,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$ ,,plague ,,& ,,pe/il5ce ,,9 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,art ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london ,,ed9burgh ,,glasg[ ,,new ,,york ,,toronto ,,melb\rne ,,bombay ,,humphrey ,,mil=d ,m4,a4 ,,publi%] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,illu/ration3 ,,frontispiece ,s4 ,,seba/ian4 ,,by ,,sodoma ,,plague ,,& ,,pe/il5ce ,,9 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,art ,,by ,,raymond ,,crawfurd ,m4,a41 ,m4,d4 ,,oxon41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,k+',s ,,college1 ,,london ,,ox=d ,,at ,,! ,,cl>5don ,,press #aiad ,,preface ,?is volume repres5ts sub/antially ! ,fitz,patrick ,lectures :i* ,i _h ! privilege ( deliv]+ at ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians 9 #aiab4 ,orig9ally ,i int5d$ to d no m ?an ga!r toge!r into a succ9ct record ! v>i\s memorials & rem9d]s ( ,pe/il5ce t ,i _h met ) 9 my w&]+s at home & abroad & 9 my casual incursions into g5]al lit]ature4 ,ins5sibly ! desire to und]/& supplant$ ! desire m]ely to record1 & ! desire to expla9 sup]s$$ ! endeav\r to und]/&4 ,i h turn$ my att5tion1 z f> z practicable1 only to ! lit]>y & arti/ic associations ( ,pe/il5ce1 b ^! h inevitably ov]lapp$ ! conf9es ( hi/ory & ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,! latt] t]ritory has be5 invad$ only s f> z 0 necess>y to ensure a correct ori5tation to ! inquiry4 ,i h ?\ght x wise to let ! curta9 fall at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 leav+ x to my read]s to decide :at ve/iges ( ! m5tality ( di/ant c5turies h surviv$ into ?is tw5tie?4 ,a little reflection on ?is w af=d a mo/ salut>y lesson to all ( u4 ,janu>y #aiad4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,s4 ,seba/ian4 ,by ,sodoma ,frontispiece ,,plate ,i3 ,apollo ) ,b[ & ,m\se4 ,bronze co9 ( ,alex&ria ,troas4 c4 #bej ,b4,c4 #b4 ,asclepius ) ,s]p5t4 ,bronze co9 ( ,p]gamon4 ,"t ( ,anton9us ,pius4 #b4 ,s]p5t & ,galley4 ,m$allion4 ,"t ( ,anton9us ,pius4 ,pe/-,?al]1 /ruck at ,witt5b]g1 ,a4,d4 #aebh4 ,*ri/ on ! ,cross4 ,! ,braz5 ,s]p5t ,to face p4 #d ,,plate ,,ii4 ,plague ( ,a%dod4 ,by ,n4 ,p\ss9 ,to face p4 #ah ,,plate ,,iii4 ,plague ( ,david4 ,by ,p4 ,mign>d ,to face p4 #ai ,,plate ,,iv4 ,gregory & ! ,angel ,to face p4 #ic ,,plate ,v4 ,fresco 9 ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,v9coli1 ,rome ,to face p4 #ie ,,plate ,,vi4 ,la ,pe/e ,rome4 ,by ,delaunay ,to face p4 #if ,,plate ,,vii4 ,seba/ian z ,protector aga9/ ,pe/il5ce4 ,by ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli ,to face p4 #ii ,,plate ,,viii4 ,sodoma's ,seba/ian ,plague ,bann] 7,rev]se74 ,,ss4 ,ro* & ,sigismund1 & ,bre?r5 ( ,compagnia di ,s4 ,seba/iano ,to face p4 #ajj ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,ss4 ,m>k1 ,seba/ian1 ,ro*1 ,cosmas1 & ,damian4 ,by ,titian ,to face p4 #ajb ,,plate ,x4 ,s4 ,ro*4 ,by ,ambrogio ,borgognone ,to face p4 #ajh ,,plate ,,xi4 ,s4 ,ro* t5d$ by an ,angel4 ,by ,niklaus ,manuel4 ,int]cessory plague picture ,to face p4 #aji ,,plate ,,xii4 ,madonna & ,*ild1 ,s4 ,anna & ,sa9ts4 ,by ,g4 ,francesco ,c>oto ,to face p4 #aaj ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,dance ( ,dea?1 at ,basle ,to face p4 #ace ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,madonna della ,mis]icordia4 ,by ,bonfigli ,to face p4 #ach ,,plate ,,xv4 ,madonna del ,soccorso4 ,by ,s9ibaldo ,ibi ,to face p4 #ach ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,plague ,bann]4 ,*ri/ & ,sa9ts4 ,by ,bonfigli ,to face p4 #aci ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,pe/-,bltt]3 #a4 ,! ,almighty ) ,,ss4 ,seba/ian & ,ro*4 #b4 ,! ,almighty1 ,madonna & ,suppliants4 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ,s4 ,anna & ,suppliants ,to face p4 #adb ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,! ,impruneta ,virg9 ,to face p4 #adf ,,plate ,,xix4 ,s4 ,tecla lib]ates ,e/e f ,plague4 ,by ,giovanni ,batti/a ,tiepolo ,to face p4 #adg ,,plate ,,xx4 ,plague4 ,a draw+ by ,raphael ,to face p4 #adh ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,procession to ,s4 ,m>ia della ,salute1 ,v5ice4 ,f a sev5te5? c5tury engrav+ ,to face p4 #agb ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,c>lo ,borromeo4 ,by ,annibale ,c>racci ,to face p4 #agc ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,borromeo lead+ a ,plague ,procession4 ,by ,pietro da ,cortona ,to face p4 #agd ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,borromeo int]c$+ = ! ,plague-/rick54 ,by ,p4 ,puget4 ,a m>ble bas-relief ,to face p4 #age ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,torture & ,execution ( ! ,ano9t]s ,to face p4 #agi ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,plague ( ,naples1 #afef4 ,by ,micco ,spad>a ,to face p4 #ahd ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,plague ,sc5es 9 ,rome1 #afef4 ,f an old engrav+ ,to face p4 #ahf ,,plate ,,xxviii3 #a4 ,dress ( a ,m>seilles ,doctor1 #agbj4 #b4 ,g]man ,c>icature ( ! same ,to face p4 #bjj ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,pe/e de ,m>seille4 ,by ,franois ,gr>d ,to face p4 #bjf ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,la ,pe/e dans la ,ville de ,m>seille en #agbj4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 de ,troy ,to face p4 #bjg ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,les ,pe/ifrs de ,jaffa4 ,by ,b>on ,gros ,to face p4 #bjh ,,*apt] ,i ,! scatt]$ records ( lit]ature af=d a valuable1 b neglect$1 contribution to ! /udy ( epidemic pe/il5ce4 ,!y %[ u pe/il5ce z an affair ( ! m9d1 z m$ical lit]ature has %[n x z an affair ( ! body4 ,!y tea* u too ! humiliat+ lesson t1 9 spite ( ! progress ( civilization1 9 spite ( ! app>5t gr[? ( humanity1 9 spite ( ! developm5t & dissem9ation ( sci5tific k1 human nature has aga9 & aga9 rev]t$ to ! primitive in/9cts ( savag]y 9 face ( ! cru%+ calamity ( epidemic pe/il5ce4 ,! sup]ficial /ud5t ( psy*ology may f9d x difficult to believe t1 s late z #afcj 9 ,milan1 s late z #afef 9 ,naples1 s late z #agga 9 ,mosc[1 ! blood-lu/ ( a madd5$ populace s\ght & f\nd a s$ative 9 an orgy ( human sacrifice4 ,b s x 04 ,& 9 ?is hom+ in/9ct ( ! human m9d is to be f\nd ! clue to mu* 9 ! records ( lit]ature & art t else is :olly mean+less4 ,x is a grim *apt] ( hi/ory t lies be=e u1 b maybe we %all f9d "h & !re "s spiritual ,be!l re>$ out ( ! h>d /ones on :i* suff]+ humanity has la9 its we>y head4 ,! m9d ( primitive man conceives no p[] ov] nature high] ?an 8 own3 s is 8 attitude condition$ to disease4 ,he sees 9 disease only "s evil magic1 ex]cis$ by man on man4 ,! ,au/ralian native believes t ! assailant transmits disease by po9t+ "s object at 8 victim1 :o 9 turn looks to magic to free him f ! disease4 ,9 ! ,new ,hebrides ! idea /ill p]si/s t ! aggressor %oots "s *>m$ mat]ial at ! victim by means ( b[ & arr[4 ,m$ic9e has n yet em]g$ f magic4 ,! human m9d1 z x passes to high] /ages ( enlight5m5t1 does n :olly disc>d its primitive beliefs3 ( ?is we f9d abundant te/imony 9 e>ly records ( pe/il5ce4 ,9 ,ph>aoh's plagues m>k ! importance ( ! manual acts1 ! /ret*+ out ( ! rod1 ! smit+ ( ! du/1 ! spr9kl+ ( a%es4 ,aga91 :5 ! ,phili/9es ( ,a%dod ask = deliv]ance f plague1 ! div9]s enjo9 !m to make images ( _! em]ods1 or swell+s4 ,?is is crude magic--imitative magic--! ess5ce ( :i* is t any effect may be produc$ by imitat+ x4 ,x is ! _s 9 :i* a savage spr9kles wat] :5 he wi%es ra9 to fall4 ,z 8 own impot5ce is borne 9 on man1 he comes to look beyond himself alike = ! cause & cure ( 8 disease2 b human ag5cy /ill b\nds 8 :ole horizon4 ,he looks to ^? like/ himself 9 nature1 ! imp]i%able spirits ( 8 own dep>t$ dead4 ,endu$ ) bodily =m1 _! gho/s ne$ (f]+s ( food & dr9k1 & humble homage ( pray]4 ,neglect ( ^! is recomp5s$ by ! s5d+ ( sickness & dea?4 ,?is cult prevail$ 9 ! religion ( "y ,rome & 9 ! ,greek wor%ip ( be+s ( ! und]world 771 & may be f\nd to-day 9 ,oceania4 ,su* a deifi$ _s ( ! dead might ex]t 8 influ5ce 9 dreams to ^? :o slept ov] 8 abode4 ,su* is ! g]m ( ! incubation ritual ( ! demigod ,asclepius1 :o reveal$ rem$ies = sickness1 & 0 invok$ = deliv]ance f pe/il5ce4 ,/rabo says t ,tricca 9 ,!ssaly 0 ! olde/ sanctu>y ( ,asclepius1 :o 0 ! deifi$ ance/or ( ! ,phlegyae & ,m9yae1 ! rul+ family ( ,tricca4 ,) ! em]g5ce ( ! idea ( a sep>able s\l came ! belief 9 its assumption aft] dea? ( animal =ms1 & *ief ( ^! ! my/]i\s e>?-dwell+ s]p5t1 d>t+ pe/il5ce f 8 b>b$ tongue4 ,! association ( ! s]p5t ) disease & pe/il5ce is wellnigh _w-wide4 ,! ,v$as teem ) x3 classical & ,*ri/ian lit]ature & art are full ( x4 ,we f9d x 9 ,ovid1#a 9 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1#b 9 ,paul ! ,deacon1#c & 9 _m o!r writ]s4 ,! ,book ( ,numb]s too 7xxi4 #f seq47 reta9s ?is imag]y ( pe/il5ce3 #8,& ! ,"l s5t fi]y s]p5ts among ! p1 & !y bit ! p2 & mu* p ( ,israel di$4 ,!re=e ! p came to ,moses1 & said1 ,we h s9n$1 = we h spok5 aga9/ ! ,"l1 & aga9/ !e2 pray unto ! ,"l1 t he take away ! s]p5ts f u4 ,& ,moses pray$ = ! p4 ,& ! ,"l said unto ,moses1 ,make !e a fi]y s]p5t1 & set x ^u a pole3 & x %all come to pass1 t e "o t is bitt51 :5 he looke? ^u x1 %all live4 ,& ,moses made a s]p5t ( brass1 & put x ^u a pole1 & x came to pass1 t if a s]p5t _h bitt5 any man1 :5 he beheld ! s]p5t ( brass1 he liv$4' ,imitative magic--! heal+ ( l by l--is /ill ! weapon ) :i* ,moses c\nt]s ! pe/il5ce4 ,9 ,f]n&o ,po1#d :5 an epidemic breaks out among *ildr51 x is cu/om>y to set up a s]p5t's sk9 on a pole 9 ! middle ( ! public squ>e1 & ! mo!rs br+ _! infants to t\* x4 ,9 ,madagasc>1 ,sibree#e f\nd t ,ramahavaly1 ! god ( heal+1 0 also ! patron ( s]p5ts1 & 0 able to employ !m z ag5ts ( 8 ang]4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,india also x is cu/om>y to make a s]p5t ( clay or metal1 & (f] sacrifices to x on behalf ( ! suff]]4#f ,apollonius ( ,tyana also is said to h fre$ ,antio* f scorpions by mak+ a bronze image ( a scorpion & bury+ x "u a small pill> 9 ! middle ( ! city4 ,s ! s]p5t has p[] n only to excite pe/il5ce1 b also to av]t x4 ,f ^! spirits ( ! ne!r _w1 human or animal 9 =m1 x is a %ort passage to ! conception ( sup]natural be+s above ! e>?1 b /ill 9 human %ape & /ill ) human attributes4 ,su* are ,apollo1 ,asclepius1 & ,rudra4 ,traces ( ! evolution ( ^! deities are usually to be f\nd 9 ! attributes ) :i* !y are end[$ 9 lat] lit]ature & art4 ,! usual symbol ( ,asclepius is a s]p5t coil$ r\nd a /aff4 ,sacr$ snakes 7 kept 9 8 temples1#g & applicants = heal+ f$ !m ) cakes4#h ,cures 7 frequ5tly effect$ 9 ! sanctu>ies ( ,asclepius by s]p5ts /eal+ out & lick+ ! w\nds ( pati5ts4 ,! god-man f9ally sup]s$es ! s]p5t1 b cons]vative religi\s s5tim5t reta9s ! old] object ( wor%ip z ! symbol & associate ( ! new4 ,9 ,greek leg5d x is ! s]p5t f :i* ,asclepius le>ns ! art ( heal+3 true1 ,hom] makes ,*iron 8 tea*]4 ,num]\s o!r leg5ds ( ! s]p5t orig9 ( m$ic9e survive4 ,poly9dus ! se] is said to h le>nt ! h]bs t c re/ore m5 to life by obs]v+ h[ ! s]p5ts rais$ _! dead to life4 ,9 ,ca%m]e#i ! desc5dants ( ! ,naga 7s]p5t7 tribes attribute _! special skill 9 heal+ to k be/[$ on _! ance/ors by s]p5ts3 & ! ,celts acquir$ _! m$ical lore f dr9k+ s]p5t bro?4 ,z ) ,asclepius1 s also we %all see ) ,apollo4 ,apollo 9 v tru? slays ! man-kill+ ,py?on1 & himself becomes also ! s5d] ( pe/il5ce4 ,he n only smites ) disease ! do] ( evil1 b w>ds x (f f ! upright4 ,8 are ! arr[s t scatt] plague3 b he is also ! be/ ( physicians4 ,su* is ! ,apollo ( ! ,iliad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i 7,face ,page #d7 ,apollo ) ,b[ & ,m\se ,asclepius ) ,s]p5t ,s]p5t & ,galley ,*ri/ on ! ,cross ,! ,braz5 ,s]p5t ,hom]'s#aj ag$ prie/ ,*ryses1 :5 he calls ^u ,apollo to av5ge ! ravi%+ ( 8 daught]1 invokes him z ,god ( ! ,silv] ,b[ 774 ,apollo he>s 8 pray]1 & ,d[n f ,olympus' heights he pass$1 8 he>t ,burn+ ) wra?3 beh9d 8 %\ld]s hung ,8 b[ & ample quiv]3 at 8 back ,rattl$ ! fateful arr[s z he mov$3 ,l ! night-cl\d he pass$3 & f af> ,he b5t aga9/ ! %ips & sp$ ! bolt3 ,& fi]ce & deadly twang$ ! silv] b[3 ,fir/ on ! mules & dogs1 on man ! la/1 ,0 p\r$ ! arr[y /orm2 & ?r\gh ! camp ,con/ant & num]\s blaz$ ! fun]al fires4 ,n9e days ! heav5ly ,ar*] on ! troops ,hurl$ 8 dread %afts4#aa ,hom]'s picture ( ! ,ar*] ,apollo has inspir$ "o at lea/ ( ! ma/]pieces ( ,graeco-,roman sculpture4 ,apollo ! ,av5g] s5ds ! pe/il5ce 9 puni%m5t ( s94 ,hom] sets x z a signal evid5ce ( div9e displeasure 9 ! =efront ( 8 epic1 z does ,sophocles aft] him 9 ! greate/ ( 8 trag$ies4 ,apollo is pictur$ z ! god :o spreads ! plague by arr[s %ot f 8 b[4 ,he swoops d[n ) impetu\s onset1 l ! sudd5 fall ( night 9 ,m$it]ranean l&s1 z ! #8pe/il5ce t walke? 9 d>kness' & #8! arr[ t flie? by day'4 ,! plague is fir/ epizootic1 fall+ on mules & dogs1 !n epidemic among ! ,greek ho/4 ,a c\ncil is call$1 & ,a*illes advises t "s prophet or prie/ be summon$ to say :at propitiatory sacrifices h be5 neglect$3 ,if = neglect$ hecatombs or pray]s ,he blames u3 or if fat ( lambs & goats ,may soo! 8 ang] & ! plague assuage4 ,! se] ,cal*as %[s !m t x is s5t r z a puni%m5t = flagrant s91 ! s9 ( ,agamemnon 9 c>ry+ (f ,*ryseis4 ,x is = no neglect ( honorific sacrifices nor = neglect$ pray]s t pe/il5ce has come ^u !m4 ,*ryseis mu/ be s5t back1 & expiation be made to ,apollo ) sacrifices1 aft] ! :ole ho/ has be5 purifi$ 9 ! d\bly cleans+ wat] ( ! sea4 ,s ,*ryseis is s5t back & ,next proclamation ?r\gh ! camp 0 made ,to purify ! ho/2 & 9 ! sea1 ,ob$i5t to ! ^w1 !y purifi$3 ,!n to ,apollo solemn rites p]=m$ ,) faultless hecatombs ( bulls & goats1 ,^u ! m>g9 ( ! wat]y wa/e3 ,& wrea!d 9 smoke ! sav\r rose to heav54 ,?us !y (f] ! sacrifice ( atonem5t = s91 ) ! ablutions meet = a solemn lu/ration ( ! p4 ,!n :5 ! plague is /ay$1 & n till !n1 may !y jo9 9 ! glad eu*>i/ic fea/ ( meat-(f]+s & libations ( r$ w9e1 ! :ole assemblage tak+ x 9 company ) ! god1 cr[n+ ! cups ) fl[]s & *ant+ hymns ( praise4 ,! ,apollo ( ! ,iliad1 l ! s]p5t ( old1 is n only ! s5d] b also ! av]t] ( pe/il5ce4 ,hom]'s plague m>ks a /age at :i* pray] & sacrifice h displac$ magic 9 ! /ruggle ) pe/il5ce4 ,f ?is "t on ! /udy ( pe/il5ce is inextricably bl5d$ ) t ( ! evolution ( religion4 ,pray] & sacrifice foll[ inevitably f ! conception ( ! maje/ic man-god4 ,he mu/ be approa*$ on b5d$ knee ) reque/ = help3 8 is by "r ! homage ( pray]4 ,8 wor%ipp] approa*es him z he w\ld an e>?ly pot5tate3 he cleanses himself1 he begs = grace 9 humble po/ure1 he gives him ( 8 be/4 ,h5ce arise purification1 pray]1 & sacrifice4 ,at fir/1 z 9 ,hom]1 x is ! body t is purifi$3 ! (f]+ ( a clean he>t & a "r _s is ( lat] gr[?4 ,s long z ! god is humanly conceiv$1 food & dr9k w be ! meet (f]+s ( sacrifice4 ,lat] ) ! conception ( a god dwell+ al(t1 z 9 ! ,hom]ic v]se1 ! sweet sav\r ( ! sacrifice1 or ( ! sc5t$ smoke ( inc5se ris+ to heav51 w f9d peculi> fav\r 9 8 sight4 ,primitive sacrifice is ess5tially social3 x is a banquet 9 :i* ! wor%ipp]s jo9 9 communion ) ! god3 x is ! true p>5t ( ! lecti/]nium4 ,e>ly religion has no d\bts ( ! god's good-w1 if duly solicit$3 h5ce ! joy\sness ( dance & song att5dant on ! eu*>i/ic fea/1 ! wor%ipp]s be+ conv9c$ t ! sacrifice has re/or$ !m to ! fav\r ( ! god4 ,! /]n god1 ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 sl[ to =give1 has no place 9 primitive !ology4 ,hymns1 su* z ! ,greek w>riors sang 9 jubilant unison to ,apollo1 are ! fir/ dim grop+s ( language into ! doma9s ( lit]ature4 ,paeans ( ?is k9d 7 *ant$ 9 ! sanctu>ies ( ,asclepius aft] successful acts ( heal+4 ,9 e>ly ,indian my? ,rudra is ! god :o lets fly ! arr[s ( pe/il5ce4 ,read ?is pray] to ,rudra f ! ,a?>vav$a#ab3 !re are _m l x 9 ! old] ,rig-,v$a1 :i* rea*$ ne> its pres5t =m z e>ly z #aejj ,b4,c4 ,pray] to ,bhava#ac & ,sava#ad = protection f dang]s4 #a4 ,o ,bhava & ,sava1 be m]ciful1 d n attack u3 ye lords ( be+s1 lords ( cattle1 rev]5ce be to y twa96 ,dis*>ge n y\r arr[ ev5 aft] x has be5 laid 7on ! b[7 & has be5 drawn6 ,de/roy n our bip$s & our quadrup$s4 99 99 99 99 99 #g4 ,may we n conflict ) ,rudra1 ! ar*] ) ! d>k cre/1 ! ?\s&-ey$ p[]ful "o1 ! slay] ( ,ardhaka6 99 99 99 99 99 #ab4 ,?\1 ,o cre/$ god1 e>ne/ 9 7?y h&7 t smites ?\s&s1 a yell[ gold5 b[ t slays hundr$s3 ,rudra's arr[1 ! missile ( ! gods1 flies abroad3 rev]5ce be to x1 9 :atev] direction f "h 7x flies74 99 99 99 99 99 #ai4 ,d n hurl at u ?y club1 ?y div9e bolt3 be n inc5s$ at u1 ,o "l ( cattle6 ,%ake ov] "s o!r ?an u ! cele/ial bran*6 99 99 99 99 99 #bf4 ,d n1 ,o ,rudra1 contam9ate u ) fev]1 or ) poison1 or ) heav5ly fire3 cause ?is lightn+ to desc5d else:]e ?an ^u u6 ,o!r gods ?an ,rudra c /em ! pe/il5ce4 #8,vayu ! w9d %all b5d ! po9ts ( ! enemies' b[s1 ,indra %all break _! arms1 s t !y %all be unable to lay on _! arr[s3 ,aditya ! sun %all s5d _! missiles a/ray1 & ,kr&ramas ! moon %all b> ! way ( ! enemy t has n />t$4'#ae ,l ! ,madonna ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ,aditya /aves (f ! arr[s ( pe/il5ce4 ,! ,aryan w>rior c]ta9ly1 ! primitive ,greek probably1 us$ poison$ arr[s4 ,! language ( ! #ia/ ,psalm reveals ! same imag]y z d ! ,hom]ic epic & ! ,v$ic hymns4 #8,i w say unto ! ,"l1 ,?\ art my hope1 & my /ronghold3 my ,god1 9 him w ,i tru/4 ,= he %all deliv] !e f ! sn>e ( ! hunt]3 & f ! noisome pe/il5ce4 ,he %all def5d !e "u 8 w+s1 & ?\ %alt be safe "u 8 fea!rs3 8 fai?fulness & tru? %all be ?y %ield & buckl]4 ,?\ %alt n be afraid = any t]ror by night3 nor = ! arr[ t flie? by day3 ,= ! pe/il5ce t walke? 9 d>kness3 nor = ! sickness t de/roye? 9 ! noonday4 ,a ?\s& %all fall beside !e1 & t5 ?\s& at ?y "r h&3 b x %all n come nigh !e4' ,! arr[s ( pe/il5ce h sunk deep into ! tissue ( _m languages4 ,practically all ! ,hebrew words = plague 7,maggefah1 ,negef1 ,naga1 ,makkah7 indicate a bl[4 ,our ,engli% #8plague' is d]iv$ ?r\gh ! ,lat9 plaga f ! ,greek 1 a bl[3 s too ! ,g]man plage4 ,! ,fr5* flau--a flail or a plague--embodies ! same idea ( a bl[1 & is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 flagellum & ! ,greek 4 ,to-day ev5 physicians mu/ ne$s call ! poisons ( pe/il5ce #8tox9es'1 z ?\gh !y 7 arr[-poisons dis*>g$ f a b[ 7 f ,i hit74 ,! ,arabians speak ( be+ #8/ung' or #8prick$' ) plague1 recall+ respectively ! s]p5ts & ! arr[s ( pe/il5ce4 ,pass+ allusion has be5 made above to ! plagues ( ,ph>aoh3 x rema9s only to be said t !re is n[ pretty g5]al agreem5t t ^! t5 plagues repres5t m]ely ! seasonal v>iations1 to :i* ,egypt is peculi>ly liable1 magnifi$ 9 ,jewi% oral tradition4 ,p]haps ! la/ plague1 ! dea? ( ! fir/-born1 at ! ,april ( ! exodus 7circa #abbj ,b4,c47 may h be5 a true pe/is pu]orum1 fall+ ) *ief sev]ity on ^? :o lack$ ! immunity af=d$ by a previ\s epidemic4 ,x 0 ! incursion ( ,libyans & ( ! nations ( ! ,greek seas into ,egypt1 at lea/ z mu* z ! ,biblical plagues1 t enabl$ ! ,israeliti% s]fs to make good _! escape4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( w&]+ 9 ! wild]ness ,korah1 ,da?an1 & ,abiram revolt$ aga9/ ! asc5dancy ( ,moses & ,a>on1 & ,god caus$ !m to be swall[$ up ) all _! h\seholds by an e>?quake4 ,"s ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel murmur$ aga9/ _! fate4 ,^? t did s 7 visit$ ) a plague1 t c>ri$ (f #ad1gjj p]sons4 ,! plague 0 /ay$ by ,a>on (f]+ inc5se z an atonem5t on ! alt>--sacrifice /ill1 b ! sacrifice only ( a sweet sav\r to a ,god dwell+ 9 heav54 ,! juxtaposition1 if x be n p]missible to say ! association1 ( e>?quake & pe/il5ce 9 ?is n>rative is notewor?y1 9 view ( ! widespread belief 9 _! causal relation%ip1 9 lat] times4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,old ,te/am5t plague is reg>d$1 z "h1 z a direct consequ5ce ( ,god's ang]4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x figures b little1 & !n r z corrective ?an punitive4 ,! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is a ,god ( v5geance3 only 9 ! lat] ,prophets d we f9d ev5 a =e%ad[+ ( ! ,god ( love & =giv5ess1 ! ,god ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 portray+ pe/il5ce ,art has reta9$ ?is conception ( ,god z a /]n puni%] ( wrongdo+1 b 9 ! p]sonality ( ,*ri/1 approa*$ ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! ,madonna & ,sa9ts1 has recogniz$ ! ,new ,te/am5t conception ( ,god4 ,! entrance into ,canaan 0 ! beg9n+ to ! ,israelites ( a long p]iod ( w>f>e ) surr\nd+ tribes4 ,at la/1 9 ! pit*$ battle ( ,eb5-ez]1 ! ,phili/9es cru%$ ! army ( ,israel1 captur$ ! ark ( ! cov5ant1 & c>ri$ x (f to ,a%dod1 :]e !y plac$ x 9 ! temple ( _! own national god1 ,dagon4 ,on two successive nights ! image ( ,dagon 0 my/]i\sly ?r[n d[n f its p$e/al4 #8,! h& ( ! ,"l 0 heavy ^u !m ( ,a%dod1 & he de/roy$ !m1 & smote !m ) em]ods1 ev5 ,a%dod & ! coa/s !re(4' ,! m5 ( ,a%dod made ha/e to s5d away ! ark to ,ga?1 ano!r ,phili/9e city1 b "h1 too1 ,god #8smote ! m5 ( ! city1 bo? small & great1 & !y _h em]ods 9 _! secret p>ts'4 ,f ,ga? x 0 s5t to ,ekron ) l result3 #8= !re 0 a deadly de/ruction ?r\gh\t all ! city2 ! h& ( ,god 0 v heavy !re4 ,& ! m5 t di$ n 7 smitt5 ) ! em]ods3 & ! cry ( ! city w5t up to heav54' ,aft] sev5 mon?s ( pe/il5ce1 ! ,phili/9es call$ = ! prie/s & div9]s1 to inquire 9 :at way !y %\ld s5d back ! ark4 ,^! told !m t1 if !y wi%$ = deliv]ance f ! plague1 ! ark mu/ on no acc\nt be s5t back empty1 b ) a trespass-(f]+ ( five gold5 em]ods & five gold5 mice1 #8images ( y\r em]ods1 & images ( y\r mice t m> ! l&4' ,! ark 0 to be s5t 9 a new c>t1 drawn by two mil* k9e1 :ile _! calves 7 kept at home4 ,if ! k9e took ! /raight way by ! coa/ to ,be?-%eme%1 !y w\ld "k t x 0 ,god t _h smitt5 !m1 #8b if n1 !n we %all "k t x is n 8 h& t smote u3 x 0 a *ance t happ5$ to u4 ,& ! m5 did s3 & took two mil* k9e1 & ti$ !m to ! c>t1 & %ut up _! calves at home3 ,& !y laid ! ark ( ! ,"l ^u ! c>t1 & ! c(f] ) ! mice ( gold & ! images ( _! em]ods4 ,& ! k9e took ! /raight way to ! way ( ,be?-%eme%1 & w5t along ! highway1 l[+ z !y w5t1 & turn$ n aside to ! "r h& or to ! left2 & ! lords ( ! ,phili/9es w5t aft] !m unto ! bord] ( ,be?-%eme%4 ,& !y ( ,be?-%eme% 7 reap+ _! :eat-h>ve/ 9 ! valley3 & !y lift$ up _! eyes1 & saw ! ark1 & rejoic$ to see x4 ,& ! c>t came into ! field ( ,jo%ua1 a ,be?-%emite1 & /ood !re1 :]e !re 0 a great /one3 & !y clave ! wood ( ! c>t1 & (f]$ ! k9e a burnt-(f]+ unto ! ,"l4 ,& ! ,levites took d[n ! ark ( ! ,"l1 & ! c(f] t 0 ) x1 :]e9 ! jewels ( gold 71 & put !m on ! great /one3 & ! m5 ( ,be?-%eme% (f]$ burnt (f]+s & sacrific$ sacrifices ! same day unto ! ,"l 4441 :i* /one rema9e? unto ?is day 9 ! field ( ,jo%ua1 ! ,be?-%emite4' ,fifty ?\s& & sev5ty ( ! p ( ,be?-%eme% 7 smitt5 ) ! plague1 #8because !y _h look$ into ! ark ( ! ,"l4' ,9 its ess5tial features ! n>rative ( ?is plague ( ,a%dod is a m]e replica ( ! ,hom]ic plague4 ,! manife/ cause is ,god's displeasure1 b :5 x falls on ,israelites1 ,god's *os5 p1 z well z on ,phili/9es1 x is p]plex+1 = k ( contagion or communicability is z yet unborn4 ,b an explanation is ready to h&--! ,israelites also h (f5d$ ,god by look+ into ! ark4 ,! s9-(f]+s are to be repres5tations 9 gold ( ! disease1 ak9 to ! votive (f]+s ( diseas$ p>ts d$icat$ 9 ! sanctu>ies ( ,asclepius1 & repres5tations ( mice1 :i* !n & aft] 7 g5]ally associat$ ) pe/il5ce--imitative magic aga9 9 its simple/ =m4 ,! sacrificial /one is left z a commemorative alt> = all "t4 ,religion has n[ appe>$ to re9=ce magic4 ,! ,phili/9e div9]s d inde$ haz>d ! ?\ght t ! plague may h be5 a m]e #8*ance t happ5$ to u'1 & s fa9tly =e%ad[ a belief 9 ! natural causation ( epidemic disease4 ,h we suffici5t data to e/abli% ! id5tity ( ?is contagi\s pe/il5ce8 ,x broke out on ! sea-coa/ among a race ( m>itime trad]s1 & spread f ! coa/ to o!r inl& t[ns4 ,x la/$ m ?an sev5 mon?s4 ,x took on two =ms1 a sev]e type ) e>ly dea?1 & a less fatal type1 9 :i* swell+s 7s-call$ em]ods7 develop$ 9 ! secret p>ts1 a compreh5sive t]m :i* habitually includ$ ! :ole area adjac5t to ! g5itals1 & !re9 ! gro9s4 ,on ^! data alone x is difficult to avoid ! conclusion t x 0 true ori5tal plague1 ) a proportion ( bubonic cases1 a disease t ?r\gh\t its record$ hi/ory has hugg$ ?is corn] ( ! ,levant4 ,votive (f]+s = ! heal+ ( disease g5]ally portray$ ! "p diseas$1 r ?an ! actual disease1 ! latt] s (t5 defy+ pla/ic repres5tation4 ,b1 9 ! case ( a simple swell+1 x is natural t ! disease itself %\ld be modell$4 ,x is tempt+ to ass]t ) confid5ce a direct causal connexion betwe5 ! morbid swell+s & ! mice1 = rats & mice 7 ill di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r until rec5t times4 ,! matt] is fur!r complicat$ by ! fact t !re is consid]able d\bt z to ! au!nticity ( p>ts1 at lea/1 ( ! n>rative4 ,! composition ( ! ,books ( ,samuel rang$ ov] "s sev5 c5turies1 f #ijj-bjj ,b4,c41 & ! m\se /ory is believ$ to be a late int]polation1 ( :i* x is impossible to fix ! date4 ,b 9 ! text1 z x /&s1 ! mice are designat$ #8mice t m> ! l&'1 & anci5t lit]ature ab\nds 9 records ( appall+ deva/ation ( crops by ! ag5cy ( field-mice4 ,aelian1#af ,ari/otle1#ag ,/rabo1#ah ,!ophra/us1 ,pl9y1 & o!rs te/ify to ?is4 ,loeffl]#ai gives an acc\nt ( a ,!ssalian corn-h>ve/ de/roy$ by a horde ( field-voles1 a field be+ completely deva/at$ 9 a s+le night4 ,mice 71 9 fact1 "o prom95t cause ( ! fam9e-plagues#bj ( hi/ory4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 x helps u to und]/& ano!r ,biblical pe/il5ce1 t fell on ! army ( ,s5na*]ib1 9 #gja ,b4,c41 at ,pelusium4 ,?is campaign ( ,s5na*]ib 0 und]tak5 to quell a g5]al revolt ( ! we/]n /ates aga9/ ,assyrian supremacy & ! paym5t ( tribute to ! ,assyrian k+4 ,! revolt 0 fom5t$1 seem+ly1 by ,m]oda*-,baladan1 :om ,s>gon _h ou/$ f ! k+%ip ( ,babylon1 & :o n[ drew ,hezekiah into ! revolt4 ,he s5t an embassy ) gifts to ,hezekiah1 nom9ally to congratulate him on 8 recov]y f a sev]e illness1 :i* ! ,bible n>rative t]ms #8a boil'4 ,?is may p]haps indicate true pu/ul> plague1 b =ms ( boil 7e4 g4 ,baghdad boil71 q di/9ct f plague1 are famili> occurr5ces 9 sev]al regions ( ! ,ea/4 ,s5na*]ib fir/ cru%$ ,m]oda*-,baladan1 & !n advanc$ aga9/ ,hezekiah1 :o at once call$ on ,tirhaquah1 ! ,e?iopian vic]oy ( ,egypt1 = help4 ,at ! pit*$ battle ( ,altaku ,s5na*]ib defeat$ ,tirhaquah1 & %ut up ,hezekiah 9 ,j]usalem1 to :i* he proce$$ to lay siege4 ,meantime ,tirhaquah ralli$ 8 army & aga9 advanc$ to ! aid ( ,hezekiah1 s t ,s5na*]ib 0 compell$ to m>* s\? aga9/ him4 ,at ,pelusium1 on ! bord] ( ,egypt1 ,s5na*]ib's army 0 sudd5ly de/roy$ by a pe/il5ce1 t compell$ him to )draw ! remnant at once to ,assyria4 #8,& x came to pass t night1 t ! angel ( ! ,"l w5t out1 & smote 9 ! camp ( ! ,assyrians an hundr$ f\rscore & five ?\s&3 & :5 !y arose e>ly 9 ! morn+1 behold1 !y 7 all dead corpses4'#ba ,isaiah confirms 9 detail ! n>rative ( ! ,book ( ,k+s1 & ! ,*aldaean *ronicl]1 ,b]osus1 9 a fragm5t pres]v$ by ,josephus1 /ates also t ,s5na*]ib 0 driv5 back by pe/il5ce4 ,! prism inscriptions ( ,s5na*]ib are *>act]i/ically sil5t on ! subject3 !y tell only h[ he %ut up ,hezekiah 9 ,j]usalem1 l a bird 9 a cage4 ,pelusium has an evil reputation 9 ! annals ( pe/il5ce4 ,procopius cites x z ! />t+-po9t ( ,ju/9ian's plague4 ,!re1 too1 "o ( ! ,crusad+ exp$itions develop$ plague2 & aga91 9 ,a4,d4 #agii1 ! army ( ,napoleon 0 infect$ !re & c>ri$ ! disease into ,syria4 ,! explanation is n f> to seek4 ,! ea/]n & s\!rn coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & m p>ticul>ly ,syria1 ,egypt1 & ,libya1 7 ! po9ts to :i* ! m]*ants ( ! ,ea/ br\ght _! m]*&ise = ex*ange ) t ( ! ,we/4 ,f "t immemorial ,arab c>avans & camels _h trav]s$ well-worn trade r\tes f ! ,ea/ abutt+ on ! ,m$it]ranean at ,tyre1 ,sidon1 & ,pelusium1 & lat] at ,alex&ria4 ,9 ^! meet+-places ( ,ea/ & ,we/1 z also at ,con/ant9ople1 plague w\ld mo/ readily1 & actually did1 f9d a foot+4 ,possibly ! ea/]n ,delta may h be5 an endemic c5tre1 b m likely1 z 0 believ$ 9 ! late ,*9ese plague1 a di/ribut+ c5tre 0 an orig9al s\rce4 ,byron 9 8 l9es 9 ! ,hebrew ,melodies on ! #8,de/ruction ( ,s5na*]ib' has caught ! passionate note ( f]vid patriotism1 on :i* ! *os5 race celebrat$ _! deliv]ance f ! hea!n enemy by ! might ( _! own ,god1 & has reta9$ ! imag]y & simple diction ( ! ,bible /ory3 ,= ! ,angel ( ,dea? spread 8 w+s on ! bla/1 ,& brea!d on ! face ( ! foe z he pass$3 ,& ! eyes ( ! sleep]s wax'd deadly & *ill1 ,& _! he>ts b once heav$1 & = ev] grew /ill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& ! might ( ! ,g5tile1 unsmote by ! sword1 ,ha? melt$ l sn[ 9 ! glance ( ! ,"l4 ,h]odotus#bb relates t ! tradition ( ?is wond]ful deliv]ance liv$ on 9 ,egypt also4 ,8 cic]one 9 ! temple ( ,ptah at ,memphis told him ! foll[+ tale4 #8,! next k+ 0 a prie/ ( ,vulcan1 call$ ,se?os4 ,?is mon>* despis$ & neglect$ ! w>rior class ( ! ,egyptians1 z ?\gh he did n ne$ _! s]vices4 ,among o!r indignities :i* he (f]$ !m1 he took f !m ! l&s :i* !y possess$ "u all ! previ\s k+s1 consi/+ ( twelve acres ( *oice l& = ea* w>rior4 ,aft]w>ds1 !re=e1 :5 ,s5na*]ib1 k+ ( ! ,arabians & ,assyrians1 m>*$ 8 va/ army into ,egypt1 ! w>riors "o & all refus$ to come to 8 aid4 ,on ?is ! mon>*1 greatly di/ress$1 ent]$ into ! inn] sanctu>y1 & be=e ! image ( ! god bewail$ ! fate t imp5d$ ov] him4 ,z he wept he fell asleep1 & dream$ t ! god came & /ood at 8 side1 bidd+ him be ( good *e]1 & g boldly =? to meet ! ,arabian ho/1 :i* w\ld d him no hurt1 z he himself w\ld s5d ^? :o %\ld help him4 ,se?os !n1 rely+ on ! dream1 collect$ su* ( ! ,egyptians z 7 will+ to foll[ him1 :o 7 none ( !m w>riors1 b trad]s1 artisans1 & m>ket p1 & ) ^! m>*$ to ,pelusium1 :i* comm&s ! entrance into ,egypt1 & !re pit*$ 8 camp4 ,z ! two armies lay "h opposite "o ano!r1 !re came 9 ! night a multitude ( field-mice1 :i* dev\r$ all ! quiv]s & b[-/r+s ( ! enemy & ate ! ?ongs by :i* !y manag$ _! %ields4 ,next morn+ !y comm5c$ _! flight1 & great multitudes fell1 z !y _h no arms ) :i* to def5d !mselves4 ,!re /&s to ?is day 9 ! temple ( ,vulcan a /one /atue ( ,se?os1 ) a m\se 9 8 h&1 & an inscription to ?is effect3 8,look on me & le>n to rev]5ce ! gods40' ,/rabo#bc has a /ory ( mice eat+ up ! b[-/r+s1 & a v>iant ( x appe>s also 9 ,*9ese annals1#bd s t x may be reg>d$ z m]ely a figurative expression = "s provid5tial deliv]ance f an enemy1 & 9 ! case ( ,s5na*]ib ! m$ium ( deliv]ance 0 pe/il5ce4 ,x is impossible to say ^: 0 ! /atue ,h]odotus ascribes to ,se?os1 = no k+ ,se?os is kn[n 9 ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,p]haps x 0 a /atue ( ,horus1 ! ,egyptian equival5t ( ,apollo1 or n impossibly ( ,apollo himself1 = we h abundant evid5ce ( ! association ( ! m\se ) ,apollo4 ,9 ! pe/il5ce ( ! ,iliad1#be ,*ryses addresses him z ,m\se-,god 774 ,/rabo says t ! /atue ( ,apollo ,sm9!us 9 ,*rysa1 a t[n ( ! ,troad1 _h a m\se b5ea? 8 foot3 s also has a bronze co9 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,de ,witte#bf has figur$ co9s ( ,alex&ria1 ! m anci5t ,hamaxitus1 9 ! ,troad1 9 :i* ,apollo ,sm9!us is repres5t$ ) 8 b[1 & a m\se on 8 h&4 ,aelian#bg says t an effigy ( ! m\se /ood beside ! tripod ( ,apollo4 ,an anci5t bas-relief1 ( unc]ta9 date1 illu/rat+ ! ,hom]ic plague & ! (f]+s ( ! ,greeks to ,apollo ,sm9!us1 also %[s a m\se on a tripod4 ,ano!r %[s ,apollo ) a m\se b5ea? 8 *93 s1 too1 does a co9 ( ,t5$os4 ,:ite mice 7 actually kept b5ea? ! alt> 9 ! temple ( ,apollo ,sm9!us at ,hamaxitus1 & 7 f$ at ! public exp5se4 ,/rabo#bh says t ! wor%ip ( ,apollo ,sm9!us ext5d$ to ! :ole coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or & to ! neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,_m votive (f]+s 9 ! =m ( mice h be5 f\nd1 at ,alex&ria ,troas1#bi 9 ,pale/9e1#cj & else:]e1 & ,/rabo sugge/s t ! wor%ip ( mice orig9at$ 9 a desire to propitiate mice1 s z to induce !m n to ravage ! cornfields4 ,! propitiation ( animals1#ca & p>ticul>ly ( ^? t infe/ ! crops1 is common 9 ! wor%ip ( primitive m54 ,! ,phili/9es are said to h made images ( ! mice t m>r$ _! l&1 & s5t !m out ( _! c\ntry1 s z to induce ! real mice to dep>t also4 ,9 a lat] /age ( wor%ip1 :5 a god has supplant$ ! animal1 ! god is propitiat$ in/ead ( ! pe/ itself3 h5ce ,m\se ,apollo1#cb ,locu/ ,apollo1#cc ,wolf ,apollo1#cd & ,zeus ,av]t] ( ,flies4#ce ,ev5 l[li] pe/s are absorb$ into ! godhead1 s t we h ,apollo ,ery?ibius#cf 7 mildew71 & ! ,romans p]sonifi$ x & wor%ipp$ x z ,robigus#cg 7robigo mildew74 ,! ,*ams ( ,indo-,*9a (f] sacrifices to a rude pill>-idol1 call$ ,yang-tikuh 7god-rat71 :5 sw>ms ( rats infe/ ! fields4#ch ,?us ,apollo seems to /& 9 ! same relation to ! m\se1 z ,asclepius to ! s]p5t4 ,he n only s5ds pe/il5ce1 b also w>ds x (f bo? f man & f crops4 ,& view+ all ! facts we may conclude ) "s c]ta9ty t ! association ( mice ) fam9e-pe/il5ce 0 well recogniz$1 b ( any k at ?is "t ( ! association ( rats ) plague !re is little evid5ce4 ,plut>*#ci ass]ts t ! ,p]sian ,magi kill$ all _! mice & rats1 because !y & ! gods !y wor%ipp$ ent]ta9$ a natural antipa?y to !m1 a feel+ :i*1 he says1 !y %>$ ) ! ,arabians & ,e?iopians4 ,"o is curi\s to "k :at may h be5 ! real gr\nd ( ?is antipa?y1 = :i* ,plut>* advances ! curr5t explanation4 ,m ?an likely x 0 t exp]i5ce _h taught ^! nations ! relation ( ^! animals to fam9e & p]haps to pe/il5ce z well4 ,ni*olas ,p\ss9 7#aeic-affe7 pa9t$ a picture1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 ( ! plague ( ,a%dod4 ,an inf]ior replica hangs 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 & yet ano!r 9 ! ,academy at ,lisbon4 ,horror is ! dom9ant note ( a composition t is full ( movem5t4 ,high up betwe5 ! columns ( a temple /&s ! ark ( ,god4 ,beside x ! body ( ,dagon lies pro/rate on its p$e/al1 ) head & h&s ly+ bel[4 ,a prie/ po9ts out ) 8 h& ! mutilat$ image to a gr\p ( awe-/rick5 m51 :o f _! air ( au?ority seem to be eld]s ( ! p4 ,a sw>m ( rats has invad$ ! t[n4 ,! /reets are /rewn ) dead & dy+ ( ea* sex & ( e age1 & be>]s c>ry away ! corpses4 ,brok5 columns1 ly+ "h & !re among ! plague-/rick51 height5 ! s5se ( dea? & de/ruction4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! =egr\nd is a gr\p t ,p\ss9 has borr[$ f ,raphael4 ,a woman ) b>$ brea/s lies dead betwe5 h] two infants3 "o is dead1 ! o!r is approa*+ ! dead "m's brea/4 ,! fa!r /oops d[n ) h& /ret*$ out to hold x back3 ) 8 o!r he muffles 8 m\? & nose to %ut out infection4 ,to ! "r ano!r man holds back an old] *ild :o is com+ t[>ds ! dead woman4 ,"o man is huddl$ up 9 a dy+ convulsion1 ano!r lies exhau/$ on a brok5 pill>4 ,on ! /eps a sick man implores assi/ance f "o :o hurries pa/ him to avoid infection4 ,to ! left a man ) pity depict$ on 8 face reg>ds ano!r wri?+ 9 agony4 ,! :ole sc5e is set 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[n 9 an op5 space surr\nd$ by massive build+s 9 ! classical /yle t ,p\ss9 acquir$ among ! ru9$ monum5ts ( ,rome4 ,none ( ! bodies %[ any di/9ctive signs ( plague1 ! disease cle>ly indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( sw>ms ( rats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,,plague ,,( ,,a%dod4 ,,by ,n4 ,,p\ss9 ,photograph by ,giraudon1 ,p>is 7,face ,page #ah7 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,,plague ,,( ,,david4 ,,by ,p4 ,,mign>d 7,face ,page #ai7 ,"o o!r ,biblical#dj pe/il5ce1 ! plague ( ,david1 pres5ts to u ano!r & m endur+ image ( pe/il5ce1 & repres5ts also a /age at :i* religion has sup]s$$ magic4 ,david1 9 puni%m5t = 8 presumption 9 numb]+ ! p1 is giv5 ! *oice ( sev5 ye>s ( fam9e1 ?ree mon?s ( flee+ be=e 8 enemies1 or ?ree days ( pe/il5ce4 ,he *ose ! la/1 & sev5ty ?\s& ( 8 p p]i%$4 #8,& ,david lift$ up 8 eyes1 & saw ! ,angel ( ! ,"l /& betwe5 ! e>? & ! heav51 hav+ a drawn sword 9 8 h& /ret*$ out ov] ,j]usalem4' #8,& :5 ! angel /ret*$ out 8 h& ^u ,j]usalem to de/roy x1' ,god *eck$ him by ! ?re%+-floor ( ,araunah ! ,jebusite4 #8,& ! ,"l comm&$ ! angel2 & he put up 8 sword aga9 into ! %ea? !re(4' ,!n ! prophet ,gad told ,david to set up an alt> 9 ! ?re%+-floor ( ,araunah4 ,s ,david b\ght x & set up an alt> & (f]$ sacrifice to ,god1 & ! plague 0 /ay$3 on ! site ( ?is alt> ,solomon built ! ,temple4 ,"h aga9 pe/il5ce figures z a signal evid5ce ( ,god's displeasure4 ,an angel is ! ag5t by :i* ,he spreads ! plague1 & ! drawn sword1 ,israel's fav\rite weapon1 replaces ! b[ & arr[4 ,! %ea?+ ( ! sword is ! sign t ! pe/il5ce is end$4 ,?is imag]y appe>s aga9 & aga9 9 ,*ri/ian lit]ature & art1 & seems to h its orig9 "h4 ,angels are a beautiful fancy ( all religions ( ! ,ea/4 ,s vivid is ! primitive conception ( pe/il5ce1 t we f9d x p]sonifi$ f e>lie/ times3 n[ z an ar*]-god3 n[ z "o walk+ 9 d>kness3 n[ z an angel ) drawn sword4 ,david (f]s ! same expiatory sacrifice & re>s a commemorative alt>1 z 0 done 9 ! plague ( ,a%dod4 ,pi]re ,mign>d 7#afaj-ie7 has pa9t$ ! plague ( ,david4 ,! orig9al is lo/1 b an engrav+ by ,audran is to be _h at ! ,*alcographie ( ! ,l\vre4 ,z ) ,p\ss91 ! sc5e is set ) a backgr\nd ( classical ar*itecture1 b ! r5d]+ ( ! figures %[s little trace ( classical feel+4 ,! c5tral !me is ! idea ( devotion 9 ! pres5ce ( suff]+4 ,an angel 9 ! sky is p\r+ =? sulphur\s fumes f two vessels1 z brim/one & fire 7 ra9$ d[n ^u ,sodom & ,gomorrah4 ,on ! p]i/yle ( a temple ,k+ ,david (f]s sacrifices ( atonem5t to /ay ! plague1 :ile ! p pro/rate !mselves 9 attitudes ( supplication ar\nd ! /eps ( ! temple4 ,9 ! backgr\nd is a cascade ( wat] fall+ into a bas91 beside :i* "o man lies dy+1 :ile o!rs endeav\r to slake _! ?ir/4 ,two m5 ha/5 =w>d to drive !m f ! bas91 be=e !y pollute its wat]4 ,?is incid5t is d]iv$ ) "s lic5ce ( int]pretation f ! n>rative ( ,?ucydides4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! picture1 rem9isc5t ( ,raphael1 a "y woman lies dy+ 9 h] husb&'s arms1 h] dead *ild /ill /ret*$ across h] knees4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is a *>coal brazi] giv+ (f purify+ fumes4 ,ne> x a doctor1 :o has j incis$ a bubo 9 a woman's armpit1 falls back 9 a /ate ( collapse1 dropp+ 8 bi/\ry & b[l1 :ile 8 assi/ant1 :o is /ill hold+ ! woman's arm away f h] side1 grasps at 8 ma/] to prev5t him fall+4 ,a by/&] makes (f 9 horrifi$ dismay4 ,compassion & c[>dice are "h rang$ side by side4 ,to ! "r two m5 are di/ribut+ food & m$ic9e to ! sick4 ,an att5dant kneels to (f] a /rick5 man a cup ( wat]1 :ile a tor*-be>] foll[s ) a light$ tor* to dis9fect ! air4 ,close beside !m lies a dog dead4 ,to ! left "o "y woman is giv+ "s rem$y 9 a spoon to ano!r /ret*$ on ! gr\nd1 :ile beh9d !m /& a woman & *ild1 bo? 9 te>s4 ,deta*$ incid5ts fill 9 ! picture4 ,a woman grasps a deliri\s man z he escapes f 8 h\se4 ,a man c>ries (f a girl 9 8 arms4 ,a woman te>s h] hair ov] ! dead body ( h] *ild4 ,a woman draws up food to h] w9d[ ) basket & cord4 ,) ! exception ( ! plague ( ,a%dod1 x is difficult to haz>d a guess at ! nature ( ^! ,biblical plagues4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,old ,te/am5t1 sword1 fam9e1 & pe/il5ce are habitually l9k$ toge!r4 ,z plague has foll[$ ! flag ( comm]ce1 s fam9e & typhus h foll[$ ! flag ( w>4 ,dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> ! :ole ( ,c5tral ,europe 0 deva/at$ by fam9e & typhus4 ,!y 7 rampant 9 ! wake ( ,napoleon's armies1 & ?\s&s p]i%$ ( typhus dur+ ! retreat f ,mosc[4 ,9 ! ,crimea typhus decimat$ ! ill-f$ army ( ! ,fr5*1 & only to-day1 z x 71 h we le>nt t ! body-l\se /&s z ! connect+ l9k betwe5 fam9e & typhus4 ,! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,irel&1 ev5 :5 w> 0 abs5t1 0 an almo/ unbrok5 record ( fam9e & typhus1 & ,irel& 0 quit ( epidemic typhus only :5 %e _h s wid5$ h] area ( supplies z to ensure immunity f fam9e4 ,= h] deliv]ance f typhus ,irel& is behold5 to h] potatoes1 n to h] physicians4 ,9 ! light !n ( ! evid5ce ( mod]n hi/ory1 typhus may well h figur$ prom95tly 9 ! li/ ( ,biblical plagues4 ,/ill !re are n want+ _m in/ances 9 :i* true plague has foll[$ h>d on ! heels ( fam9e2 & 9 ,india *ol]a & dys5t]y only too (t5 appe>1 to complete ! "w t fam9e has b half done4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,metamorphoses1 vii4 #ebj4 #b ,hi/4 ,francorum1 x4 #a4 #c ,de ,ge/is ,langob>dorum1 iii4 #bd4 #d ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,e9 ,besu* 9 ,san ,salvador1 p4 #cah2 & ,fraz]1 ,comm5t>y on ,pausanias1 ii4 #aj4 #c4 #e ,! ,great ,african ,isl&1 p4 #bfh4 #f ,gordon ,cumm+1 ,9 ! ,hebrides1 pp4 #ec seq4 #g ,ari/ophanes1 ,plutus1 #gcc4 #h ,fraz]1 ,pausanias1 ii4 #b4 #h4 #i ,gordon ,cumm+1 loc4 cit4 #aj ,iliad1 i4 #dd seq4 #aa ,d]by1 ,hom]'s ,iliad4 #ab ,,vii4 xi4 #b1 tr4 ,bloomfield4 #ac ,synonym = ,rudra4 #ad ,synonym = ,rudra4 #ae ,a?>vav$a1 ,v4 xi4 #aj4 #af xvii4 #da4 #ag ,hi/4 ,anim4 vi4 #cg4 #ehj ,b4 #ah ,geographica1 xiii4 #a4 #dh1 & iii4 #ajd4 #ai ,zoologi/1 ,septemb] #ahib4 #bj ,/rabo1 ,geographica1 iii4 #ajd4 #ba #b ,k+s xix4 #ce4 #bb ii4 #ada2 & ,rawl9son's ,h]odotus1 ed4 #ahhj1 vol4 ii4 #bai-bj4 #bc ,geographica1 xiii4 #fd4 #bd ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #a/ s]ies1 iii4 #cjg4 #be i4 #ci4 #bf ,revue ,numismatique1 ,n4,s4 iii4 #bg ,nat4 ,anim4 xii4 #e4 #bh ,geographica1 xiii4 #a4 #fd4 #bi ,newton1 ,travels & ,discov]ies 9 ! ,levant1 i4 #acj4 #cj ,?omas1 ,two ,ye>s 9 ,pale/9e1 p4 #f4 #ca ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ed4 #aijj1 ii4 #dbc4 #cb ,iliad1 i4 #ci4 #cc ,/rabo1 loc4 cit4 #cd ,aes*ylus1 ,!b4 #ade4 #ce ,pausanias1 v4 #ad4 #a4 #cf ,/rabo1 loc4 cit4 #cg ,v>ro1 ,r]um ru/ic>um i4 #a4 #f4 #ch ,aymoni]1 ,revue de l'hi/oire des religions1 xxiv 7#ahia7 #bcf4 #ci ,morals3 ,essay on ,envy & ,hatr$4 #dj #b ,samuel xxiv2 & #a ,*ronicles xxi4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! conception ( pe/il5ce z a puni%m5t = s9 is z prom95t 9 ,greek z 9 ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,we h se5 x 9 ! ,hom]ic /ory1 & we see x aga91 :]e we %\ld less expect x1 9 ,sophocles4 ,pe/il5ce /ill c5tres r\nd ! p]sonality ( ,apollo1 b :]eas 9 ,hom] ,apollo /ays ! plague1 9 ,sophocles he is appeal$ to only = k1 :]eby to /ay x4 ,hom] end[s him ) special p[]1 ,sophocles only ) special k4 ,9 ,hom] he is ! god ( ! bright light 771 t dispels ! d>kness ( pe/il5ce3 9 ,sophocles 8 is ! light t illum9es ! d>k places ( m9d4 ,! ,o$ipus ,tyrannus seems to h be5 fir/ publicly p]=m$ betwe5 #dbi-dbj ,b4,c41 possibly !re=e be=e ! plague ( ,a!ns _h f9ally di$ out4 ,sophocles is c]ta9ly n describ+ ! plague ( ,a!ns 9 ! guise ( a ,!ban plague1 b x mu/ ne$s h col\r$ 8 ?\ghts z well z ^? ( 8 audi5ce4 ,8 description ( ! pe/il5ce blight+ ! crops1 & caus+ murra9 among cattle & disease & dea? among m51 sugge/s "o ( ! fam9e plagues common 9 anci5t hi/ory4 ,hesiod#da 0 n unaw>e ( !m 7 74 ,sophocles is ! fir/ writ] to attempt ev5 9 outl9e a description ( pe/il5ce1 & 9 do+ s he has drawn ! picture ( pe/il5ce s5t by ! gods = ! puni%m5t ( s94 ,! way ( atonem5t is s\ght = at ,delphi1 & p5d+ ?is k supplication is made to ,a!na1 ,artemis1 & ,apollo1 ! deities :o control pe/il5ce & h ! plague-/rick5 city 9 _! special keep+4 ,"h is ! invocation to ,apollo1 ! ,delian ,heal]3 ,%[] f ! gold5 /r+ ,?9e arr[s1 ,lycian ,k+4 ,o ,phoebe1 let ?y fi]y lances fly ,resi/less1 z !y rove ,?r\gh ,xan?us' m\nta9-grove6 ,o ,!ban ,bac*us ( ! lu/r\s eye1 ,) tor* & troop+ ,ma5ads & bright cr[n1 ,blaze on ! god :om all 9 ,heav5 dis[n4#db ,set 9 ?is ar*aic atmosph]e ! ,o$ipus ,tyrannus reads /range beside ! reali/ic record ( ,?ucydides1 publi%$ only a few ye>s lat]4 ,b ,sophocles has giv5 only 9 outl9e :at ,?ucydides has giv5 9 arre/+ detail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! hi/orian1 ! physician1 & ! man ( lett]s1 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,?ucydides ( ! plague ( ,a!ns1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 mu/ /& = all "t z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable docum5ts 9 ! :ole annals ( pe/il5ce4 ,9 view ( ! mu* great] /r5g? ( ! ,lac$aemonian l&-=ce1 x 0 ! unwav]+ policy ( ,p]icles to keep ! ,a!nians )9 _! walls1 all[+ ! ,lac$aemonians to exhau/ !mselves 9 deva/at+ ,attic t]ritory1 :ile retaliat+ on ! coa/s ( ,peloponnesus by ! ,a!nian fleet4 ,ea* ye>1 at ! approa* ( ! ,lac$aemonian army1 ! inhabitants ( ,attica flock$ )9 ! walls ( ,a!ns1 br++ ) !m all _! movable prop]ty1 aft] s5d+ _! %eep & cattle to ,euboea & ! neighb\r+ isl&s1 s t ! add$ horror ( a great epizootic 0 av]t$4 ,! great] numb] encamp$ 9 ! vacant spaces ( ! city & ,piraeus1 & 9 & ar\nd ! num]\s temples4 ,"s h\s$ _! families 9 ! t[]s & recesses ( ! city walls1 or 9 %$s1 cab9s1 t5ts1 or ev5 tubs1 dispos$ ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! long walls4 ,?is 0 ! ov]cr[d$ /ate ( beleagu]$ ,a!ns1 :5 pe/il5ce broke out 9 ! second ye> ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> 7#dcj ,b4,c471 putt+ ! policy ( ,p]icles to a crucial te/4 ,aft] ravag+ ! pla91 ! ,peloponnesians deva/at$ ! coa/l&s ( ,attica1 fir/ on ! s\? coa/1 & !n on ! nor?4 ,p]icles =?) equipp$ an ,a!nian naval squadron1 & laun*$ 8 c\nt]/roke aga9/ ! ,peloponnese4 ,?is fleet c>ri$ #d1jjj hoplites & #cjj cavalry1 :o ravag$ ! di/rict r\nd ,epidaurus1 & o!r t[ns on ! adjac5t coa/4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 despite ! rum\r to ! contr>y1 :i* ,?ucydides fai?fully records1 t nei!r ! pe/il5ce nor ! op]ations ( ?is exp$ition>y =ce actually accel]at$ ! dep>ture ( ! ,lac$aemonians1 = !y /ay$ #dj days1 :i* 0 long] ?an any o!r /ay4 ,pe/il5ce broke out 9 ?is exp$ition>y =ce1 & is d\btless ! reason t x return$ )\t accompli%+ m4 ,plut>* inde$ says t ! ,a!nians w\ld h captur$ ,epidaurus1 b = ?is outbreak ( sickness4 ,! ,a!nians also s5t ano!r fleet ?is same summ] aga9/ ,potidaea 9 ,?race1 :i* 0 already und]go+ a siege at ! h&s ( an ,a!nian army4 ,pe/il5ce work$ fe>ful havoc 9 ?is supplem5t>y =ce & spread f x to ! troops :o 7 already !re1 involv+ a mortality ( #a1jej out ( a total ( #d1jjj hoplites1 s t ! exp$ition 0 compell$ to return & leave ! siege to ! troops t 7 !re be=e !m4 ,9 _! despair ! ,a!nians v5t$ _! angry feel+s on ,p]icles1 j z p]sons 9 a delirium1 says ,plut>*1#dc turn on _! physician or _! fa!r4 ,!y urg$ t ! pe/il5ce 0 due to coop+ up 9 ! city 9 /ifl+ huts a rural population accu/om$ to an op5-air exi/5ce1 s t !y convey$ infection to "o ano!r4 ,b popul> res5tm5t subsid$ z quickly z x arose4 ,9 a noble spee*1 :i* ,?ucydides reproduces at l5g?1 ,p]icles wean$ !m to a bett] m9d4 ,8 own dome/ic suff]+s may h /irr$ _! sympa?y4 ,he lo/ ( ! pe/il5ce 8 only two legitimate sons1 ,xan?ippus & ,p>alus1 8 si/]1 & _m relatives & fri5ds4 ,! dea? ( 8 fav\rite son1 ,p>alus1 left him ) no legitimate heir to ma9ta9 ! family & ! h]$it>y sacr$ rites4 #8,t bl['1 says ,plut>*1#dd #8cru%$ him to e>?4 ,he /ruggl$ inde$ to pres]ve 8 wont$ impassiv5ess & to ma9ta9 8 s]5e composure4 ,b1 z he laid a wrea? ^u ! body & look$ ^u 8 dead1 ! angui% ( x all ov]:elm$ him1 & he bur/ out wail+ & sobb+ bitt]ly--a ?+ :i* 9 all 8 life he _h nev] be=e done4' ,! spectacle ( ?is pr\d1 res]v$ man1 ?is man :o _h /ood firm z a rock amid ! ris+ tide ( popul> res5tm5t1 humbl$ be=e ,god1 humiliat$ be=e man1 z ! iron se>$ 8 inn]mo/ s\l1 is "o ( ! mo/ mov+ pictures 9 all hi/ory & lit]ature4 ,my ,god has b[$ me d[n to :at ,i am1 ,my solitude & grief h br\ght me l[4 #8,%ortly aft] ?is1 x appe>s1 ! pe/il5ce laid hold on ,p]icles4 ,! attack 0 n1 z 9 o!r cases1 %>p & sev]e4 ,x took ! =m ( an ailm5t1 slight b protract$ ?r\gh a v>iety ( phases1 :i* sl[ly wa/$ 8 /r5g? & und]m9$ ! vig\r ( 8 m9d4' ,b if we may judge by ! acc\nts ( 8 dea?-b$ giv5 by ,plut>* himself1 & by ,!ophra/us 9 8 ,e?ics1 8 m9d 0 free f any ta9t ( insanity4 ,! fir/ outbreak ( pe/il5ce la/$ = two ye>s1 f ! spr+ ( #dcj ,b4,c4 to t ( #dbh ,b4,c41 !n came a p>tial1 b n complete1 abatem5t = "o & a half ye>s1 foll[$ by ano!r outbreak 9 #dbg ,b4,c4 :i* la/$ a ye>4 #8,to ! p[] ( ,a!ns'1 says ,?ucydides1 #8c]ta9ly no?+ 0 m ru9\s4 ,n less ?an #d1djj ,a!nian hoplites1 :o 7 on ! roll1 di$1 & also #cjj horsem51 & an incalculable numb] ( ! common p'1 e/imat$ by ,diodorus ,siculus#de at #aj1jjj freem5 & slaves4 ,bury#df puts ! total numb] ( ,a!nian burgh]s 7( bo? sexes & all ages7 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> at #ajj1jjj1 & ?is total 0 r$uc$ by ! pe/il5ce to "s #hj1jjj or less4 ,! metic class & ! slaves he e/imates r\ndly at #cj1jjj & #ajj1jjj respectively1 b beyond ! unreliable /atem5t ( ,diodorus ,siculus1 we h no index ( _! r$uction4 ,9 accept+ ! v]dict ( ,?ucydides on ! disa/r\s effects ( ! pe/il5ce on ! p[] ( ,a!ns1 we mu/ n =get t !re 7 o!r influ5ces at "w1 conspir+ to ?is same result1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* ,p]icles _h po9t$ out cle>ly 9 8 spee* be=e ! w>4 ,_h x n be5 = ^!1 ,a!ns w\ld beyond d\bt h ralli$ quickly f ! bl[1 z we %all see t o!r cities h habitually done 9 l case ) h]s4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ! epidemic broke out a second "t 9 ,a!ns _c h diff]$ greatly f ^? prevail+ at its fir/ onset1 = ?\gh x 0 w9t] & ! ,lac$aemonian army 0 n 9 ! field1 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry _h be5 deva/at$1 & mo/ ( ! peasantry mu/ /ill h be5 coop$ up1 9 a /ate ( ov]cr[d+1 )9 ! walls4 ,z ! pe/il5ce l+]$ on 9 ,a!ns1 sup]/ition laid fa/ hold on ! populace1 "u ! /ress ( _! protract$ suff]+s4 ,on ! advice ( ! oracle1 !y decid$ to purify ! isl& ( ,delos1 :i* =m]ly _h be5 d$icat$ to ,apollo1 b latt]ly _h be5 us$ z a burial-gr\nd4 ,all ! dead 7 transf]r$ to a neighb\r+ isl& ,rh5e1 & a law 0 pass$ =bidd+ h5ce=? ! burial ( a corpse or ! bir? ( a *ild 9 ,delos4 ,! neglect$ panegyric fe/ival ( ,apollo 0 also reviv$ 9 ! isl&4 ,no /one 0 left unturn$ to appease ! god1 :o1 ! ,a!nians n[ 7 p]suad$1 _h s5t !m ! di/emp]4 ,e>?quakes & inundations la/$1 z did ! pe/il5ce1 ?r\gh\t ! summ] ( #dbf ,b4,c4 ,diodorus ,siculus seems to sugge/ t ! e>?quakes 7 s5t by ,apollo1 :o _h be5 duly propitiat$1 to div]t ! ,lac$aemonians f ! invasion ( ,attica4 ,actually !y did effect ?is1 = ,agis1 ,k+ ( ,sp>ta1 ?\gh already arriv$ at ! i/hmus1 accept$ ! om5 & l$ 8 army back4 ,nei!r ,?ucydides nor ,diodorus ,siculus ass]ts any direct causal relation betwe5 ! e>?quakes & ! pe/il5ce--a belief1 :i* if n[ vaguely =e%ad[$1 took def9ite =m only at a lat] date4 ,! foll[+ is ! full n>rative#dg ( ! pe/il5ce1 z giv5 by ,?ucydides3 #8,z soon z summ] return$1 ! ,peloponnesian army1 compris+ z be=e two-?irds ( ! =ce ( ea* conf$]ate /ate1 "u ! comm& ( ! ,lac$aemonian k+ ,ar*idamus1 ! son ( ,zeuxidamus1 invad$ ,attica1 :]e !y e/abli%$ !mselves & ravag$ ! c\ntry4 ,!y _h n be5 !re _m days :5 ! plague broke out at ,a!ns = ! fir/ "t4 ,x is said to h previ\sly smitt5 _m places1 p>ticul>ly ,lemnos1 b !re is no record ( s great a pe/il5ce occurr+ else:]e1 or ( su* a de/ruction ( human life4 ,= a :ile physicians1 9 ignorance ( ! nature ( ! disease1 s\ght to apply rem$ies2 b x 0 9 va91 & !y !mselves 7 among ! fir/ victims1 because !y (t5e/ came into contact ) x4 ,no human art 0 ( any avail1 & z to supplications 9 temples1 enquiries ( oracles1 & ! l1 !y 7 utt]ly useless1 & at la/ m5 7 ov]p[]$ by ! calamity & gave !m all up4 ,! disease is said to h begun s\? ( ,egypt 9 ,e?iopia3 !nce x desc5d$ into ,egypt & ,libya1 & aft] spread+ ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,p]sian empire1 sudd5ly fell ^u ,a!ns4 ,x fir/ attack$ ! inhabitants ( ! ,piraeus1 & x 0 suppos$ t ! ,peloponnesians _h poison$ ! ci/]ns1 no conduits hav+ z yet be5 made !re4 ,x aft]w>ds rea*$ ! upp] city1 & !n ! mortality became f> great]4 ,z to its probable orig9 or ! causes :i* might or c\ld h produc$ su* a di/urbance ( nature1 e man1 :e!r a physician or n1 w give 8 own op9ion4 ,b ,i %all describe its actual "*1 & ! symptoms by :i* any "o :o kn[s !m be=eh& may recognize ! disord]1 %\ld x ev] reappe>4 ,= ,i 0 myself attack$1 & witness$ ! suff]+s ( o!rs4 ,! season 0 admitt$ to h be5 rem>kably free f ord9>y sickness2 & if anybody 0 already ill ( any o!r disease1 x 0 absorb$ 9 ?is4 ,_m :o 7 9 p]fect heal?1 all 9 a mom5t1 & )\t any app>5t reason1 7 seiz$ ) viol5t heats 9 ! head & ) r$ness & inflammation ( ! eyes4 ,int]nally ! ?roat & ! tongue 7 quickly suffus$ ) blood1 & ! brea? became unnatural & fetid4 ,!re foll[$ sneez+ & ho>s5ess2 9 a %ort "t ! disord]1 accompani$ by a viol5t c\gh1 rea*$ ! *e/2 !n fa/5+ l[] d[n1 x w\ld move ! /oma* & br+ on all ! vomits ( bile to :i* physicians h ev] giv5 names2 & !y 7 v di/ress+4 ,an ineffectual ret*+ produc+ viol5t /ra9+ attack$ mo/ ( ! suff]]s2 "s z soon z ! previ\s symptoms _h abat$1 o!rs n until long aft]w>ds4 ,! body ext]nally 0 n s v hot to ! t\*1 nor yet pale3 x 0 ( a livid col\r incl9+ to r$1 & break+ out 9 pu/ules & ulc]s4 ,b ! int]nal fev] 0 int5se3 ! suff]]s c\ld n be> to h on !m ev5 ! f9e/ l95 g>m5t4 ,!y insi/$ on be+ nak$1 & !re 0 no?+ :i* !y long$ = m eag]ly ?an to ?r[ !mselves into cold wat]4 ,& _m ( ^? :o _h no "o to look aft] !m actually plung$ into ! ci/]ns1 = !y 7 torm5t$ by unceas+ ?ir/1 :i* 0 n 9 ! lea/ assuag$ :e!r !y drank little or mu*4 ,!y c\ld n sleep3 a re/lessness :i* 0 intol]able nev] left !m4 ,:ile ! disease 0 at its height ! body1 in/ead ( wa/+ away1 held out amid ^! suff]+s 9 a m>vell\s mann]1 & ei!r !y di$ on ! sev5? or n9? day1 n ( weakness1 = _! /r5g? 0 n exhau/$1 b ( int]nal fev]1 :i* 0 ! end ( mo/2 or1 if !y surviv$1 !n ! disease desc5d$ into ! b[els & !re produc$ viol5t ulc]ation2 sev]e di>rhoea at ! same "t set 91 & at a lat] /age caus$ exhau/ion1 :i* f9ally ) few exceptions c>ri$ !m (f4 ,= ! disord] :i* _h orig9ally settl$ 9 ! head pass$ gradually ?r\gh ! :ole body1 &1 if a p]son got ov] ! wor/1 w\ld (t5 seize ! extremities & leave its m>k1 attack+ ! privy p>ts & ! f+]s & ! toes2 & "s escap$ ) ! loss ( ^!1 "s ) ! loss ( _! eyes4 ,"s aga9 _h no soon] recov]$ ?an !y 7 seiz$ ) a =getfulness ( all ?+s & knew nei!r !mselves nor _! fri5ds4 ,! malady took a =m beyond description1 & ! fury ) :i* x fa/5$ ^u ea* suff]] 0 too mu* = human nature to endure4 ,!re 0 "o circum/ance 9 p>ticul> :i* di/+ui%$ x f ord9>y diseases4 ,! birds & animals :i* fe$ on human fle%1 al?\gh s _m bodies 7 ly+ unburi$1 ei!r nev] came ne> !m1 or di$ if !y t\*$ !m4 ,?is 0 prov$ by a rem>kable disappe>ance ( ! birds ( prey1 :o 7 n to be se5 ei!r ab\t ! bodies or any:]e else3 :ile 9 ! case ( ! dogs ! fact 0 ev5 m obvi\s1 because !y live ) man4 ,su* 0 ! g5]al nature ( ! disease3 ,i omit _m /range peculi>ities :i* *>act]iz$ individual cases4 ,none ( ! ord9>y sicknesses attack$ any "o :ile x la/$1 or if !y did1 !y end$ 9 ! plague4 ,"s ( ! suff]]s di$ f want ( c>e1 o!rs equally :o 7 receiv+ ! greate/ att5tion4 ,no s+le rem$y c\ld be deem$ a specific3 = t :i* did good to "o did h>m to ano!r4 ,no con/itution 0 ( itself /rong en\gh to resi/ or weak en\gh to escape ! attacks3 ! disease c>ri$ (f all alike & defi$ e mode ( treatm5t4 ,mo/ appall+ 0 ! despond5cy :i* seiz$ ^u any "o :o felt himself sick5+3 = he in/antly ab&on$ 8 m9d to despair &1 in/ead ( hold+ out1 absolutely ?rew away 8 *ance ( life4 ,appall+ too 0 ! rapidity ) :i* m5 caught ! infection3 dy+ l %eep if !y att5d$ on "o ano!r3 & ?is 0 ! pr9cipal cause ( mortality4 ,:5 !y 7 afraid to visit "o ano!r1 ! suff]]s di$ 9 _! solitude1 s t _m h\ses 7 empty because !re _h be5 no "o left to take c>e ( ! sick2 or if !y v5tur$ !y p]i%$1 especially ^? :o aspir$ to h]oism4 ,= !y w5t to see _! fri5ds )\t ?\ght ( !mselves & 7 a%am$ to leave !m1 ev5 at a "t :5 ! v relations ( ! dy+ 7 at la/ gr[+ we>y & ceas$ to make lam5tations1 ov]:elm$ by ! va/ness ( ! calamity4 ,b :atev] in/ances !re may h be5 ( su* devotion1 m (t5 ! sick & ! dy+ 7 t5d$ by ! pity+ c>e ( ^? :o _h recov]$1 because !y knew ! c\rse ( ! disease & 7 !mselves free f appreh5sion4 ,= no "o 0 ev] attack$ a second "t1 or ) a fatal result4 ,all m5 congratulat$ !m1 & !y !mselves1 9 ! excess ( _! joy at ! mom5t1 _h an innoc5t fancy t !y c\ld n die ( any o!r sickness4 ,! cr[d+ ( ! p out ( ! c\ntry into ! city aggravat$ ! mis]y2 & ! newly-arriv$ suff]$ mo/4 ,=1 hav+ no h\ses ( _! own1 b inhabit+ 9 ! height ( summ] /ifl+ huts1 ! mortality among !m 0 dreadful1 & !y p]i%$ 9 wild disord]4 ,! dead lay z !y _h di$1 "o ^u ano!r1 :ile o!rs h>dly alive wall[$ 9 ! /reets & crawl$ ab\t e f\nta9 crav+ = wat]4 ,! temples 9 :i* !y lodg$ 7 full ( ! corpses ( ^? :o di$ 9 !m3 = ! viol5ce ( ! calamity 0 su* t m51 n kn[+ :]e to turn1 grew reckless ( all law1 human & div9e4 ,! cu/oms :i* _h hi!rto be5 obs]v$ at fun]als 7 univ]sally violat$1 & !y buri$ _! dead ea* "o z be/ he c\ld4 ,_m1 hav+ no prop] appliances1 because ! dea?s 9 _! h\sehold _h be5 s frequ5t1 made no scruple ( us+ ! burial-place ( o!rs4 ,:5 "o man _h rais$ a fun]al pile1 o!rs w\ld come1 & ?r[+ on _! dead fir/1 set fire to x2 or :5 "s o!r corpse 0 already burn+1 be=e !y c\ld be /opp$ w\ld ?r[ _! own dead ^u x & dep>t4 ,!re 7 o!r & worse =ms ( lawlessness :i* ! plague introduc$ at ,a!ns4 ,m5 :o _h hi!rto conceal$ _! indulg5ce 9 pleasure n[ grew bold]4 ,= see+ ! sudd5 *ange--h[ ! ri* di$ 9 a mom5t1 & ^? :o _h no?+ imm$iately inh]it$ _! prop]ty--!y reflect$ t life & ri*es 7 alike transitory1 & !y resolv$ to enjoy !mselves :ile !y c\ld1 & to ?9k only ( pleasure4 ,:o w\ld be will+ to sacrifice himself to ! law ( hon\r :5 he knew n :e!r he w\ld ev] live to be held 9 hon\r8 ,! pleasure ( ! mom5t & any sort ( ?+ :i* conduc$ to x took ! place bo? ( hon\r & ( exp$i5cy4 ,no fe> ( ,god or law ( man det]r$ a crim9al4 ,^?1 :o saw all p]i%+ alike1 ?\ght t ! wor%ip or neglect ( ! ,gods made no diff]5ce4 ,= (f5ces aga9/ human law no puni%m5t 0 to be fe>$3 no "o w\ld live long en\gh to be call$ to acc\nt4 ,already a f> heavi] s5t5ce _h be5 pass$ & 0 hang+ ov] a man's head3 be=e t fell1 :y %\ld he n take a little pleasure8 ,su* 0 ! griev\s calamity :i* n[ afflict$ ! ,a!nians3 )9 ! walls _! p 7 dy+1 & )\t1 _! c\ntry 0 be+ ravag$4 ,9 _! tr\bles !y naturally call$ to m9d a v]se :i* ! eld] m5 among !m decl>$ to h be5 curr5t long ago3 ,a ,dorian w> w come & a plague ) x4 ,!re 0 a dispute ab\t ! precise expression3 "s say+ t limos1 a fam9e1 & n loimos1 a plague1 0 ! orig9al ^w4 ,nev]!less1 z might h be5 expect$1 = m5's memories reflect$ _! suff]+s1 ! argum5t 9 fav\r ( loimos prevail$ at ! "t4 ,b if ev] 9 future ye>s ano!r ,dorian w> arises :i* happ5s to be accompani$ by a fam9e1 !y w probably repeat ! v]se 9 ! o!r =m4 ,! answ] ( ! oracle to ! ,lac$aemonians :5 ! ,god 0 ask$ 8:e!r !y %\ld g to w> or n01 & he repli$ 8t if !y f\ght ) all _! might1 !y w\ld conqu]1 & t he himself w\ld take _! "p01 0 n =gott5 by ^? :o _h he>d ( x1 & !y q imag9$ t !y 7 witness+ ! fulfilm5t ( 8 words4 ,! disease c]ta9ly did set 9 imm$iately aft] ! invasion ( ! ,peloponnesians1 & did n spread to ! ,peloponnesus 9 any degree wor? speak+ (1 :ile ,a!ns felt its ravages mo/ sev]ely1 & next to ,a!ns ! places :i* 7 mo/ popul\s4 ,su* 0 ! hi/ory ( ! plague4' ,a c>eful /udy1 l9e ^u l9e & ^w by ^w1 ( ! description :i* ,?ucydides has giv5 ( ! cl9ical features ( ! ,a!nian pe/il5ce1 view+ x on ! "o h& 9 ! light ( ! m$ical k ( ! "t1 & on ! o!r 9 ! light ( ! revelations ( mod]n pa?ology1 c h>dly fail to br+ home to an unbias$ judgem5t ! conviction t we h to d ) typhus fev]4 ,x is true t x be>s a close resemblance to ,ori5tal plague1 b :]eas ! objections to ?is diagnosis seem to u to be insup]able1 we %all hope to %[ t ^? :i* hi!rto h appe>$ ob/acles to ! diagnosis ( typhus fev]1 are ei!r artificial or bas$ ^u an incorrect int]pretation ( ! text4 ,! confusion ( typhus fev] & ,ori5tal plague prevail$ d[n to comp>atively mod]n times ev5 among m$ical writ]s2 n only is !re a /rik+ resemblance 9 ! cl9ical picture ( ! two diseases1 b !y h be5 con/antly comm+l$ 9 "o & ! same epidemic4 ,?is is no matt] = surprise1 :5 we rememb] t ! flea is ! *ief ag5t 9 ! propagation ( "o disease1 & ! body-l\se ( ! o!r4 ,!re is sc>cely a s+le writ] ( ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 or eighte5? c5turies on ! subject ( fev]s1 :o has n comm5t$ on ! concurr5ce ( malignant fev]s ) epidemics ( ,ori5tal plague4 ,x is true t !y d n all id5tify ! malignant fev]s z typhus1 simply because typhus1 ?\gh di/+ui%$ z a morbid entity by ,fraca/orius z e>ly z #aedf1 did n become g5]ally recogniz$ ?r\gh\t ,europe until ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ev5 !n its id5tity 0 obscur$ "u a multiplicity ( synonyms4 ,ambroise ,p>1 9 #aefh1 describ$ a pe/il5tial fev] z prevail+ 9 ,france along ) true plague1 9 :i* ! sk9 0 m>k$ ) spots1 l ! bites ( fleas or bugs4 ,vilalba says t on sev]al occasions dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury a spott$ fev] call$ ,tab>diglio1 :i* is n[ kn[n to h be5 typhus1 0 rife 9 ,spa9 at ! same "t z plague1 & 0 mu* confus$ ) x4 ,accord+ to ,lotz a malignant spott$ fev] 0 pres5t 9 ,london 9 #afbd1 :i* turn$ to plague 9 #afbe1 & back aga9 to spott$ fev] 9 #afbf4 ,simil>ly ,syd5ham /ates t ! ,great ,plague ( ,london 0 prec$$ & foll[$ by a pe/il5t fev]1 :i* f 8 description 0 cle>ly typhus1 & he rem>ks t x diff]$ f ! plague only 9 ! mild] "* ( its symptoms4 ,accord+ to ,diem]broeck spott$ fev] 7typhus7 prec$$ plague 9 ,holl& 9 #afcf1 & its malignity increas$ progressively1 until f9ally x became conv]t$ into true plague4 ,! same is true ( ! plague ( ,m>seilles 9 #agbj1 ( ! plague ( ,aleppo 9 #agfj1 & ( ! plague ( ,mosc[ 9 #agga4 ,hancock1 9 #ahba1 ass]t$ t ne>ly all ! mo/ rem>kable plagues ( ! la/ two c5turies _h be5 prec$$ by typhus4 ,s mu* = ! confusion ( ^! two diseases1 due to _! concurr5ce4 ,mur*ison1 ^: treatise on typhus /&s out z a monum5t ( acute & accurate obs]vation1 traces out 9 detail ! resemblance ( ! two diseases4 ,x is no matt] only ( a g5]al cl9ical resemblance1 su* z is common to mo/ acute infecti\s fev]s1 ?\gh t is /rik+ en\gh1 b beyond ?is !re is a rem>kable simil>ity 9 p>ticul> symptoms1 9 cl9ical c\rse1 & 9 complications4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to reg>d buboes z a di/9ctive feature ( plague1 b ^! are f\nd 9 a small moiety ( cases ( typhus fev]4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! picture1 ! pete*ial eruptions ( typhus1 its mo/ di/9ctive feature1 are common en\gh 9 plague4 ,x is tempt+ to %irk ! difficulty ( a diff]5tial diagnosis by assum+ t 9 ,a!ns1 z s (t5 else:]e1 !re 0 a simultane\s outbreak ( typhus & plague1 b ! :ole evid5ce po9ts /rongly to ! pres5ce ( typhus1 & typhus only4 ,we w endeav\r to pres5t ! evid5ce fairly & simply1 s t e read] may =m 8 own conclusion1 by ref]5ce to ! app5d$ n>rative ( ,?ucydides4 ,/>t+ 9 ,e?iopia rum\r _h x t ! disease spread nor?w>ds to ,egypt & ,libya1 & !nce ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,p]sian ,empire1 :i* at t "t includ$ almo/ all ( ,we/]n ,asia1 !n sudd5ly x swoop$ d[n ^u ,a!ns4 ,! same disease 0 said to h previ\sly attack$ ,lemnos & _m o!r places1 b ) mu* less sev]ity4 ,) ,lemnos ,?ucydides w h _h close acqua9tance1 = x lay 9 ! direct r\te to ,?race1 :]e he own$ prop]ty4 ,he is c>eful to say t he gives ?is in=mation z well z t ( its />t+-po9t & l9es ( ext5sion only on he>say evid5ce4 ,if x 7 really "p ( "o va/ p&emic1 x is surpris+ t he %\ld h no m c]ta9 k ( its incid5ce4 ,true1 pe/il5ce 0 rag+ ?is self-same ye> 9 ,rome1 b x mu/ n be assum$ t x 0 necess>ily ( ! same "* z t at ,a!ns4 ,all ?r\gh ! fif? c5tury ,rome 0 seldom )\t pe/il5ce1 & ,livy & ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus record a succession ( epidemics1 "s ( sev]al ye>s' duration1 foll[+ h>d "o ^u ano!r4 ,if ! orig9 9 ,e?iopia & ! subsequ5t l9es ( advance are to be accept$1 ?is w\ld c]ta9ly con/itute a weighty argum5t 9 fav\r ( ,ori5tal plague4 ,( late ye>s an endemic focus ( plague has be5 locat$ 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 & 9 its spread ! disease 0 foll[+ e/abli%$ r\tes ( comm]ce1 z has habitually be5 ! case4 ,p&emicity too is an inh]5t t5d5cy ( plague4 ,typhus has foll[$ = ! mo/ "p ! m>* ( armies1 & 9 ! wake ( fam9e1 & has %[n b little t5d5cy to adh]e to ! beat5 r\tes ( comm]ce4 ,typhus has 9 "s in/ances ext5d$ at "o & ! same "t ov] a wide region1 b = ! mo/ "p x has be5 ov] contigu\s tracts ( l&4 ,?us ,hildebr& record$ an epidemic spread+ to ! :ole ( ,g]many1 ,galicia1 ,hung>y & ! ,au/rian cr[n-l&s4 ,?ucydides has laid x d[n t ! plague ( ,a!ns 0 an unkn[n disease4 ,n[ !re is a good deal ( evid5ce to sugge/ t bubonic plague 0 recogniz$1 9 its sporadic =m1 z a cl9ical entity at ! "t ( ,?ucydides4 ,! language ( a passage 9 ! #bnd ,book ( ! ,epidemics1 a treatise ( ! ,hippocratic s*ool1 seems h>dly susceptible ( any o!r int]pretation3 1 1 7#8fev] sup]v5+ on buboes is a bad sign1 except !y be ephem]al3 b buboes sup]v5+ on fev] /ill worse'74 ,! allusions also to buboes 9 ,ari/ophanes are s num]\s z almo/ to preclude any o!r conclusion3 & x _c be argu$ t ^! 7 an aft]ma? ( ! epidemic1 = ,?ucydides#dh implicitly ass]ts ! complete disappe>ance ( ! disease4 ,! outbreak ( ! pe/il5ce fir/ 9 ! ,piraeus sugge/s importation by sea4 ,sea-c>riage is f> m *>act]i/ic ( plague ?an ( typhus1 ?\gh typhus has be5 import$ (t5 en\gh f ,irel& into ,engl&1 & 0 also br\ght back to ,engl& by ! troops f ,corunna1 & to ,france by ! ,fr5* troops f ! ,crimea4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 9 ,piraeus *iefly t ! displac$ peasantry 7 cr[d$ toge!r promiscu\sly 9 small /ifl+ habitations1 af=d+ j ^? conditions 9 :i* typhus has habitually aris5 & become epidemic4 ,among ^? epidemic diseases1 t 9 pa/ times h deva/at$ beleagu]$ cities1 typhus unque/ionably holds pride ( place4 ,granada 9 #adhi1 ,metz 9 #aeeb1 ,montpelli] 9 #afbc1 ,read+ 9 #afdc1 ,g5oa 9 #agii1 ,s>agossa 9 #ahjh1 ,dantzig & ,wilna 9 #ahac1 & ,torgau 9 #ahad all tell ! same tale4 ,) our lately acquir$ k ( ! transmission ( typhus fev] by ! ag5cy ( body-lice1 x is easy to und]/& ! preval5ce ( ! disease 9 epidemic virul5ce among a beleagu]$ & ov]cr[d$ g>rison4 ,mur*ison1 ^: k & exp]i5ce ( typhus 7 unequall$1 unhesitat+ly id5tifi$ ! plague ( ,a!ns z typhus1 bo? because ( ?is special circum/ance ( its occurr5ce & because ( ! cl9ical picture z a :ole4 ,! pass+ rem>ks ( ,?ucydides on ! causation ( ! pe/il5ce %[ him n only sup]ior to ! sup]/iti\s cr$ulity ( "s ( 8 fell[ c\ntrym51 b f> 9 advance ( ! mo/ enlight5$ m$ical op9ion ( 8 day4 ,!re 7 /ill "s 9 ,a!ns1 :o put _! fai? 9 supplications 9 temples & inquiries ( oracles3 b ^! measures 7 n[ weigh$ 9 ! balance & f\nd want+4 ,! /]n probation ( ! ,p]sian w>s _h taught ! lesson1 t victory 0 ! rew>d ( ! /rong1 n ! recomp5se ( ! dev\t2 & ) ?is k p]i%$ ! :ole fabric ( ,greek poly!ism4 ,s n[ mo/ ( ! populace ascrib$ ! pe/il5ce to natural causation3 ! ,lac$aemonians surely _h poison$ ! wells4 ,f ?is day onw>ds1 "r d[n to mod]n times1 ?is phantom ( poison dogs ! foot/eps ( pe/il5ce4 ,?ucydides leaves no d\bt :atev] z to 8 own views3 he has done = good & all ) sup]natural causation1 ?\gh he confesses 8 inability to id5tify ! precise cause1 leav+ t = o!rs to speculate ab\t4 ,he /ates & accepts )\t res]ve contagion f man to man4 ,9 ?is 8 great contempor>y1 ,hippocrates1 lags f> beh9d him4 ,! m9d ( ! ,fa!r ( ,m$ic9e 0 /ill 9 bondage to ! e>ly ,greek physici/s4 ,conceiv+ disease to be caus$ 9 man by bodily di/urbance1 ref]able ei!r to ! "* ( ! air inspir$ or ( ! food & dr9k +e/$1 x 0 inevitable t1 9 ! causation ( epidemic disease1 ,hippocrates %\ld assign *ief importance to *anges 9 ! atmosph]e1 to :i* all alike w\ld be equally expos$4 ,he does inde$ recognize ! possibility ( its contam9ation ) ali5 putrid effluvia1 b = all t x is ! m]e physical *anges 9 its con/itution1 :i* 9 8 view are ( p>am\nt importance4 ,( contagion f man to man he _h n ! vague/ conception1 & to him1 z well z to ,gal51 & ev5 to our own ,syd5ham1 ! sole crit]ion ( epidemicity 0 ! incid5ce ( disease on a l>ge numb] ( p]sons at ! same "t4 ,to ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e x w be no matt] = surprise t ,?ucydides %\ld h se5 ) undimm$ vision1 :at ,hippocrates saw z yet only ?r\gh a glass d>kly4 ,m$ic9e 9 e age has be5 ! bond-s]vant ( plausible preconceptions1 & x is humiliat+ to pr(essional self-complac5cy to scan ! long array ( lay writ]s f ,?ucydides onw>ds1 :o accept$ contagion z a prov5 fact1 be=e ! scales fell f ! eyes ( obscuranti/ ,sci5ce4 ,out ( _m we may enum]ate ,ari/otle1 ,lucretius1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,v]gil1 ,ovid1 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,livy1 ,s5eca1 ,silius ,italicus1 ! eld] ,pl9y1 & ,plut>*3 :ile n till ,aretaeus ( ,cappadocia1 9 ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 d we meet cle> & unequivocal acceptance 9 any m$ical au?or4 ,sci5ce1 untemp]$ by lett]s1 is apt to induce a m5tal myopia1 & we m5 ( m$ic9e w\ld d well to reflect on ! /ory ( ,ar*im$es1 :o1 :ile draw+ ma!matical figures 9 ! s&1 ov]look$ to ! co/ ( 8 life ! fact1 t ! city _h fall5 into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,?\gh ,?ucydides 0 ! fir/ ( extant writ]s to enunciate cle>ly ! doctr9e ( contagion1 !re is reason to ?9k t ,ori5tal m$ic9e _h already grasp$ ! idea4 ,! ,levitical ord9ances seem to recognize x 9 ! case ( leprosy4 ,x is true t ^! _h n rea*$ _! f9al rec5sion till aft] ! "t ( ,?ucydides1 b at ! same "t !y repres5t a body ( mu* old] tradition4 ,?ucydides is c>eful to /ate t ! season 0 n a sickly "o1 = ,hippocrates himself attribut$ pe/il5ce to heat & s\? w9ds di/emp]+ ! atmosph]e1 & foll[+ ! example ( ,acron & ,emp$ocles ( ,agrig5tum1 essay$ to alt] ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e1 9 a season ( pe/il5ce1 by k9dl+ l>ge fires4 ,acron aim$ only at r$uc+ its humidity1 b ,hippocrates may h s\ght to de/roy by fumigation putrid effluvia1 eng5d]$ by ! heat 9 ! air4 ,8 example 0 scrupul\sly foll[$ 9 ! ,plague ( ,london 9 #afff1 & 9 t ( ,m>seilles 9 #agbj4 ,a comp>ison ( ,?ucydides ) ,diodorus ,siculus r$\nds b little to ! cr$it ( ! latt]4 ,diodorus submits ?ree di/9ct ag5cies z produc+ ! plague ( ,a!ns by _! conc]t$ action4 ,fir/1 t s mu* ra9 _h fall5 9 ! prec$+ w9t]1 t ! soil _h become saturat$ & wat]logg$3 foll[+ ^u ?is an unusually hot summ] l$ to ! exhalation f ! soil ( putrid effluvia1 t contam9at$ ! air4 ,9 fact pe/il5ce 0 a product ( ! m>% miasma4 ,emp$ocles ( ,agrig5tum 0 reput$ to h deliv]$ ,sel9us f a pe/il5ce1 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 by dra9+ its m>%es1 & an extant co9 commemorates ! ev5t3 & ,hippocrates cle>ly recogniz$ ! association ( p]iodic 7i4 e4 mal>ial7 fev]s ) m>%es4 ,secondly1 he cites lack ( good food z a contributory cause1 = ! ra9 _h also damag$ ! gra94 ,?is 0 n an unreasonable proposition1 = ! preval5ce ( ! ergot fungus 9 rye gra9 aft] a wet season has giv5 rise to _m & widespread epidemics ( ergotism4 ,?irdly1 ! ,etesian w9ds did n bl[1 s t ! air became sup]heat$1 inflam+ m5's bodies ) all sorts ( burn+ di/emp]s4 ,x is en\gh = ,diodorus t ,hippocrates1 ,lucretius1 & o!rs _h po/ulat$ ^! causes ( pe/il5ce1 to secure = !m acceptance 9 ! sob] record ( 8 hi/ory4 ,?ucydides decl9es ev5 to discuss su* vague hypo!ses1 & *ooses = himself ! bett] "p ( describ+ ! actual symptoms ( ! disease1 z he _h exp]i5c$ !m 9 8 own p]son1 & witness$ !m 9 ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 s t any "o famili> ) !m might be able to recognize ! disord] at once1 9 ! ev5t ( its reappe>ance4 ,to ,?ucydides !n is due ! cr$it n only ( ! fir/ detail$ description ( an actual visitation ( pe/il5ce1 b ( a description t brea!s 9 e l9e ! true _s ( hi/ory1 ! record+ ( pa/ ev5ts z a m$ium = ! sur] =eca/+ ( ! future--! _s t animates him 9 all 8 hi/orical writ+ to give #8a true picture ( ! ev5ts :i* h happ5$1 & ( ! l ev5ts :i* may be expect$ to happ5 h]eaft] 9 ! ord] ( human ?+s'--! :ole duty ( ! hi/orian1 :i* n ev5 ,h]odotus _h recogniz$ to ! full be=e him4 ,s anxi\s is he t 8 read]s %all see ?+s z he saw !m1 & le>n ! same lessons f !m z he has le>nt1 t he is will+ on occasion to manipulate 8 n>rative1 z :5 he br+s =w>d ! great ,fun]al ,spee* ( ,p]icles into imm$iate juxtaposition to ! n>rative ( ! pe/il5ce1 assur$ly s z to height5 ! dramatic effect4 ,s vivid & s =cible is 8 picture ( ! plague1 t x is difficult to believe t "s t5 ye>s _h elaps$ be=e he set p5 to pap]1 & "s ?irty or m be=e ! :ole atta9$ its pres5t =m4 ,x is no matt] = surprise t ,lucretius1 ,procopius1 ,boccaccio1 & ,froiss>t %\ld h paid ! homage ( consci\s imitation to ?is virile n>rative4 7,see ,app5dix47#di ,?ucydides 0 ! fir/ to draw a picture ( ! demoralization ( society 9 ! pres5ce ( pe/il5ce--a !me t became a commonplace ) lat] hi/orians ( plague4 ,! futility ( ! physicians1 ! m]ciless m>* ( ! pe/il5ce1 ! suff]+s ( ! sick1 ! neglect ( ! dead1 ! pollution ( temples1 ! sacrilegi\s fun]al rites1 ^! sc5es & ! l ?rong ! kaleidoscope ( human mis]y4 ,! sacr$ ties ( k9%ip yield$ "u ! cruel emotion ( fe>4 ,lawlessness prevail$ ev]y:]e1 = m5 see+ ! unc]ta9ty ( life & ri*es resolv$ to enjoy !mselves1 :ile !y c\ld4 ,^? :o saw all p]i%+ alike ?\ght t wor%ip or neglect ( ! gods made no diff]5ce4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e :at traces ( ! pe/il5ce are to be f\nd 9 contempor>y ,greek art & ar*itecture4 ,by "s ! /atue ( ,heal? ,a!na1 set up by ! ,a!nians j outside ! ea/]n portico ( ! ,propylaea1 is believ$ to h commemorat$ ! pass+ ( ! plague ( ,a!ns4 ,h] cult 0 mu* old] ?an ?is1 & p]haps d]ives f "s primitive conception ( an ,e>? ,"m1 ! great protectress ( all h] *ildr51 z 9 ,*ri/ian hagiology ! ,madonna ( ,heal? %elt]s !m f plague & pe/il5ce4 ,pausanias#ej reg>ds ! romantic temple ( ,apollo at ,bassae z a memorial ( ! deliv]ance ( ,phigalia f an (fset ( ?is plague ( #dcj ,b4,c4 ,he seems to inf] ?is f ! d$ication ( ! temple to ,apollo1 "u 8 surname ! ,help] 774 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k f ,?ucydides#ea t ! plague sc>cely t\*$ ,peloponnesus4 ,x is unlikely also t an ,a!nian ar*itect1 ,ict9us1 :o z ,pausanias says built x1 w\ld h work$ = ! ,peloponnesians dur+ ! w> ) ,a!ns4 ,! same d\bt atta*es to ! attribution ( ! temple ( ,apollo ! ,help] at ,elis1 & t ( ,pan ! ,deliv]] 9 ,troez51 & ! tradition appe>s 9 ea* case to be ref]able to ! surname ( ! god1 c\pl$ ) ! dates at :i* !y 7 erect$4 ,pausanias#eb says t a /atue ( ,apollo1 ,av]t] ( ,evil 771 by ,calamis1 0 erect$ 9 ,a!ns z a memorial ( deliv]ance f ! plague1 b ?is _c be ! case1 z ,calamis 0 dead be=e ! plague comm5c$4 ,su* d$ications 71 h[ev]1 common en\gh4 ,:5 ,epim5ides fre$ ,a!ns f pe/il5ce he cleans$ ! city & set up a %r9e to ! ,eum5ides1 & ! p ( ,tanagra#ec simil>ly %[$ _! gratitude to ,h]mes ! ,ram-be>] 77 by entru/+ to ,calamis ! erection ( a /atue 9 8 hon\r4 ,p\ss9 pa9t$ a #8,plague ( ,a!ns'1 a mu* *]i%$ picture n[ 9 ! gall]y ( ,sir ,fr$]ick ,cook at ,ri*mond4 ,x is a dull wood5 composition1 & comp>es mo/ unfav\rably ) 8 #8,plague ( ,a%dod'1 9 spite ( ! close simil>ity ( incid5t & episode t x depicts4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,works1 #bdc4 #db ,tr4 ,l4 ,campbell4 #dc ,life ( ,p]icles4 #dd ,tr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fraz]4 #de xii4 #eh4 #df ,hi/ory ( ,greece4 #dg ,j[ett's ,?ucydides4 ,we h v5tur$ to introduce "o or two slight modifications into ,pr(essor ,j[ett's translation1 indicat+ !m by italics4 ,9 m$ic9e x makes a _w ( diff]5ce1 :e!r a disease is ! same or simil>3 its c\rse too1 is some?+ q di/9ct f its "*4 #dh ii4 #dh end4 #di ,! discussion ( cl9ical details has be5 relegat$ to an ,app5dix1 z !y are r ( m$ical ?an ( lit]>y or arti/ic int]e/4 ,!y are1 nev]!less1 ess5tial to a full appreciation ( ! m]its ( ! description t ,?ucydides gives ( ! pe/il5ce4 #ej viii4 #da4 #g4 #ea ii4 #ed4 #eb i4 #c4 #c4 #ec ,pausanias1 ix4 #bb4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,unlike ,greece1 "y ,rome 0 subject to repeat$ pe/il5ce3 plagues punctuate ! pages ( h] hi/ory4 ,we %all see h[ deep an impr9t !y left on ! nasc5t religion1 lit]ature1 & art ( ,rome4 ,at fir/ ^! plagues mu/ ne$s h be5 endemic1 & br$ no d\bt 9 ! ext5sive swamps t lay )9 ! city & ar\nd x = _m miles1 = ,rome 0 n !n a comm]cial city4 ,h] corn %e d]iv$ f ,italy & ,sicily1 & held little or no int]c\rse ) ,egypt1 until aft] ! conque/ ( ,c>?age4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! num]\s records ( h] pe/il5ces t h surviv$1 !re is n "o ! nature ( :i* c be id5tifi$ be=e ! true ,plague ( ,gregory ! ,great4 ,accord+ to ,plut>*#ed !re 0 pe/il5ce 9 ,italy & ,rome 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ,numa ,pompilius 7#gjg ,b4,c471 =ty-six ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( ! city3 ! leg5d ( x is full ( int]e/4 ,dur+ its c\rse a braz5 buckl] fell f heav5 into ! h&s ( ,numa4 ,eg]ia & ! ,muses told him its mean+4 ,x _h be5 s5t f heav5 = ! pres]vation ( ! city1 & to prev5t its !ft elev5 m 7 to be made s exactly l x1 t no ?ief %\ld be able to di/+ui% x f ! re/4 ,! imm$iate cessation ( ! pe/il5ce seem$ to v]ify ?is int]pretation4 ,"o ,veturius ,mamurius successfully produc$ ! elev5 copies1 & ,numa gave *>ge ( all ! buckl]s to ! ,salii1 s-call$ f ! dance !y l$ up ! /reets1 :51 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 !y c>ri$ ! sacr$ buckl]s ?r\gh ! city4 #8,on t occasion'1 says ,plut>*1 #8!y are habit$ 9 purple ve/s1 girt ) broad belts ( brass3 !y we> also braz5 helmets1 & c>ry %ort swords1 ) :i* !y /rike ^u ! buckl]s1 & to ^? s\nds !y keep "t ) _! feet4 ,!y move 9 an agreeable mann]1 p]=m+ c]ta9 involutions & evolutions 9 a quick measure1 ) vig\r1 agility1 & ease4444 ,! rew>d t ,mamurius _h = 8 art 01 we are told1 an ode1 :i* ! ,salii sung 9 memory ( him1 along ) ! ,pyrrhic dance4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 say t x 0 n ,veturius ,mamurius1 :o 0 celebrat$ 9 t composition1 b vetus memoria1 ! anci5t remembrance ( ! ?+4' ,! leg5d af=ds unmi/akable evid5ce ( "s expiatory c]emony1 fir/ introduc$ = relief ( a def9ite plague1 b subsequ5tly1 9 view ( ! con/ant recurr5ce1 p]=m$ twice a ye>4 ,plut>* omits "o significant feature ( ! ,salic ritual1 ! driv+ ( a sk9-clad man1 call$ ,mamurius ,veturius 7! old ,m>s71 ?r\gh ! /reets1 :ile ! ,salii %[]$ bl[s on him1 & drove him out ( ! city4 ,! examples 9 anci5t folk-lore#ee ( animal & human scapegoats1 = ! exorcis+ ( pe/il5ce are s num]\s1 t we may well seek ! int]pretation ( ?is ,salic c]emony 9 ! p]si/5ce ( ?is conception4 ,! danc+1 s++1 & cla%+ ( %ields 0 p]haps int5d$ to drive out ! evil demon f ! city z a prelim9>y to transf]r+ x to ! scapegoat ,mamurius4 ,at ,tanagra1 ! y\? :o annually c>ri$ a ram on 8 %\ld]s r\nd ! walls ( ! city1 did s z a repres5tative ( ! ,ram-be>+ ,h]mes1 :o av]t$ a plague 9 ?is same fa%ion4#ef ,plut>* discusses ! mean+ ( ^! buckl]s1 call$ ,ancilia1 s x 0 said1 f _! curv$ =m 774 ,he sugge/s z alt]native d]ivations1 f on high3 or heal+ ( sick3 or putt+ an end to dr\ght3 or deliv]ance f calamities4 ,b :atev] ! etymological significance1 _! ritual purpose w\ld seem to h be5 to w>d (f ! d>ts & arr[s ( pe/il5ce1 & ! ,salic c]emonial 0 d$icat$ to ! hon\r ( ! s5d]4 ,god he 0 n1 = ! religion ( ,numa's ,rome knew no gods ( human =m3 ^! 7 a lat] importation f ! an?ropomorphic religion ( ,greece4 ,he 0 "s num51 "s p[] less p]sonal ?an a god1 b m p]sonal ?an a _s4 ,x 0 he t eng5d]$ pe/il5ce by 8 evil ma*9ations4 ,! leg5d br+s u back aga9 close to ! conf9es ( imitative magic4 ,true1 x is n ! ag5t ( pe/il5ce t is fa%ion$1 n ! braz5 s]p5t1 n ! mice1 n ! em]ods1 b ! ag5t ( deliv]ance1 #8?y %ield & buckl]4' ,9 lat] ye>s ! ,salii figure z colleges ( prie/s1 d$icat$ fir/ to ! wor%ip ( ,m>s1 & lat] ( ,quir9us z well4 ,! trans=mation s]v$ to obscure _! true orig91 :i* ,plut>* ass]ts & :i* !re is e reason to accept4 ,m>s 0 n orig9ally a god ( w>1 b an agricultural god1 &1 l ,apollo1 a gu>dian ( ! crops4 ,co9cid5tly ) ! trans=mation ! ritual assum$ a m m>tial "*1 ! ,salii p]=m+ ! w>-dance 9 full fight+ panoply1 z ! procession mov$ ?r\gh ! city twice a ye>1 9 ,m>* & ,octob]4 ,! beg9n+ & end ( ! season ( pe/il5ce _h fad$ ins5sibly into ! beg9n+ & end ( ! campaign+ season4 ,horace#eg rec\nts ! ald]manic magnific5ce ( _! fe/ive repa/4 ,! hymn ( ! ,salii 0 writt5 9 ar*aic ,saturnian v]se1 fragm5ts ( :i* h come d[n to u4 ,qu9tilian#eh says t1 by ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ! primitive language1 pass$ d[n ) v]bal exactitude f g5]ation to g5]ation1 _h become un9telligible to ^? :o c]emoni\sly recit$ x4 ,"o fragm5t is in/ructive 9 its significance3 ,cum tonas1 ,leucsie1 prae tet tremonti1 ,quom tibei cunei dextumm tonr5t4 7#8,:5 ?\ ?und]e/1 ?\ god ( ,light1 !y tremble at ?y pres5ce1 :5 ! lightn+ %afts h ?und]$ f ?y "r h&4'7 ,^! l9es recall ! figure ( ,apollo ! ,f>-,d>t] 9 ! ,iliad1 & 8 invocation 9 ! ,o$ipus ,tyrannus4 ,pe/il5ce 0 9 ,rome aga9 j be=e ! dea? ( ,tullus ,ho/ilius#ei 9 #fdj ,b4,c4 ,tullus himself fell ill1 & 9 8 illness reviv$ e sup]/iti\s usage1 ?\gh :5 9 heal? he _h affect$ to scorn religion4 ,! p also *]i%$ ! conviction t only by obta9+ p>don ( ! gods w\ld !y be rid ( ! pe/il5ce4 ,s ,tullus consult$ ! comm5t>ies ( ,numa1 & f9d+ t c]ta9 sacrifices %\ld h be5 paid to ,jupit] ,elicius 7elic]e to elicit in=mation71 he set ab\t _! p]=mance4 ,b z he fail$ to conduct !m 9 due =m1 he n only fail$ ( 8 purpose1 b s r\s$ ! ang] ( ,jupit]1 t he /ruck him ) lightn+ & r$uc$ him & 8 :ole h\sehold to a%es4 ,livy's /ory ( ,tullus illu/rates well ! relation ( a ,roman to 8 god3 x 0 a practical1 n a spiritual relation1 a b>ga91 n an act ( grace4 ,if ! ,roman paid all 8 dues ( wor%ip to ! god he _h a claim to repaym5t 9 full4 ,aga9 & aga91 "u ! /ress ( pe/il5ce1 failure ( ! god to hon\r 8 bond drove ! ,roman to try 8 luck ) ali5 gods4 ,?is is ! _s 9 :i* ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus1#fj dur+ ano!r plague1 9 #ead ,b4,c41 s5t 8 sons to ,greek ,delphi to inquire ( ! god h[ to be rid ( x4 ,pe/il5ce1 9 ?is mann]1 0 de/9$ to =ge _m a l9k 9 ! *a9 t b\nd ,rome to ,greece4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,livy & ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus record a con/ant succession ( plagues 9 ,rome4 ,eight visitations1 at lea/1 are m5tion$1 & z "s ( ^! l+]$ ov] sev]al ye>s1 ,rome1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 c seldom h be5 free f pe/il5ce4 ,& yet all ?is "t %e 0 n only gr[+1 b actually s5d+ out colonies4 ,( a plague 9 #dgc ,b4,c4 we h an int]e/+ recital by ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus4#fa #8,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>'1 he writes1 #8_m prodigies & om5s happ5$1 :i* fill$ ! city ) sup]/ition & fe> ( ! gods3 & all ! augurs & ! int]pret]s ( holy ?+s decl>$ t ^! 7 signs ( div9e ang]1 because "s rites _h n be5 p]=m$ ) sanctity & purity4 ,n long aft]1 a di/emp]1 suppos$ to be pe/il5tial1 attack$ ! wom51 p>ticul>ly su* z 7 ) *ild1 & m ( !m di$ ?an _h ev] be5 kn[n be=e4 ,= z !y misc>ri$ & br\ght =? dead *ildr51 !y di$ toge!r ) _! infants4 ,& nei!r supplications at ! /atues & alt>s ( ! gods1 nor expiatory sacrifices p]=m$ on behalf ( ! public & ( private families gave ! wom5 any relief4' ,!reupon a slave came =w>d & d5\nc$ ,urb9ia1 "o ( ! ,ve/al ,virg9s1 :o t5d$ ! p]petual fire1 = impurity4 ,! pontiffs at once remov$ h] f h] m9i/ry1 br\ght h] to trial1 convict$ h]1 & condemn$ h] #8to be :ipp$ ) rods1 to be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! city1 & buri$ alive'4 ,"o ( h] guilty lov]s kill$ himself3 ! o!r 0 ord]$ to be publicly :ipp$ l a slave1 & !n put to dea?4 ,aft] ?is1 #8! di/emp]1 :i* _h attack$ ! wom5 & caus$ s great a mortality among !m1 pres5tly ceas$4' ,aga91 ! pe/il5ce is attribut$ to ! imp]fect p]=mance ( "s detail ( ritual1 :i* mu/ be expiat$ =?)1 if ! s5d] ( ! pe/il5ce is to be appeas$4 ,its special incid5ce on wom5 seem$ to br+ home ! guilt to !m4 ,x 0 meet !re=e t a woman's life %\ld be its expiation4 ,su* is ! e>lie/ detail$ record ( human sacrifice = deliv]ance f plague1 b we %all meet x aga9 & aga9 9 ! hi/ory ( epidemic pe/il5ce4 ,surely ! tig] 9 man is b lightly prison$ 9 8 human cage4 ,human sacrifice 0 probably _w-wide 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( nations4 ,! ,pho5icians#fb resort$ to x 9 times ( national calamity1 su* z epidemic pe/il5ce4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce f ! ,bible#fc & else:]e1 t human sacrifice 0 habitual 9 primitive ,semitic religion4 ,! ,israelites 7 apt to ass]t t !y le>nt ^! practices f ! peoples :om !y sup]s$$ 9 ! l& ( ,canaan1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y came ( ! same /ock z ^! races4 ,pausanias#fd ref]s to ! leg5d ( ,leos1 :o is said to h sacrific$ 8 daught]s1 at ! bidd+ ( ! oracle1 to save ,a!ns f a fam9e2 & 9 speak+ ( ! ru9$ city ( ,potniae#fe he says t ! oracle ( ,delphi told !m t !y w\ld get rid ( a pe/il5ce only by ! sacrifice ( a bloom+ boy to ,dionysus1 :o _h s5t x = ! murd] ( 8 prie/4 ,at ! ,a!nian fea/ ( ,?>gelia 9 ,may1 a man & a woman 7 l$ ?r\gh ! city & /on$ to dea? outside its walls1 a man = ! m51 & a woman = ! wom53 & a simil> practice ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,saturnalia at ,rome4 ,b ) ! advance ( civilization animal sub/itutes came to replace ! human victims4 ,philo/ratus#ff cites ano!r notable in/ance ( human sacrifice = deliv]ance f pe/il5ce4 ,! ,ephesians _h summon$ ,apollonius 7fir/ c5tury ,a4,d47 to come & *eck ! plague4 ,on 8 arrival he at once set himself to enc\rage ! citiz5s1 & ga!r$ !m toge!r to ! !atre #8:]e n[ /&s ! /atue ( ,av]runcus4 ,"h !y f\nd an ill-look+ old begg>1 :om ,apollonius ord]$ !m to /one to dea?1 z be+ ! enemy ( ! gods4 ,z soon z !y set to /on+ him1 fire d>t$ f ! old begg>'s eyes1 s t !y knew him = a demon4 ,aft] !y _h kill$ him1 ,apollonius ord]$ !m to remove ! /ones f ! corpse1 & !y f\nd in/ead ( a human body a fi]ce dog vomit+ foam1 z if mad4444 ,! =m ?is dog assum$ 0 l t giv5 to ! /atue ( ,av]runcus4' ,! blood-lu/ ( panic t]ror1 :i* f\nd its gratification 9 ! slay+ ( ,urb9ia1 is ! l9eal desc5dant ( ! cold-blood$ ritual ( human sacrifice3 no human passion is s cruel z fe>4 ,b we %all fail to f9d ev5 ?is palliation = ! torture & kill+ ( ! #8unctores'1 bo? 9 ,g5oa & ,milan1 & = ! :olesale massacre ( ,jews at ! "t ( ! ,black ,dea?1 c>ri$ ?r\gh by legal process f> m delib]ate1 f> m l5g?y1 f> less impassion$ ?an any rite ( human sacrifice4 ,9 ! pe/il5ce ( #dfa ,b4,c4 ! mortality 0 s great t x became necess>y to ?r[ ! dead bodies into ! ,tib]4 ,livy#fg says t a cattle epizootic prec$$ ! epidemic1 & t ! necessity ( admitt+ ! cattle )9 ! walls1 ow+ to ! invasion ( ,roman t]ritory by ! ,aequans & ,volscians1 increas$ ! malignity ( ! di/emp]4 ,9 ?is crisis ( calamities1 ! ,s5ate ord]$ ! p to supplicate ! protection ( ! gods4 ,^! #8supplications' took ! =m ( expiatory processions1 & seem to h be5 introduc$ f ,greece to ,rome4 ,l ! ,salic processions !y mov$ to ! s\nd ( music & s++1 z !y visit$ ! sanctu>ies ( ! gods1 pro/rat+ !mselves be=e _! /atues1 clasp+ _! knees & kiss+ _! h&s & feet4 ,livy#fh holds t ! gu>dian gods & ! city's good =tune sav$ ,rome at ?is juncture1 z fe> ( ! pe/il5ce induc$ ! enemy to div]t _! attack to ! ri*] & heal?y ,tusculan t]ritory4 ,j be=e ?is outbreak ,livy#fi says t ! sky seem$ to be lit up by an exce$+ bright light4 ,x is n cle> :at cele/ial ph5om5on he has 9 m9d1 b x is notewor?y z p]haps anticipat+ ! fix$ belief ( lat] days 9 comets1 z h>b+]s ( pe/il5ce4 ,! belief 9 a/ral influ5ce ov] t]re/rial ph5om5a & on ! affairs ( humanity 0 g5]al & dates f prehi/oric times4 ,hippocrates held t e physician %\ld be v]s$ 9 a/rology4 ,! dep5d5ce ( season on ! heav5ly bodies1 & ! seasonal preval5ce ( epidemic disease 7 facts pat5t to e "o1 s t x 0 seem+ly reasonable = ! anci5ts to ass]t ! influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies on disease1 ?\gh :5 pu%$ to excessive l5g?s x became absurd4 ,:5 pe/il5ce 0 seldom abs5t1 x mu/ ne$s at times co9cide ) c]ta9 conjunctions ( planets4 ,h[ deeply ! belief took root 9 m$ic9e is %[n by ! words ( ! preface ( ! ,g]man ,h]b>ius1#gj fir/ publi%$ 9 ,a4,d4 #adhe4 #8,_m a "t & (t h ,i contemplat$ inw>dly ! wondr\s works ( ! ,creator ( ! univ]se3 h[ 9 ! beg9n+ ,he =m$ ! heav5s & adorn$ !m ) goodly1 %9+ />s1 to :i* ,he gave p[] & might to influ5ce ev]y?+ "u heav54 ,also h[ ,he =m$ aft]w>ds ! f\r elem5ts3 fire1 hot & dry--air1 hot & moi/--wat]1 cold & moi/--e>?1 dry & cold--& gave to ea* a nature ( its own3 & h[ aft] ?is ! same ,great ,ma/] ( ,nature made & =m$ h]bs ( _m sorts & animals ( all k9ds1 & la/ ( all ,man1 ! noble/ ( all creat$ ?+s4 ,!reupon ,i ?\ght on ! wondr\s ord]1 :i* ! ,creator gave ^! same creatures ( ,81 s t ev]y?+1 :i* has its be+ "u heav51 receives x f ! />s1 & keeps x by _! help4' ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus#ga records ano!r fe>ful pe/il5ce 9 #dea ,b4,c41 :i* c>ri$ (f all ! slaves & half ! citiz5s ( ,rome4 ,! pollution ( ! ,tib] by ! dead bodies seem$ to int5sify its ravages4 ,m5 & cattle p]i%$ alike1 9 & ar\nd ,rome1 & fam9e foll[$1 because ! l& 0 left untill$4 ,z long z ! p _h any hopes 9 ! assi/ance ( _! own gods1 !y approa*$ !m ) sacrifices & all mann] ( expiation4 ,b :5 ^! prov$ ( no avail1 !y set !mselves to introduce =eign innovations into ! e/abli%$ religion ( ,rome4 ,we %all see 9 ! succe$+ visitation1 9 :at direction ! disillusion$ ,romans fir/ ca/ _! eyes4 ,f #dce-dcj ,b4,c4 pe/il5ce1#gb foll[+ on a dr\ght & cattle epizootic1 rag$ 9 ,rome & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry beyond ! p[] ( human endurance4 ,frequ5t e>?quakes prec$$ a great access ( virul5ce 9 #dca ,b4,c43 ! v p[]s ( nature seem$ to h decl>$ w> on ,rome4 ,! p (f]$ a g5]al supplication to ! gods1 repeat+ ! =mulas ^w = ^w aft] ! duumvirs1 s t no mi/ake ( ^w or syllable might invalidate ! (fice3 b 9 va94 ,s ! wor%ip ( ,apollo 0 br\ght f ,greece to ,rome1 & a temple erect$ 9 8 hon\r 9 #dca ,b4,c4 ,apollo _c h be5 a :olly unfamili> god1 = ! ,sibyll9e books mu/ at lea/ h introduc$ 8 "n to ,rome4 ,b f ?is "t he becomes naturaliz$ z a lead+ ,roman god4 ,f 8 temple1 9 times ( pe/il5ce1 expiatory processions p>ad$ ! /reets ( ! city2 & z plague succe$s plague1 he supplants /ep by /ep ! old] native gods4 ,9 #cie ,b4,c4 pe/il5ce#gc work$ su* havoc1 t ! ,s5ate ord]$ ! ,sibyll9e books to be consult$4 ,?is collection ( oracul> utt]ances 9 ,greek1 giv5 =? by inspir$ prophetesses or ,sibyls 7 ,doric w ( ! god71 _h f\nd its way f ! ,troad to ,cumae4 ,!nce ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus transf]r$ "p to ,rome1 & laid x up 9 sacr$ cu/ody1 to be us$ by ord] ( ! ,s5ate1 9 times ( national em]g5cy4 ,z ^! books recogniz$ ! gods & ritual ( ! ,asiatic ,greeks1 !y play$ a lead+ "p 9 ! introduction ( ,greek gods & ,greek ritual into ! religion ( ,rome4 ,on ?is occasion ! ,sibyll9e books prescrib$ ! celebration ( a lecti/]nium4 ,! lecti/]nium1 :i* n[ fir/ appe>$ 9 ,rome1 0 a fe/ival ( ,greek orig94 ,a public banquet ( great magnific5ce 0 set be=e ! deities1 ^: images 7 plac$ on c\*es4 ,! exhibition ( ?ree pairs ( ali5 gods1 ,apollo & ,latona1 ,diana & ,h]cules1 ,m]cury & ,neptune1 betray$ its =eign orig94 ,! imag9ative populace saw !m accept ! food or turn away f x 9 ang]4 ,meantime dome/ic fea/s 7 spread ?r\gh\t ! city1 to :i* /rang]s & fri5ds alike1 & ev5 lib]at$ prison]s1 came ea* to h 8 %>e4 ,doors lay op5 ev]y:]e1 (f]+ a home to e casual com]4 ,all ?+s 7 _h 9 common4 ,no s\nd ( discord m>r$ ! p]fect peace4 ,! p 7 admitt$ to solemn communion ) ! gods1 z ! ,greek w>riors be=e ,troy %>$ ) _! gods 9 ! eu*>i/ic fea/1 9 tok5 t ! plague 0 /ay$4 ,co9cid5tly ) ?is epidemic at ,rome1 ,diodorus ,siculus#gd describes ) "s cl9ical detail a pe/il5ce t attack$ ! ,c>?ag9ian army1 :ile besieg+ ,syracuse4 ,! ,lac$aemonians 7 assi/+ ,dionysius & ! ,syracusans aga9/ ! ,c>?ag9ians4 ,! record is ( int]e/ z exhibit+ ,diodorus 9 ! rle ( a flagrant plagi>i/ ( ,?ucydides4 #8,b z to ! ,c>?ag9ians1 aft] !y _h ru9$ ! suburbs & rifl$ & plund]$ ! temples ( ,c]es & ,pros]p9e1 a plague seiz$ ^u ! army1 & to int5sify & %>p5 ! v5geance ( ! gods ^u !m1 bo? ! season ( ! ye> & ! multitudes ( m5 cr[d$ toge!r contribut$ greatly to ! aggravation ( _! mis]y3 = ! summ] 0 hott] ?an ord9>ily1 & ! locality itself occasion$ ! di/emp] to rage beyond all control4 ,n long be=e ! ,a!nians 7 swept away 9 ! self-same place by a plague1 = x 0 m>%y & l[-ly+ gr\nd4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! di/emp]1 be=e ! sun rose1 _! bodies w\ld fall a-%ak+ & trembl+1 ?r\gh ! coldness ( ! air t came (f ! wat]3 b ab\t noon !y 7 /ifl$ ) ! heat1 because !y 7 p5t up s closely toge!r4 ,! s\? w9d br\ght 9 ! infection among !m1 & swept !m away 9 heaps1 b = a :ile !y buri$ _! dead4 ,b :5 ! numb] ( ! dead increas$ to su* an ext5t t ev5 ^? 9 att5dance on ! sick 7 cut (f1 none dur/ approa* ! infect$1 = ! di/emp] seem$ to be incurable4 ,= fir/ cat>rhs & swell+s ab\t ! neck 7 7 7 caus$ by ! /5* ( ! bodies t lay unburi$1 & by ! putrefaction ( ! soil4 ,!n foll[$ fev]1 pa9 9 ! muscles ( ! sp9e1 heav9ess ( ! limbs1 dys5t]y & pu/ules 77 ov] ! surface ( ! :ole body4 ,! majority suff]$ 9 ?is mann]1 b o!rs became rav+ mad & =got ev]y?+1 & ru%+ ab\t di/ract$ /ruck e "o t !y met4 ,all ! help ( ! physicians 0 9 va91 bo? by reason ( ! viol5ce ( ! di/emp] & ! sudd5ness ) :i* x c>ri$ _m (f3 = 9 ! mid/ ( t]rible suff]+ !y commonly di$ on ! fif? or at late/ ! six? day3 s t ^? :o di$ 9 battle 7 acc\nt$ =tunate by all4 ,& x 0 fur!r a matt] ( obs]vation1 t all :o att5d$ on ! sick di$ ( ! same di/emp]1 & :at aggravat$ ! mis]y 0 t none w\ld will+ly come ne> ! di/ress$ & exhau/$1 to m9i/] to !m4 ,= n only /rang]s1 b ev5 bro!rs & famili> fri5ds 7 driv5 by fe> ( infection to =sake "o ano!r4' ,diodorus seems to h drawn on ! cl9ical symptoms ( sev]al diff]5t diseases1 to height5 ! effect ( 8 description4 ,! comb9ation ( pu/ules on ! body ) swell+s ab\t ! neck sugge/s true plague1 b !re ! lik5ess ends4 ,!re are o!r descriptions ( pe/il5ce 9 ,diodorus ,siculus1 t exhibit ?is same eclectic t5d5cy4 ,9 #cfc ,b4,c41 aft] "o or two int]v5+ mild] outbreaks1 ano!r p]iod ( pe/il5ce#ge set 9 9 ,rome4 ,plut>* says t x c>ri$ (f a prodigi\s numb] ( ! p1 mo/ ( ! magi/rates & ,camillus himself4 ,:5 all else fail$ to appease ! gods1 sc5ic plays 7 import$ f ,etruria4 ,hi!rto ! ,roman p _h _h only ! games ( ! circus4 ,livy describes _! introduction to ,rome 9 m9ute detail1 trac+ ! developm5t ( regul> /age plays f ^! rude sc5ic %[s4 #8,actors'1 he says1 #87 s5t = f ,etruria1 :o )\t any song or imitative ge/ures regulat$ _! movem5ts by ! measures ( ! music1 & exhibit$ 9 ,tuscan fa%ion by no means ungraceful dances4' ,to ! anci5ts ! movem5ts ( ! body spoke a language z famili> z ! movem5ts ( ! tongue4 #8,x seem$ to me'1 he cont9ues1 #8t ! fir/ orig9 ( plays %\ld be notic$1 t x might appe> h[ f a mode/ beg9n+ !y h rea*$ _! pres5t extravagance4 ,h[ev]1 ! fir/ introduction ( plays1 int5d$ z a religi\s expiation1 nei!r reliev$ _! m9ds f religi\s awe1 nor _! bodies f disease4' ,inde$ ! ,tib] inundat$ ! circus & int]rupt$ a p]=mance1 z ?\gh ! gods despis$ _! ef=ts at atonem5t4 ,s popul> amusem5t _h come at la/ to supplant popul> atonem5t1 giv+ bir? 9 ! process to dramatic ent]ta9m5t4 ,9 ?is respect we %all f9d hi/ory repeat itself ) /rik+ simil>ity 9 ! plague times ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,su* 0 ! orig9 & ! evolution ( ! sc5ic plays 7ludi sc5ici71 introduc$ 9 ! fir/ place to div]t ! m9d & di/ract ! _s f ! cru%+ cata/rophe ( pe/il5ce4 ,! visitation 0 foll[$ by an e>?quake1 :i* is said to h op5$ a gap+ abyss 9 ! ,=um1 into :i* ,manlius ,curtius hurl$ himself 9 full arm\r--a will+ human scapegoat sacrific$ to ! angry gods4 ,:5 ^! v>i\s measures fail$ to allay ! pe/il5ce1 an old cu/om ( driv+ a nail into ! temple ( ,jupit] 0 solemnly reviv$4 ,?is practice 9 its inception purpos$ to make a cal5d> ( ye>s4 ,b once :5 a dictator _h driv5 9 ! nail1 =?) a pe/il5ce _h ceas$4 ,s n[ x 0 urg$ t1 if a dictator & no common magi/rate drove 9 ! nail1 ! pe/il5ce w\ld cease4 ,s says ,livy1 b !re is abundant evid5ce1 bo? f anci5t lit]ature & f mod]n folk-lore1 t he has miss$ ! real significance ( ! act4 ,we f9d traces ( a _w-wide belief 9 ! possibility ( transf]r+ ! evils ( ! body1 z well z ! evils ( ! s\l1 to "s o!r be+ or animal1 or ?+4 ,! scapegoat is famili> to all1 & we "k f ,leviticus1#gf t at ! cleans+ ( a lep] ! ,jews let a bird fly away4 ,pl9y#gg too tells u1 t a ,roman cure = epilepsy 0 to drive a nail into ! gr\nd1 :]e ! epileptic's head _h /ruck x on fall+3 a simil> cure = too?a*e 0 practis$ 9 ,france & ,g]many1 & = ague 9 ,suffolk4#gh ,9 ea* in/ance ! idea 0 to nail fa/ ! evil ?+1 & s h9d] x f return+ to tr\ble its =m] ho/4 ,a /ory giv5 by ,l4 ,/rack]jan1#gi & quot$ by ,fraz]1 comes ev5 m closely to ! po9t4 ,dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> pe/il5ce came f ,neu5kir*51 9 ,old5burg1 to a neighb\r+ f>mh\se 9 ! semblance ( a blue vap\r1 & ent]+ ! h\se f\nd its way into a hole 9 ! door-po/4 ,! f>m] seiz$ a peg & hamm]$ x into ! hole1 s t x %\ld n come out4 ,aft] a "t he drew out ! peg1 believ+ ! dang] 0 pa/1 b out came ! blue vap\r once m4 ,e memb] ( ! unhappy h\sehold fell a victim to ! pe/il5ce4 ,9 #cdh ,b4,c4 pe/il5ce#hj 0 aga9 rife1 & a lecti/]nium 0 obs]v$ at ! in/ance ( ! ,sibyll9e books4 ,9 #cca ,b4,c4 ,rome 0 aga9 9 ! grip ( a deva/at+ pe/il5ce4#ha ,numb]s ( ! ,s5ate _h already p]i%$1 :5 a female slave came to ! a$iles & decl>$ t ! victims _h di$ ( poison4 ,%e w\ld %[ !m matrons actually engag$ 9 comp\nd+ poisons1 & a /ore laid up 9 read9ess = use4 ,sure en\gh1 drugs 7 f\nd 9 ! possession ( two wom5 ( patrician rank1 ,cornelia & ,s]gia1 & 9 spite ( _! prote/ t ^! 7 h>mless1 !y 7 compell$ to swall[ !m1 & fell victims to _! own nef>i\s devices4 ,"o hundr$ & sev5ty matrons 7 implicat$ 9 _! guilt1 & paid ! p5alty ) _! lives4 ,rome (f]$ a human holocau/ to ! _s ( panic fe>4 ,! grim suspicion ( poison 0 n n[ =mulat$ = ! fir/ "t1 = ! ,a!nians _h suspect$ ! ,lac$aemonians ( poison+ _! wells4 ,b n[ ! *>ge appe>s z a deadly & insidi\s weapon1 ready to ! h& ( e infam\s or ill-dispos$ in=m]4 ,! hide\s catalogue ( cruelties inflict$ on innoc5t victims1 "u ! spell ( ?is illusion1 =ms a d>k *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( epidemic pe/il5ce4 ,9 ! face ( ano!r pe/il5ce#hb 9 #cab ,b4,c41 a dictator 0 aga9 appo9t$ to drive a nail into ! temple ( ,jupit]4 ,we h se5 ! succession ( ,rome's epidemics almo/ unbrok5 ?r\gh\t ! f\r? & fif? c5turies4 ,we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( ,roman "* z tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( int]m9able w>f>e1 b we are apt to =get t !re 0 ano!r1 a /]n] & m desolat+ enemy1 almo/ always al]t )9 h] gates1 #8! pe/il5ce t walke? 9 d>kness4' ,9 ! p]petual /ruggle = exi/5ce on ! /rick5 fields ( battle & ( pe/il5ce1 "y ,rome _h f\nd1 z yet1 no leisure = ! l(ti] pursuits ( ! human intellect1 & _h develop$ no lit]ature & no art ( h] own1 wor?y ( ei!r "n4 ,z ,greek & ,roman 7 alike *ildr5 ( "o common /ock1 "s /rong abid+ influ5ces mu/ h be5 at "w1 lead+ developm5t along widely div]g5t pa?s3 & p]haps 9 epidemic pe/il5ce1 ) :i* ,greece 0 b little famili> till ! end ( ! fif? c5tury at lea/1 we may look = "o su* ag5cy4 ,9 #bie ,b4,c41 dur+ a fi]ce pe/il5ce1 ,livy#hc says t ! consul's son built a temple to ,v5us1 close to ! circus out ( f9es inflict$ on "s matrons convict$ ( adult]y1 z ?\gh _! s9 0 believ$ to be its cause4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages likewise we %all f9d _m *ur*es built 9 commemoration ( p>ticul> plagues4 ,only two ye>s lat] a viol5t pe/il5ce#hd drove ! magi/rates to consult ! ,sibyll9e books1 & 9 ob$i5ce to _! in/ruction ambassadors 7 s5t f ,rome to ,epidaurus to dem& ! s]p5t ( ,aesculapius1 9 :i* ! god seem$ to be inc>nate4 ,at fir/ no?+ 0 done beyond devot+ "o day to ! supplication ( ,aesculapius4 ,b 9 ! foll[+ ye> ambassadors set out "u ! lead]%ip ( ,qu9tus ,ogulnius#he & on arrival at ,epidaurus 7 tak5 to ! temple ( ,aesculapius1 & invit$ to c>ry away :atev] 0 ne$$ to rescue _! city f pe/il5ce4 ,!reupon ! s]p5t1 :i* r>ely appe>$ to ! ,epidaurians1 pres5t$ itself = ?ree days 9 ! mo/ public p>ts ( ! city1 & !n ( its own accord made its way to ! ,roman galley1 9 :i* x 0 transport$ to ,antium1 aft] ! ambassadors _h be5 in/ruct$ h[ to pay hon\r to ! god4 ,aft] a brief soj\rn !re x re-ent]$ ! ,roman galley1 & sc>ce _h !y rea*$ ! ,tib]1 :5 x swam to ! isl& 9 mid-/ream1 :]e a temple 0 d$icat$ aft]w>ds to ,aesculapius4 ,a co9 ( ,commodus#hf & a m$allion ( ,anton9us 7see ,plate ,i1 p4 #d7 survive to commemorate ! ev5t4 ,to ?is day !re may be se5 on "s l>ge blocks ( /one1 m\ld$ to ! %ape ( ! poop ( a %ip1 on ! ,isola ,tib]9a1 ! head ( an effigy ( ,aesculapius 9 relief1 ) ! s]p5t tw9$ r\nd 8 /aff4 ,s x 0 pe/il5ce t br\ght ,aesculapius to ,rome1 z x _h br\ght ,apollo be=e him4 ,9 ?is temple 9 ! ,tib] ! heal+ ritual ( ! god fl\ri%$ = "s c5turies1 & 9 rec5t excavations _m votive emblems ( diseas$ p>ts ( ! body h be5 br\ght to light4 ,) few int]vals1 & ^? ( no long duration1 ! isl& has be5 d$icat$ to works ( heal+ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,claudius orda9$ t sick slaves %\ld be expos$ on ! isl&1 & ^? t recov]$ 7 to receive _! fre$om4 ,! hospital ( ,s4 ,giovanni ,calabita1 f\nd$ 9 #aege1 /&s !re /ill4 ,9 #afef ! :ole isl& 0 conv]t$ into a laz>etto = ! victims ( ! plague4 ,x 0 ! con/ant cu/om ( ! prie/s ( ,epidaurus1 9 f\nd+ a new %r9e to s5d out "o ( ! sacr$ snakes f ! sanctu>y4 ,pausanias#hg describes ! com+ ( ,aesculapius f ,epidaurus to ,sicyon1 9 ! =m ( a snake1 9 a c> drawn by a pair ( mules4 ,be=e 8 transf]5ce to ,rome1 ,aesculapius _h already atta9$ all ! attributes ( div9ity4 ,he _h ceas$ to be a m]e god-man by ! "t t 8 wor%ip rea*$ ,a!ns f ,epidaurus 7#dbj ,b4,c474 ,s f> 0 8 s]p5t orig9 =gott51 t ! ,greeks expla9$ 8 association ) ! s]p5t by ! sugge/ion t m$ic9e1 l ! s]p5t1 reappe>$ annually 9 a fre% integum5t4 ,9 comput+ ! numb] ( epidemics t visit$ ,rome ,livy is ! *ief au?ority1 & 9 do+ s x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t 8 "w is incomplete4 ,epitomes only survive ( ! books deal+ ) ! ye>s f #bic to #bai ,b4,c41 & ( ^? aga9 f #afg ,b4,c4 to ! end ( 8 hi/ory 9 ! middle ( ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,t !re 0 no cessation ( ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( pe/il5ce may reasonably be inf]r$ f ! regul>ity ( appe>ance 9 ^? int]v5+ ye>s1 ( :i* 8 complete hi/ories survive4 ,9 #bab ,b4,c4 ,livy#hh describes simultane\s pe/il5ce at ,syracuse & at ,rome4 ,! ,roman g5]al1 ,m>cellus1 0 besieg+ ,syracuse1 :5 pe/il5ce fell bo? on besieg]s & besieg$4 ,! ,c>?ag9ian & ,sicilian armies1 h[ev]1 suff]$ m ?an ! ,romans1 :o retir$ )9 ! walls to recruit _! heal?4 ,! ,sicilians also %ook x (f by disp]s+ to _! cities1 b x cont9u$ to rage among ! ,c>?ag9ians1 :o _h no place to :i* to retire4 ,livy's description ( ! neglect ( ! dead recalls t ( ,?ucydides1 b ! simil>ity ( expression is n s close z to make x c]ta9 t he has borr[$ directly f ,?ucydides4 ,he writes3 #8,at la/ _! feel+s _h become s completely brutaliz$ by be+ habituat$ to ^! mis]ies1 t !y n only did n foll[ _! dead ) te>s & dec5t lam5tations1 b !y did n ev5 c>ry !m out & bury !m3 s t ! bodies ( ! dead lay /rewn ab\t1 expos$ to ! view ( ^? :o 7 await+ a simil> fate4 ,& ?us ! dead 7 ! means ( de/roy+ ! sick1 & ! sick ^? :o 7 9 heal?1 bo? by fe> & by ! fil?y /ate & ! noisome /5* ( _! bodies4 ,"s1 pref]r+ to die by ! sword1 ev5 ru%$ ^u ! outpo/s ( ! enemy4' ,livy might well h be5 describ+ ! sc5es 9 ! /reets ( ,m>seilles dur+ ! plague ( ,a4,d4 #agbj4 ,silius ,italicus#hi has describ$ ?is pe/il5ce1 z well z ,livy1 b 8 is a m]e poetic picture ( its fanci$ incid5ce fir/ on dogs1 next on birds1 !n on wild bea/s1 & f9ally on man4 ,! ,ludi ,apoll9>es also 7 in/itut$ 9 #bab ,b4,c41 b ,livy /ates t !y 7 in/itut$ 9 commemoration ( ! victory 9 arms1 & n because ( ! re/oration ( a /ate ( heal?9ess1 z is commonly suppos$4 ,9 ! circum/ances ! "o proposition ne$ h>dly exclude ! o!r4 ,= ?ree full ye>s1 f #ahc to #ahj ,b4,c41 pe/il5ce#ij rag$ 9 ,rome1 c>ry+ (f bo? high & l[4 ,! p saw 9 x a sign ( cele/ial ang]1 & ! ,pontifex ,maximus ord]$ t ! ,sibyll9e books %\ld be consult$4 ,gild$ /atues & (f]+s 7 duly v[$ to ! heal+ deities1 ,apollo1 ,aesculapius1 & ,hygieia1 :o = long ye>s 9 ! p]son ( ,a!na _h /ood z protectress ( ! heal? ( ,a!ns4 ,pe/il5ce _h n[ br\ght h] to ,rome4 ,a supplication 0 celebrat$ 9 t[n & surr\nd+ c\ntry by all above ! age ( twelve1 ! suppliants we>+ *aplets on _! heads & c>ry+ 9 _! h&s b\ghs ( ! laurel1 sacr$ to ,apollo4 ,suspicions ( poison 7 freely bruit$ 9 ! city1 & ,val]ius ( ,antium says t an inve/igation actually result$ 9 ! condemnation ( two ?\s& p]sons1 & among !m ,qu>ta ,ho/ilia1 wife ( ! consul :o _h di$ ( ! pe/il5ce4 ,s spl5did an atonem5t mu/ ne$s appease ! ang]$ gods4 ,9 #agf-age ,b4,c4 pe/il5ce 0 aga9 sev]e 9 ,rome4 ,livy's#ia acc\nt ( x is int]e/+1 because he /ates t1 9 spite ( ! great mortality among cattle & m51 !re 7 no vultures to be se5 9 ei!r ye> ( ! pe/il5ce4 ,tak+ ! obs]vation 9 its context x reads z ?\gh ! vultures 7 ! fir/ to suff]1 s t !y 7 ext]m9at$ locally1 !n ! cattle1 & aft]w>ds man1 & ) him probably 8 dog4 ,?ucydides _h already drawn att5tion to ! abs5ce ( vultures dur+ ! plague ( ,a!ns1 & ) ! passage ( ye>s ! obs]vation cry/alliz$ into an article ( fai? p]t95t to all & e pe/il5ce4 ,9 ! case ( ! plague ( ,aleppo ,russell def9itely negatives ! obs]vation4 ,) ! conclusion ( ,livy's hi/ory we ent] on a b>r5 p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,roman pe/il5ce1 & we may turn = a :ile to "s aspects ( pe/il5ce pres5t$ by anci5t ,lat9 poetry4 ,,footnotes3 #ed ,life ( ,numa4 #ee ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh4 #ef ,pausanias1 ix4 #bb4 #a4 #eg ,odes1 ,i4 #cg4 #eh ,i4 vi4 #dj4 #ei ,livy1 i4 #ca4 #fj ,livy1 i4 #ef1 & ,dion4 ,halic4 ,antiq4 ,rom4 iv4 #fh4 #fa ,antiq4 ,rom4 ix4 #dj4 #fb ,porphyry1 ,de ,ab/95tia1 ii4 #ef4 #fc ,deut]onomy xii4 #ca2 ,leviticus xviii4 #ba2 #b ,k+s ii4 #e-ag4 #fd ,i4 v4 #b4 #fe ,,ix4 viii4 #b4 #ff ,vita ,apollonii1 iv4 #aj4 #fg iii4 #f4 #fh iii4 #h4 #fi iii4 #e4 #gj ,agnes ,arb]1 ,h]bals1 #aiab4 #ga ,antiq4 ,rom4 x4 #ec2 & ,livy1 iv4 #cb4 #gb ,livy1 iv4 #ba-e4 #gc ,livy1 v4 #ac4 #gd xiv4 #gj4 #ge ,livy1 vii4 #b4 #gf ,leviticus xiv4 #g1 & #ec4 #gg ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxviii4 #fc4 #gh ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 & ,e4 ,c4 ,gurdon1 ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 ,suffolk1 p4 #ad4 #gi ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg1 ii4 #abj1 #dbh4 #hj ,livy1 vii4 #bg4 #ha ,livy1 viii4 #ah4 #hb ,livy1 ix4 #bh4 #hc x4 #ca4 #hd ,livy1 ,x4 #dg1 & ,epit4 ,lib4 xi4 #he ,val]ius ,maximus1 i4 #h4 #hf ,see ,duruy1 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 i4 #eee4 #hg ii4 #aj4 #c4 #hh xxv4 #bf-h4 #hi ,punic ,w>1 v4 #ehj-fbf4 #ij ,livy1 xxxix4 #da2 xl4 #ai2 xl4 #cg4 #ia xli4 #ba4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,into 8 great poem #8,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s' 7,de ,r]um ,natura7 ,lucretius has graft$ a description ( ! plague ( ,a!ns1 conv]t+ ! record ( ,?ucydides into ,lat9 hexamet] v]se4 ,8 prime motive 9 its introduction is to %[ t ! *ief ph5om5a ( nature1 & pe/il5ce z "o ( ^!1 all h>monize ) ! atomic !ory1 t he has adopt$ f ,democritus & ,epicurus4 ,lucretius inde$ prop\nds an atomic explanation ( pe/il5ce1 consonant 9 its ma9 features ) ! doctr9es ( 8 contempor>y ,asclepiades4 ,we c reason ( ! imp]ceptible1 he argues1 only f our k ( ! p]ceptible4 ,our eyes see cl\ds desc5d f ! sky1 & noxi\s vap\rs rise z mi/s f ! l&4 ,our m9ds !n may n unreasonably inf]1 t pe/il5ce also ei!r comes d[n f heav5 by ! m$ium ( cl\ds1 or rises up f ! ra9-sodd5 e>? by ! m$ium ( mi/4 ,9 ea* mann] ! atmosph]e becomes impregnat$ ) noxi\s atoms t di/emp] x4 ,^! p>ticles ent] our bodies1 ei!r by ! air we brea!1 or by ! food & dr9k !y h contam9at$1 & ?us provoke infection4 ,su*1 he holds1 0 ! cause ( ! plague ( ,a!ns4 ,! views ( ,lucretius z to ! proximate causes ( pe/il5ce are almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( 8 contempor>y1 ,diodorus ,siculus4 ,) ea* ( !m moi/ure1 z cl\d or mi/1 di/emp]s ! air or damages food1 & s f9ds entry into lungs or /oma*4 ,) ea* an ill w9d may eng5d] pe/il5ce3 ) ,lucretius1 by br++ a h>mful to replace a b5efic5t atmosph]e3 ) ,diodorus ,siculus1 by fail+ to cool ! air to an appropriate temp]ature1 ?us caus+ fev]4 ,to ,lucretius cl\ds1 mi/s1 & w9ds are c>ri]s ( noxi\s p>ticles4 ,9 ?is atomic !ory ( infection he fa9tly =e%ad[s ! doctr9e ( p>ticulate poisons1 t held ! field ( sci5tific speculation )9 ! memory ( liv+ m54 ,b ev5 s ,lucretius came less ne> ! tru? ?an 8 great contempor>y ,v>ro1#ib :o actually ascribes disease 9 animals to liv+ organisms beyond ! range ( human vision 7#8crescunt animalia qua$am m9uta1 quae non possunt oculi consequi1 et p] a]a1 intus p] os ac n>es p]v5iunt atque efficiunt difficiles morbos'74 ,to ,lucretius pe/il5ce is a purely natural process1 9 :i* !re is no place = ! h&iwork ( gods4 ,( ?is !me1 9 v>y+ applications1 he is a fi]ce expon5t ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( 8 poem4 ,p]haps x is = ?is reason t he *ose ! n>rative ( ,?ucydides z ! basis ( 8 poem1 = ,?ucydides1 too1 ref]r$ epidemic pe/il5ce to natural causation1 n to ! special act ( any god4 ,l ,?ucydides1 too1 ,lucretius accepts )\t res]ve ! doctr9e ( contagion3 ,qui fu]ant autem prae/o contagibus ibant ,atque labore4 7,^? :o _h /ay$ ne> at h& w\ld die ( contagion & ! toil47 ,pe/il5ce1 too1 af=ds ,lucretius a r>e text = ! exposure ( ! holl[ %am ( /ate-wor%ip1 :i* repres5t$ n[ all t surviv$ ( religion 9 ,rome4 ,we h se5 h[ mu* ( ,roman religion _h its orig9 f "t to "t 9 ! necessity ( exorcis+ pe/il5ce3 & we h se5 h[ popul> sup]/ition revivifi$ ! ritual ( popul> atonem5t4 ,n[ ! ,sibyll9e books are consult$4 ,n[ a nail is driv5 into ! temple ( ,jupit]4 ,n[ ,apollo is br\ght to ,rome1 & a temple erect$ 9 8 hon\r4 ,n[ ,aesculapius comes 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t to deliv] ,rome3 n[ ,hygieia4 ,n[ sacrifices are (f]$ & fea/s set out be=e ! /atues ( ! gods4 ,?is is ! fabric t ,lucretius1 fir$ ) iconocla/ic zeal1 w\ld fa9 demoli%1 n z ! enemy ( religion1 b z ! ru?less enemy ( religi\s %am4 ,9 lit]>y =m ?is "p ( ! great ,lucretian poem falls f> bel[ ! re/4 ,! poem z a :ole possesses a rugg$ gr&eur ( its own1 b ?is t]m9al portion1 :ile reta9+ all ! rugg$ness1 has lo/ mo/ ( ! gr&eur4 ,x gives ! impression ( hav+ be5 m]ely r\gh ca/1 to await ! poli%+1 :i*1 ow+ to ! premature dea? ( ! poet 9 #ee ,b4,c41 x nev] receiv$4 ,fault also may be f\nd ) ! lit]>y sub/ance1 = 9 places he misund]/&s ! language ( ,?ucydides1 & misrepres5ts 8 mean+4 ,aga91 he incorporates "h & !re fragm5ts ( ,hippocrates & fancies ( 8 own into ! record ( ,?ucydides1 z ?\gh all disease pres5t$ a s+le cl9ical facies4 ,= example1 he reproduces z cor ! ( ,?ucydides1 :i* ! latt] us$1 z did ,hippocrates1 = ! c>diac end ( ! /oma*4 ,aga91 he mis9t]prets ,?ucydides ) reg>d to ! effect ( ! disease on ! extremities4 ,he repres5ts z f]ro privati1 :]eas cle>ly ,?ucydides means t ! p>ts sl\gh$ (f1 n t !y 7 amputat$4 ,x w\ld seem t ,lucretius 0 v]s$ 9 ! ,greek language ( 8 day1 b t language 0 no long] ! ,greek ( ,?ucydides & ,plato4 ,nor does ,lucretius scorn ! full lic5ce t ,horace accords to ! poet1 & exig5cies ( metre sometimes compel him n to adh]e /rictly to 8 model3 ?us he trans=ms ! critical days into ! eigh? & n9?4 ,"o long passage beg9n+ ,multaque praet]ea mortis tum signa dabantur consi/s ( v>i\s exc]pts f ,hippocrates turn$ into ,lat9 v]se4 ,^! are ga!r$ f su* div]se p>ts ( ! ,hippocratic writ+s1 z to indicate consid]able acqua9tance ) !m4 ,! l9eam5ts ( ! ,hippocratic facies are reproduc$ 9 detail4 ,! fact is t ,lucretius 0 m anxi\s = ! picturesqu5ess ?an = ! accuracy ( 8 description1 provid$ always t ! logical s\ndness ( ! ma9 !sis & its didactic purpose 7 n compromis$ !reby4 ,9 8 picture ( ! my?ical plague t afflict$ ! p ( ,aeg9a1 ,ovid#ic exacts contributions alike f ,?ucydides1 ,lucretius1 & ,v]gil1 :ile !re are c]ta9 features t be> a /rong resemblance to ,diodorus ,siculus4 ,8 /ory is t ,m9os1 ,k+ ( ,crete1 ! second k+ ( ! "n1 goes 9 que/ ( allies to ! isl& ( ,aeg9a1 & c\rts unsuccessfully ! aid ( its k+ ,aeacus4 ,z soon z he has dep>t$1 ,cephalus comes z ambassador f ,a!ns & obta9s help f ,aeacus1 :o gives him an acc\nt ( ! pe/il5ce t _h =m]ly rag$ 9 ,aeg9a1 & dwells on its m>vell\s repeopl+4 ,ovid ma9ta9s suffici5t indep5d5ce ( 8 models = u to be able to ga!r some?+ at lea/ ( curr5t ideas ( pe/il5ce1 set ?\gh x is 9 an atmosph]e ( antiquity4 ,at fir/ ! disease 0 ref]r$ to natural causation & s 0 combat$ by m$ic9es3 ,dum visum mortale malum tantaeque latebat ,causa noc5s cladis1 pugnatum e/ arte m$5di4 ,exitium sup]abat opem1 quae victa iacebat4 ,! t5d5cy 0 n[ to reg>d pe/il5ce z a natural process1 until x ov]/epp$ habitual limitations1 & triumphantly defi$ ! res\rces ( or?odox m$ic9e4 ,!n popul> imag9ation saw 9 x ! h& ( a god1 & =?) set x outside ! conf9es ( recogniz$ pa?ology4 ,s n[ ,ovid ascribes ! ,aeg9etan plague to ! ang] ( ,juno1 because ! isl& 0 nam$ aft] h] adult]\s rival ,aeg9a1 :o 0 c>ri$ !re by ,jupit]1 & by him became ! "m ( ,aeacus1 ,k+ ( ,aeg9a4 ,b side by side ) ?is ,ovid lays /ress on v>i\s meteorological ph5om5a1 t accompani$ or prelud$ ! pe/il5ce--! e>? encompass$ ) gross d>kness1 a dr[sy heat 9 ! cl\ds1 & p]si/5t hot w9ds1 z ?\gh he believ$ 9 "s close causal connexion4 ,he conceives ! virus to be communicable 9 wat]1 = f\nta9s & lakes 7 deem$ to be infect$1 & ! riv]s ta9t$ ) ! v5om ( innum]able snakes4 ,he dwells at l5g? on ! epizootic1 & elaborates ?is feature f> m ev5 ?an ,livy1 & true to ! habitual "* ( ,roman pe/il5ce1 he makes x prec$e ! human epidemic4 ,he holds fa/ ! doctr9e ( contagion1 :i* he conceives to be transmitt$ by ! dead z well z ! liv+4 ,ovid's description ( pe/il5ce unmasks 8 %all[ nature4 ,he %[s himself to be no m & no less ?an an elegant lit]>y trifl]4 ,"o feels 9 ! easy fl[ ( 8 v]se & ! light vag>ies ( 8 picturesque imag9ation an unconc]n & indiff]5ce to ! horrible realities he h&les4 ,he has no p[]1 l ,?ucydides1 to plumb ! dep?s ( pa?os1 & ! read] turns f 8 catalogue ( suff]+s ) no emotion ( horror1 /ill less ) "o ( sympa?y4 ,"o looks 9 va9 = "s ve/ige ( ! moral e>ne/ness ( ,lucretius4 ,ev5 = 8 deities ! spr+s ( action reside 9 ! l[li] human passions4 ,caprice & jeal\sy move ,juno to s5d ! pe/il5ce3 humanity is ! sport ( ^! infirmities4 ,:5 man's conception ( ,div9e ,provid5ce _h sunk s l[1 x 0 well t ,imp]ial ,rome %\ld be )\t religion4 ,manilius1 9 8 ,a/ronomica1#id compos$ ab\t ! ,*ri/ian era1 ass]ts ) confid5ce1 t comets presage pe/il5ce4 ,! belief is probably f> old] ?an ,manilius1 ?\gh x is difficult to cite exact au?orities4 ,livy#ie speaks ( a bright light 9 ! sky be=e ! plague ( #dfb ,b4,c42 #8coelum ard]e visum e/ plurimo igni'3 & ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus#if rec\nts ! light+ up ( a fire 9 ! heav5s be=e t ( #dej ,b4,c43 4 ,allusions su* z ^! w\ld seem to signify ! appe>ance ( a comet4 ,v]gil#ig is ev5 m explicit3 ,non secus ac liquida si qu&o nocte cometae ,sangu9ei lugubre rub5t1 aut ,sirius ardor1 ,ille sitim morbosque f]5s mortalibus aegris ,nascitur1 et laevo contri/at lum9e coelum4 ,( _! suppos$ malign influ5ce on human affairs 9 g5]al !re is no d\bt4 ,tacitus#ih assigns to !m ev5 a political significance1 = he says t 9 popul> op9ion !y always port5d a revolution to k+doms4 ,s5eca1#ii 9 8 ,physical ,sci5ce1 makes ! specific /atem5t t #8aft] great e>?quakes x is usual = a pe/il5ce to occur'4 ,! concurr5ce ( ! two _h be5 m5tion$ previ\sly by ,?ucydides1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,livy1 & o!rs1 b ,s5eca w\ld seem to be ! fir/ to attempt to def9e ! exact relation ( ! "o to ! o!r4 ,9 ! ,campanian e>?quake ( ,a4,d4 #fc a flock ( #fjj %eep _h p]i%$ my/]i\sly1 ne> ,pompeii4 ,s5eca conceives t e>?quakes lib]ate poison\s fumes imprison$ 9 ! e>?1 or p5t up 9 m>%es1 :i* s]ve to ta9t ! air4 ,flocks suff] mo/1 he ?9ks1 because !y live 9 ! op51 & also dr9k ! poison-lad5 wat]4 ,!y fe$ too ) heads close to ! gr\nd & s receive ! conc5trat$ v5om1 be=e x has become dilut$3 & !n he adds3 #8,if x _h issu$ 9 great] volume1 x w\ld h injur$ man too1 b ! abundant supply ( pure air c\nt]act$ x1 be=e x c\ld rise high en\gh to be brea!d by any human be+4' ,& he proce$s3 #8,! bett] is ev] conqu]$ by ! worse4 ,ev5 t pure air ( heav5 *anges !n to pe/il5tial4 ,!nce come sudd5 & cont9u\s dea?s1 & port5t\s =ms ( disease1 t spr+ f unexampl$ causes4 ,! disa/] is long-or %ort-liv$ accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! s\rces ( infection4 ,nor does ! plague cease1 until ! fre$om ( heav5 & ! toss+ ( ! w9ds h bani%$ t fatal air4' ,s5eca _h probably /umbl$ on ! true explanation ( ! dea? ( ! ,campanian %eep1 = ,geikie says t aft] an eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius ! escape ( c>bonic acid gas has be5 kn[n to suffocate hundr$s ( h>es1 p>tridges1 & pheasants4 ,s5eca1 9 con=mity ) ! le>n$ op9ion ( 8 "t1 reg>ds volcanoes & e>?quakes z closely alli$ ph5om5a4 ,e>?quakes 7 reg>d$ z ! product 9 ! ma9 ( viol5t commotion ( ! air4 ,niebuhr1 l ,s5eca1 express$ a firm belief 9 e>?quakes & volcanic eruptions z causes ( pe/il5ce1 a !sis t _m writ]s h s\ght to sub/antiate4 ,x is tempt+1 ev5 to-day1 to speculate on migrations ( rats set 9 motion by subt]ranean activity4 ,b a c>eful survey ( a suffici5t s]ies ( e>?quakes & plagues l5ds little support to su* a proposition4 ,ea* may occur alike be=e or aft]1 ) or )\t ! o!r1 & _! frequ5t concurr5ce 9 anci5t hi/ory d5otes no m ?an t ! eyes ( hi/orians 7 focus$1 almo/ exclusively1 on a n>r[ tract ( l& ar\nd ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 :i* e>?quakes 7 & are notori\sly ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,two ye>s aft] ! great e>?quake ,campania 0 deva/at$ by a hurricane1 & ,rome desolat$ by pe/il5ce4 ,tacitus#ajj says t ! pe/il5ce swept away #8all classes ( human be+s )\t any su* d]angem5t ( ! atmosph]e z to be visibly app>5t4 ,yet ! h\ses 7 fill$ ) dead bodies & ! /reets ) fun]als4' ,tacitus decl>es unhesitat+ly = ! production ( pe/il5ce by natural & n by sup]natural ag5cy4 ,! ye> ,a4,d4 #gi is ev] memorable = ! de/ruction ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 ,x 0 foll[$ by pe/il5ce1 :i* ,dion ,cassius attributes to a%es f ,vesuvius4 ,du/ _h be5 suspect f ! remote/ ages ( antiquity4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,exodus ,moses 0 told to spr9kle du/ be=e heav54 #8,& x %all become du/ 9 all ! l& ( ,egypt1 & %all be a boil break+ =? ) bla9s ^u man4' ,livy & ,plut>* ea* attribut$ ! plague t broke out among ! ,gauls1 :5 besieg+ ,rome "u ,br5nus1 to ! du/ & a%es ( ! h\ses !y _h burnt4 ,philo1 too1 ascribes a pe/il5ce ( ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ib to hot du/ irritat+ ! sk94 ,dion ,cassius#aja m5tions a plague t broke out 9 ! reign ( ,domitian 7,a4,d4 #ha-if71 & :i* may be ! same z t m5tion$ by ,philo4 #8,c]ta9 individuals'1 he says1 #8poison$ ne$les & set to "w to prick :omsoev] !y wi%$3 sev]al :o 7 prick$ di$ )\t kn[+ any?+ ab\t x3 b "s ( ! sc\ndrels 7 d5\nc$ & puni%$2 & t happ5$ n only 9 ,rome1 b ov] all ! _w s to say4' ,"s initial puncti=m eruption may p]haps h simulat$ a ne$le-prick4 ,belief 9 ! dissem9ation ( pe/il5ce by ! cutane\s inoculation ( poison 0 de/9$ to fl\ri% = _m c5turies4 ,dion ,cassius#ajb himself repeats ! /atem5t 9 ! case ( ano!r pe/il5ce 9 ! reign ( ,commodus 7,a4,d4 #ahg73 #8,9 ! reign ( ,commodus occurr$ ! mo/ viol5t sickness ,i h ev] kn[n3 at ,rome two ?\s& p]sons (t5 di$ 9 a s+le day4 ,b _m di$1 n only 9 ,rome1 b 9 all p>ts ( ! empire1 9 ano!r mann]3 sc\ndrels1 poison+ little ne$les ) c]ta9 noxi\s sub/ances1 transmitt$ ! disease 9 ?is way = pay3 ?is _h be5 done already 9 ! reign ( ,domitian4' ,= ?ree ye>s !n fam9e & pe/il5ce work$ h& 9 h& to ru9 ,rome1 & ! p 9 _! fury clam\r$ = a victim4 ,a pleasant sacrifice 0 h&y 9 ! ,phrygian fre$man ,cle&]1 ! gre$y & infam\s m9i/] ( ,commodus4 ,x 0 eag]ly bruit$ t ,cle&] _h ho>d$ :eat1 & ! madd5$ populace1 surg+ to ! palace ( ,commodus1 clam\r$ = ! head ( ! hat$ fav\rite4 ,! ,emp]or1 fe>ful = 8 own life1 at ! in/ance ( ! wom5 ( 8 c\rt dem&$ t ! head ( ,cle&] %\ld be ?r[n f ! palace to ! p4 ,! spectacle ( ?is bloody expiation appeas$ ! fury ( ! rabble4 ,on ! advice ( 8 physicians#ajc ,commodus himself beat a ha/y retreat to ,laur5tum1 to seek an antidote 9 ! sc5t ( its abundant laurels4 ,^? :o rema9$ 9 ,rome fill$ _! noses & e>s ) sweet o9tm5ts1 to neutralize ! pe/il5tial exhalations f infect$ bodies & f ! contagi\s atmosph]e4 ,at la/ a ,roman emp]or is f\nd1 9 pres5ce ( pe/il5ce1 consult+--n ! ,sibyll9e books1 n ! oracle1 n ! om5s--b a physician1 & obey+ 8 in/ruction4 ,m$ic9e has t>dily come into h] own1 & ,pl9y's s>casm1 t ,rome prosp]$ = #fjj ye>s )\t physicians1 has lo/ its /+4 ,b we %all see pres5tly t ! h\r = pr(essional exaltation is n yet4 ,! great ,anton9e plague--! long plague1 z ,gal5 calls x1 = x la/$ no less ?an fifte5 ye>s#ajd--0 br\ght to ,rome f ! ,ea/ by ! ,syrian army ( ,v]us1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #afe4 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us#aje sets its comm5cem5t 9 ! sacrilegi\s folly ( "s ,roman soldi]s at ! sack ( ! city ( ,seleucia4 ,^! m5 wr5*$ f its site a /atue ( ,apollo1 & f a n>r[ ap]ture b5ea? its p$e/al ! pe/il5ce escap$1 c>ry+ dea? :]ev] x w5t4 ,julius ,capitol9us 7c4 ,a4,d4 #cjj7 confirms ! /atem5t ( ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 except 9 t he traces ! s\rce ( orig9 to a small gold5 c(f] 9 ?is same temple ( ,apollo4 ,c>ri$ !nce by ! victori\s army to ,rome1 x f\nd !re conditions fav\rable to its propagation 9 an already exi/+ fam9e1 9 ! accumulation ( ! soldi]y1 & 9 ! conc\rse ( spectators1 :o _h come to see ! triumph ( ! jo9t emp]ors duly celebrat$4 ,( ! mortality at ,rome no figures exi/1 b x is said to h be5 v great4 ,dead bodies 7 s num]\s1 t !y 7 c>ri$ to burial heap$ up 9 c>ts4 ,aurelius#ajf paid ! dead ! tribute ( a public fun]al1 & erect$ /atues to ! memory ( _m m5 ( high e/ate4 ,8 philosophy1 ?\gh pro( aga9/ religi\s belief1 %[$ itself n pro( aga9/ religi\s sup]/ition4 ,! :ole pagan ritual ( expiation 0 p>ad$ on behalf ( ! di/ract$ city4 ,! neglect$ wor%ip ( ! gods 0 reviv$ ) r5ew$ vig\r1 & ! aid ( ^? mo/ p[]ful to help 9 su* circum/ances 0 eag]ly invok$4 ,a lu/ration 0 solemnly p]=m$ = ! purification ( ! city1 & a lecti/]nium celebrat$ = sev5 :ole days4 ,! p 7 readily infect$ ) ! contagion ( _! sov]eign's sup]/ition1 & f ?is "t may be dat$ a brief revival ( ! wor%ip ( ! effete pagan deities4 ,aurelius s\ght ev5 to appease ! ang] ( ! national gods by a p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ^: religion 0 an insult to _! maje/y4 ,! ,*ri/ian *ronicl]1 ,orosius1#ajg attributes ! pe/il5ce actually to ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians t _h brok5 out 9 ,asia & ,gaul be=e its comm5cem5t4 ,all t is kn[n = c]ta9 is1 t su* a p]secution 0 a consequ5ce1 if n a cause z well4 ,an engrav$ blood-col\r$ jasp]1 pres]v$ 9 ,p>is1 & figur$ 9 ! ,hi/oire de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 survives to commemorate ! sacrifices by :i* ,m>cus ,aurelius s\ght to *>m away ! plague4 ,duruy#ajh describes its features3 #8,m>cus ,aurelius z sov]eign pontiff3 on 8 veil$ head a globe1 symbol ( 8 sov]eign p[]3 beh9d him an augur's /aff3 fac+ ! ,emp]or ,rome helmet$ & ,aesculapius ) horns3 "u ,aurelius1 ,hygieia or ,heal?3 la/ly ! head ( ,fau/9a4 ,! ,sagitt>ius1 :o occupies ! c5tre1 m>ks ! "t ( ! sacrifices1 (f]$ 9 ,novemb] or ,decemb]4' ,"s h inf]r$ f a passage ( ,julius ,capitol9us t ,m>cus ,aurelius himself di$ ( ?is pe/il5ce 9 ,a4,d4 #ahj4 ,9 describ+ 8 dea?-b$1 ,capitol9us says t he took a ha/y f>ewell ( 8 son1 = fe> ( communicat+ 8 malady to him4 ,niebuhr consid]s t ! anci5t _w nev] recov]$ f ! havoc ( ?is pe/il5ce4 ,to x he traces ! decad5ce ( ,roman lit]ature & art 9 ! ye>s t foll[$1 & po9ts to analog\s results 9 ,greece f ! plague ( ,a!ns1 & 9 e>ly ,g]man & e>ly ,flor5t9e lit]ature f ! ,black ,dea? ( ,a4,d4 #acdh4 ,b ! se$s ( decay 9 ! empire ( ,rome _h already be5 s[n1 z !y _h be5 9 ! empire ( ,a!ns be=e ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,p]icles himself _h w>n$ ! ,a!nians at ! outset ( ! f>-rea*+ consequ5ces ( failure4 ,we %all see too h]eaft] t 9 ! case ( ! e>ly ,flor5t9e lit]ature o!r m pot5t influ5ces ?an pe/il5ce 7 conc]n$ 9 its tempor>y effacem5t4 ,! lesson to be le>nt f a compreh5sive survey ( ! hi/ory ( pe/il5ce w\ld seem r to be ?is1 t ) ! community1 z ) ! individual1 ! s\nd con/itution ?r[s (f ! effects ( a sickness t /rikes "r home1 :5 ! resi/+ p[] is impair$4 ,su* 0 assur$ly ! case ) ! int]m9able sequ5ce ( plagues t assail$ ,rome 9 adolesc5ce z well z 9 adult life4 ,b z decad5ce & decrepitude beset ! body politic1 ! w\nds ( pe/il5ce w5t deep] & left abid+ sc>s4 ,! ,anton9e plague bequea!d "o ill-/>r$ legacy to ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e4 ,e sov]eign has ! physicians he des]ves1 & ,gal5 0 physician to ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,at ! fir/ onset ( ! pe/il5ce ,gal5 made (f to ,campania1 & f9d+ no safety !re took %ip to ,p]gamus4 ,!nce1 aft] two ye>s' abs5ce1 he return$ at ! summons ( ! emp]ors1 & aft] a brief /ay 9 ,rome jo9$ !m at ,aquileia1 :]e pe/il5ce track$ him d[n aga94 ,c[>ds die _m times be=e _! dea?4 ,c\rage1 h[ev]1 & m$ical acum5 are by no means con/ant companions1 & = _m c5turies1 9 face ( pe/il5ce1 physicians1 & among !m ,morgagni & ,syd5ham1 7 doom$ to foll[ ! example ( ,gal5 z fai?fully z !y *]i%$ 8 precepts4 ,gal5 has be5 reg>d$ g5]ally z ! lead+ au?ority on ! m$ical aspects ( ! ,anton9e plague1 b ! value ( ,gal5's te/imony is n enhanc$ by ! inve/igation ( ^! att5dant circum/ances4 ,! physician :o takes flight at ! outset is little likely subsequ5tly to obs]ve ! disease c>efully1 con/antly1 & at close qu>t]s3 nor is x surpris+ to f9d t mu* ( 8 symptomatology is borr[$ directly ei!r f ,?ucydides or ,hippocrates4 ,! /rik+ picture ( ,?ucydides mu/ ne$s dom9ate ! m9d ( ! man :o /udies m$ic9e 9 8 arm-*air1 s t we are prep>$ to f9d ,gal5 ass]t+ ! id5tity ( ! ,anton9e pe/il5ce ) ! plague ( ,a!ns4 ,"h & !re passages are lift$ almo/ v]batim f ,?ucydides4 ,= example1 ,gal5#aji says t ! sick man's body did n seem hott] ?an normal to ! t\*1 b t he suff]$ an intol]able inw>d burn+4 ,! sk9 0 n yell[1 b r$di% & livid4 ,! transf]5ce ( f ,?ucydides %[s t he is copy+ ,?ucydides1 & is n describ+ :at he himself saw4 ,aga91 ! description ( ! eruption1 ?\gh f> m precise & complete ?an t by ,?ucydides1 %[s 8 influ5ce closely1 & n[ & aga9 falls into 8 actual words1 z 9 4 ,! same also is true ( ! m g5]al symptoms#aaj ( ! disease1 su* z ! insi/5ce on ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ! inflam$ eyes1 & ! r$ness ( m\?1 tongue1 & fauces4 ,!re is ! r+ ( ! *>latan1 too1 9 ,gal5's use & advocacy ( ,arm5ian bole z an antipe/il5tial specific1 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! crude disav[al ( all rem$ies by ,?ucydides4 ,gal5#aaa says t #8all ^? :o us$ x 7 promptly cur$'--"o wond]s at ,gal5's flight--#8^? :o felt no effect f x di$3 no o!r rem$y c\ld replace x'--& !n he sublimely concludes1 #8t ^?1 ) :om ! rem$y fail$1 7 incurable4' ,?is ,arm5ian bole 0 m]ely an argillace\s e>? br\ght f ,p]sia & ,arm5ia1 :i* ow$ its r$ col\r to oxide ( iron4 ,gal5 us$ x z an a/r+5t = w\nds & ulc]s be=e he vaunt$ x z a specific = pe/il5ce4 ,int]nally1 at any rate1 x mu/ h be5 almo/ in]t 9 m$ic9al doses1 & z ,gal5 adduces no evid5ce 9 support ( 8 crude dictum1 we ne$ be at no pa9s to ju/ify our incr$ulity4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t ! ,anton9e plague 0 n "o & ! same disease ?r\gh\t its c\rse4 ,_h x be5 s1 we %\ld h expect$ f ,gal5 some?+ 9 ! nature ( a s+le cl9ical picture1 r ?an casual ref]5ces scatt]$ ?r\gh\t 8 volum9\s writ+s4 ,9 describ+ ! "* ( ! eruption & its trans=mations1 ,gal5#aab c]ta9ly seems to h small-pox 9 m9d4 ,at a c]ta9 /age ! eruption broke out all ov] ! body 9 ! =m ( 7a d>k effloresc5ce71 probably ( haemorrhagic type4 ,:5 x ulc]at$1 a cru/ 77 =m$ on ! surface1 :i* became deta*$1 & !n ev]y?+ proce$$ to a cure4 ,a sc> rema9$ aft] ! sep>ation ( ! cru/1 comp>able to ! #8pitt+' ( small-pox4 ,9 "s cases ulc]ation did n occur1 b ! exan!m 0 r\gh & scaly & became deta*$ l a sk93 9 ?is condition all got well4 ,gal5 gives "s indication ( ! c\rse ( ! disease 9 "o :o recov]$4 #8,a "y man on ! n9? day _h 8 :ole body cov]$ ) ulc]s1 z _h mo/ ( ^? :o recov]$4 ,!n he 0 seiz$ ) a c\gh1 & ?ree days aft] ! n9? he 0 9 a condition to g into ! c\ntry = convalesc5ce4' ,! day aft] ! c\gh set 91 he expell$ dur+ a p>oxysm ( c\gh+ a cru/ j l ^? ( ! cutane\s ulc]s4 ,gal5 _h previ\sly exam9$ 8 m\? & fauces1 & _h detect$ no signs ( ulc]ation4 ,he c\ld also swall[ bo? liquids & solids )\t any difficulty4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ! cru/ came f 8 gullet or no1 ,gal5 adm9i/]$ a draught ( v9eg> & mu/>d2 & f ! abs5ce ( pa9 att5d+ ?is dra/ic proc$ure he conclud$ t x mu/ h come f ! l>ynx & n f ! gullet4 ,de/ructive ulc]ations ( ! l>ynx h be5 record$ 9 r>e in/ances 9 ! c\rse ( small-pox1 b su* a condition w\ld c]ta9ly preclude a j\rney to ! c\ntry aft] ! lapse ( two days4 ,x w\ld be less impossible aft] ! expulsion ( a diph!ritic membrane4 ,x w\ld be unpr(itable to foll[ ,gal5 fur!r into ! features ( ! pe/il5tial fev] he details1 =1 z we h said1 x is q unc]ta9 t ^! are ! features ( a s+le disease4 ,inde$1 ap>t f ! evid5ce ( ,gal5's writ+s1 x w\ld be reasonable to presume ! rev]se f su* k z we h ( o!r prolong$ p]iods ( pe/il5ce4 ,be=e leav+ ,gal5 we may say t he po/ulates a dual causation ( pe/il5ce3 on ! "o h&1 great irregul>ity ( ! seasons induc+ a pe/il5tial /ate ( ! atmosph]e3 on ! o!r1 a vitiat$ condition ( ! human body1 due to contam9at$ food1 r5d]+ x liable to fev] f v slight causes4 ,! atmosph]ic factor1 no d\bt1 w\ld seem to be confirm$ by ! univ]sality ( ! disease1 :ile ! great] sev]ity ( ! disease & p]haps its special incid5ce z well among ! ill-f$ & de/itute w\ld seem to incrim9ate ! resi/+ p[] ( ! individual4 ,! plague ( ,a4,d4 #beb1 dur+ ! jo9t imp]ialty ( ,gallus & ,ho/ilian1 rivall$ ! ,anton9e pe/il5ce bo? 9 virul5ce & duration4 ,ho/ilian 0 "o ( ! fir/ victims1 ?\gh 8 dea? 0 commonly ascrib$ to ! h& ( ,gallus4 ,eusebius#aac says t ! disease _h already work$ havoc 9 ,alex&ria & ,egypt1 be=e x rea*$ ,rome4 ,9 "s cities ( ,rome & ,greece ! daily mortality rose z high z #e1jjj1aad & ) great] or less virul5ce ! disease spread ov] ! :ole kn[n _w4#aae ,eusebius attributes ! pe/il5ce to m\lds deposit$ f ! air1 a belief t we %all meet aga9 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,great ,plague ( ,london4 ,cyprian1 ! ,*ri/ian bi%op ( ,c>?age1 has left u "s details ( ! symptoms 9 8 eloqu5t homily #8,de ,mortalitate'1 :i* ,/4 ,augu/9e admir$ s greatly4 ,eusebius & ,cyprian are bo? int5t on extoll+ ! self-sacrific+ zeal ) :i* ! ,*ri/ians laid d[n _! lives 9 ! s]vice ( ! sick4 ,_! writ+s help u to appreciate ! contempt ( suff]+ g5]at$ 9 ! m9d ( ! e>ly en?usia/s ( ,*ri/ianity by liv+ p]petually 9 ! pres5ce ( p]secution & 9 ! fe> ( dea?4 ,we "k f ! mann] 9 :i* ,cyprian#aaf yield$ himself to ! sword ( ! execution] t ! _s ( ! #8,s]mo de ,mortalitate' p]meat$ 8 :ole be+4 ,9 ?is s]mon we may /ill read ! gl[+ appeal ( ,cyprian to 8 he>]s to seek c\rage & consolation 9 rep5tance = _! s9s4 ,c$r5us#aag 0 s impress$ ) ! infectiv5ess ( ! disease t he believ$ x might be communicat$ by a look1 z ,plato _h conceiv$ to be true ( oph?almia4 ,trebellius ,pollio#aah rec\nts ! association ( t]re/rial & o!r port5ts4 ,volcanoes awoke to fre% activity3 e>?quakes occurr$ & rumbl+s ( ! e>? 7 he>d3 ! sky 0 d>k5$ = days3 *asms yawn$ 9 ! gr\nd3 great tidal waves ov]:elm$ _m cities4 ,x seem$ z ?\gh ! end ( ! _w1 =etold by ! ,*ri/ians1 0 at h&4 ,9 ,rome ! ,sibyll9e books 7 consult$1 & !y prescrib$ ! easy atonem5t ( a sacrifice to ,jupit] ,salut>is4 ,eusebius#aai is ! *ief au?ority = ! pe/il5ce ( ,a4,d4 #cjb1 dur+ ! reign ( ,maximian4 ,x 0 accompani$ by fam9e1 s t ! p 7 r$uc$ to eat+ grass1 & z _m di$ ( />vation z ( disease4 ,! fami%$ dogs f\ght ov] ! corpses ( ! dead1 & ! p slaught]$ !m :olesale1 le/ !y %\ld g mad & attack ! liv+4 ,,footnotes3 #ib ,de ,re ,ru/ica1 i4 #ab4 #ic ,metamorphoses1 vii4 #ebj seq4 #id ,bk4 ,i4 #ie iii4 #e4 #if x4 #b4 #ig ,a5eid1 x4 #bgb seq4 #ih ,annals1 xiv4 #bb4 #ii ,quae/iones ,naturales1 vi4 #bg4 #bh1 & ,s5eca1 ,physical ,sci5ce1 ,cl>ke & ,geikie4 #ajj ,annals1 ,bk4 ,,xvi4 #aja lxvii4 #aa4 #ajb lxxii4 #ad4 #ajc ,h]odian1 ,bk4 ,i4 #ajd ,evagrius1 ,hi/4 iv4 #bh4 #aje xxiii4 #g4 #ajf ,m]ivale1 ,hi/4 ( ,rome1 vii4 #egh4 #ajg vii4 #ae4 #ajh ,hi/4 ( ,rome1 v4 #ahf4 #aji ,comm5t>4 ,i4 9 ,hippocrat4 ,lib4 ,,vi1 ,epidem4 ,aph4 #bi4 #aaj ,de ,praesag4 ex pulsibus1 iii4 #d4 #aaa ,de ,simplicium ,m$icam5torum ,temp]am5tis et ,facultatibus1 ix4 #a4 #aab ,me?od4 ,m$5di1 v4 #ab4 #aac ,hi/4 ,eccles4 vii4 #bb4 #aad ,trebellius ,pollio1 ,galli5us1 tom4 ii4 #aae ,pomponius ,laetus1 ,rom4 ,hi/4 tom4 ii4 #aaf ,pontius1 ,vita ,caecilii ,cypriani4 #aag ,comp5d4 ,hi/ori>um1 ex v]sione ,xyl&ri1 p4 #beh4 #aah ,galli5us1 iv & v4 #aai ,hi/4 ,eccles4 ix4 #h4 ,,*apt] ,v ,until rec5t ye>s x 0 g5]ally believ$ t no c]ta9 record ( bubonic plague exi/$ prior to t ( ,procopius 7c4 ,a4,d4 #dij-efj74 ,x w\ld seem to be necess>y to revise ?is op9ion 9 ! face ( a fragm5t ( ! writ+s ( ,rufus ( ,ephesus1 pres]v$ by ,oribasius1#abj ! ,*ri/ian physician ( ! ,emp]or ,julian 7,a4,d4 #cee-fc74 ,he writes3 #8,! buboes call$ pe/il5tial are mo/ fatal & acute1 especially ^? t are se5 occurr+ ab\t ,libya1 ,egypt1 & ,syria1 & :i* are m5tion$ by ,dionysius ,curtus4 ,dioscorides & ,posidonius make mu* m5tion ( !m 9 ! plague1 :i* occurr$ 9 _! "t 9 ,libya3 !y say x 0 accompani$ by acute fev]1 pa91 & pro/ration ( ! :ole body1 delirium1 & ! appe>ance ( l>ge & h>d buboes1 :i* did n suppurate1 n only 9 ! accu/om$ p>ts1 b also 9 ! gro9s & armpits3' & fur!r3 #8,"o c =esee an approa*+ plague by pay+ att5tion to ! ill condition ( ! seasons1 to ! mode ( liv+ less conducive to heal?1 & to ! dea? ( animals t prec$es its invasion4' ,rufus is believ$ to h fl\ri%$ 9 ! reign ( ,trajan 7,a4,d4 #ih-aag71 & may h be5 8 physician4 ,dioscorides & ,posidonius 7 probably ,alex&r9e physicians :o fl\ri%$ soon aft] ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! id5tity ( ,dionysius ,curtus is conjectural1 b !re is "s reason to ?9k t he practis$ m$ic9e 9 ,alex&ria 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,accept+ ^! dates1 "o mu/ admit t ! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( bubonic plague 9 epidemic =m 9 nor!rn ,africa & ! ,levant z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 is exce$+ly /rong4 ,ev5 if we conceive buboes to h be5 m common ?an n[adays 9 ! c\rse ( o!r acute infecti\s diseases1 ! above record c h>dly d5ote any?+ b bubonic plague4 ,! ref]5ce to buboes z occurr+ ) great] frequ5cy 9 o!r p>ts ?an ! gro9s & armpits does n appe> to h receiv$ f m$ical writ]s ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,we h already adduc$ evid5ce to %[ t ,hippocrates also 0 famili> ) bubonic plague 9 its sporadic1 b probably n 9 its epidemic =m4 ,gal51#aba too1 discusses ! relation ( buboes to fev] 9 su* a mann] z to %[ t he also 0 acqua9t$ ) a sev]e bubonic malady1 di/9ct f ord9>y septic buboes4 ,oribasius also is cognizant ( bubonic fev]s1 b x may be ass]t$ g5]ally t nei!r ,gal5 nor ,oribasius %[s any signs ( kn[+ !m z a preval5t epidemic pe/il5ce4 ,we may1 !n1 ju/ly say t ! n>rative ( ,procopius af=ds ! fir/ unequivocal description ( an epidemic ( bubonic plague4 ,accord+ to ,procopius#abb ! plague began at ! ill-/>r$ ,pelusium1 spread+ 9 "o direction ?r\gh ,alex&ria & ,egypt1 9 ano!r ?r\gh ,pale/9e1 & !nce ?r\gh\t ! _w1 :i* w\ld h meant to him f ! ea/]n limits ( ,p]sia z f> we/w>d z ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ! light ( mod]n k x is probable t ,pelusium 0 no m ?an a di/ribut+ c5tre en r\te1 & t ! true focus ( orig9 lay mu* fur!r back along ! comm]cial highways to ! ea/ or s\?4 ,( its p&emic "*1 h[ev]1 we h ! fulle/ confirmation 9 a succession ( hi/orical records4 ,evagrius#abc says t its total duration 0 fifty-two ye>s1 & ?is also x is possible to sub/antiate f ! annex$ table ( its (fsets1 along ) ! names ( ! au?orities = ea* locality4 ,date4 ,locality4 ,au?ority4 ,a4,d4 #edj ,antio* ,evagrius4 ,a4,d4 #edb ,byzantium ,procopius4 ,a4,d4 #edi ,arles ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,a4,d4 #eeh ,byzantium ,aga?ias4 ,a4,d4 #efe ,liguria ,paul ! ,deacon4 ,a4,d4 #efg ,auv]gne ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,n>bonne ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,a4,d4 #ehg ,m>seilles ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,a4,d4 #eij ,rome ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,paul ! ,deacon4 ,john ! ,deacon4 ,a4,d4 #eij ,avignon ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,a4,d4 #eia ,/rasb\rg ,oseas ,s*adaeus4 ,procopius describes ! plague z progress+ by def9ite /ages1 exp5d+ its virul5ce on "o c\ntry be=e pass+ to ano!r1 z ?\gh int5t on ov]look+ no?+4 ,inde$1 if at fir/ x t\*$ a place lightly1 x always return$ to x subsequ5tly1 till ! full measure ( puni%m5t 0 exact$4 ,always beg9n+ at ! sea-coa/ x spread into ! int]ior1 s t ! infection 9 ! fir/ place 0 cle>ly sea-borne4 ,he /ates t x took ov] a ye> to rea* ,byzantium1 :]e x made its appe>ance 9 ! spr+ ( ,a4,d4 #edb4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 f ,evagrius t plague 0 already 9 ,antio* 9 ,a4,d4 #edj1 e>li]1 !re=e1 ?an ! date ( its alleg$ appe>ance 9 ,pelusium4 ,9 8 discussion ( etiology ,procopius borr[s mu* ( ! phraseology ( ,?ucydides1 b nei!r "h nor else:]e does he %[ ! lea/ sign ( be+ influ5c$ by ! sub/ance ( ! ,?ucydidean n>rative4 ,?ucydides1 x w be rememb]$1 evid5tly attribut$ ! plague ( ,a!ns to natural causes1 decl9+ to speculate z to :at c\ld h produc$ su* a di/urbance ( nature 774 ,procopius says t ^? :o pret5d$ to k ascrib$ ! pe/il5ce to ?+s d>t+ d[n f heav5 7 74 ,?is is inde$ h>k+ back to primitive conceptions4 ,b he adds t !y d s )\t a fragm5t ( evid5ce1 m]ely = ! sake ( deceiv+1 ascrib+ to nature :at is cle>ly ! h&iwork ( ,god & no?+ else4 ,?is op9ion he bases on ! gr\nd t ! plague did n conf9e its ravages to any s+le c\ntry nor fall specially on ei!r sex or any age1 b spread ov] ! :ole _w1 reg>dless ( season & ( diff]5ces ( habit4 ,! argum5t1 9 s f> z x 0 negative1 0 c]ta9ly a /rong "o 9 ! light ( ! m$ical k ( 8 "t1 :i* ref]r$ mu* ( ! di/9ction ( diff]5t maladies to v>iations ( climate1 soil1 season1 habit1 & o!r accid5tal circum/ances4 ,visual & auditory halluc9ations 7 n lack+4 ,procopius says t _m t 7 /rick5 by ! plague saw1 ei!r :5 awake or :5 asleep1 visions ( spirits array$ 9 human =ms4 ,"s seem$ to he> 9 _! sleep a voice say+ t !y 7 enroll$ 9 ! numb] ( ! dead4 ,!y fanci$ t ^! spectres 9 human =m /ruck !m 9 "s "p ( ! body1 & imm$iately !y 7 seiz$ ) ! disease4 ,to avoid ^! demons "s %ut !mselves up 9 _! h\ses & w\ld n come out on any acc\nt4 ,o!rs tri$ to escape ! demons by invok+ t ! mo/ sacr$ names & by e =m ( expiation4 ,?is idea ( pe/il5tial demons seems to be ( ori5tal orig94 ,we h already enc\nt]$ x 9 ! /ory ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana at ,ephesus4 ,x figures 9 e>ly ,indian m$ic9e1 & also 9 ,mahometan lore4 ,mahomet seems to h adopt$ x directly f ,magian tradition1 z embodi$ by ,zoroa/] 9 ! ,z5dave/a4 ,! ,magians conceiv$ "o supreme ,god & ,creator ( ! univ]se1 f :om also emanat$ two active pr9ciples1 p]sonifi$ z ,ormusd1 ! pr9ciple or angel ( light or good1 & ,ahriman1 ! pr9ciple or angel ( d>kness or evil1 a demon4 ,f ^! two opposite pr9ciples ! univ]se 0 comp\nd$1 & 9 ! direction ( its affairs ^! two conflict+ elem5ts 7 always /riv+ = ma/]y4 ,s long z ! angel ( light 0 9 ! asc5dant x 0 well ) ! affairs ( m52 b if = a :ile ! demon ( d>kness prevail$1 !n sorr[ & suff]+ & s9 7 ! lot ( mortal man4 ,x 0 inevitable t a %eph]d race1 t5d+ _! flocks b5ea? a />-lit sky 9 ! pla9s ( ,arabia & ! upl&s ( ,c5tral ,asia %\ld see 9 ! light & ! d>kness two ho/ile p]sonalities dom9at+ _! exi/5ce = bett] or = worse4 ,mahometans believ$ t spirits 7 s5t by ,god arm$ ) b[s & arr[s to dissem9ate plague z a puni%m5t = s94 ,spectres ( a black col\r dealt fatal w\nds1 b ^? dealt by :ite spectres 7 n fatal4 ,we %all pres5tly f9d ?is same fancy figur+ 9 ! lit]ature & art ( m$iaeval ,italy4 ,x is n )\t int]e/ to h trac$ ! conception spread+1 l ! plague itself1 f an endemic focus 9 ! ,ea/1 fir/ to ,byzantium1 & !n by sl[ /ages to ,italy & ! ,we/4 ,9 ,byzantium _m succumb$ to ! disease )\t any premonitory visions4 ,9 ^! !re 0 a sudd5 onset ( a mild fev] )\t any grave symptoms1 s t ! victim _h no appreh5sion ( dy+4 ,!n ei!r ! same day1 or a day or two aft]1 appe>$ a bubo 771 ei!r 9 ! gro9 or armpit1 or beh9d ! e>1 or else:]e4 ,s f> z ^! symptoms w5t1 all suff]$ 9 pretty mu* ! same way4 ,! ,byzant9e plague 0 !re=e *>act]i/ically bubonic1 & ! buboes seem to h be5 di/ribut$ 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 mu* z we f9d !m to-day4 ,9 ?is & 9 all ess5tial po9ts bubonic plague /ill exhibits a /rik+ con=mity to ! picture drawn by ,procopius "s #a1djj ye>s ago4 ,inde$ ,procopius has af=d$ an admirable outl9e sket* ( ori5tal plague1 to :i* ! mo/ rec5t m$ical sci5ce has add$ little beyond "s elaboration ( detail4 ,we c deciph] 9 8 n>rative at lea/ f\r recogniz$ types--! bubonic1 ! pu/ul>1 ! pneumonic1 & ! tonsill>--z hav+ prevail$ dur+ ?is epidemic 9 ,byzantium4 ,unlike ,?ucydides1 ,procopius rejects ! idea ( contagion1 z oppos$ to 8 own obs]vations4 ,physicians1 nurses1 & ^? :o buri$ ! dead 7 n1 9 8 exp]i5ce1 specially affect$1 9 spite ( _! con/ant contact ) ! sick2 & contr>iwise1 _m contract$ ! disease )\t any contact at all4 ,! belief ( ,procopius 9 ! pe/il5ce z a special act ( ,god almo/ necessitat$ 8 be+ a non-contagioni/4 ,he 0 at a loss :e!r to attribute ! v>i$ manife/ations ( ! disease to diff]5ces ( con/itution1 or to ! w ( ! ,au?or ( ! plague4 ,9 "o case pr(\nd le?>gy prevail$1 9 ano!r maniacal delirium4 ,! le?>gic lay simply reg>dless ( ev]y?+ & di$ ( />vation1 unless food 0 press$ on !m4 ,! deliri\s 9 _! t]ror tri$ to flee3 !y /ruggl$ ) _! att5dants 9 ! attempt to ?r[ !mselves out ( w9d[s1 or to dr[n !mselves4 ,_! desire 0 n to assuage _! ?ir/1 = (t5 !y ?rew !mselves into ! sea4 ,?is is evid5tly a criticism ( ! sugge/ion ( ,?ucydides t x 0 ?ir/ t drove ! victims to ?r[ !mselves into ci/]ns4 ,procopius says t ! physicians conceiv$ t ! s\rce ( ! disease lay 9 ! buboes4 ,?is 0 a n unnatural inf]5ce f ! fact t1 9 cases ( simple suppuration ( ! bubo1 ! suff]] usually recov]$1 z ?\gh "s virul5t hum\r _h escap$ by ?is *annel4 ,= ! same reason 9 lat] ye>s incision 0 p]=m$1 & suppuration enc\rag$1 :5ev] practicable4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! physicians op5$ ! buboes 9 ! hope ( discov]+ ! cause1 !y f\nd no?+ b a horrible gr[?1 l a c>buncle 774 ,! ,byzant9e physicians evid5tly reg>d$ ! disease z a morbid process )9 ! conf9es ( recogniz$ pa?ology4 ,!re 0 a pu/ul> type ( ! disease1 & ^? :o got a crop ( black pu/ules all ov] ! body1 z l>ge z a l5til1 di$ at once4 ,procopius 9 8 1 1 e*oes ! language ( ,?ucydides1 3 & x is notewor?y t ulc]s 7 no feature ( ! ,byzant9e plague4 ,_m dropp$ dead f spontane\s vomit+ ( blood1 probably f ! lungs1 z is n infrequ5t 9 ! pneumonic =m ( plague4 ,"s escap$ ) a defect 9 ! spee*1 s t z long z !y liv$ !y /amm]$ or /utt]$1 & 7 un9telligible4 ,?is may well h be5 a sequel ( ! tonsill> type4 ,! plague la/$ 9 epidemic virul5ce 9 ,byzantium = f\r mon?s 9 all1 & 0 at its height = ?ree4 ,?is aga91 speak+ broadly1 has be5 a feature ( mo/ ,european & ,levant9e outbreaks4 ,at ! wor/ ! daily mortality rea*$ ! appall+ total ( t5 ?\s&4 ,procopius dwells at l5g? on ! accumulation ( dead bodies 9 ! /reets & ! neglect ( fun]al rites4 ,at fir/ ea* man buri$ ! dead memb]s ( 8 own h\sehold1 sometimes ?r[+ !m into graves prep>$ = o!rs2 b soon buri]s fail$1 & !n corpses began to litt] ! /reets4 ,^! ,ju/9ian commission$ 8 ag5t ,!odorus to bury4 ,:5 all ! exi/+ burial-gr\nds 7 fill$1 huge burial-pits 7 dug :]ev] !y c\ld f9d space all r\nd ! city4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! digg+ ( graves c\ld no long] keep pace ) ! dea?s1 !y m\nt$ ! t[]s ( ! city walls 9 ,sycae1 ! port ( ,byzantium1 & remov+ ! ro(s ?rew 9 ! bodies promiscu\sly3 :5 ^! 7 fill$1 ! ro(s 7 replac$4 ,b :5 ! w9d set f t qu>t]1 ! awful /5* prov$ mo/ di/ress+ to ! citiz5s4 ,_m corpses 7 simply ca/ out on ! %ore1 :]e !y 7 pil$ 9 b>ges & turn$ adrift out to sea4 ,we %all see ^! v>i\s conditions /rik+ly reproduc$ dur+ ! plague ( ,m>seilles 9 ,a4,d4 #agba4 ,john ( ,ephesus /ates t ! ambulance arrangem5ts made by ,ju/9ian = ! burial ( ! dead met all ! requirem5ts1 b x is impossible to accept 8 /atem5t 9 face ( ! precise & detail$ acc\nt ( ,procopius4 ,! horrors ( ! plague1 accord+ to ,procopius1 turn$ m5 f dissolut5ess to piety1 = fe> t _! own dea? 0 imm95t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y fell sick & recov]$1 !y became ev5 m dissolute ?an be=e1 9 ! belief t !y 7 n[ safe = ! future4 ,accord+ to ,?ucydides1 ! ,a!nian ,greeks became reckless f ! fir/ & gave !mselves ov] to pleasure1 see+ t ! disease smote virtu\s & vici\s alike4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce lay m 9 ! m5tal attitude ( ! obs]v] ?an 9 ! actual demean\r ( ^? obs]v$4 ,all "w came to a /&/ill 9 ,byzantium1 s t fam9e sup]v5$ 9 ! city1 :]e usually ev]y?+ 0 9 pr(usion4 ,ju/9ian himself became infect$ & suff]$ f an attack1 9 :i* a bubo appe>$4 ,su* 9 brief is ! acc\nt t ,procopius gives ( ! plague ( ,byzantium1 z he saw x ) 8 own eyes4 ,unque/ionably he _h be=e him ! description ( ! plague ( ,a!ns1 = n[ & aga9 he slips into an id5tical turn ( language4 ,b to speak ( him z a flagrant plagi>i/ ( ,?ucydides is %e] absurdity4 ,r he gives ! impression ( ma9ta9+ a critical attitude t[>ds ,?ucydides1 & ( emphasiz+ ! po9ts ( diss5t4 ,procopius has no d\bt t he is describ+ ! same disease z ,?ucydides1 & is impress$ by ! cl9ical diff]5ces he has obs]v$4 ,! tone ( ,?ucydides is subjective3 he attempts a g5]al description1 b _c keep 9 ! backgr\nd ! symptoms ( 8 own case4 ,! tone ( ,procopius is :olly objective3 he writes z an int5sely int]e/$ onlook]1 retail+ 8 own obs]vations1 supplem5t$ by ! /atem5ts ( ^? :o h _h ! disease & recov]$4 ,! app>5t resemblance ( ! two acc\nts is really no m ?an surface deep4 ,an acc\nt ( an (fset ( ?is p&emic at ,antio* survives f ! p5 ( ! hi/orian ,evagrius1#abd :o 0 born 9 ,a4,d4 #ecf & sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 life at ,antio*4 ,app>5tly he knew no?+ ( ! records ( ,procopius or ,aga?ias1 = he says t ! hi/ory ( ?is pe/il5ce _h n be5 writt5 previ\sly4 ,he knew ! n>rative ( ! plague ( ,a!ns1 = he says t ?is plague 0 #89 "s respects mu* l t :i* ,?ucydides describ$1 9 o!rs q unlike'3 x _c be said to h influ5c$ ei!r ! =m or ! sub/ance ( 8 description4 ,he says t x fir/ rea*$ ,antio* 9 #edj ,b4,c41 :]eas x did n appe> at ,byzantium till ! spr+ ( #edb ,b4,c41 & t ! p&emic la/$ altoge!r fifty-two ye>s1 exce$+ #8all ! diseases t _h ev] be5 be=e ,philo/ratus wond]$ at ! plague1 :i* 0 9 8 "t1 because x cont9u$ fifte5 ye>s'4 ,?is is presum$ to h be5 ! ,anton9e pe/il5ce1 = ,philo/ratus 0 born 9 ,lemnos ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj1 b sp5t mo/ ( 8 life 9 ,rome & di$ !re 9 ,a4,d4 #bde4 ,evagrius _h ! fulle/ opportunities ( obs]v+ ! plague at close qu>t]s1 = z a boy at s*ool he himself suff]$ f an +u9al bubo1 & 9 lat] ye>s he lo/ 8 wife & sev]al *ildr5 ( plague4 ,he 0 b ?ree ye>s old :5 x fir/ rea*$ ,antio*1 s t 8 description mu/ repres5t ! disease aft] x _h be5 rife = _m ye>s4 ,evagrius traces its orig9 fur!r back ?an does ,procopius1 plac+ x 9 ,e?iopia1 s t x may actually h orig9at$ 9 an endemic area 9 ,c5tral ,africa4 ,spread+ ov] ! :ole _w1 x attack$ cities q irrespective ( season1 summ] & w9t] alike4 ,evagrius has no d\bt :atev] ( ! contagi\sness ( ! di/emp]4 ,^?1 he says1 :o escap$ "o ye> 7 attack$ ! next1 & ^? :o fl$ to places free f disease 7 ! fir/ to succumb1 z !y c>ri$ ! contagion ) !m4 ,infection seem$ to be tak5 9 v>i\s ways--by %>+ b$s1 by actual contact1 by visit+ infect$ h\ses1 or ev5 by casual meet+ 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 escap$ 9 spite ( runn+ e risk ( infection4 ,! description t ,evagrius gives ( ! symptoms ( ! disease1 ?\gh brief1 is wond]fully compreh5sive4 ,x %[s t he 0 cognizant ( ! tonsill>1 ! bubonic1 & ! c>buncul> or pu/ul> types at lea/1 & ! rapidity ( a fatal issue 9 a proportion ( ! cases sugge/s t pneumonic & septicaemic =ms 7 also rife4 #8,! disease'1 he writes1 #80 comp\nd & mixt ) _m o!r maladies4 ,x took "s m5 fir/ 9 ! head1 made _! eyes z r$ z blood & puff$ up _! *eeks3 aft]w>ds x fell at _! ?roat1 & :omsoev] x took x dispat*$ him out ( ! way4 ,x began ) "s ) a fire & void+ ( all t 0 )9 !m1 9 o!rs ) swell+s ab\t ! secret p>ts ( ! body1 & !re arose burn+ fires1 s t !y di$ !re( )9 two or ?ree days ( ! fur!/ 9 su* sort & ( s p]fect a remembrance z if !y _h n be5 sick at all2 o!rs di$ mad1 & c>buncles t arose out ( ! fle% kill$ _m4' ,aga?ias#abe 7b4 ,a4,d4 #ecf7 describes a recrudesc5ce ( ?is p&emic 9 ,byzantium 9 ,a4,d4 #eeh4 ,he c>ri$ on ! hi/ory ( ,procopius f its t]m9ation to ,a4,d4 #eeh4 ,he says t ! disease _h nev] really disappe>$ s9ce ! fir/ outbreak 9 ,a4,d4 #edb1 :5 x bur/ out furi\sly a second "t 9 ! spr+ ( ?is ye>4 ,_m p]sons fell z ?\gh /rick5 ) apoplexy3 ^? :o held out longe/ di$ on ! fif? day4 ,buboes & cont9u\s fev] 7 ! out/&+ features1 z 9 ! previ\s visitation4 #8,p ( all ages p]i%$ indiscrim9ately1 b especially ! "y & vigor\s & ^? 9 ! fl[] ( y\?3 & ( !m ! males1 = ! females 7 n s mu* affect$4' ,) an epidemic recurr5ce su* z ?is1 ! *ief incid5ce w\ld necess>ily be on ! "y1 :o _h nei!r resi/$1 nor acquir$ immunity f1 a previ\s attack4 ,! "* ( _! occupation or ( _! habits ( life w\ld d\btless expla9 ! special liability ( ! males to infection4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs#abf 7,a4,d4 #edj-id7 te/ifies to ! widespread "* ( ! plague 9 ,france4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #edi he says t x depopulat$ ! prov9ce ( ,arles1 & aft]w>ds deva/at$ ,n>bonne4 ,"h ,felix1 bi%op ( ,nantes1#abg succumb$ to ! sl\gh+ ( 8 legs caus$ by ! application ( can?>ides pla/]s to a crop ( pu/ules4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #eff1 be=e ! plague invad$ ! ,auv]gne1#abh a succession ( port5ts t]rifi$ ! di/rict4 ,?ree or f\r great brilliant lights made _! appe>ance ar\nd ! sun1 :i* nev]!less und]w5t almo/ complete eclipse 9 ,octob]1 look+ d>k & discol\r$ & l a bag4 ,! heav5 also seem$ to be on fire1 & _m /range signs 7 se54 ,!n 9 ,a4,d4 #efg ! epidemic rag$ ?r\gh\t ! di/rict1 caus+ an imm5se mortality4 ,lyons1 ,b\rges1 ,*alons1 & ,dijon also lo/ a l>ge "p ( _! population4 ,c(f9s = ! dead soon fail$1 & z _m z t5 bodies w\ld be plac$ 9 ! same grave4 ,"o ,sunday no less ?an ?ree hundr$ corpses 7 c\nt$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,pet] at ,cl]mont4 ,dea? seiz$ ! victims ) dramatic sudd5ness4 #8,!re grew 9 ! gro9 or armpit a lesion 9 ! %ape ( a s]p5t1 ! effect ( :i* 0 su* t m5 yield$ up _! s\ls on ! second or ?ird day1 & its viol5ce completely took away _! s5ses4' ,9 ?is epidemic buboes 7 evid5tly mo/ frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! gro9s1 = ,gregory repeat$ly speaks ( ! disease z lues +u9>ia or morbus +u9alis & ! l4 ,plague broke out at ,m>seilles#abi 9 ,a4,d4 #ehg1 br\ght !re by a m]*ant %ip f ,spa91 :i* conceal$ its contact ) a plague-/rick5 port4 ,sev]al p made pur*ases f x1 & 9 consequ5ce eight inhabitants ( "o h\se 7 fatally infect$4 ,z 9 ! epidemic ( ,a4,d4 #agbj1 ! disease did n spread imm$iately to ! :ole t[n4 ,bi%op ,!odore & a few ( 8 suite %ut !mselves up 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,victor1 & !re1 amid ! g5]al desolation1 implor$ ! m]cy ( ,god ) pray] & vigil till ! epidemic 0 at an end4 ,on ! return ( ! fugitive populace a belat$ outbreak exact$ its appo9t$ tribute4 ,ar\nd ,avignon#acj cele/ial port5ts =etold ! plague t broke out 9 ,a4,d4 #eij4 ,! e>? 0 illum9at$ at night by a light z bright z ! midday4 ,balls ( fire 7 se5 track+ ! sky dur+ ! night4 ,a viol5t e>?quake 0 felt at dawn 9 mid-,june4 ,! sun suff]$ almo/ complete eclipse 9 mid-,augu/4 ,abundant autumn ?und]/orms & ra9 rais$ ! riv]s 9 flood4 ,meantime ,italy1 too1 _h be5 9 l case4 ,paul ! ,deacon#aca 7,a4,d4 #gbj-ij7 briefly ref]s to a plague t _h deva/at$ ,liguria 9 ,a4,d4 #efe4 ,he says t ! plague 0 presag$ by ! sudd5 appe>ance ( m>ks on h\ses1 doors1 ut5sils1 & clo?+1 & ! m !y tri$ to efface !m ! m conspicu\s !y became4 ,eusebius#acb 9 l mann] told ( m\lds on ! walls ( h\ses 9 a previ\s pe/il5ce1 & 9 ,leviticus#acc we read ( gre5i% & r$di% m>ks on h\ses infect$ ) leprosy4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> buboes began to attack ! p1 foll[$ by a fev] t kill$ 9 ?ree days4 ,! inhabitants fl$1 leav+ prop]ty & cattle & crops1 & desolation reign$ supreme4 ,b x 0 on ! head ( hapless ,rome t ! full fury ( ! expir+ /orm 0 de/9$ to sp5d its virul5ce4 ,bo? ,gregory ( ,t\rs#acd & ,paul ! ,deacon h left a record ( ! havoc4 ,gregory says t he obta9$ 8 in=mation f 8 own deacon1 :o happ5$ to be 9 ,rome at ! "t4 ,paul ! ,deacon#ace seems to borr[ 8 mat]ial f ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,an inundation ( ! ,tib] 9 ,a4,d4 #ehi result$ 9 ! de/ruction ( _m old build+s on its banks & 9 ! flood+ ( ! gran>ies ( ! *ur*1 s t imm5se /ores ( gra9 7 spoilt4 ,! riv] yield$ up a multitude ( s]p5ts1 & a dragon ( extraord9>y size 0 se5 to float ?r\gh ! city on its passage to ! sea4 ,probably ^! 7 eels f ! muddy b$ ( ! ,tib]1 metamorphos$ aft] ! mann] ( ,ovid into s]p5ts3 ! dragon no "o seems to h se5 at close qu>t]s4 ,! inundation 0 foll[$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eij by a sev]e outbur/ ( bubonic plague 7pe/il5tia1 quam +u9>iam vocant74 ,port5ts 7 n conf9$ to ,rome4 ,accord+ to ,evagrius1#acf a great e>?quake 9 ,a4,d4 #ehi laid ,antio* 9 ru9s1 de/roy+ ! sanctu>y ( ! ,"m ( ,god1 & tak+ sixty ?\s& lives4 ,9 ,upp] ,italy also !re 7 ext5sive inundations due to ov]fl[+ ( ! m\nta9 /reams 9 ,v5etia1 ,liguria1 & ! sub-,alp9e pla9s4 ,x is in/ructive to contra/ ! records ( ^! *ronicl]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,we/ ) ^? ( ,procopius & ,evagrius1 & /ill m s ) t ( ! pagan hi/orian ,?ucydides4 ,s int5t are !y on ! m5tal & moral features ( ! di/emp]1 t !y say almo/ no?+ ( its physical features4 ,!y dilate at l5g? on ! visions & halluc9ations t haunt$ ! di/ract$ fancy ( ! suff]]s1 :i* ,?ucydides disreg>ds1 ?\gh su* mu/ h accompani$ ! wild delirium he describes4 ,demons /alk+ ! /reets1 ineffaceable m>ks & m\lds on h\ses1 voices f ! grave1 & cele/ial port5ts 7 ! creations ( ! deliri\s fancy1 & are fai?fully reproduc$ 9 ! pages ( ! ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,"o is s5sible ( some?+ ( ! _s 9 :i* ,fra ,angelico portray$ ! joys ( heav5 & ! torm5ts ( hell1 :5 pe/il5ce lay heavy on m$iaeval ,italy4 ,! mortality 9 ,rome 0 appall+4 ,dea? 0 rampant ev]y:]e4 ,at fir/ ! dead bodies 7 ga!r$ up & flung 9 loads into great gap+ graves1 b aft] a :ile none 7 left ev5 to bury ! dead1 & putrid corpses litt]$ ! /reets4 ,all bus9ess 0 at a /&/ill1 & su* z surviv$ 7 huddl$1 panic-/rick5 l %eep1 9 ! insecure sanctu>y ( ! *ur*es4 ,to add to ! g5]al con/]nation1 ,pope ,pelagius p]i%$ on ,febru>y #h1 ,a4,d4 #eij4 ,! *oice ( a successor lay ) ! cl]gy & p ( ,rome1 subject to confirmation by ! ,emp]or4 ,) "o accord !y hal$ ,abbot ,gregory f ! seclusion ( 8 mona/]y to ! pontifical *air 9 anticipation ( ! ,imp]ial ass5t4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 ,paul ! ,deacon1 & ,john ! ,deacon all tell ( ,gregory's unwill+ness to obey ! summons1 & ( 8 attempt to int]cept ! lett] ( election on its way to ! ,emp]or 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,b meantime1 z ! plague %[$ no sign ( abat+1 ,gregory det]m9$ to try to appease ! wra? ( ,god by a special act ( contrition4 ,asc5d+ ! pulpit ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an1 he prea*$ a memorable s]mon1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ by ! h& ( ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,he implor$ !m to make _! suff]+s an in/rum5t = _! conv]sion1 & a means by :i* to s(t5 ! h>dness ( _! he>ts4 ,he bes\ght !m1 z ,cyprian _h done be=e1 z ,borromeo & ,belsunce 7 to d h]eaft]1 n to let ! sudd5ness ) :i* dea? seiz$ !m1 sweep+ away numb]s at a "t1 & giv+ no opportunity = te>s ( p5it5ce1 f9d !m unprep>$ to meet _! ,god4 ,let !m call _! s9s to m9d & purge !m away ) weep+1 = ,god wills n ! dea? ( a s9n]1 b r t he may turn f 8 wick$ness & live4 ,let no man despair because ( ! multitude ( 8 (f5ces4 ,did n ,god =give ! p ( ,n9eveh ( old1 :5 !y did p5ance = ?ree days1 & did ,he n give ! rew>d ( ev]la/+ life to ! dy+ ?ief8 ,let !m !re=e turn ) him to ,god ) importunity ( pray]1 or ev] ! sword ( puni%m5t desc5d4 ,does ,he n say by ! m\? ( ! ,psalmi/3 call ^u ,me 9 ! "t ( tr\ble3 s w ,i he> !e & ?\ %alt praise ,me4 ,let !m all come ) contrite he>ts & m5d$ moods at e>ly dawn on ! f\r? day f !n to ! celebration ( a sev5fold litany1 & ) lam5tation 9 _! s\ls1 s t ! /]n ,judge may remit ! s5t5ce ( damnation ,he has purpos$ to pass ^u !m4 ,let ! cl]gy !n />t f ! *ur* ( ! m>tyr-sa9ts ,cosmo & ,damian1 along ) ! prie/s ( ! six? region4 ,all ! abbots ) _! monks f ! *ur* ( ! m>tyrs ,g]vase & ,protasius1 along ) ! prie/s ( ! f\r? region4 ,all ! abbesses ) _! flocks f ! *ur* ( ! m>tyr-sa9ts ,m>cell9us & ,pet]1 along ) ! prie/s ( ! fir/ region4 ,all ! *ildr5 f ! *ur* ( ! m>tyr-sa9ts ,john & ,paul1 along ) ! prie/s ( ! second region4 ,all ! laity f ! *ur* ( ! protom>tyr-sa9t ,/eph51 along ) ! prie/s ( ! sev5? region4 ,all ! wid[$ wom5 f ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,euphemia1 along ) ! prie/s ( ! fif? region4 ,& ! m>ri$ wom5 f ! *ur* ( ! m>tyr-sa9t ,clem5t1 along ) ! prie/s ( ! ?ird region4 ,let !m all g =? f ^! sev]al *ur*es ) pray] & lam5tation1 to meet at ! basilica ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y ! ,"m ( ,*ri/1 !re ) long & e>ne/ supplication to implore p>don = _! s9s4 ,s ,gregory di/ribut$ ! remnant t ! plague _h sp>$ accord+ to ! sev5 ecclesia/ical regions ( ,rome1 bidd+ 8 cl]gy sp5d ! ?ree days' int]val 9 ceaseless psalms & pray]s = m]cy4 ,!n on ! f\r? day1 ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,m>k1 9 ! pale light ( ! e>ly ,april morn+1 ! great procession set out4 ,) solemn *ant ( doleful ,mis]]e1 ^! sev5 tra9s ( human suff]+ w5d$ _! sl[ way sadly amid ! ru9$ monum5ts ( anci5t ,rome4 ,no o!r s\nd broke ! /illness1 b ! fa9t ru/le ( sweep+ g>m5ts & ! sil5t %uffle ( sick m5's feet4 ,n[ & aga9 "o fell /rick5 & lay z he fell1 = ,dea? 0 mov+ hi!r & ?i!r among ! mov+ ranks4#acg ,no less ?an eighty brea!d out _! lives be=e ! *ur* ( ! ,"m ( ,god 0 rea*$4 ,!re aga9 ,gregory f]v5tly exhort$ ! p to rep5tance1 s t ! plague might cease4 ,a leg5d has x t z ,gregory1 head+ 8 tra9 ( p5it5ts1 rea*$ ! ,aelian ,bridge1 !re1 "r be=e him1 on ! summit ( ,hadrian's mole1 a heav5ly vision met 8 eyes4 ,!re /ood ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael1 re/or+ a flam+ sword to its %ea?1 9 tok5 t ! plague 0 /ay$4 ,x is to ?is leg5d t ! mausoleum owes ! "n ( ,ca/el ,s4 ,angelo1 t x has borne s9ce ! t5? c5tury at lea/4 ,a bronze figure ( ! ,ar*angel %ea?+ 8 sword /ill hov]s on ! summit1 fif? ( a s]ies t h /ood !re at diff]5t times4 ,! leg5d ( ! angel is n m5tion$ by ei!r ( ,gregory's biograph]s1 ! deacons ,paul & ,john1 or by ,b$e or ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,?\gh ( e>li] orig9 ?an ! t5? c5tury1 ! fir/ writt5 records ( x are 9 a ,g]man s]mon ( ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury & 9 ! ,leg5da ,aurea ( ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,caxton has r5d]$ x ?us3 #8,& because ! mortality ceas$ n1 he orda9$ a procession1 9 :i* he did d be> an image ( our ,lady1 :i*1 z is said1 ,/4 ,luke ! ,evangeli/ made1 :i* 0 a good pa9t]1 he _h c>v$ x & pa9t$ x aft] ! lik5ess ( ! glori\s ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,& anon ! mortality ceas$1 & ! air became pure & cle>1 & ab\t ! image 0 he>d a voice ( angels t sung ?is ,an!m3 ,reg9a ,coeli laet>e6 ,alleluia4 ,quia quem m]ui/i port>e3 ,alleluia4 ,resurrexit sicut dixit3 ,alleluia4 & ,/4 ,gregory put !reto ,ora pro nobis1 deum rogamus3 ,alleluia4 ,at ! same "t ,/4 ,gregory saw an angel ^u a ca/le1 :i* made clean a sword all bloody1 & put x into ! %ea?1 & !reby ,/4 ,gregory und]/ood t ! pe/il5ce ( ?is mortality 0 pass$1 & aft] t x 0 call$ ! ,ca/le ,angel4' ,9 memory ( ?is leg5d ! great processions f ,s4 ,m>co1 until ! prohibition ( processions 9 ,a4,d4 #ahgj1 us$ to /rike up ! antiphon #8,reg9a ,coeli'1 z soon z !y came to ! bridge ( ,hadrian4 ,= ! true s\rce ( ?is leg5d !re is no ne$ to look beyond ! vision ( ! angel at ! ?re%+-floor ( ,araunah3 #8,& ,david lift$ up 8 eyes1 & saw ! angel ( ! ,"l /& betwe5 ! e>? & ! heav51 hav+ a drawn sword 9 8 h& /ret*$ out ov] ,j]usalem4' ,9 ! ,capitol9e ,museum is an alt> d$icat$ to ,isis by "s travell] on 8 safe return1 & be>+ ! cu/om>y impr9t ( two feet4 ,! dev\t believ$ ^! to be ! footpr9ts ( ! angel t appe>$ to ,gregory1 & ! alt> once /ood 9 ! *ur* ( ,ara ,coeli4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gregory ,,& ,,! ,,angel ,photograph by ,giraudon1 ,p>is ,x is c]ta9 t at lea/ z e>ly z ?is "t pictures 7 c>ri$ 9 public procession4 ,!ophylactus#ach has describ$ two occasions on :i* a sacr$ effigy ( ,*ri/1 believ$ n to h be5 made by human h&s1 0 c>ri$ into battle = ! sake ( inspir+ val\r & discipl9e into ! soldi]y 7,a4,d4 #ehf & #ehh74 ,among ! _m gems 9 :i* ,b$e's ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory#aci ab\nds is t picture ( ! arrival ( ,augu/9e & 8 companions 9 ,?anet #8be>+ a silv] cross = _! bann]1 & ! image ( our ,"l & ,savi\r pa9t$ on a bo>d' 7,a4,d4 #eig74 ,! sixte5?-c5tury *ronicl] ,b>onius says1 t ! picture :i* ,gregory c>ri$ 9 ?is plague procession ( ,a4,d4 #eij 0 t ( ! ,madonna1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore on ! ,esquil9e1 & /ill believ$ to protect ,rome f plague & pe/il5ce4 ,rome has no few] ?an f\r pictures ( ! ,madonna attribut$ l ?is "o to ! h& ( ,luke ! ,physician1 & all ( !m reput$ to h wond]-work+ p[]s4 ,exp]t op9ion1 alas6 pron\nces ! olde/ ( !m a fifte5? c5tury production4 ,gregory's procession has af=d$ a fav\rite !me = art4 ,x is ! subject ( "o ( ! frescoes 9 ! ,lady ,*apel ( ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral execut$ "u ! direction ( ,prior ,silk/$e at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! sc5e is also %[n 9 a picture 9 ! ,*iesa del ,san ,pietro at ,p]ugia1 9 a mod]n picture by ! ,au/rian pa9t] ,hiremy ,hirs*1 & 9 sev]al o!rs else:]e4 ,! m9iature figur$ on ! opposite page is "o ( two f a beautiful ,livre d',heures1 ( ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury1 & once ! prop]ty ( ! ,duc de ,b]ry4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,muse ,cond ( ! ,*teau de ,*antilly4 ,an ,italian tradition ref]s ! cu/om ( say+ #8,bless y'1 :5 a p]son sneezes1 to ! "t ( ! pe/il5ce ( ,gregory1 9 :i* all ^? t sneez$ 7 said to h di$4 ,bo]s*1 quot+ f ! local *ronicles ( ,kle9lauel & ( ,oseas ,s*adaeus1 w\ld trace its orig9 to ! plague at ,/rasb\rg 9 ,a4,d4 #eia4adj #8,& :5 any "o sneez$1 he gave up ! gho/ =?)4 ,h5ce ! say+ 8,god help y04 ,& :5 any "o yawn$1 he di$4 ,h5ce x comes t :5 any "o yawns1 "o makes ! sign ( ! cross be=e ! m\?4' ,probably ! association is ev5 old] ?an ?is1 = ,?ucydides speaks ( sneez+ 9 ! plague ( ,a!ns4 ,sneez+ & yawn+ 7 prom95t features ( ! ,sweat+ ,sickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v 7,face ,page #ie7 ,,fresco ,,9 ,s4 ,,pietro ,,9 ,,v9coli1 ,,rome ,photograph by ,&]son1 ,rome ,,footnotes3 #abj uvres de ,oribase1 ,bussemak] et ,d>emb]g1 lib4 #dd4 c4 #ag4 #aba ,de ,diff]4 ,febr4 i1 tom4 vii1 p4 #b2 #if1 ed4 ,kuhn4 #abb ,de ,bello ,p]sico1 ii4 #bb-c4 #abc ,hi/4 iv4 #bh4 #abd ,hi/4 iv4 #bh4 #abe ,hi/4 v4 #ab4 #abf ,hi/4 ,francorum1 iv4 #e4 #abg vi4 #ad4 #abh iv4 #ca4 #abi ,hi/4 ,francorum1 x4 #a4 #acj x4 #bc4 #aca ,de ,ge/is ,langob>dorum1 ii4 #d4 #acb ,hi/4 ,eccles4 vii4 #bb4 #acc xiv4 #cg4 #acd ,hi/4 ,francorum1 x4 #a4 #ace ,de ,ge/is ,langob>dorum1 iii4 #bd4 #acf ,hi/4 vi4 #acg ,?is p5it5tial procession has be5 wond]fully depict$ by ,dudd5 9 8 ,gregory ! ,great1 vol4 i1 p4 #bag4 #ach ,hi/4 ii4 #c1 & iii4 #a4 #aci ,bk4 ,i1 c4 #be4 #adj ,essai sur la mortalit ,/rasb\rg1 p4 #gi4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,9 ! summ] ( ,a4,d4 #fhj ,rome 0 aga9 gripp$ 9 ! toils ( an appall+ plague t _h spread ov] ! great] "p ( ,italy4 ,paul ! ,deacon#ada says t eclipses ( bo? sun & moon 9 ,may 7 foll[$ by pe/il5ce 9 ! mon?s ( ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]4 ,describ+ its ravages at ,tic9um 7,pavia7 ,paul says t #8! numb] ( ! dead 0 s great t p>5ts 7 (t5 c>ri$ to burial on ! same bi]s z _! *ildr51 & bro!rs along ) si/]s4444 ,& !n _m saw ) _! own eyes a good & a bad angel pass+ ?r\gh ! city by night4 ,& :5ev] at ! bidd+ ( ! good angel1 ! bad "o1 :o seem$ to c>ry a lance 9 8 h&1 /ruck s _m times ) 8 lance on ! door ( ea* h\se1 z _m ( t h\sehold w\ld die on ! foll[+ day4 ,!n x 0 reveal$ to "s "o t ! plague w\ld n cease until an alt> 0 set up to ,seba/ian1 sa9t & m>tyr1 at ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,v9coli4 ,?is 0 done1 & z soon z ! alt> 0 set up1 ! relics ( ! m>tyr-sa9t ,seba/ian 7 br\ght f ,rome1 & =?) ! plague ceas$4' ,paul ! ,deacon1 beyond all d\bt1 0 ref]r+ to ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,v9coli at ,pavia1 b ! ,romans ( lat] date claim$ ! leg5d = _! own *ur* ( ! same "n1 9 :i* x has be5 embodi$ 9 a fresco ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ascrib$ to ,pollajuolo 7#adbi-ih74 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 at ! summit ( a flight ( /airs1 presumably sugge/$ by ^? ( ,ara ,coeli1 a citiz5 is tell+ to ,pope ,aga?o1 :o is seat$ among 8 c>d9als1 8 dream t ! pe/il5ce w n cease till ! body ( ,s4 ,seba/ian is br\ght into ! city4 ,on ! "r ! good angel indicates ! condemn$ h\ses to ! bad angel 9 ! guise ( ! ,evil ,"o1 :o /rikes on ! door ) 8 lance4 ,on ! left a procession1 c>ry+ a bann] on :i* ! ,madonna is depict$ ) robe spread out 9 protect+ attitude1 is br++ 9 ! relics4 ,! =egr\nd is /rewn ) corpses ( ! dead4 ,9 ! sky1 b[ 9 h&1 hov]s ! angel t spreads ! pe/il5ce4 ,to ! left is a gr\p ( ! ,almighty & angels1 n[ almo/ oblit]at$4 ,x is n g5]ally recogniz$ t ! well-kn[n picture #8,la ,pe/e ,rome'1 by ,delaunay 7,a4,d4 #ahbh-ia71 n[ 9 ! ,muse du ,luxemb\rg at ,p>is1 0 directly inspir$ by ?is fresco4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 a /reet ( ,rome1 :i* is /rewn ) bodies ( dead & dy+1 among :i* ! good & evil angels are busy at _! task4 ,! figure ( a y\? huddl$ up 9 a br[n %awl on a door/ep is a liv+ picture ( mis]y4 ,9 ! backgr\nd a procession be>+ a cross is desc5d+ a flight ( /airs1 & a fire to purify ! atmosph]e is burn+ 9 ! op5 /reet4 ,an effigy ( ,aesculapius & a colossal eque/rian /atue ( ,con/ant9e are introduc$ 9 ! mann] ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! *ief m]it ( ! picture lies 9 ! excell5ce ( its draughtsman%ip4 ,9 ?is same *ur* at ,rome is a mosaic effigy ( ,seba/ian1 believ$ to h be5 execut$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fhc4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! "n ( ,seba/ian1 t x c>ries 9 gold mosaic lett]s1 x is difficult to believe t x is any?+ b a figure ( ,/4 ,pet]1 trans=m$ p]haps 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is epidemic to t ( ,seba/ian4 ,x repres5ts fai?fully ! traditional l9eam5ts ( ! apo/le1 an old man ) :ite hair & be>d1 dress$ 9 ! true ,byzant9e /yle4 ,kugl] consid]s t ! c>eful %ad[+ ( ! drap]y1 execut$ ) m ?an usual pa9s1 indicates t ! effigy 0 int5d$ to be expos$ to ! close gaze ( ! pi\s4 ,! figure on its blue mosaic backgr\nd is /iff & inanimate1 ev5 beyond o!r simil> ar*aic effigies4 ,beside x1 on a m>ble tablet1 is an inscription 9 ,lat91 reproduc+ almo/ to a ^w ! /ory told by ,paul ! ,deacon4 ,tradition has x t ,pope ,aga?o 7,a4,d4 #fgh-hb7 on ?is occasion caus$ ! bones ( ! sa9t to be collect$ 9 ! cemet]y ( ,calixtus1 & br\ght to ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,v9coli1 !re to be en%r9$ b5ea? an alt>4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury ! body seems to h be5 remov$ = safety to ! ,vatican1 & aga9 transf]r$ to ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,seba/iano1 :]e x n[ is1 by ,honorius ,,iii 9 ,a4,d4 #abaf4 ,?is *ur*1 h[ev]1 0 completely rebuilt 9 ,a4,d4 #afaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi ,,la ,,pe/e ,,rome4 ,,by ,,delaunay ,photograph by ,giraudon1 ,p>is 7,face ,page #if7 ,f ! "t ( ?is pe/il5ce 9 ,a4,d4 #fhj1 ,seba/ian 0 univ]sally recogniz$ z ! patron sa9t ( pe/il5ce4 ,gradually he comes to be id5tifi$ m p>ticul>ly ) true plague1 b nev] 9 ! same exclusive fa%ion z 8 bro!r sa9t1 ,/4 ,ro*4 ,8 compreh5sive patronage ( pe/il5ce indicates n only h[ rife 7 o!r epidemic diseases besides true plague1 b h[ little !y 7 diff]5tiat$ 9 ! public m9d4 ,! /ory ( ! life ( ,seba/ian#adb is well au!nticat$ 9 its ma9 incid5ts4 ,born 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d41 he 0 a native ( ,n>bonne 9 ,gaul4 ,8 noble bir? secur$ = him e>ly 9 life ! comm& ( a company ( ,praetorian ,gu>ds1 s t he 0 con/antly ab\t ! p]son ( ! ,emp]or4 ,?\gh secretly a ,*ri/ian & us+ 8 position to secure ! conv]sion ( o!rs to ,*ri/ianity1 he rema9$ int5sely loyal to ! temporal int]e/ ( ! ,emp]or4 ,among 8 fri5ds 7 two "y soldi]s1 ,m>cus & ,m>cell9us1 l him ( noble bir?4 ,!y 7 convict$ ( embrac+ ,*ri/ianity1 & aft] endur+ torture bravely 7 l$ out to die4 ,on ! way _! ag$ p>5ts1 _! wives & *ildr51 & _! fri5ds1 implor$ !m to rel5t1 & !y 7 ab\t to recant1 :5 ,seba/ian ru%$ =w>d & exhort$ !m n to r5\nce _! ,r$eem]4 ,s inspir+ 0 8 appeal1 t ! :ole assembly1 gu>ds1 judges1 & all1 7 conv]t$ & baptiz$1 & = a :ile ,m>cus & ,m>cell9us 7 sav$4 ,?is sc5e is depict$ 9 a spirit$ canvas by ,v]onese 9 ! plague *ur* ( ,s4 ,seba/iano at ,v5ice4 ,_! respite 0 b %ort1 = 9 a few mon?s !y 7 put to dea? ) _m o!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 & ,seba/ian himself 0 condemn$ to die4 ,! ,emp]or ,diocletian 7,a4,d4 #bhd-cje71 by reason ( 8 p]sonal atta*m5t1 s5t = him & exhort$ him to abjure 8 h]esy1 b ,seba/ian meekly & c\rage\sly refus$4 ,diocletian !n ord]$ t he %\ld be b\nd to a /ake & %ot to dea? ) arr[s1 & t an inscription %\ld be plac$ on ! /ake = all to see1 say+ t he 0 put to dea? only = be+ a ,*ri/ian4 ,a va/ numb] ( pictures1 beside ! ma/]piece ( ,sodoma1#adc depict ?is sc5e4 ,pi]c$ ) arr[s1 ,seba/ian 0 left = dead1 b at midnight ,ir5e1 ! wid[ ( "o ( 8 m>tyr$ fri5ds1 came to take away 8 body = burial1 b f\nd him /ill alive1 ! arr[s hav+ pi]c$ no vital "p4 ,%e & h] att5dants c>ri$ him to h] h\se & t5d$ him1 till he 0 completely heal$4 ,aft] ?is !y urg$ him to leave ,rome1 b ,seba/ian w5t boldly to ! palace gate1 & z ! ,emp]or pass$ out1 plead$ = ^? ,*ri/ians :o 7 condemn$ to suff] = _! fai?1 & reproa*$ ,diocletian = 8 cruelty4 ,! ,emp]or 9 fi]ce ang] ord]$ 8 gu>ds to seize ,seba/ian & c>ry him to ! circus1 !re to beat him to dea? ) clubs4 ,to conceal 8 dead body f 8 fri5ds x 0 ?r[n into ! ,cloaca ,maxima1 b a ,*ri/ian woman1 ,luc9a1 receiv$ tid+s 9 a vision ( :]e ! body lay1 & recov]+ x _h x secretly buri$ 9 ! catacombs4 ,! *ur* ( ,s4 ,seba/iano at ,rome is n[ built ov] ^! catacombs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii 7,face ,page #ii7 ,,seba/ian ,,z ,,protector ,,aga9/ ,,pe/il5ce ,by ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli4 ,photograph by ,brogi1 ,flor5ce ,?\gh ,seba/ian 0 m>tyr$ 9 ,a4,d4 #bhh1 x 0 n till ! plague ( ,a4,d4 #fhc t 8 cult z a protector f pe/il5ce 0 firmly e/abli%$4 ,! association ( ,seba/ian ) pe/il5ce 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance purely =tuit\s4 ,dev\t m5 9 seasons ( pe/il5ce 7 wont to acclaim _! own peculi> patron sa9t a v pres5t help 9 "t ( tr\ble3 an alt>1 a *ur*1 a votive picture1 a procession1 ^!1 n[ "o1 n[ ano!r1 7 ! price ( ! promis$ disp5sation4 ,b t ,seba/ian came to be ! patron sa9t ( plague & pe/il5ce 0 due to ! association ( arr[s ) 8 effigy & ) ! /ory ( 8 attempt$ m>tyrdom4 ,f remote antiquity we h se5 t arr[s h be5 emblematic ( plague4 ,x 0 ,apollo among ! ,greeks t scatt]$ pe/il5ce ) 8 b[1 & :o 0 invok$ also by sacrifice & hymns ( praise to av]t x4 ,9 ,*ri/ian hagiology & ,*ri/ian art ,seba/ian is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! pagan ,apollo4 ,:atev] ! v>iations ( detail1 ,seba/ian is practically always repres5t$1 ei!r transfix$ ) arr[s or c>ry+ an arr[ 9 8 h&4 ,hav+ reg>d to 8 /ory1 x is a mi/ake to %[ ! arr[s pi]c+ a vital "p1 su* z ! he>t1 ! bra91 or ev5 ! neck1 z is (t5 done4 ,& = arti/ic effect x is well t !y %\ld n be s num]\s z to sugge/ a well-fill$ p9-cu%ion3 albeit ! ,gold5 ,leg5d has x t #8! ar*]s %ot at him till he 0 z full ( arr[s z an ur*9 is full ( pricks'4 ,su* is ! effect ( an int]e/+ fresco by ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli 7c4 ,a4,d4 #adbj-ig7 9 ! ,*iesa della ,collegiata at ,san ,gimignano1 d$icat$ to ,seba/ian 9 ,a4,d4 #adfe 9 a "t ( plague4 ,at ! head ( ! picture1 ,*ri/1 ) ! m>ks ( w\nds 9 ,8 h&s1 communes ) ! ,virg9 & a gr\p ( sa9ts4 ,seba/ian is /&+ on a p$e/al1 8 :ole body /udd$ ) arr[s1 :ile ar*]s on ei!r side ( him are rapidly increas+ ! numb]4 ,?is ,collegiata fresco has be5 closely foll[$ 9 an ,italian ,pe/bltt]1 reproduc$ 9 ! ,heitz-,s*reib] portfolio ( ,pe/bltt] 7q4v474 ,ano!r votive fresco 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,ago/9o at ,san ,gimignano1 also by ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 commemorat+ ! disa/r\s plague ( ,a4,d4 #adfd1 %[s ,seba/ian turn+ aside ) 8 cloak ! brok5 arr[s ( pe/il5ce4 ,9 ! upp]mo/ "p ( ! fresco ! ,almighty is laun*+ =? ,8 %afts1 & att5dant angels are aid+ 9 ! task4 ,betwe5 !m & ,seba/ian ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 kneel 9 an attitude ( pray]4 ,seba/ian /&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! =egr\nd on a l[ /one p$e/al1 on :i* are inscrib$ ! words1 #8,sancte ,seba/iane1 ,int]c$e ,pro ,devoto ,populo ,tuo4' ,8 body is fully drap$1 & ! brok5 arr[s lie beh9d him1 remov$ by ! h&s ( angels1 two ( :om hold a cr[n ( m>tyrdom above 8 head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii 7,face ,page #ajj7 ,,sodoma',s ,,seba/ian ,,plague ,,bann] 7,,rev]se7 ,,ss4 ,ro* & ,sigismund1 & ,bre?r5 ( ,compagnia di ,s4 ,seba/iano ,photograph by ,al9>i1 ,rome ,^! old] repres5tations ( ,seba/ian by ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 & o!rs by ,albre*t ,dr] & ! e>ly ,g]man s*ool1 %[+ ,seba/ian z an eld]ly be>d$ man1 (f] b little attractiv5ess4 ,by f> ! mo/ beautiful pictures are ^? ( ,p]ug9o1 ,sodoma1 & ,francia1 :o use 8 nude & y\?ful figure1 z ! ,greeks us$ ,apollo1 z a model = ! exhibition ( elegance ( =m & accuracy ( anatomical design4 ,z "o ( ! few nude =ms p]mitt$ to ,*ri/ian art1 x is readily und]/ood :y ,seba/ian figures 9 su* a multitude ( pictures4 ,! f9e/ example ( ?is type is ! pe]less ma/]piece ( ,sodoma 7#adgg-aedi71 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y at ,flor5ce1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful creations ( ,r5aissance art4 ,x 0 =m]ly a bann]1 pa9t$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aebh = ! ,si5ese ,compagnia di ,san ,seba/iano 9 ,camollia1 & 0 c>ri$ 9 procession :5 ,si5a 0 afflict$ ) pe/il5ce4 ,x 0 kept 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,confrat]nity at ,si5a1 until x 0 remov$ to ,flor5ce 9 ,a4,d4 #aghf4 ,! undrap$ body ( ! sa9t is modell$ on ! l9es ( ! y\?ful ,apollo4 ,he is b\nd to a tree 9 ! =egr\nd ( a wild ,italian l&scape4 ,8 neck1 side1 & "o ?igh are transfix$ ) arr[s4 ,! upturn$ face we>s an expression ( ec/asy1 9 spite ( suff]+1 z an angel desc5ds to place ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom on 8 br[4 ,symonds has said ( ?is picture3 #8,gift$ ) an exquisite feel+ = ! beauty ( ! human body1 ,sodoma excell$ himself :5 he 0 cont5t$ ) a s+le figure4 ,8 ,/4 ,seba/ian1 not)/&+ its wan & fad$ col\r+1 is /ill ! v be/ t has be5 pa9t$4 ,suff]+1 ref9$ & spiritual1 )\t contortion or spasm1 c\ld n be pres5t$ ) m pa?os 9 a =m ( m surpass+ lovel9ess4 ,?is is a truly demonic picture 9 ! fasc9ation x ex]cises & ! memory x leaves ^u ! m9d4 ,"p ( its unanalysable *>m may be due to ! bold ?\ght ( comb9+ ! beauty ( a ,greek ,hylas ) ! ,*ri/ian s5tim5t ( m>tyrdom4 ,only ! ,r5aissance c\ld h produc$ a hybrid s successful1 because s deeply felt4' ,on ! rev]se ( ! bann] is ! ,madonna ) ! ,*ild 9 h] arms1 en?ron$ on cl\ds1 above a kneel+ gr\p ( ,,ss4 ,ro* & ,sigismund & memb]s ( ! ,compagnia di ,s4 ,seba/iano1 we>+ _! *>act]i/ic g>m5ts4 ,! "w is mu* inf]ior to t ( ! face ( ! bann]1 & is said to be 9 "p ! "w ( ,beccafumi 7#adhf-aeea74 ,ano!r sup]b1 b little kn[n picture1 by ,p]ug9o 7,a4,d4 #addf-aebd7 9 ! ,muse at ,gr5oble1 %[s ! same type ( nude figure ( ,seba/ian b\nd to a tree4 ,face & figure alike are ! v embodim5t ( y\?fulness & grace1 v]g+ almo/ on effem9acy4 ,9 ?is picture ,s4 ,apoll9e /&s beside ,seba/ian4 ,exceptionally1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! old] pictures1 ! y\?ful ,seba/ian is depict$ clo!d 9 ! co/ume ( ! p]iod1 ) or )\t an arr[ 9 8 h&4 ,9 ! ,br]a at ,milan is a fold+ alt>-piece ( five panels by ,nicol da ,foligno 7,a4,d4 #adcj-ib71 9 :i* he is repres5t$ z a y\? 9 kilt$ tunic & hose4 ,he is simil>ly clad 9 ano!r picture 9 ! ,vatican1 #8,! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 & ,sa9ts1' also by ,nicol da ,foligno1 & 9 a few o!rs z well4 ,seba/ian is v frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 plague pictures along ) o!r sa9ts3 8 mo/ frequ5t companion by f> is ,/4 ,ro*4 ,9 ! sacri/y ( ,s4 ,m>ia della ,salute at ,v5ice1 itself a plague *ur*1 is ,titian's well-kn[n picture commemorat+ ! great plague ( ,a4,d4 #aeab1 9 :i* ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ,/4 ,ro*1 & ! physician-sa9ts ,cosmo & ,damian /& be=e ! ?rone ( ,/4 ,m>k1 across ^: maje/ic figure ! %ad[ ( a cl\d has fall54 ,^! gr\ps ( sa9ts are n infrequ5tly repres5t$ m$iat+ ) ! ,madonna4 ,travell+ ?r\gh ,italy f t[n to t[n "o becomes aw>e t ! l& ( pe/il5ce has be5 r\ghly p>tition$ into sep>ate dom9ions "u ! tutelage ( v>y+ presid+ sa9ts4 ,9 ,milan x is ,c>lo ,borromeo3 9 ,v5ice1 ,s4 ,rocco3 9 ,rome1 ! ,madonna3 9 ,c5tral ,italy1 9 ,si5a1 & 9 ,flor5ce1 ,s4 ,seba/iano4 ,9 ,flor5ce he 0 ! patron sa9t ( ! ,compagnia della ,mis]icordia1 ! in/itution t has = sev5 c5turies be5 s closely int]wov5 ) ! daily life ( ! city1 & has left no small m>k on ! products ( ,flor5t9e art4 ,*ri/ian sculpture has also seiz$ ! opportunity ( ! nude figure = a model4 ,well-kn[n /atues are ^? by ,matteo ,civitali 7c4 #adgj7 at ,lucca1 & by ,puget 7#afbb-id7 9 ! *ur* ( ,c>ignano at ,g5oa4 ,a colossal recumb5t figure ( ! sa9t by ,b]n9i 7#aeih-afhj7 lies b5ea? ! high alt> ( ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,seba/ian on ! ,via ,appia at ,rome4 ,9 ,switz]l& especially1 b also 9 s\!rn ,g]many & s\?-ea/]n ,france1 wood5 /atues ( ,seba/ian are commonly met )1 mo/ly belong+ to ! ?ree c5turies foll[+ ! ,black ,dea?4 ,sev]al may be se5 9 ! ,hi/orical ,museum at ,basle1 m or less ar*aic 9 "*1 & a v f9e example 9 ! ,cluny ,museum at ,p>is4 ,! same museum also possesses a pair ( qua9t col\r$ high reliefs 9 wood ( ,/4 ,seba/ian & ,/4 ,ro* respectively4 ,^! wood5 effigies are naturally mo/ common 9 di/ricts :]e wood-c>v+ has be5 ext5sively pursu$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix 7,face ,page #ajb7 ,,ss4 ,,m>k1 ,,seba/ian1 ,,ro*1 ,,cosmas ,,& ,,damian4 ,,by ,,titian ,photograph by ,naya1 ,v5ice ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! cult ( ,seba/ian 0 widespread f ! fir/1 or t ! record ( its gr[? is cont9u\s & unbrok5 f its inauguration 9 ?is ,roman plague ( ,a4,d4 #fhc4 ,circum/ance *anc$ to be array$ aga9/ its cont9uity4 ,! sev5? c5tury 0 n a notable p]iod ( plague 9 ,europe1 & t 0 n[ ! dom9at+ epidemic4 ,!re 0 fam9e & pe/il5ce 9 ,irel&1#add b its nature is n kn[n1 & ! k+s ( ,er9 fac$ _! ,iri% "q 9 ! _s ( ,cromwell4 ,9 a season ( fam9e !y summon$ ! lead+ cl]gy & laity to a c\ncil to consid] ! situation4 ,no "o1 9 ! circum/ances1 w dispute ! propriety ( _! injunction to cl]gy & laity to obs]ve a fa/4 ,b ! fur!r injunction t !y %\ld employ _! h\rs ( ab/95ce 9 pray+ t "s sickness might c>ry (f ! surplus ( ! l[] ord]s1 z ! excess ( population 0 ! cause ( ! fam9e1 is m debatable4 7#8,petebant ut nimia multitudo vulgi p] infirmitatem aliquam toll]etur1 quia num]ositas populi erat occasio famis4'7 ,at ! in/ance ( ,/4 ,g]ald1 :o cont5d$ t ! ,almighty c\ld relieve ! situation m suitably & q z easily by multiply+ ! fruits ( ! e>?1 x 0 propos$ to recomm5d ?is c\rse to ,8 adoption1 at any rate z a prelim9>y measure4 ,b cl]gy & laity1 head$ by ! holy ,/4 ,fe*91 7 9 no mood = su* half-he>t$ measures z promis$ no f9ality1 & ,/4 ,g]ald's sugge/ion 0 set aside4 ,pe/il5ce foll[$ 9 due c\rse1 & ! ,div9e work+ 0 made manife/ 9 t x claim$ ,/4 ,fe*9 & ! two k+s ( ,er9 among its innum]able victims4 ,9 spite ( ! retrocession ( plague f ,europe aft] ! sev5? c5tury1 ,syria1#ade ! ,euphrates valley1 & ,irak 7 /ill deva/at$ at frequ5t int]vals by recurr+ epidemics4 ,f ?is p]si/5t s\rce x spread z f> z ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #fig & #gid1 9 ! latt] case almo/ completely depopulat+ ,con/ant9ople accord+ to ,nicephoras ,byzant9us4 ,con/ant9ople 0 9 su* intimate relation1 comm]cial & political1 ) ,syria & ,c5tral ,asia t transf]5ce ( plague 0 wellnigh inevitable4 ,aft] ?is !re 0 a long lull 9 ,europe1 & to a less ext5t 9 ,syria1 until ! elev5? c5tury4 ,x is (t5 confid5tly /at$ t ! ,crusades br\ght plague back to ,europe1 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re 0 a sev]e epidemic ( plague on t cont95t 9 ,a4,d4 #ajid1 be=e ! ,crusades comm5c$4 ,d\btless !y s]v$ to ma9ta9 ! cont9uity ( infection4 ,! pe/il5ce t decimat$ ! army ( ,l\is ,,ix & c>ri$ (f him & 8 son 0 by no means c]ta9ly bubonic plague4 ,! surviv+ acc\nts sugge/ r *ol]a or dys5t]y4 ,aga91 9 ,a4,d4 #aafg1 ! army ( ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 :ile encamp$ be=e ,rome1 0 swept away by a pe/il5ce1 t seems to h be5 bubonic plague1 :i* p5etrat$ into ! city also & work$ great havoc4 ,?omas ,becket1 writ+ to ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii aft] ! retreat ( ,fr$]ick1 congratulates him on ! ,"l hav+ de/roy$ ,s5na*]ib's army4 ,aga91 9 ,a4,d4 #abcj1 a de/ructive inundation ( ! ,tib] 0 foll[$ by plague1 t l$ ! ,romans to recall ! bani%$ pope1 ,gregory ,,ix4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #abdd plague 0 9 ,flor5ce1 & l$ to ! in/itution ( ! ,compagnia della ,mis]icordia4 ,its f\ndations 7 laid 9 ! f9es paid by wool-port]s = ! use ( f\l & blasphem\s language at _! meet+-h\se4 ,"o ( !m1 ! good old ,pi]o di ,luca ,borsi1 induc$ !m1 :5 ! total _h rea*$ a l>ge sum1 to sp5d x 9 ! provision ( six litt]s1 "o = ea* w>d ( ! city1 & to select two ( _! memb]s weekly = ea* litt]1 to c>ry sick p]sons to ! hospitals or dead bodies to ! mortu>ies4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #abid plague 0 aga9 widespread & sev]e 9 ,europe1 & a succession ( scatt]$ epidemics1 ( :i* ! mo/ sev]e 7 ^? ( ,a4,d4 #acbj & #accc respectively 9 s\!rn ,france & ,spa91 l$ up to ! virul5t p&emic ( ,a4,d4 #acdh & aft]1 commonly kn[n z ! ,black ,dea?4 ,out ( ! desolate wild]ness ( ! ,black ,dea? arose ! figure ( ,/4 ,ro*1#adf patron sa9t ( ! plague-/rick5 & int]cessor aga9/ ! plague4 ,born at ,montpelli]1 ! son ( noble p>5ts1 probably ab\t ,a4,d4 #abie1 he seem$ design$ = a life ( sanctity by ! bir?m>k ( a small r$ cross on 8 brea/4 ,s ,mahomet be=e him _h borne 9 ! impr9t ( a mole betwe5 8 %\ld]s ! tok5 ( 8 div9e mission4 ,f boyhood he 0 attract$ by ! active virtues ( ! ,r$eem]1 & aspir$ to foll[ t example r ?an to devote himself to ! life ( ! cloi/]4 ,! dea? ( 8 p>5ts1 be=e he 0 tw5ty ye>s old1 left him ) great ri*es1 :i* he di/ribut$ =?) among ! poor & hospitals4 ,8 l&s he left 9 ! managem5t ( 8 bro!r1 & set out on foot1 z a pilgrim1 = ,rome4 ,on 8 way he f\nd plague rag+ at ,aquap5d5te4 ,!re he gave himself to ! s]vice ( ! sick 9 ! hospital1 & su* 0 8 skill & sympa?y t 8 m9i/rations 7 reg>d$ z m ?an human4 ,! sick seem$ to be heal$ by 8 m]e pray]s1 or by ! sign ( ! ,cross z he /ood ov] !m1 s t :5 ! plague soon ceas$1 !y 9 _! en?usiasm attribut$ x to 8 int]cession4 ,s ,ro* himself became inspir$ ) ! belief 9 a div9e ,provid5ce specially guid+ 8 m9i/ry4 ,he>+ t plague 0 deva/at+ ! prov9ce ( ,romagna1 he ha/5$ ?i!r & devot$ himself to ! sick 9 ! cities ( ,cas5a & ,rim9i4 ,!nce he w5t to ,rome1 :]e plague 0 rag+ fi]cely 7c4 #acjf71 & = ?ree ye>s t5d$ ! sick1 devot+ himself to ^? mo/ de/itute ( help4 ,8 con/ant pray] to ,god 0 t he might be a m>tyr 9 8 task1 b = long he pass$ unsca!d ?r\gh daily p]il4 ,visit+ city aft] city1 :]ev] plague 0 rife1 he succumb$ at la/ to ! infection at ,piac5za1 :ile nurs+ ! sick 9 ! hospital4 ,along ) a burn+ inw>d fev]1 a horrible ulc] broke out on 8 left ?igh4 ,! pa9 0 s intol]able t he %riek$ al\d4 ,fe>+ to di/urb ! inmates ( ! hospital1 he crawl$ into ! /reet1 b ! (fic]s w\ld n let him rema9 !re = fe> ( spread+ infection4 ,) ! aid ( 8 pilgrim's /aff he dragg$ himself to a solit>y spot outside ! gates ( ,piac5za1 & !re laid himself d[n to die4 ,b /ill a k9d ,provid5ce wat*$ ov] him4 ,8 little dog1 t _h att5d$ him fai?fully 9 all 8 pilgrimage1 w5t daily into ! city & br\ght back a loaf ( bread1 none knew :5ce4 ,an angel came1 too1 & dress$ 8 sore & t5d$ him1 till he 0 well4 ,o!rs say t x 0 ! dog ( a c\ntryman1 "o ,go?>d1 t br\ght food to him4 ,on 8 recov]y he turn$ 8 /eps back to 8 native ,montpelli]1 b 8 suff]+s _h s *ang$ him t ev5 8 own reta9]s !re did n recognize him4 ,he 0 arre/$ z a spy1 & condemn$ by ! judge1 :o *anc$ to be 8 own uncle1 to be ?r[n into ! public prison4 ,ro*1 believ+ x to be ,god's w1 yield$ to ! puni%m5t )\t reveal+ 8 id5tity1 & langui%$ 9 a dungeon = five ye>s4 ,"o morn+1 :5 ! jail] ent]$ 8 cell1 he f\nd x fill$ ) a bright sup]natural light1 b 8 prison] dead1 & by 8 side a writ+ t reveal$ 8 "n & ! words3 #8,all ^? t are /rick5 by ! plague1 & :o pray = aid ?r\gh ! m]its & int]cession ( ,/4 ,ro*1 ! s]vant ( ,god1 %all be heal$4' ,8 uncle1 ! judge1 gave him an hon\rable burial1 & ! :ole city lam5t$ 8 dea?4 ,/4 ,ro* is believ$ to h di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #acbg 9 8 ?irty-second ye>4 ,at ,montpelli] he 0 v5]at$ f ! fir/1 & ?is v5]ation 0 quick5$ & ext5d$ by ! great p&emic ( ,a4,d4 #acdh4 ,b x 0 n till ! fifte5? c5tury t 8 cult became widespread4 ,?is 0 ! direct consequ5ce ( an outbreak ( plague at ,con/ance 9 ,a4,d4 #adad1 dur+ t ,c\ncil ( prelates t condemn$ ,huss to ! /ake4 ,!y 7 ab\t to disp]se & fly f dang]1 :5 a "y ,g]man monk told !m ( ! p[] ( ,/4 ,ro*4 ,on 8 advice ! ,c\ncil ord]$ an effigy ( ! ,sa9t to be c>ri$ 9 procession ?r\gh ! /reets ) pray]s & litanies3 & imm$iately ! plague 0 /ay$4 ,8 fe/ival has be5 celebrat$ = c5turies on ! sixte5? day ( ,augu/4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #adhe ! ,v5etians1 :o f _! trade ) ! ,levant1 7 con/antly subject to plague1 c>ri$ (f ! body ( ,/4 ,ro* f ,montpelli] by /eal?1 & ! *ur* ( ,san ,rocco 0 built to receive x4 ,su* is ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,ro*4 ,he & ,seba/ian commonly figure toge!r 9 d$icatory plague pictures1 z dual protectors aga9/ plague4 ,!y seem to repres5t 9 art two attitudes to suff]+1 ,/4 ,ro* t ( compassion1 ,/4 ,seba/ian t ( c\rage & resignation--two attitudes well express$ 9 f\r %ort l9es ( an obscure ,au/ralian poet t des]ve to be bett] kn[n ?an !y are3 ,life is mo/ly fro? & bubble3 ,two ?+s /& l /one3 ,k9dness 9 ano!r's tr\ble1 ,c\rage 9 y\r own4 ,com+ into g5]al k ab\t ! "t ( ! revival ( art1 ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,ro* & 8 figure 7 fav\rite & famili> subjects 9 ! ,*ri/ian art ( ! ,we/4 ,! :ole leg5d has be5 frequ5tly us$ z a !me = ! decoration ( *ur*es d$icat$ to 8 "n3 su* a "o may be se5 9 ,si5a1 & ano!r1 ?\gh less complete1 9 ,v5ice4 ,9 ! ,scuola di ,s4 ,rocco 8 life-/ory is set out 9 a s]ies ( tw5ty c>v$ reliefs on ! walnut panell+ ( ! upp] hall4 ,sometimes sev]al sc5es f 8 life are bl5d$ 9 a s+le picture4 ,9 ! ,br]a1 at ,milan1 is a picture ( ,/4 ,ro* ) ,madonna & ,*ild1 by ,ambrogio da ,fossano1 call$ #8,borgognone' 7,a4,d4 #adhj-aebc74 ,9 ! backgr\nd are sc5es f 8 life1 among :i* 8 dog is %[n c>ry+ a loaf 9 its m\?4 ,! picture =m]ly belong$ to ! ,company ( ,*>ity ( ,milan4 ,/4 ,ro* is g5]ally repres5t$ z a man 9 ! prime ( life1 ) a %ort po9t$ be>d1 delicate features1 & a g5tle expression ( c\nt5ance4 ,z a rule he we>s a pilgrim's dress1 ) a cockle-%ell 9 8 hat & a wallet at 8 side4 ,9 "o h& he holds a long /aff1 :ile ) ! o!r he lifts 8 robe to %[ ! plague sore 9 8 gro9 or ?igh4 ,v r>ely he is figur$ z a y\? 9 ! dress ( ! p]iod1 & is !n ne>ly always introduc$ to balance a simil> ,seba/ian4 ,num]\s pictures deal ) s+le episodes 9 8 life--8 t5d+ ! plague-sick1 8 heal+ by an angel1 8 life & dea? 9 prison4 ,! be/ kn[n are p]haps ^? by ,t9toretto 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,rocco at ,v5ice4 ,_m %[ him pray+ among ! sick1 z 9 ! picture by ,dom5i*9o ( ,bologna 7,a4,d4 #aehd-afda7 9 ! ,palazzo ,rosso at ,g5oa4 ,an angel ) a drawn sword hov]s ov] ! sc5e1 & ,/4 ,ro* holds out "o arm1 z ?\gh entreat+ ! angel to put up 8 sword into its %ea?4 ,jacopo ,bassano 7,a4,d4 #aeaj-ib71 9 a picture 9 ! ,br]a1 repres5ts him among a numb] ( plague victims1 ) h& rais$ 9 attitude ( b5$iction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x 7,face ,page #ajh7 ,s4 ,,ro*4 ,,by ,,ambrogio ,,borgognone ,photograph by ,&]son1 ,rome ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi 7,face ,page #aji7 ,,an ,,int]cessory ,,plague ,,picture ,,by ,,niklaus ,,manuel4 ,s4 ,,ro* ,,t5d$ ,,by ,,an ,,angel ,a picture by ! ,swiss pa9t]1 ,niklaus ,manuel 7,a4,d4 #adhd-aecj71 at ,basle1 pa9t$ 9 temp]a on l951 %[s ,/4 ,ro* ) a little angel t5d+ 8 w\nd4 ,x is typical ( a l>ge gr\p ( int]cessory plague pictures4 ,at ! summit ( ! picture is ! ,almighty 9 glory 9 ! heav5s4 ,b5ea? ,him is ,/4 ,anna ) ! ,virg9 ,m>y & ! ,*ild ,jesus3 !y are plac$ betwe5 ! ,almighty & ! plague-/rick5 to indicate t !y are ! appropriate m$ium ( int]cession4 ,!y are flank$ on ! "o side by ,/4 ,ro*1 & on ! o!r by ,/4 ,james4 ,/4 ,anna appe>s 9 _m pictures ( ?is p]iod1 z ,pope ,alex&] ,,ii 9 #adid promot$ h] wor%ip1 by mak+ h] fea/-day "o ( ! *ief fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur*4 ,at ! foot ( ! picture is a r\gh del9eation ( ! city attack$ by plague3 on ! "r ( x1 a gr\p repres5t+ probably ! donors ( ! picture3 on ! left1 a gr\p ( suff]]s1 two ( :om %[ plague m>ks on _! limbs4 ,on ! woman's arm is a rais$ sore3 on ! man's arm black pete*ial blot*es1 on 8 body l>ge circul> spots1 & an op5 r$ ulc] on ! inn] side ( 8 leg4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s pictures ( ,/4 ,ro* is ! alt>-piece by ,rub5s1 at ,alo/1 ne> ,brussels4 ,! upp] "p ( ! picture %[s ! int]ior ( a prison illum9at$ by a sup]natural light4 ,/4 ,ro* kneels look+ up into ! face ( ,*ri/1 9 radiant gratitude1 z he receives 8 commission z patron sa9t aga9/ ! plague4 ,an angel holds a tablet on :i* is writt51 #8,eris 9 pe/e patronus1' 9 allusion to ! words reveal$ 9 8 cell at 8 dea?4 ,/atues ( ,/4 ,ro* are h>dly s frequ5tly met ) z ^? ( ,seba/ian3 he 0 a less attractive model = sculptors4 ,9 ! ,muse ( ,gr5oble is a qua9t ar*aic wood5 figure ( ,/4 ,ro* ( ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury1 :i* /ood =m]ly 9 ! *apel ( ! ,*teau ( ,bressieux4 ,x %[s him 9 pilgrim guise1 hold+ aside 8 g>m5ts to %[ ! bubo 9 8 left gro94 ,x is deeply incis$1 accord+ to ! surgical practice ( ! p]iod4 ,! plague m>k ( ,/4 ,ro* is depict$ 9 a v>iety ( =ms4 ,sometimes x is simply a bubo 9 ! gro91 usually ! left1 or j bel[ x1 to satisfy arti/ic dec5cy4 ,?is =m may be se5 9 a picture by ,crivelli 7,a4,d4 #adfh-ic7 ( #8,f\r ,sa9ts'1 9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice1 & 9 ano!r ( ,/4 ,ro* & ,/4 ,seba/ian1 by ,alfani1 9 ! ,p9aco!ca at ,p]ugia4 ,f> m commonly ! m>k is a %ort longitud9al incision 9 ! upp] "p ( ei!r ?igh1 z 9 ,sodoma's plague bann] 7see ,plate ,,viii1 p4 #ajj74 ,sometimes ! incision is 9 ! sub/ance ( a bubo4 ,?is may be se5 9 a portrait ( ,/4 ,ro* ov] a side-alt> 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia dei ,s]vi at ,si5a4 ,n infrequ5tly ! incision is slant+ or transv]se & displays a complete disreg>d = ! femoral art]y4 ,a notable example is ,titian's #8,/4 ,m>k & ,sa9ts' 9 ! ,salute at ,v5ice 7see ,plate ,,ix1 p4 #ajb74 ,sometimes ! hose is slit ov] ! incision 9 ! fle%1 z ?\gh "s bold & busy surgeon _h be5 press$ = "t4 ,?is may be se5 9 ,c>oto's picture ( #8,f\r ,sa9ts' 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,f]mo ,maggiore at ,v]ona3 also 9 a picture by ,p]ug9o1 #8,virg9 & ,sa9ts1' 9 ! ca!dral at ,p]ugia1 & 9 ano!r ( ,/4 ,ro* 9 ! ,palazzo ,borromeo at ,milan4 ,a solit>y example ( ,/4 ,ro* ) a black pu/ule on ! inn] side ( 8 left ?igh1 surr\nd$ by a p9k zone ( inflammation1 may be se5 9 ! ,br]a4 ,! picture is by ,b]n>d9o ,borgognone 7,a4,d4 #adij-aebd74 ,9 "s ( ! ,pe/bltt] a ga% 9 ! ?igh is %[n z well z a small circle1 :i* w\ld seem to indicate ! circul> plague pu/ule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii 7,face ,page #aaj7 ,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild1 ,s4 ,,anna ,,& ,,sa9ts ,,by ,g4 ,,francesco ,,c>oto ,photograph by ,al9>i1 ,rome ,,footnotes3 #ada ,de ,ge/is ,langob>dorum1 vi4 #e4 #adb ,caxton1 ,gold5 ,leg5d2 ,jameson1 ,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art4 #adc ,see ,frontispiece4 #add ,bascombe1 ,hi/ory ( ,epidemic ,diseases4 #ade ,krem]1 ,ueb] die gross5 ,seu*5 des ,ori5ts1 na* arabis*5 ,quell54 #adf ,caxton1 ,gold5 ,leg5d2 ,jameson1 ,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,!re is no ne$ to rewrite ! hi/ory ( ! ,black ,dea?3 t has be5 admirably accompli%$ by ,heck] & by ,abbot ,gasquet4 ,x is /ill pr(itable1 h[ev]1 to inve/igate its by-effects 9 ! doma9s ( lit]ature & art1 & to consid] its broad morbid features1 z a contribution to ! m$ical hi/ory ( ! "t4 ,! ,black ,dea? 0 ! fir/ great p&emic t left 9 its wake a complete & cont9u\s succession ( lit]>y & hi/orical records1 9 mo/ po9ts complem5t>y1 9 "s frankly contradictory1 b = all t none ! less in/ructive4 ,z to ! />t+-po9t ( ! p&emic !re is a div]sity ( voices4 ,russian records place x 9 ,india1 ,greek 9 ,scy?ia1 ,engli% 9 ,india & ,asiatic ,turkey1 ,arabian 9 ,t>t>y & ! l& ( d>kness4 ,accord+ to ,italian tradition x orig9at$ 9 ,ca?ay1 to ! nor? ( ,*9a1 & spread 9 e direction f t focus2 nor?w>d by ,bokh>a & ,t>t>y to ! ,black ,sea2 to ,india & ! t[ns s\? ( ! ,caspian1 & to ,asia ,m9or2 & by way ( ,baghdad ?r\gh ,arabia & ,egypt to ! nor? ( ,africa4 ,! lead+ contempor>y ,italian au?ority is ,gabrielle de ,mussi1 a not>y ( ,piac5za1 :o himself saw its outbreak 9 ,upp] ,italy4 ,9 8 #8,y/oria de morbo seu mortalitate qui fuit a #acdh'1 fir/ pr9t$ by ,h5s*el 9 ,haes]'s ,ar*iv fr die gesammte ,m$ic91 he describes h[ ! plague 0 br\ght by %ip f ,caffa2 a ,g5oese settlem5t 9 ! ,crimea4 ,! ,t>t> city ,tana 7,port ,azov71 t _h be5 appropriat$ by ,italian m]*ants1 0 besieg$ 9 ,a4,d4 #acdf by an army ( ,t>t>s & ,s>ac5s4 ,! ,t>t>s expell$ !m1 & foll[$ !m to ,caffa1 :i!r !y _h fl$4 ,plague broke out fi]cely among ! besieg+ ,t>t>s1 :o1 9 ! hope ( infect+ ! g>rison1 ?rew _! dead bodies into ! city by means ( eng9es ( w>4 ,! g>rison 9 turn ca/ !m into ! sea1 b ! city became infect$ & almo/ completely depopulat$1 a few survivors tak+ %ip & c>ry+ ! disease ) !m to ,italy 9 ! autumn ( ,a4,d4 #acdg4 ,speak+ ( ! infection ( ,caffa1 de ,mussi says #8! air became ta9t$ & ! wells ( wat] poison$1 & 9 ?is way ! disease spread rapidly 9 ! city'4 ,s ! old idea ( poison /ill prevails1 b x is a virus d]iv$ f infect$ corpses1 & n "s extrane\s poison comp\nd$ by a malefic5t enemy4 ,! poison 0 communicable also f man to man1 = he says ( ! sailors com+ f ,caffa to ,v5ice & ,g5oa t #8z if accompani$ by evil spirits1 z soon z !y approa*$ ! l&1 !y 7 dea? to ^? ) :om !y m+l$'4 ,^! %ips seem to h infect$ ,con/ant9ople en r\te1 & an acc\nt ( its ravages !re survives f ! p5 ( ! ,emp]or ,cantacuz5us4#adg ,x is a mi/ake to reg>d 8 record z wor?less mat]ial1 because ( its plagi>ism ( mu* ( ! language ( ,?ucydides4 ,9 :at is n appropriat$ f ?is s\rce he gives a valuable cl9ical description ( ! disease4 ,he notes ! e>ly l[ delirium1 & di/+ui%es pneumonic1 bubonic1 & c>buncul> types ( ! disease4 ,he m5tions c]vical & axill>y1 b n +u9al buboes1 & also ! d>k pat*es on ! sk91 t lat] came to be t]m$ #8tok5s'4 ,he also ass]ts ! incid5ce ( ! disease on ! dome/ic animals4 ,9 mak+ = ,g5oa ^! %ips put 9 at ,mess9a 9 ,sicily & left ! infection !re4 ,mi*ael ,plati5sis 7( ,piazza71 a ,franciscan fri>1 has giv5 an acc\nt ( its c\rse 9 ?is city4 ,he ref]s to infection by means ( ! brea?1 & by contact ) ! belong+s (1 ! infect$4 ,gabrielle de ,mussi seems to hold a simil> belief4 #8,we' i4 e4 ! ,g5oese sailors1 he says1 #8rea* our homes3 our k9dr$ & our neighb\rs come f all p>ts to visit u4 ,woe to u1 = we ca/ at !m ! d>ts ( dea?6 ,:il/ we spoke to !m1 :il/ !y embrac$ u & kiss$ u1 we scatt]$ ! poison f our lips4 ,go+ back to _! homes1 !y soon infect$ _! :ole families4' ,de ,mussi explicitly ass]ts t ! plague 0 c>ri$ f ! seaport ( ,g5oa by "s ,g5oese to ,bobbio1 & to 8 city ( ,piac5za4 ,"h su* 0 ! mortality t #8no pray] 0 said1 no solemn (fice sung1 nor bell toll$ = ! fun]al ( ev5 ! noble/ citiz53 b by day & night ! corpses 7 borne to ! common plague pit )\t rite or c]emony'4 ,s ,italy _h be5 prim>ily infect$ at ,v5ice & at ,g5oa1 & f ^! sea-coa/ cities ! disease spread itself ov] ! :ole ,italian p59sula4 ,at ,v5ice ! example ( ,gal5 _h sunk deep into ! he>ts ( h] physicians4 ,!y fl$ be=e ! advanc+ enemy & %ut !mselves up 9 _! h\ses1 leav+ ! surgeons1 l$ by ,&rea di ,padova1 to fill _! place4 ,physicians w\ld d well to be> ?is occasion 9 m9d1 :5 !y compla9 ( ! encroa*m5ts ( surg]y into ! doma9 ( m$ic9e4 ,on ,m>* #cj1 ,a4,d4 #acdh1 ! ,gr& ,c\ncil ( ,v5ice appo9t$ ?ree m5 to act z a ,committee ( ,public ,safety4 ,^! m5 _h l>ge burial-pits dug 9 "o ( ! isl&s ( ! lagoon1 & organiz$ a s]vice ( boats to transport ! bodies to !m4 ,rome 0 n s h>d hit z "s ( ! cities ( ,italy4 ,nev]!less1 !re rema9s to ?is day a monum5t ( ?is plague 9 ! flight ( m>ble /eps lead+ up to ! *ur* ( ,ara ,coeli4 ,^! 7 set up by ,giovanni de ,colonna 9 ,octob] #acdh1 out ( ! spoils ( ! temple ( ! ,sun on ! ,quir9al1 & 7 design$ = ! use ( ! citiz5s1 :o ) ropes r\nd _! necks & ) a%es on _! heads climb$ ! hill b>efoot$1 to implore f ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ! cessation ( ! plague4 ,! ?irte5?-c5tury mosaic ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild may /ill be se5 above ! side entrance ( ,ara ,coeli at ! head ( ! well-worn /airs lead+ up f ! ,capitol9e ,piazza4 ,! object ( wor%ip rema9s1 b ! wor%ipp]s are no m4 ,lanciani#adh has reproduc$ an old engrav+ %[+ wom5 asc5d+ ! m>ble /airs on _! knees4 ,?is /aircase w\ld seem to be indicat$ bo? 9 ,delaunay's picture & 9 ! fresco by :i* x 0 inspir$4 ,!re is a leg5d 9 ,rome1 t z ! panic-/rick5 p 7 c>ry+ an effigy ( ! ,madonna f ! ,ara ,coeli to ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! /atue ( ! angel on ! ,ca/el ,s4 ,angelo b[$ its head to d homage to x4 ,plague 0 n ! only enemy 9 ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #acdh1 = a t]rible e>?quake on ,septemb] #i & #aj wr\ght havoc among ! rema9+ monum5ts ( anci5t ,rome4 ,^? citiz5s1 :o _h escap$ ! plague & f dea? among ! fall+ ru9s1 liv$ = weeks 9 ! op5 ,campagna ) no %elt] f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r4 ,p]haps x 0 ?is accid5t t s]v$ to br+ ! visitation to an end at ,rome m rapidly ?an else:]e4 ,agnolo di ,tura1 9 8 ,cronica ,s5ese1 edit$ by ,muratori1 gives a graphic picture ( ! ,black ,dea? 9 ,si5a4 ,a l>ge un9t]e/+ picture 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia dei ,s]vi depicts ,/4 ,ca?>9e att5d+ ! plague-/rick51 & !re is an ugly1 almo/ ludicr\s1 fresco ( ! same subject 9 ! ,h\se ( ,/4 ,ca?>9e ( ,si5a4 ,! pa9t] bro!rs ,pietro & ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti 7 bo? c>ri$ (f by plague4 ,b x is 9 ! ,duomo itself t ! m>k ( ! ,black ,dea? is mo/ app>5t4 ,begun 9 ,a4,d4 #acci1 on ! site ( an old] ca!dral d$icat$ to ! ,madonna ( ! ,assumption1 ! transepts 7 built1 ! f\ndations ( ! nave & *oir 7 laid1 & _! walls p>tly rais$ accord+ to ! designs ( ,l&o ,orefice1 :5 ! ,black ,dea? broke out 9 ! city 9 ,a4,d4 #acdh4 ,! money collect$ = ! build+ 0 div]t$ to urg5t public purposes1 & ! "w1 once susp5d$1 has nev] be5 completely accompli%$4 ,! pres5t ca!dral1 spl5did z x is1 is a m]e fragm5t ( ! magnific5t fabric1 9 :i* ,orefice purpos$ to en%r9e a memorial to ! glory ( f\rte5? c5tury ,si5a4 ,! little ,cappella di ,piazza1 atta*$ z a loggia to ! ,palazzo ,publico ( ,si5a1 0 set up 9 gratitude = ! cessation ( ! plague t c>ri$ (f no less ?an ?irty ?\s& p]sons4 ,x 0 comm5c$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aceb & complet$ 9 ,a4,d4 #acgf4 ,h>d by ,si5a ! citiz5s ( ,san ,gimignano v[$ an alt> to ,/4 ,fabian & ,/4 ,seba/ian z ! price ( _! protection1 & set x up betwe5 ! doors ( ! ,pieve or ,collegiata4 ,above ! place :]e once x /ood is n[ ! fresco ( ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 commemorat+ ! plague ( ,a4,d4 #adfd4 ,no less a man ?an ,petr>*#adi has *ronicl$ ?is plague at ,p>ma4 ,8 lett] is 9 no s5se descriptive1 b r a long-drawn-out wail ov] ! deva/ation1 ! loss ( fri5ds & relations1 & ! magnitude ( ! de/ruction1 t seem$ to him to ?reat5 ! utt] ext9ction ( ! human race4 ,affectation is ! key-note ( 8 lam5tations1 t are freely int]sp]s$ ) allusions to ! anci5t classics4 ,laura _h di$ ( plague at ,avignon 9 ,a4,d4 #acdh1 & ,petr>* 9 sadness ( s\l wrote ^! l9es on ! manuscript ( 8 belov$ ,v]gil1 n[ 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y at ,milan3 #8,laura1 illu/ri\s by h] virtues1 & long celebrat$ 9 my songs1 fir/ greet$ my eyes 9 ! days ( my y\?1 ! #f? ,april1 #acbg1 at ,avignon2 & 9 ! same city1 at ! same h\r ( ! same #f? ,april1 b 9 ! ye> #acdh1 )drew f life1 :il/ ,i 0 at ,v]ona1 unconsci\s ( my loss4 ,! melan*oly tru? 0 made kn[n to me by lett]s1 :i* ,i receiv$ at ,p>ma on ! #ai? ,may4' #8,h] *a/e & lovely body 0 int]r$ on ! ev5+ ( ! same day 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,m9orites3 h] s\l1 z ,i believe1 return$ to heav51 :5ce x came4' #8,to write ^! l9es 9 bitt] memory ( ?is ev5t1 & 9 ! place :]e !y w mo/ (t5 meet my eyes1 has 9 x some?+ ( a cruel sweetness1 b ,i =get t no?+ m ought 9 ?is life to please me1 :i* by ! grace ( ,god ne$ n be difficult to "o :o ?9ks /r5u\sly & manfully ( ! idle c>es1 ! empty hopes1 & ! unexpect$ end ( ! ye>s t are gone4' ,! ,flor5t9es1 by way ( rehabilitat+ _! city aft] ! ,black ,dea?1 f\nd$ a univ]sity1 & (f]$ ,petr>* a pr(essorial *air1 :i* he decl9$4 ,matteo ,villani#aej wrote a pla9 unv>ni%$ acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ,flor5ce dur+ ! ,black ,dea?1 b x has f\nd little fav\r beside ! light] sket* t /&s z a prelude to ! ,decam]on4 ,8 bro!r ,giovanni1 ! ,flor5t9e hi/orian1 0 "o ( ! e>ly victims1 & ,matteo takes up 8 hi/ory at ! po9t at :i* he left x1 & beg9s ) a description ( ! epidemic4 ,fam9e _h prec$$ ! plague1 & l x 0 reg>d$ z s5t by ,heav5 = ! puni%m5t ( s94 ,b ! en]gy ( ! gov]nm5t1 9 import+ corn & di/ribut+ x to ! de/itute1 _h done mu* to relieve ! di/ress1 :5 ?is worse enemy pres5t$ itself at ! gates4 ,bo? ,villani & ,boccaccio enl>ge on ! futility ( all measures1 prev5tive & rem$ial alike1 & ! int5se infectiv5ess ( ! disease4 ,!y believ$ t x c\ld be communicat$ by a look1 z well z by contact ) ! p]son or belong+s ( an infect$ subject4 ,boccaccio m5tions ! spe$y dea? ( two pigs f root+ among "s infect$ clo?+4 ,"s p9n$ _! fai? on /rict seclusion3 "s on temp]ate liv+1 "s on intemp]ance3 o!rs s\ght safety 9 ! c>ry+ ( aromatic sub/ances4 ,bo? ,villani & ,boccaccio lay /ress on ! utt] depravity & demoralization eng5d]$ by ! plague4 ,great unc]ta9ty ( life has nev] fail$ to g5]ate correspond+ recklessness4 ,x has always be5 ! same tale 9 e desp]ate city2 x 0 s :5 ,j]usalem1 panic-/rick5 at ! ?reat5$ attack ( ,s5na*]ib1 gave itself ov] to wild revelry3 #8,& 9 t day did ! ,"l ,god ( ,ho/s call to weep+ & to m\rn+1 & to baldness1 & to gird+ ) sackclo?3 b behold joy & gladness1 slay+ ox51 & kill+ %eep1 eat+ fle% & dr9k+ w9e3 let u eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die4' ,matteo ,villani traces to ! ,black ,dea? ! social & moral deg5]acy & ! political an>*y1 t 7 rampant 9 ,flor5t9e life1 9 ! c5turies t foll[$ close ^u x4 ,family affection is apt to rea* its l[e/ ebb 9 ! h\ses ( a plague-/rick5 city4 ,villani & ,boccaccio e*o ! language ( ,?ucydides :5 !y tell ( p>5ts des]t+ *ildr51 & husb&s wives1 9 _! h\r ( ne$1 & ! neglect ( ! sacr$ rites ( sepulture4 ,! plague rag$ 9 ,flor5ce f ,april to ,septemb]1 & ,anton9us1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,flor5ce1 computes ! mortality )9 ! city at #fj1jjj p]sons1 two-?irds ( ! total population4 ,boccaccio actually raises ! figure to #ajj1jjj betwe5 ,m>* & ,july only1 b ?is figure1 if correct1 mu/ comprise also ! surr\nd+ di/rict1 :i* suff]$ only less sev]ely ?an ! city itself4 ,"o bright record /&s out aga9/ ?is d>k backgr\nd ( social demoralization 9 ! devotion ( ! ,compagnia della ,mis]icordia to _! self-appo9t$ task4 ,in/itut$ 9 ,a4,d4 #abdd = ! s]vice ( ! sick1 !y n[ also l5t !mselves to ! transport ( ! dead4 ,a picture by ,cigoli 7,a4,d4 #aeei-afac71 n[ 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,mis]icordia1 %[s ! bro!rhood 9 r$ robes--n[ *ang$ to black--ga!r+ up ! dead & dy+ at ! foot ( ,giotto's ,t[]4 ,! be>]s may be se5 to ?is day 9 ! /reets ( ,flor5ce 9 ! same robes & hoods mask+ ! :ole face b ! eyes1 b ! h&-litt]s & s$ans ( ,cigoli's picture h n[ be5 slung on :eels & sanctifi$ to mod]n use ) ! addition ( a motor ambulance4 ,great weal? fl[$ into ! c(f]s ( ! guild f m5 :o desir$ to cr[n a vici\s life ) a com=table dea? & a dec5t burial4 ,! horrors ( ! plague-/rick5 city1 ) :i* ,boccaccio has prefac$ 8 ,decam]on1 /& out 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! gay frivolity ( ! "y m5 & wom5 r\nd :om 8 romance ranges4 ,plague & pleasure jo/le ea* o!r 9 j>r+ juxtaposition4 ,boccaccio ( set purpose *ose ?is d>k backgr\nd = ! /ag+ ( 8 bright] !me4 ,?ucydides _h done ! same be=e him1 9 sett+ ! panegyric ( ,p]icles side by side ) ! plague ( ,a!ns3 & ,manzoni has done s aft] him 9 ! romance ( ,promessi ,sposi4 ,p]haps also he _h le>nt1 amid ! fi]ce realities ( ! plague1 to envisage life z x is1 & s pres5t x to 8 read]s4 ,niebuhr1 9 trac+ ! decad5ce ( ,roman lit]ature to ! ,anton9e plague1 cites z a p>allel illu/ration ! influ5ce ( ! ,black ,dea? on e>ly ,flor5t9e lit]ature4 ,9 ! latt] case1 at any rate1 x is difficult to br+ 8 dictum into l9e ) ! actual circum/ances4 ,x w\ld seem r t ! break 9 ! v]nacul> ,flor5t9e lit]ature aft] ,dante1 ,petr>*1 & ,boccaccio1 0 delib]ate1 & 9 no s5se accid5tal4 ,:at ,petr>* p]ceiv$1 & p]ceiv$ un]r+ly1 0 ! pov]ty ( ! mat]ial on :i* ! v]nacul> _h ma9ta9$ a />v$ exi/5ce2 & he saw 9 ! anci5t classics1 9 _! my?ology1 9 _! speculative fre$om1 9 ! pr9ciples ( _! art1 lib]ation f ! bondage t ! ,*ur* _h laid on lit]ature4 ,:at he did n p]ceive 0 t 9 rev]t+ to anci5t modes ( ?\ght x 0 ne$less1 nay ev5 h>mful1 to adopt also ! language ( ! anci5ts4 ,x 0 n op5 to him to see1 z x is to u1 t no great "w ( lit]ature has ev] be5 produc$ 9 any language b t 9 :i* ! writ] speaks & feels & ?9ks3 any tongue b ! tongue ( 8 daily life mu/ ne$s be artificial & inanimate4 ,petr>* himself little guess$ t ) po/]ity 8 fame w\ld re/ on 8 ,rime 9 ! v]nacul>1 & n on 8 epi/les & multif>i\s diss]tations 9 a lifeless ,lat9 language4 ,x is ?is mi/ak5 tea*+ ( ,petr>* t expla9s ! abrupt break ( a c5tury or m 9 v]nacul> ,flor5t9e lit]ature1 to :i* ! ,black ,dea? c h be5 at mo/ a trivial contributory cause4 ,z soon z ?is mi/ake came to be recogniz$ ,flor5t9e lit]ature fl[s on aga9 9 its old *annel 9 ! full /ream ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5tury ma/]pieces ( ,ario/o1 ( ,tasso1 & ! re/4 ,x 0 ! advice ( ,petr>* t turn$ ,boccaccio f ! v]nacul> to ,lat91 aft] he _h complet$ 9 8 ,decam]on a ma/]piece ( ,italian prose4 ,! influ5ce ( ! classical revival t ,petr>* _h br\ght to life 0 de/9$ also sl[ly to secul>ize ,flor5t9e art1 b ! "t ( its complete emancipation 0 n yet4 ,! ,black ,dea? fir/ t\*$ ,fr5* soil at ,m>seilles1 br\ght ?i!r1 x 0 ?\ght1 by %ips f ,g5oa4 ,simon de ,cov9o1 a doctor1 describ$ ! features ( ! disease z he witness$ x at ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,montpelli]1 9 ,lat9 hexamet] v]se4 ,he cle>ly recogniz$ its contagi\s "*1 = he says1 #8,by a s+le t\* or a s+le brea? ( ! plague-/rick5 !y p]i%$4' ,( ! plague at ,avignon bo? lay & m$ical acc\nts survive4 ,a full description is conta9$ 9 a lett] f an anonym\s canon to 8 fri5ds 9 ,bruges4 ,he rem>ks on ! virul5ce ( ! contagion1 & describes bo? pneumonic & bubonic types ( ! disease4 ,he says t ,clem5t ,,vi ord]$ bodies to be exam9$ aft] dea?1 9 ! hope ( discov]+ ! orig9 ( ! disease4 ,?is fact %\ld be not$ by ^? :o ass]t t ! ,*ur* int]pret$ ! ,de ,sepulturis bull ( ,boniface ,,viii 7,a4,d4 #acjj7 z prohibit+ ! anatomy ( human bodies4 ,! autopsies disclos$ no m ?an inflammation ( ! lungs 9 ! pneumonic cases4 ,simil> exam9ations1 previ\sly und]tak5 9 ,italy1 _h also yield$ no bett] result4 ,clem5t also orda9$ expiatory processions & p5it5tial litanies4 ,)9 ! prec9cts ( 8 palace1 to :i* 8 m$ical att5dant1 ,gui de ,*auliac1 conf9$ him1 he l5t 8 own pres5ce to ! :ole c]emonial t he prescrib$4 ,b he did n neglect to keep l>ge fires alight 9 8 ap>tm5ts1 z ,pope ,ni*olas ,,iv 7,a4,d4 #abhh-ib7 _h done at ,rome 9 a previ\s visitation4 ,only ^? :o h be5 at ,avignon at midsumm] c appreciate ! price t ,clem5t 0 ready to pay = immunity4 ,clem5t's physician1 ,gui de ,*auliac1 says t ! plague began at ,avignon 9 ,janu>y1 & la/$ = sev5 mon?s4#aea ,9 8 view ! causes ( ! p&emic 7 tw(old3 univ]sal1 consi/+ 9 a conjunction ( ! planets3 & special1 dep5d5t on ! feeble con/itution ( ! individual1 :]eby x came ab\t t lab\r+ m5 7 *iefly attack$4 ,b !n z n[ ! sc>$ populace 0 pro( aga9/ pontifical pron\ncem5ts f ! ,*air ( ,m$ic9e4 ,!y saw 9 x ! h&iwork ( ,jews spread+ poison ?r\gh\t ! _w1 s !y put !m to dea?4 ,!y saw 9 x malevol5ce ( lep]s1 s !y drove !m out4 ,!y saw 9 x a plot ( feudal ov]lords = _! ext9ction1 s !y rema9$ )9 _! h\ses4 ,& = complet] security !y set a gu>d ar\nd ! t[ns & villages1 :o acco/$ ea* newcom] & compell$ him to swall[ any o9tm5ts or p[d]s f\nd ^u him4 ,de ,*auliac describes two preval5t types ( ! disease4 ,! "o type1 ! pneumonic1 prevail$ only = ! fir/ two mon?s1 & 0 *>act]iz$ by spitt+ ( blood1 extreme infecti\sness1 & dea? 9 ?ree days4 ,! second type1 ! bubonic1 prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! five succe$+ mon?s1 & 0 *>act]iz$ by boils1 by buboes *iefly 9 ! armpits & gro9s1 by slight infecti\sness1 & dea? 9 five days4 ,! mortality ext5d$ to no less ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! total population1 s t to get rid ( ! bodies !y 7 driv5 to ?r[ !m into ! ,rhone1 aft] ,clem5t _h pron\nc$ a bless+ on its wat]s4 ,to ,gui de ,*auliac ! be/ ( all pres]vatives 0 flight1 aid$1 or p]haps we %\ld say emb>rass$1 by ! free use ( aloetic purgatives4 ,he did n fly himself1 = he says1 ) ! navet ( a ,pepys1 #8,z = me1 to avoid infamy1 ,i did n d>e abs5t myself1 b /ill ,i 0 9 cont9ual fe>4' 7,et moy p\r euit] infamie1 n'osay po9t m'abst]3 mais auec cont9uelle peur me pres]uay tant que ie peux1 moy5nant les susdicts rem$es47 ,8 hesitancy 0 to prove 8 undo+1 = he 0 himself infect$ t[>ds ! end ( ! epidemic--b recov]$ aft] six weeks4 ,among o!r pres]vatives he reckons v5esection1 purification ( ! air by means ( fires1 com=t+ ! he>t ) treacle & apples & ?+s ( sav\ry flav\r1 consol+ ! hum\rs ) ,gal5's ,arm5ian bole1 & ! prev5tion ( putrefaction by ! use ( bitt] ?+s4 ,%\ld ! disease defy all ^! precautions1 !n he comm5ds1 z curative measures1 ble$+s & evacuations1 ) electu>ies & cordial syrups4 ,buboes %\ld be rip5$ ) p\ltices ( figs & boil$ onions1 p\nd$ & mix$ ) leav5 & butt]3 !n !y %\ld be op5$ & treat$ l ulc]s4 ,c>buncles are to be lee*$1 sc>ifi$1 & caut]iz$--an improvem5t on ! disa/r\s treatm5t met$ out to ,felix1 bi%op ( ,nantes1 on a previ\s occasion4 ,raymond ,*al9 de ,v9>io1 ano!r practition] 9 ,avignon dur+ ! plague1 adds b little to :at ,gui de ,*auliac has to say4 ,he describes a solid cord1 r$ or v>i\sly discol\r$1 :i* appe>$ 9 "s cases on ! body surface1 ) a c>buncle at "o end & a pe/il5tial tub]cle at ! o!r4 ,?is c h>dly h be5 any?+ else ?an an acute lymphangitis4 ,x is cle> f ! descriptions ( ! v>i\s writ]s t a l>ge proportion ( ! cases 9 ?is p&emic 7 ( pneumonic type3 h5ce its virul5ce & its infecti\sness4 ,amid all ! panic ( ! ,black ,dea?1 p]secution ( ! ,jews broke out ) ev5 great] f]ocity ?an dur+ ! ,crusades 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,"s victim 0 ne$$ to appease ! madd5$ populace3 s ! ,jews 7 accus$ ( poison+ ! wells1 & ev5 ( infect+ ! air4 ,circum/antial acc\nts 7 circulat$ ?r\gh\t ,europe ( secret op]ations direct$ f ,tol$o4 ,! concoction ( poisons f spid]s1 owls1 & o!r suppos$ v5om\s animals 0 describ$1 & its mode ( di/ribution made kn[n4 ,s well did _! accus]s deceive !mselves t 9 _m places ! spr+s & wells 7 seal$1 s t no "o might use !m1 & ! inhabitants ( _m cities _h to rely on ra9 & riv] wat]4 ,if confirmation ( poison 7 ev] ne$$1 ! rack c\ld be tru/$ to procure x3 or1 fail+ t1 m5 c\ld be f\nd vile en\gh to deposit poison 9 places 9 :i* circum/ances dem&$ its pres5ce4 ,^? :o escap$ ! fury ( ! mob fell into ! clut*es ( an inexorable ju/ice4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,jews ! suspicion ( poison+ 0 prompt$ by ! fact t at ?is "t ! practice ( m$ic9e1 at any rate 9 s\!rn ,europe1 0 *iefly 9 ! h&s ( ,jewi% physicians4 ,hide\s massacres ( ,jews _h tak5 place 9 s\!rn ,france & ,spa9 9 ! previ\s epidemics ( ,a4,d4 #acbj & #accc1 z we "k f ! writ+s ( ,rabbi ,jo%ua4 ,! fir/ outbreak ( murd]\s f]ocity seems to h occurr$ at ,*illon1 on ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 ,a4,d4 #acdh4 ,"h x 0 m]ely ! culm9ation ( an accusation ( poison+ ! wells s long previ\sly z ! epidemic ( ,a4,d4 #acbj4 ,9 face ( ! common dang]1 high & l[ b\nd !mselves toge!r by a solemn oa? to extirpate ! ,jews by fire & ! sword4 ,*illon summon$ ,b]n1 & ,b]n s5t on ! summons to ,basle1 ,freyburg1 & ,/rasb\rg to jo9 !m 9 _! righte\s task4 ,! record ( confessions extract$ f ! ,jews by ! ordeal ( torture )9 ! ,ca/le ( ,*illon has be5 rescu$ f oblivion by ! vigilance ( ,heck]4#aeb ,9 ,basle & ,freyburg ! ,jews 7 seiz$1 "o & all1 & )\t =m ( trial 7 burnt to dea? 9 a wood5 build+1 specially con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 :ile at ,/rasb\rg no less ?an two ?\s& ,jews 7 immolat$ on a wood5 scaffold1 erect$ 9 _! own burial-gr\nd4 ,su* z escap$ 7 ru?lessly murd]$ 9 ! /reets1 sav+ a few only to :om fre$om 0 grant$ on submission to baptism4 ,b = ^! ! respite f r5ew$ accusation & dea? 0 only tempor>y4 ,fai?lessness to _! own religion1 or physical *>ms suffici5t to assuage ! blood-lu/ ( _! ,*ri/ian p]secutors1 con/itut$ ! only acceptable claims to a pass+ m]cy4 ,/rasb\rg betray$ ! true gr\nd ( its hatr$ ( ! ,jews 9 an ord] ( its s5ate t all pl$ges & bonds %\ld be return$ to ! debtors & ! money divid$ among ! work+-p4 ,^? :o 7 unwill+ to soil _! h&s ) blood-money pres5t$ _! %>e ( ! spoils to mona/]ies1 at ! prompt+ ( _! confessors4 ,at ,spires1 ,may5ce1 & ,esl+51 volunt>y immolation 9 _! own h\ses alone sav$ ! ,jews f m inhuman tortures4 ,"s 7 murd]$ 9 ! op5 /reets & _! dead bodies ?r[n into ! ,rh9e 9 empty casks1 s t !y might n infect ! air4 ,n[ & aga9 bani%m5t 0 sub/itut$ = burn+1 only = ! outca/s to p]i% at ! h&s ( a savage & blood-?ir/y c\ntryfolk4 ,:5 ! h\ses ( ! ,jews 7 burnt a ban 0 set on entry into ! ru9s ( _! habitations3 ! site 0 accurs$1 z ! site ( ,j]i*o ( old4 ,b ! bricks ( ! de/roy$ dwell+s & ! tomb/ones ( ! victims 7 9 due "t r5d]$ z an acceptable ?ank-(f]+ to ,god 9 ! repair ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,9 ,au/ria ! same accusations 7 br\ght aga9/ ! ,jews z else:]e1 & numb]s 7 burnt to dea? 9 ,vi5na & ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,:]e !re 7 no ,jews1 z 9 ,leipsic1 ,magdeburg1 & o!r places1 ! grave-digg]s 7 accus$ ( propagat+ ! plague = _! own sordid ends4 ,x %\ld be set to ! cr$it ( ,clem5t ,,vi t he ext5d$ 8 p]sonal protection to ! ,jews at ,avignon1 issu+ two bulls1 ass]t+ _! innoc5ce1 & call+ on ,*ri/ians to refra9 f p]secution4 ,! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,iv did :at lay 9 8 p[]1 %ort ( draw+ ! sword1 to *eck ! outrages p]petrat$ by ! ,bohemian nobles4 ,duke ,alb]t ( ,au/ria exact$ f ! p]secutors puni%m5ts only less cruel ?an !y !mselves _h inflict$1 b ev5 s did n avail to save hundr$s ( ,jews f ! flames1 9 8 own =tress ( ,kyb]g4 ,o!r less] pr9ces1 m (t5 = bribes ?an = pity1 ext5d$ "s measure ( protection to ! wret*$ ,jews1 e>n+ = !mselves ! sobriquet ( #8,jew-ma/]s'4 ,x 0 no light matt] = a private p]son to %elt] a ,jew1 = ! p5alty 0 (t5 exact$ on ! rack or at ! /ake4 ,basnage#aec /ates t ! l>ge numb] ( ,jews 9 mod]n ,pol& may be trac$ to ! fact t ,k+ ,casimir ! ,great 7,a4,d4 #accc-gj71 yield+ to ! entreaties ( a fav\rite ,jewess1 ,e/h]1 grant$ sanctu>y to su* ,jews z s\ght x4 ,b actually ,casimir only confirm$ an edict ( protection promulgat$ 9 ,a4,d4 #abfd1 & ,pol& _h !n already af=d$ a hav5 ( refuge to ! ,jews1 :o _h fl$ f ! cruel massacres p]petrat$ 9 ! en?usiasm ( ! fir/ ,crusade4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,black ,dea? s]v$ to revive ! p]5nial *>ges br\ght aga9/ ! ,jews--t !y /ole ,*ri/ian *ildr5 & kill$ !m1 especially at ,ea/]-"t1 a *>ge t ,*auc]1 m9dful ( ,hugh ( ,l9coln1 has en%r9$ 9 ! pa!tic v]se ( 8 ,prioress4 ,!y 7 *>g$ also ) outrag+ ! ,ho/1 z well z ) spread+ poison4 ,! ,black ,dea? seems to h fall5 ) great] viol5ce on ,au/ria ?an on ,g]many1#aed p]haps on acc\nt ( its close contact ) ,italy4 ,x deva/at$ ,vi5na f ,ea/] to ,mi*aelmas ( ,a4,d4 #acdi1 c>ry+ (f ?irty ?\s& out ( a population ( less ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& p]sons4 ,! excit$ populace p]sonifi$ x z ! ,pe/-,jungfrau1 :o _h only to raise h] h& to infect a victim4 ,%e 0 to be se5 fly+ ?r\gh ! air 9 ! =m ( a blue flame1 & also proce$+ out ( ! m\?s ( dead & dy+4 ,"s saw ! plague poison desc5d 9 ! =m ( a ball ( fire4 ,"o su* 0 se5 hov]+ ov] ! t[n1 b a bi%op exorcis$ x by pray]1 s t x fell h>mless to e>?4 ,a /one effigy ( ! ,madonna 0 set up 9 ! /reet1 :]e x fell4 ,all m$ical aid prov$ useless1 & amulets1 potions1 & pres]vative electu>ies 7 9 g5]al use4 ,segregation ( ! sick 0 attempt$1 by nail+ up doors & w9d[s ( infect$ h\ses1 b ev5 s dead bodies litt]$ ! /reets4 ,huge plague pits 7 dug = ! reception ( ! dead4 ,flagellant processions s\ght to excite div9e compassion by ! ritual ( p]ipatetic p5it5ce4 ,! g5esis ( ! ,flagellant movem5t mu/ be look$ = fur!r back 9 ! hi/ory ( pe/il5ce ?an ! ,black ,dea?4 ,! idea ( mortify+ ! fle% by ! p5ance ( sc\rg+ is ( anci5t orig91 & at lea/ z e>ly z ! elev5? c5tury bro!rhoods 7 devot$ to ?is ritual4 ,! processions ( ^! ,devoti1 z !y 7 t]m$ 9 ,italy1 7 orig9at$ by ,/4 ,an?ony 9 ,a4,d4 #abca1 & we he> ( !m "u ! "n ( ,flagellants 9 ,vi5na dur+ ! plague ( ,a4,d4 #abfa4 ,"o ,mona*us ,paduanus1 quot$ by ,heck]1 has left a record ( ! e>ly days ( ! ,devoti4 #8,:5 ! l& 0 pollut$ by vices & crimes1 an unexampl$ _s ( remorse sudd5ly seiz$ ! m9ds ( ! ,italians4 ,! fe> ( ,*ri/ fell ^u all3 noble & ignoble1 old & "y1 & ev5 *ildr5 ( five ye>s ( age1 m>*$ ?r\gh ! /reets ) no cov]+ b a sc>f r\nd ! wai/4 ,!y ea* c>ri$ a sc\rge ( lea!r ?ongs1 :i* !y appli$ to _! limbs1 amid sighs & te>s1 ) su* viol5ce t ! blood fl[$ f ! w\nds4 ,n only dur+ ! day1 b ev5 by night1 & 9 ! sev]e/ w9t]1 !y trav]s$ ! cities ) burn+ tor*es & bann]s1 9 ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s1 head$ by _! prie/s1 & pro/rat$ !mselves be=e ! alt>s4 ,!y proce$$ 9 ! same mann] 9 ! villages3 & ! woods & m\nta9s res\nd$ ) ! voices ( ^? ^: cries 7 rais$ to ,god4 ,! melan*oly *aunt ( ! p5it5t alone 0 he>d4 ,enemies 7 reconcil$3 m5 & wom5 vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 spl5did works ( *>ity1 z if !y dread$ t ,div9e ,omnipot5ce w\ld pron\nce on !m ! doom ( annihilation4' ,be=e ?is m$iaeval pageant ( p5it5ce ! m9d ins5sibly rev]ts to ! anci5t ritual ( ! ,salii on ?is same ,italian soil1 to _! *oric hymn ( expiation1 to ! supplicationes1 & to ! love-fea/ ( ! lecti/]nium ( lat] days4 ,"u ! /imulus ( ! ,black ,dea?1 ! ,bro!rhood ( ! ,cross1 or ,cross-be>]s1 arose out ( ! ranks ( ! ,flagellants1 fir/ 9 ,hung>y1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,g]many4 ,ditm>#aee has left ! foll[+ acc\nt ( _! processions3 #8,_! heads cov]$ z f> z ! eyes3 _! look fix$ on ! gr\nd1 accompani$ by e tok5 ( ! deepe/ contrition & m\rn+4 ,!y 7 rob$ 9 sombre g>m5ts1 ) r$ crosses on ! brea/1 back & cap1 & bore triple sc\rges1 ti$ 9 ?ree or f\r knots1 9 :i* po9ts ( iron 7 fix$4 ,tap]s & magnific5t bann]s ( clo? ( gold 7 c>ri$ be=e !m3 :]ev] !y made _! appe>ance !y 7 welcom$ by ! r++ ( ! bells3 & ! p flock$ f all qu>t]s1 to li/5 to _! hymns & to witness _! p5ance1 ) devotion & te>s4' ,:5 ! ,flagellants ent]$ ! t[n !y w\ld h& ! citiz5s a docum5t sett+ =? ,god's ang] & det]m9ation to de/roy mank9d1 _h n ! ,virg9 ,m>y int]c$$ = !m4 ,"s ( ! crosses c>ri$ by ! ,flagellants are /ill to be se5 at ,gross-,glogau1 ,kays]sb]g1 & ,amm]s*wey] 9 ,upp] ,alsace4 ,?is _s ( religi\s fanaticism spread l wildfire ?r\gh ,hung>y1 ,g]many1 ,bohemia1 ,silesia1 ,pol&1 & ,fl&]s1 & ev5 beyond ^! c\ntries4 ,9 ! autumn ( #acdi "s six-score ,flagellants cross$ f ,holl& & p>ad$ ! /reets ( ,london1 b ! metropolis _h n !n acquir$ ! ta/e = processions1 & eject$ !m z undesirable ali5s4 ,at la/ ! movem5t _h alight$ on uncong5ial soil4 ,s great 0 ! numb] ( ! ,flagellants t !y became a cause ( well-f\nd$ anxiety to ! cl]gy1 ^: *ur*es !y actually invad$1 & ^: influ5ce !y ?reat5$ to sup]s$e4 ,_! hymns 7 9 e m\?1 & "o ( !m1 ! *ief psalm ( ! ,cross-be>]s1 is reproduc$ by ,heck] 9 8 ,epidemics ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! secul> au?orities also saw cause = al>m at ! gr[+ numb]s & p[] ( ! bro!rhood1 b\nd toge!r by common ritual & common regulations1 & capable1 "u bold & design+ lead]s1 ( ex]t+ _! influ5ce 9 ! affairs ( /ates4 ,! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,iv appeal$ to ! ,holy ,see = protection aga9/ ! h]etics1 & ,clem5t ,,vi respond$ by issu+ a bull f ,avignon on ,octob] #bj1 #acdi1 prohibit+ ! pilgrimages on pa9 ( excommunication4 ,philip ,,vi =bade altoge!r _! reception 9 ,france1 & sev]al o!r rul+ pr9ces foll[$ 8 example4 ,rel5tless p]secution soon took ! place ( un?9k+ homage4 ,! processions 7 ab&on$1 b ! _s t animat$ !m 0 n dead1 & ! same fanaticism broke out aga9 9 ,g]many 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 & 9 ,italy ev5 z late z ! eighte5?1 "u ! influ5ce ( successive plagues4 ,! ,black ,dea?1 sweep+ ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 is believ$ to h c>ri$ (f "o-half ( ! total population4 ,hi/orians h told ! tale ( ! result+ emancipation ( ! lab\r+ class1 b we f9d t x has also left its m>k on ! education1 ! lit]ature1 ! art1 & ! ar*itecture ( ,engl&4 ,9 education1 x help$ greatly to br+ ab\t ! revival ( ,engli% 9 ! s*ools4 ,aft] ! ,norman ,conque/ ,fr5* _h gradually become ! language ( education3 n ( set purpose1 = ! ,conqu]or himself tri$ ineffectually to le>n ,engli%4 ,b mo/ ( ! education 0 9 ! h&s ( ! cl]gy1 & z _m ,fr5*m5 _h be5 put 9 *>ge ( mona/]ies & ( p>o*ial cures1 x 0 inevitable t ,fr5* %\ld become ! language ( education1 & s diffuse itself g5]ally ?r\gh ! educat$ "p ( ! nation1 bo? ,fr5* & ,engli%4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ,higd51 9 8 ,poly*ronicon1 /ates t ,fr5* 0 /ill ! language taught 9 ! s*ools1 & _h be5 s s9ce ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ache ,trevisa1 comm5t+ on ,higd5's /atem5t1 writes3 #8,?is man] 0 my*e yus$ t(ore ! fir/ moreyn be=e ! #acdi murra91 & is si?! som dele s9ce some:at y*aungide4 ,= ,john ,cornwaile1 a mai/] ( gram]1 *aungide ! lore le>n+ 9 gram] scole & con/ruction ( f ,fr5s* into ,englis*1 & ,ri*>d ,p5cri*e l]n$ t man] te*+ ( him1 & o!r m5 ( ,p5cri*e4 ,s t n[1 ! y]e ( owre ,"l a ?\s& ?re hundr$ f\re score & fyve1 ( ! secunde ,k+ ,ry*>d aft] ! ,conque/ nyne1 9 alle ! gram] scoles ( ,engl& *ildr5 leve? ,fr5s*1 & con/rue? an 9 ,englis*4' ,despite ! adoption ( ,fr5* z ! language ( ! s*ools1 ,engli% _h surviv$ z a colloquial language side by side ) its supplant]4 ,9 ! conflict betwe5 ! two pre/ige & fa%ion 7 on ! side ( ,fr5*1 tradition & nationality on ! side ( ,engli%3 & soon] or lat] ! balance 0 b\nd to incl9e to ! side ( ! national language4 ,! fusion ( ! two _h inevitably l$ to ! corruption ( ea*1 b ! corrupt$ ,fr5*1 at any rate aft] ! loss ( ,norm&y1 _h no /&>d ( purity at h& to limit corruption1 :ile ! corrupt$ ,engli% 0 con/antly purifi$ by contact ) ! native tongue1 & by ! exi/5ce ( a pre-,norman v]nacul> lit]ature4 ,national _s1 /imulat$ by int]national /rife1 0 ripe = complet+ ! task1 t ,john ,cornwall _h begun 9 a s+le we/ c\ntry s*ool2 & ! ,black ,dea?1 by sweep+ away ! exi/+ tea*]s & mak+ place = o!rs ( native /ock1 did mu* to facilitate ! *ange4 ,! triumph ( ! v]nacul> op]at$ a mighty revolution 9 our national lit]ature1 pav+ ! way = ,langl& & ,*auc]4 ,?omas ,usk1 9 ! ,prologue to 8 ,te/am5t ( ,love1 complet$ n lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #achg1 alludes to ! utt] corruption ( ! import$ ,fr5*1 & ! ,prioress 9 ! ,cant]bury ,tales1 al?\gh %e c\ld speak ,fr5* #8ful fayre & fe/i%ly' spoke x only ,aft] ! scole ( ,/rat=d atte ,b[e1 ,= ,fr5*e ( ,p>is 0 to hire h] unkn[e4 ,"o o!r imm$iate effect ( ! ,black ,dea? 0 to r$uce ! lit]>y output ( ! mona/]ies to its l[e/ level4 ,no "o c fail to be /ruck by ! scant9ess & /]ility ( ! contempor>y *ronicles1 :i* *>act]ize ! p]iod foll[+ ! ,black ,dea?1 & ! reasonable explanation ( ?is abrupt *ange w\ld seem to lie 9 ! notori\s depletion ( ! mona/ic h\seholds4 ,! trag$y ( ! ,prov5al bro!rhood1 9 :i* ,petr>*'s bro!r & 8 dog alone surviv$ to t5d & gu>d ! mona/]y1 f\nd an e*o 9 a l desolation ( _m an ,engli% mona/]y4 ,! special incid5ce on ! mona/]ies 0 p]haps due to ! monks mov+ freely among ! sick1 & giv+ !m sanctu>y )9 _! cloi/]4 ,! sick1 too1 exhibit$ (t5 an ill-tim$ gratitude 9 bequea?+ _! clo!s to ! mona/]ies4 ,doctors1 z ,*auc] rem>k$ ( 8 day1 7 only = ! ri*4 ,9 ,engl&1 z 9 ,italy1 ! ,black ,dea? left its m>k on ar*itecture 9 ! abrupt arre/ ( s*emes ( con/ruction 9 c\rse ( execution4 ,_m su* breaks may be detect$ 9 ! *ur* ar*itecture ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & a notable example is furni%$ 9 ! unf9i%$ t[]s ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,ni*olas at ,y>m\?4 ,prior#aef indicates a simil> break ( cont9uity 9 ! build+ ( ,york ,m9/]4 ,! we/ front & ! nave 7 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 :5 ! ,black ,dea? appe>$1 & ! result is a make%ift wood vault+ to ! nave4 ,!n ! build+ ( ! *oir 0 delay$ = twelve ye>s1 till ,a4,d4 #acfa1 & 9 its /ructure ! fl[+ l9es ( ! ,decorat$ /yle1 se5 9 ! we/ front1 h giv5 place to ! =mal /iffness ( ! ,p]p5dicul>4 ,9 ,london ! effect is mu* less conspicu\s ?an 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,engl&1 p]haps because x 0 easi] to repl5i% ! supply ( masons 9 ! metropolis ?an else:]e4 ,! build+ ( ,/4 ,/eph5's ,*apel 9 ,we/m9/] & ! completion ( ! ,abbey cloi/]s seem to h proce$$ cont9u\sly1 & ) no *ange ( /yle1 ?r\gh\t ! ,black ,dea? & ! foll[+ ye>s3 & ! same is ! case ) ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral4 ,prior consid]s t ! ,black ,dea? play$ a lead+ "p 9 ! sup]s$+ ( ! ,decorat$ by ! ,p]p5dicul> type1 & 9 ! diffusion ( ! latt] f its ,gl\ce/] home ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,! lack ( build]s l$ to masons pass+ f "o di/rict to ano!r1 remov+ !m f ! conditions ( local /one fav\rable to _! be/ "w & to orig9ality ( /yle4 ,! inevitable result 0 t ! ar*itectural /yle easie/ ( expression 9 any =m ( /one 0 b\nd to prevail1 & t /yle 0 ! ,p]p5dicul>4 ,examples ( ?is trans=mation 9 ! ye>s foll[+ close on ! ,black ,dea? are num]\s1 9 ! nave & cloi/]s ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 9 ! we/ front ( ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral1 & else:]e4 ,! same /]eotyp$ monotony1 ! same cont9u\s decl9e 9 ! skill ( execution1 ! same obvi\s dim9ution ( int]e/ 9 ! craft ( ! artific]1 z is se5 9 ! build+ con/ruction1 are manife/ also 9 ! figure-sculpture & trac]ies ( ! p]iod4 ,! v>iation ( arti/ic expression1 t 9 ! two prec$+ c5turies _h progress$ /eadily f /r5g? to /r5g?1 comes to an abrupt cessation1 & is cont5t ) ! incessant repetition ( inanimate models4 #8,! figure-sculpture#aeg ( ! lat] m$iaeval *ur* "u su* conditions grew to be especially ( ! %op1 accord+ to patt]n & n ( fre% adv5ture4 ,x no long] took its place 9 ! bus9ess ( ! build+-y>d1 b 0 provid$ =--n work$--9 ! build+4 ,! con/ruct+ mason left ni*es = /atues1 & on occasion work$ bosses ) subject relief1 cornices ) #8angel' sculpture1 & g>goyles ) #8devil' sculpture4 ,b ?is figure "w 0 n ess5tial1 & a :ole maje/ic piece ( ar*itecture 9 ,p]p5dicul> /yle might rise f ! gr\nd & nev] ask = ! craft ( ! figure-sculptor at all4 ,! works ( ! imag] 7 n[ 9 effect furniture1 :i* c\ld be b\ght 9 ! city & add$ to ! build+ at any "t4 ,accord+ly /atues & reliefs ceas$1 9 fifte5? c5tury practice1 to be c>v$ imm$iately by ! mason ^u ! build+3 !y became outside works conceiv$ 9 no intimate relation to x4' ,gasquet ma9ta9s t a simil> brea* ( cont9uity may be obs]v$ 9 ! manufacture ( /a9$ glass1 & t !re is a noticeable *ange 9 /yle aft] ! ,black ,dea?4 ,speak+ broadly1 ! /yles ( /a9$ glass correspond to ! /yles ( ar*itecture1 b 9 ea* case are a little lat]3 s t ! cont5tion comes to ?is1 t !re is an unbridg$ gap betwe5 ! late ,decorat$ & e>ly ,p]p5dicul>4 ,yet "o _c b recall ! ante-*apel w9d[s ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 & ! ea/ w9d[ ( ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral1 9 ea* ( :i* ! transition f ,decorat$ to ,p]p5dicul> is app>5t4 ,,footnotes3 #adg iv4 #h4 #adh ,gold5 ,days ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,rome4 #adi ,epi/olae de rebus famili>ibus1 viii4 #g4 #aej ,bk4 ,i1 c4 #d4 #aea ,trait ,,ii1 ,doct4 ii1 *4 #e4 #aeb ,epidemics ( ! ,middle ,ages4 #aec ,hi/oire des ,juifs4 #aed ,krafft-,eb+1 ,ges*i*te d] ,pe/ 9 ,wi54 #aee ,*ronicon1 #aehj4 #aef ,e4 ,s4 ,prior1 ,ca!dral ,build]s4 #aeg ,prior & ,g>dn]1 ,m$iaeval ,figure ,sculpture 9 ,engl&1 p4 #cij4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,= ?ree c5turies & m aft] ! ,black ,dea? plague 0 endemic ?r\gh\t c5tral & s\!rn ,europe1 & its pres5ce is indelibly record$ 9 ! productions ( contempor>y art4 ,dances ( ,dea?1 plague bann]s1 votive & commemorative pa9t+s1 & actual repres5tations ( plague sc5es all be> sil5t te/imony to ! abid+ pres5ce ( ! enemy )9 ! gates4 ,mem5to mori1 ) its dismal =ebod+1 0 ! appropriate motto ( ! age4 ,innoc5t ,,iii 9 8 ,de ,contemptu ,mundi _h said ! la/ ^w on ! mis]y ( human exi/5ce1 & ! %ame & degradation ( ! human body1 pollut$ & pollut+1 long be=e ! ,black ,dea?3 b h5ce=w>d ! gloom t haunt$ ! s\l ( ?is great successor ( ,/4 ,pet] seems to diffuse itself ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,danc+ f e>ly ages has be5 associat$ ) ! conception ( dea?4 ,9 _m primitive races ^! dances seem to p]ta9 to mimetic magic1 & purport to exp$ite ! pass+ ( ! _s ( ! deceas$4 ,bo? ,greeks & ,romans pres]v$ danc+ 9 _! fun]al celebrations1 & repres5tations ( ^! fun]al dances h be5 f\nd 9 connexion ) ,greek & ,etruscan tombs4 ,^! are commonly a file ( maid5s1 hold+ ea* o!r's h&s1 & l$ by a y\?ful male coryphaeus4 ,anacreon1#aeh ,tibullus1#aei & ,v]gil#afj all depict ! revelry ( ! dance 9 ! l& ( dep>t$ s\ls1 & joy is ! key-note ( ! dance4 ,*ri/ianity1 9 sup]s$+ paganism1 = bett] or = worse inculcat$ a gloomy conception ( dea?1 z a puni%m5t1 a p5alty = orig9al s94 ,recurr5t epidemics ( pe/il5ce s]v$ to trans=m ! conception into t ( an inexorable foe revell+ 9 ! subv]sion ( human happ9ess & ! futility ( human affairs4 ,! lit]ature ( ! age no less ?an its art be>s ! impr9t ( ?is conception4 ,petr>* has left u a ,triumph ( ,dea?1 & ,langl& 9 8 ,vision ( ,pi]s ,pl[man#afa has giv5 u 9 v]se a ,dance ( ,dea?3 ,dea? came driv+ aft]1 & all to du/ pa%$ ,kynges & ,knightes1 ,kays]s & ,popes1 ,le>n$ & lewde3 he ne let no man /&e2 ,t he hitte ev51 /irr$ nev] aft]4 ,_m a lovely ladie & h] lemmans ( knightes ,sw\n$ & swelte = sorwe ( ,dea?'s dyntes4 ,! e>lie/ au!nticat$ pa9t+ ( ! ,dea?-dance is t :i* 0 once to be se5 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ! ,innoc5ts at ,p>is1 pa9t$ 9 ,a4,d4 #adcd1 b x is improbable t x 0 actually ! fir/4 ,a closely simil> !me ( e>li] date may /ill be se5 9 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa4 ,vas>i attribut$ x to ,&rew ,orcagna 7,a4,d4 #acbi-fh71 b mod]n critics believe x to h be5 pa9t$ by ,pisan arti/s1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #acej4 ,?is fresco %[s ?ree "y m5 foll[+ ! *ase on horseback4 ,com+ to ! cell ( ,/4 ,mac>ius1 an ,egyptian an*orite1 !y are br\ght face to face ) ?ree op5 c(f9s1 9 :i* are a skeleton & two dead bodies1 rem9d+ !m ( ! fleet+ nature ( human pleasures4 ,?is subject also is "o adopt$ f contempor>y lit]ature4 ,"u ! title ( #8,les trois ,morts et les trois ,vifs' x _h figur$ 9 ?irte5?-c5tury v]se1 & is frequ5tly illu/rat$ 9 ! manuscript ,horae ( ! p]iod4 ,x is sugge/$ t ?is leg5d is ! orig9 ( ! "n #8,danse macabre'1 or #8,macab] ,dance'1 us$ (t5 z an alt]native "n = ! famili> #8,dance ( ,dea?'4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii ,,dance ,,( ,,dea?1 ,,at ,,basle 7,face ,page #ace7 ,x is n 9 ,italy & n 9 ,france1 b r1 z we %\ld expect1 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 t ^! ,dances ( ,dea? f\nd mo/ fav\r1 z befits ! c\ntries t gave bir? to ,lu!r & %elt] to ,calv94 ,9 #adfb-c plague rag$ fi]cely at ,lbeck4 ,9 ! *apel at ! ea/ end ( ! ,m>i5kir*e is a mu* re/or$ #8,dance ( ,dea?'1 dat$ #adfc1 & %[+ ! co/umes ( ! p]iod4 ,x is int]e/+ z be+ consid]ably old] ?an ! m fam\s ,basle ,dance4 ,by f> ! mo/ celebrat$ #8,dance ( ,dea?' 0 t pa9t$ 9 a %$ 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ! ,dom9ican conv5t at ,basle4 ,x is believ$ to h be5 pa9t$ 9 commemoration ( a plague t occurr$ dur+ ! session ( ! ,gr& ,c\ncil ( ,basle1 t la/$ f ,a4,d4 #adca to #addc4 ,x has be5 attribut$ on insuffici5t evid5ce to ,holbe94 ,x 0 de/roy$ by a riot\s mob 9 ,a4,d4 #ahjf1 b relics ( ! life-size figures1 pa9t$ 9 oil1 are /ill to be se5 9 ! ,hi/orical ,museum at ,basle4 ,engrav+s ( x also exi/ t record its *>act]s 9 detail4 ,holbe9 did actually pa9t a #8,dance ( ,dea?' 9 fresco on ! walls ( ! old ,:itehall ,palace1 :i* 0 de/roy$ 9 ! fire ( ,a4,d4 #afig4 ,x 0 an appropriate subject = ! bru% ( an arti/1 :o himself 0 to die ( plague 7,a4,d4 #aeed74 ,x is probably ref]r$ to by ,mat!w ,prior 9 8 ,ode to ! ,memory ( ,george ,villi]s3 ,our t]m ( life dep5ds n on our de$1 ,be=e our bir? our fun]al 0 decre$1 ,nor aw'd by =esight1 nor misl$ by *ance1 ,imp]i\s dea? directs ! ebon lance1 ,peoples great ,h5ry's tombs1 & leads up ,holbe9's ,dance4 ,holbe9 0 almo/ c]ta9ly also ! au?or ( ! orig9als ( ! ,lyons #8,dance ( ,dea?'1 f :i* ,hans ,lutz5b]g] engrav$ ! woodcuts1 :i* repres5t a v>i$ assortm5t ( *>act]s ( ea* & e social ord]1 among :om ,dea?1 9 grotesque guise1 plies 8 grim & gruesome task4 ,! mo/ casual obs]v] _c fail to be /ruck 9 any collection ( pictures ( ! ,holbe9 ,s*ool1 ) ! numb] t pres5t "s aspect or o!r ( dea?4 ,9 ! small picture gall]y ( ,basle !re is a picture ( two skulls & a tibia1 by ,ambrose ,holbe93 a dipty*1 ) ! bu/ ( a "y man on "o panel1 & a skeleton on ! o!r1 by ,hans ,holbe9 ! ,y\ng]3 ano!r sixte5?-c5tury dipty* ) a bu/ ( a girl on "o panel1 & a bu/ ( a skeleton on ! o!r1 by an unkn[n pa9t]3 & two pictures by ,hans ,baldung 7,a4,d4 #adge-aede71 "o ( ,dea? hold+ a woman by ! hair & po9t+ to a grave3 ! o!r ( ,dea? kiss+ a woman be=e an op5 grave4 ,plague bann]s1 or gonfaloni1#afb are a *>act]i/ic product ( ! ,umbrian s*ool ( pa9t+1 & p>ticul>ly ( its ,p]ugian bran*4 ,x 0 ! lot ( ,p]ugian pa9t]s to ply _! art 9 ! mid/ ( tribulations ( e k9d4 ,?r\gh\t ! fifte5? c5tury _! c\ntry 0 deva/at$ by w>1 & by a succession ( epidemics ( plague 79 ,a4,d4 #acii1 #adah1 #adbi1 #adcg1 #adej1 #adef1 #adfj-h1 #adge-hj & #adhf74 ,9 ! face ( ^! visitations ,p]ugia set h]self to appeal to ! m]cy ( ,*ri/ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( h] art4 ,all h] pa9t]s sc>cely suffic$ to provide all ! bann]s requir$ = h] expiatory & triumphal processions4 ,x 0 at times su* z ^! t ! gonfaloni made _! appe>ance1 rais$ betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 z ?\gh to convey to ,god a spl5did manife/ation ( popul> rep5tance4 ,be=e ! suppliant bann]s m>*$ ! prie/hood 9 _! robes1 beh9d !m foll[$ a p5it5t p1 /rik+ _! brea/s & wail+ al\d ,mis]icordia4 ,at ea* fre% invasion ( plague a new g5]ation ( arti/s1 beg9n+ ) ,bonfigli 7,a4,d4 #adbj-if7 & end+ ) ,b>occio 7,a4,d4 #aebh-afab71 0 call$ ^u to produce afre% ^! tributes ( ! popul> devotion4 ,! rem$y 0 well adapt$ to _! suff]+s1 = ^! processions ( p5it5ts1 trav]s+ ! city & foll[+ bann]s1 t display$ ! figure ( ! ,r$eem]1 or ! ,madonna1 or "s o!r plague sa9t1 produc$ 9 _! s\ls su* a degree ( spiritual exaltation1 z made despond5cy impossible4 ,m5 gaz$ on !m z !y gaz$ on ! ,braz5 ,s]p5t t ,moses set up 9 ! wild]ness4 ,a /rik+ bann] is t by ,bonfigli1 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,fior5zo at ,p]ugia1 pa9t$ 9 ,a4,d4 #adgf dur+ an epidemic ( plague4 ,above kneels ! ,madonna3 be=e h] /&s ! ,*ild 9 a basket ( roses upheld by angels1 we>+ *aplets ( roses1 z 9 mo/ ( ,bonfigli's pictures4 ,bo? ,madonna & ,*ild are cr[n$4 ,bel[ kneel gr\ps ( citiz5s1 m5 & wom51 ) ,seba/ian & o!r sa9ts1 supplicat+ ! ,madonna4 ,an angel holds a scroll1 on :i* is inscrib$ a f]vid call to rep5tance1 bl5d$ ) fi]ce d5unciation ( _! s9s1 9 ^! words ( ,lor5zo ,spiriti3 #8,oh1 mo/ ob/9ate & wick$ p--cruel1 pr\d1 & full ( all iniquity1 :o h plac$ y\r fai? & y\r desires on ?+s1 :i* are full ( a mortal mis]y1 ,i1 ! angel ( ,heav51 am s5t unto y f ,god to tell y1 t ,he w put an end to all y\r w\nds & weep+1 y\r ru9 & y\r curse ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,m>y4444 ,turn1 turn y\r eyes1 mo/ mis]able mortals1 to ! great examples ( ! pa/ & pres5t1 to ! utt] mis]ies & heavy evils1 :i* ,heav5 s5ds to y because ( all y\r s9s3 y\r homicide & y\r adult]y1 y\r av>ice & luxury4444 ,oh mis]able be+s1 ! ju/ice ( heav5 works n 9 a hurry1 b x puni%es always1 ev5 z m5 des]ve4444 ,n9eveh 0 a city florid & magnific5t1 & ,babylon 0 likewise1 b n[ !y are z no?+3 & ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 behold !m n[--a morass ( sulphur & ( fetid wat]s4444 ,oh1 !re=e1 be grateful & ackn[l$ge ! b5efits & graces ( our ,savi\r1 & let y\r s\ls burn hotly ) ! fire ( fai? & *>ity1 ( hope & fai?ful love4444 ,b & if y %\ld aga9 gr[ slo?ful & unwill+ to r5\nce y\r errors1 ,i =etell a second judgem5t ^u y1 & ,i reckon t x w prove m t]rible1 m cruel ?an ! fir/4'#afc ,9 bann]s su* z ?is ! imag9ation ( ! pa9t] f9ds play = ! cr[d+ emotions n ( 8 own he>t only1 b ( ! he>ts ( 8 fell[ citiz5s z well4 ,ano!r type ( plague bann] is t ( ! #8,madonna della ,mis]icordia' 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,francesco del ,prato at ,p]ugia1 also by ,bonfigli4 ,x be>s ! date ,a4,d4 #adfd4 ,9 ! c5tre /&s ! cr[n$ ,madonna1 a maje/ic figure erect l a ligh?\se amid ! /orm1 on :i* suff]]s may fix _! eyes & hope4 ,on h] g>m5t lie brok5 arr[s1 :ile b5ea? its ample folds kneel gr\ps ( monks on "o side1 & ( nuns on ! o!r1 all 9 attitudes ( pray]4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! picture ,*ri/1 we>+ bo? cr[n & crucif]\s nimbus1 ca/s arr[s d[n4 ,at ,8 "r h& is ! angel ( ju/ice ) sword drawn1 at ,8 left ! angel ( m]cy ) %ea!d sword4 ,ga!r$ ar\nd ! ,madonna & crav+ h] int]cession are ,s4 ,lor5zo & ! ,bi%op ,,ss4 ,sev]o1 ,co/anzo1 & ,ludovico4 ,b5ea? ^! to ! "r ,,ss4 ,francis & ,b]n>d9o1 & to ! left ,s4 ,pet] ,m>tyr & ,s4 ,seba/ian1 ^: body is pi]c$ ) _m arr[s4 ,^! sa9ts h ,p]ugia 9 _! special keep+4 ,at ! foot ( ! picture is %[n ! city ( ,p]ugia1 ) its emblematic griff9 on ! wall4 ,)9 ! walls a :ite-rob$ confrat]nity is kneel+ 9 pray]4 ,)\t !m lurks ,dea?1 a bat-w+$ skeleton ) b[ & arr[s1 ^: victims /rew ! gr\nd4 ,b ! pray]s h prevail$1 & already ! ar*angel ,raphael /rikes ,dea? ) 8 spe>4 ,9 ! =egr\nd outside ! walls is a fugitive family1 ! "m m\nt$ on a donkey1 c>ry+ h] infants 9 its pani]s4 ,at a side gate two soldi]s make (f 9 ha/e1 z ! port] tells !m ! /ate ( ! city4 ,p]ugians say t n ,bonfigli b an angel pa9t$ ! face ( ! ,madonna4 ,!y might well h said x ( ! exquisite #8,madonna del ,soccorso' 9 ,s9ibaldo ,ibi's plague bann] ( ,a4,d4 #adhb 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,francisco at ,montone4 ,?is fancy ( ! protect+ ,madonna1 spread+ h] robes ov] h] suppliants1 z a h5 ga!rs h] *ick5s "u h] w+s1 is borr[$ f ,hebrew poetry4 ,x figures 9 a simil> conception 9 ! language ( ! n9ety-fir/ ,psalm3 #8,i w say unto ! ,"l1 ,?\ art my hope & my /ronghold3 my ,god1 9 ,him w ,i tru/4 ,= ,he %all deliv] !e f ! sn>e ( ! hunt]1 & f ! noisome pe/il5ce4 ,he %all def5d !e "u ,8 w+s1 & ?\ %alt be safe "u ,8 fea!rs4' ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv 7,face ,page #ach7 ,,madonna ,,della ,,mis]icordia ,,by ,,bonfigli ,photograph by ,al9>i1 ,rome ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv 7,face ,page #ach7 ,,madonna ,,del ,,soccorso4 ,,by ,,s9ibaldo ,,ibi ,photograph by ,al9>i1 ,rome ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi 7,face ,page #aci7 ,,plague ,,bann]4 ,,*ri/ ,,& ,,sa9ts4 ,,by ,,bonfigli ,photograph by ,&]son1 ,rome ,"o m ,madonna bann] calls = pass+ notice--t ( ,bonfigli at ,corciano ne> ,p]ugia1 dat$ #adgb4 ,x has ! same g5]al "* z 8 #8,madonna della ,mis]icordia'4 ,! qua9t head-ge> ( ! angels support+ h] robe is ! rose-wrea?1 symbolic ( ! ,madonna1 :i* appe>s1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 9 s _m ( h] pictures4 ,9 ne>ly all ^! bann]s1 z 9 o!r ar*aic works1 ! dw9dl+ size ( individual figures indicates ! less] p>ts !y h to play4 ,9 _m ! ,madonna fills almo/ all ! bann]'s surface4 ,9 ano!r ( ,bonfigli's bann]s 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,nuova at ,p]ugia ! figure ( ,*ri/1 we>+ a crucif]\s nimbus1 dom9ates ! picture4 ,he holds ! arr[s ( pe/il5ce ready to be laun*$ among ! p4 ,8 face is sad & regretful1 z ,he executes fai?fully ! behe/s ( ,8 ,fa!r4 ,on ei!r side ( ,him sa9ts be> ! emblems ( ! ,passion1 & to ! "r & left are ! d>k5$ sun & moon4 ,beside ,him kneel ! ,madonna & ! ,franciscan ,s4 ,paul9us4 ,9 ! l[e/ "p ( ! picture are ! *imneys & t[]s ( ,p]ugia1 ) ! pe/-fi5d1 9 ! semblance ( a huge bat1 be>+ a scy!1 & ! ,angel ( ,deliv]ance smit+ him ) 8 lance4 ,bel[1 %eph]d$ by ,s4 ,b5$ict & ,s4 ,s*ola/ica1 ! dim9utive citiz5s kneel 9 pray]4 ,yet ano!r type ( plague bann] is t 9 :i* ! figure ( a sa9t plays ! lead+ rle4 ,! sa9t is always ,seba/ian1 only because 9 ,umbria & ,tuscany he 0 ! *ief accr$it$ protector aga9/ pe/il5ce4 ,! f9e/ example ( ?is type is ! ,s4 ,seba/ian ( ,sodoma1 describ$ above 7pp4 #ajj-a74 ,plague bann]s 7 n ! exclusive product ( ,umbria4 ,two ( ! mo/ fam\s1 ! ,s4 ,seba/ian ( ,sodoma & ! ,si/9e ,madonna ( ,raphael1 pa9t$ at ,si5a & ,flor5ce respectively1 are products ( ! ,tuscan s*ool3 b x is only 9 & ar\nd ,p]ugia t !y c be f\nd & /udi$ to advantage4 ,! ,si/9e ,madonna1 9 :i* ! ,madonna & ,*ild are att5d$ by ,s4 ,sixtus & ,s4 ,b>b>a1 0 pa9t$ dur+ an epidemic ( pe/il5ce = ! ,black ,bro!rs ( ,s4 ,si/o at ,piac5za4 ,no record exi/s t x 0 ev] actually us$ = ! purpose = :i* x 0 pa9t$4 ,bonfigli1 9 ! _s ( ,phidias1 _h pa9t$ #8,m>y ! ,que5 ( ,heav5'3 ,raphael1 9 ! _s ( ,praxiteles1 _h pa9t$ #8,m>y ! ,"m ( ,god'4 ,! p want$ a que5 & ,raphael gave !m a peasant woman4 ,!y c\ld n see1 z ,raphael saw1 9 womanhood ! embodim5t ( g5tl5ess spiritualiz+ ! brute 9 man4 ,!y c\ld n see 9 mo!rhood ! vision ( will+ suff]+ transfigur$ to joy4 ,x 0 ?is reunion ( ,art ) ,nature1 t de?ron$ ! plague bann] f ! affections ( ! common p4 ,plague bann]s ( less importance are ^? by ,bonfigli at ,civitella ,b5azzone1 by ,s9ibaldo ,ibi 9 ! conv5t ( ,s4 ,ubaldo at ,gubbio1 dat$ ,a4,d4 #aejc1 by ,giannicola ,manni 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,dom9ico at ,p]ugia1 dat$ ,a4,d4 #aebe1 & by ,b]to di ,giovanni 9 ,p]ugia ,ca!dral1 dat$ ,a4,d4 #aebf4 ,!re !y w be se5 = ! mo/ "p z fram$ alt>-pieces4 ,p]ugia's greate/ pa9t]1 ,pietro ,vannucci1 bett] kn[n z ,p]ug9o1 p]i%$ 9 ! c\rse ( "o ( 8 city's plagues4 ,tradition has x t he di$ d5y+ ! ,savi\r & ,madonna1 :om 8 art _h done s mu* to glorify1 & t 8 body 0 ?r[n into a desolate grave beside a wayside oak4 ,8 sons se>*$ dilig5tly = _! fa!r's body1 to lay x 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,ago/9o1 b 9 va91 among s _m t _h p]i%$ ( ! plague4 ,x is1 said1 h[ev]1 t a prie/ f\nd x & buri$ x "u ! walls ( 8 *ur* at ,fontignano4 ,! humbl] ,pe/bltt] seem to h play$ mu* ! same "p 9 ! devotional activities ( ! individual z did ! gonfaloni 9 ^? ( ! multitude4 ,!y 7 n exclusively ,g]man1 b 7 issu$ also f ! presses ( ,fl&]s1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,italy1 & m r>ely ( ,france z well4 ,pictorial ,pe/bltt] are mo/ly r\gh woodcuts or copp]-plate engrav+s1 crudely col\r$ by h& 9 "s cases1 & belong *iefly to ! la/ two-?irds ( ! fifte5? & ! fir/ ?ird ( ! sixte5? c5turies4 ,9 ! "* ( _! subjects !y are usually simply devotional1 & repres5t "s act ( expiation or int]cession on behalf ( mank9d4 ,! ?ree lead+ types correspond closely to ! ?ree types ( gonfaloni 9 _! subjects3 #a4 ,*ri/1 ! suff]+ ,r$eem]1 on ! cross4 #b4 ,int]cession by ! ,virg9 ,m>y or by ,*ri/4 #c4 ,memorials ( ! m>tyrdom ( special plague sa9ts1 su* z ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ,/4 ,ro*1 & ,/4 ,antony4 ,& closely alli$ to ?is la/1 #d4 ,int]cession by ^! special plague sa9ts1 or by o!r sa9ts ^: association ) plague 0 m =tuit\s & less widely recogniz$3 su* 7 ,/4 ,quir9us1 ,/4 ,adrian1 & ,/4 ,val5t9e4 ,_m ( ^! =ms h atta*$ to !m "s appropriate pray] or invocation4 ,sometimes ! religi\s elem5t is supplem5t$ by an exposition ( hygi5ic precautions or ( rem$ial measures4 ,?us a devotional cut comes to be bl5d$ ) injunctions1 usually 9 v]se1 z to h[ to /ave (f pe/il5ce by isolation1 fumigation1 wa%+1 or diet>y2 or h[ to cure x by su* measures z ble$+1 or pla/]s to ha/5 maturation ( ! buboes4 ,9 addition to ^! types1 a non-pictorial type is met )1 ne>ly ak9 to ! ,engli% ,broadside1 9 :i* ! religi\s purpose has almo/ or :olly disappe>$1 & :i* sets out 9 uncompromis+ prose directions ( prophylactic or !rapeutic "*4 ,pe/bltt] orig9at$ 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,9 times ( pe/il5ce pilgrimages 7 (t5 made to ! %r9es ( special sa9ts1 & r\gh repres5tations ( ^! sa9ts 7 provid$1 z memorials ( _! pilgrimage to ! dev\t4 ,sometimes ! object ( homage 0 "s sacr$ picture1 :i* w\ld !n be r\ghly reproduc$ z a mem5to4 ,at o!r times !y seem to h be5 issu$ by religi\s communities = purely devotional purposes4 ,^? ( secul> "* 7 ei!r pr9t$ by ord] ( ! municipalities1 or 7 ! product ( private m$ical ent]prise4 ,orig9al ,pe/bltt] are to be se5 9 ! lead+ museums ( mo/ ,european c\ntries4 ,a selection ( ^! has be5 admirably reproduc$ 9 a portfolio#afd by ,heitz & ,mndel ( ,/rasb\rg4 ,plate ,,xvii 7#a7 is a woodcut1 probably pr9t$ at ,nuremb]g at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,almighty is depict$ ) ! drawn sword ( pe/il5ce 9 ,8 h&1 )9 :at w\ld seem f its col\r+ 9 ! orig9al to be a repres5tation ( ! rose-wrea?1 emblematic ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,9 ! c5tre are ,/4 ,seba/ian ) 8 symbolic arr[1 & an angel t5d+ ! plague sore ( ,/4 ,ro*4 ,bel[ is a pray] to ^! two sa9ts4 ,plate ,,xvii 7#b7 %[s ! ,almighty above1 ) ! %afts ( pe/il5ce 9 ,8 h&s4 ,! cr[n$ ,madonna %elt]s b5ea? h] robe h] suppliants1 among :om are dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,bel[ a gr\p ( sa9ts are int]c$+ ) ! ,virg9 & ,*ild & ,/4 ,anna4 ,! :ole is encircl$ by ! ,virg9's girdle wr\ght into a rose-wrea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii 7,betwe5 ,pages #adb & #adc7 #a4 ,,! ,,almighty ,,) ,,ss4 ,,seba/ian ,,& ,,ro* ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii 7,betwe5 ,pages #adb & #adc7 #b4 ,,! ,,almighty1 ,,madonna ,,& ,,suppliants4 ,,! ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild1 ,s4 ,,anna ,,& ,,suppliants ,/4 ,an?ony is a fav\rite figure ( ^! ,pe/bltt]4 ,he is m closely associat$ ) plague & pe/il5ce 9 ,g]many ?an is ! case 9 ,italy4 ,he is also patron sa9t aga9/ erysipelas1 kn[n z ,/4 ,an?ony's ,fire1 :i* (t5 rag$ 9 epidemics 9 pre-,li/]ian times4 ,he is commonly repres5t$ ) ! cross1 on :i* he 0 crucifi$1 ) a crut* symbolic ( 8 great age & feebl5ess1 & ) an exorcis+ bell4 ,! pass+ bell 0 toll$ orig9ally n only to ask = pray]s = ! s\l ( ! dep>t$1 b also to sc>e away evil spirits f x4 ,! pig1 t accompanies ,/4 ,an?ony1 is ! emblem ( ! ,devil1 ^: tempt+s he successfully repell$4 ,ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ,/4 ,an?ony himself1 8 cross 9 ! =m ( ! ,greek ,t is (t5 introduc$1 sometimes ) ,*ri/ nail$ ^u x4 ,f ?is association ( ,/4 ,an?ony ) ! cross1 x became cu/om>y to appeal to him1 z to ! crucifix1 9 times ( pe/il5ce4 ,! association ( ,,ss4 ,quir9us1 ,adrian1 & ,val5t9e ( ,rufa* ) plague is purely local & incid5tal4 ,/4 ,quir9us 0 prim>ily ! patron sa9t ( ! g\ty1 & ,/4 ,val5t9e ( ! epileptic1 s t ! "n ,velt9s ,krankheit 0 appli$ to epilepsy4 ,/4 ,adrian held "u 8 special protection ! ,flemi% brew]s1 & ! m cr$itable patronage ( ! plague-/rick5 0 only a lat] accretion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a v l>ge numb] ( pictures are design$ to commemorate specific plagues1 & 7 pa9t$ 9 fulfilm5t ( v[s made to ! ,madonna & sa9ts = deliv]ance f plague4 ,_m ( ^! h already be5 consid]$ 9 connexion ) ! leg5ds & cults ( ,,ss4 ,seba/ian & ,ro*1 to :om !y 7 d$icat$4 ,b 9 f> ! l>g] proportion ( ^! pictures ! c5tral figure is ! ,madonna 7see ,plates ,,xi & ,,xii74 ,sometimes %e is att5d$ by ,,ss4 ,seba/ian & ,ro*1 & by o!r sa9ts z well4 ,! add$ sa9ts are1 z a rule1 ! special protectors ( ! city1 = :i* ! ?ank-(f]+ has be5 v[$4 ,sometimes !y are ! patron sa9ts ( confrat]nities1 = :om !y h be5 pa9t$4 ,sometimes ! special m$ical sa9ts1 ,cosmas & ,damian1 are appropriately add$ to ! pictures4 ,examples may be se5 9 almo/ any gall]y ( ,italian pictures4 ,9 ! ,br]a1 ,cima de ,conigliano 7,a4,d4 #adfj-aeah7 has pa9t$ ! ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ! ,magdal5 & ,/4 ,ro*1 ! la/-nam$ %[+ an incis$ w\nd on ! inn] side ( ! "r ?igh4 ,! "* ( ! picture may be tak5 z conclusive evid5ce ( its orig9 & purpose4 ,titian's picture 9 ! ,vatican %[s ! ,madonna & ,*ild 9 glory1 & ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ,/4 ,ni*olas1 ,/4 ,ca?>9e1 ,/4 ,pet]1 & ,/4 ,francis are ! att5dant sa9ts4 ,?is picture 0 pa9t$ by ,titian aft] ! cessation ( a plague epidemic at ,v5ice = ! ,franciscan *ur* ( ,s4 ,nicol de ,fr>i4 ,correggio's #8,madonna di ,san ,seba/iano'1 9 :i* %e is att5d$ by ,,ss4 ,seba/ian & ,ro*1 ) ,s4 ,gem9iano1 ! patron sa9t ( ,mod5a1 0 pa9t$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aeae 9 commemoration ( a plague t deva/at$ t city ?ree ye>s previ\sly4 ,yet ano!r by ,guido ,r5i 7,a4,d4 #aegd-afdb71 9 ! ,academy at ,bologna1 0 pa9t$ at ! in/ance ( ! s5ate ( ,bologna1 aft] ! plague ( ,a4,d4 #afcj4 ,x 0 c>ri$ 9 solemn procession ?r\gh ! city to its consecration1 & f ?is circum/ance has be5 call$ #8,il ,pallione del ,voto'4 ,! ra9b[ b5ea? ! ,madonna's feet1 & ! olive bran* 9 ! h& ( ! infant ,*ri/1 ea* signify ! return ( peace4 ,! att5dant sa9ts are ! special protectors ( ,bologna1 ,/4 ,petronius1 ,/4 ,francis1 ,/4 ,dom9ic1 ,/4 ,proculus1 ,/4 ,florian1 ,/4 ,ignatius & ,/4 ,francis ,xavi]4 ,raphael's #8,madonna ( ,foligno'1 9 ! ,vatican1 has be5 acc\nt$ by "s a plague picture on acc\nt ( its g5]al "*1 & ( ! fireball desc5d+ on ! city ( ,foligno4 ,raphael1 h[ev]1 pa9t$ ! picture 9 ,a4,d4 #aeab1 ! v ye> 9 :i* x is record$ t an a]olite fell into ,foligno3 ! picture probably commemorates ! escape ( "s individual or in/itution4 ,!re 0 a disa/r\s plague 9 ,foligno1 b n till ,a4,d4 #aebc1 & x has be5 depict$ 9 a hide\s picture by ,gaetano ,g&olfi ( ,bologna 7,a4,d4 #agcd-ahjb71 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,cors9i ,palace at ,rome4 ,miracul\s ,madonnas ab\nd 9 ,italy1 b are1 z a rule1 ( little arti/ic int]e/4 ,a pleas+ exception is ! #8,madonna & ,*ild' t hangs 9 ! tribune ( ! *ur* ( ,c>m9e 9 ,p]ugia4 ,x 0 put up to commemorate ! deliv]ance ( ,p]ugia f plague at ! pray] ( ! ,p]ugian ,c>melites3 at ea* recurr5ce ( plague x 0 ! object ( popul> adoration4 ,=m]ly x 0 cov]$ ) a gauze veil1 :i* caught fire & 0 de/roy$1 b ! ,madonna h]self escap$ any trace ( injury4 ,! ,madonna ( ,ara ,coeli & ! ,madonna ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore are bo? accr$it$ deliv]]s f plague & pe/il5ce 9 ,rome4 ,flor5ce1 too1 has h] miracul\s ,madonna 9 ! small village ( ,impruneta4 ,?is d>k panel1 black5$ & p]i%$ ) ! lapse ( ye>s1 0 f\nd1 s ! leg5d goes1 9 ! soil at ,impruneta1 utt]+ a cry z ! workman's spade /ruck x4 ,seldom or nev] expos$ to ! gaze ( ! dev\t1 %e has suff]$ ! indignity ( an exposure at ! h&s ( ! omnipres5t photograph]4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #aebg plague broke out 9 ,flor5ce 9 ! e>ly summ]4 ,on ,june #b1 an enorm\s fe/ival 0 celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ! ,virg9 ( ! ,annunciation1 t %e might be p]suad$ to succ\r ! ,commonweal? 9 its tr\bles4 ,b 9 ,july & ,augu/ ! mortality rose to #aej-bjj a day1 & 9 ! autumn to twice ^! numb]s1 s t all bus9ess 0 at a /&/ill1 & ! city seem$ des]t$4 ,!n ! gov]nm5t det]m9$ to h rec\rse to ! ,black ,virg9 ( ,impruneta1 :om ! ,commonweal? ( ,flor5ce has invok$ s (t5 9 v>i\s crises ( its hi/ory4 ,( h] ,segni#afe says3 #8,to ?is "m ( ,god our city has nev] publicly appli$ 9 va91 9 :atev] extremity ( di/ress4 ,x is no light or silly ?+1 :i* ,i am "h affirm+3 = 9 "t ( dr\ght %e ev] s5t ra93 9 p]iods ( flood1 %e has re/or$ to u f9e wea!r3 f pe/il5ce %e has remov$ ! poison3 & 9 e mo/ griev\s ill %e has f\nd its appropriate rem$y4' ,s ! ,black ,virg9 0 br\ght f ,impruneta1 & ! magi/rates ( ,flor5ce1 #8b>efoot$ & 9 m\rn+1 receiv$ h] at ! gate ( ! city1 & c>ri$ h] 9 solemn & v sad procession to ! ,*ur* ( ! ,s]vites4 ,=ty ?\s& citiz5s _h di$ 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]4 ,b ! nev]-fail+ ,virg9 ( ,impruneta prevail$ on ?is occasion also4 ,= ) ! com+ ( ! cold wea!r1 ! sickness began to abate4 ,& ?us ! fai? ( ! ,flor5t9es 9 _! *>m 0 m ?an ev] confirm$4' ,! ,black ,virg9 /ill wat*es ov] ,flor5ce 9 "t ( dr\ght4 ,read]s ( ,romola w recall t o!r /irr+ procession ( ! ,impruneta ,virg91 9 :i* ,savon>ola /rode along defiantly among 8 company ( black & :ite ,dom9icans4 ,?r\gh\t ,france & ,italy num]\s pictures may be se51 record+ ! m9i/rations ( local or locally v5]at$ sa9ts 9 "t ( pe/il5ce4 ,su* is ,tiepolo's picture 9 ! ca!dral at ,e/e1 %[+ ,/4 ,tecla lib]at+ ,e/e f plague4 ,pictures su* z ?is /& midway betwe5 ! gr\p ( votive pictures & ! gr\p ( actual plague sc5es1 ( :i* ,raphael 7,a4,d4 #adhc-aebj7 is ! e>lie/ expon5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii 7,face ,page #adf7 ,,! ,,impruneta ,,virg9 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix ,s4 ,,tecla ,,lib]ates ,,e/e ,,f ,,plague ,by ,giovanni ,batti/a ,tiepolo4 ,photograph by ,naya1 ,v5ice 7,face ,page #adg7 ,raphael's draw+ ( #8,plague'1#aff n[ 9 ! ,uffizi gall]y at ,flor5ce1 has become mu* worn ) "t4 ,! picture is divid$ into two p>ts by a head ( ! god ,t]m9us m\nt$ on a l(ty p$e/al4 ,to ! "r x is night-"t1 b ! int]ior ( a h\se ( m\rn+ is %[n 9 v]tical section4 ,9 its c\rty>d is a "y man1 ) a tor* 9 8 "r h&1 c\nt+ ! numb] ( /rick5 animals1 :ile ) 8 left he prev5ts "o ( ! %eep f com+ ne> to ^? t are dead4 ,an ewe lies dead ) a "y lamb fa/5$ to h] dri$-up udd]4 ,an ox ly+ d[n surveys ! sc5e sadly4 ,above ?is corpse-/rewn c\rt a /ream ( light1 p5etrat+ into ! int]ior ( a room1 illum9es ! figures ( two ,si/]s ( ,*>ity1 z !y m9i/] to ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 :o is dy+3 he is /ret*$ on 8 b$1 ly+ 9 a d5se %ad[--! %ad[ ( imp5d+ dea?4 ,he seems to turn away f !m & to reject _! help4 ,9 ! o!r "p ( ! picture x is day1 & daylight %[s up ev]y:]e sc5es ( suff]+1 dea?1 & desolation4 ,9 ! =egr\nd lies ! body ( a woman /ret*$ out 9 dea?1 :ile h] *ild /ruggles to rea* h] ice-cold brea/4 ,! fa!r b5ds d[n ha/ily to hold ! *ild away1 &1 z he does s1 cov]s 8 nose & m\? ) 8 h&1 to keep out ! contagion ( ! pe/il5ce4 ,beh9d ?is gr\p an old] woman turns away 9 horror3 be=e x1 an old man buries 8 face 9 8 h&s aga9/ ! pl9? ( ! /atue 9 an angui% ( sorr[1 :ile a "y man makes (f 9 panic4 ,9 ! backgr\nd brok5 columns & ! dead body ( a horse s]ve to int5sify ! desolation ( ! sc5e4 ,raphael's r5d]+ ( ! sc5e1 = all ! horror ( its details1 s]ves r to inspire pity ?an horror4 ,he holds ! balance ev5ly betwe5 ! horrible realities ( ! plague & ! r$eem+ spirituality ( human nature4 ,compassion & suff]+ /& side by side4 ,! ox pities 8 k9d passively1 z ! ,si/]s seek to m9i/] actively to _! k9d4 ,9 ! features & attitude ( ! *ild ,raphael has depict$ ! devotion t does n die ) dea?4 ,! deepe/ note ( pa?os is t\*$ 9 ! =m ( ! old man 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture1 ^: grey hairs are br\ght d[n 9 sorr[ to ! grave4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ,raphael's r5d]+ ( ! dead "m & ! *ild 0 inspir$ by an actual record ( ,ambroise ,p>1 b z ,p> 0 only born ?ree ye>s be=e ,raphael di$1 ! /atem5t falls to ! gr\nd4 ,raphael's debt seems to g back z f> z to ,ari/ides ( ,!bes1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #cdj ,b4,c4 ,pl9y#afg m5tions a picture by him1 :i* s impress$ ,alex&] ! ,great1 at ! sack ( ,!bes1 t he took x = himself1 & ord]$ t x %\ld be s5t to ,pella4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! picture repres5t$ a w\nd$ "m ly+ at ! po9t ( dea?1 & h] infant *ild creep+ to h] brea/4 ,fe> is writt5 9 ! expression ( h] face1 le/ ! *ild %\ld draw blood f h] brea/1 n[ t h] milk is dry4 ,raphael's draw+ has be5 engrav$ by ,m>co ,antonio ,raimondi "u ! "n ( #8,il ,morbetto'4 ,9 ,delaborde's ,m>c-,anto9e ,raimondi x is reproduc$ "u ! "n #8,la ,pe/e de ,phrygie'1 because on ! p$e/al are inscrib$ ! words ( ,v]gil3 ,l9quebant dulces animas aut aegra trahebant corpora4#afh ,v]gil1 9 ?is brief description ( pe/il5ce1 aims at no m ?an m]e poetic effect4 ,x is introduc$ only to fill up ! cup ( tr\ble = ! ,trojan w&]]s1 & is compress$ into a few l9es4 ,! ,trojan fleet _h j made ! l&3 ,a5eas _h laid ! f\ndations ( a new t[n1 & ,ilium 0 to live aga9 9 ,p]gamus4 ,!n ! plague broke out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx ,,plague4 ,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,,raphael 7,face ,page #adh7 ,iamque f]e sicco subductae littore puppes2 ,connubiis arvisque novis op]ata iuv5tus1 44 44 44 44 subito cum tabida membris1 corrupto caeli tractu1 mis]&aque v5it arboribusque satisque lues et letif] annus4 l9quebant dulces animas aut aegra trahebant corpora2 tum /]iles exur]e ,sirius agros2 arebant h]bae1 et victum seges aegra negabat4 ,sc>ce /& ! vessels haul$ ^u ! bea*1 ,& b5t on m>riages ! "y m5 vie ,to till new settlem5ts1 :ile ,i to ea* ,due law disp5se & dwell+ place supply4 ,:5 f a ta9t$ qu>t] ( ! sky ,rank vap\rs1 ga!r+1 on my comrades seize1 ,& a f\l pe/il5ce creeps d[n f high ,on mortal limbs & /&+ crops & trees1 ,a season black ) dea?1 & pregnant ) disease4 ,sweet life f mortals fl$3 !y droop$ & di$4 ,fi]ce ,sirius scor*$ ! fields1 & h]bs & gra9 ,7 p>*$1 & food ! wa/+ crops d5i$4 7,,fairfax ,,taylor47 ,z x /&s1 ?is is an outl9e sket* ( a fam9e-pe/il5ce1 :i* ,raphael _h no int5tion ( depict+1 :5 he adopt$ ! l9e4 ,surely ,si/]s ( ,*>ity w\ld n figure 9 a ,phrygian plague1 "s ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/6 ,besides pictures1 a few m$als exi/ commemorative ( plagues prior to ! sixte5? c5tury3 ^! 7 sometimes /ruck z m$iums ( spiritual consolation4 ,frequ5t devices on ^! 7 repres5tations ( ,*ri/ on ! ,cross1 or ( a ,s]p5t on a pole4 ,! specim5 figur$ "h 7,plate ,i 7#d77 is a ,witt5b]g ?al] ( #aebh4 ,x %[s ^! two devices on ! opposite faces ( ! m$al1 ea* ) a descriptive leg5d4 ,! fifte5? c5tury _h drawn to a close 9 ,italy amid a confusion ( epidemics4 ,p9tor1 ! p]sonal physician ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi1 has left a book 9 :i* he says t ! morbus ,gallicus fir/ appe>$ at ,rome 9 ,m>* #adic & _h claim$ num]\s victims by ! ,augu/ foll[+4 ,!n1 aft] an inundation ( ! ,tib] 9 ,decemb] #adie1 plague broke out fi]cely 9 ,rome4 ,p9tor /ates t ! t\* ( c]ta9 preci\s /ones 0 vaunt$ z a specific4 ,9 #adic plague 0 rag+ also at ,g5oa & ,naples4 ,at ! latt] city ! mortality am\nt$ to #bj1jjj s\ls4 ,a ,g5oese *ronicl]1 ,s5]aga1 attributes ! outbreak at ,g5oa to pollution ( ! %ore by ! dead bodies ( ! ,jews1 :o _h s\ght sanctu>y !re on _! expulsion f ,spa9 9 #adib1 b _h di$ ( />vation on ! outskirts ( ! inhospitable city4 ,jewi% writ]s ass]t$ t !re 0 plague 9 ,spa91 & t x 0 c>ri$ by ! fugitives 9 _! %ips to ,italy4 ,mo/ ( ! expell$ ,jews f\nd %elt] f ! p]secution ( ! ,cross "u ! protection ( ! ,cresc5t1 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ,salonica1 ! ,levant1 & ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,x 0 ?is f>-rea*+ epidemic t drove ,*>les ,,viii ( ,france out ( ,flor5ce1 ,rome1 & ,naples 9 succession1 almo/ z soon z 8 army _h ent]$ !m4 ,,footnotes3 #aeh ,ode #d4 #aei ,bk4 ,i1 ,eleg4 #c4 #afj ,a5eid1 vi4 #fdd4 #afa ,passus xxiii4 #ajj-e4 #afb ,rio1 ,l',art *rti52 & ,crawfurd1 ,proce$+s ( ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,m$41 #aiac1 vol4 vi1 pp4 #cg-dh4 #afc ,duff ,gordon1 ,/ory ( ,p]ugia 7translation74 #afd ,pe/bltt] des xv4 ,jahrhund]ts4 #afe ,vol4 i1 ,bk4 ,i1 & ,trollope1 ,hi/ory ( ,commonweal? ( ,flor5ce1 vol4 iv4 #aff ,gruy]1 ,raphael et l',antiquit4 #afg ,nat4 ,hi/41 lib4 xxxv4 #afh ,a5eid1 iii4 #adj4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury plague epidemics foll[ ea* o!r 9 almo/ unbrok5 succession ?r\gh\t ,c5tral ,europe4 ,9 ,rome alone1 dur+ ?is c5tury1 !re 7 no less ?an twelve sev]e outbreaks4 ,! ar*ives ( ! ,capitol & ! regi/]s ( contempor>y not>ies#afi ab\nd 9 scatt]$ in=mation conc]n+ ^! visitations4 ,x _h become an e/abli%$ cu/om t at ! fir/ appe>ance ( an epidemic ! ,pope & 8 c\rt %\ld escape f ,rome to a place ( safety1 leav+ ! municipality to provide = ! situation z be/ x c\ld4 ,9 ,may #addi1 ,ni*olas ,v _h fl$ into ,umbria3 9 #adfb1 ,pius ,,ii _h fl$ successively to ,vit]bo1 ,bols5a1 & ,corsignano4 ,9 #adgf1 ,sixtus ,,iv _h flitt$ 9 l mann] f place to place4 ,s 9 ,april #aebb1 at ! height ( ! epidemic1 x seem$ only 9 accordance ) prec$5t1 :5 ,adrian ,,vi f 8 secure seclusion 9 ,spa9 s5t ^w to ,rome ( ! necessity ( impos+ a fre% tax = support+ a crusade aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,! ,c>d9als seem to h desir$ to emulate ! example ( ,adrian1 = 9 ,june ! ,t[n ,c\ncil ask$ ! ,sacr$ ,college n to =sake _! po/s4 ,des]t$ by _! spiritual lead]s1 ! populace l5t a ready e> to ! impo/ure ( ! ,greek necromanc] ,demetrius ( ,sp>ta4 ,he p]suad$ ! t]rifi$ p t ! plague 0 ! "w ( demons1 & t1 by appeas+ !m1 x might be br\ght to an end4 ,s he p>ad$ ! /reets ( ! city1 lead+ by a silk5 cord a bull t he pr(ess$ to h tam$ by spells1 & sacrific$ x 9 ! ,colosseum ) full pagan ritual to ! ho/ile demons4 ,z soon z ! cl]gy realiz$ ! enormity ( ! sacrilege !y _h condon$ !y in/itut$ a p5it5tial procession1 :i* m>*$ ?r\gh ! city1 sc\rg+ !mselves to ble$+ & cry+ ,mis]icordia4 ,if we may cr$it ,paolo ,giovio1 *ief physician to ,clem5t ,,vii 7,a4,d4 #aebc-cd71 x 0 nei!r pray] nor sacrifice t put an end to ! plague1 b a wond]ful oil inv5t$ by ,gregorio ,c>avita1 a physician f ,bologna4 ,! ,oratorio del ,crocifisso1 ne> ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>cello1 is said to h be5 erect$ 9 expiation ( ?is ev5t4 ,?is plague l+]$ on at lea/ till ! foll[+ ye>1 ,a4,d4 #aebc1 = ,b5v5uto ,cell9i#agj records 8 exp]i5ce ( x 9 "s detail4 ,he says t x dragg$ on = mon?s1 & t sev]al ?\s&s di$ daily 9 ,rome4 ,9 n unnatural appreh5sion on 8 own acc\nt1 he det]m9$ to adopt su* amusem5ts z w\ld promote *e]fulness ( m9d1 :i* _m believ$ to be ! be/ rem$y aga9/ infection4 ,s he betook himself to %oot+ pigeons among ! anci5t monum5ts ( ,rome1 & f\nd ! pursuit s b5eficial to 8 heal? t he succe$$ 9 /av+ (f = a long "t ! plague1 to :i* _m ( 8 comrades succumb$4 ,b some:at lat]1 aft] sp5d+ ! night ) a "y s]v+ girl1 he himself fell a victim & has record$ 8 initial s5sations z foll[s3 #8,i rose ^u ! h\r ( break+ fa/1 & felt tir$1 = ,i _h travell$ _m miles t night1 & 0 want+ to take food1 :5 a cru%+ heada*e seiz$ me3 sev]al boils appe>$ ^u my left arm1 toge!r ) a c>buncle :i* %[$ itself j beyond ! palm ( ! left h&1 :]e x jo9s ! wri/4 ,ev]ybody 9 ! h\se 0 9 a panic3 my fri5d1 ! c[ ,fau/9a & ! calf ! s]v+ girl all fl$4 ,left alone !re ) my poor little pr5tice1 :o refus$ to ab&on me1 ,i felt /ifl$ at ! he>t1 & made up my m9d = c]ta9 ,i 0 a dead man4' ,by ! con/ant m9i/rations ( a male fri5d & ! help ( a physician1 :om ! appr5tice summon$1 ,b5v5uto ?rew (f ! sickness1 b :ile ! bubo 0 /ill op5 & plugg$ ) l9t "u a cov]+ ( pla/]1 w5t out rid+ on a little wild pony4 ,b5v5uto's acc\nt is valuable z ! record ( ! p]sonal s5sations & suff]+s ( a plague-/rick5 man1 & tells u also some?+ ( ! treatm5t to :i* he 0 subject$ at ! h&s ( sixte5?-c5tury m$ic9e4 ,b5v5uto says t ! joy\s reunion ( ! survivors1 aft] ! plague 0 ov]1 l$ to ! =mation by "o ,mi*ael ,agnolo1 a sculptor1 ( a club ( all ! lead+ pa9t]s1 sculptors1 & goldsmi?s 9 ,rome4 ,! meet+s ( ! club1 to judge f 8 descriptions1 seem to h be5 devot$ to m]rymak+ r ?an to arti/ic disc\rse4 ,on 8 return to ,flor5ce he f\nd t 8 fa!r & mo/ ( 8 h\sehold 7 dead1 & 8 surviv+ si/] ,lip>ata1 believ+ him to h di$ at ,rome1 swoon$ at sight ( him4 ,b "u ! mell[+ influ5ce ( supp]1 at :i* w$d+s 7 ! ma9 topic ( conv]sation1 sorr[ spe$ily gave place to gaiety4 ,m>selius ,galeati ( ,padua at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury _h drawn up ! fir/ kn[n code ( #8,regulations aga9/ ! ,plague'1 bas$ on ! belief t ! disease 0 import$ to ,italy by =eign comm]ce4 ,f ! records ( ! city ( ,rome x is possible to ga!r "s idea ( ! measures adopt$ by ! ,popes & ,t[n ,c\ncil = ! suppression ( epidemics ( plague4 ,!re isolation ( infect$ individuals or di/ricts 0 attempt$4 ,all we>+ app>el & o!r mat]ials & articles capable ( spread+ ! infection1 7 liable to be de/roy$4 ,! city gates 7 clos$1 & e incom] 0 subject$ to /rict inspection1 & 0 frequ5tly reject$4 ,^? gates t 7 left op5 c\ld only be us$ f daybreak to nightfall1 :5 !y 7 lock$ aga9/ all com]s4 ,navigation ( ! ,tib] 0 sometimes suppress$2 ,lanciani says t an ord] 0 issu$ on ,july #cj1 #aege1 t all ! boats on ! ,tib] %\ld be scuttl$ 9 ?ree days1 because x 0 f\nd t ! boatm5 7 f]ry+ pass5g]s across /ream = bribes4 ,two transgressors 7 actually put to ! rack = _! (f5ce1 :i* 0 plac>d$ ov] !m = all to read4 ,on "o occasion a :olesale de/ruction ( dri$ fi% 0 tak5 9 h&4 ,contract m$ical practice seems to h exi/$ ev5 9 ^! days4 ,lanciani has not$ among ! city records agreem5ts betwe5 physicians or quacks & ,roman families = ! provision ( m$ical advice & drugs = a /ipulat$ paym5t ( money4 ,wills 7 (t5 dictat$ f w9d[s1 :ile lawy] & witnesses /ood 9 ! /reet b5ea?4 ,confrat]nities = m9i/]+ to ! sick & remov+ !m to ! hospitals exi/$ 9 ,rome1 ?\gh p]haps num]ically less ?an 9 o!r great cities ( ,italy4 ,! confrat]nity ( ! ,piet _h be5 in/itut$ dur+ a plague epidemic1 9 ! "t ( ,eug5e ,,iv 7#adca-dg71 & /ill has a nom9al exi/5ce 9 ,rome4 ,plague broke out fi]cely aga9 9 ,rome 9 #aebg1 at ! "t ( ! sack ( ! city4 ,flor5ce 0 also involv$ 9 ?is same epidemic4 ,x is ?is visitation t gave bir? to ,ma*iavelli's ,descrizione della ,pe/e di ,fir5ze dell' anno #aebg1 ca/ 9 ! =m ( a lett] to a fri5d4 ,9 x we f9d no vivid picture ( ! awful cata/rophe t 0 ov]:elm+ ,flor5ce1 b 9 place ( t a cold-blood$ cynical record ( ! trivial do+s ( a loaf] saunt]+ idly ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! plague-/rick5 city4 ,x is a record t *all5ges comp>ison r ) ! casual entries ( ,pepys's ,di>y1 ?an ) ! =mal descriptions ( ,bocaccio & ,manzoni1 8 own compatriots4 ,op5+ ) a vapid s\lless lam5tation1 9 ! ve9 ( ,petr>*1 ov] ! g5]al demoralization & deva/ation produc$ by ! plague1 he passes on to describe 8 own daily mode ( liv+1 f :i* 8 correspond5t is invit$ to inf] t ( ! g5]al body ( citiz5s4 ,! liaisons ( lic5ti\s monks1 ! vile ribaldry ( infam\s buri]s1 ! va9 rec\rse to pres]vatives aga9/ ! plague1 ^! are ! ?+s t are upp]mo/ 9 8 m9d1 z he depicts 8 own amor\s intrigues aga9/ ! d>k backgr\nd ( ! plague1 ) ! fidelity ( a ,pepys & ! light-he>t$ ins\ciance ( a ,guy de ,maupassant4 ,vill>i1 ,macaulay1 & o!rs h decl9$ to accept ! ,descrizione z an au!ntic product ( ,ma*iavelli's p54 ,!y _c reconcile its g>rul\s obsc5ity ) ! /]n cold-blood$ re/ra9t ( ! au?or ( ! ,pr9cipe--! frivolity ( ! "o ) ! s9ewy manhood ( ! o!r4 ,!y seem to =get t1 s f> back z #aejb1 amid ! /irr+ life ( ! camp ( ,caes> ,borgia1 he _h f\nd leisure to write simil> pu]ilities to 8 fri5ds 9 ,flor5ce4 ,political rectitude1 or if we may n ascribe ?is to ,ma*iavelli1 political sagacity is no gu>antee ( moral righte\sness1 & s5suality is n ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! "y4 ,moral levity1 z ! hi/ory ( pe/il5ce %[s1 is a usual product ( ! con/ant imm95ce ( dang] & dea?2 & ) ,ma*iavelli political degradation _h left moral levity 9 sole possession ( ! field4 ,a copy ( ! discr$it$ production /ill actually exi/s 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,ma*iavelli1 ) revisions ins]t$ 9 ! manuscript 9 t ( 8 fri5d ,lor5zo di ,filippo ,/rozzi4 ,vill>i advances ! /range sugge/ion1 t ,ma*iavelli _h m]ely copi$ out :at ,/rozzi _h compos$4 ,is x n equally reasonable to suppose t ,ma*iavelli _h us$ an actual lett] ( ,/rozzi1 z ! basis ( a casual composition8 ,?is w\ld expla9 ! fact t x is ca/ 9 epi/ol>y =m1 z well z ! app>5t discrepancy ( /yle4 ,francesco ,b]ni 7c4 #adij-aecf71 a contempor>y ( ,ma*iavelli1 has apo/rophiz$ plague 9 "o ( 8 satirical poems or capitoli4 ,a cl]ic1 to :om indol5t pleasure 0 ! be-all & end-all ( exi/5ce1 he mu/ surely /& alone among writ]s z "o :o w\ld hug ! pe/il5ce to him z a fri5d4 #8,! pe/il5ce "t is good--a fig = o!r times4444 ,fir/ly1 x c>ries (f ! rabble1 x de/roys !m1 makes holes among !m & ?9s !m out--l a h\sewife among ! geese at ,allhall[tide6 ,9 ! *ur*es !re are none to press ^u y4 ,besides1 none keep any record ( buy+ or borr[+4 ,yea1 buy & make debts1 = !re w be no cr$itors to tr\ble y4 ,& if a cr$itor %\ld come1 tell him t y\r head a*es1 t y\r arm pricks1 he /raight w g away1 & w n turn him r\nd6 ,if y g out1 no "o w cross y\r pa?3 r is place yield$ to y1 & hon\r done y1 especially if y are clo!d 9 rags4 ,y are "l ( y\rself & "l ( o!rs4 ,y c wat* ! folk's /range antics & laugh at o!rs' fe>4 ,life has !n new laws3 e pleasure is all[$4444 ,above all1 !re ne$ be no "w done4 ,x is a *oice life1 s]5e & l>ge3 "t passes v gaily f d9n] "t to supp]4'#aga ,9 ,a4,d4 #aecj !re 0 plague 9 ,g5eva1#agb :i* is memorable z ! occasion ( an accusation aga9/ c]ta9 p]sons ( dissem9at+ ! disease by means ( concoct$ poisons4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> a dissolute "y man1 "o ,mi*ael ,caddod1 0 se5 to ?r[ d[n a h&k]*ief ne> a %op4 ,"s "o pick$ x up1 & its f\l smell ar\s$ suspicion4 ,caddod 0 =?) put to torture1 & 9 8 agony implicat$ ,jean ,placet1 an unqualifi$ surgeon 9 *>ge ( ! pe/-h\se1 toge!r ) 8 wife1 son1 & s]vant1 & "o ,dom ,jehan ,duf\r1 prie/ & confessor to ! pe/-h\se4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( torture1 !y 7 driv5 to admit1 t !y _h sworn solemnly on a ,book ( ,h\rs to jo9 9 spread+ ! plague1 s z to enable !m to pillage ! sick4 ,placet & 8 wife1 !y said1 _h prep>$ ! poison f p\ltices t _h be5 us$ on dis*>g+ buboes1 by dry+ !m to p[d] & !n add+ v]atrum4 ,caddod & 8 wife und]took to spread x ab\t ! /reets1 :ile ,placet & 8 wife adm9i/]$ x to pati5ts 9 ! pe/-h\se ) promptly fatal results4 ,suspicion fell on ,placet1 & a b>b]-surgeon1 ,ba/ian ,grang]1 ) 8 assi/ant1 0 in/ruct$ to keep an eye on 8 do+s4 ,madame ,placet 0 equal to ! occasion & gave ! pair %ort %rift ) a dose ( poison 9 _! food4 ,9 ! end ,placet & ,caddod 7 convict$4 ,_! h&s 7 fir/ cut (f 9 front ( ! h\ses ( _! suppos$ victims4 ,next _! fle% 0 cruelly lac]at$ ) r$-hot p9c]s1 & f9ally ! headsman's axe put a m]ciful end to _! suff]+s4 ,"y ,placet's age obta9$ = him ! l5i5t treatm5t ( hang+1 :ile ,duf\r 0 fir/ unfrock$ & !n hang$4 ,a rapid decl9e ( ! plague ensu$ on s acceptable a sacrifice4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 9 ,janu>y #aede1 a recurr5ce ( plague 9 ,g5eva rais$ anew ! phantom ( ano!r plague plot4 ,?is "t ! bailiff ord]$ ! arre/ ( ! two m51 ,b]n>d ,dall+e & ,jehan ,l5tille4 ,!y 7 alleg$ to h cut (f ! foot ( a corpse t _h fall5 f ! gall[s1 & us$ x z an +r$i5t ( a plague o9tm5t t !y sme>$ on ! h&les ( doors4 ,by ,m>*1 confessions extract$ f !m by torture _h s]v$ to implicate no less ?an =ty p]sons4 ,all 7 accus$ ( hav+ sworn to spread ! disease broadca/1 & ( hav+ actually sme>$ door-h&les & locks4 ,:5 se>*$1 boxes ( o9tm5t 7 f\nd 9 _! possession4 ,! craze = c>ry+ antipe/il5tial rem$ies made ?is an easy matt]1 b = all t _! guilt 0 manife/4 ,calv91 9 a lett] ( ,m>* #bg1 #aede1 address$ to ,myconius1 seems to cr$it _! guilt1 b ! ,/ate records ( ,g5eva %[ t he m]cifully advocat$ /rangl+ in/ead ( mutilation & ! /ake4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,s]vetus1 he 0 less conc]n$ ab\t _! dea?s ?an ! mann] ( _! dy+4 ,n9ete5 m5 & sev5 wom5--,ca?olics p]haps--pr(it$ by 8 clem5cy1 & 7 execut$ )\t prelim9>y torture4 ,! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle says t 9 #adid all ! begg>s 7 driv5 out ( ,nuremb]g1 because !y 7 believ$ to spread ! plague4 ,! lead]s ( m$ic9e 7 no m exempt ?an ! p f ! prompt+s ( fanatical fe>4 ,ambroise ,p>#agc e*oes ! crude suspicions t ,guy de ,*auliac _h express$ at ! "t ( ! ,black ,dea?4 ,?is is 8 advice to ! magi/rates 9 "t ( pe/il5ce3 #8,:at %all ,i add8 ,!y mu/ keep an eye on c]ta9 ?ieves1 murd]]s1 poison]s1 worse ?an inhuman1 :o grease & sme> ! walls & doors ( ri* h\ses ) matt] f buboes & c>buncles & o!r excretions ( ! plague-/rick51 s z to infect ! h\ses & ?us be enabl$ to break into !m1 pillage & /rip !m1 & ev5 /rangle ! poor sick 9 _! b$s3 :i* 0 done at ,lyons 9 ! ye> #aefe4 ,god6 :at puni%m5t su* fell[s des]ve3 b ?is ,i leave to ! discretion ( ! magi/rates1 :o h *>ge ( su* duties4' ,p> recomm5d$1 z a prophylactic1 ! we>+ ( an amulet ( ars5ic4 ,x 0 to be worn ov] ! he>t 9 ord] t #8! he>t might become accu/om$ to poison1 & s be ! less injur$ :5 o!r poisons s\ght x'4 ,! p&emic ( ,a4,d4 #aefe 0 ! occasion ( a great impetus to ! production ( ! s-call$ ,my/]y & ,miracle plays1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! s\?-ea/ p>ts ( ,france4 ,my/]y plays aim$ = ! mo/ "p at sett+ =? ! c5tral my/]ies ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 su* z ! ,inc>nation1 ! ,nativity1 ! ,passion1 & ! ,r$emption4 ,miracle plays dealt ) ! leg5ds ( ! great sa9ts ( ! ,*ur*1 b 9 practice ! di/9ction ( ,miracle & ,my/]y came to be ignor$ 9 ! play4 ,! purpose ( ea*1 9 "t ( plague1 0 to appease an ang]$ ,god by glorify+ ,8 maje/y1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,8 sa9ts4 ,! orig9 & prime purpose ( ^! plays _h almo/ c]ta9ly be5 educational1 = ! in/ruction ( a populace unable to read = !mselves3 & !y orig9at$ out ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,*ri/ianity1 :5 adopt$ z ! ,/ate religion1 _h dealt ! dea?-bl[ to ! vici\s spectacles ( ! amphi!atre t 7 all t surviv$ ( ! anci5t classical drama4 ,*ri/ianity 0 also de/9$ to become ! p>5t ( ! mod]n drama1 by ! introduction into public wor%ip1 n lat] ?an ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d41 ( liv+ pictures to illu/rate & exp\nd its tea*+4 ,my/]y & ,miracle plays alike 7 evolv$ f ?is simple liturgical orig94 ,! trans=mation _h be5 effect$ at any rate z e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury1 & by ,a4,d4 #achj a complete ,miracle play 0 produc$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,*>les ,,iv4 ,successive epidemics ( plague _h l$ to ! adoption ( ^! plays z in/rum5ts ( int]cession1 & ! p&emic ( #aefe gave a great impetus to ?is developm5t4 ,:5 ! di/rict ( ,mauri5ne 0 9 ! grip ( ! plague 9 #aefd1 ! p v[$ to pres5t 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,miracle play ( _! patron sa9t ,/4 ,m>t91 if only _! t[n 7 sp>$4 ,no less ?an sev5ty-f\r actors1 all drawn f ! work+ class1 devot$ !mselves to le>n+ & rehe>s+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! play4 ,money z well z "t 0 freely af=d$1 = ! p !mselves und]took ! exp5ses ( /ag+1 sc5]y1 & music4 ,! m>g9al notes ( ! play1 :i* has be5 rec5tly publi%$1 %[ t ! /age 0 erect$ beside ! wall ( a *ur*4 ,lat]1 z ! control ( ! p]=mances pass$ out ( ! h&s ( ! ,*ur* into ^? ( lay associations1 ! plays came to be p]=m$ away f ! *ur*es1 a sep>ation t pav$ ! way = ! secul>ization ( ! drama by ! introduction ( a non-religi\s atmosph]e4 ,?is play is 9 dialect & arrang$ = pres5tation on two days4 ,at ! fir/ p]=mance ! c5tral !me 0 ! life ( ,/4 ,m>t9 z a soldi]1 at ! second 8 life z a bi%op1 & ) x 7 %[n c]ta9 ( 8 miracul\s cures4 ,?is play is b "o ( _m t h rec5tly be5 publi%$3 o!r t[ns foll[$ ! example ( ,/4 ,m>t9 de la ,porte4 ,vill>d-le-,lans v[$ & play$ ! #8,my/]y ( ! ,passion' & ! #8,miracle ( ,sa9t ,seba/ian'3 ,modane ! #8,my/]y ( ! ,la/ ,judgem5t'3 ,t]mignan & ,sollires ! #8,miracle ( ,sa9t ,laur5ce'1 & s on4 ,local au?ors1 commonly ! prie/ or ! not>y1 compil$ ! v>i\s plays4 ,at ,vill>d-le-,lans is a *apel ( ,/4 ,seba/ian4 ,x has no w9d[s1 & a doorway hewn 9 ! rock4 ,x 0 prep>$ z a !atre = pres5t+ a ,my/]y play 9 ,a4,d4 #addf4 ,b foll[+ ! plague ( #aefe x 0 conv]t$1 9 fulfilm5t ( a ri* man's v[1 into a *apel adorn$ ) frescoes illu/rat+ ! /ory ( ,/4 ,seba/ian4 ,! frescoes survive to ?is day1 & h be5 fully describ$ by ,m4 l',ar*ivi/e de ,juss94 ,if we may cr$it local leg5d1 ! ,ob]amm]gau ,passion ,play _h a simil> orig9 9 ,a4,d4 #afcc4 ,"o ,gasp>d ,s*uel]1 a native ( ,ob]amm]gau1 b liv+ at ,es*5lohe1 :]e plague 0 rife1 det]m9$ to pay a ha/y & surreptiti\s visit to 8 wife & *ildr54 ,he did s1 & c>ri$ ! plague to ,ob]amm]gau1 :]e he di$ ( x himself4 ,betwe5 ! day ( 8 dea? & ! fe/ival ( ,,ss4 ,simon & ,jude1 ?irty-?ree days lat]1 eighty-f\r p]sons di$ ( plague at ,ob]amm]gau4 ,a meet+ ( ! inhabitants 0 summon$1 & six wom5 & twelve m5 took a solemn v[ to produce e t5 ye>s a play repres5t+ ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/4 ,!y 7 rew>d$ by ! imm$iate cessation ( ! plague4 ,,footnotes3 #afi ,lanciani1 ,gold5 ,days ( ! ,r5aissance4 #agj ,bk4 ,i1 #bg seq4 #aga ,translat$ by ,miss ,eg]ton ,ca/le1 ,italian ,lit]ature4 #agb ,lon ,gauti]1 ,la ,mdec9e ,g5ve jusqu' la f9 du dix-huitime sicle4 #agc ,livre de la ,pe/e4 ,,*apt] ,x ,?r\gh\t ! f\rte5? & two succe$+ c5turies ,v5ice 0 visit$ by a con/ant succession ( epidemics ( plague4 ,?is 0 ! price %e 0 doom$ to pay = ! enjoym5t ( h] ,ori5tal comm]ce4 ,/&+1 z %e /ood1 at ! meet+-place ( ea/ & we/1 s long z ! comm]ce ( ! ea/ pass$ to ! we/ by way ( ,syria & ,egypt1 ,v5ice knew no rival b ,g5oa1 until ! ,turk appe>$ at ,con/ant9ople to *all5ge h] asc5dancy4 ,plague & comm]ce alike pass$ ?r\gh ,v5ice on _! way to ! c\ntries ( ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,plague 0 9 "s s5se ! measure ( ,v5etian opul5ce1 & ) ! loss ( ?is opul5ce ! numb] ( h] plagues decl9$4 ,v5ice _h two ma9 trade r\tes by sea1#agd "o to ! ea/ & "o to ! we/1 & two l& r\tes to ! nor?4 ,! fir/ m>itime r\te lay d[n ! ,adriatic1 pa/ ! ,ionian ,isles1 & r\nd ,cape ,matapan to ,crete1 :]e x divid$ into f\r bran* r\tes3 7a7 nor?w>ds to ! ,d>danelles1 ,con/ant9ople1 ! ,black ,sea1 & ! ,sea ( ,azov2 7b7 along ! %ores ( ! ,morea & ?r\gh ! ,aegean ,isl&s to ! ,d>danelles2 7c7 to ! ports ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,smyrna1 & ,aleppo1 ,cyprus1 ,syria1 ,alex&retta1 & ,beirut2 7d7 to ,alex&ria & ,egypt4 ,^! two la/ bran*es l9k$ ,v5ice to ! c>avan r\tes t l$ f ,ormuz on ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ,aleppo & ,beirut1 & f ,suez to ,alex&ria1 & at _! f> end p5etrat$ into ! he>t ( ,asia1 ,p]sia1 ,india1 & ,ca?ay4 ,! second m>itime r\te lay by way ( ! ,adriatic we/w>d to ,sicily1 :]e x divid$ into two bran* r\tes3 7a7 to ,tunis1 ,tripoli1 & ! ports ( ,spa92 7b7 ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> nor?w>ds z f> z ,engl& & ,fl&]s1 br++ ,london & ,bruges into t\* ) ! ea/4 ,! l& r\tes f ,v5ice to ,c5tral ,europe lay = ! mo/ "p outside ! conf9es ( ,v5etian t]ritory4 ,"o pass$ by way ( ! ,ampezzo valley nor?w>d to ! ,pu/]?al & on to ,innsbruck & ,muni*2 ! o!r along ! ,po to ,brescia & ,b]gamo1 & !nce by ,lake ,como & ! ,splg5 ,pass to ,con/ance4 ,f ,con/ance trade l9es div]g$ to all p>ts ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,a k ( ^! r\tes is necess>y to und]/& ! lead+ "p t ,v5ice & ,con/ance play$ 9 ! c>riage & di/ribution ( plague4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,cape r\te to ! ea/ 9 #adhf1 0 ! dea?-bl[ to ! trade monopoly ( ,v5ice4 ,! l9es ( comm]ce %ift$ /ep by /ep f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,atlantic1 & away f ! %ips ( ,v5ice into ^? ( ! ,portuguese1 ,spani>ds1 ,engli%1 & ,dut*4 ,! hi/ory ( plague 9 ,v5ice is 9 l>ge "p writt5 9 h] public monum5ts3 h] ar*ives tell ! re/4 ,v5ice has virtually no lit]ature ( h] own3 two or ?ree patriotic di>i/s1 & t is all4 ,h] ,r5aissance gave bir? to no h>ve/ ( m5 ( lett]s3 pa9t+ & ar*itecture sapp$ all h] /r5g?4 ,arti/s vi$ ) ar*itects to write h] hi/ory on canvas or on /one1 n = ! enjoym5t ( private patrons1 b = ! embelli%m5t ( ! city ( _! bir?4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #adaj plague swept ov] ,v5ice & ,*ioggia4 ,9 #adbc ano!r epidemic 0 import$ f ! ea/4 ,x 0 ?is visitation t l$ ! ,v5etians to e/abli% a pe/-h\se or laz>etto on ! isl& ( ,santa ,m>ia di ,naz>et = infect$ p]sons & goods4 ,x 0 suppli$ ) food1 m$ic9e1 & m$ical att5dance out ( ! rev5ue f salt4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ in/itution ( ! k9d 9 ,europe1 b x quickly l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( m else:]e4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,v5ice 0 nev] wont to fold its h&s :5 plague 0 at its door4 ,s f> back z ! ,black ,dea? !y _h appo9t$ ?ree nobles z provv$itori sopra la salute della t]ra to fight ! sc\rge4 ,9 #adfh ^! 7 supplem5t$ by ! addition ( two inhabitants ( ea* se/i]e1 & 9 #adhe ?is commission 0 reorganiz$ z a p]man5t ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,s by ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,v5ice _h organiz$ & equipp$ an effici5t def5sive sy/em aga9/ ! con/ant recurr5ce ( plague4 ,a second laz>etto 0 e/abli%$ dur+ ! plague ( #aegf on ! isl& ( ,sant' ,erasmo1 & 9 ! same ye> ! ,republic summon$ le>n$ pr(essors ( m$ic9e f ,padua--,girolamo ,m]curiale & ,giovanni ,capodivacca--to id5tify ! disease1 & x 0 no fault ( ! ,republic t !y pron\nc$ x n to be plague4 ,a curi\s evid5ce ( ! mutual influ5ce ( religion & !rapeutics on ea* o!r is ! fix+ ( qu>ant9e at =ty days1 because ?is 0 ! p]iod t ,*ri/ dwelt ap>t 9 ! wild]ness4 ,v5etian doctors = ! mo/ "p seem n[ to h m5d$ _! ways & devot$ !mselves loyally to ! s]vice ( ! sick4 ,9 a book publi%$ 9 ,v5ice 9 ,a4,d4 #adic1 ,fasciculus m$icus ,johannis de ,ketam1 ! physician ,pietro da ,fossignano is %[n visit+ a plague pati5t4 ,z he feels ! pulse1 he holds to 8 m\? & no/rils a sponge1 /eep$ 9 "s antipe/il5tial aromatic4 ,pietro's dea? ab\t ,a4,d4 #adjj helps t[>ds fix+ ! date ( ?is simple cl9ical precaution4 ,9 lat] ye>s a special plague dress 0 devis$ = doctors1 :i* 0 adopt$ f ,italy by ,france1 & ( :i* sev]al engrav+s exi/ ( ab\t ! "t ( ! #agbj plague ( ,m>seilles 7see pp4 #bjf-h74 ,ambroise ,p> recomm5ds t ! mat]ial %\ld be camlet1 s]ge1 sat91 taffeta1 or morocco1 b n clo?1 frieze1 or fur1 :i* might h>b\r ! poison & c>ry dea? to ! heal?y4 ,v5ice _h also h] /reet ambulance 9 ! bro!rhood ( ,s4 ,rocco1 in/itut$ = ! purpose ( convey+ ! sick to hospital & ! dead to burial4 ,_! s]vices 7 sorely tax$ 9 times ( plague4 ,a specim5 ( ! work+ dress ( ! ,ord] may /ill be se5 9 ! ,treasury ( ! ,scuola di ,san ,rocco4 ,x is a loose :ite cotton ov]all ) full hang+ sleeves4 ,on ea* side ( ! *e/ is an oval :ite sat9 badge1 embroid]$ ) r$ silk & edg$ ) r$ lace4 ,on "o ! figure ( ,*ri/ is embroid]$ 9 silk3 on ! o!r t ( ,s4 ,rocco ) 8 dog4 ,x is b\nd at ! wai/ ) a cord$ girdle ( :ite cotton ) heavily ornam5t$ cotton tassels at ea* end4 ,a deep peak$ hood ( ! same mat]ial completely cov]s ! head1 hav+ only slits z ap]tures = ! eyes4 ,:ite lea!r gloves complete ! co/ume4 ,a simil> dress 0 worn by _m ( ! *>itable confrat]nities ( ,c5tral ,italy1 & is to be se5 9 sev]al ,si5ese pictures 7see ,plate ,,viii74 ,x has its mod]n c\nt]p>t 9 ! op]at+ dress ( ! aseptic surgeon1 b by a que] turn ( ! :irligig ( "t its purpose is no long] to keep infection out1 b to keep x 94 ,! ,guild ( ,san ,rocco _h come into exi/5ce at lea/ z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #adae1 b x 0 n till #adgh t leave 0 obta9$ f ! ,gov]nm5t to enli/ a confrat]nity "u ! /&>d ( ,san ,rocco4 ,its fir/ meet+-place 0 ! *ur* ( ,san ,giuliano1 b 9 #adhe ! guild und]took to build a *ur* = ! cu/ody ( ! body ( ! sa9t1 :i* "s ,v5etians _h surreptiti\sly remov$ f ,montpelli]4 ,five ye>s suffic$ to complete ! *ur*1 & ! sa9t's body 0 laid 9 x ) great solemnity4 ,! preci\s relic 0 de/9$ to be/[ great pre/ige on its possessors4 ,( ! five great *>itable guilds ( ,v5ice1 t ( ,s4 ,rocco 0 by f> ! greate/4 ,f #aeaf to ! end ( ! ,republic ea* ,doge 0 enroll$ a memb]1 along ) _m ( ! ri*e/ m]*ants ( ,v5ice4 ,9 ?is ye> ! bre?r5 det]m9$ to erect a meet+-h\se adjac5t to ! *ur*1 :i* %\ld be an add$ ornam5t to ! city4 ,s ! build+ ( ! ,scuola 0 comm5c$ 9 #aeag by ,b>tolommeo ,bon1 only to be f9i%$ 9 #aeej by ,antonio ,sc>pagn9o4 ,:ile ! ,scuola 0 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 ! orig9al *ur* ( ,s4 ,rocco 0 f\nd to be insecure1 & 0 rebuilt1 b n 9 its pres5t =m1 :i* is no old] ?an #agbe4 ,9 #aeei ! ,confrat]nity entru/$ its decoration to ,t9toretto1 & !re are /ill to be se5 !re1 on ! r>e occasions :5 daylight suffices1 ! f\r pictures 9 :i* ! arti/ set himself to illu/rate ! life ( ! sa9t4 ,^! are 7#a7 ,/4 ,ro* 9 hospital2 7#b7 ,/4 ,ro* heal+ animals2 7#c7 ,! capture ( ,/4 ,ro*2 7#d7 ,! appe>ance ( an angel to ,/4 ,ro* 9 prison4 ,! small picture t hangs by a side-alt>--! #8,betrayal ( ,*ri/'1 by ,titian--has receiv$ all ! homage t %\ld h be5 paid to ,t9toretto's subjects3 inde$1 ! (f]+s r5d]$ to ?is #8miracul\s' picture enabl$ ! guild to rebuild _! ,scuola4 ,to ?is *ur* ! ,doge came ye>ly on ,augu/ #af to implore ,/4 ,ro* to w>d (f plague f ! ,republic4 ,9 #aefj ! gr[+ weal? ( ! guild induc$ !m to call 9 competition ! lead+ pa9t]s ( ,v5ice to decorate ! halls ( ! ,scuola4 ,&rea ,s*iavone1 ,f$]igo ,zucc>o1 ,giuseppe ,salviati1 ,paolo ,v]onese1 & ,t9toretto 7 all invit$ to prep>e draw+s & submit !m to ! judges on ! appo9t$ day4 ,:ile ! o!rs _h m]ely sket*$ designs1 ,t9toretto _h f9i%$ a complete picture1 #8,/4 ,ro* 9 glory'1 t n[ occupies ! c5tre ( ! ceil+ ( ! refectory4 ,to ensure /ill fur!r 8 success1 ,t9toretto pres5t$ ! picture to ! guild4 ,f ?is "t until #aehh ! decoration ( ! ,scuola =m$ ! *ief "p ( ,t9toretto's "w4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( #aeff he _h complet$ ! sup]b #8,crucifixion' 9 ! refectory ( ! upp] hall1 & on its completion he 0 admitt$ to ! ,confrat]nity1 & assign$ an annual subsidy ( #ajj ducats 7ab\t #ej7 9 paym5t = ?ree f9i%$ pictures ea* ye>4 ,"h1 at any rate1 he f\nd scope = ! expression ( an inexhau/ible fancy3 b ^? :o h attempt$ to /udy ! pa9t+s ( ! ,scuola w appreciate some?+ ( ! difficulties he _h to surm\nt ow+ to ! defective light :i*1 z 9 ! *ur*1 r5d]s ! pictures invisible except on ! brighte/ days4 ,z ,mi*elangelo _h done 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 s ,t9toretto ?\ght out 9 advance a compreh5sive & h>moni\s s*eme = ! entire adornm5t ( ! halls4 ,! key-note ( x all is ! d$ication ( ! ,scuola to ,san ,rocco1 ! patron sa9t ( ! plague-/rick51 & also ( ^? :o m9i/]$ to !m4 ,s ! pa9t+s 9 ! upp] hall repres5t acts ( m]cy & deliv]ance1 illu/rat$ 9 ,*ri/'s life on e>?4 ,^? 9 ! l[] hall ( entrance1 eight 9 numb]1 sett+ =? ma9ly ! hi/ory ( ! ,virg9 & h] infant ,son1 =m ?us an appropriate prelude to ! upp] s]ies4 ,giovanni ,m>*iori & 8 pupils h fai?fully pursu$ ! s*eme 9 ! tw5ty subjects f ! life ( ,/4 ,ro* c>v$ 9 ! panell+ ( ! upp] hall4 ,! great /aircase t jo9s ! two halls is decorat$ ) frescoes ( plague sc5es by ,zan*i 7#afff7 & ,negri 7#afgc71 ( little arti/ic m]it4 ,yet ano!r memorial ( plague survives 9 ! r[s ( wood5 /&>d lamps1 set r\nd ! upp] hall1 :i* ! bre?r5 us$ to c>ry 9 processions to ! hon\r ( _! patron sa9t4 ,t9toretto 0 /ill at 8 "w 9 ! ,scuola :5 ! appall+ plague ( #aege-g fell on ,v5ice1 c>ry+ ,titian to 8 grave1 )9 close hail ( 8 c5t5>y4 ,:ile o!rs 7 hurri$ away to obscure burial 9 ! common plague pits ( ,sant' ,erasmo & ! outly+ isl&s1 ! body ( ! old man1 :o _h br\ght s great glory to ,v5ice1 0 accord$ ! hon\r ( a public fun]al by ord] ( ! ,signoria4 ,aft] ly+ 9 /ate x 0 c>ri$ to ! beautiful ,go?ic *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,gloriosa dei ,fr>i1 we>+ ! insignia ( ,imp]ial ,knigh?ood1 conf]r$ on him by ,*>les ,v1 & plac$ 9 a tomb at ! foot ( ! alt> ( ! ,cross4 ,"h ,titian sleeps 8 la/ sleep unm9dful1 be x hop$1 ( ! outrage 9 m>ble inflict$ on 8 memory by ,f]d9& ,i ( ,au/ria1 at ! h&s ( ,luigi & ,pietro ,z&om5eghi4 ,titian's elde/ son di$ ) him1 & 8 second son1 ,pomponio1 a canon ( ,milan1 ha/5$ to ,v5ice1 z soon z he 0 assur$ t all dang] 0 pa/1 & quickly dissipat$ ! =tune t ! pa9t] _h amass$ by ! ?rift & lab\r ( a lifetime4 ,= ?ree ye>s ?is plague deva/at$ ,v5ice1 c>ry+ (f no less ?an #ej1jjj s\ls1 "o qu>t] ( h] :ole population4 ,! ,doge1 ,luigi ,moc5igo1 display$ ?r\gh\t ! utmo/ c\rage & devotion4 ,he himself sup]9t5d$ all ! ef=ts to arre/ ! plague1 & m9i/]$ 9 p]son to ! sick4 ,he w5t 9 solemn procession ) all ! confrat]nities ( ,v5ice to ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,rocco1 to v[ ! erection ( ano!r *ur*1 if only ! sa9t w\ld int]c$e = !m4 ,z ,cyprian & ,gregory _h done be=e him1 he address$ words ( consolation & enc\ragem5t to 8 p 9 ! sanctu>y ( 8 ca!dral *ur*4 ,b ,luigi 0 dead :5 ! day came = 8 successor to summon ! p ( ,v5ice to ,/4 ,m>k's to fulfil ,luigi's v[4 ,picture to y\rself ,v5ice "o ,july ,sunday "u a cl\dless sky4 ,f ! pulpit ( ,/4 ,m>k's "s ag$ patri>* has proclaim$ ! fre$om ( ! city f plague4 ,out ( ! col\r$ gloom ( ! *ur* files ! procession into ! dazzl+ gl>e ( ! ,piazza4 ,all ,v5ice is !re3 ,v5ice is 9 jubilant mood4 ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,ducal ,palace1 ,campanile1 & all ! build+s ar\nd are gay ) c>pets & tape/ries1 ) pictures & gild$ %ields4 ,bann]s ( gorge\s col\rs flutt] to ! crisp sea-breeze f ! columns ( ,!odore & ! ,lion4 ,amid wild %\t+ ( p & ro> ( cannon1 & r++ ( bells ! procession :eels to ! ,piazzetta4 ,be=e x lies ! lagoon1 /ret*+ ov] to ,s4 ,giorgio ,maggiore1 & away to ! ,lido beyond1 sp>kl+ & %imm]+ 9 ! sunlight1 l "s great sc9tillat+ jewel4 ,god & man seem to h jo9$ h&s !re to create ! faire/ spot ( e>?4 ,f ,piazzetta to ,giudecca a bridge ( boats has be5 ?r[n ov]1 ne> half a mile 9 l5g?4 ,on to ! bridge goes ! procession4#age ,! guilds & confrat]nities1 display+ _! respective /&>ds & c>ry+ crosses1 images ( ! ,madonna & sa9ts1 & reliqu>ies1 lead ! way1 foll[$ by magi/rates1 nobles1 & _! ladies4 ,next come ! patri>*s1 ! ,*ur* dignit>ies1 & canons 9 _! ro*ets1 ! fri>s1 *ant+1 "u ! bann]s ( _! f\rte5 ord]s1 ! cl]gy rob$ 9 ri* copes embroid]$ ) gold & sewn ) jewels1 "u _! elev5 bann]s4 ,la/ ( all1 accompani$ by s5ators & ambassadors1 comes ! ,doge1 ,seba/iano ,v5i]1 h]o ( ,lepanto1 a noble figure1 rob$ 9 :ite ) a spl5did mantle ( silv] brocade hang+ f 8 %\ld]s4 ,9 a tempor>y wood5 oratory built close to ! place :]e ! ,r$5tore ,*ur* 0 to rise f ! plans ( ,palladio1 ,mass 0 sung ?is day to music by ,giuseppe ,z>l9o ( ,*ioggia1 ! ,doge's *ief musician4 ,& ! s\nd ( ?is jubilant day has e*o$ d[n ! ages & may be /ill he>d at ! ye>ly ,fe/a del ,r$5tore 9 ,july1 z ! procession passes ov] its bridges ( boats f ,san ,zob5igo to ,zatt]e1 & ,zatt]e to ,giudecca1 b %orn ( mu* ( its =m] glory4 ,:]e /ood ! wood5 *auntry /&s n[ ,palladio's *ur*1 a plague-spot on ! face ( nature4 ,?ophile ,gauti]1 nev]!less1 saw beauty 9 its aspect by ! light ( ! sett+ sun4 ,)9 !re are no pictures & no memorials ( ! plague to :i* x owes its be+4 ,a ,v5etian m$al1 %[+ ! ,doge ) ! bann] ( ,/4 ,m>k kneel+ be=e ,*ri/1 commemorates ?is plague4 ,v5ice has o!r *ur*es to commemorate h] plagues besides ,san ,rocco & ! ,r$5tore2 olde/ ( all1 ,s4 ,giobbe1 *ur* & conv5t1 built 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7#adfb-ga7 by ,doge ,cri/(oro ,moro1 ! fri5d ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o1 & d$icat$ to ! ,job ( ,scripture :o 0 plagu$ ) all mann] ( diseases4 ,ov] ! high alt> 0 once ! fam\s picture by ,giovanni ,bell9i1 n[ 9 ! ,accademia1 ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild en?ron$ betwe5 ,/4 ,job1 ,/4 ,john ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ,/4 ,francis1 & ,/4 ,l\is ( ,t\l\se4 ,v5ice br\ght ! cult ( ,s4 ,giobbe along ) plague f ! ea/3 he is h>dly kn[n else:]e 9 ,italy4 ,only a few ye>s lat] 7#aejf-ah7 ano!r plague *ur*1 t ( ,s4 ,seba/iano1 0 built = ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,j]ome by ! two ar*itects1 ,f4 da ,ca/iglione & ,a4 ,sc>pagn9o4 ,x is ! burial-place ( ,v]onese1 to :om mo/ ( its decoration is due4 ,! ceil+s ( bo? *ur* & sacri/y are enri*$ ) 8 pictures1 set 9 deep gild$ m\ld+s4 ,ov] ! high alt> is an #8,apo!osis ( ,/4 ,seba/ian'1 to :om ! ,madonna appe>s 9 heav51 along ) ,/4 ,m>k1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,/4 ,john ,bapti/1 & ,/4 ,ca?>9e ( ,alex&ria4 ,to ! left ( ! alt> is ,v]onese's fam\s #8,m>tyrdom ( ,m>cus & ,m>cell9us'4 ,:ile ?is *ur* 0 build+ ,giorgione di$ ( plague4 ,ab\t 8 f\r & ?irtie? ye> he _h become wildly enam\r$ ( a "y woman1 & :5 ! plague seiz$ h] he /ill paid h] secret visits1 & tak+ ! sickness f h] lips ) h] kisses1 he paid = 8 love ) 8 life4 ,la/1 b be/ kn[n ( all1 is ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia della ,salute1 begun by ,baldass>e ,longh5a 9 #afcb1 to commemorate ! plague ( #afcj-a1 :i* c>ri$ (f #df1dij 9 ,v5ice1 & #id1bce 9 ! :ole lagoons4 ,doge ,niccol ,cont>9i _h v[$ a *ur* to ! ,madonna ( ,heal?1 if %e w\ld deliv] ! ,republic f ! plague4 ,dur+ its build+ a tempor>y wood5 oratory 0 built on a piece ( l&1 :i* ! ,knights ,templ> _h be/[$ on ! ,republic1 & ,doge1 ,c\ncil1 nobles1 & p cross$ ov] ! ,gr& ,canal by a bridge ( boats to he> a solemn ,mass4 ,9 ! sacri/y ( ,longh5a's *ur* are two sev5te5? c5tury pr9ts1 "o %[+ ! procession z x crosses ! pontoon bridge1 ! o!r1 z x files up into ! *ur*4 ,ea* ye> 9 ,novemb] ! procession />ts f ,/4 ,m>k's & crosses ! ,gr& ,canal by ! ,r$5tore r\te1 & circles r\nd ! *ur* to ! entrance fac+ ! ,canal4 ,mod]n ,v5ice has trans=m$ a solemn pageant into a fancy fair4 ,^! pr9ts %[ ! *ur* z x n[ /&s1 on a plat=m at ! top ( a great flight ( /airs lead+ up f ! ,gr& ,canal1 b a /atue ( ! ,madonna has replac$ ! ,angel ( ,pe/il5ce on ! summit ( its l>g] dome4 ,s4 ,m>ia della ,salute conta9s _m memorials ( plague4 ,ov] ! high alt> is a heavy gr\p ( m>ble /atu>y by ,giu/o il ,corto4 ,9 ! c5tre sits ! ,madonna hold+ h] ,*ild1 ) *]ubs at h] feet4 ,on "o side kneels a woman entreat+ h] aid3 on ! o!r a *]ub ) flam+ tor* expels a plague demon ( human =m4 ,9 ! vault ( ! *oir is a ceil+ pa9t+ by ,fiamm+o %[+ ,v5ice implor+ lib]ation f plague4 ,9 ! sacri/y is ,titian's picture ( ,/4 ,m>k ) ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ,/4 ,ro*1 ,cosmas1 & ,/4 ,damian1 commemorat+ ! plague ( #aeab1 9 :i* ,giorgione p]i%$ 7see ,plate ,,ix74 ,"h1 too1 is ,m>co ,basaiti's 7second half ( fifte5? c5tury7 votive picture ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 a f9e figure 9 a beautiful ,umbrian l&scape1 b n ! pe] ( ,sodoma's sa9t3 & yet ano!r picture ( ,/4 ,ro*1 ,/4 ,seba/ian1 & ,/4 ,j]ome by ,girolamo da ,treviso 7#adig-aedd74 ,,footnotes3 #agd ,horatio ,br[n1 ,! ,v5etian ,republic4 #age ,molm5ti1 ,v5ezia4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,milan _h suff]$ f ! ,black ,dea? f> less ?an o!r cities ( ,italy3 maybe %e _h acquir$ a transi5t immunity4 ,= ! ?ree succe$+ c5turies h] hi/ory is "o long catalogue ( plagues1 ( :i* two claim special notice4 ,9 #aegf plague broke out 9 late ,july4 ,c>lo ,borromeo 0 ar*bi%op at ! "t4 ,! son ( ,ghib]to ,borromeo1 ,c\nt ( ,arona1 & ,m>y de ,m$ici1 ,c>lo 0 ( noble p>5tage4 ,8 influ5ce ga9$ = him 9 e>ly life ! ar*bi%opric ( ,milan4 ,amid all 8 weal? 8 own p]sonal life 0 ord]$ ) temp]ance & humility4 ,/]n1 or z "s say cruel1 to track out & repress all ! abuses t _h invad$ ! ,*ur* 9 8 diocese1 he e>n$ ! jeal\s dislike ( 8 cl]gy & ( ! religi\s ord]s4 ,! ,bro!rs ( ,humility made op5 attempt on 8 life1 b by a miracle he escap$ !m4 ,c>lo 0 away at ,lodi :5 news rea*$ him t plague _h brok5 out 9 ,milan4 ,ha/5+ back to ! city he f\nd t ! gov]nor1 _m (ficials1 & all ! ri* _h fl$4 ,all 0 9 *aos4 ,! p turn$ 9 despair to _! spiritual fa!r1 & entru/$ ! c>e ( ! t[n to him4 ,he set !m to "w at once to adapt ! great hospital ( ,/4 ,gregory = ! reception ( ! sick1 & lat] to build six laz>ettos ( wood outside ! walls4 ,all ^! he equipp$ & furni%$ ) l95 f 8 own palace4 ,= its bett] adm9i/ration he divid$ ! city into f\r qu>t]s1 & put ov] ea* an ov]se] ) a /aff ( help]s4 ,8 example ( c\rage & p]sonal devotion s]v$ to attract _m ( ! secul> cl]gy1 monks1 & nuns to ! s]vice ( ! sick4 ,ev5 lay m5 & wom5 organiz$ a nurs+ guild among !mselves4 ,c>lo himself w5t ev]y:]e1 giv+ directions = h\s+ ! sick & bury+ ! dead4 ,he visit$ ev5 ^? p>i%es beyond ! walls1 :]e ! disease 0 rag+1 provid+ = ! sick1 fe$+ ! ne$y1 & r\s+ ! cl]gy to ! loyal dis*>ge ( _! duty4 ,fam9e soon came to add ano!r horror to pe/il5ce4 ,borromeo collect$ all ! de/itute into an encampm5t & arrang$ ! supply ( food4 ,fir/ he _h all 8 own silv] plate melt$ d[n to provide ! necess>y money4 ,:5 ?is ran out1 he begg$ x f door to door1 & f9ally incurr$ huge debts on 8 own p]sonal security4 ,beyond su* mat]ial aids z ^!1 ,c>lo ,borromeo br\ght to ! /rick5 ,milanese ! spiritual com=ts ( religion4 ,f ! pulpit ( 8 ca!dral he exp\nd$ to !m ! ,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah1 %[+ !m h[ !y appli$ to ,milan4 ,f ! alt> /eps he *ant$ ) quiv]+ voice ! p5it5tial psalms1 & kneel+ be=e ! alt> (f]$ himself to ,god z a sacrifice = 8 p4 ,?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city he m>*$ at ! head ( p5it5tial processions ) b>e feet & ! rope ( ! crim9al ar\nd 8 neck4 ,b ?r\gh x all he pass$ unsca!d1 himself & 8 eight-&-tw5ty att5dant prie/s4 ,only #ag1jjj di$ 9 ,milan1 & #h1jjj 9 ! di/ricts r\nd ab\t3 t s few di$ out ( s va/ a multitude ( sick 0 attribut$ to ! m9i/rations ( _! ar*bi%op4 ,z ! travell] comes d[n f ! ,alps1 skirt+ ! %ores ( ,lago ,maggiore1 :]e g>d5s are radiant 9 spr+ ) camellias1 magnolias1 mimosa1 & myrtle1 "o feature only blurs ! faultless l&scape4 ,on a ridge1 high ov] ! lake at ,arona1 t[]s on its p$e/al ! /atue ( ,c>lo ,borromeo1 a s5seless1 s\lless colossus1 9 copp] & bronze1 mock+ ! skies4 ,y\r guide-book tells y y may g up inside its body4 ,if y d s on a hot day y may le>n some?+ ( ! suff]+s ( ,phal>is1 roa/$ 9 ! belly ( 8 own braz5 bull4 ,b p]haps y w d z well to /ay b5ea? & pray t some?+ r ( ! _s oi ,borromeo may ent] into y\r s\l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi ,,procession ,,to ,s4 ,,m>ia ,,della ,,salute1 ,,v5ice ,f a sev5te5? c5tury engrav+ 7,face ,page #agb7 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii 7,face ,page #agc7 ,,c>lo ,,borromeo4 ,,by ,,annibale ,,c>racci ,religion has canoniz$ ,s4 ,c>lo ,borromeo2 ,art has ensur$ him immortality4 ,9 ! *ur*es & gall]ies ( ,milan he figures z patron sa9t aga9/ plague1 sometimes alone1 sometimes conjo9tly ) ,/4 ,ro*4 ,9 ,v5ice he gives place to ,/4 ,ro*1 9 ,flor5ce to ,/4 ,seba/ian4 ,9 p>ts ( ,c5tral ,italy ,s4 ,c>lo reappe>s1 att5d$ (t5 by local sa9ts1 int]c$+ ) ! ,madonna4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,dom9ico 9 ,p]ugia a picture %[s him along ) ,s4 ,ca?>9e ( ,si5a1 supplicat+ ! ,virg94 ,at ,s4 ,c>lo 9 ,corso at ,rome1 along ) ,s4 ,ambrose1 he int]c$es ) ,*ri/1 & ano!r picture 9 ! same *ur* repres5ts 8 apo!osis4 ,memorials ( ,borromeo are innum]able4 ,! sacri/y ( ,milan ,ca!dral conta9s a life-size effigy 9 mitre & robes1 all 9 wr\ght silv]3 also a gild$ wood5 cross1 on :i* ! v>i\s emblems ( ! ,passion are c>v$ 9 relief1 :i* he c>ri$ 9 plague processions3 also a silk embroid]$ portrait ( him 9 8 mitre4 ,s4 ,c>lo ,cat9>i at ,rome has "o ( 8 mitres1 & "p ( ! rope t he wore z a halt]4 ,b5ea? ! floor ( ,milan ,ca!dral1 bel[ ! dome & 9 front ( ! *oir1 is ! ,cappella ( ,c>lo ,borromeo4 ,8 rema9s lie 9 a silv] c(f91 support$ on a silv] alt>1 ea* elaborately engrav$ & emboss$4 ,! hexagonal *amb] has ! :ole surface ( its walls coat$ ) plates ( silv]1 on :i* are reliefs repres5t+ a s]ies ( sc5es f 8 life4 ,9 "o he is giv+ alms to ! plague-/rick53 9 a second he is baptiz+ *ildr5 9 a plague hospital3 9 a ?ird he is walk+ ) feet & head b>e1 & ) a halt] r\nd 8 neck1 9 a plague procession1 prec$+ ! sacr$ relics t are c>ri$ b5ea? a canopy4 ,portraits ( ,s4 ,c>lo 9 ,milan1 ^? 9 ! ,ca!dral1 9 ! ,borromeo ,palace & else:]e1 all 9 pr(ile1 %[ ! prom95t nose & rec$+ =ehead & a degree ( ugl9ess t w\ld almo/ seem to =bid enrolm5t 9 ! catalogue ( ! sa9ts4 ,a rugg$ full-fac$ portrait by ,annibale ,c>racci 7#aefj-afji71 n[ 9 ! ,h]mitage at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 seems less discordant ) ! halo4 ,pietro da ,cortona 7#aeif-affi7 pa9t$ a picture ( ,borromeo head+ a plague procession1 :i* is "o ( ! be/ ( its k9d4 ,x is n[ ov] ! alt> ( ,s4 ,c>lo ,cat9>i at ,rome1 b hidd5 f view by a braz5 symbol ( rays ( glory4 ,! famili> !me ( innum]able pictures bo? 9 ,italy & ,france is ,c>lo ,borromeo c>ry+ ! ,sacram5t to ! plague-/rick54 ,"s ( ! be/ kn[n are ^? by ,jakob van ,oo/ 7le ,vieux7 7#afjj-ga7 9 ! ,l\vre3 by ,lemonni] 9 ! ,muse at ,r\53 by ,cigoli 7#aeei-afac7 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,nuova at ,cortona3 by ,francesco ,gossi 9 ! *ur* ( ,pov]i at ,bologna3 & by ,baldass>e ,frances*9i 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,b>nabites at ,pescia4 ,! ,flemi% pa9t] ,gasp>d de ,cray] 7#aehe-affi7 has v>i$ some:at ! hackney$ features ( ! subject4 ,9 8 picture1 ,c>lo ,borromeo1 9 r$ episcopal robes1 foll[$ by two acolytes c>ry+ ! tap] & cross1 b5ds d[n & (f]s ! ,sacram5t to a dy+ man1 :o kneels be=e him ) head b&ag$ & %irt ?r[n op5 ov] 8 b>e *e/4 ,beh9d ! man are two wom51 "o ( :om supports 8 body1 :ile ! o!r 9 ! %ad[ ( a doorway c>ries a glass ( wat] 9 h] h&4 ,kneel+ beside ! man1 ) h&s jo9$ 9 pray]1 a little boy awaits ! ,sacram5t3 9 ! =egr\nd lies a dead *ild4 ,be=e ?is little corpse a man is seat$ on ! gr\nd1 support+ 8 head1 8 legs b>e & cov]$ ) ulc]s4 ,beh9d him are two wom51 "o ( :om cov]s h] m\? ) a h&k]*ief1 :ile ! o!r /ret*es out h] h&s to an att5dant deacon1 :o is di/ribut+ alms4 ,! backgr\nd is a /reet ( ,milan ) a vi/a ( op5 c\ntry beyond4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii 7,face ,page #agd7 ,,borromeo ,,lead+ ,a ,,plague ,,procession ,by ,pietro da ,cortona ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv 7,face ,page #age7 ,,borromeo ,,int]c$+ ,,= ,,! ,,plague-,,/rick5 ,a m>ble bas-relief by ,p4 ,puget ,puget 7#afbb-id7 has repres5t$ ! same subject 9 a m>ble bas-relief1 n[ 9 ! ,sant at ,m>seilles4 ,borromeo kneels 9 e>ne/ supplication amid a gr\p ( dead & dy+4 ,8 eyes are fix$ on a cross borne al(t by *]ubs4 ,he is att5d$ by acolytes1 :o c>ry a cross & *alice1 & a *ild cl+s to 8 robes4 ,9 ! =egr\nd a convict drags (f a corpse = burial4 ,9 ! backgr\nd a woman b5ds 9 wild despair ov] a b$1 on :i* a dead man is /ret*$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 #afcj occurr$ ! ,great ,plague ( ,milan1 well kn[n to _m by ! description ( ,manzoni 7#aghe-ahgc7 9 8 ,promessi ,sposi4 ,= 8 in=mation he has drawn on _m s\rces1 & n lea/ on ! contempor>y record ( ,canon ,ripamonti1 writt5 by reque/ ( ! ,magi/racy z a supplem5t to 8 ,hi/ory ( ,milan4 ,?is volume on ! plague be>s an emblematic engrav+ on ! title-page4 ,a skeleton holds 9 8 h&s weapons1 arm\r1 bones1 & books all /rung toge!r4 ,! toes ( 8 feet protrude f b5ea? a c>pet on :i* lies a plague-/rick5 man4 ,9 front ( ! skeleton is an alt>1 on :i* /& tap] & crucifix4 ,beside ! alt> sits a woman1 a drawn sword 9 h] "r h&1 h] left arm embrac+ a /ork3 a nak$ *ild is by h] side4 ,on ! frontal ( ! alt> is ! title ( ! book3 #8,josephi ,ripamontii1 ,canonici ,scal5sis ,*roni/ae ,urbis ,m$iolani1 ,de ,pe/e ,quae ,fuit ,anno c,i,icxxx ,libri ,v1 ,desumpti ,ex ,annalibus ,urbis ,quos ,,lx ,decurionum ,autoritate ,scribebat4' ,9 8 ,/oria della ,colonna ,infame1 publi%$ 9 #ahdj1 ,manzoni has told ! trial & puni%m5t ( ! two ,untori1 accus$ ( spread+ ! plague by means ( o9tm5ts4 ,! home ( "o ( !m 0 de/roy$ by ord] ( ! ,/ate1 & ! gr\nd on :i* x /ood decl>$ accurs$4 ,on x a /one column 0 erect$ 9 #afcj1 be>+ ! foll[+ inscription3#agf #8,"h1 :]e ?is plot ( gr\nd ext5ds1 =m]ly /ood ! %op ( ! b>b]1 ,giangiacomo ,mora1 :o _h conspir$ ) ,guglielmo ,piazza1 ,commiss>y ( ! ,public ,heal?1 & ) o!rs1 :ile a frightful plague ex]cis$ its ravages1 by means ( deadly o9tm5ts spread on all sides1 to hurl _m citiz5s to a cruel dea?4 ,= ?is1 ! ,s5ate1 hav+ decl>$ !m bo? to be enemies ( _! c\ntry1 decre$ t1 plac$ on an elevat$ c>1 _! fle% %\ld be torn ) r$-hot p9c]s1 _! "r h&s be cut (f1 & _! bones be brok53 t !y %\ld be ext5d$ on ! :eel1 & at ! end ( six h\rs be put to dea? & burnt4 ,!n1 & t !re might rema9 no trace ( ^! guilty m51 _! possessions %\ld be sold at public sale1 & _! a%es be ?r[n into ! riv]2 & to p]petuate ! memory ( _! de$ ! ,s5ate wills1 t ! h\se 9 :i* ! crime 0 project$ %all be raz$ to ! gr\nd1 %all nev] be rebuilt1 & t 9 its place a column %all be erect$1 :i* %all be call$ ,infam\s4 ,keep af> (f1 !n1 af> (f1 good citiz5s1 le/ ?is accurs$ gr\nd %\ld pollute y ) its infamy4 ,augu/ #afcj4' ,?is curs+ ( ! site recalls ! curse ( ,jo%ua#agg on ! site ( ,j]i*o aft] its capture3 #8,curs$ be ! man be=e ! ,"l1 t rise? up & builde? ?is city ,j]i*o3 he %all lay ! f\ndation !re( 9 8 fir/-born1 & 9 8 y\nge/ son %all he set up ! gates ( x4' ,& ! ,con/itutions ( ,moses#agh pron\nc$ a simil> curse on cities t turn$ aside f ! true religion4 ,9 #aggg ,c\nt ,pietro ,v]ri1 ,c\nsellor ( ,/ate 9 ! s]vice ( ,m>ia ,!resa1 publi%$ a treatise on ,torture1 9 :i* special ref]5ce 0 made to ?is case at ,milan 9 #afcj4 ,8 "w1 h[ev]1 did n see ! light till #ahjd4 ,!n 9 #ahci ! ,processo orig9ate degli ,untori nella pe/e del #afcj 0 issu$ 9 ,milan1 giv+ a full (ficial acc\nt ( ! trial ( ^! ,ano9t]s4 ,flet*]1 9 #ahie1 drew up a summ>y ( evid5ce f all ! s\rces 9 8 ,trag$y ( ! ,great ,plague ( ,milan4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ,june #ba1 #afcj1 "o ,cat>9a ,rosa1 a woman ( ! l[] classes1 saw f ! balcony ( h] h\se a man go+ d[n ! /reet writ+ on a %eet ( pap]4 ,he /opp$ to wipe 8 f+]s on ! wall ( a h\se1 probably to get rid ( ink-/a9s1 b ! woman's fe> at once conjur$ up ! sup]/iti\s image ( a deadly o9tm5t sme>$ on ! walls to spread ! plague4 ,a cr[d ( excit$ wom5 flock$ to ! ,c\ncil ,*amb] to in=m ! ,s5ate1 :o at once ord]$ ! man's arre/4 ,h5ce=? no "o d>$ t\* a wall4 ,ripamonti tells h[ ?ree "y ,fr5* travell]s f>$1 :o 9 admir+ ! m>ble ( a temple unsuspect+ly v5tur$ to t\* x4 ,someone saw !m d x1 & rais$ ! al>m4 ,=?) !y 7 savagely set ^u & hurl$ into gaol1 & only releas$ :5 x 0 f\nd t !re 0 no ve/ige ( evid5ce to sugge/ any?+ b innoc5t curiosity4 ,aga91 an old man ( eighty 0 se5 to du/ a b5* 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,an?ony ) 8 cloak be=e sitt+ d[n4 ,imm$iately ! wom5 cri$ out t he 0 ano9t+ ! b5*es1 & ! wor%ipp]s set on him !re & !n 9 ! *ur*1 & aft] beat+ him brutally dragg$ him be=e ! magi/rates4 ,ripamonti believes t he di$ ( 8 injuries4 ,! se>* = ! suspect$ ,ano9t] result$ 9 ! arre/ ( "o ,guglielmo ,piazza1 a scriv5] :o c>ri$ an ink-horn at 8 belt4 ,he 0 also a commission] ( heal?1 t is to say1 a petty (ficial employ$ to report cases ( plague4 ,?r\gh\t two applications ( torture he /\tly d5i$ ! (f5ce1 b 9 8 cell1 brok5 ) suff]+ & fe>+ a r5ewal ( torture1 he yield$ to ! sugge/ions ( ^? ar\nd him4 ,he confess$ 8 guilt1 & decl>$ t he obta9$ ! deadly o9tm5t f ! b>b] ,giangiacomo ,mora4 ,?is man 0 /raightway arre/$ & c>ri$ to ! c\rt1 b !re vehem5tly ass]t$ 8 innoc5ce & v[$ t he _h nev] se5 ,piazza4 ,"u torture1 h[ev]1 he gave way1 & vi$ ) ! unhappy ,mora 9 concoct+ falsehoods4 ,among o!rs1 !y implicat$ ,c\nt ,padilla1 son ( ! ,comm&ant ( ! ,ca/le1 b 9 ! end he 0 acquitt$1 & x is f ! notes ( 8 trial t ,v]ri obta9$ ! mat]ial = ! n>rative ( ,piazza & ,mora4 ,mora1 l mo/ b>b]s ( 8 day1 dabbl$ 9 m$ic9e1 s t m$ic9al j>s & vessels 7 f\nd 9 8 %op4 ,^!1 he ass]t$1 conta9$ pres]vatives aga9/ ! plague1 & probably ) tru?1 = dur+ epidemics ( plague !y 7 9 great dem&4 ,ambroise ,p> gives an elaborate =mula = a pres]vative wat]1 ) :i* to wa% ! body frequ5tly & r9se ! m\?1 & a few drops ( x 7 to be plac$ z well 9 ! no/rils & e>s4 ,simil> no/rums 7 9 great dem& dur+ ! ,great ,plague ( ,london & t ( ,m>seilles 9 #agbj4 ,piazza _h occasionally visit$ ,mora's %op z a cu/om] ( ! b>b]1 & bo? /at$ t ,mora _h und]tak5 to prep>e a pot ( 8 pres]vative = ,piazza4 ,on ?is innoc5t transaction 0 to be built up a *>ge ( :olesale murd]4 ,mora 0 induc$ by torture to admit t ,piazza _h suppli$ him ) foam f ! m\?s ( plague victims to mix ) 8 o9tm5t4 ,9 ! int]vals ( torture ,mora & ,piazza m ?an once recant$ & decl>$ t _! confessions 7 false1 b a r5ewal ( torture soon induc$ !m to retract4 ,! ignorant f]ocity ( ! populace call$ al\d = satisfaction4 ,at ! conclusion ( _! exam9ation ! unhappy victims 7 c>ri$ (f = ! execution ( a t]rible s5t5ce1 9 spite ( ! pl$ge ( impunity4 ,) ! m]ciful prospect ( dea? be=e !m1 !y op5ly ass]t$ t all _! admissions incrim9at+ o!rs 7 false & _h be5 extract$ f !m by _! t]ror ( fur!r torture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv ,,torture ,,& ,,execution ,,( ,,! ,,ano9t]s 7,face ,page #agi7 ,at ! end ( ! ,processo orig9ale degl' ,untori is a fold$ plate repres5t+ 9 all its details ! execution ( ,piazza & ,mora4 ,x is a r\gh reproduction ( an old] undat$ engrav+1 :i* ,flet*] has reproduc$ f a copy 9 ! collection ( m$ical pr9ts & engrav+s 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,surgeon-,g5]al's ,(fice at ,wa%+ton4 ,! engrav] ( ?is 0 ,orazio ,colombo1 & x 0 publi%$ 9 ,rome by ! au?ority ( ! ,nuncio ( ! ,roman ,college4 ,on ! top ( ! engrav+ is its title1 :i* may be translat$1 #8,! s5t5ce pron\nc$ on ^?1 :o _h poison$ _m p]sons 9 ,milan 9 ! ye> #afcj4' ,flet*] app5ds ?is fur!r description3 #8,?is is foll[$ by ! names ( ! ,magnificos1 :o sat 9 judgem5t1 & ! p>ticul>s ( ! puni%m5t decre$4 ,ea* sc5e 9 ! picture has its lett]1 :i* is ref]r$ to 9 an explanatory leg5d bel[4 ,! entire disreg>d ( ! unities ( "t & place1 :i* *>act]iz$ su* productions1 is well display$ 9 ?is curi\s engrav+4 ,on ! "r is ! %op ( ! b>b] ,mora1 & 9 front ( x ! 8,column ( ,infamy0 is already erect$4 ,a l>ge plat=m c>1 drawn by two ox51 exhibits ! victims1 execution]s1 & prie/s4 ,a brazi] ( live *>coal conta9s ! p9c]s ) :i* ! fle% 0 to be torn4 ,! b>b]'s "r h& is on ! block1 & a *opp] held ov] ! wri/ is ab\t to be /ruck d[n by a mallet held al(t by ! execution]4 ,fur!r on is se5 a l>ge plat=m1 on :i* ! two victims are hav+ _! limbs brok5 by an iron b>1 prep>atory to _! exposure on ! :eel = six h\rs4 ,! :eels are also display$1 "o ( !m already on a pole1 ) ! m5 b\nd ^u !m4 ,/ill fur!r on are ! fires consum+ ! bodies1 &1 la/ sc5e ( all1 on ! extreme left is a fussy little /ream1 foam+ "u bridges1 :i* is suppos$ to be a riv]1 & into x a man is ?r[+ ! a%es ( ! two malefactors4' ,"o d>k night 9 #aghh ,nature = v %ame let loose a /orm t wreck$ ! ,column3 h] m9ion ,man !n t>dily demoli%$ ! monum5t ( 8 own infamy4 ,! balcony ( ,cat>9a ,rosa's h\se 0 also tak5 d[n1 s t no /ructure /&s to call to m9d ! hide\s trag$y4 ,! corn]-h\se ( ! ,v$ra de' ,cittad9i1 on ! left h& z "o comes f ! ,corso di ,porta ,tic9ese1 occupies ! site ( poor ,mora's h\se4 ,a dwell+ has re/$ on ! accurs$ site s9ce #ahjc4 ,x is surpris+ to f9d t n only does n ,ripamonti d5y ! guilt ( ! victims1 b n[ & aga9 he seems to h9t at its reality4 ,x has to be borne 9 m9d t 9 8 position z (ficial hi/oriograph] ( ,milan x 0 h>dly p]missible = him to express s5tim5ts oppos$ to popul> conviction & ! decisions ( ! c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,z late z #ahcb1 dur+ an epidemic ( *ol]a 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ! mo/ circum/antial /atem5ts ( miscreants putt+ poison 9 ! food & dr9k ( ! p 7 9 e m\?4 ,manzoni's ,colonna ,infame is a simple unadorn$ n>rative ( ! trial & execution ( ! two ,ano9t]s1 q diff]5t 9 lit]>y =m f 8 ,promessi ,sposi4 ,x is writt5 ) a def9ite purpose 9 view4 ,v]ri _h introduc$ ! /ory into 8 ,obs]vations on ,torture1 m]ely z an illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ! confession ( a crime1 bo? physically & morally impossible1 may be extract$ by torture4 ,manzoni retells ! tale1 9 ! int]e/ ( humanity at l>ge1 to %[ t no matt] h[ deep may h be5 ! belief 9 ! efficacy ( o9tm5ts1 & despite ! exi/5ce ( a legislature t c\nt5anc$ & approv$ torture1 x 0 compet5t to ! judges to convict !m1 only by rec\rse to artifices & exp$i5ts1 ( ! inju/ice ( :i* !y 7 p]fectly well aw>e4 ,manzoni's ,promessi ,sposi is a happy bl5d ( antiqu>ian rese>* & imag9ative description1 & ! incid5ts ( ! plague are dext]\sly wov5 into ! fabric ( 8 /ory4 ,manzoni wrote at a "t :5 lit]ature1 fre$ f ! trammels ( conv5tion1 0 be+ sl[ly br\ght into h>mony ) ! outlook ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,?\gh an ari/ocrat by bir?1 8 upbr++ _h taught him to reg>d life ) ! eyes ( ! peasant1 & n ) ^? ( 8 ov]lord4 ,9 8 g5ius = romance & 9 8 rev]5ce = ! pa/ ,manzoni has mu* 9 common ) ,scott1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ,scott sees ! social fabric f above1 ,manzoni f bel[4 ,to ,scott life 0 a pageant 9 :i* knights ( *ivalry & c\rtly dames %>$ all ! lead+ p>ts3 ,manzoni's /age is fill$ ) m5 /ruggl+ to be rid ( ! yoke ( feudal oppression4 ,! plague ( ,milan1 fall+ alike on ri* & poor1 af=d$ him ! text f :i* to prea* ! ess5tial equality ( all m54 ,8 :ole n>rative is s m\ld$ z to ?r[ into /rik+ contra/ ! vices ( ! ri* ) ! virtues ( ! poor4 ,! plague sc5es1 too1 give him scope = 8 rem>kable insight into ! psy*ology ( cr[ds1 & = 8 skill 9 m>%all+ m5 9 masses1 a gift 9 :i* he rivals ,t9toretto4 ,x is ! g5ius ( ,manzoni t he p]suades )\t prea*+4 ,! total mortality ( ?is pe/il5ce 9 ,milan has be5 e/imat$ r\ghly at #aej1jjj p]sons4 ,! ,sanit1 or ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 pr(it+ by ! lessons ( ! previ\s plague1 seem to h act$ ) s5se & en]gy1 ?\gh hamp]$ by ! ignorant ob/9acy ( ! ,s5ate1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,decurions1 & ! ,magi/rates1 :o 7 afraid ( driv+ away trade1 if ! pres5ce ( plague 7 admitt$4 ,"o /range rem$ial measure 0 ! organization ( an imm5se procession ?r\gh ! /reets 9 hon\r ( ,san ,c>lo4 ,dur+ ! procession all ! seque/]$ h\ses 7 fa/5$ up ) nails to prev5t ! infect$ inmates f jo9+ 9 x4 ,dea?s 7 s num]\s at ! height ( ! plague t ! burial-pits 7 fill$1 & bodies lay putrefy+ 9 ! h\ses & /reets4 ,! ,sanit s\ght ! help ( two prie/s1 :o und]took to dispose ( all ! corpses 9 f\r days4 ,) ! assi/ance ( peasants1 :om !y summon$ f ! c\ntry 9 ! "n ( religion1 ?ree imm5se pits 7 dug4 ,! ,sanit employ$ monatti to br+ out ! dead & c>t !m to ! pits1 & ! prie/s accompli%$ _! task )9 ! appo9t$ "t4 ,besides ! monatti !y appo9t$ app>itores1 or summon]s1 :o w5t 9 advance ( ! monatti r++ a bell to w>n ! p to br+ out _! dead4 ,commiss>i sup]vis$ bo? app>itores & monatti4 ,piazza 0 "o ( ^! ov]se]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! plagues ( ! sev5te5? c5tury h left beh9d !m v _m memorials bo? 9 lit]ature & 9 art3 among !m ! great plague ( ,milan is only "o ( _m4 ,s\!rn ,france 0 attack$ aga9 & aga91 & 9 #afdc plague rag$ fi]cely at ,lyons4 ,ov] ! portico ( ! *ur* ( ,notre-,dame de ,f\rvire1 :i* /&s high up on ! precipit\s hill t ov]hangs ! t[n1 is a frieze commemorat+ ?is plague4 ,9 ,italy1 city aft] city succumb$4 ,guido's picture1 #8,il ,pallione del ,voto1' rem9ds u t ,bologna suff]$ along ) ,milan4 ,v5ice suff]$ too1 & out ( h] ru9 rose ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia della ,salute4 ,flor5ce reta9s 9 ! ,b>gello a hide\s rem9isc5ce ( h] visitation 9 a wax repres5tation ( #8,pe/il5za' by ,zumbo ,gaetano ,giulio 7#afef-agja74 ,corpses are ly+ ab\t 9 v>i\s /ages ( decomposition3 among !m lies a dead "m beside h] infant *ild4 ,a man1 ^: no/rils are cov]$ ) a b&age1 attempts to c>ry away a corpse4 ,9 ! backgr\nd great bonfires are burn+4 ,! modell+ ( ! c>cases is anatomically exact1 b ! production z a :ole is utt]ly repulsive4 ,9 #afef ,naples assumes ! lead+ rle 9 ?is hide\s ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,soldi]s br\ght ! plague on a transport f ,s>d9ia4 ,at fir/ ! vic]oy attempt$ to disguise ! true "* ( ! disease4 ,! fir/ doctor :o d>$ to pron\nce ! sickness plague 0 promptly put 9 prison4 ,malcont5ts spread ! report t ! ,spani>ds _h design$ly introduc$ ! plague1 & 7 employ+ p to g ?r\gh ! city 9 disguise1 s[+ broadca/ poison$ du/4 ,! infuriat$ populace turn$ on ! ,spani% soldi]y1 :o s\ght safety by transf]r+ ! accusation to ! ,fr5*4 ,no?+ b blood w\ld satisfy ! mob1 & ,angelucci di ,tivoli1 reput$ au?or ( ! plague p[d]1 0 brok5 on ! :eel z a peace-(f]+ to _! bloodt-hir/y fury4 ,! ,spani>ds 7 accus$ also ( poison+ ! holy wat] 9 ! *ur*es by means ( ! deadly p[d]4 ,sup]/ition 0 rampant 9 e =m4 ,"o said t he _h be5 miracul\sly cur$ by dr9k+ holy wat] be=e an image ( ! ,virg94 ,ano!r saw a m>ble /atue ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,sev]o cov]$ ) sweat1 & ! faces ( bo? livid & m>k$ by ! plague4 ,a doctor1 ,francesco ,mosca1 :o pr9t$ a =mula = cur+ ! plague1 0 hon\rably entitl$ ,protom$ico4 ,a nun prophesi$ t ! build+ ( a conv5t on ! hill ( ,/4 ,m>t9 = h] si/]hood w\ld br+ to an end ! pe/il5ce4 ,! build+ 0 tak5 9 h& 9 eag] ha/e1 ri* & poor vy+ 9 bodily lab\r1 b 9 spite ( all _! ef=ts ! mortality grew apace4 ,by a /range p]v]sity ( reason+ p5it5tial processions p>ad$ bo? day & night ! v /reets 9 :i* prie/s1 9 t]ror ( ! contagion1 7 adm9i/]+ ! ,sacram5t on ! end ( a /ick4 ,! dea?-roll ( six mon?s 0 #djj1jjj lives4 ,v>i\s writ]s h describ$ ?is plague1 among !m ,muratori1 ,giannone1 & de ,r5zi 9 8 ,naples 9 ! ye> #afef1 publi%$ 9 #affg4 ,! ,papal ,nuncio 9 ,naples at ! "t ?\ght fit to write a pamphlet on x1 & ( mod]n writ]s ,%or?\se has made poor use ( x 9 8 ,john ,+lesant4 ,micco ,spad>a 7#afab-gi71 :o actually witness$ ?is plague1 has left a picture ( x1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,naples4 ,x repres5ts ! ,piazza ,m]catello1 a v]itable p&emonium ( dead & dy+4 ,monatti1 drawn f ! galley-slaves1 are dragg+ ! corpses ) hooks to c>ts 9 :i* to c>ry !m to ! burial-pits4 ,"h & !re s$an *airs are se54 ,^! 7 us$ to c>ry ! sick to ! laz>ettos4 ,at fir/ *air-be>]s 7 select$ f ! citiz5s :o volunte]$ = ! task1 b :5 all ^! 7 dead1 galley-slaves & convicts took _! place4 ,9 ! plague ( ,m>seilles 9 #agbj s$ans 7 put at ! disposal ( ! doctors1 #8= _! m easy conveyance ev]y:]e'1 by ord] ( ! ,t[n ,c\ncil4 ,!re 0 plague 9 ,rome z well z ,naples 9 #afef4 ,nicolas ,p\ss9 7#aeid-affe7 0 resid5t 9 ,rome1 & has left ! te/imony ( an eye-witness 9 8 picture1 #8,! ,plague ( ,rome1' n[ 9 ! ,cz]n9 ,collection at ,vi5na4 ,x is a l&scape ) ar*itectural features1 ( :i* ,d5io#agi gives ?is brief notice3 #8,two m5 are se5 dragg+ a corpse to ! m\? ( a vault1 ^: op5+ is already b>r$ by dead bodies4 ,a man1 envelop$ 9 a :ite mantle1 directs ! be>]s :]e to g3 by 8 side is a jackal-l dog4 ,on ! high plat=m ( ! receptacle we notice a gr\p ( six m54 ,brok5 columns take ! place ( ! half-se5 trees 9 o!r works1 :ile s>cophagi & tombs indicate a cemet]y4 ,beyond ! ar* /ret*es ! ,campagna4' ,p\ss9 has introduc$ into ! picture ! ,ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo1 m9dful1 no d\bt1 ( ! leg5d ( ,gregory's vision4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi ,,plague ,,( ,,naples1 #afef4 ,,by ,,micco ,,spad>a ,photograph by ,brogi1 ,flor5ce 7,face ,page #ahd7 ,! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia 9 ,campitelli at ,rome 0 rebuilt1 9 its pres5t =m1 9 #afei1 by ,c>lo ,ra9aldi1 to accommodate a miracul\s image ( ! ,virg91 to :i* ! cessation ( ! plague ( #afef 0 ascrib$4 ,! *ur* is sometimes call$ ,s4 ,m>ia 9 ,portico1 because ( ! neighb\r+ ,portico ( ,octavia4 ,! miracul\s ,madonna is plac$ n[ b5ea? ! canopy ov] ! high alt>4 ,x is /ill believ$ to protect ,rome f ! contagion ( pe/il5ce4 ,"h1 too1 came con/antly ! ,eld] ,pret5d] & 8 son ,h5ry1 :o took 8 ,c>d9al's title f ?is *ur*1 to (f] pray]s to ?is self-same image ( ! ,madonna1 = ! lib]ation ( ,engl& f ! plague ( ,prote/ant apo/asy4 ,to ?is end ,james in/itut$ 9 p]petuity an (fice ( pray]1 & orda9$ t e ,saturday ,mass %\ld be said at #aa ( ! morn+ be=e ! picture1 ) ! ,sacram5t expos$1 & t aft] recital ( ! pray]s a bless+ %\ld be giv5 along ) ! ,sacram5t4 ,?is c]emony has ev] s9ce be5 regul>ly p]=m$4 ,9 ! sacri/y is a fram$ engrav+ ( ! miracul\s ,madonna1 dat$ #agdg4 ,x is surr\nd$ by a s]ies ( small pictures1 "o ( :i* %[s ! appe>ance ( ! image to ,s4 ,galla 9 ! pontificate ( ,john ,i 7#ebc-f71 z %e m9i/]$ to ! wants ( twelve poor m5 9 h] h\se4 ,ano!r %[s ,pope ,john d$icat+ ! miracul\s picture 9 ! oratory ( ,s4 ,galla1 :i* 0 trans=m$ lat] into ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia 9 ,campitelli4 ,! rema9+ pictures repres5t sc5es 9 successive pontificates1 9 :i* ?is miracul\s ,madonna br\ght ab\t a cessation ( plague4 ,a brief explanation 9 ,lat9 is atta*$ to ea*4 ,! plague ( #afef occurr$ 9 ! pontificate ( ,alex&] ,,vii4 ,?is ,pope did mu* to atone = ! crav5 _s ( 8 papal pr$ecessors by 8 c\rage & devotion to 8 p ?r\gh\t ! epidemic4 ,x is surpris+ t no memorial has be5 erect$ to commemorate 8 s]vices4 ,two r>e contempor>y pr9ts repres5t sc5es 9 ! c\rse ( ?is visitation4 ,"o is figur$ by ,lanciani 9 8 ,gold5 ,days ( ! ,r5aissance3#ahj ! o!r is reproduc$ "h4#aha ,bo? 7 to be se5 9 ! ,m$ical ,exhibition 9 ! ,ca/el ,s4 ,angelo 9 ! spr+ ( #aiab4 ,lanciani's pr9t %[s ! foll[+ sc5es3 #a4 ,inspection ( ! city gates by ,pr9ce ,*igi4 #b4 ,b>ge-loads ( corpses f ! laz>etto on ! isl& ( ,s4 ,b>tolommeo4 #c-e4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( fight+ ! plague 9 infect$ di/ricts4 #f4 ,! #8,field ( ,dea?' ne> ,/4 ,paul-outside-!-,walls4 ,! second pr9t is ( ev5 great] int]e/ ?an ?is3 ! fir/ two r[s ( plates give "s idea ( ! "* ( ! laz>ettos1 & %[ h[ !y 7 gu>d$ by palisades & s5tries3 !y also %[ ! c>ts = transport ( ! sick att5d$ by arm$ soldi]s4 ,! dis9fection ( ! books & p]sonal ornam5ts ( ! sick1 a dead dog be+ dragg$ away to be ?r[n into ! riv]1 & a sick-c>t m>k$ ) a cross1 are o!r details ( int]e/4 ,! ?ird r[ indicates ! removal ( infect$ goods to places outside ! city1 :]e !y 7 ei!r wa%$ or cleans$2 places :]e o!r ?+s 7 deposit$2 a c\ntry resid5ce ( ! ,popes conv]t$ into a convalesc5t home2 & ! ru9$ palace ( ! ,anton9es1 :]e wooll5 goods 7 tak5 = dis9fection4 ,! f\r? r[ repres5ts *iefly wa%-h\ses & wa%+-places1 to :i* clo!s & b$d+ 7 remov$ = cleans+4 ,! fif? r[1 ! execution ( ^? :o transgress$ ! sanit>y regulations1 ! %oot+ ( sick crim9als1 & ! v>i\s measures tak5 to re/rict ! riv] traffic4 ,a cable is ?r[n across ! riv]1 & palisades are erect$ on ! %ores1 s z to break all contact betwe5 ! city & boats br++ 9 provisions4 ,! huts are %[n1 9 :i* soldi]s & (ficials 7 lodg$1 ^: duty x 0 to compel ob$i5ce to ! prescrib$ regulations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii ,,plague ,,sc5es ,,9 ,,rome1 #afef ,f an old engrav+ 7,face ,page #ahf7 ,,footnotes3 #agf ,translat$ 9 ,a ,trag$y ( ! ,great ,plague ( ,milan1 ,r4 ,flet*]1 ,m4,d4 #ahie4 #agg ,jo%ua vi4 #bf4 #agh ,deut]onomy xiii4 #ae-ah4 #agi ,nicolas ,p\ss91 p4 #acd4 #ahj p4 #hd4 #aha ,f an engrav+ 9 ! au?or's possession4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,! ,great ,plague ( ,london1 :i* rea*$ its height 9 #affe1 has left an abundant aft]ma? bo? 9 lit]ature & art4 ,! ma9 /ory ( its ravages is too well kn[n to call = repetition4 ,!re 7 /ill "s ready to see 9 ! plague1 z !y 7 9 ! case ( ! fire1 evid5ce ( ! h&iwork ( malevol5t ,jews4 ,s9ce _! expulsion f ,engl& by ,edw>d ,i1 ! ,jews _h nev] yet obta9$ ! legal "r ( re-entry1 _! op5 petition to ,cromwell hav+ fail$4 ,) ! re/oration ( ,*>les ,,ii to ! ?rone1 !y seem to h tak5 ! matt] into _! own h&s & f\nd _! way quietly back1 s t at ! "t ( ! plague !re 7 _m resid5t 9 ,london1 to ! great advantage ( trade & to ! relief ( an ev]-ne$y ,gov]nm5t4 ,b ?ree c5turies ( plague1 punctuat$ by fi]ce outbreaks at regul>ly recurr+ int]vals1 _h s]v$ to unravel mu* ( ! my/]y ( pe/il5ce1 & ! p _h le>nt t x 0 n to be exorcis$ by a holocau/ ( ,jews1 or by ! brutal murd] ( imag9>y poison]s4 ,cele/ial port5ts 7 n lack+ to presage ! plague4 ,a blaz+ comet appe>$ = sev]al mon?s be=e ! plague4 ,m5 affect$ to see1 9 its dull col\r & sl[ solemn movem5t1 a pr$iction ( ! heavy puni%m5t ( pe/il5ce2 :]eas t :i* prec$$ ! fire 0 swift & flam+ & =etold a rapid retribution4 ,sup]/ition rak$ up images afre% f ! scrap-heap ( disc>d$ fancies4 ,wom5 saw flam+ swords 9 ! heav5s1 "s ev5 saw angels br&i%+ !m ov] _! heads4 ,a/rolog]s _h /range tales ( malignant conjunctions ( ! planets4 ,m$ical op9ion 0 /ill divid$ along ! same l9es ( cleavage1 z x _h be5 = #b1jjj ye>s be=e4 ,!re 7 ^? :o ref]r$ ! disease to "s occult poison1 & ^? :o ref]r$ x to an excess ( "s manife/ quality1 su* z heat1 or cold1 or moi/ure1 9 ea* case corrupt+ ! body hum\rs4 ,speculation 0 rife z to ! nature ( ! causal poison4 ,"s1 z ,lucretius _h done1 conceiv$ x to be pe/if]\s corpuscles ( atomic "*1 outside ! range ( human vision1 g5]at$ ei!r 9 ! heav5s by a malignant conjunction ( planets1 or 9 ! soil1 & s (t5 lib]at$ by ! ag5cy ( e>?quakes4 ,^! poisons1 h[ev] g5]at$1 f\nd _! way into ! human body ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! di/emp]$ atmosph]e4 ,"s _h notic$ an unusual abs5ce ( birds be=e ! epidemic1 z ,?ucydides & ,livy _h done 9 _! times4 ,boyle obs]v$ a great dim9ution ( flies 9 #affe1 ,boghur/ a sup]abundance ( flies & ants 9 #affd4 ,sir ,george ,ent & o!rs attribut$ ! disease to m9ute invisible insects1 b ,blackmore conceiv$ ^! to be r a consequ5ce ?an a cause4 ,insects1 s-call$1 _h be5 vaguely associat$ ) pe/il5ce f remote antiquity1 m especially flies1 lice1 & locu/s2 b 9 ! m$ical lit]ature ( ! sixte5? c5tury & aft] !y are assign$ a mu* m def9ite role4 ,m]curialis#ahb /ates t huge numb]s ( cat]pill>s p>ad$ ! /reets ( ,v5ice dur+ ! plague ( #aegf4 ,gocl5us#ahc m5tions sw>ms ( spid]s dur+ ! plague ( ,hesse 9 #afab1 & ,hildanus sw>ms ( flies & cat]pill>s ?is same ye> 9 plague-/rick5 ,lausanne4 ,bacon speaks ( flies & locu/s1 z *>act]i/ic ( pe/il5tial ye>s1 & ,diem]broeck#ahd ( flies1 gnats1 butt]flies1 beetles1 gras%opp]s1 & hornets 9 ! same connexion4 ,gottwald#ahe report$ ! pres5ce ( multitudes ( spid]s dur+ ! plague ( ,dantzig 9 #agji4 ,arabian physicians consid]$ ! putrefaction ( sw>ms ( dead locu/s an important cause ( pe/il5ce4 ,hancock1#ahf z late z #ahba1 argu$ t locu/s caus$ fam9e by de/roy+ ! crops1 & s prep>$ ! way = human pe/il5ce4 ,talismans1 amulets1 reliqu>ies1 & all ! /ock-9-trade ( magic 7 9 brisk dem& among ! populace4 ,quack v5dors ( antipe/il5tial rem$ies innum]able effectively replac$ physicians1 mo/ ( :om took refuge 9 flight4 ,all hon\r to ^? :o /ood fa/ at _! po/s & reclaim$ = m$ic9e :at ,gal5 _h r5\nc$1 ! capta9cy ( its own s\l4 ,^! are ! m5 :o _h no fe> = #8! pe/il5ce t walke? 9 d>kness or ! arr[ t flie? by day'3 #a4 ,dr4 ,francis ,glisson ,presid5ts ( ! ,royal ,college #b4 ,sir ,?omas ,)]ley ( ,physicians4 #c4 ,dr4 ,ni*olas ,davys #d4 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,deantry #e4 ,dr4 ,?omas ,all5 #f4 ,sir ,john ,bab] #g4 ,dr4 ,pet] ,b>wick #h4 ,dr4 ,humphrey ,brooks ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,college #i4 ,dr4 ,alex&] ,burnett ( ,physicians4 #aj4 ,dr4 ,eli%a ,coy% #aa4 ,dr4 ,john ,glov] #ab4 ,dr4 ,na?aniel ,hodges #ac4 ,dr4 ,na?an ,paget #ad4 ,dr4 ,?omas ,:>ton #ae4 ,dr4 ,william ,cony]s ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians4 #af4 ,dr4 ,o',d[d #ag4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,peck #ah4 ,john ,fife #ai4 ,?omas ,gray ,memb]s ( ,b>b]-,surgeons' ,company4 #bj4 ,edw>d ,hannan #ba4 ,edw>d ,higgs ,& yet a few beside ^!1 ^: names are inscrib$ on no human docum5t1 b ^: de$s are impr9t$ 9 imp]i%able type on ! dea?less record ( righte\s human endeav\r4 ,na?aniel ,hodges#ahg %[s u some?+ ( ! daily life ( a physician 9 ! c\rse ( ?is plague4 ,he himself rose e>ly1 took 8 antipe/il5tial dose1 att5d$ to ! affairs ( 8 h\sehold1 & !n repair$ to 8 consult+ room1 :]e cr[ds await$ him4 ,"s1 :o 7 sick1 he treat$1 o!rs he reassur$ & s5t away4 ,breakfa/ foll[$1 !n visits to pati5ts at _! homes4 ,on ent]+ a h\se he w\ld vaporize "s aromatic dis9fectant on a *>coal brazi]3 if he arriv$ out ( brea?1 he w\ld re/ a :ile1 & !n place a loz5ge 9 8 m\?1 be=e proce$+ to ! exam9ation ( 8 pati5ts4 ,aft] a r\nd ( sev]al h\rs' duration1 he w\ld return home1 dr9k a glass ( sack1 & !n d9e on roa/ meat & pickles or "s simil> condim5ts1 all ( :i* 7 reput$ antidotal4 ,m w9e foll[$ ! prelim9>y curta9-rais]4 ,aft]noon & ev5+1 till eight or n9e o'clock1 7 devot$ to a second r\nd ( visits4 ,8 late h\rs he sp5t at home1 a /rang] to noxi\s fumes ( tobacco1 quaff+ sack1 to ensure *e]fulness & c]ta9ty ( sleep4 ,twice ! fatal infection seem$ to h slipp$ pa/ 8 outpo/s1 b ,hodges _h /ill 8 rem$y3 he m]ely d\bl$ ! dose4 ,( all ! lit]ature ( pe/il5ce none has be5 m widely read ?an ,defoe's ,j\rnal ( ! ,plague ,ye>3 all lat] records take _! col\r f ,defoe4 ,nev]!less1 a c>eful /udy & comp>ison ( o!r contempor>y acc\nts leaves little room = d\bt t ,defoe's picture does n accurately repres5t ! g5]al /ate ( ,london dur+ ! plague4 ,8 picture is f> m true ( ,m>seilles 9 #agbj ?an ( ,london 9 #affe1 & 9 ?is connexion "o %\ld rememb] t he _h s$ul\sly collect$ mat]ials = a di>y ( ! plague ( ,m>seilles1 :i* h be5 pr9t$ 9 "s editions ( 8 works4 ,^! c h>dly h fail$ to col\r 8 ,j\rnal1 :i* 0 n submitt$ to ! public till #agbb1 two ye>s aft] ! plague ( ,m>seilles4 ,defoe himself 0 b six ye>s old at ! "t ( ! plague1 s t 8 own *ildi% memories c h aid$ him b little 9 8 task4 ,he w h _h1 at mo/1 a dim recollection ( "s hide\s cata/rophe1 r\nd :i* rang$ tales ( p>5ts & fri5ds 9 8 boyhood4 ,to ^! he w h add$ facts & incid5ts borr[$ f ! *ief records available 9 pr9t4 ,intr9sic evid5ce goes to %[ t ^! 7 ?ree3 ,london's ,dreadful ,visitation1 ,hodges's ,loimologia1 & ,v9c5t's ,god's ,t]rible ,voice 9 ! ,city4 ,! fir/ ( ^! w h giv5 him ! ,bills ( ,mortality & o!r g5]al in=mation3 ! second1 ! aspect ( ! plague f a physician's po9t ( view3 ! ?ird1 a vision ( ! plague z x appeal$ to popul> imag9ation4 ,t ,defoe int5d$ to write hi/ory & n fiction1 !re is no reason to d\bt4 ,judg$ only by ! accuracy ( 8 facts x is hi/ory1 b x is 9 ! facts t he omits1 j because he _h nev] he>d ( !m1 t he unconsci\sly lapses into fiction4 ,comp>ison ( details & incid5ts ) ! unimpea*able record ( ,pepys confirms 8 accuracy1 b x %[s also t1 by sep>at+ incid5ts f _! surr\nd+s & by compress+ 8 description to ! exclusion ( all b select$ incid5ts1 ! picture1 z a :ole1 does n accurately repres5t ! aspect ( ! city1 z x 04 ,pepys1 :o 0 an actual eye-witness1 has not$ n only ! mo/ /rik+ ev5ts b ^? ( ev]yday commonplace int]e/1 s t 8 n>rative is f> m true to life4 ,defoe1 on ! o!r h&1 has remov$ 8 picture f its sett+4 ,pepys %[s u t1 ?\gh ! spectre ( plague 0 ev]y:]e1 ev]yday life w5t on1 ?\gh 9 subdu$ fa%ion4 ,defoe w\ld h u believe t all activity 0 p>alys$4 ,= all ?is1 h[ev]1 z "o reads ! ,j\rnal ! n>rative has su* an air ( v]isimilitude1 t "o in/9ctively pictures ! writ] z describ+ :at he has se5 ) 8 own eyes1 s p]fect is ! illusion4 ,mead1 inde$1 himself an au?ority on ! plague & s soon aft] ! ev5t1 believ$ t ! ,j\rnal 0 ! au!ntic record ( an eye-witness4 ,defoe's faculty ( visualiz+ :at he has n se5 is inf]ior only to ! vividness ) :i* he describes :at he has visualiz$4 ,:at is ! secret ( ?is vividness8 ,m ?an all else1 extreme simplicity ( language4 ,! simple /yle 0 ,defoe's natural /yle1 & = t reason 8 use ( x is flu5t & easy1 & kn[+ ?is he fitly puts 8 /ory into ! m\? ( a simple saddl]4 ,defoe wrote = a gr[+ class ( read]s ( a l[ly social ord]4 ,he is ! apo/le ( ! common p3 t is :y he imitates _! way ( speak+4 ,n only is 8 n>rative colloquial1 b x delib]ately affects ! language a saddl] w\ld use 9 recit+ to 8 intimates ! memories ( :at he _h liv$ ?r\gh4 ,!re is no /riv+ = dramatic effect1 no draw+ ( lurid pictures1 no lit]>y artifice1 b always ! same su/a9$ simplicity ( diction1 ev5 9 describ+ ! mo/ appall+ occurr5ces4 ,!re mu/ be no *ance ( miss+ ! smalle/ po9t1 s he ev5 does su* ?9k+ z is necess>y by runn+ comm5ts on 8 own /ory4 ,! educat$ read]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^! days1 :5 ev5 lit]ature is adm9i/]$ 9 tabloid =m1 mu/ ne$s be we>i$ by ! prolixity1 & irritat$ by ! r$undancy ( ! n>rative4 ,b aga9 x mu/ be plead$ 9 ext5uation t ^! v defects are delib]ate4 ,con/ant repetition1 z e tea*] kn[s1 soon] or lat] p5etrates ! d5se/ bra94 ,b ! ,j\rnal is some?+ m ?an a m]e *ronicle1 vivid en\gh at t1 ( :at happ5$1 & h[ m5 behav$1 dur+ ! plague4 ,defoe reg>ds ! plague z ! judgem5t ( ,god1 & ?is attitude imp>ts a /rong moral purpose to ! "w4 ,?is is :y he dwells s mu* on ! m5tal & moral effects ( ! cata/rophe1 inculcat+ 8 lesson )\t ! appe>ance ( undue insi/5ce4 ,pepys1 z we "k1 c\ld f9d he>t to make m]ry dur+ ! plague1 j z ,boccaccio depict$ 8 company ( ,flor5t9es3 to ,defoe ! m]e idea ( m]rim5t is revolt+4 ,pepys1 on ,new ,ye>'s ,eve1 z he look$ back ov] ! abom9ation ( desolation1 c\ld make ?is entry 9 8 ,di>y3 #8,decemb] #ca1 #affe4 ,i h nev] liv$ s m]rily 7besides t ,i nev] got s mu*7 z ,i h done ?is plague "t 444 & great /ore ( danc+s we h _h at my co/ 7:i* ,i am will+ to indulge myself & wife7 at my lodg+s4 ,! great evil ( ?is ye>1 & ! only "o inde$1 is ! fall ( my ,"l ( ,s&wi*1 ^: mi/ake ab\t ! prizes ha? undone him4' ,pepys 0 a /rang] to imag9ation3 8 pleasures & 8 griefs 7 ?+s ( ! surface & matt]s ( ! mom5t4 ,8 cre$ is egoi/ic h$onism 9 all its nak$ bruti%ness4 ,he is f> m conc]n$ ov] ! fire1 :]e !re is a *ance ( los+ 8 prop]ty1 ?an ov] ! plague :]e ! *ance is ( los+ 8 life4 ,8 ,new ,ye>'s ,eve retrospect is n ! only glimpse he gives u ( call\s indiff]5ce to ! horrors ( ! plague4 ,look at ,septemb] #cj1 #affe1 :5 ! fi]ce/ spell 0 only j pa/3 #8,s to sleep ) a good deal ( cont5t1 & sav+ only ?is night & a day or two ab\t ! same bus9ess a mon? or six weeks ago1 ,i d end ?is mon? ) ! greate/ cont5t1 & may say t ^! ?ree mon?s1 = joy1 heal?1 & pr(it1 h be5 mu* ! greate/ t ev] ,i receiv$ 9 all my life1 hav+ no?+ ^u me b ! consid]ation ( ! sickl9esse ( ! season dur+ ?is great plague to mortify mee4 ,= all :i* ! ,"l ,god be prais$6' ,x 0 n t ,pepys 0 unconsci\s ( ! t]rible sc5es ( suff]+ ar\nd him1 only t he 0 unmov$ by !m4 ,into "o %ort lett] to ,lady ,c>t>et1 at ! height ( ! plague1 he compresses all ! grim details t fill a volume = ,defoe4 ,hi/orians frequ5tly lay x d[n t ! fire ( ,london swept away ! plague4 ,z a fact x probably _h little to d ) its dep>ture4 ,sev]al ,engli% t[ns 7 z h>d hit z ,london1 & yet 9 ! abs5ce ( any conflagration subsid5ce & disappe>ance ( plague foll[$ ! same c\rse z 9 ,london4 ,at ,salonica1#ahh ab\t ,a4,d4 #aejj1 a fire :i* de/roy$ #h1jjj h\ses 0 actually foll[$ by an outbreak ( plague4 ,x 0 a common contempor>y belief t ! dep>ture ( plague f ,london 0 ha/5$ by ! com+ ( pit-coal into g5]al use1 s t ! atmosph]e 0 con/antly p]meat$ by sulphur\s fumes4 ,records 9 art ( ! ,great ,plague ( ,london1 ?\gh num]\s1 are mo/ly unimportant4 ,g5]ally arti/s h be5 cont5t to illu/rate its copi\s lit]ature4 ,9 #ahfc ,fr$]ic ,%ields comm5c$ an int5d$ s]ies ( illu/rations ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,defoe4 ,rusk9 lavi%$ great praise on ! woodcuts1 = _! imag9ative p[] & = ! sup]lative excell5ce ( ! design4 ,pro(s ( six ( ^! woodcuts 7 to be se5 at ! ,memorial ,exhibition ( ! works ( ,%ields 7,alp9e ,club1 ,septemb]-,octob] #aiaa74 ,! set ( six compris$ ! foll[+ sc5es3 #a4 ,! ,decision ( ,fai? ,a man is seat$ at a table1 on :i* lies a ,bill ( ,mortality1 ) 8 ,bible op5 be=e him4 ,he says to himself1 #8,well ,i "k n :at to d1 ,"l direct me4' ,8 f+] po9ts to ! answ] 9 ! op5 ,bible3 #8,because ?\ ha/ made ! ,"l1 :i* is my refuge1 ev5 ! mo/ ,high1 ?y habitation3 !re %all no evil befall !e1 nei!r %all any plague come nigh ?y dwell+4' #b4 ,! ,dea? ( ! ,fir/-born ,a y\? lies 9 convulsions on a b$1 :ile a woman kneels beside x4 ,9 ! backgr\nd are be>]s c>ry+ away a corpse3 bo? are smok+ pipes4 ,on ! gr\nd lies an h\r-glass4 #c4 ,solomon ,eagle w>n+ ! ,imp5it5t ,solomon ,eagle /&s ) a brazi] ( live coals on 8 head 9 a fi]ce prea*+ attitude be=e a gr\p ( lewd "y wom5 at an op5 w9d[4 #d4 ,! ,end ( a ,refugee ,a man ) a long hook$ pole is dragg+ a corpse along4 ,beside him /&s a grave-digg] ) spade1 dog1 & d9n]-basket4 #e4 ,! ,plague-,pit ,bodies are be+ %ot f a c>t into a pit by ! light ( a tor*1 :i* a man is hold+4 #f4 ,escape ( an ,imprison$ ,family ,! door ( a h\se has be5 hack$ d[n1 & is ly+ on a dead body4 ,george ,cruick%ank contribut$ f\r plates to ,brayley's edition ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,plague ,ye>4 ,?ree ( !m1 ! #8,dead ,c>t'1 ! #8,great ,pit 9 ,aldgate'1 & #8,solomon ,eagle' are vivid & p[]ful2 ! f\r?1 #8,! ,wat]-man's ,wife'1 feeble & commonplace4 ,! prea*+ ( ,solomon ,eagle is ! subject ( a picture by ,p4 ,f4 ,poole1 ,r4,a41 9 ! ,mapp9 ,gall]y at ,%effield4 ,! sc5e depict$ is tak5 f ,h>rison ,a9swor?'s novel ,old ,sa9t ,paul's4 ,x %[s ,solomon ,eagle1 ) ! brazi] ( live coals on 8 head1 nude b = a lo9-clo?2 & disc\rs+ to ! t]rifi$ citiz5s outside old ,/ ,paul's ,ca!dral1 dur+ ! plague4 ,all ar\nd are /rewn bodies ( dead & dy+3 a h\se displays ! damn+ r$ cross & ! words #8,"l h m]cy ^u u'4 ,9 ! backgr\nd be>]s are c>ry+ away a corpse to burial4 ,an incid5t1 t ,pepys describes 9 8 ,di>y "u ,septemb] #c1 #affe1 z foll[s1 is repres5t$ 9 a mod]n picture by ,miss ,flor5ce ,reason4 #8,among o!r /ories1 "o 0 v passionate1 me?\ght1 ( a compla9t br\ght aga9/ a man 9 ! t[ne = tak+ a *ild f ,london f an infect$ h\se4 ,ald]man ,hook] told u x 0 ! *ild ( a v able citiz5 9 ,graci\s ,/reet1 a saddl]1 :o _h buri$ all ! re/ ( 8 *ildr5 ( ! plague1 & himself & 8 wife n[ be+ %ut up & 9 despair ( escap+1 did desire only to save ! life ( ?is little *ild3 & s prevail$ to h x receiv$ />k-nak$ into ! arms ( a fri5d1 :o br\ght x 7hav+ put x into new fre% clo!s7 to ,gre5wi*2 :]e1 ^u he>+ ! /ory1 we did agree x %\ld be p]mitt$ to be receiv$ & kept 9 ! t[ne4' ,9 #afgi a t]rible epidemic ( plague broke out 9 ,vi5na1 !n an opul5t city1 ) a population ( "s #baj1jjj1 & ! seat ( ,leopold1 ! ,holy ,roman ,emp]or4 ,our *ief k ( ! visitation is d]iv$ f ,sorbait 7,consilium m$icum od] freundli*es ,gespr*71 ,abraham a ,/4 ,cl>a 7,m]k's ,wi571 & ,fuhrmann 7,alt- und ,neu-,wi574 ,! disease 0 prec$$ by an epidemic ( ! #8,hot ,sickness'1 7,hitzige ,krankheit71 :i* 0 v fatal4 ,bubonic plague foll[$ 9 its wake & ,vi5na pres5t$ ! spectacle ( "o huge laz>etto = ! sick1 "o gigantic plague-pit = ! dead4 ,convicts1 z at ,naples1 7 employ$ bo? to nurse ! sick & bury ! dead4 ,clo?+1 furniture1 & b$d+ lay litt]$ 9 ! /reets mix$ ) ! dead & dy+4 ,:5 c>ts fail$1 ! bodies 7 ?r[n into ! ,danube4 ,a ,plague ,committee /rove 9 va9 to %ut up all infect$ h\ses & segregate ! inmates 9 laz>ettos & /ations ( qu>ant9e4 ,dea? by public hang+ 0 ! p5alty ( disob$i5ce4 ,"s ( ! royal pr9ces1 & =emo/ among !m ,pr9ce ,f]d9& ( ,s*w>tz5burg1 toge!r ) _m ( ! nobility1 devot$ !mselves c\rage\sly to fight+ ! plague1 und]tak+ ev5 ! mo/ m5ial duties4 ,b _m ( ! citiz5s & ! ,emp]or himself fl$4 ,leopold conceiv$ 8 obligations to 8 p dis*>g$ by a pilgrimage to ,m>ia-,zell to pray = cessation ( ! plague4 ,!n he mov$ 8 c\rt to ,prague1 :5ce plague drove him to ,l9z4 ,dur+ ! plague ! ,vi5nese set up a wood5 column1 to :i* frequ5t processions 7 made1 obs]v+ ! anci5t ritual ( ! ,flagellants4 ,at ! end ( ! plague ,leopold made a v[ at ,/4 ,/ephan's to replace x by a m>ble column1 :i* 0 duly erect$ 9 ! ,grab5 betwe5 #afhg-ic4 ,an incid5t ( ?is plague1 ! /ory ( ! /reet-s+] ,augu/91 :o 0 ?r[n alive1 b drunk1 into ! plague-pit1 b escap$ none ! worse = 8 exp]i5ce1 recalls ! l occurr5ce 9 ,defoe4 ,! man is said to h compos$ ! famili> #8,o du lieb] ,augu/9' 9 a be]-h\se on ! v night he 0 ?r[n into ! plague-pit4 ,amulets ( v>i\s k9ds 7 ext5sively employ$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ,s\? ,g]many a common =m 0 ! s-call$ ,pe/ ,p5ny4 ,^! _h on "o face1 z a rule1 ! figure ( ,/4 ,b5$ict or ,/4 ,za*>ias1 & on ! rev]se "s =mula ( exorcism4 ,vi5na#ahi fell a victim to outbreak aft] outbreak ( plague1 b ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! visitation ( #afgi enabl$ ! au?orities to /amp out ! infection 9 #afia & #agji1 be=e x _h gr[n out ( h&4 ,b 9 #agac all prev5tive measures fail$ to *eck its spread4 ,!n1 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 processions & litanies 7 organiz$ to ! plague column4 ,! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,vi rema9$ 9 ,vi5na1 & pron\nc$ a solemn v[ 9 ,/4 ,/ephan's1 t if ! plague ceas$ he w\ld erect a *ur* z a ?ank-(f]+4 ,su* 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,k>lskir*e4 ,?is *ur* is a ri* squ>e edifice ) a huge dome4 ,x is ! *ef-d'uvre ( ,j4 ,b4 ,fis*] von ,erla*1 comm5c$ 9 #agae4 ,! ravages ( ! plague are portray$ 9 relief1 by ,/anetti1 9 ! tympanum4 ,flank+ ! portico are two dom$ belfries1 resembl+ ,trajan's column1 #ajh feet high1 ) reliefs f ! life ( ,s4 ,c>lo ,borromeo by ,mad] & ,s*lett]4 ,9 ,m>* #agad1 :5 ! plague di$ out aft] a total mortality ( #abj1jjj1 a ?anksgiv+ ,te ,deum 0 sung 9 ,/4 ,/ephan's1 at :i* ! emp]or 0 pres5t4 ,two s]ies ( memorial co9s 7 /ruck1 ! "o %[+ ! votive column1 ! o!r ! *ur* d$icat$ to ,s4 ,c>lo ,borromeo4 ,! ,plague ,regulations1 publi%$ 9 sep>ate =m at ,vi5na at ! "t ( ?is epidemic1 give a good idea ( curr5t popul> op9ion z to ! nature ( plague4 ,!re 0 no lack ( adh]5ts = ea* belief ( e prec$+ p]iod4 ,!re 7 ^? :o reg>d$ x z a signal evid5ce ( ,god's displeasure4 ,!re 7 ^? :o attribut$ x to poison 9 ! air or food1 g5]at$ 9 ! />s & spread by ! malice ( grave-digg]s = _! own purposes4 ,ev5 ! ,jews 7 incrim9at$4 ,!re 7 ^? :o read its orig9 9 ! conjunction ( c]ta9 />s4 ,o!rs ascrib$ x to fam9es1 to poison\s fumes set free by e>?quakes1 to comets1 & ev5 to dry seasons ?r\gh ! multiplication ( insects4 ,come h[ x might1 cl\ds tak+ ! =m ( bi]s & fun]al processions1 noises 9 *ur*y>ds1 & dre>y s\nds 9 ! air =etold its com+4 ,on infect$ bodies ! virus 0 (t5 visible z blue sulphur\s fumes4 ,!re 7 cle>ly also "s :o conceiv$ a natural orig94 ,a doctor1 nam$ ,gregorovius1 dissect$ ?ree dead bodies 9 se>* ( ! cause1 b fail$ to f9d x4 ,8 intrepid zeal 0 duly rew>d$ by ! ,emp]or & by ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,vi5na4 ,con=mably ) ! v>y+ conceptions ( cause1 rem$ies 7 v>i$ & multif>i\s4 ,"s p9n$ _! fai? to a dev\t life1 aid$ by processions & p5it5tial s]mons4 ,"s lit fires to cleanse ! air1 at times add+ sulphur4 ,a ho/ ( h]bs1 *ief among !m ,angelica1 enjoy$ repute z antipe/il5tial rem$ies4 ,! simple life appeal$ to "s1 purgatives & blood-lett+ to o!rs4 ,b side by side ) ?is ill-assort$ m$ley ( measures1 a code ( sanit>y precautions _h sl[ly gr[n up4 ,e>ly notification by ! doctors1 qu>ant9e ( suspects & segregation ( ! sick1 cleanl9ess & dis9fection 7 all recomm5d$ & s$ul\sly execut$1 & suppli$ 9 embryo ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( mod]n sanit>y sci5ce4 ,doctors 7 enjo9$ to keep sob]1 to fumigate !mselves1 & to we> silk or taffetas1 to :i* ! virus w\ld n cl+4 ,we h arriv$ inde$ at ! p>t+ ( ! ways1 & h5ce=? ! /ream ( m$ical sci5ce1 pollut$ less & less by ! surface wat]s ( sup]/ition1 fl[s on cle> & full 9 its appo9t$ *annel4 ,! sun ( sci5ce em]ges at l5g? f its protract$ w9t] sol/ice4 ,,footnotes3 #ahb ,de ,pe/e4 #ahc ,de ,pe/e4 #ahd ,de ,pe/e4 #ahe ,reports to ,royal ,society4 #ahf ,rese>*es into ! ,laws & ,ph5om5a ( ,pe/il5ce4 #ahg ,loimologia1 & ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog4 #ahh ,rabbi ,jo%ua1 ii4 #djc4 #ahi ,krafft-,eb+1 ,ges*i*te d] ,pe/ 9 ,wi54 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,9 ! ye> #agbj plague f\nd its way to ,m>seilles4 ,x 0 believ$ to h be5 br\ght by a %ip1 ! ,gr&-,sa9t-,anto9e1 :i* arriv$ on ,may #be f ! ,levant4 ,z usual1 ! attempt 0 made to hu% x up = ! sake ( trade4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/ some?+ _h to be done1 s on ! advice ( two physicians1 ,sic>d1 fa!r & son1 x 0 decid$ to light bonfires ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,= lack ( firewood ?is 0 n done1 b also = lack ( fai?1 = x 0 f\nd t despite _! vaunt$ specific1 ! ,sic>ds _h fl$ ! city4 ,s sulphur 0 s]v$ out to ! poor in/ead1 :]e) to #8p]fume' _! h\ses4 ,z e>ly z ,augu/ #b ! ,t[n ,c\ncil f\nd x necess>y to adopt special measures to keep physicians & surgeons to _! task4 ,accord+ly1 !y decid$ t ! city %\ld pay !m a fix$ sal>y 9 place ( fees f ! sick1 & all[ !m smocks ( oil$ clo?1 & s$an *airs to c>ry !m on _! r\nds4 ,!re are sev]al illu/rations extant ( ! dress adopt$ by doctors 9 ! plague ( ,m>seilles4 ,! same dress1 ) trifl+ v>iations1 0 worn else:]e 9 ,france1 9 ,switz]l&1 & 9 ,g]many1 & _h orig9at$ 9 ,italy4 ,x is %[n 9 an old ,v5etian woodcut ( ,a4,d4 #adic1 f ! works ( ,joannes de ,ke?am 7,fasciculus ,m$ic9ae1 #adic74 ,?is woodcut %[s a physician 9 a long ov]all1 b we>+ only a skull-cap on 8 head1 visit+ a plague pati5t 9 b$4 ,he is accompani$ by att5dants :o c>ry light$ tor*es1 :ile he himself holds a m$icat$ sponge be=e 8 m\? & nose1 z he feels ! pulse4 ,grillot figur$ ! dress z ! frontispiece ( 8 ,lyon afflig de la pe/e #afbi1 & ,manget#aij has borr[$ x f him4 ,f 8 description x w\ld seem t ! mantle1 bree*es1 %irt1 boots1 gloves1 & hat 7 all ( morocco lea!r4 ,! beak atta*$ to ! mask 0 fill$ ) aromatics1 ov] :i* ! air pass$ 9 respiration1 & _h an ap]ture = ea* eye1 fitt$ ) a disk ( cry/al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii1 #a4 ,,dress ,,( ,a ,,m>seilles ,,doctor1 #agbj ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii1 #b4 ,,g]man ,,c>icature ,,( ,,! ,,same 7,face ,page #bjj7 ,m4 ,reb]#aia describes an engrav+ by ,john ,mel*ior ,fuessl91 repres5t+ a doctor 9 ! plague ( ,m>seilles4 ,! leg5d b5ea? x1 9 ,g]man1 is 7translat$7 #8,sket* ( a ,cordovan-lea!r-clad doctor ( ,m>seilles1 hav+ also a nose-case fill$ ) smok+ mat]ial to keep (f ! plague4 ,) ! w& he is to feel ! pulse4' ,reb]'s & ,manget's plates are bo? reproduc$ 9 ! ,bri/ol ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,j\rnal1 ,m>* #ahih1 f ! ,janus blocks4 ,gaff>el#aib gives ! co/umes bo? ( a doctor & ( a hospital att5dant3 !y closely resemble ! dress ( ! ,italian *>itable guilds ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,by ,augu/ #i "s ( ! physicians & almo/ all ! ma/]-surgeons _h fl$1 & an ord9ance 0 issu$ dem&+ _! return1 or 9 default _! expulsion f _! respective corporations1 & o!r special p5alties z well4 ,two physicians nam$ ,gayon volunte]$ _! s]vices = ! ,hpital des ,convalesc5ts1 b =?) paid ! p5alty ) _! lives4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( suffici5t physicians 9 ,m>seilles1 o!rs 7 summon$ f ,montpelli]1 ,p>is1 & else:]e4 ,^! exhau/$ _! en]gies 9 a dispute ov] ! contagi\s "* ( plague4 ,*icoyneau & ,*irac ma9ta9$ t x 0 n contagi\s4 ,deidi] prov$1 by successfully inoculat+ dogs ) bile tak5 f plague subjects1 t at any rate x 0 communicable4 ,ea* subsequ5tly exp\nd$ 8 views 9 a =mal disc\rse be=e ! ,s*ool ( ,montpelli]4 ,exi/+ hospital accommodation 0 q unequal to ! ne$s4 ,em]g5cy t5ts 7 erect$ outside ! t[n1 ) mattresses = ! sick4 ,*evali] ,rose equipp$ & ma9ta9$ a hospital 9 ! di/rict entru/$ to him1 at 8 own exp5se4 ,a l>ge tempor>y hospital ( timb] cov]$ ) sail-clo? 0 hurri$ly erect$1 b :5 almo/ f9i%$ t[>ds ! end ( ,septemb] x 0 bl[n d[n by a gale1 & 0 n rebuilt till ,octob] #d4 ,?is hospital1 toge!r ) ! ,hpital ,gnral de la ,*>it ( #hjj b$s1 provid$ ultimately suffici5t accommodation1 s t none ne$ rema9 9 ! /reets4 ,f ! fir/ ! mortality 0 su* t x 0 wellnigh impossible to bury ! dead4 ,on ,augu/ #h ! ,assembly resolv$ t c>ts %\ld be us$ to c>ry ! dead to burial1 & t pits %\ld be dug 9 :i* ! bodies c\ld be buri$ 9 lime4 ,s two huge pits 7 dug outside ! walls1 betwe5 ! gate ( ,aix & t ( ,joliette1 ,m4 ,m\/i] ov]see+ ! digg]s & compell+ !m to "w4 ,*evali] ,rose also _h pits dug & organiz$ a corps ( buri]s 9 8 own di/rict4 ,! duties ( burial 7 at fir/ entru/$ to /urdy begg>s1 b 9 a brief space ( "t ! supply ( ^! fail$1 s t bodies began to accumulate 9 ! h\ses & /reets4 ,!n convicts 7 requisition$ 9 relays f "t to "t4 ,^! convicts 7 promis$ _! lib]ty1 to excite !m to "w--a promise t 0 nev] fulfill$ 9 ! case ( ! few :o surviv$ ! task4 ,_! ignorance ( ! managem5t ( c>ts & horses1 _! idl5ess & lu/ ( robb]y r5d]$ !m s unfit = ! task1 t ,m\/i] & ! o!r %]iffs & ,*evali] ,rose 7 compell$ to be always pres5t on horseback1 to sup]9t5d ! "w4 ,by ,augu/ #ba corpses _h already begun to accumulate 9 old p>ts ( ! city1 :]e ! /reets 7 too n>r[ & /eep = ! c>ts to g4 ,accord+ly1 an ord] 0 issu$ t ! vaults ( ! *ur*es 9 ! upp] t[n %\ld be us$ = burials 9 quicklime1 & t1 :5 full1 !y %\ld be seal$ up ) cem5t4 ,by ! end ( ,augu/ ! /reets 7 lit]ally /rewn ) dead bodies1 "s 9 an advanc$ /age ( putrefaction1 m+l$ ) cats & dogs t _h be5 kill$1 & b$d+ ?r[n out f ! h\ses4 ,! squ>e 9 front ( ! build+ call$ ! ,loge1 z also ! ,palissadoes ( ! port1 7 fill$ ) bodies br\ght a%ore f %ips 9 ! road/ead1 to :i* :ole families _h fl$ 9 ! belief t plague w\ld n rea* !m on ! wat]4 ,by ,septemb] #f m ?an #b1jjj dead bodies 7 ly+ 9 ! /reets1 exclusive ( ^? 9 ! h\ses4 ,on ! esplanade call$ ,la ,t\rette1 ly+ t[>ds ! sea betwe5 ! h\ses & ! ramp>t1 #a1jjj corpses _h la9 rott+ = weeks 9 ! sun & emitt+ a frightful /5*4 ,!y 7 too rott5 ev5 to be lift$ into c>ts1 & too f\l to be c>ri$ to di/ant pits4 ,*evali] ,rose1 m9dful maybe ( ,procopius1 conceiv$ ! idea ( ?r[+ !m into two huge vaults 9 ! old ba/ions close to ! esplanade1 aft] break+ 9 _! ro(s4 ,! task 0 c>ri$ out 9 fi]ce ha/e by #ajj galley-slaves1 :o ti$ h&k]*iefs dipp$ 9 v9eg> ov] _! m\?s & noses4 ,at ! same "t fi%]m5 nett$ #aj1jjj dead dogs float+ 9 ! port & t[$ !m out to sea4 ,9 ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,f]riol1 ! f9e/ qu>t] ( ! city1 ,mi*el ,s]re ! pa9t] und]took to see to ! burial ( ! dead1 ) c>ts & galley-slaves plac$ at 8 disposal1 himself provid+ food & lodg+ = ! work]s4 ,a grateful city has repaid him by hang+ 8 two l>ge pictures ( ,m>seilles dur+ ! plague close b5ea? ! ceil+ ( an und]gr\nd cell>1 :]e x is impossible to deciph] _! details4 ,:5 all ! bodies 7 dispos$ (1 ! %]iffs employ$ ! galley-slaves to cle> ! fil? f ! /reets & ?r[ x into b>ges1 :i* c>ri$ x out to sea4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! epidemic1 ! %]iffs _h =bidd5 ! annual procession on ,augu/ #af1 9 hon\r ( ,/4 ,ro*1 at :i* ! sa9t's bu/ & relics 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! /reets2 b ! p rais$ su* an outcry t ! procession 0 celebrat$1 ! %]iffs att5d+ ) _! halb]di]s to prev5t a cr[d foll[+4 ,by ,septemb] #g ev5 ! civil au?orities _h come to reg>d ! plague z an in/rum5t ( ,god's wra?1 & ! magi/rates1 to appease x1 v[$ t e ye> ! city %\ld give #b1jjj livres to a ,h\se ( ,*>ity1 to be e/abli%$ "u ! protection ( our ,lady ( ,good ,help1 = orphans ( ! prov9ce4 ,at ! height ( ! plague _m p>i% prie/s & "s ( ! monks fl$3 ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* 7 mo/ly susp5d$4 ,b _m secul> cl]gy & monks rema9$ & devot$ !mselves unfl9*+ly to ! sick4 ,! bi%op1 ,belsunce1 nobly play$ 8 "p4 ,:]ev] ! poore/ lay1 !re he w5t confess+1 consol+1 & exhort+ !m to pati5ce4 ,to ! dy+ he c>ri$ ! ,sacram5t1 to ! de/itute ! :ole ( 8 money 9 alms4 ,?\gh plague invad$ 8 palace & c>ri$ (f ^? ab\t him1 x sp>$ him4 ,x is ( him t ,pope#aic asks1 ,:y drew ,m>seilles' good ,bi%op pur] brea? ,:5 nature sick5$1 & ea* gale 0 dea?8 ,on ,all ,sa9ts' ,day1 ,belsunce head$ a procession ?r\gh ! /reets f 8 palace1 walk+ b>efoot1 z ,borromeo ( old1 ) a halt] ab\t 8 neck1 & c>ry+ ! cross 9 8 arms4 ,he wi%$ to appe> among 8 p z a scapegoat lad5 ) _! s9s1 & z a victim de/9$ to expiate !m4 ,accompani$ by ! prie/s & canons ( ! ,*ur* he l$ ! way to a place :]e an alt> _h be5 erect$4 ,!re1 aft] exhort+ ! p to rep5tance1 he celebrat$ ,mass be=e !m all4 ,!n he solemnly consecrat$ ! city to ! ,sacr$ ,he>t ( ,jesus1 9 hon\r ( :i* he _h in/itut$ a ye>ly fe/ival4 ,! te>s c\rs+ d[n 8 face z he spoke mov$ all to cry al\d to ! ,"l = m]cy4 ,on ,novemb] #af ,belsunce 0 embold5$ to exorcise ! wan+ plague4 ,call+ toge!r all t rema9$ ( ! cl]gy to ! *ur* ( ,ac\lles1 he read all ! pray]s t ! ,pope _h prescrib$ = deliv]ance f plague4 ,!n aft] an eloqu5t & mov+ exhortation he c>ri$ up ! ,holy ,sacram5t to ! ca!dral's ro(1 & !re1 "u ! op5 sky1 ) all ! city ly+ be=e him1 utt]$ a solemn b5$iction1 & p]=m$ ! full ritual ( exorcism accord+ to ! =ms ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,belsunce 0 n ! fir/ human scapegoat to tread ! /reets ( ,m>seilles 9 volunt>y expiation = its p4 ,9 times ( pe/il5ce1 9 ! old ,greek colony ( ,massilia1 "o ( ! l[] ord]s (f]$ himself on behalf ( 8 fell[ citiz5s4 ,dress$ 9 sacr$ g>m5ts & deck$ ) sacr$ b\ghs he 0 l$ ?r\gh ! /reets1 amid ! pray]s ( ! p t _! ills might fall on him1 & !n ca/ out ( ! city4 ,!re /&s ?is day on a l(ty cre/ ( l& 9 ! op5 squ>e1 "r 9 front ( ! episcopal palace ( ,m>seilles1 a /atue ( ,belsunce 9 bronze1 by ,ramus4 ,! /one p$e/al be>s a commemorative inscription & two reliefs 9 bronze4 ,9 "o1 ,m>seilles 9 woman's =m is ly+ among h] /rick5 *ildr51 :ile ,belsunce & 8 att5dant prie/s implore ! ,sacr$ ,he>t to /ay ! plague4 ,9 ! o!r1 ,belsunce be>s ! ,sacram5t to sick & dy+4 ,! /atue ( ,belsunce1 clad 9 full episcopal robes1 /&s ) face rais$ & arms out/ret*$ to heav51 9 attitude ( e>ne/ supplication4 ,be=e him ,nature has set a l&scape ( surpass+ beauty3 sea1 e>?1 & sky give freely ( _! be/4 ,f> d[n bel[ a polyglot p move hi!r & ?i!r ar\nd ! h>b\r quays1 l ants1 at _! appo9t$ tasks4 ,beyond x spreads a mat*less expanse ( ,m$it]ranean sea1 n[ smoo? & silv]y z a mirror1 n[ fretful ) ! ris+ tide4 ,away ov] ! sea & ov] ! l[ l& t b\nds ! bay1 ! ev5+ sun lights up ! face ( ,belsunce ) a la/ l+]+ radiance1 z x goes d[n to its sett+ 9 a glory ( gold5 hues4 ,if man's grav5 image may enjoy ! p]fect happ9ess d5i$ to man1 !n surely ,belsunce has 8 rew>d4 ,m>seilles is ri* 9 rem9isc5ce ( h] bi%op4 ,9 ! ,bureau d',int5dance ,sanitaire hangs a pleas+ portrait ( ,belsunce by ,gob]t2 :ile 9 ! ,muse may be se5 a poor picture1 by ,mansian1 ( him giv+ ! ,sacram5t to ! victims ( ! plague4 ,franois ,gr>d 7#aggj-ahcg7 pres5t$ 8 #8,pe/e de ,m>seille' to ! ,bureau d',int5dance ,sanitaire1 :]e n[ x hangs4 ,! wan dismal col\r+ ( ! picture accords ill ) ! /rik+ vig\r ( ! composition4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is set =? ! :ole trag$y ( a family /rick5 ) plague4 ,on ! gr\nd lies ! fa!r wri?+ ) agony3 8 h&s are cl5*$1 8 eyes are />t+ f _! sockets3 ! dress+ 9 ! "r armpit indicates "o site ( ! disease4 ,! "m1 seat$ on a *e/1 clasps to h] body h] eld] boy1 wrapp$ 9 a blanket1 too weak to /&3 ! y\ng] *ild leans aga9/ 8 "m1 8 eyes fix$ 9 t]ror on 8 dy+ fa!r4 ,angui% is depict$ 9 ! dea?-l pallor ( ! "m's face4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ,belsunce 9 full robes di/ributes to ! sick & />v+ poor ! bread :i* an att5dant is c>ry+4 ,to ! left ( ! =egr\nd bodies ( ! dead are ly+ huddl$ up b5ea? an awn+1 :ile to ! "r convicts are dragg+ corpses away = burial4 ,! sublime s]5ity ( ! good bi%op seems to br+ to 8 /rick5 p 9 _! angui% "s promise ( t peace :i* passe? all und]/&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix 7,face ,page #bjf7 ,,pe/e ,,de ,,m>seille4 ,,by ,,fran,,ois ,g,,r>d ,photograph by ,giraudon1 ,p>is ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx ,,la ,,pe/e ,,dans ,,la ,,ville ,,de ,,m>seille ,,en #agbj ,by ,j4 ,f4 de ,troy 7,face ,page #bjg7 ,j4 ,f4 de ,troy ! y\ng] 7#afgi-ageb71 himself an eye-witness ( ?is plague1 pa9t$ a ma/]ly picture1 :i* is n[ 9 ! city ,muse4 ,x 0 execut$ = ,*evali] ,rose 9 #agbb4 ,x depicts him seat$ on a :ite horse calmly direct+ ! "w ( ! convicts1 :o h be5 assign$ to him1 z !y cle> ! esplanade ( ,la ,t\rette ( ! accumulation ( decompos+ corpses4 ,! %]iffs1 also on horseback1 aid ! ,*evali] 9 8 task4 ,! gr\nd is /rewn ) corpses1 :i* ! convicts seize & hurl into ! gap+ m\?s ( ! op5 vaults 9 ! ba/ions4 ,!y "w 9 furi\s ha/e1 impell$ by ! f\l od\r ( ! bodies & ! k ( ! haz>d ( _! task4 ,f]ocity is depict$ 9 _! faces1 ha/e 9 all ! movem5ts ( _! bodies4 ,! :ole sc5e is full ( life & movem5t & _s4 ,9 ! sky hov] angels %ak+ flam+ tor*es4 ,! col\r+ has be5 manag$ ) wond]ful effect to convey ! feel+ t sky & e>? alike are fill$ ) a poison\s & sickly miasma4 ,9 ano!r picture 9 ! ,sant at ,m>seilles ,gur9 has treat$ ! same subject 9 a dull conv5tional mann]4 ,*evali] ,rose1 be>+ ! dead body ( a woman1 fills ! c5tre ( ! picture4 ,beh9d him a ludicr\s boy is hold+ a :ite horse ) "o h&1 & 8 nose ) ! o!r1 & is be/[+ on 8 nose a t5aci\s grip t w\ld h be5 m appropriately be/[$ on ! horse4 ,convicts are dragg+ away ! dead bodies t litt] ! gr\nd4 ,! two l>ge pictures by ,mi*el ,s]re are ( int]e/ r z pictorial records ( old ,m>seilles1 ?an z contributions to ! arti/ic pres5tation ( plague4 ,"o repres5ts ! ,c\rs de ,m>seille1 n[ kn[n z ! ,c\rs ,belsunce1 dur+ ! plague4 ,x is a h&some b\lev>d bord]$ on ei!r side by trees1 b5ea? :i* are se5 t5ts ha/ily erect$ z tempor>y dwell+s by ^? :o h fl$ f _! plague-contam9at$ dwell+s to ! %elt] ( ! /reets4 ,dea? & disease h foll[$ !m & are rampant on e side4 ,buri]s are se5 collect+ ! dead & c>ry+ !m (f 9 c>ts4 ,?is picture has be5 engrav$ by ,rigaud1 & is figur$ 9 ,cr[le's ,illu/rat$ ,p5nant's ,london1 vol4 x1 p4 #ic2 also 9 ,gaff>el's ,la ,pe/e de #agbj1 p4 #cjd4 ,! o!r picture by ,s]re %[s ! op5 space 9 front ( ! ,htel de ,ville toge!r ) "p ( ! port ( ,m>seilles4 ,! sc5es resemble ^? ( 8 o!r picture1 & we are rem9d$ also t _m took refuge 9 boats & an*or$ (f ! h>b\r1 9 ! va9 belief t plague c\ld n rea* !m !re4 ,! space be=e ! ,t[n ,hall became "o heap ( decompos+ bodies t 7 l&$ f ! boats or _h drift$ a%ore f ! wat]s ( ! h>b\r4 ,cr[le#aid figures ?is picture z well z ! prec$+1 s1 too1 does ,gaff>el4#aie ,) ! dep>ture ( plague f ,m>seilles1 ! disease _h wellnigh disappe>$ f ,europe4 ,9 ! ,levant x /ill fl\ri%$ = a :ile4 ,patrick ,russell1 physician to ! ,briti% factory at ,aleppo1 wrote a treatise on an epidemic t occurr$ dur+ 8 resid5ce !re f #agfj-b4 ,aga91 9 #agga x ga9$ a foot+ at ,mosc[1 claim+ !re no less ?an #hj1jjj victims4 ,x 0 9 va9 t ! p ?rong$ ! miracul\s ikon ( ! ,virg9 at ! ,v>v>ka gate4 ,fe>+ ! great conc\rse1 ! ar*bi%op _h ! ikon remov$ to ! ,*udok mona/]y1 b su* 0 ! fury ( ! madd5$ p1 t !y ?reat5$ to raze ! build+ to ! gr\nd if ! ikon 7 n re/or$4 ,! ar*bi%op yield$1 b too late1 = ! mob dragg$ him f 8 mona/]y & massacr$ him 9 ! op5 /reet4 ,f t day ! plague began to wane4 ,s plague 0 bani%$ f ,europe by ! wor%ip ( a picture1 & ) dramatic appropriat5ess ! curta9 fell on ! f9al act 9 a sc5e ( human sacrifice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi ,,les ,,pe/if,r,s ,,de ,,jaffa ,by ,b>on ,gros 7,face ,page #bjh7 ,! celebrat$ picture #8,les ,pe/ifrs de ,jaffa' by ,b>on ,gros1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 has be5 ! subject ( mu* acrimoni\s controv]sy4 ,! picture 0 ord]$ by ,napoleon :5 ,fir/ ,consul1 & excit$ extravagant en?usiasm on its exhibition 9 ! ,salon 9 #ahjd4 ,arti/s plac$ a palm-bran* ov] x1 & ! public cov]$ ! :ole frame ) wrea?s4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a l>ge unattractive canvas1 devoid ( any exceptional m]it ei!r ( composition or col\r4 ,x %[s ,napoleon accompani$ by "s ( 8 /aff /&+ among ! plague-/rick5 soldi]s 9 ! int]ior ( a mosque4 ,"o ( ! m5 is rais+ 8 "r arm1 s z to expose ! bubo 9 8 armpit1 & ,napoleon is lay+ 8 f+]s on x4 ,!re is also 9 exi/5ce a r\gh sket*1#aif :i* %[s t ,gros at ! outset int5d$ to pres5t 8 subject diff]5tly4 ,napoleon1 l ,/4 ,l\is 9 ! mod]n fresco 9 ,/4 ,sulpice1 holds 9 8 arms ! body ( a plague victim1 :i* an ,arab helps him to support4 ,! g5]al's impassive features contra/ /rongly ) ! fright5$ appe>ance ( 8 att5dants4 ,ea* ( ^! two repres5tations w\ld seem to be actual hi/orical occurr5ces dur+ ,napoleon's campaign 9 ,syria4 ,plague _h brok5 out among ! troops 9 ,jaffa1 :]e ,napoleon _h e/abli%$ a l>ge hospital1 & ! g5]als _h issu$ an al>m+ report z to its spread4 ,x 0 ,napoleon's purpose to re/ore ! moral ( 8 army1 :i* _h be5 s]i\sly affect$ by ! outbreak4 ,norv9#aig repres5ts ,napoleon z visit+ all ! w>ds1 accompani$ by ! g5]als ,b]?i] & ,bezzires1 ! director-g5]al ,daure1 & ! head doctor ,desg5ettes4 ,napoleon spoke to ! sick1 enc\rag$ !m1 & t\*$ _! w\nds1 say+1 #8,y see1 x is no?+4' ,:5 he left ! hospital1 !y blam$ 8 imprud5ce4 ,he repli$ coldly1 #8,x is my duty1 ,i am ! g5]al-9-*ief4' ,?is /udi$ indiff]5ce to ! contagion1 c\pl$ ) ! f9e behavi\r ( ! head doctor ,desg5ettes1 :o inoculat$ himself ) plague 9 ! pres5ce ( ! soldi]s & appli$ to himself ! same rem$ies z he prescrib$ = !m1 successfully accompli%$ ,napoleon's purpose4 ,! acc\nt ( ! incid5t giv5 9 a lett]#aih by ,comte d',aure is slightly diff]5t4 ,x runs1 #8,he did m ?an t\* ! buboes3 assi/$ by a ,turki% ord]ly1 ,g5]al ,buonap>te pick$ up & c>ri$ away a plague pati5t1 :o 0 ly+ across a doorway ( "o ( ! w>ds3 we 7 mu* fright5$ at 8 act+ ?us1 because ! sick man's clo?+ 0 cov]$ ) foam & ! disgu/+ dis*>ge f a brok5 bubo4 ,! g5]al cont9u$ 8 visit unmov$ & int]e/$1 spoke to ! sick1 & s\ght 9 address+ !m ) words ( consolation1 to dissipate ! panic t ! plague 0 ca/+ on _! spirits4' ,b\rri5ne1#aii ,napoleon's secret>y1 h[ev]1 says1 #8,i walk$ by ! g5]al's side1 & ,i ass]t t ,i nev] saw him t\* any ( ! infect$4' ,! ,duc de ,rovigo 9 8 ,memoirs practically corroborates ! ,comte d',aure4 ,he says3 #8,9 ord] to conv9ce !m by ! mo/ obvi\s pro( t _! appreh5sions 7 gr\ndless1 he desir$ t ! ble$+ tum\r ( "o ( 8 soldi]s %\ld be uncov]$ be=e him1 & press$ x ) 8 own h&s4' ,desg5ettes & ,g5]al ,&rossy1 :o 7 bo? pres5t1 confirm ,rovigo & ,comte d',aure z aga9/ ,b\rri5ne4 ,napoleon's secret>y c>ries ! n>rative a /age fur!r4 ,he says t only sixty ( ^? 9 ! hospital _h plague1 & t z _! removal involv$ a risk ( infect+ ! :ole army1 ,napoleon delib]at$ ) 8 /aff & ! m$ical m51 & decid$ to put !m out ( _! mis]y by poison4 ,b\rri5ne says t he does n "k :o adm9i/]$ ! poison1 b t !re 0 no "q ( _! de/ruction4 ,b\rri5ne's /atem5ts on any subject1 z is g5]ally recogniz$1 ne$ c>eful sift+1 b out ( ! mass ( conflict+ te/imony ! pla9 fact w\ld seem to em]ge1 t ,napoleon did sugge/ t ! dea? ( "s sev5 or eight1 :o 7 b\nd to die1 %\ld be accel]at$1 s t !y might n infect ! :ole army4 ,napoleon himself1 at ,/4 ,hel5a1 did n d5y ?is1 & def5d$ 8 action on ! gr\nd ( humanity1 /igmatiz+ ! /ory ( :olesale poison+ z an inv5tion4 ,,footnotes3 #aij ,trait de la ,pe/e1 #b vols41 ,g5ve1 #agba2 ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital ,bullet91 ,augu/ #ahih4 #aia ,janus1 #ahig1 p4 #big2 & ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital ,bullet94 #aib ,la ,pe/e de #agbj1 p4 #if4 #aic ,essay on ,man1 iv4 #ajg-h4 #aid vol4 x1 p4 #ia4 #aie p4 #bad4 #aif ,ri*]1 ,l',art et la mdec9e4 #aig ,hi/oire de ,napolon1 ed4 #ahcd1 vol4 i1 p4 #ced4 #aih ,b\rri5ne et ses erreurs4 #aii ,mmoires sur ,napolon4 ,,app5dix#bjj ,! /atem5t ( ,?ucydides1 t all o!r diseases took on ! similitude ( ! dom9at+ pe/il5ce1 is "o t reappe>s con/antly 9 ! lit]ature ( epidemic disease4 ,we h already not$ ! frequ5t concurr5ce ( plague & typhus1 lead+ su* acute obs]v]s z ,diem]broeck & ,syd5ham to believe t ! "o disease might be trans=m$ into ! o!r4 ,! same close association ( relaps+ fev] & typhus 0 con/antly not$1 & we "k n[ t ! explanation lies 9 ! fact t ea* disease is transmitt$ by ! body-l\se1 z plague is transmitt$ by ! flea4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! close & con/ant association ( ^! & o!r acute infecti\s fev]s x is no matt] = surprise t !y %\ld h be5 reg>d$ z /ates & /ages ( "o pe/il5tial process1 diff]+ f "o ano!r1 n 9 k9d1 b only 9 degree4 ,z ,bacon says1 #8putrefaction rises n to its height at once4' ,! acute1 (t5 abrupt1 onset ( ! ,a!nian pe/il5ce1 ) pr(\nd depression1 sev]e heada*e1 & suffus$ conjunctivae1 ?\gh met ) 9 a moiety ( cases ( plague1 is em95tly *>act]i/ic ( typhus4 ,! /rik+ appe>ance ( ! blood%ot eyeballs has l$ to mu* confusion betwe5 ! two diseases4 ,! aspect ( ! tongue & fauces incl9es r to ! side ( typhus4 ,9 ea* disease ! tongue is at fir/ heavily coat$ ) a ?ick :ite fur1 & t5ds lat] to become dry & p>*$4 ,b 9 typhus !re is a special t5d5cy1 z ! disease advances1 = ! tongue to ble$ f fissures at ! edges4 ,s frequ5tly is ?is ! case1 t ?is feature has be5 reg>d$ z ( diagno/ic value 9 ! pres5ce ( an outbreak ( typhus4 ,a boggy r$d5$ appe>ance ( ! fauces is usual 9 typhus1 & is se5 also 9 a proportion ( plague pati5ts4 ,unnatural & ev5 foetid brea? may be met ) 9 any acute infecti\s fev]1 b foetor is 9 no way *>act]i/ic ( any4 ,d\btless x 0 f> m common 9 times :5 ! alphabet ( oral hygi5e _h n yet f\nd acceptance z a necess>y detail ( m$ical regim54 ,mur*ison describes ! brea? ( typhus pati5ts z foetid1 & 9 addition x is well kn[n t a repulsive od\r may be giv5 (f f _! bodies4 ,salius ,div]sus m5tion$ x ?ree c5turies ago1 & x has be5 a commonplace ( _m subsequ5t writ]s4 ,curs*mann fail$ to detect x1 & attribut$ its abs5ce to ! free v5tilation ( ! sick w>ds4 ,a layman1 z ,?ucydides 01 might well ascribe to ! brea? a foetor p]meat+ ! :ole atmosph]e ar\nd ! pati5t4 ,sneez+ has long be5 associat$ 9 popul> tradition ) plague1 & an old leg5d ref]s ! association to ! plague ( ,rome at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pontificate ( ,gregory ! ,great1 :5 x is said t ^? :o sneez$ di$4 ,! mo/ c>eful & obs]vant ( mod]n physicians d n1 h[ev] confirm ! connexion4 ,russell /ates t he 0 on ! look out = x dur+ ! plague ( ,aleppo & did n obs]ve x3 ,simpson does n ev5 m5tion x4 ,nor does x appe> to be notewor?y z a symptom ei!r ( typhus or ( any o!r acute infecti\s fev]1 ?\gh x w\ld be 9 accord ) ! swoll5 & conge/$ /ate ( ! nasal mucosa 9 typhus1 to :i* ,curs*mann has drawn special att5tion4 ,p]haps ! tradition is a m]e old wives' tale1 = sneez+ has be5 reg>d$ z an om9\s sign f great antiquity1 & z f> back at lea/ z ! composition ( ! ,odyssey4 ,ari/otle frankly confess$ himself unable to expla9 ! connexion4 ,curs*mann met ) ho>s5ess & l>yngeal cat>rh commonly 9 typhus1 b ?\gh cat>rh ( ! :ole respiratory tract may occur 9 plague1 x is n an out/&+ feature4 ,c\gh is frequ5t 9 ei!r disease2 s also is vomit+1 (t5 ( great sev]ity3 & if protract$ w exhibit a succession ( *anges ( col\r1 su* z ,?ucydides has describ$1 fir/ ! food cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 !n gre5 bili\s vomit1 & f9ally blood1 ei!r r$ or alt]$ to br[n or black4 ,hicc\gh & empty ret*+ are liable to ensue on sev]e vomit+ f any endur+ cause4 ,x is n cle> to :at ,?ucydides appropriates ! t]m 3 ! context w\ld sugge/ t spasm ( ! diaphragm1 su* z accompanies protract$ vomit+1 is indicat$4 ,b x may also signify true convulsions1 :i* are an occasional complication ( bo? diseases4 ,convulsive tremor ( ! limbs1 & inde$ ( ! :ole body1 is habitual at ! height ( typhus1 & is n infrequ5t 9 plague4 ,we %\ld naturally look to ! appe>ance ( ! sk9 & ( ! eruption to af=d crit]ia = a sure diagnosis1 b su* is n ! case4 ,true1 !re is a rem>kable resemblance to ,mur*ison's description ( ! sk9 ( typhus pati5ts1 9 an ,engli% hospital4 #8,! face'1 he says1 #8is (t5 flu%$4 ,! flu%+ is g5]al ov] ! entire face4 ,x is nev] p9k3 sometimes x is r$di% or r$di% br[n1 b m commonly x is ( a dusky1 e>?y1 or lead5 hue3 9 grave cases x may be livid4' ,no correspond+ appe>ance ( ! sk9 is to be se5 9 plague4 ,?ucydides has describ$ ! eruption z consi/+ ( 1 words t h g5]ally be5 r5d]$ z #8small bli/]s & ulc]s'1 & = ?is reason h be5 held to exclude positively a diagnosis ( typhus fev]4 ,s c]ta9 a conclusion is h>dly ju/ifi$ by ! facts4 ,outbreaks ( gangr5\s d]matitis1 9 :i* multiple bullae or bli/]s1 leav+ an ulc]at$ base1 h brok5 out ov] ! body surface1 h be5 n uncommon features ( a typhus epidemic1 & f _! virul5tly contagi\s "* su* outbreaks w\ld h be5 m prone to occur amid all ! neglect & de/itution ( a beleagu]$ g>rison4 ,mur*ison has describ$ ! result+ appe>ances 9 ! foll[+ words3 #8,i h se5 bullae fill$ ) light or d>k fluid1 or l>ge pu/ules appe> on v>i\s p>ts ( ! body dur+ ! progress ( ! fev]4 ,/okes has obs]v$ bullae ( ?is description foll[$ aft] bur/+ by deep ulc]s ) %>p m>g9s4' ,b ext5sive ulc]ation su* z ?is mu/ inevitably h left p]man5t sc>r+1 at lea/ z m>k$ z ! #8pitt+' produc$ by small-pox1 & we c h>dly presume t ?is c\ld h escap$ ! critical ,greek eye ( s ke5 an obs]v] z ,?ucydides4 ,! :ole "q arises ( ! exact significance ( ! words & 4 ,9 8 treatise ,hippocrates uses ! t]m n only = op5 w\nds & ulc]s1 b also = burns1 :eals1 & w\nds 9 g5]al4 ,hom] uses x = w\nds ( e k9d4 ,x s happ5s t ! w\nds ( ! ,iliad are almo/ all ! op5 w\nds produc$ by spe> & arr[1 b ,hom] also uses x = ! bite ( a snake#bja & = ! w\nd inflict$ by lightn+4#bjb ,bion#bjc uses x 9 consecutive l9es = ! w\nd caus$ by a spe>1 & 9 ! g5]ic s5se3 1 1 ' 4 ,aes*ylus#bjd & ,sophocles#bje use x also 9 ! wid] s5se1 z 9 & ' 2 ,! inf]5ce to be drawn f ^! passages is t 1 al?\gh usually indicat+ an op5 w\nd1 is us$ ) no precise significance4 ,! same difficulty atta*es to ! ^w 4 ,?\gh ,hippocrates uses ! ^w frequ5tly1 !re is no s+le passage 9 :i* ! precise significance is cle> beyond all d\bt4 ,he applies x to *ilbla9s1#bjf to an eruption on ! sk9 ( subjects ( empyema1#bjg to lesions appe>+ on ! tongue 9 fatal septic cases1 & s on4 ,9 "o passage1 9 :i* he speaks ( a aris+ f rubb+ ! sk9 ) v9eg>1 he seems to indicate a bli/]4 ,! fir/ cle> def9ition ( ! t]m we h is f ! p5 ( ,celsus1 :o def9es x z a discol\r$ pu/ule t breaks & leaves an ulc]at$ base 7#8g5us pu/ul>um1 cum plures similes v>is oriuntur nonnunquam maiores1 lividae aut pallidae aut nigrae aut alit] naturali colore mutato3 sube/que iis humor1 ubi hae ruptae sunt1 infra quasi exulc]ata c>o app>et'74 ,!re are sev]al passages 9 ,ari/ophanes1 :i* indicate t he at any rate appli$ ! t]m z we d to a bli/] lesion3 b at ! same "t1 !re are o!r passages 9 :i* ?is exclusive use is by no means s sure4 ,! lesion result+ f r[+#bjh or c>ry+ a lance#bji _c well be o!r ?an a bli/]4 ,& !re is a passage 9 ! ,ecclesiazusae1#baj :i* seems ev5 cle>]3 ' 1 #8,"s vampire bloat$ ) blood l a bli/]4' ,! image mu/ be t ( a vampire1 s bloat$ ) blood1 t its body seems actually envelop$ 9 x1 simulat+ a blood-bli/]4 ,ari/otle applies ! t]m to ! bite ( a %rew-m\se1 :i* w\ld presumably produce a solid local swell+1 & n a bli/]4 ,procopius uses = ! black cutane\s lesions ( ,ori5tal plague1 kn[n n[adays z pu/ules3 he says1 too1 t !y 7 ( ! size ( a l5til1 b does n m5tion t]m9al ulc]ation4 ,procopius is s precise 9 8 m$ical t]m9ology1 t x is improbable he borr[$ ! t]m f ,?ucydides )\t appreciat+ its exact significance3 f> m likely he adopt$ x f ! m$ical t]m9ology ( 8 day4 ,!re is some?+ to be said = appropriat+ ! t]ms us$ by ,?ucydides to ! pu/ul> lesions ( ,ori5tal plague4 ,_m writ]s1 anci5t z well z mod]n1 h describ$ ! s-call$ pu/ules z comm5c+ 9 "s cases z bli/]s & t]m9at+ 9 erod+ ulc]s4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we "k no?+ ( epidemics ( plague )\t a consid]able proportion ( bubonic cases1 :ile we d "k f ! n>rative ( ,procopius t plague has ma9ta9$ its *>act]s un*ang$ = #a1ejj ye>s4 ,9 an epidemic ( plague1 9 :i* dea? did n sup]v5e till ! sev5? or n9? day ! pres5ce ( buboes w\ld be ! out/&+ feature ( ! disease1 & ,?ucydides does n ev5 m5tion !m4 ,assum+ t typhus fev] also has ma9ta9$ its *>act]s un*ang$1 & t ! ext]nal manife/ations ( ! ,a!nian pe/il5ce 7 n ( ! exceptional type we h allud$ to1 b ( ! type habitually associat$ ) ! disease1 c x reasonably be cont5d$ t ! t]ms & are applicable to ^!8 ,mur*ison says t #8accord+ to its col\r1 ! eruption may be said to pass ?r\gh ?ree /ages1 viz4 #a1 ,pale dirty p9k or florid2 #b1 r$di% br[n or ru/y2 #c1 livid or pete*ial'4 ,9 ! fir/ /age1 x is g5]ally admitt$ t except on c>eful obs]vation1 & 9 a good light1 ! fa9t diffuse maculae 7spots7 are apt to escape detection1 s t ! impression is ( a g5]al suffusion ( ! sk9--:at 9 fact ,?ucydides t]ms 4 ,9 ! second /age1 ! deep] coloration ( ! spots ?r[s !m into relief z individual lesions aga9/ ! pal] backgr\nd ( g5]al suffusion ( ! sk94 ,c x be t ?is is indicat$ by ! vague t]m 8 ,be x rememb]$ t ,?ucydides 0 a layman1 describ+1 z he says1 ! lesions ( a hi!rto unkn[n disease4 ,e physician is well aw>e ( ! re/rict$ t]m9ology t ! laity possess = ! description ( multif>i\s lesions4 ,m$ic9e itself is n exempt f ! same confusion1 = :5 physicians glibly speak ( ! subcutane\s haemorrhages ( typhus z pete*iae !y =get t ! ^w ?r[s back to petigo 7a scab74 ,!re rema9s !n = ! ?ird /age ( ! eruption--! haemorrhagic /age--! t]m 1 a g5]ic t]m applicable to almo/ any lesion1 & hav+ no philological aff9ity to ! ,lat9 ulcus1 & ! ,engli% #8ulc]'1 ) :i* m$ical usage has confus$ x4 ,review+1 !n1 all ! facts1 x _c be held t ! description ( ! eruption1 z giv5 by ,?ucydides1 is suffici5t to negative a diagnosis ( typhus fev]1 :i* disease is o!rwise depict$ to ! life 9 all else t he says ( its cl9ical c\rse & *>act]s4 ,?ucydides 0 s impress$ ) ! int5sity ( ! int]nal fev]1 t he expect$ c]ta9ly to f9d a correspond+ temp]ature ( ! body surface3 h5ce 8 surprise is obvi\s at f9d+ x n excessively hot4 ,= all t1 suff]]s 7 ready to ca/ (f e %r$ ( clo?+1 till !y 7 nak$1 & long$ to ?r[ !mselves into cold wat]4 ,"s did actually plunge into ci/]ns1 b no am\nt ( wat] suffic$ to slake _! ?ir/4 ,procopius m5tions ?is same fi]ce long+ to fl+ !mselves into wat] among ! plague victims ( ,byzantium1 b rav+ delirium ( ?is k9d is f> m *>act]i/ic ( typhus ?an ( plague4 ,curs*mann depicts ! fi]ce m$ley ( wild rav+s1 m+l$ ) frantic ef=ts at self-de/ruction1 :i* give an unmi/akable "* to a w>d ( typhus pati5ts4 ,mur*ison1 quot+ f ,bancr(t1 says3 #8,"s leav+ _! b$s w\ld beat _! keep]s or nurses & drive !m f _! pres5ce3 o!rs1 l madm51 w\ld run ab\t ! /reets1 m>kets1 lanes1 & o!r places3 & "s aga9 w\ld leap headlong into deep wat]s4' ,intol]able re/lessness & insomnia fill up ! cup ( mis]y to ov]fl[+4 ,curs*mann confirms ! obs]vation ( ,?ucydides1 t typhus cadav]s exhibit v little emaciation1 b ?is does n help to diff]5tiate typhus f o!r acute fev]s ( equally brief duration4 ,dea? commonly occurr$ on ! sev5? or ! n9? day4 ,"o recognizes "h submission to ! au?oritative doctr9e ( critical days4 ,hippocrates#baa def9$ !m on ! basis ( equal & unequal numb]s3 ,equal--#d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ad1 #bh1 #cj1 #dh1 #fj1 #hj1 #ajj4 ,unequal--#e1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ag1 #ba1 #bg1 #ca4 ,tak+ ! mean ( ! numb]s1 ! plague ( ,a!ns claim$ its victims = ! mo/ "p ab\t ! eigh? day ( ! disease4 ,a layman w\ld h>dly h _h ! opportunity1 or inde$ ! incl9ation1 to make an exact /ati/ical computation1 & 9 ?is fact p]haps lies ?is unexpect$ lapse ( ,?ucydides into subs]vi5ce to m$ical or?odoxy4 ,) reg>d to ! day ( dea? 9 typhus fev]1 ,curs*mann says3 #8,:5 dea? is caus$ simply by ! sev]ity ( ! disease1 x occurs usually 9 ! middle or second half ( ! second week4 ,a fatal t]m9ation be=e ! n9? day1 or z e>ly z ! fif? or six? day1 occurs only 9 ! mo/ sev]e =ms ( ! disease1 or 9 individuals ) little resi/+ p[]4' ,n[1 n only 0 ! ,a!nian pe/il5ce sev]e 9 type1 b !re 0 also an almo/ complete abs5ce ( ! nurs+ & m$ical regim5 t w h s]v$ to prolong ! duration ( cases1 t h ultimately prov$ fatal1 9 rec5t epidemics4 ,9 plague dea? usually occurs betwe5 ! second & six? days1 seldom lat]1 & few pati5ts survive to ! sev5? or n9? day )\t ! appe>ance ( buboes4 ,if ! victims surviv$ ?is p]iod1 ! disease fa/5$ on ! b[els & produc$ viol5t ulc]ation 774 ,initial con/ipation1 foll[$1 z ! disease develops1 by di>rhoea1 :i* is sometimes pr(use & intractable1 is met ) bo? 9 typhus & plague4 ,! disease began 9 ! head & gradually pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole body4 ,if ! suff]] surviv$ s long1 x w\ld (t5 seize ! extremities & make its m>k1 attack+ ! privy p>ts & f+]s & toes4 ,"s escap$ ) ! loss ( ^! & ) ! loss ( _! eyes4 ,?is t]m9al gangr5e ( ! extremities is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 typhus1 b is r>e 9 plague1 & v r>e 9 o!r acute infecti\s fev]s4 ,curs*mann says3 #8,_m pati5ts cont9ue to suff] = "s "t aft] def]vesc5ce 7( typhus fev]7 f gangr5e ( ! e>s1 f+]s1 toes1 tip ( ! nose1 & sk9 ( ! p5is & scrotum1 aris+ dur+ ! febrile p]iod4' ,gangr5\s *anges ar\nd a c>buncle are occasional 9 plague1 b n z an indep5d5t affection ( ! extremities4 ,neglect$ plague buboes1 ev5 n[adays 9 ,indian epidemics1 d exceptionally become gangr5\s1 z ! result ( an int]curr5t erysipelas4 ,necrotic ulc]ation ( ! eyeballs is well au!nticat$ z a complication ( typhus z well z ( plague4 ,"s recov]$ f ! disease1 b ) complete loss ( memory4 ,?is aga9 is a frequ5t consequ5ce1 usually tempor>y1 b sometimes p]man5t1 ( typhus4 ,accord+ to ,curs*mann1 #8! pati5t's recollection ( 8 illness is almo/ always v limit$ 9 sev]e or mod]ately sev]e cases4 ,true psy*oses appe> to be r>e dur+ convalesc5ce4 ,mild melan*olia & halluc9ations are sometimes se51 & ev5 mania has be5 obs]v$4' ,! comb9ation ( gangr5e ) m5tal symptoms inevitably sugge/s ! ?\ght ( ergotism 7poison+ by a fungus ( rye-gra971 & ,read & ,kob]t h exp5d$ mu* +5uity 9 support ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,"o ( ! ,a!nian corn r\tes did actually tap ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,eux9e1 & s\!rn ,russia has be5 "o ( ! *ief c5tres ( epidemics ( ergotism4 ,b !re is no ne$ to invoke ?is condition1 to expla9 symptoms :i* are commonly enc\nt]$ 9 typhus1 & no w>rant ei!r = s do+1 see+ t ! cl9ical features ( ! visitation _h little 9 common ) ergotism4 ,kob]t's +5i\s argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ergotism1 sup]impos$ on "s o!r unid5tifi$ disease1 m]ely sub/itute "o impasse = ano!r4 ,?ucydides obs]ves t "o feature di/+ui%$ ! ,a!nian pe/il5ce f ord9>y diseases4 ,birds & bea/s ( prey1 :i* fe$ on human fle%1 w\ld n z a rule t\* ! bodies1 b1 if !y did1 !y di$4 ,9 fact1 ! birds ( prey disappe>$ altoge!r1 & 7 n to be se5 ei!r ab\t ! bodies or any:]e else4 ,9 ! case ( ! dogs ?is 0 p>ticul>ly noticeable1 because !y live ) man4 ,! p>agraph is curi\sly involv$1 b conta9s ?ree /atem5ts ( fact3 #a4 ,t vultures 7 n[h]e to be se54 #b4 ,t dogs avoid$ ! dead bodies1 z a rule1 b t1 :5 !y did n1 !y took ! disease4 #c4 ,t o!r animals1 :i* fe$ on c>rion1 & )9 ! walls ( ,a!ns ^! c h>dly h be5 o!r ?an rats & cats1 & possibly pigs1 7 affect$ l ! dogs4 ,!re is no evid5ce z to ! effect on cattle1 horses1 %eep1 & goats1 because all ^! _h be5 remov$ to ,euboea4 ,! ph5om5on ( ! disappe>ance ( birds ( prey be=e & dur+ outbreaks ( epidemic pe/il5ce has be5 ass]t$ aga9 & aga9 9 lit]ature4 ,yet x is v d\btful if ! obs]vation re/s on any sure evid5ce4 ,se>* has br\ght to light only "o occasion on :i* ! tru? ( ! fact has be5 delib]ately te/$1 & !n x 0 directly contradict$4 ,russell says t at ! comm5cem5t ( ! plague ( ,aleppo1 9 :i* true plague 0 u%]$ 9 by typhus1 no des]tion ( birds 0 obs]v$1 & no mortality among cattle4 ,! old-"t fancy t pe/il5ce eng5d]$ 9 ! cl\ds di/emp]$ ! atmosph]e almo/ necess>ily involv$ ! presumption t ! fea!r$ inhabitants ( ! air w\ld be ! fir/ to feel its ill effects4 ,9 ! same way ! belief t pe/il5ce might rea* ! atmosph]e 9 ! exhalations f m>%es1 l$ to simil> fables atta*+ !mselves to ! m>%-dwell+ frog4 ,ari/otle alludes to ! increas$ numb] ( frogs 9 pe/il5tial ye>s1 & ,bacon & ,hor/ius repeat 8 /atem5t4 ,^! *ildr5 ( ! m>% are conceiv$ ( z products ( its undue activity4 ,hor/ius w5t s f> z to ass]t ! same ( snails4 ,livy#bab cle>ly ass]ts ! disappe>ance ( vultures f ,rome be=e & dur+ ! epidemic ( #agd ,b4,c4 #8,cadav]a1 intacta a canibus et vulturibus1 tabes absumebat3 satisque con/abat1 nec illo1 nec priore anno1 9 tanta /rage b\m hom9umque vulturium usquam visum4' ,dead bodies rott$ away1 unt\*$ by dogs & vultures3 & x 0 g5]ally agre$ t no vultures 7 to be se5 ei!r 9 t or ! prec$+ ye> 9 spite ( s great a mortality ( m5 & cattle4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 !n1 x 0 n t !y sc5t$ dea? f af> & held alo(1 b t !y disappe>$ be=eh&4 ,if "s undetect$ epizootic--say ( rats--_h prec$$ ! outbreak among cattle & m51 ! vultures may well h p]i%$ at ! outset f fe$+ on infect$ mat]ial4 ,o!r au?ors ext5d ! obs]vation to birds 9 g5]al1 & n only to birds ( prey1 z ?\gh _! affection 0 truly epizootic4 ,?us ,s*5kius#bac says t 9 ! plagues ( #aeje & #aebb birds des]t$ _! ne/s & "y ones4 ,gocl5ius says ! same ( ! plague ( #afab1 & t !y fell sudd5ly to ! gr\nd dead4 ,m]curialis says t ,v5ice 0 des]t$ by birds 9 #aegf1 & ,%ort repeats ?is ( ,dantzig 9 #agji4 ,diem]broeck says t cage-birds di$ 9 ! epidemics ( #afce & #afcf1 & ,sorbait records ! same fact ( ! ,vi5nese pe/il5ce ( #afgi4 ,mo/1 if n all ?is succession ( epidemics1 7 unque/ionably true ,ori5tal plague1 ) or )\t typhus4 ,at pres5t !re is v little evid5ce ( any ext5sive affection ( ! l[] animals by typhus4 ,mosl]1 _m ye>s ago1 fail$ to communicate x to dogs by inject+ fre% typhus blood into _! ve9s1 or by fe$+ !m on fre% typhus excreta1 al?\gh dea? ) typhoid symptoms foll[$1 :5 ! blood & /ools _h fir/ be5 all[$ to decompose4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s exp]im5t]s h succe$$ 9 communicat+ ! disease to v>i\s monkeys by ! ag5cy ( lice1 b dogs1 rats1 & gu9ea-pigs h hi!rto prov$ refractory to infection4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is abundant evid5ce ( animal infection ) ,ori5tal plague4 ,epizootics among rats & cats are well kn[n4 ,boccaccio ass]t$ ! susceptibility ( pigs1 & ,mi*\d confirm$ ! obs]vation 9 ! ,yunnan epidemic ( #ahic4 ,dogs1 p\ltry1 de]1 cattle1 monkeys1 squirrels1 & m>mots h all be5 %[n by v>i\s obs]v]s to be prone to contagion4 ,be=e accept+ ! evid5ce ( ,?ucydides z to ! disappe>ance ( birds z weighty evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! pres5ce ( true plague1 "o mu/ consid] ! /ate ( ! c\ntry di/rict ar\nd ,a!ns1 deva/at$ by fire & ! sword1 & d5ud$ ( all its /ock1 s z to (f] no promise ( su/5ance to bird visitors4 ,b ev5 s1 "o is /ill confront$ by 8 /atem5t z to ! dome/ic dogs1 :i* are kn[n to be susceptible to plague & n kn[n to be susceptible to typhus4 ,?ucydides says t no "o 0 attack$ a second "t1 or if he 7 ! result 0 n fatal4 ,immunity ( ?is k9d1 comp>atively complete1 is alike *>act]i/ic ( typhus & plague3 ! "q is "o t has provok$ consid]able controv]sy "r d[n to mod]n times4 ,bo? ,curs*mann & ,mur*ison are agre$ z to ! extreme r>ity ( relapses & re9fections 9 typhus3 curi\sly1 ,mur*ison himself _h two typical sev]e attacks4 ,9 ! case ( plague1 ,alex&] ,mass>ia1#bad f 8 exp]i5ce at ,vic5za1 came to ! conclusion t "o attack r5d]$ a man immune ) v few exceptions1 b t a second attack might be mortal4 ,m]curialis & ,van ,helmont 7 9 agreem5t z to ! r>ity ( second attacks4 ,diem]broeck#bae record$ two cases ( re9fection 9 ! same ye> ( ! plague at ,nymweg51 & sev]al cases at an int]val ( a few ye>s4 ,dur+ ! plague ( ,m>seilles 9 #agbj1 v>i\s writ]s obs]v$ cases ( re9fection1 & relapse 0 also said to be frequ5t4 ,9 ! plague ( #agga at ,mosc[1 ,samil[itz1 prejudic$ by 8 own advocacy ( inoculation1 d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( re9fection1 & suff]$ retribution = 8 dogmatism by ?ree relapses 9 8 own p]son4 ,9 ! same plague bo? ,m]t5s & ,orraeus record$ cases ( re9fection4 ,9 ! plague ( ,aleppo1 ,russell not$ #bh cases ( re9fection )9 ?ree ye>s among #d1djj victims ( plague4 ,?us ! idea ( complete immunity1 s preval5t popul>ly bo? 9 ,europe & ! ,levant1 mu/ be accept$ ) "s res]vation4 ,,ox=d3 ,,horace ,,h>t ,m4,a4 ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,footnotes3 #bjj ,curs*mann's contribution1 9 ,no?nagel's ,encyclopa$ia ( ,practical ,m$ic9e1 is p]haps ! mo/ graphic & succ9ct acc\nt ( ,typhus ,fev] 9 mod]n m$ical lit]ature4 ,! record ( ,?ucydides %\ld be /udi$ closely side by side ) ?is4 ,mur*ison's article1 9 8 ,treatise on ,cont9u$ ,fev]1 ?\gh admirable1 is s diffuse z to make comp>ison difficult4 #bja ,iliad ii4 #gbc4 #bjb ,iliad viii4 #dje & #dai4 #bjc ,adonis1 #af-ag4 #bjd ,agamemnon1 #fde4 #bje ,antigone1 #feb4 #bjf ,on ,anci5t ,m$ic9e1 #af4 #bjg ,coacae ,pra5otiones1 #cif4 #bjh ,frogs1 #bcf4 #bji ,wasps1 #aaai4 #baj ,ecclesiazusae1 #ajeg4 #baa ,epidemics1 iii4 #bab xli4 #ba4 #bac ,obs4 p4 #hgj4 #bad ,tract4 de ,pe/e1 ed4 #affi1 p4 #eji4 #bae ,de ,pe/e1 ,lib4 ,,iv4 ,hi/4 #cg4 #de4