,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,! table 8,,"t ,,ref]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,div9e ,,com$y0 on pages #ceh-cff has be5 re=matt$ f horizontal to v]tical 9 ord] to bett] fit ! #gb-;column =mat4 ,footnotes h be5 sep>at$ out f ! ma9 text by ! use ( l9es above & bel[1 made ( hyph5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dante ,,/udy+4 ,frontispiece ,f a fresco by ,luca ,signorelli at ,orvieto4 ,or v$i insieme l'uno e l'altro polo1 ,le /elle vaghe e lor viaggio torto2 ,e v$i 'l v$] no/ro quanto corte4 ,petr>*4 ,,dante ,,& ,,! ,,e>ly ,,a/ronom]s ,,by ,m4 ,a4 ,,orr 7,,mrs4 ,,john ,,ev]%$74 ,pla9ness & cle>ness )\t %ad[ ( /a91 ,cle>ness div9e6 ,ye heav5s1 ^: pure d>k regions h no sign ,( languor1 ?\gh s calm1 & ?\gh s great ,are yet untr\bl$ & unpassionate2 ,:o1 ?\gh s noble1 %>e 9 ! _w's toil1 ,& ?\gh s task$ keep free f du/ & soil6 99 99 99 99 99 ,y rema9 ,a _w above man's head1 to let him see ,h[ b\ndless might 8 s\l's horizons be1 ,h[ va/1 yet ( :at cle> transp>5cy4 ,,mat!w ,,arnold4 ,london ,,gall ,,& ,,+lis1 #ca ,,h5rietta ,,/41 ,w4,c4 ,& ,ed9burgh4 ,,pr9t$ ,,& ,,b\nd ,,by ,,gall ,,& ,,+lis1 ,,new+ton ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,bookb9d+ ,,works1 ,,ed9burgh4 ,,preface4 ,an obs]vatory on a m\nta9 top is an ideal place 9 :i* to write on a/ronomy & poetry1 b x has "o drawback3 ! difficulty ( obta9+ books on special subjects4 ,my husb&'s criticisms & help h be5 invaluable1 & ( books on mod]n a/ronomy !re is no lack2 b _m o!rs :i* ,i h wi%$ to consult ,i h be5 unable to procure1 & d\btless !re are _m m :i* ,i ought to h read1 b ( ^: exi/5ce ,i am ignorant4 ,?is defect has be5 p>tly rem$i$1 h[ev]1 by ,mr4 ,wick/e$'s great k9dness 9 l5d+ me a numb] ( books on ,dante subjects4 ,i am mu* indebt$ to my si/]1 ,miss ,orr1 :o has help$ me 9 prep>+ ^! %eets = ! press4 ,! index is ma9ly h] "w4 ,?anks are also due to sev]al memb]s ( ! /aff ( ?is obs]vatory3 ,mr4 ,sit>ama ,aiy> made "s calculations1 ,mr4 ,nag>ajan ,aiy> project$ ! map fac+ page #bie1 ,mr4 ,kri%na ,aiy> prep>$ photographs ( sev]al illu/rations1 & ,mr4 ,kri%nasawmy typ$ ! great] "p ( ! copy = press4 ,mr4 ,raymond ,beazley1 ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ,messrs ,macmillan1 h k9dly all[$ me to reproduce illu/rations f _! publications4 ,to all ^! ,i (f] grateful ?anks4 ,m4 ,a4 ,,ev]%$4 ,,kodaikanal ,,obs]vatory1 ,,s\? ,,india4 ,octob] #aiac4 ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,lucy4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,pr9cipal ,,au?orities4 ,alfraganus1 ,elem5ta ,a/ronomica4 ,arabic et ,lat91 op]a ,jacobi ,golii 7,am/]dam1 #affi74 ,angelitti1 ,sulla ,data del ,viaggio ,dantesco4 0 ,sull' ,anno della ,visione ,dantesca4 ,antonelli1 ,sulle ,dottr9e ,a/ronomi*e della ,div9a ,comm$ia 7#ahfe74 ,aratus1 ,! ,pha9om5a4 ,translation by ,r4 ,br[n4 ,ari/otle1 ,f\r ,books on ! ,heav5s4 ,greek & ,g]man1 ) notes1 by ,c4 ,prantl4 ,beazley1 ,dawn ( ,mod]n ,geography4 ,b]ry1 ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy4 ,blake1 ,a/ronomical ,my?s1 bas$ on ,flamm>ion's ,hi/ory ( ! ,heav5s4 ,b(fito et ,melzi ,eril1 ,almana* ,dantis ,aligh]ii 7#aijh74 ,brunetto ,lat9i1 ,li ,livres d\ ,trsor4 7,*abaille1 ,p>is1 #ahfc74 ,budge1 ,wallis1 ,guide to ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian ,antiquities1 ,briti% ,museum1 #aijj4 ,cantelli1 ,la ,conosc5za dei ,tempi nel ,viaggio ,dantesco4 ,cic]o1 ,de ,s5ectute4 0 ,somnium ,scipionis4 ,cornewall ,lewis1 ,hi/orical ,survey ( ! ,a/ronomy ( ! ,anci5ts4 ,c\lton1 ,f ,/4 ,francis to ,dante4 ,delambre1 ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie ,anci5ne4 0 ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie du ,moy5 ,age4 ,della ,valle1 ,il ,s5so ,geografico-,a/ronomico della ,div9a ,comm$ia 7#ahfi74 ,drey]1 ,planet>y ,sy/ems f ,?ales to ,kepl]4 ,epp+ & ,/rassmei]1 ,a/ronomis*es aus ,babylon4 ,g>dn]1 ,dante's ,t5 ,heav5s4 ,gruppe1 ,die ,kosmis*5 ,sy/eme d] ,grie*54 ,idel]1 ,ursprung und ,b$eutung d] ,/]nnam54 ,imbriani1 ,/udi ,dantes*i4 ,k+1 ,hi/ory ( ,sum] & ,accad4 ,locky]1 ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy4 ,lub91 ,dante e gli ,a/ronomi ,italiani4 ,maund]1 ,! ,olde/ ,a/ronomy4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association74 ,moore1 ,dante & 8 ,biograph]s4 0 ,/udies 9 ,dante4 #c vols4 0 ,"t ref]5ces 9 ! ,div9a ,comm$ia4 ,p>k]1 ,mrs4 ,langloh1 ,au/ralian ,fairy ,tales4 ,plato1 ,! ,republic4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 0 ,! ,timaeus4 0 0 ,plut>*1 ,on ! ,face 9 ! ,moon4 ,translation by ,prick>d4 ,pradeau1 ,key to ! ,"t-,allusions ( ,dante4 ,ra%dall1 ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ri/oro d',arezzo1 ,della ,composizione del ,mondo colle sue ,cagioni4 7,n>ducci1 ,milan1 #ahfd74 ,sc>tazz9i1 ,a ,companion to ,dante1 translat$ by ,butl]4 0 ,la ,div9a ,comm$ia 7edizione m9ore1 ) notes74 ,s*auba*1 ,ges*i*te d] ,grie*is*5 ,a/ronomie bis auf ,erato/h5es4 ,s*iap>elli1 ,i precursori di ,cop]nico nell' ,anti*it4 0 ,i ,primord dell' ,a/ronomia ,babilonese4 0 ,i ,progressi dell' ,a/ronomia ,babilonese4 0 ,l',a/ronomia nell' antico ,te/am5to4 0 ,le ,sf]e ,omoc5tri*e di ,eudosso1 di ,callipo1 e di ,ari/otile4 0 ,orig9e del ,si/ema ,planet>io ,elioc5trico presso i ,greci4 ,temple ,classics1 ,dante1 7,div9e ,com$y1 ,convivio1 ,lat9 ,works1 ) translations & notes74 ,! ,pan*asiddhntik ( ,v>ha ,mihira4 ,translat$ f ! ,sanscrit1 & edit$ by ,?ibaut & ,m4 ,s4 ,dviv$i4 ,toynbee1 ,paget1 ,articles on ,dante's ,obligations to ,alfraganus1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,orosius1 & ,dante's !ories reg>d+ ! m>k+s on ! ,moon 79 ,romania & ,giornale ,/orico della ,lett]atura ,italiana74 0 ,dante ,diction>y4 0 ,! ,life ( ,dante 7,ox=d ,biographies74 ,toz]1 ,an ,engli% ,comm5t>y on ,dante's ,div9a ,comm$ia4 ,wick/e$1 ,! ,e>ly ,lives ( ,dante4 ,wick/e$ & ,selfe1 ,villani's ,*ronicle4 ,witte1 ,dante-,=s*ung54 99 99 99 99 99 ,all quotations f ,dante's works are tak5 f ,moore's ,tutte le ,op]e di ,dante ,alighi]i1 #crd edition1 ,ox=d #ahid4 ,a/ronomical data are *iefly tak5 f ,"y's ,manual ( ,a/ronomy1 & ! ,nautical ,almanac4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,"p ,i4 ,,a/ronomy ,,f ,,primitive ,,times ,,until ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,dante4 ,i4 ,,app>5t ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,heav5ly ,,bodies ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,e>? #i ,,ii4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,gnomons & clepsydras2 ! con/ellations & ! cal5d>2 a/rology & />-wor%ip2 e>ly cosmogonies #be ,,iii4 ,,greek ,,a/ronomy3 ,,fir/ ,,p]iod4 ,b4,c4 #ijj to ,b4,c4 #cej #a4 ,hom]ic ,greece2 ,fir/ ,notions ( ,a/ronomy #ea #b4 ,?ales & ,anaxim&]3 ,e>? flat1 heav5 a s]ies ( hemisph]es #ee #c4 ,lat] ,flat ,e>? ,sy/ems3 ! ,univ]se a sph]e #fj #d4 ,py?agoras & 8 ,foll[]s3 ,e>? r\nd1 ,e>? 9 ,motion #ff ,,iv4 ,,greek ,,a/ronomy3 ,,second ,,p]iod1 ,b4,c4 #djj to ,a4,d4 #aej #a4 ,plato3 ! ,_w-,s\l #gi #b4 ,eudoxus3 ! ,sph]es #hh #c4 ,calippus3 ! ,sph]es ( ,eudoxus improv$ #ic #d4 ,ari/otle3 ! ,philosophy ( ! ,sph]es2 ! ?ree k9ds ( motion2 ,e>? immoveable at ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se2 ! elem5ts2 ! cele/ial mov]s1 & ! ,fir/ ,mov] #ie #e4 ,ari/>*us3 ,e>? turn+ on h] axis1 & revolv+ r\nd ! sun #ajg #f4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,alex&ria3 in/rum5ts & me?ods2 ,e>?'s diamet] measur$2 ! !ory ( ,moveable ,ecc5trics #aab #g4 ,hipp>*us3 8! ,fa!r ( ,a/ronomy20 8 /> catalogue2 8 inv5tions & discov]ies2 ! precession ( ! equ9oxes #abb #h4 ,ptolemy3 ! ,almage/2 ! sy/em ( ,epicycles & ,ecc5trics2 di/ance & size ( ! moon discov]$2 ! />s2 a/rology2 geography1 ! sev5 climates #acd ,v4 ,,retrospect3 ,greek ,cosmogonies2 ,greek cal5d> #aei ,,vi4 ,,a/ronomy ,,"u ,,imp]ial ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,rome4 ,b4,c4 #df to ,a4,d4 #ajjj4 ,amateur ,a/ronom]s2 ! ,julian ,cal5d>2 passion = ,a/rology2 ! ,fa!rs2 ! ecclesia/ical ,cal5d>2 ! ,s*ools2 ! ,mona/]ies #afg ,,vii4 ,,arab ,,a/ronomy4 ,a4,d4 #gej to #abej4 ,s*ools ( ,baghdad1 ,egypt1 ,spa94 ,improvem5ts 9 ,ma!matics & ,in/rum5ts2 ,ptolemy's values m correctly det]m9$2 suppos$ discov]ies ( planet>y di/ances & trepidation2 a n9? sph]e add$ to ,ptolemy's eight #aha ,,viii4 ,,! ,,return ,,( ,,greek ,,a/ronomy ,,to ,,europe4 ,a4,d4 #ajjj to #acjj4 ,! ,univ]sities2 ,arab influ5ce2 ,greek books2 new ,european books2 ! c\rse 9 ,a/rology 9 ,bologna2 ,ari/otle & ! ,*ur* #aii ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,dante4 ,i4 ,,popul> ,,a/ronomy ,,9 ,,italy ,,9 ,,dante',s ,,"t4 ,! a/ronomy ( ,dante contra/$ ) ,hom] & ,milton4 ,g5]al feel+ = a/ronomy 9 8 day2 "s fam\s a/rolog]s3 a/ronomy consid]$ an ennobl+ /udy2 ,ptolemy's sy/em f9al4 ,k ( av]age educat$ man4 #bji ,,ii4 ,,dante',s ,,/udies4 ,dante a repres5tative ( contempor>y beliefs3 8 erudition2 8 education2 ,brunetto ,lat9i's influ5ce2 possible visits to univ]sities ( ,bologna1 ,padua1 ,p>is4 #bbc ,,iii4 ,,books ,,on ,,a/ronomy ,,us$ ,,by ,,dante4 ,dante's wide read+2 8 dilig5ce & memory4 ,ptolemy 8 supreme au?ority on a/ronomy2 8 pr9cipal text-books ,alfraganus & ,ari/otle2 v]sions us$4 ,classical ,lat9 au?ors2 ,greek2 ,arab2 ,*ri/ian #bca ,,iv4 ,,a/ronomy ,,9 ,,dante',s ,,writ+s4 ,ref]5ces to heav5ly bodies 9 ,vita ,nuova1 ! ,canzoni]e1 ,convivio1 ,lat9 works & lett]s1 ,div9e ,com$y4 ,arti/ic use ( ! facts & !ories ( a/ronomy4 #bec ,v4 ,,obs]vational ,,a/ronomy #a4 ,movem5ts ( ! ,moon #bfa #b4 ,movem5ts ( ! ,sun #bgj #c4 ,! ,/>s #bhc #d4 ,! ,galaxy #cjc #e4 ,! ,planets #cjg #f4 ,eclipses #caf #g4 ,comets & ,meteors #cah #h4 ,! ,sun's ,pa? 9 ! ,sky se5 f diff]5t ,p>ts ( ! ,e>? #cbb #i4 ,cele/ial ,ph5om5a & ,"t #cch ,,vi4 ,,dante',s ,,j\rney ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,?ree ,,realms3 ,,indications ,,( ,,"t ,,& ,,direction ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,skies #a4 ,"t ref]5ces 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y #cec #b4 ,! ,inf]no #cfg #c4 ,purgatory #cgc #d4 ,p>adise #cia #e4 ,positions ( ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,planets among ! ,/>s dur+ ,dante's ,vision #djb #f4 ,! ,assum$ ,date ( ! ,vision #dji ,,vii4 ,,!oretical ,,& ,,speculative ,,a/ronomy #a4 ,! ,sph]es #dbi #b4 ,! ,sph]es & ! f\r ,elem5ts #dda #c4 ,dim5sions & ,physical ,nature ( ! ,univ]se #deg #d4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,sph]es on ,human ,affairs #dga #e4 ,! ,motive ,p[] #dhj ,,viii4 ,,m$i,,val ,,& ,,mod]n ,,views ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se #dhg ,,illu/rations4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,fig4 ,,page ,,dante ,,/udy+4 ,f a fresco by ,luca ,signorelli at ,orvieto ,frontispiece #a4 ,! ,sun's ,pa? 9 ! ,sky at diff]5t ,seasons #aa #b4 ,! ,moon at ,sunset1 soon aft] ,new1 & ?ree days old #ad #c4 ,pa? ( ,m>s among ! ,/>s1 #aiji #af #d4 ,! ,/> ,sph]e #ai #e4 ,synodic & ,sid]eal ,p]iods #ba ,,/> ,,map #cd ,,! ,,moon-,,god ,,( ,,ur4 ,f a ,cyl9d]-seal 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 date ab\t ,b4,c4 #bdjj4 ,by p]mission ( ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum #cf #f4 ,! triple ,/>-sign ( ! ,babylonians #cg #g1 #h1 #i4 ,! "y ,moon & ! ,pleiades aft] sunset1 z se5 9 ,babylon1 ,b4,c4 #ajjj #db #aj4 ,! ,scorpion4 ,f a ,babylonian b\nd>y /one ( ab\t ,b4,c4 #aabj1 set up 9 ! reign ( ,nebu*adnezz> ,i4 ,n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum #dc #aa4 ,! ,goat ) ,fi%es' ,scales4 ,f a ,babylonian b\nd>y /one #dc ,,! ,,boat ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,travell+ ,,ov] ,,! ,,sky4 ,f an anci5t ,egyptian papyrus4 ,reproduc$ f ,flamm>ion's ,a/ronomical ,my?s #df #ab4 ,! ,univ]se accord+ to ,anaxim&] #ei #ac4 ,! ,univ]se ( ,leucippus #fc #ad4 ,! ,univ]se ( ,democritus #fd #ae4 ,! ,univ]se ( ,py?agoras #ga #af4 ,! ,sy/em ( ,philolaus3 night on ,e>? #gc #ag4 d4 twelve h\rs lat]3 day on ,e>? #gc #ah4 ,e>? & ,sun accord+ to ,h]aclides #gd #ai4 ,! ,sph]es ( ! ,sun 9 ! sy/em ( ,eudoxus #ij #bj4 ,me?od ( ,ari/>*us = f9d+ ! ,di/ance ( ! ,sun #ajh #ba4 ,pek9 ,obs]vatory #aad #bb4 ,a ,pek9 ,a/rolabe ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,f photographs tak5 9 #ahhh & publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit belge d',a/ronomie #aaf #bc4 ,! ,moveable ,ecc5tric #aai #bd4 ,! ,movem5t ( ,spica #abd #be4 ,! ,sun & ! ,equ9ox #abh #bf4 ,! ,movem5t ( ! ,e>?'s ,axis :i* is ! true cause ( ,precession4 ,f ,"y's ,manual ( ,a/ronomy1 #aijb #aca #bg4 ,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes #acc #bh4 ,pa? ( ,m>s1 #aiji #aci #bi4 ,! ,epicycle #aci #cj4 ,a ,planet 8retrograd+0 & 89 opposition0 #adj #ca4 ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 & ! ,sun #adb #cb4 ,! ,sun's ,def]5t #ade #cc4 ,app>5t ,v>iation 9 ! size ( ! ,sun4 ,photographs tak5 at ,kodaikanal ,obs]vatory1 ) ! spectroheliograph1 ,july #a1 #aiaa1 & ,jan4 #c1 #aiab4 ,actual size ( ! negative #adf #cd4 ,! ,moon's ,epicycle & ,def]5t #adh #ce4 ,! ,ptolemaic ,sy/em #aea #cf4 ,me?od 7errone\s7 ( e/imat+ ,planet>y ,di/ances1 describ$ by ,alfraganus #ahh #cg4 ,e>?'s ,%ad[ #aib ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,fig4 ,,page ,a ,,m$i,,val ,,a/ronom]4 ,f a pa9t+ by ,g]>d ,d[ #bjj ,,a/ronomy4 ,f a fresco 9 ! ,spani% ,*apel ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 ,flor5ce #bag #ch4 ,! ,half-,moon %ape ( ! ,habitable ,e>? 7,ri/oro7 #bdg ,,climate ,,map ,,( ,,ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaaj4 ,reproduc$ f ,beazley's ,dawn ( ,mod]n ,geography #bdh #ci4 ,sun1 ,moon1 & z5i?4 ,to illu/rate ,p>4 xxix #a-f #bfg #dj4 ,! ,zodiac & ! ,mon?s #bgf #da4 ,! ,ram on ! ,ecliptic4 ,f ! ,cosmi ,hi/oria ( ,rob]t ,flud1 ,a4,d4 #afab4 ,reproduc$ f ,br[n's ,aratos4 #bgi ,,map ,,( ,,/>s ,,visible ,,be=e ,,dawn ,,9 ,,purgatory #bie #db4 ,ursa ,m9or z a ,horn4 ,p>4 xiii4 #aj #bii #dc4 ,! ,sun at ! ,equ9ox1 se5 f ! poles & ! equator4 ,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #cbg #dd4 ,lun> & ,sol> ,eclipses #cci ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,by ,,he9ri* ,,( ,,ma9z1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaaj4 ,reproduc$ f ,beazley's ,dawn ( ,mod]n ,geography #cdd #de4 ,! ,univ]se ( ,dante #cee #df4 ,! ,signs ( ! ,zodiac at sunrise f ! ,m\nta9 ( ,purgatory #cge #dg4 ,nor!rn ,slope ( ! ,m\nta9 ( ,purgatory #cgg #dh4 ,dante's ,view ( ,e>? f ! />s4 ,p>4 xxii4 #cie #di4 d4 ,six h\rs lat]4 ,p>4 xxvii4 #cif #ej4 ,an impossible int]pretation ( ,p>4 xxvii4 #cii #ea4 ,! ,ris+ ,sun at ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,p>4 i4 #ci #djc #eb4 ,! ,moon's ,epicycle & ,def]5t #ddi #ec4 ,comp>ative sizes ( ! ,sun & 8 satellites #dij ,,abbreviat$ ,,titles ,,( ,,books ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,text4 ,dante's ,works3-- ,inf4 ,inf]no4 ,purg4 ,purgatorio4 ,p>4 ,p>adiso4 ,canz4 ,canzone4 ,son4 ,sonetto4 ,ball4 ,ballata4 ,ecl4 ,eclogue4 ,v4 ,n4 ,vita ,nuova4 ,conv4 ,convivio4 ,de ,mon4 ,de ,mon>*ia4 ,v4 ,e4 ,de ,vulg>i ,eloqu5tia4 ,ep4 ,epi/ola4 ,qu4 ,qu/io de ,aqua et ,t]ra4 ,el4 ,a/4 ,elem5ta ,a/ronomica 7,alfraganus74 ,comp4 del ,mond4 ,della ,composizione del ,mondo 7,ri/oro74 ,,dante ,,& ,,! ,,e>ly ,,a/ronom]s4 ,,introduction4 ,9 a beautiful passage ( ! ,convivio ,dante describes h[ he fir/ began to devote himself dilig5tly to sci5ce & philosophy4 ,:5 ! g5tle s\l ( ,beatrice _h pass$ to heav51 a great d>kness fell ^u him3 ! /reets ( ,flor5ce 7 to him z a des]t$ city1 & 8 life empty & purposeless4 ,x 0 long be=e he c\ld f9d any com=t1 b at la/ he be?\ght himself ( /udy+ a book by ,bo?ius1 :o :5 exil$1 imprison$1 & unju/ly condemn$ to dea?1 _h /r5g!n$ 8 s\l ) ! 8,consolations ( ,philosophy40 ,?is l$ him on to ,cic]o's book 8,on ,fri5d%ip10 9 :i* ,llius expla9s h[ he is consol$ = ! dea? ( ,scipio4 ,books 9 ^? days c\ld only be _h 9 manuscript1 full ( abbreviations1 & (t5 also ( errors1 & at fir/ ! "y /ud5t f\nd ! ,lat9 h>d to ma/]2 b z he /ruggl$ on1 half deciph]+ & half div9+ ! mean+1 ! mi/s cle>$ a little1 & ! weight 0 lift$ f bra9 & he>t4 ,) elation he discov]$ t obscure passages 7 becom+ lum9\s1 & to ! exhil>at+ s5se ( conque/ 0 add$ ! joy ( f9d+1 beautifully express$1 ?\ghts :i* _h already float$ 9 8 own m9d1 b dimly1 z 9 a dream4 ,he comp>es himself to "o :o1 seek+ silv]1 %\ld light 7n )\t ,div9e guidance7 on a treasure ( gold2 = he f\nd n only relief f 8 te>s1 b a door into a new _w ( lit]ature1 philosophy1 & sci5ce4 ,h5ce=?1 he tells u1 he eag]ly frequ5t$ ! s*ools ( ! religi\s ord]s & ! discussions ( ! philosoph]s2 & h[ ext5sive & ?or\gh 0 8 le>n+ we c see 9 8 writ+s4 ,9 !m we f9d a reflection ( ?irte5?-c5tury ?\ght 9 e field ( intellectual rese>*4 ,among all 8 /udies 0 "o :i* evid5tly _h a great attraction = him1 ev5 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,vita ,nuova1 be=e le>n+ _h become a passion4 ,a/ronomy appeal$ to _m sides ( 8 nature4 ,! beauty ( ! skies /irr$ 8 imag9ation2 _! sugge/ive symbolism t\*$ 8 religi\s s5se2 ! h>mony ( ! cele/ial movem5ts & ! accuracy ) :i* !y c be =etold delight$ 8 in/9ct = ord] & precision4 ,he mu/ h read1 & p]haps possess$1 "s ( ! be/ text-books !n available1 & he grasp$ ) s+ul> cle>ness ! ph5om5a obs]v$ & ! !ories taught 9 8 day4 ,8 works are full ( allusions to a/ronomy4 ,9 ! ,vita ,nuova he f9ds pleasure 9 connect+ ! /ory ( 8 lady ) ! revolutions ( ! sph]es2 9 ! ,convivio he tea*es ! elem5ts ( ! sci5ce2 9 ! ,vision ( ! ,div9e ,com$y he j\rneys ?r\gh ! univ]se z x 0 depict$ by m$ival a/ronom]s2 & ?r\gh\t 8 works are scatt]$ similes drawn f cele/ial ph5om5a & descriptions ( 8le belle cose *e porta il ciel40#a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #a 8,! fair ?+s t ,heav5 holds40 ,inf]no ,,xxxiv4 #acg1 #ach4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!re=e1 = full enjoym5t & und]/&+ ( ,dante's works x is necess>y to h a rudim5t>y k ( a/ronomy4 ,_m ( 8 read]s ?9k t ,dante's a/ronomy is v complicat$ & difficult to und]/&4 ,:at makes x seem difficult is t 9 ?is age we are g5]ally unfamili> ) ! skies4 ,we d n eat our breakfa/ or g to our (fice by ! sun1 nor d we wat* ! />s to see :5 gr\se-%oot+ beg9s or ! summ] holidays end4 ,if x is important = u to "k at :at h\r ! sun sets & lamps mu/ be light$1 or if we wi% to see a view by moonlight1 we consult an almanac4 ,:5 we ?9k at all ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 our notions are usually tak5 f diagrams & tables1 n f :at is actually se5 9 ! skies4 ,we only ?9k1 = in/ance1 ( ! seasons z caus$ by ! e>?'s j\rney r\nd ! sun1 & ! tilt ( h] axis3 !re=e1 :5 ,dante speaks ( ,v5us z a ,morn+ ,/> veil+ ! ,fi%es ) h] rays1 or ! horn ( ! ,cele/ial ,goat t\*+ ! sun1 x conveys little1 al?\gh ! seasons ( spr+ & ( w9t] are z cle>ly indicat$ z if he _h spok5 ( ! blossom+ ( primroses or ! fall ( sn[4 ,:5 ,cacciaguida1 9 ! heav5 ( ,m>s1 tells ! date ( 8 bir? by c\nt+ h[ _m times ! planet _h s9ce !n return$ to 8 ,lion1 ^? :o only ?9k ( ,m>s z circl+ r\nd ! ,sun1 & h nev] trac$ 8 pa? among ! />s1 are at a loss1 & ?9k ! me?od v f>-fet*$4 ,a %ort description1 & especially a little individual wat*+1 ( ! app>5t movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 w\ld put u 9 a position to realize ! mean+ ( a l>ge numb] ( ,dante's a/ronomical descriptions & allusions1 )\t any k ( any !ory4 ,o!rs compla9 t ! subject is dull4 ,dante's a/ronomy1 :5 int]pret$ only by means ( notes on s+le passages1 is und\bt$ly dull--z dull z ! hi/ory ( 8 own times le>n$ 9 ! same way4 ,b :5 ei!r subject is /udi$ z a :ole ^! passages acquire a special int]e/2 & !y 9 _! turn give new life to ! subject !y illu/rate4 ,o!r read]s say t ,dante's a/ronomy is s entirely false & obsolete t x is n wor? /udy4 ,?is is h>dly true4 ,:]e ,dante speaks ( appe>ances he is rem>kably accurate1 f> m s ?an mo/ mod]n arti/s & writ]s ( fiction4 ,:]e he speaks ( ! heav5s z he supposes !m actually to exi/1 he is int]pret+ ! appe>ances accord+ to ! a/ronomical !ories ( 8 day1 ) :i* he 0 v well acqua9t$4 ,?is int]pretation 0 n correct1 b x 0 an +5i\s & beautiful sy/em1 & v successful 9 s f> z x enabl$ a/ronom]s to calculate ! positions ( sun1 moon1 />s1 & planets = any date4 ,its ma9 outl9es c be expla9$ 9 a few pages1 ) ! help ( a c\ple ( diagrams1 b :5 pres5t$ ?us1 especially to ^? unfamili> ) ! skies1 x seems v /range & artificial4 ,to appreciate x at its true wor?1 we mu/ "k j :at are ! ph5om5a x 0 int5d$ to expla91 & trace its gradual developm5t out ( man's fir/ cle> p]ception t ! movem5ts ( sun1 moon1 & />s foll[ un*ang+ laws4 ,! /ory ( ?is developm5t is ( en?rall+ int]e/1 & aft] ! sy/em _h be5 complet$ by "o ( ! greate/ ma!maticians ! _w has se51 its lat] hi/ory reads l a romance4 ,?\gh ( classical ,greek orig91 x 0 almo/ :olly lo/ to ,europe = _m c5turies1 x return$ at la/ 9 ,ori5tal dress1 & its f9al =m 0 giv5 by a dev\t & le>n$ ,dom9ican fri>4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,dante 0 born1 & ! s*ol>-poet immortaliz$ ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ( a/ronomy 9 8 v]se1 add+ to its popul>ity 9 8 own day1 & mak+ x kn[n to ?\s&s ( read]s s9ce1 :o might o!rwise sc>cely h he>d ( x4 ,dante's a/ronomy1 !re=e1 is ( wide & deep significance4 ,to /udy its hi/ory is to le>n a *apt] 9 ! developm5t ( ! human intellect2 to see ! univ]se ) 8 eyes is to "k h[ x appe>$1 n only to 8 contempor>ies b to m5 9 _m l&s & _m c5turies4 ,! sy/em ( ,ptolemy 0 already a ?\s& ye>s old :5 ,dante /udi$ x1 & x cont9u$ to be taught long aft] ,cop]nicus _h introduc$ a tru] "o2 nor has x ev] be5 completely swept away1 = mu* t x taught 0 accurate4 ,! new a/ronomy has develop$ f ! old1 & be>s traces to ?is day1 9 its phraseology1 its writt5 symbols1 & its me?ods1 ( ! _m races & ages :i* h contribut$ to its progress4 ,?is book1 !re=e1 is divid$ into two p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/1 ,i put be=e my read]s ! elem5t>y facts :i* =m ! f\ndations ^u :i* all a/ronomy is bas$1 ! movem5ts ( sun1 moon1 />s1 & planets1 s f> z !y c be easily obs]v$ by ! nak$ eye2 !n foll[s a sket* ( ! attempts :i* 7 made to int]pret ^! obs]vations f v e>ly days until ,dante's "t4 ,unnecess>y te*nicalities are avoid$1 b we %all try to ent] into ! ?\ghts ( pa/ g5]ations conc]n+ ! />s1 to see :y !y 7 int]e/$1 h[ !y work$1 :at h9d]$ & :at help$ !m 9 _! se>* = tru?4 ,9 ! second "p1 we %all exam9e ,dante's works1 & see h[ famili> he 0 ) ! movem5ts ( ! skies1 & h[ well he und]/ood ! !ories :i* 9 8 "t 7 held to expla9 !m4 ,we %all see h[ a/ronomy 0 g5]ally reg>d$ 9 8 day1 :at books he read1 & :i* au?ors influ5c$ him mo/4 ,we %all see h[ false is ! ass]tion (t5 made t 9 ! ,middle ,ages m5 /udi$ a/ronomy only = ! sake ( a/rology1 & h[ closely ! sci5ce ( ! />s 0 connect$ ) religion & ! l(tie/ speculations ( philosophy4 ,we %all also exam9e 9 p>ticul> "s difficult passages connect$ ) a/ronomy :i* occur 9 ,dante's works1 b my aim is n s mu* to expla9 all ! a/ronomical ref]5ces z to put ! read] 9 a position to attempt an explanation himself4 ,my greate/ ambition is to %>e ) o!rs ! pleasure ,i h _h 9 le>n+ :at ,dante knew & ?\ght ab\t ! />s1 & :o 7 ! ma/] build]s :o _h erect$ ?r\gh ! ages ! sy/em s vividly pictur$ 9 8 immortal poem4 ,,fir/ ,,"p4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,,f ,,primitive ,,times ,,until ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,dante4 ,i4 ,,app>5t ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,heav5ly ,,bodies ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,e>?4 ,! />s appe> to u l po9ts ( light1 diff]+ greatly 9 brightness1 & scatt]$ v irregul>ly ov] ! dome above u4 ,all are mov+1 "s mu* m quickly ?an o!rs1 yet a little att5tion %[s t !y d n *ange _! relative positions1 & !re=e t all mu/ %>e 9 "o connect$ movem5t4 ,if1 = in/ance1 any "o gr\p be s+l$ out1 & look$ = aga9 "s h\rs lat]1 x w be evid5t t x has mov$ consid]ably z a :ole1 yet ! />s compos+ x h kept ! same places ) reg>d to "o ano!r4 ,c>eful & prolong$ obs]vations prove t to obs]v]s 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e "o /> has h>dly any p]ceptible movem5t1 t ^? ne>e/ to x sweep r\nd x 9 small circles1 & ^? fur!r away 9 l>g] & l>g] circles1 p>ts ( :i* are hidd5 bel[ ! horizon4 ,all ^! circl+s are p]=m$ 9 ! same "t1 & !re=e ! />s ne> ! /ation>y po9t move m sl[ly 9 _! small circles ?an ^? fur!r away4 ,all ?is is precisely :at we %\ld see if ! sky 7 a great holl[ sph]e1 turn+ ab\t ! e>? on an axis :i* runs close to ! almo/ /ation>y />--kn[n !re=e z ! ,pole ,/>4 ,! direction is f ea/ to we/1 & a complete revolution is made 9 a day & night4 ,we c plot ! />s on a globe1 & draw an equator on x1 :i* w ev]y:]e be at an equal di/ance f ! poles1 & we may add o!r circles1 z on a t]re/rial globe3 !n ! position ( ea* /> c be ref]r$ to ^! circles z t[ns on e>? are f\nd by latitude & longitude1 & ! pa? ( any mov+ body1 su* z a comet1 may be trac$4 ,! />s fade out :5 ! sun rises1 b he too sweeps across ! sky z ?\gh c>ri$ r\nd by ! same sph]e1 & he sets l !m1 9 ! we/4 ,has he a fix$ place on ! sph]e1 keep+ always ! same position relatively to ! />s8 ,no1 = 9 ! place :]e he has j set we d n always see ! same />s4 ,night aft] night ^? :i* 7 cle> 9 ! we/]n sky z soon z x 0 d>k en\gh to see !m1 gr[ clos] to him1 till at la/ !y are lo/ 9 8 twilight beams4 ,?us ! sun1 ?\gh %>+ 9 ! daily ea/ to we/ movem5t1 has a sl[ movem5t ( 8 own on ! sky-sph]e1 slipp+ back f we/ to ea/1 until 9 a ye> he has accompli%$ ! :ole r\nd1 & sets aga9 among ! same />s4 ,moreov]1 ?is peculi> movem5t ( ! sun is n a m]e lagg+ beh9d ! />s1 = 8 we/ to ea/ motion is comb9$ ) a nor? & s\? motion4 ,if we note ! />-gr\ps :i* are j beh9d him :5 he sets 7or j be=e him :5 he rises71 we %all f9d t !y =m a great circle r\nd ! globe1 half ( :i* lies nor? & half s\? ( ! cele/ial equator4 ,! ,greeks nam$ ?is circle ! ,zodiac1 or 8,pa? ( ! ,animals10 because ! />-gr\ps =m+ x 7 mo/ly call$ by ! names ( animals 7! ,ram1 ,lion1 ,fi%es1 etc474 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! mo/ nor!rly "p ( ! zodiac x is summ] 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e2 :5 he is 9 ! mo/ s\!rly1 x is summ] 9 ! s\?4 7,see ,map74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,sun's pa? 9 ! sky at diff]5t seasons4 ,?is nor? & s\? motion ( ! sun may be not$ m directly 9 ano!r way4 ,se5 f any giv5 place on ! e>?1 ea* /> rises & sets at ! same po9ts ( ! horizon always1 & has ! same c\rse 9 ! sky2 b ! ris+ & sett+ po9ts ( ! sun1 :i* on ab\t ! #ba/ ( ,m>* are due ea/ & we/1 travel daily fur!r nor?1 & ! sun m\nts daily high] 9 nor!rn skies until ab\t ! #bj? ( ,june2 !n he returns t[>ds ! s\?1 pass+ ! ea/ & we/ po9ts aga9 ab\t ,septemb] #bc1 & rea*es 8 fur!/ po9t s\? ab\t ,decemb] #ba4 7,! dates v>y slightly ow+ to ,leap ,ye>74 ,! dates on :i* ! sun rea*es 8 fur!/ nor? & fur!/ s\? po9ts 9 ?is ye>ly j\rney are call$ ! 8sol/ices10 because 8 motion seems to be *eck$1 & he pauses or 8/&s0 be=e rev]s+ 8 direction2 ! dates on :i* he passes ! midway po9t are ! 8equ9oxes10 because at ^? po9ts he is on ! equator1 & makes day & night equal all ov] ! e>?4 ,! "t tak5 by ! sun to pass f "o v]nal 7spr+7 equ9ox to ano!r is #cfe days1 #e h\rs1 #dh m9utes1 #de seconds4 ,s9ce ?is sl[ motion along ! zodiac is f we/ to ea/1 contr>y to ! rapid ea/ to we/ motion :i* he %>es ) all ! />s1 he takes a little long] to complete a daily revolution ?an !y d2 & if we reckon a sol> day z consi/+ ( #bd h\rs1 a 8sid]eal0 7or />7 day is equal to #bc h\rs1 #ef m9utes1 #d seconds4 ,^! are v elem5t>y facts1 b !y are ! fundam5tal facts ( a/ronomy1 & )\t recollect+ & hold+ !m cle>ly 9 m9d we _c und]/& ,dante's allusions1 nor see ! fitness ( any a/ronomical sy/em1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,to ^? :o h only read ab\t a/ronomy 9 books1 & h n wat*$ ! skies1 !y may be puzzl+1 & ,i w\ld beg ^! read]s to make a few simple obs]vations = !mselves1 z ?is w help !m m ?an any writt5 explanation c ev] d to see ! heav5s ) ,dante's eyes4 ,to appreciate ! connect$ movem5t ( ! :ole sky1 "s bright />s ne> ! ,pole %\ld fir/ be wat*$1 su* z ! ,great ,be> & ,cassiopeia1 or = ^? 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 ,canopus1 ,a*]n>4 ,_! motions %\ld be comp>$ ) ^? ( bright />s ne> ! equator1 su* z ,orion1 ,virgo1 or ,aquila4 ,! con/ellations ( ! zodiac %\ld be /udi$1 & notes made ( ! seasons at :i* ea* disappe>s 9 ! rays ( ! sun4 ,! sun's nor? & s\? movem5ts c be easily recogniz$ by not+ at :at po9ts ( ! horizon he rises or sets at diff]5t times ( ! ye>2 & ! diff]5t heights to :i* he rises 9 ! sky are mo/ simply obs]v$ by m>k+ ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ ( "s tree or pole at midday4 ,or if "s r\gh k9d ( gnomon#b be made1 ev5 a flat piece ( wood1 laid on a sunny w9d[-sill1 ) a long nail driv5 v]tically into x1 ! movem5t & v>y+ l5g? ( ! %ad[1 f h\r to h\r1 & f day to day1 w make "o realize vividly ! diurnal & ! seasonal movem5t ( ! sun4 ,?is device1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 0 probably ! fir/ a/ronomical in/rum5t inv5t$1 & by its means anci5t a/ronom]s 9 _m l&s solv$ important problems4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #b ,greek gnomon1 an int]pret]4 ,a pole set up 9 ord] to %[ ! l5g? ( %ad[ ?r[n by ! sun4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is n necess>y to expla9 t ! daily app>5t movem5ts are caus$ 9 reality by ! e>?'s rotation on h] axis1 & ! ye>ly app>5t movem5ts by h] revolution r\nd ! sun4 ,^! are ! book-le>n$ facts :i* = ! mo/ "p obscure our p]ception ( ! v ?+s on :i* !y are bas$4 ,i w\ld ask ! read] to d 8 be/1 = ! mom5t1 to =get !m4 ,! movem5ts ( ! moon among ! />s are mu* m easily obs]v$ ?an ^? ( ! sun1 s9ce we c see ! />s at ! same "t1 & h] revolution is mu* m rapid4 ,%e also is app>5tly c>ri$ r\nd ) ! daily ea/ to we/ movem5t1 & %e also has a we/ to ea/ motion ( h] own1 b s fa/ t x takes h] r\nd ! /> sph]e 9 "o mon?1 in/ead ( "o ye>4 ,?is revolution also takes place 9 ! zodiac4 ,%e is fir/ visible z a f9e cresc5t1 j foll[+ ! sun1 9 ! we/1 aft] he has set2 next night %e is m>k$ly fur!r f ! sun1 on h] ea/w>d c\rse1 & is a l>g] cresc5t2 %e cont9ues increas+ h] di/ance f ! sun & ! size ( h] disc1 until1 z full moon1 %e is ris+ 9 ! ea/ :5 ! sun sets opposite h] 9 ! we/1 & sett+ :5 ! sun rises4 ,aft] ?is1 %e beg9s to wane1 &1 /ill travell+ 9 ! same direction1 rises lat] & lat] at night1 & sets 9 ! day2 %e draws gradually ne>] to ! sun on ! we/]n side1 till at la/1 z a f9e cresc5t ) ! horns turn$ 9 ! o!r direction 7i4e4 always away f ! sun71 %e appe>s j be=e ! ris+ sun 9 ! ea/4 ,!n = a %ort "t %e is lo/ 9 8 rays1 till %e em]ges z a new moon on ! sunset side aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,! ,moon at ,sunset4 ,! moon completes a revolution among ! />s 9 #bg days1 #h h\rs2 b x takes h] a little long] to come up ) ! sun aga91 s9ce he has mean:ile be5 mov+ 9 ! same direction along 8 ye>ly pa?2 & ! #8synodic' mon?1 or p]iod f "o new moon to ! next1 is #bi days1 #ac h\rs4 ,z well z ! mov+ sun & ! mov+ moon1 !re are five o!r bodies1 visible to ! nak$ eye1 :i* move among ! />s4 ,!y look l />s1 b _! movem5ts w\ld lead u r to class !m ) sun & moon4 ,!y also are 9 ! zodiac1 & !y also1 :ile c>ri$ r\nd ) ! univ]sal movem5t f ea/ to we/1 revolve sl[ly1 ea* 9 its own p]iod1 f we/ to ea/4 ,b _! motions are m complicat$ ?an ^? ( sun & moon4 ,two1 :i* we call ,v5us & ,m]cury1 are nev] se5 v f> f ! sun1 & !y oscillate f side to side1 sometimes appe>+ be=e him ne> sunrise1 & sometimes aft] him at sunset4 ,m]cury keeps close/ to ! sun1 & is n s bright1 & !re=e less easy to see2 b ,v5us is a brilliant object :5 %e gradually sw+s out fur!r f ! sun1 rema9+ long] ea* ev5+ aft] sunset 9 ! we/]n sky4 ,!n %e gradually draws back1 clos] to ! sun1 is lo/ 9 8 rays1 & a few days aft] beg9s to appe> on 8 o!r side1 z a ,morn+ ,/>1 visible 9 ! ea/ be=e sunrise4 ,"h %e sw+s out aga91 l a p5dulum1 to h] fur!/ di/ance we/1 & !n draws 9 aga91 j z %e did on ! sunset side ( ! sun4 ,9 ?is way1 sw++ sl[ly f side to side ( ! sun1 ,m]cury & ,v5us make ) him ! circuit ( ! zodiac1 complet+ a revolution f we/ to ea/ 9 ab\t a ye>4 ,! av]age p]iod ( ,m]cury's oscillation1 c\nt+1 = in/ance1 f "o ,greate/ ,we/]n ,elongation 7i4e4 fur!/ di/ance f ! sun on ! we/7 to ! next1 is #aaf days2 t ( ,v5us is #ehd days4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,! ,pa? ( ,m>s among ! ,/>s1 #aiji4 ,! o!r ?ree 8w&]+ />s0--or 8planets10#c z !y 7 nam$ by ! anci5t ,greeks--,m>s1 ,jupit] & ,saturn1 are also (t5 se5 z morn+ or ev5+ />s ne> ! sun1 b !y d n always accompany him1 l ,v5us & ,m]cury4 ,!y may be se5 at any di/ance f him1 ev5 exactly opposite1 s t !y rise z he sets4 ,!y keep z /rictly to ! zodiac1 h[ev]1 & travel 9 x f we/ to ea/1 9 p]iods ( approximately two1 twelve1 & ?irty ye>s respectively2 & _! pa?s are also complicat$ by oscillations4 ,p]iodically !y slack5 spe$1 /op1 & g back a little di/ance among ! />s1 !n !y slack51 /op1 & advance aga94 ,^! *anges are te*nically call$ direct motion1 /ations or /ation>y po9ts1 & retrograde motion4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #c ,greek planetes1 a w&]]4 ,?is "n 0 orig9ally giv5 to ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & also to sun & moon1 = x indicat$ all ! kn[n heav5ly bodies :i* *ang$ _! places among ! />s4 ,9 mod]n usage x is n appli$ to ! sun1 b only to 8 satellites1 ( :i* _m m are n[ kn[n4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x mu/ h orig9ally tak5 _m ye>s ( pati5t wat*+ to discov] & di/+ui% all ^! planets4 ,9 ^! days1 by means ( an almanac & "s k ( ! con/ellations1 !y may easily be f\nd & trac$4 ,m>s & ,v5us move quickly dur+ "p ( ! "t !y are visible1 & if sket*es be made ( _! positions among ! />s1 & _! pa?s m>k$ = a few weeks1 a v good idea may be ga9$ ( ! motions ( planets z se5 9 ! skies4 ,once aga91 x is n necess>y to expla9 "h t ^! movem5ts ( ! planets are due p>tly to _! revolution r\nd ! sun1 & p>tly to ! ,e>?'s motion4 ,nor ne$ we1 = our pres5t purpose1 consid] !m 9 any detail3 all t is important to realize is ! g5]al "* ( ! movem5ts1 & _! lik5ess to ^? ( sun & moon4 ,! di/ances1 & !re=e ! sizes1 ( all ! heav5ly bodies are completely beyond measurem5t1 except ) in/rum5ts & ref9$ me?ods2 _! physical nature c\ld only be guess$ at be=e ! discov]ies ( univ]sal gravitation & spectrum analysis1 9 ! #ag? & #ai? c5turies ( our era4 ,all t c be obs]v$ by nak$ eye a/ronomy is diff]5ce ( brightness & col\r2 z = in/ance ! contra/ betwe5 ruddy ,m>s & :ite ,jupit]2 ! /eadi] light ( all ! planets z comp>$ ) />s2 & ! int]e/+ fact t ! moon %9es by reflect$ sunlight1 :i* is made evid5t by ! connection betwe5 h] phases & h] position ) reg>d to ! sun4 ,h] surface1 too1 is cle>ly se5 to be div]sifi$ by d>k m>k+s ( def9ite %ape1 b on no o!r body 9 all ! sky c we make out ! lea/ detail )\t a telescope4 ,! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 !re=e1 :i* /ill =m "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( a/ronomy1 7 almo/ all t c\ld be /udi$ by anci5t a/ronom]s1 & gave !m ! only key !y _h to ! problems ( ! univ]se4 ,to sum up3--,! *ief app>5t movem5ts ( ! heav5s1 visible to ! nak$ eye1 are eight1 viz3-- ,! daily revolution ( ! entire heav5s1 c>ry+ ) x e visible cele/ial body1 9 a little less ?an #bd h\rs2 ! revolutions ( sun1 moon1 & five nak$ eye planets1 9 sev5 diff]5t p]iods4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is f ea/ to we/1 & is by f> ! mo/ rapid4 ,! axis ( revolution passes ?r\gh two po9ts :i* we call ! cele/ial poles1 & ! motion is p>allel to ! cele/ial equator4 ,all ! o!rs are 9 ! ma9 f we/ to ea/1 ?\gh ! progress ( ! planets is complicat$ by p]iodical retrograde movem5ts4 ,all take place 9 ! zodiac1 :i* is a s]ies ( con/ellations =m+ a great b& r\nd ! heav5s4 ,! pa? ( ! sun is a great circle ?r\gh ?is1 call$ ! ,ecliptic 7because eclipses c only happ5 :5 ! moon is also on x72 & ! pa?s ( moon & planets are slightly & v>i\sly incl9$ to x4 ,?us ! daily pa? ( a /> is affect$ only by ! simple uni=m movem5t ( ! entire heav5 79 reality ! rotation ( ! ,e>?7 b ! daily pa? ( a planet1 or ( ! sun or moon1 results f a comb9ation ( ?is g5]al movem5t ) its own peculi> movem5t1 :i* is g5]ally 9 ! opposite direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,! /> sph]e4 ,if x is difficult to conceive a body mov+ simultane\sly 9 two diff]5t directions1 an e>?ly analogy w make x easy4 ,on a great mov+ plat=m1 su* z t :i* encircl$ ! ,p>is ,exhibition 9 #aijj1 !re are fix$ po/s etc4 :i* revolve exactly z ! :ole plat=m revolves & d n move ab\t among/ !mselves4 ,^! are l ! fix$ />s on ! 7app>5tly7 revolv+ sph]e4 ,b human be+s are free to add _! own movem5ts to t giv5 !m by ! plat=m on :i* !y /&4 ,"o man turns 8 back & walks /eadily & v sl[ly 9 ! opposite direction1 & s he neutralizes "p ( ! plat=m movem5t & is n c>ri$ onw>d q s quickly z ! /ation>y po/s3 he is ! sun4 ,a woman walks z he does1 b mu* m quickly1 s t %e rapidly passes _m po/s1 al?\gh all ! "t %e is be+ c>ri$ backw>ds ) !m3 %e is ! moon4 ,*ildr5 run backw>ds & =w>ds3 !y are ! planets4 ,f9ally1 if all ^! p are also con/antly cross+ ! plat=m sl[ly f "r to left & back aga91 _! movem5ts w be oblique to ! plat=m movem5t & w imitate ! nor? & s\? movem5ts ( sun1 moon1 & planets4 ,x is 9 ?is fa%ion t ! movem5ts ( ! skies pres5t !mselves to c>eful obs]v]s on ?is seem+ly /ation>y e>?2 & 9 ! y\? ( ! _w ^! app>5t movem5ts 7 believ$ to be real4 ,! anci5ts ?\ght t ! sky 0 actually revolv+ r\nd a /eadfa/ e>?1 :ile ! sun & moon & c]ta9 o!r 8w&]+ />s0 _h 9 addition v>i\s motions peculi> to !mselves4 ,! table ( p]iods :i* foll[s 7see pp4 #bb-bc7 w be f\nd useful = occasional ref]5ce4 ,"s ( ! t]ms us$ w be expla9$ lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ,synodic & ,sid]eal ,p]iods4 ,! arr[s %[ ! direction ( ! ,moon's mon?ly & ! ,sun's ye>ly revolutions 9 ! zodiac1 z se5 f ,e>?4 ,:5 ! ,moon is opposite ! ,sun1 = in/ance 9 ,libra :ile he is 9 ,aries1 %e is full4 ,9 #bg days %e returns to ! same place among ! />s1 & ?is is a ,,sid]eal ,,mon?4 ,b ! ,sun mean:ile has mov$ into ,taurus1 & n until ! ,moon has rea*$ ,scorpio1 opposite to him1 w %e be full aga91 & complete h] ,,synodic ,,mon? 7#bi days74 ,,revolutions ,,( ,,sun1 ,,moon1 ,,& ,,planets ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,e>?4 ,days4 ,hrs4 ,m9s4 ,secs4 ,tropical ,sol> ,ye>3 p]iod f "o v]nal equ9ox to ano!r1 or f "o summ] sol/ice to ! next1 c4 #cfe #e #dh #dee 7,our civil ye> is bas$ on ?is74 ,sid]eal ,ye>3 p]iod betwe5 two successive returns ( ! sun to any /> on 8 pa? #cfe #f #i #hi ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( ye> is due to ,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes1 vide infra1 p4 #bc4 ,days4 ,hrs4 ,m9s4 ,secs4 ,sol> ,day3 p]iod betwe5 two successive passages ( ! sun across ! m]idian 7noon7 -- #bd #j #j ,sid]eal ,day3 p]iod betwe5 two successive passages ( a /> across ! m]idian -- #bc #ef #d ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( day is due to lag ( ! sun beh9d ! />s1 8 daily motion we/w>d be+ slightly ret>d$ by 8 sl[ ye>ly motion ea/w>d4 ,days4 ,hrs4 ,m9s4 ,secs4 ,mean ,synodic ,mon?3 p]iod betwe5 two full moons #bi #ab #dd #bh ,mean ,sid]eal ,mon?3 p]iod betwe5 two successive returns ( moon to any /> on h] pa? #bg #g #dc #aae ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( mon?s is due to ! fact t :ile ! moon is mak+ h] revolution among ! />s1 ! sun is also mov+ sl[ly on 9 ! same direction4 ,days4 ,hrs4 ,m9s4 ,secs4 ,mean ,anomali/ic ,mon?3 p]iod betwe5 p]igee & p]igee 7vide infra7 #bg #ac #ah #cgd ,,planets3--,mean ,synodic ,revolution3 p]iod betwe5 two successive conjunctions ) ! sun1 & mean zodiacal revolution3 p]iod ( revolution r\nd ! zodiac4 ,mean ,synodic ,revolution4 ,mean ,zodiacal ,revolution4 ,m]cury #aaf ,days#d #aj ,ye>s ,v5us #ehd 0 #aj 0 ,m>s #ghj 0 #ahh 0 ,jupit] #cii 0 #aahf 0 ,saturn #cdh 0 #bidf 0 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #d ,fractions omitt$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,precession ,,( ,,equ9oxes3 #ejbe seconds ( arc 9 "o ye>2 t is1 #cfj degrees 7a revolution among ! />s ( ! zodiac7 9 #be1hjj ye>s ne>ly4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,note4 ,z ^! pages are pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 a lett] f ,mr4 ,maund] appe>s 9 ,! ,obs]vatory = ,augu/ #aiac on 8,! ,orig9 ( ! ,con/ellations10 & ?is %\ld be consult$ by anyone int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,mr4 ,maund] po9ts out t ,ptolemy gives u mu* m precise in=mation ?an ,aratus reg>d+ ! s\!rn limits ( ! anci5t con/ellations1 & t ! *anges :i* he says he v5tur$ to make 9 _! traditional =ms are extremely insignificant4 ,mr4 ,maund] fur!r obs]ves t ! cele/ial equator ( ,aratus _c give any clue to ! orig9 ( ! con/ellations 7z ,r4 ,br[n sugge/$71 b only to ! date ( ! "w f :i* ,aratus copi$1 :5 "s a/ronom] _h drawn ! equator ?r\gh ! con/ellations4 ,a slight alt]ation ( ! text1 ,mr4 ,maund] says1 w\ld give a correct equator = ! date ,b4,c4 #ajjj4 ,see also ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,maund]'s article 9 ,mon?ly ,notices ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society = ,m>* #aijd4 ,proctor's 8,orig9 ( ! ,con/ellation ,figures0 is 9 8 book ,my?s & ,m>vels ( ,a/ronomy4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,! sky appe>s to u l an ar*1 embrac+ all our lives1 ,dante says4#e ,f ! dawn ( intellig5ce man mu/ h recogniz$ 8 dep5d5ce ^u ! all-embrac+ heav5s1 especially ! sun1 )\t :i* life w\ld be impossible4 ,! consci\sness express$ itself 9 _m ways3 9 adoration ( ! sky1 ! sun1 moon1 & ho/s ( heav52 9 sup]/iti\s fe> :i* reg>d$ ev5ts on e>? z directly controll$ by ! heav5ly bodies2 9 c>eful wat*+ & record+ ( _! movem5ts = useful purposes4 ,?us1 long be=e a/ronomy became an exact sci5ce1 & 0 /udi$ simply = its own sake1 pati5t obs]v]s _h laid ! f\ndations1 & 7 famili> ) _m ( ! movem5ts we h be5 describ+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #e ,conv4 ,,iv41 xxiii4 #ef1 #eg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,^! are ( great importance to primitive man4 ,sun1 moon1 & />s are invaluable z guides1 especially at sea1 & we "k t ! anci5t ,greek m>9]s us$ to /e] _! %ips by obs]vations ( ! ,great ,be>1 :ile ! ,pho5icians pref]r$ to use ! ,little ,be> = ?is purpose4 ,b ! /ronge/ & mo/ univ]sal inc5tive to c>eful & prolong$ /udy ( ! skies is our complete dep5d5ce ^u !m = ! measurem5t ( "t4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 ! ,jews1 ! ,greeks1 & probably e o!r nation1 divid$ ! day simply into morn+1 noon1 & ev5+1 accord+ z ! sun 0 ris+1 or app>5tly /ation>y1 or s9k+1 ) reg>d to ! horizon2 & ! passage ( "s bright />s indicat$ ! "t at night4 ,b at a v e>ly p]iod ! fir/ ( all a/ronomical in/rum5ts 0 inv5t$1 by :i* ! sun's v>y+ height c be measur$3 h5ce ! "t ( noon1 ! dates ( equ9oxes & sol/ices1 & ! l5g? ( ! sol> ye> c be det]m9$4 ,! gnomon 9 its simple/ =m is a pole set up v]tically on a smoo? level surface1 on :i* its %ad[ z ca/ by ! sun c be obs]v$4 ,! mom5t ( %orte/ %ad[ m>ks ! middle ( ! day1 ! %orte/ midday %ad[ m>ks ! summ] sol/ice1 ! longe/ ! w9t] sol/ice1 ! equ9oxes fall+ betwe54 ,! in/rum5t also indicates ! po9ts ( ! compass1 = ! sun is always due s\? 9 nor!rn latitudes at midday3 h5ce ! ,lat9 ^w m]idies 7,fr5* midi7 means s\? z well z midday1 & ! ,m]idian 9 a/ronomy is a l9e :i* passes ?r\gh ! nor? & s\? po9ts & ! z5i?1 & is cross$ by ! sun at midday4 ,! gnomon 0 said to h be5 introduc$ into ,greece by ,anaxim&] ab\t #fjj ,b4,c41 & ! ,babylonians claim$ to be ! inv5tors1 b x 0 probably inv5t$ indep5d5tly by sev]al races4 ,! ,*9ese c]ta9ly obs]v$ ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ,b4,c41 & ! v int]e/+ fact has rec5tly come to light t a tribe 9 a hi!rto unexplor$ "p ( ,borneo use su* an in/rum5t1 inv5t$ by !mselves4 ,!y set up a po/ ab\t #f ft4 high1 & ?r[ ov] ! top a piece ( /r+ weight$ at ea* end to %[ :5 x is v]tical2 ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ ca/ by ! po/ is measur$ ) a not*$ /ick4 ,by ?is means !y tell ! "t ( day2 & !y also obs]ve ! sun 7presumably ) ! gnomon7 to "k ! "r season = plant+ _! rice4#f ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #f ,dr4 ,c4 ,hose1 9 8,travel & ,exploration10 = ,feb4 #aiaj1 quot$ 9 8,nature10 ,feb4 #ag1 #aiaj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,h[ev] r\gh ! fir/ gnomon may h be51 its importance c sc>cely be ov]rat$1 = x introduc$ measurem5t & calculation into obs]vation ( ! sun's movem5ts1 & x is ! ance/or ( our mod]n sextants1 transit telescopes1 & o!r in/rum5ts ( precision4 ,x 0 also ! beg9n+ ( ! sundial4 ,! c\rse foll[$ by ! mov+ end ( ! %ad[ 0 trac$ on ! gr\nd1 & divid$ into equal p>ts3 h5ce arose ! cu/om :i* ! ,greeks adopt$ f ! ,babylonians ( c\nt+ twelve h\rs 9 e day1 f sunrise to sunset1 & twelve h\rs 9 e night1 f sunset to sunrise1 reg>dless ( ! v>y+ l5g?s ( day & night at diff]5t seasons4 ,?is is kn[n z ! sy/em ( 8tempor>y h\rs40 ,if we us$ x 9 ,engl&1 ! twelve h\rs ( a midsumm] day w\ld take twice z long to pass z ! twelve fleet+ h\rs ( a midsumm] night2 b 9 ,greece ! inequality is mu* less1 & 9 ! latitudes ( ,babylonia x is nev] /rik+4 ,! skill & k ( ! ,greeks enabl$ !m1 lat] on1 to con/ruct dials ( diff]5t k9ds1 :i* m>k$ 8equal h\rs10 su* z we use n[2 b ! sy/em ( 8tempor>y h\rs0 did n altoge!r die out till aft] ! inv5tion ( p5dulum clocks 9 ! #ag? c5tury ( our era4 ,clepsydras1 or wat]-clocks1 7 also us$ 9 ,egypt & ,babylonia1 & anci5t ,greece2 & !re is /ill a l>ge "o 9 ,canton1 :]e a res]voir is plac$ 9 a t[]1 & ! wat] fall+1 drop by drop1 into a receiv] ^: dep? is m>k$ 9 figures on ! wall1 indicates ! pass+ ( "t j z s& does 9 runn+ ?r\gh an h\r-glass4 ,^! clocks _c h kept v good "t1 h[ev]1 or !y w\ld h be5 m us$ by ! ,babylonian & ,greek a/ronom]s :o took pa9s to asc]ta9 ! exact positions ( ! />s4 ,ow+ to ! diurnal revolution ( ! skies1 ! "t at :i* any cele/ial body rises or crosses ! m]idian aft] ano!r is an index ( _! di/ance ap>t1 ea/ & we/ on ! sph]e1 & ?is is h[ x is reckon$ by mod]n a/ronom]s4 ,b ! anci5ts seem to h be5 nev] able to tru/ _! clepsydras suffici5tly to use ?is me?od1 & only ref]r$ to !m = approximate "t4 ,! gnomon1 valuable z x is = m>k+ ! sun's daily c\rse1 & ! nor? & s\? "p ( 8 ye>ly motion1 is a limit$ in/rum5t4 ,x _c %[ 8 we/]ly motion on ! sph]e1 nor is x ( any use = ! planets4 ,to trace ^! motions1 & ! mon?ly j\rney ( ! moon1 ! fir/ /ep is to di/+ui% ! />s1 by gr\p+ & nam+ !m1 especially ^? :i* lie 9 ! pa? ( sun1 moon1 & planets4 ,! inv5tion ( "s k9d ( zodiac is probably old] ev5 ?an ! inv5tion ( ! gnomon1 & also orig9at$ indep5d5tly among diff]5t races4 ,! g]m ( ! idea may be f\nd to-day among races l[ 9 ! scale ( civilization4 ,! ,au/ralian aborig9es are famili> ) t unique />-clu/] :i* we call ! ,pleiades1 & "k t its appe>ances & disappe>ances are p]iodical & co9cide ) ! seasons4 ,a ,que5sl& tribe1 = in/ance1 has a leg5d 9 :i* ! />s figure z six si/]s :o h be5 transport$ to ! skies1 & x is said t !y sometimes appe> be=e ! sun 9 ord] to ?r[ d[n icicles1 an evid5t allusion to ! fact t ! ,pleiades beg9 to appe> j be=e sunrise 9 ,may1 ! ,au/ralian w9t]4 ,! natives ( ,tahiti divide _! ye> into 8,mat>ii i nia0 & 8,mat>ii i r>o10 :i* means ,pleiades ,above & ,pleiades ,bel[ 7i4e4 ! horizon at ! beg9n+ ( night74 ,sir ,norman ,locky] has %[n t ! my/]i\s alignm5ts ( /ones f\nd at ,/oneh5ge1 ,c>nac1 & o!r places1 may h be5 s arrang$ 9 ord] to %[ ! direction1 "s ( ! sun at 8 ris+ on c]ta9 dates1 notably ! morn+ ( ! summ] sol/ice1 & "s ( ! ,pleiades or o!r /rik+ />s1 ^: ris+ j be=e ! sun w\ld enable anci5t a/ronom]s to fix ! dates ( important fe/ivals4 ,su* obs]vations z ^!1 ( :i* _m in/ances might be drawn f _m p>ts ( ! _w1 are fir/ /eps t[>ds /udy+ ! :ole pa? ( ! sun ?r\gh ! />s1 & ( =m+ a cal5d> ) a "n or numb] = e day 9 ! ye>4 ,until ! />s are kn[n1 & a cal5d> fix$1 ! motions ( sun & moon _c be le>n$ 9 detail1 ! planets c sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f ! />s & f "o ano!r1 & !re are no settl$ dates f :i* to calculate _! p]iods4 ,! fir/ zodiac ( :i* we h writt5 record is a lun> "o ( #bh con/ellations1 :i* is ref]r$ to 9 ! 8,canon ( ! ,emp]or ,ya\10 a ,*9ese emp]or :o began to reign 9 ,b4,c4 #bcef4 8,ya\ comm&$ ,he & ,ho1 9 rev]5d accordance ) _! obs]vation ( ! wide heav5s1 to calculate & del9eate ! movem5ts & appe>ances ( ! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s1 & ! zodiacal spaces1 & s to deliv] respectfully ! seasons to ! p40 ,t ^! a/ronom]s /udi$ 8! movem5ts & appe>ances0 ( ! sun by means ( ! gnomon z well z obs]vations ( ! />s is pla9 f :at foll[s1 :]e directions are giv5 = det]m9+ ! sol/ices4 ,"o a/ronom] 0 comm&$ by ! ,emp]or to 8reside at ,nankea\ & arrange ! trans=mations ( ! summ]1 & respectfully to obs]ve ! extreme limit ( ! %ad[4 ,! day1 he said1 is at its longe/1 & ! /> is ,ho3 y may ?us exactly det]m9e midsumm]40 ,ho 7 fire7 is ! fi]y r$ ,ant>es 9 ,scorpio4 ,! /> ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 :5 8! day is at its %orte/0 0 ,ma\1 :i* is ! ,pleiades4 ,directions are also giv5 = obs]v+ ! spr+ & autumn equ9oxes1 :5 day & night are ( m$ium l5g?1 & c]ta9 o!r />s are to be obs]v$4#g ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #g ,j\rnal ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association1 ,june #bd1 #aiji1 report ( a lecture on ,*9ese a/ronomy by ,e4 ,b4 ,knobel1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,h9dus _h also a lun> ,zodiac1 b ) only #bg con/ellations1 & ! ,arabs _h _! #bh 8,mansions ( ! ,moon40 ,^! #bg or #bh a/]isms 7 evid5tly sugge/$ by ! moon's sid]eal p]iod ( #bg days4 ,b h] synodical p]iod1 i4e4 h] revolution ) reg>d to ! sun1 9 :i* %e runs ?r\gh h] phases1 is mu* m conv5i5t = m>k+ a p]iod ( "t = g5]al uses1 & ?is mon? ( ab\t #cj days has be5 almo/ univ]sally adopt$ by primitive peoples1 ! fir/ day be+ c\nt$ :5 ! cresc5t new moon beg9s to be se5 aft] sunset4 ,f ?is cu/om arose ano!r1 t ( c\nt+ ! beg9n+ ( ! day f sunset1 b 9 v>i\s times & places o!r />t+-po9ts h be5 *os5--sunrise1 midday1 or midnight4 ,twelve ( ^! synodical lun> mon?s are ne>ly equal to "o sol> ye>1 & ?is d\btless sugge/$ ! sol> zodiac ( twelve con/ellations1 ea* con/ellation m>k+ ! portion ( sky pass$ ov] by ! sun 9 a mon?4 ,! ,*9ese 8,yell[ ,pa? ( ! ,sun0 conta9$ twelve animals1 ! ,m\se1 ,c[1 ,tig]1 ,rabbit1 ,dragon1 ,s]p5t1 ,horse1 ,ram1 ,ape1 ,h51 ,dog1 & ,pig4 ,^! animals 7 widely adopt$ by o!r nations--! ,koreans & ! ,japanese1 ! ,mongols ( ,tibet1 ! ,t>t>s1 & ! ,turks4 ,ano!r zodiac1 h[ev]1 0 de/9$ to h an ev5 wid] popul>ity1 spread+1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 f ,greece to ,arabia1 ,p]sia1 ,india1 & ,*9a1 :]e x f9ally sup]s$$ ! native con/ellations2 x cross$ ! ,m$it]ranean into ,africa1 conqu]$ ! :ole ( ,europe1 & is us$ to-day ov] ! :ole civilis$ _w4 ,! names ( ^! twelve zodiacal con/ellations are famili> to u all3-- ,engli% ,names4 ,lat9 ,names4 ,ram ,aries ,bull ,taurus ,tw9s ,gem9i ,crab ,canc] ,lion ,leo ,virg9 ,virgo ,scales ,libra ,scorpion ,scorpio ,ar*] ,sagitt>ius ,capricorn ,capricornus ,wat]-,be>] ,aqu>ius ,fi%es ,pisces4 ,/range to say1 we _c tell ) any c]ta9ty :]e1 :51 or by :om1 ?is anci5t s]ies ( con/ellations 0 devis$ & nam$4 ,! e>lie/ full description :i* we possess is by a ,greek poet ( ! #d? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,aratus4 ,a l9e f ! prologue to 8 8,ph5om5a0 0 quot$ by ,/4 ,paul 9 8 address to ! ,a!nians on ,m>s' ,hill4 8,f ,zeus we lead ! /ra91 he :om mank9d ,ne'er leave unhymn$2 ( ,zeus all public ways1 ,all haunts ( m5 are full1 & full ! sea ,& h>b\rs2 & ( ,zeus all /& 9 ne$4 ,we are 8 (fspr+2#h & he1 mild to man1 ,gives fav\r+ signs & r\ses u to toil1 ,call+ to m9d life's wants2 :5 clods are be/ ,= pl\gh & mattock1 :5 ! "t is ripe ,= plant+ v9es & s[+ se$s he tells4 ,s9ce he himself ha? fix$ 9 heav5 ^! signs1 ,! />s divid+2 & ?r\gh\t ! ye> ,/>s he provides to indicate to m5 ,! seasons' c\rse1 t all ?+s duly gr[40#i ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #h ,acts1 xvii4 #bh4 #i ,! ,pha9om5a ( ,aratos1 done into ,engli% v]se by ,rob]t ,br[n1 l9es #a-ac4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b ,aratus did n "k :o _h inv5t$ ! names ( ! />-gr\ps :i* he describes4 8,"s man ( yore10 he supposes1 8,a nom5clature ?\ght ( & devis$1 ,& =ms suffici5t f\nd4 ,= m5 c\ld n ,or tell or le>n ! sep>ate names ( all1 ,s9ce ev]y:]e are _m1 size & t9t ,( multitudes ! same1 b all are drawn ar\nd4 ,s ?\ght he good to make ! /ell> gr\ps1 ,t ea* by o!r ly+ ord]ly1 ,!y might display _! =ms4 ,& ?us ! />s ,at once took names & rise famili> n[40#aj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aj ,ibid41 #cgc-chb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is1 to say ! lea/1 exce$+ly d\btful1 :e!r ! nam+ ( />-gr\ps 0 s promptly c>ri$ out by "o individual1 especially z ,aratus' poem includes1 besides ! twelve zodiacal con/ellations1 ?irty-six o!rs1 :i* conta9 all ! bright />s ( ! sky except ^? too f> s\? to be se5 9 ! temp]ate regions ( our nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,! spaces ?us left blank 7 aft]w>ds fill$ up1 *iefly 9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies ( our era1 & ! regions r\nd ! ,s\? ,pole are n[ cr[d$ ) a mixture ( birds & sci5tific in/rum5ts2 b ! names & ! figures ( ! traditional =ty-eight con/ellations /ill f9d undisput$ places on our globes & />-maps4 ,"s ( ^! figures are v /range & sugge/ive4 ,we h a maid5 ) w+s1 a c5taur %oot+ arr[s1 a fly+ horse1 a wat]-snake ) a cr[ & a cup on its back1 a *>iote] ) a goat on 8 %\ld]1 a man /rangl+ a s]p5t1 ano!r p\r+ wat] into ! m\? ( a fi%1 & a /range bea/ l a goat ) a fi%'s tail4 ,all _h _! mean+1 d\btless1 to _! orig9ators1 b to u !y are cryptic *>act]s1 h>d to deciph]4 ,among ! zodiacal con/ellations only "o is obvi\s1 ,libra ! ,scales1 ! sign 9 :i* ! sun is :5 days & nights are p]fectly balanc$ 9 l5g?2 b ?is is comp>atively rec5t1 = ,aratus & 8 contempor>ies give 9 its place ! ,claws ( ! ,scorpion1 ! latt] be+ an enorm\s mon/] ext5d+ ov] ! space ( two a/]isms4 ,! figures may h be5 religi\s symbols1 or an illu/ration ( "s my? conc]n+ ! sun's ye>ly c\rse1 or ea* ( ! twelve may h indicat$ ! wea!r or ! occupation suitable to ! mon? x repres5t$4 ,! e> ( corn 9 ! h& ( ! ,virg91 & ! juxtaposition ( ?ree wat]y figures 9 ,capricornus1 ,aqu>ius1 & ,pisces1 sugge/ ! latt] explanation4 ,_m diff]5t ideas probably play$ a "p 9 ! orig9 ( ^! my/]i\s con/ellation-=ms4 ,! ,greeks1 & aft] !m ! ,romans1 :5 adopt+ ! old con/ellations1 sometimes adopt$ also ! old my?s :i* /ill clung ab\t !m2 sometimes !y ascrib$ leg5ds to !m f _! own my?ology4 ,?us1 ! kneel+ figure ) 8 foot ^u a dragon1 became & rema9s ! h]o ,h]cules1 al?\gh ,aratus only describes him z a man toil+ at "s unkn[n task1 & says he is call$ simply ! ,kneel]4 ,successive g5]ations ( a/ronom]s alt]$ "s ( ! figures1 b probably only to a slight ext5t4#aa ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aa ,ptolemy says he made a few *anges1 z 8 pr$ecessors _h done4 7,delambre1 ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie ,anci5ne1 ii4 #bfa74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! poem ( ,aratus enjoy$ an imm5se popul>ity 9 classical times & ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 & no d\bt help$ to /]eotype ! =ms ^: orig9 0 already =gott5 :5 he wrote4 ,he 0 n an a/ronom]1 h[ev]1 & ! poem is only a popul> p>aphrase ( a lo/ "w by ,eudoxus4 ,?is ,greek a/ronom] _h liv$ a hundr$ ye>s e>li]1 & x is ?\ght t he himself copi$ f an old] s\rce4 ,! attempt to discov] ?is s\rce has be5 ! object ( _m +5i\s conjectures1 & mu* rese>* among anci5t monum5ts & writ+s4 ,"s ( ! old con/ellations are met ) 9 ,isaiah & ,job1 9 ,hom]1 on tablets f\nd at ,n9eveh1 & an imm5se antiquity is sometimes claim$ = !m4 ,dupuis1 writ+ at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?\ght he _h conclusively prov$ t ! figures ( ! zodiac 7 design$ 9 ,egypt #ae1jjj ye>s ago6#ab ,miss ,plunkett1 9 h] 8,anci5t ,cal5d>s & ,con/ellations0 assigns !m to ! sev5? mill5ium be=e ,*ri/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ab ,orig9e de t\s les cultes1 ou ,religion univ]selle1 by ,c4 ,f4 ,dupuis4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,old ,,con/ellation ,,figures4 ,,s\!rn ,,hemisph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,hemisph]e4 ,,! ,,old ,,con/ellation ,,figures ,,accord+ ,,to ,,aratus4 ,9 ,ptolemy's ,catalogue ,equuleus & ,corona ,au/ralis are add$ to ^!4 7,f ,peck's 8,con/ellations & ,h[ to ,f9d ,!m407 ,an +5i\s !ory1 sugge/$ indep5d5tly by ,s*w>tz & ,proctor1 & develop$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,maund]1#ac is f\nd$ on an exam9ation ( ! space r\nd ! ,s\? ,pole :i* 0 left blank by ! anci5t con/ellation design]s4 ,f its ext5t1 ,proctor conclud$ t !y _c h se5 fur!r s\? ?an ab\t #dj f ! ,s\? ,pole1 & !re=e t !y mu/ h liv$ 9 a latitude ( ab\t #dj nor? ( ! equator 7say1 c5tral ,asia or ,asia ,m9or72 f ! position ( its c5tre1 :i* mu/ h be5 ! ,pole1 he conclud$ t ! date 0 ab\t ,b4,c4 #bbjj4 ,= ! c5tre ( ! circul> pat* seems to lie ne> ! /> ,delta ,hydri1 :i* 0 ! ,s\? ,pole /> at t "t4 7,?is movem5t ( ! ,pole among ! />s1 due to 8precession10 w be expla9$ lat]74 ,?is date does n diff] mu* f t f\nd by ,rob]t ,br[n1 f ! position ( ! cele/ial equator among ! />s1 z describ$ by ,aratus2 he says ,b4,c4 #bjhd4ad ,s*w>tz gave ,b4,c4 #adjj2 ,mr4 ,maund]1 f additional consid]ations ( ! positions ( v>i\s con/ellation figures1 says t !y mu/ all h be5 orig9ally design$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #bhjj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ac ,j\rnal ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association1 8,! ,olde/ ,a/ronomy10 ,july #ahih1 ,june #ahii1 ,april #aijd1 ,may #aiji2 ,! ,obs]vatory1 ,decemb] #ahih2 ,k1 ,octob] #aijd2 & else:]e4 #ad ,! ,pha9om5a ( ,aratos1 by ,rob]t ,br[n4 ,see also 8 ,eridanus1 ,riv] & ,con/ellation2 ,primitive ,con/ellations1 & o!r works4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,un=tunately ! descriptions ( ,aratus are nei!r v precise nor consi/5t ) "o ano!r1 & he is our olde/ & our ma9 au?ority = ! =ms & positions ( ! anci5t con/ellations4#ae ,x may1 h[ev]1 be tak5 z practically c]ta9 t !y _h be5 design$ _m c5turies be=e he wrote1 & t ! ,greeks receiv$ !m f ! ,babylonians4 ,orion & ! ,pleiades1 ! ,great ,be> & ,arcturus1 & p]haps _m o!rs1 7 famili>ly kn[n 9 ! ,levant z e>ly z ! t5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/2 & we f9d traces ( our zodiac1 or its beg9n+s1 9 ,babylonia at lea/ z e>ly z ! elev5?4 ,x is always to ,egyptians & ,babylonians t ! ,greeks ref]r$ z _! pr$ecessors & tea*]s 9 a/ronomy1 b ! native con/ellations ( ,egypt seem to h be5 diff]5t1 & s f> z we "k at pres5t ! ,babylonians began e>li] & made great] progress 9 />-lore ?an any o!r nation be=e ,greece4 ,! late/ results ( exp]t inve/igation ( a/ronomical tablets discov]$ 9 ! anci5t clay libr>ies ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 t5d to %[ t a/ronomy 0 ( native gr[? !re1 & develop$ v sl[ly4#af ,/>-wor%ip & ! ne$ = a cal5d> l$ _! inhabitants to obs]ve ! skies ?\s&s ( ye>s ago2 b _! e>ly "w 0 naturally vague & rude4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ae ,we are n sure :at limits ,aratus int5d$ to set 9 ! s\? to ,c5taur & ,argo1 & notably to ! ,riv] ,eridanus1 :i* us$ to fl[ b5ea? ! ,sea-,mon/] 7,cetus71 jo9+ ! ,wat] p\r$ out by ,aqu>ius4 ,x *ang$ its b$ 7l ! ,euphrates1 ( :i* x is p]haps ! heav5ly c\nt]p>t71 & n[ has left ! ,sea-,mon/] high & dry1 :ile on its anci5t banks a *emi/'s furnace & a sculptor's work%op h be5 set up4 ,! ,cele/ial ,equator ( ,aratus fails to agree ) ! ,equator ( ,b4,c4 #bjhd1 n only 9 pass+ ov] ! head ( ,orion1 in/ead ( ?r\gh 8 belt1 z ,br[n himself po9ts out1 b also 9 runn+ ?r\gh ! eye ( ! ,bull1 in/ead ( 8 8cr\*+ legs alone10 s ?is "p is altoge!r too f> nor?4 ,! ,equator "s #abjj ye>s lat] agre$ bett] "h1 & equally well else:]e1 except 9 ! opposite "p ( ! sky :]e x 0 !n too nor!rly = ,aratus1 leav+ ,corvus to ! s\? ( ! l9e4 ,mu* ! same may be said ab\t ! tropical circles4 ,ei!r ,aratus 0 c>eless1 or ! globe f :i* he took 8 descriptions 0 incorrect3 9 any case1 !re results an unc]ta9ty ( _m c5turies & _m degrees 9 date & latitude4 #af ,epp+ & ,/rassmei]1 ,a/ronomis*es aus ,babylon1 ,kugl]'s ,babylonis*e ,mondre*nung1 & ,babylonis*e ,/]nkunde4 ,s*iap>elli's two monographs on ,babylonian ,a/ronomy1 f :i* mu* ( ! in=mation "h giv5 is d]iv$1 are *iefly bas$ on ^! works4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is />-wor%ip & />-/udy seems to h be5 le>n$ by ! ,semitic ,babylonians1 & _! desc5dants & rivals ! ,assyrians1 f a race ) :om !y met & m+l$ 9 ! grey dawn ( hi/ory1 b ^: exi/5ce 0 unkn[n to u be=e ! middle ( la/ c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,moon-,god ( ,ur4 ,to face p4 #cf4 ,f a cyl9d]-seal 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 dat$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #bdjj4 ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ! ,tru/ees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,! triple />-sign ( ! ,babylonians4 ,?is p1 :o belong$ to a totally di/9ct family ( nations1 & are kn[n to u n[ z ,sum]ians1 _h settl$ ne> ! m\? ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 :5 x ran fur!r inl& ?an x does n[1 & m ?an five ?\s& ye>s ago us$ a k9d ( writ+ on s(t /ones 7lat]1 on bricks7 :i* _h obvi\sly aris5 f "s =m ( picture writ+1 & ultimately develop$ into cunei=m4 ,_! rev]5ce = ! heav5ly bodies is %[n by ! fact t ! famili> /> sign1 /> sign :i* appe>s on v e>ly ,sum]ian inscriptions1 d5otes _! ^w = god or "l1 & on ! monum5ts ( ,babylonia & ,assyria we meet con/antly ! triple sign ,?is1 we le>n f ! inscriptions1 /ood = ?ree great deities1 ! ,moon-god1 ! ,sun-god1 & ! goddess ( ! planet ,v5us4 ,our illu/ration %[s an inscription 9 e>ly ,babylonian script1 & a sc5e :i* repres5ts ! vassal ( a k+ ( ,ur 7,abraham's 8,ur ( ! ,*aldees07 be+ l$ into ! pres5ce ( ! ,moon-god4#ag ,x is believ$ to date f ab\t ,b4,c4 #bdjj4 ,! ,babylonians 7 an int5sely sup]/iti\s p1 & a l>ge "p ( _! om5s 7 drawn f obs]vations ( ! skies4 ,e city f ?is p]iod onw>d _h its ziggurat or great t[] =m$ ( sev]al sup]impos$ cubes1 usually sev5 9 numb]1 dim9i%+ 9 size & probably cr[n$ by ! %r9e ( ! local deity4 ,x is n c]ta9 :at purposes 7 s]v$ by ^! t[]s1 b ! successive plat=ms may well h be5 ! obs]vatories f :i* ! ,babylonian prie/s1 gaz+ ?r\gh ! cle> air & ov] ! level pla9s1 wat*$1 ye> aft] ye>1 & c5tury aft] c5tury1 eclipses ( sun & moon1 ris+s & sett+s ( />s & planets1 & all ! *ang+ pageant ( ! skies1 :i* to !m 7 eloqu5t ( peace & prosp]ity1 or ( w> & mis=tunes 9 _! l&4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ag ,k+1 ,hi/ory ( ,sum] & ,akkad1 p4 #bdf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,al?\gh ?is illusory art *iefly occupi$ ! e>ly ,babylonian a/ronom]s1 !y made "s obs]vations ( real value1 & gradually acquir$ true k conc]n+ ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,tablets a few c5turies old] ?an ! ,*9ese ,canon ( ,ya\ conta9+ li/s ( ! ,sum]ian names ( twelve mon?s1 %[ t ?is p _h e/abli%$ a luni-sol> ye>4 ,=tunately = ! progress ( a/ronomy ! ye> does n conta9 an exact numb] ( mon?s1 or ev5 ( days3 at ! end ( twelve lun> mon?s1 a few m days & h\rs mu/ elapse be=e ! sun has return$ to 8 orig9al place among ! />s1 & be=e ! r\nd ( ! seasons is complet$4 ,!re=e ! fir/ r\gh approximation _h to be con/antly correct$ if cal5d> fe/ivals 7 to recur at ! same seasons2 & ?us ! prie/s1 :o 9 e>ly times 7 usually ! cal5d> mak]s & keep]s1 became gradually bett] & bett] acqua9t$ ) ! movem5ts ( sun & moon1 & ! appe>ance ( />-gr\ps4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* v>i\s races h solv$ ! problem ( cal5d>-=mation4 ,! ,*9ese _h a ye> ( twelve mon?s1 & add$ an int]cal>y mon? occasionally1 9 su* a way t ! av]age l5g? ( ! ye> 0 br\ght up to #cff days4 ,! writt5 "* = 8int]cal>y0 9 bo? ,*9ese & ,japanese is a comp\nd ( ! *>act]s = 8gate0 & 8,emp]or10 because 9 anci5t days ! ,emp]or us$ to p]=m ! c]emonies prop] to ea* ( ! twelve mon?s 9 ! special room ( 8 palace d$icat$ to t mon?1 b 9 ! int]cal>y mon? he p]=m$ !m 9 ! doorway ( ! palace4 ,! ,egyptians & ! ,arabs seem to h giv5 up ! attempt to h>monize ! two p]iods1 ?\gh bo? ( ^! nations reckon$ twelve mon?s 9 _! ye>s4 ,! ,egyptians c\nt$ ?irty days to ea* mon?1 & add$ five days m at ! end ( ! twelf?1 s t ! mon?s c h _h no connection ) ! moon3 ! ye> _h1 9 fact1 be5 calculat$ f ! position ( ! sun among ! />s1 beg9n+ ) ! morn+ on :i* ,sirius rose j be=e x4 ,?is 8heliacal ris+0 ( ,sirius h]ald$ ! great ev5t ( _! ye>1 ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,nile4 ,! ,arab ye>1 on ! contr>y1 0 purely lun>1 = x consi/$ ( twelve mon?s :i* 7 alt]nately ( tw5ty-n9e & ?irty days3 !y !re=e correspond$ pretty closely ) ! moon's phases1 b _h no connection ) ! sun or ! seasons4 ,! ,mahom$ans /ill use ?is lun> ye>4 ,! new moon fe/ivals ( ! ,hebrews prove t ! moon 0 important to _! cal5d>1 b ! ?ree *ief fea/s ( ,fir/-fruits1 ( ,+a!r+1 & ( ! ,passov]1 7 s closely connect$ ) ! seasons t _! ye> mu/ h be5 luni-sol>4 ,x consi/$ ( twelve mon?s1 "o ( :i* 0 sometimes d\bl$1 b h[ !y decid$ :5 ?is 0 necess>y is n[h]e describ$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,"s ?9k1 t z an (f]+ ( fir/-fruits 0 to be made on a c]ta9 day ( a c]ta9 mon?1 ! mon? prec$+ x 0 d\bl$ 9 e ye> 9 :i* x 0 evid5t t ! crops w\ld n be f> en\gh advanc$ = ! fir/-fruits to be ga!r$ s soon3 9 ?is way no direct obs]vations _h to be made ( ! sun's movem5ts1 b ! ye> 0 accommodat$ to !m by obs]vations ( ! seasons4#ah ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ah ,s*iap>elli1 ,l' ,a/ronomia nell' ,antico ,te/am5to1 *ap4 vii42 ,wellhaus51 ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 *ap4 iii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,babylonian cal5d> is ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all1 = x 0 ! mo/ intimately connect$ ) />-obs]vation4 ,at fir/ an extra mon? seems to h be5 add$ to ! usual twelve1 9 an irregul> way1 :5ev] f\nd necess>y1 judg+ by a tablet ( ! great k+ ,hammurabi1 :o unit$ all ! cities ( s\!rn ,babylonia "u "o rule1 & gave !m ! fam\s ,code ( ,laws1 communicat$ to him by ! ,sun-god4 ,! tablet runs z foll[s3-- 8,?us sai? ,hammurabi3 ! ye> hav+ gone wrong1 let ! com+ mon? be regi/]$ by ! "n ( ,ululu ! second4 ,& in/ead ( ! paym5t ( taxes be+ made on ! #be? day ( ,tasritsu1 let x be made on ! #be? day ( ,ululu ! second40 ,hammurabi reign$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #bbjj4 ,a ?\s& ye>s or m aft] ?is1 we f9d t royal decrees = correct+ ! cal5d> 7 nev] necess>y1 = ! a/ronom]s _h inv5t$ m ?an "o sy/em = keep+ ! ye> "r4 ,"o ( ^! 0 to obs]ve1 l ! ,egyptians1 ! heliacal ris+ ( c]ta9 />s4 ,! little gr\p ( ?ree />s 9 ! head ( ! ,ram1 :i* we call ,alpha1 ,beta1 & ,gamma ,arietis1 0 f\nd v conv5i5t = ?is purpose4 ,:5 x rose j be=e ! sun 9 ! mon? ,nisan1 ! obs]v]s knew t all ! twelve mon?s w\ld fall 9 _! "r seasons1 b :5 x rema9$ invisible 7hidd5 9 ! morn+ twilight7 until ! foll[+ mon?1 ! cal5d> 0 evid5tly runn+ ahead ( ! sun1 & t ye> 0 l5g!n$ by add+ a ?irte5? mon?4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! directions giv5 on a tablet n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum3-- 8,! a/]ism ,dilgan#ai rises heliacally 9 ! mon? ( ,nisan4 ,:5ev] ?is a/]ism rema9s invisible1 let its mon? be =gott510 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ai ,sayce & ,bosanquet id5tify ,dilgan ) ,capella1 n ) "p ( ,aries1 & consid] t a date ( ab\t ,b4,c4 #bjjj is indicat$--7,mon?ly ,notices xxxix1 #ded74 ,b 9 any case ! me?od ( cal5d> =mation is ! same4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- t is1 let x be tak5 ov] aga91 z if x _h n already be5 c\nt$4 ,simil> directions are giv5 = "s o!r a/]isms & _! correspond+ mon?s4 ,b a second me?od1 :i* 0 peculi>1 s f> z we "k1 to ! ,babylonians1 0 t ( us+ ! moon z a po9t] to indicate ! place ( ! sun4 ,:]eas ! sun's place among ! />s c only be inf]r$1 ! moon's c be pla9ly se51 & h] phase indicates h] di/ance f ! sun at any "t4 ,a tablet ( unkn[n date1 belong+ to ! la/ mill5ium be=e our era1 or a little e>li]1 gives ! foll[+ directions3-- 8,:5 on ! fir/ day ( ! mon? ( ,nisan ! a/]ism ,mulmul 7! ,pleiades7#bj & ! ,moon are se5 toge!r1 ! ye> w be normal4 ,:5 on ! ?ird day ( ,nisan ! a/]ism ,mulmul & ! ,moon are toge!r1 ! ye> w be full0 7t is1 w conta9 #ac mon?s74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bj ,sayce & ,bosanquet und]/& ,capella "h also4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,ea* ,babylonian mon? began :5 ! new moon 0 fir/ visible aft] sunset2 if at ?is mom5t %e 0 se5 ) ! ,pleiades1 x is cle> t ! sun1 :i* _h j set1 0 n f> we/ ( ! clu/]2 if h[ev]1 x 0 n till ! moon 0 ?ree days old t %e 0 se5 ) ! ,pleiades1 %e w\ld !n be "s di/ance above ! horizon at sunset3 consequ5tly ! sun 0 "s di/ance we/ ( ! ,pleiades4 ,9 ?is case he w\ld also be we/ ( ,dilgan1 ! ,ram's ,head1 s ^? />s w\ld rise aft] him 9 ! morn+1 & be hidd5 9 8 light3 !re=e1 bo? ! morn+ & ! ev5+ obs]vation comb9$ to %[ t 8 c\rse 0 n complet$1 & t ! ye> mu/ be l5g!n$ by ! addition ( an extra mon?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,fir/ ,ye>1 normal4 ,new ,moon ne> ! ,pleiades aft] sunset on ! #a/ ( ,nisan4 ,! position ( ! "y moon 7:i* always closely foll[s ! sun7 %[$ t ! sun 0 n f> we/ ( ! ,pleiades2 & ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c4 ?is prov$ t x 0 ne> ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,! sun's position is giv5 = ab\t half an h\r aft] sunset1 :5 ! ,pleiades w\ld fir/ be visible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,second ,ye>1 normal4 ,new ,moon n f> f ,pleiades on ! #a/ ( ,nisan4 ,x takes ! sun #cfe days to return to ! same place among ! />s1 b ! ,babylonian ye> ( #ab lun> mon?s 7ea* ( #bi or #cj days7 0 #aa days %ort ( ?is3 !re=e on ! #a/ ( ,nisan 9 ?is ye> ! sun _h /ill #aa days' m>* be=e him ere he return$ to ! position ( ,fig4 #g4 ,?is is equal to ab\t #aa1 s ! "y moon 0 also ab\t #aa we/ ( h] =m] position1 ne> ! ,pleiades4 ,b z %e travels ab\t #ac ea/w>d e day1 %e w\ld be ne> ! ,pleiades on ! foll[+ ev5+1 ! #bnd ( ,nisan1 s ?is ye> 0 also c\nt$ normal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,?ird ,ye>1 8full40 ,new ,moon di/ant f ! ,pleiades on ! #a/ ( ,nisan4 ,! sun is n[ #b #aa #bb days' m>*1 or ab\t #bb1 %ort ( 8 fir/ position1 & ! "y moon consequ5tly ab\t #bb we/ ( ! ,pleiades1 s %e w n come up ) !m until ! #crd ,nisan1 aft] travell+ #b #ac #bf4 ,! ye> 0 !re=e 8full10 t is an extra mon? ( #bi days 0 add$1 :i* is m ?an ! #bb days ne$$ to enable ! sun to rea* 8 fir/ position by ! #a/ ( ,nisan 9 ! f\r? ye>4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! extra mon? mu/ h be5 add$ once 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,sev]al li/s ( />s & />-gr\ps indicat+ ! mon?s 9 ?is way h be5 f\nd1 ! e>ly li/s conta9+ only a few1 ! lat] twelve4 ,if our zodiac orig9at$ ) ! ,babylonians1 !re is little d\bt ! idea took its rise f ^! mon?ly />s1 b x is n possible1 ) our pres5t k1 to say :5 ^! old a/ronom]s fir/ l9k$ ! isolat$ />s into a cont9u\s s]ies ( twelve />-gr\ps & connect$ ! idea ( ! mon? ) ! invisible gr\p among :i* ! sun 0 kn[n to be %9+1 in/ead ( ) ! />s se5 ea/ or we/ ( him1 or 9 conjunction ) ! cresc5t moon4#ba ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ba ,if ,taurus 0 orig9ally consid]$ ! fir/ con/ellation ( ! zodiac1 in/ead ( ,aries1 ( :i* !re are "s indications1 ! *ange may well be expla9$ by ?is *ange ( me?od4 ,x does n necess>ily imply t ! equ9ox 0 9 ,taurus :5 our zodiac 0 inv5t$4 ,x 0 ne> ,arietis 9 ,b4,c4 #ajjj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! ,scorpion4 ,f a b\nd>y /one 7n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 set up 9 ! reign ( ,nebu*adnezz> ,i41 k+ ( ,babylonia1 ab\t #aajj ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! ,goat1 ) ,fi%es' ,scales4 ,f a ,babylonian b\nd>y /one4 ,a ,scorpion ) imm5se claws1 & a ,goat ) fi%es' scales appe> sev]al times on monum5ts at lea/ z old z #ajjj ,b4,c4 & x is v probable1 al?\gh ?is fact alone w\ld n prove x1 t !y 7 !n us$ z con/ellation figures4 ,x has be5 def9itely prov$ f inscriptions t be=e #fjj ,b4,c4 ! "n ( ,scorpion 0 appli$ to "s />s ( our pres5t ,scorpion1 t !re 0 a ,lion correspond+ ) ours1 & ! pr9cipal /> 9 t a/]ism1 :i* 0 call$ 8,! ,k+0 by ,greeks & ,romans 7,basiliskos & ,regulus71 bore a "n ) ! same mean+ 9 ,babylonia2 ! ,cele/ial ,bull seems to h be5 ! gr\p ( ! ,hyades1 & ! ,great ,tw9s 7 ! two />s ,ca/or & ,pollux4 ,! la/ two id5tifications seem to %[ h[ ! s+le />s or small gr\ps ( ! mon?ly li/s 7 exp&$ into ! l>ge zodiacal con/ellations1 = ! ,hyades clu/] is 9 our pres5t ,bull1 & ,ca/or & ,pollux are 9 our ,tw9s4 ,"u ! great ,assyrian k+s :o 9 ! #h? & #g? c5turies ,b4,c4 made ,n9eveh ! capital ( _! empire1 ,babylonian a/ronomy fl\ri%$ exce$+ly1 & x made mu* progress ?r\gh all ! political *anges :i* foll[$1 until ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,! motions1 phases1 & eclipses ( ! moon 7 c>efully /udi$ & c\ld be accurately pr$ict$1 ! positions ( _m />s 7 det]m9$2 ! zodiac 0 divid$ into twelve equal spaces1 :i* aft]w>ds became #cf by sub-division 7! con/ellations be+ too unequal 9 size = conv5i5ce72 & f9ally ! :ole circle 0 m>k$ out 9 #cfj degrees4 ,! movem5ts ( all ! nak$ eye planets 7 well und]/ood1 _! positions be+ con/antly comp>$ ) ^? ( a numb] ( /&>d />s1 mo/ly 9 ! zodiac2 & aft] wat*+ & record+ ^! = a numb] ( ye>s ! a/ronom]s 7 able to calculate :]e ea* planet w\ld be f\nd at future dates4 ,tables h be5 f\nd on clay tablets ( ! #bnd c5tury ,b4,c4 pr$ict+ ! heliacal ris+s & sett+s1 & ! /ations & retrogressions etc41 ) consid]able accuracy4 ,:5 a/ronomy _h rea*$ ?is /age ( accurate pr$iction1 x 0 no long] 9 its infancy1 b 0 fairly on its way to become a true sci5ce4#bb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bb ,a ,babylonian treatise on a/ronomy rec5tly publi%$ by ! tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum supports ,kugl]'s view t truly sci5tific me?ods 7 n adopt$ be=e ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,?is treatise =m$ ! subject ( a lecture giv5 by ,mr ,l4 ,w4 ,k+ be=e ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology on ,feb4 #ai1 #aiac4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,nev]!less1 ! a/ronomy ( ! ,babylonians1 advanc$ z x 01 seems nev] to h progress$ beyond ! empirical /age4 ,) !m1 !re seems to h be5 no desire to gr\p ! facts !y s pati5tly & skilfully collect$ into a sy/em1 & =m a !ory to expla9 !m4 ,& ?is mu/ be said ( o!r anci5t nations also4 ,! ,egyptians made c>eful obs]vations1 especially ( ! heliacal ris+s ( diff]5t />s1 by means ( :i* !y det]m9$ ! l5g? ( ! ye>1 z we h already m5tion$1 & ori5t$ _! temples & pyramids4 ,!y wor%ipp$ ! sun 9 all 8 aspects1 & _! a/rology s mu* resembles ! ,babylonian t x is believ$ to h be5 d]iv$ f x4 ,! ,babylonians seem to h be5 m int]e/$ 9 ! planets ?an any o!r nation ( antiquity1 b !y 7 kn[n also 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,*9ese record$ comets1 & all races 7 greatly int]e/$ 9 eclipses1 :i* !y 7 able to pr$ict ) "s accuracy1 hav+ discov]$ t !y occur 9 cycles4 ,yet we f9d no m rational attempt to expla9 ^! ph5om5a ?an ! ,h9du leg5d ( a great dragon t attacks ! sun1 or ! ,egyptian /ory ( a s[ t swall[s ! moon2 & _! cosmogonies c only be reg>d$ z poetical descriptions or survivals ( e>ly *ildlike notions ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,h9du _w re/+ on ! back ( an elephant1 & t on a tortoise1 is no d\bt b an allegory4 ,! ,egyptians pictur$ ! e>? z a great p>allelogram1 long f nor? to s\? b n>r[ f ea/ to we/1 l _! own l&1 ) ! sky ov] x1 upheld by huge pill>s or l(ty m\nta9s4 ,! />s 7 set 9 ?is dom$ lid ( ! _w1 b sun1 moon1 & planets 7 float+ ea* 9 its own boat on a great cele/ial riv] :i* ran j bel[ ! summits ( ! m\nta9s1 & ^: c\rse 0 hidd5 t[>ds ! nor?4 ,! b>k ( ! sun came ne>] to ,egypt 9 ! summ]1 because at t "t ! cele/ial riv] ov]fl[$ its usual bank1 l ! ,nile4 ,! r$ ,do%iri 0 said to sail backw>ds1 ref]r+ no d\bt to ! retrograde movem5t ( ,m>s4 ,9 ,eridu1 "o ( ! olde/ cities ( s\!rn ,babylonia1 on ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ! great abyss ( ! ocean 0 look$ ^u z ! orig9 ( all ?+s1 & x 0 believ$ t x encircl$ ! e>? l a great riv]4 ,lat] on1 we f9d ! _w describ$ z a great m\nta91 re/+ on ! wat]y deep1 & "u ! m\nta9 is ! abode ( ! dead4 ,x is ent]$ f ! we/1 :i* surely 0 sugge/$ by ! sett+ ( ! heav5ly bodies 9 ! we/4 ,! vault$ sky above ! e>? has divisions3 ! rim ( ! l[e/ "p re/s ^u ! support+ wat]y deep2 above x are ! upp] wat]s 7! s\rce ( ra972 & above ?is aga9 is ! dwell+-place ( ! cele/ials4 ,! sun issues =? ea* morn+ f a door 9 ! upp] heav51 or f ! m\nt ( sunrise1 & ent]s ano!r heav5ly door1 or ! sunset m\nta91 at night4 ,! simil>ity to ^! ,babylonian ideas ( ! ,hebrew 8firmam5t10 ! 8wat]s above ! firmam5t10 & ! 8( ! great deep10 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1#bc & ,ezekiel's 8,%eol0 9 8! ne!r p>ts ( ! e>?10#bd has (t5 be5 not$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bc ,g54 i4 #f1 #g2 vii4 #aa4 #bd ,ezek4 xxxii4 #ah1 #bd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,! ,boat ( ! ,sun travell+ ov] ! sky4 ,to face p4 #df4 ,f an anci5t ,egyptian papyrus4 ,! recumb5t figure cov]$ ) leaves symbolizes ! e>?2 ! figure lean+ ov] ,e>?1 cov]$ ) />s1 is ! sky2 ! boat ( ! ris+ sun & ( ! sett+ sun floats ov] x4 ,! c5tral figure repres5ts ,maon1 ! ,div9e ,intellig5ce :i* pres]ves ! ord] ( ! univ]se4 7,reproduc$ f ,flamm>ion's #8,a/ronomical ,my?s1' by p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,macmillan ,co47 ,to sum up3-- ,if we include z a/ronomy any obs]vation ( ! heav5ly bodies :i* leads to a recognition ( ord] & p]iodicity 9 _! movem5ts & a p[] ( =eca/+ _! positions1 !n e race & age has _h its a/ronom]s1 r\gh ?\gh _! me?ods may be at fir/4 ,) gr[+ civilization m ref9$ me?ods are us$2 ! gnomon is inv5t$ = /udy+ ! movem5ts ( ! sun2 ! *ang+ positions ( moon & planets are not$ by means ( c]ta9 />s2 f9ally1 all ! visible />s are gr\p$ into con/ellations1 & x is recogniz$ t a great b& ( />-gr\ps crosses ! sky1 :i* =ms ! pa?way alike ( sun1 moon1 & planets2 ! l5g? ( ! mon? & ( ! ye> are det]m9$ m or less accurately1 & :5 an unv>y+ cal5d> has be5 =m$1 ! cele/ial cycles c be bett] record$ & /udi$4 ,b 9 all ?is !re is z yet no sci5tific motive prop]ly s call$1 no curiosity reg>d+ ! ph5om5a = ! simple pleasure ( kn[+ & und]/&+ !m1 no attempt to gr\p !m into a sy/em or to expla9 _! und]ly+ causes4 ,! primitive idea t ! heav5ly bodies exi/ = ! conv5i5ce ( e>?-dwell]s is illu/rat$ by ! ,egyptian hi]oglyph = night1 glyph :i* consi/s ( ! sign = sky glyph comb9$ ) a /> susp5d$ l a lamp2 ! o!r idea t !y are my/]i\s div9ities is %[n by ! ,babylonian />-sign = a god or k+1 glyph4 ,! anci5ts f\nd t ! />s 7 ( great use1 especially = measur+ p]iods ( "t2 !y recognis$ also 9 !m a m>vell\s ord] & regul>ity1 ( :i* !y dream$ t !y f\nd an e*o on e>?1 & endeav\r$ to div9e ! future by wat*+ ! skies4 ,c we d\bt t !y 7 also attract$ by ! beauty t calls all m5 ?r\gh all ages to lift _! eyes & look upw>d8 ,,hymn ,,to ,,! ,,sett+ ,,sun4 ,sung by ! ,prie/s ( ,babylon4 ,sun-god1 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 ,at ?y sett+ ,may ! lat* ( ! glori\s heav5s ,speak !e peace4 ,may heav5's door to !e be graci\s1 ,may ! ,director1 ?y belov$ mess5g]1 direct !e4 ,"l ( ,e-b>a1 may ! road ( ?y pa? be prosp]\s1 ,sun-god1 cause ?y highway to prosp]1 ,go+ ! ev]la/+ road to ?y re/4 ,sun-god1 ?\ art he :o is judge ( ! l&1 ,caus+ h] decisions to be prosp]\s4 ,f a lecture by ,t4 ,g4 ,,p9*es4 7,nature1 ,dec4 #ca1 #ahia74 ,,iii4 ,,greek ,,a/ronomy4 ,,fir/ ,,p]iod4 ,b4,c4 #ijj ,,to ,b4,c4 #cej4 8,great m56 elevat$ above ! common /&>d ( human nature by discov]+ ! laws :i* cele/ial occurr5ces obey1 & by free+ ! wret*$ m9d ( man f ! fe>s :i* eclipses inspir$6 ,hail to y & to y\r g5ius1 int]pret]s ( heav51 wor?y recipi5ts ( ! laws ( ! univ]se1 au?ors ( ! pr9ciples :i* connect gods & m560 ,,pl9y 7,apo/rophe to ,?ales & ,hipp>*us47 #a4 ,,hom]ic ,,greece4 ,to turn f ! a/ronomy ( ,egypt & ,assyria to ! a/ronomy ( ! ,greeks is l com+ to a sudd5 b5d 9 a riv] :i* has fl[$ ?r\gh level c\ntry = _m miles 9 a sl[ maje/ic c\rse1 & f9d+ beyond ! b5d a s]ies ( rapids & wat]falls4 ,in/ead ( pati5t age-long accumulation ( obs]vations1 in/ead ( a my/ical adoration ( />s1 suppos$ to be beyond man's p[] to und]/&1 we f9d t ! ,greek's fir/ in/9ct is to inquire into ! mean+ & ! orig9 ( :at he saw1 ev5 be=e he _h tak5 "t to inve/igate4 ,beh9d ! v>i$ spl5d\rs ( e>? & skies :i* fasc9at$ 8 bodily eyes1 8 intellect div9$ laws & =ces :i* held ! :ole toge!r 9 a wond]ful h>mony4 ,!n1 z fre% facts1 or a fre% po9t ( view1 ?ru/ itself ^u him1 a new explanation mu/ be attempt$1 & ?us _m complete sy/ems ( ! univ]se 7 evolv$4 ,n ! "n only1 ! idea ( ,cosmos 0 ,greek4 ,sid5ote3 ,hom] c4 #ijj ,b4,c4 ,sid5ote3 ,hesiod c4 #hjj ,b4,c4 ,! fir/ ideas ( a/ronomy among ! ,greeks 7 z primitive z ^? ( any o!r race 9 its e>ly /ages4 ,!y evid5tly _h no conception ( ! sky z a sph]e1 or ( ! revolution ( ! />s z a :ole1 r\nd fix$ poles1 ?\gh !y wat*$ ! motions ( c]ta9 bright />-gr\ps1 & call$ !m by ! names t we use n[ 7h[ev] ^! names may h rea*$ !m71 z we see 9 ,hom] & ,hesiod4 ,ulysses1 guid+ 8 raft cunn+ly by night1 keeps on 8 left ! ,be>1 also call$ ! ,wa91 :i* turns r\nd 9 h] place & keeps wat* on ,orion1 & nev] ba!s 9 ocean2 he wat*es also ! ,pleiades & ! 8sl[-sett+ ,pl\ghman0 7,botes7--an apt description1 z anyone may see :o wat*es ,arcturus1 ! brighte/ /> ( ,botes1 :5 l[ on ! we/]n horizon4 ,be+ a nor!rn />1 its motion seems v sl[1 & makes s small an angle ) ! horizon t = a long "t ,arcturus glides above x be=e f9ally dropp+ bel[2 :]eas ! ,pleiades1 or any o!r />s ne> ! equator1 move v quickly & almo/ at "r angles to ! horizon1 & s drop bel[ x q sudd5ly4 ,x is ,ulysses also :o w>ns 8 companion1 :5 !y are sett+ out to spy ^u ! ,trojan camp1 t two wat*es ( ! night are already pa/1 8= ! />s h gone =w>d40 ,! />s also ann\nc$ ! seasons1 = ,hesiod says t ! "t ( h>ve/ is indicat$ by ! heliacal ris+ ( ! ,pleiades1 & :5 ,orion ) ,sirius /&s 9 mid-heav51 & ,arcturus rises 9 morn+ twilight1 x is "t = ! v9tage4 ,hom] & ,hesiod bo? m5tion ,v5us1 z a morn+ /> 8! brighte/ ( all ! />s1 :i* comes to h]ald ! light ( dawn10 & also z an ev5+ />1 app>5tly )\t recogniz+ t x 0 ! same />2 z !y d n m5tion any o!r planet we d n "k if ! o!rs 7 kn[n to ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ! new moon's sl5d] cresc5t 0 wat*$ = f hill-tops1 & celebrat$ by sacrifices1 & ?is--z ) o!r anci5t nations--fix$ ! fir/ day ( _! mon?4 ,sid5ote3 ,mimn]mus c4 #ehj ,b4,c4 ,day seems to h be5 divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 morn+1 midday1 & ev5+1 accord+ z ! sun 0 ris+1 or ne>ly /ation>y1 or s9k+4 ,! sun 0 ?\ght to re/ ^u & slide ov] ! solid dome ( ! sky1 o!rwise p]haps x w\ld h fall5 to ! gr\nd2 & at night x 0 suppos$ to g beh9d ,m\nt ,atlas1 & !n to travel beh9d high nor!rn m\nta9s to its ris+ place 9 ! ea/4 ,?is primitive explanation ( its movem5ts is s poetically describ$ by an e>ly poet1 ,mimn]mus1 t ,i _c resi/ a quotation1 ?\gh ! l9es c h>dly be reg>d$ z an a/ronomical fragm5t4 ,!y may be freely r5d]$ ?us3-- ,endlessly toil+ ,helios spe$s4 ,no re/ = him or = 8 /e$s ,:5 ,dawn has climb$ ! height4 ,soon z he lays 8 we>y head ,^u ! gold5 w+d b$ ,made by ,hephae/os' might1 ,x be>s him sleep+ o'er ! seas1 ,f> f ! fair ,hesp]ides1 ,?r\gh realms ( d>ke/ night2 ,till 9 ! ,e?iopian l& ,he sees 8 horses ready /&2 ,& :5 ! *ild ( light1 ,! rosy-f+]$1 e>ly-born1 ,has u%]$ 9 ano!r morn1 ,he m\nts 8 *>iot bright4 ,! e>?1 z pictur$ on ! %ield ( ,a*illes1 0 flat & r\nd1 j z x appe>s f a height1 & ( c\rse ,greece 0 ! c5tre1 j z ,egypt 0 ! c5tre ( ! ,egyptian1 & ,babylon ! c5tre ( ! ,babylonian cosmogonies4 ,x 0 a small e>?3 a few c\ntries lay r\nd ! ,middle ,sea1 & fur!r to ! s\? 0 ! l& ( ! ,e?iopians :]e ! ,sun passes ov]head & burns ! inhabitants black2 !re 0 ano!r sea to ! nor?1 ov] :i* ! ,argonauts sail$1 & 9 ! extreme ea/ 0 ! ,lake ( ! ,sun1 out ( :i* he rose e morn+4 ,?is 0 a great gulf ( ! ,riv] ,oceanus :i* encircl$ ! :ole e>?4 ,its s\rces 7 9 ! fur!/ we/1 j beyond ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 & !nce x fl[$ nor?1 ea/1 & s\?1 f9ally return+ into itself4 ,a bran* f ne> ! s\rce1 call$ ! ,/yx1 fl[$ d[n into ! und]gr\nd _w ( ,hades1 ! abode ( ! dead1 & b5ea? ?is aga9 0 ,t>t>us1 :]e 7 imprison$ ! ,titans :o _h f\ght aga9/ ,jove4 ,above ! flat e>? ! blue dome ( heav5 0 spread l a t5t1 & across x travell$ 8,! nev]-we>i$ ,sun1 ! ,moon exactly r\nd1 ,& all ^? />s ) :i* ! ample br[s ( heav5 are cr[n$40 ,:at a compact little univ]se1 & h[ important a "p ( x 0 man6 ,b z ?\ght develop$1 ! univ]se exp&$4 #b4 ,,?ales ,,& ,,anaxim&]4 ,sid5ote3 ,b4,c4 #ehe4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ales c4 #fjj ,b4,c4 ,9 ! six? ye> ( ! w> ( ! ,lydians aga9/ ,cyax>es1 k+ ( ! ,m$es1 j :5 a battle 0 ab\t to beg91 day 0 sudd5ly *ang$ into night by an eclipse ( ! sun1 & ,h]odotus adds3 ,?ales _h told ! ,ionians ( ?is be=e1 & 9 :at ye> x w\ld happ54 ,?is does n necess>ily imply any accurate und]/&+ ( eclipses on ! "p ( ! ,ionian philosoph]4 ,he _h visit$ ,egypt1 & may h le>n$ f ! prie/-a/ronom]s !re t eclipses recur 9 cycles & s c be pr$ict$4 ,b ,?ales 0 n cont5t ) cycles4 ,he want$ to "k1 n only t eclipses w\ld happ5 at su* & su* times1 b h[ !y happ5$4 ,p]haps f reports ( ,babylonian obs]vations1 p]haps f que/ions put to ,egyptian a/ronom]s1 he le>n$ t sol> eclipses only happ5 :5 ! moon is new & 9 ! ecliptic1 t is1 9 ! same "p ( ! sky z ! sun1 & t ! black body !n se5 on ! sun has always a r\nd$ edge4 ,^! no d\bt 7 ! argum5ts on :i* he f\nd$ 8 ass]tion t sol> eclipses are caus$ by ! moon pass+ 9 front ( ! sun2 & he fur!r add$ t ?is %[s ! moon to be ( an 8e>?y0 nature1 t is1 n made ( fire or any sub/ance ei!r lum9\s or transp>5t1 b ( opaque matt]1 probably hav+ weight & sub/ance1 & n altoge!r unlike :at we "k on e>?4 ,he is said to h /at$ also t ! moon receives h] light f ! sun1 a conclusion :i* w\ld foll[ f a little att5tion & ?\ght be/[$ on h] phases4 ,besides 8 speculations reg>d+ ! moon1 ,?ales took pa9s to note ! sun's movem5ts z accurately z possible1 by means ( gnomons1 ) a view to discov] ! exact l5g? ( ! sol> ye>1 & x 0 he :o advis$ ! ,greeks to adopt ! ,pho5ician me?od ( direct+ _! c\rse at sea by ! ,little ,be> in/ead ( ! ,great ,be>1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ! con/ellation us$ 9 ,hom]ic times4 ,?ales imag9$ t ,ocean did n m]ely encircle ,e>?1 b t ! :ole ,e>?1 :i* 0 a ?9 flat disc1 float$ ^u ! ,ocean4 ,?is zeal\s obs]v] mu/ h _h some?+ ( ! abs5t-m9d$ness ( 8 great successor1 ,newton2 = x is told ( him t :ile />-gaz+ he fell into a well6 ,sid5ote3 ,b4,c4 #faa-ede4 ,anaxim&] ,x is evid5t t ! moon's pass+ 9 front ( ! sun implies a less] di/ance f u1 & x mu/ h be5 ?is :i* sugge/$ h] place 9 ! s*eme ( ,anaxim&]4 ,?is s*eme is r difficult to und]/&1 f ! allusions & quotations ( lat] writ]s1 = we h no orig9al writ+ by ,anaxim&]2 b we c ga!r en\gh to %[ t already 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,greek philosoph]s 7 ask+ !mselves :at 0 ! explanation ( ! movem5ts & appe>ances ( ! heav5ly bodies1 h[ !y 7 support$ 9 ! sky1 :at =ce mov$ !m1 h[ l>ge & h[ di/ant !y 71 & :at !y 7 made (4 ,anaxim&] ass]t$ boldly t sun & moon 7 l>g] ?an ! :ole e>?3 he ?\ght ! sun might be #bg & ! moon #ai times z l>ge4 ,h[ he rea*$ ?is conclusion x is impossible to say4 ,! ,egyptians _h already tri$ to measure ! app>5t size ( ! sun z comp>$ ) ! circumf]5ce ( ! sky1 by not+ h[ long x took to set f ! mom5t ! l[] rim t\*$ ! horizon to ! mom5t :5 ! :ole disc disappe>$3 ?is1 divid$ by ! #bd h\rs tak5 by ! sun to trav]se ! #cfj degrees ( ! sky1 gave ! sun's size 9 degrees 7x is ab\t half a degree71 & _h !y be5 able to f9d ! actual di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>?1 !y c\ld h d$uc$ its actual size1 b ?is !y _h no means ( det]m9+4 ,!re are two possible ways ( see+ t ! moon is small] ?an ! sun1 al?\gh !y usually appe> to u ! same size4 ,anaxim&] may h se5 or he>d ( an 8annul>0 eclipse1 9 :i* ! moon is r m di/ant f u ?an at a total eclipse1 & !re=e h] d>k body j fails to cov] ! :ole sun1 & a bright r+ ( light surr\nds h]4 ,m probably he realiz$ :at 0 impli$ 9 ,?ales' explanation ( sol> eclipses1 & conclud$ t ! moon mu/ be small] ?an ! sun1 because %e looks no l>g] al?\gh %e is ne>] to u4 ,8 s*eme is ! fir/ ( :i* we h any k 9 :i* ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies are expla9$ by suppos+ !m n all 9 "o sky toge!r1 b plac$ 9 a s]ies ( heav5s1 "o above ! o!r3 h5ce x is ( peculi> int]e/ to ! ,dante /ud5t1 = 9 x we trace ! fir/ attempt t[>ds ! !ory ( ! ,revolv+ ,sph]es4 ,x is true t ! ,babylonians & ,hebrews divid$ _! heav5 into ?ree p>ts1 "o above ! o!r1 b ?is 0 only to divide ! place ( atmosph]ic ph5om5a f ! dwell+-place ( ! gods1 & sun1 moon1 planets & />s all mov$ 9 ! same heav54 ,"h1 9 ! univ]se ( ,anaxim&]1 we f9d "o heav51 ! l[e/1 = air1 ra91 etc41 ano!r = all ! />s1 a high] heav5 = ! moon1 a yet high] = ! sun1 & above all ! region ( fire1 ! brighte/1 lighte/ elem5t1 ^: nature x 0 to asc5d & :i* !re=e is outside all1 z x 0 ! nature ( e>? to desc5d & !re=e to be at ! bottom4 ,probably ei!r 9 or above ! heav5 ( cele/ial fire 0 ! heav5 ( ! gods1 =1 z ,ari/otle rem>ks1 all our ance/ors1 inde$ all :o believe 9 gods at all1 :e!r ,greek or ( any o!r race1 place ! dwell+-place ( ! gods above 9 high heav51 z ! un*ang+1 unmov+ region ( et]nity4#be ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #be ,de ,clo ,i4 #c1 & ,,ii4 #a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,un=tunately we d n "k :at w\ld be ( great int]e/1 :e!r ,anaxim&] also provid$ sep>ate heav5s = ! planets1 or f\nd a home = !m 9 ! heav5 ( ! />s4 ,p]haps he h>dly knew ( _! exi/5ce1 or said ) ,aratus :o wrote ne>ly #hjj ye>s lat]3-- 8,( ^! ,i d>e n speak ) c]ta9ty1 ,z ( ! fix$ />s' orbits40 ,! successive heav5s 7 9 lay]s1 z x 71 "o above ! o!r1 8l ! b>k enclos+ a tree10 b !y 7 transp>5t & invisible4 ,! heav5s !mselves 7 n 9 motion1 c>ry+ ! />s1 sun1 & moon2 ,anaxim&] _h an +5i\s me*anical s*eme ( :eels or r+s to c>ry !m inside _! respective heav5s1 :i* d\btless 0 cle> to himself1 ?\gh un=tunately x is n at all cle> to u4 ,"s writ]s h ma9ta9$ t ^! heav5s 7 sph]es1 b = sev]al reasons x is difficult to believe ?is1 & probably ! sky 0 /ill to ,anaxim&]1 z to ! ,hom]ic ,greeks1 a slightly flatt5$ hemisph]e1#bf only divid$ into ^! lay]s1 & in/ead ( end+ at ! horizon x cont9u$ a little bel[1 to all[ ( ! passage ( ! heav5ly bodies betwe5 sett+ & ris+4 ,p]haps x 0 = ?is reason t he gave ! e>? a great] ?ickness ?an ! disc ( ,?ales1 comp>+ x to a %ort ?ick pill>1 ?ree times z broad z high1 ! top ( :i* only 0 inhabit$4 ,8 ,cosmos1 !n1 w\ld be some?+ l ! diagram1 ) reg>d to ! disposition 7?\gh n ! relative sizes7 ( ,e>? & ! heav5ly bodies4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bf ,b see note1 pp4 #ge1 #gf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! ,univ]se accord+ to ,anaxim&]4 ,some:at timidly ! b>ri]s h be5 ?ru/ back4 ,! e>? goes a little deep] into ! d>k unkn[n1 ! sky is wid] & high]1 ! heav5ly bodies are mu* l>g] & m di/ant & g "u ,e>?'s surface2 b !y are cauti\sly upheld by solid domes1 & work$ by :eels4 ,e>? is /ill ! floor ( ! ,_w1 & ,heav5--n[ a s]ies ( heav5s--! vault$ ro( above4 #c4 ,,lat] ,,flat ,,e>? ,,sy/ems4 ,x is int]e/+ to see h[ long ?is timidity p]si/$ among ! ,greek philosoph]s1 especially ( ! ,ionian s*ool1 9 spite ( ! fact t o!r s*ools _h advanc$ mu* bold] ideas1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,q a numb] ( univ]ses 7 con/ruct$ some:at aft] ! patt]n ( ,anaxim&]'s1 ) ,e>? z floor ( ! _w2 b "s plac$ ! />s beyond moon & sun1 "s def9itely includ$ ! planets1 ?\gh !y d n seem to h expla9$ _! motions2 & !re 7 v>i\s ways ( support+ ! flat e>?1 & ( support+ & mov+ ! heav5ly bodies4 ,sid5ote3 ,anaxim5es c4 #eej ,b4,c4 ,sid5ote3 ,emp$ocles c4 #dej ,b4,c4 ,sid5ote3 ,anaxagoras di$ #dbh ,b4,c4 ,anaxim5es1 a foll[] ( ,anaxim&]1 hav+ d\btless pond]$ ! fact t v heavy bodies c float 9 wat] if only !y are ! "r %ape1 & t ,e>? itself 0 suppos$ by ,?ales to be float+ on ! ,ocean1 sugge/$ t ! moon is s broad a disc t %e floats 9 ! e!r1 8l a leaf10 & ( c\rse ! same w\ld apply to ! sun4 ,two lat] philosoph]s1 ,emp$ocles & ,anaxagoras1 held t a great :irlw9d swept cont9ually r\nd ! ,e>?1 :i* bo? kept ! heav5ly bodies f fall+ d[n ^u x & drove !m across ! sky4 ,equally div]se 7 ! op9ions z to ! nature & composition ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,mo/ philosoph]s ( ?is age believ$ t !y 7 ( pure fire1 or else t !y 7 vessels conta9+ fire1 :i* 0 ext+ui%$1 or 9 "o way or ano!r became invisible to u1 dur+ eclipses & :5 !y set4 ,o!rs held1 z we h se5 ) ,?ales1 t !y 7 ( an e>?y nature2 & ,anaxagoras1 see+ a meteorite :i* _h fall5 f ! sky dur+ ! daytime1 ?\ght he actually held a piece ( ! sun 9 8 h&s1 & conclud$ t ! sun 0 an enorm\s mass ( iron1 8mu* great] ?an ,peloponnesus10 & %one because x 0 r$-hot4 ,b ! popul> idea /ill 0 t ! sun 0 a god1 or ! *>iot driv5 by a god across ! sky1 & ,anaxagoras 0 bani%$ f ,a!ns = 8 impi\s words4#bg ,! m>k+s on ! face ( ! moon 7 ?\ght to prove t %e 0 ( mix$ composition3 %e 0 made ( air m+l$ ) only a little fire1 or e>? m+l$ ) fire2 b accord+ to ,democritus ! m>k+s 7 %ad[s ( m\nta9s on h] surface1 & ,anaxagoras is report$ to h said t ! moon 0 inhabit$1 & ! m>k+s 7 8pla9s & valleys40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bg ,8 life 0 sav$ by 8 illu/ri\s pupil1 ,p]icles1 ( :om ! /ory is told t on "o occasion1 j z 8 army 0 emb>k+ = an exp$ition1 ! sun 0 eclips$1 & 8 pilot 0 t]rifi$4 ,p]icles snat*$ (f 8 cloak1 & held x s z to hide himself f ! man's eyes4 8,is t t]rible8 is t an evil om580 he cri$4 8,!n d n fe> ! disappe>ance ( ! sun1 = x is j ! same1 only ! ?+ t hides x is l>g] ?an my cloak40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,anaxagoras sugge/$ t ! />s 7 fragm5ts torn (f ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>? by ! encircl+ :irlw9d1 & t !y gl[$ ) ! heat caus$ by friction1 ?\gh !y 7 too di/ant = u to feel ?is heat1 be+ f> beyond ! sun4 ,! ,milky ,way 0 a s\rce ( speculation3 "s said x 0 ! =m] pa? ( ! sun1 & /ill burn+ f 8 heat1 b ,democritus expla9$ x z caus$ by ! %9+ ( innum]able />s1 too fa9t & close toge!r to be di/+ui%$ sep>ately4 ,! doctr9es ( ! diff]5t philosoph]s z to orig9 & fir/ /ages ( ! univ]se d n conc]n u "h1 b we mu/ m5tion t ( ,emp$ocles1 z 8 views are directly ref]r$ to by ,dante4 ,?is philosoph] 0 ! fir/ to ass]t t ev]y?+ consi/s ( ! f\r elem5ts1 e>?1 air1 wat]1 & fire1 pure or 9 comb9ation2 & ! comb9ations he suppos$ to be br\ght ab\t by two =ces1 "o attractive1 ! o!r repulsive1 :i* he nam$ ,love & ,discord4 ,( ^!1 "o alt]nately pr$om9ates at diff]5t ages ( ! _w1 & ?us its hi/ory is divid$ into p]iods ( diff]5t "*4 ,a great /ep =w>d 0 tak5 :5 x 0 realiz$ t ! sky is n a hemisph]e1 end+ at ! horizon1 or ev5 ext5d+ a little way bel[1 b t x surr\nds ,e>? 9 e direction1 l a sph]e4 ,?is idea probably orig9at$ ) ! ,py?agoreans1 or x may h occurr$ indep5d5tly to sev]al ?9k]s1 :5 ! diurnal motion ( ! heav5s 0 bett] obs]v$1 & geometrical conceptions und]/ood & appli$4 ,n[ x became no long] necess>y to ext+ui% & rek9dle ! />s1 nor to s5d ! sun r\nd swimm+ on ,riv] ,ocean beh9d nor!rn m\nta9s1 or creep+ ?r\gh /range und]gr\nd regions1 ?r\gh ! night4 ,x 0 cle>ly recogniz$ t ! visible c\rse ( ea* heav5ly body 0 "p ( a circle1 ! :ole ( :i* we c\ld see if we c\ld only travel fa/ en\gh & g to ! und]side ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! ,univ]se ( ,leucippus4 ,sid5ote3 ,leucippus c4 #dej ,b4,c4 ,sid5ote3 ,democritus c4 #dcj ,b4,c4 ,b ?is 0 j :at nev] c\ld be done1 = outside ! s*ools ( ! ,greeks 9 ,italy 7,py?agorean & ,eleatic71 ,e>? /ill _h an un9habitable und]side4 ,di/+ui%$ m5 l ,leucippus & ,democritus s\ght to comb9e ! belief 9 an all-surr\nd+ sph]ical heav5 ) a flat support$ e>? :i* might /ill give !m a solid floor b5ea? _! feet4 ,leucippus made ! e>? a hemisph]e1 ) a hemisph]e ( air above1 ! :ole surr\nd$ by ! support+ cry/al sph]e :i* held ! moon4 ,above ?is came ! planets1 !n ! sun1 & probably ! />s 7 outside ?is4 ,8 disciple1 ,democritus1 on ! o!r h&1 reta9$ ! disc-l e>?1 rais$ a little at ! rim1 to secure its cont5ts1 & made x divide ! sph]e ( air into two p>ts1 s t x re/$ ^u air1 & air 0 also 9 ! sky above4 ,! und]side ( ! disc 0 n inhabit$1 no d\bt because no "o c\ld /& upside d[n4 ,8 ord] ( ! successive heav5s is n q ! same z t ( ,leucippus1 z he puts ! moon & ! ,morn+ ,/> toge!r1 & ! re/ ( ! planets beyond ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! ,univ]se ( ,democritus4 ,?is s*eme gave ! univ]se a beautifully symmetrical =m1 :i* mu/ h pleas$ ! ,greeks1 b n[ !y 7 puzzl$ to "k :y ! heav5ly bodies did n circle symmetrically ) reg>d to ! c5tral e>?4 ,:y 0 n ! pole 9 _! z5i? & ! equator on ! horizon8 ,!y c\ld only guess t x mu/ h be5 s at fir/1 & t ! disc _h slipp$ out ( position1 ei!r ?r\gh "s irregul>ity 9 its weight1 or 9 ! d5sity ( ! und]ly+ air4 ,comp>e ,milton's-- 8,"s say ,he bid ,8 angels turn askance ,! poles ( ,e>? twice t5 degrees & m1 ,f ! ,sun's axle2 !y ) lab\r pu%$ ,oblique ! c5tric globe40 ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,bk4 ,x41 #efc-eff4 ,all ^! !ories & guesses may seem to u v crude & fanciful1 & we may comp>e !m to ! eag] que/ion+s ( intellig5t *ildr51 too impati5t to consid] :e!r ! answ]s giv5 are satisfactory explanations or no4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t all we "k ( ! e>ly cosmogonies is f allusions & descriptions by lat] writ]s1 :o (t5--l ,ari/otle1 = in/ance--only quote to condemn4 8,if ea* c\ld def5d 8 own op9ion1 may be we %\ld see t !re is tru? 9 all40 7,conv4 ,,iv4 xxi4 #be-g74 ,at lea/ we f9d a ke5 & dis9t]e/$ desire to p5etrate ! causes ( ?+s1 & a f]tile imag9ation1 )\t :i* sci5ce c make no advance3 moreov] !re 0 a progress 9 true k4 ,x 0 discov]$ t ! 7app>5t7 diurnal pa?s ( sun1 moon1 & e /> 7 circles1 al?\gh only a "p ( ! pa?s c\ld be se52 & t1 al?\gh all 7 se5 project$ on a sph]e1 _! actual di/ances f e>? 7 v v>i$4 ,x is disappo9t+ to f9d no record ( obs]vations ( ! planets1 & f ! almo/ r&om way 9 :i* !y 7 plac$ 9 ! heav5s x seems t b little att5tion _h be5 paid to !m z yet4 ,9 fact1 ,s5eca tells u t ,democritus knew nei!r _! numb] nor _! names4 ,!y 7 (t5 class$ ) comets1 & ?\ght to be entirely erratic1 & ! ,greek m9d 0 m attract$ t[>ds ^? ph5om5a :i* 7 se5 to be ord]ly4 #d4 ,,py?agoras ,,& ,,8 ,,foll[]s4 ,socrates4 ,z ! eyes are appo9t$ to look up at ! />s1 s are ! e>s to he> h>moni\s motions1 & ^! are si/] sci5ces4 ,t is :at ! ,py?agoreans say1 & we1 ,glaucon1 ass5t to !m8 ,yes1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,py?agoras c4 #edj ,b4,c4 ,ab\t ! same "t t ,anaxim&] 0 inv5t+ solid hemisph]es & r+s to hold & move ! heav5ly bodies r\nd ab\t a flat e>?1 ,py?agoras 0 f\nd+ a s*ool 9 s\!rn ,italy :i* gave to ! _w a v diff]5t s*eme4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( 8 s*ool 0 secrecy1 its me?ods 7 oral1 & 8 lat] foll[]s 7 fond ( attribut+ to _! ma/] ev]y?+ :i* _h gradually gr[n out ( 8 tea*+3 x is difficult !re=e to say ) c]ta9ty :at he himself taught4 ,x has (t5 be5 /at$ by mod]n writ]s t he anticipat$ ,cop]nicus1 & discov]$ t ! e>? revolves r\nd ! sun4 ,?\gh ?is is a mi/ake1 we may v5ture to believe t ,py?agoras taught t ! e>? is a sph]e1 hang+ freely 9 space4 ,we are s famili> ) ?is idea f *ildhood1 t x is difficult to imag9e :at a trem5d\s innovation x 04 ,py?agorean noviciates1 d\btless aft] solemn initiation & prep>ation1 7 told3 ,?is e>?1 :i* seems to y ! floor ( ! _w1 ) heav5 /ret*$ ov] x l a t5t1 is a r\nd globe1 ) m5 l y liv+ on ! o!r side ( x1 & yet !y d n fall1 & e>? does n fall1 = x is pois$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & has no t5d5cy to fall 9 "o direction r ?an 9 ano!r4 ,e>?1 itself a p]fect sph]e1 is 9 ! c5tre ( an inf9itely great] sph]e1 ! />-set heav52 & )9 ?is sev5 heav5ly bodies move 9 p]fect circles1 ea* at its prop] di/ance & pace1 all ne$+ no support & no =ce to drive !m1 = h>mony is ! motive p[] ( ! ,cosmos4 ,_! di/ances are proportional to ! int]vals betwe5 musical notes1 & z !y circle !y make heav5ly music1 :i* we %\ld he> did we n always he> x1 l "o :o lives beside a wat]fall#bh4 ,!re is no bel[1 & no above1 = above is bel[ & bel[ above to our antipodes3 !re is b ! c5tre1 :]e we live1 & ,heav5 is all ar\nd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bh ,"s late foll[]s said t ,py?agoras1 alone among/ m51 c\ld he> ! music ( ! sph]es4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,h[ did ,py?agoras rea* ?is great & />tl+ tru? ( ! r\nd unsupport$ e>?8 ,8 s*ool reli$ m on exp]im5t & obs]vation ?an ! ,ionian1 & ! coloniz+ ,greeks ( ,italy _h travell$4 ,!y might h notic$ ! curvature ( ! sea1 & ! v>y+ height ( ! ,pole ,/> accord+ to latitude4 ,we "k t 9 e>ly days ! ,greeks 7 /ruck by ! rem>kable fact t ! brilliant /> ,canopus 7second only to ,sirius 9 brightness71 :i* 0 invisible 9 ,greece1 c\ld j be se5 close to ! s\!rn horizon 9 ,rhodes1 & 0 well se5 9 ,egypt4 ,!n ! moon may h help$ once m4 ,:5 x 0 und]/ood t lun> eclipses only happ5 at full moon1 :5 we are betwe5 h] & ! sun1 & t !y may !re=e be expla9$ by ! e>?'s %ad[ fall+ on ! moon1 !n1 s9ce ! edge ( t %ad[ is always a circle1 x is demon/rable t ! body ?r[+ t %ad[ c h no =m b t ( a ball4 ,sun & moon are obvi\sly r\nd3 x 0 guess$ t !y also are globes r ?an discs1 & ! sph]ical %ape ( all heav5ly bodies 0 a doctr9e ( ! lat] if n ! e>lie/ ,py?agoreans4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! /eps :i* l$ to ^! two great discov]ies t ,e>? is a sph]e1 & t ! app>5t pa? ( e cele/ial body is a circle1 ! sph]e & ! circle 7 soon accept$ z ! only =ms suitable = cele/ial bodies & _! orbits4 ,! f\nd] ( ! s*ool 0 a great ma!matician1 & x is n /range t ^! =ms %\ld h comm5d$ !mselves to 8 disciples4 ,! sph]e1 :i* has its surface ev]y:]e simil>1 & its cont5ts great] ?an ^? ( any o!r figure ) equal surface1 0 ! 8mo/ p]fect0 ( solids2 & ! circle1 :i* has no beg9n+ & no end1 is alike 9 e "p1 & pres5ts ideas ( haunt+ sugge/iv5ess to ! geomet]1 0 ! 8mo/ p]fect0 ( l9es4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,py?agoras we fir/ f9d ! five planets di/9ctly enum]at$1 & play+ z important p>ts z sun & moon4 ,numb] 0 ! pr9ciple ( ?is univ]se1 & ! planets ) sun & moon made ! sacr$ numb] ( sev54 ,among ! ,greeks1 & ?r\gh ! middle ages1 all ^! bodies are spok5 ( z planets or 8w&]]s10 9 di/9ction f ! 8fix$0 />s :i* d n appe> to move among/ !mselves4 ,^! sev5 8planets0 repres5t$ ! sev5 notes ( a musical scale1 & ! /> sph]e made up ! octave4 ,py?agoras is said to h be5 ! fir/ to tea* t ,phosphor & ,hesp]us1 ! morn+ & ! ev5+ />1 7 ! same4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we ask :at 0 ! ord] ( ! planets 9 8 s*eme1 we meet ) _m conflict+ reports1 & a s]i\s difficulty sugge/s itself4 ,if ! planets _h really be5 obs]v$ ) c>e1 x mu/ h be5 se5 t _! motions c\ld n be acc\nt$ = by simple circul> movem5t4 ,! l>ge oscillations ( ,m]cury & ,v5us on ei!r side ( ! sun w\ld /rike an obs]v] be=e he ?\ght ( trac+ _! movem5ts among ! />s1 & not+ t !y made a circuit ( ! zodiac4 ,simil>ly1 ! o!r planets are mo/ conspicu\s1 ris+ aft] sunset & rema9+ long visible ?r\gh ! night1 at ! v "t ( _! retrograde movem5ts1 s ^! mu/ h be5 notic$ if a long en\gh s]ies ( obs]vations _h be5 made to di/+ui% !m f "o ano!r4 ,! only solution ( ! difficulty seems to be t ,py?agoras1 on ! j\rneys into ,egypt & ,babylon :i* he is said to h made1 le>n$ t !re exi/ planets to ! numb] ( five1 :i* move 9 regul> p]iods1 & he may also h le>n$ ! l5g? ( _! zodiacal p]iods at ! same "t1 or p]haps ^! 7 only kn[n to 8 s*ool mu* lat]4 ,if ! ord] assign$ to !m 0 t :i* 0 f9ally & g5]ally accept$ by ! anci5t _w1 ! p]iods mu/ h be5 kn[n1 = ?is is ! only possible clue to ! ord] ,moon1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,sun1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn4 ,! planet ) %orte/ p]iod 7! moon1 ) a mon?7 0 naturally plac$ by ! ,greeks ne>e/ to e>?1 ) ! smalle/ circle to trav]se1 & s on outw>ds4 ,x is v possible1 h[ev]1 t ! e>ly ,py?agoreans1 at lea/1 did n v5ture to ass]t m ?an t !re 7 five planets1 )\t assign+ to !m any ord]1 = ,ari/otle tells u t _! univ]se 0 divid$ ?us3-- ,f ,e>? to ,moon 0 ! ,ouranos1 or sky1 )9 :i* exi/s all t is *ang+ & corruptible4 ,cosmos1 ! place ( ord]$ movem5t1 0 ! region ( ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,planets4 ,olympos1 ! place ( pure elem5ts1 held ! />s2 ! region ( ,cele/ial ,fire came beyond ?is1 & ! ,apeiron1 ! ,inf9ite ,space1 or ,inf9ite ,air1 f :i* ! _w draws its brea?1 0 outside all4 ,sid5ote3 ,philolaus t[>ds end ( #e? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! diagram %[s1 !n1 ! e>lie/ =m ( ! ,py?agorean univ]se4 ,b !y did n rema9 cont5t ) ?is4 ,out ( x grew a mo/ int]e/+ s*eme 7ref]r$ to by ,dante71 :i* is usually attribut$ to "o ,philolaus1 ( :om h>dly any?+ is kn[n1 n ev5 8 date4 ,x seems to h /ruck ,philolaus z a difficulty t ! sev5 planets1 :i* 7 circl+ r\nd ,e>? 9 ! same direction b at v diff]5t di/ances & spe$s1 & also ! imm5se sph]e ( />s beyond1 7 all sweep+ toge!r at ! same "t 9 an opposite direction1 & at ! almo/ incr$ible pace ( "o revolution 9 a day4 ,! brilliant idea occurr$ to him3 ,leave ! />s at re/1 let ! sev5 planets revolve 9 _! sev5 orbits1 ! ne>] to ! c5tre ! fa/]1 & let e>? h]self revolve fa/e/ ( all1 viz4 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 ! same direction4 ,if %e keeps "o face always turn$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 l ! moon1 ?is w acc\nt q z well = ! app>5t diurnal revolution ( all ! heav5ly bodies1 & ! *ange ( day & night on ! e>?4 ,philolaus did n make ,e>? rema9 /ation>y & simply turn on h] axis1 :i* w\ld h _h j ! same effect on ! app>5t motions ( ! heav5s2 = x seem$ m natural t %e %\ld revolve z did ! re/4 ,! five nak$ eye planets are all m5tion$ by "n 9 8 s*eme4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! ,univ]se ( ,py?agoras4 ,0 ! c5tre1 depriv$ ( ,e>?1 to be left empty8 ,no1 ! c5tre 0 ! ,wat* ,t[] ( ,zeus1 ! ,he>? ( ! ,univ]se1 & "h !y plac$ ! pure/ elem5t1 fire4 ,x 0 invisible to u1 because we live on ! side ( ! e>?-sph]e turn$ away f ! c5tre2 & also invisible to u 0 ano!r planet1 ,anti*?on1 or ,c\nt]-,e>?1 = ?is revolv$ )9 our orbit1 & also 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x 0 add$ to ! sy/em1 because ! addition ( ,e>? z a heav5ly body spoil$ ! sacr$ numb] ( sev51 b by add+ ,anti*?on1 & c\nt+ ! /> sph]e z ano!r1 ! total 0 br\ght up to t51 ano!r sacr$ numb]4 ,! objection 0 made t1 if ,e>? is mov+ 9 space1 ?is mu/ br+ ab\t a *ange 9 ! app>5t sizes ( sun & moon1 z ,e>? is ne>] or f>!r f !m1 b ! ,py?agoreans 7 q ready to believe t all ! heav5ly bodies are s di/ant t ?is j\rney ( ,e>? makes no diff]5ce to _! app>5t size or brightness4 ,! planets 7 ?\ght to be worlds l ours1 & inhabit$2 & x 0 ev5 guess$ t plants & animals on ! moon mu/ be fifte5 times z /rong z ours1 app>5tly because !re ! av]age day consi/s ( ne>ly fifte5 ( our days 7( tw5ty-f\r h\rs71 & ! nights are equally long4 ,x 0 ! brav] ( ! ,py?agoreans to %ake ! /eady e>? f h] c5tre1 & set h] :irl+ 9 ! dep?s ( space1 t !y realiz$1 z no "o _h done be=e1 h[ l>ge %e mu/ be2 = ,greece & ! surr\nd+ l&s1 ! ,middle & ! o!r seas1 in/ead ( mak+ ! :ole ( ! e>?1 7 n[ und]/ood to be only a portion ( a great globe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,! ,sy/em ( ,philolaus3 night on e>?4 ,only ! side turn$ away f ! c5tre is inhabit$3 consequ5tly ! ,c5tral ,fire & ,anti*?on are invisible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,twelve h\rs lat]3 day on e>?4 ,e>? has made half a revolution & h] out] side is n[ light$ by ! sun1 :i* has only mov$ ab\t half a degree =w>d 9 its ye>ly orbit4 ,anti*?on has also made half a revolution1 !re=e rema9s invisible4 ,"h1 !n1 is a conception ( ! ,univ]se widely diff]5t f ,hom]'s4 ,! little flat disc has become a great r\nd ball1 a planet among planets1 swiftly mov+ ?r\gh space2 ! cry/al dome t t5d]ly cov]$ x l a bell-glass ov] "s fragile fl[]1 has lift$1 & ! va/ sph]e is se51 inf9itely di/ant1 & /udd$ ) enorm\s />s4 ,man himself is n[ a t9y creature on a great e>?1 & 8 _w b "o among _m1 b if he is humiliat$ by 8 insignificance1 is he n elevat$ by ! va/ness ( 8 outlook8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,e>? & sun accord+ to ,h]acleides4 ,9 ! upp] figure x is day1 9 ! l[]1 night1 on ! inhabit$ side ( ,e>?4 ,! sun is on ! equator1 z at ! "t ( equ9ox4 ,sid5ote3 ,h]acleides c4 #cgj ,b4,c4 ,b n ev5 "h did ! ,greeks /op4 ,x 0 tak+ a less />tl+ /ep ?an !y _h already tak51 to rea* ! tru? t ,e>? 0 m]ely rotat+ on h] axis once 9 a day1 & s caus+ ! app>5t diurnal revolution ( ! heav5s4 ,?is /ep 0 tak5 7x is said7 by a ,py?agorean call$ ,hicetas ( ,syracuse1 :o is quot$ z say+ t ! e>?1 8:ile x turns & twi/s itself ) ! greate/ velocity r\nd its axis1 produces all ! same ph5om5a z if ! heav5s 7 mov$ & ! e>? 7 /&+ /ill40 ,we are told also t 8,h]acleides ( ,pontus & ,ecphantus ! ,py?agorean let ! e>? move1 n progressively1 b 9 a turn+ mann] l a :eel fitt$ ) an axis1 f we/ to ea/ r\nd its own c5tre40 ,a brilliant guess1#bi :i* seems fully ju/ifi$ by facts1 has rec5tly expla9$ ! p]sonalities ( ^! two my/]i\s ,py?agoreans ( unkn[n date1 ,hicetas & ,ecphantus1 ^: names h be5 c\pl$ = c5turies ) t ( ,h]acleides1 z tea*+ ! rotation ( ,e>? on h] axis4 ,x seems t !y resemble ! ,%ad[ 9 ,hans ,&]s5's tale1 :i* became a man & liv$ ap>t f ! man to :om x orig9ally ow$ its exi/5ce1 = x is n[ ?\ght t !y 7 speak]s introduc$ by ,h]acleides into "o ( 8 dramatic dialogues to discuss a/ronomy4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bi ,see ,hea?'s ,ari/>*us ( ,samos1 pp4 #ahg-ahi & #bea1 #beb4 ,i v mu* regret t z ,mr4 ,hea?'s book 0 only publi%$ ?is ye>1 ,i h be5 unable to make use ( x :ile writ+ ( e>ly ,greek a/ronomy4 ,i c n[ only advise any read]s :o may be int]e/$ 9 my brief sket* ( ?is p]iod to read ,mr4 ,hea?'s hi/ory1 :]e !y w f9d ! op9ions ( mod]n writ]s summ>iz$ & discuss$1 & also ! full text 79 ,engli%7 ( ! mo/ anci5t & reliable s\rces ( in=mation4 ,x is a great enc\ragem5t to f9d t my /atem5ts are 9 agreem5t ) 8 9 ne>ly all ess5tial po9ts1 b read]s w m>k ! foll[+ important diff]5ces3-- #a4 ,anaxim&]'s heav5s are said to h be5 sph]ical1 n hemisph]ical1 & ?is seems to be cle>ly prov$ by ! evid5ce quot$ f anci5t writ]s4 #b4 ,anaxagoras1 n ,?ales1 is said to h be5 ! fir/ to expla9 correctly ! cause ( sol> eclipses & ( ! moon's phases1 viz4 t ! moon is an opaque body1 %9+ only by reflect$ sunlight1 & p]iodically hid+ ! sun f u :5 %e passes 9 front ( x4 ,mr4 ,hea? reg>ds ! au?or%ip ( ,anaxagoras z conclusively prov$3 read]s w be able to judge ( ?is f 8 quotations4 ,p]sonally !y seem to me to prove no m ?an t ,anaxagoras agre$ ) o!rs on ?is po9t1 & 0 ! fir/ to express x cle>ly 9 writ+4 ,x is difficult to see :y ,mr4 ,hea? d5ies t ,p>m5ides held ! same views be=e ,anaxagoras3 ,p>m5ides' own words seem to prove x1 & 8 !ory t ! moon 0 compos$ ( air & fire m+l$ is r 9 fav\r ( x ?an o!rwise4 ,he surely meant t ! moon 0 n :olly bright1 l ! sun2 yet t %e _h "s light ( h] own mu/ h seem$ evid5t f ! fa9t illum9ation we see dur+ total lun> eclipses & on ! "p ( h] surface n light$ by ! sun4 7,see ,dante's views1 p4 #djb ( ?is book47 ,! connection betwe5 h] phases & h] di/ance f ! sun 9 ! sky is s extremely obvi\s t ,i c h>dly ?9k ! ,greeks drew no inf]5ce f x until ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 & ,i _c see :y we %\ld refuse to cr$it ,?ales ) ! discov]y attribut$ to him t h] light came 9 "s way f ! sun4 ,gruppe acutely obs]ves t ! reason :y ,?ales' pupil ,anaxim&] did n accept ! true explanation ( lun> phases & sol> eclipses may h be5 because he felt x necess>y to h a !ory :i* w\ld apply equally well to eclipses ( ! moon2 & z he believ$ 9 a flat e>? he c\ld n advocate ! true explanation "h4 ,?is 0 :y he inv5t$ a new !ory 7viz4 t bo? sun & moon 7 fire %9+ ?r\gh holes 9 holl[ r+s1 & t ! occasional /opp+ up ( ^! holes caus$ bo? lun> & sol> eclipses1 & also ! lun> phases74 ,b ,p>m5ides _h le>n$ ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( ,e>?'s sph]ical =m1 h5ce he 0 able to accept ! old] !ory t ! moon obta9s h] light f ! sun1 & sometimes eclipses ! sun by h] opaque sph]ical body1 = he c\ld h add$ t ! moon is eclips$ 9 l mann] by ! opaque sph]ical body ( ! e>?4 ,h]acleides1 !re=e1 0 ! sole au?or ( ?is rem>kable discov]y4 ,9 ?is way ,e>? 0 re/or$ to h] c5tral position1 b z a rotat+ sph]e1 & ! lat] ,py?agoreans app>5tly tri$ to reconcile _! new s*eme ) ! old by call+ ,anti*?on ! un9habit$ hemisph]e ( ,e>?1 & plac+ ! c5tral fire )9 ! e>?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 ,,greek ,,a/ronomy4 ,,second ,,p]iod4 ,b4,c4 #djj ,,to ,a4,d4 #aej4 8,*iamavi il cielo1 e intorno vi si gira1 ,mo/r&ovi le sue bellezze et]ne40 #a4 ,,plato4 ,! ,ionian s*ool ( philosophy di$ ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 & ! ,py?agorean t[>ds ! end ( ! f\r?4 ,b mean:ile a new s*ool ( a/ronom]s 0 gr[+ up4 ,! philosoph]s /ill laid d[n g5]al pr9ciples1 f\nd$ on ab/ract reason+1 :i* !y believ$ mu/ regulate ! nature & movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 b a/ronomy began to be reg>d$ z a bran* ( ma!matics1 n ( philosophy1 & ! ma!maticians1 leav+ problems ( ultimate causes to ! philosoph]s1 devot$ !mselves to obs]vation & calculation4 ,!y c>efully /udi$ ! peculi> motions ( ea* planet1 & _! *ief aim 0 to repres5t ^! geometrically by "s s*eme :i* %\ld include !m all1 & make x possible to pr$ict ! places ( ! heav5ly bodies 9 ! sky = any giv5 date4 ,"o cause ( ?is great progress 9 me?ods 0 no d\bt ! natural intellectual gr[? ( ! ,greek race1 z !y discov]$ t _! eag] curiosity conc]n+ nature c\ld only be satisfi$ by pati5t inve/igation4 ,! value ( obs]vation 0 taught1 9 ! latt] half ( ! f\r? c5tury1 by ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 & a great impetus mu/ h be5 giv5 by ! campaigns ( ,alex&]1 9 :i* ! ,greeks saw di/ant c\ntries1 new climates1 /range peoples & cu/oms4 ,sid5ote3 ,calli/h5es c4 #ccj ,b4,c4 ,b a pot5t cause ( ! advance 9 a/ronomy seems to h be5 ! clos] connection betwe5 ,greek a/ronom]s & ^? ( ,egypt & ,babylon4 ,! a/ronom] ,calli/h5es w5t ) ,alex&] to ! ,ea/1 & receiv$ a lett] f ,ari/otle pray+ him to s5d to ,a!ns ! ,babylonian eclipse records :i* 7 c5turies old2 & ,ari/otle m5tions1 :5 speak+ ( ! motions ( ! planets1 t ! ,babylonians & ,egyptians _h furni%$ tru/wor?y in=mation ab\t ea* "o ( !m4 ,ev5 be=e ?is1 we f9d t ! ,greek descriptive names ( ! planets 7 *ang$ = names ( ,greek deities :i* are believ$ to correspond ) ! ,babylonian gods & goddesses :o presid$ ov] ! planets4 ,?us ,plato speaks ( 8! /> sacr$ to ,h]mes0 z well z ,/ilbon ! ,glitt]]1 & he is ! la/ to use commonly ! "n ( ,phosphor = ! planet :i* h5ce=? 0 kn[n z ,aphrodite among ! ,greeks1 & ,v5us among ! ,romans1 correspond+ ) ! ,babylonian ,i%t>2 & s on ) ! re/4 ,in/ead ( vague records ( j\rneys 9 ,egypt or ,babylonia1 we h a def9ite /atem5t t ,eudoxus1 :o 0 ! f\nd] ( ! new s*ool1 w5t to ,egypt ab\t #cgh ,b4,c41 ) lett]s f ! k+ ( ,sp>ta to ! k+ ( ,egypt1 & we are told t he /udi$ ! planet>y motions "u a prie/ ( ,heliopolis4 ,x seems highly probable1 to say ! lea/1 t ,eudoxus 0 ! fir/ ,greek to appreciate ! value ( ^? me?ods ( obs]vation & cont9u\s record+ ( ph5om5a :i* he f\nd among ! ,egyptians1 & to und]/& ! wond]ful regul>ity :i* 0 hidd5 beh9d ! seem+ irregul>ities ( ! 8w&]+ />s40 ,he 0 also1 app>5tly1 ! fir/ ,greek to write a detail$ description ( ! =ty-eight anci5t con/ellations4 ,b if ,egypt & ,babylonia gave to ,greece records ( cele/ial ph5om5a1 & set ! example ( accurate & long-cont9u$ obs]vations1 ,greece made ! new k h] own1 & trans=m$ x4 ,! leg5d t ,eudoxus appli$ 8 ma!matical skill to ! anci5t monum5ts ( ! ,egyptians1 & %[$ !m h[ to calculate ! height ( ! ,great ,pyramid by measurem5ts ( its %ad[1 is typical ( ! hi/ory ( ,greek treatm5t ( ,ori5tal a/ronomy4 ,"o geometrical !ory aft] ano!r 0 inv5t$ to repres5t ! planet>y motions1 0 comp>$ ) ! skies1 & reject$ or improv$1 & mean:ile obs]vation became mu* m close & accurate2 new in/rum5ts 7 introduc$1 new me?ods ( calculation inv5t$1 new motions discov]$ :i* _h to be acc\nt$ =2 f9ally1 five hundr$ ye>s aft] ,eudoxus' visit to ,egypt1 ! result ( all ?is lab\r 0 summ>iz$ 9 a truly epo*-mak+ "w1 :i* rema9$ ! /&>d treatise on a/ronomy until ! "t ( ,cop]nicus4 ,sid5ote3 ,plato c4 #dbg-cdg ,b4,c4 ,eudoxus 0 born at ,cnidos1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 b at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree he w5t to ,a!ns1 & /udi$ "u ,plato4 ,x is said to h be5 ,plato :o inspir$ ! "y man ) ! idea ( devot+ 8 brilliant ma!matical p[]s to solv+ ! problem ( cele/ial motions1 & ) ?is view he w5t to ,egypt4 ,! /ory is easy to believe :5 we recall ! _m passages 9 ! ,dialogues 9 :i* ,plato uses ! spl5did imag]y ( ! skies to illu/rate 8 philosophic doctr9es1 dwell+ especially on ! p]fect ?\gh little und]/ood symmetry ( ! cele/ial motions1 & x w be rememb]$ t a/ronomy 0 "o ( ! subjects to be le>n$ by ! rul]s ( 8 ideal /ate4 ,x is true t ,glaucon is g5tly b decid$ly snubb$ by ,socrates 9 ! ,republic1 = sugge/+ t ! /udy ( a/ronomy is valuable because ( its use 9 navigation1 husb&ry1 & ! arts ( w>4 ,?is is 8vulg> praise10 b has !re ev] be5 nobl] praise ( a/ronomy ?an t :i* ,socrates himself !n proce$s to give8 ,al?\gh he believes t true k1 k ( realities1 is only to be obta9$ by ! ex]cise ( pure reason )\t ! aid ( s5se1 he consid]s t ! /udy ( cele/ial motions is "o ( ! be/ means ( tra9+ ! m9d to rea* ^? heights1 & he does n hesitate to say t sight 0 giv5 to u 9 ord] t we might look at ! skies4 ,= ! embroid]y ( heav51 says ,socrates1 ?\gh wr\ght ^u a visible gr\nd1 is ! faire/ & mo/ p]fect ( visible ?+s2 & x is display$ to our mortal eyes z a patt]n ( ! et]nal realities :i* are grant$ to ! vision ( ! s\l4 ,9 ! ,timaeus ?is idea is elaborately develop$1 & x und\bt$ly _h an effect on ,plato's contempor>ies1 al?\gh 8 direct influ5ce on a/ronomy _c be comp>$ ) t ( ,ari/otle4 ,! ,timaeus 0 widely read also 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 dur+ ! long p]iod :5 ,plato's o!r writ+s 7 unkn[n1 & x is quot$ by ,dante4 ,we are (t5 rem9d$ ( him :5 read+ ! a/ronomical & quasi-a/ronomical p>ts4 ,timaeus1 :o is introduc$ to ,socrates by ,critias z 8! mo/ ( an a/ronom] among u1 & "o :o has made a special /udy ( ! nature ( ! ,univ]se10#cj describes ! ,creation z he conceives x mo/ probable t x took place4 ,he assumes a *aos to beg9 )1 :]e !re is no ord]1 & no matt] :i* c be di/+ui%$ by "n1 b all is confus$ & see?+ ) r&om re/less motions4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cj ,i foll[ ! translation ( ,j[ett4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,( ?is1 9 ord] to produce some?+ :i* %\ld express 8 own goodness1#ca ! ,creator =m$ ! f\r elem5ts1--e>?1 wat]1 air1 & fire1--& ( !m he made a _w1 :i* became a fair & intellig5t be+1 animat$ by a liv+ s\l4 ,he made x 9 ! mo/ p]fect =m1 t ( a sph]e1 poli%$ & smoo? on ! outside1 8z if f a la!40 ,! s\l 0 plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 & h5ce diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole bodily frame4 ,x is ! cause ( ! h>moni\s motions ( ! />s1 & ( ^! !re are two k9ds3 ! motion ( ! ,same 7! diurnal revolution ( ! :ole heav5s7 is 9 ! noble/ direction1 simple & uni=m2 ! motion ( ! ,div]se is 9 ! opposite direction & diagonal to ! fir/1 & x is divid$ into sev5 p>ts 7! sev5 orbits ( ! planets71 :i* be> c]ta9 def9ite ratios to "o ano!r4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ca ,comp>e ,p>4 vii4 #fd-ff4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,timaeus does n "n ! planets1 b 9 ! ,republic ,socrates names "s1 & indicates ! re/ by _! col\r or o!r *>act]i/ic1#cb s we "k t ! ord] :i* he assigns to !m1 c\nt+ outw>ds f ! c5tral e>?1 is3 ,moon1 ,sun1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cb ,see 8 fam\s description ( ! eight sph]es1 on ea* ( :i* /&s a sir51 s++1 :ile ! :ole sy/em turns ^u a diamond sp9dle1 ! end ( :i* re/s ^u ! knees ( ,necessity4 ,?is book 0 n kn[n 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x 0 9 ord] to make ! _w l its et]nal patt]n t ! ,creator made a 8mov+ image ( et]nity10 :i* we call ,"t1 9 ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies2 & to make x visible he 8light$ a fire :i* we n[ call ! sun1 9 ! second ( ^! orbits1 t x might give light to ! :ole ( heav5 note t ! />s %9e by reflect$ sunlight1 z well z moon & planets1 & t ! animals :o 7 by nature fitt$ might p>ticipate 9 numb]3 ?is 0 ! lesson !y 7 to le>n f ! revolutions ( ! ,same & ! ,l4 ,?us1 !n1 & by ^! means1 ! night & ! day 7 creat$1 be+ ! p]iod ( ! "o mo/ intellig5t revolution4 ,& ! mon? 0 creat$ :5 ! moon _h complet$ h] orbit & ov]tak5 ! sun2 & ! ye>1 :5 ! sun _h complet$ 8 own orbit4 ,! p]iods ( ! o!r />s ! planets h n be5 und]/ood by m5 9 g5]al1 b only by a few1 & !y h no "n = !m1 & d n e/imate _! comp>ative l5g? by ! aid ( a numb]1 & h5ce !y are h>dly aw>e t _! w&]+s1 :i* are inf9ite 9 numb] & admirable = _! v>iety1 make up "t4 ,& yet !re is no difficulty 9 see+ t ! p]fect numb] ( "t completes ! p]fect ye> :5 all ! eight revolutions1 hav+ _! relative degrees ( swiftness1 are accompli%$ toge!r1 & aga9 meet at _! orig9al po9t ( dep>ture1 measur$ by ! circle ( ! ,same mov+ equally40 ,! heav5ly bodies1 accord+ to ,timaeus1 are all div9e intellig5t be+s4 ,9 =m !y are p]fect sph]es1 l ! _w ( :i* !y =m "p1 & !y are compos$ ( fire4 ,! />s h two motions1 = ea* rotates on its own axis :ile x is c>ri$ r\nd ! c5tre on ! rotat+ /> sph]e4 ,e>? is also a sph]e1 immoveable at ! c5tre ( ! ,_w4 ,( h] ,timaeus says3 8,! e>?1 :i* is our nurse1 encircl+ ! pole :i* is ext5d$ ?r\gh ! univ]se1 he made to be ! gu>dian & artific] ( night & day40 ,?is passage has giv5 rise to ! idea t ,plato believ$ ! app>5t diurnal revolution ( ! heav5s to be caus$ by e>?'s rotation on h] axis2 b ! ^w "h translat$ 8encircl+0#cc may mean--z t does--ei!r motion or situation r\nd ab\t some?+1 & ! :ole context ascribes ! diurnal movem5t s cle>ly & emphatically to ! heav5s1 t x seems evid5t ,plato c\ld only h meant t e>? 0 gu>dian & artific] ( day & night by virtue ( h] position4 ,! only /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! o!r mean+ is t ,ari/otle1 :5 speak+ ( ,e>? z suppos$ by "s to be c5tral 9 ! ,univ]se b mov+1 quotes ,plato & ! ,timaeus4 ,x might easily happ51 h[ev]1 t ,ari/otle knew f o!r s\rces1 p]haps f conv]sation ) ,plato1 t at "s "t ! latt] _h incl9$ t[>ds belief 9 ,e>?'s motion1 & rememb]+ ! ambigu\s expression 9 ! ,timaeus he quot$ x f memory z a /atem5t ( ,plato's belief4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cc 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!re is "s evid5ce t late 9 life ,plato accept$ ! doctr9e ( ,philolaus t ,e>? 0 n only 9 motion1 b 9 motion r\nd a ,c5tral ,fire4 ,!re is a leg5d t he b\ght ! books ( ,philolaus at a great price1 & ,!ophra/us1 a disciple ( ,ari/otle1 is report$ by ,plut>* to h said t 8,plato :5 old assign$ to ,e>? ano!r place1 ! c5tral & nobl] place be+ res]v$ = some?+ else m wor?y ( x40 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 he does n tea* ei!r !ory 9 8 writ+s4 ,8 views seem to be q ! same z ^? ( ,py?agoreans ( ! old s*ool1 :om he sometimes quotes4 ,aft] describ+ ! creation ( ! ,univ]se1 ,timaeus relates t ! ,creator deput$ ! gods :om he _h made 7includ+ ! />s7 to create liv+ be+s on ! e>?1 he himself creat+ directly only _! immortal "p1 :i* he made ( ! same ess5ce z ! ,_w-,s\l1 b dilut$4 ,!n foll[s ! passage :i* came to ! m9d ( ,dante :5 he met ! fir/ spirits ( ,p>adise 9 ! moon4 8,& :5 he _h fram$ ! ,univ]se1 he di/ribut$ s\ls 9 equal numb]s to ! />s1 & assign$ ea* s\l to a />2 & hav+ plac$ !m z 9 a *>iot1 he %[$ !m ! nature ( ! ,univ]se1 & ! decrees ( de/9y appo9t$ = !m1 & told !m t no "o %\ld suff] at 8 h&s1 & t !y mu/ be s[n 9 ! vessels ( ! times sev]ally adopt$ to !m4444 ,he said t he :o liv$ well dur+ 8 appo9t$ "t on e>? w\ld return to ! habitation ( 8 />1 & !re h a bless$ & suitable exi/5ce40 ,if he liv$ ill1 he w\ld be a woman at 8 second bir?1 if a bad woman1 !n a bea/1 & z long z he cont9u$ to d ill he w\ld 8n cease f 8 toils & trans=mations until he foll[$ ! orig9al pr9ciple ( sam5ess & lik5ess )9 him4444 ,:5 he _h giv5 all ^! laws to 8 creatures 444 he s[$ "s ( !m 9 ! e>?1 & "s 9 ! moon1 & "s 9 ! o!r />s :i* are ! measures ( ,"t40 ,! creation ( man's body & all ! rema9d] ( ! ,timaeus does n conc]n u "h1 except t :5 speak+ ( ! highe/ use ( man's faculty ( sight1 we realize h[ ne> ,dante & ,plato are 9 _! feel+ = ! revolv+ heav5s3 8,god inv5t$ & gave u sight to ?is end1 t we might behold ! c\rses ( intellig5ce 9 ! heav51 & apply !m to ! c\rses ( our own intellig5ce :i* are ak9 to !m1 ! unp]turb$ to ! p]turb$2 & t we1 le>n+ !m & be+ p>tak]s ( ! true computations ( nature1 might imitate ! absolutely un]r+ c\rses ( ,god & regulate our own vag>ies40 #b4 ,,eudoxus4 ,sid5ote3 ,eudoxus #djh ,b4,c4 to c4 #cee ,b4,c4 ,) words l ^! r++ 9 8 e>s1 ,eudoxus w5t f ! ,greek philosoph] to ! ,egyptian prie/1 & /udi$ 8! c\rses ( intellig5ce 9 ! heav540 ,leg5d says t ! sacr$ ,egyptian ,bull lick$ 8 g>m5t1 & ! prie/s no d\bt 7 enc\rag$ by ?is om5 to divulge _! secrets to a p]son s highly fav\r$ by ! gods4 ,!y prophesi$ t he w\ld h a %ort b v illu/ri\s life4 ,aft] a ye>1 or p]haps m1 sp5t 9 ,egypt1 ,eudoxus return$ to 8 own city1 set up an obs]vatory ( 8 own1 receiv$ pupils1 & work$ out an exce$+ly +5i\s & orig9al planet>y s*eme4 ,he did n accept 7if he knew ( !m7 ! risky !ories ( ! ,py?agoreans z to ,e>?'s motion1 b assum$ a c5tral /able e>?1 r\nd :i* circl$ ! />s & ! sev5 planets1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,plato & ! g5]al belief among educat$ ,greeks ( 8 day4 ,b ,egyptian obs]vation & ,greek geometry enabl$ him to describe = ! fir/ "t ! complicat$ movem5ts ( ! planets1 & to repres5t !m by an imag9>y me*anism4 ,?is 0 a s]ies ( sph]es1 or holl[ balls1 fitt+ inside "o ano!r1 & gradually dim9i%+ 9 size l ! ivory boxes ( a ,*9ese puzzle1 or ! coats ( an onion4 ,_! size 0 /up5d\s1 = ! out] "o1 :i* conta9$ all ! re/1 0 no?+ less ?an ! sky we see1 & 0 encru/$ all ov] ) />s4 ,( ! inn] small] sph]es1 "o bore1 fix$ 9 x l a jewel set 9 a r+1 ! sun2 & six o!rs bore1 9 ! same way1 ! moon & ! planets1 "o 9 ea*4 ,all ^! holl[ sph]es 7 symmetrically plac$ s t all c5tr$ 9 a s+le po9t1 & at ?is po9t 0 a solid sph]e1 exce$+ly small 9 comp>ison1 :i* 0 ! e>?4 ,! /> sph]e1 )\t mov+ f its place1 rotat$ r\nd ?is c5tral ,e>?1 & ?is caus$ ! diurnal motion t we see 9 ! />s4 ,ea* planet-be>+ sph]e rotat$ also1 b ! special *>act]i/ic ( ,eudoxus' sy/em is t ea* ( ^! 0 surr\nd$ by its own complete set ( sph]es1 be>+ no planet1 b all atta*$ toge!r1 ! poles ( "o sph]e re/+ on ! surface ( ! next1 & mov+ ) diff]5t spe$s1 9 diff]5t directions1 & ) diff]5tly incl9$ axes3 ^! motions be+ all communicat$ to ! inn]mo/ sph]e on :i* ! planet 0 fix$1 ! net result 0 ! movem5t ( ! planet z we see x 9 ! sky4 ,ea* planet>y set 0 q sep>ate f ! re/1 & did n int]f]e ) _! movem5ts1 al?\gh ea* set 0 enclos$ )9 ! next l>g]4 ,s9ce all ! planets h a diurnal motion l ! />s1 z well z _! own prop] motions1 ea* set _h to be provid$ ) a sph]e :i* mov$ exactly l ! great all-enclos+ /> sph]e4 ,?us1 ! sun _h "o sph]e turn+ l ! /> sph]e1 & )9 ?is 0 a second1 on :i* ! sun 0 fix$1 :i* turn$ r\nd 9 a ye>1 9 a we/ to ea/ direction4 ,! sun1 c>ri$ along by ! comb9$ motion1 travell$ ?r\gh ! sky ) ! daily & ye>ly motions1 z we see !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! sph]es ( ! sun 9 ! sy/em ( ,eudoxus4 ,! out] sph]e turns on its axis ,a ,a 9 a day & night2 ! inn] on its axis a a 9 a ye>1 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! planet>y sph]es 7 mu* m difficult to arrange4 ,eudoxus us$ f\r sph]es = ea*1 & ^! _h 9 e case to be c>efully adju/$ to ! v diff]5t p]iods & amplitudes ( ! planet>y oscillations4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! s*eme fail$ ) ! difficult case ( ,m>s1 & 0 n q satisfactory ) ,v5us1 b x repres5t$ rem>kably well ! movem5t--s f> z !n kn[n--( ,sun & ,moon1 ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 & ,m]cury4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly a feat = ^? days1 :e!r we consid] x m]ely z ! solution ( a ma!matical problem1 or z an embodim5t ( a/ronomical k4 ,! p]iods ( ! planets z kn[n to ,eudoxus1 /at$ 9 r\nd numb]s only1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,!y are tak5 f ,simplicius1 :o describes ! sy/em ( ,eudoxus1 b z 9 ! s-call$ ,papyrus ( ,eudoxus ! synodical revolution ( ,m]cury is giv5 z #aaf days1 ! same z ! mod]n value1 ,eudoxus may h _h mu* m exact data4 ,x w be se5 t 8 synodic p]iod = ,m>s is ! only "o :i* is totally wrong1 & ! l>ge error is difficult to expla94 ,mod]n ,zodiacal ,mod]n ,planet4 ,synodic ,p]iod4 ,value4 ,p]iod4#cd ,value4 ,m]cury #aaj days #aaf days #a ye> #a4j ye> ,v5us #ai mon?s #ehd 0 0 #a4j 0 ,m>s #h mon?s1 #bj days #ghj 0 #b ye>s #a4hh 0 ,jupit] #ac mon?s #cii 0 #ab 0 #aa4hf 0 ,saturn #ac mon?s #cgh 0 #cj 0 #bi4df 0 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cd ,! p]iod 9 :i* a planet is se5 to revolve r\nd ! zodiac1 & return to ! same />1 v>ies greatly1 because complicat$ by its retrograde movem5ts2 b if ! av]age ( a suffici5t numb] ( p]iods be tak51 x co9cides = ,m]cury & ,v5us ) ! sid]eal ye>2 = ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn1 ) ! p]iod 9 :i* ea* is actually revolv+ r\nd ! sun 7its 8sid]eal p]iod074 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is disappo9t+1 aft] ! spl5did hypo!ses ( ! ,py?agoreans1 to be back aga9 on a c5tral /ation>y ,e>? among me*anical contrivances = mov+ ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* rem9d u ( ,anaxim&]'s s]ies ( hemisph]ical heav5s & heav5ly :eels1 b at lea/ ! e>? is sph]ical1 ow+ to ! ,py?agoreans1 & ! sky ext5ds l a sph]e all r\nd1 & we %all nev] h a flat ,e>? or a hemisph]ical sky aga9 among ! ,greeks4 ,we d n "k :e!r ,eudoxus reg>d$ 8 sph]es z conv5i5t ma!matical ab/ractions only1 or :e!r he reason$ t ! />s 7 evid5tly set 9 an invisible uni=mly rotat+ sph]e1 & ,plato consid]$ ?is k9d ( movem5t ! mo/ suitable = all heav5ly bodies2 t !re=e he w\ld try :e!r a s]ies ( simil> sph]es int]act+ on "o ano!r w\ld acc\nt = ! complicat$ motions ( a planet1 & f9d+ t !y w\ld1 taught t !y mu/ truly exi/4 ,9 any case ! basis ( 8 sy/em 0 a detail$ k ( planet>y motions hi!rto unapproa*$ by ! ,greeks1 & its *ief m]it 0 t x *all5g$ comp>ison ) ! skies4 #c4 ,,calippus4 ,sid5ote3 ,calippus c4 #ccj ,b4,c4 ,! *all5ge 0 soon tak5 up1 = tw5ty or ?irty ye>s lat] "o ( ! pupils ( ,eudoxus1 ,calippus ( ,cyzicus1 und]took to improve ! sy/em4 ,! defects 9 ! !ories ( ,m>s & ,v5us _h evid5tly be5 discov]$1 = ,calippus add$ ano!r sph]e to ea* ( ^!1 z well z "o to ,m]cury1 :i* w\ld be q en\gh to br+ ! !ories into bett] agreem5t ) ! facts4 ,) reg>d to ! sun & moon1 ,calippus _h paid special att5tion to _! movem5ts1 = he made an improvem5t 9 ! old luni-sol> cycle ( ,meton1 to :i* we %all return lat]4 ,eudoxus _h ignor$ a v important fact discov]$ by ,meton & ,euctemon ab\t ,b4,c4 #dcj1 viz43 t ! seasons are ( unequal l5g?1 %[+ t ! sun takes unequal times to pass ov] ! f\r arcs ( 8 orbit ly+ betwe5 ! f\r po9ts ( ! v]nal & autumnal equ9oxes & ! summ] & w9t] sol/ices4 8,:y10 exclaims a lat] writ]#ce 8are !re unequal numb]s ( days 9 ! f\r seasons1 see+ t ! c\rse ( ! heav5ly bodies mu/ be regul>1 n be+ sway$ by human passions or affairs80 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ce ,gem9us4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,calippus consid]$ ?is "q v s]i\sly1 & made a c>eful det]m9ation ( ! l5g? ( ! f\r seasons4 ,x seems at fir/ sight impossible to reconcile _! inequality ) uni=m circul> motion ( ! sun r\nd ! e>?1 b he f\nd t he c\ld d x by add+ two m sph]es to ! sun's set1 rotat+ uni=mly b s arrang$ t _! motion1 add$ to ! o!rs1 w\ld result 9 an actual velocity 9 ! sun itself v>y+ j 9 ! way requir$ by ! facts4 ,! same _h to be done = ! moon1 = ! same reason1 s ! numb] ( sph]es1 :i* ,eudoxus _h made tw5ty-sev51 0 br\ght up to ?irty-f\r 7includ+ ! /> sph]e74 ,! v>y+ velocity ( ! five planets _h n yet be5 p]ceiv$4#cf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cf ,?is v>y+ velocity is due to ! fact t all cele/ial orbits are n true circles1 b ellipses1 :i* 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,kepl] 7#afji ,a4,d474 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #d4 ,,ari/otle4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/otle ,b4,c4 #chd-cbb4 ,calippus w5t up to ,a!ns ab\t #ccj ,b4,c4 to lay 8 s*eme be=e ! great ma/]1 ,ari/otle1 & x _h 8 cordial approval4 ,b ,ari/otle def9itely accept$ ! sph]es z ?+s hav+ a concrete exi/5ce1 = he says 7,de ,clo ,,ii1 #ab7 t we mu/ reg>d !m z heav5ly bodies l ! />s & planets1 & t !y are compos$ ( ! same cele/ial /uff4 ,he made "o *ange1 :5 incorporat+ ! sy/em 9 8 s*eme ( ! ,univ]se4 ,he 0 n satisfi$ t ea* set ( sph]es %\ld "w q indep5d5tly ( ! re/1 & ?\ght t ! out]mo/ sph]e ( />s ought to communicate its motion to ^? bel[ 7i4e4 ne>] ,e>?72 & no d\bt x did seem r clumsy to h a sep>ate sph]e 9 e set rotat+ 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! /> sph]e4 ,b h[ c\ld ! impulse be communicat$ )\t di/urb+ ! o!r movem5ts8 ,ari/otle introduc$ bel[ ea* set ano!r set ( 8unroll+0 sph]es1 z he call$ !m1 :i* successively neutraliz$ ! rotations ( all sph]es 9 t set except ! "o ) diurnal rotation1 h5ce ?is movem5t alone 0 communicat$ to ! set next bel[4 ,?is seems1 h[ev]1 m clumsy ?an ! defect x 0 int5d$ to rem$y4 ,ari/otle 0 p]haps l$ to x by 8 wi% to give greate/ importance to ! /> sph]e2 & if s1 he act$ on ! pr9ciple :i* he blam$ 9 ! ,py?agoreans1 ( mak+ d$uctions n f ?+s z !y are se51 b z1 accord+ to 8 own ideas1 !y ought to be4 ,= inde$ ,ari/otle1 9 spite ( 8 own doctr9es1 & ! great impulse :i* he gave to truly sci5tific me?ods ( obs]vation & exp]im5t1 c\ld n rise altoge!r above ! prejudices ( 8 age1 & consequ5tly 8 ,cosmos is a curi\s mixture ( s\nd reason+1 bas$ on obs]vation1 & ( metaphysics1 ! latt] pr$om9at+4 ,= in/ance1 x is only at ! end ( 8 second book ,on ! ,heav5s1 aft] he has 8prov$10 f purely metaphysical reasons1 t ,e>? mu/ necess>ily be sph]ical & at ! c5tre ( ! ,_w1 t he adds 9 support ( 8 ass]tions ! fact t ! curv$ l9e ( ,e>?'s %ad[ se5 on ! moon dur+ eclipses is always r\nd1 t />s v>y 9 visibility z we *ange our horizon1 & t a/ronom]s say t ! cele/ial ph5om5a occur z !y w\ld if ,e>? 7 at ! c5tre ( ! ,_w4 ,nev]!less1 ,ari/otle's tea*+ _h s ov]:elm+ an influ5ce1 n only ?r\gh\t ?is epo*1 b 9 ! age ( ,dante1 & ! latt] 0 s greatly influ5c$ by him1 bo? directly & indirectly1 t x is exce$+ly int]e/+ to "k 8 ideas ab\t ! ,cosmos4 ,we f9d !m 9 ! two books ,on ! ,heav5s1 9 ! ,meteorology1 ! ,metaphysics1 & "s o!r works4 ,a special treatise on ,a/ronomy1 to :i* he ref]s#cg1 is un=tunately n extant4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cg ,de ,clo ,,ii4 #aj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! =m ( ! ,univ]se1 ,ari/otle says1 mu/ be a sph]e1 because a sph]e is ! mo/ p]fect ( solids & a solid is m p]fect ?an a surface or a l9e1 because x is 9 ?ree dim5sions1 & ?ree means completion1 p]fection4#ch ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ch ,?us1 7he adds7 "t also is ?reefold1 = we h ,beg9n+1 ,middle1 & ,end4 ,!re=e we apply ?ree to ,div9e ?+s1 & also 9 common spee* we call two 8bo?10 & only say 8all0 :5 we rea* ?ree1 foll[+ ,nature's law4 ,! ,py?agoreans say 8,! all & all ?+s are b\nd$ by ! numb] ?ree40--,de ,clo ,i4 #a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,univ]se _h no beg9n+1 & w h no end2 & ?is conclusion1 drawn f reason+1 is support$ by ! belief :i* all h :o believe 9 gods1 8:e!r ,greeks or n ,greeks10 t ! gods1 :o are immortal1 live 9 ! highe/ heav51 :i* is !re=e also immortal2 & by ! fact t no "o1 ?r\gh\t ! ages1 s f> z we "k1 has ev] se5 any *ange 9 x4 ,b x is ( f9ite dim5sions1 = no inf9itely great body c\ld rotate 9 a f9ite "t2 & x is ! only univ]se :i* exi/s or ev] c exi/3 outside is nei!r space1 nor void1 nor "t4 ,= space is t :i* is or may be occupi$ by matt]1 & "t is ! measure ( motion occurr+ 9 matt]1 & no matt] exi/s or c exi/ !re4 ,!re=e t :i* exi/s !re is n 9 space nor is alt]$ by "t1 b lives = ev] ! be/ & ! self-suffic+ life 7i4e4 ! purely spiritual74 ,z matt] has ?ree dim5sions1 s motion is ( ?ree k9ds3 viz4 7#a7 9 a /raight l9e d[n1 t is1 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! ,_w2 7#b7 9 a /raight l9e up1 t is1 t[>ds ! circumf]5ce2 7#c7 9 a circle r\nd ! c5tre4 ,?us simple heavy bodies su* z all k9ds ( e>?1 h a simple motion d[nw>ds2 simple light bodies su* z fire1 move upw>ds2 & :5 !y rea* _! respective goals !y rema9 :]e !y are1 unless di/urb$ by ext]nal =ce--e>?y ?+s on ! e>?1 fi]y vap\rs 9 ! upp] atmosph]e4 ,composite bodies h composite motions1 ! motion prop] to ! pr$om9ant sub/ance pr$om9at+4 ,b = ! heav5ly bodies ! only possible motion is 9 a circle1 :]e !re is nei!r beg9n+ nor end1 no goal & no limit1 h5ce ?is motion is et]nal4 ,?us ,ari/otle solv$ = himself ! problem ( ! e>ly philosoph]s3 h[ ! />s 9 ! sky rema9 !re1 = ev] circl+ r\nd u1 & nev] fall+ to ! gr\nd4 ,!re is no ne$1 he says1 to assume an ,atlas to support ! sky on 8 %\ld]s1 z 9 ! old my?s1 nor a :irlw9d su* z ,emp$ocles sugge/$1 nor a ,s\l ( ! ,_w1 z ,plato said2 = ! heav5ly bodies are n heavy ?+s l ,e>? to ne$ support1 & !y are n mov$ by =ce1 b are et]nally 9 motion f ! nature ( _! be+4 ,9 ! same way he disposes ( ! difficulty ( support+ ,e>?1 hav+ fir/ 8prov$0 t because !re is an ev]-circl+ sph]ical ,heav51 !re mu/ also be an ev]-re/+ sph]ical c5tral ,e>?2 !re mu/ be its opposite1 ! ev] upw>d-/riv+ ,fire2 & !re mu/ be ! int]m$iate pairs ( opposites1 ,air & ,wat]4 ,x is inde$1 he says1 a /range ?+1 & "o to set any ?\ghtful man ?9k+1 t ! smalle/ clod ( e>?1 :5 ?r[n up into ! air1 imm$iately falls d[n1 & presumably w\ld nev] /op fall+ if ! e>? 7 sudd5ly remov$ f b5ea? x2 yet "h is ,e>? h]self1 s l>ge & heavy1 n fall+1 b rema9+ /eady 9 "o place4 ,b ! explanations giv5 by philosoph]s are m difficult ?an ! fact !y seek to expla94 ,x5ophanes ( ,colophon said t ! e>? roots 9 ! inf9ite1 :i* simply sav$ him ! tr\ble ( consid]+ fur!r2 o!rs t ! e>? re/s on wat]1 :i* is our olde/ tradition1 said to be d]iv$ f ,?ales2 b on :at !n does wat] re/ & h[ c wat]1 :i* is light] ?an e>?1 support x8 ,d we n see t ev5 small pieces ( e>? s9k 9 wat]1 & l>g] ones /ill m quickly8 ,anaxim5es1 ,anaxagoras1 & ,democritus said t ,e>? re/s on air1 ?r\gh h] flat %ape1 z a leaf c float on ! w9d1 & !y add$ t ! air _c escape because ! flat e>? fits close d[n ^u x1 l a lid1 :i* is also ! reason t x c support ! e>?1 because x is compress$1 & !y br\ght =w>d _m pro(s to %[ t air1 :5 compress$ & /ill1 c support great weights4 ,o!rs1 l ,anaxim&]1 said t ,e>? re/s because %e is 9 equilibrium1 = !re is no reason :y %e %\ld move 9 "o direction r ?an ano!r4 ,b all e>?y ?+s 7says ,ari/otle7 d n m]ely rema9 at ! c5tre :5 !re1 !y move ?i!r :5ev] displac$4 ,!y are n susp5d$ l a hair :i* is p[]fully b uni=mly /ret*$1 & s nev] breaks1 nor l a man :o is equally hungry & ?ir/y1 & has meat & dr9k at equal di/ances f him & !re=e />ves4#ci ,no1 ! tru? is t ,e>?1 & e p>ticle ( ,e>?1 t5ds naturally t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se1 & re/s :5 at its goal4 ,we mu/ rememb] t on e "p ( ! sph]e ( ,e>?1 heavy bodies fall v]tically to its surface1 %[+ t x is n to ! surface 9 g5]al t !y fall1 b exactly to ! c5tre1 :i* is also ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ci ,p>4 iv4 #a-c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,( c\rse x 0 no solution ( ! my/]y1 b only mov+ x a /ep back1 to say t ! />s circle because x is _! nature to d s1 & heavy bodies fall to ,e>? because t is _! nature4 ,b ! int]e/+ po9t is t ! ,greeks did reason ab\t ^! two motions1 & comp>e !m2 t !y cle>ly grasp$ ! fact t 8weight0 simply means a t5d5cy to move1 & t ! motion ( fall+ bodies at ,e>?'s surface is inv>iably t[>ds ,e>?'s c5tre1 accel]at+ z x appproa*es ! surface 7,de ,clo ,i4 #h74 ,x is only ! fre% m9d ( a little *ild1 or ( a really intellig5t man1 :i* is =cibly /ruck by ! my/]y ( ev]yday sights1 su* z /ones fall+1 & />s n fall+ b et]nally mov+ 9 ! sky4 ,! =ce :i* makes bodies move t[>ds "o ano!r we /ill call 8heav9ess10 i4e4 gravity1 & ! my/]y ( its ultimate nature & mode ( action is /ill unsolv$4 ,x is s weak & s (t5 complicat$ by o!r =ces t1 except 9 v delicate exp]im5ts or ) ! m9d's eye1 we c only see x 9 action :5 bodies fall to ! gr\nd2 & ?us ,nature gu>d$ = c5turies ! secret t e t9y p>ticle on ! :ole e>? attracts e o!r1 & also ! e>? itself1 z surely z ! e>? attracts !m4 ,! fur!r gr& secret conc]n+ ?is =ce ,eudoxus _h unwitt+ly set out to discov]1 ) 8 planet>y p]iods le>n$ f ! ,egyptians1 & 8 ?ree motions ( ! moon4 ,= :5 ?is /udy 0 f> en\gh advanc$1 ! necess>y data 7 at h& = ,newton1 z he pond]$ ! my/]y :i* _h baffl$ ,greece2 & he 0 able1 f ! moon's motions1 to v]ify 8 guess1 t ev5 ! heav5ly bodies are 9 tru? always fall+1 fall+1 t[>ds "o ano!r1 exactly z ,ari/otle's 8smalle/ clod ( e>?0 fell to ! gr\nd4 ,f ! !ory ( ! ?ree simple motions1 x obvi\sly foll[s t ,e>? mu/ be at ! c5tre ( ! _w1 t h] p>ticles mu/ be arrang$ 9 a sph]ical =m r\nd ! c5tral po9t1 also ! sph]e mu/ be at re/4 ,b all are n agre$ ab\t ?is1 says ,ari/otle4 ,all :o consid] ! ,univ]se f9ite say ,e>? is at ! c5tre2 b ! philosoph]s 9 ,italy1 ! s-call$ ,py?agoreans1 on ! contr>y1 say t 9 ! c5tre is ,fire1 & t ,e>?1 :i* is "o ( ! />s1 is 9 motion r\nd ! c5tre1 & s causes day & night4 ,!y also assume a ,c\nt]-,e>?1 m]ely f pre-conceiv$ ideas1 n f obs]vation ( facts4 ,& "s agree ab\t ! ,c5tral ,fire1 f pre-conceiv$ ideas1 because !y ?9k t ! noble/ %\ld h ! noble/ place3 fire is nobl] ?an e>?1 & b\nd>y nobl] ?an :at is b\nd$1 & circumf]5ce & c5tre are bo? b\nd>ies2 !re=e 7!y say7 ,fire & n ,e>? is at ! c5tre4 ,moreov]1 ! ,py?agoreans say t ! mo/ important "p ( ! ,univ]se is ! be/ gu>d$1 & t ! c5tre is su* a "p1 & !y call x ! ,wat* ,t[] ( ,zeus4 ,to ^! metaphysical reasons ,ari/otle replies t ! c5tre is n a true b\nd>y1 x is r an end ?an a s\rce1 x is ! mat]ial1 ! limit$1 :ile x is ! circumf]5ce :i* limits1 encloses1 & gives ! =m4 ,besides1 ! c5tre ( a ?+ is n necess>ily ! c5tre ( its be+2 z ) animals ! c5tre ( _! life 7mean+ ! he>t7 is n ! c5tre ( _! body4 ,s ! philosoph]s ne$ n di/urb !mselves to put ,e>? out ( h] local c5tre1 b !y w\ld be wis] to exam9e t o!r c5tre ( ! ,univ]se 7mean+ ! sun71 & f9d out :at is its nature & its place1 = x also is a po9t ( orig91 & noble4 ,he cont9ues 8,"s also ass]t t ?\gh ,e>? is at ! c5tre1 x is w\nd & mov+ r\nd ! axis :i* is ext5d$ ?r\gh ! ,univ]se1 z is writt5 9 ! ,timaeus40 ,plato's actual words 9 ! ,timaeus w n be> ?is int]pretation1 z we h already se5 7p4 #he74 ,x is a little surpris+ t ,ari/otle does n m5tion ! names ( ,ecphantus ! ,py?agorean & ,h]acleides ( ,pontus 9 ?is connection1 s9ce ! latt] 0 8 contempor>y1 & p]haps ! o!r also1 = !y are m5tion$ toge!r z tea*+ ! doctr9e ( ,e>?'s rotation on h] axis4#dj ,also ,ari/otle seems h>dly fair to ei!r ?is or ! ,c5tral ,fire !ory1 9 t he only answ]s ! metaphysical reasons ( ! ,py?agoreans1 & omits to m5tion t ei!r w\ld unify ! diurnal cele/ial motions 9 a mu* simpl] way ?an all 8 8unroll+0 sph]es4 ,if he _h n especially m5tion$ t ,e>?'s motion 0 suppos$ by ! ,py?agoreans to cause day & night1 we %\ld be incl9$ to ?9k t he did n und]/& t ! p]iod 0 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & t its effect w\ld be to produce ! app>5t diurnal rotation ( all ! heav5s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dj ,see p4 #ge1 note4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! passage1 h[ev]1 has be5 a cause ( endless controv]sy f ! e>lie/ comm5tators ( ,ari/otle to ! pres5t day1 & su* a ?orny "q w\ld h be5 avoid$ altoge!r 9 ?is book 7 x n t x is actually quot$ by ,dante 9 ! ,convivio4 ,z to ! size ( ! e>?1 ,ari/otle held t x 0 n a l>ge sph]e1 & small :5 comp>$ ) ! />s4 ,=1 he says1 if we take q a %ort j\rney to nor? or s\?1 our horizon *anges m>k$ly1 s t ! />s above u look q diff]5t1 & we d n see ! same />s2 = "s :i* are well se5 9 ,egypt & ne> ,cyprus are n visible at all 9 nor!rn p>ts1 & ^? :i* 9 ! nor? are always 9 ! sky1 set :5 we g s\?4 ,& !re=e1 he adds1 ^? :o say t ! regions ne> ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules are connect$ ) ,india1 s t ! ocean is "o1 are n say+ any?+ altoge!r incr$ible2 & _! pro( is t !re are elephants bo? 9 ! extreme ea/ & ! extreme we/4 ,he does n mean1 evid5tly1 t !re 0 no sea at all betwe51 b only t "o c\ld quickly travel f "o to ! o!r1 always go+ we/3 !re is no imm5se /ret* ( l& or sea betwe5 we/ ,africa & ea/ ,india1 nor are !y ! extremities ( a flat disc-l e>?4 ,ari/otle tells u1 moreov]1 t ! ma!maticians1 :o h tri$ to measure ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?1 f9d t x is ab\t #djj1jjj /adia4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t we he> ( an attempt to measure ! e>?1 b un=tunately we d n "k :at /adium 0 us$1 nor :at 0 ! me?od employ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ari/otle's ,cosmos is arrang$ z foll[s3-- ,^u ! c5tral sph]ical ,e>? re/s wat]1 & above ?is is air1 b ^! int]m+le m or less1 & are n %>ply divid$2 9 ! same way1 ?\gh fire rises highe/ ( ! f\r elem5ts1 !re is n a di/9ct sph]e ( fire1 b ! high] "p ( ! atmosph]e is *iefly compos$ ( x4 ,x is 9 ?is upp] fi]y atmosph]e t %oot+ />s are produc$3 hot & dry exhalations ris+ f ,e>? take fire !re1 b are quickly consum$4 ,comets h _! orig9 9 ! same place1 :5 l>ge masses ( vap\r rise & are directly bel[ ! sun 7_h ! ,greeks notic$ t comets' tails are always /ream+ away f ! sun874 ,ari/otle also expla9s t ! ,milky ,way is =m$ f ^! con/antly-ris+ vap\rs1 b "u ! influ5ce ( ! />s1 = x always has ! same position among/ !m1 & t is :]e ! mo/ num]\s & brighte/ />s congregate4 ,?us )9 & bel[ ! fi]y atmosph]e con/ant *anges are tak+ place1 & all ?+s are p]i%able1 b z soon z we rea* ! l[e/ ( ! heav5ly sph]es1 ! moon's1 we ent] ano!r _w4 ,all is *angeless1 et]nal1 div9e4 ,motion is 9 circles1 space is fill$ ) e!r1 ! heav5ly bodies z well z _! sph]es are ( an e!real sub/ance4 ,! ,py?agorean idea ( music made by ! sph]es1 ,ari/otle dismisses z v pretty b un=tunately n true4 ,= if 9 tru? ^! imm5se sph]es made a s\nd z !y mov$1 ev5 if we c\ld n he> x 7z !y said7 we %\ld feel x1 = ev5 e>?ly ?und] bur/s rocks asund]6 ,& !re is no reason :y !y %\ld make any s\nd1 = no?+ moves out ( "o place3 ! sph]es are simply rotat+1 :i* is ! natural movem5t = a sph]e1 unless x rolls along1 :i* !y are n do+4 ,if nature _h wi%$ ! sph]es or ! />s & planets to move =w>d1 %e w\ld n h treat$ !m worse ?an t]re/rial animals1 9 giv+ !m no limbs by :i* !y c\ld progress6 ,! />s & planets h no motion !mselves ( any k9d1 b are simply c>ri$ along by _! rotat+ sph]es1 z we c pla9ly see by ! moon turn+ always ! same face t[>ds u3 h5ce !y make no m noise ?an a %ip's ma/ set 9 a %ip1 or ! :ole %ip z x glides d[n a riv]4 ,/ress is laid bo? by ,plato & ,ari/otle on ?is abs5ce ( any motion ( translation 9 ! heav5ly bodies & _! sph]es2 bo? insi/ t a movem5t ( rotation1 9 :i* ! mov+ body cont9ually occupies ! same place1 is ! only movem5t exi/+ 9 ! heav5s4 ,"o wond]s :e!r ! sph]es ( ,eudoxus sugge/$ or result$ f ?is idea4 ,ari/otle does n ent] into detail ab\t ! sep>ate planet>y motions1 9 any extant "w1 b expla9s z ! g5]al pr9ciple t ! out]mo/1 ! prime movem5t ( ! :ole univ]se1 is simple1 & ! mo/ rapid1 :ile ! inn] are complex1 sl[]1 & 9 ! contr>y direction2 s t ! planet ne>e/ to ! prime movem5t 7,saturn7 is longe/ 9 mak+ 8 own revolution1 because mo/ affect$ by x1 & ! o!rs less s 9 proportion to _! di/ance4 ,he ref]s 8 read]s to ! ma!maticians1 & quotes ! ,egyptians & ,babylonians z hav+ furni%$ satisfactory pro(s ( ! relative positions ( ! planets1 by su* obs]vations z occultations ( o!r planets by ! moon1 :i* %[ t %e is bel[ !m 7i4e4 ne>] to u74 ,! passage is quot$ by ,dante#da1 9 :i* ,ari/otle describes h[ he himself once saw an occultation ( ,m>s4 8,:5 ! moon 0 a half sph]e1 %e pass$ b5ea? ,m>s & he disappe>$ "u h] d>k side1 b came =? aga9 on h] bright illum9$ side4 ,& ! same k9d ( ?+10 he adds1 8is report$ to happ5 ) ! o!r planets also1 z ^? tell u :o = a va/ numb] ( ye>s h made obs]vations1 viz4 ! ,egyptians & ,babylonians40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #da ,conv4 ,,ii4 iii4 #ei-fe4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!re is "o po9t :i* is elaborately discuss$ 9 ! ,de ,clo1 :i* seems v curi\s to u1 b ! ma9 po9t mu/ be not$ "h1 s9ce x is ( "s int]e/ to ! ,dante /ud5t4 ,ari/otle tells u t he consid]s ! sph]e ( ! ,univ]se to h a top & a bottom1 & t ! ,pole :i* is n se5 by u 7! s\?7 is at ! top4 ,"o _c help ?9k+ t ,dante _h ?is 9 m9d :5 he *ose ! s\!rn hemisph]e = ! m\nt ( ,purgatory1 :i!r1 aft] all _! mi/akes & wrong-do+ on ?is und]side ( ! e>?1 s\ls g to purify !mselves on ! upp] side1 "u ! />s ( ! s\!rn pole4 ,9 8 book on metaphysics1 ,ari/otle gives a v brief sket* ( ! sph]es ( ,eudoxus & 8 own 8unroll+0 sph]es2 & says t all ^! planet>y movem5ts prove ! exi/5ce ( ,ess5ces1 et]nal & immoveable !mselves1 :o cause ^! movem5ts4 ,& x has be5 h&$ d[n to u 9 a my?ical way1 f ! mo/ anci5t tea*]s1 t ^! et]nal ,ess5ces are gods4 ,above all ^! mu/ be a ,fir/ ,mov]1 ! ,primum ,mov5s ,immobile1 :o is "o1 et]nal1 & enjoys = ev] ! k9d ( exi/5ce :i* we only exp]i5ce 9 our be/ mom5ts4 ,^u ?is ,fir/ ,mov] dep5d ! :ole heav5 & all nature4 #e4 ,,ari/>*us4 ,) a sy/em ( revolv+ sph]es accept$ by ! ma!matical a/ronom]s1 & sanction$ by ! great philosoph] ,ari/otle1 x may be ?\ght t we are )9 sight ( our goal1 ! sy/em ( ,greek a/ronomy :i* 0 to dom9ate ! sci5tific _w = _m c5turies1 includ+ ! age ( ,dante4 ,b s exact+ _h ! c>eful obs]v]s become t ! sy/em ( ,eudoxus mu/ be completely trans=m$1 by aid ( two q new hypo!ses1 be=e x w\ld satisfy _! dem&s4 ,also1 ab\t half a c5tury aft] ! consultation ( ,calippus & ,ari/otle 9 ,a!ns1 a /range new !ory 0 prop\nd$1 ! bolde/ & /range/ ( all4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/>*us c4 ,b4,c4 #bha4 ,ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,galileo 0 summon$ be=e ! ,inquisition1 & =c$ to recant ^u 8 knees 8 8mo/ damnable h]esy0 t ! e>? goes r\nd ! sun1 ,ari/>*us ( ,samos 0 accus$ ( impiety by 8 c\ntrym5 = ! same crime4 ,b he met an ev5 sadd] fate ?an ,galileo--neglect4 ,8 d>+ s*eme 0 almo/ ignor$ by 8 contempor>ies1 & b = a casual m5tion by ,ar*im$es & by ,plut>*1 we %\ld "k no?+ ab\t x4#db ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #db ,x is also m5tion$ 9 a compilation ( philosoph]s' op9ions1 probably made 9 ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 by ,/obu1 :o is v likely quot+ ,plut>*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,he 01 h[ev]1 v fam\s z a ma!matician1 & also z an obs]v]4 ,ptolemy quotes 8 det]m9ation ( ! summ] sol/ice ( ! ye> b4c4 #bha1 & ?is tells u ! date at :i* he fl\ri%$4 ,he 0 r5[n$ = a v +5i\s me?od by :i* he tri$ to discov] h[ mu* fur!r f u ! sun is ?an ! moon4 ,:5 ! moon is half full ! angle sun-moon-e>? is a "r angle1 & if ! angle sun-e>?-moon be measur$1 by po9t+ ! a/rolabe fir/ to sun & !n to moon1 ! ?ird angle1 at ! sun1 may be comput$1 & !n ! ratio sun-e>? to moon-e>? w be kn[n4 ,! me?od is p]fect !oretically1 & if ! sun 7 comp>atively ne>1 say ab\t t5 times ! moon's di/ance1 x w\ld be practicable2 b ! di/ance is really s mu* great] t ! angle at ! sun almo/ vani%es1 & a v small error 9 e/imat+ x causes an error equal to _m millions ( miles 9 ! result4 ,x is also impossible to det]m9e f look+ at ! moon ! exact "t :5 ! division betwe5 light & d>k is a /raight l9e4 ,ari/>*us made ! angle at ,e>? #hg in/ead ( #hi #ej1 & ?is gave ! sun a di/ance ( ab\t #ai times z f> z ! moon1 in/ead ( #djj times1 :i* is ! true value4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,me?od ( ,ari/>*us = f9d+ ! di/ance ( ! sun4 ,! fooli% fad 7z !y ?\ght x7 ab\t ,e>?'s motion1 held by ?is o!rwise great man1 is describ$ q cle>ly by ! two writ]s above-m5tion$4 ,he sugge/$ t ! />s might be immoveable1 & ,e>? be turn+ on h] axis at ! same "t t %e moves 9 a circle r\nd ! sun4 ,moreov] realiz+ all t ?is implies ) reg>d to ! imm5se di/ance ( ! />s1 he said t ! circle 9 :i* ,e>? revolves r\nd ! sun1 comp>$ ) ! sph]e ( ! />s1 is z ! c5tre ( a sph]e comp>$ ) its circumf]5ce4 ,t is1 n only ,e>?1 b ,e>?'s :ole orbit1 %r9ks to a po9t :5 comp>$ ) ! inf9ite di/ance ( ! />s4 ,we h un=tunately absolutely no in=mation z to ! way 9 :i* ,ari/>*us 0 l$ to ^! rem>kable tru?s1 & c only make conjectures f :at we "k ( 8 times4 ,evid5tly ! ,c5tral ,fire !ory 0 a sugge/ive /ep1 & s 0 ano!r !ory :i* 0 afloat ab\t ?is "t1 & has be5 call$ ! 8,egyptian sy/em0 on ! au?ority ( ,macrobius 9 8 comm5t>y on ,cic]o's ,dream ( ,scipio4 ,no "o really kn[s :]e x arose1 b x is ascrib$ ) mu* probability to ,h]acleides ( ,pontus4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! two planets ,m]cury & ,v5us circl$ r\nd ! sun1 & all ?ree toge!r circl$ r\nd ,e>?1 :i* /ill rema9$ ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se & ( ! o!r cele/ial motions4 ,x 0 an idea :i* might h occurr$ to any unprejudic$ obs]v]1 s9ce ! oscillations ( ,m]cury & ,v5us f side to side ( ! sun are m /rik+ ?an _! movem5ts ?r\gh ! />s4 ,!y nev] g f> f him 9 ! sky1 l ! o!r planets1 & seem to belong to him4 ,fur!r1 ! cle> und]/&+ ( ! p]iodic motions ( ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn1 & ! accurate obs]vation :i* _h be5 introduc$ by ,eudoxus1 mu/ h reveal$ ! fact t ! loops 9 ! orbits ( ^! planets are connect$ ) ! app>5t movem5t ( ! sun2 & ! v>y+ brightness 7especially noticeable ) ,m>s7 is inconsi/5t ) ! assumption ( unv>y+ di/ance f ,e>?4 ,! great importance ( ! sun1 above all ! o!r planets1 _h ( c\rse always be5 recognis$1 & x is possible t ,ari/>*us 0 /ruck by an unconsci\s sugge/ion 9 ,ari/otle's advice to ! ,py?agoreans to exam9e ! nature & place ( ! sun1 8t o!r c5tre ( ! ,univ]se10 = t 0 also a po9t ( orig91 & a noble "o4#dc ,8 own "w1 too1 w\ld lead him to attribute a comm&+ position to ! sun1 = z x 0 n9ete5 times z di/ant z ! moon1 x mu/ also be n9ete5 times z l>ge 7s9ce !y appe> equal71 s he mu/ h felt c]ta9 t x 0 a v great size1 probably mu* ! l>ge/ ( all bodies 9 ! ,univ]se4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dc ,see page #aja4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x 0 ! gr&e/ & true/ ( all ! ,greek a/ronomical !ories4 ,b x 0 n accept$1 x 0 h>dly ev5 discuss$1 & we c sc>cely be surpris$ at ?is4 ,su* an improbable !ory ne$$ _m m conv9c+ pro(s ?an ,ari/>*us c\ld br+ =w>d4 ,obs]vation1 calculation1 comp>ison ( !ory ) facts1 ?is 0 :at 0 ne$$ be=e safe gr\nd c\ld be won = belief1 & 9 ?is ,eudoxus 0 a true pione]4 ,b fre$om ( ?\ght & c\rage 9 imag9ation is ne$$ also 9 sci5ce1 & ,ari/>*us seems to h be5 almo/ ! la/ to possess ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,seleucus ,b4,c4 #afj4 ,sid5ote3 ,aryabhata born ,a4,d4 #dfg4 ,a c]ta9 ,babylonian1 nam$ ,seleucus1 :o liv$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #afj1 p]haps on ! ,tigris1 & an ,indian a/ronom]1 ,aryabhata1 ( ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d41 bo? taught t ,e>? turns on h] axis1 b ,ari/>*us /ood alone 9 sugge/+ t %e also has a movem5t ( revolution r\nd ! sun4 ,! possibility ( ,e>?'s motion 0 allud$ to b seldom by classical & m$ival writ]s1 & !n almo/ always z a fooli% fancy h>dly wor? discussion2#dd until at la/ ,cop]nicus1 h>dly d>+ to publi% 8 bold idea 9 sixte5? c5tury ,europe1 = fe> ( p]secution1 s\ght & f\nd among ! foll[]s ( ,py?agoras1 & 9 ,ari/>*us ( ,samos1 k9dr$ spirits ) 8 own4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dd ,indian a/ronom]s also refus$ to accept ! doctr9e ( ,aryabhata4 ,v>ha ,mihira 7six? c5tury ,a4,d47 says3--8,o!rs ma9ta9 t ! e>? revolves & n ! sph]e3 if t 7 ! case1 falcons & o!r birds c\ld n return f ! e!r to _! ne/s40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #f4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,alex&ria4 ,! sph]es ( ,eudoxus w\ld n "w4 ,! sy/em 0 already ov]lad51 & m v>iations 9 velocity 7 becom+ kn[n4 ,obs]vation %[s1 too1 t ! planets1 especially ,m>s & ,v5us1 v>y greatly 9 brightness1 9 regul> p]iods :i* correspond ) _! movem5ts1 & ?is c\ld n be acc\nt$ = by any possible numb] or arrangem5t ( sph]es if all 7 to rema9 conc5tric to ,e>?1 s t e planet rema9$ always at a uni=m di/ance4 ,yet ,ari/otle _h said t ,e>? mu/ be at ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! new philosoph]s ( ! ,/oic s*ool agre$ ) him1 & among ma!maticians only ,ari/>*us d>$ to disagree4 ,b !y 7 n long at a loss4 ,! homoc5tric sph]es#de 7 ?r[n aside1 & dur+ ! ?ird c5tury two new hypo!ses 7 sugge/$ 7beside t ( ,ari/>*us71 & al?\gh we d n c]ta9ly "k by :om1 !re is little d\bt z to ! place 9 :i* !y orig9at$4 ,by a /range fate1 ,egypt1 ! home ( a/ronomy _m c5turies be=e1 became ! seat ( ! late/1 mo/ brilliant1 & mo/ successful a/ronomical s*ool ( anci5t times1 & ! k won !re 9 ! five c5turies betwe5 ,b4,c4 #cjj & ,a4,d4 #bjj spread1 foll[+ 9 ! wake ( ,alex&]'s conque/s1 ov] ! :ole ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #de ,sph]es all c5tr+ 9 "o po9t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x 0 a purely ,greek s*ool1 h[ev]4 ,greece lo/ h] indep5d5ce "u ,alex&]1 & 0 f9ally cru%$ by ,rome 9 #adf ,b4,c41 b nev] 0 ,greek le>n+ & culture s mu* hon\r$ & s\ght aft] z 9 ?is age4 ,9 ,egyptian ,alex&ria1 ,greek m5 ( sci5ce f\nd a welcome1 & opportunities ( rese>* :i* did n exi/ 9 any o!r place 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! ,museum1 f\nd$ & lib]ally end[$ by ! royal ,ptolemies1 0 a great libr>y ^: cu/odians 7 bidd5 to obta9 e book t _h ev] be5 writt51 & x is said t :5 any /rang] arriv$ ) a new book x 0 tak5 f him & copi$ = ! ,museum1 & ! copy return$ to ! own]4 ,)9 ! great m>ble colonnad$ build+ 7 lecture-halls1 & read+ rooms1 & laboratories2 !re 7 g>d5s = botani/s & zoologi/s1 & obs]vatories = a/ronom]s4 ,^! a/ronom]s 7 all ,greeks1 & ?\gh n[ liv+ 9 ,egypt !y d n seem to h le>n$ any?+ m f ! ,egyptians4 ,p]haps ! prie/s res5t$ ! intrusion1 & kept _! secrets jeal\sly to !mselves2 p]haps ,eudoxus & 8 imm$iate foll[]s _h le>n$ all !y _h to tea*4 ,?is seems ! m probable because1 al?\gh ! ,greeks ( ?is age did use ,babylonian records ( eclipses to =m a lun> !ory1 !y compla9$ ( ! insuffici5t accuracy ( all available planet>y records4 ,moreov]1 !y 7 n h9d]$ f le>n+ a/rology3 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,egyptians :i* taught its pr9ciples 7 translat$ into ,greek ab\t #cjj ,b4,c42 b x 0 always treat$ by !m z q a sep>ate bran* ( /udy4 ,_! geometrical me?ods 7 entirely _! own4 ,!y introduc$ a sy/em ( notation :i* greatly simplifi$ calculation#df2 _! discov]y ( ! pr9ciples ( sph]ical trigonometry inaugurat$ a new era 9 a/ronomy2 & !y inv5t$ a new class ( a/ronomical in/rum5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #df ,mahaffy1 ,! ,progress ( ,hell5ism 9 ,alex&]'s ,empire1 p4 #aai4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,we "k :at ^! in/rum5ts 7 l1 & x is ev5 possible to give an illu/ration2 =1 f descriptions 9 ,ptolemy's ,almage/1 we f9d t ! 8well-made copp] circles10 ! gnomons1 & ! cele/ial globes1 :i* 7 set up 9 ! ,squ>e ,portico ( ! ,museum1 7 ( ! same patt]n z in/rum5ts :i* exi/$ 9 ,pek91 9 ! anci5t obs]vatory on ! ramp>ts1 until !y 7 loot$ by ! ,g]mans dur+ ! late ,*9ese w>4 ,! ,alex&rian in/rum5ts 7 n support$ on _! /&s by beautiful bronze dragons1 b on ! o!r h& ! circles 7 m accurately divid$1 :i* aft] all 0 ( m importance f ! a/ronom]s' po9t ( view4 ,fig4 #ba gives a g5]al view ( ! ,pek9 ,obs]vatory1 & ,fig4 #bb "o ( _! a/rolabes dat+ f ! #ac? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,at fir/ glance !re seems to be "h absolutely no?+ l our mod]n obs]vatories4 ,anci5t & m$ival a/ronom]s _h inde$ no telescopes1 be+ ignorant ( ! prop]ties ( l5ses3 !re=e !y 7 unable to /udy ! features ( any heav5ly body except ! moon1 & !y _h no way ( f9d+ out any?+ ab\t _! physical con/itution2 b !y _h _m ways ( measur+ _! di/ances & motions1 & ev5 ! angul> sizes ( sun & moon1 & _! in/rum5ts 7 ! =]unn]s ( our sextants1 micromet]s1 & transit in/rum5ts1 our *ronomet]s & sid]eal clocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pek9 ,,obs]vatory4 ,to face p4 #aad4 ,f a photograph tak5 9 #ahhh1 & publi%$ 9 ! 8,bullet9 de la ,socit belge d',a/ronomie04 ,! gnomon has be5 already describ$#dg1 & x 0 "o ( ! mo/ valuable in/rum5ts us$ by ! ,greeks4 ,! ,pek9 gnomon at ! "r ( figure #ba 0 m ?an #dj feet 9 height1 & on ! top _h a little plate ( copp] :i* 0 pi]c$ by a hole z f9e z ! eye ( a ne$le3 ! obs]vations made ) ?is 7 mu* m exact ?an obs]vations ( ! end ( ! %ad[1 :i* mu/ always be vague1 & ! ,*9ese records ( ! sun's movem5ts made ) ?is in/rum5t betwe5 #abgj & #abhj ,a4,d4 are ( great value 9 mod]n rese>*4 ,ptolemy expla9s t 8 gnomon 0 made accurately v]tical by ! use ( a plumb-l9e1 & t "o way ( te/+ ! level ( ! surface on :i* ! %ad[ fell 0 to flood x ) wat]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dg ,see p4 #bf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,clepsydras1 or wat]-clocks1 7 us$ by ! ,greeks1 & _m k9ds ( sundials = tell+ ! "t by day4 ,tables 7 also made ( ! ris+s ( bright />s :i* s]v$ = clocks by night4 ,! in/rum5t 9 ! middle ( ! plat=m is a quadrant1 & beyond ?is on ! left is a l>ge cele/ial globe1 :i*1 h[ev]1 only dates f ! ,jesuit mission>ies ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,ptolemy says t 8 globe 0 made ! col\r ( ! night sky2 ,sirius be+ m>k$ 9 8 prop] place1 all o!r />s 7 plac$ relatively to him1 & 9 _! own col\rs z ne>ly z might be2 ! ,galaxy 0 drawn1 & ! figures ( ! con/ellations outl9$4 ,! globe 0 arrang$ to turn on ei!r ! poles ( ! ecliptic or ( ! equator2 circles ( wood repres5t$ ! horizon & m]idian1 & ! pole c\ld be arrang$ at any altitude accord+ to ! latitude ( ! place4#dh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dh ,almage/1 ,bk4 viii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ are ! a/rolabes1 & ^! owe _! orig9 to ! ,greeks4 ,! ess5tial "p ( any in/rum5t = det]m9+ angul> di/ances is a divid$ circle & a po9t]3 ! po9t] is direct$ fir/ to "o object !n to ano!r1 & ! angle betwe5 !m is !n read (f on ! circle4 ,9 ! a/rolabe1 ! po9t]s !mselves 7 also circles1 provid$ ) little p]=at$ rods = 8sights40 7,^! are n visible on ! in/rum5t 9 ,fig4 #bb1 & h probably be5 brok5 (f47 ,!re 7 two fix$ circles1 set 9 ! plane ( ! ecliptic & p]p5dicul> to x4 ,?ree o!r circles c\ld be rotat$ r\nd ! poles ( ! ecliptic4 ,"o ( ^! 0 direct$ 7by means ( ! sights71 to "s body ^: position 0 already kn[n1 ano!r to ! body ^: position 0 to be asc]ta9$1 & ! angle betwe5 !m 0 read (f on ! ecliptic circle2 on ! ?ird ! angul> di/ance nor? or s\? ( ! ecliptic circle c\ld be read4 ,?is la/ & ! ecliptic circle 7 bo? divid$ into #cfj degrees1 & z _m fractions ( a degree z space & skill w\ld all[4 ,! equ9octial a/rolabe 0 simil>1 b ! fix$ circle 0 9 ! plane ( ! equator1 in/ead ( ! ecliptic4 ,"o ( ea* ( ^! is se5 9 ! view ( ! ,pek9 ,obs]vatory4 ,b h[ did ! old a/ronom]s "k h[ to f9d ! ecliptic & ! equator 9 ! sky1 & set _! circles 9 ^? planes8 ,?is !y did by means ( ! sun's motion4 ,! gnomon told !m ! day ( ! equ9ox 7see p4 #be71 & on t day ! sun 0 9 ! equator3 !re=e1 if a circle 0 set up s t ! %ad[ ( ! upp] "p fell symmetrically ^u ! l[]1 ) a little l9e ( light ea* side1 x mu/ be exactly 9 ! plane ( ! equator4 ,9 ! ,squ>e ,por* su* a circle 0 erect$1 a l>ge "o ( copp]1 & :5 once correctly adju/$ x 0 a /&>d plane1 & also %[$ ! date ( ! equ9oxes1 z accurately z ! gnomon itself4 ,s9ce ! ecliptic is ! pa? ( ! sun z se5 9 ! sky1 x is obvi\s t x c\ld be det]m9$ f a numb] ( diff]5t obs]vations ( 8 position at diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pek9 ,,a/rolabe ,,( ,,! #ac,,? ,,c5tury1 ,a4,d4 ,to face p4 #aaf ,f a photograph tak5 9 #ahhh1 & publi%$ 9 ! 8,bullet9 de la ,socit belge d',a/ronomie04 ,f9ally1 accurate sol> tables 7 drawn up1 %[+ ! sun's position 9 ! sky 9 degrees = diff]5t dates1 & !n f ^! x 0 possible to f9d ! places ( planets & />s4 ,!y c\ld n ( c\rse be comp>$ directly1 b ! position ( sun & moon 7 comp>$ dur+ ! day1 :5 bo? 7 9 ! sky1 & !n aft] d>k ! planets & />s 7 comp>$ ) ! moon1 all[+ = h] motion among ! />s 9 ! meantime4 ,or secondly1 :5 ! moon 0 eclips$1 & !re=e kn[n to be 9 ! ecliptic & exactly opposite ! sun1 ! places ( />s c\ld be f\nd directly4 ,?is v brief description w give "s idea ( ! *ief in/rum5ts & me?ods us$1 & :5 we see h[ v r\gh & elem5t>y !y 71 & rememb] t ! ,greeks _h to "w out _! obs]vations )\t algebra1 or decimal notation1 we are amaz$ at _! results1 & _! f>-rea*+ ambitions4 ,sid5ote3 ,erato/h5es ,b4,c4 #bgf-aid4 ,already 9 ! v e>ly days ( ! ,museum1 ,erato/h5es1 a celebrat$ geograph]1 made a bold attempt to utilize obs]vations ( ! sun measur+ ! size ( ! e>?4 ,x 0 kn[n t 9 ,sy5e 7! mod]n ,assuan7 on ! day ( ! summ] sol/ice at noon no %ad[s 7 ?r[n1 & ! bottoms ( wells c\ld be se53 evid5tly !re=e ! sun 0 9 ! z5i?4 ,erato/h5es f\nd t ! sun's di/ance f ! z5i? 9 ,alex&ria at noon on ! same day 0 #g #ab1 or "o-fiftie? ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! heav5ly sph]e1 consequ5tly ! two t[ns mu/ be di/ant f "o ano!r 7assum+ !m to be ne>ly 9 ! same m]idian7 "o fiftie? ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?4 ,! di/ance f ,alex&ria to ,m]oe 0 kn[n1 & f ,m]oe to ,sy5e _h be5 pac$ by ! k+'s pr(essional pac]s2 ! :ole 0 #ejjj /adia4 #ej times #ejjj #bej1jjj4 ,! figure always quot$ by ! anci5ts is h[ev] #beb1jjj4 ,if ! /adium us$ by ,erato/h5es 0 ! measure g5]ally us$ = long di/ances :i* h be5 pac$1 ?is e/imate is equal to #bd1ffb miles1 only ab\t #bjj miles less ?an ! mod]n value4 ,x 0 p>tly by luck t ,erato/h5es got su* a good result1 = he 0 evid5tly only work+ ) r\nd numb]s1 & ! extra #bjjj /adia seem to h be5 add$ 9 ord] to make "o degree equal to exactly #gjj /adia4 ,b 9 any case x 0 a highly cr$itable p]=mance4 ,sid5ote3 ,euclid c4 ,b4,c4 #cjj4 ,sid5ote3 ,apollonius c4 ,b4,c4 #bgj4 ,!re 7 celebrat$ ma!maticians & geomet]s at ,alex&ria1 ^: "w 0 mo/ useful to a/ronomy1 su* z ,euclid1 & ,apollonius ( ,p]ge4 ,! latt] is specially m5tion$ by ,ptolemy 9 connection ) ! new !ory ( 8moveable ecc5trics10 :i* 0 inv5t$ to acc\nt = ! v>y+ brightness ( ! planets1 z well z _! peculi> movem5ts4 ,fig4 #bc expla9s ?is !ory4 ,let ,p ,a be a great revolv+ circle ^u :i* ,m>s is fix$4 7,9 ! h&s ( ! ,alex&rian ma!maticians ! sph]es almo/ disappe>1 & !y deal practically only ) circles47 ,if ! e>? 7 at its c5tre1 z ,eudoxus dem&$1 ,m>s mu/ always be at ! same di/ance1 b if we make ! circle ecc5tric to ,e>?1 by putt+ its c5tre at ,c :ile ,e>? is at ,e1 !n ! di/ance & consequ5tly ! brightness w con/antly v>y1 & ,m>s w be brighte/ :5 at p]igee ,p 7po9t ne>e/ ,e>?71 & fa9te/ :5 9 apogee ,a 7po9t fur!/ f ,e>?74#di ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #di ,greek p]i ne>1 apo away f1 ge ,e>?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! ,moveable ,ecc5tric4 ,b1 z ! ,greeks _h discov]$1 ,m>s atta9s 8 greate/ brilliance at diff]5t po9ts ( ! zodiac1 s ,p mu/ be made moveable1 & x always happ5s :5 he is opposite ! sun1 !re=e ,p mu/ keep pace ) ! sun's app>5t motion 9 ! zodiac & ,p ,e always po9t t[>ds him4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by mak+ ,p ,c ,a turn r\nd ^u ! fix$ po9t ,e1 s t = in/ance :5 ! sun _h mov$ ?r\gh a qu>t] ( 8 circle 79 ?ree mon?s7 ,p ,a _h mov$ to ,p ,a1 & ! :ole ecc5tric _h mov$ into ! new position %[n 9 ! diagram1 its c5tre ,c be+ n[ at ,c4 ,9 o!r words1 ! c5tre ( ! ecc5tric moves r\nd ,e>? 9 ! same "t & 9 ! same direction z ! sun1 t is 9 "o ye>1 & 8) ! signs0 7f we/ to ea/74 ,at ! same "t1 ,m>s is mov+ 9 an opposite direction on ! ecc5tric1 & )\t ent]+ into all ! details ( ! problem1 we may add t ! ,greek geomet]s f\nd t by det]m9+ ! prop] relative sizes ( ! l>ge & ! small circle !y c\ld make ! two motions neutralize "o ano!r :5 ! planet rea*$ its /ation>y po9ts1 & ! retrograde motion prevail ov] ! direct :5 x retrograd$4 ,a simil> arrangem5t 0 made = ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,9 ?is v +5i\s way ! v>y+ brightness z well z ! v>y+ motions ( ^! ?ree planets 7 acc\nt$ =1 )\t violat+ ! pr9ciple ( uni=m circul> motion1 & )\t remov+ ,e>? f ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se4 ,%e 0 also /ill ! c5tre ( planet>y motion1 9 a c]ta9 s5se2 b to place ! true c5tres ( ^! planets' sph]es outside ,e>? & 9 ! direction ( ! sun 0 a v sugge/ive /ep1 & may well h help$ ,ari/>*us to 8 bold hypo!sis4 ,= he _h only to put ! sun1 n at "s indef9ite po9t along ! l9e ,e ,a1 b exactly at ! po9t ,c1 & x became ! c5tre ( motion = ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn1 j z 9 ! 8,egyptian !ory0 x 0 ! c5tre ( motion = ,v5us & ,m]cury4 ,9 ?is way he w\ld arrive at ! conception ( ! sun circl+ r\nd ,e>? & c>ry+ all ! planets ) him1 7a !ory :i* 0 held by ! great a/ronom] ,ty*o ,brah 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,a4,d474 ,!n a fla% ( insight may h reveal$ to him ! fact t ?is motion ( ! sun is app>5t only1 be+ b ! reflection ( ,e>?'s own motion2 = %e is circl+ r\nd ! sun l all ! o!r planets4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only a guess t ! ,moveable ,ecc5trics play$ ?is "p 9 ! !ory ( ,ari/>*us4 ,!y did n long hold ! field1 because !y 7 n applicable to ,v5us & ,m]cury1 :i* are nev] se5 9 opposition to ! sun4 ,s !y 7 ?r[n aside = ano!r sy/em1 ! ,epicycles1 :i* illu/rates mu* m simply ! /ations & retrogressions ( ! planets1 & c be us$ = !m all4 ,lat] on1 :5 m irregul>ities ( motion 7 discov]$1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to comb9e ecc5trics & epicycles1 & by means ( ?is jo9t sy/em x became possible at la/ to repres5t completely1 & z accurately z !y c\ld be obs]v$1 all ! app>5t movem5ts ( ! heav5s4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 an imm5se am\nt ( "w _h to be done1 & new me?ods devis$1 bo? 9 obs]vation & ma!matics4 ,! man :o contribut$ mo/1 9 bo? ways1 to make x possible1 0 ,hipp>*us4 #g4 ,,hipp>*us4 ,sid5ote3 ,hipp>*us c4 #adj ,b4,c4 ,( ?is great man we "k sc>cely any?+ b :at c be ga!r$ f ! "w he did1 & ?is corroborates ,ptolemy's description ( him3 8,hipp>*us1 lov] ( toil & tru? 40 ,he liv$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #adj1 s9ce ?is is ! date ( ! only book ( 8 /ill extant1 & 8 "w 0 n done 9 ,alex&ria1 ?\gh he may h /udi$ !re 9 8 y\?1 & he us$ ! ,museum records4 ,we c\nt him among ! ,alex&rians1 z he belongs to ?is era1 b he seems to h be5 a private a/ronom]1 :o set up an obs]vatory ( 8 own 9 ,rhodes1 8 native place4 ,"h we seem to see him1 surr\nd$ by 8 primitive in/rum5ts & 8 papyrus books1 pati5t1 eag]1 mode/1 seek+ no fame & no rew>d b ! joy ( 8 "w4 ,by day he w\ld keep wat* ov] ! slid+ %ad[ ( 8 gnomon1 w\ld write up 8 obs]vations1 make long calculations1 & devise new me?ods 9 ma!matics1 improve & modify 8 a/rolabes & 8 clepsydras2 at night he w\ld sp5d long h\rs ) moon1 planets1 & />s1 mak+ up = ! defects & %ortcom+s ( 8 in/rum5ts by ! skill & c>e ) :i* he appli$ !m to measure positions 9 ! sky4 ,no?+ b ! mo/ lov+ & consci5ti\s c>e c\ld h rais$ 8 "w to su* a pit* ( accuracy1 & made su* rude means suffice = su* spl5did a*ievem5ts4 ,! book we possess1 app>5tly an e>ly "o1 is *iefly conc]n$ ) ! positions1 ! ris+s & ! sett+s1 ( />s1 & at ! end is a li/ ( sixte5 :i* came to ! m]idian at int]vals ( an h\r3 f ?is li/ & ! k ( sph]ical trigonometry :i* he possess$1 x w\ld be possible to calculate ! "t at night to )9 ab\t a m9ute4 ,hipp>*us 0 able to con/ruct a satisfactory !ory ( ! sun & to "s ext5t ( ! moon1 b he f\nd m irregul>ities 9 ! planet>y motions ?an ,eudoxus _h suspect$4 ,! records ( 8 pr$ecessors 7 n accurate en\gh = him to con/ruct a !ory = ! planets1 & he soon realiz$ t "o life-"t w\ld n be long en\gh to collect all ! data necess>y1 s1 z ,ptolemy tells u1 8,hipp>*us1 :o lov$ tru? above all ?+s10 quietly set to "w to make z good & z _m obs]vations z possible1 leav+ x to 8 successors to complete & expla9 !m4 ,9 ! same _s he und]took ! labori\s task1 ( :i* ,pl9y speaks ) awe z a presumptu\s s*eme1 ev5 = a god1 8rem etiam ,deo improbam10 ( numb]+ ! />s4 ,pl9y says he 0 l$ to d ?is by ! appe>ance ( a ,new ,/>1 :i* blaz$ out sudd5ly 9 ! con/ellation ( ,scorpio 9 b4c4 #acf1 j z ,nova ,p]sei did 9 ,p]seus 9 ,febru>y #aija4 ,he saw t ev5 9 ! upp] regions ( ! et]nal heav5s1 :i* ,ari/otle _h suppos$ absolutely *angeless1 *anges may occur1 & 9 ord] t ev5 ! lea/ ( ^! %\ld n pass unnotic$1 he set to "w to note ! numb]1 brightness1 & position ( all he c\ld see4 ,?is great catalogue ( #ajhj />s1 copi$ by ,ptolemy 9 8 ,almage/1 0 ! basis = all succe$+ catalogues1 f ,spa9 to ,turke/an1 until q mod]n times4 ,9 x1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! places ( ! />s 7 n m]ely describ$ accord+ to _! position 9 ! con/ellation figures1 b 7 not$ 9 degrees on ! sph]e1 z is done to-day4 ,sid5ote3 ,timo*>is c4 ,b4,c4 #bhj4 ,"o day1 :5 comp>+ 8 notes ) ^? ( ,timo*>is1 :o _h work$ at ,alex&ria ab\t a c5tury & a half e>li]1 he f\nd t ! brilliant /> ,spica1 ! ,e>-(-,corn :i* ! ,virg9 c>ries 9 h] h&1 _h app>5tly mov$ ne>] to ! autumnal equ9ox by ab\t #b4 7,two degrees is ab\t f\r times ! angul> diamet] ( ! sun74 ,( c\rse he or ,timo*>is might h made a mi/ake1 or ,spica might really be mov+ among ! />s1 or %e might be c>ri$ along ) ! re/ by a sl[ movem5t ( ! :ole /> sph]e4 ,app>5tly ,hipp>*us satisfi$ himself t he c\ld rely ^u ,timo*>is' obs]vation1 & took pa9s to v]ify 8 own2 ! second hypo!sis c\ld be disprov$ by ! fact t ,spica does n *ange h] place p]ceptibly among h] neighb\rs2 & f9ally x became cle> t h] motion is "p ( a sl[ app>5t movem5t ( ! :ole heav5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! movem5t ( ,spica4 ,"h 0 a discov]y ( fir/ importance1 an unexpect$ rew>d ( pati5t accuracy1 ( :i* ! :ite ,spica1 fla%+ d[n f summ] skies1 may always rem9d u4 ,hipp>*us _h discov]$ ! gr& cycle :i* we call ! 8,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes10 & be=e ,spica returns to ! same position 9 :i* he saw h] !n1 :5 %e l$ him to 8 great discov]y1 %e w h be5 wat*$ by g5]ations ( a/ronom]s = ano!r tw5ty-f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,no notice ( ! cycle has be5 f\nd z yet among ! records ( any o!r nation1 al?\gh x seems z if ! a/ronom]s ( ,babylon & ,egypt1 & o!r c\ntries :]e obs]vations _h be5 c>ri$ on = _m c5turies1 mu/ h be5 aw>e ( x4 ,we c only imag9e t at long int]vals ( "t !y f\nd t ! />s _h someh[ *ang$1 & made corrections accord+ly1 b )\t und]/&+ ! nature ( ! *ange4 ,:at ,hipp>*us ?\ght ab\t its cause we _c tell3 probably he left all speculations to future a/ronom]s1 & conf9$ himself to not+ ! fact4 ,! displacem5t ( ,spica :i* he obs]v$ is %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,bo? ,timo*>is & ,hipp>*us evid5tly measur$ h] position indirectly by comp>+ x ) t ( ! moon1 :i* 0 eclips$ at ! "t1#ej & !re=e kn[n to be 9 ! ecliptic & opposite ! sun4 ,to f9d ! sun's di/ance f ! equ9ox 0 an easy matt]1 s9ce 8 ye>ly c\rse _h long be5 c>efully /udi$1 & ! days on :i* he pass$ ! equ9oxes 7 regul>ly obs]v$ ) ! gnomon4 ,spica1 !n1 _h mov$ ea/w>d along an arc p>allel to ! ecliptic1 & s9ce cele/ial latitude & longitude are ref]r$ to ! ecliptic1 we may def9e h] app>5t movem5t 9 a/ronomical language by say+ t :ile h] latitude _h rema9$ con/ant1 h] longitude _h increas$ by ab\t two degrees2 & fur!r1 z ! cele/ial equator is oblique to ! ecliptic1 ?is impli$ t h] decl9ation 7position nor? or s\? ( ! equator7 _h also v>i$4 ,! diagram %[s t %e _h a less nor!rly decl9ation ?an be=e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ej ,syntaxis1 book ,,vii42 ,delambre1 ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie ,anci5ne ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bdg 7#ahag edition74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,at ?is rate1 ,spica1 :i* 0 n[ only #f f ! autumnal equ9ox1 w\ld rea* x 9 less ?an five hundr$ ye>s1 & !reaft] w\ld lie ea/ in/ead ( we/ ( x2 & t %e has 9 fact done s1 may be se5 by consult+ a mod]n /> atlas4 ,%e is n[ #bb ( longitude ea/ ( ! autumnal equ9ox1 & ne>ly #aa s\? ( ! equator4 ,h] s\? decl9ation w cont9ue to increase = ab\t five ?\s& ye>s1 aft] :i* %e w come nor? aga94 ,ptolemy says t ,hipp>*us exam9$ o!r />s1 & f\nd t !y also 7 increas+ _! longitude at :at appe>$ to be ! same rate z ,spica4 ,! ye>ly am\nt ( ! movem5t1 d]iv$ f ! ,spica obs]vations1 is )9 a few seconds ( arc ( ! true value1 :i* is #ej seconds2 b ,hipp>*us w\ld n fix any value until x _h be5 te/$ by fur!r obs]vation1 & m]ely /at$ t x c\ld n be less ?an "o degree 9 a c5tury i4e4 #cf seconds p] annum4 ,?is is a v uncom=table ph5om5on = a/ronom]s1 s9ce e /> is = ev] *ang+ its measur$ position on ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,take ?ree />s1 "o at ! nor? pole1 ano!r on ! equator1 & a ?ird 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,aft] "s ye>s1 ! fir/ w no long] be a pole />1 ! second no long] an equatorial />1 & ! ?ird may h s f> increas$ its s\? decl9ation t x w be invisible at latitudes 9 our nor!rn hemisph]e :]e =m]ly x us$ to rise above ! horizon4 ,"o comp5sation = ?is inconv5i5ce is t if we "k :at /> 0 ne> ! pole1 or :i* />s lay along ! equator1 on any giv5 occasion1 we c calculate ! date4 ,?us x is believ$ t ! ,great ,pyramid 0 built :5 ,alpha ,draconis 0 ! ,pole ,/>1 t is1 ne>ly #cjjj ye>s ,b4,c42 & by a simil> me?od ,mr ,maund] det]m9es ! epo* at :i* ! anci5t s\!rn con/ellations 7 inv5t$1 z we h already se54 ,! greate/ inconv5i5ce1 & also ! greate/ hi/orical int]e/1 atta*es to />s l ,spica :i* belong to con/ellations ( ! zodiac1 = if !y are n /ation>y ) reg>d to ! equ9oxes & sol/ices !y are n su* simple guides to ! l5g? ( ! sol> ye> z ! anci5ts suppos$ !m to be4 ,! s*eme ( ! ,babylonians = beg9n+ _! mon? ,nisan :5 ! />s ( ,dilgan rose j be=e ! sun 0 an excell5t "o = a "t1 b if !y _h cont9u$ x = _m c5turies !y w\ld h f\nd t _! ye> 0 too long1 & ! mon?s 7 all fall+ 9 ! wrong seasons4 ,?is has actually happ5$ ) ,h9dus & ,p>sis1 :o n[ keep _! ,new ,ye> 9 ! middle ( our ,april1 al?\gh :5 _! cal5d> 0 fix$1 ab\t ?irte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! ye>s began at ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,= ! sun is l a runn] 9 a circul> race-c\rse :o ?9ks he has complet$ a lap :5 he returns opposite a gr\p ( spectators orig9ally /&+ at ! />t+-po9t1 b aft] sev]al laps he f9ds t ! spectators & ! goal no long] co9cide2 ei!r !y1 & also all ! o!rs surr\nd+ ! c\rse are walk+ away f x1 or an unse5 h& has be5 mov+ ! flag t[>ds him1 & s %ort5+ ! lap4 ,x is ! flag :i* mu/ c\nt1 9 any case1 n ! spectators1 & ) ! sun x is ! equ9ox :i* mu/ c\nt1 & n ! />s1 = ?is is ! po9t at :i* he crosses ! equator1 mak+ day & night equal1 & f ?is we c\nt ! beg9n+ & end+ ( our seasons4 ,s our ye> is c\nt$ f equ9ox to equ9ox1 & is tw5ty m9utes %ort] ?an ! 8sid]eal10 or /> ye>1 ( ! anci5t ,babylonians4 ,hipp>*us1 f obs]vations ( equ9oxes & sol/ices1 made ! ye> #cfe days #e h\rs & ne>ly #ee m9utes1 :i* is only #f m9utes long] ?an ! correct value4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,! ,sun & ! ,equ9ox4 ,aft] ,hipp>*us _h made 8 discov]y1 a/ronom]s agre$ ^u a some:at clumsy & v confus+ device1 by :i* ! zodiac 0 divid$ into twelve equal 8signs0 ( #cj degrees1 :i* be> ! same names z ! zodiacal con/ellations1 b ^: beg9n+ is always reckon$ f ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,^! twelve 8signs ( ! zodiac10 !re=e1 d n n[ agree ) ! twelve con/ellations ( ! zodiac1 & our pres5t 8fir/ po9t ( ,aries10 :i* m>ks ! v]nal equ9ox1 is 9 ! con/ellation ( ,pisces4 ,:at is ! true cause ( ?is /range ph5om5on8 ,are ! />s really all 9 motion1 or is x ! equ9ox :i* moves8 ,! successors ( ,hipp>*us1 :o believ$ t ! />s 7 fix$ on a sph]e1 f\nd no great difficulty 9 conceiv+ t ?is sph]e _h a v sl[ ea/]ly motion1 r\nd ! poles ( ! ecliptic1 complet+ a revolution once 9 #cf1jjj ye>s 7i4e4 "o degree 9 c5tury74 ,to u1 h[ev]1 x is impossible to believe t ! />s1 :i* we h f\nd to be at enorm\s & v>i$ di/ances1 are all revolv+ at "o rate1 p>allel to ! ecliptic4 ,! ecliptic1 to u1 is simply ! plane ( ,e>?'s own orbit1 & z %e moves 9 x %e has a v sl[ 8wobbl+0 motion on h] axis1 z well z ! rapid sp9n+ ( ! diurnal motion1 l ! 8wobble0 ( a sp9n+ top4 ,! top has ?is motion because gravity is try+ to pull x d[n f its upright position2 ! e>? because ! sun is try+ to drag h] slightly protub]ant equator into ! plane ( h] orbit4 ,! result+ motion is n a revolution ( ! e>?1 nor an app>5t revolution ( ! /> sph]e r\nd ,e>?3 :at really happ5s may be illu/rat$ ) ! traditional orange & knitt+ ne$le4 ,ignor+ all motions b ! "o we are speak+ (1 let ! po9ts ( ! knitt+ ne$le 7,e>?'s axis ( rotation7 trace out small circles 9 space1 & ! equator ( ! orange w be se5 to alt] ! direction ( its tilt1 b )\t turn+ r\nd 7,fig4 #bf74 ,/ick a p9 9 ! equator1 & o!rs 9 nor? or s\? latitudes1 betwe5 equator & pole2 ^! w always rema9 fac+ y1 b :ile ! pole makes its small circle1 ! equatorial p9 w be se5 to move up & d[n1 :ile ! tropical & temp]ate p9s trace out ellipses4 ,^! are ! movem5ts :i* we see reflect$ 9 ! />s2 & if ,e>?'s diurnal rotation 7 sudd5ly to cease1 :ile h] revolution 9 h] orbit & ! movem5t ( 8precession0 cont9u$1 we %\ld see ,spica1 = in/ance1 s9k sl[ly l[] 9 ! s\!rn sky & aft] ages rise aga9 nor?w>ds1 b !re w\ld be v little preceptible movem5t ea/ or we/4 ,! movem5t obs]v$ by ,hipp>*us1 !n1 0 n a movem5t ( ,spica & o!r />s1 b a movem5t ( ! equ9ox4 ,= ! cele/ial equator is simply a reflection ( ,e>?'s equator 9 ! skies1 & z x keeps *ang+ ! direction ( its tilt 9 ! way describ$1 x *anges ! po9t at :i* x cuts ! ecliptic4 ,?is may be/ be se5 by tak+ two r+s or hoops 7two l>ge curta9 r+s1 = in/ance71 "o ( :i* j fits inside ! o!r4 ,tilt ! inn] r+1 s t half ( x is above & half bel[ ! o!r r+1 & !y t\* at two po9ts1 #a & #b 7,fig4 #bg74 ,! out] r+ is ! ,ecliptic1 ! inn] ! ,equator1 & :]e !y t\* ea* o!r are ! ,equ9oxes4 ,n[ move ! inn] r+1 n slid+ x r\nd1 nor mak+ any diff]5ce 9 ! angle betwe5 ! two1 b simply s t !y t\* at fre% po9ts1 #a & #b4 ,9 ?is way y may make ! po9ts ( contact revolve entirely r\nd4 ,?is is :at ! real equ9oxes are do+3 :ile ! equator opposite ! gr\p ( />s 9 figure #be rises & falls1 ! equ9ox travels on1 & f9ally returns to ! same place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! movem5t ( ,e>?'s axis1 :i* is ! true cause ( ,precession4 ,v is ! v]nal equ9ox1 at ! int]section ( ! equator & plane ( ! ecliptic3 ,,apx ! e>?'s axis1 :i* always pres]ves ! same incl9ation 7#bc7 to ! plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,z ,,apx sl[ly revolves r\nd ,t 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 ! v]nal equ9ox is gradually %ift$ to ,v1 & s on4 7,f ,"y's 8,manual ( ,a/ronomy10 #aijb47 ,! ph5om5on is call$ 8precession ( ! equ9oxes10 because !y ?us move on to meet ! sun 9 8 ye>ly c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,! discov]y ( precession is :at has *iefly made ,hipp>*us fam\s1 b ! inv5tion ( ! a/rolabe & ( sph]ical trigonometry1 bo? believ$ to be due to him1 8 /> catalogue1 & 8 _m obs]vations1 m accurate ?an any made be=e1 7 s valuable z pione] "w t ,ptolemy ju/ly call$ him ! ,fa!r ( ,a/ronomy4 ,if ,hipp>*us c\ld visit "o ( our obs]vatories to-day1 & see ! clock-driv5 equatorials1 ! transit in/rum5ts1 ! beautifully divid$ circles read ) microscopes1 & ! sid]eal clocks1 "o wond]s :e!r he w\ld be m a/oni%$ at ! advance on 8 a/rolabes & clepsydras or at ! homage paid to him z "o 9 ^: foot/eps all a/ronom]s are pr\d to tread4 #h4 ,,ptolemy4 ,claudius ,ptolemu4 ,i "k t ,i am mortal & ephem]al1 b :5 ,i scan ! multitud9\s circl+ spirals ( ! />s1 no long] d ,i t\* ,e>? ) my feet1 b sit ) ,zeus himself1 & take my fill ( ! ambrosial food ( ! gods4 ,= m ?an two c5turies aft] ,hipp>*us v little orig9al "w 0 done 9 a/ronomy1 & no "o seems to h _h ! c\rage to take up 8 unf9i%$ task & /udy s]i\sly ! difficult problem ( planet>y motions4 ,sid5ote3 ,posidonius c4 #ace ,b4,c4 to c4 #ej ,b4,c4 ,posidonius ! ,/oic1 :o liv$ = "s ye>s 9 ,rhodes1 made a fre% det]m9ation ( ! e>?'s circumf]5ce1 bas+ x n on obs]vations ( ! sun1 l ,erato/h5es1 b ( ! /> ,canopus1 :i* 9 8 "t 0 j visible at ,rhodes :ile 9 ,alex&ria x rose 8a qu>t] ( a sign0 7i4e4 #g degrees7 above ! horizon4 ,by 8 me?od1 ! e>? 0 a little small]1 7#bdj1jjj /adia in/ead ( #bej1jjj71 b x mu/ h be5 difficult to measure ! di/ance betwe5 ,rhodes & ,alex&ria ov] ! sea1 & x is impossible to say :5 a /> is exactly on ! horizon4 ,posidonius also obs]v$ ! tides 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & %[$ t 8,ocean foll[s ! movem5ts ( ! heav5s10 & especially ( ! moon1 hav+ daily & mon?ly p]iods4 ,sid5ote3 ,gem9us c4 #gj ,b4,c4 ,a little lat] ,gem9us wrote an ,introduction to ,a/ronomy1 :i* 0 an excell5t little book z f> z x w5t1 b al?\gh he 0 app>5tly a native ( ,rhodes1 & speaks ( ,hipp>*us1 he seems to "k no?+ ( 8 "w1 = he does n quote 8 c>eful det]m9ation ( ! l5g? ( ! ye>1 nor 8 discov]y ( precession4 ,sid5ote3 ,cleom$es c4 #bj ,b4,c4 ,sid5ote3 ,!on ( ,smyrna c4 #ajj ,a4,d4 ,nor 7 o!r writ]s1 su* z ,cleom$es & ,!on ( ,smyrna1 bett] in=m$1 & !y add$ no?+ new to ! advance ( a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,ptolemy c4 #adj ,a4,d4 ,b at la/ a wor?y successor arose at ,alex&ria1 ! immortal ,ptolemy1 :om ,dante met 9 t ,limbo ( antique spirits :i* 0 almo/ ,elysium1 al?\gh on ! br9k ( ! ,inf]no4 ,we d n "k :5 ,ptolemy 0 born nor :5 he di$1 nor :]e 0 8 native t[n3 we only "k t 8 fir/ record$ obs]vation 0 made 9 ! elev5? ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,hadrian1 t is ,a4,d4 #abg1 & 8 late/ 9 ,a4,d4 #aej1 & t he liv$ & /udi$ 9 ,alex&ria4 ,he _h spl5did opportunities = c>ry+ on ! "w ( ,hipp>*us1 = besides ! use ( ! in/rum5ts 9 ! ,museum ,obs]vatory1 he _h at h& all ! ,museum records1 :i* includ$ ! writ+s ( ,hipp>*us4 ,ptolemy 0 n s pa9/ak+ & accurate an obs]v] z ,hipp>*us1 b he 0 a v able ma!matician to :om x 0 evid5tly a joy to h&le figures & "w out problems4 ,by exam9+ a numb] ( obs]vations spread ov] sev]al c5turies1 & comb9+ !m ) 8 own1 he 0 able to accompli% ! task 9 :i* s _m o!rs _h fail$1 & to frame a sy/em :i* embrac$ all ! cele/ial motions !n obs]v$4 ,! monum5tal summ>y 9 :i* he set =? ?is sy/em conta9s a great deal ( int]e/+ in=mation ab\t 8 me?ods & in/rum5ts1 & ab\t ! "w ( ,hipp>*us1 = :om he always expresses ! mo/ g5]\s admiration4 ,! orig9al "n ( 8 book 0 ! 8,ma!matical ,sy/em ( ,a/ronomy10 b 8 admir]s hav+ call$ x ! 8,great ,sy/em10 ,megi/e ,syntaxis1 ! ,arabs affix$ _! article al & gave x ! "n x pres]ves to ?is day1 ( ,almage/4 ,x rema9$ ! /&>d treatise on a/ronomy until ! ,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cele/ium ( ,cop]nicus appe>$ 9 #aedc4 ,! "n ( 8 book indicates ! scope ( ,ptolemy's "w4 ,x 0 to repres5t all ! obs]v$ motions ( ! heav5ly bodies by means ( a ma!matical sy/em1 s t !y became am5able to calculation2 b to expla9 ! causes ( ^! motions 0 ?\ght to lie q outside an a/ronom]'s prov9ce4 ,x 0 n = a m]e obs]v] & calculator to det]m9e :i* motions 7 real & :i* app>5t1 else ,ptolemy mu/ h decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,e>?'s rotation1 = he says t x w\ld be mu* easi] to acc\nt = cele/ial motions on ?is assumption4 ,nor 0 x 8 bus9ess to inve/igate ! sub/ance ( ! />s4 ,little did he dream t a/ronom]s w\ld "o day solve su* problems1 & uphold _! conclusions 9 ! face ( all ! _w3 = him1 z = 8 contempor>ies1 ! decisions ( ! philosoph]s1 & especially ( ,ari/otle1 7 f9al1 & 8 task 0 to describe :at he saw 9 ! light ( _! tea*+4 ,he br+s =w>d1 9 ! introduction to 8 book1 a few argum5ts aga9/ ! absurd notion1 taught by "s1 t ,e>? is 9 motion1 turn+ on h] axis or mov+ ?r\gh space2 b all t he proves is ! imm5se difficulty1 ev5 to a tra9$ m9d1 ( accept+ ^! !ories1 & ! great au?ority ( ! philosoph]s :o d5i$ !m on ab/ract pr9ciples4 ,educat$ ,greeks might /ill discuss ! nature ( ! heav5ly bodies1 z 9 ,plut>*'s delightful dialogue ,on ! ,face ( ! ,moon1 7writt5 ab\t half a c5tury be=e ! days ( ,ptolemy71 & might ridicule ! law ( gravity1 laugh+ at ! absurdity ( suppos+ t if ! middle ( a man's body 7 at ! middle ( ! e>?1 8 feet z well z 8 head w\ld be 8up10 & t fall+ weights if !y rea*$ ?is po9t w\ld /op %ort1 or oscillate to & fro4 ,yet ev5 !y all agre$ t ! fix$ />s d mo/ probably move 89 a circle ( et]nal & nev]-end+ revolution10 & t !y are ( a pure & et]nal sub/ance unlike ,e>?2 & = ! pr(essional a/ronom]s ( ,alex&ria ^! axioms 7 assum$ z ! basis ( all _! "w4 ,e>? mu/ be immoveable at ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se because ! heavy /uff ( :i* %e is made s9ks necess>ily to ! c5tre & !re rema9s 9 globul> =m )\t ne$ ( support2 ! heav5ly bodies mu/ be 9 motion1 because1 be+ ( e!real sub/ance1 x is _! nature to revolve et]nally 9 circles4 ,?is be+ grant$1 we c feel no?+ b admiration = ! ext5t ( ,ptolemy's k1 ! compreh5siv5ess ( 8 s*eme1 & ! skill & pati5ce ) :i* he ov]came its difficulties4 ,e>?1 accord+ to ,ptolemy1 is b a po9t comp>$ ) ! imm5se surr\nd+ sph]e 9 :i* ! />s are set1 & ?is turns always r\nd u1 communicat+ its motion 7he does n inquire h[7 to sun1 moon & planets1 s t day foll[s night1 & ! heav5ly bodies daily rise & set4 ,= ! sl[ movem5t ( precession1 :i* also affects all heav5ly bodies1 ,ptolemy accept$ ! lea/ value ( ,hipp>*us1 "o degree 9 a c5tury1 only te/+ x 9 r a p]functory way1 :i* 0 a great pity1 = he might h det]m9$ x mu* m closely aft] an int]val ( "s #bej ye>s4 ,b "o man _c d ev]y?+1 & he d\btless ?\ght x be/ to sp5d m "t on ! planets1 ^: intricacies _h baffl$ ,hipp>*us & gave him also a great deal ( tr\ble4 ,he reta9$ ! great sph]es :i* 7 suppos$ to c>ry !m r\nd ,e>?1 inside ! /> sph]e1 b ! *ief feature ( 8 sy/em is ! use ( small sph]es1 :i* 7 fix$ on ! l>g]1 & !re=e call$ 8epicycles10 :ile ! l>ge 7 kn[n z 8def]5ts0 or c>ri]s4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( epicycles is v simple1 z may be se5 by comp>+ ! two diagrams4 ,fig4 #bh %[s ! pa? ( ,m>s z we saw x among ! />s ( ,pisces 9 ! ye> #aiji4 ,?r\gh\t ,july ! planet 0 travell+ 9 its usual direction1 8) ! signs10 b on ,augu/ #bbnd x came to a /op1 !n turn$ & travell$ backw>ds 8aga9/ ! signs0 until ,octob] #bf?1 :5 x /opp$ aga91 rev]s$ its direction once m1 & dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye> mov$ rapidly =w>d4 ,fig4 #bi %[s ! pr9ciple on :i* ,ptolemy w\ld h expla9$ ?is curi\s track4 ,ea* planet 0 suppos$ to be fix$ on a small circle1 ! epicycle1 & ?is 0 fix$ ^u a l>ge circle1 or def]5t1 ^u :i* x travels 9 ! direction %[n by ! arr[1 at a uni=m spe$1 return+ to ! same place 9 ! sid]eal p]iod ( ! planet4 ,?us ,m>s1 z se5 f ,e>?1 :i* is ne> ,c ! c5tre ( ! def]5t1 makes a great circle ?r\gh all ! zodiac 9 two ye>s1 ,jupit] 9 twelve1 & s on4 ,b mean:ile ! epicycle is rotat+ r\nd its own c5tre1 ,c#a1 & :5 ! planet rea*es ! po9t m>k$ ,s1 ! two motions neutralize "o ano!r1 s t x appe>s /ation>y1 z ,m>s did on ,augu/ #bb1 #aiji4 ,aft] ?is1 ! motion ( ! epicycle m ?an c\nt]-balances ! motion ( ! def]5t1 & ! planet seems to rev]se its direction until x rea*es ! po9t on ! epicycle m>k$ ,s4 ,aft] ?is ! two motions are once m 9 ! same direction1 s ! planet is se5 to move rapidly =w>d1 z ,m>s did aft] ,octob] #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! ,pa? ( ,m>s among ! ,/>s1 #aiji4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! ,epicycle4 ,ptolemy's me?od ( acc\nt+ = movem5ts su* z ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,planet retrograd+1 & 9 opposition 7i4e4 9 opposition to ! sun47 ,9 ?is extremely +5i\s way ! /range planet>y oscillations 7 acc\nt$ =1 )\t violat+ ! law ( uni=m circul> motion1 & 9 a m conv5i5t & satisfactory way ?an by ! conc5tric sph]es ( ,eudoxus or ! moveable ecc5trics ( ,apollonius4 ,ea* ( ! five planets 0 provid$ ) an epicycle & a def]5t1 & ^! 7 made ( ! prop] relative size & giv5 ! "r spe$1 s t ! motions %\ld correspond ) :at we see 9 ! sky4 ,ptolemy calls ! oscillation a planet's 8anomaly ) reg>d to ! sun10 because 7z we h se5 :5 discuss+ ! moveable ecc5trics7 x 0 kn[n to be connect$ 9 e case ) a planet's angul> di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,on ,septemb] #bd1 :5 ,m>s 0 9 ! middle ( 8 retrograde arc 9 ,pisces1 ! sun 0 exactly opposite1 9 ! con/ellation ( ,virgo4 ,?is is f\nd to be always ! case1 n only ) ,m>s1 b ) ,saturn & ,jupit] too4 ,:5ev] "o ( ^! planets has ! position ,o on its epicycle1 & !re=e is retrograd+1 ! sun w be f\nd to be exactly opposite 9 ! sky4 ,m>s comes into ?is position1 & is opposite ! sun1 once 9 #ghj days2 ?is1 !re=e1 ,ptolemy call$ ! p]iod ( 8 epicycle1 :ile a little less ?an two ye>s 0 ! p]iod ( ! def]5t4 ,! two p]iods ( ,saturn are #cgh days & #bi ye>s ne>ly2 ( ,jupit] #cii days & ne>ly #ab ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 & ! sun4 ,v5us & ,m]cury betray _! dep5d5ce ^u ! sun 9 m /rik+ fa%ion1 = s9ce ^! planets simply oscillat$ f "o side to ! o!r ( ! sun1 _! epicycles mu/ be suppos$ to be keep+ pace ) him all ! way r\nd ! zodiac4 ,fig4 #ca %[s _! relation to "o ano!r4 ,on ,septemb] #be1 #aiaa1 ,m]cury 0 se5 f ,e>? z a morn+ /> z f> we/ ( ! sun z x is possible = him to travel1 :ile ,v5us1 aft] %9+ z an ev5+ /> all ! summ]1 _h come into l9e ) ! sun & become invisible4#ea ,on ,decemb] #g foll[+1 ! rotation ( ! epicycles 7,ptolemy w\ld say7 _h br\ght bo? planets to new positions1 ,m]cury n[ be+ an ev5+ /> at 8 8greate/ elongation ea/10 & ,v5us a morn+ />4 ,b ! c5tres ( ! two epicycles always rema9 9 a l9e ) "o ano!r & ! sun1 & s _! p]iods on ! def]5ts are ! same z 81 viz4 "o ye>4 ,! epicyclic p]iods1 or int]vals betwe5 two 8greate/ elongations0 we/ or ea/1 are #aaf days = ,m]cury1 #ehd days = ,v5us4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ea ,v5us _h pass$ h] 8inf]ior conjunction ) ! sun0 on ,sept4 #ae4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,we /ill expla9 ! complicat$ c\rse ( ! planets by resolv+ x into two approximately circul> motions1 b we "k n[ t only "o belongs to ! planet itself1 ! o!r is ,e>?'s own motion4 ,! reason :y ! sun's position affects ! position ( e planet is simply t ! epicycles ( ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn1 & ! def]5ts ( ,v5us & ,m]cury are reflections ( ,e>?'s ye>ly j\rney r\nd ! sun4 ,ptolemy _h by no means f9i%$ ) ! planets :5 he _h provid$ ea* "o ) an epicycle to repres5t ! 8anomaly ) reg>d to ! sun40 ,hipp>*us _h notic$ t !re 0 ano!r less] irregul>ity1 :i* seem$ to be p]iodical likewise1 al?\gh no =m] sy/em _h tak5 x into acc\nt2 & ?is he call$ ! 8anomaly ) reg>d to ! zodiac10 because ! spe$ ( ea* planet & ! amplitude ( its loop v>ies slightly accord+ to ! "p ( ! zodiac x happ5s to be 94 ,he sugge/$ t ?is might be dealt ) by comb9+ ! two !ories ( epicycles & ecc5trics1 & ?is sugge/ion ,ptolemy adopt$ ) success4 ,he plac$ ea* def]5t ) its c5tre n exactly at ! e>?1 b at a c]ta9 small di/ance :i* 0 diff]5t = ea* planet4 7,?is is n %[n on our small-scale diagrams1 !re=e ,e>? appe>s at ! exact c5tre47 ,! true explanation ( ?is irregul>ity is t ea* planet's pa? is n /rictly circul>1 b elliptical4 ,besides ?is1 ,ptolemy _h to repres5t ! planet's movem5ts nor? & s\? 7note h[ ?is v>ies 9 fig4 #bh474 ,?is 0 p>tly manag$ by ! aid ( small :eels1 rotat+ 9 su* a way t !y lift$ & l[]$ ! epicycle z requir$4 ,al?\gh ,ptolemy quotes ,babylonian obs]vations ( lun> eclipses dat+ back z f> z ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! olde/ planet>y obs]vations t he uses 7 made only f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 "t1 & !y 7 probably ,greek4 ,ev5 ^! 7 g5]ally v r\gh4 ,= in/ance3-- ,9 ! #dif? ye> ( ,nabonass>1 on ! #ag? day ( ,*oeac1 9 ! morn+1 ,m]cury 0 ?ree moon-bread?s nor? ( ! tail ( ,capricorn4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,pham5o? ! #cj?1 ,m]cury 0 ?ree moon-bread?s s\? ( ! horn ( ,taurus :i* is also ! foot ( ! ,*>iote]4 ,! fir/ ye> ( ,nabonass> 7a ,babylonian epo*7 corresponds ) ,b4,c4 #gdg1 s ! #dif? ye> is ,b4,c4 #bea4 ,! mon?s us$ by ,ptolemy are usually ,egyptian4 ,! lat] obs]vations1 made ) an a/rolabe1 7 mu* m precise2 ,ptolemy quotes "o f ,!on ( ,smyrna1 :i* /ates t ,m]cury 0 #c #ej 9 advance ( ! ,he>t ( ! ,lion 7,regulus71 & = 8 own obs]vations he also usually gives ! sign1 degree1 & m9ute4 ,sometimes ! planets _h be5 obs]v$ s ne> />s t _! positions c\ld be v accurately det]m9$ by ! aid ( ,hipp>*us' /> catalogue4 ,timo*>is1 on a c]ta9 morn+ 9 ! #ac? ye> ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus 7,b4,c4 #bgc71 saw ,v5us beside ! la/ /> 9 ! w+ ( ! ,virg9 7,beta ,virg9is72 ,ptolemy himself saw h] s close beh9d a c]ta9 /> 9 ,aqu>ius t %e seem$ to t\* x ) h] rays2 & 9 ! #hcrd ye> aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 ,jupit] _h be5 obs]v$ to eclipse ! ,s\!rn ,ass1 t is ! s\!rnmo/ ( ! pair ( />s on ei!r side ( ! little clu/] 9 ,canc] :i* ! anci5ts call$ ! ,mang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! sun's ,def]5t4 7,its ecc5tricity is exagg]at$74 ,! sun 0 mu* easi] to manage ?an ! planets4 ,mov+ always 9 ! same direction1 he ne$$ no epicycle1 & rema9+ always 9 ! ecliptic1 no :eels4 ,8 "o irregul>ity1 ! v>y+ spe$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! zodiac1 :i* ,meton _h discov]$ & ,calippus confirm$1 ,hipp>*us acc\nt$ = by plac+ him on ecc5tric def]5t2 ,ptolemy adopt$ ?is )\t *ange1 & made ! ye> ! same l5g? z ,hipp>*us _h done4 ,z ! sl[e/ motion 0 obs]v$ :5 ! sun 0 9 ! sign ( ,gem9i 7at ! "t ( ye> correspond+ ) ! end ( our mon? ( ,may71 ! ecc5tric 0 plac$ z 9 ! diagram2 & ! sun1 suppos$ to be revolv+ uni=mly r\nd ! c5tre ,c1 _h a sl[] motion z se5 f ,e>? :5 he w5t nor?1 because he 0 !n m di/ant4 ,we "k n[ t x is really ,e>? :i* revolves r\nd ! sun1 b ! elliptical %ape ( h] orbit is n unlike ! ecc5tric def]5t :i* ! ,greeks gave to ! sun1 & !y guess$ q rightly f 8 motion t he is fur!r f u 9 "o "p ( ! ye> ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,?is is easily prov$ to-day by ! fact t he gr[s app>5tly small]1 z %[n by photographs or measurem5ts tak5 at diff]5t times ( ye>1 b ! *ange 0 n p]ceptible to ! r\gh] me?ods ( ! anci5ts4 ,x 0 a pity t ,ptolemy did n take m pa9s to v]ify ! "w ( ,hipp>*us on ! sun1 = ! sun's 8apogee10 or po9t ( greate/ di/ance f ,e>?1 has an extremely sl[ motion among ! />s :i* ought to h be5 q p]ceptible 9 ne>ly ?ree c5turies2#eb b "h aga9 he seems to h ?\ght t :]e ,hipp>*us _h giv5 s mu* att5tion he might pass on to some?+ else1 & s miss$ an int]e/+ discov]y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eb ,x am\nts to #e degrees ( longitude 9 #cjj ye>s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 #aiaa1 ,july #a4 #aiab1 ,jan4 #c4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,app>5t ,v>iation 9 ! ,size ( ! ,sun4 ,to face p #adf ,two half photographs ( ! ,sun1 tak5 at ,kodaikanal ,obs]vatory4 ,! small] 0 tak5 two days be=e apogee1 ! l>g] on ! day ( p]igee4 ,in/ead1 he work$ v h>d at ! moon1 & add$ ano!r p]iodical irregul>ity to ^? already kn[n4 ,p]haps 8 feel+s 7 some:at mix$ :5 ?is happ5$1 8 pride & pleasure 9 8 important discov]y be+ c\nt]-balanc$ by ! consci\sness t x w\ld /ill fur!r complicate 8 lun> !ory4 ,our satellite is act$ ^u by ourselves z well z by ! sun1 s t %e suff]s _m p]turbations1 = ,e>?1 ?\gh s small comp>$ ) ! sun1 is comp>atively ne>4 ,ptolemy's discov]y 0 a diff]5ce 9 h] spe$ at full & new1 z comp>$ ) h] int]m$iate phases1 & ?is p]iodic diff]5ce is call$ by mod]n a/ronom]s ! 8evection40 ,x 0 already kn[n t h] nodes1 or ! po9ts at :i* %e crosses ! ecliptic1 are 9 con/ant retrogressive motion1 j l ! equ9octial po9ts1 :]e ! sun crosses ! equator2 b ! moon's cross+ po9ts1 in/ead ( tak+ ?\s&s ( ye>s to circle ! zodiac1 run r\nd 9 ab\t eighte5 ye>s4 ,?is 0 discov]$ e>ly1 because obs]vations 7 *iefly made dur+ eclipses1 & at ^! times ! moon is always at a node1 t is to say1 %e is cross+ ! ecliptic1 ! sun's pa?2 o!rwise ! eclipse c\ld n happ54 ,x 0 also kn[n t %e has a v>y+ spe$ 9 ! zodiac1 & t h] apogee1 :]e ! motion is sl[e/1 in/ead ( be+ app>5tly fix$1 l t ( ! sun1 also runs r\nd ! zodiac1 b ) a direct motion1 & 9 a p]iod ( ab\t n9e ye>s4 ,we ne$ n ent] into all ! details ( ,ptolemy's arrangem5ts = ! moon1 :i* are exce$+ly complicat$1 b x is int]e/+ to note t he does n expla9 h] v>y+ velocity by an ecc5tric1 z ) ! sun & ! planets4 ,%e has an ecc5tric1 b ,ptolemy ne$$ x = repres5t+ 8 own discov]y1 ! evection1 s he gave h] an epicycle1 us+ x 9 q a diff]5t way f ! epicycles ( ! planets4 ,?is epicycle also revolv$ :ile mov+ on ! ecc5tric1 b 9 ! opposite direction1 & !re 0 s little diff]5ce 9 spe$ betwe5 ! two motions t x nev] br\ght ! moon to a /op1 nor rev]s$ h] direction1 b simply increas$ & ret>d$ h] motion alt]nately dur+ h] mon?ly revolution4 ,?us1 :5 ! moon 0 at ,m1 9 :at ,ptolemy call$ ! upp] apsis 7or arc7 ( h] epicycle1 or z we %\ld say 9 h] apogee1 ! motion on ! epicycle 0 contr>y to h] motion on ! ecc5tric1 & made x seem sl[]4 ,:5 ! epicycle _h travell$ halfway r\nd ! ecc5tric1 x _h also made ne>ly half a revolution on its own axis3 consequ5tly ! moon 0 at ,m1 ne> ! l[] apsis1 or p]igee1 & ! motion on ! ecc5tric seem$ to be accel]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! moon's epicycle & def]5t4 ,! slight diff]5ce 9 spe$ betwe5 ! two motions acc\nt$ = ! cont9u\s displacem5t ( ! apogee 9 ! zodiac1 z may be se5 f ! diagram4 ,= suppose t :5 9 apogee at ,m ! moon is se5 f ,e>? among ! />s 9 ! middle ( ,taurus4 ,at ! return ( ! epicycle to ?is place next mon?1 %e has n yet q complet$ a revolution on h] epicycle b is at ,m1 & w n be 9 apogee until ! c5tre ( h] epicycle is advanc$ #c fur!r 9 ,taurus4 ,aft] "s "t 7five mon?s71 apogee does n occur until ! moon is 9 ,gem9i1 & x w be n9e ye>s be=e x occurs aga9 9 ,taurus4 ,^! are ! lead+ features ( ! sy/em by :i* ,ptolemy repres5t$ ! motions ( ! planets1 ! sun1 & ! moon4 ,he is uncom=tably consci\s t x may /rike u z v complicat$1 & 9 8 la/ book he makes a k9d ( apology4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 he says1 t we are n deal+ ) e>?ly ma*9es :i* j> & we>1 b ) cele/ial bodies :i* h no weight1 cause no friction1 & are et]nally ! same4 ,delambre some:at cruelly retorts t he ne$ n h wa/$ "t 9 writ+ su* rubbi%1 b h be5 cont5t to put 8 results into tables4 ,b :at true a/ronom] c\ld be cont5t ) tables & no?+ m8 ,he mu/ try to und]/& _! significance4 ,ne>+ ! end ( 8 great "w1 :i* _h co/ s mu* lab\r1 & 0 s brilliant a success )9 its limits1 ,ptolemy all[s u to see 9 ?is little p>agraph t he felt he _h b t\*$ ! hem ( ,nature's veil1 & long$ 9 va9 to lift x4 ,! circles :i* he manipulat$ s skilfully 7 only ma!matical ab/ractions to him3#ec :at 0 ! reality beh9d8 ,:at 7 ! />s8 :5ce came _! unwe>i$ /r5g?1 _! et]nal calm8 ,! p[] ( ,egypt1 ( ,assyria1 & ( ,p]sia _h decl9$1 ,greece 0 n[ laid l[1 & x 0 ! day ( ,rome1 b /ill ,v5us pursu$ h] anci5t pa? among ! little />s ( ,aqu>ius1 & :5 all fad$ 9 ! solemn dawn1 ! sun arose 9 8 anci5t maje/y4 ,!n ,ptolemy look$ at 8 circles & triangles1 & felt h[ inadequate !y 72 yet x 0 ! ne>e/ approa* he c\ld make to tru?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ec ,?is is evid5t f ! way he treats !m1 pick+ up an epicycle or a def]5t j z be/ suits ! purpose 9 h& & expla9+ sometimes t ei!r w\ld answ] equally well4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!y did inde$ repres5t v beautifully ! cele/ial motions1 & also 9 a g5]al way ! v>iations 9 brightness or diamet]1 b _! unreality is betray$ by ! fact t ! latt] 0 (t5 grossly exagg]at$1 z = in/ance ) ! moon1 ^: epicycle _h to be s l>ge1 9 ord] to repres5t h] motions1 t at p]igee %e ought to appe> twice z l>ge 9 diamet] z at apogee6 ,ptolemy c h>dly h fail$ to notice ?is1 ?\gh he does n m5tion x4 ,) reg>d to ! planets1 he is c>eful to tell u t he kn[s no way ( f9d+ _! real di/ances3 ! ratios ( _! epicycles to _! def]5ts he _h c>efully comput$ 9 ea* case1 b to e/imate ! diamet]s 9 /adia 0 utt]ly beyond 8 p[]s4 ,he believ$1 h[ev]1 t all 7 v mu* ne>] ?an ! />s1 & m di/ant ?an ! moon1 & he f\nd univ]sal agreem5t among a/ronom]s 9 plac+ ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 & ,m>s1 beyond ! sun1 9 ord] ( ! p]iods ( _! def]5ts1 :i* 7 all long] ?an a ye>4 ,v5us & ,m]cury1 h[ev]1 _h p]iods ! same z ! sun3 on :i* side ( him1 !n1 mu/ !y be plac$8 ,"s mod]n au?ors1 ,ptolemy says1 ?\ght !y 7 beyond ! sun1 b he agrees ) ! mo/ anci5t1 & places !m betwe5 sun & moon4 ,! g5]al disposition ( ! heav5ly bodies accord+ to ,ptolemy is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce1 ) ! p]iods ( epicycles & def]5ts1 & ! directions ( ! sev]al movem5ts1 b epicycles & spaces betwe5 def]5ts are all made equal4 ,x w be not$ t ! sun has no epicycle & t ! moon turns on h]s 9 a rev]se direction1 t ! c5tres ( ^? ( ,m]cury & ,v5us are 9 a l9e ) ! sun1 :ile ! l9es jo9+ ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn to ! c5tres ( !irs are 9 ea* case p>allel ) ! l9e jo9+ ,e>? & ,sun4 ,beyond all ! w&]+ />s is ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s1 mov+ 9 its va/ p]iod ( #cf1jjj ye>s2 & ! :ole sy/em is c>ri$ r\nd ,e>? 9 "o great revolution ( a day & a night4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,! arcs ( circles are portions ( ! def]5ts :i* c>ry r\nd ! small] circles 7! epicycles7 9 ! p]iods nam$ at ! side4 ,& "h we h to note "o a/oni%+ fact4 ,al?\gh ! planets 7 all beyond rea* ( measurem5t1 x 0 n s ) ! moon1 :i* ! ,greeks rightly recogniz$ z our ne>e/ neighb\r4 ,!y _h actually a*iev$ ! long-desir$ feat ( measur+ h] real size & di/ance4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple on :i* !y work$ is easily expla9$4 ,if we look out ( a w9d[ at a tree 9 ! g>d51 x appe>s aga9/ a backgr\nd ( "s di/ant sc5]y2 if we alt] our position by walk+ to ano!r w9d[1 ! tree *anges its place ) reg>d to ! relatively motionless backgr\nd1 & its app>5t *ange ( place be>s a def9ite proportion to its di/ance f u4 ,a tree ne> ! h\se *anges its position greatly1 a tree at ! f> end ( ! g>d5 mu* less4 ,f c>eful measurem5ts ( ! angle ?r\gh :i* ! tree appe>s to h mov$ & ! di/ance we h walk$ betwe5 ! two w9d[s1 ! di/ance ( ! tree f ! h\se may be easily d$uc$4 ,! tree 9 ! g>d5 is ! moon1 ! di/ant l&scape is ! />-spangl$ sky4 ,! space betwe5 ! two w9d[s mu/ be increas$ to ?\s&s ( miles1 b ! a/ronom] ne$ n walk x4 ,if he makes 8 fir/ obs]vation :5 ! moon has j ris51 c>efully measur+ h] position among ! />s1 ! revolv+ ,e>? w c>ry him to a new position 9 a few h\rs1 :5 ) ! moon high 9 ! sky he c once m comp>e h] position ) ! same />s1 & f ! *ange he !n f9ds he c d$uce h] di/ance4 ,! ,greeks ?\ght x 0 ! sky1 & n ! e>? :i* mov$1 b ?is makes no diff]5ce1 z ! "q is "o ( relative motion only4 ,! problem1 h[ev]1 :5 appli$ to ! moon1 is a complicat$ "o1 imply+ n only skill 9 trigonometry & ! possession ( suitable in/rum5ts = measur+ ! necess>y angles1 b also accurate k ( ! size ( ! e>? & ! motions ( ! moon1 s9ce h] progress ea/w>d among ! />s dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! two obs]vations mu/ be all[$ =4 ,hipp>*us & ! a/ronom]s ( ,alex&ria 7 ! fir/ to qualify !mselves = attack+ ?is difficult problem1 & ! pro( ( _! success is t ,ptolemy's value = ! di/ance ( ! moon is v ne> ! tru? z obta9$ by mod]n me?ods4 ,! same me?od is n[ us$1 only x is f\nd bett] to d :at 0 n possible = ! ,greeks1 namely to comp>e obs]vations made at places sev]al ?\s&s ( miles di/ant1 = in/ance ,gre5wi* & ! ,cape1 in/ead ( all[+ ! same place to be mov$ by ! e>?'s rotation4 ,:5 ! di/ance ( ! moon _h be5 ?us discov]$1 x 0 a v simple matt] to f9d h] real size f h] app>5t size4 ,! di/ances ( all o!r heav5ly bodies are too great to be det]m9$ by nak$ eye me?ods1 = ! displacem5t 7te*nically call$ 8p>allax07 is s small t x is q invisible )\t a telescope4 ,hipp>*us _h tri$ repeat$ly to measure ! di/ance ( ! sun1 b recogniz$ t nei!r ! me?od ( ,ari/>*us nor any o!r 0 really conclusive4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! be/ attempt t _h be5 made1 & ,ptolemy assum$ t he knew ! di/ance to be ab\t tw5ty times t ( ! moon1 s he gave ! sizes & di/ances ( ^! two bodies z foll[s1 tak+ ,e>?'s semi-diamet] z unit3-- ,accord+ to ,ptolemy4 ,mod]n ,values4 ,semi-diamet]4 ,di/ance4 ,semi-diamet]4 ,di/ance4 ,moon _/ 7#jbij7 #ei #jbgc #fjc ,sun #e #abaj #ajid #bc1dci ,9 ,books ,,vii & ,,viii ( ! ,almage/ ,ptolemy describes ! #dh anci5t con/ellations & ! c\rse ( ! ,milky ,way among !m4 ,! position ( ea* /> is not$ z x appe>s 9 its con/ellation-figure1 b ! cele/ial latitude & longitude is also giv51 & ?is great catalogue is evid5tly tak5 f ,hipp>*us4 ,,ptolemy',s ,,=ty-,,eight ,,con/ellations4#ed ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ed ,tak5 f ! ,almage/ catalogue1 z giv5 9 ,delambre's ,hi/ory4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,ursa ,m9or ,pegasus ,ursa ,major ,&rom$a ,draco ,triangulum ,cepheus ,cetus ,auriga ,orion ,corona ,borealis ,! ,riv] 7,eridanus7 ,! ,kneel] 7,h]cules7 ,lepus ,lyra ,! ,dog 7,canis ,major7 ,! ,bird 7,cygnus7 ,canis ,m9or 7,procyon7 ,cassiopeia ,argo ,p]seus ,hydra ,botes ,crat] ,ophiu*us ,corvus ,s]p5s ,c5taur ,sagitta ,! ,wild ,bea/ 7,lupus7 ,aquila ,ara ,delph9us ,corona ,au/ralis ,equuleus ,piscis ,au/ralis1 ,aries1 ,taurus1 ,gem9i1 ,canc]1 ,leo1 ,virgo1 ,libra1 ,scorpio1 ,sagitt>ius1 ,capricornus1 ,aqu>ius1 ,pisces4 ,ptolemy sometimes rem>ks on ! col\r ( ! bright] />s1 & always m5tions ! brightness1 or 8magnitude0 z we call x n[1 = ! classification ( ,ptolemy 7or ,hipp>*us87 0 f\nd conv5i5t & accurate en\gh to be reta9$ by mod]n a/ronom]s1 & ! same sy/em is n[ cont9u$ ) ! fa9t telescopic />s4 ,! />s rank$ z 8fir/-magnitude10 or brighte/ ( all1 are fifte5 9 numb]1 & z ^! are evid5tly ! 8qu9dici /elle0#ee allud$ to by ,dante 9 ,p>4 xiii4 #d1 x w be int]e/+ to give a li/ ( !m "h4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ee ,fifte5 />s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ptolemy',s ,,fir/-,,magnitude ,,/>s4 ,"n & ,description ,mod]n ,"n & ,mean+4 9 ! ,catalogue4 #a4 ,arct\ros1 fire-col\r$ ,arcturus 7! ,be>-,wat*]74 #b4 ,! brighte/ /> 9 ! ,vega1 9 ,lyra4 7,fall+ ,eagle1 ,lyre ,arabic74 #c4 ,ai*s 7! ,goat7 ,capella 7,little ,goat1 ,lat974 #d4 ,! brighte/ /> ( ! ,aldeb>an4 7,! foll[]1 ,hyades1 fire-col\r$ because foll[+ ! ,pleiades1 ,arabic74 #e4 ,basiliskos 7! royal71 on ,regulus 7,lat9 equival5t74 ! he>t 7( ,leo74 #f4 ,! tip ( ! tail 7( ,leo 7 ,d5ebola 7,lion's ,tail1 ,arabic74 #g4 ,/a*ys 7,e>-(-,corn7 ,spica 7,lat9 equival5t74 #h4 ,! la/ ( ! ,wat] & ,fomalhaut4 7,m\? ( ! ,m\? ( ! ,s\!rn ,fi%1 ,arabic74 ,fi%4 #i4 ,! fire-col\r$ bright ,betelgueux4 7,%\ld] ( /> on ! %\ld] ,giant1 ,arabic74 ( ,orion4 #aj4 ,on ! left foot ( ,orion1 ,rigel4 7,foot ( ! ,giant1 common to ! ,wat]4 ,arabic74 #aa4 ,! la/ ( ! ,riv] ,a*]n> 7,arabic equival5t74 #ab4 ,! v brilliant />1 ,sirius 7,greek ,seirios1 or fire-col\r$1 at ! ,so?is1 f ! ,egyptian m\? ( ! ,dog1 ,sept719 ,canis ,major4#ef call$ ! ,dog4 #ac4 ,prokuon 7! prec$+ ,procyon 79 ,canis ,m9or71 :i* ,dog71 on ! ?igh ( rises be=e ,canis ,major4 ,prokuon #ad4 ,canopos1 on ! rudd] ,canopus 7an ,egyptian god1 & 7( ,argo7 a t[n on ! ,nile delta74 #ae4 ,! tip ( ! "r =efoot ,alpha ,c5tauri4 7( ! ,c5taur74 ,altair & ,ant>es 7 c\nt$ z second magnitude1 ?\gh we n[ class !m among ! fir/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ef ,locky]1 ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy1 p4 #aif4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x w be se5 f ! above t only two ( ^! fifte5 brighte/ />s ( ,ptolemy's /ill be> _! ,greek names1 ,arcturus1 & ,procyon2 b mo/ ( ! o!r mod]n names are direct translations1 ei!r into ,lat9 or ,arabic1 ( ,ptolemy's description or "n = ! />1 :ile ,vega & ,aldeb>an h pres]v$ _! orig9al ,arabic names 7mu* corrupt$71 & ,canopus & ,sirius are d]iv$ f ! ,egyptian4 ,regulus-,basiliskos app>5tly comes f ,babylon1 = ! "n ( ?is /> on tablets ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 0 ,%>-ru1 :i* means 8royal40 ,ptolemy's 8,la/ ( ! ,riv]0 0 tak5 by 8 ,arab & o!r comm5tators to be ! fir/-magnitude /> :i* consequ5tly !y nam$ ,a*]n>1 b ?is 0 too f> s\? to be visible at ,alex&ria1 ?\gh possibly he he>d ( x or saw x himself at ,sy5e1 :]e x rose ov] ! horizon 9 8 times4 ,delambre ?9ks x is ! same z ,fomalhaut1 :i* already belongs to two o!r con/ellations 9 ! /> catalogue2 ,br[n sugge/s x 0 ,!ta ,eridani1 :i* may h be5 bright] sixte5 c5turies ago4 ,p]haps x 0 ! /> we n[ call ,alpha 9 ! ,pho5ix1 = ?is lies betwe5 ! la/ b5d ( ! ,riv] & ! ,wat] ( ,aqu>ius1 & its magnitude is betwe5 fir/ & second4 ,! />s ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross are includ$ by ,ptolemy 9 ! />s ab\t ! h9d feet ( ! ,c5taur1 ?\gh x is difficult to id5tify ea* "o ) c]ta9ty3 ! positions are n v accurately giv54 ,ptolemy wrote also on ,a/rology1 or z x 0 !n call$ ,judicial ,a/ronomy1 & 8 "w on ! subject1 :i* is 9 f\r books1 receiv$ ! "n ( ! ,tetrabiblios4 ,x seems t a/rology 0 n v mu* believ$ 9 by ! ,greeks1 = he prote/s t ! influ5ces ( ! />s are real1 & c be kn[n & pr$ict$1 b all[s t ?is "p ( a/ronomy is mu* m difficult ?an ! ma!matical "p1 ) :i* he _h dealt 9 ! ,syntax1 & t x has n yet be5 p]fect$1 & !re=e x is sometimes sl&]$ z untrue4 ,a/rolog]s sometimes make mi/akes1 l doctors1 yet bo? a/rology & m$ic9e are useful arts4 ,he m5tions especially ! ,egyptians z practis+ x4 ,only second 9 importance to ! ,almage/1 & ev5 bett] kn[n 9 old days1 0 ,ptolemy's "w on ,geography4 ,9 ?is he %[s h[ ! size ( ! e>? & ! latitudes & longitudes ( places on ,e>?1 c be discov]$ by obs]vations ( ! heav5s4 ,= ,e>?'s diamet] he adopts ! value f\nd by ,poseidonius4 ,8 t]re/rial globe _h a moveable half-circle atta*$ to ! poles1 :i* 0 divid$ into #ij f ! equator 9 bo? directions1 s t by plac+ ?is aga9/ any spot on ! globe1 its latitude nor? or s\? ( ! equator c\ld be imm$iately read (f4 ,only half ! equator 0 m>k$ on ?is globe1 & divid$ into #ahj1 = ! kn[n "p ( ! e>? all lay )9 ^! limits4 ,! p>allels ( latitude m>k$ 7 n ! same z we use1 ?\gh ! mo/ nor!rly fell v close to ! ,arctic ,circle3 x %[$ ! latitude ( ! ,isl& ( ,?ule1 f> away 8t[>ds ! ,be>s10 z ,ptolemy expresses x1 mean+ t x lay "u ! con/ellations ne> ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,! mo/ s\!rly 0 n f> bel[ ! equator1 & o!rs 7 m>k$ betwe5 ^! :i* divid$ ! kn[n ,e>? into 8climates10 accord+ to ! height ( ! ,pole & ! l5g? ( ! longe/ day 9 ea*4 ,among ! _m t[ns :i* figur$ on ?is globe we may m5tion ,alex&ria1 ,rome1 ,a!ns1 ,j]usalem1 ,flor5ce1 ,cadiz1 ,p>is1 ,/rasburg1 ,london1 ,ba?4 ,m]idians 7 m>k$ at e #e degrees4 ,f ?is globe ,ptolemy %[s h[ a plane map may be con/ruct$4 ,he took ,rhodes z ! c5tral m]idian1 because x _h a ne>ly c5tral position among ! 8climates10 & 0 ! place 9 :i* ,hipp>*us _h obs]v$4 ,ptolemy also wrote books on ,optics1 on ! !ory & con/ruction ( ,dials1 & on ,music6 ,v4 ,,retrospect4 ,! ,almage/ is ! la/ ^w ( ,greek a/ronomy4 ,we h se5 h[ f ! dawn ( ,greek hi/ory1 z f> z we c trace x back 9 lit]ature1 ! ,greeks 7 famili> ) ! skies1 & h[ ! mo/ anci5t ( _! philosoph]s _h tri$1 *iefly by ab/ract reason+1 to discov] ! cause ( ! circl+ motions--nev] *ang+1 nev] ceas+--( sun & />s4 ,:5 ! seem+ly unruly movem5ts ( ! planets 7 kn[n1 !y /ill felt sure t !re mu/ be "s und]ly+ pr9ciple :i* w\ld br+ all into h>mony4 ,inspir$ by ,plato1 & help$ by ! ,egyptians1 ,eudoxus took ! fir/ /ep t[>ds f9d+ ?is pr9ciple by c>eful /udy ( ! planet>y motions1 & at la/1 aft] _m g5]ations ( obs]v]s & ma!maticians1 ,ptolemy 0 able to describe ^! motions z accurately z 0 possible ) ! me?ods available4 ,at fir/ ! heav5ly bodies _h be5 ?\ght ( z gods1 !n z worlds l our own1 !n z sph]es ( e!real fire4 ,!y 7 swept r\nd by a mighty w9d1 !y ran on :eels1 !y float$ 9 ! e!r1 !y 7 set 9 cry/al sph]es2 ! controll+ =ce 0 ! pr9ciple ( numb] or h>mony1 an all-p]vad+ ,_w-,s\l1 a ho/ ( immat]ial intellectual ,be+s subject to "o et]nal ,fir/ ,mov]4 ,x 0 also sugge/$ t ! great] "p ( ! motions 7 app>5t only1 t ,e>? 0 really 9 motion1 sp9n+ on h] axis1 revolv+ r\nd a ,c5tral ,fire1 or revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun4 ,b ^! ideas _h n en\gh evid5ce to support !m :5 sugge/$4 ,_h a great imag9ative ?9k]1 a ,py?agoras or an ,ari/>*us1 aris5 aft] ,ptolemy1 he c\ld h %[n 9 detail h[ by assum+ ^! two motions ! ph5om5a c\ld be m simply acc\nt$ =1 & he c\ld h made out a v good case = _! probability4#eg ,b ! "t 0 pa/ !n = su* bold orig9ality1 & ! explanation ( ,ari/otle 0 univ]sally adopt$4 ,he1 z we saw1 plac$ ! abode ( ! gods1 ! rul]s ( ! univ]se1 beyond ! out]mo/ sph]e1 & f\nd ! pr9ciple = :i* all 7 seek+1 :i* %\ld be ! key to all cele/ial motions1 9 ! law ( circul> motion4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eg ,! *ang+ latitudes ( ! planets1 = in/ance1 :i* gave ,ptolemy mu* tr\ble1 are mu* m easily expla9$ :5 x is grant$ t !y p>tly dep5d ^u ,e>?'s motion 9 an orbit ^: plane is slightly incl9$ to ! planes ( _! orbits4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,greeks _h at fir/ ?\ght t ! e>? 0 a disc1 "u a t5t-l sky2 !n x 0 a cyl9d]1 ) ! sky 9 ti]s above2 !n a huge hemisph]e fill+ half ! univ]se4 ,b !y discov]$ t x 0 a sph]e1 surr\nd$ on e side by ! heav5s2 & !y f\nd its true size1 & t ! portion ( x :i* 0 kn[n to !m 0 less ?an a qu>t] ( its :ole ext5t4 ,!y expla9$ ! m>vel ( ,e>?'s rema9+ unsupport$ 9 space by ! kn[n facts ( gravity1 argu+ t ! fall+ ( e p>ticle ( e>? t[>ds ,e>?'s c5tre prov$ t x 0 also ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se1 & t e heavy ?+ t5d$ ?i!r by a law ( nature4 ,!y also knew ! size & ! di/ance ( ! moon2 !y realiz$ t ! planets 7 all immeasurably remote1 & ! />s va/ly m di/ant /ill4 ,!y believ$ t !re 7 great int]vals betwe5 ! planets1 correspond+ to ! diff]5ces 9 _! p]iods ( revolution1 b ! />s 7 always ?\ght ( z set 9 a great sph]e1 & !re=e all at ! same di/ance f ,e>? at its c5tre4 ,! relative positions ( ! />s on ?is great sph]e1 & times ( ris+ & sett+ ( _m ( !m _h be5 kn[n 9 a r\gh way = _m ages1 ?r\gh ! famili> appe>ance ( ! con/ellations1 nam$ we "k n by :om2 b ,hipp>*us measur$ _! positions 9 degrees1 & 0 able to =etell :]e any /> w\ld be 9 ! sky = any place or "t4 ,he also discov]$ ! ,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes1 & ?is 0 ?\ght to prove a sl[ rotation ( ! /> sph]e4 ,a/rology 0 le>n$ by ! ,greeks 9 ,egypt & ! ,ea/1 b 0 nev] practis$ ) ! en?usiasm %[n by _! tea*]s4 ,z reg>ds ! division ( "t1 ! ,greeks adopt$ f ! ,babylonians ! tw5ty-f\r h\r day :i* we /ill use1 & _! mon?s began ) ! "y moon4 ,_! ye> !re=e _h to conta9 a :ole numb] ( mon?s1 & x _h sometimes twelve1 & sometimes ?irte51 z ) ! anci5t ,babylonians1 b ! sy/em by :i* ?is 0 arrang$ 0 q diff]5t1 z !y did n dep5d ^u obs]vations ( ! />s1 b c\nt$ ! numb] ( days betwe5 equ9ox & equ9ox by means ( gnomons4 ,great difficulties 7 f\nd 9 try+ to reconcile ! lun> & sol> p]iods4 ,! anci5t #ab-mon? ye>1 us$ 9 ! "t ( ,hesiod1 0 f\nd to be mu* too %ort1 & alt]nate ye>s ( #ab & #ac mon?s made ! p]iod too long2 !n an eight-ye> cycle 0 inv5t$1 b ?is _h to be con/antly correct$1 :i* l$ to great confusion4 ,z we h se5 h[ c>efully ,meton & ,euctemon _h det]m9$ ! l5g? ( ! tropical ye>1 ev5 be=e ! days ( ,eudoxus1 surprise may be felt t a cal5d> ye> 0 n fix$ to correspond accurately ) ! movem5ts ( ! sun1 ignor+ ! irreconcileable movem5ts ( ! moon1 b x is difficult = u to realize 9 ^! days h[ wrong & /range x seem$ if a new moon occurr$ 9 ! middle or at ! end ( a mon?1 in/ead ( at ! beg9n+4 ,9 ,ari/ophanes' play ( ,! ,cl\ds1 :i* 0 act$ 9 ,b4,c4 #dbc1 ! moon 0 said to grumble because m5 w\ld n keep ! mon?s z %e %[$ !m3-- 8,yet y w n m>k y\r days ,z %e bids y1 b confuse !m1 jumbl+ !m all sorts ( ways1 ,& %e says ! gods 9 *orus %[] reproa*es on h] head1 ,:5 9 bitt] disappo9tm5t !y g supp]less to b$1 ,n obta9+ fe/al banquets duly on ! fe/al day40 ,!n ,meton made 8 celebrat$ discov]y t n9ete5 tropical ye>s correspond almo/ exactly ) #bce synodic mon?s 7! diff]5ce is 9 fact only a few h\rs71 & a cycle ( #ai ye>s 0 arrang$1 :i* 0 adopt$ by all ,greek /ates & dep5d5cies4 ,"s ( ! ye>s _h twelve & "s ?irte5 mon?s1 & "s ( ! mon?s #bi & o!rs #cj days1 b all foll[$ 9 a regul> ord]1 & :5 "o cycle 0 complet$ ano!r 0 begun4 ,! total numb] ( days 9 ea* cycle 0 #fidj1 & z ?is is only #i h\rs long] ?an #ai true tropical ye>s1 x foll[s t ! av]age ye> 9 ! ,metonic cycle 0 only half an h\r long] ?an x %\ld h be54#eh ,! av]age mon? 0 n q two m9utes long] ?an ! true synodic mon?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eh ,x !re=e really approa*$ m ne>ly ! sid]eal ye>1 al?\gh ! cycle 0 bas$ on ! tropical ye>4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,an improvem5t ev5 on ,meton's cycle 0 made by ,calippus1 :o propos$ to correct its too great l5g? by quadrupl+ ! p]iod1 & !n d$uct+ "o day f ! :ole4 ,?is w\ld h giv5 a cycle ( #gf cal5d> ye>s1 9 :i* ! av]age ye> 0 #cfe days1 or only #aa m9utes too long4 ,x does n seem1 h[ev]1 to h be5 ev] br\ght into actual use z a cal5d>1 b ,ptolemy (t5 ref]s to ! ,calippic epo* z a date f :i* to calculate cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,sid5ote3 ,!on ( ,alex&ria c4 #chj ,a4,d4 ,aft] ,ptolemy1 ! ,alex&rian s*ool ( a/ronomy produc$ only copyi/s & comm5tators1 ! la/ ( :om 0 ,!on1 :o saw 8 daught] ,hypatia murd]$ & ! libr>y burn$ by fanatical mobs4 ,x only rema9s = u to see h[ ! ,greek sy/em ( a/ronomy1 br\ght to s great p]fection 9 ! ,almage/1 0 neglect$ = _m c5turies1 & by :om x 0 at l5g? r$iscov]$ & made to live aga94 ,,vi4 ,,a/ronomy ,,"u ,,imp]ial ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,rome4 ,b4,c4 #df ,,to ,a4,d4 #ajjj4 ,vos ,o cl>issima mundi ,lum9a lab5tem clo qu ducitis annum4 ,georgic ,i4 ,no new s*ool ( a/ronomy arose "u ! ,roman ,empire1 nor d we ev5 "k ( "o ,roman :o devot$ 8 life to ! sci5ce4 ,! g5ius ( ?is p lay 9 o!r directions1 & ,dante truly says3-- #88,nature orda9$ 9 ! _w a place & a p = univ]sal comm& 444 to wit1 ,rome & h] citiz5s or p4 ,! :i* our poet too has t\*$ ^u "r subtly 9 ! six? ,virgil1 9 ! six? book ( ! neid1 introduc+ ,an*ises admoni%+ neas1 ! fa!r ( ! ,romans1 ?us3-- 8,o!rs %all beat out ! brea?+ bronze m s(tly1 ,i d well believe x6 ,& %all draw ! liv+ features f ! m>ble2 %all plead causes bett]1 & trace ) ! rod ! movem5ts ( ! sky1 & tell ( ! ris+ />s4 ,roman6 d ?\ be m9dful h[ to sway ! peoples ) comm&4 ,^! be ?y arts3 to lay ^u !m ! cu/om ( peace1 to sp>e ! subject & fight d[n ! pr\d40'#ei ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ei ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 vii41 8,temple ,classics0 edition4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,yet !re 7 "s en?usia/ic amateur a/ronom]s 9 ,rome1 = ,cic]o tells u ( "o :o _h felt old age to be no burd5 because he 0 s eag] ov] 8 a/ronomical /udies1 sitt+ up sometimes all night to f9i% 8 calculations1 & delight$ :5 an eclipse he _h =etold came to pass4#fj ,?is ard5t amateur1 ,sulpicius ,gallus by "n1 _h f\nd su* k ( practical value 9 8 y\ng] days1 :5 he 0 ) ! legions 9 ,mac$onia1 = he _h be5 able to p]suade ! troops n to be al>m$ by an eclipse ( ! moon :i* 0 ab\t to happ51 expla9+ h[ x 0 due to natural causes2 & :ile ! soldi]s 9 ! opposite camp 7 %riek+ & moan+1 believ+ t ! eclipse port5d$ ! dea? ( _! k+1 ! ,roman soldi]s rema9$ q calm4 ,?is 0 on ! eve ( ! battle ( ,pydna1 9 ,b4,c4 #afh1 a little be=e ! "t ( ,hipp>*us4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fj ,de ,s5ectute4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,sid5ote3 ,ovid ,b4,c4 #dc-;,a4,d4 #ag4 ,sid5ote3 ,virgil ,b4,c4 #gj-ai4 ,sid5ote3 ,manilius c4 ,a4,d4 #aj4 ,sid5ote3 ,cic]o ,b4,c4 #ajf-dc4 ,9 ,cic]o's own life-"t1 & ?r\gh\t ! e>ly days ( ! ,empire1 x 0 ! fa%ion to h at lea/ a smatt]+ ( ,greek a/ronomy4 ,ovid tells leg5ds ( ! con/ellations2 ,virgil1 at 8 f>m :]e he l+]$ happily among 8 v9es1 8 cattle1 & 8 bees1 /udi$ ! v>y+ aspects ( ! con/ellations 9 connection ) ! seasons & ! wea!r2 ,manilius wrote a long poem 9 five books on a/ronomy & a/rology2 ,cic]o himself 0 q le>n$ 9 ! subject1 & made a translation ( ,aratus1 :i* _h a great vogue4 ,v popul> also1 bo? 9 classical & m$ival times1 0 8 ,dream ( ,scipio1 :i* 0 an imitation ( ,plato's fable ( ! vision ( ,er1 9 ! ,republic4 ,! moral is t e>?ly fame is valueless1 s9ce ,e>? itself is insignificant comp>$ ) ! />ry heav5s1 b t ^? :o practice virtue = its own sake %all return to ! />s :5ce _! s\ls orig9ally came4 ,! y\?ful ,scipio is transport$ to ! skies 9 a dream1 & meets ! s\ls ( 8 fa!r & ( ! eld] ,scipio ,africanus 9 8a radiant circle ( dazzl+ :it5ess1 :i* y h le>n$ f ! ,greeks to call ! ,milky ,way40 ,!re he sees 8/>s :i* we nev] saw f ?is place1 & _! magnitudes 7 su* z we nev] imag9$1 ! smalle/ ( :i* 0 t :i*1 plac$ ^u ! extremity ( ! heav5s1 b ne>e/ to ! e>?1 %one ) borr[$ light40 ,b ! %9+ globes ( ! />s are s great t ,e>? seems to h contract$ to a po9t1 & ,scipio gazes at x1 griev$4 8,h[ long w y\r gaze be fix$ on ,e>?80 cries ,africanus4 8,d y n see into :at temples y h ent]$80 & he po9ts out n9e sph]es :i* compose ! :ole univ]se4 ,! out]mo/1 9 :i* ! />s are fix$1 is mo/ div9e1 & )9 ?is are sev51 "o ( :i* conta9s ! planet call$ ,saturn ^u e>?1 ! next ! glori\s ,jupit]1 fri5dly & helpful to mank9d1 !n ,m>s1 ruddy & t]rible1 & ! next place 9 ! middle region is held by ! sun1 ! lead]1 pr9ce1 & gov]nor ( all o!r lum9>ies1 ! s\l ( ! _w1 fill+ all ?+s ) 8 light4 ,v5us & ,m]cury foll[ him 9 _! c\rses1 l att5dants1 & 9 ! l[e/ sph]e rolls ! moon1 k9dl$ by 8 rays4 ,bel[ ?is1 all is mortal & transitory1 except ! s\ls giv5 to ! human race by ! grace ( ! gods2 above ! moon all is et]nal4 ,e>?1 :i* is at ! c5tre & =ms ! n9? sph]e1 is immoveable & bel[ all ! re/2 & all weights1 by _! natural gravitation1 fall t[>ds h]4 ,scipio !n asks :at is ! s\nd :i* fills 8 e>s1 s l\d & yet s sweet8 & he is told t he he>s ! music ( ! sph]es1 :i* is too great = mortal e>s1 j z ! sun is too bright = human eyes to look ^u4 ,yet ^? :o make music ^u ,e>?1 ) /r+s or voice1 l all o!rs :o foll[ heav5ly pursuits1 are op5+ = !mselves a pa? by :i* to return to ! />s1 ! true home ( ! s\l4 ,sid5ote3 ,/rabo born c4 ,b4,c4 #fc4 ,sid5ote3 ,s5eca ,b4,c4 #c-;,a4,d4 #fe4 ,sid5ote3 ,pl9y c4 ,a4,d4 #bc-gi4 ,sid5ote3 ,proclus di$ c4 #dhj ,a4,d4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>tianus ,capella1 #e? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,sid5ote3 ,simplicius #e? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,o!r fam\s ,lat9 au?ors :o wrote on a/ronomy 7 ,/rabo1 ,s5eca1 & ,pl9y1 :o quote ,eudoxus & ,ari/otle1 ,poseidonius1 & ,hipp>*us4 ,:5 ,ptolemy's "w 0 done !re 0 no great writ] to popul>ize x4 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s lat] ,proclus writes a comm5t>y on x1 & ,m>tianus ,capella m5tions x1 b ,simplicius1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,ari/otle's ,de ,clo1 ?\gh he speaks ( 8! admirable ,ptolemy10 is evid5tly unacqua9t$ ) 8 "w4 ,no ,roman add$ any?+ new to a/ronomy1 & ! mo/ preci\s p>ts ( _! writ+s = ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy are "s fragm5t>y notes ( e>ly ,greek a/ronom]s ^: orig9al works are lo/4 ,! practical use ( a/ronomy = measur+ "t appeal$1 h[ev]1 to ! ,roman p4 ,! mo/ anci5t ,roman ye> 7said to h be5 introduc$ by ,romulus7 _h only t5 mon?s1 ,m>* be+ ! fir/1 :i* expla9s :y ! n9? to ! twelf? ( our pres5t mon?s h ! names ( ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 z if !y came 9 ! ord] ( sev5? to t5?4 ,two m mon?s 7 add$ lat]1 & at "s unkn[n date ! old ,oct5nial or #h-ye> ,cycle 0 adopt$ f ! ,greeks4 ,?is involv$ ! use ( int]cal>y mon?s ( v>y+ l5g?1 & ! prie/s 7 entru/$ ) ! bus9ess ( arrang+ !m4 ,b ! prie/s ?\ght x mu* m important t ! l5g? ( ! ye> %\ld suit _! conv5i5ce ?an t x %\ld con=m to ! cele/ial movem5ts1 s !y made x long or %ort accord+ z !y approv$ or n ( ! p]sons hold+ (fice at ! "t2 & by ! "t ( ,julius ,cs> ! cal5d> _h fall5 into su* confusion t ,m>* #be1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be ! date ( ! spr+ equ9ox1 came 9 ! middle ( w9t]6 ,sid5ote3 ,julius ,cs> & ,sosig5es ,b4,c4 #df4 ,a dra/ic re=m 0 necess>y4 ,julius ,cs> call$ 9 ! ,alex&rian a/ronom] ,sosig5es1 & gave ! ,empire ! cal5d> :i*1 ) ! exception ( "o small re=m made s9ce1 we /ill use4 ,! moon 0 ?r[n ov] altoge!r3 !re 7 to be no m int]cal>y mon?s1 & e ye> 0 to be exactly l ! la/1 except = ! addition ( "o day 9 e f\r? ye>1 s z to make ! av]age ye> equal to #cfe days4 ,s9ce ! tropical sol> ye> is only #aa m9utes1 #ad seconds %ort] ?an ?is1 _m c5turies w\ld elapse be=e ! mon?s ( ?is cal5d> w\ld dep>t f _! prop] seasons4 ,m>* #be 0 re/or$ to ! "t ( ! v]nal equ9ox1 b ! fir/ day ( ! new ye> 0 to be ,janu>y #a1 & ,julius ,cs> gave 8 own "n to ! old fif? mon? ( ,qu9tilis4 ,ea* mon? 0 to be alt]nately ( #ca & #cj days1 except ,febru>y1 :i* w\ld only h its full complem5t ( #cj days 9 ! f\r? ye> 7,leap ,ye>71 & #bi e o!r ye>4 ,?is re=m 0 reg>d$ by "s z an unw>rantable int]f]5ce by a despot4 ,cic]o1 :5 "s "o m5tion$ t ! con/ellation ,lyra w\ld rise at a c]ta9 h\r1 answ]$ bitt]ly1 8,yes1 if ! edict all[s x60 ,un=tunately1 ! simplicity ( ! s*eme 0 a good deal spoil$ by ! folly ( ,augu/us1 :o c\ld n be> t ! mon? ( 8 pr$ecessor %\ld h #ca days :ile ! next1 ! old ,sextilis1 :i* he turn$ into ,augu/1 nam$ aft] himself1 %\ld h only #cj4 ,s he made two mon?s ( #ca days come toge!r1 & took away a day f ,febru>y4 ,aft]w>ds1 ,n]o gave 8 "n to ,april1 & ,domitian 8 to ,octob]1 b ?is 0 m ?an a long-suff]+ _w c\ld be>1 & ! new names 7 gladly =gott5 z soon z ! tyrants 7 dead4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ,rome 0 oblig$ to apply to ,alex&ria1 t is to ,greek a/ronomy1 to c>ry out ! project1 x 0 ,rome t gave u ! mo/ correct & conv5i5t cal5d> :i* exi/s1 bett] 9 bo? respects ?an t :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ,greece itself4#fa ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fa ,! av]age ye> 0 ! same1 #cfe days1 9 ! old #h-ye> cycle ( ! ,greeks1 & also 9 ! ,calippic cycle1 :i* did n come into practical use4 ,! av]age ye> ( ! ,metonic cycle 0 long]1 & !re=e dep>t$ fur!r f ! true tropical ye>4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b alas6 ! cele/ial sci5ce1 a will+ s]vant z "t-measur] = ! daily uses ( humanity1 a docile captive to adorn ! triumph ( lit]ature1 0 doom$ to a bas] s]vitude4 ,x 0 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,empire1 & all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 t ! pseudo-sci5ce ( ,a/rology 0 pursu$ ) passion1 & m5 sp5t _! lives 9 /udy+ ! pa?s ( planets & positions ( ! />s1 urg$ solely by ! delusive hope ( be+ able !refrom to read ! book ( fate & guide ! lives ( _! sup]/iti\s cli5ts4 ,f ,*aldea1 its anci5t home1 came ! mo/ fam\s a/rolog]s1 b _! art 0 soon le>n$ 9 e c\ntry ( ,europe1 & its pr(essors 7 s\ght aft] by peasants & k+s--n[ revil$ & bani%$ z impi\s & leagu$ ) devils1 n[ load$ ) hon\rs & rew>ds1 rev]$1 hat$1 welcom$1 =bidd51 b always believ$ 94 ,al?\gh :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$ ! sev5 planets c\ld no long] be reg>d$ z great gods rul+ ov] ! less] gods ( ! />s1 !y 7 /ill ?\ght to be mighty reveal]s ( fate4 ,ea* _h 8 special attributes & influ5ce ov] man3 ! fi]y col\r ( ,m>s no d\bt sugge/$ ! w>like & ho/ile _s ascrib$ f "t immemorial to ?is planet-god2 ! sl[ motion ( ,saturn 9 8 di/ant sph]e gave an impression ( a m\rnful morose be+1 ! 8frigida ,saturni /ella0 ( ,virgil2 ,v5us 0 ! planet ( love2 ! sun1 ( hon\r & p[]1 & s =?4 ,ea* planet 0 also my/]i\sly connect$ ) a col\r1 &1 ! al*emi/s said1 ) a metal2 ! sun ) gold1 ! moon ) silv]1 ,saturn ) pale heavy lead1 etc4 ,ea* also influ5c$ a special "p ( ! body3 ?us1 if ,m]cury 7 unfav\rably plac$ at ! mom5t ( a *ild's bir? x w\ld be liable to suff] f lung-disease2 ! moon's position affect$ ! bra92 ! sun's ! he>t1 etc4 ,z ! planets _h di/9ct & (t5 contr>y influ5ces 9 diff]5t positions1 x 0 necess>y1 9 det]m9+ a man's fate1 to consid] ! aspect ( ! :ole heav5s1 especially at ! mom5t ( 8 bir?1 b horoscopes 7 also ca/ = any p]iod 9 8 c>e]1 pa/1 pres5t1 or to come1 enabl+ him to gu>d aga9/ ?reat5+ evils or bad t5d5cies1 & to seize fav\rable opportunities4 ,! me?od 0 z foll[s3 ! sky-sph]e1 z x appe>$ at ! giv5 "t & place1 0 divid$ into twelve 8h\ses10 by draw+ m]idians 7call$ 8circles ( position07 #cj ap>t4 ,! h\se j ab\t to rise on ! ea/]n horizon 0 call$ ! 8asc5dant10 & 0 ! fir/ & mo/ important1 planets situat$ !re hav+ m p[] ?an any:]e else2 b ea* h\se _h its special significance1 ! second 7j above ! ea/]n horizon7 be+ ! ,h\se ( ,ri*es1 ! sev5? ( ,m>riage1 ! twelf? ( ,enemies1 etc4 ,! k9d & ! /r5g? ( ea* planet's influ5ce dep5d$ ma9ly ^u ! h\se 9 :i* x happ5$ to be1 & 0 /ronge/ :5 ! planet 0 9 its own h\se & also 9 its fav\rite zodiacal sign4 ,! sun 0 consid]$ to be mo/ at home 9 ,leo1 ! moon 9 ,canc]1 & ea* ( ! o!r five planets own$ two ( ! rema9+ signs4 ,ano!r important po9t 0 ! 8aspect0 ( ! planets ) reg>d to "o ano!r1 t is1 _! angul> di/ance ap>t on ! sky-sph]e4 ,if ,m>s & ,jupit]1 = in/ance1 7 9 8opposition10 i4e4 #ahj ap>t1 ! port5t 0 unfav\rable1 b 9 8tr9e0 or 8sextile0 aspect 7#abj or #fj ap>t71 fav\rable4 ,x is evid5t t = ca/+ horoscopes x 0 necess>y to be able to calculate = any giv5 "t or place ! positions ( ! heav5ly bodies2 & = ?is ! skies mu/ be wat*$1 & ! movem5ts kn[n ( ! />s1 ( sun & moon1 & ( planets4 ,to ?is ext5t1 !re=e1 an int]e/ 9 g5u9e a/ronomy 0 kept alive2 b on ! o!r h&1 ! sy/em fo/]$ belief 9 ! ov]:elm+ importance ( ,e>? 9 ! ,univ]se1 & ! exi/5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies = ! sole purpose ( rul+ & =etell+ human de/9ies3 no "o c>$ to inquire :at 7 ! und]ly+ laws1 & :at ! real nature1 ( ! heav5ly ph5om5a4 ,closely alli$ to ?is sup]/iti\s belief 9 planet>y influ5ces1 0 ! dread ( comets1 meteors1 & eclipses1 :i* 7 ev]y:]e reg>d$ z om5s4 ,x 0 9 va9 t ,s5eca urg$ ! great] importance ( inve/igat+ ! nature ( ! heav5ly bodies ab\t :i* some?+ 0 already kn[n1 & ( try+ to solve ! problem wor?y ( highe/ consid]ation1 viz4 :e!r ! e>?1 z "s _h ass]t$1 0 turn+ rapidly1 or 0 /ation>y 9 a turn+ ,_w4 ,8 v prote/1 z well z 8 l5g?y diss]tation on comets1 %[s h[ f> less int]e/+1 alike to philosoph]s & public1 7 ! ord]$ c\rses ( />s & planets1 ?an ! />tl+ app>ition ( su* r>e objects z t great 8hairy />0 :i*1 appe>+ sudd5ly dur+ ! games in/itut$ by ,augu/us aft] ! assass9ation ( ,julius ,cs>1 0 ?\ght to be ! s\l ( ! dead ,emp]or4 ,augu/us erect$ a temple 9 its hon\r4 ,rome1 consid]$ z ! metropolis ( ! dom9ant temporal p[]1 fail$ to enc\rage a/ronomy2 ,rome z ! c5tre ( ! spiritual p[] directly disc\rag$ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,cosmas c4 #edj ,a4,d4 ,sid5ote3 ,augu/9e #ced-dcj ,a4,d4 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies aft] ,*ri/ 8! old hea!n !ory0 t ,e>? is a sph]e 0 oppos$ by "s ( ! ,fa!rs1 z inconsi/5t ) c]ta9 expressions 9 ! ,bible2 & 9 ! six? an ,egyptian monk1 ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 =mulat$ a s*eme ( ! ,univ]se accord+ to :i* ! ,jewi% ,tab]nacle 0 a type & patt]n ( ! ,_w4 ,! e>? is ! flat oblong floor1 surr\nd$ by f\r seas2 ^! are enclos$ by f\r massive walls :i* support a ro( 7! firmam5t or sky71 & above ?is live ! angels1 :o move ! sun1 moon1 & />s across ! firmam5t1 & let d[n ra9 ?r\gh its w9d[4 ,?is *ildi% cosmogony1 suppos$ to be 9 entire accordance ) ,g5esis1 ,isaiah1 & ! ,psalms1 be>s a curi\s simil>ity to "o ( ! olde/ 8hea!n !ories0 ( all1 born 9 ! l& :]e ,cosmas liv$4#fb ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 h[ev]1 au?or ( ! p>alys+ doctr9e3 8,no?+ is to be accept$ save on ! au?ority ( ,scripture10 does n seem to h consid]$ belief 9 a sph]ical ,e>? =bidd51 b x 0 to him a matt] ( p]fect indiff]5ce1 :ile he upheld z an article ( fai? t 9 no case c\ld any antipodean inhabitants exi/4 ,= !y c\ld n be desc5dants ( ,adam1 nor ev] he> ! ,gospel1 s9ce ev]yone knew ! torrid zone to be an impossible b>ri] betwe5 nor? & s\?4 ,ano!r fav\rite ,*ur* doctr9e 0 t ,j]usalem 0 ! c5tre ( ! e>?3 ?is idea1 :i* x w be rememb]$ has a place 9 ,dante's cosmogony1 0 bas$ on ! words 9 ,ezekiel3#fc 8,?is is ,j]usalem3 ,i h set x 9 ! mid/ ( ! nations & c\ntries t are r\nd ab\t h]40 ,good bi%op ,arculf1 & o!r pilgrims1 7 %[n a pill> 8on ! nor? side ( ! holy places1 & 9 ! middle ( ! city10 :i* m>k$ ! exact spot1 & 7 told 9 pro( ( ! ass]tion t at midday at ! summ] sol/ice ?is pill> ca/ no %ad[6 ,h[ ?is prov$ its c5tral position is a my/]y1 & if true ! pill> mu/ h be5 deplorably crook$1 = ! sun c nev] pass ov]head 9 ,j]usalem1 9 a latitude ( ne>ly #cb nor?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fb ,see p4 #de4 #fc ,ezekiel1 v4 #e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,*ur*1 l ! ,/ate1 saw t a/ronomy _h "o use1 & appli$1 l ! ,/ate1 to ,greek a/ronomy = a cal5d>4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! ecclesia/ical cal5d> %\ld be luni-sol>1 s9ce ,ea/]1 :i* corresponds ) ! ,jewi% passov]1 mu/ fall on ! ,sunday foll[+ ! fir/ full moon aft] ! ,v]nal ,equ9ox4 ,by #cbe ,a4,d41 :5 ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice 0 held1 at :i* ?is "q 0 settl$1 ! ,v]nal ,equ9ox fell on ,m>* #ba in/ead ( ,m>* #be1 ow+ to ! neglect$ elev5 m9utes 9 ! ,julian ye>4 ,m>* #ba 0 !re=e adopt$ by ! ,*ur* z ! date ( ! equ9ox1 :i* 0 assum$ to rema9 con/ant2 & ! old luni-sol> cycle ( ,meton 0 us$1 & /ill is us$ 9 all *ur*es :i* celebrate ,ea/]1 z a basis = ! ecclesia/ical cal5d>4 ,! cu/om ( reckon+ ye>s =w>ds & backw>ds f ! bir? ( ,*ri/ 0 fir/ introduc$ by a ,roman abbot1 ,dionysius ,exiguus1 9 ! six? c5tury1 b x did n become g5]al 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries until ! n9? c5tury4 ,dionysius adopt$ z ! fir/ day ( ! epo*1 n ,janu>y #a1 b ,m>* #be1 ! old ,roman date ( ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,?is 0 because x 0 ,annunciation ,day1 & x 0 a belief ( ! ,middle ,ages t ! ,annunciation & also ! ,crucifixion actually took place on ?is day1 & also t ! ,creation began on ! same date4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>tianus ,capella #e? c5t4 ,a4,d4 ,sid5ote3 ,cassiodorus c4 #ecj ,a4,d4 ,sid5ote3 ,bo?ius di$ #ebe4 ,at ! break-up ( ! ,roman ,empire "s fragm5ts ( classical le>n+ 7 sav$ f ! wreck1 ma9ly 9 ! text-books ( ! 8hea!n0 writ]s1 ,capella1 ,cassiodorus1 & ,bo?ius4 ,^! 7 pres]v$ by ! ,*ur*1 n[ ! only repository ( le>n+4 ,! secul> in/ruction giv5 to *ur*m5 includ$ a/ronomy1 = :ile ! 8,trivium0 compris$ ! ?ree elem5t>y sci5ces ( ,gramm>1 ,rhetoric1 & ,dialectic1 ! 8,quadrivium0 compris$ ! f\r advanc$ sci5ces ( ,ari?metic1 ,a/ronomy1 ,geometry1 & ,music4 ,b only a m]e smatt]+ ( ! 8,quadrivium0 0 taught 9 ?is p]iod1 & sc>cely m ( a/ronomy ?an 0 necess>y = det]m9+ ! date ( ,ea/]4 ,! intimate k & +5i\s !ories ( ! ,greeks conc]n+ ! cele/ial motions int]e/$ no "o any m4 ,sid5ote3 ,*>lemagne #gcb-had4 ,sid5ote3 ,isidore di$ #fcf4 ,sid5ote3 ,b$e c4 #fgc-gce ,sid5ote3 ,f]gil1 #gde4 ,sid5ote3 ,dicuil1 #hbe ,f ! sev5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! ignorance began to be less d5se4 ,*>lemagne e/abli%$ _m s*ools1 & !re 7 enlight5$ monks "h & !re--,sa9t ,isidore ( ,seville1 ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 & ,iri% s*ol>s l ,f]gil & ,dicuil--^: tea*+s %[ t ! elem5ts ( a/ronomy z taught by ! ,greeks 7 n totally =gott5 ev]y:]e4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury all fam\s mona/]ies _h s*ools = laym5 z well z = monks4 ,9 ,italy ! d>kness 0 nev] q s deep z 9 nor!rn ,europe1 = traditions ( classical culture nev] q di$ out4 ,& al?\gh ?r\gh\t ! long p]iod f ,ptolemy to ! end ( ! t5? c5tury1 a/ronomy _h be5 almo/ completely neglect$ 9 ,europe1 ! way 0 sl[ly be+ made pla9 = a great revival4 ,! ideal ,empire1 gov]n+ ! :ole _w f ! ,et]nal ,city1 & ! ideal ,*ur* mak+ all m5 bro!rs1 ?\gh nei!r has ev] exi/$ 9 fact1 did s 9 m5's m9ds1 z we see cle>ly 9 ,dante1 & bo? ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce4 ,! ,roman ,empire & ! ,roman ,*ur* did impress a k9d ( unity on ,europe z x grew3 !re 0 "o civilization1 "o religion1 "o language 9 :i* new ?\ghts c\ld be convey$ to all4 ,?us ! gr\nd 0 prep>$1 & :5ev] a new s*ool ( a/ronomy %\ld arise or be import$1 x w\ld n rema9 ! prop]ty ( "o nation surr\nd$ by b>b>ians1 b might at once be %>$ 9 & advanc$ by ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,,vii4 ,,arab ,,a/ronomy4 ,a4,d4 #gej ,,to #abej4 ,,arab ,,a/ronomy4 ,once m ! sc5e *anges4 ,:ile ,european sci5ce is at l[ ebb1 if we look to ! banks ( ! ,tigris1 n _m miles f ! ru9s ( anci5t ,babylon1 we f9d ! c5tre ( a new & fam\s s*ool ( a/ronomy4 ,sid5ote3 ,al ,mansur #gec-gge ,a4,d4 ,f ! des]ts ( ,arabia an imm5se empire _h aris51 :i* 9 less ?an a c5tury spread ea/w>ds z f> z ,india1 & we/w>ds to ,morocco & ,spa94 ,its fir/ capital 0 ,damascus1 b 9 #gee1 aft] ! defeat ( ! ,omeyyad dyna/y1 ! new ,caliph fix$ 8 capital at ,baghdad1 ! wondr\s city ( ! ,?\s& & "o ,nights4 ,?is ,caliph 0 ! r5[n$ ,al ,mansur4 ,to 8 c\rt !re came "o day a s*ol> f ,india1 :o 0 skill$ 9 ! k ( ! />s1 & he laid be=e ! ,caliph a book :i* treat$ ( ?+s cele/ial & %[$ h[ to =etell eclipses4 ,al ,mansur 0 pr(\ndly int]e/$1 & ord]$ a translation ( ! book to be made into ,arabic4 ,! a/ronomical sy/em ( ! ,h9dus 0 at t "t v simil> to ! ,greek1 & !re c be no d\bt t ,greek a/ronomy _h f\nd its way to ,india sev]al c5turies be=e ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>\n al ,ras*id #ghf-hji ,a4,d4 ,%ortly aft] ?is ! writ+s ( ,greek philosoph]s & a/ronom]s 7 br\ght to ! c\rt at ,baghdad4 ,!y _h be5 c>efully pres]v$1 copi$1 & translat$ into ,syriac1 by ,ne/orian monks 9 "s ( ! _m mona/]ies :i* 7 f\nd$ 9 ,p]sia & o!r c\ntries ( ! ,ea/ :5 ^! h]etic ,*ri/ians 7 driv5 out ( ,europe 9 ! fif? c5tury2 & _m ( ! ,c\rt physicians ( ,baghdad came f a ,ne/orian s*ool ( m$ic9e4 ,h>\n al ,ras*id1 son ( ,al ,mansur1 gave ord]s = ,ptolemy's ,syntax to be translat$ into ,arabic1 & x n[ receiv$ its "n ( ,almage/3 sev]al o!r translations 7 made lat]1 & ,ari/otle 0 eag]ly /udi$4 ,?is ,caliph s5t an embassy to ,*>lemagne1 & among ! pres5ts s5t by ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/ 7 an elephant & a clepsydra4 ,sid5ote3 ,al ,mamun #hac-hcc ,a4,d4 ,al ,mamun1 son & successor ( ,h>\n ,al ,ras*id1 is said to h le>n$ a/ronomy "u a ,p]sian tea*]4 ,he also add$ to 8 fa!r's libr>y1 & "o ( ! t]ms ( a treaty he made ) ,mi*ael1 ! ,greek emp]or1 0 t a collection ( ,greek writ+s %\ld be made ?r\gh\t ! empire1 & =w>d$ 7orig9als or copies7 to ,baghdad4 ,moreov]1 he 0 n cont5t ) m]ely read+ a/ronomy1 ,greek1 ,p]sian1 or ,h9du3 he ord]$ ,ptolemy's e/imate ( ! size ( ! e>? to be te/$1 by measur+ an arc ( a m]idian 9 8 own c\ntry1 & he f\nd$ a spl5did obs]vatory 9 ! prov9ce ( ,baghdad4 ,! in/rum5ts 7 ( ! same k9ds z ! ,alex&rian1 b !y 7 l>g]1 & bett] made1 & ! circles 7 m accurately divid$4 ,! ,arab a/ronom]s 7 good obs]v]s1 & among !m = ! fir/ "t we he> ( a/ronom]s w9n+ fame by skill 9 in/rum5t mak+4 ,_! dials 7 sup]ior to ^? ( any o!r race1 & !y made "s important improvem5ts 9 ma!matics1 :i* 7 imm5sely useful to a/ronom]s4 ,"o great s]vice 0 ! introduction ( ! decimal notation1 :i* !y le>n$ f ! ,h9dus4 ,a/rology is =bidd5 by ! ,koran1 b x 0 practis$ eag]ly1 nev]!less1 by ! ,arabs1 :o con/ruct$ tables = ?is purpose1 & made improvem5ts 9 ! me?ods us$4 ,traces ( ,arab contributions to a/ronomy survive 9 our words 8z5i?0 & 8nadir10 & 8almanac02 our ^w = a 8ciph]0 is ! ,arabic 8zifra10 & indicates ! ma9 advantage ( ! decimal notation 9 ari?metic2 :ile 8s9e0 is ! ,lat9 translation ( an ,arabic ^w1 & rem9ds u ( ! great improvem5ts made 9 trigonometry4#fd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fd ,arabic gib ,lat9 s9us1 a fold2 i4e4 ! *ord fold$ 9 two4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,sid5ote3 ,alfraganus c4 #hdj ,a4,d4 ,sid5ote3 ,albategnius c4 #ijj ,a4,d4 ,sid5ote3 ,abul ,wefa #idj-iih4 ,among ! _m names ( ,ptolemy's successors at ,baghdad1 /range & unc\? to our e>s1 ! ?ree mo/ fam\s are ,mohamm$ ebn ,ketir ( ,f>gana1 ,mohamm$ b5 ,geb] ,albatani1 & ,mohamm$ ,abul ,wefa al ,buzjani1 :i* became kn[n to ! ,we/ "u ! %ort5$ =ms ( ,alfraganus1 ,albategnius1 & ,abul ,wefa4 ,sid5ote3 ,ebn ,j\nis di$ #ajji4 ,egypt too _h h] ,arab s*ool ( a/ronomy1 z %e _h _h h] ,greek4 ,a little lat] ?an ,abul ,wefa1 ,ebn ,j\nis drew up ! fam\s ,hakemite ,tables ( ! sun1 moon1 & planets1 "u ! patronage ( ! ,caliph ,hakem ( ,cairo4 ,at ! we/]n end ( ! ,arab dom9ions !re 7 c5tres ( intellectual activity 9 ,morocco & s\!rn ,spa94 ,cordova1 ! city ( ! m>vell\s mosque1 _h also1 9 ! t5? c5tury1 an ,academy1 & a libr>y :i* rivall$ t ( ,baghdad2 & "h1 9 ! mid/ ( almo/ ceaseless public /rife & agitation1 9 a /rangely m+l$ atmosph]e ( cultur$ ref9em5t unkn[n to ! re/ ( ,europe1 & ( f]oci\s b>b>ism1 ( tyranny & tol]ance1 h]oic de$s ( *ivalry & trea*]\s intrigues1 !re liv$ & dream$ & work$ m5 ( sci5ce & philosoph]s1 poets1 & arti/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,arza*el c4 #ajhj4 ,sid5ote3 ,av]ros #aabf-aaih4 ,sid5ote3 ,al ,betrugi c4 #aaej4 ,sid5ote3 ,abul ,hazan c4 #abjj4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ! ,spani% ,arabs ^: names are connect$ ) a/ronomy are ,arza*el1 :o drew up ! ,tables ( ,tol$o2 ,av]ros1 ! great philosoph]1 au?or ( ,de ,sub/antia ,orbis1 & a comm5t>y on ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics1 :o saw 8a black spot on ! sun0 on ! day he _h pr$ict$ a transit ( ,m]cury2 & ,al ,betrugi 7or ,alpetragius7 :o wrote on ! ,sph]es4 ,!re 0 also a c]ta9 ,abul ,hazan1 a r5[n$ geograph]1 :o travell$ across ,nor? ,africa1 & made a catalogue ( #bdj />s1 includ+ "s n giv5 by ,ptolemy4 ,( all ! a/ronomical writ+s ( ! ,arabs1 "o ( ^? :i* became e>lie/ & be/ kn[n 9 ,europe 0 ! ,elem5ts ( ,a/ronomy & ,*ronology ( ,alfraganus4 ,?is 0 actually us$ by ,dante z 8 fav\rite text-book1 & he m5tions x 9 ! ,convivio4 ,i %all !re=e give a %ort acc\nt ( its cont5ts1 foll[+ ! edition ( ,golius1 pr9t$ 9 ,arabic & ,lat9 at ,am/]dam 9 #affi4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ,alfraganus gives an acc\nt ( ! cal5d>s us$ by diff]5t nations--,arabs & ,b]b]s1 ,syrians1 ,romans1 ,p]sians1 & ,egyptians4 ,aft] ?is he plunges at once into a description ( ! ,univ]se1 z portray$ by ,ptolemy1 & foll[s 8 ma/] s closely t 8 book is almo/ a mu*-abridg$ & simplifi$ ,almage/1 ) a few additions1 & ) all ! ma!matics left out4 ,x is accept$ almo/ )\t dispute among le>n$ m51 says ,alfraganus1 t ! sky is sph]ical1 & rotates on two fix$ poles1 "o nor?1 "o s\?4 ,?is is prov$ by ! obs]v$ movem5ts ( ! />s4 ,equally undisput$ among ! le>n$ is ! fact t ,e>? & wat] toge!r =m a globe1 :i* is surr\nd$ by air4 ,! sph]ical =m ( ,e>? is prov$ by ! fact t ph5om5a su* z lun> eclipses & %oot+ />s are se5 at a lat] h\r by obs]v]s 9 ! ,ea/1 & by ! *ang+ height ( />s above ! horizon z "o travels nor? or s\?4 ,e>? is at ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & is b a po9t comp>$ ) ! heav5s4 ,!re are two pr9cipal cele/ial motions3 7#a7 ! 8prime motion0 :i* causes ! :ole sky to revolve ) e cele/ial body1 & produces day & night2 7#b7 ! prop] motions ( ! sun & o!r />s 9 ! opposite direction & r\nd o!r poles4 ,! great circle ( ! fir/ motion ,alfraganus calls ! ,equator ( ! ,day2 t ( ! second1 ! ,/>-be>+ ,circle1 i4e4 ! zodiac1 or m precisely1 ! ecliptic4 ,! twelve zodiacal signs are !n describ$1 ) ! division ( ea* into degrees & m9utes1 ! positions ( ! equ9oxes at ! beg9n+ ( ,aries & ,libra1 & ( ! sol/ices at ! beg9n+ ( ,canc] & ,capricorn4 ,! ,colure is describ$ z a great circle cutt+ ! zodiac 7i4e4 ecliptic7 & equator at ! po9ts :]e !y are fur!/ ap>t 7i4e4 at ! sol/ices74 ,?is greate/ diff]5ce 0 f\nd by ,ptolemy to be #bc #ea b accord+ to ! measurem5t ord]$ to be made by ,al ,mamun ( pi\s memory1 :i* 0 c>ri$ out by a numb] ( exp]ts1 x is #bc #ce4 ,?is value is adopt$ & quot$ subsequ5tly ?r\gh\t ! book ( ,alfraganus4 ,alfraganus !n proce$s to expla9 v cle>ly h[ ! movem5ts ( sun & />s appe> f diff]5t latitudes on ,e>?--on ! equator1 at /ations fur!r nor?1 & f9ally at ! pole4 ,he %[s h[ x happ5s t on ! equator day & night are always ( equal l5g?1 & ! sun passes exactly ov]head twice a ye>2 :]eas day & night v>y m & m 9 l5g?1 accord+ to season1 z "o travels fur!r nor?1 & ! sun is l[]2 until at la/ at ! pole ! ye> consi/s ( "o long day & "o equally long night1 ! cele/ial pole is 9 ! z5i? & ! cele/ial equator on ! horizon1 s t ! sky revolves l a mill-/one 7i4e4 ! />s d n rise & set1 b trace out horizontal circles1 l a :eel :i* is n upright b flat on ! gr\nd74 ,! circumf]5ce ( ,e>?1 z det]m9$ by ,al ,mamun ( glori\s memory1 is #bj1djj miles1 & ! diamet]1 !re=e1 is ne>ly #fejj4fe ,alfraganus d$uces f ?is ! area ( ! :ole ,e>? & also ( ! habitable portion ( ,e>?4 ,! latt] ext5ds only f ! equator to #ff #be ,nor?1 & its longitude at ! equator is equal to #ahj or #aj1bjj miles1 at ! nor!rn limit to #djhj miles4 ,?is is divid$ into sev5 8,climates18 z 9 ,ptolemy's ,geography1 ! fir/ ly+ a little nor? ( ! equator4 ,alfraganus gives = ea* ! l5g? ( ! longe/ day1 ! height ( ! pole above ! horizon1 ! ext5t ( t]ritory1 & ! pr9cipal regions & t[ns compris$4 ,he admits t s\? ( ! fir/ climate z f> z #j is "s l&1 surr\nd$ by sea1 & sp>sely inhabit$1 & nor? ( ! sev5? climate are a few t[ns1 b ^! are ( no acc\nt4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fe ,! ,arabian mile 0 equal to #djjj 8black cubits10 & if ?is is ! ,egyptian & ,babylonian cubit1 ! values are r too l>ge1 be+ 9 r\nd numb]s #bf1ejj & #h1ejj ,engli% miles1 in/ead ( #be1jjj & #hjjj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,our au?or treats next ( ! ris+s & sett+s ( ! zodiacal signs1 & ( ! division ( ! day into #bd equal or #bd 8tempor>y0 h\rs 7see p4 #bf74 ,aft] ?is1 ! unanim\s op9ion ( wise & le>n$ m5 conc]n+ ! sph]es is duly set =? 9 sev5 *apt]s2 h[ !re are eight great ,orbs1 ! small] enclos$ )9 ! great]1 ! /> sph]e be+ ! out]mo/ & l>ge/ ( all2 h[ epicycles are fix$ 9 ^!2 h[ only ! /> sph]e has its c5tre exactly 9 ,e>?1 ! o!rs be+ slightly ecc5tric2 :at are ! positions ( ! poles & c5tres ( ! great sph]es & ! small epicycles1 _! relative sizes1 & _! diff]5t velocities z !y turn2 f9ally1 h[ well ! sy/em repres5ts ! movem5ts ( sun1 moon1 />s1 & planets4 ,! moon's mean daily motion1 result+ f a wond]ful comb9ation ( five circul> motions1 am\nts to ab\t #ac #aa2 ! sun's is #ei1 & he completes a revolution 9 #cfe days 8less an insignificant fraction40 7,?is be+ a popul> treatise ,alfraganus app>5tly ?9ks x unnecess>y to /ate ! l5g? ( ! ye> m precisely74 ,! sluggi% motion 78motus t>dissimus07 ( ! /> sph]e1 :i* is communicat$ to all ! re/ 9 addition to _! own motions1 is #a 9 a c5tury1 accord+ to ,ptolemy1 s t x completes a revolution 9 #cf1jjj ye>s4 ,com+ n[ to ! fix$ />s1 _! numb]1 & brightness1 ,alfraganus does n copy ,ptolemy's great catalogue1 b in=ms u t le>n$ m5 78sapi5tes07 did numb] all ! fix$ />s z f> s\? z !y c\ld see 9 ! #crd climate1 & divid$ !m accord+ to magnitude into six classes4 8,to ! fir/ class !y assign$ ! bright & %9+ />s su* z ,canis 7,sirius7 & ,procyon1 ,vultur ,cad5s 7,vega7 & ,cor ,leonis 7,regulus74 ,/>s a little less bright !y call$ second magnitude3 su* are ,alf>cate9 & ,b5et ,naax10 ,arab con/ellations :i* ! ,lat9 v]sion describes z ! two bright />s ( ,ursa ,m9or1 & ^? brilliant ones 9 ! tail ( ,ursa ,major4 ,?us !y proce$$ ) ! o!r magnitudes1 ! smalle/ measur$ be+ ( ! six? magnitude4 ,! numb] ( />s 9 ea* class is giv51 & ! total ( #ajbb2ff !n a li/ ( ! #ae fir/-magnitude />s1 :i* are ! same z ,ptolemy's 7,see p4 #aee74 ,?is is foll[$ by a li/ ( ! ,arab 8,mansions ( ! moon40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ff ,! ,catalogue ( ,hipp>*us is said to h conta9$ #ajhj />s1 b ,ptolemy's has only #ajbb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,me?od 7errone\s7 ( e/imat+ planet>y di/ances1 describ$ by ,alfraganus4 ,! di/ance ,e ,a be+ kn[n1 & ,e p be+ assum$ equal to x1 ! di/ance ,e a c be calculat$ f ! kn[n ratio ,e a3 p a4 ,s f> 7) ! exception ( ! mansions ( ! moon7 ! ,arab writ] has foll[$ ! ,greek1 b we h n[ rea*$ a po9t :]e he div]ges4 ,ptolemy1 he says1 only tells u ! di/ances & sizes ( ! sun & moon1 & said no?+ ab\t ! o!r heav5ly bodies2 b if we suppose ! greate/ di/ance ( ! moon to be ! same z ! lea/ di/ance ( ,m]cury1 & f ?is calculate 8 greate/ di/ance 7= ! ratio is kn[n71 & if we proce$ 9 ! same way ) ,m]cury & ,v5us1 we %all f9d t ! greate/ di/ance ( ,v5us equals ! lea/ di/ance ( ! sun z giv5 by ,ptolemy4 ,ptolemy's lea/ di/ance = ! sun1 :i* 0 totally wrong1 0 #aafj ,e>?-radii3 ! greate/ di/ance ( ,v5us1 calculat$ 9 ?is way f ,ptolemy's figures1 0 #aaej4 ,alfraganus takes ?is unlucky co9cid5ce z an indication t !re is only j suffici5t space betwe5 ea* sph]e & ! next to all[ _! respective epicycles to pass "o ano!r1 & ^u ?is entirely errone\s assumption he proce$s to lay d[n ! di/ances ( ea* planet f ! e>?1 & f9ally ( ! />s1 :i* are all suppos$ to be at ! same di/ance1 equal to ! greate/ di/ance ( ,saturn4 ,:o fir/ sugge/$ ?is me?od ( e/imat+ di/ances we d n "k3 ! fir/ m5tion ( x occurs 9 ,europe 9 ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! di/ances obta9$ 9 ?is way3-- ,,greate/ ,,di/ance4 ,9 ,semi-,diamet]s ( ,e>?4 ,moon #fd ,m]cury #afg ,v5us #aabj ,sun #abbj ,m>s #hhgf ,jupit] #ad1dje ,saturn & ,/>s #bj1aaj ,9 ?is1 ! moon's di/ance is approximately correct1 b ! sun's is n mu* m ?an "o-tw5tie? ( its true value4 ,to set ! />s at a di/ance ( only tw5ty ?\s& times ,e>?'s semi-diamet] seems to u to br+ !m v close1#fg b !y w\ld /ill be beyond measurem5t by nak$ eye me?ods1 s x is no contradiction to ,alfraganus' e>li] /atem5t t ,e>? is a po9t comp>$ ) ! heav5s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fg ,e>?'s diamet]1 & ev5 ,e>?'s di/ance f ! sun1 is too small a unit4 ,light1 travell+ #ahf1jjj miles a second1 takes #d ye>s to rea* u f ! ne>e/ />4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,arabs also believ$ t !y _h succe$$ 9 measur+ ! app>5t diamet]s ( ! planets & ev5 ( ! po9ts ( light :i* are all we c see ( />s1 s ,alfraganus gives ! accept$ sizes ( all4 ,i give !m bel[ 9 desc5d+ ord] ( size4 ,! mod]n values 9 ! ?ird column %[ h[ false 7 ! results obta9$ by ?is mi/ak5 me?od4 ,,diamet]3 ,,e>? #a4 ,alfraganus4 ,mod]n ,values4 ,sun #e #aji ,! #ae fir/-magnitude ,arcturus1 ,sirius1 />s #d ,spica1 & o!rs1 mu* l>g] ?an ! sun4 ,jupit] #d_/ #aa ,saturn #d #i ,o!r />s1 9 ord] ( ,v>i\s4 ,"s c]ta9ly magnitude1 #bnd to #f? 444 l>g] ?an ! sun4 ,m>s #a ,e>? #a #a ,v5us _/ _/ ,moon _/ ,m]cury _/ ,9 ! above table ! size ( ! moon 7^: p>allax _h be5 f\nd by ! ,greeks7 is ! only "o :i* is ne>ly "r4 ,! sun is f> too small1 & s are ! />s4 ,we _c yet "k ) c]ta9ty ! diamet] ( any />1 b !y are all comp>able ) ! sun1 & _m are enorm\sly l>g]4#fh ,z _! di/ances are all diff]5t1 "s ( ! brighte/ may be comp>atively small1 & "s ( ! fa9te/ ! l>ge/ ( all4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fh ,x is impossible to measure ! diamet] ( any />1 ev5 ) ! help ( ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes1 b 9 ! case ( a d\ble /> at a kn[n di/ance ! movem5t ( ! compon5ts z !y travel r\nd _! common c5tre ( gravity enables u to det]m9e ! gravitational =ce !y ex]cise on ea* o!r1 & ?us _! comb9$ mass2 & _! spectra give "s idea ( _! d5sity4 ,= in/ance1 ! mass ( ! d\ble /> ,alpha ,c5tauri is ne>ly twice t ( our sun2 & z ! compon5ts appe> to be ab\t equal to ea* o!r1 & bo? %[ a spectrum resembl+ t ( ! sun1 we may conclude t ,alpha ,c5tauri consi/s ( two />s1 ea* ( :i* has ab\t ! same diamet] z our sun4 ,arcturus has a diamet] f> great]1 "s say t5 times1 "s n less ?an tw5ty-five times z great z ! sun6 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,arabs took a backw>d /ep 9 adopt+ ^! imag9>y measurem5ts1 = ,hipp>*us _h recogniz$ t only ! moon 0 ne> en\gh to measure1 & al?\gh ,ptolemy accept$ ,ari/>*us' value = ! sun1 he di/9ctly /at$ t ! planets _h no p>allaxes & he c\ld n tell _! di/ances4 ,! next f\r *apt]s describe briefly ! ris+s1 sett+s1 & m]idian transits ( />s z se5 f diff]5t latitudes on ,e>?2 ! heliacal ris+s & sett+s & ! conjunctions ) ! sun ( planets1 />s1 & moon3 ! phases ( ! moon & ! direction ( h] horns at diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,p>allax is !n cle>ly def9$ & discuss$4 ,a description foll[s ( ! e>?'s %ad[1 ?r[n by ! sun into space--its tap]+ =m1 its position1 always po9t+ away f ! sun1 its wid? at ! di/ance ( ! moon1 & its l5g? accord+ to ,ptolemy4 ,?is is /at$ to be #bfh times ,e>?'s semi-diamet]1 :i* is ne>ly correct1#fi = al?\gh ,alfraganus believ$ 7f ,ptolemy's errone\s p>allax7 t ! sun1 0 mu* ne>] ?an x really is1 x foll[$ f ?is--s9ce ! size 0 d$uc$ f ! di/ance--t he also ?\ght x mu* small]1 & ! l5g? ( a %ad[ ?r[n by any d>k body is long] ! ne>] x is to ! light-s\rce1 b %ort]1 ! small] is ! light-s\rce4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fi ,! mean l5g? ( ,e>?'s %ad[ 7:i* v>ies a little ) h] di/ance f ! sun17 is #heg1jjj miles1 or #baf times h] semi-diamet]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,e>?'s ,%ad[4 ,! two la/ *apt]s are devot$ to eclipses1 lun> & sol>1 & ,alfraganus po9ts out t1 unlike lun> eclipses1 eclipses ( ! sun v>y 9 duration & magnitude accord+ to ! place on ,e>? f :i* !y are view$4 ,! book concludes3 8,en\gh hav+ n[ be5 said conc]n+ ! eclipses ( sun & moon1 by ! goodness ( ,god we h be5 enabl$ to br+ ?is writ+ to an end2 & = ?is ,deo ,laus et ,gloria40 ,! "t at :i* ,alfraganus liv$ is n precisely kn[n1 b x seems to h be5 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #i? c5tury1 s9ce f int]nal evid5ce he wrote aft]1 b probably n mu* aft]1 ! dea? ( ,al ,mamun4 ,8 "n indicates t he 0 a native ( ! beautiful & f]tile c\ntry1 %ut 9 by l(ty m\nta9s1 :i* lies on ei!r side ( ! anci5t riv] ,jax>tes4 ,he 0 surnam$ ! ,calculator1 & wrote on sun dials & ! a/rolabe1 b we d n "k ( any obs]vational "w ( 84 ,lat] ,arab writ]s al?\gh !y all cont9u$ to base _! "w on t ( ,ptolemy1 improv$ on "s ( 8 e/imates4 ,albategnius began 8 book 8,on ! ,numb] & ,motions ( ! ,/>s0 by say+ t hav+ /udi$ ,ptolemy's ,syntax & ma/]$ ! ,greek me?ods1 & hav+ notic$ "s errors 9 ! positions ( ! />s1 he felt impell$ to add to ,ptolemy's obs]vations1 z ! latt] _h add$ to ^? ( ,abra*is 7,hipp>*us71 = x is n giv5 to man to atta9 p]fection4 ,he gives a mu* m accurate value = precession ?an ,alfraganus _h done1 :o m]ely copi$ ,ptolemy1 = he makes x #ed seconds ye>ly1 or "o degree 9 #ff in/ead ( 9 #ajj ye>s4 ,8 tropical ye>1 too1 is only two m9utes %ort] ?an ! mod]n value1 s t he improv$ ^u ,hipp>*us 9 ?is respect2 & he made ! discov]y :i* ,ptolemy miss$1 ! motion ( ! sun's apogee4 ,he m]ely notes1 h[ev]1 t ! position f\nd by himself diff]$ f t giv5 9 ! ,almage/1 s x is d\btful :e!r he realiz$ 8 discov]y1 or m]ely ?\ght t a l>ge error _h be5 made4 ,al?\gh "s ( ,ptolemy's values 7 ?us correct$ by ! ,baghdad a/ronom]s1 no *ange 0 made 9 8 !ory ( epicycles & ecc5trics1 :i* all accept$ z hav+ a concrete exi/5ce1 p>tly because at fir/ !y did n di/+ui% betwe5 ^! & ! sph]es discuss$ by ,ari/otle1 :i* he _h describ$ z =m$ ( ! same mat]ial z ! planets4 ,z ,ptolemy does n explicitly /ate t 8 circles 7 only symbols1 ?is is n surpris+4 ,!y are =m$1 say ! ,arabs1 ( ! fif? ess5ce al-acir 7! !r72 & !y conceiv$ ! epicycle z glid+ ov] ! out] surface ( ! def]5t1 l a small soap-bubble on ! back ( a big "o4 ,?is notion1 c\pl$ ) ,ptolemy's errone\s di/ance ( ! sun1 misl$ !m1 z we h se51 into _! imag9>y discov]y ( planet>y di/ances4 ,sid5ote3 ,tabit b5 ,korra #hbf-ija4 ,x 0 also p>tly due to ,ptolemy's un=tunate habit ( adopt+ ! d\btful or m]ely provisional results ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & repres5t+ !m z well e/abli%$ & confirm$ by himself1 t !y fell into ano!r error4 ,tabit b5 ,korra1 not+ ! discrepancy betwe5 ! ,greek & ! ,arab value ( precession1 inve/igat$ ! "q1 & put =w>d a !ory t ! motion v>ies bo? 9 am\nt & direction4 ,9 8 book 8,on ! ,motion ( ! ,eigh? ,sph]e0 he describes an elaborate app>atus :i* he _h inv5t$ to acc\nt = ?is v>iation1 b he is v mode/ ab\t x1 & aft] n>rat+ ! results obta9$ by o!rs1 & h[ !y _h left !m to be judg$ by po/]ity1 he adds 8,& ?is is :at we h done1 ) ,god's bless+40 ,!n foll[ 8 figures & tables4 ,?is imag9>y discov]y 0 accept$ by "s ( ! ,arab s*ool1 & x appe>s 9 _m m$ival tables1 in/ead ( precession1 "u ! "n ( ! 8trepidation40 ,! belief 9 ! mat]ial reality ( ! sph]es caus$ ! ,arabs to add a n9? sph]e to ! eigh? ( ,ptolemy & ,alfraganus1 = !y ?\ght x 0 en\gh to dem& ( ! eigh? t x %\ld c>ry all ! />s & give !m _! sl[ movem5t ( precession 7or trepidation74 ,?is n9? sph]e1 !re=e1 envelop$ ! :ole univ]se3 ^u x 7 fix$ no epicycles1 no />s1 no planets1 b x orig9at$ ! 8prime motion0 by turn+ once 9 a day & night1 & communicat+ ?is revolution to all ! inn] sph]es4 ,x became kn[n 9 m$ival a/ronomy z ! ,primum ,mobile or fir/ mov+4 ,sid5ote3 ,nasir-ed-d9 #abja-abgd4 ,sid5ote3 ,alfonso #abbc-abhd4 ,! ,baghdad s*ool ( a/ronomy came to an end ) ,abul ,wefa 9 #iih1 & ! ,spani% s*ools di$ out :5 ,seville & ,cordova 7 captur$ by ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 b ! impetus giv5 to ! /udy ( ,greek a/ronomy & a/ronomical obs]vation 0 c>ri$ on by o!r nations4 ,9 ,p]sia a f9e obs]vatory 0 f\nd$ by ,nasir-ed-d92 9 ,spa9 ! ,*ri/ian k+1 ,alfonso ,x1 ord]$ tables to be drawn up to replace ^? ( ,arza*el1 & ! ,libros de ,sab] to be compil$4 ,! movem5t 9 ,p]sia 0 %ort-liv$1 b 9 ,europe ! revival ( a/ronomy _h begun4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,return ,,( ,,greek ,,a/ronomy ,,to ,,europe4 ,a4,d4 #ajjj ,,to #acjj4 8,he ha? made ev]y?+ beautiful 9 ,8 "t2 also ,he ha? set ! inf9ite 9 _! he>t40 ,9 ! :ole cycle ( ! *ang+ ye> !re is no mom5t s wond]ful 9 nor!rn climes z t :i* comes 9 e>ly ,febru>y1 :5 w9t] is n yet pa/1 b = ! fir/ "t ! promise ( spr+ is felt 9 ! air4 ,n a leaf has unfold$ its gre51 b ! swell+ buds on ! trees make a purple flu% all ov] ! woods1 ! blackbird s+s an exultant /ra91 & 9 "s %elt]$ copse y may f9d a delicate d>+ primrose already 9 bloom4 ,su* a mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe 0 ! ye> #ajjj ,anno ,dom9i4 ,aft] ! apa?y1 ! ignorance1 ! despair ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 a new _s began to brea! hope into ! he>ts ( m54 ,a love ( beauty1 a new religi\s f]v\r1 a passionate desire = k took possession ( !m4 ,yet x 0 ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! great univ]sities :i* 7 "o expression ( ?is new _s sprang up 9 ,p>is1 ,bologna1 ,ox=d1 to be foll[$ lat] by simil> c5tres ( intellectual activity 9 all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,by ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury x is said t !re 7 #ajj1jjj /ud5ts 9 ,bologna4 ,a l>ge numb] 7 =eign]s f _m l&s1 = z ,lat9 0 ! univ]sal tongue 9 education1 all nations c\ld und]/& ea* o!r1 & s*ol>s (t5 w&]$ f "o univ]sity to ano!r1 attract$ by ! fame ( "s great ma/]4 ,simil>ly ! doctors w\ld tea* fir/ 9 "o t[n & !n ano!r4 ,m5 ( all ages & classes met toge!r1 = among ! /ud5ts 7 "y boys & eld]ly ecclesia/ics1 poor s*ol>s :o begg$ _! bread1 & ri* nobles :o came ) a tutor1 a *apla91 & a :ole suite ( s]vants4 ,!re 7 no colleges or ev5 lecture-halls3 ! /ud5ts jo9$ toge!r 9 small gr\ps to take a h\se & %>e exp5ses1 & ! pr(essor lectur$ 9 8 own h\se1 or 9 a hir$ room1 or1 if ! audi5ce 0 l>ge1 9 a city squ>e1 speak+ f an op5-air pulpit4 ,all 7 unit$ 9 ! ard5t pursuit ( le>n+1 & none compla9$ if ! floors 7 m]ely cov]$ ) /raw1 & ! lectures1 :i* (t5 la/$ ?ree h\rs1 began be=e sunrise on w9t] morn+s 9 rooms :i* _h no light & no fire4 ,0 x n en\gh t :5 leav+ at ! end ( univ]sity life "o 0 te*nically said to be 8go+ home a wise man08 ,"o cause ( ?is intellectual f]v\r 0 ! influ5ce ( ,arab culture1 ) :i* ,europe came into contact ?r\gh ! crusades1 & ?r\gh ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,sicily1 & ! ,moors 9 ,spa94 ,= ?is reason a/ronomy & a/rology took a high rank among ! new /udies4 ,to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two is q a mod]n idea1 & 9 m$ival times ei!r "n 0 us$ indiff]5tly to cov] bo? subjects4 ,9 ,bologna univ]sity 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury an important s*ool ( m$ic9e & arts arose1 ?r\gh ,arab influ5ce1 & ! ,arab doctors ( m$ic9e introduc$ ! sy/em ( a/ronomy :i* !y _h le>n$ f ! ,greeks4 8,a doctor )\t a/rology10 x 0 said1 8is l an eye t _c see20 & be=e prescrib+ = a pati5t x 0 ?\ght q z important to det]m9e ! positions ( ! planets1 z ! nature ( ! disease4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury !re 7 sal>i$ pr(essors ( a/rology 9 ,bologna1 & !y 7 m highly e/eem$ ?an any o!r pr(essors except ^? ( philosophy4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,m$i,,val ,,a/ronom]4 ,to face p4 #bjj4 ,f a pa9t+ by ,g]>d ,d[4 ,sid5ote3 ,cecco d',ascoli d4 #acbg4 ,"o ( _! duties 0 to provide 8judgm5ts0 7i4e4 to ca/ ! horoscope7 gratis = /ud5ts4 ,b ! dignity 0 a p]il\s "o4 ,legitimate pr$iction by a/rology bord]$ close on necromancy1 :i* 0 bann$ by ! ,*ur*1 & "o ( ,bologna's mo/ fam\s pr(essors 9 a/rology1 ! le>n$ ,cecco d',ascoli1 0 burn$ at ! /ake 9 ,flor5ce 9 #acbg = ! crime ( sorc]y4 ,a/ronomy1 l o!r subjects1 0 taught *iefly by lectures & 8repetitions10 or classes = cate*iz+ ! /ud5ts on :at !y _h already he>d4 ,books c\ld also be _h1 ?\gh !y 7 de>1 on hire or pur*ase1 f ! univ]sity 8/ation]s0 or libr>ians4 ,! fir/ books on ,greek a/ronomy :i* f\nd _! way into ,european univ]sities 7 ,lat9 translations ( ,arabic comm5t>ies & p>aphrases ( ,ari/otle1 :i* travell$ f ,moori% academies 9 ,spa9 to ,p>is4 ,! a/ronomical treatises ) /range te*nical t]ms 9 ,arabic 7 h>d "w to translate1 especially :5 !y _h already pass$ ?r\gh sev]al languages1 z (t5 happ5$4 ,?us x 0 possible to possess a "w ( ,ari/otle :i* 0 a ,lat9 translation ( a ,hebrew translation ( a comm5t>y ^u an ,arabic translation ( a ,syriac translation ( ! orig9al ,greek text6 ,sid5ote3 ,urban ,,iv41 pope #abfa-abfd4 ,b mean:ile "s ( ,ari/otle's works 9 ! ,greek ent]$ ,italy f ! ,ea/1 z a result ( ! crusad+ conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #abjd4 ,! fir/ translations ( ^! into ,lat9 7 v poor1 b lat] on ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ) ! help ( ,pope ,urban ,,iv41 _h a bett] v]sion made4 ,sid5ote3 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 #aaid-abej4 ,sid5ote3 ,sacrobosco di$ c4 #abef4 ,sid5ote3 ,rog] ,bacon c4 #abad to c4 #abid4 ,x 0 long be=e a good ,lat9 v]sion ( ,ptolemy's ,almage/ c\ld be obta9$4 ,a translation 0 made f ! ,arabic 9 #abcj1 at ! bidd+ ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 :o did mu*1 at 8 ,sicilian c\rt1 to enc\rage ,arab lit]ature1 b ?is translation 0 n mu* kn[n or us$4#gj ,! tea*+s ( ! ,almage/ became kn[n *iefly ?r\gh popul> expositions su* z ^? ( ,alfraganus1 ,albategnius1 & ,john ,halifax ( ,holywood1 an ,engli% monk :o became fam\s "u 8 ,lat9iz$ "n ( ,sacrobosco4 ,he 0 n an a/ronom] b _h /udi$ ,greek & ,arab writ+s1 & f9d+ t ! /udy ( a/ronomy 0 neglect$ because books on ! subject 7 difficult bo? to procure & to und]/&1 he compil$ a useful h&book1 :i* became widely popul> & rema9$ s = sev]al c5turies4 ,sev]al o!r writ]s1 notably ,rog] ,bacon1 wrote on ! sph]es1 on ! use ( a/rolabes1 & on a/rology4 ,! books prescrib$ 9 ,bologna = ! c\rse 9 ,a/rology & ,ma!matics 7 z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gj ,x 0 also translat$ f ,arabic into ,lat9 at ,tol$o1 9 #aage4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a "w on ,ari?metic or ,algebra4 ,euclid1 ) a ?irte5? c5tury comm5t>y4 ,! 8,!orica ,planet>um10 :i* 0 ei!r a free translation ( ,ptolemy's ,almage/ or an exposition ( its pr9ciples4 ,! ,alfons9e ,tables4 ,! ,canons ( ,de ,lignires 7( ,ami5s1 #accj ,a4,d471 i4e4 rules = ! use ( a/ronomical tables to det]m9e ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,portions ( ! ,canon ( ,avic5na 7! ,arab philosoph]74 ,a treatise on ! ,a/rolabe by a ,jewi% a/rolog] ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,a treatise on ! ,quadrant4 ,! a/rological works ( ,ptolemy1 ) a comm5t>y4 ,a book by ,al*abicius 7fl4 c4 #hej ,a4,d471 probably 8 "w on a/rology4 ,a book on a/rological m$ic9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,alfonso ,x4 #abbc-abhd4 ,f ! above we ga!r t a pa/ ma/] 9 ,a/rology w\ld und]/& ! elem5ts ( ma!matics1 & all ! a/ronomy t ,ptolemy's translator or comm5tator c\ld tea*2 t he _h le>n$--at lea/ 9 !ory--! use ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts & tables1 & a good deal ( a/rology1 includ+ its use 9 m$ical practice4 ,! tables 7 int5d$ ma9ly = a/rological pr$ictions4 ,! /&>d ,alfons9e ,tables _h be5 drawn up 9 #abeb by ,*ri/ians1 ,jews1 & ,moors1 "u ! direction ( ,alfonso ,x4 k+ ( ,ca/ile4 ,!y conta9$ li/s ( positions ( ! planets1 dates ( ,ea/] moons1 8gold5 numb]s0 & 8dom9ical lett]s0 ( ! ecclesia/ical cal5d>1 times & o!r details ( eclipses1 toge!r ) me?ods = f9d+ ! places ( planets1 & = ca/+ horoscopes4 ,?is is ! ,alfonso :o 0 s mu* %ock$ at ! complexity ( ,ptolemy's multitud9\s circles t 8! o9tm5t ( 8 "n is m>r$10 says ,full]1 8) ! dead fly ( 8 a!i/icall spee*03 8,if only ! ,creator _h consult$ me1 :5 ,he made ! _w1 ,i w\ld h giv5 "s good advice60 ,sid5ote3 ,sylve/] ,,ii4 7,g]b]t7 ,pope1 #iii-ajjc4 ,n "o ( all ^! books pret5d$ to add any new discov]y to a/ronomy3 all intellectual en]gy 0 absorb$ 9 eag]ly assimilat+ ! k /or$ by ,greeks & ,arabs4 ,nor 7 any great obs]vatories f\nd$ 9 ,europe yet1 9 imitation ( ,alex&ria1 ,rhodes1 or ,baghdad4 ,! in/rum5ts 9 use 7 cele/ial globes & small portable a/rolabes & quadrants = det]m9+ positions & angul> di/ances betwe5 ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! le>n$ pope1 ,sylve/] ,,ii41 :o _h /udi$ a/ronomy among ! ,moors 9 ,spa91 0 s skilful 9 mak+ a/rolabes t "s accus$ him ( ga9+ ! art by sell+ 8 s\l to ! devil6 ,sid5ote3 ,alb]tus ,magnus #aaic-abhj4 ,sid5ote3 ,aqu9as #abbe-abgd4 ,:5 ,ari/otle fir/ came to ,p>is 7ab\t #abjj ,a4,d471 9 ,ori5tal dress1 & accompani$ by ,moslem au?ors1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,p>is d5\nc$ him z an infidel2 yet 9 less ?an fifty ye>s all 8 works 7 plac$ on ! li/ ( books prescrib$ 9 ! univ]sity c\rse4 ,?is 0 br\ght ab\t by ! ,dom9icans4 ,9 six ( 8 tw5ty-"o pond]\s volumes ! ,g]man fri> ,alb]tus ,magnus p>aphras$ ! :ole ( ,ari/otle's works1 & /ripp+ 8 philosophy ( ! pan!i/ic & mat]iali/ic g>b 9 :i* ! ,spani% ,arab ,av]ros _h clo!d x1 pres5t$ ! ,greek philosoph] z an ally ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,italian sa9t1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 pupil ( ,alb]tus1 9 8 mu* m readable comm5t>ies & treatises1 popul>iz$ ?is idea s successfully t ,ari/otle--! ,philosoph]1 z he 0 call$--spe$ily became z great an au?ority on e o!r subject z he _h always be5 on logic4 ,x 0 a mutual victory4 ,aqu9as captur$ ! ,greek = ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 ,ari/otle won ! we/]n _w to accept 8 !ories4 ,no long] 0 ! doctr9e ( a sph]ical ,e>? call$ 8an old hea!n !ory03 x 0 almo/ an integral "p ( ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,ari/otle's demon/ration t !re mu/ be a ,fir/ ,mov]1 himself unmov$1 became an argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ,deity2 ! intellig5ces :i* preside ov] ! cele/ial movem5ts 7 int]pret$ z ! n9e hi]>*ies ( angels ^: exi/5ce 0 taught by ! ,*ur*4 ,to ! eight sph]es ( ! ,greeks & ! ,primum ,mobile ( ! ,arabs1 ! ?irte5?-c5tury ,*ri/ians add$ ! all-embrac+ heav5 ( heav5s1 ! ,empyrean1 to be ! abode ( ! ,creator & bless$ spirits4 ,)9 ! c5tral immoveable e>? !y plac$ ,purgatory & ! fires ( ,hell4 ,!y accept$ ! limits ( ! habitable e>? z laid d[n by ,ptolemy1 b kept ,j]usalem z ! c5tre by ass]t+ t x 0 situat$ #ij f ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 & #ij f ! m\?s ( ! ,ganges4 ,ed51 ! e>?ly p>adise ( ,adam & ,eve1 0 repres5t$ on contempor>y maps z 9 ! extreme ,ea/1 sep>at$ by sea f ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! inhabit$ e>?4 ,?us !ology & sci5ce support$ "o ano!r4 ,all le>n+ 0 sacr$1 & all t man's m9d is capable ( und]/&+ he might aspire to "k1 = ! se>* if rightly pursu$ w\ld lead at la/ to ! p]fect bliss ( behold+ ) unveil$ eyes ! ,s\rce ( all ,tru?4 ,,second ,,"p4 ,,! ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,dante4 ,i4 ,,popul> ,,a/ronomy ,,9 ,,italy ,,9 ,,dante',s ,,"t4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is book we h sket*$ ! /ory ( man's ?\ghts ab\t ! />s1 f primitive days until ! ?irte5? c5tury ( our era4 ,we h se5 :at a weal? ( imag9ation & inv5tion ! ,greeks br\ght to be> on ! purely empirical sci5ce ( ,egypt & ,babylon & ,hom]ic ,greece1 & h[ out ( all ! sy/ems devis$ by !m betwe5 #fjj ,b4,c4 & #ajj ,b4,c4 "o surviv$1 :i* 0 complet$ & exp\nd$ by ,ptolemy 9 ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/ 9 8 great ,syntax or ,almage/4 ,its fundam5tal pr9ciples 7 t ,e>? is a sph]e1 at re/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se1 surr\nd$ on all sides by sph]ical heav5s1 & t ! movem5ts ( all ! heav5ly bodies are expla9$ by a comb9ation ( uni=m circul> movem5ts4 ,9 ! succe$+ c5turies !re 7 few :o c\ld appreciate 8 "w1 & dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages x 0 sc>cely kn[n 9 ,europe1 b 0 pres]v$ by ,ne/orian ,*ri/ians 9 s*ools & mona/]ies ( ,p]sia1 :5ce x 0 une>!d by ,mahom$an pr9ces1 five c5turies aft] ,ptolemy's dea?2 & :5 ano!r five c5turies _h pass$ x 0 br\ght back to ,europe1 t+$ ) ,ori5tal ?\ght1 & almo/ imm$iately became imm5sely popul> among s*ol>s4 ,!n !re arose "o ( ! _w's greate/ poets1 &1 a ?\s& ye>s aft] ,ptolemy's dea?1 immortaliz$ 8 "w1 writ+ 9 a tongue unkn[n to ,ptolemy1 & = nations :i* 9 8 day 7 only j /ruggl+ into exi/5ce4 ,z ,hom] reflects to u man's primitive conceptions ( ! ,univ]se1 s ,dante reflects ! ideas ( ,ptolemy & 8 s*ool4 ,& because he liv$ j at ?is "t he 0 able to write ) p]fect confid5ce1 quot+ ,ptolemy & ! ,ca?olic ,fai? side by side z infallible au?orities 9 a/ronomy4 ,_h he liv$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies he w\ld h be5 oblig$ to *oose betwe5 classical & or?odox views2 _h he be5 born ?ree c5turies lat]1 he w\ld h f\nd ,cop]nicus & ,galileo rang$ aga9/ ,ptolemy & ! ,*ur*4 ,ev5 ,milton writ+ a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,cop]nicus1 c\ld n make up 8 m9d :i* sy/em to adopt1 & ! a/ronomy ( ,p>adise ,lo/ is a curi\s jumble ( anci5t1 mod]n1 & transitional ideas4 ,he describes ! ,primum ,mobile z a 8firm opac\s globe0#ga on :i* ,satan alights & walks ab\t1 yet lat] on tells u t we ne$ n believe 9 its exi/5ce if ,e>? is turn+ on h] axis2#gb ! ar*angel ,raphl describes to ,adam ! ,creation1 at :i* he 0 pres5t1 yet decl>es t he himself does n "k :e!r ! sun circles r\nd ,e>?1 or ,e>? r\nd ! sun4 ,?is ! great ,ar*itect _h wisely conceal$ f man & angel1 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ga ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,,ii4 #dah4 #gb ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,,viii4 #cd-ch4 8p]haps to move ,8 laught] at _! qua9t op9ions wide1 ,h]eaft] :5 !y come to model heav51 ,& calculate ! />s1 h[ !y w wield ,! mighty frame1 h[ build1 unbuild1 contrive1 ,to save appe>ances2 h[ gird ! sph]e ,) c5tric & ecc5tric scribbl$ o'er1 ,cycle & epicycle1 orb 9 orb40#gc #gc ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,,viii4 #gg-hd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,su* inconsi/5cies are n f\nd 9 ,dante's "w1 & no?+ c\ld h be5 fur!r f 8 ?\ghts ?an to imag9e ! ,creator mock+ at man's mi/akes & ignorance4 ,l ! angelic doctor1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 he consid]$ man's desire = k z "o ( 8 highe/ attributes1 & believ$ t x _h be5 giv5 to him 9 ord] to be satisfi$4 ,b be=e we exam9e ,dante's writ+s1 x w be int]e/+ to =m an idea ( ! _s 9 :i* a/ronomy 0 g5]ally reg>d$ by 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 & :at 7 8 opportunities ( /udy+ x4 ,dante ,alighi]i 0 born 9 ,flor5ce 9 or ab\t ! ye> #abfe1 & di$ 9 #acba4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! "p ( />-lore :i* appeal$ mo/ to ! g5]al public 9 ,italy at ?is "t1 educat$ & ignorant alike1 0 ! art ( ! a/rolog]s4 ,! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies 7 reg>d$ n m]ely z om5s1 b z ! actual in/rum5ts by :i* e ev5t on ,e>? 0 br\ght to pass4 ,e class ( plants1 e race ( animals1 0 ?\ght to be "u ! protection ( "s planet or con/ellation2 s if x 0 a bad ye> = c]ta9 fruits1 or if an epidemic broke out among ! cattle1 ?is 0 because ! gu>dian planet 0 unfav\rably plac$1 or an evil planet 0 9 ! protect+ con/ellation4 ,floods & dr\ght1 prosp]ity & dea?1 prop]ties ( m9]als su* z ! lode/one's attraction = iron or ! em]ald's alleg$ p[] ( bl9d+ s]p5ts1 ! in/9cts ( animals & ! impulses ( m51 all 7 subject to ! influ5ces ( ! />s2 & naturally ! m5 :o und]/ood & int]pret$ _! movem5ts 7 held 9 great repute4 ,"s ( !m 7 unscrupul\s quacks1 l ! "o-ey$ prophet ( ,brescia1 m5tion$ by ! gossip+ fri> ,salimb5e4#gd ,he 8call$ himself an a/rolog] & div9]10 & receiv$ daily 8t5 great p5nies ( silv]1 & nightly ?ree great ,g5oese c&les ( ! pure/ wax0 f a political p>ty 9 ,mod5a1 z a recomp5se = advis+ !m h[ to act4 ,on "o occasion he prophesi$ a victory = !m1 b he _h little fai? 9 8 own words1 = be+ ?reat5$ ) viol5ce if 8 prophecy %\ld fail1 he 8c>ri$ (f all t he _h ga9$ & w5t 8 way )\t salut+ 8 ho/s40 8,!n10 adds ! fri>1 8! m5 ( ,sassuolo began to mock !m1 z m5 :o sacrifice to devils & n to ,god1 z x is writt5 9 ,deut]onomy40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gd ,all quotations f ,salimb5e's ,*ronicle are tak5 f ,c\lton's ,f ,sa9t ,francis to ,dante4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b mo/ ( ^! m51 l ,asd5te ( ,p>ma1 s9c]ely believ$ 9 _! own ability to =etell ev5ts1 & !y usually comb9$ "s o!r fav\rite =ms ( soo?say+1 z well z a little al*emy1 ) a/rology4 ,asd5te is describ$ by ,salimb5e z 8a poor work+ cobbl]1 pure & simple1 & fe>+ ,god1 & c\rte\s & urbane2 illit]ate1 b ) great illum9ation ( m9d40 ,8 prop] "n 0 ,ma/] ,b5v5uto1 b he 0 8commonly call$ ,asd5te1 t is1 too?less1 by way ( contr>y1 = he ha? great & disord]$ tee? & an imp$im5t 9 8 spee*1 yet he und]/&s & is und]/ood well4 ,he dwells at ! bridge-head ( ,p>ma1 h>d by ! city moat & ! well1 along ! /reet :i* goes to ,borgo ,san ,donn9o40 ,?is humble prophet 0 said by ,dante to be ! be/ kn[n citiz5 ( all ,p>ma 7,conv41 ,,iv4 xvi4 #fe-ga73 he 0 ask$ to d9n] by a bi%op1 & consult$ by ! w>r+ factions ( ,reggio & ,p>ma4 ,he 0 said to h =etold ! dea? ( two popes1 & a naval defeat ( ,pisa by ,g5oa4 ,! greate/ g5]als ( ! day gov]n$ _! tactics by ! advice ( a/rolog]s :o regul>ly accompani$ !m to ! field & ! camp4 ,! fam\s ,ghibell9e1 ,guido ( ,montefeltro1 :o is call$ by ,villani ! clev]e/ soldi] ( 8 times#ge reta9$ ,guido ,bonatti#gf 9 8 s]vice & 0 believ$ to h ga9$ 8 great victory at ,=li 79 #abhb7 ?r\gh ! advice ( ?is a/rolog]4 ,bonatti is div]sely describ$ z a til] & a lawy]1 b :atev] 8 orig9al occupation may h be5 he f\nd t ! position ( private a/rolog] br\ght him bo? m fame & m money4 ,he wrote a book on ,judicial ,a/ronomy1 & ,v9c5t de ,beauvais describes him z celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ! we/]n _w = 8 k ( ! art4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ge ,croni*e ,fior5t9e1 ,bk4 ,,vii4 p>4 #hj4 #gf ,inf4 xx4 #aah4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b ,bonatti's fame 0 fa9t & fugitive comp>$ ) t ( ! wiz>d ,mi*ael ,scot4 ,he is "o ( ! picturesque figures ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 r\nd :om s _m leg5ds h ga!r$ t ! facts ( 8 life are difficult to glean4 ,x seems t he 0 born 9 ,fife%ire ( a noble ,scotti% family1 at ! end ( ! twelf? or beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 t he /udi$ 9 ,ox=d & ,p>is1 & !n sp5t "s "t 9 ,tol$o4 ,"h he le>n$ ,arabic1 & probably also a/rology1 = x 0 s commonly practis$ !re1 especially among ! ,arabs & ! ,jews1 t x 0 sometimes call$ ! ,toletan art4 ,aft]w>ds he w5t to ,g]many1 & 0 discov]$ by ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 :o took him to ,italy4 ,8 great le>n+ e>n$ ! admiration ( ,pope ,gregory ,,ix41 :o speaks ( him q affectionately 9 a lett] to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury2 & x is said t ,honorius ,,ii4 w\ld h lik$ to make him an ar*bi%op4 ,b ,sir ,mi*ael ! ,scot f\nd ,fr$]ick's c\rt m cong5ial4 ,! ,emp]or1 :o 0 himself a poet1 0 a munific5t patron ( lit]ature & art1 & attract$ to himself m5 ( tal5t f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! culture ( bo? ,ea/ & ,we/ met at t brilliant ,sicilian c\rt#gg :i* 0 8 = fifte5 ye>s be=e ! title ( ,emp]or 0 add$ to t ( ,k+ ( ,naples & ,sicily4 ,inde$ x 0 8 8fell[%ip ) ,s>ac5s0#gh :i* 0 "o great reason = ! accusation ( h]esy on acc\nt ( :i* ,dante plac$ him among ! ,epicureans 9 ! ,inf]no4 ,he knew ,arabic1 z well z ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 ,lat91 & ,greek4 ,mi*ael ,scot's acqua9tance ) ,moori% lit]ature & language 0 a bond ( sympa?y betwe5 !m2 he became a/rolog] to ,fr$]ick1 & at ! ,emp]or's wi% he sup]9t5d$ a new translation ( ,ari/otle's works f ,arabic into ,lat94 ,8 ta/e = a/ronomy is evid5c$ by ! fact t out ( ^! he *ose to translate ! ,de ,clo himself4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gg ,v4 ,e41 ,i4 xii4 #bj-ce4 #gh ,villani1 ,croni*e ,fior5t9e1 ,,vi4 #a & #bd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,an absurd /ory is told by ,salimb5e ab\t ,fr$]ick & ,mi*ael ,scot1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %[s :at 0 believ$ ( 8 capabilities z an a/ronom]4 ,! ,emp]or "o day ask$ him1 :5 !y 7 9 ! palace toge!r1 h[ f> !y 7 f ! sky1 & ! a/rolog] told him ! di/ance4 ,!y !n took a long j\rney toge!r1 dur+ :i* ! palace 0 secretly l[]$1 & on _! return ,fr$]ick ask$ casually :e!r ! sky c\ld really be s di/ant z ,mi*ael _h said4 8,:]eupon he made 8 calculations1 & made answ] t c]ta9ly ei!r ! sky _h be5 rais$ or ! e>? l[]$2 & !n ! ,emp]or knew t he spake tru?40 ,mi*ael ,scot is said to h w>n$ ,fr$]ick t he w\ld die 9 ,flor5ce1 = :i* reason ! ,emp]or w\ld n ent] t city2 b hav+ ?\ghtlessly gone to a t[n call$ ,flor5tiola he di$ !re2 8= ?is10 adds ! hi/orian1 8is almo/ always ! way1 ! devil tricks "o by a play ^u words40 ,x is curi\s to contra/ ?is rem>k1 attribut+ ,mi*ael's prophecy to ! evil p[]s1 ) ,salimb5e's quotation f him1 9 exactly ! same _s z if he 7 quot+ f an ,old ,te/am5t prophet3--8t ! ^w ( ,mi*ael ,scot may be fulfill$ 9 !m1 :i* he wrote 9 8 v]ses :]e9 he pr$ict$ ! future1 #8,& ! factions at ,reggio %all hold ill words toge!r4'0 ,! same au?or brackets him ) o!rs :o h =etold ! future1 9 a li/ :i* reads curi\sly to u--8,abbot ,joa*im1 ,m]l91 ,me?odius & ! ,sybil1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,hosea1 ,daniel1 & ! ,apocalypse1 & ,mi*ael ,scot :o 0 a/rolog] to ! depos$ ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii40 ,besides ^! prophetic v]ses1 ,mi*ael wrote sev]al books :i* treat almo/ exclusively ( a/rology1 al*emy1 & o!r occult 8sci5ces10 & ev5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury x 0 said t 8 magic books c\ld n be op5$ )\t dang]1 because ( ! fi5ds :o 7 !reby invok$6 ,he seems to h return$ to 8 native ,scotl& to die1 b ! date is v unc]ta94 ,we d n "k :e!r ,dante's picture ( him is drawn f memory1 or he>say ( "s :o _h se5 ! lanky ,scotsman among ! s\!rn]s1 by nature tall] & ?9n] ?an !y1 & worn by 8 prolong$ /udies4 8,quell' altro *e ne' fian*i cos poco ,mi*ele ,scotto fu1 *e v]am5te ,delle magi*e frode seppe il gioco40#gi 7,inf4 xx4 #aae-aag74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gi 8,t o!r1 r\nd ! lo9s ,s sl5d] ( 8 %ape1 0 ,mi*ael ,scot1 ,practis$ 9 e sleight ( magic wile40 ,c>ey4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x 0 p]haps ! w9n+ p]sonality or ! prud5ce ( ! canny ,scot :i* enabl$ him to br+ a brilliant c>e] to a peaceful close1 fav\r$ by ! ,*ur* z well z by ! excommunicat$ ,emp]or1 al?\gh 8 /udies 7 ( s dubi\s a nature1 & he 0 intimate ) h]etic ,mahom$ans & ,jews4 ,cecco d',ascoli 0 n s =tunate4 ,?is le>n$ ,italian receiv$ ! high & hon\r$ po/ ( pr(essor ( a/rology 9 ,bologna1 :]e he lectur$ & ca/ horoscopes = 8 /ud5ts4 ,he 0 well v]s$ 9 natural sci5ce1 b ! %ady side ( a/rology _h a fatal attraction = him3 he fell "u suspicion z a sorc]]1 0 condemn$1 & burn$ at ! /ake 9 ,flor5ce 9 #acbg 7six ye>s aft] ,dante's dea?74 ,! reputations a*iev$ by ^! & o!r ?irte5?-c5tury a/rolog]s 9 ,italy1 belong+ to su* diff]5t ranks ( life1 %[ :at an imm5se importance 0 atta*$ to _! art by ! g5]al public4 ,yet we %all be greatly mi/ak5 if we ?9k t x 0 only to acquire skill 9 ?is fasc9at+ pursuit t m5 ?rong$ to he> ,cecco lecture1 or por$ ov] ,lat9 manuscripts4 ,! int5se ard\r = k :i* m>ks ?is p]iod made !m eag] to und]/& ! _w ar\nd !m & ! sky above _! heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a/ronomy4 ,f a fresco 9 ! ,spani% ,*apel ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 ,flor5ce4 ,to face p4 #bag4 ,x w\ld be a %ame1 writes "o1 to live 9 a h\se & n "k h[ x is built or :at %ape x has1 nev] to exam9e ! walls1 & floors1 & ceil+s1 nor to consid] ! use ( ! wood5 beams us$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,9 l mann] we %\ld n be cont5t )\t und]/&+ ! =m & /ructure ( ! ,univ]se 9 :i* we live4 ,man1 ) 8 upright attitude & 8 head held high1 unlike ! animals1 0 design$ by 8 ,creator to look & li/51 to "k & compreh5d ?is m>vell\s ,univ]se1 & especially t noble/ "p ( x above him1 ! heav5s & _! wond]ful movem5ts4 ,= ?us alone c he le>n to "k ,god ,himself1 ! great ,ar*itect ( ! ,_w4 ,9 writ+ ?us1 ,ri/oro1 ! monk ( ,arezzo1 0 n only e*o+ ! ?\ghts ( ,plato & ,cic]o1 he 0 express+ ! feel+ = a/ronomy z a noble & elevat+ /udy :i* 0 g5]al among ?\ghtful m5 ( 8 "t4 ,x 0 express$ also 9 contempor>y art4 ,visitors to ! 8,spani% ,*apel0 9 ! cloi/]s ( a ,flor5t9e *ur* w rememb] see+ on ! fresco$ walls ! figure ( ,a/ronomy z %e 0 p]sonifi$ 9 ,tuscany 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,%e sits among h] pe]s1 ! sci5ces ( ! ,trivium & ,quadrivium1 ! only "o :o we>s a cr[n2 h] fair hair frames a spiritual face1 "o h& is lift$ heav5w>ds1 ! o!r holds a cele/ial sph]e1 on :i* ! broad b& ( ! zodiac crosses ! 8equator ( ! day40 ,at h] feet sits a k+ly figure 9 fl[+ robes1 also cr[n$1 & ) a face ( s+ul> beauty & ref9em5t2 he gazes up into ! skies ) a rapt expression1 & on 8 knee is a book 9 :i* he writes :at he sees4 ,?is nameless figure 0 id5tifi$ d\btfully by ,rusk9 z ,zoroa/]1 :o 0 consid]$ by _m z ! inv5tor ( a/rology1 b surely x c be no o!r ?an ,ptolemy ) 8 ,almage/4 ,= ,ptolemy1 ! pr9ce ( a/ronom]s1 0 (t5 & naturally confus$ ) ! royal race :o _h patroniz$ a/ronomy at ,alex&ria2 z = in/ance by ,omons1 a ?irte5?-c5tury writ]1 :o says 9 8 ,image du ,monde t 8,ptolemy k+ ( ,egypt0 wrote ! ,almage/4 ,! curi\s mode ( dress+ ! hair & be>d may h be5 ?\ght by ! arti/ to repres5t an anci5t ,egyptian fa%ion4 ,ptolemy1 we "k1 0 univ]sely ackn[l$g$ at ! "t to be 8,ma/] ( ,a/ronomy10 z ,brunetto ,lat9i calls him4 ,8 ,almage/ 0 only kn[n indirectly1 b x 0 believ$ to conta9 all t c\ld be kn[n ab\t ! movem5ts & ! nature ( ! heav5s4 ,"s m9or additions & corrections _h be5 made1 z we h se51 by ! ,arab a/ronom]s1 b ! sy/em 0 accept$ z a complete & satisfactory explanation ( all cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,h5ce no pr(essional a/ronom] 0 expect$ to make discov]ies2 he 0 simply well v]s$ 9 ! "w ( ^? :o w5t be=e him1 skilful 9 ! use ( a few simple in/rum5ts & tables1 & practis$ 9 apply+ ! pr9ciples ( a/rology4 ,a g5]al notion ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em 0 widely diffus$4 ,= ^? :o c\ld n read ,lat9 !re 7 encyclopdic works writt5 9 ! v]nacul> & 9 a popul> /yle1 su* z ! ,trsor ( ,brunetto ,lat9i1 & ^! always conta9$ a section on a/ronomy4 ,! av]age educat$ man probably _h only vague ideas ab\t epicycles & ecc5trics1 & p]haps _h nev] he>d ( ! ,arab e/imates ( ! sizes ( ! planets2 b he w\ld "k t a/ronomy taught t ,e>? is a globe1 motionless at ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & small] ?an any ( ! />s2 he w\ld "k ! names ( ! sev5 planets 7includ+ among ^! ! sun & moon71 & probably also _! col\rs1 _! p]iods1 & _! a/rological significance2 ! zodiacal con/ellations w\ld be famili>1 especially z !y 7 (t5 us$ decoratively2 & he w\ld believe t />s & planets are set 9 cry/all9e transp>5t sph]es4 ,moreov]1 he w\ld (t5 be m ( an a/ronom] ?an he knew1 = he w\ld le>n almo/ unconsci\sly _m ?+s ( :i* mod]n m5 are ignorant4 ,! ill-light$ /reets & ! dang]s ( night j\rneys w\ld =ce him to be bett] acqua9t$ ) ! motions & phases ( ! moon ?an mo/ ( u are to-day2 he w\ld "k :5 & :]e to look = diff]5t />s2 & ! want ( a wat* w\ld make x necess>y = him to be able to take 8 "t f ! sun at any season ( ! ye>4 ,he c\ld1 h[ev]1 sometimes consult a sundial on a *ur* wall or 9 a private g>d51 & ! *ur* *imes rang out at ti]ce1 & nones1 & vesp]s4 ,^! 7 he>d at int]vals :i* 7 mu* long] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]1 = ! sy/em ( 8tempor>y h\rs0 0 us$ by ! ,*ur*1 & ! s]vice ( ti]ce 0 held halfway betwe5 sunrise & noon 7or nones71 & vesp]s 0 halfway betwe5 noon & sunset4 ,,ii4 ,,dante',s ,,/udies4 ,,dante',s ,,/udies4 ,dante 0 f> above ! level ( ! av]age educat$ man4 ,n t 8 sci5tific ideas 7 9 advance ( 8 age3 on ! contr>y1 "o special int]e/ t !y h = u is t !y illu/rate1 l 8 political & religi\s views1 ! beliefs & feel+s ( ! p]iod4 ,8 au?orities 7 ! au?orities ( all1 b he _h /udi$ !m & made _! ?\ghts 8 own1 z few o!rs did1 except "s *ur*m5 & pr(ess$ s*ol>s4 ,! ext5t & dep? ( 8 read+ is evid5t f 8 own writ+s1 & 8 great le>n+ is not$ ) admiration by all 8 biograph]s4 ,giovanni ,villani1 9 ! e>lie/ acc\nt we possess ( ,dante1 says t he 0 8a great s*ol> 9 almo/ e bran* ( le>n+1 al?\gh he 0 a layman40 ,boccaccio w\ld h u believe t :ile /ill a *ild1 s "y t he might be expect$ to sp5d 8 "t play+ ) o!r *ildr5 or sitt+ on 8 "m's knee1 he gave ! :ole ( 8 "t to read+ & le>n+4 ,lion>do ,bruni1 h[ev]1 assures u t ?\gh he 0 an ard5t /ud5t1 & %[$ unusual p[]s at an e>ly age1 he by no means tri$ to 8sev] himself f ! _w1 b liv+ & mov+ ab\t among/ o!r "y m5 ( 8 age1 he approv$ himself graci\s & skilful 9 e y\?ful ex]cise40 ,x 0 wond]ful1 he says1 h[ ,dante ma9ta9$ all 8 social & civic int]c\rse :ile he pursu$ 8 /udies s f]v5tly4 ,9 tru?1 ! poet's tr\bl$ life 0 f> remov$ f t life ( calm retirem5t :i* "o ?9ks suitable = a s*ol>4 ,9 8 e>ly y\? he exp]i5c$ a passionate love & sorr[2 a ye> be=e ! dea? ( ,beatrice he 0 fight+ = ,flor5ce 9 ! great battle ( ,campald9o1 nor 0 x ! fir/ "t he _h borne arms2 9 #abif he spoke 9 ! c\ncil ( ! ,hundr$2 9 #acjj he 0 ambassador = ! ,tuscan ,league to ,san ,gemignano1 & 0 elect$ to ! highe/ (fice a citiz5 c\ld hold 9 8 native city1 t ( ,prior2 9 #acja he 0 ambassador to ! ,pope 9 ,rome1 & 9 ! ye> foll[+ he 0 exil$4 ,aft] ?is he 0 always w&]+1 (t5 9 great pov]ty1 dep5d5t on fir/ "o patron & !n ano!r1 always hop+ t "s turn ( affairs w\ld re/ore him to ,flor5ce1 always tak+ a ke5 & active int]e/ 9 ,italian politics1 until he di$1 /ill 9 exile1 at ,rav5na4 ,add to ?is ! difficulties common to all s*ol>s ( 8 day1 viz4 abs5ce ( pr9t$ books1 public libr>ies1 & j\rnals1 etc41 & we mu/ m>vel h[ he ev] f\nd ! opportunities & ! s]5ity ( m9d = 8 prolong$ /udies4 ,boccaccio adds ano!r ob/acle--8 wife6 ,to console him = ! dea? ( ,beatrice1 8 fri5ds & relatives p]suad$ him to m>ry a wife ( _! *oos+ ) melan*oly results3-- 8,dante =m]ly _h be5 us$ to sp5d 8 "t ov] 8 preci\s /udies :5ev] he 0 incl9$1 & w\ld conv]se ) k+s & pr9ces1 dispute ) philosoph]s1 & frequ5t ! company ( poets4444 ,n[1 :5ev] x pleas$ 8 new mi/ress he mu/ at h] bidd+ quit ?is di/+ui%$ company1 & be> ) ! talk ( wom51 & to avoid a worse vexation mu/ n only ass5t to _! op9ions1 b aga9/ 8 incl9ation mu/ ev5 approve !m4 ,he :o1 :5ev] ! pres5ce ( ! vulg> h]d annoy$ him1 _h be5 accu/om$ to retire to "s solit>y spot1 & !re to speculate on ! motions ( ! heav5s1 or ! s\rce ( animal life1 or ! beg9n+s ( creat$ ?+s1 or may be to indulge "s /range fancy1 or to compose some:at :i* aft] 8 dea? %\ld make 8 "n live into future ages1 he n[1 z (t5 z ! :im took 8 new mi/ress1 mu/ ab&on all su* sweet contemplation1 & g 9 company ) ^? :o _h little m9d = su* ?+s40#hj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #hj ,boccaccio's ,vita di ,dante2 ,translation f ,toynbee's ,dante ,alighi]i 7,ox=d ,biographies71 pp4 #ib1 #ic4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,h[ev]1 aft] a long tirade aga9/ wives1 ,boccaccio owns t z f> z conc]ns ,dante ! picture is entirely imag9>y4 ,he believes ! m>riage 0 an unhappy "o1 because aft] 8 exile ,dante & 8 wife nev] met aga91 b we h no evid5ce :atev] t :ile !y 7 toge!r _! life 0 z ,boccaccio depicts x4 ,d\btless family life & ! c>e ( f\r *ildr5 int]f]$ to "s ext5t ) ,dante's /udies1 b ! "o detail ,boccaccio affirms z fact among 8 fancies1 namely t ! poet refus$ = n9ete5 ye>s to see 8 wife1 seems r to imply t "o ?+ poor ,gemma did "k h[ to d 0 to leave h] husb& 9 peace :5 he did n desire h] company4 ,:5 & :]e ,dante began to /udy a/ronomy s]i\sly x is n easy to say4 ,8 fav\rite /udy 9 8 y\? 0 poetry1 b 8 p>5ts 7says ,bruni7 gave him a good g5]al education1 engag+ su* tea*]s z c\ld be f\nd 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e z yet !re 0 no univ]sity4 ,b see+ h[ clev] ! boy 01 8 relatives & fri5ds help$ & enc\rag$ him1 & among ! latt] ,bruni m5tions ,brunetto ,lat9i4 ,?is fam\s ,flor5t9e 0 a v le>n$ lawy]1 :o dur+ ,dante's infancy & boyhood held high (fices ( /ate 9 ! city4 ,x is n possible1 !re=e1 t he %\ld h _h pupils at ?is "t1 & he _c h be5 ,dante's ma/] 9 any /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 z ,vas>i affirms1 & z _m comm5tators h assum$ on ! /r5g? ( ! mov+ int]view betwe5 ^! two 9 ! ,inf]no4#ha ,dante's affectionate greet+ m+l$ ) rev]5ce1 & ! fa!rly solicitude ( ,brunetto1 sugge/ j su* a connection z ,bruni indicates4 ,! eld]ly man _h tak5 an int]e/ 9 ! budd+ g5ius ( ! boy1 & _h held inspir+ conv]sations ) him f "t to "t on s]i\s subjects1 & by 8 own example _h enc\rag$ ! y\? to w9 fame ?r\gh 8 p54 ,= ,dante 0 no d\bt well acqua9t$ ) ,brunetto's ,tesoretto1 & 8 m ambiti\s & volum9\s ,trsor1 :i* ,brunetto specially comm5ds to 8 c>e4#hb ,?is 0 a comp5dium ( k1 a small "p ( :i* 0 devot$ to ! elem5ts ( a/ronomy1 & x may well be t ?is %ort epitome 0 ,dante's fir/ introduction to ! sci5ce4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ha ,inf4 xv4 #bc et seq4 #hb ,inf4 xv4 #aai4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,"s h ?\ght t ,brunetto's advice to ,dante to foll[ 8 /> 8,se tu segui tua /ella 44410#hc indicates t he _h ca/ ! poet's horoscope2 b !re is no evid5ce t ,brunetto _h ev] practis$ a/rology1 or ev5 t he took special int]e/ 9 x above o!r bran*es ( le>n+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #hc 8,if ?\ foll[ ?y />10 ,inf4 xv4 #ee4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,villani & o!r biograph]s tell u t aft] 8 bani%m5t f ,flor5ce1 !re=e 9 middle age1 ,dante w5t to ! ,univ]sity at ,bologna1 b !y seem to h made ?is /atem5t r because ( its probability ?an because !y knew x = fact4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q possible t he sp5t a c\ple ( ye>s !re1 betwe5 #acjd & #acjf4 ,he probably left 8 8primo rifugio0#hd at ,v]ona :5 ,b>tolommeo della ,scala#he di$ 9 ,m>* #acjd1 & we "k no?+ ( 8 :]eab\ts till ,augu/ #acjf1 :5 he 0 9 ,padua1 z is prov$ by a fifte5? c5tury docum5t4#hf ,n[ 9 #acjf a numb] ( ,ghibell9e /ud5ts & pr(essors left ,bologna = ,padua2 & we "k t ,dante _h fri5ds among ! ,bolognese pr(essors1 = lat] on he seems to h correspond$ ) ,cecco d' ,ascoli1#hg & ,del ,virgilio entreat$ him to come & receive ! laurel cr[n1 an invitation :i* ! poet refus$ 9 "o ( 8 ,lat9 ,eclogues4 ,bologna & ! ,bolognese are ref]r$ to sev]al times 9 ,dante's works1 & ! fri> ,catalano is no d\bt allud+ to ! s*ool ( !ology at ! ,univ]sity :5 he says 9 ,inf4 xxiii4 #adb-add t he us$ to he> at ,bologna mu* ab\t ! wick$ness & ! lies ( ! ,devil4 ,"o vivid passage c h>dly be any?+ b a p]sonal rem9isc5ce ( ! ,c>is5da1 ! lean+ t[] at ,bologna4 ,! poet comp>es 8 fe> :5 he saw ! giant ,antu /oop+ ov] ,virgil & himself to ! s5sation ( look+ up at ! ,c>is5da f b5ea? ! lean+ side1 :5 a cl\d is pass+ ov] x1 & ! spectator feels t ! t[] is ab\t to fall ^u him4#hh 7,! t[] 0 mu* high] 9 ,dante's day ?an x is n[1 "p hav+ be5 pull$ d[n 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #hd 8,fir/ refuge10 ,p>4 xvii4 #gj4 #he ,p>4 xvii4 #ga1 #gb4 #hf ,imbriani1 ,dante a ,padova4 #hg 8,torno a ,rav5na e de l non mi p>to 7,i am go+ back to ,rav5na1 & %all n leave x aga971 is a l9e 9 ! ,ac]ba :i* ,cecco d' ,ascoli puts into ! m\? ( ,dante1 z ?\gh f a lett] writt5 to himself f ! div9e poet at ! "t0 7ab\t ! ye> #acai74 ,dante & ,giovanni del ,virgilio1 by ,wick/e$ & ,g>dn]1 p4 #hd4 #hh ,inf4 xxxi4 #acf-ada4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,univ]sity at ,padua 0 also fam\s1 & z x 0 orig9ally an (f%oot f ,bologna & modell$ on ! same plan1 x is sure to h includ$ a/ronomy 9 its curriculum4 ,b ,dante does n seem to h /ay$ "h m ?an a few mon?s4 ,!re is also a tradition t he w5t to ,p>is1 ! greate/ intellectual c5tre ( 8 times1 & t he himself he>d ^? lectures ( ,sigi]i1 ! philosoph]1 9 ! ,/reet ( ,/raw1 ( :i* he makes m5tion 9 ,p>4 x4 #acg4 ,?is is possible1 b q unc]ta92 ! allusion to ,sigi]i is no pro(1 s9ce x has lately be5 discov]$ t he di$ 9 ,italy1 & 8 /ory 0 well kn[n !re4 ,aft] sift+ all ! evid5ce available1 we c only e*o ,boccaccio1 & say ( ,dante t 8,z x 0 at div]s ages t he /udi$ & le>n$ ! div]s sci5ces1 s likewise x 0 at div]s places ( /udy t he ma/]$ !m "u div]s tea*]s40 ,,iii4 ,,books ,,on ,,a/ronomy ,,us$ ,,by ,,dante4 ,,books ,,on ,,a/ronomy ,,us$ ,,by ,,dante4 ,we %all probably be "r if we conclude t ,dante's k ( a/ronomy 0 pr9cipally ga9$ f indep5d5t read+1 & f conv]sation & discussion ) le>n$ m54 ,l a true s*ol>1 he 0 le>n+ all 8 life1 = 9 ! ,p>adiso he corrects ! op9ion express$ e>li] 9 ! ,convivio ab\t ! orig9 ( ! m>k+s 9 ! moon4 ,boccaccio's description ( 8 plann+ out a c\rse ( /udy & attack+ "s subjects alone 9 8 y\? agrees ) 8 own acc\nt ( 8 lonely /ruggles ) ,lat9 au?ors2#hi & x is q cr$ible t he suff]$ heat & cold1 & w5t )\t food & sleep 9 8 eag]ness to le>n1 s9ce he himself m5tions q casually t at "o "t he injur$ 8 sight by con/ant read+1 s t ! />s appe>$ blurr$ to him1 until by re/ & ba?+ ) cold wat] x became /rong aga94#ij ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #hi ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiii4 #bb-bf4 #ij ,conv4 ,,iii4 ix4 #adf-aeg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,8 dilig5ce mu/ h be5 great1 & 8 memory wond]ful1 judg+ f ! num]\s quotations f classical & contempor>y au?ors to be f\nd 9 8 writ+s4 ,!y seem to be *iefly f memory1 & x is n likely t he c (t5 h _h _m books by him :5 writ+4 ,if he gives a ref]5ce x is (t5 a vague "o1 & occasionally wrong3 8 au?orities on a/ronomical que/ions are sometimes 8! ma!maticians10 8! a/rolog]s10 or 8! sages ( ,egypt10 by :om he means ! ,alex&rian a/ronom]s4 ,"o does n1 ( c\rse1 expect m$ival writ]s to v]ify _! ref]5ces1 or to h our mod]n scruples ab\t quot+ o!r au?ors )\t ackn[l$gem5t3 9 ^? days !y 7 only too glad to get _! in=mation :]ev] !y c\ld1 (t5 at second or ?ird h&1 & to make x _! own by /or+ x 9 _! memories4 ,nev]!less1 f a c>eful /udy ( ,dante's direct quotations1 & 8 allusions & rem9isc5ces1 :i* are sometimes unconsci\s1 a good idea may be ga9$ ( 8 range ( read+1 & ( ! books & au?ors on :om he *iefly reli$ = 8 a/ronomical data4 ,8 supreme au?ority 0 ( c\rse ,ptolemy4 ,b x w\ld only be by a r>e *ance t he c\ld see ! ,almage/1 ev5 9 a translation1 & all ! evid5ce t we c f9d 9 8 own writ+s po9ts to its be+ entirely unkn[n to him4 ,on ea* ( ! ?ree occasions t he quotes ,ptolemy's op9ion on subjects dealt ) 9 ! ,almage/ he is wrong3 once x is ,ptolemy's view on ! physical nature ( ! ,galaxy1#ia z to :i* none _h be5 express$1 al?\gh its appe>ance 0 c>efully describ$2 9 ano!r case he implies t ,ptolemy discov]$ precession1 & says t he add$ a n9? heav5 to acc\nt = x1#ib & ?is d\ble mi/ake 0 app>5tly copi$ f ,alb]tus ,magnus or ,av]ros4#ic ,z we "k1 x 0 ,hipp>*us :o discov]$ precession1 & ,ptolemy gives him ! cr$it = 9 ! ,almage/2 x 0 ! ,arabian a/ronom]s :o add$ ! n9? sph]e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ia ,conv4 ,,ii4 xv4 #gc-gg4 #ib ,conv4 ,,ii4 iii4 #cf-eb1 ,v4 ,n4 xxx4 #ic ,av]ros1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,ari/otle's ,de ,clo1 says t ! anci5ts believ$ ! eigh?1 or />ry1 heav51 to be ! out]mo/1 b t ,ptolemy assum$ a n9?1 8because he said t he _h discov]$ a sl[ motion along ! signs ( ! zodiac 9 ! fix$ />s40 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 9 8 ,de ,clo et ,mundo1 ,book ,,ii41 says also t ! anci5ts1 includ+ ,ari/otle1 believ$ t !re 7 only eight heav5s1 b t ,ptolemy1 s f> z he c und]/&1 believ$ 9 t51 on philosophical n ma!matical gr\nds 7comp>e ,conv4 ,,ii4 iii4 #dj1 #da74 ,alb]tus accept$ ! !ory ( 8trepidation10 & ?\ght ?is 0 ! only movem5t :i* ought to be assign$ to ! /> sph]e2 !re rema9$1 !re=e1 two motions1 :i* affect all ! planet>y sph]es & ! /> sph]e1 = :i* two m sph]es mu/ be assum$1 a n9? sph]e = precession1 & a t5?1 ! primum mobile1 = ! diurnal motion4 ,outside all 0 ! ,empyrean4 ,dante nev] m5tions trepidation1 & evid5tly did n believe 9 x3 he ne$$ only n9e mov+ sph]es1 !re=e1 b c\nts ! ,empyrean z a t5? heav54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,on ! o!r h& ,dante quotes twice q correctly f ! ,tetrabiblios1 :i* 0 m widely kn[n4#id ,he may1 !re=e1 possibly h read x1 & he alludes to x 9 ! ,convivio1 ?\gh by a curi\s slip he does n give its "n1 ?9k+ he has done s already3 8,tolommeo dice nello allegato libro44440#ie ,?is is 9 ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ! second treatise1 b s f> f hav+ j quot$ any special "w by ,ptolemy he has said no?+ at all ab\t him s9ce ! ?ird *apt]1 & !n x 0 only 8 op9ion & "n t 7 m5tion$4 ,i h n be5 able to trace ! quotation giv5 9 ! ,qu/io de ,aqua et ,t]ra 7xxi4 #bi-ca71 :]e ,ptolemy is said to h ass]t$ t ?+s on e>? resemble ?+s 9 heav51 b ?is probably comes also 7or 0 suppos$ to come71 f ! 8judicial a/ronomy0 ( ! ,tetrabiblios4 ,x is n tak5 f ! ,almage/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #id ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #aih-bjb4 ,ibid4 #bdi-bec4 #ie 8,ptolemy says 9 ! book above cit$40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! elem5ts ( ,ptolemy's sy/em1 h[ev]1 c\ld be le>n$ indirectly1 & x seems t ,dante _h rec\rse to ! excell5t epitome ( ! ,arab a/ronom] ,alfraganus4 ,x is true t 8 "n is only m5tion$ once1 & 8 book once2 b ne>ly all ,dante's a/ronomical data appe> to h be5 tak5 f him1 & 8 v expressions are sometimes repeat$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( borr[+ f ! ,elem5ta ,a/ronomica ( ,alfraganus occurs 9 ! ,p>adiso1 :]e ,dante lik5s tw5ty-f\r spirits to z _m brilliant />s4#if ,he makes up ! numb] by tak+ fifte5 specially bright />s f diff]5t p>ts ( ! sky1 & add+ to !m ! />s ( ,ursa ,major & two />s ( ,ursa ,m9or4 ,! sev5 *ief />s ( ,ursa ,major are well kn[n1 b ,beta & ,gamma ,urs ,m9oris are n conspicu\s nor specially famili>2 & :y1 if he takes fifte5 unnam$1 %\ld he "n any ( ! tw5ty-f\r8 ,turn+ to *apt] #ai ( ,alfraganus' book1 we f9d t he foll[s ,ptolemy 9 enum]at+ fifte5 fir/-magnitude />s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sky1 & !n he gives z examples ( ! second magnitude 7i4e4 next 9 brightness7 ,b5et ,naax & ,alf>cate91 ,arab con/ellations :i* correspond ) ! tail ( ,ursa ,major1 & ,beta & ,gamma ( ,ursa ,m9or4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #if ,p>4 xiii4 #a-ac4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!re is no reason to suppose t ,dante knew ,arabic1 b !re 7 sev]al v]sions ( ,alfraganus 9 ,lat91 & x is ev5 possible to det]m9e ) "s c]ta9ty :i* ( !m he us$4 ,speak+ ( ! movem5ts ( ! planet ,v5us1 he says t !y may be f\nd1 summ>iz$ f ! be/ demon/rations ( ! a/rolog]s1 9 ! ,book ( ! ,collection ( ! ,/>s3-- 8,li quali1 secondo* nel ,libro dell' ,aggregazione delle ,/elle epilogato si trova1 dalla migliore dimo/razione degli a/rologi 44440 7,conv4 ,,ii4 vi4 #acc-acf74 ,al?\gh ! usual "n = ! book ( ,alfraganus 9 ,lat9 0 ,elem5ta ,a/ronomica1 ! v]sion = :i* m$ival /ud5ts 7 indebt$ to ! indefatigable translator ,g]>d ( ,cremona be>s 9 ! ,,mss4 ! title ,alfragani lib] de aggregationibus ,sci5ti ,/ell>um et de pr9cipiis cle/ium motuum4 ,x is ?is book1 !re=e1 t ,dante means1 ?\gh he has translat$ ! title some:at inaccurately4#ig ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ig ,see ,s*iap>elli's lett] 9 ,lub9's ,dante e gli ,a/ronomi ,italiani4 ,! "n is1 h[ev]1 also us$ z a sub-title 9 ! pr9t$ edition ( ,*ri/mann1 ,frank=t1 #aeij1 :i* 0 bas$ n on ! translation ( ,g]>d b ( ,johannes ,hispal5sis ( ,seville2 & ,toynbee ?9ks t ?is ,frank=t edition repres5ts mo/ ne>ly ! v]sion ( ,alfraganus us$ by ,dante4 ,x is ! only "o ( ! five pr9t$ editions :i* gives ! same figure = ! diamet] ( ,m]cury z t quot$ by ,dante4 ,see ,toynbee1 8,dante's ,obligations to ,alfraganus0 9 ,romania xxiv4 #ie1 & ,moore1 ,/udies 9 ,dante iii4 p4 #c1 note4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!re 7 sev]al o!r books kn[n to ,dante f :i* he mu/ h glean$ in=mation ab\t ,ptolemy's sy/em1 b ,alfraganus we may reg>d z 8 /&>d ref]5ce book4 ,_m v]sions ( ,alfraganus are /ill extant1 & x is pleasant to feel t we c hold 9 our own h&s ,dante's text-book on a/ronomy4 ,! be/ kn[n is ! pr9t$ edition ( ,golius1 publi%$ 9 ,am/]dam 9 #affi3 x is 9 bo? ,lat9 & ,arabic1 & op5+ 9 ! middle we may turn ! pages backw>ds to see ! beautiful ,arabic lett]s ( ,alfraganus' own language1 :i* is writt5 f "r to left1 or =w>ds to look at ! ,lat9 9 :i* he became kn[n to ,dante4 ,next 9 importance to ,alfraganus among ,dante's au?orities on a/ronomy 0 ,ari/otle4 ,we h se5 h[ ov]:elm+ 8 au?ority became 9 natural sci5ce 9 ! second half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & h[ = "s "t s*ol>s fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! sy/em ( sph]es devis$ by ,eudoxus1 :i* 0 ! s*eme upheld by ,ari/otle1 & ! epicycles & ecc5trics ( ,ptolemy4 ,among all ,ari/otle's admir]s none 0 m devot$ ?an ,dante3 = him ,ari/otle is n only 8,il ,filos(o10 ! ,philosoph] p> excell5ce1 z he 0 g5]ally call$ 9 t age2 he is 8quello glorioso filos(o al quale la ,natura pi ap]se li suoi segreti10 8 intellect 0 8quasi div9o10 & 8 words are ( 8somma e altissima autoritade40#ih ,?r\gh\t ,dante's own writ+s 8 ref]5ces to ,ari/otle are s frequ5t t ,dr4 ,moore obs]ves3 8,! am\nt & v>iety ( ,dante's k ( ! cont5ts ( ! v>i\s works ( ,ari/otle is no?+ less ?an a/oni%+40#ii ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ih 8,t glori\s philosoph] to :om ,nature mo/ fully reveal$ h] secrets10 ,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #ed-ef2 8almo/ div9e10 ,conv4 ,,iv4 vi4 #acc2 8supreme & highe/ au?ority10 ,ibid4 #eb4 #ii ,moore1 ,/udies 9 ,dante ,i4 7,scripture & ,classical ,au?ors 9 ,dante71 f :i* mu* ( ! in=mation 9 ?is *apt] has be5 tak54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,he does n1 h[ev]1 consid] ,ari/otle infallible z reg>ds ! details ( a/ronomy1 = 9 ^! ! philosoph] 0 only foll[+ ! obs]v]s & ma!maticians2#ajj b 9 all matt]s :i* dep5d ^u fir/ pr9ciples1 9 :i* ,dante w\ld include ! =m ( ! e>?1 ,ari/otle's au?ority may n be call$ 9 "q4#aja ,9 cosmical physics1 su* z ! doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5ts1 & 9 meteorology1 ,dante foll[s 8il mio ,mae/ro0#ajb implicitly1 & x is also l>gely f ! ,de ,clo t he ga9$ 8 k ( e>ly ,greek speculations reg>d+ ! univ]se4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ajj ,conv4 ,,ii4 iii4 #ai-ba4 #aja ,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #fb-fe4 #ajb 8,my ma/]40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dante knew little m ( ,greek ?an ( ,arabic4 ,8 occasional use ( ,greek words is en\gh to prove ?is--= example :5 he discusses ! ,py?agorean !ory ( 8,antictona10 us+ ! accusative z if x 7 a nom9ative4#ajc ,9 sev]al passages he implies t ! language 0 n kn[n to him1 & he di/9ctly /ates t he us$ translations ( ,ari/otle's works4 ,"h aga9 we are able to id5tify ! v]sions he us$4 ,9 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xv4 #ei-gc he compla9s t x is impossible to "k :at ,ari/otle believ$ ab\t ! ,milky ,way1 because 9 ! 8old translation0 he is made to say "o ?+1 & 9 ! 8new translation0 q ano!r4 ,f 8 quotations ( ^! two conflict+ op9ions1 we are able to d$uce t ! 8old translation0 0 t :i* ,mi*ael ,scot made f ! ,arabic1 & ! 8new translation0 t ( ,aqu9as1 :i* 0 made direct f ! ,greek4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ajc ,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #cb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,he _h access1 !re=e1 to m ?an "o ,lat9 translation ( ,ari/otle2 & beside ?is1 8 quotations seem to h be5 (t5 tak5 f comm5tators & compil]s ( 8 own times1 especially ,aqu9as & ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,?is 0 frequ5tly ! case ) ! ,meteorologica ( ,ari/otle1 = ! ,de ,meteoris ( ,alb]tus ,magnus seems to h be5 mu* us$ by ,dante 9 place ( ,ari/otle's own "w4 ,dante quotes x by "n z ,meteora 9 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #afi1 & also 9 ,conv4 ,,iv4 xxiii4 #abe-abf1 :]e he m5tions 8,alb]to0 z ! au?or4 ,^! two1 !n1 ! ,arab ,alfraganus & ! ,greek ,ari/otle1 7 ,dante's *ief au?orities 9 a/ronomy1 bo? 9 ,lat9 translations4 ,besides ^!1 !re is evid5ce 9 8 writ+s t he 0 famili> ) sev]al classical au?ors :o treat$ ( a/ronomy4 ,he quotes frequ5tly f _m ( ,cic]o's works1 & we f9d e*oes1 9 two passages1 ( ! ,dream ( ,scipio1#ajd :i* he is almo/ c]ta9 to h read1 s9ce x 0 a fav\rite book 9 8 "t4 ,!re are sev]al ref]5ces to ,s5eca1 b ! only "t t an a/ronomical ph5om5on record$ by him is m5tion$#aje ,dante is evid5tly quot+ at second-h& f ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,) all ! works ( ,virgil1 & ) ! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid 7f :i* he took 8 a/ronomical my?s7#ajf he 0 evid5tly v famili>2 & ,lucan is "o ( 8 au?orities = ! position ( ! e>?'s equator4 ,9 ?is case ! "n ( ! au?or & ! numb] ( ! book are precisely /at$4#ajg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ajd ,inf4 ii4 #gf-gh2 ,p>4 xxii4 #acd-ach4 #aje ,conv4 ii4 xiv4 #agd-agf4 #ajf ,pha?on1 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xv4 #ec-ee1 ,purg4 xxix4 #aah-abj2 ,latona1 ,purg4 xx4 #acj-acb2 ! ,horses ( ! ,sun1 ,conv4 ,,iv4 xxiii4 #acd-aci1 etc41 etc4 #ajg ,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #aae-aag4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dante _h a great rev]5ce = ,plato1 :om he calls 8uomo eccell5tissimo10#ajh & ( :om he repeats ! m$ival leg5d t he 0 a pr9ce :o gave up all = ! sake ( acquir+ wisdom4#aji ,( 8 writ+s he only knew ! ,timaeus1 probably ! ,lat9 translation & comm5t>y ( ,*alcidius1 :i* 0 widely kn[n4 ,or he may h be5 acqua9t$ ) ,aqu9as' comm5t>y1 :i* has s9ce be5 lo/4 ,he also knew some?+ ( ,plato's tea*+s ?r\gh ,ari/otle & ,cic]o1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ,aqu9as1 & p]haps ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,:5 he feels oblig$ to diss5t f ! great philosoph]'s doctr9e t ! s\ls ( m5 come f ! />s1 he does s ) reluctance & great g5tl5ess4#aaj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ajh 8,a man ( supreme excell5ce40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 v4 #ba1 #bb4 #aji ,conv4 ,,iii4 xiv4 #gf-gi4 #aaj ,p>4 iv4 #bb-bd1 #di-fj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,among o!r ,greek philosoph]s :o speculat$ on a/ronomy1 ,dante m5tions ,?ales#aaa & ,py?agoras4 ,! date :5 ! latt] fl\ri%$ he takes 7he tells u7 f ,livy1 & 8 !ory t ! ,univ]se is gov]n$ by ! pr9ciple ( numb] f ,ari/otle's fir/ book ( ,metaphysics4 ,! a/ronomical !ories ( 8 s*ool are also d\btless tak5 f ,ari/otle4 ,dante tells ! /ory ( ,py?agoras t he 0 ! fir/ man to be call$ 8philosoph]10 because :5 ask$ if he consid]$ himself a wise man1 he repli$1 8,no1 b only a lov] ( wisdom40#aab ,dionysius ! ,academician & ,socrates are ref]r$ to = _! op9ions on ! influ5ce ( ! />s ^u human s\ls2#aac & ,anaxagoras & ,democritus = _! galactic !ories1#aad :i* ,dante obta9$ f ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aaa ,conv4 ,,iii4 xi4 #ci2 ,inf4 iv4 #acg4 #aab ,conv4 ,,iii4 xi4 #bb-cc2 ,,ii4 xiv4 #add-adg2 ,,iii4 v4 #bi-dd2 ,,iii4 xi4 #da-dg4 #aac ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #cd1 #ce4 #aad ,conv4 ,,ii4 xv4 #ef4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,except = ,alfraganus1 ,dante ref]s b seldom to ,arab a/ronom]s4 ,he does n seem to h kn[n ,albategnius4 ,! ,de ,sub/antia ,orbis ( ,av]ros is quot$ 9 ! ,qu/io de ,aqua et ,t]ra1#aae & x is possible t f ?is book ,dante d]iv$ a !ory ab\t ! moon :i* he exp\nds 9 ! ,convivio4 ,he quotes ,alpetragius on circul> exi/5ce 7dep5d5t on ! sph]es71#aaf ,avic5na on ! ,galaxy1 & aga9 ) ,algazel on ! influ5ce ( ! sph]es1#aag & ,albumass> on meteors4#aah ,! quotation f ! latt]1 h[ev]1 is second-h& f ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & is a mi/ake1 = ! passage is n to be f\nd 9 t a/ronom]'s works4 ,he 0 born 9 ,turke/an1 9 #hje4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aae ,qu4 xviii4 #ch1 #ci4 #aaf ,conv4 ,,iii4 ii4 #cg4 #aag ,conv4 ,,ii4 xv4 #gg1 ,,ii4 xiv4 #cb4 #aah ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #agj-agd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,we may "h rem9d our read]s t ! ?ree ,lat9 poets1 ,virgil1 ,ovid1 & ,lucan1 7 among ! _w's five greate/ poets met by ,dante 9 ,limbo2 t next to ,ari/otle among ! philosoph]s /ood ,socrates & ,plato1 & ne> ^! 7 ,democritus1 ,anaxagoras1 & ,?ales1 ,cic]o & ,s5eca1 ,ptolemy1 ,avic5na & ,av]ros4#aai ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aai ,inf4 iv4 #hj1 #ha1 #ij1 #aca-add4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,among ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ,dante may h ga!r$ "s in=mation ab\t anci5t ,greek speculations f ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,pet] ,lomb>d2 & ,orosius1 ! ,spani% fri5d ( ,augu/9e1 0 8 *ief au?ority = t geographical sy/em :i*1 9 connection ) a/ronomy1 plays an important "p 9 ! "t-indications ( ! ,div9a ,comm$ia4 ,orosius _h a great reputation among geograph]s & map-mak]s4 ,he _h travell$ mu* betwe5 ,spa91 ,africa1 & ,pale/9e1 & he devotes a *apt] to describ+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>? 9 8 hi/ory ,adv]sus ,paganos1 :i* he wrote to prove t ,*ri/ianity _h n injur$ b b5efitt$ ! c\ntries 9 :i* x _h be5 accept$4 ,?is fif? c5tury geography seems to h be5 l>gely bas$ on ! fir/-c5tury geography ( ,/rabo1 :o quotes ,erato/h5es1 ,posidonius1 & ,hipp>*us among 8 au?orities4 ,orosius /ates t ! l& is entirely surr\nd$ by ,ocean1 & is divid$ into ?ree cont95ts--,asia1 ) ! m\?s ( ,ganges 9 ! middle ( its ea/]n coa/1 ,europe /ret*+ vaguely v f> to ! nor?-ea/1 & ,africa a n>r[ & long /rip f ea/ to we/ betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! s\!rn ocean4 ,?is *apt] is quot$ 9 ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 iii4 #hg-ij & ,qu4 xix4 #dc2 & ,orosius is almo/ c]ta9ly 8quell' avocato dei tempi cri/iani10#abj se5 by ,dante among ! le>n$ doctors 9 ! ,heav5 ( ! ,sun4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #abj 8,! advocate ( ! ,*ri/ian c5turies40 7,p>4 x4 #aii74 ,orosius is also m5tion$ by "n 9 ,conv4 ,,iii4 xi4 #bg2 ,v4 ,e4 ,,ii4 vi4 #hd2 & ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 ix4 #bf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! speak] :o po9ts him out 9 ^! words also m5tions 8 own "n & t ( ! _s ne>e/ to him3-- 8,que/i *e m' a de/ro pi vic9o ,frate e mae/ro fummi1 ed esso ,alb]to di ,cologna1 ed io ,?omas d',aqu9o40#aba ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aba 8,he :o is ne>e/ to me on ! "r ,my bro!r & ma/] 01 & he ,alb]tus ,is ( ,cologne1 ,i ,?omas ( ,aqu9um40 7,p>4 x4 #ig-ii74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,^! two1 s ne> 9 heav51 _h be5 close companions on e>?4 ,! y\?ful ,?omas1 son ( ,c\nt d',aqu9o 9 s\!rn ,italy1 aft] six ye>s' /udy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,naples jo9$ ! ,dom9ican ,ord]1 & w5t to ,cologne to le>n f ,alb]t1 :o 0 also ( noble family b born 9 ,suabia on ! ,danube4 ,toge!r !y w5t to ,p>is1 toge!r return$ to ,cologne1 b aft] six m ye>s !re _! pa?s sep>at$3 ,alb]t rose to be ,bi%op ( ,ratisbon2 ,aqu9as1 aft] lectur+ 9 ,p>is1 ,rome1 & ,bologna1 became a pr(essor at ,naples1 & di$ 9 ,italy 9 #abgd4 ,8 ma/] surviv$ him by six ye>s1 dy+ at ,cologne at ! advanc$ age ( eighty-sev5 9 #abhj4abb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #abb ,toynbee1 ,dante ,diction>y2 ! s\rce also ( _m o!r details giv5 9 ?is *apt]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,^! two are 9 ! =emo/ rank among au?ors ( 8 own "t :o influ5c$ ,dante4 ,he quotes bo? writ]s & sev]al ( _! books by "n1#abc & ?\gh he nev] m5tions x he 0 v famili> ) ! ,summa ,!ologica ( ,aqu9as4 ,to ! works ( ^! fam\s au?ors he 0 frequ5tly indebt$ = a/ronomical facts1 !ories1 & hi/ory1 z already not$4 ,besides ?is1 8 rev]5ce = ,ari/otle1 8 belief 9 ! ess5tial h>mony betwe5 religion & sci5ce1 & 8 :ole attitude t[>ds k1 are greatly due to ! influ5ce ( ,/4 ,?omas & 8 8bro!r & ma/]10 ,alb]t ( ,cologne4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #abc ,alb]t 9 ,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #aac-aae1 vii4 #bf-bh2 ,,iv4 xxiii4 #abe-f2 ,aqu9as 9 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xv4 #abe-f2 ,,iv4 viii4 #c-f1 xv4 #abe-acj1 xxx4 #bf-cj2 ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 iv4 #e-h2 & see ,purg4 xx4 #fi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!re are also ?ree ( ,dante's own fell[-c\ntrym5 & contempor>ies ^: books he is mo/ likely to h read1 al?\gh he does n m5tion !m3--,brunetto ,lat9i ! ,flor5t9e1 ,cecco d' ,ascoli1 pr(essor at ,bologna1 & ,ri/oro ! monk ( ,arezzo4 ,brunetto ,lat9i is only m5tion$ once 9 ,dante's works1 besides ! passage 9 ! ,inf]no already ref]r$ to4 ,9 ! ,de ,vulg>i ,eloqu5tia ,brunetus ,flor5t9us is m5tion$ ) admiration z a di/+ui%$ man ( lett]s1 b blam$ ) o!r ,tuscans = writ+ 9 8 own local dialect4#abd ,brunetto1 :o 0 born 9 ,flor5ce ab\t #abaj1 0 s5t on an embassy 9 #abfj to ,alfonso ,x4 ( ,ca/ile1 ! le>n$ k+ "u ^: guidance ! fam\s a/ronomical ,tables _h be5 drawn up4 ,b on 8 way back to ,flor5ce he 0 met by ! news t ! ,flor5t9e ,guelphs _h be5 defeat$ at ! disa/r\s battle ( ,montap]ti1#abe & expell$ f ,flor5ce2 & z he belong$ to ?is p>ty he took refuge 9 ,france1 fir/ at ,montpelli] & aft]w>ds 9 ,p>is4 ,:5 ! ,guelphs _h rega9$ ! asc5dancy ?r\gh _! victory at ,b5ev5to 9 #abff 7:]e ,manfr$ lo/ 8 life71#abf ,brunetto return$ to ,flor5ce1 & 8 "n subsequ5tly appe>s 9 no less ?an ?irty-five public docum5ts z hav+ be5 consult$ by ! gov]nm5t ( 8 native city on v>i\s important matt]s4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 moreov]1 x is record$ t 8 advice 0 foll[$4 ,he di$ at a v5]able old age 9 ,flor5ce 9 #abid1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #abd ,v4 ,e41 ,i4 xiii4 #a-aa4 #abe ,inf41 xxxii4 #ha1 & x4 #he1 #hf4 #abf ,purg41 iii4 #aab-abi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x 0 :ile exil$ 9 ,france t ,brunetto wrote ! ,italian poem ,il ,tesoretto1 9 :i* he repres5ts himself z a pilgrim on an allegorical j\rney2 & f ?is ,dante p]haps d]iv$ "s sugge/ions = 8 ,vision4 ,! poem is incomplete1 & breaks (f at a tantaliz+ po9t1 = ,brunetto has j met ,ptolemy on ,m\nt ,olympus1 & has put a "q to him3 ,ptolemy 8rispose 9 que/a guisa0#abg--;& "h ! poem ends6 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #abg 8,repli$ aft] ?is fa%ion40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 ,france also he wrote ,li ,l\vres d\ ,trsor1 a great comp5dium ( le>n+1 9 ,fr5* prose4 ,! fir/ "p treats ( ! ,creation & ,biblical hi/ory1 & ( ! natural sci5ces2 ! second ( e?ics1 rhetoric1 & politics4 ,9 ! section on a/ronomy :i* is includ$ 9 ! fir/ "p1 ,brunetto gives a v brief acc\nt ( ,ptolemy's sy/em1 & ! sizes & di/ances ( ! heav5ly bodies z e/imat$ by ! ,arabs3 x seems to be bas$ *iefly on ,alfraganus4 ,b beside ! p]iods ( ! planets he adds 9 ea* case _! a/rological prop]ties1 z = in/ance3-- 8,saturnus1 qui e/ le s\v]a9 sor t\s1 e/ cruex et felons et de froide nature 444 ,jupit] 444 a/ d\s et piteus et pla9s de bi5s4444 ,m>s et *aus et bataill]eus1 et mauvais1 et e/ apelez ,diex de batailles40#abh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #abh ,li ,l\vres d\ ,trsor1 ,*abaille1 ,p>is #ahfc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,:5 speak+ ( ! two pr9cipal movem5ts ( ! skies1 he quotes a curi\s old idea :i* _h be5 m5tion$ by ,isidore ( ,seville1 t !y are 9 contr>y directions because ! trem5d\s spe$ ( ! diurnal motion w\ld %ake ! :ole univ]se to pieces if x 7 n t ! sev5 planets g z x 7 to meet x1 & s(t5 its vehem5ce3-- 8,li firmam5z c\rt de ori5t en occid5t entre jor et nuit une fois1 si roidem5t et si =t que sa pesanteur et s gr&or la f]oi5t t\t tressaillir1 se ne fuss5t les ,,vii4 planetes qui vont aussi comme a l'encontre d\ firmam5t1 et atempr5t son c\rs selonc son erre40#abi ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #abi ,ibid4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,ac]ba ( ,cecco d',ascoli 0 ano!r encyclopdic "w1 b 9 ,italian v]se4 ,x 0 v mu* ! fa%ion 9 ^? days to und]take a compilation ( all k9ds ( k1 & ?is 0 d\btless v useful :5 few books c\ld be own$ by any s+le read]4 ,cecco _h a consid]able k ( natural sci5ce1 & a/rology 0 ( great importance 9 8 eyes4 ,?\gh ,dante nev] m5tions him or 8 "w1 he c h>dly h be5 ignorant ( x1 especially z he himself is m5tion$ 9 x4 ,nor does he m5tion ,ri/oro ( ,arezzo1 yet we f9d _m ideas & expressions 9 ,dante's writ+s :i* are also 9 ! ,composizione del ,mondo4 ,ev5 if he did n borr[ f x1 ! book is wor? /udy by anyone int]e/$ 9 ! popul> a/ronomy ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,we le>n f ! au?or t he wrote 8 book 9 ,arezzo1 f9i%+ x 9 ! ye> #abhb1 t is ab\t ?irty ye>s be=e ,dante's ,convivio appe>$4 ,! op5+ words run3-- 8,incom9iciasi il libro della ,composizione del ,mondo colle sue cagioni3 compo/o da ,ri/oro di ,arezzo 9 quella nobilissima citt 444 etc40#acj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #acj 8,"h beg9ne? ! book ( ! ,composition ( ! ,_w toge!r ) its ,causes3 writt5 by ,ri/oro ( ,arezzo 9 t mo/ noble city40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- & ! clos+ words are3-- 8,compiuto e que/o libro sotto li anni di ,cri/o nel mille dug5to ottantadue4 ,ridolfo imp]adore aletto4 ,m>t9o qu>to papa resid5te4 ,am540#aca ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aca 8,"h ende? ?is book1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& two hundr$ & eighty-two4 ,rudolph ,emp]or at ?is date4 ,m>t9 ,,iv4 resid5t ,pope40 ,am54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,we le>n fur!r t he 0 a monk & a native ( ,arezzo 9 an int]e/+ passage :]e he describes a total eclipse ( ! sun se5 by himself f 8 mona/]y3 ! sky 0 v cle>1 & x mu/ h be5 a specially d>k eclipse1 = besides ,m]cury he saw _m />s2 totality la/$ = z long z a man c\ld easily walk #bej /eps2 !re 0 a feel+ ( *ill1 & birds & wild animals 7 s fright5$ t !y all[$ !mselves to be caught4 ,fra ,ri/oro made a calculation & f\nd t on t day sun & moon 7 9 ! same position 9 ! sky4 ,x 0 p]haps ?is ev5t :i* induc$ him to /udy a/ronomy4 ,! ext5t & dep? ( ,ri/oro's read+ evid5tly bore no comp>ison to ,dante's1 b he 0 able to sit writ+ 9 8 quiet cell1 day aft] day1 & _h su* books z he want$ at h&4 ,! mona/]y seems to h be5 furni%$ ) a/ronomical tables1 a cele/ial globe1 & ! books ( ,alfraganus & o!r ,arab writ]s4 ,all ^! he _h /udi$1 & he 0 some?+ ( an obs]v] too4 ,alfraganus mu/ h be5 always at 8 elb[ :5 writ+1 = he turns to x con/antly1 quot+ 7unlike ,dante7 ! *apt] ref]r$ to3-- 8,alfragano pose nell' ottavo capitolo20 8 te/imonio l',alfragano nelli v5ti e due capitoli del suo libro20#acb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #acb 8,alfraganus said 9 ! #h? *apt]02 8,alfraganus be>s witness 9 ! #bbnd *apt] ( 8 book40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- "o *apt] is av[$ly tak5 :ole f ,alfraganus1 & :]e ! op9ions ( 8il gr&e ,tolommeo0#acc are quot$ !y are evid5tly copi$ f ! same s\rce4 ,o!r ,arab writ]s are quot$ once or twice1 = in/ance1 ,albumass>1 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #acc 8,! fam\s ,ptolemy40 8il quale fu altissimo mae/ro d'a/rologia10#acd #acd 8,:o 0 a v great tea*] ( a/rology40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- & sev]al l9es are copi$ f a ,lat9 translation ( ,algazel1#ace giv+ "s a/rological j>gon ab\t ! twelve zodiacal signs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ace 8,an ,arabian philosoph] ( ,baghdad1 #ajeh-aaaa40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,we h already quot$ f ,ri/oro's preface1 %[+ ! high op9ion he held ( a/ronomy4 ,b x is disappo9t+ to f9d t ! greate/ "p ( 8 book is devot$ to ! 8cagioni10 t is1 to purely fanciful 8reasons10 = all ! facts & fallacies conc]n+ nature :i* he has "h br\ght toge!r4 ,he gravely argues ab\t ! con/ellation figures z if !y 7 real pictures ( animals & ?+s prick$ out by nature 9 />s on ! vault ( heav51 & n a human conv5tion4 ,he notes _! paucity 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & t ne>ly all h _! heads t[>ds ! nor?1 & f ?is he draws ! conclusion t ! nor!rn "p ( ! sky is ! nobl]1 = we c see x is ! upp] side1 j z we "k ! top side ( a book by ! position ( its lett]s4 ,x is = ?is reason1 he ?9ks1 t only ! nor!rn hemisph]e ( ! e>? conta9s l& & is inhabit$4 ,"s1 especially ! great ,av]ros1 _h inde$ held t !re is inhabit$ l& s\? ( ! equator1 because ! sun goes !re4 ,b ?is is because 8 movem5ts ( recession & approa* are necess>y to produce ! seasons1 & h5ce ! gr[? ( plant life1 9 ! nor?4 ,! con/ellations are upside d[n = ! s\?1 s !y c h no effect !re1 !re=e1 !re are no animals !re 7s9ce e race ( animals is "u ! protection ( a con/ellation72 !re=e no plants1 s9ce !y exi/ = animals1 & !re=e1 ,ri/oro concludes 8 *a9 ( argum5t triumphantly1 !re are no m51 & no l&s1 = l& )\t life w\ld be useless4 ,ri/oro reproduces ,alfraganus' description ( ! sun's movem5ts z se5 9 diff]5t latitudes1 quotes him z say+ t ! equatoral regions are inhabit$1 & ,avic5na t ! temp]ature !re is equable because days & nights are always equal4 ,! city ,arym :i* is exactly on ! equator has a p]fect climate1 & z x has two summ]s & two w9t]s !re are two h>ve/s2 moreov]1 all ! />s 9 ! sky are visible at ! equator2 !re=e1 ! be/ a/ronom]s1 & ! wise/ & ri*e/ m51 ought to live !re1 says ,ri/oro4 ,:5 writ+ ?us1 he seems to h _h be=e him "o ( ! 8climate maps0 :i* 7 common 9 ,europe 9 ! elev5? & foll[+ c5turies1 hav+ be5 introduc$ by ,arab c>tograph]s1 :o adopt$ ! idea f ,greek maps4 ,= he goes on to po9t out t ! fir/ 8climate0 is mu* ! longe/1 & t ! o!rs dim9i% gradually t[>ds ! pole1 all ! 8t]ra scop]ta0#acf be+ ?us conta9$ 9 "o qu>t] ( ! e>?1 & hav+ ! %ape ( ! moon :5 we see x half full4#acg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #acf 8,! uncov]$ e>?10 i4e4 n hidd5 "u ! ocean4 #acg ,bk4 ,,vi4 cap4 xi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! half-moon %ape ( ! habitable e>?4 7,ri/oro74 ,!re is no?+ b sea s\? ( ! equator1 & ! habitable e>? lies :olly 9 "o half ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! o!r half be+ sea4 ,! habitable e>?1 !re=e1 is ! same %ape z ! half-moon1 i4e4 a qu>t] sph]e4 ,! accompany+ climate map %[s all ^! features1 ! fam\s city ,arym--occupy+ ne>ly half ! space1 al?\gh x is suppos$ to be m]ely on ! equator--! sev5 climates1 & ! region beyond ! sev5?1 ne> ! nor? pole1 m>k$ z un9habitable ?r\gh ! cold4 ,! half-moon %ape ( ,e>?'s habitable qu>t] is obvi\s4 ,! map betrays ,arab influ5ce 9 ! ori5tation1 ! s\? be+ at ! top2 & ,arym1 or ,ar51 0 an ,arab my?1 p]haps d]iv$ f ! ,m\nt ,m]u ( ! ,h9dus1 :i* is said 9 ! ,v$as to be 89 ! middle ( ! e>?40 ,accord+ to ,ri/oro1 ! positions ( ! con/ellation figures d n only expla9 :y "o hemisph]e ( e>? has l& & ! o!r none2 !y also expla9 ! movem5ts ( ! skies4 ,= ! figures ( ! zodiac face we/ 7^? t h faces71 & ?is is :y ! diurnal movem5t ( ! :ole heav5 is t[>ds ! we/1 s t ! con/ellations may move /raight=w>d1 9 ! natural way4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! planets move 9 ! opposite direction because x w\ld n be seemly = !m to pass ea* figure ( ! zodiac arriv+ fir/ at ! back & mov+ on to ! head4 ,?is is ! true reason ( ! contr>y direction ( ! two pr9cipal cele/ial movem5ts4 ,ri/oro does n approve ( ! solution quot$ by ,brunetto ,lat9i4 ,he adds t ! wid? ( ! zodiac 0 design$ to conta9 ! figures ( ! animals6 ,aft] ?is1 we are n surpris$ to he> t ! r$ col\r ( ! planet ,m>s is ! cause ( its m>tial nature 7n ! reason = :i* su* a nature is attribut$ to x74 ,! m>k+s on ! moon ,ri/oro expla9s by say+ t "s body mu/ exi/ 9 ! ,_w :i* is nei!r poli%$ & %9+ all ov]1 l ! />s1 nor altoge!r rugg$ & d>k1 z ! e>? 0 suppos$ to be1 b p>tak+ ( bo? natures2 & ?is body mu/ be ! moon1 because ( h] int]m$iate position betwe5 ! e>? & ! ne>e/ ( ! o!r planets 7,m]cury74 ,illu/ration3 ,,climate ,,map1 ,,( ,,ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaaj4 ,to face p4 #bdh4 ,reproduc$ by p]mission f ,beazley's 8,dawn ( ,mod]n ,geography40 ,( ! influ5ce ( ! heav5s on ! e>? ,ri/oro has v mu* to say1 f g5]al /atem5ts su* z t ! sph]es impress _! influ5ce on ?+s ( ,e>?1 j z a seal impresses wax1 d[n to details ab\t ! bir?s ( horses4 ,if ! moon is /rong 9 ,aries1 & ,aries is p[]ful1 !n1 because ! moon signifies :ite among ! col\rs & ,aries signifies ! head1 ! horse w be born ) a :ite m>k on its head1 & if ! influ5ce is v /rong x w be a beautifully-%ap$ m>k4 ,aga9 & aga9 he tells u ab\t ! v>i\s prop]ties & 8virtues0 ( ! sev5 planets1 b he does n omit to m5tion t ! p[]s :i* move ! planets & cause !m to influ5ce ,e>? are spirits1 :i* we call ,angels1 & ! philosoph]s call ,intellig5ces4 ,^! h _! sev]al dwell+-places 9 ! sph]es1 & ! nobl] _! nature ! high] is ! sph]e :i* !y inhabit4 ,f ^! quotations ! read] may judge ( ! g5]al tr5d ( ! eight books compris$ 9 ,la ,composizione del ,mondo colle sue ,cagioni3 we %all h occasion to ref] to x aga91 by way ( comp>ison & contra/1 :5 deal+ ) ,dante's works 9 detail4 ,x is r curi\s t !re is no trace 9 ,dante's writ+s ( acqua9tance ) ! great ,rog] ,bacon1 or ) ,sacrobosco1 especially z ,brunetto ,lat9i knew ! =m] p]sonally1 & ,cecco d',ascoli wrote a comm5t>y on ! latt]1 b ,dante may h kn[n !m1 & also ! works ( ,isidore & ,b$e1 :o are bo? m5tion$ 9 ,p>41 x4 #aca1 z well z o!r books :i* are n[ completely lo/4 ,^? we h describ$ above w\ld1 h[ev]1 be en\gh to supply him ) all ! a/ronomical data1 except "o1 :i* we f9d 9 8 writ+s4 ,x is n[ "t to exam9e ^!1 & see :at use he made 9 lit]ature ( ! k he possess$4 ,,iv4 ,,a/ronomy ,,9 ,,dante',s ,,writ+s4 ,,a/ronomy ,,9 ,,dante',s ,,writ+s4 ,if we except ! sev5 ,p5it5tial ,psalms & ! ,pr(ession ( ,fai?1 :i* are only p>aphrases1 & are v d\btfully ascrib$ to ,dante1 no "w ( 8 c be m5tion$ :i* does n conta9 "s ref]5ce to ! heav5ly bodies4 ,:5 writ+ ! ,vita ,nuova1 t /ory ( 8 love = ,beatrice :i* he calls ! "w ( 8 boyhood1#ach he 0 haunt$ by ! sublime idea ( ! roll+ sph]es4 ,beatrice at h] fir/ appe>ance z a little girl ( eight1 & ,beatrice :5 %e di$1 sugge/$ ?\ghts ( ! n9e heav5s2#aci almo/ ! fir/ words ( ! book allude to ! circl+ sph]es ( ! sun & ( ! />s3#adj & ! la/ sonnet so>s beyond !m all to ! ,empyrean4#ada ,already he seems to h read ,alfraganus1 = he takes a sugge/ion :i* occurs 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,elem5ta ,a/ronomica et ,*ronologica4 ,alfraganus !re describes ! diff]5t me?ods ( reckon+ days1 mon?s1 & ye>s1 9 use among diff]5t nations1 & gives a special li/ ( ! ,syrian mon?s ) _! correspond+ ,roman mon?s2 & ,dante1 by us+ ! ,arabian sy/em ( days & ! ,syrian mon?s1 is able to prove to himself t ! day & ! mon? :5 ,beatrice di$ 7 bo? at ! sacr$ numb] ( n9e4#adb ,accord+ to our me?od ( reckon+1 ! "t 0 sunset on ! eigh? ( ,june1 b ?is 0 ! fir/ h\r ( ! n9? day accord+ to ,arabian usage1 & our six? mon? corresponds ) ! n9? ( ! ,syrians4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ach ,conv4 ,i4 i4 #abe1 #abf4 ,comp>e ,conv4 ,,iv4 xxiv4 #a-ac4 #aci ,v4 ,n4 ii4 #i-ab1 xxx4 #ac-bd4 #adj ,v4 ,n4 ii4 #a-ab4 #ada ,v4 ,n4 xlii4 #dg4 #adb ,v4 ,n4 xxx4 #a-f4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dante _h also read at ?is "t ,ari/otle's doctr9es ab\t ! sph]es & _! ,mov]s1 = he quotes f ! ,metaphysics1#adc & ?is is ! "w 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #adc ,v4 ,n4 xlii4 #cj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,yet a famili>ity ) ,alfraganus & ,ari/otle s e>ly z ?is is h>dly consi/5t ) ! difficulty he says he f\nd 9 und]/&+ ,lat9 books ( philosophy "s "t aft] ! dea? ( ,beatrice4#add ,p]haps ! latt] "p ( ! ,vita ,nuova 0 writt5 a good deal lat]2 or x may be n altoge!r frivol\s to sugge/ t 9 8 y\? ,dante _h read ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,alfraganus1 :i* are easy1 b did n ma/] ! re/ ( ! book till lat]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #add ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiii4 #bb-bf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,out ( 8 fifty-?ree %ort poems 7includ+ all 9 ,moore's ,ox=d ,edition1 except ^? :i* =m "p ( ! ,vita ,nuova or ,convivio71 twelve1 or ne>ly a qu>t]1 conta9 "s ref]5ce to sun1 moon1 or />s1 planets1 or sph]es2 & f ^! alone we c\ld =m "s idea ( ,dante's acqua9tance ) a/ronomy4 ,he speaks ( ! sun z measur+ "t1#ade & giv+ light to ! />s#adf 7accord+ to ! g5]al belief72 ! moon#adg & ea* ( ! planets#adh is m5tion$1 "s ( ! con/ellations also1#adi especially ) ref]5ce to ! seasons2 ! !ory ( ! sev]al heav5s & _! ,fir/ ,mov]1#aej & ! suppos$ influ5ces ( ! />s & planets are allud$ to4#aea ,^! poems 7 writt5 at diff]5t times1 & "s belong to a mu* lat] p]iod ?an ! ,vita ,nuova4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ade ,son4 xxxvi4 #b2 ,canz4 xx4 #hi4 #adf ,canz4 xix4 #aag2 ,canz4 ix4 #af1 #ag4 #adg ,canz4 xx4 #hi2 ,son4 xxviii4 #aa4 #adh ,son4 xxviii42 ,canz4 xv4 #d1 #g4 #adi ,canz4 xv4 #c1 #bi1 #da4 #aej ,son4 xxviii4 #b4 #aea ,son4 xxviii4 ,canz4 xix4 #gg1 ,ball4 vi4 #aa1 #ab1 ,canz4 xv4 #da41 ,son4 xxvi4 #ad4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is :5 we come to exam9e ! ,convivio1 ! "w ( 8 manhood1#aeb t we f9d ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( ,dante's c>eful /udy ( a/ronomy4 ,?is book 0 writt5 ) ! pr(ess$ int5tion 7z "o ( its aims7 ( %>+ ) o!rs ! le>n+ he _h be5 happy en\gh to acquire--n inde$ z "o ( ! gue/s at ! ,table ( ,wisdom1 b z "o sitt+ at _! feet & ga!r+ up ! crumbs4#aec ,! ?read :i* connects 8 disc\rse is a collection ( 8 own ,odes1 on ea* ( :i* he _h int5d$ to write a treatise or comm5t>y1 b ! book nev] advanc$ beyond ! f\r? treatise4 ,^! ,odes 7 ne>ly all love-poems1 b ! poet expla9s t !y are a figurative expression ( 8 devotion to ,philosophy1 & ! :ole book is a glorification ( ! pursuit ( k4 ,9 ! op5+ s5t5ces1 ) ! ref]5ce to ,ari/otle1 ! mann] ( reason+1 ! assumptions ( our innate desire = absolute k & ! bliss br\ght by its atta9m5t1 ,dante is ! spokesman ( 8 p]iod4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aeb ,conv4 ,i4 i4 #aaa-aac & #abe-abg4 #aec ,conv4 ,i4 i4 #fg-hf4 8,siccome dice il ,filos(o nel pr9cipio della ,prima ,filos(ia1 ,tutti gli uom9i naturalm5te desid]anno di sap]e3 ,la ragione di *e puote ess]e1 *e ciascuna cosa1 da provid5za di propria natura imp9ta1 incl9abile alla sua p]fezione4 ,onde1 accio* la sci5za l'ultima p]fezione della no/ra anima1 nella quale /a la no/ra ultima felicit1 tutti naturalm5te al suo desid]io siamo soggetti40#aed #aed 8,z ! ,philosoph] says at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fir/ ,philosophy1 #8,all m5 naturally desire to h k4' ,! reason ( ?is may be t ev]y?+1 be+ impell$ by =esight belong+ to its own nature1 t5ds to seek its own p]fection4 ,:]e=e inasmu* z k is ! f9al p]fection ( our s\l 9 :i* our f9al happ9ess consi/s1 all m5 are naturally subject to ! desire = x40 ,conv4 ,i4 i4 #a-aa4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,& f a /udy ( ! ,convivio we may le>n mu* ( ! au?ors mo/ e/eem$1 ! me?ods ( /udy pursu$1 & ! results obta9$1 by ?irte5?-c5tury s*ol>s seek+ to ga9 ! ultimate p]fection ( ! s\l4 ,a/ronomy is frequ5tly introduc$1 especially 9 ! second & ?ird treatises4 ,! ,ode :i* =ms ! text ( ! second treatise is t :i* is quot$ by ,*>les ( ,hung>y 9 ,p>4 viii4 #cg--8,voi *e int5d5do il t]zo ciel movete10#aee & x gives ,dante ! occasion to speak fir/ ( ! heav5 ( ,v5us1 expla9+ ,ptolemy's sy/em ( epicycles1 & lat] ( all ! heav5s 9 _! ord]1 & ! cele/ial bodies conta9$ 9 !m4 ,! ode ( ! ?ird treatise conta9s ! l9e 8,non v$e il ,sol1 *e tutto il mondo gira 4440#aef & ^u ?is he hangs a complete little essay describ+ ! movem5ts ( ! sun1 & h[ !y appe> f diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 z well z a %ort diss]tation on ! "q :e!r x is ,sun or ,e>? :i* actually moves4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aee 8,oh ye ^: intellectual m9i/ry ,moves ! ?ird heav540--,c>ey4 #aef 8,! sun sees n1 ?\gh circl+ all ! _w40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,lat9 works1 ,de ,mon>*ia1 ,de ,vulg>i ,eloqu5tia1 ! ,eclogues1 & ! ,lett]s1 d n give mu* scope = a/ronomical ref]5ces2 yet !re are _m similes drawn especially f ! sun & moon1 & ! ?\ght ( ! sph]es z in/rum5ts ( ,god's ,w 9 br++ ab\t ev5ts on e>? is con/antly recurr+4 ,9 ! curi\s "w ,qu/io de ,aqua et ,t]ra1 ,dante argues le>n$ly ab\t ! sph]es1 ! orbit ( ! moon1 & h] effect on ! tides1 & ! influ5ces ( ! />s4 ,! book purports to h be5 writt5 at ,v]ona 9 #acbj z ! outcome ( a discussion 9 :i* ,dante _h tak5 "p z to ! respective heights ( l& & ocean1 a problem :i* _h be5 dealt ) by ,ri/oro d' ,arezzo "s =ty ye>s e>li]4 ,its au!nticity has be5 que/ion$1 p>tly "u ! mi/ak5 idea t facts su* z gravity1 ! sph]ical =m ( ,e>?1 & ! connection ( tides ) ! moon 7 n kn[n until mu* lat]2 b z a matt] ( fact ! discussion is q 9 ! mann] ( ,dante's day1 & no facts or !ories are put =w>d :i* he c\ld n h le>n$ f books ) :i* we believe he 0 acqua9t$4#aeg ,! int]nal evid5ce ( 8 au?or%ip is /rong1 & belief 9 x seems to be ga9+ gr\nd among exp]ts4#aeh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aeg ,! sph]ical =m ( ,e>?1 & ! action ( gravity at ! e>?'s surface1 7 commonplaces ) ! ,greeks1 z we h se5 9 ,"p ,i4 ( ?is book4 ,posidonius1 ,/rabo1 & o!r classical writ]s speak ( ! tides z foll[+ ! revolution ( ! heav5s1 & hav+ p]iods simil> to ^? ( ! moon2 ,alb]tus ,magnus & ,aqu9as ascribe !m to ! influ5ce ( ! moon1 & s does ,dante himself 9 ,p>4 xvi4 #hc4 #aeh ,see ,moore1 ,/udies 9 ,dante1 ,,ii4 8,! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,qu/io de ,aqua et ,t]ra10 = a complete discussion ( ! "q4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,f9ally1 ! ,div9e ,com$y1 ! "w ( ,dante's maturity1 :i* took him s _m ye>s to write1 & = :i* he _h /udi$ ev] s9ce he clos$ ! ,vita ,nuova ) ! resolve to write m wor?ily "o day ( ,beatrice1#aei focuses 9 "o unique & f9i%$ "w ! ?\ghts & ideals1 ! k & fancies1 ( ! poet & 8 age4 ,! subject ( ! poem1 tak5 9 its lit]al s5se1 is cosmical1 = x describes a j\rney 9 :i* ! au?or p5etrates to ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & passes f planet to planet until he rea*es ! out]mo/ sph]e4 ,moreov]1 ! j\rney is assum$ to take a def9ite space ( "t1 & ! pass+ ( ! h\rs by day & by night is indicat$ by ! successive positions ( sun or />s1 & ! phases & movem5ts ( ! moon4 ,! ,div9e ,com$y conta9s m ?an twice z _m allusions to ! heav5ly bodies z all ! o!r works ( ,dante put toge!r4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aei ,v4 ,n4 xliii4 #c-g4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b we mu/ discrim9ate 9 draw+ conclusions f ^! a/ronomical ref]5ces s freely di/ribut$ 9 all ,dante's writ+s4 ,if he wrote ! ,qu/io1 x is 8 only pr(ess$ly sci5tific "w1 writt5 = sci5tific m51 & a/ronomy is only br\ght 9 incid5tally4 ,! ,convivio1 9 :i* a/ronomical facts & !ories are set =? 9 mu* great] detail & fulness ?an else:]e1 0 a popul> "w meant = ^? :o _h no incl9ation1 or else no opportunity1 = prolong$ s]i\s /udies4 ,we expect1 !re=e1 t te*nical details w be avoid$4 ,/ill m w !y be omitt$ 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y & o!r poetical works1 :]e difficult problems & p$antical accuracy w\ld be mo/ unsuitable4 ,we c inf] ! k :i* lay 9 ,dante's m9d1 beh9d 8 popul> use ( x 9 lit]ature2 & we c (t5 f9d an explanation 9 ! prose ( ! ,convivio = a slight allusion 9 ! poetical works2 b we mu/ n deal ) any z if !y 7 text-books1 & set =? precisely & completely all t ,dante knew ( 8 fav\rite sci5ce4 ,x is ! poet's arti/ic use ( ! a/ronomy ( 8 day :i* m]its our admiration q z mu* z ! s*ol>'s pr(ici5cy4 ,?is be+ premis$1 we may n[ proce$ to quote f 8 works1 %[+ h[ he has dealt ) fir/ ! facts1 & secondly ! !ories1 ( a/ronomy4 ,f9ally we %all be able to =m a cle> m5tal picture ( ! univ]se z x 0 believ$ to exi/ by ,dante1 & n only by 8 contempor>ies b by 8 successors = _m g5]ations4 ,v4 ,,obs]vational ,,a/ronomy4 8,! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god2 & ! firmam5t %ewe? ,8 h&y-"w4 ,day unto day utt]e? spee*1 & night unto night %ewe? k4 ,!re is no spee* nor language :]e _! voice is n he>d4 ,_! l9e is gone out ?r\gh all ! e>?1 & _! words to ! end ( ! _w4 ,9 !m ha? he set a tab]nacle = ! sun2 :i* is z a bridegroom com+ out ( 8 *amb]1 & rejoice? z a /rong man to run a race40 #a4 ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,( all ! sev5 sci5ces ( ! ,trivium & ,quadrivium1 ,a/ronomy1 ,dante ?\ght1 0 ! noble/1 & = two reasons4 ,ari/otle _h said t a sci5ce is noble 9 proportion to ! nobility ( its subject1 & ! c]ta9ty ( its conclusions2 & 9 bo? ( ^! ,a/ronomy excels4 ,its subject is ! ,movem5t ( ! ,heav5s1 & its c]ta9ty is p]fect4 8,e nobile e alta p] nobile e alto suggetto1 *' del movim5to del cielo3 alta e nobile p] la sua c]tezza1 la quale s5za ogni difetto40#afj ,if a/ronom]s are sometimes mi/ak51 ! fault lies 9 !m1 z ,ptolemy said1 & n 9 ! sci5ce4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #afj ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #bdd-bag4 8,x is noble & l(ty because ( its noble & l(ty subject1 :i* is ! movem5t ( ! heav5s2 x is l(ty & noble because ( its c]ta9ty1 :i* is )\t flaw40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is quotation f ,ptolemy is f 8 book on 8judicial a/ronomy10#afa & x may be t ,dante 0 p>tly ?9k+ ( a/rological pr$ictions1 z he almo/ c]ta9ly 0 9 ! passage t foll[s1 :]e he adds t a/ronomy takes a long "t to le>n1 n only because ( its great range1 b because exp]i5ce is necess>y to =m a correct judgm5t4 ,nev]!less1 x is probable t by its flawless c]ta9ty he meant t un*ang+ laws gov]n ! cele/ial ph5om5a1 s t !y may always be pr$ict$ )\t error :5 ! laws are kn[n4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #afa ,see p4 #aef4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,8 def9ition ( a/ronomy 0 accurate1 = x 0 n until ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t physical a/ronomy began to take its place beside ! old 8a/ronomy ( position10 & 9 ,dante's day practically ! only subject op5 to rese>* conc]n+ ! heav5ly bodies 0 _! movem5ts4 ,( ^!1 & especially ! 8prime motion0 ( ! diurnal revolution1 he 0 vividly consci\s4 ,8 fav\rite "n = ! heav5s is 8:eels0--8le ruote magne10 8et]ne ruote10 8/ellate ruote02#afb & he (t5 ref]s to !m z a /&>d ( motion4 ,?us :5 ) ,beatrice he 0 rapt f ! summit ( ,m\nt ,purgatory1 to express ! swiftness ( _! flight he says x 0 almo/ z rapid z ! movem5t ( ! sky--8veloci1 quasi come il ciel v$ete40#afc ,con/ant9e mov+ ! capital ( ! ,roman ,empire ea/w>ds is describ$ z turn+ ! ,roman ,eagle contr>y to ! c\rse ( ! sky--8contra il corso del ciel10#afd & ! sky itself is describ$ z a sph]e :i* is ceaselessly at play l a lively *ild3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #afb 8,! great :eels10 8et]nal :eels10 8/>ry :eels40 #afc 8,swift1 almo/ z ! heav5 ye behold40 ,p>4 ii4 #ba4 #afd 8,aga9/ ! c\rse ( ! sky40 ,p>4 vi4 #b4 444 8la sp]a1 ,*e sempre a guisa di fanciullo s*]za40#afe #afe 444 8,t sph]e1 ,:i* aye 9 fa%ion ( a *ild is play+40 ,purg4 xv4 #b1 #c4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,to ,dante1 z to ! ,greeks1 x is n ! unusual or />tl+ t appeals1 b ! unfail+ h>mony ( ! regul> cele/ial movem5ts4 ,comets he m5tions only twice1 & %oot+ />s twice1 eclipses sev5 times2 b !re are scores ( allusions to ! rhy?mical progression ( ,sun & />s1 ,moon & planets4 ,! skies 7 famili> to him 9 all _! daily aspects--sunset & dawn & radiant noons2 cl\dy nights 8sotto pov] cielo10#aff brilliant />lit nights1 nights ( cle> moonlight4 ,he _h se5 ! />s fade "o by "o1 till at la/ ev5 ! brighte/ vani%$ 9 ! gl[ ( dawn3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aff 8,"u a poor sky40 ,purg4 xvi4 #b4 8,e come vi5 la *i>issima ancella ,del sol pi oltre1 cos il ciel s *iude ,di vi/a 9 vi/a1 inf9o alla pi bella40#afg #afg 8,& z advances1 bright exce$+ly1 ,! h&maid ( ! sun1 ! heav5 is clos$1 ,light aft] light1 to ! mo/ beautiful40 ,p>4 xxx4 #g-i4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- he _h wat*$ = _! fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ev5+ twilight3-- 8,e s come al salir di prima s]a ,com9cian p] lo ciel nuove p>v5ze1 ,s *e la vi/a p>e e non p> v]a44440#afh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #afh 8,z at ev5+ h\r ,( twilight1 new appe>ances ?r\gh heav5 ,pe] ) fa9t glimm]1 d\btfully descri$40 ,p>4 xiv4 #gj-gb4 7,c>ey74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,numb]less o!r passages & expressions w occur to e ,dante read]1 prov+ h[ ke5ly he felt ! beauty ( ! skies4 ,b !y prove m ?an ?is4 ,o!r au?ors h felt & h describ$ poetically ! beauties ( ! skies1 b !y (t5 rememb] imp]fectly :at !y saw1 or draw ^u _! imag9ation )\t any k ( ! cele/ial movem5ts1 & s fall into absurd mi/akes4 ,! moon especially is a /umbl+-block1 & x is q a r>e ?+ = a mod]n noveli/ to introduce "o )\t mak+ x d some?+ impossible4 ,a new moon w rise at midnight1 or a wan+ moon at sunset2 %e has ev5 be5 kn[n to rise & !n to set 9 ! d>k h\rs ( "o %ort midsumm] night2#afi & a well kn[n au?or sees h] 9 two phases at ! same mom5t3 8! full moon rose1 yell[ & gibb\s60#agj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #afi ,9 ,k5ne? ,grahame's delightful book1 full ( sympa?y ) ,nature1 ,! ,w9d 9 ! ,will[s4 ,! moon rose :5 x 0 8pa/ t5 o'clock10 & 8sank e>?w>ds reluctantly & left !m0 be=e dawn4 #agj ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 ,! ,"t ,ma*9e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dante's moon does inde$ give u a little tr\ble once or twice1 b he nev] makes flagrant mi/akes ( ?is k9d4 ,8 consi/5cy & tru? ( description prove 8 k ( a/ronomy1 & also imply intellig5t ?\ghtful wat*+ ( ! cele/ial movem5ts2 = x is notori\s t book-k1 if unassi/$ by acqua9tance at fir/-h& ) ! facts ( a subject l a/ronomy1 w n save a writ] f gl>+ inaccuracies4 ,8 allusions to ! motions ( ! moon1 bo? diurnal & mon?ly1 %[ pla9ly t he und]/ood !m well4 ,8 new moon appe>s 9 ! ev5+1 8 wan+ moon rises late at night & sets 9 morn+ sun%9e1#aga & 8 full moon comes on ! m]idian at midnight1 = :5 he wi%es to describe h] at h] brighte/1 z a comp>ison ) a v brilliant light1 he places h] 9 a cle> sky at midnight 9 h] mid-mon?4#agb ,9 ! middle ( a lun> mon? ! moon is full1 & be+ exactly opposite ! sun w rea* ! m]idian at midnight3 ?is !re=e is ! "t :5 %e gives all ! light %e possibly c4 ,9 ! ,qu/io#agc ,dante m5tions t ! moon does n move 9 ! cele/ial equator1 b sometimes nor? ( x1 & sometimes an equal am\nt s\?2 9 ! ,convivio he indicates ! l5g? ( h] p]iod1 & briefly describes h] phases & _! cause--8,ora luce da un lato1 e ora luce dall' altro1 secondo *e 'l sole la v$e40#agd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aga ,inf4 xv4 #ah1 #ai2 ,purg4 xviii4 #gf-ha2 ,purg4 x4 #ad1 #ae1 ,cf4 ix4 #dd4 #agb ,purg4 xxix4 #ec1 #ed4 #agc ,qu4 xx4 #fa-fc4 #agd 8,n[ %e %9es on "o side1 & n[ on ! o!r1 accord+ to ! way ! sun looks ^u h]40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #gg-gi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,h] position 9 ! zodiac is m5tion$ sev]al times4 ,9 "o passage he indicates a v brief space ( "t 9 ! foll[+ curi\s way3-- 8,qu&o ambo e due i figli di ,latona1 ,cop]ti del ,montone e della ,libra1 ,fanno dell' orizzonte insieme zona1 ,quant' dal punto *e il z5it inlibra4 ,inf9 *e l'uno e l'altro da quel c9to1 ,cambi&o l'emisp]io1 si dilibra1 ,tanto1 col volto di riso dip9to1 ,si tacque ,beatrice40#age ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #age 8,at :at times bo? ! *ildr5 ( ,latona1 ,surm\nt$ by ! ,ram & by ! ,scales1 ,toge!r make a zone ( ! horizon1 ,z long z f ! "t ! z5i? holds !m ,9 equipoise1 till f t girdle bo? ,*ang+ _! hemisph]e di/urb ! balance1 ,s long1 h] face depict$ ) a smile1 ,did ,beatrice keep sil5ce40 ,p>4 xxix4 #a-h4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,t is to say1 :5 ,sun & ,moon 7! *ildr5 ( ,latona7 are bo? on ! horizon1 b "o be+ 9 ,aries & ! o!r 9 ,libra !y are opposite "o ano!r1 ! z5i? = a mom5t holds !m1 z x 71 9 balance2 b ! next mom5t "o w drop bel[ ! horizon :ile ! o!r rises above x1 ?us *ang+ f ! visible to ! invisible hemisph]e & vice v]sa1 z ea* frees itself 78si dilibra07 ( ! common horizon t girdl$ !m4 ,! pause ( ,beatrice 0 z brief z ! "t dur+ :i* sun & moon w\ld ?us hang 9 ! balance4 ,yet1 ?\gh ,dante %[s t he 0 famili> ) ! movem5ts & appe>ances ( ! moon1 8 allusions to h] are cold & comp>atively r>e4 ,unlike mod]n poets1 moonlight does n seem to h _h any great fasc9ation = him4 ,9 all 8 works !re are only fifty-"o ref]5ces to ! moon1 & f> ! great] numb] ( ^! are rem>ks ab\t ! measurem5t ( "t1 or else h] phases1 h] m>k+s1 h] %>e 9 caus+ eclipses etc4 ,9 all 8 %ort poems 7includ+ ^? ( ! ,vita ,nuova & ,convivio7 !re are b two ref]5ces1 & ^? z dry z possible4 8,pi lune0#agf is once us$1 mean+ sev]al mon?s1 & 9 a sonnet :i* describes ! influ5ces ( ea* heav5 on 8 lady1 all he c f9d to say ( ! moon's is 8,e 'l primo ciel di s gi non l' duro40#agg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #agf 8,_m moons40 ,canz4 xx4 #hi4 #agg 8,& ! fir/ heav5 is n grudg+ to h]40--,sonetto xxviii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! *ill ( moonlight is spok5 ( z ) a %udd] on ! hill ( ,purgatory2#agh & its usefulness is recogniz$ r grudg+ly :5 ,virgil rem>ks t ye/]night ! moon 0 full1 & adds t ,dante mu/ rememb] x1 s9ce x did him no h>m 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,=e/4#agi ,x is true !re is "s beauty 9 ! description ( ! aurora :i* prec$$ moonrise#ahj on ! fir/ night 9 ,purgatory1 b ,dante gives x an ugly "n1 & ! wan+ moon :5 se5 on ! foll[+ night1 f\r days aft] full1 is oddly comp>$ to a bucket 9 %ape4 ,dante did n admire ?is gibb\s =m1 = he in/ances ! outl9e ( ! moon :5 n q full z an ignoble curve1 contra/+ x ) ! beauty ( a p]fect circle4#aha ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #agh ,purg4 xix4 #a1 #b4 #agi ,inf4 xx4 #abg-abi4 #ahj ,purg4 ix4 #a-i4 #aha ,conv4 ,,iv4 xvi4 #hi-ic4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,sun1 moon1 & z5i?4 ,to illu/rate ,p>4 xxix4 #a-f4 7,see p4 #bfe74 ,9 ! fir/ figure ! sun & moon are balanc$1 z x 71 be+ at equal di/ances f ! z5i?3 9 ! second1 a few m9utes lat]1 by ! ris+ ( ! sun & ! sett+ ( ! moon1 ! balance is di/urb$1 & ea* *anges its hemisph]e4 ,h>dly ev] does he f9d a beautiful epi!t = h]3 %e is rul] ( ,hell1#ahb ,ca9 & ! ,?orns#ahc 79 ref]5ce to ! leg5d :i* sees ?is figure 9 h] d>k m>k+s72 or %e is simply ,delia1#ahd ,trivia1#ahe ! daught] ( ,latona1#ahf or ) a little w>m? ! si/] ( ! sun1#ahg & ) ! sun "o ( ! two ,eyes ( ,heav54#ahh ,"o exception to ?is h>% treatm5t is 9 ! beautiful description ( rea*+ ! heav5 ( ! moon1#ahi = !re %e is ! fir/ />1 ! et]nal pe>l2 & ! sudd5 bur/ ( eloqu5ce 9 ! mid/ ( a grave argum5t 9 ,de ,mon>*ia />tles u d\bly :5 we f9d t ,ju/ice is comp>$ to ! moon--n1 z "o might expect1 respl5d5t 9 a d>k sky1 b ,phbe gaz+ at h] bro!r opposite1 9 ! purple ( ! morn+ calm4#aij ,! passage f ,p>4 xxix4 quot$ above helps u to und]/& :y ! moon 9 ?is position %\ld symbolize ,ju/ice1 = "h aga9 is sugge/$ ! p]fect balanc+ ( ! two great orbs1 z ! sun rises & ! full moon sets4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ahb ,inf4 x4 #hj4 #ahc ,inf4 xx4 #abf4 #ahd ,purg4 xxix4 #gh2 ,ep4 vi4 #ed4 #ahe ,p>4 xxiii4 #bf4 #ahf ,p>4 x4 #fg2 xxii4 #aci2 xxix4 #a4 #ahg ,purg4 xxiii4 #abj4 #ahh ,purg4 xx4 #acb4 #ahi ,p>4 ii4 #be-cf4 #aij ,de ,mon4 ,i4 xi4 #ce-cg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,add to ^! passages two similes drawn n inde$ f ! moon itself b f ! halo surr\nd+ h]1#aia & two descriptions ( brilliant moonlight nights1#aib & we h all t ,dante has writt5 9 praise ( ! moon4 ,x is true t ?r\gh\t ! ,inf]no & ,purgatorio ! sun typifies ,div9e ,grace1 & ! moon is 8 opposite1 b ?is _c altoge!r expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 _! treatm5t1 ev5 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,a deep] reason seems to be ,dante's true s\!rn]'s love ( ! sun2 & he d\btless _h ! a/ronom]'s feel+ t moonlight always means loss ( />light1 :i* he de>ly lov$ 7see ,purg4 xviii4 #gf1 #gg74 ,p]haps too ! a/rological views ( ! moon influ5c$ him1 consci\sly or n4 ,accord+ to ,ri/oro1 ! moon repres5ts ! poore/ & l[e/ classes ( p1 :o are s]vants & mess5g]s to ! re/2 & z all ! planets 7 suppos$ to be ei!r mascul9e or fem99e1 he ungallantly adds--8,e que/a ,luna1 a cagione di sua vilt1 potemo dire p] ragione *'ella sia femm9a40#aic ,h] only h\se1 too1 :i* is ,canc]1 is also poor & base4 ,! moon1 moreov]1 is ne>] ,e>? ?an any o!r planet1 & %[s by h] d>k m>k+s t %e is less pure ?an ! re/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aia ,p>4 x4 #fg-fi2 & ,purg4 xxix4 #gh4 #aib ,purg4 xxix4 #ec1 #ed2 & ,p>4 xxiii4 #bf4 #aic 8,& ?is moon1 because ( h] inf]iority1 is rightly call$ fem99e40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #b4 ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,:atev] ! reason1 ,dante's fifty-"o ref]5ces to ! moon are 9 /rong contra/ to 8 allusions to ! sun4 ,^! are f\r times z _m1 & !y include w>m expressions ( admiration & delight1 & beautiful epi!ts & similes4 ,! sun is ,titan ) 8 *>iot & horses1#aid he is a ,mirror1 a ,c> ( ,light1 ! ,lant]n ( ! ,_w1 ! ,pr9ce ( ! ,/>s1 ! ,fa!r ( all mortal life4#aie ,8 beautiful =m is admir$1 8la p]fetta sua bella figura10#aif & 8 int5se brilliance (t5 not$4#aig ,he is ! guide t leads all aright1#aih to :om ,virgil appeals3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aid ,ecl4 ii4 #a-d4 #aie ,purg4 iv4 #fb1 #fc2 ,purg4 iv4 #ei2 & xxix4 #aag1 #aah2 ,p>4 i4 #ch2 ,canz4 xix4 #aad2 ,p>4 xxii4 #aaf4 #aif 8,! p]fection & beauty ( 8 %ape40 ,canz4 xix4 #gf4 #aig ,v4 ,n4 xlii4 #bi2 ,canz4 ix4 #b2 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #abf1 #abg2 ,purg4 xvii4 #eb1 #ec2 ,p>4 i4 #ed2 & x4 #dh1 etc4 #aih ,inf4 i4 #ag1 #ah4 8,o dolce ,lume1 a cui fidanza i' entro ,p] lo nuovo camm91 tu ne conduci40#aii #aii 8,o pleasant light1 my confid5ce & hope6 ,conduct u ?\10 he cri$1 8on ?is new way40 ,purg4 xiii4 #af1 #ag4 7,c>ey74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,"u 8 rays ! rose exp&s1 ! air is gladd5$1 mi/s are dispell$1 sn[ melts1 & all ?+s are quick5$ into life4#bjj ,unlike ! moon1 ! sun is ! br+] ( w>m? & com=t1 *as+ away cold & d>kness1#bja sunrise is ! h\r ( r5ew$ hope & confid5ce1#bjb x /r5g!ns our limbs1 p>alys$ by ! cold ( night1#bjc x is eag]ly await$ ?r\gh ! d>kness by ! little bird on h] ne/2#bjd & delicate fl[]s1 b[$ & clos$ dur+ ! cold night1 rise upright on _! /ems & op5 z soon z ! sun %9es once m ^u !m4#bje ,! exquisite sunsets & sunrises ( ! ,purgatorio are fav\rite passages ) all read]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bjj ,p>4 xxii4 #ee1 #ef2 ,inf4 vii4 #abb2 ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 i4 #cg-ci2 & ,p>4 ii4 #ajf-ajh2 ,canz4 xi4 #cg2 ,conv4 ,,iii4 xii4 #ei1 #fj1 etc4 etc4 #bja ,canz4 ix4 #e4 #bjb ,inf4 i4 #da-dc4 #bjc ,purg4 xix4 #aj1 #aa4 #bjd ,p>4 xxiii4 #a-i4 #bje ,inf4 ii4 #abg-abi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,love is comp>$ ) ! summ] sun1#bjf ! g5]osity ( a noble nature resembles 8! great planet40#bjg ,! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,vii41 f :om ,dante expect$ ! reg5]ation ( ,italy & ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w1 is lik5$ to ! ris+ sun2#bjh ! bir? ( ,/4 ,francis is describ$ z 8nacque al mondo un sole10#bji & 8 bir?place ought rightly to be call$ n ,assisi b ,ori5t4#baj ,virgil is address$ z 8,o ,sol *e sani ogni vi/a turbata20#baa ,beatrice is 8,il sol degli oc*i miei40#bab ,f9ally ! sun is ! be/ symbol ( ,god1#bac & s x is us$ _m times 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y3 8,il ,sol degli angeli10#bad 8,il ,sol *e raggia tutto no/ro /uolo20#bae a _s turns to 8il ,sol *e la riempie10#baf & :5 ,virgil lam5ts t he is %ut out ( heav5 x is 9 ^! words3 8,ho i' p]duto ,di v$] l' alto ,sol *e tu disiri40#bag ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bjf ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 i4 #cf-da42 ,canz4 ix4 #bjg ,canz4 xix4 #if-aad4 #bjh ,ep4 v4 #aj2 & vii4 #ai1 #bj1 #be4 #bji 8,a sun rose ^u ! _w40 ,p>4 xi4 #ej4 #baj ,p>4 xi4 #eb-ed4 #baa 8,o sun t heale/ all imp]fect vision10 ,inf4 xi4 #ia4 #bab 8,! sun ( my eyes40 ,p>4 xxx4 #ge 7,see also ,p>4 iii4 #a-c74 #bac ,conv4 ,,iii4 xii4 #eb-fc4 #bad 8,! ,sun ( ! angels40 ,p>4 x4 #ec4 #bae 8,t ,sun :i* enlight5s all our company40 ,p>4 xxv4 #ed4 #baf 8,! ,sun :i* satisfies x40 ,p>4 ix4 #h4 #bag 8,i h lo/ ! sight ( t high ,sun :om ?\ desire/40 ,purg4 vii4 #be1 #bf4 ,comp>e ,p>4 xxx4 #abf2 xv4 #gf2 xviii4 #aje4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b we may n dwell on ^? ?\ghts ( ! sun z ! typical giv] ( light & life2 we mu/ ask :at ,dante says ab\t 8 movem5ts1 s9ce ?is 0 ! *ief subject-matt] ( m$ival a/ronomy4 ,8 daily c\rse1 8il camm9 del ,sole10#bah is (t5 spok5 (1 & is indicat$ bo? by 8 position 9 ! sky1 & ! l5g? & direction ( %ad[s4 ,! second ,eclogue beg9s ) a description ( a brea?lessly hot midday1 :5 objects1 :i* are usually %ort] ?an _! own %ad[s1 n[ surpass$ !m 9 l5g?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bah 8,! pa? ( ! sun40 ,purg4 xii4 #gd4 8,resque refulg5tes1 solitae sup]>i] umbris1 ,v9cebant umbras40 ,ecl4 ii4 #e1 #f4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,at ?is "t ! sun appe>s mo/ brilliant1 & seems to move mo/ sl[ly1 s9ce he is sc>cely *ang+ 8 position ) reg>d to ! horizon4 8,e pi corrusco1 e con pi l5ti passi1 ,t5eva il sole il c]*io di m]igge40#bai ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bai 8,%9+ m brightly & ) sl[] /eps1 ! sun _h ga9$ ! circle ( midday40 ,purg4 xxxiii4 #ajc1 #ajd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! greate/ numb] ( ref]5ces to ! sun's daily j\rney occur 9 ! ,purgatory1 & we %all quote !m 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,8 ye>ly j\rney ?r\gh ! zodiac is also v (t5 ref]r$ to4 ,:5 relat+ 8 fir/ meet+ ) ,beatrice1 ,dante names 8 age1 n by simply say+ t he 0 ne>ly n9e ye>s old1 b by c\nt+ ! numb] ( ! times t ! 8heav5 ( light10 t is1 ( ! sun1 _h return$ to ! same po9t s9ce 8 bir?3-- 8,nove fiate gi1 appresso al mio nascim5to1 era tornato lo cielo della luce quasi ad un m$esimo punto1 quanto alla sua proprio girazione40#bbj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bbj 8,n9e times already s9ce my bir? _h ! heav5 ( light return$ to ! selfsame po9t almo/1 z conc]ns its own revolution40 ,v4 ,n4 ii4 #a-d4 7,rossetti74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! sun's 8own revolution0 is ( c\rse its app>5t ye>ly movem5t1 z di/9ct f ! diurnal movem5t :i* x %>es ) all ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! same ?\ght is express$ 9 a sonnet3 8,io sono /ato con ,amore insieme ,dalla circolazion del ,sol mia nona40#bba ,we "k fur!r t ,dante 0 born 9 ei!r ,may or ,june1 because he says1 :5 he f9ds himself among ! />s ( ,gem9i1 t ! sun 0 ris+ & sett+ 9 ?is sign at ! "t ( 8 bir?4#bbb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bba 8,i h dwelt ) ,love s9ce my n9? revolution ( ! sun40 ,son4 xxxvi4 #a1 #b4 #bbb ,see diagram on p4 #bgf4 8,o gloriose /elle ,con voi nasceva e s'ascondeva vosco ,quegli *' padre d'ogni mortal vita1 ,qu&' io s5ti' da prima l' a] tosco40#bbc #bbc 8,o glori\s />s 444 ,) y 0 born1 & hid himself ) y1 ,he :o is fa!r ( all mortal life1 ,:5 fir/ ,i ta/$ ( ! ,tuscan air40 ,p>4 xxii4 #aab-aag4 7,longfell[74 ,at ?is date ! sun ent]$ ! con/ellation ( ,gem9i on ,june #a 7,old ,/yle71 b 0 9 ! sign f ,may #aa to ,june #aa1 & x is always to ! signs t ,dante ref]s 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,! anonym\s f\rte5? c5tury comm5tator kn[n z 8l',ottimo0 int]prets ?is passage z indicat+ ! "t 8betwe5 ! middle ( ,may & ! middle ( ,june40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,boccaccio tells u t a ,mayday fea/1 giv5 by ! fa!r ( ,beatrice1 0 ! occasion ( ,dante's fir/ meet+ ) h]1 & also t n long be=e 8 dea? 9 ,rav5na he told a fri5d t he _h complet$ 8 fifty-six? ye> 9 ! prec$+ ,may1 s we may conclude t ,may 0 ! mon? ( 8 bir?4 ,dante seems to h tak5 "s tr\ble to f9d out ! exact p]iod ( ! sun's revolution4 ,8 text-book1 ! ,elem5ta ( ,alfraganus1 only gives x z #cfe days ne>ly3--8,sol 444 orbem confecit diebus #cfe et prop 40 ,ri/oro d',arezzo & ,brunetto ,lat9i 7 cont5t to repeat ?is r\gh e/imate1 & call ! ye> #cfe days #f h\rs1 b ,dante wi%$ to be m exact1 & someh[ contriv$ to obta9 a value :i* 0 mu* ne>] ! mod]n e/imate ( #cfe days1 #e h\rs1 #dh m9utes1 #df seconds4 ,we "k ?is f two passages4 ,9 ! ,convivio he gives ! half p]iod z less ?an #ahb days #ae h\rs2 & 9 ! ,p>adiso ,beatrice says t ,janu>y w 9 "t cease to be a w9t] mon?1 because ( a neglect$ fraction ( "t4 8,prima *e g5naio tutto si sv]ni ,p] la c5tesma *' laggi negletta40#bbd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bbd 8,ere ,janu>y be unw9t]$ :olly ,by ! c5tesimal on ,e>? neglect$40 ,p>4 xxvii4 #adb-adc4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,janu>y 0 9 fact rec$+ f ! w9t]1 & /eadily ?\gh sl[ly advanc+ t[>ds ! spr+1 because ! ,julian ye> 7z we saw1 p4 #aga7 0 #aa m9utes #ad seconds long] ?an ! true sol> tropical ye>4 ,:5 ,julius ,cs> re=m$ ! ,cal5d>1 ,m>* #be 0 made 7z ( old7 to co9cide ) ! spr+ equ9ox1 b by ,dante's "t ?is date 0 #ac days late1 & ! true equ9ox fell on ,m>* #ab4 ,consequ5tly ?\gh ! day call$ ,janu>y #a /ill came #hd days be=e ,m>* #be1 x 0 only #ga days be=e ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,if ,beatrice meant to speak ) sci5tific precision1 & 0 correct 9 h] hundr$? "p ( a day p] annum1 t is1 if ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! a/ronomical & ! ,julian ye> 0 "o day 9 a hundr$ ye>s1 x w\ld be #gajj ye>s be=e ! fir/ ( ,janu>y came to co9cide ) ! spr+ equ9ox1 & ,janu>y became a spr+ mon?4 ,b ! error quot$ is really r too l>ge1 = a hundr$? "p ( a day is #ad m9utes #bd seconds1 & x 0 9 fact only #aa m9utes #ad seconds4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :]e ,dante f\nd ?is value1 :i* is practically ! only a/ronomical datum n giv5 9 ,alfraganus4 ,ptolemy1 foll[+ ,hipp>*us1 _h giv5 ! tropical ye> z _/ "p ( a day less ?an #cfe2 ,albategnius gave a m accurate figure1 & "o :i* agrees well ) ! 8c5tesma10 = 8 tropical ye> diff]s f ! ,julian by a little less ?an _/ ( a day2 b he also improv$ ! value ( precession1 & ,dante does n seem to h kn[n ?is1 s he 0 probably n acqua9t$ ) ?is a/ronom]'s "w4 ,! ,alfons9e ,tables gave a value :i* 0 v close inde$ to ! correct "o1 mak+ ! tropical ye> only #cj seconds long] ?an ! mod]n value1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,julian & true ye> _/ ( a day4 7,! correct value is _/74 ,ei!r ( ^! figures may h be5 kn[n to ,dante indirectly3 p]haps he _h obta9$ ! ,alfons9e value 9 conv]sation ) ,brunetto ,lat9i1 :o _h visit$ ,alfonso's c\rt4 ,8 fraction 0 evid5tly only approximate1 b x is int]e/+ to "k t he _h f\nd out m ?an popul> books c\ld tell him ab\t ! p]iod ( ! sun's revolution1 & t he _h be5 suffici5tly /ruck by ! small diff]5ce betwe5 ! cal5d> & a/ronomical ye>s to m5tion x 9 a picturesque way 9 8 poem4 ,x is possible t he _h he>d ( ,rog] ,bacon's appeal to ! ,pope 9 #abfg to correct ! cal5d> because ! date ( ! spr+ equ9ox 0 ( importance 9 connection ) ! obs]vation ( ,ea/]4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem9d my read]s t ?is 0 done by ano!r ,pope ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 be=e ,janu>y _h made mu* m advance t[>ds becom+ a spr+ mon?4 ,! hundr$? "p ( a day1 ( :i* ,beatrice compla9$1 is n[ subtract$ f ! ye> by omitt+ to make c5tury ye>s leap ye>s2 b z ! error 0 really n q s great z %e said1 an exception is made = c5tury ye>s divisible by #djj4 ,?us #afjj 0 a leap ye>1 b n #agjj1 #ahjj1 or #aijj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! ,zodiac & ! ,mon?s4 ,dante seems to h connect$ any season ( ! ye> ) ! sun's pa? 9 ! zodiac z readily z ) ! "n ( a mon?4 ,! sun's ye>ly c\rse ?r\gh ! signs is %[n diagrammatically 9 figure #dj1 & a glance at ?is w make cle> a numb] ( allusions )\t any explanation4 ,/>t+ f ! fir/ po9t ( ,aries at ! spr+ equ9ox1 :i* 9 ,dante's "t fell 9 ! middle ( ,m>*1 & tak+ "o-twelf? ( ! ye> to trav]se ea* sign1 x is evid5t t dur+ ! end ( ,m>* & beg9n+ ( ,april ! sun 0 9 ,aries2 he ent]$ ,canc] & rea*$ ! summ] sol/ice 9 ,june1 ! autumnal equ9ox 9 ,libra 9 ,septemb]1 & ! w9t] sol/ice :5 he ent]$ ,capricornus 9 ,decemb]4 ,! six signs above ! horizontal l9e are nor!rn1 ! six bel[ are s\!rn4 ,! foll[+ are a few typical examples4 ,:5 ,dante wi%es to express ! transition ( 8 feel+s f despond5cy to c\rage1 at see+ ! /]n & tr\bl$ face ( 8 guide melt sudd5ly to a smile1 he comp>es himself to a poor %eph]d :o wakes e>ly & sees ! fields cov]$1 z he ?9ks1 ) sn[1 b 9 a %ort "t f9ds t x is only ho>-fro/ :i* has put on ! semblance ( h] :ite si/]1 & see+ ! face ( ! _w *ang$ he gladly leads out 8 %eep to pa/ure4 ,! "t at :i* ?is may happ5 is 8,quella p>te del giov9etto anno1 ,*e il sole i cr9 sotto l',aqu>io tempra1 ,e gi le notti al mezzod s5 vanno40#bbe ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bbe 8,9 t "p ( ! y\?ful ye> :]e9 ,! sun 8 locks b5ea? ,aqu>ius temp]s1 ,& n[ ! nights draw ne> to half ! day40 ,inf4 xxiv4 #a-c4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,t "p ( ! y\?ful ye> :5 ! sun cools 8 locks b5ea? ,aqu>ius is cle>ly ! end ( ,janu>y or beg9n+ ( ,febru>y1 b ! la/ l9e may be> "o ( two mean+s4 ,if we translate 8mezzod0 z 8half ! day0 x means t ! nights are gr[+ %ort]1 & v soon 79 ,m>*7 :5 ! sun w h rea*$ ! equ9ox1 !y w be j twelve h\rs long4 ,if we take 8mezzod0 z mean+ 8! s\?10 we mu/ int]pret ! passage 9 ! light ( o!rs 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y :]e ,night is p]sonifi$1 & consid]$ z circl+ 9 ! zodiac always opposite to ! sun4 ,= in/ance 9 ,purg4 ii4 #a-f 7a passage :i* w be m fully expla9$ lat]7 ,night is describ$ z circl+ opposite to ! sun1 8,la notte1 *e opposita a lui c]*ia10#bbf & z ! sun at t "t 0 9 ,aries1 ,night 0 9 ,libra1 8le ,bilance40 ,h5ce=? = six mon?s ! sun w be 9 ! nor!rn signs1 & ! days long] ?an ! nights1 b z soon z ,night beg9s to ass]t h] supremacy1 & ! nights beg9 to be long] ?an ! days1 ! sun ent]s ,libra & !n x is n visible all night4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bbf 8,night t opposite to him revolves40 7,longfell[74 8le ,bilance1 ,*e le caggion di man qu&o sov]*ia40#bbg #bbg 8,! ,scales1 t f h] h&s are dropp$ ,:5 %e reigns highe/40 ,purg4 ii4 #e1 #f4 7,c>ey74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,:5 ,night becomes dom9ant1 ! ,scales fall f h] h&1 = ! sun is 9 t sign4 ,apply+ ?is idea to ! passage quot$ above1 x w mean 8,! nights are go+ s\?w>d10 = ! sun 9 ,aqu>ius is n f> f ! po9t :]e he crosses ! equator to ! nor?1 !re=e ,night circl+ opposite to him is ne>+ ! po9t :]e %e goes s\?4 ,ei!r int]pretation is fai?ful to fact1 b p]haps ! circum/ance t ! plural n\n is us$ fav\rs ! fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,! ,ram on ! ,ecliptic4 ,to face p4 #bgi4 ,f ! 8,cosmi ,hi/oria0 ( ,rob]t ,flud1 a4d4 #afab4 7,reproduc$ f ,br[n's ,pha9om5a ( ,aratos47 ,conrad ,malasp9a prophesi$ to ,dante t 8 fav\rable op9ion ( ! ,malasp9a family w\ld be ju/ifi$ 8be=e ! sun _h come to re/ aga9 sev5 times 9 ! b$ :i* ! ,ram cov]s & be/rides ) 8 f\r feet40 8,ed egli3 ,or va1 *e il ,sol non si ricorca ,sette volte nel letto *e il ,montone ,con tutti e quattro i pie copre ed in=ca ,*e cote/a cortese op9ione 4440#bbh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bbh 8,& he3 ,n[ g1 = ! sun %all n lie ,sev5 times ^u ! pill[ :i* ! ,ram ,) all 8 f\r feet cov]s & be/rides4 ,be=e t su* a c\rte\s op9ion 4440 ,purg4 viii4 #acc-acf4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! sun 0 at ! "t 9 ! ,ram1 & ,malasp9a means t less ?an sev5 ye>s w\ld elapse1 be=e 8 prophecy 0 fulfill$4 ,! aptness ( ! description may be se5 by ! figure ( ,aries z portray$ 9 an old sev5te5? c5tury book 9 :i* ! ,ram is uncom=tably try+ to sit on ! ecliptic4 ,ano!r in/ance is 9 ! beautiful midw9t] ,ode1 8,io son v5uto al punto della rota40#bbi ,ea* /anza pictures a feature ( a sev]e w9t]--sn[ & ra91 ! abs5ce ( summ] birds1 b>e trees & dead fl[]s1 ! fav\rite walk become a torr5t2 b ! fir/ describes ! position ( />s & planets4 ,:5 ! sun sets1 ! ,tw9s appe> on ! ea/]n horizon1 h5ce we "k at once t ! sun is 9 ,sagitt>ius & ! "t is ,novemb] or ,decemb]4 ,to confirm 8 melan*oly1 ! poet adds t ! ,/> ( ,love 7,v5us7 is hidd5 f u by ! sun's rays :i* n[ %9e a?w>t h]1 & t ! planet :i* /r5g!ns ! cold 7,saturn1 ! 8frigida /ella0 ( ,virgil7 displays himself 9 t arc ( ! sky 9 :i* all ! sev5 planets ca/ ! %orte/ %ad[2#bcj t is1 ei!r he is on ! m]idian at sunset1 or he is 9 ! mo/ nor!rly "p ( ! zodiac1 9 ,gem9i or ,canc]4 ,a planet 9 ?is place1 z = in/ance ! sun at midsumm]1 is visible long]1 describes a long] arc1 & ca/s %ort] %ad[s1 ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! zodiac4 ,& z ?is is ! "p :i* rises ov] ! ea/]n horizon z ! sun sets1 ,saturn w\ld also rise at t "t & rema9 visible all night4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bbi 8,i h come to t "p ( ! :eel40 ,canz4 xv4 #bcj ,l all m$ival writ]s1 ,dante includes ! sun & moon among ! sev5 planets4 ,! o!rs d n ca/ p]ceptible %ad[s1 except ,v5us & ,jupit] at _! brighte/4 ,! op5+ l9es ( ! ,ode run ?us3-- 8,io son v5uto al punto della rota1 ,*e l'orizzonte1 qu&o il ,sol si corca1 ,ci p>turisce il gem9ato cielo2 ,e la /ella d'amor ci /a rimota ,p] lo raggio luc5te1 *e la 'n=ca ,s di trav]so1 *e le si fa velo2 ,e quel pianeta *e con=ta il gelo ,si mo/ra tutto a noi p] lo gr&' arco1 ,nel qual ciascun de' sette fa poca ombra40#bca #bca 8,i to t po9t 9 ! great :eel h come1 ,:]e9 ! horizon1 :5 ! sun do? set1 ,br+s =? ! tw9-/>r$ heav5 to our sight2 ,& ,love's fair /> away f u do? roam1 ,?r\gh ! bright rays obliquely on x met ,9 su* wise t !y veil its t5d] light2 ,t planet :i* makes ke5 ! cold ( night ,%[s himself to u 9 ! circle great1 ,:]e ea* /> ( ! sev5 ca/s little %ade40 7,plumptre74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is a/oni%+ t ,giuliani %\ld s completely miss ! po9t ( ! 8tw9n$ sky10 t he sub/itutes 8+emmato0 = 8gem9ato10 & reads-- 8 444 la rota1 ,*' all orizzonte1 qu&o il ,sol si corca1 ,ci p>turisce l'+emmato cielo40#bcb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bcb 8,! ,:eel :i*1 :5 ! sun sets1 br+s =? = u on ! horizon ! jewell$ sky40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,he und]/&s ! h\r ( ev5+ to be meant1 :5 ! ,:eel ( ,day & ,night br+s a jewell$1 i4e4 />ry sky on ! horizon z ! sun sets4 ,b x is n only on ! horizon t />s appe> at sunset2 & ! m5tion ( ,gem9i to indicate ! "t ( ye> is ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( ,dante4 ,! ,:eel is ! revolv+ ye> :i* has c>ri$ ! sun into ,sagitt>ius4 ,angelitti rem>ks t ! :ole description 0 lit]ally true = ,decemb] #abif1 s9ce ,v5us 0 !n 9 conjunction ) ! sun1 & ,saturn 9 ,canc]2#bcc & z ?is poem is a compla9t ( ! h>dness ( 8 lady1 to :om ! poet is nev]!less :olly devot$1 x may well h be5 writt5 9 t "t :5 ! lady ,philosophy refus$ to smile ^u h] lov]4#bcd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bcc ,sulla ,data del ,viaggio ,dantesco p4 #ij1 note4 #bcd ,comp>+ ,conv4 ,,ii4 ii4 #ab1 xiii4 #di-eb1 & ,,iv4 i4 #fj-fb1 we le>n t 9 ,augu/ #abic 7vide infra1 p4 #cad71 ,dante fir/ became acqua9t$ ) ! ,lady ,philosophy2 t 9 ! e>ly "p ( #abif he 0 completely "u h] spell2 & t "s "t aft]w>ds %e = a :ile e/rang$ h]self f him4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,fur!r on 9 ! same poem ! effects ( ! sun 9 spr+1 :5 he is 9 ! sign ( ,aries1 are allud$ to z 8! virtue ( ,aries03-- 8,passato hanno lor t]m9e le fronde1 ,*e trasse fuor la virt d',ariete1 ,p] adorn>e il mondo1 e morta l' erba40#bce ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bce 8,scatt]$ & fad$ n[ is all ! foliage ,:i* _h bur/ =?1 b5ea? ! p[] ( ,aries1 ,to beautify ! _w1 ! grass is )]$40 ,canz4 xv4 #dj-db4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,contra/ ) ?is ! passage 9 ! ,p>adiso :]e 8nocturnal ,aries0 is us$ z a synonym = autumn4 8,que/a primav]a sempit]na ,*e notturno ,ariete non dispoglia40#bcf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bcf 8,?is ev]la/+ spr+ ,nocturnal ,aries nev] c despoil40 ,p>4 xxviii4 #aaf-aag4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,= al?\gh ,aries may be se5 dur+ "s "p ( ! night 9 ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 x is mo/ emphatically a noctural sign :5 x rises z ! sun sets1 & rema9s above ! horizon until he rises2 ?is happ5s :5 ! sun is 9 ! opposite sign ( ,libra1 :i* he ent]s at ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,a r curi\s passage 9 ! ,p>adiso is incompreh5sible unless we ?9k ( ! sun's pa? 9 ! zodiac1 & realize t ,dante is comp>+ ! brightness ( ! _s ( ,/4 ,john 9 an indirect way ) ! brightness ( ! sun4 8,poscia tra esse un lume si s*i>1 ,s *e1 se il ,cancro avesse un tal cri/allo1 ,l'inv]no avrebbe un mese d'un sol d40#bcg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bcg 8,!reaft]w>d a light among !m bright5$ ,s1 t if ,canc] "o su* cry/al _h ,w9t] w\ld h a mon? ( "o sole day40 ,p>4 xxv4 #ajj-ajb4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,if a light z dazzl+ z ?is _s 7 to %9e =? 9 ,canc]1 !re w\ld be p]petual day = a :ole mon? 9 w9t]4 ,= :5 ! sun ent]$ ,capricornus1 :i* he does 9 ,decemb]1 he w\ld be exactly opposite1 s t z "o light set ! o!r w\ld rise1 & !re w\ld be no d>kness until ! sun pass$ into ano!r sign4 ,to _m simil> in/ances ! diagram 7p4 #bgf7 w be f\nd to supply a key1 & "s we %all h occasion to notice pres5tly 9 ano!r connection4 #c4 ,,! ,,/>s4 ,if our poet did n love moonlight1 !re is no d\bt t />light 0 v de> to him4 ,nev] are />s spok5 ( z cold1 or plac$ 9 anti!sis to ! sun4 ,r are !y class$ toge!r1 z 9 ! pa!tic lett]1 writt5 :5 he he>d ( ! possibility t ! ,flor5t9es might receive him aga9 if he w\ld cons5t to return z a disgrac$ b p>don$ crim9al4 ,if ?is is ! only pa? to ,flor5ce1 nev] w he re-ent] ! belov$ city4 8,:at !n80 he cries4 8,c he n see ! mirrors ( ! sun & ( ! />s1 :]ev] he may be8 c he n m$itate on preci\s tru?s "u any sky80#bch ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bch ,ep4 ix4 #df-di4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,he describes ! ,inf]no z b]eft ( />s z well z ( sun2#bci he hopes to escape ^? d>k abysses to see ! beautiful />s aga91#bdj & ! t]ror ( ! s\nds ( weep+ & cry+ is height5$ indescribably by ! simple words3--8risonavan p] l'a] s5za /elle40#bda ,:5 he does at l5g? come =? to see 8le cose belle *e porta il ciel0#bdb h[ eag]ly he gazes1 n only at ,v5us1 b at ! new />s 9 ! s\?6 h[ 8 8gre$y eyes0#bdc seek ! same region z soon z dusk beg9s to fall6 & h[ radiantly ! />s look d[n ^u him on t la/ night on ! rocky slopes ( ! ,m\nta91 ne> ! summit6#bdd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bci ,inf4 iii4 #bc4 #bdj ,inf4 xvi4 #hb1 #hc4 #bda 8,res\nd$ ?r\gh ! air )\t a />40 ,inf4 iii4 #bc4 #bdb 8,! fair ?+s t heav5 holds40 ,inf4 xxxiv4 #acg1 #ach4 #bdc ,purg4 viii4 #he4 #bdd ,purg4 xxvii4 #hi1 #ij4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is is all allegorical1 no d\bt1 b x is because ( ,dante's feel+ = ! real 8belle /elle0#bde t he uses !m z symbols ( tru? & hol9ess1 & concludes ea* ,cantica ( ! ,div9e ,com$y ) _! "n3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bde 8,beautiful />s10 ,inf4 xvi4 #hc4 8,e qu9di uscimmo a riv$] le /elle40#bdf 8,puro e dispo/o a salire alle /elle40#bdg 8,l',amor *e move il sole e l'altre /elle40#bdh #bdf 8,!nce issu+ we beheld aga9 ! />s40 #bdg 8,pure & dispos$ to m\nt unto ! />s40 #bdh 8,! ,love t moves ! sun & ! o!r />s40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,"h 8/elle0 has ! wid] mean+ ( ! ,fr5* 8a/res10 = :i* we h no equival5t 9 ,engli% except ! clumsy 8heav5ly bodies20 b mo/ ( ,dante's hundr$ ref]5ces are to />s 9 ! m special s5se1 & (t5 to p>ticul> />s or con/ellations4 ,ov] eighty occur 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,/>s are jewels1 tor*es1 flames1 immortal nymphs adorn+ e region ( ! sky4#bdi ,heav5 is made beautiful by _! light1 & ! joy ( ! angels is express$ 9 _! %9+1 z mortal joy %9es =? 9 human eyes4#bej ,if ! spirits 9 ! f\r? heav5 are describ$ z gl[+ suns1#bea ! 8spl5d\rs0 t desc5d ^u ! gold5 ladd] 9 ! sev5?1 make ,dante ?9k t all ! />s 9 ! sky are ga!r$ toge!r !re4#beb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bdi ,purg4 ix4 #d2 ,purg4 viii4 #hi2 ,purg4 i4 #be2 ,p>4 xxiii4 #bf4 #bej ,p>4 ii4 #acj1 #adb-add4 #bea ,p>4 x4 #gf4 #beb ,p>4 xxi4 #bh-cc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! eyes ( ,beatrice %one bright] ?an />s2#bec light comes z f _m />s 9 read+ ! sacr$ books2#bed fai? gleams l a /> 9 ! sky2#bee & tru? appe>s 9 a m9d cle>$ ( falsehood & error l ! radiance ( />s 9 a sky :i* has be5 :olly swept ( cl\d & mi/ by a nor? w9d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bec ,inf4 ii4 #ee4 #bed ,p>4 xxv4 #gj4 ,see also ,conv4 ,,ii4 xvi4 #d-ab1 :]e ! writ+s ( ,bo?ius & ,cic]o1 & all in/ructive books1 are call$ />s full ( light4 #bee ,p>4 xxiv4 #adg4 8,come rimane spl5dido e s]5o ,l'emisp]io dell' a]1 qu&o s(fia ,borea da quella guancia ond' pi l5o1 ,p]* si purga e risolve la r(fia ,*e pria turbava1 s *e il ciel ne ride ,con le bellezze d'ogni sua p>(fia3 ,cos fec' io1 poi *e mi provvide ,la ,donna mia del suo rispond] *i>o1 ,e come /ella 9 cielo il v] si vide40#bef #bef 8,ev5 z rema9e? spl5did & s]5e ,! hemisph]e ( air1 :5 ,boreas ,is bl[+ f t *eek :]e he is milde/1 ,because is purifi$ & resolv$ ! wrack ,t er/ di/urb$ x1 till ! welk9 laughs ,) all ! beauties ( its pageantry3 ,?us did ,i likewise1 aft] t my ,lady ,_h me provid$ ) h] cle> response1 ,& l a /> 9 heav5 ! tru? 0 se540 ,p>4 xxviii4 #gi-hg4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,/>s1 z well z ! sun1 are us$ z symbols = ! objects ( ,dante's deepe/ rev]5ce2 = ! ,bless$ ,virg9 is call$ 8la viva /ella10#beg & ! ,f9al ,vision 9 :i* ! r$eem$ f9d _! ultimate bliss is a ,tr9al ,light se5 z a s+le />3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #beg 8,! %9+ />40 ,p>4 xxiii4 #ib4 8,o tr9a ,luce1 *e 9 unica /ella ,sc9till&o a lor vi/a s gli appaga1 ,gu>da quaggi alla no/ra procella40#beh #beh 8,o ,tr9al ,light1 t 9 a s+le /> ,sp>kl+ ^u _! sight s satisfies !m1 ,look d[n ^u our tempe/ "h bel[60 ,p>4 xxxi4 #bh-cj4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! diurnal motion ( ! />s is ref]r$ to _m times4 ,z ,dante wat*$ ! my/ical procession 9 ! ,e>?ly ,p>adise1 & saw "o gr\p foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ano!r across ! fl[]s & ! grass1 he ?\ght ( ! /ately procession ( />s :i* we see "h by night1 /> foll[+ /> across ! sky4#bei ,_! movem5t m>ks = him ! passage ( "t1 z we see 9 ! fir/ sonnet ( ! ,vita ,nuova3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bei ,purg4 xxix4 #ia4 8,gi eran quasi *' att]zate l' ore ,del tempo *e ogni /ella piu luc5te40#bfj #bfj 8,( ^? long h\rs :]e9 ! />s above ,wake & keep wat*1 ! ?ird 0 almo/ n\ght40 ,v4 ,n4 iii4 #ha1 #hb4 7,rossetti74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- & 9 ! ,inf]no1 :]e ,virgil ha/5s ,dante1 say+ t all ! />s are s9k+ :i* 7 ris+ :5 he />t$ on 8 long j\rney4#bfa ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bfa ,inf4 vii4 #ih1 #ii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! motion ( ^? />s :i* nei!r rise nor set1 b are always se5 circl+ r\nd ! pole1 is cle>ly describ$4 ,9 ! heav5 ( ! sun1 spirits ga!r r\nd ,dante & ,beatrice1 & circle r\nd !m1 8,come /elle vic9e ai f]mi poli20#bfb & ! motion ( ! />s ne> ! pole is said to be sl[1 l ! "p ( a :eel :i* is ne> ! axle4#bfc ,we may comp>e ^! descriptions ) ! /atem5t ( ,alfraganus3--8,e /ell 7i4e4 ! nor!rn circumpol>7 v]tuntur omnes circa idem punctum4 ,et quei ex iis puncto huic e/ vic9ior1 m9orem conficit circulum3 motusque ejus appret l5tior40#bfd ,dante assumes t 8 read]s und]/& ?is motion :5 he describes himself z see+ unkn[n />s ne> ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,! ,m\nt ( ,purgatory is suppos$ to be situat$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & at 8 fir/ arrival1 be=e dawn1 he turns to ! "r1 aft] look+ at ,v5us 9 ! ea/1 !re=e to ! s\?1 & sees ne> ! pole f\r />s s brilliant t ! :ole sky seems to rejoice 9 _! radiance1 & he pities ! 8wid[$0 nor!rn hemisph]e because !y are invisible !re4#bfe ,9 ! ev5+1 z soon z x beg9s to gr[ d>k1 al?\gh he is engag$ 9 an int]e/+ disc\rse ) a fri5d ) :om he _h ex*ang$ w>m greet+s1 he looks eag]ly once m t[>ds ! pole 7note ! int5sity express$ by ! repeat$ 8pure07-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bfb 8,l unto />s neighb\r+ ! /$fa/ poles40 ,p>4 x4 #gh4 #bfc ,purg4 viii1 #hf1 #hg4 #bfd 8,^! />s all revolve r\nd ! same po9t1 & ! ne>] a /> is to ?is po9t1 ! small] is ! circle t x makes1 & ! sl[] its motion appe>s40 ,el4 ,a/4 cap4 ii4 #bfe ,purg4 i4 #bb-bg4 8,gli oc*i miei ghiotti &avan pure al cielo1 ,pur l dove le /elle son pi t>de1 ,s come rota pi presso allo /elo40#bff #bff 8,my insatiate eyes ,mean:ile to heav5 _h travell$1 ev5 !re ,:]e ! bright />s are sl[e/1 z a :eel ,ne>e/ ! axle40 ,purg4 viii4 #he-hg4 7,c>ey74 ,he n[ sees ?ree bright />s :i* make ?is pole gl[ ) light1 & ,virgil says t ! />s he saw 9 ! morn+ are l[1 :ile ^? n[ visible h ris5 high] to take _! place4 8,ed egli a me3 ,le quattro *i>e /elle ,*e v$evi /aman son di l basse1 ,e que/e son salite ov' eran quelle40#bfg #bfg 8,& he to me3 ,! f\r respl5d5t />s ,?\ sawe/ ?is morn+ are d[n yond] l[1 ,& ^! h m\nt$ up to :]e ^? 740 ,purg4 viii4 #ia-ic4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! diurnal movem5t ( ! />ry heav5 is also allud$ to 9 ! ,convivio1 & contra/$ ) t imm5sely sl[ movem5t :i* 0 discov]$ by ,hipp>*us1 & is call$ by u ,precession4 ,! />ry heav51 says ,dante1 displays "o ( its poles to u1 & keeps ! o!r hidd52 & 9 l mann] x displays only "o movem5t to u1 & keeps ! o!r almo/ hidd54 ,by ! fir/1 x revolves once 9 e day f ea/ to we/2 ! o!r is ne>ly ins5sible1 be+ only "o degree 9 a hundr$ ye>s1 & x is f we/ to ea/4#bfh ,?is is ! value ( precession z giv5 by ,alfraganus1 foll[+ ,ptolemy4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bfh ,conv4 ,,ii4 xv4 #aj-ad1 & #if-ajd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x 0 ?is /up5d\s & my/]i\s cycle :i* 0 us$ by ,dante to measure ! age ( ,beatrice1 ?\gh = 8 own he us$ 7z we saw7 ! ord9>y measure ( ! sun's p]iod4 ,:5 he fir/ saw 8la gloriosa donna0#bfi %e _h only be5 9 ?is life s long t ! />ry heav5 _h mov$ t[>ds ! ea/ "o-twelf? "p ( a degree4 ,!re=e1 %e 0 "o-twelf? ( a hundr$ ye>s old1 or #h ye>s #d mon?s1 8s t x 0 ne> ! beg9n+ ( h] n9? ye> t %e appe>$ to me1 & ,i saw h] ne>ly at ! end ( my n9?40#bgj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bfi 8,! glori\s ,lady40 #bgj ,v4 ,n4 ii4 #i-ae4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dante tells u h[ _m />s _h be5 c\nt$ by 8! sages ( ,egypt10 by :om he means ,ptolemy & ! o!r ,alex&rians3 he did n "k t ! /> catalogue ( ! ,almage/ 0 orig9ally made by ,hipp>*us ( ,rhodes4 8,dico *' il cielo /ellato ci mo/ra molto /elle2 *1 secondo* li savi d',egitto hanno v$uto1 inf9o all'ultima /ella *e app>e loro 9 m]idie1 mille v5tidue corpora di /elle pongono1 di cui io p>lo40#bga ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bga 8,i say t ! />ry heav5 displays a multitude ( />s to u1 = z ! ,sages ( ,egypt h p]ceiv$1 includ+ ! la/ /> :i* appe>s to !m 9 ! s\?1 !y reckon "o ?\s& & tw5ty-two />ry bodies1 ( :i* ,i am n[ speak+40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xv4 #ah-bb4 7,jackson74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x w be not$ t he c>efully avoids say+ t ?is is ! numb] ( all ! />s visible f ! :ole e>?4 ,_h he1 l ,ri/oro1 run away ) ! idea t a blank space on ! globe meant a blank 9 ! sky1 8 night sky se5 f ,purgatory w\ld h be5 /rangely b>e & dull6 ,yet bo? writ]s us$ ! same text-book4 ,dante is "h foll[+ ,alfraganus closely1 = he _h writt5 9 8 n9ete5? *apt]3-- 8,sci5dum itaque sapi5tes inivisse m5suram /ell>um fix>um omnium1 quoad in/rum5tis obs]v>i e potu]unt1 extremam usque m]idiei p>tem1 9 t]tio climate ipsis conspicuam4444 ,/ell univ]sae qu>um agi m5sura potuit sunt mille vig9ti du40#bgb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bgb 8,y are to "k t ! ,sages measur$ ! places ( all ! fix$ />s z accurately z possible ) _! in/rum5ts1 z f> s\? z !y c\ld see 9 ! ?ird climate4444 ,! numb] ( all ! />s :i* he 0 able to measure is "o ?\s& & tw5ty-two40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,bo? 9 ! ,qu/io & ! ,p>adiso ,dante notes h[ />s diff]1 n only 9 _! brightness or 8magnitude10 b also 9 ! quality ( _! light1 by :i* he probably means _! col\r3-- 8,videmus 9 eo sc4 clum /ellatum diff]5tiam 9 magnitud9e /ell>um et 9 luce40#bgc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bgc 8,we see 9 x 7! />ry heav57 a diff]5ce 9 ! magnitude ( ! />s & 9 _! light40 ,qu4 xxi4 #ai-ba4 8,lumi1 li quali nel quale e nel quanto ,not> si posson di div]si volti40#bgd #bgd 8,lights _m ! eigh? sph]e displays to y ,:i* 9 _! quality & quantity ,may not$ be ( aspects diff]5t40 ,p>4 ii4 #fe-ff4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x seems z if x 7 ! beauty & ! movem5t ( ! />ry sky z a :ole :i* appeal$ to ,dante1 r ?an ! di/+ui%+ ( special />s & con/ellations4 ,^? :i* he m5tions are almo/ all ei!r 9 ! zodiac1 & us$ to d5ote ! h\r1 ! season1 or ! position ( "o ( ! sev5 planets2 or else !y are ne> "o ( ! poles & illu/rate ! circumpol> motion4 ,all ! zodiacal con/ellations are m5tion$ except ,virgo & ,sagitt>ius4 ,besides ! ord9>y names ( 8,ariete10 8,libra10 etc41 ,aries is call$ 8il ,montone20#bge ,gem9i 8il segno *e segue il ,tauro10 8gli et]ni ,gemelli10 & 8il bel nido di ,l$a10#bgf 9 ref]5ce to ! "m ( ,ca/or & ,pollux1 its two brighte/ />s2 ,libra is 8le ,bilance02#bgg ,scorpio 8il fr$do animale02#bgh ,capricornus is 8il ,capra del ciel02#bgi & ,pisces 8la cele/e ,lasca40#bhj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bge 8,! ,ram40 ,purg4 viii4 #acd2 ,p>4 xxix4 #b4 #bgf 8,! sign :i* foll[s ,taurus10 ,p>4 xxii4 #aaj1 #aaa2 8,! et]nal ,tw9s10 xxii4 #aeb2 8,! fair ne/ ( ,l$a10 xxvii4 #ih4 #bgg 8,! ,balance40 ,purg4 ii4 #e4 #bgh 8,! cold creature40 ,purg4 ix4 #e4 #bgi 8,! ,goat ( ! sky40 ,p>4 xxvii4 #fi4 #bhj 8,! cele/ial ,c>p40 ,purg4 xxxii4 #ed4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 "o place ,ca/or & ,pollux are m5tion$1 b m]ely z a synonym = ! :ole con/ellation ( ,gem9i4#bha 8,il petto del ,leone ard5te0#bhb is p]haps ,cor ,leonis1 ! ,he>t ( ! ,lion1 = ?is is ! "n giv5 to ,regulus by bo? ,ptolemy & ,alfraganus4 ,! 8,maggior ,=tuna0#bhc ( ,purg4 xix4 #d1 is a gr\p ( />s belong+ to ! two con/ellations ( ,aqu>ius & ,pisces1 9 :i* ! geomanc]s1 :o told =tunes by means ( c]ta9 po9ts trac$ at r&om1 ?\ght !y saw a special s]ies ( ^! po9ts1-33344 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bha ,purg4 iv4 #fa4 #bhb 8,! burn+ ,lion's brea/40 ,p>4 xxi4 #ad4 #bhc 8,great] ,=tune40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! 8gemme0 ( ,purg4 ix4 #d1 8po/e 9 figura del fr$do animale1 ,*e con la coda p]cote la g5te10#bhd are "s />s ( ,scorpio :i* 7 %9+ on ! ea/]n horizon j be=e ! moon rose on ! fir/ night 9 ! ,isl& ( ,purgatory4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bhd 8,gems 444 set 9 ! %ape ( t cold animal ,:i* ) its tail do? smite ama9 ! nations40 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! zodiacal con/ellations 9 g5]al are spok5 ( z 8all ! lights ( 8 ! sun's pa?30 8,tutti i lumi della sua /rada40 7,p>4 xxvi4 #aba1 #abb74 ,! pole /> is describ$ z ! po9t ( ! axle r\nd :i* ! fir/ sph]e revolves4#bhe ,! fir/ sph]e 7or :eel1 z x is call$1 ) ref]5ce to its circl+ motion7 is "h ! ,primum ,mobile1 :i* 0 ?\ght to cause ! diurnal motion4 ,?is unique position ga9s = ! pole /> ! "n ( 8! />10 z = in/ance 9 ,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #hd1 #he1 :]e ,dante says t a man /&+ at ! nor? pole w\ld h 8la /ella0 directly ov] 8 head4 ,& 9 ,p>adise he he>s a voice among ! spirits :i* makes him turn 9 its direction z ! ne$le turns to ! />-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bhe ,p>4 xiii4 #aa1 #ab4 8,voce1 *e l'ago alla /ella ,p>] mi fece 9 volg]mi al suo dove40#bhf #bhf 8,a voice1 ,t made me seem l ne$le to ! />1 ,9 turn+ to its :]eab\t40 ,p>4 xii4 #bi1 #cj4 7,c>ey74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is prop]ty ( ! magnet 0 kn[n 9 ,dante's day1 z well z its p[] ( attract+ iron1 ?\gh only ! latt] _h be5 kn[n to ,ptolemy & ! classical _w4 ,:e!r ! discov]y came f ,*9a1 :]e x is said t "s =m ( compass has be5 us$ s9ce ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 or :e!r x _h be5 discov]$ indep5d5tly by ,arab or ,italian navigators1 we d n "k3 b s*ol>s & poets 9 ! twelf? & e>ly ?irte5? c5turies write ( ! 8ugly br[n /one0 us$ by sailors to make an in/rum5t t _c lie4 ,= a ne$le1 rubb$ by x & run ?r\gh a /raw1 :5 float$ on wat] turns s surely to 8! />0 t "o ne$ nev] d\bt its guidance4 ,?us writes ,guyot1 ! poet ( ,langu$oc1 ab\t #abjj3-- 8,un art font qui m5tir ne puet1 ,p> la v]tu de la manete1 ,une pi]re laide et brunete1 ,ou le f]s vol5ti]s se jo9t1 ,ont3 si esg>d5t le droit po9t1 ,puis c'une aiguile i ont t\*ie1 ,et en un fe/u l'ont c\*ie1 ,en l'eve la met5t sanz plus1 99 99 99 99 99 ,puis se torne la po9te t\te ,contre l'e/oile si sanz d\te1 ,que ja nas hom n'en d\t]a40 ,& ?us ,ri/oro3-- 8,l'angola1 *e guidi li m>9>i1 * p] la virtu del cielo tratta e rivolta alla /ella la quale *iamata tramontana40#bhg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bhg 8,! ne$le :i* guides m>9]s1 = by ! virtue ( ! heav5s x is attract$ & turn$ t[>ds t /> :i* is call$ ! ,nor? ,/>40 ,composizione del ,mondo1 ,bk4 ,,vii4 "p iv4 *4 #b4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,alb]tus ,magnus speaks ( x 9 ! same way1 z some?+ well kn[n to m>9]s4 ,x seems /range to u h[ ,dante & 8 contempor>ies fail$ to see ! importance ( ?is discov]y2 ,brunetto ,lat9i1 :5 ! ugly /one 0 %[n to him on 8 visit to ,rog] ,bacon at ,ox=d1 ev5 pr(ess+ to reg>d x z a m]e toy1 ( no practical use4 ,dante discusses ! numb] ( ! />s kn[n to ,ptolemy1 & describes ! la/ mad voyage ( ,ulysses1 :o saw all ! />s ( ! o!r pole1 :ile ours sank l[ on ! ocean floor2#bhh b he does n seem to guess t ! new toy w\ld make possible ev5 long] voyages ?an ^!1 & t 9 "t ! blank 9 8 cele/ial globe w\ld be fill$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bhh ,inf4 xxvi4 #abg-abi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,yet ev5 9 8 own life-"t plucky little ,g5oa fitt$ out two galleys :i* v5tur$ ?r\gh ! =bidd5 ,/raits1 ) int5t to circumnavigate ,africa & f9d a new r\te to ,india4 ,& mean:ile1 travell+ by old ov]l& or coa/+ r\tes1 ,italian mission>y monks1 & ,italian trad]s1 7 visit+ s\!rn c\ntries & describ+ s\!rn skies4 ,fri> ,giovanni de ,monte ,corv9o1 :o 0 9 ,s\? ,india ) ,nicolo ( ,pi/oia1 writes home 9 #abia1 tell+ ( 8 disappo9tm5t t he _h nev] be5 able to see 8! o!r pole />0 7l'altra tramontana71 ?\gh he saw new />s mov+ r\nd & evid5tly ne> to x1 close to ! s\!rn horizon4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,m>co ,polo ! ,v5etian 0 dictat+ ! /ory ( 8 travels to a ,pisan 9 ,g5oa3 he _h be5 fur!r s\? ?an ! mission>ies1 = 9 a c]ta9 isl& 7probably ,sumatra7 he _h se5 ! s\? pole 8a spe>'s l5g?0 above ! horizon2 & 9 ! l& ( ,z9zi 7,zanzib>87 he _h se5 a m>vell\s /> z big z a sack 7:i* 0 evid5tly ! ,great] ,magellanic ,cl\d74 ,?is he drew a picture ( ) 8 own h&4 ,dante's sil5ce1 & probable incr$ulity1 reg>d+ ^! exp]i5ces ( 8 own c\ntrym5 & contempor>ies is *>act]i/ic ( 8 age2 = s*ol>s 7 too eag] to explore ! preci\s classical lore lately recov]$ f oblivion1 to realize t !y 7 on ! ?re%old ( a new era 9 k1 ( :i* ^! m5 7 pione]s4 ,x is sometimes ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t ,dante made use ( contempor>y obs]vations ( s\!rn skies 9 8 description ( ! />s he feign$ himself to h se5 :5 ! ,wa9 disappe>$ "u 8 nor!rn horizon4#bhi ,q correctly1 he does n place any s+le bright /> to m>k ! s\? pole2 8 two con/ellations1 "o ( f\r bright />s se5 above ! pole 9 ! morn+1#bij "o ( ?ree :i* takes its place aft] sunset1#bia are ^! real or fictiti\s8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bhi ,purg4 i4 #cj4 #bij ,purg4 i4 #bf4 #bia ,purg4 viii4 #hi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is a fact t !re are f\r bright />s 9 ! =m ( a cross1 ly+ betwe5 #ef & #fc s\?3 are ^! ,dante's 8quattro *i>e /elle10 8quattro luci sante80#bib ,!y 7 n recogniz$ z a sep>ate con/ellation until ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ,am]igo ,vespucci describ$ !m 9 8 lett]s ab\t 8 s\!rn voyages1 & ! ,flor5t9e ,&rea ,corsali wrote ab\t ! m>vell\s ,cross :i* 0 s beautiful t 9 8 op9ion no o!r con/ellation 9 ! sky 0 wor?y to be comp>$ ) x4 ,?is1 he believ$1 0 ! v cross ( :i* ,dante _h spok5 9 a prophecy4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bib 8,f\r bright />s1 f\r sacr$ lights40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,ev5 among ,dante's mo/ en?usia/ic admir]s1 ,i suppose none w be f\nd to-day to support ?is view2 b _m ?9k t he mu/ h he>d ( ! ,cross f travell]s4 ,true1 ^! />s are visible dur+ at lea/ "p ( ! ye> 9 all places s\? ( #cd nor?1 & !re=e 9 ,nor? ,africa1 & !y _h be5 catalogu$ by ,ptolemy z "p ( ! ,c5taur1 s t no a/ronom] c\ld take !m to be a newly-f\nd con/ellation1 b might n "s unsci5tific travell] l ,m>co ,polo h br\ght a vague report ( _! position8 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,/>s ,,visible ,,be=e ,,dawn ,,9 ,,purgatory4 ,to face p4 #bie ,to ?is we might reply t ,dante nev] says 8 f\r />s 7 9 ! =m ( a ,cross2 t !re _h to be f\r to repres5t ! f\r ,pagan virtues1 ! o!r con/ellation ( ?ree repres5t+ ! ?ree ,*ri/ian virtues 7comp>e ! gr\p ( f\r h&maid5s :o s+1 8,noi siam qui n9fe1 e nel ciel siamo /elle10#bic & are foll[$ by a gr\p ( ?ree72#bid & t ?is o!r con/ellation 0 c]ta9ly imag9>y1 s9ce !re is no gr\p ( ?ree bright />s any:]e ne> ! s\? pole4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bic 8,we are nymphs "h1 & 9 heav5 we are />s40 ,purg4 xxxi4 #ajd-ajf4 #bid ,purg4 xxxi4 #aaa4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b ! fact is t conjectures & argum5ts are unnecess>y1 s9ce ,dante has expressly said t 8 f\r />s _h nev] be5 se5 be=e by anyone except ! fir/ p--8non vi/e mai fuor *e alla prima g5te10 7,purg4 i4 #bd7--t is1 our fir/ p>5ts1 9 t ,ed5 ( 8 imag9+ :i* 0 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & on ! isl& :]e he 0 !n /&+ 9 8 vision4 ,z a matt] ( curiosity ,i h includ$ a map %[+ :at />s w\ld h be5 really visible to ,dante at ! suppos$ latitude ( ,purgatory1 :5 ,pisces 0 on ! ea/]n horizon1 z describ$ 9 ,purg4 i4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,s\!rn ,cross is l[1 & w\ld h be5 hidd5 beh9d ! ,m\nta9 ( ,purgatory at five o'clock 9 ! morn+4#bie ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bie ,antonelli ?9ks ! f\r />s 7 & ,crucis1 & ,c5tauri1 all ( :i* _h be5 m5tion$ by ,ptolemy1 & all lie ne> ! circle :i* m>ks ! limit ( circumpol> />s 9 ! suppos$ latitude ( ,purgatory 7#cb s\?74 ,! ?ree />s he says 7 ,navis1 ,canopus1 & ,a*]n>3--,antonelli1 ,acc5ni alle ,dottr9e ,a/ronomi*e nella ,div9a ,comm$ia4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,among nor!rn con/ellations1 ,ursa ,major is frequ5tly spok5 ( by ,dante1 "u diff]5t names1 b always ) ref]5ce to its high nor!rn latitude4 ,z ! ,wa91 8il ,c>ro10 x is said to be ly+ 9 ! nor?-we/ :5 ,pisces is on ! ea/]n horizon1 & to h disappe>$ f view 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4#bif ,! wa9-pole or %aft is pictur$ z sweep+ r\nd 9 ! diurnal revolution1 b always rema9+ above our horizon day & night1 ?r\gh\t its turn+3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bif ,inf4 xi4 #aac1 #aad2 ,purg4 i4 #cj4 8,quel ,c>ro1 a cui il s5o ,ba/a del no/ro cielo e notte e giorno1 ,s *' al volg] del temo non vi5 m5o40#big #big 8,! ,wa91 t 9 ! bosom ( our sky ,sp9s ev] on its axle1 night & day40 ,p>4 xiii4 #g-i4 7,c>ey74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! same idea is express$ 9 ! ,midw9t] ,ode1 :]e ! con/ellation is call$ ! ,sev5 ,fro/y ,/>s1 nev] lo/ to sight 9 ,europe3-- 8,fuggito ogni augel *e 'l caldo segue ,dal paese d',europa1 *e non p]de ,le sette /elle gelide unquemai40#bih ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bih 8,fl$ is e bird t seeks ! w>m?1 ,f ,european l&s :i* nev] lose ,! sev5 cold />s40 ,canz4 xv4 #bg-bi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is is a rem9isc5ce ( "s l9es ( ,bo?ius quot$ by ,dante 9 ,de ,mon>*ia1 9 :i* ! nor!rn nations are describ$ z "u ! sway ( ! 8septem gelidi triones40#bii ,! ,septem ,triones1 ! ,sev5 ,pl\gh+ ,ox51 0 "o ( ! ,lat9 names = ,ursa ,major1 :5ce comes 8sept5trional0 = ,nor?4 ,?is "n also is us$ by ,dante 9 ,purg4 xxx4 #a1 :]e ! ,sev5 ,c&le/icks ( ! my/ic procession se5 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 are lik5$ to ^! sev5 />s1 & are nam$ ! ,sept5trion ( ! ,fir/ ,heav5 7! ,empyrean74 ,?is div9e ,sept5trion 0 guid+ ! ,procession1 z ! />ry ,sept5trion ( a l[] heav5 guides ! m>9] into port3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bii 8,sev5 cold ox540 ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 ix4 #if4 8faceva l ciascuno accorto ,di suo dov]1 come il pi basso face ,qual timon gira p] v5ire a porto40#cjj #cjj 8,to duty !re ,ea* "o convoy+1 z t l[] do? ,! /e]sman to 8 port40 ,purg4 xxx4 #d-f4 7,c>ey74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,l ! sev5 />s1 also1 ! heav5ly ,sept5trion is said figuratively to "k nei!r sett+ nor ris+1 b unlike !m x kn[s no cl\d except ( s94#cja ,because x is spok5 ( z guid+ m>9]s1 "s comm5tators h tak5 ! above to ref] r to ,sept5trio ,m9or 7,ursa ,m9or71 :i* also has sev5 *ief />s1 & is a bett] guide because ne>] ! ,pole1 z ,?ales taught2 b ! comp>atively fa9t />s ( ! ,little ,be> w\ld n be s apt a comp>ison ) ! cele/ial lights4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cja ,purg4 xxx4 #a-c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,by ! "n ( ! ,be>s1 bo? ,ursa ,major & ,m9or are ref]r$ to z guides at sea 9 ,p>4 ii4 #i4 ,9 ! /range new seas on :i* ,dante w>ns 8 read]s he is ab\t to ent]1 ,m9]va w bl[ a fav\r+ w9d1 ,apollo w /e] ! b>que1 & ! n9e ,muses w guide 8 c\rse by ! ,be>s4 ,!y are also spok5 ( toge!r 9 ,purg4 iv4 #fe1 to indicate ! nor!rn "p ( ! sky4 ,a fif? "n = ,ursa ,major is d]iv$ f ! fable 7kn[n to ,dante probably f ,ovid's ,metamorphoses7 ( ! nymph ,helice1 :o 0 turn$ into a %e-be> by ,juno1 & 0 hunt$ by h] own son1 ,orcas4 ,jupit] trans=m$ !m into ,ursa ,major & ,botes4 8,se i b>b>i1 v55do di tal plaga ,*e ciascun giorno d',elice si copra1 ,rotante col suo figlio ond' ell' vaga1 ,v$5do ,rome e l' ardua sua opra1 ,/upefaci5si44440#cjb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cjb 8,if ! b>b>ians com+ f "s region ,t e day by ,helice is cov]$1 ,revolv+ ) h] son :om %e delights 91 ,behold+ ,rome & all h] noble works ,7 wond]-/ruck44440 ,p>4 xxxi4 #ca-ce4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,"h we h ! same idea z ( ! ,wa9 :eel+ r\nd b nev] sett+1 ) ! addition ( a neighb\r+ con/ellation describ+ a circle 9 ! same "t4 ,! ,b>b>ians :o liv$ 9 a region always dom9at$ by ,ursa ,major1 & came to m>vel at ! mighty build+s ( anci5t ,rome1 are probably ! races ( nor!rn ,europe 9 g5]al2 & ?is rem9ds u aga9 ( ! l9es ( ,bo?ius quot$ above1 = x is among ! peoples rul$ by ,rome t he m5tions 8quos premunt septem gelidi triones40#cjc ,if1 h[ev]1 ,dante meant a c\ntry :]e ! sev5 />s pass exactly ov]head1 ! b>b>ians mu/ h inhabit$ ,scotl&1 or s\!rn ,sc&9avia1 or c5tral ,russia4 ,if he means t ,botes also rema9$ always above ! horizon1 !y mu/ h come f )9 ! ,arctic ,circle1 b ?is is n likely4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cjc 8,^? "u ! sway ( ! sev5 cold ox540 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,ursa ,m9or z a ,horn4 ,p>4 xiii4 #aj4 ,9 "o ( ! passages j quot$ o!r con/ellations & />s are m5tion$ toge!r ) ,ursa ,major4 ,9 ,p>4 xii4 ,dante has comp>$ ! two circles ( spirits :i* surr\nd ,beatrice & himself to a d\ble ra9b[1 & to two g>l&s ( immortal roses4 ,9 ! next canto he f9ds a new simile3 9 imag9ation he takes "s ( ! brighte/ & mo/ famili> />s f our sky1 & makes ( !m two new con/ellations 9 ! =m ( two cr[ns4 ,! />s are ^!3 fifte5 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! sky1 :i* are s brilliant t !y %9e ?r\gh air d5se en\gh to qu5* less] orbs2 ! ,wa91 :i* nev] sets 9 our sky2 & ! m\? ( ! horn ^: tip is ! axis on :i* ! ,primum ,mobile revolves4 ,t is to say1 z we h be=e rem>k$1 ,dante takes ! fifte5 fir/-magnitude />s & ! />s in/anc$ by ,alfraganus z ( second magnitude4 ,ursa ,m9or is aptly comp>$ to a horn1 ! wide m\? ( :i* is =m$ by its two bright />s ,beta & ,gamma1#cjd :ile ! n>r[ end is ,alpha1 ! ,pole ,/>4 ,^! tw5ty-f\r bright />s we mu/ !n imag9e to gr\p !mselves into two con/ellations l t into :i* ,ariadne1 ! daught] ( ,m9os1 0 *ang$ :5 %e di$2 ?is is ,corona ,borealis or ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 o!rwise call$ ,ariadne's ,cr[n1 :i* sugge/s a circle1 ?\gh x is n a p]fect "o4 ,dante uses ! ^w 8segni0 = any con/ellations1 a cu/om we f9d 9 ,ri/oro also1 al?\gh ! mod]n usage is to re/rict 8signs0 to mean only divisions ( ! zodiac4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cjd ,i d n "k :e!r ?is comp>ison orig9at$ ) ,dante1 b x 0 well kn[n to ,spani% sailors two c5turies lat]4 ,9 ! ,arte ( ,navigation :i* 0 8,engli%$ out ( ! ,spany%e10 by ,ri*>d ,ed5 9 #aefa1 ,beta & ,gamma ( ,ursa ,m9or are ref]r$ to z 8two />res call$ ! ,gu>dians1 or ! m\? ( ! horne40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! />-l spirits1 ?us gr\p$ into a surpass+ly brilliant d\ble con/ellation1 beg9 to s+ _! ineffable heav5ly song1 & to circle r\nd ! c5tre :]e ,dante /&s1 9 a m>vell\s dance1 ^: swiftness1 :5 comp>$ ) any?+ kn[n on e>?1 is z ! movem5t ( t swift heav5 :i* c>ries ) x all ! re/1 :5 comp>$ ) ! fl[+ ( ! sluggi% riv] ,*iana4#cje ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cje ,p>4 xiii4 #a-bh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is passage helps u to und]/& expressions :i* (t5 /rike "o z v /range1 describ+ ! circl+ movem5ts ( ! spirits 9 ,p>adise4 ,= ! lik5ess to />s is cle> ?r\gh\t4 ,_! brightness is an expression ( _! happ9ess1#cjf & increases 9 ea* succe$+ heav54 ,only 9 ! l[e/ c ,dante see ! =ms & features ( ,picc>da & ! o!r bless$ spirits2 9 ! next !y clo! !mselves 9 light1 & al?\gh at fir/ ! radiant eyes ( ,ju/9ian are se51 ! fir/ words address$ to him cause him to %9e m brilliantly ?an be=e1 & z ! sun conceals himself by 8 own light1 s ! _s conceals himself by ! spl5d\r :i* gr[s ) 8 joy4#cjg ,9 ! ?ird heav5 ! spirits %9e 9 ! /> ( ,v5us l sp>ks se5 9 flame2#cjh 9 ! f\r? !y are call$ suns1 & surpass ! sun 9 brilliancy2#cji 9 ! fif? !y are comp>$ ) ! ,galaxy#caj & ) %oot+ />s1#caa 9 ! sev5? & eigh? ) />s#cab & ) sph]es ( light1 turn+ on fix$ poles & flam+ l comets4#cac ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cjf ,p>4 viii4 #eb1 #ec4 #cjg ,p>4 v4 #acf1 #acg4 #cjh ,p>4 viii4 #af4 #cji ,p>4 x4 #gf1 #dj-db4 #caj ,p>4 xiv4 #ig-aja4 #caa ,p>4 xv4 #ac1 #ad4 #cab ,p>4 xxi4 #cb1 #cc2 xxiii4 #bf1 #bg4 #cac ,p>4 xxii #bc2 xxiv4 #aa1 #ab4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 l mann] ! swiftness ( _! motion increases 9 proportion to ! cle>ness ) :i* ea* beholds et]nal tru?4#cad ,! almo/ incr$ible spe$ ) :i* ,dante himself so>s f sph]e to sph]e1 & ) :i* ! spirits move--:e!r 9 com+ t[>ds him1 impell$ by ,div9e *>ity1 9 return+ to ! heav5 ( heav5s1 or 9 circl+ ) "o ano!r 9 my/ic dance--is frequ5tly dwelt ^u1 & illu/rat$ by _m /rik+ similes4 ,! dance is always a circl+ or :eel+ movem5t 78il giro10 8la rota10 ,p>4 viii4 #bj & #bf2 ix4 #fe74 ,& besides ?is1 individual spirits turn ) a rapid motion1 rema9+ on ! same spot4 ,desc5d+ ! cele/ial ,ladd] 9 ! heav5 ( ,saturn1 /ep by /ep1 !y revolve3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cad ,p>4 viii4 #bj1 #ba2 & xxviii4 #ajj-ajb4 8,vid' io pi fiamelle ,di grado 9 grado sc5d]e e gir>si1 ,ed ogni giro le facea pi belle40#cae #cae 8,saw ,i _m little flames ,f /ep to /ep desc5d+ & revolv+1 ,& e revolution made !m fair]40 ,p>4 xxi4 #acf-ach4 7,longfell[74 ,comp>e #hj1 #ha & #ci2 & ,p>4 xxiv4 #aj1 #aa4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,n[ ^! two ?+s1 _! light & _! movem5ts1 7 all ! facts conc]n+ ! />s :i* m$ival a/ronom]s c\ld obs]ve2 & ! movem5ts 7 ?\ght to be 9 circles & inconceivably rapid4 ,motion 9 circles1 & especially ! movem5t ( rotation on an axis1 rema9+ 9 ! same place1 _h be5 said by ,ari/otle to be ! mo/ noble =m ( motion1 & ! fitte/ = cele/ial bodies4 ,!re=e1 :5 ,dante repres5ts ! r$eem$ & ! angels z express+ _! bliss by radiance & m>vell\sly rapid motion 9 circles1 he makes !m resemble ! heav5ly sph]es & />s among :i* !y manife/ !mselves to him4 ,! motions are directly comp>$ ) ^? ( />s 9 ! passage already quot$3-- 8,poi1 s cant&o1 quegli ard5ti soli ,si fur girati intorno a noi tre volte1 ,come /elle vic9e ai f]mi poli40#caf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #caf 8,z soon z s++ ?us ^? burn+ ,suns ,_h r\nd ab\t u :irl$ !mselves ?ree times1 ,l unto />s neighb\r+ ! /eadfa/ poles40 ,p>4 x4 #gf-gh4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,rememb]+ ?is significance ( circul> motion we %all feel a little less /range ! similes ( a mill & a top appli$ to ! spirits ( ,p>adise4#cag ,a ?ird way 9 :i* ! spirits express _! joy is by ! sweetness ( _! song1#cah & "h also !y resemble ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* make sweet music z !y circle4 ,?is doctr9e ( ,py?agoras 0 v popul> ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cag ,p>4 xxi4 #hj1 #ha2 xii4 #c2 xviii4 #da1 #db4 #cah ,p>4 xxiv4 #bb-bd1 x4 #gc1 & _m o!rs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #d4 ,,! ,,galaxy4 ,! ,galaxy or ,milky ,way is twice ref]r$ to 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,9 ,inf4 xvii4 #ajf-ajh1 x is 9 connection ) ! my? ( ,phaeton1 :o be+ all[$ by 8 fa!r ,jove to drive ! *>iot ( ! sun = "o day1 lo/ control ( 8 *>g]s1 & go+ all a/ray1 burn$ ! sky 9 a "p :i* /ill %[s signs ( ?is cata/rophe1 i4e4 ! ,milky ,way4 8,qu&o ,fetn abb&on li fr5i1 ,p] *e il ciel1 come p>e ancor1 si cosse40#cai ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cai 8,:at "t ab&on$ ,phaton ! re9s1 ,:]eby ! heav5s1 z /ill appe>s1 7 scor*$40 ,inf4 xvii4 #ajg-ajh4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is ( c\rse is only a poetical my?4 ,b 9 ! ,p>adiso1 9 ?ree l9es ! appe>ance1 col\r1 & approximate position ( ! ,galaxy are describ$1 & allusion is made to ! diff]5ce ( op9ions betwe5 le>n$ m5 ) reg>d to ! puzzl+ "q ( its nature4 ,dante is 9 ! heav5 ( ,m>s4 ,he sees ! soldi] sa9ts1 />-l & fi]y r$1 "s l>g] & "s less1 ?rong+ ?ick 9 two great b&s1 :i*1 cross+ "o ano!r 9 ! dep?s ( ! planet1 =m a m>vell\s ,crucifix4 ,! cr[d$ lights make him ?9k ( ! ,galaxy1 ) its multitud9\s po9ts ( light1 diff]+ 9 brightness1 al?\gh t is :ite1 & lies 9 a great circle betwe5 ! cele/ial poles4 8,come1 di/9ta da m9ori e maggi ,lumi1 bian*eggia tra i poli del mondo ,galassia s *e fa dubbi> b5 saggi1 ,s co/ellati facean nel pr(ondo ,m>te quei rai il v5]abil segno ,*e fan giunture di quadranti 9 tondo40#cbj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cbj 8,ev5 z1 di/9ct ) less & great] lights1 ,glimm]s betwe5 ! two poles ( ! _w ,! ,galaxy t make? wise m5 d\bt1 ,?us con/ellat$ 9 ! dep?s ( ,m>s ,^? rays describ$ ! v5]able sign ,t quadrants jo9+ 9 a circle make40 ,p>4 xiv4 #ig-ajb4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,if we n[ turn to ! fifte5? *apt] ( ,treatise ,,ii4 ( ! ,convivio1 we %all f9d ! ,phaeton my? & ! v>i\s !ories ab\t ! ,milky ,way set =? 9 due ord]1 & %all le>n :i* ( ^! ,dante consid]$ to be true4 ,he is comp>+ ! two sci5ces ( ,metaphysics & ,physics ) ! ,heav5 ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 & takes ! opportunity to tell u "s ( ! mo/ important facts kn[n ab\t x4 ,"h he calls ! ,galaxy a circle3--8,la ,galassia1 cio quello bianco c]*io *e il vulgo *iama la ,via de ,santo ,jacopo40#cba ,?is popul> "n p]haps arose ?r\gh a confusion ( ,galaxy & ,galicia1 :]e 0 a fam\s %r9e ( ,/4 ,james1 & h5ce came ! belief 9 ,italy t ! ,galassia 0 a sign by night to guide pilgrims on _! way to ?is %r9e at ,compo/ella 9 ,galizia4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cba 8,! ,galaxy1 t is1 ! :ite circle commonly call$ ,/4 ,james's ,way40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dante proce$s z foll[s ) 8 comp>ison3-- 8,e p] la ,galassia1 ha que/o cielo gr&e similitud9e colla ,metafisica4 ,p]* da sap]e *e di quella ,galassia li filos(i hanno avuto div]se op9ioni4 ,* li ,pittagorici diss]o *e 'l sole alcuna fiata err nella sua via1 e1 pass&o p] altre p>ti non conv5i5ti al suo f]vore1 arse il luogo1 p] lo quale pass2 e rimasevi quell' app>5za dell' arsura4 ,e cr$o *e si moss]o dalla favola di ,fetonte1 la quale n>ra ,ovidio nel pr9cipio del secondo di ,metamorfoseos4 ,altri diss]o 7siccome fu ,anassagora e ,democrito7 *e ci era lume del sole rip]cosso 9 quella p>te4 ,e que/e op9ioni con ragioni dimo/rative riprov>ono4 ,quello *e ,ari/otile si dicesse di ci1 non si pu b5e sap]e1 p]* la sua s5t5za non si trova cotale nell' una traslazione come nell' altra4 ,e cr$o *e fosse l'errore de' traslatori2 *e nella ,nuova p> dic]e *e ci sia uno raunam5to di vapori sotto le /elle di quelle p>te1 *e sempre traggono quelli2 e que/a non p>e av]e ragione v]a4 ,nella ,vec*ia dice1 *e la ,galassia non altro *e multitud9e di /elle fisse 9 quella p>te1 tanto picciole *e di/+u]e di quaggi non le potemo1 ma di loro app>isce quello albore il quale noi *iamiamo ,galassia4 ,e puote ess]e *e il cielo 9 quella p>te pi spesso1 e p] riti5e e ripres5ta quello lume e que/a op9ione p>e av]e1 con ,ari/otile1 ,avic5na e ,tolommeo4 ,onde conciossiacosa* la ,galassia sia uno effetto di quelle /elle le quali non potemo v$]e1 se non p] lo effetto loro int5diamo quelle cose1 e la ,metafisica tratta delle prime su/anze1 le quali noi non potemo simigliantem5te int5d]e se non p] li loro effetti2 manife/o *e 'l cielo /ellato ha gr&e similitud9e colla ,metafisica40#cbb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cbb 8,& 9 ! ,galaxy ?is heav5 has a close resemblance to ,metaphysics4 ,:]e=e x mu/ be kn[n t ! ,philosoph]s h _h diff]5t op9ions ab\t ?is ,galaxy4 ,= ! ,py?agoreans affirm$ t ! sun at "o "t w&]$ 9 its c\rse1 & 9 pass+ ?r\gh o!r regions n suit$ to su/a9 its heat1 set on fire ! place ?r\gh :i* x pass$2 & s ^! traces ( ! conflagration rema9 !re4 ,& ,i believe t !y 7 influ5c$ by ! fable ( ,phaton1 :i* ,ovid tells at ! beg9n+ ( ! second book ( ! ,metamorphoses4 ,o!rs 7z = in/ance ,anaxagoras & ,democritus7 said t ! ,galaxy 0 ! light ( ! sun reflect$ 9 t region4 ,& ^! op9ions !y confirm$ by demon/rative reasons4 ,:at ,ari/otle may h said ab\t x _c be accurately kn[n1 because ! two translations give diff]5t acc\nts ( 8 op9ion4 ,& ,i ?9k t any mi/ake may h be5 due to ! translators1 = 9 ! ,new ,translation he is made to say t ! ,galaxy is a congregation1 "u ! />s ( ?is "p ( ! heav51 ( ! vap\rs :i* are always be+ attract$ by !m2 & ?is op9ion does n appe> to be "r4 ,9 ! ,old ,translation he says t ! ,galaxy is no?+ b a multitude ( fix$ />s 9 t region1 />s s small t !y are n sep>ately visible f our e>?1 b ! appe>ance ( :it5ess :i* we call ! ,galaxy is due to !m4 ,& x may be t ! heav5 9 t "p is m d5se1 & !re=e reta9s & reproduces t light & ?is op9ion ,avic5na & ,ptolemy appe> to %>e ) ,ari/otle4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! ,galaxy is an effect ( ^? />s :i* _c be p]ceiv$ except s f> z we appreh5d ^! ?+s by _! effect1 & s9ce ,metaphysics treats ( primal sub/ances :i* 9 ! same way we _c appreh5d except by _! effects1 x is pla9 t !re is a close resemblance betwe5 ! />ry heav5 & ,metaphysics40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xv4 #dd-hf4 7,jackson74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is *>act]i/ic passage is int]e/+ = sev]al reasons4 ,x illu/rates ! m$ival fondness = allegory1 ! reluctance to believe t ,ari/otle c\ld ev] be wrong1 & ! int]e/ 9 anci5t ,greek speculations1 9 all ( :i* ,dante expresses ! feel+s ( 8 age3 & x br+s vividly be=e u ! me?ods & ! difficulties ( m$ival au?ors4 ,= ,dante is repeat+ f ,alb]tus ,magnus all ^! anci5t speculations3 ! (fici\s copyi/ :o alt]$ ,ari/otle's words1 ! fact t ,ari/otle c\ld only be read 9 ,lat91 & ! v>iety ( translations1 7 all ev]yday ob/acles to /udy2 & ,dante's own book has suff]$ f "o ( !m 9 ?is v passage4 ,! words plac$ betwe5 brackets are evid5tly an int]polation 7z ,mr4 ,wick/e$ obs]ves 9 ! 8,temple0 ,convivio73 )\t !m ! passage goes on smoo?ly & logically to its end4 ,on ! assumption t ! ,galaxy is compos$ ( a multitude ( small />s1 b n t ! sky is d5s] 9 t "p1 ! p>allel ) ,metaphysics holds good4 ,dante !re=e held ! true op9ion ab\t ! ,milky ,way1 b he 0 mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ t he _h ! support ( ,ari/otle4 ,x 0 ! 8,new ,translation0 7made by ,aqu9as f ! ,greek7 :i* gave 8 op9ion correctly2 9 ! 8,old0 7made by ,mi*ael ,scot f ! ,arabic7 8 /atem5t _h be5 app>5tly *ang$ )\t comm5t into "o :i* seems to ,dante--& also to u--to repres5t ! tru? ab\t ! ,galaxy4 #e4 ,,! ,,planets4 ,all ! planets :i* 7 kn[n be=e ! days ( ! telescope are m5tion$ by ,dante sev]al times4 ,ea* has its peculi> beauty1 b 8la luc5tissima /ella di ,v5]e0#cbc is bright] & m beautiful ?an any o!r4 ,he speaks ( 8la *i>ezza del suo aspetto1 * ' soavissima a v$]e pi *e altra /ella40#cbd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cbc 8,t mo/ brilliant />1 ,v5us40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 iv4 #hh4 #cbd 8,! brightness ( h] appe>ance1 :i* is m lovely to behold ?an t ( any o!r />40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #aab1 #aac4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,no read] ( ! ,purgatorio c ev] =get t mat*less morn+ on :i* ,dante1 escap+ at la/ f ! murky gloom ( ! ,inf]no1 sees ! sky once m1 pure blue ev5 to its fur!/ limits1 & ! planet ( love %9+ 9 ! ea/4 8,dolce color d'ori5tal zaffiro1 ,*e s'accoglieva nel s]5o aspetto ,dell' a]1 puro inf9o al primo giro1 ,agli oc*i miei ricom9ci diletto1 ,to/o *' i' uscii fuor dell' aura morta1 ,*e m'avea contri/ati gli oc*i e il petto1 ,lo bel pianeta *e ad am> con=ta ,faceva rid] tutto l'ori5te1 ,vel&o i ,pesci *'erano 9 sua scorta40#cbe ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cbe 8,sweet col\r ( ori5tal sapphire1 ,:i* 0 ga!r+ 9 ! s]5e aspect ,( ! sky1 pure ev5 to ! fir/ circle1 ,to my eyes re/or$ delight1 ,s soon z ,i _h come =? f t dead air1 ,:i* _h tr\bl$ eyes & brea/4 ,! fair planet t inspires love ,0 mak+ all ! ori5t smile1 ,veil+ ! ,fi%es :i* 7 9 h] tra940 ,alt]native r5d]+ ( ! fir/ ?ree l9es3-- 8,sweet col\r ( ori5tal sapphire1 ,:i* 0 diffus$ ov] ! tranquil sc5e1 ,f mid-heav5 ev5 to ! fir/ circle40 ,purg4 i4 #ac-ba4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,/range to say1 ! beg9n+ ( ! above beautiful passage :i* conveys s direct & vivid an impression ( blue sky & pure air1 pres5ts "s difficulties :5 "o comes to translate x ^w by ^w1 especially z ! texts (f] m ?an "o read+4 ,by "s comm5tators ! 8primo giro0#cbf has be5 und]/ood to mean ! sph]e ( ! moon1#cbg or ev5 ! highe/ sph]e 7! ,primum ,mobile72 b ?is is c]ta9ly inadmissible1 z ,dante suppos$ ! atmosph]e to rea* only z f> z ! sph]e ( ,fire1 :i* came betwe5 x & ! moon4 ,! prime circle is "h evid5tly ! horizon1 ! fundam5tal circle ( obs]v]s1 ! ,fir/ ,circle ( ! a/rolog]s1 f :i* !y reckon$ all ! re/4 ,x is "h t ! sky usually becomes pale & mi/y1 h[ev] blue & cle> x may be above4 ,! col\r 0 ga!r+ & deep5+1#cbh especially 9 ! ea/1 :]e ,dante 0 look+1 z dawn began to appe> 9 a p]fectly cl\dless sky2 = dur+ ! d>kness ( ! night x w\ld h appe>$ almo/ black4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cbf ,fir/1 or prime1 circle4 #cbg ,conv41 ,,ii4 iv4 #a-c4 #cbh ,lit]ally1 80 assembl+10 or 80 be+ collect$40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dr4 ,moore ?9ks ! au?ority bett] = a diff]5t read+1 viz4 8,dal mezzo0#cbi in/ead ( 8,dell' a]40#ccj ,9 ?is case1 we mu/ take 8mezzo puro0 to mean mid-heav51 t is ! z5i?1 8puro0 be+ us$ z a n\n1 & mean+ a cl\dless sky 7l 8s]5o0 9 ,purg4 v4 #ch72 & 8il s]5o aspetto0 mu/ mean 8! quiet sc5e40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cbi 8,f ! middle40 #ccj 8,( ! air40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,v5us appe>s aga9 9 ! ,purgatorio1 %9+ ^u ! ,m\nta9 f ! ea/ be=e sunrise2 & ?is "t %e is call$ ,cy!rea1 aft] ! isl& ne> :i* %e 0 fabl$ to h ris5 f ! sea1 & 9 :i* %e receiv$ a special wor%ip4 8,dell' ori5te 444 raggi nel monte ,cit]ea1 ,*e di foco d'amor p> sempre ard5te40#cca ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cca 8,f ! ea/ !re %one ^u ! ,m\nta9 ,cy!rea1 :o 9 ! flame ( love seems to be always burn+40 ,purg4 xxvii4 #id-if4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! position ( ,v5us 9 h] c\rse ?r\gh ! zodiac is indicat$ 9 ! previ\s passage by ! expression 8vel&o i ,pesci40#ccb ,! oscillat+ motion1 by :i* %e appe>s fir/ on ! morn+ & !n on ! ev5+ side ( ! sun is ref]r$ to sev]al times4 ,9 prose ,dante speaks ( h] two app>itions1 ! morn+ & ! ev5+3 8la sua app>5za1 or da mane1 or da s]a20#ccc 9 poetry1 he describes h] z woo+ ! sun1 fir/ foll[+ & !n fac+ him3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ccb 8,veil+ ! ,fi%es0 7! zodiacal con/ellation74 #ccc 8,h] appe>ance1 n[ 9 ! morn+1 & n[ 9 ! ev5+40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #aad1 #aae4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 8la /ella ,*e il sol vagheggia or da coppa or da ciglio40#ccd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ccd 8,! /> ,t woos ! sun1 n[ foll[+1 n[ 9 front40 ,p>4 viii4 #aa-ab4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,m]cury & ,v5us 7call$ r oddly aft] _! mo!rs71 are said bo? to move closely r\nd ! sun3-- 444 8vidi com' si move ,circa e vic9o a lui ,maia e ,dione40#cce ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cce 8,i saw h[ move !mselves1 ,ar\nd & ne> him1 ,maia & ,dione40 ,p>4 xxii4 #adc-add4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 8,quel bel pianeta di ,m]curo0#ccf keeps close/1 = he is m hidd5 ?an any o!r 9 ! rays ( ! sun4 ,"h aga9 ! fact is express$ 9 simple prose 9 ! ,convivio3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ccf 8,t fair planet1 ,m]cury40 ,son4 xxviii4 #i4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 8,m]curio 444 pi va velata de' raggi del sole *e null' altra /ella40#ccg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ccg 8,m]cury 444 z x moves is m veil$ by ! rays ( ! sun ?an any o!r />40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #ii-ajj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- :i* expla9s 7if necess>y7 ! m poetical language ( ! ,p>adiso3-- 8,la sp]a1 ,*e si vela ai mortal con altrui raggi40#cch ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cch 444 8,! sph]e ,t veils itself f m5 9 ali5 rays40 ,p>4 v4 #abh1 #abi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 ! same way we may comp>e ! descriptions ( ,m>s 9 ! ,p>adiso ) a /atem5t 9 ! ,convivio3-- 8,que/o fuoco10#cci & 8l'affocato riso della /ella10#cdj & 8,m>te rosseggia10#cda ) ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cci 8,?is ,fire40 ,p>4 xvi4 #ch4 #cdj 8,! burn+ smile ( ! />40 ,p>4 xiv4 #hf4 #cda 8,m>s %[s r$40 ,purg4 ii4 #ad4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 8,esso ,m>te 444 il suo calore simile a quello del fuoco2 444 esso app>e affocato di colore40#cdb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cdb 8,?is ,m>s 444 8 heat is l ! heat ( a fire 444 8 col\r is z if he 7 on fire40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #afb-afe4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! fam\s occultation ( ,m>s by ! moon1 se5 by ,ari/otle1 is quot$ by ,dante 9 ,conv4 ,,ii4 iii4 #ei-fe4 ,jupit] is ! 8dolce /ella0#cdc & ! 8giovial facella40#cdd ,he is silv]y :ite1 ! :ite/ ( all ! />s3--8,intra tutte le /elle bianca si mo/ra1 quasi arg5tata40#cde ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cdc 8,sweet />40 ,p>4 xviii4 #aae4 #cdd 8,! tor* ( ,jove40 ,p>4 xviii4 #gj4 #cde 8,among/ all ! />s x %[s :ite1 z if silv]$ ov]40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #bjb-bjd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!re=e :5 ,dante saw ! planet fill$ ) brilliant spirits1 he says3 8,giove p>eva arg5to l d' oro di/9to40#cdf ,comp>isons betwe5 ! col\rs ( ,jupit] & ,m>s are made 9 ,p>4 xviii4 #fd-fi1 & xxvii4 #ac-ae4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cdf 8,jupit] ,seem$ to be silv] !re ) gold inlaid40 ,p>4 xviii4 #ie-if4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,f9ally ,saturn is ! sl[e/ & ! mo/ di/ant ( all ! planets4 ,^! two *>act]i/ics are ?us describ$ 9 ! ,convivio3-- 8,l'una si la t>dezza del suo movim5to p] li dodici segni2 * v5t9ove anni e pi1 secondo le scritture degli a/rologi1 vuole di tempo lo suo c]*io3 l'altra si *e esso alto sopra tutti gli altri pianeti40#cdg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cdg 8,"o is ! sl[ness ( its movem5t ?r\gh ! twelve signs2 = tw5ty-n9e ye>s & m1 accord+ to ! writ+s ( ! a/rolog]s1 are requir$ = its revolution3 ! o!r is t x is high above all o!r planets40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #bbf-bca4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 ! ,p>adiso ,saturn is call$ a ,mirror1#cdh a ,cry/al1#cdi a spl5d\r2#cej 8 circl+ motion is allud$ to1 & 8 position at ! "t 9 ! zodiac3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cdh ,p>4 xxi4 #ah4 #cdi ,p>4 xxi4 #be4 #cej ,p>4 xxi4 #ac4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 8,c]*i&o il mondo40#cea 8,sotto il petto del ,leone ard5te40#ceb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cea 8,circl+ ! _w40 ,p>4 xxi4 #bf4 #ceb 8,b5ea? ! burn+ ,lion's brea/40 ,p>4 xxi4 #ad4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,"s ( ! mo/ beautiful similes 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y are drawn f ! planets4 ,! angel-pilot ( ,purgatory1 :5 fir/ se5 f> (f ov] ! sea1 is lik5$ to ! planet ,m>s1 gl[+ r$ ?r\gh morn+ mi/s1 l[ 9 ! we/ above ! ocean floor2#cec & ! angel t welcomes ! poet to ! second circle on ! ,m\nta9 is beautiful z ! ,morn+ ,/>4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cec ,purg4 ii4 #ac-ae4 8,a noi v5ia la creatura bella1 ,bianco ve/ita1 e nella faccia quale ,p> tremol&o mattut9a /ella40#ced #ced 8,t[>ds u came ! be+ beautiful1 ,ve/$ 9 :ite1 & 9 8 c\nt5ance ,su* z appe>s ! tremul\s morn+ />40 ,purg4 xii4 #hh-ij4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,al?\gh any ( ! planets :5 ris+ j be=e ! sun may be call$ a morn+ />1 ,v5us is probably int5d$ "h1 z also :]e ,/4 ,b]n>d1 9 8 devotion to ! ,virg91 is comp>$ ) ! ,morn+ ,/> :i* takes its beauty f ! sun3-- 8,colui *'abbelliva di ,m>ia1 ,come del sole /ella mattut9a40#cee ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cee 8,he :o drew beauty f ,m>y1 z ! ,morn+ ,/> does f ! ,sun40 ,p>4 xxxii4 #ajg1 #ajh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,all ! sev5 planets 7t is1 includ+ sun & moon71 are occasionally m5tion$ toge!r1 8tutti e sette10#cef & _! movem5t 9 ! ecliptic is ref]r$ to 9 ,p>4 x1 #ad3 8,l'obbliquo c]*io *e i pianeti porta40#ceg ,9 ! #ad? & #ae? *apt]s ( ! second treatise ( ! ,convivio1 already s (t5 quot$1 ,dante draws an elaborate comp>ison betwe5 ! sev5 planets & ! sev5 sci5ces ( ! ,trivium & ,quadrivium4 ,! moon is ,gramm>1 ,m]cury ,dialectic1 ,v5us ,rhetoric1 ! ,sun ,ari?metic1 ,m>s ,music1 ,jupit] ,geometry1 & ,saturn ,a/rology4 ,! reasons giv5 = ! latt] are ! sl[ movem5t & ! height 7i4e4 di/ance f ,e>?7 ( ,saturn1 :i* ,dante comp>es ) ! l5g? ( ! "t tak5 9 le>n+ a/ronomy1 & ! l(t9ess ( its subject4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cef 8,all ! sev540 ,son4 xxviii4 #ad1 & ,p>4 xxii4 #adh4 #ceg 8,! oblique circle :i* c>ries ! planets40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 ! same way ! /> sph]e is said to resemble ,physics & ,metaphysics1 ! ,primum ,mobile ,e?ics1 & ! ,empyrean ,!ology4 ,! argum5t is v fanciful1 b j :at w\ld appeal to read]s ( ,dante's day1 :o lov$ to f9d allegories ev]y:]e2 & x gives him an opportunity ( in/ruct+ !m v simply 9 8 belov$ sci5ce4 ,he sometimes uses ! planet>y p]iods z divisions ( "t 7z ,plato said !y %\ld be us$71 = comput+ e>?ly ev5ts1 & 9 him ?is does n seem affectation1 z x w\ld ) almo/ anyone else4 ,x seems q natural t ,cacciaguida1 :5 speak+ 9 ! heav5 ( ,m>s1 & answ]+ a "q reg>d+ ! date ( 8 bir?1 %\ld c\nt ! "t n by sol> b by ,m>tian ye>s1 say+ t f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era to ! day ( 8 bir?1 ,m>s _h return$ to 8 ,lion 7! con/ellation ( ,leo7 five hundr$ & eighty times4#ceh ,! l5g? ( ! ,m>tian ye> accord+ to ,alfraganus is #a ,p]sian ye>1 #aj mon?s1 & #bb days ne>ly4 ,! ,p]sian ye> 7z he tells u 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,elem5ta7 consi/s ( #ab mon?s ( #cj days ea* plus #e extra days1 mak+ #cfe days exactly 7n #cfe days l ! ,roman71 s ! ,m>tian ye> is #fhg days 7! mod]n e/imate is #fhfi74 #fhg days #ehj gives u #ajia a4d4 z ! date ( ,cacciaguida's bir?4 ,?is is consi/5t ) ! date ( 8 dea?1 = he _h j told ,dante t he fell 9 ! ,crusade to :i* he foll[$ ! ,emp]or ,conrad1 & we "k t ?is 0 f\ght 9 ! ye> #aadg4 ,"s comm5tators ?9k t ,dante did n int5d ! ,m>tian ye> to be tak5 s precisely1 b only z approximately two sol> ye>s1 s9ce he gave x ?us 9 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xv4 #ade4 ,b !re he specially /ates t he is quot+ an approximate figure only 78uno anno quasi0#cei is half ! p]iod ( ,m>s7 :]eas 9 ! ,p>adiso x is us$ to fix a date4 ,s9ce by tak+ #ehj #b ye>s we get #aafj1 an impossible date ( bir? = a man :o di$ 9 #aadg1 ! only way to support ?is !ory t ,dante 0 speak+ loosely "h is to adopt ano!r read+ ( ! passage1 & sub/itute 8tre0 = 8tr5ta40#cfj ,!n #eec 7in/ead ( #ehj7 #b ye>s w\ld give ! date #aajf2 b ! read+ is n support$ by good au?ority4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ceh ,p>4 xvi4 #cd-ci4 #cei 8,ab\t a ye>40 #cfj 8,?ree10 = 8?irty40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! p]iod ( ,v5us is us$ ) equal appropriat5ess :5 ,dante is relat+ h[ love = ! ,g5til ,donna f\nd a way to 8 he>t1 com+ on ! rays ( ,v5us1#cfa ! /> ( love4 8,la /ella di ,v5]e due fiate ere rivolta 9 quello suo c]*io *e la fa p>]e s]ot9a e mattut9a1 secondo i due div]si tempi1 appresso lo transpassam5to di quella ,beatrice beata1 *e vive 9 cielo con gli angioli e 9 t]ra colla mia anima1 qu&o quella ,g5til ,donna1 di cui feci m5zione nella f9e della ,vita ,nuova1 app>ve primam5te accompagnata d',amore agli oc*i miei1 e prese alcuno luogo nella mia m5te40#cfb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cfa ,conv4 ,,ii4 vii4 #hh1 #hi4 #cfb 8,! /> ( ,v5us _h twice revolv$ 9 t circle ( h]s :i* makes h] appe> z ev5+ & morn+ />1 accord+ to h] two seasons1 s9ce ! translation ( t holy ,beatrice :o lives 9 heav5 ) ! angels & on e>? 9 my s\l1 :5 t ,g5tle ,lady1 ( :om ,i made m5tion at ! end ( ! #8,new ,life1' appe>$ fir/ be=e my eyes1 escort$ by ,love1 & took "s place 9 my m9d40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 ii4 #a-ab4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,v5us runs ?r\gh h] *anges1 appe>+ fir/ z ,ev5+ & !n z ,morn+ />1 9 #ehd days2 &1 z ! read] w rememb]1 ?is movem5t 0 ascrib$ by ,ptolemy to h] epicycle 78quello suo c]*io10 8t circle ( h]s074 ,dante w\ld f9d #ehd days giv5 = x 9 8 ,alfraganus4#cfc ,twice #ehd is #aafh days1 or ?ree ye>s & a little m ?an #b mon?s4 ,!re=e1 s9ce we "k f ,v4 ,n4 xxx4 t ,beatrice di$ 9 ,june #abij1 ,dante wi%es to say t he fir/ saw ! ,lady ( ,pity 9 ,augu/ #abic4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cfc 8,v5us ambitum epicycli p]agit anno ,p]sico #a1 m5sibus #g1 et diebus prope #i10 t is1 ! p]iod ( ,v5us on h] epicycle is #cfe #baj #i #ehd days ne>ly1 accord+ to ,alfraganus4 ,! mod]n mean value is also #ehd days4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! p]iod has be5 tak5 by "s mod]n comm5tators to ref] to ! #bbe days 9 :i* ,v5us revolves r\nd ! sun1 b ?is p]iod has no place 9 ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,we _c "h discuss ,dante's allegory ( ! ,g5tle ,lady & ,philosophy1 b 9 ?is passage he has /at$ )\t ambiguity or unc]ta9ty ! date ( h] fir/ appe>ance4#cfd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cfd ,see ,lub9's ,dante e gli ,a/ronomi ,italiani4 ,! p]iod ( #bbe days may be easily d$uc$ f ,ptolemy's sy/em1 = x is ! "t 9 :i* ! epicycle ( ,v5us w\ld make an absolute revolution r\nd its c5tre1 ! diamet] becom+ p>allel to its =m] position4 ,b ! ,greeks inv>iably reckon$ ! p]iod z ! "t 9 :i* x revolv$ relatively to ,e>?1 t is #ehd days4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #f4 ,,eclipses4 ,we f9d sol> eclipses m5tion$ six times 9 ,dante's works4 ,z 9 all old records1 !re is no allusion to ! features :i* *iefly /rike mod]n a/ronom]s--! pe>ly corona1 & ! blood-r$ prom95ces /&+ out l flames r\nd ! black disc4 ,! t]ror ( ! sudd5 d>kness1 ev5 :5 =ese51 seems to h absorb$ all att5tion1 & only ! appe>ance ( />s 9 ! daytime & ! fright5$ behavi\r ( animals 0 not$ by ,ri/oro1 & by o!rs until q mod]n times4 ,9 8 lett] to ! ,c>d9als ( ,italy1 ,dante speaks ( ! %ameful & griev\s removal ( ! ,papacy f ,rome to ,avignon z an eclipse ( ! sun4#cfe ,9 8 dream ( ! dea? ( ,beatrice1 he sees ! sun s d>k5$ t ! />s appe>1 to 8 great t]ror3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cfe ,ep4 viii4 #aeh1 #aei4 8,poi mi p>ve v$]e appoco appoco ,turb> lo ,sole ed app>ir la /ella40#cff #cff 8,! :ile1 little by little1 z ,i ?\ght1 ,! sun ceas$1 & ! />s began to ga!r40 ,v4 ,n4 xxiii4 #agf1 #agg4 7,rossetti74 ,see also ! prose description j be=e1 l9es #ce-cg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,he also ref]s to ! disput$ idea t ! d>kness at ! "t ( ! ,crucifixion 0 caus$ by an eclipse ( ! sun1#cfg & to ! figurative eclipse :i* !n took place 9 heav54#cfh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cfg ,p>4 xxix4 #ig-ajb4 #cfh ,p>4 xxvii4 #ce1 #cf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,if he _h ev] se5 "o 9 reality1 x w\ld h made m impression ^u him1 & we %\ld surely h f\nd x ref]r$ to sev]al times & vividly describ$4 ,! only sugge/ion ( a p]sonal exp]i5ce is :]e he tempor>ily loses ! p[] ( sight by gaz+ too fix$ly ^u ! _s ( ,/4 ,john2 & he comp>es ?is to a man :o looks s int5tly at ! sun1 j be=e an eclipse1 t he becomes incapable ( see+ x at ! critical mom5t4#cfi ,?is incid5t may h be5 told him by an obs]v] ( ! total eclipse ( ,june #abci1 :i* 0 visible 9 ,italy1 & seems to be ! "o describ$ by ,ri/oro4 ,la/ly1 he m5tions ! discov]y t ! moon comes betwe5 u & ! sun1 :i* we h le>n$ f eclipses1 z an example ( ! prop] me?od ( reason+3 = we mu/ fir/ ask :e!r a ?+ is1 & aft]w>ds :y x is4 ,?us man's wond] leads him to k4#cgj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cfi ,p>4 xxv4 #aah-aba4 #cgj ,qu4 xx4 #c-e1 #bf-bi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! eclips$ moon is only once m5tion$1 viz4 9 ,de ,mon4 ,,iii4 iv4 #adj-adb1 :]e %e is describ$ z n :olly d>k4 ,) 8 usual indiff]5ce to h] ,dante fails to note ! (t5 extraord9>y beauty ( h] col\r+ :5 ! eclipse is total4 #g4 ,,comets ,,& ,,meteors4 ,! connection betwe5 ^! two classes ( heav5ly bodies seems to be real1 ?\gh its exact nature is /ill a my/]y4 ,9 old days little or no di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 !m1 s t x is sometimes difficult to "k :e!r a writ] is describ+ a l>ge meteor1 or a comet1 or a %[] ( fall+ />s4 ,dante only m5tions comets once1 v briefly1 :5 he describes spirits 9 ,p>adise z 8fiamm&o =te a guisa di comete40#cga ,he says no?+ ( ! magnific5t comet describ$ by ,ri/oro1 :i* rose at ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+1 huge z a m\nta91 & ) great rays l a mane2 b travell+ always t[>ds ! s\? grew gradually fa9t]1 & disappe>$ aft] #fj days4 ,yet x 0 se5 9 ,tuscany %ortly be=e ,dante's bir?1 & x 0 ?\ght to h]ald ! dea? ( ! ,pope 7,urban ,,iv4 9 #abfd7 & ! t]rible w> 9 :i* fir/ ,manfr$ & aft]w>ds ,conrad9 7 sla94 ,^! ev5ts are famili> to e read] ( ! ,div9e ,com$y1#cgb b !re is nev] any m5tion ( ! comet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cga 8,blaz+ brilliantly l comets40 ,p>4 xxiv4 #ab4 #cgb ,inf4 xxviii4 #af-ag2 ,purg4 iii4 #aab-acb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,nor does he describe 9 any detail ! fi]y cross :i* 0 se5 9 ! sky above ,flor5ce 89 ! beg9n+ ( h] de/ruction10 :i* does n mean1 z "o might ?9k1 ! leg5d>y sack ( ! city by ,totila1 b ! trea*]\s entry ( ,*>les ( ,valois1 8,totila secundus10#cgc 9 ,novemb] #acja4 ,?is port5t 0 ( c\rse consid]$ z ( ill om5 = ! ,republic1 & al?\gh ,dante 0 /ill abs5t on 8 embassy to ,rome1 & _c h se5 x himself1 x is r rem>kable t he says s little ab\t x4 ,x is describ$ by an eye-witness1 8,io1 *e *i>am5te la viddi0#cgd z a r$ cross :i* appe>$ 9 ! ev5+ ov] ! ,priors' ,palace2 ! v]tical arm seem$ to be #bj ells long1 ! transv]se "o a little %ort]1 & x rema9$ visible = z long z x w\ld take a horse to gallop two furlongs4 ,villani ! hi/orian describes x z l a comet ) an imm5se trail1 z ( smoke1 beh9d x4 ,dante m]ely m5tions x1 toge!r ) ! ball ( fire se5 by ,s5eca at ! dea? ( ,augu/us1 :i*1 judg+ by ,s5eca's own words1 0 also a l>ge meteor1 = he describes x z fla%+ into sight & mov+ v rapidly1 disappe>+ z x mov$4#cge ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cgc ,v4 ,e4 ,,ii4 vi4 #dh4 #cgd 8,i1 :o saw x cle>ly40 #cge ,naturales ,qu/iones1 ,bk4 ,i4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dante calls meteors 8k9dl$ vap\rs10#cgf 9 accordance ) ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle1 b ! popul> idea ( !m is %[n by 8 obs]vation t !y might be tak5 = />s 9 motion1 only t no /> vani%es f its place1 & !y are only se5 = a %ort "t4#cgg ,ri/oro d',arezzo _h already allud$ to ?is fallacy3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cgf ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #afh-aga1 & ,purg4 v4 #cg4 #cgg ,p>4 xv4 #af-ah4 8,alquanti non savi cr$ono *'elle si5o /elle1 *e cagg9o del cielo e v5gano m5o40#cgh #cgh 8,"s ignorant p ?9k t !y are />s :i* fall f heav5 & vani%40 ,comp4 del ,mondo1 ,,vii4 v4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,he gives ! same reason z ,dante = disbeliev+ ?is1 & ,s5eca _h express$ x m =cibly1 say+ t if true !re w\ld be no m />s 9 ! sky1 = "s meteors are se5 e night4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o seems to h _h a g5ius = mi/ak+ 8 au?orities1 quotes ,alfraganus z /at+ t %oot+ />s are mo/ frequ5t 9 ev5+ twilight1 ?\gh no?+ ( ! k9d is said 9 ! ,elem5ta4 ,dante p]haps accept$ ! /atem5t1 ?\gh x is by no means necess>ily impli$ 9 8 8di prima notte30#cgi moreov] !re is "s au?ority = ! alt]native read+ ( 8mezza notte40#chj ,:]ev] ! idea orig9at$1 its sole f\ndation mu/ h be5 ! circum/ance t m p]sons are awake 9 ! e>ly ?an 9 ! late h\rs ( ! night3 ! fact is t m meteorites are captur$ by ! morn+ side ( ! e>?1 :i* is turn$ 9 ! direction t[>ds :i* %e is mov+ 9 h] orbit4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cgi 8,e>ly 9 ! night40 #chj 8,midnight40 ,purg4 v4 #ch4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,%oot+ />s 7 necess>ily famili> to a lov] ( />ry skies1 & ,dante has giv5 u an exquisite description ( ! sudd5ness ) :i* !y />tle quiet eyes1 :ile _! brilliancy & swiftness ( flight provides him ) two beautiful similes4 ,9 ! fir/ he comp>es !m1 & also fla%es ( summ] lightn+1 ) mess5g] spirits 9 ,purgatory ha/5+ to br+ _! fri5ds to him3-- 8,vapori accesi non vid' io s to/o ,di prima notte mai f5d] s]5o1 ,n1 sol cal&o1 nuvole d'ago/o1 ,*e color non tornass] suso 9 m5o1 ,e giunti l1 con gli altri a noi di] volta40#cha ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cha 8,vap\rs enk9dl$ saw ,i ne'er s swiftly ,at e>ly nightfall cleave ! air s]5e1 ,nor1 at ! set ( sun1 ! cl\ds ( ,augu/1 ,b upw>d !y return$ 9 brief] "t1 ,& on arriv+ ) ! o!rs1 :eel$ ,t[>ds u40 ,purg4 v4 #cg-da4 7,longfell[74 7,by 8vap\rs t cleave ! cl\ds ( ,augu/10 fla%es ( lightn+ )\t ?und] are meant4 ,ari/otle believ$ bo? ^! & meteorites to be ignit$ vap\rs74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! second illu/rates ! brightness & beauty1 z well z ! movem5t1 ( ! />-l spirits 9 ,m>s3-- 8,quale p] li s]5 tranquilli e puri ,discorre ad ora ad or subito foco1 ,mov5do gli oc*i *e /avan sicuri1 ,e p>e /ella *e tramuti loco1 ,se non *e dalla p>te ond' ei s' acc5de ,nulla s5 p]de1 ed esso dura poco 4440#chb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #chb 8,z ?r\gh ! pure & tranquil ev5+ air ,!re %oots f "t to "t a sudd5 fire1 ,mov+ ! eyes t /eadfa/ 7 be=e1 ,& seems to be a /> t *ange? place1 ,except t 9 ! place :]e x is k9dl$ ,no?+ is miss$1 & ?is endure? little40 ,p>4 xv4 #ac-ah4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #h4 ,,! ,,sun',s ,,pa? ,,9 ,,! ,,sky ,,se5 ,,f ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,we h n[ se5 h[ famili> ,dante 0 ) ! aspects ( ! skies above 8 head4 ,8 writ+s %[ also t he _h pictur$ cle>ly to himself :at !y mu/ be 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w--9 regions f> ea/ or we/1 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 at ! equator1 & at ei!r pole4 ,sci5ce c\ld n tell him all t he w\ld h lik$ to "k ab\t ! />s1 s t al?\gh he c speak ( regions :]e ,ursa ,major passes ov]head1 & :]e x s9ks out ( sight bel[ ! horizon1 he has to fall back ^u 8 imag9ation & inv5t new con/ellations = ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,b a/ronomy c\ld tell him1 & 8 habit ( accurate ?\ght1 z well z 8 imag9ation1 help$ him to grasp h[ ! sun w\ld appe> at any latitude on ! e>?1 & :at w\ld be ! results on ! l5g? ( day & night1 & on ! seasons4 ,a v int]e/+ little disquisition on ?is subject is f\nd 9 ! ,convivio1 9 illu/ration ( "s l9es 9 "o ( 8 ,odes1 :i* speak ( ! sun circl+ ! :ole _w4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is completely1 ,dante says1 we mu/ "k exactly 9 :at way ! sun circles ! _w4 ,! *ief po9t to be> 9 m9d :ile read+ 8 description is t ! sun1 besides ! simple daily motion 9 a circle1 has a con/ant sl[ motion nor? or s\?1 & !re=e 8 pa? 9 ! sky1 z we see x day aft] day1 is really spiral4 ,! passage is mu* too long to quote 9 full1 b if ! read] w foll[ me1 tak+ 8 ,convivio & op5+ x at *apt] v4 ( ,treatise ,,iii4 & beg9n+ at l9e #ff1 ,i w give a rsum :i* w =m a runn+ comm5t>y on ! text1 & an explanation ( any po9ts :i* may n at once be cle>4 ,we see ! sky1 says ,dante1 cont9ually revolv+ r\nd ,e>? z c5tre2 & x has two fix$ poles ( revolution--! nor!rn1 :i* is visible to ne>ly all ! l& n cov]$ by sea1 & ! s\!rn1 :i* is hidd5 f ne>ly all ( x4 ,& ! circle :i* is equi-di/ant f ^! two poles ! cele/ial equator is t "p ( ! sky 9 :i* we see ! sun :5 he is 9 ,aries & 9 ,libra4 ,n[ if a /one c\ld be dropp$ f ?is pole ( ours ! nor!rn1 x w\ld fall f> away yond] 9 ! ocean j :]e1 if a man 7 /&+1 he w\ld always h ! ,pole ,/> exactly ov]head4 8,la /ella0#chc is ! ,pole ,/>1 see p4 #bia4 ,& ,i believe 7,dante says7 t f ,rome to ! nor? pole1 9 a direct l9e1 is a di/ance ( ab\t #b1gjj miles4 ,to fix our ideas1 let u imag9e t at ?is spot !re is a city call$ ,m>ia1 & let u imag9e ano!r city1 call$ ,lucia1 at ! spot exactly opposite1 :]e a /one w\ld fall if dropp$ f ! o!r pole4 ,& ,i believe t f ,rome s\?w>ds to ?is second place w\ld be a di/ance ( ab\t #gejj miles4 ,?us ! di/ance betwe5 ! two cities1 9 :atev] direction ! measur+ cord be /ret*$1 w\ld be #aj1bjj miles1 t is1 half ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe1#chd & ! inhabitants ( ,m>ia w\ld h _! feet opposite ! feet ( ^? ( ,lucia4 ,if any two spots on a sph]e are exactly antipodal1 b 9 no o!r case1 ! di/ance may be measur$ 9 an inf9ity ( directions1 & always come out ! same4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #chc 8,! />40 #chd ,z ?is is ! value giv5 by ,alfraganus1 we mu/ "h und]/& ,arabian miles4 ,! di/ances f ,rome to ! nor? & s\? pole are !re=e probably equal to #cejj to #igej ,engli% miles1 & bo? are a little too l>ge1 because ! half circumf]5ce ( ,e>? is too l>ge4 ,! proportion is ab\t "r1 h[ev]1 = ,rome is ne>ly ?ree times z f> f ! s\? pole z ! nor?1 h] latitude be+ #db ,n4 ,alfraganus plac$ h] 9 ! fif? climate1 at ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( :i* he said ! pole 0 elevat$ #dc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,la/ly1 let u imag9e a circle on ! globe1 :i* w be at equal di/ances ev]y:]e f ,m>ia & ,lucia ! equator4 ,accord+ to ! op9ions ( ! a/rolog]s1 if ,i und]/& !m aright1 & accord+ to :at is said by ,alb]tus ,magnus & by ,lucan1 ?is circle w\ld divide ! dry l& f ! ocean !re 9 ! s\?1 approximately along ! extremity ( ! ,fir/ ,climate1 :]e among/ o!rs live ! ,g>amantes1 :o g almo/ always nak$1 to :om ,cato w5t :5 flee+ f ,cs>4 8,approximately10 because ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,fir/ ,climate1 accord+ to ,alfraganus1 lay a little nor? ( ! equator1 al?\gh l& ext5d$1 & 0 sp>sely inhabit$1 z f> ! equator 7see p4 #ahf74 ,dante speaks aga9 ( ^! extra-climatal races 9 ,de ,mon4 ,i4 xiv4 #dc-ea1 :]e he contra/s ! ,scy?ians :o live beyond ! sev5? climate1 & !re=e endure extreme inequality ( days & nights1 & suff] almo/ intol]able cold1 ) ! ,g>amantes :o live "u ! equator1 :]e days & nights are always equal1 & ! heat is s int5se t !y c sc>cely be> any clo?+4 ,s9ce 8! a/rolog]s :o det]m9e ! climates0#che _h fix$ _! nor!rn limit at #ej1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ,brita9 also lay1 l b>b>\s ,scy?ia1 9 ?is sc>cely habitable region ( long nights & bitt] cold6 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #che ,qu4 xix4 #cf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,:5 we h m>k$ ^! ?ree places on ! globe1 i4e4 ! two poles & ! equator1 x is easy 7,dante goes on7 to see h[ ! sun circles4 ,i say !n1 t ! heav5 ( ! sun turns f we/ to ea/1 n directly aga9/ ! diurnal movem5t--t is1 ! movem5t :i* produces day & night--b obliquely aga9/ x1 & s t its middle circle1 :i* is simil>ly betwe5 its two poles1 & on :i* is ! body ( ! sun i4e4 ! ecliptic1 cuts 9 two opposite po9ts ! circle ( ! two fir/ poles ! equator1 t is1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,aries & ! beg9n+ ( ,libra2 x div]ges f t circle 9 two arcs1 "o nor? & ! o!r s\?4 ,! highe/ po9ts ( ^! arcs are equally di/ant f ! fir/ circle 9 ei!r direction1 be+ #bc degrees & a little m2 & ! "o summit is at ! beg9n+ ( ,canc]1 & ! o!r at ! beg9n+ ( ,capricorn4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! sun is 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,aries1 travell+ 9 ! mid-circle ( ! fir/ poles ! equator1 ,m>ia w see ?is sun circl+ ! _w1 l[ d[n on ! gr\nd1 or on ! sea1 l a mill-/one only half ( :i* is se51 & day aft] day he w be se5 to rise1 l ! screw ( a press1 until he has p]=m$ ab\t n9ety revolutions1 or a little m4 ,:5 ^! revolutions are accompli%$1 he w be z high 9 ! sky above ,m>ia z he /&s 9 ! sky ( ! ,g>amantes at middle-ti]ce at ! "t ( equal days & nights4#chf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #chf ,adopt+ ! read+ ( ,dr4 ,moore3 8nella mezza t]ra1 alla mezza t]za10 t is1 8at ! equator at middle-ti]ce40 ,see ,/udies 9 ,dante ,,iii4 #ajg1 #ajh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,f ,conv4 ,,iv4 xxiii4 & ,,iii4 vi41 :]e ,dante expla9s ! use ( temporal h\rs1 we le>n t mid-ti]ce on ! day ( ! equ9ox is an h\r & a half aft] sunrise1 or #g4cj ,a4,m4 ,s9ce ! sun moves ?r\gh #cfj degrees divid$ by #bd1 t is #ae degrees1 9 an h\r1 & 8 motion is v]tical 9 equatorial c\ntries at ! equ9ox1 x w\ld br+ him 9 #a h\rs to #bb degrees above ! horizon4 ,8 greate/ height above ! horizon at ! pole is only "o degree m ?an ?is1 = x is obvi\sly equal to ! greate/ di/ance betwe5 ! equator & ! ecliptic1 i4e4 #bc degrees1 s9ce at ! pole ! equator co9cides ) ! horizon4 ,?is gives a good idea1 !re=e1 ( ! appe>ance ( ! sun 9 ! sky to ! p at ,m>ia1 & is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pol> sun & ! equatorial4 ,= at ! "t m5tion$1 ! sun has only a qu>t] ! height :i* x w atta9 at noon1 :5 x w pass ?r\gh ! z5i? ( ! ,g>amantes2 yet ?is is ! highe/ position 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( ,m>ia c ev] see x4 ,if a man /ood upright 9 ,m>ia1 & kept turn+ 8 face to ! sun1 he w\ld see x move to 8 "r z we d4 ,aft] rea*+ 8 greate/ height 9 ! sky1 ! sun w\ld beg9 to desc5d aga91 9 ! same spiral way l a screw turn+1 = ano!r n9ety revolutions or s1 until once m he 0 circl+ d[n on ! horizon1 only half 8 body visible4 ,!n he w\ld be lo/ to sight altoge!r1 & w\ld beg9 to be se5 9 ,lucia1 :]e he w\ld rise & desc5d 9 j ! same way z 9 ,m>ia4 ,b if a man fac$ ! sun 9 ,lucia1 he w\ld see x mov+ to 8 left z "o does 9 ,au/ralia :]e x goes nor? at noon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,! ,sun at ! ,equ9ox1 se5 f ! poles & ! equator4 ,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 7,m>ia1 ,lucia1 imag9>y cities at ! ,nor? & ,s\? poles74 ,we see1 !n1 t ^! places h "o day 9 ! ye> :i* is six mon?s long1 & "o night ( equal l5g?1 & :5 x is day ) "o1 x is night ) ! o!r4 ,n[ on ! circle on ! globe :]e ! ,g>amantes live ! equator1 ! sun :5 9 ,aries goes exactly ov]head1 n circl+ horizontally l a mill-/one1 b v]tically l a :eel1 & exactly half ( ?is :eel is visible above ! horizon4 ,aft] ?is1 ! sun is se5 to dep>t & g t[>ds ,m>ia = ab\t #ia days2 !n 9 ab\t ! same "t x returns1 & ent]s ,libra2 !n x goes t[>ds ,lucia = ab\t #ia days1 & 9 ! same p]iod returns4 ,& ?is place1 :i* circles ! entire globe1 always has equal day & night1 on :i*ev] side ( x ! sun is2 & twice 9 ! ye> x has a v hot summ]1 & twice a mild w9t]4 ,! regions :i* are betwe5 ! two imag9>y cities & ! mid-circle1 see ! sun 9 diff]5t ways1 accord+ to _! di/ance f ^! places1 b ! details1 our au?or says1 he w leave to ! +5i\s read]1 8,siccome omai1 p] quello *e detto 1 puote v$]e *i ha nobile +egno1 al quale bello un poco di fatica lasci>e40#chg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #chg 8,= n[1 aft] :at has already be5 said1 ! re/ may be und]/ood by :omsoev] has a noble m9d1 to :i* x is well to leave a little lab\r40 7,cf4 ,p>4 x4 #bb-be74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,he draws att5tion to ! int]e/+ fact1 :i* foll[s f ! above1 t 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> 7:5 ! heav5 ( ! sun has made a complete revolution & return$ to ! same place71 e "p ( ?is globe on :i* we live has receiv$ an equal am\nt ( daylight4 ,& ! essay ends 9 an apo/rophe :i* recalls ! repro( ( ,virgil to ^? :o w n look up to ! skies3#chh 8,o ineffabile ,sapi5za *e a cos ord9a/i1 quanto pov]a la no/ra m5te a ,te compr5d]e6 ,e voi1 a cui utilit e diletto io scrivo1 9 quanta cecit vivete1 non lev&o gli oc*i suso a que/e cose1 t55doli fissi nel fango della vo/ra /oltezza40#chi ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #chh ,purg4 xiv4 #adh-aea4 #chi 8,o unspeakable ,wisdom :o ha/ ?us orda9$1 h[ poor is our intellect to und]/& ,!e6 ,& y1 = ^: b5efit & pleasure ,i am writ+1 9 :at bl9dness y live1 n lift+ up y\r eyes to ^! ?+s1 b keep+ !m fix$ on ! sl\gh ( y\r folly40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is passage ) ! p>allel passages 9 ,alfraganus & ,ri/oro4 ,! a/ronom] is concise & cle>2 ! monk is diffuse & apt to repeat himself2 ! poet is qua9tly picturesque4 ,bo? ! ,italians evid5tly draw ! ma9 facts f ! ,arab1 & all use ! illu/ration ( a mill-/one to expla9 ! horizontal motion ( ! heav5s at ! pole3 "h are ! ?ree correspond+ passages3-- 8,coelumque mol trusatilis in/> gyrum v]titur40#cij 8,l si volg]a il cielo attorno con tutte le sue /elle1 9 modo di mac9a40#cia 8,convi5e *e ,m>ia veggia 444 esso sole #8gir>e il mondo' 444 come una mola40#cib ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cij 8,& ! sky revolves l a mill-/one40 ,el4 ,a/4 *4 vii4 #cia 8,!re ! sky w revolve1 ) all its />s1 mill-/one fa%ion40 ,comp4 del ,mondo4 ,i4 xxiii4 #cib 8,x foll[s t ,m>ia mu/ see ?is sun #8circl+ ! _w' l a mill40 ,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #adb-adg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dante alone uses ! figure ( a :eel to illu/rate ! v]tical motion at ! equator2 he p]haps takes f ,ri/oro ! idea ( ! spiral4 ,= ! latt] describes ! pa? ( ! sun z a 8via tortuosa1 la quale i savi *iamano spira20#cic b he expla9s x z l a /r+ w\nd r\nd a /ick1 ,dante l ! screw ( a press4 ,dante is deal+ only ) ! sun1 & does n ent] into details ab\t ! visibility ( ! zodiacal signs l ! o!r two au?ors2 b on ! o!r h& he goes s\? to ! o!r pole1 :i* app>5tly does n int]e/ ! o!rs1 p]haps because ! s\!rn hemisph]e 0 ?\ght to be un9habit$4 ,b ! poet has add$ life to 8 description by suppos+ bo? poles inhabit$1 plac+ !re 8 imag9>y1 my/]i\sly-nam$ cities ( 8,m>ia0 & 8,lucia40 ,on ! equator1 :]e ,ri/oro has ! my?ical city ( ,arym1 ^: wise & prosp]\s citiz5s enjoy a p]fect climate1 ,dante1 rely+ m on ! classics1 lets 8 b>b>\s ,g>amantes run ab\t nak$ mo/ ( ! ye>1 "u ! fi]ce equatorial sun4 ,ne$less to say1 8 little homily 9 conclusion is all 8 own2 x is m int]e/+ to f9d t he alone m5tions ! opposite movem5ts ( ! ,sun1 to "r & left respectively 9 ! nor? & s\? hemisph]es1#cid & ! fact t e "p ( ! e>? receives ! same am\nt ( sunlight 9 a ye>4 ,?is may h be5 sugge/$ by someone else1 b "o w\ld l to ?9k he arriv$ at x indep5d5tly1 :5 ?9k+ ov] ! facts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cic 8,a w9d+ pa?1 :i* ! le>n$ call a spiral40 #cid 8,lucan1 :o 0 well kn[n to ,dante1 _h obs]v$ t %ad[s ca/ by ! sun 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e travel to ! "r in/ead ( to ! left1 & fall s\?w>ds :5 ) u !y fall to ! nor?40 ,moore1 ,/udies 9 ,dante i4 p4 #bci4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 ! light ( ?is treatise1 :i* describes s tru?fully ! pa? ( ! sun1 & its effect on ! seasons 9 diff]5t latitudes1 we may expla9 two r puzzl+ passages 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,"o is at ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? canto ( ! ,p>adiso1 :]e ,dante wi%es 8 read]s to realize ! position ( ! sun :5 he ent]$ x ) ,beatrice1 & ! great importance ( ?is position4 8,lift y\r eyes ) me1 read]10 he says1 8to t place 9 ! l(ty heav5s :]e ! "o motion meets ! o!r1 & see h[ ! oblique circle :i* c>ries ! planets bran*es (f f t po9t40 ,! read] is n[ famili> ) ! 8two *ief motions10 & kn[s t "o is ! diurnal1 f ea/ to we/1 ! o!r ! planet>y p]iodical motions 9 ! opposite direction2 !y meet at ! equ9oxes1 :]e ! ecliptic cuts ! equator4 ,x is ! spr+ equ9ox :i* ,dante is speak+ (1 = a little fur!r on he says t ! sun1 situat$ 9 ! place above-m5tion$1 0 circl+ 9 ^? spirals :i* br+ him to u e>li] e day 7l9es #ca-cc74 ,n[ if ! pa? ( ! planets 7 n ?us oblique1 he cont9ues1 mu* virtue 9 heav5 w\ld be lo/1 & almo/ e e>?ly p[] dead4 ,ev5 if ! obliquity 7 m]ely less or m1 ! univ]sal ord] ( bo? heav5 & e>? w\ld suff] greatly4 ,b :y ?is %\ld be s he leaves 8 read]s to ?9k out = !mselves1 hav+ a great] matt] 9 h& :i* dem&s all 8 att5tion4 ,x is easy to see t if ! sun always mov$ 9 ! equator1 )\t dep>t+ f x ei!r nor? or s\?1 he w\ld rise e day to ! same height 9 ! sky1 & !re w\ld be no *ange ( seasons any:]e on ! e>?2 he w\ld always be ov]head at noon to ,dante's ,g>amantes1 liv+ on ! equator1 & always j on ! horizon1 day & night1 to ! p ( 8,m>ia0 & 8,lucia0 at ! ,poles4 ,if ! ecliptic made a great] angle ) ! equator ! seasons w\ld be m m>k$1 & ! sun w\ld rise high] 9 summ] 9 high latitudes4 ,if ! angle 7 less1 ! rev]se w\ld be ! case4 ,moreov] if sun & moon & all ! planets foll[$ ! same track1 !y w\ld be con/antly eclips+ "o ano!r4 ,b if we w\ld und]/& ! full mean+ (-- 8,se la /rada lor non fosse torta1 ,mota virt nel ciel s>ebbe 9 vano1 ,e quasi ogni pot5za quaggi morta40#cie ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cie 8,if _! pa?way 7 n ?us inflect$1 ,mu* virtue 9 ! heav5s w\ld be 9 va91 ,& almo/ e p[] bel[ "h dead40 ,p>4 x4 #af-ah4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- we mu/ turn to ?irte5?-c5tury ,ri/oro ( ,arezzo1 :o has set =? 9 detail ! results :i* he believ$ w\ld foll[ f a *ange 9 ! ecliptic4 ,if all ! sev5 planets mov$ 9 ! same n>r[ pa?1 !re w\ld be mu* less v>iety 9 _! 8aspects10 & !re=e 9 _! influ5ces ^u ! e>?2 & 9 ! frequ5t eclipses "o w\ld prev5t ! o!r f look+ at ! e>? 78imp$im5t]ebbe l'uno l'altro a gu>d>e la t]ra071 & s h9d] its action4 ,& s9ce x is ! nor?w>d movem5t ( ! sun :i* causes our plants to blossom1 & lat] to be> fruit1 if !re 7 no su* motion we %\ld see no r5ewal ( life4 ,he argues fur!r t if ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic 7 great]1 c\ntries 9 high latitudes w\ld h too sev]e a w9t] to be inhabit$2 :ile if x 7 less1 ! summ] !re w\ld n be w>m en\gh = ! rip5+ ( h>ve/s2 !re=e 9 :i*ev] way x diff]$ f ! actual value1 a small] "p ( ! e>? w\ld be habitable4 8,or ti riman1 lettor1 sopra il tuo banco1 ,dietro p5s&o a ci60#cif ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cif 8,& n[ rema91 read]1 on y\r b5*1 ?9k+ ov] ?is60 ,p>4 x4 #bb1 #bc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,h[ mu* ( ?is 0 9 ,dante's m9d x is h>dly possible to say1 b x is evid5t t ! 8via tortuosa0 ( ! sev5 planets1 & its effects on ! e>?1 0 a fav\rite subject = ?\ght 9 8 "t4#cig ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cig ,?us ,petr>*3 8,le /elle vaghe e lor viaggio torto40 78,! w&]+ />s & _! w9d+ way407 ,sonetto de ,morte di ,madonna ,laura4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b ! mo/ fam\s passage relat+ to ! sun's pa? & its aspect 9 /range latitudes is ,purg4 iv4 #eb-hd4 ,"h ,dante is able at once to und]/& ! />tl+ appe>ance ( ! sun travell+ to 8 left in/ead ( 8 "r1 z se5 on ! fir/ morn+ 9 ,purgatory1 = he grasps ! full mean+ ( ,virgil's explanation1 & caps x1 9 a way :i* seems a/oni%+ly quick-witt$ to una/ronomical read]s6 ,! two poets _h begun to climb ! m\nta9 j at sunrise1 & sat d[n to re/ on a l$ge at ab\t half-pa/ n9e1 look+ ea/4 ,dante at fir/ look$ d[n at ! %ore1 :5ce he _h s pa9fully climb$1 !n rais$ 8 eyes to ! sun1 & 0 amaz$ to f9d t its rays /ruck him on ! left %\ld]4 ,virgil1 see+ 8 a/oni%m5t1 expla9s :y ! sun is go+ nor? in/ead ( s\? z x climbs ! sky4 ,! sun is n[ 9 ,aries1 & !re=e on ! equator1 z we "k f sev]al passages1 b ,virgil beg9s by say+ t if x 7 9 ,gem9i a m nor!rly sign & kept to its anci5t pa?1 ,dante w\ld see x travell+ /ill fur!r nor?w>ds 9 its daily c\rse4 8,if ,ca/or & ,pollux />s 9 ,gem9i 7 9 company ) t ,mirror ! sun :i* c>ries 8 light up & d[n i4e4 goes nor? & s\? alt]nately1 y w\ld see ! gl[+ zodiac t "p 9 :i* ! sun is revolv+ /ill clos] to ! ,be>s40 ,gem9i is lit]ally ne>] to ! con/ellations ( ! ,be>s ?an ,aries1 b ?is is n ! s5se ( ,virgil's /atem5t3 he means m]ely to indicate ! nor? 9 g5]al 7see ,ptolemy1 p4 #aeg74 8,to und]/& :y ! sun goes nor?10 ,virgil says1 8y mu/ "k t ?is m\nta9 & ,zion ,j]usalem are s situat$ on ! e>? t "o is precisely antipodal to ! o!r2 & s1 ! sun's pa? be+ betwe5 !m1 :5 he is view$ 9 "o direction f ,j]usalem1 he is view$ 9 ! opposite direction f ,purgatory4 ,if y turn f ! ea/ to y\r "r to see him f ,j]usalem1 y mu/ turn to y\r left 9 ,purgatory40 ,virgil speaks ( ! sun's pa? or ! ecliptic z ! pa? :i* ,phaton 0 n able to keep1 & he describes ! two antipodal places z hav+ "o & ! same horizon b two entirely diff]5t hemisph]es4 8,c]ta9ly10 replies ,dante1 8,i h nev] se5 any?+ s cle>ly z ,i n[ p]ceive :at at fir/ puzzl$ me4 ,= ! middle circle ( ! cele/ial motion1#cih :i* is call$ ! equator 9 a c]ta9 art a/ronomy1 & :i* always rema9s betwe5 ! sun & w9t]1 ! sun crosses x dep>t+ f u 9 ei!r hemisph]e at ! autumnal equ9ox1 "h lies to ! nor? ( u1 = ! reason y h giv5 namely1 t we are 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :il/ ! ,hebrews inhabitants ( ,j]usalem see x t[>ds ! hot region ! s\?40 ,obs]ve t ! expression us$ ( ! equator 8*e sempre riman tra il sole e il v]no10#cii di/9ctly sugge/s ! rev]s$ seasons 9 ! s\!rn & nor!rn hemisph]es1 s t ,dante has no int5tion1 z ,dr4 ,moore sugge/s1 ( assum+ by a poetic lic5ce t x is spr+ 9 ,purgatory z well z 9 ,italy4#djj ,x is autumn 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 b ?is ne$ n di/ress u3 ! holy ,m\nta9 kn[s no inclem5t wea!r1#dja & 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 on its summit spr+ fl[]s & autumn fruits et]nally fl\ri% toge!r4#djb ,an allusion is made to a tropical summ] 9 8la t]ra *e p]de ombra40#djc ,tropical ,africa is int5d$1 :]e ! sun at c]ta9 times passes directly ov]head1 & !re=e ca/s no %ad[s1 z ! ,alex&rian a/ronom]s _h obs]v$ 7see p4 #aag74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cih ,cf4 ,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #gf1 #aia4 #cii 8,:i* always rema9s betwe5 ! sun & ! w9t]40 ,purg4 iv4 #ha4 #djj ,/udies 9 ,dante iii4 p4 #aff4 #dja ,purg4 xxi4 #df-dh2 ,purg4 xix4 #ch4 #djb ,purg4 xxviii4 #adc4 #djc 8,! l& :]e %ad[s are lo/40 ,purg4 xxx4 #hi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,did ,dante believe t no l& exi/s any:]e 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e8 ,!re are "s indications t he ?\ght x possible to pu% ! limits ( ! habitable e>? a little beyond ! equatorial b\nd>y ( ,alfraganus4 ,!re w\ld be no h]esy 9 l5g!n+ ! s\?w>d extremities ( ,africa or ,asia1 because all t ! ,*ur* =bade 0 to plant ano!r l& 9 ! s\?1 sep>at$ f u by a va/ ocean or impassable torrid zone1 & to p x ) inhabitants1 :o c\ld n !re=e be desc5dants ( ,adam or h ! ,gospel prea*$ to !m4 ,nor w\ld !re be any inconsi/5cy ) ! poet's own description ( our hemisph]e z t cov]$ by 8la gran secca10#djd or ) ! voyage ( ,ulysses1 on :i* he saw no l& b ! ,m\nta9 ( ,purgatory2 = he sail$ s\?-we/1 n due s\?1 & ! 8mondo s5za g5te0#dje 0 8diretro al ,sol40#djf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #djd 8,! great dry l&40 ,inf4 xxxiv4 #aac4 #dje 8,! unpeopl$ _w40 ,inf4 xxvi4 #aag4 #djf 8,beh9d ! sun40 ,ibid4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! indications are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,! passage quot$ above1 :]e x is said t ! equator 8divides ! uncov]$ l& f ! ocean0#djg is ambigu\s 9 ! orig9al1 & might mean 8divides ! l& uncov]$ by ,ocean40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #djg ,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #aag1 #aah4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 7#b7 ,%ortly be=e1 he has di/9ctly admitt$ t !re is "s l& 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 by say+ t ! nor? cele/ial pole is visible to ne>ly all ! l& n cov]$ by sea1 & ! s\? is hidd5 f ne>ly all ( x4 ,! fir/ is true 9 any case1 s9ce ?\gh ! pole is !oretically visible z f> z ! equator1 x is (t5 hidd5 by mi/ or ris+ l& on ! nor!rn horizon2 b unless ! second 8ne>ly0 has be5 add$ by a 7some:at natural7 mi/ake ( a copyi/1 x c only apply to l&s 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4#djh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #djh ,refraction makes ! pole visible a little be=e "o rea*es ! equator1 b su* ref9em5ts ne$ n be consid]$ 9 deal+ ) a popul> "w l ! ,convivio4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 7#c7 ,!re is a /anza 9 ,canzone ,,xv4 :i* sugge/s t ,dante believ$ ,e?iopia to be on ! s\? side ( ! equator4 ,classical & m$ival cosmograph]s _h v vague ideas ab\t ! ext5t & position ( ?is c\ntry4 ,dante describes a w9d rais$ 9 its des]ts by ! sun1 :i* n[ is heat+ x 7imply+ ! "t ( summ]872 b ! same w9d1 cross+ ! sea to ,europe1 d>k5s all ?is hemisph]e1 br++ cl\ds :i* fall 9 sn[4 8,levasi della r5a d',etiopia ,un v5to pellegr91 *e l' a] turba1 ,p] la sp]a del sol1 *' or la riscalda1 ,e passa il m>e1 onde n'adduce copia ,di nebbia tal1 *e s' altro non la /urba ,que/o emisp]io *iude tutto1 e salda2 ,e poi si solve1 e cade 9 bianca falda ,di fr$da neve1 ed 9 noiosa pioggia40#dji ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dji 8,!re rise? up f ,e?iopia's s&s ,a w9d f f>-(f clime :i* r5ds ! air1 ,?r\gh ! sun's orb t heats x ) its ray4 ,! sea x crosses2 !nce1 o'er all ! l&s ,su* cl\ds x br+s t b = w9d m fair ,o'er all our hemisph]e 'tw\ld hold its sway2 ,& !n x breaks & falls 9 :ite/ spray ,( froz5 sn[ & pe/il5tial %[]s40 ,canz4 xv4 #ad-ba4 7,plumptre74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,h[ev]1 x may be said t 8or la riscalda0#daj means m]ely t x is always hot 9 ! tropics1 ev5 :5 we h w9t]1 & t 8que/o emisp]io0#daa _c possibly mean ! :ole ( ! t]re/rial nor!rn hemisph]e f equator to pole1 b simply describes ! appe>ance ( ! hemisph]ical sky1#dab completely cov]$ ) cl\d4 ,^! d\btful passages are n /rong en\gh to set aga9/ ! explicit /atem5t 9 ! ,qu/io t ! habitable e>? ext5ds f ! equator to ! ,arctic circle & no fur!r4#dac ,lett]s & reports f mission>ies & trad]s1 none ( !m sci5tific1 did n %ake ,dante's fai? 9 ! limits laid d[n by ,ptolemy & ,alfraganus4 ,8 geography 0 utt]ly wrong1 b 8 a/ronomy 0 "r2 & !re=e1 al?\gh he _h no idea ( :at he w\ld see on our globe 9 untravell$ latitudes1 he knew exactly1 & has describ$ vividly1 :at he w\ld see 9 ! sunny sky4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #daj 8,n[ heats x40 #daa 8,?is hemisph]e40 #dab ,j z 9 ,p>4 xxviii4 #hj4 #dac ,qu4 xix4 #ec-eg1 & repeat$ 9 xxi4 #cf-dj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #i4 ,,cele/ial ,,ph5om5a ,,& ,,"t4 ,! =ego+ quotations h %[n h[ well ,dante und]/ood ! *ang+ appe>ances ( ! cele/ial ph5om5a z view$ f diff]5t latitudes3 x n[ rema9s to be se5 :at 7 8 conceptions ( longitude4 ,a diff]5ce 9 longitude betwe5 two places makes no diff]5ce 9 ! />s1 nor 9 ! app>5t pa?s ( ! heav5ly bodies1 b !y come to ! m]idian soon] 9 ! m ea/]ly place2 & z x is ! m]idian passage ( ! sun :i* det]m9es local "t1 ?is w v>y 9 exact proportion to ! di/ance ea/4 ,:5 x is e>ly morn+ 9 ,engl&1 x is noon 9 ,burmah1 & ev5+ 9 ,fiji4 ,z ,alfraganus _h obs]v$ 7foll[+ ,ptolemy71 a cele/ial ph5om5on su* z a lun> eclipse1 :i* is caus$ by an actual d>k5+ ( ! moon's surface :5 imm]s$ 9 ,e>?'s %ad[1 is visible 9 e place :]e ! moon is above ! horizon1 ?\gh ! local h\r diff]s4 ,x is o!rwise ) a total sol> eclipse1 = ?is is only visible f ! v small portion ( ,e>? on :i* ! moon's %ad[ falls z %e passes betwe5 u & ! sun 7see fig4 #dd72 & z ?is %ad[ moves on1 ow+ to h] own motion & ! diurnal revolution comb9$1 ! eclipse becomes visible successively f diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,dante realiz$ ?is :5 he quot$ ! argum5t ( "s !ologians t ! miracul\s ?ree h\rs' d>kness describ$ 9 ! ,gospels c\ld n h be5 caus$ by an eclipse ( ! sun1 z ,aqu9as & o!rs _h sugge/$1 because x 0 visible all ov] ! e>? at ! same absolute "t1 t is1 dur+ ! ,crucifixion4#dad ,"s said1 he tells u1 t ! moon w5t back & plac$ h]self betwe5 u & ! sun 7= ! moon at ,passov] "t 0 always full1 & !re=e opposite ! sun71 s t ! sun's light %\ld n come d[n 7to u on ! e>?72 o!rs1 t ! sun hid itself1 = a correspond+ eclipse 0 se5 by ,spani>ds & ,indians z well z ,jews4#dae ,spani>ds & ,indians 7 suppos$ to live at ! extreme we/]n & ea/]n limits ( ! habitable e>?3 !y 7 #ahj 9 longitude1 or #ab h\rs 9 "t1 ap>t1 & ,j]usalem 0 midway betwe5 !m4 ,!re=e ! sun w\ld be visible to all1 ?\gh only j ris+ 9 ,india & j sett+ 9 ,spa92#daf b x c\ld n h be5 an eclipse t d>k5$ x to all at ! same "t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dad ,luke xxiii4 #dd4 #dae ,p>4 xxix4 #ig-ajb4 #daf ,dante believ$ ! dea? ( ,*ri/ to h tak5 place :5 x 0 noon 9 ,j]usalem4 ,conv4 ,,iv4 xxiii4 #aje-ajf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,lun> & ,sol> ,eclipses4 ,?is passage %[s t ,dante 0 entirely or?odox & cons]vative 9 8 geography1 z f> z longitude 0 conc]n$1 & confirms u 9 ! conclusion t he 0 s also ) reg>d to latitude1 & 0 n likely to accept contempor>y evid5ce ab\t l&s s\? ( ! equator1 or />s unkn[n to ,ptolemy4 ,9 ! ,div9e ,com$y !re are sev]al passages :i* ref] to ! same sy/em1 z = in/ance :]e ,night is describ$ z cov]+ ! :ole region f 8! ,%ore0 to ,morocco1#dag or :]e ! "t is /at$ to be noon on ! ,ganges1 sunrise at ,j]usalem1 & midnight 9 ,spa94#dah ,& 9 ! ,qu/io de ,aqua et ,t]ra ! sy/em is ?us cle>ly expla9$3-- 8,z all ^! agree 9 believ+ ! naturali/s1 ! a/rolog]s1 & ! cosmograph]s1 ?is habitable e>? ext5ds 9 longitude f ,gades1 :i* lies on ! we/]n b\nd>ies ( ,h]cules1 z f> z ! m\?s ( ! ,ganges1 z ,orosius writes4#dai ,t longitude is su* t at ! equ9ox ! sun is sett+ ^u ^? :o are at "o ( ^! b\nd>ies1 :ile x is ris+ ^u ^? :o are at ! o!r1 z a/rolog]s h discov]$ by eclipses ( ! moon4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid b\nd>ies mu/ be #ahj degrees di/ant 9 longitude1 :i* is half ! di/ance ( ! :ole circumf]5ce40#dbj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dag ,purg4 iv4 #acg-aci4 #dah ,purg4 xxvii4 #a-e4 #dai ,orosius says3 8,europ 9 ,hispania occid5talis oceanus t]m9o e/1 maxime ubi apud ,gades insulas ,h]culis column visuntur4444 ,asia ad m$iam frontem ori5tis habet 9 oceano ,eoo o/ia flum9is ,gangis40 #dbj ,qu4 xix4 #ch-eb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,gades is n ! city ( ,cadiz1 b two isl&s 7! 8,gades ,insul0 ( ,orosius71 on :i* ,h]cules 0 said to h set up 8 ,pill>s1 z a sign t no "o %\ld v5ture fur!r2 & !y 7 ?\ght to lie 9 ! m\? ( :at we call ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>3#dba-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dba ,moore1 ,/udies 9 ,dante iii4 p4 #abd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 8quella foce /retta1 ,ov' ,ercule segn li suoi rigu>di1 ,accio* l'uom pi oltre non si metta40#dbb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dbb 8,! /rait pass1 :]e ,h]cules orda9$ ,! b\nd>ies n to be o'er/epp$ by man40 ,inf4 xxvi4 #ajg-aji4 7,c>ey74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?r\gh ^! ,ulysses sail$1 nev] to return4#dbc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dbc ,inf4 xxvi4 #ajf-adb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is difficult to believe t a lun> eclipse _h ev] be5 obs]v$ simultane\sly1 & ! local "t comp>$1 on ! ,ganges & at ,gibralt>1 z ! above quotation f ! ,qu/io decl>es3 & if x _h be51 ! a/rolog]s1 ! cosmograph]s1 & ! naturali/s w\ld h f\nd out t !y 7 greatly mi/ak51 = ! di/ance is little m ?an half :at !y ?\ght4 ,all t ,ptolemy _h said 0 t ?is 0 ! "r me?od = calculat+ longitudes1 & he gave z an example an eclipse :i* _h be5 se5 at ,arbela at ! fif? h\r & at ,c>?age at ! second h\r4#dbd ,x 01 9 fact1 an excell5t me?od1 & ! only "o be=e ! day ( *ronographs & telegraphs2 & x seems to h be5 assum$ t ,ptolemy's guess ( #ahj = ! ext5t 9 longitude ( ! inhabit$ e>? 0 bas$ ^u x4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dbd ,ptolemy's ,geography1 ,bk4 ,i4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!n ?is #ahj 0 consid]$1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 z divid$ into two equal p>ts1 ! we/]n half conta9+ ,europe & ,africa1 ! ea/]n conta9+ ,asia4 ,on ! we/]n front ( ,asia lay ,j]usalem1 ?us hold+ ! c5tral position 9 ! inhabit$ e>? :i* 0 ?\ght to be h] "r1 on ! au?ority ( c]ta9 ,scripture texts1 z we saw4#dbe ,?is gave ! ,m$it]ranean a l5g? ( #ij1 :i* ( c\rse is va/ly too great4 ,ev5 ,ptolemy _h only e/imat$ x at #fb1 & ! ,alfons9e ,tables made x #eb1 :ile ! true di/ance is only ab\t #db4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dbe ,see p4 #agf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,latitude1 h[ev]1 0 mu* m easily measur$ ?an longitude1 = x 0 only necess>y to take ! height ( ! pole /> above ! horizon ) an a/rolabe2 & ! latitude ( ,j]usalem is really j ab\t midway betwe5 ! suppos$ limits ( ! habitable e>?1 ! equator & arctic circle1 = x is ne>ly #cb nor?4 ,"s d>+ spirits v5tur$ to sugge/ t ! dry l& /ret*$ mu* fur!r r\nd ! globe ?an 0 commonly suppos$1 s t "o might sail f ,spa9 to ,asia 9 q a %ort "t1 & !y %elt]$ !mselves beh9d ! great names ( ,ari/otle1 ,s5eca1 ,pl9y1 & ,esdras4#dbf ,alb]tus ,magnus quotes ,ari/otle to ?is effect1 al?\gh 9 ano!r "p ( ! same book 78 ,de ,clo et ,mundo71 he repeats ! usual phrase ab\t ! habitable ,e>? be+ all conta9$ )9 "o ( ! nor!rn quadrants ( e>?4 ,rog] ,bacon expresses himself m boldly1 & x is possible t he 0 impress$ by ! long j\rney ( ! ,franciscan fri> ,rubruquis1 on 8 mission to ,c5tral ,asia1 f ,/4 ,l\is ( ,france to ! ,emp]or ( ! ,mongols4 ,besides relat+ ! /ory ( ?is j\rney1 ,bacon speaks ( m5 :o 7 kn[n to live 9 tropical ,taprobane 7,ceylon71 & if !re1 :y n also s\? ( ,capricorn8 ,!re may be delightful c\ntries !re1 s9ce x is ! bett] & nobl] "p ( ! _w1 z ,ari/otle & ,av]ros taught4 ,moreov]1 ,dante's own c\ntryman1 ! le>n$ ,pietro d',abano1 ma9ta9$ t !re are habitable l&s on1 & ev5 beyond ! equator1 & did n hesitate to quote conv]sations ) ,m>co ,polo z evid5ce1 al?\gh ?is 8mo/ ext5sive travell] & mo/ dilig5t enquir]0 0 acc\nt$ a romanc] by mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,_h n ,mess] ,m>co told him t 9 isl&s s\? ( ! equator he _h se5 n only great rams ) co>se /iff wool l ! bri/les ( pigs1 b human be+s8#dbg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dbf ,esdras ,,ii4 vi4 #db4 #dbg ,beazley1 ,dawn ( ,geography iii4 #bh1 #bi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,rog] ,bacon 0 bani%$ f ,ox=d on a *>ge ( h]esy & wit*craft3 ,pietro d',abano escap$ ! ,inquisition by dy+1 9 #acaf4 ,m5 su* z ^! belong$ to ! new age t 0 com+1 ! age t w\ld ?r[ away ! old lesson-books1 & beg9 to discov] = itself--& !y suff]$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,dante belong$ he>t & s\l to 8 own era1 & clung passionately to its ideals & traditions4 ,= him ! ,ganges /ill fl[$ into ! all-surr\nd+ ocean on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,asia1 #ij degrees f ,j]usalem1 z ,orosius _h pictur$ x1 & !re is n ! fa9te/ e*o 9 8 writ+s ( ! voyages ( 8 c\ntrym51 ,corv9o & 8 bi%ops1 or ,polo & 8 companions1#dbh betwe5 8,great] ,india0 & 8,zayton0 7,amoy h>b\r71 al?\gh !y surely mu/ h recogniz$1 :5 !y prais$ ! great riv]s ( ,*9a1 t ^! fl[$ into a sea _m days' j\rney beyond t into :i* ! ,ganges roll$ its wat]s4 ,nor is !re1 on ! o!r h&1 any h9t ( ! mon/r\s races ) :i* ,d>k-,age sup]/ition _h peopl$ ! remote regions ( ! e>?1 al?\gh !y 7 regul>ly repres5t$ on ! maps ( t "t4 ,x is true t ! 8portolani10 or h&y *>ts1 ( :i* ! e>lie/ kn[n date f ,dante's life-"t1 %[$ none ( ^! ?+s1 b depict$ ! coa/-l&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,black ,seas ) m>vell\s accuracy3 b !y 7 only = pilots & m]*ant capta9s1 & _h no?+ to d ) s*ol>s4 ,! maps ,dante w\ld see 7 hung on *ur* or mona/]y walls1 or illu/rat$ le>n$ books2 & ! mappe-monde ( ,c>d9al ,he9ri* ( ,ma9z may be tak5 z typical ( !m all4 ,x mu* resembles our great ,h]e=d ,map ( ! ,_w1 & 0 probably copi$ f ! same orig9al design4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dbh ,corv9o & ,m>co ,polo made ! voyage 9 ! same ye>1 #abib1 b 9 rev]se directions4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is two hundr$ ye>s old] ?an ,dante1 b s /ation>y 0 geography ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages t x might h be5 execut$ 9 8 day1 or1 except = a few details1 sev]al c5turies e>li]4 ,m$ival maps are z fasc9at+ z a fairy tale1 :i* inde$ !y mu* resemble4 ,! %ape is conv5tional1 & n suppos$ to repres5t ! true %ape ( ! habitable e>?2 x is sometimes circul>1 sometimes quadrilat]al1 occasionally oval1 z 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,! ea/ is "h1 z usual1 at ! top1 & !re we see ! ,p>adise ( ,adam & ,eve1 & close beside x1 to ! nor?1 ! ,riv] ,ganges1 fl[+ into ! great ocean :i* surr\nds all ! l&4 ,at ! opposite or we/]n extremity are ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 :i* two angels appe> to be gu>d+4 ,9 ! c5tre1 b n s exactly or conspicu\sly c5tral z 9 "s o!r maps1 we f9d 8,hi]usalem40 ,along ! s\? is ! long n>r[ cont95t ( ,africa1 ) ! ,atlas & ,e?iopian m\nta9s2 & ! ,nile1 ris+ f> 9 ! s\?-we/1 aft] my/]i\s subm]g5ces & reappe>ances1 f9ally fl[s into ! ,m$it]ranean1 pa/ ! pictur$ ,pyramids1 "h /rangely call$ 7accord+ to ,d>k-,age my?7 ! ,b>ns ( ,joseph4 ,9 ! nor? ano!r ,angel po9ts to ! c\ntry :]e dwell ! ,gog-,magogs1 & n f> (f are ! l&s ( ! ,hyp]boreans1 "h describ$ z untr\bl$ by disease or discord1 ( ! 8mo/ wick$0 ,gryphons1 & ( ! ,dog-head$ folk1 adjo9+ ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,italy is a v l>ge c\ntry1 r\ghly triangul>1 & 9 ! ,m$it]ranean to ! s\? lie ,sicily1 ! :irlpool ,*>ybdis1 ! rock ,scylla1 ,s>d9ia1 ,corsica1 & o!r isl&s4 ,rome is figur$ z a battlem5t$ city1 ab\t halfway betwe5 ,j]usalem & ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,by ,,he9ri* ,,( ,,ma9z1 ,,ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaaj4 ,to face p4 #cdd4 ,reproduc$ by p]mission f ,beazley's 8,dawn ( ,mod]n ,geography40 ,?is is :]e ,dante also places ! imp]ial city1 = 9 8 sy/em x is ab\t #de1 or #c h\rs1 ea/ ( ,gades & we/ ( ,j]usalem4 ,he tells u 9 "o place t x 0 vesp]s 9 ,naples :5 ! sun rose 9 ,purgatory1#dbi & 9 ano!r t :5 x 0 vesp]s or ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon 9 ,purgatory1 x 0 midnight 8"h0#dcj :i* may mean ,flor5ce or ,italy 9 g5]al2 bo? ^! /atem5ts indicate a diff]5ce ( n9e h\rs or #ace betwe5 ,italy & ,purgatory4 ,purgatory 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y is exactly antipodal to ,j]usalem1 & !re=e twelve h\rs di/ant 9 "t2#dca & = ! sake ( 8 allegory ,dante has s f> dep>t$ f tradition z to place ! ,e>?ly ,p>adise "h also4#dcb ,^! five places may !re=e be diagramatically repres5t$ ?us3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dbi ,purg4 iii4 #be4 #dcj ,purg4 xv4 #a-f4 #dca ,purg4 iv4 #fh-ga2 xxvii4 #a-e4 #dcb ,purg4 xxviii4 #adb4 ,op9ions diff]$ z to its exact site1 & "s plac$ x 9 ! ocean beyond ! ea/]n limit ( ! habitable e>?4 ,9 ,v4 ,e4 ,i4 viii4 #f-aj1 ,dante says t ! root ( ! human race 0 plant$ 9 ea/]n l&s1 b ?is ref]s to ,adam's home aft] ! expulsion f ,p>adise4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,e>ly ---------------- ,,"t ---------------------- ,,late #ab h\rs #f;hrs4 #c;hrs4 #f;hrs4 #ab h\rs ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,purgatory ,gades ,italy ,j]usalem ,ganes ,purgatory ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ahj #ij #de #j #ij #ahj ,,we/ --------------- ,,longitude -------------------- ,,ea/ ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,) ?is key1 ,dante's fondness = describ+ ! "t at "o place by m5tion+ "o ( ! o!rs ne$ be no /umbl+-block1 z x is to _m read]s4 ,! fact is t ?\gh ,dante _h none ( our opportunities = *ang+ "t-reckon+ by long j\rneys1 nor = communicat+ ) fri5ds at ! o!r side ( ! _w1 :o wake :ile we sleep1 ! m>vell\s daily revolution ( ! skies _h a fasc9ation = him1 & he delight$ to picture a glori\s sunrise tak+ place 9 "o c\ntry :ile 9 ano!r x 0 high noon1 or ! middle ( ! night4 ,?us1 ! beautiful description ( ! />s fad+ 9 ! gr[+ light ( dawn1 :i* we quot$ above1 is prec$$ by a picture ( ! sun gl[+ on ! m]idian "s #fjjj miles away 7r m ?an a qu>t] ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe71 :ile ) u ,e>?'s %ad[ has sunk almo/ to a level plane4#dcc ,aga91 ,folco ( ,m>seilles1 :5 describ+ 8 bir?place1 says t ! greate/ ( all ! seas 7! ,m$it]ranean7 except ! ocean :i* encircles all ! habitable e>?1 /ret*es s f> aga9/ ! sun 7i4e4 f we/ to ea/71 t ! l9e ( sky :i* is on its horizon at "o end is on its m]idian at ! o!r4#dcd ,if ! sun 7 se5 j ris+ on ! ea/]n horizon at ,gades1 x w\ld be on ! m]idian at ,j]usalem & ! "t w\ld !re be noon4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dcc ,p>4 xxx4 #a-c4 #dcd ,p>4 ix4 #hb-hg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dante's h\rs are always reckon$ f sunrise1 & !y are ! 8tempor>y0 or ,*ur* h\rs4 ,he def9es bo? k9ds 9 ! ,convivio4 ,! same l9es ( 8 ,ode :i* provid$ him ) a text :]eon to disc\rse ( ! sun's movem5ts1 give him occasion to treat ( ! division ( ea* day into h\rs1 ?us3-- 8,i say t ! sun1 9 circl+ r\nd ! _w1 ne'er beholde? aught s noble z ?is lady1 f :i* x foll[s t %e is1 z ! words affirm1 ! mo/ noble ( all ! ?+s on :i* ! sun %9es4 ,& ,i say 9 t h\r1 etc4 ,:]e=e we mu/ "k t ! h\r is und]/ood 9 two s5ses by a/rolog]s4 ,"o s5se is employ$ :5 !y assign tw5ty-f\r h\rs to ! day & night1 t is1 twelve to ! day & twelve to ! night1 h[ev] long or %ort ! day may be4 ,& ^! h\rs become %ort or long 9 ! day & 9 ! night1 accord+ z ! day & night wax & wane4 ,& ! ,*ur* uses h\rs 9 ?is s5se :5 %e speaks ( ,prime1 ,ti]ce1 ,sext1 & ,none2 & ^! are call$ temporal h\rs4 ,! o!r s5se is employ$ :51 ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs allot$ to ! day & night1 ! day has sometimes fifte5 & ! night n9e1 & sometimes ! night has sixte5 & ! day eight assign$ to x1 accord+ z ! day & ! night wax & wane2 & ^! are call$ equal h\rs4 ,& at ! equ9ox ^! latt] are always "o & ! same ) ^? :i* are call$ temporal2 = x mu/ ne$s be s :5 ! day & ! night are ( ! same l5g?40#dce ,! *oice ( ^! two examples ( unequal days & nights seems to be ano!r in/ance ( ,dante's dep5d5ce ^u ,alfraganus1 = 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ( ! ,elem5ta ,a/ronomica we read t ! middle ( ! sev5? climate 79 :i* ! inequality is greate/7 has a longe/ day ( #af h\rs1 & ! middle ( ! fif?1 ( #ae h\rs2 & 9 *apt] ,,ix4 we f9d t ,magna ,roma is situat$ 9 ! fif? climate4 ,9 ! f\r? treatise ( ! ,convivio1 ,dante returns to ! same subject1 & ent]s into fur!r detail ab\t ,*ur* h\rs & divisions ( ! day4#dcf ,our lives1 l ! ar* ( heav5 :i* is always above u1 consi/ ( a rise & a decl9e1 ) a culm9at+ po9t1 & ?is po9t he fixes z normally rea*$ at a man's #ce? ye>1 z ,ri/oro _h also done4#dcg ,9 ! same way ! day rises & decl9es1 & culm9ates at ! six? h\r2 & x is ! mo/ noble h\r ( ! day & ! mo/ virtu\s 79 ! old ,lat9 s5se ( virtue z /r5g?1 efficacy74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dce ,conv4 ,,iii4 vi4 #g-cb4 #dcf ,conv4 ,,iv4 xxiii4 #ej to end4 #dcg ,comp4 del ,mondo1 ,i4 xxii4 8,la se/a ora1 cio il mezzo del d1 la pi nobile di tutto il d1 e la pi v]tuosa40#dch #dch 8,! six? h\r1 t is1 ! middle ( ! day1 is ! mo/ noble ( all ! day1 & ! mo/ virtu\s40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is means ! :ole ( ! six? h\r 7z we %\ld say1 f #aa to #ab o'clock73 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? h\r is ! exact mom5t ( noon1 aft] :i* ! day beg9s to decl9e4 ,x 0 = ?is reason1 ,dante believes1 t ,*ri/ *ose to die dur+ ! six? h\r1#dci & dur+ 8 #cd? ye>1 = !n ! day & 8 human life 7 bo? at _! culm9ation1 & _h n begun to decl9e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dci ,luke xxiii4 #dd-df4 ,dante und]/&s ?is to mean t dea? took place at ab\t ! six? h\r1 n ! n9?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!re 0 "s diff]5ce 9 ! me?ods ( reckon+ ! h\rs = ,*ur* (fices1 b ,dante tells 9 ?is same passage :i* ( !m he consid]$ "r1 & he foll[s x consi/5tly 9 8 works4 ,! ,*ur* day 0 divid$ into f\r p>ts1 viz43-- ,at ! equ9ox ,ti]ce1 ,sunrise to ! end ( ! ?ird h\r #f to #i a4m4 ,sext1 ,f\r? to end ( six? h\r #i a4m4 to #ab noon ,nones1 ,sev5? to end ( n9? #ab noon to #c p4m4 ,vesp]s1 ,t5? h\r to sunset #c to #f p4m4 ,two ( ! ,*ur* (fices 7 to be said at ! beg9n+1 & "o at ! end1 ( ^! p]iods1 z foll[s3-- ,ti]ce1 at ! end i4e4 #i a4m4 at ! equ9ox4 ,nones1 at ! beg9n+ i4e4 #ab noon4 ,vesp]s1 0 0 i4e4 #c p4m4 at ! equ9ox4 ,?us sext is omitt$ altoge!r1 & ,dante says t ! reason = ! arrangem5t is to approximate 9 e case to t h\r :i* is ! noble/ ( ! :ole day1 ! six?4 ,mid-ti]ce 0 halfway ?r\gh ! p]iod f sunrise to ! end ( ! ?ird h\r1 t is1 #g4cj a4m4 at ! "t ( ! equ9ox2 & mid-nones & mid-vesp]s 7 c\nt$ 9 ! same way4 ,z an in/ance ( reckon+ h\rs by ! sun1 we may quote ! reply ( ,adam :5 ,dante desir$ to "k h[ long "t he _h sp5t 9 ,ed53 8,dalla prim' ora a quella *e seconda1 ,come il sol muta quadra1 l'ora se/a40#ddj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ddj 8,f ! fir/ h\r to t :i* come? next 7,z ! sun *anges qu>t]7 to ! six?40 ,p>4 xxvi4 #ada-adb4 7,c>ey74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,j z ! "t ( day may be told1 if "o is accu/om$ to wat* ! sun1 by not+ h[ mu* ( ! daily c\rse has be5 run1 s ! "t ( day or night 7accord+ to h] phase7 may be told by ! moon2 only ) h] we mu/ take into consid]ation ! rapid & v>iable motion ea/w>ds 9 ! zodiac4 ,alfraganus says t h] mean daily motion 9 longitude is #ac & ne>ly #aa m9utes1#dda b t a small am\nt mu/ be add$ or subtract$ e day 9 ord] to f9d h] true motion4 ,z a clock1 !re=e1 = use 9 daily life1 %e leaves mu* to be desir$4 ,?is daily motion makes h] fall con/antly beh9d ! sun1 s t %e loses "t e day1 & n ev5 ! same am\nt ( "t2 = ?\gh %e crosses ! m]idian on an av]age #ej m9utes lat] ea* day1 ! int]val is sometimes only #ch m9utes & sometimes z mu* z #ff m9utes4 ,& h] times ( sett+ & ris+ are ev5 m v>iable4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dda ,x is easily se5 t ?is is correct1 if we divide ! #cfj ( ! moon's pa? ?r\gh ! zodiac by ! #bg days & eight h\rs 9 :i* %e trav]ses x1 & returns to ! same />4 ,brunetto ,lat9i says 8,la lune s'esloigne d\ ,soleil *ascun jor xiii degrez po s'en faut10 b he is wrong1 hav+ app>5tly =gott5 t ! sun is also mov+ 9 ! same direction1 at ! av]age rate ( ne>ly #a daily4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is is easily und]/ood if we rememb] h[ mu* ! sun's "t ( sett+ v>ies ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 accord+ to ! "p ( ! zodiac 9 :i* he is travell+1 & consid] t :at ! sun does 9 a ye> ! moon does 9 a mon?4 ,& 9 h] case ! effect is sometimes exagg]at$1 sometimes dim9i%$1 = h] pa? 9 ! zodiac is incl9$ to ! sun's pa?2 moreov]1 h] greate/ dep>ture f x to nor? & s\? takes place 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! zodiac at diff]5t times4 ,^! facts 7 well kn[n to ,ptolemy & to m$ival a/ronom]s1 & ev]yone :o wat*es ! moon mu/ h notic$ h[ v>iable are ! int]vals betwe5 "o moonrise or "o moonset & ! next4 ,! ext5t ( v>iability also dep5ds ^u our latitude 7j z ) sunrises & sunsets72 & 9 ,flor5ce ! ret>dation 9 "o day may sometimes be only tw5ty m9utes1 sometimes an h\r & tw5ty m9utes4 ,! diff]5ce w\ld be less 9 ,dante's ,purgatory1 s9ce ?is 0 9 latitude #cb s\?1 & ! int]vals betwe5 moonset & moonset become less v>iable 9 l5g? z we approa* ! equator1 j z ! days become less unequal all ! ye> r\nd4 ,/ill1 !y w\ld v>y a good deal1 s we mu/ conclude t ,dante only means to indicate ! "t q r\ghly :5 he uses ! moon z a clock4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he seldom does s 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y )\t giv+ u ano!r clue to ! "t z well4 ,^! passages all belong to a mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( "t indications1 :i* we may n[ proce$ to exam9e4 ,,vi4 ,,dante',s ,,j\rney ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,?ree ,,realms3 ,,indications ,,( ,,"t ,,& ,,direction ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,skies4 #a4 ,,"t ,,ref]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,div9e ,,com$y4 ,! plan ( ! univ]se ?r\gh :i* ,dante feigns himself to h j\rney$ is famili> to all read]s ( ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,hell1 z ! ,fa!rs taught1 0 a subt]ranean cavity1 & ,dante pictures x z an inv]t$ cone1 ^: apex rea*es ! exact c5tre ( ,e>? & !re=e ( ! univ]se4 ,x is situat$ v]tically und]nea? ,j]usalem1 ! c5tre ( ! inhabit$ ,e>?4 ,he dep>ts f ! ,fa!rs1 h[ev]1 9 remov+ ,purgatory f ^! dim regions1 & plac+ x on an isl& 9 ! mid/ ( ! ocean ( ! un9habit$ hemisph]e1 exactly at ! antipodes ( ,j]usalem4 ,on ?is isl& rises a m\nta9 ^: imm5sely l(ty summit rea*es ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 & ^u ! summit is ! ,ed5 ( our fir/ p>5ts4 ,?is orig9al conception is an extraord9>y ga91 bo? f ! arti/ic & ! allegorical po9ts ( view2 & x is 9 h>mony ) ! idea ( ,ari/otle1 & ( _m m$ival writ]s1 t ! s\!rn hemisph]e 0 ! 8nobl]0 "p ( ,e>?4 ,"h1 !n1 man 0 p]mitt$ to dwell be=e ! ,fall1 & hi!r come rep5tant s\ls1 sav$ f ,hell1 b n yet pure en\gh to ent] ,heav54 ,p>adise consi/s ( all ! sph]es ( m$ival a/ronomy1 & ! poet rises f "o to ano!r until he f9ally rea*es ! all-embrac+ ,empyrean1 :]e 8 vision ends4 ,n[h]e does he describe ?is s*eme 9 full1 b x 0 evid5tly cle> 9 8 own m9d1 & by foll[+ him /ep by /ep 9 8 j\rney x is easily recon/ruct$1 & is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ diagram4 ,9 ! same way he nev] /ates h[ long a "t he sp5t on ?is vision>y j\rney1 yet ?is also he _h def9itely det]m9$1 & 9 ea* ,cantica he ref]s once to ! p]iod ( "t allot$ to ea* realm4 ,9 ! la/ ,circle b "o ( ! ,inf]no1 he is w>n$ by ,virgil t ! "t all[$ is draw+ to a close2#ddb 9 ! la/ b "o ( ! ,purgatorio ,virgil urges him to make ! be/ use ( ! "t appo9t$2#ddc & 9 ! ,p>adiso1 j be=e ! f9al vision1 ,/4 ,b]n>d tells him t ! "t ( 8 trance is ne>ly ov]4#ddd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ddb ,inf4 xxix4 #aa4 #ddc ,purg4 xxiii4 #e1 #f4 #ddd ,p>4 xxxii4 #aci4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 ! fir/ ,canto1 :i* is introductory to ! :ole ,comm$ia1 he m5tions ! "t at :i* he assumes t 8 vision began4 ,x 0 8nel mezzo del camm9 di no/ra vita10#dde :i* may mean simply t he 0 middle-ag$1 or comp>+ x ) ! passage 9 ! ,convivio quot$ e>li] 7see p4 #cdg71 we may suppose x to mean t he 0 exactly 9 8 #ce? ye>4 ,! season 0 spr+--8la dolce /agione10#ddf & :5 night 0 ov] ! sun rose among ^? />s :i* 7 ) him at ! ,creation1 :i* 0 believ$ to h tak5 place at ! v]nal equ9ox "s sixty-five c5turies be=e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dde 8,midway 9 ! j\rney ( our life40 ,inf4 i4 #a4 #ddf 8,! sweet season40 ,inf4 i4 #dc4 8,il ,sol montava su con quelle /elle ,*' eran con lui qu&o l',amor ,div9o ,mosse da prima quelle cose belle40#ddg #ddg 8,al(t ! sun asc5d$ ) ^? />s ,t ) him rose :5 ,love ,div9e fir/ mov$ ,^? its fair works40 ,inf4 i4 #ch-dj4 7,c>ey74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,! ,univ]se ( ,dante4 ,! expression 8quelle /elle10#ddh h[ev]1 %[s u t ,dante does n int5d to be p$antically accurate1 :i* w\ld inde$ be in>ti/ic 9 a poem4 ,he speaks sev]al times ( ! suppos$ sl[ motion ( ! /> sph]e1#ddi & al?\gh he nev] m5tions its effect 9 %ift+ ! place ( ! equ9ox cont9ually among ! />s1 we c h>dly imag9e t he fail$ to und]/& ?is4 ,he knew q well1 !re=e1 t ! />s :i* accompani$ ! sun 9 t fir/ spr+time ( ! _w c\ld n be ! same />s :i* rose ) him n[4 ,b a/ronom]s _h agre$ to call ! "p ( ! sky :i* conta9s ! v]nal equ9ox by its old "n1 & x w\ld be exce$+ly tiresome if he 7 to di/+ui%1 e "t he m5tion$ !m1 betwe5 ! zodiacal con/ellations & ! zodiacal signs2 !re %all be no occasion1 !re=e1 to /op & consid] :i* he means1 & no ambiguity3 he assumes once = all t !y always h be5 & always are id5tical1 t ! 8fir/ po9t ( ,aries0 or v]nal equ9ox is n[ & always at ! beg9n+ ( ! con/ellation ,aries4 ,to ?is assumption he is consi/5t ?r\gh\t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ddh 8,^? />s40 #ddi ,purg4 xi4 #ajh2 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xv4 #ab-ad4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,ano!r important po9t to notice is t1 s9ce x is ! "t ( ! equ9ox1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 8tempor>y0 & 8equal0 h\rs4#dej ,days & nights are ( equal l5g?2 sunrise & sunset are ne>ly at #f a4m4 & #f p4m41 accord+ to our mod]n me?od ( reckon+4#dea ,9 ?is way also1 & )\t any sacrifice ( a/ronomical accuracy1 ! poet has simplifi$ 8 "t ref]5ces = 8 read]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dej ,conv4 ,,iii4 vi4 #bh-cj4 #dea ,on ! day ( ! spr+ equ9ox ! sun rises & sets a few m9utes aft] six o'clock1 because we set our clocks n by ! real sun b ! m conv5i5t 8mean sun40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,we mu/ obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! day is z unc]ta9 z ! ye>2 =1 al?\gh x is c]ta9ly ne> ! equ9ox1 8quelle /elle0 may mean exactly ! fir/ po9t ( ,aries or only ! con/ellation ,aries 9 g5]al4 ,f ?is ,canto alone1 !re=e1 we _c be sure ( ! exact date4 ,f o!r allusions ( v>i\s k9ds1 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,div9e ,com$y1 we ga!r t ,dante did int5d a def9ite date to be und]/ood1 b un=tunately ! data by :i* he means to fix x are !mselves s ambigu\s t comm5tators diff] z to ! day1 ! mon?1 & ! ye>4 ,! "q has s direct a be>+ on ,dante's a/ronomy t we _c %irk x2 b = ! pres5t1 leav+ x aside1 let u deal m]ely ) ! h\r1 :i* is di/9ctly /at$ f ! fir/1 & indicat$ 9 a numb] ( passages s cle>ly t read]s ) an elem5t>y k ( ! app>5t movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies c f9d little difficulty 9 foll[+ ,virgil & ,dante ?r\gh _! j\rney1 see+ exactly h[ _m days x requir$1 & frequ5tly at :at h\r ( day or night !y 7 9 a p>ticul> spot4 ,if my read]s are n n[ 9 possession ( ?is elem5t>y k1 ?is book has be5 writt5 9 va94 ,i give bel[ a li/ ( all ! h\r-indications1 a/ronomical & o!rs1 = ! sake ( cle>ness & complet5ess2 b ,i omit = ! pres5t ^? t indicate only ! date1 & m]ely call ! days ! fir/1 second1 etc4 ,^! passages1 ?\gh !y are only to be und]/ood 9 a popul> s5se1 prove q z cle>ly z ! elaborate a/ronomical explanations 9 ! ,convivio h[ deep an int]e/ ,dante always took 9 a/ronomy2 & a /udy ( !m %[s t he _h c>efully consid]$ ! positions ( ! heav5ly bodies & _! movem5ts dur+ ! progress ( ! action 9 8 poem4 ,,"t ,,ref]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,div9e ,,com$y ,night4 ,9 ! ,=e/4 ,moon full 7see bel[1 ,inf4 xx4 #abg-abi1 & ,purg4 xxiii4 #aah-aba74 8,la notte *' i' passai40 ,inf4 i4 #ba4 8,! night t ,i _h sp5t40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a/ day4 ,j be=e sunrise4 ,at ! foot ( ! ,hill4 8,ma poi *' io fui al pi d'un colle giunto1 4 4 4 4 4 ,gu>dai 9 alto1 e vidi le sue spalle ,ve/ite gi de' raggi del pianeta ,*e m5a dritto altrui p] ogni calle40 ,inf4 i4 #ac-ah4 8,b aft] ,i _h rea*$ a m\nta9's foot1 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,upw>d ,i look$1 & ,i beheld its %\ld]s ,ve/$ already ) t planet's rays ,:i* leade? o!rs "r by e road40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sunrise #f a4m4#deb ,climb+ ! ,hill4 8,tempo era dal pr9cipio del matt9o1 ,e il sol montava su con quelle /elle ,*'eran con lui qu&o l' ,amor div9o ,mosse da prima quelle cose belle40 ,inf4 i4 #cg-dj4 8,! "t 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! morn+1 ,& up ! sun 0 m\nt+ ) ^? />s ,t ) him 71 :at "t ! ,love ,div9e ,at fir/ 9 motion set ^? beaut\s ?+s40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #deb ,! clock-h\rs 9 ?is column are n to be reg>d$ z if tak5 f a railway "t-table6 ,sunrise is at #f a4m4 )9 a few m9utes only1 = ! reasons above /at$1 viz43 our clocks are regulat$ by ! 8mean0 sun1 & x is n necess>ily ! exact day ( ! equ9ox :5 ! vision beg9s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,ev5+ twilight4 ,at ! ,gate ( ,hell4 8,lo giorno se n'&ava1 e l' a] bruno44440 ,inf4 ii4 #a4 8,day 0 dep>t+1 & ! br[n air44440 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,midnight4 ,cross+ ! f\r? circle4 8,gi ogni /ella cade1 *e saliva ,qu&o mi mossi40 ,inf4 vii4 #ih1 #ii4 8,already s9ks ea* /> t 0 asc5d+ ,:5 ,i set out40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bnd day4 ,ab\t #b hrs4 be=e sunrise 7#d a4m47 ,on ! edge ( ! cliff1 prep>+ to desc5d to ! #g? circle4 8,i ,pesci guizzan su p] l' orizzonta1 ,e il ,c>ro tutto sovra il ,coro giace40 ,inf4 xi4 #aac1 #aad4 8,quiv]+ are ! ,fi%es on ! horizon1 ,& ! ,wa9 :olly ov] ,caurus lies40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7,dante ref]s to ! previ\s day47 ,9 ! #g? circle4 8,mi sm>ri' 9 una valle4 4 4 4 4 4 ,pur i] matt9a le volsi le spalle40 ,inf4 xv4 #ej-eb4 8,i lo/ me 9 a valley4 4 4 4 4 4 ,b ye/]morn ,i turn$ my back ^u x40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,aft] sunrise1 betwe5 #f & #g a4m4 ,leav+ ! #d? ,pit ( ,circle ,,viii4 7,virgil rem9ds ,dante ( ! night be=e la/1 sp5t 9 ! ,=e/47 8,gi ti5e il conf9e ,d' amb$ue gli emisp]i e tocca l' onda ,sotto ,sibilia ,ca9o e le sp9e2 ,e gi i]notte fu la luna tonda2 ,b5 t5 dee ricord>1 * non ti nocque ,alcuna volta p] la selva fonda40 ,inf4 xx4 #abd-abi4 8444 ,already holds ! conf9es ,( bo? ! hemisph]es1 & "u ,seville ,t\*es ! ocean-wave1 ,ca9 & ! ?orns2 ,& ye/]night ! moon 0 r\nd already2 ,?\ %\ld/ rememb] well3 x did n h>m !e ,f "t to "t )9 ! =e/ deep40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #g a4m4 ,on ! bridge ov] ! #e? ,pit4 8,i]1 pi oltre c9q' ore *e que/' otta1 ,mille dug5to con sessanta sei ,anni compi *e qui la via fu rotta40 ,inf4 xxi4 #aab-aad4 8,ye/]day1 five h\rs lat] ?an ?is h\r1 ,"o ?\s& & two hundr$ sixty-six ,ye>s 7 complete t "h ! way 0 brok540 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ab\t #a p4m4 ,leav+ ! #i? ,pit4 8,e gi la ,luna sotto no/ri pi$i1 ,lo tempo poco omai *e n' concesso40 ,inf4 xxix4 #aj1 #aa4 8,& n[ ! moon is und]nea? our feet4 ,h5ce=? ! "t allott$ u is brief40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,nightfall4 ,at ! bottom ( ! _w4 8,la notte risurge2 ed oramai da p>tir1 * tutto avem v$uto40 ,inf4 xxxiv4 #fh1 #fi4 8,night is reasc5d+1 & 'tis "t ,t we dep>t1 = we h se5 ! :ole40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #crd day4 7no night int]v5+7 #g4cj a4m4 ,9 ! new hemisph]e 8,gi il sole a mezza t]za ri$e40 ,inf4 xxxiv4 #if4 8,& n[ ! sun to middle-ti]ce returns40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #d? day4 ,ab\t an h\r be=e sunrise 7#e a4m474 ,on ! isl& ( ,purgatory4 8,e qu9di uscimmo a riv$] le /elle40 ,inf4 xxxiv4 #aci4 8,!nce we came =? to see aga9 ! />s40 8,lo bel pianeta *e ad am> con=ta ,faceva tutto rid] l' ori5te1 ,vel&o i ,pesci *' erano 9 sua scorta40 ,purg4 i4 #ai-ba4 8,! beaute\s planet t to love incites ,0 mak+ all ! ori5t to laugh1 ,veil+ ! ,fi%es t 7 9 h] escort40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,dawn4 8,lo sol vi mo/r]1 *e surge omai40 ,purg4 i4 #ajg4 8,! sun1 :i* n[ is ris+1 w direct y40 8,l' alba v9ceva l' ora mattut9a40 ,purg4 i4 #aae4 8,! dawn 0 vanqui%+ ! mat9 h\r40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sun j bel[ ea/ horizon4 ,on ! ,%ore ( ! ,isl&4 8,gi era il sole all' orizzonte giunto ,lo cui m]idian c]*io cop]*ia ,j]usalem col suo pi alto punto2 ,e la notte1 *e opposita a lui c]*ia1 ,uscia di ,gange fuor con le bilance ,*e le caggion di man qu&o sop]*ia2 ,si *e le bian*e e le v]milie guance1 ,l dove io era1 della bella ,aurora1 ,p] troppa etate div5ivan rance40 ,purg4 ii4 #a-i4 8,already _h ! sun ! horizon rea*$ ,^: circle ( m]idian cov]s o'er ,j]usalem ) its mo/ l(ty po9t2 ,& night1 t opposite to him revolves1 ,0 issu+ =? f ,ganges1 ) ! scales ,t fall f out h] h& :5 %e exce$e?2 ,s t ! :ite & ! v]milion *eeks ,( beautiful ,aurora1 :]e ,i 01 ,by too great age 7 *ang+ into orange40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sun ris54 8,da tutte p>ti saettava il giorno ,lo sol1 *'avea con le saette conte ,di mezzo il ciel cacciato il ,capricorno40 ,purg4 ii4 #ee-eg4 8,on e side 0 d>t+ =? ! day ,! sun1 :o _h ) 8 respl5d5t %afts ,f ! mid-heav5 *as$ =? ! ,capricorn40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,soon aft] sunrise4 ,walk+ we/w>d1 t[>ds ! ,m\nta9 ( ,purgatory4 8,lo sol *e retro fiammeggiava roggio40 ,purg4 iii4 #af4 8,! sun t 9 our re> 0 flam+ r$40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,%ortly aft] #f a4m4 7#c p4m4 9 ,italy74 8,vesp]o gi col dov' sepolto ,lo corpo d5tro al quale io facea ombra40 ,purg4 iii4 #be1 #bf4 8',tis vesp]s !re already :]e is buri$ ,! body )9 :i* ,i ca/ a %ad[40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ab\t #i4cj a4m4 ,at ! foot ( ! ,m\nta94 8,b5 c9quanta gradi salito era ,lo sole40 ,purg4 iv4 #ae1 #af4 8,fifty full degrees upris5 0 ,! sun40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,midday4 ,on a l$ge ( ! ,m\nta9 7,anti-purgatory74 8,v$i *' tocco ,m]idian dal sole1 e dalla riva4 ,copre la notte gi col pi ,morrocco40 ,purg4 iv4 #acg-aci4 8,see1 ! sun has t\*$ ,m]idian1 & f ! %ore ! night ,cov]s already ) h] foot ,morocco40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,aft]noon4 ,climb+ ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,m\nta94 8,v$i omai *e il poggio l' ombra getta4 4 4 4 4 4 ,prima *e sii lass torn> v$rai ,colui *e gi si copre della co/a1 ,s *e i suoi raggi tu romp] non fai40 ,purg4 vi4 #ea-eg4 8,see1 e'en n[ ! hill a %ad[ ca/s4 4 4 4 4 4 ,ere ?\ art up !re1 ?\ %alt see return ,him1 :o n[ hides himself beh9d ! hill1 ,s t ?\ do/ n int]rupt 8 rays40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ev5+4 8,v$i gi come di*9a il giorno40 ,purg4 vii4 #dc4 8,see already h[ ! day decl9es40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sunset 7#f p4m474 ,9 ! ,fl[]y ,valley1 on ! ,m\nta9-side4 8,era gi l'ora *e volge il disio ,ai naviganti e int5]isce il core1 ,lo di *'han detto ai dolci amici addio2 ,e *e lo nuovo p]egr9 d' amore ,punge1 se ode squilla di lontano ,*e paia il giorno piang] *e si m40 ,purg4 viii4 #a-f4 8',twas on ! h\r t turne? back desire ,9 ^? :o sail ! sea1 & melts ! he>t1 ,! day !y've said to _! sweet fri5ds f>ewell2 ,& ! new pilgrim p5etrates ) love1 ,if he do? he> f f> away a bell ,t seeme? to deplore ! dy+ day40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ev5+ twilight4 8,tempo era gi *e l' a] s'ann]ava40 ,purg4 viii4 #di4 8,already n[ ! air 0 gr[+ d>k40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7,dante ref]s to ! morn+ ( ! same day47 8,p] entro il lo*i tri/i ,v5ni /amane40 ,purg4 viii4 #eh1 #ei4 8,?r\gh ! dismal places ,i came ?is morn40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,e>ly night3 ab\t #g p4m4 8,le quattro *i>e /elle ,*e v$evi /aman1 son di l basse1 ,e que/e son salite ov' eran quelle40 ,purg4 viii4 #ia-ic4 8,! f\r respl5d5t />s ,?\ sawe/ ?is morn+ are d[n yond] l[1 ,& ^! h m\nt$ up to :]e ^? 740 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,%ortly be=e moonrise1 betwe5 #h & #i p4m4 8,la concub9a di ,titone antico ,gi s'imbiancava al balco d'ori5te1 ,fuor delle braccia del suo dolce amico2 ,di gemme la sua fronte era luc5te1 ,po/e 9 figura del fr$do animale ,*e con la coda p]cote la g5te2 ,e la notte de' passi con *e sale ,fatti avea due nel loco ov' eravamo1 ,e il t]zo gi *9ava 9 giuso l' ale40 ,purg4 ix4 #a-i4 8,! concub9e ( old ,ti?onus n[ ,gleam$ :ite ^u ! ea/]n balcony1 ,=? f ! arms ( h] sweet p>am\r2 ,) gems h] =ehead all reluc5t 01 ,set 9 ! %ape ( t cold animal ,:i* ) its tail do? smite ama9 ! p2 ,& ( ! /eps ) :i* %e m\nts ! ,night ,_h tak5 two 9 t place :]e we 71 ,& n[ ! ?ird 0 b5d+ d[n its w+s40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #e? day4 ,dawn4 ,at ! ,gate ( ,purgatory4 8,nell' ora *e com9cia i tri/i lai ,la rond9ella presso alla matt9a40 ,purg4 ix4 #ac1 #ad4 8,j at ! h\r :5 h] sad lay beg9s ,! little swall[1 ne> unto ! morn+40 7,see also ix4 #eb 8nell' alba *e prec$e al giorno10 & ix4 #ei 8come il di fu *i>o407 7,see also 8,at dawn1 :i* do? prec$e ! day40 & 8,z day grew bright074 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,m ?an #b h\rs aft] sunrise 7aft] #h a4m474 8,il sole er' alto gi pi *e due ore48 ,purg4 ix4 #dd4 8,& n[ ! sun 0 m ?an two h\rs high40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ab\t #i4cj a4m4 ,on ! #a/ ,cornice ( ! ,m\nta94 8,pria lo scemo della luna ,rigiunse al letto suo p] rcorc>si1 ,*e noi fossimo fuori di quella cruna40 ,purg4 x4 #ad-af4 8,soon] _h ! moon's decreas+ disc ,rega9$ its b$ to s9k aga9 to re/4 ,?an we 7 =? out ( t ne$le's eye40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ab noon4 ,asc5t to ! #bnd ,cornice4 8,pi era gi p] noi del monte volto1 ,e del camm9 del sole assai pi speso ,*e non /imava l'animo non sciolto4 4 4 4 4 4 444 ,v$i *e torna ,dal s]vigio del d l'ancella se/a40 ,purg4 xii4 #gc-ha4 8,m ( ! m\nt by u 0 n[ encompass$1 ,& f> m sp5t ! circuit ( ! sun1 ,?an _h ! m9d preoccupi$ imag9$4 4 4 4 4 4 444 ,lo1 return+ is ,f s]vice ( ! day ! six? h&maid540 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #c p4m4 7midnight 9 ,italy74 ,asc5t to ! #crd ,cornice4 8,quanto tra l#8ultim> dell' ora t]za ,e il pr9cipio del d p> della sp]a ,*e sempre a guisa di fanciullo s*]za1 ,tanto p>eva gi 9 v] la s]a ,ess]e al sol del suo corso rimaso2 ,vesp]o l1 e qui mezza notte era4 ,e i raggi ne f]ian p] mezzo il naso1 ,p]* p] noi girato era si il monte1 ,*e gi dritti &avamo 9 v] l'occaso40 ,purg4 xv4 #a-i4 8,z mu* z 'twixt ! close ( ! ?ird h\r ,& dawn ( day appe>e? ( t sph]e ,:i* aye 9 fa%ion ( a *ild is play+1 ,s mu*1 x n[ appe>$1 t[>ds ! night ,0 ( 8 c\rse rema9+ to ! sun2 ,!re x 0 ev5+1 & 'twas midnight "h4 ,& ! rays smote ! middle ( our faces1 ,because by u ! m\nt 0 s encircl$1 ,t /raight t[>ds ! we/ we n[ 7 go+40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ev5+4 ,on ! #crd ,cornice4 8,noi &avam p] lo vesp]o1 att5ti ,oltre1 quanto potean gli oc*i allung>si ,contra i raggi s]ot9i e luc5ti48 ,purg4 xv4 #aci-ada4 8,we pass$ along a?w>t ! twilight1 pe]+ ,=w>d1 z f> z ev] eye c\ld /ret* ,aga9/ ! sunbeams s]ot9e & luc5t40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sunset at sea-level1 #f p4m4 8,io rividi ,lo sole 9 pria1 *e gi nel corc>e era40 ,purg xvii4 #h1 #i4 8,i saw aga9 ,! sun at fir/1 t 0 already sett+40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,on ! #crd ,cornice4 8,i raggi1 morti gi1 nei bassi lidi48 ,purg4 xvii4 #ab4 8,rays already dead on ! l[ %ores40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,asc5t to ! #d? ,cornice4 8,procacciam di salir pria *e s'abbui40 ,purg4 xvii4 #fb4 8,let u make ha/e to m\nt ere x gr[ d>k40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sunset on ! ,m\nta91 %ortly aft] #f p4m4 ,on ! #d? ,cornice4 8,gi eran sopra noi tanto levati ,gli ultimi raggi *e la notte segue1 ,*e le /elle app>ivan da pi lati40 ,purg4 xvii4 #gj-gb4 8,already ov] u 7 s uplift$ ,! late/ sunbeams :i* ! night pursues1 ,t ^u _m sides ! />s appe>$40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,t[>ds midnight4 8,la luna1 quasi a mezza notte t>da1 ,facea le /elle a noi p>] pi rade1 ,fatta com' un sec*ione *e tutto arda2 ,e correa contra il ciel p] quelle /rade ,*e il sole infiamma allor *e quel da ,roma ,tra i ,s>di e i ,corsi il v$e qu&o cade40 ,purg4 xviii4 #gf-ha4 8,! moon1 belat$ almo/ unto midnight1#dec ,n[ made ! />s appe> to u m r>e1 ,=m$ l a bucket t is all ablaze2 ,& c\nt] to ! heav5s ran ?r\gh ^? pa?s ,:i* ! sun sets aflame :5 he ( ,rome ,sees x 'twixt ,s>des & ,corsicans g d[n40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dec ,or 8almo/ at late midnight40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #f? day4 ,ne>ly #b h\rs be=e sunrise1 ab\t #d a4m4 ,on ! #d? ,cornice4 8,nell' ora *e non pu il calor diurno ,intepid> pi il fr$do della luna1 ,v9to da t]ra1 o talor da ,saturno2 ,qu&o i geomanti lor ,maggior ,=tuna ,veggiono 9 ori5te1 innanzi all' alba1 ,surg] p] via *e poco le /a bruno40 ,purg4 xix4 #a-f4 8,x 0 ! h\r :5 ! diurnal heat ,no m c w>m ! coldness ( ! moon1 ,vanqui%$ by ,e>?1 or p]adv5ture ,saturn2 ,:5 geomanc]s _! ,=tuna ,major ,see 9 ! ori5t1 be=e ! dawn1 ,rise by a pa? t long rema9s n dim40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,e>ly morn+4 ,asc5t to #e? ,cornice4 8,su mi levai1 e tutti eran gi1 pi5i ,dell' alto d i giron del sacro monte1 ,ed &avam col sol nuovo alle r5i40 ,purg4 xix4 #cg-ci4 8,i rose1 & full already ( high day ,7 all ! circles ( ! sacr$ m\nta91 ,& ) ! new sun at our back we w5t40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ab\t #aj a4m4 ,on ! #f? ,cornice4 8,e gi le quattro ancelle eran del giorno ,rimase addietro1 e la qu9ta era al temo1 ,drizz&o pure 9 su l' ard5te corno40 ,purg4 xxii4 #aah-abj4 8,& f\r h&maid5s ( ! day already ,7 left beh9d1 & at ! pole ! fif? ,0 po9t+ upw>ds /ill its burn+ horn40 7,dante ref]s to 8! o!r day0 :5 he began ! j\rney47 8,di quella vita mi volse co/ui ,*e mi va innanzi1 l' altr' i]1 qu&o tonda ,vi si mo/r la suora di colui-- ,e il sol mo/rai40 ,purg4 xxiii4 #aah-aba4 8,out ( t life he turn$ me back :o goes ,9 front ( me1 "s days agone1 :5 r\nd ,! si/] ( him yond] %[$ h]self-- ,& to ! sun ,i po9t$40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,betwe5 #b & #d p4m4 ,asc5t to ! #g? ,cornice4 8,il sole avea lo c]*io di m]igge ,lasciato al ,tauro1 e la notte allo ,scorpio40 ,purg4 xxv4 #b1 #c4 8,! sun bad 8 m]idian circle ,to ,taurus left1 & ,night to ,scorpio40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ev5+4 ,on ! #g? ,cornice1 we/ side ( ! ,m\nta94 8,f]iami il sole sull' om]o de/ro1 ,*e gi1 raggi&o1 tutto l' occid5te ,mutava 9 bianco aspetto di cile/ro40 ,purg4 xxvi4 #d-f4 8,on ! "r %\ld] smote me n[ ! sun1 ,t1 ray+ out1 already ! :ole we/ ,*ang$ f its azure aspect into :ite40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sunset at sea-level1 #f p4m4 ,ab\t to cross ! zone ( fire4 8,s come qu&o i primi raggi vibra ,la dove il suo ,fattore il sangue sp>se1 ,cad5do ,ib]o sotto l' alta ,libra1 ,e l' onde 9 ,gange da nona ri>se1 ,s /ava il sole2 onde il giorno s5 giva40 ,purg4 xxvii4 #a-e4 8,z :5 he vibrates =? 8 e>lie/ rays ,9 regions :]e 8 ,mak] %$ 8 blood1 ,! ,ebro fall+ "u l(ty ,libra1 ,& wat]s 9 ! ,ganges burnt ) noon1 ,s /ood ! sun2 h5ce 0 ! day dep>t+40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sun ab\t to set on ! m\nta9 heights4 ,at ! foot ( ! la/ /airway4 8,lo sol s5 va1 soggiunse1 e vi5 la s]a40 ,purg4 xxvii4 #fa4 8,! sun dep>ts1 x add$1 & night come?40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sun sets4 ,climb+ ! la/ /airway4 8,io toglieva i raggi ,d9anzi a me del sol *'era gi basso4 4 4 4 4 4 ,il sol corc>1 p] l' ombra *e si sp5se ,s5timmo40 ,purg4 xxvii4 #fe-fi4 8,i cut (f ! rays ,be=e me ( ! sun1 t n[ 0 l[4 4 4 4 4 4 ,by ! vani%$ %ad[ ! sun's sett+ ,beh9d u we p]ceiv$40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,night4 ,on ! la/ /airway4 8,v$ev' io le /elle40 ,purg4 xxvii4 #hi4 8,i beheld ! />s40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #g? day4 ,ab\t #d a4m4 8,nell' ora1 cr$o1 *e dell' ori5te ,prima raggi nel monte ,cit]ea40 ,purg4 xxvii4 #id1 #ie4 8,x 0 ! h\r1 ,i ?9k1 :5 f ! ea/ ,fir/ on ! m\nta9 ,cy!rea beam$40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,dawn4 8,e gi p] gli spl5dori antelucani 4 4 4 4 4 ,le t5ebre fuggian da tutti i lati40 ,purg4 xxvii4 #aji-aab4 8,& n[ be=e ! antelucan spl5d\rs 4 4 4 4 4 ,! d>kness fl$ away on e side40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,e>ly morn+4 ,9 ! ,e>?ly ,p>adise4 8,v$i l il sol *e 9 fronte ti riluce40 ,purg4 xxvii4 #acc4 8,behold ! sun t %9es ^u ?y =ehead40 8,l' re prime40 ,purg4 xxviii4 #af4 8,! h\rs ( prime40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,midday4 ,by ! f\nta9 ( ,euno4 8,t5eva il sole il c]*io di m]igge40 ,purg4 xxxiii4 #ajd4 8,! sun 0 hold+ ! m]idian circle40 ,asc5t to ,p>adise4 8,fatto avea di l mane e di qua s]a ,tal foce quasi1 e tutto era l bianco ,quello emisp]io1 e l' altra p>te n]a40 ,p>4 i4 #dc-de4 8,almo/ t passage _h made morn+ !re ,& ev5+ "h1 & !re 0 :olly :ite ,t hemisph]e1 & black ! o!r "p40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #h? day4 ,a lapse ( #f hrs4 s9ce ent]+ ! #h? heav54 7,cf4 ,p>4 xxii4 #aea-aec74 ,sunset 9 ,j]usalem 7sunrise 9 ,purgatory74 ,9 ! eigh? heav5 among ! />s ( ,gem9i4 8,dall' ora *'io avea gu>dato prima ,io vidi mosso me p] tutto l'arco ,*e fa del mezzo al f9e il primo clima2 ,si *'io v$ea di l da ,gade il v>co ,folle d',ulisse4 e di qua presso il lito ,nel qual si fece ,europa dolce c>co2 ,e pi mi =a discop]to il sito ,di que/a ,aiuola1 ma il sol proc$ea ,sotto i miei pi$i un segno e pi p>tito40 ,p>4 xxvii4 #gi-hg4 8,s9ce ! fir/ "t t ,i _h d[nw>d look$ ,i saw t ,i _h mov$ ?r\gh ! :ole arc ,:i* ! fir/ climate makes f mid/ to end2 ,s t ,i saw ! mad track ( ,ulysses ,pa/ ,gades1 & ?is side well nigh#ded ! %ore ,:]eon became ,europa a sweet burd52 ,& ( ?is ?re%+-floor ! site to me ,7 m unveil$1 b ! sun 0 prec$+ ,"u my feet1 a sign & m remov$40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ded ,or 8nigh me30 8presso0 may mean ei!r4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #b4 ,,! ,,inf]no4 ,us+ ! above table z a guide1 we may n[ see h[ ,dante uses ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies bo? = "t & direction1 & we %all discov] h[ long 8 j\rney takes4 ,dante has sp5t a night 9 a d>k =e/4 ,! moon 0 !n full2 b we only le>n ?is lat]1 :5 ,virgil rem9ds him ( x1 & he himself m5tions x to ,=ese1 :5 talk+ 9 ! ,purgatorio4 ,at dawn he f9ds himself at ! foot ( a hill on :i* are already %9+ ! fir/ rays ( ! morn+ sun--! planet :i* leads all aright by e pa?4 ,! sun rises3 x is 9 ,aries1 consequ5tly ! moon1 be+ full1 mu/ be 9 ,libra1 & mu/ h set z ! sun rose1 i4e4 at ab\t #f a4m4 ,virgil appe>s1 rescues ! poet f ?ree t]rible bea/s1 & ann\nces t he has come to conduct him ?r\gh ,hell & ,purgatory1 & to lead him to ,beatrice1 :o w guide him to ,p>adise4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! same day1 at twilight1 ! poets ent] ! ,inf]no4 ,?is great subt]ranean cavity1 %ap$ l an inv]t$ cone 7see fig4 #de71 is divid$ into n9e circles1 9 :i* ! diff]5t classes ( s9n]s are puni%$4 ,9 ?is bl9d _w ( et]nal d>kness no /> %9es1 & ! sun is nev] once m5tion$ z timegiv]2 :5 ,virgil wi%es to rem9d ,dante t !y mu/ ha/51 he ref]s to ! position ( moon or />s1 & ! =m] is call$ 8,la ,donna *e qui regge40#dee ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dee 8,! ,lady :o rules "h40 ,inf4 x4 #hj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh f\r circles1 ,virgil says t e /> is n[ s9k+ :i* 0 asc5d+ :5 he />t$1 indicat+ t x is n[ six h\rs s9ce !y ent]$ ! ,inf]no1 or soon aft] midnight4 ,he does n mean t all ^! />s are sett+1 b t !y h cross$ ! m]idian1 & are at "s po9t ( _! desc5t t[>ds ! we/4 ,/rictly speak+ ?is does n apply to />s nor? ( ! equator1 s9ce !y take m ?an six h\rs to rea* ! m]idian1 be+ above ! horizon = m ?an twelve4 ,p]haps ,virgil is ?9k+ *iefly ( ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac4 ,! poets cross ! fif? circle1 ent] ! 8basso ,inf]no0#def or city ( ,dis1 & on ! edge ( ! precipice :i* bord]s ! circle ( ! ,h]etics !y sit :ile ,virgil expla9s ! sy/em ( ! sev]al circles4 ,!n he expresses a wi% to cont9ue ! j\rney1 = ! ,fi%es 7( ! zodiac7 are quiv]+ on ! horizon1 & ! ,wa9 lies to ! nor?-we/4 ,z x is ! "t ( ! ,v]nal ,equ9ox1 & ! sun is 9 ,aries1 ,pisces is ! zodiacal sign imm$iately prec$+ ! sun1 & beg9s to rise ab\t f\r 9 ! morn+4 ,! "p ( ,ursa ,major call$ ! ,wa9 is some:at less ?an #ahj di/ant f ,pisces2 h5ce :5 ! latt] appe>s on ! ea/]n horizon ! =m] w be 9 ! we/ 7& ( c\rse always 9 ! nor?74 ,! 8,caurus0 ( ! ,lat9s 0 ! w9d f ! nor?-we/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #def 8,l[] ,hell40 ,inf4 viii4 #ge4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!y desc5d a cliff ov] loose /ones :i* roll "u ! unaccu/om$ weight ( ,dante's liv+ feet4 ,virgil tells him t bo? "h & else:]e 9 ,hell ! anci5t rocks 7 riv5 by an e>?quake :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! triumphant desc5t ( ,*ri/ aft] ,8 crucifixion4 ,s mighty 0 ! %ock t he ?\ght ! univ]se 0 dissolv+ into *aos by ! =ce ( love1 z ,emp$ocles _h said mu/ happ5 p]iodically4 ,at ! base ( ! cliff !y cross ! riv] ,phlege?on1 !n pass ?r\gh ! wood ( ! ,h>pies1 & walk along ! /one banks ( a conduit :i* aft]w>ds falls ) ?und]\s ro> d[n a /eep precipice4 ,on ! burn+ s& ?r\gh :i* ! conduit runs1 ,dante sees ,brunetto ,lat9i1 & tells him t x 0 only ye/]day t he escap$ f ! ,=e/4 ,! mon/] ,g]yon c>ries !m d[n ! precipice1 & !y rea* ! t5 ,pits ( ,malebolge1 :i* l s _m moats surr\nd ! c5tral ,dep?4 ,:5 look+ d[n ^u ! a/rolog]s 9 ! f\r? ,pit1 ,virgil aga9 ha/5s ,dante on1 tell+ him t n[ ,ca9 & ! ?orns--by :i* he means ! moon1 allud+ to ! leg5d#deg--;is on ! b\nd>y ( ! two hemisph]es1 & already t\*+ ! waves bel[ ,seville4 ,! two hemisph]es are ^? ( ! habitable e>? ^: c5tre is ,j]usalem1 & ! un9habitable ) ,purgatory at its c5tre3 ! moon1 !re=e1 is j sett+ z se5 f ,j]usalem1 & 9 ! ,inf]no ! "t is ,j]usalem "t4 ,x is "h t ,virgil adds1 8,& ye/]night ! moon 0 full30 did we n "k ?is1 ! fact t %e 0 sett+ w\ld give no clue to ! "t4 ,:5 full1 %e set z ! sun rose1 t 0 at #f a4m42 n[1 !re=e1 %e is sett+ aft] sunrise1 betwe5 six & sev5 9 ! morn+2#deh & ?is is h[ ,virgil tells ,dante1 )\t m5tion+ ! sun1 t a new day has begun4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #deg ,cf4 ,p>4 ii4 #dh-ea4 #deh ,! ret>dation is n likely to be m ?an ! av]age ( #ej m9utes1 & may be less1 because ! moon is 9 ,libra1 & !re=e go+ s\?4 ,?is t5ds to dim9i% ! int]val betwe5 "o moonset & ! next 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 j z ! days get %ort] :5 ! sun goes s\? 9 autumn4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! poets accord+ly ha/5 on to ! bridge above ! next ,pit1 ! fif?1 & "h ! demons trea*]\sly mislead !m by assur+ !m t ! next bridge directly on _! way is brok5 d[n1 b ! "o to ! left is /&+4 ,! anniv]s>y ( ! cata/rophe is precisely det]m9$ by ,malacoda1 ! *ief demon ( ! b&1 z five h\rs lat] ?an ! pres5t h\r on ! prec$+ day4 ,!re c be no d\bt t he ref]s to ! same e>?quake z ,virgil describ$ :5 desc5d+ ! /ony cliff1 & all comm5tators are agre$ to ?is4 ,! "t n[1 !re=e1 is five h\rs be=e midday1 i4e4 #g a4m41 s9ce x 0 at midday t ,dante believ$ ,*ri/ to h di$4#dei ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dei ,"s ?9k ! int]val betwe5 ?is ref]5ce & ! la/ almo/ too %ort1 b ! words d n indicate t ,malacoda spoke on ! /roke ( sev56 & ! moon may h set at ab\t #f4cj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! sc5es ) ! demons foll[1 ! brea?less escape into ! next ,pit1 ( ! ,hypocrites1 & ! horrors ( ! ,pit ( ! ,?ieves4 ,!n = a %ort space1 :5 ! suff]+ & ! murk ( ,hell is becom+ almo/ intol]able1 we are sudd5ly lift$ into ! upp] air by ! n>rative ( ,ulysses--into ! pure air & ! va/ spaces ( ! s\!rn ocean1 & we see once m ! skies4 ,we foll[ ! adv5tur]s to ! regions beyond ! sun1 ! _w :]e no "o lives2 we see all ! />s ( ! o!r pole1 & ! moon %9es d[n ^u u4 ,too soon comes ! tragic end ( ! /ory1 & ! wat]s close ov] ! %ip2 ! %ade ( ,ulysses passes on1 & we are once m 9 ! 8buio d' inf]no40#dfj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dfj 8,d>kness ( ,hell40 ,purg4 xvi4 #a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,at ! next ,pit1 t ( ! ,s*ismatics1 z ,dante /&s ready to weep = pity on ! bridge above x1 ,virgil reproa*es him = delay+1 = little rema9s n[ ( ! "t p]mitt$ = see+ ! ,inf]no1 & already ! moon is b5ea? _! feet4 ,?is is ab\t an h\r aft] midday2 = if ! moon 7 full %e w\ld be j opposite ! sun1 h5ce "u our feet :5 ! sun is on ! m]idian1 i4e4 at noon2 b ?is is "o day aft] ,full ,moon1 & !re=e %e does n rea* ! position till ab\t an h\r lat]4 ,! t5? & la/ ,pit is trav]s$1 & :5 ! giant ,antu has lift$ !m d[n into ! sorr[ful pit t[>ds :i* all ! re/ ( ,hell conv]ges1 ! poets h ne>ly rea*$ ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,= !y h be5 desc5d+ cont9ually1 f9d+ a slight fall betwe5 ea* circle1 & betwe5 ! great divisions ( diff]5t classes ( s91 ?ree %>p /eep falls--! cliff desc5d+ to ! ,riv] ( blood & o!r circles ( ! viol5t1 ! precipice d[n :i* ,g]yon c>ri$ !m to ! ,malebolge ( ,fraud1 & ! ,d>k ,pit to ! bottom ( :i* ,antu convey$ !m1 :]e 9 ! ,froz5 ,lake trea*]y 0 puni%$4 ,la/ ( all1 at ! v c5tre & bottom ( ! :ole 8dolor\s k+dom0 ( ,lucif]1 !y see its ,k+1 & ,virgil says all has be5 se51 & x is "t to dep>t1 = ,night is ris+ aga94 ,?us we see t ! j\rney ?r\gh ! ,inf]no has tak5 exactly ! "t f "o sunset to ano!r1 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,n[ ,virgil seizes ! %aggy side ( ! fi5d1 :ile ! mon/r\s w+s are rais$1 & ) ,dante cl++ to him climbs d[n ! side1 z f> z ! hip2 "h ) difficulty & lab\r ! ma/] turns r\nd1 s t 8 head is :]e 8 feet 71 & climbs up1 pant+1 s t ,dante ?9ks !y are return+4 ,b :5 ! asc5t has be5 made1 & bo? poets sit d[n to re/1 ,dante sees to 8 a/oni%m5t t ! froz5 lake is gone1 ! head & w+s ( ,lucif] are gone1 !y are look+ d[n ^u him1 & see only 8 legs :i* are direct$ upw>ds6 ,to add to ,dante's bewild]m5t1 ,virgil n[ says1 8,rise1 = ! way is long & ! road is bad1 & ! sun has already return$ to middle-ti]ce10 :i*1 z we h se51 means at ! "t ( ! equ9ox #g4cj 9 ! morn+4 ,night 0 j beg9n+ 9 ! dreadful place !y h s rec5tly left1 b n[ = ! fir/ "t ,virgil m5tions ! sun z giv+ !m ! "t1 & x is e>ly morn+4 ,! explanation is t ! po9t :i* !y pass$ ) s great an ef=t is ! exact c5tre ( ! _w2 !y are n[ on its fur!r side1 & above !m is ! o!r hemisph]e1 :]e all is ocean save ! isl& ( ,purgatory4 ,virgil expla9s h[ x 0 ?r\gh ! fall ( ,lucif] f ,heav5 t all ! l& except ,purgatory is 9 "o hemisph]e1 & t !re is a cavity ?r\gh :i* !y may n[ climb to ! opposite hemisph]e4 ,:5 ,lucif] fell1 all ! l& :i* !n exi/$ 9 ! unkn[n hemisph]e fl$ = fe> ( him1 s9k+ "u ! sea1 & !n escap+ r\nd ! globe settl$ 9 ! inhabit$ hemisph]e4 ,x may be1 he adds1 t !n ! e>? 9 ! int]ior fl$ away f him upw>ds to =m l& 9 ?is hemisph]e 7,purgatory7 & ?us an empty space is left "h4 ,up ?is1 :i* is ! same l5g? z ! tunnel ( ! ,inf]no1 !y climb1 guid$ ?r\gh ! d>kness by ! s\nd ( a little brook :i* has worn its w9d+ way d[n ! rock4 ,on ?is r\te !re is no?+ to deta9 !m1 = !y are alone 9 ! d>kness1 b x presumably takes mu* long] to asc5d ?an x did to desc5d1 = climb+ )\t a pause x takes ab\t tw5ty-?ree h\rs 7f ! c5tre7 to rea* t r\nd hole 9 ! rocks ?r\gh :i* at la/ !y once m see ! />s1 j be=e ! dawn ( a new day4 #c4 ,,purgatory4 ,leav+ ,e>?'s c5tre at sunset by ,j]usalem "t1 sunrise by ,purgatory "t1 ! poets em]ge next morn+ by />light :5 ! morn+ /> is mak+ all ! ori5t smile4 ,h5ce=? ,dante does n ne$ to be told h[ moon or />s are /&+ 9 ! sky3 he has b to look up1 & see ! sun & sometimes ! moon by day1 ! />s & sometimes ! moon by night4 ,! ,inf]no 0 l "o long d>k night1 ,p>adise w be "o brilliant day2 9 ,purgatory ! sun rises f\r times & sets ?ree times1 be=e ,dante rea*es ! summit1 & !nce rises to ,p>adise ) ,beatrice4 8,lo bel pianeta *e ad am> con=ta0#dfa is ( c\rse ,v5us3 if !re 7 any d\bt ab\t ?is1 ! words us$ conc]n+ ! dawn ( ! la/ morn+ on ! ,m\nta9 w\ld solve x1 = !re 8,cy!rea0 is spok5 ( z %9+ 9 ! ea/ on ! m\nta94 ,%e is 9 ,pisces1 ! sign :i* rises ab\t two h\rs be=e ,aries1 or #d a4m4 at ?is season1 & z ! />s are /ill cle>ly visible1 x is ab\t #e a4m4 ,! poets h evid5tly come up f ! subt]ranean passage fac+ ea/1 = !y see ,v5us fir/1 !n ,dante turns to 8 "r 7s\?7 & sees ! f\r brilliant />s ne> ! s\? pole1 !n turn+ t[>ds ! nor? pole he sees t ! ,wa9 has disappe>$ b5ea? ! horizon1 & close beside him he f9ds ,cato1 on ^: face ! ,f\r ,/>s are %9+4 ,cato tells !m t ! sun1 :i* is ab\t to rise1 w be _! guide to rea* ! ,m\nta91 & z !y fir/ g d[n to ! %ore1 foll[+ 8 in/ructions1 daylight beg9s to appe>4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dfa 8,! fair planet :i* k9dles love40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,:ile !y are /ill on ! %ore ! sun rea*es ! po9t j bel[ ! horizon1 = he is describ$ z j t\*+ ! we/]n horizon ( ! o!r hemisph]e1 ^: z5i? is above ,j]usalem1 & night is j ris+ on ! ea/]n horizon ( t hemisph]e4 ,:]e ! poets are ! rose col\r 9 ! ea/ is turn+ to orange1 j be=e ! sun rises4 ,x rises ov] _! horizon :ile !y are wat*+ a light f> ov] ! sea1 :i* ) almo/ incr$ible rapidity draws ne>1 becomes visible z a vessel1 t\*es l&1 ! spirits disemb>k1 & ! cele/ial pilot 8s5 g1 come v5ne1 veloce40#dfb ,! sun has n[ driv5 ,capricorn f ! mid sky ) 8 bright beams1 t is1 ! />s h become invisible 9 bright daylight1 & fig4 #df %[s t :5 ,aries rises ov] ! ea/]n horizon ,capricorn w be ov]head4 ,b ! sun is /ill v l[1 s swift 0 ! com+ ( ! spirits1 = ,dante's %ad[ is n yet visible to !m3 x is by 8 brea?+ t !y p]ceive he is a liv+ man4 ,x is only aft] ! meet+ ) ,casella1 & ! disp]sal ( ! spirits by ,cato1 t ! sun1 /ill r$ ) sunrise t9ts1 makes ,dante's %ad[ fall 9 front ( him z ! poets are walk+ we/w>d t[>ds ! m\nta94 ,he is al>m$ n to see ,virgil's %ad[ on ! gr\nd beside x1 & is told t ! body )9 :i* ,virgil once _h ca/ a %ad[ lies buri$ 9 a c\ntry :]e x is n[ ! "t ( vesp]s4 ,t is1 9 ,italy x is ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon3 h5ce 9 ,purgatory1 :]e !y n[ are1 x is six 9 ! morn+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dfb 8,dep>t$1 z he came1 swiftly40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,! ,signs ( ! ,zodiac z se5 at sunrise f ! ,m\nta9 ( ,purgatory at ! autumnal equ9ox !re 7! v]nal equ9ox 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e74 ,purg4 ii4 #ee4 ,at #f a4m4 ,aries is j ris+1 ,libra ! opposite con/ellation is j sett+1 :ile ,capricornus has j rea*$ ! m]idian4 ,! signs foll[ "o ano!r 9 _! diurnal c\rse ov] ! sky 9 ! direction %[n by ! arr[s1 circl+ p>allel to ! cele/ial equator4 ,at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 !y are jo9$ by a b& ( spirits1 & walk+ v sl[ly ) !m1 conv]s+ ) ,manfr$1 s mu* "t passes t to ,dante's surprise1 :5 !y rea* ! place :]e ! asc5t is to be made 7/ill on ! ea/]n side71 ! sun has travell$ fully fifty degrees s9ce ris+4 ,z ! sun passes ov] #cfj 9 #bd h\rs1 ?is indicates ab\t #c h\rs aft] sunrise1 or #i4cj a4m4#dfc ,! climb to ! fir/ l$ge is sl[ & v ardu\s1 = z ,virgil expla9s1 ! l[] slopes are ! mo/ difficult1 s9ce ! act ( climb+ becomes m & m easy z ! asc5t is made4 ,re/+ on a l$ge1 !y look back & at ! sun1 & note h[ x has travell$ nor?1 s t x n[ /rikes _! left %\ld]s2 & aft] a conv]sation ) ,belacqua ,virgil beg9s to m\nt aga91 say+ t x is noon4 ,! o!r hemisph]e consequ5tly is all 9 d>kness1 f ,ganges 78la riva0#dfd7 to ,morocco4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dfc ,if ! mean+ is t ! sun is n[ #ej above ! horizon1 ?is w\ld indicate a lat] h\r1 ne>+ midday1 = ! sun does n rise v]tically 9 ?is latitude1 & rea*es only #eh at noon at ! "t ( ! equ9ox4 ,b ! fir/ explanation is ! m probable4 #dfd 8,! %ore40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,o!r spirits h be5 met & spok5 )1 & !y are /ill climb+ :5 ev5+ comes1 & ,dante1 ?9k+ he is to rea* ! summit ( ! m\nta9 & see ,beatrice t day1 entreats ,virgil to ha/54 8,see10 he says1 8h[ ! m\nta9 n[ ca/s a %ad[40 ,= ! sun has travell$ r\nd to ! we/1 & ! poets1 /ill on its ea/]n side1 are 9 deep %ad[3 ?is expla9s h[1 :5 !y meet ,sordello1 he does n recognize t ,dante is a liv+ man1 z all ! spirits until n[ h done4 ,b ,virgil assures him t ! way is long] ?an he kn[s3 be=e !y rea* ! summit1 ! sun1 n[ hidd5 beh9d ! m\nta9 & n caus+ ,dante to ca/ any %ad[1 w return aga9 to ! ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,nor!rn slope ( ! ,m\nta9 ( ,purgatory1 up :i* ,dante climb$4 ,be+ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ?is 0 ! sunny side1 & he foll[$ ! sun's c\rse1 f ea/ ?r\gh nor? to we/4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is1 !y meet ) ,sordello1 :o tells !m t x is impossible to climb ev5 "o /ep on ! m\nta9 aft] sunset1 & leads !m to a fl[]y valley1 9 :i* to re/ = ! night4 ,! spirits 9 ! valley s+ ! ev5+ hymn :ile ! sun sets2 & x beg9s to gr[ d>k :ile ,dante is talk+ ) judge ,n9o1 expla9+ :5ce he came t morn+4 ,z soon z ! />s become visible1 8 eyes seek ! s\!rn pole1 & fix !mselves on ?ree brilliant />s :i* h tak5 ! place ( t con/ellation ( f\r :i* he saw "s f\rte5 h\rs be=e4 ,! latt] h travell$ to ! s\?-we/1 & are hidd5 beh9d ! m\nta91 & ! new con/ellation is above ! pole t[>ds ! ea/4 ,night has ris5 two /eps & "p ( a ?ird 9 ?is place :5 ,dante falls asleep1 & ! mo/ natural mean+ ( ?is is t x is some:at m ?an two h\rs aft] sunset1 or aft] #h o'clock1 9 ,purgatory4 ,! moon has n yet ris51 s9ce %e is l a clock :i* loses on an av]age #ej m9utes e day4 ,s9ce ! fir/ morn+ 9 ! ,=e/1 :5 %e 0 exactly #ab h\rs beh9d ! sun & set at six o'clock1 ?ree :ole days h elaps$1#dfe & if %e has lo/ #c times #ej m9utes1 or #b h\rs1 %e w rise #ad h\rs aft] ! sun rises1 t is #b h\rs aft] sunset1 or at ab\t #h4cj4 ,z ! ret>dation v>ies mu*1 let u say simply t %e rises to-night betwe5 eight & n9e o'clock4 ,%e has also mov$ among ! />s1 ab\t #ac degrees ea* day1 & z #c #ac #ci1 & !re are #cj 9 a zodiacal sign1 %e has pass$ out ( ,libra & is 9 ,scorpio4 ,libra beg9s to rise at #f p4m41 & ,scorpio at a little be=e #h1 !re=e "p ( ,scorpio is n[ above ! horizon4#dff ,?is1 !n1 is ! mean+ ( ! fir/ two /anzas ( ,canto ix43 ! mi/ress ( ,ti?onus is ! aurora be=e moonrise 7! sol> aurora be+ 8 w$d$ wife1 accord+ to classical my?ology71 & ?is pale aurora is %[+ :ite 9 h] balcony ( ! ea/]n sky1 :ile on h] =ehead %9e ! />s ( ,scorpio1 ! cold creature ) ! /++ tail4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dfe ,see table on p4 #cfa4 #dff 8,we mu/ n assume1 z "s comm5tators h done1 t ! signs rise at equal int]vals ( two h\rs1 al?\gh ea* circles ! /> sph]e 9 #bd h\rs4 ,see fig4 #df1 :]e ! dott$ l9e %[s h[ e4g4 ,canc]1 circl+ p>allel ) ! cele/ial equator1 w rise at a po9t consid]ably nor? ( ea/1 & hav+ _h to trav]se m ?an #ij degrees s9ce ,aries rose due ea/1 w n rise until ab\t #g h\rs lat]1 i4e4 #a p4m4 ,conv]sely ,scorpio1 foll[+ ,libra1 w rise s\? ( ea/1 & a little less ?an #b h\rs lat]4 ,! moon's ret>dation1 !re=e1 is less 9 ?is "p ( ! zodiac ?an x w\ld o!rwise be1 & ! h\r is probably ne>] eight ?an n9e40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is curi\s passage has be5 o!rwise int]pret$ by "s comm5tators1 & ,sc>tazz9i calls x 8oscuro al sup]lativo10#dfg a riddle :i* /ill waits its dipus4 ,accord+ to him1 8,titone0 %\ld be read 8,titan10 ! sun-god1 & 8 mi/ress is ,te?ys ! ocean1 :i* is n[ %9+ n "u 8 rays 78fuor delle braccia del suo dolce amico0#dfh7 b "u ! rays ( ! ris+ moon4 ,?is seems f>-fet*$1 & ! read+ d\btful4 ,9 any case1 x w\ld indicate ! same h\r & ! same ph5om5on 7moonrise74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dfg 8,sup]latively obscure40 #dfh 8,out ( ! arms ( h] lov]40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,o!rs ?9k t ! sol> aurora is int5d$1 & expla9 ! 8fr$do animale0#dfi z ,pisces1 & ! 8/eps0 z ! wat*es ( ! night4 ,b :y a t]rible tail %\ld be ascrib$ to a fi% is n cle>1 nor is x easy to see h[ ! ?ird /ep ) :i* ,night asc5ds c\ld be ! h\r ( dawn4 ,night1 :i* circles opposite to ! sun1 surely rea*es ! culm9at+ po9t & beg9s to desc5d at midnight1 j z midday is 8il colmo del d40#dgj ,moreov]1 ! ?ird wat* w\ld br+ u at late/ to a little be=e #c a4m4 ,to make ! 8/eps0 signs ( ! zodiac is no bett]2 = if ,libra1 ,scorpio1 & ,sagitt>ius h ris51 x is midnight2 :at !n c be %9+ 9 ! ea/8 & on ^: =ehead are ! />s ( ,scorpio glitt]+8 ,on ! o!r h&1 all accords well if we accept ! fir/ int]pretation--! light ( ! moon j ab\t to rise :it5+ ! ea/]n sky1 "s brilliant />s ( ,scorpio %9+ !re1 & ,dante fall+ asleep at ! ?ird h\r ( ! night1 we>i$ aft] 8 sleepless nights1 & ! h>de/ day's climb t he w h4 ,we ne$ n grudge him 8 long sleep ( ne>ly twelve h\rs1 z ^? d :o take ?is passage to indicate midnight or e>ly morn+4#dga ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dfi 8,cold creature40 #dgj 8,! climax ( ! day40 #dga ,see ,moore1 ,/udies 9 ,dante iii4 pp4 #ge-hd1 = a detail$ discussion ( ?is passage4 ,sev]al comm5tators h held t l9es #a to #f describe ! dawn ( day else:]e2 & x is true t x w\ld be ne>ly #f a4m4 & ,pisces w\ld be on ! horizon 9 ,italy :5 ! h\r 0 ne>ly #i p4m4 9 ,purgatory4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,:5 ,dante wakes ! sun has already be5 up = m ?an two h\rs1 b a dream :i* _h come to him 9 ! e>ly dawn1 at ! "t :5 ! swall[ beg9s to twitt]1 has _h its c\nt]p>t 9 ! tru?1 t ! lady ,lucia came at t "t & c>ri$ him up ! m\nta9 side1 leav+ him outside ! ,gate ( ,purgatory :5 ! day 0 bright4 ,:5 ?is ,gate has be5 pass$ ?r\gh1 a n>r[ *asm betwe5 ! rocks has to be climb$1 & ! passage is s difficult t x is at lea/ an h\r be=e ! poets em]ge on ! op5 space ( ! ,fir/ ,cornice4 ,= ! wan+ moon has already set1 & z %e has lo/ ano!r half h\r or s dur+ ! night1 ! "t ( h] sett+ ?is morn+ 0 ab\t #i a4m4 ,:5 ,dante next notices ! position ( ! sun1 :i* he is too int5t to d = "s "t1 !y h travell$ "s di/ance along ! ,fir/ ,cornice1 ) its out] edge on _! "r1 & ! six? h&maid is return+ f ! s]vice ( ! day1 t is1 ! six? h\r is end$3 x is midday1 & !y h sp5t ne>ly ?ree h\rs "h1 look+ at ! rock sculptures & conv]s+ ) ! spirits4 ,! asc5t to ! ,second ,cornice is made ) m>vell\sly little fatigue1 z ,virgil _h promis$4 ,!re !y at fir/ f9d no "o to direct !m1 s ,virgil looks at ! sun1 & turns we/w>d t[>ds x1 tak+ x z _! guide1 & !y walk = ab\t a mile be=e enc\nt]+ any spirits 9 ?is circle4 ,! /airway to ! next ,cornice is rea*$ at ! "t ( vesp]s1 t is1 #c p4m42 & ,dante describes ! position ( ! sun by say+ t ! portion ( sky :i* x /ill _h to trav]se be=e ev5+ 0 equal to ! portion :i* is br\ght into view betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! day & ! end ( ! ?ird h\r1 t is1 x 0 ?ree h\rs be=e sunset2 & he comp>es ?is ceaseless motion ( ! sky1 :i* accord+ to ! ,ptolemaic sy/em caus$ ! motion ( ! sun1 to an ev]-play+ *ild4 ,we ne$ n p>ticul>ly enquire :e!r he is ?9k+ ( ! heav5 ( ! sun1 or ! ,primum ,mobile3 x may be ei!r1 b is mo/ likely simply ! diurnal movem5t 9 g5]al1 made /rik+ly evid5t by ! sun4 ,! sun's rays n[ /rike _! faces1 = !y h s f> circl$ ! m\nta9 t !y are walk+ t[>ds ! we/2 8,vesp]o l0#dgb means 9 ,purgatory1 & 8qui0#dgc is ,italy1 :]e x is midnight n[4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dgb 8,vesp]s !re40 #dgc 8,"h40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! sun is l[ :5 !y rea* ! ?ird ,cornice1 & :5 !y em]ge f ! d5se cl\dy fog :i* "h envelopes ! spirits1 ,dante gradually sees ! ball ( ! sun z :5 mi/s cle> away1 & he sees t x is j ab\t to set4 ,9 fact ! l[ %ores at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 are already 9 %ad[4 ,virgil urges t !y make ! asc5t to ! next ,circle be=e d>kness comes1 &1 z ea* asc5t is easi] ?an ! la/1 !y are able j to rea* ! summit be=e ! sun is q gone4 ,"h ,dante sees ! />s beg9 to appe>1 :ile he is wond]+ at ! /range law :i* robs him ( p[] to proce$ 7z ,sordello _h w>n$ !m7 aft] ! sun has set4 ,!y employ ?is "t ( =c$ inaction by talk+ ( ! s9s :i* are puni%$ 9 ! sev]al ,circles1 until all ,dante's que/ions are answ]$1 & he is beg9n+ to fall asleep4 ,x is at ?is mom5t t he fir/ m5tions ! moon3 %e is gl[+1 %ap$ l a bucket 9 h] pres5t phase1 & ! />s are pal$ by h] light4 ,%e is 8belat$ almo/ till midnight10 if ! epi!t 8t>da0 belongs to h]2 if x applies to 8mezza notte10 !n x is almo/ late midnight :5 %e is se5 pal+ ! />s4 ,%e ought to h ris5 ab\t t5 o'clock1 b ,dante does n speak ( h] ris+1 s ?is may mean simply t x 0 moonlight & />light at ! "t ( :i* he is ab\t to speak1 viz4 ne>ly ! late h\r ( midnight2 or else t s9ce he is n[ on ! nor!rn slope ( ! m\nta91 & ! moon is 9 a s\!rn sign1 %e did n become visible to him till t[>ds midnight4 ,9 any case1 ! 8quasi0 %[s t he is only giv+ u a r\gh idea ( ! "t4 ,b 9 :at sign 0 %e8 ,h] position 9 ! zodiac is describ$ 9 a peculi>ly r\nd-ab\t fa%ion4 ,dante says t h] c\rse aga9/ ! sky1 t is1 h] mon?ly motion :i* is contr>y to ! diurnal1 _h tak5 h] to t "p ( h] track 9 :i* ! sun is :5 f ,rome he is se5 to set betwe5 ,s>d9ia & ,corsica4 ,! /raits betwe5 ^! isl&s lie we/ & a little s\? ( ,rome1 !re=e ! sun sets 9 t direction :5 he is go+ s\? aft] pass+ ! autumnal equ9ox 9 ,libra1 & ?is is j :at ! moon is do+ n[4 7,! sun passes ! same po9t aga9 :5 com+ nor?1 be=e ent]+ ,aries at ! spr+ equ9ox1 b ,dante has ei!r =gott5 ?is1 or consid]s x obvi\s t ! fir/ position is meant "h74 ,?is is probably all t he means to convey1 & if we ask = m exact in=mation1 x is almo/ impossible to tell :at degree or ev5 :at sign 9 ! zodiac he int5ds u to und]/&2 = z ! /raits are ne>ly two hundr$ miles f ,rome !y are q invisible !nce1 & we d n "k :at he ?\ght 0 _! precise direction4 ,! m$ival comm5tator ,b5v5uto da ,imola says t ! position int5d$ is 9 ,scorpio2 ! mod]ns usually say ,sagitt>ius1 b )\t expla9+ h[ !y draw ?is conclusion4 ,b5v5uto's is probably simply ! position :i* he ?\ght ! moon ought to h 9 ord] to agree ) :at ,dante says ab\t h]1 j z he /ates t ,v5us 0 9 ,pisces 9 ,m>* #acjj1 al?\gh ?is 0 n ! case at all1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,a calculation bas$ on ! diff]5ce 9 latitude betwe5 ,rome & ! ,/raits %[s t !y are only ab\t #i s\? ( we/1 & t ! sun1 :5 sett+ 9 ?is direction is ab\t #f s\? ( ! equator3 ?is is ! case #ae days aft] ! equ9ox1 :i* 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury fell on ,septemb] #ad4 ,!re=e ! date at :i* ! sun 0 se5 f ,rome sett+ 9 ! direction betwe5 ,s>d9ia & ,corsica 0 ! #bi? ( ,septemb]1 & its position 9 ! zodiac 0 !n ! middle ( ! sign ,libra4 7,ow+ to precession1 x w\ld be 9 ! con/ellation ,virgo1 b we h se5 t ,dante ignores precession 9 ^! ref]5ces47 ,b ! moon ought n[1 on ?is second night 9 ,purgatory1 to h rea*$ at lea/ ! la/ degrees ( ,scorpio1 s9ce on ! previ\s night %e rose :5 ! fir/ "p 0 already above ! horizon4 ,dante has !re=e made a flagrant mi/ake ) 8 moon1 runn+ h] back into ,libra aga91 & falsify+ all 8 previ\s descriptions--if he knew z mu* ab\t geography z we d n[4 ,b x is only necess>y to glance at ! map ( ,h5ry ( ,ma9z to see t su* a supposition w\ld be grotesque4 ,! portolan maps did inde$ %[ ! relative positions ( ,rome1 ,s>d9ia1 & ,corsica1 ) rem>kable accuracy2#dgd b z we h already said1 x is n 9 ! lea/ likely t ,dante _h ev] se5 "o ( ^! sail+ *>ts4 ,x 0 on ! classics1 & especially on ,orosius1 t he reli$ = 8 geography1#dge & ! sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,moore seems mo/ plausible1 t he 0 "h ?9k+ ( ! ,spani>d's description ( ,s>d9ia3--8,habet ab ori5te et borea ,tyrr5icum m>e quod spectat ad portum urbis ,romae40#dgf ,?is implies t ,s>d9ia lay s\?-we/ ( ,rome1 9 a direction su* z ! sun might h _h :5 sett+ 9 ,novemb]1 9 ,scorpio or ,sagitt>ius4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dgd ,see = in/ance ! 8,c>te ,pisane18 & ! ,c5tral ,m$it]ranean map ( ,vesconte1 dat+ f ab\t #acjj & #acaa respectively1 9 ,beazley's ,dawn ( ,geography1 iii4 ,latitudes & longitudes are n giv51 b f c]ta9 c5tres l9es radiate to all po9ts ( ! compass1 l great spid]s' webs4 #dge ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 iii4 #hg-ij4 etc4 #dgf 8,x is b\nd$ on ! ea/ & nor? by ! ,tyrrh5ian sea1 :i* lies t[>ds ! port ( ,rome10 ,moore1 ,/udies 9 ,dante iii4 p4 #gb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,or possibly1 :5 ! poet 0 9 ,rome 9 #acja1 he may h be5 wat*+ a sunset 9 ! second week 9 ,novemb]1 & may h be5 told1 among o!r pieces ( mis9=mation :i* are s readily giv5 to visitors to great cities1 t he 0 look+ t[>ds ! /raits :i* sep>ate ,s>d9ia f ,corsica4 ,we c imag9e 8 reply+1 or ?9k+3 8,!n ! sun sets beh9d !m :5 he has ne>ly f9i%$ 8 c\rse 9 ,scorpio1 & is ab\t to yoke 8 /e$s "u ano!r />60#dgg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dgg ,purg4 xxxii4 #ef1 #eg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is :ile ! moon is %9+ on ?is ,cornice t ! spirits :o purge _! s9s on x appe>1 ru%+ pa/ 9 ha/e4 ,!n at la/ ,dante sleeps1 & dreams aga9 9 ! cold moonlit dawn :5 ,aqu>ius & ,pisces are on ! horizon 7see p4 #bij74 ,! m\nta9 is full ( daylight :5 ,virgil wakes him1 & ! newly-ris5 sun %9es beh9d !m z !y cont9ue _! j\rney1 = !y _h rea*$ ! nor? po9t ( ! circle1 & are walk+ n[ due we/4 ,!y m\nt almo/ imm$iately to ! ,fif? ,cornice1 :]e pres5tly !y are />tl$ by a viol5t trembl+ ( ! m\nta9 foll[$ by a mighty %\t ( 8,gloria 9 excelsis0 f all ! spirits4 ,/atius jo9s !m1 & f him !y le>n t ?is 0 no e>?quake1 = s9ce pass+ ! gate ( ,purgatory !y are 9 a region too l(ty = su* di/urbances to be felt1 or = ra9 or sn[ or dew to fall2 ! m\nta9 trembles1 & ! %\t ( praise foll[s1 :5 a s\l rises1 purifi$ & ready to asc5d to ,p>adise4 ,) ,/atius !y climb to ! ,six? ,cornice1 & !n1 look+ r\nd1 !y see t ! fif? h&maid ( ! sun's *>iot is direct+ its upw>d c\rse1 t is1 x is ! fif? h\r1 or betwe5 #aj & #aa a4m4 ,z usual1 !y walk on ) ! out] edge ( ! circle on _! "r4 ,x is "h t we are rem9d$1 z once 9 ! ,inf]no1 t only a c]ta9 "t is all[$1 = :ile ,dante is look+ eag]ly at ! fir/ my/]i\s tree ,virgil g5tly urges him onw>d3-- 8,lo pi *e padre mi dicea1 ,figliuole1 ,vi5ne oramai1 * il tempo *e c' impo/o ,pi utilm5te comp>tir si vuole40#dgh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dgh 8,my m ?an fa!r said unto me1 ,son1 ,come n[1 because ! "t t is orda9$ u ,m usefully %\ld be apportion$ out40 ,purg4 xxiii4 #d-f4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is "h also t ,dante in=ms 8 old fri5d ,=ese ,donati & o!r spirits1 :o are all a/oni%$ at ! sight ( 8 %ad[1 t he is a liv+ man :o 0 rescu$ by ,virgil "s days ago1 :5 ! si/] ( ! sun 0 r\nd 7ref]r+ ( c\rse to ! full moon 9 ! =e/71 & he po9ts to ! sun4 ,n[ a curi\s "q arises3 ,dante 0 9 sun%9e 9 ! e>ly morn+2 he is 9 sun%9e n[1 & has be5 walk+ all morn+ 9 ! same direction 9 :i* ! sun 0 mov+2 h[ is x !n t ,/atius did n notice 8 %ad[1 b _h to be told t he 0 n a _s8#dgi ,if ! ,m\nta9 _h be5 a small hill1 x w\ld h be5 q easy to walk s l>ge a "p ( a circle r\nd x1 9 a %ort "t1 t ! poets w\ld h be5 9 %ad[ until ! sun caught !m up aga9 :5 !y l+]$ talk+ on ! ,six? ,cornice2 b ! ,m\nta9 0 s l>ge t a :ole day's walk+ only br\ght !m a qu>t] ( ! way r\nd1 i4e4 f ! ea/ side to ! nor?1 & x 0 evid5tly a di/ance ( _m miles4#dhj ,x is difficult to believe t ,dante has =gott51 because he is s c>eful ?r\gh\t to m5tion ! surprise ( ! spirits except :5 8 %ad[ c\ld n be se5 = "o reason or ano!r4 ,x is true t 9 ! latitude ( ,purgatory 7#cb s\?1 z t ( ,j]usalem is #cb nor?71 ! sun rises r /eeply1 :i* makes x easi] to get into ! %ade 9 ! e>ly morn+ :ile circl+ a m\nta94#dha ,on ! o!r h& a simpl] solution (f]s itself 9 ! text4 ,/atius approa*es ,dante & ,virgil f beh9d1 & !y only /op & turn _! faces to him = a few mom5ts :ile ,virgil returns 8 greet+1 !n walk on quickly :ile ,/atius makes 8 surpris$ reply3 8,:at6 if y are spirits44440 ,if he has n yet q ov]tak5 !m he _c see ,dante's %ad[1 :i* ,dante himself is scre5+ f view z x falls 9 front ( him1 ! morn+ sun be+ /ill at 8 back1 & ,virgil expla9s at once t 8 companion is a liv+ man4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dgi ,purg4 xxi4 #bj-bg4 #dhj ,purg4 xiii4 #bb-bc4 #dha ,on an ,a/ronomical ,po9t 9 ,dante's ,purgatorio1 by ,p4 ,h4 ,c[ell1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,! ,obs]vatory1 ,decemb] #aijf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 spite ( _! ha/e1 ! ?ree poets rema9 ab\t f\r h\rs 9 ?is six? ,cornice2 & :5 !y rea* ! asc5t to ! next x 0 inde$ "t to climb )\t any delay1 = ! sun _h left ! m]idian to ! sign :i* foll[s ,aries1 viz4 ,taurus1 & ,night1 8*e opposita a lui c]*ia10#dhb _h left ! m]idian ( ! opposite hemisph]e to ,scorpio4 ,aries at ! "t ( ! equ9ox beg9s to cross ! m]idian at midday1 ,taurus at two o'clock1 & ,gem9i at f\r#dhc3 !re=e x is n[ betwe5 two & f\r 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! ?ree poets ha/5 !re=e 7,/atius /ill accompany+ ,virgil & ,dante71 l m5 :o pause = no?+ on _! way1 :atev] ! road be l2 & a "q ,dante is long+ to ask ) reg>d to ! =m ( purgation la/ se5 is put & answ]$ z !y foll[ "o ano!r up ! n>r[ /air2 z soon z !y rea* ! top1 !y turn to ! "r1 z usual1 )\t hesitation or delay4 ,z ,dante walks cauti\sly betwe5 ! out] edge ( ?is ,cornice & ! fire :i* bur/s =? f ! inn] wall ( rock1 all ! blue ( ! we/]n sky is already *ang+ into a%-:ite1 & he has come s f> r\nd ! ,m\nta9 t ! ev5+ rays /rike 8 "r %\ld]4 ,) "o ( ! _m t\*es :i* %[ ,dante's close obs]vation & 8 vivid realization ( ! sc5e he is describ+1 he says "h t 8 %ad[ fall+ on ! flame makes x appe> a deep] r$1 & ?is is obs]v$ by ! spirits4 ,:5 !y rea* ! spot :]e1 on ! fur!r side ( ! flames1 ! *ant+ ,angel guides !m across to ! la/ asc5t1 ! sun is v ne> to its sett+4 ,its burn+ noonday beams are %9+ on ! waves ( ,ganges1 its fir/ morn+ beams quiv] ov] ,j]usalem1 & ,spa9 ly+ "u ,libra is wrapp$ 9 midnight gloom2 h5ce x is beg9n+ to set at sea-level 9 ,purgatory4 ,high on ! ,m\nta9 x /ill %9es1 b :5 ! poets h cross$ ! flames1 ! voice ( ! ,angel p]suades !m to ha/5 _! /eps be=e ! d>kness comes4 ,! /air m\nts ?r\gh ! rock on ! we/ side ( ! ,m\nta9 s t ! l[ sun ca/s ,dante's %ad[ 9 front ( him z he climbs4 ,& he has only climb$ a few /eps :5 !y are all aw>e t ! sun has completely set because ! %ad[ disappe>s4 ,be=e ! col\r has all fad$ f ! we/1 & ! :ole va/ range ( ! horizon se5 f ?is height has become "o uni=m t9t1 ea* ( ! ?ree makes a b$ ( "o /ep1 & betwe5 ! high & n>r[ enclos+ rocky walls ,dante sees ! />s come out1 mu* bright] & mu* l>g] ?an he has ev] se5 !m be=e4 ,no moonlight dims !m1 = moonrise w be late to-night1 long aft] ,dante has fall5 asleep4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dhb 8,t circles opposite to him40 ,purg4 ii4 #d4 #dhc ,! signs foll[ "o ano!r on ! m]idian at int]vals ( exactly #b hrs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,once aga91 = ! ?ird & la/ "t1 he has a prophetic dream 9 ! e>ly dawn2 & if we comp>e ^! ?ree p>allel passages1 we f9d t ea* beg9s ) ! same words 8,nell' ora40#dhd ,! fir/ "t ! ideas connect$ ) ! "t are :olly sorr[ful1 = x is said to be ! h\r :5 ! swall[ beg9s to twitt]1 p]*ance 9 memory ( h] =m] woes--allud+ to ! tragic tale ( ,procne & ,philomel4 ,! second is a depress+ "t1 = x is ! cold h\r :51 ! day's heat be+ all sp5t1 ! *ill$ e>? _c ov]come ! influ5ce ( ! cold planets su* z ! moon or ,saturn1 b !re is a ?\ght ( hope 9 ! />s ( ! ,great] ,=tune se5 ris+ 9 ! ea/1 9 a sky :i* is n[ sc>cely d>k to !m4 ,! ?ird is all joy1 = x is ! h\r :5 ,cy!rea 7! planet ,v5us71 burn+ ev] 9 ! fire ( love1 %9es fir/ ^u ! m\nta94 ,dante's sleep flees f him z ! %ades ( d>kness flee on all sides1 *as$ by ! brightness be=e sunrise2 & :5 ,virgil tells him t to-day he %all rea* ! goal ( 8 desires1 he spe$s up ! rema9+ /eps ( ! /air1 almo/ z if on w+s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dhd 8,at ! h\r40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! poets arriv$ on ! %ores ( ,purgatory1 z we saw1 fac+ ea/1 & n[ t !y h atta9$ ! summit ( ! m\nta91 com+ up ! we/]n slope1 !y aga9 face ea/1 & ! j ris5 sun %9es 9 _! faces4 ,dante walks t[>ds x3 a breeze fans 8 =ehead & causes all ! trees to b5d 9 ! direction ( ! %ad[ ?r[n at sunrise by ! ,m\nta9 7i4e4 we/w>ds71 & ! murmur ( ?is g5tle w9d 9 ! bran*es =ms a bass to ! treble ( ! s++ birds :o are greet+ ! morn+ h\rs4 ,= a few /eps ! /ream ( ,le! /ays 8 /eps 9 ?is direction1 b he soon rea*es a b5d1 & once m 8a levante mi r5dei40#dhe ,! symbolical procession :i* accompanies ,beatrice comes t[>ds him f ! ea/1 & aft] he has cross$ ! riv] ,le! & jo9$ ! procession beside ! ,c> 9 :i* ,beatrice is ?ron$1 all turn to ! sun1 :i* by ?is "t mu/ h travell$ "s di/ance t[>ds ! nor?4 ,aft] ! vision ( ! disa/]s :i* befell ! holy ,c>1 & aft] ,beatrice has spok5 ) ,dante aga91 !y rea* ! f\nta9 :5ce ,eunoe fl[s1 & n[ ! sun is on ! m]idian & x is noon1 ?\gh 7z ,dante rem9ds u7 diff]5t places h diff]5t m]idians1 s t x is n noon ev]y:]e else4 ,he is ba!d 9 ! holy wat]s1 & ?us1 all hav+ be5 accompli%$ = :i* he has visit$ ^! regions1 he is 8puro e dispo/o a salire alle /elle40#dhf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dhe 8,i turn$ to ! ea/40 #dhf 8,pure & ready to rise to ! />s40 ,purg4 la/ l9e4 ,hell 0 ent]$ at twilight1 ,purgatory at dawn1 ! asc5t to ,p>adise is made at noon1 8il colmo del d40#dhg ,! "t sp5t 9 ,purgatory is ?ree days & ! morn+ ( a f\r?1 :i* is ! sev5? f ! beg9n+ ( ! vision4 #dhg 8,! climax ( ! day40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #d4 ,,p>adise4 ,t ! "t ( asc5t to ! sph]es 0 noon is aga9 /at$ 9 ! op5+ ,canto ( ! ,p>adiso1 :]e ,dante says t ! sun _h br\ght morn+ !re 7,purgatory7 & ev5+ "h 7! inhabit$ hemisph]e71 & t n[ ! :ole ( t hemisph]e 0 bright :ile ! :ole ( ?is 0 d>k4#dhh ,! sun is !re=e n[ due nor?4 ,:ile ,beatrice /ood beside ! wat]s ( ,eunoe1 aft] walk+ t[>ds ! sun1 x _h mov$ to h] left1 s %e n[ turns 9 t direction to gaze ^u x4#dhi ,%e1 l ,virgil1 takes z h] guide t sun :i* ,dante has said is ! fitte/ symbol ( ,god1 & x is ?r\gh ! p[] ( ?is heav5ly light t he is rais$ f e>?4 ,comp>e #dhh ,x has be5 sugge/$ to read ! l9e ,p>4 i4 #dd4 8,tal foce2 e quasi tutto l era bianco10 transf]r+ ! 8quasi0 7almo/7 s t ! mean+ %\ld be 8almo/ 0 :olly :ite t hemisph]e10 & to int]pret t x is n[ morn+ ( ! day foll[+ ! ev5ts 9 ! la/ ,canto ( ! ,purgatorio4 ,b if s1 ,dante w\ld h sp5t a :ole night 9 ! ,e>?ly ,p>adise )\t m5tion+ x1 or expla9+ ?is long delay aft] he _h become 8pure & ready to rise to ! />s40 7,= ! mean+ ( 8foce10 ! 8passage10 see lat]1 p4 #djj74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dhi ,p>4 i4 #df1 #dg4 8,amor *e il ciel gov]ni 444 col tuo lume mi leva/i40#dij #dij 8,love t rules ! heav5s1 ) ?y light ,?\ did/ raise me40 ,p>4 i4 #gd1 #ge4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,he is n consci\s ( any ef=t1 or ev5 movem5t1 b is a/oni%$ by a great light & /range music1 & le>ns t he is 9 ! sph]e ( fire & li/5+ to ! h>mony ( ! sph]es4 ,8 s\l1 fre$ f all t b\nd x to e>?1 is so>+ t[>ds its natural goal1 z fire m\nts up & riv]s run d[n4 ,! upw>d gaze to ! sun or to ! skies1 & its p[] to raise !m1 is aga9 describ$ 9 ,p>4 i4 #adb3 ,beatrice 8rivolse inv] lo cielo il viso10#dia & 9 ii4 #bb1 8,beatrice 9 suso ed io 9 lei gu>dava40#dib ,?us !y rise to ! ,fir/ ,heav51 ( ! moon4 ,9 answ] to an eag] "q ( ,dante's ab\t ! m>k+s ( ! moon1 ,beatrice is l$ to disc\rse on ! sph]es & _! mov]s4 ,spirits appe>1 & ,dante le>ns t al?\gh all ! r$eem$ dwell 9 ! ,empyrean1 ^? ( diff]5t degrees ( bless$ness w manife/ !mselves to him 9 ea* sph]e4 ,aft] expla9+ ?is & o!r ?+s1 ,beatrice once m ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dia 8,turn$ h] eyes aga9 t[>ds heav540 #dib 8,beatrice gaz$ upw>ds1 & ,i at h]40 8si rivolse tutta disiante ,a quelle p>te ove il mondo pi vivo10#dic #dic 8,turn$ aga9 ) ye>n+ to t "p :]e ! _w is mo/ liv+40 ,p>4 v4 #hf1 #hg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- & swift z an arr[ t /rikes its m>k be=e ! cord has ceas$ to quiv]1 !y asc5d to ! ,second ,heav51 ( ,m]cury4 ,to und]/& ! above l9es we mu/ rememb] t ! sun1 z ,dante told u 9 ! introductory ,canto1#did is at ! equ9ox1 or ne> x1 & !re=e on ! equator2 also t ! equator ( a sph]e1 :]e motion is quicke/1 is its mo/ liv+ "p4#die ,beatrice is !re=e look+ aga9 at ! sun4 ,"s und]/& 8quella p>te0#dif to ref] directly to ! sun1 8quegli *' padre d'ogni mortal vita10#dig "s to ! equ9octial po9t2#dih o!rs ?9k t ! ea/ is meant2 o!rs ! ,empyrean1 9 :i* is ! true life ( all ! ,univ]se4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #did ,inf4 i4 #ch-dj4 #die ,conv4 ,,ii4 iv4 #eb-fb4 #dif 8,t "p40 #dig 8,he :o is fa!r ( all mortal life40 ,p>4 xxii4 #aaf2 see also ,de ,mon4 ,i4 ix4 #f1 #g4 #dih ,see ,p>4 x4 #g-ba4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,equally swiftly & unconsci\sly1 ,dante asc5ds to ! successive heav5s ( ,v5us1 ! sun1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn1 f9d+ himself always 9 ! planet :i* occupies ea* sph]e4 ,m\nt+ ! my/]i\s gold5 ladd] :i* is set up 9 ,saturn1 ) a rapidity inconceivable on e>?1 ! poet f9ds himself 9 ! ,heav5 ( ,/>s1 9 ! con/ellation ( ,gem9i4 ,n[ t he is s ne> ! f9al bless$ness 8 eyes are cle> & ke51 & t 8 he>t may be fill$ ) joy ,beatrice bids him look d[n & see h[ mu* ( ! univ]se is already b5ea? 8 feet4 ,!re lie ! sev5 sph]es1 & !re is ! little globe ( ,e>?1 s small t1 l ,scipio1 he smiles at its paltry appe>ance2 !re is ! moon1 %[+ him ! face turn$ away f ,e>?1 :i* has no d>k m>k+s3 !re is ! sun1 at :i* = once he is able to gaze2 & ne> x circle ,m]cury & ,v5us2 ! temp]ate ,jupit] moves betwe5 8 fa!r ,saturn & 8 son ,m>s2 ) a new p[] ( vision ,dante c grasp all _! sizes & di/ances & ! v>i\s spe$s ( _! movem5ts2 & ! poor little disc ( ! e>?1 small & r\nd z a ?re%+ floor1#dii ab\t :i* we qu>rel s fi]cely1 is all visible to him at a glance1 its highe/ hills & its l[e/ riv]-valleys runn+ d[n to ! sea4 ,he turns away 8 eyes to look into ! beautiful eyes ( 8 guide4 ,%e is /&+1 erect1 int5t1 wat*+ eag]ly = t glori\s ,procession1 ^: com+ is mak+ a gr[+ brightness 9 ! sky4 #dii ,longfell[ says3--8,look+ d[n f ! t]race ( ,monte ,cass9o ^u ! circul> ?re%+-floor ( /one 9 a f>m ly+ bel[1 ,i fir/ felt ! aptness ( ,dante's phrase4 ,?is v sc5e may h sugge/$ x to him40 8,la donna mia si /ava eretta ,ed att5ta1 rivolta inv] la plaga ,sotto la quale il sol mo/ra m5 fretta40#ejj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ejj 8,s my lady /ood1 erect & int5t1 turn$ t[>ds t place "u :i* ! sun %[s lea/ ha/e40 ,p>4 xxiii4 #aj-ab4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,no o!r intimation is giv5 z to ! direction f :i* ! ,procession comes4 ,! sun's daily motion appe>s sl[e/ on ! m]idian1 z ,dante rem>k$ 9 ,purg4 xxxiii4 #ajc1 #ajd1 because he is sc>cely *ang+ 8 position ) reg>d to ! horizon2 or 9 ! s\? 7:]e we 9 ?is hemisph]e see him :5 on ! m]idian72 he %[s lea/ ha/e to leave u 9 ! long summ] days1 ne> ! sol/ice4 ,if ! ,procession desc5ds f ! heav5 ( heav5s to %[ itself "h symbolically to ,dante1 z we "k t ! spirits 9 o!r heav5s did1#eja !n ,beatrice 0 gaz+ upw>ds1 & ! m]idian may be meant1 p>ticul>ly t "p ( x :i* passes directly ov]head4 ,if ! ,procession came f ! ea/1 l ! ,procession 9 ,ed51#ejb ! summ] sol/ice 9 ,canc] is meant1 :i* lies ea/ ( ,gem9i4 ,x is difficult to see any special mean+ 9 its com+ f ! s\?1 = al?\gh "s comm5tators say t ?is sugge/s ! consummate glory ( ! midday sun1 ! same idea is convey$ by ! m]idian4 ,a con/ellation l ,canc] p]haps corresponds bett] ?an a circle l ! m]idian ) ! expression 8plaga10#ejc & ! idea ( ! ea/ makes m p]fect ! beautiful simile :i* ! poet has j drawn betwe5 ! little bird on ! spray beside its ne/ wait+ = ! sun to rise1 & ,beatrice wat*+ = ! adv5t ( ,him :o is lik5$ to a sun among ! />ry company ( ,8 sa9ts4#ejd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eja ,see ,p>4 iv4 #cd-ci4 #ejb ,purg4 xxix4 #ab & #cd4 #ejc 8,region40 #ejd ,p>4 xxiii4 #bi1 #cj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,dante's fir/ view ( ,e>? f ! ,/>s4 ,p>4 xxii4 7see p4 #cig74 ,:5 ?is glori\s company has at l5g? vani%$1 %e bids him look d[n once m1 ?is "t t he may realise h[ he has be5 revolv+ ) ! sph]es1 ! little e>? ly+ immoveable at 8 feet4 ,he looks d[n1 & notes :at p>ts ( ,e>? are light$ by ! sun1 & :at p>ts are wrapp$ 9 d>kness1 = n[ he is able to see :at he _h (t5 imag9$1 ! %ad[ ( night sweep+ we/w>d ov] ! globe4 ,! ,atlantic ,ocean1 :]e ,ulysses sail$ beyond ,gades1 is all 9 daylight1 & s is ! ,m$it]ranean1 b ! sun is sett+ ov] ,j]usalem1 = he says t its position prev5ts him f see+ beyond ! coa/ :5ce ,europa 0 c>ri$ 7i4e4 ,phnicia or ,pale/9e74 ,x mu/ !re=e be midday at ,gades1 & ! sun is on ! m]idian !re2 x is 8a sign & m10 or some?+ betwe5 #cj & #fj1 advanc$ to ! we/ beyond ! m]idian ov] :i* ,dante /&s4 ,he does n def9e 8 own position m exactly ?an ?is1 b we may conjecture t he 0 #de 7a sign & a half7 ea/ ( ! sun1 s9ce ?is w\ld be ! m]idian ( ,rome1 & !re w\ld be a peculi> fitness 9 su* a position at su* a mom5t1 :5 he has j receiv$ a message ( w>n+ & prophecy f ,/4 ,pet] to be> to ?is city4#eje ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eje ,p>4 xxvii4 #fd-ff4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,! view six h\rs lat]4 ,p>4 xxvii4 ,fig4 #di %[s ^! positions ( ,dante & ! sun1 & ! consequ5t limits ( 8 vision4 ,j]usalem is 8ne>10 9 comp>ison ) ! mu* m di/ant sunlit space ( ocean 9 ! opposite direction4 ,we place ! sun 9 ! middle ( ,aries1 because we %all see pres5tly 7:5 discuss+ ! date7 t ?is is its mo/ probable position1 & ,dante 9 ! fir/ degree ( ,gem9i because ?is is #de ea/ ( ! sun1 & also because ! fact t he is above ,e>?'s 8fir/ climate0 sugge/s t he is 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is sign4 ,= ! nor!rn limit ( ! fir/ climate 0 #bj1 accord+ to ,alfraganus1 & ! ecliptic 9 ! sign ( ,gem9i rises gradually f #bj nor? ( ! equator to #bc at its end1 :]e x adjo9s ,canc]4 ,s9ce ! "t :5 he look$ d[n be=e1 he sees t he has revolv$ ov] an arc equal to half ! climate1 t is #ij1 = ! climates only ext5d$ ov] ! habitable e>?1 :i* 0 #ahj 9 longitude4 ,8 =m] position1 !n1 mu/ h be5 #ij fur!r ea/1 halfway betwe5 ,j]usalem & ,ganges2 & x 0 !n noon at ,j]usalem1 :ile all ! ocean ea/ ( ,ganges lay 9 ! black d>kness ( night4 ,fig4 #dh %[s ?is position4 ,9 ?is int]pretation ( a difficult passage1 ! mean+ giv5 to ! fir/ l9es seems a little =c$2 b if we take !m 9 ! m natural s5se t ,dante _h mov$ f above ! c5tre to ! end ( ! climate1 t is1 f ! m]idian ( ,j]usalem to ,gades1 we are met by a difficulty 9 ! foll[+ l9es4 ,= to say t he is /&+ ov] ,gades1 & 9 ! same brea? t ! sun is m ?an #cj fur!r to ! we/1 means t x is sett+ m ?an #cj we/ ( ,j]usalem3 he _c !re=e possibly see ,j]usalem1 nor is x 8ne>0 him4 ,x does n help u to take 8presso0 9 its alt]native mean+1 & say t he c\ld see 8ne>ly z f> z0 ,j]usalem1 = h[ev] little m ?an #cj 8a sign & m0 may mean1 x br+s ! 8t]m9ator0 7z a/ronom]s call ! divid+ l9e betwe5 light & d>kness on a planet7 a long way f ,j]usalem & mu* ne>] ,italy1 accord+ to ,dante's reckon+ ( di/ances 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is is %[n on fig4 #ej1 :]e ! data are made z fav\rable z possible1 by putt+ ! sun at ! v end ( ,aries4 ,on ! :ole1 x is easi] to accept a r\nd-ab\t expression 9 ! fir/ l9es ?an an inaccurate "o lat]4 ,! =m] is q *>act]i/ic ( ,dante1 & we h already met "s l x 9 ! ,div9a ,comm$ia 9 descriptions ( ! positions ( heav5ly bodies4#ejf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ejf ,comp>e ,purg4 xv4 #a-e1 :]e ! c\rse ! sun /ill has to run betwe5 vesp]s & sunset is describ$ z equal to ! space betwe5 ! ?ird h\r & sunrise4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,look+ back to ! e>li] position1 z describ$ 9 ,canto xxii41 we f9d no light ?r[n on ! "q2 = "h he does n m5tion any p>ticul> place z visible1 nor say :]e ! t]m9ator lay4 ,8 words are3-- 8,l'aiuola *e ci fa tanto f]oci1 ,volg5dom' io con gli et]ni ,gemelli1 ,tutta m'app>ve dai colli alle foci40#ejg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ejg 8,! ?re%+-floor t make? u s pr\d1 ,to me revolv+ ) ! et]nal ,tw9s1 ,0 all app>5t made f hill to h>b\r40 ,p>4 xxii4 #aea-c4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is seems to express simply a bird's eye view ( ,e>?1 z x lay /ret*$ out l a map bel[ ! obs]v]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 tak5 to mean t ! :ole habitable e>? 0 visible4 ,?is c\ld nev] be unless ! sun1 z well z ,dante1 0 ov] ! m]idian ( ,j]usalem1 :i* is obvi\sly impossible :ile "o is 9 ,aries & ! o!r 9 ,gem9i2 & z he ref]s back to ! fir/ passage f ! second he _c h =gott5 ?is4#ejh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ejh ,della ,valle boldly assumes t !y 7 ov] ! same m]idian1 by a poetical lic5ce1 al?\gh at ! same "t ! sun 0 9 a diff]5t sign4 ,dante only m5tions ! latt] fact1 he ?9ks1 9 ord] to %[ t he 0 a few degrees nor? ( ! sun 7,gem9i be+ m nor!rly ?an ,aries72 !re=e he c\ld see ov] ! edge1 z x 71 ( ! sun-light$ hemisph]e ( ,e>?4 ,?is is desp]ately subtle4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! only way 9 :i* ! passages c be reconcil$ ) 8 fur!r assumption1 %>$ by "s o!r comm5tators1 t ,dante1 9 8 flight ?r\gh ! sph]es1 simply asc5d$ )\t any movem5t 9 longitude except t he 0 c>ri$ r\nd by ! daily revolution ( ! sph]es4 ,all ! planets1 !re=e1 7 rang$ "o above ! o!r1 9 ! sign ( ,gem9i1 & x 0 always noon on ! e>? bel[ 8 feet1 s9ce t 0 ! h\r at :i* he asc5d$ f ! ,e>?ly ,p>adise1 & 8 movem5t 0 ! same z ! sun's4 7,"h ,della ,valle is inconsi/5t1 h[ev]1 = he ma9ta9s t ! asc5t 0 made 9 ! e>ly morn+47 ,b ?is is a v artificial conceit1 & n indicat$ by ,dante4 ,he implies t ,beatrice1 9 lead+ him to ea* sph]e1 *ose ! "p ( x :i* he 0 to ent] 7see ,p>4 xxvii4 #ajb71 & he tells u t ,saturn 0 9 ,leo1 ,v5us 9 ,pisces1 & ! sun 9 ,aries4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,an impossible int]pretation ( ,p>4 xxvii4 ,a book :i* aims at expla9+ ,dante's ,p>adiso to "y p#eji sugge/s an orig9al way ( reconcil+ ! two passages1 = ! au?or gravely ass]ts t ! sun 0 at fir/ bel[ ,dante's feet 9 ,gem9i1 b t by ! "t he look$ d[n aga9 x _h mov$ a good di/ance onw>d1 & 0 !n 9 ! sign ( ,taurus6 ,accord+ to ?is1 a :ole mon? mu/ h elaps$1 & "t _h gone backw>ds1 f ,may to ,april6 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eji ,il ,p>adiso di ,dante di*i>ato ai giovani1 by ,angelo de ,gub]natis4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a sugge/ion mu* m wor?y ( att5tion is t ( ,pr(essor ,rizzacasa d',orsogna1 :o ?9ks ! key is to be f\nd 9 ! l9e1 8,volg5dom' io con gli et]ni ,gemelli40 ,?is1 he sugge/s1 is 9 anticipation ( ! second passage1 = al?\gh ,dante c\ld n see ! :ole habitable e>? at any "o "t1 8 *ange ( position1 z he revolv$ ) ! ,tw9s1 enabl$ him to d s 9 ! c\rse ( "t :i* elaps$ betwe5 8 two views4 ,a comp>ison ( figures #dh & #di w make ?is cle>4 ,"o m sugge/ion may p]haps be made1 ?\gh x is r a haz>d\s "o4 8,dai colli alle foci0#eaj may mean f ! ,ap5n9e ,hills to ! m\?s ( ,ganges4 ,?is w\ld be decisive = ! correctness ( ! explanation illu/rat$ by our diagram4 7,see fig4 #dh74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eaj 8,f ! hills to ! riv]-m\?s40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 any case1 ! po9ts :i* ,dante specially wi%es u to und]/& are cle> & simple3 at ! fir/ glance he 0 /ruck by ! insignificance ( ! ,e>?2 at ! second1 he became consci\s t he 0 mov+ ) ! sph]es1 hav+ pass$ ov] #ij ( arc1 or a qu>t] ( ! diurnal revolution1 & he saw t x 0 n[ sunset at ,j]usalem4 ,he next asc5ds to ! ,primum ,mobile1 ?\gh he _c tell u to :i* "p ( x ,beatrice *ose to lead him1 s9ce x is p]fectly uni=m ?r\gh\t4 ,beatrice expla9s t ?is mo/ swift & liv+ sph]e1 al?\gh x conta9s no /> by :i* its motion is made visible1 causes ! 7diurnal7 motion ( all ! l[] sph]es2 & ?us x is l a fl[]-pot 9 :i* are hidd5 ! roots ( ,"t1 :ile 9 ! o!rs we see ! leaves4 ,"h he sees ! n9e hi]>*ies ( angels :o direct ! n9e mov+ sph]es2 & f9ally he so>s to ! ,empyrean1 :]e ,beatrice returns to h] seat among ! bless$ spirits :o =m ! ,cele/ial ,rose1 & ,/4 ,b]n>d enc\rages him to lift 8 eyes to 8,l',amor *e move il sole e l' altre /elle40#eaa ,?is is ! end & consummation ( ! ,vision4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eaa 8,love :i* moves ! sun & ! o!r />s40 ,p>4 la/ l9e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! read] w h obs]v$ t al?\gh !re are sev]al indications ( direction 9 ,dante's j\rney ?r\gh ,p>adise1 all ref]r+ to ! heav5ly bodies1 !re are no "t ref]5ces aft] he has left ,e>? & ent]$ ! regions ( et]nity1 except ! passage discuss$ above1 :i* indicates a p]iod ( six h\rs sp5t 9 ! eigh? heav51 s9ce #ij ( ! diurnal revolution correspond ) six h\rs ( "t4 ,b x tells u also t at ! close ( ?is p]iod ! sun 0 sett+ ov] ,j]usalem3 consequ5tly ano!r morn+ 0 dawn+ 9 ,purgatory4 ,eighte5 h\rs h pass$1 !re=e1 s9ce ,dante left ! ,e>?ly ,p>adise at noon2 & he rises to ! ,primum ,mobile & !nce to ! ,empyrean on ! eigh? day ( 8 ,vision4 ,! :ole ,vision1 !re=e1 occupi$ an octave1 or eight days4 #e4 ,,positions ,,( ,,sun1 ,,moon1 ,,& ,,planets ,,among ,,! ,,/>s ,,dur+ ,,dante',s ,,vision4 ,! allusions to sun1 moon1 & />s 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y1 :5 ?us br\ght toge!r1 are se5 to foll[ "o ano!r accord+ to a regul> s*eme1 & !y =m a v good guide by :i* to "t ,dante on 8 j\rney4 ,!re is a little inaccuracy 9 "o passage ab\t ! />s1 & ! moon is ambigu\s once1 b q explicable4 ,tak+ ! allusions 9 a simple popul> s5se1 z he seems to int5d u to d1 assum+ t ! signs & ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac are id5tical1 & t ! moon1 :i* at fir/ is opposite ! sun1 trav]ses ab\t #ac 9 ! zodiac daily1 & loses ab\t an h\r ( "t m or less1 !re is v little difficulty 9 foll[+ him4 ,x is q en\gh to "k t ! sun is some:]e 9 ,aries ?r\gh\t1 & t ! moon is !re=e 9 ,libra at ! beg9n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! ris+ sun at ! ,spr+ ,equ9ox4 ,b if we wi% to "k a little m accurately ! positions ( sun & moon among ! />s1 we mu/ c>efully comp>e ! passages be>+ on ?is "q4 ,comm5tators diff] s mu* t :ile "s ?9k ! sun's annual motion is ignor$1 & x is assum$ to be at ! equ9ox all ! "t1 o!rs ma9ta9 t x 0 at ! equ9ox on ! fir/ day & mov$ on ?r\gh ,aries at ! rate ( ab\t "o degree a day 7z x %\ld d1 s9ce !re are #cfe days 9 a ye> & #cfj 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! sph]e72#eab :ile o!rs aga9 say t x 0 m]ely some:]e 9 ,aries f ! beg9n+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eab ,alfraganus1 z we saw1 gives ! daily movem5t ( ! sun ea/w>d 9 ! zodiac z ab\t #ei m9utes ( arc4 7,a degree conta9s #fj m9utes74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,:at are ! actual indications ( its position8 ,no "o que/ions t x 0 9 ,aries ?r\gh\t ! ,vision1 = ?is is (t5 indicat$1 sometimes directly1 z 9 ,inf4 i4 #ch-dj1 sometimes by m5tion+ ,taurus z ! sign foll[+ ! sun1#eac or ,pisces z ! sign prec$+4#ead ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eac ,purg4 xxv4 #b1 #c4 #ead ,inf4 xi4 #aac2 ,purg4 i4 #ba1 xix4 #d-f4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!re are f\r detail$ descriptions3-- 7#a7 ,on ! fir/ morn+1 ! sun rose among ^? />s :i* 7 ) him at ! ,creation4#eae ,z we h se51 ?is may mean m]ely "s po9t 9 ,aries1 or ! fir/ po9t ( ,aries1 at :i* ! sun 0 ?\ght to h be5 plac$ :5 creat$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eae ,inf4 i4 #ch-dj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 7#b7 ,on ! sev5? day x rose ne> a po9t :]e ?ree crosses are =m$ by ! int]section ( f\r circles4#eaf ,"o naturally ?9ks ( ! horizon z "o ( ^! circles2 ! equator & ecliptic1 ^: int]section def9e ! equ9ox1 sugge/ !mselves z two m2 ! f\r? is d\btless ! colure :i* passes ?r\gh ! equ9octial po9ts & ! poles1 al?\gh curi\sly en\gh ?is is n m5tion$ by ,ptolemy or ,alfraganus1 :o only speak ( ! sol/itial colure4 ,fig4 #ea %[s h[ ! horizon makes a cross ) ea* ( ! o!r ?ree :5 ! equ9ox is ^u x4 ,! sun is at ! po9t ( int]section :5 ris+ ) ! equ9ox1 & x 0 ne> !re :5 x rose ?is morn+--8quasi40 ,x 0 !re=e ne>1 b n exactly at ! equ9ox1 & we "k t x 0 ! v]nal1 n ! autumnal equ9ox1 f ! _m allusions to ,aries4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eaf ,p>4 i4 #ch1 #ci4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 7#c7 ,:5 ,dante rises to ! sun 7on ! same day7 he directs our att5tion once m to ?is po9t :]e 8! "o motion /rikes ! o!r10 t is1 :]e ! ecliptic--! oblique circle :i* be>s ! planets--bran*es (f f ! equator1 & he rem9ds u ( ! supreme importance ( ?is div]g5ce4 ,! sun1 he says1 0 9 ?is place4 ,he does n mean at ! exact po9t ( int]section1 or ?is passage w\ld be 9 flat contradiction to ! la/3 8quella p>te0#eag is no m precise ?an 8quelle /elle10#eah & means only ?is "p ( ! sky1 or ! con/ellation ( ,aries4 ,! words :i* foll[ n only specify t x 0 ! spr+ equ9ox1 b sugge/ t ! sun _h already trav]s$ sev]al ( ^? spirals :i* br+ him to u e>li] ea* morn+1 i4e4 x 0 sev]al days aft] ! equ9ox4#eai ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eag 8,t "p40 #eah 8,^? />s40 #eai ,p>4 x4 #g-cc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 7#d7 ,on ! same day ! sun 0 8"o sign & m0 remov$ f "s po9t 9 ,gem9i4#ebj ,?is is v vague1 b at lea/ ! sun _c n[ h be5 at ! fir/ po9t ( ,aries1 or x w\ld h be5 two :ole signs f ev5 ! fir/ degree ( ,gem9i4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ebj ,p>4 xxvii4 #hf1 #hg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x seems1 !n1 t we _c possibly agree t ! sun 0 at ! equ9ox ?r\gh\t ! poem4 ,x is cle> t x 0 pa/ ! equ9ox t[>ds ! end2 b f ^! f\r passages we _c be sure :e!r x 0 !re on ! fir/ morn+1 or :e!r x mov$ ?r\gh "s undef9$ "p ( ,aries dur+ ! ,vision4 ,"o consid]ation gives u "s help1 h[ev]4 ,we "k f ,inf4 xxi4 #aab-aad t ! fir/ day 0 ei!r ,m>* #be1 :i* 0 believ$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages to be ! true anniv]s>y ( ! ,crucifixion1 or ,good ,friday1 :i* 0 kept by ! ,*ur* z su*4 ,m>* #be is f\r days aft] ! date :i* ! ,*ur* /ill kept z ! day ( ! ,equ9ox 7,m>* #ba71 & #ac days aft] ! true equ9ox1 :i* at ?is "t fell on ,m>* #ab4 ,good ,friday also almo/ inevitably mu/ fall aft] ! equ9ox1 s9ce ,ea/] foll[s ! full moon :i* foll[s ! equ9ox4 ,x is true t "s ( ,dante's read]s may /ill h reg>d$ ! old traditional date ( ,m>* #be z ! true day ( ! equ9ox1 & possibly x 0 to suit all %ades ( k t he left ! sun's position vague2 b he himself c]ta9ly knew bett]1 & probably _h ,m>* #ab 9 8 m9d4 ,!n ^? :o held to ,m>* #be might consid] ! sun z exactly at ! equ9ox on ! fir/ day ( ! ,vision1 b all bett]-in=m$ read]s & ,dante himself mu/ h reg>d$ x z some:at pa/ ?is po9t4 ,if we take x t1 e4g41 x 0 a week pa/ ! equ9ox1 ! sun 0 9 ab\t #g ( ,aries1 & ?is position agrees ) ! f\r crucial passages m5tion$ above4 ,! /ress laid on ! equ9ox seems to dem& t ! sun %\ld be at lea/ z ne> x z ?is on ! fir/ day2 & a week lat] x w\ld h rea*$ ! middle ( ,aries1 :i* is ! position we assign$ to x f a discussion ( ,p>4 xxvii4 #hf1 #hg4 ,?is also agrees well ) ! c\rse ( ! moon 9 ! zodiac1 :i* mu/ dep5d ^u ! sun's4 ,we h se5 t %e 0 opposite ! sun on ! fir/ morn+1 t h] light pal$ ! fir/-ris5 />s ( ,scorpio :ile %e 0 yet b5ea? ! ea/]n horizon ?ree days lat]1 & t %e 0 proce$+ s\? on ! foll[+ night4 ,if ! sun 0 9 ! #g? degree ( ,aries on ! fir/ morn+1 ! moon mu/ h be5 9 ! #g? degree ( ,libra2 h] mean daily motion ( #ac w\ld br+ h] to ! #af? degree ( ,scorpio ?ree days lat] & to ! la/ degree on ! day foll[+2 s ev5 if we all[ a deviation ( a few degrees f ! av]age1 %e 0 j :]e %e %\ld h be5 on ea* occasion4 ,we h assum$ = conv5i5ce t %e became full & 0 opposite ! sun j z %e set on ! fir/ morn+1 b ?is may h happ5$ at any "t dur+ ! previ\s night 79 ! ,=e/73 ,dante has n specifi$ ! h\r1 & x is ( no consequ5ce1 s9ce ! indications ( "t by ! moon mu/ necess>ily be vague4 ,! "t ( sunrise w /ill diff] little f #f o'clock1 a week aft] ! equ9ox4 ,9 ,london x is a qu>t] ( an h\r e>li]1 b ! diff]5ce is less 9 ,italy1 & /ill less 9 ! latitude ( ,j]usalem4 ,besides ! sun & moon1 two ( ! planets are m5tion$ z 9 a p>ticul> place among ! />s4 ,v5us1 be=e sunrise on ! f\r? morn+1 is se5 among ! />s ( ,pisces2#eba & %e is also m5tion$ z a morn+ /> be=e sunrise on ! sev5? day4#ebb ,saturn is 9 ,leo4 8,il petto del ,leone0#ebc may mean ! we/]n "p ( ! ,lion1 ! "p :i* fir/ rises & conta9s ! head & brea/1 or x may ref] to ! /> ,regulus1 :i* is call$ by ,ptolemy & ,alfraganus 8,cor ,leonis40#ebd 8,sotto il petto0#ebe may mean ! position ( ! planet z se5 project$ 9 ! sky or a map1 t is1 a little s\? ( ?is "p ( ! con/ellation2 m probably1 p]haps1 ,dante is ?9k+ ( ! suppos$ position ( ,saturn's sph]e bel[ t ( ! />s4#ebf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eba ,purg4 i4 #ba4 #ebb ,purg4 xxvii4 #ie4 #ebc 8,! ,lion's brea/40 ,p>4 xxi4 #ad4 #ebd 8,! ,lion's ,he>t40 #ebe 8,b5ea? ! brea/40 #ebf ,cf4 ,purg4 xxxii4 #ef1 #eg1 :]e ! sun is spok5 ( z "u ano!r />4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,m>s is spok5 ( z hav+ return$ to 8 own ,lion a numb] ( times3 8al suo ,leon 444 v5ne10#ebg b ?is does n necess>ily imply t he 0 9 t con/ellation at ! "t4 ,m]cury & ,jupit] are n not$ z se5 any:]e 9 ! sky1 nor does ,dante say 9 :at con/ellation !y 7 :5 he ent]$ !m ) ,beatrice4 ,!re are a numb] ( pitfalls into :i* ,dante might h /umbl$1 ) ?is disposition ( ! skies1 & ! *ange to ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 & t he has avoid$ all is z cle> a pro( ( 8 famili>ity ) a/ronomical ph5om5a z ! positive evid5ce ( 8 tru?ful1 consi/5t descriptions4 ,= in/ance1 he might v well h repres5t$ ! cold planet ,saturn z actually aid+ ! cold moon 9 driv+ away ! heat ( ! day dur+ ! night1 9 ,purg4 xix4 #a-c1 in/ead ( only say+ 8talor da ,saturno20#ebh b if s1 ?is w\ld h be5 inconsi/5t ) ! position ( ,saturn 9 ,leo1 s9ce ,leo 0 bel[ ! horizon :5 dawn 0 draw+ ne> & ,pisces 0 ris+4 ,aga91 we h already m5tion$ t he evid5tly did n =get t x 0 autumn 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,he nev] sugge/s t x 0 spr+ 9 ,purgatory1 & 9 ! passage quot$ above1 :]e he describes sunrise at ! ,m>* equ9ox1 say+ t ! sun !n moves 8con miglior corso e con migliore /ella10#ebi ?is happie/ effect on ! _w is re/rict$ to 8mortals10 :o z he ?\ght all dwelt 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 8surge ai mortali40#ecj ,i d n mean t ! expression 0 us$ = ?is reason1 b x is an example ( h[ in/9ctively he avoid$ mi/akes into :i* any o!r au?or w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h fall54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ebg 8,to 8 ,lion has come40 ,p>4 xvi4 #cg1 #ch4 #ebh 8,sometimes by ,saturn40 #ebi 8,) a bett] c\rse & bett] />40 ,p>4 i4 #dj4 #ecj 8,rises ^u mortals40 ,p>4 i4 #cg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #f4 ,,! ,,assum$ ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,vision4 ,ev5 among ,dante en?usia/s !re mu/ be _m :o are a/oni%$ at ! w>m? ( ! controv]sy conc]n+ ! assum$ date ( 8 ,vision4 ,to "k :e!r he feign$ himself to h ent]$ ! ,inf]no ) ,virgil 9 ,m>* or 9 ,april1 9 ! ye> #acjj or 9 #acja1 really does n help u to appreciate ! music ( 8 v]se nor ! dep? ( 8 ?\ght2 yet a weal? ( le>n+ & rese>* has be5 p\r$ out ^u ?is problem1 & "s comm5tators seem ready to def5d _! op9ions ) _! lives1 if t w\ld avail to conv9ce _! read]s6 ,! date is inde$ intimately connect$ ) ! n>rative ( ! ,div9e ,com$y1 s9ce !re are con/ant allusions to curr5t ev5ts4 ,by *oos+ a ye> e>li] ?an ! "t at :i* he 0 writ+1 ,dante is able n only to tell ! spirits :at is pass+ on ! e>? !y h left1 b to end[ !m ) ! p[] ( prophesy+ to him ev5ts :i* are to come4#eca ,! peculi> int]e/ ( ! problem = u j n[ is t a/ronomy has be5 call$ 9 to solve x4 ,we h se5 t ! positions & movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies are all consi/5t ) "o ano!r 9 8 poem1 b x is int]e/+ to ask :e!r !y are m]ely a consi/5t fiction or :e!r !y correspond ) facts4 ,did ,dante arrange 8 moon & planets accord+ to 8 feel+ = sc5]y & ! conv5i5ce ( 8 "t ref]5ces1 or did he take ! positions z !y really 7 at "s p>ticul> date8 ,if s1 ! full moon1 ,v5us a morn+ /> 9 ,pisces1 & ,saturn 9 ,leo1 all toge!r ne> a spr+ equ9ox1 ought to help to fix t date4 ,! ye> :i* is almo/ univ]sally accept$1 by ! olde/ z well z ! mo/ mod]n comm5tators1 is #acjj1 *iefly on ! au?ority ( ,inf4 xxi4 #aab-aad4 ,"h ,malacoda says t ye/]day 7! day ( ,dante's ent]+ ! ,inf]no7 x 0 #abff ye>s s9ce ! e>?quake :i* accompani$ ! ,crucifixion 7see p4 #cgj74 ,add+ to ?is ! #cd ye>s :i* ,dante has told u he believ$ to h elaps$ betwe5 ! ,nativity & ! ,crucifixion1#ecb we get #abff #cd #acjj4 ,& ! day is ei!r ! ,*ur* ,fe/ival commemorat+ ! ,crucifixion1 i4e4 ,good ,friday1 :i* 9 #acjj fell on ,april #h1 or ,m>* #be1 :i* 0 believ$ to be ! actual anniv]s>y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eca ,inf4 x4 #ajj-aje4 #ecb ,conv4 ,,iv4 xxiii4 #if-ih4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,if ?is is ! "r int]pretation ( ! passage1 we may say at once t ,dante's a/ronomical data are imag9>y1 = ! moon 0 n full on ! night prec$+ ei!r ( ^! dates1 b on ,m>* #e1 & ,april #d3 ,saturn 0 inde$ 9 ,leo1 b ,v5us 0 s ne> ! ,sun z to be invisible 9 ,m>*1 & began to appe> z an ev5+ /> 9 ,taurus on ab\t ! #i? ( ,april4 ,^! positions 7 all c>efully calculat$ by ,pr(4 ,angelitti1 :o is a pr(essional a/ronom] z well z a ,dante s*ol>2 & he made ! ?rill+ discov]y t ! positions agree wond]fully well = ! ye> #acja6 ,9 ?is ye> ! moon 0 full on ! e>ly morn+ ( ! #be? ( ,m>*2 ,v5us ent]$ ,pisces ?ree days lat]1 & 0 a morn+ />1 ne> h] greate/ elongation we/1 & v brilliant2 ,saturn 0 n only /ill 9 ,leo b 0 j ?ree degrees we/ ( ,regulus2 & ,m>s 0 also 9 ,leo4 ,if ! anniv]s>y ( ! ,crucifixion means ,good ,friday1 ! day w\ld be ,m>* #ca 9 #acja1 & ! moon w\ld be wrong1 b ,m>* #be has "s claims to be consid]$ ! m probable date4 ,a fix$ cal5d> date is m appropriate to use = calculat+ an exact numb] ( ye>s ?an a *ang+ fe/ival1 :i* might r be reg>d$ z an 8ideal date40#ecc ,moreov]1 ,m>* #be is sugge/$ by ! allusion to ! ,creation 9 ! op5+ ,canto2 ?is day 0 also ! traditional date = ! spr+ equ9ox1#ecd & x 0 "o ( ! mo/ important days 9 ! ye> to ,flor5t9es1 be+ _! ,new ,ye>'s ,day z well z ,lady ,day4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ecc ,moore1 ,/udies 9 ,dante iii4 p4 #adf4 #ecd ,see p4 #agg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,we "k t ! idea ( writ+ 8 great "w 0 9 ,dante's m9d ev5 :5 he wrote ! la/ words ( ! ,vita ,nuova1#ece & we ne$ only suppose t he 0 ?9k+ ( x :5 he look$ at ! sky on ! ev5+ be=e ,lady ,day 9 #acja1 t he saw ! full moon1 & ! two bright planets ,m>s & ,saturn mak+ a /rik+ a/]ism ) ,regulus2 also t 9 ! e>ly dawn ab\t ! same "t he rejoic$ 9 ! sight ( ,v5us veil+ ! ,fi%es 9 ! ea/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ece ,v4 ,n4 xliii4 #a-aa4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b is ?is attractive !ory admissible8 ,c we take ,dante's words else:]e z ref]r+ to ! ye> #acja8 ,take fir/ ! "o passage 9 :i* he explicitly /ates ! day & ye>1 ! words ( ,malacoda quot$ above4 ,?is is usually tak5 to indicate ! ye> #acjj1 z %[n above 7p4 #daj71 b x is easy to int]pret x ano!r way--?us3 #acjj ye>s _h be5 complet$ s9ce ! ,nativity on ! day ,dante ent]$ ! ,inf]no4 ,n[ ! ye> #a is n "o ye> aft] ! ,nativity1 b ! ye> ( ! ,nativity itself2 h5ce ! ye> #b is "o ye> aft]1 ! ye> #c two ye>s aft]1 444 ! ye> #acjj is #abii ye>s aft]1 & ! ye> #acja is #acjj ye>s aft]4 ,! ye> #acjj 0 complet$ on ,m>* #be1ecf & ! date !n *ang$1 accord+ to ,flor5t9e usage1 to #acja4 7,x _h already be5 call$ #acja = ?ree mon?s1 accord+ to ,roman usage1 s =tunately = u1 !re is no disagreem5t betwe5 ! two cal5d>s f ?is "p ( ! ye>74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ecf ,exactly at midday1 moreov]1 accord+ to "o sy/em !n 9 vogue1 ?\gh x seems to h be5 m usual to beg9 ! day at sunrise4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x mu/ also be not$ t 9 sev]al old ,,mss41 consid]$ au?oritative by "s ( ! v e>ly comm5tators1 ! passage reads3--8,mille dug5t 'uno con sessanta sei40#ecg ,al?\gh x is impossible to believe t ,dante wrote su* a faulty l9e1 ?is %[s t "s e>ly copyi/ felt a difficulty ei!r 9 accept+ ! date #acjj or 9 und]/&+ h[ ,dante arriv$ at x by ,malacoda's computations4 ,?is passage1 !re=e1 is inconclusive = #acjj or #acja4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ecg 8,a ?\s& two hundr$ & "o1 add$ to sixty-six40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!n !re is ! fir/ l9e ( ! ,div9a ,comm$ia 8,nel mezzo del camm9 di no/ra vita10#ech :i* is usually tak5 to mean t ,dante 0 9 8 #ce? ye>1 s9ce 9 ,conv4 ,,iv4 xxiv4 #cj1 #ca1 & xxiii1 #hh-id1 he says t 9 normal natures ! 8punto sommo10 ! 8colmo10#eci ( ! ,ar* ( ,life is rea*$ at ?is age4 ,b is x to be tak5 z indicat+ a precise ye>8 ,if s1 x po9ts to "o :i* has nev] be5 sugge/$ = ! ,vision1 s f> z ,i "k1 = 9 ano!r passage ( ! ,convivio he says :5 speak+ ( 8 exile1 t he _h liv$ 9 ,flor5ce 8f9o al colmo della mia vita10#edj & we "k t ! ye> ( 8 exile 0 #acjb4 ,b if we look aga9 at ! discussion conc]n+ ! ar* ( human life1 we f9d t ! :ole p]iod ( 8giov5tute10#eda :i* is f ! #be? to ! #de? ye> 8v]am5te colmo della no/ra vita0#edb 7,conv4 ,,iv4 xxiv4 #bb1 #bc74 ,if1 nev]!less1 x is said t ! 8mezzo del camm9 di no/ra vita0 means ,dante's #ce? ye>1 we mu/ "k ! date ( 8 bir? ) c]ta9ty be=e we c d$uce ! ye> at :i* he _h rea*$ ?is age4 ,& ?is is n q easy4 ,?is v l9e is us$ indiff]5tly to %[ t he 0 born 9 #abfe because ! date ( ! ,vision 0 #acjj1 or t ! date 0 #acjj because he 0 born 9 #abfe6 ,no regi/]s ( bir?s or baptisms 7 kept 9 ^? days4 ,mo/ ( ! old biograph]s give #abfe = ! date1 b n all1 & "s ( ^? :o d betray ignorance or confusion 9 ! matt]3 ,boccaccio says ! ye> #abfe1 :5 ,urban ! ,f\r? 0 ,pope1 yet ,urban we "k di$ 9 #abfd2 ,lion>do ,bruni says 8#abfe1 a little aft] ! return to ,flor5ce ( ! ,guelfs1 :o _h be5 9 exile by reason ( ! defeat ( ,montap]ti10 b ?is return 0 9 ,septemb] #abff6 ,dante himself says t 8 ance/ors %>$ 9 ?is exile1#edc & z he also (t5 ref]s to ! fact t he 0 born 9 ,flor5ce1#edd x is difficult to see h[ t c\ld h be5 9 #abfe4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ech 8,midway 9 ! j\rney ( our life40 #eci 8,! highe/ po9t10 ! 8summit40 #edj 8,until ! summit ( my life40 ,conv4 ,i4 iii4 #bd1 #be4 #eda 8,y\?40 #edb 8,is 9 tru? ! summit ( our life40 #edc ,f>9ata alludes to ! two ,guelf bani%m5ts ( #abdh & #abfj4 ,inf4 x4 #db-ej4 #edd ,conv4 ,i4 iii4 #bb-bd2 ,inf4 xxiii4 #id1 #ie1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,aga91 he says t !re 0 a diff]5ce ( less ?an #h mon?s betwe5 ! age ( ,beatrice & himself 7%e 0 #h ye>s #d mon?s old :5 he 0 ne>ly n9e71#ede t %e di$ 9 ,june #abij1edf & 0 !n on ! ?re%old ( h] 8second age10#edg t is 9 h] #bd? ye>1 or #bc ye>s old4 ,?is gives #abfg = ! ye> ( h] bir?1 & he mu/ h be5 born 9 ! same or ! prece$+ ye>4 ,hi/orical docum5ts %[ t ,dante spoke 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,hundr$ 9 #abie1 & ,brunetto ,lat9i says no man c\ld hold (fice 9 ,flor5ce "u ?irty ye>s ( age2 b ,brunetto wrote 9 exile 9 ,france & di$ 9 #abij1 & 9 a translation f 8 orig9al ,fr5* into ,italian ! age has be5 alt]$ to #be1 s x is possible t ! age _h be5 l[]$ be=e #abie4edh ,!re rema9s ! /ory told by ,boccaccio1 t a ,s] ,pi]o di ,mess] ,gi>d9o 7a not>y ^: "n occurs 9 legal docum5ts ( ! "t71 he>d f ,dante himself %ortly be=e 8 dea? t he _h be5 #ef ye>s old 9 ! prec$+ ,may4 ,! date ( 8 dea? is unanim\sly giv5 z #acba1 s ?is /ory1 if we may accept x z au!ntic1 is "o cle> piece ( evid5ce t ,dante 0 born 9 #abfe4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ede ,v4 ,n4 ii4 #a-ae4 #edf ,v4 ,n4 xxx4 #d-ac4 #edg ,purg4 xxx4 #abd1 #abe2 ,cf4 ,conv4 ,,iv4 xxiv4 #aa-ac4 #edh ,imbriani3 ,qu&o nacque ,dante8 & ,*e ,dante probabilissimam5te nacque nei ,,mccclxvii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,on ! :ole1 we mu/ say t x is d\btful :e!r ! 8mezzo del camm90 means ,dante's #ce? ye>1 & if x does1 we are n c]ta9 t he rea*$ t age 9 #acjj4 ,ano!r passage :i* is (t5 quot$ z cle>ly indicat+ ! ye> ( ! ,jubilee1 #acjj1 = ! assum$ date ( ! ,vision is ,casella's explanation ( 8 late arrival 9 ,purgatory4#edi ,dante is surpris$ to witness ?is arrival1 kn[+ t x is "s "t s9ce 8 fri5d's dea?2 & ,casella replies t ! ,angel ( ! ,passage _h refus$ _m times to br+ him1 until ?ree mon?s ago1 :5 e "o :o wi%$ to come _h be5 graci\sly receiv$4 ,?is is believ$ to ref] to ! ,bull ( ,pope ,boniface publi%$ at ,*ri/mas #abii1 t is j ?ree mon?s be=e ,m>* #acjj4 ,b ?is ,bull gave no indulg5ce to ! dead2 x 0 9 fav\r ( ^? :o p]=m$ c]ta9 spiritual ex]cises 9 ! *ur*es ( ,rome dur+ ! ,jubilee ye>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 a ,bull publi%$ j a ye> lat]1 :i* 0 = ! b5efit ( dep>t$ s\ls3 x ext5d$ ! indulg5ces to ^? :o _h di$ on _! way to ,rome1 or be=e ! spiritual ex]cises 7 complet$ !re4 ,we d n "k :5 ,casella di$1 b if x 0 "s "t 9 #acjj1 ) 8 purpose ( ga9+ ! indulg5ce unfulfill$1 ! ,angel's refusal at fir/1 & acceptance aft]w>ds--aft] ,decemb] #acjj--;& 8 arrival 9 ,purgatory 9 ,m>* #acja1 w\ld be expla9$4 ,! fact t 8 arrival 0 /ill ?ree mon?s aft] ! ,bull1 & t all )\t exception 7 welcom$ by ! ,angel1 are difficulties :i* apply to bo? int]pretations4 ,b p]haps t j giv5 is a little too clev]4 ,x is mo/ natural to consid] ! ,indulg5ce z ! fam\s "o ( #acjj1 & to und]/& t 9 ! ,jubilee ye> ! way ( salvation 0 made easi] = all s\ls1 liv+ or dead4#eej ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #edi ,purg4 ii4 #ia-ajc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eej ,= ?is po9t & a full discussion ( ! date1 especially f ! a/ronomical data1 see ,angelitti's ,sulla ,data del ,viaggio ,dantesco1 & ,sull' anno della ,visione ,dantesca1 & ,moore's 8,! ,date assum$ by ,dante = ! ,vision ( ! #8,div9a ,comm$ia1'0 ,/udies 9 ,dante ,,iii4 ,if h[ev] ^!1 & _m o!r passages quot$ 9 ! controv]sy1 are unconv9c+1 ! same _c be said ( ,cunizza's 8,que/o c5tesim' anno40#eea ,pr(4 ,angelitti's sugge/ion t %e 0 reckon+ by ! ,ea/] ye>1 :i* 0 us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,france & ,italy1 s t ! date 0 /ill #acjj = h]1 ?\gh = mo/ ,italians x 0 #acja1 is too +5i\s2 & x is h>d to believe t %e means 8?is c5tury ye>0 apply+ x to #acja4 ,?\gh ?is might be correct1 x is cle> t #acjj 0 reg>d$ z ! c5tury ye>1 because ! words 8c5tesimo anno0 occur 9 ! ,bull ( ,boniface ,,viii4 ) ref]5ce to ! ye> #acjj4 ,?is !n speaks /rongly & cle>ly aga9/ our a/ronomical !ory ( #acja4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eea 8,?is hundr$? ye>40 ,p>4 ix4 #dj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! hi/orical ev5ts allud$ to 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y are s (t5 ( unkn[n date to u1 t few ( !m help z mu* z might be expect$4 ,judge ,n9o's wid[ rem>ri$ on ,june #bd1 #acjj1 & z he speaks ( h] z hav+ already put (f h] wid['s we$s1#eeb ?is might indicate t we are 9 #acja1 b x is n conclusive1 s9ce !y w\ld probably be disc>d$ ?ree mon?s be=e %e 0 actually ! wife ( ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,c ,gr&e della ,scala1 :o is said 9 a f\rte5? c5tury *ronicle to h be5 born on ,m>* #i1 #abia1 is describ$ z only n9e ye>s old4#eec ,dante might possibly h be5 mi/ak5 by a ye> 9 ! date ( 8 bir?1 b he _c h be5 ignorant ( ! dea? ( 8 fri5d ,guido ,cavalcanti4 ,! cry ( angui% f ,guido's fa!r w be rememb]$ by all read]s ( ! ,inf]no1 aft] ,dante has spok5 ( 8 fri5d 9 ! pa/ t5se3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eeb ,purg4 viii4 #gd4 #eec ,p>4 xvii4 #hj1 #ha4 8,di subito drizzato grid3 ,come1 ,dice/i egli ebbe8 ,non viv' egli ancora8 ,non fi]e gli oc*i suoi lo dolce lome80#eed #eed 8,up />t+ sudd5ly he cri$ out3 ,h[ ,said/ ?\8 #8he _h8' ,is he n /ill alive8 ,does n ! sweet light /rike ^u 8 eyes80 ,inf4 x4 #fg-fi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,& z ,dante hesitates a little1 ,cavalcante s9ks back into 8 tomb ( puni%m5t1 & does n reappe>4 ,be=e ,dante leaves ! place1 feel+ compunction1 he *>ges ,f>9ata to tell ! fa!r t 8 son is /ill among ! liv+1 & t ! s9i/] hesitation 0 due to ano!r cause ?an he ?\ght4 ,n[ x is beyond dispute t ,guido di$ 9 ,augu/ #acjj1 = he 0 buri$ 9 ! cemet]y ( ,/4 ,rep>ata 9 ,flor5ce on ,augu/ #bi1 #acjj1 accord+ to (ficial records /ill extant2#eee & ,dante _h a %>e 9 bani%+ him among/ o!r exiles to ! unheal?y place :]e he contract$ ! illness ( :i* he di$4 ,! ye> #acjj1 9 :i* ,dante held ! (ficial position :i* oblig$ him to d ?is1 0 burn$ into 8 m9d1 z we see 9 8 lett]1 m5tion$ by ,lion>do ,bruni1 9 :i* he says t all 8 mis=tunes sprang f ! "t ( 8 priorate4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eee ,toynbee's ,dante ,diction>y1 "u 8,cavalcanti40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,h[ !n c we believe t he "h imag9es himself speak+ 9 ! spr+ ( #acja1 unless we assume t ,cavalcanti _h really guess$ ! true cause ( 8 hesitation1 & t :at ,dante said aft]w>ds 0 a k9dly lie8 ,is ?is 9 "* ) 8 uncompromis+1 ev5 ru?less /raight=w>dness8 ,unless !re=e "s really satisfactory way ( escape c be f\nd f ?is incid5t & ! 8c5tesim' anno0 ,i fe> we mu/ reluctantly ab&on ! !ory ( #acja1 *ampion$ s skilfully by ,angelitti & o!rs1 & mu/ agree ) ! majority t ,dante means u to und]/& ! ye> #acjj4 ,! e>ly comm5tators seem to h tak5 = grant$ t ,dante 0 correct 9 8 a/ronomical data1 )\t tak+ any p>ticul> tr\ble to v]ify !m4 ,jacopo della ,lana 9 comm5t+ ,p>4 xxi4 #ad says t 9 #acjj 9 ! mon? ( ,m>* ,saturn 0 9 ,leo1 & 0 9 ! #h? degree ( t sign2 & 9 ord] t we %\ld "k :at 0 ! disposition ( ! :ole sky at t "t he fur!r in=ms u t ,jupit] 0 9 ,aries 9 ! #bd? degree1 & ,m>s 9 ,pisces 9 ! #aa? degree1 t ! sun 0 ne> ! beg9n+ ( ,aries1 & ,v5us 9 ,pisces 7^! two are evid5tly tak5 simply f ,dante74 ,m]cury 0 9 ,virgo 7) ! sun 9 ,aries6 9 ?is case ,m]cury w\ld h be5 visible ne>ly ! :ole night71 & ! moon 9 4 ,"h !re is said to be a blank 9 all ! ,,mss4 ,! moon 0 too mu* = ,della ,lana1 :e!r ! difficulty 0 9 f9d+ h] position or 9 reconcil+ x ) t giv5 by ,dante4 ,! ,ottimo & ,b5v5uto da ,imola copy ,della ,lana ) little *ange1 bo? giv+ ! positions ( ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 & ,m>s 9 degree & sign1 b ! sun only z ne> ! beg9n+ ( ,aries1 ,v5us 9 ,pisces1 & ,m]cury 9 ,virgo4 7,x is a/oni%+ t nei!r %\ld h notic$ ?is gross error47 ,b5v5uto boldly adds t ! moon 0 9 ,libra1 d\btless because ,dante's description s requir$ x at ! beg9n+ ( 8 poem4 ,nor d ^! e>ly comm5tators seem to feel any difficulty ab\t ! date on :i* ! ,vision began4 ,f ,inf4 i4 #ch-dj !y g5]ally conclude t x 0 ! day ( ! equ9ox1 :i* !y say vaguely fell 9 ! middle ( ,m>* 8mezzo ,m>zo10 & f ,inf4 xxi4 #aab-aad all except ,boccaccio 7:o int]prets ,m>* #be7 take x to be ,good ,friday4#eef ,no discrepancy seems to h be5 felt "h3 !y m]ely rem>k t 9 #acjj ,ea/] fell 9 ,m>*1 & m ?an two hundr$ ye>s pass$ be=e anyone po9t$ out t ?is 0 wrong4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eef ,moore1 ,/udies 9 ,dante ,,iii4 p4 #adf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,at la/ a "w appe>$ 9 #aeed1 call$ 8,del ,sito1 ,=ma1 et ,misure dello ,inf]no di ,dante10 9 :i* ! au?or1 ,giambull>i1 rem>k$ t accord+ to a/ronomical calculations ! ,pas*al ,moon 0 n full on ! night betwe5 ,?ursday & ,good ,friday 9 #acjj1 b on ! morn+ ( ,april #e?4 ,?is excit$ a good deal ( int]e/1 & _m !ories h s9ce be5 put =? to reconcile ,dante's a/ronomical data ) ! facts ( ! ye> #acjj4 ,dr4 ,moore ?9ks ! date ( ent]+ ! ,inf]no 0 ,good ,friday1 ,april #h1 #acjj1 b t ,dante uses in/ead ( ! real moon ! ecclesia/ical moon1 :i*1 z we "k1 is a conv5tional body revolv+ accord+ to ,meton's cycle1 & sometimes appe>+ on tables z full two or ?ree days be=e or aft] ! real ,full ,moon4 ,dr4 ,moore f9ds t ?is ecclesia/ical moon1 0 full on ,april #g1 #acjj4eeg ,b w\ld ,dante tr\ble ab\t ! ecclesia/ical moon1 & w\ld 8 read]s "k any?+ ab\t x8 ,its only use 0 = det]m9+ ,ea/]1 & ?is 0 done = ! p by ! ,*ur*4 ,! real moon 0 extremely important = a/rolog]s1 = ^: b5efit ,tables & ,almana*s 7 *iefly drawn up2 ! real moon 0 useful to ev]yone z light-giv] & "t record]4 ,x is surely inconceivable t a ,flor5t9e :o wi%$ to arrange a midnight fe/ival1 or to />t on a night-j\rney1 w\ld consult a cal5d> to f9d out on :at date ! ecclesia/ical moon w\ld be full6 ,& ! ecclesia/ical moon does n alt] ! position ( ,v5us4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eeg 8,! ,a/ronomy ( ,dante10 9 ,/udies ,,iii41 & ,"t ,ref]5ces 9 ! ,div9a ,comm$ia4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,accord+ to ano!r sugge/ion1 ,dante foll[$ a tradition z to ! position ( all ! 8sev5 planets0 at ! ,creation1 & = ?is reason n only 0 8 sun 9 ,aries1 b ! moon full & opposite1 & ,v5us 9 ,pisces4 ,v5us is said to h ?is position 9 a picture ( ! ,creation 9 a ,*ur* at ,san ,gemignano4#eeh ,comp>e also ,milton's moon at h] creation3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eeh ,note on ,purg4 i4 #ai-ba 9 ! 8,temple0 edition ( ,dante4 8 444 ,less bright ! moon1 ,b opposite 9 levell$ we/1 0 set1 ,8 mirror1 ) full face borr[+ h] light ,f him40#eei #eei ,p>4 ,lo/ vii4 #cge-cgh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,or aga91 x is sometimes held t ! day & all ! cele/ial positions are ideal4 ,dante means u to und]/& t ! fir/ day ( 8 ,vision 0 ,good ,friday1 b )\t tr\bl+ z to :at day x fell on 9 #acjj2 ! equ9ox & ! full moon are naturally connect$ ) ,good ,friday1 s9ce !y det]m9e ,ea/]2 ,v5us is connect$ ) ! idea ( dawn1 & :5 ! ,sun is 9 ,aries ! morn+ /> may well be 9 ,pisces4 ,ei!r ( ^! views might be correct1 & no "o w dispute a poet's "r to arrange 8 skies z he ?9ks fit1 if he is consi/5t ) !m1 z ,dante 04 ,b h[ did ^! positions1 if !y are purely imag9>y1 come to co9cide exactly ) ! real positions ( #acja8 ,if we exam9e ! positions ( #acja1 & accept no?+ t is d\btful 9 ,dante's own words1 :at does ! co9cid5ce am\nt to8 ,saturn 0 ne> ,regulus1 b he 0 also 9 ! =ep>t ( ,leo 9 #acjj1 & we are n sure t ,dante means m ?an ?is2 ,m>s 0 9 ,leo1 b we are n sure t ,dante want$ him !re2#efj ! moon 0 full on ! morn+ ( ,m>* #be1 b we are n sure :e!r ,dante means ,m>* #be or ,good ,friday4 ,v5us 0 a morn+ /> 9 ,pisces1 & ?is till v lately 0 ! "o a/ronomical fact inconte/ably 9 fav\r ( #acja & aga9/ #acjj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #efj ,see p4 #djg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b 9 #aijh !re 0 pr9t$ 9 ,flor5ce1 = ! fir/ "t1 a m$ival ,almana*1 :i* sugge/s s simple an explanation ( ?is mo/ /rik+ co9cid5ce t x seems to leave no?+ m to be said = ! #acja hypo!sis4 ,?is ,almana*1 :i* has be5 publi%$ "u a title :i* p]haps takes ?+s a little too mu* = grant$--,almana* ,dantis ,aligh]ii--0 compil$ by a le>n$ ,jew1 ,jacob b5 ,ma*ir b5 ,tibbon1 :o 0 born 9 ,m>seilles ab\t #abcf1 & di$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,us+ ! ,tol$an ,tables1 he con/ruct$ ?is s-call$ p]petual almana*1 :i* gives ! positions ( sun1 moon1 & planets1 at int]vals ( a few days = :ole cycles ( ye>s4 ,ea* has a cycle ( a diff]5t l5g?1 t ( ,v5us = in/ance be+ #h ye>s1 z on ! ,babylonian tablets ( ephem]ides2 & at ! end ( ea* cycle ne>ly ! same positions come ov] aga94 ,x 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew1 & translat$ into ,lat9 by an unkn[n au?or1 & mu/ h be5 popul>1 s9ce !re 7 an imm5se numb] ( ,lat9 ,,mss4 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! orig9al1 all ! cycles beg9 9 #acja1 b 9 ! ,lat9 !y beg9 9 #acjj1 except ! cycles ( ,v5us & ! sun1 :i* beg9 9 #acja4 ,yet #acja is n writt5 ov] ! fir/ column = ,v5us1 b m]ely #a1 or no?+ at all1 or ev5 9 "s copies #acjj1 & 9 bo? ! ,hebrew & ,lat9 prefaces ! beg9n+ ( all ! cycles is /at$ to be #acjj4efa ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #efa ,preface to ,almana* ,dantis ,aligh]ii1 ,b(fito & ,melzi d' ,eril4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,if1 !re=e1 ,dante look$ up ! position ( ,v5us 9 ?is almanac1 he w\ld v naturally take ! #acja positions = #acjj1 & he w\ld f9d t ,v5us 0 9 ,aqu>ius ?r\gh\t ,m>*1 until ! #bg?1 :5 %e pass$ into ! sign ( ,pisces1 & !re=e 0 a morn+ /> dur+ ! :ole mon? & also 9 ,april4 ,& he w\ld f9d t ,saturn 0 9 ! #g? & #h? degrees ( ,leo 9 ,m>* & ,april #acjj 7:i* 0 v ne>ly correct74#efb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #efb ,x is important to obs]ve t ?is suits ! description ( ! 8,lion's brea/0 bett] ?an ! #bj? & #ba/ degrees 7,almana* positions = #acja71 if ,dante1 z usual 9 ! ,div9a ,comm$ia1 id5tifies ! con/ellation ) ! sign4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x appe>s !n t :ile c]ta9 expressions us$ 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y prove cle>ly t #acja is n ! ye> assum$ z ! date ( ! ,vision1 ! a/ronomical argum5t 9 fav\r ( x is n /rong en\gh to be conv9c+1 especially 9 ! light ( ?is rec5t discov]y4 ,grant+ t #acjj 0 ! ye>1 :at 0 ! day8 ,probably n ,m>* #be1 = ! e>ly comm5tators1 except+ only ,boccaccio 9 "o passage1 are all 9 fav\r ( ,good ,friday1 & ,dante might see 9 ! ,almanac t ! moon 0 n full on t date4 ,b nei!r 0 %e full on ! actual date ( ,good ,friday1 :i* fell on ,april #h 9 #acjj2 moreov] ! sun 0 !n s f> advanc$ 9 ,aries t sev5 days lat]1 :5 ,dante describes x z a little pa/ ! equ9ox1 x w\ld really h be5 9 ,taurus4 ,! ?ird & only possibility is to accept ! !ory t 8 moon & 8 day 7 ideal2 t is1 he simply assum$ ,good ,friday & a full moon to occur toge!r soon aft] ! equ9ox1 ) :i* bo? are s intimately associat$4 ,! date ( ,ea/] is n giv5 9 ! old almanac1 & we h se5 t ! e>ly comm5tators :o knew t ! equ9ox fell 9 8mezzo ,m>zo0#efc 7 cont5t to accept ,ea/] z fall+ 9 t mon? also4 ,we mu/ n =get ! conv5i5ce ( an equ9ox & a full moon = simplify+ ! "t ref]5ces also4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #efc ,! middle ( ,m>*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,we conclude1 !n1 t ! ye> *os5 by ,dante 0 #acjj 7z has be5 mo/ g5]ally believ$71 & ! day ,good ,friday1 :i* he assumes to h fall5 ab\t a week aft] ! equ9ox1 & at a "t ( full moon4 ,saturn 9 8 poem1 & also 9 fact1 0 9 ,leo2 ,v5us 0 n actually a morn+ />1 nor 9 ,pisces1 b he may h be5 l$ to assign ?is position to h] ?r\gh an error 9 a contempor>y almanac4 ,i mu/ confess to a great feel+ ( disappo9tm5t 9 com+ to ! conclusion t ,pr(4 ,angelitti's entic+ !ory mu/ be reject$1 b a c>eful /udy ( ,dante's own words1 & ,pr(4 ,b(fito's discov]y ( ! 8,almana* p]petuum ad annum #acjj in*oatum0 seem to leave no o!r *oice4 ,la/ ,april1#efd :5 help+ to photograph ,halley's ,comet 9 beautiful e>ly dawns1 ?is problem 0 mu* 9 my m9d4 ,v5us once m _h ! ,fi%es 9 h] tra91 & oddly en\gh ,good ,friday _h fall5 on ,m>* #be6 ,i c\ld n help wi%+ t ^! ?+s _h happ5$ 9 #acjj z well z 9 #aiaj6 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #efd ,?is 0 writt5 9 #aiaj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,if 9 spite ( all argum5ts to ! contr>y1 any read]s are conv9c$ t ,dante's cele/ial positions 7 tak5 f ! real skies1 x rema9s to !m to imag9e t he saw !m 9 ,m>* ( #acja & wove !m into ! n>rative ( 8 poem1 al?\gh = "s reason he adopt$ ano!r date4 ,! foll[+ tables 7pp4 #dbe-bf7 summ>ize ! =ego+ pages4 ,x w be not$ ) :at appropriate symbolism ,dante ent]s ,hell on ! ev5+ ( ,good ,friday1 sp5ds t night & ! :ole ( ,saturday 9 ! dep?s1 & rises out ( !m on ,ea/] ,day be=e ! dawn4 ,= al?\gh he rea*es ,e>?'s c5tre on ,saturday ev5+ by ,j]usalem "t1 ! *ange ( hemisph]e !re makes 8 "t sudd5ly g back twelve h\rs1 s t x is aga9 ,saturday morn+1 & he sp5ds ! day & night ( ,saturday 7,purgatory "t7 9 climb+ to ,e>?'s surface4 ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,vision ,,& ,,positions ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,moon1 ,,& ,,planets4 ,dante's ,j]usalem,purgatory ,positions ( ,sun1 ,j\rney4 ,"t4 ,"t4 ,moon & ,planets ,ref]5ces4 9 ,zodiac4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,night ,moon full 9 ,libra1,inf4 xx4 #abg4 ab\t #g? degree ,day ,i4 ,sun 9 ,aries1 ,inf4 i4 #ch-dj4 ,=e/ ,good ab\t #g? degree ,friday 7#acjj7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,night ,inf]no ,day ,,ii4 ,saturday ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,night ,day ,,iii4 ,saturday ,e>?'s ,day 9 ,int]ior 7,sunday7 ,purgatory ,ea/] ,night ,day ,day ,,iv4 ,v5us 9 ,pisces ,purg4 i4 #ai-ba4 7,sund47 at dawn ,ea/] ,day 9 ,purgatory ,night ,moon 9 ! middle ,purg4 ix4 #a-f4 ( ,scorpio ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,day ,v4 7,mond47 ,night ,moon at end ( ,scorpio or ,purgatory beg9n+ ( ,purg4 ,sagitt>ius xviii4 #gi-ha4 ,day ,,vi4 7,tues47 ,night ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,e>?ly ,day ,,vii4 ,sun 9 ! middle ,p>4 i4 #cg-dd2 ,p>adise1 7,w$47 ( ,aries x4 #g-cc2 planet>y ,saturn 9 ,leo xxvii4 #hf1hg4 /ell> sph]es ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,primum ,day ,,viii4 ,p>4 xxi4 ,mobile 7,?ur47 #ac-ae4 & ,empyrean ,summ>y4 ,argum5ts = #acjj or #acja4 ,f ,expressions & ,incid5ts 9 ! ,d4,c4 ,malacoda4 ,inconclusive3 me?od ( reckon+ unc]ta94 ,inf4 xxi4 #aab-aad4 8,nel mezzo del ,inconclusive3 a precise ye> possibly n camm940 indicat$1 & date ( ,dante's bir? n ,inf4 i4 #a4 c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,casella4 ,inconclusive3 may ref] to ,bull ( #abii1 ,purg4 ii4 #ih-ii4 b possibly ( #acjj4 ,c ,gr&e4 ,= #acjj3 ,c ,gr&e #i ye>s old 9 ,p>4 xvii4 #hj1 #ha4 ,m>* #acjj4 ,cunizza4 ,= #acjj3 8que/o c5tesim' anno0 c only ,p>4 ix4 #dj4 mean #acjj4 ,n9o's wid[4 ,inconclusive3 might put (f wid['s we$s ,purg4 viii4 #gd4 be=e re-m>riage4 ,guido ,cavalcanti4 ,= #acjj3 ,guido1 ,dante's intimate fri5d1 ,inf4 x4 #aaa4 di$ 9 ,augu/ #acjj4 ,! ,a/ronomical ,data4 7,true ,equ9ox1 ,m>* #ab4 ,ecclesia/ical1 ,m>* #ba4 ,traditional1 ,m>* #be74 ,9 ,d4,c4 ,on ,good ,friday1 #acjj4 ,on ,m>* #be1 #acja4 ,,sun ne> ,day assum$ to fall soon aft],date ( traditional ,,equ9ox4 equ9ox 7actually ,april #h47 equ9ox 7#ac days aft] true equ9ox74 ,,moon full on ,assum$ full1 s9ce ,ea/] ,full4 fir/ day4 associat$ ) equ9ox & full moon4 7,actually full ,m>* #e1 & ,april #d47 ,,v5us 9 ,pisces ,suppos$ 9 ,pisces f error ,ent]$ ,pisces on #d? day4 9 contempor>y almanac1 ,m>* #bg4 conf\nd+ #acja ) #acjj4 ,,saturn 8on ! ,9 =ep>t ( ,leo1 ,9 ,leo1 #ba/ degree ,lion's brea/40 #h? degree ( ! sign4 ( ! sign1 close to ,regulus4 ,,m>s possibly ,n ne> ,leo4 ,9 ,leo4 int5d$ to be 9 ,leo4 ,e>ly comm5tators und]/& ,good ,friday1 n ,m>* #be4 ,,vii4 ,,!oretical ,,& ,,speculative ,,a/ronomy4 8,?\ %alt le>n ! burn+ nature ( ! pure cle> sun1 ?\ %alt he> ! w&]+ nature ( ! r\nd-ey$ moon1 & ?\ %alt le>n ( ! surr\nd+ heav51 :5ce x arose1 & h[ ,necessity guid+ x compell$ x to hold fa/ ! b\nds ( ! />s40 ,p>m5ides4 #a4 ,,! ,,sph]es4 ,dante's a/ronomical ph5om5a1 ?\gh !y are j ! same t are famili> 7or ought to be famili>7 to u1 h l$ u into "s /range by-ways1 because !y are s intimately connect$ ) 8 works ( imag9ation4 ,8 a/ronomical !ories1 by :i* ^! ph5om5a 7 expla9$1 w also take u into pa?s :i* are n[ seldom trodd5 by a/ronom]s or o!rs1 because m$ival a/ronomy 0 m+l$ ) magic1 ) metaphysics1 & ) religion1 9 a way :i* seems v /range to u4 ,! second treatise ( ! ,convivio has = its text ! ,ode :i* is quot$ 9 ,p>adiso viii4 #cg1 8,voi *e int5d5do il t]zo ciel movete40#efe ,:5 speak+ ( ! lit]al mean+ ( ?is ,ode1 ,dante takes ! occasion to disc\rse on ! sy/em ( a/ronomy :i* he _h le>n$1 & describes h[ all ! app>5t movem5ts ( ! heav5s are expla9$ by po/ulat+ ! exi/5ce ( sph]es & epicycles1 ent]+ ) special detail into ! sy/em ( ,v5us1 ! ?ird heav52 & lat] on1 :5 exp\nd+ ! allegorical mean+ ( ! ,ode1 he draws an elaborate comp>ison betwe5 ! sph]es & ! diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce & philosophy1 9 :i* he incid5tally gives 8 read]s a good deal ( in=mation ab\t ! heav5s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #efe 8,oh ye ^: intellectual m9i/ry ,moves ! ?ird heav540 7,c>ey74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,f ?is int]e/+ treatise1 !re=e1 z well z f _m scatt]$ passages 9 all 8 works1 we le>n :at ,dante ?\ght 7 ! real movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 _! dim5sions1 _! nature1 & ! =ces :i* move !m2 & x =ms a valuable comm5t>y on ! ,p>adiso1 9 read+ :i* he supposes u to und]/& ! elem5ts ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 & ! ideas ( ! philosoph]s & ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* conc]n+ ! organization ( ! ,univ]se4 ,( ^! ultimate tru?s conc]n+ ! heav5s1 ,dante says1 v little c be kn[n1 b ! little :i* is )9 ! rea* ( human reason1 gives m delight 7z ,ari/otle says7 ?an ! abundance & ! c]ta9ty ( o!r ?+s easi] to be und]/ood4#eff ,?is ?\ght f9ds an e*o 9 ! ,p>adiso1 :]e ! poet rem9ds u ( ! beautiful ord] to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & invites u to contemplate ! skill ( ! ar*itect z %[n 9 ! movem5ts ( ! planets4#efg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eff ,conv4 ,,ii4 iii4 #h-ad4 #efg ,p>4 x4 #a-ab4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dante knew t great m5 9 anci5t days _h speculat$ on ! possibility t x 0 ,e>?1 & n ! skies1 t mov$ 9 ! diurnal p]iod1 b ! balance ( au?ority 0 aga9/ !m1 & !y _h be5 confut$ by ! ,ma/] ( ^? :o ,,"k1#efh t glori\s philosoph] to :om ,nature mo/ fully reveal$ h] secrets1#efi ,ari/otle4 ,9 ,treatise ,,iii4 ( ! ,convivio he gives a cle> & concise acc\nt ( ! !ory ( ,philolaus1 & ( :at he und]/ood to be ! !ory ( ,plato4#egj ,9 ! =m] he seems to h be5 /ruck ) ! d$uction t1 if ,fire 7 at ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se1 ! real motion ( fire on ,e>?1 :i* to u appe>s always to asc5d1 w\ld 9 reality be a desc5t t[>ds its own place at ! c5tre4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #efh ,inf4 iv4 #aca4 #efi ,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #ed-ef4 #egj ,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #bi-eb4 ,see ,"p ,i4 ( ?is book ,py?agoras & 8 ,foll[]s1 & ,plato1 = a description ( _! a/ronomical sy/ems4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,bo? ^! hypo!ses he _h evid5tly le>n$ f ,ari/otle's ,de ,clo1#ega & :5 ?us pres5t$ !y seem entirely fanciful2 s al?\gh ,dante _h rev]5ce = bo? ,py?agoras & ,plato x is n surpris+ t he reject$ ! sy/ems ( bo?4 ,he adds t x is n 8 int5tion to rec\nt "h ! argum5ts by :i* ,ari/otle confutes !m & e/abli%es ! tru?3 x is en\gh = 8 read]s to "k1 on s great an au?ority1 t ! e>? is fix$1 & does n revolve1 & is at ! c5tre ( ! ,_w4 ,dante has to confess reluctantly t ,ari/otle made two mi/akes 9 8 a/ronomy3 he said t !re 7 only eight sph]es1 ^? ( ! sev5 planets1 & t ( ! />s1 8e *e di fuori da esso non fosse altro alcuno20#egb also he plac$ ! heav5 ( ! sun imm$iately above t ( ! moon1 t is to say second 9 ord]1 c\nt+ f ,e>? outw>d4 ,ari/otle's loyal admir] ha/5s to add t ^! s]i\s mi/akes 8que/a sua s5t5za cos erronea0#egc are explicable & excusable because1 z ,ari/otle himself %[s 9 ! ,metaphysics1 :5 he treat$ ( a/rology he 0 m]ely foll[+ ! op9ions ( o!rs4 ,t is to say1 he took 8 facts f o!rs1 & !y _c all be dep5d$ ^u1 b 8 philosophical d$uctions are 8 own1 & are nev] 9 error4 ,9 ! above "q ( ! possible movem5ts ( ,e>?1 we saw 7pp4 #aja-b7 t ,ari/otle's argum5ts 7 almo/ entirely drawn f metaphysics4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ega ,see ,"p ,i4 8,ari/otle40 #egb 8,& t outside ! latt] !re 0 no o!r40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 iii4 #bd1 #be4 #egc 8,?is entirely mi/ak5 op9ion ( 840 ,ibid4 #bh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!re h be5 _m op9ions reg>d+ ! numb] & ! positions ( ! sph]es1 ,dante says1 b ! tru? ab\t !m has at l5g? be5 f\nd4 ,! s*eme :i* he exp\nds is t ( ,ptolemy1 modifi$ by ! ,arabs & adapt$ to ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* by ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,9 ! ,vita ,nuova he almo/ seems to imply t ! n9e mov+ sph]es =m an article ( fai?4 8,secondo ,tolommeo e secondo la ,cri/iana v]it1 nove siano li cieli *e si muovono40#egd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #egd 8,accord+ to ,ptolemy & accord+ to ,*ri/ian ,tru?1 n9e is ! numb] ( ! mov+ heav5s40 ,v4 ,n4 xxx4 #af-ah4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,quot+ f ,alb]tus ,magnus1 or ,av]ros1 he app>5tly cr$its ,ptolemy ) ! discov]y ( precession1 = he says t x 0 ,ptolemy :o add$ a n9? sph]e to ! eight ( ,ari/otle1 because he p]ceiv$ t o!rwise ! out] sph]e w\ld h a d\ble movem5t1 & s he felt oblig$ to assume a sph]e beyond ! /> sph]e :i* %\ld h only ! "o simple motion ( ! diurnal ea/ to we/ revolution4 ,! p]iod ( ?is revolution 7! sid]eal day7 ,dante gives z #bc h\rs & _/?s ( an h\r1 8grossam5te assegn&o10#ege i4e4 #bc h\rs #ef m9utes1 :i* is ! correct value ignor+ ! #d seconds4 ,we "k t x 0 n ,ptolemy 9 fact :o ?\ght x necess>y to add a n9? sph]e2 he 0 n suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 sph]es1 s9ce to him !y 7 only ma!matical ab/ractions3 b ! ,arabs ( ,baghdad not$ t he _h add$ ano!r movem5t1 ! discov]y ( ,hipp>*us2 & !y1 accept+ ! sph]es z mat]ial in/rum5ts ( cele/ial motions1 felt oblig$ to assume ! exi/5ce ( ! ,primum ,mobile or #i? sph]e4 ,t ,dante %\ld believe ! sph]es to exi/ z actual entities 0 inevitable1 = 8 pr9cipal au?orities1 ,greek1 ,arab1 & ,*ri/ian1 all taught ?is4 ,& !re is abundant evid5ce t he did ?9k ( !m ?us4 ,he calls !m bodies3--8omnia corpora10#egf 8que/i corpi gr&i10#egg 8c]*i corporai10#egh 8il maggior corpo10#egi etc4 ,!y are transp>5t1 "o sph]e n ob/ruct+ ! light f ano!r2#ehj & compos$ ( !r1 8que/o et]a tondo40#eha ,!y h a c]ta9 ?ickness1 & w\ld be visible if ne> en\gh1 = ,dante speaks ( ! inn] m>g9 ( ! ,primum ,mobile1 & says t x 0 too f> above him = him to h se5 x yet1 :5 he 0 9 ! ,/> ,sph]e4#ehb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ege 8,r\ghly speak+40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 iii4 #cf-dh4 #egf 8,all bodies40 ,ep4 x4 #dde4 #egg 8,^! va/ bodies40 ,p>4 viii4 #ii4 #egh 8,mat]ial circles0 7"h comp>$ ) ! ,angels1 :o are purely spiritual74 ,p>4 xxviii4 #fd4 #egi 8,! greate/ body40 ,p>4 xxx4 #ci4 #ehj ,purg4 iii4 #bi1 #cj4 #eha 8,?is r\nd$ e!r40 ,p>4 xxii4 #acb4 #ehb ,p>4 xxiii4 #aab-aag4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,he gives ! ord] ( ! eight heav5s z 9 ,ptolemy1 & adds ! n9?1 :i* is only p]ceiv$ by ! diurnal movem5t ( :i* x is ! cause2 & x is call$ by _m ! ,cry/all9e1 t is1 ! diaphan\s or completely transp>5t ,heav54#ehc ,! ord] ( ^! sph]es has be5 discov]$ by obs]vation & reason+1 ) ! use ( ! pr9ciples ( ,p]spective1 ,ari?metic1 & ,geometry4 ,dante gives z an in/ance ! exp]i5ce ( ,ari/otle1 :o ) 8 own eyes saw ! moon pass bel[ ,m>s1 & s hide x = "s "t2 & he m5tions also h[ 9 eclipses x is evid5t t ! moon is bel[ ! sun 7i4e4 ne>] to u74#ehd ,to ^! n9e sph]es ( ! a/ronom]s1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 8:i* _c lie10 adds a t5?1 ! ,empyrean ,heav51 :i* means ! heav5 ( flame or light1 & is ! abode ( ! bless$ spirits & ( ,god ,himself4#ehe ,& "h ,dante is able to give himself ! pleasure ( add+ t ,ari/otle seems to h be5 ( ?is op9ion also2 8,ed anco ,ari/otile p>e ci s5tire1 a *i b5e lo int5de1 nel primo ,di ,cielo e ,mondo40#ehf ,he is no d\bt allud+ to :at ,ari/otle says ab\t ! exi/5ce beyond ! f9ite univ]se4#ehg ,! :ole passage is ?us translat$ 9 ! 8,temple0 ,dante3#ehh 8,nor is !re any *ange ( any ( ^? ?+s :i* are rang$ above ! outmo/ rotation1 b !y are un*angeable & passionless1 enjoy+ ! sup]lative exi/5ce1 & pass+ 9 absolute self-suffici5cy _! et]nal life40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ehf 8,& ,ari/otle also1 to "o :o rightly und]/&s him1 seems to mean ! same ?+1 9 8 fir/ book ( ,! ,heav5 & ! ,e>?40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 iv4 #cb-cd4 #ehc ,conv4 ,,ii4 iv4 #a-ac4 #ehd ,conv4 ,,ii4 iii4 #eb-fe4 #ehe ,conv4 ,,ii4 iv4 #ac-af1 #cj-cb4 ,see also ,ep4 x4 #ddh-deb4 #ehg ,see p4 #ig4 #ehh ,! ,convivio ( ,dante1 8,temple0 ,edition1 note on ,,ii4 iv4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! n9? sph]e rotates on two poles1 :i* are absolutely fix$1 8f]mi e fissi e non mutabile1 secondo alcuno rispetto10#ehi ! eight )9 x h ea* two poles :i* are only relatively fix$ 7= !y move ) ! movem5t ( ! ,primum ,mobile71 & e sph]e has an equator1 e po9t on :i* is equally di/ant f ! two poles ( rotation1 z anyone may see :o w turn r\nd an apple1 or any o!r sph]ical ?+4 ,any po9t on ! equator moves m quickly ?an any o!r po9t on ! sph]e1 & ea* "p moves m quickly ! ne>] x is to ! equator1 m sl[ly z x is f> f x & ne>] to ! pole1 s9ce all ! circl+ is done 9 ! same "t1 & "s p>ts h a great]1 & "s a less di/ance to g1 accord+ to _! di/ance f ! equator4 ,dante adds t ! ne>] any "p ( a heav5 is to its equator1 ! nobl] x is comp>$ ) its poles1 = x has m movem5t1 & m actuality1 m life1 & m =m1 & x t\*es m ( ! heav5 j above1 & 9 consequ5ce is m noble4#eij ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ehi 8,firm & fix$ & n moveable1 f any po9t ( view40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 iv4 #ej1 #ea4 #eij ,conv4 ,,ii4 iv4 #fh-ge4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,besides ^! t5 heav5s !re are o!rs :i*1 /rictly speak+1 %\ld be includ$ 9 ! numb]3 ^! are ! little sph]es :i* are call$ 8epicycles0 by a/ronom]s1 & !y also h equators & poles ( rotation1 & are fix$ on ! l>ge sph]es1 or heav5s4 ,dante does n ent] into any p>ticul>s ab\t ^!1 b only m5tions 7z belong+ specially to ! subject 9 h&7 t ! brilliant /> ( ,v5us is c>ri$ 8on ! back0 ( an epicycle1 :i* is itself fix$ on ! back ( ! ?ird ,heav54#eia ,! app>5t movem5t ( ,v5us is !re=e comp\nd$ ( no less ?an f\r movem5ts3 t ( h] epicycle1 ( h] :ole heav5 7! 8def]5t0 ,dante does n "n1 probably z introduc+ too te*nical a ^w71 ( ! we/ to ea/ motion ( ! /> sph]e 7precession71 & ! diurnal4 ,! epicycle ( ,v5us is also call$ 9 ?is treatise1 z we h already se51 8quello suo c]*io *e la fa p>]e s]ot9a e mattut9a1 secondo i due div]si tempi10#eib & ! 8t]zo epiciclo0#eic is ref]r$ to 9 ,p>4 viii4 #c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eia ,conv4 ,,ii4 iv4 #gh-ajd4 #eib 8,t circle ( h]s :i* makes h] appe> z ev5+ & morn+ />1 accord+ to ! two diff]5t p]iods40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 ii4 #c-e4 #eic 8,?ird epicycle40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a little fur!r on 9 ! same treatise1 ,dante tells u ! p]iods 9 :i* all ^! n9e sph]es revolve4 ,x is an int]e/+ passage1 & illu/rates ! poet's vivid way ( br++ home to 8 own m9d & ^? ( 8 read]s ! effects ( ! diff]5t cele/ial motions4#eid ,! n9? sph]e1 :i* is ! ,cry/all9e or ,primum ,mobile1 causes by its daily revolution ! daily revolution ( all ! o!r sph]es1 :i* are )9 x2 x is1 z ,beatrice says1 8co/ui1 *e tutto quanto rape l'altro univ]so seco40#eie ,!re=e if we imag9e x possible = ! motion ( ?is ,cry/all9e ,heav5 to cease1 :at w be ! effect on ! motions ( ! o!r heav5s8 ,obvi\sly _! diurnal movem5t f ea/ to we/ w cease1 & we %all only see !m revolv+1 ea* 9 its own p]iod1 f we/ to ea/4 ,!re w be no alt]nation ( day & night1 or r1 !re w be "o long day ( six mon?s1 & "o long night ( ! same l5g?1 9 any giv5 place all ov] ! e>?4 ,9 ! same way ! moon w be invisible = half ! mon?2 & all ! planets w be invisible to u = half _! p]iods2 & z ,dante believ$ only ! kn[n hemisph]e ( ,e>? to be inhabit$1 he c\ld say t dur+ "o half ( ea* p]iod no "o w\ld see ! planet at all4 ,he enum]ates ! half p]iod 9 ea* case1 z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eid ,conv4 ,,ii4 xv4 #acb-aee4 #eie 8,t "o :i* sweeps ! :ole ( ! re/ ( ! univ]se along ) x40 ,p>4 xxviii4 #gj1 #ga4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,half ,p]iod ,:ole ,p]iod giv5 by ,alfraganus 8,planets40 7approximate7 7,el4 ,a/4 *4 xvii47 giv5 by ,dante4 ,ye>s ,mon?s ,days ,saturn #ad ye>s #bi #e #h ,jupit] #f 0 #aa #aj #ad ab\t4 ,m>s ab\t a ye> #a #aj #bb ne>ly4 ,sun #ahb days1 #ad hrs4 444 #cfe ne>ly4 ab\t ! same ,v5us z ! sun4 444 0 ,m]cury 0 0 444 444 0 ,moon #ad days 444 7ne>ly7 #bg1 #g hrs4 7,p>is edition1 #bi days1 #ab hrs47 ,if we comp>e ^! ) ! zodiacal p]iods giv5 by ,alfraganus1 we see t ,dante has tak5 ^? ( ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 & ,m>s at ! ne>e/ :ole numb] ( ye>s & halv$ !m1 b ) ! sun he seems to h us$ t m exact value ) :i* we h already se5 t he 0 acqua9t$4 ,= to divide ! #cfe days ( ,alfraganus by #b w\ld h giv5 him exactly #ahb days #ae h\rs2 b divid+ #cfe days #e h\rs1 & neglect+ m9utes gives #ahb days #ad h\rs4 ,! l>ge oscillations ( ,v5us & ,m]cury w\ld make _! p]iods ( visibility v irregul>1 b ! mean p]iod w\ld be1 z ,dante says1 ab\t ! same z t ( ! sun4 ,he has made a slip ) ! moon1 = ( c\rse x is h] sid]eal p]iod ( #bg days #g h\rs :i* he %\ld h tak51 giv+ a half p]iod ( less ?an #ad days1 :]eas he has evid5tly tak5 ! mean synodic p]iod ( #bi days #ab h\rs1 & ignor$ ! h\rs4 ,all ! pr9t$ editions ( ,alfraganus give ! sid]eal p]iod 9 ?is passage1 except ! ,p>is edition ( #aedf2 b t gives ! synodic1#eif s x d\btless appe>$ on "s m$ival ,,mss4 ,dante mu/ h _h ! mis=tune to possess or consult "o ( ^!4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eif ,toynbee1 8,dante's ,obligations to ,alfraganus 9 ,vita ,nuova & ,convivio10 9 ,romania xxiv4 #ie4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,z = ! />s1 "o ?ird ( _! sph]e w\ld n yet h be5 se54 ,?is is n difficult to und]/& if we rememb] :at ! movem5t ( ! /> sph]e 0 suppos$ to be1 & h[ long x 0 s9ce man _h fir/ begun to look ^u x1 accord+ to ,dante's *ronology4 ,! movem5t :i* makes ! equ9octial po9t %ift its place among ! />s 0 ?\ght to be a movem5t ( revolution ( ! :ole /> sph]e1 & its rate to be "o degree 9 a c5tury2 ! age ( ! _w1 we le>n f ,p>4 xxvi4 #aah-abc1 0 ov] sixty c5turies :5 ,dante wrote4 ,= ,adam said t he _h sp5t #icj ye>s on ,e>? & #dcjb 9 ! ,limbo1 s t ,dante evid5tly c\nt$ #ebcb ye>s f ! ,creation to ! ,crucifixion1 t is 7#ebcb-cc 7 #eaii to ! beg9n+ ( our era at ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 :i* is ! date giv5 by ,orosius2 add+ #acjj ye>s to ?is1 we f9d t ! age ( ! _w 9 ,dante's day 0 m ?an #fjjj ye>s4 ,!re=e ! /> sph]e _h revolv$1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 ?r\gh m ?an #fj degrees4 ,! fir/ inhabitants ( ?is e>? saw half ! />ry sky or #ahj1 & s9ce !n x _h revolv$ ?r\gh #fj1 :i* toge!r is equal to #bdj2 !re=e !re w\ld /ill rema9 #abj1 or "o ?ird ( a revolution1 to be made to complete ! :ole #cfj1 & br+ e "p ( ! /> sph]e into view4 ,j be=e ?is passage ,dante _h express$ ! same idea 9 ano!r way4 ,?is movem5t prop] to ! /> sph]e1 he says1 w nev] h an end1 = ! end ( a revolution is to return to ! same po9t2 & ?is heav5 w nev] d s1 = s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w x has turn$ ?r\gh a little m ?an ! six? "p ( its :ole revolution 7#fj ( #cfj71 & we are already 9 ! la/ age ( ! _w1 & inde$ are await+ ! consummation ( ! cele/ial motion4#eig ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eig ,conv4 ,,ii4 xv4 #ajh-aah4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,if ! premises be grant$1 ! conclusions are correct4 ,z reg>ds sun1 moon1 & planets1 !y are correct ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( mod]n k4 ,= if ! diurnal motion 7t is ,e>?'s rotation7 7 to cease1 :ile h] o!r motions1 & ^? ( ! re/ ( ! sol> sy/em rema9$ z at pres5t1 h] motion r\nd ! sun w\ld cause x to rise & set once 9 a ye>1 & ! appe>ance ( moon & planets also w\ld be z describ$4 ,! va/ly di/ant />s w\ld h no appreciable motion1 save t caus$ by precession1 = if ! e>? revolv$ r\nd ! sun )\t turn+ on h] axis1 ! same />s w\ld always rema9 on ! m]idian at any giv5 place4 ,precession1 h[ev]1 w\ld n h ! result :i* ,dante suppos$4 ,he consid]$ x to be a rotation ( ! /> sph]e1 b we "k t x is m]ely a nodd+4 ,h5ce at any giv5 place a /> at ! pole w\ld describe1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 a small circle 9 ! sky1 & ^? at ! equator w\ld move 9 %ort l9es fir/ nor? & !n s\?1 :ile />s betwe5 w\ld move 9 ellipses :i* become n>r[] z !y approa* ! equator4 ,all r\nd ! horizon1 !re=e1 !re w\ld be slight v sl[ *anges1 br++ a few fre% />s into view1 & caus+ o!rs to disappe>4 ,! :ole am\nt ( ! sky actually se5 w\ld v>y b little1 ev5 if ! _w %\ld la/ mu* long] ?an ,dante expect$4 ,dante evid5tly took 8 value ( precession f ,alfraganus1 = he 0 "o ( ! few ,arab a/ronom]s :o accept$ ,ptolemy's errone\s figure4 ,9 ! ,p>adiso1 z ! poet m\nts ) ,beatrice f sph]e to sph]e he m5tions ! numb] ( ea* "o 9 its ord]4 ,! moon is 8la prima /ella10#eih ,m]cury 8il secondo regno10#eii ,v5us 8il t]zo ciel10#fjj ! spirits met 9 ! sun are 8la qu>ta famiglia10#fja ,m>s is 8que/a qu9ta soglia10#fjb & 8pi levato0#fjc ?an ! la/ heav51 ,jupit] is ! 8/ella se/a10#fjd ,saturn 8il settimo spl5dore40#fje ,! />ry heav5 is allud$ to z 8la sp]a ottava40#fjf ,! ,primum ,mobile is 8il ciel velocissimo10#fjg 8il maggior corpo40#fjh ,! ,empyrean1 8il ciel *' pura luce10#fji is call$ 8l'ultima sp]a10#faj b ?is has no limits & no movem5t1 & !re=e no poles3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eih 8,! fir/ />40 ,p>4 ii4 #cj4 #eii 8,! second realm40 ,p>4 v4 #ic4 #fjj 8,! ?ird heav540 ,p>4 viii4 #cg4 #fja 8,! f\r? family40 ,p>4 x4 #di4 #fjb 8,! fif? ?re%old40 ,p>4 xviii4 #bh4 #fjc 8,m l(ty40 ,p>4 xiv4 #he4 #fjd 8,six? />40 ,p>4 xviii4 #fh1 #fi4 #fje 8,! sev5? spl5d\r40 ,p>4 xxi4 #ac4 #fjf 8,! eigh? sph]e40 ,p>4 ii4 #fd4 #fjg 8,! swifte/ heav540 ,p>4 xxvii4 #ii4 #fjh 8,! greate/ body40 ,p>4 xxx4 #ci4 ,comp>e ,v4 ,n4 xlii4 #dg4 8,oltre la sp]a *e pi l>ga gira10 78beyond ! sph]e :i* has ! l>ge/ circle740 #fji 8,! heav5 ( pure light40 ,p>4 xxx4 #ci4 #faj 8,! la/ sph]e40 ,p>4 xxii4 #fb4 8 444 ,9 quella sola ,e ogni p>te l dove sempr' era2 ,p]* non 9 loco1 e non s'impola40#faa #faa 8 444 ,)9 t "o alone ,is e "p :]e x has always be52 ,= x is n 9 space1 nor turns on poles40 ,p>4 xxii4 #fe-fg4 7,longfell[47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 ,conv4 ,,ii4 iv4 #ce-ci x is ?us describ$3-- 8,que/o il sovrano edificio del mondo1 nel quale tutto il mondo s'in*iude2 e di fuori dal quale nulla 2 ed esso non 9 luogo1 ma =mato fu solo nella ,prima ,m5te1 la quale li ,greci dicono ,protonoe40#fab ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fab 8,?is is ! sov]eign edifice ( ! _w1 9 :i* all ! _w is enclos$1 & beyond :i* is naught2 & x exi/s n 9 space1 b receiv$ =m only 9 ! ,primal ,m9d1 :i* ! ,greeks call ,protonoe40 ,see also ,ep4 x4 #ddb-ddg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! sph]es are sometimes c\nt$ 9 ! o!r direction1 f ! out]mo/ to ! inn]mo/ or l[e/1 & !re=e ?is 8ultima sp]a0#fac is else:]e spok5 ( z 8il primo cielo10#fad 8il primo giro10#fae 8clum primum40#faf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fac 8,la/ sph]e40 #fad 8,! fir/ heav540 ,purg4 xxx4 #a4 #fae 8,! fir/ circle40 ,p>4 iv4 #cd4 #faf 8,fir/ heav540 ,qu4 iv4 #g4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #b4 ,,! ,,sph]es ,,& ,,! ,,f\r ,,elem5ts4 ,! pure region ( ! sph]es1 8il paese s9c]o10 is immortal z ! spirits !mselves2#fag b bel[ ! l[e/ cele/ial sph]e 78la cele/ial c'ha m5 salita0 ,p>4 iv4 #ci7 all is mortal & transitory1 z ! ,greeks & ! ,lat9 poets _h said4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! ,lett] to ,c ,gr&e1 :5 ,dante contra/s ! sph]es 7clum7 & ! elem5ts1 & says3 8illud incorruptibile1 illa v]o corruptibilia sunt40#fah ,x is also impli$ 9 ,virgil's address to ,beatrice3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fag ,p>4 vii4 #acj-acb comp>$ ) #fg1 #fh4 ,see also ,p>4 i4 #fd & #gf4 #fah ,ep4 x4 #dce-dcg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 8,o donna di virt1 sola p] cui ,l'umana specie ecc$e ogni cont5to ,da quel ciel *e ha m9or' li c]*i sui40#fai ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fai 8,o ,lady ( ,virtue1 ?\ alone ?r\gh :om ,! human race exce$e? all conta9$ ,)9 ! heav5 t has ! less] circles40 ,inf4 ii4 #gf-gh4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is only ?r\gh ! spiritual tea*+ :i* ,beatrice symbolizes t ! human race c rise above all t is compris$ )9 ! heav5 ( ! smalle/ sph]e4 ,& x is taught by ,beatrice h]self :51 9 ! heav5 ( ,m]cury1 %e disc\rses on ! my/]ies ( ! creation & r$emption4 ,! angels1 ! s\ls ( m51 & ! sph]es1 7 creat$ directly by ,god1 %e says1 & are !re=e immortal1 b ! elem5ts1 wat]1 fire1 air1 e>?1 & all ?+s t are =m$ out ( !m1 also ! s\ls or liv+ pr9ciples ( all animals & plants1 7 creat$ ?r\gh int]m$iate in/rum5ts & are mortal4 ,^! int]m$iate in/rum5ts are ! heav5ly bodies4 ,pure or in*oate matt] 0 creat$ at ! beg9n+ by ,god1 & a p[] infus$ into ! />s to give x =m4#fbj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fbj ,p>4 vii4 #abd-adc4 ,comp>e ) ,plato's acc\nt ( ! creation ( liv+ be+s 7,"p ,i41 ,plato74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dante foll[s ! classics & agrees ) 8 contempor>ies 9 arrang+ ! f\r elem5ts 9 f\r sph]es1 :i* are bel[ ! cele/ial sph]es4 ,! sph]e ( ,fire is imm$iately )9 t ( ! moon1 bel[ ?is comes ,air1 !n ,wat]1 & la/ly ! solid sph]e ( ,e>?4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ,fire :i* con/antly t5ds to rise t[>ds ! moon1 & ,e>? :i* s9ks t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 is a fav\rite ?\ght ) him2#fba & lightn+ /rik+ ! e>? is describ$ z flee+ its prop] place4#fbb ,ari/otle seems to h reg>d$ ! f\r elem5ts z fl[+ into "o ano!r1 s t ^! l[ly sph]es b5ea? ! moon 7 n %>ply divid$1 b 8 m$ival disciples1 foll[+ ! ,greek idea to its logical conclusion1 conceiv$ !m ) b\nd>ies z def9ite z ^? ( ! cele/ial sph]es4 8,exhalations0 c\ld pass f "o to ano!r1 b ea* p>ticle ( e elem5t t5d$ always to rev]t to its own place1 :i* 0 di/9ct f ! o!rs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fba ,p>4 i4 #aae1 #aag2 ,de ,mon4 ,i4 xv4 #ch-da2 & ,,iii4 vii4 #cj1 #ca1 etc4 #fbb ,p>4 i4 #ib1 #acj-acd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,& "h !y enc\nt]$ a s]i\s difficulty4 ,if ! sph]e ( wat] is naturally high] ?an t ( e>?1 h[ comes x t 9 "o qu>t] ( ! globe l& rises above ! ocean8 ,x 0 recognis$ z necess>y t ?is %\ld happ5 9 "s "p ( ! _w1 9 ord] = an opportunity to be giv5 = ! elem5ts to comb9e & to =m all ^? sub/ances & all ^? liv+ creatures1 includ+ man1 = :i* ?is e>? 0 prep>$2 x 0 also agre$ t ! cele/ial sph]es 7 ! ag5cy by :i* ! ,creator _h fir/ *os5 to 8let ! dry l& appe>10 & by :i* x 0 ma9ta9$ above ! ocean2 b ! exact nature ( ?is =ce & ! way 9 :i* x act$ 0 a "q sometimes discuss$4 ,alb]tus ,magnus 0 ( op9ion t ! rays ( ! sun & ! />s1 :i* _h m p[] 9 ! temp]ate & tropic zones ?an 9 ! arctic1 _h "h dri$ up ! ocean1 & he quotes ,albumass>'s /atem5t t ?is proves ! exi/5ce ( l& on ! s\!rn side ( ! equator also4 ,ri/oro1 on ! o!r h&1 believ$ t ! wat]s _h be5 drawn up & roll$ back f ! habitable e>?1 & he attributes ! elevat+ =ce to ! />s ( ! nor?1 br++ 9 8 fav\rite !ory t 9 ?is hemisph]e !y are f> m num]\s1 & ! con/ellations1 f _! upright position1 are f> m p[]ful ?an 9 ! s\?4 ,he comp>es ?is lift+ =ce ( ! />s to ! attractive p[] ( a magnet ov] iron1 & argues t x mu/ be ! wat]s :i* are drawn away f ! e>?1 n ! e>? :i* is lift$ above ! wat]1 because ! />ry influ5ce 9 its d[nw>d c\rse w\ld meet fir/ ! sph]e ( wat]1 & moreov] x is light] & easi] to move ?an ,e>?4 ,he also ?9ks t ! pres5ce ( spr+s on m\nta9 tops is to be expla9$ by ! fact t ! ocean is pres]v$ at a high] level1 h5ce wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh ! por\s l&1 z ?r\gh a sponge1 is =c$ up to its utmo/ height4 ,x does n seem z if ,dante _h paid mu* att5tion to ?is problem :5 he 0 writ+ ! ,convivio1 = al?\gh he calls ! habitable "p ( ! e>? 8! uncov]$ l&10 8la t]ra discop]ta0 7,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #gc71 he speaks ( ,e>? & ocean z if !y =m$ a globe toge!r1 8,que/a t]ra 444 col m>e c5tro del cielo10#fbc 9 ! mann] ( ,alfraganus1 8,int] sapi5tes conv5it1 t]ram un cum aqua globosam esse40#fbd ,b if we may believe t ,dante is ! au?or ( ! ,qu/io de ,aqua et ,t]ra--a belief %>$ by _m exp]ts--he became greatly int]e/$ 9 ! problem lat] on4 ,accord+ to ! introduction & ! f9al colophon1 he att5d$ a discussion on ! subject & jo9$ 9 x himself1 :5 9 ,mantua1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,v]ona less ?an two ye>s be=e 8 dea? he wrote & read 9 public a ,lat9 treatise 9 :i* 8 argum5ts & conclusions are set =?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fbc 8,?is e>?1 toge!r ) ! sea1 is ! c5tre ( heav540 7,conv4 ,,iii4 v4 #fc-fe47 #fbd 8,x is agre$ among le>n$ m5 t e>? & wat] toge!r =m a globe40 7,el4 ,a/4 iii474 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,he seems to h _h 9 m9d ,ri/oro's book1 & :ile refut+ "s ( ! conclusions agrees ) o!rs4 ,z a ?irte5? c5tury s*ol> he admits1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ! c5tre ( ! e>? is ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se & ! goal t[>ds :i* all heavy ?+s t5d2 t e>? z ! heavie/ elem5t ought to be ev]y:]e ne>e/ ?is c5tre1 :ile wat] ought to occupy ! nobl] place above x1 t is1 ne>] to ! mo/ noble sph]e ( all :i* envelops all ! o!rs 7! ,empyrean74 ,he also reasons1 9 true ,dantesque & true m$ival fa%ion t !re mu/ be "s place 9 ! univ]se :]e all ! elem5ts may meet & m+le s t all pot5tial =ms ( matt] may be realiz$2 o!rwise ! ,mov] ( heav51 9 :om all ^! =ms 7,plato's ,ideas7 actually exi/1 w\ld fail to give complete expression to 8 goodness1 :i* is impossible4#fbe ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fbe ,qu4 xviii4 #bh-ed4 ,?is may be comp>$ ) ,p>4 xxix4 #ac-ah4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! au?or ( ! ,qu/io d5ies1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 accompli%$ by ! removal ( "p ( ! sph]e ( wat] f ! und]ly+ e>?4 ,! ocean _c h be5 drawn away & heap$ up1 he says1 = wat] w\ld always fl[ d[n aga91 be+ fluid & naturally seek+ its own level2 nor c ! sph]e ( wat] be ecc5tric to t ( ,e>? s t ! latt] em]ges f x 9 "o "p4 ,! reason = ?is is int]e/+ s9ce x implies a curi\s & app>5tly novel !ory ( gravity4 ,ari/otle's !ory 0 t all heavy ?+s t5d by a natural law t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & !re=e necess>ily range !mselves 9 sph]es r\nd x2 ! writ] might !re=e h made %ort "w ( ,wat]'s ecc5tric sph]e by /at+ briefly t x c\ld n exi/2 in/ead ( ?is1 h[ev]1 he sugge/s a new law ( gravity1 app>5tly inv5t$ on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 accord+ to :i* ev]y?+ :i* has weight t5ds t[>ds ! c5tre ( its own circumf]5ce4 ,if !n e>? & wat] _h two sep>ate c5tres1 !y w\ld fall naturally 9 diff]5t directions1 or z he puts x 8to diff]5t d[ns40 ,yet we "k t ! law ( gravity is ! same = bo?1 & !re=e _! sph]es mu/ be conc5tric4 ,! c5tre ( ! univ]se mu/ be also ! c5tre ( ! sea4#fbf ,x _h app>5tly be5 urg$ 7p]haps 9 ! discussion at ,mantua7 t s9ce wat] foll[s ! moon 9 ! tides1 its sph]e may also imitate h]s 9 be+ ecc5tric1 b al?\gh ,dante takes = grant$ t a connection betwe5 moon & tides is prov$ 7& inde$ x _h be5 not$ by ! ,greeks71#fbg he replies t imitation 9 "o p>ticul> ne$ n imply imitation 9 all4 ,aga91 if ! sph]e ( e>? em]g$ f ! sph]e ( wat] 9 ! way propos$1 ! outl9e ( ! em]g5t e>? mu/ be circul>1 in/ead ( :i* x is t ( a half-moon1 or ne>ly s1 its wid? f ea/ to we/ be+ mu* great] ?an its l5g? f nor? to s\?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fbf ,qu4 xv4 #aj1 #aa4 #fbg ,see p4 #acd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dante has be5 blam$ = assign+ ?is %ape to ! em]g5t e>?1 b ! comp>ison ( ,e>?'s habitable quadrant ) ! illum9at$ quadrant ( ! moon is p]fectly j1 z we saw ) ,ri/oro1#fbh f :om ,dante is p]haps quot+ "h4 ,! qualify+ 8vel quasi0#fbi is add$ because ! truly habitable regions did n ext5d ov] ! :ole quadrant1 b /opp$ %ort at ! arctic circle4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fbh ,see p4 #bdg4 #fbi 8,or ne>ly40 ,qu4 xix4 #fa-fc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! exi/5ce ( spr+s on m\nta9 tops is expla9$ by ! fact t wat] rises ?i!r n 9 ! =m ( wat] b ( vap\r4 ,ano!r uphold] ( ,ri/oro's !ory t ,wat] 0 roll$ away f ,e>? seems to h br\ght =w>d z evid5ce t sailors c see di/ant l& f ! ma/ :i* is invisible f ! deck1 & t !re=e x evid5tly lies bel[ ! ocean2 b ?is is confut$ by ! true & well kn[n explanation t x is ! convex %ape ( ! sea :i* hides ! di/ant l&4 ,our au?or adds to 8 o!r argum5ts1 9 ! curi\sly casual way s *>act]i/ic ( 8 age1 ! ord9>y obs]vation :i* w\ld be ! fir/ to occur to u1 & q suffici5t 9 itself1 viz4 t in/ead ( see+ a great wall ( ocean ris+ above our sea-coa/s1 we inv>iably see ! coa/ ris+ above ! sea4 ,8 own idea is t ?\gh ! sph]e ( ,wat] 9 g5]al rises above ,e>?1 9 "o "p ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e ,e>? has be5 drawn up above ! ocean4 ,e>? mu/ be subject to an uplift+ influ5ce1 z well z to ! d[nw>d drag ( gravity1 j z man is susceptible to ! influ5ce ( reason z well z to ! sway ( 8 l[] passions4 ,?is uplift+ influ5ce is n inh]5t 9 ,e>? h]self1 an upw>d impulse w\ld be contr>y to h] own nature2 nor c x be 9 wat]1 or air1 or fire1 s9ce all ^! are homog5e\s bodies1 & _! virtue is ev5ly di/ribut$1 s t !y c\ld n cause a local & p>tial effect4 ,x mu/ be !re=e 9 "o ( ! heav5s1 & x rema9s = u to enquire :i*4 ,x _c be 9 ! heav5 ( ! moon1 = 9 ! moon h]self resides :atev] influ5ce comes f h] sph]e2#fcj & %e goes z f> s\? ( ! equator z %e does nor?3 !re=e %e w\ld raise l& beyond ! equator z well z on ?is side1 b ?is is n s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fcj ,comp>e ) ,conv4 ,,ii4 vii4 #hh-ajj1 :]e ! poet says t ! influ5ce f ea* sph]e comes on ! rays ( ! planet 9 t sph]e1 also ,de ,mon4 ,,iii4 iv4 #aci1 #adj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!n foll[s a passage ( :i* comm5tators c make no?+ z x /&s3-- 8,nec valet dic]e quod illa decl9atio non potuit esse propt] magis approp9qu>e t]r p] exc5tricitatem2 quia si hc virtus elev&i fuisset 9 luna1 7quum ag5tia prop9quiora virtuosius op]5tur7 magis elevasset ibi quam hic40#fca ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fca 8,nor does x avail any?+ to say t t decl9ation c\ld n take place because ( approa*+ ne>] ! e>? ?r\gh ecc5tricity2 = if ?is elevat+ virtue 7 9 ! moon1 s9ce ag5ts act ! m p[]fully ! ne>] !y are1 %e w\ld elevate !re r ?an "h40 ,qu4 xx4 #fe-ga4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,mr4 ,wick/e$ sugge/s read+ 8elevatio0 in/ead ( 8decl9atio10 & app>5tly deletes ! 8non10#fcb & ,dr4 ,moore seems to read ! same way1#fcc = bo? agree 9 int]pret+ z foll[s3--! au?or is /at+ an argum5t t ! elevation ( l& 79 only "o hemisph]e7 might be due to ! moon's com+ ne>] to ,e>? 9 "o "p ( h] orbit1 ow+ to its ecc5tricity2 to :i* he replies t if t 7 ! cause ! elevation w\ld be great] 9 ! s\? ?an "h 9 ! nor?1 because ! moon is ne>] to ! e>? :5 %e goes s\?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fcb ,note on ?is passage 9 8,temple0 ,dante4 #fcc ,/udies 9 ,dante1 ii4 p4 #cci4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is is suppos$ to imply a belief t ! moon is always 9 p]igee#fcd :5 s\? ( ! equator1 :]eas ! fact t h] p]igee revolves all r\nd ! zodiac 0 z well kn[n to ,ptolemy & ,alfraganus z x is to mod]n a/ronom]s4 ,! int]pretation !re=e convicts ! au?or ( ! ,qu/io ( s s]i\s & inexplicable a blund] t ^! comm5tators f9d !mselves oblig$ to consid] x z evid5ce ei!r t x 0 n writt5 by ,dante1 or t 8 k ( a/ronomy 0 mu* less ext5sive ?an has be5 suppos$4 ,x is sugge/$ t !re may h be5 a popul> fallacy 9 8 "t t ! moon 0 l ! sun 9 ?is respect--al?\gh to "k t ! sun has a p]igee1 & t x is situat$ 9 ! s\?1 requires "s acqua9tance ) a/ronomy6 ,h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,moore has se>*$ ,alfraganus & o!r works 9 va9 to f9d a sugge/ion ( ?is k9d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fcd ,ne>e/ ,e>?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! moon's epicycle & def]5t4 7,! dott$ l9e repres5ts ! s\!rn half ( ! def]5t74 ,yet an explanation & a s\rce ( ?is /atem5t is n f> to seek1 & in/ead ( prov+ ignorance x indicates t ! au?or ( ! ,qu/io knew 8 ,alfraganus well4 ,! passage is evid5tly slightly corrupt1 b ! clue to its mean+ lies 9 ! ^w 8ecc5tricity40 ,9 two o!r places ( ! ,qu/io ! moon's ecc5tric 8orbis0 is allud$ to1#fce b if we translate ?is z 8orbit0 we %all be introduc+ mod]n ideas :i* meant no?+ to ,dante or 8 contempor>ies4 ,accord+ to ,alfraganus & ,ptolemy ! moon's orb or sph]e#fcf 0 ecc5tric1 b ?is 0 n ! ma9 cause ( h] v>y+ di/ance f ,e>?4 ,x 0 ! revolution ( h] epicycle r\nd its c5tre ,c1 :i* caus$ h] to move cont9ually f apogee ,m to p]igee ,p2 & z ! :ole epicycle 0 mean:ile revolv+ on ! def]5t r\nd ,c1 & ^! two p]iods 7 n q equal1 ! moon 0 z (t5 9 ! p]igee ( h] epicycle :5 x 0 s\? z :5 x 0 nor?4 ,b besides ?is1 ! def]5t1 be+ ecc5tric to ,e>?1 _h also a p]igee & apogee2 & ,alfraganus says t ! p]igee ( ! ecc5tric is always 9 ! s\?4 8,saturnus1 ,jupit]1 atque ,m>s ecc5tricorum suorum absidas summas et imas hab5t decl9atas a zodiaco1 illas ad boream1 hasce ad au/rum1 secundum e&em semp] deflexus m5suram3 qu$admodum res 9 ,luna obt9et40#fcg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fce ,qu4 vii4 #d1 #f1 & xxiii4 #eb4 #fcf 8,orbis0 & 8sphra0 are us$ indiff]5tly by ,alfraganus to indicate ! cele/ial sph]es3 ?us1 9 *4 xii4 he says 8,orbes1 qui /ell>um omnes motus complectantur1 num]o esse octo10 & on ! next page1 8unamquamque h>um sphr>um octo40 #fcg 8,! upp] & l[] apsides ( ! ecc5trics ( ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 & ,m>s1 h a c]ta9 decl9ation f ! zodiac1 ! =m] to ! nor?1 ! latt] to ! s\?1 ! am\nt always rema9+ con/ant3 & x is j ! same ) ! moon40 ,el4 ,a/4 xviii4 p>4 #f4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! upp] & l[] apsides are def9$ 9 *apt] xii4 z ! positions ( apogee & p]igee respectively4#fch ,9 ?is quotation ! ^w 8decl9atas0 also supplies u ) ! mean+ ( ,dante's 8decl9atio10 :i* ne$ n be *ang$ = 8elevatio40 ,he is us+ x 9 ! a/ronomical s5se ( position nor? or s\?1 l ,alfraganus & mod]n a/ronom]s1 & x ref]s "h to ! 8decl9et0 ( five l9es e>li]4 8,luna 444 tantum decl9et p] zodiacum ab qu9octiali v]sus polum ant>cticum quantum v]sus arcticum40#fci ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fch ,9 ! edition ( ,golius *4 vii4 p>4 #e1 ! position ( greate/ di/ance is call$ ! p]igee1 ( lea/ ! apogee1 b ?is mi/ake is correct$ 9 ! next p>agraph4 #fci 8,! moon's decl9ation 9 ! zodiac f ! equator t[>ds ! s\? pole is z great z t[>ds ! nor?40 ,qu4 xx4 #fa-fc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is only necess>y to delete 8quod0 & 8non potuit10 & ! :ole passage becomes cle> &1 f ! po9t ( view ( m$ival a/ronomy1 correct4 ,! au?or has %[n t ! moon _c be suppos$ to ex]t any prepond]at+ influ5ce 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 because h] decl9ation s\? is equal to t 9 ! nor?4 ,nor is x ( any use1 he adds1 to say t ?is decl9ation 7s\?7 results f h] approa*+ ! e>? m ne>ly on h] ecc5tric orb 7see diagram72#fdj = 7al?\gh ?is does imply an unequal influ5ce7 if ! elevat+ influ5ce came f ! moon1 x w\ld act m p[]fully 9 ! s\? ?an "h 9 ! nor?1 s9ce ! ne>] an ag5t is ! m p[]fully x acts4 ,he goes on to say t ! same reason+ rules out ! planet>y sph]es1 & "h ,alfraganus /ill supports him1 = ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 & ,m>s are said to h ! p]igees ( _! ecc5trics 9 ! s\?1 j l ! moon1 :ile ^? ( ,v5us & ,m]cury are cont9ually *ang+4#fda ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fdj ,! def]5t 0 ! equator ( h] orb or sph]e4 #fda ,ri/oro also def9es apogee & p]igee 78auge0 & 8opposito d'auge07 z effects ( movem5ts on an epicycle1 & says t ! def]5t is 8decl9$0 f ! ecliptic 78decl9ato della via del sole107 "p be+ nor? & "p s\?1 b he does n say :e!r its p]igee is nor? or s\?4 ,comp4 del ,mondo4 ,i4 xii4 xiv41 & ,,iii4 vii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,z = ! ,primum ,mobile1 or n9? sph]e1 x is uni=m ?r\gh\t1 & consequ5tly q uni=m 9 virtue1 !re=e !re is no reason :y x %\ld elevate l& "h r ?an else:]e4 ,s9ce1 !n1 !re are no m mov+ bodies except ! /> sph]e1 or eigh? heav51 x mu/ be f ?is t ! lift+ p[] proce$s4 ,& x is specially adapt$ to ex]cise su* an influ5ce s9ce x conta9s a numb] ( />s1 all ( :i* h diff]5t 8virtues40 ,)\t repeat+ ,ri/oro's nave ass]tions ab\t ! great] numb] & ! upright positions ( ! nor!rn con/ellations1 our au?or bids u rem>k t /> diff]s f />1 con/ellation f con/ellation1 & t _! influ5ces are also div]se1 s t ^? 9 ! nor? h diff]5t virtues f ^? 9 ! s\?4 ,! lift+ virtue :i* raises ! l& mu/ reside 9 ^? />s :i* are betwe5 ! equator & #fg nor?1 s9ce ^? are above ! habitable e>?2 b we d n "k ! nature ( ! =ce !y ex]cise1 :e!r x attracts ! l& z a magnet attracts iron1 or =ces x up by g5]at+ und]gr\nd vap\rs1 su* z h rais$ "s m\nta9s 7,ari/otle _h said 9 8 ,meteorologica t volcanic hills 7 =m$ by p5t-up w9ds b5ea? !m74 ,aft] s elaborate a se>* = a p[] capable ( rais+ l& only 9 ! nor? & n 9 ! s\?1 we naturally inquire :y 9 ! ea/ & n 9 ! we/8 ,b to ?is we only receive ! reply t !re 0 n en\gh mat]ial to g r\nd1 & t we mu/ n ask presumptu\s que/ions4 ,let u seek to approa* div9e & immortal ?+s z ne>ly z is possible to human nature1 b leave ^? :i* are too high = u4 ,?is some:at l5g?y description ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,qu/io has be5 giv5 because1 ev5 if x is n ,dante's "w1 x illu/rates well ! curr5t ideas conc]n+ ! ,cosmos1 its =m & =ces4 ,s _m ( ! ideas1 h[ev]1 & ev5 ! expressions f9d p>allels 9 ! unque/ion$ writ+s ( ,dante1 t ! int]nal evid5ce = its g5u95ess is /rong4#fdb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fdb ,= a ?or\gh discussion ( ?is "q see ,moore's ,/udies 9 ,dante ii4 pp4 #cjc-cgd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 8 poems ,dante is fai?ful to 8 own descriptions ( ! univ]se 9 prose1 & 9 ! vision>y j\rney ( ! ,div9e ,com$y he passes successively ?r\gh all ! sph]es :i* are enum]at$ 9 ! ,convivio & ! ,qu/io4 ,! c5tral sph]e ( e>?1 ! l[e/ ( all ! elem5ts1 8il suggetto dei vo/ri elem5ti10#fdc is completely trav]s$1 f side to side1 & on ! fur!r side is se5 ! va/ sph]e ( ocean :i* envelopes ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! e>?4 ,! ,m\nta9 :i* ! poet has plac$ "h 78 only innovation7 rises out ( ! wat] t[>ds ! heav5s high] ?an any o!r1 8inv]so il ciel pi alto si dislaga10#fdd & 9 climb+ x he rea*es t region 9 ! sph]e ( air into :i* no cold exhalations c rise f e>? or sea1 nei!r ! 8secco vapor0#fde :i* causes w9d & e>?quake1 nor ! 8esalazion dell' aqua0#fdf f :i* are =m$ ra9 & hail1 cl\d & dew4 ,hot exhalations asc5d to ! sph]e ( fire1 !re to become meteors or comets 7see p4 #ajc72 b ! cold vap\rs ris+ z high z !y c t[>ds ! sun :i* draws !m up 78retro il calor0#fdg71 are unable to asc5d beyond ! ,gate ( ,purgatory4#fdh ,!re=e ,purgatory is exempt f all *anges except ^? caus$ by t :i* heav5 receives f itself into itself4 ,?is 0 +5i\sly conjectur$ by ,v5turi to be light1 s9ce !re is *ange ( day & night 9 ,purgatory2 b f ! context x seems cle> t human s\ls are meant4 ,s\ls come =? f _! ,creator1 ^: special abode is ! heav5 ( heav5s1 & return ?i!r aft] purification4 ,& x 0 ! ris+ ( ! purifi$ s\l ( ,/atius1 ready to return to heav51 :i* _h be5 ! cause ( t trembl+ ( ! ,m\nta9 ( :i* he is "h speak+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fdc 8,! f\ndation ( y\r elem5ts40 ,p>4 xxix4 #ea4 #fdd 8,rises highe/ t[>ds heav5 out ( ! sea40 ,purg4 iii4 #ae4 #fde 8,dry vap\r40 #fdf 8,exhalations f ! wat]40 #fdg 8,beh9d i4e4 foll[+ ! heat40 #fdh ,purg4 xxviii4 #ig-ii & xxi4 #eb-ec4 ,! gate is meant by 8i tre gradi0 78! ?ree /eps071 & 8ove si s]ra0 78:]e x is lock$074 ,see ,purg4 ix4 #gf1 #ajf-ajh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,aft] le>n+ ?is1 ,dante is surpris$ to f9d1 on ! summit ( ! ,m\nta91 t 8 br[s are c>ess$ by a g5tle breeze :i* comes f ! ea/ & b5ds all ! trees ( ! ,=e/ 9 "o direction4 ,matilda tells him t x is true no atmosph]ic *anges are felt on ?is ,m\nta91 & x 0 = ?is t x 0 made to rise s high1 s t man 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 on ! top ( ! ,m\nta91 %\ld be untr\bl$ by ! di/urbances :i* occur l[] d[n3 :at he feels n[ is no fluctuat+ w9d4 ,on ?is l(ty m\nta91 remote f any o!r l& 9 ! mid/ ( ! hemisph]e ( sea1 he feels = ! fir/ "t ! revolution ( ! atmosph]e un9t]rupt$ly foll[+ ! movem5t ( ! cele/ial sph]es4 ,! idea t ,ed5 0 on a l(ty m\nta91 secure f /ormy wea!r1 & inaccessible to fall5 man1 0 a famili> "o ) m$ival writ]s3 x 0 sometimes locat$ on ,adam's ,peak 9 ,ceylon1 & ,b$e ?\ght x might rise z high z ! moon1 b ,alb]tus ,magnus says ?is 0 only meant figuratively4 ,b ! connection ) ,purgatory1 & ! ?\ght t "h ! movem5t ( ! heav5s might be felt z a s(t breeze1 is1 s f> z ,i "k1 all ,dante's own4 ,9 all ! ,div9e ,com$y !re is no m beautiful allegory ?an ?is4 ,man 9 ! age ( innoc5ce1 man to-day :5 purifi$ f s91 is already p>tly 9 heav51 ?\gh he /ill walks ! e>?4 ,& l _m ano!r allegory ( ,dante's1 x foll[s naturally f ! sci5ce ( 8 day4 ,ari/otle _h said t ! upp] air 8fl[s 9 a circle1 because x is drawn along ) ! circulation ( ! ,:ole10 & ,aqu9as3-- 8,?us ! air :i* exce$s ! greate/ altitude ( ! m\nta9s fl[s r\nd1 b ! air :i* is conta9$ )9 ! altitude ( ! m\nta9s is imp$$ f ?is fl[ by ! immoveable p>ts ( ,e>?40 ,purg4 xxviii4 #ajc-ajh is almo/ a poetical p>aphrase ( ?is3-- 8 444 ,9 circuito tutto quanto ,l'a] si volge con la prima volta1 ,se non gli rotto il c]*io d'alcun canto3 ,9 que/a altezza1 *e tutta disciolta ,nell' a] vivo1 tal moto p]cote ,e fa son> la selva1 p]* ' folto40#fdi ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fdi 8 444 ,! univ]sal atmosph]e ,turns 9 a circuit ) ! primal motion1 ,unless ! circle is brok5 on "s side3 ,^u ?is height1 t all is dis5gag$ ,9 liv+ e!r1 do? ?is motion /rike1 ,& make ! =e/ s\nd1 = x is d5se40 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! :ole body ( ! air1 ev]y:]e 9 ! _w1 is turn+ ) ! ,fir/ ,revolution 7! ,primum ,mobile71 :]ev] x is n int]rupt$ by any ob/ruction 7( hills etc472 & z at ?is height ! ,m\nta9 is altoge!r free & op5 to ! pure air1 ?is motion /rikes ! ?ick =e/ & makes x murmur4#fej ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fej ,sc>tazz9i takes ! passage z ref]r+ to ,ed5 only1 & int]prets t all ! air "h is mov+ ev5ly & noiselessly unless x meets ) any ob/acle su* z ?is =e/1 :5 a murmur+ s\nd results4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,f ?is region ( pure air1 ,dante rises ) ,beatrice ?r\gh ! sph]e ( ,fire1 into :i* already 9 a dream he _h be5 rapt1 on ! fir/ night 9 ,purgatory1 by ! ,eagle ) gold5 fea!rs1 :5 ! burn+ heat ( ! dream-fire r\s$ him f 8 sleep4#fea ,n[ he feels no heat1 b is amaz$ at ! va/ ext5t ( light1 great] ?an any riv] or lake ev] se5 on e>?1 & at ! same mom5t he beg9s to he> ! music ( ! et]nal sph]es1#feb = he is approa*+ ! heav5 ( ! moon4 ,9 ea* "o he he>s x until ! sev5? is rea*$1 b "h1 9 pity = 8 mortal s5ses1 :i* are n yet /rong en\gh to be> s mu* div9e beauty1 n only does ,beatrice =be> to smile1 b ! sweet symphonies ( heav5 are sil5t4#fec ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fea ,purg4 ix4 #cj-cc4 #feb ,p>4 i4 #gf-ha4 #fec ,p>4 xxi4 #eh-fc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,did ,dante !n1 9 spite ( ,ari/otle1 believe 9 ! music ( ! sph]es8 ,p]haps ! fact t only ! ,comm$ia1 ( all 8 works1 makes m5tion ( x indicates t he only ?\ght ( x z a poetical fiction1 an allegory8 ,yet x 0 fully believ$ 9 by _m 9 8 day1 al?\gh op9ions v>i$ greatly z to :at note ea* planet sang4 ,! fav\rite idea among ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s seems to h be5 t ! notes made up a musical scale1 ! l[e/ sph]e s\nd+ =? ! l[e/ note1 & ! /> sph]e its octave2 b o!rs ?\ght t only ! sev5 planets took "p 9 ! h>mony1 correspond+ ) ! sev5 /r+s ( ! lyre3 ! moon be+ at ! %orte/ di/ance f ,e>?1 0 ! %orte/ /r+ & gave ! highe/ note1 ,saturn 0 ! longe/ & gave ! deepe/4 ,our own ,milton1 :5 he prays1 8,r+ out1 ye cry/al sph]es10 bids ! ,primum ,mobile jo9 91 z well z ! /> sph]e3 8,& ) y\r n9e-fold h>mony ,make up full conc]t to ! angelic symphony40#fed ,& ,%akespe> lets e sep>ate /> swell ! *orus3 8,!re's n ! smalle/ orb :i* ?\ beholde/ ,b 9 8 motion l an angel s+s1 ,/ill quir+ to ! "y-ey$ *]ub9s40#fee ,9 ! same _s1 b m lit]ally p]haps ?an ^!1 are we to und]/& ! music ( ,dante's sph]es1 :i* accompanies ! s++ ( ! angels3-- 8,il cant> di quei *e notan sempre ,dietro alle note degli et]ni giri40#fef ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fed ,hymn on ! ,nativity4 #fee ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 #fef 8,! song ( ^? :o s+ = ev] ,aft] ! music ( ! et]nal sph]es40 ,purg4 xxx4 #ib1 #ic4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #c4 ,,dim5sions ,,& ,,physical ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,we h se5 t ,dante believ$ ! circl+ ( ! n9e mov+ sph]es & _! epicycles to be ! imm$iate cause ( ! movem5ts :i* he saw 9 />s & planets4 ,if we ask :at 7 8 ideas ) reg>d to _! sizes & di/ances ! "q is easily answ]$4 ,x is a curi\s fact t al?\gh our ideas ab\t ! size ( any?+ we see dep5d ^u ! di/ance at :i* x appe>s to be1 & no "o c say h[ f> away ! sun looks1 mo/ ( u nev]!less h a q def9ite idea z to h[ l>ge x looks1 ab\t ! size ( a d9n]-plate1 a c>t-:eel1 c4 ,cleom$es1 9 ! days ( ,augu/us1 quotes ,lucretius & ! ,epicureans z believ+ t ! sun is no l>g] ?an x looks1 t is a foot 9 diamet]2 & he rightly rem>ks1 among/ o!r argum5ts to ! contr>y1 t if x 7 only t size x w\ld be invisible unless ne>] ?an ! tops ( ! m\nta9s1 yet we see isl&s & hills project$ aga9/ x :5 ris+1 :i* %[s t its di/ance is great]4 ,dante twice quotes ! same fallacy1 z an in/ance ( ! folly ( tru/+ to ! impression ( our s5ses1 :5 n correct$ by reason1 & he tells u :at he believes ! true size ( ! sun to be4 ,9 ,conv4 ,,iv4#feg he says3-- 8,?us we "k t to mo/ p ! sun appe>s to be a foot wide 9 diamet]2 & ?is is s utt]ly false t accord+ to ! inve/igation & discov]y made by human reason ) h] att5dant arts1 ! diamet] ( ! sun's body is five times t ( ! e>?'s1 & a half besides4 ,= :]eas ! e>? has a diamet] ( six ?\s& five hundr$ miles1 ! diamet] ( ! sun1 :i* :5 measur$ by s5se-impressions seems to be a foot 9 ext5t1 is ?irty-five ?\s&1 sev5 hundr$ & fifty miles40 7,see also ,ep4 x4 #db-df74 ,:5 speak+ ( ! planet ,v5us he says %e is 8f> (f f u1 be+ di/ant ev5 :5 %e is ne>e/ to u "o hundr$ & sixty-sev5 times ! di/ance ( ! di/ance ( ! c5tre ( ! e>? f u1 :i* is ?ree ?\s& two hundr$ & fifty miles40#feh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #feg ,conv4 ,,iv4 viii4 #ea-fd4 #feh ,conv4 ,,ii4 vii4 #ajd-ajh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,m]cury is spok5 ( 9 ! ,p>adiso z a small />1 8,que/a picciola /ella10#fei & 9 ,conv4 ,,ii4#ffj ,dante says3--8,m]cury is ! smalle/ /> 9 ! sky2 = ! l5g? ( its diamet] is n m ?an #bcb miles1 accord+ to ,alfraganus1 :o says t x is "o tw5ty-eigh? ( ! diamet] ( ! e>?1#ffa :i* is six ?\s& five hundr$ miles40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fei 8,?is small />40 ,p>4 vi4 #aab4 #ffj ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #ib-ih4 #ffa ,! ,frank=t pr9t$ edition & "s ,lat9 ,,mss ( ,alfraganus agree ) ?is3 ! edition ( ,golius gives _/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x is only 9 ! la/ passage t our poet quotes 8 au?ority1 b 9 ! o!rs also ! diamet] or ! semi-diamet] ( ! e>? is us$ z ! unit ( measure1 & x is ! same z t giv5 by ,alfraganus2 s are ! sizes ( ,m]cury & ! ,sun1 & ! lea/ di/ance ( ,v5us is ! value giv5 by ,alfraganus = ! greate/ di/ance ( ,m]cury1 :i* he ass]t$ to be equal4 ,x seems q cle>1 !re=e1 t ! figures giv5 9 ! tables on pp4 #ahi-ij repres5t ,dante's belief z to ! dim5sions ( ! ,univ]se4 ,^! passages also are ano!r pro( t ,dante _h n /udi$ ,ptolemy's own "w1 = ,ptolemy _h said t ! di/ances ( ,v5us & ,m]cury c\ld n be accurately kn[n4#ffb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ffb ,almage/1 ,bk4 ,,ix4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,we d n expect exact measures ( di/ance 9 ,dante's descriptions ( 8 so>+ flight ?r\gh ! sph]es1 b he s con/antly speaks ( ! m>vell\s spe$ ) :i* he passes f /> to /> t we are n requir$ to ignore ! /up5d\s di/ances betwe54 ,! "o indication he does give u ( ! space :i* sep>ates him f e>? is full ( poetry & symbolic mean+3 ,i ref] to ,folco's words 9 ! heav5 ( ,v5us3-- 8,que/o cielo1 9 cui l'ombra s'appunta ,*e il vo/ro mondo face0 444#ffc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ffc 8,?is heav51 :]e ends ! %ad[y cone ,ca/ by y\r _w40 ,p>4 ix4 #aah1 #aai4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is is ! la/ ( ! ?ree heav5s 9 :i* ,dante has met spirits ^: lives did n rea* ! p]fection ( ! sa9ts 9 high] heav5s1 b 7 m>r$ by brok5 v[s1 e>?ly ambition1 e>?ly love2 & "h he is rem9d$ t he has n yet so>$ high en\gh to be beyond rea* ( ! cone ( %ad[ ?r[n by ! e>?4 ,?is is ano!r allegory re/+ on :at 0 to ! poet an a/ronomical fact4 ,= ,e>?'s %ad[ 0 said by ,ptolemy & ,alfraganus to ext5d to #bfh times ! di/ance ( h] semi-diamet]1 & ! di/ance ( ,v5us f ,e>? v>i$1 accord+ to ,alfraganus1 betwe5 #afg & #aabj times ?is unit1 :ile ! next planet1 ! sun1 at 8 lea/ di/ance 0 #aabj units di/ant 7! same z ,v5us' greate/74 ,!re=e ! sph]es ( ,v5us & ! two ne>] planets ,m]cury & ! ,moon1 7 all )9 rea* ( ,e>?'s %ad[1 b ! sun & ! re/ 7 f> beyond x4#ffd ,v5us & ,m]cury !mselves nev] c\ld be actually t\*$ by ! %ad[ l ! moon1 h[ev]1 because !y keep too ne> ! sun = ,e>? to int]pose h]self betwe5 !m & ! s\rce ( light4 7,?\gh ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ ?r[n by ,e>? is ne>ly accurate1 see pp4 #aia-ib1 ! planets are a great deal fur!r ?an ,alfraganus suppos$2 = ! lea/ di/ance ( ,v5us is ne>ly #fjjj times ,e>?'s semi-diamet]1 & ! lea/ di/ance ( ,m]cury #ab1jjj74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ffd ,rabbi ,abraham b5 ,*ija1 9 8 ,sphra ,mundi1 writt5 ab\t #aajj ,a4,d41 says t ,e>?'s %ad[ ext5ds z f> z ! di/ance ( ,m]cury1 n ( ,v5us 7,delambre1 ,hi/oire de l'a/ronomie anci5ne1 & ,drey]1 ,planet>y ,sy/ems72 b ?is does n agree ) ! figures giv5 by ,alfraganus4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,except = ?is we h only ! passage 9 ! ,p>adiso already ref]r$ to1 :]e ,dante1 /&+ among ! />s ( ,gem9i1 f\nd ! sph]e above him too di/ant to be se51 b turn+ 8 gaze d[nw>ds 0 able to survey all ! planets & ! e>? at ! c5tre ( ! ,_w4 ,he knew v well t at a di/ance f ,e>? #bj1jjj times h] own semi-diamet] x w\ld be impossible to see h] z a disc1#ffe f> less to di/+ui% oceans & cont95ts1 hills & riv]-m\?s4 ,x w\ld 9 fact be l look+ at an object "o foot 9 diamet] at a di/ance ( two miles4 ,b z we h be=e obs]v$1 8 p[] ( vision "h 0 m ?an human3 at e /ep 9 ?is m>vell\s j\rney x _h gr[n cle>] & /rong]1 & 9 ! f\r? heav5 he _h be5 able to look on spirits :i* %one 9 ! sun m brilliantly ?an ! sun itself1 al?\gh on e>? no eye c look ^u ! sun4#fff ,9 ! ,empyrean1 di/9ctions ( space1 & imp$im5ts to vision vani%$ altoge!r4#ffg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ffe ,h] diamet] w\ld look no l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ,saturn1 z we see x :5 ne>e/ to him2 b l ,saturn %e w\ld be visible z a bright po9t1 because %9+ by reflect$ sunlight4 ,anci5t & m$ival a/ronom]s nev] realiz$ ?is1 h[ev]1 b ?\ght ( ,e>? z a d>k body1 receiv+ light b giv+ none4 #fff ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #abf1 #abg2 ,p>4 x4 #dj-db1 #dh4 #ffg ,p>4 xxii4 #fg2 xxxi4 #ai-bd2 xxx4 #aah-abc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,) reg>d to ! physical nature ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ,dante & 8 contempor>ies _h no means :atev] ( inve/igation1 & c\ld only pr(ess ignorance or accept "o or o!r ( ! guesses ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,"s ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 z we saw1 guess$ t ! planets 7 worlds some:at l ! e>?1 o!rs ?\ght !y 7 compos$ ( fire or ( air4 ,b ! g5]al belief 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 t planets & sph]es alike 7 compos$ ( a k9d ( cele/ial matt]1 call$ by ,ari/otle & ! ,greeks 8!r10 by ! ,arabs 8al-acir10 an immortal sub/ance :i* _h nei!r heav9ess nor lightness1 & 0 altoge!r di/9ct f any ( ! f\r elem5ts exi/+ bel[ ! sph]e ( ! moon4 ,beatrice speaks ( 8?is sph]$ e!r10 8que/o et]a tondo40 ,p>4 xxii4 #acb4 ,dante's description ( ?is cele/ial sub/ance :5 he fir/ ent]s ! e!real _w is "o ( ! f9e/ in/ances ( 8 fai?fulness to ! tea*+s ( a/ronomy z he _h le>n$ x1 comb9$ ) poetical imag9ation1 & at ! same "t 8 p[] ( us+ mat]ial facts 7z he conceiv$ !m7 to pres5t an allegory ( ! deepe/ religi\s my/]ies4 ,if we m]ely li/5 to ! magic ( ! words1 an impression is convey$ ( some?+ my/]i\sly beautiful & dazzl+1 unlike any?+ kn[n on e>?2 b if we look into ! mean+1 we f9d t ! globe ( ! moon has j ^? /range1 contra/+ qualities1 j ! col\r & ! =m :i* a sph]e ( e!r may be imag9$ to h4 ,x is :ite & r\nd$ l a pe>l1 8poli%$0 z ,plato said ( ! univ]sal orb1 x is ?ick & %9+1 s(t z cl\d b h>d z diamond2 & x (f]s no m resi/ance to ,dante z he ent]s into x ?an does wat] to a ray ( light4#ffh ,!n foll[s a discussion conc]n+ ! sub/ance n only ( ! moon b ( all ! heav5ly bodies4 ,on he>+ t he has rea*$ ! b\nd>ies ( ! immortal _w1 & has ent]$ 8la prima /ella10#ffi ,dante eag]ly enquires ( ,beatrice :at are ^? d>k m>k+s 9 ! body ( ?is planet :i* are se5 f ,e>? & h giv5 rise to ! fable ( ,ca94 ,%e smiles a little1 & bids him tell h] fir/ :at is 8 own op9ion4 ,he advances ! !ory :i* he _h taught 9 ! ,convivio1 viz4 t ! p>ts ( ! moon :i* look d>k to u are less d5se ?an ! re/1 & !re=e ! rays ( ! sun :5 /rik+ !m are n /opp$ & reflect$ back to u2 h5ce ! brightness is less ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( h] surface4 8,l'ombra *' 9 essa1 444 non altro *e r>it del suo corpo1 alla quale non possono t]m9>e i raggi del sole e rip]cuot]si cos come nell' altre p>ti40#fgj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ffh ,p>4 ii4 #be-de4 #ffi 8,! fir/ />40 #fgj 8,! %ad[ :i* is 9 h] is no?+ b r>e p>ts ( h] sub/ance1 :i* _c /op ! rays ( ! sun & reflect !m back l ! o!r p>ts40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #gb-gf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is explanation seems to h be5 fir/ sugge/$ by ,av]ros1 ! ,arab philosoph] & a/ronom] ( ,cordova1 :o 0 kn[n 9 ! ,middle ,ages z 8,! ,comm5tator10 f 8 fam\s comm5t>y ( ,ari/otle4 ,! sugge/ion occurs 9 8 ,de ,sub/antia ,orbis1 & z x foll[s a quotation f ,ari/otle 7to ! effect t ! moon is m ne>ly relat$ to ,e>? 9 h] nature ?an to ! />s71 x 0 believ$ by _m to be orig9ally due to ,ari/otle himself4 ,! /range circum/ance t ! moon alone1 among all ! heav5ly bodies1 appe>$ to h d>k %ad[s on h] bright face1 _h r\s$ mu* curiosity already among ! ,greeks2 & ,plut>*1 9 8 dialogue 8,on ! ,face 9 ! ,moon10 m5tions ! diff]5t explanations sugge/$ 9 8 day4 ,"s ?\ght t ! poli%$ surface ( ! moon reflect$1 l a mirror1 p>ts ( ! e>?2 ! ,/oics said t air 0 enclos$ )9 h] globe ( fire & obscur$ x 9 c]ta9 places1 b ?is view 0 reject$ ) contumely by ,plut>*4 8,x is a slap 9 ! face to ! moon :5 !y fill h] ) smuts & blacks1 address+ h] 9 "o brea? z ,artemis & ,a!na1 & 9 ! v same describ+ a cak$ comp\nd ( murky air & *>coal fire1 ) no k9dl+ or light ( its own1 a nondescript body smok+ & *>r$ l ^? ?und]bolts :i* ! poets address z lightless & sooty60#fga ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fga ,plut>*1 ,on ! ,face 9 ! ,moon1 translation by ,prick>d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ?ird hypo!sis1 :i* 0 fav\r$ by mo/ ( ! speak]s 9 ! dialogue1 0 t ! moon 0 n a /> at all1 b a k9d ( m beautiful ,e>?2 & x 0 ev5 sugge/$ t m5 might dwell on h] :o ?\ght _! _w ! only place fit = human be+s1 look+ d[n ) contemptu\s pity on our ,e>?1 z a sort ( s$im5t & slime ( ! ,univ]se1 appe>+ ?r\gh damps & mi/s & cl\ds1 a place 8unlight$1 l[1 motionless10 entirely incapable ( support+ mov+ brea?+ w>m-blood$ animals6 ,?is 0 n a view :i* c\ld possibly be held by m$ival ,*ri/ians1 & 9 a treatise on ,ari/otle's ,de ,clo1 attribut$ to ,alb]t ( ,saxony1 we f9d o!rs put =w>d4 ,! au?or disproves ! old !ory ( a mirror-l moon reflect+ p>ts ( ,e>?1 & also ano!r t ! moon draws up cold vap\rs :i* are se5 l cl\ds on h] surface1 & ^u :i* %e is n\ri%$--= h[ %\ld an et]nal heav5ly body ne$ n\ri%m5t8--& f9ally he exp\nds ! !ory ( 8,! ,comm5tator10 ) :i* he agrees4 ,! m>k+s are r>e p>ts ( ! moon's sub/ance1 :i* _c %9e s brightly z ! d5s] p>ts1 & ?is v>i$ surface he comp>es ) alaba/]1 9 :i* 8! d5se & n transluc5t "p is v :ite1 :ile t :i* is transluc5t l glass is obscure & t5ds to blackness4 ,& if10 he adds1 8x is ask$ :y ! moon is ?us dissimil> 9 h] p>ts1 ! reply is t ?is is h] nature40#fgb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fgb ,see ,paget ,toynbee1 ,le ,teorie ,dantes*e sulle ,mac*ie della ,luna1 9 ,giornale ,/orico della ,lett]atura ,italiana1 vol4 xxvi4 pp4 #aef-afa4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is !ory 0 p]haps ! mo/ popul> "o ) m$ival s*ol>s1 ?\gh !re 0 "s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r ! d5se or ! r>e p>ts ( ! moon 7 ^? t %[$ d>k4 ,ri/oro p]haps alludes to x1 9 ! passage :]e he speaks ( ! moon's m>k+s1 b 9 a v confus$ way1 & ! contra/ ( 8poli%$0 & 8rugg$0 surface is :at he *iefly lays /ress ^u4 ,aft] uphold+ ?is !ory 9 ! ,convivio1 ,dante rejects x 9 ! ,p>adiso3 p]haps because x 0 m or less b\nd up ) ! idea t ! moon 0 p>tly ( an e>?y nature1 & ?is 0 inconsi/5t ) ! o!r !ory ( ,ari/otle1 s popul> among classical writ]s1 t all )9 & above ! sph]e ( ! moon 0 et]nal & heav5ly4 ,he is evid5tly v anxi\s to conv9ce u ( ! falsity ( 8 old belief1 = he is n cont5t ) a simple ass]tion1 b lets ,beatrice reason l a le>n$ doctor1 us+ argum5ts :i* w\ld appeal to 8 read]s1 drawn n[ f exp]im5ts :i* might be us$ 9 a s*ool1 & n[ f ! accept$ a/rological beliefs ( ! day4 ,fir/ %e rem9ds him t ! num]\s />s scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! eigh? sph]e diff] 9 brightness1 l ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! moon's surface1 b !y diff] 9 ! quality 7col\r87 ( _! light1 z well z ! quantity1 & we "k t !re are ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 !m1 because _! 8virtues0 are diff]5t4 ,x _c be1 !re=e1 t !y diff] simply 9 d5sity or r>ity ( _! sub/ance4 ,!n %e %[s t 9 no circum/ances is ! !ory ( v>y+ d5sity 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! moon capable ( expla9+ ! obs]v$ v>iety ( brightness4 ,= if ! p>ts :i* look d>k are less d5se ?an o!rs1 ei!r !y mu/ be s "r ?r\gh ! planet1 or !re mu/ be an alt]nation ( d5se & r>e matt] 9 ^? p>ts1 l fat & lean 9 a mat]ial body1 "o beh9d ! o!r l pages 9 a book4 7,! d\ble metaphor is *>act]i/ic ( ,dante47 ,n[ if ! fir/ be true1 ! sunlight w\ld %9e ?r\gh ! moon is ^? p>ts1 dur+ an eclipse2#fgc & if ! second1 ! sun's rays mu/ p5etrate to ! l[]-ly+ d5s] "p1 & be reflect$ !nce j z f ! d5se p>ts ( ! moon's surface4 ,a possible objection t 9 t case ! reflect+ surface w\ld be fur!r away1 & !re=e appe> fa9t]1 may be disprov$ by an exp]im5t4 ,take two mirrors & place !m at an equal di/ance f y2 place a ?ird betwe5 !m b fur!r away1 face ! ?ree mirrors1 & place a light beh9d y s t x may be reflect$ f !m all3 ! di/ant "o w appe> small]1 b no less bright ?an ! two ne> ones4 ,?is reason+ is p]fectly s\nd4 ,!n foll[s ! explanation = :i* all ?is is a prep>ation4 ,x involves an exposition ( ultimate causes :i* we ne$ n ent] into "h3 = ! pres5t we ne$ only say t diff]5ce ( brightness is n caus$ by diff]5ces ( mu* or little ( ! same sub/ance4 ,!re are intr9sic diff]5ces betwe5 /> & />1 & betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! moon1#fgd b all are manife/ations ( div9e intellig5ce2 j z ! diff]5t memb]s & faculties ( a human body are manife/ations ( a human s\l4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fgc ,alb]t ( ,saxony notes ?is objection1 b says ! r>ity is n suffici5tly great to make ^! p>ts transp>5t4 #fgd ,?is is 9 agreem5t ) mod]n belief4 ,"s p>ts ( ! moon's surface reflect sunlight less well ?an o!rs1 & !re=e look d>k1 j z a peaty soil looks d>k] ?an lime/one4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! div]sity ( ! cele/ial matt] is also t\*$ ^u 9 ! ,convivio1 :]e x is said t ! epicycle ( ,v5us is 8n ( ! same ess5ce z t :i* c>ries x ! def]5t or l>ge sph]e1 al?\gh x is m ne>ly ( "o nature ) x ?an ) ! re/40#fge ,diff]5ces ( col\r are indicat$ 9 ! gl[+ masses ( ! planets1 :i* are ent]$ by ,dante & ,beatrice4 ,z ) ! moon1 !y d n m]ely alight ^u ! surface1 b p5etrate ! planet>y e!r4 8,quel *' era d5tro al sol10#fgf 8,nel pr(ondo ,m>te10#fgg 8,la temprata /ella se/a1 *e d5tro a s m'avea ricolto40#fgh ,m]cury is call$ a pe>l--8la pres5te m>g>ita0#fgi--:ile ,m>s is 8que/o fuoco10#fhj & ! a/ronom] poet says he knew ! planet by its burn+ smile1 = x seem$ to him ev5 m ruddy ?an its wont4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fge ,conv4 ,,ii4 iv4 #id-if4 #fgf 8,t :i* 0 )9 ! sun sc4 ! spirits40 ,p>4 x4 #da4 #fgg 8,9 ! dep?s ( ,m>s40 ,p>4 xiv4 #ajj1 #aja4 #fgh 8,! temp]ate six? />1 :i* )9 itself _h receiv$ me40 ,p>4 xviii4 #fh1 #fi4 #fgi 8,! pres5t pe>l40 ,p>4 vi4 #abg4 #fhj 8,?is fire40 ,p>4 xvi4 #ch4 8,b5 m' accors' io *' io era pi levato1 ,p] l'affocato riso della /ella1 ,*e mi p>ea pi roggio *e l'usato40#fha #fha 8,well 0 ,i 'w>e t ,i 0 m uplift$ ,by ! enk9dl$ smil+ ( ! /> ,t seem$ to me m ruddy ?an its wont40 ,p>4 xiv4 #he-hg4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,& :51 )\t be+ consci\s ( any movem5t1 he f\nd t ! r$ light %9+ on ,beatrice _h turn$ to pure/ :ite1 l a blu% fad+ f a fair face1 he knew t ! six? /> 7,jupit]7 _h receiv$ him )9 itself4 8,e quale il trasmut>e 9 picciol v>co ,di tempo1 9 bianca donna1 qu&o il volto ,suo si disc>*i di v]gogna il c>co1 ,tal fu negli oc*i miei1 qu&o fui volto1 ,p] lo c&or della temprata /ella ,se/a1 *e d5tro a s m'avea ricolto40#fhb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fhb 8,& su* z is ! *ange1 9 little lapse ,( "t1 9 a pale woman1 :5 h] face ,is f ! load ( ba%fulness unlad51 ,su* 0 x 9 m9e eyes1 :5 ,i _h turn$1 ,caus$ by ! :it5ess ( ! temp]ate />1 ,! six?1 :i* to itself _h ga!r$ me40 ,p>4 xviii4 #fd-fi4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?is contra/ betwe5 ! col\rs ( ,jupit] & ,m>s is ref]r$ to m ?an once4 ,9 ,p>4 xxvii41 ! flam+ _s ( ,/4 ,pet]1 flu%$ ) righte\s indignation1 becomes brilliant z ! planet ,jupit]1 & r$ z ,m>s3-- 8,e tal nella sembianza sua div5ne1 ,qual div]rebbe ,giove1 s'egli e ,m>te ,foss]o augelli1 e cambiass]si p5ne40#fhc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fhc 8,he 9 semblance su* became ,z ,jove might be1 if he & ,m>s 7 birds1 ,& int]*ang$ _! plumes40 ,p>4 xxvii4 #ac-ae4 7,c>ey74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,& :5 ,dante looks d[n ^u ! sev5 planets he sees 8il temp]> di ,giove ,tra il padre e il figlio40#fhd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fhd 8,! temp]ate light ( ,jove1 betwe5 8 fa!r & 8 son40 ,p>4 xxii4 #ade-adf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,to und]/& :i* we mu/ turn to ! (t-quot$ f\rte5? *apt] ( ! second treatise 9 ! ,convivio4 ,"h we f9d t ,jupit] 8moves betwe5 two heav5s0 :i* 8are antagoni/ic to its excell5t temp]at5ess1 t is to say ! heav5s ( ,m>s & t ( ,saturn10#fhe & ,dante quotes ,ptolemy z say+ t ,jupit] is a /> ( temp]ate con/itution1 betwe5 ! cold ( ,saturn & ! heat ( ,m>s4 ,x seems t ^! ideas ( cold & heat1 z appli$ to ! planets1 7 tak5 lit]ally1 n m]ely z poetical descriptions ( col\r1 nor ( a/rological significance2 = ,dante says explicitly 9 ! same *apt] ( ! ,convivio t ,m>s is hot l fire1 t ?is is ! cause ( 8 col\r1#fhf & t he dries up & burns ?+s4#fhg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fhe ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #aif-aih4 #fhf ,cf4 ,ri/oro1 ,comp4 del ,mondo1 ,,iii4 iii4 #fhg ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #afa-afe4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,simil>ly he appe>s to h believ$ t ,saturn & ! moon 7 lit]ally ( a cold nature4 8,quel pianeta *e con=ta il gelo10#fhh 9 ,canzone xv4 is d\btless ,saturn2 & ! *ill ( ! h\r be=e dawn is describ$ z due n only to loss ( heat by ! e>? b sometimes also to ! influ5ce ( ! cold moon or ( ,saturn4#fhi ,besides h] %ad[y m>k+s1 ! moon _h ano!r peculi>ity :i* di/+ui%$ h] f all o!r heav5ly bodies1 = %e 0 ! only planet !n kn[n to v>y 9 app>5t size & %ape 8accord+ to ! way 9 :i* ! sun looks ^u h]40#fij ,%e 0 !re=e a v d>k body1 ?\gh x 0 believ$ t %e _h "s light ( h] own1 & ,dante argues 9 fav\r ( ?is t %e does n become totally invisible dur+ an eclipse4#fia ,?is 0 a v natural conclusion3 x w\ld n readily occur to anyone t ! r$di% light ( ! eclips$ moon is sunlight refract$ 7i4e4 b5t out ( its direct c\rse7 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fhh 8,! planet t /r5g!ns ! cold40 ,canz4 xv4 #g4 #fhi ,purg4 xix4 #a-c4 #fij ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #gh1 #gi4 #fia ,de ,mon4 ,,iii4 iv4 #adj-adb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! sun1 al?\gh ! a/rolog]s made him n v mu* l>g] ?an ! brighte/ fix$ />s & ! l>ge/ planets1 0 mu* bright] & hott] ?an any1 & x 0 univ]sally agre$ t all obta9$ _! light f him4 ,ev5 if1 l ! ,moon1 !y _h "s light ( _! own1 & did n only reflect l mirrors1 ?is inh]5t light _h orig9ally come f ! sun & 0 b absorb$ sunlight4#fib ,we meet con/antly ) ?is idea 9 ,dante's works4 ,9 "o ( 8 ,odes ! sun is said to 8don> luce alle /elle20#fic 9 ! ,convivio he says1 8,il sole 444 di s5sibile luce s prima1 e poi tutti i corpi cele/iali ed elem5tali allum9a40#fid ,! ,morn+ ,/> is describ$ z d]iv+ h] beauty f ! sun2#fie & aft] ! sun has set he %9es =? aga9 9 ! light ( all ! />s4#fif ,s also says ,brunetto ,lat9i1 8,sans faille li solaus e/ fondem5z de t\ts lumi]es et de t\te *alor40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fib ,see quotations f ,alb]tus ,magnus & ,rog] ,bacon 9 ,moore's ,/udies1 iii4 p4 #de1 note4 #fic 8,be/[ light on ! />s40 ,canz4 xix4 #aag4 #fid 8,! sun illum9es fir/ himself & !n all cele/ial & elem5tal bodies ) visible light40 ,conv4 ,,iii4 xii4 #ed-ef4 #fie ,p>4 xxxii4 #ajg1 #ajh4 #fif ,p>4 xx4 #a-f2 comp>e xxiii4 #bh-cj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #d4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,sph]es ,,on ,,human ,,affairs4 ,if we are to believe a fifte5? c5tury biograph]1 we h s f> omitt$ to m5tion ,dante's greate/ claim to be consid]$ a pr(ici5t 9 a/ronomy4 8,he =etold10 says ,filelfo1 8_m ( ! calamities ( ,flor5ce1 ! w>s ( ,italy1 & o!r political *anges1 all ( :i* w\ld h be5 impossible )\t an accurate k ( ! movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies40 ,filelfo 0 a poet1 & 8 au?ority = ?is surpris+ /atem5t c be no o!r ?an t on :i*1 ,dr4 ,moore says1 he ma9ly dep5ds1 & :i* seldom or nev] fails him1 88 own mo/ airy & lively imag9ation unemb>rass$ by any ref]5ces to docum5ts40#fig ,! prophecies ( ! ,div9a ,comm$ia are obvi\sly writt5 aft] ! ev5ts1 & 9 no s+le in/ance are !y suppos$ to h any connection ) ! art ( ! a/rolog]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is rem>kable h[ v little we f9d 9 ,dante's writ+s ab\t ! fate-pr$ict+ & "*-read+ :i* pass$ z ! *ief "p ( a/ronomy ) ! l>ge majority ( 8 contempor>ies1 & play$ a consid]able "p ev5 9 ! sci5tific writ+s ( 8 fell[ au?ors4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fig ,moore1 ,dante & 8 e>ly ,biograph]s1 p4 #ie4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,n t he disbeliev$ 9 ! art3 x w\ld h be5 almo/ a miracle if he _h4 ,! a/rolog]s 9 ! f\r? ,bolgia 7 puni%$ ) o!r soo?say]s n because !y deceiv$ cr$ul\s cli5ts1 b because !y _h desir$ to look too deeply into ! future1#fih :i* 0 impiety4 ,= ?is reason ! le>n$ ,mi*ael ,scot1 ! hon\r$ ( ,popes1 0 !re1 z well z poor ,asd5te1 & ,guido ,bonatti1 & ,aruns :o f 8 solit>y cave _h wat*$ ! />s1 & prophesi$ ! victories ( ,cs> ov] ,pompey4#fii ,?is or?odox s5tim5t t 8judicial a/ronomy10 0 apt to be a sn>e1 & lead to practices condemn$ by ! ,*ur*1 may h be5 "o reason = ,dante's avoidance ( x2 b we _c read 8 works )\t feel+ t x 0 ! beauty ( ! skies1 & ! ke5 desire to und]/& ! /ructure ( ! univ]se :i* inspir$ him to /udy a/ronomy1 & t he _h no sup]/iti\s fe> ( ! heav5ly bodies1 no gre$y wi% to make use ( 8 k to pry into ! future4 ,!re is no evid5ce t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! details ( a/rology4 ,! few allusions made 9 8 works to special effects ( c]ta9 />s or planets are only to ^? mo/ famili>ly kn[n1 & p>allel in/ances might be f\nd to _m ( !m 9 mod]n poems4 ,) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t to-day !y are figures ( spee*3 ) ,dante !y repres5t$ facts4 ,v5us 0 to him 9 s]i\s tru? 8la /ella d'amor10#gjj 8lo bel pianeta *e ad am> con=ta10#gja & ex]cis$ a real p[] ov] ,folco#gjb & ,cunizza1#gjc & 8 own he>t4#gjd ,he ev5 tells u1 9 s]i\s prose1 t x is ! planet & n ! :ole sph]e1 :i* is ! s\rce ( ?is influ5ce1 & t x is borne to u ^u h] rays4#gje ,s also ! moon has a special influ5ce1 :i* is communicat$ by h] rays4#gjf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fih ,inf4 xx4 #ch4 #fii ,inf4 xx4 #aae-aah1 #df-ea4 #gjj 8,! /> ( love40 ,canz4 xv4 #d4 #gja 8,! fair planet :i* incites to love40 ,purg4 i4 #ai4 #gjb ,p>4 ix4 #id-if4 #gjc ,p>4 ix4 #cb1 #cc4 #gjd ,conv4 ,,ii4 ,canz4 #a-f4 #gje ,conv4 ,,ii4 vii4 #hh-ajj4 #gjf ,de ,mon4 ,,iii4 iv4 #aci1 #adj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,to ! /rong /> ( ,m>s ! noble w>like nature ( ,c ,gr&e 0 p>tly due2#gjg ,jupit] is a temp]ate />1 n only 9 ! purity ( 8 col\r1 b 8 influ5ce is felt :]e ju/ice is work$ on e>?4#gjh ,saturn's influ5ce is modifi$ :5 he %9es 9 ,leo1#gji ! sun has special p[]s 9 ,aries1#gaj & to 8 pres5ce 9 ,gem9i at ! "t ( ,dante's bir? ! poet attributes 8 lit]>y gift4#gaa ,9 ,inf4 xxvi4 #bc1 he aga9 sugge/s t 8 m5tal p[]s may be due to ! influ5ce ( a good />1 & ,brunetto ,lat9i bids him foll[ 8 />4#gab ,dante also quotes ,albumass>1 & ,s5eca1 & ! ev5ts ( 8 own day1 to %[ t ^? fi]y vap\rs1 meteorites1 port5d ! dea? ( k+s & ! d[nfall ( /ates1 add+ t ?is is because !y are effects ( ! sov]eignty ( ,m>s4#gac ,?is passage expla9s :y ! w>rior ,malasp9a is call$ a vap\r drawn by ,m>s f ,valdimagra1 :i* 9 ! tempe/ ( battle at ,pic5o %all sudd5ly split ! cl\ds & deal dea? to ! combatants4#gad ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gjg ,p>4 xvii4 #gf-gh4 #gjh ,p>4 xviii4 #aae-aag4 #gji ,p>4 xxi4 #ac-ae4 #gaj ,p>4 i4 #dj-db2 ,canz4 xv4 #da4 #gaa ,p>4 xxii4 #aab-aag4 ,! ,ottimo1 comm5t+ ?is passage1 says t ,gem9i 8is ! h\se ( ,m]cury1 :o signifies1 accord+ to ! a/rolog]s1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & le>n+4 ,& 9 ?is direction x disposes ^? :o are born :5 x is 9 ! asc5dant1 & m p[]fully if ! sun is 9 x40 #gab ,inf4 xv4 #ee4 #gac ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #agj-ahj4 #gad ,inf4 xxiv4 #ade-aej4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! results ( ! "r disposition ( sph]e ) sph]e are spok5 ( 9 ,canz4 xix4 #gg-gi2 all ! n9e 7 9 p]fect accord :5 ,beatrice1 h]self a n9e or miracle ( p]fection1 0 to be born2#gae & e /> ra9$ its light & its virtue into h] beautiful eyes4#gaf ,!re is also a *>m+ sonnet1 9 :i* ! poet tells u h[ all ! sev5 planets influ5ce 8 lady4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gae ,v4 ,n4 xxx4 #bb-bd4 #gaf ,ball4 vi4 #aa1 #ab4 8,da quella luce *e il suo corso gira ,sempre al vol]e dell' empiree s>te1 ,e /&o regge tra ,saturno e ,m>te1 ,secondo *e l'a/rologo ne spira2 ,quella *e 9 me col suo piac]e aspira1 ,d'essa ritragge signorevol arte3 ,e quei *e dal ciel qu>to non si p>te ,le d l'effetto della mia desira4 ,ancor quel bel pianeta di ,m]curo ,di sua virtute sua loquela t+e1 ,e 'l primo ciel di s gi non l' duro4 ,colei1 *e 'l t]zo ciel di s co/r+e ,il cor le fa d'ogni eloqu5za puro2 ,cos di tutti e sette si dip+e40#gag #gag 8,f t bright /> :i* move? on its way ,= ev] at ! ,empyrean's w1 ,& betwe5 ,m>s & ,saturn rule? /ill1 ,e'en z ! exp]t a/rolog] do? say1 ,%e :o inspires me ) h] beauty's ray ,do? subtle art ( sov]eignty di/il2 ,& he ^: glory do? ! f\r? heav5 fill ,gives h] ! p[] my long+ s\l to sway4 ,& t fair planet kn[n z ,m]cury ,col\rs h] spee* ) all its virtue r>e1 ,& ! fir/ heav5 its boon does n d5y4 ,%e :o ! ?ird heav5 rule? z h] %>e ,makes h] he>t full ( utt]ance pure & free2 ,s all ! sev5 to p]fect h] agree40 ,sonnet xxviii4 7,plumptre74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 m s]i\s ve9 is ! disc\rse 9 ,p>4 ii4 on ! diff]5t virtues ( ! diff]5t />s2#gah & ?is %\ld be comp>$ ) passages 9 ! ,qu/io & ! ,convivio4 8,sci5dum quod licet clum /ellatum habeat unitatem 9 sub/antia1 habet tam5 multiplicitatem 9 virtute10#gai s\nds l an e*o ( ! words ( ,beatrice3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gah ,p>4 ii4 #fd-gb1 #acj to end4 #gai 8,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t al?\gh ! />ry heav5 has unity 9 sub/ance x nev]!less has multiplicity 9 virtue40 ,qu4 xxi4 #ab-ad4 8,cos l'intellig5za sua bontate ,multiplicata p] le /elle spiega1 ,gir&o s sopra sua unitate40#gbj #gbj 8 444 ,e'en s ,! intellectual efficacy unfolds ,its goodness multipli$ ?r\gh\t ! />s1 ,on its own unity revolv+ /ill40 ,p>4 ii4 #acf-ach4 7,c>ey74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,& :5 comp>+ ,nobility ) ! />-spangl$ sky1 our au?or says3 8,tante sono le sue /elle *e nel cielo si /5dono1 *e c]to non da m>avigli>e1 se molti e div]si frutti fanno nella umana ,nobilt1 tante sono le nature e le pot5ze di quelle1 9 una sotto una semplice su/anza comprese e adunate1 nelle quali siccome 9 div]si rami fruttifica div]sam5te40#gba ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gba 8,s _m are ! />s :i* spread !mselves ov] h] sky1 t surely we _c wond] if !y make _m & div]se fruits gr[ on human nobility1 s _m are _! natures & pot5cies1 conc5trat$ & unit$ 9 "o simple sub/ance2 & on !m z on div]se bran*es %e be>s fruit 9 div]se ways40 ,conv4 ,,iv4 xix4 #de-eb4 7,jackson74 ,see also ,conv4 ,,iv4 xxi4 #fb-ff4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! au?or goes on to say 9 ! ,qu/io t ! _m & div]se />s :i* we see 9 ! eigh? heav5 7 plac$ !re 9 ord] t x might p\r d[n div]se virtues1 & t he :o p]ceives ?is n1 let him "k t he is outside ! pale ( philosophy4#gbb ,9 ano!r place he tells u t ! ne>] a /> is to ! mid-circle ( ! /> sph]e1 ! great] is its virtue3#gbc he no d\bt means1 n ! cele/ial equator1 b ! zodiac 7or m exactly ! ecliptic71 s9ce ?is 0 ! mid-circle ( ! /> sph]e1 p>allel to :i* its sl[ revolution ( #cf1jjj ye>s 0 made4 ,?is w\ld agree ) ! view ( ! a/rolog]s1 :o paid m att5tion to ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac ?an to any o!rs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gbb ,qu4 xxi4 #ag-ai4 #gbc ,conv4 ,,ii4 iv4 #ge-gg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b we may se>* all ,dante's works 9 va9 = any ref]5ce to ! 8h\ses0 or 8aspects0 ( ! planets1 or = any in=mation ab\t ! mascul9e & fem99e1 mobile & /able1 signs4 ,all su* ?+s1 :i* seem$ to mo/ writ]s ( 8 day q z important z ! p]iods ( ! planets or ! positions ( ! signs1 he entirely ignores4 ,among ! circumlocutions by :i* he describes ! signs1 su* z 8! fair ne/ ( ,l$a10 or 8! sign t foll[s ,taurus10 we nev] f9d 8! h\se ( ,saturn10 or 8! sign 9 :i* ,m>s is milde/40 ,leo is call$ ,m>s' own ,lion1 probably because ! 8leo audax et f]ox0 ( be/i>ies agre$ ) ! fi]y col\r & nature ( ,m>s3#gbd a/rologically1 8 signs 7 ,scorpio & ,aries4 ,x is q a/oni%+ t among all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! planets & sph]es m5tion$ 9 ,convivio ,,ii4 *apt]s xiv4 & xv41 only two relate to a/rology1 namely1 ! temp]ate disposition ( ,jupit] betwe5 ! hot ,m>s & cold ,saturn1 & ! p[] ( ,m>s to draw up ! hot vap\rs :i* become meteors & port5d ! dea?s ( k+s4 ,all ! re/--! m>k+s & phases ( ! moon1 ! small size & proximity to ! sun ( ,m]cury1 ! beauty ( ,v5us & h] appe>ance alt]nately z morn+ & ev5+ />1 ! brilliance ( ! sun & 8 capability ( giv+ light to all ! />s1 ! position ( ! sph]e ( ,m>s midway betwe5 ^? ( ! o!r planets1 ! purity ( ,jupit]'s col\r1 ! sl[ movem5t & di/ance ( ,saturn--all ^! are purely a/ronomical1 to use ! mod]n di/9ction4 ,s also are ! *>act]s ( ! /> sph]e--! ?\s& & tw5ty-two visible />s1 & ! indi/+ui%able />s ( ! ,galaxy1 ! pole we see & ! o!r :i* rema9s hidd51 ! conspicu\sly swift diurnal movem5t & ! almo/ imp]ceptible secul> revolution ( #cf1jjj ye>s4 ,( ! ,primum ,mobile x is rem>k$ t x controls ! movem5t ( all ! re/1 & ( ! ,empyrean t x is full ( peace4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gbd ,b see ,toz]'s ,engli% ,comm5t>y on ,dante's ,div9a ,comm$ia1 note on ,p>4 xvi4 #cg4 8,9 m$ival a/rology ,m>s 0 "o ( ! ,lords ( ! ,lion40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! symbolism ( ! sph]es assign$ 9 ,p>adise to ! diff]5t sa9ts is p>tly drawn f a/rological ideas1 = 9 ,v5us ,dante meets ! lov]s1 9 ,m>s ! w>riors1 9 ,jupit] ! j rul]s4 ,b ^? :o 7 n et]nally fai?ful to _! v[s are 9 ! moon because %e has ! l[e/ sph]e1#gbe ! contemplative sa9ts are 9 ! highe/ planet1 ! !ologians :o enlight5$ ! fai?ful are 9 ! sun1 & ! ambiti\s are 9 ! little planet :i* ev] keeps close/ to ! sun4 ,! heav5 ( 8_m & div]se />s0 %[s ! poet a ho/ ( sa9ts1 & ! ,primum ,mobile1 :i* controls ! movem5t ( ! o!r sph]es1 reveals to him ! ,angels :o direct !m4 ,x seems1 !n1 t ,dante 0 n int]e/$ 9 te*nical a/rology1 & _h nev] made a /udy ( x2 & ,i ?9k we may adduce ?is additional evid5ce t he _h n le>n$ a/ronomy 9 a univ]sity1 or "u ,cecco d',ascoli4 ,x is only necess>y to look at ! li/ ( books prescrib$ at ,bologna#gbf to feel sure t ,dante _h n tak5 a regul> c\rse !re4 ,! li/1 x is true1 belongs to a some:at lat] "t1 b !re is no reason to suppose t a/rology became ( m importance 9 ! late f\rte5? c5tury ?an at its beg9n+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gbe ,p>4 iii4 #ee-eg4 #gbf ,see p4 #bjb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,nev]!less1 h[ev] little ,dante may h c>$ = ! details ( a/rology1 we %all nev] und]/& all t ! skies meant to him unless we realize t a g5]al belief 9 _! influ5ce on man 0 deeply root$ 9 8 m9d4 ,= him x 0 a trem5d\s fact1 & "o :i* p]vades 8 writ+s1 t />s & sph]es are ! in/rum5ts ( ,god's provid5ce1 & are orda9$ by ! ,fir/ ,mov] to m\ld ! de/9ies ( ,e>?4#gbg ,x is _! movem5ts :i* manife/ ,8 ,w2#gbh !y are ! hamm]s1#gbi e>? ! metal1 !y are ! seals1#gcj & e>? ! wax4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gbg ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 ii4 #ae-ah1 #be1 #bf1 #cf-ch2 ,,iii4 ii4 #cj-cb2 xvi4 #ia-aja2 ,ep4 v4 #acc-ace2 ,p>4 ii4 #aba1 viii4 #ig-ii4 #gbh ,ep4 v4 #abd1 #abe4 #gbi ,p>4 ii4 #abg1 #abh4 #gcj ,p>4 ii4 #acj-acb2 xiii4 #gc-ge2 viii4 #abg1 #abh2 i4 #da1 #db4 ,ri/oro ( ,arezzo uses ! same expression1 ,comp4 del ,mondo1 ,bk4 ,,vii4 "p ,i4 *apt] #b4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?ree times ! />s are invok$ to br+ ju/ice & righte\sness on e>?4#gca ,?r\gh ! sph]es ! elem5ts 7 evolv$ out ( ! fir/ *aotic matt]1 & ev]y?+ on e>? took =m2 all life & motion is g5]at$ by !m4#gcb ,man's s\l is a direct creation by ,god1 b ! mov+ heav5s play an important "p 9 ! =mation ( 8 mat]ial body1 8 m5tal faculties1 & 8 disposition4#gcc ,7 x n = ! action ( ! sph]es1 *ildr5 w\ld be precisely l _! p>5ts1 _! :ole nature be+ gov]n$ by ! law ( h]$ity alone3 x is ! diff]5t influ5ces ( ! skies t give !m diff]5t natures4#gcd ,?is1 says ,beatrice1 is p]haps :at ,plato meant :5 he said t s\ls came f diff]5t />s & return$ ?i!r3 if 8 mean+ 0 t ! influ5ces ( ! />s is s great t to !m is due ! praise or blame :i* we di/ribute to m51 !re is "s tru? 9 ! say+4#gce ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gca ,purg4 vi4 #ajj2 xx4 #ac1 #ad2 xxxiii4 #dj-de4 #gcb ,p>4 vii4 #acc-ada2 xiii4 #fe1 #ff2 ,conv4 ,,iii4 xv4 #aei-afa2 ,,ii4 xv4 #aeb-aed2 ,,iv4 xxiii4 #ej-eb4 #gcc ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #bh-cj2 ,,iv4 ii4 #eh-fa2 ,p>4 xxvi4 #abh1 #abi4 #gcd ,p>4 viii4 #abg-ace4 #gce ,p>4 iv4 #di-fj4 ,see also ,ecl4 ii4 #af1 #ag2 & ,conv4 ,,iv4 xxi4 #ag-ai1 #be-bg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,"s tru? only--8alcun v]o02 = ! />s are n indep5d5t p[]s1 = good or evil1 :i* m5 are unable to resi/4 ,?is view is expressly combat$ 9 ,purg4 xvi4 #eh-hd4 ,dante has ask$ ! _s ( ! c\rtly ,v5etian ,m>co ,lomb>do :y ! _w is s full ( wick$ness n[1 = "s say x is ! effect ( ! heav5s1 & o!rs seek an e>?ly cause4 ,m>co groans at ! bl9dness ( m51 :o accuse heav5 = ! results ( _! own misde$s3 x is true t ! heav5s influ5ce our l[] natures1 our in/9cts1 & desires2 b ! s\l is free1 & c control !m4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,aqu9as4 ,9 "o passage ( ! ,de ,mon>*ia1 ,dante goes ev5 fur!r ?an ?is1 & ass]ts t ! influ5ces ( ! sph]es are only good1 & t evil results f imp]fections 9 ! mat]ial on :i* ^! p]fect in/rum5ts "w4#gcf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gcf ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 ii4 #ba-bc2 ,cf4 ,p>4 xiii4 #fd-gh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,conceptions su* z ^! give u a new idea ( m$ival a/rology4 ,!y may be mi/ak51 b at lea/ !y are gr&1 & n unwor?y ( a philosoph] & a ,*ri/ian4 #e4 ,,! ,,motive ,,p[]4 ,dante's ideas reg>d+ ! laws & orig9 ( motion 9 ! univ]se 7 d]iv$ f ,ari/otelian metaphysics & ,*ur* doctr9es4 ,he believ$ t !re 7 ?ree k9ds ( motion prop] to ?ree k9ds ( bodies3 i4e4 heavy bodies t5d$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 :i* is also ! c5tre ( ! e>?2 light bodies t5d$ upw>ds to ! region ( fire j bel[ ! moon2 & bodies ( e!real sub/ance--! />s1 planets1 & sph]es--mov$ et]nally 9 circles r\nd ! c5tre4 ,?us ,beatrice1 :5 speak+ ( ! in/9ct implant$ 9 all creat$ ?+s1 :i* be>s !m ?r\gh ! great ocean ( be+ ea* to 8 de/9$ hav51 says3-- 8,que/i ne porta il foco inv] la luna1 4 4 4 4 4 ,que/i la t]ra 9 s /r+e ed aduna40#gcg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gcg 8,?is c>ries fire t[>ds ! moon1 ?is compresses & b9ds ,e>? toge!r40 ,p>4 i4 #aae1 #aag4 ,see also ,de ,mon4 ,,iii4 vii4 #cj1 #ca1 & ,i4 xv4 #ch-da2 ,conv4 ,,iii4 iii4 #aj-ac2 ,qu4 xviii4 #aa1 #ab1 & _m o!rs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,& ,virgil3-- 8,il foco movesi 9 altura1 ,p] la sua =ma1 *' nata a salire ,l dove pi 9 sua mat]ia dura40#gch ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gch 8,! fire do? upw>d move ,by its own =m1 :i* to asc5d is born1 ,:]e longe/ 9 its matt] x endures40 ,purg4 xviii4 #bh-cj4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,t is to say ! =m ( a flame fits x to rise to t place :]e1 be+ 9 its own elem5t1 x may la/ long] ?an on ,e>?4 ,conv]sely1 ! c5tre ( ! e>? is describ$ z ! bottom ( ! :ole univ]se1 & ! po9t t[>ds :i* all weights are attract$4#gci ,^! opposite =ces ,dante calls gravity & levity4#gdj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gci ,inf4 xxxii4 #h1 & #gd2 xxxiv4 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,see also ,p>4 xxxiii4 #bb1 #bc2 ,inf4 ix4 #bh1 #bi2 ,qu4 iii4 #f-i1 etc4 #gdj ,de ,mon4 ,i4 xv4 #df-dh2 ,qu4 xii4 #ci-db4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! mo/ int]e/+ illu/ration ( ?is =ce ( gravity is ! description1 9 ! la/ canto ( ! ,inf]no1 ( pass+ ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 8il punto al qual si traggon d'ogni p>te i pesi40#gda ,virgil turn$ "h 8con fatica e con angoscia10#gdb & bid ,dante hold him fa/1 8ans&o com' uom lasso40#gdc ,x 0 natural to suppose t ! =ce ( gravity w\ld increase z "o ne>$ ! c5tre1 ?\gh ! fact is t x decreases4 ,9 deep m9es x is less ?an at ! surface ( e>?2 & if we c\ld g to mu* great] dep?s we %\ld f9d t we c\ld /& 9 any position1 & walk 9 any direction ) almo/ equal ease1 till at ! exact c5tre ! s5se ( weight & ( 8up0 & 8d[n0 w\ld vani% altoge!r4 ,?is is because x is ! :ole mass ( ! e>? :i* attracts1 & :5 we p5etrate b5ea? ! surface ! "p above is no long] dragg+ u d[n1 & its effect is annull$4 ,b at ! surface gravity acts z if ! =ce 7 all conc5trat$ at ! c5tre1 & fall+ bodies increase _! spe$ z !y approa* ! surface3 be=e ! days ( ,newton1 !re=e1 x 0 ?\ght t ! :ole ( ! attract+ =ce 0 actually situat$ at ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,brunetto ,lat9i speaks ( gravity increas+ z ?is po9t is approa*$1 & ,dante1 l ,ari/otle1 calls x ! goal ( gravity4#gdd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gda 8,! po9t t[>ds :i* weights are drawn f e direction40 ,inf4 xxxiv4 #aaj-aaa4 #gdb 8,labori\sly & pa9fully40 ,inf4 xxxiv4 #gh4 #gdc 8,pant+ l a tir$ man40 ,inf4 xxxiv4 #hc4 #gdd ,qu4 xvi4 #ed1 #ee4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,betwe5 ! physical & ! spiritual univ]se z conceiv$ by ,dante1 !re is a v close correspond5ce4 ,s\ls burd5$ ) ! weight ( s9 fall t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 s9k+ deep] ! heavi] is _! guilt1 & at ! bottom ( ! :ole univ]se is ! p]sonification ( all evil4 ,rep5tant s\ls1 z !y are fre$ f _! s9s1 rise high] & high]1 & ! asc5t becomes always easi]1 until at la/ !y so> heav5w>d z naturally & spontane\sly z flames ( fire4 ,9 ,p>adise ! motion ( ! pure spirits is inconceivably rapid1 & _! my/ic dances expressive ( joy are always 9 circles4 ,motion 9 circles 0 ! only appropriate k9d = ! heav5ly bodies1#gde b ! actual =ce :i* orig9at$ & pres]v$ _! motions 0 intellig5ce & w4 ,:5 ,dante sang1 8,voi *e int5d5do il t]zo ciel movete10#gdf he 0 n address+ be+s creat$ m]ely by 8 poet's imag9ation4 ,8 own comm5t>y on ! words %[s u t !y 7 z real to him z ! planets !mselves4 ,he c "k no?+ ( !m ?r\gh ! s5ses1 yet is z c]ta9 ( _! exi/5ce z "o ) clos$ eyes is ( light4#gdg ,^! be+s move ! sph]es n ?r\gh any mat]ial contact1 b solely by ! p[] ( ?\ght3 !y are immat]ial immortal intellig5ces1 commonly call$ ,angels1 & ,dante id5tifies !m ) ! ,=ms ( ,ari/otle1 ! ,ideas ( ,plato1 & ! gods & goddesses ( ! ,pagans1 8avvegna* non cos filos(icam5te int5dess]o quelle come ,plato40#gdh ,z ! hamm] beats out =ms 9 metal1 & ?us expresses :at is 9 ! m9d ( ! smi?1 & z he works f ! arti/'s design1 s ! movem5ts & 8virtues0 ( ! sacr$ sph]es m\ld e>?ly ev5ts1 b ^! movem5ts & virtues are ! expression ( controll+ angels1 & !y are c>ry+ out ! ,w ( ! ,fir/ ,mov]4 ,& z ! joy ( a happy mortal %9es out 9 ! eyes1 s ! joy ( ! angels %9es out 9 />s & planets4#gdi ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gde ,?is is n[h]e /at$1 b ev]y:]e tak5 = grant$1 & 9 ,conv4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #baa ! circle is said to be ! mo/ p]fect ( figures4 #gdf 8,oh ye ^: intellectual m9i/ry moves ! ?ird heav540 ,conv4 ,,ii4 canzone2 & ,p>4 viii4 #cg4 #gdg ,conv4 ,,ii4 v4 #aai-abf4 #gdh 8,al?\gh !y did n ?9k ( !m z philosophically z ,plato40 ,conv4 ,,ii4 v4 #e-cg1 #id1 #ie2 vi4 #aed-aei4 #gdi ,p>4 ii4 #abg-abi1 #adb-add4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!re 7 n9e ,ord]s 9 ! angelic hi]>*ies1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 ! *ief au?ority on ?is subject be+ a book ,de ,cele/ia ,hi]>*ia1 suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 a disciple ( ,/4 ,paul1 :o _h le>n$ f ! apo/le :at he _h se5 :5 rapt to ! ?ird heav54 ,aqu9as assigns to "o ( ^! n9e ord]s ! guidance ( />s & planets1 & to o!rs ! rule ov] e>?ly affairs4 ,b s9ce ! latt] foll[ ! cele/ial motions1 !re 0 no ne$ to sep>ate ! two functions1 & ,dante laid d[n 9 ! ,convivio t a few ,angels f ea* ,ord] preside ov] ! movem5ts ( ea* sph]e4 ,) ,ari/otle1 he agre$ t !re is "o ,intellig5ce = ea* movem5t1 s t = ,v5us 7= in/ance7 !re are ?ree mov]s to direct respectively ! circl+ ( ! ,epicycle1 ! ,def]5t1 & ! movem5t ( ,precession :i* e planet %>es ) ! />s2 b :e!r !re is a f\r? mov] to guide ! diurnal motion ( ,v5us or if all ! inn] sph]es are swept along by ! motion ( ! ,primum ,mobile1 he w\ld n presume to decide4#gej ,:5 he wrote ! ,p>adiso1 he no long] ?\ght t a few ,angels 7 set ap>t = ?is m9i/ry3 he implies t all ! angels 9 ea* ord] unit$ 9 ! act ( mov+ a :ole heav5 & p]haps he means to include ! beatifi$ human spirits z well4#gea ,he also slightly *anges ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! angelic ord]s & _! respective sph]es4#geb ,swiftness ( motion 9 a sph]e corresponds ) f]v\r ( adoration 9 ! ,mov]s3 h5ce ! highe/ & swifte/ ( ! mov+ heav5s1 :i* is ! ,primum ,mobile1 is mov$ by ! highe/ ,ord]1 ! ,s]aphim3 & ! l[e/ & sl[e/1 :i* is t ( ! moon1 by ! l[e/ ord]1 ! ,angels4#gec ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gej ,conv4 ,,ii4 v4 & vi4 #gea ,p>4 viii4 #cd-cg4 #geb ,cf4 ,p>4 xxviii4 #ih to end1 ) ,conv4 ,,ii4 vi4 #dc-ee1 #ajf-aji4 #gec ,p>4 xxviii4 #cd-ci1 #fd-ge4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,all ^! movem5ts are a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,fir/ ,mov]1 ,himself unmov$1 z ,aqu9as _h said1 foll[+ ,ari/otle1 & ! fir/ words ( ,dante's confession ( fai? 9 ,p>adise are an e*o ( ?is3-- 8,io cr$o 9 uno ,iddio1 ,solo ed et]no1 *e tutto il ciel muove1 ,non moto1 con amore e con disio40#ged ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ged 0,9 "o ,god ,i believe1 ,sole & et]ne1 :o move? all ! heav5s1 ,) love & ) desire1 ,himself unmov$40 ,p>4 xxiv4 #acj-acb4 7,longfell[74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,"h1 z (t5 else:]e1 ,dante id5tifies ! heav5s ) _! ,mov]s1 & speaks z if ! sph]es !mselves 7 mov$ by love & long+4 ,9 ! t5? heav51 or ,empyrean1 ?is long+ 0 completely fulfill$1 h5ce ?is heav5 0 = ev] at re/4#gee ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gee ,conv4 ,,ii4 iv4 #ac-cj2 ,ep4 x4 #ddb-deb1 & #dgb-dhh2 ,p>4 i4 #aba-abc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,viii4 ,,m$i,,val ,,& ,,mod]n ,,views ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,,m$i,,val ,,& ,,mod]n ,,views ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,let u n[ ga!r into "o picture ! details ( m$ival a/ronomy :i* ,dante has taught u1 & try to see ! univ]se z x pres5t$ itself to m5's m9ds 9 8 days4 ,motionless1 at ! c5tre ( all ?+s1 is ! e>?1 a massive globe #bj1djj miles 9 circumf]5ce4#gef ,only ! nor!rn "p ( "o hemisph]e is inhabit$2 ! re/ is cov]$ by ocean4 ,x is surr\nd$ by air1 into :i* rise ! exhalations f l& & sea :i* cause w9ds1 ra91 etc4 ,above ! height to :i* ^! rise1 & above ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 ! air sweeps un9t]rupt$ly r\nd ! e>? f ea/ to we/1 %>+ ! movem5t ( ! skies4 ,above ?is aga9 is ! region ( pure fire3 all fire on ,e>?'s surface t5ds to rise into x1 & hot dry vap\rs asc5d+ "h bur/ into flame1 & are se5 f ,e>? z %oot+ />s & comets4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gef ,probably equal to #bf1ejj ,engli% /atute miles4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b\nd+ ! sph]e ( fire is ! l[e/ ( ! cele/ial sph]es1 t ( ! moon2 & "h we pass abruptly f ! _w ( ! f\r elem5ts1 transitory1 *ang+1 to ! cele/ial _w1 et]nal1 *angeless4 ,sph]e rises above sph]e1 c>ry+ moon & sun & planets1 until we rea* ! va/ orb 9 :i* are set all ! />s4 ,all ^! bodies are compos$ ( a my/]i\s impond]able sub/ance call$ !r2 all are p]fectly sph]ical1 & all _! movem5ts are circul>4 ,! diurnal rotation :i* we see is caus$ by an out]mo/ sph]e :i* conta9s no />3 x communicates its own motion to all ! sph]es )9 x4 ,! zodiacal motions ( sun1 moon1 & planets1 & ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 are caus$ by ! prop] motion ( ea* sph]e1 rotat+ f we/ to ea/4 ,! oscillat+ movem5ts ( ! five planets & ! v>y+ spe$ ( ! moon are caus$ by small rotat+ sph]es call$ epicycles1 on :i* planets & moon are fix$1 ! epicycles 9 _! turn be+ atta*$ to ! l>ge sph]es4 ,! di/ance f ! e>? to ! ne>e/ heav5ly body1 :i* is ! moon1 is #fd times ! radius ( ! e>?2 ! di/ance ( ! fix$ />s1 m ?an #bj1jjj times ! radius ( ,e>?4 ,m]cury1 ! smalle/ ( ! heav5ly bodies1 is only #bcb miles 9 diamet]1#geg ! moon & ,v5us are bo? r m ?an a qu>t] ! size ( ! e>?1 ,m>s is a little l>g] ?an ,e>?2 next 9 ord] ( size come ! />s1 f ! fa9te/ visible increas+ up to ^? ( ! second magnitude2 ,saturn & ,jupit] are mu* l>g] ?an ,e>?1 & ! fifte5 brighte/ 7fir/-magnitude7 />s l>g] /ill2 ! sun is ! l>ge/ body 9 ! :ole univ]se1 hav+ a diamet] #e times ,e>?'s diamet]4 ,x is imm5sely bright & hot1 is ! s\rce ( light to ! :ole univ]se1 & on ,e>? is ! *ief giv] ( light1 heat1 & life1 & ! *ief measure ( "t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #geg #cjj ,engli% /atute miles4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! moon & />s are also useful 9 ?is way to ,e>?1 & ^u h] are p\r$ all ! influ5ces ( ! cele/ial sph]es1 ! sun1 moon1 & planets3 ^! are ! in/rum5ts by :i* e ev5t on ,e>? is br\ght to pass4 ,x is _! nature to move 9 circles1 z x is ,e>?'s nature to rema9 motionless at ! c5tre ( ! univ]se2 b all _! motions are controll$ by ! wills ( immortal angels1 :i* are subject to ! ,w ( ! ,fir/ ,mov]4 ,! s5sible univ]se is et]nal1 b x is f9ite & measurable1 & ( def9ite =m1#geh be+ b\nd$ by a sph]e4 ,beyond ?is 9 e direction is inf9ity4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #geh ,conv4 ,,iv4 ix4 #bc-be4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,su* 0 ! m$ival conception ( ! ,univ]se1 z we ga!r f le>n$ m$ival books1 & z we f9d x vividly pictur$ 9 ,dante's gl[+ v]se4 ,h[ d we conceive x n[8 ,! heav5s are ! same to our eyes z to ,dante's4 ,! blue dome ( ! sky /ill ar*es ov] our heads1 & 9 x we may see ! />s %9e out aft] ! sun has set2 we may see ,v5us mak+ all ! ori5t smile at e>ly dawn1 & ! light ( ! moon n yet ris5 pal+ ! />s ( ,scorpio4 ,we may also see ) our bodily eyes :at 0 only visible to ! ke5 eyes ( ,dante's m9d1 ! ris+ sun travell+ to our left1 & ! s\!rn />s circl+ r\nd ! s\!rn pole1 :ile ! />s ( ! nor? s9k bel[ ! ocean floor4#gei ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gei ,comp>e ) ,dante's accurate descriptions a poem by ,kipl+ 9 8,a ,s*ool ,hi/ory ( ,engl&03-- 8,s\? & f> s\? bel[ ! l9e ,our ,admiral leads u on4 ,above1 undream$-( planets %9e40 767 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b to "o :o kn[s any?+ ( mod]n a/ronomy ! ideas sugge/$ are widely diff]5t4 ,mo/ /rik+ is ! abs5ce ( t %>p contra/ betwe5 ,e>? & heav5 :i* our =efa!rs felt4 ,e>? is n to u small1 d>k1 & in]t1 made ( ! base/ mat]ial & sunk1 l ! dregs ( ! ,univ]se1 to its l[e/ dep?s4 ,e>? is a heav5ly body1 z ! ,py?agoreans rightly guess$1 a beautiful big planet1 %9+ brightly by reflect$ sunlight & mov+ swiftly1 l h] si/]-planets4 ,to ,v5us %e is ! brighte/ /> 9 ! sky2 to ! moon %e %[s a f> l>g] disc ?an ! moon %[s to u1 & m>k+s m beautiful & wond]ful1 brilliant caps ( sn[ at ei!r pole1 oceans col\r$ blue-gre51 & cont95ts v>y+ 9 t9t1 :5ev] ! dazzl+ :ite cl\ds "p to reveal h] surface4 ,e>? is ! l>ge/ planet among h] neighb\rs1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 & ,m>s2 j z ,jupit] is l>ge/ among ! giant planets--,saturn & ! m rec5tly discov]$ ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,9 ! gap betwe5 ^! two gr\ps mod]n a/ronom]s h discov]$ hundr$s ( t9y planets1 to :i* ,e>? is a mon/]1 = _m are only a few miles 9 diamet]4 ,! meteorites :i* %oot across our view1 8/>tl+ quiet eyes10 we /ill reg>d z a k9d ( conflagration 9 our upp] atmosph]e1 b in/ead ( vap\rs ris+ f ,e>?'s surface we recognise !m z visitants f int]-planet>y space1 caught by ,e>?'s great mass z !y pass too ne>1 & flam+ up ) ! heat caus$ by _! sudd5 ru% ?r\gh ! air4 ,!y exi/ 9 %oals ( ?\s&s & millions1 "s small z pebbles1 "s l great rocks1 b all belong+ to our sy/em & pursu+ def9ite pa?s l planets4 ,! same mu/ be said ( comets1 :i* h j z little to d ) a hypo!tical fire-sph]e r\nd ,e>?1 b travel 9 regul> p]iods1 "s long1 "s %ort2 sev]al small ones are se5 e ye>1 & occasionally a great spl5d\r l ,halley's draws ne> to u 9 its orbit1 yet ev5 ^! seem to consi/ ( v small quantities ( matt]4 ,o!r memb]s ( our cele/ial family are ! moons ( ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ! re/1 ( :i* m are /ill be+ discov]$4 ,! ,e>?-,moon sy/em is1 h[ev]1 unique 9 t our satellite is mu* ne>] our own size ?an ! proportionately t9y companions ( o!r planets & ! pair mu/ look l a beautiful 8d\ble0 mov+ ?r\gh ! />s & cont9ually revolv+ r\nd "o ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,comp>ative sizes ( ! ,sun & 8 satellites4 p4 #dij ,all ^! bodies are made1 n ( a my/]i\s e!r1 b ( some?+ j z wond]ful1 beautiful1 & incompreh5sible--! same /uff z ,e>?4 ,mo/ probably all develop$ 9 long-pa/ ages out ( a nebula1 or mass ( gas :i* = "s unkn[n reason 0 int5sely hot4 ,small bodies1 l ! ,moon & ,m>s1 cool$ (f ! mo/ quickly1 & h lo/ or are los+ _! air & _! wat]2 l>g] bodies1 l ,jupit]1 h /ill "s heat1 & are probably 9 a m or less fluid condition4 ,on ! sun an inconceivable heat /ill rages2 ev]y?+ is 9 a gase\s /ate1 & ?is globe :i* m5 us$ to ?9k et]nally *angeless is ! sc5e ( ! fi]ce/ turmoil2 curr5ts are always asc5d+ & desc5d+1 cl\ds ( fire are flung up ?\s&s ( miles high1 & pat*es :i* look black comp>$ ) ! surr\nd+ surface & indicate a my/]i\s commotion are con/antly =m+1 develop+1 & disappe>+4 ,! sun is enorm\sly l>g] ?an ,dante ?\ght1 l>g] ?an all ! planets put toge!r1 l>ge en\gh = our moon's :ole orbit to fit com=tably inside4 ,x is hot en\gh & brilliant en\gh to light all ! planets3 ?is1 :i* 0 only a guess ( m$ival a/ronom]s1 we "k z a fact to-day1 & ! planets :i* are suitably plac$ %[ x to u1 :5 se5 9 ! telescope2 ,v5us1 = in/ance1 *ang+ h] phase 8accord+ z ! sun looks ^u h]10 exactly l ! moon4 ,& ,e>? mu/ %[ simil> phases z se5 f ,m>s4 ,= ,ari/>*us 0 "r3 ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! planet>y movem5ts1 includ+ ^? ( ! planet ,e>?4 ,we saw h[ ,ptolemy's sy/em h9t$ at ?is1 9 ! significant connection betwe5 ea* planet's movem5t & ! movem5t ( ! sun2 b a /rong argum5t aga9/ x 0 t if ,e>? 7 really mov+ r\nd ! sun we ought to see a ye>ly displacem5t 9 ! positions ( all ! />s4 ,mod]n in/rum5ts h at la/ made x possible to p]ceive ?is displacem5t4 ,ab\t a hundr$ />s1 our ne>e/ neighb\rs1 describe a v m9ute orbit 9 ! sky1 :i* 9 e case is an exact reflection ( ! sun's app>5t orbit r\nd ! e>?4 ,unless1 !re=e1 we are go+ to provide all ^! />s1 z well z ! planets1 ) epicycles1 :i* mu/ all revolve 9 ! same p]iod1 9 ! same direction1 & 9 p>allel planes1 we mu/ conclude t ! movem5t is really ,e>?'s ye>ly movem5t r\nd ! sun4 ,^! m9iature />-orbits also %[ u ! /up5d\s di/ances :i* lie betwe5 ,e>? & ! ne>e/ />s1 :ile by f> ! great] numb] are too remote to %[ any displacem5t at all4 ,ari/>*us & ^? o!r anci5t a/ronom]s 7 also "r :o ?\ght t ,e>? 0 turn+ on h] axis1 & ?us produc+ by h] own motion ! alt]nation ( day & night1 & ! app>5t circl+ ( ! />s4 ,:5 we look n[ at />s ha/5+ across ! sky1 !y no long] pres5t !mselves to our ?\ght z fix$ on a sph]e ) a radius ( #bj1jjj ,e>?-radii1 :i* is revolv+ r\nd u at a trem5d\s spe$2 we feel t we are look+ into space at gl[+ globes :i* are at v>i\s & almo/ inconceivable di/ances f u2 also t all ^? we see1 all ^? t ,hipp>*us numb]$1 are b an insignificant fraction ( all ^? n[ kn[n to exi/4 ,all h _! own real motions1 z well z ! app>5t motions produc$ by ,e>?1 b ^! are 9 diff]5t directions1 t[>ds :at goal we _c at pres5t tell4 ,comp>$ ) !m1 ,e>? is inde$ insignificant1 9 size & also 9 brightness1 = :ile %e %9es ) reflect$ light !y gl[ z ! sun does & are 8 pe]s4 ,nev]!less1 ) !m too we h a feel+ ( k9%ip1 = analysis ( _! light %[s t !y too are made ( e>?-/uffs3 !y are n et]nal nor *angeless1 = v _m v>y con/antly 9 _! light1 & !y are at diff]5t /ages ( developm5t1 "s appe>+ v "y1 :ile o!rs are beg9n+ to burn dim & l[1 & "s c only be inf]r$ to exi/1 = !y seem to be :olly d>k4 ,m wond]ful p]haps ?an any?+ else1 we f9d t ! =ce :i* b9ds ! :ole ( our sun's family toge!r is no?+ /range & unkn[n1 b ! same famili> =ce ( gravity1 :i* ! ,greeks knew s well b ?\ght only applicable to ,e>?4 ,its rule includes ! seem+ly unruly comets & meteors1 & x ext5ds z f> z our se>* c rea*1 to ! utt]mo/ />4 ,?is s5se ( unity ?r\gh\t ! _w1 :i* is always gr[+ /rong]1 is com=t+4 ,& we all[ ourselves to wond] :e!r intellig5t life has n develop$ else:]e1 z well z on ?is globe t we inhabit4 ,p]haps ea* planet t att5ds our sun is fitt$ at "s p]iod to be ! abode ( life3 surely among ! millions ( />s _m mu/ h att5dant planets1 & on "s ( !m ev5 n[ are liv+1 ?9k+1 be+s4 ,dante's _w 0 easi] to ?9k ab\t ?an ours4 ,encompass$ by an inf9ity :i* gave ! imag9ation free scope1 ! mat]ial univ]se )9 0 neatly r\nd$ (f1 z x 71 complete1 f9i%$4 ,only 9 ! c5tral spot 0 any developm5t tak+ place1 & ?i!r 7 direct$ all effects ( ! circl+ sph]es4 ,our univ]se is vague1 va/1 my/]i\s1 )\t kn[n limits or c5tre1 (f]+ problem aft] problem to ! ?9k]4 ,dante's m>vell\s moon-sub/ance is simple comp>$ ) ! baffl+ nature ( our !r2 ,dante's ,angel-,mov]s are intelligible comp>$ ) ! amaz+ my/]y ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,yet :5 we lift our eyes f e>? to heav51 we %>e ! feel+ ( our m$ival =efa!rs1 ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 ( ! e>lie/ m5 :5ev] & :]ev] !y became m54 ,! un]r+ c\rses ( ! />s speak to u1 8! unp]turb$ to ! p]turb$10 ( p]fect h>mony1 unt\*$ by *ance or arbit>y conflict+ wills4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we d n believe ?is is because heav5 is ess5tially diff]5t f e>?3 x is because we see !re only ! gr& outl9es1 only ! work+ ( great laws1 ( a sy/em :i* includes our own e>?4 ,c\ld we b lose sight ( ! details "h1 & view ! hi/ory ( man z we view ! />s1 ! h>mony w\ld be z gr&4 ,,hymn ,,to ,,zeus4 ,mo/ glori\s ( ! ,immortals1 _m-nam$1 ,almighty = ev]1 ,zeus1 ,rul] ( ,nature1 t gov]ne/ all ?+s ) law1 ,hail6 = lawful x is t all mortals %\ld address !e4 ,= we are ?y (fspr+1 tak+ ! image only ( ?y voice1 z _m mortal ?+s z live & move ^u ! e>?4 ,!re=e w ,i hymn !e1 & s+ ?y might = ev]4 ,= !e do? all ?is univ]se t circles r\nd ! e>? obey1 mov+ :i!rsoev] ?\ leade/1 & is gladly sway$ by !e4 ,su* a m9i/] ha/ ?\ 9 ?9e inv9cible h&s--! two-edg$1 blaz+1 imp]i%able ?und]bolt4 ,= "u its /roke all nature %udd]e?1 & by x ?\ guide/ aright ! univ]sal ,reason1 t roams ?r\gh all ?+s1 m+l+ itself ) ! great] & less] lights1 till x has gr[n s great1 & become supreme k+ ( all4 ,nor is aught done on ! e>? )\t !e1 ,o ,god1 nor 9 ! div9e sph]e ( ! heav5s1 nor 9 ! sea1 ,save ! works t evil m5 d 9 _! folly4 ,yea1 b ?\ kn[e/ ev5 to f9d a place = sup]flu\s ?+s1 & to ord] t :i* is disord]ly1 & ?+s n de> to m5 are de> to !e4 ,?\ do/ h>monize into "o all good & evil ?+s1 t !re %\ld be "o ev]la/+ ,reason ( !m all4 ,& ?is ! evil among mortal m5 avoid & he$ n wret*$1 ev] desir+ to possess ! good2 yet !y nor see nor he> ! ,univ]sal ,law ( ,god1 :i*1 obey+ ) all _! he>t1 _! life w\ld be well4 ,b !y ru% graceless ea* to 8 own aim1 ,"s *]i%+ lu/ = fame1 ! nurse ( evil /rife1 ,"s b5t on mon/r\s ga91 ,"s turn$ to folly & ! sweet works ( ! fle%1 ,ha/5+ inde$ to br+ ! v contr>y ( ^! ?+s to pass4 ,b ?\1 ,o ,zeus1 ! all-giv]1 dwell] 9 ! d>kness ( cl\d1 "l ( ?und]1 save ?\ m5 f _! unhappy folly1 ,:i* d ?\1 ,o ,fa!r1 scatt] f _! s\ls1 & give !m to discov] ! wisdom1 9 ^: assurance ?\ gov]ne/ all ?+s ) ju/ice2 ,s t1 be+ hon\r$1 !y may pay !e hon\r1 ,hymn+ ?y works cont9ually1 z x beseems a mortal man1 ,s9ce !re c be no great] glory = m5 or gods ?an ?is1 ,duly to praise = ev] ! ,univ]sal ,law4 ,,clean!s 7#crd c5tury ,b4,c474 ,translation by ,t4 ,w4 ,rolle/on4 ,,index4 7,pages #a to #bjf are 9 ,"p ,i43 #bjg onw>ds1 9 ,"p ,,ii47 ,abra*is 7,hipp>*us71 #aic ,abul ,hazan1 #ahd ,abul ,wefa1 #ahc1 #aid 8,ac]ba10 #bbg1 #bdc ,a*]n>1 #ab1 #aee1 #aef1 #bie ,a*illes1 ,%ield (1 #ec ,adam1 #cdi1 #dch ,albategnius1 #ahc1 #aic1 #bjb1 #bci1 #bge ,alb]tus ,magnus1 #bjd1 #bcb1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bda1 #bib1 #cjf1 #cbd1 #cdb1 #dcb1 #ddc1 #ded 0 & meteors1 #cai ,alb]t ( ,saxony1 #dfd1 n4#dfe ,al ,betrugi 7,alpetragius71 #ahd ,albumass>1 #bci1 #bde1 #ddc1 #dgc ,al*abicius1 #bjb ,al*emy1 #bab-ac1 #bae ,aldeb>an1 #aee1 #aef ,alex&] ! ,great1 #gi1 #hj1 #aab1 #ade ,alex&ria1 #aac1 #aah1 #abb1 #acd1 #ace1 #aef1 #aeg1 #agb 0 ,a/ronom]s (1 #abb1 #abd1 #acg1 #aec1 #afc1 #aga1 #age1 #bhh 0 ,museum & obs]vatory (1 #aac1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abb1 #ace 0 ,s*ool (1 #aab et seq41 #afc ,alf>cate91 #ahg1 #bcd ,alfonso ,x41 #aie1 #bjc1 #bdb ,alfraganus1 #ahc1 #bcc-cg1 #bdc 0 editions (1 #bce1 #dcg1 n4#deh 0 geography (1 #ccg 0 writ+s (1 #ahd et seq41 #aic-d 0 & climates1 #cbd1 #cig 0 0 colure1 #djc 0 0 ,dante1 #bec1 #bed1 #bgc1 #bge1 #bhf1 #bhh-ij1 #bii1 #cac1 #cae1 #cbh1 #cce1 #cdg1 #djc1 n4#djc1 #dcf-cg1 #ddd1 #ddh-ea1 #deh-i 0 & eclipses1 #cch 0 0 meteors1 #cbj 0 0 moon1 #cdi1 #ddh-di 0 0 precession1 #bhh1 #dci 0 0 ,regulus1 #djf 0 0 ,ri/oro1 #bde-dg ,algazel1 #bde ,almage/1 #aad1 n4#aae1 #abc1 #acf1 #aed1 #aei1 #afc1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #aic1 #bji1 #bah1 #bcb1 #bch 0 translations (1 #bja-b ,al ,mamun1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aib #8,almana* ,dantis ,aligh]ii1' #dba-bc ,al ,mansur1 #aha ,alpha ,draconis1 #abg 0 ,c5tauri1 #aee1 #aia 0 ,phnicis1 #aef ,am]igo ,vespucci1 #bid ,anaxagoras1 #fj1 #fa1 #gf1 #ih1 #bci1 #cje ,anaxim&]1 #bf1 #ef1 #ff1 #ge1 #gf1 #ia1 #ii ,anaxim5es1 #fj1 #ih ,&rea ,corsali1 #bid ,angelitti1 ,pr(41 #bha1 #daj1 #dae1 #dag1 #dbc ,angels1 #bdi1 #bhd1 #cjb1 #caa1 #chh1 #dad-ae1 #dda1 #dgg1 #dhb-hd1 #dhi1 #did ,angelo de ,gub]natis1 n4#cii ,anomaly1 ( planets1 #adj1 #adc ,antu1 #cga ,ant>es1 #cj ,anti*?on1 #ga1 #ge1 #aja1 #bcf ,antipodes1 #ff1 #agf1 #cbd ,antonelli1 n4#bie ,apogee1 #aai2 ( moon1 #adh1 #ddi1 #dej2 ( sun1 #adf1 #aic ,apollonius1 #aah1 #ada ,aqu>ius1 #cc1 n4#cf1 #ade1 #adi1 #aef1 #bgg1 #bij1 #che ,aquila1 #ab ,aqu9as1 ,/4 ,?omas1 #bja1 #bjd et seq41 #baa1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bda1 #cjf1 #cci1 #ded1 #dgi1 #dhc1 #dhd ,arabs 7see also ,mahom$an7 0 a/ronom]s1 #bah2 ye>1 #ci2 zodiac1 #cj 0 & a/rology1 #bac2 a/ronomy1 #aha et seq4 ,aratus1 #be ,note1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 n4#ce1 #eh1 #afh ,ar*im$es1 #ajg ,arcturus1 #cf1 #eb1 #aee1 #aij1 #aia ,arculf1 #agf ,argo1 n4#cf ,aries 7see also ,ram71 #dj1 n4#dc1 #bfe1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bij1 #cbe1 #cef1 #cfh1 #cgc1 #cgd1 #chg1 #cih1 n4#cii 0 fir/ po9t (1 #abi1 #ahe1 #bgg1 #ceg1 #djc1 #djd 0 & a/rology1 #bdi 0 0 ,jupit]1 #dah 0 0 ,m>s1 #dgf 0 0 ,sun1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bha1 #cbc1 #cbe1 #ccc1 #cfg1 #cfh1 #chc1 #cif1 #cih1 #djb-e1 #dah1 #dai1 #dbb1 #dgc ,ari/>*us1 #ajg et seq41 #aaa1 #abj1 #aba1 #aec1 #aia1 #dib ,ari/ophanes1 #afb ,ari/otle1 #eh1 #ff1 #ie et seq4 0 cosmogony (1 #aja-jb1 #ajc et seq41 #abc1 #afj1 #bja1 #bjd 0 influ5ce on sci5ce1 #hj1 #acf1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #aic 0 translations (1 #bad1 #bcg 0 & ,arabs1 #ahd 0 0 ,av]ros1 #dfc 0 0 ,calippus1 #ie1 #ajg 0 0 ! ,galaxy1 #bcg1 #cje1 #cjf 0 0 ,dante1 #bce-ch1 #bda1 #bed-ee1 #bfa1 #cja1 n4#cba1 #cdb1 #dca1 #ddb1 #dea1 #ded1 #dfd-fe1 #dhj-hd 0 0 gravity1 #dde 0 0 ,lat9 au?ors1 #agj 0 0 ,m>s1 #caj1 #dcc 0 0 meteors1 #cai1 #cba 0 0 music ( ! sph]es1 #dee 0 0 ,plato1 #he 0 0 s\!rn hemisph]e1 #cec 0 0 sph]es #dca1 #dcb1 #dcd1 #dfa ,aruns1 #dgb ,aryabhata1 #aaj-aa ,arym1 #bdg1 #cbi ,arza*el1 #ahd1 #aie ,asd5te1 #bab1 #dgb ,assisi1 ,/4 ,francis (1 #bga ,a/rolabe1 #aad1 #aae1 #abb1 #add1 #aib1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #cda 0 inv5tion (1 #aae1 #acc ,a/rolog]s1 #bac1 #bca1 #cfi1 #dai1 #dfi1 #dgf 0 ( ,brescia1 #baa2 #ac? c5tury1 #baf ,a/rology 7see also ,/> ,influ5ce1 & ,a/ronomy1 ,judicial71 #f1 #de1 #dg1 #aeg1 #afa1 #agb1 #baa et seq41 #bah1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bdi1 #cjh1 #dga1 #dgf1 #dgh-i 0 ,arab1 #ahc1 #bjj1 #bac 0 books on1 #bjb-c 0 ,egyptian1 #aac1 #aeg 0 ,jewi%1 #bac 0 pr(essors (1 #bjj 0 & planets1 #baa ,a/ronomy1 ,alex&rian1 #aab et seq41 #bah1 #bca1 #bhh1 #cce 0 ,arab1 #aha et seq41 #aij1 #bjd1 #bcb1 #bci1 #bdc1 #bde1 #dfa-c 0 ,babylonian1 #dj et seq41 #bji1 #dba 7see also ,babylonians7 0 ,*9ese1 #bi et seq41 #aae 0 ,egyptian1 #bji 7see also ,egyptians7 0 ,greek1 #bji1 #bcf1 #cad1 #dde1 #dfa 7see also ,greeks7 0 ,indian 7see ,h9du1 & ,india7 0 judicial1 #abd1 #bac1 #bcc1 #bfa 7see also ,a/rology7 0 ,moori%1 n4#bjj1 #bjc 0 ,p]sian1 #aie 0 primitive (1 #be et seq4 0 9 ,spa91 #ahc1 #aid 0 taught by ,*ur*1 #agf 0 p]sonifi$1 #bag 0 & ,dante1 #a ,atlas1 #ih2 ,mt4 ,atlas1 #ec ,augu/9e1 ,/41 #age1 #bch1 #bci1 #dgi ,augu/us1 ,emp]or1 #aga1 #age1 #cai1 #cei ,auriga 7,*>iote]71 #add ,av]ros1 #ahd1 #bjd1 #bcb1 #bci1 #bdf1 #cdb1 #dcb1 #dfb ,avic5na1 #bjb1 #bci1 #bdg1 #cje ,babylon1 #fi1 #hj1 #aef1 #aha ,babylonia1 #ah1 #cf1 #ha ,babylonians1 #cf-ch2 a/ronom]s1 #aaj1 #abe1 #abg1 #add1 #afa 0 & a/ronomy1 #dc-d 0 0 cal5d>1 #dj et seq4 0 0 cosmogony1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #ee1 #eg 0 0 day division1 #bg 0 0 eclipse records1 #hj1 #ha1 #add 0 0 gnomon1 #bf 0 0 occultations ( planets1 #aje ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #bjb1 #bdi1 #bge1 #bib1 #cdb1 #cdc ,baghdad1 #ada-c1 #aha et seq41 #bde1 #dcb 0 a/ronom]s1 #aid-e 0 obs]vatory1 #adb 7see also ,arab ,a/ronom]s7 ,b>tolommeo della ,scala1 #bbf1 #bbg ,be>3 ,great1 #ab1 #be1 #cf1 #eb1 #ef1 #aeg1 #ahg1 #big-h1 #ccd2 ,little1 #be1 #ef1 #ahg1 #big-ih1 #ccd 7see also ,ursa ,major & ,m9or7 ,beatrice1 #a1 #bec1 #bcg1 #bhd1 #cgf1 #cij1 #cib1 #cid1 #dja1 #dda1 #dee1 #dgc 0 age (1 #bec1 #bhh1 #dac-d 0 dea? (1 #bbd1 #bec1 #bed1 #cad1 #caf1 #dad 0 ,dante's fir/ meet+ )1 #bec1 #bgb1 #bgc 0 guid+ ,dante1 #bfb1 #ccj1 #cfg1 #cgc1 #cib1 #cic1 #djj1 #dja 0 & ,moon1 #dfb1 #dge 0 0 ,sun1 #bga1 #cib ,beazley1 n4#cdb1 n4#chd ,b$e1 #agh1 #bej1 #ded ,belacqua1 #cgf ,b5et ,naax1 #ahg1 #bcd ,b5ev5to1 #bdb ,b5v5uto da ,imola1 #chc1 #dah ,betelgeux1 #aee ,boccaccio1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bca1 #bgd1 #dac1 #dad1 #dah1 #dbb ,bo?ius1 #a1 #agg1 #bhd1 #bif ,b(fito1 ,pr(41 #dbc ,bologna1 #aii et seq41 #bbg1 #bgg 7see also ,univ]sities7 ,botes1 #eb1 #bhd1 #bih ,borneo1 natives (1 & gnomon1 #bf ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association1 ,j\rnal (1 n4#bi1 n4#cd 0 ,museum1 #cf1 #dj ,br[n1 ,rob]t1 #bd ,note1 #cb1 n4#cd1 #ce1 #aef ,brunetto ,lat9i1 #bah1 #bbe-f1 #bda-b1 #bdh-i1 #bgd-e1 #bib1 n4#cdi1 #cfi1 #dad1 #dgj1 #dgc1 #dha ,bull1 see ,taurus ,cacciaguida1 #c1 #cac ,cal5d>1 #bi1 #cf1 #dg2 ,anci5t1 #cc1 #cd 0 ,arab1 #ci1 #ahd 0 ,babylonian1 #dj1 #da1 #abg 0 ,b]b]1 ,p]sian1 ,syrian1 #ahd 0 ,*9ese1 #ci 0 ,ecclesia/ical1 #agf1 #bjc 0 ,egyptian1 #ci1 #ahd 0 ,greek1 #afa1 #afb1 n4#agb 0 ,h9du & ,p>see1 #abg 0 ,julian1 & ,roman1 #aga1 #agf1 #ahd1 #bgd et seq4 0 luni-sol>1 #agf 0 ,mahom$an1 #ci ,calippus1 #ic1 #ajg1 #ade1 #afb2 cycle1 #agb ,calli/h5es1 #hj ,campald9o1 #bbd ,canc]1 #ade1 #agd1 #ahe1 #bfi1 #bgg1 #bhj-b1 #cbe1 #cid1 #cig ,c ,gr&e della ,scala1 #daf1 #dbf1 #dda1 #dgc ,canopus1 #ab1 #fg1 #acd1 #aee1 #bie ,canton1 #bg ,capella 7/>71 #aee 0 ,m>tianus1 #agj1 #agg ,capricornus1 #cc1 #dc1 #add1 #ahe1 #bgg1 #bhb1 #cbe1 #cdb1 #cfj1 #cgd ,c>nac1 #bi ,casella1 #cgd1 #dad1 #dbf ,cassiodorus1 #agg ,cassiopeia1 #ab ,ca/or & ,pollux1 #dc1 #bij1 #ccc ,catalano1 ,fri>1 #bbg ,cato1 #cgc-d ,cecco d' ,ascoli1 #bjj1 #baf1 #bbf1 n4#bbg1 #bda-d1 #bdi1 #dgh ,cele/ial ,movem5ts1 #i-bj1 #be1 #bh1 #bi1 #ch1 #dg1 #ef1 #fb1 #fe1 #hf1 #ajb-c1 #aje1 #acf et seq41 #aei1 #agd1 #bji1 #bdh1 #bfa-d1 #bii1 #ceg1 #cfg1 #dji1 #dbi1 #dcj1 #dcb1 #dch1 #deg1 #dhc1 #dhg 0 direct1 #af1 #adg 0 & ,alfraganus1 #ahe et seq4 0 0 a/rology1 #baa 0 0 ,brunetto ,lat9i1 #bdc 0 0 tables (1 #bb1 #bc 0 0 daily1 #ac 0 0 retrograde1 #af1 #ah1 #dd1 #aaf1 #adg ,c5taur1 n4#cf1 #bid2 ,alpha ,c5tauri1 #aee ,c5tral ,fire1 #ge1 #he1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aei ,cetus1 n4#cf ,*alcidius1 #bch ,*aldea1 #agb ,*>iote]1 see ,auriga ,*>lemagne1 #agh1 #ahb ,*>les ( ,hung>y1 #bef ,*>les ( ,valois1 #cah ,*9ese1 & comets1 #de2 gnomon1 #bj1 #aad2 ye>1 #ch2 zodiac1 #bi1 #ca ,*9a1 #bia1 #cdc ,*ri/ian ,era1 ,introduction (1 #agg ,*ur*1 ,ca?olic1 #baj1 #baf1 #bai1 #cce1 #cdf-h1 #daj1 #dai1 #dca1 #dcb1 #dhj1 #dhc2 & sph]es1 #dcc ,cic]o1 #a1 #aji1 #afg-h1 #aga1 #bag1 #bcg-i ,clean!s1 #dif ,cleom$es1 #ace1 #deg ,clepsydra1 #bg1 #aae1 #abb1 #acc1 #ada ,climates1 #aeh1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #bdg-h1 #cbd1 #cdg1 #cig ,clocks1 p5dulum1 #af2 wat]1 #bg1 #aae 7see also ,clepsydra7 ,colure1 #ahe1 #djc ,comets1 #de1 #ff1 #ajc1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #bfb1 #cah et seq41 #dhg1 #dij1 #dia 8,composizione del ,mondo10 #bdd et seq41 #bib ,conjunction1 #bd1 #adb1 #aia 8,consolations ( ,philosophy10 #a ,con/ant9e1 #bfb ,con/ant9ople1 #bja ,con/ellations1 #ded2 anci5t1 #cc1 #cd1 #hj 0 ,arab1 #cj1 #ahh1 #bcd 0 ,egyptian1 #cd2 ,hebrew1 #cd2 ,h9du1 #cj 0 figures (1 #aae1 #aed-ee1 #afh1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bhi1 #ddc1 #dea 0 influ5ces (1 #bdf1 #dea 0 nam+ & orig9s (1 #bd ,note1 #cb1 #cc1 #cf1 #dg1 #ea1 #hj1 #afa 0 s\!rn1 #bdf 0 & ,a/rology1 #baa 8,convivio10 #bee1 #beh1 #ceg1 #dfd1 #dff1 #dfh1 #dgf ,cop]nicus1 #ff1 #aaa1 #acf1 #baj ,cordova1 #ahc ,corona ,borealis1 #bii ,corsica1 #cdd1 #chc1 #chd ,corv9o1 #bic1 #cdc ,corvus1 n4#cf ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 #age ,cosmogonies1 ,anci5t1 #de1 #fc1 #afj2 ,babylonian1 #de1 #ec1 #eg2 ,egyptian1 #de1 #ec1 #hc1 #aji2 ,hebrew1 #de1 #dg2 ,h9du1 #de2 ,hom]ic1 #ec d4 ( ,anaxim&] #eh-ei2 ,ari/otle1 #ajc2 ,cosmas1 #age2 ,democritus1 #fc2 ,eudoxus1 #hh2 ,leucippus1 #fc2 ,philolaus1 #gj2 ,plato1 #hc2 ,ptolemy1 #aej2 ,py?agorean1 #ff-ge2 ,?ales1 #ee1 #ef ,c\lton1 n4#bab ,creation1 #djc1 #daa1 #dai ,cry/al ,sph]es1 #gd1 #aei 7see also ,sph]es7 ,cunizza1 #dae1 #dbf1 #dgb ,cycles1 #de1 #ee ,cyprus1 #ajb ,dante1 bir? (1 #baa1 #bgc1 #dac1 #dbf2 *ildhood1 #bbc2 z ,c\ncillor1 #bbd1 #dad2 z ,prior1 #bbd2 9 exile1 #bbd2 9 ,rav5na1 #bbd1 #bgc2 9 ,mantua1 #ddd2 9 ,rome1 #bbd1 #cah2 9 ,v]ona1 #bef1 #ddd2 dea?1 #afe1 #baf1 #bbd1 #bgc 0 /udies1 #bbc et seq42 quot$1 #be 0 %ad[ (1 9 ,purgatory1 #cgd1 #chg-h 0 wife (1 #bbd-e 0 & ,alfraganus1 #bcd1 #bed1 #bhi1 #ddi2 ,asd5te1 #bab 0 0 ,ari/otle1 #if1 #ajb1 #aje1 #bce1 #bda1 #bed1 #dhj1 #dhb 0 0 anci5t writ]s1 #eg1 #fb1 #gj1 #hb1 #hf 0 0 a/rology1 #bfa2 & a/ronomy1 #be 0 0 ,brunetto ,lat9i1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bdb 0 0 ,beatrice1 #a1 #bgc 0 0 cal5d>1 #bgd1 #bge 0 0 ,date ( ,vision1 #ceg1 #dji et seq4 0 0 ,classical au?ors1 #bcg et seq4 0 0 ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 #bad 0 0 ,greek a/ronomy1 #aje1 #bfb1 #cjf 0 0 philosoph]s1 #dfa 0 0 ,hom]1 #bji 0 0 geography1 #ccg1 #cci et seq4 0 0 ,j]usalem1 #agf 0 0 ,mi*ael ,scot1 #bae 0 0 ,milton1 #baj 0 0 ,moon1 #bfe et seq4 0 0 music ( ! ,sph]es1 #dee-f 0 0 precession1 #bgd et seq41 #dci 0 0 ,philosophy1 #bee 0 0 ,ptolemy1 #ace1 #aed1 #bji1 #bcb1 #bef1 #deh-i1 #dfh 0 0 ,roman ,empire1 #afg1 #agh 0 0 sci5ce1 #a1 #bai1 #beh 0 0 ! ,ac]ba1 #bdd 0 0 />s1 #bhc et seq4 0 0 s\!rn />s1 #bic-e 0 0 univ]sities1 #bbf et seq4 8,dante e gli ,a/ronomi ,italiani10 n4#bce1 n4#cae ,day1 ,arab1 #bec2 def9itions (1 #ad1 #bb1 #be1 #bf2 divisions (1 #eb1 #afa2 l5g? (1 #ahf2 sid]eal1 #ab1 def9ition (1 #bb2 sol>1 #ab2 ,*ur*1 #cdh ,decimal ,notation1 introduc$1 #ahb ,decl9ation1 def9ition (1 #abf 8,de ,clo0 78,on ! ,heav5s071 ( ,ari/otle1 #if1 n4#if1 #aje1 #agj1 n4#bcb1 #bcf1 #dca1 #dfd translations (1 #bad 8,de ,clo0 ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 n4#bcb1 #cdb ,def]5t1 def9ition (1 #ach2 #ade1 n4#adi1 #aic ,degrees1 inv5tion (1 #dd ,delambre1 n4#ce1 n4#abf1 #adi1 #aef1 n4#dfj ,della ,lana1 ,jacopo1 #dah ,della ,valle1 n4#cih ,del ,virgilio1 #bbg ,democritus1 #fd et seq41 #ih1 #bci1 #cje ,d5ebola1 #aee 8,de ,sub/antia ,orbis10 #ahd ,dicuil1 #agh ,dilgan1 #dj1 #db1 #abg ,dionysius ,exiguus1 #agg 0 ! ,academician1 #bci 0 0 ,areopagite1 #dhc ,direct ,motion1 #af ,div9e ,com$y1 #bcg-h1 #cec1 #djb1 #dji ,dom9icans1 #bjd1 #bda ,domitian1 #aga ,dream ( ,scipio1 #aji1 #afi1 #bcg ,drey]1 n4#dfj ,dupuis1 #cd ,e>?1 #cic1 #cie1 #cih-dja1 #dij1 #dia 0 c5tre (1 #cec1 #cgb1 #dbd1 #dha 0 0 ( univ]se1 #ff1 #ge1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #hh1 #ia1 #if1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aji1 #aab1 #abj1 #acg1 #afj1 #afi1 #ahe1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bji1 #bai1 #dca1 #ddd1 #dfa1 #dhi 0 ,c\nt]-1 see ,anti*?on 0 dim5sions (1 #ga1 #ajb1 #aag1 #aah1 #acd1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afi1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aij1 #baf1 #deh1 #dhg1 #dij 0 di/ance f sun1 #ajh1 #ahi 0 =m (1 #ef1 #ei1 #fc1 #ff1 #fg-h1 #ga1 #gb1 #hc1 #ia1 #if1 #ih1 #ajj1 #afj1 #age1 #ahe1 #ahf 0 habitable "p1 #bje1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #cce1 #cdb1 #cec1 #cfi1 #cgb1 #cia1 #cig1 #cih1 #dcf1 #ddd1 #ddf1 #dea1 #dhg 0 9 equilibrium1 #ajj 0 measurem5t (1 #ajc1 #aag1 #acd 0 motion (1 #ag1 #ff1 #gj1 #ga1 #he1 #hh1 #ii1 #aja1 #adb1 #ahf2 0 movem5t (1 #dca1 #dch 0 re/+ on air1 #fc2 on wat]1 #ef1 #ih 0 revolution r\nd sun1 #ac1 #ff1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaj1 #abj1 #adf1 #aei1 #baj1 #bef1 #dib 0 rotation on axis1 #ac1 #gb1 #ge1 #he1 #hh1 #aja1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #acf1 #aei1 #baj1 #dib 0 %ad[ (1 #fg1 #if1 #aia1 #cdf1 #dei1 #dfj 0 sph]ical =m ( 7see also =m ( e>?71 #ajb1 #bji1 #bai1 #bcg1 #dhg ,e>?ly ,p>adise1 see ,ed5 ,ea/]1 #agf1 #agg1 #bjc1 #bge1 #dje1 #dah1 #dbj1 #dbb1 #dbd 0 ye>1 #dae ,ebn ,j\nis1 #ahc ,ecc5trics1 #aah1 #aai1 #aba1 #ada et seq41 #aic1 #baj1 #bce ,eclipses1 #ah1 #ee1 #eg1 #fg1 n4#gf1 #aag1 #afh1 #agd1 #age1 #aib1 #bjc1 #bfb1 #bee et seq41 #bff1 #dfe 0 annul>1 #dd 0 ,babylonian records1 #hj1 #if1 #aac1 #add 0 lun>1 #dd1 #de1 #ee1 #fg1 #abe1 #ahe1 #cch1 #cdj1 #cda1 #dfi 0 sol>1 #bde1 #cch ,ecliptic1 #ah1 #ee1 #aag1 #abf1 #abi1 #acj1 #ade1 #adg1 #ahe1 #bgi1 #cab1 #cbe1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccc1 #cig1 #djc1 #djd1 #dgf ,ecphantus1 #ge1 #ajb ,ed51 #bje1 #bie1 #bif1 #ccd1 #cdi1 #cec1 #cid1 #dja1 #dec1 #ded 0 ,ri*>d1 #bii #8,egyptian ,sy/em1' #aji1 #abj 0 ye>1 #ch1 #de ,egyptians 7also ,egypt71 #bg1 #bh1 #cf1 #de1 #fg 0 a/ronom]s1 #ee1 #ef1 #aje1 #abd1 #abe1 #add 0 a/rology1 #aac1 #abj1 #aef 0 a/ronomy1 #cd1 #de1 #df1 #ea1 #hj1 #aac1 #ahd 0 cosmogony1 #de1 #ec1 #ee 0 & ,eudoxus1 #ff1 #hh1 #ajj1 #aea 0 0 ,py?agoras1 #fg 0 0 eclipses1 #de #8,elem5ta ,a/ronomica1' #ahd1 #bcd1 #bec1 #bgc1 #cac1 #cbj1 #cdg 0 translations (1 #bcd ,elem5ts1 ,! ,f\r1 #fb1 #hc1 #ajc1 #bcf1 #dda et seq41 #dfa1 #dgh 0 0 creation (1 #dda 0 0 & ,ari/otle1 #bcf1 #ddb ,ellipse1 n4#id ,elongation1 ,greate/1 ,e4 & ,w41 #adb2 def9ition (1 #ae ,emp$ocles1 #fj1 #fb1 #ih1 #cfi ,empyrean1 #bjd1 n4#bcb1 #bec1 #bif1 #cac1 #cec1 #cic1 #dja1 #dcc1 #ddj1 #ddd1 #dfb1 #ddg1 #dhd ,epicycles1 def4 (1 #ach et seq41 #aba1 n4#adi1 #ahg1 #aic1 #aid1 #baj1 #bce1 #bef1 #cad1 #dbi1 #dce1 #ddi1 #deg1 #dff1 #dhc1 #dhh1 #dib 0 ( ,v5us1 #adb1 #dce ,epp+ & ,/rassmei]1 n4#cf ,equator 7cele/ial71 #aj et seq41 #ah1 #ce1 n4#ce1 #fe1 #aae1 #abf1 #acj1 #ahe1 #cbc1 #ccj1 #ccd1 #cfh1 #chc1 #cib1 #cig1 #djc1 #djd1 #dci1 #ddh1 #dgf 0 t]re/rial1 #bch1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #cbb1 #cbd1 #cbi1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cdb ,equ9ox1 #cj1 #abd1 #abf1 #bgd1 #bgh1 #bhb1 #cbf1 #ccj1 #ccd1 #cdj1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #ced1 #cef1 #cfh1 #cgb1 #chc1 #chg1 #cib1 #djb-g1 #daj1 #dah1 #dbj-c 0 date (1 #bf1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahe 0 def9ition (1 #ab 0 obs]vation (1 #ci1 #id1 #aaf1 #abd1 #abe 0 position (1 n4#dd1 #ahe 0 precession (1 #bc1 #bd1 #ce1 #abe1 #acc1 #ace1 #acg1 #afa1 #aic1 #aid1 #bcb1 #bge1 #bhg1 #cef1 #chd1 #dcb1 #dce1 #dci1 #dhc1 #dhh 0 & ,alfraganus1 #dci ,erato/h5es1 #aag1 #acd1 #bdj ,eridanus1 78,! ,riv]07 n4#ce1 n4#cf1 #aee1 #aef ,eridu1 #df ,esdras1 #cdb ,e!r1 #ajd1 #aaj1 #acg1 #aei1 #aic1 #dcc1 #dfa1 #dff1 #dhj1 #dhh1 #dia ,e?iopia1 #ccf2 ,e?iopians1 #ec ,euclid1 #aah1 #bjb ,euctemon1 #ic1 #afa ,eudoxus1 #ff et seq41 #cd1 #hj1 #bce2 sph]es (1 #ij1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aab1 #aac1 #aah1 #abc1 #ada1 #aei1 #afa1 #agj 0 & ,calippus1 #ic1 #id2 & ,egypt1 #hj1 #ajj1 #aei2 & ,plato1 #ha1 #hh1 #aei ,eunoe1 #cff1 #cij1 #cib ,evection1 #adg ,f>9ata1 #dac1 #dag ,f]gil1 #agh ,filelfo1 #dga ,fire2 ,c5tral1 #dca2 sph]e or region (1 #eh1 #cjh1 #ddb1 #dhj1 #dhg ,fir/ ,mov]1 #ajf1 #aei1 #bjd1 #bed1 #ddd1 #dgh1 #dhc1 #dhd1 #dhi ,fi%es 7see ,pisces7 ,flor5ce1 #a1 #aeh1 #bja1 #baa1 #bae1 #baf1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bdb1 #bhc1 #cah1 #cde1 #cej1 #djf1 #daa-ad1 #dag1 #dba1 #dga ,folco1 #cdf1 #dei1 #dgb ,fomalhaut1 #aee1 #aef ,=ese1 #cfg ,=e/1 ,!1 #bff1 #ceh1 #cfg1 #cfi1 #cgh1 #chf1 #djf ,francis1 ,/41 #bga ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 #bjb1 #bac et seq4 ,gades1 #cdj1 #cde1 #cff1 #cie1 #cig ,galaxy1 #fa1 #ajc1 #aae1 #aed1 #afh1 #bcb1 #bci1 #cja1 #cjc et seq41 #dgg ,galileo1 #ajg1 #baj ,gallus1 ,sulpicius1 #afg ,ganges1 #bje1 #cdj-e1 #cfj1 #cfe1 #chh1 #cig1 #djj ,g>dn]1 ,e4 ,g41 #bbh ,gem9i 7see also ,tw9s71 #dc1 #dd1 #ade1 #adi1 #bgc1 #bhj-a1 #bij1 #ccc1 #cff1 #chg1 #cic1 #cid1 #cig1 n4#cii1 #djd1 #dfa1 #dgc ,gem9us1 n4#ic1 #acd ,g5oa1 #bic ,geography1 #bdj1 #cdd2 ,arab1 #bdf1 #bdg2 ,alfraganus'1 #ahf2 ,ptolemy's1 #adf1 #aeg1 #ahf ,g]yon1 #cfi ,ghibell9es1 #bac1 #bbg ,giambull>i1 #dai ,giuliani1 #bhj ,gnomon1 def9$1 #ac1 #bf1 #bh1 #dg1 #ef1 #aad1 #aaf1 #abb1 #abe1 #afa 0 introduc$ into ,greece1 #bf 0 & ,babylonians1 #bf2 ,*9ese1 #bi1 #aad2 ,borneo1 #bf ,goat1 see ,capricorn ,golius1 #bce ,good ,friday1 #dbc-bf ,gravity1 #ajj1 #acg1 #afj1 #afi1 #aia1 #bcg1 #dde1 #ddg1 #dhb1 #dic ,greek ,a/ronom]s & ,a/ronomy1 #bg1 #bh1 #cf1 #ea et seq41 #aab1 #aei1 #afh1 #aga1 #agb1 #agf1 #agh1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #dcc1 #ddf1 #dfc1 #die ,gruppe1 n4#gf ,guelfs1 #dac ,guido ,bonatti1 #bac1 #dgb ,guido ,cavalcanti1 #daf1 #dbf ,guido ( ,montefeltro1 #bac ,hades1 #ed ,hammurabi1 #dj ,h>\n al ,ras*id1 #ahb ,he1 & ,ho1 ,*9ese a/ronom]s1 #cj ,hea?1 n4#ge-gf ,heav51 eigh?1 #cff1 #djb1 #dge 0 f\r?1 #bhd 0 n9?1 #bcc 0 sev5?1 #bhd1 #dee 0 ?ird1 #dbi1 #dhc 0 ( fire1 #eh 7see also fire7 0 ( ,jupit]1 #cic 0 ( ,m>s1 #cjc1 #cac1 #cic 0 ( ,m]cury1 #ccb1 #dda 0 ( ! ,moon1 #cib1 #dca1 #ddg1 #dee1 #dhd 0 ( ,saturn1 #cja1 #cic1 #djg 0 ( ,/>s1 #bhh1 #cjd1 #cic 0 ( ! ,sun1 #bdj1 #bef1 #bgb1 #cgc1 #cha1 #dca 0 ( ,v5us1 #bef1 #cic1 #dbi1 #dce1 #dei1 #dhc ,heav5s 7see also ,/> sph]e71 #eh1 #ei1 #fg1 #ia1 #bji1 #bec1 #bed1 #bef1 #bfb1 #cjj1 #cic1 #dbi1 #dca1 #dce1 #dhd1 #ddg 0 influ5ce (1 #bff 0 revolution (1 #i1 #ah1 #bj1 #ea1 #eg1 #fb1 #fc1 #gj1 #gd1 #ge1 #hb1 #he1 #hh1 #ih1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #abd1 #acf1 #acg1 #ahe 7see also ,cele/ial motions7 ,hebrew cosmogony1 #df1 #eg2 ye>1 #ci ,he9ri* ( ,ma9z1 #cdc1 #chd ,heliacal ris+1 #ci1 #dj1 #dd1 #de1 #eb1 #aia ,hell1 #bje1 #cec1 #ceh1 #cfg to #cga1 #cij1 #dbc ,hemisph]e1 ,s\!rn1 #bhf1 #cbb1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #ccd1 #ccf1 #cci1 #cec1 #djg1 #ddc1 #ddg ,h5ry ,,vii41 ,emp]or1 #bga ,h]acleides1 #gd1 #ge1 #ajb1 #aji ,h]cules1 ,pill>s (1 #cd1 #ed1 #ajc1 #bje1 #cdj1 #cdd1 #cde ,h]odotus1 #ee ,hesiod1 #ea1 #eb1 #afa ,hesp]us1 #eb ,hicetas1 #gd1 #ge ,h9du ari?metic1 #ahb2 a/ronomy1 #aha2 cal5d>1 #abg2 con/ellations1 #cj2 cosmogony1 #de2 zodiac1 #cj ,h9dus & eclipses1 #de ,hipp>*us1 #ej1 #abb et seq41 #ach1 #adc1 #aec1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aic1 #bcc1 #bdj1 #bge1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #dcb1 #dic 0 ,/> ,catalogue (1 #abc1 #add1 n4#ahh 0 & ,ptolemy1 #acc-e1 #acg1 #adc1 #aeh ,hom]1 #cd1 #ea1 #eb1 #gb ,horoscope1 #agc1 #agd1 #bja1 #bjc1 #baf1 #bbf ,hose1 ,dr41 #bg ,h\rs1 ,*ur*1 #cdg1 #cdh2 8,equal10 #bg1 #cdg1 #cef2 8,tempor>y10 #bg1 #cdg1 #cef ,hyades1 #dc1 #dd ,hypatia1 #afc ,imbriani1 n4#bbg1 n4#dad ,india 7see also ,h9du71 #ajc1 #aaa1 #aha1 #cci1 #cdc ,inf]no1 #bhc1 #cjg1 #cfg et seq41 #dji-aj 0 & ,brunetto ,lat9i1 #bbf 0 0 ,mi*ael ,scot1 #bad ,in/rum5ts1 a/ronomical1 #ac1 #aac1 #acc1 #ace1 #ahb1 #bjc1 #bah ,intellig5ces1 #bdi1 #dhc ,isaiah1 #cd1 #age ,isidore1 #agh1 #bdc1 #bej ,japanese1 #ch ,j]usalem1 #aeg1 #ccc1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cde1 #cfj1 #cgc1 #cgd1 #chh1 #cie1 #cig1 #djj1 #dja2 c5tre ( e>?1 #agf1 #cda1 #cdc1 #cdd1 #cec1 #cfi2 latitude (1 #chg1 #djf ,jews1 #be1 #bac1 #baf2 a/rolog]1 #bjb2 a/ronom]s1 #bjc1 #dba ,job1 #cd ,johannes ,hispal5sis1 n4#bce ,j[ett1 n4#hb ,jubilee ye> 7#acjj ,a4,d471 #dae ,julius ,cs>1 #agj1 #age1 #bgd ,jupit]1 #af1 #abj1 #ada1 #ade1 #aej1 #afi1 #ahi1 #caj1 #caa1 #djg1 #dah1 #dea1 #dia 0 col\r1 #ag1 #caa1 #dfg1 #dgc1 #dgg2 dim5sions1 #dhh1 #dij 0 p]iod1 #bc1 #fi1 #ia1 #aji1 #adb1 #dcf1 #dcg 0 & a/rology1 #agd1 #bdc1 #dfh1 #dgc1 #dgf1 #dgg ,ju/9ian1 #cjj ,kepl]1 n4#id ,k+1 ,l4 ,w41 n4#cg ,knobel1 n4#cj ,kugl]1 n4#ce ,leo1 #ca1 #dc1 #add1 #aee1 #agd1 #bij1 #cac1 n4#cii1 #djf1 #djg1 #daj1 #daa1 #dah1 #dbj1 #dbb1 #dbc1 #dgc1 #dgf ,le!1 #cij ,leucippus1 #fb1 #fc ,libra1 #ca1 #ahe1 #bfe1 #bgh1 #cbe1 #cfe1 #cgh1 #chj1 #chh 0 & moon1 #cfg1 #cgi1 #chc1 #chd1 #djb1 #djf1 #dah 0 & sun1 #bgh1 #cbc1 #chb ,lignires1 ,de1 ,canons (1 #bjb 8,libros de ,sab]10 #aie ,lion1 see ,leo ,lion>do ,bruni1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bcf1 #dac ,livy1 #bch ,locky]1 ,sir ,norman1 #bi1 #aee ,lode/one 7see also magnet71 #baa1 #bia ,longfell[1 n4#cic ,longitude1 #cch1 #cci ,lucif]1 #cga1 #cgb ,lub91 n4#bcf1 n4#cae ,lucan1 #bch1 #bci1 #cbd1 n4#ccj ,lucia 7imag9>y city71 #cbc-bg 0 ! lady1 #chj ,macrobius1 #aji ,magnet 7see also lode/one71 #baa1 #bia1 #bib1 #ddc1 #dea ,mahaffy1 n4#aac ,mahom$ans1 #ci1 #bji1 #baf ,malacoda1 #cgj1 n4#cgj1 #daj-ab1 #dbf ,malasp9a1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #dgc ,manfr$1 #bdb1 #cah1 #cgf ,manilius1 #afh ,maps1 #bje1 #cdc1 #cdd1 #chd2 climate maps1 #bdg1 #bdh2 ,greek maps1 #bdg ,m>co ,lomb>do1 #dgi ,m>co ,polo1 #bic1 #cdb ,m>s1 #c1 #af1 #ag1 #bc1 #fi1 #ij1 #ic1 #aji1 #aab1 #aah1 #abj1 #ach1 #aej1 #afi1 #agc1 #ahi1 #bdh1 #caj1 #cba1 #daa1 #dah1 #dbj1 #dea1 #dfg1 #dfh1 #dgf1 #dhh1 #dij 0 col\r (1 #ag2 dim5sions1 #dhh 0 p]iod1 #dcf 0 occultation (1 #aje1 #caj1 #dcc 0 sph]e (1 #dgg 0 & a/rology1 #agd1 #bdc1 #dgc1 #dgg ,ma!matics1 #gi1 #ha1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aba1 #ace1 #aea1 #ahd1 #bjc ,matilda1 #dec ,maund]1 ,e4 ,w41 #bd ,note1 #ce1 #abg ,m$it]ranean1 #cie1 #cih ,m]cury1 #ae1 #af1 #bc1 #fi1 #gj1 #ia1 #ic1 #aji1 #aba1 #adb et seq41 #add1 #afi1 #ahi1 #bde1 #bdi1 #cji et seq41 #djg1 #dah1 #dea1 #dfg1 #dij 0 diamet]1 #bcf2 dim5sions1 #deh1 #dgg1 #dhh2 p]iod1 #dcf 0 & a/rology1 #agc ,m]idian1 #bb1 #bf1 #bhj1 #cch1 #cdf1 #cdi1 #cfa1 #cfe1 #cfh1 #cga1chg1 #cij1 #cid-g1 n4#cih1 #dci ,m]oe1 #aah ,meteors1 #fa1 #agd1 #bci1 #cah1 #cai1 #dgc1 #dgf1 #dic2 meteorites1 #dij ,meteorology1 #bcf ,meton1 #ic1 #ade1 #afa1 #afb1 #agb1 #agg1 #dai ,mi*ael ,scot1 #bac et seq41 #bcg1 #cjf1 #dgb ,milky ,way1 see ,galaxy ,milton1 #ff1 #baj1 #dbj1 #def ,mimn]mus1 #ec ,montap]ti1 #bdb1 #dac ,mon?1 ,babylonian1 #da2 ,egyptian1 #add2 ,roman1 #bec2 ,syrian1 #bec 0 def9$1 #bb1 #cj 0 anomali/ic1 #bc2 int]cal>y1 #ch1 #agj2 sid]eal1 #bb1 #cj 0 names (1 #aga 0 synodic1 #ae1 #bj1 #cj1 #eb1 #afb1 #afc 0 & moon1 #bff1 #cej1 #dcf ,moon1 #cjh1 #djb1 #djf1 #djg1 #dah1 #dai1 #def1 #dfi1 #dia 0 apogee (1 #ddi 0 di/ance1 #aje1 #ajh1 #adh et seq41 #aej1 #aeb1 #afj1 #ahi et seq41 #dhh 0 dim5sions (1 #ef1 #aad1 #aeb et seq41 #afj1 #ahh et seq4 0 ecclesia/ical1 #dai-dbb 0 eclipses1 #ee 0 epicycle1 #ddi 0 god1 #cg 0 influ5ce (1 #bcg1 #bff1 #dej1 #dgc1 #dhi 0 inhabit$1 #ga 0 mansions (1 #cj 0 m>k+s on1 #fa1 #bca1 #bdh1 #bff1 #bfi1 #cib1 #cic1 #dfb et seq41 #dfi1 #dgf 0 movem5ts (1 #ac1 #ad1 #ah1 #bi1 #ajj1 #aje1 #aad1 #aag1 #adf et seq41 #bai1 #beg1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #cci1 #cej1 #chc1 #djb et seq4 0 orbit1 #bef 0 p]igee (1 #ddh1 #ddi 0 nodes (1 #adg 0 p]iods3--sid]eal1 #bfd1 #dcf1 #dcg2 synodic1 #dcg 0 phases (1 #ad1 n4#gf1 #aia1 #bfd1 #bff1 #dfi1 #dgf2 full1 #ad1 #bfd1 #bff1 #cfg1 #chf1 #cga1 #djf1 #daj1 #daa1 #dai1 #dbc2 gibb\s1 #bfd1 #bff2 half1 #ajh1 #ddf2 new1 #ad1 #bi1 #dj1 #eb1 #bfd 0 positions (1 #djb 0 ris+1 #ad1 #bfc1 #bff1 #cej 0 0 9 ,purgatory1 #cfc1 #cgh-hj1 #chi 0 sett+1 #ad1 #bfc1 #bfe1 #cej1 #cfg1 #cfi 0 0 9 ,purgatory1 #chj 0 sph]e (1 #afi1 #cjh1 #ddi1 #dfe1 #dgg1 #dhd1 #dhg 0 sub/ance1 #ee1 #ga1 #aad1 #dfc et seq41 #did 0 wan+1 #bfb1 #bff1 #chj 0 wor%ip (1 #be 0 & a/rology1 #agc1 #agd1 #bdi1 #bfh1 #djg1 #dai1 #dej1 #dgb et seq4 0 0 ,dante1 #bfa et seq4 0 0 ,m>s1 #caj1 #dcc 0 0 mon?1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #bh1 #cj1 #ch1 #da1 #eb1 #aga 0 0 sun1 balanc+1 #bfe2 contra/$1 #bfh 0 0 tides1 #ahi et seq41 #bcg1 #dde 0 0 "t1 #bff1 #cdi1 #cfg1 #cfi1 #cgj1 #djf1 #dai1 #dhh 0 0 zodiac1 #bfe ,moore1 ,dr4 ,e41 #bcf1 n4#bcf1 n4#bcg1 #cjh1 n4#cbf1 n4#ccj1 #ccd1 n4#cdj1 n4#chj1 #chd1 n4#daa1 n4#dae1 #dai1 #ddh1 n4#deb1 n4#dfi1 #dga1 n4#dga ,moors1 #bja1 #bjc1 #bad ,morn+ ,/>1 #cab1 #cad1 #cgc1 #daj1 #dbj1 #dba1 #dbb1 #dgj1 #dgg ,morocco1 #cdj1 #cfa ,motion1 ,law (1 #ic1 #ajj1 #aba1 #aei1 #dhj ,mov]s1 see ,fir/ ,mov]1 & ,sph]es ,mulmul1 #da ,music ( ! ,sph]es1 #fg1 #ajd ,nabonass>1 #add ,naples1 #bdj ,nasir-ed-d91 #aie ,ne/orians1 #aha1 #ahb1 #bji ,n]o1 #aga ,newton1 #ajj1 #dha ,n9eveh1 #cd1 #dd ,night p]sonifi$1 #bgh ,n9o1 #cgh1 #daf1 #dbf ,nile1 #cdd ,nones1 #bai1 #cdh ,obs]vatories1 ,alex&ria1 #aac1 #aaf1 #ace2 ,baghdad1 #ahb2 ,gre5wi*1 #aec2 ,pek91 #aad2 ,p]sian1 #aie2 ,! ,cape1 #aec2 ( ,eudoxus1 #hh2 ( ,hipp>*us1 #abb 8,obs]vatory1 ,!10 n4#bd1 #cd 8,on ! ,heav5s18 see ,de ,clo ,occultations1 #aje1 #ade ,omons1 #bah ,opposition1 def9$1 #agd1 #aai1 #ada ,orion1 #ab1 #cf1 #eb1 #aee ,orosius1 #bdj1 #cda1 #cdc1 #chd1 #dch ,ottimo1 #bgc1 #dah1 n4#dgc ,ovid1 #afh1 #bch1 #bci1 #big1 #cje ,padua1 #bbg ,p>adise 7see also ,ed571 ,e>?ly1 #bhe1 #bie1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cec1 #cff1 #cgc1 #che1 #cij1 n4#cia1 n4#cii1 #dja1 #dhb ,p>adise ,lo/1 #baj ,p>allax1 #aec1 #aia ,p>is1 #aeh1 #bja1 #bjd2 ,univ]sity1 #aed1 #bbh1 #bda1 #bdb ,p>m5ides1 n4#gf1 #dbh ,p>sis1 #abg ,pek91 #aad1 #aaf ,p]icles1 n4#fa ,p]igee1 #bc1 #aai1 #adh1 #aej1 #ddh-ea ,p]sia1 #bji ,petr>*1 n4#ccb ,phaton1 #cjc1 #ccc 8,pha9om5a10 ( ,aratus1 #cb1 #ce ,philolaus1 #gj1 #he1 #dca ,philosophy1 #bee1 #bha1 #cad1 #cae1 #cdf ,phnicians1 #be1 #ef ,phosphor1 #fh1 #hj ,picc>da1 #cjj ,pietro d' ,abano1 #cdb ,p9*es1 ,t4 ,c41 #dh ,pisces 7see also ,fi%es71 #cb1 #abi1 #ach1 #bij1 #bie1 #cjg1 #cji1 #cei1 #cfj1 #cfh1 #cgj1 #cgc1 n4#chj1 #chc1 #che1 n4#cii1 #djc1 #djf1 #djg1 #daj1 #daa1 #dah1 #dbj1 #dbc1 #did-ie ,planets1 def9$1 #af1 #de1 #eb1 #eh1 #fj1 #fc1 #fe1 #fh1 #gj1 #gi1 #bai1 #bed1 #beg1 #bfi1 #bgi1 #bhi1 #cjg et seq41 #cab1 n4#cii1 #dai1 #dfa1 #dff1 #dfh1 #dhh1 #did-ie 0 aspects (1 #bjj1 #dgf 0 a/rology &1 #agc-d1 #baa1 #bai1 #bdc1 #bdi1 #dje 0 di/ances (1 #aej1 #ahi1 #aid 0 h\ses (1 #agd1 #dgf1 n4#dgc 0 influ5ces (1 #bed1 #dgb1 #dgc1 #dgd 0 movem5ts (1 #ae1 #af1 #bi1 #dd1 #eh1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #gi1 #hj1 #hh-ij1 #ajd1 #aah1 #abc1 #ach1 #aei1 #bdh1 #cab1 #ccj1 #cca 0 names (1 #hj1 #hc 0 nature (1 #dfa 0 p]iods (1 #bc1 #bi1 #fi1 #hc1 #hi1 #ia1 #ajj1 #aji1 #ada1 #bai1 #cac1 #dcf 0 positions (1 #djb et seq41 #dai 0 %ad[s ca/ by1 n4#bhj 0 v>y+ velocity (1 #id1 n4#id 0 & ! sci5ces1 #cab ,plato1 #hj et seq41 #he1 #ia1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aei1 #bag1 #bch1 #bci1 #cac1 #dca1 #ddd1 #dfb1 #dgi1 #dhb1 #dhc ,pleiades1 #bh1 #bi1 #ce1 #dj1 #eb1 #aee 0 & ,au/ralian leg5d1 #bh 0 0 ,tahitan natives1 #bh ,pl9y1 #ej1 #abc1 #agj1 #cdb ,plunkett1 ,miss1 #cd ,plut>*1 #he1 #ajg1 #acg1 #dfc ,pole1 cele/ial1 #ab1 #ah1 #ea1 #fe1 #aje1 #aeg1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #big1 #cjb1 #cbc1 #cce1 #dcd1 #dci1 #dgg2 nor?1 #cgc2 s\?1 #bhf1 #bib1 #bic1 #cce1 #cgc1 #cgh1 #dhi 0 t]re/rial1 #bdg1 #cbb2 nor?1 #cbc1 #cgj2 s\?1 #cbc ,pole />1 #i1 #fg1 #abg1 #bia1 #cbc ,popes1 #bgf1 #caf2 ,boniface ,,viii41 #dae1 #daf2 ,gregory ,,ix41 #bac2 ,honor>ius ,,ii41 #bad2 ,urban ,,iv41 #cah1 #dac ,poseidonius1 #acd1 #aeg1 #agj1 #bdj ,precession ( ,equ9oxes1 see ,equ9ox ,prick>d1 n4#dfc ,primum ,mobile1 #aid1 #bjd1 #baj1 #bii1 n4#bcb1 #bia1 #cjh1 #cac1 #cha1 #djj1 #dja1 #dcb-dcd1 #dcf1 #ddj1 #dea1 #dee1 #def1 #dgg1 #dhd ,proclus1 #agj ,proctor1 ,r4 ,a41 n4#bd1 #cd1 #ce ,procyon1 #aee1 #ahg ,ptolemy1 #e1 #bd n4#bd n4#cd1 #acd et seq41 #aed1 #aef1 #afj1 #afc1 #agj1 #agh1 #ahb1 #ahf1 #bjb1 #bji1 #baj1 #bah1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bfa1 #bge1 #bhh1 #bij1 #bia1 #cje1 #ccc1 #cej 0 ,almage/1 #aac1 #aae1 #abc1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #bja 0 dim5sions ( e>?1 #ahb2 ( heav5ly bodies1 #aia 0 geography (1 #aeg1 #bje1 #ccg1 #cda 0 quot$1 #acd 0 sy/em (1 #cha1 #dca1 #dcb1 #dia 0 0 0 epicycles1 #bef1 #cae 0 works by1 #aef1 #aeg1 #ahb 0 & ,apollonius1 #aah 0 0 ,ari/>*us1 #ajg 0 0 ,arabs1 #adg1 #aeb1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #aib-d 0 0 colure1 #djc 0 0 ,dante1 #bcb1 #bce1 #bci1 #dei1 #dfh 0 0 eclipses1 #cch2 & ecliptic1 #ahe 0 0 ,hipp>*us1 #abf1 #acc1 #adc1 #adf 0 0 moon1 #adf1 #ddh1 #ddi 0 0 precession1 #ahg1 #aic1 #dcb 0 0 ,regulus1 #djf 0 0 />s1 #bib1 #bid1 #cci 0 0 ,v5us1 #cae ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 #add 0 ,ptolemies1 ,royal1 #aac ,purgatory1 #aje1 #bje1 #bie1 #cde1 #cfj1 #cfg1 #cgj1 #cgb1 #cgc1 #cij1 #dja1 #djg1 #dec1 #ded 0 gate (1 #cfb1 #chj1 #che1 #dec 0 latitude (1 #bhf1 #cec1 #chg 0 ,m\nta9 (1 #aje1 #bfb1 #bhf1 #bie1 #caa1 #cab1 #ccb-e1 #cec1 #cfj et seq41 #cgc1 #cge1 #cgh1 #cha1 #chb1 #che1 #chf1 #chh1 #cij1 #deb1 #dec1 #dee ,pyramids1 #de1 #ha1 #abg ,py?agoras1 #ff et seq41 #bcf1 #bch1 #cjb1 #dca ,py?agoreans1 #fb1 #ff et seq41 #ge1 n4#gf1 #gi1 #he1 #hh1 #ia1 #if1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #cjd1 #dij ,quadrivium1 #agg #8,qu/io de ,aqua et ,t]ra1' #bef1 #beh1 #cdj1 #ddd1 #deb ,ram 7see ,aries71 #bgi ,rav5na1 n4#bbg1 #bgc ,regulus1 #dc1 #add1 #aee1 #ahg1 #bij1 #djf1 #daa1 #dbj ,retrograde ,motion1 #af ,rhodes1 #fg1 #abb1 #acd1 #aeh ,rigel1 #aee ,ri/oro1 #bag1 #bda et seq41 #beg1 #bfh1 #bgd1 #bib1 #bhh1 #cjj1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ddd1 n4#dea1 #dfd1 n4#dgh 0 & comet1 #cah2 con/ellations1 #ddc1 #dea2 eclipses1 #cag2 ecliptic1 #cca2 habitable e>?1 #ddf2 meteors1 #cai ,rizzacasa d',orsogna1 ,pr(41 #djj ,rome1 #aaa1 #aeg1 #bda1 #caf1 #cai1 #cbc1 #cde1 #chc1 #che1 #cif1 #dae 0 ,*ur* (1 influ5ce on a/ronomy1 #age1 #agh 0 ,empire (1 #bfb2 influ5ce on a/ronomy1 #ach1 #afg1 #agb1 #agh ,rome1 & cal5d>1 #agb1 #age ,rubruquis1 ,fri>1 #cdb ,sacrobosco1 #bjb1 #bdi ,sagitt>ius1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bij1 #chj1 #chc1 #che ,/4 ,b]n>d1 #cab1 #ced1 #dja ,/4 ,john1 #bhb1 #cag ,/4 ,l\is1 ,k+1 #cdb ,/4 ,paul1 #cb1 #dhc ,/4 ,pet]1 #cif1 #dfh ,salimb5e1 #bab ,s>ac5s1 #bad ,s>d9ia1 #cdd1 #cfd1 #chc1 #chd ,saturn1 #af1 #bc1 #fi1 #ia1 #aje1 #aji1 #abj1 #ada1 #afi1 #ahi1 #bgi1 #bha1 #caa1 #cfd1 #chi1 #cic1 n4#cih1 #djf1 #djg1 #daj1 #daa1 #dag1 #dbj1 #dbb1 #dbc1 #dej1 #def1 #dfh1 #dfi1 #dij 0 dim5sions1 #dhh2 movem5ts1 #caa2 p]iod1 #dcf ,scales1 see ,libra ,sc>tazz9i1 #cgi1 n4#dee ,s*iap>elli1 n4#ce1 n4#ci1 n4#bcf ,s*w>y1 #cd ,scipio1 #afh-fi1 #cic2 ,dream (1 #afh1 #bcg ,scorpio1 #cj1 #ca1 #dc1 #cfe1 #cgh1 #cgi1 #chj1 #chc1 #chd1 #che1 #chg1 #dje1 #dgf1 #dhi ,seleucus1 #aaj ,s5eca1 #ff1 #afi1 #agd1 #bcg1 #bci1 #cdb1 #dgc2 & meteors1 #cai ,%akespe>1 #def ,%eol1 #df ,sigi]i1 #bbh ,simplicius1 #ij1 #agj ,sirius1 #ci1 #eb1 #fg1 #aae1 #aee1 #ahg ,socrates1 #hb1 #hc1 #bci ,sol/ice1 def9ition (1 #aa1 #bf1 #bi1 #ajg1 #aag1 #abg1 #ahe1 #bgg1 #cid ,sordello1 #cgh1 #chb ,sosig9es1 #aga ,s\!rn ,cross1 #ab1 #aef1 #bid ,spa91 #cci-db1 #chh ,sph]es1 #i1 #eg1 #eh1 #fb1 #fe1 #fh1 #hc1 #hd1 #ajd1 #acg1 #afi1 #ahd1 #ahg1 #bjd1 #bai1 #bdi1 #bed1 #beg1 #bfb1 #cjb1 #ceh1 #cib1 #cic1 n4#cii1 #dbi et seq41 #ddd1 #deb1 #deg1 #dgc1 #dgh1 #dah 0 cry/all9e1 #dcc 0 eigh? sph]e1 #dff 0 elevat+ p[] (1 #ddc 0 homoc5tric1 #aab 0 influ5ce (1 #bci1 #bdi1 #bed1 #dgh1 #dgi1 #dhe1 #dhh1 #did 0 movem5t (1 #cie1 #djj1 #dec 0 mov]s (1 #ajf1 #aei1 #bjd1 #bed1 #djj1 #dhb1 #dhc1 #dhd1 #dif 0 music (1 #fg1 #fh1 #ajd1 #afi1 #cjb1 #cib1 #dee1 #def 0 n9?1 #dcb-c 0 sky z a1 #ea 0 sub/ance (1 #ie1 #ajd1 #aic1 #dcc1 #dfa 0 #8unroll+1' #ie1 #ajb1 #ajf 0 ( air1 #ddb1 #deb 0 ( ,eudoxus1 #hh1 #hi1 #id1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aab 0 ( fire1 #ajc1 #aei1 #cjh1 #cib1 #ddb1 #dec1 #dee1 #dij 0 ( moon1 #ajc1 #cjh1 #dgg 0 ( sun1 #hh1 #ic1 #bec 0 ( />s1 #ac1 #fg1 #gj1 #gb1 #hi1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #aji1 #abi1 #acg1 #aeb1 #afj1 #ahg1 #bec1 #cac1 #cef1 #dcc1 #dcg1 #dch1 #def1 #dgf1 #dgg 0 ( wat]1 #ddb1 #ddc 0 & ,arabs1 #aid 0 0 ,rog] ,bacon1 #aah1 #bjb 0 0 "t1 #dja ,spica1 #abd-f1 #acj1 #aee ,/>s1 #bai1 #bhc et seq41 #dhi1 #djb1 #dic-id 0 brightness (1 #abc1 #aed1 #ahg 0 catalogues1 #abc1 #acc1 #add1 #aed1 #ahg1 #bhh2 ,abu ,hazan's1 #ahd2 ,hipp>*us'1 #ahh2 ,ptolemy's1 #ahg 0 ,dante's #8qu9dici /elle1' #aee 0 dim5sions (1 #aij1 #dhh 0 globes1 #aae 0 di/ance (1 #ag1 #ajh1 #aec1 n4#aij1 #dhh1 #dib-ic 0 influ5ce (1 #baa1 #bed1 #bef1 #ddc1 #dej1 #dgc1 #dge1 #dgh1 #dgi1 #dhh 0 magnitudes (1 #aed1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bcd1 #bhi1 #bii1 #dhh2 fir/-magnitude1 #aed1 #ahg 0 movem5ts (1 #i1 #ea1 #eb1 #hc1 #hd1 #hf1 #ig1 #acf1 #ahg1 #bhd1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #cja1 #ced1 #dbd1 #die1 #dif 0 new1 #abc 0 numb] (1 #abc1 #ahg1 #bhh1 #dgg1 #die 0 ,pole1 #bia1 #bii 0 positions (1 #db1 #abc1 #abf1 #aic 0 %oot+1 #ajc1 #ahe1 #bfb1 #cja1 #cai1 #dhg1 #dij 0 s\!rn1 #bhc1 #bic1 #cgc1 #cgh1 #dhi 0 sub/ance (1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #acf 0 wor%ip (1 #cg1 #ch1 #ea 0 & human s\ls1 #hf 0 0 ,milky ,way1 #ajc 0 0 "t1 #beg1 #bhe1 #bhi1 #cfg1 #dhh ,/ation>y po9ts1 #af1 #dd1 #aba ,/atius1 #che-g1 #dec ,/ilbon1 #hj ,/oics1 #aab1 #acd1 #dfc ,/obu1 #ajg ,/oneh5ge1 #bi ,/rabo1 #agj1 #bdj ,/yx1 #ed ,sum]ians1 #cf1 #ch2 ye>1 #ch ,sun1 boat (1 #de1 #df 0 brightness (1 #bgj1 #bhb1 #dfb1 #dgg1 #dhh1 #dfi 0 c5tre ( univ]se1 #aja1 #aaj 0 dim5sions (1 #ef1 #aaj1 #adf1 #aec1 #ahh1 #deg-h1 #dfi1 #dhh1 #dia 0 di/ance (1 #ajh1 #adf1 #aec1 #ahi1 #aic1 #deg-h 0 door (1 #df 0 god1 #cg1 #dh1 #ed 0 heav5 (1 see ,heav5s 0 ,lake (1 #ed 0 movem5ts (1 #aj1 #ac1 #ci1 #ec1 #ee1 #fb1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abj1 #ade1 #adf1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #bdg1 #bef1 #bgb-d1 #bgf1 #cbb et seq41 #cch1 #cdf1 #cdi1 #cij-b1 #djb1 #djc 0 p]igee (1 #ddh 0 p]iod (1 #dcf 0 positions (1 dur+ ,vision1 #djb et seq4 0 rise1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #be1 #bh1 #ed1 #bfg1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgc1 #cci1 #cdf1 #cdh1 #cef1 n4#cef1 #djf 0 rise 9 ,=e/1 #ced1 #ceh1 #cfg1 #cfi 0 0 9 ,purgatory1 #bga1 #cfj1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #cfd1 #cff1 #cgd1 #che1 #chi1 #djf 0 set1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #dh1 #bec1 #bfb1 #bga1 #bgc1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #bid1 #cci1 n4#ccf1 #cej1 #cef1 #chc1 #che 0 0 9 ,purgatory1 #bga1 #cfa1 #cfc to #cff1 #cgh1 #chb1 #chh 0 s\rce ( all light1 #dgj1 #dgg1 #dhh 0 wor%ip (1 #be1 #cg1 #de 0 & a/rology1 #agc1 #dgc1 #dgg 0 0 comets1 #ajc 0 0 ,dante1 #bfg1 #bgj et seq4 0 0 />s1 #bed1 #dgj1 #dgg 0 0 "t1 #bai1 #bed1 #beg1 #cdi1 #cfg1 #cgb1 #dhh ,sundial1 #bg1 #aae1 #aeh1 #ahb1 #aib1 #bai ,sy5e1 #aag1 #aef ,sylve/] ,,ii41 #bjc ,synodic revolution1 #bb1 #cj #8,syntaxis' 7see ,almage/71 n4#abe1 #acf1 #aeg1 #ahb1 #aic1 #bji ,tabit b5 ,korrah1 #aid ,tables3-- 0 ,alfons9e1 #aie1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bdb1 #bge1 #cda2 a/ronomical1 #bjc1 #bdb1 #bde2 ,greek1 #aag2 ,hakemite1 #ahc2 ,tol$o1 #ahd1 n4#bjb1 #dba 0 ( con/ellations1 #ca1 #aed2 ,days ( ! ,vision1 & positions ( sun1 etc41 #dbe2 ,ptolemy's fir/-magnitude />s1 #aee2 planet>y di/ances & dim5sions1 #ahi2 positions ( sun & moon1 #aij2 planet>y p]iods1 #ia1 #dcf2 planets 9 zodiac1 #cbe2 revolutions ( sun1 moon1 & planets1 #bb1 #bc2 "t ref]5ces 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y1 #ceh-ff ,t>t>us1 #ed ,taurus1 n4#ce1 #dc1 n4#dc1 #add1 #adh1 #adi1 #cfe1 #chg1 #cii1 #djc1 #daj1 #dbb 8,tesoretto10 #bbf1 #bdb 8,tetrabiblios10 #aef1 #bcc1 #bcd ,?ales1 #ej1 #ee et seq41 #fj1 #fa1 n4#gf1 #ih1 #bch1 #bci1 #big ,!on ( ,alex&ria1 #afc ,!on ( ,smyrna1 #ace1 #add ,tides1 #acd1 #beg1 #dde ,ti]ce1 #bbj1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cgb ,timu1 #hb1 #aja1 #bch ,"t1 measurem5t (1 #be1 #dg1 #hd1 #hf1 #afa1 #afb1 #agj1 #ahf ,?ule1 #aeg ,timo*>is1 #abd1 #abe1 #add ,tol$o1 #bjb1 #bac 0 tables (1 #ahd1 n4#bjb1 #dba ,toynbee1 ,paget1 n4#bbe1 n4#bcf1 n4#bda1 n4#dag1 n4#dcg1 n4#dfd ,toz]1 ,h4 ,f41 n4#dgf ,trepidation1 #aid1 n4#bcb-c 8,trsor1 ,li ,l\vres d\10 #bah1 #bbf1 #bdc ,trigonometry1 sph]ical1 #aac1 #abc1 #aec1 #ahc2 inv5tion (1 #acc ,trivium & ,quadrivium1 #agg1 #bfa1 #cab ,tw9s1 see also ,gem9i1 #bgi1 #djj ,ty*o ,brah1 #abj ,ulysses1 #ea1 #eb1 #bib1 #cce1 #cdj1 #cgj1 #cie ,univ]se 7see ,cosmogonies71 #ig2 dim5sions1 #cij1 #dei2 ( ,dante1 #beg1 #beh1 #cec et seq41 #dhi ,univ]sities1 ,bologna1 #aii1 #baf1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bda1 #dgh2 m$ival1 #aii et seq42 ,naples #bdj2 ,padua1 #bbg2 ,p>is1 #aii1 #bac1 #bbh1 #bda2 ,ox=d1 #aii1 #bac2 ,rome1 #bda ,ur1 #cg ,urban ,,iv41 #bja ,ursa1 ,major1 7see also ,be>1 & ,wa971 #bcd1 #bie et seq41 #cbb1 #cfh 0 ,m9or1 #bcd1 #big1 n4#bii ,v>aha ,mihira1 n4#aaa ,vega1 #aee1 #ahg ,v5turi1 #dec ,v5us1 #c1 #ae1 #ag1 #bc1 #fi1 #hj1 #ij1 #ic1 #aji1 #aab1 #aba1 #add1 #aej1 #afi1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bhf1 #cjj1 #cjg1 #cji1 #cad1 #cgc1 #chi1 n4#cii1 #djf-aa1 #dah-be1 #dha-ff 0 dim5sions1 #dhh 0 di/ance1 #deh et seq4 0 goddess (1 #ch 0 movem5ts (1 #cad1 #cae1 #dce1 #dgg 0 mov]s (1 #dhc 0 phases (1 #dib 0 p]iod (1 #cad1 #cae1 #dcf 0 & a/rology1 #agc1 #ahi1 #dgb1 #dgg 0 z ev5+ />1 #eb1 #adb 0 z morn+ />1 #ae1 #eb1 #fd1 #fh1 #adb ,v]ona1 #bbf1 #bef1 #ddd ,vesp]s1 #bai1 #cdh ,villani1 #bac1 #bbc1 #bbf1 #cai ,virgil1 #afg1 #afh1 #bci1 #bga1 #cbh1 #cgd1 #cha1 #dda 0 quot$1 #agc1 #bgi 0 works (1 #bch 0 z guide1 #bhf1 #ced1 #cfg1 #cga1 #chg1 #dji1 #dha 0 & sun1 #bga1 #ccc1 #cha1 #cib ,virg91 ,virgo1 #ab1 #cb1 #abd1 #ada1 #add1 #bij1 #chd1 #dah ,vision1 date ( ,dante's1 #ceg1 #djg et seq42 duration ( #ced-g1 #dja #8,vita ,nuova1' #bec1 #beg1 #daa1 #dcb ,wa91 ,! 7see also ,be>71 #bic1 #bie1 #cei1 #cfh1 #cgc ,wellhaus51 n4#ci ,wick/e$1 ,p4 ,h41 n4#bgg1 #cjf1 #ddg ,_w-s\l1 #ih1 #aei ,x5ophanes1 #ih ,ya\1 ,emp]or1 #bi2 ,canon (1 #ch ,ye>1 #bec2 def9ition (1 #bc 0 ,arab1 #ci2 ,babylonian1 #dj1 #abh1 #afa2 ,*9ese1 #ch2 ,egyptian1 #ci1 #de2 ,hebrew1 #ci2 ,greek1 #afa1 #afb1 n4#agb2 ,mahom$an1 #ci2 ,p]sian1 #cac2 ,roman1 #agj2 ,sum]ian1 #ch 0 civil1 #bb2 luni-sol>1 #ch1 #ci1 #ic2 lun>1 #ci2 sid]eal1 #bb1 #abh2 sol>1 #bb1 #ef1 #abh1 #afc2 tropical1 #bb1 #abi1 #afa1 #afb1 #aga1 #aic1 #bgd1 #bge 0 leap1 #aga1 #bgf 0 l5g? (1 #ahg1 #bgd 0 & ,hipp>*us1 #abh1 #ace ,ziggurat1 #cg ,zodiac1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ah1 #bc1 #bh1 #cj1 #ca1 #dc1 n4#dc1 #fi1 #aai1 #adc1 #ahe1 #bfe1 #bgb1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhi1 #cjj1 #cji1 #caa1 #ccc1 #cdi1 #chb1 #chd1 #djb1 #dje1 #ddh1 #dgj1 #dhh 0 age (1 #cd 0 ,*9ese & ,h9du1 #bi1 #cj 0 con/ellations (1 #ca1 #db1 #dc1 #dg1 #abi1 #bai1 #bdh1 #bij1 #cef1 #cfh1 #djb1 #dgf 0 lun>1 #cj 0 signs (1 #abi1 #agd1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #bde1 #cbi1 #cef1 #cfh1 #cgi1 #chc1 #djb 0 sun 91 #bgf1 #bhb 0 & mon?s1 #bgf1 #bha1 #bhb ,zodiacal revolutions1 #bc ,zoroa/]1 #bah