,,roman ,,/oicism ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,illu/ration ,ed9burgh3 #ajj1 ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,b]l93 ,a4 ,,a%] ,,& ,,co4 ,leipzig3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,brockhaus ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,ltd ,all rights res]v$ ,,roman ,,/oicism ,,be+ ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,/oic ,,philosophy ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,its ,,developm5t ,,)9 ,,! ,,roman ,,empire ,,by ,e4 ,,v]non ,,arnold1 ,,litt4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,lat9 ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,college ,,( ,,nor? ,,wales ,,& ,,=m]ly ,,fell[ ,,( ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,cambridge ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press #aiaa ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,,h5rico ,,jackson1 ,,litt4,d4 ,,dilectissimo ,,praeceptori ,,preface ,?is book is ! outcome ( a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ by me 9 successive ye>s to ,lat9 ,hon\rs /ud5ts 9 accordance ) ! regulations ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wales4 ,x is !re=e prim>ily int5d$ = ! assi/ance ( classical /ud5ts2 b x may p]haps appeal 9 its pres5t =m to a some:at wid] circle4 ,at ! "t t ! book 0 begun ! be/ sy/ematic exposition ( ! ,/oic philosophy available = ,engli% read]s 0 to be f\nd 9 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,,zell]',s ,/oics ,epicureans & ,sceptics1 translat$ by ,o4 ,j4 ,,rei*el 7,longmans1 #ahib74 ,?is "w1 admirable 9 detail1 is nev]!less some:at inadequate to ! subject1 :i* appe>$ to its le>n$ au?or z a m]e sequel to ! mu* m important philosophical sy/ems ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,s9ce its fir/ appe>ance _m qualifi$ writ]s h be5 incl9$ to assign a high] rank to ,/oicism1 among/ :om ,l4 ,,/e91 ,a4 ,,s*mekel1 & ,,hans von ,,arnim 9 ! ,g]man-speak+ c\ntries1 & ,a4 ,c4 ,,pe>son1 ,g4 ,h4 ,,r5dall1 & ,r4 ,d4 ,,hicks 9 our own1 are p]haps mo/ conspicu\s4 ,! view tak5 9 ?is book corresponds g5]ally to t tak5 by ! writ]s nam$4 ,%ortly express$1 x reg>ds ,/oicism z ! bridge betwe5 anci5t & mod]n philosophical ?\ght2 a position :i* appe>s to be accept$ by ,w4 ,l4 ,,davidson writ+ on behalf ( /ud5ts ( mod]n philosophy4 ,mr ,hicks & ,mr ,davidson h rec5tly publi%$ works deal+ ) ! ,/oic philosophy z a :ole2 b z nei!r ( ^! q cov]s ! gr\nd m>k$ out = ?is book1 ,i believe t room w be f\nd = a fur!r pres5tation ( ! subject4 ,to ! writ]s nam$ & to _m o!rs1 my obligations are great1 & _! ext5t is g5]ally indicat$ 9 ! ,index4 ,i owe a m intimate debt to ,mr ,a4 ,c4 ,,pe>son & ,pr(4 ,,alfr$ ,,caldecott1 :o h giv5 me ungrudg+ly ( _! k & c\nsel dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! prep>ation ( ?is book4 ,! appe>ance ( ,h4 von ,arnim's #8,/oicorum vet]um fragm5ta' made available to me a mass ( mat]ial f ,greek s\rces1 & has 7,i hope7 made ?is book less imp]fect on ! side ( ,greek ?an x w\ld o!rwise h be54 ,= ! quotations 9 ! notes f ! ,greek & ! less-kn[n ,lat9 au?ors ,i h g5]ally giv5 ref]5ces to von ,arnim's collections1 :i* w d\btless be m accessible to mo/ ( my read]s ?an ! orig9al writ]s4 ,^! ref]5ces include ^? to ! fragm5ts ( ,z5o & ,clean!s1 = :i* von ,arnim is 9 ! ma9 indebt$ to ! e>li] "w ( ,pe>son4 ,s g5]al a treatm5t ( ! subject z is "h pres5t$ mu/ necess>ily leave room = correction & amplification 9 its v>i\s bran*es1 & ,i tru/ t ,i am po9t+ out to y\ng] /ud5ts a field 9 :i* a ri* h>ve/ may yet be glean$4 ,to su* /ud5ts ! app5d$ ,bibliography1 ?\gh necess>ily incomplete1 may be ( use z an introduction to ! consid]able lit]ature :i* is available to !m4 ,! conclud+ *apt] makes its appeal n s mu* to classical /ud5ts1 z su*1 z to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! problem ( ,*ri/ian orig9s2 ! fur!r problems ( ! influ5ce ( ,/oicism on mod]n lit]ature & philosophy1 ?\gh at fir/ includ$ 9 my programme1 ,i h n v5tur$ to ent] ^u4 ,b ,i hope t at lea/ ,i h be5 able to %[ t ! int]e/ ( classical /udies1 ev5 z reg>ds ,hell5i/ic philosophy1 does n lie :olly 9 ! pa/4 ,my s9c]e ?anks are due to ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,univ]sity ,college ( ,nor? ,wales = grant+ me special assi/ance 9 my ,college duties dur+ ! ,spr+ t]m ( #aiaj1 9 ord] t ,i might give m "t to ?is book2 to ! ,syndics ( ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press = und]tak+ its publication2 & to ,mr ,clay & 8 exp]t /aff = ! admirable execution ( ! pr9t+4 ,e4 ,,v]non ,,arnold #be ,janu>y #aiaa ,,corrig5da ,,et ,,not&a ,9 ! text ! acc5tuation ( ,greek words %\ld be correct$ z foll[s3 ,p4 #aag1 l4 #aj1 4 ,p4 #bci1 l4 #f1 4 ,p4 #dbc1 l4 #af1 4 7,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,^! h be5 correct$47 ,= ! quotations 9 ! notes f ,greek writ]s1 m precise ref]5ces w usually be f\nd 9 ! sections nam$ ( von ,arnim's ,/oicorum vet]um fragm5ta4 ,9 addition ! foll[+ amplifications or corrections are ne$$3 ,p4 #aje1 n4 #dd2 ,clem4 ,/rom4 ii #ba1 #abi4 ,p4 #acc1 n4 #ch2 ,nem4 nat4 hom4 vi #ac4 ,p4 #adb1 n4 #hf2 ,sext4 ma?4 vii #ahd4 ,p4 #aeh1 n4 #ag2 ,simp4 ,ari/4 cat4 p4 #bfi1 #ad ,k2 ,c5s4 fr4 #a1 #a4 ,p4 #aei1 n4 #bj2 ,simp4 ,ari/4 cat4 p4 #cej1 #af ,k4 ,p4 #afj1 n4 #cj2 = ! ^w is n[ read1 mak+ ! quotation inapplicable4 ,p4 #afa1 n4 #acc2 add ! words 4 ,! ref]5ce is to ,simpl4 ,ari/4 cat4 p4 #cjf1 #bc ,k4 ,p4 #afd1 n4 #de2 ,simp4 ,ari/4 cat4 p4 #ff1 #cb ,k2 n4 #dg1 ib4 p4 #afe1 #cb ,k4 ,p4 #aff1 n4 #fj2 ib4 p4 #bfi1 #ad ,k4 ,p4 #afh1 n4 #ge2 ib4 p4 #afe1 #cb ,k4 ,p4 #agc1 n4 #aaj2 ,gal5 con/4 art4 m$4 p4 #bec ,k2 n4 #aaa1 me?4 m$4 i #b p4 #af ,k4 ,p4 #ahe1 n4 #gi2 = read 4 ,p4 #ahg1 n4 #hf2 ,sext4 ma?4 viii #bga4 ,p4 #aic1 n4 #acj2 ,nemes4 nat4 hom4 xxxviii #ie4 ,p4 #aif1 n4 #ade2 ,gal5 de temp4 p4 #fag ,k4 ,p4 #bbb1 n4 #cc2 ,corn4 ,n4 ,d4 ii4 ,p4 #bbd1 n4 #dg2 ,sext4 ma?4 vii #ic4 ,p4 #bea1 n4 #gf2 ,gal5 plac4 ,hipp4 et ,plat4 p4 #bdb ,k4 ,p4 #bee1 n4 #hf2 = read 4 ,p4 #bfd1 n4 #aci2 to ! quotation f ,comm4 9 ,luc4 ix #f add #8et esse sic immortales ut non moriantur s$ resolvantur4' ,p4 #bih1 n4 #ahd2 ,alex4 ,aph4 de fato #bh1 p4 #aii1 #ah ,b4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,! ,_w-,religions #a ,,ii4 ,h]aclitus & ,socrates #bi ,,iii4 ,! ,academy & ! ,por* #ec ,,iv4 ,! ,prea*+ ( ,/oicism #gh ,v4 ,! ,/oic ,sect 9 ,rome #ii ,,vi4 ,( ,reason & ,spee* #abh ,,vii4 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,physics #aee ,,viii4 ,! ,univ]se #age ,,ix4 ,! ,supreme ,problems #aih ,x4 ,religion #baf ,,xi4 ,! ,k+dom ( ! ,s\l #bch ,,xii4 ,! ,law = ,humanity #bgc ,,xiii4 ,daily ,duties #cja ,,xiv4 ,s9 & ,weakness #ccj ,,xv4 ,c\nsels ( ,p]fection #ceg ,,xvi4 ,/oicism 9 ,roman ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature #chj ,,xvii4 ,! ,/oic ,/ra9 9 ,*ri/ianity #djh ,,bibliography3 ,i4 ,anci5t ,writ]s & ,philosoph]s #dcg ,,ii4 ,mod]n ,writ]s #dde ,,g5]al ,,index #dea ,,greek ,,index #dff ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,_w-,,religions4 ,sid5ote3 ,roman lit]ature4 #a4 ,! pres5t "w treats ( a subject ( out/&+ int]e/ 9 ! lit]ature :i* is associat$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,/ate1 & :i* is express$ p>tly 9 ,hell5i/ic ,greek1 p>tly 9 ,lat94 ,9 ! g5]ations prec$+ our own1 classical /udy has1 to a l>ge ext5t1 att5d$ to =m r ?an to matt]1 to expression r ?an to cont5t4 ,to-day x is beg9n+ to take a wid] outlook4 ,we are le>n+ to look on lit]ature z an unveil+ ( ! human m9d 9 its v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 & z a key to ! true mean+ ( hi/ory4 ,! lit]ature ( ,greece prop] does n cease to attract u by its orig9ality1 *>m1 & v>iety2 b ! new int]e/ may yet f9d its fulle/ satisfaction 9 ,roman lit]ature2 = ( all anci5t peoples ! ,romans a*iev$ mo/1 & _! a*ievem5ts h be5 ! mo/ endur+4 ,x 0 ! ,roman :o jo9$ ! ends ( ! _w by 8 roads & 8 bridges1 p\r$ into cr[d$ t[ns unfail+ supplies ( corn & p]5nial /reams ( pure wat]1 cle>$ ! c\ntryside ( highwaym51 conv]t$ enemies into neighb\rs1 creat$ ideals ( bro!rhood "u :i* ! nations 7 unit$ by common laws & unfett]$ m>riage relations1 & s %ap$ a new religion t if x %att]$ an empire x yet became ! "m ( _m nations4 ,we are ! inh]itors ( ,roman civilization2 & if we h f> surpass$ x 9 sci5tific k & mat]ial pl5ty1 we are n equally confid5t t we possess bett] m5tal balance1 or m complete social h>mony4 ,9 ?is direction ! problems ( ,roman life are ! problems ( ,we/]n life to-day2 & ! me?ods by :i* !y 7 approa*$ 9 ! ,roman _w des]ve m ?an ev] to be /udi$ by u4 ,su* a /udy1 if x is to be 9 any true s5se hi/orical1 mu/ break ?r\gh ! conv5tion by :i* anci5t ,greece & ,rome h come to be treat$ z a _w ap>t2 x mu/ seek its />t+ po9t 9 ! di/ant pa/1 & c\nt t ( *ief importance :i* w be> fruit 9 ! ages t foll[4 ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! ,romans4 #b4 ,great a*ievem5ts are born ( /rong convictions2 & ,roman /atesm51 juri/s1 soldi]s1 & eng9e]s did n le>n to #8scorn delights & live labori\s days' )\t "s /rong impulse f )94 ,^! inn] convictions d n come to ! surface ev]y:]e 9 ! ,lat9 lit]ature ) :i* we are mo/ famili>4 ,! ,roman orator or poet is g5]ally cont5t to express a conv5tional view ( religion & morals1 :il/ he conceals 8 real ?\ghts 9 a _s ( retic5ce & almo/ ( %ame4 ,yet "h & !re e att5tive read] w cat* ! acc5t ( s9c]ity1 sometimes 9 ! less re/ra9$ conv]sation ( ! l[] classes1 sometimes 9 flights ( poetic imag9ation1 or aga9 9 in/ruction design$ = ! "y4 ,9 ?is way we le>n t ! ,romans ( ! la/ c5tury ( ! republic & ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! pr9cipate 7 pr(\ndly conc]n$1 n s mu* ) que/ions connect$ ) ! safety ( _! empire or ! ju/ice ( _! =m ( gov]nm5t1 z ) problems 9 :i* all mank9d has a common int]e/4 ,:at is tru?1 & h[ c x be asc]ta9$8 ,:at is ?is univ]se 9 :i* we dwell1 & by :om & h[ 0 x made8 ,:at are ! be+s call$ gods1 & d !y conc]n !mselves ) ! affairs ( m58 ,:at is man's nature1 8 duty1 & 8 de/9y8 ,^! ! ,romans call$ ! problems ( philosophy1 & !y eag]ly s\ght = def9ite & practical solutions to !m#a4 ,su* solutions :5 embodi$ 9 !oretical sy/ems we /ill call #8philosophies'2 b :5 su* sy/ems are develop$ 9 a practical =m & claim ! ob$i5ce ( l>ge bodies ( m5 !y become religions4 ,/oicism is 9 ! fir/ in/ance a philosophy1 & among/ its _m competitors t "o :i* appeal$ mo/ successfully to ! judgm5t ( m5 :o play$ a lead+ "p 9 ! ,roman _w2 b z its acceptance becomes m g5]al1 x beg9s to assume all ! features ( a religion4 ,all ,lat9 lit]ature is ?ickly /rewn ) allusions to ,/oicism & ! sy/ems :i* 7 its rivals1 & ?us be>s witness to ! widespread int]e/ :i* !y excit$4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9 ( ,philosophy4 #c4 ,! ,romans le>nt philosophy f ,greek tea*]s2 & !y 7 n free f a s5se ( %ame 9 ?us sitt+ at ! feet ( ! *ildr5 ( a conqu]$ race4 ,b !y ackn[l$g$ _! obligations 9 a g5]\s _s2 & f ,roman lit]ature an impression has aris51 :i* is /ill widespread1 t ,greece 0 ! bir?place ( philosophy1 & t its triumphs mu/ be plac$ to ! cr$it ( ,hell5ic culture4 ,b to ! ,hell5es !mselves philosophy equally appe>$ z a =eign fa%ion1 assail+ _! national beliefs & dang]\s to _! e/abli%$ morality2 & ( its tea*]s _m ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 7 immigrants f ,asia ,m9or4 ,?us ,greece itself appe>s only z a halt+-place 9 ! movem5t ( philosophy2 & we are c>ri$ m & m to ! ,ea/ z we seek to discov] its orig94 ,yet at ! "t ) :i* we are conc]n$ x _h also spread to ! extreme ,we/4 #8,! ,magi1' says ,ari/otle1 #8taught ! ,p]sians philosophy2 ! ,*aldaeans taught x to ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians2 ! ,gymnosophi/s to ! ,indians2 ! ,druids & ,semno!i to ! ,gauls & ,celts#b4' ,x 0 a _w-wide /irr+ ( ! human intellect1 & we mu/ attempt to outl9e its mean+ m completely4 ,sid5ote3 ,national & ,_w-,religions4 #d4 ,philosophy1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,ari/otle uses ! t]m1 appe>s to be a g5]al "n = a great *ange 9 man's intellectual attitude t[>ds 8 environm5t1 correspond+ to a def9ite era 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization4 ,be=e philosophy came nationalism1 ! habit ( ?9k+ accord+ to clan & race2 & nationalism rema9s on record = u 9 ! num]\s national religions 9 :i* ea* p does rev]5ce to ! deity :i* lives )9 its bord]s & goes =? to fight ) its armies4 ,philosophy is at once broad] 9 its outlook & m intimate 9 its appeal4 ,x breaks d[n ! b>ri]s ( race1 & includes ! :ole _w 9 its survey2 b on ! o!r h& x ju/ifies ! individual 9 ass]t+ 8 own ?\ghts & *oos+ 8 own way ( life4 ,?us philosophy on its arrival appe>s 9 ea* p>ticul> c\ntry z a dis9tegrat+ =ce2 x /rikes at ! roots ( patriotism & piety1 & *all5ges equally ! au?ority ( k+ & ( prie/4 ,b ev]y:]e 9 turn philosophy1 z x ga9s gr\nd1 beg9s to con/ruct a new patriotism & a new piety1 & gradually takes concrete %ape z a new religion4 ,to u1 z we look backw>ds to ! pa/1 ! track ( philosophy is record$ by a s]ies ( religions1 all alike m>k$ ) ! note ( _w-wide outlook1 rev]5ce = reason1 & ! s5tim5t ( human sympa?y4 ,! era ( philosophy is ! era ( ! _w-religions4 ,x belongs to t mill5nium :5 f ,*9a to ,irel& m5 ( good w & bold _s realiz$ t !y all look$ up t[>d "o sky1 brea!d "o air1 & travell$ on "o all-encircl+ sea2 :5 !y dream$ t be=e long all m5 %\ld be unit$ 9 "o k+dom1 conv]se 9 "o language1 & obey ! "o un*ang+ law ( reason4 ,sid5ote3 ,spread ( ! ,_w-,religions4 #e4 ,! g5]al importance & direction ( ?is movem5t w be/ be se5 if we select = consid]ation a c]ta9 numb] ( ! _w-religions 9 :i* x 0 f "t to "t embodi$4 ,ari/otle has already call$ our att5tion to ! #8philosophies' ( ! ,*aldaeans1 ! ,p]sians1 & ! ,indians2 among/ ^! la/ ,buddhism at lea/ 0 a movem5t :i* _h %ak5 (f limitations ( race & class4 ,to ^! he has add$ ! ,druids1 :om we may well keep 9 m9d if only because !y are repres5tatives ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,/oicism be/ repres5ts ! "p play$ by ! ,greco-,roman _w1 & ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity come "u consid]ation z =ces ) :i* ,/oicism 9 ! c\rse ( its hi/ory came into close contact4 ,! ,greeks little realiz$ t !y 7 be+ c>ri$ along 9 s mighty a /ream4 ,reg>d+ !mselves z isolat$ & elevat$1 ! sole pione]s ( civilization 9 a #8b>b>ian' _w1 ! beliefs ( neighb\r+ peoples seem$ to !m b5ea? _! notice4 ,to ?is prejudice !y clung 9 spite ( ! prote/s ( _! own m5 ( le>n+#c2 ! ,romans inh]it$ x f !m2 & ?\gh ! ,europe ( ! ,middle ,ages & ( to-day pr(esses an ,ori5tal fai?1 its religi\s survey is /ill limit$ & its critical p[] impair$ by ! same assumption ( sup]ior wisdom4 ,our in=mation is h[ev] wid] ?an t ( ! anci5t _w1 & our sympa?ies are beg9n+ to be quick5$2 & we are ?us 9 a position to trace g5]ally ! hi/ory ( ^! sev5 religions4 ,9 ?is "w we %all use1 z f> z possible1 ! classical au?orities1 supplem5t+ !m 7:]e defici5t7 f o!r s\rces4 ,sid5ote3 ,*aldaism4 #f4 ,! olde/ ( ^! philosophical or religi\s sy/ems is t ( ! ,*aldaeans1 z ! ,romans t]m$ a pa/oral1 />-gaz+ folk#d presumably id5tical ) ! p :i*1 9 or ab\t ! ye> #bhjj ,b4,c4#e1 mapp$ out ! con/ellations z we n[ "k !m1 trac$ ! orbits ( ! planets#f1 & pr$ict$ _! future movem5ts4 ,?is "w 0 n c>ri$ out entirely 9 ! _s ( mod]n sci5ce2 x 0 fur!r /imulat$ by ! belief t ! skies display$ a writt5 message to mank9d4 ,b ! nature ( t message1 ( :i* fragm5ts are possibly embodi$ 9 ! names ( ! con/ellations1 0 n pres]v$ to ! ,romans by any tradition4 ,two pr9ciples seem to h surviv$1 ^? ( ! inexorable tie betwe5 cause & effect call$ #8fate#g1' & ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( ev5ts 9 heav5 & on e>?#h4 ,h5ce arose ! hope ( prophetic insight into ! future2 & ! p ( ,babylon1 "u ,*aldaean influ5ce1 are said to h sp5t f\r hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s 9 collect+ obs]vations ( ! hi/ory ( boys born "u p>ticul> comb9ations ( ! heav5ly bodies#i4 ,we are n acqua9t$ ) ! results ( ^! obs]vations2 b und\bt$ly !y e/abli%$ a pr(ession ( a/rolog]s1 ^: craft x 0 to obs]ve ! position ( sun1 moon & />s at a man's bir? or at "s o!r critical h\r1 & !nce to d$uce 8 future "* or c>e]4 ,^! w&]]s1 call$ by ! ,romans #8,*aldaei' or #8,ma!matici1' spread ov] all ,europe1 & f\nd$ a lucrative trade on m5's fe>s & ambitions4 ,philosoph]s /udi$ _! me?ods1 & did n always entirely d5y _! validity#aj4 ,9 society ! a/rolog] is a common figure#aa2 he f\nd 8 way to ! *amb]s ( pr9ces#ab1 & 0 regul>ly consult$ by conspirators4 ,! dramatic sc5e 9 ,walt] ,scott's ,betro!d is z true 9 "* to ,roman times z to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,roman lit]ature is full ( allusions to ! horoscope#ac4 ,b :e!r we attribute ^! practices to fraud or to self-deception1 !re is e reason to believe t !y only =m a diseas$ outgr[? f a sy/em :i* at an e>li] "t 0 ( mu* wid] import4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sism4 #g4 ,! popul> expression #8magic' /ill recalls to u ! sy/em ( :i* ! ,magi ( ,p]sia 7 ! pr(ess$ expon5ts1 & ( :i* ! ,romans _h a k :i* is to a l>ge ext5t confirm$ f o!r s\rces4 ,?is sy/em we %all "h call #8,p]sism1' 9 ord] to free ourselves ( ! popul> associations /ill connect$ ) su* t]ms z ,magism1 ,p>see-ism1 & s =?2 mean+ by #8,p]sism' ! tea*+ ( ,z>a?u/ra 7! ,lat9 ,zoroa/res7 z x affect$ ! ,greek & ,lat9 _w4 ,p]sism has its roots 9 ! old] nationalism1 inasmu* z its deity is "o :o takes sides ) 8 believ] & br+s him victory 9 w>2 b on ! o!r h& x gr[s into a _w-religion because t :i* beg9s z a conflict betwe5 races gradually *anges into a /ruggle betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,x is bas$ also on ! ,*aldaean sy/em1 9 s f> z x looks up to ! heav5 z ! object ( human rev]5ce & to ! sun1 moon & planets z at lea/ ! symbols ( human de/9y2 b "h aga9 ! outlook is trans=m$1 = 9 ! place ( imp]sonal & inexorable =ces we f9d a company ( cele/ial be+s1 intimately conc]n$ 9 ! affairs ( m51 & engag$ 9 an ard5t /ruggle = ! victory ( ! bett] side4 ,! mean+ ( ,p]sism & its imm5se influ5ce on ! ,greco-,roman _w are /ill s little realiz$ t x is necess>y "h to deal ) ! subject ) "s fulness4 ,sid5ote3 ,z>a?u/ra4 #h4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans ref] to ! tea*+s ( ,z>a?u/ra z ( immemorial antiquity#ad2 :il/ on ! o!r h& ! direct ,p]sian tradition 7exi/+ 9 a writt5 =m f ab\t ! ye> #hjj ,a4,d47 ascribes !m to a date #beh ye>s be=e ! era ( ,alex&]'s invasion ( ,p]sia#ae4 ,! be/ mod]n au?orities incl9e to ! ,p]sian view1 ?us giv+ ! date ( ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 to ,z>a?u/ra1 & mak+ him r\ghly a contempor>y ( ! ,buddha & ,confucius#af4 ,on ! o!r h& consid]ations1 p>tly ( ! g5]al hi/ory ( religion1 p>tly ( ! l+ui/ic & metrical "* ( su* fragm5ts ( ,z>a?u/ra's writ+s z /ill rema91 indicate a date e>li] ?an ?is by _m hundr$ ye>s#ag4 ,z>a?u/ra belong$ to ! tribe ( ! ,magi1 :o ma9ta9$ religi\s practices ( :i* ! nature c only be inf]r$ f su* ( !m z surviv$ ! prophet's re=ms#ah2 9 _! g5]al "* !y _c h diff]$ widely f ^? record$ 9 ! ,rigv$a4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is sy/em ,z>a?u/ra came =w>d z a re=m]4 ,he 0 deeply le>n$ 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,*aldaeans#ai1 & 0 an ard5t /ud5t ( a/ronomy#bj4 ,9 a p]iod ( solit>y contemplation 9 ! des]t#ba1 x 0 reveal$ to him t a great & wise be+1 nam$ ,ahura ,mazd1 0 ! creator & rul] ( heav5 & e>?#bb4 ,^u him att5d ,angels :o d him s]vice2 :il/ ! _s ( ,mis*ief & 8 att5dants ceaselessly "w to oppose 8 purposes4 ,ahura is ! light1 8 enemy is ! d>kness#bc4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 !m is t betwe5 "r & wrong1 & 9 x e man mu/ take "o or ! o!r side4 ,8 s\l w survive :at m5 call dea?1 & receive an ev]la/+ rew>d accord+ to 8 de$s4 ,aft] quitt+ ! mortal body1 ! s\l w pass ov] ! ,bridge ( ,judgm5t1 & w !re be turn$ aside to ! "r or to ! left2 if x has be5 virtu\s1 to ent] ,p>adise1 b if vici\s1 ! ,h\se ( ,falsehood4 ,full ( ?is doctr9e1 ,z>a?u/ra ent]s ! c\rt ( ,k+ ,vi%tspa1 & conv]ts him & 8 c\rt4 ,! mon>* 9 turn sets out to conv]t ! unbeliev+ _w by ! sword1 & ! ,w> ( ,religion beg9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,spread ( ,p]sism4 #i4 ,we _c trace ! long hi/ory ( ! ,w> ( ,religion ?r\gh its :ole c\rse1 b 9 ! end we f9d t ! ,religion has weld$ toge!r ! great k+dom ( ,p]sia1 & its w>like zeal is direct$ t[>ds e/abli%+ ?r\gh\t ! _w ! wor%ip ( ! #8,god ( heav51' & ! de/ruction ( all images1 :e!r 9 ! %ape ( m5 or ( bea/s1 z di%on\r+ to ! div9e nature4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,babylon oppos$ ! ,religion 9 ! ea/1 & ,lydia 9 ! we/2 bo? fell be=e ,cyrus ! ,great4 ,! fall ( ,babylon set free ! ,jews1 :o accept$ ! k+'s commission to e/abli% ! ,religion 9 ,j]usalem#bd1 & 7at a r lat] date7 9 ,egypt#be2 on ! o!r h& t ( ,lydia expos$ ! ,hell5es1 a p devot$ to idol-wor%ip1 to ! fury ( ! image-break]s#bf4 ,! battles ( ,m>a?on & ,salamis *eck$ ! w>like advance ( ,p]sism1 & ! victories ( ,alex&] suppress$ its outw>d obs]vance & de/roy$ its lit]ature & its prie/hood4 ,b 9 ?is p]iod ( app>5t depression "s at lea/ ( its doctr9es 7 w9n+ /ill wid] acceptance ?an be=e4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sism invades ,greece4 #aj4 ,! dep>ture ( ! ,p]sians f ,europe 0 ! signal = an outbur/ ( en?usiasm 9 ,greece = ! old gods & _! wor%ip ) ! aid ( images4 ,yet1 unfav\rable z ! "t might seem1 a mono!i/ic s5tim5t develop$ apace 9 ,hellas1 :i* we %all foll[ m closely 9 ! next *apt]#bg4 ,ev5 ,h]odotus1 writ+ z a fair-m9d$ hi/orian1 no long] reg>ds ! ,p]sians z impi\s1 b realizes t !y are actuat$ by conviction#bh4 ,socrates 0 an outspok5 def5d] ( all ! ma9 articles ( ! ,religion1 to ! horror ( nationali/s l ,ari/ophanes1 :o n unju/ly accus$ him ( corrupt+ ! loyalty ( ! y\? ( ,a!ns to ! in/itutions ( _! "m city4 ,x5ophon1 ! mo/ intimate ( 8 disciples1 translat$ ?is bias into action1 & jo9$ ) ! #aj1jjj ,greeks 9 a va9 ef=t to re-e/abli% ! /r5g? ( ,p]sia3 he did n ev5 hesitate to engage 9 w> aga9/ 8 native l&4 ,to him ,cyrus ! ,p]sian 0 a great] h]o ?an any ,hom]ic w>rior or ,greek sage2 & f ,cyrus he drew ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l :i* f ?is "t on is "o ( ! *ief subjects ( philosophic speculation4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sism welcom$ 9 ,rome4 #aa4 ,! ,romans _h n ! same national motives z ! ,greeks to feel an antipa?y to ,p]sism4 ,= ! doctr9e ( mono!ism !y _h probably be5 prep>$ by _! ,etruscan sov]eigns1 & ! temple ( ,capitol9e ,jove kept be=e _! eyes a symbol ( ?is s5tim5t4 ,b 9 ! ,roman p]iod ,p]sian sov]eignty _h rec$$ to ! f> di/ance1 & ! doctr9es ( ,p]sism only rea*$ ,rome ?r\gh ! ,greek language & 9 ,greek =m4 ,?us ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,evil ,_s1 ! w> betwe5 ,good & ,evil1 & ! future puni%m5t ( ! wick$1 only fa9t e*oes ev] rea*$ ! ,roman e>4 ,on ! o!r h& ! doctr9es ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w & ( ! immortality ( ! s\l made a deep impression2 & ,cic]o 9 a well-kn[n passage repeats & amplifies ! acc\nt ,x5ophon gives 9 8 ,cyropa$ia ( ! dy+ words ( ,cyrus1 :i* is d\btless to "s ext5t col\r$ by recollections ( ! dea? ( ,socrates3 #8,we read 9 ,x5ophon t ,cyrus ! eld] on 8 dea?-b$ spoke z foll[s--8,d n ?9k1 my v de> *ildr51 t :5 ,i quit y ,i %all no long] be 9 exi/5ce4 ,s long z ,i 0 ) y1 y nev] saw my s\l1 b y realiz$ f my actions t x dwelt 9 ?is my body4 ,believe !n t x w /ill exi/1 ev5 if y see no?+ ( x4 ,hon\rs w\ld n cont9ue to be paid to great m5 aft] dea?1 did n _! s\ls assi/ u to ma9ta9 _! memory 9 fre%ness4 ,i h nev] be5 able to p]suade myself t s\ls live :il/ !y are enclos$ 9 mortal bodies1 & die :5 !y issue f !m2 nor t ! s\l becomes dull at ! mom5t x leaves ?is dull body2 ,i believe t :5 x has fre$ itself f all contact ) ! body & has begun to exi/ 9 purity & p]fection1 !n x becomes wise4 ,fur!r1 :5 ! framework ( humanity is brok5 up 9 dea?1 we see cle>ly :i!r ea* ( its p>ts spe$s away1 = all g to ! elem5ts f :i* !y h sprung2 ! s\l alone is n se5 by u ei!r :il/ x is ) u or :5 x dep>ts4 ,la/ly no?+ resembles dea? s closely z sleep4 ,b m5's s\ls1 :il/ !y !mselves sleep1 mo/ cle>ly reveal _! div9e nature2 = !n1 be+ set free f _! prison h\se1 !y (t5 =esee ?+s to come4 ,f ?is we may ga!r :at _! prop]ties w be1 :5 !y h utt]ly fre$ !mselves f ! fett]s ( ! body4 ,if !n ?is is s1 d rev]5ce to me z a god2 b if ! s\l is de/9$ to p]i% ) ! body1 /ill d rev]5ce to ! gods1 :o gu>d & rule all ?is beaute\s _w1 & :ile s do+ keep up ! memory ( me 9 loyal & unalt]able affection40 ,s spoke ,cyrus on 8 dea?-b$#bi4' ,sid5ote3 ,! manifold deity4 #ab4 ,! ,p]sian doctr9e ( ! #8,angels' seems to h be5 v little und]/ood ei!r 9 ,greece or at ,rome1 b1 z we %all see 9 ! c\rse ( ?is book1 x pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! c\rse ( religi\s hi/ory4 ,! #8,angels' or good ,spirits ( ,p]sism are1 f "o po9t ( view1 id5tical ) ! ,creator himself1 =ms "u :i* he manife/s himself to m54 ,_! names are all ^? ( ab/ractions3 ! ,good ,m9d1 ! ,be/ ,reason1 ! ,desir$ ,k+dom1 ,holy ,humility1 ,salvation1 & ,immortality#cj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y gradually assume to ! wor%ipp] :o contemplates !m ! appe>ance ( sep>ate p]sonalities1 dwell+1 l ! ,creator himself1 9 an atmosph]e ( heav5ly ,glory4 ,?us a sy/em :i* is 9 pr9ciple /rictly mono!i/ic gradually developes into "o 9 :i* ! deity is sev5fold1 z 9 ! foll[+ hymn f ! lat] "p ( ! ,ave/a3 #8,we praise ! heav5ly ,glory4 ,! mighty1 ! god-giv51 ,! praisewor?y1 ! life-giv+1 ,heal+1 /r5g!n+1 wat*+ ,high above ! o!r creatures4 ,! ,glory t belongs to ! ,immortal ,spirits1 ,! rul]s1 t act by a look alone1 ,! l(ty1 all-p[]ful ones1 ,! /rong s]vants ( ! ,all-wise1 ,t live = ev]1 & "w ju/ice4 ,all sev5 h ! same ,?\ght1 ,all sev5 h ! same ,^w1 ,all sev5 h ! same ,de$4 ,"o ,?\ght1 "o ,^w1 "o ,de$1 "o ,fa!r & ,ma/] ,! ,all-wise1 ! ,creator#ca4' ,( ^! #8,angels' "o 0 de/9$ to play a consid]able "p 9 sev]al ( ! _w-religions2 namely t :i* ! ,p]sians call$ ! #8,be/ ,reason1' & :i* ! ,greeks knew z ,wisdom 77 or ! ,^w 774 ,sometimes an aspect ( ! ,deity1 sometimes an emanation f him1 & !n aga9 a di/+ui%able p]sonality1 ?is figure is aga9 & aga9 pres5t$ to our consid]ation4 ,! p]sonification ( ab/ractions appeal$ ) special =ce to ! ,romans1 = f ! e>lie/ p]iods ( _! hi/ory !y _h rais$ temples to ,fai? 7fides71 ,concord 7concordia71 & o!r deifi$ virtues2 & its "* c p]haps be/ be appreciat$ by ref]5ce to ! p]sonification ( ,light 9 ,*ri/ian hymnology1 bo? anci5t & mod]n3 #8,hail1 gladd5+ ,light1 ( 8 pure glory p\r$ ,:o is ! immortal ,fa!r1 heav5ly1 ble/#cb6' #8,lead1 k9dly ,light1 amid ! encircl+ gloom ,lead ?\ me on#cc4' ,sid5ote3 ,sanctity ( ! elem5ts4 #ac4 ,among/ ! subsidi>y1 b /ill important1 doctr9es ( ,p]sism1 is t ( ! sanctity ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,e>?1 air1 fire & wat] are alike holy4 ,h5ce ! dead mu/ n be buri$1 = t w\ld be to defile ! e>?2 nor burn$1 = t w\ld be to defile fire#cd2 nor may any impurity be ?r[n into ! wat]4 ,?is respect = ! elem5ts (t5 appe>$ to /rang]s z wor%ip ( !m#ce4 ,betwe5 ! elem5ts !y sometimes discrim9at$1 consid]+ e>? & wat] z m ak9 to d>kness & ! evil _s1 b fire & air to light & ! good _s#cf4 ,! elem5t ( fire !y held 9 special rev]5ce1 s t at all times !y h be5 call$ fire-wor%ipp]s#cg4 ,m c>eful obs]v]s h always recognis$ !m z mono!i/s1 di/+ui%$ by a c]ta9 raptur\s language 9 _! description ( ! deity :i* !y refus$ to picture 9 any concrete %ape#ch4 ,!y 7 also zeal\s t _! tea*+ %\ld f9d its expression 9 a heal?y social & political life#ci4 ,9 ! education ( ! "y !y laid a special /ress on speak+ ! tru?#dj4 ,sid5ote3 ,alex&] 9 ! ,ea/4 #ad4 #8,! ,gymnosophi/s taught philosophy to ! p ( ,india#da4' ,:o are ! tea*]s ?us indicat$8 ,an answ] may be f\nd1 ?\gh ( a lat] date1 9 ,plut>*'s #8,life ( ,alex&]1' :]e he describes ! meet+ ( ,alex&] ) "s em95t gymnosophi/s1 :o _h /irr$ up opposition to 8 rule3-- #8,alex&] captur$ t5 ( ! ,indian philosoph]s call$ ,gymnosophi/ae#db2 :o _h be5 in/rum5tal 9 caus+ ,sabbas to revolt1 & _h done mu* mis*ief to ! ,mac$onians4 ,^! m5 are r5[n$ = _! %ort1 pi?y answ]s1 & ,alex&] put difficult que/ions to all ( !m1 tell+ !m t he w\ld fir/ put to dea? ! man :o answ]$ him wor/1 & s ! re/ 9 ord]4 ,! fir/ 0 ask$ :e!r he ?\ght ! liv+ or ! dead to be ! m num]\s4 ,he answ]$ 8,! liv+1 = ! dead are n40 ,! second 0 ask$1 8,:i* bre$s ! l>ge/ animals1 ! sea or ! l&80 ,he answ]$ 8,! l&1 = ! sea is only a "p ( x40 ,! ?ird 0 ask$1 8,:i* is ! clev]e/ ( bea/s80 ,he answ]$ 8,t :i* man has n yet discov]$40 ,! f\r? 0 ask$ :y he made ,sabbas rebel4 ,he answ]$ 8,because ,i wi%$ him ei!r to live or to die ) hon\r40 ,! fif? 0 ask$1 :i* he ?\ght 0 fir/1 ! day or ! night4 ,he answ]$ 8,! day 0 fir/1 by "o day40 ,z he saw t ! k+ 0 surpris$ by ?is answ]1 he add$ 8,impossible que/ions require impossible answ]s40 ,alex&] n[ ask$ ! six? h[ a man c\ld make himself mo/ belov$4 ,he answ]$ 8,by be+ v p[]ful1 & yet n fe>$ by 8 subjects40 ,( ! rema9+ ?ree1 ! fir/ 0 ask$ h[ a man c\ld become a god4 ,he answ]$ 8,by do+ t :i* x is impossible = a man to d40 ,! next 0 ask$ :i* 0 ! /rong]1 life or dea?4 ,he answ]$ 8,life1 because x endures su* t]rible suff]+40 ,! la/1 be+ ask$ h[ long x 0 hon\rable = a man to live1 answ]$ 8,z long z he ?9ks x bett] = him to live ?an to die40 ,! k+ load$ !m ) pres5ts1 & dismiss$ !m#dc4' ,sid5ote3 ,7 ! ,gymnosophi/s ,buddhi/s8 #ae4 ,9 ^! #8gymnosophi/s' x is easy to recognise a type famili> to ,indian antiquity4 ,^! m51 :o h almo/ disp5s$ ) clo?+ & "k no?+ ( ! luxuries or ev5 ! conv5i5ces ( life1 are nev]!less influ5tial lead]s ( ! p4 ,!y1 l ! ,p]sians1 h brok5 away f ! old religions2 !y talk lightly ( ! gods1 & d n guide _! actions by any decrees suppos$ div9e4 ,! sight ( human sorr[ fills !m ) sympa?y = ! ills ( life1 & makes !m d\bt :e!r dea? is n ! bett] *oice4 ,_! e?ical /&>d is high1 & includes bo? c\rage & g5tl5ess4 ,t !y are ,buddhi/ monks is probable en\gh1 b n c]ta91 because ,india conta9$ at ?is "t _m sects pr(ess+ simil> pr9ciples4 ,b ! tea*+ ( ,gautama1 ! ,buddha or #8enlight5$1' repres5ts to u 9 ! mo/ def9ite =m ! nature ( ?is propag&a4 ,x implies a revolt aga9/ national rivalries1 rituali/ obs]vances1 & poly!i/ic beliefs2 x is sev]ely practical1 & inculcates ob$i5ce to reason & univ]sal b5evol5ce2 & x is spread f ,ea/ to ,we/ by devot$ b&s ( ascetic mission>ies4 ,sid5ote3 ,buddhi/ tea*+4 #af4 ,! fundam5tal tea*+s ( ,buddhism appe> cle>ly 9 ! traditional acc\nt ( ! ,s]mon ( ,b5>es3 ,?is is ! holy tru? ( ,sorr[2 bir? is ,sorr[1 age is ,sorr[1 disease is ,sorr[1 dea? is ,sorr[2 to be jo9$ ) ! unlov$ is ,sorr[1 to be p>t$ f ! lov$ is ,sorr[2 to lose "o's desire is ,sorr[2 %ortly1 ! five-fold cl++ to exi/5ce is ,sorr[4 #8,?is is ! holy tru? ( ! ,orig9 ( ,sorr[2 x is ! ?ir/ to be1 lead+ f bir? to bir?1 f9d+ its pleasure "h & !re2 ! ?ir/ = pleasure1 ! ?ir/ to be1 ! ?ir/ to be prosp]\s4 ,?is is ! holy tru? ( ! ,remov+ ( ,sorr[2 ! removal ( ! ?ir/ by de/roy+ desire1 by lett+ x g1 by cutt+ oneself (f f x1 sep>at+ f x1 giv+ x no place4 ,?is is ! holy tru? ( ! ,pa? to ! ,remov+ ( ,sorr[2 x is ! holy ,pa? ( eight bran*es1 :i* is call$ ,"r ,belief1 ,"r ,aspiration1 ,"r ,^w1 ,"r ,act1 ,"r ,life1 ,"r ,ef=t1 ,"r ,m$itation1 ,"r ,annihilation ( ,self#dd4' ,specially *>act]i/ic ( ,buddhism is t g5tl5ess ( temp]1 in/9ctively oppos$ to all ang] & cruelty1 :i* no provocation c turn aside4 ,we read 9 ! ,dhammapada3 #8,hatr$ does n cease by hatr$ at any "t2 hatr$ ceases by love2 ?is is an old rule4 ,let a man ov]come ang] by love1 let him ov]come evil by good2 let him ov]come ! gre$y by lib]ality1 ! li> by tru?#de4' ,sid5ote3 ,buddhi/s & ,cynics4 #ag4 ,! doctr9es ( ,buddhism 7 n inculcat$ 9 ,india alone4 ,f ! fir/ x 0 a mission>y religion2 & its emiss>ies mu/ (t5 h appe>$ 9 ! ,hell5i/ic _w1 promis+ #8to seek]s aft] ,god et]nal communion ) 8 v ess5ce1 to ! we>y pessimi/ et]nal =getfulness#df4' ,f contempor>y ,indian inscriptions we le>n ( mission>ies s5t out by ,aoka1 ! fir/ great ,buddhi/ k+ ( ,india1 #8) heal+ h]bs & yet m heal+ doctr9e'#dg to ,ptolemy ,,ii k+ ( ,egypt1 ,antio*us ( ,syria1 & o!rs1 be=e ! ye> #bej ,b4,c42 & ?is mission c h be5 b "o out ( _m4 ,x ?us appe>s v rem>kable t we h no record ( ,buddhi/ communities e/abli%$ 9 ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,b if ! "n ( ,gautama rema9$ unkn[n to ! ,we/1 & 8 community _h no =mal adh]5ts1 ! mann] ( life ( 8 apo/les did n lack imitators4 ,9 ! ,cynic prea*] ! ,buddhi/ monk reappe>s4 ,9 ,greek lit]ature he is usually an object ( ridicule2 8 unc\? appe>ance1 8 pitiable pov]ty1 & 8 unconv5tional spee* give con/ant opportunity = ! wit ( 8 critics4 ,b ! ,cynics c>ri$ ) !m n only ! outw>d g>b ( ! ,buddhi/ monks1 b also _! l(ty e?ical /&>d1 _! ke5 sympa?y ) human tr\bles1 & _! indiff]5ce to purely speculative problems#dh4 ,9 spite ( ! contempt heap$ ^u !m 7or p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( x7 !y gradually won respect & admiration z ! s9c]e fri5ds & help]s ( ! poor4 ,?us ,buddhism at its be/ is pictur$ = u 9 ! sket*es drawn by ,epictetus ( ,diog5es & ! ,cynic prea*]s ( 8 own day1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are examples3 #8,did ,diog5es love nobody1 :o 0 s k9d & s mu* a lov] ( all t = mank9d 9 g5]al he will+ly und]took s mu* lab\r & bodily suff]+8 ,he did love mank9d1 b h[8 ,z became a m9i/] ( ,god1 at ! same "t c>+ = m51 & be+ also subject to ,god4 ,= ?is reason all ! e>? 0 8 c\ntry1 & n "o p>ticul> place2 & :5 he 0 tak5 prison] he did n regret ,a!ns nor 8 associates & fri5ds !re1 b ev5 he became famili> ) ! pirates & tri$ to improve !m2 & be+ sold aft]w>ds he liv$ 9 ,cor9? z be=e at ,a!ns4 ,?us is fre$om acquir$#di4' #8,& h[ is x possible t a man :o has no?+1 :o is nak$1 h\seless1 )\t a he>?1 squalid1 )\t a slave1 )\t a city1 c pass a life t fl[s easily8 ,see1 ,god has s5t y a man to %ew y x is possible4 ,look at me1 :o am )\t a city1 )\t a h\se1 )\t possessions1 )\t a slave2 ,i sleep on ! gr\nd2 ,i h no wife1 no *ildr51 no praetorium1 b only ! e>? & heav5s1 & "o poor cloak4 ,& :at d ,i want8 ,am ,i n )\t sorr[8 ,am ,i n )\t fe>8 ,am ,i n free8 ,:5 did any ( y see me fail+ 9 ! object ( my desire1 or ev] fall+ into t :i* ,i w\ld avoid8 did ,i ev] blame ,god or man8 did ,i ev] accuse any man8 did any ( y ev] see me ) sorr[ful c\nt5ance8 ,?is is ! language ( ! ,cynics1 ?is _! "*1 ?is _! purpose#ej4' ,except t a simple =m ( !ism has replac$ ! ,buddhi/ a!ism1 !re is h>dly a ^w "h t we might n expect f a ,buddhi/ monk4 ,sid5ote3 ,/oicism4 #ah4 ,! ,/oic philosophy 0 f\nd$ by ,z5o ( ,citium 7#cej-bfj ,b4,c474 ,al?\gh he liv$ & taught at ,a!ns1 8 y\? 0 sp5t 9 a city t 0 half ,pho5ician1 & _m ( 8 mo/ di/+ui%$ foll[]s _h a l association ) ! ,ea/]n _w4 ,! sy/em deals ) all ! great !mes t\*$ ^u by ,*aldaism1 ,p]sism1 & ,buddhism4 ,l ! fir/1 x insi/s t !re exi/s an un*ang+ ,de/9y1 accord+ to :i* ev5ts ?r\gh\t ! univ]se are pr$et]m9$ f all et]nity4 ,l ! second1 x sets up z claim+ ! wor%ip & allegiance ( m5 a ,supreme ,deity1 :o gov]ns ! _w ) b\ndless p[] & b5evol5t w1 & is manife/$ to m5 z ! ,logos or #8div9e ,^w4' ,9 its int]pretation ( ! physical univ]se x accepts z a fir/ pr9ciple a liv+ & creative fire1 ultimately id5tical ) ! deity1 & conta9+ ! g]ms ( ! :ole creation4 ,x sees 9 ! w ( man an indep5d5t & div9e p[]1 subject to no compulsion f )\t1 b atta9+ its highe/ & be/ by will+ submission to ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,9 its practical e?ics1 ?\gh x does n advocate ! suppression ( all desires1 x s f> agrees ) ,buddhism z to hold t happ9ess is only f\nd 9 ! subord9ation ( individual claims to ! voice ( univ]sal reason4 ,f9ally1 its tea*]s are actively engag$ 9 propagat+ its doctr9es & guid+ its disciples4 ,/oicism has1 9 %ort1 ! inw>d & outw>d *>act]i/ics ( ! o!r great movem5ts we h describ$1 & may claim )\t presumption to be reckon$ among/ ! _w-religions#ea4 ,sid5ote3 ,compreh5siv5ess ( ! ,/oic view4 #ai4 ,if h[ev] we reckon ,/oicism among/ ! _w-religions1 we mu/ n =get t ( all ( !m x is ! mo/ philosophical1 & ?is 9 a d\ble s5se4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! f\nd]s ( ,/oicism are consci\s ( ! problems to :i* prec$+ s*ools ( ?\ght h endeav\r$ to f9d answ]s1 & attempt to reconcile or at any rate to br+ into relation ! answ]s :i* _! pr$ecessors h f\nd4 ,secondly !y are greatly occupi$ ) intellectual problems1 & cle>ness ( ?\ght is to !m almo/ equally important ) rightness ( ?\ght4 ,! !ory ( ,fate :i* we h attribut$ to ! ,*aldaeans is to ! pla9 man irreconcileable ) ! doctr9e ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w by a ,supreme ,deity2 yet ! ,/oics hold bo? dogmas4 ,! !ory ( ! fre$om ( ! human w is a limitation equally ( ! dom9ion ( ,fate & ( t ( ! ,deity3 ! ,/oics ma9ta9 ! fre$om ( ! human w & refuse to admit ! limitation ( ei!r p[]4 ,! ,p]sians ma9ta9$ t ! p[] ( ! pr9ciple ( ,good 0 balanc$ by t ( ! pr9ciple ( ,evil2 & f ?is !y drew :at seem$ to be ! legitimate conclusion t man may *oose to obey ! "o or ! o!r1 to d good or to d evil4 ,! ,/oics omitt$ ! pr9ciple ( ,evil altoge!r f _! s*eme1 & yet ma9ta9$ ! !ory ( ! moral *oice4 ,to und]/& ! ,/oic sy/em x is necess>y to "k exactly 9 :at balance its diff]5t elem5ts 7 ma9ta9$1 & to avoid id5tify+ x ) o!r sy/ems1 anci5t or mod]n1 :i* are m %>ply cut4 ,?us :5 x is commonly ass]t$ t ,/oicism on its religi\s side is ,pan!ism1 ! v brevity ( ?is summ>y mu/ create suspicion4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,/oics frequ5tly speak ( ! univ]se z div9e2 b !y hold ) equal firmness ! doctr9es t ! univ]se is gov]n$ by ,provid5ce1 & t human p]v]sity may ?w>t ! div9e purpose1 bo? be+ doctr9es :i* 9 anci5t z 9 mod]n times are associat$ ) ,!ism1 & held to be inconsi/5t ) pan!i/ic views4 ,sid5ote3 ,god & ! #8,^w4' #bj4 ,a simil> difficulty confronts u :5 we ask :e!r ! deity ( ! ,/oics is to be consid]$ z p]sonal4 ,all ! t]ms commonly us$ 9 association ) a p]sonal deity are adopt$ by ! ,/oics3 _! god is ,"l & ,fa!r4 ,b !n !y use ) equal fre$om t]ms commonly associat$ ) mat]ialism3 = ! ,supreme ,be+ is to !m body or /uff1 a primitive fire :i* conv]ts itself by natural laws into e =m ( be+4 ,= ?is reason ! ,/oics are commonly call$ mat]iali/s1 & yet ! ma9 body ( _! tea*+ is contr>y to t usually associat$ ) mat]ialism#eb4 ,fur!r1 beside ! p]sonal & ! mat]ial conceptions ( ! ,deity1 !y adopt$ & develop$ a conception :i* ex]cis$ an extraord9>y influ5ce ov] o!r sy/ems1 :5 !y attribut$ ! ex]cise ( all ! p[]s ( deity to ! div9e ,^w1 :i* f "o po9t ( view is ! deity himself1 & f ano!r is some?+ :i* emanates f him & is 9 "s way di/9ct4 ,?us ! t]m #8,god1' :i* to *ildr5 & *ild-l religions appe>s s simple1 is 9 ! ,/oic sy/em extraord9>ily complex2 & its full cont5t _c be grasp$ )\t a will+ness to revise ! mean+ ( _m conceptions :i* seem firmly e/abli%$1 su* z ^? ( p]sonality1 mat]ial1 & quality4 ,if we are to suppose t ! ,/oic conception ( ! ,^w arose ultimately f simil> conceptions 9 ,hebraism or ,p]sism1 by :i* ! voice ( a p]sonal ,god atta9$ to a quasi-indep5d5t p]sonality1 we mu/ all[ t ! ,/oics made use ( ?is t]m ) a boldness & consi/5cy :i* f ! "t ( _! appe>ance br\ght x into ! =efront ( religi\s & metaphysical controv]sy4 ,?r\gh ! ,/oics ! doctr9e ( ! ,^w pass$ into ! sy/ems ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 to p]=m 9 ea* ! l s]vice by reconcil+ doctr9es app>5tly contradictory4 ,( all ! sy/ems we may p]haps say t ,/oicism makes ! fewe/ new ass]tions or negations1 b introduces ! mo/ num]\s int]pretations4 ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ce ( ,/oicism4 #ba4 ,we h comp>atively little means ( judg+ ( ! influ5ce ( ,/oicism 9 ! _w ( ,asia ,m9or1 b incid5tally we may inf] t x 0 v consid]able4 ,9 ,a!ns ! moral e>ne/ness ( its tea*]s f\nd little response 9 public feel+1 :il/ x laid ! expon5ts ( its t5ets op5 to _m a %>p ?ru/ f ke5 critics ^: con/ructive p[]s 7 aft] all inf]ior4 ,9 ,rome itself ,/oicism took root rapidly4 ,! brilliant circle t ga!r$ r\nd ,scipio ,africanus ! y\ng] 0 imbu$ ) its ideals2 ,cato1 ! lead+ republican ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 0 a liv+ repres5tative ( its pr9ciples2 & ,cic]o & ,brutus1 ) _m o!rs less kn[n to fame1 7 greatly influ5c$ by x4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! pr9cipate ,/oicism imp>t$ a halo ( h]oism to a political & social opposition :i* o!rwise w\ld evoke little sympa?y#ec2 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 its influ5ce 0 ?r[n on ! side ( ! gov]nm5t2 ! civiliz$ _w 0 rul$ "u its flag1 & its pr9ciples 7 embodi$ 9 successive codes ( law :i* are n yet ext9ct4 ,its direct supremacy 0 n long-liv$2 = at ! v "t :5 a ,/oic philosoph] sits 9 ! seat ( ! ,caes>s its foll[]s seem to be los+ _! hold on its mo/ important doctr9es4 ,x came into %>p conflict ) ,*ri/ianity on matt]s ( outw>d obs]vance2 b 9 ! cores ( ! two sy/ems !re 0 mu* lik5ess#ed1 & f ,/oic homes 7 drawn ! mo/ intellig5t advocates ( ! new] fai?4 ,sid5ote3 ,judaism4 #bb4 ,by ,judaism we mean "h ! way ( ?9k+ :i* 0 preval5t 9 ! ,jewi% _w f ! date ( ! return f ,babylon to t ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,judaism 0 ( c\rse by no means re/rict$ to ! soil ( ,pale/9e2 x 0 c>ri$ by ! diffusion ( ! ,jewi% race to all ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 besides its national c5tre at ,j]usalem1 x includ$ a great c5tre ( le>n+ at ,alex&ria1 & its bran*es1 z we h se5#ee1 ext5d$ to ! s\? ( ,egypt4 ,! *ief ext]nal impulse :i* affect$ x 0 ! spread ( ,p]sism4 ,! two sy/ems agre$ 9 _! belief 9 a ,god ( heav51 & 9 _! dislike to idol-wor%ip2 & x c be no matt] ( wond] if "o p>ty at lea/ among ! ,jews readily accept$ ! m /rictly ,p]sian doctr9es ( ! m9i/ry ( angels1 ! /ruggle betwe5 good & evil1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & ! rew>d aft] dea?1 z well z su* obs]vances z ! wa%+ ( h&s#ef4 ,/rong ,p]sian influ5ce has be5 trac$ 9 ! book ( ,daniel#eg1 & z ,jewi% speculation develop$ at ,alex&ria1 x took up ! use ( ! ,greek language1 & s came into t\* ) ! influ5ces t 7 m\ld+ ?\ght ?r\gh\t ,asia ,m9or#eh4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ & elevat$ production ( ,alex&r9e ,judaism is ! book kn[n z ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 probably compos$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4#ei ,sid5ote3 #8,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon4' #bc4 ,! au?or ( ?is book1 :il/ himself a firm adh]5t ( mono!ism1 %ews a n altoge!r intol]ant appreciation ( ^? sy/ems 9 :i* ei!r ! heav5ly bodies or ! elem5ts seem to occupy ! mo/ important place3-- #a4 ,= v]ily all m5 by nature 7 b va9 :o _h no p]ception ( ,god1 ,& f ! good ?+s t are se5 !y ga9$ n p[] to "k him t is1 ,nei!r by giv+ he$ to ! works did !y recognise ! artific]2 #b4 ,b ei!r fire1 or w9d1 or swift air1 ,or circl+ />s1 or rag+ wat]1 or ! lum9>ies ( heav51 ,!y ?\ght to be gods t rule ! _w4 #c4 ,& if x 0 ?r\gh delight 9 _! beauty t !y took !m to be ! gods1 ,let !m "k h[ mu* bett] ?an ^! is _! sov]eign ,"l3 ,= ! fir/ au?or ( beauty creat$ !m3 #d4 ,b if x 0 ?r\gh a/oni%m5t at _! p[] & influ5ce1 ,let !m und]/& f !m h[ mu* m p[]ful is he t =m$ !m3 #e4 ,= f ! greatness ( ! beauty ev5 ( creat$ ?+s ,9 l proportion does man =m ! image ( _! fir/ mak]4 #f4 ,b yet = ^! m5 !re is b small blame1 ,= !y too p]adv5ture d b g a/ray ,:ile !y are seek+ ,god & desir+ to f9d him4 ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 xiii #a-f4 ,! same au?or rises to /ill great] heights :5 he p]sonifies ,wisdom or ,philosophy z a ,_s att5dant ^u1 & almo/ id5tifi$ ) ! deity4 ,"h 8 language resembles t ( ! ,ave/ic hymns1 describ+ ! angels att5dant ^u ,ahura ,mazd#fj3-- #bb4 ,= !re is 9 ,wisdom a _s quick ( und]/&+1 holy1 ,alone 9 k9d1 manifold1 ,subtil1 freely mov+1 ,cle> 9 utt]ance1 unpollut$1 ,di/9ct1 unh>m$1 ,lov+ :at is good1 ke51 unh9d]$1 #bc4 ,b5efic5t1 lov+ t[>d man1 ,/$fa/1 sure1 free f c>e4 ,all-p[]ful1 all-survey+1 ,& p5etrat+ ?r\gh all spirits ,t are quick ( und]/&+1 pure1 mo/ subtil3 #bd4 ,= wisdom is m mobile ?an any motion3 ,yea1 %e p]vade? & p5etrate? all ?+s by reason ( h] pur5ess4 #be4 ,= %e is a brea? ( ! p[] ( ,god1 ,& a cle> efflu5ce ( ! glory ( ! ,almighty3 ,!re=e c no?+ defil$ f9d entrance into h]4 #bf4 ,= %e is an effulg5ce f ev]la/+ light1 ,& an unspott$ mirror ( ! work+ ( ,god1 ,& an image ( 8 goodness4 #bg4 ,& %e1 be+ "o1 ha? p[] to d all ?+s3 ,& rema9+ 9 h]self1 r5ewe? all ?+s1 ,& f g5]ation to g5]ation pass+ into holy s\ls ,%e make? m5 fri5ds ( ,god1 & prophets2 #bi4 ,= %e is fair] ?an ! sun1 ,& above all ! con/ellations ( ! />s4 ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 vii #bb-bi4 ,sid5ote3 ,philo ! ,jew4 #bd4 ,! fusion ( ,greek & ,judaic modes ( ?\ght is mo/ complete 9 ! works ( ,philo ! ,jew 7c4 #bj ,b4,c4-#ed ,a4,d474 ,?is writ] 9 comm5t+ ^u ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 f9ds himself able by way ( int]pretation to introduce l>ge p>ts ( ,greek philosophies4 ,! place ( ,wisdom 9 ! writ] la/ nam$ is tak5 9 8 works by ! ,logos or #8,^w#fa'2 & ! #8,^w' is _m times describ$ z an emanation ( ! deity1 aft] ! ,p]sian fa%ion#fb4 ,)\t anticipat+ ! fur!r discussion ( ?is philosophical conception1 we may well notice "h h[ *>act]i/ic x is ( an age :i* paid b\ndless homage to reason1 & h[ x supplies a c\nt]poise to conceptions ( ! deity :i* are rigidly p]sonal4 ,b ,philo is ( /ill m direct s]vice to ! /udy ( ,/oicism1 because he _h s completely absorb$ ! sy/em t1 :]e o!r au?orities fail u1 we may (t5 tru/ to 8 expositions = a k ( details ( ! ,/oic sy/em4 ,ano!r "w ( ab\t ! same p]iod is ! ,f\r? book ( ! ,maccabees1 9 :i* ,/oic e?ics1 only slightly disguis$1 are illu/rat$ f ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,9 ?is fusion ( ,hebraic & ,hell5i/ic ?\ght1 un=tunately int]rupt$ by political convulsions1 em95t mod]n ,jews h recognis$ ! natural developm5t ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,hebrew prophets#fc4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ri/ianity4 #be4 ,! =ego+ discussions w already h sugge/$ t ,*ri/ianity is b\nd by intimate ties to ! o!r _w-religions2 ?\gh x is beyond our pres5t purpose to exam9e ! precise nature ( ^? ties4 ,x is pre-em95tly conc]n$ ) ! break+ d[n ( ,jewi% nationalism1 & its con/ant appeal to #8! tru?' is ess5tially ! same z ! appeal ( k9dr$ sy/ems to #8wisdom' or #8philosophy4' ,! ,"l's ,pray]1 address$ to ! #8,fa!r 9 heav51' & ) its fur!r ref]5ces to #8,! ,"n1' #8,! ,k+dom1' #8,! ,w1' #8temptation1' & #8! ,evil ,"o1' reflects ! pr9cipal conceptions ( ,p]sism1 ( :i* we are aga9 rem9d$ 9 ! ,apocalypse by ! ref]5ce to ! #8sev5 spirits ( ,god#fd4' ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt has be51 n )\t reason1 comp>$ to ! ,buddhi/ s]mon ( ,b5>es4 ,) ,/oicism ,*ri/ianity has special ties1 bo? direct & indirect4 ,its *ief apo/le 0 ,paul ( ,t>sus1 :o 0 br\ght up 9 a city f :i* m ?an "o em95t ,/oic tea*] _h proce$$#fe1 & ^: ways ( ?9k+ are p5etrat$ by ,/oic conceptions4 ,! mo/ pr(\nd expon5t ( its !ology 7! au?or ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,john7 plac$ 9 ! =efront ( 8 sy/em ! doctr9e ( ! #8,^w' :i* directly or 7m probably7 indirectly he d]iv$ f ,/oic s\rces4 ,! e>ly *ur* writ]s felt ! k9%ip ( ?\ght )\t p]ceiv+ ! hi/orical relation4 ,to !m ,cic]o 9 8 ,/oic works 0 #8anima naturalit] ,*ri/iana'2 & !y c\ld only expla9 ! l(ty tea*+s ( ,s5eca by ! belief t he 0 a secret conv]t ( ! apo/le ,paul#ff4 ,p>allelism betwe5 ,/oic & ,*ri/ian phraseology is inde$ s frequ5tly trac$ t x may be well to emphasize ! ne$ ( caution4 ,x is n by s+le phrases1 (t5 reflect+ only ! g5]al temp] ( ! times1 t we c judge ! relation ( ! two sy/ems2 x is necess>y also to take into acc\nt ! g5]al framework & ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ea*4 ,sid5ote3 ,druidism4 #bf4 ,( ! sy/ems nam$ by ,ari/otle f> ! lea/ kn[n to u is ,druidism4 ,x appe>$ to ,caes> & o!r ,romans to be ! national religion ( ! ,gauls & ,britons1 exactly z ,magism appe>$ to ! ,greeks to be ! national religion ( ! ,p]sians4 ,b o!r evid5ce indicates t ,druidism 0 a re=m$ religion or philosophy1 n unlike ,p]sism 9 its pr9ciples4 ,! tra9+ ( ,druidical /ud5ts 0 long & ardu\s2 x claim$ to introduce !m to a k ( heav5ly deities d5i$ to ! re/ ( ! _w1 & to reveal to !m ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,our be/ au?ority is ! ,lat9 poet ,lucan3-- #8,to y alone x has be5 grant$ to "k ! gods & ! p[]s ( heav52 or 7x may be7 to y alone to "k !m wrongly4 ,y dwell 9 deep =e/s & f>-away groves3 accord+ to y\r tea*+ ! %ades d n make _! way to ! /ill regions ( ,erebus or ! grey realm ( ,dis bel[2 ! same _s guides a new body 9 ano!r _w2 if y "k well :at y say1 !n dea? is b an int]lude 9 life4 ,if n1 at lea/ ! peoples1 on :om ! nor!rn /> gazes directly1 are happy 9 _! illusion2 = ! greate/ ( t]rors1 ! fe> ( dea?1 is no?+ to !m4 ,h5ce x comes t _! w>riors' he>ts are ready to meet ! sword1 & _! s\ls h a welcome = dea?1 & !y scorn to be ?rifty ) life1 9 :i* !y c claim a second %>e#fg4' ,druidism1 l ,/oicism1 seems to h prep>$ its adh]5ts = a specially ready acceptance ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! goal n rea*$ yet4 #bg4 ,! /ory ( ! _w-religions1 ) _! c\ntless prophets1 tea*]s1 confessors & m>tyrs1 has its tragic side4 ,we ask :at 0 atta9$ by s mu* /udy & self-d5ial1 su* c\rage\s defiance ( cu/om & prejudice1 su* bold /riv+s aft] ! unatta9able1 s _m h>dly sp5t lives & premature dea?s1 & feel puzzl$ to f9d a reply4 ,to ! problems propos$ ! _w-religions gave 9 turn e possible answ]4 ,"s f\nd life sweet1 o!rs bitt]2 "s b[$ be=e ! inexorable rule ( de/9y1 o!rs believ$ 9 a p]sonal & b5evol5t gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se2 "s look$ =w>d to a life aft] dea?1 o!rs hop$ = annihilation4 ,_! !ories cry/alliz$ into dogmas1 & z su* became ! bann]s "u :i* national hatr$s once m s\ght outlet 9 blood%$4 ,_! adh]5ts sacrific$ ev]y?+ 9 ! hope ( rea*+ c]ta9 & sci5tific tru?1 &1 at ! end ( all1 religion /ill appe>s ! :ole _w ov] to be 9 conflict ) sci5ce1 & ! ?\s& ye>s dur+ :i* ,wisdom 0 c\nt$ m preci\s ?an ri*es are (t5 look$ back ^u z a "t ( human ab]ration & *ildi%ness4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t ?\s&s ( noble spirits set out dur+ ?is p]iod = a goal t !y nev] rea*$2 & ^? :o are incl9$ to de/ructive criticism may plausibly *>act]ise _! ent]prise z vanity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pa? /ill onw>d4 #bh4 ,x is ! task ( lit]>y rese>* to pi]ce ?r\gh ?is limit$ view1 & to trace ! real effect ( philosophical ef=t on ! life ( individuals & nations4 ,all ov] ! civiliz$ _w x rais$ a race ( h]oes1 /ruggl+ n = p[] or spl5d\r z 9 ! epo* ( b>b>ism1 b = ! good ( _! fell[-m54 ,x gave a new value to life1 & trampl$ "u foot ! fe> ( dea?4 ,x unit$ ! nations1 & spread ! reign ( law & ju/ice4 ,:]e its influ5ce has weak5$1 ! _w has n *ang$ = ! bett]2 s t ! v failures ( ! _w-religions mo/ atte/ _! value4 ,india has relaps$ f ,buddhism1 its own noble/ "w1 to its e>li] cre$s1 & !y /ill b> its pa? aga9/ social progress4 ,europe1 no long] unit$ by ! s5tim5t ( a ca?olic religion1 & increas+ly indiff]5t to lit]>y sympa?ies1 is fall+ back into ! sl\gh ( fronti] imp$im5ts & racial hatr$s4 ,f all ?is !re is no way out except 9 ! old-fa%ion$ que/ ( tru? & good w4 ,sid5ote3 ,e/imates ( ,/oicism4 #bi4 ,bo? 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times ! importance ( ,/oicism has be5 v v>i\sly e/imat$1 accord+ z ! critic has set up a purely lit]>y /&>d1 or has tak5 into acc\nt hi/orical influ5ce4 ,to ^? :o look ^u philosophy z x is embodi$ 9 books1 & =ms a subject = m5tal contemplation & ae/hetic enjoym5t1 ! philosophies ( ,plato & ,ari/otle h always seem$ ( f> high] rank4 ,z contributions to ! progress ( humanity1 9 politics & law1 9 social ord] & 9 ! inv5tive adaptation ( mat]ial surr\nd+s1 !y c h>dly claim to approa* any "o ( ! sy/ems discuss$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,b x is ) no wi% to depreciate ! great ma/]pieces ( ,hell5ic culture t we n[ set aga9/ ! criticisms ( "s ( its ard5t advocates ! matur] judgm5t ( writ]s :o h approa*$ ) great] sympa?y ! /udy ( ! ,hell5i/ic & ,roman worlds4 #8,9 ,plato & ,ari/otle1' says ,zell]1 #8,greek philosophy rea*$ its greate/ p]fection#fh4' #8,its bloom 0 %ort-liv$#fi4' #8,greece 0 br\ght into contact ) ! ,ea/]n nations1 :]eby x became subject to a back-curr5t ( ,ori5tal ?\ght#gj4' #8,) ! decl9e ( political indep5d5ce ! m5tal p[]s ( ! nation 7 brok5 pa/ rem$y#ga4' #8,:at c\ld be expect$ 9 su* an age1 b t philosophy w\ld become practical1 if inde$ x 7 /udi$ at all#gb8' ,to m9ds ( ano!r temp] x does n seem s fatal t #8philosophy %\ld become practical4' #8,x %\ld be insi/$1' says ,pr(4 ,mahaffy1 #8t ! greate/ practical inh]itance ! ,greeks left 9 philosophy 0 n ! spl5d\r ( ,plato1 or ! va/ erudition ( ,ari/otle1 b ! practical sy/ems ( ,z5o & ,epicurus1 & ! scepticism ( ,pyrrho4 ,9 our own day e man is ei!r a ,/oic1 an ,epicurean1 or a ,sceptic#gc4' ,! greatness ( ,/oicism 9 p>ticul> 0 eloqu5tly recognis$ by a ,fr5* writ] ( ! eighte5? c5tury3 #8elle seule savait faire les citoy5s1 elle seule faisait les gr&s hommes1 elle seule faisait les gr&s emp]eurs#gd6' ,) ^! tributes may be comp>$ t paid by a writ] :o approa*es ! subject f ! /&po9t ( mod]n philosophy & !ology4 #8,/oicism has p]5nial fasc9ation2 & !re are n want+ signs t x appeals ) special attractiv5ess to cultur$ m9ds at ! pres5t day4 ,x has bo? speculative & practical value2 its analysis ( human nature & its !ory ( k1 no less ?an its e?ical tea*+1 giv+ insight into ! problems ( ! univ]se & ! "r mode ( guid+ life4 ,z an important /age 9 ! m>* ( philosophical ?\ght1 & z a lum9\s *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( natural !ology1 x solicits our att5tion & w repay our /udy#ge4' ,sid5ote3 ,int]pretative ,/oicism4 #cj4 ,judgm5ts s contradictory reveal ! fact t anci5t div]g5cies ( philosophic sympa?ies h _! c\nt]p>ts to-day2 & p]haps 9 /udy+ & judg+ ! sy/ems ( antiquity a little m is ne$$ ( ! sympa?y & int]pretative ela/icity :i* e man unconsci\sly uses 9 ma9ta9+ ! political1 philosophic & religi\s views to :i* he is attract$ by inh]itance or p]sonal conviction4 ,?us to und]/& ,/oicism fully a man mu/ himself become = ! "t be+ a ,/oic4 ,z su* he w no long] b9d himself by ! lett] ( ! s*ool au?orities4 ,9 _m a phrase !y use he w recognise an obsolete habit ( ?\ght1 an exagg]at$ opposition1 a weak compliance 9 ! face ( dom9ant op9ions1 or a mi/ak5 reliance ^u :at once seem$ logical conclusions4 ,at o!r po9ts he w see difficulties felt to :i* an answ] c n[ easily be suppli$4 ,at ea* /ep he w ask1 n s mu* :at ! ,/oics ?\ght1 b :at a ,/oic mu/ necess>ily ?9k4 ,:il/ con/antly ref]r+ to ! orig9al au?orities1 he w all[ mu* to be =gott51 & 9 o!r cases he w draw out m mean+ ?an ! writ]s !mselves set 9 _! words4 ,if he c walk1 boldly b n )\t caution1 on ?is pa?1 he w assur$ly f9d t ,/oicism ?r[s light on all ! great que/ions to :i* m5 /ill seek answ]s1 & t to "s at lea/ x /ill holds out a beckon+ h&4 ,,footnotes #a ,see bel[1 #dda4 #b ,diog4 ,l4 ,prooem4 #a4 #c ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 ii p4 #afa2 & bel[1 #id4 #d #8pr9cipes ,*aldaei1 qui 9 pat5tibus campis colebant1 /ell>um motus et vias et coetus intu5tes1 quid ex 8 effic]etur obs]vav]unt' ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 xiv #a1 #h4 #e ,sir ,e4 ,walt] ,maund]1 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury = ,septemb] #aijj4 #f #8qu9que /ell>um pote/ates ,*aldaeorum obs]vatio excepit' ,s5eca1 ,n4 ,q4 ii #cb1 #f4 #g ,?is is well describ$ by ,cic]o1 translat+ f a ,/oic s\rce3 #8cum fato omnia fiant1 si quis mortalis possit esse1 qui colligationem caus>um omnium p]spiciat animo1 nihil eum pr(ecto fallat4 qui enim t5eat causas r]um futur>um1 idem necesse e/ omnia t5eat quae futura s9t' ,div4 i #ef1 #abg4 ,x seems reasonable to suppose t ?is g5]al conception ( #8fate' or #8de/9y' is d$uc$ f ! un*ang+ movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 #h #8videbis qu9que sid]a div]sas ag5tia vias2 ex horum levissimis motibus =tunae populorum dep5d5t' ,s54 ,dial4 vi #ah1 #c4 #i #8aiunt quadr+5ta septuag9ta milia annorum 9 p]iclit&is exp]iundisque pu]is1 quicunque ess5t nati1 ,babylonios posuisse' ,cic4 ,div4 ii #df1 #ig4 ,i assume t ! orig9al tradition nam$ ! small] numb] sugge/$ above4 #aj #8duo apud ,*aldaeos /uduisse se dicunt1 ,epig5es et ,apollonius ,myndius' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 vii #d1 #a2 #8,diog5es ,/oicus ,*aldaeis conc$it1 aliquid ut pra$ic]e poss9t' ,cic4 ,div4 ii #dc1 #ij4 ,s5eca concludes aga9/ _! au?ority1 obs]v+ 7i7 t a prop] horoscope %\ld include all ! />s 9 ! heav5 at ! mom5t ( bir?1 & 7ii7 t tw9s %\ld always h ! same =tune1 :i* is obvi\sly untrue2 see ,n4 ,q4 ii #cb1 #f to #h1 ,b54 vii #a1 #e4 #aa #8tu ne quaesi]is 7scire nefas71 quem mihi1 quem tibi f9em di d$]9t1 ,leuconoe1 nec ,babylonios tempt>is num]os' ,hor4 ,c4 i #aa1 #a-c4 #ab ,see ! int]e/+ tale ( ,?rasyllus & ,tib]ius 9 ,tac4 ,ann4 vi #ba1 to :i* ! au?or affects to give "s cr$it4 #ac e4g41 #8seu ,libra seu me ,scorpios adspicit =midulosus1 p>s viol5tior natalis horae1 seu tyrannus ,hesp]iae ,capricornus undae1 utrumque no/rum incr$ibili modo cons5tit a/rum' ,hor4 ,c4 ii #ag1 #ag-bb4 #ad #8,eudoxus1 qui int] sapi5tiae sectas cl>issimam utilissimamque artem magicam intellegi voluit1 ,zoroa/rem hunc sex millibus annorum ante ,platonis mortem fuisse prodidit3 sic et ,ari/oteles' ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 xxx #b1 #a2 cf4 ,diog4 ,l4 ,prooem4 #b & #h4 #ae ,williams-,jackson1 ,zoroa/]1 p4 #afa4 #af ib4 p4 #agd4 #ag ,k4 ,geldn]1 ,encycl4 ,brit4 ed4 x1 article #8,zoroa/]4' #ah ,williams-,jackson1 p4 #g4 #ai #8,magiam 444 cuius sci5tiae saeculis priscis multa ex ,*aldaeorum arcanis ,bactrianus addidit ,zoroa/res' ,amm4 ,m>c4 xxiii #f1 #cb4 #bj ,zoroa/res #8primus dicitur mundi pr9cipia sid]umque motus dilig5tissime spectasse' ,ju/9us1 ,hi/4 ,phil4 i #a1 #i 7,williams-,jackson1 p4 #bcg73 #8a/ris multum et frequ5t] int5tus' ,clem4 ,rom4 ,recogn4 iv #bg4 #ba #8tradunt ,zoroa/rem 9 des]tis caseo vixisse' ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 xi #ig4 #bb #8,ahura ,mazd creat$ ! pa?s ( ! sun & ! />s2 he made ! moon to wax & wane' 7,yasna #dc1 #c72 #8he made ! light & ! d>kness' 7ib4 #e72 #8he is ! fa!r ( ! good' 7ib4 #df1 #b74 #bc #8 444 1 1 ' ' ,plut4 ,isid4 et ,osir4 #df4 #bd #8,?us sai? ,cyrus1 k+ ( ,p]sia3--all ! k+doms ( ! e>? ha? ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( heav51 giv5 me2 & he ha? *>g$ me to build him an h\se 9 ,j]usalem' ,ezra i #b4 #be ,see ! int]e/+ papyri records rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,elephant9e1 & publi%$ by ,dr ,sa*au ( ,b]l94 ,a g5]al acc\nt ( !m is giv5 by ,pr(4 ,driv] 9 ! ,london ,gu>dian = ,nov4 #f1 #aijg4 #bf ,cic]o rightly appreciat$ ! religi\s "* ( ! ,p]sian invasions3 #8delubra humanis consecrata simulacris ,p]sae nef>ia putav]unt2 eamque unam ob causam ,x]xes inflamm>i ,a!ni5sium fana iussisse dicitur1 quod deos1 quorum domus esset omnis hic mundus1 inclusos p>ietibus cont9]i nefas esse duc]et' ,rep4 iii #i1 #ad4 ,s ,!mi/ocles z repres5t$ by ,h]odotus3 #8! gods & h]oes grudg$ t "o man %\ld become k+ bo? ( ,asia & ( ,europe1 & he a man unholy & presumptu\s1 "o :o made no diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s sacr$ & ?+s pr(ane1 burn+ & ca/+ d[n ! images ( ! gods' ,hi/ory viii #aji 7,macaulay's translation74 #bg ,see bel[1 #da4 #bh #8,images & temples & alt>s !y d n acc\nt x lawful to erect1 nay1 !y ev5 *>ge ) folly ^? :o d ^! ?+s2 & ?is1 z x seems to me1 because !y d n acc\nt ! gods to be 9 ! lik5ess ( m51 z d ! ,hell5es4 ,b x is _! wont to p]=m sacrifices to ,zeus1 go+ up to ! mo/ l(ty ( ! m\nta9s1 & ! :ole circle ( ! heav5s !y call ,zeus3 & !y sacrifice to ! ,sun & ! ,moon & ! ,e>?1 to ,fire & to ,wat] & to ! ,w9ds2 ^! are ! only gods to :om !y h sacrific$ ev] f ! fir/' ,hi/ory i #aca 7,macaulay's translation74 #bi ,cic4 ,s54 #bb1 #gi to #ha1 aft] ,x54 ,cyr4 viii #g4 #cj ,9 ! hymns ( ,z>a?u/ra we c only trace ! beg9n+s ( ?is sy/em1 z 9 ! foll[+3 #8,all-wise ,"l1 all-p[]ful "o1 & ?\ ,piety1 & ,righte\sness1 ,good ,m9d & ! ,k+dom1 li/5 ye to me & prosp] my e beg9n+' ,yasna #cc1 #aa4 #ca ,ya%t xix #ae1 #af4 ,! translation foll[s ,geldn]1 ,drei ,ya%t aus dem ,z5dave/a1 p4 #ae4 #cb ,anci5t ,greek hymn1 1 translat$ by ,j4 ,keble4 #cc ,j4 ,h4 ,newman4 #cd #8,zoroa/] taught ! ,p]sians nei!r to burn _! dead1 nor o!rwise to defile fire4' ,xan?os 7,b4,c4 #dfe-dbe71 z quot$ by ,nicolaus ( ,damascus 7#a/ c5tury ,b4,c474 #ce ,see #aj1 note #bh2 ,/rabo xv #c1 #af4 #cf #8,z>a?u/ra said3--! e>?ly demon is wat] d]iv$ f e>?2 ! heav5ly demon is fire mix$ ) air' ,orig51 contra ha]eses1 i col4 #cjbe4 #cg #8,! ,p]sians fir/ wor%ipp$ fire z a god 9 heav5' ,clem5s ,romanus1 ,hom4 ix #d f4 #ch #8,zoroa/] ! ,magian says3--,god is ! primal1 ! incorruptible1 ! et]nal1 ! unbegott51 ! indivisible1 ! incomp>able1 ! *>iote] ( all good1 he t _c be brib$1 ! be/ ( ! good1 ! wise/ ( ! wise2 he is also ! fa!r ( good laws & ju/ice1 ! self-taught1 ! natural1 p]fect1 & wise1 ! only discov]] ( ! sacr$ & natural' ,euseb4 ,praep4 ev4 i #aj4 #ci #8,f ! writ+s ( ,zoroa/] x is inf]r$ t he divid$ philosophy into ?ree p>ts1 physics1 economics1 & politics' ,s*ol4 on ,fir/ ,alcibiades1 p4 #abb ,a 7,williams-,jackson1 p4 #bca74 #dj #8,!y educate _! *ildr51 beg9n+ at five ye>s old & go+ on till tw5ty1 9 ?ree ?+s only2 9 rid+1 9 %oot+1 & 9 speak+ ! tru?' ,h]od4 i #acf4 #da ,see above1 #c4 #db ,alex&] _h rea*$ ! riv] ,hyphasis1 ! mod]n ,bias4 #dc ,plut>*'s ,life ( ,alex&]1 *4 lxiv 7translation by ,aubrey ,/ew>t & ,george ,long1 ,london1 #ahib74 #dd ,mahvagga i #f1 #ai to #bb1 aft] ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 p4 #aci1 & ! translation 9 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 xiii pp4 #ie1 #if4 #de ,dhammapada i #e & xvii #abc 7,s4 ,b4 ,e4 x pp4 #e1 #eh74 #df ,mahaffy1 ,empire ( ! ,ptolemies1 p4 #afd4 ,^! alt]native int]pretations ( ! doctr9e ( ,nirvana mu/ n be accept$ z uncontrov]sial4 #dg ,mahaffy1 ,empire ( ! ,ptolemies1 p4 #afc2 ,v4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,aoka1 p4 #agd4 #dh ,see ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 ii pp4 #aee-afb1 & bel[1 #eb4 #di ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #bd1 #fd to #ff 7,long's translation74 #ej ib4 iii #bb1 #de to #ej4 #ea #8,! sy/em t /ood to ,pagan ,rome m ne>ly ?an any?+ else 9 ! place ( a religion' ,crossley1 ,m4 ,aurelius1 iv ,pref4 p4 xii4 #8,its hi/ory resembles t ( a religion r ?an a speculative sy/em' ,r5dall1 ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,pref4 p4 xv4 #eb ,see bel[1 #agc4 #ec #8,patricians1 z we call !m1 only too (t5 fail 9 natural affection' ,m4 ,aurel4 ,to himself1 i #ab 7,r5dall's translation74 ,see also bel[1 #ddb1 #ddc4 #ed #8,dy+1 ,/oicism bequea!d no small "p ( its discipl9es1 its dogmas1 & its phraseology to ! ,*ri/ianity by :i* x 0 +a!r$' ,r5dall1 ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,pref4 p4 xv4 #8,! basis ( ,*ri/ian society is n ,*ri/ian1 b ,roman & ,/oical' ,hat*1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #agj4 #8,! po/-,ari/otelian p]iod suppli$ ! sci5tific m\ld into :i* ,*ri/ianity 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( its gr[? 0 ca/1 & be>+ ! %ape ( :i* x has come d[n to u' ,o4 ,j4 ,rei*el 9 8 ,preface to ! translation ( ,zell]'s ,/oics1 etc4 #ee ,see above1 #i4 #ef ,x is n admitt$ by ! be/ au?orities t ! t]m #8,ph>isee' is 9 any way connect$ ) ! "n ( #8,p]sian' or its mod]n equival5t #8,p>see4' ,b ! resemblance 9 beliefs & habits is v /rik+1 especially if we contra/ ! ,ph>isees ) _! ,sadducee oppon5ts4 #8,! ,sadducees say t !re is no resurrection1 nei!r angel1 nor _s2 b ! ,ph>isees confess bo?' ,acts xxiii #h4 #eg ,d4 ,a4 ,b]?olet1 #8,! value ( ! hi/ory ( religions1' ,homiletic ,review1 ,nov4 #aijh4 #eh ,see ,fairwea!r1 ,backgr\nd ( ! ,gospels1 *4 vii 7on #8! apocalyptic movem5t & lit]ature'74 #ei ib4 p4 #ccg4 #fj ,see above1 #ab4 #fa ,he9ze1 ,lehre vom ,logos1 pp4 #bea1 #beb4 #fb #8,! ,logos is relat$ to ,god z ,wisdom1 & is ! full expression ( ! ,div9e m9d4 ,he is ! %eck9ah or glory ( ,god1 ! fir/-born ,son ( ,god1 ! second ,god' ,fairwea!r1 ,backgr\nd ( ! ,gospels1 p4 #ceh4 #fc ,fri$lnd]1 ,die religis5 ,bewegung5 inn]halb des ,judasmus1 #aije4 #fd #8,!re 7 sev5 lamps ( fire burn+ be=e ! ?rone1 :i* are ! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god' ,revelation iv #e4 #fe ,( ^! ,antipat] ( ,t>sus is ! be/ kn[n1 = :om see #aaj2 o!rs are ,h]aclides1 ,ar*$emus1 ,z5o ( ,t>sus1 ,ne/or1 ,a!nodorus1 etc41 = :om see ,index ( ,prop] ,names4 #ff ,w9ckl]1 ,d] ,/oicismus1 p4 #b2 ,lightfoot1 ,philippians1 pp4 #bgj1 #bga4 #fg ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 i #deb-dfb4 #fh ,/oics1 etc41 p4 #a4 #fi ib4 p4 #aj4 #gj ib4 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 #ga ib4 p4 #ae4 #gb ib4 p4 #af4 #gc ,greek ,life & ,?\ght1 ,introd41 pp4 xxxvii1 xxxviii4 #gd ,montesquieu1 ,esprit des lois1 ii #bd4 #ge ,w4 ,l4 ,davidson1 ,! ,/oic ,cre$1 p4 v4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h]aclitus ,,& ,,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,greek ?\ght4 #ca4 ,we h se5 already t ! great problems ( :i* ,/oicism prop\nds "o solution 7 agitat$ dur+ ! mill5nium :i* prec$$ ! ,*ri/ian era alike 9 ,india1 ,p]sia & ,asia ,m9or on ! "o h&1 & 9 ,greece1 ,italy & ! ,celtic c\ntries on ! o!r4 ,to ! beg9n+s ( ?is movem5t we are unable to assign a date2 b ! curr5t ( ?\ght appe>s on ! :ole to h mov$ f ,ea/ to ,we/4 ,b j at ! same "t ! influ5ce ( ,greek art & lit]ature spreads f ,we/ to ,ea/2 & x is to ! cross+ & int]weav+ ( ^! two movem5ts t we owe almo/ all ! light ?r[n on ?is "p ( ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,/oicism has rea*$ u entirely ?r\gh ! ,greek language1 & is b\nd up ) ! hi/ory ( ,greek lit]ature & philosophy#a4 ,b long be=e ,/oicism came into exi/5ce o!r movem5ts simil> 9 k9d _h rea*$ ,greece2 & ! :ole ( e>ly ,greek lit]ature1 & especially its poetry1 is ri* 9 contributions to ! discussion ( ! physical & e?ical problems to :i* ,/oicism address$ itself4 ,f ! /oreh\se ( ?is e>li] lit]ature ! ,/oics drew _m ( _! argum5ts & illu/rations2 ! speculations ( ,h]aclitus & ! life ( ,socrates 7 especially ri* 9 sugge/ions to !m4 ,! /udy ( ,greek lit]ature & philosophy z a :ole is !re=e indisp5sable = a full appreciation ( ,/oicism2 & ! way has be5 made easi] ( late by excell5t treatises1 happily available 9 ! ,engli% language1 deal+ ) ! g5]al developm5t ( philosophic & religi\s ?\ght 9 ,greece#b4 ,"h x is only possible to ref] q %ortly to ^? writ]s & tea*]s to :om ,/oicism is mo/ directly indebt$4 ,sid5ote3 ,hom]4 #cb4 ,al?\gh ! ,,hom]ic ,,poems include repres5tations ( gods & m5 correspond+ to ! epo* ( national gods & to o!r /ill e>li] /ages ( human ?\ght1 nev]!less !y are p]vad$ by at lea/ ! dawn+ light ( ! p]iod ( ! _w-religions4 ,tales ( ! gods t are blood?ir/y or co>se are kept 9 ! backgr\nd2 & ?\gh h]oes l ,agamemnon1 ,a*illes1 & ,ajax move 9 an atmosph]e ( gre$1 blood%$1 & rev5ge1 yet all ( !m are re/ra9$ bo? 9 ^w & 9 act by a /rong feel+ ( self-respect1 ! or %amefa/ness :i* entirely diff]5tiates !m f ! h]oes ( folk-lore2 9 p>ticul>1 ! typical vices ( gluttony1 drunk5ness1 & sexual unre/ra9t are among/ ! ?+s ( :i* x is a %ame to speak )\t res]ve4 ,! gods are _m1 & 9 human %ape2 yet !y are some:at fair] ?an m51 & some?+ ( ! heav5ly brilliance 9 :i* ! ,p]sian ar*angels are wrapp$ seems to encircle also ! heights :]e ! gods dwell on m\nt ,olympus#c4 ,gradually too !re comes to light amid/ ! picture ( ! _m gods some?+ resembl+ a supreme p[]1 sometimes imp]sonally conceiv$ z ,fate 71 71 sometimes m p]sonally z ! ,fate ( ,zeus1 mo/ commonly ( all z ,zeus himself1 elevat$ 9 rank above all o!r gods#d4 ,?us ,zeus is n only k+1 b also fa!r ( gods & m5#e2 he is ! disp5s] ( happ9ess to m51 #8to ! good & ! evil1 to ea* "o z he w#f1' & ! di/ributor ( graci\s gifts#g1 unb\nd$ 9 p[]#h & 9 k#i4 ,! gods aga91 9 spite ( ! _m tales ( viol5ce atta*$ to _! names1 ex]cise a moral gov]nance ov] ! _w4 #8,!y love n fr[>d de$s1 b !y rev]5ce ju/ice & ! righte\s acts ( m5#aj'2 #89 ! lik5ess ( /rang]s f f> c\ntries1 !y put on all mann] ( %apes1 & w&] ?r\gh ! cities1 behold+ ! viol5ce & ! righte\sness ( m5#aa4' ,:il/ !re=e ! philosoph]s ( lat] times c\ld rightly object to ,hom] t he told ( ! gods tales nei!r true nor wor?y ( _! nature1 !re 0 on ! o!r h& mu* 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! latt]1 :i* 0 9 h>mony ) philosophical conceptions4 ,x 0 n )\t reason t ! ,/oics !mselves made ( ,ulysses1 :o 9 ,hom] plays b little "p 9 fight+1 an example ( ! man ( wisdom & pati5ce1 :o kn[s m5 & cities1 & :o ?r\gh self-re/ra9t & s+l5ess ( purpose at la/ w9s 8 way to ! goal#ab4 ,f ?is />t+-po9t ! :ole ( ! ,odyssey is conv]t$ into a #8,pilgrim's ,progress'2 ! en*antress ,circe repres5ts ! temptations ( gluttony1 :i* turns m5 into sw9e#ac2 ! *ant ( ! ,sir5s is an allegory ( ! enticem5ts ( s5sual pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 ,hesiod4 #cc4 ,9 ,,hesiod 7#h? c5tury ,b4,c47 we f9d ! fir/ attempt to con/ruct a hi/ory ( ! univ]se2 8 ,!ogony is ! =]unn] ( ! ,cosmology :i* lat] on is a recognis$ "p ( philosophy4 ,"h 9 ! company ( ! p]sonal gods we f9d n only ! p]sonifi$ lights ( heav51 ,sun & ,moon1 b also su* figures z ^? ( ,e>? & ,ocean1 ,night & ,day1 ,heav5 & ,hell1 ,fate1 ,sleep1 & ,dea?1 all be>+ witness to ! em]g5ce ( ! _s ( speculation4 ,9 ,hesiod aga9 we fir/ f9d ! description ( ! #8wat*m5 ( ,jove1' :o are no long] ! gods !mselves z 9 ,hom]1 b an int]m$iate class ( be+s1 correspond+ to ! ,p]sian angels & ! ( lat] ,greek4 #8,?rice t5 ?\s& are ! s]vants ( ,zeus1 immortal1 wat*m5 ov] mortal m52 ^! wat* de$s ( ju/ice & ( wick$ness1 walk+ all ways up & d[n ! e>?1 clo!d 9 ! mi/#ad4' ,b x is 9 8 e?ical /&>ds t ,hesiod is m directly a =]unn] ( ! ,/oic s*ool3 = nei!r ! w>like val\r nor ! graceful self-control ( ! h]o appeals to him1 b ! /]n s5se ( ju/ice & ! d[nright h>d "w ( ! pla9 man4 #8,full across ! way ( ,virtue ! immortal gods h set ! sweat ( ! br[2 long & /eep is ! pa? t rea*es to h]1 & r\gh at ! beg9n+2 b :5 y rea* ! highe/ po9t1 h>d ?\gh x is1 9 ! end x becomes easy#ae4' ,sid5ote3 ,! ,orphic poems4 #cd4 ,betwe5 ,epic & ,attic lit]ature /&s ! poetry ( ! #8,orphic' movem5t1 belong+ to ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 & ex]cis+ a wide influ5ce ov] v>i\s s*ools ( philosophy 9 ! succe$+ c5turies4 ,= an acc\nt ( ?is movem5t ! read] mu/ look else:]e#af2 "h we c only notice t x cont9u$ ! cosmological speculations ( ,hesiod's ,!ogony1 & 9 p>ticul> develop$ a /ra9 ( pan!ism :i* is e*o$ 9 ! ,/oic poets4 ,accord+ to an ,orphic poet #8,zeus is ! fir/ & ! la/1 ! head & ! foot1 ! male & ! female1 ,e>? & ,heav51 ,night & ,day2 he is ! "o =ce1 ! "o great deity1 ! creator1 ! allur+ p[] ( love2 = all ^! ?+s are imman5t 9 ! p]son ( ,zeus#ag4' ,"h amid/ ! fusion ( poetry & !ology we fir/ see ! budd+ pr9ciple ( philosophic monism1 ! rea*+ aft] a unity :i* w compreh5d all ?+s4 ,to ! same s*ool is attribut$ ! doctr9e t #8! human s\l is orig9ally & ess5tially div9e#ah4' ,sid5ote3 ,! ,hylozoi/s4 #ce4 ,to ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 belong also ! e>lie/ ,greek philosoph]s :o are kn[n to u by "n4 ,9 all ( ^! ! e>ly poly!ism is ei!r ab&on$ or becomes s dim 9 its outl9es t ! orig9 & gov]n+ =ce ( ! univ]se is s\ght 9 q o!r directions4 ,! philosoph]s ( ,ionia busi$ !mselves ) ! problem ( ! elem5ts4 ,,?ales ( ,miletus 0 a man ( _m atta9m5ts2 he _h travell$ bo? 9 ,egypt & 9 ,babylon1 & 0 an active political re=m]4 ,to him wat] 0 ! prim>y sub/ance1 f :i* all o!rs proce$$ & to :i* !y return$#ai4 ,,anaxim&] ( ! same t[n 0 ! fir/ :o und]took to give ! ,greeks a map ( ! :ole kn[n _w4 ,to him x seem$ t ! prim>y matt] c\ld n be ! same z any visible sub/ance1 b mu/ be a protoplasm ( undef9$ "* 771 capable ( assum+ 9 turn all %apes#bj4 ,,anaxim5es 7once m ( ,miletus7 assum$ air z ! fir/ pr9ciple1 & d]iv$ ! o!r elem5ts f x by processes ( cond5sation 77 & r>efaction#ba4 ,b on "o po9t all ! ,ionian philosoph]s 7 agre$3 ! prim>y sub/ance 0 ! cause ( its own motion2 !y 7 #8hylozoi/s1' s9ce !y hold t matt] 77 is a liv+ ?+ 774 ,!y are f ! /&po9t ( physics #8moni/s1' z oppos$ to ^? :o hold matt] & life1 or matt] & =ce1 to be two ?+s et]nally di/9ct1 & are !re=e #8duali/s' 9 _! !ory#bb4 ,sid5ote3 ,py?agoras4 #cf4 ,to ! same six? c5tury belong two o!r notable philosoph]s4 ,,py?agoras1 born 9 ,samos ab\t #ege ,b4,c41 & l ,?ales1 "o :o _h travell$ widely1 left 8 native l& r ?an submit to ! rule ( a tyrant1 & f\nd$ 9 ,croton 9 ,l[] ,italy a community half religi\s & half political1 :i* 9 its orig9al =m 0 n long-liv$4 ,b a widespread tradition rema9$ z to 8 doctr9es1 9 :i* ! !ory ( ,numb]s held a lead+ position4 ,py?agoras appe>s to h be5 a good ma!matician & a/ronom]1 & foll[]s ( 8 s*ool 7 at an e>ly date l$ to ! doctr9es ( ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis & ! c5tral position ( ! sun 9 ! planet>y sy/em#bc4 ,8 "n is also connect$ ) ! !ory ( ! transmigration ( s\ls1 :i* we may suppose him to h d]iv$ ultimately f "s ,indian s\rce2 & to ! same c\ntry we mu/ look z hav+ sugge/$ to him & 8 foll[]s ! practice ( ab/a9+ f animal food#bd4 ,sid5ote3 ,x5ophanes4 #cg4 ,if we look$ m]ely to ! !ories ( ! philosoph]s1 x might seem z if ! old my?ologies & !ogonies 7 already dead4 ,b 9 fact ! battle 0 yet to come4 ,,x5ophanes ( ,colophon 7born circ4 #ehj ,b4,c47 witness$ 9 8 y\? ! fall ( ,ionia be=e ! conqu]+ progress ( ,cyrus k+ ( ,p]sia4 ,r ?an submit to ! p[] ( ! invad] he adopt$ ! life ( a w&]+ m9/rel1 & f9ally settl$ 9 ,elea1 9 ,l[] ,italy1 :]e he became ! f\nd] ( ! ,eleatic s*ool4 ,b 9 8 religi\s convictions he 0 :ole-he>t$ly on ! ,p]sian side4 #8,!re is "o ,god1 greate/ among/ gods#be & m51 n l mortal m5 9 bodily %ape or 9 m9d#bf4' ,?us ! wor%ip ( _m gods & t ( images ( ! deity are alike condemn$2 & x is probable t 9 ?is false wor%ip he f\nd ! cause ( 8 c\ntry's fall4 ,) ! lack ( hi/oric s5se :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! zeal\s re=m]1 he condemn$ ,hom] & ,hesiod z tea*]s ( immorality1 s9ce !y #8ascrib$ to ! gods !ft1 adult]y1 & deceit1 & all acts t are c\nt$ %ame & blame among/ m5#bg4' ,) ke5 criticism he po9t$ out t my?s z to ! bir? ( ! gods di%on\r$ !m j z mu* z if !y relat$ _! dea?s2 = on ei!r supposition !re is a "t :5 ! gods d n exi/#bh4 ,! conception ( ! deity =m$ by ,x5ophanes seems to approa* ,pan!ism or ,nature-wor%ip1 & s f> to =e%ad[ ! ,/oic deity2 b ! fragm5ts t survive ( 8 works are insuffici5t to make ?is po9t cle>#bi4 ,! successors ( ,x5ophanes did n inh]it 8 religi\s zeal1 b !y emphasiz$ all ! m ! philosophic pr9ciple ( an ultimate ,unity 9 all ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,h]aclitus4 #ch4 ,) ! op5+ ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 we rea* ,,h]aclitus ( ,ephesus1 a philosoph] ( ! highe/ importance to u1 s9ce ! ,/oics aft]w>ds accept$ 8 tea*+ z ! f\ndation ( _! own sy/em ( physics4 ,! v>i$ speculations ( ! six? c5tury 7 all exam9$ by ,h]aclitus1 & all f\nd want+ by him2 8 own solutions ( ! problems ( ! _w are set =? 9 a prophetic /ra91 impressive by its dignity1 obscure 9 its =m1 & l5d+ itself to mu* v>iety ( int]pretation4 ,= ! op9ions ( ! cr[d1 :o are misl$ by _! s5ses1 he _h no respect#cj2 b ev5 le>n+ does n ensure intellig5ce#ca1 unless m5 are will+ to be guid$ by ! #8,^w1' ! univ]sal reason#cb4 ,! s5ses %ew u 9 ! univ]se a p]petual fl[+3 fire *anges to wat] 7sky to cl\d71 wat] to e>? 79 ra9fall71 :i* is ! d[nw>d pa?2 e>? *anges to wat] 7ris+ mi/71 & wat] to fire1 :i* is ! upw>d pa?#cc4 ,beh9d ^! *anges ! ,^w po9ts to t :i* is "o & un*ang+#cd4 ,anaxim&] did well :5 he po9t$ to ! unlimit$ z ! prim>y /uff1 b x is bett] to describe x z an #8ev]-liv+ fire#ce4' ,out ( ?is fire all ?+s come1 & into x !y %all all be resolv$#cf4 ,( ?is ev]-liv+ fire a sp>k is buri$ 9 ea* man's body2 :il/ ! body lives1 ?is sp>k1 ! s\l1 may be said to be dead#cg2 b :5 ! body dies x escapes f its prison1 & ent]s aga9 on its prop] life4 ,! #8,^w' is f ev]la/+#ch2 ?r\gh ! ,^w all ?+s happ5#ci2 x is ! univ]sal ,law :i* holds good equally 9 ! physical _w & 9 ! s\l ( man4 ,= man's s\l !re is a moral law1 :i* c be rea*$ only by /udy+ ! plan ( ! _w 9 :i* we live#dj4 ,b ( ?is law m5 are cont9ually =getful2 !y live z 9 a dream1 unconsci\s ( x2 x calls to !m once & aga91 b !y d n he> x#da4 ,mo/ ( all x is ne$$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate2 = #8he :o speaks ) und]/&+ mu/ take 8 foo?old on :at is common to all2 = all human laws are n\ri%$ by ! "o div9e law#db4' ,sid5ote3 ,! ,^w4 #ci4 ,! g5]al import ( ! physical tea*+ ( ,h]aclitus1 & ! indebt$ness ( ! ,/oics to x1 h long be5 recognis$3 ! be>+ ( ?is tea*+ ^u religion1 e?ics & politics is a m disputable matt]4 ,does ,h]aclitus by ! #8,logos' :i* he s (t5 names mean m]ely 8 own reason+ & message8 is he speak+ ( ! common reason ( mank9d8 or does ! t]m sugge/ to him a metaphysical ab/raction1 a div9e p[] ?r\gh :i* ! _w is creat$ & gov]n$8 ,= ! full] mean+ we h analogies 9 ! beliefs ( ,p]sism be=e ,h]aclitus1 & ( ,/oics1 ,judai/s1 & ,*ri/ians aft]w>ds4 ,! late/ comm5tator1 adopt+ ?is explanation1 sums x up 9 ?ree propositions3 fir/1 ! #8,logos' is et]nal1 be+ bo? pre-exi/5t & ev]la/+1 l ! _w-god ( ,x5ophanes2 secondly1 all ?+s bo? 9 ! mat]ial & 9 ! spiritual _w happ5 ?r\gh ! #8,logos'2 x is a cosmic pr9ciple1 #8common' or #8univ]sal'2 & 9 ! ?ird place1 x is ! duty ( man to obey ?is #8,logos1' & s to place himself 9 h>mony ) ! re/ ( nature4 ,& accord+ly1 9 agreem5t ) _m rec5t writ]s1 he adopts ! translation #8! ,^w' z on ! :ole ! mo/ adequate#dc4 ,ev5 ! ,romans f\nd x impossible to translate by any s+le ^w1 & !y !re=e adopt$ ! phrase ratio et oratio 7reason & spee*72 9 mod]n language x seems cle>ly to include also ! broad notion ( #8,univ]sal ,law' or ! #8,laws ( ,nature4' ,if we c rightly attribute to ,h]aclitus all t is ?us includ$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ?is "o ^w1 he c]ta9ly /&s out z a great creative p[] 9 ,greek philosophy1 h>moniz+ by bold g5]alizations su* div]se prov9ces z ^? ( physics1 religion1 & e?ics2 #8he 0 ! fir/ 9 ,greece1 we mu/ und]/& to build bridges1 :i* h nev] s9ce be5 de/roy$1 betwe5 ! natural & ! spiritual life#dd4' ,x is to ! ,/oics almo/ alone t we owe x t tea*+ s sugge/ive & s practical 0 conv]t$ into a p[]ful social & intellectual =ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,z>a?u/ra & ,h]aclitus4 #dj4 ,! prom95ce giv5 to fire 9 ! sy/em ( ,h]aclitus has v naturally sugge/$ t 8 doctr9e is borr[$ f t ( ,z>a?u/ra#de4 ,! hi/orical circum/ances are n unfav\rable to ?is sugge/ion4 ,ionia 0 conqu]$ 9 turn by ,cyrus & ,d>ius1 & def9itely annex$ by ,p]sia ab\t #dif ,b4,c41 t is1 at ! v "t at :i* ,h]aclitus taught4 ,moreov] ! ,p]sian invasion 0 ak9 to a religi\s crusade1 & _h = a pr9cipal aim ! /amp+ out ( ! idle & sup]/iti\s habit ( wor%ipp+ images1 by :i* 7accord+ to ! ,p]sians7 ! true ,god 0 di%on\r$4 ,! elevat$ "* ( ! ,p]sian religion c\ld h>dly fail to attract le>n$ ,greeks1 already dissatisfi$ ) ! crude my?ology ( _! own p4 ,fur!r1 ! resemblance betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ,z>a?u/ra & t ( ,h]aclitus is n re/rict$ to ! language us$ ( ! div9e fire2 ! doctr9es ( an all-creat+1 all-p]vad+ ,wisdom1 ! or ,^w1 & ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! immortal s\l & ! corruptible body1 are common to bo?4 ,b ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two sy/ems are almo/ equally /rik+4 ,h]aclitus is a moni/2 accord+ to him all exi/5ces are ultimately "o4 ,z>a?u/ra taught a pr9ciple ( ,evil1 ev]y:]e oppos$ to ! ,good ,_s1 & almo/ equally p[]ful2 8 sy/em is duali/#de;a4 ,z>a?u/ra is n free f nationalism1 ,h]aclitus is cosmopolitan4 ,9 ! ,ephesian sy/em we f9d no trace ( ! belief 9 ,judgm5t aft] dea?1 9 ,heav51 or 9 ,hell4 ,we may 9 fact well believe t ,h]aclitus 0 acqua9t$ ) ,zoroa/rianism & influ5c$ by x1 b we h n ! means to det]m9e :at ! ext5t ( t influ5ce 04 ,x is relat$ ( him t he receiv$ 7b decl9$7 an invitation to ! c\rt ( ,d>ius2 & t 8 dead body 0 giv5 up to be torn to pieces by dogs 9 ! ,p]sian fa%ion#de;b4 ,sid5ote3 ,! trag$ians4 #da4 ,! developm5t ( philosophic ?\ght at ,a!ns 01 z we h notic$1 mu* complicat$ by ! political relations ( ,greece to ,p]sia4 ,al?\gh ! ,p]sian empire _h absorb$ ,asia ,m9or1 x 0 decisively repuls$ 9 its attacks on ,greece prop]4 ,a!ns 0 ! c5tre ( ! resi/ance to x1 & ! *ief glory ( ! victories ( ,m>a?on 7#dij ,b4,c47 & ,salamis 7#dhj ,b4,c47 fell to ,a!nian /atesm5 & w>riors4 ,by ^! successes ! ,hell5es n only ma9ta9$ _! political indep5d5ce1 b sav$ ! images ( _! gods f imm95t de/ruction4 ,a revival ( poly!i/ic zeal took place1 z might h be5 expect$4 ,! weal? & skill ( ,greece 7 ungrudg+ly exp5d$ 9 ! a*ievem5t ( ma/]pieces ( ! sculptor's art1 & _! h\s+ 9 magnific5t temples4 ,b ev5 s religi\s doctr9es /rik+ly simil> to ^? ( ! ,p]sians ga9$ gr\nd4 ,! same ,aes*ylus :o 79 8 ,p]sae7 celebrates ! defeat ( ! national enemy1 a few ye>s lat] 79 8 ,agamemnon7 que/ions :e!r ! ,supreme ,rul] be really pleas$ ) ! ,greek title ( ,zeus1 & ! ,greek me?od ( wor%ipp+ him#df4 ,8 m cons]vative successor ,sophocles 0 cont5t$1 9 ! _s ( ! ,hom]ic b>ds1 to elim9ate f ! old my?s all t seem$ unwor?y ( ! div9e nature4 ,euripides adopts a bold] tone4 ,reproduc+ ! old my?ology ) exact fidelity1 he #8assails ! result+ picture ( ! gods ) sca?+ c5sure & flat contradiction#dg4' ,) equal vig\r he attacks ! privileges ( noble bir?1 & def5ds ! rights ( ! slave2 he has a ke5 sympa?y = all ! mis=tunes t dog man's life2 b 8 e?ical tea*+ 9 no way d]ives its sanction f any !ology4 ,! ,hell5es h lo/ confid5ce 9 _! inh]it$ outlook on ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,sophi/s4 #db4 ,! same problems :i* ! poets discuss$ 9 ! city !atre 7 dur+ ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! !mes ( a class ( m5 n[ becom+ s num]\s z to =m ! nucleus ( a new pr(ession4 ,^! 7 ! #8sophi/s1' :o comb9$ ! functions n[ p]=m$ p>tly by ! univ]sity pr(essor1 p>tly by ! public j\rnali/#dh4 ,dep5d5t = _! livelihood ^u ! fees ( su* pupils z !y c\ld attract1 & !re=e s5sitive en\gh to ! applause ( ! mom5t1 !y 7 di/+ui%$ f ! philosoph]s by a clos] t\* ) ! public op9ion ( ! day1 & a ke5] desire = imm$iate results4 ,_! contribution to philosophic progress 0 consid]able4 ,cultivat+ ) p>ticul> c>e ! art ( words1 !y creat$ a m$ium by :i* philosophic ?\ght c\ld rea* ! cr[d ( m5 ( av]age education2 eag] advocates ( virtue & political progress1 !y gave new hopes to a p :i*1 9 spite ( its mat]ial successes1 0 beg9n+ to despair because ( ! decay ( its old moral & civic pr9ciples4 ,9 ,,prodicus ( ,ceos we f9d a =]unn] ( ! popul> ,/oic tea*]s ( ! p]iod ( ! pr9cipate#di3 #8,a pr(\nd emotion %ook ! ranks ( 8 audi5ce :5 !y he>d 8 deep voice1 t came ) s /range a s\nd f ! frail body t conta9$ x4 ,n[ he w\ld describe ! h>d%ips ( human exi/5ce2 n[ he w\ld rec\nt all ! ages ( man1 beg9n+ ) ! new-born *ild1 :o greets 8 new home ) wail+1 & trac+ 8 c\rse to ! second *ildhood & ! gray hairs ( old age4 ,aga9 he w\ld rail at dea? z a /ony-he>t$ cr$itor1 wr++ 8 pl$ges "o by "o f 8 t>dy debtor1 fir/ 8 he>+1 !n 8 sight1 next ! free movem5t ( 8 limbs4 ,at ano!r "t1 anticipat+ ,epicurus1 he s\ght to arm 8 disciples aga9/ ! horrors ( dea? by expla9+ t dea? conc]n$ nei!r ! liv+ nor ! dead4 ,z long z we live1 dea? does n exi/2 z soon z we die1 we ourselves exi/ no long]#ej4' ,to ,prodicus we owe ! well-kn[n tale ( ,h]cules at ! p>t+ ( ! ways1 :5 ,virtue on ! "o h&1 & ,pleasure on ! o!r1 ea* invite him to jo9 company ) h]#ea4 ,?is tale we %all f9d to be a fav\rite ) ! ,roman philosoph]s4 ,! same ,prodicus introduc$ a doctr9e aft]w>ds tak5 up by ! ,cynics & ! ,/oics 9 succession1 t ( ! #8indiff]5ce' ( ext]nal advantages z di/9ct f ! use to :i* !y are appli$4 ,he also prop\nd$ !ories z to ! orig9 ( ! gods ( my?ology1 expla9+ "s ( !m z p]sonifications ( ! p[]s ( nature1 o!rs z deifi$ b5efactors ( ! human race#eb2 !ories :i* lat] on 7 adopt$ ) zeal by ! ,/oic ,p]saeus#ec4 ,to ano!r sophi/1 ,,hippias ( ,elis1 we owe ! doctr9e ( ! #8self-suffici5cy' ( virtue1 aga9 adopt$ bo? by ,cynics & ,/oics#ed4 ,,antiphon 0 n only ! writ] ( an #8,art ( ,consolation1' b also ( a treatise ( extraord9>y eloqu5ce on political concord & ! importance ( education4 #8,if a noble disposition be plant$ 9 a "y m9d1 x w eng5d] a fl[] t w endure to ! end1 & t no ra9 w de/roy1 nor w x be )]$ by dr\ght#ee4' ,sid5ote3 ,! ,mat]iali/s4 #dc4 ,among/ ! sophi/s ( ,a!ns 0 c\nt$ ,,anaxagoras1 born at ,clazom5ae ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 & a dilig5t /ud5t ( ! ,ionic philosoph]s4 ,b 9 8 explanation ( nature he broke away f #8hylozoism' & introduc$ a dualism ( m9d & matt]4 #8,f et]nity all ?+s 7 toge!r1 b ,m9d /irr$ & ord]$ !m#ef4' ,m fam\s 0 8 contempor>y ,,emp$ocles ( ,agrig5tum1 ^: "n is /ill held 9 hon\r by ! citiz5s ( t t[n4 ,9 him we fir/ f9d ! li/ ( elem5ts rea*+ to f\r1 e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat]2 & ! doctr9e t visible objects consi/ ( comb9ations ( ! elem5ts 9 v>y+ proportions1 fir/ br\ght toge!r by ,love1 !n sep>at$ by ,hatr$4 ,j 9 s f> z ,emp$ocles ab&on$ ! que/ aft] a s+le orig9 = all ?+s1 8 conceptions became fruitful z ! basis ( ! m limit$ /udy n[ kn[n z ,*emi/ry4 ,8 "w 0 c>ri$ fur!r by ,,leucippus & ,,democritus1 bo? ( ,abd]a1 :o = ! f\r elem5ts sub/itut$ invisible atoms1 ( c\ntless v>iety1 mov+ by reason ( _! own weight 9 an empty space4 ,?is simple & p[]ful analysis is capable ( deal+ effectively ) _m natural ph5om5a1 & ) comp>atively slight alt]ations is /ill held to be valid 9 *emical analysis1 & ex]cises a wide influ5ce ov] ! neighb\r+ sci5ces ( physics & botany4 ,:5 h[ev] 7z has frequ5tly be5 ! case bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times7 ! attempt is made to build ^u x a g5]al philosophical sy/em1 its failure to expla9 ! cohesion ( matt] 9 masses1 ! gr[? ( plants & animals1 & ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 become pa9fully app>5t4 ,su* attempts r\ghly correspond to ! attitude ( m9d n[ call$ mat]ialism1 because 9 !m ! atoms1 end[$ ) ! mat]ial prop]ties ( solidity1 %ape1 & weight alone1 are conceiv$ to be ! only true exi/5ces1 all o!rs be+ second>y & d]ivative4 ,?is mat]ialism 7) "s significant qualifications7 0 a c5tury lat] ! c5tral doctr9e ( ,epicurus1 & is ( importance to u by reason ( its %>p contra/ ) ! ,/oic sy/em ( physics4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates4 #dd4 ,! value ( ^! sci5tific speculations 0 n = ! "t be+ fully recognis$ at ,a!ns4 ,x 0 9 ! atmosph]e ( sophi/ic discussion1 n free f intellectual mi/s1 b brac+ to ! ex]cise ( civic & ev5 ( m>tial virtue t ,,socrates ( ,a!ns 7circ4 #dfi-cii ,b4,c47 grew to maturity4 ,he set to 8 fell[-citiz5s an example ( ! vigor\s p]=mance ( duty4 ,z a soldi] he 0 brave almo/ to ra%ness1 & took an active "p 9 ?ree campaigns4 ,z a magi/rate he dis*>g$ 8 duty unfl9*+ly4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,arg9usae ! t5 ,a!nian g5]als 7 said to h neglect$ ! duty ( succ\r+ c]ta9 disabl$ %ips & ! p l\dly dem&$ t all %\ld be condemn$ to dea? by a s+le vote4 ,socrates 0 "o ( ! presid+ s5ators1 & he absolutely refus$ to concur 9 any su* illegal proc$ure#ef;a4 ,aga91 :5 ,a!ns 0 "u ! rule ( ! ,?irty1 ,socrates firmly refus$ to obey _! unju/ ord]s#eg4 ,b :5 himself condemn$ to dea?1 he refus$ to seize an opportunity = flight :i* 0 giv5 him2 = ?is1 he said1 w\ld be to disobey ! laws ( 8 c\ntry#eh4 ,8 private life 0 m>k$ by a firm self-control4 ,a!ns 0 n[ weal?y1 & its lead+ citiz5s frequ5tly ga!r$ toge!r = fe/ive purposes4 ,socrates jo9$ !m1 b %[$ ! greate/ mod]ation 9 eat+ & dr9k+3 su* a c\rse1 he said1 0 ! bett] = heal? & also produc$ m real pleasure4 ,ov] ! gross] temptations ( ! s5ses he _h won a complete victory#ei4 ,8 temp] 0 calm & ev52 he 0 n put out by ! viol5ces ( 8 wife1 nor did he all[ himself to break out into rage ) 8 slaves4 ,8 p]sonal habits1 ?\gh simple1 7 c>eful3 he did n approve any neglect ei!r ( bodily cleanl9ess or ( neatness 9 dress4 ,?us ,socrates gave an example ( a life ( activity & self-control 7 72 & by 8 "*1 ev5 m ?an by 8 speculation1 ex]cis$ an influ5ce :i* ext5d$ widely ov] _m c5turies4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 tea*+4 #de4 ,! tea*+ ( ,socrates is n easily r$uc$ to ! set =mulae ( a philosophic s*ool4 ,b cle>ly x 0 focuss$ ^u ! life ( m5 9 ! city & 9 ! home1 & 0 no long] *iefly conc]n$ ) ! ph5om5a ( ! sky or ! hi/ory ( ! creation ( ! univ]se4 ,s ,cic]o well says ( him t #8,socrates call$ philosophy d[n f ! heav5s to e>?1 & introduc$ x into ! h\ses & cities ( m51 compell+ m5 to enquire conc]n+ life & morals & ?+s good & evil#fj'2 & ,s5eca t he #8recall$ ! :ole ( philosophy to moral que/ions1 & said t ! supreme wisdom 0 to di/+ui% betwe5 good & evil#fa4' ,he _h no high] object ?an to s5d out "y m51 ( ^: good disposition he 0 assur$1 to take an active "p 9 ! affairs ( ! community1 & to ?is c\rse he urg$ !m individually & insi/5tly#fb4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t he put on "o side problems conc]n$ ) ! acquirem5t ( tru?1 or ) ! con/itution & gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,8 views on ^! po9ts c>ri$ p]haps all ! m weight because !y 7 /at$ by him n z p]sonal op9ions1 b z po9ts ^u :i* he desir$ to %>e ! convictions ( 8 neighb\rs1 if only !y c\ld assure him t reason 0 on _! side4 ,sid5ote3 ,reason ! guide4 #df4 ,socrates m ?an any o!r man possess$ ! art ( p]suasive reason+1 !reby mak+ 8 companions wis] & bett] m54 ,fir/ he ask$ t t]ms %\ld be c>efully def9$1 s t ea* man %\ld "k :at ! nature is ( ea* ?+ t exi/s#fc1 & %\ld exam9e himself & "k well ( :at he speaks4 ,next he introduc$ ! practice ( induction 7 71 by :i* m5 make l>g] ! outlook ( _! m9ds1 und]/& "o ?+ by comp>ison ) ano!r1 & arrange ! matt] ( _! ?\ght by classes#fd4 ,by induction we arrive at g5]al tru?s3 n h[ev] by any me*anical or ma!matical process1 b 7at lea/ 9 ! high] matt]s7 by ! use ( ,div9ation1 t is1 by a k9d ( div9e enlight5m5t#fe4 ,he :o has accu/om$ himself to ?9k ) delib]ation1 to look on ! little 9 its relation to ! great1 & to attune himself to ! div9e w1 goes out into ! _w /r5g!n$ 9 self-re/ra9t1 9 argum5tative p[]1 & 9 active goodwill to 8 fell[-m54 ,mo/ directly ?is me?od appeals to ! future /atesman4 ,( ^? :o seek ! society ( ,socrates _m int5d to become g5]als or magi/rates4 ,let !m consid] well :at ^! words mean4 ,is n a pilot "o :o kn[s h[ to /e] a %ip8 a cook "o :o kn[s h[ to prep>e food8 mu/ we n !n say t a /atesman is "o :o kn[s h[ to guide ! /ate8 ,& h[ c he "k ?is b by /udy & tra9+8 ,mu/ we n !n say g5]ally t all arts dep5d on k1 & k on /udy8 ,d we n rea* ! g5]al tru?s t #8virtue is k' & t #8virtue c be taught'8 ,we may hesitate z to h[ to apply ^! pr9ciples to our individual actions1 & ,socrates w accuse none on ?is po9t2 b = himself he has a div9e monitor :i* nev] fails to w>n him :5 8 m9d is turn$ t[>ds a c\rse :i* ! gods disapprove4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 dualism 9 physics4 #dg4 ,9 ! speculations ( ! ,ionian philosoph]s ,socrates c\ld f9d no satisfaction4 ,b "o day he discov]$ ) pleasure ! words ( ,anaxagoras3 #8x is m9d t ord]s ! _w & is cause ( all ?+s#ff4' ,?us he 0 attract$ to a duali/ic view ( ! univ]se1 9 :i* matt] & m9d are 9 fundam5tal contra/4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re exi/$ a *aos ( unord]$ dead mean+less matt]1 & also m9d1 ! pr9ciple ( life1 mean+1 & ord]4 ,m9d t\*$ matt]1 & ! univ]se sprang into be+4 ,m9d controls matt]1 & ?us ! univ]se cont9ues to exi/4 ,! pro( is f\nd 9 ! provid5tial adaptation ( ! _w = ! life & com=t ( mank9d3 = x is only consi/5t to suppose t ?+s t exi/ = use are ! "w ( m9d#fg4 ,he t made man gave him eyes to see )1 e>s to he> )1 & a m\? conv5i5tly plac$ ne> to ! organs ( sight & smell2 he implant$ 9 him a love ( 8 (fspr+1 & 9 ! (fspr+ a love ( its p>5ts2 & la/ly end[$ him ) a s\l capable ( und]/&+ & wor%ipp+ 8 mak]4 ,= ! div9e p[] ,socrates uses q indiff]5tly ! words #8god' & #8gods'3 b 8 belief is ess5tially mono!i/ic4 ,9 ! gods ( ! city ( ,a!ns he has ceas$ to believe1 al?\gh he /ill makes sacrifices ^u _! alt>s 9 good-hum\r$ con=mity ) ! law1 & ev5 adopts ! popul> t]m #8div9ation#fh1' ?\gh 9 a s5se v diff]5t to t 9 :i* ! (ficial prie/hood us$ x4 ,9 ! analysis ( human nature ,socrates adopts a simil> dualism4 ,man consi/s ( body & s\l3 ! s\l is "l & k+ ov] ! body1 & inde$ may rightly be call$ div9e1 if any?+ t has t\* ) humanity is su*#fi4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 pietism4 #dh4 ,! practical tea*+ ( ,socrates 0 entirely dom9at$ by 8 religi\s pr9ciples4 ,! gods1 he held1 "k all ?+s1 our words1 our de$s1 & ! secrets ( our he>ts3 !y are ev]y:]e pres5t & give c\nsel to m5 conc]n+ ! :ole ( life#gj4 ,! fir/ duty ( man is !re=e to ent] into communion ) ! gods by pray]1 ask+ !m to give u ! good & deliv] u f ! evil1 b n qualify+ ! pray] by any in/ruction to ! gods z to :at is good or evil2 = ?is ! gods !mselves "k be/#ga4 ,9 ^! words !n we may pray3 #8,zeus our k+1 give u :at is good = u :e!r we ask = x or n2 :at is evil1 ev5 ?\gh we ask = x 9 pray]1 keep f> f u#gb4' ,9 ?is _s ( :at we %\ld to-day call #8pietism' we mu/ int]pret 8 pr9ciple t #8virtue is k#gc4' ,?is n only ass]ts t no "o c rightly practise any art unless he has /udi$ & und]/&s x1 b also t no "o c rightly und]/& an art )\t practis+ x4 ,we say t !re are m5 :o "k :at is good & "r1 b d n p]=m x2 b ?is is n s2 = su* m5 9 tru? ?9k t "s o!r c\rse is good = !m4 ,only ! wise & pi\s man has a "r und]/&+2 o!rs _c d good ev5 if !y try#gd2 & :5 !y d evil1 ev5 t !y d )\t will+ x#ge4 ,9 its application to politics ! tea*+ ( ,socrates came into collision ) ! democratic s5tim5ts preval5t at ,a!ns4 ,to say ! lea/1 ,socrates _h no prejudice aga9/ ! rule ( k+s4 ,he di/+ui%$ %>ply betwe5 k+%ip & tyranny1 say+ t ! rule ( "o man ) ! ass5t ( 8 subjects & 9 accordance ) ! laws 0 k+%ip1 b )\t su* ass5t & accord+ to ! man's arbitr>y w 0 tyranny4 ,b "u :atev] con/itutional =m gov]nm5t 0 c>ri$ on1 ,socrates ass]t$ t ^? :o knew ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t 7 alone ! true rul]s1 & t ! w ( ! cr[d1 if conflict+ ) t ( ! wise1 0 bo? fooli% & impi\s#gf4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y ,socrates 0 condemn$4 #di4 ,s tea*+ & influ5c+ m5 ,socrates liv$ 9 ,a!ns till 8 sev5tie? ye> 0 pa/1 & !n di$ by ! h&s ( ! public execution]4 ,?is fate he might s easily h avoid$ t x seem$ almo/ to be self-*os54 ,8 disciple ,x5ophon expresses amazem5t t ! jurors %\ld h condemn$ a man s mode/ & s wise1 & s practical a b5efactor ( ! ,a!nian p#gg4 ,mod]n hi/orians1 ) a wid] k ( human nature1 wond] r t ,socrates 0 all[$ to live s long#gh4 ,! accus]s compla9$ t ,socrates (f5d$ by disbeliev+ 9 ! gods ( ! city1 introduc+ new deities1 & corrupt+ ! y\? ( ,a!ns4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( cons]vatively-m9d$ ,a!nians1 ! *>ges 7 amply ju/ifi$4 ,cle>ly ,socrates disbeliev$1 n m]ely 9 ! (ficial gods ( ! city1 b also 9 ! deities x wor%ipp$ mo/ e>ne/ly1 democracy & empire4 ,n only did he introduce new deities1 b x might fairly be argu$ t he 0 introduc+ ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( ! religion ( ! national enemy1 ,p]sia4 ,daily inculcat+ ^! h]etical doctr9es ^u "y m5 ( ! highe/ families 9 ,a!ns1 he might well be ! cause t ! ,a!nian /ate 0 less unque/ion+ly s]v$ ?an be=e4 ,t ! h]esies ( ,socrates 7 s\ndly f\nd$ on wide obs]vation & g5]al tru?s c\ld n be consid]$ to make !m less dang]\s4 ,a!ns _h already pass$ ! "t :5 its political p[] c\ld be ( s]vice to its neighb\rs2 x _h n rea*$ t :5 x c\ld be cont5t ) intellectual influ5ce2 ,socrates1 j because he 0 9 h>mony ) ! future ( ,a!ns1 0 a discordant elem5t 9 its pres5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! companions ( ,socrates4 #ej4 ,x is ) difficulty1 & n )\t ! risk ( error1 t we trace ev5 9 outl9e ! positive tea*+ ( ,socrates4 ,! sev]e self-repression ) :i* he controll$ 8 s5ses 0 ex]cis$ by him no less ov] 8 intellig5ce4 ,9 8 expositions x took ! %ape ( irony 771 t is1 ! cont9ual )hold+ ( 8 p]sonal convictions1 & ob/etrics 771 ! read9ess to assi/ o!rs 9 br++ _! speculations to ! bir?4 ,?us he 0 a great educator r ?an a great tea*]4 ,= :il/ he held t virtue alone 0 wor?y ( inve/igation1 & t virtue 0 ess5tially wisdom1 he pr(ess$ to be entirely at a loss :]e to f9d ?is wisdom = himself2 he left x to 8 pupils to g out & discov] ! preci\s cup4 ,?us :il/ m5 ( all classes & ) e v>iety ( m5tal bias li/5$ to 8 tea*+1 n "o 0 cont5t ) 8 negative attitude4 ,( ! v>i\s sugge/ions :i* ,socrates ?rew out1 )\t committ+ himself to any "o1 8 pupils took up ea* 9 turn & endeav\r$ to con/ruct out ( x a sy/em#gi4 ,^! sy/ems 7 9 ! %>pe/ possible contra/ "o ) ano!r1 b !y h c]ta9 po9ts 9 common4 ,all ! tea*]s reta9$ a /rong p]sonal affection & loyalty t[>ds _! common ma/]2 ea* 0 conv9c$ t he alone possess$ ! secret ( 8 real convictions4 ,all ( !m held alo( f ! physical speculations ( :i* ! ripe fruit 0 already be+ ga!r$ 9 by ! ,atomi/s4 ,! portal ( k 0 to all ( !m ! "r use ( ! reason+ p[]2 ! %r9e itself 0 ! discipl9e ( virtue1 ! atta9m5t ( happ9ess1 ! p]fect ord]+ ( social life4 ,su* 7 ! ,socratic s*ools1 9 :i* philosophy 0 n[ some:at %>ply divid$ into ! two bran*es ( dialectics & e?ics4 ,ano!r c5tury _h yet to elapse be=e ! reject$ discipl9e ( physics aga9 e/abli%$ its importance4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,cynics4 #ea4 ,( ! ,socratic s*ools ?ree contribut$ directly to ! ,/oic sy/em4 ,( ^! ! ,cynic s*ool1 f\nd$ by ,,anti/h5es ( ,a!ns 7circ4 #ddj-cfe ,b4,c47 & develop$ by ,,diog5es ( ,s9ope1 is its imm$iate precursor4 ,! ,cynic ma/]s inh]it$ mo/ completely ! moral e>ne/ness#hj & ! direct pieti/ic tea*+ ( ,socrates2 & = ?is reason ,anti/h5es appe>s to h be5 ! ma/]'s fav\rite pupil4 ,! lives bo? ( ^! m5 & ( _! successors 7 m>k$ by simplicity & self-abnegation1 & !y devot$ !mselves ) true mission>y zeal to ! re=mation ( moral outca/s4 ,! c>icature ( ! figure ( ,diog5es :i* 0 promulgat$ by 8 oppon5ts & /ill lives 9 lit]>y tradition ne$s con/antly to be correct$ by ! picture :i* ,epictetus gives ( him1 & :i* 7?\gh n )\t an elem5t ( idealization & h]o-wor%ip7 %ews u ! man z he appe>$ to 8 own disciples4 ,! brea* ) ! /ate-religion :i* 0 lat5t 9 ,socrates 0 display$ )\t disguise by ! ,cynics4 ,anti/h5es1 foll[+ 9 ! track ( ! ard5t ,x5ophanes1 decl>$ t ! popul> gods 7 _m1 b ! god ( nature 0 "o#ha2 he d5\nc$ ! use ( images#hb2 & he & 8 foll[]s naturally acquir$ ! reproa* ( a!ism#hc4 ,equally (f5sive to ! ,a!nians 0 _! cosmopolitanism#hd1 :i* treat$ ! pride ( ,hell5ic bir? z va91 & p\r$ contempt on ! glori\s victories ( ,m>a?on & ,salamis4 ,nor did ! ,cynics consid] ! civilization ( _! times z m]ely indiff]5t2 !y treat$ x z ! s\rce ( all social evils1 & look$ = a rem$y 9 ! return to a #8natural' life1 to ! suppos$ simplicity & virtue ( ! savage unspoilt by education4 ,?us !y =mulat$ a doctr9e :i* especially appeal$ to ^? :o felt !mselves simple & oppress$1 & :i* has be5 well describ$ z #8! philosophy ( ! prolet>iate ( ! ,greek _w#he4' ,sid5ote3 ,cynic intuitionism4 #eb4 ,! de/ructive criticism ( ! ,cynics did n /op ) its attack ^u ,greek in/itutions2 x assail$ ! citadel ( reason itself4 ,socrates _h r5\nc$ physics2 ! ,cynics consid]$ t dialectic 0 equally unnecess>y#hf4 ,= ! doctr9e ( g5]al concepts & ! ex]cise ( classification !y saw no use2 !y 7 /rict ,nom9ali/s2 horses !y c\ld see1 b n #8hors9ess4' ,9 _! e?ics !y held to ! *ief doctr9es ( ,socrates1 t #8virtue is k1' #8virtue c be taught' & #8no "o will+ly s9s'2 & !y laid special /ress on ! #8suffici5cy' 77 ( virtue1 :i* to produce happ9ess ne$s 7accord+ to !m7 no?+ 9 addition to itself except a ,socratic /r5g? ( "* 7 7#hg4 ,b 9 reality !y id5tifi$ virtue ) ?is w-p[]1 & entirely disp5s$ ) k2 virtue 0 to !m a matt] ( in/9ct1 n ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,!y appe> !re=e z ! real f\nd]s ( t e?ical s*ool :i* bases k ( ! good on intuition1 & :i* is at ! pres5t "t1 "u ev]-v>y+ titles1 ! mo/ influ5tial ( all4 ,9 practice1 ! virtue :i* specially appeal$ to ! ,cynics 0 t ( #8lib]ty1' ! claim ( ea* man at e mom5t to d & say t :i* seems to him "r1 )\t reg>d to ! w ( sov]eigns1 ! conv5tions ( society1 or ! feel+s ( 8 neighb\r2 ! claim made at all times by ! gov]n$ aga9/ _! rul]s1 :e!r ^! are j or unju/1 reckless or f>see+4 ,sid5ote3 ,limits ( ,cynism4 #ec4 ,cynism is 9 morals :at ,atomism is 9 physics2 a doctr9e :i* ex]cises a widespread influ5ce because ( its extreme simplicity1 :i* is extraord9>ily effective )9 ! range ( ideas to :i* x is appropriate1 & fatally mis*iev\s outside t range4 ,no?+ is m ali5 f ,cynism ?an :at we n[ call cynicism2 ! ,cynics 7 virtu\s1 w>m-he>t$1 good-hum\r$1 & pi\s4 ,9 _! will+ self-abnegation !y equall$ or surpass$ ! example set by ,buddhi/ monks1 b !y 7 probably mu* inf]ior to !m 9 ! appreciation ( natural beauty & ! simple pleasures ( life4 ,z comp>$ ) _! ma/] ,socrates1 !y lack$ 8 g5ial pres5ce1 lit]>y ta/e1 & k9dly tol]ance2 & !y 7 int5sely antipa!tic to m5 ( ! type ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ^: :ole life 0 b\nd up ) pride 9 _! c\ntry1 _! bir?1 & _! lit]>y /udies#hh4 ,sid5ote3 ,x5ophon4 #ed4 ,! ,cynics !mselves seem to h made no effective use ( lit]ature to dissem9ate _! views2 b 9 ! works ( ,,x5ophon ( ,a!ns 7#ddj-;circ4 #cej ,b4,c47 we h a picture ( ,socrates drawn almo/ exactly f ! ,cynic /&po9t4 ,x5ophon 0 a close p]sonal fri5d ( ,anti/h5es1 & ?or\ghly %>$ 8 dislike = intellectual subtleties4 ,he 0 possess$ ( a ta/e = milit>y adv5ture1 & 8 int]pretation ( ,socratic tea*+ entirely reliev$ him ( any scruples :i* patriotism might h impos$ ^u him 9 ?is direction1 leav+ him free at "o "t to support ! ,p]sian pr9ce ,cyrus1 & at ano!r to jo9 ) ! ,sp>tan k+ ,agesilaus aga9/ 8 own c\ntrym54 ,f adv5ture he advanc$ to romance-writ+1 & 8 sket*es ( ! exp$ition ( ! ,t5 ,?\s& ,greeks 79 :i* he took "p 9 p]son7 & ( ! life ( ,cyrus ! ,great h an int]e/ :i* 9 no way dep5ds ^u _! accuracy4 ,! acc\nt :i* he gives ( ,socrates 9 8 ,memorabilia 77 is n always to be dep5d$ ^u2 x is at ! be/ a revelation ( "o side only ( ! hi/oric philosoph]2 b x is to a l>ge ext5t confirm$ by :at we le>n f o!r s\rces1 & is ( special int]e/ to u because ( ! great influ5ce x ex]cis$ ov] ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,cyr5aics4 #ee4 ,9 ! opposite direction ,,ari/ippus ( ,cyr5e %>$ ! sympa!tic tone ( ,socrates1 b c\ld n adopt 8 moral e>ne/ness or 8 zeal = ! good ( o!rs4 ,he refus$ altoge!r ! e>ne/ appeal ( ,socrates t he %\ld take "p 9 politics4 #8,x seems to me1' he says1 #8to %[ mu* folly t a man :o has q en\gh to d to f9d ! necessities ( life = himself1 %\ld n be satisfi$ ) ?is1 b %\ld take ^u himself to provide 8 fell[-citiz5s ) all t !y want1 & to answ] = 8 action 9 ! c\rts if he is n successful4' ,ari/ippus revolt$ altoge!r f ! ascetic =m 9 :i* ! ,cynics repres5t$ 8 ma/]'s tea*+1 & held t ! wise man1 by self-re/ra9t & lib]al tra9+1 atta9$ to ! true/ pleasure1 & t su* pleasure 0 ! end ( life4 ,! ,cyr5aics 7z 8 foll[]s 7 call$7 7 ! precursors 9 e?ics ( ! s*ool ( ,epicurus2 & ! bitt] opposition :i* 0 lat] on to rage betwe5 ,/oics & ,epicureans 0 anticipat$ by ! conflict betwe5 ! ,cynics & ! ,cyr5aics4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,meg>ians4 #ef4 ,! s*ool ( ,,euclides ( ,meg>a sw]v$ sudd5ly f ^! e?ical int]e/s & devot$ itself ma9ly to ! problems ( dialectic4 ,f ! ,socratic practice ( classification x arriv$ at ! doctr9e ( ! ,"o be+1 :i* alone x held to be truly exi/5t1 & :i* x id5tifi$ ) ! ,"o ,god proclaim$ by ,x5ophanes & 8 foll[]s ( ! ,eleatic s*ool4 ,to ! ,meg>ic s*ool we are !re=e *iefly indebt$ = ! ass]tion ( ! philosophical pr9ciple ( monism2 ! same s*ool drew ! necess>y logical consequ5ce1 t evil is n 9 any real s5se exi/5t4 ,f ! ,eleatics ! ,meg>ians fur!r d]iv$ an int]e/ 9 logical speculation ( all k9ds1 & !y 7 greatly occupi$ ) ! solution ( fallacies3 among/ ! foll[]s ( ?is s*ool we fir/ meet ) ! puzzles ( #8! heap' 7,sorites71 #8! li>' 7,pseudom5os71 & o!rs ^u :i* 9 lat] times ,*rysippus & o!r ,/oics %>p5$ _! wits#hi4 ,,diodorus ! ,meg>ian set out c]ta9 propositions ) reg>d to ! relation ( ! possible & ! necess>y :i* are ( critical importance 9 connexion ) ! problem ( free-w#ij4 ,f9ally ,,/ilpo1 :o taught 9 ,a!ns ab\t #cbj ,b4,c41 & :o made a viol5t attack ^u ,plato's !ory ( ideas1 adopt$ an e?ical /&po9t n unlike t ( ! ,cynics#ia1 & c\nt$ among/ 8 pupils ! future f\nd] ( ,/oicism4 ,/ilpo enjoy$ among/ 8 contempor>ies a b\ndless reputation2 pr9ces & peoples vi$ 9 do+ him hon\r#ib2 b we h sc>cely any record ( 8 tea*+1 & "k him almo/ exclusively z "o :o contribut$ to =m ! m9d ( ,z5o4 ,sid5ote3 ,advance ( ,philosophy4 #eg4 ,) ! s*ool f\nd$ by ,pha$o ( ,elis we are n conc]n$2 ! consid]ation ( ,plato & ,ari/otle & _! respective foll[]s we mu/ leave to ano!r *apt]4 ,we h already se5 philosophy gr[ f be+ ! int]e/ ( isolat$ !ori/s into a =ce :i* is ga!r+ m5 9 gr\ps1 & loos5+ ! inh]it$ bonds ( city & class4 ,s f> its c\rse has viol5tly oscillat$1 bo? z reg>ds its subject-matt] & its pr9ciples4 ,b its range is n[ becom+ bett] def9$1 & 9 ! p]iod t is approa*+ we %all f9d det]m9$ attempts to rea* a compreh5sive solution ( ! problems pres5t$ to enquir+ m9ds4 ,,footnotes #a #8,/oicism 0 ! e>lie/ (fspr+ ( ! union betwe5 ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! ,ea/ & ! intellectual culture ( ! ,we/' ,lightfoot1 ,philippians1 p4 #bgd4 #b ,among/ ! mo/ important ( ^! are ,?4 ,gomp]z' ,greek ,?9k]s 7transl4 by ,l4 ,magnus & ,g4 ,g4 ,b]ry1 ,london1 #aija-e71 & ,j4 ,adam's ,religi\s tea*]s ( ,greece 7,gif=d ,lectures1 ,ed9burgh1 #aijh74 #c #8,mo/ cle> air is spread ab\t x cl\dless1 & ! :ite light floats ov] x' ,hom4 ,od4 #f1 #df 7,but*] & ,lang's transl474 ,see also ,adam1 ,religi\s ,tea*]s1 p4 #ca4 #d #8,x is n possible = ano!r god to g beyond1 or make void1 ! purpose ( ,zeus' ,od4 #e1 #ajc4 #e ,il4 #bd1 #cjh2 ,od4 #ad1 #djd4 #f ib4 #f1 #ahh4 #g ,od4 #h1 #agj4 #h ib4 #d1 #bcg4 #i ib4 #bj1 #ge4 #aj ib4 #ad1 #hd4 #aa ib4 #ag1 #dhe4 #ab ,see bel[1 #cbe4 #ac ,s already ,socrates und]/ood x2 ,x54 ,mem4 i #c1 #g4 #ad ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #beb-bee2 & see bel[1 #bed4 #ae ib4 #bhi-bib1 quot$ ,x54 ,mem4 ii #a1 #bj4 #af ,= in/ance1 to ,adam1 ,religi\s ,tea*]s1 ,lect4 ,v2 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 bk4 i1 *4 ii4 #ag ,orphic ,fragm5ts1 vi #aj-ab 7fr4 #abc ,abel74 #ah ,adam1 p4 #aad4 #ai ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 i pp4 #df-dh4 #bj ib4 #dh-ef4 #ba ib4 #ef-ei4 #bb ,! t]ms #8monism' & #8dualism' h rec5tly become ! wat*words ( oppos+ armies ( popul> philosoph]s1 especially 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ?is book !y /& = two aspects ( philosophical ?\ght :i* are n necess>ily irreconcileable4 ,= )\t su* contra/s z life & matt]1 univ]se & individual1 "r & wrong1 ?\ght is impossible2 s f> we are all #8duali/s4' ,yet z soon z we fix our att5tion on ^! contra/s1 we f9d t !y are n f9al1 b po9t t[>ds "s k9d ( ultimate reconciliation2 & to ?is ext5t all dilig5t ?9k]s t5d to become #8moni/s4' ,simil>ly ! broad moni/ic pr9ciple #8all ?+s are "o' is mean+less ap>t f "s k9d ( int]pretation 9 duali/ic language4 #bc ,see bel[1 #ga1 #aie4 #bd ,gomp]z1 i #abg4 #be ,?is phrase does n express a belief 9 poly!ism1 see ,adam1 p4 #bjd4 #bf ,x54 apud ,euseb4 ,praep4 ev4 xiii #ac4 #bg ,x5ophanes apud ,sext4 ma?4 ix #aic4 #bh ,id4 apud ,ari/4 ,rhet4 ii #bc4 #bi ,on ,x5ophanes see ,gomp]z1 i pp4 #aee-afd2 ,adam1 pp4 #aih-baa4 #cj #8,eyes & e>s are bad witnesses to m51 unless _! s\ls h wit' ,h]acl4 ,fr4 #d 7,bywat]71 #ajg 7,diels74 #ca #8,mu* le>n+ does n tea* s5se1 else x _h taught ,hesiod & ,py?agoras1 ,x5ophanes & ,hecataeus' ,fr4 #af ,b1 #dj ,d4 #cb #8,! ,^w is common1 yet mo/ m5 live z if !y own$ a private und]/&+' ,fr4 #ib ,b1 #b ,d4 #cc #8,all ?+s move & no?+ rema9s' ,plato ,crat4 #djb ,a4 #cd #8,li/5+ n to me b to ! ,^w x is reasonable to confess t all ?+s are "o' ,fr4 #a ,b1 #ej ,d4 #ce #8,all ?+s *ange ) fire & fire ) all ?+s1 z gold ) goods & goods ) gold' ,fr4 #bb ,b1 #ij ,d2 #8nei!r ,god nor man creat$ ?is ,_w-ord] 771 :i* is ! same = all be+s3 b x has be5 & %all be an ev]-liv+ fire' ,fr4 #bj ,b1 #cj ,d4 #cf #8,! fire %all "o day come1 judge all ?+s & condemn !m' ,fr4 #bf ,b1 #ff ,d4 #cg #8,:il/ we live1 our s\ls are dead & buri$ 9 u2 b :5 we die1 our s\ls revive & live' ,sext4 ,pyrrh4 in/41 iii #bcj 7,fr4 #gh ,b1 #hh ,d74 #ch #8,?is ,^w is always exi/5t' ,fr4 #b ,b1 #a ,d4 #ci ib4 #dj #8,!re is b "o wisdom1 to und]/& ! judgm5t by :i* all ?+s are /e]$ ?r\gh all' ,fr4 #ai ,b1 #da ,d4 #da #8,m5 fail 9 compreh5sion be=e !y h he>d ! ,^w & at fir/ ev5 aft] !y h he>d x4444 ,o!r m5 d n obs]ve :at !y d :5 !y are awake1 j z !y =get :at !y d :5 asleep' ,fr4 #b ,b1 #a ,d4 #db ,fr4 #ia ,b1 #aad ,d4 #dc ,adam1 pp4 #bag-bbb4 #dd ,gomp]z1 i p4 #fc4 #de ,see ,gladis*1 ,h]akleitos und ,zoroa/]2 ,ueb]weg1 ,grundriss1 p4 #ci2 above1 #ac4 #de;a ,gladis* traces ?is dualism 9 ,h]aclitus "u ! names ( ,zeus & ,hades 7see 8 p4 #bf1 note #ci74 #de;b ,clem4 ,/rom4 i #ad2 ,suidas1 s4 v4 ,h]akleitos4 7,gladis*1 pp4 #fe1 #ge74 #df ,agam4 #aee-afa1 #afg-aga4 #dg ,gomp]z1 ii p4 #ac4 #dh #8,half pr(essor & half j\rnali/--?is is ! be/ =mula t we c devise to *>act]ise ! sophi/ ( ! #e? c5tury ,b4,c4' ,gomp]z1 i p4 #dad4 #di ,see bel[1 #abd1 #acj1 & #aca4 #ej ,gomp]z1 i p4 #dbh4 #ea ,x54 ,mem4 ii #a1 #ba to #cd4 #eb ,gomp]z1 i p4 #dcj4 #ec ,see bel[1 #hi4 #ed ,gomp]z1 i p4 #dcc4 #ee ib4 p4 #dcg4 #ef ,ari/4 ,phys4 viii #a2 & see bel[1 #agc4 #ef;a ,x54 ,mem4 i #a1 #ah4 #eg ,plato1 ,apol4 p4 #cb4 #eh ,plato1 ,crito1 p4 #dd sqq4 #ei ,gomp]z1 ii p4 #dh4 #fj ,cic4 ,ac4 i #d1 #ae2 ,tusc4 disp4 v #d1 #aj4 #fa ,s54 ,ep4 #ga1 #g4 #fb ,x54 ,mem4 iii #g4 #fc ,x54 ,mem4 iv #f1 #a2 ,epict4 ,disc4 i #g1 #aa4 #fd ,x54 ,mem4 iv #e1 #ab2 ,ari/4 ,met4 xiii #d4 #fe ,x54 ,mem4 iv #g1 #aj4 ,! ,socratic mu/ n be tak5 too s]i\sly2 x is only "o ( _m t5tative sugge/ions = expla9+ ! process ( reason+1 ak9 to our mod]n use ( ! t]m #8g5ius' 9 connexion ) a*ievem5ts 9 poetry & art4 #ff ,plato1 ,pha$o1 p4 #ig c4 ,! passage gives ! impression ( a real rem9isc5ce2 at ! same "t its recognition z su* implies t ,socrates 0 n consi/5t 9 disreg>d+ all physical speculations4 #fg ,x54 ,mem4 i #d1 #d4 #fh ib4 i #d1 #b4 #fi ib4 i #d1 #i1 & iv #c1 #ad2 ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #f1 #ah4 #gj ib4 i #a1 #ai4 #ga ib4 #gb ,plato1 ,alc4 ii #adc ,a4 #gc ,x54 ,mem4 iii #i1 #d & #e4 #gd ib4 #ge 2 see ,plato ,prot4 p4 #cde ,d1 ,apol4 p4 #be1 ,x54 ,mem4 iv #b1 #bj4 ,no "o is will+ly ignorant1 & no "o does evil = any o!r reason ?an t he is ignorant ( ! good4 #gf ,9 accept+ g5]ally ! /atem5ts ( ,x5ophon z to ! religi\s & practical tea*+ ( ,socrates ,i am glad to f9d myself 9 agreem5t ) ,adam2 ,gomp]z on ! o!r h& is m sceptical4 ,x %\ld h[ev] always be realiz$ t ,socrates himself veil$ 8 positive op9ions "u ! =m ( sugge/ions & work+ hypo!ses or #8div9ations4' #gg ,mem4 i #a1 #a4 #gh ,grote1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 *4 lxviii4 ,gomp]z gives a v dramatic repres5tation ( ! attitude ( an ,a!nian ( ! old s*ool2 ,greek ,?9k]s1 ii pp4 #id-ig4 #gi #8ex illius ,socratis v>iis et div]sis et 9 omnem p>tem diffusis disputationibus alius aliud appreh5d]at' ,cic4 de ,orat4 iii #af1 #fa4 #hj ,diog4 ,l4 vi #b4 #ha #8,anti/h5es 444 popul>es deos multos1 naturalem unum esse dic5s' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ac1 #cb4 #hb ,clem4 ,alex4 ,protrept4 p4 #df ,c4 #hc ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #bb1 #ia4 #hd ,see bel[1 #cjc4 #he ,gomp]z1 ii p4 #adh1 ref]r+ to ,gttl+'s book1 ,diog5es d] ,cynik] od] die ,philosophie des grie*is*5 ,prolet>iats 7,halle #ahea74 #hf ,diog4 ,l4 vi #ajc4 #hg ib4 vi #aa4 #hh ,see ,plato1 ,!aet4 #aee ,e1 ,soph4 #bea ,b2 ,ari/otle1 ,met4 vii #c1 #g4 #hi ,see bel[1 #afc4 #ij ,see bel[1 #bbj & #bba4 #ia #8hoc int] nos et illos ,/ilbonem etc4 int]e/2 no/] sapi5s v9cit quidem incommodum omne1 s$ s5tit2 illorum ne s5tit quidem' ,s54 ,ep4 #i1 #c4 #ib ,gomp]z1 ii p4 #aif4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,academy ,,& ,,! ,,por*4 ,sid5ote3 ,political *anges ( ! #d? c5tury4 #eh4 ,be=e a hundr$ ye>s _h pass$ s9ce ! dea? ( ,socrates1 ! face ( ! ,greek _w _h be5 completely *ang$4 ,a!ns1 ,lac$aemon1 ,cor9?1 ,!bes1 :i* _h be5 great p[]s1 _h sunk into comp>ative insignificance2 _! preem95ce 0 gone1 & ev5 ( _! indep5d5ce b little rema9$4 ,?r\gh\t ,greece prop] ! ,mac$onian 0 ma/]4 ,b if ! old-fa%ion$ politician suff]$ a bitt] disappo9tm5t1 & ! adh]5ts ( ! old poly!ism despair$ ( ! future1 !re 0 ri* comp5sation = ! "y & ! hopeful4 ,petty w>s betwe5 neighb\r+ cities1 ) _! we>isome refra9 #8& ! m5 !y kill$1 & ! wom5 & *ildr5 !y enslav$#a1' began to be less common2 int]nal & /ill m murd]\s /rife betwe5 bigot$ olig>*s or democrats began to be *eck$ f )\t4 ,= ! enlight5$ ,greek a new _w ( ent]prise _h be5 op5$ up 9 ! ,ea/4 ,alex&] ! ,great _h n only conqu]$ ,asia ,m9or1 & e/abli%$ ev]y:]e ! ,greek language & a ,greek bureaucracy2 he _h op5$ ! way to ! f> ,ea/1 & po9t$ out ,india & ev5 ,*9a z fields = ! m]*ant & ! coloniz]4 ,8 "w _h be5 p>tly fru/rat$ by ! disord]s t foll[$ 8 dea?2 b if a*ievem5t 0 ?us h9d]$1 hopes 7 n s quickly ext+ui%$4 ,^! new hopes 7 n likely to be accompani$ by any la/+ regrets = ! disappe>ance ( anci5t sy/ems ( gov]nm5t n[ reg>d$ z effete or ridicul\s1 or ( inh]it$ my?ologies :i* 7 at e po9t 9 conflict ) ! moral s5se#b4 ,sid5ote3 ,ea/ & ,we/4 #ei4 ,! same hi/oric ev5ts :i* op5$ ! ,ea/ to ,hell5ic adv5tur]s also made ! way into ,europe easy = ! ,ori5tal4 ,z ! soldi] & ! adm9i/rator travell$ ea/w>d1 s ! m]*ant & ! philosoph] pu%$ 8 way to ! ,we/4 ,n m]ely 9 ,p]sia _h anci5t sup]/itions be5 swept away by re=m+ zeal2 ! ,jews 7 n[ spread+ f t[n to t[n ! en?usiasm ( a univ]saliz$ religion :i* 0 ridd+ itself ( bloody sacrifices2 &1 = ! "t at lea/1 ! humane philosophy ( ! ,buddha 0 dom9ant 9 ,india1 0 be+ prea*$ f> & wide by self-sacrific+ monks1 & 0 inspir+ ! policy ( great mon>*ies4 ,we f9d x h>d to picture ! cla%+ ( ideals1 en?usiasms1 & ambitions :i* 0 at ?is "t tak+ place 9 all ! great cities ( ! old _w2 b x is c]ta9 t 9 ! univ]sal excitem5t ! old di/9ctions ( ,greek & b>b>ian1 ,jew & ,g5tile1 ri* & poor1 free & slave1 man & woman 7 ev]y:]e becom+ weak5$1 & community ( ?\ght & temp]am5t 7 beg9n+ to reunite on a new basis individuals :o _h brok5 loose f ! ties ( anci5t society4 ,sid5ote3 ,new s*ools ( philosophy4 #fj4 ,dur+ ?is f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! f\ndations 7 laid ( ! f\r philosophical s*ools :i* 7 de/9$ to vie "o ) ano!r = ! allegiance ( ! ,roman _w4 ,! ,socratic s*ools :i* we h already m5tion$1 ^? ( ! ,cynics & ,cyr5aics1 did n p]haps altoge!r die out2 9 p>ticul> ! ,cynic mission>ies appe> to h be5 a social =ce until ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,b _! intellectual basis 0 too n>r[ to admit ( _! effective transplantation to new soil4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury ea* gave place to a new s*ool1 :i* pres]v$ ! c5tral doctr9es ( its pr$ecessor4 ,! ,socratic p>adoxes 7 h&$ on f ! ,cynics to ! ,/oics2 ! doctr9e t pleasure is ! good 0 accept$ by ,epicurus4 ,/oics & ,epicureans disput$ ) a bitt]ness z yet unequall$1 f9d+ !mselves j z mu* oppos$ ^u ! subjects ( logic & physics1 :i* !y introduc$ anew into popul> philosophy1 z ^u ! que/ions ( e?ics on :i* _! antipa?ies 7 inh]it$4 ,betwe5 !m /ood two s*ools :i* _h mean:ile e/abli%$ !mselves4 ,plato1 himself a companion ( ,socrates1 f\nd$ ! ,academy at ,a!ns ab\t #chj ,b4,c42 & if he did n impress 8 own tea*+ ^u x ) absolute fixity1 /ill ! s*ool fl\ri%$ "u a succession ( lead]s1 always pr\d ( ! fame ( its f\nd]1 & r5d]+ him at lea/ a nom9al allegiance4 ,f ! ,academy bran*$ (f ! s*ool ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 f\nd$ by ,plato's pupil ,ari/otle ab\t #cej ,b4,c4 ,aft] ,ari/otle's dea? ?is s*ool gravitat$ t[>ds ! ,academics1 & 9 lat] c5turies !re seem$ little diff]5ce1 if any1 betwe5 ! two4 ,if ,/oicism may be call$ ! *ild ( ,cynism1 x l>gely drew n\ri%m5t f ^! two s*ools & _! f\nd]s4 ,"s acc\nt ( ! tea*+ ( ,plato & ,ari/otle is !re=e ne$$ "h1 p>tly because ( ! great importance ( bo? 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( philosophy1 p>tly because ( _! direct influ5ce ^u ! subject ( ?is book4 ,on acc\nt ( ! mu* great] prom95ce ( ! ,academy 9 ! lat] hi/ory we %all (t5 use ?is t]m to ref] to ! g5]al tea*+ ( ! two alli$ s*ools4 ,sid5ote3 ,plato4 #fa4 ,( all ! companions ( ,socrates f> ! mo/ fam\s is ,,plato ( ,a!ns 7#dbg-cdg ,b4,c471 ! f\nd] ( ! philosophical association kn[n z ! #8,academy4' ,9 ! g5]al judgm5t ( lov]s ( ,greek lett]s he /&s out n m]ely z a great ma/] ( ,attic prose /yle1 b also z ! able/ expon5t ( ! true m9d ( ,socrates#c1 & ! mo/ brilliant light ( ,greek philosophy#d4 ,on ! fir/ po9t ?is judgm5t /&s un*all5g$2 = delicate & good-natur$ wit1 felicity ( illu/ration & sugge/iv5ess ( ?\ght ! ,platonic dialogues are unrivall$4 ,b x is only 9 8 e>li] writ+s t we c accept ,plato z a repres5tative ( ,socrates2 aft] ! dea? ( 8 ma/] he travell$ = _m ye>s 9 ,egypt1 ,l[] ,italy1 & ,sicily1 & absorb$ 9 p>ticul> mu* ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,py?agoreans4 ,! !ory ( #8ideas1' ! special *>act]i/ic ( ,plato's lat] "w1 is n /rictly ,socratic4 ,nei!r1 we mu/ add1 is x ( fir/-rate importance 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght2 f our po9t ( view x lies ap>t f ! ma9 curr5t bo? ( speculation & ( practice4 ,x 0 a /ill-born !ory1 n accept$ ev5 by ,plato's successors 9 ! control ( ! ,academy#e4 ,we are !re=e v little conc]n$ ) ! direct tea*+ ( ,plato2 b all ! m readily x %\ld be ackn[l$g$ t ! ,/oics 7 (t5 indebt$ to him = help 9 ! treatm5t ( important details1 & t ! ,platonic attitude rema9$ = !m a factor ( :i* !y ne$$ cont9u\sly to take acc\nt4 ,sid5ote3 ,plato's realism4 #fb4 ,a /rik+ feature ( ! ,platonic dialogues is t _! results are usually negative4 ,fir/ ! op9ions ( ! cr[d1 !n ^? ( ,socrates' contempor>ies ! #8sophi/s' & ( ! o!r ,socratic s*ools are subject$ to a cross-exam9ation1 "u :i* !y are "o & all %ewn to be unreasonable4 ,?is cross-exam9ation is q 9 ! ,socratic _s1 & is be=e all ?+s a m5tal gymna/ic1 tra9+ ! dialectician to obs]ve ) ke5] eye & to discuss ) apt] tongue ?an 8 fell[s4 ,gradually !re em]ges f a mass ( d\bts some?+ l a positive !ory t ,plato is prep>$ to adopt4 ,! true reason+ is t ( induction f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 f ! individual to ! class4 ,9 ! class "n we come ^u ! true be+ ( ! individual1 & by a "r def9ition ( x we disc]n :at ea* ?+ really is4 ,! #8idea1' :i* corresponds to ! class "n1 is alone really exi/5t2 ! individual is a m or less imp]fect imitation ( x 774 ,9 ?is way ,plato f\nd :at seem$ to him a solution ( a difficulty :i* ,socrates h>dly felt1 t ( expla9+ ! p>ticipation 77 ( ! p>ticul> 9 ! g5]al 7 or 74 ,?us :]e ord9>y m5 see #8horses1' & ,anti/h5es holds t !y are "r1 ,plato sees #8hors9ess1' or ! idea ( #8horse4' ,9 ! language ( m$ieval philosophy ,plato is a reali/1 t is1 "o :o holds t our ,ideas are m ?an :at m5 mean :5 !y say #8m]e ideas'2 t !y are ,realities1 & h _! be+ 9 a truly exi/+ _w2 & t 9 kn[+ !m we "k :at is4 ,b j z ,plato holds t g5]al conceptions are alone true & real1 s he necess>ily ma9ta9s t objects p]ceivable by ! s5ses are only half-real1 & t ! ord9>y man lives 9 a _w ( illusions4 ,?us ! ?\ghts ( ! philosoph] are sep>at$ by an abyss f ! _w 9 :i* m5 live & die4 ,sid5ote3 ,god & ! s\l4 #fc4 ,^u ! basis ( ! individual #8ideas' ,plato builds up by a process ( classification & induction high] & small] classes ( ideas1 until we beg9 to see ! vision ( a s+le idea1 a class :i* includes all classes1 a supreme #8be+' f :i* all be+ is d]iv$4 ,?is highe/ idea is v>i\sly sugge/$ by ! names #8! ,good1' #8! ,beautiful1' #8! ,"o4' ,by a sudd5 trans=mation x becomes ! ,creator 77 ( ! univ]se4 ,conta9+ 9 itself all be+1 x ne$s = its op]ation "s k9d ( =mless & in]t matt]2 = ?is ! "n 1 #8! unlimit$1' is tak5 f ,anaxim&]4 ,! :ole creat$ univ]se may be consid]$ z ! jo9t production ( ! #8idea' & ! #8unlimit$'2 & ! cosmology ( ,anaxagoras1 #8all ?+s 7 toge!r1 & m9d came & ord]$ !m1' is sub/antially ju/ifi$4 ,! _w ?us creat$ is bo? good & beautiful1 = x is made by a good ,creator on ! be/ ( patt]ns4 ,! human s\l is ( triple nature4 ,! highe/ "p1 ! rational s\l 7 71 is seat$ 9 ! head2 ! emotional s\l 7 7 9 ! he>t2 ! appetitive s\l 7 7 9 ! belly4 ,ov] ^! two l[] s\ls ! reason+ "p %\ld hold control1 z a driv] ov] two unruly /e$s#f4 ,! rational s\l has exi/$ be=e bir?1 & may hope = immortality1 = x is knit up ) ! idea ( #8be+4' ,ultimately x may ev5 atta9 to p]fection1 if x is purifi$ z by fire f bas] elem5ts t h atta*$ !mselves to x4 ,sid5ote3 ,e?ics & ,politics4 #fd4 ,plato himself does n =mulate an e?ical ideal ( ! same precision t 8 successors us$1 b we inf] f 8 works a goal t[>ds :i* he po9ts4 ,?us ! e?ical end = ea* man is ! greate/ possible p>ticipation 9 ! idea ( ! good1 ! close/ atta9able imitation ( ! deity4 ,! virtue ( ea* "p ( ! human s\l lies 9 ! fit p]=mance ( its prop] "w2 t ( ! reason+ s\l is ,wisdom 772 ( ! emotional s\l ,c\rage 772 ( ! appetitive s\l ,sob]ness 774 ,ov] all 7x is h9t$ r ?an /at$7 rules ! supreme virtue ( ,ju/ice 771 assign+ to ea* "p its prop] function4 ,?us ! f\r c>d9al virtues are d$uc$ z a practical application f ! ,platonic psy*ology4 ,! high position assign$ to ,ju/ice leads up to ! practical doctr9e ( ,mod]ation 772 ev5 ! virtues are re/rict$ bo? 9 _! int5sity & 9 _! sph]es ( "w1 & if any virtue passes its prop] limit x becomes *ang$ into ! vice t bord]s on x4 ,?us ! ideal ( practical life is ! #8mod]ate man1' calm1 consid]ate1 & self-respect+1 t\*$ ) a w>m fl[ ( feel+1 b nev] c>ri$ away into excitem5t2 & ev5 ?is ideal is /rictly subord9ate to t ( ! life ( philosophic contemplation4 ,! ideal ,/ate is modell$ on ! individual man4 ,to ! ?ree p>ts ( ! s\l correspond ?ree classes ( citiz5s2 ! rul]s1 ^: virtue is ,wisdom2 ! gu>dians1 on :om ,c\rage is incumb5t2 ! lab\r]s & tradesm51 :o owe ! ,/ate ,sob]ness & ob$i5ce4 ,?us ! political sy/em to :i* ,plato leans is t ( an ,ari/ocracy2 = ! middle class 9 8 /ate has only an executive "p 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & ! l[] ord]s are entirely exclud$ f x4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/otle4 #fe4 ,by f> ! greate/ ( ,plato's pupils 0 ,,ari/otle ( ,/agira 7#chd-cbb ,b4,c471 :o introduc$ into philosophy1 n[ convuls$ by ! disputes ( ! disciples ( ,socrates1 a _s ( reconciliation4 ,f 8 po9t ( view ! v>i\s cont5tions are n s mu* errone\s z defective4 ,to atta9 ! tru? we ne$ fir/ to collect ! v>i\s op9ions t are commonly held1 & !n to seek ! reconcil+ =mula ( :i* ea* "o is a p>tial /atem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! t5 categories4 #ff4 ,9 8 inve/igation ,ari/otle did n altoge!r break ) ,plato's !ory ( ideas1 b br\ght !m f a transc5d5tal _w into t\* ) common life4 ,he held fa/ to ! me?od ( induction 77 f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 & agre$ t we rea* ! true nature ( ea* ?+ :5 we h det]m9$ ! class-conception4 ,b ! class-conception or idea 771 ?\gh ! mo/ real exi/5ce1 does n exi/ indep5d5tly1 b only 9 & ?r\gh ! p>ticul>s1 :i* compose ! class4 ,hav+ ?us come to see t !re are gradations ( exi/5ce1 we ne$ to inquire :at ^! are2 & to classify ! v>i\s k9ds ( judgm5t ) reg>d to :i* we inquire :e!r !y are true or false4 ,n[ by obs]vation we f9d t judgm5ts or pr$ications h t5 diff]5t %apes1 to :i* !re=e !re mu/ correspond t5 k9ds ( exi/5ce4 ,^! are ! well-kn[n #8categories' ( ,ari/otle1 & are z foll[s3 7i7 #8sub/ance1' z :5 we say #8?is is a man1' #8a horse'2 7ii7 #8quantity1' z t he is #8six feet high'2 7iii7 #8quality1' z #8a gramm>ian'2 7iv7 #8relation1' z #8twice z mu*'2 7v7 #8place1' z #8at ,a!ns'2 7vi7 #8"t1' z #8la/ ye>'2 7vii7 #8position1' z #8ly+ d[n'2 7viii7 #8possession1' z #8) a sword'2 7ix7 #8action1' z #8cuts'2 & 7x7 #8passion1' z #8is cut' or #8is burn$4' ,ari/otle ?us re9/ates ! cr$it ( ! common man2 he x is :o possesses ! sub/ance ( tru? & gives x habitual expression by spee*1 ev5 r\ghly indicat+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( exi/5ce by diff]5t =ms ( words4 ,x is n[ indicat$ t a /udy ( gramm> is requir$ z ! f\ndation ( logic4 ,ari/otle also greatly advanc$ ! /udy ( t k9d ( reason+ :i* proce$s f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>1 & :i* is be/ express$ 9 t]ms ( ! #8syllogism' 771 ( :i* he def9$ ! v>i\s =ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,! f\r causes4 #fg4 ,9 ! /udy ( physics ,ari/otle picks up ! ?read :i* ,socrates _h dropp$ delib]ately1 t is1 ! tea*+ ( ! ,ionic philosoph]s4 ,ei!r directly f ,emp$ocles1 or f a cons5sus ( op9ion n[ fairly e/abli%$1 he accept$ ! doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5ts 771 e>?1 wat]1 air1 & fire2 b to ^! he add$ a fif? 7 1 qu9ta ess5tia71 ! ae!r1 :i* fills ! cele/ial spaces4 ,beh9d ?is analysis lies ! m important problem ( cosmology1 ! "q h[ ?is _w comes to be4 ,collect+ once m ! op9ions commonly held1 ,ari/otle concludes t f\r que/ions are usually ask$1 & t 9 !m ! se>* is be+ made = f\r #8causes1' :i* w solve ! respective que/ions4 ,! f\r causes are3 7i7 ! ,creator1 or #8effici5t cause1' answ]+ ! "q2--,:o made ! _w8 7ii7 ! ,sub/ance1 or #8mat]ial cause'2--( :at did he make x8 7iii7 ! ,plan1 or #8modal cause'2--accord+ to :at design8 7iv7 ! ,end1 or #8f9al cause'2--= :at purpose8#g ,review+ ^! #8causes' ,ari/otle concludes t ! fir/1 ?ird1 & f\r? are ultimately "o1 ! ,creator conta9+ 9 8 own nature bo? ! plan & ! purpose ( 8 "w#h4 ,! solution is !re=e duali/ic1 & agrees sub/antially ) t ( ,plato2 ! ultimate exi/5ces are 7i7 an in=m+ p[]1 & 7ii7 matt] t has ! pot5tiality ( accept+ =m4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is dualism ( ,ari/otle ! t]m #8matt]' 71 mat]ia7 has ev] s9ce possess$ associations :i* did n belong to x 9 ! "t ( ! hylozoi/s4 ,matt] n[ beg9s to sugge/ some?+ lifeless1 in]t1 & un9tellig5t2 & to be %>ply contra/$ n only ) su* conceptions z #8,god' & #8m9d1' b also ) motion & =ce4 ,= ?is reason ! ,/oics 9 re9troduc+ monism pref]r$ a new t]m1 z we %all see bel[#i4 ,sid5ote3 ,! microcosm4 #fh4 ,:at ,god is to ! univ]se1 t ! s\l is to ! body1 :i* is a #8little univ]se#aj4' ,b ! reason+ "p ( ! s\l only is entirely di/9ct2 ?is is ( div9e nature1 & has ent]$ ! body f )\t2 x is at once its =mative pr9ciple1 its plan1 & its end4 ,! l[] p>ts ( ! s\l are knit up ) ! body1 & mu/ p]i% ) x4 ,s f> ,ari/otle's tea*+ diff]s little f t ( ,plato2 b a new po9t ( view is introduc$ :5 he speaks ( ! s\l z subject to #8diseases' 771 & ?us assigns to ! practical philosoph] a social function z ! comrade ( ! physician4 ,among/ ! diseases he specially names ,pity & ,fe>1 :i* assail ! emotional "p ( ! s\l4 ,_! cure is f\nd 9 #8purg+' 771 t is to say 9 _! complete expulsion f ! s\l1 z reason & circum/ances may require2 b ,ari/otle by no means consid]s t ! analogy betwe5 body & s\l is complete1 or t ! emotions %\ld always be reg>d$ z injuri\s#aa4 ,sid5ote3 ,e?ics & ,politics4 #fi4 ,9 sett+ =? an ideal = human activity ,ari/otle conceives t o!r philosoph]s h diff]$ m 9 words ?an 9 sub/ance1 & he hopes to reconcile !m ?r\gh ! new t]m #8bless$ness' 774 ,?is bless$ness is atta9$ :5 ! s\l is actively employ$ 9 a virtu\s way1 & :5 x is s circum/anc$ t x comm&s ! in/rum5ts ( su* action1 t is1 9 a life :i* is adequately furni%$4 ,on su* activity pleasure mu/ assur$ly att5d1 & x is !re=e ne$less to seek x ( set purpose4 ,fur!r1 virtue appe>s p]sonifi$ 9 ! #8true g5tleman' 7 71 :o ev] avoids vici\s extremes1 & f9ds 8 highe/ satisfaction 9 pure contemplation1 j z ! ,creator himself lives to contemplate ! _w he has produc$#ab4 ,9 politics ,ari/otle c f9d gr\nd = approv+ 9 turn ( mon>*y1 olig>*y1 & democracy1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ea* /ate4 ,we _c h[ev] b feel t 8 sympa?ies po9t mo/ t[>ds mon>*y1 & t 8 p]sonal association ) ,alex&] ! ,great 0 9 full h>mony ) 8 inmo/ convictions4 ,z a means ( gov]nm5t he advocates be=e all ?+s ! education ( ! "y4 ,sid5ote3 ,social prepossessions4 #gj4 ,! philosophies ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 compreh5sive 9 _! range1 brilliant & v>i$ 9 _! col\r+1 nev]!less appeal effectively only to a limit$ circle4 ,socrates _h be5 ! companion ( ri* & poor alike2 ,plato & ,ari/otle address$ !mselves to m5 ( weal?1 position1 & ta/e4 ,_! sympa?ies appe> cle>ly 9 _! political sy/ems1 9 :i* ! sov]eign or ! ari/ocracy is consid]$ fit to play a "p1 :il/ ! _m are practically exclud$ f ! commonweal?1 sometimes z a h>mless flock :i* ne$s k9dly %eph]d+1 & at o!r times z a dang]\s cr[d :i* mu/ be deceiv$ or enslav$ = its own good4 ,^! prepossessions1 :i* we %all f9d reappe>+ )9 ! ,/oic sy/em1 appe> to weak5 ! practical =cefulness ( bo? philosophies4 ,9 ! ideal "* ! ,socratic #8=ce' has disappe>$1 & #8self-re/ra9t' alone is ! /&>d ( virtue2 ! j man moves quietly & conv5tionally ?r\gh life1 p]haps escap+ blame1 b h>dly a*iev+ di/9ction4 ,9 resum+ ! /udy ( ontology1 :i* ,socrates _h treat$ z a #8mi/ f ,ionia1' bright fancies _h be5 elaborat$ r ?an dom9at+ conceptions2 ! deity ( ,ari/otle seems b a fa9t reflex ( ! god ( ,socrates & ! ,cynics1 & nei!r ! #8idea' ( ,plato or ! #8matt]' ( ,ari/otle is s well fitt$ = ! _w's h>d "w z ! atoms ( ,leucippus & ,democritus4 ,! tea*]s :o succe$$ to ! control ( ! two s*ools incl9$ m & m to engross !mselves 9 special /udies1 & to leave on "o side ! great controv]sial problems4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,academics4 #ga4 ,! foll[]s ( ,plato 7 kn[n z ! #8,academics'3 among/ !m we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! #8old ,academy1' z ,cic]o t]ms !m#ac1 & ^? :o foll[$ ! innovations ( ,arcesilaus4 ,! old ,academy *iefly develop$ ! e?ical side ( ,plato's tea*+1 f9d+ t ! pa? ( virtue is indicat$ by ! natural capacities ( ! individual4 ,?us ,,x5ocrates ( ,*alc$on 7#cif-cad ,b4,c47 taught t ea* man's happ9ess result$ f ! virtue prop] to him 7 7#ad2 :il/ ,,polemo ( ,a!ns 7head ( ! s*ool #cad-bgj ,b4,c47 is said by ,cic]o to h def9$ x z consi/+ 9 #8virtu\s liv+1 aid$ by ^? advantages to :i* nature fir/ draws u1' !reby practically adopt+ ! /&>d ( ,ari/otle#ae4 ,! tea*+ ( ,polemo _h a direct influ5ce ^u t ( ,z5o ! f\nd] ( ,/oicism4 ,b ) ! fir/ successes ( ,/oicism ! ,academy reviv$ its dialectical position1 9 /rong opposition to ! dogmatism ( ! new s*ool4 ,,arcesilaus ( ,pitane 9 ,aeolia 7#cae-bdj ,b4,c47 reviv$ ! ,socratic cross-exam9ation1 always oppos+ himself to any !ory t might be prop\nd$ to him1 & draw+ ! conclusion t tru? c\ld nev] be c]ta9ly kn[n#af4 ,life mu/ !re=e be guid$ by consid]ations ( probability1 & ! e?ical /&>d is t #8( :i* a reasonable def5ce may be made#ag4' ,?is sceptical attitude 0 c>ri$ /ill fur!r by ,,c>neades ( ,cyr5e 7#bad-abi ,b4,c471 ^: acute criticism told ^u ! ,/oic lead]s ( 8 "t1 & =c$ !m to ab&on "s ( _! mo/ important positions4 ,f ?is "t a reconciliation betwe5 ! two s*ools set 9#ah4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,p]ipatetics4 #gb4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool f\nd$ by ,ari/otle are ( less importance to u4 ,! ,romans f\nd little diff]5ce betwe5 _! tea*+ & t ( ! e>li] ,academy4 ,cic]o m5tions t ! ,/oic ,panaetius 0 a ke5 /ud5t ( two ( ! pupils ( ,ari/otle1 ,,!ophra/us 78 successor z head ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool7 & ,,dicae>*us#ai2 among/ lat] tea*]s 9 ^: views he is int]e/$ he names ,,hi]onymus1 :o held t ! supreme good 0 fre$om f pa9#bj2 ,,callipho1 :o comb9$ virtue ) pleasure1 & ,,diodorus :o comb9$ x ) fre$om f pa9#ba2 & among/ 8 contempor>ies ,,/aseas ( ,naples1 :o /at$ ! same doctr9es 9 a slightly diff]5t =m#bb1 & ,,cratippus1 :om he select$ z a tea*] = 8 own son#bc4 ,x 0 a common compla9t ( ^! tea*]s t ! ,/oics _h /ol5 _! doctr9es :olesale1 & 7z is ! way ) ?ieves7 _h alt]$ ! names only#bd4 ,all ^! writ]s h[ev] agree 9 d5y+ ! doctr9e :i* ,z5o accept$ f ! ,cynics t #8virtue is suffici5t = happ9ess1' & lay /ress ^u ! supply ( ext]nal goods 77 z ne$$ to admit ( ! active ex]cise ( virtue4 ,!y 7 dilig5t /ud5ts ( ! writt5 works ( _! f\nd]1 & ?us op5$ ! way = ! "w ( erudition & int]pretation :i* f\nd its c5tre 9 ,alex&ria 9 a lat] p]iod4 ,sid5ote3 ,z5o4 #gc4 ,amid/ ! conflict ( ^! s*ools ,,z5o grew up4 ,born 9 ,citium on ! isl& ( ,cyprus 9 #ccf ,b4,c41 9 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,alex&] became k+ ( ,mac$on1 he he>d z a boy ( ! ,greek conque/ ( ! ,ea/1 & 0 only #ac ye>s ( age :5 its c\rse 0 *eck$ by ! dea? ( ,alex&]4 ,( ! t[n ( ,citium ! inhabitants 7 p>tly ,greek1 p>tly ,pho5ician2 & ,z5o1 :e!r or n he 0 ( ,pho5ician blood1 c]ta9ly d]iv$ f 8 environm5t some?+ ( ! "* ( ! ent]pris+ & mu*-travell$ ,pho5ician nation1 & imp>t$ ?is trait to ! s*ool :i* he f\nd$4 ,he 0 nicknam$ by 8 contempor>ies #8! ,pho5ician1' & ! title clung to 8 foll[]s#be4 ,8 fa!r 0 a m]*ant ( purple1 & (t5 travell$ 9 ! "o direction to ,tyre & ,sidon1 9 ! o!r z f> z ,a!ns1 :5ce he br\ght back a numb] ( #8,socratic books1' :i* 7 eag]ly read by ! "y ,z5o1 & 9 "t attract$ him to ! fam\s ,greek city#bf4 ,we may presume t :5 he fir/ came to ,a!ns he int5d$ to c>ry fur!r 8 /udies )\t ab&on+ 8 call+2 b :5 news rea*$ him ( ! wreck ( ! %ip :i* c>ri$ all 8 goods1 he welcom$ x z a call to devote himself entirely to philosophy#bg4 ,8 fir/ /ep 9 ,a!ns 0 to seek out ! man :o be/ repres5t$ ! "* ( ,socrates1 z repres5t$ 9 ,x5ophon's ,memoirs2 & x is said t a booksell] accord+ly po9t$ him to ,,crates ( ,!bes#bh1 ! pupil & 7x w\ld seem7 ! successor ( ,diog5es z ackn[l$g$ head ( ! ,cynic s*ool4 ,sid5ote3 ,z5o jo9s ! ,cynics4 #gd4 ,our au?orities busy !mselves *iefly ) n>rat+ ! ecc5tricities ( ,crates1 :o wore w>m clo?+ 9 summ] & rags 9 w9t]1 ent]$ ! !atre z ! audi5ce 7 com+ out1 & drank wat] in/ead ( w9e4 ,b d\btless1 l 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! ,cynic s*ool1 he 0 a man ( ! true ,socratic "*1 :o _h tra9$ himself to be> hung] & ?ir/1 heat & cold1 flatt]y & abuse4 ,8 life & wisdom won him ! love ( ! high-born ,hipp>*ia1 :o turn$ f h] weal?y & noble suitors1 *oos+ in/ead ! pov]ty ( ,crates1 :o _h ab&on$ all 8 possessions4 ,9 8 company %e w5t f h\se to h\se1 knock+ at all doors 9 turn1 sometimes admoni%+ ! inmates ( _! s9s1 sometimes %>+ ) !m _! meals#bi4 ,9 su* a life ,z5o recognis$ ! =cefulness ( ,socrates1 & 9 ! dogmas ( ! ,cynic s*ool he rea*$ ! f\ndation on :i* t life 0 built4 ,f t f\ndation nei!r ,z5o nor 8 true foll[]s ev] dep>t$1 & ?us ,/oicism embodi$ & spread ! fundam5tal dogmas ( ,cynism1 t ! individual alone is really exi/5t1 t virtue is ! supreme good1 & t ! wise man1 ?\gh a begg>1 is truly a k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,z5o's ,republic4 #ge4 ,:il/ /ill an adh]5t ( ! ,cynic s*ool#cj1 ,z5o wrote 8 or ,republic1 :i* is evid5tly an attack on ,plato's "w ) ! same title#ca4 ,if ?is "w does n reveal to u ! fully develop$ philosoph]1 x at lea/ %ews u bett] ?an any o!r evid5ce :at ! man ,z5o 04 ,8 ideal 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]fect ,/ate1 a completion ( ! "w 9 :i* ,alex&] _h fail$2 & he f\nd a />t+-po9t 9 a treatise by ,anti/h5es on ! same subject4 ,! ideal ,/ate mu/ embrace ! :ole _w1 s t a man no long] says1 #8,i am ( ,a!ns1' or #8( ,sidon1' b #8,i am a citiz5 ( ! _w#cb4' ,its laws mu/ be ^? :i* are prescrib$ by nature1 n by conv5tion4 ,x w h no images or temples1 = ^! are unwor?y ( ! nature ( ! deity2 no sacrifices1 because he _c be pleas$ by co/ly gifts2 no law-c\rts1 = its citiz5s w d "o ano!r no h>m2 no /atues1 = ! virtues ( its inhabitants w be its adornm5t#cc2 no gymnasia1 = its y\? mu/ n wa/e _! "t 9 idle ex]cises#cd4 ,! p w n be divid$ into classes 7& "h ,plato's ,republic is contradict$71 = all alike w be wise m5#ce2 nor w m5 & wom5 be clo!d diff]5tly1 or %amefac$ly hide any "p ( _! bodies#cf4 ,no man w speak ( a woman z 8 prop]ty1 = wom5 w belong to ! community only#cg4 ,z = ! dead1 m5 w n tr\ble :e!r !y bury !m 7z ! ,greeks71 burn !m 7z ! ,indians71 or give !m to ! birds 7z ! ,p]sians72 = x matt]s n at all :at happ5s to m5's dead bodies#ch1 b :e!r _! s\ls %all rea* ! abodes ( ! ble/1 or ne$ h]eaft] to be purg$ by fire f ! f\lness !y h contract$ ?r\gh contact ) ! body#ci4 ,to conclude1 ,love %all be ma/] ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate1 be+ z x 7 a ,god coop]at+ = ! good ( ! :ole#dj2 & ! wise man %all be a citiz5 9 x1 n a mission>y1 & %all be surr\nd$ ) wife & *ildr5#da4 ,sid5ote3 ,z5o seeks k4 #gf4 ,z5o1 aft] writ+ 8 ,republic1 took up a position m indep5d5t ( ! ,cynics4 ,he c\ld n1 p]haps1 avoid notic+ t ! com+ ( 8 model ,k+dom 0 h9d]$ by ! n>r[m9d$ness ( ! philosoph]s1 _! disagreem5t "o ) ano!r1 & _! lack ( cle> pro(s = _! dogmas4 ,he began to realize t ! /udy ( dialectics & physics 0 ( m importance ?an 8 ,cynic tea*]s w\ld all[2 & he seems to h conceiv$ ! idea ( unit+ ! ,socratic s*ools4 ,he became eag] to le>n f all s\rces1 & turn$ fir/ to ,/ilpo1 :o !n repres5t$ ! ,meg>ian s*ool#db4 ,crates1 we are told1 tri$ to drag him back f ,/ilpo by =ce2 to :i* ,z5o retort$ t argum5t w\ld be m to ! po9t#dc4 ,f ?is "t he no long] re/rict$ 8 outlook to =ce ( "*1 b s\ght also = argum5tative p[] & well asc]ta9$ k4 ,! f\ndations ( 8 /ate mu/ be surely laid1 n ^u ! *ang+ tide ( op9ion1 b on ! rock ( k4 ,t a wise man %\ld hesitate1 *ange 8 views1 )draw 8 advice1 he felt w\ld be a bitt] reproa*#dd4 ,if inde$ virtue1 ! supreme good1 is k1 mu/ x n foll[ t k is )9 ! rea* ( man8 ,sid5ote3 ,z5o's !ory ( k4 #gg4 ,! *ief cause ( error1 ,z5o f\nd1 lay 9 ha/y ass]tion2 & ?is he held 0 a fault n s mu* ( ! intellect z ( ! w4 ,9 ! simple/ case ! s5ses pres5t to ! m9d a #8picture' 71 visum71 c>ry+ ) x ! sugge/ion ( a /atem5t 7e4g4 #8t is a horse'74 ,b x is = ! man to consid] well :e!r ?is sugge/ion is true1 & only to give 8 #8ass5t' 71 ads5sus7 :5 he is s assur$4 ,ass5t is an act ( ! w1 & !re=e 9 our p[]4 ,( a picture to :i* he has giv5 8 ass5t ! wise man %\ld reta9 a firm hold2 x !n becomes an item ( #8compreh5sion' 7 1 compreh5sio71 & may be /or$ 9 ! memory1 ?us prep>+ ! way = fur!r acquisitions ( k1 :i* 9 ! end comb9e 9 #8sci5tific k' 71 sci5tia74 ,?is !ory is little m ?an an exhortation aga9/ ! prevail+ error ( ha/y ?\ght 71 op9io72 b x made a v deep impression1 especially z en=c$ by ,z5o's ge/ures4 ,he /ret*$ out 8 f+]s & %ew$ ! op5 palm1 say+ #8,su* is a picture4' ,he p>tially contract$ 8 f+]s1 & said #8,?is is ass5t4' ,mak+ a clos$ fi/1 he said #8,?is is compreh5sion4' ,!n clos+ 9 ! left h& ov] ! "r he press$ 8 fi/ tight1 & said #8,?is is sci5ce1 & only ! wise man c atta9 to x#de4' ,we h no reason to suppose t ?is !ory 0 9 any way sugge/$ by ,/ilpo1 f :om h[ev] ,z5o probably le>nt to atta* importance to ! =mal "p ( reason+1 su* z #8def9ition' & ! use ( ! syllogism4 ,) ,/ilpo he %>$ an av]sion to ! ,platonic !ory ( ideas1 ma9ta9+ t ideas are by no means realities b h only a #8k9d ( exi/5ce' 9 our m9ds1 or 7z we %\ld call x to-day7 a #8subjective exi/5ce#df4' ,sid5ote3 ,z5o /udies "u ,polemo4 #gh4 ,9 becom+ 9 turn a li/5] to ,polemo1 ,z5o1 we may imag9e1 ent]$ a new _w4 ,he left beh9d ! r\gh mann]s1 ! /++ retorts1 & ! n>r[ culture ( ! ,cynics & ,eri/ics#dg1 to sit ) o!r intellig5t /ud5ts#dh at ! feet ( a man ( cultur$ mann]s#di & wide read+1 :o to a love = ,hom] & ,sophocles#ej _h1 we mu/ suppose1 add$ an intimate k ( ! works ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 0 himself a great writ]#ea1 & yet consi/5tly taught t n le>n+1 b a natural & heal?y life 0 ! end to be atta9$4 ,t ,z5o pr(it$ mu* f 8 /udies "u ,polemo we may conjecture f ,polemo's good-natur$ compla9t1 #8,i see well :at y are aft]3 y break d[n my g>d5 wall & /eal my tea*+1 :i* y dress 9 ,pho5ician clo!s#eb4' ,f ?is "t x became a conv5tional compla9t t ,/oic doctr9e 0 /ol5 f t ( ! ,academics3 yet ! %>p conflict betwe5 ! two s*ools %ews t ?is _c apply to ess5tials4 ,b 9 two important matt]s at lea/ ,z5o mu/ h be5 indebt$ to ,academic tea*+4 ,?is s*ool _h elaborat$ ! doctr9e ( ,anaxagoras1 :i* s attract$ ,socrates1 t ! _w began ) ! work+ ( m9d ^u unord]$ matt]4 ,s too1 accord+ to all our au?orities1 ,z5o taught t !re are two beg9n+s1 ! active :i* is id5tifi$ ) ! deity or ,logos1 & ! passive :i* is in]t matt]1 or sub/ance )\t quality#ec4 ,?is doctr9e appe>s to pl$ge ,z5o to a duali/ic view ( ! univ]se4 ,sid5ote3 #8,s\l is body4' #gi4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,platonic tea*+ on ! s\l 0 rev]s$ by ,z5o4 ,he d5i$ ! opposition betwe5 s\l & body4 #8,s\l is ,brea?#ed1' he taught1 & #8s\l is body#ee4' ,) ,plato's ?reefold division ( ! s\l he w\ld h no?+ to d2 r he ma9ta9$ t ! s\l has eight p>ts#ef1 ea* display+ itself 9 a di/9ct p[] or capacity1 :il/ all ( !m are qualities or op]ations ( "o s\l 9 v>i\s relations#eg4 ,9 ?is "p ( 8 philosophy ,z5o appe>s z a /rong moni/1 & 8 debt to ! ,platoni/s is necess>ily re/rict$ to details4 ,sid5ote3 ,z5o /udies ,h]aclitus4 #hj4 ,x w\ld seem !n t ,z5o aft] seek+ = philosophic safety = "s tw5ty ye>s 9 "o h>b\r aft] ano!r _h s f> made %ipwreck4 ,b f ?is %ipwreck ( 8 intellectual hopes he c\ld aft]w>ds c\nt ! beg9n+ ( a fair voyage#eh4 ,z he eag]ly discuss$ ) 8 y\ng] fell[-/ud5t ,arcesilaus ! tea*+ ( _! ma/] ,polemon1 he took c\rage to po9t out its weak po9ts#ei1 & began to quote 9 8 own def5ce n only 8 previ\s tea*]s ,crates & ,/ilpo1 b also ! works ( ,h]aclitus#fj4 ,he ?us broke d[n ! b>ri] :i* ,socrates _h set up aga9/ ! ,ionic philosoph]s4 ,f ,h]aclitus ,z5o drew two doctr9es ( fir/-rate importance2 ! fir/1 t ( ! et]nal fire#fa & its mutation into ! elem5ts 9 turn#fb2 ! second 7already ref]r$ to7 t ( ! ,logos#fc4 ,x is evid5t t ! ,h]aclitean doctr9e ( fire breaks d[n ! di/9ction betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 active & passive1 s\l & body2 & is !re=e inconsi/5t ) ! dualism :i* ,z5o _h p>tly borr[$ f ,plato4 ,x is n cle> :e!r ,z5o atta9$ to cle>ness on ?is po9t2 b 9 ! g5]al tea*+ ( ! ,/oics ! moni/ic doctr9e prevail$#fd4 ,h5ce ,god is n sep>ate f body1 b is himself body 9 its pure/ =m#fe4 ,! ,logos or div9e reason is ! p[] :i* p]vades & gives %ape to ! univ]se#ff2 & ?is ,logos is id5tical ) ! deity1 t is ) ! primitive & creative ,fire#fg4 ,! ,logos 7 1 v]a ratio7 br+s into h>mony ! p>ts ( philosophy2 = x is also on ! "o h& ! guide to "r reason+#fh2 on ! o!r h& ! law :i* prescribes :at is "r = ! ,/ate & = ! individual#fi4 ,sid5ote3 ,z5o op5s 8 s*ool4 #ha4 ,:5 ,z5o def9itely accept$ ! tea*+ ( ,h]aclitus1 he felt b\nd to break f9ally ) ! s*ool ( ,polemo1 & he f\nd$ soon aft] #cjj ,b4,c4 a s*ool ( 8 own1 :i* 0 rapidly cr[d$4 ,8 foll[]s 7 at fir/ call$ ,z5onians1 b aft]w>ds ,/oics1 f ! #8picture por*' 7s call$ because x 0 decorat$ ) pa9t+s by ,polygnotus7 9 :i* he deliv]$ 8 lectures4 ,he n[ appli$ himself afre% to ! problem ( e?ics4 ,:il/ /ill adh]+ to ! ,cynic views t #8virtue is ! only good1' & t #8example is m pot5t ?an precept1' he entirely reject$ ! intuitional basis :i* ! ,cynics _h accept$1 decid+ 9 fav\r ( ! claims ( reason4 ,he f\nd 8 ideal 9 #8consi/5cy' 71 conv5i5tia7#gj2 z ! ,logos or ,^w rules 9 ! univ]se1 s %\ld x also 9 ! individual4 ,^? :o live by a s+le & h>moni\s pr9ciple possess div9e fav\r & an ev5 fl[ ( life#ga2 ^? t foll[ conflict+ practices are ill-/>r$#gb4 ,9 ?is consi/5cy !re is f\nd virtue1 & 7"h aga9 he foll[s ! ,cynics7 virtue is suffici5t = happ9ess#gc1 & has no ne$ ( any ext]nal support4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 !ory ( virtue4 #hb4 ,b :il/ ! virtue ( ! ,cynics is some?+ deta*$ & self-conta9$1 & is #8natural' only 9 ! s5se t x is n det]m9$ by cu/om or au?ority1 t ( ,z5o is b\nd up ) ! :ole s*eme ( ! univ]se4 ,= ! univ]se puts be=e m5 c]ta9 ?+s1 :i* ?\gh rightly nam$ #8indiff]5t' by ! ,cynics1 & wrongly nam$ #8good' by ! ,academics1 h yet a c]ta9 value 71 ae/imatio71 & are a natural goal = m5's actions#gd4 ,su* are heal?1 prosp]ity1 good "n1 & o!r ?+s :i* ! ,academics nam$ #8?+s accord+ to nature' 7 74 ,^! ,z5o took ov]1 n z a "p ( 8 !ory ( virtue1 b z ! basis ( x#ge2 & = ?+s hav+ value introduc$ ! t]m #8( high degree' 771 & = _! opposites ! t]m #8( l[ degree' 771 ^! t]ms be+ borr[$ f c\rt life4 ,?us virtue alone is que51 & all ?+s naturally desir$ are subject to h] comm&#gf4 ,! end ( life is !re=e to live consi/5tly1 keep+ 9 view ! aims set be=e u by nature1 or %ortly1 to live #8consi/5tly ) nature4' ,our au?orities d n agree z to :e!r ,z5o or ,clean!s 0 ! fir/ to use ?is phrase#gg2 b !re c be no d\bt t ! doctr9e is t ( ,z5o1 t x is a fundam5tal "p ( ! ,/oic sy/em1 & t x 0 ma9ta9$ unalt]$ by all or?odox ,/oics4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,academics & ,p]ipatetics ridicul$ ^! new & b>b>\s t]ms & 1 & _! view has g5]ally be5 support$ bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times#gh4 ,we _c h[ev] "q ! "r ( ,z5o to res]ve a special t]m = t :i* is morally good2 he 0 9 fact feel+ 8 way t[>ds ! position1 /ill imp]fectly recogniz$1 t ! language ( common life is inadequate to ! exact expression ( philosophic pr9ciples#gi4 ,sid5ote3 ,z5o's syllogisms4 #hc4 ,9 exp\nd+ 8 sy/em ,z5o made mu* use ( ! syllogism1 !reby lay+ ! f\ndations ( a new /yle ( oratory1 consi/+ ( %ort & po9t$ clauses1 :i* became a *>act]i/ic ( 8 s*ool#hj4 ,he no d\bt reg>d$ ?is =m z a sure me?od ( atta9+ tru?2 b ev5 at ! pres5t day ! pr9ciple t tru? c only be rea*$ f facts & n f words is n ev]y:]e admitt$4 ,! syllogisms ( ,z5o h all _! weak po9ts1 & z a rule ! t]m :i* is common to ! major & m9or premisses suff]s a %ift ( mean+4 ,^! syllogisms c no long] conv9ce u1 & ev5 9 antiquity !y 7 sev]ely criticiz$4 ,b !y are excell5t aids to ! memory1 & s s]ve ! same end z ! cate*isms ( ! ,re=mation p]iod4 ,among/ ! syllogisms attribut$ to ,z5o are ^!3 #8,t :i* has reason is bett] ?an t :i* has n reason2 b no?+ is bett] ?an ! univ]se2 !re=e ! univ]se has reason#ha4' #8,no "o tru/s a secret to a drunk5 man2 b "o tru/s a secret to a good man2 !re=e a good man w n be drunk5#hb4' #8,no evil is accompani$ by glory2 b dea? is accompani$ by glory2 !re=e dea? is no evil#hc4' ,su* syllogisms 7 emb$d$ 9 ! num]\s works ( ,z5o1 ( :i* _m 7 c]ta9ly extant z late z ! "t ( ,epictetus#hd4 ,sid5ote3 ,epicurus & ,arcesilaus4 #hd4 ,at ! v "t :5 ,z5o 0 elaborat+ ! doctr9es ( ! ,por*1 ano!r s*ool ( equal em95ce 0 e/abli%$ at ,a!ns by ,,epicurus 7#cda-bgj ,b4,c47 9 8 ,g>d5s4 ,epicurus comb9$ ! e?ical pr9ciple ( ! ,cyr5aics1 t pleasure is ! end ( life1 ) ! atomi/ic philosophy ( ,democritus2 he _h no respect = ! /udy ( dialectic1 b plac$ ! crit]ion ( tru? 9 ! obs]vations ( ! s5ses1 leav+ little room = ! p>ticipation ( m9d or w4 ,?us 9 e "p ( philosophy 8 tea*+ 0 oppos$ to t ( ,z5o1 & ! two s*ools dur+ _! :ole exi/5ce 7 9 ! %>pe/ conflict4 ,we may nev]!less notice "s po9ts ( contact betwe5 !m4 ,bo? f\nd$1 or conceiv$ t !y f\nd$ _! e?ical doctr9e ^u physical pro(s2 t is1 bo? ma9ta9$ t ! end ( life :i* !y put =w>d 0 t prescrib$ by natural law4 ,z a consequ5ce1 !y agre$ 9 remov+ ! b>ri] :i* ,socrates _h set up aga9/ ! pursuit ( natural sci5ce4 ,bo? aga9 7 positive tea*]s1 or 79 ! language ( ! anci5ts7 prop\nd]s ( dogmas2 & "h !y came into conflict ) ! ,academic s*ool1 :i* ma9ta9$1 & 0 soon ab\t to emphasize1 ! critical _s ( ,socrates & ,plato4 ,= 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ,z5o's life 8 old fell[-pupil ,arcesilaus became head ( ! ,academic s*ool 7#bgj ,b4,c471 & at once direct$ 8 tea*+ aga9/ ,z5o's !ory ( k#he4 ,foll[+ ! practice ( ,socrates & ( ,plato's dialogues1 he argu$ aga9/ e po9t ( view pres5t$1 & conclud$ t c]ta9 tru? c\ld n be kn[n by man#hf4 ,he press$ ,z5o closely z to 8 def9ition ( #8compreh5sion1' & induc$ him to add a clause :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( 8 oppon5t1 %ew$ ! wor?lessness ( ! :ole doctr9e#hg4 ,?us 0 rais$ ! "q ( ! or te/ ( tru?1 :i* = at lea/ a c5tury to come %>ply divid$ ! s*ools#hh4 ,sid5ote3 ,z5o at ,a!ns4 #he4 ,! conflict betwe5 ^! ?ree s*ools1 :i* f ?is "t on greatly surpass$ all o!rs 9 importance1 did n embitt] ! political life ( ,a!ns4 ,! citiz5s wat*$ ) amusem5t ! competition ( ! s*ools = numb]s & influ5ce1 & drew _! pr(it f ! cr[ds ( =eign]s :o 7 drawn to ,a!ns by its gr[+ fame z a c5tre ( adult education4 ,to ! heads ( ! s*ools !y 7 ready to pay e m>k ( respect4 ,) ,z5o !y deposit$ ! keys ( _! gates1 & !y aw>d$ him dur+ 8 lifetime a gold cr[n & a bronze /atue4 ,8 fame spread abroad1 & ^? ( 8 fell[-citiz5s ( ,citium :o 7 !n resid5t at ,sidon claim$ a %>e 9 x4 ,9 8 old age ! high-m9d$ ,antigonus ,gonatas 7:o occupi$ ! ?rone ( ,mac$onia ) v>y+ =tune f #bgh to #bci ,b4,c47 look$ to him = advice & help4 ,b no (f]s ( public employm5t c\ld draw ,z5o himself f 8 simple life & ! "y companions :o surr\nd$ him3 l ,socrates1 he ?\ght t he c\ld be/ s]ve ! ,/ate by s5d+ out o!rs to take "p 9 its duties#hi4 ,he di$ 9 ! ye> #bfd ,b4,c4#ij1 hav+ be5 engag$ 9 tea*+ = m ?an #cj ye>s f ! "t :5 he #8discov]$ ! tru?#ia4' ,sid5ote3 ,hon\rs paid to him4 #hf4 ,! vote :i* ! ,a!nians pass$ 9 hon\r ( ,z5o1 %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 des]ves record by its contra/ ) t by :i* _! pr$ecessors _h condemn$ ,socrates4 ,x ran some:at z foll[s3 #8,:]eas ,z5o ! son ( ,mnaseas f ,citium has sp5t _m ye>s 9 ?is city 9 ! pursuit ( philosophy2 & has be5 ?r\gh\t a good man 9 all respects2 & has enc\rag$ ! "y m5 :o resort$ to him 9 virtue & temp]ance1 & has sp$ !m on ! "r pa?2 & has made 8 own life an example to all m51 = x has be5 consi/5t ) ! tea*+ he has set =?2 ,n[ x seems good to ! p ( ,a!ns to comm5d ,z5o ! son ( ,mnaseas f ,citium1 & to cr[n him ) a gold5 cr[n 79 accordance ) ! law7 = 8 virtue & temp]ance1 & to build him a tomb on ! ,c]amicus at ! public exp5se4 ,& ! p %all elect five ,a!nian citiz5s to provide = ! mak+ ( ! cr[n & ! build+ ( ! tomb4 ,& ! t[n cl]k %all engrave ?is vote on two pill>s1 & %all set up "o 9 ! ,academy1 & "o 9 ! ,lyceum4 ,& ! treasur] %all make due allotm5t ( ! exp5se1 t all m5 may see t ! p ( ,a!ns hon\rs good m5 bo? 9 _! life "t & aft] _! dea?#ib4' ,we h no reason to d\bt ! s9c]ity ( ?is tribute4 ,x is true t all ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ ,socrates hold ev5 m =cibly z aga9/ ,z5o4 ,b ! _s ( political & religi\s indep5d5ce 0 n[ dead1 & ! advantage ( ! philosophical s*ools to ! fame & bus9ess int]e/s ( ! city _h become cle>]2 s t no?+ prev5t$ any long] ! op5 recognition ( ,z5o's virtues & em95ce4 ,:o w may also read 9 ! decree a belat$ m>k ( respect to ! memory ( ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,z5o's bread? ( view4 #hg4 ,9 ?is sket* ( ! life ( ,z5o no attempt has be5 made to give a complete view ( 8 philosophy2 b a few l&m>ks h be5 indicat$1 by :i* x may be possible to di/+ui% :i* p>ts ( x 7 8 own1 :i* 7 tak5 ov] f o!rs1 & h[ all 7 gradually comb9$ 9 "o :ole4 ,z5o _h n ! k9d ( orig9ality :i* beg9s by assum+ a g5]al pr9ciple1 & !n expla9s all ?+s human & div9e by d$uctions f x4 ,in/ead ( ?is he ga!r$ toge!r 7z ,ari/otle _h done be=e1 b ) a v diff]5t bias7 :at seem$ mo/ s\nd & illum9at+ 9 ! tea*+ ( all ! s*ools :i* surr\nd$ him4 ,he did ?is 9 a positive _s1 feel+ assur$ t tru? exi/s & is disc]nible1 & mu/ be consi/5t 9 all its p>ts4 ,we seem unable to say t 9 8 writ+s he atta9$ to ?is consi/5cy1 b at lea/ he work$ /eadily t[>ds x4 ,! ef=t = consi/5cy l$ him 9 ! direction ( moni/ic pr9ciple1 ?\gh 8 po9ts ( dep>ture bo? 9 physics & 9 e?ics are duali/ic4 ,b ! tea*+ ( ,z5o does n l5d itself to t k9d ( /udy :i* assigns all new facts to comp>tm5ts ( ?\ght ready labell$ 9 advance1 nor c x be summ>iz$ by any ( ! te*nical t]ms :i* are 9 use 9 mod]n philosophical ?\ght4 ,en\gh has p]haps be5 said to %ew t1 great z 0 ! debt ( ,z5o to 8 pr$ecessors1 he 0 no m]e imitator or plagi>i/2 ! hi/ory ( ! foll[+ c5turies w %ew t he _h 9 "s s5se t\*$ ! pulses ( human life m truly ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,,footnotes #a ,?ucydides1 passim4 #b ,mahaffy1 ,greek ,life & ,?\ght1 *4 #a4 #c #8,plato comb9$ ! v>i\s elem5ts1 !1 s to speak1 prismatically brok5 rays ( ! ,socratic _s 9 a new1 high]1 & ri*] unity' ,ueb]weg1 ,eng4 transl4 i p4 #hi4 #d #8,! philosophy ( ,greece rea*$ its highe/ po9t 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle' ,zell]1 ,/oics etc41 p4 #aa4 #8,! bloom ( ,greek philosophy 0 %ort liv$' ib4 p4 #aj4 #e ,! phrases #8cum ,platone err>e1' #8amicus ,plato1 magis amica v]itas' agree 9 express+ ! g5]al incr$ulity ) :i* ,platonism 0 receiv$ 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,9 our own days an ill-balanc$ sympa?y = ,platonic dogma is (t5 a s]i\s h9drance to philosophic progress4 #f ,see fur!r1 #bhd4 #g ,see bel[1 #agi4 #h ,ari/otle1 ,physics1 ii #g4 #i ,see bel[1 #agc4 #aj ' 1 2 1 ,ar4 ,phys4 viii #b1 #beb b4 #aa ,see ,ueb]weg's note1 i 7,eng4 trans41 pp4 #agh-ahj2 t5? ,g]man edition1 pp4 #bch-bdj71 & bel[1 #cfb4 #ab #8vitae autem deg5dae ratio maxime quidem illis ,p]ipateticis placuit quieta1 9 contemplatione et cognitione posita r]um2 quae quia deorum erat vitae simillima1 sapi5te visa e/ dignissima' ,cic4 ,f94 v #d1 #aa4 #ac ,see note #ae1 bel[4 #ad ,clem4 ,/rom4 ii p4 #dai a4 #ae #8hone/e autem viv]e1 fru5tem rebus eis1 quas primas hom9i natura conciliet1 et vetus ,academia c5suit 7ut indicant scripta ,polemonis71 et ,ari/oteles eiusque amici huc proxime vid5tur acc$]e' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #db1 #aca4 ,"h ,pr(4 ,j4 ,s4 ,reid sugge/s t ,polemo may m]ely h us$ ! phrase 1 z oppos$ to 7conv5tionally74 #af #8quem sc4 ,arcesilan f]unt 444 primum in/ituisse1 non quid ipse s5tiret o/5d]e1 s$ contra id1 quod quisque se s5tire dixisset1 disput>e' ,cic4 de ,or4 iii #ah1 #fg4 #8,arcesilas negabat esse quidquam quod sciri posset1 ne illud quidem ipsum1 quod ,socrates sibi reliquisset' ,ac4 i #ab1 #de4 #ag #8cuius ratio probabilis possit r$di' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ag1 #eh4 ,see fur!r bel[1 #aje1 #ccb4 #ah ,see especially #aac & #abc4 #ai ,cic4 ,f94 iv #bh1 #gi4 #bj #8non dol]e 444 ,hi]onymus summum bonum esse dixit' ib4 v #be1 #gc4 #ba #8at v]o ,callipho1 et po/ eum ,diodorus1 cum alt] voluptatem adamavisset1 alt] vacuitatem doloris3 neut] hone/ate c>]e potuit1 quae e/ a no/ris laudata maxime' ib4 #bb ib4 #be1 #ge4 #bc ,(f4 i #a1 #a4 #bd #8,/oici quidem non unam aliquam aut alt]am a nobis1 s$ totam ad se no/ram philosophiam tran/ul]unt4 atque1 ut reliqui fures1 e>um r]um1 quas cep]unt1 signa commutant1 sic illi1 ut s5t5tiis no/ris pro suis ut]5tur1 nom9a1 tanquam r]um notas1 mutav]unt' ,f94 v #be1 #gd4 #be 1 ,a!n4 ,deipnos4 xiii #b2 #8tuus ille ,po5ulus1' #8e ,pho5icia pr(ecti' ,cic4 ,f94 iv #bj1 #ef4 #bf ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ca & #cb4 #bg #8nuntiato naufragio ,z5o no/]1 cum omnia sua audiret subm]sa3 iubet1 inquit1 me =tuna exp$itius philosoph>i' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #ad1 #c4 #bh ,diog4 ,l4 vii #c4 #bi ,diog4 ,l4 vi #if & #ig4 #cj ib4 vii #d4 #ca ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #h1 #b 7,arnim i #bfj74 #cb ,?is doctr9e c be trac$ back to ,diog5es & ev5 to ,socrates3 see bel[1 #cjc4 #cc 1 ,/ob4 iv #a1 #hh4 #cd ,see bel[1 #cje4 #ce ,diog4 ,l4 vii #cc4 #cf ,see bel[1 #cah4 #cg #cjf4 #ch #cjg4 #ci #bif1 #big4 #dj #cjd4 #da #cae4 #db ,see above1 #ef4 #dc ,he said #8,o ,crates1 ! be/ h&le ( philosoph]s is t by ! e>2 p]suade me if y c1 & lead me t way2 if y use viol5ce1 my body w /ay ) y1 b my s\l w be ) ,/ilpo' ,diog4 ,l4 vii #bd4 #dd #8errorem autem et tem]itatem et ignorantiam et op9ationem et suspicionem et uno nom9e omnia1 quae ess5t ali5a firmae et con/antis ads5sionis1 a virtute sapi5tiaque ,z5o removebat' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #aa1 #db4 #de #8hoc quidem ,z5o ge/u conficiebat4 nam cum ext5sis digitis adv]sam manum o/5d]at1 #8visum1' inquiebat1 #8huiusmodi e/4' de9de cum paulum digitos contrax]at1 #8ads5sus huiusmodi4' tum cum plane compress]at pugnumque fec]at1 compreh5sionem illam esse dicebat2 cum autem laevam manum admov]at et illum pugnum arte vehem5t]que compress]at1 sci5tiam talem esse dicebat3 cuius compotem nisi sapi5tem esse nem9em' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #dg1 #ade4 #df ,see bel[1 #ahh4 #dg ,s ! ,meg>ians 7 commonly call$ on acc\nt ( _! disputati\s me?ods4 #dh ,z = in/ance ,arcesilaus2 1 ,/rabo xiii p4 #fad 7,arnim i #aj74 #di ,diog4 ,l4 iv #ah4 #ej ib4 #bj4 #ea ib4 #eb ,diog4 ,l4 vii #be4 #ec ,see bel[1 #ahi4 #ed ,see #bfh1 note #b4 #ee ,iamb4 de an4 7,/ob4 i #di1 #cc74 #ef ,nemes4 nat4 hom4 p4 #if 7,arnim i #adc74 #eg 1 1 ,iamb4 de an4 7,arnim i #adc74 ,see bel[1 #bgj4 #eh 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #d4 ,x mu/ n h[ev] be assum$ t ,z5o himself us$ ! phrase 9 ?is s5se3 see ! o!r ref]5ces 9 ,arnim i #bgg4 #ei #8iam ,polemonem audiv]ant adsidue ,z5o et ,arcesilas4 ,s$ ,z5o cum ,arcesilam anteiret aetate1 valdeque subtilit] diss]]et et p]acute mov]etur1 corrig]e conatus e/ discipl9am' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #i1 #cd & #ce4 #fj 1 ,euseb4 ,praep4 ev4 xiv #e1 #aa 7quot+ ,num5ius7 7,arnim i #aa74 #fa ,z5o (t5 calls x ae!r3 #8,z5on 444 ae!ra 444 int]im vult omnium esse pr9cipium' ,m94 ,felix xix p4 #eh3 ,clean!s calls x _s1 see bel[1 #ajj4 #8,! fire ( ,h]aclitus becomes ae!r or --= ?is di/9ction is unkn[n to ! ,ephesian--& is !reby spiritualis$ & r>efi$' ,pe>son1 ,fragm5ts1 ,intr4 pp4 #bb1 #bc4 #fb ,see bel[1 #aif4 #fc ,see above1 #ci4 #fd ,/e91 ,psy*ologie1 i #fb sqq4 #fe 1 ,hippolyt4 ,philos4 #ba1 #a 7,arnim i #aec74 #ff #8rationem qu&am p] naturam omnem r]um p]t95tem vi div9a esse affectam putat' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ad1 #cf4 #fg #8,z5o deum nuncupat naturalem div9amque legem' ,lact4 ,div4 in/4 i #e1 #bj4 #fh 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ed 7quot+ ,diocles ,magnes74 ,x is mu* disput$ :o ! au?orities are to :i* ,posidonius "h ref]s4 #fi #8,z5o naturalem legem div9am esse c5set eamque vim obt9]e recta imp]antem prohib5temque contr>ia' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ad1 #cf4 #gj 1 ' ' 1 ,/ob4 ii #g1 #f a4 #8summum bonum1 quod cum positum sit 9 eo1 quod ,/oici1 nos appellemus conv5i5tiam' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #f1 #ba4 #ga ' ,/ob4 ii #g1 #f e4 #gb ,see note #gj above4 #gc ,see bel[1 #cbb4 #gd ,= a full] treatm5t see bel[1 #cai-cba4 #ge 7sc4 ,p]ipateticis7 2 ,plut4 comm4 n4 #bc1 #a2 #8a ,polemone quae ess5t pr9cipia naturae accep]at' ,cic4 ,f94 iv #af1 #de4 #gf 1 1 ,/ob4 ii #g1 #g g2 see also bel[1 #cbj4 #gg ,diog5es ,la]tius says di/9ctly t ,z5o us$ ! phrase1 & names ! book 9 :i* he f\nd x2 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #hg4 ,on ! o!r h& ,/obaeus 7ii #g1 #f a7 attributes x to ,clean!s4 #gh #8,z5o ,citieus1 adv5a quidam et ignobilis v]borum opifex' ,cic4 ,tusc4 v #ab1 #cd4 #gi ,see bel[1 #afe4 #hj #8illa vetus ,z5onis brevis1 et ut tibi videbatur1 acuta conclusio' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 iii #i1 #bb4 #ha ,sext4 ma?4 ix #ajd 7,arnim i #aaa72 see also bel[1 #bjb4 #hb #8ebrio secretum s]monem nemo committit2 viro autem bono committit2 ergo vir bonus ebrius non erit' ,s54 ,ep4 #hc1 #i2 = ! orig9al see ,arnim i #bbi4 #hc #8nullum malum gloriosum e/2 mors autem gloriosa e/2 mors ergo non e/ malum' ,s54 ,ep4 #hb1 #i4 #hd #8,if y w\ld "k1 read ,z5o's writ+s1 & y w see' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #bj1 #ad4 #he #8cum ,z5one1 ut accepimus1 ,arcesilas sibi omne c]tam5 in/ituit' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #ab1 #dd4 #hf #8,arcesilas primum 444 ex v>iis ,platonis libris s]monibusque ,socraticis hoc maxime arripuit1 nihil esse c]ti quod aut s5sibus aut animo p]cipi possit' ,cic4 de ,or4 iii #ah1 #fg4 #hg #8hic ,z5onem vidisse acute1 nullum esse visum quod p]cipi posset1 si id tale esset ab eo1 quod e/1 ut eiusdem modi ab eo1 quod non e/1 posset esse4 recte cons5sit ,arcesilas2 ad def9itionem additum sc4 quale non possit esse a falso4 incubuit autem 9 eas disputationes1 ut doc]et nullum tale esse visum a v]o1 ut non eiusdem modi etiam a falso posset esse' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #bd1 #gg4 #hh ,see bel[1 #aeg4 #hi #8compositus sequor ,z5ona ,clean!n ,*rysippum1 quorum tam5 nemo ad rempublicam accessit1 et nemo non misit' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #a1 #aj2 see also viii #f1 #d4 #ij ,pe>son1 ,introd4 p4 #a4 #ia ,sext4 ma?4 vii #cba4 ,pe>son1 ,introd4 p4 #d4 #ib ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aj & #aa4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,prea*+ ,,( ,,/oicism4 ,sid5ote3 ,! companions ( ,z5o4 #hh4 ,dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life ,z5o ga!r$ r\nd him a numb] ( m5 ( practical & speculative capacity1 n unwor?y ( comp>ison ) ! companions ( ,socrates4 ,8 dea? dissolv$ ! imm$iate tie betwe5 !m4 ,"s took an active "p 9 ! "w ( gov]nm5t2 o!rs foll[$ _! tea*]'s example1 & became ! f\nd]s ( indep5d5t s*ools ( ?\ght2 a few devot$ !mselves to /r5g!n+ & ext5d+ ,z5o's sy/em2 & _m 7 d\btless engag$ 9 useful employm5t ( :i* no record has rea*$ u4 ,z5o's "w _h n yet be5 expos$ to ! te/ ( "t1 & ano!r c5tury 0 to pass be=e x c\ld be se5 t ! ,/oic s*ool 0 to be ( p]man5t importance4 ,t[>ds ! s*ools ( ! ,cynics1 ! ,meg>ians1 & ! ,academics1 f :i* its pr9ciples 7 s l>gely d]iv$1 ! attitude ( ! he>]s ( ,z5o 0 t ( a fri5dly int]*ange ( op9ions1 9 :i* %>p controv]sy /opp$ %ort ( enmity2 ! foll[]s ( ,ari/otle 7! ,p]ipatetics7 cont9u$ to be b slightly di/+ui%$ f ! ,academics4 ,b all ^! s*ools appe> to h unit$ 9 opposition to ! ,cyr5aics & ,epicureans2 ! *ampions ( virtue c\ld hold no commun+s ) ! advocates ( pleasure4 ,individual tea*]s :o practically rev]t$ to ,cynic or ,academic tea*+ /ill call$ !mselves ,/oics3 b ! only "o ( ,z5o's he>]s :o adopt$ ,cyr5aic views 0 contemptu\sly br&$ z #8! des]t]#a4' ,sid5ote3 ,p]saeus4 #hi4 ,! mo/ intimate companion#b ( ,z5o 0 ,,p]saeus ( ,citium 7circ4 #cjj-bdc ,b4,c474 ,he 0 ! fell[-t[nsman ( ,z5o1 &1 z good au?orities ass]t1 at fir/ 8 p]sonal s]vant 77#c & aft]w>ds 8 fell[-lodg]4 ,on ! recomm5dation ( ,z5o he took s]vice1 toge!r ) ,aratus ! poet1 ) ,antigonus ,gonatas1 k+ ( ,mac$onia#d4 ,"h he 0 (t5 twitt$ z to ! ,/oic p>adoxes4 ,k+ ,antigonus s5t him mess5g]s ann\nc+ ! loss ( 8 wife1 *ild1 & prop]ty1 & f\nd t he 0 n entirely indiff]5t to ext]nal circum/ances#e4 ,he adapt$ himself easily to c\rt life1 & is said to h writt5 a treatise on ! !ory ( ! banquet1 9 :i* he did n rise above ! moral /&>d ( 8 neighb\rs#f4 ,nor did he disda9 to hoax ,ari/o ( ,*ius1 :o held /rongly to ! p>adox t #8! wise man nev] op9es'2 he fir/ s5t him money by "o ( two tw9s1 & !n s5t ano!r to dem& x back#g4 ,ano!r ,socratic p>adox1 t #8! wise man is sure to be a good g5]al1' he endeav\r$ to ma9ta9 by 8 p]sonal example#h4 ,antigonus plac$ him 9 comm& ( ! acropolis at ,cor9?1 :i* 0 nev]!less tak5 by ,aratus ( ,sicyon 9 #bdc ,b4,c4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ,p]saeus 0 w\nd$ 9 ! attack1 & aft]w>ds put to dea? by ! conqu]or#i2 o!rs relate t he escap$ to ,c5*reae#aj4 ,z a philosoph] he is ( little importance2 b ,cic]o m5tions t he n only ma9ta9$ t among/ ! gods 7 m5 rais$ to ! sky = _! s]vices to mank9d 7:i* 0 an accept$ ,/oic doctr9e71 b also t objects useful to man _h be5 deifi$#aa4 ,sid5ote3 ,aratus4 #ij4 ,two o!r companions ( ,z5o also took s]vice "u ,antigonus1 app>5tly at ! same "t4 ,( ^! ,,philonides ( ,!bes#ab is o!rwise unkn[n to u4 ,! o!r 0 ,,aratus ( ,soli 9 ,cilicia1 au?or ( ! well-kn[n poem ,! ,pha5om5a1 an a/ronomical treatise aft]w>ds translat$ into ,lat9 by ,cic]o1 & l>gely us$ by ,virgil 9 8 ,georgics4 ,! poems ( ,aratus _h a wide influ5ce1 & 7 probably ! s\rce f :i* s _m ,/oic conceptions rea*$ ,virgil4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ "p = u is ! ,introduction1 9 :i* he int]prets ,zeus 9 ,/oic fa%ion z ! deity :o dwells 9 sea & l&1 9 m>kets & /reets3 ^: family is mank9d2 & ^: provid5ce has set ! />s 9 ! heav5 to regulate ! seasons ( ! ye> & to be a guide to ! f>m] & ! sailor#ac4 ,! _s ( ?is poem is closely ak9 to t ( ! hymn ( ,clean!s4 ,sid5ote3 ,spha]us4 #ia4 ,/ill ano!r he>] ( ,z5o took a prom95t "p 9 political life4 ,,spha]us f ! ,bosphorus 7circ4 #bej ,b4,c47 0 attract$ to ,cleom5es ,,iii1 k+ ( ,sp>ta1 :o "u 8 influ5ce re9troduc$ ! laws ( ,lycurgus 9 8 city1 & p>ticul>ly ^? :i* ref]r$ to ! education ( ! y\? & ! tak+ ( meals 9 common#ad4 ,) ^! he comb9$ ! plan ( a mon>*y aft] ! ,/oic model1 9 :i* ! sov]eign 0 to side ) ! poor aga9/ ! ri*#ae4 ,b 9 #bba ,b4,c4 ,cleom5es suff]$ a cru%+ defeat1 & 0 compell$ to take refuge ) ,ptolemy ,,iii 7,eu]getes71 k+ ( ,egypt4 ,spha]us f\nd 8 way to ! same c\rt4 ,! dea? ( ,ptolemy ,,iii left ,cleom5es 9 ! position ( a disreg>d$ suppliant#af2 b ,spha]us appe>s to h f\nd a cong5ial home 9 ,alex&ria1 n[ ! c5tre ( ,hell5i/ic le>n+1 & d\btless introduc$ ! ,/oic philosophy 9 ! circle t ga!r$ r\nd ! ,museum#ag4 ,he ga9$ a special reputation by ! excell5ce ( 8 def9itions#ah4 ,f an anecdote relat$ ( him we mu/ inf] t :il/ adh]+ to ,z5o's doctr9e t ! wise man w n op9e1 he accept$ reasonable assurance 7 7 z a suffici5t guide 9 daily life#ai4 ,he appe>s to h laid special /ress ^u ! unity ( virtue1 ma9ta9+ t ! sep>ate virtues are b appe>ances ( virtue or k 9 diff]5t sph]es ( action#bj4 ,sid5ote3 ,h]illus4 #ib4 ,,h]illus ( ,c>?age 7circ4 #bej ,b4,c47 is frequ5tly ref]r$ to by ,cic]o z tea*+ doctr9es h>dly di/+ui%able f ^? ( ! ,academy1 9 t he made k ! highe/ good#ba1 & taught t sep>ate f x1 yet ) claims ( _! own1 !re exi/$ inf]ior ends ( action 77#bb4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 appe> cle>ly t he diff]$ mu* f ,z5o4 ,spha]us1 z we h se51 _h def9$ ! virtues z be+ #8k display$ 9 diff]5t sph]es ( action1' & ! aim ( ,h]illus1 #8to live accord+ to ! /&>d ( life accompani$ by k#bc1' po9ts 9 ! direction ( practical r ?an ( speculative wisdom4 ,8 #8subord9ate aims' appe> also to correspond ) ,z5o's #8?+s ( high degree' 771 & are def9$ z be+ ! fir/ /ates to :i* an animal is attract$ ^u bir?1 z food1 life1 /r5g? 7 7#bd2 !y s]ve only = #8ends' 77 = m5 :o h n yet atta9$ to wisdom#be4 ,?is doctr9e corresponds closely to ! ,/oic doctr9e z develop$ some:at lat]#bf4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/o4 #ic4 ,,ari/o ( ,*ios 7circ4 #bej ,b4,c47 dep>t$ m decid$ly f ,z5o's tea*+1 fall+ back g5]ally on ,cynic views4 ,he 0 no fav\rite ( ,z5o1 :o call$ him a *att]box#bg3 & 9 lat] life he 0 accus$ ( becom+ a flatt]] ( ,p]saeus :5 ! latt] 0 9 p[]#bh1 & ( luxury 9 8 p]sonal habits#bi4 ,b 8 success z a tea*] 0 great1 & he =m$ a body ( foll[]s :o call$ !mselves ,ari/onians4 ,he appe>s to h support$ ,z5o vigor\sly z to ! doctr9e ( #8compreh5sion'2 & if on ?is subject he 0 wor/$ = ! mom5t by ,p]saeus#cj1 he retaliat$ on "s ,academic by ask+3 #8d y see :o is sitt+ next y8' ,! ,academic repli$ #8,i d n4' #8,are y bl9d1 !n1' said ,ari/o2 #8:]e are y\r eyes#ca8' ,/ill he consid]$ any sy/ematic /udy ( dialectics to be a m]e wa/e ( "t2 l spid]s' webs1 :i* seem to display mu* skill1 b are ( no use#cb4 ,) reg>d to physics he 0 op5ly agno/ic#cc2 ( ! nature ( ! gods he ?\ght we c\ld "k no?+1 n ev5 :e!r ! deity 7 animate or no#cd4 ,e?ics alone rema9$2 b ?is "p ( philosophy he r$uc$ by omitt+ all practical precepts1 z introduc+ ! elem5t ( unc]ta9ty#ce4 ,9 e?ics prop] he rejects ! !ory ( #8?+s ( high degree' 771 obs]v+ t ?is t]m does n h>monize ) ! treatm5t ( advantages z #8indiff]5t1' b comes dang]\sly ne> to call+ !m #8good#cf4' ,virtue1 or r k1 is1 z he ma9ta9s1 ! only good2 & all t lies betwe5 good & evil is alike indiff]5t#cg4 ,! highe/ good may !re=e be def9$ z a /ate ( indiff]5ce 77 t[>ds all su* ?+s#ch4 ,ari/o 0 h[ev] once m 9 agreem5t ) ,/oic doctr9e :5 he ma9ta9$ ! unity ( virtue4 #8,! s\l1' he said1 #8has "o p[] only1 t ( reason+2 "o virtue only1 ! k ( good & evil4 ,:5 we ne$ to *oose ! good & avoid ! evil1 we call ?is k ,sob]ness2 :5 we ne$ to d good & n evil1 we call x ,wisdom2 ,c\rage1 :5 x is bold & cauti\s at ! "r mom5ts2 & :5 x gives e man 8 due1 ,ju/ice#ci4' ,b 9 decid+ 8 action ! wise man w be b\nd by no !ories3 he c d :atev] comes into 8 head1 provid$ only he keep himself free f di/ress1 fe> & gre$#dj4 ,! popul>ity ( ^! views 0 repress$ by ! activity ( ,*rysippus2 9 ,cic]o's "t !y 71 9 cultivat$ society1 ext9ct#da4 ,b f ! num]\s ref]5ces to ,ari/o 9 lit]ature x is cle> t 8 tea*+ 0 by no means =gott52 & :5 !re took place ! revival ( ! ,cynic tone :i* we see illu/rat$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,epictetus & ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,ari/o is aga9 treat$ ) high respect#db4 ,sid5ote3 ,erato/h5es4 #id4 ,an em95t pupil ( ,ari/o 0 ,,erato/h5es ( ,cyr5e1 ! gramm>ian1 :om he won ov] f ! ,cyr5aic s*ool4 ,erato/h5es und\bt$ly repres5t$ ! _s ( 8 tea*] & ( ! ,cynic s*ool t[>ds :i* he incl9$1 :5 he vehem5tly repudiat$ ! prejudice :i* !n divid$ mank9d into ,hell5es & b>b>ians#dc4 ,he 0 invit$ by ,ptolemy ,,iii 7,eu]getes7 to be *ief libr>ian ( ! ,museum at ,alex&ria1 & tutor to ! cr[n-pr9ce1 & has left u an epigram 9 hon\r ( ?is great patron ( le>n+ & philosophy#dd4 ,among/ o!r foll[]s ( ,ari/o we he> specially ( ,,apollophanes ( ,antio*ia#de4 ,sid5ote3 ,dionysius4 #ie4 ,alone among/ ! he>]s ( ,z5o ,,dionysius ( ,h]aclea ab&on$ 8 pr9ciples1 & w5t ov] f ! camp ( virtue to t ( pleasure4 ,a pa9ful disease ( ! eyes _h made him ab&on ! doctr9e t #8pa9 is no evil#df4' ,8 secession 0 us$ by ,antio*us z an argum5t aga9/ ! doctr9e ( compreh5sion or c]ta9 k#dg4 ,t 8 life aft] he became a ,cyr5aic 0 op5ly sc&al\s#dh we ne$ n too readily believe3 su* accusations may easily be m]e d$uctions f 8 suppos$ philosophic pr9ciples4 ,dionysius appe>s to h be5 a p>ticul> fri5d & admir] ( ! poet ,aratus#di4 ,( ! less important he>]s ( ,z5o we h ! names (1 among/ o!rs1 ,,a!nodorus ( ,soli#ej1 ,,callippus ( ,cor9?#ej1 ,,posidonius ( ,alex&ria#ej1 & ,,z5o ( ,sidon#ej4 ,! la/1 if he exi/$1 mu/ be kept di/9ct f o!r ,z5os1 su* z ,z5o ( ,t>sus ! pupil ( ,*rysippus1 & ,z5o ( ,sidon ! ,epicurean philosoph]4 ,sid5ote3 ,clean!s4 #if4 ,we come la/ among/ ,z5o's he>]s to ,,clean!s ( ,assos 9 ,asia ,m9or 7#cca-bcb ,b4,c471 :o succe$$ ,z5o z head ( ! s*ool :5 already advanc$ 9 ye>s1 & presid$ ov] x = a :ole g5]ation4 ,9 p]sonal "* he 0 a wor?y successor ( ,socrates1 ,diog5es1 & ,z5o4 ,he 0 tra9$ 9 h>d%ip & will+ endurance#ea2 & if he did n quickly und]/&1 yet all he le>nt 0 deeply impress$ ^u him#eb4 ,he /udi$ ,z5o's life ev5 m att5tively ?an 8 doctr9es2 liv$ ) him1 wat*$ 8 h\rs ( retirem5t1 inquir$ :e!r 8 actions correspond$ to 8 tea*+#ec4 ,himself a man ( ! p1 he ard5tly desir$ to spread 8 convictions among/ ! _m1 & *ose v]se z ! be/ means to express cle>ly 8 mean+ & w9 access to m5's e>s#ed4 ,he rema9$ con/ant to ,z5o's tea*+#ee1 b he inspir$ x ) a fre% en?usiasm & develop$ x 9 m consi/5t detail4 ,he is be=e all ?+s ! !ologian ( ,/oicism4 ,! belief 9 ! deity1 :i* 9 ! fragm5ts ( ,z5o's tea*+ appe>s m]ely =mal & argum5tative1 becomes 9 ! v]se ( ,clean!s ard5t & dom9at+4 ,god is ! creator & ! director ( ! _w2 8 ,logos gives x ord] & h>mony4 ,9 ,god's designs x is ! privilege & duty ( man to coop]ate2 b s9ce he is possess$ ( free w1 x is also )9 8 p[] to make a futile opposition4 ,9 ?is way ! good & ! bad /& 9 def9ite contra/4 ,f9ally1 "r k & "r action are only possible by association ) ! deity ?r\gh praise & pray]4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 poetry4 #ig4 ,x is our good =tune to possess sev]al complete poems ( ,clean!s1 :i* are ( m value to u t[>ds appreciat+ 8 /&po9t ?an a hundr$ deta*$ s5t5ces w\ld be4 ,! hymn to ,zeus#ef is ! mo/ important1 & its lik5ess to ! op5+ ( ,aratus' ,pha5om5a#eg w n escape notice4 ,hymn to ,zeus4 ,supreme ( gods1 by titles manifold ,invok$1 o ?\ :o ov] all do/ hold ,et]nal dom9ance1 ,nature's au?or1 ,zeus1 ,guid+ a univ]se by ,law controll$2 #b ,hail6 = 'tis meet t m5 %\ld call on !e ,^: se$ we are2 & ours ! de/9y ,alone ( all t lives & moves on e>?1 ,a mirror ( ?y deity#eh to be4 #e ,!re=e ,i hymn !e & ?y p[] ,i praise2 ,= at ?y ^w1 on _! appo9t$ ways ,! orbs ( heav5 9 circuit r\nd ! e>? ,move1 & submissive ea* ?y rule obeys1 #h ,:o holde/ 9 ?y h&s inv9cible ,s dread a m9i/] to "w ?y w-- ,! et]nal bolt ( fire1 two-edg$1 ^: bla/ ,?ro' all ! p[]s ( nature /rikes a *ill#ei-- #aa ,:]eby ?\ guid'/ ! univ]sal =ce1 ,reason1 ?r\gh all ?+s int]fus$1 ^: c\rse ,comm+les ) ! great & less]#fj lights-- ,?yself ( all ! sovran & ! s\rce3 #ad ,= n\ght is done on e>? ap>t f !e1 ,nor 9 ?y vault ( heav51 nor 9 ! sea2 ,save = ! reckless de$s ( s9ful m5 ,^: own he>ts lead !m to p]v]sity4 #ag ,b skill to make ! crookd /raight is ?9e1 ,to turn disord] to a fair design2 ,ungraci\s ?+s are graci\s 9 ?y sight1 ,= ill & good ?y p[] do? s comb9e #bj ,t out ( all appe>s 9 unity ,et]nal ,reason1 :i* ! wick$ flee ,& disreg>d1 :o long = happ9ess1 ,yet ,god's great ,law c nei!r he> nor see2 #bd ,ill-fat$ folk6 = w\ld !y b obey ,) und]/&+ he>t1 f day to day ,_! life 7 full ( bless+1 b !y turn ,ea* to 8 s91 by folly l$ a/ray4 #bf ,glory w\ld "s ?ro' bitt] /rife atta9 ,& "s are eag] aft] lawless ga92 ,"s lu/ = s5sual delights1 b ea* ,f9ds t too soon 8 pleasure turns to pa94 #ca ,b1 ,zeus all-b\ntiful6 ! ?und]-flame ,& ! d>k cl\d ?y maje/y proclaim3 ,f ignorance deliv] u1 t leads ,! sons ( m5 to sorr[ & to %ame4 #cc ,:]e=e dispel x1 ,fa!r1 f ! s\l ,& grant t ,wisdom may our life control1 ,wisdom :i* tea*es !e to guide ! _w ,^u ! pa? ( ju/ice to its goal4 #ce ,s w9n+ hon\r !e %all we requite ,) hon\r1 laud+ /ill ?y works ( might2 ,s9ce gods nor m5 f9d wor?i] me$ ?an ?is-- ,! univ]sal ,law to praise aright4 #ci ,translat$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,port]4 #ih4 ,ano!r %ort poem ( ,clean!s id5tifies ,zeus ) fate1 & po9ts ! same moral z to human duty3 ,lead me1 ,o ,zeus1 & lead me1 ,de/9y1 ,:at way soe'er ye h appo9t$ me6 ,i foll[ unafraid3 yea1 ?\gh ! w ,turn recreant1 ,i ne$s mu/ foll[ /ill#fa4 ,9 o!r poems *>act]i/ic ,/oic doctr9es are set =? ) cle>ness & emphasis3 #8,look n at common op9ion1 & be n eag] to be wise ( a sudd52 fe> n ! *att] ( ! _m1 9 :i* !re is no judgm5t & no mode/y2 = ! cr[d does n possess %rewd j & fair judgm5t1 b among/ ! few y may p]*ance f9d ?is#fb4' #8,d y ask me ( :at k9d ! good is8 ,li/5 !n4 ,x is ord]ly1 j1 innoc5t1 pi\s1 self-controll$1 useful1 fair1 necess>y1 sev]e1 upright1 always ( advantage2 fe>less1 pa9less1 pr(itable1 )\t sm>t2 helpful1 pleas+1 sure1 fri5dly1 hon\rable1 consi/5t2 noble1 n puff$ up1 pa9/ak+1 com=t+1 full ( en]gy1 bid+ its "t1 blameless1 un*ang+#fc4' #8,he :o ab/a9s f "s disgraceful action yet all ! :ile has desire = x1 w "s day d x1 :5 he gets opportunity#fd4' ,9 ! la/ ( ! passages we are introduc$ to an e?ical p>adox ( ! highe/ importance to ,/oicism3 t good & evil are set 9 ! w & ! int5tion1 & are n dep5d5t ^u ! action#fe4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9ality ( ,clean!s4 #ii4 ,to ! anci5ts ,clean!s 0 ! fai?ful disciple ( ,z5o4 ,p]saeus1 ,aratus1 & o!rs _h turn$ aside f ! direct pursuit ( philosophy1 & _! contact ) sci5ce & politics might easily sully ! purity ( _! philosophic cre$4 ,h]illus _h adopt$ ,academic doctr9e1 ,ari/o _h fall5 back into ,cynism1 ,dionysius _h actually sec$$ to ! p>ty ( pleasure4 ,x might seem t ! f>-rea*+ sweep ( ,z5o's intellect _h no real hold on 8 companions4 ,b ,clean!s at lea/ /ood firm by ! old l&m>ks4 ,we mu/ n suppose f ?is t he 0 a man ( no orig9ality#ff2 8 language & 8 /yle at lea/ are 8 own4 ,nor on ! o!r h& c we g all ! way ) "s rec5t writ]s1 :o attribute to him exclusively l>ge p>ts ( ! ,/oic sy/em#fg4 ,our au?orities commonly ref] ei!r to ,z5o alone1 or to ,z5o1 ,clean!s1 & ,*rysippus jo9tly1 z v\*+ = accept$ ,/oic doctr9e2 & we are h>dly entitl$ to lay great /ress on ! comp>atively few fragm5ts ( :i* ! au?or%ip is assign$ exclusively to ,clean!s1 z evid5ce = ! indep5d5ce ( 8 tea*+2 especially z we c 9 _m in/ances see t our au?orities delight 9 attribut+ a diff]5ce ( mean+ to ! ,/oic ma/]s1 :5 9 reality !re is no?+ m to be f\nd ?an a diff]5ce ( phras+#fh4 ,x is h[ev] cle> t ,/oicism did n assume its complete =m 9 ! h&s ( its fir/ propagator2 & to a limit$ ext5t we c see ! directions 9 :i* 8 tea*+ 0 amplifi$ by 8 successors4 ,sid5ote3 ,physics ( ,clean!s4 #ajj4 ,clean!s took a special int]e/ 9 ! physical speculations ( ,h]aclitus1 on ^: writ+s he compos$ f\r books#fi1 & 9 p>ticul> 9 ! be>+ ( 8 speculations ^u ! nature ( ! deity4 ,! belief 9 ! dualism ( ,god & matt]1 ( ! ,^w & ! _w1 is attribut$ to ,clean!s z di/9ctly z to ,z5o#gj2 b on ! o!r h& ! conception ( an ov]rul+ unity is mu* m pron\nc$ 9 ! lat] writ]#ga4 ,h5ce f ! fir/ ,clean!s endeav\rs to give a wid] mean+ to ! prim>y fire ( ,h]aclitus1 ! creative fire ( ,z5o4 ,= ?is fire he propos$ ! new t]m #8flame' 77#gb2 at o!r times he id5tifi$ x ) ! sky#gc1 ) ! sun#gd1 & ) ! pr9ciple ( heat#ge2 & f9ally adopt$ ! t]m #8_s' 71 spiritus71 :i* has ev] s9ce held its place 9 ! discussion ( natural !ology4 ,?is t]m appe>s to h be5 at fir/ int5d$ to comb9e ! conceptions ( ! creative fire & ( ! ,logos#gf1 b x gradually came to h di/9ctive associations ( its own4 ,l fire1 #8_s' is to ! ,/oics a sub/ance1 /uff1 or body ak9 to ! elem5t ( air1 b associat$ ) w>m? & ela/icity2 x is conceiv$ z imman5t 9 ! univ]se & p5etrat+ x z ! deity2 imman5t 9 ! human body & p5etrat+ x z ! s\l#gg4 ,! ela/icity ( _s is measur$ by its #8t5sion' 71 int5tio71 by means ( :i* its creative p[] pu%es =w>d f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce3 z = in/ance 9 ! human body walk+ is effect$ by #8_s ex]cis+ t5sion t[>ds ! feet#gh4' ,! !ory ( #8t5sion' has an imm$iate application to e?ics4 ,:5 ! s\l has suffici5t t5sion to p]=m its prop] "w1 x op]ates accord+ to ! virtues ( ,wisdom1 ,ju/ice1 ,c\rage1 & ,sob]ness2 b :5 ! t5sion is relax$1 ! s\l becomes disord]$ & is seiz$ ^u by ! emotions#gi4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ology ( ,clean!s4 #aja4 ,to ,clean!s also x fell to expla9 m fully ! gov]nm5t bo? ( ! univ]se & ( ! individual4 ,z5o inde$ is said to h us$ ! t]m 7pr9cipale1 pr9cipatus7#hj1 :i* we may translate by #8rul+ p[]1' or %ortly 7foll[+ ! ,lat97 by #8pr9cipate#ha1' = ! highe/ p[] ( ! human s\l2 ,clean!s s\ght a simil> pr9ciple 9 ! univ]se also1 & is said to h f\nd x 9 ! sun#hb4 ,by ?us us+ ! t]m 9 a d\ble s5se he implies ! analogy :i* is express$ by ! correlative t]ms #8macrocosm' & #8microcosm1' & :i* leads up to ! def9ition ( ,god z ! #8s\l ( ! univ]se#hc4' ,clean!s fur!r speaks ( ! univ]se itself z god#hd2 b be=e describ+ him z a pan!i/ x is well to consid] t ?is is only "o =m out ( _m 9 :i* he expresses 8 cre$4 ,he 0 also ! fir/ to give ! f\r pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ! deity ^u :i* all discussions ( ! #8evid5ces ( ,natural ,religion' h be5 bas$ d[n to ! pres5t day1 & :i* we %all fur!r discuss 9 a lat] *apt]#he4 ,! pi\s zeal ( ,clean!s 0 n )\t a t\* ( bigotry1 de/9$ to h s]i\s consequ5ces 9 ! f9al developm5ts ( ,/oicism1 & to reappe> 9 ! hi/ory ( ! middle ages ) di/ress+ int5sity2 he 0 bitt]ly oppos$ to ! novel helioc5tric !ory ( ! univ]se z an impiety#hf4 ,sid5ote3 ,weakness ( ,/oicism4 #ajb4 ,?us ev5 ?\gh we c no long] discrim9ate %>ply betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ,z5o & t ( ,clean!s1 we h e reason to suppose t ! latt] 0 possess$ ( orig9ality ( ?\ght & vig\r & copi\sness ( expression4 ,we _c easily believe t a man ( su* p[]s fail$ to attract he>]s or to reta9 a hold ^u !m4 ,b 9 8 extreme old age x seems t ! majority 7 drawn aside ei!r to ! +5i\s argum5ts ( ,arcesilaus ! ,academic1 or to ! m indep5d5t tea*+ ( ,ari/o ( ,*ios4 ,! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ,/oicism seem$ ?reat5$2 its critics 7 n to be cont5t$ ) rhetoric or poetry1 b insi/5tly dem&$ pro(s4 ,9 ?is crisis x 0 sav$ & e/abli%$ by a y\ng] man1 ,,*rysippus ( ,soli 7#bhj-bjf ,b4,c471 :o 0 f> inf]ior 9 orig9al p[]1 b equally zeal\s & m 9 h>mony ) ! ta/es & dem&s ( ! y\ng] g5]ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,*rysippus4 #ajc4 ,*rysippus 0 a fell[-t[nsman ( ,aratus ( ,soli1 & 8 appe>ance is d\btless a sign ( ! active int]e/ 9 philosophy :i* = "s c5turies m>ks ! neighb\rhood ( ! important t[n ( ,t>sus4 ,born 9 #bhj ,b4,c4 he f\nd 9 8 e>ly manhood ?ree prom95t tea*]s at ,a!ns1 ,arcesilaus1 ,ari/o1 & ,clean!s4 ,( ^! ,ari/o seems to h be5 ! mo/ popul>1 & surprise 0 express$ t ,*rysippus did n jo9 8 s*ool4 #8,_h ,i foll[$ ! _m1' he repli$1 #8,i %\ld n h become a philosoph]#hg4' ,8 convictions drew him to ,clean!s1 b he felt mu* impati5ce ) 8 me?ods4 ,?is /ate ( m9d he mu/ h express$ freely1 = 9 aft] life he reproa*$ himself t he _h n behav$ m k9dly t[>ds 8 tea*] 9 8 old age#hh4 ,confid5t 9 8 own p[]s1 he desir$ to relieve ,clean!s ( ! burd5 ( reply+ to ! _m attacks made ^u 8 doctr9es1 especially z to dialectics#hi4 ,x is well kn[n t he ask$ 8 ma/] to supply him ) 8 dogmas only1 say+ t he himself w\ld f9d ! pro(s#ij4 ,*rysippus probably outliv$ 8 oppon5ts1 & dur+ ! "t :5 he 0 head ( ! s*ool 7#bcb-bjf ,b4,c47 only f\nd himself oppos$ by m5 ( m$iocre tal5ts4 ,he devot$ 8 :ole en]gies to /r5g!n+ & sy/ematiz+ ,/oic doctr9e4 ,he n only gave its pro(s1 b us$ e art ( ! dialectician to recomm5d x to 8 he>]s#ia4 ,f 8 facile p5 !re p\r$ an endless /ream ( writ+s1 n rem>kable ei!r = orig9ality or = /yle1 b ( ! highe/ importance z fix+ def9itely ! /&>d ( ,/oic or?odoxy4 ,he ga!r$ num]\s he>]s r\nd him1 & be=e 8 dea? x c\ld truly be said t he _h sav$ ! ,/oa#ib4 ,sid5ote3 ,dialectic ( ,*rysippus4 #ajd4 ,9 8 me?od ( exposition ,*rysippus made great use ( ! syllogism1 ?us rev]t+ to ! practice ( ,z5o z oppos$ to ! m poetical /yle ( ,clean!s4 ,z to ! value ( ?is syllogi/ic reason+ v contr>y op9ions 7 express$ 9 antiquity4 ,by 8 contempor>ies he 0 greatly admir$1 s t x 0 said t #8if ! gods _h ne$$ a dialectic1 !y w\ld h tak5 t ( ,*rysippus#ic4' ,on ! o!r h& memb]s ( 8 own s*ool compla9$ t he (t5 /at$ 8 oppon5ts' case m =cibly ?an 8 own#id4 ,! ,romans mix _! praise ) c5sure1 & f9d t he sometimes entangles himself 9 ! ?reads ( 8 own argum5t#ie2 & we ourselves _c fail to notice t :5 8 major & m9or premisses are comp>$1 ! mean+ ( ! common t]m has usually %ift$#if4 ,b if ,*rysippus did n provide a f9al solution to great problems1 he at lea/ adapt$ ! ,/oic sy/em to ! ta/e ( 8 age1 alike by 8 use ( syllogisms & by ! att5tion he paid to ! solution ( fallacies#ig4 ,sid5ote3 ,opposition ( ! ,academy4 #aje4 ,:il/ ! works ( ,*rysippus cov] ! :ole range ( ! ,/oic philosophy1 _! special col\r is l>gely due to ! int]e/s ( 8 own "t4 ,! /ress laid by ,z5o on ! c]ta9ty ( k _h produc$ a reaction 9 ! ,academic s*ool4 ,arcesilaus1 :o _h succe$$ ,polemo z its lead]1 leav+ on "o side ! positive tea*+ ( ,plato's lat] ye>s1 rev]t$ to ! sceptical attitude :i* _h be5 "o *>act]i/ic ( ,socrates1 & :i* is s prom95t 9 mo/ ( ! ,platonic dialogues#ih4 ,he attack$ ) ! utmo/ vig\r ,z5o's doctr9e ( #8compreh5sion'2 & fur!r argu$ t c]ta9 k is unnecess>y = practical life1 ( :i* probability1 t is1 su* action z c f9d reasonable ju/ification1 is ! suffici5t guide#ii4 ,*rysippus def5d$ ) ! utmo/ en]gy ! dogma ( ! c]ta9ty ( k1 bas$ ^u ! p]spicuity ( true m9d pictures#ajj2 b ! tea*+ ( ,arcesilaus obta9$ a hold ^u him1 & 7z we %all see7 0 ultimately all[$ by him a place )9 ! ,/oic sy/em4 ,sid5ote3 ,spread ( ,epicureanism4 #ajf4 ,*rysippus mean:ile _h a m dang]\s enemy to meet ?an ! ,academy4 ,dur+ ! weakness :i* befel ! ,/oic s*ool 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 ! rival s*ool ( ,epicurus _h won an enorm\s popul>ity4 ,yet its e?ical /&>d1 :i* x _h inh]it$ f ! ,cyr5aics1 (f5d$ n only ! foll[]s ( ,z5o b all sob]-m9d$ philosoph]s4 ,= ,epicurus _h set up ,pleasure z ! que5 ( life1 & _h conv]t$ ! virtues into h] h&maid5s#aja2 & s f> 0 he f tak+ int]e/ 9 model /ates1 t he advis$ 8 he>]s to hold alo( altoge!r f public life4 ,wor/ ( all1 8 foll[]s only smil$ at ! repro(s t 7 %[]$ ^u !m4 ,!y =m$ among !mselves a *e]ful1 affectionate1 & unit$ society2 _! simple pleasures creat$ no public sc&al1 ?\gh _! ent]ta9m5ts 7 (t5 enliv5$ by tales ( ! moral lapses ( _! self-righte\s rivals4 ,! brac+ morality ( ,cynism seem$ to be q gone out ( fa%ion1 & ev5 ! ,ari/onians _h ceas$ to exi/4 ,sid5ote3 ,alliance ( ! ?ree s*ools4 #ajg4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! rema9+ s*ools began to look "o to ano!r = support1 & 7 ev5 br\ght into a k9d ( alliance4 ,! adh]5ts ( ! ,academy & ! ,por*1 9 p>ticul>1 began to meet 9 fri5dly discussion1 & sometimes def9$ anew _! doctr9es s z to m9imize po9ts ( diff]5ce1 sometimes directly modifi$ !m by way ( concession to oppos$ argum5ts4 ,?is process result$ 9 a ton+ d[n ( ,/oicism 9 e "p ( its sy/em4 ,! ,/oic tea*]s began to disreg>d or pu% into ! backgr\nd ^? *>act]i/ic doctr9es :i* _h be5 embodi$ 9 ! ,socratic p>adoxes & en=c$ by ! ,cynic propag&a4 ,?us _! tea*+ gave less (f5ce to ! lax cr[d1 & at ! same "t 7x mu/ be admitt$7 less support to ! /riv+ few2 b its tone 0 n[ s mode/ t m5 ( g5tle & judici\s temp]am5t 7 attract$ to ,/oicism = ! fir/ "t4 ,/oicism began n[ to %ew itself receptive ( lit]>y influ5ces1 especially z reg>ds ! works ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & ev5 appreciative ( arti/ic ideals4 ,su* 0 ! t5d5cy ( ! sy/em dur+ bo? ! second & ! fir/ c5turies ,b4,c42 b x is m difficult to e/imate ! ext5t ( ! deviation4 ,t]ms l #8well proportion$ mixture#ajb1' #8ev5 fl[#ajc1' #8due tone#ajd1' #8h>mony#aje1' are attribut$ ev5 to ! e>lie/ ma/]s3 :il/ x is abundantly cle> t ! ,socratic & ,cynic p>adoxes =m$ at all times "p ( ! g5]ally accept$ view ( ,/oic doctr9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,*rysippus incl9es to ! ,academy4 #ajh4 ,x is an int]e/+ "q1 :i* p]haps ne$s fur!r inve/igation1 to :at ext5t ?is approximation betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ! ,academy & ! ,por* c be trac$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,*rysippus4 ,on ! "o h& we mu/ rememb] t ,*rysippus 0 a man ( di/9ctly or?odox temp]am5t2 he firmly oppos$ ! ,cyniz+ h]esies ( ,ari/o1 & /rongly def5d$ ! ,/oic !ory ( k aga9/ ! ,academy4 ,b our k ( ! tea*+ ( ,*rysippus1 abundant 9 volume1 is lack+ 9 precision4 ,our au?orities1 z we h se51 v imp]fectly di/+ui%1 & v inadequately record1 ! tea*+ ( ! two e>li] ma/]s2 & ! doctr9es :i* are reg>d$ z common to all ,/oics mu/ be assum$ to be g5]ally /at$ 9 ! language ( ,*rysippus1 ^: works rema9$ = c5turies ! recognis$ /&>d ( or?odoxy4 ,ev5 s !re are few di/9ctive doctr9es ( ,*rysippus :i* d n seem to be =e%ad[$ 9 expressions attribut$ to "s e>li] tea*]4 ,yet we may fairly assume t 9 8 e?ical tea*+ !re 0 a sub/antial sacrifice ( ! =cefulness ( ! ,socratic "*1 & a correspond+ approa* to ,academic views4 ,?is appe>s :5 he def9es ! supreme good z #8a life accord+ to nature1 t is1 bo? g5]al nature & our individual human nature#ajf1' & adds1 #8= our individual natures are p>ts ( ! nature ( ! all#ajg4' ,?is approa*es ! doctr9e ( #8virtue appropriate to ! individual' 7 71 z taught by ! ,academics#ajh4 ,a /ill m /rik+ concession is 8 p]mission to m5 engag$ 9 practical life to describe advantages z #8good ?+s1' provid$ !y are c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! supreme good#aji4 ,sid5ote3 ,successors ( ,*rysippus4 #aji4 ,! weak5+ hold ( ! ,/oics ^u ! pr9ciples ( _! f\nd] fir/ becomes evid5t 9 ! dep>tm5t ( physics4 ,?us x is an ess5tial "p ( ! !ory :i* ! ,/oics borr[$ f ,h]aclitus1 t z ! :ole univ]se has proce$$ f ! all-creative fire1 s x mu/ 9 due c\rse be re-absorb$ 9 x1 ?is p]iodical re-absorption be+ te*nically kn[n z ! #8conflagration' 774 ,on ! o!r h& ! foll[]s ( ,ari/otle1 foll[+ duali/ic pr9ciples1 plac$ ,god & ! univ]se 9 et]nal contra/1 & held bo? to be immortal4 ,+5i\s controv]siali/s n[ press$ ! ,/oics to expla9 h[ _! deity ex]cis$ 8 provid5ce dur+ ! p]iodic int]vals 9 :i* ! univ]se _h no sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,?is & l argum5ts _h an imm$iate effect4 ,,bo,,?us ( ,sidon1 a contempor>y ( ,*rysippus1 ab&on$ altoge!r ! ,/oic !ory on ?is subject#aaj2 ,,z5o ( ,t>sus1 :o _h be5 ) 8 fa!r ,,dioscorides a pupil ( ,*rysippus1 & :o succe$$ him z head ( ! s*ool1 discreetly #8susp5d$ 8 judgm5t' ^u ! po9t#aaa4 ,b :atev] its !oretical emb>rassm5ts1 ! ,/oic s*ool cont9u$ to prosp]4 ,z5o ( ,t>sus wrote b few books1 b _h m disciples ?an any o!r#aab2 he 0 succe$$ by ,,seleucus ( ! ,tigris#aac1 & he 9 turn by ,diog5es#aad1 ,antipat]1 & ,panaetius4 ,! la/ ( ^! ma9ta9$ ,z5o's #8susp5se ( judgm5t#aae' on ! "q ( ! conflagration2 b aft] 8 dea? ! ,/oics quietly return$ to ! old] op9ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,diog5es & ,antipat]4 #aaj4 ,,diog5es ( ,seleucia 7circ4 #bch-aej ,b4,c42 (t5 call$ #8( ,babylon1' or simply ,diog5es ,/oicus71 & ,,antipat] ( ,t>sus 7circ4 #bjj-abi ,b4,c471 7 bo? m5 ( em95ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ,/oicism#aaf1 b !y 7 unequally mat*$ aga9/ ,c>neades 7#bah-abh ,b4,c471 :o 0 head ( ! ,academic s*ool ab\t ! same "t1 & :o proclaim$ ! doctr9e ( a univ]sal susp5sion ( judgm5t4 ,! _m volumes ( ,*rysippus gave ,c>neades ample opportunities = ! ex]cise ( 8 critical p[]s2 & ,antipat]1 unable or unwill+ to meet him 9 op5 argum5t1 fell himself into ! evil habit ( book-writ+#aag4 ,bo? ^! tea*]s specially int]e/$ !mselves 9 que/ions ( casui/ry4 ,diog5es1 :o def9$ ! good z #8reasonabl5ess 9 ! *oice ( natural ends#aah1' adopt$ practically t int]pretation ( #8reasonabl5ess' 9 :i* div9e reason has ! lea/ "p1 & human plausibility ! free/ play#aai4 ,?us he discusses ! problems :e!r ! sell] ( a h\se ought to in=m ! pur*as] ( its defects1 & :e!r a man ^u :om false co9s h be5 pass$ may transf] !m to 8 neighb\r#abj4 ,exactly z ,c>neades#aba1 he f9ds #8reasonable excuse' = ! less scrupul\s c\rse4 ,antipat] on ! o!r h& holds t a man's duty to 8 neighb\r requires p]fect frankness#abb2 yet he is said to h ab&on$ ! ,socratic doctr9e ( ! self-suffici5cy ( virtue1 & to h held t ext]nal goods are a "p 7?\gh only a small "p7 ( ! supreme good#abc4 ,sid5ote3 ,less] ,/oics4 #aaa4 ,we may n[ %ortly m5tion "s less important ,/oic tea*]s1 *iefly ( ! e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 s9ce _! numb] alone is an indication ( ! wide influ5ce ( ! sect4 ,,ari/ocreon1 said to h be5 ! nephew ( ,*rysippus1 set up a /atue 9 8 hon\r1 z ! man :o c\ld cut 8 way ?r\gh ! knots ti$ by ! ,academics#abd4 ,,z5odotus 0 a pupil ( ,diog5es1 & wrote an epigram on ,z5o3 he at lea/ def5d$ ! #8manly doctr9e' ( ! f\nd]1 & recall$ ! pr9ciple ( ! suffici5cy ( virtue#abe4 ,,apollodorus ( ,seleucia on ! ,tigris#abf 7sometimes call$ ,ephillus#abg71 ano!r pupil ( ,diog5es1 leant t[>ds ,cynic views2 = he decl>$ t #8! wise man w be a ,cynic1 = ?is is a %ort cut to virtue#abh'2 an op9ion aft]w>ds adopt$ by ! ,/oics g5]ally#abi4 ,he also wrote on physics4 ,a ?ird pupil ( ,diog5es 0 ,,apollodorus ( ,a!ns#acj4 ,closely associat$ ) ,antipat] is ,,ar*$emus ( ,t>sus2 l 8 fell[-t[nsman1 he 0 greatly devot$ to dialectics#aca2 9 e?ics he appe>s to h incl9$ /rongly to ,academic views1 hold+ t ! end ( life 0 ! regul> p]=mance ( daily duties#acb4 ,j ab\t ! "t we h n[ rea*$ 7! middle ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c47 ,eum5es ,,ii f\nd$ ! great libr>y at ,p]gamus1 int5d$ to rival t ( ,alex&ria4 ,z libr>ian he in/all$ a ,/oic philosoph]1 ,,crates ( ,mallos1 :o devot$ mu* ( 8 "t to grammatical inquiries1 & endeav\r$ to br+ ,hom] into accord ) ! ,/oic views on geography#acc2 he is ! fir/ ,/oic ( :om we he> at ,rome1 :i* he visit$ ab\t #aei ,b4,c4 ,be+ deta9$ !re by an accid5t1 he employ$ 8 "t 9 giv+ lectures on lit]ature#acd2 & 8 pupil ,panaetius 0 de/9$ to introduce ,/oicism to ,roman society4 ,la/ly we may m5tion ,,h]aclides ( ,t>sus1 a pupil ( ,antipat]1 said to h brok5 away f ! tea*+ ( ! s*ool by d5y+ t all s9s are equal#ace4 ,a!nodorus ( ,t>sus1 :o held ! same view1 belongs to a lat] g5]ation#acf4 ,( unc]ta9 date are ,,basilides1 :o pu%$ 8 monism s f> z to decl>e t all ?+s1 ev5 /atem5ts1 are bodies#acg2 ,,eudromus1 :o wrote on ! elem5ts ( e?ics#ach2 & ,,cr9is1 :o int]e/$ himself 9 logic#aci4 ,,footnotes #a ,see bel[1 #ie4 #b ,ind4 ,/o4 ,h]c4 col4 xii #c 7,arnim i #dcg74 #c #8,z5onis ,/oici s]vus1 qui ,p]saeus vocatus e/' ,a4 ,gellius ,n4 ,a4 ii #ah1 #h4 1 ,a!n4 iv #ed 7,arnim i #deb74 ,on ! o!r h& #8nullum s]vum fuisse ,z5oni 444 satis con/at' ,s54 ,dial4 xii #ab1 #d4 #d ,arnim i #dci1 #ddj4 #e ib4 #ddi4 #f ,a!n4 iv #ed 7,arnim i #deb74 #g ,diog4 ,l4 vii #afb4 #h ,a!n4 z above4 #i ,paus4 ii #h1 #d2 vii #h1 #c 7,arnim i #ddb74 #aj ,plut4 ,arat4 #bc1 #c4 ,accord+ to ,plut>* he aft]w>ds admitt$ t he _h be5 wrongly taught z to ! #8good g5]al4' #aa #8,p]saeus eos dicit esse habitos deos1 a quibus magna utilitas ad vitae cultum esset inv5ta1 ipsasque res utiles et salut>es deorum esse vocabulis nuncupatas' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ae1 #ch4 ,p]saeus d]iv$ ! !ory f ,prodicus2 ,philod4 de piet4 #i 7,arnim i #ddh71 & above1 #db4 #ab ,diog4 ,l4 vii #i4 #ac 1 ' 1 ' 1 4 ' 1 ' 3 ,aratus1 ,pha54 ,pref4 #ad ,plut4 ,cleo4 #aa1 #b4 #ae ,mahaffy1 ,empire ( ! ,ptolemies1 p4 #bbb4 #af ib4 p4 #bde4 #ag ,zell]1 ,/oics etc41 p4 #dd4 #ah #8,spha]i1 hom9is 9 primis b5e def9i5tis1 ut putant ,/oici' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #bd1 #ec4 #ai ,see bel[1 #ccb4 #bj #8=titudo e/ 444 cons]vatio /abilis iudici 9 iis rebus1 quae =midolosae vid5tur 444 haec def9itio erat ,spha]i' ,cic4 z above4 ,! pr9ciple 0 accept$ by all ,/oics1 see bel[1 #cbc4 #ba #8omitto 444 ,erillum1 qui 9 cognitione et sci5tia summum bonum ponit2 qui cum ,z5onis auditor esset1 vides quantum ab eo diss5s]it1 et quam non multum a ,platone' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #db1 #abi4 ,see also ,f94 iv #ad1 #cf4 #bb #8s9 ea quae virtus leget quaeque reiciet non neglegemus neque tam5 ad f9em summi boni ref]emus1 non multum ab ,erilli levitate ab]rabimus2 facit enim ille duo seiuncta ultima bonorum' ,f94 iv #ae1 #dj4 #bc ' ,diog4 ,l4 vii #afe4 #bd ' 1 ' 1 ' ,/ob4 ii #g1 #c c4 #be 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #afe4 #bf ,! be/ discussion is by ,hirzel1 ,unt]su*ung51 ii #df sqq4 ,he consid]s ! tea*+ ( ,h]illus to h incl9$ to ,cynism r ?an to ,platonism1 & to h be5 sub/antially id5tical ) t ( ,ari/o4 #bg ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ah4 #bh ,a!n4 vi #eh 7,arnim i #cdb74 #bi ib4 vii #ad 7,arnim i #cda74 #cj ,see above1 #hi4 #ca ,diog4 ,l4 vii #afc4 #cb ib4 vii #afa4 #cc #8nihil i/orum physicorum sciri putat posse' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #ci1 #abc4 #cd #8qui neque =mam dei intellegi posse c5seat1 neque 9 dis s5sum esse dicat2 dubitetque omn9o deus animans necne sit' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ad1 #cg4 #ce #8,ari/o moralem quoque 444 quam solam reliqu]at1 circumcidit' ,s54 ,ep4 #hi1 #ac4 #8hanc p>tem quae dat propria cuique p]sonae praecepta levem exi/imat1 et quae non desc5dat 9 pectus usque' ib4 #id1 #b3 9 ?is lett] ! :ole subject is v fully discuss$4 #cf 1 ,sext4 ma?4 xi #fd 7,arnim i #cfa74 #cg #8,ari/onis 444 s5t5tia1 non esse res ullas praet] virtutes et vitia1 int] quas quicquam omn9o int]esset' ,cic4 ,f94 iv #ag1 #dg4 #ch #8huic sc4 ,ari/oni summum bonum e/1 9 8 rebus neutram 9 p>tem mov]i1 quae ab ipso dicitur' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #db1 #acj4 #ci ,gal51 ,hipp4 et ,plat4 vii #b 7,arnim i #cgd74 ,*rysippus is said to h compla9$ t he made ! v>i\s virtues or v>iations ( a s+le virtue 7,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 vii #c72 nev]!less ! same doctr9e frequ5tly reappe>s 9 ,/oic writ]s4 #dj #8vives1 inquit ,ari/o1 magnifice atque praecl>e1 quod erit cunque visum1 ages3 nunquam ang]e1 nunquam cupies1 nunquam timebis' ,cic4 ,f94 iv #be1 #fi4 #da #8,ari/onis 444 iampridem explosa s5t5tia e/' ,(f4 i #b1 #f2 cf4 ,f94 iv #ag1 #dg4 #db ,n4 ,saal1 p4 #cg sqq4 ,= full] discussions ( ,ari/o see ,hirzel1 ,unt]su*ung51 ii p4 #dd1 & ,dyr(f1 ,e?ik1 pp4 #dc sqq41 #cef sqq4 #dc ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 ii p4 #afa4 #dd ,mahaffy1 ,empire ( ! ,ptolemies1 p4 #bjg4 #de ,a!n4 vii #ad 7,arnim i #djh74 #df #8nobis ,h]acleotes ille ,dionysius flagitiose descivisse videtur a ,/oicis propt] oculorum dolorem2 quasi v]o hoc didicisset a ,z5one1 non dol]e1 cum dol]et6 illud audi]at nec tam5 didic]at1 malum illud non esse1 quia turpe non esset' ,cic4 ,f94 v #ca1 #id2 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aff4 #dg #8qua]ebat ,antio*us1 ,dionysius ille ,h]acleotes utrum compreh5disset1 444 hone/um quod esset1 id solum bonum esse1 an 444 hone/i inane nom5 esse1 voluptatem esse summum bonum' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #bb1 #ga4 #dh ,diog4 ,l4 vii #afg2 ,a!n4 x #ej 7,arnim i #dbh74 #di ,diog4 ,l4 vii #afg4 #ej ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ch4 #ea ,he drew wat] by night t he might /udy philosophy by day1 accord+ to ,diog4 ,l4 vii #afh4 #8,clean!s aquam traxit et rig&o horto locavit manus' ,s54 ,ep4 #dd1 #c4 #eb ,diog4 ,l4 vii #cg4 #ec #8,z5onem ,clean!s non expressisset1 si tantummodo audisset3 vitae enim eius int]fuit1 secreta p]spexit1 obs]vavit illum1 an ex =mula sua viv]et' ,s54 ,ep4 #f1 #f4 #ed #8s5sus no/ros cl>iores c>m9is arta necessitas efficit' ,s54 ,ep4 #ajh1 #aj4 #ee ,diog4 ,l4 vii #afh4 #ef ,/ob4 i #a1 #ab 7,arnim i #ecg74 #eg ,see above1 #ij4 #eh ,i foll[ ! read+ 1 4 ,! words 9 ! text are surely a rem9isc5ce ( ,aratus1 ,pha54 #e 7s ,pe>son1 p4 #bgf71 & is confirm$ by ,musonius ap4 ,/ob4 ,flor4 #aag1 #h 7see bel[1 #dai74 ,mr ,pe>son n[ sugge/s to me t ! ,,ms read+ may repres5t ! correction ( a pi\s scribe1 1 i4e4 = 4 ,see bel[1 #bdd4 #ei ,! translation foll[s ,pe>son's 4 ,arnim reads 4 ,ev5 ! mean+ is q unc]ta9 "h4 #fj 7,diels7 seems ! ne>e/ read+ to ! ,,ms1 s t ! ^w #8great' above ref]s to ! sun only4 #fa '1 1 ' 1 ' 4 ' 1 ,epict4 ,manual #ec2 #8duc1 o p>5s celsique dom9ator poli1 quocunque placuit2 nulla p>5di mora e/4 adsum impig]4 fac nolle1 comitabor gem5s1 malusque pati>1 quod pati licuit bono4 ducunt vol5tem fata1 nol5tem trahunt' ,s54 ,ep4 #ajg1 #aa4 ,! translation giv5 above is by ,g4 ,h4 ,r5dall 7,m4 ,aurel4 ,introd4 p4 lxvii74 #fb ,clem4 ,/rom4 v #c1 #ag 7,arnim i #eei74 #fc ,clem4 ,protrept4 vi #gb 7,arnim i #eeg74 #fd ,/ob4 iii #f1 #c 7,arnim i #egc74 #fe ,see bel[1 #cag4 #ff ,z1 = in/ance1 ,zell] does :5 he writes #8,clean!s 0 adapt$ to uphold 8 ma/]'s tea*+1 b he 0 incapable ( exp&+ x m completely1 or ( e/abli%+ x on a wid] basis' ,/oics1 p4 #da4 #fg ,hirzel1 ,unt]su*ung51 ii pp4 #acd sqq42 ,/e91 ,psy*ologie d] ,/oa1 i #fe-gb1 #afb-aga1 ii #caf-ccb4 #fh ,s54 ,ep4 #aac1 #bc4 #fi ,diog4 ,l4 vii #agd4 #gj ib4 #acd4 #ga #8,clean!s ipsum mundum 444 deum dicit esse' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ad1 #cg4 #gb ,arnim i #dig1 #eaa4 #gc #8ultimum et altissimum et omnia complexum ardorem1 qui ae!r nom9etur' ,cic4 z 9 note #ga4 #gd ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #ae1 #da4 #ge #8sic res se habet1 ut omnia1 quae alantur et quae crescant1 cont9eant 9 se vim caloris1 s9e qua neque ali poss5t neque cresc]e' ib4 #i1 #bc4 #gf #8haec 7quae ,z5o dixit esse7 ,clean!s 9 spiritum cong]it quem p]meatorem univ]sitatis affirmat' ,t]t4 ,apol4 #ba 7,arnim i #ecc74 #gg ,! sub/ance ( ?is doctr9e is attribut$ to ,z5o also3 444 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aeg4 #gh ,see bel[1 #bgg4 #gi ,pe>son1 ,introd4 p4 #de2 bel[1 #cfb4 #hj ,arnim i #adc4 #ha ,!re is a slight inconv5i5ce1 b also a real advantage1 9 us+ ?is t]m bo? 9 its philosophic s5se = ! gov]n+ "p ( ! s\l1 & hi/orically = ! sy/em ( gov]nm5t f\nd$ by ,augu/us4 ,!re is a g5u9e analogy betwe5 ! two1 ?\gh x is n develop$ by ! ,lat9 writ]s4 ,s5eca uses pr9cipale only4 #hb ,euseb4 pr4 ev4 xv #ae1 #g 7,arnim i #dii72 & see bel[1 #bja4 #hc ,at4 i #g1 #ag 7,arnim i #ecb72 #8totius naturae m5ti atque animo tribuit hoc nom5 dei' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ad1 #cg4 #hd #8,clean!s ipsum mundum deum dicit esse' ib4 #he ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #e1 #ac-ae2 & see bel[1 *4 x4 #hf ,see bel[1 #aie4 #hg 1 1 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ahb4 #hh ' ' ,diog4 ,l4 vii #agi4 #hi ib4 #ahb4 #ij ib4 #agi4 #ia #8num cont5tus e/ ,*rysippus doc]e1 rem o/5d]e1 def9ire1 explor>e8 non e/ cont5tus3 v]um auget 9 quantum pote/1 exagg]at1 praemunit1 it]at1 diff]t1 recurrit1 int]rogat1 describit1 dividit1 p]sonas f+it1 orationem suam alii accommodat' ,fronto1 ep4 ad ,ant4 p4 #adf 7,arnim ii #bg74 #ib ' 1 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ahc4 #ic ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ahj4 #id #8de quo qu]i sol5t ,/oici1 dum /udiose omnia conquisi]it contra s5sus et p]spicuitatem 444 ipsum sibi respond5tem inf]iorem fuisse2 itaque ab eo armatum esse ,c>nead5' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #bg1 #hg2 cf4 ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 x #c & #d4 #ie #8ab ,*rysippo nihil magnum nec magnificum desid]avi1 qui suo quodam m loquitur1 ut omnia v]borum mom5tis1 non r]um pond]ibus exam9et' ,cic4 ,rep4 iii #h1 #ab2 #8ad ,*rysippi laqueos rev]tamur' de ,fato #d1 #g2 #8,*rysippus1 p5es quem subtile illud acum5 e/ et 9 imam p5etrans v]itatem1 qui rei ag5dae causa loquitur et v]bis non ultra quam ad intellectum satis e/ utitur1 totum librum 8 ineptiis replet' ,s54 ,b54 i #c1 #h2 #8magnum meh]cule virum1 s$ tam5 ,graecum1 cuius acum5 nimis t5ue retunditur et 9 se saepe replicatur' ib4 #d1 #a4 #if #8quod e/ bonum1 omne laudabile e/2 quod autem laudabile e/1 omne e/ hone/um2 bonum igitur quod e/1 hone/um e/' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #h1 #bg4 #ig ,see bel[1 #afb1 #afc4 #ih #8,arcesilas primum 444 ex v>iis ,platonis libris s]monibusque ,socraticis hoc maxime arripuit1 nihil esse c]ti quod aut s5sibus aut animo p]cipi possit' ,cic4 de ,orat4 iii #ah1 #fg4 ,see above1 #ga4 #ii ,sext4 ma?4 vii #aeh4 #ajj #8cum ,*rysippus1 ,academicos refell5s1 p]multo cl>iora et c]tiora esse dicat1 quae vigilantibus videantur1 quam quae somniantibus' ,cic4 ,div4 ii #fa1 #abf2 see fur!r1 #adg4 #aja ,see bel[1 #cdf4 #ajb ,see ,pe>son1 ,cle4 fr4 #db4 #ajc ,accord+ to ,/ob4 ii #g1 #f e ?is t]m 0 us$ by all ! ,/oic tea*]s4 #ajd ,us$ by ,*rysippus1 see ,arnim iii #dgc4 #aje ,diog4 ,l4 vii #hh4 #ajf 1 1 ib4 vii #hi4 #ajg ib4 #hg4 #ajh ,see above1 #ga4 #aji ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #cj1 #d4 #aaj ,philo1 inc4 mund4 #ae1 p4 #bdh 7,arnim iii ,bo?4 #g74 #aaa sc4 ,*rysippi ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #cf ,diels 7,arnim iii ,z4 ,t4 #e74 #aab ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ce4 #aac ,ind4 ,/o4 ,h]c4 col4 #dh 7,arnim iii ,z4 ,t4 #b74 #aad ,see ,zell]1 ,/oics etc41 p4 #ej4 #aae ,see bel[1 #aae4 #aaf #8aliud ,diog5i ,babylonio vid]i solet1 magno et gravi ,/oico1 aliud ,antipatro1 discipulo eius1 hom9i acutissimo' ,cic4 ,(f4 iii #ab1 #ea2 #8,antipat] int] magnos ,/oicae sectae auctores' ,s54 ,ep4 #ib1 #e4 #aag ,plut4 de g>r4 #bc4 #aah ,diog4 ,l4 vii #hh2 = ! ,academic view see #ga above4 #aai ,see bel[1 #aei1 #ccb4 #abj ,cic4 ,(f4 iii #ac1 #ed2 #bc1 #ia4 #aba ,rep4 iii #bj1 #cj4 #abb #8tu cum hom9ibus consul]e debeas1 444 celabis hom9es' ,(f4 iii #ac1 #eb4 #abc #8,antipat] 444 aliquid se tribu]e dicit ext]nis1 s$ exiguum admodum' ,s54 ,ep4 #ib1 #e4 #abd ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #b1 #e4 #abe ,diog4 ,l4 vii #cj4 #abf ,arnim iii p4 #bei2 see also ,pauly-,wiss[a sub voce4 #abg ,s ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ci1 :]e h[ev] o!rs read 4 #abh ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aba4 #abi ib4 vi #ajd4 #acj ,ind4 ,/oic4 ,h]c4 col4 #ec3 also a pupil ( ,antipat]2 to be di/+ui%$ f an ,apollodorus ( ,a!ns :o 0 an ,epicurean2 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aha4 #aca #8duo vel pr9cipes dialecticorum1 ,antipat] et ,ar*$emus1 op9iosissimi hom9es' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #dg1 #adc4 #acb ,diog4 ,l4 vii #hh4 #acc ,s&ys1 ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 i pp4 #aee1 #aef4 #acd ib4 p4 #aeg4 #ace ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aba4 #acf ,see bel[1 #abb1 #abc4 #acg ,arnim iii p4 #bfh4 #ach ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ci4 #aci ib4 #gf4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,/oic ,,sect ,,9 ,,rome4 ,sid5ote3 ,gr[? ( ! ,/oic #8sect4' #aab4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,/oicism won adh]5ts sl[ly & "o by "o1 z individuals 7 conv9c$ by reason+ & example4 ,9 ! second c5tury its progress became m rapid1 = x 0 re9=c$ by inh]itance & social influ5ce4 ,fa!rs h&$ d[n its doctr9e to _! sons1 & tea*]s to _! pupils4 ,gr\ps ( m5 unit$ by a common respect = ! s*ool & its f\nd]s began to associate toge!r1 n only at ,a!ns1 b also 7z we may well inf] f ! li/ ( names giv5 at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]7 at su* c5tres z ,p]gamus1 ,babylon1 ,seleucia1 ,t>sus1 ,sidon1 & ev5 ,alex&ria#a4 ,?us out ( ! s*ool !re grew up ! #8sect' 7secta72 t is1 a society ( m5 drawn f diff]5t nations & ranks1 b %>+ ! same convictions1 unit$ by a bond ( bro!rhood1 & feel+ _! way t[>ds mutual consolation & support2 a company go+ ?r\gh life on ! same pa?1 & prep>$ to submit to a common au?ority#b4 ,! spread ( ! sect 0 rapid ?\gh quiet2 & z we _c expect to trace its hi/ory f place to place1 we are unable to say :5 fir/ x f\nd adh]5ts at ,rome4 ,b e>ly 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,rome ent]$ into close political relations ) two ( ! mo/ highly civiliz$ /ates ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,p]gamus & ,rhodes2 & ?r\gh ! m5 ( le>n+ & ta/e :o 7 associat$ ) ^! communities ,/oicism 0 introduc$ to ! rul+ class at ! c5tre ( ! new empire1 to w9 !re an easy conque/ :i* prov$ no slight comp5sation = ! political subord9ation ( ! /ates f :i* its emiss>ies _h sprung4 ,sid5ote3 ,panaetius4 #aac4 ,we h already notic$#c t ! ,/oic ,crates1 ! head ( ! libr>y e/abli%$ at ,p]gamus1 visit$ ,rome 9 #aei ,b4,c4 & !re gave lectures on lit]ature1 9 :i* he may p]haps h tak5 occasion to exp\nd at lea/ ! *ief doctr9es ( ! ,/oic s*ool4 ,only a few ye>s lat]1 9 #aee ,b4,c41 ! celebrat$ embassy f ,a!ns1 :i* includ$ ! heads ( ?ree ( ! *ief philosophical s*ools at t "t1 arriv$ 9 ,rome4 ,diog5es ( ,seleucia repres5t$ ! ,/oics1 ,critolaus ! ,p]ipatetics1 & ,c>neades ! ,academic s*ool2 & all ?ree exp\nd$ _! respective !ories be=e enorm\s audi5ces4 ,we are told t ,diog5es made a good impression by 8 sob] & temp]ate /yle#d4 ,?us ! way 0 prep>$ = ! m p]man5t influ5ce ( ,,panaetius ( ,rhodes 7circ4 #ahi-aji ,b4,c47#e4 ,he 0 a g5tleman ( position 9 ! weal?y & well-gov]n$ isl& /ate1 & 9 e>ly y\? pursu$ 8 /udies at ,p]gamus1 s t he 0 probably attract$ to ! s*ool by ,crates#f4 ,f ,p]gamus he pass$ to ,a!ns1 :]e he f\nd e/abli%$ ! ?ree tea*]s already nam$1 & atta*$ himself to ,diog5es#g1 & aft] 8 dea? to 8 successor ,antipat]#h4 ,8 writ+s %ew t he 0 also mu* influ5c$ by ! tea*+ ( ,c>neades4 ,b m ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors he appreciat$ philosophy 9 its lit]>y =m4 ,plato1 ! #8,hom] ( philosoph]s1' he held 9 v5]ation#i2 f ,ari/otle1 ,x5ocrates1 ,!ophra/us & ,dicae>*us he con/antly quot$#aj4 ,8 admiration = ^! philosoph]s greatly influ5c$ 8 /yle1 & caus$ him to reject ! /iff & p>adoxical =m us$ by 8 pr$ecessors#aa2 x also l$ to ! surr5d] ( "s *>act]i/ic ,/oic doctr9es 9 fav\r ( ! tea*+ ( ,plato & ,ari/otle#ab4 ,8 /udies ext5d$ to e bran* ( philosophy1 includ+ a/ronomy#ac & politics#ad4 ,! latt] int]e/ br\ght him into association ) ,polybius ! hi/orian1 ) :om he held frequ5t discussions z to ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t2 ! two le>n$ & exp]i5c$ ,greeks agre$ 9 _! admiration = ! con/itution ( ,rome#ae4 ,panaetius visit$ ,rome1 & !re became ! intimate fri5d ( ,scipio ,africanus m9or3 ?is fri5d%ip mu/ h begun be=e ! ye> #adj ,b4,c41 :5 ,panaetius accompani$ ,scipio on a mission to settle ! affairs ( ! ,ea/#af2 x la/$ till ! dea? ( ,scipio 9 #abi ,b4,c4 ,r\nd ,scipio & 8 ,greek fri5ds ,polybius & ,panaetius !re ga!r$ a society ( ! noble/ & mo/ intellig5t m5 ( ,rome2 & 9 ?is circle ! ,lat9 language z well z ,greek philosophy f\nd a new bir?4 ,at ! "t ( ,scipio's dea? ,panaetius became ! head ( ! ,/oic s*ool at ,a!ns1 & held ?is position till 8 own dea? tw5ty ye>s lat]#ag4 ,among/ 8 fri5ds & pupils 7 m5 :o took a lead+ "p 9 ! gov]nm5t ( _! native cities#ah4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 e?ical tea*+4 #aad4 ,panaetius may well be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ,roman ,/oicism1 & is ( special int]e/ to u z ! writ] ( ! treatise 7 7 :i* ,cic]o has freely translat$ 9 8 de ,(ficiis4 ,he sets be=e u ,/oicism z ! s*ool :i* w tra9 ! s*ol>1 ! g5tleman1 & ! /atesman1 :il/ he %r9ks f ^? bold] doctr9es1 borr[$ f ! ,cynic s*ool1 :i* conflict ) t :i* is conv5tional1 or1 z _! oppon5ts say1 ) t :i* is becom+4 ,! c5tral doctr9e t virtue is k1 & is ! sole & suffici5t good1 he accepts z ! pla9 tea*+ ( nature2 & ) x ! p>adox t ! wise man nev] errs#ai4 ,yet ev5 ^! maxims are some:at ton$ d[n z he expresses !m2 & ext]nal advantages appe> to him wor?y ( pursuit1 n only z giv+ a mean+ to virtue & provid+ a field = its ex]cise1 b also = _! own sake1 s long z !y d n conflict ) virtue#bj2 & he p]haps hesitat$ to ass]t positively t #8pa9 is no evil#ba4' ,9 8 treatises ! figure ( ! wise man is )drawn to ! backgr\nd2 he is practically conc]n$ only ) ! #8probation]' 7 71 :o is mak+ "s advance 9 ! direction ( wisdom4 ,?is advance is n made by acts ( p]fect virtue1 b by regul> p]=mance ( #8s]vices' 71 (ficia71 ! simple & daily duties :i* come 9 ! way ( ! good citiz5#bb4 ,fur!r1 sci5tific inve/igation mu/ n become ! ma9 end ( life1 z p]haps x seem$ to ,ari/otle2 x is p]mitt$ only z a recreation 9 ! well-e>n$ int]vals betwe5 ! calls ( active life#bc4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 views on physics4 #aae4 ,x does n appe> t ,panaetius devot$ mu* att5tion to logic#bd2 on ! o!r h& he 0 mu* occupi$ ) t "p ( philosophy :i* deals ) ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se & its gov]nm5t by div9e provid5ce#be4 ,! ,h]aclitean !ory he appe>s to h left altoge!r on "o side2 = he reject$ ! !ory ( ! conflagration#bf1 z ,boe?us _h done be=e him1 accept+ ! objection ( ,c>neades t #8if ev]y?+ turn$ into fire1 ! fire w\ld g out = lack ( fuel#bg4' ,he !re=e jo9$ ! ,p]ipatetics 9 hold+ t ! univ]se is immortal#bh2 b s9ce aga9 ,c>neades has %[n t #8no liv+ ?+ is immortal1' x foll[s t ! _w is n an animal1 nor is ! deity its s\l#bi4 ,^u all ^! subjects ,panaetius ceas$ to ma9ta9 ,/oic doctr9es2 &1 alone among/ ,/oic tea*]s1 he #8susp5d$ 8 judgm5t' z to ! reality ( div9ation#cj4 ,sid5ote3 ,concession 9 e?ics4 #aaf4 ,simil> concessions to 8 oppon5ts m>k 8 treatm5t 9 detail ( e?ics4 ,?us he takes f ,ari/otle ! view t #8virtue is a mean betwe5 two vices'2 & ?is doctr9e1 s ali5 f true ,/oic pr9ciple1 =ms ! basis ( ! treatm5t :i* we f9d adopt$ 9 ! de ,(ficiis4 ,! !ory ( ! f\r #8c>d9al virtues1' ,wisdom1 ,ju/ice1 ,c\rage1 & ,sob]ness1 0 probably common prop]ty at ?is "t2 b :]eas 9 ,cynism ,c\rage & 9 ! e>li] ,/oicism ,wisdom are ! dom9ant virtues1 9 ! !ory ( ,panaetius ,sob]ness1 id5tifi$ ) decorum1 f> exce$s ! re/ 9 practical importance4 ,?us ! triumph won by ,panaetius = ! "n ( ,/oicism 0 pur*as$ by ! sacrifice n only ( its physics1 b v l>gely ( its e?ics also2 & ! success ( ! new sy/em might n unfairly be describ$ z a victory ( lit]ature ov] logic1 ( reasonabl5ess ov] reason1 & ( compromise ov] consi/5cy4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,panaetius und\bt$ly succe$$ 9 pres5t+ ,greek philosophy to 8 ,roman fri5ds 9 a =m 9 :i* x recomm5d$ itself alike to _! reason+ p[]s & to _! moral s5se4 ,sid5ote3 ,posidonius4 #aag4 ,! virtual1 ?\gh n ! nom9al1 successor ( ,panaetius 0 ,,posidonius ( ,rhodes#ca 7circ4 #ace-ea ,b4,c4#cb71 :o aft] /udy+ "u ,panaetius at ,a!ns travell$ widely1 f9ally settl+ at ,rhodes1 & !re took an active "p 9 political life4 ,l 8 ma/]1 he 0 a devot$ /ud5t ( ,plato1 & he wrote a comm5t>y on ! ,timaeus4 ,9 ?is comm5t>y he developes a new !ory ( ! univ]se1 :i* he ass]ts to be t :i* ,plato _h le>nt f ! ,py?agoreans1 & to be at root ! same z t taught by ! ,/oics4 ,! />t+-po9t is ! or unit2 f ?is are evolv$ ! numb]s & ! elem5ts by a pr9ciple ( flux1 z 9 ! sy/em ( ,h]aclitus#cc4 ,! unity & ! fir/ ( ! numb]s1 ! two1 diff] z =ce & matt]2 s t ! dualism ( ,ari/otle is "h def9itely subord9at$ to a supreme monism4 ,?is /udy ( ,posidonius is !re=e incid5tally ( high importance z a side-light on ,/oic metaphysics & cosmology4 ,9 addition he wrote on almo/ all ! pr9cipal divisions ( philosophy1 ?us acquir+ a brilliant reputation1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! eyes ( ! philosophic nobles ( ,rome4 ,cic]o made 8 acqua9tance at ,rhodes 9 #gh ,b4,c41 & ref]s to him m (t5 9 8 works ?an to any o!r ( 8 in/ructors#cd4 ,pompey1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 ea/]n campaigns1 put himself to mu* tr\ble to visit him#ce4 ,among/ 8 ,roman visitors & admir]s 7 also ,velleius1 ,cotta1 & ,lucilius#cf4 ,a c5tury lat]1 ,s5eca look$ back to him z "o ( ^? :o _h made ! l>ge/ contribution to philosophy#cg4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 tea*+4 #aah4 ,z comp>$ ) ! m sci5tific ,panaetius1 ,posidonius m>ks a reaction 9 fav\r ( ! religi\s side ( ,/oicism#ch4 ,?us x comes ab\t t ,cic]o bases on 8 "w #8on gods' 7 7 8 own /atem5t ( ! ,/oic !ology 9 ! second book ( 8 de ,natura deorum#ci4 ,posidonius re/ores ! !ory ( ,div9ation1 z to :i* ,panaetius _h held ! grave/ d\bts#dj4 ,he /rongly ass]ts ! div9e orig9 ( ! s\l1 & accepts ! ,p]sian view t 9 ?is life x is imprison$ 9 ! body#da4 ,he affirm$ ! future conflagration#db1 & f\nd ?is !ory n inconsi/5t ) a belief 9 ! pre-exi/5ce & ! immortality ( ! individual s\l4 ,9 physics & logic alike ,posidonius upholds ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 & x appe>s t x pass$ directly f him to ,philo ( ,alex&ria1 & s into ,judaeo-,*ri/ian speculation4 ,9 e?ics he ma9ta9$ ! suffici5cy ( virtue#dc1 & re-def9$ x 9 ! _s ( ,clean!s r ?an ( ,*rysippus#dd4 ,9 ! practical application ( su* doctr9es to cases ( consci5ce he dislik$ ! lax views ( ,diog5es1 & sid$ r ) ,antipat] & ,panaetius#de4 ,f9ally he held t ! ideal ,republic _h already be5 a*iev$ 9 ! gold5 age1 :5 ! wise _h rul$ = ! protection & happ9ess ( _! subjects#df4 ,sid5ote3 ,hecato4 #aai4 ,,hecato ( ,rhodes 0 also a pupil ( ,panaetius3 he wrote books on e?ics & casui/ry :i* 7 l>gely us$ by ,cic]o & by ,s5eca1 bo? ( :om frequ5tly ref] to him by "n4 ,9 lay+ ! f\ndations ( 8 e?ics he di/+ui%es betwe5 ! #8!oretic virtues1' su* z ,wisdom1 ,ju/ice1 ,c\rage & ,sob]ness1 :i* call = ! ass5t ( ! individual1 & are possess$ only by ! wise man1 & ! correspond+ #8non-!oretic virtues1' :i* are dispositions ( body f\nd also among/ ! unwise2 z heal? :i* corresponds to temp]ance1 & s =?#dg4 ,by ?is ext5sion ( ! conception ( virtue ! doctr9e ( its suffici5cy is r5d]$ easy ( acceptance#dh4 ,9 ! practical application ( 8 !ory he laid great /ress on ! doctr9e ( #8relations' 771 t is on duties t[>ds p>5t1 wife1 *ild1 slave1 c\ntry1 & s =?#di4 ,9 ord] to be 9 a position to p]=m ^! duties a man is entitl$ to c>e = 8 own life & prop]ty#ej4 ,he ne$ n be too c>eful to provide = 8 slaves if provisions are de>#ea2 nor %\ld he too ha/ily give up = ano!r 8 *ance ( escape f a %ipwreck#eb4 ,hecato !re=e seems r to side ) ,diog5es 9 que/ions ( casui/ry1 tak+ a lax view :]e ,antipat] & ,panaetius w\ld be incl9$ to a m altrui/ic /&po9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! unsect>ian philosoph]4 #abj4 ,! ?ree tea*]s ( ,rhodes appe> to u z m5 ( great le>n+ & ( wide int]e/s1 & n )\t orig9al =ce2 on ! o!r h& we _c say t !y made any v l>ge contributions t[>ds ! discussion ( ! great problems ( philosophy4 ,ap>t f !m we f9d little trace ( creative ability 9 ! s*ool dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,!re 7 h[ev] num]\s tea*]s occupi$ 9 exp\nd+ & def5d+ ! doctr9es ( ! s*ool1 & _! special int]e/ lay 9 ! controv]sies betwe5 ! ,por* & ! ,academy4 ,f ^! !re result$ a tempor>y fusion ( ! two s*ools4 ,_! respective names & dogmas rema9$ unalt]$2 b att5tion 0 no long] giv5 to ! great diff]5ces ( pr9ciple :i* divid$ !m4 ,le>n+1 politics1 & social influ5ces alike 7 at "w1 n to solve ! great controv]sies1 b to ?r[ a mi/ ov] !m4 ,f ^! circum/ances !re em]g$ ! type :i* we n[ call ! #8eclectic1' b :i* ! ,romans call$ simply ! #8philosoph]'2 t is1 ! man :o drew practical wisdom f all s\rces alike1 b9d+ himself to ! dogmas ( no s*ool1 b w9n+ 8 way by aptness ( disc\rse & sympa?y ( mann] to social importance#ec4 ,we h b a limit$ int]e/ at ! pres5t day 9 ^! ephem]al reputations2 ! type is /ill ) u1 bo? 9 ! prea*] ^: sympa?ies are giv5 ) equal read9ess to half-a-doz5 w>r+ d5om9ations1 & 9 ! politician :o emphasizes 8 connexion by bir? ) ?ree or f\r nationalities & z _m grades ( society4 ,nor are we call$ ^u to "q ! usefulness ( ?is blurr+ ( diff]5ces4 ,we mu/ h[ev] rem>k t s f> z our imm$iate subject is conc]n$1 ! fusion 0 equival5t to a defeat ( ,/oicism by ! ,academy4 ,t no?+ c be def9itely prov$2 t a man may *oose 8 pr9ciples at ! bidd+ ( 8 fancy2 t an argum5t may be suffici5tly s\nd = practical purposes ev5 :5 !re exi/s a c\nt]-argum5t ( almo/ equal /r5g?2 t ! problems ( dialectics1 physics1 & e?ics may be discuss$ sep>ately1 in/ead ( be+ treat$ z p>ts ( "o :ole2 all ^! are ! po9ts = :i* ! ,academic cont5d$ ) z mu* consi/5cy z 8 sy/em all[$1 & :i* e philosoph]1 :e!r or n he call$ himself a ,/oic1 conc$$ :5 he began to comb9e ! tea*+s ( div]se sy/ems4 ,sid5ote3 ,less] ,/oics4 #aba4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,panaetius ! s*ool at ,a!ns appe>s to h be5 conduct$ by ,,d>danus & ,,mnes>*us1 bo? ( ,a!ns1 jo9tly#ed2 lat] we f9d at its head ,,dionysius ( ,cyr5e1 :o enjoy$ a great reputation z a ma!matician1 & 0 a vigor\s oppon5t ( ,demetrius ! ,epicurean#ee4 ,ab\t ! same "t#ef ,,a!nodorus ! eld] ( ,t>sus 7circ4 #acj-fj ,b4,c47 became libr>ian at ,p]gamus2 he made use ( 8 position to erase f ,z5o's works ^? passages 7probably f ! ,republic7 :i* 7 repugnant to ! ,/oic tea*+ ( 8 own "t2 he 0 h[ev] detect$ & ! passages 9 "q 7 re/or$#eg4 ,x appe>s also t he c\nsell$ )drawal f ! vexations ( public life1 a policy by no means consi/5t ) ! tea*+ ( ,z5o1 & = :i* he is rebuk$ by ,s5eca#eh4 ,f him we fir/ he> ! practical precept :i* bo? ,s5eca & ,juv5al e*o1 to ask no?+ ( ! gods t y _c ask op5ly#ei4 ,9 8 old age he left ,p]gamus & came to reside at ,rome ) ,m4 ,porcius ,cato 9 ,b4,c4 #gj4 ,among/ ! y\ng] fri5ds ( ,cato 7 ,,antipat] ( ,tyre1 :o wrote on practical e?ics1 & di$ at ,a!ns ab\t #de ,b4,c4#fj2 & ,,apollonides1 ) :om he conv]s$ on ! subject ( suicide %ortly be=e 8 dea?#fa4 ,f ,,diodotus ,cic]o receiv$ in/ruction 9 ,/oicism be=e #hh ,b4,c4#fb2 he conceiv$ a great affection = him1 & invit$ him to live 9 8 h\se#fc3 he rema9$ !re till 8 dea? 9 #ei ,b4,c41 :5 he left ,cic]o a consid]able prop]ty#fd4 ,9 8 old age he 0 bl9d1 b he cont9u$ 8 /udies1 & 9 p>ticul> t ( ma!matics1 z ard5tly z ev]#fe4 ,,apollonius ( ,tyre wrote a biography ( ,z5o1 f :i* ,diog5es ,la]tius (t5 quotes#ff4 ,to ?is p]iod p]haps belongs ,,hi]ocles1 :o 0 bitt]ly oppos$ to ,epicurus on acc\nt ( 8 *oos+ pleasure z ! end ( life1 & /ill m = 8 d5ial ( provid5ce#fg4 ,sid5ote3 ,cic]o4 #abb4 ,we h little reason to regret t only fragm5ts at mo/ rema9 to u ( ! works ( ^! philosoph]s1 s9ce ,,cic]o pres5ts to u a compreh5sive view n only ( ! doctr9es !y pr(ess$1 b also ( ! criticisms :i* _! oppon5ts pass$ ^u !m1 & aga9 ( ! replies !y made to ^! criticisms4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is "w = ,/oicism & its rival sy/ems ,cic]o n only creat$ ! philosophic t]m9ology ( ! future by 8 translations ( te*nical t]ms f ,greek into ,lat91 b also e/abli%$ a new /yle ( philosophic discussion4 ,by ! fri5dly tone ( 8 dialogues1 plac$ 9 ! m\?s ( m5 ^: common int]e/ 9 ,greek /udies made ! div]g5cies ( ! s*ools to :i* !y belong$ a second>y matt]2 by ! amplitude ( 8 /yle1 :i* gives itself "t & space to approa* a difficult conception f _m po9ts ( view2 & by ! simplicity ( 8 language & illu/rations1 :i* assumes t e philosophical cont5tion c be pla9ly & =cibly put be=e ! av]age man ( lett]s1 he has set an example ( ! art ( exposition :i* has p]haps n be5 surpass$ s9ce#fh4 ,8 mo/ sy/ematic expositions ( ,/oic doctr9e are z foll[s4 ,9 ! ,academica a g5]al view ( ,z5o's tea*+ is giv5 by ,m4 ,v>ro 7i #aj1 #ce to #aa1 #db71 & ! ,/oic logic1 z accept$ by ,antio*us#fi1 is def5d$ by ,l4 ,lic9ius ,lucullus 7ii #a1 #a to #ai1 #fc74 ,9 ! de ,natura deorum 7bk ii7 ! ,/oic physics is expla9$ by ,q4 ,lucilius ,balbus2 9 ! de ,f9ibus 7bk iii7 ! ,/oic e?ics by ,m4 ,porcius ,cato1 z ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,roman :o has adopt$ !m z a /&>d ( life4 ,9 ! de ,(ficiis ,cic]o adopts ! =m ( a lett] address$ to 8 son :5 /udy+ at ,a!ns1 & av[$ly adapts ! sub/ance ( ! "w ( ,panaetius already m5tion$1 supplem5t+ x f a memor&um ( ! tea*+ ( ,posidonius :i* 0 specially prep>$ = him by ,,a!nodorus ,,calvus#gj2 ?is book deals ) e?ics ma9ly 9 its practical applications4 ,9 _m ( 8 o!r works1 su* z ! de ,amicitia1 de ,s5ectute1 ,tusculan disputations1 de ,fato1 de ,div9atione1 & ,p>adoxa1 ,cic]o makes use ( ,/oic mat]ial )\t giv+ pr(ess$ly an exposition ( ! ,/oic sy/em4 ,sid5ote3 ,areius ,didymus4 #abc4 ,! s*ool to :i* ,cic]o f9ally atta*$ himself 0 t f\nd$ by ,,antio*us ( ,ascalon 7circ4 #abe-ej ,b4,c47#ga1 :o "u ! "n ( ! #8old ,academy' taught doctr9es :i* 7 practically indi/+ui%able f ^? ( ! dilut$ ,/oicism :i* n[ prevail$1 avoid+ only ! dogmatic temp] & a few ( ! p>adoxes ( ! ,/oics#gb4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 ! prevail+ tone ( philosophical discussion f ! fall ( ! ,republic to ! dea? ( ,augu/us4 ,brutus 7! #8tyrannicide'71 ?\gh family & political associations h l9k$ 8 "n ) t ( ,cato1 0 9 8 philosophical op9ions a foll[] ( ,antio*us#gc4 ,n v diff]5t 7 probably ! views ( two tea*]s1 nom9ally ,/oics1 :o held high positions 9 ! h\sehold ( ,augu/us4 ,,a!nodorus ! y\ng] ( ,t>sus 7possibly ! same z ! ,a!nodorus ,calvus m5tion$ 9 ! la/ section7 0 a pupil ( ,posidonius1 & :il/ tea*+ at ,apollonia c\nt$ among/ 8 pupils ,julius ,caes>'s great-nephew ,octavius1 :o 0 aft]w>ds to become ! emp]or ,augu/us4 ,octavius took 8 tea*] ) him to ,rome1 & he _h ! cr$it ( ex]cis+ a re/ra9+ influ5ce on 8 patron4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #cj he 0 s5t 9 8 old age to re=m ! gov]nm5t ( 8 native city ,t>sus4 ,he appe>s to h writt5 *iefly on popul> moral subjects#gd4 ,,areius ,,didymus ( ,alex&ria#ge1 :o 0 = a long] p]iod in/all$ 9 ! h\sehold ( ,augu/us#gf1 is ( int]e/ to u z ! fir/ ( ^? :o made exc]pts f ! works ( e>li] writ]s1 & to him we owe mo/ ( ! ,/oic fragm5ts f\nd 9 ! "w ( ,/obaeus4 ,he probably dep5d$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance on ! writ+s ( ,antio*us ( ,ascalon4 ,he 0 in/rum5tal 9 sav+ 8 native t[n ,alex&ria :5 tak5 by ,augu/us 9 ,b4,c4 #cj4 ,x is probable en\gh t 8 #8,epitome' 0 prep>$ = ! use ( ,augu/us1 & provid$ ! mat]ial = philosophical discussions at ! banquet1 su* z ^? to :i* ,horace s (t5 ref]s#gg4 ,s5eca tells u t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! inmo/ ?\ghts ( ! family ( ,augu/us1 & reports ! language 9 :i* he consol$ ,livia ^u ! dea? ( h] son ,drusus#gh 7,b4,c4 #i74 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,,!on ( ,alex&ria1 also a ,/oic1 :o took a special int]e/ 9 physiology4 ,sid5ote3 ,attalus4 #abd4 ,we "k f ,horace t 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us ,/oic philosoph]s 7 f\nd n only at ! c\rt1 b also 9 ! public lecture-room1 & at ! /reet-corn]s4 ,su* 7 ,/]t9ius#gi1 ( :om ! comm5tators say t he 0 ! au?or ( #abj books on ,/oicism#hj2 ,crisp9us#ha1 said to h be5 a bad poet#hb2 & ,damasippus#hc4 ,9 ,horace's amus+ sket*es we f9d ! ,/oic z he appe>$ to ! unconv]t$4 ,he has sore eyes1 or else a tr\blesome c\gh#hd2 he presses 8 tea*+ ^u 8 he>]s unreasonably & unseasonably4 ,b 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius we f9d ^! popul> lectur]s held 9 v high e/eem4 ,"o ( ! mo/ em95t 0 ,,attalus1 ( :om ,s5eca ! philosoph] gives u a gl[+ acc\nt4 ,s5eca 0 ! fir/ ea* day to besiege ! door ( 8 s*ool1 & ! la/ to leave ?r\gh x4 ,?is philosoph] mu/ h ex]cis$ an extraord9>y influ5ce ov] ! "y m5 ( 8 "t4 ,9 8 m\? ! p>adox #8! wise man is a k+' seem$ a mode/ /atem5t2 8 pupils 7 half dispos$ to reg>d him z a god#he4 ,:5 he declaim$ on ! mis]y ( human life1 a deep pity = _! fell[-m5 fell ^u !m2 :5 he extoll$ pov]ty1 !y felt dispos$ to r5\nce _! weal?2 :5 he recomm5d$ ! simple life1 !y readily ab&on$ ! use ( meat & w9e1 ( ungu5ts & ( w>m ba?s#hf4 ,s5eca quotes f him 9 full an address on ! vanity ( weal?1 :i* %ews 8 tea*+ to be v simil> to t ( ! m fam\s ,musonius#hg4 ,he atta*$ a special value to ! discipl9e :i* h>d%ips br+ ) !m#hh4 ,he incurr$ ! dislike ( ,seianus1 :o defraud$ him ( 8 prop]ty & r$uc$ him to ! position ( a peasant#hi4 ,sid5ote3 ,cornutus4 #abe4 ,our att5tion is next attract$ by ,l4 ,,annaeus ,,cornutus 7circ4 #bj-ff ,a4,d471 :o 0 born 9 ,africa1 & ent]$ ! h\se ( ! ,annaei1 presumably z a slave4 ,!re he receiv$ 8 fre$om1 & became ! tea*] ( ! two poets ,p]sius & ,lucan2 ( ^! ! =m] has left u an attractive acc\nt ( 8 p]sonality#ij4 ,he wrote 9 ,greek1 & "o ( 8 works1 #8,on ! ,nature ( ! ,gods1' is /ill extant4 ,?is book is a developm5t ( ! sy/em :i* we see foll[$ by ,cic]o 9 ! de ,natura deorum 7bas$ ^u ,posidonius71 by :i* a reconciliation is effect$ betwe5 ! ,/oic physics & ! popul> my?ology4 ,by means ( etymology & allegory1 all t is incr$ible or (f5sive 9 ! old leg5ds ( ! gods is metamorphos$ into a rationali/ic explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se4 ,?us ,zeus is ! s\l ( ! univ]se1 because he is ! cause ( life 9 all liv+ ?+s1 ,zeus be+ d]iv$ f #8live4' ,apollo is ! sun1 & ,artemis ! moon3 ,prome!us ! provid5ce t rules 9 ! univ]se4 ,pan is ! univ]se4 ,cronos consumes all 8 (fspr+ except ,zeus1 = "t consumes all except :at is et]nal4 ,h]a1 ! air 7 f 7 is si/] & wife ( ,zeus1 because ! elem5ts ( fire & air are intimately associat$4 ,! popul>ity ( su* a treatise goes f> to expla9 to u ! close connexion n[ becom+ e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,/oic philosophy & ! practices ( ,roman religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,s5eca4 #abf4 ,r\ghly contempor>y ) ,annaeus ,cornutus1 b p]haps r old]1 0 ! fam\s ,lat9 writ] ,l4 ,,annaeus ,,s5eca 7circ4 #d ,b4,c4-#fe ,a4,d474 ,born 9 ,corduba 9 ,spa91 he may h inh]it$ simple ta/es f 8 prov9cial orig92 b x 0 ! eloqu5ce ( ,attalus :i* mov$ him to a delib]ate *oice ( ! philosophic life#ia4 ,"u ?is influ5ce he 0 at "o "t tempt$ to ?r[ away 8 weal?2 :il/ ! ,py?agorean philosoph] ,sotion induc$ him to become = a "t a veget>ian#ib4 ,to ! end ( 8 days he adh]$ to ! #8simple life'2 he felt an av]sion to w9e1 oy/]s1 & all luxuri\s food2 he disc>d$ hot ba?s & s(t *airs z debilitat+2 & ( p]fumes he w\ld h only ! be/1 t is1 none at all#ic4 ,he 0 an ard5t lov] ( books1 & appe>s to u z ! la/ ,roman :o made a sy/ematic /udy ( ,/oicism 9 ! orig9al au?orities1 & ?us grasp$ ! sy/em 9 its full ext5t4 ,he did n h[ev] claim1 l 8 tea*] ,attalus1 to be a wise man2 f> f t1 he lam5ts t he is /ill 9 ! deep wat]s ( wick$ness#id4 ,9 an age :5 a gov]nm5tal c>e] 0 freely op5 to tal5t1 ,s5eca's p[]s & indu/ry c>ri$ him to high political /ation1 & greatly increas$ 8 inh]it$ weal?4 ,he play$ a "p 9 ! c\rt ( ,claudius1 & 9 "t became ! tutor1 & ultimately ! m9i/]1 ( ,n]o4 ,he did n possess ! zeal ( a re=m]1 & d\btless tol]at$ _m an abuse1 & (t5 b[$ 8 head be=e p[] ev5 :5 l9k$ ) tyranny#ie4 ,b if he did n imitate ! unb5d+ /iffness ( ,cato1 we h /ill no reason to cr$it ! p]sonal calumnies t pursu$ him at c\rt4 ,_h 8 c>e] z a :ole be5 a discr$it to 8 philosophical pr(ession1 we may feel sure t ,juv5al w\ld nev] h ov]look$ s s5sational a contra/4 ,= ! la/ few ye>s ( 8 life he resign$ political p[]1 t he might devote himself to :at he deem$ a m important task1 ! exposition ( ! practical tea*+ ( ,/oicism#if4 ,f9ally he 01 or appe>$ to be1 drawn into a plot aga9/ ! emp]or1 & 0 call$ ^u 9 consequ5ce to put an end to 8 life4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 /yle4 #abg4 ,! lit]>y /yle ( ,s5eca 0 sev]ely criticiz$ by critics almo/ contempor>y ) him4 ,gellius tells u t 9 8 "t x 0 by _m n ?\ght wor? :ile to read 8 writ+s1 because ! /yle 0 f\nd to be vulg>1 ! matt] *>act]i/ic ( half-educat$ m51 ! argum5t petty & exagg]at$#ig4 ,qu9tilian f9ds t mu* ( 8 "w is admirable1 b mu* also is ta9t$ by a /riv+ = *eap effect & a want ( solid k#ih2 & he ?9ks him 9 no way comp>able to ,cic]o#ii4 ,?is judgm5t is g5]ally ma9ta9$ 9 ! _w ( mod]n s*ol>%ip1 ) ! result t ,s5eca's works are n read 9 our s*ools & univ]sities1 & are little kn[n ev5 to pr(essional s*ol>s4 ,on ! o!r side we may set ! extraord9>y popul>ity ( ,s5eca bo? 9 8 own times#ajj & 9 ^? ( ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,x is possible to argue t 8 /yle repres5ts ! true t5d5cy ( ! ,lat9 language 9 8 day1 & t x is 9 ! direct l9e t[>ds ! mod]n /yle ( ,fr5* prose1 g5]ally consid]$ ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,z reg>ds 8 matt] x is n possible to d5y t he repeats ! same moral tea*+ _m times 9 slightly alt]$ =m#aja1 & t he seldom gives u a cont9u\s or ?or\gh treatm5t ( any important subject#ajb4 ,8 writ+s may well be comp>$ ) articles 9 our p]iodical lit]ature & ! hebdomadal productions ( our pulpits2 !y aim at imm$iate effect r ?an at ! sl[ build+ up ( ord]$ k4 ,j = t reason !y admirably illu/rate = u ,/oicism 9 its practical application to daily life2 & ! extraord9>y popul>ity :i* !y enjoy$ = _m c5turies seems to %ew t !y are 9 t\* ) deeply-root$ in/9cts ( humanity4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 indep5d5ce4 #abh4 ,s5eca claims to be an indep5d5t ?9k]1 only adopt+ ! views ( ,/oic ma/]s because _! argum5ts conv9ce him#ajc4 ,/ill he does n use ! lib]ty he claims to ass]t any new pr9ciples1 b only to deviate occasionally 9 ! direction ( popul> views4 ,?us he frequ5tly adopts "s dogma ( ,epicurus or "s ,cynic p>adox to po9t a moral1 & appe>s unconsci\s ( ! deep-ly+ diff]5ces :i* keep ^! s*ools ap>t f ,/oicism2 & only 9 reply to "s *all5ge does he /ate ) any c>e ! ,/oic position4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! problem ( weal?1 :i* bo? ,epicurean & ,cynic disp>age1 b ! true ,/oic is call$ ^u to def5d z a #8?+ ( high degree4' ,yet :5 ,s5eca is call$ ^u to def5d 8 own possession ( weal? he /ates 8 case ) admirable cle>ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,weak5+ ( ,/oicism4 #abi4 ,x is p]haps p>tly due to 8 /yle t x appe>s at times z if ,s5eca's hold on ,/oic doctr9e 0 (t5 weak4 ,he has no real belief 9 conviction & sci5tific k3 #8if we try to be exact ev]y:]e1 we %all ne$ to keep sil5ce2 = !re is some?+ to be said aga9/ mo/ /atem5ts#ajd4' ,= ! detail$ ,/oic sy/em ( logic he feels only contempt#aje4 ,9 physics h[ev] 8 int]e/ is ke51 probably "u ! influ5ce ( 8 fav\rite ,posidonius3 he sets =? ) great cle>ness ! !ory ( tone 71 int5tio7#ajf3 he eloqu5tly ma9ta9s ! exi/5ce ( gods1 ab&on+ ! traditional pro(s1 & bas+ 8 conviction ^u ! moral s5se 9 man#ajg3 he holds firmly to ! doctr9e ( ! conflagration#ajh4 ,/ill we h con/ant reason to d\bt :e!r ^! beliefs are l9k$ toge!r 9 8 m9d by any consi/5t pr9ciple4 ,8 e?ics are m>k$ by a simil> weakness3 ! ,socratic #8/r5g? & =ce' is want+1 & is replac$ by a _s ( quietism & resignation4 ,! important position :i* he has fill$ 9 ,roman politics awak5s no en?usiasm 9 himself1 nor does ! greatness ( ! ,roman empire excite 8 admiration4 ,8 he>t is 9 8 books2 to !m he gives up entirely 8 clos+ ye>s4 ,8 wise man w n g out ( ! way to mix 9 politics2 r he w c>efully consid] h[ he may avoid ! dang]s ( social /rife#aji4 ,?is enfeebl$ moral tea*+ is f\nd also 9 ! successors ( ,s5eca1 & 9 mod]n lit]ature is con/antly quot$ z true ,/oic doctr9e4 ,b ?\gh ,s5eca's philosophy f9ds him _m an excuse = 8 retirem5t1 he w\ld h be5 a m fai?ful disciple ( ,z5o & ,clean!s if he _h borne ! burd5 ( public life to ! end4 ,sid5ote3 ,musonius4 #acj4 ,to ! same p]iod z ,s5eca belongs ,c4 ,,musonius ,,rufus1 9 :om h[ev] we obs]ve di/9ctly1 :at we may conjecture _h also be5 ! case ) ,attalus1 t e?ical tea*+ is becom+ divorc$ f philosophical !ory1 & s ! ,cynic /&po9t approa*$4 ,musonius 0 a prea*] ) a s+ul> impressiv5ess ( address4 ,speak+ f ! he>t on matt]s ( direct moral import1 he won respect ev5 f ^? :o 7 lea/ will+ to be guid$ by him4 ,he disda9$ ! applause ( 8 he>]s1 desir+ in/ead to see ea* "o tremble1 blu%1 exult1 or /& bewild]$ accord+ z ! address affect$ him#aaj4 #8,if y h leisure to praise me1' he said to 8 pupils1 #8,i am speak+ to no purpose4' #8,accord+ly1' said "o ( !m1 #8he us$ to speak 9 su* a way t e "o :o 0 sitt+ !re suppos$ t "s "o _h accus$ him be=e ,rufus3 he s t\*$ on :at 0 do+1 he s plac$ be=e ! eyes e man's faults#aaa4' ,among/ 8 pupils 7 ,aulus ,gellius ! antiqu>ian1 ,epictetus1 & a c]ta9 ,pollio :o made a collection ( 8 say+s 7 71 ( :i* extracts h be5 pres]v$ = u by ,/obaeus4 ,!y consi/ ( moral maxims 77 su* z #8,live ea* day z if y\r la/#aab1' #8,no?+ is m pleasurable ?an temp]ance#aac1' & disc\rses or #8diatribes' 77 deal+ ) subjects su* z discipl9e1 endurance1 m>riage1 ob$i5ce to p>5ts1 & s =?#aad4 ,9 elevation ( /&>d ^! writ+s /& high] ?an ^? ( ! e>ly ,/oics2 & ! influ5ce ( ,musonius 0 s great t we may almo/ reg>d him z a ?ird f\nd] ( ! philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 "p 9 politics4 #aca4 ,9 public life ,musonius play$ a conspicu\s "p2 he 0 ! ,cato ( 8 g5]ation1 tru/$ by all p>ties = 8 absolute rectitude ( "*1 & respect$ = 8 fe>lessness2 b he 0 mu* less out ( t\* ) ! real conditions ( ! ,roman _w4 ,:5 9 ,a4,d4 #fb ,rubellius ,plautus f\nd himself unable to quiet ,n]o's suspicions ( 8 loyalty1 x 0 believ$ t ,musonius enc\rag$ him to await 8 end calmly1 r ?an attempt rebellion#aae4 ,aft] ! conspiracy ( ,piso1 ,musonius 0 bani%$ f ,rome by ,n]o1 toge!r ) mo/ ( ! em95t p]sonalities ( ! capital#aaf4 ,on ,n]o's dea? he return$ to ,rome1 & :5 ! armies ( ,vespasian & ,vitellius 7 fight+ 9 ! suburbs ( ! city1 ! s5ate s5t delegates to propose t]ms ( peace4 ,musonius jo9$ !m1 & v5tur$ to address ! common soldi]s1 expatiat+ on ! bless+s ( peace1 & /]nly reprov+ !m = c>ry+ arms4 ,he 0 r\ghly h&l$ & =c$ to desi/4 ,tacitus speaks sev]ely ( ?is unseasonable display ( philosophy#aag2 & c]ta9ly ,rome w\ld n h be5 ! ga9] if ! issue _h rema9$ undecid$#aah4 ,b t su* an attempt 0 possible 9 defiance ( all milit>y discipl9e speaks mu* bo? = ! c\rage ( ! speak] & = ! respect 9 :i* 8 pr(ession 0 held4 ,musonius cont9u$ to play an hon\rable "p 9 public life dur+ ! reign ( ,vespasian1 & reta9$ ! confid5ce ( ! emp]or ev5 at a "t :5 8 advis]s secur$ 8 ass5t to a measure = expell+ o!r philosoph]s f ! capital#aai4 ,sid5ote3 ,euphrates & ,dio4 #acb4 ,9 ! reigns ( ,titus & 8 successors pupils & conv]ts ( ,musonius play$ n inconspicu\s p>ts 9 public life4 ,among/ !m 0 "o ,,euphrates1 ( ,tyre or ,epiphania 7circ4 #ce-aah ,a4,d471 :o 9 8 day won all he>ts & conv9c$ all judgm5ts4 #8,"s p]sons1' says ,epictetus1 "o ( 8 fell[-pupils1 #8hav+ se5 a philosoph]1 & hav+ he>d "o speak l ,euphrates--& yet :o c speak l him8--wi% to be philosoph]s !mselves#abj4' ,pl9y made 8 acqua9tance 9 8 native l&1 & 0 fill$ ) affection = ! man4 ,he f\nd 8 /yle dignifi$ & sublime2 b especially he notic$ its sweetness1 :i* attract$ ev5 8 oppon5ts4 ,8 p]sonal appe>ance 0 ev5 m *>m+2 he 0 tall1 h&some1 & ! proprietor ( a long & v5]able be>d4 ,8 private life 0 beyond reproa*1 & he 0 devot$ to ! education ( 8 family ( two sons & "o daught]#aba4 ,he appe>s to h completely a*iev$ ! reconciliation ( philosophy ) worldly success4 ,m ascetic 9 temp] 0 ,,dio ( ,prusa 7circ4 #dj-aag ,a4,d471 :o 0 fir/ an oppon5t b aft]w>ds a foll[] ( ,musonius#abb4 ,a ,/oic 9 !ory1 a ,cynic 9 practice1 he assum$ ! %abby cloak1 & w&]$ z a physician ( s\ls4 ,8 eloqu5ce succe$$ 9 calm+ a mut9y ( soldi]s :i* foll[$ on ! dea? ( ,domitian1 & won = him f a foll[+ g5]ation ! title ( ! #8gold5-m\!d4' ,he 0 held 9 high hon\r bo? by ,n]va & by ,trajan4 ,a l>ge numb] ( 8 h>angues are /ill extant4#abc ,sid5ote3 ,epictetus4 #acc4 ,! influ5ce ( su* tea*]s 0 at any rate widespread1 & if we suspect t ,/oicism 0 already los+ its int5sive =ce z x ext5d$ ! sph]e ( its influ5ce1 9 ?is x did b obey :at we %all see to be its own law ( creative activity#abd4 ,we /ill h to consid] ! two tea*]s :o are ( all ! mo/ fam\s & ! mo/ famili>2 n h[ev] because !y mo/ truly express ! sub/ance ( ,/oicism1 b because !y h mo/ deeply t\*$ ! feel+s ( humanity4 ,^! are ,,epictetus ( ,hi]apolis 7circ4 #ej-acj ,a4,d47 & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :o lat] succe$$ to ! pr9cipate4 ,! contra/ betwe5 _! positions has (t5 excit$ comm5t1 s9ce ,epictetus 0 born a slave1 & only obta9$ 8 fre$om 9 mature ye>s1 t is1 aft] ! dea? ( ,n]o 9 #fh ,a4,d4 ,9 reality x is *>act]i/ic ( ! times t s _m m5 ( =eign & ev5 s]vile orig9 rose to positions ( em95ce & became ! associates & tea*]s ( m5 ( high (ficial rank4 ,9 ! great slave h\seholds1 9 p>ticul>1 ( imp]ial ,rome unequall$ opportunities lay op5 to tal5t2 ! #8educational ladd]' 0 ev]y:]e set up to enc\rage ! y\? to make ! be/ ( 8 gifts4 ,fur!r1 j z "y nobles 7 frequ5tly enam\r$ ( slave girls1 s f> sup]ior to ! ladies ( _! own class 9 wit1 g5tl5ess ( mann]s1 & loyalty 9 ! face ( all t]rors & temptations#abe2 s _! eld]s f\nd a delight 9 ! company ( ! ?\ghtful & intellectual m5 :o came to ! front ?r\gh ! competition ( ! slave s*ools4 ,?us ! emp]or ,claudius *ose 8 m9i/]s among/ 8 fre$m51 provok+ !reby ! sne]s ( ! ,roman ari/ocracy1 b greatly advanc+ ! good gov]nm5t ( ! ,roman empire2 & x 0 ,epaphroditus1 himself a fre$man ( ,n]o1 :o s5t ! "y ,epictetus to /udy at ! feet ( ,musonius ,rufus4 ,epictetus 0 a man ( w>m feel+s & cle> head2 8 addresses1 record$ = u by 8 he>] ,arrian1 s]ve admirably to /imulate ! dome/ic virtues & to keep alive ! religi\s _s2 b 8 tea*+ lacks ! =ce :i* befits ! tra9+ ( a /atesman or a k+4 ,9 logic he incl9es too mu* to susp5se ( judgm5t1 9 e?ics to resignation4 ,b he did n altoge!r miss ! ,socratic =ce3 9 8 y\? he _h gone ab\t inquir+ ( 8 neighb\rs if _! s\ls 7 9 good heal?1 & ev5 :5 !y repli$ #8,:at is ?is to y1 my good man8 ,:o are y8' he _h p]si/$ 9 giv+ tr\ble4 ,only :5 !y rais$ _! h&s & gave him bl[s _h he recognis$ t !re 0 some?+ want+ 9 8 me?od#abf4 ,o!r "y philosoph]s1 he felt1 lack$ ?is en]gy1 & 7 m5 ( words1 n de$s#abg4 ,l o!r philosoph]s1 he 0 expell$ f ,rome by ,domitian 9 ,a4,d4 #hi1 :5 he retir$ to ,nicopolis2 !re he gave lectures till ! "t ( 8 dea?#abh4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 ,cynism4 #acd4 ,epictetus 0 a vigor\s oppon5t ( ! gr\p ( "y philosoph]s :o delight$ to display _! tal5t ^u ! intricacies ( ! ,/oic logic1 & 9 8 e>ly y\? he 0 tak5 to task by 8 tea*] ,musonius = und]rat+ ?is "p ( philosophy#abi4 ,he came h[ev] to see ! great importance ( a ?or\gh tra9+ 9 ! me?ods ( reason+1 s t 9 practical life a man %\ld di/+ui% ! false f ! true1 z he di/+ui%es good co9s f bad4 ,9 physics he lays /ress *iefly on !ology1 & ! #8w ( ,god' fills a l>ge place 9 8 conception ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,9 8 treatm5t ( practical e?ics he makes free use ( illu/rations f ! social life ( 8 own day3 he f9ds examples ( ,socratic /r5g? 9 ! a?lete & ! gladiator2 & he makes x cle> t ! true philosoph] is n 7z _m believe ! ,/oics to hold7 a man devoid ( natural feel+1 b on ! contr>y affectionate & consid]ate 9 all ! relations ( life4 ,he has a special respect = ! ,cynic1 :o appe>s 9 8 lectures n z ! repres5tative ( a diff]+ philosophical sy/em1 b z philan?ropi/1 tea*]1 com=t]1 & mission>y4 ,!re is inde$ 9 ! addresses ( ,epictetus a complete fusion ( ,/oicism ) ,cynism2 & we trace 9 !m pictures n only ( ! ,cynic sy/em z a :ole1 b also ( individual tea*]s l ,anti/h5es & ,diog5es1 pr(\ndly diff]5t f & mu* m human ?an ! repres5tations ( !m famili> ?r\gh o!r lit]ature2 !y are 9 fact pictures ( ,cynic tea*]s pass$ d[n or idealiz$ by ! memb]s ( _! own sect4 ,by _! side /& ! pictures ( ,ulysses ! sage & ,h]acles ! purg] ( ! _w1 z !y mu/ h be5 describ$ f g5]ation to g5]ation by ,cynic orators to _! he>]s among/ ! poor & ! unhappy4 ,sid5ote3 ,arrian4 #ace4 ,9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ! pr(ess$ tea*]s ( ,/oicism mu/ h be5 v num]\s2 ) ! dea? ( ,domitian p]secution _h pass$ away4 ,! philosoph]s 7 ev]y:]e held 9 high e/eem1 & 9 turn _! :ole influ5ce 0 us$ 9 support ( ! exi/+ /ate ( society & ! (ficial religion4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury ,,flavius ,,arrianus 7circ4 #ij-age ,a4,d47 is ! mo/ em95t ( ,/oics2 & x 0 not$ t 8 relation to 8 tea*] ,epictetus mu* resembl$ t ( ,x5ophon to ,socrates4 ,to him we owe ! publication ( ! #8disc\rses' 77 :i* he he>d ,epictetus deliv]4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #abd1 :5 lectur+ at ,a!ns1 he won ! fav\r ( ! emp]or ,hadrian1 & 0 appo9t$ by him to high public (fices1 9 :i* he %ew$ himself a wise adm9i/rator & a skilful g5]al2 9 ,a4,d4 #acj he receiv$ ! consul%ip2 & lat] he )drew to 8 native t[n ( ,nicom$ia 9 ,bi?ynia1 :]e he fill$ a local prie/hood & devot$ himself to ! production ( works on hi/ory & milit>y tactics4 ,to ,/oic doctr9e he made no direct contribution4 ,sid5ote3 ,ru/icus4 ,aft] ,arrian _h giv5 up ! tea*+ ( philosophy = public life ,q4 ,,junius ,,ru/icus succe$$ to ! position he left vacant4 ,to him1 among/ o!r tea*]s belong+ to v>i\s philosophical s*ools1 0 entru/$ ! education ( ! future emp]or ,m4 ,aurelius1 :o gives u ! foll[+ picture ( ! tea*+ he receiv$3 #8,f ,ru/icus1 ,i fir/ conceiv$ ! ne$ ( moral correction & am5dm5t2 r5\nc$ sophi/ic ambitions & essays on philosophy1 disc\rses provocative to virtue1 or fancy portraitures ( ! sage or ! philan?ropi/2 le>n$ to es*ew rhetoric & poetry & f9e language2 n to we> full dress ab\t ! h\se1 or o!r affectations ( ! k9d2 9 my lett]s to keep to ! simplicity ( 8 own1 f ,s9uessa1 to my "m2 to be enc\rag+ & conciliatory t[>ds any "o :o 0 (f5d$ or out ( temp]1 at ! fir/ (f] ( advances ^u _! side4 ,he taught me to read accurately1 & n to be satisfi$ ) vague g5]al appreh5sion2 & n to give ha/y ass5t to *att]]s4 ,he introduc$ me to ! memoirs ( ,epictetus1 pres5t+ me ) a copy f 8 own /ores#acj4' ,9 ,ru/icus we may confid5tly trace a successor ( ! s*ool ( ,musonius & ,epictetus4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>cus ,aurelius4 #acf4 ,m4 ,,aurelius ,,anton9us ,,pius 7#aba-ahj ,a4,d47 is commonly spok5 ( z #8! philosoph] ^u ! ?rone1' b ?is description may be mislead+4 ,aurelius 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance a ,roman pr9ce2 to ! in/itutions ( ,rome & to 8 own position z _! *ief repres5tative he ow$ 8 *ief allegiance4 ,he 0 und\bt$ly an apt pupil ( ! c\rtly philosoph]s by :om he 0 surr\nd$2 he delib]ately *ose philosophy 9 pref]5ce to rhetoric1 & ( ! v>i\s s*ools ( philosophy 8 judgm5t rank$ ,/oicism highe/4 ,he 0 fairly well in/ruct$1 b by no means le>n$1 9 its doctr9es2 he adh]$ ) s9c]ity1 b )\t ard\r1 to its practical precepts4 ,9 ! leisure h\rs ( a busy life x 0 8 com=t & 8 relaxation to express 8 mus+s 9 ! =m ( philosophic reflections4 ,b 8 attitude t[>ds ,/oicism is always t ( a judge r ?an t ( an advocate2 & mu* t ! s*ool receiv$ z conv9c+ reason+ he reject$ z +5i\s plead+4 ,h5ce a l>ge "p ( ,/oic doctr9e1 & almo/ ! :ole ( its detail$ in/ruction1 disappe>s f 8 view2 b we h ! advantage t ! la/ ( ! ,/oic writ]s br+s out into cle>] relief ^? features ( ?is philosophy :i* c\ld /ill rivet att5tion 9 8 own "t1 & :i* !re=e =m "p ( ! la/ message ( ! anci5t _w to ! com+ g5]ations4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 belief 9 ! cosmos4 #acg4 ,x foll[s at once f ! judicial attitude ( ,m>cus ,aurelius t he _c c\nt5ance ! ,/oic claim to c]ta9ty ( k4 ,! objection ( oppon5ts t ! wise man1 :o alone 7accord+ to ,/oic !ory7 possesses su* k1 is n[h]e to be f\nd1 is su/a9$3 #8,?+s are s wrapp$ 9 veils1 t to gift$ philosoph]s n a few all c]titude seems unatta9able4 ,nay to ! ,/oics !mselves su* atta9m5t seems prec>i\s2 & e act ( intellectual ass5t is fallible2 = :]e is ! infallible man#aca8' ,yet ,aurelius does n relapse into scepticism4 ,"o doctr9e at lea/ is s conv9c+ t he _c = a mom5t d\bt x2 x does aft] all %9e =? z true by its own light4 ,x is t all ?+s are ultimately "o1 & t man lives n 9 a *aos1 b 9 a cosmos3 #8,all ?+s int]tw9e "o ) ano!r1 9 a holy bond2 sc>ce "o ?+ is disconnect$ f ano!r4 ,9 due coord9ation !y comb9e = "o & ! same ord]4 ,= ! _w-ord] is "o made out ( all ?+s1 & god is "o p]vad+ all1 & be+ is "o1 & law is "o1 ev5 ! common reason ( all be+s possess$ ( m9d1 & tru? is "o3 see+ t tru? is ! "o p]fect+ ( be+s "o 9 k9d & end[$ ) ! same reason#acb4' ,f ! belief 9 a cosmos he is l$ on to a tru/ 9 ,provid5ce2 !oretically1 because ! doctr9e ( ! *ance cla%+ ( atoms is out ( h>mony ) ! belief 9 ultimate unity2 practically1 because 9 su* a conviction only man c f9d a />t+-po9t = 8 own activity4 ,! *oice is to him all-important2 ei!r ,=tune or ,reason is k+1 & claims allegiance f all4 #8,is x ! portion assign$ to y 9 ! univ]se1 at :i* y *afe8 ,recall to m9d ! alt]native--ei!r a =esee+ provid5ce1 or bl9d atoms--& all ! ab\nd+ pro(s t ! _w is z x 7 a city#acc4' #8,! _w is ei!r a welt] ( alt]nate comb9ation & disp]sion1 or a unity ( ord] & provid5ce4 ,if ! =m]1 :y crave to l+] on 9 su* a r&om m$ley & confusion8 :y take ?\ght = any?+ except ! ev5tual 8du/ to du/08 :y vex myself8 d :at ,i w1 disp]sion w ov]take me4 ,b on ! o!r alt]native ,i rev]5ce1 ,i /& /eadfa/1 ,i f9d he>t 9 ! p[] t disposes all#acd4' ,sid5ote3 ,8 piety4 #ach4 ,aurelius makes full use ( ! ,/oic pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ! gods1 b x soon appe>s to u t 8 atta*m5t to ! e/abli%$ religion 0 n 9 any way f\nd$ ^u philosophical argum5ts4 ,9 discuss+ ?is po9t he displays a c]ta9 heat :i* we h n yet _h occasion to notice3 #8,if inde$ !y ! gods take no ?\ght = any?+ at all--an impi\s cre$--!n let u h done ) sacrifice & pray] & oa?s1 & all o!r obs]vances by :i* we own ! pres5ce & ! ne>ness ( ! gods#ace4' ,f9ally1 he breaks away altoge!r f philosophy & re/s 8 convictions on p]sonal exp]i5ce3 #8,to ^? :o press ! "q1 8,:]e h y se5 ! gods1 :5ce y\r conviction ( _! exi/5ce1 t y wor%ip !m z y d80 ,i reply--fir/1 !y are visible ev5 to ! bodily eye2 secondly1 nei!r h ,i set eyes ^u my s\l1 & yet ,i d x rev]5ce4 ,s x is ) ! gods2 f my cont9ual exp]i5ce ( _! p[]1 ,i h ! conviction t !y exi/1 & yield respect#acf4' ,"o fur!r argum5t he held 9 res]ve2 ! sword1 ! cross1 & ! /ake = ! #8a!i/s' :o refus$ to be conv9c$4 ,he 01 aft] all1 a k+#acg4 ,sid5ote3 ,e?ics4 #aci4 ,9 e?ics1 ,aurelius /ates ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ,/oicism ) cle>ness2 b he altoge!r ignores ! ,/oic p>adoxes1 & does n tr\ble himself ) any detail$ !ory ( ! virtues & vices4 ,firmness ( "* is to him ! supreme good4 #8,be l ! headl&1 on :i* ! bill[s da% !mselves cont9ually2 b x /&s fa/1 till ab\t its base ! boil+ break]s are lull$ to re/4 ,say y1 8,h[ un=tunate = me t ?is %\ld h happ5$08 ,nay r1 8,h[ =tunate1 t 9 spite ( ?is1 ,i own no pang1 uncru%$ by ! pres5t1 unt]rifi$ at ! future60 ,! ?+ might h happ5$ to any "o1 b n e "o c\ld h endur$ x )\t a pang#ach4' ,b 9 spite ( ^! doctr9es1 we trace ?r\gh\t 8 pages a t+e ( melan*oly4 ,too apt a pupil ( ,epictetus1 he _h le>nt f him ! pr9ciples ( submission & resignation1 b he _h n acquir$ ! joy\s confid5ce ( an old] p]iod1 ?r\gh :i* ! wise man1 ev5 if a slave1 felt himself a k+4 ,r1 ?\gh a k+1 he felt himself 9 tru? a slave & a subject to ! univ]se t 0 8 ma/]4 ,he w\ld n g aga9/ ! univ]sal ord]1 b he h>dly felt ! delight ( active coop]ation4 ,9 ?is s5se he repres5ts to u ! decad5ce ( ,/oicism1 or 7to put x m correctly7 ,/oicism col\r$ by ! decad5ce ( ,rome4 ,sid5ote3 ,absorption ( ! s\l4 #adj4 ,on ! "q ( cont9u$ exi/5ce aft] dea? ,aurelius takes up & emphasizes ! tea*+ ( ,epictetus1 ignor+ ! fact t o!r ,/oic tea*]s1 f ,z5o to ,s5eca1 _h tak5 l>g] views or at lea/ all[$ !mselves an ampl] language4 ,!re _h be51 inde$1 a *ange 9 ! po9t ( view4 ,! e>ly ,/oics1 occupi$ ) ! "q ( physics1 _h insi/$ ^u ! inde/ructibility ( sub/ance1 & ! reunit+ ( ! #8_s' 77 ) ! all-p]vad+ _s f :i* x came at ! beg9n+4 ,! ,roman s*ool conc]n$ itself m ) ! "q ( individuality & p]sonality4 ,accept+ fully ! pr9ciple t t :i* is born mu/ die1 x comes to ! def9ite conclusion t t :i* we trace f ! "m's womb ?r\gh infancy & y\?1 ?r\gh success & failure 9 life1 ?r\gh m>riage & ! family ties onw>ds to weakness & dotage1 mu/ rea* its end 9 dea?4 ,! #8,i' _c survive ! body4 ,! future exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 if su* !re be1 is no long] 7z ) ,s5eca7 a matt] ( joyful expectation1 b ( complete indiff]5ce4 ,epictetus _h express$ ?is ) suffici5t cle>ness3 #8,dea? is a *ange1 n f ! /ate :i* n[ is to t :i* is n1 b to t :i* is n n[4 ,%all ,i !n no long] exi/8 ,y w n exi/1 b y w be some?+ else1 ( :i* ! _w n[ has ne$2 = y also came into exi/5ce1 n :5 y *ose1 b :5 ! _w _h ne$ ( y#aci4' ,aurelius con/antly repeats ! doctr9e 9 v>i$ =ms3 #8,y exi/ b z a "p inh]5t 9 a great] :ole4 ,y w vani% into t :i* gave y be+2 or r1 y w be re-transmut$ into ! sem9al & univ]sal reason#adj4' #8,dea? put ,alex&] ( ,mac$on & 8 /able boy on a p>4 ,ei!r !y 7 receiv$ into ! sem9al pr9ciples ( ! univ]se1 or 7 alike disp]s$ into atoms#ada4' ,sid5ote3 ,prep>ation = dea?4 #ada4 ,! sadd5$ outlook ( ,m>cus ,aurelius ^u life h>monizes well ) ! resignation ) :i* he contemplates a dea?1 :i* = himself individually w be ! end4 ,h5ce x is t 8 reflections s (t5 make ! ?\ght ( dea? a guid+ pr9ciple ( e?ics2 he :o has le>nt to look =w>d calmly to 8 la/ act has le>nt !reby to abide pati5tly all ! tr\bles :i* po/pone x4 ,?us ! la/ message ( ! pr9cely philosoph]1 z ( 8 pr$ecessor1 is t m5 %\ld #8be> & =be>'3 #8,contemn n dea?1 b give x welcome2 is n dea? too a "p ( nature's w8 ,z y\? & age1 z gr[? & prime1 z ! com+ ( tee? & be>d & grey hairs1 z begett+ & pregnancy & ! be>+ ( *ildr51 z all o!r op]ations ( nature1 ev5 su* is dissolution4 ,!re=e ! rational man %\ld n treat dea? ) impati5ce or repugnance or disda91 b wait = x z "o ( nature's op]ations#adb4' #8,o = ! s\l ready1 :5 ! h\r ( dissolution comes1 = ext9ction or disp]sion or survival6 ,b su* read9ess mu/ proce$ f inw>d conviction#adc4' #8,s]5ely y await ! end1 be x ext9ction or transmutation4 ,:ile ! h\r yet t>ries1 :at help is !re8 :at1 b to rev]5ce & bless ! gods1 to d good to m51 8to endure & to refra908 & ( all t lies outside ! b\nds ( fle% & brea?1 to rememb] t x is n y\rs1 nor 9 y\r p[]#add4' ,sid5ote3 ,8 ye>n+s4 #adb4 ,aurelius 0 no tea*] ( ,/oicism 9 8 "t3 8 ?\ghts are address$ to himself alone#ade4 ,b ! happy accid5t t has pres]v$ ?is "w1 :i* = n9e c5turies 0 lo/ to sight#adf1 enables u to obta9 a view ( ?is philosophy f :i* o!rwise we %\ld h be5 %ut out4 ,we d n g to ,aurelius to le>n :at ,/oic doctr9e 02 ?is is tak5 = grant$ ?r\gh\t ! book2 b we c see "h h[ x affect$ a man 9 :om ! intellectual outlook 0 aft] all =e%ort5$ by sympa?ies & ye>n+s :i* _h gr[n up 9 8 nature4 ,! traditional criticism ( ! s*ool z be+ h>%1 unsympa!tic1 unfeel+1 breaks to pieces z we read ^! #8?\ghts'2 r we f9d an excess ( emotion1 a surr5d] to human weakness4 ,a /udy ( ,/oicism bas$ on ! works ( ,aurelius alone w\ld inde$ give u b a "o-sid$ picture2 b a /udy 9 :i* !y 7 omitt$ w\ld c]ta9ly lack complet5ess4 ,he is also our la/ au?ority4 ,9 ! c5turies :i* succe$$1 o!r waves ( philosophic ?\ght wa%$ ov] ,/oicism1 & cont5d$ 9 turn ) m ?an "o religion :i* press$ 9 f ! ,ea/4 ,yet = a long "t to come ,/oic pr9ciples 7 fai?fully inculcat$ 9 ?\s&s ( ,roman homes1 & "y m5 taught 9 *ildhood to model _! behavi\r ^u ! example ( ,z5o1 ,clean!s1 & ,epictetus =m$ ! salt ( ! ,roman _w4 ,if 9 rip] ye>s !y jo9$1 9 ev] increas+ numb]s1 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 !y br\ght ) !m some?+ :i* ! _w c\ld n af=d to lose4 ,,footnotes #a ,dill1 ,roman ,society1 p4 #cdj4 #b #8omnis natura habet quasi viam qu&am et sectam quam sequatur' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #bb1 #eg4 #8e/ tuae prud5tiae sequi eius auctoritatem1 cuius sectam atque imp]ium secutus es' ad ,fam4 xiii #d1 #b4 #8,! s5se ( ! ^w has be5 obscur$ by a false popul> etymology :i* has connect$ ! ^w ) ! ,lat9 sec>e #8to cut1' ,skeat1 ,etymological ,diction>y1 p4 #ecg4 #c ,see above1 #aaa4 #d #8dicebat mode/a ,diog5es et sobria' ,a4 ,gellius ,n4 ,a4 vi 7vii7 #ad1 #aj4 #e ,= a full acc\nt ( 8 life & tea*+ see ,s*mekel1 ,philosophie d] mittl]5 ,/oa1 pp4 #a-i4 #f ,/rabo xiv #e1 #af4 #g ,ind4 ,/oic4 ,h]c4 col4 #ea4 #h #8discipulus ,antipatri ,panaetius' ,cic4 ,div4 i #c1 #f4 #i #8cr$amus igitur ,panaetio a ,platone suo diss5ti5ti8 quem omnibus locis div9um1 quem sapi5tissimum1 quem sanctissimum1 quem ,hom]um philosophorum appellat' ,tusc4 disp4 i #cb1 #gi4 #aj ,f94 iv #bh1 #gi4 #aa #8tri/itiam atque asp]itatem fugi5s ,panaetius nec ac]bitatem s5t5ti>um nec diss]5di sp9as probavit' ib4 #ab 1 4 ,ind4 ,h]c4 col4 #fa1 quot$ by ,s*mekel1 p4 #cgi4 #ac #8quam vellem ,panaetium no/rum nobiscum hab]emus6 qui cum cet]a1 tum haec caele/ia vel /udiosissime solet qua]]e' ,cic4 ,rep4 i #aj1 #ae4 #ad #8a9' t&em8 etiam a ,/oicis i/a de optima republica tractata sunt8 non sane1 nisi a ,diog5e ,/oico et po/ea a ,panaetio' ,leg4 iii #f1 #ad4 #ae ,see bel[1 #caj1 note #eb4 #af #8accepi ,publi ,africani 9 legatione illa nobili ,panaetium unum omn9o comitem fuisse' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #b1 #e4 #ag ,?is date is det]m9$ on circum/antial evid5ce by ,s*mekel1 pp4 #b1 #c4 #ah #8,scylax ,halic>nasseus1 famili>is ,panaeti1 excell5s 9 a/rologia1 idemque 9 reg5da sua civitate pr9ceps' ,cic4 ,div4 ii #db1 #hh4 #ai #8omnes enim trahimur et ducimur ad cognitionis et sci5tiae cupid9em2 9 qua excell]e pul*rum putamus2 labi autem1 err>e1 nescire1 decipi1 et malum et turpe ducimus' ,(f4 i #f1 #ah2 #8cum sit is ,panaetius1 qui id solum bonum iudicet1 quod hone/um sit1 quae autem huic repugn5t specie quadam utilitatis1 eorum neque accessione meliorem vitam fi]i1 neque decessione peiorem' ib4 iii #c1 #ab4 #bj #8quod summum bonum a ,/oicis dicitur1 id habet hanc1 ut op9or1 s5t5tiam1 cum virtute congru]e semp]1 cet]a autem1 quae secundum naturam ess5t1 ita leg]e1 si ea virtuti non repugn>5t' ,(f4 iii #c1 #ac4 #ba #8,panaetius1 cum ad ,q4 ,tub]onem de dolore pati5do scrib]et 444 nusquam posuit non esse malum dolorem' ,f94 iv #i1 #bc2 see h[ev] bel[1 #cbb1 note #acb4 #bb ,see bel[1 *4 xiii4 #bc #8cuius v]i inve/igationis /udio a rebus g]5dis abduci contra (ficium e/4 virtutis enim laus omnis 9 actione consi/it2 a qua tam5 fit int]missio saepe1 multique dantur ad /udia r$itus' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #f1 #ai4 #bd ,he 0 h[ev] a skill$ gramm>ian2 see ,s*mekel1 p4 #bjg4 #be ,he wrote a book #8on provid5ce'2 h[ f> he or ,posidonius is ,cic]o's au?ority = ! treatm5t ( ! subject 9 ,nat4 de4 ii has be5 mu* disput$2 on ?is po9t see ,s*mekel1 p4 #h1 n4 #d4 #bf #8id de quo ,panaetium addubit>e dicebant1 ut ad extremum omnis mundus ignesc]et' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #df1 #aah4 #bg ,s*mekel1 p4 #cji1 & bel[1 #baa4 #bh ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #cf 7,diels74 #bi ,s*mekel1 p4 #cji4 #cj #8vim esse div9&i ,panaetius dubit>e se dixit' ,cic4 ,div4 i #c1 #f4 #ca ,he came f ,apamea 9 ,syria1 b is (t5 describ$ z #8( ,rhodes1' z ! latt] "p ( 8 life 0 sp5t !re4 #cb ,s*mekel1 pp4 #i1 #aj4 #cc ib4 p4 #dbh4 #cd ,reid1 ,cic4 ,acad4 ,introd4 p4 #e4 #ce ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 ii #be1 #fa4 #cf ,n4 ,d4 i #dd1 #abc2 ii #cd1 #hh4 #cg #8ecce ,posidonius1 ut mea f]t op9io1 ex 8 qui plurimum philosophiae contul]unt' ,s54 ,ep4 #ij1 #bj4 #ch ,see bel[1 #aie4 #ci ,also ! de ,div9atione & ! fir/ half ( ,tusc4 disp4 i2 ,s*mekel1 p4 #ih1 etc4 #dj #8de div9atione libros edidit 444 qu9que no/] ,posidonius' ,cic4 ,div4 i #c1 #f4 #da #8animi vitae necessitatibus s]viunt1 disiunguntque se a societate div9a1 v9clis corporis imp$iti' ib4 #di1 #aaj4 #db #8deflagrationem futuram aliqu&o caeli atque t]r>um' ib4 #di1 #aaa4 #dc ,see #cbb1 note #acb4 #dd ,clem4 ,/rom4 ii p4 #daf ,b 7,s*mekel1 p4 #bgj72 see also bel[1 #cba1 note #abe4 #de ,s*mekel1 p4 #fb4 #df ,see bel[1 #bad4 #dg ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ij2 ,s*mekel1 pp4 #bia1 #bib4 #dh ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abg4 #di ,s*mekel1 p4 #bid4 #ej ,see bel[1 #ceb4 #ea #8pl5us e/ sextus lib] de (ficiis ,hecatonis talium quae/ionum2 sitne boni viri 9 maxima c>itate annonae familiam non al]e8 9 utramque p>tem disputat1 s$ tam5 ad extremum utilitate (ficium dirigit magis quam humanitate' ,cic4 ,(f4 iii #bc1 #hi4 #eb ib4 #bc1 #ij4 #ec #8nullius addictus iur>e 9 v]ba magi/ri1 quo me cunque rapit tempe/as1 def]or hospes' ,hor4 ,ep4 i #a1 #ad & #ae4 #ed #8qui erant ,a!nis tum pr9cipes ,/oicorum' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #bb1 #fi2 cf4 de ,or4 i #aa1 #de4 #ee ,ind4 ,/oic4 ,h]c4 col4 #eb 7,s*mekel1 p4 #af72 b see ,pauly-,wiss[a s4 v4 #ef i4e4 ! e>li] "p ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 #eg ,diog4 ,l4 vii #cd4 #eh #8mihi nimis videtur submisisse temporibus se ,a!nodorus1 nimis cito refugisse' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #d1 i4 #ei #8apud ,a!nodorum inv5i3--tunc scito esse te omnibus cupiditatibus solutum cum eo p]v5]is1 ut nihil deum roges1 nisi quod rog>e possis palam' ,ep4 #aj1 #e4 ,b x is possible t ! quotations are f ! y\ng] ,a!nodorus4 #fj ,cic4 ,(f4 ii #bd1 #hf2 b "s ?9k t ,cato's fri5d 0 an e>li] ,antipat]4 #fa ,plut>*1 ,cato m9or #fe-fg & #fi4 #fb ,reid1 ,academics1 p4 #b4 #fc #8,diodoto quid faciam ,/oico1 quem a pu]o audivi1 qui mecum vivit tot annos1 qui habitat apud me1 quem et admiror et diligo8' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #cf1 #aae4 #fd ad ,att4 ii #bj1 #f4 #fe ,tusc4 disp4 v #ci1 #aac4 #ff vii #a1 #b1 #bd & #bh4 #fg #8v]ba haec ,hi]oclis ,/oici1 viri sancti et gravis3 1 1 ' ,a4 ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 ix #e1 #h4 #fh ,= a fair-m9d$ e/imate ( ,cic]o's s]vices to philosophy see ,reid1 ,academics ( ,cic]o1 pp4 #aj-bh4 #fi ,see next section4 #gj #8de t]tio cum utile et hone/um int] se pugn>e videantur nihil scripsit ,panaetius4 eum locum ,posidonius p]secutus4 ego autem et eius librum arcessivi1 et ad ,a!nodorum ,calvum scripsi1 ut ad me mitt]et' ,cic4 ad ,att4 xvi #aa1 #d4 #8,a!nodorum nihil e/ quod hort]e2 misit enim satis bellum ' ib4 #ad1 #d4 #ga ,he 0 head ( ! ,academy at ,a!ns1 :]e ,cic]o he>d him 9 ! ye> #gi-gh ,b4,c41 & 0 patroniz$ by ,lucullus4 #gb #8eadem dicit quae ,/oici' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #bb1 #fi4 #8erat1 si p]pauca mutavisset1 g]manissimus ,/oicus' ib4 #db1 #acb4 ,see fur!r ,j4 ,s4 ,reid1 ,academics ( ,cic]o1 ,introd4 pp4 #ae-ai1 & notes to ,ac4 ii #ci1 #abc & #dj1 #abf4 #gc #8,brutus tuus1 auctore ,ari/o et ,antio*o1 non s5tit hoc sc4 nihil esse1 nisi virtutem1 bonum' ,tusc4 disp4 v #h1 #ba4 #8si addubitas1 ad ,brutum transeamus1 e/ enim is quoque ,antio*ius' ad ,att4 xiii #be1 #c4 ,see also bel[1 #dcb4 #gd #8tu nihil errabis1 si paulo dilig5tius 7ut quid sit 1 quid intelligas71 ,a!nodorus ,s&onis filius quid de 8 rebus dicat1 att5d]is' ad ,fam4 iii #g1 #e4 #ge ,= ! id5tification ( ! writ] ,didymus ) ,areius ! #8philosophus' ( ,augu/us1 see ,diels1 ,proleg4 pp4 #hj-hh4 #gf #8,augu/us eruditione etiam v>ia repletus p] ,arei philosophi filiorumque eius ,dionysi et ,nicanoris contub]nium' ,suet4 ,aug4 #hi4 #gg ,sat4 ii #f1 #gc-gf4 #gh ,s54 ,dial4 vi #d & #e2 see bel[1 #cgg4 #gi #8,emp$ocles1 an ,/]t9ium deliret acum5' ,hor4 ,ep4 i #ab1 #bj2 #8insanis et tu1 /ultique prope omnes1 si quid ,/]t9ius v]i crepat' ,sat4 ii #c1 #cb & #cc4 #hj ,teuffel1 ,rm4 ,lit4 #bej1 #d4 #ha #8ne me ,crisp9i scr9ia lippi compilasse putes' ,hor4 ,sat4 i #a1 #abj & #aba4 #hb ,teuffel1 z above1 #c4 #hc ,hor4 ,sat4 ii #c4 #hd ,hor4 ,ep4 i #a1 #ajh4 #he #8sublimem altioremque humano fa/igio ,attalum cr$idi' ,s54 ,ep4 #ajh1 #ac4 #hf ,s54 ,ep4 #ajh1 #ad-af4 #hg ib4 #aaj1 #ad-bj4 #hh #8,attalus ,/oicus dic]e solebat2 malo me =tuna 9 ca/ris suis quam 9 deliciis habeat' ib4 #fg1 #ae4 #hi ,s54 ,rhet4 ,suas4 #b1 #ab4 #ij #8t5]os tu suscipis annos ,socratico1 ,cornute1 s9u 444 tecum et5im longos mem9i consum]e soles1 et tecum primas epulis dec]p]e noctes4 unum opus et requiem p>it] disponimus ambo1 atque v]ecunda laxamus s]ia m5sa4 444 nescio quod c]te e/1 quod me tibi temp]at1 a/rum' ,p]s4 ,sat4 v #cf-ea4 #ia ,see above1 #abd4 #ib ,s54 ,ep4 #ajh1 #ag4 #ic ib4 #ac-bc4 #id #8sapi5tem esse me dico8 m9ime' ,dial4 xii #e1 #b2 #8multum ab hom9e tol]abili1 n$um a p]fecto1 absum' ,ep4 #eg1 #c2 #8ego 9 alto vitiorum omnium sum' ,dial4 vii #ag1 #d4 #ie #8si respublica corruptior e/ quam ut adiuv>i possit1 444 non nitetur sapi5s 9 sup]vacuum' ib4 viii #c1 #c4 #if #89 hoc me recondidi et =es clusi1 ut prodesse pluribus possem4 po/]orum negotium ago4 illis aliqua1 quae poss9t prodesse1 conscribo4 salut>es admonitiones litt]is m&o1 esse illas efficaces 9 meis ulc]ibus exp]tus4 rectum it]1 quod s]o cognovi et lassus err&o1 aliis mon/ro' ,ep4 #h1 #a to #c4 #ig #8cuius libros adt+]e nullum pretium op]ae sit1 quod oratio eius vulg>ia videatur et protrita1 res atque s5t5tiae aut inepto inanique impetu s9t aut levi et causidicali argutia1 eruditio autem v]nacula et plebeia' ,a4 ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 xii #b1 #a4 #ih ,qu9t4 ,in/4 ,orat4 x #a1 #abe-aeh4 #ii #8potioribus praef]ri non s9ebam' ib4 #abf4 #ajj #8tum autem hic solus f]e 9 manibus adulesc5tium fuit' ib4 #abe4 #aja #8e&em s5t5tiam mili5s alio atque alio amictu indutam ref]unt' ,fronto1 p4 #aeg4 #ajb ,h[ capable ,s5eca 0 ( cont9u\s exposition we may ga!r f 8 excell5t discussion ( ! #8causes' ( ,ari/otle & ,plato1 9 ,epi/le #fe3 see bel[4 #ajc #8non quia mihi legem dix]im nihil contra dictum ,z5onis ,*rysippive committ]e1 s$ quia res ipsa patitur me ire 9 illorum s5t5tiam' ,s54 ,dial4 viii #c1 #a2 #8no/ram op9ionem accipe4 no/ram autem cum dico1 non adligo me ad unum aliquem ex ,/oicis proc]ibus4 e/ et mihi c5s5di ius' ib4 vii #c1 #b4 #ajd #8si omnia argum5ta ad obrussam coep]imus exig]e1 sil5tium indicetur2 pauca enim admodum sunt s9e adv]s>io' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 iv #e1 #a4 #aje #8non temp]o mihi1 quom9us omnes no/rorum ineptias pr(]am' ib4 iv #f1 #a4 #ajf ,see ! notes to #agg4 #ajg #8si hom9em vid]is int]ritum p]iculis1 intactum cupiditatibus1 int] adv]sa felicem1 9 m$iis tempe/atibus placidum1 ex sup]iore loco hom9es vid5tem1 ex aequo deos1 non subibit te eius v5]atio8 444 non pote/ res tanta s9e adm9iculo num9is />e' ,ep4 #da1 #d & #e4 #ajh ,see bel[1 #bji1 note #aab4 #aji #8idem facit sapi5s2 nocituram pot5tiam vitat1 hoc primum cav5s1 ne cav]e videatur' ,ep4 #ad1 #h2 #8circumspici5dum ergo nobis e/1 quomodo a vulgo tuti esse possimus' ib4 #i4 #aaj ,a4 ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 v #a1 #c & #d4 #aaa ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #bc1 #bi4 #aab ,/ob4 iii #a1 #dh4 #aac ib4 #e1 #ba4 #aad ,specim5s are giv5 bel[1 especially 9 *4 xv4 #aae ,tac4 ,ann4 xiv #ei2 ,h5d]son1 ,n]o1 p4 #adc4 #aaf ,tac4 ,ann4 xv #ga4 #aag ,hi/4 iii #ha4 #aah #8reipublicae haud dubie int]]at ,vitellium v9ci' ib4 #hf4 #aai ,see bel[1 #ddg4 #abj ,disc4 iii #ae1 #h2 ,manual #bi4 #aba ,pl9y1 ,ep4 i #aj4 #abb #8quid no/ra memoria ,euphrates1 ,dio1 ,timocrates1 ,a!nodotus8 quid horum magi/] ,musonius8 nonne summa facundia pra$iti1 neque m9us sapi5tiae quam eloqu5tiae gloria incluti extit]unt8' ,fronto1 ,ep4 ad ,aur4 i #a 7,nab]1 p4 #aae74 #abc ,see ,leb5 und ,w]ke ,dion's von ,prusa1 by ,h4 von ,arnim4 ,b]l91 #ahih4 #abd ,see bel[1 #baf4 #abe ,see ! /ory ( ,epi*>is 9 connexion ) ! conspiracy ( ,piso1 9 ,tac4 ,ann4 xv #eg4 #abf ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #ab1 #ag to #be4 #abg #8pl]osque i/os1 qui philosoph>i vid]5tur1 philosophos esse eiuscemodi 8 1 02 id significat 8factis procul1 v]bis t5us0 ,a4 ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 xvii #ai1 #a4 #abh ib4 xv #aa1 #d & #e4 #abi ,epict4 ,disc4 i #g1 #cb & #cc4 #acj ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,to himself1 i #g 7,r5dall's translation74 #aca ,to himself1 v #aj4 #acb ib4 vii #i4 #acc ib4 iv #c4 #acd ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,to himself1 vi #aj4 #ace ib4 vi #dd4 #acf ,see fur!r1 #deg & #deh4 #acg ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,to himself1 xii #bh4 #ach ib4 iv #di4 #aci ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #bd1 #ic & #id4 #adj ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,to himself1 iv #ad4 #ada ib4 vi #bd4 #adb ib4 ix #c4 #adc ib4 xi #c4 #add ib4 v #cc4 #ade ,r5dall1 ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,introd4 p4 cxii4 #adf ib4 cxv4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,reason ,,& ,,spee*4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>ts ( philosophy4 #adc4 ,! hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy1 ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,z5o1 leads naturally to its division into ! ?ree p>ts ( logic1 physics1 & e?ics#a4 ,! ,ionic philosoph]s _h *iefly occupi$ !mselves ) ! nature & hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 t is1 ) ! problems ( physics4 ,! sophi/s 7 greatly conc]n$ ) que/ions z to ! validity ( human k1 t is1 ) logic4 ,socrates %>$ ?is int]e/1 b atta*$ great] importance to ! discussion ( moral activities1 t is1 to e?ics4 ,x is h[ev] n cle> :5 a =mal division into ^! ?ree p>ts 0 fir/ made4 ,cic]o attributes x to ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,plato 9 ! ,academic s*ool2 o!rs assign x def9itely to ,x5ocrates#b4 ,! ,p]ipatetics & ,/oics bo? adopt$ ! division1 b :]eas ! =m] assign$ to ,logic an inf]ior position1 mak+ x an introduction to philosophy1 ! ,/oics insi/ t x is a "p ( philosophy itself#c2 & t ( ! ?ree p>ts x comes fir/ 9 ! ord] ( /udy1 #8z 9 ! measur+ ( corn we place fir/ ! exam9ation ( ! measure#d4' ,x mu/ n h[ev] be ?\ght t ! ?ree p>ts ( philosophy c be sep>ately treat$1 = !y are int]tw9$#e2 s t 9 treat+ ( ,logic we %all con/antly h ne$ to assume a g5]al k ( ,/oic views bo? on physics & e?ics4 ,logic is subdivid$ into #8dialectic1' :i* deals ) reason+1 & #8rhetoric1' ! art ( spee*4 ,! relation betwe5 reason & spee* 0 9 anci5t times1 z n[1 a matt] ( p]plexity2 b x may be tak5 z a fundam5tal position ( ,/oicism t ! two %\ld always be 9 agreem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,k is atta9able4 #add4 ,/oicism1 z "o ( ! positive & dogmatic s*ools1 assumes t k is atta9able4 ,s9ce ?is is ! v po9t on :i* ,socrates nev] rea*$ assurance1 except on ! "o p>ticul> t he himself knew no?+1 x 0 a matt] ( prim>y importance to ! ,/oics to make good ?is position2 m especially s9ce !y held 7?is "t 9 agreem5t ) ,socrates7 t virtue is b ano!r =m ( k4 ,yet ! ,/oics c\ld n agree ) ! ,cynics1 t true k c be imp>t$ )\t a /udy ( its me?od#f4 ,k is1 9 _! view1 a high privilege d]iv$ by man f 8 div9e ance/ry1 & %>$ by him ) ! deity alone2 & ! :ole duty ( man may be summ$ up by say+ t he %\ld keep upright 8 reason#g4 ,!y !re=e devot$ !mselves ) special zeal to ?is "p ( philosophy#h1 & 7 accord+ly nicknam$ #8! dialecticians#i4' ,_! aim 9 ?is 0 solely ! asc]ta9m5t & imp>t+ ( tru?2 b ! common view t _! /yle 0 9 consequ5ce h>% & repell5t w be f\nd to ne$ consid]able qualification#aj4 ,sid5ote3 ,are ! s5ses true8 #ade4 ,! *ief argum5t = ! c]ta9ty ( k is t we assume z mu* 9 ! practical affairs ( life#aa2 & 7z we h already se57 ,ari/o f\nd x ridicul\s t 8 ,academic neighb\r %\ld n ev5 "k :o he 0#ab4 ,aga9/ x is ! fact t m5 frequ5tly disagree ev5 z to :at !y see1 & commonly di/+ui% betwe5 :at is kn[n to !m & :at #8seems' to be ?is or t4 ,h5ce ,epictetus well def9es ! function ( dialectic z #8a p]ception ( ! disagreem5t ( m5 ) "o ano!r1 & an inquiry into ! cause ( ?is disagreem5t2 a condemnation & di/ru/ ( t :i* only seems1 & "s k9d ( inve/igation ( t :i* seems1 z to :e!r x rightly seems3 & ! discov]y ( "s rule 77#ac4' ,( all k9ds ( k t :i* comes ?r\gh ! s5ses appe>s to ! ord9>y man mo/ wor?y ( confid5ce1 & ( ! five s5ses t ( sight seems to ! philosoph] ! mo/ div9e#ad4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! :ole controv]sy h+es on ! "q :e!r ! eyes c be tru/$4 ,! positivi/ argues t ! evid5ce ( sight is s pla9 & unmi/akeable t man1 if he _h ! *oice1 c\ld wi% = no bett] in=mant4 ,! sceptic replies t nev]!less1 if a /raight o> be plac$ p>tly 9 ! wat]1 x appe>s to ! eyes to be b5t2 & t ! fea!rs on a dove's neck1 ?\gh really alike1 appe> to ! eyes z _m-col\r$#ae4 ,to deal ) su* que/ions we mu/ exam9e closely ! nature ( s5sation4 ,sid5ote3 ,process ( s5sation4 #adf4 ,! ,/oics fancifully d]ive ! ^w 7#8s5sation'7 f 7#8/orage'72 x is !re=e1 /rictly speak+1 ! process by :i* ! m9d is /or$#af2 b x is also1 f an opposite po9t ( view1 ! process by :i* ! m9d rea*es out t[>ds an ext]nal object#ag4 ,f ! object 77 proce$ waves :i* /rike ^u ! s5se-organ 772 ?is impact is call$ a #8s5sation' 9 a n>r[] s5se4 ,at ! same "t !re proce$s f ! m9d 7:i* is ! rul+ "p or #8pr9cipate' ( ! s\l71 a #8_s' or ?rill :i* goes out to meet ?is impact2 & ?is _s & its op]ation are also call$ #8s5sation#ah4' ,z a result ( ! contact ( ^! two waves1 & simultane\sly ) x1 !re is produc$ 9 ! s\l an effect l ! impr9t ( a seal#ai1 & ?is impr9t is ! or #8m9d-picture4' ,t ! process may be s\nd1 x is necess>y t ! intellect be 9 a heal?y /ate1 & fur!r t ! organ ( s5se be heal?y1 ! object really !re1 & ! place & ! mann] 9 accord#bj4 ,b we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ! s+le s5sation & ! m9d-picture4 ,a fla% ( light1 a cry1 a t\*1 a smell1 a ?rill ( pleasure or pa91 is always t :i* ! s5ses decl>e x to be#ba2 "h !re is no possibility ( error2 s und]/ood #8! s5sations are always true#bb4' ,b if we g 9 ea* case a /ep fur!r2 if we say #8t is :ite1' #8?is is sweet1' #8?is is musical1' #8?is is fragrant1' #8t is r\gh1' we are n[ deal+ ) m9d-pictures1 n ) #8s5sations' 9 ! /rict s5se#bc4 ,& z to ! m9d-pictures we agree ) ! ,academics t ?+s are n always :at !y seem2 #8( ! m9d-pictures "s are true1 "s are false#bd4' ,sid5ote3 ,! crit]ion ( cle>ness4 #adg4 ,9 ord] !n t we may di/+ui% ! true m9d-picture f ! false1 we h ne$ ( a #8rule' 77 or #8crit]ion' 774 ,! true m9d-picture is a /irr+ ( ! s\l1 :i* reveals bo? :at is tak+ place 9 ! s\l & ! object :i* has caus$ ?is3 j z light reveals bo? itself & ! objects t lie )9 its range#be4 ,on ! o!r h& ! false m9d-picture is an empty twit*+ ( a s\l :i* is n 9 a heal?y condition#bf2 no real object corresponds to x1 b to t :i* appe>s to be an object correspond+ to x we give ! "n #8phantasm#bg4' ,:5 ,ore/es ?9ks he sees ! ,furies leap+ ^u him1 ?\gh 8 si/] assures him t 9 real tru? he sees no?+1 ! vision ( ! ,furies is a phantasm4 ,! appe>ances ( dreams are equally phantasms#bh4 ,n[ a true m9d-picture diff]s f t ( a phantasm by be+ cle>]2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! di/9ctive note ( a true m9d-picture is its #8cle>ness' 71 p]spicuitas7#bi4 ,cle>ness !n is a quality :i* atta*es itself to a true vision 9 a way 9 :i* x c nev] atta* itself to a "w ( phantasy#cj4 ,to ?is cle>ness ! m9d _c b b[#ca2 x is !re=e 7s f> z our /udy has proce$$7 ! crit]ion ( tru?#cb4 ,sid5ote3 ,ass5t4 #adh4 ,! m9d-picture z su* is n )9 a man's control2 b x re/s ) him to decide :e!r he w give x 8 #8ass5t' 71 ads5sio or ads5sus7#cc4 ,?is ass5t is !re=e an act ( ! s\l1 9 its capacity z w2 & c only be rightly ex]cis$ by a s\l prop]ly /rung1 t is1 possess$ ( due t5sion4 ,ass5t wrongly giv5 leads to #8op9ion' 71 op9io71 & all wrong ass5t is error or #8s9' 71 peccatum74 ,?is error may take place 9 two directions1 ei!r by a ha/y movem5t ( ! w 771 giv+ ass5t to a picture :i* is n really cle>2 or by feebl5ess ( w1 :i* leads to ass5t 9 a false direction 77#cd4 ,ev5 ha/e h[ev] is a =m ( weakness1 s t we may say t all op9+ is a weak =m ( ass5t#ce4 ,to ensure a "r ass5t due att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ea* ( its p>ts2 x includes 7i7 ! int5tion ( ma/]+ ! object 772 7ii7 c>eful att5tion direct$ to ! object1 or #8application' 772 & 7iii7 ass5t 9 ! n>r[] s5se#cf4 ,ap>t f ass5t1 ?ree c\rses rema9 op53 ^! are 7i7 #8quiesc5ce' 71 quiesc]e73 7ii7 #8susp5se ( judgm5t' 71 ads5sum su/9]e71 :i* is a settl$ quiesc5ce2 & 7iii7 negation#cg4 ,sid5ote3 ,compreh5sion4 #adi4 ,close ^u ass5t foll[s #8compreh5sion' 71 compreh5sio73 ?is is ! ratification ( ! ass5t giv51 ! fix+ irrevocably 9 ! m9d ( ! picture approv$4 ,?is picture n[ becomes a #8compreh5sion-picture' 7 71 & z su* a unit ( k4 ,we may und]/& !reby t ! m9d has grasp$ ! ext]nal object#ch1 & ?is is ! pla9 mean+ ( ,z5o's simile2 or we may say t ! object has ga9$ a hold ^u ! m9d1 & has left its /amp ^u x4 ,bo? int]pretations are consi/5t ) ,/oic doctr9e3 b ! =m] view1 :i* repres5ts ! s\l z active & ma/]ful1 und\bt$ly expresses ! m adequately ! mean+ ( ! s*ool#ci4 ,f ?is mutual grasp !re foll[s an important physical d$uction4 ,s9ce only l c grasp l1 ! s\l mu/ be l ! object1 & ! popul> dualism ( m9d & matt] is 7to ?is ext5t7 at an end#dj4 ,/ill ?is lik5ess is n complete2 & ! s\l 9 s5sation does n grasp ! object f e po9t ( view1 b only s f> z its own nature p]mits 9 ea* case#da4 ,= ?is reason ! tra9$ obs]v] & ! arti/ grasp f> m ( ! object ?an ! ord9>y man#db4 ,sid5ote3 ,f s5sation to reason4 #aej4 ,! s\l1 hav+ grasp$ s+le m9d-pictures1 reta9s its hold ^u !m by memory#dc2 ! frequ5t ex]cise ( :i* keeps ea* picture fre% & complete#dd4 ,z ! air1 :5 an or*e/ra is p]=m+1 receives ! impression ( _m s\nds at ! same "t1 & yet reta9s ! di/9ctive tone ( ea*#de1 s ! s\l by concurr5t alt]ations ( its texture pres]ves its hold on ! sep>ate pictures x has once grasp$4 ,fre% op]ations ( s\l n[ sup]v5e4 ,fir/1 f ! comp>ison ( _m l pictures1 comes #8exp]i5ce' 71 exp]i5tia7#df2 out ( o!r comp>isons1 #8similitude' 771 z #8,socrates' f 8 portrait2 & #8analogy' 71 proportio71 z #8! c5tre ( ! e>?' f t ( o!r sph]es2 #8transf]5ce' 71 translatio71 z #8eyes 9 ! he>t'2 #8composition' 71 compositio71 z #8a ,hippoc5taur'2 #8opposition' 71 transitio71 z #8dea?' f life2 #8deprivation' 7 71 z #8a cripple#dg4' ,all ^! are bas$ on ! g5]al pr9ciple ( lik5ess & unlik5ess1 & may be summ$ up "u ! g5]al head+ ( #8reason's "w ( comp>ison' 7collatio rationis7#dh1 or %ortly1 ( reason 77#di4 ,s5sation %ews u ! pres5t only2 b reason br+s ! pa/ & ! future )9 our view1 & po9ts out to u ! work+s ( cause & effect#ej4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]ceptions & ,conceptions4 #aea4 ,) ! m9d-pictures 71 visa7 :i* are d]iv$ f s5sation we may n[ contra/ ! #8notions' 71 notiones or intelleg5tiae7 :i* are d]iv$ f ! comb9ation ( s5sation & reason+2 ! =m] correspond g5]ally to #8p]ceptions1' ! latt] to #8conceptions' 9 ! language ( mod]n philosophy#ea4 ,b ea* ( ! ,/oic t]ms is also us$ 9 a wid] s5se :i* includes ! o!r4 ,! s5sory pictures are inscrib$ ^u ! m9d z ^u a blank %eet f bir? upw>ds2 9 ?is s5se !y may well be call$ #8entries on ! m9d' 7 f 7#eb4 ,on ! o!r h& ! conceptions may be call$ #8rational m9d-pictures'#ec2 q z mu* z ! s5sory m9d-pictures !y ne$ ! prud5t ass5t ( ! w be=e !y become #8compreh5sions1' :5 !y are once m units capable ( ent]+ into fur!r comb9ations & becom+ "p ( sci5tific k4 ,if !n = ! sake ( cle>ness we use ! mod]n t]ms1 we may say t p]ceptions correspond g5]ally to individual objects :i* h a real exi/5ce1 :il/ conceptions correspond to classes ( ?+s1 :i* 7accord+ to ! ,/oics7 h no real exi/5ce 9 !mselves1 b only a sort ( exi/5ce 9 our m9ds4 ,?us ! #8ideas' ( ,plato are all conceptions1 subjectively b n objectively exi/5t#ed4 ,s f> z our /udy has gone1 all conceptions are bas$ on p]ceptions3 !re=e all ! elem5ts ( k ei!r come f s5se & exp]i5ce solely1 or f s5se & exp]i5ce comb9$ ) reason+#ee2 & ! mo/ important reason+ process is t comp>ison ( l p]ceptions :i* 9 ?is philosophy takes ! place ( induction#ef4 ,sid5ote3 ,preconceptions4 #aeb4 ,b ev5 if all #8conceptions' are ultimately d]iv$ f #8p]ceptions1' x does n foll[ t 9 ea* p>ticul> case ! m9d comm5ces de novo to collect & %ape its mat]ial4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is cle> t n only all practical life1 b also all philosophy1 takes = grant$ a great _m matt]s :i* are ei!r all[$ by g5]al cons5t1 or at lea/ assum$ by ! ?9k]2 & ^! matt]s are mo/ly ( ! nature ( class-conceptions4 ,if x is /at$ t #8! consul ent]$ ,rome 9 a *>iot drawn by f\r horses1' we assume t ! ideas express$ by #8consul1' #8*>iot1' #8f\r1' #8horses1' are matt]s ( g5]al cons5t1 & we may g on to assume t ! p]son ( ! consul & ! locality call$ #8,rome' are also already kn[n to ! speak] & 8 he>]s4 ,! g5]al t]m 9 ! po/-,ari/otelian writ]s = su* legitimate assumptions is #8preconception' 71 anticipatio or praesumptio74 ,! precise mean+ ( ?is t]m 7( :i* ! inv5tion is ascrib$ to ,epicurus#eg7 appe>s n to be always ! same4 ,mo/ commonly ! #8preconception' is a g5]al t]m or conception1 & !re=e to ! ,/oics x is "o v>iety ( ! 2 x is #8a m5tal %ap+1 9 accordance ) man's nature1 ( ?+s g5]al'#eh4 ,all su* preconceptions are =e%ad[+s ( tru?1 especially 9 s f> z !y correspond to ! common judgm5t ( mank9d#ei2 & ! art ( life consi/s 9 correctly apply+ ^! presumptions to ! p>ticul> circum/ances ) :i* ea* individual man has to deal#fj4 ,if ! preconceptions are rightly appli$1 !y become cle>] by use1 & ?us atta9 ! rank ( true k by a process ( developm5t or #8unravell+' 7enodatio7#fa4 ,z to ! nature ( a preconception1 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ,epicurus & ! ,/oics4 ,epicurus id5tifies all ! t]ms #8preconception1' #8compreh5sion1' #8"r op9ion1' #8conception1' & #8g5]al notion1' & ma9ta9s t ea* ( ^! is no?+ b memory ( a s5sation frequ5tly repeat$#fb2 ! ,/oics h[ev] hold t preconceptions are e/abli%$ by ! m9d#fc1 & 7s f> z !y are common to all m57 by ! univ]sal reason4 ,?is diff]5ce is fundam5tal4 ,epicurus1 z a mat]iali/ 9 ! mod]n s5se1 expla9s p]ception z a bodily function1 & #8conceptions' ( e k9d z m]e e*oes ( su* bodily functions4 ,! ,/oics on ! o!r h& recognise at ea* /age ! activity ( m9d1 & ?is 9 increas+ degree z we proce$ to ! high] levels ( ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,notions ( inn] gr[?4 #aec4 ,we n[ approa* ! mo/ critical po9t 9 ! ,/oic !ory ( k4 ,is x possible = man to possess k :i* is n d]iv$1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 ?r\gh ! organs ( s5se8 ,su* a "q _c be answ]$ by any appeal to s+le ,/oic texts2 x ne$s an appreciation ( ! :ole philosophic outlook1 & ^u x dep5d ! mo/ vital pr9ciples ( ! sy/em4 ,let u !n fir/ consid]1 on ! supposition t su* k exi/s1 :at its nature is1 :at its cont5t1 & h[ x is atta9$ by individual m54 ,k cut (f f ! s5se-organs is cut (f f all human individuality2 x is !re=e ! expression ( ! common reason 7 71 & its p>ts are #8common notions' 7 or 71 %>$ by gods & m51 b by m5 only s f> z !y are p>tak]s ( ! div9e nature4 ,! pr9cipal cont5t ( su* k is also cle>2 x includes ! conception ( :at is morally good1 & ! beliefs t gods exi/ & t ! _w is gov]n$ by _! provid5ce#fd4 ,la/ly1 z ( all g5]al conceptions1 ! rudim5ts or r\gh outl9es only ( ^! beliefs are inborn 9 m51 by virtue ( _! div9e ance/ry2 :5ce !y are call$ #8innate notions' 7 1 insitae notiones7#fe4 ,^! notions 9 _! full developm5t are n atta9able by *ildr5 at all1 nor by m5 till !y atta9 to reason1 t is1 till !y become wise m5#ff4 ,sid5ote3 #8,pro(s' ( inborn notions4 #aed4 ,! ,/oics are naturally reluctant to admit t doctr9es :i* x is impi\s to d5y are nev]!less unatta9able except by p]fect wisdom2 b _! :ole sy/em po9ts inevitably to ?is conclusion4 ,b !re are int]m$iate /ages betwe5 ! r\gh inborn outl9es ( ^! tru?s & _! ripe complet5ess4 ,z man gr[s 9 reason1 he becomes increas+ly able to appreciate contributory tru?s1 d]iv$ f ! comb9ation ( p]ception & reason+1 t is1 by processes su* z #8analogy' & #8comp>ison1' :i* po9t 9 ! direction ( ! supreme beliefs4 ,9 ?is s5se1 & 7x is "h sugge/$7 9 ?is s5se only1 c !re be #8pro(s' 77 ( ^!#fg4 ,only 9 ! cr[n+ mom5t ( t probation :i* is describ$ lat] on1 at ! mom5t ( conv]sion1 ^! tru?s f9ally fla% =?1 /irr$ up inde$ by second>y evid5ce1 b really root$ 9 ! man's deepe/ nature#fh2 !y !n reveal !mselves to ! s\l ) an illum9at+ p[] :i* is all _! own1 b :i* c>ries ) x ! mo/ complete conviction4 ,ord9>y m5 mu/ mean:ile someh[ make %ift ) reflections or pale copies ( ?is k1 to :i* h[ev] ! "n ( common or inborn notions c also be appli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! inw>d t\*4 #aee4 ,! li/ ( #8common notions' is d\btless n limit$ to ! high philosophical pr9ciples :i* we h m5tion$2 = in/ance x mu/ include su* ma!matical pr9ciples z #8two & two make f\r1' #8a /raight l9e is ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts1' #8a ?ree-sid$ figure has ?ree angles1' & s =?4 ,) ^! h[ev] we h little direct conc]n4 ,( m int]e/ to u is ano!r k9d ( p]ception#fi recognis$ by ! ,/oics z well z by o!r s*ools ( philosophy1 t call$ ! #8inw>d t\*' 7 7#gj4 ,by ?is ! s\l becomes aw>e ( its own work+s1 mo/ obvi\sly ( its pleasure & pa94 ,! doctr9e ( ! #8inw>d t\*' is ( great philosophical importance1 = x breaks d[n ! dualism ( subject & object1 ! b>ri] betwe5 ! kn[+ & ! kn[n4 ,s9ce ^! are ! same 9 ! specific cases nam$1 ! door is op5 to ! conclusion t ev]y:]e !re is a k9%ip betwe5 ! two1 & t )\t ?is k w\ld be )\t firm f\ndation4 ,by ?is k9%ip we may also expla9 ! fact t direct communications are made by ! deity to man1 z by dreams1 oracles & augury#ga4 ,sid5ote3 ,k2 ! p>ts & ! :ole4 #aef4 ,?us x appe>s t ! elem5ts ( k1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 are s5sations1 p]ceptions1 conceptions or notions1 & g5]al or inborn notions4 ,z 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,/oic philosophy1 we %all reg>d ?is f\rfold division z indicat+ g5]ally ! gr\nd cov]$1 & n z sett+ up def9ite l9es ( dem>cation4 ,! same mat]ial may be analyz$ f o!r po9ts ( view1 z = in/ance 9 ! /udy ( words1 9 :i* we %all f9d a division into objects1 /atem5ts1 conditional /atem5ts1 & syllogisms4 ,! elem5ts may also be comb9$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,a comb9ation or #8sy/em' 77 :i* is direct$ t[>ds a useful or pleasurable object1 su* z music or gramm>1 is call$ an #8art' 71 ars7#gb2 & arts are atta9able by ord9>y m54 ,! wise man1 on ! o!r h&1 is n necess>ily acqua9t$ ) ! sev]al arts2 8 practice is to #8keep quiet' :5 matt]s are discuss$ :i* require su* special k4 ,! comb9ation ( all k 9 "o all-embrac+ sy/em is #8sci5ce' 71 sci5tia72 ! only sci5ce 9 ! full s5se is philosophy#gc2 & 9 ?is sy/em no "p c be at v>iance ) any o!r "p#gd4 ,! elem5ts ( k also acquire ! "* ( sci5ce1 :5 !y are f\nd to be p>ts ( ?is compact$ sy/em1 & !re=e incapable ( com+ into conflict ) any o!r "p#ge2 & 9 p>ticul> we f9d ! t]m #8sci5ce' pr$icat$ ( compreh5sions :i* are firmly e/abli%$ & _c be refut$ by any argum5t#gf4 ,9 ! language ( ,z5o's simile1 ov] ! clos$ fi/ t grasps ! object is plac$ ! o!r h&1 keep+ x ) firmness & assurance 9 its place#gg2 or1 to use a comp>ison fir/ sugge/$ 9 ridicule ( ,/oicism1 b :i* by ! progress ( ar*itectural skill has s9ce !n be5 made less damag+1 sci5ce is l a firm & immoveable build+ con/ruct$ ^u a %ift+ f\ndation#gh4 ,f9ally ord9>y m5 c rea* compreh5sion1 b only ! wise man c atta9 to sci5ce#gi4 ,sid5ote3 ,! crit]ion review$4 #aeg4 ,we rev]t to ! difficult problem ( ! crit]ion ( tru?1 t is1 ! discov]y ( a rule by :i* ! true c sep>at$ f ! false4 ,our au?orities diff] greatly z to :at ! ,/oic crit]ion is2 & ?is vacillation mu/ h plac$ ! ,/oics at a great disadvantage 9 _! controv]sy ) ! ,academics1 :o ma9ta9 t !re is no crit]ion4 ,! mo/ usual /atem5t is t ! #8compreh5sive m9d-picture' 7 7 is ! crit]ion2 ?is view is expressly attribut$ to ,*rysippus1 ,antipat]1 & ,apollodorus#hj4 ,z we h se51 ! mean+ ( ?is is t a true m9d-picture c be di/+ui%$ f "o t is false by ! note ( cle>ness1 & ?is g5]al doctr9e c be trac$ back to ,z5o#ha4 ,x appe>s at fir/ sight to provide a crit]ion :i* c be appli$ by ! p]cipi5t at ! mom5t :5 x is ne$$1 & x 0 d\btless int5d$ to be a practical tool 9 ?is s5se2 b "u ! pressure ( criticism ! ,/oics 7 frequ5tly compell$ to modify x4 ,!y c\ld n b admit t 9 ! case ( dreams & drunk5 visions x is only at a lat] mom5t t ! lack ( cle>ness c be appreciat$#hb2 :]eas on ! o!r h& a picture may be p]fectly cle>1 & yet ! p]cipi5t1 because ( "s prepossession1 may n realize ?is4 ,su* 0 ! case :5 ,h]cules br\ght ,alce/is f ! _w bel[2 h] husb& ,admetus receiv$ a true m9d-picture ( h]1 b put no confid5ce 9 x1 because he knew h] to be dead4 ,x foll[s t no m9d-picture c be implicitly tru/$ = itself2 = our s5se organs may be cl\d$1 or our previ\s exp]i5ce 9 conflict ) x4 ,if ! ,academics urg$ t ! sure note ( cle>ness is n to be f\nd 9 ! s5ses#hc1 ! ,/oics admitt$ z mu* :5 !y n[ said t a true compreh5sive picture mu/ come f a real object#hd1 :5 !y add$ ! words t #8no objection mu/ arise#he'2 ?us really admitt+ t x mu/ be n only p]suasive1 b also su* z no reason+ process c %ake1 & su* z has be5 exam9$ f all sides#hf4 ,?us !y %ift$ ! c5tre ( c]ta9ty f ! s+le compreh5sion to ! g5]al field ( sci5ce2 !y /ill held to x 9 !ory1 b no long] ma9ta9$ its practical application4 ,= ?is too !y _h ! au?ority ( ! old] ma/]s4 ,= we le>n on ! au?ority ( ,posidonius t #8"s ( ! old] ,/oics' held ! true crit]ion to be #8"r reason' 7 7#hg1 & ?is is equival5t to say+ t only ! deity & ! wise man possess ! secret#hh4 ,9 a loose s5se any important "p ( ! ,/oic !ory ( reason may be said to be a crit]ion2 ?us ,*rysippus aga9 said t #8! crit]ia are s5sation & preconception1' & ,boe?us set up _m crit]ia1 z m9d1 s5se1 sci5ce1 & 79 practical matt]s7 appetite#hi4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al cons5t4 #aeh4 ,see+ t ! full assurance ( tru? is n at e mom5t atta9able1 x is necess>y to be cont5t$ f "t to "t ) some?+ less complete4 ,among/ su* te/s ! #8g5]al cons5t ( mank9d' plays an important "p1 especially 9 connexion ) ! dogma #8t gods exi/4' ,we may inde$ well believe t ?is crit]ion 0 n orig9ally sugge/$ by revolution>y philosoph]s1 b r by cons]vative advocates ( an e/abli%$ religion2 & !re=e we are n surpris$ to see x emphasiz$ fir/ by ,posidonius & aft]w>ds by ,s5eca#ij4 ,g5]al cons5t is h[ev] by itself no pro( ( tru?1 b at mo/ an indication ( ! pres5ce ( a #8common notion' 9 its r\gh %ape4 ,if h[ev] we see t ! #8common notion' gr[s /rong] & m cle> e day1 & if x is ! m firmly held z m5 approa* ! /&>d ( wisdom1 x becomes a /rong support#ia4 ,sid5ote3 ,probability ! guide ( life4 #aei4 ,f a v e>ly p]iod1 z we h already indicat$1 ,/oic tea*]s accept$ probability z ! guide ( life 9 its details1 be+ p]haps aid$ by ! happy ambiguity ( ! expression #8reasonabl5ess' 7 71 :i* sugge/s =mally ! pursuit ( reason1 b 9 practice is a ju/ification ( e c\rse ( :i* a plausible def5ce c be br\ght =w>d4 ,ptolemy ,philopator1 we are told1 je/+ly put wax fruit be=e ,spha]us at 8 table1 & :5 ,spha]us tri$ to eat x cri$ out t he 0 giv+ 8 ass5t to a false m9d-picture4 ,spha]us repli$ t he _h n ass5t$ to ! picture #8?is is fruit1' b only to ! picture #8?is is probably fruit#ib4' ,antipat] ( ,t>sus1 :5 he expla9$ t ! v ess5ce ( virtue lay 9 ! *oice ( natural ends ^u probable gr\nds#ic1 0 felt to be giv+ way to ,c>neades#id4 ,panaetius ju/ifi$ ! ma9ta9+ ( t :i* is plausible by ! advocate1 & ,cic]o1 ^: own consci5ce 0 n at ease 9 ! matt]1 0 glad en\gh to quote s respectable an au?ority on 8 own behalf#ie4 ,9 ! ,roman imp]ial p]iod a gr[+ _s ( humility & pessimism l$ to a g5]al disp>agem5t ( human k1 c5tr+ 9 attacks on ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! s5ses4 ,s ,s5eca speaks ( ! #8usual weakness' ( ! s5se ( sight#if1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius feels t #8! organs ( s5se are dim & easily impos$ ^u#ig4' ,! old] ,/oics _h admitt$ ! frequ5t errors ( ! s5ses#ih1 b !y _h be5 confid5t !y c\ld surm\nt ?is difficulty4 ,_! late/ disciples _h lo/ ! c\rage to d ?is1 & 9 consequ5ce ! practice ( #8susp5sion ( judgm5t1' :i* be=e _h be5 ! exception#ii1 became ) !m ! rule4 ,nev]!less ,epictetus1 :o alone among/ ^! lat] ,/oics 0 an ard5t /ud5t ( dialectics1 held fa/ to ! ma9 pr9ciple t c]ta9ty is atta9able4 #8,h[ inde$' he said #8p]ception is effect$1 :e!r ?r\gh ! :ole body or any "p1 p]haps ,i _c expla91 = bo? op9ions p]plex me4 ,b t y & ,i are n ! same1 ,i "k ) p]fect c]ta9ty#ajj4' ,sid5ote3 ,gramm>4 #afj4 ,hav+ n[ dealt ) ! !ory ( k1 we may consid] briefly ! subord9ate sci5ces 7or r #8arts'7 ( ,gramm>1 ,logic 79 ! n>r[] s5se71 & ,/yle4 ,"h we may leave ! te*nical divisions & subdivisions ( ! ,/oics2 = ^! matt]s are sub/antially indep5d5t ( ! ma9 l9es ^u :i* ! anci5t philosophies p>t$ company1 & h = u only a second>y & hi/orical int]e/4 ,! ,/oics di/+ui% five p>ts ( spee*3 #8"n' 71 nom571 z #8,diog5es'2 #8class-"n' 71 appellatio71 z #8man1 horse'#aja2 #8v]b' 71 v]bum72 #8conjunction' 71 coniunctio72 & #8article' 71 articulus74 ,! la/ !y def9e navely z a little ^w :i* is all end+1 & s]ves to di/+ui% ! cases & numb]s#ajb4 ,to ! li/ ( ! p>ts ( spee* ,antipat] add$ ! #8mix$ "p' or p>ticiple 774 ,! n\n has f\r cases 771 ! #8upright case' 7 1 casus rectus2 ?is is ( c\rse a contradiction 9 t]ms72 & ! #8oblique' cases 771 t is ! #8class' case 771 ! #8dative' 771 & ! #8effect' case 774 ,! or v]b is id5tical ) ! or #8pr$icate1' & may take ! #8active' =m 771 ! #8passive' 771 or ! #8neut]' 772 "s v]bs also express action & reaction1 & are call$ #8reflexive' 774 ,! ,/oics also di/+ui%$ ! t5ses4 ,"t 77 be+ ( ?ree k9ds1 pa/ 771 pres5t 771 & future 771 we h ! foll[+ t5ses :i* are #8def9ite' 773 ! #8pres5t imp]fect' 7 71 ! #8pa/ imp]fect' 7 71 ! #8pres5t p]fect' 7 71 & ! #8pa/ p]fect' 7 72 9 addition to ^! we h ! #8indef9ite' t5ses1 ! future 771 & ! pa/ indef9ite1 call$ simply indef9ite 77#ajc4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ories ( spee*4 #afa4 ,s f> we f9d 9 ! ,/oic sy/em ! g5]al framework ( ! gramm> ( ! p]iod1 mu* ( x adapt$ ) modifications f ,ari/otle4 ,9 "s o!r details po9ts ( real grammatical or philosophical int]e/ are rais$4 ,su* is ! controv]sy betwe5 #8anomaly1' ! recognition ( ! individuality ( ea* ^w 9 its flexion1 & #8analogy1' 9 :i* ! validity ( ! rules ( decl5sion & conjugation is insi/$ ^u4 ,two ,/oic ma/]s1 ,*rysippus & ,crates ( ,mallos1 took up ! cause ( #8anomaly#ajd4' ,fur!r ! ,/oics held t all correct language exi/s by nature 771 & n by conv5tion 771 z ,ari/otle _h ma9ta9$2 ! elem5ts ( language be+ imitations ( natural s\nds#aje4 ,fur!r1 !y held t ! natural relation betwe5 #8?+s' 71 significata7 & ! words t express !m 71 significantia7 c frequ5tly be det]m9$ by etymology2 = in/ance #8voice' is #8! m9d's lamp1' #8age' is #8endur+ = ev]#ajf4' ,l ,h]aclitus & ,ari/otle1 ! ,/oics di/+ui%$ betwe5 #8?\ght' 7 1 ratio7 & #8spee*' 7 1 oratio71 :i* ! ,greek ^w t5ds to confuse#ajg2 ?\ght is immat]ial1 b spee*1 z consi/+ ( air 9 motion1 is body#ajh4 ,"y *ildr5 & animals d n possess real spee*1 b only #8a sort ( spee*#aji4' ,sid5ote3 ,propositions & ,syllogisms4 #afb4 ,words 9 comb9ation =m /atem5ts1 que/ions1 wi%es1 syllogisms1 & s =?#aaj2 !re is !re=e no cle> l9e drawn betwe5 :at we call syntax & logic respectively4 ,:5ev] we h a complete comb9ation ( words express+ t :i* mu/ ei!r be false or true1 z #8,hannibal 0 a ,c>?ag9ian1' #8,scipio de/roy$ ,numantia1' we call x a #8/atem5t' or #8proposition' 77#aaa2 = phrases ( all k9ds we h ! m g5]al t]m #8phrase' 71 id quod dicitur7#aab4 ,( special int]e/ is ! conditional s5t5ce 771 :i* has two p>ts1 ! conditional clause 77 & ! cont+5t clause 774 ,! conditional or lead+ clause always conta9s a sign 771 by means ( :i* we rea* pro(3 ?us 9 say+ #8if x is day1 x is light' we mean t #8day' is a sign ( light4 ,pro( is #8spee* on e subject ga!r+ :at is less cle> f t :i* is m cle>#aac4' ,its mo/ important =m is ! syllogism1 ( :i* ,*rysippus recognises five =ms3 7i7 if ,a1 !n ,b2 b ,a1 !re=e ,b4 7ii7 if ,a1 !n ,b2 b n ,b1 !re=e n ,a4 7iii7 n ,a & ,b toge!r2 b ,a1 !re=e n ,b4 7iv7 ei!r ,a or ,b2 b ,a1 !re=e n ,b4 7v7 ei!r ,a or ,b2 b n ,a1 !re=e ,b#aad4 ,all ^! matt]s admit ( endless qualifications1 subdivisions1 & developm5ts1 & 7 !re=e s]viceable to ^? ,/oics :o 7 be=e all ?+s mak]s ( books#aae4 ,examples ( ,/oic syllogisms h be5 giv5 above#aaf4 ,sid5ote3 ,fallacies4 #afc4 ,closely connect$ ) ! !ory ( ! syllogism is ! entic+ subject ( ! #8resolution ( fallacies' 7 71 :i* ! ,meg>ians _h br\ght )9 ! range ( philosophy4 ,to ?is subject ! ,/oics gave mu* att5tion#aag4 ,! mo/ fam\s fallacy is t ( ! #8heap' 71 ac]vus72 #8if two are few1 s are ?ree2 if ?ree1 !n f\r2 & s =?4' ,9 ?is ,*rysippus took a special int]e/#aah2 8 reply 0 to keep /ill#aai4 ,ano!r is ! #8li>' 71 m5ti5s72 #8:5 a man says 8,i lie10 does he lie or n8 if he lies1 he speaks ! tru?2 if he speaks ! tru?1 he lies#abj4' ,on ?is subject ,*rysippus wrote a treatise1 :i* ,epictetus ?\ght n wor? read+#aba4 ,s5eca gives u examples ( o!r fallacies1 :i* also are v]bal quibbles#abb4 ,( an altoge!r diff]5t k9d are ^? problems 9 :i* ! "q ( det]m9ism z oppos$ to moral *oice is involv$4 ,su* is ! #8reap]1' :i* ma9ta9s #8ei!r y w reap or y w n reap2 x is n correct to say 8p]haps y w reap40' ,su* aga9 is ! #8ma/]-argum5t' ( ,diodorus ! ,meg>ian1 directly aim$ aga9/ e moral philosophy#abc4 ,^! difficulties we %all discuss lat] z t\*+ ! supreme problems :i* are pres5t$ to ! human reason#abd4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #afd4 ,! sci5tific /udy ( syllogisms & fallacies promises at fir/ sight to be a guide to tru? & a way ( escape f error1 b exp]i5ce %ews x nev]!less to be b>r54 ,x has h[ev] an advantage 9 secur+ a c>eful /atem5t ( tea*+1 & = ?is purpose 0 mu* us$ by ,z5o & ,*rysippus4 ,! lat] memb]s ( ! s*ool realiz$ t ?is advantage c\ld be m simply ga9$ by ! practice ( c>eful def9ition 71 def9itio74 ,antipat] ?us def9$ def9ition itself3 #8def9ition is an expression :i* elaborates 9 detail )\t fall+ %ort or go+ too f>#abe4' ,he & all o!r ,/oics ( 8 "t gave num]\s def9itions ( ! mo/ important t]ms us$ 9 ! sy/em1 su* z ,god1 fate1 provid5ce1 ! supreme good1 virtue1 & s =?2 & ^! are ( great value 9 giv+ precision to _! doctr9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,/yle4 #afe4 ,9 consid]+ ,/yle we fir/ notice ! di/9ction betwe5 dialectic 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 9 :i* /atem5ts are made 9 ! %orte/ & mo/ precise =m1 & rhetoric1 9 :i* !y are exp&$ at l5g?#abf4 ,z5o comp>$ "o to ! clos$ fi/1 ! o!r to ! op5 palm#abg4 ,bo? ,clean!s & ,*rysippus wrote ^u rhetoric1 & x appe>s to h become a tradition to ridicule _! tea*+1 *iefly on ! gr\nd ( ! novel t]ms :i* ! ,/oics introduc$1 z 1 #abh4 ,b x is exactly 9 ^! new-fangl$ words t we obs]ve "o ( ! *ief aims ( ! ,/oic !ory ( /yle1 namely ! use ( words :i* precisely & exclusively correspond to ! objects describ$ 71 proprietas v]borum71 & :i* !re=e lead up to transp>5t cle>ness ( spee* 71 pellucida oratio7#abi4 ,to ?is cle>ness ! /udy ( gramm> is contributory2 #8b>b>isms' 7faults 9 spell+ & pronunciation7 mu/ be avoid$1 ) prop] help f ! doctr9es ( #8anomaly' & #8analogy'2 = ! ,/oics le>nt 9 "t t nei!r ( ^! is exclusively true4 ,equally important is ! avoidance ( #8solecisms1' or faults 9 syntax4 ,9 ?is way a pure use ( language 71 ,lat9itas7 is atta9$2 ?is is l>gely bas$ ^u ! example ( old] writ]s1 su* z ,hom] 9 ,greek1 & ,cato ! eld] 9 ,lat9#acj1 b n to su* an ext5t z to employ words n commonly intelligible4 ,b little m is ne$$2 ! ,/oic w say :at he has to say ) #8brevity' 71 brevitas72 ! graces ( /yle w be repres5t$ by #8becom+ness' 71 decorum7 & #8neatness' 771 ! latt] includ+ euphony4 ,^! virtues ( spee* are suffici5t = speak+ well1 :i* is nei!r m nor less ?an speak+ tru?fully#aca2 = ! ,/oic ne$s only to in/ruct 8 he>]1 & w n l[] himself ei!r to amuse him or to excite 8 emotions#acb4 ,/yle has ?ree v>ieties1 accord+ z x is employ$ 9 ! c\ncil1 9 ! law-c\rts1 or 9 praise ( goodness & good m5#acc2 9 ! la/ !re 0 no d\bt great] room all[$ = t expansiv5ess ( spee* :i* ! ,/oics specially designat$ z #8rhetoric4' ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/oic orator4 #aff4 ,! #8,/oic /yle' 0 a sev]e intellectual & moral discipl9e4 ,! speak] 0 call$ ^u "u all circum/ances to speak ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,he c\ld hold back no?+ f 8 audi5ce1 ev5 ?\gh 8 words might be (f5sive to _! religi\s op9ions1 _! patriotic feel+s1 or _! s5se ( dec5cy2 he c\ld add no ^w :i* w\ld t\* _! sympa?ies or k9dle _! indignation 9 ! direction he himself might wi%4 ,he _h always be=e 8 eyes ! example ( ,socrates' def5ce be=e ! ,a!nian jury & its result4 ,! ,/oic appe>$ be=e 8 audi5ce z a brave1 sane1 & r rugg$ speak]1 pa9fully ill-equipp$ 9 all ^? arts :i* ! circum/ances dem&$#acd4 ,ev5 ! ,/oics ( ! transition p]iod1 9 spite ( _! ,academic lean+s & _! lit]>y acquirem5ts1 made ?is impression at ,rome4 ,diog5es1 :o _h himself done mu* to elaborate ! !ory ( /yle1 0 not$ z a quiet & self-re/ra9$ speak]#ace4 ,! influ5ce ( ,panaetius may be trac$ 9 8 fri5d ,lucilius1 :o 9 8 book on /yle is nev] tir$ ( ridicul+ ! artifices ( rhetoricians4 ,!n foll[$ a succession ( ^! res]v$ speak]s1 :i* we %all trace 9 ano!r *apt]1 lead+ up to ,cato ( ,utica1 by f> ! be/-kn[n & ! mo/ ridicul$ ( !m all#acf4 ,x is n easy to =m a fair judgm5t ( ! m]its ( ! ,/oic /yle4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! works ( ,*rysippus are n readable2 b on ! o!r h& ,antipat]1 ,panaetius1 ,posidonius1 ,musonius ,rufus1 & ,epictetus 7 all writ]s or speak]s ( great attractiv5ess#acg4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>adox4 #afg4 ,9 connexion ) /yle we may call att5tion to ! important function ( p>adoxes 71 inop9ata71 t is1 propositions contr>y to common op9ion4 ,s9ce all philosophies conflict ) common op9ion1 !y mu/ necess>ily include _m p>adoxes#ach4 ,! *ief ,/oic p>adoxes are ^? :i* 7 borr[$ directly f ! ,cynic s*ool1 & indirectly f ! tea*+ ( ,socrates#aci3 & ,cic]o devotes a special "w to _! def5ce4 ,he includes ! foll[+3 7i7 t only :at is hon\rable is good2 7ii7 t virtue is suffici5t = happ9ess2 7iii7 t "r actions & (f5ces are equal2 7iv7 t all fooli% m5 are mad2 7v7 t ! wise man alone is free & e fooli% man a slave2 7vi7 t ! wise man alone is ri*4 ,^! ( c\rse include ! v pi? & m>r[ ( ,/oic e?ics2 & ! =m is calculat$ to arre/ ! att5tion ( ! cr[d & to *all5ge defiantly its *]i%$ op9ions4 ,! ,/oics ( lit]>y ta/e & social position usually %ew "s di/a/e = p>adoxes1 & pref] to /ate _! tea*+ 9 ways m obvi\sly reasonable4 ,b x %\ld h>dly be necess>y to expla9 t no p>adox is complete 9 itself1 b ea* ne$s to be int]pret$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ! s*ool :i* prop\nds x4 ,9 proportion z ! doctr9es ( any s*ool w9 g5]al recognition1 its p>adoxes t5d to f9d ready acceptance1 & may ultimately become truisms#adj4 ,! treatm5t ( my?s z allegories#ada may also be consid]$ z ! use ( a k9d ( p>adox2 ?is we %all f9d x mo/ conv5i5t to discuss 9 connexion ) ,/oic views ^u ! nature ( ! gods4 ,sid5ote3 ,dang]s ( logic4 #afh4 ,! /udy ( logic is at fir/ sight dismal & repulsive2 :5 progress has be5 made 9 x1 x seems illum9at+2 9 ! end x becomes s allur+1 t ! w\ld-be philosoph] may easily be lo/ = ev] 9 its mazes#adb4 ,! e>ly ,/oics _h press$ ?is discipl9e ^u _! pupils2 ^? ( ! ,roman p]iod1 !mselves 7) ! exception ( ,epictetus7 weak dialecticians1 nev] cease to w>n _! he>]s aga9/ its fasc9ations4 ,s ,s5eca tells u t _m logical inquiries h no?+ to d ) real life#adc2 & t ! old] ,/oics _h wa/$ mu* "t ov] !m#add2 ,epictetus compla9s t 8 he>]s nev] get beyond ! resolv+ ( syllogisms#ade1 & ,m4 ,aurelius ?anks ! gods t he nev] wa/$ 8 "t 9 ?is way#adf4 ,sid5ote3 ,/oic & ,academic logic4 #afi4 ,x 0 a fav\rite cont5tion ( ,cic]o1 adopt$ f 8 tea*] ,antio*us1 t ! ,/oic dialectic 0 no orig9al sy/em1 b only a modification ( ! views ( ! old ,academy#adg4 ,su* a conclusion seems p>tly due to ! fact t ! ,/oics ( 8 own "t _h l>gely borr[$ f ! ,academic sy/em 9 detail2 & p>tly to ! ov]look+ by ,antio*us ( an ess5tial diff]5ce ( _s betwe5 ! two s*ools4 ,plato is speculative1 ,z5o positive2 ,plato plays ) a doz5 !ories1 ,z5o consi/5tly adh]es to "o4 ,plato ranks ! m9d high1 ,z5o ! w2 ,plato bases 8 sy/em on ! g5]al concept1 ,z5o on ! individual p]son or object4 ,x w\ld seem t no contra/ c\ld be m complete4 ,nor does ,z5o's !ory agree ) t ( ,epicurus4 ,bo? inde$ are positive tea*]s1 & hold t ! s5ses are mess5g]s ( tru?4 ,b "h ,epicurus /ops1 :il/ ,z5o goes on4 ,we h to und]/& rightly ! functions & limitations ( ! s5ses1 or we %all quickly glide into error2 we h also to le>n t ! s5ses are b s]vants1 & t ! m9d rules !m z a mon>* by div9e "r1 coord9at+ ! messages !y br+1 %ap+ !m accord+ to its own creative capacity1 ev5 add+ to !m f ! mat]ial x has d]iv$ f its s\rce4 ,! ,/oic !ory is 9 fact a bold survey ( ! results ( ! reflection ( ! human m9d ^u its own op]ations2 x has1 z we might expect1 _m gaps1 a good deal ( ov]lapp+ description1 & "s inconsi/5cies4 ,to sceptical objections x is ( c\rse unable to give answ]s :i* are logically satisfactory2 b its g5]al position prov$ acceptable to m5 :o s\ght 9 philosophy a guide to practical life4 ,sid5ote3 ,que/ions ( temp]am5t4 #agj4 ,9 ! approximation betwe5 ,/oicism & ! ,academy :i* *>act]izes ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 ! ,/oic logic obta9$ 9 ! end ! upp] h&2 & ! logic ( ! s-call$ #8old ,academy' f\nd$ by ,antio*us is 9 all ess5tials t ( ! ,/oics4 ,nev]!less ! objections urg$ aga9/ x by ,cic]o repres5t n only 8 reason b also 8 s5tim5ts4 ,! positive sy/em appe>s at its be/ 9 ! education ( *ildr52 & ev5 at ! pres5t day ! !ory ( k :i* is tacitly adopt$ 9 s*ools is sub/antially t ( ! ,/oics4 ,x leads to c>eful obs]vation1 e>ne/ inquiry1 & resolute *oice2 & ?us lays ! f\ndation ( solidity ( "*4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ t x also works 9 ! direction ( a c]ta9 r\ghness & h>%ness ( disposition4 ,n only is ! ,/oically-m9d$ man lack+ 9 sympa?y = beliefs diff]5t f 8 own1 :i* he is b\nd to reg>d z bo? fooli% & wick$2 b he is also bl9d to t :ole side ( ! univ]se :i* _c be r$uc$ to syllogi/ic %ape4 ,?us we may acc\nt = ! indiff]5ce or ho/ility ) :i* mo/ ,/oics reg>d$ bo? lit]ature & art#adh4 ,! ,academic1 on ! o!r h&1 ev5 if he lack$ moral firmness & saw too cle>ly bo? sides ( e "q1 0 sav$ by 8 critical p[]s f extreme ass]tions & h>% p]sonal judgm5ts1 & _h a delicate appreciation ( ! f9] %ad+s ( life4 ,?us beh9d ! =mal diff]5ces ( ! two s*ools !re lies a diff]5ce ( "*4 ,we h long s9ce le>nt t ! fundam5tal que/ions betwe5 ! two s*ools are incapable ( solution by ! human m9d1 & we c !re=e appreciate ! "o )\t condemn+ ! o!r4 ,9 practical life ea* !ory has its appropriate sph]e2 b ! ,romans 7 h>dly 9 ! wrong :5 9 matt]s ( d\bt !y lean$ t[>ds ! ,/oic side4 ,,footnotes #a #8vet]es illi ,platonis auditores totam philosophiam tres 9 p>tes divis]unt2 quam p>titionem a ,z5one esse ret5tam videmus' ,cic4 ,f94 iv #b1 #d4 #b ,sext4 ma?4 vii #af 7,arnim ii #ch74 #c ,philopon4 ad ,anal4 pr4 f4 #d;a2 ,/e91 ,psy*ologie ii #ic4 ,see also ,arnim ii #di & #di;a4 #d ,epict4 ,disc4 i #ag1 #f4 #e ,diog4 ,l4 vii #dj4 #f 444 ,diog4 ,l4 vi #ajc & #aje4 #g 2 2 1 2 2 1 ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #h1 #ab4 #h #8,/oici 444 cum vehem5t] amav]9t artem disput&i' ,aug4 ,civ4 ,de4 viii #g4 #i ,zell]1 ,/oics etc41 p4 #ff4 #aj ,see bel[1 #afd1 #afe4 #aa #8hi1 qui negant quicquam posse compreh5di 444 totam vitam ev]tunt funditus' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #aj1 #ca4 #ab ,see above1 #ic4 #ac ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #aa1 #ac4 #ad #8,/oici deum visum vocantes1 quod optimum putabant' ,*alc4 9 ,tim4 #bff 7,arnim ii #hfc74 #ae ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #g1 #ai4 #af ,arnim ii #deh4 #ag #8m5s enim ipsa1 quae s5suum fons e/ atque etiam ipsa s5sus e/1 naturalem vim habet1 quam int5dit ad ea1 quibus movetur' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #aj1 #cj4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,epicureans treat ! s5ses z bodily1 & s5sation z automatic4 #ah ' 1 ' 444 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #eb4 #ai ,clean!s call$ x #8impr9t' 772 ,*rysippus1 le/ ! ^w impr9t %\ld be int]pret$ too me*anically1 call$ x #8alt]ation' 77 ,sext4 ma?4 vii #bbg1 #cgb 7,arnim ii #ef72 #8visum objectum imprimet illud quidem et quasi signabit 9 animo suam speciem' ,cic4 de ,fato #ai1 #dc4 #bj ,sext4 ma?4 vii #dbd 7,arnim ii #fh72 #8ita e/ maxima 9 s5sibus v]itas1 si et sani sunt ac val5tes1 et omnia remov5tur quae ob/ant et imp$iunt' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #g1 #ai4 #ba #8idem fit 9 vocibus1 9 odore1 9 sapore1 ut nemo sit no/rum qui 9 s5sibus sui cuiusque g5]is iudicium requirat acrius' ib4 #bb ,at4 plac4 iv #i1 #d2 #8s5suum cl>a iudicia et c]ta sunt' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #g1 #ai4 #bc #8sequuntur ea1 quae non s5sibus ipsis p]cipi dicuntur1 s$ quodam modo s5sibus1 ut haec3 8illud e/ album1 hoc dulce1 canorum illud1 hoc b5e ol5s1 hoc asp]um40 animo iam haec t5emus compreh5sa1 non s5sibus' ib4 #g1 #ba4 #bd 1 1 ,at4 plac4 iv #i1 #d 7,arnim ii #gh72 #8,z5o nonnulla visa esse falsa1 non omnia dixit' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #be1 #gj4 #be 1 444 1 ,at4 plac4 iv #ab1 #a 7,arnim ii #ed74 ,! object :i* causes ! is te*nically call$ ! 1 b also ,sext4 ma?4 vii #dbf4 #bf ,atius plac4 iv #ab1 #d4 #bg ib4 #ab1 #e4 #bh 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ej4 #bi #8visis ,z5o non omnibus adiungebat fidem1 s$ iis solum quae propriam qu&am hab]5t decl>ationem e>um r]um quae vid]5tur' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #aa1 #da2 cf4 #aje4 #cj ,on ?is po9t ! controv]sy betwe5 ,arcesilaus & ,z5o h+$2 see above1 #hd4 #ca #8necesse e/ animum p]spicuis c$]e' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #ab1 #ch4 #cb #8p]spicuitas illa1 quam diximus1 satis magnam habet vim ut ipsa p] sese ea quae s9t nobis1 ita ut sunt1 indicet' ib4 #ad1 #de4 #cc #8ads5sio no/ra erit 9 pote/ate' ,cic4 ,fat4 #ai1 #dc2 #8ads5sio non pote/ fi]i nisi commota viso2 tam5 id visum proximam causam habet1 non pr9cipalem' ib4 #ah1 #db2 #8,z5o ads5sionem adiungit animorum1 quam esse vult 9 nobis positam et volunt>iam' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #aa1 #dj4 #cd 1 1 ,/ob4 ii #g1 #aa m 7,pe>son1 ,z4 fr4 #ae73 cf4 ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #dg1 #aj4 #ce #8op9ationem autem volunt esse imbecillam ads5sionem' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #g1 #ae2 #8op9io quae e/ imbecilla et cum falso incognitoque communis' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #aa1 #da2 s ,sext4 ma?4 vii #aea 7,arnim ii #ij74 #cf ,epict4 ,disc4 i #ba1 #b4 #cg ib4 i #ah1 #a2 ,sext4 ma?4 vii #daf4 #ch ,nem4 nat4 hom4 vii p4 #age ,m 7,/e91 ,psy*4 ii #ace74 #ci ,cic]o's po9t ( view appe>s to be t ! m9d-picture grasps ! object3 #8visum cum acceptum iam et adprobatum esset1 ,z5o compreh5sionem appellabat1 similem eis rebus quae manu preh5d]5tur' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #aa1 #da4 ,see fur!r ,/e91 ,psy*4 ii #agd1 & ,r4 ,d4 ,hicks1 ,/oic & ,epicurean1 p4 #ga4 #dj ,?is view is express$ by ,posidonius1 :o bases x on ,plato's ,timaeus3 1 1 ,sext4 ,emp4 ma?4 vii #ic4 ,see also bel[1 #bff4 #da #8compreh5sio facta s5sibus et v]a esse ,z5oni et fidelis videbatur2 non quod omnia1 quae ess5t 9 re1 compreh5d]et1 s$ quia nihil quod cad]e 9 eam posset rel9qu]et' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #aa1 #db4 #db ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ea2 #8quam multa vid5t pictores 9 umbris et 9 em95tia1 quae nos non videmus6' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #g1 #bj4 #dc ,sext4 ma?4 vii #cgc 7,arnim i #fd72 #8m5s alia visa sic arripit1 ut 8 /atim utatur2 alia quasi recondit1 e quibus memoria oritur' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #aj1 #cj4 #dd #8quicquid frequ5s cogitatio ex]cet et r5ovat1 memoriae nunquam subducitur2 quae nihil p]dit1 nisi ad quod non saepe respexit' ,s54 ,b54 iii #b1 #c4 #de ,s sub/antially ,*rysippus argu$4 ,see ,sext4 ma?4 vii #bca4 #df 1 ,at4 plac4 iv #aa1 #b4 #dg ,diog4 ,l4 vii #eb4 #dh ,! details ( ?is li/ are v>i\sly giv53 e4g4 #8cum r]um notiones 9 animo fiant1 si aut usu aliquid cognitum sit1 aut coniunctione1 aut similitud9e1 aut collatione rationis' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #aj1 #cc4 #di ,diog4 ,l4 vii #eb4 #ej #8homo autem1 quod rationis e/ p>ticeps1 p] quam consequ5tia c]nit1 causas r]um videt1 e>umque progressus et quasi antecessiones non ignorat1 similitud9es comp>at1 et rebus praes5tibus adiungit atque adnectit futuras2 facile totius vitae cursum videt' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #d1 #aa4 #ea ,s ,zell]1 ,/oics etc41 p4 #gi4 #eb 1 ,at4 plac4 iv #aa1 #a4 ,! metaphor ( ! tabula rasa c be trac$ back to ,plato & ,ari/otle1 b 9 ?is application 0 fir/ us$ by ,clean!s4 ,locke presumably borr[$ x f ! ,/oics4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t ?is metaphor implies passivity on ! "p ( ! s\l2 z ! ,/oics use x1 ! s\l is f ! beg9n+ actively coop]at+ 9 obta9+ impressions4 ,see ,/e91 ,psy*4 ii pp4 #aab sqq41 note #bcj4 #ec 444 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ea4 #ed ,at4 plac4 i #aj1 #e 7,arnim i #fe72 cf4 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #fa4 #ee 1 ,sext4 ma?4 viii #ef 7,arnim ii #hh72 cf4 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #eb & #ec4 #ef #8cet]a autem similitud9ibus m5s con/ituit' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #aj1 #cj4 #eg ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ag1 #dd4 #eh ' ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ed2 #8notionem appello quam ,graeci tum tum 2 ea e/ insita et praecepta cuiusque =mae cognitio1 enodationis indig5s' ,cic4 ,top4 #g1 #ca2 #8nobis notitiae r]um imprimuntur1 s9e quibus nec intellegi quicquam nec qua]i disput>ive pote/' ,ac4 ii #g1 #ba4 ,see also ,at4 plac4 iv #aa1 #c4 ,if ! concept c only be rea*$ by special tra9+1 x mu/ n be call$ 4 #ei #8,!re are c]ta9 ?+s :i* m5 :o are n altoge!r p]v]t$ see by ! common notions :i* all possess4 ,su* a con/itution ( ! m9d is nam$ common s5se 7 7' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #f1 #h4 ,see also bel[1 #aeh4 #fj #8,we ne$ discipl9e1 9 ord] to le>n h[ to adapt ! preconception ( :at is reasonable or unreasonable to ! sev]al ?+s con=mably ) nature' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #b1 #f4 #fa ,see ,cic4 ,top4 above1 note #eh4 #fb ,diog4 ,l4 x #cc4 #fc #8cet]a autem similitud9ibus m5s con/ituit2 ex quibus efficiuntur notitiae r]um1 quas ,graeci tum tum vocant' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #aj1 #cj4 ,z to ! possibility ( di/+ui%+ ! two t]ms see ,pr(4 ,reid's note4 #fd ,see notes to ! next section4 #fe #8r]um plurim>um obscuras necess>ias intellig5tias enudavit qu4 incohavit81 quasi fundam5ta qua$am sci5tiae' ,cic4 ,leg4 i #i1 #bf2 #8quae 9 animis imprimuntur1 de quibus ante dixi1 incohatae intellig5tiae1 similit] 9 omnibus imprimuntur' ib4 i #aj1 #cj2 #8,z to good & evil1 beautiful & ugly 444 & :at we ought to d & :at we ought n to d1 :o ev] came into ! _w )\t hav+ an innate idea ( !m8' ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #aa1 #c4 #ff 444 ,at4 plac4 iv #aa1 #d2 ib4 v #bc1 #a4 #fg 444 ' 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #eb2 #8collatione rationis boni notio facta e/2 cum enim ab iis rebus1 quae sunt secundum naturam1 asc5dit animus collatione rationis1 tum ad notionem boni p]v5it' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #aj1 #cc2 #8nobis videtur obs]vatio collegisse et r]um saepe fact>um int] se collatio3 p] analogian no/ri intellectum et hone/um et bonum iudicant4 nov]amus corporis sanitatem2 ex hac cogitavimus esse aliquam et animi4 nov]amus corporis vires2 ex 8 collegimus esse et animi robur' ,s54 ,ep4 #abj1 #d2 #8de bonis ac malis s5sus non iudicat2 quid utile sit1 quid inutile1 ignorat4 non pote/ f]re s5t5tiam1 nisi 9 rem praes5tem p]ductus e/2 ratio ergo arbitra e/ bonorum ac malorum' ib4 #ff1 #ce4 #fh ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ec4 #fi ,= ! classification z a s5sation see above1 #adf4 #gj 7sc4 ,ari/otelis7 #8 ' 1 ' ,at4 plac4 iv #h1 #g2 #8quid de tactu1 et eo quidem quem philosophi int]iorem vocant aut doloris aut voluptatis8' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #g1 #bj4 ,?is feel+1 if mi/ak5 = ! p]ception ( an ext]nal object1 is an #8empty twit*+'3 ' ,sext4 ma?4 vii #bda 7,arnim ii #fd74 ,see fur!r ,hicks1 ,/oic & ,epicurean1 p4 #aaj4 #ga #8visa qua$am mitti a deo1 velut ea quae 9 somnis videantur1 quaeque oraculis auspiciis extis decl>5tur' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #ae1 #dg4 #gb ,arnim ii #ic & #ie2 #8ars v]o quae pote/ esse nisi quae non ex una aut duabus1 s$ ex multis animi p]ceptionibus con/at8' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #g1 #bb2 #8ex quibus p]ceptis collatis int] se et comp>atis artes quoque efficimus1 p>tim ad usum vitae1 p>tim ad oblectationem necess>iis' ,n4 ,d4 ii #ei1 #adh4 #gc ,arnim ii #ie4 #gd ,epict4 ,disc4 i #bb1 #a4 #ge ,/ob4 ii #g1 #e l 7see also ,wa*smu?'s crit4 note74 #gf #8sci5tiam 444 quam nos non compreh5sionem modo r]um1 s$ eam /abilem quoque atque immutabilem esse c5semus' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #h1 #bc2 #8quod erat s5su compreh5sum 444 si ita erat compreh5sum ut convelli ratione non posset1 sci5tiam ,z5o nom9abat' ib4 i #aa1 #da2 #8quamcunque v]o s5t5tiam probav]it sapi5s1 eam sic animo compr5sam habebit1 ut ea quae s5sibus' ib4 ii #cg1 #aai4 #gg ,see above1 #gg4 #gh ,plut4 comm4 n4 #dg1 #d4 #gi ,sext4 ma?4 vii #aea 7,arnim ii #ij72 #8sci5tiam1 cuius compotem nisi sapi5tem esse nem9em' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #dg1 #ade4 #hj ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ed1 z 9 note #hd bel[4 #ha ,see especially ,pe>son1 ,z5o fr4 #aa2 & above1 #hd4 #hb #8omnium de9de inanium visorum una depulsio e/1 sive illa cogitatione in=mantur1 444 sive 9 quiete1 sive p] v9um1 sive p] insaniam4 nam ab omnibus eiusmodi visis p]spicuitatem1 quam mordicus t5]e debemus1 abesse dicemus4444 itaque1 simul ut exp]recti sumus ex somno1 visa illa contemnimus neque ita habemus1 ut ea quae 9 =o gessimus' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #ag1 #ea4 #hc #8ab ,academia disputatum e/1 non inesse 9 s5sibus propriam1 quae nusquam alibi esset1 v]i et c]ti notam' ib4 ii #cb1 #ajc2 #8dicunt ,academici hoc se unum toll]e1 ut quicquam possit ita vid]i1 ut non eodem modo falsum etiam possit vid]i' ib4 #aa1 #cc4 #hd 1 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ed4 ,?is view is attribut$ to ,z5o himself3 #8visum ,z5o ita def9iit ex eo1 quod esset1 sicut esset1 impressum et signatum et effictum' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #bd1 #gg4 #he ,sext4 ma?4 vii #bec4 #hf ,sext4 ma?4 vii #aha4 ,su* 0 ! def9ition ( ,c>neades 7,s*mekel1 p4 #cdd74 #hg ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ed 7see #hj1 note #fh74 #hh #8posse eum sapi5tem falsa a v]is di/+u]e' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #ba1 #fg4 #hi ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ed4 ,see on ?is po9t ,hicks1 ,/oic & ,epicurean1 p4 #gj4 #ij #8multum d>e solemus praesumptioni omnium hom9um1 et apud nos v]itatis argum5tum e/ aliquid omnibus vid]i2 tanquam deos esse int] alia hoc colligimus1 quod omnibus insita de dis op9io e/ 444 nem9em inv5ies1 qui non putet et sapi5tiam bonum et sap]e bonum' ,s54 ,ep4 #aag1 #f4 #ia #8op9ionum comm5ta delet dies1 naturae iudicia confirmat' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #b1 #e4 #ib ,diog4 ,l4 vii #agg4 #ic ,plut4 comm4 n4 #bg1 #i4 #id 1 ib4 #bg1 #ae4 #ie #8iudicis e/ semp] 9 causis v]um sequi2 patroni nonnunquam v]isimile1 etiam si m9us sit v]um1 def5d]e2 quod scrib]e 444 non aud]em1 nisi idem plac]et gravissimo ,/oicorum ,panaetio' ,cic4 ,(f4 ii #ad1 #ea4 #if #8visus no/] solita imbecillitate deceptus' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 i #b1 #c4 #ig ,to himself1 v #cc4 #ih ,see above1 #adf1 #adg4 #ii #8sapi5tem aliqu&o su/9]e ads5sionem' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #ag1 #ec4 #ajj ,epict4 ,disc4 i #bg1 #ag4 #aja ,! di/9ction betwe5 #8"n' & #8class-"n' 0 due to ,*rysippus3 see ,s&ys1 ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 i p4 #add4 #ajb ,diog4 ,l4 vii #eh4 #ajc ,= ^! & fur!r p>ticul>s see ,s&ys1 ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 i *4 ix2 ,r4 ,s*midt1 ,/oicorum ,grammatica1 pp4 #ah sqq4 #ajd #8,crates1 nobilis grammaticus1 fretus ,*rysippo1 hom9e acutissimo1 qui reliquit ,,iii libros1 contra analogiam atque ,ari/>*um e/ nixus' ,v>ro ,l4 ,l4 ix #a 7,arnim ii #aea74 #aje ,orig4 cont4 ,celsum i #bd 7,arnim ii #adf74 #ajf ,v>r4 ,l4 ,l4 vi #aa 7,arnim ii #afc74 #ajg ,see ,zell]1 ,/oics etc41 p4 #gc1 n4 #b2 ,ari/otle's di/9ction is betwe5 & 4 #ajh #8vocem ,/oici corpus esse cont5dunt eamque esse dicunt ictum a]a' ,a4 ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 v #ae1 #f4 #aji #8hunc qui primo dicitur iam f>i ,*rysippus negat loqui1 s$ ut loqui2 444 sic 9 corvis1 cornicibus1 pu]is primitus incipi5tibus f>i1 v]ba non esse v]ba' ,v>ro ,l4 ,l4 vi #ef 7,arnim ii #adc74 #aaj ,diog4 ,l4 vii #fc to #gh4 #aaa ,v>ro translates ?is by #8proloquium' 7,gell4 ,n4 ,a4 xvi #h1 #h71 ,cic]o provisionally by #8pronuntiatum' 7,tusc4 disp4 i #g1 #ad74 #aab ,a /atem5t or proposition is !re=e a phrase #8complete 9 itself' 7 7 ,a4 ,gellius ,n4 ,a4 xvi #h1 #d4 #aac ,diog4 ,l4 vii #de4 #aad ib4 #hj & #ha4 #aae #8ex iis modis conclusiones innum]abiles nascuntur' ,cic4 ,top4 #ad1 #eg4 #aaf #hc4 #aag 1 1 1 ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #h1 #b4 #aah #8inv5tus1 ,*rysippe1 tui f9itor ac]vi' ,p]s4 ,sat4 vi #hj4 #aai #8placet enim ,*rysippo1 cum gradatim int]rogetur1 tria pauca s9t anne multa1 aliquanto prius quam ad multa p]v5iat1 quiesc]e' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #bi1 #ic4 ,cf4 ,sext4 ma?4 vii #daf4 #abj #8si te m5tiri dicis idque v]um dicis1 m5tiris an v]um dicis8' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #bi1 #ie4 #aba ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #ag1 #cd4 #abb #8mus syllaba e/4 mus autem caseum rodit3 syllaba ergo caseum rodit 444 o pu]iles ineptias6' ,s54 ,ep4 #dh1 #f & #g2 #8quod non p]didi/i1 habes2 cornua autem non p]didi/i2 cornua ergo habes' ib4 #di1 #h4 #abc ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #ai1 #a sqq4 #abd ,see bel[1 #bbj1 #bba4 #abe ,diog4 ,l4 vii #fj4 #abf #8omnis oratio aut cont9ua e/ aut int] respond5tem et int]rogantem discissa2 hanc 1 illam placuit voc>i' ,s54 ,ep4 #hi1 #ag4 #abg ,cic4 ,orator #cb1 #aac4 #abh #8scripsit artem rhetoricam ,clean!s4 ,*rysippus etiam2 s$ sic1 ut si quis obmutesc]e cupi]it1 nihil aliud leg]e debeat4 itaque vides quo modo loquantur2 nova v]ba f+unt1 des]unt usitata' ,cic4 ,f94 iv #c1 #g4 #abi ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ei4 #acj #8uni ,m4 ,porcio me d$icavi atque despondi atque delegavi' ,front4 et ,aur4 ,ep4 ii #ac4 #aca ,anon4 ad ,h]m4 ,rhet4 ,gr4 vii #h4 ,h5ce spee* 0 a virtue2 #8,/oicis hanc habeo gratiam1 quod soli ex omnibus eloqu5tiam virtutem ac sapi5tiam esse dix]unt' ,cic4 de ,or4 iii #ah1 #fe4 #acb #8fu]unt et cl>i quidam auctores1 quibus solum vid]etur oratoris (ficium doc]e2 namque et effectus duplici ratione exclud5dos putabant1 primum quia vitium esset omnis animi p]turbatio1 de9de quia iudicem a v]itate pelli mis]icordia gratia similibusque non oport]et1 et voluptatem audi5tium pet]e 444 vix etiam viro dignum arbitrabantur' ,qu9t4 ,in/4 or4 v ,prooem4 #acc ,diog4 ,l4 vii #db4 #acd #8orationis g5us hab5t ,/oici =tasse subtile et c]te acutum2 s$1 ut 9 oratore1 exile1 inusitatum1 abhorr5s ab auribus vulgi1 obscurum1 inane1 ieiunum1 attam5 eiusmodi quo uti ad vulgus nullo modo possit' ,cic4 de ,or4 iii #ah1 #ff4 #ace #8dicebat mode/a ,diog5es et sobria' ,a4 ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 vi #ad1 #aj4 #acf ,see bel[1 *ap4 xvi4 #acg ,see ,smiley1 ,lat9itas & 4 #ach #8,philosoph]s utt] words :i* are contr>y to common op9ion1 z ,clean!s also said1 b n words contr>y to reason' ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #a1 #agc2 #8:]e is ! wond] if 9 philosophy _m ?+s :i* are true appe> p>adoxical to ! inexp]i5c$8' ib4 i #be1 #cc4 #aci #8i/a quae appellant1 maxime vid5tur esse ,socratica' ,cic4 ,p>ad4 ,prooem4 #d4 #adj #8nihil e/ tam incr$ibile1 quod non dic5do fiat probabile' ,cic4 ,p>ad4 ,prooem4 #c2 #8,/oica p>adoxa1 quorum nullum esse falsum nec tam mirabile quam prima facie videtur1 adprobabo' ,s54 ,ep4 #hg1 #a4 #ada ,zell]1 ,/oics etc41 pp4 #ced-cgj4 #adb ,a4 ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 xvi #h1 #af & #ag4 #adc #8qua$am ex]c5di tantum +5ii causa qua]untur1 et semp] extra vitam iac5t' ,s54 ,b54 vi #a1 #a4 #add #8multum illis temporis v]borum cavillatio eripuit et captiosae disputationes1 quae acum5 inritum ex]c5t' ,ep4 #de1 #e4 #ade #8,we t]m9ate 9 ?is1 9 le>n+ :at is said1 & 9 be+ able to exp\nd x to ano!r1 9 resolv+ a syllogism1 & 9 h&l+ ! hypo!tical syllogism' ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #d1 #ad4 #adf #8,?anks to ! gods too t1 9 spite ( my ard\r = philosophy1 ,i did n fall into ! h&s ( any sophi/1 or sit por+ ov] essays or syllogisms1 or become engross$ 9 sci5tific speculation' ,m4 ,aurelius ,to himself i #ag4 #adg #8v]um esse arbitror1 ut ,antio*o no/ro famili>i placebat1 correctionem vet]is ,academiae potius quam aliquam novam discipl9am put&am ,/oicorum rationem' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #ab1 #dc4 #adh #8tunc intelleg]e nobis licebit1 quam contemn5da miremur1 simillimi pu]is1 quibus omne ludicrum 9 pretio e/4 quid ergo int] nos et illos int]e/1 ut ,ari/on ait1 nisi quod nos circa tabulas et /atuas insanimus1 c>ius inepti8 illos rep]ti 9 litore calculi leves delectant1 nos +5tium maculae column>um' ,s54 ,ep4 #aae1 #h4 ,?is tone is cle>ly d]iv$ f ,cynism1 z ! ref]5ce to ,ari/o indicates4 ,a mod]n ,cynic is /ill m sweep+ 9 8 condemnation3 #8all ! na/9ess & /upidity :i* y call sci5ce & art' 7,c\nt ,leo ,tol/oy 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,gazette1 ,sept4 #c1 #aiaj74 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,physics4 ,sid5ote3 ,physics4 #aga4 ,"u ! g5]al head+ ( ,physics ! anci5ts includ$ a numb] ( subjects :i* 9 mod]n times =m indep5d5t bran*es ( philosophy4 ,clean!s subdivid$ ! subject into ,physics prop] & ,!ology#a4 ,"h x w be conv5i5t to make a l>g] numb] ( subdivisions1 s z to treat sep>ately ( 7i7 ! ,f\ndations ( ,physics1 g5]ally call$ 7aft] ,ari/otle's treatise7 #8,metaphysics'2 7ii7 ,physics prop]1 t is1 ! acc\nt ( ! ,univ]se & its hi/ory2 7iii7 ! f9al problems involv$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,univ]se1 su* z its gov]nm5t by ,div9e ,provid5ce1 ! ,exi/5ce ( ,evil1 ,free-w1 & ,*ance2 7iv7 ! problems ( ,religion1 su* z ! exi/5ce ( gods1 _! numb]1 "*1 & claims on mank9d2 & 7v7 ! nature ( ,man1 includ+ ! mod]n subjects ( ,psy*ology & ,physiology1 & to "s ext5t ( ,an?ropology also1 treat$ by ! ,/oics z a ,k+dom gov]n$ by ! ,s\l4 ,accord+ to ,/oic pr9ciples ^! subjects _c be sep>at$ "o f ! o!r1 or f ! o!r p>ts ( philosophy2 & !re=e 9 treat+ ea* "o we %all1 z be=e1 assume a g5]al k ( all ! o!rs4 ,! ,/oics laid great /ress ^u ! /udy ( ,physics1 z ! only s\nd basis = a sci5tific rule ( human conduct2 & "s ( !m 7beg9n+ ) ,*rysippus71 hav+ especial reg>d to ! elevat$ dignity ( ! /udy ( ,!ology1 7 dispos$ to rank ?is bran* ( philosophy z ! highe/ & la/ ( its ?ree pr9cipal divisions#b4 ,we %all h[ev]1 9 accordance ) a view m g5]ally held1 res]ve ! la/ place = ,e?ics#c4 ,sid5ote3 ,fundam5tal ,conceptions4 #agb4 ,to ! e>li] ,greek philosoph]s1 z we h already se51 x appe>$ t a s+le bold intuition 0 en\gh1 or almo/ en\gh1 to discov] a suffici5t f\ndation ^u :i* to con/ruct a reason$ acc\nt ( all ?+s4 ,?us ! ,ionic philosoph]s took up z su* a f\ndation "o or m ( ! elem5ts ( air1 fire1 & wat]4 ,b z soon z ^! ?ree1 toge!r ) e>?1 7 recogniz$ z #8elem5ts' exi/+ side by side1 x became necess>y to dig deep]1 s z to secure a f\ndation = ^! z well4 ,?us ,democritus resolv$ all f\r into #8atoms' & #8void'2 8 !ory 0 tak5 ov] by ,epicurus1 & rema9s to ?is day n only ! mo/ popul> solution ( ! problem1 b also t :i* 7till q rec5tly7 0 tacitly assum$ z ! basis ( all sci5tific inve/igation4 ,anaxagoras1 work+ on diff]5t l9es1 began 8 acc\nt ( ! univ]se ) #8m9d' on ! "o h& & a primal conglom]ate #8matt]' on ! o!r2 a doctr9e evid5tly bas$ ^u ! popul> dualism ( s\l & body1 & /ill ! basis ( all transc5d5tal philosophy & e/abli%$ religi\s conceptions4 ,?is ,ari/otle v>i$ by assum+ r an #8active' & a #8passive' pr9ciple1 =ce :i* works & matt] ^u :i* x works4 ,besides ^! conceptions _m o!rs ne$ to be consid]$1 :i* if n absolutely fundam5tal1 are nev]!less matt]s ( discussion 9 all philosophical s*ools1 z ^? ( motion1 space1 "t1 s\l1 body1 ,god1 ! univ]se1 cause1 effect1 w & necessity4 ,9 ?is way ! orig9al inquiry into ! f\ndation ( ! univ]se developes into a g5]al /udy ( fundam5tal conceptions2 & x is at ?is /age t x is tak5 ov] & dealt ) by ,/oicism1 :i* adds to ! li/ c]ta9 conceptions on :i* x lays a special /ress & to :i* x gives a *>act]i/ic col\r2 su* are ^? ( #8body1' #8_s1' & #8tone4' ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/oic monism4 #agc4 ,! fact t ! ,/oics use f "t to "t ! language ( o!r s*ools or ( popul> speculation does n necess>ily imply t ?is language is an adequate /atem5t ( _! doctr9e2 & we frequ5tly#d f9d t ! discussion ( p>ticul> problems seems to be bas$ on dualisms1 ?\gh ^! are 9 ! end subord9at$ to moni/ic /atem5ts4 ,?us 9 logic we h already notic$ ! %>p contra/ betwe5 ! p]ceiv+ m9d & ! ext]nal object ( p]ception 71 72 nev]!less m9d & object are ultimately decl>$ to be ak9#e4 ,s 9 p>ticul> ! popul> dualism ( #8s\l' & #8body' is (t5 accept$ by ! ,/oics1 & yet z /eadily sup]s$$ by ! p>adox t #8s\l is body4' ,! reason giv5 = ?is is t #8body is t :i* acts & is act$ ^u#f'2 & ?is /atem5t 9 ! end ov]rides ! ,ari/otelian di/9ction ( =ce & matt]1 active pr9ciple & passive pr9ciple4 #8,body1' z conceiv$ by ! ,/oics1 is ! "o ultimate elem5t1 ! f\ndation & beg9n+ ( ! univ]se2 x conta9s )9 itself ! capacity ( action1 & no?+ b #8body' has ?is capacity4 ,body1 & no?+ b body1 exi/s 9 ! true s5se2 t c]ta9 o!r ?+s h a quasi-exi/5ce 7z we %all see lat] 9 ?is *apt]7 is an emb>rassm5t :i* only br+s into cle>] relief ?is di/9ctive feature ( ! sy/em4 ,! ,/oic #8body1' ?\gh x is also call$ #8matt]' 71 mat]ia71 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! #8matt]' ( mod]n philosophy1 :i* has d]iv$ f ,ari/otle ! implication ( passivity#g2 mu* m closely x corresponds ) ! #8/uff' by :i* mod]n moni/ic philosoph]s d5ote ! sub/ratum ( m9d & body alike4 ,to call ! ,/oics #8mat]iali/s' w g5]ally prove mislead+2 x is ! ,epicurean sy/em1 to :i* ! ,/oics 7 %>ply oppos$1 :i* 7z we h se57#h corresponds to mod]n mat]ialism4 ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( #8body4' #agd4 ,! conception ( #8body' !re=e replaces 9 ! ,/oic sy/em ! v>i\s elem5ts :i* ! ,ionic philosoph]s assum$ z ! basis ( ! univ]se1 & comb9es bo? p>ts ( su* duali/ic elem5ts z 7 assum$ by ,democritus1 ,anaxagoras & ,ari/otle4 ,s9ce x is ! f\ndation ( all ?+s x mu/ be capable ( tak+ v v>i\s %apes4 ,9 logic we h met ) x "u ! "n ( ! #8sub/ratum' 7 1 id quod e/7#i1 b x none ! less includes ! #8subject' or feel+ & reason+ m9d4 ,9 ! univ]se z a :ole x is #8ess5ce' 71 ess5tia72 9 its p>ts x is #8matt]' 71 silva7#aj2 b x also appe>s1 possess$ ( intellig5ce1 z ! deity#aa1 & aga9 is id5tifi$ ) #8brea?' or #8_s#ab1' & ?r\gh ?is ) ! human s\l#ac4 ,ev5 9 e?ics x has its place2 = all causes are bodily1 & n lea/ #8! good' & ! respective virtues1 all ( :i* are bodies1 = !y act ^u body#ad2 simil>ly ! emotions su* z ang] & melan*oly1 are ( ! nature ( body#ae4 ,sid5ote3 ,motion1 space & "t4 #age4 ,! ,/oic #8body' 9 all its trans=mations is active & al]t4 ,x conta9s 9 itself ! pr9ciple or p[] ( movem5t2 = ?\gh we obs]ve t "o body is set 9 motion by ano!r1 yet ?is c\ld n be ! case unless 9 ! beg9n+ !re _h be5 a body :i* _h movem5t ( itself#af4 ,z to ! nature ( ! primal movem5t1 ! ,/oics agree ) ,anaxim5es t x may be describ$ z alt]nate r>efaction & cond5sation4 ,r>efaction is a wave or #8_s' spread+ f ! c5tre to ! extremities2 cond5sation is a contr>y movem5t f ! extremities to ! c5tre#ag4 ,! ext5sion ( body is #8space1' :i* !re=e does n exi/ ( itself1 b only z a function ( body#ah4 ,:]e !re is no body 7& body is limit$71 !re is no space1 b only ! #8b\ndless void' beyond ! univ]se#ai2 ( ?is we _c say t x #8exi/s'2 r x #8n exi/s4' ,"t also does n exi/ ( itself1 b only 9 ! movem5t ( body#bj4 ,nei!r space nor "t exi/$ be=e ! univ]se1 b h be5 all along b\nd up ) x#ba4 ,sid5ote3 ,body comprises life & ?\ght4 #agf4 ,9 almo/ e p>ticul> we f9d a %>p contra/ betwe5 ! ,/oic conception ( #8body' & ! ,epicurean #8atom4' ,! atom is extremely small & entirely un*angeable2 #8body' is imm5sely l>ge & 9 a high degree pla/ic4 ,atoms alt]nate ) void2 b #8body' spreads cont9u\sly ?r\gh\t ! entire univ]se2 x c nev] be torn ap>t or %[ a gap#bb4 ,atoms move d[nw>ds 9 p>allel /raight l9es2 #8body' moves f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 & !nce returns to ! c5tre4 ,two atoms c nev] occupy ! same space2 b #8body' ev]y:]e moves ?r\gh body1 p5etrat+ x & comb9+ ) x ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t#bc4 ,! atom is a conv5i5t hypo!sis )9 ! range ( mod]n physical & *emical sci5ce2 ! conception ( #8body' ga9s =ce z we ent] ! region ( biology4 ,= life also is a movem5t :i* proce$s f a w>m c5tre 7& w>m? is body r>efi$71 & ext5ds t[>ds a circumf]5ce :i* is 9 comp>ison gross & cold#bd4 ,go+ fur!r1 we f9d t #8body' & its functions are s int]pret$ z to provide a key to ! activities ( ! human reason & w4 ,sid5ote3 ,tone or t5sion4 #agg4 ,to ! c5tral conception ( body are atta*$ 9 ! ,/oic sy/em v>i\s supplem5t>y conceptions1 :i* s]ve to br+ into cle>] view its nature & p[]s4 ,( ^! ! mo/ *>act]i/ic is t ( #8tone' or #8/ra9' 71 int5tio74 ,?is t]m appe>s orig9ally to h express$ muscul> activity#be1 & 0 next us$ by ! ,cynics to d5ote t active condition ( ! s\l :i* is ! true end ( life2 #8no lab\r1' said ,diog5es1 #8is noble1 unless its end is tone ( s\l#bf4' ,al?\gh we _c trace ! t]m #8tone' directly to ,z5o1 we f9d t he expla9s sleep z a relaxation ( ! s\l1 sub/antially agree+ ) lat] writ]s :o call x a #8relaxation ( ! s5sory tone ar\nd ! s\l#bg4' ,) ,clean!s ! ^w becomes fairly common1 fir/ 9 ! e?ical application1 9 :i* #8tone' is #8a %ock ( fire1 :i* if x be /rong en\gh to /ir ! s\l to fulfil its duties is call$ /r5g? & =ce#bh1' & !n 9 physics to expla9 ! unceas+ activity ( ! univ]se#bi1 p]sonifi$ by ,h]cules 9 ,/oic allegorical !ology#cj4 ,9 lat] writ]s tone becomes con/antly associat$ ) ! #8_s' or #8?rill' :i* expla9s bo? ! unity & ! movem5t ( all ?+s#ca1 s t #8tone ( _s' or #8?rill-tone' 7 1 int5tio spiritus7 expla9s to u ! op]ations ( body & m9d alike#cb4 ,sid5ote3 ,! se$ p[]4 #agh4 ,body h[ev] is n only active b creative2 !re is inh]5t 9 x a p[]1 :i* is t ( ! #8se$' 71 sem571 & :i* is mo/ conspicu\sly illu/rat$ 9 ! se$ ( animals & plants4 ,x is ! *>act]i/ic ( se$ t f a small beg9n+ x developes a great plan1 & t ?is plan nev] *anges#cc4 ,?is plan or purpose is nam$ by ! ,/oics its #8reason' or #8^w' 771 & at ?is po9t ,/oicism incorporates ! doctr9e ( ! #8,^w' or univ]sal reason ) :i* x became acqua9t$ ?r\gh ,h]aclitus4 ,! #8,^w' or #8se$-p[]' 7 7 ( ! univ]se is "o2 x is ! primal fire 9 its "w ( creation2 x is ,zeus ! ,creator :o m\lds gross matt] into ! ?+s t are to be#cd2 x is wisdom :i* plies matt] z x w#ce4 ,b !re are also 9 individual objects1 animate & inanimate1 inde/ructible se$-p[]s1 c\ntless 9 numb]1 display$ alike 9 gr[?1 procreation1 & purpose#cf2 ^! se$-p[]s are1 z x 71 spirits or deities1 spread ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 ev]y:]e %ap+1 peopl+1 design+1 multiply+2 !y are activities ( fi]y _s work+ ?r\gh t5sion#cg 9 its highe/ developm5t4 ,b ! se$-p[] ( ! univ]se compreh5ds 9 itself all ! individual se$-p[]s2 !y are begott5 ( x1 & %all 9 ! end return to x4 ,?us 9 ! :ole "w ( creation & re-absorption#ch we see ! "w ( "o ,zeus1 "o div9e ,^w1 "o all-p]vad+ _s#ci4 ,sid5ote3 ,cause4 #agi4 ,closely ak9 to ! !ory ( #8se$-p[]s' & ! ,^w is t ( #8cause' 71 causa74 ,ari/otle _h already expla9$ ?is t]m 9 connexion ) cosmogony1 lay+ d[n t1 9 ord] t a univ]se may come into be+1 ?ree #8causes' are requir$2 matt]1 )\t :i* no?+ c be made2 a workman1 to make ?+s2 & ! =m or %ape1 :i* is impos$ on e "w z on a /atue4 ,to ^! may be add$ a f\r? cause1 ! purpose ( ! "w4 ,?us to produce a /atue we ne$ ! bronze1 ! arti/1 ! design1 & ! fee4 ,grammatically ^! causes may be express$ by ! help ( prepositions1 z ! ex quo1 a quo1 9 quo & propt] quod#dj4 ,to ?is !ory ( multiple causes ! ,/oics oppose ! doctr9e ( a s+le #8fir/ cause1' ! mak] ( ! univ]se4 ,?is fir/ cause c be none o!r ?an ! primal creative fire 9 a new aspect2 equally x is ! creative ,^w4 ,x seems well to translate "h 9 full ! argum5t ( ,s5eca on ?is po9t1 = x /&s almo/ alone z an example ( 8 p[]s 9 cont9u\s exposition3 ,! ,/oic dogma is t !re is "o cause only1 ! mak]4 ,ari/otle holds t cause is ?reefold4 #8,! fir/ cause1' he says1 #8is ! mat]ial itself1 = )\t x no?+ c be made4 ,! second cause is ! mak]4 ,! ?ird is ! design1 :i* is impress$ on e s+le "w z on a /atue2' ?is ,ari/otle calls ! 4 ,i w n[ expla9 :at he means4 ,! bronze is ! fir/ cause ( a /atue2 = x c\ld nev] h be5 made1 _h !re n be5 /uff to be ca/ or wr\ght into %ape4 ,! second cause is ! sculptor2 = ! bronze c\ld nev] h be5 br\ght into ! %ape ( a /atue )\t ! arti/'s t\*4 ,! ?ird cause is ! design2 = ! /atue w\ld n be call$ ! #8javel9-man' or ! #8cr[n$ k+' _h n su* a design be5 impress$ ^u x4 ,!re is besides a f\r? cause1 ! purpose4 ,:at is purpose8 ,x is t :i* induc$ ! sculptor to und]take ! "w1 ! aim t he _h 9 view4 ,x may h be5 money1 if he int5d$ to sell x2 or glory1 if he wi%$ to make himself a "n2 or religi\s feel+1 if he propos$ to pres5t x to a temple4 ,t = ! sake ( :i* a ?+ is done is !re=e also a cause2 = y _c ?9k x "r 9 mak+ up a li/ ( causes to omit some?+1 ap>t f :i* ! ?+ w\ld nev] h be5 made4 ,?us ,ari/otle po/ulates a multiplicity ( causes2 b we ma9ta9 t ! li/ is ei!r too long or too %ort4 ,if we hold t ev]y?+1 ap>t f :i* ! ?+ w\ld nev] h be5 made1 is a cause ( its mak+1 !n ! li/ is too %ort4 ,we ought to reckon "t z a cause1 = no?+ c be made )\t "t4 ,we ought to reckon space z a cause2 = if !re is no room = a ?+ to be made1 x w c]ta9ly n be made4 ,movem5t too %\ld be plac$ 9 ! li/2 = )\t movem5t no?+ c be produc$ or de/roy$2 )\t movem5t !re c be nei!r art nor *ange4 ,we ,/oics look = a fir/ & g5]al cause4 ,su* a cause mu/ be s+le1 = ! /uff ( ! univ]se is s+le4 ,we ask :at t cause is1 & reply t x is ! creative reason1 ! deity4 ,! v>i\s causes 9 ! li/ t has be5 made are n a s]ies ( indep5d5t causes1 b are all v>iations ( a s+le cause1 namely #8! mak]#da4' ,sid5ote3 ,causation & free-w4 #ahj4 ,al?\gh ! #8fir/ cause' & ! #8,^w' are ?us =mally id5tifi$1 _! associations 9 connexion ) cosmogony are v diff]5t4 ,= :]eas ! #8,^w' sugge/s reason & purpose1 & leads up to ! dogma t ! univ]se is gov]n$ by div9e provid5ce1 ! t]m #8cause' sugge/s ! l9k+ ( cause & effect by an un5d+ *a91 ! inevitable sequ5ce ( ev5ts :i* leaves no room = ef=t or hope4 ,^! t]ms !re=e po9t to ! supreme problems ( ,fate & div9e ,purpose1 ,det]m9ism & ,free-w1 & z su* w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]#db4 ,"h x is suffici5t to note t ! ,/oics n only accept1 b insi/ ^u ! use ( t]ms sugge/+ bo? po9ts ( view1 & look !re=e beyond _! imm$iate opposition to an ultimate reconciliation2 & t ! importance atta*$ to ! doctr9e ( a #8s+le & g5]al cause' by no means excludes a multiplicity ( individual causes dep5d+ ^u x1 & capable ( classification accord+ to _! relative importance#dc4 ,sid5ote3 ,! categories4 #aha4 ,?us ! conception ( #8body1' s simple to ! pla9 man1 becomes to ! philosoph] manifold & intricate4 ,its int]pretation is to "s ext5t br\ght into h>mony ) common spee* ?r\gh ! doctr9e ( ! #8categories' bas$ ^u ,ari/otle's tea*+#dd4 ,b :]eas ,ari/otle endeav\r$ 9 8 categories to classify ! v>i\s b indep5d5t classes ( exi/5ces1 ! ,/oics consid]$ ! diff]5t aspects 9 :i* ! "o prim>y body might be /udi$4 ,! fir/ two categories1 ^? ( #8sub/ance' 77 & ( #8quality' 771 agree ) ^? ( ,ari/otle#de1 & cle>ly correspond to ! grammatical categories ( n\n & adjective4 ,! ?ird category is t ( #8disposition' 7 71 z #8ly+ d[n' or #8/&+#df4' ,! f\r? is t ( #8relative position' 7 71 z #8"r' & #8left1' #8son' & #8fa!r#dg4' ,"s ( ! categories are fur!r subdivid$#dh2 b en\gh is "h /at$ to %ew ! object ( ! analysis1 :i* 9 practice may h be5 useful 9 secur+ "s complet5ess 9 ! discussion ( p>ticul> conceptions4 ,( #8sub/ances' ! ,/oics1 l o!rs1 say t !y #8exi/1' & are #8bodies'2 ( qualities !y boldly say ! same#di4 ,b !y d n consi/5tly apply ! same t]ms to disposition & relative position2 9 ?is direction !y are at la/ l$1 l o!r philosoph]s1 to speak ( ?+s :i* #8d n exi/4' ,!y c\ld n take ! mod]n view t all su* discussions are v]bal entanglem5ts1 ( :i* no solution is possible1 because !y believ$ t !re 0 a natural h>mony betwe5 words & ?+s4 ,we on ! o!r h& %all be little incl9$ to foll[ _! analysis into its manifold details#ej4 ,sid5ote3 ,sub/ance4 #ahb4 ,! analysis ( ! fir/ two categories1 ^? ( ,sub/ance & ,quality1 leads u at once to ! pr(\nde/ problems ( ,metaphysics2 & ev5 if we all[ t ! difficulty is prim>ily grammatical1 & resolves itself into a discussion ( ! functions ( ,sub/antive & ,adjective1 x is none ! less inextricably int]wov5 ) all our habits ( ?\ght4 ,x w\ld be unreasonable to expect f ! ,/oics p]fectly cle> & consi/5t language on ?is po9t2 !y absorb into _! sy/em mu* f popul> philosophy1 & mu* f ! tea*+ ( ,ari/otle 9 p>ticul>4 ,! view :i* is di/9ctively ,/oic is t ,sub/ance & ,quality are bo? body#ea1 b 9 two diff]5t aspects4 ,! t]ms #8body' & #8sub/ance' ref] to ! same reality1 b d n describe x ) ! same fulness4 ,yet because ! v ^w #8sub/ance' 77 sugge/s exi/5ce1 ! ,/oics are drawn also to speak ( #8sub/ance )\t quality' 7 71 & seem to id5tify x ) a dead #8matt]' 771 or #8sub/ratum' 771 z ?\gh life mu/ be introduc$ into x f )\t#eb4 ,?is is practically ! view ( ,ari/otle1 embodi$ 9 ! phrase #8matt] )\t quality is pot5tially body'#ec2 b j s f> z t]ms ( ?is k9d imply a duali/ic explanation ( ! univ]se1 !y are n really reconcileable ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,/oicism1 & !y mu/ !re=e be und]/ood ) res]vations4 ,x may (t5 seem t ! ?ree t]ms #8body1' #8sub/ance1' #8matt]1' are practically int]*angeable1 b !y are ( diff]5t rank4 ,= body exi/s et]nally ( itself2 :]eas sub/ance & matt]1 except :5 loosely us$ z equival5ts ( body1 d n exi/ ( !mselves1 b sub/ance always 9 association ) quality#ed1 & matt] always 9 association ) =ce4 ,fur!r we may di/+ui% betwe5 #8sub/ance' 9 g5]al1 or #8fir/ matt]1' :i* is a #8sub/ratum' 77 to ! univ]se1 & ! #8matt]' ( p>ticul> ?+s#ee4 ,! =m] nev] gr[s great] or less1 ! latt] may alt] 9 ei!r direction#ef4 ,sid5ote3 ,quality4 #ahc4 ,quality 71 1 qualitas7 con/itutes ! second category4 ,x is def9$ by ! ,/oics z a diff]5ce 9 a sub/ance :i* _c be deta*$ f t sub/ance1 b makes x #8su* & su*1' z = in/ance #8sweet1' #8r\nd1' #8r$1' #8hot#eg4' ,qualities1 say ! ,/oics1 are bodies#eh4 ,?is p>adoxical /atem5t may be und]/ood 9 two ways2 fir/1 9 t qualities d n exi/ indep5d5tly1 b are aspects ( #8body' :i* possesses quality2 secondly1 9 t qualities are bodies 9 a second>y s5se4 ,we may consid] x evid5ce ( ! second po9t ( view t language describes ! qualities by n\ns1 z #8sweetness1' #8rotundity1' #8r$ness1' #8heat'2 & inde$ x is n s long s9ce our own *emi/s describ$ heat z a #8sub/ance' "u ! "n ( #8caloric4' ,?is po9t ( view is c>ri$ to an extreme :5 ! ,/oics say #8qualities are sub/ances1' ?us ?r[+ ! fir/ two categories into "o#ei4 ,mu* /rong] is ! t5d5cy t[>ds ,ari/otle's views1 s t z sub/ance becomes id5tifi$ ) dead matt]1 quality is expla9$ z ! movem5t1 t5sion1 or curr5t :i* end[s x ) life4 ,h5ce ! ,/oics say #8! movem5t ( r>efaction is ! cause ( quality#fj'2 #8matt] is a dull sub/ratum1 qualities are spirits & air-l t5sions#fa'2 #8quality is a _s 9 a c]ta9 disposition#fb'2 #8! air-curr5t :i* keeps ea* ?+ toge!r is ! cause ( its quality#fc4' ,all ^! expressions mu/ h[ev] be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ! ,/oic !ory z a :ole4 ,f9ally we notice t1 correspond+ to ! two k9ds ( sub/ance1 g5]al & p>ticul>1 !re are two k9ds ( quality1 z %ewn 9 ! #8g5]ically qualifi$' 7 7 & ! #8individually qualifi$' 7 72 = in/ance1 heat 9 ! univ]se & heat 9 p>ticul> objects#fd4 ,sid5ote3 ,disposition4 #ahd4 ,! ?ird category is t ( #8disposition' 7 1 res quodammodo se hab5s74 ,x diff]s f quality 9 its v>iabl5ess2 = a brave man is always brave1 & fire is always hot2 b a man is sometimes /&+1 sometimes ly+2 fire is sometimes lamb5t1 sometimes /ill4 ,qualities !re=e appe> to correspond g5]ally to ! 7coniuncta7 ( ,epicurus1 9 t !y c nev] be sep>at$ f a body#fe2 & dispositions r ) ! 7ev5ta71 :i* come & g#ff4 ,! ?ird category appe>s to be us$ by ! ,/oics 9 a v wide s5se1 & to correspond to sev]al ( ! categories ( ,ari/otle#fg4 ,disposition is atta*$ to quality z quality is atta*$ to sub/ance#fh2 & ?\gh dispositions are n expressly t]m$ bodies1 yet we mu/ consid] !m to be1 z ! t]ms 9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 suffici5tly indicate1 bodies 9 p>ticul> aspects4 ,9 ! fur!r applications ( ,/oic !ory disposition z def9$ above appe>s to be replac$ 9 ,greek by ! t]m 4 ,b ?is t]m is us$ 9 two diff]5t s5ses4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is ! movem5t ( r>efaction & cond5sation1 by :i* a _s or ?rill passes f ! c5tre ( an object to ! extremities1 & returns f ! extremities to ! c5tre#fi2 9 ?is s5se x is translat$ 9 ,lat9 by unitas1 & takes bodily =m z an air-curr5t#gj4 ,?is =ce1 :5 x requires a fur!r motive p[] 9 ! direction ( developm5t1 becomes ! pr9ciple ( gr[? 71 natura71 & is display$ n only 9 ! vegetable _w1 b also 9 animals1 z 9 p>ticul> 9 ! hair & nails#ga4 ,gr[? :5 x takes to itself ! fur!r p[]s ( s5sation & impulse becomes s\l 71 anima71 & is ! di/9ctive m>k ( ! animal _w#gb4 ,9 a r diff]5t s5se or tempor>y condition is contra/$ ) or #8p]man5t disposition4' ,9 ?is s5se ! virtues are p]man5t dispositions ( ! s\l1 because virtue is un*ang+2 ! arts are tempor>y conditions4 ,! virtues belong to ! wise man only1 ! arts to ! ord9>y man4 ,?is di/9ction h[ev] does n hold its gr\nd 9 ! ,roman p]iod1 ! ^w habitus 7repres5t+ 71 our #8habit1' be+ us$ 9 bo? s5ses#gc4 ,! virtues are bodies1 be+ dispositions ( ! s\l :i* is bodily#gd4 ,sid5ote3 ,relative position4 #ahe4 ,! f\r? category1 t ( #8relative position' 7 7 appe>s to be ( less importance ?an ! o!rs#ge4 ,its *>act]i/ic is t x may disappe> )\t alt]+ t to :i* x belongs4 ,?us t :i* is on ! "r h& may cease to be s by ! disappe>ance ( t :i* 0 on its left2 a fa!r may cease to be su* on ! dea? ( 8 son#gf4 ,x seems difficult to describe ! f\r? category z "o consi/+ ( #8body1' b at lea/ x is a function ( body4 ,also x does n appe> t #8relative position' c be pr$icat$ ( ! univ]se z a :ole2 x is peculi> to individual objects1 b works t[>ds _! comb9ation 9 a l>g] :ole4 ,! f\r? category has an important application 9 practical e?ics 9 ! doctr9e ( daily duties1 = ^! are l>gely det]m9$ by ! relative positions 77 ( ! p>ties conc]n$3 su* are ! duties ( a k+ to 8 p1 a fa!r to 8 son1 a slave to 8 ma/]#gg4 ,sid5ote3 ,comb9ation4 #ahf4 ,hav+ fully consid]$ bodies & _! relation%ips1 we proce$ to consid] _! comb9ation4 ,9 ord9>y exp]i5ce we meet ) ?ree k9ds ( comb9ation2 juxtaposition 771 z 9 a mixture ( v>i\s k9ds ( gra92 mixture 771 :5 solid bodies are int]fus$1 z fire & heat1 or fusion 771 :5 fluids are int]fus$1 z w9e p\r$ into ! sea2 *emical mixture 771 :5 ea* ( ! two bodies fus$ disappe>s#gh4 ,( ^! ! second 9 its mo/ complet$ =m 7 ' 1 univ]sa fusio7 is ( high importance4 ,= 9 ?is way we f9d t s\l is fus$ ) body#gi1 quality ) sub/ance#hj1 light ) air#ha1 ,god ) ! univ]se#hb4 ,ari/otle admits t !re is ?is mixture betwe5 sub/ance & qualities2 b z bo? ( ^! are to ! ,/oics bodies1 & s too are ! memb]s ( ! o!r pairs quot$1 ! ,/oic doctr9e mu/ be summ$ up 9 ! p>adox #8body moves ?r\gh body#hc4' ,?is also foll[s f ! ,/oic doctr9e t !re is no void 9 ! univ]se4 ,correspond+ly ! sum total ( body 9 its v>i\s aspects & mixtures completes ! :ole 771 :i* is id5tical ) ! #8_w-ord]' or #8univ]se' 77#hd4 ,x seems likely t ?is important conception _h be5 rea*$ 9 v e>ly times by ! ,*aldaean a/ronom]s2 x 0 def9itely prop\nd$ by ,py?agoras#he1 _h be5 tak5 up by ,socrates#hf & ! ,sophi/s#hg1 & 0 9 ,/oic times g5]ally accept$ bo? 9 popul> philosophy & 9 sci5tific inve/igation4 ,sid5ote3 ,quiddities4 #ahg4 ,up to ?is po9t ! ,/oic sy/em has be5 guid$ by a det]m9$ monism4 ,body is2 t :i* is n body is n4 ,yet 9 ! end ! ,/oics feel compell$ to speak ( c]ta9 ?+s :i* are n body 71 incorporalia74 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance !re is ! void beyond ! univ]se#hh4 ,x is possible to dispute z to :e!r void may m correctly be said to exi/ or n to exi/2 b at lea/ x is a "p ( nature#hi1 & we ne$ "s t]m l #8! all' 7 7 to include bo? ! univ]se & ! void beyond#ij4 ,next we h to deal ) /atem5ts 771 & m5tal conceptions ( e k9d1 :i* /& z a class 9 contra/ ) ! real objects to :i* !y may or may n respectively correspond#ia4 ,la/ly1 ! ,/oics includ$ space & "t1 :i* !y _h previ\sly expla9$ z functions ( body1 9 ! li/ ( ?+s n bodily#ib4 ,hav+ ?us rea*$ ! two ma9 classes ( #8bodies1' & #8?+s n bodily1' ! moni/ic pr9ciple c only be sav$ by creat+ a supreme class to include bo?4 ,let ?is !n be call$ ! exi/5t 7 1 quod e/7#ic1 or1 if x be object$ t ?+s incorporeal d n exi/#id1 we may use ! "n #8quiddities' 71 quid7#ie4 ,9 ?is way ! moni/ic !ory1 ?\gh a little damag$ 9 vitality1 is aga9 set on its feet s f> z ! +5i\s use ( words c help4 ,sid5ote3 ,/atem5ts4 #ahh4 ,! language ( ! ,/oics ) reg>d to ! ph5om5a ( spee* & ?\ght is n always easy to foll[1 & p]haps n altoge!r consi/5t4 ,on ! "o h&1 atta*+ high importance to ! reason+ p[]1 !y desire to include its op]ations 9 t :i* is real & bodily4 ,?us ! #8m9d-pictures' & inde$ all m5tal conceptions are bodily & ev5 #8animal1' 9 ! s5se t !y are op]ations ( body#if2 & tru?fulness1 ignorance1 sci5ce & art are all bodies 9 ! s5se t !y are dispositions ( ! s\l1 :i* is bodily#ig4 ,b #8phrases' 77 are def9itely incorporeal1 & ) !m appe> to be rank$ all m5tal conceptions & g5]al ideas2 ab\t ^! !re is a "q1 n m]ely :e!r !y exi/ or n1 b :e!r !y may ev5 be class$ 9 ! mo/ g5]al class ( all z #8quiddities#ih4' ,nor c we call g5]al conceptions true or false#ii2 ?\gh ( "s ( !m1 z ( ,c5taurs1 giants1 & ! l1 we may say t !y are =m$ by false m5tal processes#ajj4 ,f9ally /atem5ts are ei!r true or false1 b are n to be call$ exi/5t4 ,! :ole discussion !re=e ends ) ! broad di/9ction betwe5 ! object1 :i* may be real or #8exi/5t1' & ! pr$ication :i* may be #8true'2 & ! attempt to unite ^! two conceptions is n p]si/$ 9#aja4 ,sid5ote3 ,=ce & matt]4 #ahi4 ,al?\gh ! ,/oics aim consi/5tly at ! moni/ic /&>d1 !y make frequ5t use ( duali/ic /atem5ts1 "s ( :i* we h already notic$4 ,! ,lat9 writ]s (t5 contra/ s\l & body f ! /&po9t ( e?ics#ajb2 & we meet 9 all ! ,/oic writ]s1 & (t5 9 ungu>d$ language1 ! fav\rite ,ari/otelian dualism ( =ce & matt]1 or 7:at comes to ! same ?+7 ! active & passive pr9ciples4 #8,z5o' 7we are told7 #8laid d[n t !re are two pr9ciples 9 ! univ]se1 ! active & ! passive4 ,! passive is matt]1 or ess5ce )\t quality2 ! active is ! ,logos or deity )9 x#ajc4' ,s also ,clean!s & ,*rysippus taught#ajd2 & 9 ! ,roman p]iod ,s5eca reg>d$ ?is z a well-und]/ood dogma ( ! :ole s*ool#aje4 ,b ev5 if direct evid5ce 7 lack+1 ! :ole be>+ ( ! philosophy w\ld %ew t ?is dualism is also surm\nt$ by an ultimate monism4 ,god & matt] are alike body2 !y _c exi/ ! "o ap>t f ! o!r#ajf4 ,( ?is ,cic]o1 speak+ = ! ,/oics1 gives a pro(2 matt] c\ld nev] h held toge!r1 )\t "s =ce to b9d x2 nor =ce )\t matt]#ajg4 ,we mu/ n !re=e be l$ by ! t]m #8pr9ciples' 71 pr9cipia7 to ?9k ( =ce & matt] 9 any o!r way ?an z two aspects ( prim>y body1 sep>able z m5tal conceptions1 insep>able z physical realities4 ,! int]pretation is ess5tially ! same1 :e!r ! ,/oics speak ( ,god & ! univ]se1 matt] & cause1 body & t5sion1 or sub/ance & quality1 & has be5 already discuss$ ) "s fulness "u ^! sep>ate head+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! elem5ts4 #aij4 ,! position ( ! f\r #8elem5ts' 71 elem5ta7 is simil>2 ^! are 9 ! ,/oic philosophy subdivisions ( ! two pr9ciples j discuss$4 ,= fire & air are ( ! nature ( cause & movem5t2 wat] & e>? ( receptivity & passivity#ajh4 ,body is !re=e made up ( ! f\r elem5ts mix$#aji1 or p]haps r ( ! elem5t>y qualities ( heat & cold1 dry & wet1 :i* !y repres5t#aaj4 ,! doctr9e ( prim>y or elem5tal qualities _h be5 taught be=e1 fir/ by ,anaxim5es1 !n by ,hippocrates ! physician1 & by ,ari/otle#aaa2 ! li/ ( ! f\r elem5ts is trac$ back to ,emp$ocles4 ,= ,ari/otle's #8fif? elem5t' ,z5o f\nd no use#aab4 ,sid5ote3 ,conclusion4 #aia4 ,su* are ! fundam5tal conceptions or po/ulates ) :i* ! ,/oics approa* ! problems ( physics4 ,x is n necess>y = our purpose to comp>e _! m]it ) ^? ( ,ari/otle1 or to set a value on ! debt t ,z5o & 8 successors ow$ to ! f\nd] ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool4 ,/ill less d we sugge/ t ! ,/oics h p]fectly analyz$ ! cont5ts ( ! univ]se1 or h ev5 produc$ an ord]ly & r\nd$ s*eme4 ,b at lea/ x seems cle> t _! "w %ews intellectual p[]1 & t speculation is n necess>ily less pr(\nd because x is pursu$ ) a practical aim#aac4 ,! f\nd]s ( ! ,/oic philosophy _h a wide rea*2 !y took all k to be _! prov9ce2 & !y work$ p]si/5tly t[>ds ! h>monization ( all its p>ts4 ,,footnotes #a ,diog4 ,l4 vii #da4 #b ,arnim ii #db & #dd4 #c ,diog4 ,l4 vii #dj4 #d ,p]haps necess>ily3 on ! def9ition ( monism1 see above1 #ce1 note #bb4 #e ,see above1 #adi1 #aec4 #f #8,z5o nullo modo arbitrabatur quicquam effici posse ab ea natura1 quae exp]s esset corporis 444 nec v]o aut quod effic]et aliquid aut quod effic]etur1 posse esse non corpus' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #aa1 #ci2 #8cui tanta vis e/1 ut inpellat et cogat et ret9eat et iubeat1 corpus e/' ,s54 ,ep4 #ajf1 #i4 #g ,see above1 #fg4 #h #dc4 #i ,see above1 #aeg1 note #hd4 #aj ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 ii p4 #dcf 7,arnim ii #cei72 ,plot4 ,enn4 ii #d1 #a 7,arnim ii #cbj74 9 ?is s5se is also call$ 1 see #ahb1 note #eb4 #aa 444 444 ,plut4 comm4 n4 #dh1 #b4 #ab #8vides autem tanto spiritum esse faciliorem omni alia mat]ia1 quanto t5uior e/' ,s54 ,ep4 #ej1 #f4 #ac #8et hoc animus corpus e/' ib4 #ajf1 #d4 #ad ,at4 plac4 i #aa1 #e2 #8placet no/ris quod bonum e/1 corpus esse' ,s54 ,ep4 #aag1 #b2 #8qua]is1 bonum an corpus sit4 bonum facit1 prode/ enim4 quod facit1 corpus e/' ib4 #ajf1 #d4 #ae #8non puto te dubitaturum1 an adfectus corpora s9t1 tanquam ira1 amor1 tri/itia4 si dubitas1 vide an voltum nobis mut5t1 an frontem ad/r+ant1 an faciem diffundant1 an ruborem evoc5t1 an fug5t sangu9em4 quid ergo8 tam manife/as notas corpori cr$is imprimi nisi a corpore8' ib4 #ajf1 #e4 #af #8dicimus non posse quicquam ab alio mov]i1 nisi aliquid fu]it mobile ex semet' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #h2 #8is ardor1 qui e/ mundi1 non agitatus ab alio1 neque ext]no pulsu1 s$ p] se ipse ac sua sponte movetur' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #aa1 #ca4 #ag 444 1 7sc4 7 1 ,simpl4 ,ari/4 cat4 p4 #gd2 #8t5orem1 qui r>esc5te mat]ia a m$io t5dat ad summum1 eadem concresc5te rursus a summo ref]atur ad m$ium' ,c5sor9us de die nat4 p4 #ge 7,zell]1 p4 #abh74 #ah ' ' ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #be ,diels 7,arnim ii #ejc74 #ai 1 ,sext4 ma?4 x4 #c 7,arnim ii #eje72 ' 1 ,ar4 ,did4 7z note #ah74 #bj ,simpl4 ,ari/4 cat4 p4 #hh l 7,arnim ii #eaj72 ,at4 plac4 i #bb1 #g4 #ba ' ' ,philo de mundi op4 #bf 7,arnim ii #eaa74 #bb ,! "q is ?us /at$ by ,s5eca3 #8qua]amus cont9ua sit omnis et pl5a mat]ia 444 an diducta1 et solidis inane p]mixtum sit' ,s54 ,dial4 viii #d1 #b2 & answ]$ z foll[s #8nihil usquam inane e/' ,n4 ,q4 iii #af1 #e4 ,cf4 ,arnim i #ie & ii #dbe4 #bc ,hipp4 ,phil4 #ba 7,arnim ii #dfi74 #bd #8animus ex inflammata anima con/at1 ut potissimum vid]i video ,panaetio' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 i #ah1 #db4 ,! pr9ciple is h[ev] n c>ri$ out 9 ! ,/oic univ]se1 9 :i* ! heat resides 9 ! p]iph]y1 & ! c5tral e>? is cold4 #be ,eur4 fr4 #bia quot$ by ,corn4 #ca 7,arnim i #ead72 1 ,/ob4 ii #g1 #e b #d4 #bf ,epict4 ,fr4 #eg4 #bg ,see bel[1 #bij4 #bh 444 1 ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #g1 #d4 #bi 444 ,/ob4 i #ag1 #c4 #cj ' 1 ' ,cornutus #ca4 #ca #8quid autem e/1 quod magis cr$atur ex se ipso hab]e int5tionem quam spiritus8' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #h4 #cb #8quid e/ illi animo motus nisi int5tio8' ib4 ii #f1 #f2 #8quid cursus et motus omnis1 nonne int5ti spiritus op]ae sunt8 hic facit vim n]vis1 velocitatem curr5tibus' ib4 ii #f1 #d4 #cc ,simpl4 ,ar4 cat4 4 #cd 444 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #acf2 ib4 #acd4 #ce #8ratio mat]iam =mat et quocunque vult v]sat' ,s54 ,ep4 #fe1 #b4 ,cf4 ,t]t4 ,apol4 #ba4 #cf 1 ,proclus 9 ,p>m4 iv #ace4 ,see fur!r ,/e91 ,psy*ologie d] ,/oa1 i p4 #di2 ,he9ze1 ,lehre vom ,logos1 pp4 #ajg-abg4 #cg #8,! orig9al impulse ( provid5ce gave ! orig9 & fir/ mom5tum to ! cosmic ord]+ ( ?+s1 by select+ c]ta9 g]ms ( future exi/5ces1 & assign+ to !m productive capacities ( realisation1 *ange1 & ph5om5al succession4' ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,to himself ix #a4 #ch #8ad initia de9de r]um r$it sapi5tia aet]namque rationem sc4 toti inditam1 et vim omnium sem9um sc4 s+ula proprie figurantem' ,s54 ,ep4 #ij1 #bi4 ,see also ! int]pretation ( ! picture ( ,samos1 #bed1 note #hc4 #ci 1 ' ,a!n4 ,supp4 #f1 #g ,b 7,pe>son ,z4 #de74 #dj ,see above1 #fg4 #da ,s54 ,ep4 #fe1 #d to #f1 #aa & #ab4 #db ,see bel[1 *4 ix4 #dc #8caus>um enim1' inquit ,*rysippus1 #8aliae sunt p]fectae et pr9cipales1 aliae adiuvantes et proximae' ,cic4 de ,fato #ah1 #da4 #dd ,see above1 #ff4 #de 444 ,simpl4 ,ari/4 cat4 f #af 7,arnim ii #cfi74 #df ,plot9us ,ennead4 vi #a1 #cj 7,arnim ii #djj74 #dg ,simpl4 ,ari/4 cat4 f #db 7,arnim ii #djc74 #dh ,= a full] /atem5t see ,zell]1 pp4 #ig-ajj4 #di ,see #ahc4 #ej ,= ! position ( #8?+s n exi/5t' 9 ! ,/oic sy/em see fur!r bel[1 #ahg4 #ea ' ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aej2 ,/ob4 i #aa1 #e c4 #eb ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aej2 1 ,plot4 ,enn4 ii p4 #aad 7,arnim ii #cge74 #ec 1 ,dexipp4 ,ari/4 cat4 p4 #bc1 #be 7,arnim ii #cgd74 #ed ,see ,plut>*1 comm4 n4 #ej1 #f4 #ee 1 ' ,dexippus ,ari/4 cat4 p4 #bc1 #be 7,arnim ii #cgd74 #ef ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aej4 #eg ,simplic4 ,ari/4 cat4 p4 #eg 7,arnim ii #cgh74 #eh 1 ,gal5 qual4 incorp4 #a xix1 p4 #dfc ,k 7,arnim ii #cgg74 #ei ,plut4 comm4 n4 #ej1 #a4 #fj see above1 note #ag ,simpl4 ,ari/4 cat4 p4 #fh 7,arnim ii #deb74 #fa 1 ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #dc1 #d4 #fb ,alex4 ,aph4 ,ari/4 ,top4 iv p4 #aha 7,arnim ii #cgi74 #fc ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #dc1 #b4 #fd ,zell]1 pp4 #ajc-ajg4 #fe #8pondus uti saxi1 calor ignis1 liquor aqua1 tactus corporibus cunctis' ,lucr4 ,r4 ,n4 i #ded1 #dee4 #ff #8s]vitium contra1 paup]tas1 divitiaeque1 444 cet]a quorum adv5tu manet incolumis natura abituque1 haec soliti sumus1 ut p> e/1 ev5ta voc>e' ib4 #def-i4 #fg 1 ,dexipp4 ,ari/4 cat4 p4 #cd1 #ai 7,arnim ii #cii74 #fh 1 ,plot4 ,enn4 vi #a1 #cj 7,arnim ii #djj74 #fi ' ,philo quod deus1 #ce 7,arnim ii #deh74 #gj ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #dc1 #b2 #8esse autem unitatem 9 a]e vel ex hoc intellegi pote/1 quod corpora no/ra int] se coha]5t4 quid e/ enim aliud quod t5]et illa1 quam spiritus8' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #f1 #f4 #ga 4 1 ,philo ,leg4 ,alleg4 ii #bb 7,arnim ii #deh74 #gb 4 ib4 #gc #8voluntas non erit recta1 nisi habitus animi rectus fu]it2 habitus porro animi non erit 9 optimo1 nisi totius vitae leges p]cep]it' ,s54 ,ep4 #ie1 #eg4 #gd #8virtus autem nihil aliud e/ quam animus quodam modo se hab5s' ib4 #aac1 #b4 #ge #8,relative position' mu/ be di/+ui%$ f #8correlation' 7 74 ,su* t]ms z #8sweet' & #8bitt]1' #8liv+' & #8dead' are said to be correlat$4 ,simpl4 ,ari/4 cat4 p4 #db 7,arnim ii #djc74 #gf ,simpl4 z 9 la/ note4 #gg ,see bel[1 #ccg4 #gh ,s ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #bh1 &1 m exactly1 ,alex4 ,aph4 de mixt4 p4 #baf1 #ad ,br4 7,arnim ii #dgc74 ,ano!r division is z foll[s3 #8qua$am cont9ua esse corpora1 ut hom9em2 qua$am esse composita1 ut navem2 qua$am ex di/antibus1 tanquam ex]citus1 populus1 s5atus' ,s54 ,ep4 #ajb1 #f4 #gi 444 1 ,simpl4 ,ari/4 phys4 p4 #ecj1 #i 7,arnim ii #dfg74 #hj ,arnim ii #daa & #dfg4 #ha ,alex4 ,aph4 de mixt4 p4 #baf1 #ad 7,arnim ii #dgc74 #hb #8,/oici enim volunt deum sic p] mat]iam decucurrisse1 quomodo mel p] favos' ,t]tull4 adv4 ,h]mog4 #dd2 & see bel[1 #bjg4 #hc ,note #b above4 #hd ,a*ill4 ,is4 #e1 p4 #abi 7,arnim ii #ebc74 #he ,see ,r5dall1 ,m4 ,aurelius ,introd4 p4 xxix4 #hf ,x54 ,mem4 iv #c1 #ac4 #hg ib4 i #a1 #aa4 #hh ,see bel[1 #aic4 #hi #89 r]um1 inquiunt1 natura qua$am sunt1 qua$am non sunt2 et haec autem1 quae non sunt1 r]um natura complectitur' ,s54 ,ep4 #eh1 #ae4 #ij ,a*ill4 ,isag4 #e1 p4 #abi 7,arnim ii #ebc74 #ia ,s54 z above4 #ib 1 ,sext4 ma?4 x #bah 7,arnim ii #cca74 #ic #8etiam nunc e/ aliquid sup]ius quam corpus4 dicimus enim qua$am corporalia esse1 qua$am incorporalia1 quid ergo erit ex quo haec d$ucantur8 illud1 cui nom5 modo p>um proprium imposuimus1 8quod e/0' ,s54 ,ep4 #eh1 #aa4 #id 1 1 ,sext4 ma?4 viii #beh4 #ie 444 1 1 ,alex4 ,aphr4 ,ari/4 ,top4 iv p4 #aee 7,arnim ii #cbi72 #8primum g5us ,/oicis quibusdam videtur 8quid0' ,s54 ,ep4 #eh1 #ae4 #if #8animalia sunt omnia1 quae cogitamus quaeque m5te complectimur2 sequitur ut multa milia animalium habit5t 9 8 angu/iis pectoris1 et s+uli multa simus animalia4 non sunt1 inquit1 multa1 quia ex uno religata sunt et p>tes unius ac membra sunt' ,s54 ,ep4 #aac1 #c & #i 7,s5eca himself does n agree ) ?is way ( speak+74 #ig ' 444 ,sext4 ma?4 vii #ch 7,zell]1 p4 #abi74 #ih 1 ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #dj 7,diels74 #ii ,sext4 ma?4 vii #bdf4 #ajj #8haec 444 quae animo succurrunt1 tanquam ,c5tauri1 gigantes1 et quicquid aliud falsa cogitatione =matum hab]e aliquam imag9em coepit1 quamvis non habeat sub/antiam' ,s54 ,ep4 #eh1 #ae4 #aja 1 1 1 1 1 ,plut4 comm4 n4 #cj1 #ab4 #ajb ,see bel[1 #bhg4 #ajc 1 1 444 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #acd4 #ajd ib42 1 ,sext4 ma?4 ix #aa 7,arnim ii #cja74 #aje #8dicunt1 ut scis1 ,/oici no/ri1 duo esse 9 r]um natura1 ex quibus omnia fiant1 causam et mat]iam4 mat]ia iacet in]s1 res ad omnia p>ata1 cessatura si nemo moveat2 causa autem1 id e/ ratio1 mat]iam =mat et quocunque vult v]sat' ,s54 ,ep4 #fe1 #b2 #8univ]sa ex mat]ia et ex deo con/ant4 deus i/a temp]at1 quae circumfusa rectorem sequuntur4 pot5tius autem e/ ac pretiosius quod facit1 quod e/ deus1 quam mat]ia pati5s dei' ib4 #bc4 #ajf 1 1 ,syrianus ,ari/4 met4 7,arnim ii #cjh74 #8,/oici naturam 9 duas p>tes dividunt1 unam quae efficiat1 alt]am quae se ad faci5dum tractabilem praebeat4 9 illa prima esse vim s5ti5di1 9 hac mat]iam2 nec alt]um s9e alt]o esse posse' ,lact4 ,div4 in/4 vii #c4 #ajg #8neque enim mat]iam ipsam coha]]e potuisse1 si nulla vi cont9]etur1 neque vim s9e ulla mat]ia' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #f1 #bd4 #ajh ,arnim ii #dah2 #8e quibus elem5tis a] et ignis mov5di vim hab5t et effici5di2 reliquae p>tes accipi5di et quasi pati5di1 aquam dico et t]ram' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #g1 #bf4 #aji 1 ,ju/9 de res4 #f 7,arnim ii #dad74 #aaj 1 ,gal5 con/4 art4 m$4 i p4 #bea ,k 7,arnim ii #dje74 #aaa ,gal5 me?4 m$4 i #b1 ,x p4 #ae ,k 7,arnim ii #daa74 #aab ,see bel[1 #aif4 #aac ,cf4 ,mahaffy's ,greek ,life & ,?\ght2 #8x is q wrong to suppose t ^! ?9k]s ,z5o & ,epicurus1 busy z !y 7 ) practical life1 despis$ or avoid$ speculation4 ,_! philosophical !ories dem& h>d read+ & h>d ?9k+' p4 #acg4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,sid5ote3 ,/udy ( ! heav5s4 #aib4 ,9 includ+ 9 _! sy/em ! /udy ( ! physical univ]se ! ,/oics broke d>+ly ) ,socrates & 8 fai?ful foll[]s ! ,cynics4 ,^! _h jo9$ ) ! ignorant & ! prejudic$#a 9 ridicul+ ^? ^: eyes 7 always turn$ up t[>ds ! sky1 :il/ !y saw no?+ ( ?+s t 7 ne>] at h& & conc]n$ !m m closely4 ,b x 0 n = no?+ t ! mo/ highly civilis$ nations ( antiquity1 ,egyptians1 ,*aldaeans1 & ,babylonians1 _h /udi$ ! />ry heav5s1 mapp$ out ! con/ellations1 measur$ ! pa?s ( ! w&]+ />s1 pr$ict$ eclipses1 reckon$ ) ! tides1 ! seasons1 & ! w9ds2 ) ! result t _! successors defi$ ! common op9ion by decl>+ ! e>? to be a sph]e1 & to hold inhabitants :om !y call$ ,antipodes1 because !y walk ) _! feet turn$ up t[>ds ours#b4 ,all ?is body ( k1 call$ g5]ically ! k ( ! sky 7?\gh x includ$ ! :ole physical geography ( ! e>?71 _h impress$ & fasc9at$ ! ,ea/]n _w4 ,x seem$ t z ! eyes 7 rais$ to ! sky1 s ! m9d ( man 0 elevat$ & made ampl] & nobl]#c1 leav+ beh9d x ! petty cont5tions & rivalries ( common life2 & fur!r t true k _h surely be5 rea*$1 :5 ! positions ( ! heav5ly bodies & ! eclipses ( sun & moon c\ld be pr$ict$ s long be=e ) unfail+ accuracy4 ,^! feel+s are n[ commonplaces ( lit]ature1 & 7 fully %>$ by ! ,/oics4 #8,is n ! sun1' says ,s5eca1 #8wor?y ( our gaze1 ! moon ( our reg>d8 ,:5 ! sky displays its fires at night1 & c\ntless />s fla% =?1 :o is n absorb$ 9 contemplation ( !m8 ,!y glide pa/ 9 _! company1 conceal+ swift motion "u ! outw>d appe>ance ( immobility4 ,we compreh5d ! movem5ts ( a few ( !m1 b ! great] numb] are beyond our k54 ,_! dignity fills all our ?\ghts#d4' ,9 ! gold5 age :i* prec$$ our iron civilisation #8m5 lay at nights 9 ! op5 fields1 & wat*$ ! glori\s spectacle ( ! heav5s4 ,x 0 _! delight to note ! />s t sank 9 "o qu>t] & rose 9 ano!r4 ,! univ]se swept r\nd !m1 p]=m+ its magnific5t task 9 sil5ce#e4' #8,_! ord] nev] *anges1 spr+ & autumn1 w9t] & summ] succe$ accord+ to fix$ laws#f4' ,& 9 ! same tone writes ! ,/oic poet3 #8un%ak5 ! lights ( heav5 ev] move onw>ds 9 _! prop] orbit#g4' ,! emotion r\s$ 9 ! ,/oic by ! contemplation ( ! sky 0 ?us id5tical ) t express$ 9 ,judaic poetry by ! #8,song ( ! ,?ree ,holy ,*ildr5#h1' & 9 m mod]n times by ,addison's fam\s hymn#i4 ,sid5ote3 ,! _w-ord]4 #aic4 ,! ph5om5a ( e>? & heav5 comb9$1 9 ! g5]al op9ion ( intellig5t m51 to %[ ! exi/5ce ( a #8_w-ord]' or #8univ]se#aj4' ,! ,/oics accept$ ?is conception 9 _! physics f ,h]aclitus1 :o _h decl>$ t #8nei!r god nor man creat$ ?is _w-ord]1' z 9 _! e?ics f ,diog5es1 ! #8citiz5 ( ! univ]se#aa4' ,!y !re=e ne$$ only to adju/ an e/abli%$ notion to _! own physical po/ulates4 ,we obs]ve at once t ! v conception ( an ord]$ :ole diff]5tiates t :ole f ! absolute totality ( all ?+s4 ,! univ]se is inde$ on ! "o h& id5tifi$ ) ! sub/ance ( all ?+s 7 71 b only z a ?+ made individual by ! possession ( quality 7 7#ab1 & necess>ily "o#ac4 ,x is self-creat$2 & x may !re=e be id5tifi$ ) its creator1 ! deity#ad2 x also includes all t is bodily#ae2 b outside !re rema9s ! b\ndless void#af4 ,x is !re=e def9$ by ,*rysippus z #8! comb9ation ( heav5 & e>? & all natures t are 9 !m1' or alt]natively z #8! comb9ation ( gods & m5 & all t is creat$ = _! sake#ag4' ,sid5ote3 ,its position4 #aid4 ,! ,/oic conception ( ! univ]se is !re=e t ( a cont9u\s body1 hav+ a def9ite outl9e1 & /ation$ 9 ! b\ndless void4 ,t ! univ]se has %ape ! ,/oics d$uce f its hav+ #8nature' 771 t is1 ! pr9ciple ( gr[?1 display$ 9 ! symmetry ( its p>ts#ah2 & its %ape is ! p]fect %ape ( a sph]e#ai4 ,)9 ?is sph]e all ?+s t5d t[>ds ! middle#bj2 & we use ! t]ms #8d[n' mean+ #8t[>ds ! middle1' & #8up' mean+ !reby f ! middle#ba4 ,! ,p]ipatetics are !re=e ne$lessly al>m$1 :5 !y tell u t our univ]se w fall d[n1 if x /&s 9 ! void2 =1 fir/1 !re is no #8up' or #8d[n' outside ! univ]se2 &1 secondly1 ! univ]se possesses #8unity' 77#bb :i* keeps x toge!r#bc4 ,& "h we see ! folly ( ,epicurus1 :o says t ! atoms move d[nw>ds f et]nity 9 ! b\ndless void2 = !re is no su* ?+ z #8d[nw>ds' 9 t :i* is unlimit$#bd4 ,fur!r1 ! univ]se is divid$ into two p>ts1 ! e>? 7) ! wat] & ! air surr\nd+ x7 :i* is /able 9 ! middle1 & ! sky or ae!r :i* revolves ar\nd x#be4 ,sid5ote3 ,! helioc5tric !ory4 #aie4 ,?us e>ly 9 _! !ory ! ,/oics 7 l$ to make two ass]tions on que/ions ( sci5tific fact1 9 :i* !y oppos$ ! be/ sci5tific op9ion ( _! own "t4 ,= _m au?orities held t ! e>? revolv$ on its axis1 & t ! revolution ( ! sky 0 only app>5t4 ,su* 7 ,,hicetas ( ,syracuse#bf1 a ,py?agorean philosoph]1 ^: views 7 quot$ ) approval by ,!ophra/us1 & lat] ,,ecphantus ! ,py?agorean1 & ,,h]aclides ( ,pontus#bg4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( a/ronomical sci5ce ?is view seem$ well wor?y ( consid]ation1 z ,s5eca 9 p>ticul> emphasizes#bh4 ,o!r a/ronom]s _h gone fur!r1 decl>+ t ! sun lay 9 ! c5tre1 & t ! e>? & o!r planets revolv$ r\nd x4 ,!ophra/us /at$ t ,plato himself 9 8 old age _h felt regret t he _h wrongly plac$ ! e>? 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se2 & ! helioc5tric view 0 put =w>d t5tatively by ,,ari/>*us ( ,samos1 & positively by ! a/ronom] ,,seleucus1 9 connexion ) ! !ory ( ! e>?'s rotation#bi4 ,= ?is ,clean!s _h said t ! ,greeks %\ld h put ,ari/>*us on trial = impiety1 z "o :o propos$ to di/urb #8! he>? ( ! univ]se#cj4' ,?is outbur/ ( p]secut+ zeal1 anticipat+ s rem>kably ! p]secution ( ,galileo1 0 effective 9 prev5t+ ! spread ( ! novel doctr9e4 ,posidonius 0 a great a/ronom]1 & recognis$ ! helioc5tric doctr9e z !oretically possible#ca2 inde$1 z "o :o _h himself con/ruct$ an orr]y1 %ew+ ! motion ( all ! planets#cb1 he mu/ h be5 aw>e ( its sup]ior simplicity4 ,nev]!less he oppos$ x vigor\sly on !ological gr\nds1 & p]haps m ?an any o!r man 0 responsible = its be+ pu%$ aside = "s #aejj ye>s#cc4 ,! precise gr\nd ( ! objection is n made v cle> to u1 & probably x 0 in/9ctive r ?an reason$4 ,x c\ld h>dly be deem$ impi\s to place ! sun1 :om ! ,/oics ackn[l$g$ z a deity1 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se2 b t ! e>? %\ld be reckon$ m]ely z "o ( 8 att5dant planets 0 humiliat+ to human self-e/eem1 & jeop>dis$ ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 9 accordance ) :i* ! univ]se 0 creat$ = ! happ9ess ( gods & m5 only4 ,sid5ote3 ,! elem5ts4 #aif4 ,hav+ det]m9$ t ! e>? is ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & ! sun above x1 ! way is cle> to incorporate 9 ! sy/em ! doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5ts 71 naturae7#cd1 :i* probably _h its orig9 9 a crud] =m ( physical speculation ?an ! doctr9e ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,z we h se5 above#ce1 ! elem5ts are n fir/ pr9ciples ( ! ,/oic physics1 b hold an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! two pr9ciples ( ! active & ! passive on ! "o h&1 & ! organic & inorganic _w on ! o!r4 ,e>? is ! l[e/ ( ! elem5ts1 & also ! grosse/2 above x is plac$ wat]1 !n air1 !n fire2 & ^! are 9 con/ant int]*ange1 e>? turn+ to wat]1 ?is into air1 & ?is into ae!r1 & s aga9 9 return4 ,by ?is int]*ange ! unity ( ! univ]se is ma9ta9$#cf4 ,! transition f "o elem5t to ! next is n abrupt1 b gradual2 ! l[e/ "p ( ! ae!r is ak9 to air#cg2 x is !re=e ( no great importance :e!r we speak ) ,h]aclitus ( ?ree elem5ts1 or ) ,emp$ocles ( f\r4 ,! two gross] elem5ts1 e>? & wat]1 t5d by nature d[nw>ds & are passive2 air & fire t5d upw>ds & are active#ch4 ,z5o did n ?9k x necess>y to po/ulate a fif? elem5t z ! sub/ance ( s\l1 = he held t fire 0 its sub/ance#ci4 ,sid5ote3 ,fire & brea?4 #aig4 ,fire1 heat1 & motion are ultimately id5tical1 & are ! s\rce ( all life#dj4 ,?us ! elem5tal & prim>y fire /&s 9 contra/ ) ! fire ( dome/ic use2 ! "o creates & n\ri%es1 ! o!r de/roys#da4 ,x foll[s t fire1 ?\gh x is "o ( ! f\r elem5ts1 has f its div9e nature a primacy among/ ! elem5ts#db1 :i* corresponds to its l(ty position 9 ! univ]se#dc2 & ! o!r elem5ts 9 turn all conta9 "s proportion ( fire4 ,?us al?\gh air has cold & d>kness z prim>y & ess5tial qualities#dd1 nev]!less x _c exi/ )\t "s %>e ( w>m?#de4 ,h5ce air also may be associat$ ) life1 & x is possible to reta9 ! popul> t]m #8_s' 71 spiritus7 = ! pr9ciple ( life4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! ,/oic philosophy we seldom he> aga9 ( air 9 connexion ) coldness2 & betwe5 ! #8w>m brea?' 7anima inflammata7 & ! prim>y fire !re is h>dly a di/9ction2 we may ev5 say t #8_s' has ! highe/ possible t5sion#df4 ,sid5ote3 ,god 9 ! /one4 #aih4 ,air on its d[nw>d pa? *anges to wat]4 ,?is *ange is describ$ z due to loss ( heat#dg1 & yet wat] too has "s heat & vitality#dh4 ,ev5 e>?1 ! l[e/ & grosse/ ( ! elem5ts1 conta9s a %>e ( ! div9e heat2 o!rwise x c\ld n fe$ liv+ plants & animals1 mu* less s5d up exhalations ) :i* to fe$ ! sun & />s#di4 ,?us we may say ev5 ( a /one t x has a "p ( ! div9ity 9 x#ej4 ,"h !n we see ! rev]se side ( ! s-call$ ,/oic mat]ialism4 ,if x is true t ,god is body1 & t ! s\l is body1 x is equally true t ev5 wat]1 ! damp & cold elem5t1 & e>?1 ! dry & cold elem5t1 are bo? p5etrat$ by ! div9ity1 by ! creative fire )\t ! op]ation ( :i* bo? w\ld fall 9 an in/ant into no?+ness#ea4 ,sid5ote3 ,! heav5ly bodies4 #aii4 ,we return to ! consid]ation ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,^! are set 9 sph]es ( v>i\s diamet]1 all alike revolv+ ar\nd ! e>?4 ,! succession we f9d describ$ 9 ,plato's ,timaeus#eb2 ! moon is ne>e/ to ! e>?1 !n comes ! sun1 !n 9 ord] ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 ,m>s1 ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,?is !ory 0 tak5 up by ,ari/otle & aft] him by ,eudoxus1 f :om x pass$ to ,aratus & ,*rysippus#ec4 ,a tradition d]iv$ f ,*aldaean s\rces gave a diff]5t ord]1 sett+ ,v5us & ,m]cury ne>] to ! e>? ?an ! sun2 & ?is ord] 0 accept$ by ! middle ,/oics1 t is to say by ,panaetius & ,posidonius1 ! latt] plac+ ,v5us ne>] to ! e>?1 & !re=e fur!r f ! sun1 ?an ,m]cury#ed4 ,! moon1 l ! e>?1 obta9s h] light f ! sun1 be+ cresc5t-%ap$ :5 ne>e/ to him1 full-orb$ :5 fur!/ away4 ,h] di/ance f ! e>? is two million /adia 7#bej1jjj miles72 :5 %e lies betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun %e eclipses 8 light1 b :5 %e is on ! side ( ! e>? directly away f ! sun %e is h]self eclips$#ee4 ,h] phases are expla9$ by h] position relative to ! sun#ef4 ,! sun is #fj millions ( miles f ! e>?#eg2 8 diamet] is #cg times z l>ge z t ( ! e>?#eh2 he appe>s l>g] :5 on ! horizon because 8 rays are refract$ ?r\gh ! ?ick atmosph]e#ei4 ,! planets1 :e!r !y revolve r\nd ! e>? or ! sun1 are falsely call$ #8w&]+ />s1' s9ce _! orbits h be5 fix$ f all et]nity#fj4 ,! fix$ />s revolve r\nd ! e>? at su* a di/ance t ! e>?1 :5 comp>$ ) x1 is m]ely ! c5tral po9t#fa4 ,all ! heav5ly bodies are1 l ! e>?1 ( sph]ical =m#fb4 ,f9ally ,s5eca1 9 advance ( ! s*ool1 decl>$ ! comets to be a regul> "p ( ! cele/ial _w#fb;a4 ,sid5ote3 ,crud] !ories4 #bjj4 ,:il/ ! ,/oics g5]ally 7 9 sympa?y ) ! be/ a/ronomical tea*+ ( _! "t1 !y comb9$ ) x _m views bas$ on mu* crud] =ms ( obs]vation4 ,ev5 ,s5eca ?9ks x bold to sugge/ t ! sun is n a little l>g] ?an ! :ole e>?#fc2 & x is commonly held t n only ! sun & moon1 b also ! heav5ly bodies g5]ally1 fe$ ^u moi/ exhalations f ! ,ocean#fd4 ,clean!s 9 p>ticul> seems to h view$ ! a/ronom]s ) suspicion4 ,he alone reg>d$ ! moon n z a sph]e1 b z a hemisph]e ) ! flat side turn$ t[>ds u#fe2 ! />s he consid]$ to be conical#ff4 ,^! views1 v probably d]iv$ f ,h]aclitus1 seem to po9t to ! conception ( ! sky or ae!r z a s+le fix$ fi]y sph]e1 9 :i* ! heav5ly bodies only diff] f ! surr\nd+ elem5t by conta9+ m closely pack$ masses ( fi]y matt]#fg2 a conception :i* h>monizes f> m closely ) ! ,/oic !ory ( ! elem5ts ?an ! doctr9es :i* are a/ronomically m correct4 ,clean!s also expla9$ t ! sun c\ld n v5ture to travel beyond 8 sol/itial positions1 le/ he %\ld be out ( rea* ( 8 t]re/rial food#fh4 ,& ,clean!s & ,posidonius agree t ! sun keeps )9 ! #8torrid zone' ( ! sky1 because b5ea? x fl[s ! ,ocean1 f :i* ! sun sucks up 8 nutrim5t#fi4 ,sid5ote3 ,deity ( ! />s4 #bja4 ,f ! relation ( ! heav5ly bodies to ! elem5t ( fire ! ,/oics draw ! conclusion t !y are animat$1 reason+1 self-det]m9$1 & div9e2 9 %ort1 t !y are gods#gj4 ,?is godhead p]ta9s p>ticul>ly to ! sun#ga4 ,( ?is doctr9e ,clean!s is especially ! uphold]#gb1 deem+ t ! sun is ! rul+ p[] 9 ! univ]se1 z reason 9 man#gc4 ,x is n cle> :e!r ! ,/oics d]iv$ _! !ory ( ! div9ity ( ! heav5ly bodies f logical d$uction1 or :e!r !y 7 "h incorporat+ "s ,ea/]n wor%ip4 ,9 fav\r ( ! latt] po9t ( view is ! consid]ation t at ?is "t ! association ( ,mi?ra ) ! sun 0 probably mak+ "s progress 9 ! ,p]sian religion1 & t ! popul> names ( ! sev5 days ( ! week1 foll[+ ! names ( ! sun1 moon1 & five planets1 mu/ h be5 already curr5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,deity ( ! univ]se4 #bjb4 ,b 9 ! ,/oic sy/em ?is doctr9e is ov]%ad[$ by ! p>adox t ! univ]se itself is a rational animal1 possess$ ( free-w & div9e4 ,?is is ! tea*+ ( all ! ma/]s ( ! s*ool1 beg9n+ ) ,z5o himself4 ,x appe>$ to him to foll[ logically f two pr9ciples1 ! fir/ t ! univ]se possesses a unity1 ! second t ! :ole is great] ?an its p>ts4 #8,!re _c be a s5ti5t "p ( a non-s5ti5t :ole4 ,b ! p>ts ( ! univ]se are s5ti5t2 !re=e ! univ]se is s5ti5t#gd4' #8,! rational is bett] ?an ! non-rational4 ,b no?+ is bett] ?an ! univ]se2 !re=e ! univ]se is rational#ge4' #8,! univ]se is "o#gf'2 we mu/ n !re=e ?9k ( x z ( an army or a family1 :i* comes into a k9d ( exi/5ce m]ely ?r\gh ! juxtaposition ( its memb]s4 ,by ! same reason+ ! univ]se possesses div9ity#gg4 ,^u ?is fav\rite ,/oic text is bas$ ! frequ5t ass]tion ( mod]n comm5tators t ! philosophy is pan!i/ic#gh2 b ! m c5tral position ( ,/oicism is t ! deity be>s ! same relation to ! univ]se z a man's s\l to 8 body#gi1 & ! univ]se is !re=e no m all div9e ?an a man is all s\l4 ,?is view is express$ ) great cle>ness by ,v>ro1 :o says3 #8,z a man is call$ wise1 be+ wise 9 m9d1 ?\gh he consi/s ( m9d & body2 s ! _w is call$ ,god f its s\l1 ?\gh x consi/s ( s\l & body#hj4' ,! ,/oics are h[ev] 9 /rong conflict ) ! ,epicureans & all philosoph]s :o hold t ! _w is fundam5tally all matt]1 & t s\l & m9d are developm5ts f matt]4 #8,no?+ t is )\t m9d c g5]ate t :i* possesses m9d1' says ,cic]o's ,/oic#ha1 9 full opposition to mod]n popul> !ories ( evolution4 ,fur!r1 j z x may be que/ion$ 9 ! case ( man :e!r ! s\l is situat$ 9 ! head or 9 ! he>t1 s 9 ! case ( ! univ]se we may d\bt :e!r its s\l1 or r its #8pr9cipate1' is 9 ! sun1 z ,clean!s held#hb1 or 9 ! sky g5]ally1 z ,*rysippus & ,posidonius ma9ta9#hc1 or 9 ! ae!r1 z ,antipat] ( ,tyre taught#hd4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e>?'s inhabitants4 #bjc4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! univ]se we are n call$ ^u m]ely to consid] ! e>? z a memb] ( ! cele/ial company2 we h to contemplate x z ! home ( be+s ( v>i\s ranks1 :i* also display to u ! pr9ciple ( ord]ly arrangem5t4 ,prem95t among/ ! inhabitants ( ! e>? /&s man1 :o is di/+ui%$ by be+ ! sole possessor ( ! faculty ( reason1 & 9 addition owns all ^? capacities :i* are %ewn 9 be+s ( l[] rank4 ,! nature ( man con/itutes s l>ge a "p ( philosophy t we mu/ res]ve its full consid]ation = a special *apt]#he2 & mu/ re/rict ourselves "h to treat+ ( l[] be+s1 :i* fall into ! ?ree ord]s ( animals1 plants1 & inanimate be+s4 ,b s9ce ea* ( ! high] ord]s possesses all ! prop]ties ( e ord] t /&s l[]1 ! /udy ( ! ord]s inf]ior to man is also ! /udy ( a l>ge "p ( human nature4 ,! numb] & classification ( ^! ord]s are n to be treat$ me*anically4 ,f "o po9t ( view gods & m5 =m "o class1 ! rational1 z oppos$ to e k9d ( non-rational be+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f ! /&po9t ) :i* we are r conc]n$ at ?is mom5t1 gods1 m51 & animals are subdivisions ( ! ord] ( animate be+s1 bel[ :i* /& ! plants1 & l[] /ill ?+s )\t life4 ,animals1 z ! "n indicates1 possess life or s\l2 ! two l[] ord]s possess some?+ correspond+ to s\l1 b l[] 9 degree4 ,! g5]al t]m :i* includes s\l 9 ! animal & t :i* corresponds to x 9 ! plants & 9 lifeless bodies is #8_s' 772 s\l !re=e is ! highe/ type ( #8_s4' ,sid5ote3 ,! animals h n reason #bjd4 ,to ! dumb animals ! ,/oics consi/5tly d5y ! faculty ( reason2 & ?is position mu/ h seem$ to !m self-evid5t1 s9ce ! same ^w ,logos expresses 9 ! ,greek bo? reason & spee*4 ,9 ! ,lat9 ! po9t 0 no long] s cle>2 /ill ! words #8ratio' & #8oratio1' if n id5tical1 appe>$ to be connect$ by a natural association4 ,s9ce ! animals !n are necess>ily unreason+1 ^? acts ( animals :i* appe> to %[ reason mu/ be expla9$ 9 "s o!r way4 ,a dog pursues a wild animal by its sc5t2 x mu/ !re=e be admitt$ t 9 a way ! dog recognises t #8?is sc5t is ! sign ( ! wild animal#hf'2 /ill he is incapable ( express+ ?is belief 9 ! =m ( a correct syllogism4 ,! indu/ry ( ! ant is dispos$ ( 9 a m summ>y way2 ?is animal %[s a #8re/less helplessness1' climb+ up & d[n /raws 9 mean+less indu/ry2 _m m5 h[ev] are no wis]#hg4 ,= _! "y ! animals h a c]ta9 feel+1 yet _! grief at los+ !m is comp>atively %ort-liv$#hh4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ^! limitations ! animal _w is "o "p ( ! wond]s ( nature1 & is des]v+ ( our admiration2 all animals h /rong affection = _! "y s long z ^! ne$ _! protection#hi1 & ! dog des]ves special recognition bo? = 8 ke5 intellig5ce & = 8 loyalty t[>ds 8 ma/]#ij4 ,sid5ote3 b a sort ( reason4 #bje4 ,to def9e m accurately ! nature ( animals we mu/ to "s ext5t anticipate ! discussion ( human nature 9 a lat] *apt]1 :i* foll[s ! same g5]al l9es3 = 9 e po9t ! animals are l m51 b inf]ior4 ,!y possess s\l1 b )\t reason#ia2 by s\l we "h mean ! tw9 p[]s ( obs]vation & ( indep5d5t movem5t#ib4 ,9 a r\gh way ! animals also possess a rul+ "p#ic4 ,_! p[] ( obs]vation enables !m to di/+ui% :at is heal?ful to !m f t :i* is injuri\s2 _! p[] ( movem5t %apes itself into pursuit ( ! heal?ful & avoidance ( ! injuri\s#id4 ,!y possess also prop]ties :i* resemble ! human feel+s1 su* z ang]1 confid5ce1 hope1 fe>2 b !y d n 9 a /rict s5se possess ! same feel+s z m5#ie4 ,z !y _c atta9 to virtue1 nei!r c !y fall into vice#if4 ,sid5ote3 ,plant life4 #bjf4 ,f ! animals we pass to ! plants4 ,^! seem to h s\l1 because !y live & die#ig2 yet !y h n s\l 9 any /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x w !re=e be bett] n to use ?is ^w1 b to speak ( ! #8gr[?-p[]' 77#ih4 ,! gov]n+ "p is situat$ 9 ! root#ii4 ,! gr[? ( plants bo? 9 size & 9 /r5g? is v rem>kable1 inasmu* z little se$s1 :i* at fir/ f9d !mselves place 9 crevices1 atta9 su* p[] t !y split huge rocks & de/roy noble monum5ts1 ?us illu/rat+ :at is meant by tone or t5sion2 = x is a _s :i* />ts f ! gov]n+ "p 7! root7 & spreads to ! trunk & bran*es1 convey+ a =ce equally /rong to con/ruct & to de/roy#ajj4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view we may say t ! se$ conta9s ! ,logos or law ( ! fully develop$ plant1 = "u no possible circum/ances c any o!r plant gr[ f t se$ except ! plant ( its k9d#aja4 ,sid5ote3 ,cohesion4 #bjg4 ,l[e/ 9 ! scale come inanimate objects1 su* z /ones#ajb4 ,yet ev5 ^! h a prop]ty :i* corresponds to s\l1 & :i* keeps !m toge!r 9 a p>ticul> outw>d =m or %ape2 ?is prop]ty we call #8cohesion' 71 unitas7#ajc2 l s\l itself1 x is a _s p]vad+ ! :ole#ajd1 & aga9 x is ! ,logos ( ! :ole4 ,an ext]nal =ce _c imp>t ?is unity3 s t ! wat] conta9$ 9 a glass is n an #8inanimate object' 9 ?is s5se#aje4 ,9 ?is l[e/ grade ( #8_s' we read 9 ,/oicism ! anti!sis ( ! mat]ialism ( ,epicurus1 :o po/ulates = 8 #8atoms' ! fundam5tal prop]ty ( indivisibility1 & c only acc\nt = ! coh]5ce ( ! bodies =m$ f !m by supply+ !m ) an elaborate sy/em ( #8hooks & eyes1' :i* 0 a frequ5t subject ( d]ision to 8 critics4 ,epicurus makes ! indivisibility ( ! smalle/ ?+ 8 />t+-po9t1 & f x con/ructs by degrees a compact$ univ]se by ari?metical comb9ation2 ! ,/oics />t f ! indivisibility ( ! great :ole1 & work+ d[nw>ds expla9 its p>ts by a gradual %$d+ ( primitive =ce4 ,god is 9 fact 9 ! /one by virtue ( 8 p[] ( univ]sal p5etration 7 ' 7#ajf4 ,sid5ote3 ,gradations ( _s4 #bjh4 ,no exi/+ ?+ c possess "o ( ! high] grades ( _s )\t also possess+ all ! l[]4 ,/ones !re=e h cohesion1 plants gr[? & cohesion1 animals s\l gr[? & cohesion2 = ^! are n diff]5t qualities :i* c be comb9$ by addition1 b appe>ances ( ! same fundam5tal quality 9 v>y+ int5sity4 ,man cle>ly possesses cohesion1 = he has an outw>d %ape2 !re does n h[ev] seem to be any "p ( him :i* has m]ely cohesion4 ,b 9 ! bones1 ! nails1 & ! hair are f\nd gr[? & cohesion only1 & ^! p>ts gr[ z ! plants d4 ,9 ! eyes1 e>s & nose1 are s5sation1 z well z gr[? & cohesion2 t is1 !re is s\l 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! animals possess s\l4 ,x is ! intellig5ce only :i* 9 man possesses s\l 9 ! highe/ grade#ajg4 ,sid5ote3 ,! conflagration4 #bji4 ,?is univ]se1 9 spite ( its maje/y1 beauty & adaptation1 9 spite ( its app>5t equipoise & its ess5tial div9ity1 is de/9$ to p]i%4 #8,:]e ! p>ts are p]i%able1 s is ! :ole2 b ! p>ts ( ! univ]se are p]i%able1 = !y *ange "o into ano!r2 !re=e ! univ]se is p]i%able#ajh4' ,possibly ?is syllogism w\ld n h appe>$ s cog5t to ! ,/oics1 _h !y n long be=e adopt$ f ,h]aclitus ! impressive belief 9 ! f9al conflagration1 famili> to u f its description 9 ! #8second epi/le ( ,pet]#aji4' ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! int]*ange ( ! elem5ts already describ$#aaj is n ev5ly balanc$1 b ! upw>d movem5t is slightly 9 excess4 ,9 ! c\rse ( long ages1 !re=e1 all ! wat] w h be5 conv]t$ into air & fire1 & ! univ]se w become hot ) flame#aaa4 ,!n ! e>? & all ^u x w become exhau/$ = want ( moi/ure1 & ! heav5ly bodies !mselves w lose _! vitality = want ( ! exhalations on :i* !y fe$4 ,riv]s w cease to fl[1 ! e>? w quake1 great cities w be swall[$ up1 /> w collide ) />4 ,all liv+ ?+s w die1 & ev5 ! s\ls ( ! ble/ & ! gods !mselves w once m be absorb$ 9 ! fire1 :i* w ?us rega9 its primitive & ess5tial unity#aab4 ,yet we may n say t ! univ]se dies1 = x does n suff] ! sep>ation ( s\l f body#aac4 ,sid5ote3 ,is ! univ]se p]i%able8 #baj4 ,9 connexion ) ! doctr9e ( ! conflagration ! ,/oics 7 call$ ^u to take sides ^u ! fav\rite philosophic problem :e!r ! univ]se is p]i%able1 z ,democritus & ,epicurus hold1 or imp]i%able1 z ! ,p]ipatetics say#aad4 ,9 reply+ to ?is "q1 z 9 ! !ory z a :ole1 !y reli$ on ! au?ority ( ,h]aclitus#aae4 ,! ^w univ]se is us$ 9 two s5ses3 !re is an et]nal univ]se 7namely t already describ$ z ! univ]sal sub/ance made individual by ! possession ( quality#aaf71 :i* p]si/s ?r\gh\t an un5d+ s]ies ( creations & conflagrations#aag4 ,9 ano!r s5se ! univ]se1 consid]$ 9 relation to its pres5t ord]+1 is p]i%able#aah4 ,j 9 ! same way ! ^w #8city' is us$ 9 two s5ses2 & t :i* is a community ( citiz5s may endure1 ev5 ?\gh ! collection ( temples & h\ses also call$ ! #8city' is de/roy$ by fire#aai4 ,sid5ote3 ,diss5ti5t ,/oics4 #baa4 ,! doctr9e ( ! conflagration 0 n ma9ta9$ by all ,/oic tea*]s ) equal conviction4 ,z5o treat$ x ) fulness 9 8 book #8on ! univ]se#abj'2 & ,clean!s & ,*rysippus bo? ass]t t ! :ole univ]se is de/9$ to *ange into fire1 return+ to t f :i*1 z f a se$1 x has sprung#aba4 ,9 ! transition p]iod1 ow+ to ! positive influ5ce ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & ! critical acum5 ( ,c>neades1 _m lead+ ,/oics ab&on$ ! !ory#abb4 ,posidonius h[ev]1 ?\gh a pupil ( ,panaetius 7! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! d\bt]s#abc71 0 q or?odox on ?is subject2 ?\gh he pays to 8 ma/] ! tribute ( ass]t+ t ! univ]se is ! mo/ p]man5t be+ imag9able#abd1 & t its exi/5ce w cont9ue ?r\gh an imm5se & almo/ unlimit$ p]iod ( "t#abe4 ,9 ! ,roman p]iod ! conflagration is n only an accept$ dogma1 b "o t makes a /rong appeal to ! feel+s4 ,= ) ! conflagration !re comes to an end ! /ruggle ( ! evil aga9/ ! good2 & ! ,deity may at la/ claim = himself a p]iod ( re/1 dur+ :i* he w contemplate ) calmness ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se t has pass$ away#abf1 & plan = himself a bett] "o to foll[#abg4 ,sid5ote3 ,! recon/ruction4 #bab4 ,^u ! conflagration w foll[ ! recon/ruction ( ! _w 71 r5ovatio71 :i* w lead aga9 to a conflagration2 ! p]iod betwe5 "o conflagration & ! next be+ t]m$ a #8great ye>' 71 magnus annus74 ,! conception ( ! #8great ye>' 0 borr[$ by ! ,/oics f ! ,py?agoreans#abh1 & leads u back ultimately to a/ronomical calculations2 = a great ye> is ! p]iod at ! end ( :i* sun1 moon & planets all return to _! orig9al /ations#abi4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! sky recur 9 ea* new p]iod 9 ! same way z be=e2 & h5ce we readily inf] t all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 includ+ ! lives ( individuals1 w recur & take _! c\rse aga94 ,al?\gh ?is doctr9e appe>s only slightly connect$ ) ! g5]al ,/oic sy/em1 x 0 an accept$ "p ( x3 & ,s5eca expresses an in/9ctive & probably univ]sal feel+ :5 he says t few w\ld will+ly repeat _! pa/ hi/ories1 if !y knew !y 7 s do+#acj4 ,sid5ote3 ,creation4 #bac4 ,we h put (f till ! end ( ?is *apt] ! discussion ( ! ,/oic !ory ( ,creation1 because x is 9 fact "o ( ! lea/ def9$ p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( ! great ye> creation is n a s+le "w1 b a recurr+ ev5t2 & !re=e 9 "o s5se ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se has nei!r beg9n+ nor end4 ,x w\ld h[ev] be a mi/ake to suppose t ?is po9t ( view 0 always pres5t to ! m9ds ( ,/oic tea*]s4 ,! "q ( ! beg9n+ ( ?+s is ( prim>y importance to e philosophy1 & ! ,/oics approa*$ x f _m po9ts ( view1 popul>1 sci5tific1 my?ological & !ological1 & gave a numb] ( answ]s accord+ly4 ,to ! or?odox ,/oic all ^! answ]s are ultimately "o1 ?\gh ! language 9 :i* !y are express$ diff]s greatly2 :il/ ! critic ( ,/oicism w\ld ass]t t !y are d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces & are fundam5tally irreconcileable4 ,s5eca sugge/s f\r answ]s to ! "q #8,:o made ! univ]se8' ,x may be an omnipot5t deity2 or ! imp]sonal ,logos2 or ! div9e ,_s work+ 9 all ?+s by t5sion2 or 7la/ly7 de/9y1 t is1 ! unalt]able succession ( cause & result#aca4 ,^! answ]s we may exam9e 9 ord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gold5 age4 #bad4 ,! view t #8,god made ! _w' is t ( ! !ology :i* 0 n[ ev]y:]e becom+ popul>2 & x is usually associat$1 ev5 :5 exp\nd$ by ,/oic tea*]s1 ) duali/ic views4 ,be=e ! creation !re exi/$ a *aos1 matt] )\t %ape1 d>k & damp#acb2 ! ,deity =m$ a plan1 & br\ght life ord] & light into ! mass3 f #8*aos' x became #8cosmos'#acc4 ,?is deity is ! same t is commonly nam$ #acd or ,jove1 & is call$ ! #8fa!r ( gods & m54' ,! univ]se s creat$ 0 at fir/ happy & innoc5t1 z is express$ 9 ! tradition ( ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,m5 liv$ toge!r 9 societies1 will+ly obey+ ! wise/ & /ronge/ ( _! numb]#ace2 none 7 tempt$ to wrong _! neighb\rs4 ,!y dwelt 9 natural grottos or 9 ! /ems ( trees1 & obta9$ n\ri%m5t f tame animals & wild fruits4 ,little by little !y made progress 9 ! arts1 & le>nt to build1 to bake1 & to make use ( metals4 ,^! views 7 especially develop$ by ,posidonius1 :o believ$ t 9 ! ,mysians ( 8 day1 :o liv$ on milk & honey1 & ab/a9$ f fle%-meat1 he c\ld /ill trace ! mann]s ( ?is happy epo*#acf4 ,x seems probable t x 0 f ,posidonius1 r ?an f ! ,py?agoreans1 t ,v>ro d]iv$ 8 picture ( ! ,gold5 ,age1 :i* has become famili> to u 9 turn ?r\gh ! v]sion giv5 by ,ovid 9 8 ,metamorphoses#acg4 ,sid5ote3 ,old] /oic !ory4 #bae4 ,^! conceptions h[ev] are only famili> 9 ! lat] =ms ( ,/oicism4 ,! tea*+ ( ! f\nd]s ( ,/oicism is on ?is matt] moni/ic1 & is bas$ ^u ! tea*+ ( ,h]aclitus t ! _w 0 9 ! beg9n+ a creative fire1 :i* 0 alike ! creator & ! mat]ial ( creation4 ,! process ( creation 77 may be reg>d$ z id5tical ) t ( ! mutation ( ! elem5ts on ! d[nw>d pa?#ach2 ) ! special note t :5 ! /age ( wat] is rea*$#aci ! deity assumes ! %ape ( ! se$ ,logos 7 7#adj1 & begets 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! f\r elem5ts#ada2 !n1 f a comb9ation ( ^!1 trees & animals & all o!r ?+s aft] _! k9d#adb4 ,yet ev5 ?is /atem5t is simplifi$ if we reg>d ! orig9al fire z itself conta9+ ! se$ ,logoi ( all ?+s t are to be creat$#adc4 ,to ?is is to be add$ t all ?is is well ord]$1 z 9 a duly con/itut$ /ate#add4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! ,cosmos is a ,cosmopolis1 & we rea* ! bord] ( ! inve/igations :i* deal ) ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 & ! political organization ( mank9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 #baf4 ,we may sum up ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se accord+ to ! ,/oics some:at 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,body is nei!r burd5 on ! s\l nor its in/rum5t1 b all body is ( itself in/9ct ) motion1 w>m?1 & life1 :i* are ess5tially ! same4 ,?is motion is n entirely t ( contraction1 or immobility w\ld result2 nor entirely t ( expansion1 else ! univ]se w\ld be scatt]$ into ! f> di/ance#ade4 ,"o ( ^! motions con/antly succe$s ! o!r1 z ,h]aclitus says #8becom+ ext+ui%$ by measure1 & cat*+ light by measure#adf'2 z :5 a swimm] ) all 8 /r5g? c j hold 8 own aga9/ ! =ce ( ! /ream1 or a bird /ra9+ its p9ions appe>s to re/ susp5d$ 9 ! air#adg4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ea* _w-p]iod expansion or t5sion is supreme1 & only ! _w-s\l exi/s4 ,next ! fi]y brea? beg9s to cool1 ! oppos+ pr9ciple ( contraction ass]ts itself1 ! univ]se settles d[n & %r9ks2 ! ae!r passes into air1 & air 9 its turn to wat]4 ,all ?is :ile t5sion is slack5+1 fir/ 9 ! c5tre1 la/ly ev5 9 ! circumf]5ce2 yet ! vital =ce is n entirely qu5*$2 b5ea? ! cov]+ ( ! wat]s lurks ! promise ( a new _w4 ,! fire /ill unext+ui%$ )9 works ^u ! wat]y mass or *aos until x evolves f x ! f\r elem5ts z we "k !m4 ,on its out] edge :]e x meets ! expansive ae!r1 ! wat] r>efies until ! belt ( air is =m$4 ,all ! :ile ! outw>d & inw>d movem5ts p]si/2 p>ticles ( fire /ill pass into air1 & !nce into wat] & e>?4 ,e>? /ill 9 turn yields to wat]1 wat] to air1 & air to fire 7 74 ,?us by ! int]action ( conflict+ t5d5cies an equilibrium 77 is e/abli%$1 & ! result is ! app>5t p]man5ce ( ! ph5om5al _w#adh4 ,f9ally ! upw>d movem5t becomes slightly prepond]ant1 wat] becomes absorb$ 9 air & air trans=m$ into fire1 once m ! conflagration results & all ! _w passes into ! fi]y brea? f :i* x came#adi4 ,,footnotes #a ,z1 = in/ance1 ,ari/ophanes 9 ! ,cl\ds4 #b #8vos etiam dicitis esse e regione nobis1 e contr>ia p>te t]rae1 qui adv]sis ve/igiis /5t contra no/ra ve/igia1 quos ,antipodas vocatis' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #ci1 #abc4 #c #8cum tu1 int] scabiem tantam et contagia lucri1 nil p>vum sapias et adhuc sublimia cures2 quae m>e compescant causae2 quid temp]et annum2 /ellae sponte sua iussa5e vag5tur et err5t' ,hor4 ,ep4 i #ab1 #ad-ag4 #d ,s54 ,b54 iv #bc1 #b to #d4 #e #89 ap]to iac5tes sid]a sup]labebantur et insigne spectaculum noctium4 mundus 9 praeceps agebatur sil5tio tantum opus duc5s 444 libebat intu]i signa ex m$ia caeli p>te v]g5tia1 rursus ex occulto alia surg5tia' ,ep4 #ij1 #db4 #f #8vides ord9em r]um et naturam p] con/ituta proc$]e4 hiems nunquam ab]ravit4 ae/as suo tempore incaluit4 autumni v]isque1 ut solet1 facta mutatio e/4 tam sol/itium quam aequ9octium suos dies rettulit' ,n4 ,q4 iii #af1 #c4 #g #8caele/ia semp] inconcussa suo volvuntur sid]a lapsu' ,lucan ,ph>s4 ii #bfg1 #h4 #h #8,o all ye ,works ( ! ,"l1 bless ye ! ,"l2 praise & exalt him above all = ev]' ,daniel iii #eg to #hb4 #i #8,! spaci\s firmam5t on high1 ) all ! blue e!real sky1 & spangl$ heav5s1 a %9+ frame1 _! great ,orig9al proclaim1' etc4 ,j4 ,addison 7#agbh74 #aj ,see above1 #ahf4 #aa ,see bel[1 #cjc4 #ab ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ach4 #ac ' ib4 #adc4 #ad ,/ob4 i #ba1 #e4 #ae 1 ,at4 plac4 i #e1 #a4 #af ,see #ahg1 note #ij2 ,s5eca h[ev] ?9ks !re may be m outside ! univ]se ?an void2 #8illud scrutor1 quod ultra mundum iacet1 utrumne pr(unda va/itas sit an et hoc ipsum t]m9is suis cludatur2 qualis sit habitus exclusis' ,dial4 viii #e1 #f4 #ag ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #ca4 #ah ,arnim ii #ecd4 #ai ,arnim ii #edg4 #bj 1 1 1 1 ,a*illes ,isag4 #i 7,arnim ii #eed74 ,b accord+ to ano!r view only e>? & wat]1 be+ naturally heavy1 t5d t[>ds ! middle2 :]eas air & fire1 be+ naturally light1 t5d f x2 ib4 #d 7,arnim ii #eee74 ,see #aif4 #ba ,arnim ii #eeg4 #bb ,see above1 #ahd4 #bc ,arnim ii #edj4 ,! univ]se1 be+ #8body1' possesses #8up' & #8d[n1' #8front' & #8back1' & all ! o!r relations1 accord+ to ! f\r? category4 #bd ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #dd1 #a4 #be ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #ca1 quot+ f ,*rysippus4 ,s ,cornutus #a2 4 #bf #8,hicetas ,syracosius caelum solem lunam /ellas sup]a d5ique omnia />e c5set neque praet] t]ram rem ullam 9 mundo mov]i1 quae cum circum axem se summa cel]itate conv]tat et torqueat1 eadem effici omnia1 quae si /ante t]ra caelum mov]etur' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #ci1 #abc1 on :i* see ,pr(4 ,reid's note4 #bg ,plut4 plac4 phil4 iii #ac1 #c4 ,! "q ( priority 9 ! /atem5t ( ?is !ory has be5 mu* discuss$ 9 rec5t ye>s2 & x is cont5d$ t ,hicetas & ,ecphantus nev] exi/$ except z *>act]s 9 dialogues compos$ by ,h]aclides ( ,pontus1 ! true discov]]4 ,see ,h4 ,/eigmll]1 ,ar*iv d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 ,b]l9 #ahib2 ,otto ,voss1 de ,h]aclidis ,pontici vita et scriptis1 ,ro/ock1 #ahif2 ,tann]y1 ,pseudonymes antiques 7,revue des tudes grecques1 #ahig74 #bh #8p]t9ebit hoc excussisse1 ut sciamus utrum mundus t]ra /ante circumeat an mundo /ante t]ra v]tatur4 fu]unt enim qui dic]5t nos esse1 quos r]um natura nesci5tes f]at' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 vii #b1 #c4 ,s5eca h[ev] appe>s = himself to reject ! doctr9e3 #8scimus praet] t]ram nihil />e1 cet]a cont9ua velocitate decurr]e' ,ep4 #ic1 #i4 #bi ,plut4 qu4 ,plat4 viii #a1 #b & #c2 ,at4 plac4 ii #bd1 #h & iii #ag1 #i4 #cj ,plut4 fac4 lun4 #f1 #c4 #ca ,simplic4 ,ari/4 phys4 p4 #fd4 #cb #8si 9 ,scy?iam aut 9 ,britanniam spha]am aliquis tul]it hanc1 quam nup] famili>is no/] effecit ,posidonius1 cuius s+ulae conv]siones idem efficiunt 9 sole et 9 luna et 9 qu9que /ellis errantibus1 quod efficitur 9 caelo s+ulis diebus et noctibus' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #cd1 #hh4 #cc ,s*mekel1 p4 #dfe4 #cd #89 r]um natura elem5ta sunt quattuor' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 iii #ab1 #c4 #ce ,see above1 #aij4 #cf #8ex t]ra aqua1 ex aqua oritur a]1 ex a]e ae!r2 de9de retrorsum vicissim ex ae!re a]1 ex a]e aqua1 ex aqua t]ra infima4 sic naturis 81 ex quibus omnia con/ant1 sursum deorsum ultro citro commeantibus1 mundi p>tium coniunctio cont9etur' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #cb1 #hd4 #cg #8necesse e/ ut et imus ae!r habeat aliquid a]i simile1 et summus a] non sit dissimilis imo ae!ri1 quia non fit /atim 9 div]sum ex div]so transitus2 paulatim i/a 9 conf9io vim suam misc5t1 ut dubit>e possis an a] an hic iam ae!r sit' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #ad1 #b2 cf4 iv #aj4 #ch ,arnim ii #eee4 ,b see above1 #aid1 note #bj4 #ci #8de naturis autem sic ,z5o s5tiebat1 ut 9 quattuor initiis r]um illis qu9tam hanc naturam1 ex qua sup]iores s5sum et m5tem effici rebantur1 non adhib]et3 /atuebat enim ignem esse ipsam naturam quae quidque gign]et1 etiam m5tem atque s5sus4' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #aa1 #ci2 cf4 ,f94 iv #e1 #ab4 #dj #8sic enim se res habet1 ut omnia quae alantur et crescant1 cont9eant 9 se vim caloris3 s9e qua neque ali poss5t neque cresc]e4' ,n4 ,d4 ii #i1 #bc & #bd2 #8caloris natura vim habet 9 se vitalem1 p] omnem mundum p]t95tem' ib4 #da #8hic no/] ignis1 quem usus vitae requirit1 confector e/ et consumptor omnium2 contra ille corporeus vitalis et salut>is omnia cons]vat alit auget su/9et s5suque afficit' ib4 ii #ae1 #da4 ,cic]o is quot+ f ,clean!s 7fr4 #cj ,p72 ! tea*+ ( ,z5o 0 ! same 7fr4 #ga ,b74 #db ' ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #ba2 #8,/oici ignem1 444 unum ex 8 quattuor elem5tis1 et viv5tem et sapi5tem et ipsius mundi fabricatorem 4441 eumque omn9o ignem deum esse putav]unt' ,aug4 ,civ4 ,de4 viii #e4 #dc #8ignem natura sursum vocat2 9 illo igne purissimo nihil e/ quod deprimatur' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #ac1 #a & #b4 #dd ,plut4 prim4 frig4 #i1 #a2 #8a] frigidus p] se et obscurus' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #aj4 #de #8ipse v]o a]1 qui natura e/ maxime frigidus1 m9ime e/ exp]s caloris' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #aj1 #bf2 #8a] nunquam s9e igne e/4 detrahe illi calorem2 rigescet1 /abit1 durabitur' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 iii #aj1 #d4 #df #8quid autem e/1 quod magis cr$atur ex se ipso hab]e int5tionem quam spiritus8' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #h4 ,ari/otle held t air 0 w>m 7,arnim ii #dca74 #dg #8detrahe a]i calorem2 transiet 9 humorem' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 iii #aj1 #d4 #dh #8e/ aliquid 9 aqua vitale' ib4 v #e1 #b4 #di #8non esse t]ram s9e spiritu palam e/ 444 illo dico vitali et vegeto et al5te omnia4 hunc nisi hab]et1 quomodo tot arbu/is spiritum infund]et non aliunde viv5tibus1 et tot satis8444 totum hoc caelum1 444 omnes hae /ellae 4441 hic tam prope a nobis ag5s cursum sol 444 alim5tum ex t]ra trahunt' ib4 vi #af1 #a & #b4 #ej ,philod4 de ira p4 #gg ,gomp4 #ea #8ex quo concluditur1 calidum illud atque igneum 9 omni fusum esse natura' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #aj1 #bh4 #eb cap4 xi1 p4 #ch ,d4 #ec ,s*mekel1 pp4 #dfc1 #d4 #ed ib4 p4 #dfd4 #ee ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ade & #adf2 ,posidonius is 8 g5]al au?ority1 b ! !ory ( ! sol> eclipse he ref]s to ,z5o4 #ef #8lunae t5uissimum lum5 facit proximus accessus ad solem1 digressus autem longissimus quisque pl5issimum' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #ai1 #ej4 #eg ,pl9y1 ,nat4 hi/4 ii #ba4 #eh ,su* 0 ! calculation ( ,posidonius2 see ,mayor's note on ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #cf1 #ib4 ,! sun's diamet] is 9 fact ?ree times z l>ge z ,posidonius ?\ght4 #ei ,?is explanation has s plausible a s\nd t x may n be sup]flu\s to rem>k t x is sci5tifically valueless4 #fj ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #bj1 #ea4 #fa #8p]suad5t enim ma!matici t]ram 9 m$io mundo sitam ad univ]si caeli complexum quasi puncti in/> obt9]e1 quod illi vocant4' ,tusc4 disp4 i #ag1 #dj4 #fb ,diog4 ,l4 vii #add & #ade4 #fb;a #8ego no/ris non ads5tior2 non enim exi/imo comet5 subitaneum ignem s$ int] aet]na op]a naturae' ,n4 ,q4 vii #ba1 #a4 #fc #8omni t]r>um ambitu non semel maior' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 vi #af1 #b4 #fd ,at4 plac4 ii #ag1 #d2 #8sid]a m>9is t]r5isque umoribus longo int]vallo ext5uatis aluntur' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #af1 #dc2 #8totum hoc caelum 444 halitu t]r>um su/9etur' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 vi #af1 #b4 #fe ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #cd2 = ! text & int]pretation see ,hirzel1 pp4 #aba1 #abb4 #ff ,at4 plac4 ii #ad1 #a & #b4 #fg #8solem quoque animantem esse oportet1 et quidem reliqua a/ra1 quae oriantur 9 ardore caele/i1 qui ae!r vel caelum nom9atur' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #ae1 #da4 #fh ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 iii #ad1 #cg4 #fi #8ideo enim1 sicut et ,posidonius et ,clean!s adfirmant1 solis meatus a plaga1 quae u/a dicitur1 non rec$it1 quia sub ipsa currit ,oceanus' ,macrob4 ,sat4 i #bc1 #b4 #gj #8hac mundi div9itate p]specta tribu5da e/ sid]ibus eadem div9itas1 quae ex mobilissima purissimaque ae!ris p>te gignuntur2 444 totaque sunt calida atque p]lucida1 ut ea quoque rectissime animantia esse et s5tire atque intelleg]e dicantur' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #ae1 #ci4 #ga ,s54 ,b54 vii #ca1 #c4 #gb #8,clean!s 444 solem dom9>i et r]um potiri putat' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #da1 #abf4 #gc ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aci4 #gd #8idemque ,z5o hoc modo3 8nullius s5su c>5tis p>s aliqua pote/ esse s5ti5s4 mundi autem p>tes s5ti5tes sunt3 non igitur c>et s5su mundus0' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #h1 #bb4 #ge #8quod ratione utitur1 id melius e/ quam id1 quod ratione non utitur4 nihil autem mundo melius3 ratione igitur mundus utitur' ib4 #h1 #ba2 see also #hc4 #gf ,diog4 ,l4 vii #adc2 #8haec ita fi]i omnibus int] se conc95tibus mundi p>tibus pr(ecto non poss5t1 nisi ea uno div9o et cont9uato spiritu cont9]5tur' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #g1 #ai4 ,?is unity ( ! univ]se is te*nically t]m$ 1 #8cons5ti5s conspirans cont9uata cognatio r]um' 7,cic4 z above74 ,x 0 d5i$ by ,panaetius 7,s*mekel1 pp4 #aia1 #aib74 #gg #8e/ ergo 9 eo virtus3 sapi5s e/ igitur et propt]ea deus' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #ad1 #ci2 #8quid e/ autem1 cur non exi/imes 9 eo div9i aliquid exi/]e1 qui dei p>s e/8 totum hoc1 quo cont9emur1 et unum e/ et deus2 et socii sumus eius et membra' ,s54 ,ep4 #ib1 #cj4 #gh #8,f :at has be5 said x foll[s t ! ,/oics admitt$ no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ,god & ! _w4 ,_! sy/em 0 !re=e /rictly pan!i/ic' ,zell]1 p4 #aef4 #gi 1 1 ,cornutus #b4 #hj ,v>ro ,fr4 i #bg b 7,aug4 ,civ4 ,de4 vii #f74 #ha #8nihil quod animi quodque rationis e/ exp]s1 id g5]>e ex se pote/ animantem compotemque rationis' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #h1 #bb4 #hb ,see above1 #aja4 #hc ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aci4 #hd ib4 #he ,see bel[1 *ap4 xi4 #hf ,sext4 ma?4 viii #bgj 7,arnim ii #gbg74 #hg #8inconsultus illis vanusque cursus e/1 qualis =micis p] arbu/a rep5tibus1 quae 9 summum cacum51 de9de 9 imum inanes aguntur4 8 pl]ique similem vitam agunt1 quorum non imm]ito quis 8inquietam in]tiam0 dix]it' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #ab1 #c4 #hh ib4 vi #g1 #b4 #hi #8quid dicam1 quantus amor be/i>um sit 9 educ&is cu/odi5disque eis1 quae procreav]unt1 usque ad eum f9em1 dum poss9t se ipsa def5d]e8' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #ea1 #abi4 #ij #8canum v]o tam fida cu/odia1 444 quid significat8' ib4 #fc1 #aeh4 #ia 1 ,plut4 virt4 mor4 #ab4 #ib ,gal5 adv4 ,iul4 v 7,arnim ii #gah74 #ic #8omnem naturam necesse e/ 444 hab]e aliquem 9 se pr9cipatum1 ut 9 hom9e m5tem1 9 belua quiddam simile m5tis' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #aa1 #bi2 #8ipsum pr9cipale p>um subtile1 p>um exactum4 capit ergo visus speciesque r]um quibus ad impetus evocetur1 s$ turbidas et confusas' ,s54 ,dial4 iii #c1 #g & #h4 #id #8be/iis natura et s5sum et motum d$it1 et cum quodam appetitu accessum ad res salut>es1 a pe/if]is recessum' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #ab1 #cd2 & s aga91 ib4 #dg1 #abb4 #ie #8irasci quidem non magis sciunt quam ignosc]e2 muta animalia humanis adfectibus c>5t1 hab5t autem similes illis quosdam impetus' ,s54 ,dial4 iii #c1 #e & #f4 #if #8ira1 cum sit inimica rationi1 nusquam nascitur1 nisi ubi rationi locus e/' ib4 #c1 #d4 #ig #8sunt qua$am quae animam hab5t nec sunt animalia4 placet enim satis et arbu/is animam inesse2 itaque et viv]e illa et mori dicimus' ,s54 ,ep4 #eh1 #aj2 cf4 ,n4 ,q4 vi #af1 #a4 #ih 1 ,gal5 de ,hipp4 et ,plut4 vi4 #efa ,k 7,arnim ii #gaj74 ,ari/otle _h us$ ! t]m 9 ! same s5se4 ,s too ,cic]o3 #8iis quae gignuntur e t]ra natura nihil tribuit amplius quam ut ea al5do atque aug5do tu]etur' ,n4 ,d4 ii #ab1 #cc4 #ii ib4 ii #aa1 #bi4 #ajj #8p>vula admodum sem9a 444 9 tantum convalescunt ut +5tia saxa di/urb5t et monum5ta dissolvant4 hoc quid e/ aliud quam int5tio spiritus8' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #f1 #e2 & aga9 #8quid aliud producit fruges et segetem imbecillam ac vir5tes exigit umbras ac di/5dit 9 ramos quam spiritus int5tio et unitas8' ib4 ii #f1 #f4 ,see also ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #cb1 #ha4 #aja ,arnim ii #gac4 #ajb #8qua$am anima c>5t1 ut saxa2 itaque erit aliquid animantibus antiquius1 corpus scilicet' ,s54 ,ep4 #eh1 #aj4 #ajc ,?is use ( mu/ be kept di/9ct f t :i* is contra/$ ) 1 z habitus f dispositio3 see above1 #ahd4 #ajd ,gal5 introd4 s4 m$4 xiv p4 #gbf ,k 7,arnim ii #gaf74 #aje #8unitas corporum ad naturam corporis ref]t1 nulla ope ext]na1 s$ unitate sua coha]5tis' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #b1 #d4 #ajf ,alex4 de mixt4 p4 #bbf1 #bd-cj ,bruns 7,arnim ii #ajdh72 ,lucian ,h]mot4 #ha4 ,see above1 #ahf4 #ajg ,?is gradation ( s\l-p[] is mo/ cle>ly expla9$ by ,v>ro2 #8idem ,v>ro tres esse adfirmat animae gradus 9 omni univ]saque natura2 unum qui omnes p>tes corporis1 quae vivunt1 transit et non habet s5sum s$ tantum ad viv5dum valetud9em2 hanc vim 9 no/ro corpore p]man>e dicit 9 ossa ungues capillos1 sicut 9 mundo arbores s9e s5su 444 crescunt et modo quodam suo vivunt2 secundum gradum animae1 9 quo s5sus e/2 hanc vim p]v5ire 9 oculos aures n>es os tactum2 t]tium gradum esse animae summum1 quod vocatur animus1 9 quo intelleg5tia praem9et2 hoc praet] hom9em omnes c>]e mortales' ,aug4 ,civ4 ,de4 vii #bc4 #ajh ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ada4 #aji #8,! heav5s %all pass away ) a great noise1 & ! elem5ts %all be dissolv$ ) f]v5t heat1 & ! e>? & ! works t are !re9 %all be burn$ up4' #b ,pet] iii #aj4 #aaj ,see above1 #aif4 #aaa ,! !ory ( ! conflagration appe>s to h be5 atta*$ to ! ,/oic sy/em f )\t1 & ! logical cont5tion is obvi\sly weak4 ,= if ! upw>d movem5t is 9 excess1 ! e>? %\ld disappe> be=e ! wat]4 ,x %\ld also always be rememb]$ t ! fire t f9ally rema9s is n ! de/ructive1 b a con/ructive elem5t4 #aab #8ex quo ev5turum no/ri putant id1 444 ut ad extremum omnis mundus ignesc]et1 cum humore consumpto neque t]ra ali posset neque reme>et a]2 cuius ortus1 aqua omni exhau/a1 esse non posset3 ita rel9qui nihil praet] ignem1 a quo rursum animante ac deo r5ovatio mundi fi]et1 atque idem ornatus oriretur' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #df1 #aah4 #8cum tempus adv5]it1 quo se mundus r5ovaturus ext+uat1 viribus i/a se suis ca$5t et sid]a sid]ibus incurr5t et omni flagrante mat]ia uno igne quicquid nunc ex disposito lucet ardebit4 nos quoque felices animae atque aet]na sortitae1 p>va ru9ae +5tis accessio1 9 antiqua elem5ta v]temur' ,s54 ,dial4 vi #bf1 #f4 #aac ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #ci1 #b4 #aad #8qua]amus immortalis sit mundus1 an int] caduca et ad tempus nata num]&us' ,s54 ,dial4 viii #d1 #ca4 #aae #8,h]aclitus aft] all 8 speculations on ! conflagration ( ! univ]se' ,to himself 7,r5dall's transl471 iii #c4 ,ari/otle int]pret$ ,h]aclitus 9 ! same way2 ?us he p>aphrases fr4 #bf 7,b71 #ff 7,d72 z foll[s3 ,met4 xi #aj4 #aaf ,see above1 #aic4 #aag ,clem4 ,al4 ,/rom4 v #ad 7,arnim ii #eij7 rely+ on fr4 #bj 7,b71 #cj 7,d74 ,philo inc4 mund4 p4 #bbb1 #b 7,arnim ii #fbj74 #aah ,clem4 ,al4 z be=e1 rely+ on fr4 #ba 7,b71 #ca;a 7,d72 1 ,philo z above4 #aai ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #bi4 #abj ,diog4 ,l4 vii #adb4 #aba ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #cf4 #abb ,see above1 #aji4 #abc ,see above1 #aae4 ,= a full discussion ( ! motives ( ?is *ange see ,s*mekel1 pp4 #cjd-cah4 #abd #8ita /abilis mundus e/ atque ita coha]et ad p]man5dum1 ut nihil ne excogit>i quidem possit aptius' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #de1 #aae4 #abe #8mundi p>tium coniunctio c]te p]diuturna e/1 p]man5s ad long9quum et imm5sum pa5e tempus' ib4 #cc1 #he4 #abf #8,iuppit]1 resoluto mundo et dis 9 unum confusis paulisp] cessante natura adquiescit sibi1 cogitationibus suis traditus' ,s54 ,ep4 #i1 #af4 ,on ! relation ( to ! see ,alex4 de mixt4 p4 #bbf1 #af ,b2 ,philo inc4 mund4 c4 #ad1 #ae4 #abg #8conflagratio fit1 cum deo visum ordiri meliora1 vet]a f9iri' ,n4 ,q4 iii #bh1 #g4 #abh ,zell]1 p4 #aff4 #abi ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #bj1 #ea3 see also ,s*mekel1 p4 #bda4 #acj #8v5iet it]um1 qui nos 9 lucem reponat dies2 quem multi recus>5t1 nisi oblitos r$uc]et' ,s54 ,ep4 #cf1 #aj4 ,socrates & ,plato w live aga91 _! fri5ds & fell[ citiz5s w be ! same1 & !y w be aga9 treat$ z be=e2 ,nemes4 nat4 hom4 p4 #bgg 7,arnim ii #fbe74 ,?is !ory is pla9ly n reconcileable ) ,s5eca's hope ( bett] ?+s 7see note #abg74 ,see also ,hicks1 ,/oic & ,epicurean1 pp4 #cc sqq4 #aca #8quisquis =mator univ]si fuit1 sive ille deus e/ pot5s omnium1 sive incorporalis ratio +5tium op]um artifex1 sive div9us spiritus p] omnia maxima et m9ima aequali int5tione diffusus1 sive fatum et immutabilis caus>um int] se coha]5tium s]ies' ,s54 ,dial4 xii #h1 #c4 #acb ,?is *aos ! ,/oics id5tifi$ ) ! wat]y /age :i* prec$$ ! creation ( e>? 9 ! hi/ory ( ! elem5ts3 see ,pe>son on ,z5o fr4 #aab1 #aac4 #acc ,s5eca's writ+s are p5etrat$ ) ?is conception3 #8hoc univ]sum 444 dies aliquis dissipabit et 9 confusionem vet]em t5ebrasque dem]get' ,dial4 xi #a1 #b2 cf4 ,ep4 #fe1 #ai4 #acd ' 1 ' ,cornutus #b4 #ace #8illo ergo saeculo1 quod aureum p]hib5t1 p5es sapi5tes fuisse regnum ,posidonius iudicat' ,s54 ,ep4 #ij1 #e4 #acf ,/rabo vii #bif4 ,see g5]ally ,s*mekel1 pp4 #bhh-bij4 #acg ,ov4 ,met4 xv #if-adb2 ,s*mekel p4 #bhh4 #ach ' ' ' ,diog4 ,l4 vii #acf4 #aci ,?is /age1 at :i* ! :ole univ]se is wat]1 ev5 ?\gh ! f\r elem5ts h n yet be5 creat$1 reflects ! popul> tradition z to ,*aos z 9 ! la/ section3 see ,pe>son p4 #ajb4 ,= ! process ( creation z describ$ by ,clean!s see ,pe>son p4 #beb4 #adj ,see above1 #agh4 #ada 1 1 444 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #acf4 #adb ib4 #adb4 #adc 1 ,ari/4 apud ,euseb4 praep4 ev4 xv 7,arnim i #ih74 #add 1 ib4 #ade ,gal5 de trem4 #f ,,vii1 p4 #faf ,k 7,arnim ii #ddf74 #adf ,h]acl4 ,fr4 #bj 7,b71 #cj 7,d74 #adg ,gal5 de musc4 i #g & #h 7,arnim ii #dej74 #adh 1 ,philo an4 sac4 ,,ii #bdb ,m 7,arnim ii #faf74 #adi ,?is conclud+ section is bas$ ^u a note1 :i* 0 prep>$ by ,mr ,a4 ,c4 ,pe>son = an edition ( ,*rysippus n[ ab&on$1 & :i* has be5 k9dly plac$ by him at my disposal4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,problems4 ,sid5ote3 ,! #8mauvais pas4' #bag4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h discuss$ ! univ]se f ! sci5tific /&po9t4 #8,su*1' say ! ,/oics1 #8we f9d t ! univ]se is2 su* & su* x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 & su* x w be to ! end4' ,_! conclusions are rea*$ by obs]vation1 classification1 & analysis2 & yet n entirely by ^!1 = we mu/ admit t !re is also employ$ t p[] ( sci5tific imag9ation :i* ! anci5ts call #8div9ation4' ,/ill on ! :ole ! inve/igation has be5 t ( ! /ud5t1 & ! me?od t ( speculation or contemplation dissociat$ f any consid]ation ( ! usefulness ( ! results atta9$4 ,9 ! /udy we n[ und]take all ?is is *ang$4 ,our philosophy proce$s to ass]t t ! univ]se is good1 t x is direct$ by wise purpose1 & t x claims ! rev]5ce & ob$i5ce ( mank9d4 ,x calls ^u its adh]5ts to view ! _w ) moral approval1 & to f9d 9 x an e?ical /&>d4 ,su* conclusions _c be rea*$ by purely discursive reason2 b !y are su* z are ev]y:]e s\ght by practical m54 ,!y appeal to a side ( human nature diff]5t f t :i* passes judgm5t on ! conclusions previ\sly rea*$4 ,f ! fir/ position #8! univ]se is' to ! second #8! univ]se is good' ! /ep is slipp]y4 ,we are on ! dizzy heights ( philosophical speculation1 :]e ! mo/ exp]i5c$ climb]s f9d _! way !y "k n h[1 & c h>dly hold out a h& to help ^? :o are 9 di/ress4 ,! ,/oic tea*]s did n p]haps always foll[ ! same track1 & n[ & aga9 !y /umbl$ on ! way4 ,reason+ (t5 prov$ a weak support1 b resolution c>ri$ !m ?r\gh someh[ to ! refuges on :i* _! eyes 7 all along set4 ,sid5ote3 ,fate1 provid5ce1 & =tune4 #bah4 ,to ! problem ( ! mean+ & gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se ?ree answ]s 7 curr5t 9 ! epo* ) :i* we are deal+4 ,ei!r all ?+s take place by fate2 or ! _w is rul$ by a div9e provid5ce2 or else =tune is supreme#a4 ,^! ?ree t]ms are n always mutually exclusive3 ,virgil speaks commonly ( ! #8fates ( ! gods#b'2 & #8=tune' is frequ5tly p]sonifi$1 n only 9 common spee*1 z :5 ! ,romans spoke ( ! #8=tune ( ! city1' b ev5 by a philosoph] l ,lucretius1 :o speaks ( #8,=tune ! pilot#c1' ) a half-humor\s ab&onm5t ( exactitude4 ,! ,/oics h ! m]it ( n only recognis+ fully ^! ?ree p[]s1 b also ( us+ ! t]ms ) relative consi/5cy4 ,by fate !n we mean an ab/ract necessity1 an imp]sonal t5d5cy1 accord+ to :i* ev5ts fl[2 by provid5ce a p]sonal w2 by =tune ! abs5ce ( bo? t5d5cy & purpose1 :i* results 9 a con/ant %ift+ to & fro1 z :5 a man /&s ^u a ball1 & is c>ri$ ?is way & t#d4 ,all explanations1 bo? ( g5]al t5d5cies & ( p>ticul> ev5ts1 mu/ ultimately resolve !mselves into "o or o!r ( ^! ?ree2 e con/ructive sy/em mu/ necess>ily aim at %ew+ t ! ?ree ultimately co9cide1 & t philosophy is ! gu>dian & guide ( mank9d 9 ! und]/&+ ( _! relations "o to ano!r#e4 ,sid5ote3 ,fate4 #bai4 ,! ,/oics hold t #8all ?+s happ5 by fate#f4' ,to ?is conclusion !y are br\ght by ! same reason+ t mov$ ! ,*aldaeans4 ,! visible univ]se is1 & has motion4 ,! heav5ly bodies move incessantly 9 _! orbits2 !re is no =ce ei!r )9 or )\t !m t c turn !m aside a hair's bread?1 or make _! pace quick] or sl[]4 ,no pray]s ( m51 no pr]ogatives ( gods c make !m *ange#g4 ,)\t cause !re is no effect2 & ea* effect is 9 its turn a new cause4 ,?us is con/ruct$ an endless *a91 9 :i* all ?+s liv+ & inanimate are alike b\nd4 ,if a man knew all ! causes t exi/1 he c\ld trace out all ! consequ5ces4 ,:at w be1 w be2 :at w n be1 _c be4 ,?is fir/ ,/oic int]pretation ( ! univ]se is t ( ,det]m9ism2 x reit]ates & drives home ! pr9ciple t is "h our />t+-po9t1 #8! univ]se is4' #8,*rysippus1 ,posidonius1 & ,z5o say t all ?+s take place accord+ to fate2 & fate is ! l9k$ cause ( ?+s t are1 or ! sy/em by :i* ! univ]se is conduct$#h4' ,?is #8fate' is only ano!r "n = #8necessity#i'2 fates _c be *ang$#aj4 ,sid5ote3 ,! #8fallacies' ( det]m9ism4 #bbj4 ,! doctr9e ( fate appe>s to contradict directly ! belief 9 human free w1 & to lead up to ! practical doctr9e ( laz9ess 7 1 ignava ratio74 ,once we all[ x to be true t #8:at w be1 w be1' x becomes useless to make any ef=t4 ,z at ! pres5t "t1 ?is argum5t 0 famili> 9 cases ( sickness4 ,"o says to ! sick p]son1 #8if x is y\r fate to recov]1 !n y w recov] :e!r y call 9 ! physician or n2 & if x is y\r fate n to recov]1 !n y w n recov] 9 ei!r case4 ,b x is y\r fate ei!r to recov] or n to recov]2 !re=e x w be useless to call 9 ! physician4' ,to :i* ano!r w reply3 #8y may z well argue t if x is y\r fate to beget a son1 y w beget "o equally :e!r y consort ) y\r wife or n2 !re=e x w be useless to consort ) y\r wife#aa4' ,) su* v]bal disputes ,*rysippus delight$ to deal2 8 reply to ! #8lazy argum5t' 0 t c]ta9 ?+s g toge!r by fate 7iuncta fato1 confatalia7#ab4 ,?us 9 ! above cases x may be det]m9$ by fate t y %\ld bo? call 9 a physician & recov]1 bo? consort ) y\r wife & beget a son4 ,s once m :5 ,ne/or says to ! wat*m5 by 8 %ips3 ,keep wat*1 my lads3 let sleep seize no man's eyes1 ,le/ foes1 l\d laugh+1 take u by surprize#ac4 ,"s "o !n replies1 #8,no1 !y w n1 ev5 if we sleep1 if x is pr$e/9$ t ! dock be n seiz$4' ,to su* an objection any "o c give ! "r answ]3 #8all ^! ?+s are equally pr$e/9$1 & g toge!r by fate4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a wat* kept by sleep]s1 a victory won by runaways1 or a h>ve/ reap$ except aft] s[+ good clean soil#ad4' ,sid5ote3 ,logic ( possibility4 #bba4 ,! doctr9e ( fate also seems to conflict ) "s ( ! commone/ =ms ( spee*4 ,= if x is correct to say #8,ei!r ?is w happ51 or x w n happ51' x seems incorrect to say #8x may happ5'2 & /ill m ( ! pa/1 s9ce we mu/ admit ( any ev5t t #8x has happ5$' or #8x has n happ5$1' !re seems no room = ! /atem5t #8x might h happ5$4' ,*rysippus h[ev] ma9ta9s t ! words #8may' & #8might' are correctly us$1 or 79 o!r words7 t we may ass]t t x is or 0 #8possible' = ?+s to happ51 :e!r or n !y w happ5 or h happ5$4 ,= example1 ! pe>l "h is breakable1 & may be brok51 ?\gh fate has orda9$ t x nev] w be brok54 ,cypselus might n h be5 tyrant ( ,cor9?1 ?\gh ! oracle at ,delphi decl>$ a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! "t t he w\ld be#ae4 ,?is view _h be5 %>ply conte/$ by ,diodorus ! ,meg>ian2 & ! controv]sy 0 summ$ up 9 ! #8ma/] argum5t4' ,?is is /at$ z foll[s3 !re are ?ree propositions 9 conflict ) "o ano!r 9 ! s5se t if any two ( !m are true1 ! ?ird is false4 ,!y are ^!3 7i7 e pa/ ev5t is necess>y2 7ii7 ! impossible _c foll[ on ! possible2 7iii7 !re are ?+s possible t nei!r are nor w be true4 ,diodorus accept$ ! fir/ two2 he !re=e drew ! conclusion t !re is no?+ possible except t :i* is or w be true2 or 9 o!r words he d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( any category ( #8?+s possible' di/9ct f t ( facts pa/ or future4 ,clean!s & ,antipat] accept$ ! second & ?ird propositions3 ,*rysippus accept$ ! fir/ & ?ird1 b d5i$ ! second#af2 t is he admitt$ t ! possible ?+ 7e4g4 ! break+ ( ! pe>l7 might become ! impossible because fate _h decid$ to ! contr>y4 ,! *oice intimates mu*2 x %[s t ! ,/oics1 h[ev] /rongly !y ass]t ! rule ( fate or necessity1 int5d s to int]pret ^! t]ms z to reconcile !m ) ! common use ( words1 t is1 ) ! inh]it$ belief 9 div9e & human w1 break+ ?r\gh ! *a9 ( un5d+ cause & effect#ag4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9itions ( fate4 #bbb4 ,! next /ep is pr(ess$ly tak5 by way ( def9ition ( ! ^w #8fate' 71 fatum74 ,exactly z ! /uff ( ! univ]se1 fire1 has be5 expla9$ to be no m]e passive or de/ructive elem5t1 b "o possess$ ( creative =ce & reason1 s is fate decl>$ to be no bl9d or helpless sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 b an active & wise p[] :i* regulates ! univ]se4 ,fate is 9 fact b ano!r "n = ! ,logos or ,_w-reason4 ,on ?is po9t all ,/oic tea*]s are 9 ! ma9 agre$4 #8,fate1' said ,z5o1 #8is a p[] :i* /irs matt] by ! same laws & 9 ! same way2 x may equally well be call$ provid5ce or nature#ah4' ,*rysippus gives u sev]al alt]native def9itions3 #8! ess5ce ( fate is a spiritual =ce1 duly ord]+ ! univ]se#ai'2 x is #8! ,logos ( ! univ]se#bj1' or #8! law ( ev5ts provid5tially ord]$ 9 ! univ]se#ba'2 or1 #8! law by :i* ?+s t h be5 h be51 t are are1 t w be w be#bb4' ,b an important diff]5ce appe>s betwe5 ! views ( ,clean!s & ,*rysippus4 ,!y are agre$ t all t happ5s by provid5ce also happ5s by fate4 ,b ,clean!s w n all[1 z ,*rysippus is prep>$ to d1 t all ?+s t happ5 by fate happ5 provid5tially#bc4 ,) ,clean!s ! conception ( fate is wid] ?an t ( provid5ce1 j z 9 ,virgil ! fates are m p[]ful ?an ,jove4 ,clean!s1 be+ deeply consci\s ( ! evil exi/+ 9 ! univ]se1 refus$ to hold provid5ce responsible = x4 ,*rysippus on ! o!r h& id5tifies fate ) ! deity#bd4 ,sid5ote3 ,provid5ce4 #bbc4 ,provid5ce 71 provid5tia7 diff]s f fate1 if at all1 by includ+ an elem5t ( p]sonality4 ,x is a pr9cipal dogma ( ! ,/oics t #8! univ]se is rul$ by provid5ce4' ,cic]o inde$ assures u t ! ^w #8provid5ce' is m]ely an abbreviation = #8! provid5ce ( ! gods1' & t ! dogma really ass]ts t #8! univ]se is rul$ by ! gods ) =esight'2 & ,balbus1 ! ,/oic advocate1 9 8 treatise1 rebukes 8 oppon5t ,cotta = hav+ trave/i$ ! ,/oic doctr9e by speak+ ( provid5ce z #8a =tune-tell+ hag1' z ?\gh %e 7 "s k9d ( goddess gov]n+ ! _w#be4 ,b ! trave/y is at lea/ z in/ructive z ! exposition4 ,if #8provid5ce' is on ! "o h& int]pret$ z ,god's provid5ce#bf1 x is on ! o!r h& equival5t to ,nature#bg1 & aga9 to ! ,m9d ( ! univ]se2 x is ! ,logos1 ! univ]sal ,law1 ! creative =ce#bh2 n m]ely an attribute1 b a manife/ation & bodily pres5tm5t ( deity4 ,aft] ! f9al conflagration ?ree jo9+ 9 "o w be left1 ,zeus1 provid5ce1 & ! creative fire#bi4 ,la/ly1 if we consid] ! process ( logical demon/ration1 x is f ! reality ( provid5ce t ! ,/oics d$uce ! exi/5ce ( ! gods2 only f ! /&po9t ( dogmatic in/ruction is ! ord] rev]s$4 ,sid5ote3 ,beauty ( ! univ]se4 #bbd4 ,! "w & functions ( ,provid5ce are op5 to our view1 = x has an aim & pa?way ( its own#cj4 ,its fir/ aim is to create a univ]se capable ( endur+2 next1 x makes t univ]se complete2 ?irdly1 x end[s x ) e beauty & excell5ce#ca4 ,! beauty ( ! _w is a fav\rite !me ^u :i* ,/oic orators disc\rse at l5g?2 ?is is1 9 _! view1 ! be/ _w t c\ld possibly h be5 creat$#cb4 ,?is s5se ( beauty appe>s to be d]iv$ f two s\rces1 ! admiration & awe felt 9 contemplat+ ! sky1 ! sun moon & />s mov+ 9 x1 l(ty m\nta9s1 ru%+ riv]s1 & deep caves#cc2 & ! g5tl] delight /irr$ by ! sight ( ! f]tile field1 ! v9e-clad hill1 ! riv]-pa?way1 ! flocks & h]ds1 :i* all subs]ve ! conv5i5ce ( man4 ,?us f beauty we pass to usefulness1 & ! ,/oics n[ ma9ta9 t ! _w has be5 creat$ & is ma9ta9$ = ! use ( man#cd4 ,9 /rict language1 h[ev]1 we mu/ say t ! univ]se is made = ! use ( rational be+s1 t is1 = gods & m5#ce1 t x is a home or city 9 :i* gods & m5 alike h a %>e#cf4 ,f ! protection ( provid5ce ! animals1 accord+ to ! ,/oic view1 are 9 pr9ciple entirely exclud$4 ,yet x did n escape notice t nature has (t5 provid$ = _! com=t 9 p>ticul>s1 giv+ !m in/9cts t enable !m to ma9ta9 life1 & an outw>d %ape con=mable to ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce#cg4 ,& ,s5eca especially f\nd t man 0 apt to swell himself too greatly1 z if t _w 7 made = him1 ( :i* only a small "p is adapt$ = him to dwell 91 & :]e day & night1 summ] & w9t] w\ld cont9ue ( !mselves1 ev5 if no man obs]v$ !m#ch4 ,on ! o!r h& zealots l ,*rysippus work$ out ! detail$ application ( ?is !ory 9 a way t provok$ ! amusem5t ( _! critics#ci4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>ticul> provid5ce4 #bbe4 ,provid5ce c>es = mank9d 9 g5]al1 & !re=e = ! p>ts ( mank9d1 ! v>i\s cont95ts1 nations1 & cities4 ,! ,/oics are also incl9$ to hold t x c>es = ! individual#dj4 ,! difficulty ( ?is belief is great4 ,busy cities are ov]?r[n by ! e>?quake2 ! crops ( ! c>eful f>m] are bla/$ by ! hail/orm2 ,socrates is condemn$ to dea? by ! ,a!nians2 ,py?agoras1 ,z5o & ,antiphon meet ) viol5t ends4 ,yet we may n ?9k t 9 any ( ^! cases ! suff]]s 7 hat$ or neglect$ by ! gods2 x is r an inevitable necessity t has work$ _! ru94 ,! gods :o h great ?+s 9 _! *>ge1 mu/ sometimes ov]look small matt]s2 !y mu/ save ! community by sacrific+ ! individual#da4 ,! /orm may rage 9 ! valley1 yet !re is peace on ! m\nta9 heights#db4 ,! philosoph] :o is absorb$ 9 contemplat+ ! great :ole _c ev5 see ! flaws 9 its details4 #8,if ! gods c>e = all m51' says ,cic]o's au?ority1 #8x foll[s logically t !y c>e = ea* s+le man#dc4' #8,no?+ occurs on e>?1 nor 9 ! heav5 above1 nor 9 ! sea1 ap>t f !e1 ,o ,god1' s+s ,clean!s#dd4 #8,x is impossible1' says ,*rysippus1 #8t ev5 ! lea/ ( p>ticul>s c fall out o!rwise ?an 9 accordance ) ! w ( ,god1 ) 8 ,^w1 ) law1 ) ju/ice1 & ) provid5ce#de4' ,sid5ote3 ,exi/5ce ( evil4 #bbf4 ,! doctr9e ( provid5ce1 c>ri$ to a logical extreme1 leads to ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( evil4 ,b ! ,/oics did n draw ?is conclusion2 _h !y done s1 _! :ole treatm5t ( e?ics w\ld h become futile4 ,we h !re=e to scrut9ize c>efully ! language t !y employ4 ,if we meet ) ! p>adox t #8?is is ! be/ ( all possible worlds1' we mu/ rememb] t all p>adoxes ne$ = _! int]pretation "s s5se ( hum\r1 & t ! #8be/ possible' is n ! same z ! #8be/ imag9able4' ,some:]e or o!r !re is1 9 a s5se1 a limitation to ! sph]e ( provid5ce4 ,if aga9 9 poetical passages we le>n t #8no?+ occurs )\t ,god1' we mu/ n =get ! doctr9e t good & evil are alike br\ght 9 ! end into h>mony ) ! div9e nature4 ,! mo/ exact /atem5t ( ,/oic doctr9e w\ld seem to be t evil exi/s inde$1 b is n ! equal ( ! good ei!r 9 int5sity or 9 duration2 x is an incid5t1 n a fir/ pr9ciple ( ! univ]se#df4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x becomes possible to #8plead ! cause ( ! gods1' to def5d provid5ce f ! heavy accusations m5 br+ =w>d aga9/ x#dg4 ,?us ! ,/oics set ab\t to prove t1 9 spite ( ! exi/5ce ( evil1 ! univ]se is rul$ by ! =esight ( a b5efic5t deity4 ,sid5ote3 ,logical solutions4 #bbg4 ,! fir/ argum5t = ! def5ce is logical1 & is press$ by ,*rysippus4 ,good implies its opposite1 evil4 #8,!re c\ld be no ju/ice1 unless !re 7 also inju/ice2 no c\rage1 unless !re 7 c[>dice2 no tru?1 unless !re 7 falsehood#dh4' ,j 9 ! same way we f9d co>se wit 9 a com$y1 :i* is objectionable 9 itself1 & yet someh[ contributes to ! *>m ( ! poem z a :ole#di4 ,! second argum5t is bas$ ^u ! doctr9e ( #8necess>y consequ5ce' 774 ,! g5]al design ( ! human head requir$ t x %\ld be compact$ ( small & delicate bones1 accompany+ :i* is ! inevitable disadvantage t ! head may easily be injur$ by bl[s#ej4 ,w> is an evil1 b x turns to good by ridd+ ! _w ( sup]flu\s population#ea4 ,9 _m o!r cases !re may be explanations t are beyond our pres5t k1 j z !re are _m k9ds ( animals ( :i* we d n yet "k ! use#eb4 ,sid5ote3 ,moral solutions4 #bbh4 ,m important are ^? argum5ts :i* introduce moral consid]ations4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! g5]\s int5tions ( provid5ce are (t5 ?w>t$ by ! p]v]s5ess ( wick$ m5#ec1 j z _m a son uses 8 inh]itance ill1 & yet 8 fa!r 9 bequea?+ x to him did him a s]vice#ed4 ,! ,deity treats good m5 z a ,roman fa!r 8 *ildr51 giv+ !m a /]n tra9+1 t !y may gr[ 9 virtue#ee2 ^? t he loves1 he h>d5s#ef4 ,e>?quakes & conflagrations may occur on e>?1 & p]haps simil> cata/rophes 9 ! sky1 because ! _w ne$s to be purifi$ f ! wick$ness t ab\nds#eg4 ,! puni%m5t ( ! wick$1 = in/ance by pe/il5ce & fam9e1 /&s = an example to o!r m51 t !y may le>n to avoid a l disa/]#eh4 ,(t51 if ! wick$ h gone unpuni%$1 ! p5alty desc5ds on _! *ildr51 _! gr&*ildr51 & _! desc5dants#ei4 ,sid5ote3 ,div9e p[] limit$4 #bbi4 ,! v multiplicity ( ^! explanations or excuses betrays ! weakness ( ! case1 & ! ,/oics are 9 ! la/ resort driv5 to admit t ! ,deity is nei!r all-kn[+ nor all-p[]ful1 & t ! sph]e ( provid5ce is limit$ by an all-encircl+ necessity4 ,?us ,*rysippus expla9s blund]s 9 div9ation by say+ t #8! ,deity _c "k ev]y?+#fj1' & ?\gh he ascribes to ! ,deity all p[]1 yet :5 h>d press$ he admits t he _c d ev]y?+1 & t #8!re is a good deal ( necessity 9 ! matt]#fa4' ,9 ?is way he is =c$ back to ! position :i* ! %rewd] ,clean!s _h tak5 f ! fir/#fb4 ,aft] we h tak5 away f fate all t has life or mean+1 !re rema9s a residuum1 :i* we c b vaguely assign to "s #8natural necessity#fc4' ,?is po9t once grant$1 we realize t x includes _m ( ! detail$ explanations previ\sly giv54 ,?us x is by #8natural necessity' t good _c exi/ )\t evil2 t ! pa/ _c be alt]$2 t ! "o mu/ suff] = ! _m#fd2 t ! good _c always be sep>at$ f ! bad#fe2 t "* gr[s by ! defiance ( pa92 t ! individual is ev]y:]e expos$ to disa/] f tyranny1 w>1 pe/il5ce1 fam9e1 & e>?quake4 ,sid5ote3 ,god & m5 alli$4 #bcj4 ,! recognition ( ! limitations ( div9e p[] creates a new tie betwe5 gods & m54 ,m5 are no long] ! m]e in/rum5ts ( provid5ce1 !y are its fell[-work]s2 we may ev5 g fur!r1 & boldly call !m its fell[-suff]]s#ff4 ,god has giv5 man :at he c\ld1 n :at he w\ld#fg2 he c\ld n *ange ! /uff on :i* he _h to "w#fh2 if any?+ has n be5 grant$ to u1 x c\ld n h be5 grant$#fi4 ,"u su* circum/ances a s5sible man w n f9d fault ) ! gods1 :o h done _! be/#gj2 nor w he make appeals to !m to :i* !y _c respond#ga4 ,ev5 less w he qu>rel ) a de/9y t is bo? bl9d & deaf#gb4 ,sid5ote3 ,=tune4 #bca4 ,9 ! ,/oic explanation ( ! univ]se =tune plays no "p2 x has no exi/5ce 9 ! absolute s5se ( ! t]m#gc4 ,b 9 practical life1 & f ! limit$ po9t ( view ( ! individuals conc]n$1 =tune is ev]y:]e met )4 ,h] actions are ! same z we h j se5 to be ascrib$ to #8natural necessity'2 /orms1 %ipwrecks1 plagues1 w>s1 & tyranny#gd4 ,=tune !re=e by no means excludes causality1 b includes all ev5ts :i* are )\t mean+ f ! po9t ( view ( ! individual#ge2 all advantages or disadvantages :i* he has n p]sonally m]it$1 & :i* are n design$ = 8 individual discipl9e4 ,s great is ! sph]e ( ,=tune1 t x appe>s at fir/ t %e is mi/ress ( human life2 & we may picture h] z a tyrant1 mock+ & m]ciless1 )\t pr9ciple & )\t policy#gf4 ,! fur!r consid]ation ( ,=tune belongs to ! dep>tm5t ( ,e?ics4 ,sid5ote3 ,has ,god or man free w8 #bcb4 ,! supreme problems ( philosophy1 9 _! relation to gods & m51 ! fell[-citiz5s ( ?is univ]se1 c5tre 9 ! "q ( free w4 ,if we grant t ! div9e p[] is to "s ext5t less 9 range ?an ! p[] ( necessity1 does x /ill rema9 op5 to u to attribute to x )9 t range "s real *oice betwe5 alt]natives1 some?+ ( t individual p[] :i* common op9ion attributes to k+s8 or mu/ we on ! o!r h& reg>d ! div9ity z a m]e symbol ( an un*ang+ law1 girt ) ! trapp+s ( a royalty f :i* all real %>e 9 gov]nm5t has be5 )drawn8 ,is man aga9 a m]e puppet "u ! control ei!r ( fate or ( =tune1 or has he too "s %>e 9 creat+ ! de/9y to :i* he mu/ submit8 ,suppos+ him to h ?is p[] ( w1 is x b\nd up ) 8 privilege ( reason1 or d ! animals also possess x8 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/oics incl9e t[>ds free w4 #bcc4 ,to su* que/ions ! ,/oics d n give ! direct answ] #8,yes' or #8,no4' ,! critics :o wi% to tie !m d[n to "o or o!r ( ! oppos+ views compla9 t !y wriggle & gr[ flu%$ & excit$ ab\t _! answ]#gg4 ,!y accept app>5tly bo? views z dogmas1 ass]t+ t #8all ?+s take place by de/9y' & t #8some?+ re/s ) u#gh4' ,to ! fir/ dogma ! :ole ( _! treatm5t ( physics po9ts2 b ! second is requir$ z a po/ulate = any sci5ce ( e?ics#gh;a4 ,! ,/oics 7 9 no way dispos$ to cut ! knot by sacrific+ "o or ! o!r ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( _! philosophy4 ,!y g back ^u ! t]ms 9 :i* ! que/ions are prop\nd$1 & endeav\r by fre% inve/igation & m precise def9ition to d away ) ! obvi\s contradiction4 ,9 ?is "w !y 7 obs]v$ to h a bias 9 fav\r ( free w#gi4 ,! fir/ sign ( ?is bias we h already notic$ 9 ! v9dication ( ! ^w #8possible#hj4' ,if our eyes are fix$ m]ely on ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 we %all h>dly ne$ a t]m :i* pr9ts on future ev5ts a "* :i* x d5ies to ^? t are pa/4 ,! a/ronom] c describe to u ) equal precision an eclipse tak+ place a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! battle ( ,salamis or a ?\s& ye>s aft]4 ,b ! ^w #8possible' op5s ! door to ! emotions ( hope & fe>1 to ! s5se ( "r & wrong1 ) reg>d to ! :ole range ( future ev5ts4 ,h[ev] delicately ! doctr9e may be %ad$1 ! ma9 issue is det]m9$ :5 we say ( gods & m5 t !y #8c#ha4' ,sid5ote3 ,proximate & pr9cipal causes4 #bcd4 ,9 ord] to reconcile ! doctr9es ( causality & possibility1 we mu/ fir/ di/+ui% betwe5 out] & inn] compulsion1 betwe5 #8proximate' & #8pr9cipal' causes4 ,if a boy />ts a cyl9d] roll+ d[n hill1 he gives x an opportunity )\t :i* x c\ld n h roll$2 ?is is ! proximate cause 71 proxima74 ,b ! cyl9d] w\ld n cont9ue roll+ except by an inn] compulsion1 a law )9 itself1 by :i* x is ! nature ( cyl9d]s to roll d[nw>ds#hb4 ,?is is ! lead+ or pr9cipal cause 71 antec$5s or pr9cipalis74 ,s nei!r 9 ?\ght nor 9 action c a man =m a judgm5t1 unless !re be a picture 71 visum7 pres5t$ to 8 m9d4 ,! picture is a proximate cause#hc4 ,b ass5t to ! picture re/s ) ! man himself2 ! man himself1 8 reason1 8 w1 is ! pr9cipal cause4 ,"h we t\* on ! dogma :i* is ! f\ndation ( e?ics3 #8ass5t is 9 our p[]4' ,^u ?is re/s ! "r ( ! philosoph] to praise or blame1 ! "r ( ! lawgiv] to rew>d & puni%4 ,sid5ote3 ,! div9e nature immutable4 #bce4 ,we h to inve/igate fur!r ! inn] compulsion1 ! pr9cipal cause4 ,) reg>d to ! gods _! own disposition is a law to !m1 _! "* holds !m to _! purpose1 _! maje/y makes _! decrees immutable#hd4 ,?is is ! f9al answ] ( philosophy1 ev5 ?\gh m5 _c cont5t !mselves ) x4 ,ev5 among/ ^? mo/ dispos$ to accept ,/oic pr9ciples1 !re is a wi% t ! gods %\ld be all[$ a little play1 a *oice at any rate 9 small matt]s n hamp]$ by consid]ations ( de/9y & morality#he2 & ^u ?is issue ! poet may deviate a little f ! /]n] cre$ ( ! philosoph]#hf4 ,nor mu/ we s int]pret ! wisdom & b5evol5ce ( ! gods z to d5y ! efficacy ( pray]#hg4 ,sid5ote3 ,man's wick$ness4 #bcf4 ,9 ! case ( m5 free w comes accompani$ by a heavy burd5 ( responsibility2 = by its ex]cise m5 h defi$ ! gods & br\ght evil into ! _w4 ,9 va9 !y accuse ! gods & de/9y1 :5 _! own p]v]s5ess has exagg]at$ _! de/9y1 z ,hom] be>s witness3 #8,lo y n[1 h[ va9ly mortal m5 d blame ! gods6 ,= ( u !y say comes evil1 :]eas !y ev5 ( !mselves1 ?r\gh ! bl9dness ( _! own he>ts1 h sorr[s beyond t :i* is orda9$#hh4' #8,?r\gh ! bl9dness ( _! own he>ts !y p]i%$1 fools#hi4' ,equally 9 va9 x is t !y prote/ aga9/ ! p5alties prescrib$ by ! lawgiv] = acts to :i* !y allege fate has drawn !m#ij4 ,( _! wrongdo+ ! #8pr9cipal cause' lies 9 _! own natures2 if ^! are f ! fir/ :olesome1 ! bl[s ( fate are dead5$2 if !y are boori% & undiscipl9$1 !y ru% ( !mselves into s9 & error#ia4 ,into ! fur!r "q1 :e!r a man is responsible = 8 own nature1 our au?orities d n ent]4 ,x is suffici5t t 9 e?ics a way w be po9t$ out1 by :i* all m51 if only !y cons5t to und]go ! necess>y tra9+1 may br+ _! wills into h>mony ) ! w ( ! univ]se4 ,z to ! animals1 !y act ^u impulse1 b _c be said 9 a /rict s5se to possess w1 nor are !y prop] subjects = praise & blame4 ,sid5ote3 ,no result )\t cause4 #bcg4 ,?us free w1 :i* at fir/ sight appe>s equival5t to ! negation ( cause1 is by ! ,/oics id5tifi$ ) ! highe/ type ( cause4 ,action )\t cause 7 71 effect :i* is self-caus$ 7 71 are totally d5i$#ib4 ,ev5 if a man be giv5 ! *oice betwe5 two actions :i* appe> exactly equival5t1 z :5 he mu/ beg9 walk+ ei!r ) ! "r or ) ! left foot1 !re is always a cause :i* det]m9es betwe5 !m1 ?\gh 7z 9 all cases ( #8*ance'7 x is n disc]nible by human reason+#ic4 ,9 ?is way de/9y1 cause1 w are all br\ght into h>mony2 ! dualism 7:i* aft] all _c be entirely avoid$7 is ?ru/ out ( sight4 #8,all ?+s take place accord+ to de/9y1 b n all ?+s accord+ to necessity#id'2 ?us is sav$ ! pr9ciple ( free *oice 7 ' 74 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,/oic fixes 8 att5tion on ! pulsat+1 liv+1 will+ p[]s ( ! univ]se1 & refuses to dwell ^u any bl9d non-moral unb5d+ #8necessity' ( ?+s1 ev5 :il/ he admits t su* necessity is !re4 ,sid5ote3 ,pons ,/oicus4 #bch4 ,n[ t ! v>i\s /eps h be5 decid$ ^u1 by :i* our philosophy progresses f physics to e?ics1 x rema9s to connect !m by a pa?way 9 ! =m ( a *a9 ( reason+4 ,we _c affirm t ! /eps h be5 rea*$ by any logical process1 or t ! %[ ( reason+ makes !m any saf] to tread 94 ,b ! logical =m is a conv5i5t me?od ( impress+ dogmatic in/ruction on ! memory1 & if x _c remove difficulties inh]5t 9 ! subject-matt]1 x at lea/ s di/ributes !m t !y may be ov]look$ by ! zeal\s & defi$ by ! adv5tur\s4 ,?us !n ! argum5t runs3-- #8,if all ?+s are det]m9$ by fate1 !n ! ord]+ ( ! univ]se mu/ be smoo? & unh9d]$2 if ?is is s1 !re mu/ be an ord]$ univ]se2 & if s1 !re mu/ be gods4 ,n[ if !re are gods1 ! gods are good2 & if !y are good1 goodness exi/s2 & if goodness exi/s1 s also does wisdom4 ,& goodness & wisdom are ! same = gods & = m5#ie4 ,if ?is is s1 !re mu/ be a sci5ce ( ?+s to be done & to be avoid$1 t is ( "r actions & ( s9s4 ,b "r actions are praisewor?y1 & s9s blameable4 ,?+s praisewor?y des]ve rew>d1 & ?+s blameable des]ve puni%m5t4 ,!re=e if all ?+s are det]m9$ by fate1 !re mu/ be rew>ds & puni%m5ts#if4' ,all ?is *a9 ( argum5t is conv9c+ to ! man :o is already a ,/oic2 to 8 oppon5t x seems to display its weakness at e jo9t4 ,,footnotes #a ,! ?ree explanations are v cle>ly /at$ by ,s5eca2 #8dicet aliquis--quid mihi prode/ philosophia1 si fatum e/8 quid prode/1 si deus rector e/8 quid prode/1 si casus imp]at8444 quicquid e/ ex 81 ,lucili1 vel si omnia haec sunt1 philosoph&um e/2 sive nos inexorabili lege fata con/r+unt1 sive arbit] deus univ]si cuncta disponit1 sive casus res humanas s9e ord9e impellit et iactat1 philosophia nos tu]i debet' ,s54 ,ep4 #af1 #d & #e4 #b e4g4 ,a54 vi #cgf4 #c #8quod procul a nobis flectat ,=tuna gub]nans' ,r4 ,n4 v #ajh4 #d #8vaga volubilisque ,=tuna' ,cic4 ,milo #bf1 #fi2 #8=tuna 444 amica v>ietati con/antiam respuit' ,n4 ,d4 ii #af1 #dc4 #e ,s5eca z 9 note #a4 #f ,diog4 ,l4 vii #adi2 #8,/oici omnia fato fi]i dicunt' ,cic4 de ,fato #ae1 #cc4 #g #8et hoc secundum ,/oicos1 qui omnia dicunt fato regi et semel con/ituta nec a num9ibus posse mut>i' ,comm5t4 9 ,lucan4 ii #cjf 7,arnim ii #ibd74 #h ,s ,diog4 ,l4 vii #adi4 ,cic]o & ,s5eca describe ) admirable cle>ness ! conception ( fate3 #8fi]i omnia fato ratio cogit fat]i4 fatum autem id appello1 quod ,graeci 1 id e/ ord9em s]iemque caus>um1 cum causa causae nexa rem ex se gignat' ,cic4 ,div4 i #ee1 #abe2 #8quid enim intellegis fatum8 exi/imo necessitatem r]um omnium actionumque1 quam nulla vis rumpat' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #cf2 cf4 ,ep4 #ai1 #f & ,n4 ,q4 ii #ce1 #b4 #i ,at4 plac4 i #bg1 #b4 #aj #8,/oicorum dogma ,v]gilius o/5dit1 nulla ratione posse fata mut>i' ,s]v4 ad ,v]g4 ,a54 i #beg 7,arnim ii #ibc74 #aa ,orig4 cont4 ,cels4 ii #bj 7,arnim ii #ieg74 #ab ,cic4 de ,fato #ab1 #bh to #ac1 #cj4 #ac ,hom4 ,il4 xi #aib & #aic4 #ad ,plut4 fr4 #ae1 #c 7,/ob4 ii #h1 #be74 #ae ,cic4 de ,fato #g1 #ac4 #af ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #ai1 #a sqq4 #ag ,cic]o gives a humor\s comm5t on ?is cont5tion3 #8 me scito 2 quapropt] si v5turus es1 scito necesse esse te v5ire3 s9 autem non es1 e/ te v5ire4 nunc vide1 utra te magis delectet1 ne1 an haec1 quam no/] ,diodotus non concoquebat4 s$ de 8 etiam rebus1 otiosi cum erimus1 loquemur2 hoc etiam e/' ad ,fam4 ix #d4 #ah ,at4 plac4 i #bg1 #e4 #ai ib4 i #bh1 #c4 #bj ib4 #ba 1 ,at4 plac4 i #bh1 #c4 #bb ' 1 1 ib4 #bc #8ex quo fi]i1 ut quae secundum fatum sunt etiam ex provid5tia s9t1 eodemque modo quae secundum provid5tiam ex fato1 ut putat ,*rysippus4 alii v]o1 quae quidem ex provid5tiae auctoritate1 fatalit] quoque prov5ire1 nec tam5 quae fatalit] ex provid5tia1 ut ,clean!s' ,*alc4 9 ,timaeum #add 7,arnim ii #icc74 #bd #8,*rysippus 444 deum dicit esse 444 fatalem vim et necessitatem r]um futur>um' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ae1 #ci4 #be #8a te dictum e/ anum fatidicam a ,/oicis induci1 id e/ provid5tiam4 quod eo errore dixi/i1 quod exi/imas ab 8 provid5tiam f+i quasi qu&am deam s+ul>em1 quae mundum omnem gub]net et regat4 pl5e autem et p]fecte sic dici exi/imato1 provid5tia deorum mundum adm9i/r>i' ib4 ii #bi1 #gc & #gd4 #bf 444 ,hippolyt4 ,philos4 #ba1 #a 7,arnim i #aec74 #bg ,at4 plac4 i #bg1 #e4 #bh #8talis igitur m5s mundi cum sit1 ob eamque causam vel prud5tia vel provid5tia appell>i recte possit 7,graece enim dicitur7 444' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #bb1 #eh4 ,! t]m #8nature' is us$ 9 ! same s5se by ,epicurus also1 ?\gh x does n h>monize v well ) 8 !ory2 #8natura gub]nans' ,r4 ,n4 v #gh4 #bi 1 1 ,plut4 comm4 n4 #cf1 #e4 #cj #8habet quasi viam qu&am et sectam1 quam sequatur' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #bb1 #eg4 #ca ib4 #bb1 #eh4 #cb #8mundi quidem adm9i/ratio nihil habet 9 se1 quod repreh5di possit2 ex iis enim naturis1 quae erant1 quod effici optimum potuit1 effectum e/' ib4 #cd1 #hf4 #cc ib4 #ci1 #ih4 #cd #8omnia hom9um causa facta esse et p>ata' ib4 ii #fa1 #aed4 #ce #8deorum et hom9um causa factum esse mundum' ib4 #ec1 #acc4 #cf #8e/ enim mundus quasi communis deorum atque hom9um domus aut urbs utrorumque' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #fb1 #aed2 #8intraturus es urbem dis hom9ibusque communem' ,s54 ,dial4 vi #ah1 #a4 #cg ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #dg1 #abb4 #ch #8neque enim omnia deus hom9i fecit4 quota p>s op]is tanti nobis committitur8' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 vii #cj1 #c2 #8nimis nos suspicimus1 si digni nobis videmur propt] quos tanta moveantur' ,dial4 iv #bg1 #b4 #ci ,?us #8horses assi/ m5 9 fight+1 dogs 9 hunt+3 lions & leop>ds provide a discipl9e 9 c\rage3 ! s[ is conv5i5t = sacrifices to ! gods1 :o h giv5 h] a s\l to s]ve z salt1 & keep ! fle% f rott+4 ,! peacock is creat$ = 8 tail1 & ! peah5 accompanies him = symmetry's sake4 ,! flea is useful to wake u out ( sleep1 & ! m\se to prev5t u f be+ c>eless 9 leav+ ! *eese ab\t4' ,all ^! p>ticul>s are attribut$ to ,*rysippus 7,arnim ii #aaeb1 #aafc74 #dj #8etiam s+ulis a dis immortalibus consuli et provid]i solet' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #fe1 #afd4 #da #8nec v]o si segetibus aut v9etis cuiuspiam tempe/as nocu]it1 444 eum1 cui quid horum accid]it1 aut invisum deo aut neglectum a deo iudicabimus4 magna di curant1 p>va neglegunt' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #ff1 #afg2 #8univ]sorum maior dis cura quam s+ulorum e/' ,s54 ,dial4 i #c1 #a4 ,see also note #fd4 #db #8lege deum m9imas r]um discordia turbat1 pacem magna t55t' ,lucan ,ph>s4 ii #bgc4 #dc #8licet contrah]e univ]sitatem g5]is humani eamque gradatim ad pauciores1 po/remo d$uc]e ad s+ulos' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #fe1 #afd4 #dd ,hymn1 vv4 #ae1 #af4 #de ,plut4 comm4 n4 #cd1 #e2 ,/o4 rep4 #cd1 #aj4 #df ,?is appe>s to be ! correct int]pretation ( ! say+ ( ,epictetus--#8z a m>k is n set up = ! purpose ( miss+ ! aim1 s nei!r does ! nature ( evil exi/ 9 ! _w' ,manual #bg 7,long's transl4 ii p4 #bfi1 :]e see 8 note74 #dg #8faciam rem non difficilem1 causam deorum agam' ,s54 ,dial4 i #a1 #a4 #dh ,gell4 ,n4 ,a4 vii #a1 #d & #e2 #8nulli vitium e/1 nisi cui virtus pote/ esse' ,s54 ,ep4 #abd1 #ai4 #di ,plut4 comm4 n4 #ad1 #a2 ,m4 ,ant4 vi #db4 #ej ,a4 ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 vii #a1 #i to #aa4 #ea ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #cb1 #b4 #eb ,lactantius de ira #ac 7,arnim ii #aagb74 #ec ,clean!s ,hymn #ah4 #ed ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 iii #bh1 #gj4 #ee #8patrium deus habet adv]sus bonos viros animum et illos =tit] amat2 op]ibus1 inquit1 doloribus1 damnis exagit5tur1 ut v]um colligant robur' ,s54 ,dial4 i #b1 #f4 #ef #8deus quos probat1 quos amat1 indurat1 recognoscit1 ex]cet' ib4 #d1 #g2 #8:5 a difficulty falls ^u y1 rememb] t ,god1 l a tra9] ( wre/l]s1 has mat*$ y ) r\gh "y m5' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #bd1 #a4 #eg ,?is view ( ,orig5 is conjecturally assign$ to a ,/oic s\rce 7,arnim ii #aagd74 ,see also ,philo ap4 ,euseb4 praep4 ev4 viii #ac4 #eh ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #ae1 #b4 #ei ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 iii #ch1 #ij2 ,s54 ,b54 iv #cb1 #a4 #fj ,arnim ii #aahc4 #fa ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #cg1 #b4 #fb ,see above1 #bbb4 #fc ,s5eca uses ! t]m #8law ( mortality'3 #8m9ime dis irascamur3 non enim illorum1 s$ lege mortalitatis patimur quicquid incommodi accidit' ,dial4 iv #bh1 #d4 #fd #8sciat illa ipsa1 quibus la$i videtur1 ad cons]vationem univ]si p]t9]e1 et ex iis esse1 quae cursum mundi (ficiumque consummant' ,ep4 #gd1 #bj4 #fe #8di multa +ratis tribuunt4 s$ illa bonis p>av]unt3 cont+unt etiam malis1 quia sep>>i non possunt4 exc]p]e s+ulos non potu]unt' ,b54 iv #bh1 #a4 #ff #8quicquid e/ quod nos sic viv]e sic mori iussit1 eadem necessitate et deos adligat' ,dial4 i #e1 #h4 #fg #8,god has giv5 me ! ?+s :i* are 9 ! p[] ( ! w4 ,h[ 0 he able to make ! e>?ly body free f h9drance8 ,he c\ld n1 & accord+ly he has subject$ to ! revolution ( ! :ole possessions1 h\sehold ?+s1 h\se1 *ildr51 wife' ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #a1 #ajj4 #8,:at says ,zeus8 s9ce ,i 0 n able to d = y :at ,i h m5tion$1 ,i h giv5 y a small portion ( u' ib4 i #a1 #aj-ab4 #fh #8non pote/ artifex mut>e mat]iam' ,s54 ,dial4 i #e1 #i2 see also ,plut4 comm4 n4 #cd1 & ,mayor on ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #cd1 #hf4 ,9 te*nical language1 ! gods _c control ! & 4 #fi #8quicquid nobis negatum e/1 d>i non potuit' ,s54 ,b54 ii #bi1 #c4 #gj #8dem5tes itaque et ign>i v]itatis illis imputant saevitiam m>is1 immodicos imbres1 p]t9aciam hiemis' ,dial4 iv #bg1 #b4 #ga #8fru/ra vota ac /udia sunt2 habebit quisque quantum illi dies primus adscripsit' ib4 vi #ba1 #f4 #gb #8accus>e fata possumus1 mut>e non possumus3 /ant dura et inexorabilia' ib4 xi #d1 #a4 #gc ,see above1 #bbf1 note #df4 ,=tune only has ultimate exi/5ce if id5tifi$ ) fate or provid5ce2 #8sic nunc naturam voca1 fatum1 =tunam2 omnia eiusdem dei nom9a sunt v>ie ut5tis sua pote/ate' ,b54 iv #h1 #c4 #gd #8=tuna cet]os casus r>iores habet1 primum ab inanimis procellas1 tempe/ates1 naufragia1 ru9as1 inc5dia2 de9de a be/iis ictus1 morsus1 impetus1 etc4' ,cic4 ,(f4 ii #f1 #ai2 #8saepe 444 optimorum virorum segetem gr&o p]cussit4 f]t sortem suam quisque' ,s54 ,b54 ii #bh1 #c4 #ge ,s ,=tune is te*nically def9$ z #8a cause n disc]n$ by human reason'2 ,at4 plac4 i #bi1 #g4 #gf #89 regnum ,=tunae et quidem durum atque invictum p]v5imus1 illius arbitrio digna atque indigna passuri' ,s54 ,dial4 vi #aj1 #f2 #8hanc imag9em animo tuo propone1 ludos fac]e =tunam' ,ep4 #gd1 #g4 #gg #8,*rysippus ae/uans laboransque quonam pacto explicet et fato omnia fi]i et esse aliquid 9 nobis1 intricatur hoc modo' ,gellius ,n4 ,a4 vii #b1 #ae4 #gh 1 1 7s]iem caus>um7 ,o5om4 apud ,euseb4 pr4 ev4 vi p4 #beh 7,arnim ii #igh72 #8man5te fato aliquid e/ 9 hom9is arbitrio' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #ch1 #c4 #gh;a #8ubi igitur virtus1 si nihil situm e/ 9 nobis ipsis8' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #ab1 #ci4 #gi #8mihi quidem videtur1 cum duae s5t5tiae fuiss5t vet]um philosophorum1 una eorum qui c5s]5t omnia ita fato fi]i ut id fatum vim necessitatis adf]ret 444 alt]a eorum quibus vid]5tur s9e ullo fato esse animorum motus volunt>ii1 ,*rysippus tanquam arbit] honor>ius m$ium f]ire voluisse1 s$ adplicat se ad eos potius1 qui necessitate motus animorum lib]atos volunt' ,cic4 de ,fato #ag1 #ci4 #hj ,see above1 #bba4 #ha ,x seems cle> t s f> z human ?\ght goes #8possibility' is only an ab/raction f t :i* #8a man c d1' rea*$ by wid5+ ! subject #8man' s z to include bo? sup]human p[]s & half-p]sonifi$ unse5 =ces4 ,9 o!r words is d]iv$ f 1 possibilitas f pote/4 ,su* a comb9ation z =tuna pote/1 ?\gh q common1 is really a contradiction 9 t]ms4 #hb #8qui protrusit cyl9drum1 d$it ei pr9cipium motionis1 volubilitatem autem non d$it' ,cic4 de ,fato #ai1 #dc4 #hc #8quamquam ads5sio non possit fi]i nisi commota viso1 tam5 id visum proximam causam habet1 non pr9cipalem' ib4 #ah1 #db4 #hd #8non ext]na cogunt deos1 s$ sua illis 9 legem aet]na voluntas e/4 /atu]unt quae non mut>5t1 444 nec unquam primi consilii deos pa5itet4 vis sua illos 9 proposito t5et' ,s54 ,b54 vi #bc1 #a & #b2 #8deus scripsit quidem fata1 s$ sequitur4 semp] p>et1 semel iussit' ,dial4 i #e1 #h4 ,s ,lucan3 #8qua cuncta co]cet se quoque lege t55s' ,ph>s4 ii #i1 #aj4 #he #8disco 444 liceat illi sc4 deo hodieque dec]n]e et ex lege fatorum aliquid d]og>e1 an maie/atis dim9utio sit et confessio erroris mut&a fecisse8' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 i ,prol4 #c4 #hf #8illud te1 nulla fati quod lege t5etur1 pro ,latio obte/or' ,v]g4 ,a54 xii #hai1 #hbj4 #hg #8nos quoque exi/imamus vota pr(ic]e1 salva vi ac pote/ate fatorum' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #cg1 #b2 #8deos quorum notitiam nulla res effugit1 rogamus2 et illos vota non exorant1 s$ admon5t' ,b54 v #be1 #d4 #hh ,hom4 ,od4 i #cb-cd 7,but*] & ,lang's translation74 #hi ib4 #g4 #ij #8propt]ea noc5tium po5as legibus inique con/itutas1 si hom9es ad maleficia non sponte v5iunt1 s$ fato trahuntur' ,a4 ,gellius ,n4 ,a4 vii #b1 #e4 #ia #8contra ea ,*rysippus argute diss]it3 +5ia1 inquit1 ipsa pro9de sunt fato obnoxia1 ut proprietas eorum e/ ipsa et qualitas4 nam si sunt p] naturam primitus salubrit] utilit]que ficta1 omnem illam vim quae de fato extr9secus +ruit1 in(f5sius tractabiliusque transmittunt4 s9 v]o sunt asp]a et inscita et rudia 444 sua scaevitate et volunt>io impetu 9 assidua delicta et 9 errores se ruunt' ,a4 ,gellius ,n4 ,a4 vii #b1 #f to #h4 #ib 444 ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #bc1 #b & #c4 #ic 2 ,alex4 ,aph4 de fato #h 7,arnim ii #igj74 #id ib4 #aj 7,arnim ii #ifj74 #ie 1 ,!m4 ,or4 ii p4 #bg c 7,arnim iii #bea74 #if ,alex4 ,aphrod4 de fato #cg 7,arnim ii #ajje74 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,philosophy cry/alliz$4 #bci4 ,we n[ turn f ! supreme problems ( philosophy to ! =mulation ( religi\s belief & practice4 ,a complete *ange comes ov] ! _s ( our /udy4 ,until n[ we h be5 rea*+ out to obs]ve1 to def9e 9 words1 to coord9ate 9 a moni/ic sy/em e object1 e /atem5t1 e g5]alisation ( :i* ! human m9d c rightly take acc\nt4 ,we h kept eyes & e>s op5 to le>n f ! ,ea/ & f ! ,we/1 f ! ideali/ & ! mat]iali/1 f ! poet & f ! critic4 ,at la/ we h rea*$ our highe/ po9t 9 ! dogmas ( ! provid5tial ord]+ ( ! univ]se & ! moral obligation ( ! individual man2 dogmas :i*1 z we h se51 are exp\nd$ 9 logical =m1 b are ess5tially su* z logic c nei!r e/abli% nor refute4 ,/oicism1 hav+ once brea!d 9 ! m\nta9 air ( supreme pr9ciples1 n[ beg9s to desc5d to ! pla9s ( common life1 & to f9d ! due application ( its !ories 9 ! ord]+ ( practical affairs4 ,! !ory ( religion is treat$ z ! fir/ /age 9 ?is d[nw>d pa?2 x is ! adaptation ( philosophy to ! language ( social life & individual aspiration4 ,by #8religion' we mean "h ! !ory ( ! exi/5ce & "* ( ! gods2 ! practice ( c]emonies 9 _! hon\r & ( pray]s = _! fav\r2 & fur!r1 ! !ory & practice ( div9ation4 ,^u all ^! que/ions philosophy sits z ! supreme judge3 ext]nal au?ority1 embodi$ 9 ! traditions ( ,greece & ,rome respectively1 may claim consid]ation1 b n submission1 f ! intellect4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/orical *anges ( view4 #bdj4 ,9 ?is attitude ( ! ,/oics t[>ds religion we c easily di/+ui% c]ta9 hi/orical *anges4 ,z5o repres5ts 9 ! ma9 ! critical temp]2 8 tone is revolution>y & a!i/ic2 he contemplates ! entire subv]sion ( exi/+ religi\s practices to make room = a pur] sy/em4 ,! pr9ciples ( ,clean!s are ! same1 b f9] expression 9 a m *e]ful _s2 he has no bitt]ness z to ! pres5t1 & mu* confid5ce 9 ! future4 ,) ,*rysippus !re sets 9 a tide ( reconciliation2 ! +5uities ( etymology & allegorical int]pretation are set to "w to prove t ! old religion conta9s1 at lea/ 9 g]m1 ! sub/ance ( ! new4 ,! practical dang]s ( ?is me?od are obvi\s1 & h n escap$ ! notice ( ! critics ( ,/oicism4 ,x may be well to smoo! ! pa? ( ! conv]t by all[+ him to use old =mulas & practices ) a new mean+2 x is n s easy to excuse ! acceptance ( a purely =mal conv]sion1 by :i* philosophy enrols z its nom9al adh]5ts m5 :o give x no real submission1 & increases its numb]s at ! co/ ( its s9c]ity4 ,posidonius /&s out z ! type ( ?is weakness2 ) him beg9s ! subord9ation ( philosophic pr9ciple to religi\s s5tim5t4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ( ,roman ,/oicism ! /ruggle 0 acute2 _m ( ! ,/oics _h ! c\rage to defy ! inh]it$ prejudices ( _! fell[-c\ntrym51 o!rs b[$ be=e ! /orm4 ,^? :o condemn ! ,/oics 9 a body z hav+ sacrific$ _! convictions1 9 ord] t !y might hold ! hon\r$ & lucrative positions ( def5d]s ( ! national religion#a1 %[ a lack bo? ( sympa?y & ( critical disc]nm5t4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,roman p]iod ! ,/oics held 9 !ory a def9ite & consi/5t position1 :i* w be exp\nd$ 9 ?is *apt]2 9 ! application ( _! pr9ciples to practical problems !y %[$ t v>iation ( /&>d & temp]am5t :i* hi/ory has always to record ev5 ( societies ( hon\rable & intellig5t m54 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ t z ! ,/oics increase 9 numb]s1 _! devotion to vital pr9ciples gr[s weak]1 till at la/ we recognise 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius bo? ! mo/ critical ( ,/oic ?9k]s1 & ! man 9 :om ! p[]s ( ?\ght are mo/ def9itely subject$ to ! play ( old associations & prejudices4 ,sid5ote3 ,dogmas ( natural religion4 #bda4 ,! !oretic tea*+ ( ! ,/oics ^u !ology foll[s a v def9ite programme4 ,f\r dogmas ne$ to be e/abli%$3 7i7 t gods exi/2 7ii7 t !y are liv+1 b5evol5t1 & immortal2 7iii7 t !y gov]n ! univ]se2 & 7iv7 t !y seek ! good ( m54 ,to ea* ( ^! dogmas is atta*$ a s]ies ( #8pro(s1' su* z are /ill 9 vogue z #8evid5ces ( natural religion#b4' ,! :ole ( ?is body ( tea*+ may be treat$ by u z an exposition 9 popul> language ( ! c5tral dogma t #8! univ]se is ord]$ by provid5ce4' ,we h !re=e fir/ to consid] :e!r ! language us$ is really appropriate to ! philosophic position1 or :e!r x conc$es too mu* to accept$ beliefs4 ,secondly we h to consid] :e!r ! #8pro(s' employ$ really correspond to ! moni/ic po9t ( view z und]/ood by ! ,/oics1 or :e!r dualisms ab&on$ 9 pr9ciple are rega9+ _! old position 9 connexion ) practical problems4 ,n[ ! ?ird & f\r? dogmas1 s f> z !y add to ! fir/ two1 import no?+ m ?an ! g5]al doctr9e ( provid5ce4 ,! fir/ two dogmas1 tak5 toge!r1 sub/itute = ! ab/ract t]m #8provid5ce' ! m concrete1 & 7z we %\ld phrase x7 ! m p]sonal conception ( a #8god' or #8gods4' ,! supreme "q ( ! ,/oic religion is !re=e :e!r ^! t]ms are rightly us$2 & x falls into two p>ts1 ! use ( ! s+ul> #8god1' c>ry+ ) x associations d]iv$ f ,p]sism & ,judaism2 & ! use ( ! plural #8gods1' :i* c>ries ) x a qualifi$ approval ( ! poly!ism ( ! ,greek & ,roman pan!ons4 ,9 accordance ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( our philosophy1 ! wid] "q mu/ be fir/ det]m9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! #8nature' ( gods4 #bdb4 ,! #8gods1' accord+ to ! ,/oics1 =m a #8natura1' a dep>tm5t ( ! univ]se1 a category includ+ "o or m individuals4 ,h5ce ! title ( ,cic]o's "w1 #8de natura deorum'2 t is1 #8( ! class ( be+s call$ gods4' ,ea* dep>tm5t ( philosophy1 accord+ to ! ,/oic int]pretation1 br+s u 9 ! end into t\* ) ?is _w ( deities4 ,9 dialectics we are l$ up to ! supreme ,reason1 ! ,logos or ,^w1 ^: div9e be+ p]meates ! univ]se#c4 ,metaphysics po9t u to ,body 9 ! pure/ =m#d2 to ,_s :i* rea*es f end to end ( ! univ]se#e2 to a fir/ ,cause1 a ,cause ( causes1 ! initial l9k 9 ! un5d+ *a9 ( ev5ts#f4 ,if we look to ! elem5ts 9 _! unceas+ int]*ange1 we f9d deity 9 all ?+s t %ift & suff] metamorphosis1 9 wat]1 9 e>?1 & 9 air#g2 h[ mu* m !n 9 fire1 :i* 9 "o aspect is ! pure/ ( ! elem5ts1 & 9 ano!r is ! creative rational sub/ance f :i* ! :ole univ]se issues#h8 ,god is inde$ ! univ]se1 & all t is 9 x1 ?\gh n 9 ! pan!i/ic s5se t he is ev5ly diffus$ ?r\gh\t all ?+s#i4 ,look t[>ds ?is e>?1 :i* lies at ! c5tre ( ! _w-ord]2 ev5 9 its mo/ repulsive cont5ts1 9 its grosse/ matt]1 !re is deity#aj4 ,lift up y\r eyes to ! heav5s2 ,god is ! all-encircl+ sea ( fire call$ ,ae!r#aa2 he is sun#ab & />s#ac4 ,consid] ! univ]se 9 its hi/ory2 ,god is its creator#ad1 its rul]1 its uphold]#ae4 ,analyze x2 he is its s\l#af1 its m9d#ag4 ,/ra9 y\r sight to p]ceive ! mean+ ( all ?+s3 he is fate#ah2 he is nature#ai2 he is provid5ce2 he is necessity#bj4 ,& if we look =w>d to ! problems ( politics & e?ics1 we mu/ say t ,god is ! ,univ]sal ,law t calls = ! rev]5ce ( gods & m5 z a community#ba1 & equally dem&s1 "u ! "n ( consci5ce1 ! unhesitat+ ob$i5ce ( ! individual#bb4 ,la/ly1 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 9 its great m5 & useful discov]ies1 ! ,/oic ma/]s recognis$ ! elem5t ( div9ity#bc4 ,9 ! language ( to-day1 ,god is ! pole 9 :i* all ! p>allels ( human inquiry m]ge1 ! x ( ! problem ( ! univ]se1 ! unkn[n t is kn[n 9 8 works4 ,sid5ote3 ,unity ( ,god4 #bdc4 ,t ,god is "o is a doctr9e :i* ! ,/oics take ov] f ! ,cynics#bd 7:o !re9 foll[ ,socrates71 & f ! g5]al op9ion2 )\t mak+ ?is a =mal dogma1 !y con/antly assume x tacitly by us+ ! t]m #8,god' 7 1 deus74 ,) equal read9ess !y accept 9 use plural & ab/ract n\ns = ! same conception1 z di immortales1 vis div9a4 ,! int]pretation ( ?is app>5t conflict ( language mu/ be f\nd 9 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! ,/oic monism4 ,j z ! elem5ts are f\r1 & yet are all ! creative fire 9 its *ang+ %apes3 j z ! virtues are _m1 & yet !re is b "o ,virtue appe>+ "u diff]5t circum/ances3 s !re is b "o ,deity1 appe>+ "u _m names#be4 ,?is view ! assailants ( ,/oicism r$uce to ! absurdity t "s ,/oic gods are creat$ & mortal1 :il/ o!rs are uncreat$#bf2 & aga9 t ,zeus is worse ?an a ,proteus1 = ! latt] *ang$ into a few %apes only & ^? seemly1 :il/ ,zeus has a ?\s& metamorphoses1 & !re is no?+ s f\l t he does n 9 turn become#bg4 ,no "o h[ev] :o is famili> ) ! _m po9ts ( view f :i* ,greek philosoph]s approa* ! problem ( #8! "o & ! _m' w be readily di/urb$ by ?is r sup]ficial criticism4 ,sid5ote3 ,zeus4 #bdd4 ,9 its practical application ! belief 9 ! "o-ness ( ,god assimilat$ itself to ! wor%ip ( ! ,greek & ! ,lat9 ,jove or ,juppit]4 ,x w\ld be impossible )9 ! limits ( ?is "w to trace ! gr[? ( mono!i/ic feel+ 9 ! ,greco-,roman _w 9 connexion ) ! names ( ^! two deities1 :i* 9 ! my?ologies are memb]s ( societies4 ,we h already sugge/$ t ! mo/ direct impulse came f ,p]sism3 b 9 connexion ) ,roman hi/ory x is important to notice t a simil> impulse arriv$ ?r\gh ! ,tuscan religion#bh4 ,! nature ( ! ,/oic wor%ip ( ,zeus is abundantly illu/rat$ by ! ,hymn ( ,clean!s#bi2 ! intimate s5se ( companion%ip betwe5 ,zeus & 8 wor%ipp] comes to light1 p]haps ) a t+e ( ,cynic s5tim5t1 9 all ! disc\rses ( ,epictetus4 ,a special emphasis is laid on ! fa!rhood ( ,zeus4 ,?is attribute c\ld be trac$ back to ! poems ( ,hom]1 & is prom95t ?r\gh\t ,virgil's ,a5eid#cj4 ,x c be expla9$ 9 connexion ) ! gr[? ( all liv+ sub/ances#ca1 b has a m l(ty mean+ 9 t man alone %>es ) ! gods ! inh]itance ( reason#cb4 ,b ! ,hom]ic association ( ,zeus ) m\nt ,olympus entirely disappe>s 9 ,/oicism 9 fav\r ( ! ,p]sian conception ( a god dwell+ 9 heav5#cc4 ,fur!r ! ,/oics agree ) ! ,p]sians t ?is god mu/ n be ?\ght ( z hav+ ! =m ( any animal or man#cd2 he is )\t =m#ce1 b capable ( assum+ all =ms#cf4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition ( #8god4' #bde4 ,9 ! ,/oic sy/em ! conception ( godhead z "o & supreme mu* exce$s 9 importance ! conception ( a multiplicity ( gods4 ,we may !re=e reasonably consid] at ?is po9t ! f\r dogmas ( ! ,/oic !ology4 ,! fir/ po9t to be exam9$ is ! def9ition ( ! ^w #8god4' ,z adopt$ by ! ,/oic s*ool g5]ally x runs ?us3 #8a rational & fi]y _s1 hav+ no %ape1 b *ang+ to :at x wills & made l to all ?+s#cg4' ,?is def9ition corresponds satisfactorily to ! ,/oic sy/em ( physics2 b ev5 s we mu/ notice t ! /atem5t #8,god is necessity#ch' is an exagg]ation1 s9ce #8necessity' is entirely devoid ( ! qualities ( reasonabl5ess & pla/icity4 ,we f9d a diff]5t def9ition 9 ,antipat] ( ,t>sus1 :i* is emphasiz$ by ! ,/oics ( ! transition p]iod g5]ally3--#8,god is a liv+ be+1 bless$1 imp]i%able1 ! b5efactor ( mank9d#ci4' ,?is def9ition po9ts cle>ly ! way to ! ,/oic sy/em ( religion4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two def9itions m>ks !n ! /ep t has "h to be tak54 ,!re is an acc5tuation ( ! prop]ty ( p]sonality2 we pass f a #8rational _s' to a #8liv+ be+4' ,!re is ! addition ( a moral quality2 we pass f a pla/ic sub/ance to a b5efic5t w4 ,! exi/5ce ( deity 9 ! fir/ s5se has be5 display$ to u by our :ole analysis ( ! univ]se2 x is ) reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( deity 9 ! second s5se t we ne$ ! con/ant support ( ! dogma ( provid5ce1 exp\nd$ 9 ! te*nical pro(s :i* we n[ proce$ to exam9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,gods exi/3 ! pro( f cons5t4 #bdf4 ,! fir/ ,/oic dogma is #8t gods exi/'2 & ( ?is ! fir/ & mo/ famili> #8pro(' is t :i* dep5ds ^u common cons5t4 ,among/ all m5 & 9 all nations !re is a fix$ conviction t gods exi/2 ! conception is inborn1 inde$ we may say grav5 on ! m9ds ( all m5#dj4 ,to ?is pro( ! ,/oics atta* ! highe/ possible importance2 b its ju/ification1 z we h se51 pres5ts great difficulties#da4 ,clean!s1 ! mo/ religi\sly m9d$ ( ! e>ly ,/oics1 _h n tr\bl$ to conceal 8 contempt = ! op9ions ( ! cr[d#db2 & ! ridicul\s belief 9 ,t>t>us#dc is z widespread z t 9 ! gods4 ,"h !n we mu/ di/+ui%2 x is n suffici5t t a conception %\ld be univ]sal1 if x appeals mo/ to fooli% folk1 & ev5 s is decay+#dd4 ,we mu/ n h[ev] at ?is mom5t inquire into ! causes ( ?is belief#de2 = ?is is to pass f ! "q at issue to o!r pro(s ( ! dogma4 ,x seems cle> t ! value ( ?is p>ticul> pro( dep5ds ^u ! ,/oic doctr9e ( #8inborn conceptions1' :i* we h already discuss$#df4 ,)\t go+ ov] ! :ole gr\nd aga91 ! sub/ance ( ! argum5t z appli$ to ! pres5t "q may be ?us /at$4 ,! m9d ( ea* individual man is by desc5t ak9 to ! univ]sal reason 7 1 univ]sa ratio7#dg4 ,!re=e all m5 c>ry ) !m f _! bir? pr$ispositions 9 fav\r ( c]ta9 preconceptions2 & ! fact t ^! preconceptions are common to all is evid5ce ( _! div9e orig94 ,^! pr$ispositions by ! gr[? & tra9+ ( ! individual on ! "o h&1 by 8 contact ) ! out] _w on ! o!r h& ?r\gh ! organs ( s5se1 rip5 into reason4 ,n[ all m5 are born ) a pr$isposition to expla9 :at is beyond _! own reason+ p[]s by ! hypo!sis ( a liv+ & reason+ ag5t4 ,! belief 9 gods is !re=e a #8preconception'2 & if x is confirm$ by gr[? & exp]i5ce1 x mu/ be ( div9e orig9 & !re=e self-prov+4 ,9 ! language ( our own times1 ! belief 9 deity _c be disp5s$ ) z a work+ hypo!sis2 its omission lames human reason4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pro( ( ! #8high] ,be+4' #bdg4 ,! second pro( #8t gods exi/' is p>ticul>ly associat$ ) ! "n ( ,*rysippus2 x may be summ$ up by say+ #8!re mu/ be a ,be+ high] ?an man4' ,we beg9 by assum+ t reason is ! highe/ p[] 9 ! univ]se#dh2 an axiom :i* is always subject to limitation on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( #8natural necessity4' ,accord+ to ! ,/oics1 reason is common to gods & m52 if1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 ?is is d5i$1 !n reason is possess$ by m5 alone1 = we c c]ta9ly f9d no bett] "n ?an #8god' = high] reason+ be+s#di4 ,if !n !re exi/s some?+ great] ?an human reason c produce1 x mu/ be ! "w ( "s reason+ be+ great] ?an man1 t is1 x mu/ be ! "w ( ! gods4 ,b ! heav5ly con/ellations are su* a "w2 !re=e !y are ! "w ( ! gods1 & !re=e gods exi/#ej4 ,to ?is argum5t two o!rs are supplem5t>y4 ,fir/1 human reason itself mu/ be d]iv$ f "s s\rce1 & :at o!r c we "n b ! deity#ea8 ,secondly1 if !re are no gods1 man mu/ be ! supreme be+2 b su* a claim is an arrogant infatuation#eb4 ,! same argum5ts are attribut$ 9 sub/ance to ,z5o#ec2 nay1 s cog5t are !y t !y are 9 "p accept$ ev5 by ,epicurus#ed4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pro(s f ! elem5ts & ! univ]se4 #bdh4 ,!re foll[ two pro(s connect$ ) gradations 9 ! scale ( be+4 ,e>? & wat] are ! two l[] & gross] elem5ts2 & s9ce temp]am5t dep5ds greatly ^u climate1 we f9d t m5 & ! animals are all ( some:at heavy "*4 ,air & fire are ! high] & m ref9$ elem5ts2 h[ !n c we ?9k o!rwise ?an t !y are ! home ( m l(ty be+s#ee8 ,!n aga9 ! univ]se is ei!r a simple or a composite body4 ,t x is n composite is %[n by ! h>mony 71 conc5tus7 ( its p>ts2 x is !re=e simple4 ,a simple body mu/ be held toge!r by _s 9 "s "o ( its grades1 ei!r z unity1 gr[?1 or s\l4 ,bodies held toge!r m]ely by unity1 l /ones or logs1 admit ( v simple *anges only2 b ! univ]se admits ( e k9d ( *ange & developm5t1 & yet keeps toge!r2 x mu/ !re=e be held toge!r by _s 9 its highe/ grade1 t is by s\l & by reason4 ,be+ a :ole1 x mu/ be great] ?an its p>ts1 & include all t its p>ts possess4 ,b a nature great] ?an man1 & possess+ s\l & reason1 is god#ef4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pro( f provid5ce4 #bdi4 ,! pro( f ! good gifts ( provid5ce has be5 already giv5 9 sub/ance2 we may h[ev] notice ! %>p reply giv5 to ,epicurus1 :o ma9ta9s t ! wondr\s contrivances ( ! ,creator = ! b5efit ( man result f ! *ance cla%+s ( p>ticles4 #8,z well cont5d1' replies ! ,/oic1 #8t words & v]ses come f ! *ance %ift+ ( ! tw5ty-"o lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & t ! poems ( ,ennius c\ld be produc$ by %ak+ toge!r a suffici5t quantity ( ^! 9 a box1 & !n p\r+ !m out on ! gr\nd6 ,*ance w\ld h>dly produce a s+le v]se#eg4' ,! t]rors ( ! univ]se1 its /orms1 e>?quakes1 deluges1 pe/il5ces & w>s1 :i* seem to militate aga9/ ?is pro(1 are !mselves turn$ into a f\r? pro(#eh4 ,a fur!r pro(1 :i* dep5ds on ! contemplation ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies#ei1 we h suffici5tly consid]$ 9 connexion ) ! influ5ce ( ,*aldaean & ,p]sian ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pro( f wor%ip4 #bej4 ,!re rema9 two pro(s1 :i* at fir/ sight may appe> s+ul>1 b are nev]!less v /rongly urg$1 ! pro(s f wor%ip & div9ation2 :i* accord+ to ! ,/oics are practices t mu/ be ju/ifi$1 b _c be ju/ifi$ )\t ! po/ulate ( ! exi/5ce ( gods4 ,! pro( f wor%ip is be/ kn[n 9 ! p>adoxical =m1 #8if !re are alt>s1 !re are gods1' :i* is attribut$ to ,*rysippus#fj4 ,?is pro( is fus$ by ,s5eca ) ! pro( f g5]al cons5t#fa2 b its true "* seems to be diff]5t4 #8,)\t gods !re c be no piety1 = piety is ! "r wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,)\t gods !re c be no hol9ess1 = hol9ess is a "r attitude t[>ds ! gods4 ,)\t gods !re c be no wisdom1 = wisdom is ! k ( ?+s human & div9e#fb4 ,b )\t piety1 hol9ess1 & wisdom a reasonable philosophy _c be con/ruct$4 ,!re=e gods exi/4' ,! argum5t 9 its simple/ =m is attribut$ to ,z5o himself4 #8,x is reasonable to hon\r ! gods4 ,b x is n reasonable to hon\r ! non-exi/5t4 ,!re=e gods exi/#fc4' ,sid5ote3 ,! pro( f div9ation4 #bea4 ,! f9al argum5t is t f div9ation2 :i* is rem>kable 9 view ( ! close association betwe5 div9ation & a/rology1 & ! d]ivation ( ! latt] f a sci5tific sy/em :i* f9ds no place = div9e int]positions4 ,b bo? 9 ,greece & ,rome ! =eca/+ ( ! future _h long be5 reconcil$ ) !ology1 ^u ! hypo!sis t ! gods w>n m5 = _! good ( com+ ev5ts4 ,9 accept+ ! tru? ( div9ation ! ,/oics 7 foll[+ ! ,socratic tradition#fd4 ,?is belief 0 accept$ by all ! great ,/oic ma/]s1 & 0 a #8citadel' ( _! philosophy#fe4 ,x is true t on ?is po9t ,panaetius ex]cis$ ! privilege ( a susp5se ( judgm5t#ff2 b all ! m did 8 pupil1 ! pi\s ,posidonius1 lay /ress ^u ! subject1 on :i* he compos$ five books#ff1 ( :i* ! _s is pres]v$ to u 9 ,cic]o's books de ,div9atione#fg4 ,to ,roman writ]s _! inh]it$ ,/ate practice ( augury1 ) its elaborate ?\gh half-=gott5 sci5ce1 0 long a motive = ma9ta9+ ?is belief#fh2 b ! anci5t reputation ( ! oracle at ,delphi ma9ta9$ its hold /ill m p]si/5tly1 & 0 ab&on$ ) ev5 great] reluctance#fi4 ,nev]!less ! :ole gr\p ( beliefs 0 quietly pu%$ aside by ! ,romans ( ! times ( ! empire1 if we may judge f ! words ( ,epictetus--#8:at ne$ h ,i to consult ! visc]a ( victims & ! flight ( birds1 & :y d ,i submit :5 he 7! div9]7 says 8x is = y\r int]e/80 ,h ,i n )9 me a div9]#gj8' ,sid5ote3 ,div9e qualities4 #beb4 ,our next enquiry is #8( :at k9d are ! gods8' #8:at are _! qualities8' ,"h ! ,/oics break m decid$ly ) tradition4 ,antipat] ( ,t>sus1 z we h se51 def9$ ! deity z #8a liv+ be+1 happy1 immortal & b5evol5t t[>ds m5#ga4' ,x is cle> t ?is description c only be appli$ 9 its fulness to ! supreme deity1 = all o!r gods are de/9$ to pass away 9 ! g5]al conflagration#gb4 ,t ! supreme deity is possess$ ( life & ( reason has already be5 assum$ 9 ! pro(s ( 8 exi/5ce2 b we h "h a reaffirmation ( ,/oic doctr9e z aga9/ ^? t hold t ! _w is gov]n$ by bl9d de/9y & *ance4 ,9 /at+ t ! gods are happy ! ,/oics agree ) ,epicurus2 b accord+ to !m ?is happ9ess consi/s n 9 re/1 b 9 activity4 ,9 ?is di/9ction ! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,/oic & ,epicurean ideals ( happ9ess1 t is1 betwe5 _! e?ical ends1 comes into sight4 ,! ,/oics affirm t ! gods are occupi$1 & t ) matt]s ( ! greate/ conc]n3 & t any o!r conception is unwor?y ( !m#gc4 ,t ! activity ( ! gods has = its aim ! happ9ess ( m5 is pla9ly ! doctr9e ( provid5ce2 & 9 mak+ b5evol5ce an attribute ( deity#gd ! ,/oics turn _! backs = ev] ^u ! belief 9 gods t are gre$y1 jeal\s1 mis*iev\s1 & haughty2 t is1 n m]ely on su* deities z 7 /ill a "p ( ! cre$ ( ! ru/ic#ge1 b also su* z _h provid$ ! problems ( ! :ole ( ,greek trag$y1 & giv5 ! opportunity = ! /++ attacks ( ,epicurus on religion#gf4 ,9 exam9+ ^! attributes ( ! gods we h anticipat$ ! enquiries :i* belong to ! ?ird & f\r? categories2 namely z to ! disposition & ! relativity ( ! gods4 ,incid5tally we h obta9$ an excell5t illu/ration ( ! logical importance ( def9ition & ! f\r categories4 ,def9ition implies 9 advance :at is conta9$ 9 ea* ( ! categories1 & ea* category conta9s implicitly :at is conta9$ 9 ! o!r ?ree2 b ! logical me*anism enables u s to express ! doctr9e t x is = ev] fix$ on ! memory4 ,nor c we easily imag9e t ! _w w ev] =get ?is conception ( a ,supreme ,god1 9 8 ess5ce a liv+ all-wise ,be+2 9 8 attributes immortal1 immutable#gg1 active & b5evol5t2 9 8 disposition occupi$ 9 contemplat+ & controll+ 8 great "w ! univ]se1 & 9 8 relation to 8 creatures con/antly conc]n$ = _! com=t & happ9ess4 ,sid5ote3 ,/oicism & ! old my?ology4 #bec4 ,x mu/ by ?is "t be pla9 t ! :ole atmosph]e ( ,/oic religion 0 ali5 to t 9 :i* ! gods ( ! ,greek & ,roman my?ology _h tak5 root4 ,! nom9al absorption ( ^! gods 9 ! ,/oic sy/em has !re=e no !oretical importance2 x 0 a "w ( political adaptation4 ,! ,/oics !mselves d\btless believ$ t !y 7 re/or+ ! orig9al mean+ ( ! pan!on1 & free+ x f corruptions = :i* ! poets 7 responsible4 ,! orig9al mean+ 0 also1 9 _! judgm5t1 ! true mean+4 ,public op9ion 0 already 9 revolt aga9/ ! old !ology1 bo? on sci5tific & on moral gr\nds4 ,! curr5t tales ( ! gods 7 bo? incr$ible & revolt+#gh2 ! wor%ip ( !m too (t5 an attempt to sil5ce ! voice ( consci5ce#gi4 ,! ,/oics propos$ to make ! my?s symbols ( sci5tific tru?s1 & ! ritual an inc5tive to hone/ liv+4 ,_! int]pretation 0 9 ! ma9 physical2 ! gods repres5t respectively ! heav5ly bodies1 ! elem5ts1 ! plants2 ! am\rs ( ! gods repres5t ! cont9u\s "w ( ! great creative =ces ( nature4 ,to a less] ext5t explanations are f\nd 9 society & 9 hi/ory4 ,^! int]pretations are greatly assi/$ by etymologies1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( dialectics t wisdom lies hid 9 words4 ,! :ole process may seem to ! mod]n critic pu]ile1 because ! practical occasion = x has pass$ away2 b !re are /ill to be f\nd ?9k]s :o hold t by su* processes alone x is possible = human ?\ght to progress )\t civil society be+ disrupt$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/oic metamorphoses4 #bed4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em ,juppit] becomes ! fi]y heav51 ! *ief ( ! elem5ts1 ! s\rce ( all life#hj2 ,juno is ! s(t] air1 into :i* ! fire ent]s to become ! g]m9at+ se$#ha4 ,?us %e is call$ si/] z a fell[-elem5t#hb1 & wife z an in/rum5t 9 ! creative process4 ,f a slightly diff]5t po9t ( view ,*rysippus int]pret$ ,zeus z ,god1 & ,h]a z matt]2 & _! union z ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,creation1 :5 ,god spread ?r\gh\t matt] ! se$ ,logoi#hc4 ,s aga9 ,hephae/us 7,vulcan7 repres5ts fire2 ,poseidon 7,neptune7 is ! sea2 ,dis 7,pluto7 & ,rhea alike /& = ! e>?#hd4 ,demet] 7,c]es7 aga9 is ! corn-l&#he1 & ,p]sephone 7,pros]p9e7 ! gr[+ crop2 z su* %e is lo/ to h] "m & lam5t$ by h] = six mon?s 9 e ye>#hf4 ,apollo is ! sun1 ,luna or ,diana ! moon#hg2 ,cronus1 son ( ,e>? & ,heav51 is ,*ronos 77 or ,"t1 & he is said to dev\r 8 *ildr51 because all t is begott5 ( "t is 9 turn consum$ by "t#hh4 ,a!ne or ,m9]va is ! daught] ( ,zeus1 to :om he has giv5 bir? )\t a p>tn]1 because %e is ! div9e ,reason by :i* he made ! univ]se#hi4 ,*rysippus wrote at l5g? on ! allegorical int]pretation ( ! ?ree ,graces#ij2 & ! "w ( ,cornutus entirely consi/s ( expositions ( ?is sy/em4 ,o!r gods are recognis$ by ! ,/oics z p]sonifications ( actions or feel+s2 ,eros 7,cupid71 ,aphrodite 7,v5us7 & ,po?os 7regret7 ( feel+s2 ,hope 71 ,spes71 ,ju/ice 71 ,iu/itia7 & ,wise ,law 77 ( actions#ia4 ,s 9 p>ticul> ,ares 7,m>s7 /&s = w>1 or ! sett+ ( array aga9/ array4 ,sid5ote3 ,m9or deities4 #bee4 ,we h already notic$ t ! gods t are borr[$ f ! popul> my?ology d n possess ! div9e attribute ( immortality2 & 9 "s ( !m ! attribute ( b5evol5ce is n prom95t4 ,!re 0 ?us a con/ant t5d5cy to assign !m to an ord] ( nature ( l[] rank ?an ! deity4 ,su* an ord] 0 already con/itut$ by ! popul> belief1 adopt$ by ! ,/oics1 t ! :ole univ]se is full ( spirits or daemons1 "s k9dly1 o!rs mis*iev\s4 ,highe/ 9 ! =m] class /& ! div9e mess5g]s1 :o ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! univ]se keep wat* ov] ! affairs ( m5 & br+ report !re( to ,god#ib4 ,?is 0 a widespread belief1 mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples ( ,p]sism1 b also met ) 9 ! ,rigv$a#ic & 9 ! poems ( ,hesiod#id4 ,^! wat*m5 are h[ev] n ! spies ( a cruel tyrant1 b ! (fic]s ( a b5evol5t sov]eign2 we f9d !m e>ly 9 ,roman lit]ature id5tifi$ ) ! />s#ie1 & ?is may acc\nt = ! special recognition ( ! tw9s ,ca/or & ,pollux1 z k9dly daemons t protect sailors f %ipwreck#if4 ,!re are also spirits :i* are c>eless1 idle1 or mis*iev\s#ig2 ^! ! deity may employ z 8 execution]s#ih4 ,a daemon :i* is solely ! embodim5t ( an evil or mis*iev\s pr9ciple1 su* z ! ,druh ( ,p]sism or ! ,satan ( ,judaism1 is h[ev] n to be f\nd 9 ! ,/oic sy/em4 ,among/ daemons are also to be recognis$ ! s\ls ( m5 p>t$ f _! bodies1 "s good & "s evil#ii4 ,all beliefs ( ?is k9d are specially *>act]i/ic ( ! type ( ,/oicism introduc$ by ,posidonius#ajj4 ,we may specially note ! belief 9 ! ,g5ius :i* accompanies ea* man f 8 bir? to 8 dea?1 7& :i* closely corresponds to ! gu>dian angel ( ,p]sism17 because ( ! special vogue x obta9$ 9 ! ,roman _w#aja4 ,sid5ote3 ,deifi$ m54 #bef4 ,! ,/oics nev] fail$ to close _! li/ ( deities ) ! recognition ( m5 rais$ to ! sky = _! s]vices to _! fell[-m54 ,su* 7 ,h]cules1 :o rid ! e>? ( mon/]s2 ,ca/or & ,pollux2 ,aesculapius ! inv5tor ( m$ic9e2 ,lib] ! fir/ cultivator ( ! v9e1 & 7among/ ! ,romans7 ,romulus ! f\nd] ( ! city4 ,^! are deities e/abli%$ by ! laws ( ea* city#ajb4 ,! ,/oics d n raise _! own lead]s to ?is position1 b 7z we %all see 9 deal+ ) ! "q ( ! #8wise man'7 !y assign to !m almo/ equal hon\rs4 ,?is "p ( _! !ory appe>s to op5 ! door to great practical abuses1 s9ce x might be us$ to ju/ify ! claims ( ! sov]eigns ( ,egypt to be hon\r$ z gods dur+ _! lifetime1 & ^? ( ! ,roman emp]ors t _! pr$ecessors %\ld be wor%ipp$ z su* aft] _! dea?4 ,b x does n seem t su* an abuse actually occurr$2 & ?is "p ( ! !ory ( gods always seems to h be5 reg>d$ by ! ,/oics r z an explanation ( hi/orical facts ?an z a pr9ciple ( civic submission4 ,sid5ote3 ,wor%ip4 #beg4 ,que/ions z to ! wor%ip ( ! gods belong /rictly to ! dep>tm5t ( politics1 s f> z public wor%ip is conc]n$1 & ( e?ics1 s f> z individuals are conc]n$4 ,x may h[ev] be conv5i5t to anticipate ! discussion ( !m1 s9ce we _c prop]ly appreciate ! ,/oic views ( religion ap>t f _! practical application4 ,we mu/ !re=e notice t ,/oicism 9 its beg9n+s1 9 accordance ) its ,cynic orig91 0 revolution>y1 unor?odox1 9 ! popul> language a!i/ic4 ,n only did x foll[ ! pr9ciples ( ,p]sism 9 condemn+ altoge!r ! wor%ip ( images1 b x also p\r$ scorn ^u ! build+ ( temples & ! (f]+ ( sacrifices4 ,?us ,z5o 9 8 book on #8! ,/ate' =bids ! mak+ ( temples & images1 because !y are unwor?y ( ! deity#ajc2 an idea :i* ! ,romans recognis$ z n altoge!r /range to _! own hi/ory1 see+ t = a hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s 7presumably dur+ ! ,etruscan supremacy7 no images _h be5 kn[n at ,rome#ajd4 ,! ,/oic condemnation ( sacrifice is mo/ly express$ by sil5ce1 b x f9ds words 9 ,s5eca#aje4 ,al?\gh !y ?us d5\nc$ 9 pr9ciple ! :ole exi/+ sy/em ( public wor%ip1 ! ,/oics did n feel !mselves prev5t$ f tak+ "p 9 x z a seemly & anci5t cu/om#ajf2 & ! ,roman ,/oics took a special pride 9 ! reputation ( ! city = att5tion to #8religion1' t is to say1 to ! ritual obs]vances due to ! gods#ajg4 ,sid5ote3 ,/oic hymnology4 #beh4 ,mean:ile ! ,/oics actively develop$ _! own ideal ( wor%ip1 namely ! r5d]+ ( praise & hon\r to ! gods by means ( hymns4 #8,x is reasonable1' said ,z5o1 #8to hon\r ! gods#ajh4' ,! hymn ( ,clean!s %[s ! =m 9 :i* ?is hon\r c\ld f9d expression1 & ?\gh 9 ! ma9 x is an outbur/ ( individual conviction1 yet x conta9s ! g]m ( public hymnology#aji4 ,! value ( music 9 public wor%ip 0 recognis$ by ,diog5es ( ,babylon#aaj4 ,posidonius laid x d[n t ! be/ & mo/ pi\s wor%ip ( ! gods is to hon\r !m ) pure m9d & voice#aaa4 ,epictetus speaks cont9ually 9 ?is _s1 & gives u examples ( prose hymnology3 #8great is ,god1 :o has giv5 u implem5ts ) :i* we %all cultivate ! e>?#aab'2 #8,i give !e all ?anks t ?\ ha/ all[$ me to jo9 9 ?is ?y assemblage ( m51 & to see ?y works1 & to compreh5d ?is ?y adm9i/ration#aac4' ,?us ought we #8to s+ hymns to ! deity1 & bless him1 & tell ( 8 b5efits#aad4' ,sid5ote3 ,pray]4 #bei4 ,pray] to ! gods may be tak5 z m *>act]i/ic ( private & individual wor%ip1 ?\gh ! p>adox is wor?y ( att5tion t m5 %\ld ask no?+ ( ! gods t !y _c ask publicly#aae4 ,! :ole problem ( pray] is s fully & admirably treat$ ^u ,/oic l9es by ,juv5al 9 8 ,t5? ,satire1 t no?+ c be add$ to 8 exposition b ! evid5ce t 8 tea*+ is 9 fact ,/oic4 ,let u !n ent] ! temples & li/5 to m5's pray]s4 ,fir/ !y beg ! doorkeep] = admission1 ?\gh ! deity is equally ne> to !m outside2 !n !y raise _! h&s to ! sky1 or press _! m\?s close to ! e> ( an image#aaf4 ,to ! unli/5+ deity !y p\r out wi%es s %ameful t !y c\ld n let a fell[-man %>e _! secret#aag4 ,decrepit old m5 babble pray]s = long life1 & make !mselves out y\ng] ?an !y are#aah4 ,ano!r prays = ri*es#aai1 or = "s o!r ?+ t w d him h>m#abj4 ,und]tak]s pray = a busy season#aba4 ,p>5ts & nurses 7& ^! are ! ne>e/ to innoc5ce7 pray = ! success ( _! *ildr5 9 life#abb4 ,!y may be excus$1 b ! ?\ghtful man %\ld "k t ! advantages = :i* fri5ds h pray$ h (t5 9 ! end prov$ a man's de/ruction#abc4 ,he %\ld exam9e 8 own he>t1 & recognise t 8 pray]s till n[ h be5 unwor?y & fooli%#abd4 ,s9ce ! gods wi% u well1 let u leave x to !m to *oose :at is be/ = u#abe4 #8,look up to ,god1 & say3--deal ) me = ! future z ?\ wilt3 ,i am ( ! same m9d z ?\ art4 ,i am ?9e1 ,i refuse no?+ t pleases !e#abf4' #8,seek n t ! ?+s :i* happ5 %\ld happ5 z y wi%2 b wi% ! ?+s t happ5 to be z !y are3 & y w h a tranquil fl[ ( life#abg4' ,sid5ote3 ,self-exam9ation4 #bfj4 ,pray] s reg>d$ becomes n m]ely an act ( resignation1 9 :i* a man ceases to battle aga9/ a de/9y t is too /rong = him2 x is a daily exam9ation ( 8 s\l1 to "k :e!r x is 9 tune ) ! purposes ( ! univ]se4 ,?is exam9ation is a religi\s ex]cise1 nev] to be omitt$ be=e sleep4 ,x is inculcat$ bo? by ,s5eca & ,epictetus4 #8,h[ beautiful' says ,s5eca1 #8is ?is cu/om ( review+ ! :ole day6 h[ quiet a sleep foll[s on self-exam9ation6 ,! m9d takes its place on ! judgm5t-seat1 inve/igates its own actions1 & aw>ds praise or blame accord+ z !y are des]v$#abh4' ,& ,epictetus adopts ! v]ses ascrib$ to ,py?agoras3 #8,let sleep n come ^u ?y languid eyes ,be=e ea* daily action ?\ ha/ scann$2 ,:at's done amiss1 :at done1 :at left undone2 ,f fir/ to la/ exam9e all1 & !n ,blame :at is wrong1 9 :at is "r rejoice#abi4' ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s duty4 #bfa4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to sum up 9 te*nical language#acj ! obligations ( religion fre$ f sup]/ition#aca4 ,our duty t[>ds ! gods is rightly to believe 9 !m1 to ackn[l$ge _! greatness & b5evol5ce1 to submit to !m z ! creators & rul]s ( ! univ]se#acb4 ,we may n light lamps 9 _! hon\r on sabba?-days1 nor cr[d r\nd _! temples 9 ! e>ly h\rs ( ! morn+2 we may n (f] ,jove a t[el nor ,juno a mirror#acc4 ,our s]vice to !m is to make ourselves l to !m2 he :o w\ld w9 _! fav\r1 mu/ be a good man#acd4 ,:]esoev] !y call u1 we mu/ foll[ ) gladness1 = !y are wis] ?an we#ace4 ,)\t ,god we mu/ attempt no?+1 b we mu/ always reflect1 exam9e ourselves1 & seek to le>n ! div9e w#acf4 ,we came "h :5 x pleas$ ,god1 & we mu/ dep>t :5 he %all please#acg4 #8,s live1' says ! ,/oic tea*]1 #8) y\r fell[-m51 z believ+ t ,god sees y3 s hold conv]se ) ,god1 z to be will+ t all m5 %\ld he> y#ach4' ,,footnotes #a e4g4 ,!odor ,momms51 ,roman ,hi/ory iii #dcb 7,dickson's translation74 #b #8omn9o dividunt no/ri totam i/am de dis immortalibus quae/ionem 9 p>tes quattuor4 primum doc5t esse deos2 de9de quales s9t2 tum1 mundum ab iis adm9i/r>i2 po/remo1 consul]e eos rebus humanis' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #a1 #c4 #c #81 quem deum ,z5o nuncupat' ,lact4 v]4 sap4 #i 7,arnim i #afj72 #8rationem deum vocat ,z5o' ,m94 ,felix #ai1 #aj 7ib472 #8,z5o rationem qu&am1 p] omnem naturam r]um p]t95tem1 vi div9a esse adfectam putat' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ad1 #cf4 #d 1 1 ,hippol4 ,phil4 #ba 7,arnim ii #ajbi74 #e ' ,!oph4 ,autol4 i #d 7,arnim ii #ajcc74 #f #8ille e/ prima omnium causa1 ex qua cet]ae p5d5t' ,s54 ,b54 iv #g1 #b2 #8hic e/ causa caus>um' ,n4 ,q4 ii #de1 #b4 #g #8,*rysippus ait ea quae natura flu]5t et man>5t div9a esse1 ut aquam et t]ram et a]a' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ae1 #ci4 #h #8,*rysippus deum ait ignem praet]ea esse' ib42 #8et deum ipsum ignem putavit ,z5o' ,augu/4 adv4 ,ac4 iii #ag1 #ch 7,arnim i #aeg72 ,euseb4 pr4 ev4 #ae 7,arnim ii #ajej74 #i ,diog4 ,l4 vii #adh2 #8,clean!s ipsum mundum deum dicit esse' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ad1 #cg2 #8vis illum voc>e mundum8 non fall]is' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #de1 #c2 #8quid e/ deus8 quod vides totum et quod non vides totum2 solus e/ omnia' ib4 i ,prol4 #ac2 #8,iuppit] e/ quodcunque vides quocunque mov]is' ,lucan ,ph>s4 ix #ehj4 #aj ,arnim ii #ajcg & #ajci4 #aa #8,z5oni et reliquis f]e ,/oicis ae!r videtur summus deus' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #da1 #abf4 #ab #8,clean!s 444 solem dom9>i et r]um potiri putat' ib4 #ac #8,z5o a/ris idem sc4 vim div9am tribuit' ,n4 ,d4 i #ad1 #cf2 #8,clean!s div9itatem omnem tribuit a/ris' ib4 #ad1 #cg4 #ad #8tibi licet hunc auctorem r]um no/r>um compell>e' ,s54 ,b54 iv #g1 #a4 #ae #8rectorem cu/odemque univ]si' ,n4 ,q4 ii #de1 #a2 #8/ant b5eficio eius omnia' ,b54 iv #g1 #a4 #af ,arnim i #ecb4 #ag #8,*rysippus ait vim div9am esse positam 9 univ]sae naturae animo atque m5te' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ae1 #ci2 #8quid e/ deus8 m5s univ]si' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 i ,prol4 #ac2 cf4 ,arnim i #aeg4 #ah ,arnim iii ,ant4 #ce2 #8hunc eundem et fatum si dix]is1 non m5ti]is' ,s54 ,b54 iv #g1 #b4 #ai #8quid aliud e/ natura quam deus8' ib4 #a4 #bj #8,*rysippus deum dicit esse necessitatem r]um futur>um' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ae1 #ci2 cf4 ,arnim ii #ajgf4 #ba 1 ,clean!s ,hymn #ch1 #ci2 #8naturalem legem ,z5o div9am esse c5set' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ad1 #cf4 #bb #8,*rysippus legis p]petuae et aet]nae vim1 quae quasi dux vitae atque magi/ra (ficiorum sit1 ,iovem dicit esse' ib4 #ae1 #dj4 #bc #8,*rysippus hom9es etiam eos1 qui immortalitatem ess5t consecuti deos dicit esse' ib4 #ae1 #ci2 #8,p]saeus 444 inv5ta ipsa div9a dicit' ib4 #ae1 #ch4 #bd #8,anti/h5es popul>es deos multos1 naturalem unum esse dicit' ib4 i #ac1 #cb4 #be ' 1 444 ,clean!s ,hymn #a & #b2 #8,/oici dicunt non esse nisi unum deum et unam e&emque pote/atem1 quae pro ratione (ficiorum v>iis nom9ibus appellatur' ,s]vius ad ,v]g4 ,georg4 i #e 7,arnim ii #ajgj74 #bf 1 ' ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #ch1 #e 7quot+ f ,*rysippus74 #bg ,gal5 qual4 inc4 #f 7,arnim ii #ajef74 #bh #8ne hoc quidem illi altissimi viri cr$id]unt1 ,iovem1 qualem 9 ,capitolio et 9 cet]is a$ibus colimus1 mitt]e manu fulm9a1 s$ eundem quem nos ,iovem intellegunt1 rectorem cu/odemque univ]si1 animum ac spiritum mundi1 op]is huius dom9um et artificem1 cui nom5 omne conv5it 444 idem ,etruscis visum e/' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #de1 #a & #c4 #bi ,see above1 #ig4 #cj #8hom9um sator atque deorum' ,a54 i #bed1 & s passim4 #ca #8tum pat] omnipot5s fecundis imbribus ,ae!r coniugis 9 gremium laetae desc5dit1 et omnes magnus alit1 magno commixtus corpore1 fetus' ,virgil ,georg4 ii #cce-cbg4 #cb ,?is seems und\bt$ly to be ! mean+ und]ly+ ! corrupt text ( ,clean!s ,hymn #d2 ,pe>son well comp>es ' 7scil4 7 ,euseb4 praep4 ev4 xv #ae4 ,see above1 #ig4 #cc 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ach2 4441 ,corn4 ,n4 ,d4 #h4 #cd 1 ,philod4 de piet4 #aa 7,arnim ii #ajgf72 #8e/ aliquid 9 illo ,/oici dei1 iam video2 nec cor nec caput habet' ,s54 ,apoc4 #h1 #a4 #ce #8,/oici negant hab]e ullam =mam deum' ,lact4 de ira #ah 7,arnim ii #ajeg74 #cf ,9 connexion ) ! association ( ,god ) ! univ]se we may say 7b only 9 a second>y s5se7 t ,god has sph]ical =m2 ,frag4 ,h]c4 p4 #bej 7,arnim ii #ajfj72 #8quae v]o vita tribuitur i/i rotundo deo8' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #aj1 #bd4 #cg 1 1 ' ,at4 plac4 i #f1 #a4 #ch ,see above1 #bdb1 note #bj4 #ci ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #ch1 #c4 ,a simil> def9ition is giv5 9 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #adg z indicat+ ! view ( ! ,/oics g5]ally4 #dj #8int] omnes omnium g5tium s5t5tia con/at2 omnibus enim innatum e/ et 9 animo quasi insculptum1 esse deos' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #d1 #ab2 #8nec ulla g5s usquam e/ adeo extra leges moresque proiecta1 ut non aliquos deos cr$at' ,s54 ,ep4 #aag1 #f4 #da ,see above1 #aeh4 #db ,clean!s apud ,clem4 ,al4 ,/rom4 v #c 7,arnim i #eei74 #dc ,see bel[1 #bid4 #dd #8videmus cet]as op9iones fictas atque vanas diuturnitate extabuisse 444 quae enim anus tam excors inv5iri pote/1 quae illa quae quondam cr$ebantur apud inf]os port5ta1 extimescat8 op9ionum enim comm5ta delet dies' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #b1 #e4 #de ,z = in/ance ,cic]o does 7foll[+ ,posidonius7 ,n4 ,d4 ii #e1 #ac4 #df ,see above1 #aeh4 #dg ,sext4 ma?4 ix #ic1 see #adi4 #dh ,see ! next note4 #di #8si di non sunt1 quid esse pote/ 9 r]um natura hom9e melius8 9 eo enim solo ratio e/1 qua nihil pote/ esse prae/antius' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #f1 #af4 #ej #8si enim' inquit ,*rysippus #8e/ aliquid 9 r]um natura1 quod pote/as humana effic]e non possit2 e/ c]te id1 quod illud efficit1 hom9e melius4 atqui res caele/es ab hom9e confici non possunt4 e/ igitur id1 quo illa conficiuntur1 hom9e melius4 id autem quid potius dix]is quam deum8' ib4 #ea #8et tam5 ex ipsa hom9um soll]tia esse aliquam mundi m5tem1 et eam quidem acriorem et div9am1 exi/im>e debemus4 unde enim haec homo arripuit8 ut ait apud ,x5ophontem ,socrates' ib4 #ah4 #eb #8esse autem hom9em1 qui nihil 9 omni mundo melius esse quam se putet1 insipi5tis arrogantiae e/' ib4 #af4 #ec ,see above1 #hc4 #ed #8placet enim illi sc4 ,epicuro esse deos1 quia necesse sit prae/antem esse aliquam naturam1 qua nihil sit melius' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #ag1 #df4 ,see h[ev] ,mayor's note4 #ee #8tantum v]o ornatum mundi1 tantam v>ietatem pul*ritud9emque r]um caele/ium 444 si non deorum immortalium domicilium putes1 nonne plane desip]e vide>e8 an ne hoc quidem intellegimus1 omnia sup]a esse meliora1 t]ram autem esse infimam1 quam crassissimus circumfundat a]8' etc4 ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #f1 #ag4 ,= ! orig9al argum5t ( ,*rysippus see ,sext4 ma?4 ix #hf 7,arnim ii #ajad74 #ef #8haec ita fi]i omnibus int] se conc95tibus mundi p>tibus pr(ecto non poss5t1 nisi ea uno div9o et cont9uato spiritu cont9]5tur' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #g1 #ai4 ,"h cf4 ,sext4 ma?4 ix #gh to #he 7,arnim ii #ajac74 #eg ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #cg1 #ic4 #eh ,! ?ird 9 ! exposition ( ,clean!s3 #8t]tiam causam dixit ,clean!s esse1 quae t]r]et animos fulm9ibus tempe/atibus 444 pe/il5tia t]rae motibus' ib4 #e1 #ad4 #ei #8qu>tam causam esse1 eamque vel maximam1 conv]sionem caeli' ib4 #e1 #ae4 #fj ,arnim ii #ajai4 #fa #8non 9 hunc furorem omnes mortales cons5siss5t adloqu5di surda num9a et inefficaces deos1 nisi nossemus illorum b5eficia' ,s54 ,b54 iv #d1 #b4 #fb ,sext4 ma?4 ix #abc 7,arnim ii #ajag74 #fc ib4 #acc 7,arnim i #aeb74 ,pe>son 7,z4 #ajh7 describes ! argum5t z a #8transp>5t sophi/ry'2 b at ! pres5t "t !re is a widespread t5d5cy t[>ds its revival2 see ,hffd+1 ,philosophy ( ,religion1 *4 iii4 #fd ,x54 ,mem4 i #a1 #b4 #fe ,cic4 ,div4 i #e1 #i & #f1 #aj4 #ff ib4 #c1 #f2 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #adi4 #fg ,div9ation is bas$ ^u ! 7cont9uatio coniunctioque naturae71 ,cic4 ,div4 ii #fi1 #adb4 ,see also ,epict4 ,disc4 i #ad1 & above1 #bdh4 #fh #8,tuscis summa e/ fulgurum p]sequ5dorum sci5tia' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #cb1 #b4 #fi #8non ullo saecula dono no/ra c>5t maiore deum1 quam ,delphica s$es quod siluit' ,lucan ,ph>s4 v #aaa-aac2 cf4 #hf-if4 #gj ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #g1 #c & #d4 ,! ,/oic belief 9 div9ation is v sev]ely criticiz$ by ,zell]3 #8^! vag>ies %[ 9 ,/oicism practical int]e/s prepond]at+ ov] sci5ce' ,/oics1 etc4 p4 #bhj4 ,b ! belief 9 is trac$ back to ,z5o & ,clean!s1 :o 7 h>dly #8practical' m5 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,zell] seems to use ! ^w4 #ga ,see above1 #bde4 #gb ,see above1 #bji4 #gc ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #cj1 #gg4 #gd #8di immortales nec volunt obesse nec possunt4 natura enim illis mitis et placida e/' ,s54 ,dial4 iv #bg1 #a2 #8di aequali t5ore bona sua p] g5tes populosque di/ribuunt1 unam pot5tiam sortiti1 prodesse' ,b54 vii #ca1 #d4 #ge #8,faune1 ,nymph>um fugi5tum amator1 p] meos f9es et aprica rura l5is inc$as1 abeasque p>vis aequus alumnis' ,hor4 ,c4 iii #ah1 #a-d4 #gf #8tantum relligio potuit suad]e malorum' ,lucr4 ,r4 ,n4 i #ajb4 #gg #8,does ! ,zeus at ,olympia lift up 8 br[8 ,no1 8 look is fix$ z becomes him :o is ready to say--,irrevocable is my ^w & %all n fail' ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #h1 #bf 7quot+ f ,hom4 ,il4 i #ebf74 #gh #8sic ve/ras halluc9ationes f]o quemadmodum ,iuppit] ineptias poet>um1 quorum alius illi alas imposuit1 alius cornua2 alius adult]um illum induxit et abnoctantem1 alius saevum 9 deos1 alius iniquum 9 hom9es1 alius p>ricidam et regni ali5i pat]nique expugnatorem' ,s54 ,dial4 vii #bf1 #f4 #gi ,?is feel+ f9ds expression at ,rome z f> back z ! times ( ,hannibal2 #8hoc scele/i illi 9 animum inducunt suum1 ,iovem se plac>e posse donis1 ho/iis2 et op]am et sumptum p]dunt' ,plaut4 ,rud4 #bb to #bd4 #hj #8,*rysippus disputat ae!ra esse eum1 quem hom9es ,iovem appell>5t' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #ae1 #dj4 #ha #8a] autem1 ut ,/oici disputant1 ,iunonis nom9e consecratur 444 effem9>unt autem eum ,iunonique tribu]unt1 quod nihil e/ eo mollius' ib4 ii #bf1 #ff4 #hb #8quoniam t5uitate haec elem5ta p>ia sunt1 dix]unt esse g]mana' ,s]v4 ad ,v]g4 ,a54 i #dg 7,arnim ii #ajff74 #hc ,rival philosoph]s 9 ! e>li] times1 & ! *ur* fa!rs lat]1 concurr$ 9 revil+ ,*rysippus because he ext5d$ ?is pr9ciple ( int]pretation to a #8disgraceful' repres5tation f\nd 9 ,argos or ,samos1 9 :i* ,h]a receives ! div9e se$ 9 h] m\?2 yet ,*ri/ian antiquity 0 ab\t to absorb ! simil> notion ( ! conception ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y ?r\gh ! e> 7#8quae p] aurem concepi/i' 9 an old ,lat9 hymn74 ,*rysippus ( c\rse rightly e/imat$ ! absurdity ( criticis+ cosmic processes z if !y 7 brea*es ( social dec5cy1 & by s do+ reliev$ ! pi\s s\ls ( 8 own day f a real s\rce ( di/ress4 ,see ,arnim ii #ajga-ajgd4 #hd ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #bf1 #ff4 #he ib4 i #ae1 #dj & ii #bf1 #ff4 #hf #8,pros]p9am1 quam frugum sem5 esse volunt absconditamque qua]i a matre f+unt' ib4 #hg ib4 #bg1 #fh4 #hh ' ,cornutus ,n4 ,d4 #f4 ,! ca/ration ( ,uranus by ,cronus is ?us expla9$ by ! ,/oics3 #8caele/em naturam1 id e/ igneam1 quae p] sese omnia gign]et1 vac>e volu]unt ea p>te corporis1 quae coniunctione alt]ius eg]et ad procre&um' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #bd1 #fd4 #hi ,ju/9 ,apol4 i #fd 7,arnim ii #ajif74 #ij ,s54 ,b54 i #c1 #i4 #ia ,at4 plac4 i #f1 #ac4 #ib 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aea4 #ic #8sya vruasya spo n n mianti bhraya' ,rigv4 ix #gc1 #d4 #id ,hes4 ,op4 et ,di4 #beb1 #bec2 see also #cc4 #ie #8et alia signa de caelo ad t]ram accidunt2 qui'/ imp]ator divum atque hom9um ,iuppit]1 is nos p] g5tis hic alium alia disp>at1 hom9um qui facta mores pietatem et fidem noscamus' ,plaut4 ,rud4 #h-ab4 #if 8 0 ,sext4 ma?4 ix #hf 7,arnim ii #ajad72 #8cl>um ,tynd>idae sidus ab infimis quassas eripiunt aequoribus rates' ,hor4 ,c4 iv #h1 #ca & #cb4 #ig ,plut4 def4 orac4 #ag4 #ih 1 qu4 ,rom4 #ea4 #ii ,arnim ii #aaja4 #ajj #8,posidonius c5set hom9es somni>e1 quod pl5us a] sit immortalium animorum' ,cic4 ,div4 i #cj1 #fd4 #aja #8,g5ius1 natale comes qui temp]at a/rum naturae deus humanae1 mortalis 9 unum quodque caput' ,hor4 ,ep4 ii #b1 #ahg-ahi2 #8sepone 9 praes5tia1 quae quibusdam plac5t1 uni cuique no/rum pa$agogum d>i deum1 ex eorum num]o quos ,ovidius ait 8de plebe deos0' ,s54 ,ep4 #aaj1 #a2 #8,zeus has plac$ by e man a gu>dian1 e man's daemon1 to :om he has committ$ ! c>e ( ! man2 a gu>dian :o nev] sleeps1 is nev] deceiv$' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #ad1 #ab4 ,m4 ,aurelius id5tifies ?is daemon ) ! pr9cipate 7,to himself v #bg74 #ajb ,at4 plac4 i #f1 #i & #ae2 ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #bd1 #fb4 #ajc ,arnim i #bfd4 ,! feel+ is reflect$ by ,lucan3 #8e/ne dei s$es1 nisi t]ra et pontus et ar1 et caelum et virtus8 sup]os quid qua]imus ultra8' ,ph>s4 ix #egh-i4 #ajd #8,v>ro dicit antiquos ,romanos plus annos c5tum et septuag9ta deos s9e simulacro coluisse3 8quod si adhuc mansisset1 ca/ius di obs]v>5tur0' ,augu/4 ,civ4 ,de4 iv #ca4 #aje #8ne 9 victimis quidem deorum e/ honor' ,s54 ,b54 i #f1 #c4 #ajf #8,to make libations & to sacrifice & to (f] fir/-fruits accord+ to ! cu/om ( our fa!rs1 purely & n meanly nor scantily nor above our ability1 is a ?+ :i* belongs to all to d' ,epict4 ,manual #ca1 #e4 #ajg #8si conf]re volumus no/ra cum ext]nis2 cet]is rebus aut p>es aut etiam inf]iores rep]iemur1 religione1 id e/ cultu deorum1 multum sup]iores' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #c1 #h4 #ajh ,see above1 #bej4 #aji ' 1 1 ,hymn #cf1 #cg4 #aaj 7 7 77 7 7 ,philod4 mus4 iv #ff 7,arnim iii ,diog4 #fd74 #aaa #8cultus autem deorum e/ optimus idemque ca/issimus atque sanctissimus pl5issimusque pietatis1 ut eos semp] pura integra incorrupta et m5te et voce v5]emur' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #bh1 #ga4 #aab ,epict4 ,disc4 i #af1 #ag4 #aac ib4 iii #e1 #aj4 #aad ib4 i #af1 #ae4 #aae ,see above1 #aba4 #aaf #8non sunt ad caelum elev&ae manus1 nec exor&us a$ituus1 ut nos ad aurem simulacri admittat2 prope e/ a te deus' ,s54 ,ep4 #da1 #a4 #aag #8turpissima vota dis insusurrant2 si quis admov]it aurem1 conticesc5t' ib4 #aj1 #e4 #aah ,s54 ,dial4 x #aa1 #a4 #aai ib4 xi #d1 #b4 #abj ,b54 ii #ad1 #e4 #aba ib4 vi #ch1 #a4 #abb ,ep4 #cb1 #d4 #abc #8etiamnunc optas1 quod tibi optavit nutrix tua aut pa$agogus aut mat]8 o quam inimica nobis sunt vota no/rorum6' ,s54 ,ep4 #fj1 #a4 #abd #8se quisque consulat et 9 secretum pectoris sui r$eat et inspiciat1 quid tacitus optav]it4 quam multa sunt vota1 quae etiam sibi fat]i pudet6 quam pauca1 quae fac]e coram te/e possimus6' ,b54 vi #ch1 #e4 #abe ,?is s5tim5t we c trace back to ! "t ( ,plautus3 #8/ulti hau scimus fru/ra ut simus1 quom quid cupi5t] d>i petimus nobis3 quasi quid 9 rem sit possimus nosc]e' ,plautus ,pseud4 #fhc-e4 #abf ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #af1 #db4 #abg ,manual #h4 #abh ,s54 ,dial4 v #cf1 #b4 ,he describes 8 practice ) nave detail3 #8cum sublatum e conspectu lum5 e/ et conticuit uxor moris mei iam conscia1 totum diem meum scrutor' ib4 #c4 #abi ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #aj1 #b & #c 7,long's transl474 #acj #8quomodo s9t di col5di1 solet praecipi' ,s54 ,ep4 #ie1 #dg4 #aca #8non enim philosophi solum1 v]um etiam maiores no/ri sup]/itionem a religione sep>av]unt' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #bh1 #ga4 #acb #8primus e/ deorum cultus deos cr$]e1 de9de r$d]e illis maie/atem suam1 r$d]e bonitatem1 s9e qua nulla maie/as e/2 scire illos esse1 qui praesid5t mundo' ,s54 ,ep4 #ie1 #ej4 #acc ib4 #ie1 #dg4 #acd #8vis deos propiti>e8 bonus e/o4 satis illos coluit1 quisquis imitatus e/' ib4 #ie1 #ej4 #ace #8,y mu/ believe t y h be5 plac$ 9 ! _w to obey !m1 & to yield to !m 9 ev]y?+ :i* happ5s1 & volunt>ily to foll[ x z be+ accompli%$ by ! wise/ intellig5ce' ,epict4 ,manual #ca1 #a4 #acf ,disc4 iii #bb1 #ec 7comp>e ,long's transl4 ii p4 #hc74 #acg ib4 iii #bf1 #cj4 #ach #8sic vive cum hom9ibus1 tanquam deus videat2 sic loqu]e cum deo1 tanquam hom9es audiant' ,s54 ,ep4 #aj1 #e4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,sid5ote3 ,man a "p ( ! univ]se4 #bfb4 ,f ! contemplation ( ! univ]se z a :ole1 bo? f ! purely sci5tific /&po9t 9 ! /udy ( physics1 & f ! m imag9ative po9t ( view 9 ! dogmas ( religion1 we n[ pass on to ! m intimate /udy ( ! individual man1 consi/+ ( body & s\l4 ,9 its ma9 outl9es ! ,/oic !ory has already be5 sket*$4 ,?us x foll[s f ! moni/ic /&po9t t man is n ultimately an #8individual' or unit ( ! univ]se2 = ! univ]se itself is ! only true unit1 & a man is a "p ( x :i* _c ev5 = a mom5t break itself (f completely f ! :ole4 ,x is !re=e only 9 a second>y & subord9ate s5se1 & ) special ref]5ce to ! inculcation ( e?ics1 t we c treat ,z5o or ,lucilius z sep>ate & indep5d5t be+s4 ,aga91 :5 we say t man #8consi/s ( body & s\l1' we are m]ely adopt+ popul> language2 = body & s\l are ultimately "o1 & diff] only 9 ! gradation ( _s or tone :i* in=ms !m4 ,!n we h already le>nt 9 dialectics t ! highe/ p[] ( man is t ( #8ass5t' or free *oice1 :i* is display$ 9 e ex]cise ( reason2 & ! same p[]1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t aspect1 is at "w 9 e moral act4 ,! doctr9e ( ! univ]se is bas$ ^u ! po/ulate t x is a liv+ rational be+ on ! l>ge/ scale2 & x foll[s1 t ea* man is a #8microcosm1' & conta9s 9 himself a complete repres5tation ( ! univ]se 9 m9iature4 ,la/ly1 we see t man takes 8 place 9 ! univ]se1 a little l[] ?an gods & daemons1 & z greatly high] ?an animals z ^! 9 _! turn surpass plants & inanimate objects2 & t 8 nature1 consid]$ z composite1 includes all ! v>y+ gradations ( _s to :i* ^! ord]s correspond )9 ! univ]se4 ,9 all 8 p>ts alike ! div9e elem5t is imman5t & x b9ds !m toge!r 9 a coh]5t unity 7 74 ,x rema9s = u to put toge!r f ^! & l po9ts ( dep>ture a complete picture ( human nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l's k+dom4 #bfc4 ,to indicate ! g5]al tr5d ( ,/oic ?\ght on ?is subject we propose ! title #8! k+dom ( s\l4' ,/>t+ ) ! popul> di/9ction betwe5 body & s\l1 we f9d t ! biologi/ & ! physician alike are preoccupi$ ) ! /udy ( ! body1 t is1 ( physiology4 ,only z an aft]?\ght & supplem5t to _! "w are ! functions ( s\l consid]$2 & !y are treat$ z f> z possible by ! me?ods sugge/$ by ! /udy ( ! body4 ,all ?is is rev]s$ 9 ! ,/oic philosophy4 ,! /udy ( ! s\l /&s 9 ! front1 & is treat$ by me?ods directly sugge/$ by obs]vation ( ! s\l's functions4 ,! body is n entirely ignor$1 b is consid]$ ( comp>atively small importance4 ,fur!r1 ! s\l itself is manifold1 & is lik5$ to a ,/ate1 9 :i* all is well if ! gov]n+ "p h wisdom & b5evol5ce proportionate to its p[]1 & if ! l[] p>ts are cont5t to fulfil _! respective duties2 b if ! balance ( ! ,/ate is upset1 all becomes disord] & mis]y#a4 ,la/ly1 ?is k+dom is itself a "p ( a great] :ole1 namely ( ! ,cosmopolis or univ]sal ,/ate4 ,by ! comp>ison ) a k+dom we are also direct$ t[>ds "r moral pr9ciple4 ,= z ! citiz5 ( ,cor9? or ,sp>ta ought n to rep9e because 8 city is ( less gr&eur ?an ,a!ns1 s no man %\ld be anxi\s because 8 ext]nal opportunities are limit$4 ,he has a k+dom 9 8 own m9d & s\l & he>t4 ,let him be cont5t to f9d 8 happ9ess 9 rightly adm9i/]+ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,man a picture ( ! univ]se4 #bfd4 ,! doctr9e t man is a repres5tation or reflection ( ! univ]se is ( unkn[n antiquity4 ,x seems to be cle>ly impli$ by ! tea*+ ( ,h]aclitus1 9 s f> z he lays x d[n t bo? ! univ]se & man are vivifi$ & controll$ by ! ,logos#b4 ,! te*nical t]ms #8macrocosm' 7 7 & #8microcosm' 7 71 are1 z we h se51 employ$ by ,ari/otle#c4 ,b ev5 if we suppose t ?is conception is a commonplace ( ,greek philosophy1 x is 9 ,/oicism alone t x is ( fundam5tal importance1 & knit up ) ! :ole framework ( ! sy/em4 ,& accord+ly we f9d t all ! ,/oic ma/]s laid /ress ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,! words ( ,z5o sugge/ to ,cic]o t #8! univ]se displays all impulses ( w & all correspond+ actions j l ourselves :5 we are /irr$ ?r\gh ! m9d & ! s5ses#d4' ,clean!s us$ ! dogma ( ! s\l ( ! univ]se to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( ! human s\l z a "p ( x#e4 ,*rysippus f\nd a f\ndation = e?ics 9 ! doctr9e t man %\ld /udy & imitate ! univ]se#f4 ,diog5es ( ,babylon says boldly t ,god p5etrates ! univ]se1 z s\l ! man#g2 & ,s5eca t ! relation ( ,god to matt] is ! same z t ( ! s\l to ! body#h4 ,x is little wond] !re=e if by ,philo's "t ! analogy _h become a commonplace1 & philosoph]s ( m ?an "o s*ool 7 accu/om$ to say t #8man is a little univ]se1 & ! univ]se a big man#i4' ,god is !re=e ! s\l ( ! univ]se#aj2 on ! o!r h& ! s\l is ,god )9 ! human body#aa1 a self-mov+ =ce encas$ 9 relatively in]t matt]1 provid5ce at "w )9 ! limitations ( natural necessity4 ,sid5ote3 ,s\l & body4 #bfe4 ,! dualism ( body & s\l appe>s 9 a %>ply def9$ %ape 9 ,p]sism1 & ^u x dep5ds ! popul> dogma ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 :i* 7z we h already notic$7 rea*$ ! ,greco-,roman _w f a ,p]sian s\rce#ab4 ,x appe>s to be root$ 9 ! m primitive ways ( ?9k+ t]m$ #8,animism' & #8,spiritism1' 9 :i* m5 felt ! pres5ce bo? 9 natural objects & )9 !mselves ( =ces :i* !y conceiv$ z di/9ct be+s4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em a man's s\l (t5 assumes bodily %ape1 & quits 8 body ev5 dur+ life1 ei!r 9 sleep or dur+ a swoon2 sometimes inde$ x may be se5 to run away & return 9 ! %ape ( a m\se or a h>e4 ,at dea? x is se5 to leave ! man z a brea? ( air1 & to ent] ! atmosph]e4 ,b besides 8 s\l a man possesses a %ad[1 a lik5ess1 a d\ble1 a gho/1 a "n2 & all ^! 9 v>y+ degrees contribute to =m :at we %\ld call 8 p]sonality4 ,9 ! animi/ic sy/em ! s\l survives ! man1 & :y n8 ,b ?is survival is vaguely conceiv$1 & only cr$it$ s f> z ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses supports x4 ,its =mulation 9 ! doctr9e ( immortality belongs to a m advanc$ /age ( human ?\ght#ac4 ,sid5ote3 ,s\l & body are "o4 #bff4 ,?is duali/ic conception c\ld be & 0 incorporat$ 9 ! ,/oic sy/em to ! same ext5t z ! dualism ( ,god & matt]1 b no fur!r4 ,ultimately1 z we h already le>nt1 s\l & body are "o2 or1 9 ! language ( p>adox1 #8s\l is body#ad4' ,?is foll[s n only f ! g5]al pr9ciples ( our philosophy1 b also specifically f obs]vation ( ! facts ( human life4 #8,! incorporeal1' argu$ ,clean!s1 #8_c be affect$ by ! corporeal1 nor ! corporeal by ! incorporeal1 b only ! corporeal by ! corporeal4 ,b ! s\l is affect$ by ! body 9 disease & 9 mutilation1 & ! body by ! s\l1 = x r$d5s 9 %ame & becomes pale 9 fe>3 !re=e ! s\l is body#ae4' ,& simil>ly ,*rysippus argues3 #8dea? is ! sep>ation ( s\l f body4 ,n[ ! incorporeal nei!r jo9s ) nor is sep>at$ f body1 b ! s\l does bo?4 ,! s\l !re=e is body#af4' ,?is doctr9e is commonly adduc$ z evid5ce ( ! #8mat]ialism' ( ! ,/oics3 yet ! ,/oics d n say t #8s\l is matt]1' & 7z we %all see7 !y expla9 its work+s ^u pr9ciples q diff]5t to ! laws ( physics or *emi/ry4 ,! ess5tial unity ( body & s\l foll[s also f ! way 9 :i* we acquire k ( !m4 ,= we p]ceive body by ! t\*2 & we le>n ! work+s ( ! s\l by a k9d ( t\*1 call$ ! inw>d t\* 7 7#ag4 ,sid5ote3 ,m9d1 s\l & body4 #bfg4 ,hav+ realis$ t ! division ( man into s\l & body is n ultimate1 we may m easily prep>e ourselves to make o!r divisions4 ,a division into ?ree p>ts1 7i7 body1 7ii7 s\l or life 71 anima71 & 7iii7 m9d 71 animus71 0 widely accept$ 9 ,/oic times1 & 9 p>ticul> by ! s*ool ( ,epicurus2 ! m9d be+ t :i* man has1 & ! animals h n#ah4 ,! ,/oics develope ?is division by ! pr9ciple ( ! microcosm4 ,m9d is t :i* man has 9 common ) ! deity2 life t :i* he has 9 common ) ! animals2 gr[? 71 natura71 t :i* he has 9 common ) ! plants1 z = in/ance is %[n 9 ! hair & nails#ai4 ,man also possesses cohesion 71 unitas7 b nev] ap>t f high] p[]s4 ,fur!r ^! f\r1 m9d1 s\l1 gr[?1 & cohesion1 are n diff]5t 9 k9d1 b all are spirits 77 :i* by _! v>y+ degrees ( t5sion 71 int5tio7 are1 to a less or great] ext5t1 remov$ f ! div9e be+1 ! primal /uff4 ,9 ?is s5se man is n "o1 nor two1 b multiple1 z ! deity is multiple#bj4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l is fire & air4 #bfh4 ,! s\l 9 its sub/ance or /uff is fire1 id5tical ) ! creative fire :i* is ! primal /uff ( ! univ]se#ba4 ,b ! popul> conception1 accord+ to :i* ! s\l is air or brea?1 & is se5 to leave ! body at dea?1 is also n )\t tru?#bb4 ,!re is a v g5]al op9ion t ! s\l is a mixture ( fire & air1 or is hot air#bc4 ,by ?is a ,/oic w\ld n mean t ! s\l 0 a comp\nd ( two diff]5t elem5ts1 b t x 0 a v>iety ( fire 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! d[nw>d pa?1 beg9n+ to =m air by relaxation ( its t5sion3 b ev5 s ?is =m ( ! doctr9e 0 /eadily subord9at$ to ! old] doctr9e ( ,h]aclitus1 t ! s\l is id5tical ) ! div9e fire4 ,=mally ! s\l is def9$1 l ! deity himself1 z a #8fi]y intellig5t _s#bd'2 & 9 ?is def9ition x w\ld seem t we h no "r to emphasize ! connexion betwe5 ! ^w #8_s' 77 & its orig9al mean+ #8brea?1' s9ce ! ^w has 9 our philosophy _m o!r associations4 ,x is fur!r a ,/oic p>adox t #8! s\l is an animal1' j z ,god is an animal4 ,b ! s\l & ! man are n on t acc\nt two animals2 all t is meant is t m5 & ! brutes1 by reason ( _! be+ end[$ ) s\l1 become animals#be4 ,sid5ote3 ,! temp]am5ts4 #bfi4 ,accord+ to ano!r !ory1 :i* is probably n specifically ,/oic1 b d]iv$ f ! ,greek physicians1 ! s\l is comp\nd$ ( all f\r elem5ts 9 v>y+ proportion1 & ! "* ( ea* s\l 7subject1 9 ! ,/oic !ory1 to ! supreme control ( reason#bf7 is det]m9$ by ! proportion or #8temp]am5t' 71 temp]atura7 ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,!re are accord+ly f\r temp]am5ts1 ! f]vid1 ! frigid1 ! dry1 & ! moi/1 accord+ to ! prepond]ance ( fire1 air1 e>?1 & wat] respectively#bg4 ,dull & sleepy natures are ^? 9 :i* !re is an excess ( ! gross elem5ts ( e>? & wat]#bh2 :il/ an excess ( cold air makes a man timor\s1 & an excess ( fire makes him passionate#bi4 ,^! *>act]s are impress$ ^u a man f bir? & by 8 bodily conditions1 & )9 ! limits indicat$ above are unalt]able#cj4 ,! #8temp]am5ts' h always be5 a fav\rite subject ( discussion 9 popul> philosophy#ca4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l's p>ts4 #bgj4 ,! *>act]i/ic attribute ( ! s\l is t x is self-mov$ 77#cb4 ,al?\gh 9 ?is po9t ! ,/oics agree ) ,plato1 !y d n g on to "n life z ano!r attribute1 = !y d n agree ) ! argum5t ( ! ,pha$o t ! s\l1 hav+ life z an insep>able attribute1 is incapable ( mortality4 ,we pass on to ! dispositions ( ! s\l1 :i* correspond to its #8p>ts' 9 o!r philosophies1 & are inde$ (t5 call$ its p>ts4 ,b ! s\l has n 9 ! /rict s5se p>ts#cc2 :at are s call$ are its activities#cd1 :i* are usually reckon$ z eight 9 numb]1 ?\gh ! precise reckon+ is ( no importance#ce4 ,! eight p>ts ( ! s\l are ! rul+ "p or #8pr9cipate#cf1' ! five s5ses1 & ! p[]s ( spee* & g5]ation4 ,! sev5 p>ts or p[]s o!r ?an ! pr9cipate are subject to x & d its bidd+1 s t ! s\l is1 z we h call$ x1 a k+dom 9 itself4 ,^! sev5 p>ts are associat$ ea* ) a sep>ate bodily organ1 b at ! same "t ea* is connect$ ) ! pr9cipate4 ,!y may !re=e be id5tifi$ ) #8spirits :i* ext5d f ! pr9cipate to ! organs1 l ! arms ( an octopus#cg1' :]e by a #8_s' we mean a pulsation or ?rill1 imply+ incessant motion & t5sion4 ,! pr9cipate itself1 t is ! m9d1 is also a _s possess$ ( a /ill high] t5sion2 & ! g5]al agreem5t ( ! ,/oics places its ?rone conv5i5tly at ! he>t & 9 ! c5tre ( ! body#ch4 ,accord+ly ,posidonius def9$ ! s\l's p>ts z #8p[]s ( "o sub/ance seat$ at ! he>t#ci4' ,sid5ote3 ,aspects ( ! pr9cipate4 #bga4 ,if we n[ fix our att5tion on ! pr9cipate itself1 we f9d x no m simple ?an ! univ]se1 ! deity1 ! man1 or ! s\l4 ,9 p>ticul> x resembles ! deity 9 t1 al?\gh ess5tially "o1 x is call$ by _m names4 ,x is ! s\l 9 its reason+ aspect1 ! reason1 ! intellect 7 1 1 7#dj2 x is also ! #8ego1' t is1 ! w1 ! en]gy1 ! capacity = action#da4 ,x is 9 "o aspect ! div9ity 9 u1 _w-wide1 univ]sal2 9 ano!r ! individual man ) 8 special b5t & "*2 s t we may ev5 be said to h two s\ls 9 u1 ! _w-s\l & ea* man's p>ticul> s\l#db4 ,! pr9cipate becomes also 9 turn ea* ( ! o!r functions or p>ts ( ! s\l1 = ea* ( !m is an aspect ( ! pr9cipate 7 7#dc4 ,9 addition ! pr9cipate has _m titles ( hon\r1 z :5 ,m>cus ,aurelius t]ms x ! ,pilot#dd1 ! ,k+ & ,lawgiv]#de1 ! ,controll] & ,gov]nor#df1 ! ,god )9#dg4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pr9cipate z reason4 #bgb4 ,al?\gh = ! purpose ( discussion we may di/+ui% betwe5 reason & w1 !y are 9 fact ev]y:]e int]m+l$4 ,?us ! pr9cipate z ! reason+ "p ( ! s\l includes ! p[]s ( p]ception1 ass5t1 compreh5sion1 & ( reason 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 t is1 ! p[] ( comb9+ ! v>i\s conceptions ( ! m9d1 s z ultimately to =m a consi/5t sy/em#dh4 ,b among/ ^! p[]s ass5t is equally an act ( ! w2 & on ! o!r h& ! judgm5ts =m$ by ! reason+ m9d are n purely speculative1 b lead up to action2 s t x is ! reason+ p[] :i* mu/ be kept pure1 9 ord] t x may duly control ! s\l's incl9ations & av]sions1 its aims & %r9k+s1 its plans1 int]e/s & ass5ts#di4 ,if 9 ! ,/oic !ory ! great] emphasis always appe>s to be laid on ! reason1 x is ! m necess>y 9 int]pret+ x to be> 9 m9d t we are speak+ ( ! reason ( an active & social be+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pr9cipate z w4 #bgc4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! pr9cipate z w 9 a "r condition is ! problem ( e?ics2 & x is important to und]/& :at ?is "r condition is4 ,! answ] is to be f\nd 9 a s]ies ( analogies1 drawn f all dep>tm5ts ( philosophy4 ,?us f ! /&po9t ( physics ! "r condition is a prop] /ra9 or t5sion1 z oppos$ to slackness or un/ead9ess#ej4 ,9 !ology x is ! agreem5t ( ! p>ticul> w ) ! div9e or univ]sal w#ea4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! w itself x is ! /r5g? & =ce 7 7 ( ! w1 ! attitude t makes a man say #8,i c#eb4' ,aga9 x is t /ate ( ! s\l :i* corresponds to heal? 9 ! body#ec2 & 9 a quiet mood ! ,/oic may describe x z a re/ful & calm condition#ed4 ,f9ally1 if ! s\l z a :ole is comp>$ to a ,/ate1 ! pr9cipate 9 its function z ! w may at its be/ be comp>$ to a j & k9d sov]eign2 b if ?is aim is miss$1 x may turn into a gre$y & ungov]nable tyrant#ee4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pr9cipate1 div9e & human4 #bgd4 ,! pr9cipate1 z x is ( div9e orig9#ef1 & de/9$1 z we %all see1 to be re-absorb$ 9 ! deity1 may rightly be call$ god3 x is a god mak+ its settlem5t & home 9 a human body#eg3 x keeps wat* )9 ov] ! moral pr9ciple#eh4 ,9 ! language ( p>adox we may say to ea* man1 #8,y are a god#ei4' ,( ?is pr9ciple we see ! pro( 9 t man int]e/s himself 9 ?+s div9e#fj1 & 9 x we f9d ! fir/ inc5tive to a l(ty morality#fa4 ,z h[ev] ! deity is n conceiv$ 9 human =m1 & is n subject to human weaknesses1 !re comes a po9t at :i*1 9 ! /udy ( ! human pr9cipate1 we "p company ) ! div9e2 & ?is po9t we rea* bo? :5 we consid] ! pr9cipate ) reg>d to its sev5 di/9ctly human manife/ations1 & :5 we consid] its possible degradation f ! /&>d ( heal? & virtue4 ,we n[ turn to ! sev5 p>ts or p[]s ( ! human s\l :i* are subord9ate to ! reason+ faculty4 ,sid5ote3 ,p[]s ( ! pr9cipate4 #bge4 ,! fir/ five p[]s ( ! pr9cipate are ^? :i* are recognis$ 9 popul> philosophy z ! #8five s5ses4' ,to mat]iali/ic philosoph]s no?+ is pla9] ?an t ^! are functions ( ! body2 is x n ! eye :i* sees1 & ! e> :i* he>s#fb8 ,?is ! ,/oic d5ies4 ,! eye does n see1 b ! s\l sees ?r\gh ! eye z ?r\gh an op5 door4 ,! e> does n he>1 b ! s\l he>s ?r\gh ! e>4 ,s5sation !re=e is an activity ( ! pr9cipate1 act+ 9 ! mann] already describ$ 9 ! *apt] on #8,reason & ,spee*#fc4' ,! s\l is actively engag$1 & s5ds =? its p[]s z wat] f a f\nta92 ! s5se-organs are passively affect$ by ! objects p]ceiv$#fd4 ,subject to ?is g5]al pr9ciple1 s5sation 71 s5sus7 may be v>i\sly def9$4 ,x is #8a _s :i* p5etrates f ! pr9cipate to ! s5sory processes'2 x includes alike ! m9d-picture 71 visum71 t is1 ! fir/ r\gh sket* :i* ! m9d %apes :5 /imulat$ by ! s5se-organ2 ! ass5t 71 ads5sus71 :i* ! m9d gives or refuses to ?is sket*2 & ! f9al act ( compreh5sion 71 compreh5sio7 by :i* ?is ass5t is seal$ or ratifi$#fe4 ,( ^! ! middle /age is ! mo/ important1 s t we may say p>adoxically #8s5se is ass5t#ff4' ,only 9 a second>y & popul> way c we use ! ^w s5sation to d5ote ! physical app>atus ( ! s5sory organs 771 z :5 we say ( a bl9d man #8he has lo/ ! s5se ( sight#fg4' ,sid5ote3 ,! five s5ses4 #bgf4 ,! nature ( s5sation is m p>ticul>ly describ$ 9 ! case ( sight & he>+4 ,9 ! fir/ case !re proce$ f ! eyes rays1 :i* cause t5sion 9 ! air1 rea*+ t[>ds ! object se5#fh2 ?is t5sion is cone-%ap$1 & z ! di/ance f ! pupil ( ! eye increases1 ! base ( ! cone is increas$ 9 size1 :il/ ! vig\r ( ! sight dim9i%es4 ,?is human activity effects vision ( itself 9 "o case2 = we say #8d>kness is visible1' :5 ! eye %oots =? light at x1 & correctly recognises t x is d>kness#fi4 ,b 9 complete vision !re is an oppos+ wave-motion com+ f ! object1 & ! two waves become mutually absorb$3 h5ce ,posidonius call$ sight #8absorption' 77#gj4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! case ( he>+1 ! pulsation 7:i*1 z we h se51 comes 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ! pr9cipate7 spreads f ! e> to ! speak]1 & 7z is n[ m di/9ctly specifi$7 f ! speak] to ! he>]2 ?is rev]se pulsation be+ circul> 9 %ape1 l ! waves excit$ on ! surface ( a lake by ?r[+ a /one into ! wat]#ga4 ,( ! s5sations ( smell1 ta/e & t\* we only he> t !y are respectively 7i7 a _s ext5d+ f ! pr9cipate to ! no/rils1 7ii7 a _s ext5d+ f ! pr9cipate to ! tongue1 & 7iii7 a _s ext5d+ to ! surface ( ! body & result+ 9 ! easily-appreciat$ t\* ( an object#gb4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r activities4 #bgg4 ,! ,/oic acc\nt ( ! functions ( ! s\l display$ 9 ! ord9>y activities ( life is ei!r defective or mutilat$2 = ev5 a slight outl9e ( ! subject %\ld surely include at lea/ brea?+1 eat+ 7) dr9k+71 spee*1 walk+1 & lift+4 ,we ne$ n h[ev] d\bt t ^!1 equally ) ! five s5ses1 are all #8spirits /ret*+ f ! pr9cipate' to ! bodily organs4 ,?is is expressly /at$ ( walk+#gc4 ,( all su* activities we mu/ consid] voice to be typical1 :5 x is describ$ z ! six? function ( ! s\l4 ,voice is describ$ z #8pulsat+ air#gd1' set 9 motion by ! tongue#ge2 b we c trace x back ?r\gh ! ?roat to "s s\rce bel[1 :i* we c )\t difficulty id5tify ) ! he>t1 ! seat ( ! pr9cipate#gf4 ,! voice is inde$ 9 a special relation%ip to ! pr9cipate1 s9ce ! spok5 ^w is b ano!r aspect ( ! ?\ght :i* is express$ by x#gg4 ,sid5ote3 ,procreation4 #bgh4 ,! sev5? & la/ ( ! subord9ate p[]s ( ! s\l1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 is t ( procreation4 ,?is "p ( _! sy/em is ( great importance1 n only = ! /udy ( human nature1 b ev5 9 a high] degree = its indirect be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! developm5t ( ! univ]se ?r\gh #8procreative pr9ciples' 7 71 or1 z we h t]m$ !m above1 #8se$ p[]s#gh4' ,t all ?+s gr[ aft] _! k9d is ( c\rse matt] ( common k2 no comb9ation ( circum/ances1 no sci5tific arrangem5t ( su/5ance c make ( an acorn any?+ b an oak1 or ( a h5's egg any?+ b a *ick54 ,b 9 ! common view ?is is1 at lea/ prim>ily1 a corporeal or mat]ial process2 :]eas ! ,/oics ass]t t x is n only a prop]ty ( ! s\l1 b "o s prim>y & fundam5tal t x mu/ be also assum$ z a fir/ pr9ciple ( physical sci5ce4 ,be=e approa*+ ! subject f ! ,/oic /&po9t1 x may be well to see h[ f> mat]iali/ic !ories1 anci5t & mod]n1 c c>ry u4 ,sid5ote3 ,h]$ity4 #bgi4 ,lucretius f9ds ?is a v simple matt]3 #8,*ildr5 (t5 resemble n only _! p>5ts1 b also _! gr&p>5ts & m remote ance/ors4 ,! explanation is t ! p>5ts conta9 9 _! bodies a l>ge numb] ( atoms1 :i* !y h receiv$ f _! ance/ors & pass on to _! desc5dants4 ,9 ! *ance cla%+ ( atoms 9 procreation ,v5us produces all k9ds ( effects1 br++ ab\t resemblances betwe5 *ildr5 & _! =ebe>s1 n only 9 ! face & p]son1 b also 9 ! look1 ! voice1 & ! hair#gi4' ,?is acc\nt has a g5]ally plausible s\nd until we be> 9 m9d t x is ! fundam5tal prop]ty ( atoms t1 ?\gh _! own v>iety is limit$1 !y c =m ?+s 9 inf9ite v>iety by *anges 9 _! comb9ation & arrangem5t4 ,!y are l ! lett]s out ( :i* words1 s5t5ces1 & poems are made up2 & we c h>dly expect to reproduce ! voice or ! _s ( an ,aes*ylus by a fre% %uffl+ ( ! lett]s conta9$ 9 ! ,agamemnon4 ,on ! contr>y1 see+ t ! atoms conta9$ 9 ! bodies ( p>5ts h l>gely be5 drawn f plants & animals1 we c\ld confid5tly reckon ^u f9d+ ! complete fauna & flora ( ! neighb\rhood among/ _! (fspr+4 ,lucretius 9 effect po/ulates 9 8 !ory t p>ticul> atoms h a repres5tative & creative "*1 pass+ f fa!r to *ild 9 insep>able association ) ! m>ks ( ! human race1 & end[$ ) a special capacity ( comb9+ ) o!r l atoms to =m ! sub/ratum ( specifically human features4 ,9 giv+ 8 atoms ^! prop]ties he is ins5sibly approximat+ to ! ,/oic /&po9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,mod]n !ories4 #bhj4 ,mod]n biologi/s deal ) ?is subject ) ! m9ut5ess ( detail ( :i* ! microscope is ! in/rum5t1 & ) ! weal? ( illu/ration :i* results f ! incessant accumulation ( asc]ta9$ facts4 ,b !y are p]haps op5 to ! criticism t :]e !y rea* ! bord]s ( _! own sci5ce1 !y are apt to introduce ref]5ces to ! sci5ces ( *emi/ry & physics z expla9+ all difficulties1 ev5 9 regions to :i* ^! sci5ces d n apply4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is tak5 f "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( !m3 #8,h]twig discov]$ t ! "o ess5tial occurr5ce 9 impregnation is ! coalesc5ce ( ! two sexual cells & _! nuclei4 ,( ! millions ( male sp]matozoa :i* sw>m r\nd a female egg-cell1 only "o =ces its way into its plasmic sub/ance4 ,! nuclei ( ! two cells are drawn toge!r by a my/]i\s =ce :i* we conceive z a *emical s5se-activity ak9 to smell1 approa* ea* o!r & melt into "o4 ,s !re arises ?r\gh ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! two sexual nuclei1 z a result ( erotic *emotropism1 a new cell :i* unites ! inh]it$ capacities ( bo? p>5ts2 ! sp]matozoon contributes ! pat]nal1 ! egg-cell ! mat]nal *>act]i/ics to ! prim>y-cell1 f :i* ! *ild is develop$#hj4' ,9 ano!r passage ! same au?or sums up 8 results 9 bold language f :i* all qualifications & admissions ( imp]fect k h disappe>$3 #8,physiology has prov$ t all ! ph5om5a ( life may be r$uc$ to *emical & physical processes4 ,! cell-!ory has %[n u t all ! complicat$ ph5om5a ( ! life ( ! high] plants & animals may be d$uc$ f ! simple physico-*emical processes 9 ! elem5t>y organism ( ! microscopic cells1 & ! mat]ial basis ( !m is ! plasma ( ! cell-body#ha4' ,sid5ote3 ,_! inadequacy4 #bha4 ,^! utt]ances may be consid]$ typical ( mod]n mat]iali/ic philosophy 9 its extreme =m4 ,we may nev]!less inf] f ! ref]5ces to a #8my/]i\s =ce1' #8*emical s5se-activity ak9 to smell1' & #8erotic *emotropism1' t ! analogies to biological facts :i* ! writ] f9ds 9 *emical sci5ce /& 9 ne$ ( fur!r elucidation4 ,we may notice fur!r t ! #8atom' has entirely disappe>$ f ! discussion1 & t ! #8mat]ial basis' ( ! facts is a #8plasma' or #8plasmic sub/ance1' some?+ 9 fact :i* /&s relat$ to a #8protoplasm' ( :i* ! *emical & physical sci5ces "k no?+1 b :i* di/9ctly resembles ! #8fi]y creative body' :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! ,/oic physics4 ,fur!r we mu/ notice t ! old problem ( #8! "o & ! _m' reappe>s 9 ?is mod]n description2 = ! cell & its nucleus are nei!r exactly "o nor exactly two1 b some?+ :i* passes f two to "o & f "o to two2 fur!r ! nuclei ( ! two cells1 be+ drawn toge!r1 coalesce1 & f _! union is develop$ a #8new cell' :i* unites ! capacities ( its #8p>5ts4' ,mod]n sci5ce1 !re=e1 al?\gh x has app>5tly simplifi$ ! hi/ory ( g5]ation by r$uc+ x to ! comb9ation ( two units out ( _m millions t are incessantly be+ produc$ by p>5t organisms1 has left ! philosophical problem ( ! mann] ( _! comb9ation entirely un*ang$4 ,9 ^! microscopic cells is lat5t ! :ole physical & spiritual inh]itance ( ! p>5ts1 :e!r m51 animals or plants1 f :i* !y are d]iv$2 j z ! atoms ( ,epicurus possess ! g]m ( free w#hb1 s ! cells ( ,haeckel smell & love1 /ruggle = m>riage union1 melt away 9 ea* o!r's embrace1 & lose _! own individuality at ! mom5t t a new be+ ent]s ! univ]se4 ,sid5ote3 ,creation & procreation4 #bhb4 ,if !n ! ph5om5a ( reproduction are ess5tially ! same1 :e!r we consid] ! relations ( two human be+s or ^? ( inf9itesimal elem5ts :i* seem to belong to ano!r ord] ( be+1 we are already prep>$ = ! ,/oic pr9ciple t ! creation ( ! univ]se is repeat$ 9 m9iature 9 ! br++ into life ( ea* individual among/ ! millions ( millions ( organic be+s :i* p x4 ,f ?is /&po9t we ga9 fre% light ^u ! ,/oic !ory ( creation1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! relation ( ! et]nal ,logos to ! inf9ite multitude ( procreative pr9ciples or #8se$-p[]s4' ,aga91 x is ) ! g5]al !ory ( creation 9 our m9ds t we mu/ rev]t to ! ,/oic explanation ( ord9>y g5]ation4 ,?is is to him no humble or unclean function ( ! memb]s ( ! body2 x is ! :ole man1 9 8 div9e & human nature1 t is conc]n$#hc4 ,! #8procreative pr9ciple' 9 ea* man is a "p ( 8 s\l#hd2 #8! se$ is a _s' 7or pulsation7 #8ext5d+ f ! pr9cipate to ! p>ts ( g5]ation#he4' ,x is an emanation f ! individual 9 :i* "o becomes two1 & two become "o4 ,j z ! human s\l is a #8fragm5t' ( ! div9e1 s is ! se$ a fragm5t torn away1 z x 71 f ! s\ls ( p>5ts & ance/ors#hf4 ,sid5ote3 ,mo!rhood4 #bhc4 ,9 ! se$ is conta9$ ! :ole build ( ! man t is to be#hg4 ,x is !re=e important to "k :e!r ! procreative pr9ciple 9 ! embryo is d]iv$ f "o or bo? p>5ts1 & if ! latt]1 :e!r 9 equal proportion4 ,! ,/oics d n appe> to h kept entirely free f ! common prepossession1 embodi$ 9 ! law ( pat]nal desc5t1 accord+ to :i* ! male elem5t is alone active 9 ! developm5t ( ! organism2 & s !y allege t ! female se$ is lack+ 9 tone & g5]ative p[]#hh4 ,on ! o!r h& obs]vation appe>$ to !m to %[ t *ildr5 inh]it ! psy*ical & bodily qualities ( bo? p>5ts1 & ! g5]al t5d5cy ( _! philosophy 0 t[>ds ! equalization ( ! sexes4 ,on ! :ole ! latt] consid]ations prevail$1 s t ! doctr9e ( ,/oicism1 z ( mod]n times1 0 t qualities1 bo? ( body & s\l1 are inh]it$ f ! se$ ( bo? p>5ts#hi2 :]e9 ! possibility rema9s op51 t 9 p>ticul> cases ! debt to "o p>5t may be great] ?an to ! o!r#ij4 ,sid5ote3 ,impulses4 #bhd4 ,! ,/oic psy*ology is 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples :olly di/9ct f t ( ,plato2 :i* does n at all prev5t its expon5ts1 & lea/ ( all ^? l ,panaetius & ,posidonius :o 7 admir]s ( ,plato1 f mak+ use ( 8 sy/em z an auxili>y to _! own4 ,plato divid$ ! s\l into ?ree p>ts2 ! rational "p1 ! emotional 7& volitional7 "p1 & ! appetitive#ia4 ,bo? ! two latt] p>ts ne$ ! control ( ! reason1 b ! emotional "p incl9es to virtue1 ! appetitive to vice#ib4 ,! rational "p1 z ) ! ,/oics1 is peculi> to man2 ! o!r two are also possess$ by ! animals1 & ! appetitive s\l ev5 by plants4 ,! ,/oics d n h[ev] s]i\sly all[ any k9%ip betwe5 virtue & ! emotions1 & !y deal ) ?is "p ( ! subject z foll[s4 ,nature has implant$ 9 all liv+ ?+s c]ta9 impulses :i* are direct$ t[>ds "s object4 ,an impulse t[>ds an object is call$ #8appetite' 71 appetitus or impetus72 an impulse to avoid an object is call$ #8av]sion' 71 ali5atio7#ic4 ,9 man appetite %\ld be gov]n$ by reason2 if ?is is s1 x becomes #8reasonable desire' 7 1 recta appetitio7#id2 if o!rwise1 x becomes #8unreasonable desire' 7 7 or #8concupisc5ce' 71 libido74 ,to liv+ ?+s l[] 9 ! scale ?an man t]ms t are relat$ to reason c ( c\rse n apply4 ,sid5ote3 ,w & responsibility4 #bhe4 ,practical *oice is1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 exactly analog\s to intellectual decision4 ,j z ! p[]s ( s5sation nev] deceive u#ie1 s also ! impulses are nev] 9 !mselves irrational#if4 ,an impulse is an adumbration ( a c\rse ( action z prop] to be pursu$#ig2 to ?is ! w gives or refuses its ass5t#ih4 ,x is ! w1 & ! w only1 :i* is liable to error1 & ?is ?r\gh want ( prop] tone & self-control4 ,if !re is ?is want1 x appe>s 9 a false judgm5t1 a weak ass5t1 an exagg]at$ impulse2 & ?is is :at we call 9 e?ics a p]turbation#ii4 ,a heal?y ass5t leads up to a "r action3 a false ass5t to a blund] or s94 ,h5ce we hold to ! ,socratic p>adox t #8no "o s9s will+ly' 7 72 = ! true & natural w _c s92 x mu/ fir/ be w>p$ to a false judgm5t & weak5$ by slackness ( tone4 ,we c equally use ! p>adox t #8e volunt>y action is a judgm5t ( ! intellect1' or 79 few words7 t #8virtue is wisdom' 7 74 ,9 su* views we f9d a />t+-po9t = deal+ ) ! problems ( e?ics1 includ+ ^? ( ! e?ical ideal or supreme good1 its application to daily duties1 & its failure ?r\gh ignorance or weakness ( s\l4 ,sid5ote3 ,! body4 #bhf4 ,we pass on to consid] ! body1 b at no great l5g?2 p>tly because _m functions (t5 consid]$ z bodily are by ! ,/oics treat$ z belong+ to ! s\l 7z s5sations & impulses71 p>tly because ! /udy ( ! body is r ! task ( ! physician ?an ( ! philosoph]4 ,9 ! body we may notice sep>ately 7i7 ! bones1 s9ews1 & jo9ts1 con/itut+ ! framework on :i* ! :ole is built up2 7ii7 ! surface1 includ+ beauty ( outl9e & features1 & 7iii7 ! complexion1 :i* suffuses a gl[ ov] ! surface & mo/ attracts ! att5tion#ajj4 ,no absolute di/9ction c be made betwe5 body & s\l4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we may say t body is compos$ ( ! two gross] elem5ts1 e>? & wat]1 :il/ s\l 7z we h se57 re/s on ! two high] elem5ts ( air & fire#aja2 ( ! gradations ( _s body possesses di/9ctively 7b n exclusively7 t ( coh]5ce 771 :il/ x %>es ) ! s\l ! pr9ciple ( gr[? 77#ajb4 ,yet ^! contra/s are aft] all only second>y4 ,z surely z s\l is body s body is s\l1 & div9ity p5etrates into its humble/ p>ts4 ,9 its practical applications ,/oicism dwells s little on ! body t ! wise man seems h>dly consci\s ( its exi/5ce4 ,sid5ote3 #8,! fle%4' #bhg4 ,side by side ) ! /rictly ,/oic view ( ! body we f9d 9 all ! ,roman lit]ature ano!r conception :i* is /rongly duali/ic1 & :i* we _c b ?9k to be drawn f "s non-,/oic s\rce#ajc4 ,accord+ to ?is view ! body1 (t5 call$ ! #8fle%1' is ess5tially evil#ajd2 x is ! prison-h\se ( ! s\l#aje1 ! s\rce ( corruption ( ! w#ajf1 ! h9drance to a cle> insight ( ! intellig5ce4 ,9 ! language picturesquely adopt$ 9 ! ,pilgrim's ,progress 7aft] ,/ ,paul71 x is a burd5 :i* ! enlight5$ man longs to %ake (f#ajg4 ,= ! body s und]/ood we f9d abusive names2 x is ! husk 9 :i* ! gra9 is conceal$#ajh1 ! ass f :i* ! own] %\ld be ready to "p at any mom5t#aji4 ,?is language t5ds to be exagg]at$ & morbid1 & leads 9 practice to asceticism#aaj4 ,x appeal$ 9 anci5t z 9 mod]n times to a widespread s5tim5t1 b is n reconcileable ) ! ma9 tea*+ ( ! ,/oic philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,dignity ( ! body4 #bhh4 ,accord+ to ! true ,/oic view1 ! body is a dwell+-place or temple inhabit$ = a "t by ! pr9cipate1 its div9ity#aaa4 ,!re=e ! body z su* is des]v+ ( respect1 ev5 ( v5]ation#aab4 ,9 p>ticul> ! erect =m ( ! human body is a m>k ( div9e fav\r1 by :i* x is h9t$ t man is fitt$ to contemplate ! op]ations ( ! heav5s#aac4 ,! :ole framework ( ! body1 f ! organs ( s5sation to ^? by :i* we brea!1 swall[1 & dige/1 is a ma/]piece ( div9e skill1 & an evid5ce ( ! c>e ( provid5ce = man#aad4 ,& ev5 z an ar*itect provides t ^? p>ts ( ! h\se :i* are (f5sive to sight & smell %\ld be out ( sight1 s has nature hidd5 away ^? p>ts ( ! body :i* are necess>ily (f5sive1 at a di/ance f ! organs ( s5se#aae4 ,! ,/oic conception ( ! dignity ( ! body is symboliz$ 9 practical e?ics by ! culture ( ! be>d1 9 :i* is lat5t ! broad pr9ciple ( att5tion to ! cleanl9ess & heal?y developm5t ( e "p ( ! body4 ,x is a m>k ( ! ,ori5tal associations ( ,/oicism t ?is respect = ! body is nev] associat$ ) ! ,hell5ic cult ( ! body z display$ 9 art & gymna/ics4 ,sid5ote3 ,junction ( s\l & body4 #bhi4 ,hav+ n[ /udi$ man 9 all 8 p>ts1 x is "t to consid] h[ ^? p>ts are compact$ toge!r1 h[ man gr[s & decays1 & :at v>ieties ( mank9d exi/4 ,fir/ !n ! pr9cipate is comb9$ ) ! l[] functions ( ! s\l1 & e "p ( ! s\l1 by ! process ( int]p5etration 7 7#aaf2 or 7f a slightly diff]5t po9t ( view7 ^u body :i* has cohesion 77 is ov]laid gr[?1 on gr[? s\l1 & on s\l reason2 s t ! high] t5sion presupposes ! l[]1 b n vice v]sa4 ,9 ! act ( g5]ation ! s\l loses its high] t5sions2 & consequ5tly ! embryo possesses nei!r human nor animal s\l1 b only ! pr9ciples ( cohesion & gr[?4 ,x is 9 fact a vegetable#aag1 b necess>ily diff]s f o!r vegetables 9 hav+ ! pot5tiality ( ris+ to a high] grade ( _s#aah4 ,at ! mom5t ( bir? its gr[?-p[] 77 is br\ght into contact ) ! cold air1 & ?r\gh ?is *ill x rises to ! grade ( animal life1 & becomes s\l 7 f 7#aai4 ,?is etymological !ory provokes ! ridicule ( oppon5ts1 :o d n fail to po9t out t s\l1 /&+ ne>] to ! div9e fire ?an gr[?1 ought to be produc$ by w>m? r ?an by coolness2 b ! ,/oics probably _h 9 m9d t contact ) ei!r ( ! two high] elem5ts mu/ raise ! gradation ( _s4 ,! infant1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 is an animal1 b n yet a man2 x has n ! gift ( reason#abj4 ,to atta9 ?is high] /age !re is ne$ bo? ( gr[? f )91 & ( association ) reasonable be+s )\t2 9 ^! ways reason may be develop$ 9 or ab\t ! sev5? ye>#aba4 ,9 ! :ole ( its gr[? ! s\l ne$s cont9ually to be refre%$ by ! inbrea?+ ( air1 & to be su/a9$ by exhalations f ! blood#abb4 ,"h we t\* ^u "o ( ^? fundam5tal doctr9es ( ! sy/em1 d]iv$ by ,z5o f ,h]aclitus#abc1 :i* b9d toge!r ! great & ! little _w4 ,j z ! heav5ly bodies are ma9ta9$ by exhalations f ! ,ocean#abd1 s ! s\l is dep5d5t ^u ! body = its daily food4 ,h5ce foll[s ! important consequ5ce t weakness & disease ( ! body react ^u ! s\l2 ! philosoph] mu/ keep 8 body 9 heal? = ! s\l's good1 if = no o!r reason#abe4 ,if ! ,/oics 9 discuss+ problems ( e?ics con/antly ma9ta9 t ! heal? ( ! s\l is indep5d5t ( t ( ! body1 su* /atem5ts are p>adoxical & ne$ qualification#abf4 ,sid5ote3 ,sleep & dea?4 #bij4 ,! mutual action ( body & s\l is mo/ readily illu/rat$ by sleep4 ,! ,/oics d n hold1 z ! ,animi/s d1 t ! s\l quits ! body 9 sleep2 nor d !y agree ) ano!r popul> view1 t ! s\l !n quits ! extremities ( ! body & conc5trates itself at ! he>t#abg4 ,sleep is due to a relaxation1 contraction1 or weak5+ ( ! _s#abh2 a l[]+ ( its grade1 :i* nev]!less is cle>ly no sign ( ill heal?4 ,9 old age !re is (t5 an imp]fection ( ! reason1 & ?is is also se5 9 ! sick1 ! tir$1 & ! anaemic#abi4 ,9 dea? !re is a complete relaxation ( tone 9 ! brea? t we c feel1 t is1 9 su* _s z belongs to ! body#acj2 !re foll[s ! sep>ation ( s\l f body4 ,sid5ote3 ,! beyond4 #bia4 ,we are ?us br\ght to ! critically important "q ( ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea?4 ,on ?is po9t we %all n expect to f9d t all ,/oic tea*]s agree 9 _! language4 ,9 ,z5o himself we %all be sure to f9d t v>iety ( sugge/ion :i* is acc\nt$ = by 8 eag]ness to le>n f all s\rces2 & lat] writ]s w also diff] accord+ to _! respective incl9ations ei!r to draw /rictly logical conclusions f ! ,/oic physics1 or to respect ! common op9ion ( mank9d & to draw f x conclusions :i* may be a support to morality#aca4 ,^! v>iations ne$ n disc\rage u f ! attempt to trace 9 g5]al outl9e ! common tea*+ ( ! s*ool4 ,we h already se5 t ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,/oic sy/em are n b\nd toge!r by /rictly logical processes2 :]e two conclusions appe> contradictory1 & yet bo? recomm5d !mselves to ! judgm5t1 ! ,/oics are n prep>$ to sacrifice ei!r ! "o or ! o!r1 b always seek to less51 if !y _c altoge!r remove1 ! difficulties :i* /& 9 ! way ( accept+ bo?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we ne$ n too readily admit ! *>ge ( ins9c]ity1 :e!r x is f\nd 9 ! c&id admission ( its temptations by ,/oic tea*]s#acb1 or 9 ! less sympa!tic criticisms ( anci5t or mod]n expon5ts ( ! sy/em#acc4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/oic /&po9t4 #bib4 ,on c]ta9 po9ts all ,/oic tea*]s seem to be agre$2 fir/ t ! s\l is1 z reg>ds its sub/ance1 imp]i%able2 secondly1 t ! individual s\l _c survive ! g5]al conflagration#acd2 la/ly1 t x does n ( necessity p]i% ) ! body#ace4 ,! fir/ two dogmas foll[ imm$iately f ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,/oic physics1 & po9t out t e s\l w f9d its la/ home by be+ absorb$ 9 ! div9e be+4 ,! ?ird dogma leaves play = e?ical pr9ciples2 subject to ! moni/ic pr9ciple ( an ultimate reconciliation1 !re is room = "s %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! de/9y ( good & bad s\ls1 su* z /&s out 9 ! ,p]sian doctr9e ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts aft] dea?4 ,& s we f9d x g5]ally held t ! s\ls ( ! good survive till ! conflagration1 :il/ ^? ( ! wick$ h b a %ort sep>ate exi/5ce1 & ^? ( ! l[] & non-rational animals p]i% ) _! bodies#acf4 ,if ?is diff]5ce 9 duration w satisfy ! moral s5se1 ! nature ( ! fur!r exi/5ce ( ! s\l may be det]m9$ on physical pr9ciples4 ,sid5ote3 ,! releas$ s\l4 #bic4 ,9 ! liv+ man ! s\l1 z we h already se5 reason to suppose1 d]ives its cohesion 77 & %ape f its association ) ! body4 ,sep>at$ f ! body1 x mu/ assume a new %ape1 & :at %\ld t be b ! p]fect %ape ( a sph]e#acg8 ,aga91 ! s\l be+ comp\nd$ ( ! elem5ts ( air & fire mu/ by its own nature1 :5 fre$ f ! body1 pi]ce ?r\gh ?is murky atmosph]e1 & rise to a bright] region above1 let u say to t sph]e :i* is j bel[ ! moon#ach4 ,"h !n s\ls dwell l ! />s1 f9d+ l !m _! food 9 exhalations f ! e>?#aci4 ,"h !y take rank z daemons or h]oes 7( su* ! air is full71 & z su* are jo9$ 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! purposes ( div9e provid5ce#adj4 ,yet x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is bright de/9y1 if sub/antiat$ by ! laws ( physics1 is also subject to physical difficulties4 ,suppose = in/ance t a man is cru%$ by ! fall ( a heavy rock2 8 s\l w n be able to escape 9 any direction1 b w be at once squeez$ out ( exi/5ce#ada4 ,to fancies ( ?is k9d1 :e!r attractive or grotesque1 we %all n be incl9$ to pay s]i\s att5tion4 ,sid5ote3 ,t>t>us4 #bid4 ,9 ?is g5]al !ory hope is p]haps held out be=e ! eyes ( good s\ls1 b !re is little to t]rify ! wick$1 ev5 if x be suppos$ t _! s\ls nei!r survive s long1 nor so> s high1 z ^? ( ! good#adb4 ,z aga9/ x we are told by a ,*ur* ,fa!r t ,z5o accept$ ! ,p]sian doctr9e ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 & ) x ! primitive belief 9 an ,inf]no 9 its crude/ =m#adc4 ,we mu/ agree ) ! fir/ ,engli% editor ( ! fragm5ts ( ,z5o t #8x is h>dly cr$ible t ,z5o c h atta*$ any philosophical importance to a !ory /at$ 9 ^! t]ms#add'2 !y c at ! be/ only h occurr$ 9 "s n>ration 9 ! /yle ( ! ,platonic my?s1 int5d$ to illu/rate a pr9ciple b n to convey a lit]al tru?#ade4 ,= j z ! :ole ,hell5i/ic _w1 includ+ ! ,/oics1 /ood alo( f ! ,p]sian doctr9e ( a _s ( evil1 s x firmly reject$ ! dogma ( a hell4 ,lucretius makes x a pr9cipal argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! philosophy ( ,epicurus t x drives out ( m5's he>ts ! fe> ( ,t>t>us#adf2 b writ]s p>tly or :olly ,/oic are n less emphatic4 #8,ignorance ( philosophy1' says ,cic]o1 #8has produc$ ! belief 9 hell & its t]rors#adg4' ,9 ! m\? ( ! repres5tative ( ,/oicism he places ! words #8,:]e c we f9d any old woman s silly z to believe ! old /ories ( ! horrors ( ! _w bel[8#adh' #8,^? tales' says ,s5eca #8:i* make ! _w bel[ t]rible to u1 are poetic fictions4 ,!re is no black d>kness await+ ! dead1 no prison-h\se1 no lake ( fire or riv] ( =getfulness1 no judgm5t-seat1 no r5ewal ( ! rule ( tyrants#adi4' ,sid5ote3 ,purgatory ( ,virgil4 #bie4 ,( f> m importance to u is ! !ory ( purgatory famili> ?r\gh ! description 9 ,virgil's ,a5eid3 #8,9 ! beg9n+ ! e>? & ! sky1 & ! spaces ( night1 ,also ! %9+ moon1 & ! sun ,titanic & bright ,fe$ on an inw>d life1 &1 ) all ?+s m+l$1 a m9d ,moves univ]sal matt]1 ) ,nature's frame is comb9$4 ,!nce man's race1 & ! bea/1 & ! fea!r$ creature t flies1 #e ,all wild %apes t are hidd5 ! gleam+ wat]s b5ea?4 ,ea* elem5tal se$ has a fi]y =ce f ! skies1 ,ea* its heav5ly be+1 t no dull clay c disguise1 ,bodies ( e>? ne'er dead51 nor limbs long de/9$ to dea?4 ,h5ce _! fe>s & desires1 _! sorr[s & joys2 = _! sight1 #aj ,bl9d ) ! gloom ( a prison1 disc]ns n ! heav5ly light4 ,nor1 :5 life at la/ leaves !m1 d all sad ills1 t belong ,unto ! s9ful body1 dep>t2 /ill _m survive ,l+]+ )9 !m1 alas6 = x ne$s mu/ be t ! long ,gr[? %\ld 9 wondr\s fa%ion at full completion arrive4 #ae ,s due v5geance racks !m1 = de$s ( an e>li] day ,suff]+ p5ance2 & "s to ! w9ds hang viewless & ?91 ,se>*$ by ! breezes2 f o!rs ! deep infection ( s9 ,swirl+ wat] wa%es1 or bright fire purges1 away4 ,ea* 9 8 own sad gho/ we endure2 !n1 *a/5$ aright1 #bj ,into ,elysium pass4 ,few rea* to ! fields ( delight ,till great "t1 :5 ! cycles h run _! c\rses on high1 ,takes ! inbr$ pollution1 & leaves to u only ! bright ,s5se ( ! heav5's own e!r1 & fire f ! spr+s ( ! sky#aej4' ,al?\gh we _c accept ,virgil z a sci5tific expon5t ( ,/oic tea*+1 yet !re is mu* reason to suppose t he is "h sett+ =? a belief :i* met ) v g5]al acceptance 9 our s*ool1 & ( :i* ! pr9ciple is t ! suff]+s ( ! disembodi$ are n a puni%m5t = pa/ (f5ces1 b ! necess>y means = ! purification ( ! s\l f a ta9t due to its long contact ) ! body4 ,sid5ote3 ,probable ,/oic orig94 #bif4 ,! language 9 :i* ,virgil fir/ describes ! creation & life ( ! univ]se closely resembles t ( ,/oicism2 ! phrases #8elem5tal se$1' #8fi]y =ce1' #8heav5ly be+' might be us$ by any ,/oic tea*]4 ,! conception ( ! body z a #8prison-h\se1' ev5 ?\gh x does n express ! mo/ sci5tific aspect ( ,/oic physics1 0 nev]!less1 z we h se51 famili> to ,/oics ( ! lat] c5turies4 ,! e?ical conception1 aga91 ( ! doctr9e ( purgatory is exactly t ( :i* ! ,/oics felt a ne$ 9 ord] to reconcile ! dualism ( good & evil s\ls ) ! ultimate preval5ce ( ! div9e w4 ,aga91 we c h no difficulty 9 suppos+ t ,virgil drew 8 mat]ial f ,/oic s\rces1 see+ t he 0 *>act]i/ically a le>n$ poet1 & reflects ,/oic s5tim5t 9 _m o!r passages ( 8 works#aea4 ,we h also m direct evid5ce4 ,! ,*ur* ,fa!r :om we h already quot$ n only ascribes to ! ,/oics 9 ano!r passage ! doctr9e ( purgatory1 b expressly quotes ?is passage f ,virgil z an exposition ( ,/oic tea*+4 ,& "h he is support$ to "s ext5t by ,t]tullian1 :o says t ! ,/oics held t ! s\ls ( ! fooli% aft] dea? receive in/ruction f ! s\ls ( ! good#aeb4 ,f9ally1 we h ! doctr9e def9itely accept$ by ,s5eca#aec4 ,sid5ote3 ,views ( ,greek ,/oics4 #big4 ,we may n[ consid] m p>ticul>ly ! views & feel+s ( individual ,/oic tea*]s4 ,x appe>s to u accord+ly t ,z5o left 8 foll[]s room = consid]able div]sity ( op9ion1 & quot$ ! ,p]sian doctr9e because ( its sugge/iv5ess r ?an = its lit]al tru?4 ,( ,clean!s we are told t he held t all s\ls surviv$ till ! conflagration1 :il/ ,*rysippus believ$ ?is only ( ! s\ls ( ! wise#aed4 ,panaetius1 al?\gh a great admir] ( ,plato1 is nev]!less s /rongly impress$ by ! sci5tific pr9ciple t #8all :i* is born mu/ die1' t he is "h aga9 incl9$ to break away f ,/oicism1 & to susp5d 8 judgm5t altoge!r z to ! future exi/5ce ( ! s\l#aee2 ! belief 9 a limit$ future exi/5ce 0 mean+less to a philosoph] :o disbeliev$ 9 ! conflagration4 ,( ! views ( ,posidonius we h ! def9ite h9t1 t he taught t ! #8air is full ( immortal s\ls#aef'2 & ?is is 9 su* h>mony ) ! dev\t temp] ( ?is tea*] t we may readily believe t he enri*$ ! some:at b>e speculations ( 8 pr$ecessors by ! help ( an ,ori5tal imag9ation1 & t he introduc$ into ,/oicism n only ! doctr9e ( daemons b also t ( purgatory1 hold+ t s\ls 7 bo? pre-exi/5t & po/-exi/5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,view ( ,s5eca4 #bih4 ,9 ! p]iod ( ! ,roman pr9cipate ! "q ( ! future exi/5ce ( ! s\l acquires special prom95ce4 ,s5eca is criticiz$ on ! gr\nd t he affects at times a belief :i* he does n s9c]ely ent]ta91 p>tly 9 ord] to make 8 tea*+ m popul>1 p>tly to console 8 fri5ds 9 times ( m\rn+4 ,! facts /& o!rwise4 ,at no "t does ,s5eca exce$ ! limits ( ! accept$ ,/oic cre$2 he bids 8 fri5ds look =w>d to ! p]iod ( purgation#aeg1 ! life ( pure s\ls 9 ! regions ( ! ae!r1 & ! f9al union ) ! div9e be+4 ,x is aft] purgation t ! s\l by ! ref9em5t ( ! elem5ts ( :i* x is built =ces its way to high] regions#aeh2 x f9ds a quiet & peaceful home 9 ! cle> bright ae!r#aei2 x has ca/ (f ! burd5 ( ! fle%#afj2 x is p>t$ by no m\nta9s or seas f o!r happy s\ls#afa2 x daily enjoys free conv]se ) ! great ones ( ! pa/#afb2 x gazes on ! human _w bel[1 & on ! sublime company ( ! />s 9 its own neighb\rhood#afc4 ,at a lat] epo* all bless$ s\ls w be re-absorb$ 9 ! primal elem5ts#afd1 suff]+ *ange b n =feit+ _! immortal nature#afe4 ,! some:at exub]ant language ( ,s5eca has frequ5tly be5 adopt$ by ,*ri/ian writ]s1 to express a belief :i* is n necess>ily id5tical#aff2 b = ! associations ?us creat$ ,s5eca mu/ n be held responsible4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sonality _c survive4 #bii4 ,) ! decay ( int]e/ 9 ! ,/oic physics !re beg9s a t5d5cy to ov]look ! int]m$iate /age ( ! s\l's life1 & to dwell solely on its f9al absorption2 :il/ at ! same "t x is urg$ f ! e?ical /&po9t t no possible op9ion z to ! s\l's future %\ld di/urb ! calm ( ! virtu\s m9d4 ,on "o fur!r1 b important1 po9t ! ,/oic tea*+ becomes cle>]4 ,9 no case is ! s\l t survives dea? to be id5tifi$ ) ! man t once liv$4 ,cut (f f all human relations1 f ! body & its organs1 & f its own subord9ate p[]s#afg1 x is no long] #8y1' b is some?+ else t takes y\r place 9 ! due ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,9 all ?is ! ,/oic doctr9e rema9s =mally un*ang$2 b its expression is n[ s *a/5$ t x seems only to give a negative reply to ! inh]it$ hope1 & ! *ief com=t x (f]s is t #8dea? is ! end ( all tr\bles4' ,?is *ange ( tone beg9s 9 ,s5eca himself2 x is he :o says to ! m\rn] #8y\r lov$ "o has ent]$ ^u a great & nev]-end+ re/#afh'2 #8dea? is release f all pa9 & its end#afi'2 #8dea? is n to be4 ,i "k all its mean+4 ,z ?+s 7 be=e ,i 0 born1 s !y w be aft] ,i am gone#agj4' #8,if we p]i% 9 dea?1 no?+ rema9s#aga4' ,9 ,epictetus & ,m>cus ,aurelius ?is new tone r+s out mu* m cle>ly2 if we l s to speak1 m unrel5t+ly4 ,to ! *>act]i/ic passages f ^! writ]s :i* are quot$ above#agb may be add$ ! foll[+1 p]haps ! mo/ precise ( all3 #8,if s\ls survive dea?1 h[ c ! air hold !m f all et]nity8 ,h[1 we reply1 does e>? hold ! bodies ( g5]ation aft] g5]ation committ$ to ! grave8 ,j z on e>?1 aft] a c]ta9 t]m ( survival1 *ange & dissolution ( sub/ance makes room = o!r dead bodies1 s too ! s\ls transmut$ into air1 aft] a p]iod ( survival1 *ange by processes ( diffusion & ( ignition1 & are resum$ into ! sem9al pr9ciple ( ! univ]se1 & 9 ?is way make room = o!rs to take up _! habitation 9 _! /ead4 ,su* is ! natural answ]1 assum+ ! survival ( s\ls#agc4' ,su* are ! la/ words ( ,/oicism1 n :olly satisfy+ ei!r to k or to aspiration1 b assur$ly bas$ on a wide outlook & a ke5 discrim9ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 & wom54 #cjj4 ,! :ole nature ( man1 z discuss$ up to ?is po9t1 is common to e individual born into ! _w1 ) "s exceptions dep5d5t on age or temp]am5t :i* h be5 expla9$ incid5tally4 ,x rema9s to discuss %ortly ! important diff]5ces :i* result f sex1 nationality1 & location4 ,!re seems e reason to believe t ! equality ( m5 & wom51 ?\gh at ! "t seem+ly p>adoxical1 0 g5]ally accept$ by ! e>li] ,/oics1 & adopt$ z a practical pr9ciple 9 ,/oic homes4 ,! :ole treatm5t ( human nature by ! ,/oics applies equally to man & woman1 & po9ts to ! conclusion t z moral ag5ts !y h ! same capacities & ! same responsibilities#agd4 ,s5eca 9 writ+ to a great lady ( philosophical sympa?ies /ates ?is z 8 firm conviction#age1 & ! lives ( _m ,/oic wives & daught]s 7to :om we %all ref] 9 a lat] *apt]7#agf %[$ x to h a firm basis 9 fact4 ,we ne$ atta* no great importance to ^? m di/9ctively mascul9e views :i* ,s5eca occasionally expresses1 to ! effect t woman is hot-temp]$1 ?\ghtless1 & lack+ 9 self-control#agg1 or to ! ,p]ipatetic doctr9e t man is born to rule1 wom5 to obey#agh2 = ^! s5tim5ts1 h[ev] welcome to 8 individual correspond5ts1 7 n root$ 9 ,/oic !ory nor exemplifi$ 9 ! ,roman society ( 8 own days4 ,sid5ote3 ,class & race4 #cja4 ,x foll[s ) equal c]ta9ty f ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,/oicism1 & 9 p>ticul> f ! doctr9e ( ! ,cosmopolis1 t diff]5ces ( class & race 7 h>dly p]ceiv$ by its f\nd]s4 ,= ?is !re 0 fur!r hi/orical cause 9 ! spread ( ,hell5i/ic civilisation1 :i* 0 ( an entirely ca?olic _s & welcom$ disciples f all nationalities#agi4 ,! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle1 t "s nations are by nature fitt$ only = slav]y1 f9ds no e*o 9 ! ,/oic _w#ahj4 ,!re we look 9 va9 = any trace ( t in/9ctive feel+ ( national diff]5ce1 t s5sitiv5ess to race & col\r1 :i* c easily be recognis$ 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,greece & ,rome1 & :i* has become s acute 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n _w-politics4 ,! ,roman ,/oics1 z we %all see lat]1 might individually be pr\d ( advantages ( bir?1 b !y nev] associat$ ?is feel+ ) _! philosophy4 ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 we f9d signs ( a sci5tific int]e/ 9 ! "q ( diff]5ces ( national "*1 :i* are g5]ally ascrib$ to ! influ5ces ( climate4 ,s5eca1 = in/ance1 rem>ks t ! inhabitants ( nor!rn climates h *>act]s z rude z _! sky2 h5ce !y make good fight]s1 b poor rul]s#aha4 ,yet :5 he contemplates ! nor!rn b>b>ians1 8 m9d is ma9ly occupi$ by admiration2 &1 l o!r pro-,g]mans ( ! p]iod1 he =esees ) prophetic cle>ness a dang] ?reat5+ ! ,roman empire4 #8,%\ld ! ,g]mans once lay aside _! fi]ce dome/ic qu>rels1 & add to _! c\rage reason & discipl9e1 ,rome w inde$ h cause to resume ! virtues ( its e>ly hi/ory#ahb4' ,! roots ( true greatness ( s\l1 !n1 lie deep] ?an 9 lit]>y culture or philosophic insight4 ,x is a "p ( ! irony ( hi/ory t ,/oicism1 :i* aim$ above all ?+s at be+ practical1 %\ld diagnose s correctly ! gr[+ weakness ( ! ,roman _w1 & yet fail to sugge/ any rem$y o!r ?an a rev]sion to an epo* 9 :i* philosophy 0 unkn[n4 ,,footnotes #a #8rex no/] e/ animus3 hoc incolumi cet]a man5t 9 (ficio1 p>5t1 obtemp]ant2 cum ille paullum vacillavit1 simul dubitant4 ubi v]o impot5s1 cupidus1 delicatus e/1 fit tyrannus2 tunc eum excipiunt adfectus impot5tes' ,s54 ,ep4 #aad1 #bd4 #b ,see ,l4 ,/e9 ,psy*4 i p4 #bjf4 #c ,see above1 #fh4 #d #8natura mundi omnes motus habet volunt>ios conatusque et appetitiones1 quas ,graeci vocant1 et 8 cons5taneas actiones sic adhibet ut nosmetipsi1 qui animis movemur et s5sibus' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #bb1 #eh4 #e ' 1 ,h]mias irris4 g5t4 phil4 #g 7,arnim i #die74 #f #8ipse autem homo ortus e/ ad mundum contempl&um et imit&um' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #ad1 #cg4 #g ,philod4 piet4 #ae 7,arnim iii ,diog4 #cc74 #h #8quem 9 hoc mundo locum deus obt9et1 hunc 9 hom9e animus2 quod e/ illic mat]ia1 id 9 nobis corpus e/' ,s54 ,ep4 #fe1 #bd4 #i ,philo r]4 div4 i #did ,m 7,/e9 ,psy*4 i #bjg74 #aj ,see above1 #bdb4 #aa ,see bel[1 #bgd4 #ab ,see above1 #aa4 #ac ,on ! :ole subject see ,tylor1 ,an?ropology1 *4 xvi2 ,primitive ,culture1 *s4 xi-xvii2 ,jevons1 ,introd4 to ! hi/ory ( ,religion1 *4 v4 #ad ,see above1 #agd4 #ae ,nemes4 nat4 hom4 ii #he & #hf 7,arnim i #eah74 #af ib4 #ii 7,arnim ii #gij74 #ag ,"h we come into close t\* ) mod]n ways ( ?9k+4 ,! s\l is ! self z kn[n subjectively & f )91 z appeal$ to 9 ! argum5t ( ,desc>tes #8cogito1 ergo sum4' ,! body is ! self z kn[n objectively & f )\t1 fir/ 9 our neighb\rs :o ob/ruct our ef=ts 7#8(ficium quod corporis ex/at1 (fic]e atque ob/>e' ,lucr4 ,r4 ,n4 i #ccg1 #h71 & !n by analogy 9 ourselves4 ,! ,/oic !ory !n ass]ts t subjective & objective k are ultimately ! same1 bo? be+ activities ( ! same ,logos4 ,see above1 #adi4 #ah ,! di/9ction is mo/ cle>ly made by ,juv5al3 #8s5sum a caele/i demissum traximus arce1 cuius eg5t prona et t]ram spectantia4 mundi pr9cipio indulsit communis conditor illis tantum animas1 nobis animum quoque1 mutuus ut nos adfectus pet]e auxilium et prae/>e iub]et' ,sat4 xv #adf-aej4 #ai ,see above1 #bjf4 #bj ,see above1 #bjc4 #ba #8,z5oni ,/oico animus ignis videtur' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 i #aj1 #ai4 #bb #8spiritum quippe animam esse ,z5on qua]it hact5us2 quo rec$5te a corpore moritur animal1 hoc c]te anima e/4 naturali porro spiritu rec$5te moritur animal2 naturalis igitur spiritus anima e/' ,*alc4 9 ,tim4 #bbj 7,arnim i #ach74 #bc #8probabilius enim videtur1 tale quiddam esse animum1 ut sit ex igni atque anima temp]atum' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 iii #ad1 #cf2 cf4 ,arnim ii #ghf4 ,?is view 0 accept$ by ,panaetius3 #8is animus 444 ex inflammata anima con/at1 ut potissimum vid]i video ,panaetio' ,tusc4 disp4 i #ah1 #db4 ,! #8fire' & #8air' "h ref]r$ to are n ! ord9>y elem5ts3 4 1 1 ,alex4 ,aphr4 de anima p4 #aae1 #f 7,arnim ii #ghe74 ,see fur!r ,/e9 ,psy*ologie i pp4 #aja to #ajc4 #bd ,at4 plac4 iv #c1 #c4 #be #8animum con/at animal esse1 cum ipse efficiat1 ut simus animalia2 et cum ab illo animalia hoc nom5 trax]9t' ,s54 ,ep4 #aac1 #b2 #8et animus meus animal e/ et ego animal sum2 duo tam5 non sumus4 qu>e8 quia animus mei p>s e/' ib4 #e4 #bf ,t]tullian deals ) ?is po9t z aga9/ ,val5t9ian h]etics2 de an4 #ba4 #bg #8cum elem5ta s9t quattuor1 ignis aquae a]is t]rae1 pote/ates p>es 8 sunt1 f]vida frigida arida atque umida2 eadem animalium hom9umque discrim9a sunt' ,s54 ,dial4 iv #ai1 #a & #b2 #8cuius 9 hom9e elem5ti portio praevalebit1 inde mores erunt' ib4 #b4 #bh #8languida +5ia et 9 somnum itura in]tibus nectuntur elem5tis' ib4 i #e1 #i4 #bi #8iracundos f]vida animi natura faciet2 frigidi mixtura timidos facit' ib4 iv #ai1 #b4 #cj #8quaecunque adtribuit condicio nasc5di et corporis temp]atura1 ha]ebunt' ,ep4 #aa1 #f4 #ca ,= a treatm5t ( ! subject on mod]n l9es see ,ribot1 ,! emotions1 *s4 xii & xiii2 & ! works ( ,f\ille1 ,paulhan1 & o!r ,fr5* writ]s4 ,= ! e>li] hi/ory see ,summ]s on ,s54 ,ep4 #aa1 #c1 & ,/e9 ,psy*4 i p4 #age4 #cb ,gal5 def4 m$4 #bi 7,arnim ii #ghj72 #8nosmetipsi qui animis movemur' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #bb1 #eh2 #8humanus animus agilis e/ et pronus ad motus' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #b1 #aa4 #cc 1 1 qu4 8 ' ,alex4 ,aph4 de anima p4 #aah 7,arnim ii #hbc74 #cd #8huiusmodi autem non tam p>tes animae habebuntur quam vires et efficaciae et op]ae' ,t]t4 de an4 #ad4 ,!y may also be call$ ! s\l's qualities3 1 ,/ob4 i #di1 #cc4 #ce ,see above1 #gi2 = o!r divisions ,t]t4 de an4 #ad 7,arnim i #add71 ,cic4 ,(f4 i #bh1 #aja1 & g5]ally ,/e91 ,psy*4 i p4 #abc4 #cf ,on ?is translation see #aja1 note #ha4 #cg ,at4 plac4 iv #d1 #d4 #ch ,arnim ii #hch4 ,s9ce _m philosoph]s ?9k ! m9d seat$ 9 ! head1 ,*rysippus collects _m argum5ts to ! contr>y2 = in/ance t wom5 say1 :5 !y don't agree ) a /atem5t1 #8x won't g d[n1' po9t+ all ! :ile to ! he>t1 ,gal5 plac4 ,hipp4 et ,plat4 iii #e1 p4 #cbc ,k 7,arnim ii #hib74 ,fur!r t is d]iv$ f 1 ! he>t be+ ! seat ( gov]nm5t ib4 7,arnim ii #hif74 ,he c\ld support 8 view by ?\s&s ( quotations f ! poets4 ,on ! o!r h& we f9d ! sugge/ion t ! pr9cipate resides 9 our sph]ical heads1 z 9 a univ]se 7,at4 plac4 iv #ba1 #d74 ,?is latt] view may be due to ,academic influ5ce 7,s*mekel1 p4 #bei74 #ci ,gal5 plac4 ,hipp4 et ,plat4 p4 #ea ,k4 #dj 1 ,alex4 ,aphr4 de an4 p4 #ih1 #bd 7,arnim ii #hci74 ,9 ?is direction ,epictetus def9es ! rational faculty z #8t :i* contemplates bo? itself & all o!r ?+s' ,disc4 i #a1 #d4 #da ,gal5 plac4 ,hipp4 et ,plat4 ii #b p4 #bae ,k4 #db #8intelleg5dum e/ etiam1 duabus quasi nos a natura indutos esse p]sonis1 qu>um una communis e/ ex eo1 quod omnes p>ticipes sumus rationis2 alt]a autem1 quae proprie s+ulis e/ tributa' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #cj1 #ajg4 #dc ,arnim ii #hbc4 #dd ,to himself vii #fd4 #de ib4 iv #ab4 #df ib4 v #bg4 #dg ib4 iii #e1 v #aj1 xii #a2 s too ,epictetus #8,god is )91 & y\r daemon is )9' ,disc4 i #ad1 #ad4 #dh ,see above1 #adf-aef4 #di 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ' 2 ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #aa1 #f & #g4 #ej ,/ob4 ii #g #e;b #d2 #8qua]imus quomodo animus semp] secundo cursu eat' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #b1 #d2 #8quidam se domi contrahunt1 dilatant =is ac ext5dunt2 vitium e/ haec div]sitas et signum vacillantis animi ac nondum hab5tis t5orem suum' ,ep4 #bj1 #c4 #ea ,see above1 #if4 #eb #8satis natura hom9i d$it roboris1 si illo utamur2 nolle 9 causa e/1 non posse praet5ditur' ,s54 ,ep4 #aaf1 #h4 #ec #8animi motus eos putemus sanissimos validissimosque1 qui no/ro arbitrio ibunt1 non suo f]5tur' ,dial4 iv #ce1 #b4 #ed #8hanc /abilem animi s$em ,graeci vocant1 ego tranquillitatem voco' ib4 ix #b1 #c4 #ee ,ep4 #aad1 #bd 7see above1 #bfc1 note #a74 #ef #8non e/ m5s ex t]r5o et gravi concreta corpore1 ex illo caele/i spiritu desc5dit' ,dial4 xii #g1 #g2 #8ratio nihil aliud e/ quam 9 corpus humanum p>s div9i spiritus m]sa' ,ep4 #ff1 #ab4 #eg #8animus1 s$ hic rectus bonus magnus 444 quid aliud voces hunc quam deum 9 corpore humano hospitantem8' ib4 #ca1 #aa4 #eh #8sac] int] nos spiritus s$et1 malorum bonorumque no/rorum obs]vator et cu/os' ib4 #da1 #b4 #ei #8deum te igitur scito esse3 si quidem deus e/ qui viget1 qui s5tit1 qui mem9it' ,cic4 ,rep4 vi 7,somn4 ,scip47 #bd1 #bf4 #fj ,physics1 & 9 p>ticul> a/ronomy1 is meant3 #8animus hoc habet argum5tum div9itatis suae1 quod illum div9a delectant2 nec ut ali5is s$ ut suis int]e/' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 i ,prol4 #ab2 cf4 ,horace ,ep4 i #ab1 #ad-ai4 #fa #8,:5 y are 9 social int]c\rse1 :5 y are ex]cis+ y\rself1 :5 y are engag$ 9 discussion1 "k y n t y are n\ri%+ a god1 t y are ex]cis+ a god8 ,wret*1 y are c>ry+ ab\t a god ) y1 & y "k x n4' ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #h1 #ab4 #fb #8dic]e porro1 oculos nullam rem c]n]e posse1 s$ p] eos animum ut =ibus spect>e reclusis1 difficile e/' ,lucr4 ,n4 ,d4 iii #cfj-cfb2 cf4 ,arnim ii #hfb4 ,see also ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 iii #d1 #i1 & ,mayor's valuable note4 ,mod]n psy*ologi/s side ) ! ,/oics4 #fc ,see above1 #adf1 note #ah4 #fd 1 ,at4 plac4 iv #bc1 #a4 #fe ,see above1 #adf1 note #ah4 #ff ,porph4 de anima 7,arnim ii #gd72 #8dicunt ,/oici s5sus ipsos ads5sus esse' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #cc1 #ajh4 #fg 444 1 ' ,diog4 ,l4 vii #eb4 #fh #8,/oici causas esse vid5di dicunt radiorum ex oculis 9 ea1 quae vid]i queunt1 emissionem a]isque simul int5tionem' ,gell4 ,n4 ,a4 v #af1 #b2 #8,/oici vid5di causam 9 nativi spiritus int5tione con/ituunt1 cuius effigiem coni similem volunt' ,*alc4 ,tim4 #bcg 7,arnim ii #hfc74 #fi ,arnim ii #hfi4 #gj 7sc4 7 ,at4 plac4 iv #ac1 #c4 #ga ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aeh4 #gb ,arnim ii #hcf4 #gc #8,clean!s ambulationem ait spiritum esse a pr9cipali usque 9 p$es p]missum' ,s54 ,ep4 #aac1 #bc4 #gd #8vocem ,/oici corpus esse cont5dunt1 eamque esse dicunt ictum a]a' ,gellius ,n4 ,a4 v #ae1 #f4 #ge #8quid enim e/ vox nisi int5tio a]is1 ut audiatur1 l+uae =mata p]cussu8' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ii #f1 #c4 #gf 1 4 1 ,gal54 plac4 ,hipp4 et ,plat4 ii #e p4 #bje ,mll]4 #gg ,see above1 #afa4 #gh ,see above1 #agh4 #gi ,lucr4 ,r4 ,n4 iv #abad-abbj4 #hj ,e4 ,haeckel1 ,weltr?sel 7,volksausg47 p4 #cj4 ,! italics are ^? ( ! au?or ( ?is book4 #ha ib4 ,anm]kung51 p4 #aeh4 #hb ,?\gh ,lucretius laughs at ! idea ( attribut+ laught] & te>s to ! elem5ts 7#8hac ratione tibi p]eunt primordia r]um3 fiet1 uti risu tremulo concussa ca*9n5t1 et lacrumis salsis umect5t ora g5asque' ,r4 ,n4 i #iag-iai71 yet he attributes to !m ! ess5tial p[] ( free-w3 #8si 444 nec decl9&o faciunt primordia motus pr9cipium quoddam1 quod fati fo$]a rumpat1 unde e/ haec1 inquam1 fatis avolsa voluntas8' ,r4 ,n4 ii #bec-beg4 #hc ,at4 plac4 v4 #aa1 #c2 #8,:5 y consort ) y\r wife 444 y are c>ry+ ab\t a god ) y' ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #h1 #ab4 #hd 444 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aeg4 #he 1 ,at4 plac4 iv #ba1 #d2 cf4 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aei4 #hf ,euseb4 pr4 ev4 xv #bj1 #a 7,arnim i #abh74 ,t ! sep>ation or #8te>+ away' 77 is n complete or absolute seems to foll[ f ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,/oic physics3 see above #bfb4 #hg #89 sem9e omnis futuri hom9is ratio compreh5sa e/' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 iii #bi1 #c4 #hh #8utrum ex patris tantummodo sem9e p>tus nascatur1 ut 444 ,/oici scrips]unt' ,c5sor4 di4 nat4 #e2 cf4 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aei1 ,at4 plac4 v #e1 #b4 #hi ,! evid5ce = ?is is ma9ly indirect4 1 1 ,nemes4 nat4 hom4 ii #he & #hf 7,arnim i #eah72 #8quod decl>et eorum similitudo1 qui procre5tur2 quae etiam 9 +5iis1 non solum 9 corporibus app>eat' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 i #cb1 #gi4 #ij 1 1 1 ,at4 plac4 v #aa1 #d4 #ia ,see above1 #fc4 #ib #8inrationalis p>s animi duas habet p>tes1 alt]am animosam ambitiosam impot5tem positam 9 adfectionibus1 alt]am humilem languidam voluptatibus d$itam' ,s54 ,ep4 #ib1 #h4 #ic #8appetitio 7eam enim esse volumus 71 qua ad ag5dum impellimur1 et id appetimus quod e/ visum' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #h1 #bd4 #id ,?is is t]m$ by ,panaetius simply2 ! t]m is also us$3 see #bgb1 note #di4 #ie ,see above1 #adf4 #if ,zell] 7,/oics1 p4 #bdc7 /ates t man has irrational z well z rational impulses4 ,?is seems to be incorrectly express$4 #ig ,/ob4 ii #g1 #i4 #ih #8omne rationale animal nihil agit1 nisi primum specie alicuius rei inritatum e/1 de9de impetum cepit1 de9de ads5sio confirmavit hunc impetum4 quid sit ads5sio dicam4 oportet me ambul>e3 tunc demum ambulo1 cum hoc mihi dixi et adprobavi hanc op9ionem meam' ,s54 ,ep4 #aac1 #ah4 #ii ' 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii ,,iii2 #8omnes p]turbationes iudicio c5s5t fi]i et op9ione' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #g1 #ad2 1 ,gal5 de peccatis ii #a p4 #ei ,k 7,arnim iii #agb72 ' 444 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aaj4 #ajj #89 corpore no/ro ossa n]vique et articuli1 firmam5ta totius et vitalia1 m9ime speciosa visu1 prius ord9antur2 de9de haec1 ex quibus omnis 9 faciem adspectumque decor e/4 po/ haec omnia qui maxime oculos rapit1 color1 ultimus p]fecto iam corpore adfunditur' ,s54 ,dial4 iv #a1 #b4 #aja ,see above1 #bfh4 #ajb ,gal5 plac4 ,hipp4 et ,plat4 iii #a p4 #bea ,m1 quot+ ,*rysippus 7,arnim ii #hhe74 #ajc ,s*mekel traces ! introduction ( ?is doctr9e to ,posidonius1 & f9ds 9 x ! />t+-po9t ( ! lat] my/icism1 ,philos4 d4 mittl4 ,/oa1 pp4 #djj sqq4 ,see also ,l4 ,/e91 ,psy*4 i #aid4 #ajd #8nos corpus tam putre sortiti' ,s54 ,ep4 #abj1 #ag2 #8inutilis c>o et fluida1 recept&is tantum cibis habilis1 ut ait ,posidonius' ib4 #ib1 #aj4 #aje #8haec quae vides ossa circumiecta nobis1 n]vos et obductam cutem1 voltumque et m9i/ras manus1 et cet]a quibus involuti sumus1 v9cula animorum t5ebraeque sunt4 obruitur 8 animus1 effocatur1 inficitur1 arcetur a v]is et suis 9 falsa coniectus4 omne illi cum hac c>ne grave c]tam5 e/' ,s54 ,dial4 vi #bd1 #e2 #8corpusculum hoc1 cu/odia et v9culum animi' ib4 xii #aa1 #g4 #ajf #8,:at am ,i8 a poor mis]able man ) my wret*$ bit ( fle%4 ,?r\gh ?is k9%ip ) ! fle%1 "s ( u become l wolves' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #c1 #e & #g4 #ajg #8corpus hoc animi pondus et po5a e/' ,s54 ,ep4 #fe1 #af2 #8quantum p] moras membrorum et hanc circumfusam gravem s>c9am licet' ,dial4 xii #aa1 #f2 #8corporis velut on]is necess>ii non amator s$ procurator e/' ,ep4 #ib1 #cc4 #ajh #8,epicurus plac$ ! good 9 ! husk' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #bc1 #a4 #aji #8,y ought to possess y\r :ole body z a poor ass load$4 ,:5 ! body is an ass1 all ! o!r ?+s are bits belong+ to ! ass1 pack-saddles1 %oes1 b>ley1 fodd]' ib4 iv #a1 #gi & #hj4 #aaj ,9 p>ticul> to ! practice ( self-mutilation1 ) :i* ,s5eca is disgu/$3 #8cottidie comm9iscimur1 p] quae virilitati fiat iniuria 444 alius g5italia excidit' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 vii #ca1 #c4 #aaa #8nec domum esse hoc corpus1 s$ hospitium et quidem breve hospitium' ,s54 ,ep4 #abj1 #ad2 #8hoc corpus natura ut qu&am ve/em animo circumd$it' ib4 #ib1 #ac4 #aab #8int] me teque conv5iet corpus 9 honorem animi coli' ib4 #ib1 #a4 ,9 ! same _s ,s5eca writes 9 condemnation ( ! gladiatorial conflicts #8homo sacra res hom9i' ib4 #ie1 #cc4 #aac #8natura voltus no/ros erexit ad caelum' ib4 #id1 #ef2 #8natura 444 ut ab ortu sid]a 9 occasum lab5tia prosequi posset1 sublime fecit hom9i caput et collo flexili imposuit' ,dial4 viii #e1 #d4 ,see also ,mayor on ,juv4 ,sat4 xv #adg4 #aad ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 ii #ed to #eh4 #aae #8quae p>tes corporis1 ad naturae necessitatem datae1 adspectum ess5t de=mem habiturae atque turpem1 eas natura contexit atque abdidit' ,(f4 i #ce1 #abg4 #aaf ,9 ! ,epicurean sy/em atoms ( s\l are disp]s$ among/ atoms ( body1 !re be+ a mixture ( ! two1 :i* h[ev] does n g beyond juxtaposition2 9 ! ,/oic sy/em s\l p]meates body4 ,! ,/oic explanation is frequ5tly ref]r$ to by oppon5ts z a r$uctio ad absurdum3 ,alex4 ,aphr4 ,ari/4 ,top4 ii #ic 7,arnim ii #gih74 ,! relation ( ! pr9cipate to ! man z a :ole is also call$ 7con/itutio72 #8con/itutio e/ pr9cipale animi quodam modo se hab5s erga corpus' ,s54 ,ep4 #aba1 #aj4 #aag 1 ,at4 plac4 v #ad1 #b2 ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #da1 #a4 #aah ,/e91 ,psy*4 i p4 #aae4 #aai 1 ,plut4 z above4 #abj #8infans nondum rationalis e/' ,s54 ,ep4 #aba1 #ad2 #8tu me exp]tem rationis g5ui/i1 onus ali5um' ,b54 iii #ca1 #b4 #aba ,see above1 #aec1 note #ff4 #abb sc4 ,gal5 comm4 ,hipp4 #f 7,arnim ii #ghb72 1 ' plac4 ,hipp4 et ,plat4 ii #h 7,arnim i #adj72 #8poor s\l itself m]e exhalation ( ! blood' ,m4 ,aurel4 ,to himself v #cc4 #abc 1 444 #8 4' ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #ci1 #b & #c 7,diels72 ! ref]5ce to ,h]aclitus is n necess>ily an exact quotation by ,z5o1 see ,bywat]'s critical note on fr4 #db2 on ! o!r side ,diels' note on fr4 #ab4 ,l4 ,/e9 is ( op9ion t ! ,/oics miss$ ! mean+ ( ,h]aclitus :il/ accept+ 8 t]m9ology2 see ,psy*4 i1 note #ahb4 #abd ,see above1 #bjj4 #abe ,see #caf1 note #ajj4 #abf ,!od4 ,gr4 aff4 cur4 #aa2 see g5]ally ! discussion by ,/e91 ,psy*4 i pp4 #aci1 #adj4 #abg ,plut4 fr4 7de an47 #f1 #c4 #abh ,at4 plac4 v #bc1 #d1 cf4 ,plut4 ,qu4 conv4 ,,iv ii #d1 #f2 #8contrahi autem animum ,z5o et quasi labi putat atque concid]e1 et id ipsum esse dormire' ,cic4 ,div4 ii #eh1 #aai4 ,see also above1 #agg4 #abi #8s5es difficiles et qu]uli sunt1 ut aegri et convalesc5tes1 et quorum aut lassitud9e aut detractione sangu9is exhau/us e/ calor' ,s54 ,dial4 iv #ai1 #d4 #acj 1 ,at4 plac4 v #bc1 #d4 #aca #8cum anim>um aet]nitatem diss]imus1 non leve mom5tum apud nos habet cons5sus hom9um aut tim5tium inf]os aut col5tium' ,s54 ,ep4 #aag1 #f4 #acb #8iuvabat de aet]nitate anim>um qua]]e1 immo meh]cules cr$]e4 cr$ebam enim me facile op9ionibus magnorum virorum rem gratissimam promitt5tium magis quam probantium' ,s54 ,ep4 #ajb1 #b2 cf4 ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 i #aa1 #bd4 #acc ,s especially ,l4 ,/e93 #8um nun ihre ,philosophie populr und mundg]e*t zu ma*51 liess5 si* die ,/oik] zuweil5 zu uss]ung5 h]bei1 die dazu ange?an w>51 ihr ganzes philosophis*es ,sy/em umzu/oss5' ,psy*4 i #adi4 ,fur!r _! ,scotti% critic3 #8?us did ! lat] ,/oicism try to meet ! claims ( ! human he>t1 :i* ! e>li] ,/oicism _h to a l>ge ext5t ignor$' ,w4 ,l4 ,davidson1 ,! ,/oic cre$1 p4 #ih2 aga9 #8die ,lehre von d] ,=tdau] d] ,seele 444 w> nur fr die grosse ,m5ge b]e*net' ,h4 ,a4 ,w9ckl]1 ,/oicismus1 p4 #ej4 ,zell] is mu* m judicial1 ,/oics1 pp4 #bag-bbb4 #acd 1 ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #ci1 #e4 #ace 1 ' ' ib4 #f2 #8,/oici 444 diu mansuros aiunt animos1 semp] negant' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 i #ca1 #gg4 #acf 1 444 ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #ci1 #f & #g4 #acg ,arnim ii #hae4 #ach 444 ,sext4 ma?4 ix #ga to #gc 7,arnim ii #hab72 ,ar4 ,did4 fr4 #ci1 #d2 #8si animae p]man5t et cons]vant habitum suum1 444 necesse e/ f]antur ad caelum et ab 8 p]rumpatur et dividatur crassus hic et concretus a]2 calidior enim e/ vel potius ard5tior animus1 quam e/ hic a]' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 i #ah1 #db2 #8itaque sublimantur animae sapi5tes 444 apud ,/oicos sub lunam' ,t]t4 de an4 #ed 7,arnim ii #had74 #aci ,sext4 ma?4 ix #gc2 #8=tium animas exi/imant 9 modum sid]um vag>i 9 a]e' ,comm4 9 ,lucan4 ix #f 7,arnim ii #hag74 #adj 1 ,sext4 z 9 note #ach2 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aea2 #8pl5us e/ a] immortalium animorum' ,cic4 ,div4 i #cj1 #fd1 quot+ f ,posidonius4 #ada #8,/oici exi/imant animam hom9is magno pond]e extriti p]man]e non posse et /atim sp>gi' ,s54 ,ep4 #eg1 #g2 ,s5eca himself rejects ?is op9ion4 #adb 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aeg4 #adc #8esse inf]os ,z5on docuit et s$es piorum ab impiis esse discretas2 et illos quidem quietas ac delectabiles incol]e regiones1 hos v]o lu]e po5as 9 t5ebrosis locis atque 9 ca5i vorag9ibus horr5dis' ,lactant4 ,div4 in/4 vii #g1 #ac 7,arnim i #adg72 #8reliquas animas ad inf]os deiciunt' ,t]t4 de an4 #ed4 ,cf4 ,cic4 fr4 #bdj1 #f4 #add ,pe>son1 ,fragm5ts1 p4 #adf4 #ade ,s ,hirzel1 ,unt]su*ung5 ii p4 #bi note4 #adf #8et metus ille =as praeceps ,a*]untis ag5dus1 funditus humanam qui vitam turbat ab imo1 omnia suffuscans mortis nigrore1 neque ullam esse voluptatem liquidam puramque rel9quit' ,r4 ,n4 iii #cg-dj4 #adg ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 i #af1 #cf4 #adh ,n4 ,d4 ii #b1 #e4 #adi #8cogita illa1 quae nobis inf]os faciunt t]ribiles1 fabulam esse2 nullas imm9]e mortuis t5ebras nec c>c]em nec flum9a igne flagrantia nec oblivionis amnem nec tribunalia 444 nec ullos it]um tyrannos4 lus]unt i/a poetae et vanis nos agitav]e t]roribus' ,s54 ,dial4 vi #ai1 #d4 ,"h we h ! opposite extreme to ! /atem5t 9 note #aca4 #aej ,virgil ,a54 vi #gbd-gdg 7transl4 by ,"l ,b[574 ,= ! correspond+ description ( ,p>adise1 see ib4 #fch-fdd4 ,! sub/ance ( ?is discussion is drawn f ,hirzel's full note 9 8 ,unt]su*ung5 ii pp4 #be-ca4 #aea ,= in/ance ,georg4 iv #bba sqq4 ,see also bel[1 #dcd1 #dce4 #aeb #8impias v]o animas ,/oici dicunt 444 hab]e aliquid imbecillitatis ex contagione c>nis1 cuius desid]iis ac libid9ibus addictae ineluibilem qu5dam fucum trahant labemque t]r5am1 quae cum temporis diuturnitate p5itus inhaes]it1 eius naturae r$di animas1 ut 444 cruciabiles fiant p] corporis maculam1 quae peccatis inu/a s5sum doloris attribuit4 quam s5t5tiam poeta sic explicavit--8qu9 et supremo etc40' ,lact4 ,div4 in/4 vii #bj1 #i & #aj 7,arnim ii #hac72 #8,/oicos miror1 quod imprud5tes animas circa t]ram pro/]nant1 cum illas a sapi5tibus multo sup]ioribus erudiri adfirm5t' ,t]t4 de an4 #ed 7,arnim i #adg1 read+ #8prud5tes' on 8 own conjecture74 ,on ! o!r h& ,augu/9e 7,civ4 ,de4 xxi #ac7 ascribes ! doctr9e to #8,platonici quidam' & ,comm4 ,luc4 ix #i 7p4 #bia ,u47 to ,py?agoras4 ,see ,s*mekel1 p4 #aje4 #aec #8facillimum ad sup]os it] e/ animis cito ab humana conv]satione dimissis4 facilius quicquid e/ illud obsoleti inlitique eluunt' ,s54 ,dial4 vi #bc1 #a2 #8filius tuus paulum supra nos commoratus1 dum expurgatur et inha]5tia vitia situmque omnem mortalis aevi excutit' ib4 #be1 #a4 #aed ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aeg4 #aee ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 i #cb1 #gi4 #aef ,see above1 #bed1 #bic2 = ! tea*+ ( ,posidonius z to ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 see ,s*mekel1 p4 #bej4 #aeg ,see above1 #bif4 #aeh #8animus b5eficio subtilitatis suae erumpit' ,s54 ,ep4 #eg1 #h4 #aei #8ibi illum aet]na requies manet e confusis crassisque pura et liquida vis5tem' ,dial4 vi #bd1 #e4 #afj #8emissis animis meliora re/ant on]e detracto' ,ep4 #bd1 #ah4 ,s 9 ! ,burial ,s]vice #8! s\ls ( ! fai?ful1 aft] !y are deliv]$ f ! burd5 ( ! fle%1 are 9 joy & felicity4' #afa #8non illos int]fusa m>ia discludunt nec altitudo montium2 tramites omnium plani' ,dial4 vi #be1 #c4 #afb #8ad excelsa sublatus int] felices currit animas1 ,scipiones ,catonesque1 int]que contemptores vitae et mortis b5eficio lib]os' ib4 #a4 #afc #8r]um naturae spectaculo fruitur et humana omnia ex sup]iore loco despicit1 div9a v]o propius intuetur' ib4 xi #i1 #c4 #afd #8nos quoque1 felices animae atque aet]na sortitae1 p>va ru9ae +5tis accessio1 9 antiqua elem5ta v]temur' ib4 vi #bf1 #g4 #afe #8animus1 si sup]/es e/ corpori1 nullo g5]e p]ire pote/1 quoniam nulla immortalitas cum exceptione e/' ,ep4 #eg1 #i4 #aff ,see ,w9ckl]1 ,d] ,/oicismus e9e ,wurzel des ,*ri/5?ums1 p4 #eb4 #afg #8haec sunt ignorantis1 cum de aet]nitate animorum dicatur1 de m5te dici1 non de p>tibus iis1 9 quibus aegritud9es irae libid9esque v]s5tur' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 i #cc1 #hj4 #afh #8excepit illum magna et aet]na pax' ,s54 ,dial4 vi #ai1 #f4 #afi #8mors dolorum omnium exsolutio e/ et f9is' ib4 #ai1 #e4 #agj #8mors e/ non esse4 id quale sit1 iam scio4 hoc erit po/ me1 quod ante me fuit' ,ep4 #ed1 #d4 #aga #8mors nos aut consumit aut exuit2 444 consumptis nihil re/at' ib4 #bd1 #ah4 #agb ,see above1 #adj & #ada4 #agc ,m4 ,aurel4 ,to himself iv #ba4 #agd ,see bel[1 #cjf4 ,clean!s wrote a book to %[ t #8virtue is ! same 9 m5 & wom5'2 see ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ajc4 #age #8quis dixit naturam maligne cum muliebribus +5iis egisse1 et virtutem ill>um 9 artum retraxisse8 p> illis1 mihi cr$e1 vigor1 p> ad hone/a1 libeat1 facultas e/2 dolorem laboremque ex aequo1 si consuev]e1 patiuntur' ,s54 ,dial4 vi #af1 #a4 #agf ,see bel[1 #dca1 #dci1 #ddd1 #ddf4 #agg #8muliebre e/ fur]e 9 ira' ,s54 ,clem4 i #e1 #e2 #8muli] aeque imprud5s atque animal e/1 et nisi sci5tia accessit et multa eruditio1 f]um1 cupiditatum incont95s' ,dial4 ii #ad1 #a4 #agh #8utraque turba i4e4 sexus ad vitae societatem tantundem conf]t1 s$ alt]a p>s ad obsequ5dum1 alt]a imp]io nata e/' ib4 #a1 #a4 #agi ,see bel[1 #cjc4 #ahj ,see bel[1 #cji4 #aha #8f]e itaque imp]ia p5es eos fu]e populos1 qui mitiore caelo utuntur4 9 frigora sept5trionemque v]g5tibus immansueta +5ia sunt' ,s54 ,dial4 iv #ae1 #e4 ,s too ,lucan3 #8omnis 9 ,arctois populus quicunque pru9is nascitur1 indomitus bellis et mortis amator' ,ph>s4 viii #cfc-f4 #ahb #8ag$um illis corporibus illis animis luxum opes ignorantibus da rationem1 da discipl9am3 ut nihil amplius dicam1 necesse erit c]te nobis mores ,romanos repet]e' ,s54 ,dial4 iii ,,ii1 #d4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,law ,,= ,,humanity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,"r ,law4 #cjb4 ,! dep>tm5t ( ,e?ics conta9s two divisions3 e?ics 79 ! /rict] s5se7 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! action ( ! individual2 & politics1 :i* has to d ) ! ord] ( ! ,/ate4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t 9 ,/oicism ! latt] is altoge!r subord9at$1 & t ! c5tral aim ( ?is philosophy is to erect a %elt] = ! individual#a4 ,! tru? ( ?is view is m ?an d\btful4 ,/oic e?ics are n bas$ on ! ne$s ( ! individual1 b on ! dem&s ( ! supreme ,law4 #8,if !re is a univ]se1 !n !re is a univ]sal law1 bidd+ u d ?is & refra9 f t4' #8,if !re are gods1 !re is virtue#b4' ,we h already notic$ t ,z5o's e>lie/ "w 0 #8on ! ,/ate#c1' & t x is an attempt to %[ h[ a /ate c be ord]$ by wise laws4 ,! :ole !ory ( ! ,logos leads up to ! same po9t4 ,! same et]nal ,wisdom ?r\gh :i* ! primal /uff took %ape is1 9 ano!r function1 ! ,"r ,rule 7 1 v]a ratio7 :i* comm&s & =bids#d4 ,"r ,rule & ,common ,law 7 1 lex communis7 are t]ms ( id5tical mean+1 by :i* a /&>d ( supreme au?ority is set up#e2 ,/ate law & conv5tional morality1 ?\gh always ( n>r[] range1 & (t5 ( inf]ior purity1 are yet a reflection ( univ]sal ,law4 ,! moral law mu/ !re=e fir/ be /udi$ 9 its be>+s on man z a political & social animal4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,cosmopolis4 #cjc4 ,! root-pr9ciple ( ! ,/oic ,/ate is t x is _w-wide1 a cosmopolis4 ,?is title arose f ! practice1 attribut$ to ,socrates & ,diog5es 7z well z o!rs71 ( reply+ to ! curr5t "q #8,( :at city are y8' by ! answ] #8,( ! univ]se#f4' ,we mu/ !re=e reg>d ourselves z memb]s n ( a clan or city1 b ( a _w-wide society#g4 ,9 ?is society all di/9ctions ( race1 ca/e & class are to be subord9at$ to ! s5se ( k9%ip & bro!rhood#h4 ,?is pr9ciple is equally oppos$ to ! nationali/ prejudices :i* rank ,hell5e above b>b>ian1 to philosophical !ories 7su* z t ( ,ari/otle7 :i* di/+ui% intellig5t peoples fitt$ by nature to rule & o!rs only fitt$ to obey#i1 & to ideal /ates 7su* z t ( ,plato7 9 :i* a rul+ class is to be develop$ by artifice & s*ool+4 ,only ! brute animals are exclud$ f ?is community1 = !y are n possess$ ( reason2 !y h !re=e no rights1 b exi/ = ! s]vice ( m5#aj4 ,all human be+s are capable ( atta9+ to virtue1 & z su* are natural-born citiz5s ( ! ,cosmopolis#aa4 ,loyalty to ?is /ate1 h[ev]1 9 no wise h9d]s a due loyalty to exi/+ /ates :i* may be reg>d$ z p>tial realizations ( x4 ,socrates submitt$ to ! laws ( ,a!ns ev5 :5 !y bade him die2 ,z5o & ,clean!s decl9$ ! citiz5%ip ( t fam\s city1 le/ !y %\ld be ?\ght to hold *eap ! places ( _! bir?#ab2 & among/ ! ,romans ,s5eca frequ5tly insi/s t e man is born into two communities1 ! ,cosmopolis & 8 native city#ac4 ,sid5ote3 ,! law ( nature4 #cjd4 ,! _w-/ate is n held toge!r ei!r by =ce or by /ate-craft1 b by goodwill4 ,we mu/ be able say #8,love is god !re1 & is a helpmate to make ! city secure#ad4' ,?is feel+ ( love & fri5d%ip gr[s up naturally betwe5 wise m51 because !y p>take 9 ! reason ( ! univ]se2 s t we may equally well say t ! bond ( ! /ate is ! ,logos 7ratio atque oratio7#ae4 ,s9ce reason & ! univ]sal law exi/ 9 ! community f ! beg9n+1 law does n ne$ to be creat$2 x exi/s ( itself1 & by natural gr[? 77#af4 ,! writ+ d[n ( laws is only a /age 9 _! developm5t#ag4 ,sid5ote3 ,z5o's revolution>y views4 #cje4 ,! !ory ( ! _w-/ate1 z fir/ sket*$ by ,z5o1 f\nd no place = any ( ! *]i%$ in/itutions ( ! ,a!ns 9 :i* x 0 prea*$4 ,9 ! heav5ly city mu/ be nei!r temples nor images#ah2 s f> ! aims ( ! ,p]sian invad] are to be c>ri$ out4 ,! reason giv5 is f> f flatt]+ to ! arti/ic pride ( ! ,a!nians1 = !y are told t _! magnific5t build+s & /atues ( _w-wide r5[n are only ! "w ( common build]s & workm5#ai4 ,nor mu/ !re be law-c\rts#bj or gymnasia4 ,! practice ( he>+ bo? sides 9 a law-c\rt is unreasonable1 because if ! pla9tiff has prov$ 8 case x is useless to he> ! def5dant1 & if he has n prov$ x1 x is sup]flu\s#ba4 ,! tra9+ ( ! y\? 9 gramm>1 music1 & gymna/ic is wor?less#bb1 = ! true education is 9 virtue4 ,co9$ money1 z 9 mod]n communi/ic ,utopias1 %\ld n be requir$ ei!r = comm]ce or = travel#bc4 ,sid5ote3 ,wom5 to be 9 common4 #cjf4 ,) reg>d to ! position ( wom5 ,z5o1 agree+ to "s ext5t ) ,plato1 ass]t$ ! />tl+ doctr9e t #8wom5 %\ld be 9 common1 & m5 %\ld mate ) !m z !y pleas$#bd4' ,t ,z5o 0 sugge/+1 ev5 = an imag9>y /ate1 any sort ( loose liv+1 ne$ n = a mom5t be suppos$2 8 cont95ce 0 notable#be2 he expressly approves ( m>riage#bf2 & ! memb]s ( 8 s*ool 7 hon\rably kn[n by _! av]sion to adult]y#bg4 ,b ,z5o c\ld n base 8 !ory ( ! relation ( ! sexes m]ely ^u e/abli%$ practice4 ,we may assume t he obs]v$ t 9 ! _w ( animals & ( birds mat+ 0 free#bh1 :]eas 9 human society x 0 encumb]$ by national prejudices1 class privilege1 & p]sonal jeal\sy2 & 9 p>ticul> t woman 0 reg>d$ z a *attel1 contr>y to ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 8 /ate#bi4 ,by 8 doctr9e ( #8free mat+' he aim$ at ! root ( ^! evils4 ,! gradual abolition at ,rome ( ! re/rictions on #8connubium' illu/rates ! application ( 8 pr9ciple1 j z ! prohibition ( #8misceg5ation' 9 mod]n ,am]ica illu/rates its d5ial4 ,z5o may well h p]ceiv$ h[ deeply ! pot5tiality ( m>riage affects all social relations1 & x is probable t ! progress ( ,/oicism did mu* to break d[n ! racial b>ri]s t exi/$ 9 ,z5o's "t1 b :i* _h almo/ completely disappe>$ five c5turies lat] ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,ano!r application ( 8 doctr9e is f\nd 9 ! life ( ,cato ( ,utica#cj4 ,b its g5]al mean+ is cle>3 m>riage exi/s n by nature1 b by in/itution 772 its law is human & mutable1 b nev]!less )9 prop] limits is "o t may n be transgress$4 ,by ! side ( ! text ( ,z5o we /ill h ! au?oriz$ comm5t ( ,epictetus#ca4 ,sid5ote3 ,ince/ no abom9ation4 #cjg4 ,! ,/oics did n %r9k f insi/+ ^u ! ab/ract pr9ciple ( ! community ( wom5 ev5 9 an extreme case 9 :i* _! doctr9e enc\nt]$ a viol5t prejudice4 ,no natural law1 !y ma9ta9$1 prohibits m>riage relation%ip betwe5 ne> relatives#cb4 ,! tale ( ,o$ipus & ,joca/a1 :i* is s prom95t a !me 9 ! great ,a!nian trag$ies1 appe>s to ,z5o to be a matt] ab\t :i* too mu* ado has be5 made#cc4 ,= suppose ! case t all ! _w 7 de/roy$ by flood except "o man & 8 daught]2 w\ld x n be bett] t he %\ld beget *ildr5 by h]1 & t ! :ole human race %\ld n p]i%#cd8 ,9 ?is ref]5ce to ! traditional flood we may readily trace "o reason :y ! ,/oics insi/$ on _! pr9ciple4 ,= at ! beg9n+ ( human hi/ory we are compell$ to po/ulate an ,adam & an ,eve1 a human pair relat$ 9 _! bir? & at ! same "t unit$ z p>5ts ( ! race#ce4 ,g back to ! beg9n+s ( ! univ]se2 !re too we mu/ po/ulate ! same comb9ation ( relation%ips1 & s only c we und]/& ! poets :5 !y speak ( ,h]a z #8wife & si/] ( ,zeus#cf4' ,sid5ote3 ,burial a conv5tion4 #cjh4 ,p]haps ev5 m %ock+ to ,hell5ic feel+ 0 ,z5o's indiff]5ce to ! treatm5t ( ! dead1 ,burial 0 to him no sacr$ duty to ! dep>t$ "o2 x 0 equally "r to ?r[ ! body to ! fire1 z ! ,indians1 or to ! vultures1 z ! ,p]sians#cg4 ,nor is !re any ne$ to condemn ^? nations among/ :i* ! dead are eat5 by _! own relatives#ch1 = all ^! ?+s are matt]s n ( pr9ciple b ( conv5i5ce1 & to eat human fle% may /ill be desirable if circum/ances require x#ci1 z = in/ance 9 %ipwreck1 or if a limb is amputat$#dj4 ,! problem ( ! disposal ( ! dead became a fav\rite subject ( discussion 9 ,/oic circles4 ,*rysippus wrote at l5g? on ! subject1 comp>+ ! cu/oms ( v>i\s nations z well z ! habits ( animals1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! law ( nature4 ,he rea*es ! conclusion t dead bodies %\ld be dispos$ ( 9 ! simple/ possible way1 n be+ reg>d$ z ( m importance ?an ! hair or nail-p>+s f :i* we "p 9 life#da4 ,cic]o %ortly sums up ?is discussion 9 ! ,tusculan disputations1 & draws ! conclusion t :il/ ! liv+ mu/ consid] :at x is fitt+ = !m to d1 to ! dead man x is a matt] totally indiff]5t#db4 ,9 ! imp]ial p]iod ?is consid]ation is ( importance z %[+ t ! tyrant has no p[] aft] dea?#dc4 ,sid5ote3 ,slav]y4 #cji4 ,! ,/oic view ( slav]y c readily be inf]r$4 ,)\t propos+ ! imm$iate abolition ( ?is social in/itution1 ! ,/oics treat$ x z ess5tially contr>y to nature#dd4 ,! e>lie/ tea*]s seem to h pass$ ov] ! subject 9 sil5ce2 ,panaetius 7z might be expect$ f 8 social position71 ju/ifi$ slav]y by ! argum5ts ( ,plato & ,ari/otle 9 exceptional cases3 #8all ^? :o ?r\gh ! infirmity ( _! nature are unfit to gov]n !mselves1 are rightly made slaves'#de4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory we may speak ( a #8natural slave' 7 71 :o z su* c no m h rights 9 ! community ?an ! l[] animals4 ,! true ,/oic !ory appe>s h[ev] to be =mulat$ by a def9ition ( ,*rysippus1 :o says t a slave is a #8lab\r] hir$ = life#df4' ,?is def9ition makes ( slav]y a contract1 to :i* !re are two p>ties2 & ,s5eca rightly uses ?is def9ition to argue t ! relations ( ma/] to slave are ^? ( man to man1 & t z ! ma/] may wrong 8 slave1 s ! slave may d a s]vice to 8 ma/]#dg4 ,all ?is is really impli$ 9 ! dogma t #8wom5 & slaves may become philosoph]s1' z is realiz$ by ! ,*ur* ,fa!r ,lactantius#dh4 ,sid5ote3 ,con/itutions4 #caj4 ,! ,/oic pr9ciples ( politics may be realiz$ "u any =m ( gov]nm5t1 & ! !ory ( ,con/itutions1 l t ( gramm>1 belongs to a neutral gr\nd on :i* philosoph]s ( diff]5t s*ools may "w 9 h>mony4 ,! ,p]ipatetics appe> fir/ to h tak5 up ?is /udy2 ( ! ,/oics ,diog5es ( ,babylon#di1 :o himself act$ z a political repres5tative ( ,a!ns1 is /at$ to h %[n int]e/ 9 ?is subject2 & aft] him ,panaetius develop$ a complete !ory1 ( :i* ! sub/ance is pres]v$ = u 9 ,cic]o's de ,re publica#ej4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 :i* ,cic]o puts 9 ! m\? ( ,scipio ,africanus1 surr\nd$ by ,roman ,/oics ( di/9ction su* z ,laelius1 ,tub]o1 & ,furius ,philo1 ! be/ con/itution is "o 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( mon>*y1 ari/ocracy & democracy are comb9$1 ?\gh a bias rema9s 9 fav\r ( mon>*y#ea4 ,?is mix$ con/itution1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,panaetius & 8 pupil ,polybius1 is be/ illu/rat$ 9 ! ,roman /ate#eb2 :]eas tyranny1 ! p]v]sion ( mon>*y1 is ! wor/ ( all gov]nm5ts4 ,by su* reason+ ! ,roman nobles ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 & ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 alike p]suad$ !mselves easily t ,/oic tea*+ support$ ! position ( ! republican p>ty4 ,b 9 fact !y 7 ma9ta9+ ,p]ipatetic !ories ( gov]nm5t1 & ! real ,/oic !ory 0 f> m 9 accord ) t practice ( ! pr9cipate1 accord+ to :i* all citiz5s are treat$ ) respect1 & ! gov]nm5t ( !m is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( m5 select$ = _! p]sonal m]it4 ,we %all discuss ! :ole "q ( ! relation ( ,/oicism to ,roman politics 9 a lat] *apt]#ec2 b we may notice "h t ^? ,/oics practically ab&on$ ! !ory ( provid5ce :o look$ into ! hi/ory ( _! own times ) ! int5tion ( see+ n[h]e ! #8k+1' & ev]y:]e ! #8tyrant4' ,on ! o!r h& ! practical /atesm5 :o set ab\t to re-create ,roman law on ! pr9ciple ( sub/itut+ ev]y:]e human rights = class privileges 7 m5 ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! ,/oic _s1 :e!r or n !y 7 av[$ disciples ( ?is philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,! citiz54 #caa4 ,we mu/ !re=e ma9ta9 t ! true ,/oic /ate1 :e!r x be call$ mon>*y or democracy1 calls = a revolt aga9/ nationalism1 antiquity1 cu/om1 pride1 & prejudice2 & a new con/ruction bas$ ^u univ]sal reason & individual lib]ty4 ,= ! realization ( ?is /ate x is fir/ necess>y to build up ! individual1 to fill 8 m9d ) ! conception ( reason & love1 to /r5g!n 8 w to a true indep5d5ce3 = x is n buy+ or sell+ t makes ! slave1 b ! w )9#ed4 ,all are 9 tru? slaves except ! wise man2 = fre$om is ! p[] ( direct+ "o's own actions#ee4 ,"h !n we pass f ! community to ! individual1 f politics to e?ics 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,sid5ote3 ,! supreme good4 #cab4 ,= ! individual man ! e?ical problem is to br+ himself1 a "p ( nature1 into h>mony ) ! :ole4 ,:e!r we ?9k ( de/9y1 ( provid5ce1 ( ! gods1 or ( ! /ate1 success = ! individual is to agree & to coop]ate2 to /ruggle & to rebel is to fail4 ,?is success is ! end 77 = :i* man exi/s1 ! supreme good 7summum bonum71 ! ultimate good 7ultimum bonorum71 t t[>ds :i* all o!r "r action works1 :il/ x works itself = no o!r end#ef4 ,its "n 9 ! individual is virtue 71 virtus71 & x is an active & firmly-e/abli%$ disposition ( ! s\l#eg4 ,x foll[s f ! moni/ic pr9ciple t ! end = man is "o1 & t virtue is "o2 b nev]!less ea* is capable ( be+ reg>d$ 9 _m aspects4 ,! h>mony ( ! e?ical end ) o!r p>ts ( ! ,/oic philosophy is m>k$ by su* phrases z #8life accord+ to nature#eh1' ! rule #8keep company ) ,god#ei1' & ! id5tification ( virtue & reason#fj4 ,sid5ote3 ,consi/5cy ) nature4 #cac4 ,because virtue is "o ?+ & n _m1 x makes a man's life "o consi/5t :ole1 & /&s 9 %>p contra/ to ! *ang+ & undecid$ ways ( ! cr[d4 ,virtue is !re=e frequ5tly def9$ z consi/5cy 9 life#fa1 an ev5 /eady c\rse ( action#fb1 self-consi/5cy#fc1 a pr9ciple 9 agreem5t ) its applications#fd4 ,! opposite ( virtue is ! un5d+ re/lessness & indecision ( ! man 9 ! cr[d#fe4 ,accord+ly we are told t ! e>lie/ ,/oics ?\ght x a suffici5t def9ition ( wisdom or virtue t x 0 some?+ simple#ff2 & simil>ly ,z5o said t ! end ( life 0 #8to live consi/5tly#fg4' ,to ?is %ort def9ition ! words #8) nature' 7 soon add$#fh1 :]eby ! di/9ctiv5ess ( ! orig9al def9ition 0 dim9i%$3 = all ! philosophical s*ools are agre$ t ! "r life mu/ be guid$ by nature 771 n by conv5tion 774 ,f ! "t ( ,*rysippus ! relation ( "r liv+ to nature 0 fur!r analyz$4 ,*rysippus def9$ ! #8nature' ref]r$ to z #8univ]sal & human nature#fi1' !reby fur!r approximat+ to ! tea*+ ( rival s*ools2 b on ! o!r h& he gave ?is new & m *>act]i/ic explanation #8to live virtu\sly is to live accord+ to sci5tific k ( ! ph5om5a ( nature1 do+ no?+ :i* ! ,univ]sal ,law =bids1 :i* is ! ,"r ,reason :i* p]vades all ?+s1 & is ! same z ,zeus1 ! ,"l ( ! ord]+ ( ?is _w#gj4' ,diog5es ( ,babylon introduc$ ! words #8to take a reasonable c\rse 9 *oos+ or refus+ ?+s 9 accordance ) nature#ga4' ,antipat]'s def9ition is #8to live ) pref]5ce = :at is natural1 & av]sion to :at is aga9/ nature#gb1' ?us ?r[+ ! /ress on ! doctr9e ( ! #8?+s ( high degree#gc4' ,panaetius made a di/9ct /ep =w>d :5 he admitt$ ! claims ( univ]sal nature to be supreme1 b 7subject to !m7 held t ea* man %\ld foll[ ! po9t+s ( 8 individual nature#gd2 ?is tea*+ h[ev] comes r ne> to nam+ a tw(old end4 ,cic]o foll[s ,panaetius 9 8 de ,(ficiis#ge1 b 9 ! de ,f9ibus adh]es m closely to ,*rysippus#gf1 & ,s5eca agrees ) him 9 lay+ /ress on ! ne$ ( sci5tific k ( natural ev5ts#gg4 ,9 ! ma9 !re=e #8life accord+ to nature' means to ! ,/oics life 9 accordance ) ! g5]al movem5t ( ! univ]se1 to :i* ! p>ticul> /riv+s ( ! individual mu/ be subord9at$4 ,sid5ote3 ,ob$i5ce to ,god4 #cad4 ,f ! religi\s /&po9t virtue is will+ coop]ation ) ! deity1 9 pref]5ce to t unwill+ coop]ation to :i* ev5 evil-do]s are =c$4 ,?is conception1 fir/ set =? by ,clean!s 9 a poem t we h quot$ above#gh1 is en=c$ by ,s5eca & ,epictetus also 9 v>y+ phrases4 #8,i d n obey ,god1' says ,s5eca1 #8,i agree ) him4 ,i g ) him he>t & s\l1 & n because ,i mu/#gi4' ,) a slight *ange ( language ?is leads u to ! p>adox t #8ob$i5ce to ,god is lib]ty#hj4' #8,i h plac$ my impulses1' says ,epictetus1 #89 ob$i5ce to ,god4 ,is x 8 w t ,i %all h fev]8 ,x is my w too4 ,is x 8 w t ,i %\ld obta9 any?+8 ,x is my wi% also4 ,does he n wi% x8 ,i d n wi% x#ha4' ,! p]sonal b5t ( ,epictetus leads him to develope ?is idea 9 ! direction ( suff]+ r ?an ( act+4 #8,if ! good man _h =ekn[l$ge ( :at w\ld happ51 he w\ld coop]ate t[>ds 8 own sickness & dea? & mutilation1 s9ce he kn[s t ^! ?+s are assign$ to him 9 accordance ) ! univ]sal arrangem5t#hb4' ,! pro( t ?is mu/ be s re/s on ! unity ( ! ,div9e & individual purposes3 #8,good _c be "o ?+1 & t at :i* we are rationally delight$ ano!r ?+#hc4' ,sid5ote3 ,social duty4 #cae4 ,x is n p]haps q s cle>ly /at$ t ! virtue ( ! individual is t disposition :i* w make him ! be/ possible memb] ( society1 t is1 ! be/ possible citiz5 ( ! ,cosmopolis4 ,yet ?is is ev]y:]e impli$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! wise man w take "p 9 ! life ( ! community#hd1 he w m>ry & br+ up *ildr5#he4 ,9 ! second place ! virtue ( man diff]s fir/ f ! correspond+ quality 9 ! animals 9 t man is =m$ by nature = social union2 h5ce 8 reason only comes into play simultane\sly ) ! recognition t he is a memb] ( a community1 & z su* b\nd to pref] ! good ( ! :ole to t ( a "p4 #8,nature1' says ,panaetius1 #8?r\gh reason unites man to man1 s t !y h a common bond 9 conv]sation & life2 x induces m5 to approve & take "p 9 public ga!r+s & fe/ivals1 & to collect ! mat]ials = a social & cultivat$ life = !mselves1 _! *ildr51 & all :om !y hold de>#hf4' ,sid5ote3 ,heal? ( s\l4 #caf4 ,virtue1 z a disposition ( ! s\l#hg1 reflects all ! aspects 9 :i* ! s\l itself is reg>d$4 ,s9ce ! pr9cipate is bo? wisdom & w1 s virtue is wisdom1 accord+ to ! p>adox ( ,socrates & ! ,cynics#hh4 ,because virtue is wisdom1 x c be taught#hi2 9 fact1 x c only be acquir$ by tea*+2 & equally evil-do+ c be cur$ by tea*+#ij4 ,b no less virtue is w4 ,clean!s emphasiz$ ?is aspect1 & id5tifi$ virtue bo? ) ! ,socratic #8/r5g? ( "*' & ) ! ,/oic #8tone#ia4' ,9 s f> z virtue is w1 x is to be acquir$ by con/ant practice#ib4 ,a true judgm5t is endang]$ by ha/y ass5t2 a heal?y w by slackness ( ! s\l's s9ews4 ,9 ! ,/oic sy/em vig\r & /r5g? ( m9d is ev]y:]e id5tifi$ ) ! #8true tone' 77#ic2 ! possibility ( ov]/ra9 is n consid]$4 ,b 9 ! developm5t ( ! ideal we h two v>y+ aspects ( virtue pres5t$ to u4 ,at "o mom5t we see ! man ( action1 engag$ 9 ! ?ick ( ! battle1 sun-br[n$1 du/y1 horny-h&$#id2 ) ?is model be=e him we f9d ,musonius object+ altoge!r to relaxation ( moral tone z be+ equival5t to its loss#ie4 ,at ano!r mom5t we see ! man ( quiet conviction1 :o goes 8 way unmov$ 9 ! face ( ! h[ls ( ! mob or ! ?reats ( ! tyrant#if2 he is di/+ui%$ by a m5tal calm#ig :i* no /orms c %ake4 ,any discrepancy betwe5 ^! views is f9ally reconcil$ by introduc+ a comp>ison betwe5 ! s\l & ! body4 ,! philosoph]s _h at all times be5 greatly influ5c$ by ! !ories & practice ( ! physicians2 & !y 7 pr\d to call !mselves physicians ( ! s\l4' ,*rysippus sp5t mu* "t 9 comp>+ diseases ( ! s\l to ^? ( ! body#ih4 ,equally !re mu/ be a heal?y /ate ( ! s\l correspond+ to t ( ! body1 9 :i* all its p>ts are 9 h>mony#ii4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,/oic pray] heal? ( s\l is ask$ =1 side by side ) heal? ( body#ajj2 & ,s5eca bases a s+ul>ly complete /atem5t ( ! ,/oic conception ( happ9ess ^u a p]man5tly heal?y condition ( ! m9d#aja4 ,sid5ote3 ,virtue lies 9 int5tion4 #cag4 ,virtue is a /ate ( ! m9d1 a disposition ( ! s\l2 x is n an act4 ,h5ce ! b5t ( ! m9d 7incl9atio71 its aim 7int5tio71 its desire 71 voluntas7 is ev]y?+2 ! p]=mance ?r\gh ! organs ( ! body is no?+#ajb4 ,?is ,/oic dogma is to-day s famili> 9 div9ity1 law1 & society t x is n easy to realize h[ p>adoxical x seem$ :5 fir/ /at$4 ,by its proclamation ! ,/oics defi$ ! :ole sy/em ( tabu by :i* ! anci5t _w prohibit$ c]ta9 acts z 9 !mselves dang]\s & dete/able2 a sy/em /ill 9 =ce 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( life & !oretically def5d$ by ! #8intuitive sy/em ( morals4' ,! def5d]s ( tabu 7 bitt]ly affront$1 & indignantly ask$ que/ions :i* mo/ly conc]n$ ! sexual relations1 ) reg>d to :i* tabu appe>s to h be5 at ! "t mo/ vigor\s4 #8,is !re no?+ wrong 9 cannibalism8 9 f\l language8 9 ince/8 9 ! accurs$ relations ) boy fav\rites 778' ,to ^! que/ions firm-m9d$ ,/oics 7 b\nd to give a negative answ]1 !reby lay+ !mselves op5 to ! *>ge ( be+ def5d]s ( immorality4 ,?is *>ge h[ev] is nev] to be tak5 s]i\sly2 ! high practical morality ( ! ,/oics plac$ !m beyond reproa*4 ,b x 0 also easy to raise a laugh by quotations f ^! au/]e morali/s :i* s\nd$ l a def5ce ( lic5ti\sness4 ,! solution ( ! difficulty 9 ea* individual case foll[s exactly ! same l9es z 9 politics2 & !re is ! same div]g5ce ( me?od betwe5 ! e>ly ,/oics1 :o ass]t _! pr9ciples at all co/s1 & ^? ( ! transition p]iod1 :o are int5t ^u adapt+ !m to ! exi/+ conditions ( society4 ,"h we ne$ only discuss ! que/ions ( pr9ciple1 z we deal ) que/ions affect+ practical life 9 ano!r *apt]#ajc4 ,sid5ote3 ,tabus4 #cah4 ,! pr9cipal tabus affect+ ! individual h to d ) cannibalism1 ! sexual relations1 nudity1 & obsc5ity4 ,( ! fir/ we h already spok52 ! o!r ?ree appe>$ to ! ,/oics p>tly due to inh]it$ prejudices1 p>tly to ! !ory t ! body is 9 itself vile & corrupt4 ,( nei!r po9t ( view c\ld ! ,/oics approve4 ,h5ce _! repeat$ ass]tions t no sexual act1 :e!r commonly describ$ z natural or z unnatural1 is 9 itself to be condemn$1 b only accord+ z x is seemly or unseemly = ! individual#ajd4 ,x 0 p]haps unnecess>y to expla9 to ,greeks t ! nak$ body is 9 itself no (f5sive sight1 b d\btless ! ,/oics _h to make ?is cle> to _! ,ori5tal pupils2 ,z5o at any rate laid d[n ! pr9ciple :5 he said t m5 & wom5 %\ld we> ! same clo!s 7mean+ su* z nature requires = w>m? & n su* z fa%ion prescribes71 & hide no "p ( ! body#aje4 ,z to dec5cy ( language1 x did n occur to ! ,/oics to discuss ?is "q 9 connexion ) ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,s9ce tru? is always good1 & ! v purpose ( language is to express tru?1 a wise man w always say /raight out :at he ne$s to say#ajf4 ,sid5ote3 ,virtue 9 its applications4 #cai4 ,up to ?is po9t we f9d a broad resemblance betwe5 ! e?ical pr9ciples ( ! ,/oics & ! ,cynics4 ,bo? ass]t ! sole supremacy ( virtue1 ridicule traditional prejudices1 & bid defiance to ext]nal circum/ances4 ,b !re is at ! same "t div]g5ce4 ,to ! ,cynics virtue /&s out z alone1 ne$+ no !ory1 & by itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,to ! ,/oics virtue is b "o expression ( t univ]sal reason :i* is equally at "w 9 ! univ]se & 9 ! human m9d4 ,! ,/oics are !re=e "u ! obligation ( br++ virtue into t\* ) circum/ances1 ! s\l into h>mony ) ! body4 ,f ?is arises _! doctr9e t virtue is b\nd up ) ! /udy bo? ( univ]sal & ( individual nature1 & t among/ ?+s indiff]5t !re are "s t ! good man mu/ seek1 & o!rs t he mu/ avoid4 ,! critics ( ,/oicism1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 reg>d ?is doctr9e z an aft]?\ght#ajg1 sugge/$ by practical difficulties1 & ali5 f ! orig9al tea*+ ( ,z5o4 ,?is seems to be a misappreh5sion4 ,und\bt$ly ,z5o _h said3 #8"s ?+s are good1 "s are evil1 "s indiff]5t4 ,good are wisdom1 temp]ance1 ju/ice1 =titude1 ev]y?+ t is virtue or an aspect ( virtue2 evil are folly1 intemp]ance1 inju/ice1 c[>dice1 ev]y?+ t is vice or an aspect ( vice4 ,indiff]5t are life & dea?1 glory & disgrace1 pa9 & pleasure1 ri*es & weal?1 disease1 heal?1 & s =?#ajh4' ,b !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 a pr9ciple & its application2 & ?is v li/ ( ?+s indiff]5t indicates by its contra/s an und]ly+ diff]5ce1 ?\gh x is n ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil4 ,z5o 0 !re=e q consi/5t 9 proce$+ to exam9e ! nature ( ?is diff]5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,wor? & ,unwor?4 #cbj4 ,?is second>y diff]5ce is t]m$ by ! ,/oics a diff]5ce ( wor? 71 ae/imatio7#aji4 ,heal?1 life1 ri*es1 h positive wor? 9 great] or less degree2 disease1 dea?1 pov]ty1 h negative wor? 71 inae/imabile7#aaj4 ,betwe5 ^! lie ?+s t are absolutely indiff]5t1 z1 = example1 :e!r ! numb] ( hairs on "o's head is odd or ev5#aaa1 or :e!r we take up "o or ! o!r ( two co9s t h ! same g5]al appe>ance & ! same /amp#aab4 ,ev5 "h a slight di/9ction has to be made2 z to :e!r ! hairs on ! head are odd or ev5 9 numb] we h n ! slighte/ conc]n2 b 9 ! matt] ( ! co9s we mu/ make a *oice1 & t quickly4 ,let u !n settle ! matt] anyh[1 by *ance z common folk say2 #8= a reason t is n cle> to u1' z ! ,/oics say1 n will+ to admit an effect )\t a cause1 & yet leav+ ! matt] mu* :]e x 0#aac4 ,& n[ z to ! ?+s t h #8wor?'2 x is cle> t 9 "s s5se !y are #8accord+ to nature1' & 9 ! same s5se ^? ?+s t h #8negative wor?' are oppos$ to nature#aad2 & ! =m] 9 "s way approximate to ! "* ( ! good#aae4 ,x is !n necess>y to describe !m by "s t]m o!r ?an #8good4' ,z5o select$ ! t]m #8( high degree1' :i* ,cic]o translates v>i\sly by producta1 promota1 praecipua1 praelata1 & praeposita4 ,?is t]m1 we are told1 ,z5o borr[$ f c\rt life3 #8= no "o w\ld ?9k ( call+ a k+ 8( high degree10 b only ^? :o are ( a rank next to 81 ?\gh f> bel[#aaf4' ,! opposites 7 describ$ z 7remota1 reiecta7 #8?+s ( l[ degree#aag4' ,s5eca1 :o /ates ! !ory ) great cle>ness#aah1 commonly uses ! h&i] t]ms commoda 7#8advantages'7 & incommoda 7#8disadvantages'7#aai4 ,9 _! treatm5t ( ! sep>ate matt]s :i* fall "u ^! divisions ! ,/oics 7 9 close agreem5t ) ! ,p]ipatetic !ory ( natural ends 7 7#abj3 b _! loyalty to _! own s*ool came into "q1 if !y actually t]m$ !m #8good' or #8evil1' z ,*rysippus ?\ght p]missible if suffici5t precautions 7 tak5#aba1 & z ,s5eca (t5 describes !m 9 8 less c>eful moods#abb4 ,sid5ote3 ,! aim ( virtue4 #cba4 ,! advocates ( ,/oicism ma9ta9 t ! !ory ( #8advantages' is ess5tial to _! sy/em1 because )\t x virtue has no mean+1 & practical life no guide#abc2 :]eas z soon z ?is !ory is e/abli%$1 we c assign to virtue ! p]man5t & di/9ctive "*1 t x aims at secur+ #8advantages' & avoid+ #8disadvantages#abd4' ,n[ we are able to enl>ge1 ?\gh we d n alt]1 our def9ition ( ! supreme good2 ! #8consi/5t life1' ! #8life consi/5t ) nature1' is ! #8life :i* is accompani$ by a true k ( ! ?+s t happ5 by nature'2 to :i* words we n[ add #8*oos+ ^? ?+s :i* are 9 accordance ) nature1 & avoid+ ^? ?+s :i* are aga9/ nature#abe4' ,nev]!less1 virtue consi/s :olly 9 ! aim+ at ! m>k1 & n at all 9 ! hitt+ x4 ,z ! true sportsman f9ds all 8 pleasure 9 ?r[+ 8 quoit accord+ to ! rules ( ! game1 & 9 aim+ 8 arr[ at ! c5tre ( ! t>get1 b c>es n 9 ! lea/ 7s x w\ld seem7 :e!r he succe$s#abf2 s ! wise man1 ev5 ?\gh 7by ^? circum/ances :i* he _c control1 & :i* 9 ?is connexion we call #8! play ( =tune'7 he ga9 no #8advantage' at all1 b suff] di%on\r1 captivity1 mutilation1 & dea?1 /ill possesses ! supreme good1 /ill is z completely happy z ?\gh he enjoy$ all ?+s4 ,?is is ! ,/oic doctr9e ( ! #8suffici5cy ( virtue1' express$ 9 ! language ( p>adox1 b nev]!less ! c5tral po9t ( _! :ole e?ical sy/em2 & its =ce is really int5sifi$ by ! doctr9e ( #8advantages1' :i* to a sup]ficial critic appe>s to relax x4 ,sid5ote3 ,suffici5cy ( virtue4 #cbb4 ,! doctr9e ( ! suffici5cy 71 suffici5tia7 ( virtue 0 consi/5tly taught by ! ,/oics ( all p]iods1 ?\gh 9 ev]-v>y+ phraseology4 ,z5o adopt$ ! ,cynic phrase #8virtue is suffici5t = happ9ess1' or 9 o!r words #8virtue ne$s b h]self = a happy life#abg4' ,*rysippus ma9ta9s t !re are only ?ree logical views z to ! supreme good1 t x is virtue or pleasure or bo?#abh1 & = himself he *ooses ! fir/4 ,happ9ess !re=e is n made great] if advantages are add$ to virtue2 or r1 virtue does n p]mit addition 7accessio7#abi4 ,9 ! transition p]iod ,antipat] ( ,t>sus is said to h falt]$1 & to h attribut$ a little importance1 ?\gh v little1 to ext]nal advantages#acj2 b1 z we h se5 above#aca1 8 def9ition ( ! supreme good is 9 full accord ) ! g5]al tea*+ ( ! s*ool4 ,panaetius & ,posidonius held to ! or?odox doctr9e bo? 9 ^w & de$1 if we may tru/ ! direct /atem5ts ( ,cic]o#acb2 nev]!less !y 7 s anxi\s to assimilate _! expressions to ^? ( ord9>y life1 t ! conclusion c\ld easily be drawn t 9 _! he>ts !y too atta*$ importance to ext]nal goods#acc4 ,"o au?ority inde$ /ates t !y held heal?1 /r5g?1 & e/ate to be #8ne$ful' = happ9ess1 ?us ab&on+ ! suffici5cy ( virtue#acd2 b 9 ! abs5ce ( direct quotation we %all h>dly be will+ to accept ?is /atem5t z imply+ any?+ diff]5t f ! di/9ction ( ,*rysippus1 viz4 t #8! wise man ne$s no?+1 b has use = ev]y?+#ace4' ,b any falt]+ %[n by ! transition writ]s 0 m ?an made good by ! zeal ( ! tea*]s "u ! pr9cipate4 ,s5eca en=ces ! p>adox 9 a score ( phrases2 9 ! =m ( a prov]b #8virtue is its own rew>d#acf'2 9 rhetorical exub]ance #8virtue c defy dea?1 ill =tune1 & tyranny#acg'2 x is #8indep5d5t ev5 ( ! deity#ach'2 & #8no circum/ances c increase or impair its p]fection#aci4' ,epictetus (t5 dwells on ! same !me#adj1 & ! :ole "w ( ,m>cus ,aurelius is a m$itation ^u x#ada4 ,nor is ! dogma m]ely s*ola/ic2 ! tea*]s ( ! ,roman p]iod lay special emphasis on ! practical importance ( uphold+ ! ideal ( virtue1 z alike s+le & complete 9 itself#adb4 ,sid5ote3 ,virtue & ! virtues4 #cbc4 ,b virtue1 ?\gh s+le 9 its ess5ce1 is manifold 9 its applications2 ?\gh x c only be possess$ z a :ole1 x is atta9$ by /ages4 ,by ?is amplification ( ! ,/oic doctr9e ! way is prep>$ = t adaptation ( e?ical doctr9e to v>ieties ( circum/ance :i* w be ! special subject ( our next *apt]4 ,by ! side ( virtue /& #8! virtues1' sometimes conceiv$ z virtue h]self end[$ ) v>i\s qualities#adc1 m (t5 z virtue at "w 9 diff]5t sph]es ( action4 ,9 ?is way virtue assumes 9 turn ! %ape ( ea* "o ( ! f\r virtues z commonly und]/ood1 namely ,wisdom1 ,ju/ice1 ,c\rage1 & ,sob]ness#add2 we may1 if we please1 reckon ) a small] or great] numb]#ade2 yet we mu/ always rememb] t ! virtues are s knit toge!r1 t he :o truly possesses "o1 possesses all#adf4 ,virtue aga9 is display$ 9 s+le acts1 ea* ( :i* 7:atev] its sph]e7 is a #8"r action' 71 recte factum7#adg4 ,9 proportion z virtue is display$ 9 its v>i\s qualities & sph]es1 & 9 successive "r actions1 x ga9s itself a l>g] field2 x _c be said to increase1 b x is 9 a way spread out & broad5$#adh4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ virtue is won4 #cbd4 ,virtue1 z x is display$ 9 individual m51 has also a hi/ory4 ,?is foll[s cle>ly f ,/oic pr9ciples1 s9ce virtue is an aspect ( reason1 & *ildr5 are n possess$ ( reason#adi4 ,virtue !re=e comes by tra9+1 n by bir?#aej2 by art1 n by nature#aea4 ,9 ! p]iod t prec$es ! atta9m5t ( virtue1 !re exi/ /ates ( ! s\l :i* are ! semblances & ! =]unn]s ( virtue2 & he :o is on 8 way t[>ds wisdom1 & :om we call #8! probation]' 71 pr(ici5s#aeb71 by le>n+ & practice comes daily ne>] to 8 goal1 till 9 ! cr[n+ mom5t he w9s x z a :ole2 = virtue is no sum ( less] dispositions rea*$ by a gradual addition ( item to item1 b a ?+ complete 9 itself#aec4 ,c virtue ?us won be lo/ at a lat] "t8 ,virtue1 x may seem1 is n really su*1 unless x is inde/ructible2 & ! ,cynics & ! e>li] ,/oics taught accord+ly t virtue _c be lo/#aed1 t x is a #8possession = ev]4' ,9 ?is po9t1 z 9 s _m o!rs1 ,*rysippus yield$ to criticism1 & admitt$ t virtue might be lo/ ?r\gh intoxication or indige/ion#aee1 to :i* causes might well be add$ ! failure ( ! reason ?r\gh insanity or old age#aef4 ,b 9 spite ( ^! difficulties ! g5]al feel+ ( ! ,/oic s*ool held firmly to ! doctr9e t virtue once acquir$ is acquir$ = ev]#aeg4 ,sid5ote3 ,wise m54 #cbe4 ,virtue & vice are n m]e !ories ( ! philosoph]2 !y exi/ & c be /udi$ 9 human %ape1 9 ! wise & fooli% m5 ( my?1 hi/ory1 & society4 ,! lesson ( virtue 9 p>ticul> c be/ be le>nt by consid]+ virtu\s m5#aeh4 ,"h ! ,/oics foll[$ closely ! tea*+ ( _! pr$ecessors ! ,cynics#aei4 ,z ! be/ ( models !y accept$ ,h]cules1 ! man rightly deem$ a god#afj1 :o travell$ ov] all ! _w1 purg+ x ( e lawlessness1 & br++ ) him ju/ice1 hol9ess1 & peace#afa4 ,next comes ,ulysses1 :o l ,h]cules 0 untir+ 9 8 lab\rs1 triumphant ov] pa91 & a conqu]or ?r\gh\t all ! _w#afb2 an example to all m5 ( endurance & vig\r#afc4 ,to b>b>ians ,cyrus1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 0 a l example to prove t suff]+ is a good#afd4 ,_m su* are c\nt$ among/ ! philosoph]s2 fir/ ,h]aclitus1 n = 8 insight into nature1 b = 8 control ov] 8 passions#afe2 !n ,socrates1 :o 9 life & dea? 0 equally a model z a man & z a citiz5#aff4 ,diog5es ! ,cynic is wor?y ( special hon\r1 = he 0 s fill$ ) love = mank9d & ob$i5ce to ,god1 t he will+ly und]took a life ( lab\r & bodily suff]+1 & ?us won himself ! true fre$om#afg1 & became truly happy1 truly div9e#afh4 ,z5o ! mo/ temp]ate ( philosoph]s#afi1 & ,clean!s#agj ! mo/ endur+1 7 m5 ( l type )9 ! ,/oic s*ool itself4 ,sid5ote3 ,wise ,romans4 #cbf4 ,to ! li/ ( wise m5 recognis$ by ! ,greeks ! ,romans 7 pr\d to add o!r names f _! own hi/ory1 !reby associat+ _! philosophic pr9ciples ) patriotic pride4 ,f _! my?ology ,a5eas 0 select$1 ! man :o cru%es 8 desires t he may loyally coop]ate ) ! de/9y ( 8 p2 f ! times ( ! republic ,scipio ,africanus m9or & 8 g5tle companion ,laelius#aga2 :il/ 9 ,publius ,rutilius ,rufus a ,roman c\ld be f\nd :o1 l ,socrates1 w\ld n :5 on 8 trial cons5t to any o!r def5ce ?an a pla9 /atem5t ( ! facts1 9 :i* he nei!r exagg]at$ 8 own m]its nor made any plea = m]cy#agb4 ,b among/ all ,romans ,cato ( ,utica 0 pre-em95t#agc4 ,if ,cic]o1 z a contempor>y & a colleague 9 political life1 0 little liable to illusions z to 8 "* & success1 8 te/imony to ,cato's s9c]ity is all ! m valuable#agd2 nor c we believe t ,cato's volunt>y dea? w\ld s soon & s greatly h /irr$ ,roman feel+1 _h x n come z ! climax ( a life wor?ily sp5t#age4 ,! p]iod ( ! pr9cipate br\ght to ! front bo? m5 & wom5 ^: fe>less lives & quiet self-approv$ dea?s prov$ !m to be wor?y successors to ! h]oes ( ! pa/2 & at ! same "t we notice a disposition to f9d "s at lea/ ( ! elem5ts ( ! h]oic "* 9 simple un$ucat$ folk1 z 9 ! soldi]1 ! a?lete1 & ! gladiator1 s t ^! too s]ve 9 _! degree z models = ^? t seek wisdom#agf4 ,sid5ote3 ,wise m5 are few4 #cbg4 ,! f\nd]s ( ,/oicism nev] d\bt$ t wise m5 _h exi/$ & did exi/2 !y look$ =w>d to a "t n f> di/ant :5 !re %\ld be a ,cosmopolis 9 :i* e citiz5 %\ld be wise4 ,?is robu/ belief 0 n ma9ta9$ by _! successors4 ,accord+ to ,*rysippus1 only "o or two wise m5 h ev] exi/$#agg2 & he expressly d5ies t he himself or any ( 8 acqua9tance are among/ ! numb]#agh4 ,! ,/oics ( ! transition p]iod avoid$ ! topic z tr\blesome#agi2 & _! oppon5ts naturally press$ x on !m all ! m4 ,z5o _h said #8,x is reasonable to hon\r ! gods3 x is n reasonable to hon\r ! non-exi/5t3 !re=e ! gods exi/4' ,?is 0 n[ p>odi$3 #8,x is reasonable to hon\r wise m53 x is n reasonable to hon\r ! non-exi/5t3 !re=e wise m5 exi/4' ,if ?is argum5t 0 unsatisfactory1 z we are told#ahj1 to ! ,/oics1 because !y _h n yet discov]$ _! wise man any:]e1 we are n surpris$ to f9d t sometimes !y ref] him to ! gold5 age#aha1 at o!r times conv]t him into an ideal#ahb4 ,! ,/oics "u ! ,roman pr9cipate re-affirm$ vigor\sly ! exi/5ce ( ! wise man#ahc4 ,s5eca h[ev] admits t 8 appe>ance is z r>e z t ( ! pho5ix#ahd1 & altoge!r disclaims any su* "* = himself individually#ahe4 ,epictetus is f> m true to ! _s ( ! old doctr9e1 :5 he n only ab/a9s f any morbid depreciation ( 8 own "*1 b also urges 8 pupils nev] to give up ! hope ( rea*+ p]fection#ahf4 ,sid5ote3 ,! glory ( virtue4 #cbh4 ,?us ! ,/oics f\nd$ _! moral ideal on ! triple basis ( ! good citiz51 ! heal?ily-dispos$ s\l1 & ! examples ( wise m54 ,9 impress+ ?is "p ( _! sy/em on _! pupils1 !y made little use ( def9itions or syllogisms1 b all ! m !y resort$ to rhetorical description4 ,z 9 _! physics ! ,logos became almo/ a p]son1 s "h ! picture ( ,virtue is drawn1 z by ,prodicus 9 ! old allegory ( ! *oice ( ,h]cules1 draw+ m5 to h] n by ! pleasures %e (f]s b by h] maje/y & beauty#ahg4 ,clean!s 9 p>ticul> heaps epi!ts ( praise on virtue#ahh2 m usually x is suffici5t to insi/ t virtue is good1 praisewor?y1 & exp$i5t4 ,t #8! wise man is a k+#ahi' almo/ ceases to be a p>adox1 s9ce ! s\l is rightly comp>$ to a k+dom2 t he is ri*1 h&some1 free1 & inv9cible c equally be argu$ on ,/oic pr9ciples#aij4 ,to c>ry su* /atem5ts fur!r seems to sav\r ( p$antry1 to ridicule !m at any /age is easy4 ,yet ! /atem5t t seems ! bolde/ ( all1 t #8! wise man is happy ev5 on ! rack#aia1' 0 _m a "t v]ifi$ by ! exp]i5ce ( individual ,/oics#aib4 ,t ! wise man is a god1 ?\gh subject to ! limitations ( mortality1 is ma9ta9$ )\t hesitation#aic4 ,sid5ote3 ,/oic e?ics4 #cbi4 ,! ,/oic morality diff]s n only 9 =m & 9 its reason$ basis1 b 9 sub/ance1 bo? f ! popul> morality ( ! "t & ! ideals ( rival philosophical s*ools4 ,! ,/oic h]oes diff] f ^? ( ,hom] by a _w-age2 !y possess :at ! ,romans call$ humanitas1 p[]s ( reason+ & ( sympa?iz+ unkn[n to an age ( w>riors4 ,! ,epicurean sage 0 n1 z popul> criticism & t ( _m ,/oics unju/ly describ$ him1 a man ( gross ta/es & reckless selfi%ness2 b he 0 ess5tially easy-go+ & a quieti/1 little incl9$ to risk 8 peace ( m9d by m$dl+ ) ! tr\bles ( o!rs4 ,to ! ,cynics ! ,/oics ow$ mu* 9 _! pr9ciples1 to ! ,academics 7z we %all see7 mu* 9 _! application ( !m2 !y /ood betwe5 ! two1 m reasonable & judici\s ?an ! =m]1 firm] 9 pr9ciple ?an ! latt]1 possess$ ( a bread? ( outlook :i* nei!r ( ^! s*ools c\ld claim4 ,,footnotes #a e4g4 ,zell]1 ,/oics etc4 pp4 #af1 #ag2 ,/e9 ,psy*4 ii p4 #ada4 #b ,see ,alex4 ,aph4 de fato1 *s4 #ce & #cg 7,arnim ii #ajjc & #ajje74 #c ,see above1 #ge4 #d 1 ,alex4 ,aph4 #ce1 p4 #bjg1 #h ,b2 cf4 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #hh4 #e #8,*rysippus sic incipit3 444 ' ,m>cianus i p4 #aa1 #be 7,arnim iii #cad72 #8lex e/ ratio summa1 insita 9 natura1 quae iubet ea quae faci5da sunt prohibetque contr>ia' ,cic4 ,leg4 i #f1 #ah4 #f #8,socrates cum rog>etur cuiatem se esse dic]et1 ,mundanum1 inquit4 totius enim mundi se incolam et civem arbitrabatur' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 v #cg1 #ajh2 80 ,diog4 ,l4 vi #fc2 s ,epict4 ,disc4 i #i1 #a4 #g ,arnim i #bfb2 #8patriam meam esse mundum sciam' ,s54 ,dial4 vii #bj1 #e4 #h #8membra sumus corporis magni2 natura nos cognatos edidit' ,ep4 #ie1 #eb4 #i #8quaecunque e/ hom9is def9itio1 una 9 omnes valet4 quod argum5ti satis e/1 nullam dissimilitud9em esse 9 g5]e' ,cic4 ,leg4 i #aj1 #bi & #cj4 #aj ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abi2 #8quomodo hom9um int] hom9es iuris esse v9cula putant1 sic hom9i nihil iuris esse cum be/iis' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #bj1 #fg4 ,! hon\r ( be+ ! fir/ to recognise ! pr9ciple ( consid]ation = our dumb p>tn]s belongs to ! ,h9dus4 #aa #8nec e/ quisquam g5tis ullius1 qui ducem naturam nactus ad virtutem p]v5ire non possit' ,cic4 ,leg4 i #aj1 #ca2 #8if ! m9d-elem5t is common to u all1 s likewise is t reason :i* makes u rational2 & !re=e too t reason :i* bids u d or leave undone2 & !re=e ! _w-law2 !re=e we are fell[-citiz5s & %>e a common citiz5%ip' ,m4 ,aurel4 ,to himself iv #d4 #ab ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #d1 i4 #ac #8duas respublicas animo conplectamur1 alt]am magnam et v]e publicam1 qua di atque hom9es cont95tur2 444 alt]am1 cui nos adscripsit condicio nasc5di' ,s54 ,dial4 viii #d1 #a4 ,s too ,epictetus3 #8,:at is a man8 a "p ( a /ate1 ( t fir/ :i* consi/s ( gods & m52 !n ( t :i* is call$ next to x1 :i* is a small image ( ! univ]sal /ate' ,disc4 ii #e1 #bf4 #ad 1 ,a!n4 xiii #ab 7,arnim i #bfc72 #8salva autem esse societas nisi cu/odia et amore p>tium non pote/' ,s54 ,dial4 iv #ca1 #g4 #ae #8eius societatis humanae v9culum e/ ratio et oratio1 quae conciliat int] se hom9es coniungitque naturali quadam societate' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #af1 #ej4 #af 1 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abh2 #8ius esse natura ,/oici c5s5t' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ba1 #ga4 #ag #8non tum d5ique lex incipit esse1 cum scripta e/1 s$ tum cum orta e/' ,cic4 ,leg4 ii #e1 #aj4 #ah ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #f1 #a2 ,!od4 ,aff4 iii #gd 7,arnim i #bfd74 #ai ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #f1 #a4 #bj ,diog4 ,l4 vii #cc4 #ba ,plut>*1 9 quot+ ?is argum5t1 makes ! tell+ rejo9d] t ^u ! same pr9ciple ,z5o ne$ n h publi%$ an answ] to ,plato's ,republic2 ,/o4 rep4 #h1 #a4 #bb ,diog4 ,l4 vii #cb4 ,?is p>ticul> condemnation 0 n uncong5ial to ! ,/oics ( ! pr9cipate1 & may p>tly acc\nt = ! decay ( lit]ature 9 imp]ial ,rome4 ,b ,*rysippus _h mean:ile suppli$ ! ne$$ qualification t ^! /udies are useful z a tra9+ prelim9>y to virtue2 see ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abi1 & cf4 #ccf4 #bc ,diog4 ,l4 vii #cc4 ,probably usury 0 also condemn$ by ,z5o1 z x 0 by ,s5eca3 #8quid computationes et v5ale tempus et sangu9ol5tae c5tesimae8' ,s54 ,b54 vii #aj1 #d4 #bd ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aca4 #be #8,m cont95t ?an ,z5o' became a prov]b at ,a!ns2 ib4 #bg4 #bf ib4 #aba4 #bg ,orig5 cont4 ,celsum1 vii #fc 7,arnim iii #gbi74 #bh ,?is pr9ciple is /at$ by ,*rysippus3 ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #bb1 #a4 #bi ,! ess5tial equality ( ! sexes 9 ,/oic !ory is illu/rat$ 9 ! developm5t ( ,roman law3 #8l$ by _! !ory ( natural law1 ! ,roman jurisconsults _h evid5tly 444 assum$ ! equality ( ! sexes z a pr9ciple ( _! code ( equity' ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #aed4 ,cf4 on ! :ole subject ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 bk v *4 #ac3 e4g4 #8to ! common ,greek s5tim5t exclusive p]sonal appropriation ( wom5 & ! result+ inequality 9 own]%ip 0 z yet v f> f seem+ s mu* ( a law ( nature1 or meet+ ) su* unconditional acceptance z 444 9 mod]n times' 7vol4 iii p4 #aai74 #cj ,see #dca4 #ca #8,:at !n1 are n wom5 common by nature8 ,s ,i say also4 ,is n ! !atre common to ! citiz5s8 ,:5 !n !y h tak5 _! seats1 come 7if y ?9k prop]7 & eject "o ( !m6' ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #d1 #h4 #cb ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ahh4 ,a ,*ur* ,fa!r has caught ! po9t bett]2 1 ,orig5 cont4 ,cels4 iv #de 7,arnim iii #gdc74 ,= ! ,p]sian view see ,diog4 ,l4 ,prol4 #h4 #cc ,arnim i #bef4 #cd ,orig51 z above4 #ce ,see bel[1 #dgh4 #cf ,see above1 #bed4 #cg ,arnim i #bec4 #ch ib4 i #bed4 #ci ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aba4 #dj ,arnim iii #gdh4 #da ,arnim iii #geb4 ,= ! same view 9 e>li] times see ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 i p4 #djc4 #db i #de1 #ajh4 #dc #8ille div9us animus egressurus hom9em1 quo receptaculum suum conf]atur1 ignis illud exurat an t]ra contegat1 an f]ae di/rahant1 non magis ad se iudicat p]t9]e quam secundas ad editum infantem' ,s54 ,ep4 #ib1 #cd2 #8,b y w be ca/ out unburi$ 444 ,if ! corpse is ,i1 ,i %all be ca/ out2 b if ,i am diff]5t f ! corpse1 speak m prop]ly' ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #g1 #ca4 #dd ,= a pla9 /atem5t to ?is effect we h to look to ,philo3 ,sept4 et fe/4 di4 p4 #bhc ,m 7,arnim iii #ceb74 #de #8e/ g5us iniu/ae s]vitutis1 cum hi sunt alt]ius1 qui sui possunt esse' ,cic4 ,rep4 iii #be1 #cg4 #df #8s]vus1 ut placet ,*rysippo1 p]petuus m]c5n>ius e/' ,s54 ,b54 iii #bb1 #a2 #8non male praecipiunt1 qui s]vis ita iub5t uti1 ut m]c5n>iis3 op]am exig5dam1 iu/a praeb5da' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #ac1 #da4 #dg #8pote/ s]vus d>e b5eficium dom9o1 si a dom9o iniuriam accip]e' ,s54 ,b54 iii #bb1 #c4 #dh #8quod si natura hom9is sapi5tiae capax e/1 oportuit et opifices et ru/icos et muli]es doc]i1 ut sapiant3 populumque sapi5tium ex omni l+ua et condicione et sexu et aetate confl>i4 s5s]unt hoc adeo ,/oici1 qui et s]vis et muli]ibus philosoph&um esse dix]unt' ,lact4 ,div4 in/4 iii #be 7,arnim iii #bec74 #di ,see above1 #aaj4 #ej ,s*mekel1 ,phil4 d4 mittl]5 ,/oa1 pp4 #fc1 #fi4 #ea #8eorum nullum ipsum p] se sep>atum probo2 anteponoque s+ulis illud1 quod conflatum fu]it ex omnibus4 s$ si unum ac simplex prob&um sit1 regium probem atque inprimis laudem' ,cic4 ,rep4 i #ce1 #ed2 #8optimus civitatis /atus sub rege iu/o e/' ,s54 ,b54 ii #bj1 #b4 #eb #8mem9]am p]saepe te cum ,panaetio diss]]e solitum coram ,polybio 444 optimum longe /atum civitatis esse eum1 quem maiores no/ri nobis reliquiss5t' ,cic4 ,rep4 i #ba1 #cd4 #ec ,see bel[1 *4 xvi4 #ed ,arnim iii #ced4 #ee ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aba4 #ef 1 ,/ob4 ii #g1 #c b4 #eg #8virtus nihil aliud e/ quam animus quodammodo se hab5s' ,s54 ,ep4 #aac1 #b2 #8virtus e/ adfectio animi con/ans conv5i5sque' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #ae1 #cd4 #eh ,9 num]\s v>iations3 = ! pres5t x is suffici5t to quote ,cic]o's phrase #8conv5i5t] naturae viv]e' ,f94 iii #i1 #ca1 etc41 & f ,s5eca #8virtus secundum naturam e/2 vitia inimica et infe/a sunt' ,ep4 #ej1 #h4 ,cf4 also #8we ought to g to be in/ruct$1 9 ord] t we may ma9ta9 our m9ds 9 h>mony ) ! ?+s t happ5' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #ab1 #ag4 #ei #8virtus habebit illud 9 animo vetus praeceptum3 deum sequ]e' ,s54 ,dial4 vii #ae1 #e4 #fj #8ipsa virtus brevissime recta ratio dici pote/' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #ae1 #cd4 #fa #8virtutis def9itio e/--habitus cons5ti5s vitae' ,comm4 9 ,lucan4 ii #chj 7,arnim iii #aii74 #fb #8p]fecta virtus aequalitas e/ ac t5or vitae p] omnia consonans sibi' ,s54 ,ep4 #ca1 #h4 #fc #8ante omnia hoc cura1 ut con/es tibi' ib4 #ce1 #d4 #fd #8virtus conv5i5tia con/at3 omnia op]a eius cum ipsa concordant et congruunt' ib4 #gd1 #cj4 #fe #8/ultitia semp] incipit viv]e3 quam fo$a e/ hom9um levitas cottidie nova vitae fundam5ta pon5tium1 novas spes 9 exitu incohantium6 quid e/ turpius quam s5ex viv]e incipi5s8' ib4 #ac1 #af & #ag4 #ff #8,z5o is erat qui 444 id appell>et hone/um1 quod esset simplex quoddam et solum et unum bonum' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #aj1 #cf4 ,s ,s5eca3 #8quid e/ sapi5tia8 semp] idem velle atque idem nolle' ,s54 ,ep4 #bj1 #e4 #fg ,see above1 #ha4 #fh ,:e!r by ,z5o 7,diog4 ,l4 vii #hg71 or by ,clean!s 7,/ob4 ii #g1 #f a3 ,arnim i #eeb7 is a matt] ( no importance4 #fi ,see above1 #ajh4 ,! emphasis on individual nature is sometimes /ill great]2 ,gal5 plac4 ,hipp4 et ,plat4 v #e1 p4 #dfh ,k 7f ,*rysippus74 #gj ,diog4 ,l4 vii #hg & #hh4 #ga ,/ob4 ii #g1 #f a4 ,see also above1 #beh4 #gb ,/ob4 ii #g1 #f a4 #gc ,see bel[1 #cbj4 #gd ,clem4 ,al4 ,/rom4 ii #ba1 #abi4 #ge #8sic e/ faci5dum1 ut contra univ]sam naturam nihil cont5damus2 ea tam5 cons]vata1 propriam naturam sequamur' ,(f4 i #ca1 #aaj4 #gf #8viv]e adhib5tem sci5tiam e>um r]um1 quae natura ev5ir5t' ,f94 iv #f1 #ad4 #gg #8huc et illud acc$it1 ut p]fecta virtus sit aequalitas ac t5or vitae p] omnia consonans sibi1 quod non pote/ esse nisi r]um sci5tia cont+it et ars1 p] quam humana ac div9a noscantur2 hoc e/ summum bonum' ,s54 ,ep4 #ca1 #h4 #gh ,see above1 #ih4 #gi #8non p>eo deo1 s$ ads5tior4 ex animo illum1 non quia necesse e/1 sequor' ,s54 ,ep4 #if1 #b4 #hj #8deo p>]e lib]tas e/' ,dial4 vii #ae1 #g4 #ha ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #a1 #hi & #ij4 #hb ib4 ii #aj1 #e4 #hc ib4 iii #g1 #g4 #hd #8,z5on ait3 acc$et ad rempublicam sapi5s1 nisi si quid imp$i]it' ,s54 ,dial4 viii #c1 #b2 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aba4 #he ,see #cjf1 note #bf4 #hf ,cic4 ,(f4 i #d1 #ab4 #hg ,/ob4 ii #g1 #e b #a4 #hh ,x54 ,mem4 iii #i1 #e2 see also above1 #dh1 #eb4 #hi ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ia4 #ij #8,!y are ?ieves & robb]s1 y may say4 ,:at d y mean by ?ieves & robb]s8 ,!y are mi/ak5 ab\t good & evil4 ,%[ !m _! errors1 & y w see h[ !y desi/ f _! errors' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #ah1 #c & #d4 #ia ,see above1 #agg1 note #bh4 #ib #8,if y w\ld be a good read]1 read2 if a writ]1 write4 ,g5]ally1 if y w\ld make any?+ a habit1 d x2 if y w\ld n make x a habit1 d n d x' ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #ah1 #b & #d2 #8nihil e/ quod non humana m5s v9cat1 et 9 famili>itatem adducat adsidua m$itatio' ,s54 ,dial4 iv #ab1 #c4 #ic 1 ,*rys4 ap4 ,gal5 plac4 ,h4 et ,plat4 iv #f1 p4 #djc ,k 7,arnim iii #dgc74 #id #8virtutem conv5ies 444 pro muris /antem1 pulv]ul5tam1 coloratam1 callosas hab5tem manus' ,s54 ,dial4 vii #g1 #c4 #ie #8,saturnalia ,a!nis agitabamus hil>e prorsum et mode/e1 non 7ut dicitur7 8remitt5tes animum10 nam 8remitt]e0 inquit ,musonius 8animum quasi amitt]e e/0' ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 xviii #b1 #a4 #if #8iu/um ac t5acem propositi virum non civium ardor prava iub5tium1 non vultus in/antis tyranni m5te quatit solida' ,hor4 ,c4 iii #c1 #a-d4 #ig #8hanc /abilem animi s$em ,graeci vocant2 ego tranquillitatem voco' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #b1 #c4 #ih ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #aj1 #bc4 #ii #8ut enim corporis temp]atio1 cum ea congruunt int] se ex quibus con/amus1 sanitas1 sic animi dicitur1 cum eius iudicia op9ionesque concordant1 eaque animi e/ virtus' ib4 #ac1 #cj4 #ajj #8roga bonam m5tem1 bonam valetud9em animi1 de9de tunc corporis' ,s54 ,ep4 #aj1 #d2 #8or&um e/1 ut sit m5s sana 9 corpore sano' ,juv4 ,sat4 x #cef4 #aja #8beata e/ vita conv5i5s naturae suae1 quae non alit] cont+]e pote/1 quam si primum sana m5s e/ et 9 p]petua possessione sanitatis suae1 de9de =tis et vehem5s1 tum pul*]rima ac pati5s1 apta temporibus1 corporis sui p]t95tiumque ad id curiosa non anxie' ,s54 ,dial4 vii #c1 #c4 #ajb #8actio recta non erit1 nisi fu]it recta voluntas' ,s54 ,ep4 #ie1 #eg2 #8gratus pote/ esse homo voluntate' ,b54 ii #ca1 #a2 #8sic tim]e1 sic ma]]e1 sic 9 libid9e esse peccatum e/1 etiam s9e effectu' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #i1 #cb2 #8,! be+ ( ! good is a c]ta9 k9d ( w 772 ! be+ ( ! bad is a c]ta9 k9d ( w4 ,:at !n are ext]nals8 ,mat]ial = ! w' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #bi1 #a & #b4 #ajc ,see bel[1 #chc4 #ajd ,arnim i #bej4 #aje ,diog4 ,l4 vii #cc4 #ajf #8placet ,/oicis1 suo quamque rem nom9e appell>e4 sic enim diss]unt1 nihil esse obsc5um1 nihil turpe dictu' ,cic4 ,fam4 ix #bb1 #a4 ,see fur!r bel[1 #cdd4 #ajg #8po/ea tuus ille ,po5ulus1 causam non obt95s repugnante natura1 v]ba v]s>e coepit et primum rebus iis1 quas non bonas dicimus1 concessit ut hab]5tur ae/imabiles1 et ad naturam accommodatae' ,f94 iv #bj1 #ef2 #8! /rict] ,/oic !ory ( ! good 0 modifi$ by ! admission ( ' ,zell]1 ,/oics1 p4 #bij4 ,! true note is /ruck by ,r5dall1 ,introd4 p4 xlv3 #8! c\rse ( ,/oic e?ics is1 9 fact1 ! progressive enl>gem5t & cl>ification ( ! ,cynic ideal ( conduct1 "u ! /ress ( t l>g] conception ( 8nature0 :i* 0 inh]5t 9 ,/oic monism4 ,! full cont5t & int]pretation ( ! =mula 0 only gradually realis$4 ,its deep] implications unfold$ !mselves ?r\gh life ev5 m ?an ?r\gh ?\ght1 & f9d _! fulle/ exposition 9 ! pages ( ! ,roman ,/oics4' #ajh ,/ob4 ii #g1 #e a4 #aji #8ae/imatio1 quae dicitur' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #aj1 #cd4 ,posidonius seems to h practically sub/itut$ = 1 b 9 /rict usage ! latt] t]m is n>r[]1 & includes only su* ?+s z h measurable wor?4 #aaj #8int] illa1 quae nihil val]5t ad beate mis]eve viv5dum1 aliquid tam5 quo diff]r5t esse volu]unt1 ut ess5t eorum alia ae/imabilia1 alia contra1 alia neutrum' ib4 #ae1 #ej2 1 4 1 ,/ob4 ii #g1 #g g2 #8quae ess5t sum5da ex iis alia pluris esse ae/im&a1 alia m9oris' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #aj1 #cg4 #aaa ,/ob4 ii #g1 #g4 #aab ,arnim iii #abb4 #aac ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #bc1 #f4 #aad #8cet]a autem1 etsi nec bona nec mala ess5t1 tam5 alia secundum naturam dicebat ,z5o1 alia naturae esse contr>ia4 8 ipsis alia int]iecta et m$ia num]abat' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #aj1 #cf4 #aae ,/ob4 ii #g1 #g g4 #aaf #8hoc ,z5o nom9avit1 cum ut]etur 9 l+ua copiosa factis tam5 nom9ibus ac novis4 8ut enim10 inquit1 8nemo dicit 9 regia regem ipsum quasi productum esse ad dignitatem 7id enim e/ 71 s$ eos qui 9 aliquo honore s9t1 quorum ordo proxime acc$it1 ut secundus sit1 ad regium pr9cipatum0' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ae1 #ea4 #aag #8quae pluris1 ea praeposita appellabat2 reiecta autem1 quae m9oris' ,ac4 i #aj1 #cg2 #8quae appellemus vel promota et remota1 vel1 ut dudum diximus1 praeposita vel praecipua1 et illa reiecta' ,f94 iii #af1 #eb4 #aah #8quis porro sapi5tum1 no/rorum dico1 quibus unum e/ bonum virtus1 negat etiam haec1 quae indiff]5tia vocamus1 hab]e 9 se aliquid pretii et alia aliis esse potiora8 quibusdam ex iis tribuitur aliquid honoris1 quibusdam multum' ,s54 ,dial4 vii #bb1 #d4 #aai #8itaque commoda voc5tur1 et ut no/ra l+ua loqu>1 producta' ,ep4 #gd1 #ag4 #abj ,see above1 #hb4 #aba #8bonum appello quidquid secundum naturam e/2 quod contra1 malum2 nec ego solus1 s$ tu etiam1 ,*rysippe1 9 =o1 domi2 9 s*ola des9is' ,cic4 ,f94 v #bi1 #hi2 cf4 ,arnim iii #acg4 #abb #8sunt animi bona1 sunt corporis1 sunt =tunae2 illa animi bona a /ulto ac malo submov5tur' ,s54 ,b54 v #ac1 #a4 #abc #8de9ceps explicatur diff]5tia r]um2 quam si non ullam esse dic]emus1 et confund]etur omnis vita1 ut ab ,ari/one2 neque ullum sapi5tiae munus aut opus inv5iretur2 cum int] res eas quae ad vitam deg5dam p]t9]5t1 nihil omn9o int]esset1 neque ullum delectum hab]i oport]et' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ae1 #ej4 #abd #8virtutis hoc proprium e/1 e>um r]um quae secundum naturam s9t1 hab]e delectum' ib4 #d1 #ab4 #abe #8rel9quitur ut summum bonum sit viv]e sci5tiam adhib5tem e>um r]um quae natura ev5iant1 seleg5tem quae secundum naturam1 et si quae contra naturam sunt1 reici5tem2 id e/1 conv5i5t] congru5t]que naturae viv]e' ib4 #i1 #ca 7aft] ,posidonius74 #abf #8ut si hoc f+amus esse quasi f9em et ultimum1 ita iac]e talum1 ut rectus assi/at2 qui ita talis erit iactus1 ut cadat rectus1 praepositum quiddam habebit ad f9em2 qui alit]1 contra4 neque tam5 illa praepositio ad eum quem dixi f9em p]t9ebit3 sic ea1 quae sunt praeposita1 ref]untur illa quidem ad f9em1 s$ ad eius vim naturamque nihil p]t95t' ib4 #af1 #ed2 comp>e also #f1 #bb2 #8non e/ turpe non consequi1 dummodo sequ>is' ,s54 ,b54 v #e1 #c4 #abg ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abg2 #8a ,z5one hoc magnifice tanquam ex oraculo editur3 virtus ad b5e viv5dum se ipsa cont5ta e/' ,cic4 ,f94 v #bg1 #gi2 cf4 ,pe>son1 ,fragm5ts1 p4 #ai4 #abh #8te/atur saepe ,*rysippus tres solas esse s5t5tias1 quae def5di poss9t1 de f9ibus bonorum2 aut enim hone/atem esse f9em aut voluptatem aut utrumque' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #de1 #ach4 #abi #8cresc]e bonorum f9em non putamus' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ad1 #dh2 #8hone/um nullam accessionem recipit' ,s54 ,ep4 #ff1 #i2 #8summum bonum nec infr+itur nec augetur2 9 suo modo p]manet1 utcunque se =tuna gessit4 utrum maiorem an m9orem circulum scribas1 ad spatium eius p]t9et1 non ad =mam' ib4 #gd1 #bf & #bg4 #acj ,see above1 #aaj4 #aca ,see above1 #cac4 #acb #8cum ,panaetius sit is1 qui id solum bonum iudicet1 quod hone/um sit' ,cic4 ,(f4 iii #c1 #ab2 #8solebat n>r>e ,pompeius se1 cum ,rhodum v5isset dec$5s ex ,syria1 audire voluisse ,posidonium2 s$ cum audivisset eum gravit] esse aegrum1 quod vehem5t] eius artus labor>5t1 voluisse tam5 nobilissimum philosophum vis]e 444 itaque eum gravit] et copiose de hoc ipso1 nihil esse bonum1 nisi quod hone/um esset1 cubantem disputavisse3 cumque quasi faces ei doloris admov]5tur1 saepe dixisse3 8nihil agis1 dolor3 quamvis sis mole/us1 nunquam te esse confitebor malum0' ,tusc4 disp4 ii #be1 #fa2 cf4 ,s54 ,ep4 #hg1 #ce4 #acc ,see above1 #aad4 #acd ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abh4 #ace #8sapi5tem nulla re eg]e1 et tam5 multis ei rebus opus esse' ,s54 ,ep4 #i1 #ad4 #acf #8virtus ipsa pretium sui' ,dial4 vii #i1 #d2 #8recte factorum v]us fructus e/ fecisse' ,clem4 i #a1 #a2 #8virtutum omnium pretium 9 ipsis e/' ,ep4 #ha1 #bj4 #acg #8sapi5ti non nocetur a paup]tate1 non a dolore1 non ab aliis tempe/atibus vitae2 ipse semp] 9 actu e/2 9 effectu tunc maximus1 cum illi =tuna se obposuit' ib4 #he1 #cg4 #ach #8virtutem nemo unquam deo acceptam rettulit 444 iudicium hoc omnium mortalium e/1 =tunam a deo pet5dam1 a se ipso sum5dam esse sapi5tiam' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 iii #cf1 #hf & #hh2 #8aequum mi animum ipse p>abo' ,hor4 ,ep4 i #ah1 #aab2 #8mon/ro1 quod ipse tibi possis d>e' ,juv4 ,sat4 x #cfc4 #aci ,see note #abi4 #adj #8,d y seek a rew>d = a good man great] ?an do+ :at is good & j8 ,does x seem to y s small & wor?less a ?+ to be good & happy8' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #bd1 #ea & #eb4 #ada #8,:at does n make ! man himself worse1 does n make 8 life worse ei!r1 nor injure him1 )\t or )9' ,to himself iv #h4 #adb #8nec summum bonum habebit s9c]itatem suam1 si aliquid 9 se vid]it dissimile meliori' ,s54 ,dial4 vii #ae1 #a2 #8,no man is able to make progress :5 he is wav]+ betwe5 opposite ?+s2 b if y h pref]r$ ?is 7"o ?+7 to all ?+s1 if y *oose to att5d to ?is only1 to "w out ?is only1 give up ev]y?+ else' ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #b1 #d4 #adc ,*rysippus wrote a book 2 see ,arnim iii #bef4 #add ,see bel[1 #cce-cej4 #ade ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ib4 #adf 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abe2 #8quicquid hone/e fit1 una virtus facit1 s$ ex consilii s5t5tia' ,s54 ,ep4 #fg1 #aj2 #8virtutibus int] se concordia e/' ,clem4 i #e1 #c4 #adg #8videmus esse quiddam1 quod recte factum appellemus2 id autem e/ p]fectum (ficium' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ah1 #ei2 #8rectum1 quod dicebas' ib4 iv #f1 #ae4 #adh #8quamquam negant nec virtutes nec vitia cresc]e2 attam5 utrumque eorum fundi quodammodo et quasi dilat>i putant' ib4 iii #ae1 #dh4 #adi ,see above1 #aec1 note #ff4 #aej #8scit sapi5s nem9em nasci sapi5tem s$ fi]i' ,s54 ,dial4 iv #aj1 #f4 #aea #8non dat natura virtutem2 ars e/ bonum fi]i' ,ep4 #ij1 #dd4 #aeb ,z5o probably took ov] ! t]m f ! ,p]ipatetics1 see ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abg2 its implications he adapt$ to ,/oic pr9ciples4 ,see ,plut4 pr(4 virt4 #ab4 #aec #8hoc autem ipsum bonum non accessione neque cresc5do aut cum cet]is comp>&o1 s$ propria vi sua et s5timus et appellamus bonum' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #aj1 #cd4 #aed ,/ob4 ii #g1 #aa g2 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abg4 #aee 444 ib4 #aef ,see above1 #bhi4 #aeg #8semel traditi nobis boni p]petua possessio e/2 non d$iscitur virtus4 contr>ia enim mala 9 ali5o ha]5t1 ideo depelli et exturb>i possunt' ,s54 ,ep4 #ej1 #h4 ,j 9 ! same _s we say t a new language or 7say7 ! art ( swimm+1 if once le>nt1 is le>nt #8= good4' #aeh #8aliquis vir bonus nobis elig5dus e/1 ac semp] ante oculos hab5dus1 ut sic tanquam illo spectante vivamus1 et omnia tanquam illo vid5te faciamus' ,s54 ,ep4 #aa1 #h1 quot+ h[ev] f ,epicurus4 #aei #8,h]acles 0 ! model :om ,anti/h5es & ! o!r ,cynics held up = imitation1 ! patron sa9t1 s to speak1 ( ! s*ool4 ,anti/h5es wrote a dialogue entitl$ 8,h]acles0 &1 ) ?is = guidance1 8 foll[]s delight$ to tell aga9 ! /ory ( ! h]o's labori\s & militant life1 id5tify+1 by +5i\s allegories1 ! f\l mon/]s :i* he vanqui%$ ) ! vices & lu/s t beset ! s\ls ( m5' ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 ii p4 #aea2 #8! m g5]\s ,cynics av] t ! great ,h]acles also1 z he became ! au?or ( o!r bless+s1 s also left to mank9d ! *ief patt]n ( ?is 7,cynic7 life' ,julian1 ,or4 vi p4 #ahg1 #c 7,mayor on ,juv4 ,sat4 x #cfa74 ,s also 9 ,buddhism3 #8besides ! ideal ,k+1 ! p]sonification ( ,p[] & ,ju/ice1 ano!r ideal has play$ an important "p 9 ! =mation ( e>ly ,buddhi/ ideas reg>d+ _! ma/]4 ,x 0 ! ideal ( a p]fectly ,wise ,man1 ! p]sonification ( ,wisdom1 ! ,buddha' ,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ada4 #afj #8,h]culem illum1 quem hom9um fama1 b5eficiorum memor1 9 concilio caele/ium collocavit' ,cic4 ,(f4 iii #e1 #be4 #afa #8,h]cules nihil sibi vicit3 orbem t]r>um transiit non concupisc5do s$ v9dic&o1 quid v9c]et2 malorum ho/is1 bonorum v9dex1 t]r>um m>isque pacator' ,s54 ,b54 i #ac1 #c4 ,see also ! brilliant descriptions 9 ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #bd4 #afb #8,ulix5 et ,h]culem 444 ,/oici no/ri sapi5tes pronuntiav]unt1 invictos laboribus1 contemptores voluptatis et victores omnium t]r>um' ,s54 ,dial4 ii #b1 #a4 ,yet !re is some?+ to be said on ! o!r side3 #8,ulysses felt a desire = 8 wife1 & wept z he sat on a rock4444 ,if ,ulysses did weep & lam5t1 he 0 n a good man' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #bd1 #ah4 #afc ,s ,horace1 q 9 ! ,/oic _s3 #8rursus quid virtus et quid pati5tia possit1 utile proposuit nobis exempl> ,ulix5' ,hor4 ,ep4 i #b1 #ag & #ah4 #afd ,diog4 ,l4 vi #a1 #b4 #afe #8,by act+ ?us ,h]aclitus & ^? l him 7 des]v$ly div9e1 & 7 s call$' ,epict4 ,manual #ae4 #aff #8praecl>a e/ aequabilitas 9 omni vita1 et idem semp] vultus eademque frons1 ut de ,socrate accepimus' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #bf1 #ij2 #8,socrates 444 violat$ no?+ :i* 0 becom+ to a good man1 nei!r 9 mak+ 8 def5ce nor by fix+ a p5alty on himself2 nor ev5 9 ! =m] "p ( 8 life :5 he 0 a s5ator or :5 he 0 a soldi]' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #bd1 #fa4 #afg ,see above1 #ag4 #afh #8si quis de felicitate ,diog5is dubitat1 pote/ idem dubit>e et de deorum immortalium /atu' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #h1 #e2 #8,by act+ ?us ,diog5es 444 0 des]v$ly div9e1 & 0 s call$' ,epict4 ,manual #ae4 #afi ,see above1 #cjf1 note #be4 #agj ,diog4 ,l4 vii #agj2 #8,le>n h[ ^? live :o are g5u9e philosoph]s3 h[ ,socrates liv$1 :o _h a wife & *ildr52 h[ ,diog5es liv$1 & h[ ,clean!s1 :o att5d$ to ! s*ool & drew wat]' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #bf1 #bc4 #aga #8aut ,cato ille sit aut ,scipio aut ,laelius' ,s54 ,ep4 #be1 #f2 #8elige remissioris animi virum ,laelium' ib4 #aa1 #aj4 #agb #8nam cum esset ille vir ,p4 ,rutilius ,rufus exemplum1 ut scitis1 innoc5tiae1 cumque illo nemo neque integrior esset 9 civitate neque sanctior1 non modo supplex iudicibus esse noluit1 s$ ne ornatius quidem aut lib]ius causam dici suam1 quam simplex ratio v]itatis f]ebat' ,cic4 de ,or4 i #ec1 #bbi2 cf4 ,s54 ,dial4 i #c1 #d & #g2 & see fur!r1 #dcj4 #agc #8,catonem c]tius exempl> sapi5tis viri nobis deos immortales d$isse quam ,ulix5 et ,h]culem prioribus saeculis' ,s54 ,dial4 ii #b1 #a4 #agd #8ego te ,cato v]issime dix]im pecc>e nihil' ,cic4 ,mur4 #bi1 #fj4 #age #8,catonis nobile letum' ,hor4 ,c4 i #ab1 #ce & #cf2 & see bel[1 #dcj4 #agf #8nobis quoque milit&um e/' ,s54 ,ep4 #ea1 #f2 #8,?is is ! true a?lete4 ,great is ! combat1 div9e is ! "w' ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #ah1 #bh4 ,see also bel[1 #djb4 #agg ,euseb4 pr4 ev4 vi #h1 #ac2 ,alex4 ,aph4 de fato #bh1 p4 #aii1 #af ,b4 #agh ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #ca1 #e4 #agi #8qui sapi5s sit aut fu]it1 ne ipsi quidem sol5t dic]e' ,cic4 ,ac4 ii #dg1 #ade4 ,?us ,panaetius made no ref]5ce to ! wise man2 :il/ ,posidonius only def5d$ 8 possible exi/5ce 9 ! future 7,s*mekel1 pp4 #bac1 #bgh74 #ahj ,sext4 ma?4 ix #acc4 #aha ,see above1 #bad4 #ahb ,ev5 if ,cic]o is n ! creator ( ! conception ( an #8ideal "*1' n[h]e else c we f9d its mean+ s cle>ly express$4 ,s ( ! wise man2 #8i/e vir altus et excell5s1 magno animo1 v]e =tis1 infra se omnia humana duc5s1 is1 inquam1 quem effic]e volumus1 quem qua]imus c]te1 et confid]e sibi debet1 et suae vitae et actae et consequ5ti1 et b5e de se iudic>e' ,f94 iii #h1 #bi4 #ahc #8non e/ quod dicas hunc sapi5tem no/rum nusquam inv5iri' ,s54 ,dial4 ii #g1 #a4 #ahd #8ille alt] sapi5s primae notae =tasse tanquam pho5ix semel anno qu+5tesimo nascitur' ,ep4 #db1 #a1 cf4 ,alex4 ,aphr4 p4 #cd1 n4 #b2 #8scit sapi5s paucissimos omni aevo sapi5tes evad]e' ,s54 ,dial4 iv #aj1 #f4 #ahe ,see above1 #abf4 #ahf #8,socrates 9 ?is way became p]fect1 9 all ?+s improv+ himself1 att5d+ to no?+ except to reason4 ,b y1 ?\gh y are n yet a ,socrates1 ought to live z "o :o wi%es to be a ,socrates' ,epict4 ,manual #ej4 ,epictetus did n h[ev] ignore failures3 #8we ,/oics say "o ?+1 b we d ano!r2 we talk ( ! ?+s :i* are beautiful1 b we d :at is base' ,disc4 iii #g1 #ah4 #ahg ,see above1 #db4 #ahh ,see above1 #ih4 #ahi ,?is is aga9 a ,socratic p>adox3 ,x54 ,mem4 iii #i1 #aj4 #aij ,cic4 ,f94 iii #bb1 #ge & #gf4 #aia #8eorum1 qui dolorem 9 malis non hab5t1 ratio c]te cogit1 uti 9 omnibus torm5tis cons]vetur beata vita sapi5ti' ib4 iii #ac1 #db2 ,arnim iii #ehe1 #ehf2 #8%ew me a man :o is sick & happy1 9 dang] & happy1 9 exile & happy1 9 disgrace & happy4 ,%ew him2 ,i desire1 by ! gods1 to see a ,/oic' ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #ai1 #bd4 #aib ,see bel[1 #dca1 #dci4 #aic #8bonus tempore tantum a deo diff]t' ,s54 ,dial4 i #a1 #e2 #8sapi5s excepta mortalitate similis deo' ib4 ii #h1 #b2 & see above1 #bgd4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,daily ,,duties4 ,sid5ote3 ,f pr9ciples to practice4 #ccj4 ,z 9 our /udy ( ! ,/oic philosophy we turn aside f ! supreme problems ( ! univ]se1 su* z ga!r r\nd ! que/ions ( ! div9e purpose1 ! exi/5ce ( evil1 & unfett]$ *oice1 our way becomes easi]4 ,our new problems1 deal+ ) ! con/itution ( ! human s\l1 & ! ideals ( human life 9 ! /ate & 9 ! individual1 are p]haps n simpl] 9 !mselves1 b !y are ( n>r[] range1 & 9 f9d+ our way ov] ! fir/ r\gh gr\nd we le>n to tread ) "s assurance1 s t we n[ feel ourselves1 z x 71 on a d[nw>d pa?4 ,= all t1 ! problems ( ! univ]sal law & ! p]fect man mu/ /ill be comp>$ to m\nta9 tops1 if n to ! highe/ peaks ( all4 ,b f ?is po9t on we /eadily desc5d t[>ds ! pla9s1 to t common & practical life by :i* ! wor? ( philosophy is te/$4 ,we no long] gaze on ! same bright sunlight or brea! ! same invigorat+ air2 philosophy ent]s a region ( mi/s & %ad[s1 & ev5 le>ns to adapt h] language to new neighb\rs4 ,b h] mean+ is ! same z be=e1 & ! pa?way to ! heights is n clos$ beh9d h]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! daily r\nd4 #cca4 ,! region we h n[ rea*$ is t ( #8daily duties1' by :i* phrase we propose to translate "h ! ,greek & ! ,lat9 (ficia#a4 ,?is ^w is def9$ by ,z5o z mean+ #8t :i* x comes 9 "o's way to d#b1' & its quiet s\nd at once br+s x into contra/ ) ! pr\d claims ( ,virtue4 ,! contra/ is 9 fact great4 ,virtue1 display+ itself 9 ,"r ,action1 is only possible = reason+ be+s1 t is1 = gods & m52 & )9 our view x is only atta9$1 if at all1 by ! wise man4 ,b daily duty is common to ! wise & ! unwise#c2 x n only ext5ds to *ildr51 b also to ! unreason+ animals#d & to plants#e4 ,virtue always contemplates ! ,univ]sal law2 = daily duty x is suffici5t to foll[ ! individual nature#f4 ,virtue _c ev5 be und]/ood except by ! tra9$ philosoph]1 :il/ ! pr9ciples ( daily duty may be expla9$ to ! simple4 ,to use a comp>ison f ma!matics1 daily duty is ! projection ( virtue ^u ! plane ( ord9>y life4 ,betwe5 ! two !re always rema9s an assur$ correspond5ce4 ,ea* ,"r ,action :i* ,virtue a*ieves is at ! same "t ! p]=mance ( a daily duty1 & t 9 ! mo/ complete mann]#g2 ea* daily duty p]=m$ by ! unwise is a /ep by :i* he may 9 ! end climb to ,wisdom#h4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ laws ( nature4 #ccb4 ,! subject ( #8daily duties' 0 treat$ bo? by ,z5o#i & by ,clean!s#aj1 & is impli$ 9 ! !ory ( ,/oic e?ics z a :ole2 x has also a special relation to ! doctr9e ( advantages & disadvantages4 ,nev]!less ! ,/oics d n directly say t daily duty consi/s 9 ! seek+ ( advantages1 b t x is bas$ ^u prim>y ends :i* nature sets up 7 1 pr9cipia naturae7#aa4 ,?is phrase indicates ! s\rce ( ?is "p ( ! ,/oic philosophy2 x m>ks tea*+ common to ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool & ! ,academy1 & accept$ by ,z5o f 8 tea*] ,polemo#ab4 ,we are n in=m$ h[ ,z5o & ,clean!s elaborat$ ?is subject2 & :5 we f9d x tak5 up 9 e>ne/1 ! _s ( ! ,academy is firmly e/abli%$4 ,?us ! ,/oic dem& = c]ta9 k is "h set aside2 & we are told t ! /&>d ( daily duty is #8t :i* :5 done c reasonably be def5d$#ac'2 :i* def9ition closely corresponds ) ! def9ition ( ! supreme good by ,diog5es ( ,babylon #8to take a reasonable c\rse 9 ! *oice ( ?+s accord+ to nature#ad4' ,?us /rong w & assur$ conviction are no long] requir$2 ! door is ?r[n op5 = conv5tion1 opportunism1 & respectability4 ,! d>+ moral !ories & bold p>adoxes ( ! f\nd]s ( ,/oicism t5d to disappe> f sight1 & are replac$ by %rewd good s5se & worldly wisdom3 9 %ort1 by ! doctr9e ( #8mak+ ! be/ ( bo? worlds4' ,! subject 0 !re=e cong5ial to ,panaetius1 :o 0 bo? a practical /atesman & an admir] ( ,plato & ,ari/otle2 & x 0 f ?is /&po9t t ,/oicism s rapidly won its way ) ! ,roman nobility ( ! la/ c5tury ( ! republic4 ,panaetius' book 0 ! basis ( ,cic]o's "w de ,(ficiis1 :i* is ! only sy/ematic treatise :i* we possess on ,/oic e?ics1 & !re=e g5]ally ! mo/ conv5i5t s\rce ( in=mation4 ,z h[ev] ?is "w leans v /rongly t[>ds ,p]ipatetic views1 x w frequ5tly be necess>y to ref] to o!r au?orities1 among/ :i* ,cic]o's de ,f9ibus be/ repres5ts ! old] ,/oics1 & ,s5eca & ,epictetus ! ,/oics ( ! ,roman pr9cipate4 ,sid5ote3 ,f ! animals to man4 #ccc4 ,x is no dep>ture f ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,/oicism :5 we le>n t ! #8fir/ lessons ( nature' are ^? :i* are impr9t$ ^u e animal at its bir?#ae2 ,z5o himself _h s\ght = ! natural law ( m>riage by a l me?od#af4 ,! fir/ natural lesson is t ea* animal seeks1 n inde$ pleasure z ! ,epicureans hold1 b its own pres]vation & ! ma9t5ance ( its life 9 its complet5ess#ag4 ,at a lat] /age is imp>t$ ! desire ( sexual union = procreation's sake1 & ) x "s k9d ( affection = ea* "o's (fspr+#ah4 ,b nature's be/ lessons are res]v$ = man2 z to look into ! future1 & reg>d life z a :ole#ai2 to int]e/ himself 9 8 fell[s1 to att5d public fe/ivities1 & to procure ! am5ities ( a civiliz$ life = himself & ^? dep5d5t ^u him#bj2 9 sp>e h\rs1 to acquire in=mation on po9ts ( hi/orical or philosophical int]e/#ba2 9 rip] life to claim fre$om1 & to refuse to submit to any arbitr>y comm&s#bb2 & f9ally1 to p]ceive 9 all ?+s h>mony & beauty1 & to avoid any di/urbance ( x by wilful action#bc4 #8,su*1' says ,cic]o1 #8is ! picture ( a beautiful life2 & c\ld we see x ) our eyes 7z ,plato says71 great w\ld be our desire to possess ,wisdom = a bride#bd4' ,sid5ote3 ,wav]+ z to ! /&>d4 #ccd4 ,9 ?is g5]al sket* we miss a cle> e?ical /&>d4 ,! fir/ lessons ( nature may easily be p]v]t$1 s f> z !y are common to m5 & animals1 = !y po9t t[>ds ! acts ( eat+1 dr9k+1 & sexual union1 all ( :i* are associat$ by ! ord9>y man ) pleasure 9 a vici\s s5se4 ,h5ce arises a dang] 7f :i* _m ,/oics d n keep cle>71 t we may fall into ! t]rible error ( ! ,epicureans1 & hold t pleasure itself is a fir/ law ( nature#be4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to lay x d[n t man %\ld aim specially at ^? results :i* are *>act]i/ic ( human nature1 t is at ! developm5t ( p[]s :i* he does n %>e ) ! l[] animals4 ,s f> ! ,academy & ! ,por* might travel toge!r4 ,b ! only1 high] capacities recognis$ by ! ,/oics are reason & ! political s5se1 :i* is an aspect ( ! univ]sal reason2 su* matt]s z antiqu>ian int]e/s & ! appreciation ( beauty c\ld only be introduc$ "u ,academic influ5ce4 ,! la/1 h[ev]1 z we %all see1 is to become ) ,panaetius ! pr$om9ant consid]ation#bf4 ,sid5ote3 ,! f\r virtues4 #cce4 ,f ! enunciation ( g5]al pr9ciples we pass on to ! sep>ate virtues4 ,virtue 9 ! /rict s5se c only be possess$ by ! wise man2 he !re=e alone c practise ! virtues2 nev]!less we may use ?is & l t]ms 9 a second>y s5se to describe ^? adumbrations or reflections ( virtue :i* fall )9 ! rea* ( ! ord9>y man#bg4 ,! classification ( ! virtues v>ies4 ,panaetius divid$ virtue into two p>ts1 !oretical & practical1 & ,s5eca foll[s him on ?is po9t#bh4 ,x 0 p]haps ,*rysippus :o di/+ui%$ betwe5 virtues t are #8arts' 77 & :i* are bas$ on !oretical pr9ciples1 & ^? :i* are #8acquirem5ts' 771 be+ atta9$ by practice#bi4 ,b g5]ally speak+ ! division ( ,virtue into ! f\r c>d9al virtues ( ,wisdom1 ,ju/ice1 ,c\rage1 & ,sob]ness is accept$ z suffici5t2 by subdivision ! numb] ( virtues may be increas$ to any ext5t2 & 9 s*ola/ic classifications ( virtue we f9d li/s :i* h multiplicity = _! direct aim#cj4 ,sid5ote3 ,wisdom4 #ccf4 ,wisdom 71 prud5tia7 is consid]$ by ,z5o n only z ! fir/ ( ! virtues1 b z ! f\ndation ( all2 s t ,c\rage is wisdom 9 suff]+1 ,ju/ice is wisdom 9 di/ribution1 & ,sob]ness is wisdom 9 enjoym5t#ca4 ,8 successors treat$ ,sci5ce 71 sci5tia7 z ! p>5t virtue#cb1 ?us plac+ ,wisdom side by side ) ! o!r c>d9al virtues1 yet los+ ! po9t ( ,z5o's g5ealogy4 ,! writ]s ( ! lat] p]iods desir$ to recognise sep>ately contemplative wisdom1 & !re=e introduc$ z a subdivision ( ! fir/ c>d9al virtue #8,speculation' 71 sapi5tia7#cc4 ,b ! ,/oics g5]ally held t all wisdom mu/ ju/ify itself by practical results4 ,! /udy ( ! s-call$ #8lib]al arts' has a value = *ildr51 = x prep>es ! way = virtu\s tra9+#cd4 ,logic is ne$$ to protect u aga9/ fallaci\s reason+#ce1 & physics t we may rightly und]/& ! univ]se & its provid5tial gov]nm5t1 ^u :i* ! conception ( duty dep5ds#cf2 9 ?is s5se we may speak ( logic & physics z virtues1 t is1 z subdivisions ( ! virtue ( wisdom#cg4 ,! /udy ( physics is also admirable because x elevates ! s\l#ch4 ,geometry1 law1 & a/rology are useful 9 ! sev]al pr(essions#ci4 ,b /udy :5 c>ri$ to excess1 z by antiqu>ians1 bookworms1 & o!r le>n$ "t-wa/]s1 is no?+ b folly#dj4 ,sid5ote3 ,ju/ice4 #ccg4 ,! second c>d9al virtue is ,ju/ice 71 iu/itia71 ( :i* ,*rysippus drew a /rik+ allegorical picture4 #8,%e is ( virg9 =m1 to %[ t %e is incorruptible & does n give way to bad m52 444 ( firm & fi]ce aspect1 444 inspir+ fe> 9 ! wick$1 confid5ce 9 ! good2 h] eyes are ke5-sight$1 h] be>+ is at once sad & awe-inspir+#da4' ,cic]o di/+ui%es ,ju/ice 9 ! n>r[] s5se f #8,b5efic5ce4' ,ju/ice prop] is a political virtue1 & consi/s 9 respect = ! rights & prop]ty ( individuals4 ,by nature inde$ all ?+s are common2 b s9ce !y h become private prop]ty by occupation1 conque/1 law1 contract1 & s =?1 individuals may keep _! own1 provid$ !y d n =get t !y h always ! duty ( contribut+ to ! common good#db1 & t ev5 slaves h reasonable claims ^u !m#dc4 ,b5efic5ce ne$s ! guidance ( pr9ciple1 & mu/ be det]m9$ by consid]ations ( p]son & occasion4 ,! claims ( p]sons ^u u dep5d on prop9quity2 c\ntry1 p>5ts1 wife & *ildr5 mu/ be fir/ consid]$1 !n o!r relatives1 !n fell[-citiz5s1 la/ly m5 9 g5]al#dd4 ,! consid]ation ( ! degrees ( prop9quity 77 0 a fav\rite subject ) ,epictetus1 & a useful def5ce aga9/ ^? :o ma9ta9$ t ! ,/oic sage 0 lack+ 9 natural affection#de4 ,! virtue ( ,ju/ice appeal$ specially to ! /atesman 9 bo? its applications1 & is dealt ) fully by ,panaetius1 & by ,cic]o aft] him4 ,sid5ote3 ,c\rage4 #cch4 ,! ?ird c>d9al virtue is ,c\rage 71 =titudo71 :i* reta9s ! tradition ( ! #8/r5g? & =ce' ( ,socrates4 ,?is aga91 accord+ to ,cic]o1 has two p>ts1 "o passive1 :i* consi/s 9 despis+ =tune & its buffets1 & is 9 h>mony ) ! picture ( ! wise man z usually drawn2 ! o!r "p1 :i* we may call ,greatness ( ,s\l 71 magnitudo animi7 is %[n 9 ! und]tak+ ( great ent]prises4 ,! virtue ( ,c\rage is *>act]i/ically ,/oic1 & may be consid]$1 l its c\nt]p>t ,wisdom1 z ! f\ndation & s\rce ( all ! virtues2 ! k ( good & evil c only be atta9$ by ! s\l t is duly /rung to vigor\s resolution#df4 ,! ,/oics ( ! pr9cipate p]haps insi/ mo/ ( all on ?is virtue1 :i* alone makes m5 indep5d5t ( all t x lies ) ,=tune to give & to take away4 ,! man ( c\rage w !re=e deta* himself f =tune's gifts2 he w treat !m z h\sehold furniture l5t to him :i* may be at any mom5t recall$#dg4 ,sid5ote3 ,dea? n to be fe>$4 #cci4 ,c\rage appe>s 9 its highe/ developm5t 9 ! face ( tyranny & dea?4 ,x is ! tyrant's boa/ t he has m5 9 8 p[]3 b ! brave man is an exception4 ,8 rank & 8 prop]ty may be tak5 away2 he may be subject$ to ! torture2 8 life may be =feit$2 b ! s\l1 t is ! man himself1 is beyond ! tyrant's rea*#dh4 ,to pa9 he answ]s #8if ,i c be> x1 x w be light2 if ,i _c be> x1 x _c be long#di4' ,amid/ all ! extremities ( fire & rack m5 h be5 f\nd :o nev] groan$1 nev] begg$ = m]cy1 nev] answ]$ a "q1 & inde$ laugh$ he>tily#ej4 ,( dea? ! ,/oic has no fe>2 n only is x no evil1 b x is to be welcom$ z "p ( ! c\rse ( nature#ea2 x is ! be/ ( fri5ds1 = x (f]s a release f all tr\bles1 & 9 p>ticul> f ! oppression ( ! tyrant#eb4 ,we d n inde$ d5y t normally life is an advantage1 t nature's fir/ lesson is self-pres]vation1 & t dea? 9 itself is a ?+ t]rible to contemplate#ec2 b life is n ! m desirable = its l5g?#ed2 & :5 old age beg9s to %att] ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 & to degrade ! man to ! life ( a vegetable1 nature is call+ him to quit 8 mortal body#ee4 ,at no p]iod is life wor? pur*as+ at ! co/ ( ! loss ( hon\r1 )\t :i* x loses its sav\r#ef4 ,! philosoph] !re=e w n m]ely see ) calm confid5ce ! approa* ( dea?2 he w g =w>d to meet x ( 8 own free w1 if only he is assur$ t reasonable *oice po9ts t way4 ,sid5ote3 ,reasonable dep>ture4 #cdj4 ,! doctr9e ( #8reasonable dep>ture' 7 1 rationalis e vita excessus7 plays a prom95t "p 9 ! ,/oic e?ics4 ,x _c rightly be describ$ z ! recomm5dation ( suicide2 = ! ,/oics d n p]mit a man to pass s5t5ce ( dea? ^u himself1 b only to coop]ate 9 c>ry+ out ! decree ( a high] p[]4 ,! doctr9e is int5d$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ju/ify dea? glori\sly met 9 fight+ = "o's c\ntry or "o's fri5ds2 next :5 intol]able pa9 or incurable disease pla9ly indicates ! w ( ! deity#eg2 9 ! developm5t ( ,roman hi/ory a ?ird reason 0 f\nd 9 ! loss ( political fre$om#eh4 ,^! reasons are n add$ to1 b only sy/ematiz$1 :5 we are told t x is an #8ord9>y duty' to quit life :5 a man's natural advantages 7 7 are outweigh$ by ! correspond+ disadvantages#ei2 = among/ #8natural advantages' are includ$ 9 ?is connexion all ^? consid]ations ( :i* an hon\rable man w rightly take acc\nt2 & ! calculation may equally lead him to ! conclusion t1 9 spite ( old age & suff]+1 & ?\gh he has nev] atta9$ to true wisdom1 8 simple duty is to wait quietly 9 life#fj4 ,sid5ote3 ,its dang]s4 #cda4 ,! practice ( #8reasonable dep>ture' 0 l>gely recomm5d$ to ! ,/oics by ! examples ( ,socrates 7^: dea? !y reg>d$ z volunt>y#fa7 & ( ,cato#fb2 & x 0 at fir/ no small matt] ( pride to !m to f9d t ^! examples f\nd imitators1 & t _! sy/em ?us %[$ its p[] ov] ! greate/ ( ! t]rors t beset humanity4 ,b "u ! ,roman pr9cipate #8free dep>ture' soon became s common t x 0 a reproa* r ?an a glory to its advocates1 a social disease po9t+ to morbidity ( s\l r ?an to heal?y resolution#fc4 ,h5ce ! philosoph]s turn$ f recomm5dation to repro(4 #8,a brave & wise man mu/ n flee f life1 b quit x1' says ,s5eca#fd2 #8no?+ is m disgraceful ?an to long = dea?'#fe4 #8,fri5ds1' says ,epictetus1 #8wait = ,god2 :5 he %all give y ! signal1 !n g to him#ff4' ,sid5ote3 ,c\rage is active4 #cdb4 ,! #8free dep>ture' is ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( passive c\rage1 b ev5 be=e x 0 abus$ ,cic]o at lea/ _h p]ceiv$ ! attraction :i* ?is attitude ( s\l possesses1 & its opposition to ! _s ( active ent]prise :i* he calls ,greatness ( ,s\l1 & :i* he advocates p]haps m on ,academic ?an on ,/oic l9es4 ,/ill ! ,/oics _h already def9$ ,c\rage z #8virtue fight+ 9 ! front rank 9 def5ce ( ju/ice#fg4' ,a good man mu/ inde$ reg>d p[] & weal? z ?+s indiff]5t2 b he is to be blam$ if he makes ?is an excuse = avoid+ public life1 & leav+ to o!rs magi/racies at home or comm&s 9 ! w>s#fh4 ,9 ! old _w ! love ( glory & praise on ! "o h&1 angry feel+ aga9/ enemies on ! o!r1 has l$ m5 to seek ^! positions2 b n[ !y %\ld seek !m at home t !y may h a wide field = ! ex]cise ( _! virtues#fi1 & 9 ! w>s 9 ord] t all w> may be br\ght to an end#gj4 ,by ! old] ,/oics ?is ,grea!>t$ness 0 advocat$ by precept & example3 ,z5o _h said t ! wise man %\ld take "p 9 public life#ga1 & 8 he>]s ,p]saeus & ,philonides _h tak5 s]vice "u ,antigonus ,gonatas#gb1 & ,spha]us ) ,cleom5es ,,iii1 k+ ( ,sp>ta#gc4 ,we %all see lat] h[ l>ge 0 ! "p play$ 9 ,roman political life by m5 :o 7 ,/oics or incl9$ to ,/oicism1 9 an age 9 :i* !re 0 a /rong curr5t ( fa%ion 9 fav\r ( a quiet life4 ,we mu/ !re=e recognise 9 ,c\rage1 fully z mu* z 9 ,wisdom or ,ju/ice1 a political z well z a private virtue4 ,sid5ote3 ,sob]ness4 #cdc4 ,! f\r? c>d9al virtue is ,sob]ness 71 temp]antia74 ,( ?is !re are v>i\s def9itions1 & among/ !m t x is ! pr9ciple :i* regulates our natural appetites s t !y are nei!r 9 excess nor 9 defect#gd4 ,f ,cic]o's po9t ( view ,sob]ness embraces all ! virtues1 = x is 9 ! due regulation ( ! impulses t virtue consi/s4 ,! /&>d to be atta9$ is a heal?y /ate ( ! s\l2 & ?is is to be judg$1 ^u ! analogy ( ! body1 by ! canon ( t :i* is beautiful1 symmetrical1 & becom+ 71 decorum7#ge4 #8,j z bodily beauty is symmetry e/abli%$ betwe5 ! limbs mutually1 & also betwe5 ea* & ! :ole body1 s beauty ( ! s\l is symmetry betwe5 ! reason+ p[] & its p>ts1 & mutually betwe5 ea* ( ^? p>ts#gf4' ,al?\gh ?is is 9 pr9ciple a doctr9e accept$ by ! :ole ,/oic s*ool1 yet 9 its application we may easily f9d an entirely new dep>ture1 t is1 if ! appeal is made to an arti/ic /&>d :i* dep5ds ^u ! ta/e ( ! individual4 ,! door is !n ?r[n op5 to an ab&onm5t ( ! ,cynico-,/oic !ory ( life accord+ to reason1 & to ! acceptance ( ! /&>d ( good feel+1 :i* may easily be s /ret*$ z to include exi/+ prejudices & conv5tions4 ,?is dang] is realiz$ 9 ,cic]o's treatm5t ( ! virtue ( #8decorum1' :i* 9 its di/9ctive s5se is def9$ z hav+ ! elem5t ( #8g5tlemanl9ess' 9 itself#gg4 ,x beg9s ) respect = ! feel+s & op9ions ( o!rs#gh2 x avoids all r\gh games & obsc5e je/s#gi2 x makes *oice ( a pr(ession adapt$ to ! natural "* ( ! individual#hj2 x obs]ves1 z ! actor does1 ! proprieties ( y\? & age1 ri* & poor1 citiz5 & =eign]#ha2 x prescribes dignity z fitt+ = m51 gracefulness = wom5#hb4 ,9 p>ticul> decorum is display$ 9 mode/y 7v]ecundia74 ,?is is %[n by keep+ out ( sight ^? p>ts ( ! body :i* nature1 ?\gh %e c\ld n disp5se ) !m1 has conceal$ & cov]$2 9 att5d+ to _! functions ) ! utmo/ secrecy2 & 9 ref]r+ bo? to ^! p>ts ( ! body & to _! uses by words t d n prop]ly describe !m#hc4 ,sid5ote3 ,cynism or #8decorum'8 #cdd4 ,cic]o's treatm5t ( #8decorum' is s full ( good s5se t 8 de ,(ficiis 0 ! mo/ widely-kn[n textbook ( ,greco-,roman e?ics 9 m$ieval s*ools1 & has reta9$ its importance 9 ! classical public s*ools ( ! pres5t day4 ,b its logical ju/ification on ,/oic pr9ciples is f> f easy4 ,we are !re=e n surpris$ to f9d t1 j z ,z5o & ! ma9 body ( 8 foll[]s _h proclaim$ 9 advance t su* doctr9e 0 false 9 pr9ciple & ridicul\s 9 detail1 s conv]sely ! foll[]s ( ,panaetius f\nd x necess>y expressly to repudiate ! tea*+ ( a l>ge numb] ( ,/oics#hd4 ,we h 9 fact "h a %>p conflict betwe5 ! cultur$ & ,platoniz+ ,/oics on ! "o side1 & ! g5]al feel+ ( ! s*ool on ! o!r4 ,cic]o else:]e treats x z an accept$ ,/oic doctr9e t #8! wise man w blurt ?+s /raight out#he'2 & ! !ory ( #8g5tlemanly pr(essions' c nev] h appeal$ to any l>ge social circle4 ,9 ! p]iod ( ! pr9cipate we f9d ! !ory ( #8decorum1' z a :ole1 ab&on$4 ,s5eca1 p]sonally z s5sitive z ,cic]o himself1 recognises ! absurdity ( wa/+ "t 9 h9t+ at a pla9 mean+#hf1 nor does he limit 8 *oice ( illu/ration ev5 :5 address+ a lady ( high social position#hg4 ,we mu/ look !n 9 "s o!r direction ?an ! de ,(ficiis = a duly proportion$ exposition ( ! ,/oic virtue ( ,sob]ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,! appetites4 #cde4 ,rev]t+ to ! def9itions ( ?is virtue1 we f9d1 among/ ^? t are g5]ally accept$1 fir/1 t x is #8! sci5ce ( ?+s t are to be s\ght or avoid$ or nei!r#hh'2 secondly1 t x is #8conc]n$ ) ! human appetites#hi4' ,n[ ! t]m #8appetite' or #8impulse' 71 appetitus7 includes 9 ! ,/oic philosophy all ^? fir/ movem5ts ( ! s\l :i* draw u on t[>ds "s object1 & :i* are adumbrations ( "r conduct requir+ revision & control by reason4 ,b x seems cle> t ,sob]ness has little to d ) ^? high] impulses t are *>act]i/ic ( man1 su* z ! love ( k or ( society1 s9ce o!r virtues are conc]n$ ) ^!4 ,x rema9s t ,sob]ness is ! virtue :i* is conc]n$ ) ! appetites common to m5 & ! l[] animals1 :i* we may %ortly call ! #8l[] appetites'2 !y are1 z we h already /at$1 ! desires ( eat+1 dr9k+1 & sexual union4 ,x is j 9 ?is sph]e t ,pleasure arises1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is condemn$ by ! ,cynics & popul> morali/s#ij4 ,we may !re=e %ortly def9e ,sob]ness z a "r disposition ( s\l 9 relation to ,pleasure4 ,its peculi> *>act]i/ic is t x is 9 ! ma9 a negative virtue1 display+ itself 9 ab/95ce f indulg5ce#ia4 ,sid5ote3 ,two views ( ,pleasure4 #cdf4 ,9 ord] !n rightly to und]/& ! virtue ( ,sob]ness1 we ne$ a cle> idea ( ! attitude ( ! ,/oics t[>ds ,pleasure4 ,z5o1 z we h se51 :il/ def9itely plac+ ,pleasure 9 ! category ( ?+s indiff]5t1 _h nev]!less all[$ x to be und]/ood t x might be an advantage 771 & ! seek+ aft] x natural 7 7#ib2 & ?is is /at$ to h be5 ! express tea*+ ( ,hecato1 ,apollodorus1 & ,*rysippus#ic4 ,to o!r ,/oics ?is appe>$ to be a disa/r\s concession to ,epicurean views4 ,clean!s1 :o _h scornfully describ$ ! ideal ( ,epicurus by ! picture ( ,pleasure en?ron$ z que51 ) ! ,virtues submissively att5d+ z h] h&maid5s#id1 int]pret$ ! ^w #8indiff]5t' m /rictly2 he refus$ to admit t pleasure 0 #8natural' or possess$ any wor?#ie4 ,9 ?is view he 0 support$ by a great _m ,/oics1 & practically by ,ar*$emus1 :5 he said t pleasure 0 natural b valueless1 l ! hairs "u ! armpit#if4 ,h5ce foll[$ ! acceptable conclusion t no s5sible man w\ld pay mu* att5tion to s trivial a matt]#ig4 ,?us ! "o ^w #8indiff]5t' came to include two views :i* 7 sub/antially oppos$1 ! "o incl9+ to ! ,academic /&po9t1 & ! o!r to ,cynism4 ,sid5ote3 ,pleasure an aft]gr[?1 or an evil4 #cdg4 ,f ?is contradiction an escape 0 s\ght by mak+ a di/9ction4 ,9 "o s5se pleasure is an affection ( ! body1 namely a tickl+ 7titillatio7 ( organs ( s5se1 mo/ readily illu/rat$ 9 ! eat+ ( da9ties4 ,?is k9d ( pleasure1 ev5 if x is n an advantage naturally s\ght1 yet has "s lik5ess to "o2 ?\gh x is n directly to be aim$ at1 yet x may be welcom$ :5 nature grants x to u z an extra#ih4 ,?is new view practically co9cides ) t ( ,ari/otle1 :o calls pleasure an #8aft]gr[?' 71 accessio71 :i* ( itself foll[s on virtu\s action1 & is atta*$ to x z ! sc5t to a fl[]#ii4 ,b mu* m commonly1 9 e?ical discussions1 #8pleasure' d5otes ! excitem5t :i* is m /rictly t]m$ #8hil>ity' 71 sublatio animi71 & is ! unheal?y condition ( ! s\l :5 x is unduly attract$ to an object ( *oice#ajj4 ,= ?is mis*ief ,cic]o sugge/s ! ,lat9 t]m laetitia1 :i* is p]haps n altoge!r adequate#aja4 ,?is #8pleasure' may be unres]v$ly condemn$ z n m]ely indiff]5t1 b actually contr>y to nature#ajb2 :il/ ! virtu\s & natural disposition is t ( ! man :o n only contemplates toil & pa9 ) calm m9d1 b actually welcomes !m z possible /epp+-/ones t[>ds 8 own true advantage#ajc4 ,sid5ote3 ,active sob]ness4 #cdh4 ,al?\gh ! prevail+ t5d5cy 9 ,/oic tea*+ is to consid] ,sob]ness z a negative virtue1 & z oppos$ to ! p]turbation ( ,hil>ity1 !re is n want+ "s recognition ( its positive side4 ,= ,sob]ness also dem&s t !re %all be a heal?y activity ( ! s\l 9 matt]s su* z eat+1 dr9k+1 & ! relations ( sex2 ab/95ce is n 9 itself an end1 & if pursu$ out ( season is bo? a folly & a fault4 ,b ?is po9t ( view is n adequately treat$ by any ,/oic writ]4 ,panaetius 9 discuss+ daily duties omitt$ to consid] ! prop] c>e ( ! body1 z 0 aft]w>ds notic$ by ,antipat] ( ,tyre2 & ,cic]o gets little fur!r ?an a g5]al recomm5dation ( common s5se & self-re/ra9t 9 all ! circum/ances ( life#ajd4 ,! ,romans ( ! pr9cipate 7 dispos$ to leave ! matt] to ! physician1 sugge/+ only t food %\ld suffice to allay hung]1 dr9k to put an end to ?ir/1 & clo?+ to keep away cold#aje2 b x is probable t popul> moral disc\rses /opp$ %ort ( ?is1 & fav\r$ "s am\nt ( endurance z a discipl9e = ! s\l#ajf4 ,sid5ote3 ,sob] love4 #cdi4 ,) reg>d to ! relations ( sex1 ! ,socratic tradition 0 fav\rable to a m positive treatm5t4 ,accord+ly ! ,/oics 7n )\t "s feel+ t !y are adopt+ a p>adoxical position7 ass]t t love 71 amor7 is an ess5tial1 bo? = ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,/ate#ajg & = ! "* ( ! good man4 ,z5o _h laid x d[n t #8! wise man w love#ajh4' ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 make a %>p di/9ction betwe5 love z ! desire ( sexual union1 & ! high] ,love 7 7 :i* is def9$ anew z #8an ef=t to make fri5ds sugge/$ by a beautiful object#aji4' ,^u ?is impulse1 :i* is natural 9 ! wide/ s5se1 is bas$ fri5d%ip 9 ! "y1 & ! m la/+ tie betwe5 husb& & wife4 ,by impos+ self-re/ra9t on ! man1 & invit+ ! woman to %>e ! lessons ( philosophy1 ! ,/oics introduc$ a new relation betwe5 husb& & wife bas$ ^u equality & comrade%ip#aaj4 ,a notable prec$5t 0 furni%$ by ! ,cynic community1 :5 ! witty & le>n$ ,hipp>*ia jo9$ ,crates 9 ! life ( ! begg>-prea*]#aaa2 & ,roman ,/oicism supplies u ) num]\s in/ances ( ! same companion%ip#aab4 ,"u su* conditions m>riage is no long] a matt] ( free *oice2 x is a civic duty incumb5t on ! "y ,/oic4 ,! ,/oics ( ! ,roman pr9cipate well p]ceiv$ ! dang] t ?reat5$ ! society 9 :i* !y liv$ ?r\gh ! gr[+ practice ( celibacy#aac4 ,sid5ote3 ,( m>riage4 #cej4 ,! ,/oic attitude t[>ds m>riage is well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ extract f a disc\rse by ,antipat] ( ,t>sus3 #8,a y\? ( good family & noble s\l1 :o has a s5se ( social duty1 w feel t no life & no h\sehold is complete )\t wife & *ild4 ,he w also be> 9 m9d 8 duty t[>ds ! ,/ate1 = h[ c t be ma9ta9$ unless1 z ! fa!rs decay & fall away l ! leaves ( a f9e tree1 ! sons m>ry 9 ! fl[] ( _! age1 & leave beh9d !m fre% %oots to adorn ! city1 !reby provid+ = its protection aga9/ its enemies8 ,he w look ^u m>riage also z a duty t[>ds ! gods2 = if ! family dies out1 :o w p]=m ! accu/om$ sacrifices8 ,besides ?is he :o kn[s no?+ ( wife & *ild has n ta/$ ! true/ joys ( affection4 ,= o!r fri5d%ips are l platefuls ( beans or o!r l mixtures ( juxtaposition1 b ! union ( man & wife is l ! mix+ ( w9e & wat]1 or any o!r case ( p5etration 7 ' 72 = !y are unit$ n only by ! ties ( sub/ance & s\l & ! de>e/ bond ( *ildr51 b also 9 body4 ,o!r alliances are = occasion1 ?is is b\nd up ) ! :ole purpose ( life1 s t ! p>5ts on ea* side gladly all[ t ! wife %\ld be fir/ 9 h] husb&'s affection1 & ! husb& 9 8 wife's4 ,b 9 ^! days ( dissolution & an>*y all ?+s *ange = ! worse & m>riage is ?\ght a h>d ?+2 & m5 call ! celibate life div9e because x gives opportunity = lic5ti\sness & v>i$ pleasures1 & !y b> ! door aga9/ a wife z aga9/ an enemy4 ,o!rs h _! fancy tak5 by beauty or d[ry1 & no long] look = a wife :o is pi\sly br\ght up & ob$i5t & a good manag]2 nor d !y tr\ble to in/ruct _! wives 9 ^! matt]s4 ,b if a man w\ld att5d to ! w>n+s ( philosoph]s1 ( all burd5s a lawful wife w\ld be ! lighte/ & sweete/4 ,su* a man w\ld h f\r eyes in/ead ( two1 & f\r h&s in/ead ( two1 to supply all 8 ne$s3 & if he desir$ leisure to write books or take "p 9 politics1 he c\ld h& ov] ! :ole bus9ess ( h\sekeep+ to 8 p>tn]#aad4' ,sid5ote3 ,advantages s\ght4 #cea4 ,! f\r c>d9al virtues1 h[ev] widely !y are int]pret$1 d n exhau/ ! field ( daily duties4 ,all objects t are #8advantages' 77 are prima facie su* t ! good man aims at secur+ !m2 al?\gh if suffici5t reason appe>s1 he w entirely =ego !m4 ,! advantages ( ! s\l1 good natural disposition1 #8art1' & #8progress' are discuss$ else:]e 9 ?is *apt]2 z advantages ( ! body are reckon$ life1 heal?1 /r5g?1 good dige/ion1 good proportions1 & beauty2 :il/ ext]nal advantages are weal?1 reputation1 noble bir?1 & ! l#aae4 ,9 all ! details !re is a lack ( exactitude & ( agreem5t among/ ! tea*]s4 ,accord+ to ,s5eca1 m5 may reasonably wi% = tallness#aaf1 & !re is a k9d ( beauty 7n dep5d5t on y\?7 ( :i* wom5 may be pr\d )\t blame#aag4 ,f9e clo!s make no "o ! bett] man1 b a c]ta9 degree ( neatness & cleanl9ess 9 dress is an advantage#aah4 ,= nobility ! ,/oics h little reg>d2 all m5 are d]iv$ ?r\gh an equal numb] ( degrees f ! same div9e orig92 virtue is ! true nobility#aai4 ,good "n 71 gloria7 is commonly reckon$ among/ #8advantages'#abj2 b ,*rysippus & ,diog5es are said to h taught t a good man ne$ n move a f+] = ! sake ( reputation1 unless "s advantage c be obta9$ by x4 ,lat] tea*]s1 influ5c$ 7z we are told7 by ! criticisms ( ,c>neades1 made x absolutely pla9 t !y reckon$ good "n 7ap>t f any?+ atta9able by x7 z an advantage1 & !y ev5 consid]$ x natural t a man %\ld ?9k ( po/hum\s reputation#aba4 ,! g5]al feel+ ( ! s*ool seems to be t ! approval ( o!rs is too unc]ta9 to be a fitt+ aim2 its place is tak5 by ! approval ( #8consci5ce4' ,?is t]m1 :i* orig9ally express$ ! burd5 ( a guilty secret1 became 9 ! ,roman p]iod modifi$ 9 mean+1 & c\ld ?us express ! approval aw>d$ to a man by 8 inn] & p]sonal consci\sness1 ev5 :5 all ! _w disapproves 8 acts3 ?is self-approval is closely ak9 to peace ( m9d#abb4 ,sid5ote3 ,weal?4 #ceb4 ,on no subject w\ld x be easi] to f9d app>5tly contradictory views among/ ,/oic writ]s ?an on t ( weal?4 ,to decry weal? & praise pov]ty is to "s ext5t a commonplace ) all ! philosophical s*ools2 & ) ,s5eca 9 p>ticul> ?is 0 s frequ5t a practice#abc t 8 he>]s f\nd "s inconsi/5cy betwe5 8 words & 8 de$s2 = he 01 z is well kn[n1 a ri* man4 ,b ! position ( ! s*ool is cle>4 #8,ri*es are n a good' is a ,/oic p>adox1 emphasiz$ 9 a hundr$ =ms1 & by e tea*]#abd2 b nev]!less !y are an #8advantage1' & ?us are rightly aim$ at by ! good man#abe4 ,to ! weal?y ,/oics g5]ally1 & to ! ,romans ( ! republican p]iod especially1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! family prop]ty 7res famili>is7 0 a duty ( high importance2 & ! wa/+ ( x 9 :olesale l>gess1 a s]i\s misde$#abf4 ,! ,/oic view 0 suffici5tly summ$ up 9 a prov]b borr[$ f ,epicurus or "o ( 8 foll[]s3 #8he :o feels ! ne$ ( weal? lea/1 c make ! be/ use ( x#abg4' ,al?\gh ,panaetius did n write a special *apt] on ! acquisition & use ( weal?#abh1 yet 8 views on ! latt] po9t are made suffici5tly pla9 9 8 treatm5t ( ! virtue ( ,ju/ice#abi4 ,! ju/ification ( weal? lies 9 ! int5tion to use x well1 & ?is 0 a fav\rite subject ) ,hecato ( ,rhodes#acj4 ,z to its acquisition & inve/m5t1 ,cic]o is cont5t to ref] u to ! high-pr9cipl$ m5 :o conduct ! f9ancial affairs ( ! capital#aca4 ,sid5ote3 ,lib]ty4 #cec4 ,among/ ^? popul> t]ms :i* hold an ambigu\s place 9 ! ,/oic philosophy we mu/ reckon #8lib]ty' 71 lib]tas74 ,9 "o s5se lib]ty is a condition ( s\l su* z *>act]izes ! free-born citiz5 9 contra/ to ! slave2 ?is lib]ty diff]s b little f ! virtue ( ,greatness ( ,s\l already describ$#acb1 & 9 its full mean+ is a good1 :i* ! wise man alone c possess#acc4 ,b 9 ano!r s5se lib]ty is an ext]nal advantage1 sometimes def9$ z #8! p[] ( liv+ z y wi%#acd1' & z su* eag]ly desir$ by ! slave2 m (t5 p]haps x is conceiv$ z #8! "r ( say+ :at y please#ace4' ,9 ?is s5se lib]ty is equival5t to ! :i* 0 ! wat*word ( ! democracy ( ,a!ns1 & 0 ! equally *]i%$ privilege ( ! nobility ( ,rome#acf2 9 a slightly diff]5t s5se x 0 ! boa/ ( ! ,cynic mission>y4 ,! ,/oics take a middle position2 :il/ all recognise t "s sort ( lib]ty is a preci\s privilege#acg1 & are prep>$ on occasion to sacrifice life or position = its sake#ach1 !re are n want+ voices to rem9d u t x is unreasonable to speak out "o's m9d )\t reg>d to p]sons or circum/ances#aci1 t ! wra? ( tyrants ought n lightly to be provok$#adj1 & t ! mo/ t]rible ( all oppressors is ! s\l t has lo/ its self-control#ada4 ,sid5ote3 ,disadvantages4 #ced4 ,j z virtue *ooses advantages 9 accordance ) natural laws1 s x refuses disadvantages 9 accordance ) a dis9cl9ation 71 ali5atio71 :i* is equally natural & "r s long z x is controll$ by reason#adb4 ,s9ce to e advantage !re is oppos$ a correspond+ disadvantage1 to *oose ! "o is necess>ily to refuse ! o!r2 & ! doctr9e ( #8reasonable refusal' is t ( reasonable *oice 9 its negative =m4 ,x w !re=e be suffici5t to give a =mal /atem5t ( ! !ory4 ,disadvantages1 or ?+s t h negative value 771 may be subdivid$ accord+ z !y are disadvantages 9 !mselves1 z an unga9ly figure2 or z !y br+ ab\t o!r disadvantages1 z %ortness ( ready money2 or = bo? reasons1 z bad memory or ill-heal?#adc4 ,!y may also be subdivid$ into ?ree classes1 accord+ z !y affect ! s\l1 ! body1 or ?+s ext]nal4 ,disadvantages ( ! s\l are su* ?+s z inborn vulg>ity or dulness ( wit2 ( ! body1 ill-heal?1 & dulness ( ! organs ( s5sation2 ( ext]nal ?+s1 pov]ty1 loss ( *ildr51 & ! contempt ( our neighb\rs#add4 ,sid5ote3 ,heal?y affections4 #cee4 ,s9ce ! virtues are p]man5t dispositions 77 ( ! s\l1 root$ 9 firm pr9ciples 9 :i* ! wise man nev] wav]s1 b to :i* none else c atta91 "s o!r "n is requir$ to describe ^? m pass+ b yet :olesome moods :i* /& 9 contra/ ) ! evil #8affections' or p]turbations ( ! s\l :i* w be discuss$ 9 our next *apt]4 ,a beg9n+ is made 9 ?is direction ) ! ?ree #8good affections' 71 con/antiae1 sapi5tis affectiones74 ,"h a new use ( t]ms is introduc$4 ,/rictly speak+ an #8affection' is an evil /ate ( s\l2 b z we h no correspond+ ^w = a good & calm condition1 ! use ( ! ^w #8affection' is ext5d$ 9 ?is direction#ade4 ,ea* ( ^! #8good affections' is introduc$ to u 9 contra/ ) a p]turbation to :i* x be>s a sup]ficial resemblance4 ,?us contra/$ ) ,fe> is #8,caution' 71 cautio71 :i* is "r avoidance1 & is entirely consi/5t ) ,c\rage rightly und]/ood4 ,subdivisions ( ,caution are 7i7 #8,%ame' 71 v]ecundia71 ! avoidance ( des]v$ blame1 & 7ii7 #8,sanctity' 77 ! avoidance ( (f5ces aga9/ ! gods#adf4 ,contra/$ ) ,gre$ is #8,read9ess' 71 voluntas71 ! reasonable /ret*+ out aft] future advantages#adg2 contra/$ ) ,hil>ity is ,joy 71 gaudium71 ! reasonable appreciation ( pres5t advantages#adh4 ,bo? ,read9ess & ,joy are entirely consi/5t ) ,sob]ness rightly und]/ood4 ,to ! p]turbation ( ,grief no good affection is nam$ z be>+ any resemblance2 b we ne$ n = t reason "q b t ! wise man may ent]ta9 "s quiet =m ( sympa?y = ! tr\bles ( o!rs1 & ( regret = ! bl[s :i* =tune deals to him 9 political disappo9tm5t or p]sonal b]eavem5t#adi4 ,! #8good affections' are possess$ by ! wise man only#aej2 b n all wise m5 possess !m1 nor any at all times#aea4 ,on ! o!r h& x is a daily duty to approximate to !m1 s t on ?is gr\nd ! good citiz5 ent]s into competition ) ! wise man on n altoge!r unev5 t]ms#aeb4 ,! :ole doctr9e ( #8good affections' may be conceiv$ z an answ] to ^? :o accuse ! ,/oic ( lack ( feel+#aec2 = ! mu* d]id$ #8apa?y' ( ! s*ool is sub/itut$ ! doctr9e ( #8eupa?y4' ,wisdom is n to be comp>$ to ! surface ( a froz5 sea1 b to t ( a rippl+ riv]4 ,! lectures ( ,musonius & ,epictetus br+ out on e po9t ! mean+ ( #8eupa?y' 9 its v>i\s applications4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ical motive4 #cef4 ,we h n[ sket*$ ! ,/oic sy/em ( daily duties 9 its ma9 features1 & ?is sket* w be made m complete 9 _m p>ticul>s 9 ! c\rse ( ! next two *apt]s4 ,to ! mod]n read] ! "q "h sugge/s itself--:at compell+ =ce has ?is sy/em8 :at motive is suppli$ to ! ord9>y man = ?us plann+ out 8 life8 ,to ?is "q ! anci5t philosoph]s did n directly address !mselves2 nev]!less _! answ]s are impli$ 9 _! tea*+ z a :ole4 ,?us ! ,/oics w\ld d\btless reply1 fir/1 t daily duties are prescrib$ to u by reason#aed2 n p]haps always by reason 9 its highe/ s5se1 to :i* we mu/ n appeal 9 e individual action1 b at lea/ by ! _s ( reasonabl5ess 774 ,secondly1 t ! common op9ion ( mank9d1 gr[+ daily /rong]1 recomm5ds !m2 !y are1 z we h se5 f ! beg9n+1 ?+s t x comes 9 our way to d1 t e good citiz5 & good man w be sure to d4 ,z to future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 ?\gh ^! are n exclud$ by ,/oicism1 !y are c]ta9ly nev] press$ z motives = "r liv+4 ,b ! /ronge/ ( all motives is und\bt$ly ! m5tal picture ( ! wise man1 ! vision ( t :i* is #8absolutely good4' ,critics may urge3 #8x is a picture t nev] has be5 or w be realiz$ 9 m5's lives1 a vision ( t :i* is v f> (f & :i* y w nev] see or t\*4' ,?is ! ,/oics h>dly c>e to d5y1 b ! difficulty does n di/urb !m4 ,! vision attracts by its own beauty1 ! hope ( atta9m5t is *]i%$ by all b ! wor/#aee4 ,we h spok5 ( ! #8ord9>y man1' or1 z ! ,/oics put x1 ( #8u :o are n wise m54' ,b1 /rictly speak+1 !re is no room = ! ord9>y man 9 ! sy/em1 b only = ! #8probation]' 71 pr(ici5s74 ,x rema9s = u to trace ! upw>d pa? f daily duty to virtue1 along :i* e good man is endeav\r+ to advance4 ,sid5ote3 ,progress4 #ceg4 ,! doctr9e ( progress 71 progressio7 is n peculi> to ,/oicism1 b x is nev]!less an ess5tial feature ( x#aef4 ,critics may inde$ dispute z to :e!r virtue has ev] be5 9 practice atta9$2 b ! ,/oic mu/ hold fa/ to ! e?ical pr9ciples t #8virtue c be taught#aeg' & t #8virtue is an art#aeh4' ,e man has f bir? a capacity = acquir+ virtue#aei1 :i* v>ies 9 degree accord+ to 8 natural disposition ( s\l#afj2 on ?is f\ndation e man builds by concurr5t le>n+ & practice#afa4 ,! *ild is greatly help$ if he possesses ! trait ( #8mode/y' 71 v]ecundia71 :i* is ess5tially a read9ess to def] to o!rs & to le>n f ^? :o are old] & wis]#afb2 ?\gh lat] x may turn to #8false %ame1' :i* is a h9drance#afc4 ,he w !n le>n to und]/& & p]=m 8 daily duties2 & z 8 "* rip5s1 ?is p]=mance w daily become easi] & m pleasurable to him#afd1 m c]ta9 & m /eady 9 itself4 ,& n[ daily duties come ne> to ,"r ,actions1 :i* are inde$ daily duties p]fect$ 7 1 p]fectum (ficium71 & complete 9 e po9t#afe4 ,9 ord] to rise to ?is high] /&>d ! good man mu/ fir/ p]=m 8 duty 9 all p>ticul>s#aff2 he mu/ d s ) regul>ity & 9 h>mony ) ! ord] ( nature#afg2 he w !n ne$ only a c]ta9 fixity1 conviction1 & /ability to pass into ! ranks ( ! wise#afh4 ,sid5ote3 ,conv]sion4 #ceh4 ,! /ages ( progress are v>i\sly exp\nd$ by ,/oic writ]s#afi2 b on "o pr9ciple all are agre$4 ,progress is n a half-way /age betwe5 vice & virtue1 z ! ,p]ipatetics tea*#agj2 x is a long prep>ation1 to be foll[$ by a *ange sudd5 & complete 71 conv]sio7#aga4 ,! f9al /ep1 by :i* a fooli% man becomes 9 an in/ant wise1 is diff]5t 9 k9d to all t h gone be=e4 ,?is position is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! doctr9e t #8! good is n con/itut$ by addition#agb1' & is en=c$ by v>i\s illu/rations4 ,! probation] is l a man :o has long be5 "u wat]2 little by little he rises to ! surface1 b all 9 a mom5t he f9ds himself able to brea!4 ,he is l a puppy 9 :om ! organ ( sight has be5 = days pa/ develop+2 all at once he ga9s ! p[] ( vision#agc4 ,j s :5 progress rea*es ! end !re dawns ^u ! eyes ( ! s\l ! complete & dazzl+ vision ( ! good1 ( :i* till n[ only %ad[s & reflections h be5 p]ceiv$4 ,= a mom5t he is wise1 b does n ev5 yet realize 8 own wisdom2 !n aga9 9 a mom5t he passes on to ! complete fruition ( happ9ess#agd4 ,sid5ote3 ,duty4 #cei4 ,?us f ! l[li] conception ( #8daily duties' we h aga9 climb$ upw>ds to ! supreme e?ical end1 to absolute goodness1 :i* is ,virtue 9 h] full royalty & ! ,univ]sal ,law 7 7 z x appeals to ! individual man4 ,9 ?is connexion ! ideal is famili> 9 mod]n times "u ! "n ( ,duty4 ,! anci5t ,/oics p]haps nev] q rea*$ to any su* complete =mulation ( _! e?ical !ory 9 a s+le ^w2 b _! g5]al mean+ is p]fectly express$ by x4 ,j z ! ,socratic p>adoxes m>k ! qu>rel ( philosophy ) outworn ideas express$ 9 conv5tional language1 s its reconciliation ) ! g5]al op9ion is m>k$ by ^? newly-co9$ t]ms su* z #8consci5ce' & #8affection' :i* are n[ famili> h\sehold words4 ,we _c inde$ demon/rate t #8,duty exi/s1' any m ?an we c t deity or provid5ce exi/s2 b we may well say t )\t x e?ical discussion w\ld 9 our own day be h>dly possible4 ,! foll[+ /anzas f ,wordswor?'s #8,ode to ,duty1' bas$ ^u a ,/oic text#age1 may be a useful rem9d]1 n only ( ! dom9ant position ( ?is conception 9 mod]n ?\ght1 b also ( ! cont9u$ t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to express its supreme convictions 9 an?ropomorphic language4 #8,/]n daught] ( ! ,voice ( ,god6 ,o ,duty6 if t "n ?\ love ,:o art a light to guide1 a rod ,to *eck ! err+1 & reprove3 ,?\ :o art victory & law ,:5 empty t]rors ov]awe3 ,f va9 temptations do/ set free2 ,& calm'/ ! we>y /rife ( frail humanity6 ,/]n ,lawgiv]6 yet ?\ do/ we> ,! ,godhead's mo/ b5ignant grace2 ,nor "k we any?+ s fair ,z is ! smile ^u ?y face3 ,fl[]s laugh be=e !e on ?y b$s ,& fragrance 9 ?y foot+ treads3 ,?\ do/ pres]ve ! />s f wrong2 ,& ! mo/ anci5t heav5s1 ?r\gh !e1 are fre% & /rong4 ,to humbl] functions1 awful ,p[]6 ,i call !e3 ,i myself comm5d ,unto ?y guidance f ?is h\r2 ,o let my weakness h an end6 ,give unto me1 made l[ly wise1 ,! _s ( self-sacrifice2 ,! confid5ce ( ,reason give2 ,& 9 ! light ( tru? ?y ,bondman let me live6'#agf ,,footnotes #a ,! ,engli% t]m1 l s _m we h to use1 is an imp]fect translation2 9 discuss+ su* que/ions z m>riage & dea? we speak in/ead ( #8ord9>y' or #8simple' duties4 #b ' 1 #8 ' ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ajh4 #c #8e/ quoddam commune (ficium sapi5tis et insipi5tis' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ah1 #ei4 #d ,/ob4 ii #g1 #h4 #e ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ajg4 #f ,/ob4 ii #g1 #h4 #g 1 ,/ob4 z above2 #8sapi5s iudicat1 cum agit1 (ficium illud esse' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ah1 #ei4 #h ,see bel[1 #ceg1 #ceh4 #i ,diog4 ,l4 vii #d4 #aj ib4 #age4 #aa #8omnia (ficia eo ref]untur1 ut adipiscamur pr9cipia naturae' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #f1 #bb4 #ab #8,z5onem cum ,polemone disceptantem1 a quo quae ess5t pr9cipia naturae accep]at' ib4 iv #af1 #de4 #ac ' ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ajg2 #8e/ autem (ficium1 quod ita factum e/1 ut eius facti probabilis ratio r$di possit' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ag1 #eh2 #8ratio non debet ag]e quidquam1 cuius non possit causam probabilem r$d]e' ,(f4 i #bi1 #aja2 #8huic respondebimus1 nunquam exspect>e nos c]tissimam r]um compreh5sionem1 quoniam 9 arduo e/ v]i exploratio2 s$ ea ire1 qua ducit v]isimilitudo1 omne hac via proc$it (ficium' ,s54 ,b54 iv #cc1 #b2 & see above1 #aei4 #ad ,see above1 #aaj4 #ae #8quod secundum naturam e/1 quod contigit prot9us nato1 non dico bonum s$ initium boni' ,s54 ,ep4 #abd1 #g4 #af ,see above1 #cjf4 #ag #8placet 81 simul atque natum sit animal1 ipsum sibi concili>i et comm5d>i ad se cons]v&um1 et ad suum /atum eaque1 quae cons]vantia sunt eius /atus1 dilig5da' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #e1 #af2 ! ma9t5ance ( a complete life is illu/rat$ by ! desire to avoid ! loss ( a limb or de=mity1 ib4 #ag4 #8,univ]sally 7be n deceiv$7 e animal is atta*$ to no?+ s mu* z to its own int]e/' ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #bb1 #ae4 #ah #8commune autem animantium omnium e/ coniunctionis appetitus procre&i causa1 et cura qua$am eorum1 quae procreata sunt' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #d1 #aa4 #ai ib4 #bj ib4 #ab4 #ba ,cic4 ,(f4 i #d1 #ac4 #bb ib4 #bc ib4 #ad4 #bd #8=mam quidem ipsam1 ,m>ce fili1 et tanquam faciem hone/i vides2 quae si oculis c]n]etur1 mirabiles amores1 ut ait ,plato1 excit>et sapi5tiae' ib4 #e1 #ad4 #be #89 pr9cipiis autem naturalibus pl]ique ,/oici non putant voluptatem esse pon5dam3 quibus ego vehem5t] ass5tior1 ne si voluptatem natura posuisse 9 iis rebus videatur1 quae primae appetuntur1 multa turpia sequantur' ,f94 iii #e1 #ag4 ,yet ,cic]o1 /ill writ+ z a ,/oic1 c say3 #8beluae nihil s5tiunt nisi voluptatem1 ad eamque f]untur omni impetu' ,(f4 i #cj1 #aje4 ,see bel[1 #cdf1 #cdg4 #bf ,see bel[1 #cdc1 #cdd4 #bg #89 iis1 9 quibus sapi5tia p]fecta non e/1 ipsum illud quidem p]fectum hone/um nullo modo1 similitud9es hone/i esse possunt' ,cic4 ,(f4 iii #c1 #ac2 #8vivitur cum iis1 9 quibus praecl>e agitur1 si sunt simulacra virtutis' ib4 i #ae1 #df2 #8e/ autem qua$am animi sanitas1 quae 9 insipi5tem etiam cadat1 cum curatione m$icorum turbatio m5tis auf]tur' ,tusc4 disp4 iv #ac1 #cj4 #bh ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ib2 #89 duas p>tes virtus dividitur1 9 contemplationem v]i et actionem' ,s54 ,ep4 #id1 #de4 #bi 7leg4 ,hirz4 ii #dhb7 1 1 1 ,/ob4 ii #g1 #e b #d4 #cj ,= ! virtues recognis$ by ,*rysippus & o!rs see ,arnim iii #bfb-bic2 we f9d a suffici5tly long li/ 9 ,s5eca3 =titudo1 fides1 temp]antia1 humanitas1 simplicitas1 mode/ia ac mod]atio1 frugalitas et p>simonia1 clem5tia1 ,ep4 #hh1 #bi & #cj4 #ca ,plut4 virt4 mor4 #b2 de =t4 #b2 ,/o4 rep4 vii #a4 #cb ,?us became ,/ob4 ii #g #e b #a1 cf4 ,alex4 ,aph4 de fato #cg 7,arnim iii #bhc74 #cc #8omnis cogitatio motusque animi aut 9 consiliis capi5dis de rebus hone/is aut 9 /udiis sci5tiae cognitionisque v]satur' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #f1 #ai2 #8natura nos ad utrumque g5uit1 et contemplationi r]um et actioni' ,s54 ,dial4 viii #e1 #a4 #cd #8quid ergo8 nihil nobis lib]alia conf]unt /udia8 ad alia multum1 ad virtutem nihil4 qu>e ergo lib]alibus /udiis filios erudimus8 quia animum ad accipi5dam virtutem praep>ant' ,ep4 #hh1 #bj4 #ce #8s9e hac arte 7sc4 dialectica7 quemvis arbitrantur a v]o abduci fallique posse' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ba1 #gb4 #cf #8qui conv5i5t] naturae victurus sit1 ei pr(icisc5dum e/ ab omni mundo atque ab eius procuratione' ib4 #bb1 #gc4 #cg #8ad eas virtutes dialecticam etiam adiungunt et physicam1 easque ambas virtutum nom9e appellant' ib4 #ba1 #gb4 #ch #8ad hoc nobis prod]it inspic]e r]um naturam4 primo disc$emus a sordidis2 de9de animum ipsum1 quo summo magnoque opus e/1 s$ucemus a corpore2 de9de 9 occultis ex]citata subtilitas non erit 9 ap]ta det]ior' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 iii ,praef4 #ah4 #ci #8quae omnes artes sc4 a/rologia1 geometria1 ius civile 9 v]i inve/igatione v]santur1 cuius /udio a rebus g]5dis abduci contra (ficium e/' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #f1 #ai4 #dj #8e/ vitium1 quod quidam nimis magnum /udium 444 9 res conf]unt non necess>ias' ib4 #f1 #ah4 #da ,a4 ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 xiv #d1 #d4 #db ,cic4 ,(f4 i #g1 #ba & #bb4 #dc ib4 #ac1 #da4 #dd #8pr9cipes s9t patria ac p>5tes2 proximi lib]i1 totaque domus1 quae spectat 9 nos solos2 de9de b5e conv5i5tes prop9qui' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #ag1 #eh4 #de #8,i ought n to be free f affections 77 l a /atue1 b ,i ought to ma9ta9 ! relations 77 natural & acquir$1 z a pi\s man1 z a son1 z a fa!r1 z a citiz5' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #b1 #d2 #8,duties are usually measur$ by relations 7 74 ,is a man a fa!r8 ,! precept is to take c>e ( him1 to yield to him 9 all ?+s4 ,does a bro!r wrong y8 ,ma9ta9 !n y\r own position t[>ds him' ,manual #cj4 ,all ! duties ( relation%ip on ! "o side imply correspond+ duties on ! o!r side2 #8invicem i/a1 quantum exigunt1 prae/ant1 et p>em desid]ant regulam1 quae 7ut ait ,hecaton7 difficilis e/' ,s54 ,b54 ii #ah1 #b4 #df #8=titudo sci5tia e/ di/+u5di1 quid sit malum et quid non sit' ,ep4 #he1 #bh2 #8quomodo igitur ,*rysippus8 =titudo e/1 inquit1 sci5tia r]um p]f]5d>um1 vel affectio animi 9 pati5do ac p]f]5do1 summae legi p>5s s9e timore' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #bd1 #ec4 #dg #8quicquid e/ hoc1 ,m>cia1 quod circa nos ex adv5ticio fulget1 lib]i honores opes1 ampla atria et exclusorum cli5tium turba ref]ta ve/ibula1 cl>a nobilis aut =mosa coniunx cet]aque ex inc]ta et mobili sorte p5d5tia1 ali5i commodatique adp>atus sunt2 nihil horum dono datur2 collaticiis et ad dom9os r$ituris in/rum5tis sc5a adornatur' ,s54 ,dial4 vi #aj1 #a2 #8victrix =tunae sapi5tia' ,juv4 ,sat4 xiii #bj4 #dh #8cum pot5tes et imp]io editi noc]e int5d5t1 citra sapi5tiam omnes eorum impetus defici5t' ,s54 ,dial4 ii #d1 #a4 #di #8levis e/1 si f]re possum2 brevis e/1 si f]re non possum' ,ep4 #bd1 #ad4 #ej #8int] haec tam5 aliquis non gemuit4 p>um e/1 non rogavit4 p>um e/1 non respondit4 p>um e/3 risit1 et quidem ex animo' ib4 #gh1 #ai4 #ea #8mors optimum inv5tum naturae' ,dial4 vi #bj1 #a2 #8=tem posce animum1 mortis t]rore c>5tem1 qui spatium vitae extremum int] mun]a ponat naturae' ,juv4 ,sat4 x #ceg-i4 #eb #8c>am te1 vita1 b5eficio mortis habeo' ,s54 ,dial4 vi #bj1 #c2 #8nullo nos invida tanto armavit natura bono1 quam ianua mortis quod patet' ,silius ,pun4 xi #ahf-h2 #8adeo mors tim5da non e/1 ut b5eficio eius nihil tim5dum sit' ,s54 ,ep4 #bd1 #aa4 #ec #8mors qu9 habeat aliquid 9 se t]ribile1 ut et animos no/ros1 quos 9 amorem sui natura =mavit1 (f5dat1 nemo dubitat' ib4 #cf1 #h4 #ed ,s ,h]aclitus _h said #8unus dies p> omni e/' ib4 #ab1 #g2 #8ut prorogetur tibi dies mortis1 nihil pr(icitur ad felicitatem3 quoniam mora non fit beatior vita1 s$ longior' ,b54 v #ag1 #f4 #ee #8si s5ectus coep]it concut]e m5tem1 si p>tes eius convell]e1 si mihi non vitam reliqu]it s$ animam1 prosiliam ex a$ificio putri ac ru5ti' ,ep4 #eh1 #ce4 #ef #8melius nos ,z5onis praecepta doc5t2 nec enim omnia1 qua$am pro vita faci5da putant' ,juv4 ,sat4 xv #ajf to #ajh4 #eg ,diog4 ,l4 vii #acj4 ,+5i\s memb]s ( ! s*ool f\nd five good reasons = volunt>ily quitt+ life1 resembl+ ! causes = break+ up a banquet4 ,z ! gue/s "p1 because ( 7i7 a sudd5 ne$1 su* z ! arrival ( a fri5d1 7ii7 revell]s break+ 9 & us+ viol5t language1 7iii7 ! food turn+ bad1 7iv7 ! food be+ eat5 up1 or 7v7 ! company be+ drunk2 s ! wise man w dep>t1 because ( 7i7 a call to sacrifice himself = 8 c\ntry1 7ii7 tyrants do+ him viol5ce1 7iii7 disease h9d]+ ! use ( ! body1 7iv7 pov]ty1 7v7 madness1 :i* is ! drunk5ness ( ! s\l4 ,see ,arnim iii #gfh4 #eh ,notably 9 ! case ( ,cato4 #ei #89 quo plura sunt1 quae secundum naturam sunt1 huius (ficium e/ 9 vita man]e2 9 quo autem aut sunt plura contr>ia1 aut =e vid5tur1 huius (ficium e/ e vita exc$]e' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ah1 #fj4 #fj #8p]spicuum e/ etiam /ultorum1 qui iidem mis]i s9t1 (ficium esse man]e 9 vita1 si s9t 9 maiore p>te e>um r]um1 quas secundum naturam esse dicimus' ib4 iii #ah1 #fa4 #fa ,he might easily h obta9$ acquittal by a judici\s def5ce3 ,x54 ,mem4 iv #d1 #d4 #fb #8,catoni gladium ads]torem lib]tatis extorque3 magnam p>tem detrax]is gloriae' ,s54 ,ep4 #ac1 #ad4 #fc #8ille adfectus multos occupavit1 libido mori5di' ib4 #bd1 #be2 #8quid ergo8 non multos spectavi abrump5tes vitam8 ego v]o vidi1 s$ plus mom5ti apud me hab5t qui ad mortem v5iunt s9e odio vitae1 et admittunt illam1 non adtrahunt' ib4 #cj1 #ae4 #fd ib4 #bd1 #be4 #fe ib4 #aag1 #bb4 #ff ,epict4 ,disc4 i #i1 #af4 #fg #8probe def9itur a ,/oicis =titudo1 cum eam virtutem esse dicunt propugnantem pro aequitate' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #ai1 #fb4 #fh ib4 #ba1 #ga4 #fi ib4 #bf1 #ib4 #gj ib4 #bc1 #hj4 #ga #8,z5on ait2 acc$et ad rempublicam sapi5s1 nisi si quid imp$i]it' ,s54 ,dial4 viii #c1 #b4 #gb ,see above1 #hi1 #ij4 #gc ,see above1 #ia4 #gd #8effici5dum autem e/1 ut appetitus rationi ob$iant1 eamque neque praecurrant1 nec propt] pigritiam aut ignaviam des]ant1 s9tque tranquilli atque omni p]turbatione animi c>eant' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #bi1 #ajb4 #ge #8hoc loco cont9etur id1 quod dici ,lat9e decorum pote/2 ,graece enim dicitur2 huius vis ea e/1 ut ab hone/o non queat sep>>i' ib4 i #bg1 #ic4 #gf ,/ob4 ii #g1 #e b #d2 #8ut corporis e/ qua$am apta figura membrorum cum coloris quadam suavitate1 ea quae dicitur pul*ritudo2 sic 9 animo op9ionum iudiciorumque aequabilitas et con/antia1 cum firmitate quadam et /abilitate1 pul*ritudo vocatur' ,tusc4 disp4 iv #ac1 #ca4 #gg #8id decorum volunt esse1 quod ita naturae cons5taneum sit1 ut 9 eo mod]atio et temp]antia app>eat cum specie quadam lib]ali' ,(f4 i #bg1 #if4 #gh #8adhib5da e/ igitur qua$am rev]5tia adv]sus hom9es1 et optimi cuiusque et reliquorum' ib4 #bh1 #ii2 #8to ord] myself l[ly & rev]5tly to all my bett]s' ,engli% ,*ur* ,cate*ism4 #gi ,cic4 ,(f4 i #bi1 #ajd4 #hj #8id enim maxime quemque decet1 quod e/ cuiusque maxime suum4 suum quisque igitur noscat +5ium' ib4 #ca1 #aac-d4 ,retail trad+1 & all ! arts t subs]ve luxury1 are illib]al2 agriculture is ! mo/ truly lib]al3 ib4 #db1 #aej & #aea4 #ha ib4 #cd1 #abb-abd4 #hb #8v5u/atem muliebrem duc]e debemus1 dignitatem virilem' ib4 #cf1 #acj4 ,9 ! same _s ,epictetus says #8we ought n to conf\nd ! di/9ctions ( ! sexes' ,disc4 i #af1 #ad4 #hc ,cic4 ,(f4 i #ce1 #abg4 #hd #8nec v]o audi5di sunt ,cynici1 aut si qui fu]unt ,/oici pa5e ,cynici1 qui repreh5dunt et irrid5t1 quod ea quae re turpia non s9t1 v]bis flagitiosa ducamus2 illa autem1 quae turpia s9t1 nom9ibus appellemus suis' ib4 i #ce1 #abh2 #8,cynicorum autem rationem atque vitam alii cad]e 9 sapi5tem dicunt1 si quis eiusmodi =te casus incid]it1 ut id faci5dum sit3 alii nullo modo' ,f94 iii #bj1 #fh4 #he #8habes s*olam ,/oicam1 4 ego s]vo et s]vabo 7sic enim adsuevi7 ,platonis v]ecundiam4 itaque tectis v]bis ea ad te scripsi1 quae ap]tissimis agunt ,/oici' ,fam4 ix #bb1 #e4 ,see also above1 #cah4 #hf #8rem ineptissimam fec]o1 si nunc v]ba quaesi]o1 quemadmodum dicam illum matelam sumpsisse' ,s54 ,b54 iii #bf1 #b4 #hg ,dial4 vi #bj1 #c4 #hh ' ,/ob4 ii #g1 #e b #a4 #hi ib4 #g1 #e b #b4 #ij 0 ! expression ( ,anti/h5es1 see ,diog4 ,l4 vi #c2 #8voluptas e/ 444 res humilis1 membrorum turpium aut vilium m9i/]io v5i5s' ,s54 ,b54 vii #b1 #b4 #ia #8intellegitur appetitus omnes contrah5dos s$&osque esse' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #bi1 #ajc4 #ib ,see above1 #cai4 ,x does n seem possible to accept ,pe>son's view 7on ,z4 fr4 #abh7 t ,z5o int5d$ to be ! 1 & ! 2 b bo? he & 8 successors und\bt$ly recognis$ ! value ( 7toil7 z a discipl9e4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks communicat$ to ! writ] by ,mr ,pe>son ?r[ mu* light on a really difficult "q4 #8,ev5 ! ,cynics are =c$ to admit t n all 8pleasure0 is to be condemn$ 7! evid5ce is 9 ,zell]'s ,socratics1 p4 #cjh71 b ! only =m ( x :i* des]ves consid]ation is t :i* is ! result & aft]-effect ( 4 ,9 o!r words1 x may be argu$ t true pleasure is ! cessation ( pa9 7,plat4 ,phileb4 #dd ,b74 ,! glorification ( ,h]acles ! toilsome h]o corresponds2 b pleasure z und]/ood by ! vulg> is unhesitat+ly to be reject$4 ,z5o 0 ! inh]itor ( all ?is1 &1 if he ev] said t 0 1 8 rem>k c only h appli$ to ! -2 & su* c]ta9ly 0 ! view ( ,*rysippus 7,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #cj1 #b74' ,9 ! passage "h ref]r$ to f ,plut>* takes ! place ( z a 2 s also 9 ,/ob4 ii #g1 #g e & ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ae1 #ea4 ,see fur!r #cdg1 #cga4 #ic z an advantage is contra/$ ) 7suff]+7 z a disadvantage 9 ! li/ attribut$ to ^! writ]s 9 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ajb4 #id ,cic4 ,f94 ii #ba1 #fi4 #ie ' ,sext4 ma?4 xi #gd 7,arnim iii #aee74 #if ,arnim iii #acf1 #aee4 #ig #8sit impud5s1 si voluptas pluris esse cont5dat dulc$9em corporis1 et titillationem1 ex eave natam laetitiam1 quam gravitatem animi' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #a1 #a2 #8quis mortalium p] diem noctemque titill>i velit8' ,s54 ,dial4 vii #e1 #d2 #8quidni i/a b5e p5set cum m9utis et frivolis et non p]sev]antibus corpusculi motibus8' ib4 #d1 #d4 #ih #8voluptas habet quiddam simile naturali bono' ,cic4 ,leg4 i #aa1 #ca2 #8voluptas condim5ti =tasse nonnihil1 utilitatis c]te nihil habebit' ,(f4 iii #cc1 #abj2 #8voluptatem natura necess>iis rebus admiscuit1 non ut illam pet]emus1 s$ ut ea1 s9e quibus non possumus viv]e1 gratiora nobis illius fac]et accessio' ,s54 ,ep4 #aaf1 #c2 #8virtus voluptatem non prae/at1 s$ et hanc2 nec huic laborat1 s$ labor eius1 quamvis aliud petat1 hoc quoque adsequetur' ,dial4 vii #i1 #a4 ,t ?is view 0 held by ,*rysippus appe>s f ,diog4 ,l4 vii #hf 7cf4 ,arnim iii #bbi a72 see also above1 notes #ib & #ic4 #ii ,e?4 ,n4 x #g4 #ajj ' ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aad 7( ,*rysippus72 #8hoc int]e/1 quod voluptas dicitur etiam 9 animo1 vitiosa res1 ut ,/oici putant1 qui eam sic def9iunt2 sublationem animi s9e ratione1 op9antis se magno bono frui' ,cic4 ,f94 ii #d1 #ac2 #8vitium esse voluptatem cr$imus' ,s54 ,ep4 #ei1 #a4 #aja #8quam p]turbationem ,/oici appellant1 ego malo laetitiam appell>e1 quasi ge/i5tis animi elationem volupt>iam' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #aj1 #ce4 ,sometimes ,cic]o translates ) m fulness by laetitia ge/i5s or nimia2 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #f1 #ac4 #ajb 1 ,sext4 ma?4 xi #gc 7,arnim iii #aee74 #ajc ,see bel[1 #cga1 #djb1 #djc4 ,on ! :ole subject see fur!r ,hicks1 ,/oic & ,epicurean1 pp4 #aaj to #aab4 #ajd #8,antipat] ,tyrius1 ,/oicus1 qui ,a!nis nup] e/ mortuus1 praet]itam c5set a ,panaetio valetud9is curationem4 valetudo su/5tatur notitia sui corporis et obs]vatione1 quae res aut prodesse soleant aut obesse1 et cont95tia 9 victu omni atque cultu corporis tu5di causa1 po/remo arte eorum1 quorum ad sci5tiam haec p]t95t' ,cic4 ,(f4 ii #bd1 #hf4 #aje #8hanc sanam et salubrem =mam vitae t5ete1 ut corpori tantum indulgeatis1 quantum bonae valetud9i satis e/ 444 cibus famem s$et1 potio sitim ext+uat1 ve/is arceat frigus1 domus munim5tum sit adv]sus infe/a corporis' ,s54 ,ep4 #h1 #e2 & s ,musonius1 bel[1 #cha4 #ajf ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #bb & #bf4 #ajg ,see above1 #cjd4 #ajh ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abi2 #8,/oici sapi5tem amaturum esse dicunt' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #cd1 #gb4 #aji ,diog4 ,l4 vii #acj2 #8,/oici amorem ipsum conatum amicitiae faci5dae ex pul*ritud9is specie def9iunt' ,cic4 z above4 ,! or conatus is a v>iety ( ! or appetitio1 ,hirzel p4 #cij4 #aaj ,n ( c\rse new 9 any absolute s5se2 9 ! c\ntry at lea/ su* relations mu/ always h be5 common4 #aaa ,diog4 ,l4 vi #if-ih4 #aab ,see above1 #cjj1 & #cjf1 note #bi2 & bel[1 #dca1 #dci1 #ddd1 & #ddf4 #aac #89 cons5su vidui caelibatus nemo uxorem duxit1 nisi qui abduxit' ,s54 ,b54 i #i1 #d4 #aad ,/ob4 iv #bb1 #be2 & see fur!r1 #djf1 #djg4 #aae ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ajf4 #aaf #8non contemnet se sapi5s1 etiamsi fu]it m9imae /aturae2 esse tam5 se proc]um volet' ,s54 ,dial4 vii #bb1 #b4 #aag #8unicum tibi ornam5tum pul*]rima et nulli obnoxia aetati =ma' ib4 xii #af1 #d4 #aah #8contra naturam e/1 faciles odisse munditias' ,s54 ,ep4 #e1 #d2 #8non spl5deat toga1 ne sordeat quidem' ib4 #e1 #c4 #aai #8unus omnium p>5s mundus e/3 ad hunc prima cuiusque origo p]ducitur' ,b54 iii #bh1 #b2 #8philosophia /emma non inspicit 444 animus facit nobilem' ,ep4 #dd1 #a & #e4 #abj ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ajf2 ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ae1 #ea4 #aba #8de bona autem fama 444 ,*rysippus quidem et ,diog5es1 detracta utilitate1 ne digitum quidem eius causa porrig5dum esse dicebant4 qui autem po/ eos fu]unt1 cum ,c>neadem su/9]e non poss5t1 hanc quam dixi bonam famam propt] se praepositam et sum5dam esse dix]unt' ib4 #ag1 #eg4 ,cic]o & ,s5eca 7 bo? ke5ly s5sitive to ! judgm5t ( po/]ity3 #8paucis natus e/1 qui populum aetatis suae cogitat3 multa annorum milia1 multa populorum sup]v5i5t3 ad illa respice4 etiamsi omnibus tecum viv5tibus sil5tium livor indix]it1 v5i5t qui s9e (f5sa s9e gratia iudic5t' ,s54 ,ep4 #gi1 #ag4 #abb #8pacem demus animo1 quam dabit 444 int5ta m5s ad unius hone/i cupiditatem4 consci5tiae satis fiat2 nil 9 famam laboremus' ,dial4 v #da1 #b4 #abc #8multis ad philosoph&um ob/it]e divitiae2 paup]tas exp$ita e/1 secura e/' ,ep4 #ag1 #c2 #8transeamus ad patrimonia1 maximam human>um a]umn>um mat]iam' ,dial4 ix #h1 #a4 #abd #8,posidonius sic int]rog&um ait3 quae neque magnitud9em animo dant nec fiduciam nec securitatem1 non sunt bona4 divitiae autem 444 nihil horum faciunt2 ergo non sunt bonum' ,ep4 #hg1 #ce4 #abe #8divitias nego bonum esse2 nam si ess5t1 bonos fac]5t4 cet]um et hab5das esse et utiles et magna commoda vitae adf]5tis fateor' ,dial4 vii #bd1 #e2 #8sapi5s non amat divitias1 s$ mavult4 maiorem virtuti suae mat]iem subm9i/r>i vult' ib4 #ba1 #d4 #abf #8l>gitio quae fit ex re famili>i1 fontem ipsum b5ignitatis exhaurit' ,cic4 ,(f4 ii #ae1 #eb2 #8m5titur prodigus lib]alem1 cum plurimum int]sit utrum quis d>e sciat an s]v>e nesciat' ,s54 ,ep4 #abj1 #h4 #abg #8is maxime divitiis fruitur1 qui m9ime divitiis indiget' ib4 #ad1 #ag4 #abh ,cic4 ,(f4 ii #bd1 #hf4 #abi ,see above1 #ccg4 #acj #8,hecatonem quidem ,rhodium1 discipulum ,panaeti1 video 9 iis libris1 quos de ,(ficiis scripsit ,q4 ,tub]oni1 dic]e 8sapi5tis esse1 nihil contra mores leges in/ituta faci5tem1 hab]e rationem rei famili>is4 neque enim solum nobis divites esse volumus1 s$ lib]is prop9quis amicis1 maximeque reipublicae4 s+ulorum enim facultates et copiae divitiae sunt civitatis0' ,cic4 ,(f4 iii #ae1 #fc4 #aca #8toto hoc de g5]e1 de qua]5da1 de colloc&a pecunia1 commodius a quibusdam optimis viris1 ad ,ianum m$ium s$5tibus1 quam ab ullis philosophis ulla 9 s*ola disputatur' ib4 ii #be1 #ij2 & see fur!r1 #djh4 #acb ,see above1 #cdb4 #acc ' 1 444 ' ,/ob4 ii #g1 #aa i4 #acd #8quid e/ enim lib]tas8 pote/as viv5di ut velis' ,cic4 ,p>4 #e1 #cd4 #ace #8asp]itas agre/is vult lib]tas dici m]a' ,hor4 ,ep4 i #ah1 #f & #h4 #acf ,juv4 ,sat4 i #aea-aec4 #acg #8non pote/ gratis con/>e lib]tas2 hanc si magno ae/imas1 omnia p>vo ae/im&a sunt' ,s54 ,ep4 #ajd1 #cd1 :]e ! ref]5ce is to #8lib]tas' 9 bo? s5ses4 #ach #8nec civis erat1 qui lib]a posset v]ba animi pr(]re1 et vitam imp5d]e v]o' ,juv4 ,sat4 iv #ij & #ia4 #aci ,muson4 apud ,/ob4 iii #dj1 #i 7,h5se1 p4 #ged1 #f74 #adj #8sapi5s nunquam pot5tium iras provocabit2 immo decl9abit1 non alit] quam 9 navig&o procellam' ,s54 ,ep4 #ad1 #g4 #ada #8,c we aboli% ! acropolis t is 9 u1 & ca/ out ! tyrant )9 u1 :om we h daily ov] u8' ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #a1 #hf4 #adb 444 ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #cj1 #b2 #89 aliis satis esse causae ,/oici volu]unt quamobrem quibusdam antepon]5tur1 ut 444 9 doloris vacuitate' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ae1 #ea4 #adc ,/ob4 ii #g1 #g b2 ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ag1 #ef4 #add ,/ob4 z above4 #ade ,= a simil> *ange 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w #8consci5ce' see above1 #cea2 ! new use ( ?is ^w z ( ! ^w #8affection' is t n[ commonly und]/ood 9 e?ical discussion4 #adf ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aaf2 #8decl9atio malorum si cum ratione fiet1 cautio appelletur1 eaque intellegatur 9 solo esse sapi5te' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #f1 #ac4 #adg #8eiusmodi appetitionem ,/oici appellant1 nos appellamus voluntatem3 quam sic def9iunt--voluntas e/1 quae quid cum ratione desid]at' ib4 #f1 #ab4 #adh #8cum ratione animus movetur placide atque con/ant]1 tum illud gaudium dicitur' ib4 #f1 #ac4 #adi ,see bel[1 #cgd1 #cgi4 #aej #8scio gaudium nisi sapi5ti non cont+]e4 e/ enim animi elatio suis bonis v]isque fid5tis' ,s54 ,ep4 #ei1 #a & #b2 #8sola virtus prae/at gaudium p]petuum' ib4 #bg1 #c4 #aea ,/ob4 ii #g1 #e c4 #aeb #89 huius gaudii possessione esse te volo' ,s54 ,ep4 #bc1 #d4 #aec #8 enim atque quorundam etiam ex eadem porticu prud5tiorum hom9um1 sicut iudicio ,panaetii1 inprobata abiectaque e/' ,a4 ,gellius ,n4 ,a4 xii #e1 #aj4 #aed ,gal5 plac4 ,hipp4 et ,plat4 iv #b1 p4 #cfh ,k4 #aee #8negat ,z5on ,platonem1 si sapi5s non sit1 eadem esse 9 causa1 qua tyrannum ,dionysium4 huic mori optimum esse propt] desp]ationem sapi5tiae2 illi propt] spem viv]e' ,cic4 ,f94 iv #bj1 #ef4 #aef ,see above1 #bhi1 #cbd4 #aeg ,= ! ,socratic p>adox #8virtue c be taught1' see above1 #df1 also ,diog4 ,l4 vii #ia2 #8nemo e/ casu bonus4 disc5da virtus e/' ,s54 ,ep4 #abc1 #af4 #aeh ,arnim iii #bad4 #aei #8omnibus natura fundam5ta d$it sem5que virtutum' ,s54 ,ep4 #ajh1 #h4 #afj ,! emphasis occasionally laid on 7bona indoles7 reflects ari/ocratic & ,platonic influ5ces1 see ,pe>son1 pp4 #bje1 #bjf2 #8^? :o h a good natural disposition 7 71 ev5 if y try to turn !m aside1 cl+ /ill m to reason' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #f1 #i4 #afa #8,mode/ actions pres]ve ! mode/ man1 & immode/ actions de/roy him2 actions ( fidelity pres]ve ! fai?ful man1 & ! contr>y actions de/roy him' ib4 ii #i1 #aa2 #8,:at !n is progress8 if any ( y1 )draw+ himself f ext]nals1 turns to 8 own w 77 to ex]cise x & to improve x by lab\r' ib4 i #d1 #ah4 #afb ,cic4 de ,(f4 i #bh1 #ii 7 #cdc above72 #8v]ecundiam1 bonum 9 adulesc5te signum' ,s54 ,ep4 #aa1 #a4 #afc #8ob/itit v]ecundia1 quae multorum pr(ectus sil5tio pressit' ,dial4 vi #bd1 #b2 cf4 ,ep4 #dj1 #ad4 #afd #8paulatim voluptati sunt quae necessitate coep]unt' ,dial4 i #d1 #ae4 #afe ,/ob4 ii #g1 #h1 #h a1 & #aa a2 ,cic4 ,(f4 i #c1 #h & iii #c1 #ad4 #aff ' ' 1 1 ,/ob4 iv 7,flor47 #ajc1 #bb ,m 7,arnim iii #eaj74 #afg #8primum e/ (ficium1 ut se cons]vet 9 naturae /atu2 de9ceps ut ea t5eat1 quae secundum naturam s9t2 444 de9de ea selectio p]petua2 tum ad extremum con/ans cons5taneaque naturae2 9 qua primum inesse incipit et intellegi1 quid sit1 quod v]e bonum possit dici' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #f1 #bj4 #afh ,/ob4 z above2 #8illud1 quod ultimum v5it1 ut fidem tibi habeas et recta ire te via cr$as' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #b1 #b4 ,epictetus uses ! te*nical t]m #8un*angeable firmness ( m9d' ,disc4 iii #b1 #h4 #afi ,see especially ,s5eca1 ,epp4 #ge & #ie4 #agj ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abg4 #aga 1 ,clem4 ,al4 ,/rom4 iv #f1 #bh 7,arnim iii #bba74 #agb ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ad1 #de2 & see above1 #cbb4 #agc #8ut qui dem]si sunt 9 aqua1 nihilo magis respir>e possunt1 si non longe absunt a summo1 ut iam iamque poss9t em]g]e1 quam si etiam tum ess5t 9 pr(undo2 nec catulus ille1 qui iam approp9quat ut videat1 plus c]nit quam is qui modo e/ natus2 item1 qui processit aliquantum ad virtutis aditum1 nihilom9us 9 mis]ia e/1 quam ille qui nihil processit' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #ad1 #dh4 #agd ,z to ! man :o is #8wise )\t kn[+ x' 7 7 see ,arnim iii #eci to #edb1 & ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #ai1 #c & #d4 #age #8iam non consilio bonus1 s$ m eo p]ductus1 ut non tantum recte fac]e posset1 s$ nisi recte fac]e non posset' ,s54 ,ep4 #abj1 #aj4 #agf ,writt5 9 #ahje4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,s9 ,,& ,,weakness4 ,sid5ote3 ,s94 #cfj4 ,! ,/oic view ( ! univ]se is col\r$ by optimism4 ,all comes f ,god1 all works t[>ds good4 ,none ! less ! ,/oic morals are /]n4 ,m5 9 ! mass are bo? fooli% & wick$2 !y defy ,god's w & ?w>t 8 purpose4 ,! _w is full ( s91 & all s9s 7to use ! ,socratic p>adox7 are equal4 ,:at !n is s98 ,x is a miss+ ( ! m>k at :i* virtue aims 772 x is a /umbl+ on ! road 7peccatum72 x is a transgress+ ( ! b\nd>y l9e#a4 ,x is ! *ild ( ignorance1 ! outw>d expression ( ill heal? ( ! s\l4 ,ev]y:]e & 9 e man x weak5s1 hamp]s1 & delays ! "w ( virtue4 ,x _c h[ev] f9ally triumph1 = x is at w> ) itself4 ,! ,p]sians 7 wrong :5 !y conceiv$ an ,evil ,p[]1 a conc5tration ( all ! p[]s ( mis*ief 9 "o p]sonality4 ,?is _c be1 = s9 lacks ess5tial unity4 ,x de/roys b does n build2 x scatt]s b x does n s[4 ,x is an e>?-born giant1 ^: unwieldy limbs w 9 ! end be pro/rat$ by a combatant1 small to ! outw>d view1 b inspir$ ) div9e =cefulness4 ,if we und]/& :at s9 is1 we %all see its repulsiv5ess2 if we le>n h[ x spreads1 we %all seek protection aga9/ its infect+ poison2 if we attack x 9 detail1 9 individual m5 & 9 _! daily acts1 we %all 9 ! end lay x l[4 ,philosophy !n proce$s to arm itself = its task4 ,sid5ote3 ,! f\r s9ful conditions are errors4 #cfa4 ,s9 is ignorance2 m accurately1 x is t :i* appe>s to be k1 b is n k2 x is false judgm5t4 ,if we foll[ ! process by :i* k is atta9$1 we f9d t !re is no error 9 ! m9d-picture 7visum71 :e!r x is s5sory or p>tly s5sory & p>tly rational2 ?is is an adumbration automatically pres5t$ to ! m9d4 ,b #8ass5t is 9 our p[]'2 x is bo? an intellectual & a moral act4 ,a too ha/y ass5t to t :i* appe>s to be b is n is bo? an error & an (f5ce2 & mo/ p>ticul>ly s :5 x lies 9 ! application ( ! g5]al conceptions 77 ( #8good' & #8evil' to p>ticul> cases#b4 ,9 ?is way we quickly rea* f\r s9ful conditions1 :i* come ab\t by mi/ak+ ?+s indiff]5t1 t is1 advantages & disadvantages1 = ?+s good or evil4 ,^! are3 7i7 ,fe> 71 metus71 9 :i* a future disadvantage is mi/ak5 = a future evil2 7ii7 ,gre$ 71 libido71 9 :i* a future advantage is mi/ak5 = a future good2 7iii7 ,grief 71 aegritudo71 9 :i* a pres5t disadvantage is mi/ak5 = a pres5t evil2 7iv7 ,hil>ity 71 laetitia71 9 :i* a pres5t advantage is mi/ak5 = a pres5t good#c4 ,9 ! case ( ! la/ two evils ! title pres5ts difficulty 9 all languages2 ?us = ,grief we might sub/itute any t]m su* z ,discont5t1 ,vexation1 ,worry or ,fretfulness2 x is a lack ( ,c\rage 9 be>+ pa9 or disappo9tm5t4 ,aga9 = ,hil>ity we might sub/itute ,elation1 ,exaltation1 ,excitem5t3 x is a lack ( ,sob]ness 9 ! mom5t ( pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y are also maladies4 #cfb4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view all s9 is due to a lack ( moral =ce1 a want ( tone 9 ! moral s9ews1 an unheal?y condition ( ! s\l#d4 ,ultimately ?is po9t ( view agrees ) t j describ$3 = x is ! lack ( heal? & /r5g? :i* leads to ha/y & ill-judg$ ass5t#e4 ,b = practical purposes we may use ?is di/9ction to lead up to a diff]5ce ( grade4 ,?us we may associate ignorance ) t root$ p]v]sity ( m9d :i* is ! exact opposite ( virtue1 & :i* is !re=e 9 ! /ricte/ s5se #8vice' 71 vitium7#e2 & want ( tone ) a pass+ condition :i* we _c d5y to be an evil1 b may nev]!less describe by ! g5tl] t]ms #8p]turbation' & #8affection#f4' ,su* an evil is a di/urbance ( ! s\l's calm1 an #8infection' ( its heal?4 ,x may exi/ 9 ?ree grades to be h]eaft] describ$1 z a #8ruffl+1' a #8di/urbance1' a #8disease'2 & 9 bo? ! latt] =ms x mu/ be root$ out1 = 9 bo? grades x is an evil1 & 9 ! la/ x is a vice :i* ?reat5s to poison ! man's :ole nature4 ,h5ce we rea* ! ,/oic p>adox t #8! affections mu/ be extirpat$#g4' ,b al?\gh ?is is our only e?ical /&>d1 we are n deb>r$ f sugge/+ rem$ies :i* may alleviate ! malady 9 p>ticul> p]sons & "u special circum/ances4 ,sid5ote3 ,fe>4 #cfc4 ,! evil ( ,fe> 71 =mido1 metus7 is practically oppos$ to ! virtue ( ,c\rage4 ,"h philosophy builds ^u ! f\ndations ( common op9ion1 & its task is ! easi]4 ,! y\? :o is br\ght up n to reg>d suff]+1 pov]ty1 exile1 or dea? z evils1 w nev] be afraid4 ,s9ce x is dea? t mo/ al>ms mank9d by its grim aspect1 he :o c face ?is giant )\t trembl+ w n "k fe>1 or at ! mo/ w only feel a slight ruffl+ ( ! s\l4 ,9 ass]t+ t #8fe> %\ld be root$ out' ! ,/oics cross no g5]al s5tim5t2 ! tradition ( ! h]oic age is ! same4 ,sid5ote3 ,gre$4 #cfd4 ,! treatm5t ( ,gre$ 71 libido7 is simil>4 ,?is fault is oppos$ to ! ,sob]ness ) :i* m5 %\ld aim at advantages2 & :5 we h det]m9$ ! /&>d ( ,sob]ness e transgression ( x reveals ,gre$4 ,b "u ?is head+ ! ,/oics include ! vices ( ,ang]#h & ,cruelty1 = :i* ! h]oic age _h no condemnation4 ,9 reg>d to ! =m] !y come into conflict ) ! ,p]ipatetics also1 :o ma9ta9 t ,ang] s]ves useful ends1 & %\ld be controll$1 n extirpat$#i4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is condition ( m9d w !re=e br+ out ! div]g5ce betwe5 ! two s*ools4 ,sid5ote3 ,ang]4 #cfe4 ,! ,p]ipatetics assign ,ang] to ! passionate "p ( ! s\l 7 72 !y admit t x ne$s to be re/ra9$ by reason1 b hold t )9 prop] limits x is bo? natural & necess>y4 ,9 w> x is ess5tial to h]oic action2 he :o is fill$ ) x despises dang]1 & ru%es on to great a*ievem5ts#aj4 ,x is no less necess>y 9 peace1 9 ord] t ! wick$ may n g unpuni%$#aa4 ,ari/otle says comp5di\sly t #8ang] is ! spur ( virtue#ab1' ! arm\r ( ! man ( high s\l4 ,to ?is po9t ( view ! ,/oics are oppos$ alike on ! gr\nd ( pr9ciple & ( exp]i5ce4 ,we d n ne$ disease z a means to heal?#ac1 or arm\r :i* sways in/ead ( be+ sway$#ad4 ,a good man w face dang] unmov$1 f ! s5se ( duty2 & w face x m firmly & m p]sev]+ly ?an he ^: passions are excit$#ae4 ,he w puni% wrong-do]s ei!r = _! am5dm5t or = ! protection ( o!rs1 )\t be+ angry ) !m#af4 ,fabius ! ,delay] conqu]$ 8 own _s be=e he ov]came ,hannibal#ag2 & ! v gladiators /rike1 n :5 _! feel+s move !m1 b :5 ! opportunity has come#ah4 ,sid5ote3 ,degrees ( ang]2 rem$ies = x4 #cff4 ,ang] is te*nically def9$ z #8! gre$y desire ( av5g+ an injury1' or 7m precisely7 z #8! gre$y desire to puni% "o :om y deem to h injur$ y unju/ly#ai4' ,t x is a tempor>y madness has always be5 held by ! wise#bj2 & ?is is indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( ! angry1 ! ?reat5+ look1 ! height5$ col\r1 ! gna%+ tee?1 ! /amp ( ! foot#ba2 also by ! fact t *ildr5 are specially prone to ang]1 ev5 = frivol\s causes#bb1 & t ang] is (t5 direct$ aga9/ h>mless p]sons or objects#bc4 ,nev]!less ang] does n consi/ ( a m]ely in/9ctive feel+1 b implies ! ass5t ( ! w#bd2 s t we c always trace ! ?ree /ages1 fir/ ! appe>ance ( an injury done 7species oblata iniuriae71 secondly ! ass5t 7animus ads5tit atque adprobat71 ?irdly ! outbreak ( ang] 7sequitur ira7#be4 ,to *eck ang] ! fir/ necessity is "t#bf3 reflection w (t5 %[ u t we h n be5 injur$ at all1 or n s mu* z we suppos$#bg4 ,!n x is well to put ourselves 9 ! place ( ! (f5d]1 & try to look at ! (f5ce f 8 po9t ( view#bh4 ,:]e ang] has become a disease 7iracundia71 m viol5t rem$ies mu/ be us$2 "s h be5 cur$ by look+ at !mselves 9 a mirror#bi2 o!rs mu/ apply ! #8contr>y twi/#cj1' & le>n :5 /ruck to turn quietly away#ca4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iations ( ang]4 #cfg4 ,ang] is an evil t has _m v>ieties1 & ! precisians ex]cise _! +5uity 9 di/+ui%+ ! bitt]-hum\r$ 7am>us71 ! fi]y 7/oma*osus71 ! fi]ce 7rabiosus71 ! man :o is h>d to get on ) 7difficilis71 & _m o!r %ades ( "*4 ,b "o v>iety des]ves special notice1 because ! evil disposition exi/s ?\gh its expression is *eck$4 ,! angry man ( ?is type does n all[ himself to g beyond compla9t & criticism1 b he nurses 8 feel+ 9 ! dep?s ( 8 he>t#cb4 ,he w\ld on no acc\nt express himself 9 l\d outcries1 b 8 displeasure is easily excit$ & p]si/5t4 ,?is evil we call moros5ess2 x is a feel+ *>act]i/ic ( a decad5t society#cc1 & 7l all o!r k9ds ( ang]7 x calls = unsp>+ repression4 ,sid5ote3 ,cruelty4 #cfh4 ,cruelty1 a t5d5cy to excess 9 puni%m5t#cd1 is an evil con/antly att5dant ^u ! possession ( p[]1 & directly oppos$ to ! virtue ( clem5cy4 ,roman hi/ory has exhibit$ _m examples ( x1 beg9n+ ) ,sulla :o ord]$ sev5 ?\s& ,roman citiz5s to be sla9 on "o day#ce1 cont9u+ ) ! _m ma/]s :o are hat$ = cruelty to _! slaves#cf4 ,x cuts at ! root ( ! ties ( humanity & degrades man to ! level ( ! bea/#cg2 9 its extreme =m x becomes a madness1 :5 ! slay+ ( a man is 9 itself a pleasure#ch4 ,z a rem$y = cruelty 9 its mild] =ms x is well to consid] ! true objects ( puni%m5t2 fir/1 to re=m ! (f5d]2 secondly1 to make o!rs bett] by a w>n+2 ?irdly1 to give a s5se ( safety to ! community by remov+ (f5d]s#ci4 ,all ^! objects are bett] effect$ if puni%m5t is mod]ate & r>e1 & appe>s to be aw>d$ ) reluctance4 ,:5 cruelty has become a disease x is necess>y to rem9d ! tyrant t 8 mann] ( life is a pitiable "o#dj1 & t a complete cure c be work$ by putt+ him to dea?#da4 ,sid5ote3 ,grief4 #cfi4 ,9 reckon+ ,grief 9 its c\ntless v>ieties z an evil ! ,/oics did n altoge!r run c\nt] to public op9ion4 ,9 ! h]oic age grief 0 inde$ n =bidd51 b x 0 %>ply limit$2 wom5 might grieve1 m5 %\ld rememb]4 ,b 9 prescrib+ ! total ext9ction ( ?is /ate ( m9d ! ,/oics appe>$ to pass ! b\nds ( human nature2 public feel+ revolt$ aga9/ :at seem$ impossible ( atta9m5t4 ,our position to-day is n greatly alt]$2 b we may notice t :]eas 9 ord9>y social life ,grief is n only tol]at$ b approv$1 yet 9 battle1 e>?quake1 flood1 & pe/il5ce our ideal ( ! h]o is "o :i* almo/ entirely excludes ! indulg5ce ( ?is emotion4 ,grief takes _m =ms1 z ,fretfulness1 ,disappo9tm5t1 ,re/lessness1 ,pity1 & ,m\rn+2 we proce$ to exam9e !m 9 ord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,fretfulness4 #cgj4 ,! simple/ =m ( ,grief is fretfulness "u bodily pa91 ! effect ( depression ( ! s\l & contraction ( its s9ews#db4 ,9 all ages & "u all philosophies ! capacity ( be>+ pa9 )\t fl9*+ is ! prim>y te/ ( virtue2 & 9 ! ,cynic & ,/oic s*ools alike ! dogma #8pa9 is no evil' is ( critical importance4 ,9 ?is matt] correct doctr9e ne$s to be /r5g!n$ by life-long discipl9e2 b x is n requir$ by ,/oic pr9ciples t g5]al pr9ciples %\ld be =c$ ^u ! acceptance ( individual suff]]s4 ,panaetius !re=e act$ q correctly :51 9 writ+ to ,qu9tus ,tub]o on ! subject ( ! endurance ( pa91 he ab/a9$ f press+ ! usual p>adox#dc4 ,b all :o see ?is trial await+ !m w d well to consid] h[ mu* h>d%ip m5 will+ly endure = evil purposes1 su* z ^? ( lu/1 money-mak+1 or glory4 ,cocks & quails w fight to ! dea? = victory3 juggl]s w risk _! lives swall[+ swords1 walk+ on tight ropes1 or fly+ l birds1 :5 9 ea* case a slip means dea?#dd4 ,if we compose our m9ds long be=e to meet suff]+1 we %all h m c\rage :5 ! "t comes#de4 ,sid5ote3 ,discipl9e ( pa94 #cga4 ,/ill m effective is active tra9+#df4 ,happy 0 ! ,sp>tan y\? :o came to ,clean!s to ask him :e!r pa9 0 n a good2 8 education _h taught him t ?is 0 a m practical "q ?an t o!r1 :e!r pa9 is an evil#dg4 ,recruits cry out at ! slighte/ w\nd1 & are m afraid ( ! surgeon's t\* ?an ( ! sword2 on ! o!r h& vet]ans wat* ! life-blood dra9+ away )\t a sigh#dh4 ,"s m5 groan at a box on ! e>1 :il/ o!rs smile "u ! sc\rge#di4 ,inexp]i5ce !re=e is ! *ief cause = weakness "u pa92 famili>ity ) x br+s /r5g?#ej4 ,sid5ote3 ,disappo9t$ ambition4 #cgb4 ,! ,grief t gives way to pa9 ( m9d has v v>i\s =ms2 b t :i* is due to disappo9t$ ambition is p]haps ! mo/ typical4 ,ev5 m5 :o _h ov]come ! fe> ( dea? 7 kn[n to %udd] at ! bitt]ness ( s\l 7aegritudo animi7 :i* accompanies defeat 9 a conte/$ election 7repulsa7 9 a republic1 or displacem5t f ! fav\r ( ! p[]ful "u a mon>*y#ea4 ,= ?is malady ! complete rem$y is f\nd 9 ! p>adox t #8! wise man is k+1' t virtue c nev] be unseat$ f ! curule *air#eb2 tempor>y alleviations may be f\nd1 ev5 by philosoph]s1 9 bit+ s>casms aim$ at ! incapacity ( "o's fell[-citiz5s#ec4 ,x may be 9 ! ab/ract ! duty ( a good man to take "p 9 politics2 b exp]i5ce %[s t ! ,/ate has yet to be discov]$ :i* c tol]ate a sage1 or :i* a sage c tol]ate#ed4 ,h5ce we f9d ev5 ,/oic tea*]s relaps+ into practical ,epicureanism1 & bidd+ _! foll[]s to let ! community g hang1 & to res]ve _! en]gies = "s nobl] occupation#ee4 ,to ^! lapses f s\nd pr9ciple we ne$ n atta* any s]i\s importance2 ! individual ,/oic did n always live up to 8 cre$4 ,sid5ote3 ,re/lessness4 #cgc4 ,re/lessness is grief ( m9d )\t kn[n cause2 ! unquiet s\l ru%es hi!r & ?i!r1 va9ly seek+ to be free f its own company#ef4 ,! lesson t ,horace _h press$ a c5tury e>li]1 t disquiet c only be cur$ by quiet1 has n be5 le>nt#eg4 ,9 ,hom] ,a*illes tosses on 8 b$ 9 fev]1 ly+ fir/ on 8 face1 !n on 8 back1 nev] long at re/ 9 any position2 & s to-day our weal?y man fir/ travels to luxuri\s ,campania1 !n to ! primitive di/rict ( ! ,bruttii2 nor? & s\? are tri$ 9 turn1 & alike disapprov$1 :il/ aft] all ! fault is n 9 ! place1 b 9 ! man#eh4 ,9 ?is temp] m5 come to hate leisure & compla9 t !y h no?+ to d#ei4 ,?is folly rea*es an extreme :5 m5 tru/ !mselves to ! sea1 take ! *ance ( dea? )\t burial1 & place !mselves 9 positions 9 :i* human skill may avail no?+#fj4 ,x ev5 leads to great political disa/]s1 z :5 ,x]xes attacks ,greece because he is we>y ( ,asia1 & ,alex&] invades ,india because ! kn[n _w is too small = him#fa4 ,! times w come1 :5 m5 w seek novelty by travell+ ?r\gh ! air or "u ! sea2 !y w =ce _! way ?r\gh ! cold ( ! poles & ! damp heat ( ! =e/s ( ,africa4 ,! rem$y lies ei!r 9 humbl] submission to ! w ( ! deity1 or 9 a s5se ( hum\r :i* sees ! absurdity ( tak+ s mu* tr\ble = s little advantage#fb4 ,sid5ote3 ,pity4 #cgd4 ,pity is t weakness ( a feeble m9d1 :i* causes x to collapse at ! sight ( ano!r man's tr\bles#fc1 wrongly believ+ !m to be evils4 ,pity looks at ! result1 n at ! cause1 & x is mo/ ke5ly felt by wom5 ( all ages1 :o are di/ress$ by ! te>s ev5 ( ! mo/ ab&on$ crim9als1 & w\ld gladly bur/ op5 ! doors ( ! gaols to release !m#fd4 ,! cause ( pity lies 9 a too rapid ass5t2 we are caught napp+ by e sight t /rikes on our s5ses4 ,if we see a man weep+1 we say #8he is undone'3 if we see a poor man1 we say #8he is wret*$2 he has no?+ to eat#fe4' ,n[ we ,/oics h a bad "n1 z ?\gh we recomm5d$ to gov]nors a sy/em ( h>% puni%m5ts#ff2 b1 on ! contr>y1 none value m highly ?an we ! royal virtue ( clem5cy#fg4 ,only let x be consid]$ t a wise man mu/ keep a calm & untr\bl$ m9d1 if only t he may be ready to give prompt help to ^? :o ne$ x2 a sav+ h& to ! %ipwreck$1 %elt] to ! exile1 ! dead body ( h] son to a "m's te>s4 ,! wise man w n pity1 b help#fh4 ,sid5ote3 ,s5sibility4 #cge4 ,ne>ly ak9 to ! evil ( pity is t s5sitiv5ess to ! suff]+s ( o!rs :i* leads m51 contr>y reason1 to turn ! o!r way & avoid ! sight ( !m4 ,( ?is weakness ,epictetus gives u a lively picture3 #8,:5 he 0 visit$ by "o ( ! magi/rates1 ,epictetus inquir$ ( him ab\t sev]al p>ticul>s1 & ask$ if he _h *ildr5 & a wife4 ,! man repli$ t he _h2 & ,epictetus inquir$ fur!r1 h[ he felt "u ! circum/ances4 #8,mis]able1' ! man said4 ,!n ,epictetus ask$ #8,9 :at respect8 ,= m5 d n m>ry & beget *ildr5 9 ord] to be wret*$1 b r to be happy4' #8,b ,i1' ! man repli$1 #8am s wret*$ ab\t my *ildr5 t lately1 :5 my little daught] 0 sick & 0 suppos$ to be 9 dang]1 ,i c\ld n endure to /ay ) h]1 b ,i left home till a p]son s5t me news t %e _h recov]$4' #8,well !n1' said ,epictetus1 #8d y ?9k t y act$ "r8' #8,i act$ naturally1' ! man repli$2 #8?is is ! case ) all or at lea/ mo/ fa!rs4' #8,let u be c>eful1' said ,epictetus1 #8to le>n rightly ! crit]ion ( ?+s accord+ to nature4 ,does affection to ^? ( y\r family appe> to y to be accord+ to nature & to be good8' ,c]ta9ly4' #8,is !n t :i* is consi/5t ) reason 9 contradiction ) affection8' #8,i ?9k n4' #8,well !n1 to leave y\r sick *ild & to g away is n reasonable1 & ,i suppose t y w n say t x is2 b x rema9s to inquire if x is consi/5t ) affection4' #8,yes1 let u consid]4' #8,has ! "m no affection = h] *ild8' #8,c]ta9ly %e has4' #8,ought !n ! "m to h left h]1 or ought %e n8' #8,%e ought n4' #8,& ! nurse1 does %e love h]8' #8,%e does4' #8,ought !n %e also to h left h]8' #8,by no means4' #8,b if ?is is s1 x results t y\r behavi\r 0 n at all an affectionate act#fi4' ,s5eca draws = u ! same picture ( s5tim5tal neglect ( duty4 #8,( our luxuri\s ri*1' he says1 #8no "o sits by ! side ( 8 dy+ fri5d1 no "o wat*es ! dea? ( 8 own fa!r1 or jo9s 9 ! la/ act ( respect to ! rema9s ( any memb] ( 8 family#gj4' ,sid5ote3 ,s5sitiv5ess4 #cgf4 ,ano!r =m ( ! evil ( ,grief is t ( undue s5sitiv5ess to criticism & abuse4 ,?is m5tal weakness is illu/rat$ by ! case ( ,fidus ,cornelius1 :o bur/ into te>s because "s "o 9 ! s5ate call$ him a #8pluck$ o/ri*'2 & 9 an e>li] p]iod ,*rysippus _h be5 acqua9t$ ) a man :o lo/ 8 temp] m]ely because he 0 call$ a #8sea-calf#ga4' ,o!rs are annoy$ by see+ _! ecc5tricities imitat$1 or by ref]5ce to _! pov]ty or old age4 ,! rem$y = all ^! ?+s is hum\r2 no "o c be laugh$ at :o turns ! laugh aga9/ himself#gb4 ,ano!r is to cease ?9k+ ab\t oneself#gc4 ,sid5ote3 ,m\rn+4 #cgg4 ,! h>de/ to be> ( all di/resses is ! loss ( fri5ds by dea?1 & mo/ p>ticul>ly1 ! loss by p>5ts ( _! *ildr54 ,to meet ?is tr\ble a special class ( lit]ature1 call$ consolationes1 grew up1 n conf9$ to any "o s*ool ( philosoph]s4 ,! treatise ( ,crantor ! ,academic 0 fam\s 9 ,cic]o's "t#gd2 & 9 ! lett] ( ,s]vius ,sulpicius to ,cic]o ^u 8 daught]'s dea? we h an admirable example ( ! #8consolation' 9 private correspond5ce#ge4 ,sulpicius bids ,cic]o ?9k ( all ! grief & tr\ble 9 ! _w1 ! loss ( political lib]ty at ,rome1 ! de/ruction ( s _m fam\s cities ( antiquity1 until he feels t man is born to sorr[1 & t 8 own loss is b a drop 9 ! ocean ( ! _w's suff]+4 ,he also calls on ! m\rn] to ?9k ( 8 own "*1 & to set an example ( firmness to 8 h\sehold#gf4 ,cic]o f\nd 8 real com=t 9 none ( ^! ?+s1 b 9 indu/ri\s au?or%ip4 ,we h un=tunately no example ( a #8,consolation' by ,musonius4 ,s5eca has left u two treatises 9 ?is /yle1 "o a =mal docum5t address$ to ! m9i/] ,polybius on ! dea? ( 8 bro!r1 ! o!r a m p]sonal appeal to ,m>cia1 a lady ( an #8old ,roman' family1 on ! dea? ( a son4 ,besides ! argum5ts already us$ by ,sulpicius#gg1 he recomm5ds to ,polybius att5tion to ! public s]vice & ! read+ ( ,hom] & ,virgil#gh4 ,bo? to him & to ,m>cia he pictures ! happ9ess ( ! s\l n[ admitt$ to ! company ( ! ble/#gi1 or at any rate at peace & fre$ f all ! pa9s ( life#hj4 ,9 writ+ to ,m>cia he recalls ) effect ! examples ( ,octavia ! si/]1 & ,livia ! wife ( ,augu/us1 ea* ( :om lo/ a promis+ son 9 e>ly manhood4 ,octavia gave h]self up to h] grief1 nev] all[$ h] dead son to be m5tion$ 9 h] pres5ce1 & wore m\rn+ to ! day ( h] dea?1 ?\gh %e 0 surr\nd$ by h] *ildr5 & gr&*ildr54 ,livia1 aft] pay+ ! la/ tok5s ( respect1 laid aside h] grief1 recall$ ) pleasure h] son's a*ievem5ts1 & 7advis$ s to act by h] philosoph] ,areius7 devot$ h]self to h] social duties1 refus+ to make all ,rome sad because "o "m _h lo/ a son#ha4 ,sid5ote3 ,resignation4 #cgh4 ,! consolations ( ,epictetus include less philosophical speculation1 & m religi\s resignation4 ,to beg9 )1 prep>ation %\ld be made = ! loss ( *ildr54 ,p>5tal affection %\ld n pass ! b\nds ( reason2 e "t t a fa!r embraces 8 *ild1 he %\ld reflect #8?is *ild is only l5t to me1' #8?is *ild is mortal#hb4' ,if ! *ild dies1 8 fir/ ?\ght %\ld be #8he :o has giv5 takes away#hc4' ,to o!rs he w say #8,i h re/or$ ! *ild#hd4' ,8 abid+ mood w be t ( resignation to ! div9e w4 ,he w realize t 9 ! c\rse ( a long life _m & v>i\s ?+s mu/ happ52 & t x is impossible to live to old age1 )\t see+ ! dea? ( _m :om we love#he4 ,sid5ote3 ,com=t4 #cgi4 ,all #8consolations' aim at dim9i%+ ! grief ( m\rn]s1 nature be+ incl9$ r to excess ?an to defect 9 ?is matt]4 ,b ! ,/oics c\ld n altoge!r avoid ! direct issue :e!r or n grief is a s91 & weep+ a weakness4 ,! pla9 tea*+ ( ! s*ool 0 t #8dea? is no evil1' & !re=e t grief = ! dead is aga9/ reason4 ,& to ?is view ! tea*]s give f "t to "t =mal adhesion1 z be+ ! bett] cause#hf4 ,b 9 individual cases !y f9d t to a c]ta9 ext5t !re is n only excuse1 b ju/ification1 = grief & te>s2 & ?us !y come into t\* ) ! common feel+s ( humanity#hg1 :il/ ! plea ( #8natural necessity' s]ves to w>d (f ! criticism ( /]n] philosoph]s#hh4 ,f ?is concession em]ges 9 ! ,roman p]iod ! def9ite precept ( a "t-limit = grief#hi2 & its undue cont9uance is /]nly d5\nc$ z due to love ( o/5tation#ij1 & ! morbid enjoym5t ( sorr[ by an ill-balanc$ m9d#ia4 ,grief 9 ?is %ape is a dang]\s disease2 !re mu/ be no trifl+ ) x1 b x mu/ be totally de/roy$#ib4 ,sid5ote3 ,misan?ropy4 #chj4 ,la/ly1 we include "u ! head+ ( ,grief a weakness :i* (t5 developes into s]i\s disease2 t g5]al discont5t1 :i* is voic$ 9 compla9ts z to ! wick$ness ( ! age#ic & ! deg5]acy ( "y ,rome4 ,su* discont5t has always be5 *>act]i/ic ( ! old#id2 b "u ! pr9cipate x has develop$ into a special evil1 ! #8hatr$ ( ! human race' 7odium g5]is humani74 ,( ?is fault ev5 philosoph]s may be suspect$2 = x mu/ be admitt$ t m5 are bad1 h be5 bad1 & always w be bad#ie2 9 %ort1 t ! :ole human race is made up ( madm5#if4 ,b wise m5 w be> ) ?is fact quietly & ) a smile#ig4 ,x is futile to br+ accusations aga9/ ! :ole race#ih1 & a delusion to ?9k our own times worse ?an ^? ( our pr$ecessors4 ,! old ,romans1 to :om we look up z models ( virtue1 made j ! same compla9ts ( _! own times2 & z a matt] ( fact ! /&>d ( g5]al morality nev] v>ies greatly f its av]age1 ei!r 9 an upw>d or a d[nw>d direction#ii4 ,sid5ote3 ,eat+4 #cha4 ,! fault ( ,hil>ity 7 1 elatio animi7 is a dep>ture f ,sob]ness & *e]ful ,joy ) reg>d to ! ?+s t appeal to our appetites1 & ?is 9 ! direction ( excess4 ,) reg>d to food1 x corresponds to #8gre$9ess' 9 mod]n spee*4 ,! matt] is b little discuss$1 b we h two int]e/+ lectures by ,musonius1 :i* are *iefly conc]n$ ) ?is vice1 f :i* we take ! foll[+ extracts3 #8,gre$9ess' is an unpleasant fault1 mak+ m5 to resemble pigs & dogs3 b on ! o!r h& heal?y eat+ requires mu* sup]vision & practice 7 74 ,( all pleasures t tempt m51 gre$9ess is ! h>de/ to cont5d aga9/2 = x assails u twice e day4 ,to eat too mu* is wrong2 to eat too fa/ is wrong2 s x is also to take too mu* pleasure 9 food1 to pref] ! sweet to ! :olesome1 or n to give y\r companions a fair %>e4 ,ano!r fault is to let meals int]f]e ) bus9ess4 ,9 all ^! po9ts we %\ld look *iefly to heal?4 ,n[ we obs]ve t ^? :o use ! simple/ foods are g5]ally ! /ronge/2 s]vants are /rong] ?an _! ma/]s1 c\ntryfolk ?an t[nsm51 ! poor ?an ! ri*4 ,!re is !re=e good reason to pref] *eap food to t :i* is co/ly1 & t :i* is ready to h& to t :i* is only obta9$ ) great tr\ble4 ,fur!r1 "s foods are m cong5ial ?an o!rs to m5's nature2 z ^? :i* gr[ f ! e>?1 or c be obta9$ f animals )\t kill+ !m4 ,food t requires no cook+ has an advantage1 z ripe fruit1 "s vegetables1 milk1 *eese1 & honey4 ,fle% food is = _m reasons objectionable4 ,x is heavy & imp$es ?\ght2 ! exhalations f x are turbid & ov]%ad[ ! s\l4 ,m5 %\ld imitate ! gods1 :o fe$ on ! light exhalations ( e>? & wat]4 ,b to-day we h ev5 worse corruptions4 ,_m m5 are da9ty & _c eat food )\t v9eg> or "s o!r season+4 ,also we call 9 art & ma*9]y to aid our pleasures1 & actually h books writt5 on cook]y4 ,all ?is may s]ve to titillate ! palate1 b is mis*iev\s to heal?#ajj4' ,! s>casms ( ,s5eca are aim$ n s mu* aga9/ excess 9 quantity or fa/idi\sness 9 quality1 z aga9/ ! collection ( da9ties f all p>ts ( ! _w#aja4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr9k+4 #chb4 ,z to dr9k+1 ! ,/oic p]iod m>ks a great *ange 9 feel+4 ,9 ! times ( ,z5o1 h>d dr9k+ _h almo/ ! hon\r ( a religi\s c]emony2 & ! banquet 77 0 ! occasion ( _m a philosophical discussion4 ,z5o began by lay+ x d[n z a pr9ciple t #8! wise man w n be drunk5#ajb1' & ,*rysippus w5t s f> z to "n drunk5ness z caus+ ! loss ( virtue#ajc4 ,b ! prohibition 0 c>efully gu>d$4 ,! e>li] tea*]s p]mitt$ #8w99ess#ajd'2 & ,s5eca ju/ifies ?is means ( bani%+ c>e1 po9t+ out _m in/ances ( public m5 ( dr9k+ habits :o dis*>g$ _! duties admirably#aje4 ,yet on ! :ole he incl9es to a /rict] view1 f9d+ t #8drunk5ness is a volunt>y madness1' & t x removes t s5se ( %ame :i* mo/ h9d]s m5 f wrongdo+#ajf4 ,mean:ile a *ange 9 public ta/e1 & p]haps ! cont9ual example ( ,cynic mission>ies1 _h produc$ a tide ( feel+ 9 fav\r ( simple liv+4 ,! philosophical discussions sket*$ by ,cic]o take place at all times ( ! day1 b mo/ usually 9 ! morn+ h\rs2 !y are nev] associat$ ) riot\s banquet+1 b if necess>y ! meal is cut %ort to make room = ! talk4 ,"u ! pr9cipate ! f>e is ( ! simple/2 ,s5eca himself 0 a veget>ian 9 8 y\?#ajg2 8 tea*] ,attalus 0 well cont5t ) porridge & wat]1 & f\nd an audi5ce ready to approve 8 ta/e#ajh4 ,sid5ote3 ,sexual indulg5ce4 #chc4 ,a simil> b m pr(\nd *ange _h tak5 place at ! same "t 9 reg>d to sexual relations4 ,9 ! "t ( ,socrates c\rtesans & boy-fav\rites play$ a l>ge "p 9 social life2 associat$ ) ! banquet1 !y =m$ "p ( ! accept$ ideal ( cultur$ enjoym5t2 ev5 morali/s approv$ ( !m z provid+ a satisfaction to natural desires & indirectly protect+ ! sanctity ( ! home#aji4 ,! same attitude ( m9d is %[n by ,s5eca "u simil> circum/ances1 :5 he recomm5ds t pr9ces be indulg$ ) mi/resses 9 ord] to make _! "* m g5tle#aaj4 ,b little by little a m sev]e /&>d prevail$#aaa4 ,f ! fir/ ! ,/oics set !mselves aga9/ ! pursuit ( o!r m5's wives#aab4 ,) reg>d to o!r relations1 !y did n feel call$ ^u to condemn !m 9 o!r m5#aac2 !y 7 inde$1 9 !mselves1 matt]s ( indiff]5ce#aad2 b !y f\nd x contr>y to reason t a man's ?\ghts %\ld be occupi$ ) matt]s s l[1 or t he %\ld br+ himself into subjection to irregul> habits & become a slave to a woman#aae4 ,z ! c\rtesan 0 gradually exclud$ by ?is rule#aaf1 ! g5]al op9ion fell back on ! slave z ! mo/ accessible & lea/ dang]\s object ( indulg5ce#aag4 ,b ! philosoph]s ( ! pr9cipate1 foll[+ ,z5o1 :o 9 ^! matt]s took ! 7decorum7 z 8 rule#aah1 f9d x 9 a high degree unfitt+ t ! ma/]1 :o %\ld 9 all ?+s be a model ( self-control 9 8 own h\sehold1 %\ld display s grave a weakness to 8 slaves4 ,sid5ote3 ,*a/ity4 #chd4 ,?us little by little !re em]g$ ! ideal ( a /rict *a/ity1 to ! pr9ciple ( :i* n ev5 ! m>riage relation %\ld =m an exception#aai4 ,e fall+ (f f ?is ideal is s9 or transgression#abj2 & x is especially true 9 ?is matt] t ea* act ( weakness leaves its trace on ! "*1 & t he :o yields becomes a feebl] man#aba4 ,! ,socratic p>adox1 t ! wise man w be a lov]#abb1 is consi/5tly ma9ta9$ by ! ,/oics2 b ! practical limitations ( ?is doctr9e are well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ /rik+ passage f ! lectures ( ! ,/oic ,musonius3-- #8,m5 :o d n wi% to be lic5ti\s & bad %\ld consid] t sexual relations are only lawful 9 m>riage1 & = ! begett+ ( *ildr52 su* z aim at m]e pleasure are lawless1 ev5 9 m>riage4 ,ev5 ap>t f adult]y & unnatural relations1 all sexual connexions are disgraceful2 = :at sob]-m9d$ man w\ld ?9k ( consort+ ) a c\rtesan1 or ) a free woman outside m>riage8 & lea/ ( all w\ld he d s ) 8 own slave4 ,! lawlessness & f\lness ( su* connexions is a disgrace to all :o =m !m2 z we may see t any man :o is capable ( a blu% does 8 utmo/ to conceal !m4 ,yet "o argues3 89 ?is case a man does no inju/ice2 he does n wrong 8 neighb\r or deprive him ( ! hope ( lawful issue40 ,i might reply t e "o :o s9s injures himself1 = he makes himself a worse & less hon\rable man4 ,b at any rate he :o gives way to f\l pleasure & enjoys himself l a hog is an intemp]ate man2 & n lea/ he :o consorts ) 8 own slave-girl1 a ?+ = :i* "s p f9d excuse4 ,to all ?is !re is a simple answ]2 h[ w\ld su* a man approve ( a mi/ress consort+ ) h] own man-s]vant8 ,yet ,i presume he does n ?9k m5 inf]ior to wom51 or less able to re/ra9 _! desires4 ,if !n m5 claim ! supremacy ov] wom51 !y mu/ %[ !mselves sup]ior 9 self-control4 ,to conclude2 sexual connexion betwe5 a ma/] & 8 female slave is no?+ b lic5ti\sness#abc4' ,sid5ote3 #8,be> & =be>4' #che4 ,?us our detail$ /udy ( ! f\r p]turbations has l$ u to lay little /ress on ,fe> & ,gre$1 ! weaknesses ( ! h]oic p]iod :5 m5's m9ds 7 actively turn$ to ! future1 & to conc5trate our att5tion on ,grief & ,hil>ity1 ! two moods 9 :i* life's tr\bles & temptations are wrongly met ) z !y arrive4 ,z we foll[ ! hi/ory ( ,/oic philosophy ?r\gh ! times ( ! ,roman pr9cipate1 we f9d t ?is t5d5cy to lay /ress on ! tra9+ ( ! passive "* increases3 till ,epictetus tells u t ( all ! vices f> ! wor/ are #8lack ( endurance' 7intol]antia71 :i* is ! develop$ =m ( ,grief1 & #8lack ( re/ra9t' 7incont95tia71 :i* is ! p]si/5t incl9ation t[>ds ,hil>ity#abd4 ,h5ce ! cure = vice is summ$ up by him 9 ! gold5 ^w1 #8be> & =be>#abe'2 t is1 practise ,c\rage & ca/ (f ,grief1 practise ,sob]ness & keep ,hil>ity f> f y4 #8,a good rule1' a ,p]ipatetic w\ld reply1 #8= wom5 & slaves4' ,sid5ote3 ,avoidance ( temptation4 #chf4 ,?is negative attitude is mo/ /rongly m>k$ 9 ,epictetus 9 connexion ) ! dang]s ( sexual passion4 ,?us 8 %ort advice to all "y m5 ) reg>d to ! attractions ( wom5 is #8,flee at once#abf'2 & ev5 9 ?is 8 advice 0 c\nt5anc$ 9 advance by ! m tol]ant ,s5eca#abg4 ,x w\ld appe> f bo? writ]s t ! battle betwe5 ! sexes _h become unequal at ?is p]iod1 s (t5 is ! picture drawn ( ! promis+ & well-educat$ y\? lit]ally & hopelessly enslav$ by a mi/ress presumably )\t bir?1 education1 or hon\r#abh4 ,x causes u "s surprise to f9d t ! di/9ction betwe5 heav5ly & e>?ly love#abi is n br\ght 9 z a corrective ( ! latt]4 ,only 9 a g5]al way ! sugge/ion is made t s$uctive attractions %\ld be driv5 out by virtu\s ideals3 #8,d n be hurri$ away by ! appe>ance1 b say3 8,appe>ances1 wait = me a little2 let me see :o y are & :at y are ab\t2 let me put y to ! te/40 ,& d n all[ ! appe>ance to lead y on & draw lively pictures ( ! ?+s :i* w foll[2 = if y d1 x w c>ry y (f :]ev] x pleases4 ,b r br+ 9 to oppose x "s o!r beautiful & noble appe>ance & ca/ out ?is base appe>ance4 ,& if y are accu/om$ to be ex]cis$ 9 ?is way1 y w see :at %\ld]s1 :at s9ews1 :at /r5g? y h4444 ,?is is ! true a?lete4444 ,/ay1 wret*1 d n be c>ri$ away4 ,great is ! combat1 div9e is ! "w2 x is = k+%ip1 = fre$om1 = happ9ess4 ,rememb] ,god2 call on him z a help] & protector#acj4' ,sid5ote3 ,gradations ( vice4 #chg4 ,f ! /udy ( ! sep>ate evils we rev]t to ! g5]al !ory ( ,vice4 ,& "h we mu/ recall ! po9t t s f> z vice is weakness or ill-heal? ( ! s\l1 x admits ( gradations1 :i* may conv5i5tly be /at$ z ?ree1 namely 7i7 ruffl+s ( ! s\l2 7ii7 commotions1 infections1 or illnesses2 7iii7 diseases or vices prop]#aca4 ,x is n q easy to classify ! ruffl+s or fir/ slight di/urbances ( ! s\l 7prima agitatio animi7 "u ! f\r p]turbations2 b ! bodily indications ( !m seem to be m m>k$ 9 ! weaknesses ( ! active or h]oic "*1 namely ,fe> & ,gre$4 ,?us 9 ! direction ( ,fe> we meet ) hair /&+ on end--pallor ( complexion--trembl+ limbs--palpitation1 & dizz9ess1 all ( :i* are bodily indications t fe> is n f> (f2 9 ! direction ( ,ang] 7a =m ( ,gre$7 we meet ) height5$ col\r1 fla%+ eyes1 & gna%+ tee?#acb4 ,9 ! direction ( ,grief we meet ) te>s & sighs1 & 9 t ( ,hil>ity ! automatic sexual movem5ts1 among/ :i* we mu/ p]haps include blu%+4 ,sid5ote3 ,ruffl+s4 #chh4 ,x does n appe> t ! e>ly ,/oic ma/]s occupi$ !mselves mu* ) ! gradations ( vice2 al?\gh a text c be tak5 f ,z5o = a disc\rse on ?is subject4 ,nei!r does ! e>ne/ & cynically-m9d$ ,epictetus c>e to dwell on su* details4 ,on ! o!r h& ,s5eca lays ! greate/ possible /ress on ! doctr9e t #8ruffl+s' are n inconsi/5t ) virtue4 ,= ?is two argum5ts are available1 :i* are p]haps n q consi/5t4 ,fir/1 ! bodily indications are beyond ! control ( ! m9d2 !y are necess>y consequ5ces ( ! union ( body & s\l1 t is1 ( our mortal condition#acc4 ,secondly1 ! #8ruffl+s' correspond to ! m9d-pictures pres5t$ to ! s\l 9 ?\ght1 & !re=e are nei!r moral nor immoral until ! s\l has giv5 its ass5t to !m#acd4 ,f ei!r po9t ( view we arrive at a result cong5ial to ?is philosoph]4 ,! wise man is1 9 fact1 subject to slight t\*es ( su* feel+s z grief & fe>#ace2 he is a man1 n a /one4 ,secondly1 ! sov]eignty ( ! w rema9s unimpair$2 give ! m9d b "t to collect its =ces1 & x w re/ra9 ^! feel+s )9 _! prop] limits#acf4 ,! doctr9e is 9 reality1 ?\gh n 9 =m1 a concession to ! ,p]ipatetic /&po9t2 x provides also a conv5i5t means ( def5ce aga9/ ! mock]s :o obs]ve t pr(essors ( philosophy (t5 exhibit ! outw>d signs ( moral weakness4 ,sid5ote3 #8,commotions4' #chi4 ,if ! s\l gives way to any unreason+ impulse1 x makes a false judgm5t & suff]s relaxation ( its tone3 !re takes place a #8commotion' or #8p]turbation' 71 affectus1 p]turbatio71 :i* is a moral evil#acg4 ,! ,greek ^w admits ( two int]pretations2 x may mean a passive /ate or a disease2 we "h use x 9 ! mild] s5se4 ,by an #8emotion' we mean t ! s\l is uproot$ f its f\ndation1 & beg9s z x 7 to toss on ! sea2 by #8affection' t x is seiz$ or infect$ by "s un:olesome condition#ach2 by #8p]turbation' t x has ceas$ to be an ord]ly :ole1 & is fall+ into confusion4 ,:5 we reg>d ^! words 9 _! true s5se1 & %ake (f ! associations !y c>ry ) !m 9 ,engli%1 x is cle> t all ( !m d5ote moral evils2 nev]!less !y _c rightly be call$ #8diseases' ( ! s\l#aci4 ,! evils & weaknesses :i* h be5 discuss$ are commonly display$ 9 #8commotions' or #8p]turbations1' & are normally equival5t to !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,diseases ( ! s\l4 #cij4 ,! s\l by giv+ way to p]turbations becomes worse2 x acquires habits ( weakness 9 p>ticul> directions4 ,?is weakness f a pass+ disposition 77 *anges into a p]man5t disposition or habit 771 & ?is is 9 ! full s5se a #8disease' ( ! s\l#adj4 ,^! diseases or vices are1 /rictly speak+1 f\r 9 numb]#ada3 b ! ,/oics run into great detail z reg>ds _! titles & subdivisions4 ,diseases 9 ! ord9>y s5se 77 display re/lessness & want ( self-control2 su* are ambition1 av>ice1 gre$9ess1 drunk5ness1 runn+ aft] wom5#adb1 passionate temp]1 ob/9acy1 & anxiety4 ,an opposite class ( maladies consi/s ( unreasonable dislikes 7 1 (f5siones72 su* are inhospitality1 misogynism1 & qu>rell+ ) ! _w 9 g5]al#adc4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 are good or bad4 #cia4 ,! /udy ( vice 9 its v>i\s =ms & gradations leaves unt\*$ ! ma9 positions ( ,/oic e?ics1 includ+ ! ,socratic p>adoxes4 ,m5 are ( two classes only1 ! wise & ! fooli%1 ! good & ! bad#add4 ,?is bold dualism ! ,/oics hold 9 common ) ! ,p]sians#ade2 & ?\gh x is on ! "o h& temp]$ s z to meet ! common op9ion t mo/ m5 are ( middl+ "*1 & on ! o!r h& subord9at$ to ! moni/ic pr9ciple t good %all 9 ! end prevail1 x rema9s ! key-/one ( ?is dep>tm5t ( philosophy4 ,virtue is a "r /ate ( m9d2 ev]y?+ t falls %ort ( x is !re=e a wrong /ate ( m9d4 ,virtue & vice lie 9 ! inw>d disposition1 n 9 ! outw>d act#adf2 & "o :o has cross$ ! l9e is equally out ( b\nds :atev] ! di/ance to :i* he has travell$ on ! f> side#adg4 ,ea* man has !re=e an all-important *oice to make4 ,! great ,/oic tea*]s 7 fill$ ) a ye>n+ aft] righte\sness & reconciliation ) ! div9e purpose & a disgu/ & horror ( ! condition ( ! man :o is at v>iance ) 8 ,creator1 8 neighb\r1 & himself#adh4 ,^! convictions !y encas$ z usual 9 p>adoxes & syllogisms4 ,sid5ote3 ,all s9s are equal4 #cib4 ,t #8! affections mu/ be extirpat$#adi' ceases to be a p>adox1 z soon z we h def9$ affections z /ates ( m9d contr>y to reason1 & h made room = ! #8reasonable affections' ( caution1 good w1 & joy#aej4 ,t #8all s9s are equal#aea' rema9s /ill1 z ( old1 a /umbl+ block#aeb4 ,yet ?is ,socratic p>adox has a simple int]pretation2 x is a prote/ aga9/ ! light-he>t$ness :i* tol]ates #8petty' acts ( wrongdo+1 & is indiff]5t to ! evil habits ( m9d ?us acquir$#aec4 ,two ( ! ,/oic tea*]s ( ! transition p]iod1 ,h]aclides ( ,t>sus & ,a!nodorus1 are said to h ab&on$ ! p>adox#aed1 & all ,/oics 7 ready to admit t s9s are #8unlike'#aee4 ,b1 z usual1 ! ma9 body held firmly to a doctr9e 9 :i* !y _h discov]$ a real practical value4 ,j ! same pr9ciple is express$ by o!r p>adoxes1 z t #8he :o has "o vice has all1 ?\gh he may n be equally incl9$ to all#aef'2 & aga9 t #8he :o is n wise is a fool & a madman#aeg4' ,sid5ote3 ,s9 is curable4 #cic4 ,9 spite ( ! p>allelism ( virtue & vice ! latt] is de/9$ to subord9ation1 n only 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 b also 9 ! individual man4 ,ev5 if s9s are equal1 vice z ill heal? ( ! s\l has degrees4 ,! fir/ #8ruffl+s' ( ! s\l are1 z we h se51 n to be reckon$ z real evils2 its #8p]turbations' give ! hope ( a com+ calm2 & griev\s ?\gh its #8diseases' are1 we h no sugge/ion ( incurable s91 or ( ! hopeless (f5d]4 ,ev5 he :o has mo/ fall5 reta9s ! g]ms ( virtue1 & ^! may aga9 rip5 "u a prop] discipl9e#aeh4 ,sid5ote3 ,/oic au/]ity4 #cid4 ,! attitude ( ! ,/oic s*ool t[>ds s9 & weakness expos$ x1 z we h se51 to con/ant criticism & ridicule4 ,to "s ext5t ?is 0 due to ! pr(ession ( philosophy 9 itself3 = e su* pr(ession impli$ "s claim to cle>] k & m consi/5t action ?an t ( ! cr[d#aei4 ,b ! ,/oics also s\ght to be #8au/]e' ) reg>d to social pleasures1 & ?us x seem$ t !y nei!r (f]$ o!rs a %>e 9 _! own happ9ess nor sympa!tically p>took 9 t ( o!rs#afj2 :il/ at ! same "t !y claim$ exemption f ! weaknesses & fail+s ( _! neighb\rs4 ,we h se5 bo? ,s5eca & ,epictetus anxi\s to meet criticism on ^! po9ts by lay+ /ress on ^? t\*es ( natural feel+ 9 :i* wise & fooli% alike %>e4 ,b 9 address+ ! memb]s ( ! sect _! tone is v diff]5t2 !y hold out1 z a prize wor? ! w9n+1 ! prospect ( atta9+ to t calm & un*ang+ disposition ( m9d :i* has = ev] left beh9d ! flutt]+s ( fe> & gre$1 ( grief & hil>ity1 & :i* is attun$ to reason alone#afa4 ,epictetus inde$ (t5 expresses elation & pride ^u ?is !me3 #8,i w %[ ! s9ews ( a philosoph]4 ,:at are ^!8 ,a desire 77 nev] disappo9t$1 an av]sion 77 :i* nev] meets ) t :i* x w\ld avoid1 a prop] pursuit 771 a dilig5t purpose 771 an ass5t :i* is n ra%4 ,^! y %all see#afb4' #8,m51 if y w att5d to me1 :]ev] y are1 :atev] y are do+1 y w n feel sorr[1 nor ang]1 nor compulsion1 nor h9drance1 b y w pass y\r "t )\t p]turbations & free f ev]y?+4 ,:5 a man has ?is peace 7n proclaim$ by ,caes>1 = h[ %\ld he be able to proclaim x87 b by ,god ?r\gh reason1 is he n cont5t :5 he reflects--,n[ no evil c happ5 to me#afc8' ,,footnotes #a #8e/ pecc>e tanquam transilire l9eas' ,cic4 ,p>4 iii #bj4 #b #8,:o among u does n speak ( good & bad1 ( useful & n useful8444 ,adapt ! preconception prop]ly to ! p>ticul> ?+s' ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #ag1 #aj & #aa4 #c #8omnes hae p]turbationes sunt g5]e quattuor1 p>tibus plures2 aegritudo1 =mido1 libido1 quamque ,/oici communi nom9e corporis et animi appellant1 ego malo laetitiam appell>e1 quasi ge/i5tis animi elationem volupt>iam' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #aj1 #ce2 #8e/ igitur aegritudo op9io rec5s mali praes5tis1 444 laetitia op9io rec5s boni praes5tis2 444 metus op9io imp5d5tis mali1 444 libido op9io v5turi boni' ,tusc4 disp4 iv #g1 #ad2 #8h9c metuunt cupiuntque1 dol5t gaud5tque' ,v]g4 ,a54 vi #gcc4 ,see also ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aaj & ,/ob4 ii #g1 #aj b4 #d 1 1 1 1 ,gal5 ,hipp4 et ,plat4 v i1 p4 #dbi ,k2 cf4 ib4 iv p4 #chg ,k 7,arnim i #dfa74 #e ,9 ?is s5se !re are f\r vices1 ea* ! precise opposite ( "o ( ! virtues2 !y are 7insipi5tia71 7iniu/itia71 7ignavia7 & 7intemp]antia72 & ea* ( ^! is root$ 9 a fix$ p]v]se judgm5t1 s t he :o has "o vice has all 7,/ob4 ii #g1 #aa k1 p4 #ajf1 #g ,wa*smu?74 #f ,?is view is summ$ up 9 ! phrase t #8! p]turbations are 1 b n ' 7,/ob4 ii #g1 #e b71 :i* accords ) ! pr9ciple t only vice & :at is ak9 to vice is evil4 ,! ,roman writ]s realiz$ ! difficulty 9 ! use ( words3 #8morbi autem et aegrotationes p>tes sunt vitiositatis2 s$ p]turbationes s9tne eiusdem p>tes quae/io e/4 vitia enim adfectiones sunt man5tes1 p]turbationes autem mov5tes1 ut non poss9t adfectionum man5tium p>tes esse' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #ac1 #bi & #cj4 #g #8utrum satius sit modicos hab]e adfectus an nullos1 saepe quaesitum e/2 no/ri illos expellunt1 ,p]ipatetici temp]ant' ,s54 ,ep4 #aaf1 #a2 #8vac&um omni e/ animi p]turbatione1 tum cupiditate et metu1 tum etiam aegritud9e et voluptate nimia et iracundia' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #bj1 #fi2 #8contra adfectus impetu1 non subtilitate pugn&um e/' ,s54 ,dial4 x #aj1 #a4 #h ,/ob4 ii #g1 #aj c2 ib4 #aj b4 #i ,"h ,panaetius is fai?ful to ! ,/oic view3 #8ira procul absit1 cum qua nihil recte fi]i1 nihil consid]ate pote/' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #ch1 #acf4 #aj #8ira extollit animos et incitat2 nec quicquam s9e illa magnificum 9 bello =titudo g]it' ,s54 ,dial4 iii #g1 #a4 #aa #88non pote/0 inquit 8fi]i0 ,!ophra/us1 8ut non vir bonus irascatur malis0' ib4 #ad1 #a2 #88quid ergo80 inquit 8vir bonus non irascitur1 si ca$i patrem suum vid]it1 si rapi matrem80' ib4 #ab1 #a4 #ab #8/at ,ari/oteles 7fr4 #hj ,rose7 def5sor irae et vetat illam nobis exsec>i2 calc> ait esse virtutis' ,s54 ,dial4 v #c1 #a4 #ac #8abom9&um rem$ii g5us e/ sanitatem deb]e morbo' ib4 iii #ab1 #f4 #ad #8haec arma quae ,ari/oteles virtuti dat1 ipsa p] se pugnant1 non expectant manum1 et hab5t non hab5tur' ib4 #ag1 #a4 #ae #8adfectus cito cadit1 aequalis e/ ratio' ib4 #ag1 #e4 #af #8corrig5dus e/ qui peccat meliorque faci5dus1 non s9e ca/igatione1 s$ s9e ira' ib4 #ae1 #a4 #ag #8,fabius iram ante vicit quam ,hannibalem' ib4 #aa1 #e4 #ah #8nec a?letae cum ira suadet1 f]iunt1 s$ cum occasio 444 ira enim p]turbat artem' ib4 iv #ad1 #b & #c4 #ai ,/ob4 ii #g1 #aj c2 #8ira e/ cupiditas ulcisc5dae iniuriae1 aut1 ut ait ,posidonius1 cupiditas puni5di eius1 a quo te inique putes laesum' ,s54 ,dial4 iii #b1 #d4 #bj #8ira furor brevis e/' ,hor4 ,ep4 i #b1 #fb2 #8quidam ex sapi5tibus viris iram dix]unt brevem insaniam' ,s54 ,dial4 iii #a1 #b4 #ba ib4 #d4 #bb #8non pietas iram1 s$ infirmitas movet1 sicut pu]is1 qui tam p>5tibus amissis flebunt quam nucibus' ib4 #ab1 #d4 #bc #8nec 9 ea tantum1 quae de/9avit1 s$ 9 occurr5tia obit] furit' ib4 v #a1 #c4 #bd #8nobis placet nihil iram p] se aud]e1 s$ animo adprobante' ib4 iv #a1 #d2 #8nunquam impetus s9e ads5su animi e/' ib4 #c1 #d4 #be ib4 #c-e4 #bf #8maximum rem$ium irae mora e/' ib4 #bi1 #a2 #8,keep quiet1 & c\nt ! days on :i* y h n be5 angry' ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #ah1 #ab4 #bg #8pl]aque eorum1 propt] quae irascimur1 (f5dunt nos magis quam la$unt' ,s54 ,dial4 v #bh1 #d2 #8contempt is t :i* putte? an edge ^u ang]1 z mu* or m ?an ! hurt itself' ,bacon1 ,essay #eg4 #bh #8eo nos loco con/ituamus1 quo ille e/ cui irascimur' ,s54 ,dial4 #ab1 #c4 #bi #8quibusdam1 ut ait ,sextius1 iratis pr(uit adspexisse speculum' ib4 iv #cf1 #a4 #cj ,see bel[1 #djc4 #ca #8p]cussit te3 rec$e4 ref]i5do enim et occasionem saepius f]i5di dabis et excusationem' ib4 #cd1 #e4 #cb #8qua$am irae ultra qu]elas et adv]sationes non exeunt4 qua$am altae gravesque sunt et introrsus v]sae' ib4 iii #d1 #c4 #cc #8int] hos morosum ponas licet1 delicatum iracundiae g5us4 qua$am enim sunt irae1 quae intra clamorem concidant1 qua$am non m9us p]t9aces quam frequ5tes' ,s54 ,dial4 #b & #c4 #cd ,def9$ z #8atrocitas animi 9 exig5dis po5is' or #8incl9atio animi ad asp]iora' ,s54 ,clem4 ii #d1 #a & #c4 #ce ib4 i #ab1 #a4 #cf #8dom9i crudeles tota civitate common/rantur invisique et dete/abiles sunt' ib4 #ah1 #c4 #cg #8f]9a i/a rabies e/ sangu9e gaud]e et vuln]ibus' ib4 #bd1 #c4 #ch #8tunc ille dirus animi morbus ad insaniam p]v5it ultimam1 cum crudelitas v]sa e/ 9 voluptatem et iam occid]e hom9em iuvat' ib4 #be1 #c4 #ci ib4 #bb1 #a4 #dj #8puta tutam esse crudelitatem2 quale eius regnum e/8' ib4 #bf1 #b4 #da #8optimum e/ abire ei1 qui ad se nunquam r$iturus e/' ,b54 vii #bj1 #c4 #db ' ,/ob4 ii #g1 #aj b2 #8e/ aegritudo op9io rec5s mali praes5tis1 9 quo demitti contrahique animo rectum esse videatur' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #g1 #ad4 #dc ,see above1 #aad4 #dd ,muson4 ap4 ,/ob4 iii #bi1 #ge4 #de #8nemo non =tius ad id1 cui se diu composu]at1 accessit et duris quoque1 si praem$itata erant1 ob/itit' ,s54 ,ep4 #ajg1 #d2 & see fur!r1 #cci4 #df #8id 9 quoque solidissimum e/ quod ex]cuit4 ad contemn5dam malorum pot5tiam animus pati5tia p]v5it' ,s54 ,dial4 i #d1 #ac4 #dg ,/ob4 ii #ca1 #abe 7,wa*smu?1 p4 #bdb1 #cj74 ,! po9t is h[ev] complicat$ by ! ambiguity ( ! ,greek ^w 1 :i* corresponds equally to dolor & labor 9 ,lat92 see ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 ii #ae1 #ce4 #dh #8tirones levit] saucii tam5 vocif]antur et manus m$icorum magis quam f]rum horr5t2 at vet]ani1 quamvis confossi1 pati5t] ac s9e gemitu velut ali5a corpora exsani>i patiuntur' ib4 xii #c1 #a4 #di #8scio alios int] flagella rid]e1 alios gem]e sub colapho' ,ep4 #ac1 #e4 #ej #8magna autem p>s apud imp]itos mali novitas2 hoc ut scias1 ea quae putav]ant asp]a1 =tius1 cum adsuev]e1 patiuntur' ib4 #gf1 #cd4 #ea #8quae maxima cr$is esse mala1 exiguum c5sum turpemque repulsam' ,hor4 ,ep4 i #a1 #dc4 #eb #8virtus1 repulsae nescia sordidae1 intam9atis fulget honoribus2 nec sumit aut ponit secures arbitrio popul>is aurae' ,hor4 ,c4 iii #b1 #ag-bj4 #ec #8,*rysippus1 :5 ask$ :y he took no "p 9 politics1 repli$3 #8because1 if a man is a bad politician1 he is hateful to ! gods2 if a good politician1 to 8 fell[-citiz5s' ,/ob4 iv #d1 #bi4 #ed #8si p]c5s]e s+ulas res publicas volu]o1 nullam inv5iam1 quae sapi5tem aut quam sapi5s pati possit' ,s54 ,dial4 viii #h1 #c4 #ee #8si potes1 subduc te i/is occupationibus2 si m9us1 eripe' ,ep4 #ai1 #a4 #ef #8mobilis et inquieta hom9i m5s data e/4 nunquam se t5et1 vaga et quietis impati5s1 et novitate r]um laetissima' ib4 xii #f1 #f4 #eg #8ratio et prud5tia curas 444 auf]t2 caelum non animum mutant1 qui trans m>e currunt' ,hor4 ,ep4 i #aa1 #be-bg4 #eh ,s54 ,dial4 ix #ab-ae4 #ei #8inde ille adfectus otium suum dete/antium qu]5tiumque nihil ipsos hab]e quod agant' ib4 #b1 #aj4 #fj #8inc]tam =tunam exp]imur1 vim tempe/atum nulla humana ope sup]abilem1 mortem s9e spe sepulturae4 non erat tanti' ,n4 ,q4 v #ah1 #f & #g2 #8non eadem e/ 8 et illis causa solv5di1 s$ iu/a nulli' ib4 #af2 #8quid non pote/ mihi suad]i1 cui p]suasum e/ ut navig>em8' ,ep4 #ec1 #a4 #fa ,n4 ,q4 v #ah1 #aj4 #fb #8magis ridebis1 cum cogitav]is vitae p>>i1 9 quae vita consumitur' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 #af4 #fc #8mis]icordiam boni viri vitabunt2 e/ enim vitium pusilli animi1 ad speciem ali5orum malorum succid5tis' ,clem4 ii #e1 #a4 #fd #8anus et muli]culae sunt1 quae lacrimis noc5tissimorum mov5tur1 quae1 si lic]et1 c>c]em effr+]5t' ib4 #fe ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #c1 #ag4 #ff #8cum dicas esse p>es res furta latroc9iis1 et magnis p>va m9]is falce recisurum simili te1 si tibi regnum p]mittant hom9es' ,hor4 ,sat4 i #c1 #aba-abd2 #8scio male audire apud imp]itos sectam ,/oicorum tanquam nimis duram et m9ime pr9cipibus regibusque bonum daturam consilium 444 s$ nulla secta b5ignior l5iorque e/' ,s54 ,clem4 ii #e1 #b & #c4 #fg ,see bel[1 #dji4 #fh #8non mis]ebitur sapi5s1 s$ succurret' ,s54 ,clem4 ii #f1 #c4 #fi ,epict4 ,disc4 i #aa4 #gj #8ex 8 nemo mori5ti amico adsidet1 nemo vid]e mortem patris sui su/9et1 quotusquisque funus dome/icum ad rogum sequitur8 fratrum prop9quorumque extrema hora des]itur' ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 iii #ah1 #f4 #ga ,dial4 ii #ag1 #a4 #gb #8,vat9ius 9 p$es suos ipse plurima dicebat et 9 fauces concisas4 sic inimicorum et 9 primis ,cic]onis urbanitatem effug]at' ,s54 ,dial4 ii #ag1 #c2 #8nemo risum praebuit qui ex se cepit' ib4 #b4 #gc #8cum primum te obs]v>e desi]is1 imago i/a tri/itiae disc$et' ,ep4 #fc1 #c4 #gd ,cic]o wrote a treatise #8de ,consolatione' bas$ on ?is "w1 b only a few fragm5ts rema94 ,plut>*'s #8,consolation' = ,apollonius 0 drawn f ! same s\rce 7,s*mekel1 p4 #aej74 #ge ,cic4 ,fam4 iv #e4 #gf #8d5ique noli te oblivisci ,cic]onem esse1 et eum qui aliis consu]is praecip]e et d>e consilium' ib4 #e1 #e4 #gg #8maximum ergo solatium e/ cogit>e id sibi accidisse1 quod ante se passi sunt omnes omnesque passuri' ,s54 ,dial4 xi #a1 #d4 ,on ! o!r side #8malevoli solatii e/ turba mis]orum' ib4 vi #ab1 #e2 #8cogita fratribus te tuis exemplo esse deb]e' ib4 xi #e1 #d4 #gh ib4 #h1 #b4 #gi ib4 #i1 #c2 #8int] felices currit animas' ib4 vi #e1 #a4 #hj ib4 xi #i1 #d2 #8excepit illum magna et aet]na pax' ib4 vi #ai1 #f4 ,see also above1 #bih1 #bii4 #ha ,s54 ,dial4 vi #c to #e2 above1 #abc4 #hb #8,if y are kiss+ y\r wife or *ild1 say t x is a human be+ :om y are kiss+2 = :5 ! wife or *ild dies1 y w n be di/urb$' ,epict4 ,manual #c 7aft] ,anaxagoras74 #hc ,disc4 iv #a1 #aja4 #hd #8,nev] say ab\t any?+1 ,i h lo/ x1 b say1 ,i h re/or$ x4 ,is y\r *ild dead8 ,x has be5 re/or$4 ,is y\r wife dead8 ,%e has be5 re/or$' ,manual #aa4 #he ,disc4 iii #bd1 #bg4 #hf #8illud1 ut non doleas1 vix audebo exig]e2 et esse melius scio4 s$ cui i/a firmitas animi cont+et8' ,s54 ,ep4 #fc1 #a4 #hg #8inhumanitas e/ i/a1 non virtus1 fun]a suorum iisdem oculis1 quibus ipsos1 vid]e' ,s54 ,ep4 #ii1 #ae2 cf4 ,dial4 xii #a1 #b4 #hh #8cum primus nos nuntius ac]bi fun]is p]culit1 lacrimas naturalis necessitas exprimit' ,ep4 #ii1 #ah4 #hi #8nos quod praecipimus1 hone/um e/2 cum aliquid lacrim>um adfectus effud]it1 non esse trad5dum animum dolori' ib4 #bg4 #ij #8at enim naturale desid]ium suorum e/4 quis negat8 s$ plus e/ quod op9io adicit quam quod natura imp]avit' ,dial4 vi #g1 #a4 #ia #8fit infelicis animi prava voluptas dolor' ib4 #a1 #g4 #ib #8non possum mollit] adsequi tam durum dolorem2 frang5dus e/' ib4 #ic #8obirasc5s =tunae animus et de seculo qu]5s' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #b1 #aa4 #id #8difficilis1 qu]ulus1 laudator temporis acti se pu]o1 c5sor ca/igatorque m9orum' ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #agc1 #agd4 #ie #8idem semp] de nobis pronunti>e debebimus2 malos esse nos1 malos fuisse1 invitus adiciam et futuros esse' ,s54 ,b54 i #aj1 #c2 #8cupidi omnes et maligni omnes et timidi omnes' ib4 v #ag1 #c4 #if #8non e/ quod irasc>is2 omnes insaniunt' ib4 #ig #8satius e/ humana vitia placide accip]e' ib4 ix #ae1 #e2 #8omnia vulgi vitia non invisa nobis1 s$ ridicula videantur' ib4 #b4 #ih #8g5]i humano v5ia tribu5da e/' ib4 iv #aj1 #b4 #ii #8hoc maiores no/ri que/i sunt1 hoc nos qu]imur1 hoc po/]i no/ri qu]5tur1 ev]sos mores1 regn>e nequitiam1 9 det]ius res humanas et omne nefas labi2 at i/a eodem /ant loco /abuntque1 paulum dumtaxat ultra aut citra mota' ,b54 i #aj1 #a4 #ajj ,/ob4 iii #ag1 #db & #ah1 #cg4 #aja #8ad vos de9de transeo1 quorum pr(unda et insatiabilis gula h9c m>ia scrutatur1 h9c t]ras4 alia hamis1 alia laqueis1 alia retium v>iis g5]ibus cum magno labore p]sequitur4 nullis animalibus nisi ex fa/idio pax e/' ,s54 ,ep4 #hi1 #bb4 ,ano!r =m ( luxury is 9 ! eat+ ( food extremely hot or extremely cold3 #8quemadmodum nihil illis satis frigidum1 sic nihil satis calidum e/1 s$ ard5tes boletos demittunt' ,n4 ,q4 iv #ac1 #aj4 #ajb ,see above1 #hc1 note #hb4 #ajc ,see above1 #cbd1 note #aee4 #ajd 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aah4 ,?is 0 ! view ( ,*rysippus2 see ,a4 ,c4 ,pe>son 9 ,j\rn4 ,phil4 xxx pp4 #bba sqq4 #aje #8nonnunquam et usque ad ebrietatem v5i5dum e/1 non ut m]gat nos1 s$ ut deprimat4 eluit enim curas et ab imo animum movet' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #ag1 #h2 see fur!r ,ep4 #hc1 #ad & #ae4 #ajf #8nihil aliud esse ebrietatem quam volunt>iam insaniam' ,ep4 #hc1 #ah2 #8omne vitium ebrietas et inc5dit et detegit1 ob/antem malis conatibus v]ecundiam removet4 plures enim pudore pecc&i quam bona voluntate prohibitis ab/95t' ib4 #hc1 #ai4 #ajg ,see above1 #abf4 #ajh ,s54 ,ep4 #aaj1 #ad & #ah4 #aji ,x54 ,mem4 ii #a1 #e4 #aaj #8si pro magno petet mun]e artifices sc5ae et scorta et quae f]itatem eius emolliant1 lib5s (f]am' ,s54 ,b54 vii #bj1 #c4 ,! fur!r+ ( ! am\r ( ,n]o ) ,acte 0 a practical application ( ?is !ory3 #8tradit ,cluvius 444 ,s5ecam contra muliebres illecebras subsidium a fem9a petivisse1 immissamque ,act5 lib]tam' ,tac4 ,ann4 xiv #b1 #b4 #aaa #8non e/ itaque quod cr$as nos plurimum libid9i p]misisse4 longe enim frugalior haec iuv5tus quam illa e/' ,s54 ,ep4 #ig1 #i4 #aab ,see above1 #cjf1 note #bg4 #aac #8,z to pleasure ) wom51 ab/a9 z f> z y c be=e m>riage2 b if y d indulge 9 x1 d x 9 ! way :i* is con=mable to cu/om4 ,d n h[ev] be disagreeable to ^? :o indulge 9 ^! pleasures' ,epict4 ,manual #cc1 #h4 #aad ,/ob4 ii #g1 #e b #i2 cf4 #cag4 #aae #8elegant] mihi videtur ,panaetius respondisse adulesc5tulo cuidam qua]5ti1 an sapi5s amaturus esset3 8de sapi5te0 inquit 8videbimus2 mihi et tibi1 qui adhuc a sapi5te longe absumus1 non e/ committ5dum ut incidamus 9 rem commotam1 impot5tem1 alt]i emancipatam1 vilem sibi0' ,s54 ,ep4 #aaf1 #e2 #8,did y nev] love any p]son1 a "y girl1 slave or free8444 h y nev] flatt]$ y\r little slave8 h y nev] kiss$ h] feet8 ,:at !n is slav]y8' ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #a1 #ae & #ag4 #aaf #8magno pudoris imp5dio dilecta scorta' ,s54 ,dial4 ii #f1 #g4 #aag ,hor4 ,sat4 i #b1 #aaf-aai4 #aah ,see above1 #cah1 note #ajd4 #aai #8,d n admire ! beauty ( y\r wife1 & y w n be angry ) ! adult]]' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #ah1 #aa4 ,ascetic pr9ciples 7 already practis$ 9 ,s5eca's "t2 #8v9o quidam1 alii ,v5]e1 quidam omni umore int]dix]e corporibus' ,dial4 iv #ab1 #d4 #abj #8lapsa e/ libido 9 muli]e ignota 444 peccavit v]o nihilom9us1 si quidem e/ pecc>e tanquam transilire l9eas' ,cic4 ,p>4 iii #a1 #bj4 #aba #8,:5 y h be5 ov]come 9 sexual int]c\rse ) a p]son1 d n reckon ?is s+le defeat only1 b reckon t y h also increas$ y\r incont95ce' ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #ah1 #f4 #abb ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abi4 #abc ,/ob4 iii #f1 #bc4 #abd #8idem ille ,epictetus solitus dic]e e/ duo esse vitia multo omnium gravissima ac taet]rima1 intol]antiam et incont95tiam1 cum aut iniurias1 quae sunt f]5dae1 non tol]amus neque f]imus1 aut a quibus rebus voluptatibusque nos t5]e debemus1 non t5emus' ,a4 ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 xvii #ai1 #e4 #abe #8v]ba haec duo dicebat3 et ib4 #f4 #abf #8,at fir/ fly f> f t :i* is /rong] ?an y\rself2 ! conte/ is unequal betwe5 a *>m+ "y girl & a beg9n] 9 philosophy' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #ab1 #ab4 #abg #8id ag]e debemus1 ut inritam5ta vitiorum quam longissime pr(ugiamus' ,s54 ,ep4 #ea1 #e2 #8ei1 qui amorem exu]e conatur1 evit&a e/ omnis admonitio dilecti corporis' ib4 #fi1 #c4 #abh ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #a1 #ae-ba4 #abi ,see above1 #cdi4 #acj ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #ah1 #bd-bi4 #aca ,! t]ms #8ruffl+' 7levis motus71 & #8commotions' 7emotiones7 or #8p]turbations' 7p]turbationes7 are metaphors tak5 f ! di/urbance ( a calm sea2 ! rema9+ t]ms prop]ly describe bodily ill-heal?4 ,! ,engli% words #8emotions1' #8affections' h almo/ entirely lo/ _! orig9al =ce1 & are !re=e no long] suitable z translations4 ,! sub/itution ( #8commotion' = #8emotion' has already be5 adopt$ by ,maudsley1 ,pa?ology ( ! ,human ,m9d4 #acb #8ad peiores nuntios subriguntur pili1 et rubor ad improba v]ba subfunditur sequiturque v]tigo pra]upta c]n5tes' ,s54 ,dial4 iv #b1 #a2 #8erubescunt pudici etiam loqui de pudicitia' ,cic4 ,leg4 i #ai1 #ej4 ,see also ! foll[+ notes4 #acc #8si quis pallorem et lacrimas procid5tis et inritationem humoris obsc5i altumve suspirium et oculos subito acriores aut quid 8 simile indicium adfectus animique signum putat1 fallitur nec intellegit corporis hos esse pulsus' ,s54 ,dial4 iv #c1 #b2 #8e/ primus motus non volunt>ius quasi praep>atio adfectus et qua$am comm9atio' ib4 #d1 #a4 #acd #8prima illa agitatio animi1 quam species iniuriae incussit1 non magis ira e/ quam ipsa iniuriae species' ib4 #c1 #e4 #ace #8sapi5s s5tit levem qu5dam t5uemque motum1 nam1 ut dicit ,z5on1 9 sapi5tis quoque animo1 etiam cum vulnus sanatum e/1 cicatrix manet4 s5tiet itaque suspiciones quasdam et umbras adfectuum2 ipsis c>ebit' ib4 iii #af1 #g2 #8scio inv5iri quosdam1 qui neg5t doliturum esse sapi5tem2 hi non vid5tur mihi unquam 9 eiusmodi casum incidisse' ib4 xi #ah1 #e2 #8nullo dolore adfici inhumana duritia e/' ib4 xii #af1 #a4 #acf #8nec hoc dico1 non s5tit illa1 s$ v9cit' ib4 i #b1 #b2 #8invicti esse possumus1 inconcussi non possumus' ,n4 ,q4 ii #ei1 #c4 #acg #8adfectus e/ non ad oblatas r]um species mov]i1 s$ p]mitt]e se illis et hunc =tuitum motum prosequi' ,dial4 iv #c1 #a2 #8,z5o p]turbationes volunt>ias esse putabat op9ionisque iudicio suscipi1 et omnium p]turbationum arbitrabatur matrem esse immod]atam qu&am intemp]antiam' ,cic4 ,ac4 i #aj1 #ci2 p]turbationes autem nulla naturae vi commov5tur1 omniaque ea sunt op9iones et iudicia levitatis' ,f94 iii #aj1 #ce4 #ach #8neque enim sepositus e/ animus et extr9secus speculatur adfectus1 s$ 9 adfectum ipse mutatur' ,s54 ,dial4 iii #h1 #b4 #aci #8p]turbationes animorum1 quas ,graeci appellant1 pot]am ego v]bum ipsum int]pretans1 morbos appell>e3 s$ non conv5iret ad omnia4 quis enim mis]icordiam aut ipsam iracundiam morbum solet dic]e8 s$ illi dicunt 4 sit igitur p]turbatio1 quae nom9e ipso vitiosa decl>>i videtur' ,cic4 ,f94 iii #aj1 #ce4 #adj 1 ,gal4 loc4 aff4 i #c1 p4 #cb ,k 7,arnim iii #dbi72 on ! o!r h& a is call$ ,/ob4 vii #g1 #aj e2 #8adfectus sunt motus animi improbabiles1 subiti et concitati1 qui frequ5tes neglectique fec]e morbum' ,s54 ,ep4 #ge1 #ab2 #8morbi sunt invet]ata vitia et dura2 altius haec animum implicu]unt et p]petua eius mala esse coep]unt' ib4 #aa4 #ada ,= ! te*nical t]ms see above1 #cfb1 note #f4 #adb ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #aa1 #be4 #adc 1 1 1 ,/ob4 vii #g1 #aj e2 #8(f5sionum autem def9itiones sunt eius modi1 ut inhospitalitas sit op9io vehem5s valde fugi5dum esse hospitem1 eaque inha]5s et p5itus insita1 et muli]um odium1 ut ,hippolyti1 et ut ,timonis g5]is humani' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iv #aa1 #bg4 #add ' 1 1 ,/ob4 ii #g1 #aa g4 #ade ,see above1 #h4 #adf ,see above1 #cag4 #adg #8cum l9eam transili]is culpa commissa e/2 quam longe progr$i>e1 cum semel transi]is1 ad aug5dam culpam nihil p]t9et' ,cic4 ,p>ad4 iii #bj4 #adh ,"h we mu/ altoge!r "p company f ,bi%op ,lightfoot1 :o writes #8! ,/oic1 s long z he 0 true to ! t5ets ( 8 s*ool1 c\ld h no real consci\sness ( s9' ,philippians1 p4 #bij4 ,x may h[ev] be admitt$ t ! feel+s we ascribe to ! ,/oics are m =cibly express$ by ,clean!s1 ,antipat]1 ,musonius & ,epictetus ?an by ,s5eca4 #adi ,see above1 #cfb1 note #g4 #aej ,see above1 #cee4 #aea 1 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abj4 #aeb #8omne delictum scelus esse nef>ium1 nec m9us del9qu]e eum qui gallum gall9aceum1 cum opus non fu]it1 quam eum qui patrem suffocav]it' ,cic4 ,mur4 #bi1 #fa4 #aec #8p>va1 inquis1 res e/4 at magna culpa1 nec enim peccata r]um ev5tu1 s$ vitiis hom9um meti5da sunt' ,cic4 ,p>4 iii #bj2 #8facilius e/ exclud]e p]niciosa quam reg]e' ,s54 ,dial4 iii #g1 #b2 #8optimum e/ ipsis repugn>e sem9ibus' ib4 #h1 #a2 #8si das aliquid iuris tri/itiae timori cupiditati cet]isque motibus pravis1 non erunt 9 no/ra pote/ate' ,ep4 #he1 #aa4 #aed ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aba4 #aee 1 ' ,/ob4 ii #g1 #aa l4 #aef #8/ultus omnia vitia habet1 s$ non 9 omnia natura pronus e/2 alius 9 av>itiam1 alius 9 luxuriam1 alius 9 petulantiam incl9atur 444' ,s54 ,b54 iv #bg1 #a2 #8omnes /ulti mali sunt2 qui autem habet vitium unum1 omnia habet' ib4 v #ae1 #a4 #aeg #8intelleg5dum e/ eos s5sisse hoc idem1 quod a ,socrate acceptum dilig5t] ,/oici ret9u]unt1 omnes insipi5tes esse non sanos' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 iii #e1 #aj4 #aeh 1 ,clean!s ap4 ,/ob4 ii #g1 #e b #h2 #89 pessima ab optimis lapsus necesse e/ etiam 9 malo ve/igia boni t5eat4 nunquam tantum virtus ex/+uitur1 ut non c]tiores animo notas imprimat1 quam ut illas eradat ulla mutatio' ,s54 ,b54 vii #ai1 #e2 #8ine/ int]im animis voluntas bona1 s$ torpet1 modo deliciis ac situ1 modo (ficii inscitia' ib4 v #be1 #f4 #aei #8satis ipsum nom5 philosophiae1 etiamsi modice tractetur1 invidiosum e/' ,ep4 #e1 #b4 #afj 1 ' ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aag4 #afa #8sapi5s nec cupit nec timet b5eficio rationis' ,s54 ,dial4 vii #e1 #a2 #8erectus laetusque e/1 inde cont9uo gaudio elatus' ib4 ii #i1 #c4 #afb ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #h1 #bi4 #afc ib4 iii #ac1 #aa to #ac4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,c\nsels ,,( ,,p]fection4 ,sid5ote3 ,precepts4 #cie4 ,we h n[ set =? ! ,/oic !ory ( e?ics1 bo? 9 its high philosophic framework & 9 its m detail$ treatm5t1 9 :i* x prescribes :at is to be done & :at to be left undone1 & h[ ! s\l is to be discipl9$ 9 heal? & m$ic9$ 9 sickness4 ,x rema9s = u to /udy ! application ( ! sy/em to individual cases1 a matt] :i* p]haps lies outside ! scope ( philosophy z und]/ood at ! pres5t day1 b is an ess5tial "p ( ! "w ( *ur*es & social organizations4 ,?is dep>tm5t ( philosophy 0 t]m$ by ! anci5ts #8precepts1' or 7m fully7 #8advice1 dissuasion1 admonition1 exhortation1 consolation1 w>n+s1 praise1 repro(' & s =?#a2 by "s philosoph]s1 z = in/ance by ,ari/o ( ,*ios1 x 0 held 9 contempt1 by o!rs 7less incl9$ to ,cynism7 x 0 consid]$ alone wor?y ( pursuit#b4 ,b ! /eady conviction ( ! ma9 body ( ,/oic tea*]s 0 t !ory & precept mu/ g h& 9 h&#c2 t moral pr9ciples h no /r5g? ap>t f _! daily application#d1 & t practical sugge/ions ap>t f a s\nd & reason$ sy/em are l leaves cut f ! b\gh1 )\t la/+ gre5ness#e4 ,s9ce precepts apply directly to individual p]sons & p>ticul> circum/ances1 !y presuppose "s relation%ip betwe5 tea*] & he>]#f2 ! latt] mu/ be ei!r a conv]t to ! s*ool or "o :o has gr[n up "u its influ5ce4 ,9 ! ,roman p]iod ! dep>tm5t ( precepts is ( increas+ importance2 we h some?+ to le>n f ,antipat]1 ,panaetius & ,cic]o1 b we f9d mu* m mat]ial 9 ! lectures 71 #8diatribes'7 & lett]s ( ,musonius1 ,s5eca1 ,epictetus & o!r tea*]s ( ! p]iod ( ! pr9cipate4 ,sid5ote3 ,tra9+ ( ! "y4 #cif4 ,! #8precepts' :i* we f9d illu/rat$ by our v>i\s au?orities are n easily sy/ematiz$1 b !y h all ! m ! *>m ( p]sonal intimacy2 ?r\gh !m we are admitt$ to ! home life ( ! ,/oics4 ,z ,s5eca wrote to ,lucilius1 s e day did ,/oic fa!rs1 ,/oic tea*]s1 ,/oic juri/s1 address ^? :o came )9 _! influ5ce4 ,believ+ e man to h ! se$ ( virtue 9 him1 !y _h confid5ce t by _! words x w\ld (t5 be /irr$ to life#g2 & t 9 o!r cases1 9 :i* ! promis+ %oot _h become ov]%ad[$ by ignorance or evil habits1 x w\ld by ! same means beg9 to gr[ aga9#h4 ,b ! full b5efits ( precepts c\ld only be se5 :]e !y fell on well-prep>$ gr\nd1 & =m$ "p ( a tra9+ ext5d+ f infancy to ! grave2 :]e ! in/ructor c\ld daily ensure _! en=cem5t & obs]ve _! effect4 ,?is opportunity 0 necess>ily f\nd mo/ (t5 9 ! tea*+ ( ! "y2 & ! ,/oic sy/em ( precepts1 ?\gh n re/rict$ to "o p]iod ( life1 0 to a l>ge ext5t a =e%ad[+ ( a #8,!ory ( ,education4' ,x 0 "u all circum/ances guid$ by ! rule ( #8little by little4' ,precepts mu/ be few#i1 & mu/ be 9 !mselves easy = ! individual to c>ry out#aj2 b by /eady practice great ?+s w be accompli%$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tea*]'s example4 #cig4 ,s9ce ! value ( precepts dep5ds on ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ! in/ructor1 x is cle> t 8 example w be ( ! greate/ importance1 & we may fir/ ask :at ! discipl9e is to :i* he himself submits4 ,"h ! ,cynic tea*] seems to h ! advantage1 = he lives 9 ! sight ( all m52 & ! ,indian1 :o all[s himself to be scor*$ or burnt to %[ 8 contempt = pa91 makes a /ill m =cible appeal#aa4 ,! ,/oic does n p>ade himself 9 ?is fa%ion1 b nei!r does he lock ! door ( 8 private life aga9/ any :o wi% to exam9e x#ab4 ,9 ! e>ly morn+ he %akes (f sleep1 r\s+ himself to d ! day's "w ( a man#ac4 ,hav+ clo!d himself1 he turns 8 m9d t[>ds 8 ,mak]1 & s+s 8 praises2 he resolves dur+ ! com+ day to coop]ate 9 8 purposes1 & to be> *e]fully any burd5 t may be plac$ ^u him#ad4 ,he w !n give a %ort "t to gymna/ic ex]cises = ! good ( 8 heal?#ae2 aft] :i*1 if 8 /r5g? all[s x1 he w take1 w9t] or summ]1 a plunge into ! cold ba?#af2 next comes ! slighte/ ( meals#ag2 !n a %ort nap or rev]ie#ah4 ,f ?is he is ar\s$ by ! /ir ar\nd him1 & he !n applies himself to ! day's /udies1 be+ c>eful to alt]nate read+ & writ+1 s t 8 m9d may be nei!r exhau/$ by ! latt] nor relax$ by ! =m]#ai4 ,lat] on he w consid] 8 practical duties t[>ds 8 relatives1 8 fri5ds1 & society 9 g5]al4 ,he w ord] 8 h\sehold & settle ! disputes ( 8 dep5d5ts4 ,he w visit 8 fri5ds1 say+ a ^w "h & !re 9 season#bj1 b n 7l ! ,cynics7 to all & sundry#ba4 ,he w enc\rage ^? :o are mak+ progress 9 virtue1 & %>ply w>n ^? :o are 9 dang] ( a fall#bb4 ,he advises a "y "m to nurse h] *ild at h] own brea/2 & :5 he meets ) objections1 po9ts out ! wisdom & propriety ( obey+ ! prescriptions ( nature#bc4 ,return+ home1 he w aga9 enjoy "s slight bodily ex]cise1 jo9+ p]haps 9 a game ( ball2 8 ?\ghts h[ev] w n always turn on success 9 ! game1 b he w consid] h[ _m pr9ciples 9 physics & e?ics may be illu/rat$ by x#bd4 ,n[ t ev5+ comes on1 he sits d[n to a meal 7n ov]-elaborate7 9 ! company ( "o or two fav\rite pupils#be4 ,aft]w>ds comes ! temptation to burn ! midnight oil 9 ga!r+ se$s ( wisdom = ! morr[ f ! well-?umb$ manuscript ( ,clean!s or1 x may be1 ( ,epicurus#bf4 ,retir+ to 8 *amb]1 he w exam9e 8 consci5ce1 review ! ev5ts ( ! pa/ day1 & be at peace ) himself be=e he sleeps#bg4 ,sid5ote3 ,! *ild's life4 #cih4 ,) ! tra9+ ( *ildr5 ! ,/oic tea*] is p]haps n altoge!r famili>1 b he kn[s its importance#bh2 x mu/ be bas$ on simplicity & au/]ity1 = j at ?is "t indulg5ce & luxury are mo/ dang]\s /imulants to ! passions#bi4 ,! *ild mu/ le>n to eat & dr9k 9 a mann]ly way#cj1 to refra9 f l\d talk+ & laugh+#ca1 to express himself 9 respectful & graceful words#cb4 ,he mu/ be taught to d "r be=e he c und]/& ! reason :y#cc1 or else by do+ wrong he w make x difficult = himself aft]w>ds to d "r2 he mu/ be rul$ until he c rule himself#cd4 ,= ?is reason we give *ildr5 prov]bs 7s5t5tiae7 or anecdotes 77 to write out & le>n1 su* z #8hone/y is ! be/ policy' or #8,socrates be+ ask$ ( :at city he 0 444'2 & ^! %ort pi?y say+s s9k deep#ce4 ,b 9 ! s*ool life ( *ildr5 no attempt mu/ be made to grapple ) ! real problems ( life1 because ^! are too h>d = !m1 ?\gh p>5ts (t5 =get ?is objection#cf4 ,games & amusem5ts may be p]mitt$2 = ?\gh 9 discussions on high pr9ciple ! ,/oics may be entirely oppos$ to #8relaxation ( s\l#cg1' yet 9 practical life !y freely admit its importance#ch4 ,all deal+s ) *ildr5 %\ld be g5tle2 ! discipl9e ( ! rod has long ago be5 ab&on$ by all s5sible p>5ts & tea*]s#ci4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>m ( s(t liv+4 #cii4 ,s(t liv+ is at all ages to be avoid$#dj4 ,x is 9 ^! days a dang] to ! bodily heal?2 = :5 a man is accu/om$ to be protect$ f a draught by glass w9d[s1 to h 8 feet kept w>m by foot-w>m]s con/antly r5ew$1 & 8 d9+-room kept at an ev5 temp]ature by hot air1 ! slighte/ breeze may put him 9 dang] ( 8 life#da4 ,^? :o envy m5 :o #8live s(tly' =get t _! "* becomes s(t !reby#db4 ,9 p>ticul> clo?+ %\ld n be su* z altoge!r to protect ! body f heat 9 summ]1 & f cold 9 w9t]4 ,x is bett] to we> "o %irt ?an two1 be/ /ill to h only a coat4 ,!n aga91 if y c be> x1 x is bett] to g )\t %oes2 = aft] all to be %od is n v diff]5t f be+ fett]$1 & runn]s d n use %oes#dc4 ,s also avoid luxuri\s furniture2 ( :at use is x t c\*es1 tables & b$s %\ld be made ( co/ly woods1 & adorn$ ) silv] & gold8 ,we eat1 dr9k1 & sleep bett] )\t ^! ?+s4 ,9 all ^! matt]s ! ,sp>tans set u a good example2 = :ile disease injures ! body only1 luxury corrupts bo? body & s\l#dd4 ,sid5ote3 ,tra9+ ( girls4 #djj4 ,boys & girls mu/ be educat$ alike4 ,?is nature tea*es u1 = we tra9 colts & puppies )\t any reg>d = ! diff]5ce ( sex4 ,! true education ( *ildr5 is 9 ! practice ( ! virtues1 & ^! are ! same = m5 & = wom54 ,wom5 ne$ ,wisdom to und]/& ! ord]+ ( a h\sehold1 ,ju/ice to control ! s]vants1 ,sob]ness t !y may be mode/ & unselfi%4 ,b !y also ne$ ,c\rage2 9 spite ( ! "n #8manl9ess' 771 ?is is n a virtue res]v$ = m54 ,)\t x wom5 may be l$ by ?reats into immode/ acts4 ,females ( all k9ds fight to def5d _! "y2 ! ,amazons too 7 good fight]s1 & x is only = want ( practice t wom5 _c d ! same to-day4 ,t m51 be+ ! /rong]1 %\ld d ! heavi] "w1 & wom5 ! light]1 is an arrangem5t :i* is (t5 conv5i5t1 b circum/ances may require ! contr>y4 ,girls at any rate mu/ le>n equally ) boys to be> suff]+1 n to fe> dea?1 n to be 9 l[ spirits ab\t any?+ t happ5s2 to avoid grasp+ habits1 to love equality & b5evol5ce1 & to d no h>m to man or woman#de4 ,sid5ote3 ,ob$i5ce to p>5ts4 #dja4 ,*ildr5 %\ld obey _! p>5ts1 b 9 ! _s ( reason4 ,we d n obey a fa!r :o gives ord]s = ! treatm5t ( a sick p]son contr>y to ^? ( ! physician2 nor "o1 :o be+ himself ill1 dem&s ?+s t are n good = him2 nor "o :o bids 8 son /eal1 or appropriate tru/ funds1 or sacrifice 8 y\?ful bloom4 ,we d n ev5 obey him :5 he tells u to spell a ^w wrongly or /rike a false note on ! lyre4 ,if y\r fa!r =bids y to philosophize1 %[ him by y\r mann] ( life1 by prompt ob$i5ce1 by good temp]1 by unselfi%ness1 h[ good a ?+ philosophy is4 ,b aft] all1 ! comm& ( ! univ]sal ,fa!r is m urg5t ^u y2 :i* is1 to be j1 k9d1 b5evol5t1 sob]1 high-s\l$2 above lab\rs & above pleasures2 pure f all envy & plott+4 ,y ne$ n assume ! outw>d appe>ance ( a philosoph]2 = ! p[] ( philosophy is 9 ! inn]mo/ "p ( ! s\l1 :i* ! fa!r c no m rea* ?an ! tyrant#df4 ,sid5ote3 ,example ( gladiators & soldi]s4 #djb4 ,! fancy ( "y m5 is easily attract$ by ! vision ( virtue1 b x is h>d = !m to p]sev]e2 !y are l s(t *eese :i* slips away f ! hook by :i* x is tak5 up#dg4 ,we mu/ !re=e put be=e !m an ideal :i* appeals to !m1 & 9 :i* ! advantages ( fix$ purpose & sev]e tra9+ are app>5t to ! eye4 ,su* is ! tra9+ ( ! a?lete1 ! gladiator1 & ! soldi]#dh4 ,! tea*]s ( wre/l+ bid ! pupil try aga9 aft] ea* fall#di2 ! tra9$ box] is eag] to *all5ge ! mo/ =midable oppon5t#ej4 ,! gladiator has le>nt ! lesson t pa9 is no evil1 :5 he /&s up w\nd$ be=e a sympa!tic cr[d & makes a sign t x matt]s no?+#ea4 ,b mo/ ( all ! soldi]'s oa? s]ves z an example1 :5 he pl$ges himself to s]ve ,caes> fai?fully all 8 life3 let ! "y philosoph] pl$ge himself to s]ve 8 ,god z fai?fully1 to submit to ! *anges & *ances ( human life1 & to obey will+ly ! comm& to act or to suff]#eb4 ,)\t ef=t1 z ,hesiod has taught u1 no greatness c be atta9$#ec4 ,sid5ote3 ,! #8contr>y twi/4' #djc4 ,9 y\? bad habits are apt to acquire "s /r5g? be=e !y c be root$ out1 & x w be well to anticipate ?is evil by ex]cis+ body & s\l 9 advance 9 a direction contr>y to t ( ! mo/ common temptations4 ,! tea*] w !re=e give to 8 precepts an exagg]at$ "*1 reckon+ ^u human frailty to br+ ab\t a prop] /&>d 9 practice#ed4 ,?us s9ce luxury is a *ief enemy ( virtue1 ! body %\ld at lea/ occasionally be br\ght l[4 ,a practice approv$ by ! example ( em95t m5 is to m>k out f "t to "t a few days = ! ex]cise ( ! simple life2 dur+ ?is "t life is to be ma9ta9$ on co>se bread & wat]1 9 r\gh dress & all ! surr\nd+s ( pov]ty#ee4 ,s9ce ,cynism is a #8%ort cut to virtue#ef1' philosoph]s may well employ ! me?ods ( ,diog5es = %ort p]iods1 z a corrective to any t5d5cy to excess2 ri* p d z mu* = love ( *ange#eg4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sonal appe>ance4 #djd4 ,on ! "q ( p]sonal appe>ance !re is mu* to be said on bo? sides4 ,foppi%ness is a disagreeable vice1 & x is contemptible t a "y man %\ld smell ( p]fumes4 ,on ! o!r h& a total disreg>d ( appe>ances is n approv$ by ! ,/oics2 #8x is aga9/ nature' says ,s5eca #8to be av]se to neatness 9 appe>ance#eh4' ,9 ^! outw>d matt]s a s5sible man w con=m to fa%ion1 nor w he wi% to make ! "n ( philosoph] /ill m unpopul> ?an x is#ei4 ,! f\nd]s ( ,/oicism laid x d[n t m5 & wom5 %\ld we> ! same dress2 b ! lat] tea*]s laid /ress on ! natural di/9ction ( ! sexes2 & to m5 ! be>d %\ld be an object ( j pride1 = x is m becom+ ?an ! cock's comb1 or ! lion's mane#fj4 ,?is is to ! ,/oic a po9t ( hon\r2 he %\ld "p ) 8 head m readily ?an ) 8 be>d#fa4 ,b ! be>d may be trimm$2 =1 z ,z5o has obs]v$1 nature provides r aga9/ ! #8too little' ?an aga9/ ! #8too mu*1' & reason mu/ come to h] help4 ,wom5 d "r to arrange _! hair s z to make !mselves m beautiful2 b = m5 any k9d ( arti/ic hair-dress+ is contemptible#fb4 ,sid5ote3 ,solitude & society4 #dje4 ,! "y %\ld tra9 !mselves alt]nately to be> solitude & to pr(it by society#fc3 s9ce ! wise man is nev] dep5d5t on 8 fri5ds1 ?\gh none c take bett] advantage ( !m#fd4 ,9 liv+ alone a man foll[s ! example ( ! deity1 & comes to "k 8 own he>t#fe4 ,b solitude mu/ n be a scre5 = secret vices2 a man only uses x rightly :5 he c )\t %ame picture ! :ole _w wat*+ 8 h\rs ( privacy#ff4 ,! "r *oice ( fri5ds calls = true wisdom2 = ! s\l _c b be soil$ by bad company#fg4 ,! only true fri5d%ip is bas$ on ! mutual attraction ( good folk#fh2 !re=e ! wise are fri5ds "o to ano!r ev5 :il/ !y are unacqua9t$#fi4 ,x is well to consid] mu* be=e *oos+ a fri5d1 b aft]w>ds to give him implicit tru/#gj2 = a true fri5d is a second self#ga4 ,su* fri5d%ip c only arise f ! desire to love & be lov$#gb2 ^? :o seek fri5ds = _! own advantage1 w be ab&on$ by !m 9 ! day ( trial#gc4 ,9 ! companion%ip ( well-*os5 fri5ds !re gr[s up ! #8common s5se1' :i* is an in/9ctive contact ) humanity z a :ole1 mak+ ea* man a p>tn] 9 ! ?\ghts & ne$s ( all ar\nd him4 ,?is feel+ is a pr9cipal aim ( philosophy#gd4 ,b ! "y philosoph] %\ld make no enemies2 he %\ld be free f t dislike ( o!rs :i* s (t5 causes a man to be dislik$1 & %\ld rememb] t he :o is an enemy to-day may be a fri5d to-morr[#ge4 ,sid5ote3 ,comrade%ip 9 m>riage4 #djf4 ,z ! "y ,/oic passes f y\? to manhood1 he w turn 8 m9d t[>ds m>riage z a political & social duty#gf2 b if he is really t\*$ by ! div9e flame1 he w also f9d 9 x t enl>gem5t ( 8 own sympa?ies & opportunities ( :i* ! wise man is always glad#gg4 ,"u ! ,roman pr9cipate we obs]ve a rapid developm5t ( p]sonal sympa?y betwe5 husb& & wife2 & ?\gh 9 society girls :o att5d$ philosoph]s' classes _h an ill "n z be+ self-will$ & disputati\s#gh1 yet x is f ?is v circle t ! ideal ( a p]fect h>mony ( m9d & purpose 0 develop$ mo/ fully4 ,musonius (t5 speaks on ?is subject3 #8,husb& & wife ent] ^u a treaty to live & to e>n toge!r1 & to h all ?+s 9 common1 s\l1 body & prop]ty4 ,unlike ! l[] animals1 :i* mate at r&om1 man _c be cont5t )\t p]fect community ( ?\ght & mutual affection4 ,m>riage is = heal? & = sickness alike1 & ea* p>ty w seek to outrun ! o!r 9 love1 n seek+ 8 own advantage1 b t ( 8 p>tn]#gi4' #8,a man %\ld look = a heal?y body1 ( middle /ature1 capable ( h>d "w1 & (f]+ no attraction to ! lic5ti\s4 ,b ! s\l is f> m important2 = z a crook$ /ick _c be fitt$ ) "o t is /raight1 s !re c be no true agreem5t except betwe5 ! good#hj4' ,s5eca is retic5t z to m>riage1 b we h no reason to d\bt t 8 life ) ,paul9a 0 typical ( ! be/ ,/oic m>riages4 ,?us he excuses himself = tak+ m ?\ght = 8 heal? ?an a philosoph] %\ld1 by say+ t ! happ9ess ( ,paul9a dep5ds ^u x4 #8,h] life is wrapp$ up 9 m9e1 = its sake ,i mu/ take c>e ( my own4 ,:at c be m delightful ?an to be s de> to "o's wife1 t = h] sake "o becomes de>] to himself#ha6' ,sid5ote3 ,celibacy4 #djg4 ,on ! "q ( m>riage ,epictetus /rikes a contr>y note1 *>act]i/ic ( 8 "t1 & ( 8 bias t[>ds ,cynic practice3 #8,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 :i* is l t ( an army plac$ 9 battle ord]1 is x n fit t ! ,cynic %\ld )\t any di/raction be employ$ only on ! m9i/ration ( ,god8 ,to say no?+ ( o!r ?+s1 a fa!r mu/ h a heat+ app>atus = ba?+ ! baby2 wool = 8 wife :5 %e is deliv]$1 oil1 a b$1 a cup2 & s ! furniture ( ! h\se is increas$4 ,:]e !n n[ is t k+1 :o devotes himself to ! public int]e/s1 8,! p's gu>dian & s full ( c>es#hb0 ^: duty x is to look aft] o!rs2 to see :o uses 8 wife well1 :o uses h] badly1 :o qu>rels1 :o adm9i/]s 8 family well1 & :o does n8 ,consid] :at we are br++ ! ,cynic d[n to1 h[ we are tak+ 8 royalty f him#hc6' ,to ?is v def9ite conception ( a celibate ord] ( philosoph]s1 devot+ !mselves to ! good ( humanity & entitl$ !reby to become ! rul]s ( society1 ,musonius makes ! foll[+ reply 9 advance f ! true ,/oic /&po9t3 #8,m>riage 0 no h9drance to ,py?agoras1 ,socrates or ,crates2 & :o 7 bett] philosoph]s ?an !y8 ,s9ce m>riage is natural1 philosoph]s %\ld set ! example ( x4 ,:y else did ! ,creator sep>ate ! human race into two divisions1 mak+ ! hon\rable p>ts ( ! body di/9ct = ea*1 & implant+ 9 ea* a ye>n+ = ! o!r1 b t he wi%$ !m to live toge!r & to propagate ! race8 ,he :o w\ld de/roy m>riage1 de/roys ! family & ! commonweal?4 ,no relation%ip is s ess5tial or s intimate2 fri5d does n agree s well ) fri5d1 nor does a fa!r feel s ke5ly sep>ation f 8 son4 ,& :y %\ld a philosoph] be diff]5t f o!r m58 ,only t :i* is unbecom+ is a h9drance to a philosoph]2 b by do+ 8 daily duty z a man he w become k9dli] 9 disposition & m social 9 8 ?\ghts#hd4' ,sid5ote3 ,means ( livelihood4 #djh4 ,! head ( a h\sehold mu/ h a means ( liv+2 & !re=e ! mak+ ( money 71 cura rei famili>is7 comes )9 ! range ( precepts4 ,! ,greek writ]s recognis$ ?ree prop] means ( livelihood2 7i7 f k+%ip1 t is1 to be ei!r a k+ or a k+'s m9i/] or g5]al2 7ii7 f politics1 t is1 by act+ z a magi/rate or a judge2 7iii7 f sophi/ry1 t is1 by tea*+ philosophy to ^? :o are wi%+ to le>n#he4 ,to ea* pr(ession !re are obvi\s objections2 inde$ ! %>p critic ( ,/oicism c see no reason :y a wise man1 :o lacks no?+1 %\ld tr\ble himself ab\t money-mak+4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree pr(essions nam$ assumes ! exi/5ce ( m5 will+ to be guid$ by philosophy1 & ^! are n easily f\nd4 ,if pupils are tak51 ! "q arises :e!r fees %\ld be paid 9 advance or n4 ,n[ x is c]ta9ly m reasonable t a /ud5t %\ld only pay if he pr(its by 8 tea*+2 b on ! o!r h& no "o c absolutely promise to make a man good 9 a ye>1 & def]r$ paym5ts are (t5 f\nd unsatisfactory#hf4 ,"u ! ,roman pr9cipate we he> little ( ! pr(essions connect$ ) public life2 b x is cle> t ! tea*] & ! physician are held 9 special reg>d#hg4 ,s5eca has n ! bread? ( m9d to respect ! pa9t] or ! sculptor1 any m ?an ! wre/l] or ! /age-eng9e]#hh4 ,yet ,*rysippus _h sugge/$ a bold] /&po9t :5 he said t #8! wise man w turn ?ree som]saults = a suffici5t fee#hi'2 & no rule c be laid d[n except t a man %\ld e>n 8 own liv+ )\t injur+ 8 neighb\r#ij4 ,agriculture1 z a call+ fav\rable bo? to heal? ( body & to innoc5ce ( s\l1 cont9u$ to be prais$1 b 0 seldom practis$ except z an amusem5t#ia4 ,sid5ote3 ,k+ly duties4 #dji4 ,= e pr(ession philosophy has appropriate precepts1 beg9n+ ) ! k+4 ,!re came "o day to ,musonius a k+ ( ,syria1 = 9 ^? times !re 7 k+s subject to ! ,roman empire4 ,musonius address$ him ?us3 #8,y ought to be a philosoph] z mu* z ,i4 ,y\r wi% is to protect & b5efit y\r fell[-m52 to d t1 y mu/ "k :at is good & :at is evil4 ,a k+ too mu/ und]/& ,ju/ice2 = w>s & revolts come ab\t because m5 qu>rel ab\t _! rights4 ,also he mu/ %[ ,sob]ness & ,c\rage1 t he may be an example to 8 subjects#ib4 ,! anci5ts ?\ght t a k+ %\ld be a liv+ law 7 71 & an imitator ( ,zeus4 ,only a good man c be a good k+4' ,! k+ 0 highly pleas$1 & ask$ him to "n any boon he w\ld4 #8,abide by my words1' said ,musonius1 #8t w be ! be/ boon bo? = me & = y#ic4' ,two precepts 9 p>ticul> are address$ to k+s4 ,! fir/1 t !y %\ld enc\rage fri5ds :o w speak ! tru? to !m4 ,ev5 ,augu/us ,caes> ne$$ ?is lesson2 bitt]ly z he lam5t$ ! dea?s ( ,agrippa & ,maec5as1 he w\ld n h all[$ !m to speak frankly _h !y liv$#id4 ,! second1 t !y %\ld practise clem5cy1 foll[+ ! example ( ,julius ,caes>1 :o de/roy$ ! evid5ce ^u :i* he might h puni%$ 8 enemies#ie4 ,none does ?is virtue bett] become ?an k+s & rul]s#if4 ,sid5ote3 ,c\rt life4 #daj4 ,to ! man ( high rank x is natural to desire to move 9 ! society ( ! great & ! p[]ful4 ,epictetus gives u a /rik+ description ( ! man :o desires to be on ! li/ ( ! #8,caes>is amici1' :i* he ?9ks to be a good1 ?\gh exp]i5ce %[s t x is n su*4 #8,( :om %all we inquire8 ,:at m tru/wor?y witness h we ?an ?is v man :o is become ,caes>'s fri5d8 8,come =w>d & tell u1 :5 did y sleep m quietly1 n[ or be=e y became ,caes>'s fri5d80 ,imm$iately y he> ! answ]1 8,/op1 ,i entreat y1 & d n mock me2 y "k n :at mis]ies ,i suff]1 & sleep does n come to me2 b "o comes & says1 ,caes> is already awake1 he is n[ go+ =?2 !n come tr\bles & c>es40 8,well1 & did y sup ) m pleasure1 n[ or be=e80 ,he> :at he says ab\t ?is also4 ,he says t if he is n invit$1 he is pa9$2 & if he is invit$1 he sups l a slave ) 8 ma/]1 all ! :ile be+ anxi\s t he does n say or d any?+ fooli%4 ,z befits s great a man1 ,caes>'s fri5d1 he is afraid t he may lose 8 head4 ,i c swe> t no man is s /upid z n to bewail 8 own mis=tunes ! ne>] he is 9 fri5d%ip to ,caes>#ig4' ,x is exactly "u ^! circum/ances t a ?or\gh tra9+ 9 philosophy is ( really practical value4 #8,:5 y are go+ 9 to any great p]sonage1 rememb] t ano!r also f above sees :at is go+ on1 & t y ought to please him r ?an t o!r4 ,he !n :o sees f above asks y3 8,9 ! s*ools :at us$ y to say ab\t exile & bonds & dea? & disgrace80 8,t !y are ?+s indiff]5t40 8,& ! end ( life1 :at is x80 8,to foll[ !e40 8,d y say ?is n[ also80 8,i d40 ,!n g 9 to ! great p]sonage boldly & rememb] ^! ?+s3 & y w see :at a y\? is :o has /udi$ ^! ?+s1 :5 he is among m5 :o h n /udi$ !m4 ,i imag9e t y w h su* ?\ghts z ^!2 8,:y d we make su* great & s _m prep>ations = no?+8 ,is ?is ! ?+ :i* is nam$ p[]8 ,all ?is is no?+#ih40' ,yet a wise man w nev] *all5ge ! ang] ( ! p[]ful2 he w turn aside f x1 z a sailor f a /orm#ii4 ,! virtu\s affection ( caution mu/ be call$ 9 to help him1 s _m are 8 dang]s4 ,an indep5d5ce ( look1 a slight rais+ ( ! voice1 an outspok5 expression1 an appeal to public op9ion1 ev5 uns\ght popul>ity are en\gh to excite suspicion#ajj4 ,p]haps aft] all ! poet may be ! wise/1 :o advises good m5 to /ay away f c\rt altoge!r1 = x is a place :]e !re is no room = !m#aja4 ,sid5ote3 ,life 9 ! city4 #daa4 ,a common cause ( moral corruption is ! r\t9e ( city life4 ,"h fa%ion dictates a r\nd ( occupations :i* are unnatural1 b 9 :i* m5 & wom5 are alike absorb$#ajb4 ,half ( ! morn+ is absorb$ 9 sleep#ajc2 !n foll[s ! visit to ! public %[s1 :i* are c5tres ( demoralisation#ajd1 & conv]sation ) num]\s fri5ds1 ea* "o ( :om sugge/s "s ab&onm5t ( pr9ciple#aje4 ,9 ! clubs all ! mo/ wor?less memb]s ( society =ega!r#ajf4 ,! ba?s1 :i* 7 at "o "t simply con/ruct$1 & = ! purpose ( cleanl9ess1 are n[ in/rum5ts ( luxury2 & ! wat] is n[ s hot z to be bett] fitt$ = torture ?an pleasure#ajg4 ,= ! ev5+ meal !re mu/ always be "s novelty discov]$1 ev5 if x is only to beg9 ) ! dess]t & end ) ! eggs#ajh2 ev5 ! ord] ( ! seasons mu/ be inv]t$1 t roses may adorn ! table 9 w9t]#aji4 ,^u ! ill-sp5t day foll[s a disord]ly night1 & a heavy heada*e ! next morn+#aaj4 ,f ! temptations ( su* a life ! adh]5t ( ,/oicism w gladly escape4 ,sid5ote3 ,life 9 ! c\ntry4 #dab4 ,a m real happ9ess is res]v$ = ! man :o gives up t[n life = t ( ! c\ntry4 ,= x is mo/ natural to w9 su/5ance f ! e>?1 :i* is our common "m1 & lib]ally gives back _m times ov] :at is entru/$ to h]2 & x is m heal?y to live 9 ! op5 ?an to be always %elt]+ 9 ! %ade4 ,x matt]s little :e!r "o works on "o's own l& or on t ( ano!r2 = _m indu/ri\s m5 h prosp]$ on hir$ l&4 ,!re is no?+ disgraceful or unbecom+ 9 any ( ! "w ( ! f>m2 to plant trees1 to reap1 to t5d ! v9e1 to ?ra% out ! corn1 are all lib]al occupations4 ,hesiod ! poet t5d$ %eep1 & ?is did n h9d] him f tell+ ! /ory ( ! gods4 ,& pa/urage is 7says ,musonius7 p]haps ! be/ ( all occupations2 = ev5 f>m "w1 if x is exhau/+1 dem&s all ! en]gies ( ! s\l z well z ( ! body1 :]eas :il/ t5d+ %eep a man has "s "t = philosophiz+ also4 ,x is true t our "y m5 to-day are too s5sitive & too ref9$ to live a c\ntry life2 b philosophy w\ld be well rid ( ^! weakl+s4 ,a true lov] ( philosophy c\ld f9d no bett] discipl9e ?an to live ) "s wise & k9dly man 9 ! c\ntry1 associat+ ) him 9 "w & 9 relaxation1 at meals & 9 sleep+1 & s #8le>n+ goodness1' z ,!ognis tells u to d1 #8f ! good#aaa4' ,sid5ote3 ,! h\sehold]4 #dac4 ,)9 ! h\sehold ! head ( x is a little k+1 & ne$s to display ! k+ly virtues ( ,ju/ice & ,sob]ness4 ,9 8 deal+s ) ! p]v]se he mu/ consid] h[ f> ea* man is capable ( be>+ ! tru?#aab4 ,inde$1 will+ness to li/5 to repro( is no small virtue2 few words are be/1 s t ! wrongdo] may be left z f> z possible to correct 8 own ways#aac4 ,puni%m5t mu/ be res]v$ = extreme cases1 & is always to be adm9i/]$ ) calmness2 x is felt m ke5ly :5 x comes f a m]ciful ma/]#aad4 ,p]si/5t k9dness w9s ov] ev5 bad m5#aae4 ,x is fur!r ! privilege ( ! head ( a h\sehold to di/ribute k9dnesses to ^? bel[ him4 ,8 weal? he mu/ reg>d z giv5 him 9 tru/2 he is only ! /ew>d ( x1 & mu/ nei!r ho>d nor wa/e2 = he mu/ give bo? a debit & a cr$it acc\nt ( all#aaf4 ,b if ! "r use ( money causes ! possessor anxi\s ?\ght1 no trace ( ?is %\ld appe> to o!rs2 giv+ %\ld be )\t hesitation1 & z a delight#aag4 ,! good citiz5 w pay 8 taxes ) special pleasure1 because 9 8 eyes ! welf>e ( ! community /&s high] ?an 8 own or t ( 8 family#aah2 b he w n refuse a k9dness ev5 to an enemy :o is 9 ne$#aai2 & 9 giv+ a f>?+ to a begg>1 he w imply by 8 mann] t he is only pay+ :at ! o!r is entitl$ to z 8 fell[-man#abj4 ,9 %ort1 he w give z he w\ld l to receive#aba1 & ) ! feel+ t ! *ief pleasure ( own]%ip is to %>e ) ano!r#abb4 ,sid5ote3 ,treatm5t ( slaves4 #dad4 ,! good h\sehold] w associate on easy t]ms ) 8 slaves1 rememb]+ t !y too are m51 made ( fle% & blood z he is himself#abc4 ,x is h[ev] a difficult matt] to decide :e!r a ma/] %\ld d9e ) 8 slave4 ,m5 ( ! old ,roman type f9d ?is a disgraceful practice1 b ! philosoph] %\ld decide 9 its fav\r#abd4 ,we d n ne$ to inquire into a man's social position1 if 8 "* is attractive#abe4 ,plato has well said t we _c f9d a k+ :o is n desc5d$ f a slave1 or a slave :o is n desc5d$ f a k+#abf2 & 9 fact _m a ,roman slave 0 f> bett] educat$ ?an 8 ma/]#abg4 ,ev5 if we d n suppose t ,s5eca's rule 0 commonly practis$ 9 great ,roman h\ses1 ! sugge/ion itself ?r[s a pleas+ light on ! position ( a ,roman slave4 ,b if ! ma/] 0 ?us call$ ^u to ignore diff]5ces ( social position1 z mu* might be expect$ ( ! slave4 ,) him x 0 d\btless an in/9ct to prize lib]ty1 #8! p[] ( liv+ z y l1' z ! de>e/ ( possessions4 ,yet _m a slave :o won ?is rew>d by ye>s ( fai?ful s]vice f\nd t lib]ty delusive1 & w\ld h be5 wis] to /ay 9 ! home :]e he 0 valu$#abh4 ,sid5ote3 ,l>ge families4 #dae4 ,a "q ( press+ practical importance is t ( l>ge families 774 ,/atesm5 h always consid]$ x be/ t ! homes ( citiz5s %\ld be cr[d$ ) *ildr52 & = ?is reason ! laws =bid abortion & ! h9drance ( conception2 !y dem& f9es = *ildlessness1 & pay hon\rs to ^? :o br+ up l>ge families4 ,public op9ion takes ! same view2 ! fa!r ( _m *ildr5 is hon\r$ z he goes ab\t ! city1 & h[ *>m+ is ! sight ( a "m surr\nd$ by a sw>m ( *ildr5#abi6 ,no religi\s procession is s impos+4 ,= su* p>5ts e "o feels sympa?y1 & e "o is prep>$ to coop]ate ) !m#acj4 ,b n[adays ev5 ri* p>5ts refuse to re> all _! *ildr51 s t ! fir/-born may be ! ri*]4 ,b x is bett] to h _m bro!rs ?an few2 & a bro!r is a ri*] legacy ?an a =tune4 ,a =tune attracts enemies1 b a bro!r helps to repel !m#aca4 ,sid5ote3 ,com=t 9 pov]ty4 #daf4 ,we h n[ accompani$ ! man ( mature ye>s 9 8 duties & 8 temptations3 philosophy has also a ^w to speak ) reg>d to 8 trials4 ,x is well inde$ if he is conv9c$ t ! buffets ( =tune are no real evils2 b ?is doctr9e c be supplem5t$ by o!r consolations4 ,( ! mo/ bitt] ( all suff]+s1 b]eavem5t by ! dea? ( fri5ds & *ildr51 we h already spok52 we may n[ consid] two o!r conditions usually held to be evil1 namely pov]ty & exile4 ,9 pov]ty ! fir/ com=t is 9 ! obs]vation t poor m5 are usually /rong] 9 body ?an ! ri*#acb1 & q z *e]ful 9 m9d#acc4 ,fur!r ! poor are free f _m dang]s :i* beset ! ri*2 !y c travel safely ev5 :5 highwaym5 are wat*+ ! road#acd4 ,pov]ty is an aid to philosophy1 = a ri* man1 if he wi%es to philosophize1 mu/ freely *oose ! life ( ! poor#ace4 ,a poor man is n tr\bl$ by ins9c]e fri5ds#acf4 ,9 %ort1 pov]ty is only h>d = him :o kicks aga9/ ! pricks#acg4 ,sid5ote3 ,com=t 9 exile4 #dag4 ,! subject ( exile has ! special int]e/ t 9 fact s _m philosoph]s endur$ ?is evil4 ,to ! ,/oic !re is 9 pr9ciple no su* ?+ z exile1 s9ce ! :ole _w is 8 c\ntry2 b he does n = ?is reason disreg>d o!r s\rces ( consolation4 ,cic]o 0 pla9ly mis]able1 n only :5 he 0 =mally exil$1 b also :5 he 0 away f ,rome 9 an hon\rable position2 ,s5eca at lea/ made ! attempt to be> exile m bravely4 ,is x !n s h>d to be away f "o's native place8 ,rome is cr[d$ ) /rang]s1 :o h come ?i!r = pleasure or pr(it1 /udy or novelty#ach4 ,true1 x is a beautiful t[n2 b !re is no place on e>? s b>e & unsightly1 n ev5 ?is ,corsica to :i* ,s5eca is bani%$1 b t "s m5 *oose x to reside 9 z a matt] ( ta/e#aci4 ,:ole peoples h *ang$ _! abode1 & we f9d ,greek cities 9 ! mid/ ( b>b>ism1 & ! ,mac$onian language 9 ,india#adj2 :]ev] he conqu]s ! ,roman dwells#ada4 ,! exile has ev]y:]e ! company ( ! same />s above#adb1 ( ! same consci5ce )9 him#adc2 ev5 if he is sep>at$ f ^? ne> & de> to him1 x is n = ! fir/ "t1 & he c /ill live ) !m 9 8 ?\ghts & affections4 ,sid5ote3 ,old age4 #dah4 ,free or slave1 ri* or poor1 p[]ful or insignificant1 :]ev] a man /&s 9 ! ord] ( society1 old age comes at la/ & imp]i\sly /ops all ambitions4 ,x is1 9 ! g5]al op9ion1 a "t ( sadness#add2 to associate x ) pleasure is n sc&al\s1 only because x is p>adoxical#ade4 ,cic]o's "w de ,s5ectute %[s h[ old age became attractive accord+ to ,roman tradition2 ,s5eca is h>dly s successful4 ,) ! fad+ ( hope ! /imulus to ef=t dies away 9 old age#adf2 b ?\gh philosophy =bids idl5ess1 nature cries out = re/4 ,we _c !n approve :5 old m5 foll[ _! pr(essional occupations ) undim9i%$ zeal#adg1 & we mu/ highly blame ^? :o _c quit _! pleasures#adh4 ,! great boon :i* old age br+s is leisure2 = ?is _m great m51 among/ !m ,augu/us1 h long$ 9 va9#adi4 ,?is leisure gives ! opportunity ( mak+ acqua9tance ) great m5 ?r\gh _! books1 b bett] /ill1 t ( mak+ acqua9tance ) our own selves4 ,sid5ote3 ,musonius' #8viaticum4' #dai4 #8,give me1' said "o to ,musonius1 #8a viaticum = old age4' ,he repli$ z foll[s3 #8,! rule is ! same z = y\?1 to live me?odically & accord+ to nature#aej4 ,d n grieve because y are cut (f f ! pleasures ( y\?2 = man is no m born = pleasure ?an any o!r animal3 inde$ man alone is an image ( ! deity#aea1 & has l excell5ces4 ,& d n consid] ! div9e excell5ces z beyond y\r rea*2 = we h no o!r notion ( ! gods ?an su* z we d]ive f obs]v+ good m51 :om !re=e we call div9e & godlike4 ,he :o has acquir$ 9 y\? s\nd pr9ciples & sy/ematic tra9+ w n be f\nd to compla9 9 old age ( ! loss ( pleasures1 ( weakness ( body1 or because he is neglect$ by fri5ds & acqua9tance2 he w c>ry ab\t ) him a *>m aga9/ all ^! evils1 namely 8 own education4 ,b if he has n be5 rightly educat$1 he w d well to g to a fri5d wis] ?an himself1 & li/5 to 8 tea*+ & pr(it by x4 ,& specially he w pond] ov] dea?1 h[ x comes 9 nature's c\rse to all1 & !re=e is no evil4 ,) su* ?\ghts he w be *e]ful & cont5t$1 & s he w live a happy life4 ,b let no "o say t weal? br+s happ9ess 9 old age2 t x does n br+ a cont5t$ _s is witness$ e day by a cr[d ( ri* old m51 :o are 9 bad temp] & l[ spirits1 & feel deeply aggriev$#aeb4' ,sid5ote3 ,w-mak+4 #dbj4 ,:5 we see dea? be=e u !re rema9s a la/ act to be p]=m$4 ,we look at ! weal? :i* no long] belongs to u1 & consid] to :om x c mo/ wor?ily be entru/$4 ,we /& 9 ! position ( a judge :o c no long] be brib$1 &1 ) all ! wisdom & good w t we h1 we give ?is la/ v]dict on ^? ar\nd u#aec4 ,sid5ote3 ,dea?4 #dba4 ,= dea? ! :ole ( philosophy is a prep>ation2 yet :5 x is no long] a matt] ( unc]ta9 fe>1 b close at h& & sure1 "s la/ words are to be said4 ,all ?is is 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 is accord+ to ! w ( ! ,creator4 #8,god op5s ! door & says to y1 8,g40 8,g :i!r80 ,to no?+ t]rible1 b to ! place f :i* y came1 to y\r fri5ds & k9sm51 to ! elem5ts#aed4 ,:at !re 0 9 y ( fire goes to fire2 ( e>?1 to e>?2 ( air1 to air2 ( wat]1 to wat]4 ,!re is no ,hades1 nor ,a*]on1 nor ,cocytus1 b all is full ( gods & demons#aee4 ,god has invit$ y2 be cont5t :5 he calls o!rs to ! fea/ 9 y\r place4' ,! philosoph] does n look =w>d to r5ew+ 8 p]sonal life1 or to meet+ aga9 ) p>5t1 wife1 or *ild4 ,b dea? is a release f all 8 pa9s & tr\bles2 & he :o has /riv5 to live 8 life well w "k h[ to meet dea? also at its due "t#aef4 ,if x come to him 9 ! %ipwreck1 he w n scream nor blame ,god2 if 9 ! ar5a1 he w n %r9k f 8 enemy1 :e!r man or bea/4 ,9 ?is la/ %ort crisis he w be> witness t he accepts cont5t$ly 8 mortal lot#aeg4 ,,footnotes #a #8omnia i/a monitiones1 consolationes1 dissuasiones1 adhortationes1 obiurgationes1 laudationes monitionum g5]a sunt' ,s54 ,ep4 #id1 #ci4 #b #8eam p>tem philosophiae1 quae dat propria cuique p]sonae praecepta 444 quidam solam recep]unt1 s$ ,ari/on ,/oicus e contr>io hanc p>tem levem exi/imat' ib4 #id1 #a & #b4 ,! ,cynics gave exhortations1 b )\t hav+ a sy/em = ! purpose4 ,see above1 #eb4 #c #8,posidonius non tantum praeceptionem1 s$ etiam suasionem et consolationem et exhortationem necess>iam iudicat' ib4 #ie1 #fe4 ,cf4 ,cic4 ,(f4 i #c1 #g2 ,s54 ,ep4 #id1 #cd4 #d #8ipsum de malis bonisque iudicium confirmatur (ficiorum exsecutione1 ad quam praecepta p]ducunt' ib4 #e #8quemadmodum folia vir]e p] se non possunt1 ramum desid]ant2 sic i/a praecepta1 si sola sunt1 m>c5t2 infigi volunt sectae' ,s54 ,ep4 #ie1 #ei4 #f ,see bel[1 #cig1 note #ba4 #g ,s54 ,ep4 #id1 #bi & #ajh1 #h4 #h #8ine/ int]im animis voluntas bona1 s$ torpet2 modo deliciis et situ1 modo (ficii inscitia' ,b54 v #be1 #f4 #i #8plus prodesse1 si pauca praecepta sapi5tiae t5eas1 s$ illa 9 promptu tibi et 9 usu s9t1 quam si multa quidem didic]is1 s$ illa non habeas ad manum' ,b54 vii #a1 #c2 #8,we ought to ex]cise ourselves 9 small ?+s1 & beg9n+ ) !m to proce$ to ! great]' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #ah1 #ah4 #aj #8debet semp] plus esse virium 9 actore quam 9 on]e4 necesse e/ opprimant on]a1 quae f]5te maiora sunt' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #f1 #d4 #aa ,arnim i #bda4 #ab #8sic c]te viv5dum e/1 tanquam 9 conspectu vivamus' ,s54 ,ep4 #hc1 #a4 #ac #8,9 ! morn+1 :5 y feel lo? to rise1 fall back ^u ! ?\ght 8,i am ris+ = man's "w4 ,:y make a grievance ( sett+ ab\t t = :i* ,i 0 born1 & = sake ( :i* ,i h be5 br\ght into ! _w8 ,is ! end ( my exi/5ce to lie snug 9 ! blankets & keep w>m80' ,m4 ,aurel4 ,to himself v #a4 #ad #8,i obey1 ,i foll[1 ass5t+ to ! words ( ! ,comm&]1 prais+ 8 acts2 = ,i came :5 x pleas$ him1 & ,i w also g away :5 x pleases him2 & :ile ,i liv$ x 0 my duty to praise ,god' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #bf1 #bi & #cj4 ,see also above1 #beh4 #ae #8m9imum ex]citationi corporis datum' ,s54 ,ep4 #hc1 #c4 #af #8ab hac fatigatione magis quam ex]citatione 9 frigidam desc5di' ib4 #e4 #ag #8panis de9de siccus et s9e m5sa pr&ium' ib4 #f4 #ah #8brevissimo somno utor et quasi int]iungo4 satis e/ mihi vigil>e desiisse4 aliqu&o dormisse me scio1 aliqu&o suspicor' ib4 #ai #8nec scrib]e tantum nec tantum leg]e debemus2 alt]a res contri/abit1 vires exhauriet 7de /ilo dico71 alt]a solvet ac diluet' ,s54 ,ep4 #hd1 #b4 #bj #8nulli enim nisi audituro dic5dum e/' ib4 #bi1 #a4 #ba #8,diog5es et alii ,cynici lib]tate promiscua usi sunt et obvios monu]unt4 hoc1 mi ,lucili1 non exi/imo magno viro faci5dum' ib4 #bi1 #a & #c4 #bb #8audebo illi mala sua o/5d]e' ib4 #d4 #bc ,a4 ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 xii #a4 ,favor9us1 ( :om ?is is relat$1 0 n himself a ,/oic4 #bd ,s54 ,b54 ii #ag1 #c to #e & #cb1 #a to #d4 #be ,see above1 #abe1 note #ij4 #bf #8at te nocturnis iuvat impallesc]e *>tis2 cultor enim iuv5um purgatas ins]is aures fruge ,clean!a' ,p]s4 ,sat4 v #fb-fd2 #8quid e/ tam51 qu>e tu i/as ,epicuri voces putes esse1 non publicas8' ,s54 ,ep4 #h1 #h4 #bg #8qualis ille somnus po/ recognitionem sui sequitur8 quam tranquillus1 quam altus ac lib]6' ,dial4 v #cf1 #b4 #bh #8plurimum prod]it pu]os /atim salubrit] in/itui' ib4 iv #ba1 #a4 #bi #8t5uis ante omnia victus sit et non pretiosa ve/is' ib4 #aa2 #8nihil magis facit iracundos quam educatio mollis et bl&a' ib4 #f4 #cj #8if he 444 eats z a mode/ man1 ?is is ! man :o truly progresses' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #d1 #bj & #ba4 #ca #8v]itatis simplex oratio e/' ,s54 ,ep4 #di1 #ab2 #8,let sil5ce be ! g5]al rule1 or let only :at is necess>y be said1 & 9 a few words4 ,let n y\r laught] be mu*' ,epict4 ,manual #cc1 #b & #d4 #cb #8loqu5dum e/ pro magnitud9e rei imp5sius et illa adici5da--pluris quam putas obliga/i' ,s54 ,b54 ii #bd1 #d4 #cc #8inbecillioribus quidem +5iis necesse e/ aliquem praeire--hoc vitabis1 hoc facies' ,ep4 #id1 #ej4 #cd #8regi ergo debet1 dum incipit posse se reg]e' ib4 #ea4 #ce #8facilius s+ula insidunt circumscripta et c>m9is modo inclusa4 ideo pu]is et s5t5tias edisc5das damus et has quas ,graeci *rias vocant' ib4 #cc1 #f & #g4 #cf #8,he is ridicul\s :o says t he wi%es to beg9 ) ! matt]s ( real life1 = x is n easy to beg9 ) ! m difficult ?+s2 & we ought to use ?is fact z an argum5t to p>5ts' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #bf1 #d & #e4 #cg ,see above1 #caf4 #ch #8lusus quoque prod]unt4 modica enim voluptas laxat animos et temp]at' ,s54 ,dial4 iv #bj1 #c2 #8d&a e/ animis remissio' ib4 ix #ag1 #e2 #8m5s ad iocos devoc&a e/' ib4 #d4 #ci ,*rysippus _h approv$ ( ! rod3 #8ca$i disc5tis1 quamlibet receptum sit et ,*rysippus non improbet1 m9ime velim' ,qu9t4 ,in/4 ,or4 i #c1 #ad4 ,b ,s5eca writes q o!rwise3 #8ut] praeceptor dignior1 qui exc>nificabit discipulos1 si memoria illis non con/it]it 444 an qui monitionibus et v]ecundia em5d>e ac doc]e malit8' ,clem4 i #af1 #b & #c4 #dj #8fugite delicias1 fugite en]vatam felicitatem' ,s54 ,dial4 i #d1 #i4 #da #8quem specul>ia semp] ab adflatu v9dicav]unt1 cuius p$es int] fom5ta sub9de mutata tepu]unt1 cuius c5ationes subditus ac p>ietibus circumfusus calor temp]avit1 hunc levis aura non s9e p]iculo /r+et' ib4 #db #8audire solemus sic quorundam vitam laud>i1 quibus invidetur--mollit] vivit hoc dicunt--mollis e/' ,ep4 #hb1 #b4 #dc ,/ob4 iii #bi1 #gh 7f ,musonius74 #dd ib4 #bi1 #ge4 #de ,muson4 apud ,/ob4 ii #ca1 #abc4 #df ,muson4 ib4 iv #gi1 #be4 #dg #8,x is n easy to exhort weak "y m52 = nei!r is x easy to hold s(t *eese ) a hook' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #f1 #i4 #dh ,see above1 #cbf4 #di #8,see :at ! tra9]s ( boys d4 ,has ! boy fall58 ,rise1 !y say1 wre/le aga9 till y are made /rong' ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #i1 #ae4 #ej #8a?letis cura e/1 cum =tissimis quibusque conflig]e' ,s54 ,dial4 i #b1 #c4 #ea #8gladiator =tissimus respici5s ad clamantem populum significat nihil esse et int]c$i non patitur' ib4 ii #af1 #b4 #eb #8ad hoc sacram5tum adacti sumus1 f]re mortalia' ib4 vii #ae1 #g2 ,epict4 ,disc4 i #ad1 #ae & #af4 #ec ,see above1 #cc2 & comp>e ,horace 9 8 ,/oic mood3 #8nil s9e magno vita labore d$it mortalibus' ,sat4 i #i1 #ei & #fj4 #ed #8qua$am praecipimus ultra modum1 ut ad v]um et suum r$eant' ,s54 ,b54 vii #bb1 #a2 #8,we ought to oppose to ?is habit a contr>y habit1 & :]e !re is great slipp]9ess 9 ! appe>ances1 !re to oppose ! habit ( ex]cise4 ,i am r incl9$ to pleasure2 ,i w incl9e to ! contr>y side above measure = ! sake ( ex]cise' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #ab1 #f & #g4 #ee #8int]ponas aliquot dies1 quibus cont5tus m9imo ac vilissimo cibo1 dura atque horrida ve/e1 dicas tibi 8hoc e/ quod timebatur80 444 grabatus ille v]us sit et sagum et panis durus ac sordidus--hoc triduo ac quatriduo f]' ,s54 ,ep4 #ah1 #e & #g2 #8quod tibi scripsi magnos viros saepe fecisse' ib4 #bj1 #ac4 #ef ,diog4 ,l4 vii #aba4 #eg #8divites sumunt quosdam dies1 quibus humi c55t1 et remoto auro arg5toque fictilibus utantur' ,s54 ,dial4 xii #ab1 #c4 #eh #8contra naturam e/ faciles odisse munditias' ,s54 ,ep4 #e1 #d2 #8,i w\ld r t a "y man1 :o is mak+ 8 fir/ movem5ts t[>ds philosophy1 %\ld come to me ) 8 hair c>efully trimm$' ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #aa1 #be4 #ei #8asp]um cultum et intonsum caput et negleg5tiorem b>bam evita4 intus omnia dissimilia s9t1 frons populo conv5iat' ,s54 ,ep4 #e1 #b4 #fj #8,we ought n to conf\nd ! di/9ctions ( ! sexes4444 ,h[ mu* m becom+ is ! be>d ?an ! cock's comb & ! lion's mane6 ,= ?is reason we ought to pres]ve ! signs :i* ,god has giv5' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #af1 #ac & #ad4 #fa #8,come !n1 ,epictetus1 %ave y\rself4' ,if ,i am a philosoph]1 ,i answ]1 #8,i w n %ave myself4' #8,b ,i w take (f y\r head4' #8,if t w d y any good1 take x (f' ,epict4 ,disc4 i #b1 #bi4 #fb ,/ob4 iii #f1 #bd 7f ,musonius74 #fc #8misc5da tam5 i/a et alt]n&a sunt1 solitudo ac frequ5tia' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #ag1 #c4 #fd #8ita sapi5s se cont5tus e/1 non ut velit esse s9e amico1 s$ ut possit' ,ep4 #i1 #e4 #fe #8prod]it p] se ipsum sec$]e2 meliores erimus s+uli' ,dial4 viii #a1 #a2 #8,a man ought to be prep>$ 9 a mann] to be able to be suffici5t = himself & to be 8 own companion4 ,= ,zeus dwells by himself & is tranquil by himself' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #ac1 #f & #g4 #ff #8tunc felicem esse te iudica1 cum pot]is viv]e 9 publico2 p>ietes pl]umque circumdatos nobis iudicamus1 non ut tutius vivamus s$ ut peccemus occultius' ,s54 ,ep4 #dc1 #c4 #fg #8,x is impossible t a man c keep company ) "o :o is cov]$ ) soot )\t be+ p>tak] ( ! soot himself' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #af1 #c4 #fh ,diog4 ,l4 vii #abd4 #fi #8,/oici c5s5t sapi5tes sapi5tibus etiam ignotis esse amicos2 nihil e/ enim virtute amabilius' ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 i #dd1 #aba2 s ,/ob4 ii #g #aa i4 #gj #8po/ amicitiam cr$5dum e/1 ante amicitiam iudic&um' ,s54 ,ep4 #c1 #b4 #ga 8 0 ,diog4 ,l4 vii #bc4 #gb #8,hecaton ait2 ego tibi mon/rabo amatorium3 si vis am>i1 ama' ,s54 ,ep4 #i1 #f2 #8multos tibi dabo1 qui non amico s$ amicitia c>u]unt' ib4 #f1 #c4 #gc ib4 #i1 #h4 #gd #8hoc primum philosophia promittit1 s5sum communem1 humanitatem et congregationem' ib4 #e1 #d2 #8nullius boni s9e socio iucunda possessio e/' ib4 #f1 #d4 #ge #8monemus1 ut ex inimico cogitet fi]i posse amicum' ib4 #ie1 #fc4 #gf ,see above1 #cdi4 #gg #8sapi5s ducit uxorem se cont5tus1 et lib]os tollit se cont5tus' ,s54 ,ep4 #i1 #ag2 #8,if inde$ y _h ?is purpose1 y w\ld be cont5t 9 sickness1 9 hung]1 & 9 dea?4 ,if any among y has be5 9 love ) a *>m+ girl1 he kn[s t ,i say :at is true' ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #e1 #ah & #ai4 #gh 1 1 ,mus4 apud ,/ob4 ii #ca1 #abf4 #gi ,/ob4 iv #bb1 #ij4 #hj ,/ob4 iv #bb1 #ajd4 #ha #8nam cum sciam spiritum illius sc4 ,paul9ae 9 meo v]ti1 incipio1 ut illi consulam1 mihi consul]e4 quid enim iucundius quam uxori tam c>um esse1 ut propt] hoc tibi c>ior fias8' ,s54 ,ep4 #ajd1 #b & #e4 #hb ,hom4 ,il4 ii #be4 #hc ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #bb1 #fi to #ge4 #hd ,/ob4 iv #bb1 #bj4 #he ,/ob4 ii #g1 #aa m4 #hf ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #bj1 #aj4 #hg #8omnium horum m$icorum et praeceptorum apud nos magna c>itas1 magna rev]5tia e/' ,s54 ,b54 vi #ae1 #a2 #8ex m$ico ac praeceptore 9 amicum transeunt' ib4 #af1 #a4 #hh ,ep4 #hh1 #ah & #bb4 #hi ,plut4 ,/o4 rep4 #cj1 #c4 #ij #8sic 9 vita sibi quemque pet]e quod p]t9eat ad usum1 non iniquum e/2 alt]i d]ip]e ius non e/' ,cic4 ,(f4 iii #aj1 #db4 #ia ,see bel[1 #dab4 #ib ,s too ,epictetus3 #8,to ^: example %\ld ! _m look except y\rs ! gov]nors'8' ,disc4 iii #d1 #c4 #ic ,/ob4 iv #g1 #fg4 #id ,s54 ,b54 vi #cb1 #d4 #ie ,dial4 iv #bc1 #d4 #if #8nullum tam5 clem5tia ex omnibus magis quam regem aut pr9cipem decet' ,clem4 i #c1 #c4 #ig ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #a1 #df to #ej4 #ih ib4 i #cj1 #a to #g4 #ii #8sapi5s nunquam pot5tium iras provocabit1 immo decl9abit1 non alit] quam 9 navig&o procellam' ,s54 ,ep4 #ad1 #g4 #ajj ,dial4 iii #ah1 #b4 #aja #8exeat aula qui volet esse pius4 virtus et summa pote/as non count3 semp] metuet1 quem saeva pudebunt' ,lucan ,ph>s4 viii #dic to #die4 #ajb ,s54 ,ep4 #gg1 #f1 & #ie1 #bj & #ba4 #ajc #8turpis1 qui alto sole semisomnus iacet1 cuius vigilia m$io die incipit' ib4 #abb1 #a4 #ajd #8nihil tam damnosum bonis moribus quam 9 aliquo spectaculo desid]e' ib4 #g1 #b4 #aje #8inimica e/ multorum conv]satio2 nemo non aliquod nobis vitium aut comm5dat aut imprimit aut nesci5tibus adl9it' ib4 #ajf #8vilissimus quisque tempus 9 aliquo circulo t]it' ,dial4 i #e1 #d4 #ajg ,ep4 #hf1 #i & #aj4 #ajh ib4 #aad1 #i4 #aji ib4 #abb1 #h4 #aaj #8oculos he/]na graves crapula' ib4 #abb1 #b4 #aaa ,/ob4 iv #ae1 #ah4 ,s5eca gives a m qualifi$ approval to c\ntry life3 #8non e/ p] se magi/ra innoc5tiae solitudo1 nec frugalitatem doc5t rura2 s$ ubi te/is et spectator abscessit1 vitia subsidunt1 quorum mon/r>i et conspici fructus e/' ,ep4 #id1 #fi4 #aab #8de cet]o vide1 non tantum an v]um sit quod dicis1 s$ an ille cui dicitur v]i pati5s sit' ,dial4 v #cf1 #d4 #aac #8mon]i velle ac posse secunda virtus e/2 flect5dus e/ paucis animus1 sui rector optimus' ,b54 v #be1 #d4 #aad #8gravior multo po5a videtur1 quae a miti viro con/ituitur' ,clem4 i #bb1 #c4 #aae #8v9cit malos p]t9ax bonitas' ,b54 vii #ca1 #a4 #aaf #8quid tanquam tuo p>cis8 procurator es1 9 depositi causa divitiae sunt' ,b54 vi #c1 #b2 #8donabit cum summo consilio dignissimos elig5s1 ut qui mem9]it tam exp5sorum quam acceptorum rationem esse r$d5dam' ib4 #bc1 #e4 #aag #8demus ante omnia lib5t]1 cito1 s9e ulla dubitatione' ,b54 ii #a1 #a4 #aah ,cic4 ,(f4 i #ag1 #eg4 #aai #8non des9emus opem f]re etiam inimicis' ,s54 ,dial4 viii #a1 #d4 #abj #8sapi5s dabit eg5ti /ipem 7non hanc contumeliosam1 qua p>s maior horum qui se mis]icordes vid]i volunt1 abicit et fa/idit quos adiuvat cont+ique ab 8 timet7 s$ ut homo hom9i ex communi dabit' ,clem4 ii #f1 #b4 #aba #8sic demus1 quomodo vellemus accip]e' ,b54 ii #a1 #a4 #abb #8nullius boni s9e socio iucunda possessio e/' ,ep4 #f1 #d4 #abc #8s]vi sunt8 immo hom9es4 s]vi sunt8 immo humiles amici' ib4 #dg1 #a2 #8animas s]vorum et corpora no/ra mat]ia con/>e putat p>ibusque elem5tis' ,juv4 ,sat4 xiv #af & #ag4 #abd #8cognovi famili>it] te cum s]vis tuis viv]e4 hoc eruditionem decet4 rideo i/os1 qui turpe putant cum s]vo suo c5>e' ,s54 ,ep4 #dg1 #a & #b4 #abe #8ref]t cuius animi sit1 non cuius /atus' ,b54 iii #ah1 #b4 #abf ,ep4 #dd1 #d4 #abg #8,calvisius ,sab9us magna summa emit s]vos1 unum qui ,hom]um t5]et1 unum qui ,hesiodum4 novem praet]ea lyricis s+ulos adsignavit4 magno emisse illum non e/ quod mir]is3 non inv5]at1 faci5dos locavit' ,ep4 #bg1 #f4 #abh ,epict4 ,disc4 iv #a1 #cc to #dj4 #abi ,b he> ,epictetus on ! o!r side3 #8,are ^? m5 great] b5efactors to mank9d :o introduce into ! _w to occupy _! own places two or ?ree grunt+ *ildr51 or ^? :o sup]9t5d z f> z !y c all mank9d8 ,did ,priamus :o begat fifty wor?less sons contribute m to ! community ?an ,hom]8' ,disc4 iii #bb1 #gg & #gh4 #acj ,/ob4 iv #bd1 #ae 7f ,musonius74 #aca ib4 #bg1 #ba4 #acb ,see above1 #cii4 #acc #8comp>a int] se paup]um et divitum voltus2 saepius paup] et fidelius ridet' ,s54 ,ep4 #hj1 #f4 #acd #8etiam 9 obsessa via paup]i pax e/' ib4 #ad1 #i4 #ace #8si vis vac>e animo1 aut paup] sis oportet aut paup]i similis' ib4 #ag1 #e4 #acf #8paup]tas v]os c]tosque amicos ret9ebit2 disc$et quisquis non te1 s$ aliud sequebatur4 vel ob hoc unum am&a paup]tas quod1 a quibus am]is1 o/5det' ib4 #bj1 #g4 #acg #8paup]tas nulli malum e/ nisi repugnanti' ib4 #abc1 #af4 #ach ,dial4 xii #f1 #b4 #aci #8usque eo commutatio ipsa locorum gravis non e/1 ut hic quoque locus a patria quosdam abdux]it' ib4 #e4 #adj ib4 #g1 #a4 #ada #8ubicunque vicit ,romanus habitat' ib4 #g1 #g4 #adb ib4 #h1 #f4 #adc #8licet 9 exilium euntibus virtutes suas secum f]re' ib4 #h1 #a4 #add #8subeunt morbi tri/isque s5ectus' ,v]g4 ,g4 iii #fg quot$ by ,s54 ,ep4 #ajh1 #bi4 #ade #8pl5a e/ voluptatis s5ectus1 si illa scias uti' ,s54 ,ep4 #ab1 #d4 #adf #8nihil magis cav5dum e/ s5ectuti1 quam ne languori se desidiaeque d$at' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #cd1 #abc2 #8iuv5es possumus disc]e1 possumus facilem animum et adhuc tractabilem ad meliora conv]t]e' ,s54 ,ep4 #ajh1 #bg4 #adg #8adeone iuvat occupatum mori8' ,s54 ,dial4 x #bj1 #c4 ,he in/ances an old g5tleman ( #ij1 :o _h cons5t$ to resign 8 (ficial po/ at t age2 b :5 ! "t came1 he ?rew 8 :ole h\sehold into m\rn+ until he got 8 "w back aga94 #adh #8luxuria cum omni aetate turpis1 tum s5ectuti fo$issima e/' ,cic4 ,(f4 i #cd1 #abc4 #adi ,s54 ,dial4 x #d1 #a & #b4 #aej 4 #aea 7see on hymn ( ,clean!s1 l4 #e1 9 #ig74 #aeb ,/ob4 ,flor4 #aag1 #h 7,m74 #aec #8ubi mors int]clusit omnia et ad f]5dam s5t5tiam incorruptum iudicem misit1 qua]imus dignissimos quibus no/ra tradamus2 nec quicquam cura sanctiore componimus quam quod ad nos non p]t9et' ,s54 ,b54 iv #aa1 #e4 #aed #8rev]ti unde v5]is quid grave e/8' ,dial4 ix #aa1 #d4 #aee ,epict4 ,disc4 iii #ac1 #ad & #ae2 ib4 iv #a1 #ajf4 #aef #8male vivet quisquis nesciet b5e mori' ,s54 ,dial4 ix #aa1 #d2 & see above1 #bih1 #bii4 #aeg #8quod tam cito fit1 timetis diu8' ,s54 ,dial4 i #f1 #i2 #8puto =tiorem eum esse1 qui 9 ipsa morte e/ quam qui circa mortem4 mors enim admota etiam imp]itis animum d$it non vit&i inevitabilia2 sic gladiator tota pugna timidissimus iugulum adv]s>io prae/at et errantem gladium sibi adtemp]at' ,ep4 #cj1 #h2 #8! %ip is s9k+6 :at !n h ,i to d8 ,i d ! only ?+ t ,i c1 n to be dr[n$ full ( fe>1 nor scream+ nor blam+ ,god1 b kn[+ t :at has be5 produc$ mu/ also p]i%2 = ,i am n an immortal be+' ,epict4 ,disc4 ii #e1 #aa to #ac4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,/oicism ,,9 ,,roman ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,lit]ature4 ,sid5ote3 ,spread ( ,/oicism4 #dbb4 ,al?\gh up to ?is po9t x has be5 our ma9 purpose to set =? ! doctr9es ( ,/oicism1 we h se5 incid5tally t ^! came to ex]cise a wide influ5ce 9 ,roman society1 & t ! lat] tea*]s are f> less occupi$ 9 ! atta9m5t ( tru? ?an 9 ! "r guidance ( disciples :o lean ^u !m4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we propose to describe m p>ticul>ly ! practical influ5ce ( ,/oicism4 ,our in=mation1 :e!r drawn f hi/ory or f poetry1 ref]s g5]ally to ! upp] classes ( ,roman society2 z to ! influ5ce ( ! sect among/ ! poor we h no suffici5t record4 ,b al?\gh x is v g5]ally held t ! ,/oics made no ef=t to rea* ! work+ classes ( ,rome1 or met ) no success 9 t direction#a1 ! evid5ce po9ts r to an opposite conclusion1 at any rate z reg>ds all t developm5t ( ! sy/em :i* 0 col\r$ by ,cynism1 ! philosophy ( ! poor#b4 ,our actual records are !re=e r ( ! nature ( side-lights ^u ! sy/em2 ! ma9 /ream ( ,/oic influ5ce may well h fl[$ 9 c\rses ) :i* we are imp]fectly acqua9t$1 & its work+s may p]haps come to light fir/ 9 a p]iod ( hi/ory :i* lies beyond our imm$iate scope4 ,sid5ote3 ,conv]sion direct & indirect4 #dbc4 ,individual ,romans :o pr(ess$ !mselves disciples ( ! ,por* ow$ _! allegiance to ! sect to two causes1 9 v>y+ proportion4 ,on ! "o h& !y _h att5d$ lectures or private in/ruction giv5 by em95t ,/oic tea*]s1 or _h imm]s$ !mselves 9 ,/oic lit]ature4 ,?is influ5ce 0 9 almo/ all cases ! influ5ce ( ,greek ^u ,roman1 & ! fri5d%ip betwe5 ! ,/oic ,panaetius & ,scipio ,aemilianus 0 ! type ( all subsequ5t disciple%ip4 ,scipio himself did n p]haps =mally become a ,/oic1 b he introduc$ into ,roman society ! atmosph]e ( ,/oicism1 kn[n to ! ,romans z humanitas2 ?is includ$ an av]sion to w> & civil /rife1 an eag]ness to appreciate ! art & lit]ature ( ,greece1 & an admiration = ! ideals depict$ by ,x5ophon1 ( ! rul] 9 ,cyrus1 & ( ! citiz5 9 ,socrates#c4 ,all ! ,/oic nobles ( ! "t ( ! republic are dom9at$ by ^! feel+s4 ,on ! o!r h& individuals 7 (t5 attract$ by ! exi/5ce ( a society :i* proclaim$ itself indep5d5t ( ! w ( rul]s1 & (f]$ its memb]s mutual support & consolation4 ,su* m5 7 (t5 drawn into ,/oicism by ! p]suasion ( fri5ds1 )\t be+ necess>ily well-gr\nd$ 9 philosophical pr9ciple2 & 9 ?is way small gr\ps or cliques might easily be =m$ 9 :i* social prejudice or political bias outweigh$ ! =mal doctr9e ( ! s*ool4 ,su* a gr\p 0 t ( ! #8old ,romans' ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! pr9cipate2 & ) ! spread ( ,/oicism ?is indirect & imp]fect me?od ( atta*m5t con/antly gr[s 9 importance z comp>$ ) direct disciple%ip4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,scipionic circle4 #dbd4 ,( ! fir/ gr\p ( ,roman ,/oics ! mo/ notable 0 ,c4 ,,laelius1 ! intimate fri5d ( ,scipio1 :o became consul 9 #adj ,b4,c4 ,9 8 y\? he _h li/5$ to ! tea*+ ( ,diog5es ( ,babylon1 9 lat] life he 0 ! fri5d ( ,panaetius#d4 ,he 0 9 8 "t a notable orator ) a quiet fl[+ /yle#e2 8 mann]s 7 *e]ful#f1 8 temp] 0 calm#g2 &1 z we h se5#h1 he seem$ to _m ! ne>e/ ( all ! ,romans to ! ideal ( ! ,/oic sage4 ,he is br\ght on z ! *ief speak] 9 ,cic]o's de ,amicitia4 ,ano!r close fri5d ( ,africanus 0 ,,sp4 ,,mummius1 ! bro!r ( ! conqu]or ( ,a*aia2 8 oratory 0 m>k$ by ! rugg$ness *>act]i/ic ( ! ,/oic s*ool#i4 ,pass+ m5tion may be made ( ,l4 ,,furius ,,philus1 consul 9 #acf ,b4,c41 & a memb] ( ! same gr\p1 ?\gh 8 philosophical views are n kn[n to u#aj4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,grac*an p]iod4 #dbe4 ,f ! #8humane' movem5t sprang ! ,grac*an re=ms1 :i* all alike aim$ at depos+ f p[] ! class to :i* ! re=m]s by bir? belong$4 ,to ! temp] ( m9d :i* made su* a desire possible ,/oic doctr9e _h l>gely contribut$4 ,! ,greeks _h taught _! ,roman pupils to see 9 ! nasc5t ,roman empire1 be>+ ! wat*word ( ! #8maje/y ( ! ,roman "n' 7maie/as nom9is ,romani71 at lea/ an approximation to ! ideal ,cosmopolis3 & _m ,romans s f> respond$ to ?is sugge/ion z to be n unfri5dly t[>ds plans = ext5d+ _! citiz5%ip & equaliz+ ! privileges ( ^? :o enjoy$ x4 ,c4 ,,blossius ( ,cumae1 a pupil ( ,antipat] ( ,t>sus1 w5t s f> z to in/igate ,tib]ius ,grac*us to ! s*emes :i* prov$ 8 de/ruction#aa2 :il/ o!r ,/oics1 equally s9c]e 9 _! aims1 disagre$ ) ! viol5ce %[n by ,tib]ius 9 8 *oice ( me?od4 ,among/ ! latt] 0 ,q4 ,,aelius ,,tub]o1 a nephew ( ,africanus#ab1 :o became consul 9 #aah ,b4,c4 ,he devot$ himself day & night to ! /udy ( philosophy#ac1 & ?\gh ( no m>k z an orator1 won himself respect by ! /rictness & consi/5cy ( 8 life#ad4 ,panaetius1 ,posidonius1 & ,hecato all address$ treatises to him#ae2 & he is a lead+ speak] 9 ,cic]o's ,republic4 ,sid5ote3 ,laelius to ,lucilius4 #dbf4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! ,grac*i ! ,/oic nobles cont9u$ to play di/+ui%$ & hon\rable p>ts 9 public life4 ,a family succession 0 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh two daught]s ( ,laelius1 s t "h we may p]haps recognise ! beg9n+ ( ! des]v$ly fam\s #8,/oic m>riages4' ,( ! two ladies ! eld] 0 m>ri$ to ,q4 ,,mucius ,,scaevola1 kn[n z #8! augur1' :o 0 consul 9 #aag ,b4,c4 ,he 0 a devot$ fri5d ( ,panaetius1 & fam\s = 8 k ( civil law#af4 ,! y\ng] daught] 0 m>ri$ to ,c4 ,,fannius1 :o obta9$ "s di/9ction z a hi/orian#ag4 ,9 ,c4 ,,lucilius we f9d ! ,lat9 poet ( ,/oicism2 ! views :i* he expresses 9 8 satires on religion & e?ics are 9 ! close/ agreem5t ) ! tea*+ ( ,panaetius#ah1 & ! l>ge circulation ( 8 poems mu/ h diffus$ !m ?r\gh wide circles#ai4 ,at ! same "t 8 attacks on ! religi\s in/itutions ( ,numa & 8 ridicule ( 8 own *ildi% beliefs may well h br\ght philosophy into ill od\r z a!i/ic & unpatriotic3 & we f9d ! /atesm5 ( ! next g5]ation specially anxi\s to avoid any su* imputations4 ,sid5ote3 ,scaevola #8! pontifex4' #dbg4 ,a dom9at+ figure is t ( ,q4 ,,mucius ,,scaevola1 commonly call$ #8! pontifex1' :o 0 a nephew ( 8 namesake m5tion$ above1 & d]iv$ f him 8 int]e/ 9 civil law2 he 0 consul 9 #ie ,b4,c4 ,he ov]came ! difficulty ab\t ! popul> religion by di/+ui%+ on ,/oic l9es ?ree classes ( deities1 7i7 my?ical deities1 celebrat$ by ! poets ) incr$ible & unwor?y n>rations#bj2 7ii7 philosophical deities1 bett] suit$ = ! s*ools ?an = ! m>ket-place2 7iii7 civic deities1 ^: c]emonies x is ! duty ( /ate (ficials to ma9ta9#ba1 int]pret+ !m s z to agree ) ! philosoph]s r ?an ) ! poets#bb4 ,9 ?is _s he fill$ ! position ( *ief (fic] ( ! /ate religion4 ,he 0 h[ev] no "t-s]v]2 = be+ appo9t$ aft] 8 consul%ip to be gov]nor ( ,asia1 he jo9$ ) 8 =m] quae/or ,p4 ,,rutilius ,,rufus 9 ! design ( repress+ ! extortion ( ! publicani4 ,a decisive /ep tak5 by him 0 to decl>e all di%on\rable contracts invalid#bc2 & m ?an a g5]ation lat] 8 j & sp>+ adm9i/ration 0 gratefully rememb]$ bo? at ,rome & 9 ! prov9ces#bd4 ,! equites took _! rev5ge n on ,scaevola b on ,rutilius#be1 :om !y br\ght to trial 9 #ib ,b4,c41 :5 ,scaevola plead$ 8 cause 9 a simple & dignifi$ way t became a ,/oic1 b did n exclude "s traces ( elegance#bf4 ,he is reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( ,roman law1 = he 0 ! fir/ to codify x1 :i* he did 9 eighte5 volumes#bg4 ,he also wrote a special "w on def9itions1 :i* no d\bt reflect$ ! int]e/ :i* ! ,/oics took 9 ?is "p ( logic4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/oic lawy]s4 #dbh4 ,x seems beyond dispute t ! sy/ematic /udy ( law1 :i* develop$ 9 lat] c5turies into ! sci5ce ( ,roman jurisprud5ce1 & z su* has ex]cis$ a weighty influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ,we/]n civilisation1 _h its beg9n+s among/ a gr\p ( m5 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ,/oic tea*+4 ,x does n !re=e foll[ t ! fundam5tal ideas express$ by su* t]ms z ius g5tium1 lex naturae1 are exclusively ,/oic 9 orig94 ,! =m] phrase appe>s to h be5 9 common use at ?is "t to indicate ! laws g5]ally 9 =ce among/ ! peoples t surr\nd$ ,rome2 ! latt] is a philosophical t]m d]iv$ f ! ,greek1 d5ot+ an ideal law :i* ought to exi/ among/ m5 ev]y:]e#bh4 ,! pr9ciple ( ob$i5ce to nature is n peculi> to ! ,/oic philosophy1 b belongs to ! common sub/ratum ( all philosophical ?\ght4 ,x does h[ev] seem to be ! case t ! ,/oic !ory ( ! #8common law' 7 7 0 9 fact ! /imulus :i* enabl$ ! ,romans to trans=m _! sy/em ( #8rights1' gradually ?r[+ ov] all t 0 ( ! nature ( me*anical r\t9e or ca/e privilege1 & h>moniz+ contradictions by ! pr9ciple ( fairness4 ,! successor ( ,scaevola 0 ,c4 ,,aquilius ,,gallus1 praetor 9 #ff ,b4,c4 ) ,cic]o1 ( :om x is specially not$ t he guid$ 8 exposition ( law by ! pr9ciple ( equity#bi2 & aft] him ,s4 ,,sulpicius ,,rufus1 ! contempor>y & intimate fri5d ( ,cic]o4 ,we d n "k t he 0 a ,/oic1 b he 0 a /ud5t ( dialectic "u ,l4 ,,lucilius ,,balbus1 :o z well z 8 bro!r belong$ to ?is s*ool#cj2 & he foll[$ ,/oic pr9ciples 9 /udy+ oratory j en\gh to make 8 exposition cle>#ca4 ,he 0 ! ackn[l$g$ head ( 8 pr(ession1 & compil$ #ahj books on law#cb4 ,9 ! civil w> he took sides ) ,caes>#cc4 ,sid5ote3 ,/oics ( ! ,sullan p]iod4 #dbi4 ,among/ m5 ( high rank def9itely pl$g$ to ,/oicism 9 ! g5]ation prec$+ ,cic]o are fur!r ,l4 ,,aelius ,,/ilo 7circ4 #ade-ge ,b4,c47#cd1 :o devot$ himself to ,roman gramm> & antiquities1 & 0 ! tea*] ( bo? ,cic]o & ,v>ro2 ,q4 ,,lucilius ,,balbus1 ^: k ( ?is philosophy rivall$ t ( 8 ,greek tea*]s#ce1 & :o is ! expon5t ( ! ,/oic view 9 ,cic]o's de ,natura ,deorum1 ! sc5e ( :i* takes u back to ab\t #gf ,b4,c42 ,,sextus ,,pompeius1 uncle ( ,pompey ! ,great1 & di/+ui%$ bo? z a philosoph] & z a juri/#cf2 & m p>ticul>ly ,p4 ,,rutilius ,,rufus1 to :om we h already ref]r$#cg4 ,a pupil & devot$ admir] ( ,panaetius#ch1 a tra9$ philosoph]#ci1 & a s\nd lawy]#dj1 he br\ght 8 c>e] at ,rome to an abrupt end by 8 firm resi/ance to ! publicani1 z already rec\nt$#da4 ,) true cosmopolitanism he retir$ to ,smyrna1 & accept$ ! citiz5%ip ( t t[n4 ,8 /]n pr9ciples did n prev5t him f sav+ 8 life 9 ! massacre ord]$ by ,mi?radates1 by assum+ ,greek dress#db2 ! massacre itself 0 ! ripe fruit ( ! abuses :i* he _h endeav\r$ to repress4 ,he is "o ( ! *>act]s 9 ,cic]o's de ,republica4 ,sid5ote3 ,cato4 #dcj4 ,( ! ,/oics ( ,cic]o's "t ! mo/ em95t 0 ,m4 ,,porcius ,,cato 7#ie-dh ,b4,c474 ,9 him ,/oicism receiv$ a special col\r+ by association ) ! traditions ( anci5t ,roman mann]s4 ,9 8 e>ly ye>s he became a pupil ( ,antipat] ( ,tyre#dc1 & s f> adopt$ ! ,cynic ideal z to tra9 himself = public life by freely submitt+ to hung]1 cold1 & h>d%ip#dd4 ,aft] a p]iod ( s]vice 9 ! army he made a j\rney to ,asia to secure ! companion%ip ( ,a!nodorus ! eld]#de4 ,he became a practis$ speak]2 & ?\gh he adh]$ firmly to ! ,/oic tradition ( pla9 language & %ort s5t5ces#df1 yet c\ld become eloqu5t on ! great !mes ( 8 philosophy#dg1 & c\ld w9 ! approval ( ! p ev5 = its p>adoxes#dh4 ,he 0 resolutely oppos$ to brib]y & extortion4 ,z quae/or 9 ,b4,c4 #ff he introduc$ re=m into ! public f9ances1 & put an end to embezzlem5ts by (ficials4 ,8 popul>ity became v great1 & he 0 elect$ tribune ( ! plebs t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> #fc ,b4,c41 :5 8 voice decid$ ! s5ators to decree ! dea? ( ! associates ( ,catil9e4 ,) 8 subsequ5t policy ,cic]o f9ds fault1 because ,cato refus$ to connive at ! extortions ( ! publicani3 & f ,cic]o's criticisms has aris5 ! accept$ view t ,cato 0 an unpractical /atesman4 ,on ! o!r h& x may well be held t if ! ,roman ari/ocracy _h includ$ m m5 l ,cato1 ! republic might h be5 sav$3 & t[>ds ! end ( 8 life ,cic]o bitt]ly lam5t$ t he _h n suffici5tly valu$ ! s9c]e fri5d%ip :i* ,cato (f]$ him#di4 ,9 ! ye> #ed ,b4,c4 ! c&idates = ! (fice ( tribune paid him a s+ul> complim5t2 ea* deposit$ ) him a l>ge sum ( money1 :i* he 0 to =feit if 9 ,cato's op9ion he 0 guilty ( brib]y#ej4 ,8 :ole political life 0 guid$ by ! /ricte/ moral pr9ciple#ea2 ev5 9 s unimportant a matt] z ,cic]o's reque/ = a triumph he w\ld d no?+ to oblige a fri5d#eb4 ,9 private life he attempt$ to put into practice ! pr9ciple ( ! community ( wom5 taught 9 ,z5o's ,republic4 ,he _h m>ri$ ,m>cia1 daught] ( ,philippus1 & _h ?ree *ildr5 by h]3 9 #ef ,b4,c4 he gave h] up to 8 fri5d ,c4 ,hort5sius1 ^: family 0 9 dang] ( becom+ ext9ct3 f9ally on ! ?reat5+ ( ! civil w> 9 ,b4,c4 #ej he took h] back to 8 own home4 ,at a "t :5 ! m>riage bond 0 lightly treat$ by _m ( 8 contempor>ies he at lea/ rose above petty motives4 ,9 ! civil w> he took sides /rongly aga9/ ,caes>1 8 old political oppon5t4 ,8 self-s\ght dea? aft] ,ph>salia won him a di/9ction :i* he _h e>n$ bett] by 8 life3 & ! unmeasur$ praise be/[$ ^u him a c5tury lat] is p]haps due m to political bias ?an to philosophical respect#ec4 ,! few words ) :i* ,virgil hon\rs 8 memory are m effective1 :5 he pictures ,cato z *os5 to be a judge 9 ! _w ( ! ble/#ed4 ,cato repres5ts ! ,/oic view z to ! summum bonum 9 ,cic]o's de ,f9ibus4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>ro1 ,brutus & ,porcia4 #dca4 ,contempor>y ) ,cic]o & ,cato 0 ,m4 ,,t]5tius ,,v>ro 7,b4,c4 #aaf-bh74 ,9 8 public c>e] & political pr9ciples he 0 n unlike ,cato2 9 8 lit]>y activity he m resembl$ ,cic]o4 ,bo? ,v>ro & ,cic]o 7 deeply influ5c$ by ,/oic tea*+1 b z !y 7 by no means pr(ess$ adh]5ts ( ?is philosophy#ee1 !y may be "h pass$ by4 ,9 ! next g5]ation ,m4 ,,junius ,,brutus 7#he-db ,b4,c47 conc]ns u m3 = by 8 m>riage ) ,,porcia1 ,cato's daught] & an ard5t ,/oic1 he came into a family connexion ) ! sect1 ) :i* 8 p]sonal views1 z we h se51 7 n entirely 9 agreem5t#ef4 ,/ill ,brutus 0 n altoge!r unfitt$ to play ! "p ( ,cato's successor2 he 0 no mean orator#eg1 & wrote m ?an "o philosophical treatise#eh2 :il/ ,cic]o d$icat$ sev]al ( 8 philosophical works to him#ei4 ,b ! practical ,/oicism ( ,porcia1 :o /abb$ h]self 9 ! ?igh to %[ t %e 0 fit to be tru/$ ) a political secret1 %9es out m brightly ?an ! speculations ( h] husb&4 ,9 h] hon\r ,m>tial has writt5 "o ( ! few epigrams 9 :i* he all[s himself to be caught 9 a mood ( admiration3 yet 8 /ory ( ,porcia's dea? mu/ be reject$ z unhi/orical#fj4 ,sid5ote3 ,horace4 #dcb4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,brutus ,/oicism ceases = a :ile to play a prom95t "p 9 ,roman hi/ory2 b its indirect influ5ce is v m>k$ 9 ! two great poets ( ! ,augu/an epo*1 ,horace & ,virgil4 ,( ^! ,,horace is 9 ! ma9 an ,epicurean1 & z su* is q entitl$ to use ! ,/oic p>adoxes z matt] = ridicule1 & ev5 to anticipate dang]\s consequ5ces f _! practical application#fa4 ,b 9 fact 8 works %[ a con/antly increas+ appreciation ( ! e?ics ( ,/oicism4 ,he recognises ! high ideals & civic activity ( its pr(essors#fb1 & he draws a noble picture ( ! ,/oic sage1 confid5t 9 8 convictions1 & bidd+ defiance to ! cr[d & ! tyrant alike#fc4 ,( t practical wisdom & g5ial criticism :i* has made ,horace ! fav\rite poet ( s _m m5 em95t 9 public life1 no small "p consi/s ( ,/oic pr9ciples deftly fre$ f ! p>adoxical =m 9 :i* !y 7 convey$ to pr(ess$ adh]5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,virgil4 #dcc4 ,) ?is picture ( ,/oicism se5 f )\t we mu/ contra/ t giv5 u by ,,virgil1 :o inh]it$ ! ,/oic tradition f ,aratus#fd1 8 model = ! ,georgics4 ,virgil's m9d is p5etrat$ by ,/oic feel+1 & 8 works are an int]pretation ( ! univ]se 9 ! ,/oic s5se2 b l s _m ( 8 contempor>ies he holds alo( f =mal adh]5ce to ! sect1 & c>efully avoids its te*nical language4 ,q possibly too he incorporat$ 9 8 sy/em elem5ts drawn f o!r philosophies4 ,9 physics he accepts ! pr9ciple t ! fi]y ae!r is ! s\rce ( all life#fe2 x is id5tical ) ! div9e _s#ff & ! all-in=m+ m9d#fg4 ,f ?is /&po9t he is l$ on to ! doctr9e ( purgatory#fh1 & f t he looks =w>d to ! "t ( ! conflagration1 :5 all creation w be reconcil$ by return+ to its primitive unity 9 ! primal fire-_s#fi4 ,/ill ,virgil's picture mu/ be reg>d$ r z an adaptation ?an z an exposition ( ,/oicism2 x lacks ! %>p outl9es & ! didactic tone ( ! poetry ( ,clean!s or ,lucretius1 & o!r int]pretations are by no means exclud$4 ,sid5ote3 ,virgil's !ology4 #dcd4 ,) ! problem ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se ,virgil's m9d is occupi$ ?r\gh\t ! ,a5eid4 ,he is con/antly weigh+ ! relative importance ( ! ?ree =ces1 fate1 ! gods1 & =tune1 precisely z ! philosoph]s d4 ,to ea* ( ! ?ree he assigns a "p 9 ! affairs ( m52 b t tak5 by fate is unmi/akably pr$om9ant4 ,! individual gods h v little importance 9 ! poem2 !y are to a l>ge ext5t allegorical figures1 repres5t+ human in/9cts & passions2 !y _c div]t de/9y f its pa?1 ?\gh ) _! utmo/ ef=t !y may slightly delay its "w or *ange its incid5ce4 ,above all ^! little gods ,jove t[]s al(t1 a p[] magnific5t & munific5t2 at 8 voice ! gods %udd] & ! worlds obey4 ,b ! p[] ( ,jove re/s ^u 8 complete acceptance ( ! irrevocable decrees ( fate#gj4 ,! critic may ev5 describe him z a puppet-k+1 :o we>s an outw>d semblance ( royalty1 b is really ob$i5t to an incessant int]f]5ce f a high] au?ority4 ,virgil h[ev] appe>s truly to hold ! ,/oic pr9ciple t ,fate & ,jove are "o2 he ?us takes u at once to ! f9al problem ( philosophy1 ! reconciliation ( ! conceptions ( ,law =m$ on ! "o h& by obs]v+ facts 7! mod]n #8,laws ( ,nature'7 & on ! o!r h& by recognis+ ! moral in/9ct 7! mod]n #8,moral ,law'74 ,z we h se51 a reconciliation ( ^! two by logic is intr9sically impossible4 ,virgil h[ev] %[s u h[ !y may be 9 practice reconcil$ by a c]ta9 attitude ( m9d2 & because t attitude is "o ( resignation to & coop]ation ) ! supreme p[]1 x w\ld seem "r to place ,virgil by ! side ( ,clean!s z "o ( ! religi\s poets ( ,/oicism4 ,sid5ote3 ,virgil's e?ics4 #dce4 ,virgil's conception ( e?ics is display$ 9 ! "* ( ,a5eas4 ,mu* mod]n criticism revolts aga9/ ! "* ( ,a5eas exactly z x does aga9/ t ( ,cato1 & = ! same reason1 t x is )\t sympa?y = ,/oic e?ics4 ,to und]/& ,a5eas we mu/ fir/ picture a man ^: :ole s\l is fill$ by a rev]5t reg>d = de/9y & submission to ,jove1 :o repres5ts de/9y on its p]sonal side4 ,he c !re=e nev] play ! "p ( ! h]o 9 revolt2 b at ! same "t he is human1 & liable to ^? petty weaknesses & ab]rations f :i* ev5 ! sage is n exempt4 ,he c hesitate or be ha/y1 c love or weep2 b ! sov]eignty ( 8 m9d is nev] upset4 ,9 a happy phrase ,virgil sums up ! :ole e?ics ( ,/oicism3 #8,calm 9 8 s\l he abides1 & ! te>s roll d[n1 b 9 va9#ga4' ,9 contra/ to ,a5eas /&s ,dido1 int5sely human & passionate1 & 9 full rebellion aga9/ h] de/9y4 ,%e is to him ,eve ! temptress1 ,cleopatra ! s$uc]2 b %e is n de/9$ to w9 a f9al triumph4 ,a mod]n romance w\ld d\btless h a diff]5t end+4 ,sid5ote3 ,ovid4 #dcf4 ,among/ writ]s :o adopt$ mu* ( ! =mal tea*+ ( ,/oicism )\t imbib+ its _s we may reckon ,,ovid 7#dc ,b4,c4-#ah ,a4,d474 ,n only does he accept ! c5tral idea ( ,/oicism1 t x is ! div9e fire by virtue ( :i* e man lives & moves#gb1 b he op5s 8 greate/ "w by a description ( ! creation#gc :i* appe>s to foll[ ,/oic l9es1 & 9 :i* ! erect figure ( man is specially recognis$ z ! pro( ( ! preem95ce :i* ,provid5ce has assign$ to him ov] all ! o!r works ( ! ,creator#gd4 ,b ! tales relat$ 9 ! ,metamorphoses %[ no trace ( ! s]i\s religi\s purpose ( ,virgil2 & ! society pictur$ 9 ,ovid's love poems gives only a c>icature ( ! ,/oic doctr9es ( ! community ( wom51 ! abs5ce ( jeal\sy1 & outspok5ness ( spee*4 ,f9ally ! pla9tive tone ( ! ,tri/ia %[s h[ little ,ovid 0 9 t\* ) ,/oic self-control amid/ ! buffet+s ( =tune4 ,sid5ote3 ,cremutius ,cordus4 #dcg4 ,9 ! "t ( ! next pr9ceps we fir/ f9d ,/oicism associat$ ) an unsympa!tic attitude t[>ds ! imp]ial gov]nm5t4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ,/oic pr9ciples to sugge/ ?is opposition4 ,tib]ius himself _h li/5$ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,/oic ,ne/or1 & ! simplicity ( 8 p]sonal life & ! gravity ( 8 mann]s might well h won him ! support ( s9c]e philosoph]s4 ,b if ,/oicism did n create ! _s ( opposition1 x confirm$ x :]e x already exi/$4 ,! memory ( ,cato associat$ ,/oic doctr9es ) republican views3 vague idealisations ( ,brutus & ,cassius sugge/$ ! glorification ( tyrannicide4 ,,cremutius ,,cordus 7ob4 ,a4,d4 #be7 _h (f5d$ ,seianus by a s>ca/ic rem>k3 = :5 ,tib]ius repair$ ! !atre ( ,pompey1 & ! s5ate vot$ t a /atue ( ,seianus %\ld be erect$ !re1 ,cordus said t ?is meant really spoil+ ! !atre#ge4 ,seianus !n dropp$ a h9t to 8 cli5t ,satrius1 :o accus$ ,cordus be=e ! s5ate ( writ+ a hi/ory 9 :i* he highly prais$ ,brutus1 & decl>$ ,cassius to h be5 #8! la/ ( ! ,romans4' ,a ^w ( apology w\ld h sav$ ! life ( ,cordus2 he resolv$ to die by 8 own act#gf1 to ! great annoyance ( 8 prosecutors#gg4 ,f ?is "t on suicide became an object ( political ambition4 ,! ,/oic tradition cont9u$ 9 ! family ( ,cordus1 & to 8 daught] ,m>cia1 z a fell[-memb] ( ! sect1 ,s5eca address$ ! well-kn[n ,consolatio#gh2 b ! title ( #8old ,romans' describes f> bett] ! true lean+s ( ! m5 ( :om ,cordus 0 ! =]unn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,kanus ,iulius4 #dch4 ,9 ! reign ( ,gaius 7,caligula7 we fir/ f9d philosoph]s z su* expos$ to p]secution2 & we may inf] t1 l ! ,jews1 !y resi/$ tacitly or op5ly ! claim ( ! emp]or to be wor%ipp$ z a god4 ,,iulius ,,graec9us1 accord+ to ,s5eca1 0 put to dea? = no o!r reason ?an t he 0 a bett] man ?an a tyrant lik$ to see alive#gi4 ,,kanus ,,iulius reprov$ ! emp]or to 8 face1 & he>d ) calmness 8 own doom pron\nc$4 ,dur+ ! t5 days /ill left to him he w5t quietly on ) 8 daily occupations2 he 0 engag$ 9 a game ( *ess :5 ! c5turion summon$ him4 #8,aft] my dea?1' he said to 8 oppon5t1 #8d n boa/ t y won ! game4' ,8 philosoph] accompani$ him1 & inquir$ h[ 8 ?\ghts 7 occupi$4 #8,i propose1' said ,kanus1 #8to obs]ve :e!r at ! la/ mom5t ! s\l is consci\s ( its dep>ture4 ,aft]w>ds1 if ,i discov] :at ! condition ( dep>t$ s\ls is1 ,i w come back & in=m my fri5ds#hj4' ,sid5ote3 ,arria ! eld]4 #dci4 ,9 ! reign ( ,claudius we f9d ,/oics engag$ 9 actual conspiracy aga9/ ! emp]or4 ,! "n ( ,,paetus ,,caec9a introduces u to a fam\s ,/oic family1 = 8 wife 0 ,,arria ! eld]4 ,pl9y tells u1 on ! au?ority ( h] gr&daught] ,fannia1 h[ :5 h] husb& & son bo? fell sick toge!r1 & ! latt] di$1 %e c>ri$ out ! :ole fun]al )\t h] husb&'s k2 & ea* "t t %e ent]$ 8 sick *amb]1 assum$ a *e]ful smile & assur$ him t ! boy 0 mu* bett]4 ,:5ev] h] grief became too /rong1 %e w\ld leave ! room = a few m9utes to weep1 & return once m calm4 ,:5 ,scribonianus 9 ,illyria rebell$ aga9/ ,claudius1 ,paetus took 8 side2 ^u 8 fall he 0 br\ght a prison] to ,rome4 ,arria 0 n all[$ to accompany him1 b %e foll[$ him 9 a fi%+ boat4 ,%e enc\rag$ him to face dea? by pi]c+ h] own brea/ ) a dagg]1 decl>+ #8x doesn't hurt#ha1' & ^u 8 dea? %e det]m9$ n to survive him4 ,?rasea1 h] son-9-law1 tri$ to dissuade h]4 #8,if ,i 7 condemn$1 w\ld y1' said he1 #8wi% y\r daught] to die ) me8' #8,yes1' said ,arria1 #8if %e _h liv$ ) y z long & z happily z ,i ) ,paetus4' ,"h we h a delib]ate ju/ification ( ! ,h9du practice ( ! ,sat4 ,sid5ote3 ,s5eca4 #ddj4 ,9 ! reign ( ,n]o ! ,/oics are /ill m prom95t1 & almo/ always 9 opposition4 ,,s5eca1 ( c\rse1 ! emp]or's tutor & m9i/]1 is on ! gov]nm5t side2 & f 8 life we c draw ! true/ picture ( ! imp]ial civil s]vant 9 high (fice4 ,we %all c]ta9ly n expect to f9d t ,s5eca illu/rat$ 9 8 own life all ! virtues t he prea*$2 on ! o!r h& we %all n readily believe t ! ard5t disciple ( ,attalus#hb & affectionate husb& ( ,paul9a 0 a man ( dissolute life or ( av>ici\s passions4 ,simple ta/es1 an endless capacity = h>d "w1 & scrupul\s hone/y 7 ! ord9>y m>ks ( ! ,roman (ficial 9 ^? days1 z !y are ( memb]s ( ! ,civil ,s]vice ( ,india to-day#hc4 ,s5eca is (t5 accus$ ( hav+ be5 too supple z a m9i/]2 b he 0 c>ry+ out ! pr9ciples ( 8 sect bett] by tak+ an active "p 9 politics ?an if he _h1 l _m o!rs1 held sull5ly alo(#hd4 ,he did n inde$ imitate ,cato or ,rutilius ,rufus1 :o _h c>ri$ firmness ( pr9ciple to an ext5t t laid !m op5 to ! *>ge ( ob/9acy2 b 9 submitt+ frankly to p[] great] ?an 8 own he /ill saw to x t 8 own influ5ce %\ld c\nt t[>ds ! bett] side4 ,= ! /ory ( 8 political c>e] we _c d bett] ?an to ref] to ! late/ hi/orian ( 8 times#he2 ( 8 "w z a philosoph]1 to :i* he himself attribut$ ! great] importance1 a g5]al acc\nt has be5 giv5 above#hf & m p>ticul> discussions =m ! c5tral !me ( ?is book4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sius & ,lucan4 #dda4 ,f ,s5eca we pass naturally to "s m5tion ( ! poets ,p]sius & ,lucan4 ,a4 ,,p]sius ,,flaccus 7#cd-fb ,a4,d47 became at #af ye>s ( age ! pupil & companion ( ! ,/oic philosoph] ,cornutus3 he 0 also a relative ( ! ,arriae already m5tion$4 ,he gives u a *>m+ picture ( 8 tea*]'s ways ( life1 :i* 7 d\btless typical#hg3 & 8 summ>y view ( ! scope ( philosophy well indicates h[ its proportions _h %runk at ?is p]iod4 ,dialectic is n m5tion$1 & physics has int]e/ only 9 its be>+ ^u ! position & duty ( ! individual4 #8,g1 /udy1 hapless folk1 & le>n to "k ,! end & object ( our life--:at are we2 ,! purpose ( our be+ "h2 ! rank ,assign$ u at ! />t1 & :]e & :5 ,! turn is smoo!/ r\nd ! p]il\s po/2 ,! b\nds ( weal?2 life's lawful aims2 ! use ,( ho>ds ( co9 new-m9t$2 :at ! claims ,( fa!rl& & k9sfolk ne> & de>2 ,! w ( ,god conc]n+ !e1 & :]e ,?\ /&e/ 9 ! commonweal? ( man#hh4' ,8 contempor>y ,m4 ,,annaeus ,,lucanus 7#ci-fe ,a4,d471 a nephew ( ,s5eca1 plung$ m deeply bo? into philosophy & into politics4 ,9 bo? he display$ ard\r insuffici5tly temp]$ ) discretion2 he _h a f> ke5] s5se ( 8 p]sonal grievances ?an became a ,/oic1 & 0 mu* m ( a critic ?an ( a re=m]4 ,yet h>dly any writ] expresses m =cibly ! *>act]i/ic doctr9es ( ,/oicism1 z !y seiz$ ! imag9ation ( "y ,romans ( ! upp] classes4 ,among/ su* doctr9es t ( ! conflagration 0 cle>ly prom95t4 #8,s :5 ?is frame ( ?+s has be5 dissolv$1 ,& ! _w's _m ages h receiv$ ,_! consummation 9 "o f9al h\r1 ,*aos recall$ %all ga9 8 utmo/ seat1 ,! con/ellations 9 confusion dire ,hurl$ ea* on ea* toge!r cla%2 ! />s ,flam+ %all fall into ! deep2 ! e>? ,no long] %all ext5d h] b>ri] %ores1 ,& fl+ ! wat]s f h]2 & ! ,moon ,%all meet ! ,sun 9 fratricidal w>#hi4' #8,"o pyre awaits ! ,univ]se2 9 ru9 ',twill mix ) bones ( m5 ! heav5ly sph]es#ij4' ,lucan emphasizes ! pan!i/ic int]pretation ( ! div9e nature2 #8,god is all eye c see or he>t c feel#ia4' #8,! p[]s ( heav5 are r\nd ab\t u all2 ,& ?\gh f out ! temple come no voice1 ,n\ght c we d )\t ! w ( ,god#ib4' ,to ! idealiz$ ,cato he addresses ! noble/ praises2 #8,= sure a consecrat$ life is ?9e1 ,! laws ( heav5 ?y patt]n1 ,god ?y guide#ic4' #8,see ! true ,fa!r ( 8 c\ntry1 wor? ,! homage ( ?9e alt>s1 ,rome2 = !y ,:o swe> by him %all nev] be a%am$4 ,if e'er ! yoke is lift$ f ?y neck1 ,n[ or h]eaft] he %all be ?y ,god#id4' ,sid5ote3 ,civil s]vice & #8old ,romans4' #ddb4 ,! c>e]s ( ,s5eca & ,musonius1 & ! e>ly ye>s ( ,lucan himself1 indicate suffici5tly t !re 0 no ess5tial opposition betwe5 ,/oic pr9ciples & ! ,roman pr9cipate2 9 o!r words1 t ,/oics z su* 7 n #8republicans4' ,r ! contr>y2 = ne>ly all ! ,greek philosoph]s _h be5 incl9$ to fav\r mon>*y1 & ! ,/oics _h be5 conspicu\s 9 ! desire to aboli% ! di/9ctions ( bir? & class ^u :i* ! ,roman ari/ocracy laid s mu* /ress1 & :i* ! pr9cipate 0 dispos$ to ignore4 ,b 9 fact ,/oicism 0 ! common m\ld 9 :i* ! educat$ y\? ( ,rome 7 %ap$ at ?is p]iod2 x produc$ hone/1 dilig5t1 & simple-m9d$ m51 exactly suit$ to be in/rum5ts ( ! great imp]ial bureaucracy4 ,l>ge numb]s ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! /ate1 & 7 he>d ( no m2 su* an "o 7except = ,s5eca's incid5tal acc\nt ( him7 0 ,c4 ,,lucilius1 ,s5eca's correspond5t4 ,! great "w ( ,roman gov]nm5t 0 c>ri$ on 9 sil5ce1 j z t ( ,india 9 ! pres5t day4 ,?is sil5ce 0 probably on ! :ole b5eficial to society1 ?\gh x 0 (t5 felt z a con/ra9t by ! individual4 ,= ?is reason & _m o!rs !re 7 at ,rome 7z ev]y:]e & at all times7 _m able b disappo9t$ m52 !y became ! critics ( ! gov]nm5t1 & f be+ critics !y might at any "t become conspirators2 b at no p]iod did !y s]i\sly aim at re/or+ ! republican sy/em4 ,_! political cre$ 0 limit$1 & did n look beyond ! int]e/s ( ! class f :i* !y sprang4 ,!y claim$ = memb]s ( ! s5ate at ,rome _! anci5t p]sonal privileges1 & especially t ( lib]tas1 t is1 fre$om to criticize & ev5 to insult ! memb]s ( ! gov]nm5t2 !y sang ! praises ( ,cato1 celebrat$ ! bir?days ( ,brutus & ,cassius#ie1 & practis$ a k9d ( #8passive resi/ance' bas$ on ,ori5tal me?ods1 by quitt+ life )\t hesitation :5 !y 7 baulk$ 9 _! imm$iate wi%es by ! gov]nm5t4 ,:5 ! adm9i/ration 0 c>ri$ on dec5tly ^! m5 7 ridicul\s2 :5 f "t to "t x became a sc&al !y 7 h]oes4 ,sid5ote3 ,republican prejudices4 #ddc4 ,! e>ly ye>s ( ,n]o's reign %[ u pla9ly t true _s ( ,/oicism 0 f> m develop$ on ! side ( ! gov]nm5t ?an on t ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,no?+ di/+ui%es ,s5eca m hon\rably ?an 8 humane attitude t[>ds ! slave population2 & he 0 *ief m9i/] ( ! pr9ceps :5 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #fa a #8notable case#if' arose1 9 :i* ! human rights ( slaves 7 involv$4 ,! city prefect1 ,p$anius ,secundus1 0 kill$ by "o ( 8 slaves4 ,x 0 cont5d$ 9 ! s5ate t by anci5t cu/om ! :ole h\sehold1 old & "y1 guilty & innoc5t1 mu/ be put to dea? alike2 & ?is view prevail$ & 0 c>ri$ into effect4 ,public op9ion1 accord+ to ,tacitus#ig1 0 unanim\s aga9/ su* sev]ity2 x look$1 n unreasonably1 to ! emp]or & 8 m9i/] to prev5t x#ig;a4 ,!y on ! contr>y left ! decision to ! free judgm5t ( ! s5ate4 ,:]e n[ 7 ! m5 ( philosophic pr9ciple1 ( _w-wide sympa?ies1 ( outspok5 utt]ance8 ,! hi/orian tells u t n "o 0 f\nd 9 ! s5ate4 ,! hon\rable m5 :o c\ld defy an emp]or's dea?-s5t5ce /ill lack$ ! c\rage to speak out aga9/ ! prejudices ( _! own class2 _m inde$ utt]$ exclamations1 express+ pity = ! wom51 ! "y1 & ! indubitably innoc5t1 & ev5 vot$ aga9/ ! executions2 b ev5 9 s simple a matt] !re 0 n a man to foll[ ! lead ( ,catil9e 9 ,cic]o's days1 & take up z 8 own ! cause ( ! oppress$4 ,! lead] ( ! m]ciless majority 0 ,c4 ,cassius ,long9us1 a celebrat$ juri/1 & "o :o regul>ly celebrat$ ! hon\rs ( ,cassius ! conspirator4 ,sid5ote3 ,n]o & ! ,/oics4 #ddd4 ,b al?\gh ! adm9i/ration ( :i* ,n]o 0 ! head 0 l>gely mann$ by pr(ess$ ,/oics1 & /ood z a :ole = ! bett] sympa?ies ( ! ,roman p1 ! c\rse ( c\rt intrigue br\ght ab\t a fi]ce conflict betwe5 ! gov]nm5t & a gr[+ =ce ( public op9ion ( :i* ! #8old ,roman' gr\p ( ,/oics 7 sometimes ! spokesm51 & at o!r times ! sil5t repres5tatives4 ,to ,n]o ! consid]ation ( 8 own safety 0 pr$om9ant ov] e consid]ation ( ju/ice to individuals1 & h]e9 he /ood condemn$ 7& knew t x 0 s7 by ! judgm5t ( all m5 ( philosophic temp]4 ,! fir/ ( 8 victims1 & p]haps ! mo/ des]v+ ( our admiration1 0 ,,rubellius ,,plautus1 accus$ by ,tigell9us because he ma9ta9$ ! irritat+ cult ( ! #8tyrannicides1' & _h jo9$ ! disloyal sect ( ! ,/oics#ih4 ,! *>ge ( disloyalty aga9/ himself & 8 companions he disprov$2 =1 advis$ by 8 ,/oic tea*]s ,co]anus & ,musonius1 he decl9$ to take "p 9 a ris+ :i* might h be5 successful1 & calmly await$ 8 fate 7#fj ,a4,d474 ,9 ! conspiracy ( ,piso1 :i* broke out a few ye>s lat]1 ,,plautus ,,lat]anus is nam$ by ! hi/orian z "o ( ! few ^: motives 7 hon\rable & ^: conduct 0 consi/5tly c\rage\s#ii4 ,! lat] ye>s ( ,n]o's reign are illum9at$ 9 ! pages ( ,tacitus by ! firmness ( m5 l ,,?rasea ,,paetus1 ,,paconius ,,agripp9us1 & ,,b>ea ,,soranus1 & ! h]oic devotion ( wom5 l ! y\ng] ,,arria1 ,?rasea's wife1 & ,,s]vilia1 ! daught] ( ,soranus#ajj4 ,9 ! p]secution ( ?is gr\p ! mod]n hi/orian f9ds ext5uat+ circum/ances1 b at ,rome itself x appe>$ z ?\gh ! emp]or 7 engag$ 9 ! attempt to extirpate virtue itself#aja4 ,sid5ote3 ,helvidius ,priscus4 #dde4 ,^u ! fall ( ,n]o ! #8old ,romans' came = a %ort "t into p[] "u ! pr9cipate ( ,galba1 & among/ o!rs ,,helvidius ,,priscus1 ,?rasea's son-9-law1 return$ f exile4 ,f ! acc\nt ( ,tacitus he appe>s to h be5 a v s9c]e adh]5t ( ! ,/oic s*ool4 #8,he 0 n l o!rs :o adopt ! "n ( philosoph] 9 ord] to cloak an idle disposition4 ,he foll[$ ^? tea*]s :o ma9ta9 t only ! hon\rable is good1 & only ! base is evil2 p[]1 nobility1 & o!r ?+s ext]nal to ! s\l be+ nei!r good nor evil4 ,he design$ s to =tify himself !reby aga9/ ! bl[s ( =tune t he c\ld play 8 "p 9 public affairs )\t fl9*+#ajb4' ,8 fir/ act on return+ to ,rome 0 to comm5ce a prosecution ( ! accus] ( ,?rasea4 ,! s5ate 0 divid$ 9 op9ion z to ! wisdom ( ?is /ep1 & :5 ,helvidius ab&on$ ! suit "s prais$ 8 *>ity1 :il/ o!rs lam5t$ 8 indecision#ajc4 ,he resum$ 8 attempt1 z we %all see1 at a lat] "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 fall4 #ddf4 ,vespasian 0 und\bt$ly tol]ant 9 8 views3 8 reign began ) ! re/itution ( hon\rs to ! deceas$ ,galba1 & ! mu*-respect$ ,musonius#ajd seiz$ ! opportunity to attack 9 ! s5ate ,p4 ,egnatius ,cel]1 ^: trea*]y _h br\ght ab\t ! fall ( ,soranus#aje1 = false evid5ce4 ,! trial 0 po/pon$1 b result$ a little lat] 9 ! condemnation ( ,cel]#ajf4 ,public op9ion took ! side ( ,musonius3 b ! accus$ f\nd a *ampion 9 ,demetrius ! ,cynic philosoph]1 & at lea/ def5d$ himself ) ! ability & c\rage ( 8 sect4 ,!reupon ,helvidius resum$ 8 prosecution ( ! accus] ( ,?rasea2 b ! emp]or1 n[ anxi\s to let bygones be bygones1 refus$ to approve#ajg4 ,?is second failure appe>s to h embitt]$ ,helvidius3 8 opposition to ,vespasian became op5 & insult+1 & br\ght ab\t 8 dea?#ajh4 ,! life ( 8 wife ,,fannia 0 wor?y ( ! two ,arriae1 h] gr&mo!r & h] "m4 ,twice %e foll[$ h] husb& into exile2 a ?ird "t %e br\ght ?is puni%m5t ^u h]self1 by enc\rag+ 8 fri5d ,s5ecio to publi% 8 biography1 supply+ him ) ! mat]ials1 & op5ly ju/ify+ h] action4 ,9 h] private life %e _h s+ul> *>m & affability2 & h] dea? appe>$ to ,pl9y to close an era ( noble wom5#aji4 ,sid5ote3 ,r5ewal ( ! ,/oic opposition4 #ddg4 ,x seems probable t ! ,/oic nobles f\nd ! l[ bir? ( ,vespasian z intol]able z ! tyranny ( ,n]o2 at any rate !y soon resum$ _! attitude ( opposition to ! gov]nm5t1 & ! puni%m5t ( ,helvidius1 if int5d$ z a w>n+1 prov$ r a provocation4 ,x appe>s t he & ! #8old ,romans' began a sy/ematic propag&a 9 fav\r ( :at !y call$ #8democracy#aaj1' t is1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,roman empire by ! s5atorial class2 & !y probably involv$ _m pr(ess$ philosoph]s 9 ?is impracticable & reaction>y movem5t4 ,vespasian resolv$ on expell+ all ! philosoph]s f ,rome4 ,f ?is g5]al s5t5ce ! be/ kn[n ( all1 ,musonius1 0 except$#aaa1 & we mu/ inf] t he _h %[n ! good s5se to keep himself free f political entanglem5ts4 ,9 spite ( ?is act ( ,vespasian1 ,/oicism cont9u$ to ga9 gr\nd1 & dur+ ! great] "p ( ! p]iod ( ! ,flavian dyna/y met ) little int]f]5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]secution by ,domitian4 #ddh4 ,b t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( ,domitian a m viol5t p]secution broke out4 ,,arul5us ,,ru/icus _h be5 tribune ( ! plebs 9 #ff ,a4,d41 & _h !n propos$ to use 8 veto 9 an attempt to save ! life ( ,?rasea ,paetus#aab4 ,9 #fi ,a4,d4 he 0 praetor1 & z su* head$ an embassy s5t by ! s5ate to ! soldi]s "u ,petilius ,c]ealis4 ,on ?is occasion he 0 r\ghly h&l$ & w\nd$1 & b>ely escap$ ) 8 life#aac4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( quiet1 he 0 accus$ 9 #ic ,a4,d41 :5 ,pl9y 0 praetor1 ( hav+ writt5 & spok5 9 hon\r ( ,?rasea ,paetus1 ,h]5nius ,s5ecio1 & ,helvidius ,priscus2 he 0 condemn$ to dea? & 8 books 7 de/roy$#aad4 ,,s5ecio 0 condemn$ at ! same "t = hav+ writt5 ! biography ( ,helvidius ,priscus1 & = ! fur!r (f5ce t s9ce hold+ ! quae/or%ip he _h n become a c&idate = any high] (fice#aae4 ,ab\t ! same "t 7 bani%$ ,artemidorus1 ! mo/ s+le-m9d$ & labori\s ( philosoph]s1 :om ,musonius _h select$ out ( a cr[d ( competitors z ! fitte/ to claim 8 daught] 9 m>riage#aaf2 ,junius ,mauricus1 bro!r ( ,arul5us ,ru/icus1 :o _h jo9$ ,musonius 9 ! attempt to secure ! puni%m5t ( ! delatores ( ,n]o's "t#aag2 ,demetrius1 & ,epictetus#aah2 & fur!r _m di/+ui%$ ladies1 includ+ ,arria & h] daught] ,fannia#aai4 ,b f ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,domitian 9 ,a4,d4 #if ! imp]ial gov]nm5t became f9ally reconcil$ ) ,/oicism1 :i* 0 n[ ! recognis$ cre$ ( ! great majority ( ! educat$ classes at ,rome1 ( all ages & ranks4 ,z su* x appe>s 9 ! writ+s ( ,,juv5al1 :o n only introduces into s]i\s lit]ature ! ,/oic pr9ciple ( #8/raight speak+1' b actually exp\nds mu* ( ! e?ical tea*+ ( ,/oicism ) m directness & =ce ?an any pr(ess$ adh]5t ( ! sy/em4 ,sid5ote3 ,/oic re=m ( law4 #ddi4 ,/oicism1 receiv$ into fav\r 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 won new opportunities & 0 expos$ to new dang]s4 ,its greate/ a*ievem5t lay 9 ! developm5t ( ,roman law4 ,z we h j se5#abj1 ! #8old ,romans' ( ,n]o's day1 9 spite ( _! pr(ession ( ,/oicism1 7 unb5d+ uphold]s ( ! old law1 ) all its h>%ness & n>r[ness2 & we h to g back a hundr$ ye>s to ! great lawy]s ( ! times ( ,sulla & ,cic]o#aba to meet ) m5 prep>$ to ?r[ aside old traditions & build anew on ! f\ndations ( natural ju/ice4 ,b ! l>g] view _h n be5 lo/ sight (4 ,x rema9$ z ! ideal ( ! m g5]\s-m9d$ memb]s ( ! imp]ial civil s]vice2 & 9 ! times ( ! emp]ors ,anton9us ,pius 7#ach-afa ,a4,d47 & ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#afa-ahj ,a4,d47 x became ! />t+-po9t = a new developm5t ( ,roman law1 :i* is "o ( ! great a*ievem5ts ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,! mo/ eloqu5t ( ! hi/orians ( ! orig9s ( ,*ri/ianity ?us describes ?is movem5t4 #8,le /ocisme avait dj pntr le droit roma9 de ses l>ges maximes1 et en avait fait le droit naturel1 le droit philosophique1 tel que la raison peut le concevoir p\r t\s les hommes4 ,le droit /rict cde l'quit2 la d\ceur l'emporte sur la svrit2 la ju/ice p>at insp>able de la bi5faisance4 ,les gr&s jurisconsultes d',anton9 cont9ur5t la mme uvre4 ,le d]ni] ,volusius ,moecianus fut le matre de ,m>c-,aurle en fait de jurisprud5ce1 et1 vrai dire1 l'uvre des deux sa9ts emp]eurs ne saurait tre sp>e4 ,c'e/ d'eux que dat5t la plup>t de ces lois huma9es et s5ses qui fl*ir5t la rigueur du droit antique et fir5t1 d'une lgislation primitivem5t troite et implacable1 un code susceptible d'tre adopt p> t\s les peuples civiliss#abb4' ,9 ! legislation ( ,anton9us & ,aurelius ! humane & cosmopolitan pr9ciples ( ,/oic politics at la/ triumph ov] ,roman cons]vatism4 ,! poor1 ! sick1 ! infant1 & ! fam9e-/rick5 are protect$4 ,! slave is treat$ z a human be+2 to kill him becomes a crime1 to injure him a misdemean\r2 8 family & 8 prop]ty are protect$ by ! tribunals4 ,slav]y 9 fact is treat$ z a violation ( ! rights ( nature2 manumission is 9 e way enc\rag$4 ,! "t is )9 sight :5 ,ulpian w decl>e t #8all m51 accord+ to natural "r1 are born free & equal#abc4' ,?is legislation is n entirely ! "w ( pr(ess$ ,/oics2 x is nev]!less ! (fspr+ ( ,/oicism4 ,sid5ote3 ,repression ( zeal4 #dej4 ,!re 0 9 ! second c5tury1 z !re is /ill1 a %>p antagonism betwe5 ! mann]s ( cultivat$ society & ! ard5t pr(ession ( intellectual convictions4 ,an anecdote relat$ by ,gellius well illu/rates ! social =ces :i* 7 n[ con/antly at "w to *eck sup]flu\s en?usiasm4 #8,!re 0 ) u at table a "y /ud5t ( philosophy :o call$ himself a ,/oic1 b *iefly di/+ui%$ himself by an unwelcome loquacity4 ,he 0 always br++ up 9 season & out ( season recondite philosophical doctr9es1 & he look$ ^u all 8 neighb\rs z boors because !y 7 unacqua9t$ ) !m4 ,8 :ole talk 0 /r[n ) m5tion ( syllogisms1 fallacies1 & ! l1 su* z ! 8ma/]-argum5t10 ! 8quiesc5t10 & ! 8heap02 & he ?\ght t he 0 ! only man 9 ! _w :o c\ld solve !m4 ,fur!r he ma9ta9$ t he _h ?or\ghly /udi$ ! nature ( ! s\l1 ! gr[? ( virtue1 ! sci5ce ( daily duties1 & ! cure ( ! weaknesses & diseases ( ! m9d4 ,f9ally he consid]$ he _h atta9$ to t /ate ( p]fect happ9ess :i* c\ld be cl\d$ by no disappo9tm5t1 %ak5 by no pa9s ( dea?#abd4' ,su* a man1 we may ?9k1 might soon h become an apo/le ( s9c]e ,/oicism1 & might h left u a cle> & sy/ematic exposition ( ,/oic doctr9e z ref9$ by five c5turies ( exp]i5ce4 ,x 0 n to be4 ,! poli%$ ,h]odes ,atticus cru%$ him ) a quotation f ! disc\rses ( ,epictetus4 ,n _m (f5d$ 9 ! same way4 ,ev5 ,s5eca _h be5 sev]e on useless /udy 9 ! regions ( hi/ory & antiquity#abe2 ! new philosoph]s despis$ ! /udy ev5 ( philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ate e/abli%m5t ( philosophy4 #dea4 ,! ,/oicism ( ! second c5tury is !re=e mu* less %>ply def9$ ?an t ( e>li] times4 ,its doctr9es1 acquir$ 9 *ildhood1 are accept$ ) ready acquiesc5ce2 b !y are n accompani$ by any firm repudiation ( ! oppos+ views ( o!r s*ools4 ,once m1 z 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ! #8philosoph]' comes to ! front2 ! p>ticul> col\r ( 8 philosophy seems ( less importance#abf4 ,x is philosophy 9 g5]al :i* w9s ! patronage ( ! emp]ors4 ,n]va all[$ ! s*ools ( ! philosoph]s to be re-op5$2 ,trajan int]e/$ himself 9 !m z provid+ a useful tra9+ = ! "y4 ,hadrian w5t fur!r1 & end[$ ! tea*]s ( philosophy at ,rome2 ,anton9us ,pius did ! same ?r\gh\t ! prov9ces4 ,m>cus ,aurelius e/abli%$ repres5tatives ( ea* ( ! philosophic s*ools at ,a!ns2 & among/ lat] emp]ors ,septimius ,sev]us1 aid$ by 8 wife ,julia ,domna1 0 conspicu\s 9 ! same direction4 ,! philosoph]s1 :o _h firmly resi/$ p]secution1 gradually sacrific$ _! indep5d5ce "u ! influ5ce ( imp]ial fav\r4 ,!y /ill recit$ ! dogmas ( _! respective f\nd]s1 b unconsci\sly !y became ! p>tisans ( ! e/abli%$ =ms ( gov]nm5t & religion4 ,yet s g5tle 0 ! decay ( philosophy t x might be reg>d$ z progress if its true position 7 n illum9at$ by ! attitude ( ,m>cus ,aurelius t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians4 ,= ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 univ]sally accept$ z ! mo/ admirable practical repres5tative ( philosophy 9 its full rip5ess1 & no ^w ( criticism ( 8 policy 0 utt]$ by any tea*] ( ,/oicism4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pagan revival4 #deb4 ,! decay ( precise philosophic ?\ght 0 accompani$ by a /rong revival ( pagan religi\s s5tim5t4 ,! atmosph]e 9 :i* ,m>cus ,aurelius grew up1 & by :i* 8 political actions 7 det]m9$ f> m ?an by 8 philosophic pr(ession1 is ?us sympa!tically describ$ by ! late/ editor ( 8 ,reflections4 #8,9 h\se & t[n1 ! ance/ral ,p5ates ( ! he>? & ! ,l>es ( ! /reets gu>d$ ! int]c\rse ( life2 9 ! individual brea/1 a m9i/]+ ,g5ius %ap$ 8 de/9ies & respond$ to ea* mood ( melan*oly or ( mir?4 ,?us all life lay "u ! regim5 ( spiritual p[]s1 to be propitiat$ or appeas$ by appo9t$ obs]vances & ritual & =ms ( pray]4 ,to ?is punctili\s & dev\t =m ( ,paganism ,m>cus 0 inur$ f *ildhood2 at ! v9tage fe/ival he took 8 "p 9 *ant & sacrifice2 at eight ye>s old he 0 admitt$ to ! ,salian prie/hood2 8he 0 obs]v$ to p]=m all 8 sac]dotal functions ) a con/ancy & exactness unusual at t age2 0 soon a ma/] ( ! sacr$ music2 & _h all ! =ms & liturgies by he>t40 ,our e>lie/ /atue depicts him z a y\? (f]+ inc5se2 & 9 8 triumphal bas-reliefs he /&s be=e ! alt>1 a rob$ & sacrific+ prie/4 ,to him 8pray] & sacrifice1 & all obs]vances by :i* we own ! pres5ce & ne>ness ( ! gods10 are 8cov5ants & sacr$ m9i/ries0 admitt+ to 8intimate communion ) ! div9e#abg40' ,! cult ?us summ>iz$ is n t ( ! ,greek my?ology1 mu* less t ( ! rationaliz$ ,/oic !ology4 ,x is ! primitive ritualism ( ,italy1 /ill de> to ! he>ts ( ! common p1 & rega9+ its hold on ! educat$ 9 proportion z !y sp>$ !mselves ! ef=t ( individual criticism4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ate p]secution4 #dec4 ,x 0 by no m]e accid5t t ,m>cus ,aurelius became ! p]secutor ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,he 0 at he>t no successor ( ! ,z5o :o held z ess5tial ! doctr9e ( a supreme deity1 & absolutely reject$ ! use ( temples & images4 ,9 ! int]val1 (ficial ,/oicism _h le>nt fir/ to tol]ate sup]/ition ) a smile1 next to become its advocate2 n[ x 0 to become a p]secutor 9 its "n4 ,pontius ,pilatus is said to h recognis$ ! innoc5ce ( ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 & might h protect$ him _h 8 in/ructions f ,rome all[$ him to /ret* 8 au?ority s f>2 ,gallio#abh 0 un9t]e/$ 9 ! prea*+ ( ,paul2 b ,aurelius 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,*ri/ian pr(ession & its adh]5ts#abi1 & oppos$ x z an ob/9ate resi/ance to au?ority#acj4 ,! popul> antipa?y to ! new religion1 & ! (ficial di/a/e = all di/urb+ novelties1 f\nd 9 him a will+ support]#aca4 ,?us began a new /ruggle betwe5 ! p[] ( ! sword & t ( inw>d conviction4 ,because reason c\ld n support ! wor%ip ( ! pagan deities1 viol5ce mu/ d s#acb4 ,x became a triumph ( ! civil au?ority & ! popul> w to extort a ^w ( weakness by two ye>s ( p]si/5t torture#acc4 ,no end[$ pr(essor or enlight5$ magi/rate rais$ 8 voice 9 prote/2 & 9 ?is feeble acquiesc5ce ,/oicism p]i%$4 ,sid5ote3 ,revolt ( ! "y ,/oics4 #ded4 ,= ! consci5ces ( ! "y revolt$4 ,tra9$ at home & 9 s*ool to believe 9 provid5ce1 9 duty1 & 9 pati5t endurance ( evil1 !y in/9ctively recognis$ ! ,socratic =ce & example n 9 ! magi/rate seat$ 9 8 curule *air1 nor 9 ! ru/ic prie/ occupi$ 9 8 obsolete ritual1 b 9 ! tea*] on ! cross & ! m>tyr on ! rack#acd4 ,9 ev] increas+ numb]s m51 :o _h f _! ,/oic education imbib$ ! pr9ciples ( ! unity ( ! ,deity & ! fre$om ( ! w1 came ov] to ! new society :i* pr(ess$ ! "o )\t res]vation1 & display$ ! o!r )\t fl9*+4 ,) !m !y br\ght 9 l>ge measure _! philosophic habits ( ?\ght1 & 79 f> m p>ticul>s ?an is g5]ally recognis$7 ! def9ite t5ets :i* ! ,por* _h always inculcat$4 ,/oicism began a new hi/ory1 :i* is n yet end$1 )9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*2 & we mu/ n[ attempt to give "s acc\nt ( ?is aft]gr[? ( ! philosophy4 ,,footnotes #a ,lightfoot1 ,philippians1 p4 #cai2 ,dill1 ,roman ,society1 p4 #ccd2 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,social ,life at ,rome1 p4 #bg4 #b ,! practice ( /reet-prea*+1 z describ$ by ,horace & ,epictetus1 po9ts ?is way2 & ! _w-wide diffusion ( ,/oicism1 9 m or less dilut$ =ms1 is h>dly reconcileable ) its re/riction to a s+le class ( society4 #c #8semp] ,africanus ,socraticum ,x5ophontem 9 manibus habebat' ,cic4 ,tusc4 disp4 ii #bf1 #fb2 #8,cyrus ille a ,x5ophonte ad effigiem iu/i imp]i scriptus 444 quos quidem libros ,africanus de manibus pon]e non solebat' ad ,qu9t4 ,i i #h1 #bc4 #d #8ille ,laelius qui ,diog5em ,/oicum adulesc5s1 po/ autem ,panaetium audi]at' ,f94 ii #h1 #bd4 #e #8l5itatem ,laelius habuit' ,cic4 de ,or4 iii #g1 #bh2 #8,c4 ,laelius et ,p4 ,africanus imprimis eloqu5tes' ,brut4 #ba1 #hb4 #f #89 ,c4 ,laelio multa hil>itas' ,(f4 i #cj1 #ajh4 #g #8praecl>a e/ aequabilitas 9 omni vita et idem semp] vultus eademque frons1 ut de ,socrate itemque de ,c4 ,laelio accepimus' ib4 #bf1 #ij4 #h ,see above1 #cbf4 #i #8,sp4 ,mummius nihilo ornatior1 s$ tam5 a/rictior2 fuit enim doctus ex discipl9a ,/oicorum' ,cic4 ,brut4 #be1 #id4 #aj #8non tulit ullos haec civitas humanitate politiores ,p4 ,africano1 ,c4 ,laelio1 ,l4 ,furio1 qui secum eruditissimos hom9es ex ,graecia palam semp] habu]unt' de ,or4 ii #cg1 #aed4 #aa ,cic4 ,amic4 #aa1 #cg4 #ab #8,ti4 ,grac*um a ,q4 ,tub]one aequalibusque amicis d]elictum videbamus' ib4 #ac de ,or4 iii #bc1 #hg4 #ad #8quoniam ,/oicorum e/ facta m5tio1 ,q4 ,aelius ,tub]o fuit illo tempore1 nullo 9 oratorum num]o1 s$ vita sev]us et congru5s cum ea discipl9a quam colebat' ,brut4 #ca1 #aag4 #ae ,f94 iv #i1 #bc2 ,(f4 iii #ae1 #fc4 #af #8,panaetii illius tui' ,cic4 de ,or4 i #aa1 #de2 #8,mucius augur oratorum 9 num]o non fuit3 iuris civilis intelleg5tia atque omni prud5tiae g5]e prae/itit' ,brut4 #bf1 #ajb4 #ag #8,c4 ,fannius1 ,c4 ,laeli g5]1 444 in/ituto ,laelii ,panaetium audiv]at4 eius omnis 9 dic5do facultas ex hi/oria ipsius non inelegant] scripta p]spici pote/' ib4 #aja4 #ah ,s*mekel1 ,mittl]e ,/oa1 pp4 #ddd1 #dde4 #ai ,see especially 8 praise ( virtue1 beg9n+ #8virtus1 ,alb9e1 e/ pretium p]solv]e v]um queis 9 v]samur1 queis vivimu' rebu' potesse' fr4 #a4 #bj #8primum g5us poticum nugatorium dicit ,scaevola esse1 quod multa de dis f+antur indigna' ,aug4 ,civ4 ,de4 iv #bg1 on ! au?ority ( ,v>ro4 #ba #8t]tium g5us' inquit ,v>ro #8quod 9 urbibus cives1 maxime sac]dotes1 nosse atque adm9i/r>e deb5t' ,aug4 ,civ4 ,de4 vi #e4 #bb #8maior societas nobis debet esse cum philosophis quam cum poetis' ib4 #f4 #bc #8ego habeo exceptionem tectiorem ex ,q4 ,mucii ,p4 ,f4 edicto ,asiatico2 extra quam si ita negotium ge/um e/1 ut eo />i non oporteat ex fide bona2 multaque sum secutus ,scaevolae' ,cic4 ,att4 vi #a1 #ae4 #bd #8hanc gloriam iu/itiae et ab/95tiae =e inlu/riorem sp]o4 quod ,scaevolae contigit' ib4 v #ag1 #e4 #be ,see above1 #cbf4 #bf #8dixit causam illam quadam ex p>te ,q4 ,mucius1 m suo1 nullo adp>atu1 pure et dilucide' ,cic4 de ,or4 i #ec1 #bbi2 #8,scaevola p>corum elegantissimus' ,brut4 #dj1 #adh4 #bg #8,q4 ,mucius pontifex maximus ius civile primus con/ituit1 g5]atim 9 libros xviii r$ig5do' ,pompon4 ,dig4 i #b1 #b1 #da4 #bh ,h4 ,nettle%ip1 ,ius ,g5tium 7,j\rnal ( ,philology xiii #bf1 pp4 #afi sqq474 #bi #8qui iuris civilis rationem nunquam ab aequitate seiunx]it' ,cic4 ,caec4 #bg1 #gh4 #cj #8cum disc5di causa duobus p]itissimis op]am d$isset1 ,l4 ,lucilio ,balbo et ,c4 ,aquilio ,gallo' ,brut4 #db1 #aed2 cf4 de ,orat4 iii #ba1 #gh4 #ca #8,s]vius mihi videtur eloqu5tiae tantum assumpsisse1 ut ius civile facile possit tu]i' ,brut4 #dj1 #aej4 #cb #8,s]vius longe omnium 9 iure civili pr9ceps' ib4 #da1 #aea3 ,pomp4 ,dig4 i #b1 #b1 #dc4 #cc ,= an int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 c>e] & dea? see ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,social ,life at ,rome1 pp4 #aah-aba4 #cd #8idem ,aelius ,/oicus esse voluit' ,cic4 ,brutus #ef1 #bjf4 #ce #8,q4 ,lucilius ,balbus tantos progressus habebat 9 ,/oicis1 ut cum excell5tibus 9 eo g5]e ,graecis comp>>etur' ,n4 ,d4 i #f1 #ae4 #cf #8,sextus frat] prae/antissimum +5ium contul]at ad summam iuris civilis et r]um ,/oic>um sci5tiam' ,brutus #dg1 #age4 #cg ,see #dbg4 #ch #8,posidonius scribit ,p4 ,rutilium dic]e sol]e1 quae ,panaetius praet]misisset1 propt] eorum quae fecisset prae/antiam nem9em esse p]secutum' ,cic4 ,(f4 iii #b1 #aj4 #ci #8,p4 ,rutilius1 doctus vir et ,graecis litt]is eruditus1 prope p]fectus 9 ,/oicis' ,brutus #cj1 #aad4 #dj #8multa praecl>a de iure' ib4 #da ,see above1 #cbf4 #db ,cic4 pro ,rabir4 #aj1 #bg4 #dc ,plut4 ,cato m9or #d1 #a4 #dd ib4 #e1 #c4 #de ib4 #aj1 #a4 #df #8,cato p]fectus1 mea s5t5tia1 ,/oicus1 444 9 ea e/ ha]esi1 quae nullum sequitur florem orationis neque dilatat argum5tum2 s$ m9utis int]rogatiunculis1 quasi punctis1 quod proposuit efficit' ,cic4 ,p>4 ,pro4 #b4 #dg #8,cato dumtaxat de magnitud9e animi1 de morte1 de omni laude virtutis1 ,/oice solet1 oratoriis ornam5tis adhibitis1 dic]e' ,cic4 ,p>4 ,pro4 #c4 #dh #8animadv]ti ,catonem 444 dic5do consequi ut illa loci graves ex philosophia populo probabilia vid]5tur' ib4 #a4 #di #8doleo plus apud me simulationem aliorum quam ,catonis fidem valuisse' ad ,att4 iii #ae1 #b 79 ,b4,c4 #dh74 #ej ib4 iv #ae1 #g4 #ea #8,catoni vitam ad c]tam rationis normam dirig5ti et dilig5tissime p]p5d5ti mom5ta (ficiorum omnium' ,mur4 #b1 #c4 #eb ,cato apud ,cic4 ad ,fam4 xv #e1 #b4 #ec ,see = in/ance bel[1 #dda1 note #id4 #ed #88 sc4 piis dantem iura ,catonem' ,v]g4 ,a54 viii #fgj4 #ee #8illam 444 ad ,v>ronem transf]amus3 et5im sunt 1 quae i/e valde probat' ,cic4 ,att4 xiii #ab1 #c2 #89 iis quae erant contra praecl>e collecta ab ,antio*o1 ,v>roni d$i2 444 aptius esse nihil potuit ad id philosophiae g5us1 quo ille maxime mihi delect>i videtur' ib4 #ai1 #c & #e4 #ef ,see above1 #abc4 #eg #8tu1 ,brute1 qui non l+uam modo acuisses ex]citatione dic5di1 s$ et ipsam eloqu5tiam locupletavisses graviorum artium in/rum5to' ,cic4 ,brutus #ig1 #cca4 #eh #8,brutus 9 eo libro quem de virtute composuit' ,s54 ,dial4 xii #i1 #d2 #8,brutus 9 eo libro quem inscripsit1 dat multa praecepta' ,ep4 #ie1 #de4 ,!re 0 also a treatise de pati5tia4 #ei ,! de ,f9ibus1 de ,natura ,deorum1 & ,tusculanae disputationes4 #fj ,m>t4 ,ep4 i #db4 #fa ,see above1 #cgd1 note #ff4 #fb #8nunc agilis fio et m]sor civilibus undis1 virtutis v]ae cu/os rigidusque satelles' ,ep4 i #a1 #af & #ag4 #fc ,see above1 #caf1 note #if4 #fd ,see above1 #ij4 #fe #8igneus e/ ollis vigor et caele/is origo sem9ibus' ,a54 vi #gcj1 #gca4 #ff #8caelum et t]ras spiritus intus alit' ib4 #gbd1 #gbf4 #fg #8totamque infusa p] artus m5s agitat molem' ib4 #gbf1 #gbg4 #fh ,see above1 #bie to #big4 #fi #8donec longa dies1 p]fecto temporis orbe1 concretam exemit labem1 purumque reliquit ae!rium s5sum atque aurai simplicis ignem' ,a54 vi #gde to #gdg4 #gj #8des9e fata deum flecti sp]>e prec&o' ib4 #cgf4 #ga #8m5s immota manet2 lacrimae volvuntur inanes' ,a54 iv #ddi2 ! #8lacrimae inanes' indicate ! ruffl+ ( ! s\l1 9 :i* ! intellig5ce & w take no "p4 #gb #8e/ deus 9 nobis3 agitante calescimus illo' ,ov4 ,f4 vi #e4 #gc #8ante m>e et t]ras1 et quod tegit omnia caelum1 unus erat toto ,naturae vultus 9 orbe1 quem dix]e ,*aos1 etc4' ,met4 i #e to #hh4 #gd #8os hom9i sublime d$it1 caelumque tu]i iussit1 et erectos ad sid]a toll]e vultus' ib4 #he & #hf4 #ge #8exclamavit ,cordus tunc v]e !atrum p]ire' ,s54 ,dial4 vi #bb1 #d4 #gf ,tac4 ,ann4 iv #cd4 ,tacitus entirely ignores ! p]sonal motives und]ly+ ! /ory1 & q unnecess>ily sugge/s t ,tib]ius 0 adopt+ ! policy ( repress+ fre$om ( hi/orical n>ration4 #gg #8accusatores qu]untur mori ,cordum' ,s54 ,dial4 vi #bb1 #g4 #gh ,t ,cremutius ,cordus 0 a pr(ess$ ,/oic seems a fair inf]5ce f ! /ory z a :ole1 & yet1 z 9 sev]al simil> cases1 is n expressly /at$4 #gi #8quem ,graec9um ,iulium ,c4 ,caes> occidit ob hoc unum1 quod melior vir erat quam esse quemquam tyranno exp$it' ,s54 ,b54 ii #ba1 #e4 #hj ,dial4 ix #ad1 #d-aj4 #ha #8ca/a suo gladium cum trad]et ,arria ,paeto1 quem de visc]ibus trax]at ipsa suis1 8si qua fides1 vulnus quod feci non dolet10 inquit1 8s$ quod tu facies1 hoc mihi1 ,paete1 dolet0' ,m>tial ,ep4 i #ad2 #8praecl>um illud eiusdem1 f]rum /r+]e1 p]fod]e pectus1 extrah]e pugionem1 porrig]e m>ito1 add]e vocem immortalem et pa5e div9am 8,paete1 non dolet0' ,pl9y ,ep4 iii #af1 #f4 #hb ,see above1 #abf4 #hc #8non d]unt et frugalitatis exactae hom9es et laboriosae op]ae' ,s54 ,dial4 x #ah1 #d4 ,= ! ,briti% (ficial ! au?ority ( ! au?or ( ,tales f ! ,hills w suffice4 #hd ,see bel[1 #ddh1 note #aae4 #he ,h5d]son's ,n]o1 pp4 #ca-ch1 #ej-adb1 #beg-bhh4 #hf ,see above1 #abg-abi4 #hg ,see above1 #abe4 #hh ,p]sius ,sat4 iii #ff-gb4 ,! translations 9 ?is section are by ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,port]4 #hi ,ph>s4 i #gb to #hj4 #ij ib4 vii #had & #hae4 #ia ,see above1 #bdb1 note #i4 #ib ,ph>s4 ix #egc & #egd4 #ic ib4 #eef & #eeg4 #id ib4 #fja to #fjd4 ,! =ce ( ?is tribute is impair$ by ! simil> praise giv5 to ,pompey 7,ph>s4 vii #fhb-fhi7 & to ,brutus 7ib4 #ehh & #ehi74 #ie #8quale coronati ,?rasea ,helvidiusque bibebant ,brutorum et ,cassi natalibus' ,juv4 ,sat4 v #cf & #cg4 ,see also ,g4 ,boissi]1 ,l',opposition s\s les ,cs>s4 #if ,h5d]son's ,n]o1 pp4 #ij sqq4 #ig ,annals xiv #db1 #b4 #ig;a ,! gov]nm5t _h 9 fact appo9t$ an (fic] = ! prev5tion ( cruelty to slaves3 #8de iniuriis dom9orum 9 s]vos qui audiat positus e/1 qui et saevitiam et libid9em et 9 praeb5dis ad victum necess>iis av>itiam compescat' ,s54 ,b54 iii #bb1 #c4 #ih ,tac4 ,ann4 xiv #eg4 #ii ,see ,h5d]son's ,n]o1 pp4 #beg-bhc4 #ajj ,tac4 ,ann4 xvi #ba-ce4 #aja #8,n]o virtutem ipsam exsc9d]e concupivit' ib4 #ba4 #ajb ,hi/4 iv #e4 #ajc ,tac4 ,hi/4 iv #f4 #ajd ,see above1 #acj1 #aca4 #aje ,see above1 #ddd4 #ajf ,tac4 ,hi/4 iv #dj4 #ajg ib4 #dc & #dd4 #ajh ,dill1 ,roman ,society1 p4 #aeb4 #aji ,pl9y ,ep4 vii #ai1 #g4 #aaj 1 1 ,dion ,cassius lxvi #ab4 #aaa ,dion ,cassius lxvi #ac4 #aab ,see above1 #ddd4 #aac ,tac4 ,hi/4 iii #hj4 #aad ,agr4 #b2 ,suetonius1 ,dom4 #aj4 #aae ,dion ,c4 lxvii #ac1 ,tac4 ,agr4 #de4 #aaf ,pl9y ,ep4 iii #aa1 #g4 #aag ,tac4 ,hi/4 iv #dj4 #aah ,a4 ,gellius ,n4 ,a4 xv #aa1 #e 7= ,epictetus74 #aai ,pl9y ,ep4 iii #aa1 #c2 #8tot nobilissim>um fem9>um exilia et fugas' ,tac4 ,agr4 #de4 #abj ,see above1 #ddc4 #aba ,see above1 #dbh1 #dbi4 #abb ,r5an1 ,m>c-,aurle1 pp4 #bb1 #bc2 cf4 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 pp4 #ee1 #ef4 #abc ,r5an1 ,m>c-,aurle1 p4 #cj4 #abd ,aulus ,gellius ,n4 ,a4 i #b1 #c to #e4 #abe #8nam de illis nemo dubitabit1 qu9 op]ose nihil agant1 qui litt]>um inutilium /udiis det95tur1 quae iam apud ,romanos quoque magna manus e/ 444 ecce ,romanos quoque invasit inane /udium sup]vacua disc5di1' etc4 ,s54 ,dial4 x #ac1 #a & #c4 ,! condemnation ext5ds to ! :ole /udy ( hi/ory1 ,n4 ,q4 iii ,pr4 #abf #8,9 ! purely moral sph]e to :i* philosophy 0 n[ conf9$1 ! natural t5d5cy ( ! diff]5t s*ools1 n ev5 exclud+ ! ,epicurean1 0 to assimilation & eclecticism' ,dill1 ,roman ,society1 p4 #cdc4 #abg ,r5dall1 ,m4 ,aurelius to himself1 ,introd4 pp4 cxxvii1 cxxviii4 #abh ,! connexion 7if any7 ( ,gallio ! proconsul ( ,a*aia 7,acts xviii #ab7 ) ! ,junius ,gallio :o adopt$ ,s5eca's eld] bro!r is unc]ta94 #abi ,r5an1 ,m>c-,aurle1 p4 #ee1 note #b4 #acj ,m4 ,aurel4 ,to himself xi #c4 #aca ,r5an1 ,m4-,a4 p4 #cbi4 #acb #8quia ratione congr$i non queunt1 viol5tia premunt2 incognita causa tanquam noc5tissimos damnant' ,lact4 ,in/4 ,epit4 #dg 7#eb71 #d4 #acc #8vidi ego 9 ,bi?ynia praesidem gaudio mirabilit] elatum tanquam b>b>orum g5tem aliquam subegisset1 quod unus qui p] bi5nium magna virtute re/it]at1 po/remo c$]e visus esset' ,div4 in/4 v #aa1 #ae4 #acd #8nam cum videat vulgus dilac]>i hom9es et invictam t5]e pati5tiam1 exi/imant nec p]sev]antiam mori5tium vanam esse nec ipsam pati5tiam s9e deo cruciatus tantos posse sup]>e 444 dicit ,horatius3 8iu/um ac t5acem 4440 quo nihil v]ius dici pote/1 si ad eos ref]atur qui nullos cruciatus nullam mortem recusant' ib4 #ac1 #aa to #ag4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,/oic ,,/ra9 ,,9 ,,*ri/ianity4 ,sid5ote3 ,neighb\rs1 b /rang]s4 #dee4 ,dur+ ! fir/ c5tury & a half ( ! ,*ri/ian era ,/oicism ma9ta9$ an active & successful propag&a1 )\t becom+ consci\s t mean:ile a new =ce 0 spread+ 9 ! ,hell5ic _w :i* 0 soon to *all5ge its own supremacy4 ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ t any ( ! ,/oic tea*]s ) :om we h be5 conc]n$ knew any?+ ( ,*ri/ianity beyond ! b>e "n1 until ! two sy/ems came into conflict 9 ! "t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius2 & x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t any ( !m 7 influ5c$ 9 _! op9ions1 directly or indirectly1 by ! prea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity#a4 ,on ! o!r h& ! apo/les ( ! new] fai?1 z (t5 z !y ent]$ any ( ! *ief cities ( ! ,roman empire1 met at once n only ) ! pr(ess$ adh]5ts ( ,/oicism1 b also ) a /ill wid] _w ( educat$ m5 & wom5 :i* 0 p5etrat$ by ,/oic conceptions4 ,f ! fir/ x 0 incumb5t on ,*ri/ian tea*]s to def9e _! attitude t[>ds ?is philosophy2 & x is our purpose 9 ?is *apt] to sket* %ortly ! mann] 9 :i* !y did s4 ,?is task belongs prim>ily to ! hi/orian ( ,*ri/ianity1 b ! pres5t "w w\ld be incomplete )\t "s adumbration ( ?is important field ( /udy4 ,f ! middle ( ! second c5tury ! relations betwe5 ! two sy/ems alt] 9 "*3 !re !n sets 9 a /eady /ream ( conv]sion by :i* ! y\ng] ,/oics are drawn away f ! old] cre$1 & c>ry ov] to its rival n only _! p]sonal allegiance b also _! intellectual equipm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,common influ5ces4 #def4 ,x is necess>ily a difficult task to e/imate ! influ5ce ( ,/oicism ^u ! hi/orical developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 & x is impossible to d s )\t tr5*+ ^u gr\nd :i* is highly debateable4 ,^u p>allels betwe5 phrases us$ by ,/oic & ,*ri/ian writ]s respectively n too mu* /ress %\ld be laid#b4 ,_m ( ^! c be trac$ back to common s\rces f :i* ea* religion drew 9 turn4 ,f ,p]sism ! ,/oic cre$ inh]it$ mu* ?r\gh ,h]aclitus1 & ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh ,judaism4 ,! k9dr$ doctr9es ( ,buddhism & ,cynism pres5t !mselves to our view 9 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,s]mon on ! m\nt1 & 9 ,/oicism ?r\gh ! disc\rses ( ,epictetus4 ,individuals 9 ei!r camp 7 also influ5c$ 9 v>y+ degrees by a wave ( feel+ 9 fav\r ( asceticism & resignation :i* spread ov] ! :ole ,greco-,roman _w ab\t ?is "t1 result+ f exagg]at$ att5tion be+ paid to ! individual consci\sness at ! co/ ( social & political life4 ,we %\ld !re=e endeav\r to keep our eyes /eadily fix$ on ! ess5tial features ( ,/oicism r ?an on its details1 & inquire h[ ^! 7 reg>d$ by ,*ri/ian tea*]s 9 successive g5]ations4 ,sid5ote3 ,progressive influ5ce ( ,/oicism4 #deg4 ,a />t+-po9t is obvi\sly af=d$ u by ! spee* ( ,/ ,paul ^u ,m>s' hill1 9 :i* he accepts a v]se f ! ,/oic poet ,aratus#c z a text ^u :i* to proclaim ! fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,?is ,/oic doctr9e 7l _m o!rs to :i* he ref]s 9 8 writ+s7 is treat$ by ,paul z embody+ an elem5t>y tru?1 & z a />t+-po9t = full] k2 f any o!r po9t ( view philosophy is reg>d$ z a sn>e & an impo/ure#d4 ,a g5]ation lat] we f9d t ! editor ( ! f\r? gospel boldly places ! ,/oic v]sion ( ! hi/ory ( creation 9 ! =efront ( 8 "w#e4 ,lat] on 9 ! second c5tury we f9d ! doctr9es ( ! d\ble nature ( ! ,*ri/ & ( ! v>iety inh]5t 9 ! ,deity becom+ incorporat$ 9 te*nical ,/oic =ms z "p ( a def9$ ,*ri/ian cre$4 ,f :atev] po9t we reg>d ! ,/oic influ5ce1 x appe>s dur+ ?is p]iod z an increas+ =ce4 ,we %all speak ( x "h z ! #8,/oic /ra9' 9 ,*ri/ianity2 mean+ by ?is t a c]ta9 attitude ( ! intellect & sympa?ies1 fir/ develop$ 9 ,/oicism1 f\nd = itself a home 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity2 t m51 ,/oics by inh]itance or tra9+1 jo9$ ! *ur* n simply z disciples1 b to a l>ge ext5t z tea*]s also4 ,?is po9t ( view c p]haps be/ be expla9$ by a sket* ( ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e z x might be reg>d$ by fair-m9d$ ,/oics1 atta*$ to ! pr9ciples ( _! philosophy b suspici\s ( its close relations ) ! religion ( ! ,/ate1 & ready to welcome any new sy/em :i* might appeal to _! reason z well z to _! moral s5se4 ,sid5ote3 ,jesus f ! ,/oic /&po9t4 #deh4 ,a ,/oic ( ! "t ( ,vespasian 7,a4,d4 #fi to #gi7 might well be suppos$ to be made acqua9t$ ) ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity by "s ,*ri/ian fri5d4 ,! /ory he w\ld he> w\ld take ! =m ( "o ( ^? #8oral gospels' :i* are n[ g5]ally suppos$ to h prec$$ ! %ap+ ( ! #8gospels' ( our ,new ,te/am5t1 & to h correspond$ g5]ally to ! common p>ts ( ! fir/ ?ree gospels & "s ( ! n>ratives ( ! f\r?#f4 ,he w\ld ?us le>n t ! f\nd] 0 a ,jew nam$ ,,jesus1 ! son ( ,joseph a c>p5t] ( ,naz>e?#g4 ,?is ,jesus _h 9 8 *ildhood sat at ! feet ( ! philosophic ,rabbis ( ,j]usalem#h1 & _h le>nt f !m to int]pret ! docum5ts ( ,hebraism1 #8! law & ! prophets1' 9 ! s5se ( ! _w-religions1 & by ! pr9ciple ( allegorism to give a new & tru] mean+ to su* p>ts ( !m z seem$ obsolete or incr$ible#i4 ,^u rea*+ manhood he _h be5 %ock$ to f9d t ! g5]al body ( ! ,ph>isees1 to :i* 8 tea*]s belong$1 0 f> m int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ prejudices ( race & class ?an 9 boldly proclaim+ pr9ciples ( _w-wide application2 & t :il/ freely av[+ _! own op9ions among/ fri5ds1 !y held x indiscreet to reveal !m to ! cr[d#aj4 ,aft] a p]iod ( prolong$ reflection & inw>d /ruggle#aa he resolv$ on com+ =w>d z a tea*] 9 8 own "n4 ,sid5ote3 ,! wise man4 #dei4 ,at ?is po9t our ,/oic w\ld assur$ly be impress$ by ! #8/r5g? & =ce' ( "* display$ 9 ! prea*+ ( ! "y ,jesus1 & w\ld s f> be dispos$ to rank him ) ,socrates & ) ,z5o4 ,9 ! cont5t ( ,jesus' tea*+ he w\ld at once recognise "s ( ! prom95t *>act]i/ics ( ,z5o's ,republic4 ,= ,jesus too spoke ( a model /ate1 call+ x ! #8k+dom ( heav5'2 & 9 ?is /ate m5 ( all nations 7 to f9d a place4 ,n only ! c]emonies ( ! old ,hebrew religion1 its sacrifices & its sabba?s1 7 to be sup]s$$#ab2 ! temple itself at ,j]usalem 0 to cease to be a place ( wor%ip#ac2 ! social & economic sy/em ( ! ,jewi% p 0 to be remodell$2 ! ri* 7 to be swept away1 & ! poor to ent] into _! inh]itance#ad4 ,m5's pray]s 7 no long] to be (f]$ to ! ,god ( ,abraham1 b to ! ,fa!r 9 heav51 surr\nd$ by spirits l ^? ( ,p]sism1 ! ,"n1 ! ,w1 ! ,k+dom1 ! ,glory & ! ,maje/y#ae4 ,t ,jesus also spoke1 aft] ! ,p]sian fa%ion1 ( rew>ds = ! good & ! wick$ 9 a future exi/5ce might int]e/ our ,/oic less1 b w\ld n be inconsi/5t ) ! traditions ( 8 own sect4 ,sid5ote3 ,! emotions 9 ,jesus4 #dfj4 ,:il/ recognis+ ?is /r5g? ( "* & sympa?iz+ g5]ally ) ! gospel message1 our ,/oic c\ld n fail to obs]ve t ! ,*ri/ian tradition did n claim = ! ,f\nd] ! imp]turbable calm :i* ! wise man %\ld "u all circum/ances possess4 ,f "t to "t 8 _s 0 tr\bl$#af2 sometimes by ,ang]1 z :5 he d5\nc$ 9 turn ! ,ph>isees1 ! scribes1 & ! trad]s 9 ! temple2 sometimes by ,pity1 z :5 he wept ov] ,j]usalem2 by ,fe>1 z 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane#ag2 !n aga9 by ,%ame1 z 9 ! meet+ ) ! woman tak5 9 adult]y#ah2 & ev5 by ,hil>ity1 z :5 he p>ticipat$ 9 ! m>riage revels at ,cana4 ,yet p]haps1 tak+ ! "* z a :ole1 a ,/oic w\ld n be surpris$ t ! disciples %\ld rememb] only ! sweetness1 ! pati5ce1 & ! p]sev]ance ( _! ma/]2 t !y %\ld acc\nt him a p]fect man#ai1 attribut+ 8 faults to ! weakness ( ! body#bj1 & n to any ta9t ( s\l2 & f9ally t !y %\ld accept him z _! ,"l & _! ,god#ba4 ,= all ^! po9ts ( view1 )\t be+ specifically ,/oic1 f9d "s k9d ( recognition )9 ,/oicism itself4 ,sid5ote3 ,my?ologic ,*ri/ianity4 #dfa4 ,b z our inquir] proce$$ to trace ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity aft] its ,f\nd]'s dea?1 he w\ld soon f9d ! beg9n+s ( division )9 ! ,*ri/ian body4 ,he w\ld le>n1 = in/ance1 t ! ,*ri/ians ( ,j]usalem1 :o ev5 dur+ _! ,ma/]'s lifetime _h be5 puzzl$ by 8 condemnation ( ,hebrew traditions1 _h quickly relaps$ ^u 8 dea? into ! ways ( ?9k+ to :i* 9 _! *ildhood !y _h be5 accu/om$4 ,!y _h become once m ,hebrews1 & ev5 ard5t advocates ( an obsolete c]emonialism2 & 9 ?is respect !y seem$ entirely to h =gott5 ! tea*+ ( _! ,f\nd]4 ,b _! allegiance to 8 p]son 0 un%akeable2 & !y *]i%$ ! conviction t dur+ ! lifetime ( mo/ ( !m he w\ld rejo9 !m1 & e/abli% t e>?ly k+dom :i* 9 _! he>ts !y _h nev] ceas$ to covet4 ,9 view ( ?is imm95t revolution1 q z mu* z out ( respect = ! tea*+ ( ! ,s]mon on ! m\nt1 !y enc\rag$ _! memb]s to sp5d _! sav+s on imm$iate necessities1 & soon fell into dire pov]ty4 ,to ,*ri/ianity z an intellectual sy/em !y contribut$ no?+2 #8little *ildr5' at he>t#bb1 !y 7 cont5t to live 9 a p]fect affection "o t[>ds ano!r1 & _! mis]able circum/ances 7 *e]$ by visions ( angels & a s5se ( _! ma/]'s cont9ual pres5ce#bc4 ,f ?is company our ,/oic might easily turn aside z f a b& ( ignorant fanatics1 display+ ! same simplicity & cons]vatism z ! idol-wor%ipp]s ( ,rome1 ) ! add$ mis*ief ( be+ disloyal t[>ds ! maje/y ( ! empire1 & a possible dang] to its security#bd4 ,sid5ote3 ,philosophic ,*ri/ians4 #dfb4 ,9 />tl+ contra/ to ?is b& ( simple-m9d$ bre?r5 w\ld appe> ! ,*ri/ian propag&i/s ^: temp] is reveal$ to u 9 ! latt] "p ( ! book ( ,acts1 9 ! epi/les ( ,paul1 ! fir/ epi/le ( ,pet]1 & ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,^! fi]y prea*]s1 equally atta*$ to ! "n ( _! ,"l1 might appe> to h be5 s+ul>ly indiff]5t to 8 p]son & 8 hi/ory1 & ev5 to h paid little he$ to ! details ( 8 tea*+ z record$ 9 ! oral gospels#be4 ,b !y 7 entirely possess$ by 8 secret--! transmutation ( ,hebraism into a _w-religion2 & !y _h an ard5t desire to pres5t x to ! ,roman _w 9 a =m t w\ld w9 intellectual ass5t4 ,into ?is ef=t !y ?rew _! :ole p]sonality2 all ! conceptions :i* fill$ _! m9ds1 "s ( !m *ildi% & common to !m ) uncivilis$ peoples1 o!rs d]iv$ f ,jewi% tradition or ,hell5i/ic philosophy1 7 crudely b =cibly fus$ 9 ! det]m9ation to pres5t #8! ,*ri/' to ! _w1 z ! solution ( its difficulties & ! c5tre ( its hopes4 ,! outp\r+s ( ^! m5 7 z un9telligible & unsympa!tic to ! frat]nity at ,j]usalem z !y are to ! av]age *ur*-go] to-day2 only break+ out "h & !re into ! flame ( cle> expression :5 at la/ "s long-s\ght conception _h be5 grasp$#bf4 ,( su* prea*]s ,/ ,paul is = u ! type1 & we may describe !m z ! #8,pauli/s4' ,paul himself is self-ass]tive 9 tone1 z a man may be :o feels himself misund]/ood & misjudg$ 9 8 own circle#bg4 ,b an ard5t ,/oic might well h recognis$ 9 him a k9dr$ _s1 an intellect grappl+ boldly ) ! supreme problems1 & lay+ ! f\ndations ( a new philosophy ( life4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul & ,/oicism4 #dfc4 ,,paul 0 a man ( ,jewi% desc5t1 int5sely pr\d ( 8 nationality2 b nev]!less br\ght up 9 ! city ( ,t>sus1 :i* _h = c5turies be5 a c5tre ( ,hell5i/ic philosophy ( e type#bh1 & m especially ( ,/oicism#bi4 ,?is philosophy is to ,paul's m9d entirely inadequate & ev5 dang]\s2 nev]!less he is /eep$ 9 ,/oic ways ( ?9k+1 :i* are cont9ually ass]t+ !mselves 9 8 tea*+ )\t be+ =mally recognis$ by him z su*4 ,?us ! #8univ]se' 771 :i* to ! ,/oic includes ev]y?+ ) :i* he is conc]n$1 & 9 p>ticul> ! subject-matt] ( religion1 becomes ) ,paul ! #8_w1' t out ( :i* & above :i* ! ,*ri/ian rises to ! #8et]nal' or spiritual life4' ,yet ?is contra/ is n f9al#cj2 & :e!r or n ! ,paul9e #8_s' is d]iv$ f ! ,/oic 1 ! ,paul9e sy/em1 z x is elaborat$ 9 detail1 increas+ly accommodates itself to t ( ! ,/oics4 ,our suppos$ inquir] w\ld exam9e ! po9ts bo? ( lik5ess & ( contra/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,pauli/ logic4 #dfd4 ,! tea*+ ( ,paul 01 l t ( ! ,/oics1 positive & dogmatic#ca4 ,he accept$ unque/ion+ly ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses z tru/wor?y1 )\t tr\bl+ himself z to ! possibility ( halluc9ations1 f :i* nev]!less 8 circle 0 n free#cb4 ,he also accept$ ! !ory ( #8inborn ideas1' t is1 ( moral pr9ciples engrav$ ^u ! he>t#cc2 & = ! faculty ( ! s\l :i* realizes su* pr9ciples he uses ! special t]m #8consci5ce' 77#cd2 consci5ce be+ describ$1 ) a correct s5se ( etymology & possibly a t\* ( hum\r1 z t )9 a man :i* becomes a second witness to :at ! man says#ce4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view ! consci5ce is ! div9e _s at "w 9 ! human _s#cf4 ,closely associat$ ) consci5ce 9 ! ,paul9e sy/em is #8fai?' 771 a faculty ( ! s\l :i* prop]ly has to d ) ?+s n z !y are1 b z we mean !m to be#cg4 ,! ,/oic logic _h fail$ to indicate cle>ly h[ f ! k ( ! univ]se z x is m5 c\ld f9d a basis = _! hopes & ef=ts = its future2 ! miss+ crit]ion is suppli$ by ! ,pauli/ doctr9e ( #8fai?1' :i* may also be p>adoxically describ$ z ! p[] always to say #8,yes#ch4' ,! frat]nity at ,j]usalem appe> to h be5 al>m$ n s mu* at ! pr9ciple ( fai?1 z at ! mann] 9 :i* ,/ ,paul us$ x to en=ce 8 own doctr9es2 we f9d !m by way ( contra/ ass]t+ ! ,academic position t #8none ( u are infallible#ci4' ,we may "h notice t ! next g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians aga9 br\ght ! !ory ( fai? into h>mony ) ,/oic pr9ciples1 by expla9+ t ! p[] ( kn[+ ! "r is /rictly dep5d5t ^u "r action#dj4 ,sid5ote3 ,pauli/ metaphysics4 #dfe4 ,9 _! metaphysical po/ulates ! ,pauli/s />t$1 l all anci5t philosoph]s1 ) ! contra/ betwe5 s\l & body1 b ?is !y trans=m$ into t betwe5 #8_s' & #8fle%4' ,to !m ! #8_s' includ$ ! :ole message ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! #8fle%' ! doctr9e & practice ( ! ,g5tile _w#da4 ,! t]ms !mselves 7 9 use 9 ! oral gospel#db1 b ! ,pauli/s develop$ ! cont5t ( #8_s1' until x includ$ a :ole _w ( conceptions1 encircl+ & int]fus$ ) ! _w ( s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,b ,paul did n desire t ?is spiritual _w %\ld be reg>d$ z want+ 9 reality1 or z a m]e product ( ! imag9ation3 & to express ?is objectivity ( _s he adopt$ ! ,/oic t]m #8body4' ,body !n expresses ! und]ly+ moni/ic pr9ciple ( all nature2 & we may say #8_s-body' exi/s#dc1 ) ! same confid5ce ) :i* we speak ( animal body or #8fle%-body4' ,!re has be5 a fle%-body ( ,jesus2 ) t we h no m conc]n#dd4 ,!re exi/s et]nally a _s-body ( ,*ri/2 f t 8 *ur* draws its life4 ,! ,*ri/ian fe$s ^u ! _s ( 8 ,ma/]2 b 9 p>adoxical phrase we may say t he eats 8 body & dr9ks 8 blood#de4 ,:at is n #8body' has no real exi/5ce at all#df4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,*ri/ian univ]se4 #dff4 ,/ ,paul 9 8 lett]s appe>s entirely lack+ 9 t rev]5t feel+ t[>ds ! physical univ]se1 t admiration = sun1 moon & />s1 :i* m>k$ ! e>li] _w-religions1 & :i* he p]haps associat$ ) ,babylonian idolatry4 ,z we h se51 he only us$ ! ,/oic t]m = univ]se 9 disapproval4 ,& yet ! conception ( ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se 0 deeply impress$ ^u ! ,pauli/s1 & almo/ precisely 9 ,/oic =m4 ,god1 ! ,fa!r1 is ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s2 f him !y come1 & to him !y %all all return#dg4 ,f ! ,fa!r w5t =? an image ( him#dh1 8 fir/-born ,son#di1 8 ^w1 ! ,*ri/2 by ?is he creat$ ! _w1 & = ?is ! _w exi/s#ej4 ,by a fur!r outp\r+ ( ! div9e _s1 m5 are creat$ ) ! capacity ( becom+ ! #8images' or bodily repres5tations ( ,god & 8 ,son#ea4 ,to ?is g5]al doctr9e individual ,pauli/s add special features2 ,/ ,paul himself introduces #8woman' z a f\r? ord] ( creation1 an image or #8vessel' be>+ ! same relation to man z man to ,*ri/#eb2 & a writ] 7( di/9ctly lat] date7 seems to ref] n only to ! creation ( ! elem5ts#ec1 b also to _! com+ de/ruction by ! conflagration#ed4 ,( ! creation ( ! animals no notice is tak5#ee4 ,sid5ote3 ,! div9e imman5ce4 #dfg4 ,f ?is !ory ( creation x w\ld seem to foll[ z a consequ5ce t ! _w is inhabit$ by ! ,deity1 & is ess5tially good4 ,?is is ! ,/oic doctr9e1 & x is accept$ boldly by ,paul4 ,god dwells 9 ! univ]se1 & ! univ]se 9 him2 man is n 9 ! /rict s5se an individual1 = ap>t f ,god he does n exi/ at all#ef4 ,b !re nev]!less rema9s ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( evil1 bo? physical & moral1 9 app>5t defiance ( ! div9e w4 ,"h too ! ,pauli/s agree ) ,/oic tea*+2 !y hold t evil s]ves a moral purpose z a tra9+ 9 virtue#eg2 t ,god turns evil to 8 own purpose1 s t 9 ! f9al issue all ?+s are work+ toge!r = good#eh2 t ,god is active ?r\gh 8 ,^w 9 re/or+ a unity t has be5 = a "t brok5#ei4 ,nei!r c man %ift on to 8 ,mak] ! responsibility = 8 own wrongdo+2 t is 7z ,clean!s _h taught be=e7 ! "w ( m5 foll[+ out _! own ways 9 accordance ) "s bias :i* is 9 conflict ) _! div9e orig9#fj4 ,9 spite ( all ?is common gr\nd ,paul ma9ta9s ) at lea/ equal emphasis doctr9es ( a gloomi] type4 ,! univ]se1 z x is1 is evil2 its rul]s are ! p[]s ( d>kness#fa4 ,/ ,paul by no means put out ( sight1 z ! ,/oics did1 ! doctr9e ( an ,evil ,_s2 on ! contr>y1 ?is conception dom9ates 8 m9d & multiplies itself 9 x4 ,s9 9 p>ticul> is 9 8 eyes m widespread1 m hide\s1 m dang]\s ?an x is to ! ,/oic philosoph]4 ,to ?is po9t we mu/ rev]t lat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,religion4 #dfh4 ,) reg>d to religi\s belief & practice 7we are "h us+ ! ^w #8religion' 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 z 9 ! previ\s *apt] on ?is subject7 ,paul 0 9 ! fir/ place a mono!i/1 & addresses 8 pray]s & praises alike to ! ,fa!r 9 heav51 & to him alone4 ,at ! same "t he does n reg>d ! ,deity z dwell+ 9 a _w ap>t2 he is to be wor%ipp$ 9 & ?r\gh ! ,*ri/1 :o is ! po9t ( contact betwe5 him & humanity#fb4 ,f ! c]emonial practices ( ,hebraism all ! ,pauli/s break away completely4 ,its bloody sacrifices take away no s9#fc2 ! solemn rite ( circumcision is no?+ 9 itself#fd1 & 9 practice x is an imp$im5t to ! acceptance ( ,*ri/#fe4 ,! disposition to obs]ve days & seasons1 sabba?s & new moons1 is a matt] = s]i\s al>m#ff4 ,9 place ( ?is ritualism is to be sub/itut$ #8a wor%ip accord+ to reason#fg1' :i* is 9 close agreem5t ) ,/oic practice4 ,to ?9k rightly ( ! ,deity#fh1 to give ?anks to him#fi1 to hon\r him by an innoc5t life#gj1 is well pleas+ to ,god2 & ! writ+s ( ,paul1 l ^? ( ,epictetus1 include _m a hymn ( praise1 & %[ u ! exi/5ce at ?is "t ( ! beg9n+s ( a great body ( religi\s poetry#ga4 ,sid5ote3 ,human nature4 #dfi4 ,9 ! analysis ( human nature ,paul aga9 />t$ f ! ,/oic basis4 ,9 ! fir/ place he recognis$ ! fundam5tal unity ( ! man z a compact$ :ole#gb2 subject to ?is monism1 he recognis$ ?ree p>ts1 ! _s1 ! animal life1 & ! fle%#gc4 ,( ^! only ! two extremes1 ! _s & ! fle%1 are usually m5tion$2 b ^! d n /rictly correspond to ! traditional di/9ction ( s\l & body4 ,! s\l 71 anima7 is t :i* man has 9 common ) ! animals2 ! _s 71 spiritus7 is t :i* he has 9 common ) ,god4 ,:]e !re=e only two p>ts are m5tion$1 ! s\l & ! fle% mu/ be consid]$ bo? to be includ$ "u ! "n #8fle%4' ,s\l & fle% are peculi> to ! individual man2 _s is ! common possession ( ! ,deity & ( all m5#gd4 ,?us ,god & man %>e 9 ! spiritual nature1 & become p>tn]s 9 an aspect ( ! univ]se f :i* animals1 plants1 & /ones are def9itely exclud$#ge4 ,! #8_s' ( ,/ ,paul !re=e corresponds closely to ! #8pr9cipate' ( ! ,/oics1 & ?\gh ! ,*ri/ian apo/le does n lay ! same emphasis on its intellectual aspect1 he fully recognises t ! spiritual life is true wisdom1 & its p]v]sion folly & d>kness#gf4 ,sid5ote3 ,resurrection & immortality4 #dgj4 ,f ?is analysis ( human nature ,paul approa*es ! c5tral doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 t ( ! resurrection ( its ,f\nd]4 ,to ! simple-m9d$ frat]nity at ,j]usalem ! resurrection ( ,jesus 0 a m>vel1 an int]f]5ce ) ! ord]ly c\rse ( div9e provid5ce1 a pro( ( ! tru? ( ! gospel message4 ,jesus has return$ to 8 disciples 9 ! body z he liv$2 he has aga9 dep>t$1 b be=e ?is g5]ation has pass$ away he w return to /ay ) !m & e/abli% 8 k+dom4 ,to ,/ ,paul all ?is is diff]5t4 ,he accepts implicitly ! fact ( ! resurrection1 b z typical1 n z abnormal4 ,z ,*ri/ has ris51 s w 8 foll[]s rise4 ,b ,*ri/ lives 9 ! _s2 by _! intr9sic nature nei!r ! fle%-body nor ! s\l-body c become immortal#gg4 ,& 9 ! _s ,*ri/'s foll[]s are jo9$ ) him1 & w be m fully jo9$ :5 !y are rid ( ! burd5 ( ! fle%#gh4 ,?is cont9u$ exi/5ce is no m]e fancy2 x is real1 objective1 & 79 philosophical language7 bodily4 ,?\gh by ! creation all m5 h "s %>e 9 ! div9e _s1 yet immortality 7at any rate 9 ! full s5se7 is ! privilege ( ! fai?ful only2 x is won1 n inh]it$4 ,paul does n v5ture to sugge/ t human individuality & p]sonality are reta9$ 9 ! life beyond4 ,he draws no picture ( ! reunion ( prea*] & disciple1 ( husb& & wife1 or ( "m & *ild4 ,x is en\gh = him to believe t he w be reunit$ ) ! glorifi$ ,*ri/1 & be 9 "s s5se a memb] ( ! heav5ly community#gi4 ,sid5ote3 ,! se$ !ory4 #dga4 ,on its philosophical side ! ,pauli/ view ( immortality is closely ak9 to ! ,/oic1 & is expos$ to ! same *>ge ( logical inconsi/5cy4 ,if ! :ole man is "o1 h[ c we cut (f ! fle%-body & ! s\l-body f ?is unity1 & yet ma9ta9 t ! _s-body is n also de/roy$8 ,to meet ?is difficulty ,/ ,paul1 9 "o ( 8 gr&e/ outbur/s ( conviction1 prop\nds ! doctr9e ( #8se$s1' closely connect$ ) ! ,/oic doctr9e ( se$-p[]s' 7 7#hj1 & ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( biological sci5ce z n[ und]/ood4 ,?is se$ is ! true reality 9 man2 x may ?r[ (f bo? s\l & fle%1 & assume to itself a new body1 z a tree f :i* ! bran*es are lopp$ (f w ?r[ out new bran*es4 ,?us1 & n o!rwise1 0 ,*ri/ rais$2 & z ,*ri/ 0 rais$1 s w 8 foll[]s be rais$#ha4 ,man is n 9 any f9al s5se a unit2 z ! race is cont9u$ by ! break+ (f ( ! se$ f ! individual1 s is ! _s-life won by ! ab&onm5t ( s\l & fle%4 ,sid5ote3 ,life & dea?4 #dgb4 ,at ?is po9t we are br\ght face to face ) a v old p>adox1 t life is dea?1 & dea? is life4 ,:at is commonly call$ life is t ( ! s\l & ! fle%1 :i* ! animals %>e & :i* may mean ! atrophy ( man's high] "p2 on ! o!r h& dea? has no p[] ov] ! life ( ! _s1 :i* is !re=e call$ #8et]nal life' or #8life ( ! ages4' ,to ent] ^u ?is #8et]nal life' is ! v k]nel ( ! gospel message#hb2 9 ! language ( philosophy x is ! bridge betwe5 physics & e?ics4 ,al?\gh ! /eps by :i* x is rea*$ c be mo/ cle>ly trac$ 9 ! ,paul9e epi/les1 yet ! g5]al conclusion 0 accept$ by ! :ole ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 by virtue ( _! communion ) ,god1 are /ill alive#hc2 he :o holds 8 life de>1 loses x2 & he :o makes x ( no acc\nt keeps x to ! life ( ! ages#hd2 he :o li/5s to ! tea*+ ( ,jesus & believes 9 ! ,fa!r :o s5t him1 has pass$ ov] out ( dea? into life#he4 ,sid5ote3 ,moral pr9ciples4 #dgc4 ,f ! doctr9e ( #8et]nal life' foll[ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( morals3 et]nal life is ! moral end 77 or summum bonum#hf4 ,! _s is ev]y?+1 ! act no?+2 good lies 9 ! int5tion1 n 9 ! p]=mance#hg2 we are sav$ by fai?1 n by works#hh4 ,!re=e all tabus fall away2 #8to ! pure ev]y?+ is pure#hi'2 #89 its own nature no food is impure2 b if p reg>d any food z impure1 to !m x is#ij'2 #8our ungraceful p>ts come to h a m abundant grace#ia'2 #8ev]y?+ t ,god has creat$ is good#ib4' ,& because ,god & all m5 %>e 9 "o _s1 all m5 are fell[-citiz5s 9 ! cosmopolis#ic4 ,to ?is ,/ ,paul sacrifices all p]sonal advantages ( :i* o!rwise he might be ju/ly pr\d1 8 ,hebrew desc5t1 8 free citiz5%ip 9 ! ,roman empire1 & ev5 8 /&+ 9 sex above an inf]ior "p ( ! creation#id4 ,! spiritual condition is express$ 9 t]ms ( c]ta9 emotional attitudes :i* correspond to ! ?ree ,/oic #8con/ancies#ie'2 ! details v>y1 b love1 joy1 peace1 g5tl5ess & sweet reasonabl5ess#if are frequ5tly recurr+ t]ms1 :il/ fai?1 hope & love are recomm5d$ 9 "o passage ( ! highe/ eloqu5ce1 love 71 c>itas7 be+ giv5 ! highe/ place ( all#ig4 ,sid5ote3 ,virtues & vices4 #dgd4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ! virtues & vices we miss ! famili> s]ies ( ! f\r virtues1 ?\gh ?ree ( !m f9d a place "h or !re 9 "s m elaborate li/#ih4 ,! vices are treat$ ) mu* m fulness4 ,^? connect$ ) ! sexual relations & functions are inv>iably ! fir/ to be condemn$2 ince/1 adult]y1 h>lotry1 f\l conv]sation1 are nam$ 9 almo/ e li/#ii4 ,next 9 importance are ill-feel+ & qu>relsom5ess2 heavy dr9k+ comes aft] ^!4 ,m ^u ,/oic l9es is ! repro( ( #8excessive grief#ajj4' ,! necessity ( /eady progress is /rongly press$1 & ! t]m us$ 77 is t ) :i* we are famili> 9 ,greek philosophy#aja4 ,9 all ! ,pauli/ writ]s !re is also incessant insi/5ce ^u ! importance ( ! regul> p]=mance ( daily duties#ajb4 ,exp]i5ce n only ( ! disa/]s :i* befel ! *ur* at ,j]usalem1 b also ( simil> t5d5cies ne>] at h&1 _h impress$ deeply on ,paul ! insuffici5cy ( moral tea*+ :i* reli$ on g5]al pr9ciples & emotional feel+ only1 especially if su* tea*+ 7z 9 ! ,s]mon on ! m\nt7 0 ma9ly negative4 ,! ,pauli/s at any rate set =?1 almo/ 9 a fix$ =m1 a body ( in/ructions to s]ve ! community z a :ole1 & social#ajc r ?an e?ical 9 nature4 ,?is tea*+ foll[s closely ! ,/oic tea*+ ( ! same p]iod1 & is bas$ ^u ! relation%ips 771 su* z ^? ( k+ & subject1 ma/] & slave1 husb& & wife1 p>5t & *ild#ajd4 ,x is cons]vative 9 "*1 advocat+ k9dness1 cont5tm5t1 & zeal 9 social relations z !y exi/4 ,?us :il/ we recognise ! _s ( ,z5o 9 ! ,s]mon on ! m\nt1 we f9d t ( ,panaetius 9 ! ,pauii/ disc\rses4 ,sid5ote3 ,sage & sa9t4 #dge4 ,z aga9/ ! ,/oic sage ! ,pauli/s set up z _! ideal ! sa9t1 & us$ all ! res\rces ( eloqu5ce 9 8 comm5dation4 ,he is ! true k+ & prie/#aje2 ev5 if he is a begg>1 he is surpass+ly ri*#ajf2 he alone1 ?\gh a slave1 is free#ajg4 ,on ! o!r h& ! s9n] is always a slave#ajh2 ev5 8 good acts are )\t real value#aji4 ,all su* phrases w\ld be famili> to our ,/oic inquir]2 b p]haps he might be specially impress$ by f9d+ once m ! doctr9e ( ! #8suffici5cy ( virtue' among/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! t]m is inde$ alt]$#aaj1 b x be>s ! same mean+ z reg>ds indep5d5ce ( weal?1 heal? & lib]ty1 ?\gh ) m emphasis ^u support f a div9e s\rce4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul & s94 #dgf4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t 9 ! writ+s ( ,/ ,paul !re is display$ a special s5se ( %ame & horror 9 speak+ ( s9#aaa1 :i* entirely diff]5tiates 8 tea*+ f t ( ! ,/oics4 ,?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 _c be due to ,/ ,paul treat+ s9 z #8defiance t[>ds a lov+ ,fa!r#aab1' = ?is view 0 also t ( ,clean!s & ! ,/oics g5]ally2 & ,paul's horror ( s9 dep5ds on no reason+1 b is felt by him z in/9ctive4 ,x rema9s to add t our ,/oic inquir] w\ld f9d an app>5t conflict betwe5 ?is in/9ct & ,paul's reason+4 ,! s9 ( :i* ,/ ,paul f9ds x #8a %ame ev5 to speak#aac' is sexual2 & s f> z x consi/s 9 abnormal social habits1 su* z ^? relations betwe5 p]sons ( ! same sex :i* _h f\nd excuse 9 ! classical _w1 ! ,/oic w\ld at once agree t ^! practices 7 #8aga9/ nature#aad' & 7 unseemly4 ,aga91 ! m>riage ( ne> relations1 ?\gh n aga9/ nature 9 ! s5se 9 :i* nature is illu/rat$ by ! animal _w1 is /ill oppos$ to s deep-seat$ a social tradition z to m]it in/9ctive condemnation#aae4 ,b ! in/9cts ( ,/ ,paul g f> deep]2 ! m>riage relation is to him at ! be/ a concession to human frailty1 & falls %ort ( ! ideal#aaf4 ,nor is ?is m]ely a p]sonal view ( ,paul2 x is deeply impress$ ^u ! consci\sness ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,h[1 x w\ld be ask$1 c ?is be reconcil$ ) ! abolition ( ! tabu1 ) ! pr9ciple t #8all ?+s are pure1' or ev5 ) ! obvi\s purpose ( ! ,creator :5 he creat$ mank9d male & female8 ,sid5ote3 ,! sex tabus4 #dgg4 ,x w\ld seem t "h we h t\*$ a fundam5tal po9t 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! moral s5tim5ts4 ,! sexual tabus are ! mo/ primitive & deeply-seat$ 9 human hi/ory4 ,f ?is po9t ( view woman is by nature impure1 ! sex-functions :i* play s l>ge a "p 9 h] mature life be+ to ! savage bo? dang]\s & abhorr5t4 ,h5ce ! view1 s /rongly held by ,/ ,paul1 t woman z a "p ( ! creation is inf]ior to man4 ,b man too becomes by 8 sex-functions impure1 ?\gh = %ort] p]iods2 & by union ) woman l[]s himself to h] level4 ,h5ce ! unconqu]able repugnance ( ,/ ,paul to ! sexual relation "u any conditions :atev]#aag2 a repugnance :i* reason & religion keep )9 limits#aah1 b :i* yet always breaks out afre% 9 8 writ+s4 ,h5ce also he assumes z unque/ionable ! natural unseeml9ess ( ! sexual p>ts ( ! body2 9 all ^! po9ts n go+ beyond feel+s :i* are to-day z ke5 z ev]1 ?\gh no philosoph] has f\nd x easy to ju/ify !m4 ,b 9 c]ta9 po9ts ,/ ,paul outpaces ! g5]al feel+1 & %[s himself an extreme reaction>y aga9/ ! philosophic doctr9es :i* he %>$ ) ! ,/oic4 ,he ext5ds 8 dislike1 9 accordance ) a mo/ primitive tabu1 to woman's hair#aai2 he desires ! subord9ation ( woman to man to be m>k$ 9 h] outw>d appe>ance#abj2 & he =bids wom5 to speak 9 ! g5]al meet+s ( *ur* memb]s#aba4 ,sid5ote3 ,hebrew feel+4 #dgh4 ,?is int5se feel+ on ! "p ( ,/ ,paul requir$1 z 8 writ+s assume1 no ju/ification2 x 0 !re=e an inh]it$ feel+1 z famili> to _m an ,ori5tal z x is usually /range & unsympa!tic to ! anci5t & mod]n ,european4 ,x appe>s also to be root$ 9 ,hebrew tradition2 = if we are at lib]ty to int]pret ! my? ( ,adam & ,eve by ! p>allel ( ,yama & ,yam 9 ! ,rigv$a#abb1 ! fall ( man 0 no?+ else ?an ! fir/ m>riage1 9 :i* ,eve 0 ! suitor & ,adam ! accomplice4 ,9 ! dramatic poem ( ! ,rigv$a ,yama corresponds to ! ,hebrew ,adam1 8 si/] ,yam to ,eve#abc4 ,yam ye>ns to become ! "m ( ! human race2 ,yama %udd]s at ! impiety ( a si/]'s embrace4 ,z5o _h already conceiv$ ! _w-problem 9 mu* ! same %ape#abd2 b to ! ,ori5tal x is m ?an a problem ( cosmology2 x is ! fundam5tal opposition ( sex attitude1 ! woman :o longs = ! family affections aga9/ ! man :o seeks an ideal purity4 ,9 ,g5esis ! prohibition ( ! apple appe>s at fir/ sight col\rless1 yet ! mean+ is h>dly obscure4 ,aft] t\*+ ! =bidd5 fruit man & woman fir/ feel ! %ame ( nak$ness2 & ,eve is puni%$ by ! com+ pa9s ( *ild-be>+1 & a rank bel[ h] husb&'s4 ,none ! less %e has h] wi%1 = %e becomes ! "m ( all liv+4 ,x is h>d to ?9k t ,paul1 :o always traces human s9 back to ! (f5ce ( ,adam1 & f9ds x mo/ %amelessly display$ 9 ! sex-relation%ips ( 8 own "t1 c\ld h conceiv$ ( ! ,fall 9 any v diff]5t way4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ta9t 9 procreation4 #dgi4 ,accord+ !n to a po9t ( view :i* we believe to be lat5t 9 all ! tea*+ ( ,paul on ! subject ( s91 ! orig9al ta9t lay 9 procreation1 & ?r\gh ! begett+ ( *ildr5 has pass$ on f "o g5]ation ( mank9d to ano!r2 #8?r\gh ! succession f ,adam all m5 become dead#abe4' ,z an e?ical /&po9t ?is position is v ali5 f ,/oicism2 ) ! ,/oic x is a fir/ law ( nature :i* bids all m5 seek = ! cont9uance ( ! race2 ) ! ,apo/le ! same ye>n+ leads !m to ent] ! pa?way ( dea?4 ,x w\ld lead u too f> to attempt "h to discuss ?is pr(\nd moral problem1 :i* has deeply influ5c$ ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,we are h[ev] greatly conc]n$ ) ! influ5ce ( ?is s5tim5t on ,paul9e doctr9e4 ,= x foll[s t 9 ord] to atta9 to a true moral or spiritual life man ne$s a new begett+ & a new bir?#abf2 he mu/ become a son ( ,god ?r\gh ! outp\r+ ( 8 _s#abg4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ famili> ( ,paul9e conceptions1 & = u x is easy to l9k x on to ! ,/oico-,paul9e acc\nt ( ! creation1 accord+ to :i* man 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance creat$ ?r\gh ! ,^w ( ,god1 & end[$ ) 8 _s4 ,b to ! community at ,j]usalem all conceptions ( ?is k9d appe> to h be5 h>dly intelligible1 & t5d$ to aggravate ! deep di/ru/ ( ! tea*+s & me?ods ( ,/ ,paul & 8 companions1 :i* 0 root$ 9 8 disreg>d ( national tradition4 ,sid5ote3 ,! qu>rel4 #dhj4 ,?is diff]5ce ( m5tal attitude soon broke out into an op5 qu>rel4 ,s mu* 0 inevitable2 & ! fact t ! qu>rel is record$ at l5g? 9 ! texts f :i* we are quot+ is "o ( ! /ronge/ evid5ces ( _! g5]al accuracy4 ,! ,*ri/ians at ,j]usalem =m$ !mselves into a nationali/ p>ty2 !y claim$ t all ! bro!rs %\ld be 9 ! fir/ in/ance con=mi/s to ,hebrew in/itutions4 ,paul w5t up to ,j]usalem#abh1 eag] to argue ! matt] ) m5 ( fam\s "n4 ,he 0 disillusion$1 z is s (t5 ! travell] :o returns aft] try+ exp]i5ces & mu* m5tal gr[? to ! home to :i* 8 he>t /ill cl+s4 ,pet] & ! o!rs _h no argum5ts to meet ,paul's2 he c\ld le>n no?+ f !m#abi2 !y _h n ev5 a consi/5t practice#acj4 ,at fir/ ,paul's moral s5se 0 outrag$2 he publicly rebuk$ ,pet] z d\ble-fac$4 ,aft] a little "t he realiz$ t he _h met ) *ildr52 he rememb]$ t he _h once ?\ght & act$ 9 ! same way#aca4 ,jews 9 he>t1 ! home apo/les /ill talk$ ( m>vels#acb1 /ill ye>n$ = ! return ( ,jesus 9 ! fle%#acc4 ,a philosophic religion 0 z mu* beyond _! grasp z a consi/5t morality4 ,?r\gh a simple-m9d$ application ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,s]mon on ! m\nt !y _h slipp$ into deep pov]ty#acd2 !y 7 ready to give ,paul full recognition 9 return = *>itable help4 ,?is 0 n refus$ !m2 b to 8 o!r tea*+ ,paul n[ add$ a *apt] on pecuni>y indep5d5ce#ace2 & 9 8 old age he left to 8 successors w>n+s aga9/ #8old wives' fables#acf' & #8,jewi% leg5ds#acg4' ,sid5ote3 ,! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian my?ology4 #dha4 ,?us = ! fir/ "t ! =ces ( my?ology )9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* cla%$ ) ^? ( philosophy4 ,= ! mom5t ,paul appe>$ to be ! victor2 he won ! =mal recognition ( ! *ur*1 ) full au?ority to cont9ue 8 prea*+ on ! und]/&+ t x 0 prim>ily direct$ to ! ,g5tile _w#ach4 ,ext]nal ev5ts 7 also unfav\rable to ! ,hebrai/s3 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem depriv$ !m ( _! local c5tre2 ! failure ( ,jesus to reappe> 9 ! fle% )9 ! lifetime ( 8 companions disappo9t$ !m ( _! mo/ *]i%$ hope4 ,b _! s5tim5ts & ?\ghts rema9$ to a great ext5t un*ang$4 ,to ,paul !y gave _! respect1 to ,pet] _! love2 & ! /eady tradition ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* has confirm$ ?is judgm5t4 ,no sa9t has be5 s lov$ z ,pet]2 to none h s _m *ur*es be5 d$icat$ by ! affectionate in/9ct ( ! _m2 :il/ ev5 ! dom9ant position ( ,paul 9 ! sacr$ canon has h>dly secur$ him mu* m ?an =mal recognition except by ! le>n$4 ,s aga9 x 0 ) ,paul's tea*+2 =mally recognis$ z or?odox1 x rema9$ misund]/ood & unappreciat$3 x 0 ev5 rapidly conv]t$ into t my?ological =m to :i* ,paul himself 0 s fi]cely oppos$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,virg9 bir? & ! resurrection4 #dhb4 ,?is div]g5ce ( view is illu/rat$ mo/ /rik+ly 9 ! two doctr9es :i* = bo? p>ties 7 ! c>d9al po9ts ( ,*ri/ian belief1 ! div9e nature ( ! ,f\nd] & 8 resurrection4 ,on ! latt] po9t ! /&po9t ( ! ,hebrai/s is suffici5tly indicat$ by ! tradition ( ! gospels1 all ( :i* emphatically record z a decisive fact t ! body ( ,jesus 0 n f\nd 9 8 grave on ! ?ird day2 to ! ,pauli/s ?is po9t is entirely irrelevant1 & !y pass x by unm5tion$#aci4 ,to ,paul aga9 ! man ,jesus 0 ( human & natural bir?1 born ( ! po/]ity ( ,david1 born ( a woman1 born subject to ! law#adj2 9 8 aspect z ! ,*ri/ he 01 z 8 foll[]s 7 to be1 begott5 ( ! _s & born anew#ada4 ,8 /atem5t z to desc5t f ,david 7:i* h>dly means m ?an t he 0 ( ,jewi% race7 0 cry/alliz$ by ! my?ologi/s 9 two =mal g5ealogies1 :i* disagree s entirely 9 detail t !y h always be5 ! despair ( v]bal apologi/s1 b agree 9 trac+ ! p$igree ?r\gh ,joseph to ,jesus4 ,! phrase #8begott5 ( ! _s' 0 int]pret$ ) equal lit]alness2 b ! m>vel-lov]s 7 = a "t puzzl$ to place ! #8_s' 9 ! family relation%ip4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! _s seems to h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! "m ( ,jesus#adb2 b ! misund]/&+ ( a ,hebrew ^w :i* does n necess>ily connote physical virg9ity#adc assi/$ to fix ! function ( fa!rhood ^u ! div9e p>5t4 ,! antipa?y to ! natural process ( procreation :i* we h trac$ 9 ,/ ,paul himself1 & :i* 0 surely n less active among/ _m ( ! ,hebrai/s1 has contribut$ to raise ?is mat]ialisation ( a philosophic t5et to a high place among/ ! =mal dogmas ( hi/oric ,*ri/ianity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,^w4 #dhc4 ,b if ! t5d5cy to my?-mak+ 0 /ill alive 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 t 9 ! direction ( philosophy _h become self-confid5t & active4 ,! ,pauli/s _h tak5 ! measure ( _! =m] oppon5ts2 !y felt !mselves sup]ior 9 intellectual & moral vig\r1 & !y knew t !y _h won ?is sup]iority by contact ) ! ,g5tile _w4 ,m ?an be=e !y appli$ !mselves to plead ! cause ( ! ,*ri/ be=e ! ,g5tiles2 b ! /orm & /ress ( ! ,paul9e epi/les gave way 9 "t to a s]5] atmosph]e1 9 :i* ! tru?s ( ,/oicism 7 m g5]\sly ackn[l$g$4 ,a ,/oic visitor ( ! reign ( ,trajan w\ld meet 9 ,*ri/ian circles ! attitude repres5t$ to u by ! f\r? gospel1 9 :i* ! problem ( ! ,*ri/-nature /&s to ! front1 & is treat$ on consi/5tly ,/oic l9es4 ,/ ,paul _h spok5 ( ,jesus z #8= u a wisdom :i* is f ,god#add' & _h ass]t$ t #8f ! beg9n+ he _h ! nature ( ,god#ade'2 8 successors decl>$ frankly t ,*ri/ 0 ! ,logos1 ! ,^w#adf2 & 9 place ( ! my? ( ! ,virg9 ,bir? !y delib]ately set 9 ! beg9n+ ( _! acc\nt ( ,*ri/ ! f\ndation-pr9ciples ( ,/oic physics & ! ,pauli/ acc\nt ( ! spiritual procreation ( all ,*ri/ians4 #8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4 ,he 0 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god4 ,all ?+s came into be+ ?r\gh him1 & ap>t f him no?+ t exi/s came into be+#adg4' #8,to all :o h receiv$ him1 to !m--t is1 to ^? :o tru/ 9 8 "n--he has giv5 ! privilege ( becom+ *ildr5 ( ,god2 :o 7 begott5 z su* n by human desc5t1 nor ?r\gh an impulse ( _! own nature1 nor ?r\gh ! w ( a human fa!r1 b f ,god4 #8,& ! ,^w came 9 ! fle%1 & liv$ = a "t 9 our mid/1 s t we saw 8 glory1 ! glory z ( ! ,fa!r's only ,son1 s5t f 8 pres5ce4 ,he 0 full ( grace & tru?#adh4' ,! ,/oic "* ( ?is tea*+ is no long] lat5t1 b proclaim$2 & ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs recognise ?is 9 no d\btful t]ms#adi4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 #dhd4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 m5 tra9$ 9 ,/oic pr9ciples cr[d$ into ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,)9 x !y felt !y _h a special "w to d 9 build+ up ,*ri/ian doctr9e s t x might face all /orms ( criticism4 ,?is ef=t gradually took ! %ape ( s*ools modell$ ^u ^? ( ! philosophic sects4 ,su* a s*ool 0 f\nd$ by an ex-,/oic nam$ ,,panta5us at ,alex&ria 9 #aha ,a4,d42 & 8 successors ,,clem5s ( ,alex&ria 7ob4 c4 #bae ,a4,d47 & ,,orig5es 7c4 #ahf-bec ,a4,d47 specially devot$ !mselves to develop+ ! !ory ( ! div9e nature ^u ,/oic l9es4 ,n all ! p>ticul>s !y sugge/$ 7 accept$ by ! g5]al feel+ ( ! ,*ri/ian body1 b f ! discussion 0 develop$ gradually ! ecclesia/ical doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity#aej4 ,! elem5ts ( ?is doctr9e h be5 already trac$ 9 ,/ ,paul's epi/les1 9 :i* ! dom9at+ conceptions are ^? ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 ! ,*ri/1 & ! div9e _s4 ,= ^! 9 ! next g5]ation we f9d ! ,fa!r1 ! ,^w1 & ! ,_s2 & ! la/ t]m ( ! triad becomes increas+ly id5tifi$ ) ! #8holy _s' ( ,/oicism4 ,b ^! ?ree conceptions 7) o!rs7 are 9 ,/oic doctr9e v>y+ names or aspects ( ! div9e unity4 ,s5eca1 = in/ance1 _h writt5 9 ! foll[+ tone3 #8,to :atev] c\ntry we are bani%$1 two ?+s g ) u1 our "p 9 ! />ry heav5s above & ! _w ar\nd1 our sole "r 9 ! moral in/9cts ( our own he>ts4 ,su* is ! gift to u ( ! supreme p[] :i* %ap$ ! univ]se4 ,t p[] we sometimes call 8! all-rul+ ,god10 sometimes 8! incorporeal ,wisdom0 :i* is ! creator ( mighty works1 sometimes ! 8div9e _s0 :i* spreads ?r\gh ?+s great & small ) duly /rung tone1 sometimes 8de/9y0 or ! *angeless succession ( causes l9k$ "o to ano!r#aea4' ,"h ! l>g] v>iety ( t]ms us$ by ! e>ly ,/oic tea*]s#aeb is r$uc$ to f\r aspects ( ! fir/ cause1 namely ,god1 ! ,^w1 ! div9e _s1 & de/9y4 ,! ,*ri/ian writ]s /ruck out f ! s]ies ! f\r? memb]1 & ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 0 !re4 ,its /iff =mulation = s*ool purposes 9 ! %ape #8^! ?ree are "o' has giv5 x ! appe>ance ( a p>adox2 b to p]sons conv]sant ) philosophic t]m9ology su* a phrase 0 almo/ commonplace1 & is inde$ f\nd 9 v>i\s associations#aec4 ,! subsequ5t conv]sion ( ! memb]s ( ! triad into ?ree #8p]sons' introduc$ a simplification :i* is only app>5t1 = ! doctr9e mu/ always rema9 mean+less except z a typical solution ( ! old problem ( #8! ,"o & ! _m1' c>ri$ up to ! level ( ultimate ,be+#aed4 ,sid5ote3 ,subsequ5t hi/ory4 #dhe4 ,9 ! ages t h s9ce foll[$ my?ology & philosophy h be5 at "w side by side )9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,at no "t _h ,*ri/ians ( philosophic temp]am5t entirely ?r[n (f ! belief 9 m>vels1 & ?is 9 increas+ degree infect$ ! :ole ,hell5i/ic _w f ! second c5tury onw>ds4 ,b ?is _s ( concession prov$ no sure protection to m5 :o1 aft] all1 7 guilty ( ?9k+4 ,x 0 sub/antially on ?is gr\nd t ! fir/ p]secutions began )9 ! *ur*4 ,demetrius1 bi%op ( ,alex&ria 7circ4 #bcj ,a4,d471 excommunicat$ ,orig51 & obta9$ ! support ( ! great majority ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es = 8 action2 /ill ,orig5 /eadily held 8 gr\nd1 & has f\nd advocates 9 all ages ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory#aee4 ,?r\gh\t ! #8d>k ages' philosophical ?\ght lay almo/ ext+ui%$1 & a *ildi% cr$ulity atta9$ su* mon/r\s dim5sions z to ?reat5 ! v exi/5ce ( social life4 ,9 ! ecclesia/ical *ronicles ( ! middle ages miracles are s frequ5t t ! ord]ly c\rse ( nature seems ! exception2 angels & devils are s _m t m5 are almo/ =gott54 ,to ^! halluc9ations & fictions ( ! mona/]y1 s des]v$ly ridicul$ 9 ! ,+oldsby ,leg5ds#aef1 ! practical exp]i5ce ( daily life mu/ always h suppli$ "s corrective2 ! swoll5 claim ( #8fai?' to say yes to e absurdity _h to be met by ! reass]tion ( criticism1 ! "r to say #8no4' ,! ,re=mation1 at ! co/ ( inf9ite ef=t & sacrifice1 swept away ! miracles ( ! sa9ts2 mod]n criticism has sp>$ none ( ! m>vels ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & is beg9n+ to lay its axe to ! root ( ^? ( ! ,new4 ,e day ! conviction t #8miracles d n happ5' ga9s gr\nd among/ intellig5t communities2 t is 79 philosophic language7 ! dualism ( ,god & ,nature is be+ absorb$ 9 ! wid] monism accord+ to :i* ,god & ,nature are "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ri/ian philosophy4 #dhf4 ,z ! cr$it ( ,*ri/ian my?ology dim9i%es1 ! philosophic cont5t ( ! new religion is rega9+ its au?ority4 ,! doctr9e ( ! #8spiritual life' has n yet lo/ its fre%ness or its p[]2 b ! m closely x is exam9$1 ! m cle>ly w x be se5 t x is root$ 9 ! fundam5tal ,/oic conceptions ( provid5ce & duty1 & t1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 x is specially b\nd up ) ! life & writ+s ( ! apo/le ,paul4 ,x is n sugge/$ t ! sket* ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ conta9$ 9 ?is *apt] is 9 any way a complete or ev5 a well-proportion$ view ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 = we h necess>ily ?r[n into ! backgr\nd ^? elem5ts ( ! new religion :i* are drawn f ,judaism#aeg or f ! p]sonality ( ! ,f\nd]4 ,nor h we f\nd 9 ,paul a ,/oic philosoph]3 x rema9s = a m direct & pr(\nd /udy to det]m9e :i* ( ! =ces :i* /irr$ 8 complex intellect mo/ exactly repres5ts 8 true & f9al convictions4 ,no man at any rate ev] admitt$ m frankly ! conflict bo? ( moral & ( intellectual crav+s )9 himself2 no man ev] caution$ 8 foll[]s m c>efully aga9/ accept+ all 8 words z f9al4 ,) ^! res]vations we may p]haps v5ture to jo9 9 ! hopes ( a rec5t writ] :o 0 end[$ ) no small prophetic insight3 #8,! doctr9e ( ,paul w arise out ( ! tomb :]e = c5turies x has la9 buri$4 ,x w edify ! *ur* ( ! future2 x w h ! cons5t ( happi] g5]ations1 ! applause ( less sup]/iti\s ages4 ,all w be too little to pay ! debt :i* ! *ur* ( ,god owes to ?is 8lea/ ( ! apo/les1 :o 0 n fit to be call$ an apo/le1 because he p]secut$ ! *ur* ( ,god#aeh40' ,sid5ote3 ,/oicism 9 ! pres5t4 #dhg4 ,:5 t day comes1 x w be recognis$ t ,/oicism is some?+ m ?an :at ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs meant :5 !y describ$ x z "p ( ! #8prep>ation ( ! gospel'2 t x may r be reg>d$ z =m+ an integral "p ( ! ,*ri/ian message1 or 7z x has be5 rec5tly call$7 a #8root ( ,*ri/ianity#aei4' ,if ?is view is correct1 ,/oicism is n dead nor w x die2 :e!r x is correct or n1 ! /udy ( ,/oicism is ess5tial to ! full und]/&+ ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 z also to t ( _m o!r fundam5tal conceptions ( our mod]n life4 ,/ill ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es celebrate ye>ly 9 quick succession ! tw9 fe/ivals ( ,p5teco/ & ,tr9ity1 9 :i* ! gr\ndwork ( ! ,/oic physics is set =? = acceptance by ! fai?ful 9 its ,*ri/ian g>b2 :il/ ! sci5tific _w has lately 9 hot ha/e ab&on$ ! atomic !ory z a f9al explanation ( ! univ]se1 & is busy 9 re-e/abli%+ 9 all its ess5tials ! ,/oic doctr9e ( an all-p]vad+ ae!r4 ,9 ! practical problems ( /atesman%ip & private life we are at pres5t too (t5 drift+ l a %ip )\t a rudd]1 guid$ only by ! mirages ( conv5tion1 *ildi%ly al>m$ at ! lea/ inve/igation ( fir/ pr9ciples2 till ! mo/ num]\s classes are 9 op5 revolt aga9/ a civilisation :i* makes no appeal to _! reason1 & a :ole sex is frett+ aga9/ a subord9ation :i* seems to subs]ve no cle>ly def9$ purpose4 ,9 ?is "p ( philosophy we may at lea/ say t ,/oicism has /at$ cle>ly ! *ief problems1 & has begun to pave a road t[>ds _! solution4 ,b t solution w n be f\nd 9 ! ref9em5ts ( logical discussion3 ( supreme importance is ! =ce ( "* :i* c at ! "r mom5t say #8yes' or say #8no4' ,9 ?is s5se also 7& n by any m me*anical int]pretation7 we und]/& ! words ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity3 #8let y\r language be 8,yes1 yes0 or 8,no1 no02 any?+ 9 excess ( ?is comes f ! ,evil "o#afj4' ,to ! simple & ! /raight=w>d1 :o tru/ !mselves because !y tru/ a p[] high] ?an !mselves1 ! future belongs4 ,,footnotes #a ,z to suppos$ in/ances to ! contr>y see ,w9ckl]1 ,/oicismus1 pp4 #e to #ad4 #b ,= mat]ial ( ?is k9d see ,w9ckl]'s diss]tation j quot$1 & ,lightfoot's ,philippians1 pp4 #bgh-bij4 #c #8,= we are also 8 (fspr+' ,acts xvii #bh4 #d #a ,cor4 i #bj-be4 #e ,john i #a4 #f ,9 ! ref]5ces to ! ,new ,te/am5t books 9 ?is *apt] no attempt is made to apply any precise critical !ory ( _! orig9 or date4 ,s9ce we suppose t all ,*ri/ian doctr9e 0 enunciat$ orally long be=e x 0 committ$ to writ+1 ! date & circum/ances ( ! writt5 record become = ! pres5t purpose ( second>y importance4 ,translations f ! ,new ,te/am5t are1 z a rule1 tak5 f ,dr ,r4 ,f4 ,weym\?'s ,new ,te/am5t 9 ,mod]n ,spee* 7,london #aijc74 ,?is admirable translation has = ! pres5t purpose ! great negative advantage ( keep+ 9 ! backgr\nd ! mass ( associations :i* h9d] ! mod]n read] f tak+ ! words ( ! writ]s 9 _! simple & natural s5se2 b on ! o!r h&1 ,dr ,weym\? sometimes disguises ! te*nical t]ms ( anci5t philosophy s f> z to make !m unrecognisable4 ,9 su* cases ! ,revis$ ,v]sion is quot$1 & occasionally ! ,greek text4 #g ,matt4 xiii #ee1 ,luke ii #dh2 & see bel[1 #dhb4 #h ,luke ii #df1 #dg4 ,su* m5 w\ld ( c\rse be typical ( ! _s ( #8,judaism1' see #bb above4 #i ,see ! treatm5t ( ! ,jonah my? 7,matt4 xii #dj & #da71 & ( ! prophecy ( ! return ( ,elijah 7,matt4 xvii #aj to #ac74 #aj ,matt4 xxiii #ac4 #aa ,matt4 iv #a to #aa2 ,m>k i #ac2 ,luke iv #a to #ad4 #ab ,matt4 xii #a to #ac2 ,m>k ii #bc to #bh2 ,luke vi #a to #aj4 #ac ,john iv #ba4 #ad ,matt4 v #e4 #ae ,matt4 vi #i to #ac2 a doxology is fir/ f\nd 9 ! ,,ms ( ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les1 & x 0 probably n specifically connect$ ) ! pray] orig9ally4 #af ,john xiii #ba4 #ag ,luke xxii #dd4 #ah ,john viii #f & #h4 #ai ,matt4 v #dh2 ,luke vi #dj4 #bj ,matt4 xxvi #da2 ,m>k xiv #ch4 ,! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews adopts ! te*nical t]ms ( ,/oicism m completely4 ,accord+ to him ,*ri/ 0 t\*$ ) all ! passions ( weak m51 b to a degree fall+ %ort ( s92 444 ,heb4 iv #ae4 ,?us ! agony 9 ! g>d51 ?\gh accompani$ by l\d cries & te>s1 did n pass ! limits ( ! heal?y affection ( caution 771 or 7z we might say7 #8anxiety'2 ib4 v #g4 #ba ,john xx #bh4 #bb ,m>k x #ae4 #bc ,acts xii #ae4 #bd ,?is antipa?y to ! ,roman gov]nm5t f9ds bit+ expression 9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,john4 #be ,!re seems to be no def9ite ref]5ce ev5 to ! ,"l's pray]1 or to any ( ! p>ables1 9 ! books nam$ above4 #bf ,= in/ance1 t ( #8love' 9 #a ,cor4 xiii1 & ( #8fai?' 9 ,hebrews xi4 #bg ,= ! conflict betwe5 ,/ ,paul & ! *ur* at ,j]usalem1 see bel[1 #dhj2 = 8 tone t[>ds ^? :o diff]$ f him1 see ,galatians i #h & #i2 ,col4 ii #d2 #a ,tim4 i #bj1 vi #c to #e2 ,titus i #aj4 ,a g5tle expo/ulation z to ?is /yle ( controv]sy is f\nd 9 ! epi/le ( ,james1 see note #ci4 #bh #8,) su* zeal d ! inhabitants ( ,t>sus /udy philosophy & lit]ature1 t !y surpass ,a!ns1 ,alex&ria1 & all o!r s*ools ( le>n+4444 ,rome kn[s well h[ _m m5 ( lett]s issue f ?is city1 = h] /reets sw>m ) !m' ,/rabo xiv p4 #fgc4 #bi ,juv4 ,sat4 iii #aag & #aah2 & see above1 #be1 note #fe4 #cj ,romans viii #bj & #ba4 #ca ,romans vi #ag1 #a ,cor4 i #aj4 #cb #b ,cor4 xii #b to #e4 #cc #8a k ( ! conduct :i* ! ,law requires is engrav5 on ! he>ts ( ! ,g5tiles' ,rom4 ii #ae4 #cd ib4 #ce #8my consci5ce adds its te/imony to m9e' ,rom4 ix #a4 #cf ib4 #cg #8,fai? is a well-gr\nd$ assurance ( t = :i* we hope' ,heb4 xi #a4 ,?us :il/ s5se-k1 & especially sight1 calls = acceptance because x is #8objective1' & deta*$ f p]sonal bias1 fai? is ess5tially subjective1 & sugge/s a p[] by :i* 79 h>mony ) a div9e s\rce7 p]sonality dom9ates fact4 #ch #b ,cor4 i #ai4 #ci #8,d n be eag] to become tea*]s2 = we (t5 /umble & fall1 all ( u' ,james iii i & #b4 #dj #8,he :o does :at is hone/ & "r comes to ! light' ,john iii #ba2 #8if any "o is will+ to d ,8 w1 he %all "k ab\t ! tea*+' ib4 vii #ag4 #da #8,! crav+s ( ! fle% are oppos$ to ^? ( ! _s1 & ! crav+s ( ! _s are oppos$ to ^? ( ! fle%' ,gal4 v #ag2 cf4 ,romans viii #ab & #ac4 #db ,see above1 #dfj1 note #bj4 #dc #8,!re are bodies :i* are cele/ial & !re are bodies :i* are e>?ly' #a ,cor4 xv #dj2 #8z surely z !re is an animal body1 s !re is also a spiritual body' ib4 #dd4 #dd #b ,cor4 v #af4 #de #a ,cor4 xi #bd1 #be4 #df #8:i* are a %ad[ ( ! ?+s to come1 b ! body is ,*ri/'s' ,col4 ii #ag 7,revis$ ,v]sion74 #dg #8,! univ]se 7 7 owes its orig9 to ,him1 0 creat$ by ,him1 & has its aim & purpose 9 ,him' ,rom4 xi #cf 7,weym\?'s translation72 #8( him & ?r\gh him & unto him are all ?+s' ib4 7,revis$ ,v]sion72 #8,god1 ! ,fa!r1 :o is ! s\rce ( all ?+s' #a ,cor4 viii #f4 ,see fur!r ib4 xv #bd & #bh4 #dh #8,*ri/1 :o is ! image ( ,god' #b ,cor4 iv #d2 #8he brightly reflects ,god's glory & is ! exact repres5tation ( ,8 be+' ,hebr4 i #c4 #di #8,*ri/ is ! visible repres5tation ( ! invisible ,god1 ! ,fir/-born & ,"l ( all creation' ,col4 i #ae2 #8x is 9 ,*ri/ t ! fulness ( ,god's nature dwells embodi$' ib4 ii #i4 #ej #89 him 7 all ?+s creat$ 4442 all ?+s h be5 creat$ ?r\gh him & unto him' ib4 i #af 7,revis$ ,v]sion72 #8?r\gh :om ,god made ! ages' ,hebrews i #b4 ,comp>e ! discussion on ! f\r causes above1 #agi1 & ! phrase ( ,m>cus ,aurelius3 1 1 ,to himself1 iv #bc4 #ea #8,^? he has also pr$e/9$ to be> ! lik5ess ( 8 ,son' ,rom4 viii #bi2 #8a man is ! image & glory ( ,god' #a ,cor4 xi #g4 #eb #8woman is ! glory ( man2 woman takes h] orig9 f man' #a ,cor4 xi #g & #h 7) special ref]5ce to ,eve72 cf4 #a ,!ss4 iv #d 7,r4 ,v471 #a ,pet4 iii #g4 #ec #8!re 7 heav5s :i* exi/$ ( old1 & an e>?1 ! latt] aris+ out ( wat] by ! ^w ( ,god' #b ,pet4 iii #e4 #ed #8! heav5s w pass away ) a ru%+ noise1 ! elem5ts be de/roy$ 9 ! fi]ce heat1 & ! e>? & all ! works ( man be utt]ly burnt up' ib4 #aj4 ,b comp>e #a ,cor4 iii #ac to #ae4 #ee ,! omission is due to contempt ( dumb creatures1 see #a ,cor4 ix #i4 #ef #8,x is 9 close/ union ) ,him t we live & move & h our be+' ,acts xvii #bh2 #8"o ,god & ,fa!r ( all 444 rules ov] all1 acts ?r\gh all1 & dwells 9 all' ,eph4 iv #f4 #eg #8,god is deal+ ) y z sons2 = :at son is !re :om 8 fa!r does n discipl9e8' ,heb4 xii #g4 #eh #8= ^? :o love ,god all ?+s are work+ toge!r = good' ,rom4 viii #bh4 #ei #8,god 0 9 ,*ri/ reconcil+ ! _w to ,himself' #b ,cor4 v #ai2 cf4 ,col4 i #bj4 #fj #8^! m5 are )\t excuse1 = 444 _! s5seless m9ds 7 d>k5$ 444 9 accordance ) _! own deprav$ crav+s' ,romans i #bj to #bd4 ,! po9t is br\ght out /ill m pla9ly by a writ] ( ! opposite p>ty1 ,james i #ac to #ae4 #fa #8ours is n a conflict ) m]e fle% & blood1 b ) ! despotisms1 ! empires1 ! =ces t control & gov]n ?is d>k _w1 ! spiritual ho/s ( evil array$ aga9/ u 9 ! heav5ly w>f>e' ,eph4 vi #ab4 #fb #8let y\r ?anks to ,god ! ,fa!r be pres5t$ 9 ! "n ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/' ib4 v #bj4 #fc #8x is impossible = ! blood ( bulls & goats to take away s9s' ,hebr4 x #d4 #fd #89 ,*ri/ ,jesus nei!r circumcision nor uncircumcision is ( any importance' ,gal4 v #f4 #fe #8if y receive circumcision ,*ri/ w avail y no?+' ib4 v #b4 #ff #8y scrupul\sly obs]ve days & mon?s1 special seasons1 & ye>s4 ,i am al>m$ ab\t y' ib4 iv #aj & #aa2 cf4 ,col4 ii #af to #ai4 #fg 1 ,rom4 xii #a4 #fh #b ,cor4 xiii #e4 #fi #a ,cor4 xiv #ae4 #gj #a ,tim4 ii #h4 #ga ,rom4 xvi #be to #bg2 #a ,cor4 i #d2 #b ,cor4 i #c2 ,eph4 i #c to #ad1 iii #bj & #ba2 #a ,tim4 i #ag4 ,comp>e #a ,pet] i #c to #e4 #gb #8,! :ole body--its v>i\s p>ts closely fitt+ & firmly adh]+ to "o ano!r--gr[s by ! aid ( e contributory l9k1 ) p[] proportion$ to ! ne$ ( ea* individual "p' ,eph4 iv #af2 cf4 ,rom4 xii #d & #e4 #gc #a ,cor4 xv #dd4 #gd ,! po9t is cont9ually emphasiz$ t !re is only "o _s4 ,9 ,engli% translations ! d\ble pr9t$ =m1 ,_s & _s1 disguises ! real mean+1 #8if !re is any common %>+ ( ! _s' ,philipp4 ii #a4 #ge #8,y may1 "o & all1 become %>]s 9 ! v nature ( ,god' #b ,pet] i #d4 #gf ,rom4 i #ba4 #gg #8our mortal bodies _c inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god1 nor w :at is p]i%able inh]it :at is imp]i%able' #a ,cor4 xv #ej2 #8if we h kn[n ,*ri/ z a man 7 71 yet n[ we d s no long]' #b ,cor4 v #af4 ,! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! spiritual resurrection1 9 spite ( its place 9 ! sacr$ canon1 has nev] be5 recognis$ by popul> ,*ri/ianity1 b x has f\nd notable def5d]s 9 ,orig5 9 anci5t times1 & 9 ,bi%op ,we/cott rec5tly4 #8,no "o ( ,orig5's op9ions 0 m vehem5tly assail$ ?an 8 tea*+ on ! ,resurrection4 ,ev5 8 e>ly & lat] apologi/s 7 p]plex$ 9 _! def5ce ( him4 ,yet !re is no po9t on :i* 8 insight 0 m conspicu\s4 ,by keep+ /rictly to ! ,apo/olic language he anticipat$ results :i* we h h>dly yet secur$4 ,he saw t x is ! 8_s0 :i* m\lds ! frame ?r\gh :i* x is manife/$2 t ! body is ! same1 n by any mat]ial cont9uity1 b by ! p]man5ce ( t :i* gives ! law1 ! ratio z he calls x1 ( its con/itution 7,frag4 de res4 ii #a1 p4 #cd74 ,our oppon5ts say n[ t ?is idea is a late ref9em5t ( doctr9e1 =c$ ^u u by ! exig5cies ( controv]sy4 ,! answ] is t no exig5cies ( controv]sy br\ght ,orig5 to 8 conclusion4 ,x 01 9 8 judgm5t1 ! cle> tea*+ ( ,/ ,paul' ,we/cott1 ,religi\s ,?\ght 9 ! ,we/1 p4 #bdd4 #gh #8my e>ne/ desire be+ to dep>t & to be ) ,*ri/' ,philipp4 i #bc4 #gi #8,we %all be ) ! ,"l = ev]' #a ,!ss4 iv #ag4 ,s ano!r ,pauli/ writ]3 #8we see !m eag] = a bett] l&1 t is to say1 a heav5ly "o4 ,= ?is reason ,god has n[ prep>$ a city = !m' ,heb4 xi #af4 #hj ,! t]m us$ is #8gra9' 9 #a ,cor4 xv #cg1 b #8se$' ib4 #ch4 ,! ,/oic t]m is f\nd 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ,apol4 ii #h & #ac4 #ha #a ,cor4 xv #af1 #ag4 #hb #8:ile we are at home 9 ! body we are bani%$ f ! ,"l2 = we are liv+ a life ( fai?1 & n "o ( sight' #b ,cor4 v #f2 #8we by our baptism 7 buri$ ) him 9 dea?1 9 ord] t we %\ld also live an entirely new life' ,rom4 vi #d2 #8surr5d] y\r v selves to ,god z liv+ m5 :o h ris5 f ! dead' ib4 #ac4 #hc #8,he is n ! ,god ( dead1 b ( liv+ m5' ,matt4 xxii #cb4 #hd ,matt4 x #ci1 xvi #be1 ,john xii #be4 #he ,john v #bd4 #hf #8! end et]nal life' ,rom4 vi #bb 7,revis$ v]sion72 #8y h ! ,life ( ! ages z ! f9al result' ib4 7,weym\?74 #hg #8! end s\ght is ! love :i* spr+s f a pure he>t1 a cle> consci5ce1 & a s9c]e fai?' #a ,tim4 i #e4 #hh #8x is z ! result ( fai? t a man is held to be righte\s1 ap>t f actions done 9 ob$i5ce to ,law' ,rom4 iii #bh4 #hi ,titus i #ae4 #ij ,romans xiv #ad4 #ia #a ,cor4 xii #bc4 #ib #a ,tim4 iv #d4 #ic ,eph4 ii #ai4 #id #89 ,him ! di/9ctions betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile1 slave & free man1 male & female1 disappe>' ,gal4 iii #bh4 #ie ,see above1 #cee4 #if #b ,cor4 x #a4 #ig #a ,cor4 xiii4 ,= ! con/ancy ( ,caution see #dfj1 note #bj4 #ih ,ju/ice 77 #a ,tim4 vi #aa2 ,c\rage 77 #a ,tim4 vi #aa1 77 #b ,tim4 i #g2 ,sob]ness 77 ,gal4 v #bc4 #ii ,rom4 i #bf to #cj2 ,gal4 v #ai & #bj2 ,col4 iii #e4 #ajj #b ,cor4 ii #g1 vii #aj4 #aja #8,i %all g on work+ to promote y\r progress' ,philipp4 i #be2 #8) my eyes fix$ on ! goal ,i pu% on' ib4 iii #ad4 ,!re is also 7p>adoxically7 progress 9 wrongdo+2 #8!y w proce$ f bad to worse 9 impiety' #b ,tim4 ii #af4 #ajb ,! te*nical t]m us$ is 7,eph4 v #d1 ,philem4 #h71 once only 79 negative =m7 7,rom4 i #bh74 #ajc ,9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w #8political' is us$ above1 #cjb-caa4 #ajd ,rom4 xiii #a to #i2 ,ephes4 v & vi2 ,col4 iii #ah to #be2 ,titus ii #a to #aj2 #a ,pet] ii & iii4 #aje #8,y are a prie/hood ( k+ly l9eage' #a ,pet] ii #i4 #ajf #8z poor1 b we be/[ weal? on _m2 z hav+ no?+1 & yet we securely possess all ?+s' #b ,cor4 vi #aj4 #ajg #8:]e ! _s ( ! ,"l is1 fre$om is enjoy$' #b ,cor4 iii #ag4 #ajh #8e "o :o commits s9 is ! slave ( s9' ,john viii #cd4 #aji #8if ,i am de/itute ( love1 ,i am no?+' #a ,cor4 xiii #b4 #aaj ,x is n 7#b ,cor4 iii #e & #f71 ! latt] ^w be+ us$ 9 a diff]5t s5se1 = :i* see #dhj1 note #ace4 #aaa ,! t]m 71 peccatum7 is ,/oic4 #aab ,lightfoot1 ,philippians1 p4 #bif4 ,?is view has become famili> ?r\gh ,milton's treatm5t ( ! ,fall ( man 9 ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,!re ! prohibition ( ! =bidd5 fruit is no?+ b a te/ ( read9ess to obey4 ,?is po9t ( view seems q =eign to ,/ ,paul1 :o always speaks ( s9 z s9ful 9 itself1 n 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,creator's w4 #aac ,eph4 v #ab 7,r4 ,v474 #aad ,rom4 i #bf4 #aae #a ,cor4 v #a4 #aaf #a ,cor4 vii #a to #h4 #aag #8,x is well = a man to ab/a9 altoge!r f m>riage4 ,b because !re is s mu* =nication e man %\ld h a wife ( 8 own' #a ,cor4 vii i & #b4 #aah #8,if y m>ry1 y h n s9n$' ib4 #bh4 #aai #8if a woman w n we> a veil1 let h] also cut (f h] hair' #a ,cor4 xi #f4 ,= ! savage tabu ( wom5's hair see ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #gh4 #abj #a ,cor4 xi #aj4 #aba ib4 xiv #cd & #ce4 #abb ,rigv$a x #aj4 #abc ,see ! au?or's translation 9 8 ,rigv$a 7,london1 #aijj74 #abd ,see above1 #cjg4 #abe #8j z ?r\gh ,adam all die1 s also ?r\gh ,*ri/ all w be made alive aga9' #a ,cor4 xv #bb4 #abf #8,god 9 8 great m]cy has begott5 u anew' #a ,pet] i #c2 #8y h be5 begott5 aga9 f a g]m n ( p]i%able1 b ( imp]i%able life' ib4 #bc4 #abg #8y are all sons ( ,god ?r\gh fai?' ,gal4 iii #bf4 #abh ,gal4 ii #a4 #abi ib4 #f4 #acj ib4 #ab4 #aca #a ,cor4 xiii #aa4 #acb ib4 i #bb4 #acc ,james v #h4 #acd ,james i #bg1 ii #ae to #ag1 v #a to #c4 #ace #b ,cor4 ix #h 7! te*nical t]m is 72 #8if a man does n *oose to "w1 nei!r %all he eat' #b ,!ss4 iii #aj4 #acf #8worldly 7i4e4 mat]iali/ic7 /ories1 fit only = cr$ul\s old wom51 h no?+ to d )' #a ,tim4 iv #g4 #acg ,titus i #ad4 #ach ,galatians ii #i4 #aci #8,*ri/ 0 put to dea? 9 ! fle%1 b made alive 9 ! _s' #a ,pet] iii #ah4 #adj #8,jesus ,*ri/ :o1 z reg>ds ,8 human desc5t1 belong$ to ! po/]ity ( ,david1 b z reg>ds ! hol9ess ( ,8 ,_s 0 decisively prov$ by ! ,resurrection to be ! ,son ( ,god' ,romans i #d2 #8,god s5t =? ,8 ,son1 born ( a woman1 born subject to ,law' ,gal4 iv #d4 #ada #a ,pet] i #c4 #adb ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! transfiguration 9 ! ,gospel to ! ,hebrews 7p4 #ae1 #cf ,hilg5feld2 ,preus*5 ,antileg4 #d7 ,jesus says #8,lately my "m1 ! holy _s1 seiz$ me by "o ( my hairs & c>ri$ me away to ! great m\nta9 ( ,?abor4' ,"h ,orig5 re/ores a philosophical int]pretation by ref]r+ to ,matt4 xii #ej2 #8:oev] %all d ! w ( my ,fa!r 444 is my "m' ,comm4 9 ,joh4 ii #ab1 p4 #fd ,d4 ,mod]n writ]s f9d an id5tification ( ,m>y ) ! ,wisdom 77 ( ,god4 ,see ,gruppe1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie und ,religionsges*i*te1 vol4 ii p4 #afad4 #adc ,matt4 i #bc4 #add #a ,cor4 i #cj4 #ade ,philipp4 ii #f4 #adf #8,t :i* 0 f ! beg9n+ 444 conc]n+ ! ,^w ( life' #a ,john i #a2 #88 "n is ! ,^w ( ,god' ,rev4 xix #ac4 #adg ,john i #a to #c4 #adh ,john i #ab to #ad4 #adi #8apud ve/ros quoque sapi5tes 7id e/ s]monem atque rationem7 con/at artificem vid]i univ]sitatis' ,t]t4 ,apol4 #ba2 #8,z5o opificem univ]sitatis pra$icat1 quem et fatum et necessitatem et animum ,iovis nuncupat' ,lact4 ,div4 in/4 iv #i4 ,naturally ! ,*ri/ian writ]s reg>d ! ,/oic doctr9e ( ! ,logos z an #8anticipation' ( _! own1 exactly z 9 mod]n times ! ,d>w9i/s1 hav+ borr[$ f ,epicurus ! doctr9e ( atoms1 reg>d ! orig9al doctr9e z a #8m>vell\s anticipation' ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr goes fur!r1 & concludes t all believ]s 9 ! ,logos 7 7by anticipation7 ,*ri/ians3 ,apol4 i #df4 #aej ,! t]m is fir/ us$ by ,!ophilus 7c4 #ahj ,a4,d471 ( ,god1 8 ,^w1 & 8 ,wisdom4 #aea ,9 ?is passage an #8anticipation' ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity has _m times be5 discov]$2 = in/ance 9 ! #ah? c5tury by ! ,jesuit ,huet 7,w9ckl]1 d] ,/oicismus1 p4 #i72 9 our own c\ntry by ,dr ,heb]d5 7see ,caes> ,morgan1 ,an inve/igation ( ! ,tr9ity ( ,plato1 ,hold5's edition1 #ahec1 p4 #aee72 & aga9 rec5tly by ,amde ,fleury & o!rs 7,w9ckl]1 p4 #h74 #aeb ,see above1 #bdb4 #aec ,= in/ance 9 #a ,john v #h1 & 79 sub/ance7 9 #a ,cor4 xiii #ac4 #aed ,:atev] may be ! ecclesia/ical or legal s5se ( ! ^w #8p]son1' 9 its orig9al philosophical mean+ x expresses an aspect ( individuality1 & n an individual3 see ,cic]o's use ( ! t]m quot$ above1 #bga1 note #db4 #aee ,see above1 #dgj1 note #gg4 #aef ,?is book claims rank z a classic2 among/ o!rs ( simil> purpose may be m5tion$ ,r4 ,g>nett's ,twilight ( ! gods 7,new edition1 ,london #aijc74 #aeg ,among/ ^! elem5ts we include all t ,*ri/ianity has drawn f ,p]sism ?r\gh ,judaism4 ,we h inde$ ref]r$ to ! ,p]sian beliefs embodi$ 9 ! #8,"l's pray]'2 b x has la9 outside our scope to discuss ! ,es*atology :i* figures s l>gely 9 popul> conceptions ( ,*ri/ianity1 b is n[ ?\ght to be b slightly connect$ ) its *>act]i/ic message4 ,on ?is po9t see especially ,c>l ,clem51 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,erklrung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts 7,giess51 #aiji71 pp4 #ij-ace4 #aeh ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,/ ,paul & ,prote/antism 7,popul> edition1 p4 #hj74 #aei ,! full title ( ,w9ckl]'s book f :i* we h (t5 already quot$ is ,d] ,/oicismus e9e ,wurzel des ,*ri/5?ums4 #afj ,matt4 v #cg4 ,,bibliography4 ,! numb]s 9 brackets are ^? ( ! ,briti% ,museum catalogue4 ,! dates giv5 are usually ^? ( ! late/ available edition4 ,i4 ,,anci5t ,,writ]s ,,& ,,philosoph]s4 ,a*illes 7! a/ronom]74 ,isagoge ad ,arati pha5om5a4 ,9 ,migne's ,patrology4 7#bjja c47 ,a bett] text 9 ,e4 ,maass' ,aratea2 see #8,aratus4' ,atius 7#a/ c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,placita philosophiae4 ,9 #8,doxographi ,graeci' ed4 ,h4 ,diels1 #ahgi4 7#bjdd f47 ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias 7circ4 #bjj ,a4,d474 ,9 ,ari/otelis metaphysica1 ed4 ,m4 ,hayduck 7,ac4 #hee_/i72 9 ,ari/4 ,top4 ed4 ,m4 ,wallies 7,ac4 #hee_/i72 de anima1 de fato1 de mixtione1 etc4 ed4 ,i4 ,bruns 7#bjdd f74 ,ammonius 7! gramm>ian7 ( ,alex&ria4 ,9 ,ari/otelis analytica1 ed4 ,m4 ,wallies4 7,ac4 #hee_/i47 ,antigonus 7( ,c>y/us1 circ4 #bej ,b4,c474 ,mirae auscultationes1 ed4 ,a4 ,we/]mann1 9 #8,p>adoxographi ,graeci4' ,8 life ( ,z5o is ! basis ( t giv5 by ,diog5es ,la]tius4 ,antigonus von ,c>y/os1 by ,wilam[itz-,moell5dorf1 #ahha4 7#abijb ee #be47 ,antipat] 7( ,t>sus74 ,fragm5ts 9 ,h4 von ,arnim #8,/oicorum vet]um fragm5ta4' 7#hdfj k47 ,anton9us1 ,m4 ,aur4 ,see ,aurelius4 ,apollonius 7( ,tyana2 ,neo-,py?agorean philosoph]1 ob4 #ig ,a4,d474 ,ap4 ( ,t41 a /udy ( 8 life & times1 by ,f4 ,w4 ,groves ,campbell1 #aijh4 7#ajfjf l #d47 ,see also ,mead1 ,g4 ,r4 ,s41 & ,:ittak]1 ,t4 ,aratus4 ,pha5om5a1 ed4 ,e4 ,maass1 #ahic4 7#aacab f #eh47 ,comm4 9 ,aratum reliquiae1 coll4 ,e4 ,maass1 #ahih4 7#aacac gg #a47 ,maass1 ,e4 ,aratea4 #ahib4 ,areius ,didymus 7"t ( ,augu/us74 ,! presum$ fragm5ts collect$ by ,h4 ,diels 9 #8,doxographi ,graeci4' #ahgi4 7#bjdd f47 ,ari/o4 ,de ,ari/one ,*io et ,h]illo ,c>?ag9i5si ,/oicis comm5tatio4 ,n4 ,saal1 #aheb4 7#ajfje e #cc47 ,see also ! article by ,h4 von ,arnim1 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a ii #ieg sqq4 ,ari/otle4 ,! comm5t>ies on ,ari/otle are valuable au?orities = ,/oic tea*+2 new editions are 9 c\rse ( publication by ! ,royal ,prussian ,society ( ,sci5ce4 ,! mo/ important = our purpose are ^? ( ,alex&]1 ,dexippus1 ,philoponus1 ,simplicius1 & ,!mi/ius4 7,ac4 #hee_/i47 ,but*]1 ,s4 ,h4 ,ari/otle's ,!ory ( ,poetry & ,f9e ,art4 #aijb4 7#bbcf cc #i47 ,conta9s a discussion ( ! phrase 4 ,hicks1 ,r4 ,d4 ,ari/4 de anima1 #aijg4 ,wallace1 ,edw94 ,ari/otle's ,psy*ology 9 ,greek & ,engli%1 ) introd4 & notes4 #ahhb4 7#bbcf cc47 ,arrianus1 ,flavius 7#bnd c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,a4 ,g4 ,roos1 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdg c47 ,a!naeus4 ,ed4 ,g4 ,kaibel1 #c vols41 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdg e47 ,augu/9us 7#cec-dcj ,a4,d474 ,9 ! ,corpus ,script4 ,eccles41 vols4 #be-bh4 7#bjjc d47 ,aurelius1 ,m4 ,anton9us4 ,ed4 ) comm5t>y by ,gatak]1 #afeb1 ) preface #8de ,/oica discipl9a cum sectis aliis collata4' ,( ?is book ,g4 ,long says1 #8x is a wond]ful monum5t ( le>n+1 & c]ta9ly no ,engli%man has yet done any?+ l x4' 7#abbje ff #c47 ,also ed4 by ,j4 ,/i*1 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdg e47 ,also by ,j4 ,h4 ,leopold1 9 ,script4 ,cl4 ,bibl4 ,oxon4 7#bjdf b47 ,!re are num]\s translations4 ,by ,m4 ,casaubon1 #e? ed4 #afib 7#bca c #ad71 & edit$ ) introd4 by ,w4 ,h4 ,d4 ,r\se1 #ahii2 by ,g4 ,long1 #ahfb1 & ) an essay by ,mat!w ,arnold atta*$1 #aijd 7#abbjd p #c_/ae72 by ,j4 ,colli]1 revis$ by ,alice ,zimm]n1 #ahia 7#jabbjg l #c72 by ,john ,jackson1 #aijf 7#hdaj ee #bc72 & by ,g4 ,h4 ,r5dall1 ) introductory /udy on #8,/oicism & ! la/ ( ! ,/oics1' #ahih 7#jhdfa g #a74 ,treatises by ! foll[+3 ,al/on1 ,l4 ,/oic & ,*ri/ian 9 ! second c5tury4 #aijf4 7#decb de #f47 ,ba*1 ,n4 ,de ,m4 ,aurelio ,ant4 ,imp]atore philosophante4 ,bodek1 ,arn4 ,m4 ,aur4 ,ant4 als ,freund und ,zeitg5osse des ,rabbi ,jehuda ha-,nasi1 #ahfh4 7#ajfje ee #bi47 ,braune1 ,a4 ,m4 ,aurel's ,m$itation51 #ahgh4 ,crossley1 ,ha/+s4 ,! f\r? book1 ) translation1 comm5t>y1 & app5dix on ,c4 ,fronto1 #ahhb4 7#hdfb d #ab47 ,d>tigne-,peyr\1 ,j4 ,m>c-,aurle dans ses rapports avec le *ri/ianisme1 #ahig4 7#decj ee #cj47 ,davis1 ,c4 ,h4 ,s4 ,greek & ,roman ,/oicism & "s ( its disciples1 #aijc4 7#jhdfa g #aa47 ,ellis1 ,rob9son4 ,! correspond5ce ( ,fronto & ,m4 ,aurelius4 7#aacab g #aa_/d47 ,knigsbeck1 ,max4 ,de ,/oicismo ,m4 ,anton9i1 #ahfa4 7#hdfa bbb #cc47 ,pollock1 ,sir ,fr$4 ,see ,m9d1 #a/ s]ies1 vol4 iv1 pp4 #dg-fh4 ,r5an1 ,j4 ,e4 ,m>c-,aurle et la f9 du monde antique4 #ahhb4 7,a1 ,b #cejij47 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,hut*9son1 #aijd4 7#jabbjh ee #abj47 ,russell1 ,e4 ,w4 ,m>cus ,aurelius & ! lat] ,/oics4 #aiaj4 ,s*u/]1 ,j4 ,e?ices ,/oicae apud ,m4 ,aur4 ,ant4 fundam5ta4 #ahfi4 ,smi?1 ,b4 ,e4 ,selections f ! orig9al ,greek1 ) introd4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 7#hdaa de #d47 ,/e9haus]1 ,k4 ,filos(ie /oicka a ,cis> ,m>k ,aurel4 ,caslau1 #ahib4 ,suckau1 ,m4 ,e4 tude sur ,m>c-,aurle1 sa vie et sa doctr9e1 #aheh4 7#hdfa c4 #aj47 des ,v]g]s1 ,m4 ,noel4 ,essai sur ,m>c-,aurle1 #ahfj4 7#ajfje ee #ai47 ,watson1 ,p4 ,b4 ,m4 ,aurelius ,ant4 #ahhd4 ,zell]1 ,ed4 ,see 8 ,vortrge und ,abh&lung51 pp4 #hb-ajg4 ,c5sor9us4 ,de die natali lib]1 ed4 ,f4 ,hults*4 7#bjdg g47 ,*alcidius4 ,9 ,timaeum1 ed4 ,wrobel4 7#hdfb dd #b47 ,*rysippus4 ,see ,/oicorum vet]um fragm5ta1 ed4 ,hans von ,arnim4 #c vols41 #aijc-e4 7#hdfj k47 ,baguet1 ,f4 ,n4 ,g4 ,de ,*rysippi vita1 etc4 ,l\va91 #ahbb4 ,b]gk1 ,!odor4 ,de ,*rys4 libris 4 ,cassel1 #ahda4 ,g]cke1 ,a4 ,*rysippea4 #ahhe4 7,r4 ,,pp4 #dihf47 ,nicolai1 ,r4 ,de logicis ,*rysippi libris4 ,qu$l9burg1 #ahei4 ,pet]s51 ,c4 ,philosophiae ,*rysippeae fundam5ta4 #ahbg4 7#gad d #ch47 ,cic]o1 ,m4 ,tullius4 ,philosophica omnia1 ed4 ,r4 ,klotz4 #b vols4 #ahdj1 #a4 ,libros qui ad rempublicam et ad philosophiam spectant ed4 ,?4 ,s*i*e4 #i vols4 ,prag1 #ahha-ahij4 7#aacje bb47 ,b]nh>dt1 ,c4 ,m4 ,de ,cic]one graecae philosophiae int]prete4 #ahfe4 ,br&is1 ,c4 ,a4 ,see ,rhe9is*es ,museum iii #eda sqq4 7,r4 ,,pp4 #dihj1 #a47 ,g$ike1 ,fr4 ,zusamm5/ellung d] auf die ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie bezgli*5 ,/ell5 des ,cic]o4 ,b]l91 #ahad4 ,hirzel1 ,rudolf4 ,unt]su*ung5 zu ,cic]o's philosophis*5 ,s*rift54 #c vols41 #ahgg-hc4 7#hdfb cc #ab47 ,lev91 ,t4 ,w4 ,six lectures introductory to ! philosophical writ+s ( ,cic]o4 #ahga4 7#hdfa ee #ai47 ,m]guet1 ,p4 ,a4 ,h4 ,lexicon zu d5 philosophis*5 ,s*rift5 ,cic]o's4 #c vols4 #ahhi-id4 7#abicc l #ac47 ,?iauc\rt1 ,c4 ,essai sur les traits philosophiques de ,cic]on et leurs s\rces grecques4 #ahhe4 7#hdfj f #h47 ,,academica4 ,edit$ ) full comm5t>y by ,j4 ,s4 ,reid4 ,also translation4 #b vols4 #ahhe4 7#bbhb d #b47 ,,de ,,div9atione4 ,,de ,,fato4 ,,de ,,f9ibus4 ,ed4 ,j4 ,n4 ,madvig4 #crd ed41 #ahgf4 7#hdjh g #f47 ,ed4 ) introd4 & comm5t>y by ,w4 ,m4 ,l4 ,hut*9son1 #aiji4 7#jhdjg f #bf47 ,,de ,,legibus4 ,,de ,,natura ,,deorum4 ,ed4 ) introd4 & comm4 by ,j4 ,b4 ,mayor4 #c vols4 #ahhj-e4 7#bbcf e #h47 ,,de ,,(ficiis4 ,ed4 ,h4 ,hold51 #g? ed4 #ahia4 7#bbhb a #a47 ,erklr5de ,ausgabe von ,c4 ,f4 ,w4 ,mll]1 #ahhb4 ,translat$ by ,g4 ,b4 ,g>d9]1 #ahii4 ,,p>adoxa4 ,erklrt von ,max ,s*neid]1 #ahia4 ,,de ,,republica4 ,la ,rpublique de ,cic]on traduite 444 avec un disc\rs prlim9aire1 p> ,a4 ,f4 ,villema94 #aheh4 7#abbch ee #b47 ,,tusculanae ,,disputationes4 ,erk4 von ,otto ,he9e1 #ahif4 ,corss51 ,p4 ,de ,posidonio ,rhodio ,m4 ,tulli ,cic]onis 9 libro i ,tusc4 disp4 et 9 ,somnio ,scipionis auctore4 ,rhe94 ,mus4 xxxvi p4 #eje sqq4 7,r4 ,,pp4 #dihj1 #a47 ,ziets*mann1 ,g4 ,de ,tusc4 disp4 fontibus4 #ahfh4 ,clean!s4 ,! fragm5ts collect$ by ,a4 ,c4 ,pe>son1 #ahia 7#bbhj aa #c72 & by ,h4 von ,arnim 9 #8,/oic4 vet]um fragm4' #aijc-e4 7#hdfj k47 ,mohnike1 ,g4 ,c4 ,f4 ,clean!s d] ,/oik]4 7#hcb b #ad47 ,wa*smu?1 ,c4 7i7 ,clean?is physica2 7ii7 comm5tatio de ,clean! ,assio1 #ahgd4 ,clem5s 7( ,alex&ria1 #aej-baa ,a4,d41 & head ( ! ,cate*et5-s*ool !re71 ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf1 #d vols4 #ahfi4 7#chje bbb #bb47 ,protreptikos & ,paidagogos ed4 ,otto ,/hl91 #aije4 de ,faye1 ,e4 ,clm4 d',alex&rie4 tudes sur les rapports du ,*ri/ianisme et de la philosophie grecque au ,i,ie sicle1 #aijf4 7,r4 ,ac4 #hibi_/g47 ,cornutus1 ,lucius ,annaeus4 ,de natura deorum #a ed4 ,fr4 ,osann2 adj4 e/ ,j4 de ,volloison1 de !ologia physica ,/oicorum comm5tatio4 #ahdd4 7#ache g #d47 ,ed4 ,g4 ,lang4 #ahha4 7#bjdh a47 de ,m>t9i1 ,g4 ,j4 ,disp4 de ,l4 ,a4 ,cornuto1 #ahbe4 7#hdfa cc #ab47 ,reppe1 ,r4 ,de ,l4 ,a4 ,cornuto4 #aijf4 ,crates 7( ,mallos74 ,de ,cr4 ,mall4 adiectis eius reliquiis4 ,c4 ,wa*smu?1 ,leipzig1 #ahfj4 ,demetrius 7( ,magnesia1 #a/ c5t4 ,b4,c474 ,d4 ,magnetis fragm4 #aheh4 7#aacce f #dc47 ,he wrote a life ( ,z5o :i* is quot$ by ,!mi/ius4 ,dexippus 7,platoni/ ( #d? c5tury ,a4,d47 ,ed4 ,a4 ,busse4 7,ac4 #hee_/i47 ,diocles 7( ,magnesia74 ,he wrote lives ( ! philosoph]s1 f :i* ,diog5es ,la]tius quotes freely4 ,diog5es 7( ,seleucia or ,babylon74 ,see ,h4 von ,arnim #8,/o4 vet4 fragm5ta4' 7#hdfj k47 ,diog5es ,la]tius 7#8,la]tius' is a nickname bas$ on a v]se ( ,hom]2 ab\t #bcj ,a4,d474 ,lives ( ! philosoph]s1 9 t5 volumes1 bas$ ^u e>li] works4 ,our pr9cipal au?ority = ,/oic doctr9e4 ,9 ,bibl4 ,teub41 #b vols4 7#ajfjf a #bc47 ,engli% trans1 by ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 #ahdh4 ,dion ,cassius4 ,hi/oria ,romana4 ,ed4 ,j4 ,melb] 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdh a47 ,dion ( ,prusa 7popul> philosoph]1 circ4 #ej ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,j4 de ,arnim4 7#aacia ee #e47 von ,arnim1 ,h4 ,leb5 und ,w]ke des ,dio von ,prusa1 mit e9] ,e9leitung #8,sophi/ik1 ,rhetorik1 und ,philosophie 9 ihrem ,kampfe um die ,jug5dbildung4' #ahih4 7#hdfj g #bj47 ,dionysius 7( ,halic>nassus74 ,ed4 ,h4 ,us5] & ,l4 ,rad]ma*]4 ,9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdh a47 ,conta9s an acc\nt ( ,*rysippus4 ,epictetus4 ,ep4 diss4 libri ,,iv4 ,gr4 et ,lat4 ,ann4 ill4 ,j4 ,s*weighus]1 #agii1 #ahjj4 7#hdei g #d47 ,ep4 diss]tationes1 ed4 ,h4 ,s*5kl4 ,9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bbgh k #e47 ,! ref]5ces to ! life ( ,epictetus are also collect$ "h4 ,a comm5t>y exi/s dat+ f ! #f? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,see ,simplicius4 ,translation ) notes1 a life ( ,epictetus1 & a view ( 8 philosophy1 by ,g4 ,long1 #ahdh4 7#hdfj ccc #cj47 ,popul> edition 9 #b vols41 #ahia4 ,asmus1 ,r4 ,quae/iones ,epicteteae4 ,freiburg1 #ahhh4 7#hdfc i #f_/b47 ,b]n>d1 ,edw4 ,r4 ,great ,moral ,tea*]s2 ,epictetus4 7#hdaj p #bi47 ,bonhff]1 ,a4 ,epictet und die ,/oa4 #ahij4 7#hdfj g #aa47 ,die ,e?ik des ,/ok]'s ,epictet4 #ahid4 ,br&is1 ,c4 ,a4 ,epictetus 7,dict4 ( ,greek & ,roman ,biography74 ,braune1 ,a4 ,epictet und das ,*ri/5?um4 ,zeits4 f4 kir*l4 ,wiss41 #ahhd-i4 ,bruns1 ,ivo4 ,de s*ola ,epicteti4 ,kiel1 #ahig4 ,crossley1 ,h4 ,gold5 say+s ( ,epictetus1 etc4 #aijc4 7#hdfb de #h47 ,f>r>1 ,f4 ,w4 ,seek]s aft] ,god3 ,epictetus4 #ahgf4 7#cfje bb #c47 ,gros*1 ,g4 ,die ,sitt5lehre des ,epictetus4 ,w]nig]ode1 #ahfg4 ,r\se1 ,w4 ,h4 ,d4 ,words ( ! anci5t wise1 f ,epictetus4 #aijf4 7#hdfb de #ad47 ,s*5kl1 ,h4 ,die epiktetis*5 ,fragm5te4 ,wi51 #ahhh4 ,s*ranka1 ,e4 ,m4 ,d] ,/ok] ,epictetus und se9e ,philosophie4 ,frankfurt1 #ahhe4 ,/uhrmann1 ,j4 ,de vocabulis notionum philosophic>um ab ,epicteto adhibitis4 ,neu/adt1 #ahhe4 ,?urot1 ,*>les4 ,epictte1 ,manuel4 #ahib4 7#hdfj aaa #cg47 ,zahn1 ,!odor4 ,d] ,/ok] ,epiktet und se9 ,v]hltniss zum ,*ri/5?um4 ,erlang51 #ahie4 ,epiphanius 7,bi%op ( ,con/antia74 ,adv]sus ha]eses prooemium4 7#cfbg c #ai47 ,eusebius4 ,evangelica praep>atio1 etc4 ,b]l91 #ahig4 7#bjjd f47 ,fragm5ta ,h]culani5sia4 ,ed4 by ,walt] ,scott4 #ahhe4 7#ggjf ee #ac47 ,fronto4 ,m4 ,cornelii ,frontonis et ,m4 ,aurelii imp]atoris epi/ulae4 ,ed4 ,s4 ,a4 ,nab]4 #ahfg4 7#ajije ccc #ai47 ,gal5us1 ,claudius 7( ,p]gamus2 circ4 #aca-bjj ,a4,d4 ,he 0 a physician :o att5d$ ! family ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & he gives l>ge extracts f ,*rysippus' books de anima & de affectibus74 ,ed4 ,c4 ,g4 ,kuhn1 #bj vols41 #ahba-c4 7#eda d #a to #bj47 ,?is edition has a good index2 its pages are ref]r$ to by ! lett] ,k4 ,also edit$ by ,m>qu>dt1 ,mll]1 & o!rs 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 #ahhd-ic4 7#bjdh b47 ,also an edition by ,iw4 ,mll] ( ! book de placitis ,hipp4 et ,plat41 ! pages ( :i* are ref]r$ to by ! lett] ,m4 ,gellius1 ,aulus 7#bnd c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,po/ ,m4 ,h]tz ed4 ,c4 ,hosius 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdh b47 ,hecataeus 7a geograph] ( ,miletus1 circ4 #ejj ,b4,c474 ,fragm4 ,gr4 et ,lat4 ed4 ,c4 et ,?4 ,mll] 9 #8,hi/4 ,graec4 fragm5ta1' vol4 i4 ,p>is1 #ahgh-he4 7#bjec b47 ,hecato 7( ,rhodes74 ,panaetii et ,hecatonis fr4 coll4 ,h4 ,n4 ,f[l]4 #ahhe4 ,h]acleides 7( ! ,pontus2 a pupil ( ,plato1 & prop\nd] ( ! helioc5tric sy/em74 ,see ,/eigmll]1 ,h4 9 ! ,ar*iv f4 d4 ,ges*i*te d4 ,philosophie xv1 pp4 #ada sqq4 7,,pp4 #abec ba47 ,h]acleitus 7( ,ephesus74 ,h4 ,ephesii reliquiae2 rec4 ,i4 ,bywat]1 #ahgg4 7#hdfj ee #ah47 ,h4 ,diels 9 #8die ,fragm5te d] ,vorsokratik]1' #aijc4 7#bjdd e47 ,h4 von ,ephesos1 gr4 und deuts*1 von ,h4 ,diels1 #aiji4 ,b]nays1 ,j4 ,neue ,bru*/cke des ,h4 7#dihj1 #a & #bjd g h72 die ,h]aklitis*5 ,briefe1 #ahfi4 7#hdfa dd #ah47 ,campbell1 ,lewis4 ,h]aclitus & ,p>m5ides1 9 8 edition ( ,plato's ,!aetetus4 #ahhc4 7#abbjd f #ai47 ,diels1 ,h4 ,h]aklit3 e9e ,/udie4 #aijd4 7#hdfa ee #da47 ,drummond1 ,james4 ,see 8 ,philo-,judaeus1 #ahhh4 7#hdhe d f #ah47 ,gladis*1 ,a4 ,h]akleitos und ,zoroa/]4 #ahei4 7#dejd d #ae47 ,gomp]z1 ,?4 ,zu ,h]aklit's ,lehre4 #ahhg4 ,lassalle1 ,f4 ,j4 ,g4 ,die ,philosophie ,h4 #b vols41 #aheh4 7#hdfa e #bb47 ,also a new edition by ,lw5?al 9 #d vols4 ,pfleid]]1 ,edmund4 ,die ,philosophie des ,h4 im ,li*te d] ,my/]i5idee4 #ahhf4 7#hdhe e #bh47 ,s*f]1 ,g4 ,die ,philosophie d4 ,h]aklit von ,ephesus u4 d4 mod]ne ,h]aklit=s*ung4 #aijb4 ,s*ultz1 ,w4 ,py?agoras und ,h]aklit4 #aije4 ,w5dl&1 ,p4 ,e9 ,wort des ,h4 im neu5 ,te/am5t4 #ahii4 ,h]illus4 ,krug1 ,w4 ,t4 ,h4 de summo bono s5t5tia1 #ahbb4 ,h]mias 7p]haps #e? or #f? c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,irrisio g5tilium philosophorum4 ,ed4 ,j4 ,c4 ,?4 von ,otto1 ,j5a1 #ahgb4 ,quot$ 9 ,diels' #8,doxographi ,graeci4' ,h]odotus4 ,! hi/ory transl4 into ,engli% by ,g4 ,c4 ,macaulay4 #b vols4 #ahij4 7#bbhj aa #b47 ,hi]ocles 7,/oic74 ,e?is*e ,elem5t>lehre1 h]4 von ,h4 von ,arnim und ,s*ub>t4 #aijf4 ,pr*t]1 ,k4 ,hi]okles d] ,/oik]4 #aija4 ,hippolytus 7,bi%op 9 #bnd c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,g4 ,n4 ,bonwets* & ,h4 ,a*elis4 #ahig4 7#bjjd f47 ,iambli*us 7,neo-platoni/ philosoph]1 e>ly 9 #d? c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,rec4 ,g4 ,p>!y1 #aheg4 ,iulianus 7! emp]or74 ,ed4 ,f4 ,c4 ,h]tle91 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdh d72 transl4 by ,c4 ,w4 ,k+ 7#bejj f #ac47 ,g>dn]1 ,alice4 ,julian ! ,philosoph]4 #ahij4 7#ajfja f #cj47 ,r5dall1 ,g4 ,h4 ,! ,emp]or ,julian1 ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity4 #ahgi4 7#decd cc #h47 ,iu/9us 7hi/orian1 circ4 #d? c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,hi/ori>um ,philippic>um libri xliv4 ,ed4 ,c4 ,h4 ,frots*]4 #c vols41 #ahbg4 7#ijdj cc #ab47 ,iu/9us 7! m>tyr3 circ4 #aje-afe ,a4,d474 ,op4 ,gr4 et ,lat4 ed4 ,j4 ,c4 ,?4 von ,otto4 #c vols4 #ahgf-ha4 7#cfbb cc #c47 ,lactantius 7#crd c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,s4 ,br&t & ,g4 ,laubmann 9 ,corpus ,script4 ,eccl4 ,lat4 7#bjjc d47 ,lucanus1 ,m4 ,annaeus4 ,ph>salia1 ed4 ,c4 ,e4 ,hask9s4 #ahhg4 7#bjde e47 ,s*olia 9 ,lucanum4 #ahfi4 7#aacab g #cj47 ,diels1 ,h4 ,s5eca und ,lucan4 ,abh4 d4 ,ak4 d4 ,wiss4 z4 ,b]l91 #ahhe4 7,ac4 #hee_/f47 ,lucianus 7( ,samosata1 #acj-bjj ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,j4 ,somm]brodt4 #c vols4 #ahhf-ii4 ,ed4 ,nils ,niln 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdh d47 ,b]nays1 ,j4 ,lucian und die ,kynik]4 #ahgi4 7#hdfb cc #aj47 ,lucilius1 ,c4 ,rec4 ,f4 ,m>x4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #aijd-f4 ,lucretius1 ,t4 ,c>us4 ,ed4 ,h4 ,a4 ,j4 ,munro4 #c vols4 #ahic4 7#bjde h47 ,masson1 ,j4 ,lucretius1 ,epicurean & ,poet2 ) notes & comm5ts by ,j4 ,s4 ,reid4 #b vols4 #aijg-i4 7#bbhb c #bb47 ,macrobius4 ,ed4 ,f4 ,eyss5h>dt 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bbgh c #i47 ,on ! see ,saturnalia vii #af4 ,m>cell9us1 ,ammianus 7hi/orian1 ( #e? c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,v4 ,g>d?aus5 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdh d47 ,ed4 ,c4 ,u4 ,cl>k1 ,b]l91 #aiaj4 ,mi*ael1 ,h4 ,de ,amm4 ,m>c4 /udiis ,cic]onianis4 ,breslau1 #ahgd4 ,maximus 7( ,tyre3 #bnd c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,f4 ,dbn]1 ,p>is1 #ahdj4 7#bjdf e47 ,ed4 ,h4 ,hobe91 #aiaj4 ,transl4 by ,t4 ,taylor4 #b vols4 #ahjd4 7#ache g #c47 ,m9ucius1 ,m4 ,felix 7#crd c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,h4 ,bnig 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 #aijc4 7#bjdg a47 ,musonius1 ,c4 ,rufus4 ,ed4 ,o4 ,h5se 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdh e47 ,baltz]1 ,e4 ,musonius' ,*>akt]bild aus d] rmis*5 ,kais]zeit4 #ahga4 ,b]nh>dt1 ,otto4 ,zu ,musonius ,rufus4 ,sorau1 #ahff4 ,pflieg]1 ,t4 ,musonius bei ,/obaeus4 ,taub]bis*(%eim1 #ahig4 ,w5dl&1 ,p4 ,quae/iones ,musonianae4 ,b]l91 #ahhf4 7#aacab dd #ab_/d47 ,nemesius 7#e? c5t4 ,a4,d4474 ,de natura hom9is 79 ,greek74 ,9 ,migne's ,patrology4 7#bjja d47 ,nemesius drew l>gely f ,atius4 ,orig5es 7#ahe-bed ,a4,d474 ,9 ,migne's ,patrology4 7#bjjd f47 ,comm5t>y on ,/ ,john1 ed4 ,a4 ,e4 ,brooke4 #ahif4 ,philosophum5a3 revis$ text ) introd4 etc41 by ,j4 ,a4 ,rob9son1 #ahic4 ,fairwea!r1 ,w4 ,orig5 & ,greek ,patri/ic ,!ology4 7#ajfjj eee #g_/ac47 ,falcon]1 ,j4 ,w4 ,orig5 & ! return to ,greek !ology4 ,biblia ,sacra liii1 pp4 #dff sqq4 ,we/cott1 ,b4 ,f4 ,orig5 & ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ian philosophy4 ,9 8 ,essays 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ! ,we/4 #ahia4 7#hdhf aaa #a47 ,orphica4 ,ed4 ,e4 ,abel4 ,prag1 #ahhe4 ,maass1 ,e4 ,orpheus2 ,unt]su*ung5 z4 gr4 rm4 alt*ri/l4 ,j5seitsdi*tung und ,religion4 #ahie4 ,panaetius 7#ahj-aaj ,a4,d474 ,p4 et ,hecatonis librorum fragm4 coll4 ,h4 ,n4 ,f[l]1 #ahee4 ,disputatio hi/4 de ,p4 ,rhodio4 ,f4 van ,lynd54 ,leyd51 #ahjb4 7#hdfj cc #af47 ,papiri ,ercolanesi1 ed4 ,d4 ,comp>etti4 ,tur91 #ahge4 ,conta9s an index to ! ,/oic philosoph]s4 ,pausanias4 ,ed4 ,h4 ,hitzig & ,h4 ,blm]1 #ahif-aiaj4 7#bjdd f47 ,transl4 ) comm4 by ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 #ahih4 7#bjdd e47 ,p]sius1 ,a4 ,flaccus4 ,ed4 ) transl4 & comm4 by ,j4 ,con+ton4 ,?ird edition by ,h4 ,nettle%ip1 #ahic4 ,h\ck1 ,m4 ,e4 ,de ratione /oica 9 ,p]sii satiris conspicua4 ,dav5triae1 #ahid4 ,philo 7( ,alex&ria1 circ4 #bj ,b4,c4 to #ej ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,t4 ,mangey1 #agdb4 7#fia k #gh47 ,ed4 ,l4 ,cohn et ,p4 ,w5dl&1 #ahif-aijf4 7#hdei h & #cfbc de47 ,arnim1 ,h4 von4 ,quell5/udi5 z4 ,p4 von ,al4 #ahhh4 ,drummond1 ,james4 ,philo ,judaeus4 #ahhh4 ,freud5?al4 ,j4 ,die ,erk5ntnisslehre ,p4's von ,al4 #ahia4 ,h>nack1 ,a4 ,de ,phil4 ,jud4 inquisitio4 #ahgi4 ,he9ze1 ,max4 ,die ,lehre vom ,logos 9 d4 grie*4 ,philosophie4 #ahgb4 ,lake1 ,j4 ,w4 ,plato1 ,philo & ,paul2 or ! pagan conception ( a div9e ! basis ( ! ,*ri/ian dogma4 #ahgd4 7#djbg e #g_/e47 ,mills1 ,l4 ,h4 ,z>a?u/ra1 ,philo1 ! ,a*aem5ids1 & ,israel4 #aije4 7#dejf ee #bf47 ,w5dl&1 ,p4 ,die philos4 ,quell5 des ,p4 9 s4 ,s*rift b] die ,vorsehung4 #ahia4 ,p4's ,s*rift b] die ,vorsehung4 #ahib4 7#hdfj f #d47 ,philodemus 7( ,gad>a1 #a/ c5t4 ,b4,c474 ,9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdh e47 ,gomp]z1 ,?4 ,zu ,philodem's ,b*4 v4 d4 ,musik4 #ahhe4 ,philoponus 7,ari/otelian comm5tator1 #g? c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,m4 ,hayduck & o!rs = ,royal ,prussian ,academy4 #ahhg-4 7,ac4 #hee_/i47 ,! comm4 9 ,ari/otelis physica is ( special value = its acc\nt ( ! ,/oic logic4 ,plot9us 7,neo-platoni/1 #bje-bgj ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,r4 ,volkmann 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdh f47 ,he criticiz$ specially ! ,/oic doctr9e ( categories4 ,plut>*us 7circ4 #df-abj ,a4,d474 ,moralia1 ed4 ,g4 ,n4 ,b]n>dakis 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdg a1 etc47 ,posidonius4 ,pos4 ,rhodii rell4 coll4 ,j4 ,bake4 #ahaj4 7#ia i #a47 ,corss51 ,p4 ,de ,pos4 ,r4 ,cic]onis 9 lib4 i4 ,tusc4 disp4 et 9 somn4 ,scip4 auctore4 #ahgh4 ,rhe94 ,mus4 xxxvi p4 #eje4 7,r4 ,,pp4 #dihj1 #a & #bjdi h i47 ,hults*1 ,f4 ,pos4 b] d4 ,grsse und ,entf]nung d4 ,sonne4 #ahig4 7,ac4 #fggj47 ,s*eppig1 ,r4 ,de ,pos4 ,apam5si4 ,b]l91 #ahgj4 7#hcfg f #g_/ab47 ,s*hle91 ,f4 ,zu ,posidonius ,rhodius4 ,freis+1 #ahia4 b] ,p4's ,s*rift 4 #aijj4 ,tpelmann1 ,v4 ,e4 ,p4 ,de ,pos4 ,rhodio r]um scriptore4 ,bonn1 #ahfg4 7#hcfc b #g_/ac47 ,proclus ,diado*us 7,platonic comm5tator1 #e? c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 ,s5eca1 ,l4 ,annaeus4 ,op]a1 ed4 by ,o4 ,h5se & o!rs1 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdh g #ae1 #af47 ,quae/iones ,naturales4 ,transl1 by ,j4 ,cl>ke1 ) notes by ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie4 #aiaj4 7#jhgji c #b47 ,aub]t91 ,c4 ,snque et ,s4 ,paul4 #ahfi4 7#dhjg dd #c47 ,bad/bn]1 ,e4 ,beitr4 z4 ,erkl4 d] philos4 ,s*rift5 ,s54's4 ,hamburg1 #aija4 7#hdfj l #e47 ,baumg>t51 ,m4 ,l4 ,a4 ,s5eca u4 d4 ,*ri/5?um4 #ahie4 ,baur1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s5eca und ,paulus4 #aheh4 ,9 ,zeits*4 f4 wiss4 ,!ologie1 #a1 #b & #c4 7,,pp4 #hh c47 ,b]nh>dt1 ,w4 ,die ,ans*auung des ,s5eca vom ,univ]sum #ahfa4 7#hgje ee #ae_/e47 ,betz+]4 ,weltfrohes u4 ,weltfreies aus ,s4's ,s*rift54 ,s4 u4 d4 ,*ri/5?um4 #ahii4 ,bock1 ,f4 ,ari/oteles ,!ophra/us ,s5eca de matrimonio4 ,leipzig1 #ahih4 ,burgmann1 ,rud4 ,s4's ,?ologie 9 ihrem ,v]hltniss zum ,/oicismus und zum ,*ri/5?um4 #ahgb4 ,diels1 ,h4 ,s5eca und ,lucan4 ,abh4 d4 ,ak4 d4 ,wiss4 z4 ,b]l91 #ahhe4 7,ac4 #hee_/f47 ,fleury1 ,amde4 ,sa9t ,paul et ,snque4 #b vols4 #ahec4 ,g]cke1 ,alf4 ,s5eca-/udi54 #ahie4 7,r4 ,,pp4 #dihf ,bd4 #bb1 ,heft #a47 ,heikel1 ,j4 ,a4 ,s5eca's ,*>akt] und politis*e ,?tigkeit4 ,hels+=s1 #ahhh4 ,h5se1 ,o4 ,f4 ,s5eca und ,a!nodorus4 ,freiburg1 #ahic4 ,lightfoot1 ,j4 ,b4 ,/ ,paul & ,s5eca4 ,9 8 ,philippians1 #ahgi4 7#cbff ff #f47 ,m>t5s1 ,a4 ,de ,l4 ,a4 ,s54 vita1 etc4 ,altona #ahga4 7#ajfje ee #f47 ,m>?a1 ,c4 ,snque4 ,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 d4 ,sci4 mor4 et pol41 cxxxv1 #ahia4 ,ribbeck1 ,w4 ,l4 ,a4 ,s54 d] ,philosoph1 und se9 ,v]hltniss zu ,epikur1 ,plato1 und dem ,*ri/5?um4 ,hannov]1 #ahhg4 7#hdfd dd #cd_/i47 ,rub91 ,sol4 ,die ,e?ik ,s4's 9 ihrem ,v]hltniss zur lt]5 und mittl]5 ,/oa4 ,mn*51 #aija4 7#hdji m #ae47 ,summ]s1 ,w4 ,c4 ,select lett]s4 #aiaj4 7#jajiaj e #ce47 ,?omas1 ,p4 ,morceaux *oisis4 ,extrait des lettres ,lucilius et des traits de morale4 #ahif4 ,s]vius4 ,comm4 ad ,v]g4 ,a54 7#aacab i #ce47 ,sextus ,empiricus 7#crd c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,i4 ,bekk]1 #ahdb4 7#ache i #c47 ,simplicius 7,ari/otelian comm5tator1 #f? c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,heib]g & o!rs = ,royal ,prussian ,academy4 7,ac4 #hee_/i47 ,/obaeus1 ,johannes 7#d? or #e? c5t4 ,a4,d474 ,a collector ( extracts4 ,8 works 7 =m]ly divid$ into ,eclogae & ,florilegium4 ,9 ! curr5t edition by ,c4 ,wa*smu? & ,o4 ,h5se1 #d vols41 ,b]l91 #ahhd- 7#hdfb ee71 ?is di/9ction is dropp$4 ,?is edition is n yet complete1 & occasionally ref]5ce has to be made to ,a4 ,me9eke's edition ( ! ,florilegium1 #f vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahee-g4 7#bjdg a47 ,/rabo 7geograph]1 circ4 #ed ,b4,c4 to #bd ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,a4 ,me9eke4 #c vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgg4 ,also 9 ,didot's ,script4 ,gr4 ,bibl4 7#bjdf c47 ,suidas 7lexicograph]74 ,lexicon1 ed4 ,i4 ,bekk]4 #ahed4 7#abibc ee #ad47 ,t]tullianus 7#afj-bbj ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,a4 ,reiff]s*eid et ,g4 ,wiss[a1 9 ! ,corpus ,script4 ,eccl4 #ahij-4 7#bjjc d47 ,!mi/ius 7,ari/otelian comm5tator1 circ4 #cej ,a4,d474 ,ed4 ,r4 ,he9ze & o!rs = ,royal ,prussian ,academy4 7,ac4 #hee_/i47 ,!odoretus 7bi%op ( ,cyrus1 circ4 #dbe ,a4,d474 ,graecorum affectionum curatio1 ed4 ,j4 ,ra$] 9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 7#bjdi a47 ,he has pres]v$ long extracts f ,atius4 ,!ophilus 7bi%op74 ,ed4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wolf1 #agbd4 7#cfbb cc #c47 ,v>ro1 ,m4 ,t]5tius4 ,de l+ua ,lat9a quae sup]sunt ed4 ,g4 ,goetz et ,fr4 ,s*ll4 7#abicc v #b47 ,antiquitates div9ae1 ed4 ,r4 ,agahd4 ,9 ,bibl4 ,teub4 ,x5ocrates4 ,d>/ellung d4 ,lehre und ,sammlung d4 ,fragm5te1 von ,r4 ,he9ze4 #ahib4 ,z5o4 ,! fragm5ts ( ,z5o & ,clean!s1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,pe>son4 #ahia4 7#bbhj aa #c47 ,also 9 von ,arnim's ,/oicorum vet]um fragm5ta1 #aijc to #aije4 7#hdfj k47 ,meuleman4 ,comm5tatio lit]>ia de ,z5one ,/oico4 ,gron+51 #aheh4 ,troo/1 ,k4 ,z4 ,citi5sis de rebus physicis doctr9a4 #ahia4 7,,pp4 #diia e47 ,wa*smu?1 ,c4 ,comm5tatio de ,z5one ,citi5si4 #ahgd4 ,wellmann1 ,e4 ,die ,philosophie des ,/ok]'s ,z4 #ahgc4 ,zoroa/]4 ,see article by ,k>l ,f4 ,geldn] 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 ,zoroa/] ! prophet ( anci5t ,iran1 by ,a4 ,v4 ,williams-,jackson4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 7#deje eee #i47 ,see also ,philo 7,mills74 ,,ii4 ,,mod]n ,,writ]s4 ,aall1 ,ana?on4 ,d] ,logos4 ,ges*i*te se9] ,entwicklung 9 d4 grie*4 ,philosophie und 9 d4 *ri/li*5 ,lit]atur4 #b vols4 #ahif1 #i4 7#jhdfa h #h47 ,adam1 ,james4 ,! religi\s tea*]s ( ,greece4 #aijh4 7#dejf i #g47 ,all>d1 ,p4 ,le ,*ri/ianisme et l',empire roma9 de ,nron ,?odose4 #bnd ed41 #ahig4 7#bbjh a47 ,al/on1 ,l4 ,/oic & ,*ri/ian 9 ! second c5tury4 #aijf4 7#decb de #f47 ,apelt1 ,o4 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d4 gr4 ,philosophie4 #ahia4 7#hdhf e #c47 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie4 ,h]ausg4 von ,ludwig ,/e94 ,b]l91 #ahhh-4 7,,pp4 #abec ba47 ,arnim1 ,hans von4 ,/oicorum vet]um fragm5ta4 #c vols41 #aijc-e4 7#hdfj k47 ,see also ,ari/o & ,philo4 ,arnold1 ,mat!w4 ,essay atta*$ to an edition ( ,long's ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #aijd4 7#abbjd p #c_/ae47 ,/ ,paul & ,prote/antism4 ,popul> edition1 #ahhg4 7#cbff bb #a47 ,aub]t91 ,c4 ,de sapi5tiae doctoribus1 qui a ,cic]onis morte ad ,n]onis pr9cipatum ,romae vigu]unt4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 7#hdfa bb #h47 ,see also ,s5eca4 ,au/1 ,e4 ,die ,religion d] ,rm]4 ,mn/] i4 ,w41 #ahii4 7#dejf f #bi47 ,av5el1 ,j4 d'4 ,le ,/ocisme et les ,/oci5s4 #ahhf4 ,bald5sp]g]1 ,w4 ,das ,selb/bewus/se9 ,jesu's im ,li*te d] messianis*5 ,h(fnung5 se9] ,zeit4 #bnd ed41 #ahib4 7#dbbf h #b47 ,b>?1 ,paul4 ,die ,/oa4 ,/uttg>t1 #aijh4 7#jhdfd f47 ,baumhau]1 ,j4 ,c4 ,m4 von4 ,vet]um philosophorum1 praecipue ,/oicorum1 doctr9a de morte volunt>ia4 ,bonn1 #ahdb4 7#hdfj e #ac47 ,bumk]1 ,cl4 ,das ,problem d4 ,mat]ie 9 d4 grie*4 ,philosophie4 ,mn/]1 #ahij4 ,baur1 ,f4 ,*4 ,zur ,ges*i*te d4 alt5 ,philosophie und ihres ,v]hltnisses zum ,*ri/5?um4 #ahgf4 ,b5n1 ,a4 ,w4 ,! ,greek ,philosoph]s4 #b vols4 #ahhb4 7#hdfa dd #ad47 ,b]gson1 ,h5ri ,l4 ,l'volution cratrice4 #aijg4 7#gjjf g #bi47 ,b]nays1 ,j4 ,lucian und die ,kynik]4 #ahgi4 7#hdfb cc #aj47 ,bois1 ,h5ri4 ,essai sur les orig9es de la philosophie judo-alex&r9e4 #ahij4 7#hdhf bbb #bh47 ,boissi]1 ,ga/on4 ,la f9 du paganisme4 #ahia4 7#decj ,le #a47 ,l'opposition s\s les ,cs>s4 #e? ed41 #aije4 7#jijci bb #i47 ,la religion roma9e d',augu/e jusqu'aux ,anton9s4 #b vols4 #bnd ed41 #ahgh4 7#bbab g47 ,bonhff]1 ,adolf4 ,zur /ois*5 ,psy*ologie4 ,philologus liv1 #ahie1 pp4 #djbc-ddbi4 7,r4 ,,pp4 #ejdc47 ,see also ,epictetus4 ,bor*]t1 ,l4 ,num ,anti/ius ,labeo 444 ,/oicae philosophiae fu]it addictus8 ,breslau1 #ahfi4 7#fjjf e #aa_/b47 ,br&is1 ,*ri/ian ,augu/4 ,h&bu* d4 ,ges*4 d4 gr-rm4 ,philosophie4 #c vols4 #ahce-ff4 7#achf d #bj47 ,ges*4 d4 ,entwicklung5 d4 gr4 ,philosophie und ihr] ,na*wirkung5 im rmis*5 ,rei*e4 #b vols4 #ahfb-d4 7#bbcf e #b47 ,brheir1 mile4 ,la ?orie des incorporels dans l'anci5 /ocisme4 ,ar*iv f4 d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,philosophie xxi1 pp4 #aae-abe4 7,,pp4 #abec ba47 ,bro*>d1 ,victor4 ,sur la logique des /oci5s4 ,ar*iv f4 d4 ,ges*4 d4 ,philosophie v1 p4 #ddi4 7,,pp4 #abec ba47 ,bryant1 ,j4 ,h4 ,! mutual influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity & ! ,/oic s*ool4 #ahff4 7#hdfa bbb #bg47 ,burnet1 ,j4 ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy4 #aijh4 7#bjbc c47 ,caird1 ,edw>d4 ,! ,evolution ( ,!ology 9 ! ,greek ,philosoph]s4 #b vols41 #aijd4 ,on ,/oicism see vol4 ii1 *s4 xvi to xx4 ,caldecott1 ,alfr$4 ,! philosophy ( religion4 #aija4 7#dcgb cc #bi47 ,campbell1 ,lewis4 ,religion 9 ,greek lit]ature4 ,see also ,h]acleitus4 #ahih4 7#dejc g #ae47 ,capes1 ,william ,wolfe4 ,/oicism4 #ahhb4 7#ddba f #fd47 ,casp>i1 ,e4 ,de ,cynicis1 qui fu]unt aetate imp]atorum ,romanorum4 ,*emnitz1 #ahif4 ,*eyne1 ,t4 ,k4 ,zoroa/rianism & ,primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 #aijc1 #d4 7,r4 ,,pp4 #cbd ga47 ,clem51 ,c>l4 ,die religionsges*i*tli*e ,b$eutung des /ois*-*ri/li*5 ,eudmonismus 9 ,ju/9's ,apologie4 #ahia4 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,erklrung des neu5 ,te/am5ts4 #aiji4 ,coll9s1 ,j4 ,*urton4 ,/udies 9 ,%akespe>e4 #aijd4 ,gives p>allels betwe5 ,s5eca's trag$ies & ,%akespe>e4 7#bcjj b #i47 ,cruttwell1 ,c4 ,h4 ,a lit]>y hi/ory ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 #b vols41 #ahic4 7#bbjh b #c47 ,cumont1 ,fr4 ,textes et monum4 fig4 relatifs aux my/res de ,mi?ra4 #b vols41 #ahii4 ,la ?ologie solaire du paganisme roma94 #aiji4 ,les ,religions ,ori5tales dans le paganisme roma94 #bnd ed41 #aiji4 ,dhne1 ,a4 ,f4 ,ges*i*tli*e ,d>/ellung d] jdis*-alex&r9is*5 ,religionsphilosophie4 #b vols4 #ahcd4 7#acfc d #h47 ,davids1 ,t4 ,w4 ,rhys4 ,buddhism4 #aija4 7#deje cc #bf47 ,hibb]t ,lectures on "s po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism4 #ahha4 7#bbag aa #aa47 ,davidson1 ,william ,leslie4 ,! ,/oic cre$4 #aijg4 7#cfje i47 ,deuss51 ,paul4 ,allgeme9e ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 mit besond]] ,rcksi*t d] ,religion54 #ahid4 7#hdhf d47 ,diction>y ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology1 ed4 by ,j4 ,m4 ,baldw94 #c vols41 #aije4 7#bjbc h47 ,did]ot1 ,d5is4 ,essai sur les rgnes de ,claude et de ,nron1 et sur les murs et les crits de ,snque4 #b vols41 #aghb4 ,diels1 ,h4 b] die ,philosoph5s*ul5 d] ,grie*5 7,zell]-,aufstze1 #ahhg74 ,die ,fragm5te d] ,vorsokratik]1 gr4 und deuts* von ,h4 ,d4 #bnd ed41 #aijf-aj4 7#bjdd e47 ,doxographi ,graeci1 #ahgi4 ,dill1 ,s4 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius4 #aijd4 7#jijci cc #c47 ,dr+1 ,a4 ,ges*i*te d4 grie*4 ,philosophie4 #b vols41 #aijc4 ,d\rif1 ,j4 ,du ,/oicisme et du ,*ri/ianisme consid]s dans leurs rapports4 #ahfc4 7#hdgj e #af47 ,drummond1 ,james4 ,philo-,judaeus1 or ! ,jewi%-,alex&rian ,philosophy 9 its developm5t & completion4 #ahhh4 7#hdhe df #ah47 ,dyr(f1 ,a4 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,/oa4 #ahig1 #h4 7,,pp4 #diia e47 ,eisl]1 ,rudolf4 ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie im ,grundriss4 #ahie4 ,wrt]bu* d] phil4 ,begriffe und ,ausdrcke4 #crd ed41 #aiaj4 7#bbcf c #ah47 ,euck51 ,rudolph4 ,die ,leb5sans*auung5 d] gross5 ,d5k]4 #aiji4 7#hdhf ee #f47 ,ges*i*te d] philos4 ,t]m9ologie 9 ,umriss4 #ahgi4 7#hdhf de #e47 ,ewald1 ,p4 ,d] ,e9fluss d4 /os*-cic]onianis*5 ,moral a4 d4 ,d>/ellung d4 ,e?ik bei ,ambrosius4 #ahha4 7#hdfc df #be_/f47 ,fairwea!r1 ,w4 ,! ,backgr\nd ( ! ,gospels2 or ,judaism 9 ! p]iod betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 #aijh4 7#jcbbe h #ae47 ,favre1 ,mme ,jules4 ,la morale /oci5ne4 #ahhh4 7#hdfj bb #bg47 ,fe9e1 ----4 ,/ocismus und ,*ri/5?um4 ,!ol4 ,lit4-,blatt #aije1 pp4 #gc sqq4 ,f]raz1 ----4 ,de ,/oica discipl9a apud poetas ,romanos4 ,p>is1 #ahfc4 ,fis*]1 ,kuno4 ,ges*i*te d4 neu]5 ,philosophie4 ,jubilums-ausgabe1 #ahig-aija4 7#hdhf ee47 ,f[l]1 ,w4 ,w>de4 ,social life at ,rome 9 ! age ( ,cic]o4 #aijh4 7#bchb e #aj47 ,franke1 ,c>l4 ,/ocismus und ,*ri/5?um4 ,breslau1 #ahgf4 7#dcgh l #a47 ,freud5?al1 ,jakob4 ,ueb] d5 ,begriff des ,wortes bei ,ari/oteles4 #ahfc4 7#aacab d #i47 ,zur ,ges*i*te d4 ,ans*auung5 b] die jdis*hell5is*e ,religionsphilosophie4 #ahfi4 7#djcd dd #cf_/f47 ,die ,erk5ntnisslehre ,philo's von ,alex&ria4 #ahia4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,l4 ,d>/ellung5 aus d4 ,sitt5ges*i*te ,roms4 #h? ed4 #aiaj4 7#bbeh b #b47 ,au?oriz$ translation ( #g? ed4 by ,l4 ,a4 ,magnus4 #aijh4 7#jijci dd47 ,fri$lnd]1 ,moritz4 ,die religis5 ,bewegung5 inn]halb des ,judasmus4 #aije4 7#deaf eee #bf47 ,geldn]1 ,k4 ,see article #8,zoroa/]' 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 ,giesecke1 ,alfr$4 ,de philosophorum vet]um quae ad exsilium spectant s5t5tiis4 #ahia4 7#hdfj dd #be47 ,giles1 ,j4 ,a4 ,! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ( ! second c5tury4 #aheg4 7#cfbg c #dd47 ,gir>d1 ,j4 ,le s5tim5t religieux en ,grce d',homre ,es*yle4 #ahfi-gi4 ,gladis*1 ,a4 ,h]akleitos und ,zoroa/]4 #ahei4 7#dejd d #ae47 ,die ,religion und die ,philosophie 9 ihr] weltges*i*tli*5 ,entwicklung4 #aheb4 7#deca c #aa47 ,glov]1 ,t4 ,r4 ,! conflict ( religions 9 ! ,e>ly ,roman ,empire4 #crd ed41 #aiji4 ,gomp]z1 ,!odor4 ,grie*is*e ,d5k]4 #c vols4 #aijc-h4 7#hdhf dd47 ,engli% translation by ,laurie ,magnus & ,g4 ,g4 ,b]rie4 #aije4 ,gttl+1 ,c4 ,w4 ,diog5es d] ,cynik] od] die ,philosophie des grie*is*5 ,prolet>iats4 ,halle1 #ahea4 ,grant1 ,sir ,alex&]4 ,! ,anci5t ,/oics4 #aheh4 7,,pp4 #faai c47 ,gruppe1 ,o4 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie und ,religionsges*i*te4 #b vols41 #aijf4 7#bjdd g47 ,haake1 ,a4 ,die ,gesells*aftslehre d] ,/ok]4 #ahhg4 ,hbl]1 ,a4 ,zur ,kosmogonie d] ,/ok]4 ,jahrb4 f4 ,phil1 und ,pd4 cxlvii1 #ahic1 pp4 #bih-cjj4 ,haeckel1 ,e4 ,die ,weltr?sel4 #ahii4 ,engli% transl41 #8,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1' by ,j4 ,mc,cabe4 #aijh4 ,hamel91 ----4 ,sur la logique des /oci5s4 ,ann4 philosophiques1 #aijb1 p4 #bc4 ,h>dy1 ,e4 ,g4 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t4 #ahid4 7#decb df #b47 ,h>nack1 ,a4 ,lehrbu* d] ,dogm5ges*i*te4 #c vols41 #crd ed41 #ahid-g4 7#cedd i47 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 transl4 by ,n4 ,bu*anan1 ,j4 ,mill>1 & ,w4 ,mc,gilchrist4 #g vols4 #ahid-i4 7#bbjf cc #c47 ,h>rison1 ,j4 ,e4 ,prolegom5a to ! /udy ( ,greek ,religion4 #bnd ed41 #aijh4 ,hat*1 ,e4 ,! influ5ce ( ,greek ideas & usages ^u ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 #ahij4 7#bbag aa #d47 ,he9ze1 ,max4 ,die ,lehre vom ,logos 9 d4 grie*is*5 ,philosophie4 #ahgb4 ,zur ,erk5ntnisslehre d] ,/ok]4 ,leipzig] ,prog41 #ahgi1 #hj4 ,/oicorum de fato doctr9a4 ,/oicorum de affectibus doctr9a4 ,/oicorum e?ica ad orig9es suas relata4 #ahfb4 ,h5d]son1 ,b]n>d ,w4 ,! life & pr9cipate ( ! ,emp]or ,n]o4 #aijc4 7#ajfjf e #ab47 ,hepke1 ----4 ,de philosophis qui ,romae docu]unt usque ad ,anton9os4 ,b]l91 #ahdb4 ,h]=d1 ,c4 ,h4 ,! ,/oics z tea*]s4 #ahhi4 ,hicks1 ,e4 ,traces ( ,greek ,philosophy & ,roman ,law 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #ahif4 7#ddcj aaa #bb47 ,hicks1 ,r4 ,d4 ,/oic & ,epicurean4 #aiaj4 ,hirzel1 ,rudolf4 ,de logica ,/oicorum4 #ahgi4 7#gjjf c #ag47 ,see also ,cic]o4 ,hffd+1 ,h4 ,philosophy ( ,religion4 ,transl4 by ,b4 ,e4 ,mey]1 #aijf4 ,hb]1 ,n4 ,die ,philosophie d] ,kir*5vt]4 #ahei4 ,jevons1 ,frank ,byron4 ,an ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion4 #bnd ed41 #aijb4 7#bbag bb #i47 ,ka]/1 ,j4 ,ges*i*te des hell5i/is*5 ,zeitalt]s4 #aiji4 ,knau]1 ,v9c5z4 ,die ,hauptprobleme d] ,philosophie4 #ahib4 7#hdfb g #b47 ,kris*e1 ,a4 ,b4 ,=s*ung5 auf dem ,gebiete d] alt5 ,philosophie4 #ahdj4 7#aacd c #ai47 ,lab]?onnire1 ,p4 ,l4 ,essai de philosophie religieuse4 ,laf]rire1 ,l4 ,f4 ,j4 ,mmoire conc]nant l'influ5ce du ,/oicisme sur la doctr9e des ,jurisconsultes roma9s4 ,mm4 de l'acad4 d4 sci5ces morales1 x1 #ahfj1 pp4 #egi-fhe4 7#ebed aaa #aa47 ,le ,blant1 ,edmond4 ,les p]secutions et les m>tyrs aux premi]s sicles de ntre re4 #ahic4 7#decj ee #bd47 ,lehmann1 ,edv4 ,die ,p]s]4 ,9 de la ,saussaye's ,lehrbu* d] ,religionsges*i*te4 #bnd ed41 #ahig4 7#ceed i47 ,lewes1 ,g4 ,h4 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,new ed41 #ahig4 7#bjbc a47 ,lightfoot1 ,j4 ,b4 ,see ,s5eca4 ,l9dsay1 ,james4 ,/udies 9 ,european ,philosophy4 #aiji4 ,*ap4 iv deals ) #8! e?ical philosophy ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4' ,lodge1 ,sir ,oliv] ,j4 ,life & ,matt]4 #bnd ed41 #aiji4 7#jhdfa f #dj_/a47 ,long1 ,george4 ,see ,aurelius1 ,epictetus4 ,lu!1 ,w]n]4 ,die ,erk5ntnisslehre d] ,/oik]4 #ahij4 7#jhdfd f #i_/a47 ,mahaffy1 ,j4 ,p4 ,greek ,life & ,?\ght4 #ahif4 7#ijbf bbb #c47 ,! progress ( ,hell5ism 9 ,alex&]'s ,empire4 #aije4 7#ijbe bbb #bh47 ,! empire ( ! ,ptolemies4 #ahie4 7#bchb b #e47 ,a survey ( ,greek civilisation4 #ahig4 7#bbeh b #ai47 ,m>?a1 ,c4 ,les morali/es s\s l'empire roma94 ,philosophes et potes4 #ahfe4 7#hdjg ff #ag47 ,see also ,s5eca4 ,masson1 ,j4 ,see ,lucretius4 ,mayor1 ,j4 ,b4 ,a sket* ( anci5t philosophy f ,?ales to ,cic]o4 #ahha4 7#bcbb b #eg47 ,mead1 ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,apollonius ( ,tyana4 #aija4 7#ajfjf cc #h47 ,monte1 ,p4 ,le ,/ocisme ,rome4 #ahfe4 7#hdfa aaa #f47 ,montefiore1 ,claude ,g4 ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon4 #ahhg4 7,ac4 #bjgf47 ,natorp1 ,paul4 ,=s*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te des ,erk5ntniss-problems im ,alt]?um4 #ahhd4 7#hdfj h #g47 ,naville1 ,h4 ,adri54 ,julian l',apo/at et la philosophie du poly!isme4 #ahgg4 7#dejd bb #e47 ,ne&]1 ,a4 ,vorlesung5 b] ,ges*i*te d4 *ri/li*5 ,e?ik4 #ahfd4 ,on ,/oicism see pp4 #bi-eg4 ,nettle%ip1 ,h5ry4 ,jus ,g5tium4 ,j\rnal ( ,philology xiii 7#ahhe71 p4 #bf4 ,neumann1 ,c4 ,j4 ,d] rmis*e ,/aat und die allg4 ,kir*e bis auf ,diocletian4 #ahij4 7#decd d #af47 ,og]eau1 ,f4 ,essai sur le sy/me philosophique des /oci5s4 #ahhe4 7#hdfj ee #bj47 ,old5b]g1 ,h4 ,buddha2 8 life1 8 doctr9e1 8 ord]4 ,transl4 by ,w4 ,hoey4 #ahhb4 7#gei d #d47 ,ortt(f1 ,jo4 ,&r4 b] d5 ,e9fluss d4 /os*5 ,philosophie auf die rmis*e ,jurisprud5z4 #agig4 ,pat]1 ,walt] ,h4 ,m>ius ! ,epicurean4 #b vols41 #ahib4 7#abfbj dd #ah47 ,pauly1 ,a4 ,f4 von4 ,real5cyclopdie d4 klassis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft4 ,neue ,be>beitung1 h]ausg4 von ,g4 ,wiss[a4 #ahic-4 7#bjdf f47 ,p\ss91 ,l4 de la ,valle4 ,b\ddhisme3 op9ions sur l'hi/oire de la ,dogmatique4 #aiji4 ,pr*t]1 ,k>l4 ,hi]ocles d] ,/ok]4 #aija4 7#hdfj h #bc47 ,prosopographia ,imp]ii ,romani ,saec4 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii4 ,ed4 ,e4 ,klebs & o!rs4 #ahig-4 ,gives ! au?orities = biographies ( ?is p]iod4 ,ramsay1 ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,roman empire be=e ,a4,d4 #agj4 #g? ed4 #aijc4 7#bbjh b #b47 ,rau*1 ,g4 ,d] ,e9fluss d4 /os*5 ,philosophie an d4 ,lehrbildung ,t]tullianus4 ,ravaisson1 ,f4 ,essai sur le ,/ocisme4 #ahef4 ,r5an1 ,j4 ,e4 ,see ,aurelius4 ,r5dall1 ,g4 ,h4 ,! ,emp]or ,julian1 ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity4 #ahgi4 7#decd cc #h47 ,see also ,aurelius4 ,r5\vi]1 ,c4 ,b4 ,u*ronie4 ,deals ) ! secul> importance ( ,/oicism4 7#hjjh g #a47 ,rville1 ,jean4 ,la religion ,rome s\s les ,svres4 #ahhf4 7#deje ee #ai47 ,ri*t]1 ,d4 ,die b]lief]ung d] /os*5 ,def9ition5 b] die ,affekte4 #ahgc4 ,sa*au1 ,c4 ,e4 ,drei aramas*e ,papyrus-,urkund5 aus ,elephant9e4 #aijg4 ,royal ,prussian ,society4 7,ac4 #hee_/f47 ,saussaye1 ,p4 ,d4 ,c4 de la4 ,lehrbu* d] ,religionsges*i*te4 #crd ed41 #b vols41 #aije4 7#ceed i47 ,s*ill]1 ,h]mann4 ,die /os*e ,opposition unt] ,n]o4 #ahfg1 #h4 7#hdhe bbb #bh47 ,s*mekel1 ,augu/4 ,die ,philosophie d] mittl]5 ,/oa 9 ihrem ges*i*tli*5 ,zusamm5hange d>ge/ellt4 #ahib4 7#hdhe df #ai47 ,s*midt1 ,c4 ,g4 ,a4 ,essai hi/orique sur la socit civile dans le monde roma9 et sur sa trans=mation p> le *ri/ianisme4 #ahec4 7#deca c #be47 ,trans4 by ,mrs ,?orpe1 #aijg4 7#decb de #aj47 ,s*midt1 ,r4 ,t4 ,/oicorum ,grammatica4 #ahci4 7#hdfb b #a47 ,s*ulze1 ,vict4 ,ges*i*te des ,unt]gangs d] gr4-rm4 ,heid5?ums4 #b vols4 #ahhg-if4 7#decj ee #h47 ,seeck1 ,o4 ,ges*i*te des ,unt]gangs d] antik5 ,welt4 #crd ed41 #aiaj-4 7#jijci dd47 ,sidgwick1 ,h5ry4 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics4 #ahhf4 ,*4 #aa deals ) #8,greco-,roman ,e?ics4' ,smiley1 ,c4 ,n4 ,lat9itas und 4 ,wiscons91 #aijf4 ,sonn5s*e91 ,e4 ,a4 ,! new ,/oicism4 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,april #aijg4 7,r4 ,,pp4 #cbd ga47 ,%akespe>e & ,/oicism4 ,univ]sity ,review1 i #a4 7,,pp4 #aahg ief47 ,spiess1 ,e4 ,logos ,sp]matikos4 ,p>allel/ell5 z4 neu5 ,te/4 aus d4 ,s*rift5 d4 alt5 ,grie*54 #ahga4 7#cbbe ee #bi47 ,/e91 ,ludwig4 ,psy*ologie d] ,/oa4 #b vols41 #ahhf-h4 7,,pp4 #diia e47 ,die ,will5sfreiheit etc4 bei d5 jdis*5 ,philosoph54 #ahhb4 7#hdfi bbb #bf47 ,dualismus od] ,monismus4 #aiji4 ,/e9?al1 ,h4 ,ges*i*te d] ,spra*wiss5s*aft bei d5 ,grie*5 und ,rm]n4 #bnd ed41 #ahij1 #a4 7#abibd h #ah47 ,on ! ,/oic gramm> see i pp4 #bfe sqq4 ,/]n1 ,j4 ,hom]/udi5 d] ,/ok]4 ,lrra*1 #ahic4 ,/ock1 ,/ ,george ,w4 ,j4 ,/oicism4 7,phil4 ,anci5t & ,mod]n47 #aijh4 7#hdfg de47 ,/rill]1 ,f4 ,de ,/oicorum /udiis rhetoricis4 ,breslau1 #ahhf4 7#abijb f #be47 ,susemihl1 ,fr4 ,ges*i*te d] gr4 ,litt]atur 9 d4 ,alex&r9]zeit4 #b vols41 #ahia1 #b4 7#bjde g47 ,teuffel1 ,w4 ,s4 ,hi/ory ( ,roman ,lit]ature4 ,translat$ by ,g4 ,c4 ,w4 ,w>r4 #b vols41 #ahij4 7#bjde g47 ,?i]s*1 ,w4 ,j4 ,politik und ,philosophie 9 ihrem ,v]hltniss zur ,religion unt] ,traianus1 ,hadrianus1 und d5 beid5 ,anton954 ,m>burg1 #ahec4 7#degc e #cg47 ,?omas1 ,a4 ,rome et l',empire aux deux premi]s sicles de ntre re4 #ahig4 7#ijci d #i47 ,transl43 ,roman ,life "u ! ,caes>s4 #ahii4 7#ggja aa #aa47 ,?omson1 ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,! corpuscul> !ory ( matt]4 #aijg4 7#jhgji dd #af47 ,ti$emann1 ,d4 ,sy/em d] /ois*5 ,philosophie4 #aggf4 ,tuck]1 ,t4 ,g4 ,life 9 ! ,roman ,_w ( ,n]o & ,/ ,paul4 #aiaj4 ,tylor1 ,edw>d ,b4 ,primitive culture4 #d? ed41 #b vols41 #aijc4 7#bjcd a47 ,an?ropology4 #ahha4 7#bjbd b47 b]weg1 ,fr4 ,grundriss d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie4 ,t5? ed4 by ,k4 ,pr*t]1 #aiji-4 7#hdhe ff47 ,translat$ f ! #d? ,g]man edition by ,g4 ,s4 ,morris4 #b vols4 ,new ,york4 #ahgb-d4 ,us5]1 ,h4 ,epicurea4 #ahhg4 7#hdfj ee #cf47 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,unt]su*ung54 #c vols4 #ahhi-ii4 7#decb dd #b47 ,va*]eau1 ti5ne4 ,hi/oire critique de l'cole d',alex&rie4 #c vols41 #ahdf-ea4 7#bbcf d #g-i47 de ,villoison1 ,j4 d',ansse4 ,de !ologia physica ,/oicorum comm5tatio4 ,gtt+51 #ahdd4 7#ache g #d47 ,voigt1 ,m4 ,die ,lehre vom ius naturale1 aequum et bonum1 und ius g5tium d] ,rm]4 #d vols41 #ahef-gf4 7#ebjg d #e47 ,rmis*e ,re*tsges*i*te4 #c vols41 #ahib-aijb4 7#ebee dd #a47 ,voll]s1 ,*>les4 ,die ,weltreligion5 9 ihrem ges*i*tli*5 ,zusamm5hange4 ,vollman1 ,f4 b] das ,v]hltniss d] spt]5 ,/oa zur ,sklav]ei im rmis*5 ,rei*e4 ,reg5sburg1 #ahij4 ,wa*smu?1 ,curtius4 ,die ,ansi*t5 d] ,/ok] b] ,mantik und ,dmon51 #ahfj4 7#hdfa bb #dd 7#i747 ,de ,cratete ,mallota1 #ahfj4 7#aacab g #dj47 ,wadsk91 ,s4 ,e4 ,e9fluss des ,/ocismus auf die *ri/li*e ,lehrbildung4 ,!ol4 ,/ud4 und ,krit41 #ahhj4 7,,pp4 #aej47 ,wallace1 ,william4 ,epicureanism4 #ahhj4 7#ddba f #fd47 ,walt]1 ,julius4 ,die ,lehre von d] praktis*5 ,v]nunft 9 d] grie*is*5 ,philosophie4 #ahgd4 7#hdfb cc #bb47 ,weiss5fels1 ,c4 ,o4 ,de ,platonicae et ,/oicae doctr9ae aff9itate4 ,b]l91 #ahij4 ,wellmann1 ,edu>d4 ,die pneumatis*e ,s*ule bis auf ,ar*ig5es 9 ihr] ,entwicklung d>ge/ellt4 #ahie4 ,see also ,fleckeis5's ,jahrb4 #ahgc1 pp4 #dgg sqq4 ,w5dl&1 ,paul4 ,die hell5is*-rmis*e ,kultur 9 ihr5 ,beziehung5 zu ,jud5?um und ,*ri/5?um4 #aijg4 ,we/cott1 ,b4 ,f4 ,see ,orig5es4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,edw>d4 ,! hi/ory ( human m>riage4 #crd ed4 #aija4 7#bbcf f #g47 ,! orig9 & developm5t ( ! moral ideas4 #b vols41 #aijf-i4 7#jhdjg f #ba47 ,wetz/e91 ,o4 ,die ,w&lung d] /os*5 ,lehre unt] ihr5 spt]5 ,v]tret]n4 ,neu-,/relitz1 #ahib-d4 ,weygoldt1 ,g4 ,p4 ,die ,philosophie d] ,/oa na* ihrem ,wes5 und ihr5 ,s*icksal5 d>ge/ellt4 #ahhc4 7#hdfb b #h47 ,:ittak]1 ,?omas4 ,apollonius ( ,tyana & o!r essays4 #aijf4 7#jabcef l #fb47 ,w9ckl]1 ,h4 ,a4 ,d] ,/ocismus e9e ,wurzel des ,*ri/5?ums4 #ahgh4 ,w9delb&1 ,w4 ,ges*i*te d] alt5 ,philosophie4 ,9 ! ,h&bu* d4 klass4 ,alt]?umswiss5s*aft4 #ahid4 ,translat$ by ,h4 ,e4 ,cu%mann1 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 7#bbcf cc #h47 ,w9t]1 ,f4 ,j4 ,/oicorum pan!ismus et pr9cipia doctr9ae e?icae4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,zell]1 ,edu>d4 ,die ,philosophie d] ,grie*5 9 ihr] ges*i*tli*5 ,entwicklung4 #e? ed4 #ahib-4 7#hdhf h47 ,! ,/oics1 ,epicureans & ,sceptics4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,o4 ,j4 ,rei*el4 #ahib4 7#bbcd b #bb47 ,vortrge und ,abh&lung51 #ahge4 7#abbej i #ac47 ,philosophis*e ,aufstze1 #ahhg4 7#hdfh f #cd47 b] e9e ,b]hrung des jng]5 ,cynismus mit dem ,*ri/5?um4 ,sitzungsb4 d4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 z4 ,b]l91 ix pp4 #abi-acb4 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 unt] ,mitwirkung von ,h4 ,diels und ,k4 ,holl4 ,edit$ by ,dr ,otto ,leuze4 ,b]l91 #aiaj-4 7#abbeb g47 ,zimm]mann1 ,d4 ,quae ratio philosophiae ,/oicae sit cum religione ,romana4 ,erlang51 #aheh4 ,,g5]al ,,index4 ,! numb]s ref] to ! pages & notes4 ,ab/ract ideas1 #acf sqq4 ,academy1 #ee sqq42 influ5ce on ,/oicism1 #fi1 #ic1 #id1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aib1 #cjb4 ,ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two s*ools1 #aec4 accessio1 #bib1 #caf4 ac]vus1 #adg4 ,a*illes1 #cci4 ,a,,oka1 #ae4 ,acquirem5ts1 #cje4 ,,acte1 #cdg n4 #aaj4 ,action1 #ei4 ,active & passive1 #fi1 #aef1 #agb4 ,adam 7& ,eve71 #bgh1 #dbg4 ,,adam1 ,j41 #cj n4 #b1 #cj n4 #c1 #cb n4 #af1 #cd n4 #be1 #cg n4 #dc1 #df n4 #gf4 ,,addison1 ,j41 #agf n4 #i4 adfectus1 see #8,affections4' ads5sio1 ads5sus1 see #8,ass5t'2 ads5sum su/9]e1 see #8,susp5se ( judgm5t4' ,adult]y condemn$1 #bgf1 #cdg4 ,advantages1 #gb1 #bij1 #cai sqq42 reject$ by ,ari/o1 #hb4 aegritudo1 #cca2 aeg4 animi1 #cch4 ,a5eas1 #big1 #cia4 ,,aes*ylus1 #ch4 ,aesculapius1 #bcc4 ae/imatio1 #gb1 #bhi4 ,ae!r1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #ahf1 #dcf2 z fir/ pr9ciple1 #gj n4 #fa2 z god1 #bai4 ,affection = *ildr51 #cda4 ,affections1 #ccb sqq41 #ceb2 good affections1 #cbc2 9 ,jesus1 #dab4 agitatio prima1 #cea4 ,agriculture1 #cfi1 #cgb4 ,,agripp9us1 ,,paconius1 #cii4 ,ahura ,mazd1 #h4 ,air1 #ahj sqq4 ,alce/is1 #adb4 ,,alex&]1 #ac1 #fb1 #cci4 ,alex&ria1 #bj1 #fd1 #hj1 #hc1 #aaj4 ali5atio1 #bef1 #cbb4 ,allegorism1 #aab1 #aea1 #daa4 am>us1 #cce4 amor1 #cag4 ,analogy1 9 logic1 #acd2 9 gramm>1 #ade4 ,,anaxagoras1 #dj1 #dd1 #aef4 ,,anaxim&]1 #cc4 ,,anaxim5es1 #cc1 #aeh2 on elem5tal qualities1 #agc4 ,angels1 #h1 #aa1 #ba1 #ca2 gu>dian angels1 #bcc1 #bfd4 ,ang]1 #ccc sqq4 anima1 #afh1 #bdb2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dbj4 an4 inflammata1 #aha1 #bdc n4 #bc4 ,animals1 #ahf sqq42 _! place 9 ! univ]se1 #bje2 h no rights1 #bgd2 ,/ ,paul's view1 #dag n4 #ee4 ,animism1 #bda4 animus1 #bdb4 annus1 magnus1 #aic4 ,anomaly1 #ade4 ,ant1 #ahg4 anticipatio1 #acf4 ,,antigonus ,,gonatas1 #ge1 #gi1 #caa4 ,,antio*us 7( ,ascalon71 #aji sqq41 #aeb4 ,,antipat] 7( ,t>sus71 #if2 on ! crit]ion1 #ada2 gives way to ,c>neades1 #add2 on def9ition1 #adh2 def9ition ( ,god1 #bbb2 ( virtue1 #bhc2 on advantages1 #bib2 on m>riage1 #cah4 ,,antipat] 7( ,tyre71 #ajh1 #ahf1 #cag2 tea*] ( ,cato1 #chf4 ,,antiphon 7sophi/71 #dj4 ,antipodes1 #age4 ,antiqu>ianism1 #cjf4 ,,anti/h5es1 #dh sqq4 ,,anton9us1 ,m4 ,,pius1 #djb sqq4 ,apa?y1 #cbd4 ,apocalypse1 #bd n4 #fd1 #dac n4 #bd4 ,aphrodite1 #bca4 ,apollo1 #bca4 ,,apollodorus 7( ,a!ns71 #ig4 ,,apollodorus 7( ,seleucia1 call$ ,ephillus71 #ig2 on ! crit]ion1 #ada2 on pleasure1 #cae4 ,,apollonides1 #ajh4 ,,apollonius 7( ,tyre71 #ajh4 ,,apollophanes1 #hd4 appellatio1 #ade4 appetitio1 appetitus1 #bef1 #cad2 app4 recta1 #bef4 ,,aquilius1 ,c4 ,,gallus1 #che4 ,,aratus1 #hj2 view ( ! univ]se1 #ahb2 influ5ce on ,virgil1 #chi2 on ,/4 ,paul1 #dji4 arbitrium lib]um1 #baj4 ,,arcesilaus1 #fc2 conv]ses ) ,z5o1 #fi n4 #dh2 opposes ,z5o1 #gd2 opposes ,clean!s1 #ij2 influ5ce on ,*rysippus1 #ic4 ,,ar*$emus1 #ig2 on pleasure1 #cae4 ,,areius1 #aaj1 #cdc4 ,,ari/>*us1 #adf n4 #ajd1 #agi4 ,,ari/ippus1 #ej4 ,,ari/o1 #gi1 #hb sqq41 #abi2 incl9es to ,cynism1 #hb2 opposes art1 #aec n4 #adh2 rejects precepts1 #ceg4 ,,ari/ocreon1 #ig4 ,,ari/ophanes1 #aj1 #age n4 #a4 ,,ari/otle1 #eh sqq42 on active & passive pr9ciples1 #aef2 on sub/ance & quality1 #afe2 on ! categories1 #ei1 #afd1 #afi2 on ! sol> sy/em1 #ahb2 on ! microcosm1 #fa1 #bdj2 on slav]y1 #bga1 #bgi2 on pleasure1 #caf2 on ang]1 #ccc4 ,,arius1 see #8,areius4' ,,arnim1 ,h4 von1 #hf n4 #ei1 #aai n4 #abc4 ,,arnold1 ,,mat!w1 #dce n4 #aeh4 ,,arria 7! eld]71 #cic4 ,,arria 7! y\ng]71 #cii4 ,,arrianus1 #aba4 ,art disp>ag$1 #aec4 ,,artemidorus1 #dja4 ,artemis1 #aab4 ,arts 7artes71 #adj1 #add1 #cje1 #cjf2 are pass+ conditions ( s\l1 #afh4 articulus1 #ade4 ,,arul5us ,,ru/icus1 #dja4 ,asceticism1 #beh1 #cfb1 #dji4 ,ass5t 7ads5sio1 ads5sus71 9 logic1 #fh1 #acb1 #bdi2 9 morals1 #bef4 ,a/rology or ,a/ronomy1 #f1 #aja1 #cjf4 ,a!ism1 ( ,socrates1 #df2 ( ! ,cynics1 #dh sqq42 ( ,z5o1 #bag1 #bcd4 ,a!ne1 #bca4 ,,a!nodorus ,,calvus1 #aji4 ,,a!nodorus 7( ,soli71 #hd4 ,,a!nodorus 7( ,t>sus71 7#a7 ! eld]1 #ih1 #ajg2 d5ies t s9s are equal1 #cee2 tea*] ( ,cato1 #chf2 7#b7 ! y\ng]1 #aaj4 ,atoms1 #da1 #aei1 #ahi1 #dcf4 ,,attalus1 #aaa1 #cdg4 ,,augu/us1 #aaj2 enc\rages flatt]y1 #cgj2 longs = leisure1 #cgg4 ,,aurelius1 ,m41 #abb sqq42 belief 9 provid5ce1 #abc2 view ( ! future life1 #abe1 #bgj2 on suffici5cy ( virtue1 #bic2 devotion to paganism1 #abd1 #dje2 p]secutes ! ,*ri/ians1 #dje4 ,au/]ity1 #cef4 ,ave/a1 #aa4 ,babylonians1 #c1 #e4 ,,bacon1 ,,francis1 #cce n4 #bg4 ,,balbus1 ,l4 ,,lucilius1 #che4 ,,balbus1 ,q4 ,,lucilius1 #aji1 #chf4 ,,b>ea ,,soranus1 #cii4 ,,basilides1 #ih4 ,ba?s1 #cgb4 #8,be> & =be>1' #abf1 #cej4 ,be>d1 #bei1 #cfe4 ,beauty ( ! univ]se1 #bjd1 #bbf2 ( body & s\l1 #cab2 ( wom51 #cai2 ( virtue1 #cbe4 ,/ ,paul n appreciative1 #dag4 ,b5efic5ce1 #cjg4 ,,b]?olet1 ,d4 ,a41 #ba n4 #eg4 ,bigotry ( ,clean!s1 #ij2 ( ,m4 ,aurelius1 #dje4 ,bless$ness1 #fa4 ,,blossius1 ,c41 #chb4 ,body1 ! 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body1 #beg4 ,cold1 #aha4 collatio rationis1 #ace4 ,comets1 #ahc4 commoda1 #bij4 ,common s5se 7s5sus communis71 #cff4 ,commotions 7emotiones71 #cea1 #ceb2 9 ,jesus1 #dab4 compositio1 #acd4 ,compreh5sion 7compreh5sio71 #fh1 #hb1 #bdi2 h[ qualifi$1 #gd2 def5d$ by ,*rysippus1 #ic2 z ! crit]ion1 #ada4 conatus1 #cah n4 #aji4 conc5tus1 #bbe4 ,conceptions1 #ace sqq41 #agj4 conclusio1 #gc n4 #hj4 ,cond5sation1 #aeh1 #afg sqq4 ,conditional s5t5ce1 #adg4 confatalia1 #bja4 ,conflagration 7conflagratio71 #ie sqq41 #aje1 #aij sqq42 d5i$ by ,panaetius1 #ajc2 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #dag4 ,con=mity1 #de1 #bag1 #djd4 coniuncta1 #afg4 coniunctio naturae1 #bbg n4 #fg4 ,conjunction 7coniunctio71 #ade4 ,consci5ce1 #bbj1 #cbj2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dae4 ,cons5t1 common1 #adc2 illu/rat$1 #bbc1 #cbe4 ,consi/5cy1 #ga1 #bhb1 #bia4 ,consolations1 #dj1 #cdb sqq4 ,con/ancies 7con/antiae71 #cbc2 9 ,paul9e writ]s1 #dab n4 #bj1 #dbc4 ,con/ellations1 #e4 con/itutio1 #bfj n4 #aaf4 ,con/itutional !ory1 #df2 9 ,ari/otle1 #fb2 9 ,panaetius1 #aja2 9 ! ,roman ,/oics1 #bhj4 cont9uatio naturae1 #bbg n4 #fg4 ,contr>y twi/1 #cce1 #cfd4 conv5i5tia1 #ga4 ,conv]sion 7conv]sio71 #aci1 #cbg4 ,,cordus1 ,,cremutius1 #cib4 ,,cornelius1 ,,fidus1 #cda4 ,,cornutus1 #aab1 #bca1 #cie4 ,cosmology1 #aic sqq42 ,*ri/ian1 #dag4 ,cosmopolis1 #ff1 #aif1 #bgd1 #bhd2 levels race & sex1 #bga2 9 ! ,roman empire1 #chb2 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #dbc4 ,,cotta1 #ajd4 ,c\ntry life1 #cgb4 ,c\rage1 9 ,plato1 #eh2 9 ,/oicism1 #bid1 #cjh2 def9$1 #caa2 9 wom51 #cfb2 at dea?1 #cgh4 ,c\rt life1 #cgj4 ,,crantor1 #cdb4 ,,crates1 #fe1 #cah4 ,,crates 7( ,mallos71 #ih2 tea*] ( ,panaetius1 #ajj2 advocates #8anomaly1' #adf4 ,,cratippus1 #fd4 ,creation1 #fj1 #aic2 ,paul9e view1 #dbh2 comp>$ ) procreation1 #bed4 ,creator1 9 ,plato1 #eg2 9 ,ari/otle1 #fj2 z ! ,logos1 #afa2 9 popul> !ology1 #aid4 ,,cr9is1 #ih4 ,,crisp9us1 #aaa4 ,crit]ion1 #ge1 #acj1 #aca1 #ada4 ,,critolaus1 #ajj4 ,cronos1 #aab1 #bca4 ,,crossley1 ,h41 #ag n4 #ea4 ,cruelty1 #ccf4 ,cupid1 #bca4 ,cynics1 #af1 #dh sqq42 _! !ory ( morals1 #bhh2 fre$om ( spee*1 #cbb4 ,cynism1 a %ort cut to virtue1 #ig1 #cfe4 ,cyr5aics1 #ej4 ,,cyrus1 #i sqq42 conque/ ( ,ionia1 #cd1 #cg2 describ$ by ,x5ophon1 #ej2 a #8wise man1' #bif4 ,daemons1 #bcb1 #bfd4 ,daily duties1 #cja sqq4 ,,damasippus1 #aaa4 ,,d>danus1 #ajg4 ,,d>ius conqu]s ,ionia1 #cg4 ,,davidson1 ,w4 ,l41 #bg n4 #ge1 #bfb n4 #acc4 ,dea?1 #bfa2 ( *ildr51 #cdc2 h[ to be met1 #ccc1 #cgh sqq4 ,dec5cy1 #cab4 decorum #cab1 #cdh2 9 spee*1 #adi4 ,def9ition 7def9itio71 #adh2 9 ,spha]us1 #hj4 ,deification1 #gi4 ,demet]1 #bca4 ,,demetrius 7,cynic philosoph]71 #djj4 ,,demetrius 7bi%op71 #dcd4 ,,democritus1 #da2 !ory ( atoms & void1 #aef4 ,dep>ture1 reasonable1 #cji sqq4 ,,desc>tes1 #bdb n4 #ag4 ,det]m9ism1 #bjj4 ,dialectic1 #abi sqq41 #adh2 reject$ by ! ,cynics1 #di4 di immortales1 #bbj4 ,diana1 #bca4 ,,dicae>*us1 #fd4 ,dido1 #cia4 ,,diels1 ,h41 #aaj n4 #ge4 difficilis1 #cce1 #cdd n4 #id4 dilatatio1 #bid n4 #adh4 ,,dill1 ,s41 #ii n4 #a1 #chj n4 #a1 #djj n4 #ajh1 #djd n4 #abf4 ,,dio 7( ,prusa71 #aah4 ,,diodorus 7,meg>ian71 #ea2 aga9/ free w1 #adh2 ! #8ma/]-argum5t1' #bja4 ,,diodorus 7,p]ipatetic71 #fd4 ,,diodotus1 #ajh4 ,,diog5es 7! ,cynic71 #af1 #dh sqq41 #bgd2 on lab\r1 #afj2 z #8wise man1' #bif4 ,,diog5es 7( ,seleucia71 #if2 visit to ,rome1 #ajj2 8 /yle 9 speak+1 #aej2 on music1 #bcd2 on ! div9e imman5ce1 #bdj2 on con/itutions1 #bhj2 def9ition ( virtue1 #bhc1 #cjc2 on reputation1 #cbj4 ,,dionysius 7( ,cyr5e71 #ajg4 ,,dionysius 7( ,h]aclea71 #hd4 ,dionysus1 #aaj n4 #gf4 ,,dioscorides1 #if4 ,dis1 #bca4 ,disadvantages1 #cbb4 ,disappo9tm5t1 #cch4 ,discipl9e1 #aab2 ( pa91 #cch4 ,discont5t1 #cca4 ,diseases ( ! s\l1 #ccb1 #cec4 ,disposition1 #afg4 ,div9ation1 sugge/$ by ,socrates1 #dc1 #aih2 d5i$ by ,panaetius1 #ajc2 accept$ by ,posidonius1 #aje2 an argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( gods1 #bbg4 ,dog1 #ahg4 ,dogmatism1 #gd2 ( ,/ ,paul1 #dae4 ,,domitian expels ! philosoph]s1 #abj4 ,dr9k+1 #cjd1 #cad1 #cag1 #cdf4 ,,driv]1 ,s4 ,r41 #i4 ,druidism1 #bd4 ,,drusus1 #aaa4 ,dualism1 #cc n4 #bb4 ,( ,z>a?u/ra1 #ch2 ( ,anaxagoras1 #dj2 ( ,socrates1 #dd2 ( ,ari/otle1 #fj2 ( ,z5o1 #fi1 #agb2 ( ,clean!s1 #hh2 ( ! ,/oics1 #aeg2 ( s\l & body1 #aeg2 ( =ce & matt]1 #agb2 ( active & passive1 #agb2 ( good & bad m51 #ced4 ,duty1 #cja sqq41 #cbh2 t[>ds ! gods1 #bcg2 daily duties1 #aja1 #cja sqq4 ,,dyr(f1 ,a41 #hc n4 #db4 ,e>? revolves on its axis1 #agh2 r\nd ! sun1 #agi2 a gross elem5t1 #bbe4 ,eat+1 #cjd1 #cad1 #cag1 #cde4 ,eclecticism1 #ajf1 #djd4 ,,ecphantus1 #agh4 ,education1 #ceh2 ( *ildr51 #cfj2 ( slaves1 #cgd4 ,,egnatius ,,cel]1 #djj4 ,ego1 #abe1 #bdf4 ,eleatics1 #cd4 ,elem5ts 7elem5ta71 #ab1 #aef1 #agc1 #agi1 #aif1 #bbe2 are div9e1 #bai2 9 ,emp$ocles1 #da2 _! qualities1 #agc4 ,elephant9e1 #i n4 #be4 ,emotions1 see #8,commotions4' ,,emp$ocles1 #da1 #agc4 enodatio1 #acg4 ,,epictetus1 #aai sqq42 on ! s\l's absorption1 #abe2 def9es dialectic1 #acj2 on c]ta9ty1 #add2 rejects div9ation1 #bbh2 on hymns1 #bce2 on self-exam9ation1 #bcf2 on ob$i5ce to ,god1 #bhd2 on ! suffici5cy ( virtue1 #bic2 on ! #8wise man1' #bih2 on ! relation%ips1 #cjg2 on #8free dep>ture1' #caa2 on family affection1 #cda2 consolations1 #cdc2 wom5 to be avoid$1 #cej2 on celibacy1 #cfh2 on c\rt life1 #cgj2 9 exile1 #dja4 ,epicureans1 #ed1 #ic4 ,,epicurus1 #gd2 8 logic1 #acg2 !ory ( atoms1 #aei2 on ! gods1 #bbe4 ,,erato/h5es1 #hc4 ,eri/ics1 #fi4 ,eros1 #bca4 ess5tia1 #aeh1 #afe4 ,e?ics1 #bgc sqq4 ,etruscans1 _! mono!ism1 #aj1 #bba2 reject images1 #bcd4 ,,euclides 7( ,meg>a71 #ea4 ,,eudoxus1 #ahb4 ,,eudromus1 #ih4 ,,eum5es ,,ii1 #ih4 ,eupa?y1 #cbd4 ,,euphrates1 #aah4 ,,euripides1 #ci4 ev5ta1 #afg4 ,evil1 #bjf sqq41 #bac sqq41 #ccj2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dah4 excessus rationalis1 #cji4 ,ex]cise1 #cei4 ,exhalations1 #ahc1 #bfj1 #bfd4 ,exile1 #cgf4 exitus1 #cji4 exp]i5tia1 #acd4 ,,fabius 7,cunctator71 #ccd4 ,,fairwea!r1 ,w41 #ba n4 #eh1 #bc n4 #fb4 ,fai?1 #dae4 ,fallacies1 #ea1 #adg4 ,fame1 #cbj4 ,,fannia1 #cic1 #djj4 ,,fannius1 ,c41 #chc4 ,fa/+1 #cfd4 ,fate 7fatum71 9 ,*aldaism1 #e2 9 ,hom]1 #cj2 9 ,/oicism1 #aii sqq4 ,,favor9us1 #cfj n4 #bc4 ,fe>1 #cca1 #ccc sqq4 ,fire1 sacr$ to ! ,p]sians1 #ac2 9 ,h]aclitus1 #ce2 ) ,z5o1 #gj2 ) ,clean!s1 #hi2 t5ds upw>ds1 #ahj2 elem5tal & prim>y1 #ahj2 is div9e1 #bai2 is a ref9$ elem5t1 #bbe4 ,fle%1 #beh2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #daf sqq4 ,,fleury1 ,,am,d,e1 #dcc n4 #aea4 ,flood1 #bgh4 ,=cefulness1 9 ,socrates1 #db2 9 ! ,cynics1 #di2 9 ,crates1 #fe2 9 ,epictetus1 #abj2 9 ,/oic e?ics1 #bdg2 id5tifi$ ) virtue1 #bhe2 ( ,ulysses1 #bif2 ( ,jesus1 #daa4 =mido1 see #8,fe>4' =titudo1 see #8,c\rage4' ,=tune1 #aii1 #bji4 ,,f[l]1 ,w4 ,,w>de1 #chj n4 #a1 #che n4 #cc4 ,fre$om1 #bha1 #cjd2 ( ! w1 #ag1 #baj4 ,fretfulness1 #ccg4 ,,fri$l,,nd]1 ,m41 #bc n4 #fc4 ,fri5d%ip1 #cff4 ,,furius1 ,l4 ,,philus1 #bhj1 #chb4 fusio univ]sa1 #afi4 ,,galileo1 #agi4 ,,gallio1 #djf4 ,,gallus1 ,c4 ,,aquilius1 #che4 ,games1 #cfj1 #cfa4 ,,g>nett1 ,r41 #dcd n4 #aef4 gaudium1 #cbd4 ,,gautama1 #ad sqq4 ,,geldn]1 ,k41 #g n4 #ag1 #ab n4 #ca4 ,,gellius1 ,a41 #aag2 on ,s5eca1 #aad4 ,g5]ation1 see #8,procreation4' g5ius1 #bcb4 ,g5tlemanl9ess1 #fa1 #cab4 ,geometry to be /udi$1 #cjf4 ,g]mans1 #bgb4 ,girls1 education (1 #cfb2 girl /ud5ts are disputati\s1 #cfg4 ,gladiator z ideal1 #abj1 #cfc4 ,,gladis*1 ,a41 #cg n4 #de1 #ch nn4 #de a & #de b4 gloria1 #cbj4 ,god1 #bah sqq42 9 ,p]sism1 #h2 9 ,/oicism1 #ag1 #bah sqq42 9 ,judaism1 #ba2 9 ,hom]1 #cj2 9 ,x5ophanes1 #cd2 9 ,cynism1 #dh2 ) ! ,meg>ians1 #ea2 9 _w-lit]ature1 #bbi2 9 ,jesus1 #daa2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dai4 ,8 fa!rhood1 #cj1 #hj1 #bba1 #dji4 ,8 imman5ce1 #aha1 #bdj1 #dah2 he dwells 9 heav51 #daa4 ,8 limitations1 #bjh1 #bab4 ,f\r pro(s1 #ij1 #bbc sqq4 ,def9itions1 #bbb4 ,gods1 9 ,hom]1 #cj2 9 ,posidonius1 #ajd2 9 ,cornutus1 #aab2 ,/oic int]pretation1 #dj1 #bbi sqq42 classifi$1 #chd2 9 ,virgil1 #cij4 ,ru/ic gods1 #bbi1 #dje4 ,gold5 age1 #aid4 ,,gomp]z1 ,,?41 #e n4 #c1 #af n4 #dh1 #cj n4 #b1 #cb n4 #af1 #cc nn4 #ai to #ba1 #cd n4 #bd1 #ce n4 #bi1 #cg n4 #dd1 #ci nn4 #dg & #dh1 #db n4 #ei1 #df nn4 #gf & #gh1 #di n4 #he1 #eb n4 #ib1 #hc n4 #dc1 #bgg n4 #bi1 #bgh n4 #da1 #bie n4 #aei4 ,good1 9 ,plato1 #eg2 def9$ by ,diog5es1 #if2 is bodily1 #aeh2 9 ,/oicism1 #bha4 ,see also #8,virtue4' ,gospel to ! ,hebrews1 #dcj n4 #adb4 ,g,,ttl+1 ,c4 ,w41 #di n4 #he4 ,,grac*i1 #chb4 ,,graec9us1 ,,iulius1 #cic4 ,graces 7,gratiae71 #bca4 ,gramm>1 #add sqq4 ,great ye>1 #aic4 ,grea!>t$ness1 #cjh1 #caa4 ,gre$1 #cca1 #ccc sqq4 ,gre$9ess1 #cde4 ,grief1 #cca1 #ccf4 ,,grote1 ,g41 #df n4 #gh4 ,,gruppe1 ,o41 #dcj n4 #adb4 ,gymnasia =bidd51 #bgf4 ,gymna/ics1 #bei1 #cei4 ,gymnosophi/s1 #ac sqq4 ,habit 7habitus71 #afh1 #cec4 ,,hadrian1 #aba1 #djd4 ,,haeckel1 ,e41 #beb sqq4 ,,hat*1 ,e41 #bj n4 #ed4 ,heal? ( s\l1 #bdg1 #bhe1 #bhf2 ( body1 #bfa1 #bhf4 ,he>+1 #bej4 ,heat1 #aha2 is r>efi$ body1 #aei4 ,heav51 home ( ! gods1 #g1 #ba1 #bbb1 #daa1 #dai4 ,,heb]d51 ,dr1 #dcc n4 #aea4 ,hebrai/s1 #dbh4 ,,hecato1 #aje2 on pleasure1 #cae2 on weal?1 #cba n4 #acj2 8 love-*>m1 #cff n4 #gb4 ,,he9ze1 ,o41 #bc n4 #fa1 #afa n4 #cf4 ,helioc5tric !ory1 #cd1 #ij1 #agh sqq4 ,hell disbeliev$1 #bbc1 #bfe4 ,hell5es1 #i1 #dh1 #hc2 n a sup]ior race1 #bga1 #bgd4 ,,helvidius ,,priscus1 #cii4 ,,h5d]son1 ,b4 ,w41 #aag1 #cie n4 #he1 #cih n4 #if1 #cii n4 #ii4 ,h]a1 see #8,juno4' ,,h]aclides 7( ,pontus71 #agh4 ,,h]aclides 7( ,t>sus71 #ih2 d5i$ t s9s are equal1 #cee4 ,,h]aclitus1 #ce sqq42 foll[$ by ,z5o1 #gj2 by ,clean!s1 #hh2 on ! univ]se1 #agg2 on ! ae!r1 #ahc2 on ! conflagration1 #aij1 #aia2 on ! microcosm1 #bdj2 on exhalations1 #bfa2 z #8wise man1' #bif2 on l5g? ( life1 #cji n4 #ed4 ,h]cules1 p]sonifies activity1 #afj2 deifi$1 #bcc1 #bif2 z #8wise man1' #bie4 ,h]$ity1 #bea4 ,,h]illus1 #ha4 ,,h]odes ,,atticus1 #djc4 ,,h]odotus1 #i4 ,,hesiod1 #ca1 #bcb1 #cfd1 #cgb4 ,,hicetas1 #agh4 ,,hicks1 ,r4 ,d41 #acc n4 #ci1 #aci n4 #gj1 #adc n4 #hi1 #aic n4 #acj4 ,,hi]ocles1 #ajh4 ,,hi]onymus1 #fd4 ,hil>ity1 #cca1 #cde sqq4 ,,hipp>*ia1 #fe1 #cah4 ,,hippias 7( ,elis71 #dj4 ,,hippocrates1 on prim>y qualities1 #agc4 ,,hirzel1 ,r41 #ha n4 #bf1 #hc n4 #db1 #hh n4 #fg1 #bfe n4 #ade1 #bff n4 #aej1 #cah n4 #aji4 ,h,,ffd+1 ,h41 #bbg n4 #fc4 ,,hom]1 #cj sqq4 ,,horace1 #aaa1 #chi4 ,,huet1 ,p4 ,d41 #dcc n4 #aea4 humanitas1 #cjj1 #cha4 ,hum\r1 #cdj1 #cdb4 ,hylozoi/s1 #cb1 #aef4 ,hymns1 ( ,clean!s1 #he sqq42 ( ! ,/oics1 #bcd1 #cei2 ,*ri/ian1 #dai4 id quod dicitur1 #adf4 id quod e/1 #aeh1 #agj4 ,idea1 9 ,plato1 #ef sqq42 9 ,ari/otle1 #ei2 n really exi/5t1 #acf4 ignava ratio1 #bjj4 ignavia1 #ccb n4 #e4 ,images disall[$ by ! ,p]sians1 #h1 #i2 by ! ,jews1 #ba2 by ,x5ophanes1 #cd2 by ,anti/h5es1 #dh2 by ! ,tuscans1 #bcd2 by ,z5o1 #ff1 #bcd1 #bge4 ,imman5ce ( ! deity1 #aha1 #bdj1 #dah2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dbj4 ,immortality1 #h1 #bfb sqq4 impetus1 #bef4 inae/imabile1 #bhi4 ,ince/1 #bgg4 incl9atio1 #bhf4 incommoda1 #bij4 ,incont95ce 7incont95tia71 #cdh sqq4 incorporalia1 #agj4 ,indians1 #c2 sympa?y = animals1 #bgd n4 #aj2 disposal ( ! dead1 #bgh2 asceticism1 #cei4 indiff]5tia1 #dj1 #bhi1 #cae4 indoles bona1 #cbf n4 #afj4 ,induction1 #ef1 #acf4 ,inf]5ce1 #ace4 ,+oldsby ,leg5ds1 #dcd4 iniu/itia1 #ccb n4 #e4 inop9ata1 #aej4 insipi5tia1 #ccb n4 #e4 intelleg5tiae incohatae1 #ach n4 #fe4 intemp]antia1 #ccb n4 #e4 int5tio1 see #8,tone4' ,int5tion 7int5tio71 #hg1 #bhf4 intol]antia1 #cdi4 ,intuitionism1 #di4 ira1 #ccc sqq4 iracundia1 #cce4 iuncta fato1 #bja4 ius g5tium1 #che4 iu/itia1 #bca4 ,j]usalem1 #i4 ,,jesus1 #daj sqq4 ,,jevons1 ,f4 ,b41 #bda n4 #ac1 #dbf n4 #aai4 ,,john 7sa9t71 #bd1 #dca4 ,joy1 #cbd4 ,judaism1 #bj sqq4 ,,julia ,,domna1 #djd4 ,,julius ,,graec9us1 #cic4 ,,junius ,,mauricus1 #dja4 ,juno1 #aab1 #bcj1 #bgh4 ,juppit]1 #aj1 #bba1 #bcj2 9 ,virgil1 #cij4 ,see also #8,zeus4' ,juri/s1 #chd sqq41 #djb sqq4 ,ju/ice 7iu/itia71 #eh1 #bid1 #cjg4 ,,ju/9 7,m>tyr71 #dba n4 #hj1 #dcb n4 #adi4 ,,juv5al1 #bce1 #djb4 ,,kanus ,,iulius1 #cic4 ,,keble1 ,j41 #ab n4 #cb4 ,k+dom ( heav51 #daa2 ( ! s\l1 #bch sqq4 ,k+%ip1 #cfi sqq4 ,k1 #abi1 #adj4 ,,laelius1 ,c41 #cha2 z #8wise man1' #big4 laetitia1 #caf1 #cca2 laet4 ge/i5s or nimia1 #caf n4 #aja4 ,language1 its orig91 #adf4 ,,lat]anus ,,plautus1 #cii4 ,lat9itas1 #adi4 ,law1 #ga1 #bgc1 #bgf2 9 ,virgil1 #cij2 univ]sal ,law is div9e1 #cf1 #bbj1 #cbh2 fir/ laws ( nature1 #cjb sqq4 ,law z a pr(ession1 #cjf4 ,roman law codifi$ by ,scaevola1 #chd2 develop$ by ! ,anton9i1 #djb4 ,lawc\rts condemn$1 #bgf4 ,leisure1 #cgg4 ,,leucippus1 #da4 lex communis1 #bgc2 lex naturae1 #che4 #8,li>' fallacy1 #adg4 ,lib]1 #bcc4 ,lib]al arts1 #cjf4 ,lib]ality1 #cgc4 ,lib]ty 7lib]tas7 ( ! ,cynics1 #di2 an advantage1 #cbb2 s\ght by slaves1 #cge2 ( ! #8old ,romans1' #cig4 libido1 #bef1 #cca1 #ccc4 ,life an advantage1 #cji2 #8et]nal' or #8spiritual1' #dad1 #dae1 #dbb1 #dcd4 ,,lightfoot1 ,j4 ,b41 #bd n4 #ff1 #bi n4 #a1 #ced n4 #adh1 #chj n4 #a1 #dji n4 #b1 #dbe n4 #aab4 ,,livia1 #aaa1 #cdc4 ,,locke1 on ! tabula rasa1 #ace n4 #eb4 ,logic1 #abh sqq42 its use1 #cjf2 its dang]1 #aae1 #abj1 #aea sqq41 #djc4 ,logos1 9 ,p]sism1 #ab1 #ai2 9 ,philo1 #bc2 9 ,h]aclitus1 #ce sqq42 9 ,z5o1 #ag1 #gj2 9 ,clean!s1 #hh sqq42 9 ,posidonius1 #aje4 ,z creator1 #afa2 z ! active pr9ciple1 #agb2 z fate1 #bjb2 z ,provid5ce1 #bjc2 is ,god1 #bai2 z bond ( ! /ate1 #bgc1 #bge2 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #dag sqq41 #dca sqq4 ,,long1 ,g41 #bjf n4 #df4 ,love1 #cag sqq42 9 ! ,/ate1 #fg1 #bge2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dbc4 ,,lucan1 #aab1 #cie sqq42 acc\nt ( ,druidism1 #be2 pupil ( ,cornutus1 #aab4 ,lucidity1 #adi4 ,,lucilius1 ,c4 7poet71 visit$ ,posidonius1 #ajd2 on /yle1 #aej2 8 poems1 #chc4 ,,lucilius1 ,c4 7(ficial71 #cig4 ,,lucullus1 ,l4 ,,lic9ius1 #aji4 ,,lucretius on =tune1 #aii n4 #c2 on procreation1 #bea4 luctus1 #cdd4 ,luna1 #bca4 ,luxury1 #cfb1 #cfd4 ,maccabees iv1 #bc4 ,macrocosm1 #fa1 #ij1 #bch1 #bdj4 ,magi1 #c1 #f1 #g4 magnitudo animi1 #cjh4 ,,mahaffy1 ,j4 ,p41 #ae n4 #df1 #af n4 #dg1 #bg1 #ed n4 #b1 #hj n4 #ae1 #hd n4 #dd1 #agd n4 #aac4 ,,ma9e1 ,sir ,h41 #bgg n4 #bi1 #djb n4 #abb4 ,man1 8 position 9 ! univ]se1 #ahf2 8 erect figure1 #cia2 #8all m5 are equal1' #djc4 ,,m>cia 7wife ( ,cato71 #chg4 ,,m>cia 7daught] ( ,cremutius71 #cdb1 #cib4 ,m>riage1 approv$1 #bgf2 a social duty1 #bhd1 #cah2 disc\rse by ,antipat]1 #cah2 by ,musonius1 #cfg4 ,/oic m>riages1 #chc4 ,m>s1 #bca4 ,,m>y 7,virg971 #bca n4 #hc2 z ,wisdom1 #dcj n4 #adb4 #8,ma/]-argum5t1' #adh1 #bja sqq4 mat]ia1 #dd1 #fj1 #aeg1 #agb4 ,mat]ialism1 #da1 #aeg1 #bec2 limit$ by ! ,/oics1 #bdb4 ma!matici1 #f4 ,matt] 7mat]ia71 ) ,socrates1 #dd2 9 ,ari/otle1 #fj2 ,/oic views1 #aeg1 #agc4 ,,maudsley1 ,h41 #cea n4 #aca4 ,,maund]1 ,sir ,e4 ,w41 #e n4 #e4 ,,mayor1 ,j4 ,e4 ,b41 #bie n4 #aei4 ,,mayor1 ,j4 ,b41 #ahb n4 #eh1 #bji n4 #fh1 #bbe n4 #ed1 #bdi n4 #fb4 ,meg>ians1 #ea4 ,memory1 #acd4 m5ti5s1 #adg4 metus1 #cca1 #ccc sqq4 ,microcosm 9 ,ari/otle1 #fa2 9 ,clean!s1 #ij2 ,/oic view1 #bch1 #bdj4 ,,milton1 ,j41 #dbe n4 #aab4 ,m9d-picture1 #fh1 #aca4 ,m9]va1 #bca4 ,miracles d n happ51 #dcd4 ,misan?ropy1 #cdd4 ,mi?ra-wor%ip1 #ahd4 ,,mnes>*us1 #ajg4 ,mode/y1 #cac1 #cbf4 ,,momms51 ,,?41 #bag n4 #a4 ,mon>*y1 fav\r$ by ,socrates1 #df2 by ,spha]us1 #hj2 by ! ,/oics1 #cif4 ,monism1 #cc n4 #bb2 9 ,x5ophanes1 #ce2 9 ! ,meg>ians1 #ea2 9 ,z5o1 #gj2 9 ,clean!s1 #hh2 9 ! ,py?agoreans1 #ajd2 ( ! ,cynics1 #bbj n4 #bd2 ( m9d & matt]1 #acd2 ( s\l & body1 #aeg2 ( ! exi/5t1 #agj4 ,mono!ism1 see #8,god4' ,,montesquieu1 #bg n4 #gd4 ,moon1 #ahb4 ,mo!rhood1 #bee1 #cge4 ,motion1 #aei1 #ahj4 motus levis1 #cea4 ,m\rn+1 #cdd1 #dbd n4 #ajj4 mundus1 see #8,univ]se4' ,,musonius1 #aaf sqq42 aga9/ relaxation1 #bhe2 on gre$9ess1 #cde2 on m>riage1 #cfg1 #cfh2 on k+%ip1 #cgj2 on pa/oral life1 #cgb2 on old age1 #cgg2 disc\rages s$ition1 #cii2 attacks ,egnatius1 #djj2 exempt$ f exile1 #dja4 ,my?ology1 ,*ri/ian1 #dbh4 natura1 7#a7 gr[?1 #afh1 #bdb2 7#b7 category ( exi/5ce1 #agi1 #bah4 ,see also #8,nature4' ,nature1 z /&>d ( morals1 #ie1 #bdj1 #bhb2 common to all philosophies1 #che4 ,neatness1 #cbj1 #cfe4 ,necessity 7necessitas naturalis71 #bjj1 #bjh1 #bbd1 #cdd4 ,neptunus1 #bca4 ,,n]o1 #aac1 #aag1 #cid sqq4 ,,n]va1 #djd4 ,,ne/or 7philosoph]71 #cib4 ,,nettle%ip1 ,h41 #che n4 #bh4 ,,newman1 ,j4 ,h41 #ab n4 #cc4 ,,nicanor1 #aaj n4 #gf4 ,nobility1 #cbj2 9 ,euripides1 #ci4 nom5 7n\n71 #ade4 ,nom9alism ( ! ,cynics1 #di2 ( ,z5o1 #fh2 ( ! ,/oics1 #acf4 ,notions 7notiones71 #ace2 n4 communes & insitae1 #ach4 ,ob$i5ce to ,god1 #bhc1 #cfc2 to p>5ts1 #cfc2 to natural law1 #che4 ,object 7obiectum71 #aeg2 is exi/5t1 #agb4 ,ocean1 its exhalations1 #ahc4 ,,octavia1 #cdc4 odium g5]is humani1 #cde4 ,odyssey moraliz$1 #ca4 (f5sio1 #cec4 (ficium1 #aja1 #cja sqq42 (f4 p]fectum1 #cbf4 ,old age1 #bfa1 #cji1 #cgg sqq4 ,old ,romans1 #cha sqq4 ,op9ion 7op9io71 #fh1 #acc4 oratio pellucida1 #adi4 ,,orig51 #dbj n4 #gg1 #dcj n4 #acb1 #dcb2 excommunicat$1 #dcd4 ,orphic fragm5ts1 #cb4 ,,ovid1 #cia2 on ! gold5 age1 #aie4 ,,paconius ,,agripp9us1 #cii4 ,,paetus1 ,,caec9a1 #cic4 ,,paetus1 ,,?rasea1 #cid1 #cii4 ,pagan revival1 #dje4 ,pa91 to be met ) ,c\rage1 #cjh2 is no evil1 #ccg1 #cfd4 ,pan1 #aab4 ,,panaetius1 #ajj sqq42 ab&ons ! #8conflagration1' #ajc2 on advocacy1 #add2 on ! planets1 #ahb2 que/ions div9ation1 #bbg2 & immortality1 #bfg2 on slav]y1 #bgi2 on gov]nm5t1 #bhj2 def9ition ( virtue1 #bhc2 on social duty1 #bhd2 on ! #8suffici5cy1' #bib2 on daily duties1 #cjc2 on ang]1 #ccc n4 #i2 lett] to ,q4 ,tub]o1 #ccg4 ,,panta5us1 #dcb4 ,pan!ism1 9 ,hesiod1 #cb2 ( ,aratus1 #hj2 ( ,clean!s1 #ij2 limit$ by ! ,/oics1 #ah1 #ahe1 #bai2 by ,/ ,paul1 #dah4 ,p>adox1 #aej4 ,p>adoxes1 #aea2 #8body moves ?r\gh body1' #aei1 #afi2 #8s\l is body1' #fi1 #aeg1 #bda2 is an animal1 #bdc2 #8virtues are bodies1' #aeh2 #8if !re are alt>s1 !re are gods1' #bbg2 #8man is god1' #bdh2 #8no man s9s will+ly1' #de1 #di1 #beg2 #8virtue c be taught1' #bhe2 #8s9 is ignorance1' #cca2 #8virtue is suffici5t1' #bia2 #8is k1' #dd1 #de1 #di1 #beg1 #bhe2 #8is ! true nobility1' #cbj2 #8_c be lo/1' #bie2 #8wise man is a k+1' #ff1 #aaa1 #bii1 #cch2 #8is a good g5]al1' #gi2 #8nev] errs1' #ajb2 #8is a lov]1' #cah1 #cdh2 #8ne$s no?+1' #bic2 #8is happy on ! rack1' #bii2 #8is a god1' #bii2 #8he :o is n wise is a fool1' #cee2 #8is a slave1' #dbd2 #8he :o has "o vice has all1' #ccb n4 #e1 #cee2 #8all s9s are equal1' #ced2 #8affections mu/ be extirpat$1' #ccb1 #ced2 #8ri*es are n a good1' #cba2 #8pa9 is no evil1' #ajb1 #ccg2 #8is a good1' #cch2 #8dea? is no evil1' #cji1 #cdd2 #8is a boon1' #cji2 #8^! ?ree are "o1' #dcc4 ,p>ts ( philosophy1 #abh2 ( spee*1 #ade4 ,passion1 #ei4 ,pa/oral life1 #cgb4 ,,paul 7sa9t71 #bd1 #dji sqq42 education1 #dad2 !ory ( #8body1' #daf2 ( s91 #dah2 ( human nature1 #dai2 ( immortality1 #dba2 ( tabus1 #dbc2 brea* ) ,hebrai/s1 #dbh2 on bir? ( ,jesus1 #dcj4 ,,paul9a1 #cfg4 ,peace1 see #8,tranquillity4' ,,pe>son1 ,a4 ,c41 #gj n4 #fa1 #ge n4 #ij1 #he n4 #eh1 #hf n4 #ei1 #id n4 #ajb1 #acc n4 #cd1 #ada n4 #ha1 #afb n4 #ci1 #aid n4 #acb1 #aie n4 #aci1 #aif & #aig1 #bbb n4 #cb1 #bbg n4 #fc1 #bfd n4 #add1 #bib n4 #abg1 #cae n4 #ib1 #cbf n4 #afj1 #cdf n4 #ajd4 peccatum1 #ccj1 #dbe n4 #aaa4 ,,p$anius ,,secundus1 #cih4 ,p5etration1 #aei1 #afi2 by ! deity1 #aha1 #ahi2 by ! s\l1 #bei2 9 m>riage1 #cai4 ,p]ceptions1 #ace sqq4 ,p]gamus1 #ii4 ,p]ipatetics1 #fc sqq42 on ,ang]1 #ccc4 ,,p]saeus1 #gi1 #caa4 ,p]secution ( ,*ri/ians1 #dje4 ,p]sephone1 #bca4 ,p]sism1 #f sqq42 influ5ce on ,h]aclitus1 #cg2 on ! evil _s1 #bcb2 on body & s\l1 #bda2 on future rew>ds1 #bfd2 disposal ( ! dead1 #bgh2 m5 good & bad1 #ced2 influ5ce on ,*ri/ianity1 #dce n4 #aeg4 ,see also #8,angels1' #8,z>a?u/ra4' ,,p]sius1 #aab1 #cie4 ,p]son 7p]sona71 #bdf n4 #db1 #dcc n4 #aed4 p]spicuitas1 #acb4 ,p]turbation 7p]turbatio71 #ccb1 #cea n4 #aca1 #ceb4 ,,pet] 7sa9t71 #dbh2 8 popul>ity1 #dbi4 ,phantasm1 #acb4 ,ph>isees1 #ba n4 #ef1 #daa4 ,,philo1 #bc2 foll[s ,posidonius1 #aje4 ,,philonides1 #hj1 #caa4 ,philosophy1 its subject-matt]1 #b2 d]iv$ f ! ,ea/1 #c2 its p>ts1 #abh2 becomes ill-def9$1 #ajf2 is unpopul>1 #cef n4 #aei2 p]secut$1 #cic2 e/abli%$1 #djd2 absorb$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #dac sqq4 ,,philus1 see #8,furius4' ,phrase1 #adf4 ,physicians respect$1 #bhf1 #cfi4 ,physics1 #aee sqq42 value ( ! /udy1 #cjf4 ,picture 7( ,samos71 #bca n4 #hc4 ,,piso1 conspires aga9/ ,n]o1 #aag4 ,pity1 #cdj4 ,place1 #ei4 ,planets1 #ahb4 ,plants1 #ahf1 #ahh4 ,,plato1 #bf1 #ee sqq42 !ory ( ideas /ill-born1 #ef2 view ( ! sol> sy/em1 #agi1 #ahb2 on ! s\l1 #bee2 on slav]y1 #bgi2 comm5t>y on ! ,timaeus by ,posidonius1 #ajd1 #acd n4 #dj2 ! ,pha$o1 #bde2 ! ,republic1 #ff1 #bgd4 ,,plautus1 #bcj n4 #gi1 #bcb n4 #ie1 #bcf n4 #abe4 ,,plautus ,,lat]anus1 #cii4 ,pleasure1 #cad sqq41 #cca4 ,pluto1 #bca4 ,,polemo1 #fc2 tea*] ( ,z5o1 #fi2 taught #8fir/ lessons ( nature1' #cjb4 ,politics1 ( ,socrates1 #de2 ( ,plato1 #eh2 ( ,ari/otle1 #fa2 ( ! ,/oics1 #bhj2 p>ticipation a duty1 #dc1 #bhd2 sometimes avoid$1 #aaf1 #cch sqq42 z a pr(ession1 #cfi4 ,,pollio1 #aag4 ,pollux1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,,polybius1 #aja1 #bhj4 ,,polygnotus1 #ga4 ,poly!ism1 #bah4 ,,pompeius1 ,s4 7uncle ( ,magnus71 #chf4 ,,pompeius 7,magnus71 meets ,posidonius1 #ajd4 ,,pontius ,,pilatus1 #dje4 ,,porcia1 #chh4 ,,port]1 ,w4 ,h41 translation ( ,hymn ( ,clean!s1 #he to #hg2 o!r translations1 #cie1 #cif4 ,,posidonius1 #ajd sqq42 on g5]al cons5t1 #adc2 opposes helioc5tric doctr9e1 #agi2 view ( ! sol> sy/em1 #ahb2 adh]es to ! #8conflagration1' #aib2 on ! #8gold5 age1' #aid1 #aie2 on fate1 #bjj2 religi\s s5tim5t1 #bag2 def5ds div9ation1 #bbg2 belief 9 daemons1 #bcb2 on hymns1 #bce2 on sight1 #bej2 on immortality1 #bfg2 lays /ress on precepts1 #ceg n4 #c4 ,,posidonius 7( ,alex&ria71 #hd4 ,possibility1 #bja4 ,pov]ty1 #cge4 praecipua1 praelata1 praeposita1 #bij4 praesumptio1 #acf4 ,pray]1 ( ,socrates1 #de2 ) ! ,/oics1 #bac1 #bce sqq42 ,"l's pray]1 #bc1 #daa4 ,precepts1 #ceg2 mu/ be few & easy1 #ceh4 ,preconception1 #acf2 ( deity1 #bbd4 ,pr$ication1 #adf2 is true or untrue1 #agb4 ,presumption1 #acf4 ,pr9cipate 7pr9cipale1 pr9cipatus71 #hi1 #ij n4 #ha1 #acj2 ( ! univ]se1 #ahf2 ( animals & plants1 #ahh2 9 man1 #bde sqq42 z #8_s' 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dbj4 pr9cipia 7#a7 9 physics1 #agc2 7#b7 pr4 naturae1 9 e?ics1 #cjb4 ,probability1 #adc2 ! guide ( daily life1 #cjc n4 #ac4 ,see also #8,reasonabl5ess4' ,probation]1 #ajb1 #bid4 ,see also #8,progress4' ,procreation1 #bea sqq42 9 ,lucretius1 #bea2 9 ,haeckel1 #beb2 ^! !ories inadequate1 #bec2 its ta9t1 #dbg2 spiritual procreation1 #dbh4 ,,prodicus1 #ci2 #8*oice ( ,h]cules1' #bii4 producta1 #bij4 ,pr(essions1 #cac1 #cfi4 pr(ici5s1 see #8,probation]1' #8,progress4' ,progress 7progressio71 #ajb1 #bid1 #cbe sqq42 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dbd4 proloquium1 pronuntiatum1 #adf n4 #aaa4 ,prome!us1 #aab4 promota1 #bij4 ,prop]ty ju/ifi$1 #cjg4 proportio1 #acd4 ,proposition1 #adf4 proprietas1 #adi4 ,pros]p9a1 #bca4 ,prov]bs1 #cfa4 ,provid5ce1 taught by ,socrates1 #dd2 by ,panaetius1 #ajc2 by ! ,/oics1 #bjc sqq42 p>ticul> provid5ce1 #bje2 ! human body its ma/]piece1 #dd1 #bei2 belief ( ,m4 ,aurelius1 #abc4 prud5tia1 #cjf sqq4 ,,ptolemy ,,ii 7,philadelphus71 #af4 ,,ptolemy ,,iii 7,eu]getes71 #hj1 #hc4 ,,ptolemy ,,iv 7,philopator71 #adc4 ,puni%m5t1 #ccf4 ,purgatory1 #fg1 #bfe sqq4 ,,py?agoras1 #cc2 belief 9 ! 1 #agj2 on self-exam9ation1 #bcf4 ,py?agoreans1 on ! monad1 #ajd2 helioc5tric !ory1 #agh2 ! #8great ye>1' #aic4 ,quality 7qualitas71 #ei1 #afd to #aff2 9 ,ari/otle1 #ei2 ( ! elem5ts1 #agc2 is body1 #aff4 ,quantity1 #ei4 ,quiddity 7quid71 #aga4 qu9ta ess5tia1 #fj4 ,,qu9tilian1 on ,s5eca1 #aad2 on ,/oic oratory1 #adi n4 #acb4 quod e/1 #agj4 ,rabbis1 #daj4 rabiosus1 #cce4 ,race-suicide1 #cge4 ,r>efaction1 #cc1 #aeh1 #afg sqq4 ratio1 #ace2 r4 probabilis1 #fc n4 #ag2 r4 v]a1 #ga1 #bgc2 ratio atque oratio1 #cg1 #ahg1 #bge2 collatio rationis1 #ace2 r4 ignava1 #bjj2 r4 univ]sa1 #bbd4 ,see also #8,logos' & #8,wisdom4' ,read9ess1 #cbd4 ,realism ( ,plato1 #eg4 #8,reap]1' #adh4 ,reason1 see #8,logos1' #8ratio1' #8,wisdom'4 ,reasonable dep>ture1 #cji4 ,reasonabl5ess1 #fc1 #ha1 #adc2 admitt$ by ,*rysippus1 #ic1 #cjc2 advocat$ by ,diog5es1 #if1 #cjc2 by ,panaetius1 #ajc2 9 e?ics1 #bhc1 #cbe4 recte factum1 #bid4 ,,rei*el1 ,o4 ,j41 #bj n4 #ed4 ,,reid1 ,j4 ,s41 #fc n4 #ae1 #ajd n4 #cd1 #ajh n4 #fb1 #aji n4 #fh1 #aaj n4 #gb1 #acg n4 #fc1 #agh n4 #bf4 reiecta1 #bij4 ,relation1 #ei4 ,relation%ip1 duties (1 #ajf1 #afi1 #cjg2 9 ! ,pauli/s1 #dbd4 ,relative position1 #afh4 ,relaxation1 #bhe1 #cfa4 ,religion1 #baf sqq42 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dai4 ,see also #8,god1' #8,pray]1' #8,hymns4' remota1 #bij4 ,,r5an1 ,e41 #djb1 #djc n4 #abc1 #djf nn4 #abi & #aca4 ,,r5dall1 ,g4 ,h41 #ag n4 #ea1 #bj n4 #ed1 #hg n4 #fa1 #abc to #abg1 #agj n4 #he1 #bhh n4 #ajg1 #dje4 r5ovatio1 #aic4 ,republic ( ,plato1 #eh1 #ff1 #bgd2 ( ,z5o1 #ff1 #bgd sqq42 ( ,jesus1 #daa4 repulsa1 #cch4 ,reputation1 #cbj4 res famili>is1 #cba1 #cfi4 res quodammodo se hab5s1 #afg4 ,resignation1 #abj1 #abf1 #cdc4 ,re/lessness1 #cci1 #cec4 ,resurrection1 ,paul9e view1 #daf1 #dbj sqq41 #dcj4 ,rew>ds1 future1 #bfc4 ,rhea1 #bca4 ,rhetoric1 #abi1 #adh1 #aej4 ,rhodes1 #ii4 ,,rhys ,,davids1 ,t4 ,w41 #bie n4 #aei4 ,rigv$a1 #bcb1 #dbg4 ,roman law1 #bha1 #chd1 #djb4 ,romulus1 #bcc4 ,,rubellius ,,plautus1 #aag1 #cii4 ,ruffl+1 #ccb1 #cea2 %[n by te>s1 #cia n4 #ga4 ,,ru/icus1 ,q4 ,,iunius1 #aba sqq4 ,,rutilius1 ,p4 ,,rufus1 #big1 #chd1 #chf4 ,,saal1 ,n41 #hc n4 #db4 ,,sa*au1 ,dr1 #i n4 #be4 sacram5tum1 #cfd4 ,sacrifices1 condemn$ by ,z5o1 #ff2 by ,s5eca1 #bcd2 by ,jesus1 #daa2 by ! ,pauli/s1 #dai4 ,sanctity1 #cbd4 ,,s&ys1 ,j4 ,e41 #ih n4 #acc1 #ade nn4 #aja & #ajc4 sapi5tia1 #cjf4 ,,scaevola ! augur1 #chc4 ,,scaevola ! pontifex1 #chc sqq4 ,,s*mekel1 ,a41 #ajj n4 #e1 #aja n4 #ag1 #ajb n4 #bd1 #ajc nn4 #be1 #bg & #bi1 #ajd nn4 #cb & #cc1 #aje n4 #ci1 #ajg n4 #ee1 #adb n4 #hf1 #agi n4 #cc1 #ahb nn4 #ec & #ed1 #ahe n4 #gf1 #aib n4 #abc1 #aic n4 #abi1 #aie nn4 #acf & #acg1 #bde n4 #ch1 #beh n4 #ajc1 #bfg nn4 #aeb & #aef1 #bhj n4 #ej1 #bih n4 #agi1 #cdb n4 #gd1 #chc n4 #ah4 ,,s*midt1 ,r41 #ade n4 #ajc4 ,sci5ce 7sci5tia71 #fh1 #adj1 #cjf4 ,,scipio1 #bj1 #aja1 #bhj1 #big1 #cha4 ,,scott1 ,sir ,w41 #f4 ,,scylax1 #aja n4 #ah4 secta1 #ii n4 #b4 ,se$-p[]s1 #afa1 #aie1 #bea1 #bed2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dba4 ,,seleucus 7( ! ,tigris71 #if4 ,,seleucus 7! a/ronom]71 #agi4 ,self-exam9ation1 #bcf1 #cfj4 sem51 #afa4 ,,s5eca1 #aac sqq42 on weal?1 #aae1 #cbb sqq42 on #8tone1' #aae2 on g5]al ass5t1 #adc2 on ! causes1 #afb sqq42 admiration ( ! heav5s1 #agf2 on ! helioc5tric !ory1 #agh n4 #bh2 condemns sacrifice1 #bcd2 on self-exam9ation1 #bcf2 on ,t>t>us1 #bfe2 on immortality1 #bfh2 on woman1 #bgj2 on climate1 #bga2 on usury1 #bgf n4 #bc2 on ob$i5ce to ,god1 #bhd2 calls #8advantages' good1 #bij2 on #8suffici5cy ( virtue1' #bic2 on ! #8wise man1' #bih2 on suicide1 #caa2 on ang]1 #ccd2 on cruelty1 #ccf2 consolations1 #cdb2 on drunk5ness1 #cdf2 to ,lucilius1 #ceh2 on neatness1 #cfe2 m>ri$ life1 #cfg2 exile1 #cgf2 "p 9 political life1 #aac1 #cid4 ,,s5ecio1 #dja4 ,s5sation 7s5sus71 #acj1 #bdi4 ,s5sations are always true1 #aca4 ,s5se1 common1 #acg n4 #ei4 ,s5ses 7s5sus71 #acj2 _! weakness1 #add4 ,s5sibility1 #cdj4 ,s5sitiv5ess1 #cda4 s5t5tiae1 #cfa4 ,,septimius ,,sev]us1 #djd4 ,s]mon ( ,b5>es1 #ae2 on ! m\nt1 #bd1 #dbi4 ,,s]vilia1 #cii4 ,sexual appetite1 #cjd1 #cad1 #cag1 #cdg2 revolt+ to ,/ ,paul1 #dbe sqq4 ,%ame1 #cbd4 ,%ipwreck1 #cgi4 ,sight1 #acj1 #bdi4 ,sign 7signum71 #adg4 silva1 #aeh4 ,similitude1 #acd4 ,simple life1 #aaa1 #cfd4 ,s91 #ccj sqq42 is ignorance1 #cca2 is sickness1 #ccb2 hateful to ! ,/oics1 #ced2 to ,/ ,paul1 #dah1 #dbc4 #8,s9s are equal1' #ced2 are curable1 #cee4 ,sir5s1 #ca4 ,,skeat1 ,w4 ,w41 #ii n4 #b4 ,slav]y1 #bgi1 #cgd1 #cig sqq41 #djc sqq42 9 ,euripides1 #ci4 ,sleep1 #acb n4 #bh1 #bfa4 ,smell1 #bej4 ,,smiley1 ,c4 ,n41 #aej n4 #acg4 ,,smi?1 ,v4 ,a41 #af n4 #dg4 ,sob]ness1 #eh1 #bid1 #cab sqq42 made dom9ant by ,panaetius1 #ajc4 ,social duty1 #bhd4 ,society1 #cff4 ,,socrates1 #aj1 #da sqq41 #bgd1 #bge1 #caj4 ,s(tness1 #cfb4 ,soldi] z ideal1 #cfc4 ,solecism1 #adi4 ,solitude1 #cff4 ,sophi/ry z a pr(ession1 #cfi4 ,sophi/s1 #ci4 ,,sophocles1 #ci4 ,,soranus1 #cii4 ,,sotion1 #aac4 ,s\l1 #afh2 is div9e1 #cb2 9 ,plato1 #eg2 9 ,ari/otle1 #fa2 is body1 #fi1 #aeg2 9 man1 #bch sqq42 its p>ts1 #bdb1 #bde2 consi/s ( hot air1 #bdc2 is f$ by ! body1 #bfj2 future absorption1 #bfi2 its heal?1 #bhe2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dbj4 ,space1 #aeh4 ,spee*1 #adf4 ,spes1 #bca4 ,,spha]us1 #hj1 #adc1 #caa4 ,_s1 fav\rite conception ( ,clean!s1 #hi2 its de/9y1 #abe2 9 s5sation1 #acj2 9 r>efaction1 #aeh2 equival5t to tone1 #afj2 ! pr9ciple ( life1 #aha2 its gradations1 #ahf1 #bdc2 9 ! s5se-activities1 #bde1 #bej2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dae sqq42 z "m ( ,jesus1 #dcj4 ,spiritism1 #bda4 ,spirits1 see #8,angels4' ,/>s1 are div9e1 #ahd2 z div9e spies1 #bcb4 ,,/aseas1 #fd4 ,/atem5ts1 are true or false1 #adf1 #aga2 are n bodily1 #agj4 ,,/eigm,,ll]1 ,h41 #agh n4 #bg4 ,,/e91 ,l41 #ga n4 #fd1 #hh n4 #fg1 #acc n4 #ci1 #ace n4 #eb1 #afa n4 #cf1 #bdj n4 #b1 #bdc n4 #bc1 #bdd n4 #ca1 #bde n4 #ce1 #beh n4 #ajc1 #bfj n4 #aah1 #bfa n4 #abc1 #bfb n4 #acc1 #bgc n4 #a4 ,,/]t9ius1 #aaa4 ,,/ilo1 ,l4 ,,aelius1 #che4 ,,/ilpo1 #ea1 #fg4 ,,/obaeus1 #aaj1 #aag4 ,/oicism1 #ag sqq42 e/imates ( its value1 #bf sqq42 incl9es to ! ,academy1 #id1 #ajf1 #aeb2 to ,cynism1 #aba2 among/ ! poor1 #chj2 its k9dly temp]1 #cdj n4 #ff2 e/abli%$1 #djd2 its collapse1 #djf4 /oma*osus1 #cce4 ,/ra91 #afj4 ,see also #8,tone4' ,/uff1 #aeg4 ,/yle1 #adh2 ( ,laelius1 #chb2 ( ,rutilius1 #chd2 ( ,cato1 #chf2 ( ,brutus1 #chh4 ,subject 7subiectum71 #aeg4 sublatio animi1 #caf4 ,sub/ance1 9 ,ari/otle1 #ei2 9 ,/oicism1 #afd sqq4 ,sub/ratum1 #aeh1 #aff4 ,suffici5cy ( virtue1 #di1 #aje1 #bia sqq42 taught by ! ,cynics1 #di2 by ,hecato1 #ajf2 by ,posidonius1 #aje2 que/ion$ by ,antipat]1 #ig2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dbe4 ,suicide1 #cji2 its dang]s1 #caj4 ,,sulpicius1 ,s4 ,,rufus1 #cdb1 #che4 ,,summ]s1 ,w4 ,c41 #bdd n4 #ca4 summum bonum1 #bha4 ,sun1 #ahb2 8 div9ity1 #ij1 #ahd2 f$ by ,ocean1 #ahd2 is pr9cipate1 #ahd4 ,susp5se ( judgm5t1 #abj1 #acc1 #add4 ,syllogism1 9 ,ari/otle1 #fj2 9 ,z5o1 #gc2 9 ,*rysippus1 #ib4 ,its v>ieties1 #adg4 tabula rasa1 #ace n4 #eb4 ,tabus1 #bhg1 #dbc1 #dbf4 ,,tann]y1 ,p41 #agh n4 #bg4 ,t>sus1 #bd n4 #fe1 #ia1 #aaj1 #dad n4 #bh4 ,t>t>us discr$it$1 #bbc1 #bfe1 #cgh4 ,ta/e1 #bej4 ,tea*+ pr(ession1 #cfi4 ,temp]am5t1 #bdd4 ,temp]ance1 see #8,sob]ness4' temp]atura1 #bdd4 ,temples1 condemn$ by ,z5o1 #ff1 #bcd1 #bge2 by ,jesus1 #daa4 ,t5sion1 see #8,tone4' ,,teuffel1 ,w4 ,s41 #aaa nn4 #hj & #hb4 ,,?ales1 #cc4 ,,!ognis1 #cgc4 ,!ology1 its f\r dogmas1 #bah4 ,,!on1 #aaa4 ,,!ophilus1 #dcb n4 #aej4 ,,!ophra/us1 #fd1 #agi2 on ang]1 #ccc n4 #aa4 ,,?rasea ,,paetus1 #cid1 #cii4 ,,tib]ius1 #f n4 #ab1 #cib4 ,"t1 #ei1 #aei4 titillatio1 #caf4 ,,tol/oy1 ,,leo1 #aec n4 #adh4 ,tone 7int5tio71 #hi1 #aae1 #afj1 #bdc1 #bfj1 #bhe2 ( se$s1 #ahh2 9 morals1 #bdg4 ,t\*1 #bej2 #8inw>d t\*1' #aci1 #bdb4 ,,trajan1 #djd4 ,tranquillity1 #bdg n4 #ed1 #cef4 transitio1 #acd4 translatio1 #acd4 ,transmigration1 #cd4 ,tr9ity1 #dcb2 alleg$ sugge/ion by ,s5eca1 #dcc4 ,,tub]o1 ,q41 #ccg1 #chb4 ,,tylor1 ,e4 ,b41 #bda n4 #ac4 ,tyrant1 #df1 #bhj1 #cjh2 may be sla91 #ccf4 ,,b]weg1 ,,fr41 #cg n4 #de1 #ee n4 #c1 #fa n4 #aa4 ultimum bonorum1 #bha4 ,ulysses1 #ca1 #bif4 unitas1 #afh1 #ahi1 #bdc2 ( ! univ]se1 #bbf4 ,univ]se1 #agj1 #age sqq42 is rational & div9e1 #ahd2 de/9$ to p]i%1 #aij2 two mean+s1 #aia2 its equilibrium1 #aif2 its beauty1 #bjd2 is possess$ ( w1 #bdj2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dad4 ,uranus1 #bca n4 #hh4 ,usury condemn$1 #bgf n4 #bc4 ,,v>ro1 ,m4 ,t41 #aji1 #ahe1 #aij n4 #ajg1 #aie1 #chh4 ,veget>ianism1 #cd4 ,v5us1 #bca4 v]bum1 #ade4 v]ecundia1 #cac1 #cbd1 #cbf4 ,,vespasian1 #aag1 #aah1 #djj4 ,vexation1 #cca4 ,vice1 #bac1 #ccb1 #cea1 #cec sqq42 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dbc4 ,,virgil1 debt to ,aratus1 #hj2 on fate1 #aii2 on fa!rhood ( ,god1 #bba2 on purgatory1 #bfe sqq42 on ,cato1 #chh2 on gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 #cij4 ,virg9 bir?1 #bca1 #dcj4 ,virtue 7virtus71 is k1 #dd1 #de1 #fg1 #beg1 #bhe2 c be taught1 #dd1 #bhe2 9 ,plato1 #eh2 def9$ by ,spha]us & ,h]illus1 #ha2 is "o1 #bha2 is a body1 #aeh1 #afh2 is ! end1 #bha2 is 9 ! aim1 #bhf1 #bia2 is heal? ( s\l1 #bhe2 is suffici5t1 #bia2 p]mits no addition1 #bib2 is "o & _m1 #bic1 #cje2 _c be lo/1 #bie2 its praise1 #bii2 its attraction1 #cbe2 h[ atta9$1 #cbf sqq4 ,virtues1 ! f\r1 9 ,ari/o1 #hc2 9 ,panaetius1 #ajc2 9 ,/oicism1 #bid2 long] li/s1 #cje n4 #cj2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dbc2 are p]man5t dispositions1 #afh1 #cbc4 vis div9a1 #bbj4 visum1 #fh1 #bdi4 vitium1 see #8,vice4' ,voice1 #bej4 ,void1 #aei1 #agj4 voluntas1 7#a7 #8w1' #bhf2 7#b7 #8read9ess1' #cbd4 ,,voss1 ,,otto1 #agh n4 #bg4 ,vulcan1 #bca4 ,walk+1 #hi1 #bej4 ,w> is useful1 #bjg4 ,weal?1 #aae1 #cbj sqq4 ,,we/cott1 ,b4 ,f41 #dbj n4 #gg4 ,,weym\?1 ,r4 ,f41 #daj sqq4 ,w1 #fh1 #bdf1 #bef2 its fre$om1 #baj sqq4 ,,williams-,,jackson1 ,a4 ,v41 #g n4 #ae1 #h n4 #ah4 ,w-mak+1 #cgh4 ,,w9ckl]1 ,h4 ,a41 #bd n4 #ff1 #bfb n4 #acc1 #bfi n4 #aff1 #djh n4 #a1 #dji n4 #b1 #dce n4 #aei4 ,w9e-dr9k+1 #cdf4 ,wisdom 9 ,p]sism1 #ab2 9 ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 #bb2 9 ,plato1 #eh2 z c>d9al virtue1 #eh1 #bid2 z daily duty1 #cjf2 id5tifi$ ) ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 #dcj2 includ$ 9 ! ,tr9ity1 #dcb4 ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 #ba sqq4 ,wise m51 #aje1 #bie sqq41 #cbe2 9 ,horace1 #chi2 m5 wise )\t kn[+ x1 #cbg4 ,wom5 equal to m51 #bgj2 to we> ! same clo!s1 #bhh1 #cfe2 to be 9 common1 #ff1 #bgf2 to be fl$ f1 #cej2 ne$ ! f\r virtues1 #cfb2 to dress _! hair1 #cfe2 9 life ( ,cato1 #chg2 9 ,ovid1 #cib2 9 ,/ ,paul1 #dag2 ! hair tabu1 #dbf4 ,see also #8,*a/ity1' #8,love1' & #8,m>riage4' ,^w1 see #8,logos4' ,,wordswor?1 ,w41 #cbh sqq4 ,_w-ord]1 see #8,univ]se4' ,_w-religions1 #d sqq4 ,wor%ip1 #bcc2 a pro( ( deity1 #bbf4 ,wor?1 #gb1 #bhi4 ,,x5ocrates1 #fc1 #abh4 ,,x5ophanes1 #cd4 ,,x5ophon1 #aj1 #df1 #ej4 ,,x]xes1 #cci4 ,yama & ,yam1 #dbg4 ,y\?1 #cfc sqq4 ,,z>a?u/ra1 #g sqq42 foll[$ by ,h]aclitus1 #cg4 ,,zell]1 ,e41 #bf1 #ee n4 #d1 #hj n4 #ag1 #hh n4 #ff1 #if n4 #aad1 #abi n4 #i1 #ace n4 #ea1 #adf n4 #ajg1 #aea n4 #ada1 #afd n4 #dh1 #afg n4 #fd1 #ahe n4 #gh1 #aic n4 #abh1 #bbh n4 #gj1 #bef n4 #if1 #bfb n4 #acc1 #bgc n4 #a1 #bhh n4 #ajg4 ,,z5o1 #ag1 #fd sqq42 8 ,republic1 #ff2 turns to ,/ilpo1 #fg2 to ,polemo1 #fi2 to ,h]aclitus1 #gj2 !ory ( virtue1 #gb2 use ( syllogisms1 #gc2 on tone1 #afj2 on ! active & ! passive1 #agb2 on fate1 #bjj1 #bjb2 on ! ,logos1 #bai n4 #c2 on piety1 #bbg1 #bcd2 on ! macrocosm1 #bdj2 on future puni%m5ts1 #bfd n4 #adc2 on ! ,cosmopolis1 #bgd sqq42 decl9es ,a!nian citiz5%ip1 #bge2 on m>riage1 #bgf2 on advantages1 #bhi2 on suffici5cy ( virtue1 #bib2 on progress1 #bid n4 #aeb2 z wise man1 #bif2 on #8wise m51' #bih2 on daily duties1 #cjb2 on wisdom1 #cjf2 on pleasure1 #cae2 on dr9k+1 #cdf2 on dress+ ! hair1 #cfe4 ,,z5o 7( ,sidon3 ,epicurean71 #hd4 ,,z5o 7( ,sidon3 ,/oic71 #hd4 ,,z5o 7( ,t>sus71 #hd2 que/ions ! conflagration1 #if4 ,,z5odotus1 #ig4 ,zeus1 9 ,hom]1 #cj2 9 ! ,orphic poems1 #cb2 9 ,aes*ylus1 #ch2 9 ,socrates1 #de2 9 ,aratus1 #hj2 9 ,clean!s1 #he2 z ,creator1 #aid2 z ! "o ,god1 #bba4 ,see also #8,juppit]4' ,,zoroa/]1 see #8,z>a?u/ra4' ,,greek ,,index4 1 #dbc4 1 #cbd4 1 #hc4 1 #ccb n4 #e4 1 #cj1 #cbd1 #cbf4 1 #cj4 1 #acj1 #bdi4 1 #acj1 #bdi4 1 #acj1 #aeg4 1 see #8,cause4' 7d]ivation71 #adf4 1 #chh n4 #ee4 1 #ccb n4 #e4 1 #aca n4 #ai4 1 #ccj4 1 #acc1 #dbe n4 #aa4 1 #cbg n4 #afh4 1 #ahc1 #bfj1 #bfd4 1 #bad4 1 #cbd n4 #aec4 1 #acd4 1 #cjh1 & see #8,c\rage4' 1 #dbd n4 #ajb4 1 #acc n4 #ch4 1 #gb1 #bhi2 1 #bhi n4 #aji4 1 #adf4 1 #ade4 1 #cbd n4 #aec2 cf4 #dh n4 #hj4 1 #bhi1 #cbc4 1 #cc1 #eg4 1 #aci4 1 #cae n4 #ib4 1 #gb1 #bij4 1 #bed n4 #hf4 1 #bjj4 1 see #8,virtue'2 4 1 #fc1 #ie4 1 #ade4 1 #cec4 1 #agc4 1 #cde4 1 #agj4 1 see #8,suffici5cy4' 1 #bdd4 1 #bad4 7ali5atio71 #bef4 1 #ccb n4 #e4 1 #bhf1 #cbd4 1 #ca4 1 #ccb n4 #e4 1 #eg4 1 #afh1 #cbc1 #cec4 1 #aie4 1 #adh n4 #abf4 1 #bdf4 1 #aag1 #aba1 #ceh4 1 #acc4 1 see #8,ju/ice4' 1 #bca4 1 #fh1 #acc1 #cbj4 1 #bde n4 #cd1 #cje1 #dbc n4 #ih4 1 #bjb n4 #ag1 #baa n4 #ha4 1 #dbc n4 #ih4 1 #abe1 #bdf n4 #da4 1 #afb4 1 #bjj sqq4 1 #dg4 1 #cbb1 #cef4 1 #ie4 1 #cbb4 1 #adi4 1 #bca4 1 #acd4 1 #acd4 1 #acb4 1 #ace2 41 #ach2 41 #ach4 1 #adb n4 #he4 1 #aci1 #bdb4 1 #cji4 1 7i7 unitas1 #afg1 #agh1 #ahi1 #bdc1 #beg2 7ii7 habitus1 #afg1 #cec4 1 #ei4 1 #bji n4 #fh4 1 #dc4 1 #caf1 #cde4 1 7i7 #8att5tion1' #acc2 7ii7 #8reasonable ef=t1' #bef n4 #id1 #cah n4 #aji4 1 #caf4 1 #eg1 #ccc4 1 #bef1 #cca1 #ccc4 1 #cde4 1 #fh1 #adj1 #cjf4 1 #acc4 1 #cag4 1 #fa1 #cbg n4 #afh4 1 #bdg n4 #ed1 #bhf n4 #ig4 1 #cac n4 #he4 1 #id4 1 #cbc1 #dab4 1 #if n4 #aah1 #cbe4 1 #ha1 #ic n4 #ii4 1 #bca4 1 #cbc4 1 #gb n4 #ga1 #id4 1 #id1 #bhe4 1 #cbd n4 #aea4 1 #cbf n4 #afj4 ' 1 #bad4 1 see #8,juppit]1' #8,zeus4' 1 #hi1 #bdf2 4 1 #bdf4 1 #adg4 1 see #8,pleasure4' 1 see #8,juno4' 1 #acc4 1 #bbj4 1 #fc n4 #ae1 #adf1 #bgg1 #bhb4 1 #eg4 1 #eg1 #ei4 1 #afg1 #agg4 1 #dbe n4 #aaj4 1 #aif4 1 see #8,=cefulness4' 1 #fa4 1 #aja1 #cja sqq41 #dbd n4 #ajb2 4 1 #cbf4 1 #ccb n4 #f4 1 #ccb2 see also #8,vice4' 1 #fa4 1 #acj1 #aca1 #bgc n4 #e4 1 #bde n4 #ch4 1 #acc1 #bdi2 4 1 #acc4 1 #adi4 1 #ade4 1 #bid4 1 #afg4 1 #dba n4 #hj4 1 #aif1 #bgd4 1 #agj2 4 1 4 1 #fa1 #bdj4 1 7i7 mixtura1 #afi2 4 ' 1 #afi1 #ahi2 see also #8,p5etration1' 7ii7 temp]atura1 #bdd4 1 #ge1 #acj1 #aca1 #ada4 1 #adh1 #bja4 1 #adi4 1 #adf1 #agj2 4 1 #adf n4 #aab4 1 #adg4 1 #eg4 1 see #8,logos'2 1 #bjj2 4 1 #adf2 1 #ach1 #bbd2 1 #ga1 #adb1 #bgc2 4 1 #adf2 1 see #8,se$-p[]s4' 1 #cca4 1 #dg4 1 #dc1 #bbh n4 #gj4 1 #cc1 #aeh4 1 #cjh4 1 #ef4 1 #ade4 1 #cbg4 1 #acd4 1 #eh4 1 #he n4 #eh4 1 #ef4 1 #afi4 1 #acd nn4 #dc & #df4 1 #cj4 1 #ajd4 1 #bgc1 #cbh1 #che4 1 #cec n4 #adj4 1 #bdb1 #bdf4 1 #ce1 #aif4 1 #agj4 1 #acd4 1 #ga4 1 #ga n4 #gj4 1 #agj4 1 #ade4 1 see #8,ang]4' 1 #bef1 #cef4 1 #bef1 #cad1 #cef4 1 #adh4 1 #aeh1 #afe2 41 #afe2 4 1 #agg4 1 #fa4 1 #ceb1 #dab2 1 #ccb n4 #d4 1 #bhg4 1 #aic4 1 #agj4 1 #aej4 1 #afi4 1 #bjg4 1 #cbb4 1 #aic4 1 #acf n4 #ee4 1 #dae4 1 see #8,_s4' 1 1 #afd1 #aff2 41 41 #afg1 #agg4 1 #ff4 1 #cge4 1 7i7 pa91 7ii7 toil1 #cch n4 #dg4 1 #adi1 #cab1 #cdh4 1 #bhf n4 #ajb1 #cbf n4 #afa4 1 see #8,advantages4' 1 #bab4 1 #acc1 #cef4 1 #bab4 1 see #8,progress4' 1 #acf1 #cca4 1 #bjc4 1 #acc4 1 #ade4 1 #afd1 #afh4 1 #cec4 1 #cjb4 1 #ade4 1 #cc1 #aeh4 1 #afd1 #afg4 1 #ade4 1 #adh n4 #abf4 1 #adi4 1 #adf4 1 #adf4 1 #adg4 1 #bia4 1 #eh1 #cjf1 #dcj4 1 #adg4 1 see #8,wise m5'2 1 #cbh n4 #agd4 1 #afa1 #dba n4 #hj4 1 #acd4 1 #ga4 1 #fj1 #agc1 #agi2 41 #fj4 1 #fh1 #acb1 #bdi4 1 #afi4 1 see #8,syllogism4' 1 #afg4 1 #bbe1 #bbg n4 #fg2 1 #bci4 1 #cdf4 1 #afg4 1 #bej4 1 #id4 1 #bji n4 #fh4 1 #ade4 1 #dae4 1 #acd4 1 #adg4 1 #adi4 1 #bfj n4 #aaf4 1 #adj4 1 7i7 #8v>iation1' #hc n4 #ci2 7ii7 see #8,relation%ip4' 1 see #8,body'2 1 #afi4 1 #ea1 #adg4 1 #eh1 #cab sqq4 1 #eh1 #bha1 #dbb4 1 #adj1 #cje4 1 #aga4 1 see #8,tone'2 4 1 #afa4 1 #aca n4 #ai4 1 #cc1 #fj1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afe1 #aff2 1 #aeh n4 #aj2 1 #afe4 1 #acb n4 #be1 #adb n4 #hd1 #aeg1 #aeh4 1 #eg4 1 #afd to #aff4 1 #acc n4 #cd4 1 #dbc n4 #ih4 1 #ha4 1 #fh1 #aca1 #ace1 #bab1 #bdi2 4 1 #fh1 #acc2 4 1 #bef n4 #ig4 1 #acb4 1 #hi4 1 see #8,fe>4' 1 #cjf4 7i7 natura1 #8gr[?1' #afh1 #agg1 #ahh1 #bdb1 #beg2 7ii7 z a moral /&>d1 #fc n4 #ae1 #bge1 #cae2 1 #gb1 #bij1 #caj2 1 #ha1 #cjb4 7d]ivation71 #adf4 1 #dd1 #aid4 1 #cbd4 1 #fd4 1 #aag1 #cfa4 1 #cfi4 1 #ea1 #adg4 1 #bfj4 1 see #8,s\l'2 1 #ahg n4 #ia1 #bdb2 1 #bdf2 d]iv$ f 1 #bfj4 ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4