4 ,insects1 especially1 manife/ x 9 a light mann] :5 !y drive away _! fell[s f "s morsel ( food :i* !y desire to keep to !mselves4 ,among greg>i\s animals1 ! h]d or flock is always "u ! comm& ( an individual :o has f\ght 8 way to ! front1 & :o w rule ) imp]i\s sway until he has become old & 9 turn has be5 supplant$ by a y\ng] & m vigor\s rival4 ,9 ! p\ltry-y>ds ! same =m ( tyranny is manife/1 "o cock inv>iably assum+ ! lead]%ip1 no matt] h[ _m may be ! numb] ( birds4 ,!re is a curi\s analogy betwe5 ^! birds & human be+s1 especially ^? ( ! ,ea/1 :e!r at ! pres5t day or 9 m anci5t times4 ,_m petty *iefta9s are f\nd 9 ,ea/]n c\ntries1 b !re is always to be met ) "o among !m :o is m mighty ?an ! re/1 & :o holds 8 place by sup]ior =ce1 ei!r ( intellect or milit>y p[]4 ,*all5g$ by "o ( ! inf]ior *iefs & victori\s1 he reta9s 8 po/1 b if vanqui%$1 8 conqu]or takes 8 place1 8 prop]ty & 8 wives4 ,b curi\s to relate1 ) m5 z ) birds1 ! memb]s ( ! h>em seem to tr\ble !mselves v little1 if any1 ab\t ! *ange ( ma/]4 ,! ,scriptures are full ( allusions to ! inv>iable cu/om t ! conqu]or takes ! possession ( ! h>em belong+ to ! vanqui%$4 ,david did s ) reg>d to ! wom5 ( ,saul's h\sehold1 & :5 ,nabal di$1 :o _h defi$ ! au?ority ( ,david1 s ! latt]1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 took possession ( 8 wife1 toge!r ) ! re/ ( 8 prop]ty4 ,& :5 ,absalom rebell$ aga9/ ,david1 he publicly took possession ( 8 fa!r's h>em1 :i* 0 a sign t he _h assum$ ! k+dom4 ,:]e a numb] ( creatures are conf9$ 9 ! same place1 a v curi\s sort ( tyranny is sometimes manife/$4 ,m&>9 ducks1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,b5nett1 :5 conf9$ to an avi>y1 %[ a v qu]ul\s disposition at fe$+-"t4 ,! males ( "o & ! same k9d ( a diff]5t species endeavor to grasp all ! n\ri%m5t = !mselves1 unm9dful ( ! wants ( o!rs1 & w n ev5 p]mit _! companions to p]=m _! ablutions )\t mole/ation1 al?\gh !y may !mselves h complet$ :at !y requir$4 ,(t5 ! m&>9 ducks h be5 obs]v$ to excite ! drakes to assail o!r males or females ( ! same species1 & o!r k9ds ( birds 9 ! avi>y1 aga9/ :om ! ladies1 f "s cause or o!r1 h tak5 a dislike4 ,"o pair ( ^! ducks are always to be notic$ t ex]cise a tyranny ov] ! o!rs1 n all[+ !m to wa%1 eat or dr9k1 unless at _! pleasure & approval4 ,b1 ( all tyrants1 none c be comp>$ to a spoil$ dog1 :o is ev5 worse ?an a spoil$ *ild4 ,ob$i5ce is a /rang] to 8 nature4 ,does 8 ma/] want him to g out = a walk1 & he pref]s to /ay at home1 he /ays at home1 & 8 ma/] is compell$ to g out )\t him4 ,b if he wants to g = a walk1 he makes 8 ma/] g ) him1 & ev5 to take ! direction he pref]s4 ,du*ie is ! "n ( a ,skye t]ri] ^: hi/ory is giv5 9 a "w on ! latt] bre$ ( dogs by ,dr4 ,j4 ,br[n4 ,s completely _h ?is little animal dom9e]$ ov] h] mi/ress1 t ! latt] c\ld n ev5 *oose h] own d9n]1 b 0 oblig$ to h :atev] ! dog pref]r$4 ,x is relat$ t = a half ( a w9t]'s night %e 0 kept out ( b$1 because ,du*ie _h got into ! middle & refus$ to move4 ,c]ta9ly1 no bett] example ( tyranny c\ld be adduc$4 ,t s-call$ brutes possess1 9 common ) ourselves1 a ,consci5ce1 t is1 a s5se ( ,moral ,responsibility1 & a capability ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 "r & wrong1 may seem a v /range ass]tion to be made1 especially to ^? :o h nev] /udi$ ! ways ( ! l[] animals4 ,animals :i* are plac$ "u ! rule ( man1 & ^?1 l ! dog1 :i* belong to 8 h\sehold & are made 8 companions m p>ticul>ly1 w\ld naturally be expect$ to %[ ! /ronge/ developm5t ( ! pr9ciple4 ,consci5ce1 9 _! deal+s ) man1 con/itutes _! religion1 & !y (t5 ex]cise x 9 a way :i* w\ld put _m a human be+ to ! blu%4 ,?is feel+ x is t induces ! dog to make himself ! gu>dian ( 8 ma/]'s prop]ty1 & (t5 to def5d t prop]ty at ! risk ( 8 life4 ,h[ev] hungry may be ! dog t is plac$ 9 *>ge ( 8 ma/]'s d9n]1 no?+ w\ld1 z a rule1 tempt him to t\* a morsel ( ! food1 = he w\ld r die ( />vation ?an eat ! food :i* belongs to 8 ma/]4 ,(t5 h we se5 field-labor]s at "w at "o end ( a l>ge field1 :ile _! coats & _! d9n] 7 at ! o!r end1 gu>d$ by a dog4 ,n ! lea/ uneas9ess did !y seem to manife/ ab\t ! safety ( _! prop]ty1 = well !y knew t ! fai?ful animal w\ld nev] all[ any "o to t\* ei!r ! clo!s or ! provisions4 ,!re c\ld h>dly be a /rong] in/ance ( moral responsibility ?an ! "o :i* ,i %all n[ relate1 :i* is sub/antially ! same z appe>s 9 ,wood's 8,man & ,bea/s ,"h & ,h]eaft]40 ,liv+ 9 an unprotect$ "p ( ,scotl& 0 a poor woman1 :o unexpect$ly became possess$ ( a l>ge sum ( money4 ,%e w\ld h tak5 x to ! bank1 c\ld %e h left ! h\se1 b lack ( bodily heal? prev5t$ h] f s do+4 ,at la/ %e ask$ ! advice ( a but*] ( h] acqua9tance1 tell+ him t %e 0 afraid to live 9 ! h\se ) s mu* money ab\t h]4 8,nev] fe>10 said ! but*]1 8,i w leave my dog ) y1 & ,i'll w>rant y t no "o w d>e to ent] y\r h\se40 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! day ! dog 0 br\ght1 & *a9$ up close to ! place :]e ! money 0 deposit$4 ,t v night a robb] made 8 way into ! h\se & 0 proce$+ to c>ry (f ! money1 :5 he 0 seiz$ by ! dog1 :o held him a prison] until assi/ance arriv$4 ,! ?ief turn$ out to be ! but*] himself1 :o ?\ght he _h made sure ( ! money1 b he _h n consid]$ t 8 dog 0 a bett] morali/ ?an himself1 = :o w\ld1 r ?an betray a def5celess woman1 take h] "p aga9/ 8 own ma/]4 ,k9dly p>don$ by ! woman1 ! int5d+ robb] made 8 way home1 & x is to be hop$ t = ! future he le>n$ a lesson f 8 own dog & am5d$ ! evil ( 8 ways4 ,n only does ! dog gu>d ! prop]ty :i* is intru/$ to its *>ge1 b frequ5tly goes a little fur!r & assumes a *>ge on its own acc\nt4 ,:5 ! writ] 0 a boy liv+ 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e mu* ( ! spr+ & summ] ( ! ye> 0 sp5t 9 work+ ^u a f>m1 he became on v excell5t t]ms ) a little bull-t]ri]1 nam$ ,tip1 t belong$ to a c]ta9 f>m] by :om he 0 employ$4 ,^u my fir/ introduction to ,tip1 ,i felt a sort ( av]sion t[>ds him4 ,?is grew out ( ! my/]i\s actions ( ! animal4 ,he 0 always ar\nd :5 ,i 0 busy at "w & seem$ to be ey+ me 9 a suspici\s sort ( mann]1 :i* at times made me feel v unpleasant4 ,aft] ! lapse ( a few days ,i discov]$ t ,i 0 n s closely wat*$ z be=e1 & t ,i 0 treat$ by him z he 0 accu/om$ to treat ! o!r memb]s ( ! family4 ,^u inquiry ,i le>n$ t he always act$ 9 ?is way t[>d p :om he did n "k intimately1 & t1 aft] a "t1 he _h confid5ce 9 _! hone/y & left !m alone4 ,:ile 9 _m in/ances ,tip 0 entirely wrong 9 8 surmises1 yet cases are recall$ :]e ! dog 0 "r & act$ 9 a mann] t w\ld h be5 cr$itable to a human be+4 ,"o ( ! m5 employ$ ^u ! place1 presum+ ^u ! fri5d%ip ( ! dog1 s\ght to c>ry away "u cov] ( d>kness some?+ belong+ to ! f>m]1 b he 0 imm$iately beset by ! animal1 :o 0 an eye-witness ( ! proce$+1 & compell$ to desi/ f ! int5d$ !ft4 ,f t "t ! man 0 "u ! close/ surveillance by ! dog4 ,unable to effect a reconciliation1 & *af+ "u ! look ( suspicion ) :i* he 0 always greet$1 ! man soon took 8 dep>ture1 mu* to ! delight & satisfaction ( ! fai?ful can9e1 & 0 nev] aft]w>ds se54 ,q a common =m ( consci5ce among ! l[] animals is t :i* may be def9$ z a recognition ( hav+ done wrong1 & ackn[l$gm5t t puni%m5t is des]v$4 ,animals h 9 _! way v pron\nc$ ideas z to "r & wrong4 ,:5 !y h committ$ an act :i* !y "k w (f5d _! ma/]1 !y display z ke5 a consci5ce z any human be+ self-convict$ ( s9 c\ld exhibit4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! (f5ce 9 n m]ely ackn[l$g$1 b ! creature rema9s mis]able until =giv5ess has be5 grant$4 ,?is condition ( m9d1 if manife/$ by man1 is call$ ,p5it5ce1 &1 assur$ly1 x _c be kn[n by any o!r "n :5 manife/$ by animals t are l[] d[n 9 ! scale ( life4 ,my little dog ,frisky1 ab\t :om m5tion has already be5 made1 af=ds a v f9e illu/ration ( ?is phase ( consci5ce4 ,:5ev] he did wrong1 ! sev]e/ puni%m5t t c\ld be met$ out to him 0 to ignore 8 pres5ce & decl9e 8 (f]$ paw4 ,= h\rs ! poor fell[ w\ld moan & cry1 & ev5 refuse food1 :5 he ?\ght ,i 0 angry ) him4 ,b a ^w or a look ( =giv5ess 0 suffici5t to *ange 8 sadness into joy4 ,a %ak+ ( h&s1 s to speak1 w\ld !n foll[1 & ma/] & dog w\ld be good fri5ds aga94 ,no love c\ld be m int5se ?an 81 & ?is 0 especially %[n :5 ,i w\ld return f a %ort abs5ce1 :5 ! little fell[ w\ld almo/ ov]:elm me by 8 affectionate c>esses4 ,no l(ti] *>act]i/ic adorns humanity ?an ,love4 ,b h[ f> x is %>$ by ! l[] animals x is n[ our purpose to inquire4 ,t !re are _m phases ( developm5t _c be d\bt$4 ,sympa?y1 or t capacity ( feel+ = ! suff]+s ( ano!r1 is ! fir/ phase4 ,_m1 & p]haps all1 liv+ creatures possess ! capacity ( sympa?y4 ,9 ! majority ( cases x is n re/rict$ to _! own species1 b is ext5d$ to ^? be+s :i* appe> to h v little 9 common ) ea* o!r4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 x is exhibit$ betwe5 animals ( ! same species1 & x is (t5 se5 9 ! dog1 z1 = example1 :]e a dog1 hav+ be5 cur$ ( an injury1 has be5 obs]v$ to take a fell[-suff]] to 8 b5efactor4 ,su* sympa?y1 x ne$ h>dly be rem>k$1 c\ld n be c>ri$ out unless ! animals possess$ a language adequately def9$ to enable !m to transmit ideas f "o to ! o!r4 ,cats are (t5 k9d to ea* o!r1 sympa?iz+ "u difficulties1 & help+ _! fri5ds :o require assi/ance4 ,a cat1 belong+ to a fri5d1 has be5 kn[n1 :5 oppress$ ) ! c>es ( a family1 to employ a half-gr[n kitt5 to take *>ge ( ! "y :ile %e w5t = a ramble4 ,betwe5 ! cat & ! dog an enmity exi/s t is h]$it>y1 & yet1 :5 9 good h&s1 !y are sure to become v lov+ fri5ds1 & ev5 to %[ consid]able sympa?y t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,su* an exhibition ( good feel+ 0 obs]v$ by ! writ] a few ye>s ago4 ,! dog1 a l>ge black ,newf\ndl&1 _h contract$ a w>m & devot$ fri5d%ip = a gray cat t 0 an inmate ( ! same family4 ,:5 ! cat 0 assail$ by "o ( h] k9d1 or by a /range dog1 ! ,newf\ndl& w\ld pick h] up 9 8 m\? & c>ry h] to ! h\se out ( rea* ( dang]1 ! cat ma9ta9+ all ! :ile ! mo/ p]fect s]5ity ( composure1 kn[+ t %e 0 9 ! c>e ( "o :o meant h] no ill4 ,:5 ! same cat w\ld become sick1 ! ,newf\ndl& w\ld lie d[n by h] side1 c>ess h] ) 8 tongue1 & %[ 9 e way possible t he 0 sorry t %e 0 sick4 ,_m examples are record$ ( birds feel+ sympa?y ) ! lo/ or des]t$ "y ( o!r species1 & t h tak5 ^u !mselves ! task ( fe$+ ! />v+ *ildr54 ,a pair ( rob9s _h con/ruct$ a ne/ ne> to ! writ]'s home 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e 9 due season a family ( f\r *ildr5 0 rais$4 ,disa/] soon came to ! little ones1 = bo? p>5ts 7 sla9 by "s wick$ boys ( ! neighborhood4 ,!re dwelt 9 ! same locality a pair ( bluebirds1 b betwe5 ! two families !re _h nev] be5 app>5t ! lea/ int]*ange ( fri5d%ip4 ,ea* family kept to itself1 & att5d$ to its own bus9ess4 ,b :5 ! cry ( ! "y rob9s 9 _! pite\s dem&s = food r5t ! air1 ! bluebirds came ov] to _! home to discov] :at ! tr\ble 04 ,!y 7 n sl[ to p]ceive ! sad /ate ( ?+s4 ,_! sympa?ies 7 at once ar\s$1 & _! en]gies soon b5t 9 ! direction ( reliev+ ! suff]+s ( ! little orphan$ rob9s4 ,= ! next two weeks !y _h all !y c\ld d 9 provid+ meat = _! own & ! rob9s' "y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\r ,,orphan$ ,,rob9s4 ,k9d-,he>t$ ,bluebirds ,assum+ ! ,role ( ,p>5ts4 ,:ile capable ( %[+ sympa?y = ne> z well z di/ant k91 ! l[] animals h also ! capacity to sympa?ize ) human be+s 9 di/ress4 ,cats occasionally manife/ a sympa?y = suff]+ humanity4 ,z = sympa?y display$ by dogs1 !re is no ne$ to cite examples4 ,no human be+1 ,i am safe 9 say+1 0 ev] free f tr\bles ( "s k9d1 & ,i am equally sure t no "o :o _h a companionable dog felt t he 0 )\t sympa?y4 ,full well does ! dog "k :5 8 ma/] is suff]+ pa9 or sorr[1 & 8 nose pu%$ into 8 ma/]'s h&1 or laid affectionately ^u 8 knee1 is a sign ( sympa?y wor? possess+1 ev5 ?\gh x exi/s only 9 ! he>t ( a dog4 ,f t mom5t !re has be5 e/abli%$ a bond betwe5 ! s\l ( ! ma/] & ! dog1 & c]ta9ly no "o c believe t ! bond c ev] be sev]$ by ! dea? ( ! mat]ial body1 :e!r ( ! man or ! animal4 ,t ,fri5d%ip1 :i* is ano!r bran* ( love1 exi/s among animals1 is a well-kn[n fact4 ,b x is among ! dome/icat$ animals t x mo/ frequ5tly exhibits itself4 ,horses1 z e "o kn[s1 :i* h be5 accu/om$ to draw ! same c>riage are usually sure to be great fri5ds1 & if "o be ex*ang$ ! o!r becomes q mis]able = want ( 8 companion & seems unable to ?r[ any _s into 8 "w4 ,dogs1 too1 are v apt to /rike up fri5d%ips ) ea* o!r4 ,among animals x is n conf9$ to "o species1 b is occasionally f\nd to exhibit itself 9 ^? :i* might be suppos$ to be peculi>ly incongru\s 9 _! nature4 ,t c[s & %eep live1 z a rule1 on good t]ms ) ea* o!r 9 ! same pa/ure is a famili> exp]i5ce1 ?\gh sometimes ! =m] are a little prone to dom9e] ov] ! latt]4 ,b a v /rong affection sometimes exi/s betwe5 animals s diff]5t1 & :5 once !y h accu/om$ !mselves to ea* o!r's society nei!r c be happy )\t ! o!r4 ,! goat & ! horse frequ5tly become fri5ds1 & a peculi>ly vici\s horse has be5 kn[n to all[ a goat to take undue lib]ties ) him )\t ! lea/ manife/ation ( res5tm5t4 ,9 _m places ! /able-cat is q an in/itution4 ,its usual place ( repose is ^u ! back ( ! horse1 & ! latt] has be5 kn[n to gr[ v uneasy if left = any l5g? ( "t )\t ! companion%ip ( 8 little fri5d4 ,a v s+ul> in/ance ( fri5d%ip occurr$ at ! rural home ( a ne> relative4 ,he _h a f9e ma/iff :i* _h tak5 a fancy to a brood ( "y *ick5s1 & :i* act$ z _! protector4 ,!y 7 n at all unwill+ to accept him 9 ?is capacity1 z !y foll[$ him ab\t j z ?\gh he _h be5 _! "m4 ,q an int]e/+ sight x 0 to wat* ! dog & ! *ick5s z !y w\ld take _! sie/a4 ,! dog us$ to lie on 8 side1 & ! *ick5s w\ld ne/le all ab\t him1 ?\gh "o *ick5 9 p>ticul> w\ld inv>iably scramble ^u ! dog's head1 & ano!r j ov] 8 eye1 b bo? p>ties appe>$ equally satisfi$ ) ?is rem>kable arrangem5t4 ,already h we ref]r$ to ! int5se ye>n+ :i* is felt by _m ( ! l[] animals = human society4 ,?is ye>n+ is inde$ b ! aspiration ( ! l[] _s develop$ by contact ) ! high] 9 dome/icat$ animals or ^? :i* are 9 p]petual contact ) man4 ,?is feel+ is a matt] ( no great surprise4 ,b t x %\ld be exhibit$ 9 f]al animals & birds1 & ev5 9 insects1 is a fact well wor? consid]+1 z x furni%es a clew to "s ( ! _m problems ( life :i* are z yet unsolv$4 ,t p[] ( attraction ex]cis$ by ! _s ( man ^u t ( ! l[] creation is well exemplifi$ 9 _m wild animals1 :o are kn[n to =sake ! society ( _! own k9d = ! companion%ip ( ! be+ :om !y feel to be high] ?an !mselves4 ,p]haps "o ( ! w>ie/ ( wild animals is ! squirrel4 ,he is horribly afraid ( human be+s1 & if a man1 woman or *ild come to ! w9dw>d ( him1 ! little animal is sure to scamp] (f at 8 fleete/ pace1 scuttle up ! ne>e/ tree1 & conceal himself beh9d "s bran*4 ,yet1 wild z he may be1 he is peculi>ly susceptible to ! influ5ce ( ! human _s1 & = ! sake ( human society w utt]ly ab&on t ( 8 own k9d4 ,i once knew a pet gray squirrel by ! "n ( ,*>ley4 ,he _h be5 tak5 f ! ne/ :5 v "y4 ,8 home = a:ile 0 "o ( ^? :irl-ab\t cages4 ,*>ley did n l 8 cage1 b pref]r$ to be outside 9 ! unre/ra9$ enjoym5t ( ! dictates ( 8 own free w4 ,s x 0 difficult to keep him beh9d ! b>s4 ,:5 awake he lov$ to foll[ 8 own devices2 b :5 tir$ he usually slept on a s(t cu%ion on ! s(a1 or f\nd 8 way into "s b$-room :]e he w\ld ne/le "u a pill[4 ,no?+ 0 m to 8 satisfaction & pleasure ?an a %>e ( ! b$ ( 8 mi/ress1 b he 0 always a tr\blesome ne/-fell[4 ,*>ley _h1 z mu/ be obvi\s1 p]fect fre$om4 ,he 0 all[$ to g z he pleas$4 ,!re 0 no co]cion 9 8 case4 ,_h he wi%$ to escape1 !re 0 no?+ to prev5t1 & no?+ b\nd him to 8 mi/ress b an 8ev]-l5g!n+ *a90 ( love & aspirations :i* none b a human be+ c\ld satisfy4 ,! sp>r[1 "o ( ! mo/ indep5d5t & self-reliant ( birds1 has be5 kn[n to ab&on its k9d = ! sake ( human be+s4 ,wood cites a case ( a bird ( ?is species t _h be5 rescu$ f "s boys :o _h be5 robb+ ! ne/4 ,! bird 0 br\ght home1 b 0 nev] conf9$ 9 a cage1 b 0 p]mitt$ to fly freely ab\t ! h\se4 ,z !re 0 a cat ab\t ! h\se1 %e _h to be closely wat*$ le/ %e might d ! bird "s injury4 ,on ,sundays1 :5 ! family w5t to *ur* & no "o rema9$ to keep an eye on ! cat1 ! sp>r[ 0 turn$ into ! g>d51 :]e x flew ab\t until ! family's return4 ,! op5+ ( ! d9+-room w9d[ by its mi/ress1 & ! display ( h] unglov$ h&s1 0 ! signal = its entry4 ,b if ! mi/ress /ood by ! w9d[ ) h] gloves on1 !n ! bird %[$ n ! slighte/ disposition to ent]4 ,su* is ! int5sity ( ! love :i* ! l[] animals sometimes ent]ta9 t[>d man t !y h be5 kn[n to grieve !mselves to dea? on acc\nt ( 8 loss4 ,a dog by ! "n ( ,pr9ce1 :o liv$ 9 ! family :]e ! writ] sp5t a few weeks ( a summ]1 is a case 9 po9t4 ,he _h a good ma/]1 & "o to :om he 0 /rongly atta*$4 ,! ye> be=e ! ma/] sick5$ & di$1 & ,pr9ce felt ! loss s ke5ly t he refus$ to take any food1 & ev5 to notice ! surviv+ memb]s ( ! family4 ,he 0 pitiable to behold4 ,life _h lo/ all attractions to him1 & he %[$ t he 0 sl[ly b surely griev+ 8 life away4 ,"s few weeks aft] ! writ]'s dep>ture1 ! poor animal brea!d 8 la/1 & 8 _s1 x is to be hop$1 w5t to jo9 t ( 8 ma/]1 :ile 8 a%es became m+l$ ) ! du/ ( ! e>? z 8 ma/]'s _h be54 ,:at a wond]ful p[] d "s animals h ( return+ to _! belov$ ma/]1 ev5 ?\gh !y h be5 convey$ to a consid]able di/ance4 ,?is is especially true ( ! dog4 ,s _m examples ( su* feats are on record t ,i refra9 f m5tion+ !m1 b w give b a s+le example4 ,rov]1 a pet greyh\nd t belong$ to ! writ]1 _h become su* an annoyance to ! neighborhood :]e he liv$1 t ! ma/] det]m9$ to provide him a home 9 ! c\ntry "s fifty miles away4 ,he 0 convey$ to 8 de/9ation 9 a cov]$ wagon1 & aft] 8 new ma/] _h rea*$ home1 ! poor animal 0 plac$ 9 a /able = sev]al days1 :]e he 0 daily visit$ & f$1 & e ef=t possible made to atta* him to ! place & family4 ,on ! f\r? day ( 8 arrival he 0 giv5 8 fre$om4 ,) a long1 l\d wail he salut$ ! neighborhood1 & ! next mom5t 0 (f at full spe$ across ! c\ntry1 all ef=ts to /op him be+ unavail+4 ,9 less ?an a week f 8 leav+ he 0 at home aga91 hungry & jad$ out ) fatigue & travel1 b n too tir$ nor too hungry to express ! great joy he felt = ! old ma/]4 ,h[ he ev] accompli%$ ! j\rney1 & :at vicissitudes & difficulties he enc\nt]$ on ! way1 no "o w ev] "k4 ,aft] ?is ,i _h n ! he>t to s5d him away aga91 b put up ) 8 cap]s & tricks z be/ ,i c\ld1 & :5 compla9ts 7 pref]r$ aga9/ him endeavor$ to excuse !m z a p>5t is prone to d 9 ! case ( a spoil$ & wayw>d *ild4 ,b a day arriv$ :5 ,rov] to me 0 no m4 ,:at _h become ( him ,i 0 nev] able to discov]1 b ,i always blam$ a ne>-by neighbor1 a man :o _h nei!r love nor *>ity 9 8 s\l1 = 8 sudd5 disappe>ance4 ,t cats are selfi% animals1 atta*+ !mselves to localities & n to individuals1 ,i d n believe4 ,?is idea has1 p]haps1 "s gr\nd ( tru?1 = ! nature ( a cat is n s easy to und]/& z t ( a dog4 ,b :5 a cat is n und]/ood1 x is v probable t %e c>es less = ! inhabitants ( ! h\se ?an = ! h\se itself4 ,frequ5t in/ances are kn[n by ! writ] :]e cats h be5 9 ! habit ( mov+ ab\t ) _! own]s1 & h be5 z mu* unconc]n$ z dogs w\ld h be54 ,true !y h1 l wom51 a curi\s & pry+ disposition4 ,i h se5 !m 9 new & /range qu>t]s g sniff+ ab\t e room ( a h\se1 & at la/ settle d[n 9 "s cozy1 com=table place1 well satisfi$ ) _! t\r ( inve/igation4 ,:]e ! h\se fell %ort ( _! expectations1 if !y h be5 cats t h receiv$ due consid]ation f _! mi/resses or ma/]s1 !y h tri$ to live d[n _! objections & to le>n to be happy & cont5t$ ) _! lot4 ,only cats t h n be5 mu* ?\ght ( are incl9$ to %[ _! disapproval to *anges ( resid5ce :i* !y deem$ unsuitable by refus+ to /ay ) _! ma/]s4 ,blackie1 a favorite cat ( ours1 nev] seem$ to c>e :]e h] home 01 s long z h] fri5ds 7 !re to pet1 c>ess & pamp] h] ) *oice da9ties4 ,all animals1 s f> z c be le>n$1 h n only a capacity = ! society ( man1 b an absolute ye>n+ = x4 ,?is feel+ may be 9 abeyance1 f n hav+ receiv$ any developm5t at ! h&s ( man1 b x nev]!less exi/s1 & only awaits to be educ$ by "s "o capable ( appreciat+ ! "* ( ! animal4 ,tig]s1 z is well kn[n1 are n g5]ally consid]$ ! fri5ds ( mank9d1 & yet ! ,indian fakirs w travel ov] ! c\ntry ) tame tig]s1 :i* !y simply lead ab\t ) a slight /r+1 & :i* w p]mit small *ildr5 to c>ess !m ) _! h&s )\t ev9c+ ! lea/ disposition to hurt !m4 ,:5 we survey ! examples ( love display$ by animals t[>ds human be+s1 :i* we h j detail$1 & recall ! hundr$s t we "k & h read ab\t1 is x possible to believe t su* love c p]i%8 ,we appreh5d n4 ,unselfi% love z ?is1 :i* survives +ratitude & ill-treatm5t1 belongs to ! _s & n to ! body1 & all be+s capable ( feel+ su* love mu/ possess immortal spirits4 ,all may n h an opportunity ( manife/+ x1 b all possess ! capacity & w\ld1 7 ! conditions favorable1 manife/ x op5ly4 ,few animals1 z may easily be imag9$1 manife/ ,conjugal ,love4 ,mo/ species h no p>ticul> mates1 b m]ely meet by *ance1 & seem+ly nev] tr\ble !mselves ab\t ea* o!r aga94 ,no real conjugal love1 !re=e1 c exi/1 & x is r curi\s t 9 su* animals a durable fri5d%ip is frequ5tly =m$ betwe5 two individuals ( ! same sex4 ,b :5 we come to polygam\s animals1 su* z ! /ag among mammals & ! dome/ic p\ltry among birds1 we meet ) a decid$ advance t[>ds conjugal love1 al?\gh z 9 ! case ( polygam\s man1 t love mu/ necess>ily be ( an inf]ior "*4 ,!re is se51 at all ev5ts1 a s5se ( appropriation on ei!r side4 ,take ! example ( ! b>n-y>d f[l1 z has already be5 m5tion$ 9 t "p ( ! *apt] :i* deals ) jeal\sy1 :]e x is %[n t ! proprietor ( ! h>em res5ts any attempt on ! "p ( ano!r male to infr+e on 8 privileges4 ,?is br+s u to ! consid]ation ( birds1 :]e ! _m are mat$ = ! ne/+-season1 b subsequ5tly d n seem to c>e m = ea* o!r ?an !y d = _! broods ( *ildr54 ,if "o ( ! pair be kill$ at ! ne/+-"t ! survivor1 aft] a brief lam5tation1 consoles itself 9 a few h\rs or days ) ano!r p>tn]1 = !re really appe>s to be a supply ( sp>e p>tn]s ( bo? sexes always at h&4 ,& n[ we come to ^? creatures :i* are mat$ = life1 & (t5 we f9d among !m a conjugal love z /rong & z s9c]e z among monogam\s mank9d4 ,prom95t among !m are ! eagle1 ! rav5 & ! dove4 ,& :ile we praise ! turtle-dove = its conjugal fidelity1 & cr$it x ) ! possession ( all t is sweet1 & good1 & g5tle1 h[ rem>kable is x t we =get to accr$it ) ! same virtue ! eagle & ! rav51 t are ! types ( all t is viol5t1 & d>k1 & cunn+4 ,!re are _m examples 9 exi/5ce ( ! conjugal love among su* birds1 b !y are s well kn[n t ref]5ce to !m is unnecess>y4 ,! case ( ! m&>9 duck1 already n>rat$1 af=ds a /rong in/ance ( conjugal love :]e9 ! lady 0 fai?ful & ! husb& av5g$ himself on ! de/ruction ( 8 dome/ic peace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mat$ ,,= ,,life4 ,conjugal ,fidelity ,%[n by a ,pair ( ,doves4 ,s num]\s z are ! in/ances ( love %[n by p>5ts among ! l[] animals t[>ds _! (fspr+1 yet x is a v s+ul> fact t few1 if any1 tru/wor?y acc\nts ( ,filial ,love1 or ! love ( *ildr5 t[>d _! p>5ts1 are to be f\nd4 ,b we mu/ look to man if we w\ld und]/& ! l[] animals4 ,ev5 human nature mu/ atta9 a high /ate ( developm5t be=e filial love c f9d any place 9 ! affections4 ,9 savages x b>ely exi/s at all1 & c]ta9ly does n survive into mature ye>s4 ,x is ! glory ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian boy1 at z e>ly an age z possible1 to despise 8 "m & defy 8 fa!r4 ,& ! wom5 are j z bad z ! m54 ,rejoic+ 9 ! pride ( y\? & /r5g?1 !y utt]ly despise ! eld] & feeble wom51 ev5 ?\gh !y be _! own mo!rs1 & w te> f _! h&s ! food !y are ab\t to eat1 on ! plea t old wom5 are ( no use1 & t ! food w\ld be mu* bett] employ$ 9 giv+ n\ri%m5t to ! "y & /rong4 ,! ,fijians h n ! lea/ scruple 9 bury+ a fa!r alive :5 he becomes infirm1 & assi/ 9 /rangl+ a "m t %e may keep him company 9 ! l& ( spirits4 ,bo? ! ,bosjesm5 ( ,s\? ,africa & ! ,au/ralian seem to h n ! lea/ idea t any duty is ow+ to a p>5t f a *ild1 nor h !y mu* notion ( duty f a p>5t t[>d ! *ild4 ,if ! fa!r be angry ) any "o = any reason1 he has a way ( reliev+ 8 feel+s by driv+ 8 spe> ?r\gh ! body ( 8 wife or *ild1 :i*ev] "o ( ! two happ5s to be ! ne>]4 ,ev5 ! "m treats h] *ild ) less consid]ation ?an a c[ does h] calf1 & leaves ! little creature to %ift = itself at an age :5 ! *ildr5 ( civiliz$ p>5ts are h>dly ?\ght fit to be left alone = a few m9utes4 ,?is be+ ! case ) p>5tal love1 x may be readily imag9$ t filial affection c h n ! slighte/ *ance = developm5t1 & x is v mu* to be que/ion$ :e!r 9 ! savage x c really be said to exi/ at all 9 ! s5se und]/ood by enlight5$ peoples4 ,!re=e1 z 9 ! l[] human races1 we f9d t filial love ei!r is v trifl+1 or is absolutely non-exi/5t1 ne$ we wond] t 9 ! l[] animals su* few1 if any1 indications ( its pres5ce %\ld be f\nd8 ,n[1 z to ! subject ( ,p>5tal ,love1 & ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* x manife/s itself4 ,!re are _m writ]s :o claim t p>5tal love 9 ! l[] animals is n id5tical ) t ( man4 ,!y affirm t x is only a bl9d in/9ct1 &1 9 ord] to m>k m /rongly ! di/9ction betwe5 man & bea/1 call ! p>5tal love ( ! latt] by ! "n ( /org4 ,speak+ = myself1 ,i mu/ decl>e t ,i am unable to p]ceive any di/9ction betwe5 ! two1 save t 9 civiliz$ man ! p>5tal love is bett] regulat$ ?an among ! l[] animals4 ,b1 z has be5 se51 x is n regulat$ at all among ! unciviliz$ races1 &1 9 tru?1 _m ( ! bea/s are f> bett] p>5ts ?an mo/ savages4 ,nor c ,i und]/& :y ! ^w /org %\ld be appli$ to p>5tal love among ! l[] animals & n to ! same feel+ 9 man4 ,among ,greek writ]s ! ^w1 toge!r ) ! v]b f :i* x is d]iv$1 is appli$ to ! love betwe5 human p>5ts & *ildr54 ,x is s appli$ by ,plato1 & 9 ! same s5se by ,sophocles & o!rs4 ,"o argum5t adduc$ by ^? :o d5y ! id5tity ( ! feel+ 9 bo? cases is t p>5tal love endures ?r\gh\t life 9 man1 :ile x expires ) ! adolesc5ce ( ! "y 9 ! l[] animals4 ,?is is d\btless true1 z a rule1 ) civiliz$ man1 b 9 ! case ( ! savage1 z has previ\sly be5 %[n1 x does n la/ long] ?an t ( a bird1 a cat or a dog1 tak+ into consid]ation ! relative duration ( life4 ,& ! reason is id5tical 9 bo? cases4 ,7 ?is love to exi/ ?r\gh life 9 ! savage1 ! bea/ or ! bird1 ! race w\ld become ext9ct1 = nei!r race is able to support its *ildr5 long] ?an _! "t ( helplessness4 ,! bea/ & ! bird _c1 & ! savage w n1 provide = ! future4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t if ! "y _h to dep5d ^u _! p>5ts = subsi/5ce1 !y w\ld soon p]i% f lack ( food4 ,exceptions !re are to ?is g5]al rule1 & always1 z f> z c be det]m9$1 9 ! case ( dome/icat$ animals ^: means ( subsi/5ce are already insur$4 ,sev]al ( su* cases h come to my notice4 ,i %all in/ance b "o4 ,a fri5d ( m9e has two t]ri]s1 a "m & a daught]4 ,! /ronge/ bond ( love & fell[%ip unites !m4 ,!y always sit close toge!r1 & ! "m playfully p9*es h] daught] all ov]4 ,%\ld !y by *ance become sep>at$1 ev5 = a v %ort "t1 ! daught] comes up wagg+ h] tail1 & !n licks h] "m's nose & m\?4 ,:5 hunt+ toge!r1 !y always act 9 conc]t1 ea* "o tak+ a hole1 & "o keep+ wat* :ile ! o!r scrapes away ! e>?4 ,! mean+ ( ea* o!r's :9e or b>k is p]fectly und]/ood1 & no two p]sons c\ld und]/& _! own language bett] ?an d ^! dogs !irs1 nor be m compreh5sible to ea* o!r4 ,self-abnegation is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ beautiful *>act]i/ics :i* p>5tal love c give4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly %[n :5 ! "y are 9 dang]4 ,a human "m 9 *>ge ( h] *ild w defy a dang] be=e :i* %e w\ld %r9k if alone1 & 9 its def5ce w\ld d>e de$s ( :i* mo/ /rong m5 w\ld be incapable1 = dur+ ! "t h] selfhood is ext+ui%$1 & h] be+ is sunk into t ( h] *ild4 ,su* abnegation becomes a true "m1 = if %e w\ld n cons5t to d & d>e = ! sake ( h] (fspr+1 %e w\ld degrade h]self bel[ ! bea/s & ! birds1 :o hesitate n 9 p]=m+ t duty to _! *ildr51 ?\gh savants d decl>e t !y possess only /org1 :atev] !y may mean by x1 & n p>5tal love4 ,illu/ration3 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,conjugal ,,affection4 ,male ,humm+-,bird ,fe$+ ,8 ,p>tn]1 & ,ready to ,act 9 ,h] ,def5ce4 ,ev]yone :o has paid ev5 a pass+ att5tion to ! habits ( birds mu/ h notic$ ! vigilance a pair ( catbirds ex]cise ov] _! ne/ :5 conta9+ "y birds4 ,nei!r p>5t1 :5 ! o!r is abs5t1 relaxes ?is vigilance1 = !y consid] no labor1 no c>e1 no wat*fulness1 too great or too exact+ :]e _! (fspr+ are to be b5efit$4 ,let an enemy approa*1 ev5 if x be man himself1 & !y are beside !mselves ) ang] & res5tm5t1 fly+ into ! v face ( ! audaci\s intrud]1 z ?\gh !y w\ld pluck 8 eyes out z a j puni%m5t = 8 presumption & tem]ity4 ,i h se5 ! ne/ ( a catbird attack$ by a black snake1 & cru%$ )9 ! folds ( ! hide\s s]p5t ! fa!r-bird1 b ! disa/] did n cause ! "m-bird to desi/ f ! attack1 =1 utt]ly oblivi\s ( all else b h] (fspr+ & ! snake1 %e f\ght on until ! latt] 0 =c$ to glide away into ! bu%es to escape h] infuriat$ assaults4 ,b no species ( bird is m c\rage\s 9 def5ce ( its ne/ ?an ! little ruby-?roat$ humm+-bird4 ,x is really dang]\s to visit ! ne/ :5 ) eggs or "y4 ,i w\ld z soon attempt to assail ! dome-%ap$ ne/ ( our common hornet z t ( ?is humm+-bird4 ,x is z mu* z "o c d to protect 8 eyes f ! lightn+-l attacks ( ^! birds1 s swiftly & s un]r+ly d !y direct _! bl[s at ^! po9ts4 ,s great is ! affection & solicitude ( ! r$-ey$ vireo = h] "y1 t %e w sc>cely leave ! ne/ :5 ! h& is /ret*$ out a few in*es ov] ! m\? ( ! /ructure4 ,& !n :5 %e does leave1 x is n 9 a hurri$1 precipitate mann]1 b ) a quiet1 delib]ate movem5t t excites "o's admiration & makes "o v[ nev] to abuse su* simple1 *ildlike confid5ce4 ,i h ev5 plac$ my h& ^u ! sitt+-bird )\t di/urb+ ! curr5t ( h] brood+ ?\ghts1 or ! peaceful s]5ity ( h] s\l4 ,a r\gh da% at ! ne/ t5ds to fright5 h] away in/ant]1 b :5 ! h& is rea*$ out to x sl[ly & sil5tly ! bird seems to act z ?\gh x _h no?+ to fe>1 & rema9s calm & self-possess$4 ,:o is n famili> ) ! prov]bial skill ( ! ,c>ol9a dove 9 feign+ lam5ess :5 h] ne/ is be+ approa*$8 ,)\t a cry1 & ) sc>cely a ru/le ( h] fea!rs1 %e slips out ( h] ne/ ^u ! gr\nd1 & by a s]ies ( manuvres1 z if desp]ately w\nd$1 grovels along on h] belly 9 ! du/ till %e has l$ h] enemy a long j\rney f ! site ( ! ne/1 :5 %e w take to w+ & fly away into a coppice or a clump ( bru%wood4 ,t birds %\ld manife/ a love = ! "y :i* !y hat* has always seem$ a /range problem to me4 ,i c see h[ t1 9 ! case ( a mammal1 ! "m %\ld feel a love = ! creature :o is absolutely a "p ( h]self--^: v life-blood is drawn f h] ve9s4 ,b ?is is n necess>ily ! case ) birds4 ,if1 z (t5 happ5s ) p\ltry1 ! eggs ( sev]al h5s are plac$ "u "o bird = hat*+1 ! h5 t hat*es !m kn[s no diff]5ce betwe5 ! *ick5s t come f h] own eggs & ^? :i* proce$ f eggs laid by o!rs4 ,ev5 :]e ! eggs belong to birds ( diff]5t species1 z to ! common ,muscovy-duck = example1 ! h5 displays z mu* affection = ! "y duckl+s1 despite ! disp>ity ( in/9ct & habit1 z %e does _h !y proce$$ f h] own eggs4 ,may x n be t p>5tal love has diff]5t *annels ( transmission1 & t 9 su* a case z ?is ! emanation f ! sitt+-h5 may be ! vehicle ( p>5tal love t[>d ! "y :i* are to be hat*$8 ,c]ta9 x is t a sitt+-h51 z _m ( u h obs]v$1 is altoge!r a *ang$ be+1 bo? 9 attitude & expression4 ,%e is entirely absorb$ 9 ! eggs :5 %e is incubat+1 &1 ?\gh %e may n h ! intellect to di/+ui% a m]e lump ( *alk f "o ( h] own eggs1 yet love is altoge!r indep5d5t ( intellect1 & may exi/ 9 all its vigor1 & yet may be wa/$ on an unwor?y object4 ,fi%es1 z is g5]ally kn[n1 are n p>ticul>ly emotional be+s1 & are n likely to ent]ta9 a la/+ love = any?+4 ,inde$1 9 "s in/ances1 p>5tal love w\ld be absolutely useless1 z 9 ! case ( ! cod-fi%1 :i* c\ld be h>dly expect$ to ent]ta9 a special love = ea* ( ! c\ntless ?\s&s ( "y x produces e ye>4 ,! life ( ! "m w\ld be an un5viable "o1 if h] lot 7 to look aft] h] "y z soon z !y are hat*$1 especially :5 ! v>i$ foes t beset h] eggs z soon z !y are produc$1 are consid]$4 ,j z !re are fi%es t possess conjugal love1 s !re are fi%es t possess p>5tal love1 & prom95t among ^! are ! /icklebacks4 ,b 9 ! case ( ^! fi%es ! mo/ curi\s "p is t p>5tal love is %[n by ! fa!r1 & n by ! "m1 ! latt] hav+ no?+ to d b to lay ! eggs1 & leav+ to ! =m] ! exclusive labor ( provid+ = ! "y4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright #aijj by ,a4 ,r4 ,,dugmore4 ,,wood-,,?ru% ,,sett+4 ,en\gh ( in/ances ( true p>5tal love among ! l[] animals c\ld be giv5 to fill ?is entire book1 b a suffici5t numb] h be5 adduc$ to %[ t ! feel+ is ! same 9 man z 9 !m1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! mode ( manife/+ x is diff]5t4 ,we h %[n ! fallacy ( ! !ory t p>5tal love is life-endur+ 9 man & v brief among ! animals1 & h se5 t1 9 proportion to ! duration ( life1 x is q z brief among ! savages z among ! animals4 ,&1 aga91 we h se5 :]e x has be5 lo/ & !n re/or$1 & also :]e x 0 nev] lo/2 :]e 9 animals1 z 9 man1 x has caus$ complete abnegation ( self1 ! p>5ts liv+ = _! *ildr51 & n = !mselves1 & :]e x has giv5 /r5g? to ! weak & c\rage to ! timid4 ,ev5 ! v fi%es h be5 %[n to be am5able to ! same influ5ces z man1 & c\ld we h c>ri$ our illu/rations /ill l[] d[n ! scale we w\ld h f\nd ! same influ5ces exi/+ among mu* humbl] =ms ( animal exi/5ces4 ,9 conclusion1 !re is no resi/+ ! fact t p>5tal love1 "o ( ! highe/ & holie/ feel+s ( :i* a lov+ & immortal s\l c be capable1 is %>$ equally by man & bea/1 accord+ to _! respective capacities4 ,,life ,,progressive4 ,no "o c d\bt t ! e>?'s cru/1 s f> z x has be5 deciph]$ by man1 pres5ts u ) a record1 imp]fect ?\gh x be1 ( ! pa/4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 ! kn[n & admitt$ imp]fections ( its records1 geological & palontological1 are suffici5tly tru/wor?y to acc\nt satisfactorily = ! lack ( direct evid5ce recognizable 9 "s mod]n hypo!ses1 may be a matt] ( individual op9ion1 b !re c be little d\bt t !y are suffici5tly ext5sive to ?r[ ! balance ( evid5ce decisively 9 favor ( "s !ory ( cont9uity1 z oppos$ to any !ory ( int]mitt5t & occasional action1 :i* "s writ]s h /r5u\sly & intellig5tly advocat$4 ,no m>ks ( mighty & g5]al convulsions ( nature exi/1 z ! seem+ breaks :i* divide ! gr& s]ies ( /ratifi$ rocks into num]\s isolat$ =mations w\ld indicate4 ,!y are simply indications ( ! imp]fection ( our k4 ,sci5ce w nev]1 9 all probability1 po9t to a complete s]ies ( deposits1 or to a complete succession ( life1 :i* %all l9k "o geological p]iod to ano!r4 ,b t su* deposits & su* an unbrok5 succession mu/ h exi/$ at "o "t we may well feel sure1 & /& ready to believe t n[h]e 9 ! long s]ies ( fossilif]\s rocks has !re be5 a total break1 b t !re has inevitably be5 a complete cont9uity ( life1 z well z a m or less complete cont9uity ( s$im5tation f ! ,laur5tian p]iod to ! pres5t day4 ,"o g5]ation1 speak+ figuratively1 h&s on ! lamp ( life to ! next1 & ea* sy/em ( rocks is ! direct (fspr+ ( its pr$ecessor 9 "t4 ,?\gh x is app>5t t !re has n be5 cont9uity 9 any giv5 area1 /ill ! geological *a9 c\ld n h be5 snapp$ at "o po9t & tak5 up aga9 at a totally diff]5t "o4 ,h5ce we arrive at ! conviction t 9 geology1 z 9 o!r sci5ces1 cont9uity is ! fundam5tal law1 & t ! l9es ( dem>cation betwe5 ! great =mations are b gaps 9 our own k4 ,?r\gh ! /udy ( fossils1 z is well kn[n1 geologi/s h be5 l$ to ! all-important g5]alization t ! va/ s]ies ( fossilif]\s or s$im5t>y rocks may be sep>at$ into a numb] ( def9ite gr\ps or =mations1 ea* ( :i* be+ *>act]iz$ by its own organic rema9s1 b n prop]ly & /rictly1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 by ! occurr5ce !re9 ( any "o p>ticul> fossil4 ,h[ev]1 a =mation may conta9 "s p>ticul> fossil or fossils n occurr+ outside ( t =mation1 ?us enabl+ an obs]v] to id5tify a giv5 gr\p ) tol]able c]ta9ty2 or1 z v (t5 happ5s1 "s p>ticul> /ratum or subgr\p ( a s]ies1 may conta9 peculi> fossils1 :]eby its exi/5ce may be det]m9$ ) consid]able read9ess 9 div]s localities4 ,ea* great =mation1 let x be said1 is prop]ly *>act]iz$ by ! association ( c]ta9 fossils1 ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 families or ord]s1 or by an assemblage ( fossil rema9s t repres5t ! life ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! =mation 0 deposit$4 ,fossils1 !n1 n only enable u to det]m9e ! age ( ! deposits 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 b !y also fur!r enable u to arrive at "s v important conclusions respect+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! fossilif]\s b$ 0 deposit$1 &1 consequ5tly1 to ! condition ( ! p>ticul> region occupi$ by ! b$ at ! p]iod ( its =mation4 ,b$s t conta9 ! rema9s ( animals1 su* z n[ inhabit riv]s1 we "k to be fluviatile 9 _! orig91 & t at "o "t !y mu/ h ei!r con/itut$ actual riv]-b$s1 or be5 deposit$ by ! ov]fl[+ ( anci5t /reams4 ,b if ! b$s conta9 ! rema9s ( mollusks1 m9ute cru/aceans or fi%1 su* z are f\nd to-day 9 lakes1 !n we conclude t !y are lacu/r9e1 & 7 deposit$ b5ea? ! wat]s ( =m] lakes4 ,&1 la/ly1 if ! rema9s ( animals su* z n[ p ! oceans are to be met ) 9 ! b$s1 !n we "k t !y are m>9e 9 orig91 & t !y are fragm5ts ( an old sea-bottom4 ,on ! :ole1 ! conditions "u :i* a b$ 0 deposit$1 :e!r 9 a %all[ sea1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( a coa/-l9e1 or 9 deep wat]1 c (t5 be det]m9$ ) consid]able accuracy f ! nature ( ! relics ( ! organisms :i* !y conta94 ,b we h ?us f> be5 deal+ ) ! rema9s ( aquatic animals4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we consid] ! rema9s ( a]ial & t]re/rial animals1 or ( plants1 ! det]m9ation ( ! conditions ( deposition is n made out ) su* an absolute c]ta9ty4 ,rema9s ( l&-animals w\ld1 ( c\rse1 occur 9 sub-a]ial deposits1 t is1 9 b$s1 l bl[n s&1 accumulat$ ^u ! l&1 b ! mo/ ( su* rema9s ( su* animals are f\nd 9 deposits :i* h be5 laid d[n 9 wat]1 & h5ce _! pres5t position is due to ! fact t _! =m] own]s 7 ei!r dr[n$ 9 riv]s or lakes1 or borne out to sea by wat]-*annels4 ,animals possess$ ( ! p[] ( flight might also simil>ly f9d _! way into aque\s deposits1 b1 :5 x is rememb]$ t _m birds & mammals habitually sp5t a great "p ( _! "t 9 ! wat]1 x is n to be wond]$ at t !y %\ld pres5t !mselves z fossils 9 s$im5t>y rocks4 ,ev5 plants1 su* z h und\bt$ly gr[n ^u l&1 d n prove t ! b$ 9 :i* !y are f\nd 0 =m$ on l&1 = _m ( _! rema9s are extrane\s to ! b$ 9 :i* !y n[ occur1 hav+ rea*$ _! pres5t site by fall+ into lakes or riv]s1 or by be+ c>ri$ out to sea by floods or gales ( w9ds4 ,/ill1 !re are _m cases :i* obvi\sly %[ t plants h gr[n on ! v spot :]e we n[ f9d !m4 ,! great coal-fields ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,age1 x is n[ g5]ally conc$$1 are ! result ( ! gr[? 9 situ ( ! plants :i* compose coal1 z well z t !y grew on va/ m>%y or p>tially subm]g$ tracts ( level alluvial l&4 ,:ile fossils enable u 9 _m cases to arrive at important conclusions z to ! climate ( ! p]iod 9 :i* !y liv$1 yet x is only 9 ! case ( m>9e fossils1 :i* con/itute ! majority ( su* rema9s1 t we acquire su* k1 b x is mo/ly ! temp]ature ( ! sea :i* c ?us be det]m9$4 ,h[ev]1 let x be rememb]$ t1 ow+ to ! exi/5ce ( heat$ curr5ts1 ! m>9e climate ( a designat$ area does n necess>ily imply a correspond+ly w>m climate 9 ! adjo9+ l&1 = l&-climates c only be det]m9$ by ! relics ( l&-animals or l&-plants1 & ^! are comp>atively r>e z fossils4 ,b all conclusions on ?is head are really bas$ ^u ! exi/+ di/ribution ( vegetable & animal life ^u ! globe1 & are !re=e liable to be vitiat$ by ! consid]ations t no c]ta9ty exi/s t ! habits & requirem5ts ( an ext9ct animal 7 exactly simil> to ^? ( its ne>e/ liv+ relative2 t f> back 9 "t gr\ps ( organisms1 s unlike any?+ we "k at ! pres5t day1 are met )1 :i* r5d] all conjectures ( climate bas$ ^u _! suppos$ habits m or less unc]ta9 & unsafe2 t 9 ! case ( m>9e animals we are z yet v f> f kn[+ ! precise limits ( di/ribution ( _m species )9 our pres5t seas z to r5d] conclusions drawn f liv+ =ms 9 relation to ext9ct species unsatisfactory &1 probably1 incorrect2 &1 f9ally1 t ! di/ribution ( animals to-day1 is c]ta9ly dep5d5t on o!r conditions ?an climate alone1 ! causes limit+ ! range ( giv5 animals be+ assur$ly su* z belong to ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1 & are diff]5t f :at !y 7 9 =m] times1 n necess>ily because ! climate has *ang$1 b because ( ! alt]ation ( o!r conditions t are ess5tial to ! life ( ! species or conducive to its ext5sion4 ,b not)/&+ ! difficulties 9 ! way1 we are able 9 _m cases to d$uce completely tru/wor?y conclusions conc]n+ ! climate ( a giv5 geological p]iod by an exam9ation ( its fossil rema9s4 ,9 ,eoc5e times1 or at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod1 ! climate ( :at is n[ ,we/]n ,europe 0 ( a tropical or sub-tropical "*1 ! ,eoc5e b$s be+ f\nd to conta9 ! rema9s ( c[ries & volutes1 su* %ells z n[ inhabit tropical seas1 toge!r ) ! fruits ( palms & rema9s ( o!r tropical plants4 ,& fur!r1 x has be5 %[n t 9 ,mioc5e times1 or ab\t ! middle ( ! same epo*1 ! c5tral p>ts ( ,europe 7 peopl$ ) a luxuriant flora resembl+ t ( ! w>m] p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t ,gre5l&1 n[ buri$ = ! mo/ "p b5ea? a va/ ice-%r\d1 0 w>m en\gh to support a l>ge numb] ( trees1 %rubs & o!r plants t are at pres5t d5iz5s ( ! temp]ate regions ( ! globe4 ,& la/ly1 f ! /udy ( fossils1 geologi/s fir/ le>n$ to compreh5d a fact1 t is1 t ! cru/ ( ! e>? is liable to local elevations & subsid5ces1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ( c>d9al importance 9 all mod]n geological !ories & speculations4 ,long aft] ! rema9s ( %ells & ^? ( o!r m>9e animals 7 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ! solid rocks con/itut+ ! dry l&1 & at great elevations above ! sea-level1 attempts 7 made to expla9 ?is un9telligible ph5om5on ^u ! hypo!sis t ^! rema9s or fossils 7 m]e lusus natur1 due to "s 8pla/ic virtue lat5t 9 ! e>?40 ,b ! common-s5se ( sci5ce soon reject$ ?is idea1 & x 0 univ]sally agre$ t ^! bodies 7 really ! relics ( animals t once liv$ 9 ! sea4 ,:5 once ?is 0 admitt$1 fur!r /eps 9 ! "r way ( ?9k+ became comp>atively easy1 & at ! pres5t day no geological doctr9e /&s on a sur] f\ndation ?an t :i* tea*es t our exi/+ cont95ts & isl&s1 fix$ & immovable z !y appe>1 h be5 repeat$ly sunk b5ea? ! ocean & j z repeat$ly be5 lift$ above its wat]s4 ,n only h fossils an important be>+ ^u geology & physiography z has be5 se51 b !y h relations1 mo/ complicat$ & weighty 9 "*1 ) ! sci5ce ( biology1 or ! /udy ( liv+ be+s4 ,no adequate und]/&+ ( zology & botany is possible )\t "s acqua9tance ) ! types ( plants & animals t h pass$ away1 = !re are num]\s speculative problems 9 ! doma9 ( vital sci5ce1 :i*1 if soluble at all1 c only hope to f9d _! key 9 rese>*es c>ri$ out on ext9ct organisms4 ,no attempt w be made by ! writ] to discuss fully ! biological relations ( fossils4 ,su* an und]tak+ w\ld af=d matt] = a sep>ate volume4 ,all t ,i purpose 9 ?is *apt] is to indicate v cursorily ! pr9cipal po9ts ( palontological tea*+1 s t my read]s c acquire "s idea ( ! progression f l[] to high] types t life has made ?r\gh\t ! geological ages4 ,prelim9>y to ! purpose held 9 view1 let x be und]/ood t ! va/ majority ( fossil animals & plants are ext9ct1 or1 diff]5tly & p]haps m intellig5tly express$1 belong to species t no long] exi/4 ,s f> f !re be+ any tru? 9 ! old idea t !re h be5 p]iodic de/ructions ( all ! liv+ be+s 9 exi/5ce ^u ! e>?1 foll[$ by a correspond+ numb] ( new creations ( plants & animals1 ! actual facts indicate t ! ext9ction ( old & introduction ( new =ms h be5 processes t h be5 cont9ually go+ on ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( geologic "t4 ,e species seems to come into exi/5ce at a def9ite po9t ( "t1 & to disappe> f9ally at ano!r def9ite p]iod1 ?\gh !re are few1 if any1 in/ances1 9 :i* ! times ( entrance & exit c\ld be fix$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty or precision4 ,m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! actual "t dur+ :i* diff]5t species h rema9$ 9 exi/5ce are noticeable1 & !re=e correspond+ diff]5ces 9 _! v]tical range1 or 9 ! actual am\nt & ?ickness ( /rata ?r\gh :i* !y pres5t !mselves z fossils1 "s species be+ f\nd to ext5d ?r\gh two or ?ree =mations1 & ev5 a few h _h a m prolong$ exi/5ce4 ,m commonly1 h[ev]1 ! species :i* beg9 9 ! comm5cem5t ( a great =mation die out at or be=e its close1 :ile ^? :i* are introduc$ = ! fir/ "t ne> its middle or end may ei!r become ext9ct or pass into ! next succe$+ =mation1 animals ( ! l[e/ & simple/ organization z a rule hav+ ! longe/ range 9 "t4 ,microscopic or m9ute dim5sions seem to favor longevity1 = "s ( ! ,=am9if]a appe> to h surviv$1 ) little or no p]ceptible alt]ation1 f ! ,silurian ,p]iod to ! pres5t day1 :]eas l>gely & highly-organiz$ animals1 ?\gh long-liv$ z individuals1 r>ely seem to live long specifically1 & consequ5tly h a re/rict$ v]tical range4 ,exceptions to ?is rule are1 h[ev]1 occasionally f\nd 9 "s p]si/5t types1 ! ,lamp%ells ( ! g5us ,l+ula be+ little *ang$ f ! ,l+ul t sw>m$ 9 ! ,l[] ,silurian seas1 :ile ! exi/+ ,pe>ly ,nautilus is ! la/ desc5dant ( a clan ne>ly z old4 ,"s =ms1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ammonites1 :i* are closely relat$ to ! ,nautilus1 & mo/ly re/rict$ to c]ta9 zones ( /rata1 seem to h enjoy$ a comp>atively brief lease ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,primordial ,,sea4 ,repres5t+ ,mollusks1 ,sponges1 ,cru/aceans1 ,worms & ,sea-,we$s4 ,b ( ! causes t h l$ to ! ext9ction ( plants & animals1 little or no?+ is kn[n4 ,all t c be affirm$1 9 our pres5t k1 is t ! attributes con/itut+ a species d n seem to be intr9sically end[$ ) p]man5ce1 any m ?an ^? con/itut+ an individual1 ?\gh ! =m] may endure :il/ _m successive g5]ations ( ! latt] h disappe>$ f ! e>?4 ,ea* species1 x w\ld seem1 has its own life-p]iod--its beg9n+1 culm9ation & decay--! life-p]iods ( diff]5t species be+ ( v diff]5t duration4 ,f all t has be5 said1 x may be ga!r$ t our exi/+ plants & animals are = ! mo/ "p ( mod]n orig91 us+ ! t]m mod]n 9 its geological acceptation4 ,measur$ by human /&>ds1 _m ( our exi/+ animals1 ^? :i* are capable ( be+ pres]v$ z fossils1 are kn[n to h a high antiquity4 ,n a few ( our %ell-fi% comm5c$ _! exi/5ce at "s "t 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 :ile "o species ( ,lamp%ell--,t]ebratul9a caput-s]p5tis--is believ$ to h surviv$ s9ce ! ,*alk1 & a numb] ( ! ,=am9if]a date f ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod4 ,?us1 we le>n ! additional fact t our exi/+ flora & fauna d n con/itute an aggregation ( organic =ms :i* 7 introduc$ into ! _w collectively & simultane\sly1 b t !y comm5c$ _! exi/5ce at v diff]5t times1 "s be+ extremely anci5t1 :il/ o!rs are ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,& ?is introduction ( exi/+ plants & animals1 z admirably %[n by ! /udy ( ! fossil %ells ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod1 0 a sl[ & gradual process4 ,n9ety-five p] c5t4 ( ! kn[n fossil %ells 9 ! e>lie/ ,t]ti>y are f\nd to be species no long] 9 exi/5ce1 ! rema9+ #e p] c5t4 be+ =ms t are kn[n to live 9 our pres5t seas4 ,9 ! ,middle ,t]ti>y1 ! ext9ct types are mu* few] 9 numb]1 :ile at ! close ( ! ,p]iod ! proportion ) :i* we />t$ may be rev]s$1 n m ?an #e p] c5t4 be+ ext9ct types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>bonif]\s ,,times4 ,animals & ,plants ,t ,prevail$4 ,all exi/+ animals belong to "s five or six prim>y divisions1 :i* are te*nically kn[n z sub-k+doms1 ea* sub-k+dom to be reg>d$ z repres5t+ a c]ta9 plan ( /ructure1 ea* & e animal embrac$ !re9 be+ m]ely a modifi$ =m ( ?is common type4 ,n only are all kn[n liv+ animals r$ucible to ^! five or six fundam5tal plans1 b also ! va/ s]ies ( fossil =ms :i* h come to light 9 inve/igations ( ! e>?'s /rata4 ,:ile _m fossil gr\ps h no closely-relat$ gr\p n[ 9 exi/5ce1 b 9 no case d we meet ) a fossil animal ^: peculi>ities d n entitle x to be plac$ 9 "o or o!r ( ! gr& /ructural types already indicat$4 ,! old types diff] 9 _m respects f ^? n[ ^u ! e>?1 & ! fur!r we g back 9 "t ! m pron\nc$ does ! div]g5ce become4 ,a comp>ison ( ! animals t liv$ 9 ! old ,silurian seas ) ^? n[ occupy+ our oceans1 w\ld indicate diff]5ces s great 9 _m in/ances z almo/ to place u 9 ano!r _w1 ?is div]g5ce be+ mo/ m>k$ 9 ! ,palozoic =ms ( life1 less s 9 ^? ( ! ,mesozoic1 & /ill less s 9 ! ,t]ti>y4 ,ea* successive =mation has !re=e pres5t$ u ) animals becom+ gradually m & m l ^? n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,?\gh !re is1 h[ev]1 an imm5se & /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,silurian animals & ^? ( ! pres5t day1 yet ?is diff]5ce is consid]ably less5$ :5 a comp>ison is in/itut$ betwe5 ! ,silurian & ! ,devonian1 & ?is ) ! ,c>bonif]\s1 & s on d[n to ! pres5t p]iod4 ,?us x foll[s t ! animals ( any giv5 =mation1 & ! plants z well1 :]e ! records are pres]v$1 are m l ^? ( ! next =mation bel[ & ( ! next =mation above1 ?an !y are l any o!rs4 ,?is fact ( itself is an inexplicable "o4 ,b if we believe t ! animals & plants ( any giv5 =mation are1 9 "p at any rate1 ! l9eal desc5dants ( ^? ( ! prec$+1 & ! prog5itors1 also 9 "p at lea/1 ( ^? ( ! succe$+ =mation1 !n ! fact is readily compreh5sible4 ,s frequ5tly confront$ is ! palontologi/ ) ! ph5om5on ( closely-relat$ =ms1 especially ( animals1 succe$+ "o ano!r 9 po9t ( "t1 t he is compell$ to believe t su* =ms h be5 develop$ f "s common ance/ral type by "s process ( evolution4 ,^u no o!r !ory c we compreh5d :y ! ,po/-,t]ti>y mammals ( ,s\? ,am]ica %\ld consi/ ( ed5tates1 llamas1 tapirs1 pecc>ies1 platyrh9e monkeys & o!r =ms n[ *>act]iz+ ?is cont95t1 :ile ^? ( ,au/ralia %\ld be exclusively ref]able to ! ord] ( m>supials2 & on no o!r view c we expla9 ! common occurr5ce ( transitional =ms ( life1 fill+ 9 ! gaps betwe5 gr\ps n[ widely di/9ct4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are facts :i* po9t cle>ly to ! pres5ce ( "s o!r law ?an t ( evolution1 & probably ( a deep] & m f>-rea*+ "*4 ,no !ory ( evolution c (f] a satisfactory explanation = ! con/ant introduction ?r\gh\t geological "t ( new =ms ( life1 :i* d n appe> to be prec$$ by pre-exi/5t alli$ types4 ,! graptolites & trilobites h no kn[n pr$ecessors1 & leave no kn[n successors4 ,insects appe> sudd5ly 9 ! ,devonian1 & spid]s & myriopods 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 b all "u well-diff]5tiat$ & highly-specializ$ =ms4 ,) equal app>5t sudd5ness ! ,dibran*iate ,cephalopods %[ !mselves 9 ! old] ,mesozoic deposits1 & no kn[n type ( ! ,palozoic p]iod c be po9t$ to z a possible ance/or4 ,& s does ! wond]ful dicotyl$on\s flora ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s simil>ly surprise u )\t any prophetic annunciation f ! old] ,jurassic4 ,_m o!r in/ances might be cit$1 b en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! problem is "o environ$ ) pr(\nd difficulties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mesozoic ,,flora ,,& ,,fauna4 ,cycads1 ,p&anus1 ,de9osaurs1 ,birds & ,pt]odactyl4 ,z we pass f ! old] rocks into ! new]1 we n only f9d t ! animals ( ea* successive =mation become gradually m & m l exi/+ species ^u ! globe1 b we also f9d t !re has be5 a gradual progression & developm5t 9 ! types ( animal life :i* *>act]ize ! geological ages4 ,tak+ ! e>lie/-kn[n & olde/ examples ( any giv5 gr\p1 x c sometimes be %[n t ^! primitive =ms1 ev5 ?\gh !y are highly organiz$ !mselves1 possess$ c]ta9 *>act]s su* z are n[ only to be met ) 9 ! "y ( _! exi/+ repres5tatives4 ,su* *>act]s1 :i* are te*nically call$ embryonic *>act]s1 d n prev5t ! frequ5t atta9m5t by _! possessors ( sizes mu* m gigantic ?an ^? ( _! ne>e/ liv+ relatives4 ,moreov]1 ^! anci5t =ms ( life repres5t :at are call$ compreh5sive types1 or types t possess *>act]s 9 comb9ation su* z are n[adays f\nd sep>ately develop$ 9 diff]5t gr\ps ( animals4 ,su* p]man5t ret5tion ( embryonic *>act]s & compreh5siv5ess ( /ructural type are signs ( :at zologi/s consid] to be comp>atively l[ grades ( organization1 & _! preval5ce 9 ! e>li] =ms ( animals is a v a/oni%+ ph5om5on1 ?\gh !y are none ! less p]fectly organiz$ s f> z _! peculi> type is conc]n$4 ,z we asc5d ! geological scale1 ^! features w be f\nd to gradually disappe>1 high] & ev5 high] =ms w be introduc$1 & specialization ( type take ! place ( ! =m] compreh5siv5ess4 ,t !re has be5 9 ! pa/ a g5]al progression ( organic types1 & t ! appe>ance ( ! l[] =ms ( life has 9 ! ma9 prec$$ t ( ! high] =ms 9 po9t ( "t1 is a widely-accept$ g5]alization ( palontology4 ,n[ t x has be5 se5 t !re has be5 a gradual progression & developm5t ( animal types all ?r\gh ! ages up to ! era ( man1 ! "q naturally occurs :e!r or n ! *anges are /ill go+ on :i* w result 9 a high] developm5t4 ,man coexi/$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe ) sev]al rem>kable mammals 9 ! lat] portion ( ! ,po/-,plioc5e ,p]iod4 ,:ile we d n "k ! causes :i* l$ to ! ext9ction ( ! mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 cave-lion & o!rs1 yet we d "k t sc>cely any mammalian species h become ext9ct dur+ ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,! species ) :i* man coexi/$ are su* t presumably requir$ a v diff]5t climate to t n[ prevail+ 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,"s ( ! deposits 9 :i* man's rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 association ) ! bones ( ext9ct mammals inconte/ably %[ t great *anges 9 ! physiography & surface-configuration ( ! c\ntry _h tak5 place s9ce ! p]iod ( _! accumulation1 ! human implem5ts !mselves be>+ evid5ce ( an exce$+ly b>b>\s condition ( ! human species4 ,po/-,plioc5e1 or ,paloli?ic man1 0 cle>ly unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( ! metals4 ,n only 0 ?is ! case1 b ! workman%ip ( ^! anci5t races 0 mu* inf]ior to t ( ! lat] tribes1 :o 7 also ignorant ( ! metals1 & :o also us$ no?+ b weapons & tools ( /one1 bone1 etc41 9 w>1 *ase & dome/ic affairs4 ,:5 fir/ man spread ov] ! e>?1 he _h no dome/ic animals1 p]haps n ev5 ! dog1 & _h no k ( agriculture4 ,8 weapons 7 ( ! rude/ "*1 & 8 h\ses sc>cely wor?y ( ! "n4 ,no d\bt c exi/ t 8 food1 habits & entire mann] ( liv+ h v>i$ z he has pass$ f c\ntry to c\ntry1 = he mu/ !n h be5 f> m subject to ! influ5ce ( ext]nal circum/ances1 & 9 all probability m susceptible ( *ange4 ,moreov]1 8 =m1 :i* is n[ /]eotyp$ by long ages ( repetition1 may reasonably be presum$ to h be5 m pla/ic ?an is n[ ! case4 ,z long z man l$ a m]e animal exi/5ce1 he w\ld be subject to ! same laws1 & w\ld v>y 9 ! same mann] z ! re/ ( 8 fell[-creatures4 ,b :5 at la/ he _h acquir$ ! capacity ( clo?+ himself1 & ( mak+ weapons or tools1 he has tak5 away f nature1 9 a great measure1 t p[] ( *ang+ ! ext]nal =m & /ructure :i* %e ex]cises ov] all o!r animals4 ,f ! "t1 !n1 :5 8 social & sympa!tic feel+s came into active op]ation1 & 8 intellectual & moral faculties became fairly develop$1 man's physical =m & /ructure w\ld n be s mu* influ5c$ by natural laws1 &1 !re=e1 z an animal1 he w\ld become almo/ /ation>y1 8 environm5t ceas+ to h ^u him t p[]ful modify+ effect :i* x ex]cises ov] o!r p>ts ( ! organic _w4 ,b f ! mom5t t 8 body became less subject to ! *anges ( ! surr\nd+ univ]se1 8 m9d w\ld become act$ ^u by ! influ5ces :i* ! body _h escap$4 ,e slight v>iation 9 8 m5tal & moral nature1 :i* w\ld consequ5tly be br\ght ab\t1 & :i* w\ld enable him bett] to gu>d aga9/ adv]se circum/ances1 & league toge!r = mutual com=t & protection1 w\ld be pres]v$ & accumulat$4 ,! bett] & high] specim5s ( our race w\ld !re=e increase & diffuse !mselves1 :ile ! l[] & m brutal w\ld succumb & successively die out1 & t rapid advancem5t ( m5tal organization w\ld occur1 :i* has rais$ ! v l[e/ races ( m51 ^: m5tality 0 sc>cely sup]ior to ! animal1 to t high position :i* x has atta9$ 9 ! ,g]manic races4 ,x w\ld be too bold an ass]tion to say t man's body has become /ation>y4 ,sl[ & gradual *anges /ill take place1 al?\gh 8 m]e bodily /ructure long ago became ( less importance to him ?an t subtle en]gy1 :i* is t]m$ m9d4 ,no "o c d\bt t ?is gave 8 nak$ & unprotect$ body clo?+ aga9/ ! v>y+ inclem5cies ( ! seasons & enabl$ him to compete ) ! de] 9 swiftness & ! wild bull 9 /r5g? by giv+ him weapons :]e) to capture or subdue !m bo?4 ,?\gh less capable ?an mo/ o!r animals ( subsi/+ on ! h]bs & ! fruits ( unaid$ nature1 x 0 ?is wond]ful faculty t taught him to gov]n & direct nature to 8 own b5efit1 & compel h] to produce food = him :5 & :]e he pleas$4 ,f ! mom5t1 !n1 :5 ! fir/ sk9 0 us$ z a cov]+1 ! fir/ rude spe> fa%ion$ to aid 9 ! *ase1 & ! fir/ se$ s[n or %oot plant$1 a gr& revolution 0 effect$ 9 nature1 a revolution :i* _h _h no p>allel 9 all ! previ\s cycles ( ! _w's hi/ory1 = a be+ _h aris5 :o 0 no long] necess>ily subject to a *ang+ univ]se1 a be+ :o 0 9 "s degree sup]ior to nature1 inasmu* z he knew h[ to control & regulate h] action1 & c\ld ma9ta9 himself 9 unison ) h]1 n by a *ange br\ght ab\t 9 ! body1 b by a gr[? & advance 9 m9d4 ,!re9 are %ad[$ =? ! true gr&eur & dignity ( man4 ,n only has he a*iev$ = himself a great victory 9 ?is ris+ by ! p[] ( m9d sup]ior to nature 9 a s5se1 b he has also ga9$ a direct+ influ5ce ov] o!r exi/5ces1 9 t he has be5 able to grasp f nature "s ( t p[] :i*1 be=e 8 appe>ance1 %e univ]sally ex]cis$4 ,f all t man has accompli%$ 9 ! pa/1 x is easy to anticipate ! "t :5 only cultivat$ plants & dome/ic animals w be produc$ by ! e>?1 & :5 ! ocean1 :i*1 = c\ntless cycles ( ages rul$ supreme ov] ! globe1 w be ! only doma9 9 :i* t p[] c be ex]cis$4 ,t man has improv$ "u civilization !re c be no "q4 ,/ati/ics %[ t1 s9ce ! introduction ( civilization1 ! population ( ! e>? 9 g5]al has increas$4 ,no "o c fail to obs]ve t "u its influ5ce ! means ( subsi/5ce h increas$ ev5 m rapidly ?an ! population4 ,f> f suff]+ = lack ( food1 ! mo/ d5sely peopl$ c\ntries are ^? 9 :i* x is1 n only absolutely b ev5 relatively mo/ abundant4 ,a ?\s& m5 live to-day 9 pl5ty ^u an area ( gr\nd t w\ld sc>cely af=d a scanty & prec>i\s subsi/5ce to a s+le savage4 ,!re is no d5y+ ! fact t happ9ess is increas$ by civilization4 ,to talk ( ! free & noble savage is folly4 ,! true savage is nei!r free nor noble4 ,he is a slave to 8 own wants1 8 own passions4 ,imp]fectly protect$ z he is f ! wea!r1 he suff]s at night f ! cold & by day f ! heat ( ! sun4 ,ignorant ( agriculture1 liv+ by ! *ase1 & improvid5t 9 success1 hung] ev] />es him 9 ! face1 & (t5 drives him to ! dreadful alt]native ( cannibalism or dea?4 ,! life ( all bea/s 9 _! wild /ate is c]ta9ly an exce$+ly anxi\s "o4 ,s x is ) ! savage4 ,he is always suspici\s1 always 9 dang]1 always on ! wat*4 ,he c dep5d on no "o1 & no "o c dep5d ^u him1 = he expects no?+ f 8 neighbor1 & does unto o!rs z he believes t !y w\ld d unto him4 ,8 life is "o prolong$ sc5e ( selfi%ness & fe>4 ,ev5 9 8 religion1 if he has any1 he creates = himself a new s\rce ( t]ror1 & peoples ! _w ) invisible enemies4 ,m wret*$ is ! position ( ! female savage ?an t ( h] ma/]1 = %e n only %>es 8 suff]+s1 b has also to be> 8 ill-humor & ill-usage1 be+ little bett] ?an 8 dog1 little de>] ?an 8 horse4 ,few ( !m1 x is believ$1 are s =tunate z to die a natural dea?1 be+ despat*$ ere !y become old & emaciat$1 t s mu* good food %all n be lo/4 ,inde$1 s little importance is atta*$ to wom51 ei!r be=e or aft] dea?1 t x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! man does n e/eem 8 dog1 :5 alive1 q z mu* z he does 8 woman1 & ?9k ( bo? q z (t5 & z lov+ly aft] he has made a meal ( !m4 ,n cont5t1 moreov]1 ) ! pleasures incid5t to _! mode ( life1 savages appe> to take a melan*oly delight 9 self-inflict$ suff]+s4 ,!y n only tattoo _! bodies1 b practise ! mo/ extraord9>y me?ods ( disfigurem5t & self-torture1 "s amputat+ ! little f+]1 :ile o!rs drill imm5se holes 9 ! "u-lip1 or pi]ce ! c>tilage ( ! nose4 ,^! & _m o!r curi\s practices1 none ! less pa9ful because !y are volunt>y1 are 9 vogue among savage p4 ,turn+ n[ to ! bright side ( ! "q1 we _c b conclude t ! pleasures ( civiliz$ man are great] ?an ^? ( ! savage4 ,:ile man w nev] be able to improve ! organization ( ! eye or ! e>1 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! inv5tion ( ! telescope & ! microscope is equival5t 9 its results to an imm5se improvem5t ( ! eyes1 ?us op5+ up to u new worlds1 fre% s\rces ( int]e/ & happ9ess1 :ile ! tra9+ ( ! e> w enable u to inv5t new musical in/rum5ts & compose new melodies4 ,! savage1 l a *ild1 sees & he>s only t :i* is br\ght directly be=e him1 b ! civiliz$ man que/ions nature1 & by ! v>i\s processes ( *emi/ry1 electricity & magnetism1 & a ?\s& +5i\s contrivances1 =ces nature to reveal h]self1 !reby discov]+ hidd5 uses & unsuspect$ beauties1 q z m>vell\sly z ?\gh he 7 end[$ ) "s entirely new organ ( s5se4 ,?r\gh ! discov]y ( pr9t+1 we are br\ght into communion ) ! greate/ m9ds1 & ?us ! ?\ghts ( a ,%akespe>e or a ,t5nyson1 or ! discov]ies ( a ,newton or a ,d>w91 become ! common prop]ty ( mank9d4 ,already ! results ( ?is all-important1 ?\gh simple1 process h va/ly improv$ our m5tal faculties1 & day by day1 z books become *eap]1 s*ools are e/abli%$ & education m g5]al1 a great] & great] effect w be produc$4 ,nor are all ^! new s\rces ( happ9ess accompani$ by any new liability to suff]+4 ,on ! contr>y1 :ile our pleasures are increas$1 our pa9s are less5$4 ,9 a ?\s& ways we c avoid or dim9i% evils :i* to our ance/ors 7 great & unavoidable4 ,no "o c e/imate ! mis]y :i*1 = in/ance1 ! simple discov]y ( *lor(orm has sp>$ ! human race4 ,! capacity = pa91 s f> z x c s]ve z a w>n+1 rema9s all ! same1 b ! necessity = endurance has be5 greatly dim9i%$4 ,) increas$ k ( ! laws ( heal?1 & att5tion !reto1 disease w become less & less frequ5t1 & ^? t5d5cies to disease :i* we h inh]it$ f our ance/ors w gradually die out1 &1 if fre% se$s are n s[n1 ! race w "o day enjoy ! ine/imable advantages ( a m vigor\s & heal?y exi/5ce4 ,?us1 !n1 ) ! increas+ influ5ce ( sci5ce we may confid5tly look =w>d to a great improvem5t 9 ! condition ( man4 ,b x may be alleg$ t our pres5t suff]+s & sorr[s arise *iefly f s91 & t any moral improvem5t mu/ come f religion & n f sci5ce4 ,?is sep>ation ( ! two mighty ag5ts ( improvem5t1 ! great mis=tune ( humanity1 has done m ?an any?+ else to ret>d ! progress ( civilization4 ,b ev5 if we admit = ! nonce t sci5ce w n r5d] u m virtu\s1 x mu/ c]ta9ly make u m innoc5t1 = 9 fact ! mo/ ( our crim9al population are m]e savages1 p]sons :o c r>ely read & write1 & ^: crimes are b injudici\s & desp]ate attempts to live a savage life 9 ! mid/1 & at ! exp5se1 ( a civiliz$ community4 ,m5 d wrong ei!r f ignorance or 9 ! hope1 unexpress$ p]haps ev5 to !mselves1 t !y may enjoy ! pleasure & yet avoid ! p5alty ( s94 ,all t !y h to d !y ?9k1 :5 !y h committ$ s91 is to rep5t4 ,! religi\s tea*+ ( ! day has mu* to d ) ?is misappreh5sion4 ,rep5tance is too frequ5tly reg>d$ z a sub/itute = puni%m5t4 ,s9 x is ?\ght is foll[$ ei!r by ! "o or ! o!r4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z ?is _w is conc]n$1 ?is is n ! case2 rep5tance may enable a man to avoid s9 9 future1 b has no effect on ! consequ5ces ( ! pa/4 ,! laws ( nature are n only j & salut>y1 b !y are also inexorable4 ,:ile all m5 admit t 8! wages ( s9 is dea?10 yet !y seem to ?9k t ?is is a g5]al rule to :i* !re may be _m exceptions1 t "s s9s may possibly t5d to happ9ess4 ,t suff]+ is ! inevitable consequ5ce ( s91 z surely z an effect foll[s a cause1 is ! /]n yet salut>y tea*+ ( sci5ce4 ,& c]ta9ly if ?is lesson 7 ?or\ghly impress$ ^u our m9ds1 t puni%m5t & n happ9ess is ! consequ5ce ( s91 !n temptation1 :i* is ! v root ( crime1 w\ld be cut away1 & mank9d mu/ !re=e necess>ily become m innoc5t4 ,may we n g /ill fur!r & say t sci5ce w also r5d] u m virtu\s8 ,he :o /udies philosophy c only obta9 a j idea ( ! great ?+s = :i* ,provid5ce has fitt$ 8 und]/&+4 ,su* a /udy n only makes our lives m agreeable1 b x also makes !m bett]1 & e motive ( int]e/ & duty %\ld con/ra9 a rational be+ to direct 8 m9d t[>ds pursuits :i* all exp]i5ce has %[n to be ! sure pa? ( virtue & happ9ess4 ,man is 9 reality b on ! ?re%old ( civilization4 ,f> f %[+ any indication ( hav+ rea*$ ! end1 ! t5d5cy to improvem5t seems lat]ally to h proce$$ ) augm5t$ impetus & accel]at$ rapidity4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t x mu/ n[ cease4 ,man has n atta9$ ! limits ( intellectual developm5t1 nor exhau/$ ! inf9ite capabilities ( nature4 ,!re are _m ?+s n yet dreamt ( 9 our philosophy :i* sci5ce mu/ reveal1 _m discov]ies yet to be made :i* w conf] ^u ! human race advantages :i* z yet1 p]haps1 we are n 9 a condition to grasp & appreciate4 ,we seem1 :5 we comp>e our pres5t k ) ! great ocean ( tru? t lies all undiscov]$ be=e u1 l little *ildr5 play+ on ! sea-%ore1 & pick+ up a smoo!r pebble & pretti] %ell ?an any !y _h met ) be=e4 ,?us1 x is obvi\s1 t our mo/ sangu9e hopes = ! future are ju/ifi$ by ! entire exp]i5ce ( ! pa/4 ,x is surely unreasonable to presume t a process :i* has be5 go+ on = s _m ?\s& ye>s %\ld h n[ sudd5ly ceas$2 & he mu/ inde$ be bl9d :o ?9ks t our civilization is unsusceptible ( improvem5t1 or t we ourselves are 9 ! highe/ /ate possible = man to atta94 ,!ory1 z well z exp]i5ce1 =ces ! same conclusion ^u u4 ,t pr9ciple ( ,natural ,selection1 :i* 9 animals affects ! body & seems to h little influ5ce on ! m9d1 9 man affects ! m9d & has little influ5ce on ! body4 ,9 ! =m] x leads ma9ly to ! pres]vation ( life1 & 9 ! latt] to ! improvem5t ( ! m9d1 & consequ5tly to ! increase ( happ9ess4 ,x ensures1 9 ! words ( ,sp5c]1 8a con/ant progress t[>ds a high] skill1 intellig5ce1 & self-regulation--a bett] cord9ation ( actions--a m complete life40 ,ne>ly all ! evils "u :i* we suff]1 x w be conc$$1 may be attribut$ ei!r to ignorance or s94 ,t ignorance w be dim9i%$ by ! progress ( sci5ce is1 ( c\rse1 self-evid5t2 & t ! same w be ! case ) s91 seems little less s4 ,?us1 !n1 d bo? sci5ce & !ory po9t to ! same conclusion4 ,t :i* poets h>dly d>$ to hope =1 ! future happ9ess ( our race1 sci5ce boldly pr$icts4 ,ev5 9 our own "t we tru/ to see "s wond]ful improvem5t4 ,b ! unselfi% m9d1 h[ev]1 w f9d its highe/ gratification 9 ! belief t1 :atev] may be ! case ) ourselves1 our desc5dants w und]/& _m ?+s :i* are my/]i\s to u n[1 w bett] appreciate ! beautiful _w 9 :i* we live1 avoid mu* ( ! suff]+ to :i* we are subject1 enjoy _m bless+s ( :i* we are n yet wor?y1 & escape _m ( ^? temptations :i* we deplore b _c :olly resi/4 ,we h ?us se5 t all life has be5 progressive4 ,!re has be5 ?r\gh ! ages a /eadily gr[+ upw>d t5d5cy to high] life4 ,b ! *anges h ma9ly be5 9 ! l9e ( physical =m & /ructure4 ,& su*1 too1 _h be5 ! case ) man1 until 8 social1 intellectual & moral faculties _h begun to ass]t !mselves1 :5 8 body ceas$ 9 a great measure to be act$ ^u by physical laws1 & developm5t began to manife/ itself 9 a high] type ( m5tal organization4 ,f ! l[1 simple1 *ildlike m9d ( paloli?ic man has come t wond]ful intellect :i* n[ *>act]izes ! ,g]manic races1 & :i* is de/9$ to make itself felt 9 its contact ) all ! e>?4 ,^? peoples t are able to embrace ! new civilization br\ght to _! doors1 s to speak1 w survive1 :ile ! o!rs1 unable to adapt !mselves !reto1 l ! ,tasmanian1 w succumb 9 ! /ruggle ) a sup]ior be+ & g to ! wall4 ,animals & plants w be br\ght into new relations & new conditions1 & su* z c meet ! new requirem5ts w1 z c]ta9 species h done be=e1 endure4 ,!y w1 9 o!r words1 h p>tak5 ( an enlight5$ civilization4 ,?us ?+s w g on until all life1 vegetal & animal1 w be br\ght "u ! controll+ & elevat+ influ5ce ( man1 & !n w be inaugurat$ on e>? t condition :5 ! lion & ! kid %all lie d[n toge!r1 & a little *ild %all be f\nd 9 _! mid/4 ,no?+ h>mful w any:]e exi/4 ,heav5 w !n h be5 br\ght d[n to e>?1 & peace & h>mony w univ]sally prevail4 ,!n w h come ! complete triumph ( m9d ov] body4 ,all gr[? & developm5t ( ! re=m$ & reg5]at$ e>?-man w be 9 ! direction ( m9d1 & 8 accompli%m5ts w he %>e ) ! inf]ior subjects ( 8 peaceful & happy doma94 ,progression1 h[ev]1 w n cease1 b w g on /eadily advanc+ z ! ye>s increase4 ,& if !re is a life beyond ! e>?-life1 !n ! intellect or m9d1 or s\l if y please1 %all1 9 "s =m or o!r1 exi/ !re91 & rea* up into high] & yet high] gr[? & developm5t4 ,,survival ,,( ,,! ,,fitte/4 ,among organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature !re is "s individual v>iability4 ,?is is an admission ab\t :i* !re c be no dispute4 ,b ! m]e exi/5ce ( individual v>iability & ( a few well-m>k$ v>ieties1 ?\gh necess>y z ! f\ndation = ! "w1 assi/s u b little 9 und]/&+ h[ species orig9ate 9 nature4 ,^? exquisite adaptations ( "o "p ( ! organization to ano!r "p1 & to ! conditions ( life1 & ( "o organic be+ to ano!r be+1 :i* we "k to exi/1 seem z my/]ies4 ,we see !m 9 ! humble/ p>asite t cl+s to ! hairs ( a quadrup$ or ! fea!rs ( a bird1 9 ! /ructure ( ! beetle t dives ?r\gh ! wat]1 & 9 ! plum$ se$ t is waft$ by ! g5tle/ breeze4 ,9 %ort1 we see beautiful adaptations ev]y:]e & 9 e "p ( ! organic _w4 ,& yet1 h[ few h paus$ :ile admir+ ^! beautiful & wond]ful co-adaptations to ask !mselves ! "q3 ,h[ h ^! be5 p]fect$8 ,if ! exi/5ce ( any well-m>k$ v>ieties be admitt$1 h[ is x t ^! v>ieties1 :i* may be d5om9at$ incipi5t species1 become ultimately conv]t$ into good & di/9ct species1 :i* 9 ! g5]ality ( cases obvi\sly diff] f ea* 9 a great] degree ?an d ! v>ieties ( ! same species8 ,h[ d ^! gr\ps ( species1 :i* con/itute :at are au?oritatively call$ g5]a1 & :i* diff] f ea* o!r m ?an d ! species ( ! same g5us1 arise8 ,all ^! results1 z w pres5tly be se51 foll[ f ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4 ,ow+ to ?is /ruggle1 all v>iations1 no matt] h[ slight !y may be1 or f :at cause soev] !y may proce$1 w1 if !y be 9 any degree pr(itable to ! individuals ( a species 9 _! inf9itely complex relations to o!r organic be+s & _! physical conditions ( life1 unavoidably conduce to ! pres]vation ( su* individuals1 & g5]ally be inh]it$ by ! (fspr+4 ,! (fspr+1 too1 w ?us h a bett] *ance ( surviv+1 =1 ( ! _m individuals ( a species t are p]iodically born1 b a v small numb] c survive4 ,t pr9ciple1 by :i* ea* slight v>iation1 if useful to ! individual1 is pres]v$1 has be5 t]m$ ,natural ,selection by ,d>w91 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! selection :i* is ex]cis$ by man ov] ! plants & animals :i* he has br\ght "u subjection = 8 own wants4 ,b ! expression--,survival ( ! ,fitte/--s frequ5tly us$ by ,sp5c]1 is m accurate1 & sometimes equally conv5i5t4 ,man c c]ta9ly produce great results by ?is p[]1 & c adapt1 ?r\gh ! accumulation ( slight b useful v>iations giv5 to him by ! h& ( nature1 organic be+s to 8 own uses4 ,b ,natural ,selection1 z is well kn[n1 is a p[] incessantly ready = action1 & is z inf9itely sup]ior to man's feeble ef=ts z ! works ( nature are to ^? ( art4 ,all organic be+s are expos$ to sev]e competition4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to admit 9 words ! tru? ( ! univ]sal /ruggle = life1 or m difficult ?an con/antly to be> ?is conclusion1 :i* has be5 rea*$ ?r\gh ! inve/igations & rese>*es ( ,de ,c&olle1 ,lyell1 ,h]b]t1 ,d>w9 & o!rs1 9 m9d4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 x be ?or\ghly +ra9$ 9 ! m9d1 ! :ole economy ( nature1 ) e fact on di/ribution1 r>ity1 abundance1 ext9ction & v>iation1 w be b dimly p]ceiv$ or q misund]/ood4 ,we behold ! face ( nature radiant ) gladness1 & food ev]y:]e 9 excessive abundance1 b we d n see t ! birds :i* are happily s++ r\nd u mo/ly live on insects or se$s1 & are ?us con/antly de/roy+ life1 or we fail to rememb] h[ l>gely ^! song/]s1 or _! eggs1 or _! ne/l+s1 are de/roy$ by birds & bea/s ( prey4 ,yes1 we d n always be> 9 m9d t1 ?\gh food may n[ be sup]abundant1 x is n s at all seasons ( ea* recurr+ ye>4 ,! t]m1 ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 mu/ be us$ 9 a l>ge & metaphorical s5se4 ,x mu/ be con/ru$ to include ! dep5d5ce ( "o be+ on ano!r1 & also n only ! life ( ! individual b also its success 9 leav+ (fspr+4 ,two c>nivores1 9 a "t ( sc>city ( food1 may be truly said to /ruggle ) ea* o!r = ma9t5ance ( life4 ,b a plant on ! edge ( a des]t is said to /ruggle = life aga9/ ! dr\ght1 ?\gh1 prop]ly speak+1 x is dep5d5t = its exi/5ce ^u ! moi/ure4 ,a plant1 h[ev]1 t annually produces _m ?\s& se$s ( :i* on an av]age only "o comes to maturity1 may 9 a mu* tru] s5se be said to /ruggle ) ! plants ( ! same & o!r k9ds :i* already inve/ ! gr\nd4 ,:ile ! mi/letoe is dep5d5t on ! apple & "s o!r trees1 yet x _c be said1 unless 9 a f>-fet*$ s5se1 to /ruggle ) ^! trees1 =1 if too _m ( ^! p>asites are f\nd ^u ! same tree1 x w c]ta9ly langui% & die4 ,sev]al se$l+ mi/letoes1 h[ev]1 gr[+ close toge!r ^u ! same bran*1 may m truly be said to /ruggle ) ea* o!r4 ,f ! high rate at :i* all organic be+s t5d to increase1 !re mu/ inevitably foll[ a ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4 ,e be+ :i*1 dur+ its natural lifetime1 produces sev]al eggs or se$s1 mu/ necess>ily suff] de/ruction dur+ "s "p ( t p]iod1 & dur+ "s season or occasional ye>1 o!rwise1 on ! pr9ciple ( ,geometrical ,increase1 its numb]s w\ld become s inord9ately excessive t no c\ntry w\ld be able to support its product4 ,!re=e1 z m individuals are produc$ ?an c possibly survive1 !re mu/ be 9 e case a ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 ei!r "o individual /ruggl+ ) ano!r ( ! same k9d1 or ) individuals ( di/9ct k9ds or species1 or ) ! conditions ( ! environm5t4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ,mal?us appli$ ) manifold =ce to ! entire vegetable & animal k+doms4 ,al?\gh "s species may be n[ increas+ at a v high rate 9 numb]s1 yet all _c d s1 = ! e>? w\ld n be able to conta9 !m4 ,sl[-bre$+ man has d\bl$ 9 tw5ty-five ye>s1 & %\ld he g on at ?is rate = a few ?\s& ye>s1 !re w\ld lit]ally n be /&+ room = 8 prog5y4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t1 if an annual plant produc$ only two se$s1 & _! se$l+s next ye> produc$ two1 & ! same rate ( increase 0 kept up = tw5ty ye>s1 !re w\ld be a million ( plants z ! result4 ,ev5 ! elephant1 :i* is reckon$ ! sl[e/ bre$] ( all kn[n animals1 w\ld aft] a p]iod ( f sev5 hundr$ & =ty to sev5 hundr$ & fifty ye>s leave ne>ly n9ete5 million elephants z desc5dants f ! fir/ pair4 ,mu* bett] evid5ce ?an m]e !oretical calculations are n want+ on ?is subject4 ,in/ances are record$ ( ! a/oni%+ly rapid increase ( v>i\s animals 9 a /ate ( nature1 :5 conditions h be5 favorable to !m1 dur+ two or ?ree succe$+ seasons4 ,m /rik+1 h[ev]1 is ! evid5ce f dome/ic animals t h run wild 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! _w4 ,7 n ! /atem5ts ( ! rate ( increase ( cattle & horses 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & latt]ly 9 ,au/ralia1 :]e millions n[ ab\nd1 well au!nticat$1 !y w\ld h be5 incr$ible4 ,cases c\ld be m5tion$ ( introduc$ plants t h become q common ?r\gh\t entire isl&s 9 a p]iod ( less ?an twelve ye>s4 ,sev]al ( ^! plants1 ! c>doon & a r>e ?i/le1 :i* 7 introduc$ f ,europe1 clo! squ>e leagues ( ! surface ( ! wide pla9s ( ! ,la ,plata almo/ to ! exclusion ( all o!r plants2 & !re are plants :i* n[ range 9 ,india1 f ,cape ,comor9 to ! ,himalaya1 :i* h be5 import$ f ,am]ica s9ce its discov]y4 ,9 all su* cases1 & endless in/ances c\ld be adduc$1 no intellig5t p]son supposes t _! f]tility has be5 increas$ 9 any s5sible degree by *ange ( habitat1 ! obvi\s explanation be+ t ! conditions ( environm5t h be5 v favorable1 & t !re has consequ5tly be5 less de/ruction ( old & "y1 & t ne>ly all ! latt] h be5 enabl$ to bre$4 ,! extraord9>ily rapid increase & wide diffusion ( naturaliz$ productions 9 new homes1 a result :i* nev] fails to evoke surprise1 is only to be expla9$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,geometrical ,ratio ( ,increase4 ,z 9 nature almo/ e plant produces se$1 & !re are v few animals t d n annually pair1 !re=e we c confid5tly ass]t t all plants & animals are t5d+ to increase 9 a geometrical ratio2 t all w\ld mo/ rapidly /ock e /ation 9 :i* !y c\ld 9 any way exi/1 & t ! t5d5cy to increase mu/ be *eck$ by de/ruction at "s p]iod ( life4 ,among our l>g] dome/ic animals we see no great de/ruction fall+ on !m4 ,we =get t ?\s&s are annually slaught]$ = food1 & t 9 a natural /ate an equal numb] w\ld h to be dispos$ ( 9 "s way or o!r4 ,betwe5 organisms :i* annually produce se$s or eggs by ! ?\s&s1 & ^? :i* produce extremely few1 ! only diff]5ce is t ! sl[ bre$]s w\ld require a few m ye>s to p1 "u favorable conditions1 a :ole di/rict1 let x be ev] s l>ge4 ,b a c\ple ( eggs are laid by ! condor1 :ile ! o/ri* lays a score4 ,yet 9 ! same c\ntry ! condor may be ! m abundant ( ! two4 ,! ,fulm] petrel lays b a s+le egg1 yet x is believ$ to be ! mo/ num]\s bird 9 ! _w4 ,a l>ge numb] ( eggs is ( "s importance to ^? species :i* dep5d ^u a rapidly-fluctuat+ quantity ( food1 = x p]mits !m to increase rapidly 9 numb]2 b ! real importance ( a l>ge numb] ( eggs or se$s is to make up = ! great de/ruction t goes on at "s p]iod ( life1 & ?is p]iod 9 ! va/ majority ( cases is an e>ly "o4 ,if an animal c 9 any way protect its own eggs or "y1 a small numb] may be produc$1 & ! av]age /ock be kept up2 b if _m eggs or "y are de/roy$1 !n _m mu/ be produc$ or ! species w become ext9ct4 ,!re=e1 ! av]age numb] ( any animal or plant dep5ds1 ?\gh only indirectly1 ^u ! numb] ( its eggs or se$s4 ,we %\ld nev] =get1 9 tak+ a survey ( nature1 t e s+le organic be+ ar\nd u may be said to be /riv+ to ! utmo/ to augm5t its memb]s2 t ea* lives by a /ruggle at "s p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 & t heavy de/ruction falls ei!r on ! "y or old dur+ ea* g5]ation or at recurr5t int]vals4 ,let any *eck be light5$1 or ! de/ruction be mitigat$ ev] s little1 & ! numb] ( ! species w almo/ in/antane\sly increase to any ext5t4 ,b ( ! nature ( ! *ecks to increase we "k little1 al?\gh ?is subject has be5 v ably treat$ by writ]s ( em95ce4 ,eggs or v "y animals seem g5]ally to suff] ! mo/1 b ?is is n inv>iably ! case4 ,:ile !re is a va/ de/ruction ( ! se$s ( plants1 b x is ! se$l+s :i* are believ$ to suff] ! greate/1 f g]m9at+ 9 gr\nd already ?ickly /ock$ ) o!r plants1 & f be+ de/roy$ 9 l>ge numb]s by v>i\s enemies4 ,! am\nt ( food = ea* species ( c\rse det]m9es ! extreme limit to :i* ea* c increase1 b v (t5 x is n ! obta9+ ( food1 b ! s]v+ z prey to o!r animals :i* fixes ! av]age numb] ( a species4 ,?us !re seems to be little d\bt t ! /ock ( p>tridges1 gr\se & h>es on any l>ge e/ate dep5ds ma9ly on ! de/ruction ( v]m94 ,7 n a s+le head ( game %ot dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s 9 ,engl&1 says ,d>w9 9 sub/ance1 & no v]m9 7 at ! same "t de/roy$1 !re w\ld 9 all probability be less game ?an at pres5t exi/s1 al?\gh hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( game animals are n[ annually kill$ = ! m>ket4 ,9 "s cases1 on ! o!r h&1 z 9 ! case ( ! elephant1 none are de/roy$ by bea/s ( prey1 = ev5 ! tig] 9 ,india1 bold & v5turesome z he is kn[n to be1 r>ely d>es to attack a "y elephant protect$ by its "m4 ,climate1 also1 plays an important "p 9 det]m9+ ! av]age numb] ( a species1 & p]iodical seasons ( extreme cold or dr\ght are seem+ly ! mo/ effective *ecks ( all4 ,! action ( climate appe>s at fir/ sight to be altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce2 b 9 s f> z x *iefly acts 9 ! r$uction ( food1 x br+s on ! mo/ sev]e /ruggle betwe5 ! individuals1 :e!r ( ! same or diff]5t species1 :i* subsi/ on ! same k9d ( f>e4 ,ev5 :5 climate1 extreme cold = example1 acts directly1 x w be ! lea/ vigor\s animals1 or ^? :i* h be5 ! poore/ f$ ?r\gh ! advanc+ w9t]1 t w suff] ! greate/4 ,?is w be mo/ readily se5 f :at we %all n[ relate4 ,:5 we travel f s\? to nor?1 or f a damp region to a dry1 we inv>iably see "s species gett+ r>] & r>] by degrees1 & f9ally disappe>+4 ,*ange ( climate be+ conspicu\s1 we are incl9$ to ascribe ! entire effect to its direct action1 b ?is is a false int]pretation ( ! ph5om5on1 = we fail to rememb] t ea* species1 ev5 :]e x mo/ prevails1 is con/antly suff]+ enorm\s de/ruction at "s p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 f enemies or competitors = ! same /ation & food2 & if ^! enemies or competitors be ! lea/ favor$ by any slight *ange ( climate1 !y w necess>ily increase 9 numb]s1 :ile ! o!r species1 ea* area be+ already /ock$ ) inhabitants1 w correspond+ly decrease4 ,& :5 we travel s\?w>d & see a species decreas+ 9 numb]s1 we may feel reasonably sure t ! cause lies q z mu* 9 o!r species be+ favor$ z 9 ?is be+ hurt4 ,s x is :5 we travel nor?w>d1 ?\gh 9 a less degree4 ,:5 we g nor?w>d1 or :5 we asc5d a m\nta91 we f> (t5] meet ) /unt$ =ms1 due to ! directly injuri\s action ( climate1 ?an we d :5 we g s\?w>d or desc5d a m\nta94 ,:51 h[ev]1 we rea* ! ,arctic regions1 or explore sn[-capp$ summits1 or absolute des]ts1 we p]ceive ! /ruggle = life to be almo/ exclusively ) ! elem5ts4 ,t climate op]ates ma9ly1 b indirectly1 9 favor+ o!r species1 may be cle>ly se5 9 ! prodigi\s numb]s ( g>d5 plants t c ?or\ghly well endure our climate1 b :i* c nev] become naturaliz$1 inasmu* z !y _c compete ) native vegetation nor resi/ de/ruction by native animals4 ,:5 a species1 ow+ to highly favorable conditions1 increases inord9ately 9 numb]s 9 a small tract ( c\ntry1 epidemics1 especially 9 game animals1 (t5 occur1 & "h we h a limit+ *eck indep5d5t ( ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4 ,b "s ( ^! s-call$ epidemics appe> to be due to p>asitic worms1 :i* h f "s cause1 possibly 9 "p ?r\gh ease ( diffusion among ! cr[d$ animals1 be5 disproportionately favor$1 & "h comes 9 a sort ( /ruggle betwe5 ! p>asite & its m illu/ri\s prey4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 a l>ge /ock ( individuals ( ! same species1 relatively to ! numb] ( its enemies1 is absolutely ess5tial to its pres]vation4 ,we ?us see h[ x is possible to raise ) ease a pl5tiful supply ( corn 9 our fields1 because ! se$s are greatly 9 excess ( ! numb] ( birds :i* fe$ !reon4 ,nor c ! birds1 ?\gh bless$ ) a sup]abundance ( food at ?is "o season1 increase 9 numb] 9 proportion to ! supply ( se$1 z _! numb]s are *eck$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,any "o1 h[ev]1 :o has made ! exp]im5t1 kn[s h[ tr\blesome x is to get se$ f a few :eat or o!r su* plants s[n broad-ca/ 9 a g>d54 ,"s s+ul> facts 9 nature1 su* z t ( v r>e plants be+ sometimes extremely abundant 9 ! few spots :]e !y d occur1 & t ( "s social plants be+ social1 or ab\nd+ 9 individuals1 ev5 on ! extreme conf9es ( _! range1 are readily expla9able by ?is view ( ! necessity ( a l>ge /ock ( ! same species = its pres]vation1 = 9 su* cases we may believe t a plant c\ld only exi/ :]e ! conditions ( its life 7 s favorable t _m c\ld exi/ toge!r & ?us save ! species f ext9ction4 ,complex & v>i$ are ! *ecks & relations betwe5 organic be+s :i* h to /ruggle toge!r 9 ! same c\ntry4 ,9 ! case ( e species1 _m diff]5t *ecks1 "s v complicat$ & un9telligible to man at pres5t1 act+ at diff]5t p]iods ( life1 & dur+ diff]5t seasons or ye>s1 come into play1 "s "o *eck or "s few be+ g5]ally ! mo/ p[]ful1 b all concurr+ 9 det]m9+ ! av]age numb] or ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! species4 ,widely-diff]5t *ecks sometimes act on ! same species 9 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,look+ at ! plants & bu%es t clo! an entangl$ bank1 we are tempt$ to ascribe _! proportional numb]s & k9ds to :at we call *ance4 ,b ?is is a v false view to take ( ! matt]4 ,*ance has no "p 9 su* ?+s4 ,!y foll[ 9 ob$i5ce to laws ( :i* we "k comp>atively little4 ,:5 an ,am]ican =e/ is cut d[n a v diff]5t vegetation spr+s up4 ,anci5t ,indian ru9s h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* mu/ 9 =m] times h be5 cle>$ ( trees1 b :i* n[ display ! same beautiful div]sity & proportion ( k9ds z are n[ f\nd 9 ! surr\nd+ virg9 =e/4 ,:at a /ruggle mu/ h gone on dur+ long c5turies betwe5 ! sev]al k9ds ( trees1 ea* annually scatt]+ its se$s by ! ?\s&1 & :at a w> betwe5 insect & insect1 & betwe5 insects1 snails & o!r animals ) birds & bea/s ( prey1 all /riv+ to increase1 all fe$+ on ea* o!r1 or on ! trees1 _! se$s & _! se$l+s1 or on ! o!r plants :i* once clo!d ! soil1 & ?us *eck$ ! gr[? ( ! trees6 ,x is easi] to acc\nt = ! fall ( an apple f a tree1 or ! desc5t ( a /one to ! e>? :5 hurl$ into ! air1 ?an to acc\nt = ! action & reaction ( ! innum]able plants & animals t h det]m9$ 9 ! c\rse ( untold c5turies ! proportional numb]s & k9ds ( trees t are n[ f\nd gr[+ on ^! old ,indian ru9s4 ,b ! /ruggle w almo/ inv>iably be ! sev]e/ betwe5 individuals ( ! same species1 = !y frequ5t ! same di/ricts1 require ! same food & are expos$ to ! same dang]s4 ,9 ! case ( v>ieties ( ! same species1 ! /ruggle w g5]ally be almo/ equally sev]e4 ,if sev]al v>ieties ( :eat be s[n toge!r1 & ! mix$ se$ be re-s[n1 "s ( ! v>ieties :i* be/ suit ! soil or climate1 or are naturally ! mo/ f]tile1 w beat ! o!rs & s yield m se$1 & w consequ5tly 9 a few ye>s supplant ! o!rs4 ,su* extremely-close v>ieties z ! v>i\sly-color$ sweet-peas mu/ be sep>ately h>ve/$ ea* ye>1 & ! se$ mix$ 9 due proportion1 or ! weak] k9ds w /eadily decrease 9 numb] & disappe>4 ,s1 aga91 ) ! v>ieties ( %eep4 ,c]ta9 m\nta9-v>ieties w />ve out o!r m\nta9-v>ieties1 s t !y _c be kept toge!r4 ,simil> results h foll[$ f keep+ toge!r diff]5t v>ieties ( ! m$ic9al lee*4 ,9 view ( all t has be5 said1 x is que/ionable :e!r ! v>ieties ( any ( our dome/ic plants & animals h s exactly ! same vigor1 con/itution & habits t ! orig9al proportions ( a mix$ /ock c\ld be kept up = a half-doz5 g5]ations if !y 7 p]mitt$ to /ruggle toge!r l be+s 9 a /ate ( nature1 if ! se$ or "y 7 n annually assort$4 ,species ( ! same g5us hav+ usually1 ?\gh n inv>iably1 mu* simil>ity 9 habits & con/itution1 & always 9 /ructure1 ! /ruggle w be m sev]e betwe5 species ( ! same g5us1 :]e !y come into competition ) ea* o!r1 ?an betwe5 species ( di/9ct g5]a4 ,"o species ( swall[ has caus$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! decrease ( ano!r species1 j z ! missel-?ru% 9 p>ts ( ,scotl& has caus$ ! decrease ( ! song-?ru%4 ,! small ,asiatic cockroa* has ev]y:]e 9 ,russia driv5 be=e x its great cong5]1 & ! import$ ,european hive-bee is rapidly ext]m9at+ 9 ,au/ralia ! small1 /+less bee1 indig5\s to ! c\ntry4 ,hundr$s ( su* cases might be cit$1 b we =be>4 ,we c cle>ly see :y ! competition %\ld be mo/ sev]e betwe5 alli$ =ms1 :i* fill ne>ly ! same place 9 ! economy ( nature2 b x is p]haps n possible to individualize a case & say ) precis5ess :y su* species has be5 victori\s ov] ano!r 9 ! battle ( life4 ,t ! /ructure ( e organic be+ is relat$1 9 ! mo/ ess5tial yet (t5 hidd5 mann] to t ( all ! o!r organisms ) :i* x comes into competition = food or resid5ce1 or f :i* x has to escape1 or on :i* x preys1 is a coroll>y ( ! highe/ importance d$ucible f ! =ego+ rem>ks4 ,v obvi\s is ?is 9 ! /ructure ( ! tee? & talons ( ! tig]1 & 9 t ( ! legs & claws ( ! p>asite :i* cl+s to ! hair on ! tig]'s body4 ,b 9 ! beautifully-plum$ se$ ( ! d&elion & ! flatt5$ & fr+$ legs ( ! wat]-beetle ! relation seems at fir/ re/rict$ to ! elem5ts ( air & wat]1 yet ! advantage ( plum$ se$s und\bt$ly /&s 9 ! mo/ intimate relation to ! l&1 be+ already d5sely clo!d ) o!r plants1 s t ! se$s may be widely diffus$ & fall on unoccupi$ gr\nd1 :ile 9 ! wat]-beetle1 ! /ructure ( its legs1 s admirably adapt$ = div+1 all[s x to compete ) o!r aquatic insects1 to hunt = its own prey & to escape de/ruction by o!r pr$ace\s animals4 ,all organic be+s1 x w ?us be se51 are n only /riv+ to increase 9 numb]s1 b are call$ ^u "s "t 9 _! lives to /ruggle = exi/5ce or to suff] s]i\s if n utt] de/ruction4 ,:5 we reflect on ?is /ruggle1 we c console ourselves ) ! full belief t ?is w> ( nature is n incessant1 t no fe> is felt1 t dea? is g5]ally sudd51 & t ! vigor\s1 heal?y & happy survive & multiply4 ,see+ :at a pot5t influ5ce ! pr9ciple ( ,selection has 9 ! h&s ( man1 9 reg>d to v>iation1 c x be appli$ 9 nature8 ,we c see t x c act mo/ effectually4 ,b 9 our dome/ic productions ! v>iability is n directly produc$ by man1 = he c nei!r orig9ate v>ieties nor prev5t _! occurr5ce4 ,all he c d is to pres]ve & accumulate su* z d occur4 ,un9t5tionally he exposes organic be+s to new & *ang+ conditions ( life1 = "u dome/ication1 plant & animal organizations become 9 "s degree pla/ic1 & v>iability ensues4 ,simil> *anges1 h[ev]1 d occur 9 nature4 ,:5 x is borne 9 m9d h[ inf9itely complex & close-fitt+ are ! mutual relations ( all organic be+s to ea* o!r1 & to _! environm5t1 & consequ5tly :at inf9itely-v>i$ div]sities ( /ructure may be ( advantage to ea* be+ "u alt]$ conditions1 c x !n be ?\ght improbable1 see+ t v>iations useful to man h und\bt$ly occurr$1 t o!r v>iations useful 9 "s way to ea* be+ 9 ! great & complex battle ( life %\ld sometimes occur 9 ! c\rse ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( g5]ations8 ,if su* d occur1 c we d\bt1 :5 x is rememb]$ t _m m individuals are born ?an c possibly survive1 t individuals possess+ any advantage1 no matt] h[ slight1 ov] _! fell[s w\ld h ! be/ *ance ( surviv+ & ( procreat+ _! k9d8 ,any v>iation1 on ! o!r h&1 we may feel sure if 9 ! lea/ degree injuri\s w\ld be rigidly de/roy$4 ,?is pres]vation ( useful & favorable v>iations1 & ! de/ruction ( ^? t are injuri\s1 is call$ ,natural ,selection1 or ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 ,v>iations nei!r advantage\s nor delet]i\s w\ld n be affect$ by ,natural ,selection1 & w\ld be left ei!r a fluctuat+ elem5t1 z se5 9 c]ta9 polymorphic species1 or w\ld alt]nately become fix$1 ow+ to ! nature bo? ( ! organism & its conditions4 ,we %all be/ und]/& ! probable cause ( ,natural ,selection by tak+ a c\ntry und]go+ "s physical *ange1 z ( climate = example4 ,! proportional numb] ( its inhabitants w\ld almo/ imm$iately und]go a *ange1 & "s ( its species might become ext9ct4 ,f ! complex & v intimate mann] 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( ea* c\ntry are b\nd toge!r1 we may conclude t any *ange 9 ! num]ical proportion ( "s ( its inhabitants1 indep5d5tly ( ! *ange ( climate itself1 w\ld s]i\sly affect ! o!rs4 ,7 ! c\ntry op5 on its bord]s1 new =ms w\ld c]ta9ly immigrate1 & ?is1 too1 w\ld (t5 s]i\sly di/urb ! relations ( "s ( its =m] inhabitants4 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( an isl&1 or a c\ntry hemm$ 9 by b>ri]s1 into :i* new & bett]-adapt$ =ms c\ld n readily ent]1 we w\ld !n meet ) places 9 ! economy ( nature :i* w\ld assur$ly be bett] fill$ up1 if "s ( ! orig9al occupants 7 9 "s mann] modifi$1 = _h ! area be5 op5 to immigration1 ^! same places w\ld h be5 seiz$ by intrud]s4 ,?us1 slight modifications1 :i* any way favor$ ! individuals ( a species1 w\ld by bett] adapt+ !m to *ang$ conditions t5d to become pres]v$1 & ,natural ,selection w\ld !re h free scope = ! "w ( improvem5t4 ,*anges 9 ! conditions ( life cause or excite a t5d5cy to v>y4 ,9 ! =ego+ case ! conditions are suppos$ to h *ang$1 & ?is w\ld manife/ly be favorable1 by giv+ a bett] *ance ( pr(itable v>iations occurr+1 to ,natural ,selection1 = unless su* d occur1 ,natural ,selection c d no?+4 ,z man1 by add+ up 9 any giv5 direction individual diff]5ces1 c c]ta9ly produce a great result ) 8 dome/ic animals & plants1 s c\ld ,natural ,selection1 b f> m easily f hav+ an incomp>ably long] "t = its action4 ,no great physical *ange1 z ( climate1 nor any unusual degree ( isolation to *eck immigration1 is actually necess>y1 x w\ld seem1 to produce new & unoccupi$ places = ,natural ,selection to fill up by modify+ & improv+ "s ( ! v>y+ inhabitants1 = z all ! inhabitants ( a c\ntry are /ruggl+ toge!r ) nicely-balanc$ =ces1 extremely-slight modifications 9 ! /ructure or habits ( "o species w\ld (t5 give x an advantage ov] o!rs2 & /ill fur!r modifications1 s long z ! species cont9u$ "u ! same conditions ( life & pr(it$ by simil> means ( subsi/5ce & def5ce1 w\ld (t5 /ill fur!r augm5t ! advantage4 ,no c\ntry c be m5tion$ ^: native inhabitants are n[ s p]fectly adapt$ to ea* o!r & to _! environm5t t none c\ld be bett] adapt$ & improv$1 = 9 all c\ntries ! natives h be5 s f> conqu]$ by naturaliz$ productions z to h all[$ !m to take firm possession ( ! l&4 ,& z =eign]s h ?us 9 e c\ntry beat5 "s ( ! natives1 x may be safely conclud$ t ! latt] might h be5 modifi$ ) pr(it s z to h bett] resi/$ ! intrud]s4 ,a man by 8 me?odical & unconsci\s means ( selection c produce & has produc$ great results4 ,:at may n ,natural ,selection effect8 ,man c only op]ate on ext]nal & visible *>act]s1 b nature c>es no?+ = appe>ances1 except 9 s f> z !y are b5eficial to any be+4 ,%e c act on e int]nal organ1 on e %ade ( con/itutional diff]5ce &1 9 f9e1 on ! entire ma*9]y ( life4 ,man selects exclusively = 8 own advantage1 b nature solely = t ( ! be+ %e t5ds1 & "u h] judici\s selection ! slighte/ diff]5ce ( /ructure or con/itution may well turn ! nicely-balanc$ scale 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 & ?us be pres]v$4 ,z fleet+ z are ! wi%es & ef=ts ( man1 & z %ort z is 8 e>?ly c>e]1 s poor1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! results :i* he accompli%es :5 comp>$ ) ^? accumulat$ by nature dur+ :ole geological p]iods4 ,is x a wond]1 !n1 t h] productions %\ld be f> tru] 9 "* ?an man's1 & t !y %\ld be inf9itely bett] adapt$ to ! mo/ complex conditions ( life & %\ld be> ! /amp ( f> high] workman%ip8 ,metaphorically speak+1 ,natural ,selection may be said to be daily & h\rly scrut9iz+1 ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ! slighte/ v>iations1 reject+ ! bad1 pres]v+ & add+ up ! good1 & sil5tly & ins5sibly work+1 :5ev] & :]ev] opportunities occur1 at ! bett]m5t ( ea* organic be+ 9 relation to its organic & inorganic conditions ( life4 ,s sl[ is h] "w t we see no?+ ( ! *anges 9 progress1 & only :5 ! h& ( "t has m>k$ ! lapse ( ages d we p]ceive t *anges h be5 produc$2 b !n s imp]fect is our view into long-pa/ geological p]iods1 t we see only t ! =ms ( life are n[ diff]5t f :at !y =m]ly 74 ,t any great am\nt ( modification 9 any po9t %\ld be effect$1 a v>iety once =m$ mu/ aga91 p]haps aft] a long int]val ( "t1 pres5t individual diff]5ces ( ! same favorable "*1 & ^! mu/ aga9 be pres]v$1 & s onw>d /ep by /ep4 ,z individual diff]5ces ( all k9ds p]petually recur1 ?is c h>dly be consid]$ z an unw>rantable assumption4 ,judg$ by ! ext5t ! hypo!sis accords ) & expla9s ! g5]al ph5om5a ( nature1 not)/&+ ! ord9>y belief t ! am\nt ( possible v>iation is a /rictly-limit$ quantity1 we are ju/ifi$1 x seems to u1 9 assum+ t all ?is has actually tak5 place4 ,b 9 look+ at _m small po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 species1 :i* 9 our ignorance seem q unimportant1 we mu/ n lose sight ( ! facts t climate1 food & modes ( life may h produc$ "s direct effect1 & also ( ! tru? t1 ow+ to ! ,law ( ,correlation1 :5 "o "p v>ies1 & ! v>iations are accumulat$ ?r\gh ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/1 o!r modifications (t5 ( ! mo/ unlook$-= nature w ensue4 ,z "u dome/ication ^! v>iations are kn[n to appe> at a p>ticul> p]iod ( life1 & t5d to reappe> 9 ! (fspr+ at ! same p]iod1 s1 9 a /ate ( nature1 x is reasonable to inf] t ,natural ,selection w be enabl$ to act on & modify organic be+s at any age1 by ! accumulation ( v>iations useful at t age1 & by _! inh]itance at a correspond+ age4 ,?us1 if x be pr(itable to a plant to h its se$s m & m widely dissem9at$ by ! w9d1 !re c be no great] difficulty 9 conceiv+ ?is to be effect$ ?r\gh ,natural ,selection ?an 9 conceiv+ ! increas+ & improv+ ( ! d[n 9 ! pods on 8 cotton-trees by a wise selection ^u ! "p ( a cotton-plant]4 ,natural ,selection may modify & adapt ! l>va ( an insect to a score ( cont+5cies1 :olly diff]5t f ^? :i* affect ! mature insect1 & ^! modifications ?r\gh ,correlation may "w *anges 9 ! /ructure ( ! adult4 ,on ! o!r h&1 modifications ( ! adult may affect ! /ructure ( ! l>va1 b 9 all su* cases ,natural ,selection w insure t ^! *anges %all n be injuri\s1 =1 if !y 7 s1 ! ext9ction ( ! species w\ld be ! inevitable result4 ,?\s&s ( in/ances might be giv5 to %[ ! influ5ce :i* ,natural ,selection1 or ,sexual ,selection1 :i* is only a less vigor\s phase ( ! =m]1 has _h all ?r\gh ! ages 9 ! adaptation ( life to ! places 9 nature :i* x 0 int5d$ to occupy 9 pursuance ( ! plan =mulat$ by ! ,great ,orig9ator & ,design] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,despite ! imp]fection ( ! geological record1 :i* has be5 urg$ z a s]i\s objection to ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification1 s5sible1 intellig5t1 educat$ m5 no long] d\bt t species h all *ang$1 & t !y h *ang$ 9 ! way requir$1 = !y h *ang$ sl[ly & 9 a graduat$ mann]4 ,?is is cle>ly se5 9 ! fossil rema9s f consecutive =mations be+ inv>iably mu* m closely alli$ to ea* o!r ?an are ^? f widely-sep>at$ =mations4 ,x is true geological rese>* does n yield ^? inf9itely f9e gradations betwe5 pa/ & pres5t species :i* ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection requires1 b :5 x is rememb]$ t only a small portion ( ! _w has be5 geologically explor$2 t only organic be+s ( c]ta9 classes1 at lea/ 9 any great numb]1 c be pres]v$ 9 a fossil condition2 t _m species :5 once =m$ nev] und]go any fur!r *ange1 b become ext9ct )\t leav+ any modifi$ desc5dants2 t dom9ant & widely-rang+ species v>y ! mo/ & ! mo/ frequ5tly1 & t v>ieties are (t5 at fir/ only local1 x is n at all surpris+ t ! discov]y ( int]m$iate l9ks to any consid]able ext5t %\ld n h be5 made4 ,local v>ieties1 z is well kn[n1 w n diffuse !mselves into o!r & di/ant localities until !y h become v mu* modifi$ & improv$1 & :5 !y h ?us diffus$ !mselves1 & are discov]$ 9 a geological =mation1 !y w appe> z if sudd5ly creat$ !re1 & w simply be rank$ z new species4 ,besides1 =mations h (t5 be5 int]mitt5t 9 _! accumulation1 & _! duration has probably be5 %ort] ?an ! av]age duration ( specific =ms4 ,& z successive =mations 9 mo/ cases are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by blank int]vals ( "t ( consid]able l5g?1 & z fossilif]\s =mations ?ick en\gh to )/& future degradation c z a g5]al rule be accumulat$ only :]e mu* s$im5t is laid d[n 9 ! subsid+ b$ ( ! ocean1 x foll[s t dur+ ! alt]nate p]iods ( elevation & ( /ation>y level ! record w g5]ally be blank or devoid ( fossil rema9s4 ,dur+ ^! latt] p]iods !re w d\btless be m v>iability 9 ! =ms ( life1 & dur+ ! p]iods ( subsid5ce a great] am\nt ( ext9ction4 ,n[1 z geology pla9ly decl>es t ea* l& has und]gone great physical *anges1 we h a "r to expect t organic be+s h v>i$ "u nature 9 ! same mann] z !y h v>i$ "u dome/ication1 & su* h sci5tific /udy & rese>* f\nd to be ! case4 ,& if !re has be5 any v>iability "u nature1 su* a fact w\ld seem unacc\ntable unless ,natural ,selection1 or ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/1 did n come into play4 ,^u ! view t v>iations h occurr$ 9 nature & h be5 pres]v$ & accumulat$ by ,natural ,selection1 & n 9 ! ord9>y view ( indep5d5t creation1 we c und]/& :y ! specific *>act]s1 or ^? by :i* ! species ( ! same g5us diff] f ea* o!r1 %\ld be m v>iable ?an ! g5]ic *>act]s 9 :i* !y all agree4 ,inexplicable z is ! occasional appe>ance ( /ripes on ! %\ld]s & legs ( ! diff]5t equ9e species & _! hybrids on ! !ory ( creation1 yet h[ simply is ! fact expla9$ if we believe t !y are all desc5d$ f a /rip$ prog5itor j z ! diff]5t dome/ic bre$s ( pigeons are desc5d$ f ! blue & b>r$ rock-pigeons4 ,:y1 = example1 %\ld ! color ( a fl[] be m likely to v>y 9 any "o species ( a g5us1 if ! o!r species1 suppos$ to h be5 creat$ indep5d5tly1 h diff]5tly-color$ fl[]s1 ?an if all ! species ( ! g5us h ! same color$ fl[]s8 ,on ! !ory t species are only well-m>k$ v>ieties1 ( :i* ! *>act]s h become 9 a high degree p]man5t1 ! fact is intelligible1 = !y h already v>i$ 9 c]ta9 *>act]s s9ce !y bran*$ (f f a common prog5itor1 & by ^! *>act]s !y h come to be specifically di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,!re=e1 ^! same *>act]s w\ld be m likely aga9 to v>y ?an ! g5]ic *>act]s :i* h be5 inh]it$ )\t *ange = an enorm\s p]iod ( "t4 ,^u ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 or ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/1 ) its cont+5cies ( ext9ction & div]g5ce ( "*1 we c see h[ x is t all pa/ & pres5t organic be+s c be arrang$ )9 a few classes1 9 gr\ps subord9ate to gr\ps1 & ) ! ext9ct gr\ps (t5 fall+ 9 betwe5 ! rec5t gr\ps4 ,we c see h[ x is t ! mutual aff9ities ( ! =ms )9 ea* class are s complex & div]sifi$1 & only adaptive *>act]s1 ?\gh ( sup]ior importance to ! be+s1 are ( sc>cely any significance 9 classification1 :ile ^? d]iv$ f rudim5t>y p>ts1 ?\gh ( no recogniz$ s]vice1 are (t5 ( high classificatory value1 & only embryological *>act]s are frequ5tly ! mo/ valuable ( all4 ,! real aff9ities ( all organisms1 9 contradi/9ction to _! adaptive lik5esses1 are due to inh]itance or community ( desc5t4 ,h5ce1 a natural sy/em ( classification is a g5ealogical arrangem5t1 ) ! acquir$ grades ( diff]5ce1 d5ot$ by v>ieties1 species1 g5]a1 families1 etc41 & _! l9es ( desc5t h to be discov]$ by ! mo/ p]man5t *>act]s1 :atev] !y may be & h[ little ( vital importance !y may possess4 ,t species are immutable productions1 :i* 0 until q rec5tly ! curr5t belief by laym5 & naturali/s1 0 almo/ unavoidable s long z ! _w 0 consid]$ to be ( %ort duration4 ,b n[ t "s idea has be5 acquir$ ( ! "t t has elaps$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( e>?-life1 we are too apt to assume1 )\t pro(1 t ! geologic record is s complete1 t x w\ld h af=d$ u "s pla9 evid5ce ( ! mutation ( species1 if !y _h und]gone mutation4 ,b ! pr9cipal cause ( our unwill+ness to admit t "o species has giv5 bir? to o!r & di/9ct species1 is t we are always sl[ 9 admitt+ any great *ange ( :i* we d n disc]n ! int]m$iate /eps4 ,j su* a difficulty 0 felt by _m geologi/s :5 ,lyell fir/ insi/$ t long l9es ( inl& cliffs _h be5 produc$1 & great valleys excavat$1 by ! ag5cies :i* are /ill at "w 9 ! e>?4 ,no ef=t ( m9d c adequately grasp ! mean+ ( ev5 t5 million ( ye>s1 nor add up & p]ceive ! full effects ( ! _m slight v>iations to :i* species h be5 subject$ dur+ an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( g5]ations4 ,! day1 h[ev]1 is n di/ant1 :5 mank9d w h become j z ?or\ghly conv9c$ t species h be5 modifi$ dur+ a long c\rse ( desc5t1 ma9ly ?r\gh ! ,natural ,selection ( innum]\s successive1 slight & favorable v>iations z !y are t ! attraction ( gravitation is an important elem5t 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! h>mony t exi/s among ! planet>y sph]es4 ,t ! law ( ! attraction ( gravity1 :i* is p]haps ! greate/ discov]y ev] made by man1 is subv]sive ( natural & reveal$ religion1 :i* 0 at "o "t ma9ta9$ by a no m di/+ui%$ p]son ?an ,leibnitz1 is n[ no long] object$ to1 ev5 ?\gh its discov]] 0 unable to expla9 :at is ! ess5ce ( ! pr9ciple he _h discov]$4 ,no nobl] conception ( ,deity c\ld be ent]ta9$ ?an t :i* attributes to ,him ! creation ( a few orig9al =ms capable ( self-developm5t into o!r & ne$ful =ms1 or ! orig9ation de novo ( ^! simple =ms f inorganic nature4 ,x places a high] e/imate ^u ,8 ,omnipot5ce ?an ! belief t ,he requir$ a fre% act ( creation to supply ! voids caus$ by ! action ( ,8 laws4 ,t sci5ce is z yet unable to ?r[ any light on ! f> high] problem ( ! ess5ce or orig9 ( life1 %\ld con/itute no valid objection to ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,:5 all be+s are look$ ^u n z special creations1 b z ! l9eal desc5dants ( "s be+s t exi/$ long be=e ! fir/ b$ ( anci5t ,siluria 0 deposit$1 !y seem to become ennobl$4 ,judg+ f ! pa/1 we ?9k x safe to conclude t no exi/+ species w transmit its unalt]$ lik5ess to a di/ant futurity4 ,few1 v few liv+ species w transmit prog5y ( any k9d1 = ! mann] 9 :i* all organisms are gr\p$ %[s t ! majority ( species 9 ea* g5us1 & all ! species 9 _m g5]a1 h left no desc5dants1 b h become utt]ly ext9ct4 ,x w only be ! common & widely-spread species1 belong+ to ! l>g] & dom9ant gr\ps )9 ea* class1 t w ultimately prevail & procreate new & dom9ant species4 ,s9ce all ! liv+ =ms ( life are ! l9eal desc5dants ( =ms t liv$ long ant]ior to ! ,silurian epo*1 x is reasonably c]ta9 t ! ord9>y succession by g5]ation has nev] once be5 brok51 & t no cataclysmic disa/] has laid wa/e ! entire _w4 ,!re=e1 we may look into ! future ) "s confid5ce ( an equally secure & inappreciably endur+ e>?-life4 ,& z ,natural ,selection op]ates solely by & = ! good ( ea* be+1 all corporeal & m5tal end[m5ts w t5d to progress t[>d p]fection4 ,:5 we contemplate a tangl$ bank1 ) innum]able plants ( div]se k9ds1 & _m-voic$ birds s++ 9 conc]t1 or wag+ de/ruction on manifold insects t are flitt+ ab\t1 or ! long1 slimy worm t has come up f its und]gr\nd retreat1 we are lo/ 9 wond] & admiration1 & c only reflect t ^! elaborately con/ruct$ =ms1 s diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & s /rangely & intricately dep5d5t on ea* o!r1 h all be5 evolv$ by laws t act all ar\nd u4 ,^! are ! laws ( ,gr[? ) ,reproduction2 ,inh]itance1 :i* is almo/ impli$ by reproduction2 ,v>iability f ! action1 direct & indirect1 ( ! conditions ( life1 & f use & disuse2 a ,ratio ( ,increase s high z to lead to a ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 & z a consequ5ce to ,natural ,selection1 or ,survival ( ! ,fitte/1 entail+ !reby ,div]g5ce ( ,"* & ! ,ext9ction ( less-improv$ =ms4 ,& ?us1 f ! w> ( nature1 & f fam9e & dea?1 h aris5 ! high] mammalia1 9 :i* man1 ! summa summ>um ( life1 is includ$4 ,he occupies ! summit1 t[>d :i* ! ef=ts ( millions ( buri$ ages seem to h be5 t5d+4 ,!re is a gr&eur 9 ?is view ( life1 ) its sev]al p[]s1 orig9ally brea!d1 by ! op]ation ( ! natural laws1 into "o or a few =ms ( life1 & t1 :ile ! e>?1 9 ob$i5ce to ! fix$ pr9ciple ( gravitation1 has gone cycl+ on1 endless =ms1 mo/ beautiful & mo/ wond]ful1 h be51 & are be+1 evolv$ f s simple a beg9n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,m5 ,,attack+ ,,cave ,,be>4 ,mammo?1 ,woolly ,rh9oc]os1 ,musk-,%eep & ,iri% ,/ag 9 ,backgr\nd4 ,:ile ?us x has be5 %[n t life has be5 progressive1 successive =ms ( life be+ ! result ( modification ?r\gh desc5t1 ^? f>+ ! be/ 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce surviv+1 by reason ( "s advantage1 physical or o!rwise1 ga9$ ov] _! competitors1 yet little1 be>+ specially ^u man1 has be5 express$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,aft] he _h acquir$ ^? intellectual & moral faculties :i* l>gely di/+ui% him f ! l[] animals 9 a /ate ( nature1 he w\ld h be5 b little liable to h 8 bodily /ructure modifi$ ?r\gh ,natural ,selection or any o!r means1 = man is enabl$1 ?r\gh 8 m5tal faculties1 8to keep ) an un*ang$ body 9 h>mony ) ! *ang+ univ]se40 ,he has a mo/ wond]ful p[] ( adapt+ 8 habits to alt]$ conditions ( life4 ,tools1 weapons & v>i\s devices are inv5t$ by him = ! procurem5t ( food & bodily def5ce4 ,& :5 he migrates into a cold] climate1 he uses clo!s1 builds %$s & makes fire1 & by its aid cooks food t w\ld o!rwise be indige/ible4 ,! l[] animals1 h[ev]1 mu/ h _! bodily /ructure modifi$ 9 ord] to survive "u greatly *ang$ conditions4 ,!y mu/ be r5d]$ /rong]1 or acquire m effective tee? or claws1 or bo?1 if !y w\ld successfully def5d !mselves f new enemies1 or !y mu/ be r$uc$ 9 proportions1 s z to escape detection & dang]4 ,:5 !y remove into cold] climates !y mu/ become clo!d 9 ?ick] fur1 or h _! con/itutions alt]$1 = failure to be ?us modifi$ mu/ ultimately result 9 _! ceas+ to exi/4 ,b 9 ! case ( man's intellectual & moral faculties1 z has be5 %[n by ,wallace1 x is widely diff]5t4 ,^! faculties are q v>iable1 & !re is reason to believe t ! v>iations t5d to be inh]it$4 ,!re=e1 if !y 7 =m]ly ( high importance to paloli?ic man & 8 ape-l prog5itors1 !y w\ld h be5 p]fect$ or advanc$ ?r\gh ,natural ,selection4 ,b ( ! high importance ( ! intellectual faculties !re c be no "q1 = man owes to !m 9 a great measure 8 prem95t position 9 ! _w4 ,x c be se5 t1 9 ! rude/ /ate ( society1 ! individuals :o 7 ! mo/ sagaci\s1 & :o 7 ! mo/ skilful 9 ! inv5tion ( weapons or traps1 & :o 7 ! be/ able to def5d !mselves1 w\ld re> ! greate/ numb] ( (fspr+1 & t ! tribes :i* includ$ ! l>ge/ numb] ( m5 possess$ ( su* sup]ior end[m5ts w\ld increase 9 numb] & ev5tually supplant ! o!r tribes4 ,numb]s dep5d prim>ily on ! means ( subsi/5ce1 & ?is on ! physical nature ( ! c\ntry1 b 9 a mu* high] degree ^u ! arts !re9 practis$4 ,z a tribe increases & is victori\s1 x is (t5 /ill fur!r increas$ by ! absorption ( o!r tribes1 & aft] a "t ! tribes :i* are ?us absorb$ into ano!r tribe assume1 z has be5 rem>k$ by ,mr4 ,ma9e 9 8 8,anci5t ,law10 t !y are ! co-desc5dants ( ! same ance/ors4 ,/ature & /r5g? 9 ! m5 ( a tribe are also ( importance 9 its success1 & ^! are dep5d5t 9 "p ^u ! "* & ! quantity ( food t c be obta9$4 ,m5 ( ! ,bronze ,p]iod 9 ,europe 7 supplant$ by a l>g]-h&$ & m p[]ful race1 b _! success 0 probably due 9 a mu* high] degree to _! sup]iority 9 ! arts4 ,all t is kn[n by savages1 z inf]r$ f _! traditions & f old monum5ts1 %[s t f ! mo/ remote times successful tribes h supplant$ o!rs4 ,relics ( ext9ct tribes h be5 f\nd on ! wild pla9s ( ,am]ica & on ! isolat$ isl&s 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,civiliz$ nations are ev]y:]e at ! pres5t "t supplant+ b>b>\s peoples1 except+ :]e climate opposes a fatal b>ri]1 & !y ?us succe$ 9 a great measure1 ?\gh n exclusively1 ?r\gh ! arts1 :i* are ! products ( ! intellect4 ,) mank9d1 !n1 x is highly probable t ! intellectual faculties h be5 gradually p]fect$ ?r\gh ,natural ,selection4 ,und\bt$ly x w\ld h be5 int]e/+ to h trac$ ! developm5t ( ea* sep>ate faculty f ! /ate 9 :i* x exi/s 9 ! l[] animals to t 9 :i* x exi/s 9 man1 b ?is w\ld h be5 a task ( no easy accompli%m5t4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! prog5itors ( man became social1 & ?is probably occurr$ at a v e>ly p]iod1 ! advancem5t ( ! intellectual faculties w\ld h be5 aid$ & modifi$ 9 an important mann]1 = if "o man 9 a tribe1 m sagaci\s ?an 8 fell[s1 _h inv5t$ a new sn>e or a weapon1 or o!r means ( attack or def5ce1 ! pla9e/ self-int]e/1 ) no great help ( reason+ p[]1 w\ld h prompt$ ! o!r memb]s to h imitat$ him1 & ?us all w\ld h be5 pr(it$4 ,habitual practice ( ea* new art mu/ likewise 9 "s slight degree /r5g!n ! intellect4 ,if ! new inv5tion 7 an important "o1 ! tribe w\ld increase 9 numb]s1 spread & supplant o!r tribes1 & ?us r5d]$ /rong] num]ically !re w\ld be a bett] *ance ( ! bir? ( o!r sup]ior & inv5tive memb]s4 ,%\ld ^! la/ be s =tunate z to leave *ildr5 to inh]it _! m5tal sup]iority1 ! *ance ( ! bir? ( /ill m +5i\s memb]s w\ld be some:at bett]1 & 9 a v small tribe w\ld be decid$ly bett]4 ,t primeval man1 or 8 ape-l prog5itors1 %\ld h become social1 !y mu/ h acquir$ ! same in/9ctive feel+s :i* impel o!r animals to live 9 a body1 & !y d\btless exhibit$ ! same g5]al disposition4 ,:5 sep>at$ f _! companions1 = :om !y w\ld h felt "s degree ( love1 !y w\ld h exp]i5c$ a feel+ ( uneas9ess4 ,!y w\ld h w>n$ ea* o!r ( dang]1 & h giv5 mutual aid 9 attack or def5ce4 ,all ?is implies "s degree ( sympa?y1 fidelity & c\rage4 ,su* social qualities1 ^: p>am\nt importance to ! l[] animals is undisput$1 7 d\btless acquir$ by ! prog5itors ( m5 9 a simil> mann]1 namely1 ?r\gh ,natural ,selection1 aid$ by inh]it$ habit4 ,9 ! nev]-ceas+ w>s ( savages1 fidelity & c\rage are all-important1 & c]ta9ly :5 two tribes ( primeval man1 liv+ 9 ! same c\ntry1 came into competition1 ! "o t conta9$ ! greate/ numb] ( c\rage\s1 sympa!tic & fai?ful memb]s1 :o 7 ev] ready to w>n ea* o!r ( dang]1 & to assi/ & def5d ea* o!r1 w\ld )\t d\bt succe$ ! be/ & conqu] ! o!r4 ,! advantage :i* discipl9$ soldi]s h ov] undiscipl9$ hordes foll[s ma9ly f ! confid5ce :i* ea* soldi] has 9 8 comrades4 ,ob$i5ce is ( ! highe/ importance1 = any =m ( gov]nm5t is bett] ?an none4 ,selfi% & cont5ti\s p w n coh]e1 & )\t coh]5ce no?+ c be effect$4 ,?us1 a tribe possess+ ^! qualities 9 an em95t degree w\ld spread & be victori\s ov] o!r tribes4 ,b1 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 or all pa/ hi/ory is a my?1 ?is successful tribe w\ld 9 its turn be ov]come by "s o!r m highly-end[$ tribe2 & ?us w\ld ! social & moral qualities t5d sl[ly to advance & be diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,praise & ! blame ( our fell[-m5 are mu* m p[]ful /imuli to ! developm5t ( ! social qualities4 ,^! virtues are prim>ily due to ! in/9ct ( sympa?y1 & ?is in/9ct1 l all o!r social in/9cts1 0 d\btlessly acquir$ ?r\gh ,natural ,selection4 ,h[ e>ly man's prog5itors1 9 ! c\rse ( _! developm5t1 became capable ( feel+ & be+ impell$ by ! praise or blame ( _! fell[-m51 we are unable to say4 ,ev5 dogs appreciate enc\ragem5t1 praise & blame1 & x w\ld be /range if su* c\ld n be pr$icat$ ( be+s high] 9 ! scale4 ,! wilde/ savages feel ! s5tim5t ( glory4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n by _! pres]vation ( ! trophies ( _! brav]y1 by _! habit ( excessive boa/+1 & ev5 by ! extreme c>e !y take ( _! p]sonal appe>ance & adornm5ts4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 !y reg>d$ ! op9ion ( _! comrades1 su* habits w\ld be )\t mean+ & s5seless4 ,h[ f> ! savage exp]i5ces remorse1 is d\btful4 ,he c]ta9ly feels %ame & contrition = ! brea* ( "s ( ! less] rules ( 8 tribe4 ,x is true t remorse is a deeply-hidd5 feel+1 b x is h>dly cr$ible t a be+ :o w sacrifice 8 life r ?an betray 8 tribe1 or give himself up z a prison] r ?an violate 8 p>ole1 w\ld n feel remorse1 ?\gh he might1 if he fail$ 9 a duty :i* he held sacr$1 hide x f view4 ,primeval man mu/ h be51 at a v remote "t1 influ5c$ by ! praise & blame ( 8 fell[s4 ,t ! memb]s ( ! same tribe w\ld approve ( conduct t appe>$ = ! g5]al good1 & reprobate su* z seem$ to c>ry ) x evil1 !re c be no "q4 ,to d good unto o!rs1 or to d unto o!rs z y w\ld t !y %\ld d unto y1 is ! f\ndation-/one ( morality4 ,x is1 !re=e1 h>dly possible to place too high an e/imate ^u ! importance ( ! love ( praise & fe> ( blame dur+ rude1 b>b>ic times1 = a man1 :o 0 n impell$ by any pr(\nd in/9ctive feel+ to sacrifice 8 life = ! good ( o!rs1 b :o 0 rais$ to su* a noble action by a s5se ( glory1 w\ld by 8 example excite a simil> wi% = glory 9 ! bosoms ( o!r m51 & w\ld !reby eng5d] & /r5g!n by ex]cise ! laudable feel+ ( admiration4 ,) increas$ exp]i5ce & reason1 ^? m remote consequ5ces ( 8 actions1 su* z temp]ance1 *a/ity1 etc41 :i* dur+ 8 v e>ly times 7 utt]ly disreg>d$1 w\ld come to be highly e/eem$ or ev5 held sacr$4 ,& ultimately !re w\ld h be5 develop$ f ! social in/9cts a highly-complex s5tim5t :i*1 l>gely guid$ by ! approbation ( 8 fell[-m51 & rul$ by reason1 self-int]e/1 & latt]ly by deep religi\s feel+s1 confirm$ by tea*+ & habit1 w\ld con/itute 8 moral s5se or consci5ce4 ,al?\gh a high /&>d ( morality gives b little if any advantage to ea* individual man & 8 *ildr5 ov] ! o!r m5 ( ! same tribe1 yet x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x is an advancem5t 9 ! /&>d ( morality & an increase 9 ! numb] ( well-end[$ m5 t c]ta9ly give a tell+ advantage to a tribe ov] ano!r1 = ! tribe t includes _m memb]s :o1 f possess+ 9 an em95t degree ! _s ( patriotism1 fidelity1 ob$i5ce1 c\rage & sympa?y1 & :o 7 always prep>$ to give aid to ea* o!r1 & to sacrifice !mselves = ! common weal1 w\ld be victori\s ov] mo/ o!r tribes4 ,& ?is w\ld be ,natural ,selection4 ,tribes at all times ?r\gh\t ! _w h supplant$ o!r tribes4 ,n[1 z morality is "o elem5t 9 _! success1 ! /&>d ( morality & ! numb] ( well-end[$ m5 w ?us ev]y:]e t5d to rise & increase4 ,v difficult x is to =m any judgm5t :y "o p>ticul> tribe & n ano!r has be5 successful 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce & has ris5 9 ! scale ( civilization4 ,_m savages are /ill 9 ! same condition ( degradation z :5 fir/ discov]$4 ,! greate/ "p ( mank9d has nev] ev9c$ ! slighte/ desire t _! civil in/itutions %\ld be improv$4 ,progress is n1 z we are apt to consid]1 ! normal rule 9 human society4 ,_m concurr5t favorable conditions1 f> too complex to be foll[$ out1 seem to det]m9e human progress4 ,a cool climate1 x has be5 rem>k$1 by lead+ to indu/ry & ! v>i\s arts1 has be5 indisp5sable !reto1 b if ! climate has be5 too sev]e1 z 9 ! ,arctic regions1 !re is a *eck to cont9ual progress4 ,press$ by h>d necessity1 ! ,esquimaux h succe$$ 9 _m +5i\s inv5tions1 b !y c nev] atta91 = ! reason already assign$1 to any v great success4 ,nomadic habits1 :e!r along ! %ores ( ! sea1 or ov] wide pla9s1 or ?r\gh d5se tropical =e/s1 h 9 all cases prov$ detrim5tal4 ,p]haps1 ! possession ( "s prop]ty1 a fix$ abode1 & ! union ( _m families "u a lead] or *ief1 are indisp5sable requisites = civilization1 z su* habits almo/ necessitate ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd4 ,f "s su* accid5t z ! fall+ ( ! se$s ( a fruit-tree on a heap ( refuse & produc+ an unusually f9e v>iety may probably h result$ ! fir/ /eps 9 cultivation1 = if ! fruit 7 pr(itable & good = food1 x w\ld be a v dull intellect t c\ld n readily p]ceive1 especially among a p t _h giv5 up a rov+ habit ( life1 ! advantage :i* w\ld accrue f ! plant+ ( "s m trees ( a simil> k9d4 ,!y w\ld und\bt$ly be l$ to cultivation = !mselves by a simple obs]vation ( ! plan by :i* nature contrives 9 keep+ up a cont9uation ( h] _m k9ds ( plants4 ,in/ead ( dropp+ ! se$s ^u ! gr\nd z nature is prone to d1 & tru/+ to _! burial by accid5t or o!rwise1 see+ ! advantage to be ga9$ by bury+ !m out ( ! rea* ( noxi\s influ5ces1 :e!r ( climate or animal life1 !y w\ld soon le>n to take ! matt] ( plant+ "u _! own wat*ful c>e r ?an leave x to ! seem+ly ?\ghtless provision ( nature4 ,b ! problem ( ! fir/ advance ( paloli?ic man t[>d civilization1 is at pres5t mu* too difficult to be solv$1 = x involves ! consid]ation ( c]ta9 elem5ts :i* we "k too little ab\t1 & _! dis5tanglem5t f o!rs ^: value is ( recogniz$ significance 9 ! doma9 ( biological sci5ce4 ,:ile x has be5 %[n h[ x has be5 possible = primeval man to h acquir$ a moral s5se or consci5ce1 yet x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! l[] animals1 at lea/ su* z h come "u ! civiliz+ influ5ce ( man1 h also come into possession ( ! same highly complex s5tim5t :i* has be5 ( su* ine/imable s]vice to man = 8 progressive advancem5t4 ,o!r faculties1 su* z ! p[]s ( imag9ation1 wond]1 curiosity1 an undef9$ s5se ( beauty1 a t5d5cy to imitation1 & ! love ( excitem5t or novelty1 h also be5 ( imm5se importance 9 ?is direction1 = !y c\ld n fail to h l$ to ! mo/ caprici\s *anges ( cu/oms & fa%ions4 ,caprice1 x has be5 r oddly claim$ by a rec5t writ]1 is 8"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & typical diff]5ces betwe5 savages & brutes40 ,x is n only possible to p]ceive h[ x is t man is caprici\s1 b ! l[] animals1 z has be5 previ\sly %[n1 are caprici\s 9 _! affections1 av]sions & s5se ( beauty4 ,& !re is good reason to suspect t !y love novelty = its own sake4 ,self-consci\sness1 individuality1 ab/raction1 g5]al ideas1 etc41 :i* h be5 held by sev]al rec5t writ]s z mak+ ! sole & complete di/9ction betwe5 man & ! brutes1 seem useless subjects = discussion1 s9ce h>dly any two au?ors agree 9 _! def9itions ( ^! high faculties4 ,9 man1 su* faculties c\ld n h be5 fully develop$ until 8 m5tal p[]s _h advanc$ to a high /ate ( p]fection1 & ?is implies ! use ( a highly-develop$ language4 ,no "o supposes t "o ( ! l[] animals reflects :5ce he comes or :i!r he goes1 or :at is dea? or :at is life1 b c "o feel sure t an old dog ) an excell5t memory1 & "s p[] ( imag9ation z %[n by 8 dreams1 nev] reflects on 8 pa/ pleasures 9 ! *ase8 ,& ?is w\ld be a =m ( self-consci\sness4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ,b*n] ably rem>ks1 h[ little c ! h>d-work$ wife ( an ,au/ralian savage :o sc>cely uses any ab/ract words & ^: ability to c\nt does n ext5d beyond f\r1 ex]t h] self-consci\sness1 or reflect on ! orig91 nature & aim ( h] own exi/5ce4 ,t animals reta9 _! m5tal individuality is unque/ion$1 = :5 any voice awak5s a tra9 ( old associations 9 ! m9d ( "s favorite dog1 z 9 ! case ( my dog ,frisky1 already ref]r$ to1 he mu/ h reta9$ 8 m5tal individuality1 al?\gh e atom ( 8 bra9 _h probably und]gone *ange m ?an once dur+ ! five or six ye>s he liv$ 9 my family4 ,animals h "s ideas ( numb]s4 ,! cr[ has be5 kn[n to c\nt z f> z ! numb] six1 & a dog ,i once _h knew z well z ,i did :5 ,saturday came4 ,! s5se ( beauty1 :i* has be5 decl>$ peculi> to man1 is innate 9 birds4 ,c]ta9 bright colors & c]ta9 s\nds1 :5 9 h>mony1 excite 9 !m pleasure z !y d 9 man4 ,! ta/e = ! beautiful1 at lea/ s f> z female beauty is conc]n$1 is n ( a special nature 9 ! human m9d1 = x diff]s widely 9 ! diff]5t races ( man1 & is n q ! same ev5 9 ! diff]5t nations ( ! same race4 ,if we are to judge f ! hide\s ornam5ts & ! equally hide\s music admir$ by mo/ savages1 x might be urg$ t _! /hetic faculty 0 less highly develop$ ?an x is 9 "s species ( birds4 ,no animal1 x is obvi\s1 w\ld be capable ( admir+ ! nocturnal heav51 a beautiful l&scape1 or ref9$ music4 ,& ?is %\ld n be wond]$ at1 = su* high ta/es1 dep5d5t z !y are ^u culture & complex associations1 are n ev5 enjoy$ by b>b>\s or by un$ucat$ p]sons4 ,see+ t man 9 a /ate ( nature has no prem95ce above ! l[] animals s f> z 8 m5tal & moral qualities are conc]n$1 & 9 _m in/ances ranks f> bel[ ! s-call$ brute1 let u exam9e =a %ort "t 8 religi\s nature4 ,no evid5ce exi/s to %[ t man 0 aborig9ally end[$ ) ! ennobl+ belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( an ,omnipot5t ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ample evid5ce1 n f ha/y travell]s1 b f m5 :o h long resid$ ) savages1 c be adduc$ to %[ t num]\s races h exi/$1 & /ill exi/1 :o h no idea ( "o or m gods1 & :o h no words 9 _! languages to express su* an idea4 ,if "u ! t]m religion is includ$ ! belief 9 unse5 or spiritual ag5cies1 ! case is entirely diff]5t1 = ?is belief seems to be almo/ univ]sal ) ! less civiliz$ races4 ,nor is x difficult to und]/& h[ x orig9at$4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! imag9ation1 wond] & curiosity1 & ( a mod]ate p[] ( reason+1 man w\ld naturally h crav$ to und]/& :at 0 go+ on ar\nd him1 & ev5 h vaguely speculat$ on 8 own exi/5ce4 ,accord+ to ,mc,lennan man mu/1 9 8 ef=ts to arrive at "s explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( life1 feign = himself4 ,judg+ f ! univ]sality ( ?is life1 ! same au?or rem>ks t 8! simple/ hypo!sis1 & ! fir/ to occur to m51 seems to h be5 t natural ph5om5a are ascribable to ! pres5ce 9 animals1 plants & ?+s1 & 9 ! =ces ( nature1 ( su* spirits prompt+ to action z m5 are consci\s !y !mselves possess40 ,probably1 z has be5 cle>ly %[n by ,tyl]1 dreams may h fir/ giv5 rise to ! notion ( spirits4 ,savages d n readily discrim9ate betwe5 subjective & objective ph5om5a4 ,:5 a savage dreams1 ! figures :i* appe> 9 8 vision are believ$ to h come f a di/ance & to /& ov] him1 or ! s\l ( ! dream] goes out on a j\rney & returns ) a remembrance ( :at has be5 se54 ,t t5d5cy 9 savages to imag9e t natural objects & ag5cies are animat$ by liv+ or spiritual be+s may be illu/rat$ by a little fact :i* ,i h frequ5tly notic$4 ,/&+ on ! corn] ( a /reet1 wait+ = a clos$ sn[-sweep]1 :i* 0 driv5 by electricity1 to pass1 my att5tion 0 direct$ to a "y horse t 0 ge>$ to a hansom4 ,! horse 0 at re/1 & its driv]1 evid5tly await+ "s "o1 sat ^u ! box4 ,^u ! appe>ance ( ! sweep] ! horse re>$1 turn$ 8 face directly t[>d ! object ( 8 fe>1 paw$ ! pavem5t 9 ! mo/ impati5t mann] possible1 & !n look$ wi/fully & plead+ly at 8 ma/]1 z ?\gh implor+ protection f "s fe>ful & gigantic mon/]4 ,ano!r sweep] pass$ :ile ,i 0 /ill 9 wait+1 & ! poor animal w5t ?r\gh ! same try+ & fe>ful ordeal z be=e4 ,he mu/1 ,i ?9k1 h reason$ 9 a rapid & unconsci\s mann]1 t movem5t )\t any app>5t cause indicat$ ! pres5ce ( "s /range liv+ ag5t1 :i* 0 ab\t to d him "s s]i\s physical h>m4 ,belief 9 spiritual ag5cies w\ld ?us easily pass into a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( "o or m gods1 = savages w\ld naturally ascribe to spirits ! same passions1 ! same l9e ( v5geance or simple =m ( ju/ice1 & ! same affections :i* !y !mselves exp]i5c$4 ,religi\s devotion is a highly complex feel+4 ,love1 complete submission to an exalt$ & my/]i\s sup]ior1 a /rong s5se ( dep5d5ce1 fe>1 rev]5ce1 gratitude1 hope = ! future & o!r elem5ts ent] into its composition4 ,no be+ c\ld exp]i5ce s complex an emotion unless 8 intellectual & moral faculties _h atta9$ a mod]ately high level4 ,"s approa* to ?is high /ate ( m9d is visible 9 ! pr(\nd love ( a dog = 8 ma/]1 = x is associat$ ) complete submission1 "s fe>1 rev]5ce1 gratitude & p]haps o!r feel+s4 ,a dog's behavior t[>ds 8 ma/]1 aft] a long abs5ce1 is widely diff]5t f t :i* he %[s t[>ds 8 fell[s1 = 8 transports ( joy 9 ! latt] case are less int5se1 & 8 e action savors ( a m]e s5se ( equality4 ,b ^u 8 ma/]1 z ,pr(4 ,brauba* goes s f> z to ma9ta91 he looks z on a god4 ,^! high m5tal faculties1 :i* fir/ l$ man to believe 9 unse5 spiritual ag5cies1 & subsequ5tly 9 feti%ism1 poly!ism & mono!ism1 w\ld infallibly lead him1 z long z 8 reason+ p[]s rema9$ at a v l[ level1 to v>i\s /range sup]/itions & cu/oms1 _m ( :i*1 su* z ! sacrifice ( human be+s to a blood-lov+ god & ! trial ( innoc5t p]sons by ! ordeal ( poison or fire1 are too t]rible to contemplate4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to reflect occasionally on ^! sup]/itions1 = !y %[ u :at an inf9ite debt ( gratitude we owe to improv$ reason1 sci5ce & accumulat$ k4 ,h[ mu* bett] is ! life ( civiliz$ man ?an t ( ! savage1 = z ,lubbock has well rem>k$1 8x is n too mu* to say t ! horrible dread ( unkn[n evil hangs l a ?ick cl\d ov] savage life1 & embitt]s e pleasure40 ,f ! op9ions advanc$1 x is evid5t t ! belief 9 ,god has be5 ! ultimate outcome ( belief 9 unse5 spiritual ag5cies4 ,!re has be5 a gradual lead+ up ?r\gh feti%ism & poly!ism to mono!ism4 ,if religion implies belief 9 unse5 ag5cies1 z well z belief 9 a p]sonal ag5cy 9 ! univ]se /rong en\gh to influ5ce conduct 9 any degree1 !n x is obvi\s t !re has be5 a progressive advancem5t 9 religi\s ?\ght1 ea* succe$+ =m ( religion by its sup]ior advantages ov] its pr$ecessor t5d+ to supplant x :]ev] & :5ev] its b5efic5t influ5ces are felt4 ,x is true t feti%ism & poly!ism /ill prevail among rude1 uncultur$ peoples1 z well z ! wor%ip ( false deities & prophets1 b ) ! spread ( ! civiliz+ & elevat+ influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ^! religions 9 ! fitness ( "t w disappe>4 ,*ri/ianity1 f its f\ndation 9 ,judaism1 has ?r\gh\t be5 a religion ( sacrifice & sorr[4 ,x has be5 a religion ( blood & te>s1 & yet "o ( pr(\nde/ happ9ess to its vot>ies4 ,:ile fakirs hang on hooks1 & pagans cut !mselves & ev5 _! *ildr51 = ! sake ( propitiat+ diabolical deities1 yet ,*ri/ianity1 :i* has its roots 9 ,judaism1 has no ne$ = su* practices4 ,x is p> excell5ce ! religion ( sorr[1 because x rea*es to tru] & deep] levels ( our spiritual nature1 & !re=e has capabilities bo? ( sorr[ & joy :i* are presumably non-exi/5t except 9 civiliz$ man4 ,!y are ! sorr[s & joys :i* arise f ! fully-develop$ consci\sness ( s9 aga9/ a ,god ( ,love1 z di/+ui%$ f propitiation ( malignant spirits4 ,^! joys & sorr[s are :olly spiritual1 n m]ely physical4 8,?\ desire/ no sacrifice40 ,god's only sacrifice at ! h&s ( s9ful man is a tr\bl$ _s4 ,e/imat$ by ! influ5ce :i* ,he has ex]t$ on mank9d1 !re c be no "q1 ev5 f a secul> po9t ( view1 t ,*ri/ is mu* ! greate/ man :o has ev] liv$4 ,t ! revolution :i* ,8 tea*+s h effect$ 9 human life is immeasurable & unp>allel$ by any o!r movem5t 9 hi/ory is unque/ion$4 ,?\gh mo/ ne>ly approa*$ by ! religion ( ! ,jews1 ( :i* x is a developm5t1 s t x may be reg>d$ z ( a piece ) x1 x is evid5t t ?is :ole sy/em ( religion is s immeasurably 9 advance ( all o!rs t x may be tru?fully said1 if x _h n be5 = ! ,jews1 ! human race w\ld h _h no religion wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,_h x n be5 = ?is religion man's spiritual side w\ld n h be5 develop$ 9 civiliz$ life4 ,& al?\gh !re are numb]less individuals :o are all unconsci\s ( its developm5t 9 !mselves1 yet ^! h be5 influ5c$ to an enorm\s ext5t by ! religi\s atmosph]e by :i* !y are surr\nd$4 ,n only is ,*ri/ianity s immeasurably 9 advance ( all o!r religions1 b x is no less ( e o!r sy/em ( ?\ght t has ev] be5 promulgat$ 9 reg>d to :at is moral & spiritual4 ,nei!r philosophy1 sci5ce nor poetry has ev] produc$ results 9 ?\ght1 conduct or beauty 9 any degree comp>able ) x4 ,:at has sci5ce or philosophy done = ! ?\ght ( mank9d comp>$ ) :at has be5 done by ! s+le doctr9e1 8,god is love80 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,cross1 f its comm5cem5t 9 prophetic aspiration to its culm9ation 9 ! ,gospel1 is prem95tly ! mo/ magnific5t pres5tation 9 lit]ature4 ,only to a man :olly de/itute ( religi\s p]ception c ,*ri/ianity fail to appe> ! greate/ exhibition ( ! beautiful1 ! sublime1 & ( all else t appeals to our spiritual nature1 :i* has ev] be5 kn[n ^u ! e>?4 ,x is n only adapt$ to m5 ( ! highe/ culture1 b ! mo/ rem>kable ?+ ab\t x is its p]fect adaptation to all sorts & conditions ( m54 ,its problems1 hi/orical & philosophical1 op5 up to y worlds ( mat]ial1 ov] :i* y may sp5d y\r life ) ! same int]m9able int]e/ z ! /ud5t meets 9 ! fields ( natural sci5ce4 ,:atev] our !ory ( ! orig9 ( man1 !re c be no d\bt t we all feel t 8 intellectual "p is high] ?an ! animal2 & t ! moral is high] ?an ! intellectual1 :atev] our !ory ( ei!r may be2 & t ! spiritual is high] ?an ! moral1 :atev] our !ory ( religion may be4 ,x is :at is und]/ood by 8 moral1 & /ill m by 8 spiritual qualities1 t make up :at is call$ 8 "*1 &1 a/oni%+ to say1 x is "* t tells 9 ! long run4 ,morality & spirituality are two diff]5t ?+s1 = a man may be highly moral 9 conduct )\t be+ 9 any degree spiritual 9 nature1 & ! rev]se1 ?\gh to a less ext5t4 ,objectively1 ! same di/9ction subsi/s betwe5 morals & religion4 ,intellectual pleasures are m satisfy+ & endur+ ?an s5sual1 or ev5 s5su\s2 & spiritual1 to ^? :o h exp]i5c$ !m1 ?an intellectual1 an objective fact1 abundantly te/ifi$ to by ^? :o h _h exp]i5ce1 :i* seems to indicate t ! spiritual nature ( man is ! highe/ "p ( man--! culm9at+ po9t ( 8 be+4 ,t !re w always be mat]iali/s & spirituali/s1 z ,r5an says1 is probably true1 inasmu* z x w always be obs]vable on ! "o h& t !re is no ?\ght )\t bra91 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! in/9cts ( man w always aspire to high] beliefs4 ,if religion is true1 & life is a /ate ( probation1 ?is is j :at ought to be4 ,x is n probable t ! mat]iali/ic position1 :i* is discr$it$ ev5 by philosophy1 is due simply to cu/om & a want ( imag9ation4 ,else :y ! inext+ui%able in/9cts :i* we h ?us %[n to exi/8 ,illu/ration3 ,,era ,,( ,,m9d ,,& ,,he>t4 ,?+s z ,!y ,w ,exi/ 9 a ,future ,e>?-,life4 ,evolution1 n only ( ! e>?1 b ( its organic ma*9]y1 by natural causes1 is n[ no long] d\bt$4 ,t ?is has tak5 place by degrees is equally unque/ion$4 ,n[1 if !re is a ,deity1 ! fact is c]ta9ly ( ! nature ( a fir/ pr9ciple1 & x mu/ be fir/ ( all fir/ pr9ciples4 ,no "o c dispute ?is1 nor c any "o dispute ! necess>y conclusion t1 if !re be a ,deity1 he is kn[able1 if kn[able at all1 by intuition & n by reason4 ,f its v nature1 z a little ?\ght is suffici5t to %[1 reason is utt]ly incapable ( adjudicat+ on ! subject1 = x is a process ( inf]r+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,x w\ld be aga9/ reason itself to suppose t ,deity1 ev5 if ,he exi/s1 c be kn[n by reason4 ,he mu/ be kn[n1 if kn[able at all1 by intuition4 ,if !re is a ,deity1 !n x seems to be 9 "s indef9ite degree m probable t ,he %\ld imp>t a ,revelation ?an t ,he %\ld n h done s4 ,z a m]e matt] ( evid5ce1 a sudd5 revelation might be mu* m conv9c+ ?an a gradual "o1 b x w\ld be q out ( analogy ) causation 9 nature4 ,besides1 a gradual "o might be giv5 easily1 & ( demon/rative value1 z by mak+ prophecies ( hi/orical ev5ts1 sci5tific discov]ies & o!r ?+s s cle> z to be unmi/akable4 ,b a demon/rative revelation has n be5 made1 & !re may well be good reasons :y x %\ld n h be5 made4 ,if !re are su* reasons1 z1 = example1 our /ate ( probation1 we c well see 8t ! gradual unfold+ ( a plan ( revelation1 f e>lie/ dawn ( hi/ory to ! end ( ! _w1 is mu* pref]able to a sudd5 manife/ation suffici5tly late 9 ! _w's hi/ory to be hi/orically atte/$ = all subsequ5t "t40 ,gradual evolution1 z has be5 said be=e1 is 9 analogy ) ,god's o!r "w4 ,if ,revelation has be5 ( a progressive "*1 !n x foll[s t x mu/ h be5 s n only hi/orically1 b intellectually1 morally & spiritually1 = 9 su* sequ5ce c\ld x be always adapt$ to ! advanc+ conditions ( ! human race4 ,?us x w be se5 t all ?r\gh ! ages "s mighty influ5ce has be5 at "w1 directly or indirectly1 9 prep>+ ?is e>? by sl[ & gradual *anges = a /eadily progressive succession ( vegetable & animal life4 ,t life be/ fitt$ to meet new & *ang+ conditions ( environm5t be+ pres]v$ by a process ( natural selection4 ,& f a few primordial types1 f> simpl] ?an ! l[e/ ( exi/+ /ructureless mon]s1 or f "s liv+ protoplasmic mass1 elaborat$ by "s =m ( en]gy act+ ^u inorganic nature1 !re h be5 evolv$ 9 ! millions ( ye>s ( e>?-life our exi/+ flora & fauna4 ,man1 ! p9nacle ( animal life1 has come up ?r\gh ! life t prec$$ him1 & be>s 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 developm5t f ! ovum to ! adult /ate ! l9e ( 8 desc5t4 ,n only has 8 physical nature be5 evolv$ ?r\gh ! action ( natural laws impress$ ^u liv+ matt] by ,deity1 b t subtle pr9ciple1 t]m$ m9d1 :i* has atta9$ su* a wond]ful gr[? 9 8 civiliz$ condition1 is b ! outcome ( ! m9d ( a long l9e ( life antec$5t to 8 appe>ance on ! globe4 ,8 moral nature 0 simil>ly acquir$1 & mo/ probably 9 ! mann] already expla9$4 ,paloli?ic man1 l ! ,au/ralian ( to-day1 01 z has be5 %[n1 b little sup]ior 9 intellig5ce to "s ( ! animals ) :om he 0 contemporane\s4 ,he liv$ ! life ( ! m]e animal1 & z an animal c\ld be said to h _h no prem95ce above a bea/4 ,l ! latt]1 he 0 a liv+1 brea?+ frame1 or body ( life2 a liv+1 b n an ev]liv+1 s\l4 ,9 "t1 z conditions became favorable1 he pass$ into ! moral /age ( 8 be+1 b n )\t increas$ intellectuality1 & w\ld ?us h cont9u$1 b go+ on & add+ to 8 m5tal & moral possessions1 _h n ,deity1 9 ! fitness ( "t1 prep>$ ! way ?r\gh ,*ri/1 :]eby 8 corruptible nature %\ld be made incorruptible & immortal4 ,unless man is 8born ( ! _s0 he _c inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,he mu/ be 8*ang$ into _s10 put on incorruptibility & immortality ( body1 or he w be physically incapable ( reta9+ ! honor1 glory & p[] ( ! k+dom =ev]1 or ev5 dur+ ,*ri/'s reign ( a ?\s& ye>s ^u e>?4 ,t !re is a di/9ction betwe5 a liv+ s\l & a spiritual body _c be que/ion$4 ,speak+ ab\t body1 ! apo/le ,paul says1 8!re is a natural body1 & !re is a spiritual body1 b he does n cont5t himself ) simply decl>+ ?is tru?1 b goes fur!r & proves x by quot+ ! language ( ,moses1 say+1 8= s x is writt51 ! fir/ man ,adam 0 made into a liv+ s\l20 & !n add+1 8! la/ ,adam into a _s giv+ life40 ,& 9 ano!r place1 speak+ ( ! latt]1 he says ( ,him1 8n[ ! ,"l is ! _s4 ,& we all1 ) unveil$ face1 behold+ z 9 a mirror1 ! glory ( ! ,"l1 are *ang$ into ,8 image f glory into glory1 z by ! ,"l ! ,_s40 ,!re=e1 ! pro( ( ! apo/le's proposition1 t !re is a natural body z di/9ct f a spiritual body1 lies 9 ! te/imony t 8,adam 0 made into a liv+ s\l10 %[+ t he consid]$ a natural1 or animal body1 & a liv+ s\l1 z "o & ! same ?+4 ,if he did n1 !n !re 0 no pro( 9 ! quotation ( :at he affirm$4 ,mortality1 !n1 is life manife/$ ?r\gh a corruptible body1 & immortality is life manife/$ ?r\gh an incorruptible body4 ,h5ce1 ! necessity laid d[n 9 ! say+ ( ! apo/le1 8?is corruptible body mu/ put on incorruption1 & ?is mortal put on immortality10 be=e dea? c be 8swall[$ up 9 victory10--a doctr9e ( 8life & incorruptibility0 t 0 new to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & br\ght to light only ?r\gh ! gospel ( ! k+dom & "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,to !m x 0 fooli%ness1 & to _m at ! pres5t day incr$ible1 because !y d n und]/& ! glad tid+s ( ! age to come4 ,god c\ld h creat$ all ?+s ^u a spiritual or incorruptible basis at once1 b 9 t case ! globe w\ld h be5 fill$ ) m5 & wom5 equal to ! angels 9 nature1 p[] & intellect1 & h5ce w\ld h be5 )\t a hi/ory1 & its population *>act]less4 ,& ?is w\ld n h be5 accord+ to ,8 plan1 = 9 x ! animal mu/ prec$e ! spiritual j z surely z ! acorn mu/ prec$e ! oak4 ,! ,bible has to d ) ?+s & n ) imag9ations2 ) bodies & n phantasms2 ) liv+ s\ls ( e species2 ) corporeal be+s ( o!r worlds1 & ) incorruptible & undy+ m51 b is z sil5t z ! grave ab\t su* s\ls z m5 pret5d to cure4 ,= ! sons ( ,adam to become sons ( ,god1 !y mu/ be ! subjects ( an adoption1 :i* is atta9able only by a div9ely appo9t$ means4 ,x mu/ be by a process ( selection4 8,s9ce by a man came dea?1 by a man also came a resurrection ( dead p]sons4 ,= z 9 ! ,adam !y all die1 s also 9 ! ,*ri/ %all !y all be made alive4 ,b e "o 9 8 ord]4 ,*ri/ ! fir/ fruits2 aft]w>d !y t are ,*ri/'s at ,8 com+40 ,"h x is obvi\s t ! apo/le is n writ+ ( all ! individuals ( ! human race1 b only su* t become ! subject ( a p>don ( life4 ,x is true t all m5 d die1 b x is n true t !y are all ! subject ( p>don4 ,^? :o are p>don$ are 8! _m10 :o are s5t5c$ to live =ev]4 ,! s5t5ce to p>don ( life is ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ :o 9 p\r+ out ,8 blood ^u ! cross1 0 made a sacrifice = s94 8,he 0 deliv]$ = our (f5ces1 & rais$ aga9 = our ju/ification10 t is1 = ! p>don ( ^? :o believe ! gospel4 ,z x is writt51 8he t believe? ! gospel1 & is baptiz$1 %all be sav$40 ,h5ce1 8! ob$i5ce ( fai?0 is made ! condition ( righte\sness1 & ?is ob$i5ce implies ! exi/5ce ( a 8law ( fai?10 z atte/$ by t ( ,moses1 :i* is 8! law ( works40 ,hav+ believ$ ! gospel & be5 baptiz$1 su* a p]son is requir$ to 8walk wor?y ( ! vocation10 or call+1 8:]e) he has be5 call$10 t by s do+ he may be 8acc\nt$ wor?y0 ( be+ 8born ( _s10 t he may become 8_s10 or a spiritual body1 & s ent] ! k+dom ( ,god1 cr[n$ ) 8glory1 honor1 incorruptibility & life40 ,f all ! above1 x mu/ be obvi\s to ! unbiass$ m9d1 t all w n arise to newness ( life1 8= z _m ( y1 z h be5 baptiz$ into ,*ri/ h put on ,*ri/1 & if ye be ,*ri/'s1 !n are ye ! se$ ( ,abraham1 & heirs accord+ to ! promise40 ,:5 !y h be5 ?us baptiz$1 !n !y h receiv$ ! _s ( adoption1 or h be5 elect$ into ,god's family1 & !n !y c address ,god z _! ,fa!r :o is 9 heav54 ,?us adopt$ into ,god's family ?r\gh fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t !y h atta9$ to t p]fect condition ( kn[+ all t is to be kn[n4 ,new glories w cont9ually op5 up to _! admir+ vision1 & new facts be reveal$ ?r\gh ! et]nity ( futurity4 ,man w c>ry 8 e>?-acquir$ k into ! o!r _w1 & little by little w he add to 8 fund4 ,^? :o h made ! be/ ( _! "t 9 _! probation>y exi/5ce1 w rank z mu* above _! fell[s 9 ! heav5-life z !y did 9 ! e>?-life1 & l ! o!rs w rea* up to high] acquirem5ts4 ,!re w be no equalization ( tal5ts1 capacities & possessions1 b ea* w be satisfi$ ) 8 own1 & all w endeavor to be z l unto ,*ri/ z ! conditions ( _! heav5ly environm5t w p]mit4 ,!re w be grades ( ability & "* 9 ! new life1 b all ( ! v highe/ /&>d :5 measur$ by :at prevails 9 ! e>?-life4 ,?is is ! tea*+ ( ! ,scriptures4 8,!re is "o glory ( ! sun1 & ano!r glory ( ! moon1 & ano!r glory ( ! />s2 = "o /> diff]e? f ano!r /> 9 glory4 ,s also is ! resurrection ( ! dead40 ,n[ z to ! "p t animals & plants %all figure 9 ! new exi/5ce4 ,revelation1 z has be5 se51 0 giv5 to man4 ,?is does n imply t ! l[] =ms ( life 7 n made 8p>tak]s ( ! div9e nature40 ,:5 man 0 plac$ ^u ?is e>?1 or r :5 9 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 :i* 0 br\ght ab\t by ! prescrib$ s*eme ( ,div9ity1 he appe>$ ^u ! e>?1 he 0 giv5 ! control ( all ! creatures ( ,god's h&s1 to rule !m z 8 judgm5t seem$ be/4 ,!y 7 a necess>y "p ( ! plan ( creation4 ,god gave ! man directions conc]n+ !m1 & :at !y are1 & we ref] to ! dome/icat$ species especially1 !y h ?us be5 made ?r\gh man's wise1 intellig5t & ?\ghtful selection4 ,?is has be5 ! in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* ,god has work$ 9 build+ up a hi/ory & a "* = ! humbl] works ( ,8 h&s4 ,t !y %all pass into ! future life ) him1 at lea/ su* z h %[n _! fitness to endure1 !re c be no d\bt 9 ! m9d ( any "o :o pauses a few brief mom5ts 9 ! ru% & turmoil ( ev]yday life & consid]s ! matt] ) all due s]i\sness4 ,all exi/5ce1 z we h else:]e claim$1 is a unit4 ,all life1 l all love1 is div9e4 ,!re c no?+ exi/ t does n conta9 "s sort ( developm5t ( s\l4 ,!re is no escape f ?is ass]tion4 ,in/ead ( isolat+ ourselves !n f ! humbl] creatures ( ,god's workman%ip1 let u recognize !m z our k9 & include !m 9 ! gr& s*eme ( r$emption1 & z p>tak]s ) u 9 ! future /ate ( ,div9e ,love & 9 high] & endlessly high] developm5t & progress4 ,,man',s ,,pre,,m95ce4 ,!re is a popul> tradition t some:]e 9 ! ,scriptures we are taught t ( all liv+ d5iz5s ( ! e>?1 man alone possesses a _s1 & t he alone survives 9 _s aft] ! dea? ( ! mat]ial body4 ,7 ?is ! tru?1 no room w\ld exi/ = argum5t to ^? :o pr(ess belief 9 a lit]al r5d]+ ( ! ,scriptures1 & :o base _! fai? ^u t lit]al belief4 ,h[ev] mu* su* a /atem5t might seem to controv]t all ideas ( b5evol5ce1 ju/ice & common-s5se1 su* believ]s w\ld feel b\nd to accept x on tru/1 & to wait a future "t = its full compreh5sion4 ,ev5 ! possession ( reason is d5i$ by _m p]sons to animals1 _! sev]al actions be+ ascrib$ to ! p[] ( in/9ct1 & x is !re=e n ! lea/ bit /range t all b a comp>atively few %\ld believe t :5 an animal dies1 its life-pr9ciple dies too4 ,! animat+ p[]1 !y claim1 is annihilat$1 :ile ! body is resolv$ into its con/itu5t elem5ts s z to take =m 9 o!r bodies4 ,two passages ( ,scripture1 "o 9 ! ,psalms & ! o!r 9 ,ecclesia/es1 are almo/ entirely1 if n :olly1 responsible = ?is belief4 ,! =m]1 :i* runs 9 ! au?oriz$ v]sion1 8,nev]!less1 man be+ 9 honor1 abide? n2 he is l ! bea/s t p]i%10 is t :i* is g5]ally quot$ z decisive ( ! :ole "q4 8,man1 be+ 9 honor1 ha? no und]/&+1 b is comp>$ to ! bea/s t p]i%0 is ano!r translation1 b diff]s n mat]ially f ! o!r4 ,! second passage ref]r$ to f ,ecclesia/es1 reads3 8,:o kn[e? ! _s ( man t goe? upw>d1 & ! _s ( ! bea/ t goe? d[nw>d to ! e>?80 ,n[1 x is ^u ! /r5g? ( ^! two passages t we are call$ ^u to believe t :5 a bea/ dies its life1 l t ( an expir$ lamp1 goes out =ev]4 ,no?+ is m dang]\s 9 ! exposition ( ,scripture ?an attempt+ to expla9 a passage1 h[ev] simple x may seem to be1 )\t ref]5ce to ! orig9al text1 = ! translator may h mi/ak5 ! true s5se ( ! words1 or he may h inadequately express$ _! signification1 or1 ow+ to a *ange 9 mean+1 ! words ( a passage may n[ be> an exactly contr>y s5se to t convey$ :5 !y 7 fir/ writt54 ,b lay+ aside ?is po9t = ! pres5t1 & accept+ ! passage z x /&s1 z well z ! lit]al mean+ ( ! words z g5]ally und]/ood1 !re c be no d\bt t we mu/ believe t bea/s are n possess$ ( immortal life4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we are to take ! lit]al s5se ( ! ,bible1 & no o!r1 we are equally =c$ to believe t man has no life aft] dea?4 ,! book ( ,psalms is full ( examples4 ,let u take a few f ! _m t might be giv53 8,9 dea? !re is no remembrance ( !e3 9 ! grave1 :o %all give !e ?anks80 8,! dead praise n ! ,"l1 nei!r any t g d[n into sil5ce40 8,8 brea? goe? =?1 he returne? to 8 e>?2 9 t v day 8 ?\ghts p]i%40 ,tak5 solely 9 _! lit]al s5se1 !re c be no d\bt ( _! mean+4 ,no?+ m gloomy1 dre>y or m despond5t c be f\nd 9 ! entire range ( hea!n lit]ature ?an ^! passages1 & o!rs t might be quot$ f ! inspir$ ,psalmi/1 9 ! contemplation ( dea?4 ,9 ! v book f :i* ! s+le passage 0 tak51 :i* is claim$ to d5y immortality to ! l[] animals1 !re are five times z _m passages t proclaim ! same sad end to ! life ( man4 ,we are di/9ctly & def9itely told !re9 t ^? :o h di$ h no remembrance ( ,god1 & _c praise ,him4 ,dea? has be5 spok5 ( z ! 8l& ( =getfulness0--! place ( d>kness1 :]e all man's ?\ghts p]i%4 ,c]ta9ly no m ?an ?is c be said ( ! 8bea/s t p]i%40 ,o!r holy writ]s make simil> affirmations4 ,speak+ ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 :o 8dwell 9 h\ses ( clay10 ,job says3 8,!y are de/roy$ f morn+ to ev5+2 !y p]i% =ev]1 )\t any reg>d+ x40 ,aga9 he says1 & ! passage is m def9ite ?an ! prec$+3 8,z ! cl\d is consum$ & vani%e? away1 s he t goe? d[n to ! grave %all come up no m40 ,& /ill aga93 8,man die?1 & wa/e? away3 yea1 man give? up ! gho/1 & :]e is he8 ,z ! wat]s fail f ! sea1 & ! flood decaye? & drie? up3 s man lie? d[n1 & rise? n40 ,*apt]s ,,iii & ,x tell ( ! pite\s lam5tations ( ,job ov] 8 life1 :]e9 he compla9s t he ev] 0 born1 t exi/5ce 0 ev] giv5 to him1 t he 0 ev] tak5 f a /ate ( absolute non5tity1 & t ev5 dea? itself c br+ no relief to 8 mis]ies except ext9ction4 ,turn+ to ,ecclesia/es1 9 :i* book occurs ! solit>y passage :i* is held to disprove a future exi/5ce to ! l[] animals1 !re are passages :i* are ev5 m emphatic z to ! immortality ( man4 ,read :at is decl>$3 8,i said 9 my he>t conc]n+ ! e/ate ( ! sons ( m51 t ,god might manife/ !m1 & t !y might see t !y !mselves are bea/s4 ,= t :i* befalle? ! sons ( m5 befalle? bea/s2 ev5 "o ?+ befalle? !m4 ,z ! "o die?1 s die? ! o!r2 yea1 !y h all "o brea?1 s t a man has no prem95ce ov] a bea/3 = all is vanity4 ,all g unto "o place2 all are ( ! du/1 & all turn to du/ aga940 ,fur!r x is said3 8,= ! liv+ "k t !y %all die1 b ! dead "k n any?+1 nei!r h !y any m a rew>d1 = ! memory ( !m is =gott540 8,:atsoev] ?y h& f9de? to d1 d x ) ?y might2 = !re is no "w1 nor device1 nor k1 nor wisdom 9 ! grave :i!r ?\ goe/40 ,lit]ally int]pret$1 no "o c d\bt ! import ( ^! words f ,ecclesia/es1 = !y def9itely /ate t1 z reg>ds a future life1 !re is no di/9ction betwe5 man & bea/1 & t :5 !y die !y all g to ! same place4 ,x is also di/9ctly /at$ t aft] dea? man c d no "w1 "k no?+1 nor receive any rew>d4 ,7 we to d$uce our ideas ( ! condition ( man aft] dea? f ! irrepressibly sad & gloomy passages f ,job & ,ecclesia/es1 mo/ deplorable & hopeless w\ld be ! v ?\ght ( dissolution4 ,b we d n accept !m 9 ?is light4 ,!y are writt5 symbolically1 & !re und]lies !m a spiritual s5se4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! latt] s5se t conc]ns u at pres5t1 b ! lit]al mean+ ( ! translation1 &1 accord+ to t lit]al mean+1 if we take two texts to prove t bea/s h no future life1 we are compell$ by no less ?an f\rte5 passages to believe t man1 9 common ) bea/s1 has no bett] prospect4 ,we h no "r to say :i* passages are to be tak5 lit]ally1 & :i* p>abolically1 b mu/ apply ! same te/ to all alike1 & treat all 9 a simil> mann]4 ,all classical read]s are famili> ) t wond]ful elev5? book ( ,hom]'s ,odyssey1 call$ ! ,necyomanteia1 or ,invocation ( ! ,dead1 9 :i* ,ulysses is depict$ z desc5d+ into ! regions ( dep>t$ spirits = ! purpose ( invok+ !m & obta9+ advice z to 8 future adv5tures4 ,dre>y1 & horrible inde$1 are ! revelations :i* ! :ole ( ! /range hi/ory makes ( ! condition ( ! future life4 ,all is wild & d>k1 & hung]1 ?ir/ & discont5t prevail4 ,no?+ is he>d ( elysian fields1 :]e piety1 wisdom & virtue ab\nd4 ,gloom1 mis]y & va9 regrets = e>? p]vade ! entire episode4 ,:5 is consid]$ ?is hea!n poet's ideas conc]n+ ! future /ate ( man1 x is no wond] t s5sual pleasures %\ld be held z ! pr9cipal object ( 8 life :5 he is to look =w>d to su* a future1 a future f :i* nei!r wisdom1 nor virtue1 nor piety c\ld save him1 & :]e !re is no?+ b an et]nity ( gloom1 remorse & hopeless despond5cy4 ,sad z ?is picture is1 yet x is f> bright] ?an t ( ! ,psalmi/1 ! ,prea*]1 or ,job4 ,^? :o h pass$ into ! _w ( spirits /ill reta9 _! individuality aft] dea?1 be+ di/+ui%$ 9 ! _s z !y _h be5 9 ! fle%4 ,memory survives ! body's dea?4 ,naught ( _! e>?ly c>e] is =gott54 ,!y /ill h an int]e/ 9 _! fri5ds t rema9 9 ! body :om !y love1 & ov] ^: well-be+ !y unceas+ly wat*4 ,no su* consolation1 z has be5 describ$1 exi/s 9 ! future /ate ( man if ! passages ( ,scripture t h be5 quot$ are tak5 9 a lit]al s5se4 ,man1 9 t ev5t1 passes at dea? into a place ( d>kness1 =getfulness & sil5ce1 :]e !re is no "w1 nor device1 nor k1 nor wisdom1 & :]e ev5 8 v ?\ghts p]i%4 ,no o!r int]pretation1 if tak5 lit]ally1 c be put ^u !m1 = ! /atem5ts are too explicit to be expla9$ away or s(t5$4 ,9 ! outw>d s5se ( _! writ+s ! ,psalmi/1 ,job & ! ,prea*] are on an equality ) ,horace 9 _! absolute unbelief 9 a future exi/5ce1 & 9 a consequ5t desire to snat* :at fleet+ pleasures !y c f e>? be=e ! inexorable law ( fate consigns !m to d>k oblivion4 ,/>tl+ z x may seem to comp>e ! tea*+s ( a ,greek idolat] & ( a ,lat9 ,epicurean hea!n ) ^? ( sacr$ writ]s1 yet x is /ill m />tl+ to %[ t ! tea*+s ( ! ,epicurean s5suali/ are n a :it wis] ?an ^? ( ! ,scriptural writ]1 :ile ^? ( ! ,greek poet are v mu* bett]4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! fact1 &1 if we are to be b\nd by ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures1 !re is no possibility ( d5y+ x )\t do+ viol5ce to reason & common-s5se4 ,we are n[ br\ght face to face ) ! po9t previ\sly m5tion$4 ,does ! au?oriz$ v]sion give a full & correct int]pretation ( ! orig9al8 ,x is claim$ t x does n4 ,! ^w 8p]i%10 x is said1 does n occur at all 9 ! ,hebrew text1 nor is ev5 ! idea express$4 ,no su* translation z 8bea/s t p]i%10 :i* appe>s twice 9 our v]sion1 is ju/ifi$ by ! ,hebrew1 ! words ( ! orig9al imply+ 8dumb bea/s40 ,! idea ( p]i%+1 9 ! s5se ( annihilation1 does n seem to be impli$4 ,let u take ! ,jewi% ,bible1 :i* is ackn[l$g$ to be ! be/ & close/ translation 9 ! ,engli% language1 & exam9e x4 ,bo? 9 v]ses #ab & #bj ( ,psalm ,,xlix1 :]e ! passage occurs1 ! r5d]+ reads3 8,man t is 9 honor1 & und]/&e? ?is n1 is l ! bea/s t are irrational40 ,z an alt]native read+ = 8irrational10 ! ^w 8dumb0 is giv5 9 a footnote4 ,a some:at simil> read+ is f\nd 9 ! ,septuag9t1 :i*1 accord+ to ,brunton1 runs z foll[s3 8,man t is 9 honor und]/&s n2 he is comp>$ to ! s5seless cattle1 & is l !m40 ,9 ,wycliffe's ,bible1 :i* is a translation f ! ,vulgate1 ! passage is r5d]$3 8,a man :anne he 0 9 hon\r und]/ood n2 he is comp>ison$ to unwise bee/is1 & is maad lijk to ?o40 ,! 8,d\ay0 ,bible1 made by ! ,engli% ,roman ,ca?olic ,college ( ,d\ay1 & :i* is ! v]sion accept$ by t bran* ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,engl&1 r5d]s ! passage3 8,man1 :5 he 0 9 honor1 did n und]/&2 he ha? be5 comp>$ to s5seless bea/s & made l to !m40 ,num]\s o!r translations might be adduc$1 & x is safe to say t sc>cely any ( !m imply ! idea ( p]i%+ 9 ! s5se ( be+ r$uc$ to no?+4 ,ev5 suppos+ t ! ^w 8p]i%0 is translat$ correctly1 x does n !re=e foll[ t annihilation is meant4 ,take ! t5? v]se ( ! same ,psalm 9 our au?oriz$ v]sion3 8,= he see? t wise m5 die1 & likewise ! fool & ! bruti% p]son p]i%1 & leave _! weal? to o!rs40 ,surely no s5sible1 intellig5t p]son w\ld con/rue ?is passage into a decl>ation t ! wise & fool & bruti% _h no exi/5ce aft] ! dea? ( ! body4 ,t ! la/ v]se ( ! ,psalm is a summ>y ( ! :ole poem1 seems n improbable4 ,a vivid picture ( ! true object ( man's life 9 ?is _w is drawn by ! ,psalmi/1 & also ( 8 t5d5cy to lose sight !re(4 ,9 x he sets =? ! %ortness ( human exi/5ce1 & %[s t nei!r ri*es1 /ation 9 life1 nor fame1 :i* app]ta9 to ! m]e e>?ly c>e] ( man1 c endure aft] 8 dea?4 ,he1 !re=e1 reasonably concludes t m5 :o fix _! he>ts ^u ^! e>?ly vanities ignore ! honor ( _! manhood1 & degrade !mselves to ! plane ( ! dumb bea/s1 ^: op]ations are1 z f> z we "k1 re/rict$ to ?is pres5t _w4 ,f :at has be5 adduc$ x w at once be evid5t t ! idea t bea/s are said by ! ,psalmi/ to h no future life may be dismiss$ f our m9ds1 & t ! passage may be reject$ z totally irrelevant to ! subject4 ,?is is ( ! greate/ importance1 z ! passage 9 "q is ! only "o :i* ev5 appe>s to make any def9ite /atem5t z to ! condition ( ! l[] animals aft] dea?4 ,e reasonable p]son w n[ see h[ ess5tial x is t ! true mean+ ( ! ,hebrew text %\ld be kn[n1 & t ! ,psalmi/ %\ld n be *>g$ ) ! introduction ( a doctr9e to :i*1 :e!r true or false1 he makes n ! slighte/ ref]5ce4 ,hav+ settl$ beyond ! possibility ( refutation ! true mean+ impli$ by ! 8bea/s t p]i%10 we w n[ turn to ! passage 9 ,ecclesia/es1 :i*1 z has be5 se51 is ! only "o :i* conta9s any direct ref]5ce to ! future ( ! l[] ord]s ( animal exi/5ce3 8,:o kn[e? ! _s ( man t goe? upw>d1 & ! _s ( ! bea/ t goe? d[nw>d to ! e>?80--exclaime? ! ,prea*]4 ,"h we h an admission t1 :e!r ! _s asc5d or desc5d1 bo? man & bea/s d h spirits1 & ^! are und\bt$ly ! same 9 ess5ce1 = ! ,hebrew ^w is id5tical is bo? cases4 ,9 ! ,jewi% ,bible ! r5d]+ is v]batim ! same z t ( our au?oriz$ v]sion4 ,read1 in/ead ( an isolat$ v]se1 ! entire passage3-- 8,i said 9 m9e he>t conc]n+ ! e/ate ( ! sons ( m51 t ,god might manife/ !m1 & t !y might see t !y !mselves are bea/s4 8,= t :i* befalle? ! sons ( m5 befalle? bea/s2 ev5 ! "o ?+ befalle? !m3 z ! "o die?1 s die? ! o!r2 yea1 !y h all "o brea?2 s t a man ha? no prem95ce above a bea/3 = all is vanity4 8,all g to "o place2 all are ( ! same du/1 & all turn to du/ aga94 8,:o kn[e? ! _s ( man t goe? upw>d1 & ! _s ( ! bea/ t goe? d[nw>d to ! e>?8 8,:]e=e ,i p]ceive t !re is no?+ bett] ?an t a man %\ld rejoice 9 8 own works2 = t is 8 portion2 = :o %all br+ him to see :at %all be aft] him80 ,e page ( ,ecclesia/es brea!s ( ! self-reproa* ( ! ,prea*] = a wa/$ life4 ,speak+ f 8 own sad1 bitt] exp]i5ce1 he %[s t ri*es1 glory1 pleasure & ev5 wisdom are no?+ b utt] empt9ess4 ,! same !me p]vades ! =ty-n9? ,psalm1 b ! ,psalmi/ treats x ) grave solemnity1 admoni%+ 8 he>]s ( ! %ortness ( human life1 & %[+ t if a man =gets ! glory ( 8 manhood1 made 9 ! image ( ,god1 he puts himself on ! level ( ! dumb brutes4 ,?\gh rea*+ ! same conclusion1 yet ! ,prea*] views ! subject f a diff]5t /&po9t4 ,employ+ bit+ s>casm r ?an solemn w>n+1 he exposes ! vanity ( all worldly & selfi% pleasures1 & ! mis]able fate t awaits ! voluptu>y1 & !n ironically advises 8 read]s to place 9 su* _! entire happ9ess4 ,s palpable is ! bitt] irony ( ! au?or ?r\gh\t ! book1 & ev5 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ v]se ( ! ?ird *apt]1 yet by no mann] ( int]pretation c ?is specializ$ text be made to mean t bea/s are annihilat$ aft] dea?1 :ile m5 rise aga9 & so> above e>?ly ?+s to honor & glory4 ,ironically ! writ] assumes 9 x t 8 read]s d n "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! _s ( man & t ( bea/1 &1 reason+ f t position1 advises !m t 8!re is no?+ bett] = a man ?an t he %\ld eat & dr9k1 & t he %\ld make 8 s\l enjoy good 9 8 labor40 ,f :at has be5 %[n1 x is evid5t t ! passage f ,psalms does n ev5 conta9 ! idea ( annihilation z reg>ds bea/s1 & t ! "o f ,ecclesia/es is entirely misappreh5d$4 ,t !y h no be>+ ^u ! subject mu/ n[ be manife/4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 resi/ ! conclusion t ! ,scriptures d n d5y future life to ! inf]ior animals4 ,?is admission gives c\rage = a /ep /ill fur!r =w>d4 ,man's late/ a*ievem5t is to conceive t all exi/5ce is a unit4 ,"o _s p]vades ! :ole natural _w1 an emanation f ! ,_s ( ,him :o sitte? en?ron$ 9 ! ,et]nal ,heav5s1 & :o n only is1 z ,moses decl>es1 8,god ( ! spirits ( all fle%10 b ,god ( ! spirits ( all animate nature4 ,we _c divorce ! two great k+doms ( nature4 ,if !re is a futurity ( exi/5ce = man1 :om we are told 0 8made a little l[] ?an ! angels10 b :o 9 ^! latt] days seems to h det]iorat$1 & :o 9 ?\s&s ( in/ances displays a "* f> less noble & honorable ?an t ( ! dog :i* he k5nels & fe$s1 !n !re mu/ be = ! s-call$ brute1 ! companion ( 8 joys & 8 sorr[s4 ,if = bea/1 bird1 reptile1 fi% & insect1 & none c be s fooli% 9 ! face ( ! mo/ indubitable evid5ce to d5y x1 !n !re mu/ be = tree1 %rub & fl[]1 = ,god1 :o is inf9ite 9 love1 m]cy & *>ity1 w\ld n be ,god if solely conc]n$ ) ! future ( ! smalle/ fractional "p ( ,8 *ildr54 ,man is psy*ically relat$ to all life4 ,!re is s\l1 9 "s sort ( developm5t1 9 ev]y?+2 & c]ta9ly ,god meant 9 ,8 gr& s*eme ( r$emption to lift ! _w1 n a portion ( x1 b ! entire _w1 out ( its l[] ideas into its high] beauties & realities4 ,,future ,,life4 ,t ! ,scriptures1 contr>y to popul> tradition1 d n d5y a future life to ! l[] animals has already be5 conclusively %[n4 ,b d !y decl>e any?+ 9 favor ( ano!r _w = bea/ z well z = man8 ,?is is a "q :i* we %all n[ endeavor to answ]4 ,z to man's immortality1 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures tea* ! doctr9e by inf]5ce r ?an by direct ass]tion1 = ! reason1 z has be5 presum$1 t ! writ]s ( ! sev]al books1 :i* 7 select$ at a comp>atively late p]iod f among _m o!rs & =m$ into ! volume popul>ly designat$ ! ,bible1 assum$ z a matt] ( c\rse t man 0 immortal1 & !re=e did n conc]n !mselves ab\t a matt] :i* !y suppos$ ev]ybody knew4 ,b z f> z ! ,old ,te/am5t goes1 inf]5ce tells m /rongly 9 favor ( ! bea/'s immortality ?an t ( man4 ,al?\gh 9 ei!r case !re does n appe> to be any def9ite ass]tion ( a futurity ( exi/5ce1 yet !re is no su* d5ial ( ! immortality ( ! bea/ z has already be5 %[n 9 ! case ( ! man4 ,bea/s1 z read]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t only too well "k1 7 includ$ 9 ! m]ciful provision ( ! ,sabba?1 :i*1 9 its ess5ce1 0 a spiritual & n simply a physical ord9ance4 ,&1 aga91 we f9d _m provisions 9 ! anci5t ,scriptures aga9/ maltreat+ ! l[] animals1 or giv+ !m unnecess>y pa91 & ^! provisions /& side by side 9 ! ,div9e ,law ) ^? :i* apply to man4 ,all are famili> ) ! prohibition ( 8see?+ a kid 9 its "m's milk10 & ! non-muzzl+ ( ! ox 9 tread+ out ! corn le/ he %\ld suff] ! pangs ( hung] 9 ! pres5ce ( ! food :i* he may n eat4 ,ev5 bird's ne/+ 0 regulat$ by ,div9e ,law4 8,if a bird's ne/ *ance to be be=e !e 9 ! way 9 any tree1 or on ! gr\nd1 :e!r !y be "y ones1 or eggs1 & ! dam sitt+ ^u ! "y1 or ^u ! eggs1 ?\ %alt n take ! dam ) ! "y3 ,b ?\ %alt 9 any wise let ! dam g1 & take ! "y to !e2 t x may be well ) !e1 & t ?\ maye/ prolong ?y days40 ,moreov]1 z _m animals mu/ be kill$ daily1 "s = sacrifice & o!rs solely = food1 ! /ricte/ regulations 7 enjo9$ t _! dea? %\ld be %>p & quick1 & t ! :ole ( _! blood %\ld be p\r$ out ^u ! gr\nd le/ !y suff] l+]+ pa94 ,9 keep+ ) ! same consid]ation felt by ,deity t[>ds ! kid & ox & bird1 z express$ 9 ! ,law1 we w\ld ref] to ! few conclud+ s5t5ces ( ! ,book ( ,jonah3-- 8,?\ ha/ _h pity on ! g\rd1 = ! :i* ?\ ha/ n labor$1 nei!r made/ x gr[2 :i* came up 9 a night1 & p]i%$ 9 a night4 8,& %\ld ,i n sp>e ,n9eveh1 t great city1 :]e9 are m ?an six score ?\s& p]sons t _c disc]n betwe5 _! "r h& & _! left h&2 & also mu* cattle80 8,e bea/ ( ! =e/ is m9e10 sai? ! ,"l1 8& ! cattle ^u a ?\s& hills40 ,& aga91 8,i "k all ! f[ls ( ! m\nta9s3 & ! wild bea/s ( ! field are m9e40 ,simil> passages1 9 :i* ,god ann\nces himself z ! protector ( ! bea/ z well z ( man1 c\ld be giv51 = ! ,scriptures are full ( !m4 ,:o does n recall ! well-kn[n say+ ( our ,"l respect+ ! lives ( ! sp>r[s3 8,are n two sp>r[s sold = a f>?+8 & "o ( !m %all n fall on ! gr\nd )\t ! notice ( y\r ,fa!r40 ,c[p] 9 8 8,task10 makes allusion to ?is bran* ( our subject 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- 8,man may dismiss compassion f 8 he>t1 ,b ,god w nev]4 ,:5 ,he *>g$ ! ,jew ,to assi/ 8 foe's d[n-fall5 bea/ to rise2 ,& :5 ! bu%-explor+ boy1 t seiz$ ,! "y1 to let ! p>5t-bird g free2 ,prov$ ,he n pla9ly t ,8 mean] works1 ,are yet ,8 c>e1 & h an int]e/ all-- ,all 9 ! univ]sal ,fa!r's love80 ,"o passage !re is :i* c]ta9ly does po9t to a future = ! bea/ z well z = man1 & :i* places !m bo? on ! v same plane4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,g5esis1 n9? *apt] & fif? v]se1 & con/itutes a "p ( ! law :i* 0 deliv]$ to ,noah1 & :i* 0 subsequ5tly incorporat$ 9 ! full] law giv5 ?r\gh ,moses4 8,& surely y\r blood ( y\r lives w ,i require10 said ,god to ,noah & 8 sons1 8at ! h& ( e bea/ w ,i require x1 & at ! h& ( e man2 at ! h& ( e man's bro!r w ,i require ! life ( man40 ,9 ,exodus1 *apt] tw5ty-"o & tw5ty-eigh? v]se1 we read1 8,if an ox gore a man or a woman1 t !y die3 !n ! ox %all be surely /on$1 & 8 fle% %all n be eat52 b ! own] ( ! ox %all be quit40 ,:ile !re are no passages ( ,scripture1 z has be5 se51 :i* d5y immortality ( life to ! l[] animals1 yet !re are c]ta9ly "s :i* t5d to %[ x by inf]5ce4 ,b ! ,scriptures 7 writt5 = human be+s1 & n = ! l[] animals1 & !re=e x c\ld h>dly be expect$ t any in=mation c\ld be ga9$ !refrom on ! subject4 ,z we f9d s few direct ref]5ces to ! future /ate ( man1 x is n at all to be expect$ t we %\ld receive direct in/ruction ^u ! aft]-life ( ! bea/4 ,b j z man has _h )9 himself = untold ages an intuitive witness to 8 own immortality1 yet !re are ^?1 lov]s & fri5ds ( ! s-call$ brute1 :o h an in/9ctive s5se t animals1 "s ( :om surpass 9 love1 unselfi%ness1 g5]osity1 consci5ce & self-sacrifice _m ( _! human bre?r51 mu/ %>e ) him 9 addition to ^! virtues an immortal _s 9 :i* !y take _! rise4 ,no m em95t p]sonage ?an ,bi%op ,butl] 0 a believ] 9 ?is idea4 ,sub/antially he ass]ts t ! ,scriptures give no reasons :y ! l[] animals %\ld n possess immortal s\ls4 ,simil> s5tim5ts h be5 voic$ by equally di/+ui%$ writ]s4 ,s\!y1 writ+ ( ! dea? ( a favorite spaniel t _h be5 ! companion ( 8 boyhood1 says3-- 8,ah1 poor companion6 :5 ?\ foll[$/ la/ ,?y ma/]'s p>t+ foot/eps to ! gate ,:i* clos$ =ev] on him1 ?\ did/ lose ,?y be/ fri5d1 & none 0 left to plead ,= ! old age ( brute fidelity4 ,b f>e !e well4 ,m9e is no n>r[$ cre$2 ,& ,he :o gave !e be+ did n frame ,! my/]y ( ,life to be ! sport ,( m]ciless man4 ,!re is ano!r _w ,= all t live & move--a bett] "o6 ,:]e ! pr\d bip$s1 :o w\ld fa9 conf9e ,inf9ite ,goodness to ! little b\nds ,( _! own *>ity1 may envy !e40 ,?us does ,lam>t9e1 9 8,jocelyn's ,episode10 beautifully express himself 9 address+ a fai?ful & affectionate can9e by ! "n ( ,fido3-- 8,i _c1 w n1 deem !e a deceiv+1 ,illusive mock]y ( human feel+1 ,a body organiz$1 by fond c>ess ,w>m$ into seem+ t5d]ness2 ,a m]e automaton1 on :i* our love ,plays1 z on puppets1 :5 _! wires we move4 ,no6 :5 t feel+ quits ?y glaz+ eye1 ',twill live 9 "s ble/ _w beyond ! sky40 ,n by man alone h ^! high] qualities be5 accord$ to ! brute4 ,wom5 h prais$ ! good )9 ! l[] animals1 & be5 q z will+ to %>e ) !m ! b5efits ( an immortal life4 ,eug5ie de ,gur91 a woman di/+ui%$ = h] devotional piety1 & an au?or ( no mean repute1 01 l ! mo/ ( h] sex1 q passionately fond ( pets4 ,h]s 0 a turtle-dove4 ,its voice 0 ! fir/ to greet h] 9 ! morn+4 ,!re 0 a pleasure 9 its s(t1 g5tle coo+s1 z !y fell ^u h] e>1 t s5t a sweet consolation to h] busy1 ?9k+ s\l4 ,b ! "t came at la/ :5 %e mu/ "p ) h] treasure4 ,! morn dawn$ bright1 an ,augu/ morn+1 & ! bird 0 well & happy1 b1 ) ! fall+ ( ! %ad[s at ev5-tide1 its little life w5t out4 ,a bitt] trial x 0 = ! mi/ress1 :o lov$ ) a p]fect love h] fea!r$ fri5d4 ,:ile wre/l+ ) h] int5se sorr[1 & aft] %e _h s9c]ely plac$ its mortal rema9s 9 a da9ty cavity b5ea? ! roses1 x 0 t %e wrote3 8,i h a tol]ably /rong belief 9 ! s\ls ( animals1 & ,i %\ld ev5 l !re to be a little p>adise = ! good & g5tle1 l turtle-doves1 dogs & lambs4 ,b :at to d ) wolves & o!r wick$ animals8 ,to damn !m8--t emb>rasses me40 ,less devotional1 p]haps1 & look+ r to logic ?an to intuition1 0 ! m9d ( ,mrs4 ,som]ville4 ,) su* a diff]5ce 9 con/itution betwe5 ! two wom51 we w\ld naturally look = ! greate/ div]g5ce ( op9ion ^u a matt] ( ?is k9d1 b1 a/oni%+ to relate1 !re is noticeable a m>k$ unanimity4 ,speak+ ( dea?1 & ! accompany+ *ange ( environ+ objects1 ?is gift$ writ]1 9 h] eighty-n9? ye>1 says 9 h] 8,memoirs03-- 8,i %all regret ! sky1 ! sea1 ) all _! beautiful color+2 ! e>?1 ) its v]dure & fl[]s2 b f> m %all ,i grieve to leave animals t h foll[$ our /eps affectionately = ye>s1 )\t kn[+ = c]ta9ty _! ultimate fate1 ?\gh ,i firmly believe t ! liv+ pr9ciple is nev] ext+ui%$4 ,s9ce ! atoms ( matt] are inde/ructible1 z f> z we "k1 x is difficult to believe t ! span :i* gives to _! union life1 memory1 affection1 intellig5ce & fidelity is evanesc5t4 8,e atom 9 ! human frame1 z well z 9 t ( animals1 und]goes a p]iodical *ange by cont9ual wa/e & r5ovation3 ! abode is *ang$1 n its inhabitant4 ,if animals h no future1 ! exi/5ce ( _m is mo/ wret*$4 ,multitudes are />v$1 cruelly beat51 & load$ dur+ life2 _m die "u a b>b>\s vivisection4 8,i _c believe t any creature 0 creat$ = uncomp5sat$ mis]y3 x w\ld be contr>y to ! attributes ( ,god's m]cy & ju/ice4 ,i am s9c]ely happy to f9d t ,i am n ! only believ] 9 ! immortality ( ! l[] animals40 ,to h giv5 ! _m op9ions t h be5 express$ by ! good & wise ( ! pa/ 9 favor ( ! belief t animals receiv$1 9 common ) man1 a p>ticle ( ! div9e ess5ce1 & h5ce became immortal1 w\ld h ext5d$ ?is *apt] beyond int5d$ limits4 ,we h room = j ano!r witness4 ,no "o is bett] kn[n = 8 convictions ^u ?is subject ?an ! late ,dr4 ,wood1 ^: contributions to natural hi/ory are kn[n ! _w ov]4 ,speak+ ( ! dea? ( 8 dog ,rory1 a creature t manife/$ 9 ! fle% ! /ronge/ affection = 8 keep]1 ! ,doctor says3-- 8,i c\ld n believe t an animal :i* w\ld die ( grief1 z he di$1 = ! abs5ce ( 8 ma/]1 w\ld h 8 exi/5ce limit$ to ?is pres5t _w1 & t su* int5sity ( love %\ld t]m9ate at ! same mom5t t ! mat]ial he>t ceas$ to beat40 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! app>5t inequality t is ev]y:]e to be se5 9 ! lives bo? ( man & bea/1 we _c believe1 z ,mrs4 ,som]ville has rem>k$1 t any be+ 0 8creat$ = uncomp5sat$ mis]y40 ,"s human be+s are end[$ ) ev]y?+ t a man c desire--heal?1 /r5g?1 ri*es1 accompli%m5ts & capacity = enjoym5t--:ile o!rs are de/itute ( all ^! accessories to happ9ess4 ,putt+ aside ! fact t ^? ^: lots seem to be ! mo/ enviable are ! lea/ to be envi$1 we _c help ackn[l$g+ t ?is disp>ity does exi/1 & t ! e>?ly lot ( "s is v h>d1 :ile t ( o!rs is v easy4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t !re is taught 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! gr& doctr9e ( ,comp5sation4 ,paul alludes to ?is :5 he rem>ks t ! suff]+s ( ?is _w are n to be comp>$ ) ! glories ( ! _w to come1 & t ! tr\bles1 trials & tribulations ( ?is life are b ! precursor ( t glorifi$ exi/5ce :]e all ^! ?+s w be utt]ly unkn[n4 ,t "s su* arrangem5t w\ld be no?+ m ?an ju/ice !re c be no "q1 & t "s pr9ciple ( ,div9e ,ju/ice mu/ exi/ 0 in/9ctively kn[n long be=e x 0 explicitly decl>$ by ! inspir$ apo/le1 = ref]5ces to su* comp5sation are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,psalms4 ,ev5 ,job himself1 sunk z he 0 9 ! v dep? ( afflictions1 c\ld say3 8,?\gh ,he slay me1 yet w ,i tru/ 9 ,him2 b ,i w ma9ta9 my own ways be=e ,him4 ,he also %all be my salvation2 = an hypocrite %all n come be=e ,him40 ,s f>1 !n1 z man is conc]n$1 ?is problem ( app>5t inequality is n s difficult ( solution1 = he kn[s only too well t 9 spite ( 8 h>d & bitt] e>?-life t ,div9e ,ju/ice w be m ?an v9dicat$ 9 ! life beyond ! grave to :i* he aspires4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! l[] animals1 grant+ t !y h no future exi/5ce1 :at1 ,i ask1 becomes ( ,div9e ,ju/ice8 ,9 ?is l& ( enlight5m5t we meet ) _m animals t are treat$ ) ! greate/ k9dness by _! ma/]s1 & o!rs1 end[$ ) capacities t are n a :it inf]ior to _! m =tunate bre?r51 t are treat$ ) ! utmo/ cruelty4 ,:ile "o is pett$ & pamp]$1 ano!r is abus$ & giv5 ov] to ! pangs ( hung] & />vation4 ,if !re is a future life = ^! animals1 x is simply impossible to recognize 9 _! ,mak] t ju/ice :i* s5sible1 reason+ man %\ld expect4 ,su* an inju/ice1 z %[n by ! lives :i* we h contra/$1 w\ld be too flagrant = any human be+ to p]petrate1 unless su* a be+ 0 :olly defici5t 9 ! ideas ( "r & wrong4 ,b on ! supposition t ^! animals possess immortal s\ls1 & t !re is = !m a future life 9 :i* ^! s\ls %all be develop$ to _! fulle/ capacities1 !n ^! app>5t discrepancies c be reconcil$ ) ,absolute ,ju/ice & ,p]fect ,love4 ,9 ,8 deal+s ) ! l[] animals1 z ) ourselves1 ,god looks to ! spiritual r ?an ! mat]ial _w1 & by ! means ( ! "o in/ructs & prep>es 8 pupils = ! o!r4 ,) ,paul ,i firmly believe t suff]+ 9 ! pres5t _w has = its object a prep>ation = & an introduction to a future life1 & !re=e am ?or\ghly conv9c$ t any creature capable ( suff]+ has 9 t capacity its passport to an et]nal _w4 ,ano!r /ep1 t is1 ! possession ( ,individuality1 z connect$ ) ,immortality1 n[ presses =w>d = consid]ation4 ,z = man1 did he n possess ,individuality1 no div]s5ess ( managem5t w\ld be ne$$1 = all w\ld be treat$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,no two faces 9 man are precisely alike1 = ! v simple reason t no two s\ls1 ( :i* ! c\nt5ance is an indication1 are alike4 ,! same rule1 no matt] :at may be affirm$ to ! contr>y1 holds good among ! l[] animals4 ,to ! casual obs]v] no app>5t diff]5ce c be detect$ betwe5 any two individuals ( a flock ( %eep1 a portrait ( "o equally resembl+ t ( any o!r4 ,b a %eph]d1 :o und]/&s 8 bus9ess1 w readily di/+ui% e %eep ( 8 flock1 z well z describe ! m5tal peculi>ities ( ea* individual4 ,"o ord9>y yell[ can>y looks j l ano!r yell[ can>y to ! ord9>y vision1 :ile 9 reality ! m5tal "* ( ea* bird is impress$ j z /rongly ^u its c\nt5ance z are human qualities ^u t ( man4 ,?is quality x is1 bo? 9 man & bea/1 t implies a sep>ate treatm5t = ea* individual1 & becomes a plea = an immortality ( life4 ,i am n alone 9 ?is idea4 ,x is simply a/\nd+ h[ ,individuality 9 ! l[] animals is ignor$ by man4 ,! g5]ality ( grooms treat all horses z ?\gh !y 7 j s _m ma*9es turn$ out ( ! same m\ld1 & to be treat$ j l ma*9es4 ,!re is 9 e species a d\ble k9d ( ,individuality4 ,"o k9d !re is t is common to ! entire species1 & !n !re is 9 addition to ?is common *>act]i/ic ano!r t di/+ui%es ea* sep>ate be+ f its fell[s4 ,x is ! =m] t makes a species :at x is1 & !re c be no d\bt t ea* w exi/ 9 ! future life1 & t bo? may be capable ( developm5t4 ,! dog1 ! horse1 ! lion & ! elephant1 & 9 tru? all animals t may be fitt$ to survive1 w be 9 ! o!r _w :at !y are 9 ?is4 ,!y w be bett] animals 9 t _w1 j z we hope to be bett] m51 b !y w n approa* u any ne>] ?an !y d 9 ! e>?-life4 ,man does n1 z "s are fooli% en\gh to claim1 l[] ! condition ( humanity ! lea/ by grant+ immortality to ! l[] animals4 ,if !y be immortal1 z ! evid5ce adduces mo/ /rongly %[s1 !re is n ! slighte/ use ( d5ial4 ,we _c %irk a fact1 & ev5 if we c\ld1 we ought n to d x4 ,su* an argum5t1 :i* seeks to elevate man by depreciat+ 8 l[] fell[-creatures1 is n v cr$itable to humanity4 ,9 ann\nc+ ! belief t ! l[] animals %>e immortality ) man 9 ! high] _w1 z !y %>e mortality 9 ?is1 does n claim = !m ! slighte/ equality4 ,man w be man & bea/ w be bea/1 & insect w be insect1 9 ! next _w z !y are 9 ?is4 ,!y are liv+ expon5ts ( ,div9e ,ideas1 z is evid5t f ! ,scriptures & ! tea*+s ( sci5ce1 & w be want$ to cont9ue 9 ! _w ( _s ! "w :i* !y h begun 9 ! _w ( matt]4 ,true x is1 z has be5 ass]t$1 t because a man c transmit 8 ideas to ! l[] animals1 !re is evid5ce t !y possess a _s :i* is able to communicate ) ! _s ( man4 ,:5 a man gives an ord] to 8 dog1 & is obey$1 !re is pro( t bo? possess spirits1 simil> 9 quality1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 degree4 ,we "k t to give an ord] to a plant w\ld be useless & absurd1 because ! plant has n ! _s t c respond to ! _s ( ! man 9 ! same mann] t a dog's or a horse's _s c1 b ! inability s to respond does n prove t ! plant is devoid ( a _s4 ,t ! _s ( ! plant does respond to ! _s ( ! man1 :5 x adapts itself to ! conditions :i* ! _s ( ! man has impos$ ^u x1 !re c be no "q1 or ! _m hundr$ plants :i* h be5 reclaim$ f a /ate ( wildness by a judici\s & c>eful managem5t ^u ! "p ( man w\ld h be5 among ! impossibilities ( mod]n civilization4 ,! _s ( man mu/ h ent]$ into ! _s ( ! plant1 & held communion !re)1 or ! _w to-day w\ld n h be5 bless$ ) its manifold c]eals1 fruits & vegetables1 all ( :i* h be5 r5d]$ possible = use by ! _s ( man ent]+ into an und]/&+ ) ! nature1 wants & peculi> dispositions ( ! plants ab\t him4 ,no less are plants liv+ expon5ts ( ,div9e ,ideas ?an worms1 insects1 bea/s & m5 are1 & z su* liv+ expon5ts1 !y are z mu* ne$$ 9 ! future exi/5ce1 at lea/ su* z are fitt$ to cont9ue 9 ! _s-_w ! "w begun 9 ! _w ( matt]1 z are ! high] =ms ( animal be+s4 ,z plants g a great ways t[>ds mak+ ?is e>?-life a p>adise ( beauty & delight1 & h ev] be5 associat$ ?r\gh ! ages ) animal life1 ea* ( ! two great k+doms ( life f simple beg9n+s atta9+ to high] & /ill high] developm5t up to ! pres5t p]iod--! ,era ( ,m9d--x _c be possible t ! two w h become sudd5ly divorc$ :5 ! temporal or e>?-life is ab\t to pass into ! et]nal or _s-life4 ,heav5 w\ld n be ,heav5 )\t ! plants t we h cultur$1 & t5d$1 & admir$4 ,conclud+1 !n1 let me say1 ,i claim n = ! l[] animals ! slighte/ equality ) man4 ,:at ,i claim = !m is a high] /atus 9 creation ?an is g5]ally attribut$ to !m4 ,i claim = !m a future life1 :]e !y w receive a j comp5sation = ! suff]+s :i* s _m ( !m h to und]go 9 ?is _w4 ,mo/ ( ! cruelties :i* are p]petrat$ ^u animals are due to ! habit :i* man has1 9 8 exalt$ op9ion ( self1 ( consid]+ !m z m]e automata1 )\t susceptibilities1 )\t reason & )\t ! capacity ( a future4 ,t ,i h a*iev$ ! purpose1 ) :i* ,i set out1 ( prov+ t all life is immortal1 or t s\l exi/s 9 plants & animals1 ,i ?9k mu/ be admitt$4 ,if ?is doctr9e ( immortality %all h ! effect ( br++ ab\t a m humane treatm5t ( ! animals ov] :i* man has be5 giv5 dom9ion1 & ?us contribute1 be x ev] s little1 to _! well-be+ & happ9ess1 ev5 9 ?is life1 !n ! object atta9$ w be felt to be a j & wor?y recomp5se = ! ?\ght & labor :i* h be5 exp5d$ 9 its support & def5ce4 ,n alone are we ( ! upp] walks ( be+ made ! possessors ( ! inn] life1 b all nature %>es x 9 common ) u1 & love is its expression & ! me?od ( its action4 ,,! ,,end4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t & unusual or ar*aic spell+1 use ( acc5ts & diacriticals1 hyph5ation & capitalisation h be5 reta9$1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ & _! sett+s us$ to read ?is text1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,page #g1 ,li/ ( ,illu/rations3 ! portrait ( ! au?or is n ! frontispiece1 & is n includ$ 9 ?is edition ( ! book4 ,page #de1 a s+le r$-eye speck3 %\ld probably read a s+le r$ eye-speck4 ,page #gc1 unutt]ly unable3 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #ii1 ,l9e ,bel[ ,%[s ,natural ,size3 bas$ on ! size ( ! physical book1 ?is w\ld make ! insect's natural size ar\nd #bg mm 7j ov] #a74 ,page #cag_/cah1 p>agraph />t+ ,return+ to ! philology 4443 a clos+ quote m>k is miss+4 ,page #dfd_/dfe1 p>agraph />t+ ,t !re is a di/9ction 4443 a clos+ quote m>k is miss+4 ,*anges made ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs4 ,"s obvi\s m9or typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,li/s ( illu/rations3 illu/ration numb]s h be5 add$4 ,page #dd3 quiet unable *ang$ to q unable4 ,page #fb3 plants n natives to ?is c\ntry *ang$ to plants n native to ?is c\ntry4 ,page #bde3 ,,p&ion ,,hali,,tus *ang$ to ,p&ion halitus = consi/5cy4 ,page #bfd3 caption ,r$-ey$ ,vireo's ,two-,/ori$ ,ne/ ,) ,c[-bird's egg b5ea? add$ cf4 li/ ( full-page plates4