,illu/ration3 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,devas ,,celebrat+ ,,! ,,atta9m5t ,,( ,,! ,,buddha%ip4 ,a ,,record ,,( ,,buddhi/ic ,,k+doms ,,be+ ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,by ,,! ,,*9ese ,,monk ,f-,,hi5 ,,( ,,8 ,,travels ,,9 ,,india ,,& ,,ceylon 7,a4,d4 #cii-dad7 ,,9 ,,se>* ,,( ,,! ,,buddhi/ ,,books ,,( ,,discipl9e ,,translat$ ,,& ,,annotat$ ,,) ,a ,,corean ,,rec5sion ,,( ,,! ,,*9ese ,,text ,,by ,,james ,,legge1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ! ,*9ese ,language & ,lit]ature ,ox=d ,,at ,,! ,,cl>5don ,,press #ahhf ,all rights res]v$ ,,cont5ts ,page ,,preface xi ,,introduction4 ,life ( ,f-hi52 g5u95ess & integrity ( ! text ( 8 n>rative2 numb] ( ! adh]5ts ( ,buddhism4 #a ,,*apt] ,i4 ,f ,*ang-gan to ! ,s&y ,des]t4 #i ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,on to ,%5-%5 & !nce to ,khot54 #ab ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,khot54 ,processions ( images4 ,! k+'s ,new mona/]y4 #af ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,?r\gh ! ,tsung or #8,onion' m\nta9s to ,keeh-*2 probably ,sk>do1 or "s city m to ! ,ea/ 9 ,ladak4 #ba ,,*apt] ,v4 ,great qu9qu5nial assembly ( monks4 ,relics ( ,buddha4 ,productions ( ! c\ntry4 #bb ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,on t[>ds ,nor? ,india4 ,d>ada4 ,image ( ,maitreya ,bodhisattva4 #bd ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,cross+ ( ! ,indus4 ,:5 ,buddhism fir/ cross$ t riv] = ! ,ea/4 #bf ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,woo-*ang1 or ,udyna4 ,mona/]ies & _! ways4 ,traces ( ,buddha4 #bh ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,soo-ho-to4 ,leg5d ( ,buddha4 #cj ,,*apt] ,x4 ,g&hra4 ,leg5ds ( ,buddha4 #ca ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,taksahil4 ,leg5ds4 ,! f\r great topes4 #cb ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,puru%apura1 or ,pe%w>4 ,prophecy ab\t k+ ,kani%ka & 8 tope4 ,buddha's alms-b[l4 ,dea? ( ,hwuy-y+4 #cc ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,nagra4 ,fe/ival ( ,buddha's skull-bone4 ,o!r relics1 & 8 %ad[4 #cf ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,dea? ( ,hwuy-k+ 9 ! ,little ,sn[y m\nta9s4 ,lo-e4 ,poh-n4 ,cross+ ! ,indus to ! ,ea/4 #dj ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,bhida4 ,sympa?y ( monks ) ! pilgrims4 #da ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,on to ,ma?ur1 or ,muttra4 ,condition & cu/oms ( ,c5tral ,india2 ( ! monks1 vihras1 & mona/]ies4 #db ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,sakya4 ,buddha's asc5t to & desc5t f ! ,traya/riz heav51 & o!r leg5ds #dg ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,kanykubja1 or ,can\ge4 ,buddha's prea*+4 #ec ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,%-*e4 ,leg5d ( ,buddha's ,danta-k%ha4 #ed ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,koala & rva/4 ,! ,jetavana vihra & o!r memorials & leg5ds ( ,buddha4 ,sympa?y ( ! monks ) ! pilgrims4 #ee ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,! ?ree pr$ecessors ( kyamuni 9 ! buddha%ip4 #fc ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,kapilava/u4 ,its desolation4 ,leg5ds ( ,buddha's bir?1 & o!r incid5ts 9 connexion ) x4 #fd ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,rma1 & its tope4 #fh ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,:]e ,buddha f9ally r5\nc$ ! _w1 & :]e he di$4 #gj ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,vail ,! tope call$ #8,weapons laid d[n4' ,! ,c\ncil ( ,vail4 #gb ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,rem>kable dea? ( n&a4 #ge ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,paliputtra1 or ,patna1 9 ,magadha4 ,k+ ,aoka's _s-built palace & halls4 ,! ,buddhi/ ,brahmn1 ,rdhasmi4 ,disp5s>ies & hospitals4 #gg ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,rjagiha1 ,new & ,old4 ,leg5ds & incid5ts connect$ ) x4 #hj ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,gidhra-ka hill1 & leg5ds4 ,f-hi5 passes a night on x4 ,8 reflections4 #hb ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,! ratap>a cave1 or cave ( ! ,fir/ ,c\ncil4 ,leg5ds4 ,suicide ( a ,bhik%u4 #hd ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,gay4 kyamuni's atta9+ to ! ,buddha%ip2 & o!r leg5ds4 #hg ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,leg5d ( k+ ,aoka 9 a =m] bir?1 & 8 n>aka4 #ij ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,m\nt ,gurupada1 :]e ,kyapa ,buddha's entire skeleton is4 #ib ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,on ! way back to ,patna4 ,vrz1 or ,b5res4 kyamuni's fir/ do+s aft] becom+ ,buddha4 #ic ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,dak%ia1 & ! pigeon mona/]y4 #if ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,9 ,patna4 ,f-hi5's lab\rs 9 transcription ( manuscripts1 & ,indian /udies = ?ree ye>s4 #ih ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,to ,*amp & ,tmalipt4 ,/ay & lab\rs !re = ?ree ye>s4 ,takes %ip to ,s+hala1 or ,ceylon4 #ajj ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,at ,ceylon4 ,rise ( ! k+dom4 ,feats ( ,buddha4 ,topes & mona/]ies4 ,/atue ( ,buddha 9 jade4 ,bo tree4 ,fe/ival ( ,buddha's too?4 #aja ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,cremation ( an ,arhat4 ,s]mon ( a devotee4 #ajg ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,aft] two ye>s takes %ip = ,*9a4 ,disa/r\s passage to ,java2 & !nce to ,*9a2 arrives at ,%an-tung2 & goes to ,nank+4 ,conclusion or l'envoi by ano!r writ]4 #aaa ,,*9ese ,,text3 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations1 c4 ,sket*-map ( ,f-hi5's travels ,to face ,introduction1 page #a ,i4 ,dream ( ,buddha's "m ( 8 inc>nation ,to face p4 #fe ,,ii4 ,buddha j born1 ) ! ngas supply+ wat] to wa% him ,to face p4 #fg ,,iii4 ,buddha toss+ ! :ite elephant ov] ! wall ,to face p4 #ff ,,iv4 ,buddha 9 solitude & endur+ au/]ities ,to face p4 #hg ,v4 ,buddha%ip atta9$ ,to face p1 #hh ,,vi4 ,! devas celebrat+ ! atta9m5t ( ! ,buddha%ip ,to face ! ,title ,,vii4 ,buddha's dy+ in/ructions ,to face p4 #gj ,,viii4 ,buddha's dea? ,to foll[ ,,vii ,,ix4 ,division ( ,buddha's relics ,to foll[ ,,viii ,,preface ,sev]al times dur+ my long resid5ce 9 ,hong ,kong ,i endeav\r$ to read ?r\gh ! #8,n>rative ( ,f-,hi52' b ?\gh int]e/$ ) ! graphic details ( mu* ( ! "w1 its columns bri/l$ s con/antly--n[ ) 8 phonetic repres5tations ( ,sanskrit words1 & n[ ) 8 sub/itution = !m ( _! mean+s 9 ,*9ese *>act]s1 & ,i 01 moreov]1 s mu* occupi$ ) my own special lab\rs on ! ,confucian ,classics1 t my success 0 f> f satisfactory4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,eitel's 8,h&book = ! ,/ud5t ( ,*9ese ,buddhism0 appe>$ 9 #ahgj1 ! difficulty occasion$ by ! ,sanskrit words & names 0 remov$1 b ! o!r difficulty rema9$2 & ,i 0 n able to look into ! book aga9 = sev]al ye>s4 ,nor _h ,i mu* inducem5t to d s 9 ! two copies ( x :i* ,i _h be5 able to procure1 on poor pap]1 & pr9t$ f blocks badly cut at fir/1 & s worn ) use z to yield books ! rev]se ( attractive 9 _! appe>ance to ! /ud5t4 ,9 ! meantime ,i kept /udy+ ! subject ( ,buddhism f v>i\s s\rces2 & 9 #ahgh began to lecture1 "h 9 ,ox=d1 on ! ,travels ) my ,davis ,*9ese s*ol>1 :o 0 at ! same "t ,bod5 ,sanskrit s*ol>4 ,z we w5t on1 ,i wrote out a translation 9 ,engli% = my own satisfaction ( ne>ly half ! n>rative4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( la/ ye> ,i made ,f-,hi5 aga9 ! subject ( lecture1 wrote out a second translation1 indep5d5t ( ! =m]1 & pu%$ on till ,i _h complet$ ! :ole4 ,! want ( a good & cle> text _h be5 suppli$ by my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,bunyiu ,nanjio1 :o s5t to me f ,japan a copy1 ! text ( :i* is app5d$ to ! translation & notes1 & ( ! nature ( :i* "s acc\nt is giv5 9 ! ,introduction 7page #d71 & t[>ds ! end ( ?is ,preface4 ,! pres5t "w consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 ! ,translation ( ,f-,hi5's ,n>rative ( 8 ,travels2 copi\s ,notes2 & ! ,*9ese ,text ( my copy f ,japan4 ,x is = ! ,translation t ,i hold myself m especially responsible4 ,portions ( x 7 writt5 out ?ree times1 & ! :ole ( x twice4 ,:ile prep>+ my own v]sion ,i made frequ5t ref]5ce to previ\s translations3--^? ( ,m4 ,abel ,rmusat1 #8,revu1 complt1 et augm5t d'claircissem5ts n\veaux p> ,,mm4 ,klapro? et ,l&resse' 7,p>is1 #ahcf72 ( ! ,rev4 ,samuel ,beal 7,london1 #ahfi71 & 8 revision ( x1 prefix$ to 8 #8,buddhi/ ,records ( ! ,we/]n ,_w' 7,trbn]'s ,ori5tal ,s]ies1 #ahhd72 & ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,a4 ,giles1 ( ,h4,m4's ,consul> ,s]vice 9 ,*9a 7#ahgg74 ,to ^! ,i h to add a s]ies ( articles on #8,f-,hsi5 & 8 ,engli% ,translators1' by ,mr4 ,t4 ,watt]s1 ,briti% ,consul at -,*ang 7,*9a ,review1 #ahgi1 #ahhj74 ,^? articles are ( ! highe/ value1 display+ accuracy ( ,*9ese s*ol>%ip & an ext5sive k ( ,buddhism4 ,i h regrett$ t ,mr4 ,watt]s1 :ile review+ o!rs1 did n himself write out & publi% a v]sion ( ! :ole ( ,f-,hi5's n>rative4 ,if he _h done s1 ,i %\ld probably h ?\ght t1 on ! :ole1 no?+ m rema9$ to be done = ! di/+ui%$ ,*9ese pilgrim 9 ! way ( translation4 ,mr4 ,watt]s _h to judge ( ! comp>ative m]its ( ! v]sions ( ,beal & ,giles1 & pron\nce on ! _m po9ts ( cont5tion betwe5 !m4 ,i h endeav\r$ to es*ew ^? matt]s1 & h seldom made rem>ks ( a critical nature 9 def5ce ( r5d]+s ( my own4 ,! ,*9ese n>rative runs on )\t any break4 ,x 0 ,klapro? :o divid$ ,rmusat's translation into =ty *apt]s4 ,! division is helpful to ! read]1 & ,i h foll[$ x except+ 9 ?ree or f\r in/ances4 ,9 ! repr9t$ ,*9ese text ! *apt]s are sep>at$ by a circle 77 9 ! column4 ,9 translit]at+ ! names ( ,*9ese *>act]s ,i h g5]ally foll[$ ! spell+ ( ,morrison r ?an ! ,pek9ese1 :i* is n[ 9 vogue4 ,we _c tell exactly :at ! pronunciation ( !m 01 ab\t fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 9 ! "t ( ,f-,hi52 b ! s\!rn m&>9 mu/ be a %ade ne>] to x ?an t ( ,pek+ at ! pres5t day4 ,9 translit]at+ ! ,indian names ,i h = ! mo/ "p foll[$ ,dr4 ,eitel1 ) su* modification z seem$ good & 9 h>mony ) gr[+ usage4 ,= ! ,notes ,i c d little m ?an claim ! m]it ( selection & cond5sation4 ,my fir/ object 9 !m 0 to expla9 :at 9 ! text requir$ explanation to an ,engli% read]4 ,all ,*9ese texts1 & ,buddhi/ texts especially1 are new to =eign /ud5ts4 ,"o has to d = !m :at _m hundr$s ( ! able/ s*ol>s 9 ,europe h done = ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,classics dur+ sev]al hundr$ ye>s1 & :at ! ?\s&s ( critics & comm5tators h be5 do+ ( our ,sacr$ ,scriptures = ne>ly eighte5 c5turies4 ,!re are few pr$ecessors 9 ! field ( ,*9ese lit]ature into ^: lab\rs translators ( ! pres5t c5tury c ent]4 ,?is w be receiv$1 ,i hope1 z a suffici5t apology = ! m9ut5ess & l5g? ( "s ( ! notes4 ,a second object 9 !m 0 to tea* myself fir/1 & !n o!rs1 some?+ ( ! hi/ory & doctr9es ( ,buddhism4 ,i h ?\ght t !y might be le>n$ bett] 9 connexion ) a lively n>rative l t ( ,f-hi5 ?an by read+ didactic descriptions & argum5tative books4 ,su* has be5 my own exp]i5ce4 ,! books :i* ,i h consult$ = ^! notes h be5 _m1 besides ,*9ese works4 ,my pr9cipal help has be5 ! full & ma/]ly h&book ( ,eitel1 m5tion$ already1 & (t5 ref]r$ to z ,e4,h4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy's #8,ea/]n ,mona*ism' 7,e4,m47 & #8,manual ( ,buddhism' 7,m4,b47 h be5 con/antly 9 h&1 z well z ,rhys ,davids' ,buddhism1 publi%$ by ! ,society = ,promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k1 8 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 & 8 ,buddhi/ ,suttas 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 & o!r writ+s4 ,i ne$ n m5tion o!r au?orities1 hav+ endeav\r$ always to specify !m :]e ,i make use ( !m4 ,my proximity & access to ! ,bodleian ,libr>y & ! ,indian ,in/itute h be5 ( great advantage4 ,i may be all[$ to say t1 s f> z my own /udy ( x has gone1 ,i ?9k !re are _m ?+s 9 ! va/ field ( ,buddhi/ lit]ature :i* /ill require to be c>efully h&l$4 ,h[ f>1 = in/ance1 are we entitl$ to reg>d ! pres5t ,stras z g5u9e & suffici5tly accurate copies ( ^? :i* 7 accept$ by ! ,c\ncils be=e our ,*ri/ian era8 ,c any?+ be done to trace ! rise ( ! leg5ds & m>vels ( ,sakyamuni's hi/ory1 :i* 7 curr5t s e>ly 7z x seems to u7 z ! "t ( ,f-hi51 & :i* />tle u s frequ5tly by simil>ities betwe5 !m & n>ratives 9 our ,gospels8 ,dr4 ,h]mann ,old5b]g1 c]ta9ly a great au?ority on ,buddhi/ic subjects1 says t #8a biography ( ,buddha has n come d[n to u f anci5t times1 f ! age ( ! ,pali texts2 &1 we c safely say1 no su* biography exi/$ !n' 7#8,buddha--,8 ,life1 ,8 ,doctr9e1 ,8 ,ord]1' z translat$ by ,hoey1 p4 #gh74 ,he has also 79 ! same "w1 pp4 #ii1 #daf1 #dag7 come to ! conclusion t ! hi!rto un*all5g$ tradition t ! ,buddha 0 #8a k+'s son' mu/ be giv5 up4 ,! "n #8k+'s son' 79 ,*9ese 71 always us$ ( ! ,buddha1 c]ta9ly requires to be und]/ood 9 ! highe/ s5se4 ,i am cont5t myself to wait = fur!r in=mation on ^! & o!r po9ts1 z ! result ( prolong$ & c>eful rese>*4 ,dr4 ,rhys ,davids has k9dly read ! pro(s ( ! ,translation & ,notes1 & ,i mo/ c]ta9ly ?ank him = do+ s1 = 8 _m valuable corrections 9 ! ,notes1 & = o!r sugge/ions :i* ,i h receiv$ f him4 ,i may n always ?9k on v>i\s po9ts exactly z he does1 b ,i am n m =w>d ?an he is to say ) ,horace1-- #8,nullius addictus jur>e 9 v]ba magi/ri4' ,i h ref]r$ above1 & also 9 ! ,introduction1 to ! ,corean text ( ,f-hi5's n>rative1 :i* ,i receiv$ f ,mr4 ,nanjio4 ,x is on ! :ole s mu* sup]ior to ! bett]-kn[n texts1 t ,i det]m9$ to attempt to reproduce x at ! end ( ! little volume1 s f> z our res\rces "h 9 ,ox=d w\ld p]mit4 ,to d s has n be5 an easy task4 ,! two fonts ( ,*9ese types 9 ! ,cl>5don ,press 7 prep>$ prim>ily = pr9t+ ! translation ( our ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 & !n ext5d$ s z to be available = pr9t+ also ! ,confucian ,classics2 b ! ,buddhi/ "w necess>ily requires _m types n f\nd 9 !m1 :ile _m o!r *>act]s 9 ! ,corean rec5sion are peculi> 9 _! =ms1 & "s are :at ,*9ese diction>ies d5om9ate #8vulg>4' ,t we h succe$$ s well z we h done is ow+ *iefly to ! intellig5ce1 +5uity1 & untir+ att5tion ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,pembrey1 ! ,ori5tal ,read]4 ,! pictures t h be5 introduc$ 7 tak5 f a sup]b edition ( a ,hi/ory ( ,buddha1 republi%$ rec5tly at ,hang-*au 9 ,*eh-kiang1 & pr(usely illu/rat$ 9 ! be/ /yle ( ,*9ese art4 ,i am indebt$ = ! use ( x to ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,s$gwick1 ,univ]sity ,*9ese ,s*ol>4 ,,james ,,legge4 ,ox=d3 ,june1 #ahhf4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket*-,map ,( ,f-,hi5's ,travels ,! accompany+ ,sket*-,map1 tak5 9 connexion ) ! notes on ! diff]5t places 9 ! ,n>rative1 w give ! read] a suffici5tly accurate k ( ,f-hi5's r\te4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 lay+ x d[n aft] he cross$ ! ,indus f ea/ to we/ into ! ,punjb1 all ! pr9cipal places1 at :i* he t\*$ or re/$1 hav+ be5 det]m9$ by ,cunn+ham & o!r ,indian geograph]s & ar*ologi/s4 ,mo/ ( ! places f ,*ang-an to ,bannu h also be5 id5tifi$4 ,woo-e has be5 put d[n z ne> ,kut*a1 or ,kuldja1 9 #dc #be ,n41 #ha #ae ,e4 ,! c\ntry ( ,kieh-*a 0 probably ,ladak1 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! place :]e ! travell] cross$ ! ,indus & ent]$ x mu/ h be5 fur!r ea/ ?an ,sk>do4 ,a d\bt is intimat$ on page #bd z to ! id5tification ( ,to-leih ) ,d>ada1 b ,gre5\gh's #8,physical & ,geological ,sket*-,map ( ,briti% ,india' %[s #8,d>du ,prop]1' all ly+ on ! ea/ ( ! ,indus1 exactly 9 ! position :]e ! ,n>rative w\ld lead u to place x4 ,! po9t at :i* ,f-hi5 recross$ ! ,indus into ,udyna on ! we/ ( x is unkn[n4 ,tak%ail1 :i* he visit$1 0 no d\bt on ! we/ ( ! riv]1 & has be5 incorrectly accept$ z ! ,taxila ( ,arrian 9 ! ,punjb4 ,x %\ld be writt5 ,tak%asira1 ( :i* ! ,*9ese phonetisation w all[2--see a note ( ,beal 9 8 #8,buddhi/ ,records ( ! ,we/]n ,_w1' i4 #ach4 ,we mu/ suppose t ,f-hi5 w5t on f ,nank+ to ,*ang-an1 b ! ,n>rative does n record ! fact ( 8 do+ s4 ,,introduction ,,life ,,( ,f-,,hi52 ,,g5u95ess ,,& ,,integrity ,,( ,,! ,,text ,,( ,,8 ,,n>rative2 ,,numb] ,,( ,,! ,,adh]5ts ,,( ,,buddhism4 #a4 ,no?+ ( great importance is kn[n ab\t ,f-hi5 9 addition to :at may be ga!r$ f 8 own record ( 8 travels4 ,i h read ! acc\nts ( him 9 ! #8,memoirs ( ,em95t ,monks1' compil$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eai1 & a lat] "w1 ! #8,memoirs ( ,m>vell\s ,monks1' by ! ?ird emp]or ( ! ,m+ dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #adjc-adbd71 :i*1 h[ev]1 is ne>ly all borr[$ f ! o!r2 & all 9 !m t has an appe>ance ( v]isimilitude c be br\ght )9 brief compass4 ,8 surname1 !y tell u1 0 ,kung1#a & he 0 a native ( ,wu-yang 9 ,p+-,yang1#b :i* is /ill ! "n ( a l>ge dep>tm5t 9 ,%an-hsi4 ,he _h ?ree bro!rs old] ?an himself2 b :5 !y all di$ be=e %$d+ _! fir/ tee?1 8 fa!r devot$ him to ! s]vice ( ! ,buddhi/ society1 & _h him ent]$ z a rmaera1 /ill keep+ him at home 9 ! family4 ,! little fell[ fell dang]\sly ill1 & ! fa!r s5t him to ! mona/]y1 :]e he soon got well & refus$ to return to 8 p>5ts4 ,:5 he 0 t5 ye>s old1 8 fa!r di$2 & an uncle1 consid]+ ! wid[$ solit>9ess & helplessness ( ! "m1 urg$ him to r5\nce ! mona/ic life1 & return to h]1 b ! boy repli$1 #8,i did n quit ! family 9 compliance ) my fa!r's wi%es1 b because ,i wi%$ to be f> f ! du/ & vulg> ways ( life4 ,?is is :y ,i *ose monkhood4' ,! uncle approv$ ( 8 words & gave ov] urg+ him4 ,:5 8 "m also di$1 x appe>$ h[ great _h be5 ! affection = h] ( 8 f9e nature2 b aft] h] burial he return$ to ! mona/]y4 ,on "o occasion he 0 cutt+ rice ) a score or two ( 8 fell[-disciples1 :5 "s hungry ?ieves came ^u !m to take away _! gra9 by =ce4 ,! o!r rmaeras all fl$1 b our "y h]o /ood 8 gr\nd1 & said to ! ?ieves1 #8,if y mu/ h ! gra91 take :at y please4 ,b1 ,sirs1 x 0 y\r =m] neglect ( *>ity :i* br\ght y to y\r pres5t /ate ( de/itution2 & n[1 aga91 y wi% to rob o!rs4 ,i am afraid t 9 ! com+ ages y w h /ill great] pov]ty & di/ress2--,i am sorry = y be=eh&4' ,) ^! words he foll[$ 8 companions into ! mona/]y1 :ile ! ?ieves left ! gra9 & w5t away1 all ! monks1 ( :om !re 7 sev]al hundr$1 do+ homage to 8 conduct & c\rage4 ,:5 he _h f9i%$ 8 novitiate & tak5 on him ! obligations ( ! full ,buddhi/ ord]s1 8 e>ne/ c\rage1 cle> intellig5ce1 & /rict regulation ( 8 demean\r 7 conspicu\s2 & soon aft]1 he und]took 8 j\rney to ,india 9 se>* ( complete copies ( ! ,v9aya-piaka4 ,:at foll[s ?is is m]ely an acc\nt ( 8 travels 9 ,india & return to ,*9a by sea1 cond5s$ f 8 own n>rative1 ) ! addition ( "s m>vell\s incid5ts t happ5$ to him1 on 8 visit to ! ,vulture ,peak ne> ,rjagiha4 ,x is said 9 ! end t aft] 8 return to ,*9a1 he w5t to ! capital 7evid5tly ,nank+71 & !re1 along ) ! ,indian ramaa ,buddha-bhadra1 execut$ translations ( "s ( ! works :i* he _h obta9$ 9 ,india2 & t be=e he _h done all t he wi%$ to d 9 ?is way1 he remov$ to ,k+-*[#c 79 ! pres5t ,hoo-pih71 & di$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,s91 at ! age ( eighty-eight1 to ! great sorr[ ( all :o knew him4 ,x is add$ t !re is ano!r l>g] "w giv+ an acc\nt ( 8 travels 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,su* is all ! in=mation giv5 ab\t our au?or1 beyond :at he himself has told u4 ,f-hi5 0 8 cl]ical "n1 & means #8,illu/ri\s 9 ! ,law1' or #8,illu/ri\s ma/] ( ! ,law4' ,! ,%ih :i* (t5 prec$es x is an abbreviation ( ! "n ( ,buddha z kyamuni1 #8! kya1 mighty 9 ,love1 dwell+ 9 ,seclusion & ,sil5ce1' & may be tak5 z equival5t to ,buddhi/4 ,x is sometimes said to h belong$ to #8! ea/]n ,ts9 dyna/y' 7,a4,d4 #cag-dai71 & sometimes to #8! ,sung1' t is1 ! ,sung dyna/y ( ! ,h\se ( ,liu 7,a4,d4 #dbj-dgh74 ,if he became a full monk at ! age ( tw5ty1 & w5t to ,india :5 he 0 tw5ty-five1 8 long life may h be5 divid$ pretty equally betwe5 ! two dyna/ies4 #b4 ,if !re 7 ev] ano!r & l>g] acc\nt ( ,f-hi5's travels ?an ! n>rative ( :i* a translation is n[ giv51 x has long ceas$ to be 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 ! ,catalogue ( ! imp]ial libr>y ( ! ,suy dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #ehi-fah71 ! "n ,f-hi5 occurs f\r times4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ section ( x 7page #bb71 aft] a ref]5ce to 8 travels1 8 lab\rs 9 translation at ,k9-l+ 7ano!r "n = ,nank+71 9 conjunction ) ,buddha-bhadra1 are describ$4 ,9 ! second section1 page #ae1 we f9d #8,a ,record ( ,buddhi/ic ,k+doms2'--) a note1 say+ t x 0 ! "w ( ! #8ramaa1 ,f-hi52' & aga91 on page #ac1 we h #8,n>rative ( ,f-hi5 9 two ,books1' & #8,n>rative ( ,f-hi5's ,travels 9 "o ,book4' ,b all ^! ?ree entries may possibly belong to diff]5t copies ( ! same "w1 ! fir/ & ! o!r two be+ 9 sep>ate subdivisions ( ! ,catalogue4 ,9 ! two ,*9ese copies ( ! n>rative 9 my possession ! title is #8,record ( ,buddhi/ic ,k+doms4' ,9 ! ,japanese or ,corean rec5sion subjo9$ to ?is translation1 ! title is tw(old2 fir/1 #8,n>rative ( ! ,di/+ui%$ ,monk1 ,f-hi52' & !n1 m at l>ge1 #8,incid5ts ( ,travels 9 ,india1 by ! ramaa ( ! ,ea/]n ,ts91 ,f-hi51 record$ by himself4' ,!re is /ill e>li] atte/ation ( ! exi/5ce ( our little "w ?an ! ,suy ,catalogue4 ,! ,catalogue ,raisonn ( ! imp]ial libr>y ( ! pres5t dyna/y 7*ap4 #ga7 m5tions two quotations f x by ,le ,to-yen1 a geographical writ] ( ! dyna/y ( ! ,nor!rn ,wei 7,a4,d4 #chf-ehd71 "o ( !m conta9+ #hi *>act]s1 & ! o!r #bgf2 bo? ( !m giv5 z f ! #8,n>rative ( ,f-hi54' ,9 all catalogues subsequ5t to t ( ,suy our "w appe>s4 ,! evid5ce = its au!nticity & g5u95ess is all t c\ld be requir$4 ,x is cle> to myself t ! #8,record ( ,buddhi/ic ,k+doms' & ! #8,n>rative ( 8 ,travels by ,f-hi5' 7 designations ( "o & ! same "w1 & t x is d\btful :e!r any l>g] "w on ! same subject 0 ev] curr5t4 ,) reg>d to ! text subjo9$ to my translation1 x 0 publi%$ 9 ,japan 9 #aggi4 ,! editor _h be=e him f\r rec5sions ( ! n>rative2 ^? ( ! ,sung & ,m+ dyna/ies1 ) app5dixes on ! names ( c]ta9 *>act]s 9 !m2 t ( ,japan2 & t ( ,corea4 ,he wisely adopt$ ! ,corean text1 publi%$ 9 accordance ) a royal rescript 9 #agbf1 s f> z ,i c make out2 b ! diff]5t read+s ( ! o!r texts are all giv5 9 topnotes1 in/ead ( footnotes z ) u1 ?is be+ "o ( ! po9ts 9 :i* cu/oms 9 ! ea/ & we/ g by contr>ies4 ,v occasionally1 ! editor indicates by a s+le "*1 equival5t to #8"r' or #8wrong1' :i* read+ 9 8 op9ion is to be pref]r$4 ,9 ! notes to ! pres5t republication ( ! ,corean text1 ,s /&s = ,sung1 ,m = ,m+1 & ,j = ,japanese2 ,r = "r1 & ,w = wrong4 ,i h tak5 ! tr\ble to give all ! v>i\s read+s 7am\nt+ to m ?an #cjj71 p>tly z a curiosity & to make my text complete1 & p>tly to %[ h[1 9 ! transcription ( writ+s 9 :atev] language1 su* v>iations are sure to occur1 #8 maculae1 quas aut incuria fudit1 ,aut humana p>um cavit nature1' :ile on ! :ole !y v slightly affect ! mean+ ( ! docum5t4 ,! editors ( ! ,catalogue ,raisonn intimate _! d\bts ( ! good ta/e & reliability ( all ,f-hi5's /atem5ts4 ,x (f5ds !m t he %\ld call c5tral ,india ! #8,middle ,k+dom1' & ,*9a1 :i* to !m 0 ! true & only ,middle ,k+dom1 b #8a ,bord] l&2'--x (f5ds !m z ! vaunt+ language ( a ,buddhi/ writ]1 :]eas ! read] w see 9 ! expressions only an in/ance ( :at ,f-hi5 calls 8 #8simple /raight=w>dness4' ,z an in/ance ( 8 unreliability !y ref] to 8 acc\nt ( ! ,buddhism ( ,khot51 :]eas x is well kn[n1 !y say1 t ! ,khot5]s f anci5t times till n[ h be5 ,mohamm$ans2--z if !y c\ld h be5 s #agj ye>s be=e ,mohamm$ 0 born1 & #bbb ye>s be=e ! ye> ( ! ,hegira6 ,& ?is is criticism 9 ,*9a4 ,! ,catalogue 0 ord]$ by ! ,ki5-lung emp]or 9 #agbb4 ,betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ ( ! #8,great ,s*ol>s' ( ! empire 7 engag$ on x 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 & ?us egregi\sly ignorant did !y %[ !mselves ( all beyond ! limits ( _! own c\ntry1 & ev5 ( ! lit]ature ( t c\ntry itself4 ,mu* ( :at ,f-hi5 tells 8 read]s ( ,buddhi/ miracles & leg5ds is inde$ unreliable & grotesque2 b we h f him ! tru? z to :at he saw & he>d4 #c4 ,9 conclud+ ?is introduction ,i wi% to call att5tion to "s e/imates ( ! numb] ( ,buddhi/s 9 ! _w :i* h become curr5t1 believ+1 z ,i d1 t ! smalle/ ( !m is mu* above :at is correct4 i4 ,9 a note on ! fir/ page ( 8 "w on ! ,bhilsa ,topes 7#ahed71 ,g5]al ,cunn+ham says3 #8,! ,*ri/ians numb] ab\t #bgj millions2 ! ,buddhi/s ab\t #bbb millions1 :o are di/ribut$ z foll[s3--,*9a #agj millions1 ,japan #be1 ,anam #ad1 ,siam #c1 ,ava #h1 ,nepl #a1 & ,ceylon #a2 total1 #bbb millions4' ii4 ,9 8 article on ,m4 ,j4 ,b>?lemy ,sa9t ,hilaire's #8,le ,b\ddha et sa ,religion1' republi%$ 9 8 #8,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1' vol4 i4 7#ahfh71 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] 7p4 #bae7 says1 #8,! "y pr9ce became ! f\nd] ( a religion :i*1 aft] m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 is /ill pr(ess$ by #dee millions ( human be+s1' & he app5ds ! foll[+ note3 #8,?\gh tru? is n settl$ by majorities1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :i* religion c\nts at ! pres5t mom5t ! l>ge/ numb]s ( believ]s4 ,b]ghaus1 9 8 8,physical ,atlas10 gives ! foll[+ division ( ! human race accord+ to religion3--8,buddhi/s #ca4b p] c5t1 ,*ri/ians #cj4g1 ,mohamm$ans #ae4g1 ,brahmni/s #ac4d1 ,hea!ns #h4g1 & ,jews #j4c40 ,z ,b]ghaus does n di/+ui% ! ,buddhi/s 9 ,*9a f ! foll[]s ( ,confucius & ,laotse1 ! fir/ place on ! scale really belongs to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is difficult to say to :at religion a man belongs1 z ! same p]son may pr(ess two or ?ree4 ,! emp]or himself1 aft] sacrific+ accord+ to ! ritual ( ,confucius1 visits a ,tao-ss temple1 & aft]w>ds b[s be=e an image ( ,fo 9 a ,buddhi/ *apel4 78,mlanges ,asiatiques de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg10 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgd47' iii4 ,bo? ^! e/imates are exce$$ by ,dr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,rhys ,davids 7intimat+ also ! unc]ta9ty ( ! /atem5ts1 & t numb]s are no evid5ce ( tru?7 9 ! introduction to 8 #8,manual ( ,buddhism4' ,! ,buddhi/s !re appe> z am\nt+ 9 all to #ejj millions3--#cj millions ( ,s\!rn ,buddhi/s1 9 ,ceylon1 ,burma1 ,siam1 ,anam1 & ,india 7,ja9s72 & #dgj millions ( ,nor? ,buddhi/s1 ( :om ne>ly #cc millions are assign$ to ,japan1 & #dad1fhf1igd to ! eighte5 prov9ces ( ,*9a prop]4 ,accord+ to him1 ,*ri/ians am\nt to ab\t #bf p] c5t ( mank9d1 ,h9dus to ab\t #ac1 ,mohamm$ans to ab\t #ab1 ,buddhi/s to ab\t #dj1 & ,jews to ab\t 4 ,9 reg>d to all ^! e/imates1 x w be obs]v$ t ! imm5se numb]s assign$ to ,buddhism are made out by ! multitude ( ,*9ese ) :i* x is cr$it$4 ,subtract ,cunn+ham's #agj millions ( ,*9ese f 8 total ( #bbb1 & !re rema9s only #eb millions ( ,buddhi/s4 ,subtract ,davids' 7say7 #dad millions ( ,*9ese f 8 total ( #ejj1 & !re rema9 only #he millions = ,buddhism4 ,( ! numb]s assign$ to o!r c\ntries1 z well z ( _! :ole populations1 ,i am 9 consid]able d\bt1 except+ 9 ! cases ( ,ceylon & ,india2 b ! greatness ( ! e/imates turns ^u ! imm5se multitudes said to be 9 ,*9a4 ,i d n "k :at total population ,cunn+ham all[$ = t c\ntry1 nor on :at pr9cipal he allott$ #agj millions ( x to ,buddhism2--p]haps he halv$ 8 e/imate ( ! :ole1 :]eas ,b]ghaus & ,davids allott$ to x ! highe/ e/imates t h be5 giv5 ( ! p4 ,b we h no c]ta9 in=mation ( ! population ( ,*9a4 ,at an int]view ) ! =m] ,*9ese ambassador1 ,kwo ,sung-to1 9 ,p>is1 9 #ahgh1 ,i begg$ him to write out = me ! am\nt1 ) ! au?ority = x1 & he assur$ me t x c\ld n be done4 ,i h read probably almo/ ev]y?+ t has be5 publi%$ on ! subject1 & endeav\r$ by me?ods ( my own to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion2--)\t rea*+ a result :i* ,i c v5ture to lay be=e ! public4 ,my impression has be5 t #djj millions is h>dly an exagg]ation4 ,b suppos+ t we _h reliable returns ( ! :ole population1 h[ %all we proce$ to apportion t among ,confuciani/s1 ,toi/s1 & ,buddhi/s8 ,confucianism is ! or?odoxy ( ,*9a4 ,! common "n = x is ,j ,*io1 #8! ,doctr9es held by ! ,le>n$ ,class1' entrance into ! circle ( :i* is1 ) a few insignificant exceptions1 op5 to all ! p4 ,! mass ( !m & ! masses "u _! influ5ce are prepond]at+ly ,confucian2 & 9 ! obs]vance ( ance/ral wor%ip1 ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! religion prop] ( ,*9a f ! e>lie/ times1 ( :i* ,confucius 0 n ! au?or b ! prophet1 an ov]:elm+ majority are regul> & assidu\s4 ,among #8! /range pr9ciples' :i* ! emp]or ( ! ,kang-hsi p]iod1 9 "o ( 8 fam\s ,sixte5 ,precepts1 exhort$ 8 p to #8disc\nt5ance & put away1 9 ord] to exalt ! correct doctr9e1' ,buddhism & ,toism 7 bo? includ$4 ,if1 z /at$ 9 ! note quot$ f ,pr(essor ,mll]1 ! emp]or c\nt5ances bo? ! ,toi/ wor%ip & ! ,buddhi/1 he does s = reasons ( /ate2--to please especially 8 ,buddhi/ subjects 9 ,?ibet & ,mongolia1 & n to (f5d ! _m ^: sup]/iti\s fancies incl9e to ,toism4 ,:5 ,i w5t out & 9 z a mission>y among ! ,*9ese p = ab\t ?irty ye>s1 x sometimes occurr$ to me t only ! inmates ( _! mona/]ies & ! recluses ( bo? sy/ems %\ld be enum]at$ z ,buddhi/s & ,toi/s2 b ,i 0 9 ! end con/ra9$ to wid5 t judgm5t1 & to admit a consid]able foll[+ ( bo? among ! p1 :o h nei!r receiv$ ! tonsure nor assum$ ! yell[ top4 ,dr4 ,eitel1 9 conclud+ 8 discussion ( ?is po9t 9 8 #8,lecture on ,buddhism1 an ,ev5t 9 ,hi/ory1' says3 #8,x is n too mu* to say t mo/ ,*9ese are !oretically ,confuciani/s1 b emotionally ,buddhi/s or ,toi/s4 ,b fairness requires u to add t1 ?\gh ! mass ( ! p are m or less influ5c$ by ,buddhi/ doctr9es1 yet ! p1 z a :ole1 h no respect = ! ,buddhi/ *ur*1 & habitually sne] at ,buddhi/ prie/s4' ,= ! #8mo/' 9 ! =m] ( ^! two s5t5ces ,i w\ld sub/itute #8ne>ly all2' & betwe5 my fri5d's #8b' & #8emotionally' ,i w\ld introduce #8_m are1' & w\ld n c>e to conte/ 8 conclusion f>!r4 ,x does seem to me prepo/]\s to cr$it ,buddhism ) ! :ole ( ! va/ population ( ,*9a1 ! great majority ( :om are ,confuciani/s4 ,my own op9ion is1 t its adh]5ts are n s _m z ^? ev5 ( ,mohamm$anism1 & t in/ead ( be+ ! mo/ num]\s ( ! religions 7s call$7 ( ! _w1 x is only entitl$ to occupy ! fif? place1 rank+ bel[ ,*ri/ianity1 ,confucianism1 ,brahmnism1 & ,mohamm$anism1 & foll[$1 "s di/ance (f1 by ,toism4 ,to make a table ( p]c5tages ( mank9d1 & assign to ea* sy/em its proportion1 is to seem to be wise :]e we are deplorably ignorant2 &1 moreov]1 if our means ( in=mation 7 mu* bett] ?an !y are1 our figures w\ld m]ely %[ ! outw>d adh]5ce4 ,a fractional p]-c5tage might tell m = "o sy/em ?an a v l>ge integral "o = ano!r4 ,,notes #a #b 1 #c ,,! ,,travels ,,( ,f-,,hi5 or ,,record ,,( ,,buddhi/ic ,,k+doms ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,f ,,*,,ang-,,gan ,,to ,,! ,,s&y ,,des]t4 ,f-hi5 _h be5 liv+ 9 ,*ang-gan4#a ,deplor+ ! mutilat$ & imp]fect /ate ( ! collection ( ! ,books ( ,discipl9e1 9 ! second ye> ( ! p]iod ,hwng-*e1 be+ ! ,ke-he ye> ( ! cycle1#b he ent]$ into an engagem5t ) ,hwuy-k+1 ,to-*+1 ,hwuy-y+1 & ,hwuy-wei1#c t !y %\ld g to ,india & seek = ! ,discipl9>y ,rules4#d ,aft] />t+ f ,*ang-gan1 !y pass$ ?r\gh ,lung1#e & came to ! k+dom ( ,ke5-kwei1#f :]e !y /opp$ = ! summ] retreat4#g ,:5 t 0 ov]1 !y w5t =w>d to ! k+dom ( ,n[-tan1#h cross$ ! m\nta9 ( ,yang-l[1 & rea*$ ! emporium ( ,*ang-yih4#i ,!re !y f\nd ! c\ntry s mu* di/urb$ t travell+ on ! roads 0 impossible = !m4 ,its k+1 h[ev]1 0 v att5tive to !m1 kept !m 79 8 capital71 & act$ ! "p ( _! dnapati4#aj ,"h !y met ) ,*e-y51 ,hwuy-ke51 ,sng-%o1 ,po-yun1 & ,sng-k+2#aa & 9 pleasant association ) !m1 z b\nd on ! same j\rney ) !mselves1 !y pass$ ! summ] retreat 7( t ye>7#ab toge!r1 resum+ aft] x _! travell+1 & go+ on to ,tun-hwang1#ac 7! *ief t[n7 9 ! fronti] t]ritory ( def5ce ext5d+ = ab\t #hj le f ea/ to we/1 & ab\t #dj f nor? to s\?4 ,_! company1 increas$ z x _h be51 halt$ !re = "s days m ?an a mon?1 aft] :i* ,f-hi5 & 8 f\r fri5ds />t$ fir/ 9 ! suite ( an envoy1#ad hav+ sep>at$ 7= a "t7 f ,po-yun & 8 associates4 ,le ,ho1#ae ! prefect ( ,tun-hwang1 _h suppli$ !m ) ! means ( cross+ ! des]t 7be=e !m71 9 :i* !re are _m evil demons & hot w9ds4 7,travell]s7 :o enc\nt] !m p]i% all to a man4 ,!re is n a bird to be se5 9 ! air above1 nor an animal on ! gr\nd bel[4 ,?\gh y look all r\nd mo/ e>ne/ly to f9d :]e y c cross1 y "k n :]e to make y\r *oice1 ! only m>k & indication be+ ! dry bones ( ! dead 7left ^u ! s&74#af ,,notes #a ,*ang-gan is /ill ! "n ( ! pr9cipal di/rict 7& its city7 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,se-gan1 ,%5-se4 ,x _h be5 ! capital ( ! fir/ empire ( ,han 7,b4,c4 #bjb-;,a4,d4 #bd71 z x subsequ5tly 0 t ( ,suy 7,a4,d4 #ehi-fah74 ,! empire ( ! ea/]n ,ts91 t[>ds ! close ( :i* ,f-hi5 liv$1 _h its capital at or ne> ,nank+1 & ,*ang-gan 0 ! capital ( ! pr9cipal ( ! ?ree ,ts9 k+doms1 :i*1 ) _m o!r m9or ones1 ma9ta9$ a semi-indep5d5ce ( ,ts91 _! rul]s sometimes ev5 assum+ ! title ( emp]or4 #b ,! p]iod ,hwng-*e embrac$ f ,a4,d4 #cii to #dad1 be+ ! great] portion ( ! reign ( ,yo ,h+ ( ! ,aft] ,ts91 a p[]ful pr9ce4 ,he adopt$ ,hwng-*e = ! /yle ( 8 reign 9 #cii1 & ! cyclical "n ( t ye> 0 ,kng-tsze4 ,x is n possible at ?is di/ance ( "t to expla91 if x c\ld be expla9$1 h[ ,f-hi5 came to say t ,ke-he 0 ! second ye> ( ! p]iod4 ,x seems mo/ reasonable to suppose t he set out on 8 pilgrimage 9 ,a4,d4 #cii1 ! cycle "n ( :i* 0 ,ke-he1 z 1 ! second ye>1 in/ead ( 1 ! fir/1 might easily creep into ! text4 ,9 ! #8,memoirs ( ,em95t ,monks' x is said t our au?or />t$ 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! p]iod ,lung-gan ( ! ea/]n ,ts91 :i* 0 ,a4,d4 #cii4 #c ,^!1 l ,f-hi5 itself1 are all :at we might call #8cl]ical' names1 appellations giv5 to ! p>ties z monks or ramaz4 #d ,! ,buddhi/ tripiaka or canon consi/s ( ?ree collections1 conta9+1 accord+ to ,eitel 7p4 #aej71 #8doctr9al aphorisms 7or /atem5ts1 purport+ to be f ,buddha himself72 works on discipl9e2 & works on metaphysics3'--call$ stra1 v9aya1 & abhidh>ma2 9 ,*9ese1 k+ 771 leh 771 & lun 771 or texts1 laws or rules1 & discussions4 ,dr4 ,rhys ,davids objects to ! designation ( #8metaphysics' z us$ ( ! abhidh>ma works1 say+ t #8!y be> mu* m ! relation to 8dh>ma0 :i* 8by-law0 be>s to 8law0 ?an t :i* 8metaphysics0 be>s to 8physics0' 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #di74 ,h[ev] ?is be1 x 0 ab\t ! v9aya works t ,f-hi5 0 *iefly conc]n$4 ,he want$ a good code ( ! rules = ! gov]nm5t ( #8! ,ord]' 9 all its int]nal & ext]nal relations4 #e ,lung embrac$ ! we/]n "p ( ,%5-se & ! ea/]n "p ( ,kan-sh4 ,! "n rema9s 9 ,lung ,*[1 9 ! extreme we/ ( ,%5-se4 #f ,ke5-kwei 0 ! second k+ ( #8! ,we/]n ,ts94' ,8 family 0 ( nor!rn or b>b>\s orig91 f ! tribe ( ! ,se5-pe1 ) ! surname ( ,keih-fuh4 ,! fir/ k+ 0 ,kwo-j91 & receiv$ 8 appo9tm5t f ! sov]eign ( ! *ief ,ts9 k+dom 9 #che4 ,he 0 succe$$ 9 #chh by 8 bro!r1 ! ,ke5-kwei ( ! text1 :o 0 v prosp]\s 9 #cih1 & took ! title ( k+ ( ,ts94 ,f-hi5 w\ld f9d him at 8 capital1 some:]e 9 ! pres5t dep>tm5t ( ,lan-*[1 ,kan-sh4 #g ,"u v>%s or va%vasna 7,pli1 vassa2 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 vass71 ,eitel 7p4 #afc7 says3--#8,"o ( ! mo/ anci5t in/itutions ( ,buddhi/ discipl9e1 requir+ all ecclesia/ics to sp5d ! ra9y season 9 a mona/]y 9 devotional ex]cises4 ,*9ese ,buddhi/s naturally sub/itut$ ! hot season = ! ra9y 7f ! #af? day ( ! #e? to ! #ae? ( ! #i? ,*9ese mon?74' #h ,dur+ ! tr\bl$ p]iod ( ! ,ts9 dyna/y1 !re 7 five 7usurp+7 ,leang sov]eignties 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! empire 7 74 ,! "n ,leang rema9s 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,leang-*[ 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,kan-sh4 ,! #8s\!rn ,leang' arose 9 #cig "u a ,th-fh ,w-k1 :o 0 succe$$ 9 #cii by a bro!r1 ,le-luh-koo2 & he aga9 by 8 bro!r1 ! ,n[-tan ( ! text1 9 #djb1 :o 0 n yet k+ !re=e :5 ,f-hi5 & 8 fri5ds rea*$ 8 capital4 ,h[ he is repres5t$ z be+ s may be acc\nt$ = 9 v>i\s ways1 ( :i* x is n necess>y to write4 #i ,*ang-yih is /ill ! "n ( a di/rict 9 ,kan-*[ dep>tm5t1 ,kan-sh4 ,x is a long way nor? & we/ f ,lan-*[1 & n f> f ! ,great ,wall4 ,its k+ at ?is "t 01 probably1 ,twan-yeh ( #8! nor!rn ,leang4' #aj ,dna is ! "n = religi\s *>ity1 ! fir/ ( ! six pramits1 or means ( atta9+ to nirva2 & a dnapati is #8"o :o practises dna & !reby crosses 77 ! sea ( mis]y4' ,x is giv5 z #8a title ( hon\r to all :o support ! cause ( ,buddhism by acts ( *>ity1 especially to f\nd]s & patrons ( mona/]ies2'--see ,eitel1 p4 #bi4 #aa ,( ^! pilgrims ) _! cl]ical names1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 0 ,po-yun1 :o translat$ v>i\s ,sanskrit works on 8 return f ,india1 ( :i* only "o seems to be n[ exi/+4 ,he di$ 9 #ddi4 ,see ,nanjio's ,catalogue ( ! ,tripiaka1 col4 #dag4 #ab ,?is 0 ! second summ] s9ce ! pilgrims left ,*ang-gan4 ,we are n[ !re=e1 probably1 9 ,a4,d4 #djj4 #ac ,tun-hwang 7lat4 #ci #dj ,n42 lon4 #id #ej ,e47 is /ill ! "n ( "o ( ! two di/ricts con/itut+ ! dep>tm5t ( ,gan-se1 ! mo/ we/]n ( ! prefectures ( ,kan-sh2 beyond ! t]m9ation ( ! ,great ,wall4 #ad ,:o ?is envoy 01 & :]e he 0 go+1 we d n "k4 ,! text w n admit ( any o!r translation4 #ae ,le ,ho 0 a native ( ,lung-se1 a man ( le>n+1 able & k9dly 9 8 gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 appo9t$ gov]nor or prefect ( ,tun-hwang by ! k+ ( #8! nor!rn ,leang1' 9 #djj2 & !re he su/a9$ himself1 becom+ by-&-by #8duke ( we/]n ,leang1' till he di$ 9 #dag4 #af #8,! riv] ( s&2' ! great des]t ( ,kobi or ,gobi2 hav+ v>i\s o!r names4 ,x 0 a great task :i* ! pilgrims _h n[ be=e !m1--to cross ?is des]t4 ,! "n ( #8riv]' 9 ! ,*9ese misleads ! read]1 & he ?9ks ( cross+ x z ( cross+ a /ream2 b !y _h to trav]se x f ea/ to we/4 ,9 8 #8,vocabul>y ( ,prop] ,names1' p4 #bc1 ,dr4 ,port] ,smi? says3--#8,x ext5ds f ! ea/]n fronti] ( ,mongolia1 s\?-we/w>d to ! fur!r fronti] ( ,turke/an1 to )9 six miles ( ,il*1 ! *ief t[n ( ,khot54 ,x ?us comprises "s tw5ty-?ree degrees ( longitude 9 l5g?1 & f ?ree to t5 degrees ( latitude 9 bread?1 be+ ab\t #b1ajj miles 9 its greate/ l5g?4 ,9 "s places x is arable4 ,"s idea may be =m$ ( ! t]ror ) :i* ?is 8,sea ( ,s&10 ) its va/ bill[s ( %ift+ s&s1 is reg>d$1 f ! leg5d t 9 "o ( ! /orms #cfj cities 7 all buri$ )9 ! space ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4' ,s also ,gilm\r's #8,among ! ,mongols1' *ap4 #e4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,to ,,%5-,,%5 ,,& ,,!nce ,,to ,,khot54 ,aft] travell+ = sev5te5 days1 a di/ance we may calculate ( ab\t #aejj le1 7! pilgrims7 rea*$ ! k+dom ( ,%5-%51#a a c\ntry rugg$ & hilly1 ) a ?9 & b>r5 soil4 ,! clo!s ( ! common p are co>se1 & l ^? worn 9 our l& ( ,han1#b "s we>+ felt & o!rs co>se s]ge or clo? ( hair2--?is 0 ! only diff]5ce se5 among !m4 ,! k+ pr(ess$ 7our7 ,law1 & !re might be 9 ! c\ntry m ?an f\r ?\s& monks1#c :o 7 all /ud5ts ( ! hnayna4#d ,! common p ( ?is & o!r k+doms 79 t region71 z well z ! ramans1#e all practise ! rules ( ,india1#f only t ! latt] d s m exactly1 & ! =m] m loosely4 ,s 7! travell]s7 f\nd x 9 all ! k+doms ?r\gh :i* !y w5t on _! way f ?is to ! we/1 only t ea* _h its own peculi> b>b>\s spee*4#g 7,! monks71 h[ev]1 :o _h 7giv5 up ! worldly life7 & quitt$ _! families1 7 all /ud5ts ( ,indian books & ! ,indian language4 ,"h !y /ay$ = ab\t a mon?1 & !n proce$$ on _! j\rney1 fifte5 days walk+ to ! nor?-we/ br++ !m to ! c\ntry ( ,woo-e4#h ,9 ?is also !re 7 m ?an f\r ?\s& monks1 all /ud5ts ( ! hnayna4 ,!y 7 v /rict 9 _! rules1 s t ramans f ! t]ritory ( ,ts9#i 7 all unprep>$ = _! regulations4 ,f-hi51 ?r\gh ! managem5t ( ,foo ,kung-sun1 matre d'htell]ie1#aj 0 able to rema9 7) 8 company 9 ! mona/]y :]e !y 7 receiv$7 = m ?an two mon?s1 & "h !y 7 rejo9$ by ,po-yun & 8 fri5ds4#aa 7,at ! end ( t "t7 ! p ( ,woo-e neglect$ ! duties ( propriety & righte\sness1 & treat$ ! /rang]s 9 s nigg>dly a mann] t ,*e-y51 ,hwuy-ke51 & ,hwuy-wei w5t back t[>ds ,ko-*ang1#ab hop+ to obta9 !re ! means ( cont9u+ _! j\rney4 ,f-hi5 & ! re/1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ,foo ,kung-sun1 manag$ to g /raight =w>d 9 a s\?-we/ direction4 ,!y f\nd ! c\ntry un9habit$ z !y w5t along4 ,! difficulties :i* !y enc\nt]$ 9 cross+ ! /reams & on _! r\te1 & ! suff]+s :i* !y endur$1 7 unp>allel$ 9 human exp]i5ce1 b 9 ! c\rse ( a mon? & five days !y succe$$ 9 rea*+ ,yu-te54#ac ,,notes #a ,an acc\nt is giv5 ( ! k+dom ( ,%5-%5 9 ! #if? ( ! ,books ( ! fir/ ,han dyna/y1 d[n to its becom+ a dep5d5cy ( ,*9a1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #hj4 ,! great] portion ( t is n[ accessible to ! ,engli% read] 9 a translation by ,mr4 ,wylie 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1' ,augu/1 #ahhj4 ,mr4 ,wylie says3--#8,al?\gh we may n be able to id5tify ,%5-%5 ) c]ta9ty1 yet we h suffici5t indications to give an appropriate idea ( its position1 z be+ s\? ( & n f> f lake ,lob4' ,he !n goes into an exhibition ( ^? indications1 :i* ,i ne$ n transcribe4 ,x is suffici5t = u to "k t ! capital city 0 n f> f ,lob or ,lop ,nor1 into :i* 9 lon4 #ch ,e4 ! ,t>im fl[s4 ,f-hi5 e/imat$ its di/ance to be #aejj le f ,tun-hwang4 ,he & 8 companions mu/ h gone m ?an tw5ty-five miles a day to accompli% ! j\rney 9 sev5te5 days4 #b ,?is is ! "n :i* ,f-hi5 always uses :5 he w\ld speak ( ,*9a1 8 native c\ntry1 z a :ole1 call+ x f ! great dyna/y :i* _h rul$ x1 fir/ & la/1 = betwe5 f\r & five c5turies4 ,occasionally1 z we %all imm$iately see1 he speaks ( #8! t]ritory ( ,ts9 or ,*91' b int5d+ !reby only ! k+dom or ,ts91 hav+ its capital1 z describ$ 9 ! fir/ note on ! la/ *apt]1 9 ,*ang-gan4 #c ,s ,i pref] to translate ! "* 7sng7 r ?an by #8prie/s4' ,ev5 9 ,*ri/ianity1 beyond ! prie/ly privilege :i* belongs to all believ]s1 ,i object to ! m9i/]s ( any d5om9ation or *ur* call+ !mselves or be+ call$ #8prie/s2' & mu* m is ! "n inapplicable to ! ramaz or bhik%us ( ,buddhism :i* ackn[l$ges no ,god 9 ! univ]se1 no s\l 9 man1 & has no s]vices ( sacrifice or pray] 9 its wor%ip4 ,! only difficulty 9 ! use ( #8monks' is caus$ by ! memb]s ( ! sect 9 ,japan :i*1 s9ce ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 has aboli%$ ! prohibition aga9/ m>ry+ on ! "p ( its m9i/]s1 & o!r prohibitions 9 diet & dress4 ,sng & sng-ke repres5t ! ,sanskrit sagha1 :i* d5otes 7,e4 ,h41 p #aag71 fir/1 an assembly ( monks1 or bhik%u sagha1 con/itut$ by at lea/ f\r memb]s1 & emp[]$ to he> confession1 to grant absolution1 to admit p]sons to holy ord]s1 c42 secondly1 ! ?ird con/itu5t ( ! ,buddhi/ic ,tr9ity1 a deification ( ! communio sanctorum1 or ! ,buddhi/ ord]4 ,! "n is us$ by our au?or ( ! monks collectively or individually z belong+ to ! class1 & may be consid]$ z synonym\s ) ! "n ramaa1 :i* w imm$iately claim our att5tion4 #d ,mean+ ! #8small vehicle1 or conveyance4' ,!re are 9 ,buddhism ! triyna1 or #8?ree diff]5t means ( salvation1 i4e4 ( conveyance across ! sasra1 or sea ( transmigration1 to ! %ores ( nirva4 ,aft]w>ds ! t]m 0 us$ to designate ! diff]5t phases ( developm5t ?r\gh :i* ! ,buddhi/ dogma pass$1 kn[n z ! mahyna1 hnayna1 & madhyamayna4' #8,! hnayna is ! simple/ vehicle ( salvation1 correspond+ to ! fir/ ( ! ?ree degrees ( sa9t%ip4 ,*>act]i/ics ( x are ! prepond]ance ( active moral asceticism1 & ! abs5ce ( speculative my/icism & quietism4' ,e4 ,h41 pp4 #aea-b1 #de1 & #aag4 #e #8raman' may 9 ,engli% take ! place ( ramaa 7,pli1 ,samana2 9 ,*9ese1 ,%-mn71 ! "n = ,buddhi/ monks1 z ^? :o h sep>at$ !mselves f 7left7 _! families1 & quiet$ _! he>ts f all intrusion ( desire & lu/4 #8,x is employ$1 fir/1 z a g5]al "n = ascetics ( all d5om9ations1 &1 secondly1 z a g5]al designation ( ,buddhi/ic monks4' ,e4 ,h41 pp4 #acj1 #aca4 #f ,! "n = ,india is "h ! same z 9 ! =m] *apt] & ?r\gh\t ! book1--,te5-*uh 771 ! *uh be+ pron\nc$1 probably1 9 ,f-hi5's "t z tuk4 ,h[ ! e>lie/ "n = ,india1 ,%9-tuk or duk,sc9de1 came to be *ang$ into ,?i5-tuk1 x w\ld take too mu* space to expla94 ,i believe x 0 done by ! ,buddhi/s1 wi%+ to give a good auspici\s "n to ! fa!rl& ( _! ,law1 & call+ x #8! ,heav5ly ,tuk1' j z ! ,mohamm$ans call ,arabia #8! ,heav5ly region' 771 & ! c\rt ( ,*9a itself is call$ #8! ,cele/ial' 774 #g ,t>t> or ,mongolian4 #h ,woo-e has n be5 id5tifi$4 ,watt]s 7#8,*9a ,review1' viii4 #aae7 says3--#8,we _c be f> wrong if we place x 9 ,kh>as*>1 or betwe5 t & ,kuts*a4' ,x mu/ h be5 a c\ntry ( consid]able size to h s _m monks 9 x4 #i ,?is means 9 "o s5se ,*9a1 b ,f-hi51 9 8 use ( ! "n1 0 only ?9k+ ( ! ?ree ,ts9 /ates ( :i* ,i h spok5 9 a previ\s note2 p]haps only ( t f ! capital ( :i* he _h himself set out4 #aj ,?is s5t5ce altoge!r is difficult to con/rue1 & ,mr4 ,watt]s1 9 ! #8,*9a ,review1' 0 ! fir/ to dis5tangle m ?an "o knot 9 x4 ,i am oblig$ to adopt ! read+ ( 9 ! ,*9ese editions1 in/ead ( ! 9 ! ,corean text4 ,x seems cle> t only "o p]son is spok5 ( z assi/+ ! travell]s1 & 8 "n1 z appe>s a few s5t5ces f>!r on1 0 ,foo ,kung-sun4 ,! :i* imm$iately foll[s ! surname ,foo 1 mu/ be tak5 z ! "n ( 8 (fice1 correspond+1 z ! %[s1 to t ( le matre d'htell]ie 9 a ,roman ,ca?olic abbey4 ,i 0 once indebt$ myself to ! k9d help ( su* an (fic] at a mona/]y 9 ,canton prov9ce4 ,! ,buddhi/ic "n = him is uddesikaov]se]4 ,! ,kung-sun t foll[s 8 surname indicates t he 0 desc5d$ f "s feudal "l 9 ! old times ( ! ,*[ dyna/y4 ,we "k inde$ ( no rul+ h\se :i* _h ! surname ( ,foo1 b its adoption by ! gr&son ( a rul] c be satisfactorily acc\nt$ =2 & 8 po/]ity cont9u$ to call !mselves ,kung-sun1 duke or "l's gr&son1 & s reta9 ! memory ( ! rank ( _! ance/or4 #aa ,:om !y _h left beh9d !m at ,tun-hwang4 #ab ,! c\ntry ( ! ,ouighurs1 ! di/rict ar\nd ! mod]n ,turfan or ,tangut4 #ac ,yu-te5 is bett] kn[n z ,khot54 ,dr4 ,p4 ,smi? gives 7p4 #aa7 ! foll[+ description ( x3--#8,a l>ge di/rict on ! s\?-we/ ( ! des]t ( ,gobi1 embrac+ all ! c\ntry s\? ( ,oksu & ,y>k&1 along ! nor!rn base ( ! ,kwun-lun m\nta9s1 = m ?an #cjj miles f ea/ to we/4 ,! t[n ( ! same "n1 n[ call$ ,il*1 is 9 an ext5sive pla9 on ! ,khot5 riv]1 9 lat4 #cg ,n41 & lon4 #hj #ce ,e4 ,aft] ! ,tungni insurrection aga9/ ,*9ese rule 9 #ahfb1 ! ,mufti ,hji ,habeeboolla 0 made gov]nor ( ,khot51 & held ! (fice till he 0 murd]$ by ,yakoob ,beg1 :o became = a "t ! conqu]or ( all ,*9ese ,turke/an4 ,khot5 produces f9e l95 & cotton /uffs1 jade ornam5ts1 copp]1 gra91 & fruits4' ,! "n 9 ,sanskrit is ,ku/ana4 7,e4 ,h41 p4 #fj74 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,khot54 ,,processions ,,( ,,images4 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,new ,,mona/]y4 ,yu-te5 is a pleasant & prosp]\s k+dom1 ) a num]\s & fl\ri%+ population4 ,! inhabitants all pr(ess our ,law1 & jo9 toge!r 9 its religi\s music = _! enjoym5t4#a ,! monks am\nt to sev]al myriads1 mo/ ( :om are /ud5ts ( ! mahyna4#b ,!y all receive _! food f ! common /ore4#c ,?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ! h\ses ( ! p /& ap>t l 7sep>ate7 />s1 & ea* family has a small tope#d re>$ 9 front ( its door4 ,! smalle/ ( ^! may be tw5ty cubits high1 or r m4#e ,!y make 79 ! mona/]ies7 rooms = monks f all qu>t]s1#e ! use ( :i* is giv5 to travell+ monks :o may arrive1 & :o are provid$ ) :atev] else !y require4 ,! "l ( ! c\ntry lodg$ ,f-hi5 & ! o!rs com=tably1 & suppli$ _! wants1 9 a mona/]y#f call$ ,gomati1#f ( ! mahyna s*ool4 ,atta*$ to x !re are ?ree ?\s& monks1 :o are call$ to _! meals by ! s\nd ( a bell4 ,:5 !y ent] ! refectory1 _! demean\r is m>k$ by a rev]5t gravity1 & !y take _! seats 9 regul> ord]1 all ma9ta9+ a p]fect sil5ce4 ,no s\nd is he>d f _! alms-b[ls & o!r ut5sils4 ,:5 any ( ^! pure m5#g require food1 !y are n all[$ to call out 7to ! att5dants7 = x1 b only make signs ) _! h&s4 ,hwuy-k+1 ,to-*+1 & ,hwuy-tah set out 9 advance t[>ds ! c\ntry ( ,keeh-*2#h b ,f-hi5 & ! o!rs1 wi%+ to see ! procession ( images1 rema9$ beh9d = ?ree mon?s4 ,!re are 9 ?is c\ntry f\r#i great mona/]ies1 n c\nt+ ! small] ones4 ,beg9n+ on ! fir/ day ( ! f\r? mon?1 !y sweep & wat] ! /reets inside ! city1 mak+ a gr& display 9 ! lanes & byways4 ,ov] ! city gate !y pit* a l>ge t5t1 gr&ly adorn$ 9 all possible ways1 9 :i* ! k+ & que51 ) _! ladies brilliantly array$1#aj take up _! resid5ce 7= ! "t74 ,! monks ( ! ,gomati mona/]y1 be+ mahyna /ud5ts1 & held 9 great rev]5ce by ! k+1 took prec$5ce ( all o!rs 9 ! procession4 ,at a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r le f ! city1 !y made a f\r-:eel$ image c>1 m ?an ?irty cubits high1 :i* look$ l ! great hall 7( a mona/]y7 mov+ along4 ,! sev5 preci\s sub/ances#aa 7 gr&ly display$ ab\t x1 ) silk5 /ream]s & canopies hang+ all ar\nd4 ,! 7*ief7 image#ab /ood 9 ! middle ( ! c>1 ) two ,bodhisattvas#ac 9 att5dance ^u x1 :ile devas#ad 7 made to foll[ 9 wait+1 all brilliantly c>v$ 9 gold & silv]1 & hang+ 9 ! air4 ,:5 7! c>7 0 a hundr$ paces f ! gate1 ! k+ put (f 8 cr[n ( /ate1 *ang$ 8 dress = a fre% suit1 & ) b>e feet1 c>ry+ 9 8 h&s fl[]s & inc5se1 & ) two r[s ( att5d+ foll[]s1 w5t out at ! gate to meet ! image2 &1 ) 8 head & face 7b[$ to ! gr\nd71 he did homage at its feet1 & !n scatt]$ ! fl[]s & burnt ! inc5se4 ,:5 ! image 0 ent]+ ! gate1 ! que5 & ! brilliant ladies ) h] 9 ! gall]y above scatt]$ f> & wide all k9ds ( fl[]s1 :i* float$ ab\t & fell promiscu\sly to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is way ev]y?+ 0 done to promote ! dignity ( ! occasion4 ,! c>riages ( ! mona/]ies 7 all diff]5t1 & ea* "o _h its own day = ! procession4 7,! c]emony7 began on ! fir/ day ( ! f\r? mon?1 & end$ on ! f\rte5?1 aft] :i* ! k+ & que5 return$ to ! palace4 ,sev5 or eight le to ! we/ ( ! city !re is :at is call$ ! ,k+'s ,new ,mona/]y1 ! build+ ( :i* took eighty ye>s1 & ext5d$ ov] ?ree reigns4 ,x may be #bej cubits 9 height1 ri* 9 elegant c>v+ & inlaid "w1 cov]$ above ) gold & silv]1 & f9i%$ ?r\gh\t ) a comb9ation ( all ! preci\s sub/ances4 ,beh9d ! tope !re has be5 built a ,hall ( ,buddha1#ae ( ! utmo/ magnific5ce & beauty1 ! beams1 pill>s1 v5etian$ doors1 & w9d[s be+ all ov]laid ) gold-leaf4 ,besides ?is1 ! ap>tm5ts = ! monks are impos+ly & elegantly decorat$1 beyond ! p[] ( words to express4 ,( :atev] ?+s ( highe/ value & preci\sness ! k+s 9 ! six c\ntries on ! ea/ ( ! 7,tsung7 range ( m\nta9s#af are possess$1 !y contribute ! great] portion 7to ?is mona/]y71 us+ b a small portion ( !m !mselves4#ag ,,notes #a ,?is fondness = music among ! ,khot5]s is m5tion$ by ,hsan & ,*wang & o!rs4 #b ,mahyna2 ,see *ap4 ii note #d4 ,x is a lat] =m ( ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e1 ! second phase ( its developm5t correspond+ to ! /ate ( a ,bodhisattva1 :o1 be+ able to transport himself & all mank9d to nirva1 may be comp>$ to a huge vehicle4 ,see ,davids on ! #8,key-note ( ! 8,great ,vehicle10' ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bed4 #c ,f-hi5 supplies suffici5t in=mation ( h[ ! common /ore or funds ( ! mona/]ies 7 provid$1 f>!r on 9 *apt]s xvi & xxxix1 z well z 9 o!r passages4 ,z ! po9t is important1 ,i w give "h1 f ,davids' fif? ,hibb]t ,lecture 7p4 #agh71 "s ( ! words ( ! dy+ ,buddha1 tak5 f #8,! ,book ( ! ,great ,decease1' z illu/rat+ ! /atem5t 9 ?is text3--#8,s long z ! bre?r5 %all p]sev]e 9 k9dness ( action1 spee*1 & ?\ght among ! sa9ts1 bo? 9 public & private2 s long z !y %all divide )\t p>tiality1 & %>e 9 common ) ! upright & holy1 all su* ?+s z !y receive 9 accordance ) ! j provisions ( ! ord]1 d[n ev5 to ! m]e cont5ts ( a begg+ b[l2 444 s long may ! bre?r5 be expect$ n to decl9e1 b to prosp]4' #d ,! ,*9ese 7tah2 9 ,cantonese1 tap71 z us$ by ,f-hi51 is1 no d\bt1 a phonetisation ( ! ,sanskrit /pa or ,pli ?pa2 & x is well 9 translat+ to use = ! /ructures describ$ by him ! "n ( topes1--made famili> by ,cunn+ham & o!r ,indian antiqu>ians4 ,9 ! ?irte5? *apt] !re is an acc\nt ( "o built "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,buddha himself1 #8z a model = all topes 9 future4' ,!y 7 usually 9 ! =m ( bell-%ap$ domes1 & 7 solid1 surm\nt$ by a long tap]+ p9nacle =m$ ) a s]ies ( r+s1 v>y+ 9 numb]4 ,b _! =m1 ,i suppose1 0 (t5 v>i$2 j z we h 9 ,*9a pagodas ( diff]5t %apes4 ,!re are sev]al topes n[ 9 ! ,indian ,in/itute at ,ox=d1 br\ght f ,buddha ,gay1 b ! l>ge/ ( !m is mu* small] ?an #8! smalle/' ( ^? ( ,khot54 ,!y 7 int5d$ *iefly to conta9 ! relics ( ,buddha & fam\s ma/]s ( 8 ,law2 b :at relics c\ld !re be 9 ! ,tiratna topes ( *apt] xvi8 #e ,! mean+ "h is mu* disput$4 ,! au?or does n mean to say t ! monk's ap>tm5ts 7 made #8squ>e1' b t ! mona/]ies 7 made ) _m gue/-*amb]s or sp>e rooms4 #f ,! ,sanskrit t]m = a mona/]y is us$ "h1--,saghrma1 #8g>d5s ( ! assembly1' orig9ally d5ot+ only #8! surr\nd+ p>k1 b aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ! :ole ( ! premises' 7,e4 ,h41 p4 #aah74 ,gomati1 ! "n ( ?is mona/]y1 means #8ri* 9 c[s4' #g ,a d5om9ation = ! monks z vimala1 #8undefil$' or #8pure4' ,giles makes x #8! m5ials t att5d on ! monks1' b ,i h n met ) x 9 t application4 #h ,keeh-* has n be5 cle>ly id5tifi$4 ,rmusat made x ,ca%m]e2 ,klapro?1 ,isk>du2 ,beal makes x ,k>t*\2 & ,eitel1 ,khasa1 #8an anci5t tribe on ! ,p>opamisus1 ! ,kasioi ( ,ptolemy4' ,i ?9k x 0 ,ladak1 or "s well-kn[n place 9 x4 ,hwuy-tah1 unless t "n be an alias1 appe>s "h = ! fir/ "t4 #i ,in/ead ( #8f\r1' ! ,*9ese copies ( ! text h #8f\rte52' b ! ,corean read+ is1 probably1 m correct4 #aj ,!re may h be51 z ,giles says1 #8maids ( hon\r2' b ! "* does n say s4 #aa ,! ,sapta-ratna1 gold1 silv]1 lapis lazuli1 rock cry/al1 rubies1 diamonds or em]alds1 & agate4 ,see ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ 7,davids' ,buddhi/ ,suttas71 vol4 xi41 p4 #bdi4 #ab ,no d\bt t ( kyamuni himself4 #ac ,a ,bodhisattva is "o ^: ess5ce has become intellig5ce2 a ,be+ :o w 9 "s future bir? z a man 7n necess>ily or usually ! next7 atta9 to ,buddhahood4 ,! "n does n include ^? ,buddhas :o h n yet atta9$ to p>i-nirva4 ,! symbol ( ! /ate is an elephant =d+ a riv]4 ,popul>ly1 its abbreviat$ =m ,p-s is us$ 9 ,*9a = any idol or image2 "h ! "n has its prop] signification4 #ad 1 #8all ! ?i51' or simply #8! ?i5' tak5 z plural4 ,b 9 ,*9ese ! "* call$ ?i5 77 d5otes heav51 or ,heav51 & is int]*ang$ ) ,t & ,%ang ,t1 mean+ ,god4 ,) ! ,buddhi/s x d5otes ! devas or ,brahmnic gods1 or all ! inhabitants ( ! six devalokas4 ,! usage %[s ! antagonism betwe5 ,buddhism & ,brahmnism1 & /ill m t betwe5 x & ,confucianism4 #ae ,giles & ,williams call ?is #8! oratory ( ,buddha4' ,b #8oratory' gives ! idea ( a small ap>tm5t1 :]eas ! "n "h leads ! m9d to ?9k ( a l>ge #8hall4' ,i once accompani$ ! monks ( a l>ge mona/]y f _! refectory to ! ,hall ( ,buddha1 :i* 0 a l(ty & spaci\s ap>tm5t spl5didly fitt$ up4 #af ,! ,tsung1 or #8,onion' range1 call$ also ! ,belurtagh m\nta9s1 includ+ ! ,k>akorum1 & =m+ toge!r ! connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! m nor!rn ,te5-%an & ! ,kwun-lun m\nta9s on ! nor? ( ,?ibet4 ,x w\ld be difficult to "n ! six c\ntries :i* ,f-hi5 _h 9 m9d4 #ag ,?is seems to be ! mean+ "h4 ,my fir/ impression ( x 0 t ! au?or meant to say t ! contributions :i* !y receiv$ 7 sp5t by ! monks ma9ly on ! build+s1 & only to a small ext5t = !mselves2 & ,i /ill hesitate betwe5 t view & ! "o 9 ! v]sion4 ,!re occurs "h ! b9omial phrase kung-yang 1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ common ?r\gh\t ! n>rative1 & is us$ n only ( support 9 ! way ( sub/antial contributions giv5 to monks1 mona/]ies1 & ,buddhism1 b g5]ally ( all ,buddhi/ic wor%ip1 if ,i may use t t]m 9 ! connexion4 ,let me "h quote two or ?ree s5t5ces f ,davids' ,manual 7pp4 #afh-agj73--#8,! memb]s ( ! ord] are secur$ f want4 ,!re is no place 9 ! ,buddhi/ s*eme = *ur*es2 ! (f]+ ( fl[]s be=e ! sacr$ tree or image ( ! ,buddha takes ! place ( wor%ip4 ,buddhism does n ackn[l$ge ! efficacy ( pray]s2 & 9 ! w>m c\ntries :]e ,buddhi/s live1 ! occasional read+ ( ! law1 or prea*+ ( ! ^w1 9 public1 c take place be/ 9 ! op5 air1 by moonlight1 "u a simple ro( ( trees or palms4 ,!re are five pr9cipal k9ds ( m$itation1 :i* 9 ,buddhism takes ! place ( pray]4' ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,ts,,ung ,,or #8,,onion' ,,m\nta9s ,,to ,k,,eeh-,,*2--,,probably ,,sk>do1 ,,or ,,"s ,,city ,,m ,,to ,,! ,,ea/ ,,9 ,,ladak4 ,:5 ! processions ( images 9 ! f\r? mon? 7 ov]1 ,sng-%o1 by himself alone1 foll[$ a ,t>t> :o 0 an e>ne/ foll[] ( ! ,law1#a & proce$$ t[>ds ,koph5e4#b ,f-hi5 & ! o!rs w5t =w>d to ! k+dom ( ,tsze-hoh1 :i* x took !m tw5ty-five days to rea*4#c ,its k+ 0 a /r5u\s foll[] ( our ,law1#d & _h 7ar\nd him7 m ?an a ?\s& monks1 mo/ly /ud5ts ( ! mahyna4 ,"h 7! travell]s7 abode fifte5 days1 & !n w5t s\? = f\r days1 :5 !y f\nd !mselves among ! ,tsung-l+ m\nta9s1 & rea*$ ! c\ntry ( ,yu-hwuy1#e :]e !y halt$ & kept _! retreat4#f ,:5 ?is 0 ov]1 !y w5t on among ! hills#g = tw5ty-five days1 & got to ,keeh-*1#h !re rejo9+ ,hwuy-k+#i & 8 two companions4 ,,notes #a ,?is ,t>t> is call$ a 1 #8a man ( ! ,to1' or fai? ( ,buddha4 ,x occurs sev]al times 9 ! sequel1 & d5otes ! man :o is n a ,buddhi/ outw>dly only1 b inw>dly z well1 ^: fai? is always mak+ itself manife/ 9 8 ways4 ,! "n may be us$ ( foll[]s ( o!r sy/ems ( fai? besides ,buddhism4 #b ,see ! acc\nt ( ! k+dom ( ,koph5e1 9 ! #if? ,book ( ! fir/ ,han ,records1 p4 #gh1 :]e its capital is said to be #ab1bjj le f ,*ang-gan4 ,x 0 ! :ole or "p ( ! pres5t ,cabuli/an ,! "n ( ,coph5e is connect$ ) ! riv] ,kophes1 suppos$ to be ! same z ! pres5t ,cabul riv]1 :i* falls into ! ,indus1 f ! we/1 at ,attock1 aft] pass+ ,pe%w>4 ,! city ( ,cabul1 ! capital ( ,afghani/an1 may be ! ,koph5e ( ! text2 b we d n "k t ,sng-%o & 8 guide got s f> we/4 ,! text only says t !y set out f ,khot5 #8t[>ds x4' #c ,tsze-hoh has n be5 id5tifi$4 ,beal ?9ks x 0 ,y>k&1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 nor?-we/ f ,khot54 ,watt]s 7#8,*9a ,review1' p4 #ace7 r approves ! sugge/ion ( #8,ta%kurgan 9 ,sirikul' = x4 ,z x took ,f-hi5 tw5ty-five days to rea* x1 x mu/ h be5 at lea/ #aej miles f ,khot54 #d ,! k+ is describ$ "h by a ,buddhi/ic phrase1 d5ot+ ! possession ( vryabala1 #8! p[] ( en]gy2 p]sev]+ ex]tion--"o ( ! five moral p[]s' 7,e4 ,h41 p4 #agj74 #e ,nor has ,yu-hwuy be5 cle>ly id5tifi$4 ,evid5tly x 0 directly s\? f ,tsze-hoh1 & among ! #8,onion' m\nta9s4 ,watt]s haz>ds ! conjecture t x 0 ! ,aktas* ( our pres5t maps4 #f ,?is 0 ! retreat already twice m5tion$ z kept by ! pilgrims 9 ! summ]1 ! diff]5t phraseology1 #8quiet re/1' )\t any m5tion ( ! season1 indicat+ _! approa* to ,india1 ,e4 ,h41 p4 #afh4 ,two1 if n ?ree1 ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce !y left ,*ang-gan4 ,are we n[ ) !m 9 #djb8 #g ,?is is ! ,corean read+ 771 mu* pref]able to ! 77 ( ! ,*9ese editions4 #h ,see *ap4 iii1 note #h4 ,watt]s approves ( ,klapro?'s det]m9ation ( ,keeh-* to be ,isk>du or ,sk>do4 ,!re are difficulties 9 connexion ) ! view1 b x has ! advantage1 to my m9d v great1 ( br++ ! pilgrims across ! ,indus4 ,! passage might be accompli%$ ) ease at ?is po9t ( ! riv]'s c\rse1 & !re=e is n p>ticul>ly m5tion$4 #i ,:o _h prec$$ !m f ,khot51 *ap4 iii p>agraph #c4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,great ,,qu9qu5nial ,,assembly ,,( ,,monks4 ,,relics ,,( ,,buddha4 ,,productions ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry4 ,x happ5$ t ! k+ ( ! c\ntry 0 !n hold+ ! pa*a p>i%ad1 t is1 9 ,*9ese1 ! great qu9qu5nial assembly4#a ,:5 ?is is to be held1 ! k+ reque/s ! pres5ce ( ! ramans f all qu>t]s 7( 8 k+dom74 ,!y come 7z if7 9 cl\ds2 & :5 !y are all assembl$1 _! place ( session is gr&ly decorat$4 ,silk5 /ream]s & canopies are hung out 91 & wat]-lilies 9 gold & silv] are made & fix$ up beh9d ! places :]e 7! *ief ( !m7 are to sit4 ,:5 clean mats h be5 spread1 & !y are all seat$1 ! k+ & 8 m9i/]s pres5t _! (f]+s accord+ to rule & law4 7,! assembly takes place71 9 ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird mon?1 = ! mo/ "p 9 ! spr+4 ,aft] ! k+ has held ! assembly1 he fur!r exhorts ! m9i/]s to make o!r & special (f]+s4 ,! do+ ( ?is ext5ds ov] "o1 two1 ?ree1 five1 or ev5 sev5 days2 & :5 all is f9i%$1 he takes 8 own rid+-horse1 saddles1 bridles1 & waits on him himself1#b :ile he makes ! noble/ & mo/ important m9i/] ( ! k+dom m\nt him4 ,!n1 tak+ f9e :ite wooll5 clo?1 all sorts ( preci\s ?+s1 & articles :i* ! ramans require1 he di/ributes !m among !m1 utt]+ v[s at ! same "t along ) all 8 m9i/]s2 & :5 ?is di/ribution has tak5 place1 he aga9 r$eems 7:atev] he wi%es7 f ! monks4#c ,! c\ntry1 be+ among ! hills & cold1 does n produce ! o!r c]eals1 & only ! :eat gets ripe4 ,aft] ! monks h receiv$ _! annual 7portion ( ?is71 ! morn+s sudd5ly %[ ! ho>-fro/1 & on ?is acc\nt ! k+ always begs ! monks to make ! :eat rip5#d be=e !y receive _! portion4 ,!re is 9 ! c\ntry a spittoon :i* belong$ to ,buddha1 made ( /one1 & 9 col\r l 8 alms-b[l4 ,!re is also a too? ( ,buddha1 = :i* ! p h re>$ a tope1 connect$ ) :i* !re are m ?an a ?\s& monks & _! disciples1#e all /ud5ts ( ! hnayna4 ,to ! ea/ ( ^! hills ! dress ( ! common p is ( co>se mat]ials1 z 9 our c\ntry ( ,ts91 b "h also#f !re 7 among !m ! diff]5ces ( f9e wooll5 clo? & ( s]ge or hairclo?4 ,! rules obs]v$ by ! ramans are rem>kable1 & too num]\s to be m5tion$ 9 detail4 ,! c\ntry is 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,onion range4 ,z y g =w>d f ^! m\nta9s1 ! plants1 trees1 & fruits are all diff]5t f ^? ( ! l& ( ,han1 except+ only ! bamboo1 pomegranate1#g & sug>-cane4 ,,notes #a ,see ,eitel1 p4 #hi4 ,he describes ! assembly z #8an ecclesia/ical conf]5ce1 fir/ in/itut$ by k+ ,aoka = g5]al confession ( s9s & inculcation ( morality4' #b ,! text ( ?is s5t5ce is p]plex+2 & all translators1 includ+ myself1 h be5 puzzl$ by x4 #c ,see :at we are told ( k+ ,aoka's grant ( all ! ,jambudvpa to ! monks 9 *apt] xxvii4 ,!re are sev]al o!r in/ances ( simil> gifts 9 ! ,mahvaa4 #d ,watt]s calls att5tion to ?is z %[+ t ! monks ( ,keeh-* _h ! cr$it ( possess+ wea!r-controll+ p[]s4 #e ,! text "h has 1 n alone4 ,i (t5 f\nd 9 mona/]ies boys & lads :o look$ up to c]ta9 ( ! monks z _! preceptors4 #f ,comp>e :at is said 9 *apt] ii ( ! dress ( ! p ( ,%5-%54 #g ,giles ?9ks ! fruit "h 0 ! guava1 because ! ord9>y "n = #8pomegranate' is prec$$ by gan 772 b ! pomegranate 0 call$ at fir/ ,gan ,%ih-lu1 z hav+ be5 introduc$ into ,*9a f ,gan-seih by ,*ang ke51 :o is ref]r$ to 9 *apt] vii4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,on ,,t[>ds ,,nor? ,,india4 ,,d>ada4 ,,image ,,( ,,maitreya ,,bodhisattva4 ,f ?is 7! travell]s7 w5t we/w>ds t[>ds ,nor? ,india1 & aft] be+ on ! way = a mon?1 !y succe$$ 9 gett+ across & ?r\gh ! range ( ! ,onion m\nta9s4 ,! sn[ re/s on !m bo? w9t] & summ]4 ,!re are also among !m v5om\s dragons1 :i*1 :5 provok$1 spit =? poison\s w9ds1 & cause %[]s ( sn[ & /orms ( s& & gravel4 ,n "o 9 t5 ?\s& ( ^? :o enc\nt] ^! dang]s escapes ) 8 life4 ,! p ( ! c\ntry call ! range by ! "n ( #8,! ,sn[ m\nta9s4' ,:5 7! travell]s7 _h got ?r\gh !m1 !y 7 9 ,nor? ,india1 & imm$iately on ent]+ its bord]s1 f\nd !mselves 9 a small k+dom call$ ,to-leih1#a :]e also !re 7 _m monks1 all /ud5ts ( ! hnayna4 ,9 ?is k+dom !re 0 =m]ly an ,arhan1#b :o by 8 sup]natural p[]#c took a clev] artific] up to ! ,tu%ita#d heav51 to see ! height1 complexion1 & appe>ance ( ,maitreya ,bodhisattva1#e & !n return & make an image ( him 9 wood4 ,fir/ & la/1 ?is 0 done ?ree times1 & !n ! image 0 complet$1 eighty cubits 9 height1 & eight cubits at ! base f knee to knee ( ! cross$ legs4 ,on fa/-days x emits an effulg5t light4 ,! k+s ( ! 7surr\nd+7 c\ntries vie ) "o ano!r 9 pres5t+ (f]+s to x4 ,"h x is1--to be se5 n[ z ( old4#f ,,notes #a ,eitel & o!rs id5tify ?is ) ,d>ada1 ! c\ntry ( ! anci5t ,d>dae1 ! region ne> ,d>dus2 lat4 #cj #aa ,n41 lon4 #gc #ed ,e4 ,see ,e4 ,h4 p4 #cj4 ,i am myself 9 m ?an d\bt on ! po9t4 ,cunn+ham 7#8,anci5t ,geography ( ,india1' p4 #hb7 says #8,d>el is a valley on ! "r or we/]n bank ( ! ,indus1 n[ occupi$ by ,d>dus or ,d>ds1 f :om x receiv$ its "n4' ,b z ,i read our n>rative1 ,f-hi5 is "h on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,indus1 & only crosses to ! we/]n bank z describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 #b ,lo-han1 ,arhat1 ,arahat1 are all designations ( ! p]fect$ rya1 ! disciple :o has pass$ ! diff]5t /ages ( ! ,noble ,pa?1 or eightfold excell5t way1 :o has conqu]$ all passions1 & is n to be reborn aga94 ,arhat%ip implies possession ( c]ta9 sup]natural p[]s1 & is n to be succe$$ by ,buddha%ip1 b implies ! fact ( ! sa9t hav+ already atta9$ nirva4 ,popul>ly1 ! ,*9ese designate by ?is "n ! wid] circle ( ,buddha's disciples1 z well z ! small] ones ( #ejj & #ah4 ,no temple 9 ,canton is bett] wor? a visit ?an t ( ! #ejj ,lo-han4 #c iddhi-sk%tkriy1 #8! p[] ( sup]natural foot/eps1' #8a body flexible at pleasure1' or unlimit$ p[] ov] ! body4 ,e4 ,h41 p4 #ajd4 #d ,tu%ita is ! f\r? ,devaloka1 :]e all ,bodhisattvas are reborn be=e f9ally appe>+ on e>? z ,buddha4 ,life la/s 9 ,tu%ita #djjj ye>s1 b tw5ty-f\r h\rs !re are equal to #djj ye>s on e>?4 ,e4 ,h41 p4 #aeb4 #e ,maitreya 7,sp5ce ,h>dy1 ,maitri71 (t5 /yl$ ,ajita1 #8! ,inv9cible1' 0 a ,bodhisattva1 ! pr9cipal "o1 inde$1 ( kyamuni's ret9ue1 b is n c\nt$ among ! ord9>y 7hi/orical7 disciples1 nor is any?+ told ( 8 antec$5ts4 ,x 0 9 ! ,tu%ita heav5 t kyamuni met him & appo9t$ him z 8 successor1 to appe> z ,buddha aft] ! lapse ( #ejjj ye>s4 ,maitreya is !re=e ! expect$ ,messiah ( ! ,buddhi/s1 resid+ at pres5t 9 ,tu%ita1 &1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( him 9 ,eitel 7,h41 p4 #gj71 #8already controll+ ! propagation ( ! ,buddhi/ic fai?4' ,! "n means #8g5tl5ess' or #8k9dness2' & ?is w be ! "* ( 8 disp5sation4 #f ,! comb9ation ( 9 ! text ( ?is conclud+ s5t5ce1 & s frequ5tly occurr+ ?r\gh\t ! n>rative1 has occasion$ no little dispute among previ\s translators4 ,9 ! imp]ial !saurus ( phraseology 7,pei-wan ,yun-foo71 "u 1 an example ( x is giv5 f ,*wang-tsze1 & a note subjo9$ t is equival5t to 1 #8anci5tly & n[4' ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,cross+ ,,( ,,! ,,indus4 ,,:5 ,,buddhism ,,fir/ ,,cross$ ,,! ,,riv] ,,= ,,! ,,ea/4 ,! travell]s w5t on to ! s\?-we/ = fifte5 days 7at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 &7 foll[+ ! c\rse ( _! range4 ,! way 0 difficult & rugg$1 7runn+ along7 a bank exce$+ly precipit\s1 :i* rose up !re1 a hill-l wall ( rock1 #aj1jjj cubits f ! base4 ,:5 "o approa*es ! edge ( x1 8 eyes become un/eady2 & if he wi%$ to g =w>d 9 ! same direction1 !re 0 no place on :i* he c\ld place 8 foot2 & b5ea? :]e ! wat]s ( ! riv] call$ ! ,indus4#a ,9 =m] times m5 _h *isell$ pa?s along ! rocks1 & di/ribut$ ladd]s on ! face ( !m1 to ! numb] altoge!r ( #gjj1 at ! bottom ( :i* !re 0 a susp5sion bridge ( ropes1 by :i* ! riv] 0 cross$1 its banks be+ !re eighty paces ap>t4#b ,! 7place & arrangem5ts7 are to be f\nd 9 ! ,records ( ! ,n9e ,int]pret]s1#c b nei!r ,*ang ,ke5#d nor ,kan ,y+#e _h rea*$ ! spot4 ,! monks#f ask$ ,f-hi5 if x c\ld be kn[n :5 ! ,law ( ,buddha fir/ w5t to ! ea/4 ,he repli$1 #8,:5 ,i ask$ ! p ( ^? c\ntries ab\t x1 !y all said t x _h be5 h&$ d[n by _! fa!rs f ( old t1 aft] ! sett+ up ( ! image ( ,maitreya ,bodhisattva1 !re 7 ramans ( ,india :o cross$ ?is riv]1 c>ry+ ) !m ,stras & ,books ( ,discipl9e4 ,n[ ! image 0 set up r m ?an #cjj ye>s aft] ! nirva#g ( ,buddha1 :i* may be ref]r$ to ! reign ( k+ ,p+ ( ! ,*[ dyna/y4#h ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt we may say t ! diffusion ( our great doctr9es 79 ! ea/7 began f 7! sett+ up (7 ?is image4 ,if x _h n be5 ?r\gh t ,maitreya1#i ! great spiritual ma/]#aj 7:o is to be7 ! successor ( ! kya1 :o c\ld h caus$ ! 8,?ree ,preci\s ,ones0#aa to be proclaim$ s f>1 & ! p ( ^? bord] l&s to "k our ,law8 ,we "k ( a tru? t ! op5+ ( 7! way = su*7 a my/]i\s propagation is n ! "w ( man2 & s ! dream ( ! emp]or ,m+ ( ,han#ab _h its prop] cause4' ,,notes #a ,! ,s9dhu4 ,we saw 9 a =m] note 7*ap4 ii note #f7 t ! e>lie/ "n 9 ,*9a = ,india 0 ,%9-tuh4 ,s1 "h1 ! riv] ,indus is call$ by a "n approa*+ t 9 s\nd4 #b ,bo? ,beal & ,watt]s quote f ,cunn+ham 7,ladak1 pp4 #hh1 #hi7 ! foll[+ description ( ! c\rse ( ! ,indus 9 ^! p>ts1 9 /rik+ accordance ) our au?or's acc\nt3--#8,f ,sk>do to ,rongdo1 & f ,rongdo to ,makp\-i-%ang-rong1 = upw>ds ( #ajj miles1 ! ,indus sweeps sull5 & d>k ?r\gh a mighty gorge 9 ! m\nta9s1 :i* = wild sublimity is p]haps unequall$4 ,rongdo means ! c\ntry ( defiles4444 ,betwe5 ^! po9ts ! ,indus raves f side to side ( ! gloomy *asm1 foam+ & *af+ ) ungov]nable fury4 ,yet ev5 9 ^! inaccessible places has d>+ & +5i\s man triumph$ ov] oppos+ nature4 ,! yawn+ abyss is spann$ by frail rope bridges1 & ! n>r[ l$ges ( rocks are connect$ by ladd]s to =m a giddy pa?way ov]hang+ ! see?+ cauldron bel[4' #c ,! ,japanese edition has a diff]5t read+ "h f ! ,*9ese copies1--"o :i* ,rmusat 7) true critical in/9ct7 conjectur$ %\ld take ! place ( ! m difficult text ) :i* alone he 0 acqua9t$4 ,! #8,n9e ,int]pret]s' w\ld be a g5]al "n = ! (ficial int]pret]s atta*$ to ! invad+ armies ( ,han 9 _! attempts to p5etrate & subdue ! regions ( ! we/4 ,! phrase occurs 9 ! memoir ( ,*ang ,ke51 ref]r$ to 9 ! next note4 #d ,*ang ,ke51 a m9i/] ( ! emp]or ,woo ( ,han 7,b4,c4 #adj-hg71 is celebrat$ z ! fir/ ,*9ese :o #8pi]c$ ! void1' & p5etrat$ to #8! regions ( ! we/1' correspond+ v mu* to ! pres5t ,turke/an4 ,?r\gh him1 by ,b4,c4 #aae1 a regul> int]c\rse 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,*9a & ! ?irty-six k+doms or /ates ( t qu>t]2--see ,may]s' ,*9ese ,read]'s ,manual1 p4 #e4 ,! memoir ( ,*ang ,ke51 translat$ by ,mr4 ,wylie f ! ,books ( ! fir/ ,han dyna/y1 appe>s 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ref]r$ to already 7*ap4 ii note #a74 #e ,less is kn[n ( ,kan ,y+ ?an ( ,*ang ,ke54 ,be+ s5t 9 ,a4,d4 #hh by 8 patron ,pan ,*o on an embassy to ! ,roman empire1 he only got z f> z ! ,caspian sea1 & return$ to ,*9a4 ,he ext5d$1 h[ev]1 ! k ( 8 c\ntrym5 ) reg>d to ! we/]n regions2--see ! memoir ( ,pan ,*o 9 ! ,books ( ! second ,han1 & ,may]s' ,manual1 pp4 #afg1 #afh4 #f ,:]e & :58 ,probably at 8 fir/ re/+-place aft] cross+ ! ,indus4 #g ,?is may ref] to kyamuni's becom+ ,buddha on atta9+ to nirva1 or m probably to 8 p>i-nirva & dea?4 #h ,z k+ ,p+'s reign la/$ f ,b4,c4 #gej to #gai1 ?is w\ld place ! dea? ( ,buddha 9 ! elev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 :]eas rec5t inquir]s place x betwe5 ,b4,c4 #dhj & #dgj1 a ye> or two1 or a few ye>s1 aft] t ( ,confucius1 s t ! two great #8,ma/]s' ( ! ea/ 7 really contempor>ies4 ,b if ,rhys ,davids be correct1 z ,i ?9k he is1 9 fix+ ! date ( ,buddha's dea? )9 a few ye>s ( #dab ,b4,c4 7see ,manual1 p4 #bac71 n to speak ( ,we/]ga>d's /ill l[] date1 !n ! ,buddha 0 v consid]ably ! junior ( ,confucius4 #i ,?is confirms ! words ( ,eitel 7note #c1 p4 #bc71 t ,maitreya is already controll+ ! propagation ( ! fai?4 #aj ,! ,*9ese *>act]s = ?is simply mean #8! great s*ol> or (fic]2' b see ,eitel's ,h&book1 p4 #ii1 on ! t]m puru%a4 #aa #8,! preci\s ,buddha1' #8! preci\s ,law1' & #8! preci\s ,monkhood2' ,buddha1 ,dh>ma1 & ,sagha2 ! :ole be+ equival5t to ,buddhism4 #ab ,f-hi5 ?us endorses ! view t ,buddhism 0 introduc$ into ,*9a 9 ?is reign1 ,a4,d4 #eh-ge4 ,! emp]or _h 8 dream 9 ,a4,d4 #fa4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,woo-,,*ang1 ,,or ,,udy,,na4 ,,mona/]ies1 ,,& ,,_! ,,ways4 ,,traces ,,( ,,buddha4 ,aft] cross+ ! riv]1 7! travell]s7 imm$iately came to ! k+dom ( ,woo-*ang1#a :i* is inde$ 7a "p7 ( ,nor? ,india4 ,! p all use ! language ( ,c5tral ,india1 #8,c5tral ,india' be+ :at we %\ld call ! #8,middle ,k+dom4' ,! food & clo!s ( ! common p are ! same z 9 t ,c5tral ,k+dom4 ,! ,law ( ,buddha is v 7fl\ri%+ 9 ,woo-*ang74 ,!y call ! places :]e ! monks /ay 7= a "t7 or reside p]man5tly ,saghrmas2#b & ( ^! !re are 9 all #ejj1 ! monks be+ all /ud5ts ( ! hnayna4 ,:5 /rang] bhik%us#c arrive at "o ( !m1 _! wants are suppli$ = ?ree days1 aft] :i* !y are told to f9d a re/+-place = !mselves4 ,!re is a tradition t :5 ,buddha came to ,nor? ,india1 he came at once to ?is c\ntry1 & t "h he left a pr9t ( 8 foot1 :i* is long or %ort accord+ to ! ideas ( ! behold] 7on ! subject74 ,x exi/s1 & ! same ?+ is true ab\t x1 at ! pres5t day4 ,"h also are /ill to be se5 ! rock on :i* he dri$ 8 clo!s1 & ! place :]e he conv]t$ ! wick$ dragon4#d ,! rock is f\rte5 cubits high1 & m ?an tw5ty broad1 ) "o side ( x smoo?4 ,hwuy-k+1 ,hwuy-tah1 & ,to-*+ w5t on ahead t[>ds 7! place (7 ,buddha's %ad[ 9 ! c\ntry ( ,nagra2#e b ,f-hi5 & ! o!rs rema9$ 9 ,woo-*ang1 & kept ! summ] retreat4#f ,t ov]1 !y desc5d$ s\?1 & arriv$ 9 ! c\ntry ( ,soo-ho-to4#g ,,notes #a ,udyna1 mean+ #8! ,p>k2' j nor? ( ! ,punjb1 ! c\ntry along ! ,subhava/u1 n[ call$ ! ,swat2 not$ = its =e/s1 fl[]s1 & fruits 7,e4 ,h41 p4 #aec74 #b ,see *ap4 iii note #f4 #c ,bhik%u is ! "n = a monk z #8liv+ by alms1' a m5dicant4 ,all bhik%us call !mselves ramans4 ,sometimes ! two names are us$ toge!r by our au?or4 #d ,nga is ! ,sanskrit "n = ! ,*9ese lung or dragon2 (t5 mean+ a snake1 especially ! boa4 #8,*9ese ,buddhi/s1' says ,eitel1 p4 #gi1 #8:5 speak+ ( ngas z boa spirits1 always repres5t !m z enemies ( mank9d1 b :5 view+ !m z deities ( riv]s1 lakes1 or oceans1 !y describe !m z pi\sly incl9$4' ,! dragon1 h[ev]1 is 9 ,*9a ! symbol ( ! ,sov]eign & ,sage1 a use ( x unkn[n 9 ,buddhism1 accord+ to :i* all ngas ne$ to be conv]t$ 9 ord] to obta9 a high] phase ( be+4 ,! use ( ! "* too 771 z "h1 9 ! s5se ( #8to conv]t1' is entirely ,buddhi/ic4 ,! six pramits are ! six virtues :i* c>ry m5 across 77 ! great sea ( life & dea?1 z ! sph]e ( transmigration to nirva4 ,) reg>d to ! p>ticul> conv]sion "h1 ,eitel 7p4 #aa7 says ! ,nga's "n 0 ,apatla1 ! gu>dian deity ( ! ,subhava/u riv]1 & t he 0 conv]t$ by kyamuni %ortly be=e ! dea? ( ! latt]4 #e ,9 ,*9ese ,na-keeh1 an anci5t k+dom & city on ! s\!rn bank ( ! ,cabul riv]1 ab\t ?irty miles we/ ( ,jellalabad4 #f ,we w\ld seem n[ to be 9 #djc4 #g ,soo-ho-to has n be5 cle>ly id5tifi$4 ,beal says t lat] ,buddhi/ writ]s include x 9 ,udyna4 ,x mu/ h be5 betwe5 ! ,indus & ! ,swat4 ,i suppose x 0 :at we n[ call ,swa/5e4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,soo-,,ho-,,to4 ,,leg5d ,,( ,,buddha4 ,9 t c\ntry also ,buddhism#a is fl\ri%+4 ,!re is 9 x ! place :]e akra1#b ,rul] ( ,devas1 9 a =m] age1#c tri$ ! ,bodhisattva1 by produc+#d a hawk 79 pursuit ( a7 dove1 :5 7! ,bodhisattva7 cut (f a piece ( 8 own fle%1 & 7) x7 ransom$ ! dove4 ,aft] ,buddha _h atta9$ to p]fect wisdom1#e & 9 travell+ ab\t ) 8 disciples 7arriv$ at ?is spot71 he in=m$ !m t ?is 0 ! place :]e he ransom$ ! dove ) a piece ( 8 own fle%4 ,9 ?is way ! p ( ! c\ntry became aw>e ( ! fact1 & on ! spot re>$ a tope1 adorn$ ) lay]s#f ( gold & silv] plates4 ,,notes #a ,buddhism /&s = ! two ,*9ese *>act]s 1 #8! ,law ( ,buddha1' & to t r5d]+ ( ! phrase1 :i* is ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 ,i w 9 g5]al adh]e4 ,buddhism is n an adequate r5d]+ ( !m any m ?an ,*ri/ianity w\ld be ( 4 ,! ,f or ,law is ! equival5t ( dh>ma compreh5d+ all 9 ! fir/ ,basket ( ! ,buddhi/ tea*+1--z ,dr4 ,davids says 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #dd71 #8its e?ics & philosophy1 & its sy/em ( self-culture2' ) ! !ory ( k>ma1 x seems to me1 especially und]ly+ x4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out 7,cunn+ham's #8,bhilsa ,topes1' p4 #ajb7 t dh>ma is ! key/one ( all k+ ,priyad>i or ,aoka's edicts4 ,! :ole ( !m are d$icat$ to ! atta9m5t ( "o object1 #8! advancem5t ( dh>ma1 or ( ! ,law ( ,buddha4' ,8 native ,*9ese af=d$ no bett] "* ?an or ,law1 by :i* our au?or c\ld express concisely 8 idea ( ! ,buddhi/ic sy/em1 z #8a law ( life1' a directory or sy/em ( ,rules1 by :i* m5 c\ld atta9 to ! consummation ( _! be+4 #b akra is a common "n = ! ,brahmnic ,indra1 adopt$ by ,buddhism into ! circle ( its own great adh]5ts2--x has be5 said1 #8because ( 8 popul>ity4' ,he is g5]ally /yl$1 z "h1 ,te5 ,t1 #8,god or ,rul] ( ,devas4' ,he is n[ ! repres5tative ( ! secul> p[]1 ! valiant protector ( ! ,buddhi/ body1 b is look$ ^u z inf]ior to kyamuni1 & e ,buddhi/ sa9t4 ,he appe>s sev]al times 9 ,f-hi5's n>rative4 ,e4 ,h41 pp4 #ajh & #df4 #c ,! ,*9ese "* is 1 #8=m]ly1' & is (t51 z 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! n>rative1 simply equival5t to t adv]b4 ,at o!r times x means1 z "h1 #89 a =m] age1' "s pre-exi/5t /ate 9 ! "t ( a =m] bir?4 ,! incid5t relat$ is #8a ,jtaka /ory4' #d ,x occurs at once to ! translator to r5d] ! *>act]s by #8*ang$ himself to4' ,su* is (t5 _! mean+ 9 ! sequel1 b _! use 9 *apt] xxiv may be consid]$ z a crucial te/ ( ! mean+ :i* ,i h giv5 !m "h4 #e ,t is1 _h become ,buddha1 or complet$ 8 c\rse 774 #f ,?is seems to be ! contribution ( 7or 71 to ! =ce ( ! b9omial 1 :i* is cont9ually occurr+4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,g&h,,ra4 ,,leg5ds ,,( ,,buddha4 ,! travell]s1 go+ d[nw>ds f ?is t[>ds ! ea/1 9 five days came to ! c\ntry ( ,g&hra1#a ! place :]e ,dh>ma-viv>dhana1#b ! son ( ,aoka1#c rul$4 ,:5 ,buddha 0 a ,bodhisattva1 he gave 8 eyes also = ano!r man "h2#d & at ! spot !y h also re>$ a l>ge tope1 adorn$ ) lay]s ( gold & silv] plates4 ,! p ( ! c\ntry 7 mo/ly /ud5ts ( ! hnayna4 ,,notes #a ,eitel says #8an anci5t k+dom1 correspond+ to ! region ab\t ,dh]i & ,banj\r4' ,b see *ap4 xi1 note #a4 #b ,dh>ma-viv>dhana is ! "n 9 ,sanskrit1 repres5t$ by ! ,f ,y 77 ( ! text4 #c ,aoka is "h m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t2--! ,con/ant9e ( ! ,buddhi/ society1 & fam\s = ! numb] ( vihras & topes :i* he erect$4 ,he 0 ! gr&son ( ,*&ragupta 7i4q4 ,s&racottus71 a rude adv5tur]1 :o at "o "t 0 a refugee 9 ! camp ( ,alex&] ! ,great2 & )9 ab\t tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds drove ! ,greeks out ( ,india1 hav+ defeat$ ,seleucus1 ! ,greek rul] ( ! ,indus prov9ces4 ,he _h by t "t made himself k+ ( ,magadha4 ,8 gr&son 0 conv]t$ to ,buddhism by ! bold & pati5t demean\r ( an ,arhat :om he _h ord]$ to be buri$ alive1 & became a mo/ zeal\s support] ( ! new fai?4 ,dr4 ,rhys ,davids 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xi1 p4 xlvi7 says t #8,aoka's coronation c be fix$ ) absolute c]ta9ty )9 a ye> or two ei!r way ( #bfg ,b4,c4' #d ,?is also is a ,jtaka /ory2 b ,eitel ?9ks x may be a my?1 con/ruct$ f ! /ory ( ! bl9d+ ( ,dh>ma-viv>dhana4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,tak%a,,il4 ,,leg5ds4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,great ,,topes4 ,sev5 days' j\rney f ?is to ! ea/ br\ght ! travell]s to ! k+dom ( ,tak%ail1#a :i* means #8! sev]$ head' 9 ! language ( ,*9a4 ,"h1 :5 ,buddha 0 a ,bodhisattva1 he gave away 8 head to a man2#b & f ?is circum/ance ! k+dom got its "n4 ,go+ on fur!r = two days to ! ea/1 !y came to ! place :]e ! ,bodhisattva ?rew d[n 8 body to fe$ a />v+ tigress4#b ,9 ^! two places also l>ge topes h be5 built1 bo? adorn$ ) lay]s ( all ! preci\s sub/ances4 ,! k+s1 m9i/]s1 & peoples ( ! k+doms ar\nd vie ) "o ano!r 9 mak+ (f]+s at !m4 ,! tra9s ( ^? :o come to scatt] fl[]s & light lamps at !m nev] cease4 ,! nations ( ^? qu>t]s all ^? 7& ! o!r two m5tion$ be=e7 #8! f\r great topes4' ,,notes #a ,see ,juli5's #8,m?ode p\r d*iffr] et transcrire les ,nomes ,sanscrits1' p4 #bjf4 ,eitel says1 #8,! ,taxila ( ! ,greeks1 ! region ne> ,hoosun ,abdaul 9 lat4 #ce #dh ,n41 lon4 #gb #dd ,e4' ,b ?is id5tification1 ,i am satisfi$1 is wrong4 ,cunn+ham1 inde$1 takes cr$it 7#8,anci5t ,geography ( ,india1' pp4 #ajh1 #aji7 = det]m9+ ?is to be ! site ( ,arrian's ,taxila1--9 ! upp] ,punjb1 /ill exi/+ 9 ! ru9s ( ,%ahdh]i1 betwe5 ! ,indus & ,hydaspes 7! mod]n ,jhelum74 ,s f> he may be correct2 b ! ,tak%ail ( ,f-hi5 0 on ! o!r1 or we/]n side ( ! ,indus2 & betwe5 ! riv] & ,g&hra4 ,x took him1 inde$1 sev5 days travell+ ea/w>ds to rea* x2 b we d n "k :at /oppages he may h made on ! way4 ,we mu/ be w>y 9 reckon+ di/ances f 8 specifications ( days4 #b ,two ,jtaka /ories4 ,see ! acc\nt ( ! latt] 9 ,sp5ce ,h>dy's #8,manual ( ,buddhism1' pp4 #ia1 #ib4 ,x took place :5 ,buddha _h be5 born z a ,brahmn 9 ! village ( ,daliddi2 & f ! m]it ( ! act1 he 0 next born 9 a devaloka4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,puru%apura1 ,,or ,,pe%,,w>4 ,,prophecy ,,ab\t ,,k+ ,,kani%ka ,,& ,,8 ,,tope4 ,,buddha',s ,,alms-,,b[l4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,hwuy-,,y+4 ,go+ s\?w>ds f ,g&hra1 7! travell]s7 9 f\r days arriv$ at ! k+dom ( ,puru%apura4#a ,=m]ly1 :5 ,buddha 0 travell+ 9 ?is c\ntry ) 8 disciples1 he said to n&a1#b #8,aft] my p>i-nirva1#c !re w be a k+ nam$ ,kani%ka1#d :o %all on ?is spot build a tope4' ,?is ,kani%ka 0 aft]w>ds born into ! _w2 & 7once71 :5 he _h gone =? to look ab\t him1 akra1 ,rul] ( ,devas1 wi%+ to excite ! idea 9 8 m9d1 assum$ ! appe>ance ( a little h]d-boy1 & 0 mak+ a tope "r 9 ! way 7( ! k+71 :o ask$ :at sort ( ?+ he 0 mak+4 ,! boy said1 #8,i am mak+ a tope = ,buddha4' ,! k+ said1 #8,v good2' & imm$iately1 "r ov] ! boy's tope1 he 7proce$$ to7 re> ano!r1 :i* 0 m ?an f\r hundr$ cubits high1 & adorn$ ) lay]s ( all ! preci\s sub/ances4 ,( all ! topes & temples :i* 7! travell]s7 saw 9 _! j\rney+s1 !re 0 n "o comp>able to ?is 9 solemn beauty & maje/ic gr&eur4 ,!re is a curr5t say+ t ?is is ! f9e/ tope 9 ,jambudvpa4#e ,:5 ! k+'s tope 0 complet$1 ! little tope 7( ! boy7 came out f its side on ! s\?1 r m ?an ?ree cubits 9 height4 ,buddha's alms-b[l is 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,=m]ly1 a k+ ( ,yeh-%e#f rais$ a l>ge =ce & invad$ ?is c\ntry1 wi%+ to c>ry ! b[l away4 ,hav+ subdu$ ! k+dom1 z he & 8 capta9s 7 s9c]e believ]s 9 ! ,law ( ,buddha1 & wi%$ to c>ry (f ! b[l1 !y proce$$ to pres5t _! (f]+s on a great scale4 ,:5 !y _h done s to ! ,?ree ,preci\s ,ones1 he made a l>ge elephant be gr&ly cap>ison$1 & plac$ ! b[l ^u x4 ,b ! elephant knelt d[n on ! gr\nd1 & 0 unable to g =w>d4 ,aga9 he caus$ a f\r-:eel$ wagon to be prep>$ 9 :i* ! b[l 0 put to be convey$ away4 ,eight elephants 7 !n yok$ to x1 & dragg$ x ) _! unit$ /r5g?2 b nei!r 7 !y able to g =w>d4 ,! k+ knew t ! "t = an association betwe5 himself & ! b[l _h n yet arriv$1#g & 0 sad & deeply a%am$ ( himself4 ,=?) he built a tope at ! place & a mona/]y1 & left a gu>d to wat* 7! b[l71 mak+ all sorts ( contributions4 ,!re may be !re m ?an sev5 hundr$ monks4 ,:5 x is ne> midday1 !y br+ out ! b[l1 &1 along ) ! common p1#h make _! v>i\s (f]+s to x1 aft] :i* !y take _! midday meal4 ,9 ! ev5+1 at ! "t ( inc5se1 !y br+ ! b[l out aga94#i ,x may conta9 r m ?an two pecks1 & is ( v>i\s col\rs1 black pr$om9at+1 ) ! seams t %[ its f\rfold composition di/9ctly m>k$4#aj ,its ?ickness is ab\t ! fif? ( an in*1 & x has a bright & glossy lu/re4 ,:5 poor p ?r[ into x a few fl[]s1 x becomes imm$iately full1 :ile "s v ri* p1 wi%+ to make (f]+ ( _m fl[]s1 might n /op till !y _h ?r[n 9 hundr$s1 ?\s&s1 & myriads ( bu%els1 & yet w\ld n be able to fill x4#aa ,po-yun & ,sng-k+ "h m]ely made _! (f]+s to ! alms-b[l1 & 7!n resolv$ to7 g back4 ,hwuy-k+1 ,hwuy-tah1 & ,to-*+ _h gone on be=e ! re/ to ,nagra1#ab to make _! (f]+s at 7! places (7 ,buddha's %ad[1 too?1 & ! flat-bone ( 8 skull4 7,!re7 ,hwuy-k+ fell ill1 & ,to-*+ rema9$ to look aft] him1 :ile ,hwuy-tah came alone to ,puru%apura1 & saw ! o!rs1 & 7!n7 he ) ,po-yun & ,sng-k+ took _! way back to ! l& ( ,ts94 ,hwuy-k+#ac came to 8 end#ad 9 ! mona/]y ( ,buddha's alms-b[l1 & on ?is ,f-hi5 w5t =w>d alone t[>ds ! place ( ! flat-bone ( ,buddha's skull4 ,,notes #a ,! mod]n ,pe%w>1 lat4 #cd #h ,n41 lon4 #ga #cj ,e4 #b ,a fir/ c\s9 ( kyamuni1 & born at ! mom5t :5 he atta9$ to ,buddha%ip4 ,"u ,buddha's tea*+1 n&a became an ,arhat1 & is fam\s = 8 /rong & accurate memory2 & he play$ an important "p at ! fir/ c\ncil = ! =mation ( ! ,buddhi/ canon4 ,! fri5d%ip betwe5 kyamuni & n&a 0 v close & t5d]2 & x is impossible to read mu* ( :at ! dy+ ,buddha said to him & ( him1 z relat$ 9 ! ,mah-p>i-nirva stra1 )\t be+ mov$ almo/ to te>s4 n&a is to reappe> on e>? z ,buddha 9 ano!r ,kalpa4 ,see ,e4 ,h41 p4 #i1 & ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xi4 #c ,on 8 atta9+ to nirva1 kyamuni became ! ,buddha1 & _h no long] to m\rn 8 be+ )9 ! circle ( transmigration1 & c\ld rejoice 9 an absolute fre$om f passion1 & a p]fect purity4 ,/ill he cont9u$ to live on = =ty-five ye>s1 till he atta9$ to p>i-nirva1 & _h done ) all ! life ( s5se & society1 & _h no m ex]cise ( ?\ght4 ,he di$2 b :e!r he absolutely & entirely ceas$ to be1 9 any s5se ( ! ^w be+1 x w\ld be difficult to say4 ,probably he himself w\ld n & c\ld n h spok5 def9itely on ! po9t4 ,s f> z our use ( language is conc]n$1 ap>t f any assur$ fai? 9 & hope ( immortality1 8 p>i-nirva 0 8 dea?4 #d ,kani%ka appe>$1 & began to reign1 e>ly 9 our fir/ c5tury1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aj4 ,he 0 ! la/ ( ?ree bro!rs1 ^: orig9al seat 0 9 ,yeh-%e1 imm$iately m5tion$1 or ,tukhra4 ,conv]t$ by ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a sa9t1 he became a zeal\s ,buddhi/1 & patronis$ ! sy/em z lib]ally z ,aoka _h done4 ,! f9e/ topes 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,india are ascrib$ to him2 he 0 c]ta9ly a great man & a magnific5t sov]eign4 #e ,jambudvpa is "o ( ! f\r great cont95ts ( ! univ]se1 repres5t+ ! inhabit$ _w z fanci$ by ! ,buddhi/s1 & s call$ because x resembles 9 %ape ! leaves ( ! jambu tree4 ,x is s\? ( m\nt ,m]u1 & divid$ among f\r fabul\s k+s 7,e4 ,h41 p4 #cf74 ,x is (t5 us$1 z "h p]haps1 m]ely z ! ,buddhi/ "n = ,india4 #f ,?is k+ 0 p]haps ,kani%ka himself1 ,f-hi5 mix+ up1 9 an in>ti/ic way1 diff]5t leg5ds ab\t him4 ,eitel sugge/s t a relic ( ! old "n ( ! c\ntry may /ill exi/ 9 t ( ! ,jats or ,juts ( ! pres5t day4 ,a m common "n = x is ,tukhra1 & he obs]ves t ! p 7 ! ,indo-,scy?ians ( ! ,greeks1 & ! ,t>t>s ( ,*9ese writ]s1 :o1 driv5 on by ! ,huns 7#ahj ,b4,c471 conqu]$ ,transoxiana1 de/roy$ ! ,bactrian k+dom 7#abf ,b4,c471 & f9ally conqu]$ ! ,punjb1 ,ca%m]e1 & great "p ( ,india1 _! greate/ k+ be+ ,kani%ak 7,e4 ,h41 p4 #aeb74 #g ,watt]s1 cle>ly und]/&+ ! ?\ght ( ! au?or 9 ?is s5t5ce1 r5d]s--#88 de/9y did n ext5d to a connexion ) ! b[l2' b ! t]m #8de/9y' sugge/s a controll+ or direct+ p[] )\t4 ,! k+ ?\ght t 8 virtue 9 ! pa/ 0 n yet suffici5t to give him possession ( ! b[l4 #h ,! text is simply #8^? 9 :ite clo!s4' ,?is may mean #8! laity1' or ! #8upsakas2' b x is bett] to take ! *>act]s 9 _! common ,*9ese acceptation1 z mean+ #8common]s1' #8m5 :o h no rank4' ,see 9 ,williams' ,diction>y "u 4 #i ,i d n wond] t ,rmusat %\ld give = ?is--#8et s'en ret\rn5t aprs4' ,b ,f-hi5's use ( 9 ! s5se ( #89 ! same way' is uni=m ?r\gh\t ! n>rative4 #aj ,h>dy's ,m4 ,b41 p4 #ahc1 says3--#8,! alms-b[l1 giv5 by ,mahbrahma1 hav+ vani%$ 7ab\t ! "t t ,gotama became ,buddha71 ea* ( ! f\r gu>dian deities br\ght him an alms-b[l ( em]ald1 b he did n accept !m4 ,!y !n br\ght f\r b[ls made ( /one1 ( ! col\r ( ! mung fruit2 & :5 ea* entreat$ t 8 own b[l might be accept$1 ,buddha caus$ !m to appe> z if =m$ into a s+le b[l1 appe>+ at ! upp] rim z if plac$ "o )9 ! o!r4' ,see ! acc\nt m correctly giv5 9 ! #8,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories1' p4 #aaj4 #aa ,comp>e ! n>rative 9 ,luke's ,gospel1 xxi4 #a-d4 #ab ,see *apt] viii4 #ac ,?is1 no d\bt1 %\ld be ,hwuy-y+4 ,k+ 0 at ?is "t ill 9 ,nagra1 & inde$ aft]w>ds he dies 9 cross+ ! ,little ,sn[y ,m\nta9s2 b all ! texts make him die twice4 ,! conf\nd+ ( ! two names has be5 po9t$ out by ,*9ese critics4 #ad #8,came to 8 end2' i4e41 accord+ to ! text1 #8prov$ ! imp]man5ce & unc]ta9ty1' namely1 ( human life4 ,see ,williams' ,diction>y "u 4 ,! phraseology is :olly ,buddhi/ic4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,nag,,ra4 ,,fe/ival ,,( ,,buddha',s ,,skull-,,bone4 ,,o!r ,,relics1 ,,& ,,8 ,,%ad[4 ,go+ we/ = sixte5 yojanas1#a he came to ! city ,he-lo#b 9 ! bord]s ( ! c\ntry ( ,nagra1 :]e !re is ! flat-bone ( ,buddha's skull1 deposit$ 9 a vihra#c adorn$ all ov] ) gold-leaf & ! sev5 sacr$ sub/ances4 ,! k+ ( ! c\ntry1 rev]+ & hon\r+ ! bone1 & anxi\s le/ x %\ld be /ol5 away1 has select$ eight individuals1 repres5t+ ! great families 9 ! k+dom1 & committ+ to ea* a seal1 ) :i* he %\ld seal 7its %r9e7 & gu>d 7! relic74 ,at e>ly dawn ^! eight m5 come1 & aft] ea* has inspect$ 8 seal1 !y op5 ! door4 ,?is done1 !y wa% _! h&s ) sc5t$ wat] & br+ out ! bone1 :i* !y place outside ! vihra1 on a l(ty plat=m1 :]e x is support$ on a r\nd p$e/al ( ! sev5 preci\s sub/ances1 & cov]$ ) a bell ( lapis lazuli1 bo? adorn$ ) r[s ( pe>ls4 ,its col\r is ( a yell[i% :ite1 & x =ms an imp]fect circle twelve in*es r\nd1#d curv+ upw>ds to ! c5tre4 ,e day1 aft] x has be5 br\ght =?1 ! keep]s ( ! vihra asc5d a high gall]y1 :]e !y beat great drums1 bl[ con*s1 & cla% _! copp] cymbals4 ,:5 ! k+ he>s !m1 he goes to ! vihra1 & makes 8 (f]+s ( fl[]s & inc5se4 ,:5 he has done ?is1 he 7& 8 att5dants7 9 ord]1 "o aft] ano!r1 7raise ! bone71 place x 7= a mom5t7 on ! top ( _! heads1#e & !n dep>t1 go+ out by ! door on ! we/ z !y ent]$ by t on ! ea/4 ,! k+ e morn+ makes 8 (f]+s & p]=ms 8 wor%ip1 & aft]w>ds gives audi5ce on ! bus9ess ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,! *iefs ( ! ,vaiyas#f also make _! (f]+s be=e !y att5d to _! family affairs4 ,e day x is s1 & !re is no remissness 9 ! obs]vance ( ! cu/om4 ,:5 all ! (f]+s are ov]1 !y replace ! bone 9 ! vihra1 :]e !re is a vimok%a tope1#g ( ! sev5 preci\s sub/ances1 & r m ?an five cubits high1 sometimes op51 sometimes %ut1 to conta9 x4 ,9 front ( ! door ( ! vihra1 !re are p>ties :o e morn+ sell fl[]s & inc5se1#h & ^? :o wi% to make (f]+s buy "s ( all k9ds4 ,! k+s ( v>i\s c\ntries are also con/antly s5d+ mess5g]s ) (f]+s4 ,! vihra /&s 9 a squ>e ( ?irty paces1 & ?\gh heav5 %\ld %ake & e>? be r5t1 ?is place w\ld n move4 ,go+ on1 nor? f ?is1 = a yojana1 7,f-hi57 arriv$ at ! capital ( ,nagra1 ! place :]e ! ,bodhisattva once pur*as$ ) money five /alks ( fl[]s1 z an (f]+ to ! ,dpk>a ,buddha4#i ,9 ! mid/ ( ! city !re is also ! tope ( ,buddha's too?1 :]e (f]+s are made 9 ! same way z to ! flat-bone ( 8 skull4 ,a yojana to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! city br\ght him to ! m\? ( a valley1 :]e !re is ,buddha's pewt] /aff2#aj & a vihra also has be5 built at :i* (f]+s are made4 ,! /aff is made ( ,gr%a ,*&ana1 & is q sixte5 or sev5te5 cubits long4 ,x is conta9$ 9 a wood5 tube1 & ?\gh a hundr$ or a ?\s& m5 ere to 7try to7 lift x1 !y c\ld n move x4 ,ent]+ ! m\? ( ! valley1 & go+ we/1 he f\nd ,buddha's ,saghli1#aa :]e also !re is re>$ a vihra1 & (f]+s are made4 ,x is a cu/om ( ! c\ntry :5 !re is a great dr\ght1 = ! p to collect 9 cr[ds1 br+ out ! robe1 pay wor%ip to x1 & make (f]+s1 on :i* !re is imm$iately a great ra9 f ! sky4 ,s\? ( ! city1 half a yojana1 !re is a rock cav]n1 9 a great hill front+ ! s\?-we/2 & "h x 0 t ,buddha left 8 %ad[4 ,look+ at x f a di/ance ( m ?an t5 paces1 y seem to see ,buddha's real =m1 ) 8 complexion ( gold1 & 8 *>act]i/ic m>ks#ab 9 _! nicety cle>ly & brightly display$4 ,! ne>] y approa*1 h[ev]1 ! fa9t] x becomes1 z if x 7 only 9 y\r fancy4 ,:5 ! k+s f ! regions all ar\nd h s5t skilful arti/s to take a copy1 none ( !m h be5 able to d s4 ,among ! p ( ! c\ntry !re is a say+ curr5t t #8! ?\s& ,buddhas#ac mu/ all leave _! %ad[s "h4' ,r m ?an f\r hundr$ paces we/ f ! %ad[1 :5 ,buddha 0 at ! spot1 he %av$ 8 hair & clipt 8 nails1 & proce$$1 along ) 8 disciples1 to build a tope sev5ty or eighty cubits high1 to be a model = all future topes2 & x is /ill exi/+4 ,by ! side ( x !re is a mona/]y1 ) m ?an sev5 hundr$ monks 9 x4 ,at ?is place !re are z _m z a ?\s& topes#ad ( ,arhans & ,pratyeka ,buddhas4#ae ,,notes #a ,n[ 9 ,india1 ,f-hi5 us$ ! ,indian measure ( di/ance2 b x is n possible to det]m9e exactly :at its l5g? !n 04 ,! e/imates ( x are v diff]5t1 & v>y f f\r & a half or five miles to sev51 & sometimes m4 ,see ! subject exhau/ively treat$ 9 ,davids' #8,ceylon ,co9s & ,measures1' pp4 #ae-ag4 #b ,! pres5t ,hidda1 we/ ( ,pe%w>1 & five miles s\? ( ,jellalabad4 #c #8,! vihra1' says ,h>dy1 #8is ! resid5ce ( a recluse or prie/2' & s ,davids3--#8! clean little hut :]e ! m5dicant lives4' ,our au?or1 h[ev]1 does n use ! ,indian "n "h1 b ! ,*9ese *>act]s :i* express its mean+--ts+ %ay1 #8a pure dwell+4' ,he uses ! t]m occasionally1 & evid5tly1 9 ?is s5se2 m frequ5tly x occurs 9 8 n>rative 9 connexion ) ! ,buddhi/ relic wor%ip2 & at fir/ ,i translat$ x by #8%r9e' & #8%r9e-h\se2' b ,i came to ! conclusion1 at la/1 to employ always ! ,indian "n4 ,! fir/ "t ,i saw a %r9e-h\se 01 ,i ?9k1 9 a mona/]y ne> ,foo-*[2--a small pyramidal /ructure1 ab\t t5 feet high1 glitt]+ z if ) ! preci\s sub/ances1 b all1 x seem$ to me1 ( t9sel4 ,x 0 9 a l>ge ap>tm5t ( ! build+1 hav+ _m images 9 x4 ,! monks said x 0 ! mo/ preci\s ?+ 9 _! possession1 & t if !y op5$ x1 z ,i begg$ !m to d1 !re w\ld be a convulsion t w\ld de/roy ! :ole e/abli%m5t4 ,see ,e4 ,h41 p4 #aff4 ,! "n ( ! prov9ce ( ,beh> 0 giv5 to x 9 consequ5ce ( its _m vihras4 #d ,accord+ to ! *>act]s1 #8squ>e1 r\nd1 f\r in*es4' ,hsan-*wang says x 0 twelve in*es r\nd4 #e ,9 ,williams' ,diction>y1 "u 1 ! *>act]s1 us$ "h1 are employ$ 9 ! phrase = #8to degrade an (fic]1' t is1 #8to remove ! tok5 ( 8 rank worn on ! cr[n ( 8 head2' b to place a ?+ on ! cr[n is a ,buddhi/ic =m ( religi\s homage4 #f ,! ,vaiyas1 or b\rgeois ca/e ( ,h9du society1 are describ$ "h z #8resid5t s*ol>s4' #g ,see ,eitel's ,h&book "u ! "n vimok%a1 :i* is expla9$ z #8! act ( self-lib]ation1' & #8! dwell+ or /ate ( lib]ty4' ,!re are eight acts ( lib]at+ "o's self f all subjective & objective trammels1 & z _m /ates ( lib]ty 7vimukti7 result+ !refrom4 ,!y are eight degrees ( self-inanition1 & app>5tly eight /ages on ! way to nirva4 ,! tope 9 ! text w\ld be emblematic 9 "s way ( ! g5]al idea ( ! m5tal progress conduct+ to ! ,buddhi/ic consummation ( exi/5ce4 #h ,?is inc5se w\ld be 9 long #8/icks1' small & l>ge1 su* z are sold to-day ?r\gh\t ,*9a1 z y ent] ! temples4 #i #8,! illum9at+ ,buddha1' ! tw5ty-f\r? pr$ecessor ( kyamuni1 & :o1 s long be=e1 gave him ! assurance t he w\ld by-&-by be ,buddha4 ,see ,jtaka ,tales1 p4 #bc4 #aj ,! /aff 01 z imm$iately appe>s1 ( ,gr%a ,*&ana1 or #8s&al-wood f ! ,c['s-head m\nta91' a species ( copp]-br[n s&al-wood1 said to be produc$ mo/ abundantly on a m\nta9 ( 7! fabul\s cont95t7 ,ull>akuru1 nor? ( m\nt ,m]u1 :i* resembles 9 %ape ! head ( a c[ 7,e4 ,h41 pp4 #db1 #dc74 ,x is call$ a #8pewt] /aff' f hav+ on x a head & r+s & pewt]4 ,see ,watt]s1 #8,*9a ,review1' viii1 pp4 #bbg1 #bbh1 & ,williams' ,diction>y1 "u 4 #aa ,or ,saghai1 ! d\ble or composite robe1 "p ( a monk's attire1 rea*+ f ! %\ld]s to ! knees1 & fa/5$ r\nd ! wai/ 7,e4 ,h41 p4 #aah74 #ab ,^! 7 ! #8m>ks & beauties' on ! p]son ( a supreme ,buddha4 ,! i%i ,kal ,devala saw !m on ! body ( ! infant kya pr9ce to ! numb] ( #cbh1 ^? on ! tee?1 :i* _h n yet come out1 be+ visible to 8 _s-l eyes 7,m4 ,b41 pp4 #adh1 #adi74 #ac ,probably #8all ,buddhas4' #ad ,! numb] may appe> too great4 ,b see :at is said on ! size ( topes 9 *ap4 iii1 note #d4 #ae ,9 ,s+halese1 ,pas ,buddhas2 call$ also ,nidna ,buddhas1 & ,pratyeka ,j9as1 & expla9$ by #8individually intellig5t1' #8completely intellig5t1' #8intellig5t z reg>ds ! nidnas4' ,?is1 says ,eitel 7pp4 #if1 #ig71 is #8a degree ( sa9t%ip unkn[n to primitive ,buddhism1 d5ot+ automats 9 ascetic life :o atta9 to ,buddha%ip 8individually10 t is1 )\t a tea*]1 & )\t be+ able to save o!rs4 ,z ! ideal h]mit1 ! ,pratyeka ,buddha is comp>$ ) ! rh9oc]os khadga t lives lonely 9 ! wild]ness4 ,he is also call$ ,nidna ,buddha1 z hav+ ma/]$ ! twelve nidnas 7! twelve l9ks 9 ! ev]la/+ *a9 ( cause & effect 9 ! :ole range ( exi/5ce1 ! und]/&+ ( :i* solves ! riddle ( life1 reveal+ ! inanity ( all =ms ( exi/5ce1 & prep>+ ! m9d = nirva74 ,he is also comp>$ to a horse1 :i*1 cross+ a riv]1 almo/ buries its body "u ! wat]1 )\t1 h[ev]1 t\*+ ! bottom ( ! riv]4 ,?us 9 cross+ sasra he 8suppresses ! errors ( life & ?\ght1 & ! effects ( habit & passion1 )\t atta9+ to absolute p]fection40' ,:e!r ^! ,buddhas 7 unkn[n1 z ,eitel says1 to primitive ,buddhism1 may be d\bt$4 ,see ,davids' ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #adf4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,hwuy-,,k+ ,,9 ,,! ,,little ,,sn[y ,,m\nta9s4 ,,lo-,e4 ,,pohn4 ,,cross+ ,,! ,,indus ,,to ,,! ,,ea/4 ,hav+ /ay$ !re till ! ?ird mon? ( w9t]1 ,f-hi5 & ! two o!rs1#a proce$+ s\?w>ds1 cross$ ! ,little ,sn[y m\nta9s4#b ,on !m ! sn[ lies accumulat$ bo? w9t] & summ]4 ,on ! nor? 7side7 ( ! m\nta9s1 9 ! %ade1 !y sudd5ly enc\nt]$ a cold w9d :i* made !m %iv] & become unable to speak4 ,hwuy-k+ c\ld n g any f>!r4 ,a :ite fro? came f 8 m\?1 & he said to ,f-hi51 #8,i _c live any long]4 ,d y imm$iately g away1 t we d n all die "h2' & ) ^! words he di$4#c ,f-hi5 /rok$ ! corpse1 & cri$ out pite\sly1 #8,our orig9al plan has fail$2--x is fate4#d ,:at c we d8' ,he !n aga9 ex]t$ himself1 & !y succe$$ 9 cross+ to ! s\? ( ! range1 & arriv$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,lo-e1#e :]e !re 7 ne>ly ?ree ?\s& monks1 /ud5ts ( bo? ! mahyna & hnayna4 ,"h !y /ay$ = ! summ] retreat1#f & :5 t 0 ov]1 !y w5t on to ! s\?1 & t5 days' j\rney br\ght !m to ! k+dom ( ,poh-n1#g :]e !re are also m ?an ?ree ?\s& monks1 all /ud5ts ( ! hnayna4 ,proce$+ f ?is place = ?ree days1 !y aga9 cross$ ! ,indus1 :]e ! c\ntry on ea* side 0 l[ & level4#h ,,notes #a ,^! mu/ h be5 ,to-*+ & ,hwuy-k+4 #b ,probably ! ,safeid ,koh1 & on ! way to ! ,kohat pass4 #c ,all ! texts h ,hwuy-k+4 ,see *ap4 xii1 note #ac4 #d ,a v natural exclamation1 b out ( place & inconsi/5t f ! lips ( ,f-hi54 ,! ,*9ese "* 1 :i* he employ$1 may be r5d]$ rightly by #8fate' or #8de/9y2' b ! fate is n un9tellig5t4 ,! t]m implies a factor1 or fa-tor1 & supposes ! ord9ation ( ,heav5 or ,god4 ,a ,confucian idea = ! mom5t ov]came 8 ,buddhism4 #e ,lo-e1 or ,roh1 is a "n = ,afghani/an2 b only a portion ( x c be "h int5d$4 #f ,we are n[ !re=e 9 #djd4 #g ,no d\bt ! pres5t di/rict ( ,bannu1 9 ! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor%ip ( ! ,punjb1 betwe5 #cb #aj & #cc #ae ,n4 lat41 & #gj #bf & #gb ,e4 lon4 ,see ,hunt]'s ,gazette] ( ,india1 i1 p4 #cic4 #h ,!y _h !n cross$ ! ,indus be=e4 ,!y _h done s1 inde$1 twice2 fir/1 f nor? to s\?1 at ,sk>do or ea/ ( x2 & second1 z describ$ 9 *apt] vii4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,bhida4 ,,sympa?y ,,( ,,monks ,,) ,,! ,,pilgrims4 ,aft] !y _h cross$ ! riv]1 !re 0 a c\ntry nam$ ,pe-too1#a :]e ,buddhism 0 v fl\ri%+1 & 7! monks7 /udi$ bo? ! mahyna & hnayna4 ,:5 !y saw _! fell[-disciples f ,ts9 pass+ along1 !y 7 mov$ ) great pity & sympa?y1 & express$ !mselves ?us3 #8,h[ is x t ^! m5 f a bord]-l& %\ld h le>n$ to become monks1#b & come = ! sake ( our doctr9es f su* a di/ance 9 se>* ( ! ,law ( ,buddha8' ,!y suppli$ !m ) :at !y ne$$1 & treat$ !m 9 accordance ) ! rules ( ! ,law4 ,,notes #a ,bhida4 ,eitel says1 #8,! pres5t ,punjb2' i4e4 x 0 a portion ( t4 #b #8,to come =? f _! families2' t is1 to become celibates1 & adopt ! tonsure4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,on ,,to ,,ma?ur ,,or ,,muttra4 ,,condition ,,& ,,cu/oms ,,( ,,c5tral ,,india2 ,,( ,,! ,,monks1 ,,vih,,ras1 ,,& ,,mona/]ies4 ,f ?is place !y travell$ s\?-ea/1 pass+ by a succession ( v _m mona/]ies1 ) a multitude ( monks1 :o might be c\nt$ by myriads4 ,aft] pass+ all ^! places1 !y came to a c\ntry nam$ ,ma-tou-lo4#a ,!y /ill foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! ,poo-na#b riv]1 on ! banks ( :i*1 left & "r1 !re 7 tw5ty mona/]ies1 :i* might conta9 ?ree ?\s& monks2 & 7"h7 ! ,law ( ,buddha 0 /ill m fl\ri%+4 ,ev]y:]e1 f ! ,s&y ,des]t1 9 all ! c\ntries ( ,india1 ! k+s _h be5 firm believ]s 9 t ,law4 ,:5 !y make _! (f]+s to a community ( monks1 !y take (f _! royal caps1 & along ) _! relatives & m9i/]s1 supply !m ) food ) _! own h&s4 ,t done1 7! k+7 has a c>pet spread = himself on ! gr\nd1 & sits d[n 9 front ( ! *airman2--!y d>e n presume to sit on c\*es 9 front ( ! community4 ,! laws & ways1 accord+ to :i* ! k+s pres5t$ _! (f]+s :5 ,buddha 0 9 ! _w1 h be5 h&$ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,all s\? f ?is is nam$ ! ,middle ,k+dom4#c ,9 x ! cold & heat are f9ely temp]$1 & !re is nei!r ho>-fro/ nor sn[4 ,! p are num]\s & happy2 !y h n to regi/] _! h\seholds1 or att5d to any magi/rates & _! rules2 only ^? :o cultivate ! royal l& h to pay 7a portion (7 ! gra9 f x4 ,if !y want to g1 !y g2 if !y want to /ay on1 !y /ay4 ,! k+ gov]ns )\t decapitation or 7o!r7 corporal puni%m5ts4 ,crim9als are simply f9$1 lightly or heavily1 accord+ to ! circum/ances 7( ea* case74 ,ev5 9 cases ( repeat$ attempts at wick$ rebellion1 !y only h _! "r h&s cut (f4 ,! k+'s body-gu>ds & att5dants all h sal>ies4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry ! p d n kill any liv+ creature1 nor dr9k intoxicat+ liquor1 nor eat onions or g>lic4 ,! only exception is t ( ! ,*alas4#d ,t is ! "n = ^? :o are 7held to be7 wick$ m51 & live ap>t f o!rs4 ,:5 !y ent] ! gate ( a city or a m>ket-place1 !y /rike a piece ( wood to make !mselves kn[n1 s t m5 "k & avoid !m1 & d n come into contact ) !m4 ,9 t c\ntry !y d n keep pigs & f[ls1 & d n sell live cattle2 9 ! m>kets !re are no but*]s' %ops & no deal]s 9 intoxicat+ dr9k4 ,9 buy+ & sell+ commodities !y use c[ries4#e ,only ! ,*alas are fi%]m5 & hunt]s1 & sell fle% meat4 ,aft] ,buddha atta9$ to p>i-nirva1#f ! k+s ( ! v>i\s c\ntries & ! heads ( ! ,vaiyas#g built vihras = ! prie/s1 & end[$ !m ) fields1 h\ses1 g>d5s1 & or*>ds1 along ) ! resid5t populations & _! cattle1 ! grants be+ engrav$ on plates ( metal1#h s t aft]w>ds !y 7 h&$ d[n f k+ to k+1 )\t any d>+ to annul !m1 & !y rema9 ev5 to ! pres5t "t4 ,! regul> bus9ess ( ! monks is to p]=m acts ( m]itori\s virtue1 & to recite _! ,stras & sit wrapt 9 m$itation4 ,:5 /rang] monks arrive 7at any mona/]y71 ! old resid5ts meet & receive !m1 c>ry = !m _! clo!s & alms-b[l1 give !m wat] to wa% _! feet1 oil ) :i* to ano9t !m1 & ! liquid food p]mitt$ out ( ! regul> h\rs4#i ,:5 7! /rang]7 has enjoy$ a v brief re/1 !y fur!r ask ! numb] ( ye>s t he has be5 a monk1 aft] :i* he receives a sleep+ ap>tm5t ) its appurt5ances1 accord+ to 8 regul> ord]1 & ev]y?+ is done = him :i* ! rules prescribe4#aj ,:]e a community ( monks resides1 !y erect topes to riputtra1#aa to ,mah-maudgalyyana1#ab & to n&a#ac1 & also topes 79 hon\r7 ( ! ,abhidh>ma#ad1 ! ,v9aya#ad1 & ! ,stras4#ad ,a mon? aft] ! 7annual season (7 re/1 ! families :i* are look+ out = bless+ /imulate "o ano!r#ae to make (f]+s to ! monks1 & s5d r\nd to !m ! liquid food :i* may be tak5 out ( ! ord9>y h\rs4 ,all ! monks come toge!r 9 a great assembly1 & prea* ! ,law2#af aft] :i* (f]+s are pres5t$ at ! tope ( riputtra1 ) all k9ds ( fl[]s & inc5se4 ,all ?r\gh ! night lamps are kept burn+1 & skilful musicians are employ$ to p]=m4#ag ,:5 riputtra 0 a great ,brahmn1 he w5t to ,buddha1 & begg$ 7to be p]mitt$7 to quit 8 family 7& become a monk74 ,! great ,mugalan & ! great ,kayapa#ah also did ! same4 ,! bhik%us#ai = ! mo/ "p make _! (f]+s at ! tope ( n&a1 because x 0 he :o reque/$ ! ,_w-hon\r$ "o to all[ females to quit _! families 7& become nuns74 ,! rmaeras#bj mo/ly make _! (f]+s to ,rhula4#ba ,! pr(essors ( ! ,abhidh>ma#bb make _! (f]+s to x2 ^? ( ! ,v9aya#bb to x4 ,e ye> !re is "o su* (f]+1 & ea* class has its own day = x4 ,/ud5ts ( ! mahyna pres5t (f]+s to ! ,praj-pramit1#bc to ,majur1#bd & to ,kwan-%e-y94#be ,:5 ! monks h done receiv+ _! annual tribute 7f ! h>ve/s71#bf ! ,heads ( ! ,vaiyas & all ! ,brahmns br+ clo!s & o!r su* articles z ! monks require = use1 & di/ribute among !m4 ,! monks1 hav+ receiv$ !m1 also proce$ to give portions to "o ano!r4 ,f ! nirva ( ,buddha1#bg ! =ms ( c]emony1 laws1 & rules1 practis$ by ! sacr$ communities1 h be5 h&$ d[n f "o g5]ation to ano!r )\t int]ruption4 ,f ! place :]e 7! travell]s7 cross$ ! ,indus to ,s\!rn ,india1 & on to ! ,s\!rn ,sea1 a di/ance ( =ty or fifty ?\s& le1 all is level pla94 ,!re are no l>ge hills ) /reams 7among !m72 !re are simply ! wat]s ( ! riv]s4 ,,notes #a ,muttra1 #8! peacock city2' lat4 #bg #cj ,n41 lon4 #gg #dc ,e4 7,hunt]72 ! bir?place ( ,ki%a1 ^: emblem is ! peacock4 #b ,?is mu/ be ! ,jumna1 or ,yamun4 ,:y x is call$1 z "h1 ! ,poo-na has yet to be expla9$4 #c ,9 ,pli1 ,majjhima-desa1 #8! ,middle ,c\ntry4' ,see ,davids' #8,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories1' page #fa1 note4 #d ,eitel 7pp4 #ade1 #f7 says1 #8,! "n ,*alas is expla9$ by 8but*]s10 8wick$ m510 & ^? :o c>ry 8! awful flag10 to w>n (f _! bett]s2--! l[e/ & mo/ despis$ ca/e ( ,india1 memb]s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 :5 conv]t$1 7 admitt$ ev5 into ! ranks ( ! prie/hood4' #e #8,c[ries2' 1 n #8%ells & ivory1' z "o might suppose2 b c[ries alone1 ! second t]m ent]+ into ! "n f ! m>ks inside ! edge ( ! %ell1 resembl+ #8! tee? ( fi%es4' #f ,see *ap4 xii1 note #c1 ,buddha's p>i-nirva is equival5t to ,buddha's dea?4 #g ,see *ap4 xiii1 note #f4 ,! ord] ( ! *>act]s is diff]5t "h1 b ) ! same mean+4 #h ,see ! prep>ation ( su* a de$ ( grant 9 a special case1 z relat$ 9 *apt] xxxix4 ,no d\bt 9 ,f-hi5's "t1 & long be=e & aft] x1 x 0 ! cu/om to engrave su* de$s on plates ( metal4 #i #8,no monk c eat solid food except betwe5 sunrise & noon1' & total ab/95ce f intoxicat+ dr9ks is obligatory 7,davids' ,manual1 p4 #afc74 ,food eat5 at any o!r "p ( ! day is call$ vikla1 & =bidd52 b a we>y travell] might receive unseasonable refre%m5t1 consi/+1 z ,watt]s has %[n 7,*4 ,rev4 viii4 #bhb71 ( honey1 butt]1 treacle1 & sesamum oil4 #aj ,! expression "h is some:at p]plex+2 b x occurs aga9 9 *apt] xxxviii2 & ! mean+ is cle>4 ,see ,watt]s1 ,*4 ,rev4 viii4 #bhb1 #c4 ,! rules are giv5 at l5g? 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xx1 p4 #bgb & foll41 & p4 #bgi & foll4 #aa riputtra 7,s+h4 ,s]iyut7 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal disciples ( ,buddha1 & inde$ ! mo/ le>n$ & +5i\s ( !m all1 s t he obta9$ ! title ( 1 #8k & wisdom4' ,he is also call$ ,buddha's #8"r-h& att5dant4' ,8 "n is d]iv$ f t ( 8 "m rik1 ! wife ( ,ti%ya1 a native ( ,nl&a4 ,9 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 he (t5 appe>s "u ! "n ( ,upatissa 7,upa-ti%ya71 d]iv$ f 8 fa!r4 ,sev]al /ras are ascrib$ to him1 & inde$ ! foll[]s ( ! ,abhidh>ma look on him z _! f\nd]4 ,he di$ be=e kyamuni2 b is to reappe> z a future ,buddha4 ,eitel1 pp4 #abc1 #abd4 #ab ,mugalan1 ! ,s+halese "n ( ?is disciple1 is m pron\nceable4 ,he also 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal disciples1 call$ ,buddha's #8left-h& att5dant4' ,he 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 p[] ( vision1 & 8 magical p[]s4 ,! "n 9 ! text is d]iv$ f ! =m] attribute1 & x 0 by ! latt] t he took up an arti/ to ,tu%ita to get a view ( kyamuni1 & s make a /atue ( him4 7,comp>e ! simil> /ory 9 *ap4 vi47 ,he w5t to hell1 & releas$ 8 "m4 ,he also di$ be=e kyamuni1 & is to reappe> z ,buddha4 ,eitel1 p4 #fe4 #ac ,see *apt] #ab1 note #b4 #ad ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! tripiaka4 ,see *apt] #a1 note #d4 #ae ,a passage r difficult to con/rue4 ,! #8families' w\ld be ^? m dev\t ?an _! neighb\rs4 #af ,"o r>ely he>s ?is prea*+ 9 ,*9a4 ,x /ruck me mo/ z ,i once he>d x at ,osaka 9 ,japan4 ,!re 0 a pulpit 9 a l>ge hall ( ! temple1 & ! audi5ce sat ar\nd on ! matt$ floor4 ,"o prie/ took ! pulpit aft] ano!r2 & ! he>]s nodd$ _! heads occasionally1 & indicat$ _! sympa?y n[ & !n by an audible #8h'm1' :i* rem9d$ me ( ,c>lyle's description ( meet+s ( #8,! ,ironsides' ( ,cromwell4 #ag ,?is la/ /atem5t is want+ 9 ! ,*9ese editions4 #ah ,!re 0 a ,kyapa ,buddha1 ant]ior to kyamuni4 ,b ?is ,mahkayapa 0 a ,brahmn ( ,magadha1 :o 0 conv]t$ by ,buddha1 & became "o ( 8 disciples4 ,he took ! lead aft] kyamuni's dea?1 convok$ & direct$ ! fir/ synod1 f :i* 8 title ( ,arya-/havira is d]iv$4 ,z ! fir/ compil] ( ! ,canon1 he is consid]$ ! f\nta9 ( ,*9ese or?odoxy1 & c\nt$ z ! fir/ patri>*4 ,he also is to be reborn z ,buddha4 ,eitel1 p4 #fd4 #ai ,! bhik%us are ! female monks or nuns1 subject to ! same rules z ! bhik%us1 & also to special ord9ances ( re/ra9t4 ,see ,h>dy's ,e4 ,m41 *ap4 #ag4 ,see also ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xx1 p4 #cba4 #bj ,! rmaeras are ! novices1 male or female1 :o h v[$ to obs]ve ! ,%ik%pada1 or t5 comm&m5ts4 ,f-hi5 0 himself "o ( !m f 8 *ildhood4 ,hav+ he>d ! ,tr%>aa1 or ?reefold =mula ( ,refuge1--#8,i take refuge 9 ,buddha2 ! ,law2 ! ,*ur*1--! novice und]takes to obs]ve ! t5 precepts t =bid--#a de/roy+ life2 #b /eal+2 #c impurity2 #d ly+2 #e intoxicat+ dr9ks2 #f eat+ aft] midday2 #g danc+1 s++1 music1 & /age-plays2 #h g>l&s1 sc5ts1 ungu5ts1 & ornam5ts2 #i high or broad c\*es2 #aj receiv+ gold or silv]4' ,davids' ,manual1 p4 #afj2 ,h>dy's ,e4 ,m41 pp4 #bc1 #bd4 #ba ,! elde/ son ( kyamuni by ,yaodh>4 ,conv]t$ to ,buddhism1 he foll[$ 8 fa!r z an att5dant2 & aft] ,buddha's dea? became ! f\nd] ( a philosophical reali/ic s*ool 7vaibh%ika74 ,he is n[ rev]$ z ! patron sa9t ( all novices1 & is to be reborn z ! elde/ son ( e future ,buddha4 ,eitel1 p4 #aja4 ,8 "m also is to be reborn z ,buddha4 #bb ,see note #ad4 #bc ,!re are six 7sometimes increas$ to t57 pramits1 #8means ( pass+ to nirva3--,*>ity2 morality2 pati5ce2 en]gy2 tranquil contemplation2 wisdom 7praj72 made up to t5 by use ( ! prop] means2 sci5ce2 pi\s v[s2 & =ce ( purpose4 ,b x is only praj :i* c>ries m5 across ! sasra to ! %ores ( nirva4' ,eitel1 p4 #ij4 #bd ,accord+ to ,eitel 7pp4 #ga1 #gb71 ,a fam\s ,bodhisattva1 n[ specially wor%ipp$ 9 ,%an-se1 ^: antec$5ts are a hopeless jumble ( hi/ory & fable4 ,f-hi5 f\nd him "h wor%ipp$ by foll[]s ( ! mahyna s*ool2 b ,hsan-*wang connects 8 wor%ip ) ! yoga*>a or tantra-magic s*ool4 ,! mahyna s*ool reg>d him z ! apo!osis ( p]fect wisdom4 ,8 mo/ common titles are ,mahmati1 8,great wisdom10 & ,kumra-rja1 8,k+ ( tea*+1 ) a ?\s& arms & a hundr$ alms-b[ls40 #be ,kwan-%e-y9 & ! dogmas ab\t him or h] are z great a my/]y z ,majur4 ,! ,*9ese "n is a mi/ranslation ( ! ,sanskrit "n ,avalokitev>a1 #8,on-look+ ,sov]eign1' or ev5 #8,on-look+ ,self-,exi/5t1' & means #8,reg>d+ or ,look+ on ! s\nds ( ! _w1' #8,he>] ( ,pray]4' ,orig9ally1 & /ill 9 ,?ibet1 ,avalokitev>a _h only male attributes1 b 9 ,*9a & ,japan 7,kwannon71 ?is deity 7su* popul>ly %e is7 is repres5t$ z a woman1 #8,kwan-y91 ! greatly g5tle1 ) a ?\s& arms & a ?\s& eyes2' & has h] pr9cipal seat 9 ! isl& ( ,poo-too1 on ! ,*9a coa/1 :i* is a regul> place ( pilgrimage4 ,to ! wor%ipp]s ( :om ,f-hi5 speaks1 ,kwan-%e-y9 w\ld only be ,avalokitev>a4 ,h[ he 0 conv]t$ into ! #8goddess ( m]cy1' & h] wor%ip took ! place :i* x n[ has 9 ,*9a1 is a difficult inquiry1 :i* w\ld take mu* "t & space1 & n be br\ght aft] all1 s f> z ,i see1 to a satisfactory conclusion4 ,see ,eitel's ,h&book1 pp4 #ah-bj1 & 8 ,?ree ,lectures on ,buddhism 7?ird edition71 pp4 #abd-aca4 ,i 0 talk+ on ! subject once ) an intellig5t ,*9ese g5tleman1 :5 he rem>k$1 #8,h y n mu* ! same ?+ 9 ,europe 9 ! wor%ip ( ,m>y8' #bf ,comp>e :at is said 9 *ap4 v4 #bg ,?is nirva ( ,buddha mu/ be--n 8 dea?1 b 8 atta9+ to ,buddha%ip4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,sa,k,,ya4 ,,buddha',s ,,asc5t ,,to ,,& ,,desc5t ,,f ,,! ,,traya/ri,,z ,,heav51 ,,& ,,o!r ,,leg5ds4 ,f ?is !y proce$$ s\?-ea/ = eighte5 yojanas1 & f\nd !mselves 9 a k+dom call$ ,sakya1#a at ! place :]e ,buddha came d[n1 aft] asc5d+ to ! ,traya/riz heav51#b & !re prea*+ = ?ree mon?s 8 ,law = ! b5efit ( 8 "m4#c ,buddha _h gone up to ?is heav5 by 8 sup]natural p[]1#d )\t lett+ 8 disciples "k2 b sev5 days be=e ! completion 7( ! ?ree mon?s7 he laid aside 8 invisibility1#d & ,anuruddha1#e ) 8 heav5ly eyes1#e saw ! ,_w-hon\r$ "o1 & imm$iately said to ! hon\r$ "o1 ! great ,mugalan1 #8,d y g & salute ! ,_w-hon\r$ "o4' ,mugalan =?) w5t1 & ) head & face did homage at 7,buddha's7 feet4 ,!y !n salut$ & que/ion$ ea* o!r1 & :5 ?is 0 ov]1 ,buddha said to ,mugalan1 #8,sev5 days aft] ?is ,i w g d[n to ,jambudvpa2' & !reupon ,mugalan return$4 ,at ?is "t ! great k+s ( eight c\ntries ) _! m9i/]s & p1 n hav+ se5 ,buddha = a long "t1 7 all ?ir/ily look+ up = him1 & _h collect$ 9 cl\ds 9 ?is k+dom to wait = ! ,_w-hon\r$ "o4 ,!n ! bhik%u ,utpala#f ?\ght 9 h] he>t1 #8,to-day ! k+s1 ) _! m9i/]s & p1 w all be meet+ 7& welcom+7 ,buddha4 ,i am 7b7 a woman2 h[ %all ,i succe$ 9 be+ ! fir/ to see him8'#g ,buddha imm$iately1 by 8 _s-l p[]1 *ang$ h] into ! appe>ance ( a holy ,*akrav>tti#h k+1 & %e 0 ! =emo/ ( all 9 do+ rev]5ce to him4 ,z ,buddha desc5d$ f 8 position al(t 9 ! ,traya/riz heav51 :5 he 0 com+ d[n1 !re 7 made to appe> ?ree flights ( preci\s /eps4 ,buddha 0 on ! middle flight1 ! /eps ( :i* 7 compos$ ( ! sev5 preci\s sub/ances4 ,! k+ ( ,brahm-loka#i also made a flight ( silv] /eps appe> on ! "r side1 7:]e he 0 se57 att5d+ ) a :ite *[ry 9 8 h&4 akra1 ,rul] ( ,devas1#aj made 7a flight (7 /eps ( purple gold on ! left side1 7:]e he 0 se57 att5d+ & hold+ an umbrella ( ! sev5 preci\s sub/ances4 ,an innum]able multitude ( ! devas#aa foll[$ ,buddha 9 8 desc5t4 ,:5 he 0 come d[n1 ! ?ree flights all disappe>$ 9 ! gr\nd1 except+ sev5 /eps1 :i* cont9u$ to be visible4 ,aft]w>ds k+ ,aoka1 wi%+ to "k :]e _! ends re/$1 s5t m5 to dig & see4 ,!y w5t d[n to ! yell[ spr+s#ab )\t rea*+ ! bottom ( ! /eps1 & f ?is ! k+ receiv$ an increase to 8 rev]5ce & fai?1 & built a vihra ov] ! /eps1 ) a /&+ image1 sixte5 cubits 9 height1 "r ov] ! middle flight4 ,beh9d ! vihra he erect$ a /one pill>1 ab\t fifty cubits high1#ac ) a lion on ! top ( x4#ad ,let into ! pill>1 on ea* ( its f\r sides1#ae !re is an image ( ,buddha1 inside & out#af %9+ & transp>5t1 & pure z x 7 ( lapis lazuli4 ,"s tea*]s ( ano!r doctr9e#ag once disput$ ) ! ramaz ab\t 7! "r to7 ?is z a place ( resid5ce1 & ! latt] 7 hav+ ! wor/ ( ! argum5t1 :5 !y took an oa? on bo? sides on ! condition t1 if ! place did inde$ belong to ! ramaz1 !re %\ld be "s m>vell\s atte/ation ( x4 ,:5 ^! words _h be5 spok51 ! lion on ! top gave a great ro>1 ?us giv+ ! pro(2 on :i* _! oppon5ts 7 fright5$1 b[$ to ! decision1 & )drew4 ,?r\gh ,buddha hav+ = ?ree mon?s p>tak5 ( ! food ( heav51 8 body emitt$ a heav5ly fragrance1 unlike t ( an ord9>y man4 ,he w5t imm$iately & ba!d2 & aft]w>ds1 at ! spot :]e he did s1 a ba?+-h\se 0 built1 :i* is /ill exi/+4 ,at ! place :]e ! bhik%u ,utpala 0 ! fir/ to d rev]5ce to ,buddha1 a tope has n[ be5 built4 ,at ! places :]e ,buddha1 :5 he 0 9 ! _w1 cut 8 hair & nails1#ah topes are erect$2 & :]e ! ?ree ,buddhas#ai t prec$$ kyamuni ,buddha & he himself sat2 :]e !y walk$1#bj & :]e images ( _! p]sons 7 made4 ,at all ^! places topes 7 made1 & are /ill exi/+4 ,at ! place :]e akra1 ,rul] ( ! ,devas1 & ! k+ ( ! ,brahm-loka foll[$ ,buddha d[n 7f ! ,traya/riz heav57 !y h also rais$ a tope4 ,at ?is place ! monks & nuns may be a ?\s&1 :o all receive _! food f ! common /ore1 & pursue _! /udies1 "s ( ! mahyna & "s ( ! hnayna4 ,:]e !y live1 !re is a :ite-e>$ dragon1 :i* acts ! "p ( dnapati#ba to ! community ( ^! monks1 caus+ abundant h>ve/s 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! enri*+ ra9s to come 9 season1 )\t ! occurr5ce ( any calamities1 s t ! monks enjoy _! repose & ease4 ,9 gratitude = its k9dness1 !y h made = x a dragon-h\se1 ) a c>pet = x to sit on1 & appo9t$ = x a diet ( bless+1 :i* !y pres5t = its n\ri%m5t4 ,e day !y set ap>t ?ree ( _! numb] to g to its h\se1 & eat !re4 ,:5ev] ! summ] retreat is end$1 ! dragon /raightway *anges its =m1 & appe>s z a small snake1#bb ) :ite spots at ! side ( its e>s4 ,z soon z ! monks recognise x1 !y fill a copp] vessel ) cream1 into :i* !y put ! creature1 & !n c>ry x r\nd f ! "o :o has ! highe/ seat 7at _! tables7 to him :o has ! l[e/1 :5 x appe>s z if salut+ !m4 ,:5 x has be5 tak5 r\nd1 imm$iately x disappe>$2 & e ye> x ?us comes =? once4 ,! c\ntry is v productive1 & ! p are prosp]\s1 & happy beyond comp>ison4 ,:5 p ( o!r c\ntries come to x1 !y are exce$+ly att5tive to !m all1 & supply !m ) :at !y ne$4 ,fifty yojanas nor?-we/ f ! mona/]y !re is ano!r1 call$ #8,! ,great ,heap4'#bc ,great ,heap 0 ! "n ( a wick$ demon1 :o 0 conv]t$ by ,buddha1 & m5 subsequ5tly at ?is place re>$ a vihra4 ,:5 x 0 be+ made ov] to an ,arhat by p\r+ wat] on 8 h&s1#bd "s drops fell on ! gr\nd4 ,!y are /ill on ! spot1 & h[ev] !y may be bru%$ away & remov$1 !y cont9ue to be visible1 & _c be made to disappe>4 ,at ?is place !re is also a tope to ,buddha1 :]e a good _s con/antly keeps 7all ab\t x7 swept & wat]$1 )\t any lab\r ( man be+ requir$4 ,a k+ ( corrupt views once said1 #8,s9ce y are able to d ?is1 ,i w lead a multitude ( troops & reside !re till ! dirt & fil? has increas$ & accumulat$1 & 7see7 :e!r y c cleanse x away or n4' ,! _s !reupon rais$ a great w9d1 :i* blew 7! fil? away71 & made ! place pure4 ,at ?is place !re are a hundr$ small topes1 at :i* a man may keep c\nt+ a :ole day )\t be+ able to "k 7_! exact numb]74 ,if he be firmly b5t on kn[+ x1 he w place a man by ! side ( ea* tope4 ,:5 ?is is done1 proce$+ to c\nt ! numb] ( m51 :e!r !y be _m or few1 he w n get to "k 7! numb]74#be ,!re is a mona/]y1 conta9+ p]haps #fjj or #gjj monks1 9 :i* !re is a place :]e a ,pratyeka ,buddha#bf us$ to take 8 food4 ,! nirva gr\nd 7:]e he 0 burn$#bg aft] dea?7 is z l>ge z a c>riage :eel2 & :ile grass gr[s all ar\nd1 on ?is spot !re is none4 ,! gr\nd also :]e he dri$ 8 clo!s produces no grass1 b ! impression ( !m1 :]e !y lay on x1 cont9ues to ! pres5t day4 ,,notes #a ,! "n is /ill rema9+ 9 ,samkassam1 a village =ty-five miles nor?-we/ ( ,can\ge1 lat4 #bg #c ,n41 lon4 #gi #ej ,e4 #b ,! heav5 ( ,indra or kya1 mean+ #8! heav5 ( ?irty-?ree classes1' a "n :i* has be5 expla9$ bo? hi/orically & my?ologically4 #8,! description ( x1' says ,eitel1 p4 #adh1 #8tallies 9 all respects ) ! ,sv>ga ( ,brahmnic my?ology4 ,x is situat$ betwe5 ! f\r peaks ( ! ,m]u1 & consi/s ( ?irty-two cities ( devas1 eight on ea* ( ! f\r corn]s ( ! m\nta94 ,indra's capital ( ,bellevue is 9 ! c5tre4 ,!re he is en?ron$1 ) a ?\s& heads & a ?\s& eyes1 & f\r arms grasp+ ! vajra1 ) 8 wife & #aai1jjj concub9es4 ,!re he receives ! mon?ly reports ( ! f\r ,mahrjas1 conc]n+ ! progress ( good & evil 9 ! _w1' c4 c4 #c ,buddha's "m1 ,my & ,mah-my1 ! mat] immaculata ( ! ,buddhi/s1 di$ sev5 days aft] 8 bir?4 ,eitel says1 #8,reborn 9 ,tu%ita1 %e 0 visit$ !re by h] son & conv]t$4' ,! ,tu%ita heav5 0 a m likely place to f9d h] ?an ! ,traya/riz2 b 0 ! =m] a "p ( ! latt]8 ,h>dy gives a long acc\nt ( ,buddha's visit to ! ,traya/riz 7,m4 ,b41 pp4 #bih-cjb71 :i* he calls ,tawutis1 & speaks ( 8 "m 7,mtru7 9 x1 :o _h n[ become a deva by ! *ang+ ( h] sex4 #d ,comp>e ! acc\nt ( ! ,arhat's conveyance ( ! arti/ to ! ,tu%ita heav5 9 *ap4 v4 ,! fir/ expression "h is m compreh5sive4 #e ,anuruddha 0 a fir/ c\s9 ( kyamuni1 be+ ! son ( 8 uncle ,amitodana4 ,he is (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! acc\nt we h ( ,buddha's la/ mom5ts4 ,8 special gift 0 ! divya*ak%us or #8heav5ly eye1' ! fir/ ( ! six abhijs or #8sup]natural tal5ts1' ! faculty ( compreh5d+ 9 "o in/antane\s view1 or by intuition1 all be+s 9 all worlds4 #8,he c\ld see1' says ,h>dy1 ,m4 ,b41 p4 #bcb1 #8all ?+s 9 #ajj1jjj sakvalas z pla9ly z a mu/>d se$ held 9 ! h&4' #f ,eitel gives ! "n ,utpala ) ! same ,*9ese phonetisation z 9 ! text1 b n z ! "n ( any bhik%u4 ,! ,sanskrit ^w1 h[ev]1 is expla9$ by #8blue lotus fl[]s2' & ,hsan-*wang calls h] ! nun #8,lotus-fl[] col\r 772'--! same z ,h>dy's ,upulwan & ,uppalaw>n4 #g ,p]haps we %\ld read "h #8to see ,buddha1' & !n ascribe ! trans=mation to ! nun h]self4 ,x dep5ds on ! punctuation :i* view we adopt2 & 9 ! /ructure ( ! passage1 !re is no?+ to indicate t ! /op %\ld be made be=e or aft] #8,buddha4' ,& ! "o view is z reasonable1 or r z unreasonable1 z ! o!r4 #h #8,a holy k+ :o turns ! :eel2' t is1 ! milit>y conqu]or & mon>* ( ! :ole or "p ( a univ]se4 #8,! symbol1' says ,eitel 7p4 #adb7 #8( su* a k+ is ! *akra or :eel1 = :5 he asc5ds ! ?rone1 a *akra falls f heav51 indicat+ by its mat]ial 7gold1 silv]1 copp]1 or iron7 ! ext5t & "* ( 8 reign4 ,! (fice1 h[ev]1 ( ! highe/ ,*akrav>tti1 :o hurls 8 :eel among 8 enemies1 is inf]ior to ! peaceful mission ( a ,buddha1 :o meekly turns ! :eel ( ! ,law1 & conqu]s e univ]se by 8 tea*+4' #i ,?is 0 ,brahm1 ! fir/ p]son ( ! ,brahmnical ,trimurti1 adopt$ by ,buddhism1 b plac$ 9 an inf]ior position1 & surpass$ by e ,buddhi/ sa9t :o atta9s to bodhi4 #aj ,see *ap4 ix1 note #b4 #aa ,see *ap4 iii1 note #ad4 #ab ,a common "n = ! e>? bel[1 :]e1 on digg+1 wat] is f\nd4 #ac ,! height is giv5 z ?irty *[1 ! *[ be+ ! di/ance f ! elb[ to ! f+]-tip1 :i* is v>i\sly e/imat$4 #ad ,a note ( ,mr4 ,beal says on ?is3--#8,g5]al ,cunn+ham1 :o visit$ ! spot 7#ahfb71 f\nd a pill>1 evid5tly ( ! age ( ,aoka1 ) a well-c>v$ elephant on ! top1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 m9us trunk & tail4 ,he supposes ?is to be ! pill> se5 by ,f-hi51 :o mi/ook ! top ( x = a lion4 ,x is possible su* a mi/ake may h be5 made1 z 9 ! acc\nt ( "o ( ! pill>s at rva/1 ,f-hi5 says an ox =m$ ! capital1 :il/ ,hsan-*wang calls x an elephant 7,p4 #ai1 ,ar*4 ,survey74' #ae ,t is1 9 ni*es on ! sides4 ,! pill> or column mu/ h be5 squ>e4 #af ,equival5t to #8all ?r\gh4' #ag ,has always be5 translat$ #8h]etical tea*]s2' b ,i es*ew ! t]ms h]esy & h]etical4 ,! p>ties w\ld n be ,buddhi/s ( any cre$ or s*ool1 b ,brahmns or ( "s o!r false doctr9e1 z ,f-hi5 deem$ x4 ,! ,*9ese t]m means #8outside' or #8=eign2'--9 ,pli1 aa-tit?iy1 #8^? belong+ to ano!r s*ool4' #ah ,see *ap4 xiii p>a #f4 #ai ,^! ?ree pr$ecessors ( kyamuni 7 ! ?ree ,buddhas ( ! pres5t or ,mah-bhadra ,kalpa1 ( :i* he 0 ! f\r?1 & ,maitreya is to be ! fif? & la/4 ,!y 73 7#a7 ,kraku*&a 7,pli1 ,kakus&a71 #8he :o readily solves all d\bts2' a scion ( ! ,kayapa family4 ,human life rea*$ 9 8 "t #dj1jjj ye>s1 & s _m p]sons 7 conv]t$ by him4 7#b7 ,kanakamuni 7,pli1 ,kongamana71 #8body radiant ) ! col\r ( pure gold2' ( ! same family4 ,human life rea*$ 9 8 "t #cj1jjj ye>s1 & s _m p]sons 7 conv]t$ by him4 7#c7 ,kyapa 7,pli1 ,kassapa71 #8swall[] ( light4' ,human life rea*$ 9 8 "t #bj1jjj ye>s1 & s _m p]sons 7 conv]t$ by him4 ,see ,eitel1 "u ! sev]al names2 ,h>dy's ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #ie-ig2 & ,davids' #8,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories1' p4 #ea4 #bj ,t is1 walk$ 9 m$itation4 ,su* places are call$ ,*akramaa 7,pli1 ,*ankama72 prom5ades or corridors connect$ ) a mona/]y1 made sometimes ) co/ly /ones1 = ! purpose ( p]ipatetic m$itation4 ,! #8sitt+' w\ld be n because ( we>9ess or = re/1 b = m$itation4 ,e4 ,h41 p4 #add4 #ba ,see *ap4 i1 note #aj4 #bb ,! "* 9 my ,corean copy is 1 :i* mu/ be a mi/ake = ! ( ! ,*9ese editions4 ,o!rwise1 ! mean+ w\ld be #8a small m$usa4' #bc ,! read+ "h seems to me a great improvem5t on t ( ! ,*9ese editions1 :i* means #8,fire ,limit4' ,buddha1 x is said1 conv]t$ ?is demon1 :i* ,*9ese "* ,beal r5d]$ at fir/ by #89 "o ( 8 inc>nations2' & 9 8 revis$ v]sion he has #8himself4' ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,f-hi5's usage ( & ?r\gh\t 8 n>rative is q m>k$4 always ref]s to ! do+s ( kyamuni2 1 #8=m]ly1' is (t5 us$ ( him & o!rs 9 ! s5se ( #89 a =m] age or bir?4' #bd ,see ,h>dy1 ,m4 ,b41 p4 #aid3--#8;,z a tok5 ( ! giv+ ov] ( ! g>d51 ! k+ p\r$ wat] ^u ! h&s ( ,buddha2 & f ?is "t x became "o ( ! pr9cipal resid5ces ( ! sage4' #be ,?is w\ld seem to be absurd2 b ! writ] evid5tly int5d$ to convey ! idea t !re 0 some?+ my/]i\s ab\t ! numb] ( ! topes4 #bf ,see *ap4 xiii note4 #ae4 #bg ,?is seems to be ! mean+4 ,! bodies ( ! monks are all burn$4 ,h>dy's ,e4 ,m41 pp4 #cbb-cbd4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,kany,,kubja1 ,,or ,,can\ge4 ,,buddha',s ,,prea*+4 ,f-hi5 /ay$ at ! ,dragon vihra till aft] ! summ] retreat1#a & !n1 travell+ to ! s\?-ea/ = sev5 yojanas1 he arriv$ at ! city ( ,kanykubja1#b ly+ along ! ,ganges4#c ,!re are two mona/]ies 9 x1 ! inmates ( :i* are /ud5ts ( ! hnayna4 ,at a di/ance f ! city ( six or sev5 le1 on ! we/1 on ! nor!rn bank ( ! ,ganges1 is a place :]e ,buddha prea*$ ! ,law to 8 disciples4 ,x has be5 h&$ d[n t 8 subjects ( disc\rse 7 su* z #8,! bitt]ness & vanity 7( life7 z imp]man5t & unc]ta91' & t #8,! body is z a bubble or foam on ! wat]4' ,at ?is spot a tope 0 erect$1 & /ill exi/s4 ,hav+ cross$ ! ,ganges1 & gone s\? = ?ree yojanas1 7! travell]s7 arriv$ at a village nam$ -le1#d conta9+ places :]e ,buddha prea*$ ! ,law1 :]e he sat1 & :]e he walk$1 at all ( :i* topes h be5 built4 ,,notes #a ,we are n[1 probably1 9 #dje4 #b ,can\ge1 ! latitude & longitude ( :i* h be5 giv5 9 a previ\s note4 ,! ,sanskrit "n means #8! city ( humpback$ maid5s2' ) ref]5ce to ! leg5d ( ! hundr$ daught]s ( k+ ,brahm-datta1 :o 7 made de=m$ by ! curse ( ! i%i ,mah-vik%a1 ^: ov]tures !y _h refus$4 ,e4 ,h41 p4 #ea4 #c ,gag1 expla9$ by #8,bless$ wat]1' & #8,come f heav5 to e>?4' #d ,?is village 7! ,*9ese editions read #8=e/'7 has h>dly be5 cle>ly id5tifi$4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,%-,,*e4 ,,leg5d ,,( ,,buddha',s ,,danta-,k,,%,,ha4 ,go+ on f ?is to ! s\?-ea/ = ?ree yojanas1 !y came to ! great k+dom ( ,%-*e4#a ,z y g out ( ! city ( ,%-*e by ! s\!rn gate1 on ! ea/ ( ! road 7is ! place7 :]e ,buddha1 aft] he _h *ew$ 8 will[ bran*1#b /uck x 9 ! gr\nd1 :5 x =?) grew up sev5 cubits1 7at :i* height x rema9$7 nei!r increas+ nor dim9i%+4 ,! ,brahmns ) _! contr>y doctr9es#c became angry & jeal\s4 ,sometimes !y cut ! tree d[n1 sometimes !y pluck$ x up1 & ca/ x to a di/ance1 b x grew aga9 on ! same spot z at fir/4 ,"h also is ! place :]e ! f\r ,buddhas walk$ & sat1 & at :i* a tope 0 built t is /ill exi/+4 ,,notes #a ,%-*e %\ld probably be ,%-khe1 mak+ ,cunn+ham's id5tification ( ! "n ) ! pres5t ,saket /ill m likely4 ,! *ange ( into is slight2 &1 inde$1 ! ,khang-hs diction>y ?9ks ! two *>act]s %\ld be b "o & ! same4 #b ,?is 01 no d\bt1 :at 0 call$ ! danta-k%ha1 or #8d5tal wood1' mo/ly a bit ( ! ficus ,indicus or banyan tree1 :i* ! monk *ews e morn+ to cleanse 8 tee?1 & = ! purpose ( heal? g5]ally4 ,! ,*9ese1 n hav+ ! banyan1 h us$1 or at lea/ ,f-hi5 us$1 ,yang 71 ! g5]al "n = ! will[7 in/ead ( x4 #c ,are two classes ( oppon5ts1 or only "o1 int5d$ "h1 s t we %\ld read #8all ! unbeliev]s & ,brahmns1' or #8h]etics & ,brahmns8' ,i ?9k ! ,brahmns 7 also #8! unbeliev]s' & #8h]etics1' hav+ 1 views & ways outside (1 & oppos$ to1 ,buddha's4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,ko,,ala ,,& ,r,,va/4 ,,! ,,jetavana ,,vih,,ra ,,& ,,o!r ,,memorials ,,& ,,leg5ds ,,( ,,buddha4 ,,sympa?y ,,( ,,! ,,monks ,,) ,,! ,,pilgrims4 ,go+ on f ?is to ! s\?1 = eight yojanas1 7! travell]s7 came to ! city ( rva/#a 9 ! k+dom ( ,koala1#b 9 :i* ! inhabitants 7 few & f> betwe51 am\nt+ 9 all 7only7 to a few m ?an two hundr$ families2 ! city :]e k+ ,pras5ajit#c rul$1 & ! place ( ! old vihra ( ,mah-prajpat2#d ( ! well & walls ( 7! h\se (7 ! 7,vaiya7 head ,sudatta2#e & :]e ! ,agulimlya#f became an ,arhat1 & 8 body 0 7aft]w>ds7 burn$ on 8 atta9+ to p>i-nirva4 ,at all ^! places topes 7 subsequ5tly erect$1 :i* are /ill exi/+ 9 ! city4 ,! ,brahmns1 ) _! contr>y doctr9e1 became full ( hatr$ & envy 9 _! he>ts1 & wi%$ to de/roy !m1 b !re came f ! heav5s su* a /orm ( cra%+ ?und] & fla%+ lightn+ t !y 7 n able 9 ! end to effect _! purpose4 ,z y g out f ! city by ! s\? gate1 & #a1bjj paces f x1 ! 7,vaiya7 head ,sudatta built a vihra1 fac+ ! s\?2 & :5 ! door 0 op51 on ea* side ( x !re 0 a /one pill>1 ) ! figure ( a :eel on ! top ( t on ! left1 & ! figure ( an ox on ! top ( t on ! "r4 ,on ! left & "r ( ! build+ ! ponds ( wat] cle> & pure1 ! ?ickets ( trees always luxuriant1 & ! num]\s fl[]s ( v>i\s hues1 con/itut$ a lovely sc5e1 ! :ole =m+ :at is call$ ! ,jetavana vihra4#g ,:5 ,buddha w5t up to ! ,traya/riz heav51 & prea*$ ! ,law = ! b5efit ( 8 "m1#h 7aft] he _h be5 abs5t =7 n9ety days1 ,pras5ajit1 long+ to see him1 caus$ an image ( him to be c>v$ 9 ,gr%a ,*&ana wood1#i & put 9 ! place :]e he usually sat4 ,:5 ,buddha on 8 return ent]$ ! vihra1 ?is image imm$iately left its place1 & came =? to meet him4 ,buddha said to x1 #8,return to y\r seat4 ,aft] ,i h atta9$ to p>i-nirva1 y w s]ve z a patt]n to ! f\r classes ( my disciples1'#aj & on ?is ! image return$ to its seat4 ,?is 0 ! v fir/ ( all ! images 7( ,buddha71 & t :i* m5 subsequ5tly copi$4 ,buddha !n remov$1 & dwelt 9 a small vihra on ! s\? side 7( ! o!r71 a diff]5t place f t conta9+ ! image1 & tw5ty paces di/ant f x4 ,! ,jetavana vihra 0 orig9ally ( sev5 /oreys4 ,! k+s & p ( ! c\ntries ar\nd vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 _! (f]+s1 hang+ up ab\t x silk5 /ream]s & canopies1 scatt]+ fl[]s1 burn+ inc5se1 & light+ lamps1 s z to make ! night z bright z ! day4 ,?is !y did day aft] day )\t ceas+4 7,x happ5$ t7 a rat1 c>ry+ 9 its m\? ! wick ( a lamp1 set "o ( ! /ream]s or canopies on fire1 :i* caught ! vihra1 & ! sev5 /oreys 7 all consum$4 ,! k+s1 ) _! (fic]s & p1 7 all v sad & di/ress$1 suppos+ t ! s&al-wood image _h be5 burn$2 b lo6 aft] f\r or five days1 :5 ! door ( a small vihra on ! ea/ 0 op5$1 !re 0 imm$iately se5 ! orig9al image4 ,!y 7 all greatly rejoic$1 & co-op]at$ 9 re/or+ ! vihra4 ,:5 !y _h succe$$ 9 complet+ two /oreys1 !y remov$ ! image back to its =m] place4 ,:5 ,f-hi5 & ,to-*+ fir/ arriv$ at ! ,jetavana mona/]y1 & ?\ght h[ ! ,_w-hon\r$ "o _h =m]ly resid$ !re = tw5ty-five ye>s1 pa9ful reflections arose 9 _! m9ds4 ,born 9 a bord]-l&1 along ) _! l-m9d$ fri5ds1 !y _h travell$ ?r\gh s _m k+doms2 "s ( ^? fri5ds _h return$ 7to _! own l&71 & "s _h 7di$71 prov+ ! imp]man5ce & unc]ta9ty ( life2 & to-day !y saw ! place :]e ,buddha _h liv$ n[ unoccupi$ by him4 ,!y 7 melan*oly ?r\gh _! pa9 ( he>t1 & ! cr[d ( monks came out1 & ask$ !m f :at k+dom !y 7 come4 #8,we are come1' !y repli$1 #8f ! l& ( ,han4' #8,/range1' said ! monks ) a sigh1 #8t m5 ( a bord] c\ntry %\ld be able to come "h 9 se>* ( our ,law6' ,!n !y said to "o ano!r1 #8,dur+ all ! "t t we1 preceptors & monks1#aa h succe$$ to "o ano!r1 we h nev] se5 m5 ( ,han1 foll[]s ( our sy/em1 arrive "h4' ,f\r le to ! nor?-we/ ( ! vihra !re is a grove call$ #8,! ,gett+ ( ,eyes4' ,=m]ly !re 7 five hundr$ bl9d m51 :o liv$ "h 9 ord] t !y might be ne> ! vihra4#ab ,buddha prea*$ 8 ,law to !m1 & !y all got back _! eyesight4 ,full ( joy1 !y /uck _! /aves 9 ! e>?1 & ) _! heads & faces on ! gr\nd1 did rev]5ce4 ,! /aves imm$iately began to gr[1 & !y grew to be great4 ,p made mu* ( !m1 & no "o d>$ to cut !m d[n1 s t !y came to =m a grove4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t x got its "n1 & mo/ ( ! ,jetavana monks1 aft] !y _h tak5 _! midday meal1 w5t to ! grove1 & sat !re 9 m$itation4 ,six or sev5 le nor?-ea/ f ! ,jetavana1 "m ,vaiakha#ac built ano!r vihra1 to :i* %e invit$ ,buddha & 8 monks1 & :i* is /ill exi/+4 ,to ea* ( ! great resid5ces = monks at ! ,jetavana vihra !re 7 two gates1 "o fac+ ! ea/ & ! o!r fac+ ! nor?4 ,! p>k 7conta9+ ! :ole7 0 ! space ( gr\nd :i* ! 7,vaiya7 head ,sudatta pur*as$ by cov]+ x ) gold co9s4 ,! vihra 0 exactly 9 ! c5tre4 ,"h ,buddha liv$ = a long] "t ?an at any o!r place1 prea*+ 8 ,law & conv]t+ m54 ,at ! places :]e he walk$ & sat !y also 7subsequ5tly7 re>$ topes1 ea* hav+ its p>ticul> "n2 & "h 0 ! place :]e ,sund>i#ad murd]$ a p]son & !n falsely *>g$ ,buddha 7) ! crime74 ,outside ! ea/ gate ( ! ,jetavana1 at a di/ance ( sev5ty paces to ! nor?1 on ! we/ ( ! road1 ,buddha held a discussion ) ! 7advocates ( !7 n9ety-six s*emes ( errone\s doctr9e1 :5 ! k+ & 8 great (fic]s1 ! h\sehold]s1 & p 7 all assembl$ 9 cr[ds to he> x4 ,!n a woman belong+ to "o ( ! errone\s sy/ems1 by "n ,*a*amana1#ae prompt$ by ! envi\s hatr$ 9 h] he>t1 & hav+ put on 7extra7 clo!s 9 front ( h] p]son1 s z to give h] ! appe>ance ( be+ ) *ild1 falsely accus$ ,buddha be=e all ! assembly ( hav+ act$ unlawfully 7t[>ds h]74 ,on ?is1 akra1 ,rul] ( ,devas1 *ang$ himself & "s devas into :ite mice1 :i* bit ?r\gh ! /r+s ab\t h] wai/2 & :5 ?is 0 done1 ! 7extra7 clo!s :i* %e wore dropt d[n on ! gr\nd4 ,! e>? at ! same "t 0 r5t1 & %e w5t 7d[n7 alive into hell4#af 7,?is7 also is ! place :]e ,devadatta1#ag try+ ) empoison$ claws to injure ,buddha1 w5t d[n alive into hell4 ,m5 subsequ5tly set up m>ks to di/+ui% :]e bo? ^! ev5ts took place4 ,fur!r1 at ! place :]e ! discussion took place1 !y re>$ a vihra r m ?an sixty cubits high1 hav+ 9 x an image ( ,buddha 9 a sitt+ po/ure4 ,on ! ea/ ( ! road !re 0 a devlaya#ah ( 7"o (7 ! contr>y sy/ems1 call$ #8,! ,%ad[ ,cov]$1' "r opposite ! vihra on ! place ( discussion1 ) 7only7 ! road betwe5 !m1 & also r m ?an sixty cubits high4 ,! reason :y x 0 call$ #8,! ,%ad[ ,cov]$' 0 ?is3--,:5 ! sun 0 9 ! we/1 ! %ad[ ( ! vihra ( ! ,_w-hon\r$ "o fell on ! devlaya ( a contr>y sy/em2 b :5 ! sun 0 9 ! ea/1 ! %ad[ ( t devlaya 0 div]t$ to ! nor?1 & nev] fell on ! vihra ( ,buddha4 ,! mal-believ]s regul>ly employ$ m5 to wat* _! devlaya1 to sweep & wat] 7all ab\t x71 to burn inc5se1 light ! lamps1 & pres5t (f]+s2 b 9 ! morn+ ! lamps 7 f\nd to h be5 sudd5ly remov$1 & 9 ! vihra ( ,buddha4 ,! ,brahmns 7 indignant1 & said1 #8,^? ramaz take out lamps & use !m = _! own s]vice ( ,buddha1 b we w n /op our s]vice = y6'#ai ,on t night ! ,brahmns !mselves kept wat*1 :5 !y saw ! deva spirits :i* !y s]v$ take ! lamps & g ?ree times r\nd ! vihra ( ,buddha & pres5t (f]+s4 ,aft] ?is m9i/ration to ,buddha !y sudd5ly disappe>$4 ,! ,brahmns !reupon kn[+ h[ great 0 ! spiritual p[] ( ,buddha1 =?) left _! families1 & became monks4#bj ,x has be5 h&$ d[n1 t1 ne> ! "t :5 ^! ?+s occurr$1 ar\nd ! ,jetavana vihra !re 7 n9ety-eight mona/]ies1 9 all ( :i* !re 7 monks resid+1 except+ only 9 "o place :i* 0 vacant4 ,9 ?is ,middle ,k+dom#ba !re are n9ety-six#ba sorts ( views1 errone\s & diff]5t f our sy/em1 all ( :i* recognise ?is _w & ! future _w#bb 7& ! connexion betwe5 !m74 ,ea* _h its multitude ( foll[]s1 & !y all beg _! food3 only !y d n c>ry ! alms-b[l4 ,!y also1 moreov]1 seek 7to acquire7 ! bless+ 7( good de$s7 on unfrequ5t$ ways1 sett+ up on ! road-side h\ses ( *>ity1 :]e rooms1 c\*es1 b$s1 & food & dr9k are suppli$ to travell]s1 & also to monks1 com+ & go+ z gue/s1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! "t 7= :i* ^? p>ties rema974 ,!re are also companies ( ! foll[]s ( ,devadatta /ill exi/+4 ,!y regul>ly make (f]+s to ! ?ree previ\s ,buddhas1 b n to kyamuni ,buddha4#bc ,f\r le s\?-ea/ f ! city ( rva/1 a tope has be5 erect$ at ! place :]e ! ,_w-hon\r$ "o enc\nt]$ k+ ,virdhaha1#bd :5 he wi%$ to attack ! k+dom ( ,%ay-e1#bd & took 8 /& be=e him at ! side ( ! road4#be ,,notes #a ,9 ,s+halese1 ,sewet2 "h evid5tly ! capital ( ,koala4 ,x is plac$ by ,cunn+ham 7ar*ological ,survey7 on ! s\? bank ( ! ,rapti1 ab\t fifty-eight miles nor? ( ,ayody or ,oude4 ,!re are /ill ! ru9s ( a great t[n1 ! "n be+ ,shet ,mhat4 ,x 0 9 ?is t[n1 or 9 its neighb\rhood1 t kyamuni sp5t _m ye>s ( 8 life aft] he became ,buddha4 #b ,!re 7 two ,indian k+doms ( ?is "n1 a s\!rn & a nor!rn4 ,?is 0 ! nor!rn1 a "p ( ! pres5t ,oudh4 #c ,9 ,s+halese1 ,pase-nai1 mean+ #8lead] ( ! victori\s army4' ,he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ conv]ts & *ief patrons ( kyamuni4 ,eitel calls him 7p4 #ie7 "o ( ! orig9ators ( ,buddhi/ idolatory1 because ( ! /atue :i* is m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,see ,h>dy's ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #bhc1 #bhd1 et al4 #d ,expla9$ by #8,pa? ( ,love1' & #8,"l ( ,life4' ,prajpat 0 aunt & nurse ( kyamuni1 ! fir/ woman admitt$ to ! monkhood1 & ! fir/ sup]ior ( ! fir/ ,buddhi/ic conv5t4 ,%e is yet to become a ,buddha4 #e ,sudatta1 mean+ #8almsgiv]1' 0 ! orig9al "n ( ,an?a-piika 7or ,piada71 a weal?y h\sehold]1 or ,vaiya head1 ( rva/1 fam\s = 8 lib]ality 7,h>dy1 ,anepidu74 ,( 8 old h\se1 only ! well & walls rema9$ at ! "t ( ,f-hi5's visit to rva/4 #f ,! ,agulimlya 7 a sect or set ( ivaitic fanatics1 :o made assass9ation a religi\s act4 ,! "o ( !m "h m5tion$ _h jo9$ !m by ! =ce ( circum/ances4 ,be+ conv]t$ by ,buddha1 he became a monk2 b :5 x is said 9 ! text t he #8got ! ,to1' or doctr9e1 ,i ?9k t expression implies m ?an 8 conv]sion1 & is equival5t to 8 becom+ an ,arhat4 ,8 "n 9 ,pli is ,agulimla4 ,t he did become an ,arhat is cle> f 8 autobiographical poem 9 ! #8,songs ( ! ,!ras4' #g ,eitel 7p4 #cg7 says3--#8,a not$ vihra 9 ! suburbs ( rva/1 erect$ 9 a p>k :i* ,an?a-piika b\ght ( pr9ce ,jeta1 ! son ( ,pras5ajit4 kyamuni made ?is place 8 fav\rite resid5ce = _m ye>s4 ,mo/ ( ! ,stras 7au!ntic & supposititi\s7 date f ?is spot4' #h ,see *apt] xvii4 #i ,see *apt] xiii4 #aj rya1 mean+ #8hon\rable1' #8v5]able1' is a title giv5 only to ^? :o h ma/]$ ! f\r spiritual tru?s3--7#a7 t #8mis]y' is a necess>y condition ( all s5ti5t exi/5ce2 ?is is dukha3 7#b7 t ! #8accumulation' ( mis]y is caus$ by ! passions2 ?is is samudaya3 7#c7 t ! #8ext9ction' ( passion is possible2 ?is is nirodha3 & 7#d7 t ! #8pa?' leads to ! ext9ction ( passion2 :i* is mrga4 ,accord+ to _! atta9m5t ( ^! tru?s1 ! ryas1 or foll[]s ( ,buddha1 are di/+ui%$ into f\r classes1--rotpannas1 ,sakidgm9s1 ,angm9s1 & ,arhats4 ,e4 ,h41 p4 #ad4 #aa ,?is is ! fir/ "t t ,f-hi5 employs ! "n ,ho-%ang 771 :i* is n[ popul>ly us$ 9 ,*9a = all ,buddhi/ monks )\t di/9ction ( rank or (fice4 ,x is ! repres5tative ( ! ,sanskrit t]m ,upadhyya1 #8expla9$1' says ,eitel 7p4 #aee7 by #8a self-taught tea*]1' or by #8he :o kn[s :at is s9ful & :at is n s9ful1' ) ! note1 #8,9 ,india ! v]nacul> ( ?is t]m is 78 mun%ee 8 ,bronze72 9 ,ku/ana & ,ka%g> !y say 7hwa-%ay72 & f ! latt] t]m are d]iv$ ! ,*9ese synonyms1 7ho-%ay7 & 7ho-%ang74' ,! ,indian t]m 0 orig9ally a designation = ^? :o tea* only a "p ( ! ,v$as1 ! ,v$gas4 ,adopt$ by ,buddhi/s ( ,c5tral ,asia1 x 0 made to signify ! prie/s ( ! old] ritual1 9 di/9ction f ! ,lamas4 ,9 ,*9a x has be5 us$ fir/ z a synonym = 1 monks engag$ 9 popul> tea*+ 7tea*]s ( ! ,law71 9 di/9ction f 1 discipl9i/s1 & 1 contemplative philosoph]s 7m$itationi/s72 !n x 0 us$ to designate ! abbots ( mona/]ies4 ,b x is n[ popul>ly appli$ to all ,buddhi/ monks4 ,9 ! text !re seems to be impli$ "s di/9ction betwe5 ! #8tea*]s' & ! #8ho-%ang2'--probably1 ! ,pli kariya & ,upagghya2 see ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xiii1 ,v9aya ,texts1 pp4 #agh1 #agi4 #ab ,x might be add$1 #8z dep5d+ on x1' 9 ord] to br+ out ! full mean+ ( ! 9 ! text4 ,if ,i recollect aright1 ! help ( ! police _h to be call$ 9 at ,hong ,kong 9 its e>ly ye>s1 to keep ! approa*es to ! ,ca!dral free f ! numb] ( begg>s1 :o squatt$ d[n !re dur+ s]vice1 hop+ t ! he>]s w\ld come out ) s(t5$ he>ts1 & dispos$ to be *>itable4 ,i f\nd ! popul> tutel>y temples 9 ,pek+ & o!r places1 & ! pa? up ,m\nt ,ti 9 ,%an-lung simil>ly frequ5t$4 #ac ,! wife ( ,an?a-piika 9 note #e1 & :o became #8"m sup]ior' ( _m nunn]ies4 ,see h] hi/ory 9 ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #bbj-bbg4 ,i am surpris$ x does n end ) ! /atem5t t %e is to become a ,buddha4 #ad ,see ,e4 ,h41 p4 #acf4 ,hsan-*wang does n give ! "n ( ?is murd]]2 see 9 ,juli5's #8,vie et ,voyages de ,hi\5-?sang1' p4 #abe1--#8;a h]etical ,brahmn kill$ a woman & calumniat$ ,buddha4' ,see also ! full] acc\nt 9 ,beal's #8,records ( ,we/]n ,c\ntries1' pp4 #g1 #h1 :]e ! murd] is committ$ by sev]al ,brahm*>9s4 ,9 ?is passage ,beal makes ,sund>i to be ! "n ( ! murd]$ p]son 7a h>lot74 ,b ! text _c be s con/ru$4 #ae ,eitel 7p4 #add7 calls h] ,*a*a2 9 ,s+halese1 ,*9*i4 ,see ! /ory ab\t h]1 ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #bge-bgg4 #af #8,e>?'s prison1' or #8"o ( ,e>?'s prisons4' ,x 0 ! ,av*i n>aka to :i* %e w5t1 ! la/ ( ! eight hot prisons1 :]e ! culprits die1 & are born aga9 9 un9t]rupt$ succession 7su* be+ ! mean+ ( ,av*i71 ?\gh n )\t hope ( f9al r$emption4 ,e4 ,h4 p4 #ba4 #ag ,devadatta 0 bro!r ( n&a1 & a ne> relative !re=e ( kyamuni4 ,he 0 ! deadly enemy1 h[ev]1 ( ! latt]4 ,he _h become s 9 an e>li] /ate ( exi/5ce1 & ! hatr$ cont9u$ 9 e successive bir?1 ?r\gh :i* !y reappe>$ 9 ! _w4 ,see ! acc\nts ( him1 & ( 8 v>i\s devices aga9/ ,buddha1 & 8 own de/ruction at ! la/1 9 ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #cae-cba1 #cbf-ccj2 & /ill bett]1 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xx1 ,v9aya ,texts1 pp4 #bcc-bfe4 ,= ! p>ticul> attempt ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 see #8,! ,life ( ! ,buddha1' p4 #ajg4 ,:5 he 0 engulph$1 & ! flames 7 ar\nd him1 he cri$ out to ,buddha to save him1 & we are told t he is expect$ yet to appe> z a ,buddha "u ! "n ( ,dev>ja1 9 a univ]se call$ ,deva-soppana4 ,e4 ,h41 p4 #ci4 #ah #8,a devlaya 7 or 71 a place 9 :i* a deva is wor%ipp$1--a g5]al "n = all ,brahmnical temples' 7,eitel1 p4 #cj74 ,we read 9 ! ,khang-hs diction>y "u 1 t :5 ,kayapa ,mataga came to ! ,we/]n ,regions1 ) 8 ,classics or ,stras1 he 0 lodg$ 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,/ate-,c]emonial1 & t aft]w>ds !re 0 built = him #8,! ,c\rt ( ! ,:ite-horse' 771 & 9 consequ5ce ! "n ( ,sze 77 came to be giv5 to all ,buddhi/ic temples4 ,f-hi51 h[ev]1 applies ?is t]m only to ,brahmnical temples4 #ai ,_! spee* 0 some:at unconnect$1 b natural en\gh 9 ! circum/ances4 ,comp>e ! :ole acc\nt ) ! n>rative 9 ,i ,samuel v4 ab\t ! ,ark & ,dagon1 t #8twice-batt]$ god ( ,pale/9e4' #bj #8,ent]$ ! doctr9e or pa?4' ,?ree /ages 9 ! ,buddhi/ic life are indicat$ by ,f-hi53--#8ent]+ x1' z "h1 by becom+ monks 772 #8gett+ x1' by becom+ ,arhats 772 & #8complet+ x1' by becom+ ,buddha 774 #ba ,x is n q cle> :e!r ! au?or _h 9 m9d "h ,c5tral ,india z a :ole1 :i* ,i ?9k he _h1 or only ,koala1 ! "p ( x :]e he !n 04 ,9 ! old] tea*+1 !re 7 only ?irty-two sects1 b !re may h be5 ?ree subdivisions ( ea*4 ,see ,rhys ,davids' #8,buddhism1' pp4 #ih1 #ii4 #bb ,?is m5tion ( #8! future _w' is an important diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,corean & ,*9ese texts4 ,! want ( x 9 ! latt] has be5 a /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( all previ\s translators4 ,rmusat says 9 a note t #8! h]etics limit$ !mselves to speak ( ! duties ( man 9 8 actual life )\t connect+ x by ! notion t ! metempsy*osis ) ! ant]ior p]iods ( exi/5ce ?r\gh :i* he _h pass$4' ,b ?is is j ! opposite ( :at ,f-hi5's mean+ 01 accord+ to our ,corean text4 ,! notion ( #8! metempsy*osis' 0 j t 9 :i* all ! n9ety-six errone\s sy/ems agre$ among !mselves & ) ,buddhism4 ,if he _h wi%$ to say :at ! ,fr5* s9ologue ?9ks he does say1 moreov]1 he w\ld probably h writt5 4 ,let me add1 h[ev]1 t ! connexion :i* ,buddhism holds betwe5 ! pa/ _w 7includ+ ! pres5t7 & ! future is n t ( a metempsy*osis1 or transmigration ( s\ls1 = x does n appe> to admit any sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,adh]+ to its own phraseology ( #8! :eel1' ,i w\ld call its doctr9e t ( #8,! ,transrotation ( ,bir?s4' ,see ,rhys ,davids' ?ird ,hibb]t ,lecture4 #bc ,see note #ag2 & *apt] xvii1 note #ai4 #bd ,or1 m accord+ to ! phonetisation ( ! text1 ,vaidrya4 ,he 0 k+ ( ,koala1 ! son & successor ( ,pras5ajit1 & ! de/roy] ( ,kapilava/u1 ! city ( ! kya family4 ,8 ho/ility to ! kyas is suffici5tly e/abli%$1 & x may be consid]$ z c]ta9 t ! "n ,%ay-e1 :i*1 accord+ to ,juli5's #8,m?ode1' p4 #hi1 may be read ,*i-e1 is ! same z ,ki-e 771 "o ( ! phonetisations ( ,kapilava/u1 z giv5 by ,eitel4 #be ,?is w\ld be ! int]view 9 ! #8,life ( ! ,buddha' 9 ,trbn]'s ,ori5tal ,s]ies1 p4 #aaf1 :5 ,virdhaha on 8 m>* f\nd ,buddha "u an old sakotato tree4 ,x af=d$ him no %ade2 b he told ! k+ t ! ?\ght ( ! dang] ( #88 relatives & k9dr$ made x %ady4' ,! k+ 0 mov$ to sympa?y = ! "t1 & w5t back to rva/2 b ! de/ruction ( ,kapilava/u 0 only po/pon$ = a %ort space1 & ,buddha himself ackn[l$g$ x to be inevitable 9 ! connexion ( cause & effect4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,pr$ecessors ,,( ,,kyamuni ,,9 ,,! ,,buddha%ip4 ,fifty le to ! we/ ( ! city br+ 7! travell]7 to a t[n nam$ ,too-wei1#a ! bir?place ( ,kyapa ,buddha4#a ,at ! place :]e he & 8 fa!r met1#b & at t :]e he atta9$ to p>i-nirva1 topes 7 erect$4 ,ov] ! entire relic ( ! :ole body ( him1 ! ,kyapa ,ta?gata1#c a great tope 0 also erect$4 ,go+ on s\?-ea/ f ! city ( rva/ = twelve yojanas1 7! travell]s7 came to a t[n nam$ ,na-pei-ke1#d ! bir?place ( ,kraku*&a ,buddha4#e ,at ! place :]e he & 8 fa!r met1 & at t :]e he atta9$ to p>i-nirva1 topes 7 erect$4 ,go+ nor? f "h less ?an a yojana1 !y came to a t[n :i* _h be5 ! bir?place ( ,kanakamuni ,buddha4#e ,at ! place :]e he & 8 fa!r met1 & :]e he atta9$ to p>i-nirva1 topes 7 erect$4 ,,notes #a ,id5tifi$1 z ,beal says1 by ,cunn+ham ) ,tadwa1 a village n9e miles to ! we/ ( ,sh>a-mahat4 ,! bir?place ( ,kyapa ,buddha is g5]ally ?\ght to h be5 ,b5res4 ,accord+ to a calculation ( ,rmusat1 f 8 bir? to ,a4,d4 #ahcb !re 7 #a1iib1hei ye>s6 #b ,x seems to be necess>y to h a meet+ betwe5 e ,buddha & 8 fa!r4 ,"o at lea/ is ascrib$ to kyamuni & 8 fa!r 7real or suppos$7 uddhodana4 #c ,?is is ! highe/ epi!t giv5 to e supreme ,buddha2 9 ,*9ese 1 mean+1 z ,eitel1 p4 #adg says1 #8,sic pr(ectus sum4' ,x is equival5t to #8,rightful ,buddha1 ! true successor 9 ! ,supreme ,buddha ,l9e4' ,h>dy concludes 8 acc\nt ( ! ,kyapa ,buddha 7,m4 ,b41 p4 #ig7 ) ! foll[+ s5t5ce3--#8,aft] 8 body 0 burnt1 ! bones /ill rema9$ 9 _! usual position1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a p]fect skeleton2 & ! :ole ( ! inhabitants ( ,jambudvpa1 assembl+ toge!r1 erect$ a dagoba ov] 8 relics "o yojana 9 height6' #d ,na-pei-ke or ,nabhiga is n m5tion$ else:]e4 ,eitel says ?is ,buddha 0 born at ! city ( ,gn-ho 77 & ,h>dy gives 8 bir?place z ,mekhala4 ,x may be possible1 by means ( ,sanskrit1 to reconcile ^! /atem5ts4 #e ,see *ap4 xvii note #ai4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,kapilava/u4 ,,its ,,desolation4 ,,leg5ds ,,( ,,buddha',s ,,bir?1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,incid5ts ,,9 ,,connexion ,,) ,,x4 ,less ?an a yojana to ! ea/ f ?is br\ght !m to ! city ( ,kapilava/u2#a b 9 x !re 0 nei!r k+ nor p4 ,all 0 m\nd & desolation4 ,( inhabitants !re 7 only "s monks & a score or two ( families ( ! common p4 ,at ! spot :]e /ood ! old palace ( k+ uddhodana#b !re h be5 made images ( ! pr9ce 78 elde/ son7 & 8 "m2#c & at ! places :]e t son appe>$ m\nt$ on a :ite elephant :5 he ent]$ 8 "m's womb1#d & :]e he turn$ 8 c>riage r\nd on see+ ! sick man aft] he _h gone out ( ! city by ! ea/]n gate1#e topes h be5 erect$4 ,! places 77 also po9t$ out7#f :]e 7! i%i7 -e#g inspect$ ! m>ks#h 7( ,buddha%ip on ! body7 ( ! heir-app>5t 7:5 an infant72 :]e1 :5 he 0 9 company ) ,n&a & o!rs1 on ! elephant be+ /ruck d[n & drawn to "o side1 he toss$ x away2#i :]e he %ot an arr[ to ! s\?-ea/1 & x w5t a di/ance ( ?irty le1 !n ent]+ ! gr\nd & mak+ a spr+ to come =?1 :i* m5 subsequ5tly fa%ion$ into a well f :i* travell]s might dr9k2#aj :]e1 aft] he _h atta9$ to ,wisdom1#aa ,buddha return$ & saw ! k+1 8 fa!r2#ab :]e five hundr$ kyas quitt$ _! families & did rev]5ce to ,upli#ac :ile ! e>? %ook & mov$ 9 six diff]5t ways2 :]e ,buddha prea*$ 8 ,law to ! devas1 & ! f\r deva k+s & o!rs kept ! f\r doors 7( ! hall71 s t 7ev57 ! k+1 8 fa!r1 c\ld n ent]2#ad :]e ,buddha sat "u a nyagrodha tree1 :i* is /ill /&+1#ae ) 8 face to ! ea/1 & 78 aunt7 ,mah-prajpat pres5t$ him ) a ,saghli2#af & 7:]e7 k+ ,vaidrya slew ! se$ ( kya1 & !y all 9 dy+ became rotpannas4#ag ,a tope 0 erect$ at ?is la/ place1 :i* is /ill exi/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,i4 ,,dream ,,( ,,buddha',s ,,"m ,,( ,,8 ,,re9c>nation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii4 ,,buddha ,,j ,,born1 ,,) ,,! ,n,,gas ,,supply+ ,,wat] ,,to ,,wa% ,,him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iii4 ,,buddha ,,toss+ ,,! ,,elephant ,,ov] ,,! ,,wall4 ,sev]al le nor?-ea/ f ! city 0 ! k+'s field1 :]e ! heir-app>5t sat "u a tree1 & look$ at ! pl\gh]s4#ah ,fifty le ea/ f ! city 0 a g>d51 nam$ ,lumb91#ai :]e ! que5 ent]$ ! pond & ba!d4 ,hav+ come =? f ! pond on ! nor!rn bank1 aft] 7walk+7 tw5ty paces1 %e lift$ up h] h&1 laid hold ( a bran* ( a tree1 &1 ) h] face to ! ea/1 gave bir? to ! heir-app>5t4#bj ,:5 he fell to ! gr\nd1 he 7imm$iately7 walk$ sev5 paces4 ,two dragon-k+s 7appe>$7 & wa%$ 8 body4 ,at ! place :]e !y did s1 !re 0 imm$iately =m$ a well1 & f x1 z well z f ! above pond1 :]e 7! que57 ba!d1#ba ! monks 7ev57 n[ con/antly take ! wat]1 & dr9k x4 ,!re are f\r places ( regul> & fix$ occurr5ce 79 ! hi/ory (7 all ,buddhas3--fir/1 ! place :]e !y atta9$ to p]fect ,wisdom 7& became ,buddha72 second1 ! place :]e !y turn$ ! :eel ( ! ,law2#bb ?ird1 ! place :]e !y prea*$ ! ,law1 disc\rs$ ( righte\sness1 & discomfit$ 7! advocates (7 errone\s doctr9es2 & f\r?1 ! place :]e !y came d[n1 aft] go+ up to ! ,traya/riz heav5 to prea* ! ,law = ! b5efit ( _! mo!rs4 ,o!r places 9 connexion ) !m became rem>kable1 accord+ to ! manife/ations :i* 7 made at !m at p>ticul> times4 ,! c\ntry ( ,kapilava/u is a great sc5e ( empty desolation4 ,! inhabitants are few & f> betwe54 ,on ! roads p h to be on _! gu>d aga9/ :ite elephants#bc & lions1 & %\ld n travel incauti\sly4 ,,notes #a ,kapilava/u1 #8! city ( beautiful virtue1' 0 ! bir?place ( kyamuni1 b 0 de/roy$1 z intimat$ 9 ! notes on la/ *apt]1 dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,x 0 situat$ a %ort di/ance nor?-we/ ( ! pres5t ,goruckpoor1 lat4 #bf #df ,n41 lon4 #hc #ai ,e4 ,davids says 7,manual1 p4 #be71 #8,x 0 on ! banks ( ! riv] ,roh9i1 ! mod]n ,kohana1 ab\t #ajj miles nor?-we/ ( ! city ( ,b5res4' #b ,! fa!r1 or suppos$ fa!r1 ( kyamuni4 ,he is "h call$ #8! k+ :ite & pure' 774 ,a m common appellation is #8! k+ ( pure rice' 772 b ! "* 1 or #8rice1' mu/ be a mi/ake = 1 #8,brahmn1' & ! appellation #8,pure ,brahmn k+4' #c ,! #8elde/ son1' or #8pr9ce' 0 kyamuni1 & 8 "m _h no o!r son4 ,= #88 "m1' see *ap4 xvii1 note #c4 ,%e 0 a daught] ( ,ajana or ,anukya1 k+ ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntry ( ,koli1 & ,yaodh>1 an aunt ( uddhodana4 ,!re appe> to h be5 v>i\s int]m>riages betwe5 ! royal h\ses ( ,kapila & ,koli4 #d ,9 #8,! ,life ( ! ,buddha1' p4 #ae1 we read t #8,buddha 0 n[ 9 ! ,tu%ita heav51 & kn[+ t 8 "t 0 come 7! "t = 8 la/ rebir? 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he w\ld become ,buddha71 he made ! necess>y exam9ations2 & hav+ decid$ t ,mah-my 0 ! "r "m1 9 ! midnight wat* he ent]$ h] womb "u ! appe>ance ( an elephant4' ,see ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #adj-adc1 &1 /ill bett]1 ,rhys ,davids' #8,bir? ,/ories1' pp4 #eh-fc4 #e ,9 ,h>dy's ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #aed1 #aee1 we read1 #8,z ! pr9ce 7,siddhr?a1 ! fir/ "n giv5 to kyamuni2 see ,eitel1 "u ,s>vr?asiddha7 0 "o day pass+ along1 he saw a deva "u ! appe>ance ( a lep]1 full ( sores1 ) a body l a wat]-vessel1 & legs l ! pe/le = p\nd+ rice2 & :5 he le>n$ f 8 *>iote] :at x 0 t he saw1 he became agitat$1 & return$ at once to ! palace4' ,see also ,rhys ,davids' #8,buddhism1' p4 #bi4 #f ,?is is an addition ( my own1 in/ead ( #8,!re are also topes erect$ at ! foll[+ spots1' ( =m] translators4 ,f-hi5 does n say t !re 7 memorial topes at all ^! places4 #g ,asita2 see ,eitel1 p4 #ae4 ,he is call$ 9 ,pli ,kal ,devala1 & _h be5 a m9i/] ( uddhodana's fa!r4 #h ,see *ap4 xiii1 note #ab4 #i ,9 #8,! ,life ( ,buddha' we read t ! ,li**havis ( ,vail _h s5t to ! "y pr9ce a v f9e elephant2 b :5 x 0 ne> ,kapilava/u1 ,devadatta1 out ( envy1 kill$ x ) a bl[ ( 8 fi/4 ,n&a 7n n&a1 b a half-bro!r ( ,siddhr?a71 com+ t way1 saw ! c>case ly+ on ! road1 & pull$ x on "o side2 b ! ,bodhisattva1 see+ x !re1 took x by ! tail1 & toss$ x ov] sev5 f5ces & dit*es1 :5 ! =ce ( its fall made a great dit*4 ,i suspect t ! *>act]s 9 ! column h be5 dis>rang$1 & t we %\ld read 1 1 4 ,buddha1 t is ,siddhr?a1 0 at ?is "t only t5 ye>s old4 #aj ,! "y kyas 7 %oot+ :5 ! pr9ce ?us surpass$ !m all4 ,he 0 !n sev5te54 #aa ,see *ap4 xx1 note #bj4 #ab ,?is 0 n ! night :5 he f9ally fl$ f ,kapilava/u1 & z he 0 leav+ ! palace1 p]ceiv+ 8 sleep+ fa!r1 & said1 #8,fa!r1 ?\gh ,i love !e1 yet a fe> possesses me1 & ,i may n /ay2'--,! ,life ( ! ,buddha1 p4 #be4 ,mo/ probably x 0 t relat$ 9 ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #aii-bjd4 ,see #8,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories1' pp4 #abj-abg4 #ac ,!y did ?is1 ,i suppose1 to %[ _! humility1 = ,upli 0 only a dra by bir?1 & _h be5 a b>b]2 s f ! fir/ did ,buddhism ass]t its sup]iority to ! conditions ( rank & ca/e4 ,upli 0 di/+ui%$ by 8 k ( ! rules ( discipl9e1 & prais$ on t acc\nt by ,buddha4 ,he 0 "o ( ! ?ree lead]s ( ! fir/ synod1 & ! pr9cipal compil] ( ! orig9al ,v9aya books4 #ad ,i h n met ) ! p>ticul>s ( ?is prea*+4 #ae ,mean+1 z expla9$ 9 ,*9ese1 #8a tree )\t knots2' ! ficus ,indica4 ,see ,rhys ,davids' note1 ,manual1 p4 #ci1 :]e he says t a bran* ( "o ( ^! trees 0 tak5 f ,buddha ,gay to ,anurdhapura 9 ,ceylon 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c1 & is /ill gr[+ !re1 ! olde/ hi/orical tree 9 ! _w4 #af ,see *ap4 xiii1 note #aa4 ,i h n met ) ! acc\nt ( ?is pres5tation4 ,see ! long acc\nt ( ,prajpat 9 ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #cjf-cae4 #ag ,see *ap4 xx1 note #aj4 ,! rotpannas are ! fir/ class ( sa9ts1 :o are n to be reborn 9 a l[] sph]e1 b atta9 to nirva aft] hav+ be5 reborn sev5 times consecutively z m5 or devas4 ,! ,*9ese editions /ate !re 7 #8#ajjj' ( ! kya se$4 ,! g5]al acc\nt is t !y 7 #ejj1 all maid5s1 :o refus$ to take _! place 9 k+ ,vaidrya's h>em1 & 7 9 consequ5ce tak5 to a pond1 & _h _! h&s & feet cut (f4 ,!re ,buddha came to !m1 _h _! w\nds dress$1 & prea*$ to !m ! ,law4 ,!y di$ 9 ! fai?1 & 7 reborn 9 ! region ( ! f\r ,great ,k+s4 ,!nce !y came back & visit$ ,buddha at ,jetavana 9 ! night1 & !re !y obta9$ ! rew>d ( rotpanna4 #8,! ,life ( ! ,buddha1' p4 #aba4 #ah ,see ! acc\nt ( ?is ev5t 9 ,m4 ,b41 p4 #aej4 ,! acc\nt ( x rem9ds me ( ! pl\gh+ by ! sov]eign1 :i* has be5 an in/itution 9 ,*9a f ! e>lie/ times4 ,b !re we h no magic & no extravagance4 #ai #8,! place ( ,lib]ation2' see *ap4 xiii1 note #g4 #bj ,see ! acc\nts ( ?is ev5t 9 ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #ade1 #adf2 #8,! ,life ( ! ,buddha1' pp4 #ae1 #af2 & #8,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories1' p4 #ff4 #ba ,!re is difficulty 9 con/ru+ ! text ( ?is la/ /atem5t4 ,mr4 ,beal _h1 no d\bt inadv]t5tly1 omitt$ x 9 8 fir/ translation4 ,9 8 revis$ v]sion he gives = x1 ,i _c say happily1 #8,z well z at ! pool1 ! wat] ( :i* came d[n f above = wa%+ 7! *ild74' #bb ,see *ap4 xvii1 note #h4 ,see also ,davids' ,manual1 p4 #de4 ,! latt] says1 t #8to turn ! :eel ( ! ,law' means #8to set roll+ ! royal *>iot :eel ( a univ]sal empire ( tru? & righte\sness2' b he admits t ?is is m gr&iloqu5t ?an ! phraseology 0 9 ! e>s ( ,buddhi/s4 ,i pref] ! words quot$ f ,eitel 9 ! note ref]r$ to4 #8,!y turn$' is probably equival5t to #8,!y began to turn4' #bc ,f-hi5 does n say t he himself saw any ( ^! :ite elephants1 nor does he speak ( ! lions z ( any p>ticul> col\r4 ,we %all f9d by-&-by1 9 a note fur!r on1 t1 to make !m appe> m t]rible1 !y are spok5 ( z #8black4' ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,r,,ma1 ,,& ,,its ,,tope4 ,ea/ f ,buddha's bir?place1 & at a di/ance ( five yojanas1 !re is a k+dom call$ ,rma4#a ,! k+ ( ?is c\ntry1 hav+ obta9$ "o portion ( ! relics ( ,buddha's body1#b return$ ) x & built ov] x a tope1 nam$ ! ,rma tope4 ,by ! side ( x !re 0 a pool1 & 9 ! pool a dragon1 :i* con/antly kept wat* ov] 7! tope71 & pres5t$ (f]+s to x day & night4 ,:5 k+ ,aoka came =? into ! _w1 he wi%$ to de/roy ! eight topes 7ov] ! relics71 & to build 7in/ead ( !m7 #hd1jjj topes4#c ,aft] he _h ?r[n d[n ! sev5 7o!rs71 he wi%$ next to de/roy ?is tope4 ,b !n ! dragon %[$ itself1 took ! k+ into its palace2#d & :5 he _h se5 all ! ?+s provid$ = (f]+s1 x said to him1 #8,if y are able ) y\r (f]+s to exce$ ^!1 y c de/roy ! tope1 & take x all away4 ,i w n cont5d ) y4' ,! k+1 h[ev]1 knew t su* appliances = (f]+s 7 n to be _h any:]e 9 ! _w1 & !reupon return$ 7)\t c>ry+ out 8 purpose74 7,aft]w>ds71 ! gr\nd all ab\t became ov]gr[n ) vegetation1 & !re 0 nobody to spr9kle & sweep 7ab\t ! tope72 b a h]d ( elephants came regul>ly1 :i* br\ght wat] ) _! trunks to wat] ! gr\nd1 & v>i\s k9ds ( fl[]s & inc5se1 :i* !y pres5t$ at ! tope4 7,once7 !re came f "o ( ! k+doms a devotee#e to wor%ip at ! tope4 ,:5 he enc\nt]$ ! elephants he 0 greatly al>m$1 & scre5$ himself among ! trees2 b :5 he saw !m g ?r\gh ) ! (f]+s 9 ! mo/ prop] mann]1 ! ?\ght fill$ him ) great sadness--t !re %\ld be no mona/]y "h1 7! inmates ( :i*7 might s]ve ! tope1 b ! elephants h to d ! wat]+ & sweep+4 ,=?) he gave up ! great prohibitions 7by :i* he 0 b\nd71#f & resum$ ! /atus ( a rmaera4#g ,) 8 own h&s he cle>$ away ! grass & trees1 put ! place 9 good ord]1 & made x pure & clean4 ,by ! p[] ( 8 exhortations1 he prevail$ on ! k+ ( ! c\ntry to =m a resid5ce = monks2 & :5 t 0 done1 he became head ( ! mona/]y4 ,at ! pres5t day !re are monks resid+ 9 x4 ,?is ev5t is ( rec5t occurr5ce2 b 9 all ! succession f t "t till n[1 !re has always be5 a rmaera head ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,,notes #a ,rma or ,rmagrma1 betwe5 ,kapilava/u & ,kuanag>a4 #b ,see ! acc\nt ( ! eightfold division ( ! relics ( ,buddha's body 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xi1 ,buddhi/ ,suttas1 pp4 #acc-acf4 #c ,! bones ( ! human body are suppos$ to consi/ ( #hd1jjj atoms1 & h5ce ! leg5d ( ,aoka's wi% to build #hd1jjj topes1 "o ov] ea* atom ( kyamuni's skeleton4 #d ,f-hi51 x appe>s to me1 int5d$ 8 read]s to und]/& t ! nga-gu>dian _h a palace ( 8 own1 inside or und]nea? ! pool or tank4 #e ,x /&s out on ! n>rative z a :ole t we h n "h #8"s pilgrims1' b "o devotee4 #f ,:at ! #8great prohibitions' :i* ! devotee n[ gave up 7 we _c tell4 ,be+ :at he 01 a monk ( m ?an ord9>y ascetical habits1 he may h und]tak5 peculi> & difficult v[s4 #g ,! rmaera1 or 9 ,*9ese ,%mei4 ,see *ap4 xvi1 note #bj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,:]e ,,buddha ,,f9ally ,,r5\nc$ ,,! ,,_w1 ,,& ,,:]e ,,he ,,di$4 ,ea/ f "h f\r yojanas1 !re is ! place :]e ! heir-app>5t s5t back ,*aaka1 ) 8 :ite horse2#a & !re also a tope 0 erect$4 ,f\r yojanas to ! ea/ f ?is1 7! travell]s7 came to ! ,*>coal tope1#b :]e !re is also a mona/]y4 ,go+ on twelve yojanas1 /ill to ! ea/1 !y came to ! city ( ,kuanag>a1#c on ! nor? ( :i*1 betwe5 two trees1#d on ! bank ( ! ,nairajan#e riv]1 is ! place :]e ! ,_w-hon\r$ "o1 ) 8 head to ! nor?1 atta9$ to p>i-nirva 7& di$74 ,!re also are ! places :]e ,subhadra1#f ! la/ 7( 8 conv]ts71 atta9$ to ,wisdom 7& became an ,arhat72 :]e 9 8 c(f9 ( gold !y made (f]+s to ! ,_w-hon\r$ "o = sev5 days1#g :]e ! ,vajrapi laid aside 8 gold5 club1#h & :]e ! eight k+s divid$ ! relics 7( ! burnt body7#i3--;at all ^! places 7 built topes & mona/]ies1 all ( :i* are n[ exi/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vii4 ,,buddha',s ,,dy+ ,,in/ructions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,viii4 ,,buddha',s ,,dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ix4 ,,division ,,( ,,buddha',s ,,relics4 ,9 ! city ! inhabitants are few & f> betwe51 compris+ only ! families belong+ to ! 7diff]5t7 societies ( monks4 ,go+ f ?is to ! s\?-ea/ = twelve yojanas1 !y came to ! place :]e ! ,li**havis#aj wi%$ to foll[ ,buddha to 7! place (7 8 p>i-nirva1 & :]e1 :5 he w\ld n li/5 to !m & !y kept cleav+ to him1 unwill+ to g away1 he made to appe> a l>ge & deep dit* :i* !y c\ld n cross ov]1 & gave !m 8 alms-b[l1 z a pl$ge ( 8 reg>d1 7?us7 s5d+ !m back to _! families4 ,!re a /one pill> 0 erect$ ) an acc\nt ( ?is ev5t engrav$ ^u x4 ,,notes #a ,?is 0 on ! night :5 kyamuni f9ally left 8 palace & family to fulfil ! c\rse to :i* he felt t he 0 call$4 ,*aaka1 9 ,pli ,*anna1 0 ! pr9ce's *>iote]1 & 9 sympa?y ) him4 ,s also 0 ! :ite horse ,kan?aka 7,kan?akanam ,av>ja71 :i* neigh$ 8 delight till ! devas he>d him4 ,see ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #aeh-afa1 & ,davids' ,manual1 pp4 #cb1 #cc4 ,accord+ to #8,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories1' p4 #hg1 ! noble horse nev] return$ to ! city1 b di$ ( grief at be+ left by 8 ma/]1 to be reborn imm$iately 9 ! ,traya/riz heav5 z ! deva ,kan?aka6 #b ,beal & ,giles call ?is ! #8,a%es' tope4 ,i also w\ld h pref]r$ to call x s2 b ! ,*9ese "* is 1 n 4 ,rmusat has #8la t\r des *>bons4' ,x 0 ov] ! place ( ,buddha's cremation4 #c ,9 ,pli ,kus9r4 ,x got its "n f ! ,kua grass 7! poa cynosuroides72 & its ru9s are /ill extant1 ne> ,kusiah1 #ahj ,n4,w4 f ,patna2 #8ab\t1' says ,davids1 #8#abj miles ,n4,n4,e4 ( ,b5res1 & #hj miles due ea/ ( ,kapilava/u4' #d ,! la tree1 ! ,%orea robu/a1 :i* yields ! fam\s teak wood4 #e ,conf\nd$1 accord+ to ,eitel1 ev5 by ,hsan-*wang1 ) ! ,hirayavat1 :i* fl[s pa/ ! city on ! s\?4 #f ,a ,brahmn ( ,b5res1 said to h be5 #abj ye>s old1 :o came to le>n f ,buddha ! v night he di$4 n&a w\ld h repuls$ him2 b ,buddha ord]$ him to be introduc$2 & !n putt+ aside ! +5i\s b unimportant "q :i* he prop\nd$1 prea*$ to him ! ,law4 ,! ,brahmn 0 conv]t$ & atta9$ at once to ,arhat%ip4 ,eitel says t he atta9$ to nirva a few mom5ts be=e kyamuni2 b see ! full acc\nt ( him & 8 conv]sion 9 #8,buddhi/ ,suttas1' p4 #ajc-aaj4 #g ,?us treat+ ! dead ,buddha z if he _h be5 a ,*akrav>tti k+4 ,h>dy's ,m4 ,b41 p4 #cdg1 says3--#8,= ! place ( cremation1 ! pr9ces 7( ,kus9r7 (f]$ _! own coronation-hall1 :i* 0 decorat$ ) ! utmo/ magnific5ce1 & ! body 0 deposit$ 9 a gold5 s>cophagus4' ,see ! acc\nt ( a cremation :i* ,f-hi5 witness$ 9 ,ceylon1 *ap4 xxxix4 #h ,! "n ,vajrapi is expla9$ z #8he :o holds 9 8 h& ! diamond club 7or pe/le sceptre71' :i* is "o ( ! _m names ( ,indra or akra4 ,he !re=e1 t great protector ( ,buddhism1 w\ld seem to be int5d$ "h2 b ! difficulty ) me is t nei!r 9 ,h>dy nor ,rockhill1 nor any o!r writ]1 h ,i met ) any manife/ation ( himself made by ,indra on ?is occasion4 ,! pr9ces ( ,kuanag>a 7 call$ mallas1 #8/rong or mighty h]oes2' s also 7 ^? ( ,pv & ,vail2 & a "q arises :e!r ! language may n ref] to "s /ory :i* ,f-hi5 _h he>d1--some?+ :i* !y did on ?is great occasion4 ,vajrapi is also expla9$ z mean+ #8! diamond mighty h]o2' b ! epi!t ( #8diamond' is n s applicable to !m z to ,indra4 ,! clause may h]eaft] obta9 m elucidation4 #i ,( ,kuanag>a1 ,pv1 ,vail1 & o!r k+doms4 ,k+s1 pr9ces1 brahmns1--ea* want$ ! :ole relic2 b !y agre$ to an eightfold division at ! sugge/ion ( ! brahmn ,droa4 #aj ,^! #8/rong h]oes' 7 ! *iefs ( ,vail1 a k+dom & city1 ) an olig>*ical con/itution4 ,!y embrac$ ,buddhism e>ly1 & 7 not$ = _! peculi> atta*m5t to ,buddha4 ,! second synod 0 held at ,vail1 z relat$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! ru9s ( ! city /ill exi/ at ,bassah>1 nor? ( ,patna1 ! same1 ,i suppose1 z ,bes>h1 tw5ty miles nor? ( ,hajipr4 ,see ,beal's ,revis$ ,v]sion1 p4 lii4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,vai,l4 ,,! ,,tope ,,call$ #8,,weapons ,,laid ,,d[n4' ,,! ,,c\ncil ,,( ,,vai,l4 ,ea/ f ?is city t5 yojanas1 7! travell]s7 came to ! k+dom ( ,vail4 ,nor? ( ! city s nam$ is a l>ge =e/1 hav+ 9 x ! d\ble-gall]i$ vihra#a :]e ,buddha dwelt1 & ! tope ov] half ! body ( n&a4#b ,inside ! city ! woman mbapl#c built a vihra 9 hon\r ( ,buddha1 :i* is n[ /&+ z x 0 at fir/4 ,?ree le s\? ( ! city1 on ! we/ ( ! road1 7is !7 g>d5 7:i*7 ! same mbapl pres5t$ to ,buddha1 9 :i* he might reside4 ,:5 ,buddha 0 ab\t to atta9 to 8 p>i-nirva1 z he 0 quitt+ ! city by ! we/ gate1 he turn$ r\nd1 &1 behold+ ! city on 8 "r1 said to !m1 #8,"h ,i h tak5 my la/ walk4'#d ,m5 subsequ5tly built a tope at ?is spot4 ,?ree le nor?-we/ ( ! city !re is a tope call$1 #8,b[s & weapons laid d[n4' ,! reason :y x got t "n 0 ?is3--,! inf]ior wife ( a k+1 ^: c\ntry lay along ! riv] ,ganges1 br\ght =? f h] womb a ball ( fle%4 ,! sup]ior wife1 jeal\s ( ! o!r1 said1 #8,y h br\ght =? a ?+ ( evil om51' & imm$iately x 0 put into a box ( wood & ?r[n into ! riv]4 ,f>!r d[n ! /ream ano!r k+ 0 walk+ & look+ ab\t1 :5 he saw ! wood5 box 7float+7 9 ! wat]4 7,he _h x br\ght to him71 op5$ x1 & f\nd a ?\s& little boys1 upright & complete1 & ea* "o diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,he took !m & _h !m br\ght up4 ,!y grew tall & l>ge1 & v d>+1 & /rong1 cru%+ all opposition 9 e exp$ition :i* !y und]took4 ,by-&-by !y attack$ ! k+dom ( _! real fa!r1 :o became 9 consequ5ce greatly di/ress$ & sad4 ,8 inf]ior wife ask$ :at x 0 t made him s1 & he repli$1 #8,t k+ has a ?\s& sons1 d>+ & /rong beyond comp>e1 & he wi%es ) !m to attack my k+dom2 ?is is :at makes me sad4' ,! wife said1 #8,y ne$ n be sad & sorr[ful4 ,only make a high gall]y on ! wall ( ! city on ! ea/2 & :5 ! ?ieves come1 ,i %all be able to make !m retire4' ,! k+ did z %e said2 & :5 ! enemies came1 %e said to !m f ! t[]1 #8,y are my sons2 :y are y act+ s unnaturally & rebelli\sly8' ,!y repli$1 #8,if y d n believe me1' %e said1 #8look1 all ( y1 t[>ds me1 & op5 y\r m\?s4' ,%e !n press$ h] brea/s ) h] two h&s1 & ea* s5t =? #ejj jets ( milk1 :i* fell into ! m\?s ( ! ?\s& sons4 ,! ?ieves 7?us7 knew t %e 0 _! "m1 & laid d[n _! b[s & weapons4#e ,! two k+s1 ! fa!rs1 !reupon fell into reflection1 & bo? got to be ,pratyeka ,buddhas4#f ,! tope ( ! two ,pratyeka ,buddhas is /ill exi/+4 ,9 a subsequ5t age1 :5 ! ,_w-hon\r$ "o _h atta9$ to p]fect ,wisdom 7& become ,buddha71 he said to is disciples1 #8,?is is ! place :]e ,i 9 a =m] age laid d[n my b[ & weapons4'#g ,x 0 ?us t subsequ5tly m5 got to "k 7! fact71 & rais$ ! tope on ?is spot1 :i* 9 ?is way receiv$ its "n4 ,! ?\s& little boys 7 ! ?\s& ,buddhas ( ?is ,bhadra-kalpa4#h ,x 0 by ! side ( ! #8,weapons laid d[n' tope t ,buddha1 hav+ giv5 up ! idea ( liv+ long]1 said to n&a1 #8,9 ?ree mon?s f ?is ,i w atta9 to pavi-nirva2' & k+ ,mra#i _h s fasc9at$ & /upefi$ n&a1 t he 0 n able to ask ,buddha to rema9 long] 9 ?is _w4 ,?ree or f\r le ea/ f ?is place !re is a tope 7commemorat+ ! foll[+ occurr5ce73--,a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! p>i-nirva ( ,buddha1 "s ,bhik%us ( ,vail w5t wrong 9 ! matt] ( ! discipl9>y rules 9 t5 p>ticul>s1 & appeal$ = _! ju/ification to :at !y said 7 ! words ( ,buddha4 ,h]eupon ! ,arhats & ,bhik%us obs]vant ( ! rules1 to ! numb] 9 all ( #gjj monks1 exam9$ afre% & collat$ ! collection ( discipl9>y books4#aj ,subsequ5tly m5 built at ?is place ! tope 79 "q71 :i* is /ill exi/+4 ,,notes #a ,x is difficult to tell :at 0 ! peculi> =m ( ?is vihra f :i* x gets its "n2 some?+ ab\t ! con/ruction ( its door1 or cupbo>ds1 or gall]ies4 #b ,see ! explanation ( ?is 9 ! next *apt]4 #c mbapl1 mrapl1 or mrad>ik1 #8! gu>dian ( ! mra 7probably ! mango7 tree1' is fam\s 9 ,buddhi/ annals4 ,see ! acc\nt ( h] 9 ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #def-h4 ,%e 0 a c\rtesan4 ,%e _h be5 9 _m n>akas or hells1 0 #ajj1jjj times a female begg>1 & #aj1jjj times a pro/itute2 b ma9ta9+ p]fect cont95ce dur+ ! p]iod ( ,kyapa ,buddha1 kyamuni's pr$ecessor1 %e _h be5 born a devi1 & f9ally appe>$ 9 e>? "u an mra tree 9 ,vail4 ,!re aga9 %e fell into h] old ways1 & _h a son by k+ ,bimbisra2 b %e 0 won ov] by ,buddha to virtue & *a/ity1 r5\nc$ ! _w1 & atta9$ to ! /ate ( an rhat4 ,see ! e>lie/ acc\nt ( mbapl's pres5tation ( ! g>d5 9 #8,buddhi/ ,suttas1' pp4 #cj-cc1 & ! note !re f ,bi%op ,big&et on pp4 #cc1 #cd4 #d ,beal gives1 #8,9 ?is place ,i h p]=m$ ! la/ religi\s act ( my e>?ly c>e]2' ,giles1 #8,?is is ! la/ place ,i %all visit2' ,rmusat1 #8,c'e/ un lieu o je revi5drai bi5 longtemps aprs ceci4' ,p]haps ! #8walk' to :i* ,buddha ref]r$ _h be5 = m$itation4 #e ,see ! acc\nt ( ?is leg5d 9 ! note 9 ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #bce1 #bcf1 diff]5t1 b n less absurd4 ,! fir/ "p ( ,f-hi5's n>rative w h s5t ! ?\ghts ( "s ( my read]s to ! exposure ( ! infant ,moses1 z relat$ 9 ,exodus4 #f ,see *ap4 xiii1 note #ae4 #g ,?us kyamuni _h be5 "o ( ! ?\s& little boys :o float$ 9 ! box 9 ! ,ganges4 ,h[ long back ! =m] age 0 we _c tell4 ,i suppose ! tope ( ! two fa!rs :o became ,pratyeka ,buddhas _h be5 built l ! "o commemorat+ ! lay+ d[n ( weapons aft] ,buddha _h told 8 disciples ( ! /range ev5ts 9 ! pa/4 #h ,bhadra-kalpa1 #8! ,kalpa ( wor?ies or sages4' #8,?is1' says ,eitel1 p4 #bb1 #8is a designation = a ,kalpa ( /ability1 s call$ because #ajjj ,buddhas appe> 9 ! c\rse ( x4 ,our pres5t p]iod is a ,bhadra-kalpa1 & f\r ,buddhas h already appe>$4 ,x is to la/ #bcf million ye>s1 b ov] #aea millions h already elaps$4' #i #8,! k+ ( demons4' ,! "n ,mra is expla9$ by #8! murd]]1' #8! de/roy] ( virtue1' & simil> appellations4 #8,he is1' says ,eitel1 #8! p]sonification ( lu/1 ! god ( love1 s91 & dea?1 ! ar*-enemy ( goodness1 resid+ 9 ! heav5 ,p>anirmita ,vaav>t9 on ! top ( ! ,kmadhtu4 ,he assumes diff]5t =ms1 especially mon/r\s ones1 to tempt or fright5 ! sa9ts1 or s5ds 8 daught]s1 or inspires wick$ m5 l ,devadatta or ! ,nirgran?as to d 8 "w4 ,he is (t5 repres5t$ ) #ajj arms1 & rid+ on an elephant4' ,! olde/ =m ( ! leg5d 9 ?is p>agraph is 9 #8,buddhi/ ,suttas1' ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xi1 pp4 #da-ee1 :]e ,buddha says t1 if n&a _h ask$ him ?rice1 he w\ld h po/pon$ 8 dea?4 #aj ,or ! ,v9aya-piaka4 ,! meet+ ref]r$ to 0 an important "o1 & is g5]ally spok5 ( z ! second ,great ,c\ncil ( ! ,buddhi/ ,*ur*4 ,see1 on ! =mation ( ! ,buddhi/ ,canon1 ,h>dy's ,e4 ,m41 *ap4 xviii1 & ! la/ *apt] ( ,davids' ,manual1 on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,ord]4 ,! fir/ ,c\ncil 0 t held at ,rjagiha1 %ortly aft] ,buddha's dea?1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,kyapa2--say ab\t ,b4,c4 #daj4 ,! second 0 t spok5 ( "h2--say ab\t ,b4,c4 #cjj4 ,9 ,davids' ,manual 7p4 #baf7 we f9d ! t5 po9ts ( discipl9e1 9 :i* ! h]etics 7,i c use t t]m "h7 claim$ at lea/ indulg5ce4 ,two meet+s 7 held to consid] & discuss !m4 ,at ! =m] ! or?odox p>ty b>ely succe$$ 9 c>ry+ _! condemnation ( ! lax] monks2 & a second & l>g] meet+1 ( :i* ,f-hi5 speaks1 0 held 9 consequ5ce1 & a m emphatic condemnation pass$4 ,at ! same "t all ! books & subjects ( discipl9e seem to h und]gone a c>eful revision4 ,! ,corean text is cle>] ?an ! ,*9ese z to ^? :o compos$ ! ,c\ncil1--! ,arhats & or?odox monks4 ,! lead] among !m 0 a ,yaz1 or ,yaada1 or ,y$aputtra1 :o _h be5 a disciple ( n&a1 & mu/ !re=e h be5 a v old man4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,rem>kable ,,dea? ,,( ,,n&a4 ,f\r yojanas on f ?is place to ! ea/ br\ght ! travell]s to ! conflu5ce ( ! five riv]s4#a ,:5 n&a 0 go+ f ,magadha#b to ,vail1 wi%+ 8 p>i-nirva to take place 7!re71 ! devas in=m$ k+ ,ajtaatru#c ( x1 & ! k+ imm$iately pursu$ him1 9 8 own gr& c>riage1 ) a body ( soldi]s1 & _h rea*$ ! riv]4 7,on ! o!r h&71 ! ,li**havis ( ,vail _h he>d t n&a 0 com+ 7to _! city71 & !y on _! "p came to meet him4 7,9 ?is way71 !y all arriv$ toge!r at ! riv]1 & n&a consid]$ t1 if he w5t =w>d1 k+ ,ajtaatru w\ld be v angry1 :ile1 if he w5t back1 ! ,li**havis w\ld res5t 8 conduct4 ,he !reupon 9 ! v middle ( ! riv] burnt 8 body 9 a fi]y ec/asy ( ,samdhi1#d & 8 p>i-nirva 0 atta9$4 ,he divid$ 8 body 7also7 into two1 7leav+7 ! half ( x on ea* bank2 s t ea* ( ! two k+s got "o half z a 7sacr$7 relic1 & took x back 7to 8 own capital71 & !re rais$ a tope ov] x4 ,,notes #a ,?is spot does n appe> to h be5 id5tifi$4 ,x c\ld n be f> f ,patna4 #b ,magadha 0 = "s "t ! headqu>t]s ( ,buddhism2 ! holy l&1 cov]$ ) vihras2 a fact p]petuat$1 z has be5 obs]v$ 9 a previ\s note1 9 ! "n ( ! pres5t ,behr1 ! s\!rn portion ( :i* corresponds to ! anci5t k+dom ( ,magadha4 #c ,9 ,s+halese1 ,ajasat4 ,see ! acc\nt ( 8 conv]sion 9 ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #cba-cbf4 ,he 0 ! son ( k+ ,bimbisra1 :o 0 "o ( ! fir/ royal conv]ts to ,buddhism4 ,ajasat murd]$ 8 fa!r1 or at lea/ wr\ght 8 dea?2 & 0 at fir/ oppos$ to kyamuni1 & a fav\r] ( ,devadatta4 ,:5 conv]t$1 he became fam\s = 8 lib]ality 9 almsgiv+4 #d ,eitel has a long article 7pp4 #aad1 #aae7 on ! mean+ ( ,samdhi1 :i* is "o ( ! sev5 sections ( wisdom 7bodhyanga74 ,h>dy def9es x z mean+ #8p]fect tranquillity2' ,turn\r1 z #8m$itative ab/raction2' ,burn\f1 z #8self-control2' & ,edk9s1 z #8ec/atic rev]ie4' #8,samdhi1' says ,eitel1 #8signifies ! highe/ pit* ( ab/ract1 ec/atic m$itation2 a /ate ( absolute indiff]5ce to all influ5ces f )9 or )\t2 a /ate ( torpor ( bo? ! mat]ial & spiritual =ces ( vitality2 a sort ( t]re/rial nirva1 consi/5tly culm9at+ 9 total de/ruction ( life4' ,he !n quotes app>5tly ! language ( ! text1 #8,he consum$ 8 body by ,agni 7! fire (7 ,samdhi1' & says x is #8a common expression = ! effects ( su* ec/atic1 ultra-my/ic self-annihilation4' ,all ?is is simply #8a d>k5+ ( c\nsel by words )\t k4' ,"s facts conc]n+ ! dea? ( n&a are hidd5 b5ea? ! d>kness ( ! phraseology1 :i* x is impossible = u to asc]ta94 ,by or 9 ,samdhi he burns 8 body 9 ! v middle ( ! riv]1 & !n he divides ! relic ( ! burnt body into two p>ts 7= s evid5tly ,f-hi5 int5d$ 8 n>ration to be tak571 & leaves "o half on ea* bank4 ,! acc\nt ( n&a's dea? 9 ,ni5-*ang's #8,hi/ory ( ,buddha & ! ,patri>*s' is mu* m extravagant4 ,cr[ds ( m5 & devas are br\ght toge!r to witness x4 ,! body is divid$ into f\r p>ts4 ,"o is convey$ to ! ,tu%ita heav52 a second1 to ! palace ( a c]ta9 ,nga k+2 a ?ird is giv5 to ,ajtaatru2 & ! f\r? to ! ,li**havis4 ,:at x all really means ,i _c tell4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,p,,aliputtra ,,or ,,patna1 ,,9 ,,magadha4 ,,k+ ,a,,oka',s ,,_s-,,built ,,palace ,,& ,,halls4 ,,! ,,buddhi/ ,,brahman1 ,r,,dha-,s,,mi4 ,,disp5s>ies ,,& ,,hospitals4 ,hav+ cross$ ! riv]1 & desc5d$ s\? = a yojana1 7! travell]s7 came to ! t[n ( ,paliputtra1#a 9 ! k+dom ( ,magadha1 ! city :]e k+ ,aoka#b rul$4 ,! royal palace & halls 9 ! mid/ ( ! city1 :i* exi/ n[ z ( old1 7 all made by spirits :i* he employ$1 & :i* pil$ up ! /ones1 re>$ ! walls & gates1 & execut$ ! elegant c>v+ & inlaid sculpture-"w1--9 a way :i* no human h&s ( ?is _w c\ld accompli%4 ,k+ ,aoka _h a y\ng] bro!r :o _h atta9$ to be an ,arhat1 & resid$ on ,gidhra-ka#c hill1 f9d+ 8 delight 9 solitude & quiet4 ,! k+1 :o s9c]ely rev]5c$ him1 wi%$ & begg$ him 7to come & live7 9 8 family1 :]e he c\ld supply all 8 wants4 ,! o!r1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh 8 delight 9 ! /illness ( ! m\nta91 0 unwill+ to accept ! invitation1 on :i* ! k+ said to him1 #8,only accept my invitation1 & ,i w make a hill = y inside ! city4' ,accord+ly1 he provid$ ! mat]ials ( a fea/1 call$ to him ! spirits1 & ann\nc$ to !m1 #8,to-morr[ y w all receive my invitation2 b z !re are no mats = y to sit on1 let ea* "o br+ 78 own seat74' ,next day ! spirits came1 ea* "o br++ ) him a great rock1 7l7 a wall1 f\r or five paces squ>e1 7= a seat74 ,:5 _! sitt+ 0 ov]1 ! k+ made !m =m a hill ) ! l>ge /ones pil$ on "o ano!r1 & also at ! foot ( ! hill1 ) five l>ge squ>e /ones1 to make an ap>tm5t1 :i* might be m ?an ?irty cubits long1 tw5ty cubits wide1 & m ?an t5 cubits high4 ,9 ?is city !re _h resid$ a great ,brahmn1#d nam$ ,rdha-smi1#e a pr(essor ( ! mahyna1 ( cle> disc]nm5t & mu* wisdom1 :o und]/ood ev]y?+1 liv+ by himself 9 spotless purity4 ,! k+ ( ! c\ntry hon\r$ & rev]5c$ him1 & s]v$ him z 8 tea*]4 ,if he w5t to inquire = & greet him1 ! k+ did n presume to sit d[n alongside ( him2 & if1 9 8 love & rev]5ce1 he took hold ( 8 h&1 z soon z he let x g1 ! ,brahmn made ha/e to p\r wat] on x & wa% x4 ,he might be m ?an fifty ye>s old1 & all ! k+dom look$ up to him4 ,by means ( ?is "o man1 ! ,law ( ,buddha 0 widely made kn[n1 & ! foll[]s ( o!r doctr9es did n f9d x 9 _! p[] to p]secute ! body ( monks 9 any way4 ,by ! side ( ! tope ( ,aoka1 !re has be5 made a mahyna mona/]y1 v gr& & beautiful2 !re is also a hnayna "o2 ! two toge!r conta9+ six or sev5 hundr$ monks4 ,! rules ( demean\r & ! s*ola/ic arrangem5ts#f 9 !m are wor?y ( obs]vation4 ,%amans ( ! highe/ virtue f all qu>t]s1 & /ud5ts1 inquir]s wi%+ to f9d out tru? & ! gr\nds ( x1 all resort to ^! mona/]ies4 ,!re also resides 9 ?is mona/]y a ,brahmn tea*]1 ^: "n also is ,majur1#g :om ! ,%amans ( greate/ virtue 9 ! k+dom1 & ! mahyna ,bhik%us hon\r & look up to4 ,! cities & t[ns ( ?is c\ntry are ! greate/ ( all 9 ! ,middle ,k+dom4 ,! inhabitants are ri* & prosp]\s1 & vie ) "o ano!r 9 ! practice ( b5evol5ce & righte\sness4 ,e ye> on ! eigh? day ( ! second mon? !y celebrate a procession ( images4 ,!y make a f\r-:eel$ c>1 & on x erect a /ructure ( f\r /oreys by means ( bamboos ti$ toge!r4 ,?is is support$ by a k+-po/1 ) poles & lances slant+ f x1 & is r m ?an tw5ty cubits high1 hav+ ! %ape ( a tope4 ,:ite & silk-l clo? ( hair#h is wrapp$ all r\nd x1 :i* is !n pa9t$ 9 v>i\s col\rs4 ,!y make figures ( devas1 ) gold1 silv]1 & lapis lazuli gr&ly bl5d$ & hav+ silk5 /ream]s & canopies hung out ov] !m4 ,on ! f\r sides are ni*es1 ) a ,buddha seat$ 9 ea*1 & a ,bodhisattva /&+ 9 att5dance on him4 ,!re may be tw5ty c>s1 all gr& & impos+1 b ea* "o diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,on ! day m5tion$1 ! monks & laity )9 ! bord]s all come toge!r2 !y h s+]s & skilful musicians2 !y pay _! devotion ) fl[]s & inc5se4 ,! ,brahmns come & invite ! ,buddhas to ent] ! city4 ,^! d s 9 ord]1 & rema9 two nights 9 x4 ,all ?r\gh ! night !y keep lamps burn+1 h skilful music1 & pres5t (f]+s4 ,?is is ! practice 9 all ! o!r k+doms z well4 ,! ,heads ( ! ,vaiya families 9 !m e/abli% 9 ! cities h\ses = disp5s+ *>ity & m$ic9es4 ,all ! poor & de/itute 9 ! c\ntry1 orphans1 wid[]s1 & *ildless m51 maim$ p & cripples1 & all :o are diseas$1 g to ^? h\ses1 & are provid$ ) e k9d ( help1 & doctors exam9e _! diseases4 ,!y get ! food & m$ic9es :i* _! cases require1 & are made to feel at ease2 & :5 !y are bett]1 !y g away ( !mselves4 ,:5 k+ ,aoka de/roy$ ! sev5 topes1 7int5d+7 to make eighty-f\r ?\s&1#i ! fir/ :i* he made 0 ! great tope1 m ?an ?ree le to ! s\? ( ?is city4 ,9 front ( ?is !re is a footpr9t ( ,buddha1 :]e a vihra has be5 built4 ,! door ( x faces ! nor?1 & on ! s\? ( x !re is a /one pill>1 f\rte5 or fifte5 cubits 9 circumf]5ce1 & m ?an ?irty cubits high1 on :i* !re is an inscription1 say+1 #8,aoka gave ! jambudvipa to ! g5]al body ( all ! monks1 & !n r$eem$ x f !m ) money4 ,?is he did ?ree times4'#aj ,nor? f ! tope #cjj or #djj paces1 k+ ,aoka built ! city ( ,ne-le4#aa ,9 x !re is a /one pill>1 :i* also is m ?an ?irty feet high1 ) a lion on ! top ( x4 ,on ! pill> !re is an inscription record+ ! ?+s :i* l$ to ! build+ ( ,ne-le1 ) ! numb] ( ! ye>1 ! day1 & ! mon?4 ,,notes #a ,! mod]n ,patna1 lat4 #be #bh ,n41 lon4 #he #ae ,e4 ,! ,sanskrit "n means #8,! city ( fl[]s4' ,x is ! ,indian ,flor5ce4 #b ,see *ap4 x1 note #c4 ,aoka transf]r$ 8 c\rt f ,rjagiha to ,paliputtra1 & !re1 9 ! eighte5? ye> ( 8 reign1 he convok$ ! ?ird ,great ,synod1--accord+1 at lea/1 to s\!rn ,buddhism4 ,x mu/ h be5 held a few ye>s be=e ,b4,c4 #bej2 ,eitel says 9 #bdf4 #c #8,! ,vulture-hill2' s call$ because ,mra1 accord+ to ,buddhi/ tradition1 once assum$ ! =m ( a vulture on x to int]rupt ! m$itation ( n&a2 or1 m probably1 because x 0 a resort ( vultures4 ,x 0 ne> ,rjagiha1 ! e>li] capital ( ,aoka1 s t ,f-hi5 connects a leg5d ( x ) 8 acc\nt ( ,patna4 ,x ab\nd$ 9 cav]ns1 & 0 fam\s z a resort ( ascetics4 #d ,a ,brahmn by ca/e1 b a ,buddhi/ 9 fai?4 #e ,s1 by ! help ( ,juli5's #8,m?ode1' ,i translit]ate ! ,*9ese *>act]s 4 ,beal gives ,rdhasvmi1 8 ,*9ese text hav+ a betwe5 & 4 ,i suppose ! "n 0 ,rdhasvmi or ,rdhasmi4 #f 1 ! names ( two k9ds ( s*ools1 (t5 occurr+ 9 ! ,l ,k & ,m5cius4 ,:y %\ld !re n h be5 s*ools 9 ^? mona/]ies 9 ,india z !re 7 9 ,*9a8 ,f-hi5 himself grew up ) o!r boys 9 a mona/]y1 & no d\bt _h to #8g to s*ool4' ,& ! next s5t5ce %[s u !re might be s*ools = m advanc$ /ud5ts z well z = ! rmaeras4 #g ,see *ap4 xvi1 note #be4 ,x is p]haps ) ref]5ce to ! fam\s ,bodhisattva t ! ,brahmn "h is said to be #8also' nam$ ,majur4 #h 8 ,ca%m]e clo?4 #i ,see *ap4 xxiii1 note #c4 #aj ,we wi% t we _h m p>ticul>s ( ?is great transaction1 & t we knew :at value 9 money ,aoka set on ! :ole _w4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t he gave x to ! monks1 & did n receive x f !m4 ,_! "r 0 f him1 & he b\ght x back4 ,he 0 ! only #8,p[]' t 04 #aa ,we "k no?+ m ( ,ne-le4 ,x c\ld only h be5 a small place2 an outpo/ = ! def5ce ( ,paliputtra4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,r,,jag,,iha1 ,,new ,,& ,,old4 ,,leg5ds ,,& ,,incid5ts ,,connect$ ,,) ,,x4 7,! travell]s7 w5t on f ?is to ! s\?-ea/ = n9e yojanas1 & came to a small solit>y rocky hill1#a at ! head or end ( :i*#b 0 an ap>tm5t ( /one1 fac+ ! s\?1--! place :]e ,buddha sat1 :5 akra1 ,rul] ( ,devas1 br\ght ! deva-musician1 ,pa*a-7ikha71#c to give pleasure to him by play+ on 8 lute4 akra !n ask$ ,buddha ab\t =ty-two subjects1 trac+ 7! que/ions7 out ) 8 f+] "o by "o on ! rock4#d ,! pr9ts ( 8 trac+ are /ill !re2 & "h also !re is a mona/]y4 ,a yojana s\?-we/ f ?is place br\ght !m to ! village ( ,nla1#e :]e riputtra#f 0 born1 & to :i* also he return$1 & atta9$ "h 8 p>i-nirva4 ,ov] ! spot 7:]e 8 body 0 burn$7 !re 0 built a tope1 :i* is /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,ano!r yojana to ! we/ br\ght !m to ,new ,rjagiha1#g--! new city :i* 0 built by k+ ,ajtaatru4 ,!re 7 two mona/]ies 9 x4 ,?ree hundr$ paces outside ! we/ gate1 k+ ,ajtaatru1 hav+ obta9$ "o portion ( ! relics ( ,buddha1 built 7ov] !m7 a tope1 high1 l>ge1 gr&1 & beautiful4 ,leav+ ! city by ! s\? gate1 & proce$+ s\? f\r le1 "o ent]s a valley1 & comes to a circul> space =m$ by five hills1 :i* /& all r\nd x1 & h ! appe>ance ( ! suburban wall ( a city4 ,"h 0 ! old city ( k+ ,bimbisra2#h f ea/ to we/ ab\t five or six le1 & f nor? to s\? sev5 or eight4 ,x 0 "h t riputtra & ,maudgalyyana fir/ saw ,upas5a2#i t ! ,nirgran?a#aj made a pit ( fire & poison$ ! rice1 & !n invit$ ,buddha 7to eat ) him72 t k+ ,ajtaatru made a black elephant intoxicat$ ) liquor1 wi%+ him to injure ,buddha2#aa & t at ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ! city 9 a 7l>ge7 curv+ 7space7 ,jvaka built a vihra 9 ! g>d5 ( mbapl1#ab & invit$ ,buddha ) 8 #abej disciples to x1 t he might !re make 8 (f]+s to support !m4 7,^! places7 are /ill !re z ( old1 b inside ! city all is empt9ess & desolation2 no man dwells 9 x4 ,,notes #a ,call$ by ,hsan-*wang ,indra-sla-guh1 or #8,! cav]n ( ,indra4' ,x has be5 id5tifi$ ) a hill ne> ! village ( ,giryek1 on ! bank ( ! ,pa*na riv]1 ab\t ?irty-six miles f ,gay4 ,! hill t]m9ates 9 two peaks ov]hang+ ! riv]1 & x is ! m nor!rn & high] ( ^! :i* ,f-hi5 _h 9 m9d4 ,x be>s an oblong t]race cov]$ ) ! ru9s ( sev]al build+s1 especially ( a vihra4 #b ,?is does n mean ! top or summit ( ! hill1 b its #8headl&1' :]e x end$ at ! riv]4 #c ,see ! acc\nt ( ?is visit ( akra 9 ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #bhh-bij4 ,x is f ,h>dy t we are able to complete "h ! "n ( ! musician1 :i* appe>s 9 ,f-hi5 z only ,pa*a1 or #8,five4' ,8 h>p or lute1 we are told1 0 #8twelve miles long4' #d ,h>dy 7,m4 ,b41 pp4 #bhh1 #bhi7 makes ! subjects only ?irte51 :i* are /ill to be f\nd 9 "o ( ! ,stras 7#8! ,dik-,saga1 9 ! akra-prana ,stra'74 ,:e!r x 0 akra :o wrote 8 que/ions1 or ,buddha :o wrote ! answ]s1 dep5ds on ! punctuation4 ,x seems bett] to make akra ! writ]4 #e ,or ,nl&a2 id5tifi$ ) ! pres5t ,b>agong4 ,a gr& mona/]y 0 subsequ5tly built at x1 fam\s by ! resid5ce = five ye>s ( ,hsan-*wang4 #f ,see *ap4 xvi1 note #aa4 ,!re is "s d\bt z to ! /atem5t t ,nla 0 8 bir?place4 #g ,! city ( #8,royal ,palaces2' #8! resid5ce ( ! ,magadha k+s f ,bimbisra to ,aoka1 ! fir/ metropolis ( ,buddhism1 at ! foot ( ! ,gidhraka m\nta9s4 ,"h ! fir/ synod assembl$ )9 a ye> aft] kyamuni's dea?4 ,its ru9s are /ill extant at ! village ( ,rajghir1 sixte5 miles ,s4,w4 ( ,behr1 & =m an object ( pilgrimage to ! ,ja9s 7,e4 ,h41 p4 #ajj74' ,x is call$ ,new ,rjagiha to di/+ui% x f ,kugrapura1 a few miles f x1 ! old resid5ce ( ! k+s4 ,eitel says x 0 built by ,bimbisra1 :ile ,f-hi5 ascribes x to ,ajtaatru4 ,i suppose ! son f9i%$ :at ! fa!r _h begun4 #h ,see note #g4 #i ,"o ( ! five fir/ foll[]s ( kyamuni4 ,he is also call$ ,avajit2 9 ,pli ,assaji2 b ,avajit seems to be a milit>y title #8,ma/] or tra9] ( horses4' ,! two m fam\s disciples met him1 n to lead him1 b to be direct$ by him1 to ,buddha4 ,see ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xiii1 ,v9aya ,texts1 pp4 #add-adg4 #aj ,"o ( ! six ,tr?yas 7,tr?akas #8errone\s tea*]s2' ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #bij-bib1 b ,i h n f\nd ! p>ticul>s ( ! attempts on ,buddha's life ref]r$ to by ,f-hi571 or ,brahmnical oppon5ts ( ,buddha4 ,he 0 an ascetic1 "o ( ! ,jti clan1 & is !re=e call$ ,nirgran?ajti4 ,he taught a sy/em ( fatalism1 condemn$ ! use ( clo!s1 & ?\ght he c\ld subdue all passions by fa/+4 ,he _h a body ( foll[]s1 :o call$ !mselves by 8 "n 7,eitel1 pp4 #hd1 #he71 & 7 ! =]unn]s ( ! ,ja9s4 #aa ,! k+ 0 mov$ to ?is by ,devadatta4 ,( c\rse ! elephant disappo9t$ !m1 & did homage to kyamuni4 ,see ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xx1 ,v9aya ,texts1 p4 #bdg4 #ab ,see *ap4 xxv1 note #c4 ,jvaka 0 mbapl's son by k+ ,bimbisra1 & devot$ himself to ! practice ( m$ic9e4 ,see ! acc\nt ( him 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xvii1 ,v9aya ,texts1 pp4 #aga-aid4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,g,,idhra-,k,a ,,hill1 ,,& ,,leg5ds4 ,f-,hi5 ,,passes ,a ,,night ,,on ,,x4 ,,8 ,,reflections4 ,ent]+ ! valley1 & keep+ along ! m\nta9s on ! s\?-ea/1 aft] asc5d+ fifte5 le1 7! travell]s7 came to m\nt ,gidhra-ka4#a ,?ree le be=e y rea* ! top1 !re is a cav]n 9 ! rocks1 fac+ ! s\?1 9 :i* ,buddha sat 9 m$itation4 ,?irty paces to ! nor?-we/ !re is ano!r1 :]e n&a 0 sitt+ 9 m$itation1 :5 ! deva ,mra ,piuna1#b hav+ assum$ ! =m ( a l>ge vulture1 took 8 place 9 front ( ! cav]n1 & fright5$ ! disciple4 ,!n ,buddha1 by 8 my/]i\s1 sup]natural p[]1 made a cleft 9 ! rock1 introduc$ 8 h&1 & /rok$ n&a's %\ld]1 s t 8 fe> imm$iately pass$ away4 ,! footpr9ts ( ! bird & ! cleft = 7,buddha's7 h& are /ill !re1 & h5ce comes ! "n ( #8,! ,hill ( ! ,vulture ,cav]n4' ,9 front ( ! cav]n !re are ! places :]e ! f\r ,buddhas sat4 ,!re are cav]ns also ( ! ,arhats1 "o :]e ea* sat & m$itat$1 am\nt+ to sev]al hundr$ 9 all4 ,at ! place :]e 9 front ( 8 rocky ap>tm5t ,buddha 0 walk+ f ea/ to we/ 79 m$itation71 & ,devadatta1 f among ! beetl+ cliffs on ! nor? ( ! m\nta91 ?rew a rock across1 & hurt ,buddha's toes1#c ! rock is /ill !re4#d ,! hall :]e ,buddha prea*$ 8 ,law has be5 de/roy$1 & only ! f\ndations ( ! brick walls rema94 ,on ?is hill ! peak is beautifully gre51 & rises gr&ly up2 x is ! highe/ ( all ! five hills4 ,9 ! ,new ,city ,f-hi5 b\ght inc5se-7/icks71 fl[]s1 oil & lamps1 & hir$ two bhik%us1 long resid5t 7at ! place71 to c>ry !m 7to ! peak74 ,:5 he himself got to x1 he made 8 (f]+s ) ! fl[]s & inc5se1 & light$ ! lamps :5 ! d>kness began to come on4 ,he felt melan*oly1 b re/ra9$ 8 te>s & said1 #8,"h ,buddha deliv]$ ! rgama 7,stra74#e ,i1 ,f-hi51 0 born :5 ,i c\ld n meet ) ,buddha2 & n[ ,i only see ! footpr9ts :i* he has left1 & ! place :]e he liv$1 & no?+ m4' ,) ?is1 9 front ( ! rock cav]n1 he *ant$ ! rgama ,stra1 rema9$ !re ov] ! night1 & !n return$ t[>ds ! ,new ,city4#f ,,notes #a ,see *ap4 xxviii note #a4 #b ,see *ap4 xxv note #i4 ,piuna is a "n giv5 to ,mra1 & signifies #8s9ful lu/4' #c ,see ,m4 ,b41 p4 #cbj4 ,h>dy says t ,devadatta's attempt 0 #8by ! help ( a ma*9e2' b ! olde/ acc\nt 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xx1 ,v9aya ,texts1 p4 #bde1 agrees ) :at ,f-hi5 implies t he ?rew ! rock ) 8 own arm4 #d ,&1 z describ$ by ,hsan-*wang1 f\rte5 or fifte5 cubits high1 & ?irty paces r\nd4 #e ,see ,mr4 ,bunyiu ,nanjio's #8,catalogue ( ! ,*9ese ,translation ( ! ,buddhi/ tripiaka1' ,stra ,piaka1 ,nos4 #cii1 #ddf4 ,x 0 ! =m] ( ^! t came on ?is occasion to ! ?\ghts & memory ( ,f-hi54 #f ,9 a note 7p4 lx7 to 8 revis$ v]sion ( our au?or1 ,mr4 ,beal says1 #8,!re is a full acc\nt ( ?is p]il\s visit ( ,f-hi51 & h[ he 0 attack$ by tig]s1 9 ! 8,hi/ory ( ! ,high ,prie/s40' ,b #8! high prie/s' m]ely means di/+ui%$ monks1 #8em95t monks1' z ,mr4 ,nanjio exactly r5d]s ! adjectival "*4 ,nor 0 ,f-hi5 #8attack$ by tig]s' on ! peak4 ,no #8tig]s' appe> 9 ! ,memoir4 #8,two black lions' inde$ cr\*$ be=e him = a "t ?is night1 #8lick+ _! lips & wav+ _! tails2' b _! appe>ance 0 to #8try1' & n to attack him2 & :5 !y saw him resolute1 !y #8droop$ _! heads1 put d[n _! tails1 & pro/rat$ !mselves be=e him4' ,?is ( c\rse is n an hi/orical acc\nt1 b a leg5d>y tribute to 8 bold p]sev]ance4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,ratap>,a ,,cave1 ,,or ,,cave ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,c\ncil4 ,,leg5ds4 ,,suicide ,,( ,a ,,bhik%u4 ,out f ! old city1 aft] walk+ ov] #cjj paces1 on ! we/ ( ! road1 7! travell]s7 f\nd ! ,k>aa ,bamboo g>d51#a :]e ! 7old7 vihra is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 ) a company ( monks1 :o keep 7! gr\nd ab\t x7 swept & wat]$4 ,nor? ( ! vihra two or ?ree le !re 0 ! manam1 :i* "n means 9 ,*9ese #8! field ( graves into :i* ! dead are ?r[n4'#b ,z !y kept along ! m\nta9 on ! s\?1 & w5t we/ = #cjj paces1 !y f\nd a dwell+ among ! rocks1 nam$ ! ,pippala cave1#c 9 :i* ,buddha regul>ly sat 9 m$itation aft] tak+ 8 7midday7 meal4 ,go+ on /ill to ! we/ = five or six le1 on ! nor? ( ! hill1 9 ! %ade1 !y f\nd ! cav]n call$ ratap>a1#d ! place :]e1 aft] ! nirva#e ( ,buddha1 #ejj ,arhats collect$ ! ,stras4 ,:5 !y br\ght ! ,stras =?1 ?ree l(ty seats#f _h be5 prep>$ & gr&ly ornam5t$4 riputtra occupi$ ! "o on ! left1 & ,maudgalyyana t on ! "r4 ,( ! numb] ( five hundr$ "o 0 want+4 ,mahkayapa 0 presid5t 7on ! middle seat74 n&a 0 !n outside ! door1 & c\ld n get 94#g ,at ! place !re 0 7subsequ5tly7 rais$ a tope1 :i* is /ill exi/+4 ,along 7! sides (7 ! hill1 !re are also a v great _m cells among ! rocks1 :]e ! v>i\s ,arhans sat & m$itat$4 ,z y leave ! old city on ! nor?1 & g d[n ea/ = ?ree le1 !re is ! rock dwell+ ( ,devadatta1 & at a di/ance ( fifty paces f x !re is a l>ge1 squ>e1 black rock4 ,=m]ly !re 0 a bhik%u1 :o1 z he walk$ backw>ds & =w>ds ^u x1 ?\ght ) himself3--#8,?is body#h is imp]man5t1 a ?+ ( bitt]ness & vanity1#i & :i* _c be look$ on z pure4#aj ,i am we>y ( ?is body1 & tr\bl$ by x z an evil4' ,) ?is he grasp$ a knife1 & 0 ab\t to kill himself4 ,b he ?\ght aga93--#8,! ,_w-hon\r$ "o laid d[n a prohibition aga9/ "o's kill+ himself4'#aa ,fur!r x occurr$ to him3--#8,yes1 he did2 b ,i n[ only wi% to kill ?ree poison\s ?ieves4'#ab ,imm$iately ) ! knife he cut 8 ?roat4 ,) ! fir/ ga% into ! fle% he atta9$ ! /ate ( a rotpanna2#ac :5 he _h gone half ?r\gh1 he atta9$ to be an ,angm92#ad & :5 he _h cut "r ?r\gh1 he 0 an rhat1 & atta9$ to p>i-nirva2#ae 7& di$74 ,,notes #a ,k>aa ,veuvana2 a p>k pres5t$ to ,buddha by k+ ,bimbisra1 :o also built a vihra 9 x4 ,see ! acc\nt ( ! transaction 9 ,m4 ,b41 p4 #aid4 ,! place 0 call$ ,k>aa1 f a creature s nam$1 :i* awoke ! k+ j z a snake 0 ab\t to bite him1 & ?us sav$ 8 life4 ,9 ,h>dy ! creature appe>s z a squirrel1 b ,eitel says t ! ,k>aa is a bird ( a sweet voice1 resembl+ a magpie1 b h]d+ 9 flocks2 ! cuculus melanoleucus4 ,see #8,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories1' p4 #aah4 #b ,! language "h is r contemptu\s1 z if our au?or _h no sympa?y ) any o!r mode ( dispos+ ( ! dead1 b by 8 own ,buddhi/ic me?od ( cremation4 #c ,! ,*9ese *>act]s us$ = ! "n ( ?is cav]n s]ve also to "n ! pippala 7peepul7 tree1 ! ficus religiosa4 ,!y make u ?9k t !re 0 su* a tree ov]%ad[+ ! cave2 b ,f-hi5 w\ld h>dly h neglect$ to m5tion su* a circum/ance4 #d ,a v great place 9 ! annals ( ,buddhism4 ,! ,c\ncil 9 ! ratap>a cave did n come toge!r =tuit\sly1 b appe>s to h be5 convok$ by ! old] memb]s to settle ! rules & doctr9es ( ! ord]4 ,! cave 0 prep>$ = ! occasion by k+ ,ajtaatru4 ,f ! expression ab\t ! #8br++ =? ( ! ,k+1' x w\ld seem t ! ,stras or "s ( !m _h be5 already committ$ to writ+4 ,may n ! mean+ ( ,k+ 77 "h be ext5d$ to ! ,v9aya rules1 z well z ! stras1 & mean #8! /&>ds' ( ! sy/em g5]ally8 ,see ,davids' ,manual1 *apt] ix1 & ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xx1 ,v9aya ,texts1 pp4 #cgj-che4 #e ,s 9 ! text1 evid5tly = p>i-nirva4 #f ,in/ead ( #8high' seats1 ! ,*9ese texts h #8vacant4' ,! "* = #8prep>$' d5otes #8spread2'--!y 7 c>pet$2 p]haps1 bo? cu%ion$ & c>pet$1 be+ rugs spread on ! gr\nd1 rais$ high] ?an ! o!r places = seats4 #g ,did !y n contrive to let him 91 ) "s ca*9nation1 ev5 9 s augu/ an assembly1 t s important a memb] %\ld h be5 %ut out8 #h #8,! life ( ?is body' w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 fairly express ! idea ( ! bhik%u4 #i ,see ! acc\nt ( ,buddha's prea*+ 9 *apt] xviii4 #aj ,! s5tim5t ( ?is clause is n easily caught4 #aa ,see ,e4 ,m41 p4 #aeb3--#8;,buddha made a law =bidd+ ! monks to commit suicide4 ,he prohibit$ any "o f disc\rs+ on ! mis]ies ( life 9 su* a mann] z to cause desp]ation4' ,see also ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #dfd1 #dfe4 #ab ,beal says3--#8,evil desire2 hatr$2 ignorance4' #ac ,see *ap4 xx1 note #aj #ad ,! ,angm9 belong to ! ?ird degree ( ,buddhi/ic sa9t%ip1 ! ?ird class ( ryas 7*ap4 xx1 note #aj71 :o are no m liable to be reborn z m51 b are to be born once m z devas1 :5 !y w =?) become ,arhats1 & atta9 to nirva4 ,e4 ,h41 pp4 #h1 #i4 #ae ,our au?or expresses no op9ion ( 8 own on ! act ( ?is bhik%u4 ,mu/ x n h be5 a good act1 :5 x 0 att5d$1 9 ! v act ( p]=mance1 by su* bless$ consequ5ces8 ,b if ,buddhism _h n some?+ bett] to %[ ?an :at appe>s "h1 x w\ld n attract ! int]e/ :i* x n[ does4 ,! bhik%u 0 evid5tly r out ( 8 m9d2 & ! v]dict ( a coron]'s inque/ ( ?is n9ete5? c5tury w\ld h pron\nc$ t he kill$ himself #89 a fit ( insanity4' ,illu/ration3 ,,iv4 ,,buddha ,,9 ,,solitude ,,& ,,endur+ ,,au/]ities4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,gay4 ,,kyamuni',s ,,atta9+ ,,to ,,! ,,buddha%ip2 ,,& ,,o!r ,,leg5ds4 ,f ?is place1 aft] travell+ to ! we/ = f\r yojanas1 7! pilgrims7 came to ! city ( ,gay2#a b inside ! city all 0 empt9ess & desolation4 ,go+ on aga9 to ! s\? = tw5ty le1 !y arriv$ at ! place :]e ! ,bodhisattva = six ye>s practis$ ) himself pa9ful au/]ities4 ,all ar\nd 0 =e/4 ,?ree le we/ f "h !y came to ! place :]e1 :5 ,buddha _h gone into ! wat] to ba!1 a deva b5t d[n ! bran* ( a tree1 by means ( :i* he succe$$ 9 gett+ out ( ! pool4#b ,two le nor? f ?is 0 ! place :]e ! ,grmika girls pres5t$ to ,buddha ! rice-gruel made ) milk2#c & two le nor? f ?is 7aga97 0 ! place :]e1 seat$ on a rock "u a great tree1 & fac+ ! ea/1 he ate 7! gruel74 ,! tree & ! rock are !re at ! pres5t day4 ,! rock may be six cubits 9 bread? & l5g?1 & r m ?an two cubits 9 height4 ,9 ,c5tral ,india ! cold & heat are s equally temp]$ t trees w live 9 x = sev]al ?\s& & ev5 = t5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,half a yojana f ?is place to ! nor?-ea/ !re 0 a cav]n 9 ! rocks1 into :i* ! ,bodhisattva ent]$1 & sat cross-legg$ ) 8 face to ! we/4 7,z he did s71 he said to himself1 #8,if ,i am to atta9 to p]fect wisdom 7& become ,buddha71 let !re be a sup]natural atte/ation ( x4' ,on ! wall ( ! rock !re appe>$ imm$iately ! %ad[ ( a ,buddha1 r m ?an ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 :i* is /ill bright at ! pres5t day4 ,at ?is mom5t heav5 & e>? 7 greatly mov$1 & devas 9 ! air spoke pla9ly1 #8,?is is n ! place :]e any ,buddha ( ! pa/1 or he t is to come1 has atta9$1 or w atta91 to p]fect ,wisdom4 ,less ?an half a yojana f ?is to ! s\?-we/ w br+ y to ! patra#d tree1 :]e all pa/ ,buddhas h atta9$1 & all to come mu/ atta91 to p]fect ,wisdom4' ,:5 !y _h spok5 ^! words1 !y imm$iately l$ ! way =w>ds to ! place1 s++ z !y did s4 ,z !y ?us w5t away1 ! ,bodhisattva arose & walk$ 7aft] !m74 ,at a di/ance ( ?irty paces f ! tree1 a deva gave him ! grass ( lucky om51#e :i* he receiv$ & w5t on4 ,aft] 7he _h proce$$7 fifte5 paces1 #ejj gre5 birds came fly+ t[>ds him1 w5t r\nd him ?rice1 & disappe>$4 ,! ,bodhisattva w5t =w>d to ! patra tree1 plac$ ! kua grass at ! foot ( x1 & sat d[n ) 8 face to ! ea/4 ,!n k+ ,mra s5t ?ree beautiful "y ladies1 :o came f ! nor?1 to tempt him1 :ile he himself came f ! s\? to d ! same4 ,! ,bodhisattva put 8 toes d[n on ! gr\nd1 & ! demon soldi]s retir$ & disp]s$1 & ! ?ree "y ladies 7 *ang$ into old 7gr&-7mo!rs4#f ,at ! place m5tion$ above ( ! six ye>s' pa9ful au/]ities1 & at all ^! o!r places1 m5 subsequ5tly re>$ topes & set up images1 :i* all exi/ at ! pres5t day4 ,:]e ,buddha1 aft] atta9+ to p]fect wisdom1 = sev5 days contemplat$ ! tree1 & exp]i5c$ ! joy ( vimukti2#g :]e1 "u ! patra tree1 he walk$ backw>ds & =w>ds f we/ to ea/ = sev5 days2 :]e ! devas made a hall appe>1 compos$ ( ! sev5 preci\s sub/ances1 & pres5t$ (f]+s to him = sev5 days2 :]e ! bl9d dragon ,mu*il9da#h encircl$ him = sev5 days2 :]e he sat "u ! nyagrodha tree1 on a squ>e rock1 ) 8 face to ! ea/1 & ,brahm-deva#i came & made 8 reque/ to him2 :]e ! f\r deva k+s br\ght to him _! alms-b[ls2#aj :]e ! #ejj m]*ants#aa pres5t$ to him ! roa/$ fl\r & honey2 & :]e he conv]t$ ! bro!rs ,kayapa & _! ?\s& disciples2#ab--;at all ^! places topes 7 re>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4 ,,buddha%ip ,,atta9$4 ,at ! place :]e ,buddha atta9$ to p]fect ,wisdom1 !re are ?ree mona/]ies1 9 all ( :i* !re are monks resid+4 ,! families ( _! p ar\nd supply ! societies ( ^! monks ) an abundant suffici5cy ( :at !y require1 s t !re is no lack or /9t4#ac ,! discipl9>y rules are /rictly obs]v$ by !m4 ,! laws regulat+ _! demean\r 9 sitt+1 ris+1 & ent]+ :5 ! o!rs are assembl$1 are ^? :i* h be5 practis$ by all ! sa9ts s9ce ,buddha 0 9 ! _w d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,! places ( ! f\r great topes h be5 fix$1 & h&$ d[n )\t break1 s9ce ,buddha atta9$ to nirva4 ,^? f\r great topes are ^? at ! places :]e ,buddha 0 born2 :]e he atta9$ to ,wisdom2 :]e he 7began to7 move ! :eel ( 8 ,law2 & :]e he atta9$ to p>i-nirva4 ,,notes #a ,gay1 a city ( ,magadha1 0 nor?-we/ ( ! pres5t ,gayah 7lat4 #bd #dg ,n41 lon4 #he #a ,e74 ,x 0 "h t kyamuni liv$ = sev5 ye>s1 aft] quitt+ 8 family1 until he atta9$ to ,buddha%ip4 ,! place is /ill frequ5t$ by pilgrims4 ,e4 ,h41 p4 #da4 #b ,?is is told s z to make u ?9k t he 0 9 dang] ( be+ dr[n$2 b ?is does n appe> 9 ! only o!r acc\nt ( ! incid5t ,i h met )1--9 #8,! ,life ( ! ,buddha1' p4 #ca4 ,& he 0 n yet ,buddha1 ?\gh he is "h call$ s2 unless inde$ ! n>rative is confus$1 & ! incid5ts d n foll[ 9 ! ord] ( "t4 #c ,an incid5t simil> to ?is is told1 ) _m additions1 9 ,h>dy's ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #aff-afh2 #8,! ,life ( ! ,buddha1' p4 #cj2 & ! #8,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories1' pp4 #ia1 #ib2 b ! "n ( ! m9i/]+ girl or girls is diff]5t4 ,i take ,grmika f a note 9 ,beal's revis$ v]sion2 x seems to me a happy solution ( ! difficulty caus$ by ! ( ,f-hi54 #d ,call$ #8! tree ( leaves1' & #8! tree ( reflection2' a palm tree1 ! borassus flabellif]a1 describ$ z a tree :i* nev] loses its leaves4 ,x is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! pippala4 ,e4 ,h41 p4 #ib4 #e ,! kua grass1 m5tion$ 9 a previ\s note4 #f ,see ! acc\nt ( ?is conte/ ) ,mra 9 ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #aga-agi1 & #8,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories1' pp4 #if-aja4 #g ,see *ap4 xiii1 note #g4 #h ,call$ also ,mah1 or ! ,great ,mu*il9da4 ,eitel says3 #8,a nga k+1 ! tutel>y deity ( a lake ne> :i* kyamuni once sat = sev5 days absorb$ 9 m$itation1 :il/ ! k+ gu>d$ him4' ,! acc\nt 7p4 #ce7 9 #8,! ,life ( ! ,buddha' is3--#8,buddha w5t to :]e liv$ ! nga k+ ,mu*il9da1 & he1 wi%+ to pres]ve him f ! sun & ra91 wrapp$ 8 body sev5 times r\nd him1 & spread out 8 hood ov] 8 head2 & !re he rema9$ sev5 days 9 ?\ght4' ,s also ! ,nidna ,ka?1 9 #8,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories1' p4 #aji4 #i ,?is 0 ,brahm himself1 ?\gh #8k+' is omitt$4 ,:at he reque/$ ( ! ,buddha 0 t he w\ld beg9 ! prea*+ ( 8 ,law4 ,nidna ,ka?1 p4 #aaa4 #aj ,see *ap4 xii1 note #aj4 #aa ,! o!r acc\nts m5tion only two2 b 9 ,m4 ,b41 p4 #ahb1 & ! ,nidna ,ka?1 p4 #aaj1 ^! two h #ejj well-lad5 wagons ) !m4 #ab ,^! mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ,mahkayapa ( *ap4 xvi1 note #ag4 ,!y 7 ?ree bro!rs1 ,uruvilv1 ,gay1 & ,nad-,kyapa1 up to ?is "t hold]s ( #8errone\s' views1 hav+ #ejj1 #cjj1 & #bjj disciples respectively4 ,!y became di/+ui%$ foll[]s ( kyamuni2 & are--ea* ( !m--to become ,buddha by-&-by4 ,see ! ,nidna ,ka?1 pp4 #aad1 #aae4 #ac ,?is seems to be ! mean+2 b ,i d n wond] t "s und]/& ! s5t5ce ( ! b5evol5ce ( ! monki% population to ! travell]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,leg5d ,,( ,,k+ ,a,,oka ,,9 ,a ,,=m] ,,bir?1 ,,& ,,8 ,,n>aka4 ,:5 k+ ,aoka1 9 a =m] bir?1#a 0 a little boy & play$ on ! road1 he met ,kyapa ,buddha walk+4 7,! /rang]7 begg$ food1 & ! boy pleasantly took a h&ful ( e>? & gave x to him4 ,! ,buddha took ! e>?1 & return$ x to ! gr\nd on :i* he 0 walk+2 b because ( ?is 7! boy7 receiv$ ! recomp5se ( becom+ a k+ ( ! iron :eel1#b to rule ov] ,jambudvpa4 7,once7 :5 he 0 mak+ a judicial t\r ( inspection ?r\gh ,jambudvpa1 he saw1 betwe5 ! iron circuit ( ! two hills1 a n>aka#c = ! puni%m5t ( wick$ m54 ,hav+ !reupon ask$ 8 m9i/]s :at sort ( a ?+ x 01 !y repli$1 #8,x belongs to ,yama1#d k+ ( demons1 = puni%+ wick$ p4' ,! k+ ?\ght )9 himself3--#87,ev57 ! k+ ( demons is able to make a n>aka 9 :i* to deal ) wick$ m52 :y %\ld n ,i1 :o am ! "l ( m51 make a n>aka 9 :i* to deal ) wick$ m58' ,he =?) ask$ 8 m9i/]s :o c\ld make = him a n>aka & preside ov] ! puni%m5t ( wick$ p 9 x4 ,!y repli$ t x 0 only a man ( extreme wick$ness :o c\ld make x2 & ! k+ !reupon s5t (fic]s to seek ev]y:]e = 7su*7 a bad man2 & !y saw by ! side ( a pond a man tall & /rong1 ) a black c\nt5ance1 yell[ hair1 & gre5 eyes1 hook+ up ! fi% ) 8 feet1 :ile he call$ to him birds & bea/s1 &1 :5 !y came1 !n %ot & kill$ !m1 s t n "o escap$4 ,hav+ got ?is man1 !y took him to ! k+1 :o secretly *>g$ him1 #8,y mu/ make a squ>e enclosure ) high walls4 ,plant 9 x all k9ds ( fl[]s & fruits2 make good ponds 9 x = ba?+2 make x gr& & impos+ 9 e way1 s t m5 %all look to x ) ?ir/+ desire2 make its gates /rong & sure2 & :5 any "o ent]s1 in/antly seize him & puni% him z a s9n]1 n all[+ him to get out4 ,ev5 if ,i %\ld ent]1 puni% me z a s9n] 9 ! same way1 & d n let me g4 ,i n[ appo9t y ma/] ( t n>aka4' ,soon aft] ?is a bhik%u1 pursu+ 8 regul> c\rse ( begg+ 8 food1 ent]$ ! gate 7( ! place74 ,:5 ! lictors ( ! n>aka saw him1 !y 7 ab\t to subject him to _! tortures2 b he1 fright5$1 begg$ !m to all[ him a mom5t 9 :i* to eat 8 midday meal4 ,imm$iately aft]1 !re came 9 ano!r man1 :om !y ?ru/ into a mort> & p\nd$ till a r$ fro? ov]fl[$4 ,z ! bhik%u look$ on1 !re came to him ! ?\ght ( ! imp]man5ce1 ! pa9ful suff]+ & insanity ( ?is body1 & h[ x is b z a bubble & z foam2 & in/antly he atta9$ to ,arhat%ip4 ,imm$iately aft]1 ! lictors seiz$ him1 & ?rew him into a caldron ( boil+ wat]4 ,!re 0 a look ( joyful satisfaction1 h[ev]1 9 ! bhik%u's c\nt5ance4 ,! fire 0 ext+ui%$1 & ! wat] became cold4 ,9 ! middle 7( ! caldron7 !re rose up a lotus fl[]1 ) ! bhik%u seat$ on x4 ,! lictors at once w5t & report$ to ! k+ t !re 0 a m>vell\s occurr5ce 9 ! n>aka1 & wi%$ him to g & see x2 b ! k+ said1 #8,i =m]ly made su* an agreem5t t n[ ,i d>e n g 7to ! place74' ,! lictors said1 #8,?is is n a small matt]4 ,y\r maje/y ought to g quickly4 ,let y\r =m] agreem5t be alt]$4' ,! k+ !reupon foll[$ !m1 & ent]$ 7! n>aka71 :5 ! bhik%u prea*$ ! ,law to him1 & he believ$1 & 0 made free4#e ,=?) he demoli%$ ! n>aka1 & rep5t$ ( all ! evil :i* he _h =m]ly done4 ,f ?is "t he believ$ 9 & hon\r$ ! ,?ree ,preci\s ,ones1 & con/antly w5t to a patra tree1 rep5t+ "u x1 ) self-reproa*1 ( 8 errors1 & accept+ ! eight rules ( ab/95ce4#f ,! que5 ask$ :]e ! k+ 0 con/antly go+ to1 & ! m9i/]s repli$ t he 0 con/antly to be se5 "u 7su* & su*7 a patra tree4 ,%e wat*$ = a "t :5 ! k+ 0 n !re1 & !n s5t m5 to cut ! tree d[n4 ,:5 ! k+ came1 & saw :at _h be5 done1 he swoon$ away ) sorr[1 & fell to ! gr\nd4 ,8 m9i/]s spr9kl$ wat] on 8 face1 & aft] a consid]able "t he reviv$4 ,he !n built all r\nd 7! /ump7 ) bricks1 & p\r$ a hundr$ pit*]s ( c[s' milk on ! roots2 & z he lay ) 8 f\r limbs spread out on ! gr\nd1 he took ?is oa?1 #8,if ! tree d n live1 ,i w nev] rise f ?is4' ,:5 he _h utt]$ ?is oa?1 ! tree imm$iately began to gr[ f ! roots1 & x has cont9u$ to gr[ till n[1 :5 x is ne>ly #ajj cubits 9 height4 ,,notes #a ,"h is an in/ance ( us$1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 *ap4 ix1 note #c1 = a =m] age2 & n m]ely a =m] "t4 ,p]haps #8a =m] bir?' is ! be/ translation4 ,! ,corean read+ ( ,kayapa ,buddha is c]ta9ly pref]able to ! ,*9ese #8kya ,buddha4' #b ,see *ap4 xvii note #h4 #c ,i pref] to reta9 ! ,sanskrit t]m "h1 in/ead ( translat+ ! ,*9ese text by #8,e>?'s prison 771' or #8a prison 9 ! e>?2' ! "n = :i* has be5 adopt$ g5]ally by ,*ri/ian mission>ies 9 ,*9a = geh5na & hell4 #d ,eitel 7p4 #agc7 says3--#8,yama 0 orig9ally ! ryan god ( ! dead1 liv+ 9 a heav5 above ! _w1 ! reg5t ( ! s\?2 b ,brahmnism transf]r$ 8 abode to hell4 ,bo? views h be5 reta9$ by ,buddhism4' ,! ,yama ( ! text is ! #8reg5t ( ! n>akas1 resid+ s\? ( ,jambudvpa1 outside ! ,*akravlas 7! d\ble circuit ( m\nta9s above71 9 a palace built ( brass & iron4 ,he has a si/] :o controls all ! female culprits1 z he exclusively deals ) ! male sex4 ,?ree times1 h[ev]1 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 a demon p\rs boil+ copp] into ,yama's m\?1 & squeezes x d[n 8 ?roat1 caus+ him unspeakable pa94' ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! wond]ful #8transrotation ( bir?s1' t :5 ,yama's s9s h be5 expiat$1 he is to be reborn z ,buddha1 "u ! "n ( #8,! ,univ]sal ,k+4' #e ,or1 #80 loos$2' f ! bonds1 ,i suppose1 ( 8 v>i\s illusions4 #f ,i h n met ) ?is p>ticul> num]ical category4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,m\nt ,,gurupada1 ,,:]e ,,ka,,yapa ,,buddha',s ,,entire ,,skeleton ,,is4 7,! travell]s71 go+ on f ?is ?ree le to ! s\?1 came to a m\nta9 nam$ ,gurupada1#a inside :i* ,mahkayapa ev5 n[ is4 ,he made a cleft1 & w5t d[n into x1 ?\gh ! place :]e he ent]$ w\ld n 7n[7 admit a man4 ,hav+ gone d[n v f>1 !re 0 a hole on "o side1 & !re ! complete body ( ,kyapa 7/ill7 abides4 ,outside ! hole 7at :i* he ent]$7 is ! e>? ) :i* he _h wa%$ 8 h&s4#b ,if ! p liv+ !reab\ts h a sore on _! heads1 !y pla/] on x "s ( ! e>? f ?is1 & feel imm$iately easi]4#c ,on ?is m\nta91 n[ z ( old1 !re are ,arhats abid+4 ,devotees ( our ,law f ! v>i\s c\ntries 9 t qu>t] g ye> by ye> to ! m\nta91 & pres5t (f]+s to ,kyapa2 & to ^? ^: he>ts are /rong 9 fai? !re come ,arhats at night1 & talk ) !m1 discuss+ & expla9+ _! d\bts1 & disappe>+ sudd5ly aft]w>ds4 ,on ?is hill hazels gr[ luxuri\sly2 & !re are _m lions1 tig]s1 & wolves1 s t p %\ld n travel incauti\sly4 ,,notes #a #8,f[l's-foot hill1' #8) ?ree peaks1 resembl+ ! foot ( a *ick54 ,x lies sev5 miles s\?-ea/ ( ,gay1 & 0 ! resid5ce ( ,mahkayapa1 :o is said to be /ill liv+ inside ?is m\nta94' ,s ,eitel says1 p4 #eh2 b ?is *apt] does n say t ,kyapa is 9 ! m\nta9 alive1 b t 8 body entire is 9 a recess or hole 9 x4 ,h>dy 7,m4 ,b41 p4 #ig7 says t aft] ,kyapa ,buddha's body 0 burnt1 ! bones /ill rema9$ 9 _! usual position1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a p]fect skeleton4 ,x is ( him t ! *apt] speaks1 & n ( ! fam\s disciple ( kyamuni1 :o also is call$ ,mahkayapa4 ,?is w appe> also on a comp>ison ( ,eitel's articles on #8,mahkayapa' & #8,kyapa ,buddha4' #b ,0 x a cu/om to wa% ! h&s ) #8e>?1' z is (t5 done ) s&8 #c ,?is ,i conceive to be ! mean+ "h4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,on ,,! ,,way ,,back ,,to ,,patna4 ,v,r,,z1 ,,or ,,b5,,res4 ,,kyamuni',s ,,fir/ ,,do+s ,,aft] ,,becom+ ,,buddha4 ,f-hi5#a return$ 7f "h7 t[>ds ,paliputtra1#b keep+ along ! c\rse ( ! ,ganges & desc5d+ 9 ! direction ( ! we/4 ,aft] go+ t5 yojanas he f\nd a vihra1 nam$ #8,! ,wild]ness1'--a place :]e ,buddha _h dwelt1 & :]e !re are monks n[4 ,pursu+ ! same c\rse1 & go+ /ill to ! we/1 he arriv$1 aft] twelve yojanas1 at ! city ( ,vrz#c 9 ! k+dom ( ,k4 ,r m ?an t5 le to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! city1 he f\nd ! vihra 9 ! p>k ( #8,! i%i's ,de]-wild4'#d ,9 ?is p>k !re =m]ly resid$ a ,pratyeka ,buddha1#e ) :om ! de] 7 regul>ly 9 ! habit ( /opp+ = ! night4 ,:5 ! ,_w-hon\r$ "o 0 ab\t to atta9 to p]fect ,wisdom1 ! devas sang 9 ! sky1 #8,! son ( k+ uddhodana1 hav+ quitt$ 8 family & /udi$ ! ,pa? 7( ,wisdom71#f w n[ 9 sev5 days become ,buddha4' ,! ,pratyeka ,buddha he>d _! words1 & imm$iately atta9$ to nirva2 & h5ce ?is place 0 nam$ #8,! ,p>k ( ! i%i's ,de]-wild4'#g ,aft] ! ,_w-hon\r$ "o _h atta9$ to p]fect ,wisdom1 m5 build ! vihra 9 x4 ,buddha wi%$ to conv]t ,kauinya#h & 8 f\r companions2 b !y1 7be+ aw>e ( 8 int5tion71 said to "o ano!r1 #8,?is ramaa ,gotama#i = six ye>s cont9u$ 9 ! practice ( pa9ful au/]ities1 eat+ daily 7only7 a s+le hemp-se$1 & "o gra9 ( rice1 )\t atta9+ to ! ,pa? 7( ,wisdom72 h[ mu* less w he d s n[ t he has ent]$ 7aga97 among m51 & is giv+ ! re9s to 7! indulg5ce (7 8 body1 8 spee*1 & 8 ?\ghts6 ,:at has he to d ) ! ,pa? 7( ,wisdom78 ,to-day1 :5 he comes to u1 let u be on our gu>d n to speak ) him4' ,at ! places :]e ! five m5 all rose up1 & respectfully salut$ 7,buddha71 :5 he came to !m2 :]e1 sixty paces nor? f ?is1 he sat ) 8 face to ! ea/1 & fir/ turn$ ! :eel ( ! ,law1 conv]t+ ,kauinya & ! f\r o!rs2 :]e1 tw5ty paces fur!r to ! nor?1 he deliv]$ 8 prophecy conc]n+ ,maitreya2#aj & :]e1 at a di/ance ( fifty paces to ! s\?1 ! dragon ,elpattra#aa ask$ him1 #8,:5 %all ,i get free f ?is nga body8'--at all ^! places topes 7 re>$1 & are /ill exi/+4 ,9 7! p>k7 !re are two mona/]ies1 9 bo? ( :i* !re are monks resid+4 ,:5 y g nor?-we/ f ! vihra ( ! ,de]-wild p>k = ?irte5 yojanas1 !re is a k+dom nam$ ,kaumb4#ab ,its vihra is nam$ ,gho*iravana#ac--;a place :]e ,buddha =m]ly resid$4 ,n[1 z ( old1 !re is a company ( monks !re1 mo/ ( :om are /ud5ts ( ! hnayna4 ,ea/ f 7?is71 :5 y h travell$ eight yojanas1 is ! place :]e ,buddha conv]t$#ad ! evil demon4 ,!re1 & :]e he walk$ 79 m$itation7 & sat at ! place :i* 0 8 regul> abode1 !re h be5 topes erect$4 ,!re is also a mona/]y1 :i* may conta9 m ?an a hundr$ monks4 ,,notes #a ,f-hi5 is "h m5tion$ s+ly1 z 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 visit to ! cave on ,gidhra-ka4 ,i ?9k t ,to-*+ may h rema9$ at ,patna aft] _! fir/ visit to x4 #b ,see *ap4 xxvii1 note #a4 #c #8,! city surr\nd$ by riv]s2' ! mod]n ,b5res1 lat4 #be #bc ,n41 lon4 #hc #e ,e4 #d #8,! i%i1' says ,eitel1 #8is a man ^: bodily frame has und]gone a c]ta9 trans=mation by d9t ( m$itation & ascetism1 s t he is1 = an indef9ite p]iod1 exempt f decrepitude1 age1 & dea?4 ,z ?is p]iod is believ$ to ext5d f> beyond ! usual duration ( human life1 su* p]sons are call$1 & popul>ly believ$ to be1 immortals4' i%is are divid$ into v>i\s classes2 & i%i-ism is spok5 ( z a sev5? "p ( transrotation1 & i%is are ref]r$ to z ! sev5? class ( s5ti5t be+s4 ,toism1 z well z ,buddhism1 has its ,se5 j94 #e ,see *ap4 xiii1 note #ae4 #f ,see *ap4 xxii1 note #b4 #g ,= ano!r leg5d ab\t ?is p>k1 & ! id5tification ( #8a f9e wood' /ill exi/+1 see note 9 ,beal's fir/ v]sion1 p4 #ace4 #h ,a pr9ce ( ,magadha & a mat]nal uncle ( kyamuni1 :o gave him ! "n ( ,ajta1 mean+ automat2 & h5ce he (t5 appe>s z ,ajta ,kauinya4 ,he & 8 f\r fri5ds _h foll[$ kyamuni into ! ,uruvilv des]t1 sympa?is+ ) him 9 ! au/]ities he endur$1 & hop+ t !y w\ld issue 9 8 ,buddha%ip4 ,!y 7 n aw>e t t issue _h come2 :i* may %[ u t all ! acc\nts 9 ! ?irty-fir/ *apt] are m]ely descriptions1 by means ( ext]nal imag]y1 ( :at _h tak5 place int]nally4 ,! k+dom ( nirva _h come )\t obs]vation4 ,^! fri5ds knew x n2 & !y 7 (f5d$ by :at !y consid]$ kyamuni's failure1 & ! c\rse he 0 n[ pursu+4 ,see ! acc\nt ( _! conv]sion 9 ,m4 ,b41 p4 #ahf4 #i ,?is is ! only in/ance 9 ,f-hi5's text :]e ! ,bodhisattva or ,buddha is call$ by ! surname #8,gotama4' ,= ! mo/ "p our travell] uses ,buddha z a prop] "n1 ?\gh x prop]ly means #8,! ,enlight5$4' ,he uses also ! comb9ations #8kya ,buddha1' #8,! ,buddha ( ! kya tribe1' & #8kyamuni1' #8,! kya sage4' ,?is la/ is ! mo/ common designation ( ! ,buddha 9 ,*9a1 & to my m9d be/ comb9es ! *>act]i/ics ( a descriptive & a prop] "n4 ,among o!r ,buddhi/ic peoples #8,gotama' & #8,gotama ,buddha' are ! m frequ5t designations4 ,x is n easy to acc\nt = ! rise ( ! surname ,gotama 9 ! kya family1 z ,old5b]g ackn[l$ges4 ,he says t #8! kyas1 9 accordance ) ! cu/om ( ,indian noble families1 _h borr[$ x f "o ( ! anci5t ,v$ic b>d families4' ,dr4 ,davids 7#8,buddhism1' p4 #bg7 says3 #8,! family "n 0 c]ta9ly ,gautama1' add+ 9 a note1 #8,x is a curi\s fact t ,gautama is /ill ! family "n ( ! ,rajput *iefs ( ,nagra1 ! village :i* has be5 id5tifi$ ) ,kapilava/u4' ,dr4 ,eitel says t #8,gautama 0 ! sac]dotal "n ( ! kya family1 :i* c\nt$ ! anci5t i%i ,gautama among its ance/ors4' ,:5 we proce$1 h[ev]1 to endeav\r to trace ! connexion ( t ,brahmnical i%i ) ! kya h\se1 by means ( #acbc1 #adfh1 #adfi1 & o!r hi/orical works 9 ,nanjio's ,catalogue1 we soon f9d t ,indian hi/ories h no sur] f\ndation ?an ! %ift+ s&2--see ,e4 ,h41 on ! "n kya1 pp4 #ajh1 #aji4 ,we mu/ be cont5t = ! pres5t simply to accept ,gotama z "o ( ! surnames ( ! ,buddha ) :om we h to d4 #aj ,see *ap4 vi1 note #e4 ,x is !re said t ! pr$iction ( ,maitreya's succession to ! ,buddha%ip 0 made to him 9 ! ,tu%ita heav54 ,0 !re a repetition ( x "h 9 ! ,de]-p>k1 or 0 a pr$iction n[ giv5 conc]n+ some?+ else8 #aa ,no?+ seems to be kn[n ( ?is nga b :at we read "h4 #ab ,id5tifi$ by "s ) ,kusia1 ne> ,kurrah 7lat4 #be #da ,n41 lon4 #ha #bg ,e472 by o!rs ) ,kosam on ! ,jumna1 ?irty miles above ,allahabad4 ,see ,e4 ,h41 p4 #ee4 #ac ,gho*ira 0 ! "n ( a ,vaiya eld]1 or head1 :o pres5t$ a g>d5 & vihra to ,buddha4 ,h>dy 7,m4 ,b41 p4 #cef7 quotes a /atem5t f a ,s+halese au?ority t kyamuni resid$ "h dur+ ! n9? ye> ( 8 ,buddha%ip4 #ad ,dr4 ,davids ?9ks ?is may ref] to ! /rik+ & beautiful /ory ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,yakkha avaka1 z relat$ 9 ! ,uragavagga1 avakasutta1 pp4 #bi-ca 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 x1 "p ii74 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,dak%i,a1 ,,& ,,! ,,pigeon ,,mona/]y4 ,s\? f ?is #bjj yojanas1 !re is a c\ntry nam$ ,dak%ia1#a :]e !re is a mona/]y 7d$icat$ to7 ! bygone ,kayapa ,buddha1 & :i* has be5 hewn out f a l>ge hill ( rock4 ,x consi/s 9 all ( five /oreys2--! l[e/1 hav+ ! =m ( an elephant1 ) #ejj ap>tm5ts 9 ! rock2 ! second1 hav+ ! =m ( a lion1 ) #djj ap>tm5ts2 ! ?ird1 hav+ ! =m ( a horse1 ) #cjj ap>tm5ts2 ! f\r?1 hav+ ! =m ( an ox1 ) #bjj ap>tm5ts2 & ! fif?1 hav+ ! =m ( a pigeon1 ) #ajj ap>tm5ts4 ,at ! v top !re is a spr+1 ! wat] ( :i*1 always 9 front ( ! ap>tm5ts 9 ! rock1 goes r\nd among ! rooms1 n[ circl+1 n[ curv+1 till 9 ?is way x arrives at ! l[e/ /orey1 hav+ foll[$ ! %ape ( ! /ructure1 & fl[s out !re at ! door4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ! ap>tm5ts ( ! monks1 ! rock has be5 pi]c$ s z to =m w9d[s = ! admission ( light1 s t !y are all bright1 )\t any be+ left 9 d>kness4 ,at ! f\r corn]s ( ! 7ti]s (7 ap>tm5ts1 ! rock has be5 hewn s z to =m /eps = asc5d+ to ! top 7( ea*74 ,! m5 ( ! pres5t day1 be+ ( small size1 & go+ up /ep by /ep1 manage to get to ! top2 b 9 a =m] age1 !y did s at "o /ep4#b ,because ( ?is1 ! mona/]y is call$ ,p>avata1 t be+ ! ,indian "n = a pigeon4 ,!re are always ,arhats resid+ 9 x4 ,! c\ntry ab\t is 7a tract (7 uncultivat$ hillocks1#c )\t inhabitants4 ,at a v long di/ance f ! hill !re are villages1 :]e ! p all h bad & errone\s views1 & d n "k ! ramaz ( ! ,law ( ,buddha1 ,brhmaz1 or 7devotees (7 any ( ! o!r & diff]5t s*ools4 ,! p ( t c\ntry are con/antly see+ m5 on ! w+1 :o come & ent] ?is mona/]y4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 devotees ( v>i\s c\ntries came to p]=m _! wor%ip at x1 ! p ( ^? villages said to !m1 #8,:y d y n fly8 ,! devotees :om we h se5 h]eab\ts all fly2' & ! /rang]s answ]$1 on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 #8,our w+s are n yet fully =m$4' ,! k+dom ( ,dak%ia is out ( ! way1 & p]il\s to trav]se4 ,!re are difficulties 9 connexion ) ! roads2 b ^? :o "k h[ to manage su* difficulties & wi% to proce$ %\ld br+ ) !m money & v>i\s articles1 & give !m to ! k+4 ,he w !n s5d m5 to escort !m4 ,^! w 7at diff]5t /ages7 pass !m ov] to o!rs1 :o w %[ !m ! %orte/ r\tes4 ,f-hi51 h[ev]1 0 aft] all unable to g !re2 b hav+ receiv$ ! 7above7 acc\nts f m5 ( ! c\ntry1 he has n>rat$ !m4 ,,notes #a ,said to be ! anci5t "n ( ! ,deccan4 ,z to ! v>i\s m>vels 9 ! *apt]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t our au?or1 z he tells u at ! end1 only gives !m f he>say4 ,see #8,buddhi/ ,records ( ! ,we/]n ,_w1' vol4 ii1 pp4 #bad1 #bae1 :]e ! description1 h[ev]1 is v diff]5t4 #b ,comp>e ! acc\nt ( ,buddha's great /ride ( fifte5 yojanas 9 ,ceylon1 z relat$ 9 *apt] xxxviii4 #c ,see ! same phrase 9 ! ,books ( ! ,lat] ,han dyna/y1 ! tw5ty-f\r? ,book ( ,biographies1 p4 #i;b4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,9 ,,patna4 ,f-,,hi5',s ,,lab\rs ,,9 ,,transcription ,,( ,,manuscripts1 ,,& ,,indian ,,/udies ,,= ,,?ree ,,ye>s4 ,f ,vrz 7! travell]s7 w5t back ea/ to ,paliputtra4 ,f-hi5's orig9al object _h be5 to se>* = 7copies (7 ! ,v9aya4 ,9 ! v>i\s k+doms ( ,nor? ,india1 h[ev]1 he _h f\nd "o ma/] transmitt+ orally 7! rules7 to ano!r1 b no writt5 copies :i* he c\ld transcribe4 ,he _h !re=e travell$ f> & come on to ,c5tral ,india4 ,"h1 9 ! mahyna mona/]y1#a he f\nd a copy ( ! ,v9aya1 conta9+ ! ,mahsghika#b rules1--^? :i* 7 obs]v$ 9 ! fir/ ,great ,c\ncil1 :ile ,buddha 0 /ill 9 ! _w4 ,! orig9al copy 0 h&$ d[n 9 ! ,jetavana vihra4 ,z to ! o!r eighte5 s*ools1#c ea* "o has ! views & decisions ( its own ma/]s4 ,^? agree 7) ?is7 9 ! g5]al mean+1 b !y h small & trivial diff]5ces1 z :5 "o op5s & ano!r %uts4#d ,?is copy 7( ! rules71 h[ev]1 is ! mo/ complete1 ) ! fulle/ explanations4#e ,he fur!r got a transcript ( ! rules 9 six or sev5 ?\s& g?as1#f be+ ! s>v/ivd#g rules1--^? :i* are obs]v$ by ! communities ( monks 9 ! l& ( ,ts92 :i* also h all be5 h&$ d[n orally f ma/] to ma/] )\t be+ committ$ to writ+4 ,9 ! community "h1 moreov]1 we got ! ,sayuktbhi-dh>ma-hidaya-7/ra71#h conta9+ ab\t six or sev5 ?\s& g?as2 he also got a ,stra ( #bejj g?as2 "o *apt] ( ! ,p>9ir-va-vaipulya ,stra1#i ( ab\t #ejjj g?as2 & ! ,mahs-ghik ,abhidh>ma4 ,9 consequ5ce 7( ?is success 9 8 que/7 ,f-hi5 /ay$ "h = ?ree ye>s1 le>n+ ,sanskrit books & ! ,sanskrit spee*1 & writ+ out ! ,v9aya rules4 ,:5 ,to-*+ arriv$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,k+dom1 & saw ! rules obs]v$ by ! ramaz1 & ! dignifi$ demean\r 9 _! societies :i* he rem>k$ "u all occurr+ circum/ances1 he sadly call$ to m9d 9 :at a mutilat$ & imp]fect condition ! rules 7 among ! monki% communities 9 ! l& ( ,ts91 & made ! foll[+ aspiration3--#8,f ?is "t =? till ,i come to ! /ate ( ,buddha1 let me n be born 9 a fronti] l&4'#aj ,he rema9$ accord+ly 79 ,india71 & did n return 7to ! l& ( ,han74 ,f-hi51 h[ev]1 ^: orig9al purpose _h be5 to secure ! introduction ( ! complete ,v9aya rules into ! l& ( ,han1 return$ !re alone4 ,,notes #a ,m5tion$ be=e 9 *apt] xxvii4 #b ,mahsghik simply means #8! ,great ,assembly1' t is1 ( monks4 ,:5 0 ?is fir/ assembly 9 ! "t ( kyamuni held8 ,x does n appe> t ! rules obs]v$ at x 7 writt5 d[n at ! "t4 ,! docum5t f\nd by ,f-hi5 w\ld be a record ( ^? rules2 or r a copy ( t record4 ,we mu/ suppose t ! orig9al record _h disappe>$ f ! ,jetavana vihra1 or ,f-hi5 w\ld probably h spok5 ( x :5 he 0 !re1 & copi$ x1 if he _h be5 all[$ to d s4 #c ,! eighte5 p 774 ,f\r times 9 ?is *apt] ! "* call$ p occurs1 & 9 ! fir/ & two la/ in/ances x c only h ! mean+1 (t5 belong+ to x1 ( #8copy4' ,! second in/ance1 h[ev]1 is diff]5t4 ,h[ %\ld !re be eighte5 copies1 all diff]5t f ! orig9al1 & f "o ano!r1 9 m9or matt]s8 ,we are compell$ to translate--#8! eighte5 s*ools1' an expression well kn[n 9 all ,buddhi/ writ+s4 ,see ,rhys ,davids' ,manual1 p4 #bah1 & ! au?orities !re quot$4 #d ,?is is equival5t to ! #8b9d+' & #8loos+1' #8op5+' & #8%utt+1' :i* f\nd _! way into ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 f ! s*ools ( ! ,jewi% ,rabb9s4 #e ,x 0 aft]w>ds translat$ by ,f-hi5 into ,*9ese4 ,see ,nanjio's ,catalogue ( ! ,*9ese tripiaka1 columns #djj & #dja1 & ,nos4 #aaai & #aaej1 columns #bdg & #bec4 #f ,a g? is a /anza1 g5]ally consi/+1 x has seem$ to me1 ( a few1 commonly ( two1 l9es some:at metrically arrang$2 b ,i d n "k t its l5g? is /rictly def9$4 #g #8,a bran*1' says ,eitel1 #8( ! great vaibh%ika s*ool1 ass]t+ ! reality ( all visible ph5om5a1 & claim+ ! au?ority ( ,rhula4' #h ,see ,nanjio's ,catalogue1 ,no4 #abhg4 ,he does n m5tion x 9 8 acc\nt ( ,f-hi51 :o1 he says1 translat$ ! ,sayukta-piaka ,stra4 #i ,probably ,nanjio's ,catalogue1 ,no4 #abj2 at any rate1 connect$ ) x4 #aj ,?is !n w\ld be ! consummation ( ! ramaa's be+1--to get to be ,buddha1 ! ,buddha ( 8 "t 9 8 ,kalpa2 & ,to-*+ ?\ght t he c\ld atta9 to ?is consummation by a succession ( bir?s2 & 0 likely to atta9 to x soon] by liv+ only 9 ,india4 ,if all ?is 0 n 9 8 m9d1 he yet felt t ea* ( 8 successive lives w\ld be happi]1 if liv$ 9 ,india4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,to ,,*amp ,,& ,t,,malipt4 ,,/ay ,,& ,,lab\rs ,,!re ,,= ,,?ree ,,ye>s4 ,,takes ,,%ip ,,to ,,s+hala1 ,,or ,,ceylon4 ,foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! ,ganges1 & desc5d+ ea/w>ds = eighte5 yojanas1 he f\nd on ! s\!rn bank ! great k+dom ( ,*amp1#a ) topes re>$ at ! places :]e ,buddha walk$ 9 m$itation by 8 vihra1 & :]e he & ! ?ree ,buddhas1 8 pr$ecessors1 sat4 ,!re 7 monks resid+ at !m all4 ,cont9u+ 8 j\rney ea/ = ne>ly fifty yojanas1 he came to ! c\ntry ( ,tmalipt1#b 7! capital ( :i* is7 a seaport4 ,9 ! c\ntry !re are tw5ty-two mona/]ies1 at all ( :i* !re are monks resid+4 ,! ,law ( ,buddha is also fl\ri%+ 9 x4 ,"h ,f-hi5 /ay$ two ye>s1 writ+ out 8 ,stras1#c & draw+ pictures ( images4 ,aft] ?is he emb>k$ 9 a l>ge m]*ant-vessel1 & w5t float+ ov] ! sea to ! s\?-we/4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 & ! w9d 0 fav\rable2 &1 aft] f\rte5 days1 sail+ day & night1 !y came to ! c\ntry ( ,s+hala4#d ,! p said t x 0 di/ant 7f ,tmalipt7 ab\t #gjj yojanas4 ,! k+dom is on a l>ge isl&1 ext5d+ f ea/ to we/ fifty yojanas1 & f nor? to s\? ?irty4 ,left & "r f x !re are z _m z #ajj small isl&s1 di/ant f "o ano!r t51 tw5ty1 or ev5 #bjj le2 b all subject to ! l>ge isl&4 ,mo/ ( !m produce pe>ls & preci\s /ones ( v>i\s k9ds2 !re is "o :i* produces ! pure & brilliant pe>l1#e--;an isl& :i* w\ld =m a squ>e ( ab\t t5 le4 ,! k+ employs m5 to wat* & protect x1 & requires ?ree out ( e t5 su* pe>ls1 :i* ! collectors f9d4 ,,notes #a ,probably ! mod]n ,*ampanagur1 ?ree miles we/ ( ,baglipoor1 lat4 #be #ad ,n41 lon4 #ef #ee ,e4 #b ,!n ! pr9cipal emporium = ! trade ) ,ceylon & ,*9a2 ! mod]n ,tam-look1 lat4 #bb #ag ,n41 lon4 #hh #b ,e42 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,hoogly4 #c ,p]haps ,*+ 77 is us$ "h = any portions ( ! ,tripiaka :i* he _h obta9$4 #d #8,! ,k+dom ( ! ,lion1' ,ceylon4 ,s+hala 0 ! "n ( a m]*ant adv5tur] f ,india1 to :om ! f\nd+ ( ! k+dom 0 ascrib$4 ,8 fa!r 0 nam$ ,s+ha1 #8! ,lion1' :i* became ! "n ( ! c\ntry2--,s+hala1 or ,s+ha-,k+dom1 #8! ,c\ntry ( ! ,lion4' #e ,call$ ! mai pe>l or bead4 ,mai is expla9$ z mean+ #8free f /a91' #8bright & gr[+ pur]4' ,x is a symbol ( ,buddha & ( 8 ,law4 ,! mo/ valuable ros>ies are made ( mais4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,at ,,ceylon4 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,k+dom4 ,,feats ,,( ,,buddha4 ,,topes ,,& ,,mona/]ies4 ,,/atue ,,( ,,buddha ,,9 ,,jade4 ,,bo ,,tree4 ,,fe/ival ,,( ,,buddha',s ,,too?4 ,! c\ntry orig9ally _h no human inhabitants1#a b 0 occupi$ only by spirits & ngas1 ) :i* m]*ants ( v>i\s c\ntries c>ri$ on a trade4 ,:5 ! traffick+ 0 tak+ place1 ! spirits did n %[ !mselves4 ,!y simply set =? _! preci\s commodities1 ) labels ( ! price atta*$ to !m2 :ile ! m]*ants made _! pur*ases accord+ to ! price2 & took ! ?+s away4 ,?r\gh ! com+ & go+ ( ! m]*ants 79 ?is way71 :5 !y w5t away1 ! p ( 7_!7 v>i\s c\ntries he>d h[ pleasant ! l& 01 & flock$ to x 9 numb]s till x became a great nation4 ,! 7climate7 is temp]ate & attractive1 )\t any diff]5ce ( summ] & w9t]4 ,! vegetation is always luxuriant4 ,cultivation proce$s :5ev] m5 ?9k fit3 !re are no fix$ seasons = x4 ,:5 ,buddha came to ?is c\ntry1#b wi%+ to trans=m ! wick$ ngas1 by 8 sup]natural p[] he plant$ "o foot at ! nor? ( ! royal city1 & ! o!r on ! top ( a m\nta91#c ! two be+ fifte5 yojanas ap>t4 ,ov] ! footpr9t at ! nor? ( ! city ! k+ built a l>ge tope1 #djj cubits high1 gr&ly adorn$ ) gold & silv]1 & f9i%$ ) a comb9ation ( all ! preci\s sub/ances4 ,by ! side ( ! top he fur!r built a mona/]y1 call$ ! ,abhayagiri1#d :]e !re are 7n[7 five ?\s& monks4 ,!re is 9 x a hall ( ,buddha1 adorn$ ) c>v$ & inlaid works ( gold & silv]1 & ri* 9 ! sev5 preci\s sub/ances1 9 :i* !re is an image 7( ,buddha7 9 gre5 jade1 m ?an tw5ty cubits 9 height1 glitt]+ all ov] ) ^? sub/ances1 & hav+ an appe>ance ( solemn dignity :i* words _c express4 ,9 ! palm ( ! "r h& !re is a priceless pe>l4 ,sev]al ye>s _h n[ elaps$ s9ce ,f-hi5 left ! l& ( ,han2 ! m5 ) :om he _h be5 9 int]c\rse _h all be5 ( regions /range to him2 8 eyes _h n re/$ on an old & famili> hill or riv]1 plant or tree2 8 fell[-travell]s1 moreov]1 _h be5 sep>at$ f him1 "s by dea?1 & o!rs fl[+ (f 9 diff]5t directions2 no face or %ad[ 0 n[ ) him b 8 own1 & a con/ant sadness 0 9 8 he>t4 ,sudd5ly 7"o day71 :5 by ! side ( ?is image ( jade1 he saw a m]*ant pres5t+ z 8 (f]+ a fan ( :ite silk2#e & ! te>s ( sorr[ involunt>ily fill$ 8 eyes & fell d[n4 ,a =m] k+ ( ! c\ntry _h s5t to ,c5tral ,india & got a slip ( ! patra tree1#f :i* he plant$ by ! side ( ! hall ( ,buddha1 :]e a tree grew up to ! height ( ab\t #bjj cubits4 ,z x b5t on "o side t[>ds ! s\?-ea/1 ! k+1 fe>+ x w\ld fall1 propp$ x ) a po/ eight or n9e spans r\nd4 ,! tree began to gr[ at ! v he>t ( ! prop1 :]e x met 7! trunk72 7a %oot7 pi]c$ ?r\gh ! po/1 & w5t d[n to ! gr\nd1 :]e x ent]$ & =m$ roots1 t rose 7to ! surface7 & 7 ab\t f\r spans r\nd4 ,al?\gh ! po/ 0 split 9 ! middle1 ! out] portions kept hold 7( ! %oot71 & p did n remove !m4 ,b5ea? ! tree !re has be5 built a vihra1 9 :i* !re is an image 7( ,buddha7 seat$1 :i* ! monks & commonalty rev]5ce & look up to )\t ev] becom+ we>i$4 ,9 ! city !re has be5 re>$ also ! vihra ( ,buddha's too?1 on :i*1 z well z on ! o!r1 ! sev5 preci\s sub/ances h be5 employ$4 ,! k+ practises ! ,brahmnical purifications1 & ! s9c]ity ( ! fai? & rev]5ce ( ! population inside ! city are also great4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( gov]nm5t 9 ! k+dom !re has be5 no fam9e or sc>city1 no revolution or disord]4 ,9 ! treasuries ( ! monki% communities !re are _m preci\s /ones1 & ! priceless mais4 ,"o ( ! k+s 7once7 ent]$ "o ( ^? treasuries1 & :5 he look$ all r\nd & saw ! priceless pe>ls1 8 covet\s gre$ 0 excit$1 & he wi%$ to take !m to himself by =ce4 ,9 ?ree days1 h[ev]1 he came to himself1 & imm$iately w5t & b[$ 8 head to ! gr\nd 9 ! mid/ ( ! monks1 to %[ 8 rep5tance ( ! evil ?\ght4 ,z a sequel to ?is1 he in=m$ ! monks 7( :at _h be5 9 8 m9d71 & desir$ !m to make a regulation t f t day =? ! k+ %\ld n be all[$ to ent] ! treasury & see 7:at x conta9$71 & t no bhik%u %\ld ent] x till aft] he _h be5 9 ord]s = a p]iod ( full =ty ye>s4#g ,9 ! city !re are _m ,vaiya eld]s & ,saban#h m]*ants1 ^: h\ses are /ately & beautiful4 ,! lanes & passages are kept 9 good ord]4 ,at ! heads ( ! f\r pr9cipal /reets !re h be5 built prea*+ halls1 :]e1 on ! eigh?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? days ( ! mon?1 !y spread c>pets1 & set =? a pulpit1 :ile ! monks & commonalty f all qu>t]s come toge!r to he> ! ,law4 ,! p say t 9 ! k+dom !re may be altoge!r sixty ?\s& monks1 :o get _! food f _! common /ores4 ,! k+1 besides1 prep>es else:]e 9 ! city a common supply ( food = five or six ?\s& m4 ,:5 any want1 !y take _! great b[ls1 & g 7to ! place ( di/ribution71 & take z mu* z ! vessels w hold1 all return+ ) !m full4 ,! too? ( ,buddha is always br\ght =? 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird mon?4 ,t5 days be=eh& ! k+ gr&ly cap>isons a l>ge elephant1 on :i* he m\nts a man :o c speak di/9ctly1 & is dress$ 9 royal robes1 to beat a l>ge drum1 & make ! foll[+ proclamation3--#8,! ,bodhisattva1 dur+ ?ree ,asakhyeya-kalpas1#i manife/$ 8 activity1 & did n sp>e 8 own life4 ,he gave up k+dom1 city1 wife1 & son2 he pluck$ out 8 eyes & gave !m to ano!r2#aj he cut (f a piece ( 8 own fle% to ransom ! life ( a dove2#aj he cut (f 8 head & gave x z an alms2#aa he gave 8 body to fe$ a />v+ tigress2#aa he grudg$ n 8 m>r[ & 8 bra9s4 ,9 _m su* ways z ^! did he und]go pa9 = ! sake ( all liv+4 ,& s x 01 t1 hav+ become ,buddha1 he cont9u$ 9 ! _w = =ty-five ye>s1 prea*+ 8 ,law1 tea*+ & trans=m+1 s t ^? :o _h no re/ f\nd re/1 & ! unconv]t$ 7 conv]t$4 ,:5 8 connexion ) ! liv+ 0 complet$1#ab he atta9$ to p>i-nirva 7& di$74 ,s9ce t ev5t1 = #adig ye>s1 ! light ( ! _w has gone out1#ac & all liv+ be+s h _h long-cont9u$ sadness4 ,behold6 t5 days aft] ?is1 ,buddha's too? w be br\ght =?1 & tak5 to ! ,abhayagiri-vihra4 ,let all & ea*1 :e!r monks or laics1 :o wi% to amass m]it = !mselves1 make ! roads smoo? & 9 good condition1 gr&ly adorn ! lanes & byways1 & provide abundant /ore ( fl[]s & inc5se to be us$ z (f]+s to x4' ,:5 ?is proclamation is ov]1 ! k+ exhibits1 s z to l9e bo? sides ( ! road1 ! five hundr$ diff]5t bodily =ms 9 :i* ! ,bodhisattva has 9 ! c\rse ( 8 hi/ory appe>$3--"h z ,sudna1#ad !re z ,sma2#ae n[ z ! k+ ( elephants2#af & !n z a /ag or a horse4#af ,all ^! figures are brightly col\r$ & gr&ly execut$1 look+ z if !y 7 alive4 ,aft] ?is ! too? ( ,buddha is br\ght =?1 & is c>ri$ along 9 ! middle ( ! road4 ,ev]y:]e on ! way (f]+s are pres5t$ to x1 & ?us x arrives at ! hall ( ,buddha 9 ! ,abhayagiri-vihra4 ,!re monks & laics are collect$ 9 cr[ds4 ,!y burn inc5se1 light lamps1 & p]=m all ! prescrib$ s]vices1 day & night )\t ceas+1 till n9ety days h be5 complet$1 :5 7! too?7 is return$ to ! vihra )9 ! city4 ,on fa/-days ! door ( t vihra is op5$1 & ! =ms ( c]emonial rev]5ce are obs]v$ accord+ to ! rules4 ,=ty le to ! ea/ ( ! ,abhayagiri-vihra !re is a hill1 ) a vihra on x1 call$ ! ,*aitya1#ag :]e !re may be #bjjj monks4 ,among !m !re is a ramaa ( great virtue1 nam$ ,dh>ma-gupta1#ah hon\r$ & look$ up to by all ! k+dom4 ,he has liv$ = m ?an =ty ye>s 9 an ap>tm5t ( /one1 con/antly %[+ su* g5tl5ess ( he>t1 t he has br\ght snakes & rats to /op toge!r 9 ! same room1 )\t do+ "o ano!r any h>m4 ,,notes #a ,x is desirable to translate 1 = :i* #8inhabitants' or #8p' is else:]e suffici5t1 "h by #8human inhabitants4' ,accord+ to o!r acc\nts ,s+hala 0 orig9ally occupi$ by ,rk%asas or ,rak%as1 #8demons :o dev\r m51' & #8be+s to be fe>$1' mon/r\s cannibals or an?ropophagi1 ! t]ror ( ! %ipwreck$ m>9]4 ,our au?or's #8spirits' 77 7 ( a g5tl] type4 ,8 dragons or ngas h come be=e u aga9 & aga94 #b ,t kyamuni ev] visit$ ,ceylon is to me m ?an d\btful4 ,h>dy1 9 ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #bjg-bac1 has br\ght toge!r ! leg5ds ( ?ree visits1--9 ! fir/1 fif?1 & eigh? ye>s ( 8 ,buddha%ip4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 f ,f-hi5's n>rative1 t 9 ! beg9n+ ( our fif? c5tury1 ,buddhism prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! isl&4 ,davids 9 ! la/ *apt] ( 8 #8,buddhism' ascribes its introduction to "o ( ,aoka's missions1 aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,patna1 "u 8 son ,mah9da1 :5 ,tissa1 #8! delight ( ! gods1' 0 k+ 7,b4,c4 #bej-bcj74 #c ,?is w\ld be :at is kn[n z #8,adam's peak1' hav+1 accord+ to ,h>dy 7pp4 #baa1 #bab1 notes71 ! ?ree names ( ,selesumano1 ,sama/akta1 & ,samanila4 #8,!re is an ind5tation on ! top ( x1' a sup]ficial holl[1 #e feet #c in*es long1 & ab\t #b feet wide4 ,! ,h9dus reg>d x z ! footpr9t ( ,siva2 ! ,moham$dans1 z t ( ,adam2 & ! ,buddhi/s1 z 9 ! text1--z hav+ be5 made by ,buddha4 #d ,mean+ #8,! ,fe>less ,hill4' ,!re is /ill ! ,abhayagiri tope1 ! highe/ 9 ,ceylon1 accord+ to ,davids1 #bej feet 9 height1 & built ab\t ,b4,c4 #ij1 by ,waa ,gmii1 9 ^: reign1 ab\t #afj ye>s aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,patna1 & #ccj ye>s aft] ! dea? ( kyamuni1 ! ,tripiaka 0 fir/ r$uc$ to writ+ 9 ,ceylon2--#8,buddhism1' p4 #bcd4 #e ,we naturally suppose t ! m]*ant-(f]] 0 a ,*9ese1 z inde$ ! ,*9ese texts say1 & ! fan su* z ,f-hi5 _h se5 & us$ 9 8 native l&4 #f ,?is %\ld be ! pippala1 or bodhidruma1 g5]ally spok5 (1 9 connexion ) ,buddha1 z ! ,bo tree1 "u :i* he atta9$ to ! ,buddha%ip4 ,x is /range our au?or %\ld h conf\nd$ !m z he seems to d4 ,9 :at we are told ( ! tree "h1 we h1 no d\bt1 8 acc\nt ( ! plant+1 gr[?1 & pres]vation ( ! fam\s ,bo tree1 :i* /ill exi/s 9 ,ceylon4 ,x has be5 /at$ 9 a previ\s note t ,aoka's son1 ,mah9da1 w5t z ! apo/le ( ,buddhism to ,ceylon4 ,by-&-by he s5t = 8 si/] ,sanghamitt1 :o _h ent]$ ! ord] at ! same "t z himself1 & ^: help 0 ne$$1 "s ( ! k+'s female relations hav+ signifi$ _! wi% to become nuns4 ,on leav+ ,india1 %e took ) h] a bran* ( ! sacr$ ,bo tree at ,buddha ,gay1 "u :i* kyamuni _h become ,buddha4 ,( h[ ! tree has gr[n & /ill lives we h an acc\nt 9 ,davids' #8,buddhism4' ,he quotes ! words ( ,sir ,em]son ,t5n5t1 t x is #8! olde/ hi/orical tree 9 ! _w2' b ?is mu/ be d5i$ if x be true1 z ,eitel says1 t ! tree at ,buddha ,gay1 f :i* ! slip t grew to be ?is tree 0 tak5 m ?an #bjjj ye>s ago1 is itself /ill liv+ 9 its place4 ,we mu/ conclude t ,f-hi51 :5 9 ,ceylon1 he>d nei!r ( ,mah9da nor ,sanghamitt4 #g ,comp>e :at is said 9 *ap4 xvi1 ab\t ! inquiries made at mona/]ies z to ! /&+ ( visitors 9 ! monkhood1 & duration ( _! m9i/ry4 #h ,! phonetic values ( ! two ,*9ese *>act]s "h are 9 ,sanskrit s2 & v1 bo or bh4 #8,saban' is ,mr4 ,beal's read+ ( !m1 probably correct4 ,i suppose ! m]*ants 7 ,arabs1 =]unn]s ( ! s-call$ ,moorm51 :o /ill =m s important a "p ( ! m]cantile community 9 ,ceylon4 #i ,a ,kalpa1 we h se51 d5otes a great p]iod ( "t2 a p]iod dur+ :i* a physical univ]se is =m$ & de/roy$4 ,asakhyeya d5otes ! highe/ sum = :i* a conv5tional t]m exi/s2--accord+ to ,*9ese calculations equal to "o foll[$ by sev5te5 ciph]s2 accord+ to ,?ibetan & ,s+halese1 equal to "o foll[$ by n9ety-sev5 ciph]s4 ,e ,mah-kalpa consi/s ( f\r ,asakhyeya-kalpas4 ,eitel1 p4 #ae4 #aj ,see *apt] ix4 #aa ,see *apt] xi4 #ab ,he _h be5 born 9 ! kya h\se1 to d = ! _w :at ! "* ( all 8 pa/ bir?s requir$1 & he _h done x4 #ac ,!y c\ld no m see him1 ! ,_w-hon\r$ "o4 ,comp>e ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xi1 ,buddhi/ ,suttas1 pp4 #hi1 #aba1 & note on p4 #hi4 #ad ,sudna or ,sudatta 0 ! "n ( ! ,bodhisattva 9 ! bir? :i* prec$$ 8 appe>ance z kyamuni or ,gotama1 :5 he became ! ,supreme ,buddha4 ,?is p]iod is kn[n z ! ,vessant>a ,jtaka1 ( :i* ,h>dy1 ,m4 ,b41 pp4 #aaf-abd1 gives a long acc\nt2 see also #8,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories1' ! ,nidna ,ka?1 p4 #aeh4 ,9 x1 z ,sudna1 he fulfill$ #8! ,p]fections1' 8 di/+ui%+ attribute be+ entire self-r5unciation & almsgiv+1 s t 9 ! ,nidna ,ka? is made to say 7#8,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories1' p4 #eh73-- #8,?is e>?1 unconsci\s ?\gh %e be1 & ignorant ( joy or grief1 ,ev5 %e by my free-giv+'s mighty p[] 0 %ak5 sev5 times4' ,!n1 :5 he pass$ away1 he appe>$ 9 ! ,tu%ita heav51 to ent] 9 due "t ! womb ( ,mah-my1 & be born z kyamuni4 #ae ,i take ! "n ,sma f ,beal's revis$ v]sion4 ,he says 9 a note t ! ,sma ,jtaka1 z well z ! ,vessant>a1 is repres5t$ 9 ! ,s*i sculptures4 ,b :at ! ,sma ,jtaka 0 ,i d n yet "k4 ,b adopt+ ?is "n1 ! two ,*9ese *>act]s 9 ! text %\ld be translat$ #8! *ange into ,sma4' ,rmusat gives = !m1 #8la trans=mation en eclair2' ,beal1 9 8 fir/ v]sion1 #88 appe>ance z a bright fla% ( light2' ,giles1 #8z a fla% ( lightn+4' ,juli5's ,m?ode does n give ! phonetic value 9 ,sanskrit ( 4 #af ,9 an analysis ( ! numb] ( times & ! diff]5t =ms 9 :i* kyamuni _h appe>$ 9 8 ,jtaka bir?s1 giv5 by ,h>dy 7,m4 ,b41 p4 #ajj71 x is said t he _h appe>$ six times z an elephant2 t5 times z a de]2 & f\r times z a horse4 #ag ,*aitya is a g5]al t]m designat+ all places & objects ( religi\s wor%ip :i* h a ref]5ce to anci5t ,buddhas1 & includ+ !re=e /pas & temples z well z sacr$ relics1 pictures1 /atues1 c4 ,x is def9$ z #8a fane1' #8a place = wor%ip & pres5t+ (f]+s4' ,eitel1 p4 #ada4 ,! hill ref]r$ to is ! sacr$ hill ( ,mih9tale1 ab\t eight miles due ea/ ( ! ,bo tree2--,davids' ,buddhism1 pp4 #bcj1 #bca4 #ah ,eitel says 7p4 #ca73 #8,a fam\s ascetic1 ! f\nd] ( a s*ool1 :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ,ceylon1 ,a4,d4 #djj4' ,b ,f-hi5 gives no intimation ( ,dh>ma-gupta's f\nd+ a s*ool4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,cremation ,,( ,,an ,,arhat4 ,,s]mon ,,( ,a ,,devotee4 ,s\? ( ! city sev5 le !re is a vihra1 call$ ! ,mah-vihra1 :]e #cjjj monks reside4 ,!re _h be5 among !m a ramaa1 ( su* l(ty virtue1 & s holy & pure 9 8 obs]vance ( ! discipl9>y rules1 t ! p all surmis$ t he 0 an rhat4 ,:5 he drew ne> 8 end1 ! k+ came to exam9e into ! po9t2 & hav+ assembl$ ! monks accord+ to rule1 ask$ :e!r ! bhik%u _h atta9$ to ! full degree ( ,wisdom4#a ,!y answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 say+ t he 0 an rhat4 ,! k+ accord+ly1 :5 he di$1 buri$ him aft] ! fa%ion ( an rhat1 z ! regul> rules prescrib$4 ,f\r ( five le ea/ f ! vihra !re 0 re>$ a great pile ( firewood1 :i* might be m ?an ?irty cubits squ>e1 & ! same 9 height4 ,ne> ! top 7 laid s&al1 aloe1 & o!r k9ds ( fragrant wood4 ,on ! f\r sides 7( ! pile7 !y made /eps by :i* to asc5d x4 ,) clean :ite hairclo?1 almo/ l silk1 !y wrapp$ 7! body7 r\nd & r\nd4#b ,!y made a l>ge c>riage-frame1 9 =m l our fun]al c>1 b )\t ! dragons & fi%es4#c ,at ! "t ( ! cremation1 ! k+ & ! p1 9 multitudes f all qu>t]s1 collect$ toge!r1 & pres5t$ (f]+s ( fl[]s & inc5se4 ,:ile !y 7 foll[+ ! c> to ! burial-gr\nd1#d ! k+ himself pres5t$ fl[]s & inc5se4 ,:5 ?is 0 f9i%$1 ! c> 0 lift$ on ! pile1 all ov] :i* oil ( sweet basil 0 p\r$1 & !n a light 0 appli$4 ,:ile ! fire 0 blaz+1 e "o1 ) a rev]5t he>t1 pull$ (f 8 upp] g>m5t1 & ?rew x1 ) 8 fea!r-fan & umbrella1 f a di/ance into ! mid/ ( ! flames1 to assi/ ! burn+4 ,:5 ! cremation 0 ov]1 !y collect$ & pres]v$ ! bones1 & proce$$ to erect a tope4 ,f-hi5 _h n arriv$ 9 "t 7to see ! di/+ui%$ ,%aman7 alive1 & only saw 8 burial4 ,at t "t ! k+1#e :o 0 a s9c]e believ] 9 ! ,law ( ,buddha & wi%$ to build a new vihra = ! monks1 fir/ convok$ a great assembly4 ,aft] giv+ ! monks a meal ( rice1 & pres5t+ 8 (f]+s 7on ! occasion71 he select$ a pair ( fir/-rate ox51 ! horns ( :i* 7 gr&ly decorat$ ) gold1 silv]1 & ! preci\s sub/ances4 ,a gold5 pl\gh _h be5 provid$1 & ! k+ himself turn$ up a furr[ on ! f\r sides ( ! gr\nd )9 :i* ! build+ 0 suppos$ to be4 ,he !n end[$ ! community ( ! monks ) ! population1 fields1 & h\ses1 writ+ ! grant on plates ( metal1 7to ! effect7 t f t "t onw>ds1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 no "o %\ld v5ture to annul or alt] x4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ,f-hi5 he>d an ,indian devotee1 :o 0 recit+ a ,stra f ! pulpit1 say3--#8,buddha's alms-b[l 0 at fir/ 9 ,vail1 & n[ x is 9 ,g&hra4#f ,aft] s _m hundr$ ye>s' 7he gave1 :5 ,f-hi5 he>d him1 ! exact numb] ( ye>s1 b he has =gott5 x71 #8x w g to ,we/]n ,tukhra2#g aft] s _m hundr$ ye>s1 to ,khot52 aft] s _m hundr$ ye>s1 to ,kh>a*>2#h aft] s _m hundr$ ye>s1 to ! l& ( ,han2 aft] s _m hundr$ ye>s1 x w come to ,sihala2 & aft] s _m hundr$ ye>s1 x w return to ,c5tral ,india4 ,aft] t1 x w asc5d to ! ,tu%ita heav52 & :5 ! ,bodhisattva ,maitreya sees x1 he w say ) a sigh1 8,! alms-b[l ( kyamuni ,buddha is come20 & ) all ! devas he w pres5t to x fl[]s & inc5se = sev5 days4 ,:5 ^! h expir$1 x w return to ,jambudvpa1 :]e x w be receiv$ by ! k+ ( ! sea ngas1 & tak5 into 8 nga palace4 ,:5 ,maitreya %all be ab\t to atta9 to p]fect ,wisdom 7& become ,buddha71 x w aga9 sep>ate into f\r b[ls1#i :i* w return to ! top ( m\nt ,anna1#i :5ce !y came4 ,aft] ,maitreya has become ,buddha1 ! f\r deva k+s w aga9 ?9k ( ! ,buddha 7) _! b[ls z !y did 9 ! case ( ! previ\s ,buddha74 ,! ?\s& ,buddhas ( ?is ,bhadra-kalpa1 inde$1 w all use ! same alms-b[l2 & :5 ! b[l has disappe>$1 ! ,law ( ,buddha w g on gradually to be ext+ui%$4 ,aft] t ext9ction has tak5 place1 ! life ( man w be %ort5$1 till x is only a p]iod ( five ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( a five ye>s' life1 rice1 butt]1 & oil w all vani% away1 & m5 w become exce$+ly wick$4 ,! grass & trees :i* !y lay hold ( w *ange into swords & clubs1 ) :i* !y w hurt1 cut1 & kill "o ano!r4 ,^? among !m on :om !re is bless+ w )draw f society among ! hills2 & :5 ! wick$ h ext]m9at$ "o ano!r1 !y w aga9 come =?1 & say among !mselves1 8,! m5 ( =m] times enjoy$ a v great longevity2 b ?r\gh becom+ exce$+ly wick$1 & do+ all lawless ?+s1 ! l5g? ( our life has be5 %ort5$ & r$uc$ ev5 to five ye>s4 ,let u n[ unite toge!r 9 ! practice ( :at is good1 *]i%+ a g5tle & sympa?is+ he>t1 & c>efully cultivat+ good fai? & righte\sness4 ,:5 ea* "o 9 ?is way practises t fai? & righte\sness1 life w g on to d\ble its l5g? till x rea*es #hj1jjj ye>s4 ,:5 ,maitreya appe>s 9 ! _w1 & beg9s to turn ! :eel ( 8 ,law1 he w 9 ! fir/ place save ^? among ! disciples ( ! ,law left by ! kya :o h quitt$ _! families1 & ^? :o h accept$ ! ?ree ,refuges1 und]tak5 ! five ,prohibitions & ! eight ,ab/95ces1 & giv5 (f]+s to ! ?ree ,preci\s ,ones2 secondly & ?irdly1 he w save ^? betwe5 :om & conv]sion !re is a connexion transmitt$ f ! pa/40'#aj 7,su* 0 ! disc\rse71 & ,f-hi5 wi%$ to write x d[n z a portion ( doctr9e2 b ! man said1 #8,?is is tak5 f no ,stra1 x is only ! utt]ance ( my own m9d4' ,,notes #a ,possibly1 #8& ask$ ! bhik%u1' c4 ,i pref] ! o!r way ( con/ru+1 h[ev]4 #b ,x seems /range t ?is %\ld h be5 und]/ood z a wrapp+ ( ! imm5se pyre ) ! clo?4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! text to necessitate su* a v]sion1 b ! contr>y4 ,comp>e #8,buddhi/ ,suttas1' pp4 #ib1 #ic4 #c ,see ! description ( a fun]al c> & its decorations 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxviii1 ! ,l ,k1 ,book ,,xix4 ,f-hi5's 1 #89 ?is 7c\ntry71' :i* ,i h express$ by #8our1' %[s t :atev] notes ( ?is cremation he _h tak5 at ! "t1 ! acc\nt 9 ! text 0 compos$ aft] 8 return to ,*9a1 & :5 he _h ! usages !re 9 8 m9d & p]haps be=e 8 eyes4 ,?is disposes ( all difficulty occasion$ by ! #8dragons' & #8fi%es4' ,! at ! end is m]ely ! conclud+ p>ticle4 #d ,! pyre s]v$ ! purpose ( a burial-gr\nd or grave1 & h5ce our au?or writes ( x z su*4 #e ,?is k+ mu/ h be5 ,mah-nna 7,a4,d4 #daj-dcb74 ,9 ! "t ( 8 pr$ecessor1 ,upatissa 7,a4,d4 #cfh-daj71 ! piakas 7 fir/ translat$ into ,s+halese4 ,"u ,mah-nna1 ,buddhagho%a wrote 8 comm5t>ies4 ,bo? 7 great build]s ( vihras4 ,see ! ,mahvaa1 pp4 #bdg1 foll4 #f ,see *apt] xii4 ,f-hi5 _h se5 x at ,puru%apura1 :i* ,eitel says 0 #8! anci5t capital ( ,g&hra4' #g ,we/]n ,tukhra 77 is ! same probably z ! ,tukhra 77 ( *apt] xii1 a k+ ( :i* is !re describ$ z try+ to c>ry (f ! b[l f ,puru%apura4 #h ,nor? ( ! ,bo/5g lake at ! foot ( ! ,?i5-%an range 7,e4 ,h41 p4 #ef74 #i ,see *ap4 xii1 note #i4 ,in/ead ( #8,anna' ! ,*9ese rec5sions h ,vna2 b ,vna or ,vnataka1 & ,ana = ,sud>ana are names ( "o or o!r ( ! conc5tric circles ( rocks surr\nd+ m\nt ,m]u1 ! fabl$ home ( ! deva gu>dians ( ! b[l4 #aj ,t is1 ^? ^: ,k>ma 9 ! pa/ %\ld be rew>d$ by su* conv]sion 9 ! pres5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,aft] ,,two ,,ye>s ,,takes ,,%ip ,,= ,,*9a4 ,,disa/r\s ,,passage ,,to ,,java2 ,,& ,,!nce ,,to ,,*9a2 ,,arrives ,,at ,,%an-,,tung2 ,,& ,,goes ,,to ,,nank+4 ,,conclusion ,,or ,l',,envoi ,,by ,,ano!r ,,writ]4 ,f-hi5 abode 9 ?is c\ntry two ye>s2 &1 9 addition 7to 8 acquisitions 9 ,patna71 succe$$ 9 gett+ a copy ( ! ,v9aya-piaka ( ! ,mahsak 7s*ool72#a ! ,drghgama & ,samyuktgama#b 7,stras72 & also ! ,sayukta-sa*aya-piaka2#c--;all be+ works unkn[n 9 ! l& ( ,han4 ,hav+ obta9$ ^! ,sanskrit works1 he took passage 9 a l>ge m]*antman1 on bo>d ( :i* !re 7 m ?an #bjj m51 & to :i* 0 atta*$ by a rope a small] vessel1 z a provision aga9/ damage or injury to ! l>ge "o f ! p]ils ( ! navigation4 ,) a fav\rable w9d1 !y proce$$ ea/w>ds = ?ree days1 & !n !y enc\nt]$ a great w9d4 ,! vessel sprang a leak & ! wat] came 94 ,! m]*ants wi%$ to g to ! small vessel2 b ! m5 on bo>d x1 fe>+ t too _m w\ld come1 cut ! connect+ rope4 ,! m]*ants 7 greatly al>m$1 feel+ _! risk ( in/ant dea?4 ,afraid t ! vessel w\ld fill1 !y took _! bulky goods & ?rew !m into ! wat]4 ,f-hi5 also took 8 pit*]#d & wa%+-bas91 ) "s o!r articles1 & ca/ !m into ! sea2 b fe>+ t ! m]*ants w\ld ca/ ov]bo>d 8 books & images1 he c\ld only ?9k ) all 8 he>t ( ,kwan-%e-y91#e & commit 8 life to 7! protection (7 ! *ur* ( ! l& ( ,han1#f 7say+ 9 effect71 #8,i h travell$ f> 9 se>* ( our ,law4 ,let me1 by y\r dread & sup]natural 7p[]71 return f my w&]+s1 & rea* my re/+-place6' ,9 ?is way ! tempe/#g cont9u$ day & night1 till on ! ?irte5? day ! %ip 0 c>ri$ to ! side ( an isl&1 :]e1 on ! ebb+ ( ! tide1 ! place ( ! leak 0 discov]$1 & x 0 /opp$1 on :i* ! voyage 0 resum$4 ,on ! sea 7h]eab\ts7 !re are _m pirates1 to meet ) :om is spe$y dea?4 ,! great ocean spreads out1 a b\ndless expanse4 ,!re is no kn[+ ea/ or we/2 only by obs]v+ ! sun1 moon1 & />s 0 x possible to g =w>d4 ,if ! wea!r 7 d>k & ra9y1 7! %ip7 w5t z %e 0 c>ri$ by ! w9d1 )\t any def9ite c\rse4 ,9 ! d>kness ( ! night1 only ! great waves 7 to be se51 break+ on "o ano!r1 & emitt+ a brightness l t ( fire1 ) huge turtles & o!r mon/]s ( ! deep 7all ab\t74 ,! m]*ants 7 full ( t]ror1 n kn[+ :]e !y 7 go+4 ,! sea 0 deep & bottomless1 & !re 0 no place :]e !y c\ld drop an*or & /op4 ,b :5 ! sky became cle>1 !y c\ld tell ea/ & we/1 & 7! %ip7 aga9 w5t =w>d 9 ! "r direction4 ,if %e _h come on any hidd5 rock1 !re w\ld h be5 no way ( escape4 ,aft] proce$+ 9 ?is way = r m ?an n9ety days1 !y arriv$ at a c\ntry call$ ,java-dvpa1 :]e v>i\s =ms ( error & ,brahmnism are fl\ri%+1 :ile ,buddhism 9 x is n wor? speak+ (4 ,aft] /ay+ !re = five mon?s1 7,f-hi57 aga9 emb>k$ 9 ano!r l>ge m]*antman1 :i* also _h on bo>d m ?an #bjj m54 ,!y c>ri$ provisions = fifty days1 & comm5c$ ! voyage on ! sixte5? day ( ! f\r? mon?4 ,f-hi5 kept 8 retreat on bo>d ! %ip4 ,!y took a c\rse to ! nor?-ea/1 int5d+ to fet* ,kwang-*[4 ,aft] m ?an a mon?1 :5 ! night-drum _h s\nd$ ! second wat*1 !y enc\nt]$ a black w9d & tempe/u\s ra91 :i* ?rew ! m]*ants & pass5g]s into con/]nation4 ,f-hi5 aga9 ) all 8 he>t direct$ 8 ?\ghts to ,kwan-%e-y9 & ! monki% communities ( ! l& ( ,han2 &1 ?r\gh _! dread & my/]i\s protection1 0 pres]v$ to day-break4 ,aft] day-break1 ! ,brahmns delib]at$ toge!r & said1 #8,x is hav+ ?is ramaa on bo>d :i* has occasion$ our mis=tune & br\ght u ?is great & bitt] suff]+4 ,let u l& ! bhik%u & place him on "s isl&-%ore4 ,we mu/ n = ! sake ( "o man all[ ourselves to be expos$ to su* imm95t p]il4' ,a patron ( ,f-hi51 h[ev]1 said to !m1 #8,if y l& ! bhik%u1 y mu/ at ! same "t l& me2 & if y d n1 !n y mu/ kill me4 ,if y l& ?is ramaa1 :5 ,i get to ! l& ( ,han1 ,i w g to ! k+1 & in=m aga9/ y4 ,! k+ also rev]es & believes ! ,law ( ,buddha1 & hon\rs ! bhik%us4' ,! m]*ants h]eupon 7 p]plex$1 & did n d>e imm$iately to l& 7,f-hi574 ,at ?is "t ! sky cont9u$ v d>k & gloomy1 & ! sail+-ma/]s look$ at "o ano!r & made mi/akes4 ,m ?an sev5ty days pass$ 7f _! leav+ ,java71 & ! provisions & wat] 7 ne>ly exhau/$4 ,!y us$ ! salt-wat] ( ! sea = cook+1 & c>efully divid$ ! 7fre%7 wat]1 ea* man gett+ two p9ts4 ,soon ! :ole 0 ne>ly gone1 & ! m]*ants took c\nsel & said1 #8,at ! ord9>y rate ( sail+ we ought to h rea*$ ,kwang-*[1 & n[ ! "t is pass$ by _m days2--mu/ we n h held a wrong c\rse8' ,imm$iately !y direct$ ! %ip to ! nor?-we/1 look+ out = l&2 & aft] sail+ day & night = twelve days1 !y rea*$ ! %ore on ! s\? ( m\nt ,lo1#h on ! bord]s ( ! prefecture ( ,*ang-kwang1#h & imm$iately got good wat] & vegetables4 ,!y _h pass$ ?r\gh _m p]ils & h>d%ips1 & _h be5 9 a /ate ( anxi\s appreh5sion = _m days toge!r2 & n[ sudd5ly arriv+ at ?is %ore1 & see+ ^? 7well-kn[n7 vegetables1 ! lei & kwoh1#i !y knew inde$ t x 0 ! l& ( ,han4 ,n see+1 h[ev]1 any inhabitants nor any traces ( !m1 !y did n "k :]eab\ts !y 74 ,"s said t !y _h n yet got to ,kwang-*[1 & o!rs t !y _h pass$ x4 ,unable to come to a def9ite conclusion1 7"s ( !m7 got into a small boat & ent]$ a creek1 to look = "s "o ( :om !y might ask :at ! place 04 ,!y f\nd two hunt]s1 :om !y br\ght back ) !m1 & !n call$ on ,f-hi5 to act z int]pret] & "q !m4 ,f-hi5 fir/ spoke assur+ly to !m1 & !n sl[ly & di/9ctly ask$ !m1 #8,:o are y8' ,!y repli$1 #8,we are disciples ( ,buddha8' ,he !n ask$1 #8,:at are y look+ = among ^! hills8' ,!y began to lie1#aj & said1 #8,to-morr[ is ! fifte5? day ( ! sev5? mon?4 ,we want$ to get "s pea*es to pres5t#aa to ,buddha4' ,he ask$ fur!r1 #8,:at c\ntry is ?is8' ,!y repli$1 #8,?is is ! bord] ( ! prefecture ( ,*ang-kwang1 a "p ( ,ts+-*[ "u ! 7rul+7 ,h\se ( ,ts94' ,:5 !y he>d ?is1 ! m]*ants 7 glad1 imm$iately ask$ = 7a portion (7 _! money & goods1 & s5t m5 to ,*ang-kwang city4 ,! prefect ,le ,e 0 a rev]5t believ] 9 ! ,law ( ,buddha4 ,:5 he he>d t a ramaa _h arriv$ 9 a %ip across ! sea1 br++ ) him books & images1 he imm$iately came to ! sea%ore ) an escort to meet 7! travell]71 & receive ! books & images1 & took !m back ) him to ! seat ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,on ?is ! m]*ants w5t back 9 ! direction ( ,yang-*[2#ab 7b7 :5 7,f-hi57 arriv$ at ,ts+-*[1 7! prefect !re7#ac begg$ him 7to rema9 ) him7 = a w9t] & a summ]4 ,aft] ! summ] retreat 0 end$1 ,f-hi51 hav+ be5 sep>at$ = a long "t f 8 7fell[-7ma/]s1 wi%$ to hurry to ,*ang-gan2 b z ! bus9ess :i* he _h 9 h& 0 important1 he w5t s\? to ! ,capital2#ad & at an int]view ) ! ma/]s 7!re7 exhibit$ ! ,stras & ! collection ( ! ,v9aya 7:i* he _h procur$74 ,aft] ,f-hi5 set out f ,*ang-gan1 x took him six ye>s to rea* ,c5tral ,india2#ae /oppages !re ext5d$ ov] 7o!r7 six ye>s2 & on 8 return x took him ?ree ye>s to rea* ,ts+-*[4 ,! c\ntries ?r\gh :i* he pass$ 7 a few "u ?irty4 ,f ! s&y des]t we/w>ds on to ,india1 ! beauty ( ! dignifi$ demean\r ( ! monkhood & ( ! trans=m+ influ5ce ( ! ,law 0 beyond ! p[] ( language fully to describe2 & reflect+ h[ our ma/]s _h n he>d any complete acc\nt ( !m1 he !re=e 7w5t on7 )\t reg>d+ 8 own poor life1 or 7! dang]s to be enc\nt]$7 on ! sea ^u 8 return1 ?us incurr+ h>d%ips & difficulties 9 a d\ble =m4 ,he 0 =tunate en\gh1 ?r\gh ! dread p[] ( ! ?ree ,hon\r$ ,ones1#ae to receive help & protection 9 8 p]ils2 & !re=e he wrote out an acc\nt ( 8 exp]i5ces1 t wor?y read]s might %>e ) him 9 :at he _h he>d & said4#ae ,x 0 9 ! ye> ,keah-y91#af ! twelf? ye> ( ! p]iod ,e-he ( ! 7,ea/]n7 ,ts9 dyna/y1 ! ye>-/> be+ 9 ,virgo-,libra1 9 ! summ]1 at ! close ( ! p]iod ( retreat1 t ,i met ! devotee ,f-hi54 ,on 8 arrival ,i lodg$ him ) myself 9 ! w9t] /udy1#ag & !re1 9 our meet+s = conv]sation1 ,i ask$ him aga9 & aga9 ab\t 8 travels4 ,! man 0 mode/ & complaisant1 & answ]$ readily accord+ to ! tru?4 ,i !reupon advis$ him to ent] into details :]e he _h at fir/ only giv5 a summ>y1 & he proce$$ to relate all ?+s 9 ord] f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,he said himself1 #8,:5 ,i look back on :at ,i h gone ?r\gh1 my he>t is involunt>ily mov$1 & ! p]spiration fl[s =?4 ,t ,i enc\nt]$ dang] & trod ! mo/ p]il\s places1 )\t ?9k+ ( or sp>+ myself1 0 because ,i _h a def9ite aim1 & ?\ght ( no?+ b to d my be/ 9 my simplicity & /raight=w>dness4 ,?us x 0 t ,i expos$ my life :]e dea? seem$ inevitable1 if ,i might accompli% b a t5-?\s&? "p ( :at ,i hop$4' ,^! words affect$ me 9 turn1 & ,i ?\ght3--#8,?is man is "o ( ^? :o h seldom be5 se5 f anci5t times to ! pres5t4 ,s9ce ! ,great ,doctr9e fl[$ on to ! ,ea/ !re has be5 no "o to be comp>$ ) ,hi5 9 8 =getfulness ( self & se>* = ! ,law4 ,h5ce=? ,i "k t ! influ5ce ( s9c]ity f9ds no ob/acle1 h[ev] great1 :i* x does n ov]come1 & t =ce ( w does n fail to accompli% :atev] s]vice x und]takes4 ,does n ! accompli%+ ( su* s]vice arise f =gett+ 7& disreg>d+7 :at is 7g5]ally7 consid]$ z important1 & atta*+ importance to :at is 7g5]ally7 =gott58' ,,notes #a ,no4 #aabb 9 ,nanjio's ,catalogue1 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,buddhajiva & a ,*9ese ramaa ab\t ,a4,d4 #dbe4 ,mahsak means #8! s*ool ( ! trans=m$ e>?1' or #8! sph]e )9 :i* ! ,law ( ,buddha is influ5tial4' ,! s*ool is "o ( ! subdivisions ( ! ,s>v/ivd4 #b ,nanjio's #ede & #ejd4 ,! gamas are ,stras ( ! hnayna1 divid$1 accord+ to ,eitel1 pp4 #d1 #e1 into f\r classes1 ! fir/ or ,drghgamas 7long gamas7 be+ treatises on "r conduct1 :ile ! ?ird class conta9s ! ,samyuktgamas 7mix$ gamas74 #c ,mean+ #8,miscellane\s ,collections2' a sort ( f\r? ,piaka4 ,see ,nanjio's f\r? division ( ! ,canon1 conta9+ ,indian & ,*9ese miscellane\s works4 ,b ,dr4 ,davids says t no "w ( ?is "n is kn[n ei!r 9 ,sanskrit or ,pli lit]ature4 #d ,we h 9 ! text a phonetisation ( ! ,sanskrit ,kuik1 :i* is expla9$ 9 ,eitel by ! two *>act]s t foll[1 z #8wa%+ bas91' b two ?+s evid5tly are int5d$4 #e ,see *ap4 xvi1 note #be4 #f ,at 8 novitiate ,f-hi5 _h s\ght ! refuge ( ! #8?ree ,preci\s ,ones' 7! ?ree ,refuges ( la/ *apt]71 ( :i* ! congregation or body ( ! monks 0 "o2 & "h 8 ?\ghts turn naturally to ! bran* ( x 9 ,*9a4 ,8 words 9 8 he>t 7 n exactly words ( pray]1 b v ne>ly s4 #g ,9 ! text 1 t-fung1 #8! great w9d1' ! typhoon4 #h ,!y _h got to ! s\? ( ! ,%an-tung promontory1 & ! foot ( m\nt ,lo1 :i* /ill rises "u ! same "n on ! extreme s\? ( ! p59sula1 ea/ f ,keo ,*[1 & hav+ ! di/rict ( ,tsieh-mih on ! ea/ ( x4 ,all ! c\ntry !re is includ$ 9 ! pres5t ,ph+-too ,*[ ( ! dep>tm5t ,le-*[4 ,! "n ,ph+-too dates f ! ,han dyna/y1 b "u ! dyna/y ( ! ,aft] ,*e 771 7,a4,d4 #dgi-eja71 x 0 *ang$ into ,*ang-kwang4 ,f-hi5 may h liv$1 & compos$ ! n>rative ( 8 travels1 aft] ! *ange ( "n 0 adopt$4 ,see ! ,topographical ,tables ( ! diff]5t ,dyna/ies 771 publi%$ 9 #ahae4 #i ,:at ^! vegetables exactly 7 x is difficult to say2 & !re are diff]5t read+s ( ! *>act]s = !m4 ,williams' ,diction>y1 "u kwoh1 br+s ! two names toge!r 9 a phrase1 b ! r5d]+ ( x is simply #8a s\p ( simples4' ,= two or ?ree columns "h1 h[ev]1 ! text appe>s to me confus$ & imp]fect4 #aj ,i suppose ^! m5 7 really hunt]s2 &1 :5 br\ght be=e ,f-hi51 because he 0 a ramaa1 !y ?\ght !y w\ld please him by say+ !y 7 disciples ( ,buddha4 ,b :at _h disciples ( ,buddha to d ) hunt+ & tak+ life8 ,!y 7 caught 9 _! own trap1 & said !y 7 look+ = pea*es4 #aa ,! ,*9ese "* "h has occurr$ twice be=e1 b 9 a diff]5t mean+ & connexion4 ,rmusat1 ,beal1 & ,giles take x z equival5t to #8to sacrifice4' ,b 8 foll[]s d n #8sacrifice' to ,buddha4 ,t is a prie/ly t]m1 & %\ld n be employ$ ( any?+ done at ,buddhi/ic s]vices4 #ab ,probably ! pres5t dep>tm5t ( ,yang-*[ 9 ,keang-soo2 b z ,i h said 9 a previ\s note1 ! n>rative does n g on s cle>ly z x g5]ally does4 #ac ,01 or c\ld1 ?is prefect be ,le ,e8 #ad ,probably n ,*ang-gan1 b ,nank+1 :i* 0 ! capital ( ! ,ea/]n ,ts9 dyna/y "u ano!r "n4 #ae ,! :ole ( ?is p>agraph is probably ,f-hi5's own conclusion ( 8 n>rative4 ,! second half ( ! second s5t5ce1 bo? 9 s5tim5t & /yle 9 ! ,*9ese text1 seems to necessitate our ascrib+ x to him1 writ+ on ! impulse ( 8 own ?\ghts1 9 ! same indirect =m :i* he adopt$ = 8 :ole n>rative4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two peculi> phraseologies 9 x :i* might sugge/ ! "w ( ano!r h&4 ,= ! "n ,india1 :]e ! fir/#ae is plac$1 a "* is employ$ :i* is simil>ly appli$ n[h]e else2 & aga91 #8! ?ree ,hon\r$ ,ones1' at :i* ! second#ae is plac$1 mu/ be ! same z #8! ?ree ,preci\s ,ones1' :i* we h met ) s (t52 unless we suppose t is pr9t$ 9 all ! revisions = #8! ,_w-hon\r$ "o1' :i* has (t5 occurr$4 ,on ! :ole1 :ile ,i accept ?is p>agraph z ,f-hi5's own1 ,i d x ) "s hesitation4 ,t ! foll[+ & conclud+ p>agraph is f ano!r h&1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,& x is z diff]5t z possible 9 /yle f ! simple & /raight=w>d n>rative ( ,f-hi54 #af ,!re is an error ( date "h1 = :i* x is difficult to acc\nt4 ,! ye> ,keah-y9 0 ,a4,d4 #dad2 b t 0 ! t5? ye> ( ! p]iod ,e-he1 & n ! twelf?1 ! cyclical designation ( :i* 0 ,p+-%94 ,accord+ to ! prec$+ p>agraph1 ,f-hi5's travels _h occupi$ him fifte5 ye>s1 s t c\nt+ f ,a4,d4 #cii1 ! ye> ,ke-hae1 z t 9 :i* he set out1 ! ye> ( 8 gett+ to ,ts+-*[ w\ld h be5 ,kwei-*[1 ! n9? ye> ( ! p]iod ,e-he2 & we might jo9 on #8,?is ye> ,keah-y9' to t p>agraph1 z ! date at :i* ! n>rative 0 writt5 out = ! bamboo-tablets & ! silk1 & !n beg9s ! ,envoy1 #8,9 ! twelf? ye> ( ,e-he4' ,?is w\ld remove ! error z x /&s at pres5t1 b un=tunately !re is a p>ticle at ! end ( ! second date 771 :i* seems to tie ! twelf? ye> ( ,e-he to ,keah-y91 z ano!r designation ( x4 ,! #8ye>-/>' is ! planet ,jupit]1 ! revolution ( :i*1 9 twelve ye>s1 con/itutes #8a great ye>4' ,:e!r x w\ld be possible to fix exactly by ma!matical calculation 9 :at ye> ,jupit] 0 9 ! ,*9ese zodiacal sign embrac+ "p ( bo? ,virgo & ,scorpio1 & !reby help to solve ! difficulty ( ! passage1 ,i d n "k1 & 9 ! meantime mu/ leave t difficulty z ,i h f\nd x4 #ag ,we d n "k :o ! writ] ( ! ,envoy 04 #8,! w9t] /udy or libr>y' w\ld be ! "n ( ! ap>tm5t 9 8 mona/]y or h\se1 :]e he sat & talk$ ) ,f-hi54 ,,index4 -e 7,asita1 i%i71 page #fe4 -le1 #ed4 ,abhayagiri mona/]y1 #ajb1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,hall ( ,buddha 91 & /atue ( jade1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,abhidh>ma1 #aj et al4 ,ajtaatru 7k+71 #gf1 #ha1 #hb1 #he4 ,alms-b[l ( ,buddha1 #cd1 #ce1 #aji1 #aaj4 mbapl1 #gb4 ,angm91 #eg1 #hf4 n&a1 #cc1 #dd1 #de1 #gb1 #gd1 #hc2 dea? (1 9 ,samdhi1 #ge-gg4 ,agulimlya1 #ef4 ,anna 7m\nt71 #aji4 ,anuruddha1 #dh4 ,arhan1 !1 or ,arhat 79 ,*9ese ,lo-han71 #bd1 #dj1 #eg1 #ga1 #ge1 #hf4 ,cremation ( an ,arhat1 #ajg1 #ajh4 rya1 #eg4 ,asakhyeya-kalpa1 #aje4 ,aoka1 #ca1 #ej2 8 _s-built palace1 & halls1 #gg2 8 bro!r1 #gg2 8 great tope & inscription1 #hj2 8 vihra & pill>4 #ej1 #ea 8 city & pill> ( ,ne-le1 #hj2 wi%$ to build #hd1jjj topes1 #fi2 leg5d ( 8 n>aka1 #ij-ib4 ,bhik%u1 #ac1 #bi1 #ge1 #hc1 #hf1 #ia1 #ib1 #aac4 ,suicide (1 #hf4 ,bhik%u1 #de4 ,bimbisra 7k+71 #ha1 #hb4 ,bo tree1 !1 9 ,ceylon1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,9 ,gay1 #hh4 ,bo? are call$ 9 mi/ake by ,f-hi5 ! patra tree4 ,bodhisattva1 #ai4 ,leg5ds ( ,buddha1 :5 ,bodhisattva1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #ch1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge4 ,maitreya ,bodhisattva1 #be4 ,books ( ,discipl9e1 !4 ,see ,v9aya4 ,brahm 7k+71 ! fir/ p]son ( ! ,brahmnical ,trimurti1 #di1 #hi4 ,brahmns1 #dg1 #ee1 #fj1 #fa4 ,! ,brahmn ,rdha-smi1 #gh4 ,buddha1 inc>nation ( !1 #fe incid5ts ( 8 e>ly life1 #fe1 #ff :]e he r5\nc$ ! _w1 #gj :]e he di$1 #gj2 :]e he endur$ au/]ities1 #hg leg5ds ( t "t1 #hg1 #hh4 ,8 atta9m5t ( ! ,buddha%ip1 #hi fir/ lab\rs aft]w>ds1 #hi4 ,9 ,ceylon1 #aja2 8 wond]ful /ride & footpr9t1 #ajb4 ,buddha's prea*+1 #ed1 #ff4 ,buddhism1 ,f-hi5's "n =1 #cj4 ,buddhi/s1 diff]5t e/imates ( ! numb] (1 #e-h4 ,c5tral ,india1 or ! ,middle ,k+dom1 #bh4 ,condition & cu/oms (1 #db1 #dc4 ,*akrav>tti k+1 #di1 #ij4 ,*amp1 #ajj4 ,topes & mona/]ies 91 #ajj4 ,*a*amana1 #fj4 ,*aaka1 #gj4 ,*alas1 #dc4 ,*ang-gan1 #i1 #aj1 #aae4 ,*ang ,ke51 #bg4 ,*ang-yih1 #aa4 ,*>coal tope1 !1 #gj4 ,*e-y5 7pilgrim71 #aa1 #ae4 ,*9a1 or ! l& ( ,han1 #ac1 #bd1 #eh1 #ajj1 #aji1 #aac4 ,c\ncil 9 ratap>a cav]n1 #he2 ( ,vail1 #ge4 ,dak%ia1 #if-ih4 ,dna & dnapati1 #aa1 #eb4 ,danta-k%ha1 leg5d ( ,buddha's1 #ed1 #ee4 ,des]t ( ,gobi1 #ab4 ,deva1 or ,brahmnic god1 #ai1 #ej1 #gi4 ,devadatta1 #fj1 #hf foll[]s (1 #fb4 ,devlaya1 #8,! ,%ad[ ,cov]$1' #fj1 #fa4 ,devaloka1 #be4 ,dh>ma1 ! ,law1 "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( ,buddhism1 #bh et al4 ,dh>ma-gupta1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,dpk>a ,buddha1 #ch4 ,disc\rse or s]mon ( a devotee 9 ,ceylon1 #aaj4 ,dragons or ngas1 #bi1 #fg1 #aja2 ! dragon ( ! ,rma tope1 #fi2 ! :ite-e>$ dragon1 #eb2 ,elpattra1 #if4 ,e-he 7p]iod71 #aaf4 ,end[m5ts ( ! monki% communities1 & (f]+s to !m1 #bb1 #bc1 #dc1 #dd1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,f-hi54 ,8 surname1 & notices ( 8 e>ly life1 #a1 #b2 liv$ to ! age ( eighty-eight1 #b1 #c4 ,g5u95ess ( 8 n>rative1 #c1 #d4 ,diff]5t rec5sions ( x1 & especially ! ,corean text app5d$ to ?is volume1 #d4 ,/ages ( 8 travels3--,*ang-gan1 #aj2 ,lung1 #aj2 k+dom ( ,ke5-kwei1 #aj2 t ( ,n[-tan1 #aj2 ,*ang-yih1 #aa ,tun-hwang1 #aa des]t ( ,gobi1 #ab ,%5-%51 #ab ,woo-e1 r#d ,yu-te51 #af2 ,tsze-hoh1 #ba2 ,yu-hwuy1 #ba2 ,keeh-*1 #bb2 ,to-leih1 #bd crosses ! ,indus1 #bf ,woo-*ang1 or ,udyna1 #bh ,soo-ho-to1 or ,swa/5e1 #bi ,g&hra1 #ca ,tak%ail1 #cb ,puru%apura1 or ,pe%w>1 #cc ,he-lo1 or ,hidda1 9 ,nagra1 #cf ,nagra1 #ch-dj2 ,little ,sn[y m\nta9s1 #dj2 ,lo-e1 #da ,poh-n1 #da2 recrosses ! ,indus1 #da2 ,pe-too1 or ,bhida1 #da ,ma?ur1 or ,muttra1 #db2 ,s>ikya1 #dg2 ,kanykubja1 or ,can\ge1 #ec2 -le1 #ed2 ,%-*e1 #ed rva/ 9 ,koala1 #ee ,too-wei1 #fc ,na-pei-ke1 #fd2 ,kapilava/u1 #fd2 ,rma1 #fh2 ,kuanag>a1 #gj ,vail1 #gb conflu5ce ( ! five riv]s1 #ge2 ,paliputtra1 or ,patna1 #gg2 ,rjagiha1 #hj2 ,nla1 #ha ,new ,rjagiha1 #ha2 ,gidhra-ka hill1 #hc ratap>a cave1 #he2 ,gay1 #hg2 m\nt ,gurupada1 #ib2 ,vrz1 or ,b5res1 #ic ,k1 #id ,kaumb1 #if2 ,patna1 #ih2 ,*amp1 #ajj2 ,tmalipt1 #ajj2 ,s+hala1 or ,ceylon1 #aja ,java1 #aac2 ,%an-tung1 9 ,*9a1 #aad ! ,capital1 #aae4 ,fir/ image made ( ,buddha1 #eg4 ,foo ,kung-sun1 #ae4 ,f\r great topes 9 ,nor? ,india1 #cb2 9 ,c5tral ,india1 #ij4 ,f\r places ( regul> occurr5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( all ,buddhas1 #fh4 ,f\r spiritual tru?s1 & f\r classes ( disciples1 #eg4 ,g&hra1 #ca1 #cc1 #aji4 ,ganges1 #ed1 #ic1 #ajj4 ,gay1 #hg-ij4 ,gomati mona/]y1 #ag4 ,gr%a ,*&ana wood1 #ci1 #eg4 ,gidhra-kta hill1 #hj1 #hb4 ,leg5ds connect$ )1 #hc4 ,f-hi5 sp5ds a night on1 #hc4 ,grove ( ! ,gett+ ( ,eyes1 #eh1 #ei4 ,gurupada 7m\nt71 #ib4 ,habits ( ! ,khot5]s1 #af1 r#g4 ,hall ( ,buddha1 #bj1 #ajb4 ,han1 ! l& (4 ,see ,*9a4 ,he-lo1 #cf4 ,hnayna1 #ad1 #ae1 #bc1 #da1 et al4 ,ho-%ang1 "n (1 #eh4 ,hwng-*e 7p]iod71 #i4 ,hwuy-ke5 7pilgrim71 #aa1 #ae4 ,hwuy-k+ 7pilgrim71 #i1 #ah1 #bb1 #bi1 #cf4 ,dea? (1 #dj1 #da4 ,hwuy-tah 7pilgrim71 #ah1 #bi1 #cf4 ,hwuy-wei 7pilgrim71 #aj1 #ae4 ,hwuy-y+ 7pilgrim71 #aj4 ,dea? (1 #cf4 ,india1 #aj1 #ad4 7,nor?71 #bd1 #bh1 #bi4 7,c5tral71 #bh1 #db4 7,s\?71 #dg4 ,indus1 !1 #bf4 ,cross+ x1 #bf2 recross+ x1 #da4 ,jambudvpa1 #cd1 #dh1 #hj4 ,jtaka /ories1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #gc1 #gd1 et al4 ,jetavana vihra1 #ef burn+ ( !1 #eg4 ,sympa?y ( ! monks at1 ) ! pilgrims1 #eh4 ,p>k ( !1 #ei4 ,jvaka1 #hb4 ,kani%ka 7k+71 #cc & 8 tope1 #cd4 ,kanykubja1 or ,can\ge1 #ec1 #ed4 ,kan ,y+1 #bg4 ,ko-*ang1 #ae4 ,kapilava/u1 #fd-fh4 ,k>aa ,bamboo g>d5 7,k>aa ,veuvana71 #hd4 ,k1 #id4 ,kayapa bro!rs & _! disciples1 #hi4 ,kayapa ,buddha's entire skeleton1 #ic4 ,kauinya & 8 companions1 #id1 #ie4 ,kaumb1 #if4 ,keah-y9 7ye>71 #aaf4 ,keeh-*1 #ah1 #bb4 ,ke5-kwei1 #aj4 ,ke-he 7ye>71 #i4 ,kh>a*>1 #aji4 ,khot51 #af-bj1 #aji4 ,k+ ,pras5ajit1 #ee4 ,k+'s ,new mona/]y1 #ai4 ,koph5e1 #ba4 ,koala1 #ee4 ,kwang-*[1 #aad4 ,kwan-%e-y91 #df1 #aab1 #aac4 ,le ,e 7prefect71 #aae4 ,le ,ho1 #ab4 ,leg5ds ( ,buddha 9 ,nor? ,india1 #bi1 #cj1 #ci2 z ,bodhisattva1 #ca4 ,( 8 danta-k%ha1 #ed1 #ee4 ,leg5ds ( ,tak%ail1 #cb4 ,leg5ds ( topes & mona/]y1 #ec1 #gc4 ,li**havis1 #ga1 #gb1 #gf4 ,little ,sn[y m\nta9s1 #dj4 ,lo-e1 #da4 ,lumb9 7g>d571 #fg4 ,bir? ( ,buddha 91 #fg4 ,lung1 #aj4 ,madhyamayna1 #ad4 ,mahkayapa1 #de1 #he4 ,mah-maudgalyyana 7,mugalan71 #dd1 #dh1 #hb4 ,mah-prajpat1 #ee1 #ff4 ,mahyna1 #ad1 #af1 #ba1 #da1 et al4 ,maitreya ,bodhisattva1 #be2 /atue (1 #be1 #bh1 #aji4 ,majur1 #df1 #gi 7a ,brahmn74 ,mra1 k+1 #gd ,piuna1 #hc #hh4 ,ma?ur1 or ,muttra1 #db4 ,m]*ants 7five hundr$71 #hi4 ,mona/]ies1 or ,saghrmas1 #ag1 #bh1 et al4 ,mona/]y 7,gomati71 #ag4 ,mona/]y ( ! ,great ,heap1 #eb4 ,mona/]y 7,pigeon71 #if-ih4 ,monki% cu/oms1 #dd-dg4 ,monki% food out ( ! ord9>y h\rs1 #dd4 ,monks 7#djjj 9 ,%5-%571 #ac 7#djjj 9 ,woo-e71 #ae 7sev]al myriads 9 ,khot571 #ae4 ,influ5ce ( !1 #db4 ,qu9qu5nial assembly (1 #bb1 #bc4 ,"m ( ,buddha 7,mah-my71 #dh1 #ef1 #fe4 ,mu*il9da 7dragon71 #hi4 ,nagra1 #bi1 #cf4 ,nla1 #ha4 ,n&a1 #fe4 ,n>aka1 #ij4 ,ne-le city & pill>1 #hj4 ,new ,rjagiha1 #ha4 ,n9ety-six sorts ( errone\s views1 #fb4 ,nirgran?a1 !1 #hb4 ,nirva1 #ad1 #bg1 #cc1 et al4 ,n[-tan1 #aj4 ,onion m\nta9s1 #bj1 #ba1 #bc1 #bd4 ,po-yun 7pilgrim71 #aa1 #ae1 #cf4 ,pramits1 !1 #df ,praj-pramit1 #df4 ,p>i-nirvna1 #cc1 #eg1 #gc4 ,p>k ( #8,! i%i's ,de]-wild1' #id4 ,paliputtra1 or ,patna1 #gg2 mona/]ies (1 #gh1 #gi2 hospitals & disp5s>ies (1 #gi1 #ig-ii4 ,manuscripts copi$ !re1 #ih-ii ! ,mahsghika rules1 ,s>v/ivd rules1 ,sayuktbhidh>mahidaya-7/ra71 ,stra ( #bejj g?as1 ! ,p>9irva-vaipulya ,stra1 ,mahs-ghik ,abhidh>ma1 #ii4 ,pe-too1 or ,bhida1 #da4 ,p+ 7k+ ( ,*[ dyna/y71 #bg4 ,pla9 7,c5tral & ,s\? ,india71 #dg4 ,poh-n1 #da4 ,poonah1 or ,jumna riv]1 #db4 ,pras5ajit4 ,see ,k+ ,pratyeka ,buddhas1 #dj1 #ec1 #gd4 ,procession ( images at ,khot51 #af-ai2 at ,patna1 #gi2 9 ,ceylon1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,puru%apura1 or ,pe%w>1 #cc4 ,qu9qu5nial assembly ( monks1 #bb4 ,rhula1 #df4 ,rjagiha 7new & old7 leg5ds & incid5ts1 #hj-hf4 ,rma & its tope1 #fh1 #fi4 ,relics ( ,buddha3--spittoon1 #bc alms-b[l1 #bc1 #cd1 #ce1 #hi1 #aji2 too?1 #bc1 #aje1 #ajg skull-bone1 #cf1 #cg pewt] /aff1 #ci2 ,saghli1 or ,saghi1 #ci2 hair & nails1 #ci et al42 %ad[1 #ci1 #hh4 ,retreat 7! summ]71 #aj1 #aa1 #bb1 #bi1 #aac1 #aag1 et al4 akra1 #cj1 #cd1 #di1 #ej1 #fj1 #hj1 #ha4 ,sma1 #ajf4 ,samdhi1 #gf4 ,saghli4 ,see ,relics4 ,sng-k+ 7pilgrim71 #aa1 #cf4 ,sng-%o 7pilgrim71 #aa1 #ba4 ,sakya1 #dg4 riputtra1 #dd1 #ha1 #hb4 ,%-*e1 #ed4 ,%ad[ ( ,buddha4 ,see ,relics4 ,%ay-e1 #fc4 ,%5-%51 #ab4 ,%ik%pada1 or t5 comm&m5ts1 #df4 ,s+hala1 or ,ceylon1 #ajj-aaa4 ,manuscripts obta9$ 91 #aaa4 manam1 #hd4 ,sn[ m\nta9s1 #bd4 ,soo-ho-to 7,swa/5e71 #bi1 #cj4 ramaa 7raman1 ,%-mn71 #ad et al4 rmaera1 #de1 #fi1 #gj4 ratap>a cave1 or cave ( ! ,fir/ ,c\ncil1 #hd1 #he4 rva/1 #ee1 #ef4 ,topes & leg5ds (1 #ef-fa4 rotpannas1 #fg1 #hf4 ,subhadra1 #ga4 ,sudna1 #ajf4 ,sudatta1 #ef4 uddhodana1 #fd4 ,sympa?y ( ,indian monks ) pilgrims1 #da4 ,tak%ail1 #cb4 ,tamlipt1 #ajj4 ,to-*+ 7pilgrim71 #i1 #ah1 #bi1 #cf1 #ii4 ,ta?gata1 #fc4 ,?ree ,buddhas ant]ior to kyamuni1 #fc1 #fd4 ,to-leih1 or ,d>ada1 #bd4 ,topes1 #ag1 #dj1 #ec1 et al4 ,buddha himself assi/$ 9 build+ a model tope1 #ci4 #dj4 ,traya/riz heav51 leg5d ( ,buddha's asc5t to & desc5t f1 #dh1 #di4 ,treasuries ( ! mona/]ies 9 ,ceylon1 #ajc2 rule reg>d+1 #ajd4 ,tripiaka1 #aj4 ,tr%>aa1 #df4 ,ts91 #ae1 #bc4 ,ts+-*[1 #aae4 ,tsze-hoh1 #ba4 ,tun-hwang1 #aa1 #ab4 ,tu%ita heav51 #be4 ,upli1 #ff4 ,upas5a1 #hb4 ,utpala bhik%u1 #di4 ,vaiakha 7"m71 #ei4 ,vail1 #gb4 ,vaiyas1 *iefs (1 #ch1 #dg4 ,vanity ( life & ( ! body1 #ed1 #ia4 ,vrz1 or ,b5res1 #id4 ,vihra1 #cf1 #cg1 et al4 ,k+'s grant ( a new vihra to monks 9 ,ceylon1 #ajh4 ,vimok%a tope1 #ch4 ,v9aya1 or ,books ( ,discipl9e1 #i1 #aj1 #ih1 et al4 ,virdhaha 7,vaidrya71 k+1 #fc1 #fg4 ,:5 ! law ( ,buddha fir/ w5t to ! ,ea/1 #bg1 #bh4 ,woo-*ang1 or ,udyna1 #bh1 #bi4 ,woo-e1 #ad4 ,yang-*[1 #aae4 ,yang-l[1 #aj4 ,yu-hwuy1 #ba4 ,yu-te51 or ,khot51 #af4 #aa #b #a ,s1 ,m omit4 #b ,s1 ,m omit4 #ab #a ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 #aa #b #cd #ef #g #a ,m 4 #b ,s 4 #c ,s1 ,m 4 #d ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m repeat 4 #e ,s1 ,m omit4 #f ,s1 ,m 4 #g ,s1 ,m 4 #abb #c #d #ef #g #h #fh #i #aj #a ,s1 ,m 4 #b ,s1 ,m omit4 #c ,s1 ,m 4 #d ,s1 ,m 4 #e ,s1 ,m ,c#a4 #f ,s1 ,m 4 #g ,s1 ,m omit4 #h ,s1 ,m 4 #i ,s1 ,m 4 #aj ,s 2 ,m 4 #a #a ,s1 ,m 4 #a #bc #dddd #eeffg #hi #ajaa #abacad #adadaeaf #ag #a ,j repeats4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 #c ,s1 ,m 4 #d ,s1 ,m omit4 #e ,s1 p4y4 4 #f ,s1 ,m omit4 #g ,s1 ,m omit4 #h ,s1 ,m 4 #i ,s1 ,m 4 #aj ,s1 ,m omit4 #aa ,s1 ,m omit4 #ab ,s1 ,m omit4 #ac ,s1 ,m omit4 #ad ,s1 ,m omit4 #ae ,s1 ,m omit4 #af ,s1 ,m repeat4 #ag ,s1 ,m #ab #cd1 #e #a ,s1 ,m omit4 #b ,j 4 #c ,s1 ,m repeat4 #d ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #e ,s1 ,m 4 #ab #c #d #a ,s1 ,m 4 #b ,s1 ,m omit4 #c ,probably = 1 a cutt]'s mi/ake4 #d ,s1 ,m omit4 #ab #cc #de #ffghhii #a ,s1 ,m omit4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 #c ,s1 ,m omit4 #d ,s1 ,m 4 #e ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #f ,s1 ,m inv]t4 #g ,s1 ,m omit4 #hi ,s1 ,m inv]t4 #a #a ,s1 ,m 4 #a #a ,s1 ,m 4 #a #b #c #de #fg #h #iaj #aa #a ,s1 ,m omit4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 #c ,s1 ,m omit4 #d ,s1 ,m omit4 #e ,s1 ,m omit4 #f ,s1 ,m 4 #g ,s1 ,m omit4 #h ,s1 ,m omit & ins]t 4 #i ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #aj ,s1 ,m 4 #aa ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #ab #cd #e #f #g #hiaj #aa #a ,s1 ,m 4 #b ,s1 ,m omit4 #c ,s1 ,m 4 #d ,s1 ,m 4 #e ,! ,corean text has ! b5ea?4 #f ,s1 ,m 4 #g ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #h ,s1 ,m omit4 #i ,s1 ,m omit4 #aj ,s1 ,m omit4 #aa ,s1 ,m omit4 #a #a ,s1 ,j 4 #a #b #c #def #gghiaj #aa #ab #acadad #aeaeafag #ah #aibjbjba #bb #bc #a ,s1 ,m 4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 #c ,s1 ,m 4 ,w4 #d ,s 4 #e ,s 2 ,s1 p4y4 4 #f ,s 4 #g ,s1 ,m 4 #h ,s1 ,m 4 #i ,s 2 ,m 4 #aj ,s1 ,m omit4 #aa ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #ab ,s1 ,m 4 ,w4 #ac ,s1 ,m 4 #ad ,s1 ,m inv]t4 #ae ,s1 ,m omit4 #af ,be=e 1 ,s1 ,m h 4 #ag ,s1 ,m 4 #ah ,s1 ,m 4 #ai ,s1 ,m omit4 #bj ,s1 ,m inv]t4 #ba ,s1 ,m omit4 #bb ,s1 ,m 4 #bc ,s1 ,m omit4 #a #b #cd #ee #f #gh #iaj #aa #ab #acadad #ae #af ,c#bag #a ,s1 ,m 4 ,r4 #b ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #c ,s1 ,m 4 #d ,s1 ,m4 omit4 #e ,s1 ,m inv]t4 #f ,s1 ,m 4 #g ,s1 ,m 4 #h ,s1 ,m 4 #i ,s1 ,m 4 #aj ,s1 ,m 4 ,w4 #aa ,s1 ,m omit4 #ab ,s1 ,m 4 #ac ,s1 ,m omit4 #ad ,s1 ,m 4 #ae ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #af ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #ag ,s1 ,m 4 #ab #bc #bd #a ,s1 p4y4 4 #b ,s1 all rec5sions & ,juli54 ,probably %\ld always be 4 #c ,s1 ,m omit4 #d ,s1 ,m 4 #a #a ,s1 ,m omit4 #ab #ccccde #fg #hif #aj #aa #abac #adaeaf #ag #af #ahaibj #babbbcbd #bebf #bgbhbibi #cjcjcacb #cc #cdcecfcg #cg #chci #dj #da #a ,j repeats4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 #c ,s1 ,m omit4 #d ,s1 ,m omit4 #e ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #f ,s1 ,m 4 #g ,s1 ,m 4 #h ,s1 ,m 4 #i ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #aj ,s1 ,m 4 #aa ,s1 ,m omit4 #ab ,s1 ,m 4 #ac ,s1 ,m 4 #ad ,m 4 #ae ,s1 ,m 4 #af ,s1 ,m 4 #ag ,s1 ,m ,! ,corean text is vulg> =m ( ?is4 #ah ,s4 2 ,m 4 #ai ,s1 ,m 4 #bj ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #ba ,s1 p4y1 4 #bb ,s1 ,m 4 #bc ,%\ld probably be 4 #bd ,s1 ,m 4 #be ,s1 ,m 4 #bf ,s1 ,m omit4 #bg ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #bh ,j 4 #bi ,s1 ,m 4 #cj ,s1 ,m repeat4 #ca ,s1 ,m 4 #cb ,s1 ,m omit4 #cc ,s1 ,m 4 #cd ,ano!r =m ( ?is 9 text4 #ce ,s1 ,m 4 #cf ,s1 ,m 4 #cg ,s1 ,m omit4 #ch ,aft] 1 ins]t 4 #ci ,s1 ,m omit4 #dj ,s1 ,m omit4 #da ,s1 ,m omit4 #ab #a ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #b ,s1 ,m omit4 #abc #de #fg #h #iajaa #aaabac #ad #ae #a ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 #c ,s1 ,m 4 #d ,s1 ,m 4 ,w4 #e 8 ,mi/ake = 4 #f ,s 4 #g ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #h ,s1 ,m omit4 #i ,s 4 #aj ,s1 ,m 4 #aa ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #ab ,s1 ,m 4 #ac ,s1 ,m omit4 #ad ,probably %\ld be 4 #ae ,s1 ,m omit4 #a #b #c #d #a ,s1 ,m omit4 #b ,s1 ,m omit4 #c ,s1 ,m omit4 #d ,s1 b %\ld be 4 #a #b #c #de #f #a ,j 4 ,r4 #b ,s1 ,m omit4 #c ,m 4 #d ,s 4 #e ,9 text1 ) at ! side4 #f ,s1 ,m omit4 #a #bc #d #ef #gh #i #ajajaj #aa #abac #a ,s1 ,m 4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 #c ,j 4 #d ,s1 ,m 4 #e ,s1 ,m 4 ,w4 #f ,be=e 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #g ,s1 ,m omit4 #h ,s1 ,m 4 #i ,s1 ,m omit4 #aj ,s1 ,m omit4 #aa ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #ab ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #ac ,s1 ,m omit4 #aa #bbbb #c #a ,s1 ,m 4 #b ,s1 ,m omit4 #c ,s1 ,m 4 #a #b #c #de #fg #h #ii #aj #aaab #acacacad #a ,s1 ,m omit4 #b ,9 text ) at ! side4 #c ,s1 ,m omit4 #d ,s1 ,m 4 #e ,s1 ,m 4 #f ,s1 ,m omit4 #g ,s1 ,m omit4 #h ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #i ,m 2 ,s 4 #aj ,s1 ,m 4 #aa ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #ab ,s1 ,m repeat4 #ac ,s1 ,m omit4 #ad ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #ab #a ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m has 4 #b ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m has 4 #a #b #c #a ,s 4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 #c ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #a #b #a ,s1 ,m 4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 #a ,c#c #bc #dd #e #fg #h #a ,m 4 #b ,s1 ,m omit4 #c ,s1 ,m omit4 #d ,s1 ,m omit4 #e ,s1 ,m 4 #f ,s1 ,m 4 #g ,s1 ,m omit4 #h ,s1 ,m 4 ,r4 #aa #b #cde #fg #h #i #ajaj #aa #abac #ad #ae #afafag #a ,s1 ,m 4 #b ,s1 ,m omit4 #c ,s1 ,m 4 #d ,m omits4 #e ,s1 ,m 4 #f ,be=e 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #g ,s1 ,m 4 #h ,s1 ,m omit4 #i ,j 4 #aj ,s1 ,m omit4 #aa ,s1 ,m omit4 #ab ,s1 ,m omit4 #ac ,%\ld be 4 #ad ,j 4 #ae ,s1 ,m omit4 #af ,s1 ,m omit4 #ag ,s1 ,m repeat4 #a #b #a ,s1 ,m 4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 ,w4 #a #ab #c #d #e #f #g #a ,%\ld be 4 #b ,text has on ! left4 #c ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #d ,s 4 #e ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #f ,s1 ,m 4 #g ,s1 ,m 4 #a #b #c #dd #ef #a ,s1 ,s1 ,m text has in/ead ( 4 #b ,s1 ,m omit4 #c ,s1 ,m 4 #d ,s1 ,m inv]t4 #e ,s1 ,m omit4 #f ,s1 ,m omit4 #ab #c #a ,s 4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 #c ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #a #b #c #a ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #b ,s 4 #c ,m 4 #a #b #cc #def #g #h #iiaj #aaab ,c#dac #adae #afag #ahai;,c#d #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #a ,s1 ,m 4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 #c ,s1 ,m inv]t4 #d ,s1 ,m 4 #e ,m 4 #f ,s1 ,m 4 #g ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #h ,be=e 1 ,s has 2 ,m 4 #i ,s1 ,m inv]t4 #aj ,m 4 #aa ,s1 ,m 4 #ab ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #ac ,aft] 1 ,m ins]ts 4 #ad ,s1 ,m omit4 #ae ,s1 ,m 4 ,w4 #af ,s1 ,m omit4 #ag ,text has on left4 #ah ,s1 ,m 4 #ai ,s1 ,m omit4 #bj ,an obsolete =m 9 text4 #ba ,s1 ,m 4 #bb ,s1 ,m 4 ,w4 #bc ,s1 ,m 4 #bd ,s1 ,m 4 #abcd #e #f #ghhh #i77 #aj #aaab #ac #adae #af #agah #aibj #ba #bb #bc #a ,s1 ,m 4 #b ,be=e 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #c ,s1 ,m 4 #d ,s1 ,m 4 #e ,probably a mi/ake = 1 z bel[4 #f ,s1 ,m 4 #g ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #h ,s1 ,m omit4 #i ,! ?irte5 *>act]s t foll[ )9 p>5!tic m>ks are 9 all ! rec5sions 9 two p>allel columns 9 small] text4 ,!y are equival5t to a m>g9al note ) u1 & ,s & ,m ins]t a aft] 4 #aj ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #aa ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #ab ,s1 ,m 4 #ac ,s1 ,m 4 #ad ,s1 ,m 4 #ae ,s1 ,m 4 #af ,s1 ,m 4 #ag ,s1 ,m1 omit4 #ah ,text1 ) inside4 #ai ,s1 ,m 4 #bj ,s1 ,m 4 #ba ,s1 ,m omit4 #bb ,s1 ,m omit4 #bc ,s1 ,m 4 #aa #aaa #ab #cc #de #fg #hh #i #aj #aaab #ac #adae #af;,c#eaf #agah #ai #bj #babb #bcbd #bebfbgbh #bi #cj #a ,s1 ,m 2 & else:]e4 #b ,s1 ,m 4 #c ,m 4 #d ,s1 ,m omit4 #e ,s1 ,m 4 #f ,text has a vulg> =m4 #g ,s1 ,m 4 #h ,s1 ,m inv]t4 #i ,s1 ,m 4 #aj ,contract$ =m 9 text4 #aa ,m 4 #ab ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #ac ,s1 ,m 4 #ad ,s1 ,m 4 #ae ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #af ,%\ld be 4 #ag ,j 4 #ah ,m ,w4 #ai ,s 4 #bj ,s1 ,m omit4 #ba ,s1 ,m omit4 #bb ,s 2 ,m 4 #bc ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #bd ,s1 ,m omit4 #be ,s1 ,m omit4 #bf ,s1 ,m omit4 #bg ,s1 ,m omit4 #bh ,s1 ,m 4 #bi ,j 4 #cj ,s1 ,m omit4 #a #bc #de #a ,s1 ,m omit4 #b ,aft] 1 ,s1 ,m ins]t 4 #c ,s1 ,m 4 #d ,s1 ,m 4 #e ,s1 ,m 4 ,transcrib]s ,notes3 ,?is is an ,,utf-#h update ( ! transcription done by ,john ,bick]s1 ,dagny1 & ,david ,widg] available at3 https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#babd 4 ,! orig9al pr9t$ text scans c be f\nd at3 https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/b#bicebba f ,notes on ! text3 #a4 ,9 ! pr9t$ book ! ,engli% text occupies ! left side ( ! book & is read to ! c5tre4 ,! ,*9ese text occupies ! "r side ( ! book & is read to ! c5tre4 ,ess5tially ?is 0 two books "u ! same b9d+4 ,! ,*9ese text 0 orig9ally publi%$ by ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press 9 #ahhe4 ,9 ?is transcription1 ! ,*9ese text is plac$ aft] ! ,engli% text4 ,an entry has be5 add$ to ! table ( cont5ts to indicate ?is re>rangem5t3 7,,*9ese ,,text3 74 #b4 ,lett]s surr\nd$ by und]scores #8' are italicis$4 #c4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ea* *apt]4 #d4 ,spell+ 9 ! ,engli% text has be5 /&>dis$ to ! mo/ common v]sions us$ 9 ! text4 ,if equal numb] ( spell+ v]sions 7 pres5t1 ! v]sion mo/ common at ! "t ( publication 0 us$4 ,spell+s conta9$ 9 direct quotations are left un*ang$4 #e4 ,z mu* z possible1 ! ,*9ese transcription uses ! same "* v>iants z us$ 9 ! orig9al pr9t$ text4 ,if a ,unicode v]sion ( ! "* is n f\nd1 !n a traditional v>iant is us$ 9 its place4 ,= example radical #ahd uses 9 ! pr9t$ text b mo/ ( ! ,unicode *>act]s use 4 ,! same case applies to radical #aac4 ,! pr9t$ text uses b mo/ ,unicode *>act]s use 4 #f4 ,footnotes #e & #f 9 *apt] #b h be5 swit*$ to mat* ! ! correspond+ text 9 ! *apt]4 #g4 8,ng>a0 9 *apt] #h *ang$ to 8,nagra0 to mat* ! re/ ( ! text4 #h4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( *apt] #ai 9 ! ,engli% text ,legge says #c yojanas ( di/ance :ile ! ,*9ese text says #aj4 ,?is 0 left un*ang$4 #i4 ,! numb] ( columns 9 ! ,*9ese text portions are limit$ to "u #ej 9 ord] to approximately mat* ! wid? ( ! ,engli% text4 ,*9ese *>act]s are wid] ?an ,lat9 *>act]s4 #aj4 ,*9ese *>act]s n f\nd 9 ,unicode are m>k$ z ,cn :]e #8n' is a numb]3 ,c#a on left1 on "r4 ,ideographic ,description ,sequ5ce3 ,c#b 1 b ) replac$ by 4 ,c#c on left1 on "r4 ,ideographic ,description ,sequ5ce3 ,c#d on left1 on "r4 ,ideographic ,description ,sequ5ce3 ,c#e on top1 !n 1 & bel[4 ,ideographic ,description ,sequ5ce3 ,transcrib]'s ,note33 ,*9ese ,tone ,m>ks4 ,! pr9t$ text uses semi-circul> tone m>ks next to "s ,*9ese *>act]s ) multiple or ambigu\s pronunciations 7,unicode ,u,a#gjj-,u,a#gjg74 ,! op5 portion ( ! semi-circle faces ! "*4 ,^! 7 orig9ally us$ to indicate tones us$ 9 ,middle ,*9ese4 ,! m>k may be plac$ 9 any ( ! f\r corn]s ( ! ,*9ese "*4 ,9 mod]n ,m&>9 ,*9ese ! locations map to tones z foll[s3 l[] left3 #a/ or #bnd tone upp] left3 #crd tone 7"s cases #d? tone7 upp] "r3 #d? tone l[] "r3 n applicable = mod]n ,m&>9 ,examples f ! text3 zhng 7adj7 heavy1 important *ng 7adv7 repeat$ly2 7measure7 lay]1 /orey y 7n7 spok5 language y 7v7 to tell1 in=m ,= m details on tone m>ks1 look up articles on #8,middle ,*9ese tones' or see ,williams1 ,s4 ,wells4 #ahgd4 ,a ,syllabic ,diction>y ( ! ,*9ese ,language2 arrang$ accord+ to ! ,wu-fang ,yu5 y91 ) ! pronunciation ( ! *>act]s z he>d 9 ,pek+1 ,canton1 ,amay & ,%anghai4 ,%anghai3 ,am]ican ,presbyt]ian ,mission ,press4 ,introduction ,,sect4 ,,iv4--,,%+ ,,or ,,tones4