,,mod]n ,,cosmogonies ,by ! ,same ,au?or ,a ,,popul> ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,,dur+ ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,,demy #h,,vo41 ,,clo?1 ,,illu/rat$ ,,price #aes4 ,,net ,,problems ,,9 ,,a/rophysics ,,demy #h,,vo41 ,,clo?1 ,,illu/rat$ ,,price #bjs4 ,,net ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,/>s ,,second ,,edition ,,demy #h,,vo41 ,,clo?1 ,,illu/rat$ ,,price #bjs4 ,,net ,a4 ,c4 ,black ,soho ,squ>e ,london1 ,w4 ',! _w's a prophecy ( worlds to come4'--,"y ,,mod]n ,,cosmogonies ,,by ,,agnes ,m4 ,,cl]ke ,,hon4 ,,mem4 ,r4,a4,s4 ,,au?or ,,( ',a ,,popul> ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,,dur+ ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury1' ',,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,/>s1' ',,problems ,,9 ,,a/rophysics1' ,,& ,,o!r ,,works ,,london ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black #aije ,,preface ,( ! sixte5 *apt]s con/itut+ ?is little "w1 ?irte5 h be5 publi%$ z a s]ies1 begun 9 ,k & cont9u$ 9 ,k & ,illu/rat$ ,sci5tific ,news1 & to ! proprietors ( ^? j\rnals1 = _! c\rte\s p]mission to repr9t !m1 ,i (f] my s9c]e ?anks4 ,?ree additional *apt]s1 equival5t to1 ?\gh n id5tical )1 ^? t n[ appe>1 =m$ an integral "p ( ! orig9al plan ( ! book1 n[ pres5t$ to ! public 9 ! hope t x w enable g5]al read]s to foll[1 ) ! pr(\nd int]e/ x %\ld inspire1 ! c\rse ( mod]n inquiries reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! _w4 ,_! advance is by no means smoo? or facile4 ,_m difficulties & p]plexities are enc\nt]$ 9 ! attempt to get back t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,"s ( ! old tracks1 too1 h be5 torn up by ! pione]s ( tw5tie? c5tury sci5ce1 & ! process ( con/ruct+ new ones1 :i* %all lead fur!r into ! unkn[n =e-"t1 is sl[ & labori\s4 ,b ! rail-head 9 ! des]t is a peculi>ly sugge/ive place ( pilgrimage1 & sev]al su* outly+ po/s & tempor>y halt+-places are m or less vaguely localiz$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,london1 ,novemb]1 #af1 #aije4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,f ,,?ales ,,to ,,kant #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis #ba ,,iii4 ,,criticisms ,,( ,,! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis #ci ,,iv4 ,,! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis ,,v>i$ ,,& ,,improv$ #fj ,v4 ,,tidal ,,friction ,,z ,,an ,,ag5t ,,9 ,,cosmogony #hc ,,vi4 ,,! ,,fission ,,( ,,rotat+ ,,globes #ajj ,,vii4 ,,_w-,,build+ ,,out ,,( ,,meteorites #aah ,,viii4 ,,cosmogony ,,9 ,,! ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury #ace ,,ix4 ,,protyle3 ,,:at ,,is ,,x8 #aej ,x4 ,,univ]sal ,,=ces #aff ,,xi4 ,,! ,,inevitable ,,e!r #ahc ,,xii4 ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,nebul #aii ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,procession ,,( ,,suns #baf ,,xiv4 ,,our ,,own ,,sy/em #bcb ,,xv4 ,,remnants ,,& ,,survivals #bej ,,xvi4 ,,life ,,z ,,! ,,outcome #bfe ,,index #bhc ,,mod]n ,,cosmogonies ,,*apt] ,i ,,f ,,?ales ,,to ,,kant ,v few ev5 ( ! mo/ savage tribes are cont5t to take ! _w j z x is )\t speculat+ z to h[ x came to be4 ,= "t has ?ree dim5sions--pa/1 pres5t1 & future--& we c no m re/rict our ?\ghts )9 "o ( !m ?an we c exi/ corporeally 9 ,flatl&4 ,we are1 inde$1 told t ! ,abipones & ,esquimaux refuse to tr\ble !mselves ) que/ions ( orig91 on ! gr\nd t ! h>d facts ( life leave no room = otiose discussions2 b ev5 !y feel oblig$ to ju/ify _! incuriosity4 ,9 easi] circum/ances !y1 too1 w\ld claim ! entirely human privilege ( 'look+ be=e & aft]1' z _! =gott5 prog5itors may h done4 ,x is1 inde$1 difficult to ?9k at all ab\t ! framework ( nature )\t attempt+ to div9e1 7 x only by a crude surmise1 ! process ( its con/ruction4 ,we are in/9ctively conv9c$ t !re is no su* ?+ z fixity ( condition4 ,s f>1 ,h]acleitus 0 9 ! "r4 ,exp]i5ce tells u ( cont9ual *ange 9 ourselves & :atev] surr\nds u4 ,reason tea*es u t its m9ute mom5t>y effects1 if pursu$ backw>d = an indef9ite "t1 mu/ sum up to a prodigi\s total4 ,no limit1 t is to say1 c be put to ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is & :at 04 ,yet ! ma*9]y ( modification mu/ someh[ h be5 set go+4 ,an initial /ate is prescrib$ by logical necessity4 ,& ! />t 0 made on c]ta9 t]ms--x 0 'condition$4' ,b ! condition$ implies ! absolute2 ord9ances1 an enactive p[]4 ,! inevitabl5ess ( ! connection has be5 m or less obscurely p]ceiv$ :]ev] m5 h tri$ to e/abli% "s k9d ( accord betwe5 ph5om5a & intuition1 ) results legible 9 ! wav]+ outl9es ( _m primitive cosmogonies4 ,only1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures has ! idea ( ,creation be5 realiz$ 9 all its fulness & fre$om2 else:]e ! gods invok$ to br+ ! _w into exi/5ce !mselves dem&$ a bir?-hi/ory1 a !ogony be+ ! usual & necess>y prelude to a cosmogony4 ,nev]!less 'picture-?\ghts' 7x has be5 well said71#a & no?+ m1 7 repres5t$ by ^! prefatory g5ealogies4 ,night & d>kness loom$ into p]sonal %ape1 & f ! obscurity ( _! union ! creatures ( light radiantly sprang1 & proce$$1 accord+ to a pr$et]m9$ law ( ord]1 to sort out ! elem5ts ( *aos & dispose !m into cosmical h>mony4 ,?is my?ical phase ( ?\ght t]m9at$ 9 ,greece ) ! rise ( ! ,ionian ,s*ool ( ,philosophy4 ,immemorial leg5ds1 discr$it$ by ! adv5t ( a new wisdom1 took out a fre% lease ( life "u ! guise ( folk-lore2 ,orphic fables 7 left to ! poets & ! p2 & ! sage ( ,miletus set on foot a speculative tradition1 ma9ta9$ by a long succession ( metaphysicians d[n to ! v ?re%old ( ! rec5t sci5tific epo*4 ,all 7 :at we %\ld call evolutioni/s--,?ales ( ,miletus no less ?an ,desc>tes & ,sw$5borg2 _! ma9 object1 9 o!r words1 0 to f9d a practicable mode ( evok+ a sy/ematic arrangem5t ( relat$ p>ts f ! monotony ( undiff]5tiat$ confusion4 ,n[1 9 essay+ ?is ent]prise !y enc\nt]$ two di/9ct problems4 ,"o 0 conc]n$ ) ! nature ( ! primeval _w-/uff2 ! o!r ) ! op]ations to :i* x _h be5 submitt$4 ,mod]n !ori/s h made x _! prim>y object to exp\nd ! me*anism ( cosmic gr[?--! play ( =ces involv$ 9 x1 ! trans=mations & progressive r$i/ribution ( en]gy att5d+ x4 ,b que/ions ( ?is k9d c\ld only 9 ! scantie/ measure be =mulat$ by e>ly ?9k]s1 :o accord+ly devot$ _! *ief att5tion to select+ an appropriate mat]ial = ! ex]cise ( _! con/ructive +5uity4 ,?ales ass]t$ all ?+s to h be5 d]iv$ f wat]1 & wat] is /ill among unsophi/icat$ tribes ! fav\rite ',ur/(f4' ,anaxim5es sub/itut$ air4 ,h]acleitus gave ! pref]5ce to ! mobile & vital elem5t 7z he ?\ght x7 ( fire4 ,anaxim&]1 on ! o!r h&1 might put =w>d a col\rable claim to priority ov] ,sir ,william ,crookes 9 ! inv5tion ( 'protyle4' ,he imag9$ z ! matrix ( ! _w a b\ndless expanse ( g5]aliz$ matt]1 conta9+ pot5tially all ! *emical species1 :i*1 sep>at+ out by degrees ?r\gh ! aff9ity ( l = l1 =m$1 by _! contra/s & conjunctions1 ! inf9itely v>i$ sum ( ?+s4 ,! successors ( ,anaxim&] _h rec\rse to spontane\sly aris+ cond5sations & r>efactions z ! ma9spr+ ( developm5t2 b all ^! vague pr9ciples 7 quickly cr[d$ into oblivion by ! def9ite & intelligible doctr9e ( ! 'f\r elem5ts' enunciat$ by ,emp$ocles1 :i*1 gu>ante$ by ! imprimatur ( ,plato1 took a place un*all5g$ = ne>ly two mill5niums among ! fundam5tals ( sci5ce4 ,errone\s & mislead+ ?\gh x 01 x yet s]v$ z a means ( regulat+ appe>ances & guid+ vagrant ideas--x 0 a track to foll[ 9 ! abs5ce ( any bett] me?od ( ori5tation4 ,leucippus & 8 m fam\s disciples1 ,democritus & ,epicurus1 7 ! fir/ :o v5tur$ to trace ! me*anical hi/ory ( ! cosmos4 ,_! primordial atoms 7 end[$ ) weight1 & x 0 weight or gravity :i* ultimately det]m9$ _! spacial arrangem5t & mutual relations4 ,rectil9e> 9 ! fir/ draft ( ! s*eme1 _! movem5ts 7 some:at arbitr>ily deflect$ by ,epicurus2 & ! gyrations !nce ensu+ ev5tually became1 s to speak1 au!ntic & precise 9 ! ,c>tesian vortices & 9 ,sw$5borg's sol> mael/rom4 ,kant's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! univ]se 0 ano!r1 ?\gh an entirely sep>ate bran* ( ! atomi/ic /ock4 ,! ,democritean atoms1 h[ev]1 & 9 a less] degree ! ,kantian atoms1 diff]$ ess5tially f ! ultimates ( *emical analysis po/ulat$ by ,dalton4 ,!y 7 a scrat* lot--an incongru\s assortm5t ( fragm5ts1 r ?an ( elem5t>y portions ( matt]1 indef9itely v>i\s 9 size1 %ape1 & mass4 ,nor 0 ?is div]sity creat$ z a m]e play ( fancy4 ,x 0 /rictly necess>y to ! plan ( action adopt$4 ,=1 ap>t f het]og5eity1 !re c\ld obvi\sly be no developm5t4 ,absolute uni=mity involves absolute p]man5ce4 ,*ange c orig9ate only ?r\gh inequality4 ,!re mu/ be a tilt ( level be=e ! curr5t w beg9 to fl[2 "s cause ( pr$om9ance is ne$$ to set x go+ 9 a giv5 direction4 ,"h1 ( a surety1 is ! initial crux ( all cosmogoni/s4 ,!y usually surm\nt x by assum+ ! occurr5ce ( casual cond5sations1 secure aga9/ dispro(1 :ile incapable ( v]ification4 ,! exp$i5t ?us begs ! "q4 ,!ories ( _w-hi/ory made an integral "p ( antique philosophy4 ,ea* f\nd] ( a s*ool aim$ at e/abli%+ a complete sy/em ( k1 co-ext5sive ) ph5om5a1 embrac+ all ?+s1 f ! primum mobile ov]head to ! blade ( grass und]foot1 & rationaliz+ ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future ( ! compreh5sive :ole4 ,mod]n sci5ce is less ambiti\s4 ,aspir+ to no su* va/ syn!sis1 x is cont5t to make labori\s acqua9tance ) ! facts ( nature1 to pond] _! implications1 &1 if possible1 to recon/ruct on ! basis suppli$ by !m ! condition ( ?+s 9 ! 'dim backw>d' ( unmeasur$ "t4 ,by no su* means1 x is true1 c _! beg9n+ 9 any real s5se be arriv$ at2 ! weapons ( induction become blunt$ long be=e !y /rike home to ! he>t ( t my/]y2 yet ! recognition ( _! inadequacy br+s comp5sation 9 a full] ma/]y ov] _! prop]ly adapt$ use4 ,sci5ce1 s call$1 01 inde$1 d[n to ! ,baconian era1 a turbid mixture ( physics ) metaphysics4 ,! solution1 x might be said1 0 attempt$ ( an insoluble mat]ial :i* refus$ to dissolve & 0 h9d]$ f precipitat+4 ,! ,greek view ( nature 0 ess5tially pan!i/ic4 ,! ,ionian speculators appe> to h presum$ )\t expressly insi/+ ^u its self-regulat+ p[]4 ,ari/otle alone emphatically reject$ ! doctr9e ( cosmic vitality or sub-consci\s t5d5cies4 ,b ,plato accept$ & magnifi$ ! ,ori5tal tradition2 ! conception ( a ',_w-,s\l' ow$ to him its vague spl5d\r & p]5nial fasc9ation4 ,! function ( ! ,platonic vice-creator 7= su* ! ,_w-,s\l mu/ be acc\nt$7 0 t ( m\ld+ brute matt] into con=mity ) ! ar*etypal ideas ( ! ,div9e m9d2 ?is 0 n1 h[ev]1 accompli%$ once = all1 b by a progressive spiritualiz+ ( :at 9 its nature 0 dead & inanimate4 ,! spiritual ag5t1 becom+ incorporat$ ) ! univ]sal frame1 l5t to x a semblance ( life1 an obscure s5sitiv5ess1 & ev5 "s k9d ( lat5t intellig5ce2 & s ! anima mundi 0 %ap$ into exi/5ce1 & cont9u$ c5tury by c5tury to be ! subject & s\rce ( imag9+s beyond measure wild & fanta/ic4 ,"o great ?\ght--t ( ! unity ( nature--lay beh9d !m1 b its significance 0 lo/ amid ! phantasmagoria ( ,neo-,platoni/ exaltations4 ,h5ce ! ,bac*ic f]v\rs ( ,giordano ,bruno took _! inspiration2 "h 0 ! gr\ndwork ( ,sp9oza's pan!ism4 ,%elley's ,demiorgon1 felt z 'a liv+ _s1' se5 z 'a mighty d>kness1' desc5d$ l9eally f t /range ess5ce--=mless1 in>ticulate1 devoid ( individual self-consci\sness--:i* animat$ ! subm]g$ philosophy ( ,neo-,pagan times ) ! b>r5 ard\rs ( my/icism4 ,! doctr9e1 9 its orig9al & m sob] v]sion1 obta9$ memorable expression 9 ,virgil's melodi\s hexamet]s3 ',pr9cipio clum1 ac t]ras1 camposque liqu5tes1 ,luc5temque globum lun1 ,titaniaque a/ra1 ,spiritus intus alit1 totamque infusa p] artus ,m5s agitat molem1 et magno se corpore miscet4' ,9 ,con+ton's rhym$ v]sion !y run z foll[s3 ',"k fir/1 ! heav51 ! e>?1 ! ma91 ,! moon's pale orb1 ! />ry tra91 ,are n\ri%$ by a s\l1 ,a bright intellig5ce1 ^: flame ,gl[s 9 ea* memb] ( ! frame1 ,& /irs ! mighty :ole4' ,kepl] 0 no cosmogoni/1 b he aspir$ to f\nd a 'physical a/ronomy1' & 9 8 grop+s = a me*anical p[] t might suffice to regulate ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 he /umbl$ ^u a mode ( action highly appropriate = ! explanation ( _! gr[?4 ,8 ignorance ( ! laws ( motion preclud$ him f ! conception ( velocities p]si/5t 9 !mselves1 & m]ely deflect$ f /raight into curv$ pa?s by a con/ant c5tral pull4 ,h5ce he 0 driv5 to ! tw(old exp$i5t ( creat+ a :irl+ m$ium = ma9ta9+ ! revolutions ( ! planets1 & ( suppos+ ! sun to ex]cise a 'magnetic influ5ce1' by :i* !y 7 drawn into clos$ orbits4 ,"h1 !n1 c5tral =ces made a def9itive entry on ! a/ronomical /age1 al?\gh ) sc>cely a disc]nible promise ( _! brilliant future4 ,b x 0 o!rwise ) ! clumsy ma*9]y !y help$ to animate4 ,kepl]'s simple modus op]&i1 adopt$1 or m probably re-inv5t$ by ,desc>tes1 0 publi%$ z an epo*-mak+ discov]y 9 8 ,pr9cipia ,philosophica 7#afdd71 & sprang "u its new aspect into swift notoriety4 ,! wide acceptance ( ! !ory ( vortices 0 at lea/ 9 "p due to ! impressive l>g5ess ( its framework4 ,desc>tes left no?+ out4 ,! spaci\s scope ( 8 speculations embrac$ all t 0 kn[able--nature1 animate & inanimate1 life & "t3 ',planets & ! pale populace ( heav51 ,! m9d ( man1 & all t's made to so>4' ,a philosophy1 a metaphysic1 & a cosmogony 7 l9k$ toge!r 9 a s+le plan4 ,its au?or di/+ui%$ 9 matt] ?ree gradations ( f95ess4 ,! co>se/ k9d 0 t compos+ ! e>? & o!r opaque bodies2 ! m sublimat$ mat]ials ( ! sun & />s came next2 f9ally1 !re 0 ! e!real sub/ance ( ! skies1 s delicately con/itut$ z to be lum9\s or lum9if]\s4 ,?is la/ v>iety 0 reg>d$ z ( subord9ate orig94 ,x repres5t$1 9 fact1 a k9d ( cele/ial detritus4 ,int]/ell> space _h gradually become fill$ ) intangible du/1 ! product ( molecul> attrition among orig9ally angul> sol> & /ell> p>ticles4 ,e!r 0 ?us suppos$ to be> to ! subtle/ description ( ord9>y matt] v mu* ! same sort ( relation%ip t ions presumably d to atoms4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! ,c>tesian univ]se 0 bas$ on crude atomism4 ,its mode ( con/ruction1 moreov]1 ev9c$ a total disreg>d ( me*anical pr9ciples4 ,yet "s acqua9tance ) ! laws ( motion 0 by t "t easily )9 rea*4 ,! fir/ ( ! ?ree1 at any rate1 _h be5 unmi/akably en\nc$ by ,galileo 9 #afcb1 & ,desc>tes himself /rongly *ampion$ its validity4 ,yet he ?\ght x necess>y1 9 ord] to keep ! planets mov+1 to imm]se !m 9 "o great self-gyrat+ vortex c5tr$ on ! sun1 ea* be+ fur!r provid$ ) a simil> subord9ate :irlpool = ! ma9t5ance ( its dome/ic sy/em4 ,comets 7 left 9 a s+ul>ly anomal\s position4 ,!y circulat$ freely on ! :ole1 _! exemption f planet>y re/rictions be+ tacitly recogniz$2 nev]!less1 !y took advantage ( e enc\nt]$ swirl to help !mselves on t[>ds _! de/9ation4 ,among ! fables ( pseudo-sci5ce ,delambre decl>$ t1 _h ! *oice be5 (f]$ to him1 he w\ld h pref]r$ ! solid sph]es ( ,ari/otle to ! t\rbillons ( ,desc>tes4 ',! sph]es1' he add$1#b 'h prov$ helpful bo? = ! con/ruction ( planet>iums repres5t+ 9 a g5]al way ! cele/ial movem5ts1 & = _! calculation by approximate rules d$uc$ f !m2 b ! sy/em ( vortices has nev] s]v$ any purpose :atsoev]1 :e!r me*anical or computative4' ,its vogue _h1 nev]!less1 be5 brilliant & su/a9$4 ,advanc$ ?9k]s 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,quatorze piqu$ !mselves ^u be+ ,c>tesians4 ,! vortical hypo!sis 0 novel--x seem$ d>+2 & ?\gh x might n be true1 x _h plausibility en\gh = fa%ionable curr5cy4 ,nor did x des]ve ! unmitigat$ contempt ) :i* x 0 treat$ by ,delambre4 ,a glance at ! skies makes u pause be=e condemn+ x to scornful oblivion4 ,j two c5turies aft] its promulgation ! fir/ spiral nebula 0 id5tifi$ 9 ,canes ,v5atici4 ,t ! heav5s sw>m ) analog\s objects is c]ta91 & _! /atus z p>tially develop$ sy/ems is visible 9 e l9e ( _! con=mation4 ,our own planet>y _w may1 or may n1 h trav]s$ ! /age !y s copi\sly illu/rate2 b 9 any case !y prove beyond "q t vortices v>i\sly condition$ are preval5t among ! =ms assum$ by cosmic masses advanc+ t[>ds an ord]ly arrangem5t4 ,my/ical cosmogonies belong to ! p]iod ( e?nic infancy4 ,!y h n ceas$ to be curr5t4 ,_w-fables mu/ be inv5t$ :]ev] ! obscure wond] ( savage communities is excit$ by ! my/]i\s spectacle ( ,nature's app>5tly design$ op]ations & irresi/ible p[]4 ,b !y 7 sup]s$$ among peoples 9 ! van ( progress by philosophic cosmogonies at ! epo* :5 ,?ales began to diffuse ?r\gh\t ,ionia ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians & ,*aldeans4 ,s*emes1 h[ev]1 su* z he & 8 successors elaborat$ result f ! disc\rse ( reason unfett]$ by any close att5tion to facts4 ,!y h be5 mo/ly wr\ght out by m5 :o1 9 ,delambre's words1 ',diss]tai5t p]te de vue1 sans jamais ri5 obs]v]1 et sans jamais ri5 calcul]4' ,! insub/antial fabrics re>$ by !m 7 !n fatally discr$it$ by ,baconian me?ods & ! ,newtonian reign ( law2 !y surviv$--=ms ( ?\ght die sl[ly--b insecurely1 ) noticeably und]m9$ f\ndations4 ,sw$5borg 0 ! la/ em95t reaction>y1 & 8 re/oration 9 #agcd ( ! ,c>tesian gyrat+ m$ium z ! motive p[] ( ! sol> ma*9e 0 a palpable failure4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise1 s9ce its inceptive idea _h gr[n sup]annuat$4 ,! mod]n era ( sci5tific cosmogony 0 at h&4 ,x 0 prec$$ by "s rem>kable attempts at sid]eal g5]alization4 ,cosmology is ! eld] si/] ( cosmogony4 ,:at is mu/ be /udi$ be=e :at 0 c be inf]r$4 ,prec$5t /ates rema9 vision>y unless !y c be closely l9k$ to actual & obs]vable conditions4 ,n[ ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury an intelligible plan ( ! /ell> univ]se1 s f> z ! telescope _h !n disclos$ x1 began to be a desid]atum4 ,& ! ent]prise ( supply+ ! ne$ 0 und]tak5 indep5d5tly by two m5 ( obscure orig9 & imp]fect education--"o ,engli%1 ! o!r ,g]man4 ,?omas ,wright1 ( ,durham1 0 ! son ( a c>p5t] at ,by]'s ,gre51 :]e he 0 born ,septemb] #bb1 #agaa4 ,8 life 0 "o ( _m vicissitudes1 b end$ happily4 ,hav+ /ruggl$ h>d = a livelihood--n[ at sea1 !n aga9 on %ore z a clock & almanac mak]1 a tea*] & lectur]--he f9ally atta9$1 some:at unacc\ntably1 to di/9ction & afflu5ce1 built himself a h&some h\se h>d by 8 native %anty1 & prosp]\sly & reputably inhabit$ x dur+ a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,he di$ ,febru>y #be1 #aghf1 j "o ye> aft] ,h]s*el _h describ$ to ! ,royal ,society ! outcome ( 8 fir/ exp]im5ts 9 '/> gaug+4' ,z ! orig9ator ( ! 'clov5 disc' !ory ( ! ,milky ,way1 ,wright is /ill des]v$ly rememb]$1 = al?\gh t maje/ic /ructure is assur$ly o!rwise design$1 x 0 no mean a*ievem5t to h initiat$ ! sci5ce ( its ar*itecture4 ,he9ri* ,lamb]t 0 a /ill m adv5tur\s speculator ?an 8 unkn[n ,engli% rival4 ,8 fa!r 0 a poor tailor at ,mhlhaus51 !n 9 ,swiss t]ritory1 & he work$ z 8 appr5tice4 ,b 8 irrepressible tal5ts br\ght him into notice1 & he di$1 9 #aggg1 ?r\gh ! fav\r ( ! second ,fr$]ick1 a ,b]l9 ,academician4 ,8 ,cosmological ,lett]s1 publi%$ 9 #agfa1 7 entirely orig9al2 !y 7 compos$ 9 ignorance ( :at ,wright & ,kant _h already writt54 ,9 "s respects he ov]topp$ !m bo?4 ,he _h spl5did intuitions1 & j t\*$ ! conf9es ( greatness4 ,& if 8 p]=mances fell %ort ( ! v highe/1 x may h be5 r ?r\gh abridgm5t ( opportunity ?an ?r\gh lack ( capacity4 ,! ,milky ,way m>k$1 to 8 appreh5sion1 a sid]eal ecliptic1 & he co9cid$ ) ,wright 9 reg>d+ x z a disc ( aggregat$ />s1 b ) brea*es & gaps indicat+ a multiplicity ( sy/ems circulat+1 he ?\ght1 r\nd a common c5tre4 ,nor did he d\bt ! exi/5ce ( o!r ,milky ,ways--numb]less1 remote1 unse5--gr\p$ into a comb9ation ( a high] ord]2 :ile beyond1 & /ill beyond1 /ret*$ fur!r hi]>*ies ( sy/ems on an asc5d+ scale ( magnitude & gr&eur4 ,our k ( ! /ructural facts ( ! univ]se c nev] be made exhau/ive2 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 be=e ,h]s*el _h op5$ 8 sid]eal campaign1 x 0 b>ely elem5t>y4 ,wright & ,lamb]t 7 accord+ly on a /9t ( mat]ial--!y _h to make bricks ) v little /raw4 ,yet !y did _! be/ ) :at 0 at h&4 ,bo? paid pr(\nd att5tion to ! /ell> heav5s2 !y e>ne/ly s\ght ! true int]pretation ( ! appe>ances pres5t$ by !m1 hold+ x possible1 z we1 despite accumulat+ difficulties1 /ill d1 to h>monize c\ntless deta*$ ph5om5a 9 "o va/ syn!tic plan4 ,x 0 ?is purpose ( fidelity to ,nature :i* gave value to _! "w1 & made x a new ?+ 9 cosmological hi/ory4 ,?is alone l5t x impulsive =ce1 & caus$ ! m$itations ( two lonely ?9k]s to become effective 9 /imulat+ fre% attempts1 fav\r$ by improv$ conditions1 to compreh5d :at actually exi/s1 & to inf] !nce1 ) rational confid5ce1 its s\rces 9 ! vague b und5iable pa/4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,zell]1 ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,philosophy1 translat$ by ,s4,f4 ,alleyne1 vol4 i41 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #b3 ,quot$ by ,r4 ,wolf1 ,h&bu* d] ,a/ronomie1 ,bd4 ,,ii41 p4 #eic4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis ,immanuel ,kant 01 9 #agea1 /ill 9 ! pla/ic /age4 ,8 p]iod ( 'pure reason' 0 remote1 & might h appe>$ improbable4 ,su* z !y 71 8 di/9ctions _h be5 won 9 ! field ( concrete sci5ce1 & ! _w ( ph5om5a invit$ 8 speculations m s$uctively ?an ! subtleties ( logic4 ,a se$ 0 accord+ly ?r[n into f]tile soil by 8 read+ ( ,?omas ,wright's ,new ,!ory ( ! ,univ]se1 z summ>iz$ 9 a ,hamburg j\rnal4 ,x set him ?9k+1 & 8 ?\ghts prov$ to be ( ! dynamic ord]4 ,wright reg>d$ ! heav5s "u a m]ely /atical aspect4 ,he laid d[n ! fir/ def9ite plan ( _! con/ruction1 %[+ t ! />s 7 n scatt]$ at r&om1 b aggregat$ by me?od2 & ?is 0 mu* = "o necessit\s human be+ to h accompli%$ unaid$4 ,b ! "y pr(essor ( ,knigsb]g c\ld n re/ satisfi$ ) ! idle contemplation ( any subsi/+ arrangem5t4 ,8 m9d 0 incapable ( acquiesc+ 9 ?+s simply z !y pres5t$ !mselves2 x crav$ to "k fur!r h[ !y came to /& to ea* o!r 9 j su* mutual relations4 ,he 01 moreov]1 p]meat$ ) ,epicurean doctr9es4 ,n 9 any repreh5sible s5se4 ,he c\ld n be reproa*$ ei!r z a h$oni/ or z an a!i/4 ,8 pleasures 7 intellectual1 8 morals au/]e1 8 convictions or?odox4 ,beh9d ! veil ( mat]ial exi/5ce he div9$ its supreme immat]ial ,orig9ator1 & 8 p]ception ( ! activity 9 ,nature ( an ord]+ ,fir/ ,cause rema9$ equally vivid1 :e!r its disclosures 7 tak5 to be by imm$iate creation or ?r\gh t$i\s processes ( modification & gr[?4 ,8 l>ge & lum9\s view embrac$ besides ! e?ical significance :i* su* processes adumbrate4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce %[s an appreciation ( ! place ( man 9 ,nature tru] & m pr(\nd ?an 0 atta9$ p]haps by any o!r ( 8 philosophical contempor>ies3 ',! cosmic evolution ( ,nature1' he wrote 9 memorable words1 'is cont9u$ 9 ! hi/oric developm5t ( humanity1 & complet$ 9 ! moral p]fection ( ! individual4'#c ,nev]!less1 he own$ to a community ( ideas ) ,democritus z to ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,lucretius _h ca/ ov] him ! spell ( 8 l(ty diction1 & captur$ 8 sci5tific adhesion by ! /ately imag]y ( 8 v]se4 ,) res]vations1 h[ev]4 ,docile disciple%ip 0 n 9 8 l9e4 ,he avail$1 !n1 ( ! ,democritean atoms1 b by no means admitt$ _! conc\rse to be =tuit\s4 ,*aos itself1 z he conceiv$ x1 half conceal$1 half reveal$ ! r\gh draft ( a 'p]fect plan4' ,8 po/ulates 7 few4 ,he dem&$ only a limitless wa/e ( primordial matt]1 animat$ by no =ces save ^? ( gravitation & molecul> repulsion1 & und]took to produce f x a workable sol> sy/em4 ,! attempt 0 no m ?an p>tially successful4 ,retrogressive inve/igations lead at ! be/ to prec>i\s results1 & ?is "o1 9 p>ticul>1 0 vitiat$ by a fundam5tal error ( pr9ciple4 ,its au?or cle>ly p]ceiv$ t planet>y circulation mu/ be ! outcome ( a vortical swirl 9 ! nebul\s matrix2 b he fail$ to see t no int]action ( its con/itu5t p>ticles c\ld h set ?is swirl go+4 ,sy/ems _c ( !mselves add to _! 'mom5t ( mom5tum4' ,no *anges ( int]nal configuration avail to increase or dim9i% ! sum ( ! products obta9$ by multiply+ ! mass ( ea* ( ! connect$ bodies into its areal velocity project$ on a common plane4 ,! sum is ( ! algebraic k9d4 ,equal & opposite motions cancel ea* o!r1 ! total repres5t+ only ! aggregate excess ( spe$ 9 ei!r direction4 ,a sy/em ) all its p>ts 9 rapid motion might !n conceivably be devoid ( mom5t ( mom5tum4 ,& if ?is 7 its /ate to beg9 )1 x %\ld be its /ate to ! end ( "t1 unless ext]nal =ce 7 appli$ to alt] x4 ,b ! possibility may be dismiss$ z ideal4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( s nice a balance z x w\ld require is n practically feasible4 ,9 ! actual _w "o side ( ! velocity acc\nt w\ld be sure to exce$ ! o!r1 albeit v slightly1 & ! smalle/ pr$om9ance w\ld suffice to set on foot an ev5tual rotation ( ! sy/em4 ,_h ,kant be5 bett] acqua9t$ ) me*anical pr9ciples1 he might !n h safely tru/$ to ! m9ute beg9n+s suppli$ by aborig9al inequalities ( movem5t & dissymmetry ( arrangem5t = ! developm5t 9 8 colossal du/-cl\d ( ! :eel+ movem5t necess>y = 8 purpose2 & he w\ld ?us h escap$ /umbl+ at ! ?re%old ( 8 d>+ inquiry4 ,rightly av]se to employ+ arbitr>y exp$i5ts1 he piqu$ himself on ! simplicity ( 8 po/ulates1 & 0 ?us misl$ into sub/itut+ an imag9>y = a real cause4 ,! hypo!sis adopt$ by him 0 t ! p>ticles =m+ ! initial in*oate mass fell toge!r by gravity1 b 7 deviat$ f rectil9e> c\rses ?r\gh ! effects ( unequal resi/ance4 ,& he d]iv$ f ! comb9ation ( ^! multitud9\s enc\nt]s a common axial rotation = ! entire agglom]ation4 ,! futility ( ?is mode ( proc$ure 0 adv]t$ to by ,m4 ,faye 9 #ahhe4d ,! deviations 9 "q w\ld1 9 fact1 exactly balance "o ano!r1 !re be+ no reason :y movem5t 9 "o s5se %\ld prevail ov] movem5t 9 ! opposite2 consequ5tly a g5]al rotatory movem5t c\ld n ev5 beg9 to affect ! see?+ mass1 :i* w\ld cond5se 9 /]ile rigidity4 ,kant %\ld !n1 z ,laplace did :5 8 turn came1 h assum$ ! gyration indisp5sable to 8 purpose4 ,he ask$ too little f ,nature on "o side1 & too mu* on ! o!r1 ) ! result ( arre/+ ! ma*9]y he design$ to set go+4 ,kant made ! g]m ( ! future sun to consi/ 9 an aggregation ( atoms at ! core ( ! nebula1 :i*1 gr[+ by successive innum]able accessions1 provid$ ! motive p[] = ! ma*9]y ( planet>y con/ruction4 ,= x 01 z we h se51 ! jo/l+ ( ! p>ticles drawn t[>ds ! gradually prepond]at+ c5tre ( attraction :i* set on foot1 x 0 suppos$1 ! :irl ev5tually trans=m$ into ! tang5tial velocities ( ! sun's att5dant bodies4 ,!y 7 =m$1 l ! sun1 by ! p]petuation & increase ( subord9ate nuclei sure to arise 9 ! elem5tal tumult4 ,!y 7 =m$1 n "u ! guidance ( a def9ite law1 b j :]e *ance--or :at seem$ l *ance--fav\r$ an accretion4 ,! progressive increase ( planet>y di/ances not$ by ,titius & ,bode c\ld nev] h aris5 9 ! ,kantian sy/em4 ,nor c\ld ! ,kantian planets h _h a direct rotation4#e ,"u ! giv5 conditions retrograde sy/ems %\ld h orig9at$4 ,?is w\ld h necess>ily ensu$ f ! incoh]5ce ( _! mat]ials4 ,p>ticles revolv+ indep5d5tly "o ( ! o!r h small] velocities ! m remote !y are f ! focus ( movem5t4 ,%\ld !y agglom]ate into a globe1 ! inn] flights mu/1 z be+ ! swifte/1 det]m9e ! direction ( its rotation1 :i* w consequ5tly rev]se ! direction ( its orbital revolution4 ,h5ce1 x dep5ds ^u ! nature ( _! g5]at+ /uff no less ?an ^u ! advance ( c5tral cond5sation :e!r planets1 9 _! dome/ic arrangem5ts1 contrav5e or obey ! l>g] law ( circulation prevail+ 9 ! sy/em to :i* !y belong1 & ,kant's nebula 0 und\bt$ly su* z to involve its contrav5tion4 ,yet 8 s*eme1 ) all its defici5cies1 bore ! au!ntic /amp ( g5ius--( g5ius imp]fectly equipp$ ) k1 b orig9al1 p5etrative1 div9atory4 ,! v entitl+ ( ! "w1 ,a ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,heav5s 0 an audacity imply+ a radical *ange ( conception4 ,x 0 9 ?is rem>kable treatise t 'isl& univ]ses' made _! def9itive appe>ance4 ,wright1 x is true1 _h1 five ye>s previ\sly 79 #agej71 ?r[n out ! idea t 'cl\dy spots' might repres5t 'ext]nal creations1' b z a m]e vag>y ( ! sci5tific imag9ation4 ,kant unhesitat+ly laid hold ( x1 class$ nebul z s _m sep>ate galaxies1 & reg>d$ !m z comb9+ ) our own into a revolv+ sy/em on a surpass+ scale ( gr&eur4 ,kant 0 also ! fir/ to take into acc\nt ! effects on _! developm5t ( ! pla/icity ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,he publi%$ 9 #aged1 9 a ,knigsb]g pap]1 by way ( prelim9>y to 8 =?com+ ,natural ,hi/ory1 an outl9e ( ! work+s ( tidal friction 9 ! e>?-moon sy/em4 ,he saw cle>ly t x _h act$ 9 ! pa/ to r$uce our satellite's rotation to its pres5t m9imum rate1 & t x ev5 n[1 by v sl[ degrees1 t5d$ to ret>d ! sp9n+ ( ! e>?4 ,?is brilliant =eca/ rema9$ unnotic$ = well-nigh a c5tury4 ,! ass]tion1 h[ev]1 t ,kant's cosmogony 0 an anticipatory ',meteoritic ,hypo!sis' lacks f\ndation4 ,x is only true 9 ! s5se t 8 build+ mat]ials 7 pulv]ul5t1 n 'fluid4' ,laplace's primitive nebula 0 a coh]5t mass4 ,x rotat$ z a :ole2 x divid$ only "u consid]able /ra92 its sep>at$ p>ts _h individual unity--!y held toge!r )1 s to speak1 a purpose ( conc5tration4 ,kant's elem5tal matt]1 on ! contr>y1 0 a loose aggregate ( indep5d5t p>ticles1 ea* pursu+ its way1 di/urb$1 inde$1 by its neighb\rs1 b ess5tially isolat$ f !m4 ,!y 71 9 %ort1 g5u9e ,lucretian atoms1 int5d$ to /& = ! irr$ucible m9ima ( ,nature4 ,! *aos t !y =m$ 0 9 n[ise a 'meteoritic pl5um1' unless ! phrase be empti$ ( all di/9ctive mean+4 ,meteorites1 s f> f be+ primordial units1 h ! %[ & semblance ( advanc$ cosmical products4 ,!y raise special que/ions 9 *emi/ry1 m9]alogy1 geology1 & physics1 claim+ to be dealt ) by exp]ts 9 ea* bran*4 ,be=e s]v+ = explanatory purposes1 9 fact1 !y !mselves ne$ to be expla9$4 ,laplace en\nc$ 8 hypo!sis 9 #agif1 & republi%$ x ) supplem5t>y details 9 #ahjh4 ,h]s*el _h mean:ile asc]ta9$ ! retrograde movem5t ( ! ,uranian satellite-sy/em1 a circum/ance highly damag+ to ! validity ( ! adopt$ l9e ( reason+2 yet its au?or 0 cont5t to leave x 9 jeop>dy4 ,he mu/1 to be sure1 h regrett$ t ,nature _h se5 fit to m> ! admirable symmetry indicative ( h] presum$ plan ( action1 runn+ c\nt] !reby to ! pla9e/ tea*+s ( ! doctr9e ( probabilities4 ,b he kept 8 own c\nsel on ! subject1 pref]r+ t x %\ld be discuss$1 z x has be5 9 full detail1 by po/]ity2 & po/]ity has1 at any rate1 le>n$ t ! seem+ caprices ( ,nature are (t5 m in/ructive ?an h] mo/ h>moni\s regul>ity1 & has d]iv$ a w>n+ f h] frequ5t brea*es ( cont9uity aga9/ ! undue ext5sion ( app>5tly well-gr\nd$ inf]5ces4 ,nev]!less1 ! con/ructive s*eme h&$ on by ! eighte5? to ! n9ete5? c5tury has n1 up to ! pres5t1 be5 consign$ to ! limbo ( vanities4 ,x accord$ too pr(\ndly ) und\bt$ realities to be ?us summ>ily dispos$ (4 ,no "o !n liv+ _h /udi$ ! me*anism ( ! sol> sy/em s att5tively1 or 0 s intimately acqua9t$ ) its work+s1 z ,pi]re ,simon ,laplace4 ,none knew bett] h[ admirable1 yet h[ f> f inevitable1 7 ! adju/m5ts by :i* its /ability 0 secur$4 ,long m$itation ^u _! poise & plan p]suad$ him t ! subsi/+ congruities ( arrangem5t mu/ h _h _! s\rce 9 a community ( orig94 ,he ?us acquir$ ! settl$ conviction t ! sun eng5d]$ 8 cortge1 or 0 toge!r ) x eng5d]$ f "o p>5t-mass4 ,& ?is virtually new tru? 7= ,kant's speculation _h attract$ a negligible am\nt ( notice7 0 set =? by him ) a directness & lucidity :i* won = x an imm$iate place among ! p]man5t acquisitions ( ! human intellect4 ,few1 p]haps1 any long] believe t planet>y =mation took ! precise c\rse laid d[n = x 9 ! ,sy/me du ,monde1 b few] /ill d\bt t ! entire ambit ( ! sol> sy/em 0 once occupi$ by an in*oate sun1 & t its compon5t bodies came into be+ incid5tally to t sun's progressive contraction4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is view ,laplace c\ld allege no cl9*+ argum5t2 x recomm5d$ itself to him solely ?r\gh its inh]5t probability4 ,unexpect$ confirmation has1 none ! less1 be5 af=d$ to x by ! mod]n !orem ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 appli$ by ,helmholtz ) widely illum9ative effect to solve ! problem ( ! ma9t5ance ( sol> heat4 ,laplace assum$ an enorm\sly high initial temp]ature4 ,x 0 ! only way op5 to him1 & he took x4 ,b a transc5d5tally hot nebula is n easily conceivable2 an exalt$ !rmal /ate seems1 & probably is1 incompatible ) a high degree ( att5uation4 ,! key to ! enigma 0 giv5 by ! demon/ration t a diffuse mass1 al?\gh actually cold1 might conta9 va/ /ores ( pot5tial heat4 ,!re 0 !n no ne$ to po/ulate a primitive 'fire-mi/'2 ! surr5d]$ en]gy ( position amply suffic$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! case4 ,! temp]ature ( ! nebula necess>ily rose z x contract$ ?r\gh gravitational /ress2 %r9kage & heat-evolution proce$$ toge!r2 & !y 9 all likelihood proce$ toge!r /ill4 ,our exi/5ce dep5ds 9 "p1 or :olly1 ^u ! collapse ( ! sun4 ,if its p>ticles ceas$ to desc5d1 _! inc&esc5ce w\ld become less int5se1 & t]re/rial vitality w\ld be s]i\sly compromis$4 ,_! numb]1 h[ev]1 be+ f9ite1 ! /ore ( en]gy !y c supply 9 fall+ ev5 f an inf9ite di/ance is also f9ite4 ,! process ( sol> su/5tation is !n t]m9able2 x _h a beg9n+1 & x w assur$ly come to an end4 ,n[ ! t]m9us ad quem is ( a calculable remot5ess3 x c be locat$ 7unless %ift$ by radio-active processes7 )9 c]ta9 limits ( "t4 ,b ! t]m9us a quo dep5ds ^u too _m conditions to be satisfactorily def9$4 ,x is only c]ta9 t ! sun is to-day slightly m cond5s$ ?an x 0 a ye> ago4 ,x might a few mill5niums back h be5 measurably l>g]1 _h mod]n micrometrical me?ods be5 available 9 ! ,/one ,age2 :ile1 look+ into ! geological pa/1 we disc]n a cont9ually m diffuse globe1 fill+ ! orbit ( ,m]cury :5 ! e>? 0 p]haps /ill r$-hot1 !n successively ampl] sph]es1 out to1 & beyond1 t ( ,neptune4 ,& j su* a va/ly diffus$ sun realizes ! nebula ( ,laplace4 ,! /ate ( ?+s he imag9$ c be rea*$ accord+ly1 ei!r by trac+ =w>d ! developm5t ( a t5u\s rotat+ mass1 or by pursu+ backw>d ! surely indicat$1 unceas+1 & inevitable di/5sion ( ! sun4 ,h5ce1 no soon] 0 x ackn[l$g$ t en]gy may be trans=m$1 b _c be de/roy$1 ?an ! nebul> cosmogony assum$ a new & au?oritative aspect4 ,b "h a caveat has be5 ent]$ by ! late/ inquir]s--a caveat n to be ignor$1 ?\gh bas$ ^u modes ( action /ill exce$+ly obscure4 ,radio-activity is a fl$gl+ sci5ce2 its capabilities1 ?\gh imm5se1 are vaguely outl9$4 ,until !y m fully approve !mselves1 x w\ld be unwise to admit conclusions :i* !y may ev5tually en=ce4 ,subv]sive ideas are 9 ! air2 ! !ory ( atomic dissociation goes to ! v root ( ?+s1 & x insi/5tly claims ass5t4 ,its v]ification1 by disclos+ ! pres5ce 9 ! univ]se ( a measureless /ore ( unsuspect$ en]gy1 w\ld ov]?r[ all ! calculations ( cosmic "t h]et(ore attempt$1 & might protract indef9itely ! radiative span ( ! sun4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,wilson po9t$ out 9 #aijcf t its entire !rmal output c\ld be suppli$ by ! spontane\s lib]ation ( en]gy f #cf grammes ( radium 9 ea* cubic metre ( its volume2 & al?\gh we h no evid5ce ( ! actual exi/5ce ( radium 9 ! sun1 ! possibility t *romosph]ic helium repres5ts ! decay ( sol> radio-active elem5ts#g mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! gr\nd "h is und]m9$ ) pitfalls4 ,we c only see t al?\gh ,helmholtz's gravitational rationale ( ! sun's long life-hi/ory rema9s true1 ! results d]iv$ f x may be pr(\ndly modifi$ by co-ord9ate processes1 v>i\sly efficaci\s accord+ to circum/ances1 p]haps kn[able1 b z yet unkn[n4 ,! scope ( ! nebul> hypo!sis _h wid5$ prodigi\sly by ! "t ,helmholtz took x 9 h&4 ,five ye>s be=e its promulgation at ,p>is1 ,h]s*el gave at ,sl\gh ! fir/ h9t ( a correspond+ s*eme ( sid]eal evolution4 ,! discov]y ( a nebul\s /> 9 ,taurus 7,n4,g4,c4 #aead7 set him pond]+2 & he f\nd himself1 z ! up%ot ( 8 m$itations1 r$uc$ to ! dilemma ei!r ( conclud+ nucleus & *evelure to be alike /ell>1 ?\gh compos$ ( />s diff]+ enorm\sly 9 real magnitude1 or ( admitt+ ! possession by ! /> ( a volum9\s app5dage con/itut$ ( a peculi> & unkn[n '%9+ fluid4' ,he *ose ! latt] alt]native1 add+ ! pregnant rem>k3 ',! %9+ fluid might exi/ indep5d5tly ( />s1' & 'seems m fit to produce a /> by its cond5sation ?an to dep5d on ! /> = its exi/5ce4'#h ,?us t5tatively1 & "u ! compulsion ( ph5om5a r ?an by ! delib]ate *oice ( its inv5tor1 ! univ]sal !ory ( ! g5esis ( />s f nebul took its rise4 ,h]s*el %ap$ x def9itively 9 #ahaa & #ahad into a =mal plan = ! int]pretation ( cele/ial appe>ances1 b 9 a l>ge & g5]al way4 ,he made no attempt to realize ! p>ticul>ities ( a modus op]&i vaguely conceiv$ ( z involv+ gr[? by absorption or assimilation4 ,he & ,laplace ?\ght out _! sep>ate s*emes q irrespectively "o ( ! o!r4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( _! hav+ ex*ang$ views p]sonally or by correspond5ce1 nor does _! mutual influ5ce appe> to h be5 appreciable4#i ,yet ,laplace ne$$ z ! raw mat]ial = 8 sol> sy/em precisely ! '%9+ fluid' elaborat$1 "o might say1 by ,h]s*el1 p>tly ?r\gh ! revelations ( 8 telescopes1 p>tly z ! outcome ( 8 reason+s conc]n+ ! *evelure ( ! /> 9 ,taurus4 ,halley1 x is true1 _h1 by a sagaci\s intuition1 surmis$ ! composition ( nebul out ( a 'lucid m$ium4' ,b ! ineffectual phrase rema9$ /r&$ 9 ! pages ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 & has only ( late be5 set float+ on ! /ream ( sci5tific lit]ature4 ,d[n to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury _w-build+ _h be5 a purely speculative und]tak+4 ,x lack$ actuality2 x 0 conc]n$ ) op]ations ?\ght ( z belong+ exclusively to a pa/ ord] ( ?+s1 n[ ov] & done )1 & ly+ :olly outside ! range ( exp]i5ce4 ,?r\gh ,h]s*el's syn!sis1 h[ev]1 ^? dimly appreh5d$ op]ations 7 br\ght into view z v>i\sly progress+ ev5 n[ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! cosmos1 z incipi5t 9 "s regions1 f> advanc$ 9 o!rs1 ! rubbi% ( ! work%op "h half mask+ ! ris+ edifice1 :ile else:]e signs ( decay & exhau/ion give legible presage ( an appo9t$ end4 ,& ?is /up5d\s vision ( a =m+ univ]se has n vani%$ on critical scrut9y4 ,x is no dream-tissue2 x _c dissolve into airy no?+ness2 x is bas$ ^u a firm sub/ratum ( reality4 ,! immeasurable purposes ( creative wisdom are /ill only 9 "p fulfill$4 ,x has become ! /range privilege ( humanity to contemplate f its little %oal ( "t ! oceanic fl[ ( _! developm5t4 ,?us1 9 ! sw+ ( ! ages1 ,laplace's ?\ght 0 caught up & vitaliz$4 ,he himself 0 sc>cely s5sible ( _! movem5t4 ,he recognis$ v imp]fectly1 if at all1 8 obligations to ,h]s*el's nebul\s />4 ,8 means 7 inadequate2 8 field ( view n>r[2 8 k1 ?\gh co-ext5sive ) t ( 8 "t1 fell %ort ( :at 8 b\ndless task dem&$4 ,9 "s respects 8 mode ( proc$ure 0 faulty2 8 =eca/s h be5 beli$2 ! behavi\r imput$ by him to a nebula su* z he devis$ is que/ionable1 if n impossible4 ,b ) ! in/9ct ( consummate intellig5ce he hit (f ! 'psy*ological mom5t1' &1 div9+ ! g5etic import ( h>monies ( con/ruction obvi\s to p]ception1 b ardu\s ( int]pretation1 he laid d[n ) ma/]ly simplicity ! gr\nd-plan ( a /ructure likely to ma9ta9 its sub/antial integrity despite innum]able additions & rectifications4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #c3 ,quot$ by ,dr4 ,ha/ie 9 ! preface to 8 translation ( ,kant's ,cosmogony1 ,glasg[1 #aijj4 ,footnote #d3 ,sur l',orig9e du ,monde1 #c;e d41 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #e3 ,?is also 0 po9t$ out by ,m4 ,faye1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #f3 ,nature1 ,july #i1 #aijc4 ,footnote #g3 ,ru!r=d1 ,radio-activity1 p4 #cdb4 ,footnote #h3 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 lxxxi41 p4 #he4 ,footnote #i3 ,h]s*el met ,laplace dur+ a visit to ,p>is 9 ,july1 #ahja1 b :at pass$ betwe5 !m is unrecord$4 ,9 ! six? edition1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,exposition du ,sy/me du ,monde1 ,laplace ref]r$ to ,h]s*el's obs]vations ( nebul z confirmatory ( 8 own g5etic s*eme4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,criticisms ,,( ,,! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis ,laplace's !ory 0 a p]fectly def9ite conception4 ,9 ?is lay its di/9ctive m]it2 9 ?is also its special susceptibility to attack4 ,"h 0 no "q ( cond5sation r\nd nuclei aris+ at discretion amid ! l>ge possibilities ( b\ndless elem5tal confusion2 b ( an ord]ly succession ( occurr5ces1 r5d]$ inevitable by ! /eady op]ation ( me*anical laws1 & h>moniz+1 9 _! outcome1 ) ! array ( asc]ta9$ ph5om5a visible 9 ! planet>y sy/em4 ,^! accord+ly ceas$ to be reg>d$ z arbitr>y or casual2 !y became l9k$ toge!r 9 ! pres5t1 & ) ! pa/1 z jo9t products ( "o gr& s*eme ( developm5t4 ,! mode ( orig9 ( ! bodies exhibit+ !m acc\nt$1 its inv5tor claim$ to h %[n1 simply & entirely = !m all2 & at lea/ ! fundam5tal propositions laid d[n by him c\ld n be ga9said4 ,cle>ly1 ! unanimity ( planet>y movem5ts is no result ( *ance2 x repres5ts q obvi\sly a survival ( ! g5]al swirl ( an in*oate mass1 occupy+ primitively ! :ole recognis$ sph]e ( sol> influ5ce4 ,ambiguities set 9 only :5 details come to be consid]$4 ,! eng5d]+ nebula devis$ by ,laplace 0 provid$ ) a va/ end[m5t ( heat & a sl[ movem5t ( rotation2 h5ce cool+1 contraction1 & accel]ation advanc$ p>i passu1 ! la/ z a consequ5ce ( ! me*anical law by :i* ! algebraic sum ( ! areas describ$ by any numb] ( bodies r\nd a giv5 axis1 multipli$ by _! sev]al masses & project$ ^u a s+le plane1 rema9s con/ant to ! end ( "t4 ,9 o!r words1 to repeat :at has be5 /at$ a few pages back1 ! mom5t ( mom5tum ( a cong]ies ( p>ticles c nei!r increase nor dim9i% ?r\gh ! effects ( _! mutual int]actions1 h[ev] v>i$ & prolong$4 ,! nebula !n quick5$ its pace until a /age 0 rea*$ at :i* c5trifugal spe$ c\ld no long] be controll$ by gravity2 sep>ation became inevitable1 & an equatorial r+ 0 ab&on$1 :i* !nce=w>d revolv$ on its own acc\nt 9 ! p]iod con=m$ to by ! undivid$ mass at ! epo* ( its secession4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( _m subsequ5t crises ( in/ability1 ea* ev5tuat+ 9 ! deta*m5t ( a nebul\s r+4 ,^! r+s1 h[ev]1 7 reg>d$ z m]ely transitional =ms4 ,!y surviv$1 j = illu/rative purposes1 9 ! ,saturnian sy/em2 else:]e !y broke up into fragm5ts1 :i* ultimately coalesc$ into globes1 & ! globes 7 embryo planets4 ,!re 01 inde$1 a hit* 9 ! l9e ( argum5t :i* did n escape ! acum5 ( ! ,fr5* geomet]4 ,! direction ( ! axial movem5t imp>t$ to ! memb]s ( ! sol> family dep5d$ ess5tially ^u ! relative velocities ( ! portions ( matt] br\ght toge!r = _! con/ruction4 ,if ! inn] sections ( ! self-%ap+ mass mov$ fa/] ?an ! out]1 ! result+ rotation %\ld h be5 retrograde2 if sl[]1 direct rotation w\ld h ensu$4 ,n[1 9 a r+ l t ( ,saturn1 compos$ ( discrete p>ticles1 l9e> spe$ decreases cont9u\sly outw>d1 ea* ( its m9ute/ con/itu5ts obey+ indep5d5tly ,kepl]'s law ( p]iods & di/ances4 ,su* a =mation1 s9ce x w\ld necess>ily h yield$ backw>d-sp9n+ planets1 w\ld h be5 unfit = ! purpose 9 view1 & ,laplace accord+ly sub/itut$ an annulus end[$ ) a consid]able am\nt ( cohesion1 & capable ( rotat+1 l a solid1 9 a s+le p]iod4 ,x is true t su* unanimity ( movem5t 0 incompatible ) ! o!r po/ulat$ conditions2 b ! anomaly escap$ notice = above half a c5tury4 ,pr(essor ,d>w9 has moreov] po9t$ out#aj t a r+ ( matt] di/ribut$ ) any approa* to uni=mity mu/ conc5trate1 if at all1 r\nd its own c5tre ( gravity4 ,x %\ld accord+ly collapse ^u1 & become re-absorb$ by1 ! p>5t-body4 ,if m>k$ly unsymmetrical & ill-balanc$1 its mat]ials might c]ta9ly collect at an int]ior po9t m or less remote f ! c5tre2 b 9 no case c\ld ! focus ( cond5sation be situat$ 9 any "p ( ! annul> circumf]5ce1 :]e x 0 locat$ by ,laplace4 ,:e!r workable or n1 ! g5etic plan trac$ out by him 0 a /rictly regulat$ "o2 its /eps 7 m>k$ ) *>act]i/ic precision4 ,yet by ?is v det]m9at5ess x gave ho/ages to ! future4 ,x *all5g$ ! application ( te/s :i* designs m vaguely sket*$ might h evad$4 ,! prim>y crit]ion ( its tru? 0 ! preval5ce ( concordant motion ?r\gh\t ! sol> doma94 ,c\nt]-curr5ts 7 =mally exclud$2 _! possibility 0 n ev5 contemplat$4 ,h5ce1 ! discov]y ( ! retrograde sy/ems ( ,uranus & ,neptune flatly contrav5$ its pret5sions to unconditional acceptance4 ,) less evid5ce1 b equal c]ta9ty1 ,laplace's hypo!sis1 /rictly int]pret$1 involves ! consequ5ce t ea* planet circulates 9 ! id5tical "t occupi$ by ! rotation ( ! undivid$ nebula j be=e in/ability toppl$ ov] into sep>ation4 ,ea* ( ! planet>y p]iods %\ld accord+ly be> a c]ta9 ratio1 prescrib$ by inexorable me*anical law1 to ! actual p]iod ( ! sun's rotation4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! p]iods 9 "q are mu* %ort] ?an comports ) ! necessity = ! cons]vation f age to age ( ! sy/em's mom5t ( mom5tum4 ,! discrepancy 0 adv]t$ to ne>ly half a c5tury ago by ,m4 ,bab9et4#aa ,he %[$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahfa1 t ! axial movem5t ( ! sol> mass1 :5 di/5d$ to fill ! sph]e ( ,neptune1 %\ld h be51 by ! law ( areas1 s excessively sl[ t m ?an #bg1jjj c5turies w\ld h be5 ne$$ = ! completion ( a s+le rotation2 :ile ! p]iod1 ev5 :5 ! %r9k+ nebula _h come to be b\nd$ by ! t]re/rial orbit1 mu/ /ill h be5 protract$ to #c1aha ye>s4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 c5trifugal =ce w\ld nev] h ov]balanc$ c5tral attraction2 no r+s c\ld h sep>at$1 & no planets c\ld h be5 =m$4 ,q rec5tly1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,r4 ,m\lton1 ( ,*icago1#ab has reconsid]$ ! subject 9 ! c\rse ( a c>eful & c&id discussion ( ! difficulties besett+ ! nebul> cosmogony z view$ f ! /&po9t ( mod]n sci5ce1 & he comes to ess5tially ! same conclusion4 ,8 calculations1 ?\gh f\nd$ on data expressly *os5 s z to give ! classic !ory ! b5efit ( e d\bt1 made x p]fectly cle> t ! mom5t ( mom5tum ( ! embryo planet>y sy/em %\ld h exce$$ its pres5t value no less ?an #bac times if1 :5 x ext5d$ to ! di/ance ( ,neptune1 x rotat$ 9 :at is n[ ! p]iod ( ,neptune4 ,b mom5t ( mom5tum is a con/ant4 ,! lapse ( millions ( ye>s makes no diff]5ce to x2 x is n1 l en]gy1 subject to 'dissipation'2 x c nei!r h ga9$ nor lo/ value s9ce ! sky 0 fir/ fleck$ ) ! 'brea?-/a9' appo9t$ to cond5se into our sun1 :i*1 9 ?is respect at lea/1 mu/ at e /age ( its subsequ5t evolution h ma9ta9$ immutability4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is be+ s1 its primeval :eel+ motion w\ld h be5 mu* too leisurely to p]mit ! occurr5ce ( accesses ( in/ability4 ,gravity w\ld h /eadily kept its supremacy ov] ! =ces t5d+ to disruption until ! nebula _h contract$ to less ?an ! compass ( ! ,m]curian sph]e1 & its ov]?r[ at t epo* w\ld h be5 too late = ! orig9ation ( any ( ! si/] orbs ( ! e>?4 ,^! results1 x is true1 dep5d 9 "p ^u ! mode ( v>iation 9 d5sity ascrib$ to ! progressively %r9k+ nebula2 b ! law adopt$ by ,mr4 ,m\lton has a cons5sus ( au?orities 9 its fav\r4 ,nor c\ld its deviation f exactitude--if x be inexact--possibly suffice to acc\nt = ! enorm\s discrepancies :i* calculations bas$ ^u x h br\ght to light4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis /ipulates fur!r t satellites mu/ revolve m sl[ly ?an _! prim>ies rotate4 ,! reason is pat5t4 ,9 ! p]iodic "t ( a body deta*$ by c5trifugal accel]ation ! rate ( gyration ( ! orig9al mass is1 if ! !ory be valid1 p]petuat$4 ,subsequ5t contraction t5ds to quick51 & v greatly to quick51 ! rotation ( ! planet1 :ile ! p]iod ( ! satellite survives unalt]$ z a /&+ record ( :at ! jo9t p]iod 04 ,?is relation may inde$ be modifi$ by ! effects ( tidal friction1 b x is m ?an d\btful :e!r x c ev] be rev]s$4 ,x is1 !n1 a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! mode ( evolution describ$ by ,laplace t no mon?--s to call x--c be %ort] ?an ! correspond+ day4 ,& ! rule is con=m$ to 9 ne>ly e "p ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,nev]!less1 two flagrant violations ( x h lately obtrud$ !mselves ^u notice1 & c sc>cely be expla9$ away by supplem5t>y hypo!ses4 ,! fir/ asc]ta9$ anomaly ( ! k9d 0 met ) 9 ! swift circulation ( ,phobos1 ! inn] satellite ( ,m>s1 :i* completes ?ree revolutions & ent]s ^u a f\r? :ile ! planet att5d$ by x :eels once on its axis4 ,! fact is mo/ p]plex+1 & ! confid5t p]suasion t sol> tidal friction w\ld avail to remove ! difficulty has n prov$ well gr\nd$4 ,sol> tidal friction1 x may be rem>k$1 acts z an ext]nal =ce ^u subord9ate sy/ems submitt$ to its influ5ce4 ,)9 _! prec9cts mom5t ( mom5tum may be de/roy$ by x2 x t5ds1 s f>1 to abrogate ! law ( cons]vation2 & ! supposition 0 h5ce feasible t ! rotation ( ,m>s _h1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 greatly slack5$ ?r\gh ! ret>d+ effect ( sun-rais$ tides4 ,b ! ag5cy 0 demon/rably inadequate to ! task assign$ to x4 ,! r$uction ( ! rotational mom5t ( ,m>s to ab\t "o tw5ty-fif? its primitive am\nt#ac w\ld h br\ght o!r consequ5ces 9 its tra91 at lea/ "o ( :i* did cle>ly n ensue4 ,at an e>ly /age ( ! process ,phobos %\ld h be5 re-engulf$ 9 ! mass ( its prim>y4#ad ,= ! pull ( ! small tidal wave rais$ by x on ! surface ( t body w\ld h be5 backw>d f ! in/ant t ! balance ( p]iods became incl9$1 ?r\gh sol> compulsion1 9 a direction contr>y to t x w\ld h naturally tak52 & ! ensu+ loss ( velocity mu/ h entail$ ! desc5t ( ! little satellite along a spiral pa? t[>ds an inevitable doom4 ,its cont9u$ exi/5ce1 !n1 closes ?is way ( escape f ! difficulty rais$ by ! %ortness ( its p]iod4 ,m4 ,wolf _h rec\rse to a diff]5t explanatory subt]fuge4#ae ,he believ$ t ,phobos might h ow$ its orig9 to "o ( ,ro*e's 'elliptic %$d+s' ( nebul\s matt] dropp$ d[nw>d f ne> ! pol> regions ( ! di/5d$ ,m>tian sph]oid1 & rotat+1 ow+ to its l[ rate ( l9e> spe$1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! cool+ planet4 ,! explanation1 ?\gh +5i\s1 is too recondite to be satisfactory4 ,! m9d takes no grip ( x2 x evades di/9ct appreh5sion4 ,! ,saturnian sy/em exhibits a case ( ! same k9d1 b /ill m p]plex+ to speculative prepossessions4 ,saturn's r+-sy/em has always appeal$ to ?9k]s z a /rik+ object-lesson 9 nebul> developm5t4 ,x =cibly arre/$ ,kant's att5tion1 & he sket*$ its bir?-hi/ory on l9es anticipatory ( ^? adopt$ by ,laplace = ! sol> sy/em 9 its entirety4 ,laplace himself reg>d$ ! =mation z ! "o surviv+ relic ( ! annul> /age ( planet-build+--z a witness f ! dim pa/ to a condition ( ?+s else:]e transitory4 ,yet ! witness has turn$ k+'s evid5ce1 & betray$ ! :ole situation4 ,! inn]mo/ ,saturnian r+ has a p]iod f> too %ort to be compatible ) ! requirem5ts ( !ory4 ,= its meteoric con/itu5ts1 kn[n on spectroscopic te/imony to revolve ea* on its own acc\nt1 complete _! circuits 9 betwe5 five & six h\rs1 :ile ! planet ne$s j t5 h\rs & a half = its axial rotation4 ,moreov]1 tidal friction is "h f> less available ?an on ,m>s2 yet no o!r ret>d+ ag5cy has be5 inv5t$4 ,! deadlock appe>s f9al & hopeless4 ,an objection q z =midable1 & ev5 m fundam5tal1 0 rais$ by ,kirkwood 9 #ahfi4 ,! nebul\s mat]ial ( ! uncond5s$ sun mu/ h be51 at ! outset1 ( ! utmo/ t5uity4 ,atmosph]ic air is1 by comp>ison1 a d5se & massive sub/ance4 ,yet no reasonable p]son c\ld ascribe to a]ial matt] ! lea/ p[] ( resi/+ /ra94 ,we "k p]fectly t a rotat+ globe ( air1 &1 =tiori1 a globe ( matt] ?\s&s ( times less compact ?an air1 w\ld un9t]mitt5tly dis9tegrate at ! surface ) ! progress ( accel]ation4 ,! di/urbance & re/oration ( equilibrium w\ld be virtually simultane\s4 ,!re c\ld be no accumulation ( int]nal /ress1 & consequ5tly no def9itely sep>at$ epo*s ( in/ability4 ,at ! fir/ solicitation1 at ! fir/ in/ant t c5trifugal velocity ga9$ ! upp] h& ov] gravity1 nebul\s wisps w\ld h become deta*$1 & _! deta*m5t w\ld h gone on )\t pause4 ,space w\ld h be5 /rewn ) ! dbris ( ! cond5s+ nebula1 & !re %\ld h result$ a va/ cl\d ( cosmic du/1 n a maje/ic array ( revolv+ sph]es4 ,fur!r1 ! possibility ( _! em]g5ce f pre-exi/5t annuli is by no means assur$4 ,ev5 if ! nebul\s mat]ial _h possess$ ! fabul\s cohesion indisp5sable = its division into volum9\s r+s ) wide int]v5+ empty gaps1 _! ultimate agglom]ation into planet>y globes w\ld probably nev] h be5 effectually accompli%$4 ,kirkwood long ago que/ion$ ! feasibility ( ! process4 ,mr4 ,m\lton has gone f> t[>ds demon/rat+ t x mu/ h _h an abortive outcome4 ,pr(essor ,d>w9 pron\nces its v inception1 ap>t f v special conditions1 to be impracticable4 ,ano!r grave objection to ,laplace's s*eme is f\nd$ on ! m>k$ deviations visible 9 ! sol> sy/em1 f con=mity to a fundam5tal plane ( motion4 ,unless act$ on by influ5ces difficult to imag9e or expla91 all ! planets %\ld circulate along ! level ( ! sun's equator1 & rotate on axes p]p5dicul> to x4 ,h[ f> ?is is f be+ realiz$ 9 nature we h only to look ar\nd u to p]ceive4 ,we owe ! *anges ( our seasons to ! tilt$ fa%ion ( ! e>?'s sp9n+4 ,yet x is by no means easy to und]/& h[ ! pole ( its equator comes to be situat$ 9 ! tail ( ,ursa ,m9or1 :ile ! pole ( ! ecliptic is involv$ 9 ! folds ( ,draco4 ,!y %\ld h co9cid$ if ! simple rules ( ! nebul> prescription _h be5 foll[$ 9 ! mak+ & modell+ ( ! planets4 ,nor are ! t]re/rial arrangem5ts exceptional4 ,! ,saturnian equator & ! ,saturnian r+s h a /ill high] incl9ation2 :ile 9 ! sy/ems ( ,uranus & ,neptune--if we may ?us int]pret _! retrograde revolutions--! angle exce$s ! limit ( a quadrant4 ,^! & o!r simil> discrepancies prove ! sol> me*anism to h orig9at$ by a m complex me?od ?an t imag9$ by ,laplace1 & an hypo!sis :i* invokes ! aid ( a multitude ( auxili>y devices = its extrication f accumulat+ emb>rassm5ts falls !reby "u ! suspicion ( n be+ wor? ! tr\ble ( extricat+4 ,x =feits1 at any rate1 all claim to comm5dation = directness & simplicity4 ,! cosmogony turn$ out at ,p>is has ?us prov$ vuln]able on a numb] ( po9ts2 b all ! bl[s aim$ at x h n told ) su* deadly effect z ^? j ref]r$ to4 ,"s h fall5 h>mlessly1 or glanc$ aside4 ,"o ho/ile argum5t 9 p>ticul>1 :i* = a "t seem$ irresi/ible1 has be5 completely ov]?r[n by ! logic ( facts1 & des]ves m5tion only z a hi/orical curiosity4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! progress ( sid]eal a/ronomy seem$ to take ! direction ( %[+ all nebul indiscrim9ately to be ( /ell> composition4 ,) ,"l ,rosse's great reflectors a good _m su* objects 7 g5u9ely1 & "s besides 7 deceptively1 resolv$ into />s1 ! illusory effects be+ confirm$ by ,bond's obs]vations ) ! des]v$ly celebrat$ #ae-;in* refractor !n rec5tly built by ,m]z = ,h>v>d ,college4 ,h5ce ! ra% inf]5ce 0 drawn t resolution 0 :olly a "q ( optical p[]1 & t no real di/9ction exi/$ betwe5 ! /ell> & ! nebul> realms4 ,h]s*el's '%9+ fluid' assum$ a my?ical air2 'isl&-univ]ses' came into popul> vogue2 & all b a few c>eful ?9k]s held nebul & clu/]s to be diff]5tiat$ m]ely by degrees ( remot5ess4 ,b if space conta9$ only full-gr[n />s & no />s 9 ! mak+--no />-spawn1 no />-protoplasm--!n ! imag9$ evolution>y hi/ory ( our sy/em 0 left 9 ! air1 de/itute ( ev5 ! mo/ fragile prop ( obs]v$ fact4 ,f ?is prec>i\s position x 0 rescu$1 p>tly by ! cog5t reason+s ( ,:ewell & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 f9ally & triumphantly by ,sir ,william ,hugg9s's spectroscopic discov]y ( ! cosmic gas 'nebulium4' ,s9ce ,augu/1 #ahfd1 !re has be5 no possibility ( d5y+ t ! heav5s conta9 ample /ores ( j ! k9d ( mat]ial ,laplace want$1 ?\gh :e!r x play$ j ! "p he assign$ to x 9 ! mann] t he suppos$ is a "q to be answ]$ ) pr(\nd & gr[+ res]ve4 ,an objection ( late urg$ aga9/ ! nebul> !ory f ! /&po9t ( ! k9etic doctr9e ( gase\s con/itution is ( mu* speculative int]e/4 ,a gase\s nebula equal 9 mass to ! sun & planets1 & di/5d$ suffici5tly to fill ! orbit ( ,neptune1 w\ld h be51 suppos+ ! preval5t op9ion correct1 subject to a rapid leakage into space ( its light] +r$i5ts4 ,( hydrog5 & helium1 we are told1 x %\ld infallibly h become deplet$2 yet !re is no lack ( ei!r 9 ! sun ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,_! ret5tion1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is1 on ! hypo!tical conditions1 difficult to acc\nt =4 ,! 'critical velocity' at ! limit+ surface ( ! suppos$ nebula w\ld h be5 #dh miles a second4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 at ! di/ance ( ,neptune1 p>abolic spe$4 ,! planet itself1 if x c\ld atta9 to x1 w\ld break ! bonds t b9d x to ! sun1 & seek its =tunes "u "s diff]5t allegiance4 ,simil>ly1 any p>ticle ( ! primitive nebula ?us accel]at$ %\ld h become an irreclaimable vagrant4 ,n[1 ! velocity ( hydrog5 molecules at ! z]o ( ,c5tigrade is1 9 ! mean1 ab\t #a-a_/f miles a second1 b atta9s 9 ! extreme to above sev5 miles4 ,hydrog5 c\ld n !n h be5 p]man5tly reta9$ by ! sol> nebula1 & ! escape ( helium w\ld h m sl[ly ensu$4 ,yet ^! results1 ?\gh seem+ly inevitable1 did n actually come to pass1 ei!r because ! g5]at+ body 0 diff]5tly con/itut$ f :at has be5 suppos$1 or because c\nt]vail+ influ5ces 7 br\ght to be>4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 amply possible t ! dynamical condition ( gases may be ess5tially modifi$ by r>efaction c>ri$ to a degree transc5d+ ! range ( exp]im5tal enquiries4 ,! progress ( sci5ce af=ds _m w>n+s aga9/ tru/+ implicitly to ! rule ( cont9uity4 ,curves ( *ange seldom pres]ve indef9itely a uni=m "*4 ,_! unexplor$ sections may include q unlook$-= peculi>ities ( flexure1 & ! possibility s]i\sly und]m9es confid5ce 9 inf]5ces dep5d+ ^u 'extrapolation4' ,! pres5ce ( hydrog5 & helium 9 our sy/em _c1 !n1 be rank$ among facts inconte/ably contradictory ( ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,! conc]t$ advance ( ma!matical a/ronomy dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury 0 effect$ ) ! confid5t s]5ity ( irresi/ible p[]4 ,"o aft] ano!r ! ob/acles b>r+ its pa? w5t d[n be=e repeat$ & skilful onslaughts1 ! unbrok5 succession ( :i* l5ds a c]ta9 exultant sam5ess to ! /ory ( ! h]oic age ( analysis4 ,! ,mcanique ,cle/e atte/$ 'victory all along ! l9e4' ,!re 7 no m worlds to conqu] t ,laplace knew (2 ! reign ( gravitational law 0 firmly e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! sol> dom9ions2 m5ac$ revolts _h be5 appeas$2 anomalies remov$2 no extant obs]vations any long] impair$ ! p]fect h>mony betwe5 :at 0 & :at _h be5 =ese54 ,nature = ! mom5t submitt$ readily to ! trammels put ^u h] by human ?\ght2 h] intricacies _h app>5tly ceas$ to defy unravelm5t2 h] modes ( proc$ure look$ /raight=w>d & intelligible4 ,z !y 7 judg$ to be 9 ! pres5t1 s !y might be presum$ to h be5 9 ! pa/2 & ! temptation 0 irresi/ible to adv5ture backw>d speculation1 inf]r+ initial conditions f ! elaborat$ product laid op5 to scrut9y4 ,x 0 an epo* ( p]emptory r5ewals4 ,! =mula ( equality promis$ to reg5]ate society2 a political panacea _h be5 f\nd by ! creation ( a republic '"o & indivisible'2 & ! success ( ! guillot9e 9 secur+ its supremacy 0 almo/ outdone by ! triumphs ( ! calculus 9 v9dicat+ ! unimp$$ sway ( gravitation4 ,humanity _h made a fre% />t2 sci5ce %\ld d likewise4 ,! sangu9e _s ( a rejuv5at$ _w animat$ all =ms ( human endeav\r4 ,x has long s9ce evaporat$4 ,! buoyant hopes ( a c5tury back h be5 cru%$2 ! future ( civilization looks dim2 & its unc]ta9ty compromises ! future ( k4 ,b we1 at any rate1 no long] delude ourselves ) ! idea t he :o runs may read ! secrets ( ! univ]se4 ,we h le>n$ by conv9c+ exp]i5ce h[ mu*1 & h[ v>i\sly1 '! subtlety ( nature transc5ds ! subtlety ( s5se & intellect'2 we are vividly aw>e t !re is no s+le & simple recipe = ! 'cosmification' ( *aos4 ,t devis$ by ,laplace has ceas$ to be satisfactory4 ,its simplicity1 at fir/ sight s s$uctive1 leaves x at a disadvantage comp>$ ) ! intricacy ( ! effects x 0 design$ to elicit4 ,! relations claim+ explanation h multipli$ ) ! progress ( rese>*4 ,^? ( ! dynamical ord] 7 alone att5d$ to by ! geomet]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ev5 !y h gr[n recalcitrant2 :ile ^? ( a physical & *emical k9d h prov$ :olly unmanageable4 ,x has1 inde$1 become abundantly cle> t ! s]ies ( op]ations describ$ by ,laplace c\ld sc>cely1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 h be5 accompli%$1 & 9 a ?9 nebul\s m$ium w\ld h be5 entirely impossible4 ,! nebul> cosmogony has n1 !n1 /ood ',f\rsqu>e to all ! w9ds t blew4' ,its t[]s & battlem5ts h crumbl$ be=e ! /orms ( adv]se criticism4 ,x survives only z a wreck1 its di/9ctive features oblit]at$1 al?\gh ) ! old flag /ill fly+ on ! keep4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all attempt a survey ( ! works set on foot = its recon/ruction4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aj3 ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,briti% ,association1 ,johannesburg1 ,augu/ #cj1 #aije4 ,footnote #aa3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 tom4 lii41 p4 #dha4 ,footnote #ab3 ,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xi41 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #ac3 ,m\lton1 ,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xi41 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #ad3 ,nolan1 ,nature1 vol4 xxxiv41 p4 #bhg4 ,footnote #ae3 ,bullet9 ,a/ronomique1 tom4 ii41 p4 #bbc4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis ,,v>i$ ,,& ,,improv$ ',re/orations' (t5 g v f>4 ,?+s may be improv$ beyond recognition1 nay1 out ( exi/5ce4 ,s x has happ5$ to ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,/at nom9is umbra4 ,! "n survives1 b ) connotations indef9itely div]sifi$4 ,! orig9al !me is b>ely recall$ by _m ( ! v>iations play$ ^u x4 ,entire lic5se ( treatm5t prevails4 ,! /rict & simple l9es ( evolution laid d[n by ,laplace are oblit]at$ or subm]g$4 ,"s ( ! s*emes propos$ by mod]n cosmogoni/s are sub/antially rev]sions to ,kant's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,heav5s2 ! long-disc>d$ & despis$ ,c>tesian vortices reappe>1 ) ! clat ( virtual novelty1 9 o!rs2 nor are !re want+ !ories or speculations rem9isc5t ev5 ( ,buffon's comet>y impacts4 ,moreov]1 ! mislead+ fa%ion has come into vogue ( bracket+ ,kant ) ,laplace z co-inv5tor ( ! maje/ic & ord]ly plan ( gr[? commonly designat$ ! 'nebul> hypo!sis4' ,?is has be51 & is1 ! s\rce ( mu* hurtful confusion4 ,save ! "o fundam5tal idea--& t by no means _! exclusive prop]ty--( ascrib+ unity ( orig9 to ! planet>y sy/em1 ,kant's & ,laplace's evolution>y me?ods _h little 9 common4 ,_! po/ulates 7 v f> f be+ id5tical2 !y employ$ radically diff]5t k9ds ( '_w-/uff'2 & ! '_w-/uff' 0 subject$1 9 ea* case1 to totally dissimil> processes4 ,yet x is (t5 tacitly assum$ t to def5d or refurbi% "o s*eme is to rehabilitate ! o!r4 ,"u cov] ( ! intellectual vagu5ess ?us fo/]$1 a backw>d drift ( ?\ght is1 inde$1 disc]nible t[>ds ! view-po9t ( ! ,knigsb]g philosoph]4 ,x is recomm5d$1 n s mu* by ! fav\rable v]dict ( sci5ce z by ! wide fre$om ( ! prospect :i* x af=ds4 ,! imp]ative guidance ( ,laplace1 reassur+ at fir/1 l$ to subsequ5t revolts4 ,b ,kant is highly accommodat+2 "o c deviate widely f1 )\t f9ally quitt+1 ! track ( 8 conceptions2 !y are capaci\s & indef9ite en\gh to comport ) mu* novelty bo? ( imag9ation & exp]i5ce1 & h5ce l5d !mselves ) facility to ! *ang+ requirem5ts ( progress4 ,a notewor?y attempt 0 made1 9 #ahgc1 by ! late d\>d ,ro*e ( ,montpelli] to recon/ruct1 )\t subv]t+1 ,laplace's hypo!sis4 ,?is rem>kable man liv$ & di$ a prov9cial4 ,only a few scatt]$ /ud5ts h made acqua9tance at fir/ h& ) 8 works2 8 fame1 always dim1 n[ already beg9s to seem remote4 ,yet a score ( ye>s ago he 0 /ill lectur+ at ! ,lyce ( 8 native t[n4 ,! wat]s ( oblivion h gr[n1 p]haps1 m turbid ?an ( yore4 ,anyh[1 ,ro*e ( ,montpelli] is only vaguely rememb]$1 & t by a specially educat$ section ( ! public1 z hav+ fix$ a limit )9 :i* a satellite _c revolve intact4#af ,ne>] to ! rul+ planet ?an #bdd ( its mean radii1 x c\ld n--sett+ aside improbable conditions ( d5sity--ma9ta9 a sub/antive globul> /atus "u ! disruptive /ra9 ( tidal =ces4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 all ! moons s f> discov]$ 9 ! sol> sy/em circulate outside ',ro*e's limit'2 & ,saturn's r+s1 :i* lie )9 x1 owe to t circum/ance1 x may plausibly be ass]t$1 _! pulv]ul5t condition4 ,pr(essor ,d>w9 accord+ly reg>ds k ( t condition z dat+ f #ahdh1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,ro*e publi%$ ! law involv+ x z a coroll>y4#ag ,ro*e 0 ! precursor ( ,po9c> & ,d>w9 9 ^? pr(\nd inve/igations ( ! figures ( equilibrium ( rotat+ fluid bodies :i* h op5$ up new pa?s & disclos$ untri$ possibilities 9 evolution>y a/ronomy4 ,8 rese>*es1 moreov]1 into ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em#ah con/itut$ a re9=cem5t ( fir/-rate importance to ! /r5g? ( ,laplace's position4 ,he 0 p]haps its mo/ effective & timely def5d]2 he came to ! rescue j :5 its safety 0 s]i\sly compromis$1 repair$ its brea*es1 & ?rew up skilfully con/ruct$ outworks4 ,adopt+ ! same premisses1 he drew virtually ! same conclusions z ,laplace1 +5i\sly modify+ !m1 h[ev]1 s z to evade c]ta9 objections1 & tempor>ily to sil5ce ! less ob/9ate cavill]s4 ,8 results 71 inde$1 almo/ z difficult to disprove z !y _h be5 to atta94 ,!y 7 arriv$ at labori\sly1 legitimately1 by long-drawn analytical op]ations2 & ! reason+s survive 9 full cr$it1 ev5 al?\gh ! initial conditions !y />t$ f n[ we> an aspect ( unreality4 ,?us1 ! inv5tion ( tra9es elliptiques n only usefully met an argum5tative em]g5cy1 b /ill rema9s z a supplem5t>y adjunct to cosmic processes4 ,und5iably1 pol> annulation may h play$ a "p 9 planet>y =mation2 ! possibility _c be ga9said4 ,! 'ellipsoidal tra9s' inve/igat$ at ,montpelli] 7 huge nebul\s /rata deta*$ f ! pol> regions ( ! primitive sph]oid1 :i*1 br++ ) !m ! l[ rotational velocity prop] to t situation1 t5d$1 "s to con/itute int]ior equatorial r+s1 o!rs to become agglom]at$ ) ! c5tral mass4 ,b _! incorporation %\ld h _h z its consequ5ce--s9ce ! 'law ( areas' is inviolable--a quick5+ ( angul> rotation ?r\gh\t ! nebula4 ,! 'law ( areas1' x may be expla9$1 is m]ely a %ort title = ! 'law ( cons]vation ( mom5t ( mom5tum1' :i* prescribes--z we "k--t ! sum total ( ! areas describ$ 9 a giv5 "t on a giv5 plane by ! memb]s or con/itu5t p>ticles ( a rotat+ sy/em1 multipli$ by _! sev]al masses1 rema9s con/ant "u all conceivable circum/ances ( re-arrangem5t or mutual di/urbance4 ,h5ce1 approa* t[>ds ! c5tre1 because x n>r[s ! circle1 mu/ quick5 ! spe$ ( rotation4 ,a %ort l9e hav+ to sweep ov] ! same space z "o ( great] l5g?1 its mov+ end mu/ proportionately hurry its pace4 ,an engulfm5t1 accord+ly1 by ! embryo sun ( "o ( ,ro*e's 'elliptic tra9s' w\ld h occasion$ an imm$iate %ort5+ ( ! p]iod ( revolution ( bo? nucleus & atmosph]e1 an accession ( c5trifugal =ce produc+ sudd5 in/ability1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! sep>ation ( an equatorial r+4 ,by ?is subtly devis$ exp$i5t ,ro*e s\ght to expla9 away ! difficulty connect$ ) ! wide int]vals betwe5 ! planets4 ,= !y orig9at$1 he conceiv$1 n 9 ! regul> c\rse ( cond5sation1 b ?r\gh complications aris+ abruptly & exceptionally4 ,:at he call$ ! 'limit+ surface' ( ! nebula might also be describ$ z ! atmosph]ic limit4 ,x corresponds to ! wide/ possible ext5sion ( a true atmosph]e4 ,its b\nd>ies are fix$ at ! di/ance j outside ( :i* a satellite c\ld freely circulate 9 ! axial p]iod ( its prim>y4 ,n[ ! limit+ surface1 if contraction _h proce$$ equably1 %\ld h retreat$ cont9u\sly1 z axial movem5t quick5$1 its )drawal be+ att5d$ by ! %$d+ ( sl5d] rivulets ( sup]flu\s matt]4 ,b by ! introduction ( 'elliptic tra9s1' /ability1 artificially ma9ta9$ 7s to speak7 ?r\gh\t long spells ( "t1 0 ov]?r[n only by cata/rophic d[nru%es f ! %\ld]s ( ! nebul\s sph]oid1 :51 ) ! prompt abridgm5t ( ! axial p]iod1 ! limit+ surface z promptly %rank inw>d1 & !re 0 left1 out/&+ & self-subsi/5t1 ! t5u\s r+ de/9$ to coalesce into a planet4 ,a s+ul> & unexpla9$ felicity ( ,ro*e's analysis consi/$ 9 ! symmetry ( "t-relations e/abli%$ by x4 ,! successive bir?s ( 8 planets foll[$ ea* o!r at equal int]vals4 ,a species ( translation ( ,bode's law ( di/ances 7ext5d$ by him to satellite-sy/ems7 9 t]ms ( ! nebul> hypo!sis ?us appe>$ to be r5d]$ feasible4#ai ,t hypo!sis1 9 its orig9al =m1 z expla9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 produc$ planets ) retrograde rotation--t is1 sp9n+ 9 an opposite s5se to t ( _! circulation4 ,= ! purpose ( aboli%+ ! anomaly1 ,kirkwood1 9 #ahfd1bj _h rec\rse to sol> tidal friction1 & he 0 foll[$1 d\btless indep5d5tly1 by ,ro*e1 & by ,ro*e's int]pret]1 ,c4 ,wolf ( ,p>is4 ,objections to any p>ticul> mode ( planet>y =mation1 on ! gr\nd t its outcome mu/ h be5 inv]t$ axial movem5t1 lo/ _! validity1 !y rem>k$1 ?r\gh ! consid]ation t sol> tidal friction w\ld h avail$ to r$ress ! incongruity4 ,= its ret>d+ action w\ld h ceas$ only :5 syn*ronism ) ! revolution>y p]iod 0 atta9$--t is1 :5 ! planet :eel$ 9 its orbit1 z ,m]cury seems to d1 turn+ always ! same face inw>d2 & !n already direct rotation w\ld h set 91 &1 becom+ accel]at$ by contraction1 %\ld p]man5tly reta9 ! direction impress$ ^u x by ! friction ( sun-rais$ tides4 ,a c]ta9 air ( plausibility is giv5 to ?is view by ! fact t ! only two retrograde planet>y sy/ems are situat$ entirely beyond ! possible range ( any su* mann] ( influ5ce1 & may accord+ly be suppos$ to h pres]v$ unalt]$ _! primitive fa%ion ( gyration4 ,! late ,m4 ,faye 0 less loyal to tradition ?an ! savant ( ,montpelli]4 ,! appe>ance 9 #ahhd ( 8 "w1 ,sur l',orig9e du ,monde1 gave ! signal = r5ew$ activity & a l>g] lic5se 9 cosmological speculation4 ,cons]vative op9ions on ! subject are n[ r>ely held2 ! old groove has be5 by mo/ def9itively quitt$2 inquiry becomes cont9ually m individual & less con/ra9$ by tradition4 ,faye's re=m1 h[ev]1 0 n av[$ly ( a revolution>y "*4 ,he did n make a clean sweep ( ! "w ( 8 great pr$ecessor1 by way ( prelim9>y to sett+ =? 8 own m p]fect plan4 ,yet 8 em5dations ( x w5t v deep4 ,laplace's nebula 0 ( a gase\s consi/5ce1 & x /ood 9 a g5u9e atmosph]ic relation to ! c5tral cond5sation--t is to say1 its /rata gravitat$ "o ^u ! o!r2 !y 7 subject to hydro/atic pressure4 ,faye rul$ ?+s o!rwise4 ,! nebul\s matrix :i* he po/ulat$ 0 a va/ cong]ies ( indep5d5tly mov+ p>ticles1 =m+ a sy/em gov]n$ by a s+le p]iod1 9 :i* bo? gravity & velocity increas$ 9 ! direct ratio ( ! di/ance f ! c5tre4 ,n[1 globes =m$ by ! me?od ( annulation 7admitt+ its practicability7 out ( mat]ials ?us condition$1 %\ld h possess$1 ab initio1 a direct rotation2 _! axial sp9n+ w\ld h be5 9 ! same s5se z _! orbital circulation4 ,& ?is x 0 :i* recomm5d$ to ,faye ! adoption ( a meteoric /ructure = ! in*oate sol> sy/em4 ,b ! simple law ( =ce regulat+ x at fir/ w\ld1 by degrees1 h und]gone ess5tial alt]ation4 ,t ( inv]se squ>es1 famili>iz$ to ourselves by long habits ( ?\ght1 w\ld h begun to sup]s$e x s soon z a sun1 prop]ly s call$1 c\ld be said to exi/4 ,! retrograde planets1 ,uranus & ,neptune1 mu/1 h[ev]1 by ,faye's supposition h tak5 %ape "u ! mod]n regim52 !y 7 =m$ subsequ5tly to ! e>? & all ! re/ ( h] si/] orbs4 ,?is unexpect$ inv]sion ( ! recognis$ ord] ( planet>y age involv$ ! fur!r consequ5ce t ! ante-natal (fspr+ ( ! sun--?us p>adoxically to designate !m--mu/ h drawn clos] to him z 8 attractive p[] develop$1 ,uranus & ,neptune alone among ! entire cortge pres]v+ ! orig9al span ( _! orbits4 ,faye's s*eme1 if x did n meet all ! ardu\s requirem5ts ( ! problem x confront$1 s]v$1 at any rate1 to illu/rate v =cibly ! devi\s v>iety ( tracks by :i* nebul> evolution might advance t[>ds its goal4 ,! p>ticul> "o *os5 0 c]ta9ly n cle> ( imp$im5ts4 ,9 8 preoccupation ) ! removal f ,laplace's hypo!sis ( ! flaw relat+ to planet>y rotation1 ,m4 ,faye _h disc>d$ its c>d9al m]it ( expla9+ secessions ( mat]ial by ! gr[? ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,he alleg$ no suffici5t reason1 & none c\ld be alleg$ :y ! remodell$ nebula %\ld h sep>at$ into r+s4#ba ,! process implies def9ite & special conditions2 x te/ifies to a rhy?mically act+ cause4 ,laplace br\ght su* a cause into play4 ,faye aboli%$ x1 & 8 annuli1 accord+ly1 we> a fictiti\s aspect4 ,x is1 inde$1 true t an annul> /ructure is commonly visible 9 nebul1 b x is begg+ a mo/ ardu\s "q to assume t nebul> spires h any?+ 9 common ) planet-=m+ r+s4 ,^! w\ld probably nev] h be5 he>d ( save = ! ,saturnian example4 ,a patt]n is easily copi$2 an idea palpably feasible is tempt+ to adopt2 a demon/ration on ! solvitur ambul&o pr9ciple _c b prove conv9c+4 ,b h[ if ! r+s _c be made to coalesce into globes8 ,& ! difficulty ( ! trans=mation becomes m app>5t ! m cle>ly its details are s\ght to be realiz$4 ,rev]s$ 9 direction1 x might bett] f9d a place 9 ! ord] ( ,nature4 ',analysis seems to indicate1' ,kirkwood wrote 9 #ahhd1bb 't planets & comets h n be5 =m$ f r+s1 b r+s f planets & comets4' ,nor is ?is mode ( proc$ure m]ely possible accord+ to !ory2 x is also vividly illu/rat$ by facts4 ,meteoric sw>ms c be obs]v$1 decade by decade1 to disp]se "u ! scatt]+ influ5ce ( ! sun & planets1 & unmi/akably t5d to become m or less uni=mly di/ribut$ along ! entire r\nd ( _! orbits4 ,_! advance is direct$1 n t[>ds cond5sation1 b t[>ds disaggregation2 & !y pursue x ) surpris+ rapidity4 ,faye's !ory 0 disfigur$ by a /ill m gl>+ incongruity4 ,no?+ 9 ! planet>y economy seems m evid5t ?an t ! zone ( a/]oids m>ks a division betwe5 two /rongly dissimil> /ates ( ! sol> nebula4 ,x is a visible halt+-place4 ,"o s]ies ( ev5ts came to an end1 & !re 0 an int]lude be=e ! next began4 ,dur+ t int]lude1 dur+ ! p>tial susp5sion ( activity :i* ensu$ ^u ! production ( ! ,ajax among ! planets1 ! cr[d ( planetoids 7 laun*$ to fill ! blank space4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 ,nature *ang$ h] h& & tri$ a fre% me?od4 ,faye's %ift+ ( ! sc5e ( *ange to trans-,saturnian regions is !n1 z ,m4 ,wolf ju/ly p]ceiv$1 non-natural1 & und]m9es ! cr$it ( a plan to :i* ! device is ess5tial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x _h ! m]it ( be+ ela/ic en\gh to include ! great comet>y family4 ,kant _h also1 al?\gh 9 an unsatisfactory mann]1 made room = !m2 b ,laplace _h no *oice save to reg>d !m z casual intrud]s f space1 ! admission ( :i* z natives ( 8 well-ord]$ doma9 w\ld h l$ to ! subv]sion ( all its h>moni\s regulations4 ,mod]n inquiries1 h[ev]1 prove comets decisively to be no su* /ray visitors z ,laplace suppos$1 b to be ( ! same l9eage--h[ev] remotely traceable--) ! planets1 & to own ! same allegiance4 ,drift+ ) ! sun1 !y =m "p ( its escort on ! long1 irrevocable voyage x is engag$ ^u1 & _c1 save by accid5ts ( p]turbation1 be driv5 f9ally to "p f its company4 ,! problems ( planet>y & comet>y orig9 are !n insep>able2 ! two classes ( body are fell[-citiz5s ( "o k+dom4 ,comets become only by compulsion cosmopolitan w&]]s f /> to />4 ,!re 0 yet ano!r motive & semblance ( ju/ification = ,faye's re=m ( ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,! discov]y ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy supplem5t$1 z we h se51 v happily ! me*anics ( a cond5s+ nebula by satisfactorily solv+ ! enigma ( sol> radiation4 ,helmholtz 0 ?us able1 9 #ahga1 to sket* cosmic developm5t z1 9 its ess5ce1 a !rmodynamic process on ! gr&e/ scale4 ,yet ! alliance ent]$ into1 fruitful & =tify+ ?\gh x 01 _h an att5dant emb>rassm5t4 ,"t _h n[ to be reckon$ )4 ,9 ! cosmogonies ( ,kant1 ,h]s*el1 & ,laplace ! all[ance ( ons 0 un/9t$4 ,because ! rate ( *ange 0 indet]m9ate1 !y might be p]mitt$ to elapse ad libitum4 ,b x 0 o!rwise :5 ! driv+-p[] came to be def9$4 ',cons]vation ( =ce' implies ! measurabl5ess ( =ce4 ,equival5ce _c be asc]ta9$ :]e no limits are det]m9able4 ,k1 accord+ly1 reg>d+ ! s\rce ( ! sun's heat br\ght ) x ! c]ta9ty t ! s\rce 0 by no means inexhau/ible4 ,! /ock ( en]gy r5d]$ available by %r9kage f a primitively diffuse to its pres5t compact /ate 0 enorm\s1 b n b\ndless4 ,! task !n became incumb5t ^u cosmogoni/s ( prov+ its suffici5cy1 or ( ek+ out its %ortcom+s4 ,! problem is bo? retrospective & prospective4 ,we look back t[>ds ! bir? ( ! sun1 we look =w>d to its demise2 & ea* ev5t has1 if possible1 to be locat$ on our "t-scale4 ,helmholtz assign$ t]ms ( tw5ty-two millions ( ye>s 9 ! pa/ & sev5te5 millions 9 ! future = ! %9+ ( our lum9>y ) its actual int5sity4 ,geologi/s & biologi/s1 h[ev]1 claim$ a mu* m ext5d$ leisure = ! succession ( ph5om5a on ?is globe1 & ef=ts on ! "p ( physici/s to meet _! dem&s b>ely avail$ to tone d[n )\t remov+ ! discrepancy4 ,m4 ,faye !n came to ! rescue4 ,8 sugge/ion t ! e>? took sep>ate =m :ile ! sun 0 /ill nebul\s 0 design$ to conciliate ! dem&s ( ^? :o ne$$ all b et]nity = ! sl[ accumulation into specific diff]5ces ( inf9itesimal v>iations4 ,9 ?is way a />t 0 ga9$ ^u ! sun2 ! prep>ations = vitality on our planet 7 go+ =w>d long be=e ! lavi% radiative exp5diture design$ to nurture its developm5t _h begun4 ,! e>?1 9 fact1 0 %ap+ itself = its de/9y 9 advance ( ! epo* :5 "t began to c\nt = ! sun4 ,?is suppos$ relation ( prec$5ce _c1 inde$1 be insi/$ ^u2 x 0 imag9$ to save a difficult situation1 & intimates a design m or less academic4 ,yet ! exp$i5t 0 significant z reg>ds ! effect ( ! introduction into mod]n ?\ght ( ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,x gave def9it5ess & a k9d ( solidity to speculation by wid5+ ! basis ^u :i* x 0 made to re/4 ,at ! same "t x necessitat$ adju/m5ts betwe5 ! exig5cies ( ! v>i\s sci5ces1 & br\ght into prom95t view app>5t incompatibilities only to be remov$ by prolong$ inve/igations ( wide scope & intricate be>+s4 ,mod]n cosmogony1 9 %ort1 :ile dispos+ ( enl>g$ means1 has to meet multipli$ requirem5ts4 ,q lately1 nev]!less1 "s au?oritative expon5ts ( geological & biological sci5ce manife/ a satisfactory disposition to 'hurry up _! ph5om5a1' q indep5d5tly ( ! inadequate age ( ! sun4#bc ,on nei!r side1 accord+ly1 are ! irreconcilable claims ( ! pa/ any long] insi/$ ^u1 & a compromise has become easily possible4 ,a !ory ( planet>y evolution m>k$ by "s novel features 0 ably exp\nd$ by ,m4 du ,ligonds 9 #ahig4bd ,design$ to improve1 by simplify+1 ,faye's plan1 x r$uc$ po/ulates to a m9imum1 & left ! free/ possible play to 'orig9al indet]m9ation4'#be ,! embryo _w ( ,m4 du ,ligonds 0 a tumultu\s mle ( p>ticles mov+ anyh[4 ,_! jo/l+s1 h[ev]1 did n1 & c\ld n1 exactly balance1 & ! inequality1 small ?\gh x might be1 suffic$ to af=d a basis = h>moni\s gr[?4 ,motion became regul>iz$ by collisions2 c\nt]-curr5ts ( velocity 7 gradually elim9at$2 & ! p>ticles pursu+ ecc5tric or retrograde c\rses1 br\ght soon] or lat] to a /&1 fell t[>ds ! c5tre & accumulat$ into ! sun1 :ile ! remnant t travell$ 9 ! preval5t direction along circul> pa?s f9ally con/itut$ ! planets4 ,!y 7 =m$1 n at haphaz>d1 b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( zones ( maximum d5sity1 due to ! v>iations ( gravity )9 ! disc t[>ds :i* ! primitive sph]oid f9ally collaps$2 & ea*1 z x took %ape1 became a s\rce ( p]turbative influ5ce on its subsequ5tly develop$ neighb\rs1 by :i* ! incl9ations ( _! orbital planes & ( _! axes ( rotation 7 9 v>i\s ways alt]$4 ,! planet>y zones1 too1 contract$ ) ! advance ( cond5sation1 s t ! matur$ planets occupi$ positions mu* ne>] to ! sun ?an ^? assign$ to _! in*oate mat]ials4 ,! modus op]&i employ$1 9 %ort1 adapt$ itself ) praisewor?y read9ess to ! div]sities ( nature4 ,sir ,rob]t ,ball is at "o ) ,m4 du ,ligonds 9 reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em *iefly "u its me*anical aspect4 ,l ,helmholtz & ,faye1 he *ooses pulv]ul5t mat]ials to "w )2 8 nebula is a ':ite nebula4' ,b look+ /ill fur!r back1 he disc]ns z its p>5t an irregul> 'gre5' nebula1 ! confus$ movem5ts ( :i* fall+ into a settl$ ord] z ! result ( enc\nt]s1 x sl[ly flatt5$ d[n into ! 'plane ( maximum areas'--! fundam5tal plane con=m$ to m & m closely z ! en]gy ( a sy/em inevitably wa/es4 ,he disp5ses ) ! tr\blesome process ( annulation1 & />ts 8 planets virtually by ,kant's me?od ( accid5tal nucle> cond5sation4#bf ,a spiral /ructure1 moreov]1 w\ld be imp>t$ to ! entire nebula by ! gradual propagation outw>d ( ! c5tral accel]ation due to contraction4 ,b w\ld x h contract$8 ,x _h1 by supposition1 rea*$ ! /age ( approximate unanimity 9 movem5t4 ,! great bulk ( its con/itu5t bodies circulat$ 9 ! same direction1 9 ne>ly ! same plane1 & presumably 9 orbits n deviat+ mu* f circul>ity4 ,_! aggregate condition might !n be reg>d$ z p]man5t & /able4 ,! c5tral mass w\ld1 accord+ly1 no long] be f$ by ! engulfm5t ( p>ticles br\ght to re/ by _! mutual impacts2 motion be+ unimp$$1 heat c\ld n be evolv$2 & ! imag9$ trans=mation ( a disc-l meteoric =mation into a sun & planets w\ld fail to come to pass4 ,:at1 !n1 we may ask ourselves1 is ! up%ot ( ^! v>i\s ef=ts at recon/ruction8 ,!y e/abli%1 c]ta9ly1 ! unassailable unity ( ! sol> _w2 & ! sol> _w mu/ be und]/ood to embrace comets & comet>y meteors4 ,! argum5ts fav\r+ ?is unity h ga9$ enorm\sly 9 cog5cy ?r\gh mod]n discov]ies4 ,= ^? dep5d+ ^u /ructural co9cid5ces & h>monies ( movem5t h be5 re9=c$ by o!rs ( a totally diff]5t nature1 furni%$ by ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy & ! tea*+s ( spectrum analysis4 ,! sun is hot because x 0 anci5tly exp&$2 ! en]gy ( position =m]ly belong+ to its p>ticles inconte/ably provid$ a l>ge "p1 if n ! sum total1 ( its pres5t !rmal en]gy1 & ?is am\nts to say+ t a sph]e indef9itely great 0 once fill$ by our in*oate sy/em4 ,! conclusion t x arose f an undivid$ :ole ?r\gh ! gradual diff]5tiation ( its p>ts is fur!r ratifi$ by ! id5tity ( sol> & t]re/rial *emi/ry4 ,! e>? is ?us /rongly av]r$ to h once made an integral "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! sun1 & :at is true ( ! e>? is no less true ( its si/] planets4 ,reg>d+ ! mode & mann] ( cosmic *ange !re is1 nev]!less1 no cons5sus ( op9ion4 ,faye made a notewor?y ef=t to elaborate a process t might endure mod]n te/s ( feasibility1 yet 8 !ory has be5 well-nigh torn to pieces by adv]se criticism4 ,m4 du ,ligonds escapes "s1 b n all1 ( ! objections :i* prov$ fatal to 8 pr$ecessor4 ,t !re 0 9 ! beg9n+ a sol> nebula1 all are agre$2 b :e!r x 0 gase\s or pulv]ul5t1 :e!r x %one ) int]rupt$ or cont9u\s light1 h[ x became ord]$ & organiz$1 h[ x collect$ into sph]es1 leav+ wide int]spaces cle>1 ! wise/ are p]plex$ to decide4 ,mr4 ,m\lton concludes1 f 8 c>eful exam9ation ( ! subject1 t '! sol> nebula 0 het]og5e\s to a degree n h]et(ore consid]$ z be+ probable1 & t x may h be5 9 a /ate' resembl+ t exhibit$ 9 rec5t photographs ( spiral nebul4#bg ,b1 ev5 if all ! facts d n *ime 9 ) ?is tempt+ analogy1 !re c be little reason to diss5t f 8 intimat$ op9ion t '! ,laplacian hypo!sis is only p>tially true1 & t we d n yet "k ! precise mode ( ! developm5t ( ! sol> sy/em4' ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #af3 ,mmoires de l',acadmie de ,montpelli]1 tom4 i4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! ,tides1 p4 #cbg4 ,footnote #ah3 ,mmoires de l',acadmie de ,montpelli]1 tom4 viii4 ,footnote #ai3 ,c4 ,wolf1 ,bullet9 ,a/ronomique1 tom4 i41 p4 #eif4 ,footnote #bj3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xxxviii41 p4 #c4 ,footnote #ba3 ,g4 ,h4 ,d>w91 ,nature1 vol4 xxxi41 p4 #ejf4 ,footnote #bb3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 vol4 xxii41 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #bc3 ,de ,vries1 ,die ,mutation/heorie1 ,bd4 ,,ii41 p4 #gad4 ,footnote #bd3 ,=mation ,mcanique du ,sy/me du ,monde4 ,see also ,le ,problme ,solaire1 by ! ,abb ,?4 ,moreux1 p4 #fc et seq4 ,footnote #be3 ,revue des ,que/ions ,sci5tifiques1 ,janu>y1 #aijd4 ,footnote #bf3 ,! ,e>?'s ,beg9n+s1 p4 #bdg4 ,footnote #bg3 ,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xi41 p4 #acj4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,tidal ,,friction ,,z ,,an ,,ag5t ,,9 ,,cosmogony ,! effects ( tidal friction are ( almo/ inf9ite complexity4 ,h[ x w act 9 ea* p>ticul> case _c be pr$ict$ (fh&2 x is a matt] = detail$ inquiry4 ,mutually c\nt]vail+ influ5ces h to be tak5 into acc\nt1 nor is ! balance easy to /rike4 ,! mann] ( its incl9ation may1 inde$1 (t5 dep5d ^u qualities & relations ( ! bodies conc]n$ :i* lie outside ! range ( :at c be di/9ctly asc]ta9$4 ,all t may be hop$ =1 !n1 is to arrive at e/imates nei!r mislead+ by _! o/5sible precision1 nor yet s vague z to be :olly un9/ructive1 ( ! "p play$ by tidal =ces 9 m\ld+ ! hi/ory ( connect$ globes4 ,! assumption t !y attract "o ano!r z if ! mass ( ea* 7 collect$ at its c5tre1 is "o ( ^? conv5i5t fictions )\t :i* ! advanc+ feet ( sci5ce w\ld be imp$$ by tangl$ ?ickets ( illusory ref9em5ts & sup]flu\s elaborations4 ,! fiction w\ld correspond ) fact only if ! globes 7 truly sph]ical1 & !y c\ld be truly sph]ical only if !y 7 ideally rigid4 ,cosmic bodies1 h[ev]--suns & planets alike--are actually pla/ic sph]oids2 !y c1 to be sure1 be treat$ )\t s5sible error z attractive po9ts :5 _! di/ances are v great relatively to _! diamet]s2 b ^u a clos] approa* inequality ( action sup]v5es4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( ! gravitat+ masses respond1 ea* individually1 & 9 a measure indep5d5tly1 to ! graduat$ pulls ex]cis$ ^u !m1 & tidal /ra9s beg9 v>i\sly to take effect4 ,_! hi/orical significance 0 9 "p div9$ by ,kant4 ,8 p5etration ( s recondite a secret is truly a/oni%+4 ,a /ruggl+ "y p$agogue 9 a remote ,prussian prov9ce1 pr(\ndly le>n$1 ?\gh no m ?an half skill$ 9 te*nical acquirem5ts1 saw by intuition :at escap$ ! acum5 ( all ! great geomet]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury--namely1 t ! moon turns "o p]petual face t[>ds ! e>?1 because its primitive rotation 0 /opp$ by ! friction ( e>?-rais$ tides4 ,he p]ceiv$ besides t a reciprocal action ( ! same k9d mu/ affect ! e>?1 & w cont9ue to affect x until ! day co9cides 9 l5g? ) ! mon?4 ,nor did he fail to po9t out t1 9 a molt5 /ate ( ! globes1 ! process w\ld advance ) comp>ative rapidity4 ,to "o solit>y ?9k]1 !n1 x became app>5t1 already 9 #aged1bh t oceanic tides are1 9 cosmogony1 ( negligible importance comp>$ ) bodily tides4 ,!re is no sub/ance 9 nature t w n *ange its %ape ?r\gh prolong$ /ress1 & ! m readily ! ne>] x approa*es to ! fluid condition4 ,! heap+-up ( ! wat]s on ! e>?'s surface at ! bidd+ ( ! moon is ?us a diff]5tial effect4 ,cont95ts heave & subside z well z oceans1 ?\gh n ne>ly to ! same ext5t4 ,! measurable rise ( wat] s]ves to gauge ! relative mobilities ( ! solid globe & ( its liquid envelope4 ,if ! =m] did n yield at all to ! pull s readily obey$ by ! latt]1 ! tides w\ld1 9 fact1 be great] ?an !y actually are 9 ! proportion ( ab\t ?ree to two1 ! ratio indicat+ = ! e>? an effective rigidity at lea/ equal to t ( /eel4#bi ,7 !re no discrepancy 9 rigidity betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( our t]raque\s _w1 tides w\ld fail to be p]ceptible4 ,! ocean & ! b$ ( ! ocean w\ld rise & fall toge!r1 & to ! same ext5t4 ,9 ! f> pa/ !re 0 no discrepancy4 ,! visc\s e>? took1 z a :ole1 ! =m mom5t>ily impress$ ^u x by ! unequal attractions ( ! sun & moon on its v>i\sly di/ant sections1 ) ! up%ot ( br++ ! ye>1 mon?1 & day into relations s famili> z to appe> inevitable4 ,tidal friction does n m]ely act z a *eck ^u rotational spe$4 ,"o elem5t ( motion 9 a sy/em _c be alt]$ )\t "s c\nt]-*ange 9 ! o!rs4 ,!y are c\pl$ up toge!r l a tra9 ( ge>$ :eels4 ,f ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( mom5t ( mom5tum1 we "k ) c]ta9ty t a loss 9 "o direction mu/ be comp5sat$ by a ga9 9 "s o!r4 ,tidal friction _h1 !n1 reactive consequ5ces4 ,!y 7 fir/ adv]t$ to by ,julius ,rob]t ,may] 9 #ahdh1cj & 7 br\ght prom95tly into view 9 ! s]ies ( inve/igations begun by ,pr(essor ,d>w9 9 #ahgi4 ,! rotational mom5tum remov$ f ! e>? by ! drag ( a circulat+ wave ( de=mation mu/ assur$ly h reappe>$ 9 "s o!r "p ( ! sy/em4 ,x 0 re/or$1 all b ! p]c5tage wa/$ z heat1 by ! wid5+ ( ! lun> orbit4#ca ,concomitantly ) ! slack5+ ( ! e>?'s axial rate1 ! moon retreat$ f its surface1 pull$ =w>d by ! tidal cre/ cont9ually 9 advance ( its position4 ,?is r$ress$ ! balance by augm5t+ orbital mom5tum1 :ile at ! same "t dim9i%+ ! moon's l9e> velocity4 ,! importance ( ?is second>y frictional effect 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?-moon sy/em 0 ! virtual discov]y ( ,pr(essor ,d>w94 ,t sy/em occupies a critical situation 9 ! sol> cortge4 ,! planets int]ior to x h no satellites2 ! planets ext]ior to x 7,neptune mak+ probably only an app>5t exception to ! rule7 h two or m4 ,! e>? alone is truly b9>y2 & ! moon is n only its solit>y companion1 b x is by f> ! l>ge/ companion-body1 relatively to ! mass ( its prim>y1 to be f\nd )9 ! prec9cts ( ! sol> doma94 ,^! circum/ances are c]ta9ly n disconnect$ "o f ! o!r1 & !y obvi\sly dep5d ^u a s+le cause4 ,sol> tidal friction 0 "h ! det]m9+ factor4 ,! apportionm5t ( satellites to ! v>i\s planets 01 beyond d\bt1 9 great measure prescrib$ by ! degrees ( ret>d+ p[] ex]t$ on _! axial movem5t ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( sun-rais$ tides 9 _! /ill pla/ic bodies4 ,h5ce1 ! disruptive rate ( sp9n+ ne$$ = ! sep>ation ( satellites 0 nev] atta9$ by ei!r ,m]cury or ,v5us2 !y rema9$ moonless = all "t1 & expos$1 ?r\gh ! cutt+ d[n ( _! rotational velocity1 to uncomp5sat$ extremes ( temp]ature4 ,h[ ! e>? 0 to f>e 9 bo? respects long hung 9 ! balance4 ,rightly to =eca/ its de/9y w\ld1 inde$1 h dem&$ no common p]spicuity 9 an intellig5t onlook] f "s o!r sph]e4 ,al?\gh ! sol> brake act$ ^u t]re/rial rotation ) no m ?an "o-elev5? ! p[] br\ght to be> ^u t ( ,v5us1 x nev]!less suffic$ dur+ unc\nt$ ages to h9d] accel]ation f rea*+ ! pit* involv+ in/ability4 ,our embryonic planet _h long ceas$ to be nebul\s1 & _h1 9 fact1 %runk by cool+ ne>ly to its pres5t dim5sions be=e ! die 0 ca/4 ,!n1 at la/1 ! hurry+ effects ( contraction prevail$ ov] ! sl[+ d[n due to tidal resi/ance1 axial spe$ ov]bore equilibrium1 & ! sph]oid divid$4 ,n[ globes ?us f> advanc$ 9 cond5sation are apt to split less unequally ?an globes 9 a m primitive /age2 & ! moon1 because late-born1 0 ( l>ge size4 ,its mass is #a_/ha t ( ! e>?2 ! masses ( ,titan & ,saturn are z #a to #d1fjj2 :ile ,jupit]'s ?ird & greate/ satellite conta9s only #a_/aacjj "p ( ! matt] englob$ 9 ! p>5t-body4 ,moreov]1 ,pr(essor ,d>w9 has made x cle> t ! satellites ( ,jupit] & ,saturn revolve n[ 9 orbits n widely remote f ^? at fir/ pursu$ by !m2 :ile ! moon1 on ! contr>y1 />t$ on its c>e] almo/1 if n q1 f graz+ contact ) its prim>y4 ,ow+ to ^! two exceptional circum/ances--its consid]able relative mass & its close initial vic9ity--! moon wield$ ov] ! e>? tidal influ5ce incomp>ably m p[]ful ?an t ex]t$ by any ( its compe]s 9 ! sun's realm4 ,! lun>-t]re/rial sy/em (f]s1 accord+ly1 an example unique among ^? 9 sol> subord9ation ( a pair ( globes1 ! me*anical relations ( :i* h be5 settl$ on _! pres5t basis by ! pr$om9at+ ag5cy ( bodily tides4 ,x holds =?1 too1 ! "o case 9 :i* orig9 by fission 0 possible4 ,pr(essor ,d>w9's communication to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahgi occasion$ on ?is po9t a rem>kable div]sion ( ideas4 ,saturn's r+s 7 at la/1 ?r\gh ! reason+s conta9$ 9 x1 p]ceiv$ to be illu/rative ( only "o among _m feasible modes ( cosmic gr[?4 ,x became cle> t a s+le cut-&-dri$ me?od w\ld n answ] all ! inf9itely v>i$ purposes ( creative design4 ,annulation might h s]v$ its turn1 b !re 7 alt]natives4 ,a fre% /&po9t 0 virtually atta9$1 & ! wide prospect comm&$ by x beg9s already to spread out invit+ly be=e ! gaze ( inve/igators4 ,b :e!r ! moon em]g$ f ! e>? z a protub]ance1 or 0 ab&on$ by x z an irregul> equatorial r+1 x 0 revolv+1 :5 our !oretical acqua9tance ) x beg9s1 9 a p]iod ( n less ?an two & n m ?an f\r h\rs1 q close to ! e>?'s surface2 :ile ! ne>ly iso*ron\s rotation ( ! e>? 0 conduct$ ) all b disruptive rapidity4 ,! situation is s sugge/ive t x ne$s only a %ort & tol]ably safe leap 9 ! d>k to rea* ! conclusion t ! two masses _h v rec5tly be5 "o4 ,) _! division1 at an epo* e/imat$ to h be5 ab\t sixty million ye>s ago1 ! process began by :i* ! moon 0 pu%$ back along a wid5+ spiral c\rse to its pres5t position1 ! vani%$ rotational mom5tum ( ! e>? cropp+ up aga9 9 ! augm5t$ orbital mom5tum ( ! moon4 ,& ! trans=mation is1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 /ill go+ on4 ,tidal friction has fur!r capabilities4 ,! transf]5ce ( mom5tum f "o "p ( a sy/em to ano!r is only ! mo/ obvi\s among ! cr[d ( its results4 ,sc>cely an elem5t ( movem5t escapes its influ5ce4 ,x increases1 z a rule1 orbital ecc5tricity4 ,! smalle/ initial deviation f circul>ity develops1 ?r\gh ! inequality ( accel]ative action !nce ensu+1 into pron\nc$ ovalness4 ,t ( ! moon's pa? c 9 ?is way be acc\nt$ =4 ,moreov]1 its plane 01 9 all probability1 %ift$ simultane\sly & "u compulsion ( ! same p[]1 f its orig9al co9cid5ce ) ! e>?'s equatorial plane to ! level x n[ occupies4 ,! obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 too1 is p>tially explicable on ! same pr9ciple4 ',! pres5t motion ( ! two bodies' 7to quote ,pr(essor ,d>w9's words71 are 'completely co-ord9at$ by ! !ory t tidal friction 0 ! rul+ p[] 9 _! evolution4' ,hold+ ?is clue1 we are enabl$ to trace !m back to ! />t ( _! dual exi/5ce1 & to foll[ ! ins5sible modifications by :i* _! /ate 0 m\ld$ to its actual =m4 ,9 no o!r satellite-sy/em is ?is possible4 ,no moon besides our own possesses a /ock ( orbital mom5tum l>ge en\gh to intimate = x an analog\s hi/ory4 ,planet>y att5dants else:]e travel ne>ly 9 _! orig9al tracks2 ! fluid ripples rais$ by !m on ! surfaces ( _! prim>ies lack$ p[] to displace !m s5sibly4 ,_! own rotation1 inde$1 seems to h be5 completely de/roy$4 ,de/roy$1 t is1 relatively to ! de/roy+ body4 ,!re is a c]ta9ty t "s1 !re is ! /ronge/ likelihood t all1 ( ! ,jovian & ,saturnian satellites turn un*ang+ly ! same face t[>ds _! prim>ies4 ,!y rotate 9 ! p]iod ( _! sev]al revolutions1 j z our moon does1 & z a consequ5ce ( ! same cause4 ,tidal friction1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h be5 o!rwise ( subord9ate importance 9 %ap+ _! dynamical relations4 ,! ag5cy w n1 !n1 s]ve 9 all cases = a deus ex ma*94 ,x is n indiscrim9ately efficaci\s4 ,! modes ( its action h1 9 ea* ( ! sy/ems consid]$1 to be delicately di/+ui%$4 ,! /age ( developm5t arriv$ at by ! bodies affect$1 _! degree ( viscosity1 _! comp>ative mass & bulk1 _! modes ( motion1 all avail pr(\ndly1 & x may be incalculably1 to modify ! outcome4 ,! facility ( error 9 e/imates ( ! k9d is illu/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,d>w9's rem>k t ! magnitude ( ! tide-rais+ =ce is only "o factor ( ! product4#cb ,! o!r is relative movem5t4 ,n[1 9 ! case ( ! moon ! =m] cont9ually augm5t$ retrospectively1 :ile ! latt] fell (f4 ,tidal g5]ative p[] v>ies inv]sely z ! cube ( ! di/ance2 9 antique times1 !n1 :5 ! e>? & moon revolv$ contigu\sly1 ! bodily di/ortions !y mutually produc$ 7 beyond "q on an extremely l>ge scale4 ,yet1 because ( ! ne> co9cid5ce ( ! p]iods ( ! globes1 !y mu/ h be5 almo/ inop]ative = frictional purposes4 ,! travell+ ( ! pil$-up matt] ov] _! surfaces 0 too sl[ to l5d x mu* p[] z a friction-brake4 ,! insignificant waves rais$ by ! sun 71 we are l$ to believe1 because ( _! swift relative motion1 m influ5tial at t e>ly epo* 9 *eck+ t]re/rial rotation ?an ! colossal1 b ne>ly /ation>y waves due to ! moon4 ,num]ical calculations1 :]e !y are practicable1 af=d ! only safe guide to ?is intricate field ( inquiry4 ,x does n suffice to %[ t tidal action w\ld h be5 ( ! k9d requir$--w\ld h tak5 ! "r direction--= br++ ab\t "s app>5tly anomal\s result4 ,pro( mu/1 besides1 be =?com+ t ! action w\ld h be5 ( adequate p[]4 ,plausible guesses on ! subject may be entirely fallaci\s4 ,! ma*9e1 ev5 if prop]ly con/ruct$ = ! end 9 view1 may "w too feebly = its atta9m5t4 ,we are1 = in/ance1 assur$ t no difficulty connect$ ) ! s5se ( planet>y rotation ne$ imp$e acceptance ( ! !ory ( planet>y orig9 f sep>at$ r+s1 s9ce ev5 if ! embryo globes gyrat$ ! wrong way at ! outset1 sol> tidal friction w\ld promptly h r$uc$ !m to con=mity ) ! g5]al curr5t ( movem5t4 ,?is is true 9 pr9ciple1 b w x be> quantitative inve/igation8 ,_m promis+ hypo!ses h brok5 d[n "u ! weight ( figures2 :e!r ?is p>ticul> "o is /rong en\gh to survive _! application rema9s to be se54 ,we are1 inde$1 sure ( its validity z reg>ds ,m]cury1 b ! efficacy ( tidal friction decreases z ! six? p[] ( increas+ di/ance1 & ! actual rotation ( ,v5us furni%es an enigma suffici5tly p]plex+ to disc\rage scrut9y ( its dimly disc]n$ antec$5t conditions4 ,z reg>ds ! e>? & ! ext]ior planets1 ! "q c\ld only be answ]$ ) ! help ( in=mation :i* is n =?com+4 ,! unexpect$ circum/ance t ! newly-discov]$ n9? ,saturnian moon circulates f ea/ to we/ c ?us be no m ?an t5tatively expla9$ by invok+ ?is ag5cy ( *ange4 ,admitt+ 7z we seem b\nd to d7 t satellites are ! (fspr+ ( ! planets !y att5d1 !re is no evad+ ! conclusion t ! small body "u discussion 0 ?r[n (f f a prim>y end[$ ) a rotation opposite to t n[ possess$ by x4 ,& ! rev]sal mu/ h be5 completely br\ght to pass be=e ! eigh? satellite1 ,japetus1 came into exi/5ce4 ,! crux is mo/ ardu\s2 !re is no o!r res\rce = meet+ x b to consid] ! effects on planet>y rotation ( sol> tides1 & ?is ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+1 ! discov]] ( ,phbe1 has done4#cc ,b a cause may be true )\t be+ suffici5t2 & close calculation w be ne$$ to det]m9e1 9 ?is in/ance1 h[ ! matt] /&s4 ,pr(essor ,d>w9's rese>*es 7 fruitful j because !y 7 def9ite4 ,!y demon/rat$1 once = all1 ! div]se faculties ( tidal friction z a cosmogonic ag5cy1 & indicat$ cle>ly ! dep>tm5ts ( cosmogonic *ange 9 :i* its compet5ce lay4 ,!y avail$1 moreov]1 to det]m9e = ! e>?-moon sy/em ! am\nt ( "w actually done by tidal friction 9 ^! sev]al dep>tm5ts1 & to prove its l>ge excess ov] ! correspond+ output 9 any o!r sub-sy/em fall+ )9 ! sph]e ( obs]vation4 ,?is memorable result sugge/s t our t]re/rial home may be s+ul>1 n only 9 its evolution>y hi/ory1 b 9 ! innum]able adju/m5ts fitt+ x to be ! abode ( life4 ,! relations ( ! e>? & moon adumbrate1 & sc>cely m ?an adumbrate1 ! physical influ5ces mutually ex]t$ ^u ea* o!r by num]\s tw9-globes 9 /ell> space4 ,tidal friction is ( maximum p[] 9 sy/ems =m$ ( equal masses2 & ^? ( d\ble />s are seldom widely disp>ate4 ,mo/1 if n all ( !m1 71 besides1 primitively v ne> neighb\rs1 s t _! symmetry mu/ h be5 m>r$ by conspicu\s tidal de=mations4 ,! results ^u _! developm5t h be5 exp\nd$ 9 detail by ,dr4 ,see4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is ! high av]age ecc5tricity ( _! orbits4 ,visual b9>ies1 ) few exceptions1 travel 9 consid]ably elongat$ ellipses1 :ile spectroscopic b9>ies z a rule pursue approximately circul> pa?s4 ,dr4 ,see's argum5t t ! ecc5tricity ( ! m spaci\s sy/ems 0 acquir$ "u ! influ5ce ( tidal friction1 dur+ ! long c\rse ( progressive sep>ation1 is well-nigh irresi/ible4 ,true1 ?is l9e ( explanation is n :olly cle> ( ob/acles & incongruities4 ,yet !y may probably be describ$ z ( a complicat+1 r ?an ( a contradictory k9d4 ,! !ory ( tidal friction is n a univ]sal solv5t ( ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 ! /udy ( d\ble />s4 ,t ! mode ( action x deals ) _h a contributory %>e t[>ds regulat+ _! me*anical arrangem5ts may1 nev]!less1 be reg>d$ z c]ta91 :ile ! pot5cy & p]haps ev5 ! mann] ( its op]ation v>i$ ext5sively f sy/em to sy/em4 ,:at precisely x effect$ 9 ea* lies beyond our range ( det]m9ation4 ,= ! data available reg>d+ ! viscosity1 d5sity1 & axial movem5ts ( embryo />-pairs mu/ always be too scanty & insecure to provide a basis = rigor\s computations4 ,! my/]y ( ! =e-"t c nev] be entirely dissipat$4 ,en\gh if we c look at x ?r\gh a glass :i* d>k5s1 )\t di/ort+1 ! objects pres5t$ 9 its field ( view4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bh3 ,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 ,bd4 ,,vi41 pp4 #e-ab1 #ahci4 ,footnote #bi3 ,g4 ,h4 ,d>w91 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 article on ',tides4' ,footnote #cj3 ,dynamik des ,himmels1 p4 #di4 ,footnote #ca3 ,d>w91 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 clxxii41 p4 #ebh4 ,footnote #cb3 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 clxxi41 p4 #hgf4 ,footnote #cc3 ,h>v>d ,annals1 vol4 liii41 p4 #eh4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,fission ,,( ,,rotat+ ,,globes ,few p ne$ to be told t a rotat+ fluid mass is %ap$ v mu* l an orange4 ,x assumes ! =m ( a compress$ sph]e4 ,& ! reason = its compression is obvi\s4 ,x is t ! p[] ( gravity1 be+ p>tially neutraliz$ by ! c5trifugal t5d5cy due to axial spe$1 decreases progressively f ! poles1 :]e t spe$ has a z]o value1 to ! equator1 :]e x atta9s a maximum4 ,"h1 !n1 ! mat]ials ( ! rotat+ body are virtually light] ?an else:]e1 & consequ5tly retreat fur!/ f ! c5tre4 ,! 'figure ( equilibrium' ?us con/itut$ is a sph]oid1 a body ) two unequal axes4 ,9 o!r words1 its m]idional cont\r--t pass+ ?r\gh ! poles--is an ellipse1 :ile its equator is circul>4 ,n[ we "k famili>ly1 n only t a sp9n+ sph]e becomes a sph]oid1 b t ! sph]oid gr[s m oblate ! fa/] x sp9s4 ,! flatt5$ disc ( ,jupit]1 = in/ance1 comp>$ ) ! r\nd face ( ,m>s1 at once sugge/s a disp>ity 9 ! rate ( gyration4 ,b !re mu/ be a limit to ! advance ( bulg+1 or ! sph]oid1 accel]at$ ad inf9itum1 w\ld at la/ cease to exi/ 9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,cle>ly ?is un?9kable outcome mu/ be anticipat$2 at "s giv5 po9t ! process ( de=mation mu/ be int]rupt$4 ,a brea* ( cont9uity int]v5es2 ! tra9 is %unt$ on to a bran* l9e4 ,nor is x difficult to div9e1 9 a g5]al way1 h[ ?is comes to pass4 ,equilibrium1 beyond d\bt1 breaks d[n :5 rotation atta9s a c]ta9 critical velocity1 v>y+ accord+ to circum/ances1 & ! sph]oid ei!r alt]s fundam5tally 9 %ape or goes to pieces4 ,s mu* pla9 common-s5se tea*es1 yet ! precise det]m9ation ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts is "o ( ! mo/ ardu\s tasks ev] grappl$ ) by ma!maticians4 ,m4 ,po9c> essay$ x 9 #ahhe2cd x 0 indep5d5tly und]tak5 a little lat] by ,pr(essor ,d>w92#ce & ! subject has n[ be5 prosecut$ = eighte5 ye>s1 *iefly by ^! two em95t m51 ) a highly int]e/+ alt]nation ( a*ievem5t1 "o pick+ up ! ?read dropp$ by ! o!r1 & ea* 9 turn p5etrat+ some:at fur!r into ! labyr9?4 ,! results1 nev]!less1 are /ill to "s ext5t inconclusive2 !y indicate1 r ?an indite1 ! g5etic hi/ory ( sy/ems4 ,a /rong light is1 inde$1 ?r[n ^u x2 b 9 foll[+ its guidance1 ! limitations ( ! inquiry h to be borne 9 m9d4 ,! *ief ( ^! are1 fir/1 t ! assum$ sph]oid is liquid2 secondly1 t x is homog5e\s4 ,nei!r ( ^! conditions1 h[ev]1 is really preval5t 9 nature1 s t inf]5ces bas$ ^u !m c only be accept$ "u res]ve4 ,!y 7 adopt$1 n by *oice1 b ?r\gh ! necessities ( ! case4 ,!re 0 no possibility ( deal+ ma!matically ) bodies 9 any o!r ?an ! liquid /ate4 ,! equilibrium ( gase\s globes defies treatm5t1 except "u arbitr>y re/rictions4#cf ,nor is x possible to cope ) ! intricacies ( calculation introduc$ by v>iations ( int]ior d5sity4 ,cosmical masses1 z !y actually exi/1 are nev]!less /rongly het]og5e\s1 s t at ! utmo/ only an approximation to ! g5u9e c\rse ( _! evolution c be arriv$ at by ! mo/ skilful analysis4 ,yet ev5 an approximate solution ( su* a problem is ( pr(\nd int]e/4 ,we c "h only attempt briefly to specify its nature4 ,! c\rse ( *ange by :i* ! equilibrium ( a rotat+ liquid sph]oid is f9ally ov]?r[n has1 at any rate1 be5 satisfactorily track$4 ,:5 its sp9n+ quick5s to a disruptive pit*1 x acquires ?ree unequal axes in/ead ( two4 ,! equator becomes elliptical l ! m]idians4 ,a ',jacobian ellipsoid' is con/itut$4 ,to ?is new =m1 x w\ld seem1 a long spell ( /ability mu/ be attribut$2 only its major axis becomes m & m protract$ z cool+ progresses1 & ) cool+1 contraction1 & ) contraction ! increase ( axial velocity4 ,!n at la/ a crisis once m sup]v5es2 !re is a collapse ( equilibrium1 & its re-e/abli%m5t involves ! sacrifice ( ! la/ ve/ige ( symmetry4 ,an 'apioid1' or pe>-%ap$ body1 replaces ! antec$5t ellipsoid2 & its app>5t incipi5t duality sugge/$ to ,m4 ,po9c> t ! furr[ unequally divid+ x might deep51 ) /ill accel]at$ gyration1 into a cleft1 splitt+ ! primitively s+le mass into a planet & satellite4 ,b ?is ev5tuality1 he 0 c>eful to note1 _h no direct be>+ on ,laplace's hypo!sis1 :i* dealt ) a nebula cond5s$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 :ile ! fissur$ apioid 0 liquid & homog5e\s4#cg ,pr(essor ,d>w9 foll[$ out ! conditions ( ?is rem>kable pe>-%ap$ body to a clos] degree ( approximation ?an its orig9al inve/igator _h done1 & succe$$ 9 virtually demon/rat+ its conditional /ability4 ,b 8 analysis t5d$ to smoo? away ! *>act]i/ic peculi>ities ( its %ape1 &1 s f>1 to dim9i% ! probability ( its ultimate disruption4 ,mr4 ,jeans1 on ! o!r h&1 f an elaborate /udy ( a s]ies ( cig>-%ap$ figures :i* 9 !ory foll[ a p>allel c\rse ( developm5t to t pursu$ by ellipsoids1 d]iv$1 by /rict ma!matical reason+1 ! actual sep>ation ( a satellite f "o end ( a p>5t-cyl9d]4 ,! repres5tative figures rem9d$ ,pr(essor ,d>w9 '( "s su* ph5om5on z ! protrusion ( a filam5t ( protoplasm f a mass ( liv+ matt]4' ',9 ?is almo/ life-l process' he saw 'a c\nt]p>t to at lea/ "o =m ( ! bir? ( d\ble />s1 planets1 & satellites4'#ch ,b ! resemblance1 :5 exam9$ dispassionately1 seems %ad[y & evasive1 especially :5 we confront x ) ! case ( d\ble />s4 ,"h1 inde$1 an entirely diff]5t set ( conditions comes into play f t po/ulat$ by ,po9c> & ,d>w91 s9ce />s are c]ta9ly n liquid bodies4#ci ,!y are mo/ likely gase\s to ! core1 ?\gh ! indef9ite diffusiv5ess incid5t to gaseity is re/rict$ by _! cond5s$ photosph]ic surfaces4 ,?is circum/ance intimates ! possibility t ! results arriv$ at = liquid globes by ma!matical analysis may1 ) qualifications1 be ext5d$ to />s2 b ! necess>y qualifications1 un=tunately1 are vague & l>ge2 = too little is kn[n reg>d+ ! physical condition ( /ell> sph]es to w>rant assumptions t might provide a secure basis = rese>*4 ,! evolution ( b9>y />s c !n only be treat$ ( inf]5tially1 n rigor\sly2 & we mu/1 at ! outset1 disc>d ! idea t x is illu/rat$ by ! ph5om5a ( d\ble nebul4 ,_m su* objects ?\ght to supply cl9*+ visual argum5ts = ! actual effectiv5ess ( sl[ cosmic fission prov$1 on ! application to !m ( ! late ,pr(essor ,keel]'s se>*+ photographic me?ods1 to be knots on spiral =mations4 ,_! mutual relations are !n entirely diff]5t f :at _h be5 suppos$ by telescopic obs]v]s2 !y are1 9 fact1 /ill /ructurally connect$1 & ! mode ( _! orig91 h[ev] invit+ to conjecture1 sc>cely comes )9 ! scope ( def9itely conduct$ inquiries4 ,_! future de/9y is no m accessible to x ?an _! pa/ hi/ory1 & only by a d>+ flight ( imag9ation c we see 9 spiral nebul ! prototypes ( d\ble />s4 ,que/ions z to ! mode ( g5esis ( ^! latt] sy/ems h1 9 rec5t ye>s1 acquir$ extraord9>y int]e/4 ,conclusive answ]s _c1 inde$1 at pres5t be giv5 to !m1 because ! t]ms 9 :i* !y are c\*$ lack di/9ctness1 ow+ to our lack ( k2 b probable answ]s may legitimately supply _! place1 at lea/ ad int]im1 above all :5 _! probability is height5$ almo/ to c]ta9ty by ! accumulation ( circum/antial evid5ce4 ,obs]vations & inve/igations ( /ell> eclipses h creat$ a new dep>tm5t ( a/rophysics1 & h va/ly wid5$ ! doma9 ( cosmogony4 ,!y h br\ght to notice a numb] ( sy/ems1 n m]ely 9 a primitive1 b seem+ly 9 an in*oate /age ( developm5t4 ,! p]iods ( occult+ />s are ne>ly all ( !m less ?an sev5 days1 al?\gh "o ext5d+ to ?irty-"o has lately be5 recognis$2 & ! comp>ative l5g? ( ! int]vals ( obscuration %[s !m to be produc$ by ! circulation 9 n>r[ orbits ( di/5d$ globes4 ,^! are *>act]i/ic symptoms ( juv5ility1 =1 z we h se51 orbits wid5 & p]iods l5g!n ) ! efflux ( "t ?r\gh ! frictional p[] ( bodily tides4 ,n[ ! class ( />s :i* obvi\sly & c]ta9ly und]go eclipses has "s outly+ memb]s ( a /ill dubi\s nature4 ,& _! m>g9al position s]ves greatly to enhance ! pres5t1 ! prospective1 & ! retrospective int]e/ atta*+ to !m4 ,^! rem>kable objects v>y 9 light cont9u\sly4 ,_! phases are n1 l ^? ( ,algol1 m]e int]ruptions to a regul> c\rse ( /eady %9+4 ,!y progress )\t a mom5t's s5sible pause2 !y are repres5t$ graphically by a smoo?ly-fl[+1 symmetrical curve4 ,! eclipses by :i* !y are occasion$--if !y are s occasion$--mu/1 accord+ly1 succe$ ea* o!r 9 a /rictly unbrok5 s]ies4 ,no soon] has "o t]m9at$ ?an ! next comm5ces4 ,"o /> passes fir/ beh9d1 !n 9 front ( its companion1 & _! comb9$ brightness is se5 undimm$ only dur+ ! few mom5ts ( actual maximum4 ,?is means t !y revolve 9 contact2 !y are sep>at$ by no s5sible gap ( space4 ,goodricke's v>iable1 ,lyr1 is held to be ?us con/itut$4 ,! possibility1 at lea/1 ( employ+ ! 'satellite-!ory' to acc\nt = its *anges 0 demon/rat$ "s ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,my]s1 ( ,indiana4#dj ,he f\nd ! sy/em to be compos$ ( two b>ely sep>at$ ellipsoids1 circulat+ 9 ! visual plane1 & produc+1 by _! successive transits1 two unequal eclipses 9 ! c\rse ( ea* p]iod ( #abia days4 ,! jo9t mass ( ! pair is j ?irty times t ( our sun1 b _! mean d5sity has ! almo/ incr$ibly small value ( #a_/abjj t ( wat]4 ,_! real exi/5ce is conditional ^u ! possibility t masses mu* m t5u\s ?an atmosph]ic air %\ld radiate ) ! int5sity ( true suns4 ,spectroscopic obs]vations are n :olly unfav\rable to ,mr4 ,my]s's hypo!sis1 b _! int]pretation is hamp]$ by discrepancies s num]\s & p]plex+ t no secure inf]5ce c be d]iv$ f !m4 ,moreov]1 ! /> suppos$ to be alone pres5t$ to view at ! pr9cipal m9imum is t giv+ ! bright-l9e spectrum2 yet x is compulsorily assum$1 9 ord] to meet ! exig5cies ( ! situation1 to be mu* m massive1 :ile mu* less intr9sically bright1 ?an its companion4 ,?is is disquiet+1 b ne>ly ev]y?+ connect$ ) ,lyr is m or less disquiet+4 ,a v>iable ( ! same type1 b mu* fa9t]1 0 made ! subject ( a simil> inquiry by ,mr4 ,my]s 9 #ahih4da ,u ,pegasi nev] atta9s n9? magnitude2 h5ce1 spectroscopic complications equally ) spectroscopic v]ification rema9 at pres5t out ( sight4 ,! />1 nev]!less1 excites ke5 int]e/1 & claims su/a9$ att5tion4 ,its light-curve has be5 laid d[n ) exquisite accuracy at ,h>v>d ,college1 & %[s two slightly unequal m9ima to be compris$ )9 a p]iod ( n9e h\rs1 signify+1 on ! adopt$ !ory1 ! occurr5ce ( alt]nat+ eclipses at int]vals ( f\r & a half h\rs4 ,! di/ance f c5tre to c5tre ( ! occult+ />s1 ! small] ( :i* is ( ab\t eight-t5?s ! brightness ( ! l>g]1 'does n mat]ially diff]1' ,mr4 ,my]s tells u1 'f ! sum ( _! radii1 sugge/+ ! probable exi/5ce ( ! apioidal =m ( ,po9c>4' ,if !y d n actually coalesce1 ! compon5t bodies revolve 9 contact1 & rotate syn*ron\sly4 ,?us1 x is h>d to say :e!r ,u ,pegasi %\ld be acc\nt$ z a s+le pe>-%ap$ mass sp9n+ 9 ! "t ( light-*ange1 or z a close c\ple circulat+ freely 9 t id5tical p]iod4 ,! mean d5sity ( ! sy/em appe>s to lie betwe5 "o-?ird & "o-f\r? t ( ! sun4 ,ano!r specim5 ( ! 'dumb-bell' sy/em is possibly met ) 9 ,r#b ,c5tauri4 ,! n>r[ range ( its v>iation makes x a delicate object to obs]ve2 b ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,rob]ts1 :o fir/ notic$ its peculi>ity 9 #ahif1 has s9ce accumulat$ an ext5sive s]ies ( wond]fully accurate visual det]m9ations ( its fluctuat+ brightness1 & has besides r5d]$ !m ! basis ( an able & exhau/ive !oretical discussion4#db ,! d\ble p]iod ( ,r#b ,c5tauri is re/rict$ to f\rte5 h\rs ?irty-two m9utes4 ,)9 ?is brief span quadruple phases are includ$--t is to say1 two ev5ly balanc$ maxima & two slightly disp>ate m9ima4 ,^! result1 ,mr4 ,rob]ts concludes1 f ! mutual eclipses ( int]p5etrat+ ellipsoids1 "o some:at m lum9\s ?an ! o!r1 revolv+--if !y c prop]ly be said to revolve--9 an orbit incl9$ #cb to ! visual plane4 ,!y are ( j "o-?ird ! sol> d5sity1 & ! =ms satisfy+ photometric requirem5ts by ! v>y+ areas ( lum9\s surface pres5t$ to sight 9 diff]5t sections ( _! pa? %[ a surpris+ agreem5t ) ! bi-prolate figure giv5 by ,pr(essor ,d>w9's analysis z ! %ape ( a body on ! v]ge ( disruption ?r\gh accel]at$ rotatory movem5t4 ,! inf]5ce is1 !n1 almo/ irresi/ible t ,r#b ,c5tauri really exemplifies ! nasc5t /age ( b9>y />s4 ,to e/abli% ?is completely1 h[ev]1 spectroscopic data are ne$$2 & !y are difficult to procure = a /> bel[ ! sev5? magnitude4 ,no su* ob/acle imp$es ! inve/igation ( ! analog\s1 b mu* bright] object1 ,v ,puppis4 ,detect$ z a spectroscopic b9>y by ,pr(essor ,pick]+ 9 #ahie1 ?is /> trav]ses s wide an orbit 9 ! %ort p]iod ( ?irty-five h\rs z to imply--if ! publi%$ details are correct--t ! pair possess no less ?an #cdh times ! gravitational p[] ( ! sun4 ,!y are1 nev]!less1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 fifty times m t5u\s1 & ea* globe %\ld h a diamet] ( ab\t #af-a_/b million miles2 yet no?+ ( all ?is is incr$ible4 ,! light-curve ( ,v ,puppis1 z trac$ by ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 is closely modell$ ^u t ( ,u ,pegasi4 ,& he po/ulates simil> conditions ( eclipse4 ,x re/s ) ! spectroscope to det]m9e :e!r ^? conditions are realiz$ or n4 ,probably all %ort-p]iod v>iables are b9>ies1 ) co9cid5t orbital- & light-cycles4 ,b all are n occult+ b9>ies4 ,!re are "s--we are /ill ignorant ( _! proportionate numb]s--:i* und]go a c\rse ( light-*ange1 app>5tly compatible ) an occult+ hypo!sis1 yet c]ta9ly escape eclipse4 ,pr(essor ,campbell has made x unmi/akably cle> t ,gem9orum is ?us con/itut$4#dc ,two />s are pres5t1 b _! plane ( motion is incl9$ at an unkn[n angle to ! l9e ( sight2 x does n approximate to co9cid5ce ) x4 ,n[ ! possibility is n exclud$ t ,v ,puppis belongs to ! same class4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts's assumptions are1 inde$1 9 !mselves plausible1 & !y may at any mom5t be prov$1 by a few well-tim$ spectrograms1 to be und5iably true4 ,! "o conclusive te/ ( _! tru? is ! cessation ( radial movem5t at epo*s ( m9imum4 ,evid5tly1 if ! dim9ution 9 lu/re be due to an eclipse1 ! eclips+ & eclips$ bodies mu/ be cross+ ! l9e ( sight j :5 ! obscuration is deepe/4 ,!re is no evad+ ?is geometrical requirem5t1 & x mu/ be rigor\sly compli$ ) 9 ! circul> orbits trav]s$ by bodies revolv+ 9 contact4 ,be=e1 !n1 ,mr4 ,rob]ts's !ory ( ,v ,puppis c be accept$ ) implicit confid5ce1 x has to be asc]ta9$ :e!r a z]o ( radial spe$ is rea*$ concurr5tly ) ! photometric m9ima4 ,if s1 ^! may be unhesitat+ly set d[n z eclipse-ph5om5a2 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! decl9e 9 brightness prove to be unrelat$ to a slack5+ ( spe$1 !n ! supposition t x accompanies & indicates a transit mu/ be p]emptorily disc>d$4 ,moreov]1 ! spectroscopic v]dict z reg>ds ,v ,puppis c safely be appli$ to />s ) simil> light-curves1 especially to ,r#b ,c5tauri & ,u ,pegasi1 & may s]ve to cle> away "s ( ! intricacies connect$ ) ! exceptional sy/em ( ,lyr4 ,! measurem5t ( a s+le spectrographic plate might ?us1 by decid+ ! te/-case ( ! b9>y 9 ! poop ( ,argo1 be made ess5tially to supply ! lack ( desirable1 b at pres5t unatta9able det]m9ations z reg>ds a consid]able numb] ( analog\s objects4 ,! exi/5ce ( /ell> sy/ems ( ! 'dumb-bell' type w\ld violate no me*anical law4 ',ro*e's limit' does n apply to globes comp>able 9 size4 ,! range ( disp>ity )9 :i* x holds good has n1 inde$1 be5 !oretically e/abli%$2 b x may be said1 9 g5]al t]ms1 to conc]n ! relations ( planets & satellites 7to use a purposely vague phrase71 n ^? ( d\ble />s4 ,:at ! law ass]ts is t a subord9ate small body _c revolve intact at a less di/ance ?an #bdd radii ( its prim>y f t prim>y's c5tre1 if _! mean d5sity be ! same4 ,= satellites ( slight] consi/5ce ! limit %\ld be ext5d$4 ,our own moon1 = in/ance1 c\ld nev] h circulat$1 )\t be+ r5t 9 pieces by tidal /ra9s1 9 an orbit less ?an #bb1jjj miles 9 diamet]4#dd ,bodies ( co-ord9ate mass are1 h[ev]1 exempt$ f ! prohibitive rule aga9/ mutual approa*4 ,no analytical veto is impos$ ^u ! orig9 by fission ( d\ble />s1 or ^u ! subsi/5ce ( /ell> ,siamese tw9s4 ,! inequalities ( _! mutual attractions avail to di/ort1 n to disrupt1 su* embryo globes4 ,_! individuality1 !re=e1 once creat$1 is 9 a mann] inde/ructible4 ,x t5ds1 9 fact1 to become m pron\nc$ z ! orbital span gradually wid5s ?r\gh ! reactive effects ( tidal friction4 ,! 'dumb-bell' condition may !n be reg>d$ z 9 a mann] transitory4 ,nor c we be assur$ ( its actuality o!rwise ?an by ! peculi> nature ( ! eclipses att5d+ ^u x1 tak5 9 connection ) correlat$ spectroscopic obs]vations prov+ eclipses ( ! k9d v]itably to take place4 ,! disclosure1 by su* means1 ( sy/ems s /rangely condition$ promises to af=d a deep] insight ?an w\ld else h be5 possible into ! cosmical ord]1 & fills a blank page 9 ! m>vell\s hi/ory ( sid]eal bir? & gr[?4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cd3 ,acta ,ma!matica1 vol4 vii41 ,/ockholm1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #ce3 ,proce$+s ,royal ,society1 vols4 xlii41 lxxi42 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vols4 cxcviii41 cxcix41 ,s]ies ,a4 ,footnote #cf3 ,j4 ,h4 ,jeans1 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 cxcix41 ,s]ies ,a1 p4 #a4 ,footnote #cg3 ,figures d'quilibre d'une ,masse ,fluide1 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #ch3 ,proce$+s ,royal ,society1 vol4 lxxi41 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #ci3 ,j4 ,h4 ,jeans1 ,a/rophysical ,j\rn41 vol4 xxii41 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #dj3 ,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 vol4 vii41 p4 #a4 ,footnote #da3 ,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 vol4 viii41 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #db3 ,mon?ly ,notices1 vol4 lxiii41 p4 #fbg4 ,footnote #dc3 ,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xiii41 p4 #ij2 ,sci5ce1 ,july #bg1 #aijj4 ,footnote #dd3 ,g4 ,h4 ,d>w91 ,! ,tides1 p4 #cbg4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,_w ,,build+ ,,out ,,( ,,meteorites ,! idea is s$uctive t we see 9 e meteoric fire-/reak a remnant ( ! process by :i* our _w1 & o!r worlds l or unlike x1 7 =m$4 ,x is n a new idea4 ,*ladni ent]ta9$ x 9 #agid2 & x has s9ce f "t to "t be5 reviv$ & rehabilitat$ ) ! aid ( improv$ !oretical k & a l>g] array ( facts4 ,survivals are tempt+ to ?\ght4 ,x co/s less ef=t to realize diff]5ces 9 degree ?an diff]5ces ( k9d4 ,! enhanc$ activity ( famili> op]ations is readily imag9$1 :ile p]plexity is apt to %r\d ! results ( modes ( work+ /range to exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce ! presumption 9 fav\r ( cont9uity2 nor c x be said1 ev5 ap>t f our own m5tal inadequacy1 t ! presumption is o!r ?an legitimate4 ,nature is *>y ( h] plans1 lavi% ( h] mat]ials4 ,h] aims are *>act]iz$ by a maje/ic unity1 b %e takes little acc\nt 7t we c see7 ( surplusage or wreckage4 ,n[1 x seems likely t meteorites repres5t "o or ! o!r ( ^! two =ms ( wa/e /uff4 ,!y are analog\s1 app>5tly1 ei!r to ! *ips f %ap$ blocks1 or to ! du/ & rubbi% ( _! de/ruction4 ,let u consid] :at x is t we really "k ab\t !m4 ,x _c be said t ! s\rces ( our in=mation are scanty4 ,fully "o hundr$ millions are daily appropriat$ by ! e>? z %e peacefully sp9s ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,_! absorption leaves h] unaffect$4 ,x produces no p]ceptible *ange 9 h] int]nal economy1 & makes no s5sible addition to h] mass4 ,! hundr$ millions ( small bodies tak5 up h1 nev]!less1 9 ,pr(essor ,langley's op9ion1 an aggregate weight ( m ?an "o hundr$ tons4#de ,& ?is increm5t is always go+ on4 ,yet its accumulat$ effect is evanesc5t by comp>ison ) ! enorm\s mass ( our globe4 ,t x 0 m consid]able 9 pa/ ages ?an x is at pres5t might be plausibly conjectur$1 b _c reasonably be ma9ta9$4 ,geological deposits conta9--unless by "s r>e exception--no recognisable meteoric +r$i5ts4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ t ! e>? 0 subject to a heavi] bomb>dm5t f space dur+ ! ,silurian era ?an 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,nor c\ld ! :ole ( its con/itu5ts h be51 9 any case1 ?us provid$4 ,out ( kiln-dri$ fragm5ts1 l ! ,mazapil iron or ! '?und]-/ones' ( ,ad>e1 a t]raque\s planet c\ld n h be5 =m$4 ,?is objection1 urg$ by ,mr4 ,o4 ,fi%]1#df is seem+ly irrefutable4 ,meteorites signify _! exi/5ce to u1 9 g5]al1 only by ! bale-fires ( _! ru92 b 9 a few cases _! tangible relics come to h&4 ,^? sub/antial en\gh to escape total dis9tegration ?r\gh atmosph]ic resi/ance to _! swift movem5ts plunge into ! sea or bury !mselves 9 ! e>?1 & 9 a c]ta9 proportion ( cases f9d _! way to museums & laboratories1 :]e !y are subject$ to ! se>*+ inve/igation dem&$ by _! exotic orig94 ,its results are sc>cely :at might h be5 expect$4 ,a]olites--z ^! samples f space are di/9ctively call$--are n *emically peculi>2 !y consi/ exclusively ( ! same elem5t>y sub/ances compos+ ! cru/ ( ! e>?2 b _! m9]alogy is /rongly *>act]i/ic4 ,!y are extremely complex /ructures1 =m$ app>5tly 9 ! abs5ce ( wat]1 & ) a %ort supply ( oxyg52 ! fur!r condition ( p[]ful pressure is indicat$ ) "s probability1 nay1 ) virtual c]ta9ty = ^? includ+ small diamonds1#dg :ile prolong$ vicissitudes ( fracture & re-agglom]ation are possibly record$ by ! brecciat$ texture ( _m ( ^! rocky tr\vailles4 ,_! aspect is ?us any?+ b primitive2 ea* fragm5t tacitly lays claim to an ev5tful hi/ory2 !y sugge/ a cataclysm1 ( :i* we behold 9 !m ! %att]$ outcome4 ,! nature ( su* cataclysms is sc>cely op5 to conjecture2 only a h9t reg>d+ x may be ga!r$ f ! circum/ance t ! mo/ pr(\nd t]re/rial =mations are ^? :i* approximate mo/ closely to ! m9]alogical peculi>ities ( meteorites4 ,nev]!less1 ! only asc]ta9$ relation%ips ( meteorites are ) comets4 ,9 e sy/em ( %oot+ />s ! prim>y body mo/ probably is1 or at any rate 01 a comet4 ,ea* appe>s to be ! (fspr+ ( a comet>y p>5t1 & develops p>i passu ) its decay4 ,! view has h5ce be5 adopt$1 & n )\t ju/ification1 t comets 9 _! primitive integrity are simply 'meteor-sw>ms4' ,ass5t may be giv5 to x ) "s qualifications :i* we ne$ n "h /op to discuss4 ,:at imm$iately conc]ns u is ! int]e/+ "q z to ! con/itution ( meteor-sw>ms4 ,:at is ! real mean+ ( ! t]m8 ,:at does x convey to our m9ds8 ,a meteor-sw>m may be def9$ z a rudely globul> aggregation ( small cosmical masses1 revolv+ "u ! influ5ce ( _! mutual attraction1 r\nd _! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,ea* mu/ revolve on its own acc\nt1 ?\gh all h ! same p]iod2 & _! orbits may be incl9$ at all possible angles to a giv5 plane1 & may be trav]s$ indiff]5tly 9 ei!r direction4 ,f ?is tumultu\s mode ( circulation collisions %\ld frequ5tly ensue1 b !y w\ld be ( a mild "*4 ,!y c\ld n be o!rwise 9 a sy/em ( insignificant mass & correspond+ly sluggi% motion4 ,we are consid]+1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 only comet>y sw>ms1 z be+ ! only collections ( ! sort t come1 ev5 remotely1 )9 our k52 & comets include ! m9imum ( matt]4 ,?is we are entitl$ to inf] f ! fact t none ( ^? hi!rto obs]v$1 :e!r conspicu\s or obscure1 newly arriv$ f space1 or obvi\sly effete1 h occasion$ ! slighte/ gravitational di/urbance to any memb] ( our sy/em4 ,a comet>y sw>m1 if left to itself1 might ev5tually %ape itself into a r$uc$ model ( ! ',saturn' planet>y nebula4 ,collid+ p>ticles %\ld1 ow+ to _! loss ( velocity1 subside t[>ds ! c5tre1 & accrete into a globul> mass4 ,a pr$om9ant curr5t ( movem5t w\ld1 ?r\gh _! elim9ation1 ga9 m & m completely ! upp] h&2 & x w\ld f9ally1 ) ! inevitable dim9ution ( en]gy1#dh be re/rict$ almo/ :olly to ! pr9cipal plane ( a sy/em1 compos$ ess5tially ( a rotat+ nucleus encompass$ by a wide zone ( indep5d5tly circulat+ meteorites4 ,b ?is mode ( evolution is n ev5 di/antly foll[$ by comets4 ,x w\ld be possible only if !y 7 isolat$ 9 space1 &1 9 po9t ( fact1 _! revolutions r\nd ! sun are ( ov]:elm+ importance to _! de/9ies4 ,! sun's repulsive en]gy causes !m to wa/e & diffuse ) expansion ( spl5did plumage4 ,"u ! sun's unequal attraction at close qu>t]s !y are subject to disruption1 & ! up%ot ( ! tidal /resses act+ ^u !m is ! disp]sal ( _! con/itu5t p>ticles along ! wide ambit ( _! oval tracks4 ,we are1 nev]!less1 invit$ to look fur!r afield4 ,comet>y meteor-sw>ms may be only m9iature specim5s ( ! cont5ts ( space4 ,:y %\ld n remote sid]eal regions be ?rong$ ) simil> assemblages1 colossal 9 _! proportions1 c\ntless 9 numb]8 ,& may !y n supply ! long-s\ght desid]atum ( a suitable '_w-/uff' = ! con/ruction ( suns & planets8 ,f "s su* initial consid]ations z ^! ,sir ,norman ,locky] develop$1 9 #ahhg1 a univ]sal meteoritic hypo!sis1 design$ on ! wide/ possible l9es1 bas$ on promis+ evid5ce1 & pr(ess+ to supply a key to ! baffl+ enigma ( cosmical gr[? & div]sification4 ,! meteoric aff9ities ( comets =m$ its />t+-po9t2 comets 7 assimilat$ to nebul2 & f nebul 7 d]iv$1 by gradual processes ( *ange1 all ! species ( suns accessible to obs]vation4 ,! view 0 ( f>-rea*+ import & magnific5t g5]ality1 b its value av[$ly re/$ on a body ( facts ( a special k9d4 ,9 ?is x diff]$ f ! cr[d ( ambiti\s speculations reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ?+s by :i* x _h be5 prec$$4 ,9 ?is x atta9$ an immeasurable sup]iority ov] !m1 if only ! te/imony appeal$ to c\ld be e/abli%$ z valid4 ,inde$1 x is sc>cely too mu* to say t1 :e!r x 7 valid or n1 ! m]e circum/ance ( hav+ call$ ! spectroscope z a witness 9 ! high c\rt ( cosmogony con/itut$ an innovation bo? m]itori\s & significant4 ,! spectrum ( ! nebul 0 a /&+ puzzle4 ,a !ory :i* set out by mak+ its mean+ pla9 secur$ at once a privileg$ position4 ,?is 0 seem+ly accompli%$ by ,sir ,norman ,locky] ?r\gh ! means ( "s simple laboratory exp]im5ts on ! spectra ( meteorites4 ,c]ta9 'l[ temp]ature' l9es ( magnesium giv5 out by ! vap\rs ( /ony a]olitic fragm5ts 7 %[n to fall suspici\sly close to ! *ief nebul> l9es previ\sly class$ z 'unkn[n4' ,! co9cid5ces1 x is true1 7 det]m9$ ) l[ disp]sion1 & 7 publi%$ = :at !y 7 wor?1 b !y look$ hopeful4 ,_! sub/antiation1 _h x be5 feasible1 w\ld h m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a new /adium ( progress4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 prov$ recalcitrant4 ,! sugge/$ agreem5ts av[$ !mselves1 on clos] inquiry1 z approximate only2 magnesium light makes no "p ( ! nebul> gl[1 & nebulium1 its ma9 s\rce1 evades t]re/rial recognition4 ,! light ( cosmic cl\ds is sui g5]is--x includes no metallic emissions2 :ile ! fundam5tal con/itu5ts ( meteorites are metals v>i\sly assort$ & comb9$4 ,! deciph]m5t ( ! nebul> hi]oglyphics 0 ! crucial te/2 its failure to meet x left ! hypo!sis s]i\sly discr$it$2 = co9cid5ces betwe5 spectral rays1 common to ne>ly all ! heav5ly bodies1 naturally c\nt$ = no?+4 ,yet ! inve/igation _h its uses4 ,! en]gy ) :i* x 0 prosecut$1 ! +5uity & res\rce ) :i* x 0 direct$1 told = progress4 ,!re has be5 a cla% ( arms & a reorganization ( =ces4 ,?\ght 0 /irr$1 obs]vation & exp]im5t receiv$ a /rong /imulus1 fre% afflu5ts to ! great /ream ( sci5ce began to be navigat$4 ,ef=ts to prove :at _h be5 ass]t$ 7 fruitful 9 "s directions1 & ! "w ( refutation _h ine/imable value 9 def9+ :at 0 admissible1 & e/abli%+ unmi/akable l&m>ks 9 a/rophysics4 ,! discussion1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ?rew v little light on ! "p play$ by meteorites 9 cosmogony4 ,_! _w-build+ function rema9s l>gely speculative4 ,d\bts ( _m k9ds qualify its possibility1 & l5d x a fanta/ic air ( unreality4 ,b ?is may 9 "p be due to a defect ( imag9ative p[] ) :i* ! univ]se 0 n conc]n$4 ,waiv+1 !n1 prelim9>y objections1 we f9d ourselves confront$ ) ! fundam5tal "q3 ,giv5 a meteor-sw>m ( ! requisite mass & dim5sions1 is !re any *ance ( its cond5s+ into a planet>y sy/em8 ,sir ,norman ,locky] set aside ?is bran* ( 8 subject4 ,8 hypo!sis 01 9 fact1 'pre-nebul>4' ,he assum$ t ! small solid bodies ) :i* x />t$ w\ld1 9 c\rse ( "t1 become completely volatiliz$ by ! heat ( _! mutual impacts1 & t ! result+ gase\s mass w\ld !nce=w>d comport itself aft] ! fa%ion imag9$ by ,laplace4 ,pr(essor ,d>w9 reg>d$ ! matt] o!rwise4 ,x seem$ to him possible to comb9e ! po/ulates ( ! meteoric & nebul> !ories 9 a sy/em plann$ on an orig9al pr9ciple4 ,= ?is purpose x 0 necess>y to excogitate a means ( r5d]+ ! k9etic !ory ( gases available = a meteor-sw>m4 ',! v ess5ce1' he wrote1#di '( ! nebul> hypo!sis is ! conception ( fluid pressure1 s9ce )\t x ! idea ( a figure ( equilibrium becomes inapplicable4' ,m4 ,faye ab&on$ ?is idea2 he built up 8 planets out ( incoh]5t mat]ials1 !reby avoid+ ! incongruities1 b =feit+ ! logical precision ( ,laplace's /rict] proc$ure4 ,pr(essor ,d>w9 cons5t$ to =feit no?+2 he /ood =w>d z a syncreti/1 8 object be+ to 'po9t out t by a c]ta9 int]pretation ( ! meteoric !ory we may obta9 a reconciliation ( ^! two ord]s ( ideas1 & may hold t ! orig9 ( /ell> & planet>y sy/ems is meteoric1 :il/ reta9+ ! conception ( fluid pressure4' ,= ! compass+ ( ?is end he adopt$ a bold exp$i5t4 ,fluid pressure 9 a gas is '! av]age result ( ! impacts ( molecules4' ,fluid pressure 9 a meteor-sw>m might1 he conceiv$1 be ! net product ( innum]able collisions betwe5 bodies to be reg>d$ z molecules on an enorm\sly magnifi$ scale4 ,! supposition is1 inde$1 z ,kepl] said ( ! di/ances ( ! fix$ />s1 'a big pill to swall[4' ,betwe5 molecules & meteorites lies a wide unbridg$ gap4 ,! ma*9]y ( gase\s impacts is obscure4 ,x c be set 9 motion only by ascrib+ to ! p>ticles conc]n$ prop]ties ( a mo/ enigmatical "*4 ,^! p>ticles are1 h[ev]1 un?9kably m9ute2 & 9 sub-s5sible regions ( rese>* ! responsibilities ( reason someh[ become relax$4 ,we are f> m critical z to ! behavi\r ( gross1 palpable matt]1 because exp]i5ce c !re be consult$1 & is n unlikely to int]pose its veto4 ,meteorites are1 d\btless1 totally dissimil> f molecules1 h[ev] _m million-fold enl>g$2 & !y w\ld infallibly be %att]$ by collisions :i* only s]ve to elicit f molecules _! di/9ctive vibrations4 ,moreov]1 ! advance ( ! %att]+ process w\ld admitt$ly end ! preval5ce ( fluid pressure4 ,s t ! desir$ condition1 ev5 if initially atta9$1 w\ld be transitory4 ,!re is1 besides1 a radical diff]5ce betwe5 a gr\p ( bodies 9 orbital circulation & a cong]ies ( p>ticles mov+ at haphaz>d1 uncon/ra9$ by any pr$om9ant law ( =ce4 ,a meteoric sw>m belongs to ! fir/ category2 x is a community sway$ 9 "s degree by a c5tral p[]2 :ile ! gase\s cont5ts ( a retort or a balloon obey purely individual impulses4 ,! analogy look$ = by ,pr(essor ,d>w9 c !n sc>cely be said to exi/1 & 8 pap] /&s out z a monum5t ( +5i\s ma!matical treatm5t appli$ to an ideal /ate ( ?+s4 ,an aggregation ( revolv+ meteorites has no figure ( equilibrium1 & x is ?r\gh ! consequ5ces necess>ily result+ f ?is prop]ty t ma!maticians are enabl$ to trace ! progressive *anges ( a rotat+ fluid mass4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any su* direct means ( attack1 _! position reg>d+ ! problem pres5t$ by an assemblage ( fly+ /ones is n mu* bett] ?an t occupi$ by ,kant1 face to face ) an evolv+ univ]se4 ,x seems1 nev]!less1 cle> t a meteor-sw>m c be impell$ to cond5se no o!rwise ?an ?r\gh ! effects ( collisions among its con/itu5ts4 ,:5 ! irregul>ities ( movem5t ^u :i* _! occurr5ce dep5ds are got rid (1 ! sy/em mu/ rema9 9 /atu quo4 ,ord] makes = p]man5ce2 a tumultu>y condition is transi5t4 ,! ev5tual /ate ( ! sy/em c1 h[ev]1 be no m ?an p>tially =ese54 ,bodies arre/$ 9 _! flight %\ld fall inw>d1 h5ce a c5tral mass w\ld =m & gr[2 b ! production ( planets w\ld seem to be conditional ^u ! exi/5ce ( primitive inequalities ( d5sity 9 ! sw>m4 ,^! might s]ve z nuclei ( attraction = meteoric infalls1 n yet completely exhau/$1 b ply+ ) h>mless fire "o at lea/ ( ! globes !y help$ to %ape4 ,!re c\ld1 inde$1 on ?is %[+1 h be5 no su* h>moni\s succession ( ev5ts z con/itut$ ! pr$om9ant *>m ( ,laplace's s*eme4 ,! planets %\ld be suppos$ to h issu$ pell-mell out ( a *aos2 or1 r1 ! *aos %\ld h conta9$ f ! beg9n+ ! se$s ( a pr$e/9$ cosmos4 ,its evolution w\ld h be5 l t ( ! oak f ! acorn1 an unfold+ ( :at 0 already ess5tially !re4 ,& x may be t at ?is /age ( p5etration into ! pa/1 ! unaid$ human intellect meets its ne plus ultra4 ,!re is a vital he>t ( ?+s :i* we _c hope to rea*4 ,?\ght in/9ctively pauses be=e ! vision ( ! symbolical brood+ dove4 ,to resume4 ,meteoric cosmogony has a rational basis4 ,! modes ( action x dem&s are /ill op]ative4 ,enfeebl$ almo/ to evanesc5ce comp>$ ) ! vig\r !y mu/ h ne$$ to be efficaci\s 9 _w-build+1 !y cont9ue to make play 9 our nocturnal skies4 ,!y make play1 x is true1 ) a v small quantity ( mat]ial2 b x may ev5 n[ be di/ribut$ else:]e 9 relatively enorm\s pr(usion1 & 9 ! sol> sy/em itself x presumably 0 mu* m abundant =m]ly ?an x n[ is4 ,! e>? has be5 rak+ up meteoric granules by hundr$s ( millions daily dur+ untold ages1 & h] zone ( space is /ill v f> f be+ swept clean4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ! supply1 h[ev]1 may be occasion$ by ! cont9ual arrival ( re9=cem5ts f int]/ell> realms4 ,comets app]ta9 to1 & travel )1 ! sun's cortge1 & ?is is also inevitably true ( comet-born meteors4 ,b a multitude besides circulate indep5d5tly ( comets1 & ) mu* high] velocities4 ,_! orbits are1 !n1 hyp]bolic2 !y belong to ! category ( 'irrevocable travell]s1' & by _! capture we are privileg$ to possess g5u9e %r$s ( sid]eal matt]4 ,univ]sal space conta9s probably a va/ /ock ( !m1 yet !re is no?+ to prove _! collection into sw>ms4 ,! spectroscope supplies no assurance to t effect2 x has giv5 its v]dict aga9/ ! meteoric con/itution ( nebul & tempor>y />s4 ,& if we admit1 ?r\gh ! p]suasion ( m9]alogical te/imony1 t ! a]olites s /rangely l&$ on t]re/rial soil are really ! dbris ( ru9$ worlds1 we c see = !m no *ance ( re/oration4 ,solit>y !y are1 ev5 if !y occasionally pursue "o ano!r along an id5tical track1 & solit>y !y mu/ rema94 ,bodies d n ( !mselves initiate mutual circulation4 ,planet>y or /ell> outca/s _c become re-associat$ into a gravitational sy/em4 ,( a cosmic sw>m1 z ( a poet1 x may be said1 ,nascitur1 non fit2 & _! bir?-secret is undivulg$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #de3 ,! ,new ,a/ronomy1 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #df3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xi41 p4 #dba1 ,june1 #aija4 ,footnote #dg3 ,c>bon does n liquefy "u ord9>y conditions4 ,9 ! production ( 8 artificial diamonds ,m4 ,moissan employ$ trem5d\s pressure & great heat2 &1 al?\gh ! g5u95ess ( 8 products has be5 d5i$ 7,combes1 ,moniteur ,sci5tifique1 ,novemb]1 #aijc71 8 me?ods at lea/ seem to h approximat$ to ^? by :i* ,nature fabricates h] mo/ au!ntic cry/als4 ,footnote #dh3 ,sir ,r4 ,ball1 ,! ,e>?'s ,beg9n+s1 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #di3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 vol4 xlv41 p4 #d4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,cosmogony ,,9 ,,! ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury ,prospective & retrospective inquiries into physical conditions /& v mu* on ! same foot+4 ,! same degree ( unc]ta9ty atta*es to results ( bo? k9ds2 ! same qualifications ne$ to be appli$ to !m2 a simil> res]ve is und]/ood to accompany our admission ( !m4 ,! res]ve gr[s m m>k$ z sci5ce unfolds to our surpris$ appreh5sion ! multiplex possibilities ( ,nature4 ,! "t has gone by :5 'm5 ( light & lead+' c\ld draw *eques = unlimit$ am\nts on ! bank ( public cr$ulity4 ,n t ! balance has dim9i%$1 b t x is res]v$ = o!r uses4 ,mo/ ( u 9 ^! days1 h le>nt to 'look be=e & aft]' = ourselves1 & we in/9ctively mix ! prov]bial gra9 ( salt ) :at is told to u1 ev5 on ! highe/ au?ority4 ,ideas are on ! move2 dim vi/as are op5+ out2 mu* t lies beyond ! v]ge ( actual exp]i5ce is se5 to be possible1 & s$ate reason+ may at any mom5t suff] outrage by fanta/ic discov]y4 ,h5ce1 f9ality ( ass]tion is out ( date4 ,! secul> p>allax affect+ m5's views ( ! univ]se is n[h]e m /rongly app>5t ?an 9 ! tr5d tak5 by speculations z to its orig94 ,!y h become m subtle1 m f>-rea*+1 yet less confid5t4 ,!y h ramifi$ 9 unexpect$ directions1 b r t5tatively1 ?an ) ! full assurance ( atta9+ absolute tru?4 ,laplace consid]$ only ! sol> sy/em1 f :i* he arbitr>ily exclud$ comets4 ,on ! va/ sid]eal _w he be/[$ b>ely casual att5tion4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 on ! o!r h&1 occupi$ himself exclusively ) ! gr[?-processes ( nebul1 relegat+ ! details ( planet>y evolution to a position ( second>y importance4 ,lat]1 ! spectroscope hav+ become available = discrim9at+ g5]ic diff]5ces among ! suns 9 space1 _! relative ages1 ! ord] ( _! succession1 _! mutual aff9ities1 claim$ pr$om9ant att5tion4 ,j n[1 h[ev]1 ! flood ( speculation is too high to be re/ra9$ )9 sep>ate *annels2 cosmogoni/s look f> afield2 !y aim at obta9+ a g5]al survey ( relations bewild]+ 9 _! complexity4 ,to "s ext5t !y h succe$$2 p>ts are beg9n+ to f9d _! places 9 a great :ole2 l9ks are se5 to connect ph5om5a at fir/ sight seem+ly isolat$2 on all sides analogies are spr++ into view4 ,! unwe>i$ circl+ ( ! moon & its imp]turbable face rem9d u h[ a sun may h be5 born2 ! fla% ( e meteor sugge/s ! mode by :i* suns die4 ,! filmy trac]ies ( comets intimate ! nature ( ! =ce act+ 9 nebul2 ! great cosmic law ( spirality is remotely h9t$ at by ! antipodal di/urbances ( ! sun4 ,?us1 "o set ( facts dovetails into ! next2 none c be prop]ly consid]$ ap>t f ! re/4 ,! limitations ( ! human m9d impose1 nev]!less1 re/rictions ( treatm5t4 ,individual ef=ts _c grapple ) ! :ole ( ! kn[n & ! kn[able1 & ! l>g] "p ( bo? is includ$ 9 ! scope ( mod]n cosmogony4 ,x deals ) all t ! skies hold1 visibly or invisibly2 draws un/9t+ly on "t pa/ & "t to come2 conc]ns itself equally ) gradual trans=mations & sudd5 cata/rophes1 ) ! dissipation & conc5tration ( en]gy1 ) ! subtle int]play ( matt] & =ce1 ) physical & ultra-physical1 *emical & electrical modes ( action4 ,b let u consid] a little m p>ticul>ly h[ ?+s actually /&1 s z to collect "s def9ite ideas reg>d+ ! l9es ( advance practicable & promis+ = ! imm$iate future4 ,to beg9 ) our dome/ic circle4 ,! insecure /ate to :i* ,laplace's s*eme has be5 r$uc$ by ! assaults ( num]\s objectors has f\nd comp5sation 9 ! developm5t ( ! tidal !ory4 ,mu* light has !reby be5 ?r[n ^u planet>y pre-hi/ory4 ,! relations ( planets to ! sun1 & ( satellites to planets1 h be5 r5d]$ comp>atively intelligible4 ,noticeable above all is ! discov]y !nce ensu+ ( ! e>?'s sugge/ive position1 j outside ! b\nd>y ( ! region :]e planet>y rotation 0 de/roy$ by sun-rais$ tides1 & ) x ! prospects ( planet>y vitality4 ,moreov]1 ! dubi\s /ate ( ! in*oate t]re/rial sph]oid1 consequ5t ^u its int]m$iate situation1 acc\nts = ! peculi> mode ( bir? ( ! moon1 & ! di/9ctively b9>y "* ( ! e>?-moon sy/em2 :ile ! v>iety p]ceptible 9 ! circum/ances ( ! diff]5t planets precludes ! employm5t ( any s+le recipe = _! developm5t f a primal vortex4 ,! =ces conc]n$1 we c n[ see1 act$ 9 a f> m complex mann] ?an c\ld =m]ly h be5 suppos$1 & _! balance 0 proportionately m delicate4 ,to :i* side x w\ld h incl9$ 9 a giv5 case mu/ !n (t5 be incalculable1 or calculable only ) ! guidance ( ! kn[n result4 ,! /rict bonds ( reason+ h ?us become some:at relax$1 & difficulties t look$ =midable h1 9 ! long run1 prov$ n to be insup]able4 ,b conviction has also gr[n fa9t4 ,! old1 impos+ faade ( !ory rema9s erect2 ! build+ beh9d x has be51 = ! mo/ "p1 pull$ to pieces1 & ! ar*itect has yet to be f\nd :o c recon/ruct x to our satisfaction4 ,on "o po9t we h1 nev]!less1 acquir$ c]ta9ty4 ,x is n[ kn[n t comets ) _! dep5d5t tra9s ( meteors are aborig9al 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,!y are no unlic5s$ intrud]s1 b collat]al relations ( ! planet>y family4 ,possibly !y repres5t wa/e scraps ( _w-/uff :i* escap$ ! action ( ! =mative ma*9]y2 & if s1 !y exemplify its primitive texture4 ,n t _! composition ne$ be1 on ?is supposition1 id5tical ) t ( ! planets4 ,a sift+ ( elem5ts w\ld h be5 likely to accompany ! processes ( cool+ & contraction4 ,comets 71 p]haps1 made 7to speak illu/ratively7 ( ! :ite ( ! nebul\s egg1 planets ( its yolk4 ,b 9 any case we may safely reg>d ! glimm]+ fabrics ( acetyl5e & cyanog5 t occasionally illum9ate our skies z %e>+s f a wide-spread+1 fleecy haze1 flung aside be=e '! />ry tides' _h z yet begun to 'set t[>ds ! c5tre4' ,9 "o respect ! quality ( ^! relics is a surprise4 ,!y %[ no *emical aff9ity ) nebul4 ,_! spectra are radically diff]5t f nebul> spectra1 gase\s or cont9u\s4 ,!y accord+ly l5d no c\nt5ance1 al?\gh n fatally adv]se to ! view t ! sun 0 once1 9 ! di/9ctive s5se1 a nebul\s />4 ,! gr& topic ( sid]eal succession is no long] ab&on$ to fruitless surmises4 ,broad l9es h be5 laid d[n1 along :i*1 s f> z we c at pres5t see1 progress mu/ inevitably h be5 conduct$4 ,& "o fact ( ov]:elm+ significance 9 ?is connection is entirely ( rec5t discov]y4 ,! multitud9\s exi/5ce ( obscure bodies 9 space _h1 inde$1 be5 =ese5 z a logical necessity long be=e ,bessel f\nd$ ! ',a/ronomy ( ! ,invisible'2 b its /rong sub/antiation is almo/ :olly due to ! use ( mod]n spectrographic me?ods4 ,decrepit or dusky suns are assur$ly no imag9>y product1 b a pot5t reality1 ?\gh x w\ld be too mu* to ass]t t all h sunk to ext9ction by ! same road4 ,nor is x absolutely c]ta9 t _! pres5t /ate is uni=mly ! outcome ( prolong$ decay4 ,circum/ances connect$ ) _m ( !m sugge/ r a cong5ital incapacity = %9+4 ,we /&1 too1 on firm] gr\nd ?an our pr$ecessors 9 respect to ! hi/ory ( /ell> sy/ems4 ,t its c\rse is ma9ly prescrib$ by ! influ5ce ( tidal friction has be5 ably demon/rat$ by ,dr4 ,see4 ,telescopic d\ble />s c be l$ back by ! aid ( ?is clue to an initial /age1 :5 !y revolv$ close toge!r1 v mu* l ! e>? & moon 9 ,pr(essor ,d>w9's !ory2 & x 0 ow+ to _! volum9\sness & ! unequal attractions x eng5d]$ t _! orbits became enl>g$ & elongat$ to ! degree g5]ally obs]v$4 ,?is !oretical inf]5ce has be5 confirm$ ) s+ul> aptness by ! discov]y ( spectroscopic b9>ies4 ,pairs circl+ 9 orbits too n>r[ = visual disc]nm5t are ! natural complem5t ( pairs j divisible ) ! telescope2 ! fir/ class repres5t ! unse51 e>ly /ages ( ! second4 ,! two toge!r =m an unbrok5 sequ5ce ( /ell> sy/ems1 = spectroscopic b9>ies include c\ples fully sep>at$1 & /ill sep>at+1 z well z o!rs b>ely divid$1 & revolv+ almo/ 9 contact4 ,nay1 !y include specim5s1 we are l$ to believe1 ( globes conjo9$ into ! apioidal figure !oretically inve/igat$ by ,d>w9 & ,po9c>1 :i* may be reg>d$ z prep>atory to ! developm5t by fission ( two mutually revolv+ />s f "o primitive rotat+ mass4 ,"s ( ^! suppos$ dumb-bell sy/ems are v>iable 9 light2 & if ! eclipse-rationale ( _! obscurations be confirm$ by ! spectroscope1 !re is no ga9say+ ! inf]5ce t ea* flick]+ object is compos$ ( two />s actually contigu\s1 if n conflu5t4 ,n[1 comp\nd />s are by no means ( exceptional occurr5ce4 ,_! relative abundance has be5 f\nd to augm5t rapidly ) e advance 9 our k ( ! heav5s4 ,f ! measures ( /ell> radial velocity lately c>ri$ out at ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory by ,pr(essors ,fro/ & ,adams1 x appe>s t ! proportion ( b9>y to s+le />s consid]ably exce$s ,pr(essor ,campbell's e>li] e/imate4 ,if ^? giv+ helium-spectra are alone consid]$1 !re are mo/ probably z _m ( "o k9d z ( ! o!r4 ,b :y ! di/9ction8 x may be ask$4 ,! answ] is n f> to seek4 ,helium />s are ! mo/ primitive1 & =m ! close/ & mo/ readily app>5t sy/ems4 ,! companions ( m fully develop$ />s w\ld be likely to give less /rik+ spectroscopic signs ( _! pres5ce4 ,a physically d\ble /> mu/ always rema9 su*4 ,!re is no law ( divorce by :i* x c put away its companion1 al?\gh _! relations mu/ alt] ) "t4 ,b _! alt]ation t5ds cont9ually to enhance ! difficulty ( _! detection4 ,= z ! memb]s ( a pair are pu%$ asund] by tidal friction _! velocity slack5s1 & ! tell-tale sw+ ( _! spectral l9es dim9i%es 9 amplitude1 & f9ally1 by its m9ut5ess1 evades obs]vation4 ,& s9ce ! majority ( spectroscopic satellite-/>s are v imp]fectly lum9\s1 _! ev5tual telescopic discov]y1 :5 f> en\gh away f _! prim>ies to be optically sep>able f !m1 w\ld r>ely ensue4 ,x mu/ !n be conclud$ t half ! />s 9 ! heav5s 7let u say7 broke up into two or m bodies z !y cond5s$4 ,:at foll[s8 ,well1 ?is4 ,half ! />s 9 ! heav5s 71 f ! fir/1 incapacitat$ f becom+ ! c5tres ( planet>y sy/ems4 ,to our appreh5sion1 at lea/1 x appe>s obvi\s t a b9>y condition mu/ h inhibit$ ! op]ations ( planet>y gr[?4 ,^! innum]able sy/ems are d\btless organiz$ on a totally diff]5t pr9ciple f t regulat+ ! family ( ! sun4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis1 ev5 9 its mo/ improv$ =m1 has no application to !m2 ! meteoritic hypo!sis /ill less4 ,ma!matical !ories ( fluid equilibrium1 comb9$ ) a long s]ies ( *anges due to tidal friction1 af=d "s degree ( insight into ! mode ( _! orig9 & ! c\rse ( _! developm5t4 ,yet ! analogy ) ! e>?-moon c\ple1 :i* irresi/ibly sugge/s itself1 is imp]fect1 & may be mislead+1 ow+ to ! wide diff]5ce 9 /ate betwe5 pla/ic globes approa*+ solidification1 & sunlike bodies radiat+ int5sely & probably gase\s to ! core4#ej ,! _w ( nebul confronts u ) entire cycles ( evolution>y problems1 :i* c no long] be treat$ 9 ! (fh& mann] p]=ce adopt$ by ,h]s*el4 ,! objects 9 "q are ( bewild]+ v>iety2 yet we c trace1 amid _! fanta/ic irregul>ities1 ! und]ly+ uni=mity ( "o con/ructive ?\ght4 ,ne>ly all %[1 m or less m>k$ly1 a spiral con=mation1 & a spiral con=mation intimates ! action ( kn[n or discov]able laws4 ,_! inve/igation mu/1 inde$1 be sl[ & toilsome2 its progress may long be imp$$ by ! int]position ( novel que/ions1 bo? 9 physics & me*anics2 nev]!less1 ! l9es prescrib$ = x seem def9ite en\gh to give hope ( its lead+ f9ally to a cle> issue4 ,& :5 at la/ some?+ has be5 fairly well asc]ta9$ reg>d+ ! pa/ & future ( nebul\s spirals1 no contemptible inroad w h be5 made on ! /up5d\s enigma ( sid]eal relation%ips4 ,its aspect1 if we v5ture to look at x 9 its entirety1 is va/ & =midable4 ,n n[1 z 9 =m] times1 ) a m]e fragm5t ( creation--a s+le /> & its puny cli5t-globes1 "o ( :i* happ5s to be ! tempor>y abode ( ! human race--b ) ! undivid$1 abysmal cosmos1 ! sci5ce ( orig9 & de/9y conc]ns itself4 ,! obscure & immeasurable unc]ta9ties ( galactic hi/ory invite or compel att5tion4 ,we "k j en\gh to :et our desire to "k a great deal m4 ,! di/ribution ( />s & nebul is easily se5 to be ! outcome ( design4 ,by :at means1 we _c b ask ourselves1 0 ! design execut$8 ,h[ 7 ?+s ord]$ :5 ^? means began to be employ$8 ,h[ w !y be ord]$ :5 all is done8 ,= an ultimate condition has1 presumably1 n yet be5 rea*$4 ,& if n1 ag5cies mu/ be at "w = ! p]fect+ ( ! supreme purpose1 :i* are n1 p]haps1 too subtle = our appreh5sion4 ,mean:ile1 facts be>+ on sid]eal con/ruction are be+ dilig5tly collect$ & sift$1 & we %all d well to susp5d speculation until _! l>g] import is made kn[n4 ,! inquisitions ( sci5ce d n cease "h4 ,!y /rive to p5etrate a deep] my/]y ?an t ( ! scatt]+ 9 space ( />s & nebul4 ,:at are !y made (8 is ! fur!r "q t pres5ts itself4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! primal _w-/uff8 ,:5ce did x obta9 heat8 ,by :at means 0 motion imp>t$ to x8 ,if x be urg$ t su*-l topics elude ! grasp ( f9ite intellig5ce & belong to ! secrets ( creative p[]1 we may reply t we are n entitl$1 nor are we able1 to draw an arbitr>y l9e1 n to be transgress$ by our vagrant ?\ghts4 ,! _w has be51 by express decree1 ?r[n wide to _! excursions1 & x is n = u to re/rict _! fre$om4 ,we ne$ n fe> gett+ too ne> ! he>t ( ! my/]y2 !re is no t]m9us 9 ! unkn[n to :i* we c travel by express2 9 a s5se1 we are always />t+1 & nev] get ne>] to our de/9ation4 ,b t is because x retreats be=e u4 ,we d1 9 tru?1 advance2 & z we advance ! mi/s cle>1 & we see glimpses beyond ( imp]i%able ord]1 ( imp5etrable spl5d\r4 ,our inquiries ne$ n !n be ab&on$ 9 despair at ! f>-rea*+ "* !y h spontane\sly assum$4 ,f ! e>lie/ times !re has be5 a t5d5cy to reg>d v>ieties ( matt] z d]ivative4 ,!y h be5 suppos$ to be procur$ by supramundane ag5cy1 or by ! op]ation ( inh]5t law1 f "s univ]sal undiff]5tiat$ sub/ance4 ,we mod]ns call t sub/ance 'protyle1'#ea & believe ourselves to be 9 exp]im5tal t\* ) x4 ,! implications ( ?is view we %all consid] 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ej3 ,cf4 ,jeans1 ,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xxii41 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #ea3 ,a t]m signify+ 'fir/ matt]1' con/ruct$ f correspond+ ,greek words by ,rog] ,bacon1 & reviv$ by ,sir ,william ,crookes4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,protyle3 ,,:at ,,is ,,x8 ,! notion ( a primordial =m ( matt] meets u at e /age ( cosmogonical speculation4 ,x is ! outcome ( an in/9ctive p]suasion t1 if we c\ld only 'lift ! pa9t$ veil' ( ph5om5a1 ! real bus9ess ( ! univ]se w\ld be f\nd to be proce$+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 ')\t ha/e or re/1' on a settl$ plan ev]y:]e ! same2 t uni=mity is fundam5tal1 div]sity only incid5tal2 & t ! trans=mations ( ! "o simplifi$ sub/ance might be repres5t$ by a s+le =mula1 ! discov]y ( :i* w\ld place 9 our h&s ! ma/]-key to ! lock$ secrets ( ! univ]se4 ,among untutor$ ?9k]s "s famili> k9d ( matt]1 idealiz$ & g5]aliz$1 commonly /ood = ! typical _w-/uff4 ,wat] 0 ! fir/ fav\rite4 ,?ales1 ! 'wise man' ( ,miletus1 procur$ 8 cosmos by precipitation f an aque\s solution1 & _m savage tribes h devis$ analog\s exp$i5ts4 ,anaxim5es reg>d$ air z ! univ]sal solv5t2 ,h]acleitus replac$ x ) fire1 & set on foot a s*eme ( :at is n[ (t5 designat$ 'elem5tal evolution4' ,f ! p]petual 'flux ( ?+s' he conceiv$ t ! f\r sub/ances select$ by ,emp$ocles z ! bases ( nature 7 n exempt1 & a fragm5t ( 8 s*eme surviv$ 9 ,francis ,bacon's admission ( ! mutual conv]tibility ( air & wat]4 ,9 ! ma91 h[ev]1 ! au?or ( ! ',novum ,organum' adh]$ to ! ,p>acelsian doctr9e ( an elem5tal triad1#eb al?\gh he reg>d$ ! association ( salt z a fundam5tal 'pr9ciple' ) sulphur & m]cury z inept & unnecess>y4#ec ,^! twilight fancies fad$ 9 ! gr[+ light ( *emical sci5ce2 yet ! m5tal ne$ t !y _h tempor>ily appeas$ surviv$1 & _h someh[ to be satisfi$4 ,an ',ur-,/(f' 0 /ill 9 dem&1 b ! n9ete5? c5tury *>act]i/ically attempt$ to supply x by weight & measure4 ,dalton's comb9+ equival5ts af=d$ ! w>rant = ,pr\t's hydrog5 hypo!sis4 ,! problem to be fac$ 0 to f9d a unit-atom by ! v>i$ comb9ations ( :i* all ! re/ ( ! *emical atoms might be =m$4 ,! condition indisp5sable to be fulfill$ 0 t _! weights %\ld be exact multiples ( t ( ! unit1 & x came ne> to fulfilm5t by ! hydrog5-atom or semi-atom4 ,x 01 nev]!less1 a case 9 :i* approximate agreem5t 0 ( no avail2 ! adv]se decision ( ! balance f9ally became unmi/akable2 & ,pr\t discreetly fell back1 9 #ahca1ed ^u ! exp$i5t ( d]iv+ hydrog5 itself f "s body l[] 9 ! scale4 ,8 hypo!sis1 9 %ort1 dissolv$ into a conjecture4 ,x _h only emphasiz$ ! /ipulation t ! 'protyle' ( ! anci5ts mu/ be su* z w\ld s]ve n only = ! physical unification ( ! sum ( ?+s1 b likewise z ! sub/ratum ( all ! *emical species4 ,mean:ile1 ! !oretical se>* = x _h be5 c>ri$ on 9 widely diff]5t fields ( inquiry4 ,laplace's speculations1 no less ?an ,h]s*el's obs]vations1 _h l$ to ! conception ( "s k9d ( 'fire-mi/' z ! g5u9e />-plasm4 ,b its nature & prop]ties rema9$ indef9ite1 or 7 assign$ at ! arbitr>y *oice ( adv5tur\s cosmogoni/s4 ,s ! '%9+ fluid' ( space 0 'ev]y?+ by turns & no?+ long1' until ,sir ,william ,hugg9s1 9 #ahfd1 gave x spectroscopic individuality4 ,! 'recognition-m>k' ( nebulium is a vivid gre5 ray1 by ! emission ( :i* x is kn[n to h a concrete exi/5ce4 ,yet ! little t has besides be5 le>n$ ab\t x disc\nt5ances its id5tification ) ! mat]ia in=mis ( antique philosophy4 ,?is we %\ld expect to be ! subtle/ ( all sub/ances4 ,pr(essor ,campbell1 h[ev]1 has ga!r$ indications t nebulium is d5s] ?an hydrog54 ,its lum9osity1 at lea/1 :i* is inv>iably associat$ ) t ( hydrog51 spreads less widely 9 ! same =mations2 x is conf9$ to a l[] level4 ,! nebulium-atom is n1 !n1 ! *emical or ! cosmical unit4 ,?is evasive entity1 or some?+ t curi\sly simulates x1 has prov$ to be ( less recondite orig94 ,sir ,william ,crookes is amply ju/ifi$ 9 claim+ ! v5]able designation ( protyle = ! 'radiant matt]' fir/ produc$ 9 8 vacuum-tubes ne>ly ?irty ye>s ago4 ,! discov]y 0 a/oni%+ & uns\ght1 & its significance has n yet be5 measur$4 ,matt] assumes ! 'f\r? /ate1' 9 :i* x is nei!r solid1 liquid1 nor gase\s1#ee "u ! compulsion ( an electric dis*>ge 9 high vacua4 ,at an exhau/ion ( ab\t "o-million? ( an atmosph]e ! mann] ( its transit abruptly alt]s4 ,conduction gives way to convection4 ,lum9\s effects are aboli%$4 ,! tubes cease to gl[ ) brilliant1 p>ti-col\r$ /ri2 ! poles are no long] m>k$ by %imm]+ halos or bru%es2 only a gre5 phosphoresc5ce is se5 :]e ! glass walls ( ! receptacle are /ruck by ! /ream ( project$ p>ticles4 ,!y come1 ) half ! velocity ( light1 exclusively f ! negative pole1 ! positive pole rema9+ in]t4 ,h5ce ! "n 'ca?ode-rays1' be/[$ by ,gold/e9 on ! c>ri]s ( electricity 9 highly-exhau/$ bulbs4 ,^! my/]i\s1 sub-s5sible ag5ts possess c]ta9 v def9ite prop]ties4 ,_! pa?s are deflect$ 9 a magnetic field2 !y c trav]se metallic films2 & _! inve/igation 9 ! op51 !reby r5d]$ feasible1 has %[n !m to possess photographic efficacy1 & ! faculty ( break+ d[n electrical insulation2 moreov]1 !y transport a negative *>ge ( fix$ am\nt1 & h a det]m9ate mom5tum4 ,!y are1 !n1 assur$ly no m]e pulsations ( ! e!r2 unless our s5ses 'bo? fail & deceive u1' _! quality is mat]ial4 ,mat]ial1 yet n q ) ! ord9>y connotation ( ! t]m4 ,! mo/ ess5tial circum/ance ab\t ! ca?ode-rays is t !y rema9 unmodifi$ by ! *emical div]sities ( ! orig9at+ gases4#ef ,a hydrog5 tube yields id5tically ! same radiant matt] z an oxyg5 or a nitrog5 tube4 ,"h1 !n1 at la/ we h )9 our grasp undiff]5tiat$ sub/ance--matt] n yet specializ$1 nei!r molecul> nor atomic1 matt] de/itute ( aff9ities1 exempt f ! laws ( comb9ation--matt] 9 its in*oate1 & p]haps ultimate =m2 9 a ^w1 ! f>-s\ght protyle4 ,already1 9 #ahgi1 ,sir ,william ,crookes conjectur$ ! inf9itesimal missiles propell$ f ! ca?ode to be ! 'f\ndation-/ones ( :i* atoms are compos$4'#eg ,& 9 #ahhf he pron\nc$ !m m decisively to be ! raw mat]ial ( atoms1 :i*1 to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's appreh5sion1 bore ! unmi/akable /amp ( a 'manufactur$ article4' ,nor did 8 rec5t comm5tator refra9 f attempt+ di/antly to div9e ! me?od ( _! con/ruction1 or f lay+ 8 f+] on ! by-products & residues associat$ ) x1#eh al?\gh he felt compell$ to relegate ! cosmic factory to ! edge ( ! _w1 :]e inconceivable ?+s may happ54 ,all ?is1 inde$1 seem$1 9 ! late ,victorian era1 l m\nt+ ! horse ( ,a/olfo = a trip to ! moon2 & sane common-s5se pron\nc$ x fanta/ic en\gh to 'make ,democritus weep & ,h]acleitus laugh4'#ei ,b we h s9ce le>n$ f ,nature h]self "s tol]ance ( audacities4 ,/ep by /ep ! new ord] ( ideas has irresi/ibly come to ! front4 ,x ow$ its orig9 to ,sir ,william ,crookes's skill 9 produc+ high vacua1 & ! consequ5t developm5t 9 8 tubes ( radiant effects4 ,!n1 9 #ahgi1 univ]sal importance 0 claim$ = !m1 & matt] 9 ! 'f\r? /ate1' by a revival ( ! dreams ( ! anci5ts1 exp&$ into a k9d ( vision>y protyle4 ,philipp ,l5>d made ! next advance t[>ds its actualization by slipp+ x1 9 #ahid1 ?r\gh an alum9ium w9d[1 & wat*+ its behavi\r t[>ds ord9>y matt]4 ,two ye>s lat] ,rntg5 rays made _! entry on ! sc5e2 & be=e ! end ( #ahif ,becqu]el1 hurry+ along ! track ( novelties1 came ^u ! mom5t\s discov]y ( radio-activity4 ,a revision ( ideas has ensu$4 ,"s "t-hon\r$ assumptions h _h to be disc>d$2 s-call$ laws h be5 f\nd to ne$ qualification2 ! old sy/em ( physics is consequ5tly out ( ge>1 & mu* "t & pati5t lab\r mu/ be exp5d$ ^u ! adju/m5t ( ! new & improv$ sy/em de/9$ to replace x4 ,! lead+ & indisputable fact ( ! actual situation is t a numb] ( hi!rto unsuspect$ modes ( en]gy h be5 disclos$ z widely op]ative 9 nature4 ,all are ( a 'radiant' "*4 ,!y travel 9 /raight l9es ) enorm\s spe$2 !y />t f a mat]ial base1 & produce _! sev]al effects on rea*+ a mat]ial goal4 ,n[1 ^! effects are closely alike1 not)/&+ t ! rays !mselves are radically dissimil>4 ,^? ( ! ca?odic k9d are corpuscul>4 ,!y consi/ ( /ream+ p>ticles1 ea*1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 ( ab\t "o-?\s&? ! mass ( ! hydrog5 atom4 ,o!rs1 ! not$ 'alpha rays1' are atomic2 !y are suppos$ to aggregate into helium4 ,f9ally1 ! ,rntg5 v>iety are e!real2 !y are compos$ ( light-vibrations r$uc$ 9 scale1 & augm5t$ correspond+ly 9 frequ5cy4 ,:at is mo/ rem>kable is t ^! v>i\s =ms ( activity give rise1 by diff]5t means1 to v mu* ! same results4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 di/+ui%able only by c>eful obs]vation4 ,!y possess 9 common1 ?\gh n to ! same degree1 ! faculties ( p5etrat+ opaque matt]1 ( impress+ s5sitive plates1 ( evok+ fluoresc5ce2 :ile "u ! impact ( ca?ode & ,rntg5 rays1 z well z ( ultra-violet light1 insulat$ electric *>ges leak away & evanesce4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o cle> note ( sep>ation betwe5 ca?odic & ,x rays 9 ! s5sibility ( ! =m]1 & ! indiff]5ce ( ! latt]1 to magnetic influ5ce4 ,?us alone1 x w\ld appe>1 is electrifi$ matt] set ap>t f :at we call e!r4 ,a magnet acts only ^u bodies c>ry+ an electric *>ge2 s t1 if fly+ corpuscles c\ld be obta9$ 9 a neutral condition1 ! only tangible di/9ction betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds ( rays w\ld vani%4 ,b ?is is evid5tly impracticable4 ,inde$1 advanc$ physici/s aboli% ! mat]ial sub/ratum ( ! corpuscle1 & assign its attributes to ! associat$ atom ( electricity4 ,x is1 at any rate1 und5iable t ! electrical relations ( matt] become m intimate z our analysis ( its con/itution goes deep]4 ,e!r1 electricity1 matt]1 all seem to m]ge toge!r 9 ! limit2 _! diff]5ces ultimately evade def9ition4 ,s animal & vegetable life appe> to coalesce 9 _! incipi5t /ages1 & /rike ap>t ) advance t[>ds a high] p]fection4 ,! v>i\s bran*es ( inorganic nature1 too1 possibly spr+ f a common /ock4 ,our p[]s ( discrim9ation fail to sep>ate !m z we trace !m d[nw>d2 b t may be because ( ! inadequacy ( ! guid+ pr9ciples at our comm&4 ,a l>g] syn!sis is dem&$ = ! h>moniz+ ( multitud9\s facts1 at pres5t gr\p$ incongru\sly1 or left 9 baffl+ isolation2 & x is r5d]$ increas+ly difficult ( atta9m5t by ! cont9ual gr[? ( specialization4 ,ye> by ye> details accumulate1 & ! /ra9 ( keep+ !m "u m5tal comm& becomes heavi]2 yet :at c be kn[n mu/1 9 its ess5tials1 be kn[n z a prelim9>y to ext5d+ ! reign ( recognis$ law 9 ,nature4 ,soon] or lat]1 nev]!less1 ! weal? ( novel exp]i5ce rec5tly acquir$ w d\btless be turn$ to ! fulle/ acc\nt4 ,j n[1 we c grasp only t5tatively its f>-rea*+ import4 ,t x be>s pr(\ndly on ! ho>y problem ( ! g5esis ( visible ?+s is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,! que/ions ( :at matt] is1 & ( h[ x came to be1 h be5 cle>$ ( "s ( ! metaphysical cobwebs involv+ !m ab antiquo1 & insi/5tly crave def9ite treatm5t by exact me?ods4 ,we %\ld1 inde$1 va9ly aspire to rea*--or to compreh5d1 ev5 if we c\ld rea*--an absolute beg9n+4 ,to quote ,cl]k ,maxwell's words3 ',sci5ce1'#fj he wrote1 'is incompet5t to reason ^u ! creation ( matt] itself out ( no?+4 ,we h rea*$ ! utmo/ limit ( our ?9k+ faculties :5 we h admitt$ t1 because matt] _c be et]nal & self-exi/5t1 x mu/ h be5 creat$4' ,! discov]y t atoms dis9tegrate into corpuscles does n1 !n1 br+ u any ne>] to ! he>t ( ! my/]y2 b x is em95tly sugge/ive z reg>ds second>y processes4 ,acqua9tance ) ultra-atomic matt]1 begun )9 ! n>r[ prec9cts ( ',crookes's tubes1' has advanc$ rapidly s9ce 'radiology' took its place among ! sci5ces4 ,=1 f ! "t :5 ,becqu]el fir/ saw a plate d>k5$ by ! photog5ic projectiles ( uranium1 & ,madame ,curie sift$ radium f ! refuse ( ! m9es ( ,joa*im/hal1 ! l9es ( pro( /eadily conv]g$ t[>ds ! conclusion t *emical atoms are n only divisible1 b t _! decay progresses spontane\sly1 irresi/ibly1 9 fire1 air1 e>?1 & wat]1 z "p ( ! regul> economy ( ,nature4 ,to expla9 fur!r4 ,radio-active bodies are compos$--accord+ to ,ru!r=d's plausible hypo!sis--( atoms 9 un/able equilibrium4 ,! gradual *anges incid5tal to _! own int]nal activities suffice to br+ ab\t _! disruption4 ,& _! explosive "* is obvi\sly connect$ ) unwieldy size1 s9ce uranium1 ?orium1 & radium1 ! ?ree sub/ances pre-em95t = radio-activity1 possess ! highe/ atomic weights kn[n to *emi/ry4 ,! prec>i\s balance1 !n1 ( ea* ( ^! complex1 ?\gh inf9itesimally small sy/ems is successively ov]?r[n1 reg>dless ( ext]nal conditions or environm5t1 _! con/itu5t p>ts be+ hurl$ abroad ) ! evolution ( an almo/ incr$ible am\nt ( en]gy4 ,_! products include ca?ode-rays2 matt] 9 ! 'f\r? /ate1' matt] a ?\s& times f9] ?an hydrog51 is eject$ 9 torr5ts f ! self-pulv]iz$ atoms ( radium4 ,moreov]1 ! issu+ rays are equival5t to curr5ts ( negative electricity4 ,ea* corpuscle be>s ) x an electron1 or is itself an electron1 = ! *oice betwe5 ! alt]natives is op54 ,9 ei!r case1 we are confront$ ) matt] app>5tly 9 its ultimate =m2 & to t =m ord9>y1 sub/antial bodies t5d to become r$uc$4 ,electrons may fairly be call$ ubiquit\s4 ,!y occur 9 flames1 ne> all v hot masses1 :]ev] ultra-violet light imp+es on a metallic surface2#fa !y are freely g5]at$ by ,rntg5 & ca?ode-rays2 !y are ! ag5ts ( electrical transmission 9 conductors4 ,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 atoms are ?us 9 c\rse ( degradation into corpuscles4 ,b no in=mation is at h& z to ! sc5e or mode ( _! recon/itution4 ,! wa/e & decay are pat5t2 ! processes ( comp5sation rema9 buri$ 9 obscurity4 ,inde$1 ,sir ,william ,crookes anticipates ! complete subm]g5ce1 at "s indef9itely remote epo*1 ( mat]ial sub/ance 9 protyle1 ! '=mless mi/' ( *aos4 ,he assumes an id5tity betwe5 ! pa/ /ate & ! future1 leav+1 h[ev]1 ! pres5t unexpla9$4 ,! break-up ( matt]1 9 fact1 does n r5d] its con/ruction ! m intelligible4 ,runn+-d[n is an op]ation ( a diff]5t ord] f w9d+-up4 ,x is an exp5diture ( a res]ve ( =ce4 ,x ne$s no ef=t2 x accompli%es itself4 ,b to create ! res]ve = exp5diture dem&s =esight & delib]ate ex]tion2 x implies a design$ application ( p[]4 ,n[ ea* atom is a /oreh\se ( en]gy1 repres5t+ ! =ce primitively appli$ to r$uce "s ?\s&s ( free electrons to ! bondage ( a h>moni\sly work+ sy/em4 ,its disruption is accompani$ by ! dissipation ( ! en]gy previ\sly accumulat$ 9 x2 & t atomic sy/ems are n calculat$ = indef9ite endurance is "o ( ! mo/ surpris+ ( mod]n discov]ies4 ,! secret ( _! orig9al con/ruction is1 none ! less1 imp5etrable4 ,t !y are compos$ ( protyle--t _! clu/]+ memb]s are corpuscles mov+ "u /rong me*anical control--is m ?an probable4 ,& ! law ( ord] adumbrat$ by :at are call$ ! 'p]iodic' relations ( ! *emical elem5ts %[s t _! conc\rse 0 v f> f be+ =tuit\s4 ,b beyond ?is po9t !re is no hold+-gr\nd = di/9ct ?\ght4 ,we are ignorant1 too1 :e!r ! process ( build+ matt] out ( protyle is at pres5t go+ on1 or 0 complet$ once = all 9 ! abysmal =e-"t1 decay be+ n[ def9itive4 ,nor is x likely t we %all ev] succe$ 9 captur+ ) recognition a br&-new atom fre%ly m9t$ = cosmical circulation4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #eb3 ,fir/ introduc$ by ,basilius ,val5t9us4 ,see ,f[l]'s edition ( ! ,novum ,organum1 p4 #egf1 note4 ,footnote #ec3 ,?us recurr+1 z ,mr4 ,f[l] rem>k$ 7loc4 cit471 to ,geb]'s e>li] view4 ,footnote #ed3 ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 vol4 xlvi41 p4 #dbf4 ,footnote #ee3 ,crookes1 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 clxx41 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #ef3 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 ,! ,dis*>ge ( ,electricity ?r\gh ,gases1 p4 #aie2 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xliv41 p4 #caa4 ,footnote #eg3 ,sci5ce1 ,june #bf1 #aijc4 ,footnote #eh3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,m>* #b1 #ahhh4 ,footnote #ei3 ,times1 ,m>* #cj1 #ahhh4 ,footnote #fj3 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 article ',atom4' ,footnote #fa3 ,flem+1 ,proce$+s ,royal ,in/itution1 vol4 xvii41 p4 #afi4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,univ]sal ,,=ces ,we f9d x equally impossible to conceive ( matt] )\t =ce1 z ( =ce )\t matt]4 ,! two modes ( action1 or ( be+1 are insep>able4 ,yet our m9ds /rongly di/+ui% betwe5 !m2 !y imp>t a dual aspect to ! _w4 ,ph5om5a are n simple manife/ations ( disembodi$ en]gy1 if su* a ?+ c\ld be2 !y h a sub/antial basis :i*1 nev]!less1 eludes appreh5sion1 & seems to slip away into no?+ness if we try to empty x ( its immat]ial cont5ts4 ,nor d ^! en]gize 9 ! void4 ,!y & ! bodies !y animate are kn[able only 9 comb9ation1 & exi/1 to our appreh5sion1 only on ! condition ( mutual dep5d5ce4 ,all we c d t[>ds discrim9at+ !m is to fix our att5tion pr$om9antly on "o or ! o!r side ( ?+s1 & s facilitate ?\ght by draw+ ideal l9es ( dem>cation4 ,j z !re are _m =ms ( matt]--all spr++1 we are l$ to believe1 f an undiff]5tiat$1 fundam5tal _w-/uff--s !re are v>i\s k9ds ( =ce1 r$ucible1 possibly )\t exception1 to "o univ]sal pr9ciple4 ,_! correlation1 inde$1 has be5 already 9 l>ge measure demon/rat$2 heat1 light1 electricity1 & k9etic p[] are kn[n to be equival5t & int]*angeable2 b !re are out/&+ activities1 :i* resi/ assimilation1 & seem to orig9ate "u diff]5t conditions f ! re/4 ,=ces manife/ !mselves *iefly ?r\gh attractive & repulsive effects1 v>y+ 9 accordance ) _! natures & ! modification ( att5dant circum/ances4 ,! m9ute p>ticles ( matt]1 = in/ance1 coh]e2 !y cl+ toge!r t5aci\sly2 yet no pressure avails to br+ !m into actual contact2 at a c]ta9 po9t ( mutual approa*1 !y develop an inv9cible p[] ( resi/ance to any fur!r encroa*m5ts ^u _! sep>ate molecul> doma9s4 ,& x is ?is faculty :i* gives to matt] its di/9ctive prop]ty ( h>dness4 ,x is r5d]$ tangible to s5se j by its recalcitrance to con/ra9t4 ,nei!r ! mode ( op]ation nor ! nature ( ! =ces by :i* molecules are organiz$ into masses is kn[n2 :ile ! p[] act+ on ! masses ?us organiz$1 & regulat+ by its action ! me*anism ( ! univ]se1 is fully z baffl+ to compreh5sion4 ,wond] at its results is blunt$ by famili>ity2 pres5t$ to u z novelties1 !y %\ld be pron\nc$ to outrage reason4 ,! relations ( gravity are ( ! utmo/ simplicity2 & !y are1 on t v acc\nt1 supremely p]plex+4 ,!y are gov]n$ by "o /eadfa/ law1 ! same ev]y:]e1 & "u all v>ieties ( conditions )9 ! range ( exp]im5t or precise obs]vation4 ,x gov]ns imp>tially e k9d & quality ( matt]1 tak+ no notice ( its /ates or comb9ations1 ignor+ its subjection to *emical1 !rmal1 magnetic1 or electrical influ5ces4 ,gravity is n only indiff]5t1 b inevitable & inexorable2 !re is no resi/+ its sway2 no scre5 s]ves z a %elt] aga9/ its p]suasions2 x spreads equably 9 all directions1 becom+ enfeebl$1 l wave-motion1 9 ! /rict proportion ( its diffusion f a c5tre ov] successive sph]ical surfaces4 ,its mo/ s+ul> peculi>ity1 h[ev]1 is its app>5t unconc]n ) "t4 ,! gravitational pull is virtually in/antane\s2 its transmission--if x be transmitt$--takes place millions ( times fa/] ?an t ( light2 ! f9e/ te/s h1 s f>1 fail$ to elicit symptoms ( delay4 ,^! w\ld be f\nd 9 m9ute discrepancies betwe5 calculat$ & obs]v$ p]turbational effects 9 ! heav5s4 ,! action ( gravity1 if propagat$ ) f9ite velocity1 %\ld diff] = bodies pres]v+ an inv>iable di/ance f its s\rce1 & = bodies travell+ t[>ds or away f x4 ,_! movem5t w\ld modify ! law ( attraction4#fb ,yet1 up to ! pres5t1 x has prov$ impossible to detect ! slighte/ deviation f ! pla9 rule ( inv]se squ>es4 ,aga91 ! p5etrative faculty ( ?is /range =ce seems absolute & unlimit$4 ,we "k by ord9>y exp]i5ce t we _c dim9i% ! weight ( an object by int]pos+ any k9d ( %ield betwe5 x & ! e>?2 & no ref9em5t 9 exp]im5tation avails to alt] ?is result4 ,t x is s1 is a =tunate circum/ance = ! h>mony ( ! _w4 ,we c dimly imag9e ! riot ( confusion t w\ld ensue if a transit+ globe c\ld int]cept ! attraction1 z x does ! light1 ( a c5tral gov]n+ mass4 ,b f ! wond]fully adju/$ univ]sal ord] gravitational eclipses are exclud$2 nor does ! d5se/ body ?r[ ev5 ! fa9te/ gravitational %ad[4 ,! nature ( a p[] s s+ul>ly condition$ is almo/ inconceivable2 yet attempts h n be5 want+ to fa?om ! my/]y t surr\nds x4 ,pr(essor ,osborne ,reynolds1 9 ! ,r$e ,lecture = #aijb1 claim$ to h arriv$ at 'a complete1 quantitative1 purely me*anical explanation ( ! cause ( gravitation1' bas$ on ! 'dilatancy' ( a granul> m$ium 9 close pil+4 ,b 8 work+ model ( ! univ]se w probably be rememb]$ only z a lesson 9 ! 'inv]sion ( ideas1' %[+ t ) skill & +5uity a fairly concordant outcome ( ph5om5a may be d]iv$ f antagoni/ic hypo!ses4 ,9 ?is au?or's view matt] is equival5t to a defici5cy ( mass1 ! spaces :]e 8 cosmic gra9s are relatively few1 because _! arrangem5t is out ( ge>1 be+ driv5 t[>ds "o ano!r by ! pressure ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 9 :i* !y are compactly /[$1 & !re=e num]\s4 ,?us1 ! act+ =ces 9 nature are made to dep5d ^u ! compression by ! d5s] m$ium ( int]spatial tracts ( r>] consi/5ce1 =m+ :at we call matt]4 ,! !ory is difficult1 if n impossible ( acceptance1 n because x involves ! ov]?r[ ( conceptions :i* may be root$ 9 habitual modes ( ?\ght1 r ?an 9 absolute tru?1 b because ( its />tl+ po/ulates & l>ge vacuities4 ,to be valid1 x %\ld be complete2 & !re are obvi\s *asms 9 ! va/ expanse ( gr\nd :i* x cov]s ) surpris+1 ?\gh only p>tial success4 ,! multa r5asc5tur ( ! poet is v]ifi$ by ! revolutions no less ( ?\ght ?an ( spee*4 ,flights ( m9ute mat]ial p>ticles h s]v$ ! turn ( !ori/s (t51 & 9 m ways ?an "o1 & h z frequ5tly be5 consign$ to discr$it$ oblivion2 b !y are 9 vogue once m4 ,george ,l\is ,lesage1 ( ,g5eva1 devot$ sixty-?ree ( ! sev5ty-n9e ye>s ( 8 life1 :i* came to an end 9 #ahjc1 to ! elaboration ( a me*anical rationale ( gravity1 fir/ giv5 to ! _w 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy ( ,sci5ces = #aghb1 & ) details ( amplification 9 8 ,trait de ,physique ,mcanique1 edit$ by ,pi]re ,prvo/ 9 #ahah4fc ,! explanation x (f]$ ( mol> attractions 0 by ! suppos$ unceas+ impacts ( 'ultramundane corpuscles1' spe$+ 9 c\ntless numb]s & at fabul\s velocities1 f n[h]e ev]y:]e1 & ?us en=c+ ! mutual approa* ( masses ( gross matt]4 ,?is involv$ ! supposition ( an inf9itesimal scre5+ effect1 produc+ a small inequality 9 ! /r5g? ( ! bomb>dm5t on ! %elt]$ & un%elt]$ sides ( ! bodies expos$ to x4 ,?is inequality1 9 fact1 0 tak5 to be ! causa causans ( gravity4 ,yet its production enc\nt]$ a difficulty4 ,!re 0 requir$ = x a trifl+ degree ( opacity 9 e k9d ( matt]1 :ile p]fect gravitational transp>5cy is ass]t$ by ! mo/ delicate obs]vations4 ,lesage1 !n1 r$uc$ ! arre/s laid ^u 8 p>ticles to a m9imum2 "o 9 t5 ?\s&1 = in/ance1 might at ! utmo/ be int]cept$ by ! t]re/rial globe4#fd ,ev5 ?is insignificant m9ority1 h[ev]1 w\ld suffice1 ?r\gh ! surr5d] ( _! mom5tum to ! imp$+ bodies1 to end[ !m ) ! not$ prop]ty ( gravitation4 ,cl]k ,maxwell urg$ ! objection t ! accompany+ loss ( k9etic en]gy by ! corpuscles %\ld1 if trans=m$ into heat1 r5d] all gravitat+ bodies :ite-hot4 ,b ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson holds t ! transf]r$ corpuscul> en]gy might1 in/ead ( reappe>+ 9 !rmal =m1 be conv]t$ into "s highly p5etrative species ( radiation capable ( escap+ unp]ceiv$ into surr\nd+ space4#fe ',a simple calculation1' he adds1 'w %[ t ! am\nt ( k9etic en]gy trans=m$ p] second 9 ea* gramme ( ! gravitat+ body mu/ be enorm\sly great] ?an t giv5 out 9 ! same "t by "o gramme ( radium4' ,?is consequ5ce ( ,lesage's !ory takes "o's brea? away2 ! 'fables ( ! ,talmud' seem1 by comp>ison1 easy ( belief2 nev]!less1 ,"l ,kelv9#ff decl>$ x 9 #ahgc to be m complete 9 ! expository s5se1 & n m ardu\s 9 its assumptions1 ?an ! k9etic !ory ( gases4 ,its fundam5tal po/ulate1 at any rate1 has be5 curi\sly v]ifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( rec5t rese>*es into ! arcana ( physics4 ,entities 9 "s degree correspond+ to ! ultramundane corpuscles ( ! ,g5evese philosoph] d actually exi/4 ,electrons are be+ cont9ually expell$ f bodies 9 all p>ts ( ! univ]se2 !y issue =? "u all conceivable conditions & 9 unlimit$ numb]s4 ,space is p]haps ?rong$ ) !m2 no mat]ial object c be exempt f _! multitud9\s buffet+s1 :i* are beg9n+ to be tak5 acc\nt ( 9 _m cosmical speculations1 & _c c]ta9ly be ignor$ 9 ef=ts to solve ! mo/ obvi\s to sup]ficial appreh5sion1 ! mo/ intricate on a pr(\nd consid]ation1 ( all cosmical problems4 ,b !re is "o fatal objection to an electronic !ory ( gravitation4 ,! ag5cy appeal$ to travels too sl[ly to be available = ! requir$ purpose4 ,! velocity ( light1 !re is reason to believe1 sets a limit impossible to be surpass$ or ev5 atta9$ by ! velocity ( electrons2 yet x is incomp>ably small] ?an ! rate ( gravitational transmission4 ,tiss]& e/imat$ at six million times ! quickness ( lum9\s travel ! m9imum spe$ at :i* ! sun's attraction mu/ be propagat$ 9 view ( ! imp]ceptibility 9 planet>y obs]vations ( effects correspond+ to a "t-inequality2#fg & ?is value may be tak5 z au!ntic4 ,s colossal a discrepancy excludes any k9d ( impact-rationale ( ! mutual pull ( heavy masses2 ,lesage's corpuscles rema9 'ultramundane'2 _! id5tification ) kn[n atoms or sub-atoms appe>s to be preclud$2 no products ( ionic dis9tegration possess ! qualities necess>ily to be ascrib$ to !m4 ,we turn1 !n1 inevitably to ! m5/ruum ( my/]ies1 ! bank ( ! insolv5t 9 speculation1 to ! all-s]viceable e!r4 ,e!real radiations ex]cise an impulsive p[]2 light-pressure has secur$ a recognis$ /atus among cosmic ag5cies2 & e vibrational sy/em ( ! lum9\s type und\bt$ly %>es ! faculty by :i* light t5ds to drive m9ute p>ticles =w>d along ! l9es ( its propagation4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 accord+ly1 consid]$ t b = ! drawback ( _! insuffici5t velocity1 'v p5etrat+ ,rntg5 rays' might ) advantage be sub/itut$ = corpuscul> /reams z ! cause ( gravity4#fh ,!y w\ld1 9 "s slight degree1 be absorb$ by enc\nt]$ masses1 to :i* !y w\ld imp>t a proportionate am\nt ( mom5tum4 ,two bodies mutually %ad[+ "o ano!r w\ld1 "u su* circum/ances1 be drawn toge!r ) a =ce v>y+ z ! inv]se squ>e ( di/ance2 & if fur!r !y absorb$ ! imp++ rays /rictly 9 ! measure ( _! d5sity 7z obs]vation %[s to be approximately ! case71 ! attraction w\ld increase 9 ! same ratio z ! product ( _! masses4 ,b ,rntg5 rays travel ) ! precise velocity ( light2 !y are1 9 tru?1 ultra-invisible light2 & !y mu/ h5ce be reg>d$ z hopelessly incompet5t to expla9 an influ5ce transmitt$ at lea/ six million times m rapidly4 ,?is 0 fully admitt$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,lor5tz1#fi :o1 five ye>s ago1 weigh$ ! vibrational hypo!sis ( gravity 9 ! balance ( rigor\s calculation1 & f\nd x want+4 ,8 equations yield$ ! unexpect$ result t1 if its po/ulates 7 grant$1 ! not$ attractions betwe5 massive bodies c\ld subsi/ only on ! t]ms ( an incessant wa/e ( electro-magnetic en]gy4 ,b ?is is ( c\rse inadmissible4 ,! !ory involv+ su* a consequ5ce /&s self-condemn$1 to say no?+ ( ! :olly inadequate rate ( propagation af=d$ by x4 ,impulsion hypo!ses1 :e!r by corpuscles or rays1 be+ hopelessly discr$it$1 ,dr4 ,lor5tz rev]t$ to a half-=gott5 speculation by ,mosotti1 :i*1 ?\gh sixty ye>s old1 /ruck him z capable ( be+ adapt$ to mod]n requirem5ts4 ,x 0 ( an electrical nature1 &1 9 ! novel %ape giv5 to x1 suppos$ gravitational action to dep5d ^u /ra9s ( ! e!r due to ! di/urb+ effects ( ! positive & negative ions con/itut+ ord9>y matt]4 ,^! '/ates' ( ! m$ium are di/9ct 9 k9d2 !y _c neutralize "o ano!r2 & ! famili> law ( attraction repres5ts _! resultant effect4 ,to br+ x ab\t mu* has to be tak5 = grant$2 yet ! hypo!sis c lay claim to "o s+ul> pr]ogative4 ,al?\gh ! di/urbances invok$ by x trav]se ! e!r ) no m ?an ! /&>d spe$ ( light1 x appe>s f ,dr4 ,lor5tz's inve/igation t1 ow+ to c]ta9 modifications 9 ! prop]ties ( ! m$ium produc$ by mov+ matt]1 ! planet>y p]turbations betray+ loss ( "t 9 gravitational transmission w\ld1 on ! electrical !ory1 be s small z to evade detection4 ,z reg>ds ?is crucial po9t1 ! ,dut* physici/ has hit ^u a felicity ( explanation entirely orig9al1 &1 z x 71 uns\ght4 ,an 'undulatory !ory' ( gravity1 adumbrat$1 r ?an advanc$ by ,mr4 ,:ittak] 9 #aijb1gj excit$ hopes t ! ideal aim ( sci5ce--a complete unification ( ! =ces ( ,nature--might at la/ be )9 rea*4 ,bas$ ^u a /rik+ ma!matical rese>*1 x exhibit$ ! attraction betwe5 masses z1 9 a mann]1 ! integration ( innum]able wave di/urbances1 propagat$ at a rate n /rictly def9able1 b p]haps imm5sely surpass+ t ( gravity4 ,no sugge/ion 0 made z to ! prim>y mode or cause ( agitation1 yet x seem$ mu* to le>n t ! m$ium we are cognizant ( 9 space might be capable ( transmitt+ ! pull ( gravity4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! physical f\ndation ( ?is reassur+ congruity proves to be weak or uns\nd4 ,! ma!matical mill works magnific5tly1 b ! gri/ put into x is ( dubi\s quality4 ,/ripp+ ,mr4 ,:ittak]'s result ( its purely analytical =m1 ,dr4 ,john/one ,/oney %[$ t an assumption ( extreme improbability lay conceal$ 9 8 equations1 :i* c\ld n1 he conclud$1 be s]i\sly tak5 to correspond ) ! reality ( ?+s4#ga ,!re w\ld !n seem to be no alt]native b to accept ad int]im ! electro-dynamical view ( ! nature ( gravity4 ,if n true1 x is at lea/ n obvi\sly false4 ,?r\gh its subtlety x escapes direct confutation4 ,& ! me?od ( exclusions1 by elim9at+ competitors1 has left x 9 virtual possession ( ! field4 ,no?+ is m curi\s 9 ! hi/ory ( rec5t sci5ce ?an ! cont9ual & irresi/ible gr[? :i* x records 9 ! importance ( electrical ph5om5a4 ,all o!rs t5d to become m]g$ 9 !m2 ! mo/ v>i$ data ( exp]i5ce claim to be translat$ into electrical t]m9ology4 ,!y are n1 assur$ly1 r5d]$ m intelligible by ! process1 b x at any rate aboli%es ! confusion incid5tal to multitud9\s po9ts ( view4 ,?us1 9 ! la/ resort1 we f9d electrical =ces 7if !y may be s designat$7 sway+ ! _w4 ,:at !y ess5tially consi/ 91 we _c tell2 ! utmo/ t may reasonably be hop$ = is to arrive at a cle> conception ( modes ( action r$uc$ to antagoni/ic /resses1 by :i* ! play & c\nt]play ( ! univ]se may be kept up4 ,& to ?is ext5t we f9d x possible to und]/& h[ electricity works ! e!real ma*9]y4 ,x is /rongly duali/ic4 ,! ne>] we get to ! f\ndations ( nature1 ! m %>ply positive & negative *>ges appe> to be diff]5tiat$4 ,! op9ion is nev]!less held by "s inquir]s t negative electricity is ! only sub/antive k9d1 & t its complem5t is ord9>y matt] depriv$ ( "s ( its negative p>ticles4 ,?is1 9 fact1 revives ,frankl9's '"o fluid !ory1' only ) ! sub/itution ( negative = positive electricity z ! active pr9ciple4#gb ,b we are met by ! d\bt :e!r 'ord9>y matt]' c be said to exi/ 9 & by itself4 ,if x d1 ! mode ( its exi/5ce becomes m & m baffl+ to compreh5sion1 z ! association ( mass ) *>ge makes its way into ! =egr\nd ( ?\ght4#gc ,moreov]1 a *>ge is1 or produces1 a '/ate ( ! e!r' 7to use ! unsatisfactory curr5t phrase72 & ! e!r be+ capable ( opposite di/ortions1 ! effects ^u x ( opposite *>ges are contr>y & simil>1 ?\gh p]haps n equival5t2 :5ce ! 'two fluid !ory' obta9s a prim facie recomm5dation z ! simple/1 ?\gh a crude int]pretation ( electrical ph5om5a4 ,^! are ubiquit\s2 de/itute ?\gh we are ( s5se-organs = _! p]ception1 we /ill indirectly recognise _! pres5ce on e side4 ,if ! unification ( ! =ces 9 nature be atta9able1 ! unify+ =mula w d\btless be d]iv$ f !m4 ,electricity is ! mot de l'nigme2 yet x is itself ! mo/ inscrutable ( enigmas4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #fb3 ,lor5tz1 ,proce$+s ,am/]dam ,academy1 #aijj1 p4 #efe4 ,footnote #fc3 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xlv41 f\r? s]ies1 #ahgc4 ,_m h9ts h be5 tak51 9 :at is above writt51 f ?is valuable pap]4 ,footnote #fd3 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson 7,"l ,kelv971 loc4 cit41 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #fe3 ,electricity & ,matt]1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #ff3 ,loc4 cit41 p4 #cca4 ,footnote #fg3 ,trait de ,mcanique ,cle/e1 tome4 iv41 p4 #die4 ,footnote #fh3 ,electricity & ,matt]1 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #fi3 ,proce$+s ,am/]dam ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 #aijj1 p4 #eei4 ,footnote #gj3 ,mon?ly ,notices1 vol4 lxii41 p4 #fai2 vol4 lxiii41 p4 #beh4 ,footnote #ga3 ,mon?ly ,notices1 vol4 lxiii41 p4 #dbd4 ,footnote #gb3 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 ,electricity & ,matt]1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #gc3 ,ibid41 p4 #dg4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,inevitable ,,e!r ,e!r is ! fundam5tal po/ulate ( physics4 ,its exi/5ce1 n[ise app>5t1 is 9 all mann] ( ways impli$4 ,! prop]ties t mu/ be assign$ to x are c]ta9ly ardu\s ( conception4 ,we ne$ ! aid ( =c$ analogies to enable u to realize1 ev5 imp]fectly & indi/9ctly1 ! mode 9 :i* x dis*>ges functions obvi\sly someh[ dis*>g$4 ,b 9 ! la/ resort ev]y?+ is obscure2 if our ?\ght-bor+s g deep en\gh1 !y always rea* ! incompreh5sible4 ,! orig9al e!r 0 ! 'qu9tess5ce' ( ! anci5ts--a k9d ( matt] vaguely imag9$ z pure & incorruptible en\gh to s]ve = ! raw mat]ial ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! f\r common elem5ts be+ res]v$ exclusively = sublun>y use4 ,! di/9ction1 h[ev]1 ev5tually broke d[n4 ,all ! sph]es1 f ! primum mobile to ! v surface ( our l[ e>?1 are p]vad$ by a subtle mode ( action1 dem&+ = its transmission ma*9]y ( a f9] k9d ?an c\ld be con/ruct$ out ( gross ev]yday matt]4 ,! ph5om5a ( light1 :5 !y came to be att5tively /udi$1 imp]atively requir$ a m$ium1 univ]sally diffus$1 evasive to s5se1 accessible only by processes ( reason+4 ,hooke & ,newton accord+ly br\ght ! e!r ?r\gh ! ,horn ,gate ( dreaml& into a region ( reality1 :]e x became a subject ( legitimate speculation to m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! task1 nev]!less1 ( def9itely specify+ its qualities 0 n tak5 s]i\sly 9 h& until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! undulatory !ory ( light suppli$ tangible hold+-gr\nd = ideas reg>d+ ! vehicle ( propagation1 & r5d]$ ! e!r a fixture ( ?\ght4 ,a great deal is dem&$ f x4 ,we _c af=d to set up an e/abli%m5t ( e!rs2 "o factotum mu/ suffice4 ,incongru\s (fices are devolv$ ^u x4 ,x has to be ,atlas & ,m]cury 9 "o4 ,x is ! univ]sal support] & ! univ]sal mess5g]4 ,:atev] k9d ( influ5ce or =m ( en]gy c pass f _w to _w is convey$ by its means4 ,if 'action at a di/ance' be inadmissible 7z ,newton himself held x to be71 ! pull ( gravity mu/ be ex]t$ ?r\gh a m$ium2 & common-s5se insi/s ^u its id5tification ) ! transmitt+ m$ium ( light1 z well z ^u ! id5tification ( t ) ! transmitt+ m$ium ( electricity4 ,a g5u9e con=mity to ^! dem&s ( reason is v\*$ =1 n only by ,h]tz's discov]y t an electrical explosion />ts an undulatory di/urbance indi/+ui%able1 except 9 scale1 f lum9\s waves2 b also by ,dr4 ,lor5tz's indicat$ conclusion t /ra9s ( ! same e!real ess5ce be> ! all-p]vad+ m&ates ( gravity4 ,! unity ( ! m$ium may1 !n1 be reg>d$ z f9ally asc]ta9$2 ! complex int]actions ( sundry diff]5t 'fluids' ne$ no long] be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,to provide "o ) ! capabilities impli$ by ! s]vices we p]ceive x to r5d] is1 inde$1 a suffici5tly =midable task4 ,9 popul> appreh5sion ! e!r ( space figures z a f9] k9d ( air4 ,no idea c\ld be m mislead+4 ,! ela/icity by :i* air transmits ! longitud9al waves ( s\nd is totally diff]5t f ! ela/icity by :i* e!r propagates ! transv]sal waves ( light4 ,air yields to pressure2 di/urbance h5ce produces 9 x undulatory cond5sations due to oscillations ( ! gase\s molecules along ! l9e 9 :i* ! audible commotion travels4 ,e!r1 on ! contr>y1 appe>s to be entirely incompressible2 x conveys no vibrations direct$ l5g?wise4 ,n[ ?is is extremely p]plex+4 ,we h no exp]i5ce ( a k9d ( matt] absolutely rigid to pressure1 :ile yield+1 albeit ) int5se reluctance1 to di/ortional /resses4 ,a jelly-l solid makes ! ne>e/1 ?\gh a v di/ant1 approa* to fulfill+ ! indisp5sable conditions2 & a solid e!r 0 accord+ly 9 vogue until long pa/ ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,= a solid x _h v peculi> qualities2 t1 = in/ance1 ( (f]+ no resi/ance to motion4 ,x 01 9 tru?1 obvi\sly a m]e tempor>y exp$i5t--a sci5tific fiction :i* might pass mu/] until replac$ by some?+ correspond+ less di/antly ) ! fundam5tal fact4 ,at la/1 on ! adv5t ( ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light & ! modifi$ conceptions :i* x br\ght 9 its tra91 ! solid e!r )drew beh9d ! sc5es4 ,its prop]ties1 ?\gh inconsi/5t & unconv9c+1 _h n be5 *os5 arbitr>ily2 !y 7 impos$ by ! necessities ( ! situation2 & :5 ^! v>i$1 speculators naturally _h rec\rse to fre% inv5tions4 ,! mo/ plausible is t ( a m$ium nei!r solid1 liquid1 nor gase\s 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 b 9 ! ideal /ate ( a 'p]fect fluid4' ,out ( su* an e!r ,"l ,kelv91 ) exquisite +5uity1 con/ruct$ 8 'vortex-atoms1' :i* '_h _! day & ceas$ to be4' ,o!r ideas n[ prevail4 ',! pres5t t5d5cy ( physical sci5ce1' ! late ,mr4 ,pre/on wrote 9 #ahij1gd 'is to reg>d all ! ph5om5a ( ,nature1 & ev5 matt] itself1 z manife/ations ( en]gy /or$ 9 ! e!r4' ,! m closely we look into ! ?+s ar\nd u1 ! m /rongly ! p]suasion is =c$ ^u u t :at we call e!r1 electricity1 & matt] are really v>i$ =ms ( "o primal sub/ance4 ,two compreh5sive s*emes ( molecul> physics1 re/+ ^u ! basis ( ?is unify+ ?\ght1 h lately be5 elaborat$--"o by ,dr4 ,l>mor1 ! o!r by ,pr(essor ,osborne ,reynolds4 ,!y h no?+ 9 common beyond ! l>g5ess ( _! syn!sis4 ,9 e respect !y are radically unlike1 save 9 reg>d+ ! intangible e!r z ! "o mat]ial reality4 ,dr4 ,l>mor1 h[ev]1 is n q confid5tly explanatory4 ,he pres5ts no cut-&-dri$ !ory ( ! univ]se2 its haunt+ my/]ies are n ignor$ 9 8 ef=ts to rationalize !m4 ,he is vividly aw>e ( ! difficulties besett+ ! end[m5t ( ! e!r ) ! type ( ela/icity :i* x is recognis$ to possess4 ,he c only surmise t x results f p>ticul> modes ( motion--f 'k9etic /ability' ensu+ ^u a special dynamical /ate4 ,! m$ium may ?us be ?\ght ( z p]vad$ by 'a /ructure ( tangl$ or int]lac$ vortex filam5ts1 :i* might resi/ de=mation by =m+ a /able configuration4'#ge ,b ! details ( any su* s*eme ( action are evid5tly f> too intricate to be easily unravell$2 :at conc]ns u "h is to po9t out t no simple /ructureless fluid c avail to ma9ta9 cosmical communications4 ,r$uc$ to its l[e/ t]ms1 ,dr4 ,l>mor's conception ( ! e!r is t ( a 'rotationally ela/ic m$ium4'#gf ,9 o!r words1 x resi/s be+ turn$ r\nd an axis4 ,! =ces cont9ually act+ ^u x are nev]!less ( a gyratory nature2 & h5ce arise /ra9s1 betray$ to our appreh5sion by electrical manife/ations4 ,ea* 'electron' is held to be ! nucleus ( "s k9d ( di/ortion or displacem5t1#gg & c>ries ) x1 z x moves1 a field ( =ce4 ,out ( ^! 'po9t *>ges' mat]ial atoms are v>i\sly built up4 ,!y are '/ructures 9 ! e!r1' encompass$ by 'atmosph]es ( e!real /ra91' n--z !y 7 =m]ly tak5 to be--'small bodies ex]t+ direct action at a di/ance on o!r atoms accord+ to extrane\s laws ( =ce4'#gh ,obvi\sly ! new view br+s to ! front extremely subtle que/ions reg>d+ ! nature ( 'dynamical transmission'#gi--:at ! propagation ( en]gy ess5tially consi/s 91 & by :at me*anism x is effect$2 & !y are1 = ! pres5t1 unansw]able4 ,electricity is1 on ! !ory we are attempt+ to sket*1 positive or negative accord+ to ! direction ( ! orig9at+ /ra94 ,a positive electron might be imag9$ to resemble a spiral nebula ( ! "r-h&$ sort1 a negative "o a left-h&$ spiral1 or vice v]s4 ,! analogy is1 p]haps1 fanciful2 yet x helps t[>ds obta9+ a m5tal picture ( objects :i*1 insignificant & elusive ?\gh !y appe>1 may be ! initials & ultimates ( ?is /range _w4 ,! =ces1 at any rate1 by :i* x is at pres5t kept go+ are evok$ ad libitum by ! pione]s ( mod]n rese>* f ! e!real pl5um4 ,! actualities ( matt] are pot5tialities 9 ! e!r4 ',all mass1' 9 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson's op9ion1 'is mass ( ! e!r1 all mom5tum1 mom5tum ( ! e!r1 & all k9etic en]gy1 k9etic en]gy ( ! e!r4#hj ,only if ?is be s1' he adds1 '! d5sity ( ! e!r mu/ be imm5sely great] ?an t ( any kn[n sub/ance4' ,! condition is />tl+1 b 9 deal+ ) su* subjects we mu/ be prep>$ to meet ) anomalies4 ,!y come1 z ! gho/s appe>$ to ,odysseus 9 ,hades1 at fir/ "o by "o1 !n 9 an awe-inspir+ sw>m4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! p]plexities !y occasion1 we c disc]n1 ) gr[+ sur5ess ( insight1 ! amaz+ reality ( ! univ]sal m$ium4 ,x is1 9 a mann]1 ! only reality4 ,= :at is manife/ to s5se is subject to *ange4 ,we c conceive t ! visible framework ( mat]ial exi/5ce might crumble & dissolve1 l '! baseless fabric ( a vision1' into seem+ no?+ness4 ,b a sub/ance t is inappreh5sible is1 to our limit$ ideas1 imp]i%able4 ,! e!r is assur$ly ! seat ( int5se activities1 :i* lie at ! root1 mo/ likely1 ( all ! processes 9 ,nature4 ,an absolutely uni=m m$ium1 h[ev]1 c sc>cely be imag9$ to en]gize or react4 ,"s k9d ( het]og5eity x mu/ possess2 & ! het]og5eity produc$1 9 ,dr4 ,l>mor's view1 by /ra9s1 is associat$1 9 ,pr(essor ,reynolds's !ory1 ) intr9sic texture4 ,! ',sub-,me*anics ( ! ,univ]se' are "h made to dep5d ^u ! fitt+ toge!r ( ineffably small1 ideally rigid gra9s4 ,a misfit gives rise to matt]1 :i* might h5ce be def9$ z 'e!r out ( jo9t'2 & ! misfit c be propagat$ endlessly f "o range ( granules to ! next4 ,?is propagation ?r\gh ! e!r ( an abnormal arrangem5t ( its con/itu5t p>ticles1 )\t any transf]5ce ( ! p>ticles !mselves1 expla9s ! ph5om5a ( matt] 9 motion4 ,a concrete exi/5ce belongs to ! e!r alone4 ,x is compos$ ( r\nd aborig9al atoms1 ! diamet]s ( :i* measure ! sev5 hundr$ ?\s& million? "p ( ! wave-l5g? ( violet light4#ha ,!y are pack$ closely toge!r1 yet n s closely b t free pa?s are left to !m av]ag+ 9 l5g? ! f\r hundr$ ?\s& million? "p ( _! diamet]s4 ,?is inconceivably small relative motion suffices1 nev]!less1 to r5d] ! m$ium ela/ic2 is1 inde$1 '! only cause ( ela/icity 9 ! univ]se1 & h5ce is ! prime cause ( ! ela/icity ( matt]4' ,! m$ium s =m$ is t5 ?\s& times d5s] ?an wat]2 x ex]ts a mean pressure ( #gej1jjj tons on ! squ>e in*2 ! coeffici5t ( its transv]se ela/icity is #i #ajbd 79 ,c4,g4,s4 units72 :i* gives a velocity ( transmission id5tical ) t ( light = vibrations ( ! same type1 :ile longitud9al waves are propagat$ #bd times m rapidly4 ,! s*eme fur!r includes a plausible rationale ( gravity & ( electrical effects2 s t !re is mu* to w>rant ! claim ( its au?or to h excogitat$ '! "o & only conceivable purely me*anical sy/em capable ( acc\nt+ = all ! physical evid5ce1 z we "k x1 9 ! univ]se4' ,! ma*9e1 to be sure1 lacks motive p[]2 b t is a want :i* no human +5uity c supply4 ,its s\rce is obscur$ 9 ! primal my/]y ( creation4 ,& z reg>ds ! prelim9>y assumptions requir$ = ! con/itution ( an atomic e!r1 incl9$ ?\gh we might be to cavil at !m1 we %\ld1 p]haps1 act m wisely 9 foll[+ ,dr4 ,l>mor's advice by ab/a9+ f attempts to expla9 '! simple gr\p ( relations :i* h be5 f\nd to def9e ! activity ( ! e!r4 ,we %\ld r re/ satisfi$1' he tells u1 ') hav+ atta9$ to _! exact dynamical correlation1 j z geometry explores or correlates1 )\t expla9+1 ! descriptive & metric prop]ties ( space4'#hb ,yet "o _c help rem>k+ t ! prop]ties ( space are n ord9>ily modifi$ to suit ! ne$s ( demon/ration1 :ile ^? ( ! e!real m$ium are v>i$ at ! arbitr>y discretion ( rival cosmogoni/s4 ,9 ! future1 :5 !y come to be m cle>ly asc]ta9$1 !y w1 p]haps1 =m ! basis ( a g5u9e new sci5ce4 ,already1 ! /udy ( e!real physics excites pr(\nd int]e/ & att5tion4 ,nor is x possible to ignore ! ga!r+ indications t x w impose qualifications ^u pr9ciples consecrat$ by au?ority & hi!rto reg>d$ z fundam5tal4 ,! gr& mod]n t5et ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 = example1 may ne$ a gloss2 x may prove to be admissible only ) c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,! second bulw>k ( ! sci5tific edifice is ev5 m s]i\sly und]m9$4 ,= ! '/ra9 !ory' ( atomic con/itution necess>ily includes ! conception ( opposite di/ortions correspond+ to positive & negative electricity4 ,& ! fur!r inf]5ce lies close at h& t ^!1 by comb9+1 may neutralize "o ano!r4 ,! coalesc5ce1 !n1 ( a positive & negative electron %\ld result 9 ! smoo?+ out ( ! complem5t>y /ra9s !y /& =2 & !re w\ld ensue ! annihilation ( a pair ( ! suppos$ ultimates ( matt]4 ,! ev5t might be call$ ! /atical equival5t ( ! de/ruction ( light ?r\gh int]f]5ce4 ,t its possibility %\ld be contemplat$ ev5 by ! mo/ adv5tur\s ?9k]s is a circum/ance fraught ) mean+ z to ! subv]sive t5d5cies ( rec5t rese>*4 ,already1 9 ,may1 #aijb1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,a4 ,flem+#hc po9t$ out t 'if ! electron is a /ra9-c5tre 9 ! e!r1 !n correspond+ to e negative electron !re mu/ be a positive "o4 ,9 o!r words1 electrons mu/ exi/ 9 pairs ( su* k9d t _! simultane\s pres5ce at "o po9t w\ld result 9 ! annihilation ( bo? ( !m4' ,! consequ5ce ?us view$ 9 ! ab/ract f9ds concrete realization1 if ,mr4 ,jeans's sugge/ion be adopt$1#hd 9 ! processes ( radio-activity1 :i* possibly consi/ '9 an increase ( mat]ial en]gy at ! exp5se ( ! de/ruction ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( matt]4 ,!re w\ld1 !re=e1 be cons]vation nei!r ( mass nor ( mat]ial en]gy4' ,no long] ago ?an at ! op5+ ( ! pres5t c5tury su* notions w\ld h be5 sc\t$ z extravagant & p>adoxical2 n[ !re is no escape f giv+ !m grave & respectful consid]ation4 ,sci5tific reason has ceas$ to be outrag$ by hypo!ses reg>d+ ! disappe>ance ( mass & ! developm5t ( en]gy4 ,mass & en]gy may1 aft] all1 be int]*angeable2 !y are1 at any rate1 kept less rigidly ap>t 9 our m$itations ?an us$ =m]ly to be ! case4 ,nor c we ass]t ) any confid5ce t p>tial subsid5ces into or em]g5ces f ! surr\nd+ m$ium are = ei!r a %e] impossibility2 ! univ]sal framework1 on ! contr>y1 pres5ts itself to u 9 ! guise ( an iridesc5t f\nta9 leap+ upw>d f1 & fall+ back t[>ds1 ! e!real res]voir4 ,to ! v br9k ( t my/]i\s ocean ! sci5ce ( ! tw5tie? c5tury has br\ght u2 & x is ) a ?rill ( wond]+ awe t we /& at its v]ge & survey its illimitable expanse4 ,! glory ( ! heav5s is transitory1 b ! impalpable1 invisible e!r inconceivably rema9s4 ,su* z x is to-day1 x already 0 :5 ! ,fiat ,lux 0 spok52 its beg9n+ mu/ h be5 coeval ) t ( "t4 ,no?+ or ev]y?+1 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* x is acc\nt$ (1 x is evasive ( common notice1 :ile obtrusive to delicate scrut9y4 ,its negative qualities are num]\s & baffl+4 ,x has no effect 9 imp$+ motion2 x does n p]ceptibly arre/1 absorb1 or scatt] light2 x p]vades1 & may ev5 %>e 9 ! displacem5ts ( gross matt]2 yet its motion 7if x d move71 is )\t effect on ! velocity ( light4 ,look+1 h[ev]1 bel[ ! surface ( ?+s1 we f9d ! semi-fabul\s qu9tess5ce to be unobtrusively do+ all ! _w's "w4 ,x embodies ! en]gies ( motion2 is1 p]haps1 9 a v real s5se1 ! true primum mobile2 ! pot5cies ( matt] are root$ 9 x2 ! sub/ance ( matt] is lat5t 9 x2 univ]sal int]c\rse is ma9ta9$ by means ( ! e!r2 cosmic influ5ces c be ex]t$ only ?r\gh its aid2 unfelt1 x is ! s\rce ( solidity2 unse51 x is ! vehicle ( light2 itself non-ph5om5al1 x is ! indisp5sable orig9ator ( ph5om5a4 ,a contradiction 9 t]ms1 x po9ts ! p]5nial moral t :at eludes ! s5ses is likely to be m p]man5tly & int5sely actual ?an :at /rikes !m4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #gd3 ,!ory ( ,light1 second edition1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #ge3 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 xxv41 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #gf3 ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #aijj1 p4 #fbf4 ,footnote #gg3 !r & ,matt]1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #gh3 ,nature1 vol4 xlii41 p4 #dec4 ,footnote #gi3 ,l>mor1 ,report ,briti% ,association1 #aijj1 p4 #fbe4 ,footnote #hj3 ,electricity & ,matt]1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #ha3 ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,univ]se1 ,r$e ,lecture1 ,june #aj1 #aijb1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #hb3 ,nature1 ,june1 vol4 lxii41 p4 #dea4 ,footnote #hc3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 vol4 xvii41 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #hd3 ,nature1 vol4 lxx41 p4 #aja4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,nebul ,sir ,william ,h]s*el's cele/ial surveys fir/ made ! classification ( nebul practicable4 ,until he began gr9d+ specula at ,ba? v few su* objects 7 kn[n1 & ^? too imp]fectly = ! effectual discrim9ation ( _! diff]5ces4 ,arrangem5t presupposes comp>ison1 & comp>ison "s v>iety ( specim5s to be comp>$1 :i* became available only ?r\gh ,h]s*el's scrut9y4 ,! rapidity & p5etrative p[] ( 8 obs]vations 9 ?is field almo/ passes belief4 ,he detect$ ) disc]nm5t4 ,discov]y & enrolm5t did n satisfy him2 he 01 besides1 ke5 to note analogies & contra/s1 lik5esses & dissimilitudes4 ,he c\ld n see )\t at ! same "t sett+ 9 ord] :at he saw2 & ! law ( ord] t comm5d$ itself to him 0 f\nd$ on an evolution>y pr9ciple4 ,! cont5ts ( ! heav5s seem$ to fall spontane\sly1 z he reg>d$ !m1 into g5etic sequ5ces2 & ! nebul ) p>ticul> facility4 ,! crit]ion adopt$ 0 t ( progressive cond5sation4 ,developm5t mu/ cle>ly1 he judg$1 be att5d$ by contraction & local bright5+4 ,diffus$ milky tracts repres5t$ cosmic =mations 9 _! mo/ rudim5t>y =m2 !y assum$1 ?r\gh ! unremitt+ action ( gravity 9 draw+ _! p>ticles toge!r1 a m compact texture1 m def9ite %apes1 & a height5$ lu/re4 ,b ?+s h *ang$ some:at 9 aspect dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,h]s*el's simple regulative plan1 al?\gh ( unque/ion$ validity1 ne$s to be supplem5t$ & controll$4 ,mu* auxili>y k has be5 acquir$ s9ce x 0 =mulat$4 ,9 attempt+ to e/imate ! comp>ative antiquity ( nebul1 we no long] dep5d exclusively ^u "o set ( indications4 ,! conclusions drawn f _! imm$iate inspection c at lea/ be *eck$ by ! /udy ( _! spectra & di/ribution4 ,! ,milky ,way might be figuratively describ$ z ! nurs]y-g>d5 f :i* ! p>t]res ( ! univ]se are /ock$4 ,a primitive condition is usually assign$1 n )\t good reason1 to any class ( objects m>k$ly t5d+ to collect 9 its plane4 ,& ?is is ! case ) gase\s or 'gre5' nebul4 ,moreov]1 _! mat]ials appe> to be 9 a highly elem5t>y /ate 7if x be p]missible to speak ( "o k9d ( matt] z m elem5t>y ?an ano!r72 _! spectra includ+ no rays due to metallic inc&esc5ce1 b ma9ly ^? ( nebulium1 hydrog51 & helium4 ,^! sub/ances1 inconceivably att5uat$1 con/itute ! va/ irregul> =mations plac$ by ,h]s*el at1 or ne>1 ! />t ( cosmical developm5t4 ,& s f> he has be5 ju/ifi$ by ! outcome ( mod]n rese>*4 ,b he has n be5 ju/ifi$ 9 8 description ( planet>y nebul z 'v ag$1 & draw+ on t[>ds a p]iod ( *ange or dissolution4' ,=1 despite _! det]m9ate %ape & def9ite b\nd>ies1 !y d n appreciably diff] 9 composition f nebul ( ! irregul> class1 & mu/ be reckon$ z1 9 a mann]1 coeval ) !m4 ,!re is1 on ! :ole1 a concurr5ce ( evid5ce t gase\s nebul are at a v e>ly /age ( gr[?4 ,!y are ! lea/ elaborat$ ( sid]eal objects2 !y seem1 _m ( !m1 b>ely to h cross$ ! ?re%old ( creation4 ,yet _! mutual relations 9 "t are by no means obvi\s4 ,!y _c easily be dispos$ 9 any k9d ( rational sequ5ce4 ,ea* ( ! great nebul1 at any rate1 exhibits features & occupies a position %>$ by none ( its fell[s4 ,! mo/ disc]n+ cosmologi/ _c pret5d to say t ! ,argo nebula1 say1 is ( great] or less antiquity ?an ! ,orion or ! ',am]ica' nebula4 ,!y are individual gr[?s1 simultane\s1 n successive4 ,! l9e ( developm5t sugge/$ by _! relation%ips is r t[>ds ! =mation ( />-clu/]s ?an ( div]se nebul> species4 ,?us1 ! ,pleiades illu/rate n improbably ! future condition ( ! ,orion nebula1 ! conta9$ />s hav+ ga9$ pr$om9ance ov] _! mi/y envelopm5ts1 ?\gh fragm5t>y swaddl+-b&s1 lat]1 presumably1 to be %ak5 (f1 /ill adh]e to _m ( !m4 ,planet>y nebul h mu* m 9 common ?an irregul> nebul1 & _! m9or v>ieties might1 ) "s plausibility1 be associat$ ) diff]5ces 9 relative age4 ,!y are m>k$ *iefly by ! "* ( ! nucle> /> :i*1 9 ne>ly all su* objects1 appe>s to act z ! pivot ( ! surr\nd+ vapor\s /ructure4 ,! supposition lies close at h& t x is design$ z a provision = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! />--t ! /> ga9s 9 mass & light at ! exp5se ( ! nebula1 :i* x is ev5tually de/9$ :olly to absorb & sup]s$e4 ,on ?is view1 planet>ies l ! gre5 gl[-lamp at ! pole ( ! ecliptic 7,n4,g4,c4 #f1edc7 %\ld be reg>d$ z ! mo/ advanc$1 :ile ,webb's planet>y 9 ,cygnus 7,n4,g4,c4 #g1jbg7 w\ld exemplify an in*oate condition4 ,9 ! =m] ! c5tral /> is ( #if magnitude1 & %>ply /ell>2 9 ! latt] x is d\ble & diffuse1#he p]haps a wide b9>y sy/em 9 embryo4 ,! "q is1 h[ev]1 /ill op5 z to ! real nature ( ! connection betwe5 planet>ies & _! c5tral />s4 ,! pabulum !ory is a promis+ conjecture2 b no facts ) :i* we are acqua9t$ /r+5tly en=ce x4 ,ideas on ! subject w ne$ complete revision if ! traces ( spirality not$ f "t to "t 9 "s ( ^! peculi> objects prove to be ( radical significance4 ,! oculi1 di/9ctive ( ! ',owl nebula' 7,n4,g4,c4 #c1ehg71 z orig9ally %[n by ! ,p>son/[n reflector1 consi/$ ( lum9\s trac]ies coil$ r\nd two int]ior />s1#hf b ! appe>ance 0 ei!r due to illusion1 or became effac$ by *ange1 s9ce ! cam]a has refus$ to endorse x z g5u9e4 ,! 'helical' planet>y 9 ,draco#hg is d\btless ess5tially a spiral con=mation2#hh & ,pr(essor ,s*aeb]le1 by means ( exposures ) a #ac-;in* reflector ( #bj in*es focus1 has compell$1 n only ! ,r+ nebula 9 ,lyra1#hi b ! ,dumb-bell 9 ,vulpecula1 to betray ! surpris+ secret ( _! :orl$ /ructure4 ,bo? ^! nebul give a spectrum ( bright l9es1 & inv5tiv5ess is at a loss to devise means = build+ up gase\s mat]ials into edifices ( /rongly *>act]iz$ ar*itectural =ms4 ,! mat]ials1 inde$1 may n be :olly gase\s2#ij or we possibly see 7z ,pr(essor ,d>w9 long ago sugge/$7 m]ely illum9at$ /ream-l9es ( motion furr[+ an obscure mass4 ,b if ?is be inde$ s1 !re is ! fur!r "q to be ask$3 ,:at direction does ! motion take8 ,d ! tides set inw>d or outw>d8 ,our spontane\s impressions are all 9 fav\r ( conc5trative t5d5cies4 ,we _c easily %ake (f c5tripetal prejudices4 ,our lives are pass$ "u a regim5 ( c5tral attraction1 & we naturally incl9e to univ]salize our exp]i5ce4 ,h]s*el's s*eme ( sid]eal evolution invites accord+ly at fir/ sight ready acceptance4 ,/>s seem z if !y c\ld n act o!rwise ?an z foci ( cond5sation 9 nebul2 ! lucid /uff involv+ !m mu/1 app>5tly1 ) ! lapse ( ages1 settle d[n t[>ds _! surfaces1 & become absorb$ into _! sub/ance4 ,su* processes1 inde$1 belong1 unless c\nt]act$ by diff]5t modes ( action1 to ! inevitable ord] ( nature2 b ^! may1 & probably d1 exi/4 ,f sundry qu>t]s ! conviction is press$ ^u u t cosmic bodies c drive out matt] z well z draw x 94 ,repulsive =ces insi/ ^u recognition1 & _! effects become m palpable ! m att5tively !y are consid]$4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions !y get ! bett] ( gravity2 & />s may possibly1 l cocoon-sp9n+ insects1 exp5d _! organic en]gies 9 weav+ !mselves fa9tly luc5t envelopes1 ! products ( subtle & unacc\ntable activities4 ,! example ( ,nova ,p]sei is fre% 9 e m9d1 b we make no pret5sion to decide ! controv]sy x rais$4 ,a dogmatic pron\ncem5t is unadvisable :]e ! unkn[n elem5ts ( ! "q obscure & outweigh ^? t are kn[n4 ,a less slipp]y f\ndation = reason+ is af=d$ by ! p]man5tly visible spiral nebul1 & features *>g$ ) an emphatic mean+ h be5 reveal$ 9 !m by photographic means4 ,look+ at ! entire cont5ts ( ! nebul> heav5s1 we f9d ! spiral type v l>gely pr$om9ant4 ,x claims m specim5s1 & em]ges m di/9ctly ) ea* developm5t ( del9eative p[]4 ,its *ief preval5ce is among ':ite' nebul1 %[+ cont9u\s spectra4 ,!y are va/ly num]\s4 ,gase\s nebul are reckon$ by ! score1 :ite nebul by t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,moreov]1 !y collect ne> ! poles ( ! ,milky ,way1#ia :ile ! gase\s v>iety cr[d t[>ds its plane1 bo? bran*es ( ! family ?us manife/+ galactic relation%ips1 ?\gh ( an opposite "*4 ,n[1 ^! facts ( di/ribution h "s be>+ on ! "q ( relative age4 ,!re is1 z already rem>k$1 a cons5sus ( op9ion t objects %[+ a m>k$ pref]5ce = ! ,milky ,way are 9 a m primitive /ate ?an ^? )drawn f x1 & ! inf]5ce is support$ by ! circum/ance t nebul situat$ 9 high galactic latitudes %9e ) cont9u\s light1 ^? ne> ! galactic equator ) vivid l9es4 ,yet x w\ld be ra% to assume t any individual nebula trav]ses ^! successive /ages4 ,! s]ies w\ld be satisfactorily e/abli%$ only if we c\ld po9t to a numb] ( int]m$iate in/ances1 :i* seem to be almo/ :olly lack+4 ,we _c trace 9 nebul> z we c 9 /ell> gr[? ! ins5sible gradations ( progressive *ange4 ,!y are p]haps complicat$ 9 nebul by influ5ces ( a diff]5t k9d f ^? :i* h ga9$ ! asc5dancy 9 />s4 ,diffusive effects may 9 !m be m conspicu\s ?an conc5trative effects2#ib or a balance may be tempor>ily /ruck betwe5 antagoni/ic t5d5cies4 ,spiral con=mation is ! real crux ( nebul> cosmogony4 ,! conditions f :i* x arises are met ) only 9 ! sid]eal heav5s1 b are !re widely preval5t4 ,?\gh remote f our exp]i5ce1 !y are fundam5tal 9 ! realms ( space4 ,if we c\ld def9e & compreh5d !m1 we %\ld be 9 a bett] position = det]m9+ ! cosmical /atus ( nebul4 ,! *oice is op5 betwe5 two rival !ories ( nebul\s spirals4 ,! fir/ is ! m obvi\s1 & readily falls 9 ) admitt$ me*anical pr9ciples4 ,sir ,rob]t ,ball has adopt$ & +5i\sly advocat$ ?is view4 ,a globul> collection ( promiscu\sly revolv+ p>ticles incl9es1 if left to itself1 to flatt5 d[n into a disc4 ,! reason is ?is3 ,9 a sy/em ( ! k9d mom5t ( mom5tum is inv>iable1 :ile en]gy con/antly dim9i%es4 ,to r5d] ! contra/ intelligible we h only to consid] t mom5t ( mom5tum is ! algebraic sum ( all ! products ( mass & motion 9 ! aggregation1 r$uc$ to1 or project$ ^u1 its 'pr9cipal plane1' :ile en]gy is indep5d5t ( ! v>i$ directions ( velocity4 ,collisions consequ5tly involve no dim9ution ( mom5t ( mom5tum1 b comb9e ) radiative wa/e to produce a /eady loss ( en]gy4 ,inevitably1 !n1 ! sy/em w assume ! =m 9 :i* x possesses ! m9imum ( en]gy t is consi/5t ) ! ma9t5ance ( its orig9al mom5tum2 & x is t ( a disc ext5d$ 9 ! pr9cipal plane4 ,retrograde movem5ts w by ! "t ?is %ape is def9itively arriv$ at h become elim9at$2 ! con/itu5t p>ticles circulate unanim\sly 9 "o direction2 & ,sir ,rob]t ,ball adds t _! circulation1 ow+ to ! m rapid rotation ( ! c5tral mass1 is along spiral pa?s4#ic ,!y w\ld accord+ly pres5t ! twi/$ con=mation s commonly obs]v$ 9 ! heav5s1 & might ev5 include subord9ate c5tres ( attraction1 fitt$ to rip5 & /r5g!n into a full-bl[n ret9ue ( planets4 ,su* are spiral nebul reg>d$ 9 _! direct me*anical aspect4 ,sph]ical nebul are _! imm$iate prog5itors2 suns1 ) or )\t tra9s ( dep5d5t worlds1 _! l9eal desc5dants4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 consult "s autographic records & weigh att5tively :at ^! peculi> objects tell u ab\t !mselves4 ,we see at once t _! curv+ l9es1 f> f be+ laid d[n at ! dictate ( *ance1 foll[ a /rictly def9$ plan4 ,spiral nebul are n =m$ l wat*-spr+s by ! w9d+s ( a s+le ?read4 ,!y are always two-bran*$4 ,f opposite extremities ( an elongat$ nucleus issue a pair ( nebul\s arms1 :i* enfold x 9 d\ble convolutions4 ,_! app>5t sup]position & int]lacem5ts occasion1 9 ! ,lyra nebula1 ! not$ effect ( a fr+$ & ruptur$ annulus1 & x is ( pr(\nd int]e/ to p]ceive t ev5 9 gase\s masses ! same con/ructive rule prevails z 9 ! great ,:irlpool 9 ,canes ,v5atici4 ,yet ?is circum/ance is well-nigh irreconcilable ) ! hypo!sis t an influx ( mat]ial is 9 progress4#id ,falls due to gravity c\ld n be limit$ to two n>r[ areas on ! c5tral body4 ,matt] eject$ f x might1 on ! o!r h&1 q conceivably foll[ ?is c\rse4 ,int]ior /ra9 c\ld easily be suppos$ to cause yield+ along a giv5 diamet]1 & n[h]e else4 ,sol> di/urbances p>tially & dimly illu/rate su* a k9d ( activity4 ,diametrically opposite prom95ces are n unkn[n4 ,!y indicate ! action ( an explosive =ce "r across ! sol> globe4 ,simil>ly1 ! =mation ( a spiral nebula _c be rightly appreh5d$ o!rwise ?an z ! outcome ( long-cont9u$1 oppositely-direct$ eruptions4 ,! hi/ory ( ! heav5s involves ! law ( spirality4 ,! scope ( its dom9ion cont9ually wid5s z rese>* becomes int5sifi$4 ,! ,huyg5ian 'port5t' 9 ! ,sword ( ,orion n[ figures z m]ely ! nucleus ( ! 'great w9d+ ,nebula' photograph$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+ 9 #ahhi4 ,t ! va/ nebulosity encompass+ ! ,pleiades is an analog\s /ructure seems em95tly probable1 ?\gh ! brilliancy ( ! enclos$ /ell> gr\p oblit]ates mo/ traces ( its gr\nd-plan4 ,! magnitude ( ! mix$ sy/em1 we are told by ,pr(essor ,b>n>d1#ie :o detect$ x 9 #ahic by means ( a t5 h\rs' exposure ) ! ,will>d l5s1 transc5ds our p[]s ( realization4 ,x cov]s #ajj squ>e degrees ( ! sky ) intricate details4 ,aga91 "s f\r m9utes ( arc to ! nor?-we/ ( ! ,r+ 9 ,lyra lies a small nebula discov]$ visually by ,pr(essor ,b>n>d 9 #ahic1 & photographically resolv$ by ,keel] into a delicate spiral4 ,x is a two-bran*$1 left-h&$ spiral1 z ! l>ge adjac5t object has also prov$ to be4 ,"o is1 9 fact1 ! m9iature ( ! o!r1 & !y are n[ %[n1 by ,pr(essor ,s*aeb]le's %ort-focus reflector1 to be l9k$ toge!r by curv+ folds ( nebulosity into a comp\nd spiral sy/em4 ,! ,dumb-bell is held1 on ! same au?ority1 to be simil>ly condition$1 & ! analogy frequ5tly not$ betwe5 its aspect & t ( ! ,r+ nebula has ?us become incalculably wid5$ 9 scale4 ,! galactic relations ( ! ,magellanic ,cl\ds are n easily def9$4 ,!y are )9 ! ,milky ,way1 yet n ( x4 ,enigmatical excresc5ces ^u ! univ]se1 !y sugge/ an orig9 f gigantic eddies 9 ! onfl[+ curr5t ( sid]eal arrangem5t4 ,_! miscellane\s cont5ts are1 to all appe>ance1 dispos$ along eddy+ l9es4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,russell's photographs#if r5d]$ ?is1 9 #ahij1 to "s ext5t manife/1 & _! indications 7 ratifi$ by ! ,arequipa plates1 f ! /udy ( :i* ,pr(essor ,pick]+ ga9$ ! conviction t ! great ,loop$ ,nebula1 #cj ,dorads1 is ! /ructural nucleus ( ! ,nubecula ,major4 ',x seems1' he wrote1#ig 'to be ! c5tre ( a great spiral1 & to be> ! relation to ! entire sy/em t ! nebula 9 ,orion be>s to ! great spiral nebula :i* cov]s a l>ge "p ( t con/ellation4' ,on all sides1 9 ! sid]eal heav5s1 we c disc]n ! signs ( ! work+ ( a law ( convolution4 ,sometimes !y are pat5t to view2 sometimes half subm]g$2 b !y c g5]ally1 ) att5tion1 be dis5tangl$ f ov]ly+ appe>ances4 ,!y are exhibit$ by />s no less ?an by nebul1 z ! late ,dr4 ,rob]ts po9t$ out f conv9c+ photographic evid5ce2 ! 'hairy' app5dages ( globul> clu/]s betray !m by _! curvil9e> =ms2 !y meet u 9 e corn] ( ! wide nebul> realm4 ,_m inve/igators recognise 9 ! ,milky ,way itself ! /amp ( spirality4 ,/eph5 ,alex&]1 ( ,new ,j]sey1#ih reg>d$ ! maje/ic galactic ar* z a f\r-bran*$ spiral1 result+ f cata/rophic brea*es 9 a primitive1 equatorially load$ sph]oid1 ! curr5ts ( matt] eject$ by :i* %\ld1 ow+ to _! l[] angul> rotation1 lag beh9d z !y retreat$ f ! nucleus1 & ?us fl[ along helicoidal l9es4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor subsequ5tly devis$ convolut$ galactic /reams1 :i*1 h[ev]1 correspond$ imp]fectly ) :at ! sky %[$4 ,& ,dr4 ,ea/on#ii has design$ by way ( simple illu/ration an elaborate s]ies ( spires1 orig9at+ possibly f a c5tral galactic cond5sation1 ! projection ( :i* ^u ! sph]e may1 he ?9ks1 acc\nt = ! kn[n peculi>ities ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,our int]ior situation1 nev]!less1 makes x extremely difficult to det]m9e ! real relations 9 space ( ! />-/reams circl+ ar\nd x4 ,! obs]v$ facts are1 p]haps1 equally compatible ) _m o!r /ructural s*emes besides ^? bas$ on ! idea ( spirality2 & x w be prud5t to adopt none1 = ! pres5t1 ) settl$ conviction4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 ga!r "o suffici5tly def9ite piece ( in=mation reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,cosmos4 ,all ! inmates ( ! heav5s1 /ell> & nebul>1 repres5t q evid5tly ! dbris ( a primitive rotat+ sph]oid4 ,its equator is /ill m>k$ by ! galactic annulus1 its poles by a d\ble canopy ( :ite nebul4 ,! gyrat+ movem5t :i* x once possess$ z a :ole d\btless survives 9 its p>ts1 b ages mu/ elapse be=e ! fundam5tal sid]eal drift c be elicit$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #he3 ,keel]1 ,lick ,publications1 vol4 iii41 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #hf3 ,rosse1 ,transactions ,royal ,dubl9 ,society1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #hg3 ,fir/ detect$ z su* by ,hold5 & ,s*aeb]le 9 #ahhh1 ,mon?ly ,notices1 vol4 xlviii41 p4 #chh4 ,footnote #hh3 ,desl&res1 ,bullet9 ,a/ronomique1 ,febru>y1 #aijj4 ,footnote #hi3 ,a/ronomical ,j\rnal1 ,nos4 #eci1 #edg4 ,footnote #ij3 ,maund]1 ,k1 vol4 xix41 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #ia3 ,dr4 ,max ,wolf places ! po9t ( nebul> conc5tration 9 ,r4,a4 #ab;h #ecm1 ,d4 #fa #bj1 t assign$ to ! galactic pole be+ 9 ,r4,a4 #ab;h #dim1 ,d4 #fb4 ,knig/uhl ,publ41 ,bd4 ,i41 p4 #agd4 ,footnote #ib3 ,t4 ,j4 ,j4 ,see1 ',repulsive ,=ces 9 ,nature1' ,popul> ,a/ronomy1 ,no4 #ajj1 ,decemb]1 #aijb4 ,footnote #ic3 ,! ,e>?'s ,beg9n+s1 pp4 #bdc-bdg4 ,footnote #id3 ,cf4 ,m\lton1 ,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xxii41 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #ie3 ,mon?ly ,notices1 vol4 lx41 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #if3 ,see ,k1 vol4 xiv41 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ig3 ,h>v>d ,annals1 vol4 xxvi41 p4 #bjf4 ,footnote #ih3 ,a/ronomical ,j\rnal1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ajj1 #aheb4 ,footnote #ii3 ,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xii41 p4 #aeh4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,procession ,,( ,,suns ,ph5om5a are functions ( "t1 & ! =m ( ! function has to be det]m9$ 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,t is :at ! hi/orical me?od comes to1 & its use is preval5t & almo/ compulsory4 ,we c no long] be satisfi$ ) a simple bird's-eye view ( ! univ]se2 our ?\ghts are irresi/ibly driv5 to grope into its pa/1 & to div9e its future4 ,/atical conceptions suffic$ = our intellectual =efa!rs4 ,!y aim$ at e/abli%+ ! equilibrium ( ?+s1 :ile we see !m 9 a nev]-end+ flux4 ,"o aspect ( !m calls up ! next1 & t ano!r1 & s on ad inf9itum2 we _c1 if we w\ld1 balance our ideas on ! pivot ( ! transi5t pres5t4 ,! immutable heav5s ( ! anci5ts /rike u to-day z ! inv5tion ( a /range race ( be+s4 ,we see !m1 on ! contr>y1 ) ,%elley z a 'frail & fad+ sph]e1' a 'brief expanse1' ! seat & sc5e ( *ange4 ,! 'fix$' />s long ago broke away f _! moor+s1 & began to flit at l>ge ?r\gh space4 ,( late a less obvi\s1 m intimate k9d ( mobility has be5 attribut$ to !m4 ,grooves ( individual developm5t h be5 assign$ to !m1 along :i* !y appe> to %ift z ! t>dy ages g by2 & s9ce ev]y?+ t gr[s mu/ decay1 ! orbs ( heav51 too1 incur ! doom ( mortality4 ,b mod]n sci5ce has done mu* m ?an ext5d to !m ! dismal philosophy ( ! phrase1 ',t\t passe1 t\t casse1 t\t lasse4' ,! gr&iose ent]prise has be5 n unsuccessfully essay$ ( trac+ 9 detail ! progress ( sid]eal evolution1 & ( m>%all+ ! va/ /ell> battalions 9 ord] ( s5iority4 ,?is has be5 r5d]$ feasible by ! disclosures ( ! spectroscope4 ,ap>t f _! guidance1 ! track might h be5 se5 by elusive glimpses1 b c\ld nev] h be5 laid d[n ) any approa* to def9it5ess4 ,h]s*el f\nd = x a t]m9us quo 9 nebul ( v>i\s =ms1 b attempt$ to pursue x no fur!r4 ,we d n hesitate to run x on1 f /ation to /ation1 "r d[n to ! t]m9us ad quem4 ,n1 x is true1 )\t ! p]ception ( out/&+ difficulties & insecurities1 :i* yet seem to be outweigh$ by a c]ta9 inevitabl5ess ( self-arrangem5t 9 ! relat$ facts4 ,! argum5t f cont9uity is t ma9ly reli$ ^u4 ,an unbrok5 succession ( in/ances is /rongly p]suasive ( actual transition1 provid$ only t a pr9ciple ( developm5t 7s to call x7 may reasonably be assum$ z influ5tial4 ,a s]ies ( m9]alogical specim5s1 h[ev] f9ely diff]5c$1 does n sugge/ ! progressive enri*m5t ( "o orig9al mass ( ore4 ,9 ! />s1 on ! o!r h&1 a species ( vitality may be said to reside4 ,!y are n f9i%$-(f products1 b spontane\sly-act+ ma*9es4 ,!y are c5tres ( en]gy1 :i* !y disp5se gratis1 supply+ ! co/ out ( _! own funds4 ,& ! process is n only obvi\sly t]m9able1 b mu/ be accompani$ by con/itutional alt]ations1 :i* might be traceable by subtle me?ods ( inquiry4 ,!y are traceable1 unless we are deceiv$ by illusory appe>ances4 ,sec*i's classification ( ! />s 0 unw>p$ by any speculative fancy4 ,x 0 purely =mal2 x aim$ only at provid+ di/9ct comp>tm5ts = ! conv5i5t arrangem5t ( a multitude ( diff]5tly *>act]iz$ items ( in=mation4 ,!n1 by degrees1 ! clos5ess ( ! gradations betwe5 "o class & ! next came to be notic$2 p>titions melt$ away2 ! me?odiz$ array %[$ itself to be 9 movem5t2 & ! b>e framework took %ape1 "u ! auspices ( ,zlln] & ,vogel1 z a cosmic p$igree4 ,! :ite />s 7 set =? z ! prog5itors ( yell[1 yell[ ( r$ />s2 & ! ins5sibly progressive re9=cem5t ( ! traits ( relation%ip betwe5 ! successive types w5t f> t[>ds demon/rat+ "s p>tial1 if n a complete1 correspond5ce ( ! indicat$ ord] ) ! tru? ( ?+s4 ,x has s9ce be5 f\nd necess>y to divide ! fir/ /ell> class into helium & ,sirian />s2 & "h1 too1 ess5tial div]sity %ades (f imp]ceptibly into lik5ess approximat+ to id5tity4 ,all ! gr\ps hang toge!r2 ! entire s*eme is on an incl9$ plane ( *ange4 ,helium />s1 z !y cond5se1 pass into ,sirian1 ^! into sol> />s1 :i* f9ally1 r$d5+ ?r\gh ! increase ( absorption1 exhibit ! badge ( po/-m]idional exi/5ce 9 flut$ spectra4 ,! f9ality ( ! r$ /age is1 inde$1 v f> f be+ absolute1 b :at lies beyond is matt] ( conjecture4 ,!re are sev]al good reasons = tak+ helium />s to be ! 'y\nge/' or mo/ primitive ( ! amaz+ assemblage t sp>kle 9 ! vault ( heav54 ,! fir/ is _! aff9ity ) nebul4 ,e />1 p]ceiv$ to be involv$ 9 folds or effusions ( %9+ haze1 has yield$--if bright en\gh = pr(itable exam9ation--a spectrum ( helium quality4 ,fur!r1 !y are rem>kably t5u\s bodies4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ ) approximate c]ta9ty1 f ! inve/igation ( /ell> eclipses1 t helium />s are commonly1 p]haps inv>iably1 ( f> slight] consi/5ce ?an ! sun4 ,radiation1 h[ev]1 is ma9ta9$ by contraction2 h5ce1 orbs at ! outset ( _! c\rse mu/ be1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ diffuse4 ,a ?ird note ( y\? is memb]%ip ( embryo sy/ems1 & ?is is affix$ v m>k$ly to helium />s4 ,"o-?ird c]ta9ly1 probably "o-half ( ^? lately submitt$ to trial by ,pr(essors ,fro/ & ,adams prov$ to h spectroscopic companions4 ,!y are pairs believ$ to h be5 rec5tly divid$ by ! fission ( a s+le p>5t-globe4 ,& ?is is an op]ation :i* mu/1 we %\ld suppose1 be und]gone e>ly1 or n at all4 ,! spectra ( helium />s are peculi> & sugge/ive4 ,^? belong+ to ,miss ,maury's e>lie/ gr\ps--_m ( !m visibly nebul\s--be> next to no traces ( metallic absorption1 %[+ in/ead l9es ( oxyg51 ( nitrog51 & ( hydrog5 9 all its ?ree s]ies4 ,! conditions1 accord+ly1 ne$$ to produce ! 'cosmic' modification ( hydrog5 are realiz$ 9 ^! in*oate bodies4 ,:at ^? conditions actually are we _c tell1 yet x may be confid5tly surmis$ t !y w prove to be ( an electrical nature4 ,hydrog5 resembles ! metals 9 be+ electro-positive2 x collects at ! negative pole dur+ ! electrolytic decomposition ( wat]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an unmi/akable t5d5cy 9 primitive sid]eal objects to display absorption rays ( electro-negative r ?an ( electro-positive elem5ts4 ,x is conceivable t hydrog5 may be capable ( alt]+ its behavi\r 9 ?is respect1 & t ! molecules radiat+ ! ,pick]+ & ,rydb]g s]ies1 9 addition to ! m famili> ,hugg9s s]ies1 h1 9 fact1 ?r\gh "s corpuscul> re-arrangem5t1 assum$ ! electro-negative quality prop]ly *>act]iz+ a non-metallic sub/ance4 ,! association ( ?is =m ( hydrog5 ) oxyg5 & nitrog5 9 e>ly helium />s w\ld ?us be naturally relat$ to ! simultane\s quasi-disappe>ance f !m ( ! spectral badges ( metals4 ,! helium-l9e mo/ di/9ctive ( ?is /ell> family is situat$ well up 9 ! blue4 ,x app]ta9s to ! same vibrational sequ5ce ) ,d#c1 :i* is also repres5t$ 9 ,rigel1 "o ( ! m 'advanc$' ,orion />s4 ,9 ,rigel1 too1 we meet a fairly prom95t magnesium ray1 ly+ bel[ ! blue helium emanation1 :ile z yet iron is unapp>5t4 ,num]\s f9e1 fa9t /reaks1 due to its absorption1 only em]ge :5 ! ,sirian type is fully rea*$1 & !y are mo/ly ( ! 'enhanc$' k9d4 ,:5 ! sp>k dis*>ge is sub/itut$ = ! arc z ! s\rce ( illum9ation1 c]ta9 l9es 9 ! result+ spectrum bright5 relatively to ! o!rs1 & ^! h be5 di/+ui%$ by ,sir ,norman ,locky] z 'enhanc$4' ,n[1 ! rule is /rik+ly preval5t t ! absorption rays 9 :ite />s are ( ?is class2 yet x c no long] be int]pret$ z indicat+ = !m an excessively high temp]ature4 ,r1 x w\ld seem t electrical conditions /ill imp]fectly def9$ are 9 "q1 & _! gradual removal or subsid5ce is1 beyond d\bt1 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 br++ ab\t ! transition to ! sol> /age4 ,! effacem5t ( helium-absorption is ev5 m p]plex+4 ,no soon] does iron beg9 to %[ ?an x vani%es4 ,!re is /ill a fa9t trace ( its 'blue' l9e 9 ,vega2 none survives 9 ,sirius4 ,9 spectra ( ! sol> type two great b>s ( violet light are /opp$ out by calcium2 o!rwise metallic arc-l9es pr$om9ate1 :ile ^? ( hydrog5 are no long] s p[]fully emphasiz$ z 9 :ite />s4 ,moreov]1 ! :it5ess ( ! unveil$ ,sirian photosph]es has become t+$ ) yell[ ow+ to ! developm5t ( a %all[ envelope p>tly imp]meable to blue rays4 ,= ?is reason ! comp>ative ext5sion ( _! ultra-violet spectra af=ds1 = />s ( diff]5t types1 no secure crit]ion ( relative temp]ature4 ,s\nd 9 pr9ciple1 x becomes inapplicable :5 ! unkn[n factor ( g5]al absorption comes into play4 ,! en]gy-curve ( ! sol> spectrum1 z x is1 c be det]m9$2 ! en]gy-curve ( ! sol> spectrum1 z x w\ld be if unaffect$ by g5]al absorption1 has to be con/ruct$ f inf]5ce4 ,b only photosph]es b>e to space give comp>able results4 ,h5ce1 !re are no valid gr\nds = ass]t+ t ,sirius is hott] ?an ! sun1 or ! sun ?an ,betelgeux4 ,x may be s1 b ! evid5ce at pres5t available is inconclusive4 ,! appe>ances exp\nd$ 9 ?is s5se may be> q diff]5t mean+s4 ,! reasons = hold+ t sol> mature into ,ant>ian />s are ( ! same "*1 & ( equal cog5cy ) ^? t5d+ to prove _! own developm5t f lum9>ies ( ,sirian type4 ,!re is a simil> cont9uity ( specim5s4 ,!y c be rang$ "o aft] ano!r 9 an unbrok5 s]ies1 9 :i*1 z we run d[n ! l9e1 primrose %ades into orange1 & orange into r$2 g5]al absorption arre/s an increas+ p]c5tage ( ! blue radiations1 :ile specific absorption becomes /r5g!n$ by dusky *annell+s ( titanium4 ,c>bon />s are less easily locat$4 ,dr4 ,vogel reg>ds !m z co-ord9ate ) ! ,ant>ian class4 ,! two v>ieties ( r$ />s ) b&$ spectra desc5d1 9 8 op9ion1 f ! common /ock exemplifi$ by our sun4 ,pr(essor ,hale also fav\rs ?is view1 "s att5dant difficulties not)/&+4 ,8 photographs h c]ta9ly e/abli%$ = c>bon />s l9ks ( relation%ip bo? ) ! ,ant>ian & ! sol> families2 yet ! fact rema9s indisputable t ! c>bon type is1 to a great ext5t1 isolat$ f all ! re/4 ,tok5s ( a g5u9e migration t[>ds x are few & obscure4 ,! ultimate fate ( bo? tribes ( r$ />s c only be conjectur$4 ,mo/ ( ! objects con/itut+ !m v>y 9 brightness1 "s to ! v]ge ( p]iodical ext9ction2 & v>iability may be a symptom ( int]ior dilapidation4 ,b ! organization ( su* bodies is pr(\ndly enigmatical4 ,!y are exceptionally remote1 & (f] slight hold+-gr\nd = inquiry4 ,no indications h be5 ga!r$ z to _! d5sity or intr9sic light-p[]4 ,v little is kn[n ab\t _! movem5ts4 ,!y r>ely =m b9>y comb9ations1 & ^? t !y d =m are almo/ always relatively fix$4 ,no r$ /> travels 9 a comput$ orbit2 only "o1 ,gem9orum1 occurs on ! long li/ ( spectroscopic b9>ies4 ,! revolutions ( ?is curi\s sy/em ought to prove1 :5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$1 replete ) int]e/ & in/ruction4 ,c\pl$ />s pres5t special opportunities to /ud5ts ( cosmogony4 ,!y are obvi\sly contempor>ies2 !y h />t$ fair 9 ! evolution>y race2 id5tical influ5ces h act$ ^u !m2 h5ce1 diff]5ces 9 _! /&+ c only result f dissimil>ities 9 mass or composition4 ,x is commonly tak5 = grant$ t a body conta9+ less matt] ?an its fell[ mu/ develop fa/]1 & incur ! f9al qu5*+ soon]4 ,b ,sir ,william & ,lady ,hugg9s h adv]t$ to ! probability ( ! v opposite be+ ! case4 ,p[]ful surface-gravity may1 !y consid]1 s]ve to ha/5 ! transition f a ,sirian to a sol> spectrum2 & we %\ld !n h giant suns l ,capella1 advanc$ 9 type :ile at a v e>ly /age ( cond5sation4 ,?is p]haps expla9s ! rem>kable spectral relations ( contra/$ /ell> pairs4 ,always1 s f> z we yet "k1 ! ,sirian spectrum is yield$ by ! less] />1 ! mass ( :i*1 judg+ by analogy1 mu/ be ev5 small] ?an w\ld be indicat$ by ! proportion ( its fa9tness4 ,x is true t ! di/ribution ( mass 9 b9>y sy/ems is (t5 widely diff]5t f :at might h be5 anticipat$4 ,c]ta9 purpli% satellites1 = in/ance1 ( undet]m9$ spectral quality ex]cise a gravitative sway ( surpris+ =ce4 ,"s results ( ?is k9d lately obta9$ by ,mr4 ,lewis & o!rs are likely to prove ( fundam5tal importance to !ories ( /ell> evolution4 ,:at we "k ( 'd>k />s' has be5 ma9ly d]iv$ f ! obs]vation ( /ell> sy/ems4 ,!y are assum$ to be ! d5iz5s ( a /ell> ,hades1 dim w&]]s amid ! %ades1 :o 'h _h _! day1 & ceas$ to be' z suns4 ,9 ! 'cold ob/ruction' ( ^! viewless orbs ! gr& cosmical procession is held to t]m9ate4 ,_! pres5ce atte/s ! d[nw>d progress ( decay1 & gives logical complet5ess to ! argum5t = developm5t4 ,yet !re are circum/ances w>n+ u aga9/ too full an assurance t _! /atus is really t ( skeletons at ! fea/ ( light4 ,!y are v frequ5tly f\nd to be 9 close att5dance ^u brilliant :ite />s4 ,?us intimately1 if incongru\sly1 c\pl$1 !y circulate & compel circulation 9 brief p]iods1 z memb]s ( sy/ems j1 x might be said1 out ( ! %ell4 ,:at are we to ?9k1 = in/ance1 ( ! obscure body spectroscopically discov]$ to control ! revolutions ( ! *ief /> 9 ! ,orion trapezium8 ,x is evid5tly comp>able 9 mass ) t imp]fectly cond5s$ lum9>y4 ,is x cr$ible t x has already trav]s$ all ! /ages ( /ell> exi/5ce1 & cool$ d[n to planet>y rank8 ,s viol5t an assumption %\ld at lea/ n be made )\t due consid]ation2 & we may m prud5tly hold our judgm5t 9 susp5se z to :e!r globes s circum/anc$--& !y ab\nd--%\ld be reg>d$ z effete1 or z abortive suns4#ajj ,speculations on ! exhau/ion ( /ell> vitality h lately become inextricably involv$ ) ! complex problem ( elem5tal evolution4 ,a dim inkl+ has be5 acquir$ ( ! activity 9 ! univ]se ( obscure =ces1 avail+1 we c j see1 to falsify _m =eca/s4 ,! !ory1 among o!rs1 ( ! dissipation ( en]gy ne$s to be revis$ or qualifi$4 ,nor 0 x prop\nd$ by ,"l ,kelv9 ) dogmatic c]ta9ty4 ,he c>efully not$ ! possibility t 9 '! great /oreh\ses ( creation' res]ves ( en]gy might be provid$ by :i* ! losses incurr$ ?r\gh radiation c\ld be1 :olly or 9 "p1 made good4#aja ,! anticipat$ possibility is p]haps realiz$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( radio-activity4 ,b if we inquire h[1 we are met at ! ?re%old by difficulties connect$ ) ! orig9 ( helium4 ,helium appe>s to result f ! dis9tegration ( radium1 its g5]ation be+ accompani$ by ! sett+ free ( enorm\s quantities ( en]gy4 ,its copi\s pres5ce1 !n1 argues long-cont9u$ & lavi% exp5diture ( heat & light4 ,yet x is z a con/itu5t ( highly primitive orbs t x is *iefly conspicu\s4 ,gase\s nebul1 too1 include immeasurable supplies ( x1 :ile x is incompatible ) :atev] we seem to "k ab\t !m to suppose t radium at any "t ent]$ into _! composition4 ,! g5esis ( ! elem5ts has1 9 tru?1 n yet be5 made ! subject ( coh]5t speculation4 ,curr5t ideas reg>d+ x imply a d\ble c\rse ( *ange1 by aggregation fir/1 & subsequ5tly by dis9tegration4 ,& ?is %\ld give u a tw(old s]ies ( elem5ts4 ,on "o side !re %\ld be fix$ survivals f ! advanc+ process1 on ! o!r1 products ( decomposition1 cont9u\sly evolv$1 & ev5 n[ accumulat+4 ,if ! claim ( helium to take rank among ^! la/ %\ld be f9ally e/abli%$1 our conceptions ( ! nature & hi/ory ( nebul might h to und]go a /range inv]sion2 b ! outcome ( ! rese>*es 9 progress is /ill unc]ta91 & may be f> (f4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 q cle> t ! electronic !ory ( matt] supplies no g5u9e explanation ( ! s\rce ( en]gy 9 ! univ]se4 ,:at is giv5 out :5 ! atoms g to pieces mu/ h be5 /or$ up :5 !y 7 put toge!r4 ,:5ce 0 x d]iv$8 ,?is is ! fundam5tal "q :i* und]lies e discussion conc]n+ ! ma9t5ance ( ! life ( suns4 ,x is unansw]$1 & probably unansw]able4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ajj3 ,x mu/ at ! same "t be borne 9 m9d t _! total d>kness is n prov$4 ,all t is c]ta9 is t _! spectra are n bright en\gh to leave any impression on ! expos$ plates4 ,footnote #aja3 ,?omson & ,tait1 ,natural ,philosophy1 ,app5dix ,e1 p4 #did1 edition #ahij4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,our ,,own ,,sy/em ,our sun is cle>ly middle-ag$4 ,x be>s none ( ! m>ks associat$ ) juv5ility 9 />s1 :ile its decrepitude is 9 ! di/ant future4 ,x is cross+1 mo/ likely1 a level tract :]e recup]ation s ne>ly balances exp5diture t radiation c be ma9ta9$ = an indef9ite "t at a high & fairly uni=m /&>d4 ,/>s ( ! sol> type pursue ! ev5 t5or ( _! way ) p>ticul>ly few int]ruptions4 ,!y %[ little t5d5cy to intr9sic v>iability4 ,_! p]iodicity1 :5 x exi/s1 is due to ! pres5ce ( a companion4 ,v>iables1 9 o!r words1 belong+ to ! spectral family ( our sun1 are b9>y sy/ems2 & !y are usually1 if n always1 non-eclips+ b9>ies1 on ! patt]n ( ,cephei4 ,light *anges c ?us be impress$ ^u sunlike />s by ext]nal influ5ce2 !y d n conspicu\sly arise ?r\gh native in/ability4 ,our planet1 accord+ly1 is atta*$ to a safe & /eady lum9>y1 "o subject1 n to de/ructive spasms1 b to vicissitudes s mild z to evade di/9ct meteorological recognition4#ajb ,x is1 moreov]1 gov]n$ by a polity settl$ on a broad basis ( tranquillity & p]man5ce4 ,all ?is is z x %\ld be4 ,! conditions specifi$ 7 a pre-requisite to ! unfold+ ( human de/9ies4 ,nor c x be confid5tly ass]t$ t !y h be5 realiz$ any:]e else4 ,our sy/em may be unique2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 replicas ( x might1 imp]ceptibly to u1 be pr(usely scatt]$ ?r\gh ! wide realms ( space4 ,x is c]ta9 t a telescopic obs]v] on ,sirius or ,c5tauri w\ld see our sun unatt5d$2 n ev5 ,jupit] c\ld be br\ght into view by optical appliances 9 any degree comp>able to ^? at our disposal4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 /rict limitations to ! possible diffusion ( planet>y worlds l ^? t w&] amid ! zodiacal con/ellations4 ,we h become aw>e ( incapacitat+ circum/ances1 by :i* a multitude ( />s are preclud$ f ma9ta9+ ret9ues ( subord9ate globes4 ,spectroscopic discov]ies h compell$ a revision ( ideas z to cosmical arrangem5ts4 ,especially ! l>ge proportion e/abli%$ by !m ( b9>y to s+le />s makes x impossible any long] to reg>d ! sol> sy/em z a patt]n copi$ at l>ge ?r\gh\t ! sid]eal doma94 ,we _c1 !n1 comp>e x ) any o!r2 ! me*anism ( :i* ! e>? =ms "p mu/1 p]=ce1 be /udi$ 9 itself & by itself1 & x may1 = aught t appe>s1 be ! outcome ( special & peculi> design4 ,! ma*9e 9 "q is self-su/a9+ & self-regulat+2 no extrane\s p[] noticeably affects its work+4 ,?is immunity f di/urbance is ! =tunate consequ5ce ( its isolation4 ,a great void surr\nds x4 ,! span ( ,neptune's orbit is b a h&-bread? comp>$ ) ! trem5d\s unoccupi$ gulf outside--unoccupi$1 t is to say1 by bodies ( sub/antial mass4 ,! feebl5ess ( />light relatively to sunlight af=ds "s k9d ( measure ( ! impot5ce ( /ell> attractions to compete ) ! ov]-rul+ gravitational p[] t sways ! planet>y circulation4 ,?is x is :i* gives to x su* rem>kable /ability4 ,! incomp>able sup]iority ( ! sun ov] 8 dep5d5t orbs n only safegu>ds !m aga9/ =eign int]f]5ce1 b r$uces to insignificance _! mutual p]turbations4 ,h5ce ! /rong conc5tration ( =ce exemplifi$ 9 our sy/em--! absolutely despotic nature ( ! au?ority ex]cis$--makes = a settl$ ord] by exclud+ subv]sive *ange4 ,! organization ( ! sol> k+dom1 z disclos$ by mod]n rese>*1 is greatly m v>i$ & complex ?an ,laplace took x to be4 ,8 g5etic s*eme 01 inde$1 no soon] promulgat$ ?an deviations f ! regul>ity & unanimity ( movem5t ^u :i* x 0 bas$ began to ass]t _! inconv5i5t reality4 ,!y h s9ce multipli$2 &1 em]g+ to notice "u ! mo/ unlikely aspects1 !y occasion incongruities :i* tax1 = _! explanation1 all ! res\rces & audacities ( ! mo/ inv5tive cosmogoni/s4 ,let u briefly consid] _! nature4 ,! sw>m ( a/]oids t bridge ! gap betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] revolve1 x is true1 ) ! g5]al swirl ( planet>y movem5t2 b !y use a l>ge lic5se z reg>ds ! %ape & lie ( _! orbits4 ,& _! p>tial exemption f ! rules ( ! road becomes entire = comets & meteors1 :i* h nev]!less prov$ !mselves to be aborig9al 9 our sy/em by _! full p>ticipation 9 its prop] motion4 ,f9ally1 sev]al ( ! major planets set conv5tion at defiance 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! sev]al h\seholds1 & !reby intimate dep>tures f ! suppos$ normal c\rse ( developm5t s frequ5t & s consid]able z to %ake belief ev5 9 its qualifi$ preval5ce4 ,?us1 ! anomal\sly %ort p]iod ( ! inn] satellite ( ,m>s1 besides ?r[+ d\bt ov] its own mode ( orig91 t5ds to obscure ! hi/ory ( its m s$ately circulat+ associate4 ,deimos _c h be5 ?r[n (f f its prim>y "u conditions mat]ially diff]5t f ^? att5d+ ! bir? ( ,phobos4 ,! sub-sy/ems ( ,uranus & ,neptune exhibit1 moreov]1 eddies ( retrograde movem5t sugge/+ primitive di/urbances ( a fundam5tal k9d2 :ile ! surpris+ disclosures connect$ ) ,saturn's fir/born & fur!/ satellite1 photographically detect$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+ 9 #ahih1 h add$ "o m knott$ ?read to ! tangl$ ske9 we w\ld fa9 unravel4 ,until acqua9tance 0 made ) ,phbe1 c\nt]fl[s ( revolution )9 ! same satellite-family 7 unkn[n1 &1 if contemplat$ at all1 w\ld h be5 sc\t$ z impossible4 ,"o t]n>y />1 to be sure-- ,scorpii--_h be5 recognis$ z probably own+ an imm$iate & a m remote att5dant1 9 oppositely direct$ orbital movem5t2#ajc b ! cases are 9 _m ways disp>ate1 & ! analogy1 ?\gh in/ructive1 is imp]fect4 ,if ! n9? ,saturnian moon is to be reg>d$ z sprung f ! cond5s+ mass ( ! planet1 a total *ange 9 ! /ate ( ! p>5t body mu/ h sup]v5$ dur+ ! long int]val betwe5 its sep>ation & t ( its successor1 ,iapetus4 ,! *ange1 9 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+'s op9ion1#ajd 0 no?+ less ?an a rev]sal ( axial movem5t4 ,! nebul\s sph]oid de/9$ to develop into ! wond]ful ,saturnian sy/em _h1 presumably1 :5 ,phbe became deta*$ f x1 a diamet] ( sixte5 million miles1 & gyrat$ tranquilly f ea/ to we/1 9 a p]iod ( ab\t a ye> & a half4 ,b ! action ( sun-rais$ tides avail$ fir/ to de/roy & f9ally to inv]t ?is movem5t2 = ! natural outcome ( tidal friction is syn*ronism1 & ?is implies agreem5t1 bo? 9 p]iod & direction1 betwe5 ! rotation & revolution ( ! body act$ ^u4 ,accel]ation ?r\gh contraction did ! re/2 & by ! "t ano!r satellite 0 ready to sep>ate1 ! orig9at+ globe span normally 9 sev5ty-n9e days1 ! actual revolution>y p]iod ( ,iapetus4 ,! view t su* 0 ! c\rse ( ev5ts is plausible at fir/ sight2 yet ! d\bt rema9s :e!r ! cause alleg$ 0 adequate to ! effect produc$4 ,at ! di/ance ( ,saturn1 sol> tidal friction ex]ts only ab\t #a_/bjjjj its p[] on ! e>?2#aje its efficacy w\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 be greatly enhanc$ by ! di/5sion ( ! mass subject$ to x2 b approximately to :at ext5t1 our p[]s ( calculation are impot5t to det]m9e4 ,?is is n all4 ,exhau/ive photographic rese>* promises to unfold intricacies ( con/ruction 9 second>y sy/ems dem&+ ! pati5t indu/ry ( _m g5]ations = _! complete unravelm5t4 ,! families ( ! great planets w p]haps be f\nd to include cr[ds ( inf]ior memb]s :i* pay slight he$ 9 _! circulatory arrangem5ts to ! trammels ( conv5tion4 ,9 ^? ( bo? ,jupit] & ,saturn ! ph5om5on has lately be5 br\ght to light ( 'a/]oidal' satellites1 z !y may be t]m$1 m9ute bodies travell+ r\nd _! prim>ies at ne>ly ! same mean di/ances1 ea* gr\p evid5tly repres5t+ ! unagglom]at$ mat]ials ( a s+le full-siz$ satellite4 ,! pigmy compon5ts ( su* gr\ps d\btless exi/ 9 multitudes2 ea* great planet1 mo/ likely1 is encompass$ by at lea/ "o zone ( moonlets2 b s f> only specim5-objects h be5 pick$ up4 ,! t5? ,saturnian satellite1 discov]$1 l its pr$ecessor1 by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+1 is ?us associat$1 by its p]iod & locality1 ) ,hyp]ion1 ! sev5? & lea/ prom95t ( ,saturn's visual tra91 ! app>5t insignificance ( :i* sugge/$ to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el t x might h _m co-occupants ( ! wide gap betwe5 ,titan & ,iapetus4#ajf ,b ! surmise _h to await v]ification until me?ods 7 int5sifi$ beyond :at seem$ possible 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! correspond+ ,jovian pair f\nd by ,pr(essor ,p]r9e circulate f> outside ! b\nd>ies ( ! orig9al ,galilean realm1 9 orbits :i* int]lock z a consequ5ce ( _! m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ecc5tricity4#ajg ,!y are mutually incl9$ at an angle ( #bg degrees1 nor are !y suppos$ actually to int]sect1 s t collisions are app>5tly out ( ! "q4 ,direct movem5t is indicat$1 b _c yet be claim$ to belong q c]ta9ly to bo? objects4 ,we are only beg9n+ to make acqua9tance ) ! subm]g$ populations ( ! ,saturnian & ,jovian k+doms2 !y are p]haps multitud9\s2 !y are c]ta9ly peculi>1 & we await impati5tly & curi\sly ! fur!r developm5ts ( _! rem>kable behavi\r4 ,! "o c]ta9 inf]5ce d]ivable f ! div]sity ( facts asc]ta9$ )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s is t our _w is n 7s to speak7 ma*9e-made4 ,! modus op]&i employ$ to dis5gage ! planets f _! nebul\s matrix 0 n ( ca/-iron rigidity2 x 0 adaptable to circum/ances2 x left room = ! display ( b\ndless inv5tiv5ess 9 details4 ,?is 0 made1 nev]!less1 to consi/ ) ! p]fect pres]vation ( ! ma9 ord]1 bo? 9 design & op]ation4 ,! g5]al plan is broadly laid d[n & unmi/akable2 ! spr+s ( ! ma*9e are undi/urb$ 9 _! free play1 & = ! prim>y reason t dep>tures f regul>ity1 :i* might1 9 any way1 prove a m5ace to /ability1 affect bodies ( negligible mass4 ,! great sw+ ( settl$ movem5t goes on irrespectively ( !m4 ',de m9imis non curat lex4' ,s ! erratic proc$ure ( comets is h>mless only because ( _! insignificance4 ,if imitat$ by sub/antially attractive masses1 x c\ld n fail to jeop>dize ! planet>y adju/m5ts4 ,ev5 ! a/]oids w\ld be unsafe neighb\rs b = _! impot5ce2 & x is rem>kable t ,m]cury1 by f> ! smalle/ ( ! major planets1 circulates along a track ( ! a/]oidal type4 ,x w\ld seem z if an important size c>ri$ ) x an obligation to revolve 9 an orbit ( small ecc5tricity1 incl9$ at a l[ angle to ! pr9cipal plane ( ! sy/em4 ,! reason :y ?is %\ld be s is n obvi\s2 b 7 x o!rwise ! equilibrium1 n[ s firmly e/abli%$1 w\ld subsi/ prec>i\sly1 or n at all4 ,! ass]tion1 inde$1 t x is firmly e/abli%$ c only be made "u res]ve4 ,we are ignorant ( any causes t5d+ t[>ds its ov]?r[2 yet !y may sup]v5e1 or be already imp]ceptibly active4 ,"o su* lurk+ possibility is ! pres5ce ( a resi/+ m$ium 9 int]planet>y space4 ,waifs & /rays ( matt] mu/1 beyond d\bt1 be enc\nt]$ !re--outlaw$ molecules1 self expell$ f ! gase\s envelopes ( feeble globes2 ?9 remnants ( comet>y p>aph]nalia1 driv5 (f amid ! fugitive spl5d\rs ( p]ihelion2 products ( ionic dissociation set fly+ by ! impact ( ultra-violet light--& all dissem9at$ ?r\gh an e!real ocean1 :i* 'is cut away be=e & closes f beh9d' z mov+ bodies trav]se x4 ,t its indiff]5ce is %>$ by ord9>y mat]ial sub/ances1 :5 9 ! la/ /age ( att5uation1 is a plausible b unv]ifi$ conjecture4 ,x is only safe to say t ret>dation ( velocity 9 :at may pass = empty space is ins5sible or null4 ,!re may1 nev]!less1 be spr+s ( decad5ce 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,"s ( !m h be5 discuss$ by ,m4 ,po9c>1#ajh ^: confid5ce 9 ! reassur+ demon/rations ( ,laplace & ,lagrange is inv]sely proportional to ! magnitude ( ! t]ms !y 7 =c$ to neglect4 ,!y dealt ) fictiti\s globes1 devoid ( appreciable dim5sions1 & sway$ by ! /rict ,newtonian law4 ,b ! real planets & _! satellites are act$ on by o!r =ces z well1 frictional1 magnetic1 radio-repulsive1 ! jo9t effects ( :i* may n be :olly evanesc5t4 ,! tidal drag on rotation und\bt$ly occasions a small b irretrievable loss ( en]gy4 ,! moon1 = in/ance1 z ,m4 ,po9c> /ates1 n[ ga9s1 by ! reactive consequ5ces ( tidal friction 9 wid5+ its orbit1 no m ?an #a_/bh ! vis viva ( :i* ! e>? is depriv$ by ! inf9itesimal sl[+ d[n ( its rotation2 & ! rema9+ #bg_/bh1 be+ dissipat$ abroad z heat1 are f9ally ab/ract$ f ! sy/em4 ,! ultimate /ate1 we are told1 t[>ds :i* ! planet>y me*anism t5ds is t ( ! syn*ron\s revolution1 9 a p]iod ( ab\t twelve ye>s1 ( all its memb]s4 ,?is might1 ap>t f ! possibility ( a resi/+ m$ium1 h indef9ite p]man5ce2 o!rwise precipitation to ! c5tre w\ld gradually ensue1 & "o solit>y sph]e1 cold1 />k1 & unillum9at$1 w\ld replace ! radiant orb ( our c]ulean skies1 ) its div]sifi$ & exquisitely pois$ cortge4 ,unsecur$ drafts ^u futurity1 h[ev]1 are n among ! mo/ valuable assets ( sci5ce1 & a consummation s immeasurably remote may be anticipat$ by a score ( un=ese5 cont+5cies4 ,:at c be & has be5 asc]ta9$ is ! relative durability ( ! s*eme ) :i* ! visible de/9ies ( ! human race are s closely connect$4 ,x w unque/ionably la/ long en\gh = _! accompli%m5t4 ,curiosity t w\ld seek to pi]ce ! ult]ior d>kness is likely to rema9 ungratifi$4 ,b !re is a fur!r outlook4 ,o!r & incalculable items rema9 to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! sun1 al?\gh an autocrat )9 8 own dom9ion1 is himself subject to ext]nal influ5ces4 ,z a />1 he is compell$ to foll[ :i!rsoev] ! comb9$ attractions ( 8 fell[-/>s draw him2 nor c we ?or\ghly int]pret ! summons :i* he obeys4 ,! imm$iate up%ot 9 ! transport ( ! sol> sy/em t[>ds ! con/ellation ,lyra has1 x is true1 be5 det]m9$1 b ! ev5tual scope & purpose ( ! j\rney rema9 pr(\ndly obscure4 ,! pace is to be reckon$ z leisurely3 twelve miles a second is little m ?an half ! av]age /ell> spe$4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 probably suff] no inconv5i5ce f be+ :irl$ ?r\gh ! e!r 9 ! tra9 ( su* a /ell> ?und]bolt z ,arcturus4 ,only ! excessive velocities ( any adv5titi\s bodies we might happ5 to pick up w\ld betray to ord9>y exp]i5ce ! fact ( our own swift progress4 ,z x is1 our sweep+s f space appe> to be scanty4 ,if %r$s f in*oate worlds1 or du/ ( crumbl$ worlds1 /rew$ ! pa? ( our sy/em1 !y %\ld be annex$ by x 9 its passage1 tempor>ily or completely1 & we %\ld !n expect to f9d ! apex ( ! sun's way m>k$1 if no o!rwise1 by ! pr$om9ant infl[ f t qu>t] ( comets & meteors4 ,yet !re is no trace ( su* a pref]5ce 9 ! di/ribution ( _! orbits4 ,h5ce ! en=c$ conclusion t ! sun has atta*$ to him1 besides ! memb]s ( 8 imm$iate h\sehold1 an indef9ite cr[d ( di/ant reta9]s1 :i*1 by _! att5dance ^u 8 m>*1 claim ) him orig9al corporate unity4 ,to ?is rule !re may be a few exceptions4 ,an occasional a]olite probably ent]s ! e>?'s atmosph]e ) hyp]bolic velocity1 & takes rank accord+ly z1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 a =eign intrud]2 b ! broad tru? c sc>cely be *all5g$ t ! sun travels ?r\gh a virtual void4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 see no necessity :y he %\ld = ev] cont9ue to d s4 ,widely diff]5t conditions seem to prevail ne> ! c5tre & out t[>ds ! circumf]5ce ( ! sid]eal _w4 ,:at may be designat$ ! int]ior vacuity ( ! ,milky ,way is occupi$ ma9ly by />s ( ! sol> type1 includ+ "o to our appreh5sion sup]-em95t ov] ! re/2 !y are sep>at$ by va/1 app>5tly cle> int]vals2 !y are non-nebul\s1 & ( /able con/itution4 ,?is secure habitat is ours = ! pres5t1 al?\gh x may at "s future "t be ex*ang$ = "o less exempt f di/urbance4 ,! %ape & size ( ! sun's orbit are utt]ly unkn[n2 ! *anges ( environm5t1 accord+ly1 t w accompany ! description ( x defy conjecture4 ,our actual c\rse is incl9$ at a small angle to ! plane ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,x w presumably become deflect$1 b p]haps n suffici5tly to keep our sy/em cle> ( entanglem5t ) ! galactic />-?rongs4 ,9 our ignorance ( _! composition no =eca/ ( ! results c be attempt$3 !y are unc]ta9 & exorbitantly remote4 ,moreov]1 ! comp>ative sl[ness ( ! sun's motion 9 a mann] gu>antees ! p]man5ce ( 8 subsi/+ cosmical relations4 ,= any?+ t sci5ce c tell1 !y may ultimately be subv]t$ by "s preorda9$ cata/rophe2 b ! possibility lies outside ! sph]e ( rational =eca/4 ,! univ]se1 z reflect$ 9 ! m9d ( man1 ga9s ext5t z ! mirror acquires poli%4 ,e>ly a/ronom]s conceiv$ ( b "o sol> sy/em & "o 'ddal e>?1' ^u :i* ! 'pale populace ( heav5' ra9$ influ5ces s9i/] or propiti\s4 ,lat]1 human egotism took ano!r =m4 ,! :ole univ]se 0 assimilat$ to our p>ticul> little settlem5t 9 x4 ,t]re/rial conditions 7 univ]saliz$4 ,none div]g5t f !m 7 c\nt$ admissible or pr(itable4 ,b "o answ] seem$ possible to ! p]petual ,cui bono8 ) :i* re/less ?\ght assail$ ! heav5s4 ,b "o purpose 0 reg>d$ z wor?y ( fulfilm5t1 t ( multiply+1 9 di/ant sid]eal climes1 copies ( our own planet1 & ( provid+ suitable locations = myriads ( intellectual be+s1 z little ali5 to ourselves z might be compatible ) ! m9imum ( div]sity 9 _! mat]ial surr\nd+s4 ,! spread ( ?is a/ral philan?ropy has be5 9 "s measure *eck$ by ! advance ( k4 ,our position & circum/ances h be5 %[n by x to be1 if n q peculi>1 at any rate v f> f inevitable4 ,x has r$uc$1 by a process ( exclusions1 to a relatively limit$ numb] ! class ( />s t c fairly be reg>d$ z possible c5tres ( vitality2 x has imm5sely wid5$ ! scope ( disc]nible v>iety 9 cosmical arrangem5ts1 & held out w>n+s aga9/ errors ( exposition due to inborn prejudices4 ,& we %all surely n w&] f ! tru? by recognis+ our inability to p5etrate all ! dep?s & complexities ( ,inf9ite ,design4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ajb3 ,! unc]ta9ty affect+ ! be/ atta9able results 9 wea!r-cycle inve/igation is r5d]$ /rik+ly app>5t by a comp>ison ( ! able & labori\s pap]s by ,h4 ,w4 ,cl\gh 7,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xxii41 p4 #db71 & ,c4 ,ea/on 7,pet]mann's ,geogr4 ,mit!ilung51 #aije1 ,heft ,,viii41 & ,proce$+s ,am/]dam ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,june #bd1 #aije74 ,footnote #ajc3 ,r4 ,t4 ,a4 ,innes1 ,ref]5ce ,catalogue1 p4 #aee;,a4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,h>v>d ,annals1 vol4 liii41 p4 #fa1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! rev]sal is expla9$ by a %ift+ ( ! plane ( rotation4 ,footnote #aje3 ,g4 ,h4 ,d>w91 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 clxxii41 p4 #ebf2 ,m\lton1 ,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xi41 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,mon?ly ,notices1 vol4 ix41 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,f4 ,e4 ,ross1 ,lick ,bullet91 ,no4 #hb4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes1 #ahih4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,remnants ,,& ,,survivals ,if ! sun & planets 71 9 sob] tru?1 wr\ght into _! pres5t %ape out ( a primordial nebula1 ! comp>atively void surr\nd+ space %\ld naturally be /rewn ) fragm5ts ( unappropriat$ mat]ial4 ,= ! process ( englobem5t c\ld h>dly1 "o w\ld ?9k1 be c>ri$ out ) su* neatness & precision z to leave no %r$s or %av+s ly+ ab\t ! great ateli]4 ,residual /uff !re mu/ be1 unless our preconceiv$ ideas are grossly errone\s2 nor h we f> to look 9 ord] to f9d x4 ,we f9d x1 app>5tly1 "u two =ms pres5t+ curi\s dissimil>ities1 yet belong+ fundam5tally1 we c sc>cely d\bt1 to ! same ord] ( ?+s4 ,^! two k9ds ( wa/e product may be id5tifi$ 9 ! innum]able army ( comets & 9 ! /range1 pale cone ( ! zodiacal light4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important & secure additions to k 9 ! dep>tm5t ( cosmogony made dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( comets 9 a position ( entire1 p]5nial1 & aborig9al dep5d5ce ^u ! sun4 ,t is to say1 a va/ majority1 if n ! :ole ( !m1 att5d him on 8 sid]eal j\rney4 ,!y are1 accord+ly1 & h immemorially be5 8 cli5ts1 & !y c lose t /atus only ?r\gh ! effects ( viol5t di/urbance compell+ !m to dep>t irrevocably f _! clos$ orbits along hyp]bolic tracks4 ,a trifl+ leakage ( comets f our sy/em is ?us possible1 :i* may or may n be comp5sat$ by annexations ( adv5titi\s memb]s ( ! class1 simil>ly bani%$ f ! prec9cts ( remote />s4 ,b ?is is a second>y consid]ation2 ! ess5tial po9t to be borne 9 m9d is t comets are native-born subjects ( ! sun1 t !y make an integral "p ( 8 cortge1 t !y own ! same sub/antial orig91 are dom9at$ by 8 p[]1 & mu/ %>e 8 =tunes4 ,_! /udy %\ld !n prove /rongly illum9ative z to ! pre-hi/ory ( our sy/em1 & = ?is especial reason1 t !y seem+ly belong by "r to t vani%$ _w :i* x is ! *os5 task ( cosmogony to recon/ruct4 ,!y are1 we c inf]1 ! g5u9e primitives ( ! sol> company2 !y reta9 some?+ ( prairie wildness1 n hav+ be5 brok5 9 by /eadily en=c$ gravitational discipl9e4 ,ea* p]ihelion passage is an adv5ture2 betwe5 x & ! next1 fateful incid5ts may occur4 ,=ces negligible on d5se planet>y globes act s5sibly on _! t5u\s mat]ials2 !y 9 "p /rik+ly illu/rate1 & 9 "p fanta/ically inv]t1 ! common modes ( natural proc$ure4 ,b x is _! antiqu>ian significance t ma9ly conc]ns u "h4 ,admitt+ = ! in*oate sol> nebula su* a con/itution z t devis$ by ,kant1 & adopt$ ) am5dm5ts by ,m4 du ,ligonds1 we f9d ourselves confront$ ) ! almo/ inevitable consequ5ce ( symptomatic survivals4 ,wisps ( crude matt]1 9 o!r words1 :i* escap$ be+ drawn into ! vortices ( embryo planets %\ld cont9ue to circulate1 z !y _h f ! fir/ circulat$1 9 all possible planes1 & ) no p>tiality = ei!r a "r-h&$ or a left-h&$ direction4 ,^! waifs & wa/rels %\ld1 9 fact1 be indi/+ui%able f comets--'les seuls tmo9s1' accord+ to ! ,fr5* cosmogoni/1 'qui n\s re/5t sur le mode de la circulation premire4'#aji ,! id5tification is s$uctive to ! imag9ation1 & does n fall f> %ort ( conv9c+ ! reason4 ,!re is cle> evid5ce t :at we may v5ture to call ! native mode ( comet>y circulation is absolutely exempt f ! rules :i* impress ! movem5ts ( ! planets ) an unequivocal /amp ( congruity4 ,! few comets %[+ "s degree ( compliance ) ! g5]al plan are ^? :i* h be5 subject$ to manifold p]turbations1 & c h5ce no long] be call$ z unbiass$ witnesses2 :ile _! untra9$ associates1 left relatively free to foll[ ! impulsion ( _! />t1 betray no geometrical pref]5ces 9 _! mann] ( travell+4 ,!y revolve indiff]5tly ) or aga9/ ! c\rse ( ! signs2 _! pa?s are incl9$ at e possible angle to ! ecliptic2 !y approa* ! sun 9 s5sibly equal numb]s f all qu>t]s ( ! sky2 !y agree only 9 pursu+ ellipses s elongat$ z to v]ge t[>ds ! p>abolic limit4 ,b j 9 ?is way1 & no o!rwise1 we %\ld expect to f9d bodies circulat+ :i*1 hav+ be5 aggregat$ at r&om 7z ,kant suppos$7 9 ! beg9n+1 _h dep>t$ to ! lea/ possible ext5t f ! initial conditions ( _! sy/emic union4 ,a good prim facie case c1 !n1 be made out = reg>d+ comets z samples ( ! us$-up nebula1 z sup]annuat$ con/itu5ts ( an inconceivable *aos1 :i*1 evad+ ! op]ation ( laws ( *ange1 h float$ d[n ! /ream ( ages virtually intact & undi/urb$4 ,yet ! "q has o!r aspects besides ?is purely me*anical "o4 ,!y %\ld all be h>moniz$ by tru?1 :i* _c be m securely gu>ante$ ?an by consili5t te/imony2 nev]!less1 !re are difficulties 9 effect+ ! accommodation4 ,comets are n1 9 a *emical s5se1 closely relat$ to nebul4 ,!y are fundam5tally ( c>bonace\s composition--free hydrog5 makes no spectroscopic %[ 9 !m--:ile !y include metallic +r$i5ts occasionally r5d]$ gl[+ by ! p[]ful excitem5t ( a p]ihelion ru%-pa/4 ,b gase\s nebul %9e ma9ly ) ! light ( c]ta9 unkn[n sub/ances1 re9=c$ by rays ( hydrog5 & helium4 ,c>bon flut+s & metallic l9es are alike ali5 to _! spectra4 ,nor is !re any community t we yet "k ( betwe5 ! *emi/ry ( :ite nebul & t ( comets4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis ( comet>y orig9 is ?us disc\nt5anc$ by ! results ( light-analysis4 ,/ill1 !re are possibilities ( reconcilem5t4 ,spectral conditions mu/ be subject to *ange4 ,! quality ( light emitt$ by a body ( mix$ composition _c fail to alt] ) ! inevitable alt]ation ( physical /ate br\ght ab\t by ext]nal influ5ces or int]nal *ange4 ,selective illum9ation is beyond d\bt l>gely conc]n$ 9 modify+ ! in=mation we are able to obta9 z to ! composition ( remote masses1 & its modes ( action seem caprici\s because !y are v imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,h5ce1 spectral modifications may take place m]ely ?r\gh ! sub/itution ( "s elem5ts = o!rs 9 c>ry+ 7let u suppose7 an electric dis*>ge1 ?\gh all 7 f ! fir/ simultane\sly pres5t 9 unv>i$ proportions4 ,moreov]1 *emical immutability c no long] be tak5 = grant$4 ,we h le>n$ ( late t ev5 elem5t>y individuality breaks d[n "u ! batt]+-ram ( "t4 ,soon] or lat] ! /amp1 h[ev] app>5tly inviolable1 w be defac$1 trans=mations ( species w ensue1 & novel comb9ations ( mat]ial w subtly accommodate !mselves to ! ne$s ( a gr[+ _w4 ,^! ?+s1 x is true1 are involv$ 9 mu* obscurity1 b we h caught glimpses ( in/ability cle> en\gh to convey an emphatic w>n+ aga9/ dogmatic int]pretations ( spectral *>act]s4 ,physical sci5ce may !n lic5se ,m4 du ,ligonds' !ory ( comets ) a provisional ,nihil ob/at4 ,! zodiacal light sugge/s a diff]5t set ( consid]ations4 ,comets be+ ( pre-planet>y orig91 ! ecliptical gl[ mu/ be suppos$ po/-planet>y4 ,x belongs to a lat] epo*1 be+ compos$1 accord+ to an accept$ op9ion1#aaj ( sup]flu\s mat]ials left ov] f ! con/ruction ( ! tra9 ( globes to :i* our own belongs4 ,x might be comp>$ to :ey f :i* ! curd has be5 sep>at$4 ,all ! good has be5 got out ( x2 we might be tempt$ to ?r[ x aside ^u ! ris+ rubbi%-heap ( ! skies1 ) ! importunate a/]oidal ?rong1 a few doz5 undi/+ui%$ comets1 & "s hundr$s ( ill-def9$ meteoric sy/ems4 ,b cele/ial refuse is always wor? sift+1 above all1 = tok5s ( g5ealogical desc5t1 & we %\ld be unwise to neglect ! *ance ( f9d+ !m 9 ! peculi> relations ( ! zodiacal light4 ,a triple ph5om5on1 x consi/s1 :5 completely se51 ( a cone1 a b&1 & a c\nt]gl[4 ,! connection ( ^! p>ts into a :ole is obvi\s1 ?\gh enigmatical4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 only ! cone is visible4 ,x appe>s ab\t ! "t ( ! spr+ & autumn equ9oxes1 aft] sunset & be=e sunrise respectively1 z a fa9t l5ticul> illum9ation1 tap]+ upw>d f ! sun's place bel[ ! horizon to an apex high up ne> ! m]idian4 ,"u ! "n ( ! ',false ,dawn' x 0 famili>1 probably f an e>ly age1 to ,ori5tal peoples4 ,b !y look$ = x at ! opposite end ( ! night f t fav\r$ by ,european obs]v]s2 nor did ! ph5om5on attract any p>ticul> notice "h 9 ,engl& until #affj1 :5 ,jo%ua ,*ildrey publi%$ a description ( x 9 8 ,britannia ,baconica4 ,yet x _h be5 specifically obs]v$ ab\t sev5ty ye>s previ\sly by ,*ri/oph ,ro?mann ( ,hesse1 & mu/ h be5 less intellig5tly p]ceiv$ by numb]less spectators1 :o mo/ likely includ$ x1 ) su* miscellane\s objects z comets' tails1 auroral beams1 & meteor-trails1 9 ! undef9$ class ( appe>ances kn[n f ( old z trabes4 ,! light is ord9>ily mu* feebl] ?an ! ,milky ,way1 :i* x nev]!less on occasions unmi/akably out%9es4#aaa ,real fluctuations ( brightness seem implicat$ 9 ^! *anges2 yet !y foll[ no traceable law ( p]iodicity1 & are c]ta9ly indep5d5t ( ! sunspot cycle4 ,! c\nt]gl[1 fir/ rem>k$ by ,peznas 9 #agcj1aab soon fell into oblivion1 & _h to be r$iscov]$ aft] six-score ye>s by ,brors51 :o be/[$ ^u x its curr5t title ( ! ',geg5s*e94' ,( late x has be5 pretty con/antly obs]v$1 p>ticul>ly by ,pr(essor ,b>n>d1 to :om x pres5t$ itself1 ow+ to ! scant9ess ( ! available records1 z a surpris+ novelty4#aac ,surpris+ x c]ta9ly is4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,geg5s*e9 is t ( a l>ge elliptical pat* ( diffuse light1 measur+ ab\t #ab by #i degrees1 & situat$ diametrically opposite to ! sun4#aad ,n[ & aga91 ?\gh some:at r>ely1 x is p]ceiv$ to be unit$ to ! cone by ! 'zodiacal b&1' a /rip ( evanesc5t lum9osity ne>ly foll[+ ! l9e ( ! ecliptic4 ,we _c1 !n1 be mi/ak5 9 recognis+ ! great pyramidal beam c5tr$ on ! sun1 ) ! c\nt]gl[ & its l9k+ b&1 z sections ( a s+le =mation1 con/itut+ 9 a mann] ! sub/ratum ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,a rec5t obs]vation made by ,pr(essor ,newcomb "u unique conditions proves x to be mu* less exclusively 'zodiacal' ?an _h be5 suppos$4 ,look+ nor? f ! summit ( ! ,ro?horn1 at midnight1 on ,july #bi1 #aije1 he p]ceiv$ a well-m>k$ gl[ spread+ #ce degrees f ! sun's place4#aae ,x 0 ! light 9 its ?w>twise aspect1 :i* _h nev] be=e be5 se51 or ev5 look$ =2 & we le>n f x ! rem>kable fact t ! sun is enclos$ 9 a va/1 dimly lum9\s sph]e1 ) a gir? n mu* small] ?an ! orbit ( ,v5us1 & indef9itely diffus$ along ! equatorial plane4 ,not)/&+ its dim indef9it5ess1 nei!r ! spectroscope nor ! cam]a is :olly ineffective = ! scrut9y ( ?is extraord9>y appurt5ance4 ,we h le>n$ positively t its radiance is ( ! cont9u\s sort1 ! orig9 ( :i* ?r\gh ! reflection ( sunlight f small solid bodies seems m ?an probable4 ,! :ole /ructure mu/ accord+ly be ( a pulv]ul5t or meteoric nature2 x consi/s ( indep5d5tly mov+ p>ticles4 ,b to ! fur!r "q1 ,"u :at regim5 d ^! p>ticles circulate8 no decisive answ] is z yet =?com+4 ,m4 ,hansky#aaf & o!rs hold ! light to be a true sol> app5dage1 an ext5sion ( ! corona1 9 :i* case x w\ld h a =mal1 b no mat]ial p]man5ce4 ,x w\ld repres5t ! cont9ually *ang+ aggregate ( multitud9\s m9ute bodies issu+ f or repell$ by ! sun1 & 9 l>ge proportion fall+ back t[>ds 8 surface4 ,yet "s difficulty is rais$ to ?is view by ! va/ dim5sions ( ! problematical gl[4 ,t x ext5ds f> beyond ! e>?'s orbit is r5d]$ pat5t by ! ph5om5a ( ! ,geg5s*e9 & ! b&4 ,true1 ! scope ( ! sun's repulsive action _c be limit$2 /ill1 we might naturally expect its products to become too att5uat$ = recognition beyond a radius ( p]haps fifty million miles4 ,admitt+1 on ! o!r h&1 ! residual "* ( ! zodiacal light1 we %\ld attribute to x a con/itution analog\s to t ( ,saturn's r+s4 ,ea* "o ( ! cosmic atoms collect$ 9 x w\ld revolve r\nd ! sun on its own acc\nt1 sc>cely di/urb$ by its neighb\rs4 ,nor ne$ we despair ( det]m9+ ) reasonable c]ta9ty :i* way ! tru? lies 9 ?is matt]4 ,! rival hypo!ses may be tri$ by a crit]ion ! application ( :i* is by no means remotely feasible4 ,x is furni%$ by ! geometrical relations ( ! zodiacal light4 ,evid5tly1 if ! sun c claim organic connection ) x1 its axis %\ld co9cide ) ! plane ( ! sol> equator2 :ile1 if x repres5t wa/age f ! ,kantian nebula1 x %\ld /ret* along ! pr9cipal plane ( our sy/em--! plane ( maximum mom5t ( mom5tum--! plane t[>ds :i* ! primitive agglom]ation ( revolv+ p>ticles collaps$ z x cond5s$4 ,! "q ( planes is1 !n1 crucial4 ,is ! zodiacal efflu5ce plac$ symmetrically z reg>ds ! sol> equator1 or does x app]ta9 prop]ly to ! ecliptic1 :i* deviates v slightly f ! fundam5tal plane ( ! sol> sy/em8 ,! evid5ce is1 un=tunately1 contradictory4 ,mo/ obs]v]s h locat$ ! dim equ9octial cone "r along ! pa?way ( ! sun2 "s1 "u exceptionally fav\rable circum/ances1 h p]ceiv$ 9 x a m>k$ dep>ture f ! track ( ! ,signs4 ,m4 ,m>*&'s det]m9ations f ! ,pic du ,midi1 = in/ance1 indicat$ a probable co9cid5ce betwe5 ! sol> equatorial plane & ! axis ( ! light2#aag & ,dr4 ,max ,wolf succe$$1 9 #ahhi1 9 gett+ a photographic impression :i*1 ?\gh p>tial & imp]fect1 t5d$ to corroborate ,m>*&'s inf]5ce4#aah ,aga91 on ,novemb] #af1 #aijd1 :5 ! cone %[$ a rem>kable lu/re1 x 0 di/9ctly p]ceiv$ at ,knig/uhl to %e] (f & sep>ate f ! ecliptic z x m\nt$ ! sky4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t a beg9n+ has be5 made 9 photograph+ ?is enigmatical t5ant ( ! sph]e 7! feat has be5 p]=m$ at ,flag/aff z well z at ,heidelb]g71 we may confid5tly expect a spe$y reconcilem5t ( inconsi/5t /atem5ts reg>d+ its :]eab\ts4 ,until !n we _c v5ture to ass]t t x is 9 actual reality :at x appe>s to be1 a nebul\s survival4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aji3 ,ligonds1 quot$ by l',abb ,moreux1 ,le ,problme ,solaire1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,moreux1 ,le ,problme ,solaire1 p4 #acc2 ,l$g]1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,m>*1 #aije4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,humboldt1 ,cosmos1 vol4 iv41 p4 #efc 7,ott's translation72 ,maund]1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association1 vol4 viii41 p4 #agd2 ,max ,wolf1 ,knig/uhl ,report = #aijd4 ,footnote #aab3 ,p>is ,memoirs1 #agca1 quot$ by ,r4 ,wolf1 ,ges*i*te d] ,a/ronomie1 p4 #fie4 ,footnote #aac3 ,popul> ,a/ronomy1 vol4 i41 p4 #ccg4 ,footnote #aad3 ,nijl&1 ,a/r4 ,na*41 ,no4 #d1jjh4 ,footnote #aae3 ,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xxii41 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #aije1 ,no4 #f2 ,nature1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aije4 ,footnote #aag3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 tom4 cxxi41 p4 #aacd4 ,footnote #aah3 ,sitzungsb]i*te1 ,muni*1 ,bd4 ,,xxx41 p4 #aig4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,life ,,z ,,! ,,outcome ,! mak+ ( worlds1 we are assur$1 0 n purposeless1 & its mo/ obvi\s purpose to our m9ds is ! prep>ation ( suitable abodes = organic life4 ,no o!r seems ( comp>able importance2 no o!r1 inde$1 comes )9 ! full grasp ( our appreh5sive intellig5ce4 ,yet its limitations mu/ n be =gott54 ,! human /&po9t is n ! only "o f :i* ! sum ( ?+s may be survey$2 & al?\gh we be unable to quit x1 we c /ill admit t ! view obta9able f x is probably n all-embrac+4 ,we only "k ) c]ta9ty t ! end :i* appe>s to u supreme has1 9 "o case1 be5 successfully atta9$2 h[ f> x 0 s\ght to be compass$ else:]e mu/ always rema9 a matt] ( speculation4 ,on our own globe ! pres5ce ( life is none ! less my/]i\s = be+ pr(use & famili>4 ,we c trace ! /range hi/ory ( its sl[ unfold+1 b ! secret ( its initiation baffles our utmo/ scrut9y4 ,! cool$ r9d ( a once molt5 globe s]ves z ! /age = ! drama2 b5ea? x primeval heat /ill reigns4 ,temp]ature rises /eadily ) desc5t into ! int]ior ( ! e>?2 at a dep? ( ab\t two miles x mu/ rea* ! boil+-po9t ( wat] at ! sea-level4 ,?is temp]ature1 :i* is absolutely prohibitive ( vitality1 0 =m]ly1 beyond "q1 t ( ! surface4 ,at "s long pa/ epo*1 accord+ly1 our future oceans hung susp5d$ z a prodigi\s envelope ( vap\r above a hot cru/ ( slag & lava2 our teem+ planet lay b>r52 x h>b\r$ no promise1 no pot5cy1 no visible possibility ( life4 ,s x %\ld h rema9$ _h ! law ( cont9uity be5 rigidly en=c$2 b !re came a "t = a new beg9n+1 & a new beg9n+ 0 made4 ,a mom5t\s alt]ation took place2 in]t ,nature 0 quick5$2 :at _h be5 /]ile became all at once fruitful2 an immeasurable gulf 0 bridg$1 & movem5t 0 />t$ along an endless l9e ( advance4 ,t ! advance 0 set on foot & direct$ by an intellig5t ,w is ! only inf]5ce d]ivable f a rational survey ( ! kn[n facts4 ,life c be /udi$ 9 its manife/ations1 n 9 itself4 ,attempts to def9e x h s]v$ only to %[ our inability to 'lift ! pa9t$ veil4' ,we c1 h[ev]1 see t its pres5ce is att5d$ by *>act]i/ic effects1 br\ght ab\t 9 h>mony ) ! laws ( inorganic nature1 al?\gh n 9 bl9d submission to !m4 ,_! op]ation is someh[ re/ra9$1 & appe>s to be subtly ?\gh securely guid$ t[>ds det]m9ate ends prescrib$ by ! vital ne$s ( ea* animal or plant4 ,?is modify+ pr9ciple unmi/akably regulates ! economy ( e liv+ organism2 ! cessation ( its activity means dea?4 ,sci5ce has made no real progress t[>ds solv+ ! enigma ( vitality4 ,its evasiv5ess becomes1 on ! contr>y1 m app>5t z inquiry is r5d]$ m exact4 ,"u a lax] discipl9e ( ?\ght ! contra/ betwe5 life & dea? seem$ less gl>+4 ,x 0 easily tak5 = grant$ t creep+ ?+s 7 eng5d]$ by corruption1 aid be+ invok$1 if requir$1 f ! virtus cle/is ( ! eigh? sph]e4 ,?us1 ! bir? ( mice f ! damp e>? 01 9 ! n9? c5tury1 held to be signifi$ by ! ^w mus 7humus72#aai & ,van ,helmont1 at ! height ( ! revival ( le>n+1 publi%$ )\t misgiv+ a recipe = ! creation ( ! same animals4#abj ,yet !re 0 already bett] k to be _h = ! ask+2 & ,francesco ,r$i1 9 #affh1 cry/alliz$ ,h>vey's op9ion 9 ! celebrat$ maxim1 ',omne vivum ex vivo4' ,its tru? is incontrov]tible4 ,*all5g$ & te/$ aga9 & aga91 x has z (t5 be5 v9dicat$1 & may n[ be said1 despite c]ta9 anomal\s effects ( radium on veal bro?1 to /& outside ! legitimate range ( debate4 ',t life is an antec$5t to life1' ,"l ,kelv9 decl>$ 9 #ahga1 'seems to me z sure a tea*+ ( sci5ce z ! law ( gravitation4'#aba ,b ! succession is n easy to />t )9 ! t]ms ( a /rictly uni=mit>ian conv5tion4 ,! exp$i5t is tempt+1 if sc>cely satisfactory1 ( dem&+ f ! pa/ :at we d>e n claim f ! pres5t4 ,two & a half mill5niums ago x 0 already 9 vogue4 ,h]odotus dismisses a g5ealogical emb>rassm5t ) ! rem>k1 ' 1 :i* may be freely translat$1 ',9 ! long run ( "t any?+ may happ54' ,conditions1 we are apt to ?9k1 may h be5 m ela/ic long ago4 ,! prov5 impossibility ( to-day becomes vaguely ?9kable se5 ?r\gh ! mi/ ( unc\nt$ ye/]days4 ',if x 7 giv5 to me1' ,pr(essor ,huxley said1#abb 'to look beyond ! abyss ( geologically record$ "t to ! /ill m remote p]iod :5 ! e>? 0 pass+ ?r\gh physical & *emical conditions :i* x c no m see aga9 ?an a man c recall 8 infancy1 ,i %\ld expect to be a witness ( ! evolution ( liv+ protoplasm f non-liv+ matt]4' ,to ^! fir/ vital comp\nds he attribut$ a fungoid nature & mode ( gr[?1 & ! *oice depriv$ 8 speculation ( any plausibility t might o!rwise h belong$ to x4 ,fungi are n self-support+2 !y _c supply !mselves ) n\ri%m5t f ! raw mat]ials ( ! m9]al _w2 !y dep5d ^u ! hospitality ( diff]5tly organiz$ be+s4 ,!y 71 !n1 c]ta9ly n among ! 'fir/ m]cies ( nature4' ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 too1 0 incl9$ to reg>d spontane\s g5]ation z a sup]annuat$ process4 ,! leap f ! non-vital to ! vital1 n[ admitt$ by ! san] k9d ( biologi/s to be impracticable1 might h be5 tak51 x seem$ to him1 :5 '! heat ( ! e>?'s surface 0 fall+ ?r\gh ^? ranges ( temp]ature at :i* ! high] organic comp\nds are un/able4' ,b ! 'reason :y' is to seek4 ,a /]iliz$ solution is precisely "o :i* has cool$ f a high !rmal grade2 a bak$ brick is simil>ly circum/anc$4 ,:y %\ld ! appe>ance ( life 9 primeval times h be5 fav\r$ by a /ate ( ?+s fatal to x "h & n[8 ,! ess5ce ( ! biological crux resides 9 'protoplasm4' ,! ^w 0 co9$ by ,von ,mohl 9 #ahdf1 ) ! object ( emphasiz+ ! importance ( ! sub/ance x signifi$1 :i* inde$ =ms ! bulk ( e organism1 animal & vegetable1 man1 mu%room1 & amba4 ,huxley rightly t]m$ x '! physical basis ( life1' add+1 h[ev]1 ! infelicit\s conjecture t its production might h be5 "o ( ! lucky hits ( nature4 ,x w\ld h be5 a hit ( incalculable mom5t1 b ( incalculable improbability4 ',odds beyond ari?metic' 7 aga9/ t p>ticul> ?r[ com+ out ( ! ,lucretian dice-box4 ,! 'primal slime' 7to use ,ok5's phrase7 is compos$ ( oxyg51 nitrog51 hydrog51 & c>bon1 ) m9ute p]c5tages ( phosphates & o!r salts4 ,b ^! con/itu5ts are put toge!r 9 a highly artificial mann]4 ,eight or n9e hundr$ elem5t>y atoms1 9 fact1 g to ! mak+ ( "o molecule ( protoplasm1 =m+ a /ructure ( extreme complexity1 mo/ delicately balanc$ & em95tly un/able4 ,x results1 accord+ly1 f ! employm5t ( specially direct$ =ces1 & /ores1 = ! b5efit ( ! produc+ organism1 ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,left to itself1 x promptly goes to pieces1 & yields back its compon5t p>ticles to _! native inorganic sph]e4 ,! laws !re rul+ are 9 tru? adv]se to ! exi/5ce ( protoplasm2 ab&on$ to _! unmitigat$ action1 x p]i%es4 ,we %\ld !n z reasonably suppose t 9 ! geological pa/ riv]s fl[$ uphill z t inorganic nature /umbl$ bl9dly ^u ?is wond]ful po/ulate & product ( life4 ,pr(essor ,huxley affirm$ life to be 'a prop]ty ( protoplasm1' ! inevitable outcome ( '! nature & disposition ( its molecules1' & he s\ght to cov] ! absurdity ( ! dictum by claim+ z analog\s a case :olly disp>ate4 ,wat]1 he argu$1 has qualities totally unlike ^? ( oxyg5 or hydrog51 & protoplasm may simil>ly1 by m]e intricacy ( arrangem5t1 & ! evok+ ( lat5t aff9ities1 become end[$ ) ! transc5dant p[]s connect$ ) animat$ exi/5ce4 ',:at bett] philosophical /atus1 !n1' he exclaim$1 'has vitality ?an aquosity8'#abc ',true1' he add$1 'protoplasm c only be g5]at$ by protoplasm1 9 a mann] t evades our intellig5ce1 b does anybody q compreh5d ! modus op]&i ( an electric sp>k :i* trav]ses a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog58' ,! illu/ration is inapt4 ,! electric sp>k fulfils no con/ructive function4 ,x simply agitates ! molecules s z to br+ _! native aff9ities into play4 ,x acts l a me*anical bl[ on dynamite4 ,fur!r1 wat] is a /able comp\nd1 because its =mation is att5d$ by loss ( en]gy2 x repres5ts a plane p]man5tly occupi$ because rea*$ by a /eep desc5t2 b protoplasm is1 9 ?is respect1 ! antitype ( wat]4 ,x ne$s =ce = its composition2 wat] ne$s =ce = its decomposition4 ,protoplasm ne$s =ce plus a suitable app>atus2 x c be turn$ out only by an artfully adapt$ ma*9e ) a head ( /eam on4 ,x is ?us cont9ually manufactur$ by plants "u ! /imulus ( light4 ,!y provide ! app>atus1 sunbeams ! en]gy4 ,if ! supply ( p[] is cut (f1 ! ma*9]y comes to a halt1 protoplasm ceases to be g5]at$1 ! organism dies ( inanition4 ,_m ,g]man biologi/s f9d !mselves compell$1 by ! impossibility ( expla9+ vital activities 9 t]ms ( *emi/ry or physics1 to associate protoplasm ) "s k9d ( psy*ical activity4#abd ,individuality1 at lea/1 implies an ultra-mat]ial pr9ciple1 & x ass]ts itself at ! v base ( ! animal creation4 ,an amba is ! simple/ ( liv+ be+s4 ,=m]ly call$ ! ',proteus animalcule1' x is 'ev]y?+ 9 turn1 & no?+ long4' ,x c be r\nd or radiat$1 sph]ical or l5ticul>1 z mom5t>y conv5i5ce prescribes4 ,organs x has none1 its limbs are conspicu\s by abs5ce1 x is 'sans ev]y?+' t belongs to ! ord9>y outfit ( an animat$ creature4 ,yet su*-l nucleat$ globules ( protoplasm h fl\ri%$ exub]antly dur+ c\ntless ages4 ,adaptability insur$ survival4 ,an amba is at home 9 almo/ any environm5t4 ,:at x has n ready-made1 x c supply at a mom5t's notice4 ,out ( any "p ( its sub/ance x c improvise feel]s & t5tacles = ! capture ( its prey1 z well z a /oma* = its dige/ion1 & x ?us effectively goes ?r\gh ! full r\nd ( animal economy4 ,"s v>ieties1 too1 are not$ build]s4 ,^? call$ ,=am9if]a h ! faculty ( secret+ c>bonate ( lime f sea-wat]1 & con/ruct ) x fairy dwell+s1 p]=at$ 9 all directions to all[ ( ! protrusion ( exploratory filam5ts4 ,fossil *amb]$ %ells ( ?is type are extraord9>ily abundant4 ,_! d5se conglom]ation 9 ! *alk elicit$ ,buffon's exclamation t '! v du/ _h be5 alive6'#abe ,! calcaire grossi] ( :i* ,p>is is built consi/s ma9ly ( !m1 & to ?is day1 9 oceanic dep?s1 ! mat]ials ( future capitals are 9 c\rse ( prep>ation by ! monum5tal indu/ry ( ^! unpret5d+ creatures4 ,su* z !y are1 !y ma9ta9 a /atus incomp>able ) t ( non-liv+ ?+s4 ,incomp>able1 = in/ance1 z reg>ds ! wat] 9 :i* !y float4 ,! contra/ is />tl+ despite its famili>ity4 ,an amba inc>nates a purpose2 x embodies a sp>k ( p]sonal exi/5ce1 unconsci\sly sway+ ! =ces ( inorganic nature t[>ds ! ends ( its own well-be+4 ,! subord9ation is mo/ real1 ?\gh pr(\ndly my/]i\s4 ,9 ! organic & ! inorganic worlds ! same laws hold good2 ! same ultimate atoms ex]t _! pref]5ces 9 ea*2 9 nei!r is an uncaus$ effect possible4 ,a bullet c no m be fir$ f a gun t has no *>ge ?an a man c lift a f+] )\t a correspond+ outlay ( food-products4 ,accord+ly1 :ile plants /ore & animals exp5d en]gy1 plants & animals are equally incompet5t = its orig9ation4 ,:at !y c d is to appropriate & specifically apply x2 & h]e9 resides ! ess5ce ( life4 ',x w\ld seem1' ,sir ,george ,/okes wrote 9 #ahic1abf 'to be some?+ ( ! nature ( a direct+ p[]1 n c\nt]act+ ! action ( ! physical =ces1 b guid+ !m into a det]m9$ *annel4' ,:at ! p[] is 9 itself x w\ld be futile to seek to def9e4 ,we are only sure ( its be+ extra-physical4 ,matt] _c evolve a pr9ciple :i* disposes ( x z its ma/]4 ,evolution means only ! unfold+ into self-evid5ce ( some?+ already obscurely pres5t4 ,! 'lat5t process' 7to use a ,baconian t]m7 ( ! hat*+ ( an egg is typical & in/ructive4 ,yet x is n ! less recondite = be+ daily conduct$ be=e our eyes4 ,a conc\rse ( suns1 inde$1 fails to impress u ) ! unutt]able wond] ( ! 'fl[] 9 ! cranni$ wall' apo/rophiz$ by ! la/ great poet ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! two wide k+doms ( life lack a 'sci5tific fronti]4' ,! b\nd>y-l9e is ill-m>k$ & irregul>4 ,s mu* s t a few naturali/s h set up a neutral zone1 or no man's l&1 inhabit$ by creatures ( mix$ or unc]ta9 nature1 by plant-animals1 or zoophytes 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w4 ,b ! exp$i5t avails to %elt] ignorance r ?an to advance k4 ,= x seems probable t !re is no organism s imp]fectly *>act]iz$ z to be g5u9ely incapable ( giv+ a categorical answ] to ! "q1 ',"u :i* k+1 ,bezonian8' ,fungi might1 p]haps1 on a sup]ficial view1 be tak5 = hybrids4 ,!y %>e ! nature ( animals s f> z to be unable to elaborate _! own food1 :ile appe>+ 9 o!r respects to be au!ntic vegetables4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 p>asites & scav5g]s4 ,n ! smalle/ reason exi/s = suppos+ !m to con/itute a g5etic l9k betwe5 ! two *ief hi]>*ies4 ,^! are1 9 all likelihood1 fundam5tally di/9ct4 ,only by a gratuit\s hypo!sis c !y be cr$it$ ) a common ance/or4 ,ea* seeks a diff]5t k9d ( p]fection2 _! ideals1 s to speak1 foll[ div]g5t tracks4 ,t ! tracks 7 m>k$ out f ! beg9n+ may be safely affirm$2 & ?is implies radical sep>ation4 ,plants came fir/1 s9ce animals pre-suppose & imp]atively require !m2 ! antec$5ce hav+ q possibly be5 by a va/ int]val ( "t4 ,on ?is po9t1 geological evid5ce1 ?\gh inconclusive1 is sugge/ive4 ,! ,laur5tian b$s1 :i* are among ! v e>lie/ /ratifi$ =mations1 conta9 no recognisable fossils4 ,!y 7 once suppos$ to en%r9e ! rema9s ( a l[ly organism dubb$ ,eozon ,canad5se2 b ! m>k+s t simulat$ animal =ms are n[ kn[n to be ( m9]al orig94 ,laur5tian graphite1 on ! o!r h&1 occurs pl5tifully2 & graphite may be describ$ z coal at a m advanc$ /age ( m9]alization4 ,su* deposits1 we are l$ to believe1 consi/ ( alt]$ vegetable sub/ances2 & x seems to foll[ t ^! ho>y rocks are ! bury+ gr\nd ( a pr(use succession ( virg9 =e/s4 ,t !y fl\ri%$ b5ea? ! sea--71 9 fact1 compos$ ( alg--0 ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,pre/wi*1#abg & x is n easily ga9said4 ,primitive animal life 0 unque/ionably m>9e1 & ! ,huronian /rata1 :i* ov]lie ! ,laur5tian1 af=d traces ( x 9 a few sponge-spicules1 ! ca/ ( an annelid1 & su*-l scanty leav+s4 ,high] up1 ! ,cambrian s]ies sw>ms ) oceanic inv]tebrates2 fi%es1 ! fir/ type ( v]tebrates1 came ^u ! sc5e 9 ,silurian times2 & s1 by a v>i\s & surpris+ progression1 life advanc$ ?r\gh ! ages1 until ! asc5d+ sequ5ce culm9at$ ) a be+ ca/ 9 a div9] m\ld1 :o walks ! e>?1 ev5 n[1 ) face uplift$ to ! />s4 ',natus homo e/2 illum mundi melioris origo ,f9xit 9 effigiem mod]antm cuncta deorum4' ,9 ! vegetable k+dom ! vital law ( developm5t has wr\ght ) less conspicu\s effect4 ,! sup]iority ( rec5t to anci5t floras is m significant ?an /rik+4 ,a tree-f]n or a sigill>ia be>s comp>ison ) an oak mu* bett] ?an a trilobite or a plesiosaurus ) an eagle1 horse1 or lion4 ,! geological v>iations ( plants1 h[ev]1 h unmi/akably t5d$ to make !m m s]viceable to man--m s]viceable to 8 mat]ial ne$s1 & also m gratify+ to 8 /hetic in/9cts4 ,= him1 fl[]-petals 7 pa9t$ & p]fumes di/ill$2 = him1 ! grasses ( ! prairie laid up /ores ( su/a9+ nutrim5t2 9 prep>ation = 8 adv5t1 *oice fruits rip5$ & r$d5$ "u ,t]ti>y sun%9e2 :ile ! b>r5 & sombre vegetation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo* _h already done its "p by dy+ d[n into seams ( coal = ! ev5tual supply ( p[] = human indu/ry & w>m? = human com=t4 ,x w\ld be an abuse ( our read]s' pati5ce to discuss ! futile conjecture ( an extra-t]re/rial orig9 = life on our globe4 ,! ag5cy1 9 ?is connection1 ( g]m-lad5 a]olites 0 fir/ invok$ by ,ri*t] ( ,dresd52 & ,"l ,kelv9 gave curr5cy to ! notion by an incid5tal ref]5ce to x 9 #ahga f ! ,presid5tial ,*air ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,its adoption w\ld oblige u to reg>d ! d5iz5s ( our planet1 fauna & flora alike1 z salvage f ! wreck ( "s unkn[n _w 9 space4 ,cr$at ,judu ,apella4 ,to our m9ds1 ! adv5tures ( ,b>on ,mun*aus5 appe> m cr$ible ?an ! pre-natal hi/ory ( ! primal organism impli$ by ?is 'wild surmise4' ,inquiry into ! nature ( ! suppos$ organism s]ves to draw clos] ! web ( emb>rassm5t4 ,! rem>kable aridity ( meteorites excludes ! possibility ( its hav+ _h an aquatic habitat4 ,memb]s ( ! fungoid ord] are unsuit$ to act z pione]s1 ow+ to _! helplessness 9 ! matt] ( commiss>iat2 & ! spores or li*5s or mosses c\ld sc>cely be expect$ to survive ! vicissitudes ( su* a j\rney z !y mu/ h p]=m$ if meteor-borne to t]re/rial %ores4 ,! immigration hypo!sis1 moreov]1 ev5 if x 7 plausible1 c\ld n be made useful4 ,difficulties d n vani% on be+ pu%$ into a corn]2 ! problem ( life is z =midable 9 "o _w z 9 ano!r2 we %\ld n expect to f9d x easi] to squ>e ! circle 9 ,m>s ?an ,de9o/ratos f\nd x 9 ,greece2 matt]1 we are conv9c$1 has no m psy*ical initiative 9 ! sy/em ( ,arcturus ?an c be ascrib$ to x 9 ! sy/em ( ! sun4 ,pr(itless conjectures may !n be dismiss$2 !y d n help u out ( ! sl\gh ( intellectual impot5ce4 ,?is ne$ n1 inde$1 be absolute4 ,! det]m9ation to reg>d ?+s me*anically alone r5d]s !m un9telligible4 ,sci5ce becomes unsci5tific :5 x refuses to be guid$ by exp]i5ce2 & we h ! pla9e/ te/imony ( consci\sness to ! work+ 9 ourselves ( orig9ative faculties indep5d5t (1 & irrepressible by1 physical ag5cies4 ,"h we hold ! clue to ! labyr9?4 ,! intimation convey$ is di/9ct ( a ,p[] outside nature1 cont9ually & inscrutably act+ = ord]1 elevation1 & vivification4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aai3 ,hewitt1 ,problems ( ! ,age1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #abj3 ,pa/eur1 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 tome xliv41 p4 #f1 #ahfb4 ,footnote #aba3 ,popul> ,lectures & ,addresses1 vol4 ii41 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #abb3 ,report ,briti% ,association1 #ahgj1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #abc3 ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 i41 p4 #aec ,footnote #abd3 ,neumei/]1 ,betra*tung5 b] das ,wes5 d] ,leb5s]s*e9ung51 #aijc4 ,footnote #abe3 ,ow51 ,palontology1 pp4 #aa1 #ad4 ,footnote #abf3 ,gif=d ,lectures1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #abg3 ,geology1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bb4 ,,index ,alex&]1 /ructure ( ! ,milky ,way1 #bad ,amba1 v]satile organization1 #bgd-e ,anaxim&]1 g5]aliz$ matt]1 #e ,anaxim5es1 air z ! ',ur/(f1' #d1 #aea ,ari/otle1 conception ( nature1 #h2 solid sph]es1 #ac ,a/]oids1 orbital relations1 #bcf ,bab9et1 objection to ,laplace's cosmogony1 #dd ,bacon1 elem5tal triad1 #aea ,ball1 ,sir ,rob]t1 me*anics ( a cond5s+ nebula1 #gi1 #bji-aj ,b>n>d1 discov]ies ( nebul1 #bab2 obs]vations ( ! ,geg5s*e91 #bei ,becqu]el1 detection ( radio-activity1 #aeg1 #afb ,bessel1 a/ronomy ( ! invisible1 #ada ,bode's law ( planet>y di/ances1 #bf ,brors51 ! zodiacal c\nt]gl[1 #bei ,bruno1 a platonic pan!i/1 #i ,buffon1 comet>y impacts1 #fa2 fossil =am9if]a1 #bge ,campbell1 sy/em ( ,gem9orum1 #aac2 numb] ( spectroscopic b9>ies1 #adc2 d5sity ( nebulium1 #aec ,*ladni1 meteoric cosmogony1 #aah ,comets1 position 9 ,c>tesian sy/em1 #ab-ac2 9 t ( ,laplace1 #acf2 orig91 #gc-d1 #beb-d2 meteoric relations1 #abb-d1 #acc2 sol> dep5dants1 #acc1 #adj1 #bcf1 #bea2 nebul> aff9ities1 #acg1 #bed-e2 insignificant mass1 #bdb ,cosmogony1 primitive1 #a-c1 #ad2 philosophical1 #c-g2 sci5tific1 #g1 #ae2 ( ,desc>tes1 #aa-ac1 #fj2 ,kant's1 #ba-bh1 #fa-b1 #beb1 #bed2 ,laplace's1 #bi-cc1 #ch-ec1 #eg-fa1 #ach1 #bce2 ,h]s*el's1 #ce-g1 #acf1 #aii-bja2 ,faye's1 #fh-gf1 #ha1 #abi2 ,locky]'s1 #abe-acd2 sid]eal1 #aje-g1 #ade-g1 #bag-bcj ,crookes1 ,sir ,william1 protyle1 #e1 #adi2 radiant matt]1 #aed1 #aef-g2 future ( ! _w1 #afc ,curie1 ,madame1 discov]y ( radium1 #afb ,dalton1 comb9+ equival5ts1 #aeb ,d>k />s1 #ada1 #bbf-g ,d>w91 cond5sation ( nebul\s r+s1 #db1 #ea2 hi/ory ( e>?-moon sy/em1 #hg-ib1 #id1 #ig1 #adb2 equilibrium ( rotat+ globes1 #ajb1 #ajd-e1 #aab1 #adc2 fluid pressure on meteor-sw>ms1 #abi1 #aca2 spiral nebul1 #bje ,delambre1 on cosmic speculations1 #ad1 #ae ,democritus1 me*anical !ory ( ! _w1 #e1 #bb ,desc>tes1 !ory ( vortices1 #aa-ac ,dissipation ( en]gy1 #bbi ,d\ble />s1 g5esis & developm5t1 #ih-i1 #ajf-g1 #adb-e1 #bbf-g2 occult+1 #ajh-aac2 v>iable1 #aac-aae1 #adc2 'dumb-bell' type1 #aae1 #aaf1 #adc2 frequ5cy ( occurr5ce1 #add1 #bcd ,e>?1 effective rigidity1 #hf2 critical situation1 #hg2 antique disruption1 #hi1 #ia2 tidal effects ^u1 #ij1 #bdd2 meteoric intakes1 #aai-abj1 #acc2 int]nal heat1 #bff ,ea/on1 ! galactic spiral1 #bad ,eclipses1 /ell>1 #ajg-h2 que/ionable occurr5ce1 #aji-aac2 crit]ion ( reality1 #aad ,electricity1 dis*>ge ?r\gh vacua1 #aed2 relations ) dis9tegrat$ matt]1 #aee1 #aei-afj1 #afc2 gravity expla9$ by1 #agg-h1 #agi2 dual prop]ties1 #ahj-aha2 fundam5tal 9 nature1 #ahb2 e!real transmission1 #ahe ,electrons1 copi\s production1 #agd2 /ra9-c5tres1 #ahi-aij1 #aie2 ultimates ( matt]1 #bca ,elem5ts1 anci5t & m$ival ideas reg>d+1 #e1 #aea2 g5esis1 #aeb1 #bcj-bca ,emp$ocles1 f\r elem5ts1 #e1 #aea ,e!r1 9 ,c>tesian philosophy1 #ab2 evasive "*1 #aei1 #ahc1 #aig-h2 relation to gravity1 #age1 #ahe2 prop]ties1 #ahd1 #aia1 #aic-d ,evolution1 ( sol> sy/em1 #bb1 #bda1 #bej2 ( />s1 #ce-f1 #bag-bbe2 ( /ell> sy/ems1 #ih-i1 #ajf-g1 #adb-e1 #bbf-g2 ( nebul1 #ade-f1 #bjj-baa2 ( ! *emical elem5ts1 #aea1 #bcj-bca ,faye1 objections to ,laplace's cosmogony1 #be2 modifi$ s*eme1 #fh-gc1 #ha1 #abi2 duration ( ! sun1 #gf ,flem+1 nature ( electrons1 #aie ,fro/ & ,adams1 spectroscopic b9>ies1 #adc1 #bba ,galileo1 fir/ law ( motion1 #ab ,gold/e91 ca?ode-rays1 #aee ,gravitation1 mode ( action1 #afh1 #ahe2 velocity ( transmission1 #afi1 #age1 #agg2 explanatory hypo!ses1 #agj-agi ,hale1 relation%ips ( c>bon />s1 #bbe ,halley1 nature ( nebul1 #cf ,hansky1 /atus ( zodiacal light1 #bfa ,h>vey1 life f life1 #bfh ,helium1 pres5t 9 ! sun1 #ee2 orig9 by atomic decay1 #aeh1 #bcj2 absorption 9 />s1 #bbj1 #bbb-c2 a con/itu5t ( nebul1 #bcj ,helmholtz1 ma9t5ance ( sol> heat1 #ca1 #cd1 #ce1 #gd-e ,helmont1 spontane\s g5]ation1 #bfh ,h]acleitus1 elem5tal evolution1 #aea ,h]odotus1 omnipot5ce ( "t1 #bfi ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 nature ( atoms1 #aef2 ,saturn's satellites1 #bdj ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,william1 ,uranian sy/em1 #bi2 sid]eal evolution1 #ce-f1 #cg1 #acf2 obs]vations ( nebul1 #aii2 hi/ory ( _! gr[?1 #bjj-bja ,hugg9s1 ,sir ,william1 discov]y ( gase\s nebul1 #ed1 #aec ,hugg9s1 ,sir ,william & ,lady1 /ell> developm5t1 #bbf ,huxley1 orig9 ( life1 #bfi1 #bga1 #bgb ,hydrog51 molecul> velocity1 #ee2 ! unit-atom1 #aeb2 t5uity1 #aec2 absorption 9 />s1 #bba-b ,isl&-univ]ses1 #ed ,jeans1 figures ( equilibrium1 #ajd-e2 nature ( radio-activity1 #aif ,jupit]'s sy/em1 #bdj-a ,kant1 cosmological speculations1 #bj-bh1 #fj-fb1 #beb1 #bed2 tidal effects1 #bg1 #hd-e2 ,saturn's r+s1 #di2 /atus ( comets1 #gc ,kelv91 ,"l1 ,lesage's !ory ( gravitation1 #agd2 vortex-atoms1 #ahg2 dissipation ( en]gy1 #bbi2 orig9 ( life1 #bfh1 #bhj ,kepl]1 physical a/ronomy1 #aj ,kirkwood1 objection to nebul> hypo!sis1 #ej1 #ea2 effects ( sol> tidal friction1 #fg ,lamb]t1 sid]eal con/ruction1 #ag-ah ,langley1 mass ( meteoric infalls1 #aai ,laplace1 hypo!sis ( planet>y orig91 #be1 #bi-ca1 #cc1 #cf-db1 #eb-c1 #eh-i1 #fj-fb1 #bce2 ,saturn's r+-sy/em1 #di2 ,mcanique ,cle/e1 #eg2 /atus ( comets1 #gc1 #acf ,l>mor1 s*eme ( molecul> physics1 #ahh2 def9ition ( e!r1 #ahi1 #aic ,l5>d1 ca?ode-rays1 #aeg ,lesage1 rationale ( gravity1 #agb-c1 #age ,lewis1 masses ( d\ble />s1 #bbf ,ligonds1 s*eme ( planet>y gr[?1 #gg-h1 #ha1 #beb2 comets z survivals1 #bec1 #bef ,locky]1 ,sir ,norman1 meteoritic hypo!sis1 #abe-g2 enhanc$ l9es1 #bbc ,lor5tz1 electrical hypo!sis ( gravity1 #agg-h1 #ahe ,magellanic cl\ds1 spiral con=mation1 #bac ,m>*&1 plane ( ! zodiacal light1 #bfc ,m>s1 rotation (1 #dg-h ,maxwell1 orig9 ( matt]1 #afa2 corpuscul> !ory ( gravitation1 #agc ,may]1 ,j4 ,r41 effects ( tidal friction1 #hg ,m]cury1 action ^u ( sol> tides1 #hh1 #if2 ecc5tric orbit1 #bdb ,meteoritic =mation ( planets1 #bh-i1 #aai-abb1 #abe1 #abh1 #aca-c2 ( comets1 #abb-d2 ( nebul1 #abf-g1 #acd ,meteors1 abundance1 #aai1 #acc2 m9]alogy1 #aba-b1 #acd2 hyp]bolic orbits1 #acc2 att5dance on ! sun1 #bcf ,meteor-sw>ms1 progressive disp]sal1 #gb1 #abd2 con/itution1 #abb-d1 #abh-aca2 primitive exi/5ce1 #acd ,milky ,way1 !ories reg>d+1 #af-ag1 #bae2 undevelop$ condition1 #bja1 #bjg2 relation to sun's movem5t1 #bdg ,mohl1 protoplasm1 #bgj ,mom5t ( mom5tum1 #bc1 #dj1 #dd1 #de1 #fe1 #bji ,moon1 orig91 #hg-ib1 #ig1 #aci1 #ade2 retreat f ! e>?1 #bdd ,m\lton1 nebul> cosmogony1 #dd1 #ea1 #hb ,my]s1 sy/ems ( ,lyr & ,u ,pegasi1 #aji-aaj ,nebul1 gase\s composition1 #cg1 #aec1 #bja1 #bje2 illusory resolution1 #ec2 spiral /ructure1 #gi-hj1 #ajf1 #adf1 #aij1 #bjd-bjh1 #baa-bad2 classification1 #aii2 developm5t1 #bjj-bjb1 #bje1 #bjg-baa2 relation to />s1 #bjb-c1 #bje2 helium +r$i5t1 #bcj1 #bee ,nebul> hypo!sis1 prop\nd$ by ,kant1 #bb-h2 by ,laplace1 #bi-ca1 #ch1 #eb-c1 #fa2 difficulties1 #ci-eb1 #ed-f2 am5dm5ts1 #fj-hb ,nebulium1 a con/itu5t ( nebul1 #ed1 #aec1 #bja ,neptune1 retrograde sy/em (1 #dc1 #eb1 #bcg ,newcomb1 transv]se obs]vation ( ! zodiacal light1 #bfj ,newton1 transmission ( gravity1 #ahd1 #ahe ,nova ,p]sei1 nebul\s appurt5ance1 #bjf ,p]r9e1 new ,jovian satellites1 #bdj ,peznas1 notice ( ! c\nt]gl[1 #bei ,phobos1 anomal\s revolution1 #dg-h1 #bcg ,phbe1 retrograde motion1 #if1 #bcg-h ,pick]+1 ,e4 ,c41 b9>y nature ( ,v ,puppis1 #aab2 /ructural relations ( ! ,loop$ ,nebula1 #bac ,pick]+1 ,w4 ,h41 orig9 ( ,phbe1 #ig1 #bch2 photograph ( a great nebula1 #bab2 satellite discov]ies1 #bcg1 #bdj ,plato1 conception ( a _w-s\l1 #h ,po9c>1 rotational equilibrium1 #aja1 #aje1 #aaj1 #adc2 de/9y ( ! sol> sy/em1 #bdc-d ,pre/wi*1 ,laur5tian graphite1 #bgi ,proctor1 /ructure ( ! ,milky ,way1 #bad ,protoplasm1 its prop]ties1 #bgj-bgc ,protyle1 suppos$ discov]y1 #adi1 #aed-g2 function & qualities1 #aeb2 cosmic relations1 #afd-e ,pr\t1 unity ( matt]1 #aeb ,radio-activity1 possible effects1 #cc-d1 #bbi2 discov]y1 #aeg2 nature & cause1 #aeh-i1 #afb-c1 #aif ,r$ />s1 aff9ities1 #bbd-f ,r$i1 transmission ( life1 #bfh ,reynolds1 explanation ( gravity1 #agj2 molecul> physics1 #ahh1 #aib-c ,ri*t]1 g]m-lad5 a]olites1 #bhj ,rob]ts1 ,a4 ,w41 sy/ems ( ,r#b ,c5tauri & ( ,v ,puppis1 #aaa1 #aac ,rob]ts1 ,isaac1 spiral arrangem5ts ( />s1 #bad ,ro*e1 planet-mak+ exp$i5ts1 #dh2 recon/ruction ( ,laplace's hypo!sis1 #fb-fg ,ro*e's limit1 #fc1 #aae-f ,rntg5 rays1 discov]y1 #aeg2 e!real nature1 #aeh1 #agf2 electronic effects1 #afc2 sugge/$ connection ) gravity1 #agf ,ro?mann1 e>ly notice ( ! zodiacal light1 #bef ,russell1 photographs ( ,magellanic ,cl\ds1 #bac ,ru!r=d1 atomic dis9tegration1 #afb ,satellites1 p]iods ( revolution1 #df2 anomalies ( movem5t1 #dg-h1 #eb1 #if1 #bcf-i2 effects on ( tidal friction1 #ic-d1 #if1 #ig1 #bch2 orig9 by fission1 #aje2 'a/]oidal1' #bci-dj ,saturnian sy/em1 an example to cosmogoni/s1 #da1 #ga2 anomalies1 #di1 #eb1 #if1 #bcg-bdj ,s*aeb]le1 photographs ( nebul\s spirals1 #bjd1 #bab ,sec*i1 />-classification1 #bai ,see1 tidal friction 9 /ell> sy/ems1 #ih1 #adb ,%elley's ,demiorgon1 #i ,sol> sy/em1 orig91 #bb1 #ci-db1 #fi-hb1 #bda2 anomalies1 #bi1 #dc-eb1 #bcf-bda2 me*anism1 #cj1 #bcd-e2 /ability1 #bce1 #bdb2 spr+s ( decad5ce1 #bdc-e2 translation1 #bde-h ,spectroscopic b9>ies1 #ih1 #aab-aad1 #adb-d1 #bba ,sp5c]1 /atus ( nebul1 #ed2 spontane\s g5]ation1 #bgj ,sp9oza1 pan!i/ic views1 #i ,/>s1 relations to nebul1 #ce-f1 #bjb-c2 di/ribution1 #adg2 relative ages1 #bag-bba1 #bbe2 spectra1 #bba-e ,/okes1 ,sir ,george1 nature ( life1 #bgf ,/oney1 criticism ( gravitational hypo!sis1 #agi ,sun1 mode ( developm5t1 #be1 #ca2 ma9t5ance ( heat1 #ca-e2 helium-con/itu5t1 #ee-f2 /ell> relation%ips1 #bbd-e2 actual /&+1 #bcb-c2 motion 9 space1 #bde-h ,sw$5borg1 cosmic evolution1 #d1 #f1 #ae ,?ales1 ideas ( cosmic evolution1 #d1 #ad1 #aea ,?omson1 ,j4 ,j41 mass ( corpuscles1 #aeh2 gravitational effects1 #agc2 ,rntg5 rays & gravity1 #agf2 e!r & matt]1 #aij ,tidal friction1 effects 9 e>?-moon sy/em1 #bh1 #hg-ib1 #id1 #ig1 #bdd2 9 o!r sub-sy/ems1 #dh1 #ej1 #ic-g1 #bch-i2 on b9>y />s1 #ih-i1 #ajh1 #adb2 modify+ p[]1 #df-g1 #fg-h1 #hc-g ,tiss]&1 transmission-rate ( gravity1 #age ,uranian sy/em1 retrograde motion1 #dc1 #eb1 #gj1 #bcg ,v>iable />s1 #ajh-aae ,v5us1 mode ( rotation1 #if ,vogel1 /ell> developm5t1 #bai1 #bbe ,:ewell1 /atus ( nebul1 #ed ,:ittak]1 undulatory !ory ( gravity1 #agh-i ,wilson1 radium 9 ! sun1 #cd ,wolf1 ,c41 motion ( ,phobos1 #dh2 sol> tidal friction1 #fg2 criticism ( ,faye's cosmogony1 #gc ,wolf1 ,max1 photographs ( ! zodiacal light1 #bfc ,_w ,s\l1 function 9 cosmogony1 #h-i ,wright1 !ory ( ! ,milky ,way1 #af-ag1 #ah1 #bj ,zodiacal light1 orig91 #bef-g1 #bfa1 #bfd2 triple aspect1 #beg-fj2 transv]sal dim5sions1 #bfj2 con/itution1 #bfb2 plane ( ext5sion1 #bfb-c ,,bill+ ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,guild=d