,transcrib]'s ,note ,text emphasis d5ot$ by ,italics & ,bold4 ,:ole & fractional p>ts z #abc-d_/e4 ,illu/ration ,,joseph ,,d9kel4 ,,del4 ,,et ,,li?4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,m4 ,n4 ,,hanh> ,,! ,,p]fect ,,s]ies ,,( ,,! ,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,foot ,,( ,,! ,,moa1 ,,or ,,ext9ct ,,colossal ,,o/ri*-,,l ,,bird ,,( ,,new ,,zeal& ,,f\nd ,,imb$d$ ,,9 ,,an ,,erect ,,position1 ,,) ,,! ,,correspond+ ,,foot ,a ,,y>d ,,9 ,,advance1 ,,9 ,a ,,turr>y ,,deposit1 ,,at ,,waik\aiti ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,isl&1 ,,by ,,walt] ,,mantell ,,esq,,re ,,( ,,well+ton4 ,,figures #a;a #b;a #c;a ,,! ,,plant> ,,or ,,"u ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,fir/1 ,,second ,,?ird ,,toes4 ,,! ,,figures ,,are #a_/c ,,natural ,,size ,,l9e>4 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,bird ,,0 ,,ab\t #aj ,,feet ,,high4 ,a ,,pictorial ,,atlas ,,( ,,fossil ,,rema9s1 ,,consi/+ ,,( ,,col\r$ ,,illu/rations ,,select$ ,,f ,,p>k9son',s ,,organic ,,rema9s ,,( ,a ,,=m] ,,_w2 ,,& ,,artis',s ,,ant$iluvian ,,phytology4 ,,) ,,descriptions ,,by ,,gideon ,,alg]non ,,mantell1 ,,esq4 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,k4,s4 ,,vice-,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,society1 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,college ,,( ,,surgeons ,,( ,,engl&1 ,,etc4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,geology1 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,all ?+s 9 nature are engag$ 9 writ+ _! own hi/ory4 ,! planet & ! pebble are att5d$ by _! %ad[s--! roll+ rock leaves its f>r[s on ! m\nta9 side--! riv] its *annel 9 ! soil--! animal its bones 9 ! /ratum--! f]n & ! leaf inscribe _! mode/ epitaphs on ! coal--! fall+ drop sculptures its /ory on ! s&1 or on ! /one--n a foot/ep on ! sn[ or on ! gr\nd b traces 9 *>act]s m or less endur+ ! record ( its progress4--,em]son4 ,) ,sev5ty-f\r plates1 ,,conta9+ ,,ne>ly ,,n9e ,,hundr$ ,,figures4 ,,london3 ,h4 ,g4 ,,bohn1 ,,york ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 #ahej4 ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 ,,to ,,! ,,v ,,rev]5d ,,william ,,buckl&1 ,d4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,dean ( ,we/m9/]1 c4 c4 c4 ,,?is ,,"w ,,is ,,inscrib$ ,,z ,,an ,,expression ,,( ,,! ,,high ,,respect ,,& ,,affectionate ,,reg>d ,,( ,,"o ,,:o ,,has ,,= ,,m ,,?an ,,?irty ,,ye>s ,,enjoy$ ,,! ,,hon\r ,,& ,,privilege ,,( ,,8 ,,correspond5ce ,,& ,,fri5d%ip4 ,*e/] ,squ>e1 ,pimlico1 ,janu>y #ahej4 ,,preface4 ,9 ! hope ( promot+ ! diffusion ( a ta/e = ! cultivation ( a peculi>ly int]e/+ & attractive bran* ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,i h be5 induc$1 9 compliance ) ! sugge/ion ( ! em95t publi%] ( ?is volume1 to arrange 9 a connect$ s]ies ! ,plates ( ! late ,mr4 ,p>k9son's ,organic ,rema9s ( a ,=m] ,_w1 & ( ,mr4 ,artis's ,ant$iluvian ,phytology1 ) descriptions ( ! specim5s repres5t$4 ,z ,i h be5 enabl$1 ) ! valuable assi/ance ( my fri5d1 ,john ,morris1 ,esq4 ,f4,g4,s41 ! au?or ( ,a ,catalogue ( ,briti% ,fossils1 to app5d1 9 almo/ e in/ance1 ! g5]ic & specific names adopt$ by ! mo/ rec5t au?orities1 ! volume w1 ,i tru/1 n only prove int]e/+ to ! g5]al read]1 z a beautiful ,pictorial ,atlas ( "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable relics ( ! animals & plants ( a ,=m] ,_w1 b also con/itute a valuable book ( ref]5ce 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,geologi/ & ,palontologi/1 s9ce x conta9s ! names & localities ( no inconsid]able numb] ( species & g5]a4 ,= ! guidance ( ! unsci5tific read] :o may desire fur!r in=mation on any ( ! subjects treat$ ( 9 ! foll[+ pages1 ref]5ces are giv5 to a few g5]al works on ,geology & ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,*e/] ,squ>e1 ,pimlico1 ,augu/ #ahej4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,preface v ,description ( ! ,frontispiece x ,introduction #ac ,descriptions ( ! ,plates4 ,,fossil ,,rema9s ,,( ,,! ,,vegetable ,,k+dom4 7,plates ,i4 to ,,xxxiii4 inclusive47 ,plate ,i4--,v>i\s specim5s ( ,fossil ,wood1 & fragm5ts ( ,plants #ai ,,ii4--,*iefly examples ( silicifi$ ,wood #ba ,,iii4--,/igm>ia1 ,calamites1 & ,wood #bc ,,iv4--,fronds ( v>i\s ,fossil ,f]ns #be ,v4--,diff]5t species ( ,f]ns & o!r ,plants #bg ,,vi4--,pr9cipally ,fossil ,fruits f ! ,london clay ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey #bi ,,vii4--,specim5s ( ! ,fruit ( a species ( ,nipas1 or ,molucca ,palm2 f ! ,isle ( ,%eppey #ca ,,viii4--,figures ( diff]5t portions ( beautiful silicifi$ ,/ems ( ,plants alli$ to ! ,arboresc5t ,f]ns2 f ,*emnitz #cc ,,ix4--,fossil ,se$-vessels or ,cones 7,lepido/robus7 ( ! ,lepidod5dron #ce ,x4--,an aquatic ,plant 7,hydatica7 9 ,coal %ale #cg ,,xi4--,a f9e specim5 ( ano!r species ( ,hydatica #ci ,,xii4--,a delicate aquatic ,plant 7,myriophyllites7 9 ,coal %ale #da ,,xiii4--,portion ( ! ,/em ( ! ,calamites ramosus #dc ,,xiv4--,fragm5t ( ,/ems ( ano!r species ( ,calamite 7,calamites dubius7 #de ,,xv4--,/em ( a ,calamite v mu* resembl+ ! ,bamboo 7,calamites pseudo-bambusia7 #dg ,,xvi4--,ano!r species ( ,calamite 7,calamites approximatus7 #di ,,xvii4--,/em ( ano!r k9d ( ,calamite 7,calamites decoratus7 #ea ,,xviii4--,fossil ,/ems alli$ to ! ,p&anus or ,yucca 7,/]nb]gia transv]sa7 #ec ,,xix4--,/em ( a species ( ,sigill>ia 7,sigill>ia fibrosa7 #ee ,,xx4--,/em ( ano!r k9d ( ,sigill>ia #eg ,,xxi4--,fossil ,roots ( ,sigill>ia 7,/igm>ia ficoides7 #ei ,,xxii4--,ano!r species ( ,/igm>ia 7,/igm>ia v]rucosa7 #fa ,,xxiii4--,fragm5t ( a ,/igm>ia ) l>ge tub]cles #fc ,,xxiv4--,"p ( a ,/em ( a tree alli$ to ,sigill>ia 7,aspidi>ia cri/ata7 #fe ,,xxv4--,/em ( a ,plant alli$ to ! ,arboresc5t ,f]ns 7,megaphyton7 #fg ,,xxvi4--,/em ( a species ( ,lepidod5dron #fi ,,xxvii4--,fossil ,plant alli$ to ! ,lepidod5dron #ga ,,xxviii4--,a beautiful fossil ,f]n resembl+ ,osmunda regalis 7,neuropt]is auriculata7 #gc ,,xxix4--,an elegant trifoliate ,f]n 9 ,coal %ale 7,neuropt]is trifoliata7 #ge ,,xxx4--,an exquisite specim5 ( fossil ,f]n 7,pecopt]is ,miltoni7 #gg ,,xxxi4--,ano!r elegant ,f]n 9 ,coal %ale 7,pecopt]is plumosa7 #gi ,,xxxii4--,a v beautiful plumose ,f]n 9 ,coal %ale 7,ale?opt]is decurr5s7 #ha ,,xxxiii4--,a fossil ,fruit or ,se$-vessel 9 ,coal %ale 7,c>poli!s m>g9atus7 #hc ,,fossil ,,rema9s ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,k+dom4 7,plates ,,xxxiv4 to ,,lxxiv3 inclusive47 ,,xxxiv4--,a beautiful mass ( ,coral 7,syr+opora g5iculata7 on ,c>bonif]\s lime/one #hg ,,xxxv4--,sev]al k9ds ( fossil ,corals 7,syr+opora ramulosa1 ,cat5ipora es*>oides1 c47 #hi ,,xxxvi4--,corals f diff]5t =mations 7,fungia1 ,cya?ophyllum7 #ia ,,xxxvii4--,v>i\s fossil ,corals 7,a/rea1 ,li?o/rotion1 ,c>yophyllia annul>is7 #ic ,,xxxviii4--,corals & ,coral m>bles 7,cya?ophyllum1 ,a/rea1 ,li?od5dron7 #ie ,,xxxix4--,fossil ,corals1 & ,sponges or ,amorphozoa 7,siphonia1 ,favosites1 ,explan>ia7 #ig ,,xl4--,v>i\s fossil ,zoophytes 7,clionites1 ,millepora7 #ii ,,xli4--,a beautiful specim5 ( a cya?i=m fossil ,zoophyte 7,*55dopora ,p>k9soni7 #aja ,,xlii4--,sev]al k9ds ( ,zoophytes 9 ,fl9t 7,*oanites1 ,siphonia1 ,j]ea7 #ajc ,,xliii4--,v>i\s ,corals & o!r ,zoophytes 7,fungia polymorpha1 ,j]ea pyri=mis1 ,v5triculite7 #aje ,,xliv4--,silicifi$ ,sponges & o!r ,zoophytes 7,scyphia1 ,cnemidium1 ,*55dopora7 #ajg ,,xlv4--,sev]al k9ds ( calc>e\s & silicifi$ ,corals & o!r ,zoophytes #aji ,,xlvi4--,a rec5t ,p5tacr9us 7,p4 caput m$us71 & a beautiful ,fossil species #aaa ,,xlvii4--,num]\s specim5s ( portions ( ,/ems1 sep>ate ,ossicles1 & ,receptacles1 ( v>i\s k9ds ( ,encr9ites & ,p5tacr9ites #aac ,,xlviii4--,! ,lily ,encr9ite 7,encr9ites monile=mis7 #aae ,,xlix4--,rema9s ( sev]al k9ds ( ,encr9ites & ,encr9ital m>bles #aag ,l4--,*iefly specim5s ( ! ,pe> ,encr9ite ( ,brad=d1 9 ,wilt%ire 7,apiocr9us ,p>k9soni7 #aai ,,li4--,sev]al k9ds ( ,cr9oidea 7,act9ocr9ites1 ,p5tacr9ites7 #aba ,,lii4--,specim5s ( ,p5tacr9ites f ,lyme ,regis #abc ,,liii4--,fossil ,/>-fi%es 7,gonia/]1 ,ophiura1 ,cid>is7 #abe ,,liv4--,v>i\s k9ds ( ,e*9ites or fossil ,sea-ur*9s 7,clypea/]1 ,anan*ytes1 ,discoidea1 ,conulus7 #abg ,,lv4--,sev]al v>ieties ( fossil ,e*9i 7,cid>is1 ,nucleolites1 ,micra/]1 ,spatangus7 #abi ,,lvi4--,e*9ites & e*9ital ,sp9es #aca ,,lvii4--,fossil univalve ,%ells 7,euomphalus1 c47 & ,cololites #acc ,,lviii4--,fossil ,%ells ( v>i\s k9ds ( ,cephalopoda 7,nautilus1 ,or?oc]as1 ,lituties1 c47 #ace ,,lix4--,belemnites1 ,or?oc]atites1 & ,hippurites1 c4 #acg ,,lx4--,belemnites & ,ammonites #aci ,,lxi4--,hamites ( sev]al species2 ,scaphites1 ,nummulites1 c4 #ada ,,lxii4--,fossil ,=am9if]a ( sev]al g5]a #adc ,,lxiii4--,sev]al species ( ,trigonia #ade ,,lxiv4--,fossil bivalve ,%ells 7,cuculla1 ,crassatella1 ,lima1 ,c>dium1 c471 & ! anomal\s bodies t]m$ ,trigonellites #adg ,,lxv4--,fossil ,%ells ( ! g5]a ,panopa1 ,t]$9a1 c4 #adi ,,lxvi4--,fossil ,%ells ( ! g5]a ,o/rea1 ,p]na1 ,gryphea1 c4 #aea ,,lxvii4--,*iefly ,%ells ( bra*iopod\s ,mollusca1 7,t]ebratula1 ,spirif]1 ,productus1 c47 #aec ,,lxviii4--,fossil ,crabs f ,%eppey2 ,trilobites1 ,insects1 c4 #aee ,,lxix4--,rema9s ( ,turtles f ,%eppey1 & ,v]tebr ( ,crocodilian ,reptiles f ,havre1 & ( ! ,mosasaurus #aeg ,,lxx4--,! ,jaws ( ! fossil ,reptile ( ,mae/ri*t 7,mosasaurus72 & ,tee? ( v>i\s k9ds ( ,%>ks & ,rays 7,c>*>ias1 ,miliobatis1 ,p?y*odus1 c47 #aei ,,lxxi4--,skull & ,antl]s ( ! fossil ,elk ( ,irel&1 & ,tee? ( ! ,mammo? #afa ,,lxxii4--,fossil tee? ( ,hippopotamus1 ,rh9oc]os1 ,d9o!rium1 ,palo!rium1 & ,anoplo!rium2 & ungueal bone ( ,megalonyx #afc ,,lxxiii4--,skeleton ( ! ,mega!rium1 & ,tee? ( ! fossil ,be>s ( ! ,cav]ns #afe ,,lxxiv4--,mol> ,tee? ( ,ma/odon giganteus1 f ,big-bone ,lick1 ,k5tucky #afg ,frontispiece4--,foot ( ! ,moa ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,notes4 #a4 ,fossil ,be>s ( ! ,cav]ns #aff #b4 ,! ,belemnite ib4 #c4 ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,birds--,moa ( ,new ,zeal& #agb #d4 ,botanical ,arrangem5t ( ,fossil ,vegetables #age #e4 ,cephalopoda--,nautilus1 ,ammonite1 c4 #ahj #f4 ,c>bonif]\s ,=mations #aha #g4 ,coal #ahb #h4 ,corals ib4 #i4 ,cuvi]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,palontology #ahc #aj4 ,fossil ,ed5tata1 ,mega!rium1 c4 #ahd #aa4 ,fl9t3 ,animal ,rema9s 9 ,silice\s ,nodules #ahe #ab4 ,=am9if]a #ahf #ac4 ,! ,gigantic ext9ct ,iri% ,elk3 ,c]vus megaloc]os #ahi #ad4 ,fossil ,infusoria ib4 #ae4 ,! ,mosasaurus1 or ,fossil ,animal ( ,mae/ri*t #aia #af4 ,fossil ,reptiles #aib #ag4 --------------- ( ! ,weald53 ! ,iguanodon #aic1 #bjb #ah4 ------------------------------ ! ,pelorosaurus #aig #ai4 ,silicification & ,silice\s ,petrifactions ib4 #bj4 ,/igm>i & ,sigill>i #aih ,,works ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,9 ,,! ,,descriptions4 ,mi*el91 ,iconographie ,zoophytologie1 ,p>is1 #dto4 ,gpp]t1 ,h4 ,r4 ,die ,fossil51 ,f>rnkraut]1--=m+ vol4 xvii4 ( ! ,nova ,acta ,academi ,c4 ,l4 ,c4 ,natur ,curiosorum4 #ahcf1 #dto4 ,presl1 ,c4 ,b41 ,/]nb]g1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,flora d] ,vorwelt1 ,"p ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 edit$ by ,presl4 ,goldfuss1 ,dr4 ,a41 ,petrefacta ,g]mani1 folio1 ,dusseldorf1 #ahda-dd4 ,fossil ,flora ( ,great ,brita91 by ,dr4 ,l9dley & ,mr4 ,button4 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,essay on ,geology & ,m9]alogy1 #b vols1 ) num]\s ,plates4 ,! ,wond]s ( ,geology1 #c vols1 six? edition1 #ahdi4 ,! ,m$als ( ,creation1 #b vols4 #ahdd4 ,geological ,excursions r\nd ! ,isle ( ,wight & along ! adjac5t ,coa/ ( ,dorset%ire1 #a vol4 num]\s ,plates4 ,?\ghts on ,animalcules1 #a vol4 num]\s col\r$ ,plates1 second edition1 #ahej4 ,?\ghts on a ,pebble1 ) #cj ,illu/rations1 eigh? edition1 #ahej4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les1 ,travels 94 ,am]ica1 #ahde1 & #ahdi4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,frontispiece4 ,,! ,,moa ,,( ,,new ,,zeal&4 ,! ,frontispiece repres5ts ! entire s]ies ( bones compos+ ! "r foot ( ! ,moa 7,d9ornis robu/us71 f\nd imb$d$ 9 an erect position1 ) ! correspond+ foot a y>d 9 advance1 9 a turb>y deposit1 at ,waik\aiti1 9 ! ,middle ,isl& ( ,new ,zeal&1 9 #ahdi4 ,! figures are "o-?ird less 9 l9e> dim5sions ?an ! orig9als4 ,figures #a;a1 #b;a1 #c;a1 %[ ! palm>1 or "u surface ( ! respective toes1 & exhibit ! tro*le> or articulat+ extremities ( ! phalangeal bones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! anci5t swamp or morass 9 :i* ^! mat*less specim5s 7 imb$d$1 is situat$ on ! %ore1 9 a little creek or bay ne> ,isl& ,po9t1 at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,waik\aiti1 & is cov]$ by ! sea except at ! l[e/ tides4 ,_m rema9s ( ! l>ge/ species ( ,moa h f "t to "t be5 obta9$ f ?is deposit2 ! bones s5t to ,engl& by ,dr4 ,mackell>1 ,mr4 ,p]cy ,e>le1 & o!rs1 figur$ & describ$ 9 ! ,zoological ,transactions by ,pr(essor ,ow51 7 f ?is locality4 ,! specim5s figur$ 7 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell1 9 #ahdi1 :5 visit+ ,waik\aiti1 z ,gov]nm5t ,commission] = ! settlem5t ( ,native claims4 ,on ! recession ( ! tide1 ! upp] 7or proximal7 ends ( ! metat>sals 7 j visible above ! surface3 ^! 7 c>efully dug up1 & all ! bones ( ! respective toes numb]$1 "o by "o1 z !y 7 extract$ f ! soil4 ,9 ?is /ate !y 7 s5t to me1 & h subsequ5tly be5 articulat$ "u my direction1 9 _! natural ord] ( arrangem5t4#a ,footnote #a3 ,by ! well-kn[n em95t anatomical arti/1 ,mr4 ,fl[]1 ( #bb1 ,lambe? ,t]race1 ,lambe? ,road4 ,! condition & position ( ! bones1 & ! nature ( ! deposit1--evid5tly an anci5t morass1 9 :i* ! ,new ,zeal& flax 7phormium t5ax7 once grew luxuriantly1--rem9d u ( ! v simil> circum/ances 9 :i* ! ext9ct gigantic ,elks 9 ,irel&1 & ! ,ma/odons 9 ,am]ica1 h occasionally be5 f\nd engulf$ 9 peat bogs & morasses2 &1 z my son emphatically obs]ves1 x is impossible to arrive at any o!r conclusion ?an t ! ,moa to :i* ^! feet belong$1 _h sunk d[n 9 ! swamp1 & p]i%$ on ! spot4 ,v]tebr & o!r p>ts ( a skeleton ( a bird ( ! same proportions1 7 dug up ne> ! feet4 ,z ! specim5s "u exam9ation are ! fir/ examples 9 :i* ! entire s]ies ( ! phalangeal & ungueal bones h be5 f\nd 9 natural connexion ) ! metat>sals1 ,i subjo9 ! admeasurem5ts ( ! sev]al p>ts1 to r5d] ! peculi> con/ruction ( ! feet 9 "o species ( ! lo/ race ( ! colossal birds ( ,new ,zeal&1 m obvi\s to ^? :o may feel int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,,t>so-,,metat>sal ,,bones4 ,in*es4 ,l9es4 ,l5g? ( ! %aft f ! di/al end ( ! middle tro*lea to ! proximal extremity #ag #j ,circumf]5ce ( ! proximal end #aa #i ,transv]se diamet]1 or wid?1 ( ditto #d #f ,ant]o-po/]ior diamet] ( ditto #c #f ,circumf]5ce ( ! middle ( ! %aft #f #c ,ant]o-po/]ior diamet] ( ditto #a #h ,transv]se diamet] ( ditto #c #f ,wid? ( ! di/al1 or tro*le>1 end #f #c ,circumf]5ce ( ! tro*le> end #ae #f ,ant]o-po/]ior diamet] ( ! middle tro*lea #c #i ,,phalangeal ,,bones4 ,inn] ,toe4 ,middle ,toe4 ,out] ,toe4 7,fig4 #a47 7,fig4 #b47 7,fig4 #c47 ,in*es4 ,l9es4 ,in*es4 ,l9es4 ,in*es4 ,l9es4 ,fir/1 or proximal phalanx ,l5g? #d #i -- #d #c -- #c #b ,circumf]5ce ( proximal end #f #f -- #f #i -- #e #i ,second phalangeal bone4 ,l5g? #a #i -- #b #f -- #a #i ,circumf]5ce ( proximal end #c #j -- #e #c -- #d #i ,?ird phalangeal bone ,ungueal4 ,l5g? #c #j -- #a #i -- #a #j ,circumf]5ce ( proximal end #d #j -- #d #f -- #d #f ,?ird phalangeal bone ,ungueal4 ,l5g? #c #j -- #j #aa ,circumf]5ce ( proximal end #d #b -- #d #j ,fif? ungueal bone ,l5g? #b #f ,circumf]5ce ( proximal end #c #i ,! total l5g? ( ! toes is z foll[s3--inn] digit1 #i in*42 middle1 #aa in*42 out]1 #i-a_/c in*4 ,! transv]se diamet] ( ! expanse ( ! foot1 f ! di/al extremity ( ! inn] toe 7fig4 #a;a71 to t ( ! out] "o 7fig4 #c;a71 is #ae in*es4 ,! l5g? f ! po/]ior "p ( ! tro*le> extremity ( ! metat>sal to ! di/al end ( ! ungueal ( ! middle toe 7fig4 #b;a71 is #ac in*es4 ,if to ! actual dim5sions ( ! bones be add$ ! proportional ?ickness ( ! c>tilag9\s integum5ts1 nails1 c41 ! l5g? ( ! foot ( ! liv+ bird may be e/imat$ at ab\t #af in*es1 & ! bread? at #ag or #ah in*es4 ,f ! great wid? & solidity ( ! metat>sals1 & ! =m & correspond+ size & /r5g? ( ! phalangeals & ungueals1 ! orni?ologi/ w p]ceive t ! feet ( ! ,moa mu/ h con/itut$ p[]ful in/rum5ts = scrat*+1 digg+1 & uproot+ ! sub-t]re/rial vegetable sub/ances1 :i* ,pr(essor ,ow51 ) great probability1 inf]s1 =m$ ! *ief su/5ance ( ! ext9ct colossal birds ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,accord+ to ! relative proportions ( ! bones compos+ ! h9d] extremities ( ! gigantic species ( ,moa1 ! correspond+ tibia1 or leg-bone1 ( ! feet above describ$1 w\ld be two feet n9e in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! femur1 or ?igh bone1 n9e & a half in*es2 ! total height ( ! bird 0 probably ab\t t5 feet4 ,tibi1 femora1 & o!r bones ( mu* l>g] proportions1 7app>5tly ( ,d9ornis giganteus & ,d4 +5s17 7 obta9$ f ! same locality2 "s ( ^! indicate birds ( elev5 or twelve feet 9 height2 dim5sions exce$+ by "o-?ird ^? ( ! l>ge/ kn[n exi/+ species ( ,/ru?ionid--! ,o/ri*4#b ,footnote #b3 ,ev5 f ?is imp]fect description 7& fur!r anatomical details w\ld be irrelevant 9 ! pres5t "w71 ! orni?ologi/ _c fail to obs]ve ! peculi> *>act]s exhibit$ by ^! extremities ( ! rem>kable family ( birds1 ( :i* ! dim9utive ,apt]yx appe>s to be ! only liv+ repres5tative4 ,b ! ,apt]yx diff]s mo/ ess5tially 9 ! /ructure ( ! cranium & m&ibles1 f ! ext9ct types to :i* ,pr(essor ,ow5 has giv5 ! names ( ,d9ornis1 ,palapt]yx1 ,aptornis1 c4 ,) reg>d to ! con/ruction ( ! feet x may be fur!r rem>k$1 t ! l5g? ( ! inn] & out] toes is ne>ly equal1 z 9 ! ,cass[>y2 b ! middle toe1 :i* 9 ! ,cass[>y is "o-?ird long] ?an ! o!r digits1 9 ! ,moa sc>cely exce$s 9 l5g? by "o-fif?1 ! inn] & out] toes4 ,! ungueal segm5ts are v l>ge1 be+ equal to "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! toes4 ,! phalangeals are relatively mu* %ort] ?an 9 ! ,cass[>y & ,o/ri*1 & wid] ?an 9 ! =m]1 & m ar*$ ?an 9 ei!r ( ^! liv+ /ru?i\s birds4 ,9 ! metat>sal ! pres5ce ( ! ?ree elem5ts ^: fusion con/itutes ! bone1 is /rongly m>k$2 !re does n appe> to be any c]ta9 indications ( a po/]ior or h9d toe1 ?\gh ,pr(essor ,ow5 imag9es he has detect$ feeble traces ( a f\r? digit3 9 t case ! bird to :i* my specim5s belong$1 w\ld be t]m$ ,palapt]yx4 ,! crania f\nd by ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell at ,wa+ongoro1 & figur$ & describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 ! ,zoological ,transactions 7,vol4 ,,iii41 ,plates #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee71 z ,d9ornis & ,palapt]yx1 mu/ h belong$ to birds ( comp>atively small /ature4 ,! skull ) ! adze-l upp] m&ible1 & ! enorm\sly-develop$ basi-occipitals & basi-sph5oids 7,d9ornis1 ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 ,plate #ec71 0 f\nd associat$ ) _m v]tebr ( ! neck & back1 & bones ( ! leg1 ( ! same bird2 & ^! my son /ates indicat$ a height ( f six to sev5 feet4 ,! skull & ! re/ ( ! skeleton 7 f\nd imb$d$ 9 s&1 & ly+ 9 _! natural relative position2 un=tunately1 all ^! preci\s rema9s1 except ! cranium1 7 de/roy$ by a sudd5 ru% ( ! natives to seize ^u ! exhum$ relics6 ,x !re=e yet rema9s to discov] ! cranial type t *>act]iz$ ! colossal =ms at pres5t kn[n only by o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton4 ,ref]r+ ! read] to ! additional acc\nt ( ! fossil birds ( ,new ,zeal& giv5 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ?is volume 7see ,supplem5t>y ,notes1 p4 #agc71 ,i w conclude ?is notice ) a few g5]al rem>ks4 ,f ! num]\s facts relat+ to ! fossil rema9s ( birds f our ,antipodean colony1 t h n[ be5 br\ght "u ! consid]ation ( ! naturali/s & geologi/s ( ?is c\ntry1 we may safely conclude1 t at a p]iod geologically rec5t1 b ( imm5se antiquity 9 relation to ! human inhabitants ( ^? ,isl&s1 ,new ,zeal& 0 d5sely peopl$ by tribes ( colossal /ru?i\s bip$s1 ( species & g5]a t h long s9ce become ext9ct4 ,i believe t ages ere ! adv5t ( ! ,maori tribes1 ! ,moa & its k9dr$ 7 ! *ief inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 & t f ! p]iod :5 ^? ,isl&s 7 tak5 possession ( by man1 ! race gradually dim9i%$1 & ! colossal types 7 f9ally annihilat$ by human ag5cy4 ,t "s ( ! l>ge/ species 7 contempor>y ) ! ,maories1 !re c n[ be no reasonable d\bt4 ,ap>t f native traditions1 & songs & tales 9 :i* allusions are made to ! gigantic magnitude & fl[+ plumage ( ! ,moa1 ! collocation ( calc9$ & half roa/$ bones ( ! ,d9ornis1 ( dogs1 & ( ! human species1 9 ! anci5t fire-heaps ( ! aborig9es1 & ! unequivocal m>ks ( ! celt or axe ( jade on "s ( ! tibi1--! *ips or cuts hav+ evid5tly be5 made on ! bones :5 rec5t1--af=d incontrov]tible pro( t ! la/ ( ! ,moas1 l ! la/ ( ! ,dodos1 0 annihilat$ by human ag5cy4 ,f ! rem>kable size & /r5g? ( ! ?ighs1 legs1 & feet ( ! ,moas1 x is cle> t ! h9d] limbs mu/ h con/itut$ p[]ful locomotive organs2 & :5 we consid] ! va/ sw>ms ( ! l>ge/ species :i* exi/$ at "s remote p]iod1 x seems highly probable t ?is family ( colossal birds1--a family unkn[n 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w1--0 n orig9ally conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ geographical limits ( mod]n ,new ,zeal&1 b rang$ ov] a va/ cont95t n[ subm]g$1 & ( :i* ,phillip & ,norfolk ,isl&s1 & ,*a?am & ,auckl& ,isl&s1 & ^? ( ,new ,zeal&1 are ! culm9at+ po9ts4 ,b :atev] may be ! result ( future discov]ies z to ! relative age ( ! bone-deposits1 or ! exi/5ce or ext9ction ( any ( ! colossal species ( ,moa1 or ! =m] ext5sion ( ! race ov] c\ntries n[ subm]g$1 "o a/\nd+ fact mu/ ev] rema9 unassailable--! va/ prepond]ance ( ! class ,aves or ,birds1 t prevail$1 & :i* /ill prevails1 9 ! fauna ( ,new ,zeal&1 to ! almo/ entire exclusion ( mammalia & reptiles4 ,any palontologi/ :o saw only ! collections s5t ov] by my son1 mu/ h be5 a/oni%$ at _! ext5t & v>iety4 ,i may v5ture to affirm t su* an assemblage ( ! fossil bones ( birds 0 nev] be=e se5 9 ,europe3 ne>ly fifte5 hundr$ specim5s1 collect$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ) sc>cely any int]mixture ( ! rema9s ( any o!r class2--x is a ph5om5on z />tl+ z ! exclusively reptilian "* ( ! fauna ( ! ,weald5 epo*4 ,b ! fauna ( ,new ,zeal&1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 pres5ts a "* z orni?ic & z anomal\s z its anci5t "o2 = :ile !re are upw>ds ( fifty or sixty g5]a ( birds1 !re is b "o indig5\s mammalian quadrup$ kn[n to naturali/s--a species ( rat6 ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 z well z 9 its flora1 9 :i* f]ns & o!r cellulos ( peculi> types prevail to an ext5t unkn[n else:]e1 ! c\ntry (f]s a /rik+ example ( t n[ ackn[l$g$ fact 9 natural hi/ory--a c5tre or focus ( creation ( c]ta9 organic types4 ,& ?is law1 ) ^: op]ation dur+ ! palozoic & second>y ages mod]n geological rese>*es h made u famili>1 appe>s to h cont9u$ 9 unabat$ en]gy to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,f :at has be5 advanc$1 x is manife/ t ! pres5t geographical di/ribution ( special gr\ps ( t]re/rial animals & plants1 displays z _m anomalies 9 ! relative pr$om9ance ( ! diff]5t classes & ord]s ov] c]ta9 areas1 )\t relation to climatorial or o!r obvi\s physical conditions1 z c be trac$ 9 ! natural records ( ! e>li] ages ( ! _w4 ,! conclusion !re=e =ces itself ^u ! m9d1 t ?r\gh\t ! va/ p]iods ( "t to :i* our retrospective k ext5ds1 ! geological *anges ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ! appe>ance & oblit]ation ( species & g5]a1 h be5 gov]n$ by ! same physical & organic laws2 & t not)/&+ ! v>iable conditions ( ! l& & ! wat]1 indicat$ by ! s$im5t>y =mations1 !re 0 at no p]iod a great] discrepancy 9 ! assemblages ( c]ta9 types ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 ?an exi/s at pres5t4 ,( ! nature ( t law by :i* ! ext9ction ( a race ( highly organiz$ be+s is det]m9$1 & ^: effects ?r\gh innum]able ages palontology has 9 "p reveal$1 we are z utt]ly ignorant z ( t :i* gov]ns ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! m9ute/ liv+ animalcule :i* ! p[]s ( ! microscope enable u to descry2 bo? are veil$ 9 inscrutable my/]y1 ! results only are )9 ! scope ( our f9ite compreh5sion4#c ,footnote #c3 ,see ! conclud+ "p ( ,lecture ,,viii4 #df1 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hij4 ,,introduction4 ,! publication ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son's ,organic ,rema9s ( a =m] ,_w1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a memorable ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,briti% ,palontology3 x 0 ! fir/ attempt to give a famili> & sci5tific acc\nt ( ! fossil relics ( animals & plants1 accompani$ by figures ( ! specim5s describ$4 ,! ?ree volumes#d ( :i* ! "w consi/$1 appe>$ at consid]able int]vals2 ! la/ 0 publi%$ 9 #ahaa4 ,al?\gh ne>ly =ty ye>s h s9ce elaps$1 & hundr$s ( geological works1 ( all k9ds & degrees ( m]it1 h subsequ5tly be5 issu$1 ,mr4 ,p>k9son's ,plates1 ow+ to _! fidelity & beauty1 are /ill 9 su* reque/1 z to induce ! proprietor1 ,mr4 ,bohn1 n[ t ! "w is out ( pr9t1 to publi% !m1 ) ! descriptions & mod]n names ( ! fossils repres5t$4 ,footnote #d3 ,?ree volumes1 9 #dto42 price #ajl4 #ajs4 ,i h add$ a few explanatory rem>ks1 & 9 ! ,supplem5t>y ,notes1 h giv5 ext5d$ notices ( "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ subjects1 ) ! view ( r5d]+ ! volume m intelligible & acceptable to ! g5]al read]4 ,9 look+ ?r\gh ! orig9al "w ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 ! in/ruct$ obs]v] w n fail to p]ceive ! imm5se progress :i* ! /udy ( fossil animals & plants has made s9ce ! p]iod ( its fir/ appe>ance 9 #ahaa4 ,at t "t1 ! t]ms ,geology & ,palontology 7 unkn[n2 all ! s$im5t>y /rata h s9ce be5 accurately def9$ & arrang$1 & names assign$ to ! respective sy/ems or =mations2 :ile ! s-call$ ,diluvial ,epo*1 :i* ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 & ev5 ,b>on ,cuvi]1 consid]$ z e/abli%$ by incontrov]tible physical evid5ce1 has be5 expung$ f ! *ronology ( geology4 ,9 ,mr4 ,p>k9son's volumes1 no allusion w be f\nd to t mo/ rem>kable era 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory :i* mod]n rese>*es h br\ght to light--! ,age ( ,reptiles2 ! t]ms ,i*?yosauri1 ,plesiosauri1 ,iguanodon1 ,megalosaurus--n[ famili> z h\sehold words--are n inscrib$ on _! pages2 all ^? m>vell\s be+s ( pa/ ages h be5 discov]$ dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s2 9 %ort1 ! rem>k ( an em95t critic is z true z x is beautiful3--,geology is a philosophy :i* nev] re/s2 its law is progress2 a po9t :i* ye/]day 0 invisible is its goal to-day1 & w be its />t+-po/ to-morr[4 ,i gladly avail myself ( ?is opportunity to make a pass+ allusion to ! excell5t & accompli%$ au?or1 ,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,i _h ! pleasure & privilege ( 8 acqua9tance 9 my y\?1 imm$iately aft] ! publication ( ! ?ird volume ( 8 valuable "w4 ,mr4 ,p>k9son 0 r bel[ ! middle /ature1 ) an en]getic1 intellig5t1 & pleas+ expression ( c\nt5ance1 & ( mild & c\rte\s mann]s2 readily imp>t+ in=mation1 ei!r on 8 fav\rite sci5ce1 or on pr(essional subjects2 = he 0 at t "t actively engag$ 9 m$ical practice 9 ,hoxton ,squ>e1 & 0 ! au?or ( sev]al valuable m$ical treatises4 ,he k9dly %[$ & expla9$ to me ! pr9cipal objects 9 8 cab9ets1 & po9t$ out e s\rce ( in=mation on fossil rema9s2 a dep>tm5t ( natural k at t "t b little cultivat$ 9 ,engl&1 b :i* peculi> circum/ances _h contribut$ to r5d] ! engross+ object ( my "y & ard5t m9d4 ,9 aft] ye>s ,mr4 ,p>k9son w>mly enc\rag$ my attempts to elucidate ! nature ( ! /rata & organic rema9s ( my native c\nty1 ,sussex1 a di/rict :i* 0 !n suppos$ to be de/itute ( geological int]e/2 & he revis$ my draw+s1 & fav\r$ me ) 8 rem>ks on _m subjects treat$ ( 9 my fir/ "w--,! ,fossils ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns4#e ,footnote #e3 ,publi%$ 9 #ahbb4 ,9 #ahbb1 ,mr4 ,p>k9son publi%$ ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,fossil ,organic ,rema9s1 especially ( ^? f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,/rata2 int5d$ to aid ! ,/ud5t 9 8 ,inquiries respect+ ! ,nature ( ,fossils1 & _! ,connexion ) ! ,=mation ( ! ,e>?2 #a vol4 #hvo4 ) t5 plates1 pr9cipally ( ! g5]a ( fossil %ells4 ,he also contribut$ a few pap]s to ! e>ly volumes ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 ( :i* he 0 "o ( ! orig9al memb]s4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,p>k9son's dea?1 8 beautiful & *oice collection 0 sold by auction1 & its cont5ts widely disp]s$4 ,! f9e s]ies ( silicifi$ zoophytes 0 pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,fea!r/onhaugh1 & tak5 to ,am]ica2 & "s ye>s aft]w>ds 0 de/roy$ by a fire :i* consum$ ! museum 9 :i* x 0 plac$4 ,z illu/rative ( ! pleas+ /yle ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son's "w1 ,i subjo9 an ab/ract ( ! *apt]1 ,on ! ,pleasure & ,advantages ( a ,k ( ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,! epi/ol>y /yle 0 adopt$2 & ! fir/ lett] is suppos$ to be p5n$ by a fri5d desir\s ( le>n+ ! nature ( c]ta9 fossils he _h obs]v$ on 8 j\rney to ,ox=d3-- ,i h liv$ long en\gh to witness _m sad disappo9tm5ts to ! fond dreams ( happ9ess indulg$ by p]sons :o1 only int5t on ! acquisition ( ri*es1 _h neglect$ to cultivate any intellectual or ennobl+ pursuit2 s t on retir+ f active life1 !y 7 unable to enjoy ! leisure s de>ly e>n$ by ye>s ( anxiety & c>e1 & ei!r relaps$ into a /ate ( mis]able ennui1 or gave !mselves up to ! excitem5t ( frivol\s or vici\s indulg5ces4 ,aw>e ( ! necessity ( devot+ ! few leisure h\rs1 :i* ! duties ( my call+ left at my disposal1 to "s rational & amus+ occupation1 ,i h always cultivat$1 m or less assidu\sly1 "s bran* ( art or sci5ce1 & !nce acquir$ an en?usia/ic admiration = ! beauties ( nature1 & an insatiable curiosity to pry into ! my/]ies ( ! natural _w4 ,) ?is /ate ( m9d1 ,i h at l5g? resolv$ to avail myself ( ! means my little =tune af=ds me to indulge ^? feel+s1 & h1 ,i tru/1 quitt$ ! busy sc5es ( ! _w = ev]4 ,9 pursuance ( a plan long ent]ta9$ ( visit+ ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( our isl&1 ,i left ,london la/ week1 accompani$ by my daught]1 & our old fri5d1 ,frank ,wilton1 ^: lively disposition & agreeable mann]s r5d] him1 z y well "k1 an excell5t companion4 ,b he has made himself mo/ acceptable to u on ano!r acc\nt2--8 resolute scepticism ) respect to ! m rational1 & 8 submissive cr$ulity z to ! popul> & traditional explanations ( su* natural ph5om5a z are beyond 8 compreh5sion1 are frequ5tly productive ( rem>ks s qua9t & humor\s1 z to contribute 9 no small degree to our enjoym5t4 ,ere our fir/ day's j\rney 0 complet$1 ,i discov]$ h[ insuffici5t 0 ! k ,i possess$ to enable me to =m ev5 a conjecture1 z to ! nature ( ! v fir/ objects :i* p>ticul>ly arre/$ our att5tion4 ,we 7 )9 a few miles ( ,ox=d1 :5 ,wilton1 look+ out ( ! c>riage w9d[1 exclaim$1 ',bless me6 nev] be=e did ,i see roads m5d$ ) su* mat]ials6' ,?is1 ( c\rse1 drew my att5tion to :at _h s /rongly excit$ 8 wond]2 & ,i mu/ confess t my a/oni%m5t 0 b little less ?an 8 own2 = ,i beheld a lab\r] ) a l>ge hamm] break+ to pieces a ne>ly circul> ornam5t$ /one1 half z l>ge z ! =e-:eel ( our c>riage1 & resembl+ 9 =m a coil$-up s]p5t1 or snake4 ,we in/antly /opp$ ! *aise1 & inquir$ ( ! man ! "n ( ! /one1 & :]e x came f4 ',?is1 ,sir1' he repli$1 'is a snake-/one1 & comes f yond] qu>ry1 :]e !re are ?\s&s ( !m4' ,^u he>+ ?is1 we all alight$1 & ) surprise exam9$ "s ( ! unbrok5 /ones1 :i*1 ?\gh evid5tly be>+ ! =m ( an unkn[n animal1 7 compos$ ( solid rock4 ,z we saunt]$ along1 ! c>riage foll[+ u1 we came to a neat build+ on ! road-side1 :i* a sign 9 ! h$ge opposite d5ot$ to be a h\se ( public ent]ta9m5t4 ,hop+ to ga9 m satisfactory in=mation respect+ ! objects t _h s mu* excit$ our curiosity1 we ent]$ ?is lit]ally h$ge ale-h\se1 & on be+ %[n into a neat room1 ! casem5t ( :i*1 surr\nd$ by roses & honeysuckles 9 full bloom1 op5$ into a g>d5 r$ol5t ) fragrance & beauty1 f ! wild pr(usion ( its fl[]s & %rubs1 we det]m9$ to re/ a:ile1 & p>take ( su* refre%m5t z ! cottage might af=d4 ,:ile ^! 7 prep>+1 ,frank ,wilton1 ^: re/less curiosity leaves no?+ unobs]v$1 0 exam9+ ! cont5ts ( ! old oak5 mantel-%elf1 & sudd5ly cri$ out1 ',well6 if ! object ( travell+ is to behold novelties & wond]s1 surely ?is c\nty w af=d t gratification 9 ! highe/ degree2 = among ! curi\s ?+s on ?is mantel-piece1 !re is n "o ( :i* ,i h ev] se5 its l be=e4' ,! articles n[ pass$ "u my exam9ation1 & ) no bett] success2 = ,i _h nev] obs]v$ any?+ simil>1 nor c\ld ,i =m a rational conjecture respect+ _! nature4 ,:ile ?us engag$1 our l&lady made h] appe>ance1 & f h] we le>nt t ?is 0 h] collection ( curiosities1 ga!r$ f ! neighb\r+ c\ntry2 & %e readily imp>t$ to u all %e knew ( ! subject4 ,tak+ up "o ( ! /ones1 :i* resembl$ ^? we _h se5 on ! road1--',?is1' %e said1 'is a petrifi$ snake1 ) :i* ?is neighb\rhood ab\nds4 ,^! 7 once fairies t inhabit$ ^! p>ts1 &1 = _! crimes1 7 turn$ fir/ into snakes1 & !n into /ones4 ,"h'--%[+ a /one ( a conical =m--'is "o ( ! fairies' night-caps1#f n[ also become /one4' ',d1 madam1' address+ ,emma1 'pray obs]ve ?is patt]n2 is x possible lace-"w l ?is %\ld ev] h be5 work$ by human h&s8 ,?is--& ?is--are pieces ( bones ( giants1 :o liv$ "h aft] ! fairies 7 de/roy$4' ,^! bones1 %e in=m$ u1 7 frequ5tly dug up 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! c\nty1 z well z innum]able ?und]bolts1#g "s ( :i* %e also %[$ u1 affirm+ t !y 7 ! v ?und]bolts by :i* ! giants 7 9 _! turn annihilat$4 ,footnote #f3 ,a ,cid>is1 or turban-e*9ite2 see ,plate ,,liii4 ,footnote #g3 ,belemnites1 popul>ly t]m$ ?und]bolts1 ,plate ,,lix4 ,we all li/5$ att5tively to ?is disc\rse1 & on my smil+1 :5 %e )drew1 at ! romantic acc\nt we _h receiv$1 ,wilton /r5u\sly def5d$ our good l&lady's n>ration1 & decl>$1 he ?\ght x 0 n )\t a fair %>e ( probability4 ,on ! return ( our ho/ess1 ,i did n v5ture to express any d\bt ( ! tru? ( h] /ory1 b m]ely reque/$ to "k if %e 0 aw>e ( !re be+ any:]e a m ext5sive collection ( simil> curiosities4 ',to be sure4 ,sir1' %e repli$1 'our ,univ]sity has a museum full ( !m2 & if y be go+ ?r\gh ,ox=d1 x w be well wor? y\r :ile to see x4' ,aft] tak+ refre%m5t1 we left our k9d & communicative ho/ess1 b n ) an int5tion ( imm$iately visit+ ! ,museum ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i felt t1 )\t "s previ\s k ( ! objects to be exam9$1 our curiosity w\ld be only excit$1 n gratifi$2 & ,i resolv$ to def] our visit to ,ox=d1 until we _h obta9$ ! in=mation necess>y to insure u bo? pleasure & pr(it 9 ! inve/igation ( ! relics ( int]e/ x conta9$4 ,?us1 my de> fri5d1 at ! v outset ( my long anticipat$ holidays1 ,i h exp]i5c$ consid]able disappo9tm5t1 & ,i confid5tly appeal to y to af=d me ! in=mation ,i require2 = ,i "k t y h successfully cultivat$ ! sci5ce :i* tea*es ! nature ( ^! figur$ /ones1 or petrifactions1 & possess a valuable collection ( ^! mo/ extraord9>y objects4 ,y n[1 !re=e1 h x 9 y\r p[] to add greatly to ! delight & in/ruction ,i am anticipat+ f my travels1 by giv+ me an insight into ! orig9 & nature ( ! petrifi$ rema9s :i*1 ,i am told1 are e :]e to be met ) 9 ! di/ricts we are ab\t to visit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ,mr4 ,artis's ,"w1 ,i ne$ only m5tion t x 0 int5d$1 z its title expresses1 to illu/rate ,! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,plants peculi> to ! ,coal ,=mations ( ,great ,brita92 select$ = _! novelty & int]e/ f upw>ds ( a ,?\s& ,specim5s 9 ! possession ( ! ,au?or2 by ,edmund ,tyrell ,artis1 ,esq4 ,f4,s4,a4 ,f4,g4,s4 ,x 0 publi%$ by ,ni*ols ,son1 #ahch4 ,! plates are well execut$1 & fai?fully portray ! orig9al specim5s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gall]y ( ,organic ,rema9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! collection ( fossils 9 our national museum is n[ s v>i$ & ext5sive1 & s admirably arrang$ by its em95t ,curator1 ,*>les ,knig1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 & 8 able assi/ants1 ,mr4 ,wat]h\se & ,mr4 ,woodw>d1 t ! intellig5t read] ^: int]e/ may be awak5$ by ! beautiful & curi\s objects figur$ & describ$ 9 ?is volume1 _c fail to be highly gratifi$ by inspect+ leisurely ! v>i\s organic rema9s f all p>ts ( ! _w1 t are !re display$4 ,i gladly avail myself ( ?is opportunity gratefully to ackn[l$ge ! lib]ality & k9dness ,i h at all times exp]i5c$ f ! ,(fic]s ( ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 promot+ my sci5tific rese>*es1 by af=d+ me e facility to exam9e ! va/ /ores ( ,in=mation plac$ "u _! gu>dian%ip4 ,illu/ration ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,plates4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,fossil ,,flora4 ,plates ,i4 to ,,xxxiii4 inclusive4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,plates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,plate ,i4 7,plates ,i4 to ,,ix4 inclusive are f ,p>k9son's ,organic ,rema9s47 ,fossil ,woods & ,leaves4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fossil conif]\s wood1 f a b$ ( clay at ,blackwall4 ,?is wood is simply bitum9iz$1 & has und]gone no o!r m9]al transmutation2 x is 9 ! usual condition ( wood 9 peat-bogs4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a piece ( bitum9\s wood1 conta9+ ,mellite1 or ,honey-/one 7honig/e9 ( ,w]n]71 ! yell[ cry/alliz$ sub/ance 9 ! middle ( ! specim54 ,x is a fossil res91 alli$ to amb]3 f ,?ur+ia4 ,fig4 #c4 ,c>boniz$ conif]\s wood1 f ! s-call$ ,bovey ,coal =mation ( ,devon%ire4 ,fig1 #d4 ,a piece ( calc>e\s wood1 %[+ v di/9ctly ! ligne\s /ructure on ! surface4 ,fig4 #e4 ,lignite1 or c>boniz$ wood1 9 clay2 ! cracks or fissures 9 ! wood are fill$ up ) :ite calc>e\s sp>4 ,specim5s ( ?is k9d are common 9 _m argillace\s /rata1 z well z 9 lime/one4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a fragm5t ( %ale1 cov]$ ) ! impr9ts ( ! leaf-/alks t h be5 %$4 ,x is a species ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,see description ( ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,fig4 #g4 ,?is fossil vegetable is "p ( ! /em ( a tree2 & possibly ( a species ( ,sigill>ia4 ,fig4 #h4 ,portion ( a nodule ( iron/one1 enclos+ "s p9nules or leaflets ( a beautiful f]n 7,neuropt]is73 f ,coalbrook ,dale1 ,%rop%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,petrifi$ ,woods4 ,fig4 #a4 ,silicifi$ bitum9iz$ wood2 probably f ,new ,holl&4 ,fig4 #b4 ,silicifi$ root ( a conif]\s tree1 7,rhizoli!s1 ( ! e>ly collectors17 resembl+ 9 /ructure t ( ! l>*4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a simil> example ( silicifi$ bitum9\s wood1 or root4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fossil conif]\s wood1 a longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #e4 ,ano!r section ( ! same fossil wood4 ,fig4 #f4 ,petrifi$ l>*-tree1 f ,m\nt ,krappe 9 ,hung>y4 ,fig4 #g4 ,silicifi$ bitum9\s wood4 ,fig4 #h4 ,jasp]iz$ wood1 resembl+ 9 /ructure t ( ! hazel4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #i4 ,silicifi$ conif]\s wood2 app>5tly a dri$ & )]$ mass1 be=e x und]w5t petrifaction4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,silicifi$ wood1 hav+ a cavity l9$ ) mammillat$ *alc$ony2 appe>+ z if ! silex _h p]colat$ ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! mass1 & _h sl[ly ooz$ into ! holl[4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,silicifi$ bitum9\s wood4 ,9 ?is specim5 ! silice\s matt] occurs 9 yell[ semi-pellucid globules2 ! col\r is suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f ! bitum54 ,! silicifi$ woods del9eat$ above1 belong to ! division :i* ,mr4 ,p>k9son d5om9at$ opal9e2 he conceiv$ _! peculi> *>act]s to h result$ f an infiltration ( fluid silex into ! ligne\s tissue1 :i*1 hav+ previ\sly und]gone bitum9ization1 0 9 a p]meable /ate2 h5ce orig9at$ ! con*oidal fracture & peculi> res9\s lu/re :i* ^! specim5s exhibit4 ,! specim51 fig4 #g1 ,mr4 ,p>k9son describes z corroborat+ ! op9ion t ! ligne\s tissues 7 conv]t$ into a bitum9\s sub/ance1 & subsequ5tly impregnat$ ) silice\s matt]4 ,9 t fossil !re is a knot ( wood :i* diff]s n ! lea/ 9 appe>ance f t 9 a rec5t piece1 b x is p]fectly impregnat$ ) opal9e silex4 ,is x possible t ! *ange ?is knot has suff]$ c\ld h be5 effect$ by an ab/raction ( ! great] "p or ( ! :ole ( its con/itu5t molecules1 & a sub/itution ( p>ticles ( a diff]5t nature8 ,its h>dness & clos5ess ( texture oppose an insup]able b> to ! supposition3 :il/ ! my/]i\sness ( ! *ange is entirely dispell$ by admitt+ ( ! s(t5+ op]ation ( bitum9ization1 & consequ5t admission ( silex 9 a fluid /ate4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,petrifi$ ,/ems & ,leaves4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! trunk ( ! fossil vegetable call$ ,/igm>ia ficoides 7( ,m4 ,alex4 ,brongni>t72 x is ! root ( a tree common 9 ! coal deposits2 see ,supplem5t>y ,notes1 ,art4 ,/igm>ia1 p4 #aih1 = a description ( ! nature & mode ( occurr5ce ( ^! fossils4 ,fig4 #b4 ,impressions ( dicotyl$on\s leaves 9 trav]t9e2 a mod]n calc>e\s deposit2 f ,campania4#h ,footnote #h3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 i4 p4 #aic4 ,fig4 #c4 ,"p ( ! /em ( a re$-l plant 7,calamites dubius1 ,brongni>t72 f ! coal deposits ( ,york%ire4 ,see description ( ,calamites4 ,fig4 #d4 ,appe>s to be a fragm5t ( ! /em ( a species ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,fig4 #e4 ,fragm5t ( ! leaf ( a ,cycade\s plant1 f ! oolite ( ,/onesfield4 7,zamia pect9ata47 ,fig4 #f4 ,portion ( an iron/one nodule1 split asund]1 %[+ "p ( ! t]m9al bran* ( a ,lepidod5dron1 f ,coalbrook ,dale4 ,see description ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,fig4 #g4 ,a pebble t appe>s to h be5 p>tly envelop$ 9 a leaf :ile 9 a s(t /ate1 :i* has produc$ ! m>k+s on its surface4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #h4 ,ligni=m pit*/one2 fossil wood hav+ a res9\s transp>5cy2 suppos$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son to h orig9at$ f an int]mixture ( silex & bitum52 ! int]nal "p is opaliz$4 ,fig4 #i4 ,fragm5t ( calc>e\s conif]\s wood f ! ,lias ( ,*>m\?1 ,dorset%ire3 ! vegetable /ructure is well pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,fossil ,f]n ,leaves4 ,figs4 #a1 #b4 ,an iron/one nodule1 split asund]1 %[+ an inclos$ f]n-leaf 7,ale?opt]is lon*itidis1 ( ,/]nb]g72 f ! coal-b$s ( ,newca/le4 ,figs4 #c1 #d4 ,! correspond+ p>ts ( ano!r nodule1 conta9+ a f]n-leaf ( a diff]5t k9d 7,neuropt]is74 ,fig4 #e4 ,a v beautiful fossil f]n 7,*eilan!s microlobus1 ( ,gpp]t2 ,sph5opt]is1 ( ,brongni>t72 f ! coal =mation4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a slab ( coal-%ale ) fronds ( f]ns 7,ale?opt]is ,s]lii1 ( ,gpp]t72 f ,dunk]ton4 ,fig4 #g4 ,a beautiful f]n 7,pecopt]is7 9 coal-%ale2 f ,newca/le4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,,plate ,v4 ,fossil ,f]ns & ,/ems4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a beautiful delicate plant1 belong+ to a family ( :i* num]\s species occur 9 ! coal deposits2 nam$1 f ! /ellul> =m ( ! foliage1 ,a/]ophyllites4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a f]n 9 coal-%ale1 f ,york%ire4 7,sph5opt]is trifoliata1 ( ,artis47 ,fig4 #c4 ,ano!r species ( />-leaf plant 7,annul>ia brevifolia71 f ! coal ( ,silesia4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a dicotyl$on\s leaf 9 s&/one1 9 a beautiful /ate ( pres]vation2 f ! t]ti>y /rata ( n+54 ,fig4 #e4 ,a frond ( a rem>kable species ( ext9ct f]n 7,cyclopt]is orbicul>is1 ( ,brongni>t72 f ! coal ( ,%rop%ire4 ,fig4 #f4 ,an elegant f]n 7,pecopt]is71 f coal %ale2 ,newca/le4 ,fig4 #g4 ,a delicate plant 7,sph5ophyllum erosum1 vel d5tatum1 ( ,/]nb]g71 ) w$ge-%ap$ p9nules1 f ! coal =mation4 ,fig4 #h4 ,portion ( a /em1 flatt5$ by compression1 ( a species ( ,sigill>ia 7,sigill>ia tesselata1 ( ,brongni>t74 ,f ! coal ( ,york%ire4 ,fig4 #i4 ,f]n 7,pecopt]is oreopt]idis1 ( ,brongni>t72 f ! coal ( ,s\? ,wales4 ,figs4 #aj1 #aa4 ,two specim5s ( ,a/]ophyllites 9 iron/one nodules1 f ,coalbrook ,dale4 ,! :ite appe>ance is occasion$ by a deposition ( hydrate ( alum9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,fossil ,fruits f ,%eppey4 ,! great] numb] ( ! specim5s "h figur$1 are f ! ,london clay ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey4#i ,footnote #i3 ,= an acc\nt ( ! circum/ances "u :i* fossil fruits1 c4 occur 9 t celebrat$ locality1 see ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 ii4 ,^! fossils are /rongly impregnat$ ) pyrites 7sulphuret ( iron71 & are liable to decompose aft] exposure to ! air = a few weeks or mon?s1 ev5 :5 plac$ 9 clos$ cab9ets3 :5 fir/ f\nd !y are rem>kably beautiful4 ,an excell5t "w on ! fossil fruits ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 0 comm5c$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,b[]bank1 ,esq4 ,f4,k4,s4 ( ,highbury ,grove2 b :i*1 x is mu* to be regrett$1 0 discont9u$ aft] only ?ree numb]s 7 publi%$4 ,fig4 #a4 ,portion ( a bran* ( a tree1 completely m9]aliz$ by pyrites2 x is ! pyrit\s fossil wood ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,figs4 #b1 #c4 ,vegetable sub/ances1 too imp]fect to det]m9e4 ,figs4 #d1 #h1 #i1 #ac4 ,! b]ries ( an ext9ct g5us ( plants1 7nam$ ,we!rellia1 by ,mr4 ,b[]bank1 9 hon\r ( ,mr4 ,we!rell ( ,highgate17 :i*1 f _! appe>ance :5 split asund]1 are call$ by ! local collectors1 c(fee b]ries4 ,! natural aff9ities ( ^! fossils are n det]m9$4 ,figs4 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,! fruit or se$-vessel ( a palm alli$ to ! rec5t ,nipa1 a native ( ! ,molucca ,isl&s2 ! fossil is !re=e nam$ ,nipadites4#aj ,see ! next ,plate4 ,footnote #aj3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 i4 p1 #ahj4 ,figs4 #aj1 #ab4 ,fossil fruits ( plants belong+ to ! ,cucumb] tribe 7h5ce nam$ ,cucumites1 by ,mr4 ,b[]bank74#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,plate xiii4 ( ,mr4 ,b[]bank's "w on ! ,fossil ,fruits ( ! ,london ,clay1 conta9s num]\s figures ( ,cucumites4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a transv]se section ( ,fig4 #af4 ,figs4 #ad1 #ah1 #bd1 #bf1 are v>ieties ( ,cucumites4 ,fig4 #af4 ,calc>e\s wood f ,ox=d%ire4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,wood m9]aliz$ by copp] 7,cupre\s fossil-wood ( ,p>k9son71 f ,s\xson1 9 ,sib]ia4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fossil fruit resembl+ ! se$-vessels ( plants ( ! g5us ,cupania 7,amomoc>pum1 ( ,brongni>t2 ,cupanoides1 ( ,b[]bank72 ,m4 ,brongni>t consid]s ! orig9al to h be5 relat$ to ! ,c>damoms 7,amomum74 ,fig4 #ba4 ,probably a species ( ,cupanoides4 ,figs4 #bj1 #bb4 ,p]ic>p ( a fruit2 its aff9ities unkn[n4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,a piece ( pyrit\s wood4 ,fig4 #be4 ,a roll$ specim5 ( ,nipadites4 ,figs4 #bd1 #bf4 ,two fruits ( plants ( ! ,cucumb] family 7,cucumites74 ,figs4 #bg1 #bi4 ,specim5s ( ! /ems ( a species ( ext9ct ,club-moss 7,lycopodites squamatus72 fossils ( ?is k9d are abundant 9 ! pyrit\s clay ( ,%eppey4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,a fragm5t ( silicifi$ wood1 r\nd$ by attrition2 f ! gravel-pits at ,hackney4 99 99 99 99 99 ,figs4 #ae1 #ag4 ,i h purposely res]v$ ! description ( ^! fossils = ?is place1 because not)/&+ _! close resemblance to ! am5ts or cones ( a p9e or l>*1 :i* l$ ! e>li] collectors to reg>d !m z fruits1 !y d n belong to ! vegetable b to ! animal k+dom1 be+ ! h>d5$ excrem5titi\s cont5ts 7,coprolites7 ( ! inte/9es ( ! fi%es1 ) ^: rema9s !y are associat$ 9 ! *alk4#ab ,! specim5s figur$ are f ,*]ry ,h9ton1 9 ,cambridge%ire2 simil> fossils occur 9 ! ,*alk & ,*alk-m>l ( ,sussex1 ,k5t1 c4 ,footnote #ab3 ,see ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcb2 & ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,essays1 vol4 ii4 pl4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,fossil ,fruits ( ,palms4 ,figs4 #a-e4 ,spl5did specim5s ( "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! fossil fruits t occur 9 ! ,london clay ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey4 ,! nut 9 its p]ic>p or husk is %[n 9 fig4 #a1 ! sep>ate p]ic>p 9 fig4 #b1 & ! nut itself 9 fig4 #c4 ,figs4 #d & #e1 repres5t ano!r beautiful fossil ( ! same species4 ,^! fossil fruits1 :i* ,mr4 ,p>k9son consid]$ z belong+ to a species ( ,cocos1 or ,cocoa1 & ,m4 ,brongni>t ref]r$ to ! ,p&anus or ,screw-p9e1 ,mr4 ,b[]bank has demon/rat$ to be closely relat$ to ! rec5t ,nipa1 or ,malucca ,palm2 a l[ %rub-l monocotyl$on\s plant1 t inhabits m>%y tracts ne> ! m\?s ( great riv]s1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! wat]s are bracki%4 ,mr4 ,b[]bank has figur$ & describ$ elev5 species4 ,! species repres5t$ 9 ?is plate is di/+ui%$ z ,nipadites ,p>k9sonis3 ,m4 ,brongni>t _h previ\sly nam$ x ,p&anoc>pum ,p>k9sonis4#ac ,footnote #ac3 ,see an acc\nt ( an ,excursion to ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hig4 ,! foll[+ is ,mr4 ,b[]bank's description ( ^! fossils3-- ,! fruits ( :i* ! gr\p ,i propose to "n ,nipadites is compos$1 are kn[n among ! wom5 & *ildr5 by :om !y are usually collect$1 by ! "n ( 'petrifi$ figs4' ,! epic>p & endoc>p are ?9 & membran\s2 ! s>coc>p is ?ick & pulpy1 compos$ ( cellul> tissue1 ?r\gh :i* run num]\s bundles ( vessels4 ,! cells are ab\t ! #h_/ajj? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! p]ic>p is situat$ a l>ge se$1 :i*1 :5 brok51 is f\nd to be m or less holl[4 ,x is frequ5tly n m ?an half a l9e 9 ?ickness2 b 9 p]fect specim5s x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a closely granulat$ /ructure1 9 :i* small ap]tures conta9+ c>bonace\s matt] occasionally occur4 ,! se$ 9 ,nipadites ,p>k9sonis1 consi/s ( regul> lay]s ( cells radiat+ f a spot situat$ ne> ! middle ( ! se$1 & app>5tly enclos+ a c5tral embryo4 ,if ! habits ( ! plants :i* produc$ ^! fossil fruits 7 simil> to ^? ( ! rec5t ,nipa1 x w acc\nt = _! amaz+ abundance 9 ! ,london ,clay ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey2 :i* =mation1 f ! great v>iety ( fossiliz$ /ems & bran*es1 mix$ up ) a/]ia1 mollusca1 & con*if]a ( num]\s m>9e & fre%-wat] g5]a1 is /rik+ly *>act]iz$ z hav+ be5 ! delta ( an imm5se riv]1 :i* probably fl[$ f ne> ! ,equator t[>ds ! spot :]e ^! int]e/+ rema9s are n[ deposit$4#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,fossil ,fruits & ,se$s ( ! ,london ,clay4 ,van ,voor/1 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,figs4 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,specim5s ( a se$-vessel1 or nut1 ( an unkn[n plant1 (t5 f\nd 9 ! /rata ( ! coal measures4 ,x is call$ ,trigonoc>pum oliv=me1 f its g5]al %ape4 ,f ,leice/]%ire2 x probably belongs to a plant ( ! ,palm family4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,petrifi$ ,/ems & ,woods4 ,figs4 #a-g1 repres5t diff]5t sections & p>ts ( "s rem>kably beautiful & int]e/+ silicifi$ /ems ( an ext9ct tribe ( plants1 relat$ to ! arboresc5t f]ns1 & :i* are f\nd 9 consid]able abundance at ,*emnitz1 ne> ,hill]sdorf1 9 ,saxony4 ,! "n ( ,ps>onius is giv5 to ! g5us by ,m4 ,cotta4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #e1 #g1 are ,p4 helm9?oli!s2 figs4 #c1 #f1 ,p4 a/]oli!s2 figs4 #e1 #f1 #g1 are enl>g$ figures ( ! transv]se sections ( "s ( ! vessels =m+ ! vascul> tissue4 ,f ! /ellul> figure produc$ by transv]se sections ( ! vessels1 ?is fossil wood has receiv$ ! "n ( ,/a>5/e91 or ,/>ry-/one4 ,9 ! "t ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 ! tubes n[ kn[n to be ! vessels ( ! vascul> tissue1 7 suppos$ to h be5 produc$ by "s bor+ or p>asitical animals4 ,fig4 #d4 ,transv]se section ( a /em ( calc>e\s wood f ! ,ba? oolite4 ,figs4 #h1 #i4 ,calc>e\s fossil wood2 ! cyl9drical cavities h be5 =m$ by ! depr$ations ( ! ligniv]\s bor+ mollusk1 ! ,t]$o1 & are n[ fill$ ) transluc5t calc>e\s sp>4 ,?is k9d ( fossil 0 call$ ,lapis syr+oides by ! e>ly collectors4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,silicifi$ wood2 ! p]=ations are suppos$ to h be5 occasion$ by ! depr$ations ( bor+ mollusca3 ! cavities are fill$ ) a :ite pellucid *alc$ony4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,fossil ,/ems & ,se$-vessels4 ,fig4 #a4 ,! /robilus or cone ( an ext9ct family ( plants ^: rema9s are v abundant 9 ! coal /rata1 & :i* h l>gely contribut$ to ! =mation ( ! m9]al fuel n[ become s indisp5sable to ! necessities & luxuries ( man4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds1 & al?\gh !re c be no d\bt t !y are ! se$-vessels ( ! ,lepidod5dra ) :i* !y are associat$1 yet b few species are id5tifi$ ) _! p>5t trees4 ,! specim5 figur$ is ! ,lepido/robus ornatus ( ,l9dley & ,hutton4 ,f ! coal measures ( ,coalbrook ,dale4 ,fig4 #b4 ,"o ( ! s-call$ ,petrifi$ ,melons ( ,m\nt ,c>mel4 ,figs4 #c #d4 ,an unkn[n fossil body2 possibly a coral4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a v]tical section ( "o ( ! ,petrifi$ ,melons f ,m\nt ,c>mel4 ,! fossil ?us nam$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son appe>s to be m]ely a silice\s nodule1 hav+ a cavity l9$ ) qu>tz cry/als4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a leg5d rife among ! b>efoot$ fri>s ( ,m\nt ,c>mel1 t has conf]r$ a celebrity on ^! /ones2 x runs1 t on ?is spot 0 a g>d5 well /ock$ ) melons1 & t ! prophet ,elias1 :o f\nd$ ! mona/]y1 once ask+ ! g>d5] = "o ( 8 melons1 he ) *urli% hum\r answ]$1 !y 7 n melons b /ones3 on :i* !y 7 imm$iately *ang$ into /ones1 & s rema9 to ?is day4 ,figs4 #f #g4 ,unkn[n vegetable fossils1 highly metallic2 fig4 #f appe>s to be a fragm5t ( a cone4 ,figs4 #h #i1 are nodules ( pyrites1 accid5tally assum+ ! =m ( fungi2 !y are n fossils1 b simply masses ( inorganic m9]al matt]4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,portion ( ! flatt5$ /em ( an ext9ct plant1 f ! coal measures ( ,york%ire1 ^: aff9ities are unc]ta92 suppos$ to resemble ! ,yew-tree4 ,x appe>s to be simil> to ! fossil nam$ ,knorria tax9a by ,messrs4 ,l9dley & ,hutton 9 ! ,briti% ,fossil ,flora4 ,9 t beautiful "w1--! cont9uation ( :i* is mu* to be desir$1--! g5us ,knorria comprises ^? fossil /ems 9 :i* ! project+ sc>s ( ! petioles are d5sely arrang$ 9 a spiral mann]4#ae ,footnote #ae3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 i4 p4 #afa4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4 ,,plate ,x4 7,plates ,x4 to ,,xxxiv4 inclusive1 are f ,artis's "w on ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,plants1 f ! coal =mations ( ,great ,brita947 ,column> ,hydatica4 ,"u ! "n ,hydatica1 ,mr4 ,artis has describ$ two species ( fossil plants1 f ! coal-m9e ne> ,w5twor?1 ,york%ire4 ,! orig9als appe> to h be5 aquatic plants1 hav+ a horizontal or creep+ /em1 s5d+ up sl5d] bran*es1 :i* float$ by _! leaves on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! g5]ic *>act]s are1 ,/em1 arboresc5t1 jo9t$1 bran*$2 leaves1 long1 l9e>4 ,9 ! arrangem5ts ( ,s*lo!im & ,brongni>t1 :o consid] only ! con/ruction ( ! leaves1 ^! plants w\ld belong to ! g5us ,poacites4 ,! species figur$ is nam$ ,hydatica column>is1 or ,column> ,hydatica4 ,! /em is bran*$ all ! way up1 & ends 9 a club-l head2 ! bran*es are num]\s1 simple1 alt]nate1 & cov]$ ) p>allel hair-l leaves4 ,fig4 #a4 ,! plant ( ! natural size1 imb$d$ 9 coal-%ale2 fig4 #b1 a bran* magnifi$1 %[+2 ! two l9e> s]ies 9 :i* ! leaves are arrang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,pro/rate ,hydatica4 ,a spl5did specim5 ( ano!r species ( ,hydatica1 spread out on ! surface ( ! coal-%ale1 z if exp&$ on ! bosom ( ! lake 9 :i* x grew3 ! l5g? ( ! orig9al1 a "p ( :i* only is figur$ 9 ! plate1 0 eight feet1 five in*es4 ,?is species is nam$ by ,mr4 ,artis1 ,hydatica pro/rata4 ,! /em is jo9t$1 & slightly /riat$2 ! jo9ts are =m$ ) irregul> sutures1 :5ce arise tufts ( l9e> leaves resembl+ ^? ( our common grasses4 ,fragm5ts ( ?is fossil plant are abundant 9 ! ro(s ( sev]al ( ! *amb]s :5ce ! coal has be5 extract$1 9 ,elsec> ,colli]y1 ,york%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,sl5d] ,myriophyllite4 ,! fossil "h figur$ seems to approximate v closely to ! ,hydatica2 b ,mr4 ,artis describes ! plant "u ! g5]ic "n ( ,myriophyllites2--,m4 gracilis4 ,! /em is h]bace\s & sl5d]1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t2 x is ?ickly cov]$ ) hair-l leaves4 ,x 0 f\nd imb$d$ horizontally1 9 deta*$ masses1 sep>at$ f ! great mass ( vegetable matt] :i* cov]s ! coal1 by an int]v5+ lay] ( %ale4 ,x is r>ely met ) 9 ! same b$ ) o!r vegetables1 b g5]ally 9 solit>y & ?9 /rata1 tak+ a horizontal position2 s t by riv+ ! %ale :i* conta9s ^! plants1 numb]s ( !m are disclos$ on ! same surface4 ,9 its g5]al aspect ?is fossil vegetable resembles ! trail+ roots ( "s aquatic plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,bran*$ ,calamite4 ,long & l>ge jo9t$ /ems1 g5]ally m or less flatt5$ by compression1 & be>+ "s resemblance to a cane or bamboo1 are v abundant 9 ! coal =mations4 ,"s ( !m atta9 _m feet 9 l5g?1 & are ( a correspond+ magnitude 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! orig9al plants are suppos$ to h be5 relat$ to ! ,equisetace1 or ,m>e's-tail1 & n to ! ,bambusi1 & o!r arboresc5t grasses4 ,! /em is jo9t$1 & longitud9ally /riat$1 hav+ annul> impressions at ! articulations4 ,! pres5t species 7,calamites ramosus7 has ! /em arboresc5t & bran*$2 ! bran*es are cyl9drical1 /riat$1 & ins]t$ at ! articulations ( ! trunk2 ! articulations ( ! bran*es are surr\nd$ by a /riat$ disk4 ,! /em has be5 f\nd n9e feet 9 l5g?1 & occurs bo? horizontally & v]tically1 9 s&/one1 9 ,leabrook ,qu>ry1 ne> ,w5twor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,d\btful ,calamite4 ,^! fossil /ems are f ! same s&/one qu>ry z ! ,calamite del9eat$ 9 ! previ\s plate4 ,!y diff] 9 "s respects f ! usual type ( ! g5us1 h5ce ! specific "n 7,calamites dubius74 ,! /ri are n>r[1 & h a f9e groove runn+ d[n ! middle2 ! fif? or six? articulation is surr\nd$ by a d\ble l9e ( l>ge globul> ind5tations1 "o r[ belong+ to ea* ( ! connect$ jo9ts2 ^! impr9ts h app>5tly be5 left by a zone ( "s organs :i* surr\nd$ ! articulations1 & by its pressure left ! ind5t$ frill1 %[n 9 ! upp] extremity ( fig4 #b4 ,^! /ems are g5]ally f\nd compress$1 & f two to ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,_! t]m9ation is unkn[n4 ,?is species is figur$ by ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t 9 ,hi/4 ,veg4 ,foss4 tab4 #ah1 figs4 #a-c4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xv4 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,pseudo-,bamboo ,calamite4 7,calamites pseudo bambusia1 ( ,/]nb]g4 ---- ,suckovii1 ( ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 ,foss4 ,veg4 tab4 #ad47 ,?is fossil 0 f\nd 9 ! clay :i* fills ! fissures ( a v f9e grit1 call$ by ! workm5 ',delf1' t =ms a /ratum f tw5ty to tw5ty-five feet ?ick1 9 ! qu>ry at ,leabrook1 ne> ,w5twor?1 9 ,york%ire4 ,imm$iately "u ?is /ratum !re is a ?9 b$ ( v good coal2 & at a consid]able dep? bel[ ?is b$1 !re is a second lay] ( coal1 eight feet ?ick1 :i* is cov]$ 9 p>ticul> places ) imm5se masses ( fossil plants4 ,! species "h figur$ v closely resembles ! ,bamboos4 ,! /em is arboresc5t1 & m>k$ ) p>allel l9e> /rife1 :i* are int]cept$ at ! sutures2 x is simple & cyl9drical1 & contract$ at ! articulations2 x occurs five feet or m 9 l5g?4 ,fig4 #a1 repres5ts "p ( ! middle ( a /em4 ,fig4 #b1 %[s ! gradual upw>d dim9ution ( ! /em1 & its po9t$ t]m9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,%ort-jo9t$ ,calamite4 7,calamites approximatus1 ,/]nb]g4 ---- ----1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 ,veg4 ,foss4 tab4 #bd47 ,?is species ( ,calamite is *>act]iz$ by ! %ortness & numb] ( ! jo9ts2 ^! are int]cept$ by di/9ct articulations1 & h small compress$ tub]cles1 =m+ a /udd$ r[ r\nd ! trunk4 ,! articulations are ab\t "o-fif? ! diamet] ( ! /em ap>t4 ,! tub]cul> /uds1 or w>ts1 are probably ! cicatrices ( fall5 leaves2 !y rise directly f ! articulations1 & n f ! l[] t]m9ation ( ! /ri1 z 9 ! species figur$ 9 ! next plate4 ,! specim5 0 f\nd imb$d$ horizontally 9 s(t s&/one1 at ! bottom ( ! rock 9 ,hob] ,qu>ry1 ne> ,w5twor?4 ,fig4 #a1 repres5ts a portion ( ! upp] "p ( ! trunk1 ( ! natural size1 t]m9at+ at ! top 9 a %>p compress$ po9t4 ,fig4 #b4 ,an outl9e on a r$uc$ scale1 to %[ ! proportionate size ( ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,ornam5t$ ,calamite4 7,calamites decoratus1 ,artis4 ---- ----1 ( ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 ,veg4 ,foss4 tab4 #ad1 figs4 #a-e47 ,9 ?is species ( ,calamite ! jo9ts are %ort1 & decrease 9 l5g? t[>ds ! summit1 :]e !y t]m9ate 9 an enl>g$ r\nd$ head4 ,! /ri are ornam5t$ ) tub]cles at ! bottom1 close to ! articulation4 ,! /ri are broad]1 & ! tub]cles l>g]1 t[>ds ! summit4 ,! /em is sometimes f\nd two feet long1 & f two to f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! situation ( ! tub]cles at ! l[] extremity ( ! /ri1 is a /rik+ feature ( ?is species2 & ! t]m9ation ( ! summit ( ! /em is rem>kable = its obtus5ess4 ,! specim5 is f ,leabrook ,qu>ry1 ,york%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,transv]se ,/]nb]gia4 7,/]nb]gia transv]sa1 ( ,artis4 ,artesia ----1 ( ,presl4 ,additions to ,/]nb]g's ,flora d] ,vorwelt47 ,! /ems kn[n by ! "n ( ,/]nb]gia1 7f ,c\nt ,/]nb]g1 ! au?or ( ! ,fossil ,flora17 appe> to be relat$ to ! ,yucca1 or to ! ,p&anus or ,screw-p9e4 ,mr4 ,artis obs]ves1 t !y be> consid]able analogy to ! /ems ( ! ,/apeli ( our g>d5s2 b /ill1 ! ext]nal =m1 :i* ,is ! only "* visible1 does n furni% suffici5t gr\nd = _! be+ positively ref]r$ to t g5us4 ,! /em is m>k$ longitud9ally ) d\ble keels or ridges1 :i* t]m9ate at diff]5t heights spirally r\nd ! /em1 & h small tub]cles at _! t]m9ations4 ,!re are likewise slight annul> depressions1 mo/ly di/9ct1 b 9 "s places two or m unite4 ,! /em is /raight1 simple1 & cyl9drical1 & is compress$ t[>ds ! summit4 ,x is sometimes f\nd six feet 9 l5g?1 & f "o to f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is g5]ally coat$ ) a c>boniz$ b>k4 ,fig4 #a1 %[s a portion ( ! /em ( ! natural size4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! upp] extremity1 9 :i* ! tub]cul> t]m9ations ( ! d\ble keels or ridges are se5 at ,a1 ,b4 ,f\nd associat$ ) ,calamites 9 ! clay-b9d ( ,leabrook ,qu>ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xix4 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,fibr\s ,sigill>ia4 7,rhytidolepis fibrosa1 ( ,artis47 ,/ems m or less flatt5$1 ) ! ext]nal surface longitud9ally furr[$1 & uni=mly ornam5t$ ) r[s ( deeply impr9t$ symmetrical figures1 dispos$ ) mu* regul>ity1 are among ! mo/ abundant vegetable rema9s 9 ! coal =mation4 ,^! are nam$ ,sigill>i1 f ! ,lat9 ^w sigillum1 signify+ a seal1 9 allusion to ! extreme regul>ity ( ! impr9ts on ! surface4 ,:5 f\nd 9 an upright position1 at "r angles to ! plane ( ! /ratum1 ! orig9al cyl9drical =m ( ! tree is commonly pres]v$2 & _m examples are n[ kn[n ( gr\ps ( erect ,sigill>i1 ) _! roots ext5d+ into ! surr\nd+ clay or s&y loam2 ! roots prov+ to be ! fossil bodies call$ ,/igm>i1 :i* 7 =m]ly suppos$ to be a di/9ct family ( aquatic plants4#af ,! fir/ discov]y ( ?is highly int]e/+ & unexpect$ fact 0 made by ,mr4 ,b9ney4#ag ,footnote #af3 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,essay1 vol4 i4 p4 #dgf4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see ,supplem5t>y ,notes1 p4 #aih4 ,! specim5 figur$ 0 f\nd 9 an erect position 9 ! s&/one ( a qu>ry at ,r[m>%1 ne> ,ro!rham 9 ,york%ire4 ,! /em is simple1 ! furr[s small & wavy1 impress$ ) dots on ! ridges4 ,! cicatrices are ovate1 subp5tagonal1 ) ! l[] angles r\nd$1 hav+ a s+le gl& ne> ! l[] extremity4 ,! /em is ?ree feet long1 & f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! transv]se section1 z se5 9 fig4 #a1 %[s traces ( a d\ble conc5tric r+1 z if produc$ by int]nal /ructure4 ,fig4 #b1 displays ! equality ( ! /em ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 & its abrupt t]m9ation4 ,9 fig4 #c1 is se5 ! cicatrix ) its s+le gl&1 = ! atta*m5t ( ! petiole or leaf-/alk4 ,fig4 #d1 indicates ! undulat+ l9e ( ! top ( ! ridge4 ,! orig9als ( ^! fossils are suppos$ by ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t to h con/itut$ a peculi> family ( conif]\s plants1 n[ ext9ct1 :i* probably belong$ to ! great division ( gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons4 ,9 _! ext]nal =ms !y some:at resembl$ ! ,cacte or ,euphorbi1 b 7 m ne>ly relat$ by _! int]nal organization to ! ,zami or ,cycade4 ,! leaves & fruits ( ^! trees are unkn[n1 = no satisfactory connexion has be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! /ems1 & ! foliage & se$ vessels ) :i* !y are sometimes collocat$4#ah ,footnote #ah3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 i4 p4 #ach4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xx4 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,sigill>ia4 7,euphorbites vulg>is1 ( ,artis47 ,?is species is *>act]iz$ by ! rem>kable fi%-l =m ( ! cicatrices left by ! base ( ! leaf-/alks1 & by ! rapid tap]+ ( ! upp] "p ( ! /em1 z %[n 9 ! r$uc$ figure #a1 :i* repres5ts a specim5 n9e feet long1 five feet 9 circumf]5ce at ! base1 & only tw5ty-"o in*es 9 circumf]5ce at ! upp] end4 ,! ridges1 :i* at ! sup]ior extremity are simple & n>r[1 & p>t$ only by a s+le l9e1 become at ! l[] "p ( ! /em wide & flat1 & are sep>at$ by a groove ( equal bread?1 z se5 9 fig4 #c1 :i* is tak5 f ,b1 fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b1 repres5ts a portion t[>ds ! upp] end1 at ,a1 fig4 #a2 & exhibits ! diff]5t appe>ance ( ! b>k1 & ! "u surface1 :5 ! cortical inve/m5t is remov$2 ! impr9ts 9 ea* case diff]+ v mu* 9 appe>ance4 ,! specim5 f :i* ! draw+ 0 tak51 0 f a s&/one qu>ry ne> ,alt(ts1 9 ,york%ire4 ,9 "o ( ! ab&on$ *amb]s ( ! upp] ,elsec> coal-m9e1 sev5 trunks ( ?is tree 7 susp5d$ freely f ! ro(1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* 0 eight feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,ficoid ,/igm>ia4 7,/igm>ia ficoides1 ( ,m4 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 ,veg4 ,foss4 tab4 #ag1 figs4 #e1 #f4 ,ficoidites furcatus1 ( ,mr4 ,artis47 ,! fossil trunks or /ems call$ ,/igm>i1 or ,v>iol1 7f ! pits or areol ) :i* !y are /udd$17 occur z abundantly 9 ! coal =mation z ! ,sigill>i1 ( :i* tribe ( plants unequivocal pro( has at l5g? be5 obta9$ t !y are ! roots4 ,^! bodies are m or less regul>ly cyl9drical1 & v>y 9 l5g? f a few in*es to fifte5 or tw5ty feet1 ! l>ge/ be+ sev]al in*es 9 diamet]4 ,_! surface is cov]$ ) num]\s oval or circul> depressions1 9 ! middle ( ea* ( :i* !re is a r\nd$ papilla1 or tub]cle4 ,^! v>iol are dispos$ r\nd ! /em 9 qu9cunx ord]4 ,:5 ^! roots are brok5 across1 a small cyl9drical core or pi? is expos$1 :i* ext5ds 9 a longitud9al direction ?r\gh\t ! /em1 l a m$ull>y column4 ,?is c5tral axis1 :i* is (t5 sep>able f ! surr\nd+ mass1 is compos$ ( bundles ( vascul> tissue dispos$ 9 a radiat$ mann]1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by m$ull>y rays4 ,?is int]nal organization pres5ts ! same correspond5ce ) t ( ! /ems ( ,sigill>i1 z does ! /ructure ( ! roots ( a dicotyl$on\s tree ) t ( its bran*es & /ems4 ,! ,/igm>i are almo/ inv>iably pres5t 9 ! b$ call$ ! ,"u ,clay1 :i* und]lies ! coal1 & :5 obs]v$ 9 ?is situation1 long tap]+ sub-cyl9drical fibres are f\nd atta*$ to ! tub]cles2 & ^! processes or rootlets are (t5 sev]al feet 9 l5g?4 ,_! =m & mode ( atta*m5t are %[n at ,c1 ,d2 ! rootlets t]m9ate 9 bifurcations1 z se5 at ,a1 ,b4 ,! specim5 "h figur$ is "p ( a root ne>ly six feet long1 & ?ree in*es 9 diamet]2 "s ( ! rootlets 7 two feet long4 ,x is imb$d$ 9 %ale2 f ,elsec> colli]y4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,a ,/igm>ia ) rootlets1 _m feet 9 l5g?1 is plac$ ov] ! doorway 9 ! room devot$ to fossil vegetables 9 ! ,gall]y ( ,organic ,rema9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,w>ty ,/igm>ia4 7,/igm>ia ficoides1 ,brongni>t4 ,phytoli?us v]rucosus1 ,m>t9's ,petrificata ,d]bi5sia1 ,pl4 ,,ii4 ,ficoidites v]rucosus1 ( ,artis47 ,9 ?is species ( ,/igm>ia ! tub]cles v>y consid]ably 9 size1 & give a v]rucose1 or w>ty1 aspect to ! surface4 ,! specim5 figur$ on a small scale1 fig4 #b1 & a portion ( ! natural size1 fig4 #a1 0 betwe5 five & six feet 9 l5g?1 & f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a groove visible on ! ext]nal surface indicates ! inn] axis1 :i* by compression has be5 press$ f its natural c5tral position2 see fig4 #b1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d3 figs4 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 %[ 9 ! correspond+ transv]se sections ! position ( ?is body4 ,! mode ( atta*m5t ( ! rootlets to ! tub]cle on ! ma9 root1 is repres5t$ fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #c1 exhibits ! *>act]s ( ! two k9ds ( v>iol1 or tub]cles4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,essay 0 publi%$1 ! true nature ( ^! fossil rema9s 0 unkn[n4 ,x 0 suppos$ by ,messrs4 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 t ! orig9al 0 an aquatic plant1 hav+ a %ort dome-%ap$ trunk1 f :i* radiat$ num]\s long horizontal bran*es2 & t :5 ! plant 0 p]fect1 & ! bran*es float+ on ! wat]1 its appe>ance resembl$ t ( an ,a/]ias4#bj ,?is dome-%ap$ trunk is n[ kn[n to be m]ely ! base ( ! /em ( ! tree4 ,see ,supplem5t>y ,notes1 art4 ,/igm>ia4 ,footnote #bj3 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,essay1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ie4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,great ,/igm>ia4 7,/igm>ia ficoides1 ( ,brongni>t4 ,ficoidites major1 ( ,artis47 ,! fossil "h repres5t$ is a fragm5t ( a ,/igm>ia hav+ l>g] tub]cles ?an ! species previ\sly describ$4 ,! tub]cles are oval at ! base1 some:at compress$1 longitud9ally f>r[$ at ! top1 ) a pit 9 ! furr[4 ,?is root is f five to six in*es 9 diamet]2 ! axis is se5 ne> ! compress$ side1 9 ! transv]se section at ! bottom ( ! figure4 ,f a s&/one qu>ry1 ne> ,ro!rham1 ,york%ire4 ,! specim5 figur$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 ante1 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #a1 appe>s to be ! fragm5t ( a ,/igm>ia ( ?is k9d 9 iron/one3 ! int]nal axis is se5 9 ! transv]se section press$ f its natural position to ne> ! out] surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,cre/$ ,aspidi>ia4 7,aspidi>ia cri/ata1 ( ,presl4 ,sigill>ia app5diculata1 ,brongni>t4 ,aphyllum cri/atum1 ,artis47 ,! fossil "h repres5t$ is "p ( ! /em ( a tree ne>ly =ty feet long1 & two feet 9 diamet]1 f\nd imb$d$ 9 s&/one at ,banktop1 ,york%ire4 ,! cicatrices ( ! petioles are obovate1 & h a c5tral oblong cre/ or ridge2 ! int]/ices =m deep angul> furr[s4 ,! /ems ) ?is type ( sculptur+1 are suppos$ to belong to a gr\p ( ext9ct vegetables1 :i* held an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! ,sigill>i1 previ\sly describ$1 & ! ,lepidod5dra2 toge!r ) ! latt]1 & c]ta9 true ,conif] & arboresc5t f]ns1 ^! trees appe> to h con/itut$ ! pr9cipal =e/s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,frondose ,megaphyton4 7,megaphyton di/ans1 ( ,l9dley & ,hutton's ,fossil ,flora ( ,great ,brita947 ,v l>ge /ems n *annell$1 ) regul> cicatrices ( great size1 arrang$ longitud9ally1 occur 9 ! s&/one & grits ( ! ,c>bonif]\s =mation1 & are suppos$ to belong to a tribe ( ext9ct plants1 m ne>ly alli$ to ! arboresc5t f]ns ( our tropical climes1 ?an to any o!r exi/+ trees4 ,! specim5 figur$ is "p ( a /em t5 feet 9 l5g?1 f a qu>ry ne> ,r[m>% 9 ,york%ire4 ,?is /em has a co>se fibr\s surface1 furr[$ longitud9ally2 ! cicatrices left by ! %$d+ ( ! leaves are ( a horse%oe %ape ) ! po9ts direct$ upw>ds4 ,?is gr\p ( /ems has be5 sep>at$ by writ]s on fossil botany into sev]al g5]a1 z ,bo?rod5dron1 ,ulod5dron1 c4#ba ,9 "s ( ^! ! sc>s are five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,essay1 plate #ef4 ,!re are _m f9e examples ( ^! fossils 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,lepidod5dron1 or ,scaly-tree4 7,aphyllum asp]um1 ,r\gh ,aphyllum1 ( ,artis47 ,! ,lepidod5dra 7,scaly-trees7 are a tribe ( plants ^: rema9s ab\nd 9 ! ,coal =mation1 & rival 9 numb] & magnitude ! ,calamites & ,sigill>i previ\sly describ$4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ! imbricat$ or scaly appe>ance ( ! surface1 occasion$ by ! little angul> sc>s left by ! sep>ation ( ! leaves4 ,"s ( ^! trees h be5 f\nd almo/ entire1 f _! roots to ! topmo/ bran*es4 ,"o specim51 =ty feet high1 & ?irte5 feet 9 diamet] at ! base1 & divid$ t[>ds ! summit into fifte5 or tw5ty bran*es1 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,j>r[ coal-m9e1 ne> ,newca/le4#bb ,footnote #bb3 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 six? edition1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gbb4 ,! foliage ( ^! trees consi/s ( simple l9e> leaves1 spirally arrang$ ar\nd ! /em1 & :i* appe> to h be5 %$ f ! base ( ! tree ) age4 ,! m>k+s produc$ by ! atta*m5t ( ! leaves are nev] oblit]at$1 & ! twigs & bran*es are g5]ally f\nd cov]$ ) foliage4 ,! orig9als are suppos$ by ,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t1 not)/&+ _! gigantic size1 to h be5 closely relat$ to ! ,lycopodia1 or ,club-mosses4#bc ,footnote #bc3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 p4 #add4 ,associat$ ) ! /ems ( ,lepidod5dra1 & (t5times imb$d$ 9 masses ( _! foliage1 & 9 "s in/ances atta*$ to ! extremities ( ! bran*es1 are num]\s oblong or cyl9drical scaly cones1 g>ni%$ ) leaves3 an imp]fect specim5 is figur$ 9 ,plate ,,ix4 fig4 #a1 & ! v]tical section ( ano!r 9 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #f4 ,^! cones h receiv$ ! "n ( ,lepido/robi 7,scaly-cones71 & are ! se$-vessels or fruits ( ! ,lepidod5dra4#bd ,footnote #bd3 ,see ,m$als ( ,creation1 p4 #adg1 & lign4 #ca1 p4 #adi4 ,^! fossils (t5 =m ! nuclei ( ! iron/one nodules f ,coalbrook ,dale1 & are inve/$ ) a pure :ite hydrate ( alum9a2 ! leaflets1 or m prop]ly bracte1 are (t5 replac$ by gal5a1 or sulphuret ( lead1 giv+ rise to specim5s ( great beauty & int]e/1 z examples ( ! electro-*emical *anges :i* ^! fruits ( ! c>bonif]\s =e/s h und]gone4 ,! fossils figur$ 9 ?is ,plate1 are portions ( a /em elev5 feet 9 l5g?1 f ne> ,hoyl&1 ,york%ire4 ,fig4 #a1 is f ! upp] "p1 & %[s ! c>boniz$ scales atta*$2 fig4 #b1 repres5ts "p ( ! l[] end1 9 :i* ! scales are decorticat$1 f ! adhesion ( ! b>k to ! surr\nd+ %ale4 ,a4 ,%[s ! cicatrix1 ) its transv]se gl& t connects ! scale1 9 ! upp] "p ( ! trunk4 ,b4 ,exposes ! int]/ice betwe5 ! scales 9 ! l[] portion ( ! /em4 ,c4 ,a section ( ! holl[ cicatrix4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,ly*nophorite4 7,ly*nophorites sup]us1 ( ,artis47 ,! fossil figur$ "u ! above "n by ,mr4 ,artis1 is "p ( a l>ge bran* ( a tree1 ! surface ( :i* is cov]$ ) ! cicatrices ( leaf-/alks1 z 9 ! ,lepidod5dron4 ,! =m ( ! cicatrix & po9t ( atta*m5t is %[n at ,b2 figure ,a1 is ! re/or$ outl9e ( a leaf4 ,dr4 ,m>t9s ref]s ! fossil plants ( ?is type to a rec5t %rubby g5us ( syng5esi\s plants1 :i* cov] ! pla9s ( ,brazil1 & :i* he names ,ly*nophora1 :5ce he =m$ ?is fossil g5us1 by *ang+ ! t]m9ation to ites1 accord+ to ! common usage4--,artis4 ,! specim5 repres5t$ is 9 s&/one1 f ,sw9ton ,common1 ne> ,ro!rham1 ,york%ire4 ,?is tree seems to be closely alli$ to ! ,lepidod5dra4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,e>$ ,neuropt]ite4 7,neuropt]is auriculata1 ,brongni>t4 ,hi/4 ,veg4 ,foss4 tab4 #ff4 ,filicites ,osmunda1 ( ,artis47 ,! g5]al aspect ( ?is beautiful filicite v mu* resembles t ( our well-kn[n fl[]+ f]n1 ! elegant ,osmunda regalis2 ! auriculat$ or "o-e>$ base ( ! lanceolat$ leaflets =ms1 h[ev]1 a di/+ui%+ "*4 ,x belongs to ! g5us ,neuropt]is 7n]v$-leaf f]n7 ( ,m4 ,brongni>t1 :i* comprises _m species ( delicately-ve9$ f]ns3 ! ve9s 9 ?is fossil plant are v f9e1 ar*$1 & rise obliquely f ! base ( ! leaflet4 ,! leaflets are (t5 f\nd deta*$1 & 9 _m in/ances1 ?\gh completely c>boniz$1 are s firm1 & s slightly atta*$ to ! %ale1 t !y may be sep>at$ by a pair ( =ceps3 :5 remov$1 _! impression rema9s on ! /one1 z is %[n 9 ! light-col\r$ "p ( ! figure #b2 ! =m & di/ribution ( ! rib1 & n]vures or ve9s1 are se5 9 fig4 #c4 ,f ,elsec> colli]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxix4 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,trifoliate ,sph5opt]ite4 7,sph5opt]is trifoliata1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 ,veg4 ,foss4 tab4 #ec1 fig4 #c4 ,filicites trifoliatus1 ( ,artis4 ,*eilan?ites2 f its suppos$ analogy to ! rec5t g5us ,*eilan!s4 ,gpp]t4 ,trans4 ,academy ( ,bonn47 ,?is is a r>e species ( f]n f ! coal %ale ( ,york%ire1 ,elsec> ,colli]y4 ,x has ! leaf or frond trip9nate2 ! p9n1 lobes1 or w+s1 alt]nate ) an odd "o2 ! leaflets are t]nate1 ) r\ndi%1 convex lobes4 ,?is plant has be5 ref]r$ to ! tropical f]ns1 & is ne>ly alli$ to ! g5]a ,davallia1 or ,*eilan!s2 b f ! almo/ g5]al abs5ce ( ! organs ( fructification 9 fossil f]ns1 x is impossible to ref] !m ) any c]ta9ty to liv+ g5]a4 ,x belongs to ! ,sph5opt]es1 or w$ge-%ap$-leaf f]ns1 ( ,m4 ,brongni>t4 ,a1 %[s ! ca/ or matrix ( ! "u side ( ! leaf2 ,b1 ! upp] side 9 relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,milton ,filicite4 7,pecopt]is ,miltoni1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 ,veg4 ,foss4 tab4 #aad1 ,filicites ,miltoni1 ,artis47 ,?is exquisite specim5 exhibits "p ( two leaves atta*$ to ! /em1 ! "u surface ( ! fronds1 on :i* ! fructification is beautifully display$1 be+ expos$4 ,! frond is trip9nate1 ! /ipes l>ge & /rong1 ! leaflets l9e> ) ! tip r\nd$4 ,! fructification is arrang$ 9 l9es ne> ! m>g92 b slight traces ( ! v5ation ( ! leaflets are di/+ui%able4 ,f ,milton1 9 ,york%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,plumose ,pecopt]ite4 7,pecopt]is plumosa1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 ,veg4 ,foss4 tab4 #aba4 ,filicites plumosus1 ,artis47 ,?is elegant f]n is *>act]iz$ by ! plumose or wavy "* ( ! /ipes or /ems ( ! fronds1 :i* are trip9nate2 ! leaflets are lanceolate & sessile1--t is1 are closely atta*$ by _! base1 )\t a /alk4 ,! fructification is se5 dispos$ ne> ! m>g9s ( ! leaflets on ! left h& upp] "p ( ! specim54 ,f ! same locality z ! la/4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,decurr5t ,filicite4 7,ale?opt]is decurr5s1 ( ,gpp]t4 ,pecopt]is het]ophylla1 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 tab4 #ch4 ,filicites decurr5s1 ( ,artis47 ,! draw+ repres5ts b a small portion ( ! specim51 :i* indicat$ a plant ( gigantic size4 ,! leaf or frond ( ?is f]n is v l>ge1 trip9nate or quadrip9nate2 ! /ipes is broad & undulat$2 ! leaflets are sessile1 l9e>-lanceolate2 ! ribs p9nate1 ! second>y ribs p]p5dicul> to ! ma9 rib2 ! fir/ leaflet on ! sup]ior side ( ! p9nule adh]es by its side to ! ra*is4--,artis4 ,?is f]n1 :i* closely resembles "s rec5t species1 7,pt]is aurita17 occurs 9 great abundance 9 ! %ale at ,alv]?orpe ne> ,wakefield4 ,not)/&+ ! pr(usion ) :i* ! foliage ( _m k9ds ( f]ns is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! coal =mation1 ! und\bt$ /ems ( tree-f]ns are s r>e1 t x may admit ( "q :e!r "s ( ! leaves :i* f ! analogy ( _! /ructure to rec5t =ms h be5 ref]r$ to ! f]ns1 may n h belong$ to ! /ems ( unkn[n trees ) :i* !y are associat$ 9 ! /rata2 = z1 9 ! animal k+dom1 di/9ct types ( liv+ organisms are (t5 f\nd bl5d$ 9 ! ext9ct races1 s 9 ! vegetable1 x is possible1 t foliage & /ems1 ( app>5tly discordant types1 may h belong$ to ! same ext9ct species or g5us ( trees4 ,?is problem c only be solv$ by dilig5t & cont9u$ rese>* 9 ! ri*e/ localities ( coal-plants4 ,m4 ,brongni>t rem>ks t e b$ ( coal is ! product ( a special vegetation1 (t5 diff]5t f t :i* prec$$1 & t :i* foll[$ x4 ,ea* b$ ?us result+ f a di/9ct vegetation1 is *>act]iz$ by ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 impressions ( plants1 & ! exp]i5c$ m9]s di/+ui% 9 _m cases ! b$s !y are work+1 by _! practical k ( ! plants t prevail4 ,! same b$s ( coal1 & ! deposits :i* cov] x1 ought !re=e to conta9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! plants t 7 liv+ at ! p]iod ( its =mation2 & by c>efully /udy+ ! association ( ^! diff]5t fossils1 =m+ ?us little special floras1 g5]ally ( b few species1 we may hope to acquire data by :i* we may advance ! means ( recon/ruct+ ! anomal\s vegetable =ms ( ! anci5t _w4 ,m4 ,brongni>t /rongly urges att5tion to ?is circum/ance 9 ! exam9ation ( ! coal /rata1 ) ! view ( det]m9+ ! id5tity ( ! scatt]$ leaves1 /ems1 & fruits1 9 any p>ticul> /ratum4 ,by su* a proc$ure1 mu* addition w\ld be made to our k ( ! entire /ructures ( _m ( ! fossil plants ( :i* we n[ only "k ! fragm5ts4 ,?us we may hope to asc]ta9 ! foliage ( ! ,sigill>i1 ! roots ( :i*1 by a simil> me?od1 h b rec5tly be5 det]m9$ to be ! fossils call$ ,/igm>i4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,c>poli!1 or ,fossil ,se$-vessel4 7,c>poli?us m>g9atus1 ( ,artis47 ,! c>boniz$ husks or %ells ( nuts1 & o!r c>poli!s1 or se$-vessels1 are n unfrequ5tly met ) 9 ! coal & coal-%ale4 ,9 ! slab ( %ale figur$1 !re are ?ree specim5s ( an oval nut1 ,b1 ,c1 :i* is /riat$ longitud9ally4 ,^! are associat$ ) o!r vegetable rema9s1 among :i* "p ( a ,lepido/robus1 ! suppos$ cone or /robilus ( a species ( ,lepidod5dron 7see description ( ,plate ,,ix471 is conspicu\s at a4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,fossil ,,fauna4 ,plates ,,xxxiv4 to ,,lxxiv4 inclusive4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 7,plates ,,xxxiv4 to ,,lxxiv4 inclusive1 are f ,p>k9son's ,organic ,rema9s47 ,fossil ,tubipore1 f ,d]by%ire4 7,syr+opora g5iculata1 ( ,phillips1 f ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 ,d]by%ire47 ,! specim5 figur$ is a mass ( lime/one1 on ! surface ( :i* is spread out 9 high relief a delicate tubiporite1 or fossil coral1 alli$ to ! ,tubipora1 or ,organ-pipe coral1 s g5]ally pres]v$ 9 cab9ets ( natural curiosities1 f ! beauty & elegance ( its crimson tubes4 ,! fossil1 h[ev]1 ?\gh some:at resembl+ ! rec5t coral 9 its g5]al =m1 belongs to an ext9ct g5us4 ,?is ,syr+opora appe>s to h be5 v abundant 9 ! sea 9 :i* ! /rata ( m\nta9 or c>bonif]\s lime/one 7 deposit$1 = x =ms entire b$s ( great ext5t4 ,a beautifully figur$ m>ble results f ?is coral1 :5 ! int]/ices ( its tubes h be5 fill$ up ) compact calc>e\s matt]4 ,a small poli%$ slab is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #b4 ,at ,matlock1 vases1 & o!r ornam5tal articles1 are made ( x2 & ! sections ( ! coral tubes imp>t consid]able v>iety ( figures4#be ,footnote #be3 ,articles ( ?is k9d may be obta9$ ( ,mr4 ,t5nant1 #adi1 ,/r&4 ,"s slabs ( ?is fossil coral are ( a dull r$ hue1 :i* !re is e reason to conclude is due to ! col\r ( ! orig9al2 & n only are traces ( ! natural t9ts ( ! liv+ zoophyte pres]v$1 b ev5 ! animal membrane ( ! coral2 & ?is may be expos$ by imm]s+ a fragm5t ( ! m>ble 9 dilute muriatic 7hydro*loric7 acid4 ,mr4 ,p>k9son ?us describes ! result ( 8 fir/ exp]im5t3-- ,a fragm5t ( ! m>ble 7,plate ,,xxxiv4 fig4 #b7 0 expos$ to ! action ( muriatic acid 9 a v dilute /ate4 ,z ! calc>e\s e>? 0 dissolv$1 & ! c>bonic acid escap$1 ,i 0 delight$ to obs]ve ! membranace\s sub/ance appe>1 dep5d+ f ! /one 9 light1 floccul5t1 ela/ic flakes4 ,_m ( ^! reta9$ a deep r$ col\r1 & appe>$ 9 a beautiful & di/9ct mann]1 al?\gh n absolutely reta9+ ! =m ( ! tubipore4 ,a fai?ful repres5tation ( ?is appe>ance is giv5 9 fig4 #c4 ,?is exp]im5t ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son 0 highly important1 z prov+ ! previ\sly almo/ incr$ible fact1 t animal membrane1 :5 h]metically seal$1 z x 71 9 ! solid /one1 0 z inde/ructible z ! rock itself4 ,x sugge/$1 too1 ! probability t ve/iges ( o!r animal tissues might be trac$ 9 organic rema9s1 & enc\rag$ subsequ5t obs]v]s to seek = evid5ce ( ! s(t p>ts ( animal bodies entomb$ 9 ! /rata4 ,x 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! "r direction1 & l$ to ! detection ( _m highly int]e/+ ph5om5a4 ,9 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,essay w be f\nd figures & descriptions ( ! eyes ( cru/acea3 ( ! w+s1 elytra or w+-cov]s1 & ! integum5ts ( ! body ( insects2 ( ! sk9 ( reptiles2 &1 9 ! ,wond]s ( ,geology1 & ,m$als ( ,creation1 ( ! membranes ( ! air-bladd]1 & ( ! capsule ( ! eye ( fi%es2 ( ! s(t p>ts ( ! animalcules call$ =am9if]a1 c4 ,! bodies ( mollusca1 or %ell-fi%1 conv]t$ into a d>k br[n mass 7mollu%ite71 occur 9 su* abundance 9 "s deposits1 z to yield a ri* manure f ! quantity ( phosphate ( lime4 ,! excrem5titi\s sub/ances t]m$ by ,dr4 ,buckl& ,coprolites1 are also us$ = agricultural purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,! subjects "h figur$ are ,fossil ,corals4 ,fig4 #a4 7,syr+opora ramulosa47 ,a fragm5t ( ano!r species ( ! coral previ\sly describ$2 f ! m\nta9 lime/one4 ,fig4 #b1 repres5ts f\r connect$ tubes ( ! rec5t organ-pipe coral 7,s>c9ula musica7 ( ,new ,holl&1 to %[ ! /ructure ( ?is type ( ,zoophytes4 ,col\r$ figures ( ! live polypes ( ?is coral are giv5 9 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 six? edition1 vol4 ii4 plate vi4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a poli%$ slab ( m>ble1 ! :ite m>k+s 9 :i* are produc$ by sections ( ! tubes ( ! same species ( coral z t repres5t$ 9 fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #d4 7,cat5ipora es*>oides47 ,! fossil "h del9eat$ is well kn[n to collectors by ! "n ( *a9-coral d]iv$ f ! elegant cat5i=m m>k+s produc$ by transv]se sections ( ! p>allel tubes1 :i* be+ ( an oval =m1 & 9 close apposition1 give rise to *a9-l figures1 z %[n 9 figs4 #e & #f4 ,f ,dudley4 ,?is fossil coral ab\nds 9 t division ( ! ,silurian =mation t]m$ ! ,w5lock or ,dudley lime/ones1 :]ev] ^! deposits occur4 ,! mo/ exquisite specim5s are obta9$ f ! ,falls ( ! ,ohio1 at ,l\isville1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,a coral reef ( ! ,silurian epo* "h exi/s 9 ! b$ ( ! mighty /ream ( fre% wat]1 almo/ z p]fect z :5 gr[+ 9 its native sea6 ,! riv] da%es ov] ! entire mass 9 ! season ( high wat]2 b 9 ^? p]iods :5 ! /ream is l[1 ! ridge ( coral is expos$1 & its surface !n pres5ts ! mo/ extraord9>y display ( ,silurian corals1 ( num]\s species & g5]a1 /&+ 9 relief on ! m compact masses ( ! rock4 ,! sub/ance ( ! corals1 be+ silice\s1 resi/s ! action ( ! cat>act1 :ile ! s(t] calc>e\s matt] :i* fill$ up ! int]/ices ( ! tubes1 lamell1 c4 ( ! zoophytes1 is wa%$ away atom by atom2 & natural dissections are =m$1 :i* art w\ld 9 va9 attempt to imitate4 ,dr4 ,y&ell1 ( ! ,m$ical ,college1 ,l\isville1 & ,dr4 ,clapp1 ( ,new ,albany1 h spl5did collections f ! ,falls1 :i* e geologi/ & intellig5t travell] :o visits ,k5tucky %\ld n fail to exam9e3 ! masses ( ,a/re1 ,madrepores1 c4 are s fre% 9 _! aspect1 z n to be readily di/+ui%$ f ! rec5t specim5s ( ! same g5]a :i* are plac$ beside !m4#bf ,footnote #bf3 ,see ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's ,travels 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ,drs4 ,y&ell & ,%um>d's ,contributions to ! ,geology ( ,k5tucky4 ,l\isville1 #ahdg4 ,fig4 #e1 is a transv]se section ( a mass ( *a9-coral f ,dudley4 ,fig4 #f4 ,! same1 z se5 by transmitt$ light4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,v>i\s ,fossil ,corals f diff]5t ,=mations4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c4 7,cya?ophyllum turb9atum1 ( ,goldfuss47 ,^! ?ree turb9at$ or top-%ap$ corals are ref]able to a g5us ( :i* _m species are exce$+ly abundant 9 ! ,w5lock or ,dudley lime/one ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em4 ,!y belong to ! ,an?ozoa1 or fl[]-l corals4 ,! liv+ animal1 ( :i* ! coral is b ! durable e>?y fabric or skeleton1 bore a close analogy to ! sea-anemone1 or animal fl[] 7,act9ia71 ( our coa/s4 ,ea* ( ^! specim5s belong$ b to a s+le animal3 ! ,cya?ophylla are n1 l ! tubipores previ\sly describ$1 an aggregation ( num]\s individual polypes4#bg ,footnote #bg3 ,= a popul> acc\nt ( ! nature ( ,corals & ! animals :i* =m !m1 see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 ,lect4 vi4 p4 #ehi4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a small coral 7,fungia7 f ,dudley4 ,fig4 #e4 ,on ?is block ( m\nta9 lime/one !re are ! rema9s ( two diff]5t k9ds ( corals4 ,! upp] cyl9drical "p is a fragm5t ( ,cya?ophyllum1 to ! l[] "p ( :i* is atta*$ a species ( ano!r g5us 7,mi*el9ia74 ,fig4 #f1 is a small coral 7,fungia numismalis1 ( ,goldfuss71 common 9 ! ,oolite4 ,fig4 #g4 ,a piece ( encr9ital lime/one1 f ,d]by%ire1 hav+ a conical ca/--t is1 ! /one has be5 m\ld$ 9 ! int]ior or cavity--( a turb9at$ coral 7,turb9olia74 ,fig4 #h4 ,a longitud9al section1 %[+ ! transv]se cells & lamell ( ! same k9d ( coral 7,cya?ophyllum7 z figs4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,fig4 #i4 ,a species ( ,turb9olia 7,turb9olia complanata1 ( ,goldfuss74 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a small turb9at$ coral 7,turb9olia mitrata1 ( ,hes+]71 f ! ,silurian /rata ( ,go?l&4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a ,turb9olia f ! ,silurian deposits ( ,sw$54 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a rem>kable coral 7,petraia1 ( ,mun/]71 f ! ,devonian /rata4 ,figs4 #ac #ad1 are sections ( ,cya?ophylla1 l figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 to exhibit ! int]nal /ructure4 ,figs4 #ae #af4 ,two elegant simple corals 7,c>yophyllia c5tralis1 ( ,mantell71 f ! *alk ( ,k5t4 ,! =m & disposition ( ! lamell ( ! cavity1 z se5 at ! upp] "p ( ! specim5s1 are %[n at a & b4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,a transv]se & poli%$ section ( a species ( ,cya?ophyllum1 f ! ,devonian /rata1 at ,black5b]g on ! ,rh9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,v>i\s ,fossil ,comp\nd ,corals4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a beautiful specim5 ( ,/>-coral 7,a/rea ananas1 ( ,goldfuss71 f ! ,silurian /rata ( ,sw$54 ,at a1 is %[n ! mode 9 :i*1 z 9 prolif]\s fl[]s1 new polypes bud f ! c5tre ( ! p>5t disk4 ,at b1 is repres5t$ ! gr[? 9 ! rec5t ,madrepora /ell>is ( ,l9nu4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #b4 ,an elegant ,cya?ophyllum 7,c4 dian?us1 ( ,goldfuss71 f ! ,silurian =mation ( ,sw$54 ,at c1 7! l[] "p ( ! plate17 is %[n its probable mode ( increase4 ,figs4 #c #f4 ,a column> comp\nd coral 7,li?o/rotion /riatum1 ( ,lhwyd71 f ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,d]by%ire2 fig4 #c1 is a transv]se section ( fig4 #f1 %[+ ! basalti=m arrangem5t ( ! columns4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a fossil madrepore1 f ,l9coln%ire4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a v elegant & abundant coral 7,c>yophyllia annul>is1 ( ,p>k9son71 9 ! b$ t]m$ ,coral ,rag1 ( ! oolite ( ,wilt%ire1 ,b]k%ire1 c4 ,l>ge conglom]at$ masses ( ?is bran*$ species =m a consid]able proportion ( ! fossil coral-reef :i* trav]ses "s p>ts ( ! oolite3 & :5 ?is b$ is work$ = road mat]ials1 blocks ( ?is coral1 m or less *ang$ into calc>e\s sp>1 may be se5 ly+ on ! way-side4 ,ne> ,f>+don1 9 ,b]k%ire1 a qu>ry 9 ! ,coral-rag has yield$ _m beautiful examples4 ,fig4 #g4 ,call$ ,spid]-/one1 by ,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,x is a species ( ,a/rea3 d1 is an enl>g$ view ( "o ( ! polype-cells4 ,fig4 #h4 ,a beautiful fossil coral1 f ,transylvania 7app>5tly a species ( ,li?o/rotion874 ,fig4 #i4 ,! specim5 figur$ is f ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ! ,m5dip ,hills4 7,x is ! ,mi*el9ia t5uisepta1 ( ,phillips2 ,manon favosum1 ( ,goldfuss87 ,x is describ$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son z be>+ some:at ( a honeycomb appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,fossil ,corals1 & ,coral ,m>bles4 ,fig4 #a1 is a poli%$ slab ( ! c>bonif]\s lime/one1 well kn[n z ! ,kilk5ny m>ble1 & mu* us$ = *imney-pieces4 ,! figures expos$ on ! surface are produc$ by sections ( enclos$ corals 7"s species ( ,cya?ophyllum71 :i* are transmut$ into :ite calc>e\s sp>4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a coral ( ! same k9d 7,cya?ophyllum turb9atum71 f ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,d]by%ire4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a poli%$ slice ( ,d]by%ire m>ble1 ! m>k+s on :i* are d]iv$ f sections ( enclos$ bran*es ( corals 7,syr+opora71 resembl+ t figur$ 9 ,pl4 ,,xxxiv4 ,fig4 #d4 ,an elegant comp\nd coral1 call$ ,spid]-/one by collectors 7,a/rea ara*noides1 ( ,dr4 ,flem+72 f ,wilt%ire3 ! geological habitat unc]ta92 probably ! ,oolite4 ,fig4 #e4 ,?is specim5 appe>s to be a clu/] ( corals belong+ to ! g5us ,cya?ophyllum4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a magnifi$ sket* ( "o ( ! cells ( fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #g4 ,a poli%$ transv]se section ( a coral2 ! precise relation ( ?is species is n c]ta94 ,fig4 #h4 ,?is is a v abundant coral 9 "s ( ! b$s ( m\nta9 lime/one1 7,li?od5dron fasciculatum1 ( ,phillips47 ,! specim5 figur$ is f ,clifton1 ne> ,bri/ol4 ,! m>ble cups1 & o!r ornam5ts1 manufactur$ f ! rocks ne> t place1 (t5 exhibit sections ( ?is species4 ,fig4 #i4 ,a mass ( coral f ,+lebor\gh1 7,cya?ophyllum fungites47 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a poli%$ slice ( a beautiful m>ble ri*ly m>k$ by ! sections ( ! enclos$ corals 7,a/rea undulata1 ( ,dr4 ,flem+72 f ,switz]l&3 probably f ! ,oolitic or ,jurassic =mation4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,v]tical section ( a fossil coral1 %[+ ! transv]se arrangem5t ( ! int]nal cells4 ,figs4 #ab #ac4 ,^! specim5s are poli%$ sections ( a v beautiful comp\nd coral 7,a/rea ,tisburi5sis1 ( ,miss ,b5ett71 :i* occurs 9 a silicifi$ /ate 9 ! ,portl& b$s t are qu>ri$ at ,tisbury1 9 ,wilt%ire4 ,masses ( *]t 7a k9d ( co>se silex or fl9t71 :olly made up ( ?is coral1 are (t5 met )1 & :5 slic$ & poli%$ are extremely beautiful & int]e/+2 ! orig9ally calc>e\s fabric ( ! zoophytes be+ p]fectly transmut$ into silex1 & ! int]/ices fill$ up ) a simil> sub/ance1 b ( a diff]5t col\r4#bh ,footnote #bh3 ,specim5s ( ! ,tisbury ,a/rea1 & ( mo/ if n all ( ! corall9e m>bles figur$ & describ$1 may be obta9$ ( ,pr(essor ,t5nant2 & also vases1 c4 ( ! v>i\s m>bles ( ,d]by%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxix4 ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,v>i\s ,fossil ,corals & ,sponges1 or ,amorphozoa4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a coral f ! ,dudley lime/one4 7,favosites87 ,fig4 #b1 is a v]tical section ( figs4 #d & #e1 to %[ ! int]nal arrangem5t ( ! cells4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! "u surface ( a v common species 7,favosites ,go?l&ica1 ( ,goldfuss72 f ! ,w5lock lime/one ( ,dudley4 ,a magnifi$ view ( "p ( ! surface1 to %[ ! honeycomb /ructure1 is giv5 9 fig4 #g4 ,fig4 #d1 ! "u1 & fig4 #e1 ! upp] surface1 ( a small coral 7,cyclolites 87 f ! ,oolite4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a silicifi$ bran*$ sponge1 7,spongites lobatus1 ( ,dr4 ,flem+17 f ! *alk ( ,b]k%ire4 ,fig4 #i1 is a beautiful silicifi$1 lobate1 spongoid body1 7,siphonia17 probably f ! gre5s&4 ,silice\s cruci=m spicula obta9$ f ?is fossil are repres5t$ 9 fig4 #h4 ,zoophytes ( ?is k9d1 l _m ( ! sponges1 h _! tissues /r5g!n$ by1 & l>gely compos$ ( spicula1 :i* v>y 9 =m & size 9 ! diff]5t species & g5]a4 ,_m sponges & ,siphoni 9 fl9t1 & 9 ! *]t ( ! gre5s&1 consi/ almo/ entirely ( spicula1 :i* may be easily detect$ by a slightly magnify+ p[]4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,ano!r common ,dudley ,coral4 7,porites pyri=mis1 ( ,mr4 ,lonsdale47 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a beautiful coral 7,explan>ia flexuosa1 ( ,dr4 ,flem+71 f ! ,coral ,rag ( ,/eeple ,a%ton1 ,wilts4 ,! outl9e indicates ! mode ( increase1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 ( ?is =m ( zoophyte4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,?is is a portion ( a delicate ramose sponge 7,spongites ramosus1 ( ,mantell71 ^: rema9s are abundant 9 ! *alk-fl9ts1 & h giv5 rise to ! irregul>ly bran*$ silice\s nodules4 ,a specim5 n9e in*es long1 ) sev5 bran*es1 is figur$ 9 ,fossils ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 ,pl4 ,,xv4 fig4 #aa4 ,silice\s spicula are ?ickly int]sp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xl4 ,,plate ,,xl4 ,fossil ,corals1 c4 ,fig4 #a4 ,! %ells ( ,oy/]s1 & o!r mollusca1 are subject$ to ! ravages ( a p>asitical sponge1 7,cliona1 ( ,dr4 ,grant17 :i* is beset ) m9ute silice\s sp9es or spicula1 & inhabits holl[s =m$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! %ell4 ,%ells ?us honeycomb$1 z x 71 may (t5 be f\nd on ! sea-%ore ) ! excavat$ p>ts fill$ up by sponge4 ,i h %ells collect$ by my elde/ son on ! %ores ( ,new ,zeal&1 t are holl[$ out 9 a simil> mann]1 & occupi$ by sponge4 ,:e!r ^! cavities are produc$ by me*anical means1 or are ! result ( ! decay & absorption ( ! %ell induc$ by ! gr[? ( ! p>asite1 are que/ions /ill undet]m9$4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( %ells f\nd fossil1 :i* 7 infe/$ ) a simil> p>asitical sponge2 & :5 ! cavities ?us produc$ h be5 fill$ up by fl9t1 & ! %ell has subsequ5tly decompos$1 or be5 worn away1 ! surface ( ! fl9t is /udd$ ) ! ca/s ( ! cells1 9 ! =m ( small irregul> globul> bodies1 connect$ by filam5ts or /r+s ( fl9t4 ,! fossil1 fig4 #a1 is a fossil ( ?is k9d1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son z be+ cov]$ ) m9ute r\nd bodies1 ! nature ( :i* is unkn[n2 fig4 #ab1 is an enl>g$ view ( five ( ^! globul> ca/s connect$ by filam5ts4 ,! orig9 ( ^! fossils 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,conybe>e4#bi ,! fibr\s %ells ( a fossil g5us ( bivalves nam$ ,inoc]amus1 ( :i* sev]al species ab\nd 9 ! ,*alk1 appe> to h be5 p>ticul>ly subject$ to depr$ations ( ?is k9d4 ,h5ce among p>tially wat]-worn fl9ts1 specim5s ( ! silice\s ca/s are common2 figs4 #h1 & #aj1 are examples f ! ,hackney gravel-pits4 ,footnote #bi3 ,see ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 i4 p4 #cif1 fig4 #id4 ,mr4 ,morris has nam$ ^! fossils1 ,clionites2 fig4 #a1 is ,c4 ,p>k9soni4 ,figs4 #b1 #d1 #g1 are portions ( a rec5t species ( jo9t$ zoophyte 7,isis71 f a mod]n concretion>y deposit on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,sicily4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a bran*$ fossil coral 7,millepora ramosa1 ( ,dr4 ,flem+71 imb$d$ 9 compact oolitic lime/one f ,wilt%ire4 ,a portion ( ! surface magnifi$ is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aa4 ,fig4 #e1 appe>s to be a fungi=m ,spongite2 its locality is n m5tion$4 ,fig4 #f4 ,portion ( a fossil coral 7,c]iopora71 f ,switz]l&4 ,figs4 #h1 #aj4 ,^! pebbles h ! surface cov]$ ) ca/s ( ,clionites 7,clionites ,conybe>i1 ( ,mr4 ,morris4#cj7 ,footnote #cj3 ,mr4 ,morris ?us def9es ! g5]ic "* ( ^! fossil bodies3--,reticul> masses ( a m or less compress$ globul>1 elliptical1 or polygonal =m2 rugose & sometimes papillose2 connect$ by m9ute tubuli or fibrill4 ,d5dritical1 di*otom\s1 or irregul>ly aggregat$4 ,clionites ,conybe>i is *>act]iz$ by ,cells irregul>1 some:at polygonal1 ) "o or m papill2 surface f9ely tub]culat$1 connect+ ?reads num]\s4 ,note f ,mr4 ,morris1 ,april1 #ahej4 ,! fossils1 h[ev]1 d n appe> to be ! silicifi$ sponge 7,cliona7 by :i* ! ravages 9 ! %ell h be5 effect$2 !y are m]ely ca/s ( ! cavities produc$4 ,fig4 #i4 ,fragm5ts ( ! radicle processes ( atta*m5t ( "s ,apiocr9ite or ,lily-%ap$ animal 9 *alk2 see description ( ,plate ,,li4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,a section ( a silice\s nodule2 probably ! cellul> appe>ance is inorganic3 fig4 #ac1 is a magnifi$ section ( ! cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xli4 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,a ,silicifi$ cup-%ap$ ,sponge1 f ,t\ra9e4 7,*55dopora ,p>k9soni1 ( ,mi*el94 ,spongites ,t[ns5di1 ( ,mantell47 ,?is beautiful plate ( a petrifi$ zoophyte alli$ to ! ,spongia1 =m$ ! frontispiece to ,mr4 ,p>k9son's second volume4 ,! fossil del9eat$ is f ,t\ra9e 9 ,france1 & is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect examples ( ?is k9d hi!rto obs]v$4 ,x belongs to a gr\p ( cup-%ap$ ,amorphozoa1 7z ^! organisms are n[ nam$ by naturali/s1 f ! great irregul>ity ( %ape :i* !y assume17 t]m$ ,*55dopora4 ,! orig9al organic sub/ance is transmut$ into silex1 & ! int]/ices are fill$ up ) c>bonate ( lime4 ,! same species occurs 9 ! gre5s& 9 ! ,vale ( ,pewsey 9 ,wilt%ire1 &1 ,i believe1 also 9 ! :ite-*alk2 = _m cya?i=m fl9ts f ! ,s\? ,d[ns appe> to h ! same int]nal /ructure4 ,9 ! s-call$ gravel-pits1 ne> ,f>+don1 9 ,b]k%ire1--:i* are qu>ries ( a loosely-aggregat$ grit ( ! gre5s&1 almo/ :olly made up ( ! relics ( %ells1 corals1 amorphozoa1 c4--num]\s sponges ( ?is g5us are met )4 ,"o beautiful species 7,*55dopora fungi=mis7 has acquir$1 f its cup-l =m1 ! local "n ( petrifi$ salt-cell>4#ca ,footnote #ca3 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fcg2 & ,m$als ( ,creation1 ,excursion to ,f>+don1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ibc4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlii4 ,,plate ,,xlii4 ,! ,fossils repres5t$ 9 ?is ,plate are *iefly ,zoophytes 9 ,fl9t4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a fl9t f ! gravel-pits at ,hackney4 ,its =m is d]iv$ f ! enclos$ zoophyte1 "p ( ^: /ructure is expos$ 9 ! upp] portion ( ! figure4 ,?is fossil zoophyte 7,*oanites ,knigi1 ( ,mantell7 is v abundant 9 "s ( ! *alk /rata1 & _m ( ! mo/ beautifully m>k$ pebbles cut & poli%$ = broo*es by ! lapid>ies ( ,brighton1 ,bognor1 & ! ,isle ( ,wight1 are ! silicifi$ s(t p>ts ( ?is animal4 ,! orig9al 0 ( a subglobul> =m1 & probably ( a s(t fle%y consi/5ce2 x _h a deep c5tral cavity1 :5ce num]\s tubes div]g$1 & ramifi$ ?r\gh\t ! mass2 x 0 fix$ at ! base by radicle or root-l processes4#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,see ,m$als ( ,creation1 p4 #bfd4 ,?\ghts on a ,pebble1 7eigh? edition17 conta9s col\r$ figures & a full description ( ^! fossils4 ,fig4 #b4 ,?is is ano!r *>act]i/ic & abundant fossil zoophyte ( ! *alk & fl9t4 ,! specim5 figur$ is a wat]-worn pebble1 & !re=e gives b obscure indications ( ! =m & /ructure ( ! orig9al4 ,! fungi=m fl9ts--call$ 9 ,sussex petrifi$ mu%rooms--belong to ! same g5us 7,v5triculites1 ( ,mantell73 & highly int]e/+ specim5s occur 9 :i* "s "p ( ! zoophyte is inve/$ ) fl9t1 & ! o!r "p exp&$ 9 ! *alk4 ,! orig9al 0 probably a polyp>ium--t is1 ! skeleton or support ( an aggregation ( coral-polypes--( a funnel %ape1 ! polype-%ells be+ situat$ on ! inn] surface3 ! base 0 atta*$ by root-l fibres4#cc ,! polype-cells are cyl9drical & regul>1 & clu/]s ( beautiful ca/s ( !m (t5 occur on fl9ts4 ,footnote #cc3 ,consult ,m$als ( ,creation1 pp4 #bgj-bgi3 & ,wond]s ( ,geology1 six? edition1 p4 #fch4 ,fig4 #c4 ,?is specim5 is describ$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son z a pe>-%ap$ alcyonite f ,switz]l&4 ,x is probably "o ( ^? fossil zoophytes alli$ to ! sponges 7call$ ,siphonia71 9 :i* ! upp] "p is ( a bulb\s or pe>-l =m1 & is support$ by a /em ) root-l processes at ! base4 ,! bulb has a c5tral cavity /udd$ ) irregul> pores1 t communicates ) ! p>allel longitud9al tubes ( :i* ! /em is compos$3 a /ructure admitt+ ( t ready +ress & egress ( ! sea-wat]1 :i* ?is class ( organisms requires4 ,!re are num]\s species 9 ! gre5s& ( ! *alk =mation4#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 p4 #beh1 ,lign4 #ef4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a v>iety ( ,siphonia 7,j]ea excavata1 ( ,mi*el971 f ! gre5s& ( ,wilt%ire4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a silicifi$ ,siphonia f ,saumur4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a ,v5triculite f a gravel-pit2 ! m>k+s are produc$ by ! expos$ & p>tially abrad$ out] integum5t1 :i* 9 p]fect examples consi/s ( a regul> net-"w ( sub-cyl9drical fibres4 ,fig4 #g1 is a transv]se section ( a ,siphonia 7,siphonia pyri=mis ( ,goldfuss74 ,fig4 #h4 ,a ne>ly p]fect specim5 ( a simil> fossil4 ,9 fig4 #g1 are %[n sections ( tubes pass+ f ! p]iph]y to ! c5tre2 9 fig4 #h1 ! c5tral ap]ture ( ! cavity ( ! bulb1 & "p ( ! /em1 are display$4 ,figs4 #i1 #aj1 are imp]fect specim5s ( ,*oanites3 fig4 #aj1 is a v]tical section %[+ ! c5tral cavity & ! connect$ tubes4 ,fig4 #aa1 is ano!r example ( ,siphonia pyri=mis4 ,fig4 #ab1 a v]tical1 & fig4 #ac1 a transv]se section1 ( ! same species ( ,siphonia4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,a small turb9at$ calc>e\s spongite f ,switz]l&4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! appe>ance ( ! animal membrane expos$ by imm]sion ( ! fossil 7fig4 #ad71 9 dilut$ hydro*loric acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xliii4 ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,fossil ,corals1 & o!r ,zoophytes4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 are repres5tations ( diff]5t aspects ( a simple coral 7,fungia polymorpha1 ( ,goldfuss72 ! locality is unc]ta94 ,fig4 #a1 ! base2 fig4 #b1 a magnifi$ repres5tation ( "p ( ! same2 fig4 #c1 magnifi$ view ( "p ( ! lamellat$ surface ( fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e4 ,! nature ( ?is fossil is n obvi\s2 x may be a roll$ ,siphonia4 ,fig4 #f1 is a f9e specim5 ( a ,siphonia 7,j]ea pyri=mis1 ( ,lam\r\x74 ,at bo? extremities ! ap]tures ( ! num]\s tubuli are se54 ,figs4 #g1 #h1 #i1 are v>ieties ( ! same species ( fossil sponge 7,scyphia articulata1 ( ,goldfuss71 f ,switz]l&4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a spongite ( a v peculi> =m4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a spongite inve/+ a fossil %ell 7,n]ita71 f ,f>+don4 ,fig4 #ab1 is an imp]fect specim5 ( a ,v5triculite 7,v5triculites alcyonoides1 ( ,mantell71 f ! *alk ( ,wilt%ire4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a calc>e\s spongite :i* has be5 imm]s$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid to %[ its /ructure4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,a pebble d]iv+ its %ape f a zoophyte app>5tly relat$ to ! ,v5triculites 7,spongites labyr9?icus1 ( ,mantell74 ,! ap]ture at ! base has aris5 f ! decomposition ( ! process ( atta*m5t4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a pebble enclos+ "p ( ! base ( a ,v5triculite2 ! circul> spots on ! l>ge end are sections ( ! ramifications ( ! /irps or base ( ! zoophyte2 = ?is figure & ! foll[+ are drawn 9 an inv]t$ position4 ,fig4 #af1 is a simil> fossil1 split v]tically1 & %[+ ! enclos$ /em ( ! ,v5triculite4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xliv4 ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,fossil ,zoophytes4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a spongite 7,scyphia co/ata1 ( ,goldfuss71 f ,switz]l&4 ,! fossil sponge\s bodies nam$ ,scyphia1 are *>act]iz$ by ! mass or body be+ ei!r cyl9drical1 simple or bran*$2 fi/ul\s1 & t]m9at+ 9 a r\nd$ pit2 entirely compos$ ( a firm reticulat$ tissue4#ce ,l ! o!r bodies compris$ 9 ! gr\p ( ,amorphozoa1 ! =m 9 ?is g5us is exce$+ly div]sifi$1 & z ! /ructure is (t5 b obscurely %[n1 ! det]m9ation ( ^! fossils is (t5times impossible4 ,x is h[ev] conv5i5t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 to di/+ui% ! pr9cipal k9ds by names :i* may be modifi$ or ab&on$1 :5 ! /ructure & natural aff9ities ( ! orig9al organisms are m accurately det]m9$4 ,footnote #ce3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 p4 #bcg4 ,fig4 #b4 ,ano!r species ( ,scyphia f ,switz]l&2 a small portion ( ! surface magnifi$ is se5 at a4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! peculi> =m & tissue ( ano!r g5us ( ,amorphozoa 7,cnemidium rimulosum1 ( ,goldfuss71 are %[n 9 ?is beautiful specim54 ,fig4 #d1 is a section ( a *alk fl9t1 f ,wycombe ,hea?2 ! purple body1 p>tially inve/$ by a :ite bord]1 is evid5tly a mass ( ! s(t p>ts ( "s zoophyte1 :i* s]v$ z a nucleus to ! silice\s nodule4 ,a purple or p9k hue (t5 prevails 9 ! sections ( zoophytes imm]s$ 9 fl9t1 & d\btless dep5ds on ! orig9al col\r ( ! liv+ animal4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a v f9e spongite 7,*55dopora fungi=mis1 ( ,mi*el971 f ,france4 ,fig4 #f4 ,?is is evid5tly a fossil zoophyte1 b ! /ructure expos$ is n suffici5tly *>act]i/ic to det]m9e ! g5us4 ,fig4 #g4 ,a beautiful fungi=m ,scyphia4 ,fig4 #h4 ,?is elegant specim51 :i* ,mr4 ,p>k9son highly valu$1 is evid5tly a ,*oanite imb$d$ 9 fl9t4 ,! body reta9s a p9k col\r1 & is surr\nd$ by a :ite b&1 :i* is probably ! rema9s ( ! cortical or ext]nal tissue ( ! orig9al zoophyte4 ,i h se5 _m transv]se sections 9 :i* ! c5tral mass 0 ei!r ( a p9k or purple col\r1 & encircl$ by a :ite zone1 9 ! squ>$ fl9ts ( ! walls ( *ur*es & o!r anci5t edifices 9 ,sussex4#cf ,footnote #cf3 ,poli%$ specim5s ( ! pebbles ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 exhibit+ sections ( ! ,*oanites1 ,v5triculites1 c41 may be obta9$ ( ,mr4 ,f[le/one1 ,lapid>y1 #d1 ,victoria ,arcade1 ,ryde2 :o also has g5]ally on sale a good s]ies ( ! fossils ( ! ,isl&4 ,! m9ute organisms t occur 9 fl9ts1 _m ( :i* are highly int]e/+ objects :5 se5 by transmitt$ light "u a good microscope1 c be procur$ ( ,mr4 ,topp+1 t well-kn[n prep>] ( microscopic objects1 ,new ,w9*e/] ,/reet1 ,p5tonville ,hill2 & fossil infusorial e>?s1 c4 9 great p]fection ( ,mr4 ,p\lton1 ,microscopic ,arti/1 ,read+1 ,b]ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlv4 ,,plate ,,xlv4 ,fossil ,corals & o!r ,zoophytes4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a fossil body1 f ne> ,ba?1 ! surface ( :i* is cov]$ by /elli=m m>k+s1 :i* seem to h be5 =m$ by a coralloid4--,p>k9son4 ,?is fossil is suppos$ by ,mr4 ,morris to be ! ca/ ( "o ( ^? mollusca :i* =m & inhabit holl[s 9 /one1 coral1 c4 7h5ce t]m$ ,li?odomi74 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! mollusk _h bor$ into a mass ( coral1 ! impr9ts ( ! /ellul> polype-cells ( :i* rema9 on ! surface ( ! ca/4 ,x closely resembles fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ( ,faujas ,/4 ,fond1 ,hi/4 ,mont4 ,/4 ,pi]re1 :i* is describ$ z a coral2 x is ! ,a/rea geometrica1 ( ,goldfuss4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a fossil coral f ,mae/ri*t4 ,at b1 is %[n an enl>g$ view ( "o ( ! />s4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a silice\s fossil f ,essex4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 7,v5triculites racemosus1 ( ,mr4 ,t\lm9 ,smi?47 ,i mu/ confess myself unable to det]m9e ! nature ( ?is specim54 ,figs4 #d1 #f4 ,corals f ! cretace\s /rata ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nta91 ,mae/ri*t 7,gorgonia bacill>is 8 ( ,goldfuss74 ,at a1 is %[n "o ( ! cells 9 fig4 #f1 magnifi$4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a pebble1 split asund]1 expos+ ! rema9s ( a spongite1 :i* =m$ ! nucleus ( ! fl9t4#cg ,footnote #cg3 ,= an acc\nt ( ! =mation ( fl9t1 see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjj4 7#f? ,edition47 ,fig4 #g4 ,ano!r spongite 9 a pebble2 f ,sew>d/one1 ,essex4 ,fig4 #h4 ,a wat]-worn1 silicifi$1 or r *alc$onic ,v5triculite1 f ,france4 ,fig4 #i4 ,a v beautiful transv]se section ( ! /em ( a ,v5triculite 9 a fl9t2 ! col\r ( ! orig9al be+ reta9$4 ,?is 0 ano!r preci\s gem 9 ! e/imation ( ! amiable au?or ( ,! ,organic ,rema9s ( a ,=m] ,_w4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a portion ( a ,*oanite 9 fl9t2 f gravel1 ,isl+ton4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a p]fect specim5 ( a small simple coral 7,fungia71 f ,mae/ri*t4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a spongite 9 a pebble2 simil> to fig4 #e4 ,su* specim5s are v common 9 ! %+le along ! sea-%ore at ,brighton1 ,dov]1 c4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a fossil coral 9 lime/one1 f ,mae/ri*t4 ,x is too imp]fectly def9$ to det]m9e ! species or g5us2 an enl>g$ sket* ( ! /ructure is giv5 at c4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlvi4 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,p5tacr9us4 ,fig4 #a4 ,specim5 ( a rec5t ,p5tacr9us ,caput ,m$us1 f ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,! ,lily-%ap$ animals 7,cr9oidea71 s nam$ f a fanci$ resemblance ( "s species :5 9 a /ate ( repose to a clos$ lily1 may be comp>$ to a ,fea!r-/> 7,comatula7 fix$ to a jo9t$ column1 ) its m\? upw>ds2 ! base ( ! /em be+ atta*$ to ! rock by root-l processes4 ,! only kn[n liv+ g5us inhabits ! seas ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ! specim5 figur$ repres5ts ! body 7or upp] "p ( ! animal71 ) a consid]able portion ( ! /em rema9+ atta*$4 ,! ,cr9oidea are divid$ into two gr\ps2 ,encr9ites1 hav+ ! ossicula 7little bones7 ( ! /em r\nd$1 & ,p5tacr9ites1 9 :i* ! ossicula ( ! column are p5tagonal1 or angul>4 ,! ,cr9oidea are *>act]iz$ by hav+ a fix$ base1 a column or /em compos$ ( num]\s sep>ate articulat$ pieces ( a solid calc>e\s sub/ance1 support+ on its summit a vase1 or receptacle1 =m$ by a s]ies ( closely adju/$ plates1 :i* conta9 ! body1 or visc]a4 ,! upp] "p ( ! receptacle is cov]$ by a plat$ integum5t1 on "o side ( :i* an ap]ture or m\? is plac$4 ,f ! upp] m>g9 proce$ five articulat$ t5tacula or arms1 :i* subdivide into bran*es t 9 "s species are v num]\s & ( extreme t5uity4 ,on ! inside1 ! arms are beset ) articulat$ cirri or feel]s4 ,! jo9ts compos+ ! column are p]=at$ by a c5tral op5+2 !re are also side-arms1 t radiate f ! column 9 gr\ps ( five at diff]5t po9ts4 ,:5 ! animal is alive1 ! skeleton is cov]$ by a s(t integum5t1 z 9 ! />-fi%es1 & ! arms spread out & exp&1 =m+ a net1 by :i* liv+ prey is captur$ & convey$ to ! m\? by ! t5tacula1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! fre%-wat] polype or ,hydra4 ,! fossil rema9s ( ,cr9oidea consi/ ( ! ossicula ( ! column1 arms1 & t5tacula2 ( ! plates ( ! vase1 or receptacle2 & ( ! p$uncle1 or base ( atta*m5t4 ,?is family ( ,radi>ia1 ?\gh n[ ( su* excessive r>ity1 sw>m$ 9 ! seas t deposit$ ! anci5t second>y /rata2 :ole m\nta9 *a9s & ext5sive tracts ( c\ntry are compos$ ( /rata almo/ entirely made up ( _! fossil rema9s4#ch ,! numb] & species ( g5]a is v great4 ,footnote #ch3 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fde4 ,m$als ( ,creation1 p4 #cab4 ,fig4 #b1 is a rem>kably beautiful specim5 ( ! receptacle ( a ,p5tacr9ite f ,gl\ce/]%ire1 %[+ ! arms introv]t$1 z if ! animal _h sudd5ly p]i%$ :ile 9 ! act ( clos+ ov] its prey2 ! /em is want+4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a spongite 7,*55dopora subplana1 ( ,mi*el97 f ! gre5s& ( ! ,vale ( ,pewsey1 9 ,wilt%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,cr9oidea4 ,9 ?is beautiful plate ,mr4 ,p>k9son has figur$ a great v>iety ( ossicula & portions ( /ems belong+ to _m species & g5]a ( ,cr9oidea2 ! m>k+s or sculptur+ on ! articulat+ surfaces ( ! column> ossicula are repres5t$ ) great accuracy4 ,x is n )9 ! plan ( ?is "w to give detail$ descriptions ( ^! num]\s deta*$ p>ts2 a few ( ! mo/ int]e/+ objects only w be p>ticul>iz$4 ,! specim5s figur$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! plate1 figs4 #a to #bh1 are cyl9drical ossicula1 & portions ( /ems ( ,encr9ites3 ^? 9 ! l[] division are = ! mo/ "p p5tagonal1 & !re=e belong to ,p5tacr9ites4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! ,tortoise ,encr9ite1 ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 7,m>supites ,mill]i1 ( ,mantell17 f ! *alk ( ,k5t4 ,! specim5 figur$ is ! receptacle or body ( a v rem>kable cr9oideal animal :i* =ms ! l9k t unites ! ,lily-%ap$ animals ) ! ,/>-fi%es2 l ! =m]1 ! receptacle is compos$ ( articulat$ plates1 clos$ at ! top by a tessellat$ plate-"w ) a buccal ap]ture1 & surr\nd$ by five flexible arms2 b ! orig9al animal1 l ! ,/>-fi%es1 0 de/itute ( a /em1 & c\ld float ?r\gh ! wat] at pleasure4 ,its true /ructure 0 fir/ po9t$ out by me 9 #ahbb2ci ! "n ,m>supite 0 sugge/$ by ! purse-l =m4 ,9 ! figure1 ! base ( ! receptacle is upp]mo/4 ,fig4 #cj1 is a s+le plate ( a ,m>supite atta*$ to a piece ( *alk4 ,footnote #ci3 ,see ,fossils ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns4 ,figs4 #ca1 #ce1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg4 ,^! are portions ( a small species ( ,encr9ite 7,apiocr9us ellipticus7 peculi> to ! :ite *alk1 9 "s localities ( :i* ! deta*$ ossicula & p$uncles are abundant4 ,at ,nor?fleet1 ne> ,graves5d1 ^! fossils are (t5 met )4 ,figs4 #ge1 & #gf1 are portions ( ! receptacle ) "p ( ! column2 figs4 #ca1 #ch1 & #ci1 are p>ts ( ! processes ( atta*m5t4 ,i h nev] se5 any specim5 ) ! arms4#dj ,footnote #dj3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 p4 #cba4 ,fig4 #cd4 ,?is is "p ( ! receptacle & /em ( ano!r small *alk ,encr9ite 7,b\rgeticr9us1 ( ,d',orbigny7 f ,k5t2 x is rem>kable = ! v slight increase 9 bulk ( ! receptacle1 & ! peculi> =m ( ! plates ( :i* x is compos$4 ,figs4 #cf #cg4 ,two views ( ! receptacle ( a v rem>kable cr9oidean animal 7,p5tremites florealis1 ( ,say71 f ! *]ty c>bonif]\s lime/one ( ,k5tucky4 ,?is zoophyte1 ?\gh resembl+ ! ,cr9oidea 9 hav+ a plat$ receptacle support$ by an articulat$ /em1 has a rem>kable aff9ity to ! ,sea-ur*9s 7,e*9id7 9 ! por\s b&s & p5tagonal ap]ture1 & 9 be+ de/itute ( arms or t5tacula4 ,"s ( ! ,k5tucky lime/one b$s sw>m ) ! rema9s ( ^! zoophytes4#da ,footnote #da3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 p4 #cbg4 ,fig4 #dg4 ,two ossicula ( ! ,lily ,encr9ite imm]s$ 9 dilut$ muriatic acid1 by :i* ! animal membrane 0 expos$1 & is se5 hang+ 9 floccul f ! bottom ( ! fossil1--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,figs4 #eg1 #fd1 #ff4 ,"p ( ! /em1 & ! articulat+ surfaces ( two ossicles ( a v elegant p5tacr9ite 7,p5tacr9us scal>is1 ( ,goldfuss71 f ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis4 ,figs4 #ec1 #ef1 #ei1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fe1 #fg4 ,portions ( /ems1 & ! v>i\s modifications ( ! ossicula ( ano!r ,lias ,p5tacr9ite 7,p5tacr9us basalti=mis1 ( ,goldfuss74 ,fig4 #gi4 ,?is elegant little cr9oidean receptacle 0 nam$ ! ,clove ,encr9ite1 by ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 f its =m2 7,eug5iacr9us c>yophyllatus1 ( ,goldfuss74 ,x is f ! ,oolite ( ,m\nt ,r&51 9 ,switz]l&4#db ,footnote #db3 ,ibid4 p4 #cbg4 ,figs4 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc4 ,appe> to be fossil corals ( ! g5us ,c]iopora4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlviii4 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,! ,lily ,encr9ite 7,encr9ites monile=mis74 ,?is exquisite species ( ! ext9ct ,cr9oideans :i* sw>m$ 9 ! seas ( ! second>y ages ( ,geology1 is equally int]e/+ & attractive to ! amateur collector & ! sci5tific obs]v]4 ,! specim5 figur$ is a *>m+ example ( ! ,/one ,lily p>tly exp&$1 atta*$ to a block ( lime/one /udd$ ) encr9al ossicula4 ,mr4 ,p>k9son in=m$ me t x 0 =m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,jacob ,=/]1 & co/ him tw5ty gu9eas2 f five to t5 gu9eas is n[ ! usual price = a specim5 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation1 ) any "p ( ! column atta*$4 ,?is ,encr9ite is n kn[n to occur 9 ,engl&4 ,! specim5s se5 9 collections are = ! mo/ "p f ,l[] ,saxony3 ?is species has only be5 f\nd 9 ! lime/one /rata call$ ,mus*elkalk "o ( ! subdivisions ( ! ,trias1 or ,new ,r$ ,s&/one =mation1 ( ,g]many4#dc ,! mo/ celebrat$ locality ( ^! fossils is 9 ,brunswick1 ne> ! village ( ,erk]ode1 ab\t two miles f ! t[n be>+ ! same "n4 ,! b$ 9 :i* !y are f\nd is a s(t argillace\s cream-col\r$ lime/one1 ab\t "o foot & a half 9 ?ickness2 & ! /one is compos$ *iefly ( tro*ites1 or deta*$ ossicula ( ! /ems1 & a few fragile %ells & corals4 ,footnote #dc3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbb4 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ecd1 #edi4 ,an elaborate acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( ! skeleton ( ! ,lily ,encr9ite is giv5 by ,mr4 ,mill]1 9 8 valuable "w1 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,lily-%ap$ ,animals1 7#a vol4 #dto4 #ahba47 ,mr4 ,p>k9son _h previ\sly c>efully inve/igat$ ! diff]5t p>ts :i* ent] into ! composition ( ! receptacle & column1 & _h giv5 !m names analog\s to ^? employ$ to designate ! bones ( ! skeleton 9 v]tebrat$ animals4 ,?is nom5clature has v prop]ly be5 ab&on$2 b ,i subjo9 ,mr4 ,p>k9son's description ( ! figures1 to record 8 +5uity & skill 9 dissect+ organic rema9s3-- ,fig4 #a1 ,! ,lily ,encr9ite1 ) "p ( its v]tebral column atta*$4 ,9 ?is specim5 is se5 ! ext5sive capacity = motion yield$ by ! peculi> =m ( ! v]tebra2 9 ! sup]ior "p ( ! column2 & by ! =tunate removal ( a portion ( ! f+]s1 a fair view is giv5 ( ! natural arrangem5t ( ! t5tacula4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! p5tagonal base1 compos$ ( ! ossa innom9ata1 & =m+ ) ! scapul & clavicles1 ! pelvis1 9 :i* 7 conta9$ ! organs ( dige/ion1 c4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! ,lily ,encr9ite1 deta*$ f its v]tebral column4 a1 ! c5tre ( its base1 =m$ by five cunei=m ossicula1 or ossa innom9ata4 a1 "o ( ! ossa innom9ata deta*$4 b1 ! ribs1 or articuli trapezoides2 =m+1 ) ! prec$+ bones1 ! p5tagonal base4 b1 "o ( ! ribs deta*$1 %[+ its int]nal surface4 c1 ! clavicles4 c #a1 ! int]ior surface4 c #b1 ! sup]ior surface4 d1 ! scapul4 d #a1 ! inf]ior surface4 d #b1 ! sup]ior surface4 e1 ! arms4 f1 ! two fir/ bones ( ! arms unit$4 g1 h1 i1 k1 l1 m1 ! bones ( ! f+]s gradually dim9i%+4 ,fig4 #d4 ,"p ( ! suppos$ base1 or organ ( atta*m5t1 ( ! ,lily ,encr9ite4 ,fig4 #e4 ,! suppos$ base1 or organ ( atta*m5t1 ( ! ',cap ,encr9ite4' ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlix4 ,,plate ,,xlix4 ,rema9s ( ,encr9ites4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a poli%$ slab ( lime/one =m$ ( portions ( ! /ems ( encr9ites2 ! :ite figures are produc$ by sections ( ! calc>e\s sp> into :i* ! ossicula are transmut$4 ,! d>k spots are ! cavities ( ! entro*ites1 fill$ ) m9]al matt] ( a diff]5t col\r4 ,fig4 #b1 is ! p5tagonal base ( ! receptacle ( ! ,d]by%ire ,encr9ite4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a mass ( ,d]by%ire encr9al m>ble1 ) num]\s portions ( /ems ly+ 9 relief4 ,! ,d]by%ire encr9al m>ble is s ext5sively employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( tables1 *imney-pieces1 vases1 c41 t x mu/ be famili> to e read]2 & yet probably b few are aw>e ( its orig91 or ( ! nature ( ! fossil rema9s ( :i* x is compos$1 & t give rise to ! elegant figures 9 :i* its beauty consi/s4 ,on ,middleton ,moor1 ne> ,matlock1 ext5sive qu>ries ( ?is m>ble are work$1 & good specim5s ( ! ossicula & /ems may be easily obta9$4#dd ,footnote #dd3 ,see ,m$als ( ,creation = ,a ,geological ,excursion f ,matlock to ,middleton ,moor1 return+ by ,/onnis1 p4 #ifh4 ,fig4 #d4 ,"p ( ! /em ( a l>ge ,encr9ite1 7,cya?ocr9us rugosus1 ( ,mill]17 f ! ,w5lock lime/one1 ,dudley4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a f9e specim5 ( ! l[] "p ( ! /em1 & ! root-l processes ( atta*m5t ( ! base1 ( ! same species z fig4 #d3 f ,dudley4 ,fig4 #f1 is call$ ! ,screw or ,pulley-/one ( ,d]by%ire4 ,^! curi\s fossils are f\nd 9 ! *]t 7a k9d ( fl9t7 :i* occurs 9 ve9s & lay]s 9 "s ( ! lime/one /rata3 !y are silice\s ca/s ( ! int]ior cavities ( ! /ems1 & small bran*es ( ossicula1 ( ,encr9ites4 ,plate ,,xl ,,vii4 fig4 #aj1 is a deta*$ specim5 ( ?is k9d4 ,fig4 #g1 is describ$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son z a piece ( m>ble f ,%rop%ire1 9 :i* is discov]$ a "p ( ! p5tagonal base ( ! ,turban or ,%rop%ire ,encr9ite4 ,fig4 #h1 is "p ( ! column ( ! same species4 ,^! specim5s belong to ! ,rose ,encr9ite 7,rhodocr9us v]us1 ( ,mill]74 ,fig4 #i4 ,! receptacle ( a v rem>kable =m ( ,encr9ite1 call$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son ! ,cap ,encr9ite ( ,d]by%ire4 ,i c f9d no notice ( ?is beautiful & unique specim5 9 ! "w ( ,mill] or ( subsequ5t au?ors2 nei!r am ,i aw>e ( any data by :i* a relation c be e/abli%$ betwe5 ?is receptacle & ! ossicula & /ems1 s abundant 9 ! c>bonif]\s lime/one ( ,d]by%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,l4 ,,plate ,l4 ,encr9ites & ,p5tacr9ites4 ,! ,pe> ,encr9ite ( ,brad=d2 ,mr4 ,p>k9son4 7,apiocr9us rotundus1 ( ,mill]4 ---- ,p>k9soni1 ( ,bronn47 ,! mo/ g5]ally kn[n ( ! ,briti% ,cr9oidea1 f its size1 & abundance 9 "o p>ticul> locality1 is ! ,pe> ,encr9ite ( ,brad=d 9 ,wilt%ire1 "s ( ! qu>ries ( ! oolite on ! heights above t picturesquely-situat$ t[n1 yield+ n only imm5se quantities ( deta*$ plates & ossicula1 b also num]\s examples ( ! receptacle1 & occasionally ! entire skeleton f ! p$uncle ( ! base to ! extremities ( ! arms4 ,! lam5t$ ,mr4 ,*ann+ ,pe>ce1 & 8 fa!r 7n[ ( ,p]cy ,place1 ,grosv5or1 ,ba?71 :5 resid5t at ,brad=d1 paid su* unremitt+ att5tion to ! collection ( ^! fossils1 t p]fect specim5s 7 obta9$1 exhibit+ ! entire /ructure ( ! orig9als2 ( ^! "s f9e examples are pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell m5tions a v int]e/+ fact relat+ to ! occurr5ce ( ^! ,cr9oidea 9 ! /rata4 ,he /ates t ! upp] surface ( a b$ ( lime/one at ,brad=d is incru/$ ) a cont9u\s pavem5t =m$ by ! /ony roots ( ! ,apiocr9ites2 & ^u ?is is a lay] ( clay 9 :i* are ! /ems & bodies 7receptacles7 ( innum]able examples2 "s erect1 o!rs ly+ pro/rate2 :ile ?r\gh\t ! clay are scatt]$ deta*$ arms1 /ems1 & receptacles4 ,?is subm>9e =e/ ( ,cr9oideans mu/ !re=e h fl\ri%$ 9 ! cle> sea-wat] till invad$ by a curr5t load$ ) mud1 :i* ov]:elm$ ! liv+ zoophytes1 & entomb$ !m 9 ! argillace\s deposit 9 :i* _! rema9s are n[ imb$d$4#de ,footnote #de3 ,see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fec4 ,! receptacle ( ?is ,apiocr9ite is pyri=m & v smoo?1 ! plates are l>ge & ?91 ) radiat+ articulat$ surfaces2 ! /em is %ort1 smoo?1 & /rong1 ! arms are simple1 & l ^? ( ! ,m>supite2 ! p$uncle spreads out into an exp&$ base1 :i* is firmly atta*$ to ! rock2 sections ( ?is "p are g5]ally ( a purple col\r4 ,fig4 #a4 ,"p ( ! column ( ! ,brad=d ,encr9ite4 #b4 ,"p ( ! receptacle2 a m9ute incru/+ coral 7,bryozoa7 is atta*$ to ! l[] "p1 giv+ ! /em a r\gh appe>ance4 ,figs4 #c1 #d4 ,surface ( deta*$ plates ( ! receptacle4 ,fig4 #e4 ,portion ( ! column p>tly cov]$ ) a cortical cov]+ ( a purple col\r possibly ! orig9al inve/+ membrane4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a receptacle1 9 :i* a few ( ! ossicula ( ! arms rema9 atta*$ to ! m>g94 ,fig4 #g4 ,ano!r receptacle1 9 :i* ! plates call$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son clavicles & scapul1 are reta9$ 9 _! natural positions4 ,fig4 #h4 ,a receptacle1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal plates are well def9$3 ^! are nam$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son z foll[3 a1 clavicle2 b1 scapula2 c1 ossicula ( ! arms2 d1 ! la/ s]ies ( ! same4 ,! ossicles =m+ ! elongat$ t5tacula1 ,mr4 ,p4 t]m$ bones ( ! f+]s4 ,fig4 #i4 ,portion ( an encr9ital /em ) digitat$ processes3 ! nature ( ?is fossil is unkn[n to me4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,?ree unit$ ossicula ( a ,p5tacr9ite ) depressions = side-arms3 f ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a di/ort$ p5tacr9al ossicle2 said to be f ,africa4 ,figs4 #ab1 #ad1 are v]tical poli%$ sections ( ! p$uncle1 or base ( ! /em1 ( ! ,brad=d ,encr9ite4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,v]tical section ( ! p$uncle ( a ,p5tacr9ite f ,soissons4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a poli%$ slab ( p5tacr9al m>ble f ,*>m\?1 ,dorset%ire4 ,fig4 #af4 ,v>i\sly contort$ p5tacr9al /ems ) num]\s side-arms1 f ,*>m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,li4 ,,plate ,,li4 ,fossil ,cr9oidea1 or ,lily-%ap$ ,animals4 ,fig4 #a4 ,"p ( ! receptacle ( ! ,nave ,encr9ite ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son 7,act9ocr9us1 ( ,mill]74 ,m\nta9 lime/one4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a portion ( ! receptacle ( a ,rose ,encr9ite 7,rhodocr9us71 view$ f ! base4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! ,nave ,encr9ite 7,act9ocr9us triacontadactylus1 or ?irty-f+]$1 ( ,mill]71 f ! m\nta9 lime/one4 ,?is is a good example ( ! /ructure ( ! receptacle 9 ?is gr\p ( ,cr9oideans1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by ! arms pass+ (f at "r angles f ! p]iph]y ( ! receptacle1 l ! spokes ( a :eel2 :5ce ! "n1 ,nave ,encr9ite4 ,! upp] "p is cov]$ by closely adapt$ plates1 & ! buccal ap]ture or m\? is situat$ at ! side4 ,! /em ( ?is gr\p is ?ickly beset ) side-arms4 7,fig4 #g is a v small deta*$ "o47 ,! arms are num]\s 7am\nt+ to ?irty 9 ! species figur$71 & ( great l5g?2 ^! subdivide into jo9t$ filam5ts ( extreme m9ut5ess4 ,slabs ( lime/one are (t5 entirely cov]$ ) !m1 & _m lay]s are :olly made up ( _! aggregat$ rema9s4 ,! plates ( ! receptacle are g5]ally highly ornam5t$3 9 "o species ! sculptur+ s closely resembles t ( ! ,m>supites ornatus ( ! *alk1 t x 0 ) difficulty ,i conv9c$ ,mr4 ,p>k9son t ! latt] did n possess a /em1 & !re=e 0 n an ,act9ocr9ite4#df ,footnote #df3 ,see ,m$als ( ,creation1 p4 #cbe2 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #ffd2 ,mill]'s ,cr9oidea1 p4 #id4 ,figs4 #d1 #e4 ,portions ( receptacles ( ,act9ocr9ites4 ,figs4 #f1 #h4 ,fragm5ts ( /ems ( a ,p5tacr9ite 7,p5tacr9us scal>is1 ( ,goldfuss72 f ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,fig4 #i4 ,a ,p5tacr9ite exp&$ on a slab ( ,lias-%ale4 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,/em1 receptacle1 & arms ( a ,cr9oidean 7probably a ,cya?ocr9ite72 x is drawn 9 an inv]t$ position4 ,! figure is /at$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son to be copi$ f a plate by ,dr4 ,capell]4 ,nei!r ! locality1 nor ! /ratum f :i* x 0 obta9$1 is m5tion$4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,"p ( ! /em ( a ,p5tacr9ite 7,p4 basalti=mis1 ( ,mill]72 f ! ,lias4 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! receptacle ( a ,cr9oidean 7,platycr9us lvis1 ( ,mill]72 f ! m\nta9 lime/one1 ,irel&4 ,fig4 #ac1 ossicles ( ! arms2 & fig4 #ad1 jo9ts ( ! /ems1 slightly magnifi$4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! sup]ior "p ( ! ,bri>an p5tacr9ite4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 7,p5tacr9us ,bri>eus1 ( ,mill]47 ,! specim5 is a slab ( ,lias1 almo/ :olly made up ( cr9oideal rema9s4 ,9 relief on ! surface are ! /ems & dislocat$ ossicles ( ! receptacle2 ! latt] are ?us enum]at$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son2--a1 scapula2 b1 clavicle2 c1 fir/ bone ( ! arm2 d1 second arm-bone2 e1 comm5cem5t ( ! two s]ies ( bones =m+ ! f+]s4 ,fig4 #af1 is ano!r slab ( p5tacr9al ,lias lime/one1 ) portions ( a /em & num]\s side-arms3 ^! are g5]ally electrotyp$1 z x 71 ) a brilliant pyrites1 giv+ a ri* metallic lu/re to ! animal rema9s4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re are _m spl5did specim5s ( ?is highly int]e/+ family ( ,radi>ia4 ,i w\ld especially direct ! intellig5t visitor's att5tion to a slab ( /one1 _m feet 9 height & bread?1 on :i* a gr\p ( ,p5tacr9ites is display$1 z palpable & p]fect z if ! animals 7 sport+ 9 _! native elem5t4 ,?is mat*less specim5 is f ,g]many4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,"o ( ! small auxili>y lat]al t5tacles ( a ,p5tacr9ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lii4 ,,plate ,,lii4 ,p5tacr9ites4 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is specim5 displays ! usual appe>ance ( ! mode 9 :i* ! arms ( ,p5tacr9ites are spread out 9 relief on ! pyrit\s lias lime/one ( ,*>m\?4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! arms1 f ! upp] "p ( ! receptacle to _! ?ird or f\r? subdivision ( ! ,bri>an ,p5tacr9ite4 ,*>m\?4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a small specim51 %[+ ! ramifications & delicacy ( ! extremities ( ! arms or t5tacula4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a fossil body1 suppos$ to be a species ( oval encr9ite4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,?is fossil is c]ta9ly a coral1 probably "s species ( ,turb9olia1 f ! ,devonian =mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,liii4 ,,plate ,,liii4 ,fossil ,/>-,fi%es & ,e*9i4 ,! radiat$ animals popul>ly call$ ,/>-fi%es1 f _! /ellul> figure1 are s abundant along our sea %ores1 t ! nature ( ! common five-ray$ species 7,a/]ias1 or ,ura/] rub5s7#dg mu/ be famili> to mo/ ( my read]s4 ,?is species belongs to ! gr\p 9 :i* ! rays are elongat$1 & f> exce$ 9 l5g? ! diamet] ( ! disk2 9 ano!r subdivision 7! ,gonia/]1 or ,cu%ion-/>71 ! body is angul>1 & ! lobes or rays are %ort1 & d n exce$ 9 l5g? ! diamet] ( ! body4 ,9 ano!r gr\p 7! ,comatula1 or ,fea!r-/>71 ! rays are fr+$ ) long jo9t$ t5tacula1 :i* divide & subdivide l ^? ( ! ,cr9oidea2 & ^! />-fi%es may1 9 fact1 be reg>d$ z free ,lily-%ap$ animals4#dh ,!re is ano!r tribe 9 :i* ! arms are elongat$ into sl5d] rays1 )\t grooves or t5tacula2 ^! are call$ ! ,s]p5t ,/>-fi%es 7,ophiura74 ,species ( all ^! gr\ps occur 9 a fossil /ate4#di ,footnote #dg3 ,see ,pr(essor ,=bes's delightful ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,/>-,fi%es4 ,footnote #dh3 ,9 ! "y /ate ! ,comatul h a jo9t$ /em1 & are atta*$ to o!r bodies2 be+ 9 ?is /age true ,cr9oideans4 ,footnote #di3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 p4 #ccb4 ,fig4 #a4 ,"p ( a fossil lunat$ /> f ! *alk ( ,k5t4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 7,gonia/] semilunata1 ( ,p>k9son2 ,gonia/] ,p>k9soni1 ( ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes74 ,rema9s ( ,/>-fi%es are by no means r>e 9 ! *alk /rata ( ,k5t2 9 ^? ( ,sussex !y are f> less common4 ,:5 ! ,fossils ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns 0 publi%$1 9 #ahbb1 a few fragm5ts only _h be5 discov]$4 ,( late ye>s1 "s beautiful examples h be5 obta9$ f ! *alk-pits ne> ,arundel & ,wor?+1 by ,mr4 ,dixon1 ,mr4 ,coombe1 ,mrs4 ,smi?1 ( ,tunbridge ,wells1 & o!r collectors4 ,! cab9et ( ! ,m>quess ( ,nor?ampton is v ri* 9 ?is class ( fossils4 ,sev]al unique examples ( new species h be5 obta9$ f ! *alk ne> ,maid/one4 ,fig4 #b4 ,an e*9ite1 f ,france4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,! locality ( ?is fossil is unc]ta92 no simil> specim5 is kn[n ei!r to ,mr4 ,morris1 or ! o!r em95t palontologi/s ,i h consult$2 & ! orig9al _c be discov]$4 ,i h reason to believe x 0 pur*as$1 aft] ,mr4 ,p>k9son's dea?1 toge!r ) ! great] numb] ( ! fossils already describ$1 by an ,am]ican g5tleman1 & tak5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,fig4 #c4 ,"p ( a /ellite or fossil />-fi%1 resembl+ ,p5tagona/] regul>is4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,?is well-kn[n *alk species 7,gonia/] ,mantelli1 ( ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes71 occurs frequ5tly 9 an imp]fect /ate 9 ! qu>ries ne> ,graves5d4 ,! collection ( ! ,m>quess ( ,nor?ampton conta9s a p]fect & exquisite specim5 atta*$ to a fl9t1 f t locality4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a beautiful example ( ! ,turban ,e*9ite 7,cid>is ,p>k9soni1 ( ,dr4 ,flem+71 f ,wilt%ire4 ,! ,cid>is1 or ,turban ,e*9ite1 belongs to ! family ( radiat$ animals1 ( :i* ! rec5t ,sea-ur*9 7,e*9us sphra7 is a well-kn[n example4 ,! globul> %ell or envelope ( ^! animals is compos$ ( num]\s calc>e\s polygonal plates1 arrang$ 9 regul> & elegant patt]ns1 l ! l9es ( ! m]idian on a globe4 ,^! plates are ext]nally cov]$ ) papill ( v>i\s sizes1 to :i* sp9es ( correspond+ magnitude are articulat$4 ,9 "s ( ! ,cid>es ! pr9cipal tub]cles are v l>ge1 & _! sp9es sev]al in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( ! animals ( ?is family t occur 9 a fossil /ate are s great1 t a "w expressly devot$ to ! subject w\ld be requir$ to ?or\ghly inve/igate ! *>act]s & relations ( ! kn[n species4 ,an elem5t>y k ( ?is class ( fossil rema9s may be obta9$ by ref]5ce to ,m$als ( ,creation1 *ap4 xi4 p4 #bdj4 ,fig4 #e4 ,"p ( ! case ( a ,cid>is atta*$ to a fl9t by its out] surface1 surr\nd$ by upw>ds ( tw5ty sp9es2 ! int]ior ( ! %ell1 ( a light p9k col\r1 is expos$4 ,?is exquisite fossil is n[ 9 ! cab9et ( ! ,m>quess ( ,nor?ampton4 ,x 0 pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son = ! sum ( tw5ty gu9eas2 b ?is 0 9 ! palmy days ( ! /udy ( organic rema9s1 be=e ! t]ms ,geology & ,palontology 7 inv5t$1 & :5 a *oice relic ( a =m] _w 0 *eap at any price1 9 ! op9ion ( ! en?usia/ic collector4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a ,turban ,e*9ite 7,cid>is 7,hemicid>is1 ( ,agassiz7 cr5ul>is1 ( ,lam>ck73 f ! ,coral ,rag ( ,wilt%ire4 ,fig4 #g4 ,a silice\s ca/--t is1 a fl9t t has be5 m\ld$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! %ell1 & receiv$ ! impress ( ! int]nal /ructure--( ,cid>is coroll>is1 ( ,p>k9son2 7,cyphosoma correl>e1 ( ,agassiz73 f ,sussex4 ,fig4 #h4 ,cid>is ) sp9es1 f ! ,oolite ( ,/onesfield4 ,fig4 #i4 ,a specim5 ( "o ( ! ,cid>es ) l>ge tub]cles 7,cid>is coronatus1 ( ,goldfuss72 f ! ,coral ,rag1 ,ox=d%ire4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,an elegant *alk e*9us 7,cid>is ,knigi1 ( ,mantell2#ej ,cyphosoma ,mill]i1 ( ,agassiz2 ,c4 granulosus1 ( ,goldfuss73 f ,k5t4 ,footnote #ej3 ,fossils ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 p4 #ahi4 7#ahbb47 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a f9e species f ! *alk at ,graves5d 7,cid>is vesiculosus1 ( ,goldfuss74 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a peculi> type ( ,cid>is 7,sal5ia scutig]a1 ( ,goldfuss71 f ! free/one or upp] gre5s& ( ,w>m9/]1 ,wilts4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,ano!r species ( ! same g5us 7,sal5ia /ellulata1 ( ,agassiz72 f ,w>m9/]4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,an enl>g$ view ( "p ( ! /ructure ar\nd ! v]tex ( fig4 #ac4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a species ( ,fea!r-/> 7,comatula pect9ata1 ( ,goldfuss72 f ,sol5h(54 ,figs4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj4 ,m9ute ,/ellit 7t is1 fossil ,/>-fi%72 f ,v]ona4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,^! are probably ! bodies or disks ( ,ophiur depriv$ ( _! arms4 ,fig4 #af4 ,! nature ( ! specim5 figur$ is unkn[n to me4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,liv4 ,,plate ,,liv4 ,v>i\s ,species ( ,fossil ,sea-,ur*9s4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a l>ge1 discoidal e*9ite1 ( ! type call$ ,clypeus or ,%ield-e*9us1 7,clypeus s9uatus1 ( ,leske17 f ! ,coral ,rag ( ,ox=d%ire4 ,?is species ab\nds 9 ! b$s ( ?is division ( ! ,oolite 9 ,b]k%ire1 ,wilt%ire1 ,gl\/]%ire1 c4 ,fig4 #b4 ,e*9an?ites orbicul>is 7,pygurus7 ( ,leske4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #c4 ,an imp]fect fl9t ca/ ( an e*9us 7,discoidea71 f ! ,s\? ,d[ns4 ,fig4 #d4 ,! ,helmet ,e*9ite1 7,anan*ytes ovatus1 ( ,lam>ck17 f ! ,*alk ( ,k5t4 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic species ( ! :ite *alk1 & ab\nds 9 ! /rata ( ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,d[ns4 ,at ,nor?fleet1 ne> ,graves5d1 ! qu>ry-m5 f9d beautiful specim5s4 ,fig4 #e4 ,an oval e*9ite 7,nucleolites17 f ,v]ona4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a portion ( a v flat e*9ite1 9 :i* ! rays or ambulacra are 9 a flori=m arrangem5t1 7,e*9odiscus bisp]=atus1 ( ,p>k9son2 ,lobophora bip]=ata1 ( ,desor17 f ,t]ti>y ,/rata1 ,v]ona4 ,fig4 #g4 ,a small discoidal e*9ite 7,discoidea subuculus1 ( ,leske17 f ! upp] gre5s& ( ,w>m9/]4 ,fig4 #h4 ,! flori=m radiat$ "p ( ! %ell ( an e*9ite 7,clypea/]71 f ! t]ti>y /rata ( ,malta4 ,fig4 #i4 ,a ca/ 9 fl9t ( "p ( ! int]ior ( ! case or %ell ( an e*9ite4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,an elegant conical e*9ite 7,conulus albogal]us1 ( ,leske2 ,gal]ites1 ( ,agassiz71 common 9 ! *alk ( ,k5t & ,sussex4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,view ( ! base ( fig4 #aj1 %[+ ! situation ( ! two ap]tures ( ! %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lv4 ,,plate ,,lv4 ,fossil ,sea-,ur*9s1 or ,e*9ites4 ,fig4 #a4 ,! %ell ( a ,turban ,e*9ite 7,cid>is saxatilis1 ( ,p>k9son71 brok5 9 two1 & ea* piece imb$d$ 9 ! same fragm5t ( fl9t4 ,f ,k5t4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a r\nd ,buckl] ,e*9ite 7,e*9odiscus 7,clypea/]7 subrotundus1 ( ,p>k9son71 f ,italy4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! upp] surface ( an ,e*9ite 7,spatangites 7,disa/]1 ( ,agassiz7 ovalis1 ( ,p>k9son72 f ,sc>bor\gh4 ,fig4 #d4 ,view ( ! upp]1 & fig4 #e1 ( ! l[] surface ( an ,e*9ite1 7,spatangus 7,hemipnea/]1 ( ,agassiz7 radiatus1 ( ,p>k9son17 f ! cretace\s /rata ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nta91 ,mae/ri*t4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a small ,e*9ite 7,e*9ites 7,nucleolites1 ( ,leske7 pyri=mis1 ( ,p>k9son71 f ! cretace\s /rata ( ,mae/ri*t4 ,fig4 #g4 ,a small ,e*9ite ( a diff]5t g5us 7,e*9ites 7,cassidulus1 ( ,lam>ck17 ,lapis cancri1 ( ,p>k9son71 f ,mae/ri*t4 ,fig4 #h4 ,an ,e*9ite 7,spatangites 7,nucleolites7 brissoides ovalis1 ( ,p>k9son74 ,locality unkn[n4 ,fig4 #i4 ,a beautiful specim5 ( a l>ge he>t-%ap$ ,e*9ite ( a rec5t species 7,spatangus purpureus71 f a mod]n t]ti>y deposit1 ,malta4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,an ,e*9ite 7,e*9odiscus 7,clypea/]7 laganum1 ( ,p>k9son71 f a t]ti>y deposit1 ,v]ona4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,?is ,is a v abundant ,spatangus or he>t-%ap$ e*9ite1 7,spatangus cor m>9um1 ( ,p>k9son2 ,cor te/ud9>ium1 ( ,goldfuss2 ,micra/] cor angu9um1 ( ,agassiz17 9 ! *alk ( ,k5t1 & "s p>ts ( ,sussex4 ,silice\s ca/s1 =m+ cordi=m fl9ts1 ) deep impr9ts ( ! p5tapetal\s rays on ! v]tex1 are common among ! /ones ( ! pl\gh$ fields ( ! ,d[ns4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a ,spatangite1 7,spatangus 7,micra/]1 ( ,agassiz7 lacunosus1 ( ,p>k9son71 f t]ti>y /rata1 ,malta1 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lvi4 ,,plate ,,lvi4 ,e*9ites & ,e*9ital ,sp9es4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a fragm5t ( ! %ell ( a ,turban ,e*9ite1 ) ?ree clavat$ or club-%ap$ sp9es atta*$1 on *alk1 f ,k5t 7,cid>is clavig]1 ( ,knig74 ,! inn] surface ( ! fragm5t ( %ell is expos$4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a cru%$ %ell ( an elegant species ( ,turban ,e*9ite 7,cid>is sceptrif]a1 ( ,mantell71 on a block ( *alk2 ) two displac$ sp9es ne> x4 ,! sceptre-l =m ( ! sp9es sugge/$ ! specific "n4 ,! *alk has be5 c>efully cut away s z to display ! %ell & sp9es z mu* z possible )\t deta*+ !m4 ,f ,sussex2 common 9 ! *alk ne> ,graves5d4 ,fig4 #c4 ,"p ( ! %ell1 ) two sp9es ( ano!r species 7,cid>is vesiculosus1 ( ,goldfuss71 f ,k5t4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a fossil e*9ital sp9e resembl+ a belemnite4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,i am unable to det]m9e ei!r ! species or locality ( ?is fossil3 x is inde$ d\btful :e!r x is a sp9e ( an e*9us4 ,figs4 #e to #ai1 repres5t v>i\s k9ds ( e*9ital sp9es ( ,turban ,e*9ites or ,cid>ites4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a fossil sp9e nam$ ',bacolo di ,santo ,paulo1' by ,scilla4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,f ,v]ona4 ,figs4 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 are1 ,i believe1 ref]able to v>i\s species ( ,cid>is t occur 9 ! ,oolite or ,jurassic deposits4 ,figs4 #i & #aa4 ,species ( ,cid>is gl&if]us1 ( ,goldfuss4 ,fig4 #ae1 is a well kn[n =m1 :i* occurs 9 ?\s&s 9 ! ,oolite ,lime/one1 ! ,coral ,rag1 ( ,ca51 & o!r localities 9 ,wilt%ire2 x belongs to a beautiful ,cid>ite 7,cid>is ,blum5ba*ii#ea71 :i* is occasionally f\nd ) simil> sp9es atta*$4 ,footnote #ea3 ,see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ejj1 figs4 #c & #f4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a flat s]rat$ sp9e f ,v]ona4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,x belongs to ! ,cid>is ,s*midelii1 ( ,goldfuss4 ,fig4 #g4 ,! int]ior ( ! upp] "p or v]tex ( a l>ge ,e*9us1 f ! t]ti>y /rata ( ,malta4 ,! great] portion ( ! %ell is brok5 away1 b a small fragm5t %[+ ! out] surface rema9s on ! upp] left h& ( ! specim54 ,! five l>ge petal\s ambulacra are beautifully se54 ,p]fect examples ( ?is e*9ite 7,e*9an?us ,clypea/] altus1 ( ,p>k9son71 are n uncommon4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,a sp9e ( ,cid>is sceptrif]a1 f ! *alk ( ,k5t4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,an elegant ,turban ,e*9ite1 7,hemicid>is cr5ul>is1 ( ,lam>ck17 common 9 ! ,coral ,rag ( ,wilt%ire4 ,gr\ps ( ?is beautiful e*9od]m1 ) num]\s sp9es atta*$1 are f\nd at ,ca54 ,i h se5 on "o slab ( lime/one1 upw>ds ( tw5ty individuals ) ! sp9es radiat+ r\nd ! %ell1 z if ! animals 7 alive on a mud bank 9 %all[ wat]4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,a fragm5t ( ! %ell ) two sp9es 7,cid>is clavig]71 atta*$ to a fl9t2 f ,k5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lvii4 ,,plate ,,lvii4 ,fossil ,%ells4 ,figs4 #a1 #c4 ,upp] & "u view ( a discoidal spiral univalve %ell 7,euomphalus p5tangulatus1 ( ,s[]by71 f ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,d]by%ire4 ,! ext9ct g5us ,euomphalus1 a "n sugge/ive ( ! deeply excavat$ disk1 comprises _m species :i* occur 9 ! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & ,c>bonif]\s =mations4 ,! %ell has *amb]s1 or r obsolete cavities seal$ up by a %elly p>tition1 9 ! ab&on$ "p ( ! spire4#eb ,footnote #eb3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 pp4 #dbe-dbg4 ,fig4 #b4 ,an elegant univalve %ell1 completely silicifi$ or transmut$ into fl9t 7,natica canr5a1 ( ,p>k9son1 ,natica ,g5tii1 ( ,s[]by71 f ! upp] gre5s& ( ,blackd[n4 ,figs4 #d1 #f4 ,two views ( ! same specim52 a univalve 7,n]ita conoidea1 ( ,lam>ck71 9 :i* ! apex or upp] "p is de/roy$1 & ! int]ior ( ! %ell is fill$ ) yell[i% br[n *alc$ony2 9 fig4 #d1 a ca/ ( ! spire is se51 & 9 fig4 #f1 ! m\? ( ! %ell1 ) ! *alc$ony p>tially fill+ up ! int]ior4 ,f t]ti>y /rata ne> ,p>is4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a beautiful fossil univalve %ell1 f ! ,r$ ,crag ( ,suffolk1 kn[n to collectors z ! ,essex rev]s$ :elk1 f ! spire be+ coil$ 9 ! opposite direction to ! common mode2 ! m\? is consequ5tly situat$ to ! left ( ! obs]v]2 ! same species occurs ) ! spire 9 ! usual direction4 ,?is %ell is ! ,murex 7,fusus7 contr>ius1 ( ,p>k9son4 ,figs4 #g1 #h4 ,"u & upp] view ( ano!r species ( ,euomphalus 7,e4 rugosus1 ( ,s[]by71 f ! ,w5lock lime/one1 ,dudley4 ,fig4 #i4 ,an enl>g$ view ( fig4 #aj4 ,a %ell ( ! g5us ,sig>etus4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,mr4 ,morris ?9ks x is m]ely an op]culum ( a small univalve4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a *amb]$ cephalopod\s %ell 7,lituites lituus1 ( ,his+]71 f ,silurian /rata1 ,sw$54 ,figs4 #ab1 #ac4 ,^! curi\s contort$ bodies are nam$ ,v]miculit by ,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,!y occur 9 ! cream-col\r$ lime/one ( ,papp5heim & ,sol5h(54 ,!y are t]m$ ,lumbric>ia colon by ,goldfuss2 & ,cololites by ,m4 ,agassiz2 ! la/-nam$ em95t naturali/ has demon/rat$ t !y are ! fossiliz$ inte/9es ( fi%es4#ec ,footnote #ec3 ,see ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,essay1 vol4 ii4 plate #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lviii4 ,,plate ,,lviii4 ,fossil ,%ells4 ,fig4 #a4 ,"p ( a hexah$ral ,s]pulite4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a silicifi$ mass ( delicate fili=m s]pul1 f ! upp] gre5s& ( ,devon%ire 7,s]pula fili=mis1 ( ,s[]by74 ,fig4 #c4 ,portion ( a species ( ,siliqu>ia1 f t]ti>y /rata1 ,france4 ,x is ! %ell ( an ,annelide relat$ to ,d5talium4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a spiral ,s]pulite 7x resembles ! ,s]pula conica72 probably f ! cretace\s b$s ( ! ,isle ( ,rug54 ,fig4 #f1 is a piece ( poli%$ s&/one1 f ! upp] gre5s& ( ,wilt%ire1 ! m>k+s on :i* are produc$ by sections ( a species ( ,s]pula 7,v]metus concavus1 ( ,s[]by74--,mr4 ,morris4 ,fig4 #g4 ,a species ( ,v]metus2 f ,bayonne8 ,figs4 #h1 #i4 ,a species ( ,v]metus :i* ab\nds 9 ! co>se ar5ace\s lime/one ( ,bognor ,rocks1 9 ,sussex 7,v]metus ,bognori5sis1 ( ,s[]by74 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a section ( ! %ell ( a ,nautilus1 to %[ t ! siphuncle sometimes suff]$ di/5sion4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a species ( ,s]pula 7,s]pula ampullacea1 ( ,s[]by71 f ! *alk ( ,k5t4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a fragm5t ( ! back or dorsal "p ( ! %ell ( a fossil ,nautilus 7,nautilus c5tralis1 ( ,s[]by71 f ! ,london clay1 ,br5t=d4 ,! out] %ell is brok5 away1 & ! siphuncle1 trav]s+ five ( ! septa ( ! *amb]s1 is expos$4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! outl9e ( ! back ( a ,nautilus4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,an ,or?oc]atite 7,or?oc]as annulatum1 ( ,s[]by2 ,o4 undulatum1 ( ,kiss+]71 f ! ,w5lock ,lime/one1 ,dudley4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a fragm5t ( a fossil ,nautilus 7,nautilus ,p>k9soni1 ( ,mr4 ,edw>ds71 f ! ,london clay ( ,h>wi*4 ,x %[s ! situation ( ! siphuncle & ! =m ( ! septa1 z indicat$ by ! s9u\s transv]se l9es4 ,fig4 #af4 ,a poli%$ section ( a ,nautilus 7,n4 truncatus1 ( ,s[]by71 f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ,yeovil1 ,som]set%ire4 ,! *amb]s are fill$ up ) cry/all9e lime/one1 ) ! exception ( ! six out]mo/ cells1 9 :i* are left holl[s t are l9$ ) calc>e\s sp>4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,poli%$ section ( an ,or?oc]atite1 f ! ,silurian /rata ( ,ol&1 ,sw$54 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! discoidal "p ( a ,lituite f ! same locality z fig4 #ag4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,a poli%$ slab ( grey m>ble1 f ! ,devonian =mation ( ! ,rh9e4 ,! figures are sections ( ,or?oc]atites1 a2 & ,lituites1 b4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lix4 ,,plate ,,lix4 ,fossil ,cephalopoda1 c4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a fossil %ell nam$ ,hippurite 7,hippurites bioculatus1 ( ,d',orbigny71 f ! s\? ( ,france4 ,?is %ell belongs to a family t]m$ ,rudi/es1 ^: *>act]s are some:at problematical1--"s naturali/s ref]r+ !m to ! bivalves1 & o!rs to ! univalves4 ,! ,hippurite is g5]ally ( an elongat$ conical =m1 & has int]nally two obtuse longitud9al ridges2 ! base is sometimes p>tition$ by transv]se septa4 ,fig4 #e1 is a longitud9al section ( a specim5 9 :i* septa are display$4 ,! ap]ture is clos$ by a moveable op]culum1 or upp] valve1 z 9 ! specim5 fig4 #a4 ,! sub/ance ( ! %ell is cellul> & v ?ick1 & :5 fractur$1 resembles t ( ! lamellif]\s corals4 ,"s k9ds atta9 a l>ge size1 & are call$ petrifi$ horns by ! inhabitants ( ! di/ricts 9 ! ,pyr5ees :]e !y ab\nd4 ,?\gh ,hippurites are abundant 9 ! *alk ( ! s\? ( ,france1 & 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 none h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,sph]ulite1 a ne>ly alli$ g5us1 :i* has no int]nal longitud9al ridges1 occurs 9 ! *alk ( ,sussex3 x 0 fir/ discov]$ ne> ,lewes4 7,sph]ulites ,mortoni1 ( ,mantell47#ed ,footnote #ed3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 p4 #dbh4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! siphuncle ( a v l>ge ,or?oc]atite 7relat$ to ! g5us ,ormoc]as1 ,mr4 ,morris71 f ! ,rh9e4 ,figs4 #c #d1 %[ ! direction 9 :i* ! siphuncle 9 ,or?oc]atites int]sects ! septa4 ,fig4 #f4 ,siphuncle ( an or?oc]atite 7relat$ to ,or?oc]as duplex1 ( ,kiss+]71 f ! ,silurian /rata1 ,sw$54 ,fig4 #g4 ,an ,or?oc]atite 7,o4 pyri=me1 ( ,s[]by71 f ! ,silurian /rata1 ,dudley4 ,figs4 #h-ae4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( ,belemnites4 ,9 ! ,supplem5t>y ,notes ,i h1 "u ! head1 ,belemnites1 expla9$ some:at fully ! nature ( ^? fossils :i*1 by ! "n ( ?und]bolts1 h = s _m c5turies excit$ ! int]e/ & p]plex$ ! +5uity ( collectors ( fossil rema9s4 ,ref]r+ ! read] to t note1 ,i %all !re=e 9 ?is place m]ely give su* specific names ( ! specim5s figur$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son z ,i h be5 able to det]m9e4 ,fig4 #h4 ,a ,belemnite ( l>ge size1 ,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,?is specim5 is "p ( ! phragmocone f ne> ! l[] apical portion1 p>tially inve/$ ) ! fibr\s ro/rum or gu>d4 ,x is ! species nam$ ,belemnites giganteus by ,m4 ,d',orbigny2 f ! ,ox=d clay ( ,wilt%ire4 ,fig4 #i4 ,! gu>d ( a ,belemnite1 erod$ by "s ,annelide4 ,fig4 #aj1 is a v]tical section ( a fragm5t ( a ,belemnite1 %[+ ! alveolus or cavity = ! reception ( ! apex ( ! phragmocone 9 ! upp] "p4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! di/al or apical "p ( ! ro/rum or gu>d ( a ,belemnite4 ,! annex$ outl9e ( a transv]se section exhibits ! radiat$ /ructure4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! di/al "p ( ! gu>d ( a *alk ,belemnite 7,belemnitella mucronata72 f ,norwi*4 ,silice\s ca/s ( ! phragmocone ( ,belemnitella are occasionally met ) 9 ! fl9ts ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns4 ,?is phragmocone has a longitud9al flat b& or ridge1 ext5d+ d[n ! dorsal aspect3 ! *amb]s are v num]\s2 ! slit or fissure 9 ! v5tral aspect ( ! gu>d1 is occupi$ by a ?9 expansion ( ! phragmocone4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a ,belemnite f ! great oolite ( ,/onesfield 7,belemnites fusi=mis1 ( ,p>k9son74 ,! upp] "p %[s ! alveolus = ! reception ( ! apex ( ! phragmocone4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,a fragm5t ( a gu>d split v]tically1 ! flat surface %[+ a section ( ! alveolus fill$ ) sp>4 ,?is specim5 belongs to ! ,belemnites cyl9dri=mis1 ( ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a ,belemnite 7,belemnites coni=mis1 ( ,p>k9son71 hav+ "p ( ! gu>d brok5 (f1 to %[ ! alveolus or holl[ 9 :i* ! apical "p ( ! phragmocone is receiv$4 ,! remov$ portion has ! ca/ ( ! alveolus atta*$ to x4 ,fig4 #af1 ( :i* fig4 #ag1 is an enl>g$ view1 is a species ( *amb]$ =am9if]\s %ell1 call$ ,nodos>ia 7,n4 raphani/rum1 ( ,lam>ck72 f ,si5na4 ,see description ( ,plate ,,lxii4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lx4 ,,plate ,,lx4 ,ammonites4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a ,belemnite 7,belemnitella mucronata7 atta*$ to a fl9t4 ,k5t4 ,fig4 #b4 ,ca/ ( "p ( a /raight-*amb]$ %ell 7,baculites ,fraujasii1 ( ,lam>ck71 9 :i* ! septa1 or p>titions1 are deeply & regul>ly s9uat$4 ,9 fossils ( ?is k9d1 ! ca/ ( ea* *amb] is di/9ct f ! o!rs2 b ! s]ies is held toge!r by ! flexuosities ( ! septa4 ,f ,mae/ri*t4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a lime/one ca/ ( ! *amb] ( an ,ammonite3 f ,ba?4 ,! elongat$ *annel 9 ! middle indicates ! position ( ! siphuncle4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fragm5t ( an ,ammonite1 %[+ cavities ( two *amb]s1 & ! canal ( ! siphuncle1 p>tly l9$ ) calc>e\s sp>4 ,fig4 #e4 ,poli%$ sections ( an ,ammonite 7,ammonites ,walcotii7 f ! ,lias1 ,:itby4 ,! *amb]s are fill$ ) semi-transp>5t sp>4 ,! siphunculus is se5 runn+ along ! dorsal1 or out] m>g9s ( ! volutions4 ,! d>k appe>ances obs]vable 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! siphuncle result f ! c>bonization ( ! animal membrane ) :i* ! tube 0 l9$ 9 ! liv+ /ate4 ,fig4 #f4 ,an ,oval ,ammonite4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,?is is evid5tly ! ca/ ( a discoidal %ell press$ into an elliptical =m4 ,9 ! ,*alk-m>l1 ca/s ( ,ammonites1 ,nautilites1 c4 are v commonly m or less di/ort$ by compression4 ,! m>l appe>s to h rema9$ 9 a pla/ic /ate aft] ! decomposition ( ! %ell 9 :i* x 0 m\ld$1 & to h admitt$ ( be+ squeez$ into close contact ) ! surr\nd+ matrix2 :5 ! /ratum became consolidat$ ! ca/ reta9$ its accid5tal %ape1 & adh]+ b slightly to ! inve/+ m>l1 0 sep>able by a prop]ly direct$ bl[4 ,?is expla9s ! o!rwise un9telligible fact ( a ca/ be+ closely inve/$ by ! rock1 & all traces ( ! %ell 9 :i* x 0 =m$ abs5t4 ,:5 bo? ! ca/ & ! matrix became solid & uncompressible be=e ! %ell 0 decompos$1 !n loose ca/s 7 =m$2 z is common 9 ! ,portl& /one1 c4 ,! fossil figur$ appe>s to be an indiff]5t example ( a common *alk-m>l species 7,ammonites ,mantelli1 ( ,s[]by74 ,fig4 #g4 ,a beautiful ca/ ( an ,ammonite1 9 :i* ! foliace\s septa transmut$ into pyrites 7sulphuret ( iron1 or m>casite71 are exquisitely %[n4 ,fig4 #h4 ,a v f9e specim5 ( an ,ammonite 7,ammonites latus1 ( ,s[]by71 f ! ,galt2 a subdivision ( ! ,l[] *alk1 9 :i* ,ammonites1 ) _! pe>ly %ells beautifully pres]v$1 are abundant4 ,f ,folk/one1 9 ,k5t2 a celebrat$ locality = ^! & o!r fossils ( ! same cretace\s deposits4 ,fig4 #i4 ,sections ( a pyrit\s ca/ ( an ,ammonite1 %[+ ! s9u\s edges ( ! septa4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxi4 ,,plate ,,lxi4 ,fossil ,cephalopoda1 c4 ,fig4 #a4 ,"p ( ! ca/ ( a species ( ,hamite 7,hamites int]m$ius1 ( ,s[]by71 f ! ,gait ( ,folk/one4 ,! "n ,hamites 0 employ$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son to designate a g5us ( *amb]$ %ells1 9 :i* ! direction ( ! spire1 in/ead ( be+ /raight1 z 9 ,baculites1 or discoidal1 z 9 ,ammonites1 0 b5t l a hook beyond ! inn] reflect$ "p4 ,all ! specim5s "h figur$ are b fragm5ts4#ee ,footnote #ee3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ejj4 ,figs4 #b1 #e4 ,portions ( ,hamites int]m$ius1 ( ,s[]by4 ,fig4 #c4 ,hamites plicatilis1 ( ,s[]by4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a fragm5t ( ,hamites rotundus1 ( ,s[]by4 ,figs4 #f1 #g4 ,two views ( a species ( an ext9ct g5us1 ! %ells ( :i*1 ?\gh n *amb]$1 are suppos$ to h be5 inhabit$ by ,cephalopoda1 l ! rec5t ,argonaut4 ,! specim5 7,bell]ophon co/atus1 ( ,s[]by7 is f ! ,m\nta9 lime/one ( ,d]by%ire4#ef ,footnote #ef3 ,ibid p4 #dgg4 ,figs4 #h1 #i4 ,an ,ammonite ) a contract$ ap]ture1 & ?ree deep con/rictions across ! disk4 ,f ! ,inf]ior oolite ( ,norm&y4 ,figs4 #aj1 #aa4 ,two specim5s ( ,scaphites1 or ,boat-l ,ammonite1 ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,a rem>kable cretace\s g5us ( ext9ct cephalopoda4 ,! specim5s figur$ are f ! ,l[] *alk ( ,sussex 7,scaphites co/atus1 ( ,mantell2 ,s4 equalis1 ( ,s[]by74 ,fig4 #ab4 ,ca/ ( a spiral *amb]$ %ell1 call$ ,turrilite1 ( :i* _m species occur 9 ! l[] cretace\s /rata 7,turrilites co/atus1 ( ,langius74 ,! qu>ries ( l[] *alk at ,/4 ,ca?>9e's ,m\nt1 ne> ,r\51 9 ,norm&y1 h long be5 celebrat$ = ! numb] & p]fection ( specim5s ( ?is elegant type ( cephalopod\s %ells4 ,! fir/ kn[n ,engli% examples ( ?is g5us1 z well z ( ,scaphites1 7 discov]$ by me 9 ! *alk m>l1 at ,hamsey1 ne> ,lewes1 9 ,sussex1 9 #ahaj4 ,sev]al v f9e specim5s ( a l>ge species 7,turrilites tub]culatus71 "s ( :i* are m ?an two feet 9 l5g?1 h be5 obta9$ f ! same /rata4 ,! tub]cles on ! ca/s ( ?is species are ! bases ( /rong sp9es4 ,! siphunculus1 9 ! /ate ( a pyrit\s ca/1 is pres]v$ 9 "s examples4 ,figs4 #ac to #bg4 ,^! figures all ref] to a v curi\s gr\p ( fossils1 t]m$ ,nummulites1 f ! suppos$ resemblance ( "s ( ! flat disks to a piece ( money4 ,! complexity ( _! int]nal /ructure1 & ! suppos$ resemblance ( _! organization to t ( ! true ,cephalopoda1 l$ to _m errone\s op9ions z to ! nature ( ! orig9als4 ,t em95t physiologi/1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,c>p5t]1 has rec5tly inve/igat$ ! intimate /ructure ( ! :ole gr\p1 & ! results are giv5 9 a beautiful & ma/]ly memoir 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london4#eg ,dr4 ,c>p5t] has cle>ly %[n t ^! fossils belong to ! ,=am9if]a1 & n1 z "s em95t naturali/s h suppos$1 to ! ,bryozoa1 or ,moss-corals4 ,z ! family to :i* !y belong comprises a num]\s assemblage ( m9ute organic rema9s1 _m ( :i* are del9eat$ 9 ! next plate 7,plate ,,lxii471 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,supplem5t>y ,notes1 = a g5]al description ( ! ,=am9if]a1 9 :i* is giv5 a re/or$ figure ( ! suppos$ liv+ animal ( ! ,nummulite1 f ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s memoir4 ,footnote #eg3 ,no4 #ba1 = ,febru>y #ahej4 ,on ! ,microscopic ,/ructure ( ,nummul9a1 ,orbitolites & ,orbitoides4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! usual appe>ance ( ! common species ( ,nummulite 7,nummul9a lvigata74 ,f ,egypt4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,a specim5 rubb$ d[n1 & expos+ ! int]nal cellul> /ructure4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,an example 9 :i* ! out] inve/m5t is p>tly remov$4 ,fig4 #af4 ,a v]tical section ( ! same4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,?is fossil1 ( :i* fig4 #ah1 is a v]tical section 7,nummulites obtusa1 ( ,s[]by71 appe>s to belong to a diff]5t g5us2 probably ,orbitolites1 or ,m>g9opora4 ,t]ti>y /rata4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,a v]tical section ( a ,nummulite1 %[+ a cavity 9 ! c5tre1 probably f decomposition4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,a section ( ano!r species ( ,nummulite 7,n4 dispansa 8 ( ,s[]by72#eh ,t]ti>y /rata1 ,india4 ,footnote #eh3 ,see ,s[]by's ,m9]al ,con*ology1 vol4 i42 & ,mantell's ,fossils ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns4 ,figs4 #ba to #bf1 are v>i\s sections ( a fossil ,nummulite1 ( :i* fig4 #cg1 repres5ts ! flat surface 7,nummulites complanata1 ( ,p>k9son4 ,?is fossil belongs to ! g5us ,discospira ( ,mr4 ,morris74#ei ,footnote #ei3 ,discospira1 ,nov4 ,g54 ,disci=m1 volutions di/rial1 n embrac+ ! previ\s ones1 cells num]\s4 ,mr4 ,morris1 #ahej4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,a species ( ,=am9if]a 7,fasciolites1 ( ,p>k9son2 ,alveol9a elliptica1 ( ,d',orbigny74 ,fig4 #bi4 ,a transv]se section4 ,figs4 #cj1 #ca4 ,enl>g$ views ( ! same fossil4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,a longitud9al section4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxii4 ,,plate ,,lxii4 ,fossil ,=am9if]a4 ,) ! exception ( figs4 #bc1 #bd1 #bi1 #ca & #cb1 all ! specim5s del9eat$ 9 ?is ,plate belong to ! ,=am9if]a4 ,! figures repres5t magnifi$ views2 ! natural size is indicat$ 9 "s in/ances by a m9ute outl9e4 ,"u ! article ,=am9if]a1 9 ! ,supplem5t>y ,notes1 a g5]al acc\nt is giv5 ( ! /ructure & economy ( ! liv+ animalcules4 ,a li/ ( names is subjo9$4 ,figs4 #a1 #b4 ,rotalia tro*ili=mis1 ( ,lam>ck4 ,t]ti>y4 ,fig4 #c4 ,rotalia ,becc>ii1 ( ,l9nu4 ,t]ti>y4 ,fig4 #d4 ,cri/ell>ia rotulata1 ,lam>ck4 ,*alk4 ,figs4 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,lituola nautiloidea1 ,lam>ck4 ,*alk4 ,fig4 #h4 ,spirol9a depressa1 ,lam>ck4 ,?is & ! specim5s to fig4 #ba inclusive1 are t]ti>y fossils4 ,fig4 #i4 ,spirol9a cyl9dracea1 ,lam>ck4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,or?oc]9a clavulus4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,bilocul9a r+5s1 ,lam>ck4 ,figs4 #ab1 #ac4 ,qu9quelocul9a cor angu9um1 ,lam>ck4 ,figs4 #ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,qu9quelocul9a4 ,figs4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai4 ,trilocul9a trigonula1 ,lam>ck4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,qu9quelocul9a opposita1 ,lam>ck4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,p5]oloplis op]cul>is4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,adelos9a1 ( ,d',orbigny2 a rec5t species4 ,figs4 #bc1 #bd4 ,gyrogonites4 ,! fossils "h figur$ on a magnifi$ scale z microscopic %ells ( ! same family z ^? above describ$1 receiv$ ! "n ( ,gyrogonites1 or twi/$ /ones4 ,!y prove to be ! se$-vessels ( a species ( ! common fre%-wat] plant1 ! ,*>a4 ,! fruit ( ?is g5us consi/s ( m9ute nuclei1 ) an ext]nal calc>e\s cov]+1 compos$ ( five spirally twi/$ plates1 :i* unite at ! summit4 ,^! fossils occur by myriads 9 _m ( ! fre%-wat] second>y & t]ti>y lime/ones1 z well z 9 ! calc>e\s deposits n[ 9 progress ( =mation 9 our lakes4 ,9 ! lacu/r9e lime/ones ( ! ,isle ( ,wight 7at ,b9/ead1 ,:ite ,cliff1 c471 beautiful specim5s may be obta9$4#fj ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes has discov]$ ,gyrogonites 9 ! ,weald5 /rata ( ! ,isle ( ,purbeck1 associat$ ) %ells ( ! g5]a ,planorbis1 ,physa1 ,paluol9a1 c4 ,footnote #fj3 ,see ,geological ,excursions r\nd ! ,isle ( ,wight4 #b;d ,edit4 #ahej1 p4 #ajh4 ,fig4 #be4 ,poly/omella crispa1 ( ,l9nu4 ,f ! t]ti>y /rata ( ! ,ap5n9es4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,cri/ell>ia 8 ,figs4 #bg1 #bh4 ,rotalia ,becc>ii4 ,ap5n9es4 ,fig4 #cj4 ,cri/ell>ia galea1 ( ,lam>ck4 ,ap5n9es4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,ca/ ( a species ( ,area2 a bivalve %ell1 f t]ti>y /rata1 ,bordeaux4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,a curi\s pt]opod\s %ell 7,vag9ella depressa71 f t]ti>y /rata1 ,ba/]ot4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,?is appe>s to be an imp]fect specim5 ( a bivalve hav+ a fibr\s /ructure1 l ,p9na4 ,x is probably a fragm5t ( an ,inoc]amus4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxiii4 ,,plate ,,lxiii4 ,trigoni4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 repres5t ! /ructure ( ! h+e 9 bo? valves ( a g5us ( bivalves ( :i* num]\s fossil species are met ) 9 ! second>y /rata1 & two or ?ree species /ill exi/ 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! g5us is nam$ ,trigonia1 f ! =m ( ! h+e1 & ! specific names bel[ are ^? giv5 by ,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #c4 ,trigonia clavellata1 ( ,p>k9son1 f ! ,kimm]idge clay1 ,h>twell1 ,bucks4 ,fig4 #d4 ,trigonia co/ata1 ,ox=d clay1 ,wilts4 ,fig4 #e4 ,trigonia exc5trica2 upp] gre5s&1 ,blackd[n4 ,l mo/ ( ! %ells f ?is locality1 ! ,trigoni are transmut$ into silex4 ,fig4 #f4 ,trigonia ddalea1 ,blackd[n4 ,fig4 #g4 ---- sp9osa1 ,blackd[n4 ,fig4 #h4 ,enl>g$ view ( ! sp9es ( ! above4 ,fig4 #i4 ,trigonia al=mis1 ,blackd[n4 ,fig4 #aj4 ---- rudis1 ,blackd[n4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a bivalve %ell ( ! g5us ,productus 7,p4 antiquatus1 ( ,s[]by871 f ! ,m\nta9 lime/one4 ,see description ( fig4 #i1 ,plate ,,lxvii4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,ca/ ( a species ( ,trigonia 7,t4 clavellata71 f ! ,portl& rock4 ,_m b$s ( ?is oolitic lime/one are almo/ entirely made up ( ca/s ( ,trigoni1 & *iefly ( ?is species4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,trigonia s9uata1 f ,blackd[n4 ,figs4 #ad to #ah4 ,diff]5t views ( a species ( ,h>pax4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 7,plicatula sp9osa74 ,f ! ,lias1 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! inn] surface ( ! flat valve4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,inn] surface ( ! convex valve4 ,fig4 #af4 ,magnifi$ h+e tee? ( ! flat1 & fig4 #ag1 ( ! convex valve4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,magnifi$ view ( ! adpress$ sp9es on ! ext]nal surface ( ! %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxiv4 ,,plate ,,lxiv4 ,fossil ,%ells4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a p]fect specim5 ( "o valve1 %[+ ! "* ( ! h+e ( ,cuculla decussata1 ( ,p>k9son4 ,london clay4 ,h]ne ,bay4 ,fig4 #b4 ,int]ior view ( ,crassatella tumida1 ( ,lam>ck4 ,eoc5e /rata1 ,p>is4 ,fig4 #c4 ,c>dium ,hillanum1 ( ,s[]by4 ,a beautiful silicifi$ bivalve f ,blackd[n4 ,fig4 #d4 ,nucula ovum1 ( ,s[]by4 ,a common bivalve1 9 ! ,lias1 ,york%ire4 ,fig4 #e4 ,inn] view ( ,cyr5a dep]dita1 ( ,p>k9son4 ,pla/ic clay1 ,woolwi*4 ,fig4 #f4 ,lima gigantea1 ( ,s[]by1 f ,lyme ,regis4 ,?is is a "y & small specim5 ( a l>ge bivalve t occurs 9 great p]fection 9 ! ,lias4 ,fig4 #g4 ,c>d9ia ,li/]i1 ( ,s[]by4 ,f ! ,lias1 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,fig4 #h4 ,ca/ ( a bivalve2 g5us unc]ta94 ,figs4 #i to #ab4 ,^! fossils are ! ,trigonellites ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son2 & h s9ce be5 ref]r$ to a g5us nam$ ,apty*us4 ,_! true relations are v problematical4 ,?\gh f\nd 9 pairs1 !re is no h+e or natural connexion4 ,"s naturali/s suppose !y may belong to ! int]nal organization ( ,ammonites1 because c]ta9 k9ds h be5 f\nd collocat$ ) p>ticul> species ( t g5us ( ,cepholopoda4 ,at pres5t ,i d n ?9k !re is any satisfactory evid5ce z to _! real nature4 ,species occur 9 ! ,kimm]idge clay1 & o!r subdivisions ( ! ,oolite =mation4 ,figs4 #i1 #ab4 ,trigonellites lata1 ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,figs4 #aj1 #aa4 ---- lamellosa4 ,figs4 #ac1 #ad4 ,corbida revoluta1 ( ,s[]by4 ,london clay1 ,highgate4 ,fig4 #af4 ,an imp]fect specim5 ( ,lysianassa 7,mya7 lit]ata1 f ! full]s' e>? ( ! ,oolite1 ,wilt%ire4 ,figs4 #ae1 #ag4 ,c>dita s5ilis1 ( ,s[]by4 ,f ! ,r$ crag ( ,suffolk4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxv4 ,,plate ,,lxv4 ,fossil ,%ells4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a s+le valve1 view$ int]iorly1 ( a f9e %ell 7,panopa ,aldrov&i1 ( ,faujas ,/4 ,fond7 f ! ,plei/oc5e or ,new] ,t]ti>y /rata1 t =m a *a9 ( l[ hills ne> ,pal]mo1 9 ,sicily4 ,! %ells 9 ^! deposits comprise almo/ all ! g5]a & species t n[ inhabit ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,!y occur 9 ! mo/ beautiful /ate1 depriv$ only ( _! col\r2 & gr\ps are (t5 met ) ( extreme elegance4 ,! cab9et ( ! ,m>quess ( ,nor?ampton conta9s an ext5sive & unrivall$ s]ies ( ^! fossils1 collect$ dur+ 8 ,lord%ip's resid5ce at ,pal]mo4 ,figs4 #b1 #d4 ,a bor+ bivalve 7,fi/ulana or ,li?odomus7 f ! ,oolite1 ,ba?4 ,figs4 #c1 #e4 ,valves ( a small ,oy/] f ! ,crag ( ,essex4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a gr\p ( ,li?odomi 9 lime/one f ! ,oolite1 ,brad=d1 ,wilts4 ,fig4 #g4 ,a deta*$ specim5 f ! same1 %[+ ! enclos$ bivalve4 ,figs4 #h1 #aj4 ,f9e b imp]fect specim5s ( a species ( ,t]$o 7,t]$9a p]sonata1 ( ,lam>ck71 f ! ,pla/ic clay ( ,ep]nay1 ,france4 ,fig4 #i4 ,a snail-%ell 7,helix arbu/orum7 f\nd associat$1 & evid5tly contemporane\s1 ) bones ( ,mammo?1 & ext9ct species ( ,de]1 & o!r mammalia4 ,f ,br5t=d1 9 a b$ ( light calc>e\s e>?1 tw5ty feet bel[ ! surface4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a concam]at$ ,t]$o4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,i am unable to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ?is fossil4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a species ( ,fi/ulana1 f ,france4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,ext]nal surface ( ,*ama squamosa ( ,br&]4 ,london clay1 ,hordwell4 ,figs4 #ad1 #ae1 are ! an*ylos$ caudal v]tebr ( ! tails ( fi%es4 ,f ! ,london clay1 ,isle ( ,%eppey4 ,fig4 #af4 ,a small oy/] ) a spa?ose /ructure4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,?is %ell is probably ! flat valve ( a species ( ,dian*ora1 ( ,s[]by2 f ! ,*alk4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxvi4 ,,plate ,,lxvi4 ,fossil ,bivalve ,%ells4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a fossil ,oy/] 7,o/rea ,m>%ii1 ( ,s[]by71 f ! ,cornbra% ( ! ,oolite1 ,wilt%ire4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! fossil ,cockscomb ,oy/]1 7,o/rea c>9ata1 ( ,lam>ck17 f ! ,l[] *alk1 ,havre1 ,france4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! elegant fossil %ell "h figur$ is a peculi> & mo/ abundant species 9 ! ,lias =mation2 specim5s are n uncommon1 9 :i* e "p ( ! %ell is z p]fect z if j ?r[n up on ! sea-%ore4 ,x belongs to ! g5us ,gryphites 7,gryphea incurva1 ( ,s[]by17 ! %ells ( :i* are ne>ly relat$ to ! oy/]s1 b are di/+ui%$ by ! deep concave "u-valve1 & its curv$ beak1 & ! almo/ flat upp] %ell4 ,! te/ace\s sub/ance is ( a f9] lam9at$ /ructure ?an 9 ! ,o/rea1 & ! h+e-ligam5t is ins]t$ 9 an elongat$ curv$ groove4#fa ,footnote #fa3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 i4 p4 #chg4 ,fig4 #d4 ,o/rea vel frons folium4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,?is species appe>s to be ! ,o/rea greg>ea 787 ( ,s[]by1 :i* occurs 9 ! *lorite m>l or fire/one ( ! ,l[] *alk 9 ,sussex & ,k5t4 ,fig4 #e4 ,! fossil is ! ca/ ( an oy/]-l bivalve1 call$ ,p]na1 7,p]na quadrata1 ( ,s[]by17 :i* is easily recognisable1 ev5 9 ca/s1 by ! l9e ( di/9ct tee? :i* compose ! h+e4 ,?is species is abundant 9 ! ,portl& lime/one1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! qu>ries ar\nd ,sw9don1 9 ,wilt%ire2 b f ! close adhesion ( ! out] surface ( ! %ell to ! surr\nd+ /one1 !y c seldom be extract$1 ! ca/s only be+ readily obta9able4 ,9 ! ,kimm]idge clay1 :i* lies above ! ,portl& rock1 ! %ells may be met ) 9 great p]fection4 ,! be/ locality is ne> ,h>twell1 9 ,buck+ham%ire1 :]e ! clay is ext5sively dug = ! brick manufactures4 ,figs4 #f1 #g4 ,two views ( a small %ell ( ! g5us ,cr5atula1 f ,b$=d%ire4 ,fig4 #h4 ,portion ( a v l>ge species ( ,p]na 7,p]na maxillata1 ( ,s[]by71 f t]ti>y /rata4 ,pi$mont4 ,! figure %[s ! inn] surface ( ! %ell ) "p ( ! broad cr5ulat$ h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxvii4 ,,plate ,,lxvii4 ,fossil ,%ells ( ,bra*iopoda1 c4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a species ( ,radiolites 7,r4 ag>ici=mis1 ( ,m4 ,d',orbigny71 f ! ,cretace\s /rata ( ,france4 ,?is g5us is only kn[n 9 a fossil /ate2 x belongs to ! same gr\p ( %ells 7ord]1 ,rudi/es7 z ! ,sph]ulites & ,hippurites3 ! l[] valve is conical1 & mu* l>g] ?an ! upp]1 :i* is slightly convex2 x is deeply *annell$ longitud9ally4 ,fig4 #b4 ,smoo? valve ( a species ( ,corbula 7,corbula gallica1 ( ,lam>ck72 abundant 9 "s ( ! ,eoc5e deposits ( ! ,p>is bas94 ,fig4 #c4 ,a s+le valve2 ! inn] surface is %[n 9 ! figure1 ( a rem>kable g5us ( %ells 7,crania p]sonata1 ( ,lam>ck71 frequ5tly occurr+ atta*$ to ,e*9ites & o!r bodies ( ! :ite *alk4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a species ( ,t]ebratula 7,t4 diphya1 ( ,lam>ck74 ,! %ells ( ?is g5us belong to t division ( mollusks t]m$ ,bra*iopoda 7arm-feet71 f _! hav+ int]nally two spiral fle%y arms develop$ f ! sides ( ! alim5t>y orifice4 ,^! organs are support$ by %elly processes1 curi\sly modifi$ 9 diff]5t g5]a1 :i* (t5 occur 9 a fossil /ate4 ,al?\gh ! fossil ,t]ebratul are v num]\s1 ! rec5t species are b few1 & are inhabitants ( ! seas (f ,au/ralia4 ,!y =m two natural gr\ps2 9 ! "o ! %ells are smoo?1 b p]=at$ all ov] ) m9ute op5+s or =am9a2 & ^! are (t5 fill$ ) a d>k sub/ance1 :i* is ! c>boniz$ s(t p>ts3 9 ! o!r division ! %ells are plicat$ or furr[$1 & are n =am9if]\s4#fb ,! ,spirif]s1 ano!r gr\p ( ,bra*iopoda1 h a pair ( int]nal spiral app5dages4 ,footnote #fb3 ,on ! /ructure ( %ells ! read] %\ld consult ! admirable pap]s ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 9 ! ,briti% ,association ,reports4 ,fig4 #e4 ,t]ebratula co>ctata1 ( ,p>k9son4 ,brad=d clay1 ,wilts4 ,figs4 #f1 #g1 %[ ! int]nal /ructure ( rec5t ,t]ebratul f ,new ,holl&4 ,! complicat$ %elly apophyses :i* support$ ! arms are q p]fect4 ,fig4 #h4 ,t]ebratula triquetra1 ( ,p>k9son 7,t4 diphya1 ( ,lam>ck72 ano!r example ( ! species1 fig4 #d4 ,figs4 #i1 #aj4 ,diff]5t p>ts ( ! same specim5 ( a bra*iopod\s bivalve belong+ to ! g5us ,productus1 s nam$ f ! l5g!n$ or produc$ =m ( ! convex valve4 ,?is is g5]ally fill$ ) lime/one1 :i* conceals ! int]nal /ructure2 b1 ) a slight bl[1 ! %ell divides1 :5 ! edge ( ! small valve re/s aga9/ ! inside ( ! produc$ cyl9drical "p ( ! l>g] "o2 g5]ally ab\t half an in* f ! top ( ! %ell3 "o side ( ! valve1 be=e hidd51 fig4 #i a1 is !n expos$1 z %[n 9 fig4 #aj4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #i4 a1 ! beak ( ! upp] valve2 c1 a cavity 9 ! sup]ior "p ( ! %ell4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! "u "p ( ! %ell2 b1 a depression receiv+ ! beak ( ! upp] valve1 a4 ,fig4 #aj994 ,! inn] surface ( ano!r upp] valve1 hav+ a longitud9al fissure4 ,! species figur$ is ! ,productus ,m>t9i ( ,mr4 ,s[]by4 ,f ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,d]by%ire2 9 :i* deposit num]\s examples occur4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a l>ge species ( ,spirif] 7,spirif] /riatus1 ( ,s[]by71 f ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,d]by%ire4 ,9 ?is species ! upp] valve is brok5 away1 & "o ( ! l>ge spiral apophyses is se5 ly+ imb$d$ 9 ! lime/one ) :i* ! cavity ( ! %ell is fill$4 ,fig4 #ac1 is a beautiful example ( "p ( "o ( ! spiral app5dages ( ! same species4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a pat* ( squ>e scales ( a fi% f ,dorset%ire4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,^! evid5tly belong to a ,lepidoid fi% 7,dap$ius71 ^: rema9s are common 9 ! ,lias2#fc p]fect specim5s are (t5 obta9$4 ,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s "s beautiful examples ( ?is fossil fi%4 ,footnote #fc3 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ebi4 ,figs4 #ad1 #ae4 ,a curi\s fossil bivalve1 f ! ,devonian /rata ( ! ,eifel4 ,! flat valve is %[n 9 fig4 #ad2 & ! deep conical valve 9 fig4 #ae2 a1 too? 9 ! po/]ior m>g92 b1 a "p ( ! surface magnifi$1 to %[ its cellul> /ructure4 ,! species is ,calceola s&al9a1 ( ,lam>ck4 ,fig4 #af4 ,a species ( ,spirif]2 a1 m$ial convexity ( ! upp] valve2 b1 ! triangul> =am5 at ! beak4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,spirif] 7,s4 cuspidatus1 ( ,mr4 ,m>t971 f ! ,m\nta9 lime/one ( ,d]by%ire4 ,fig4 #ah1 repres5ts a common appe>ance 9 c]ta9 *alk fl9ts4 ,al?\gh ,i h exam9$ hundr$s1 & "s 9 :i* ! =m 0 m def9ite ?an 9 ! specim5 figur$1 ,i am n able to (f] any probable sugge/ion z to _! orig91 %\ld !y be organic bodies1 ( :i* !re is mu* d\bt4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,coronulites diadema4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,probably a species ( ,balanus1 f a t]ti>y deposit4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,ca/ ( "o ( ! %ells ( a bivalve 7,p5tam]us71 f ! ,w5lock lime/one ( ,dudley4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxviii4 ,,plate ,,lxviii4 ,fossil ,cru/acea4 ,figs4 #a1 #c4 ,fossil ,crabs1 f ,%eppey4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,! ,london clay ( ?is celebrat$ locality conta9s an abundance ( ! fossil rema9s ( ,cru/acea2 & ! visitor may pur*ase ( ! local collectors fossil crabs & lob/]s1 z readily z ! rec5t species f ! neighb\r+ sea4 ,good specim5s are h[ev] r>e1 & comm& high prices4 ,! specim5s figur$ are two common species4 ,fig4 #a4 ,canc] ,lea*ii1 ( ,,mm4 ,desm>e/ & ,brongni>t4 ,fig4 #c4 ,ina*us ,lam>ckii4 ,^! fossils %[ ! usual mode 9 :i* ! cru/ace occur 9 ! h>d5$ clay ( ,%eppey4 ,! ?orax is b5t ov] ! abdom51 & ! pair ( l>ge *elate claws drawn t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fossil ,insects f ! li?ographic /one ( ,papp5heim4 a1 an insect ) a bifurcat$ caudal extremity2 b1 ! /+ :i* has pass$ out ( its %ea?2 c1 ! t]m9ation 9 a s+le po9t4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a fossil ,%rimp1 f ,anspa*4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #e4 ,impression ( an unkn[n fossil4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #f4 ,! claw ( a ,crab1 f ,mae/ri*t1 c4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,claws ( ?is k9d are frequ5t 9 ! s(t s&y lime/one ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nta91 b no o!r ve/iges ( ! ,crabs to :i* !y belong$ h be5 met )4 ,! cause ( ?is has be5 asc]ta9$3 ! claws belong to a species ( ,h]mit ,crab 7,pagurus ,faujasii1 ( ,desm>e/71 :i* l ! liv+ species _h ! body cov]$ by a delicate membrane1 ! claws only possess+ a durable cru/ace\s %ell4#fd ,footnote #fd3 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #cch4 ,fig4 #g4 ,an ext5d$ trilobite1 f ,dudley4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,among ! organic rema9s ( ! inhabitants ( ! seas1 9 ^: abysses 7 =m$ ! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & o!r anci5t s$im5t>y /rata1 an ext9ct family ( cru/aceans1 compris+ num]\s g5]a1 are among ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & rem>kable4 ,! "n ,trilobite1 fir/ giv5 by ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 expresses ! mo/ obvi\s "* ( ! longitud9ally trilob$1 convex1 segm5t$1 c>apace ( ! body1 ( ! mo/ common =ms2 b s great is ! numb] ( species1 & s dissimil> ! gr\ps1 n[ kn[n1 t ! nom5clature ( ?is class ( fossils is greatly ext5d$4 ,9 ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison's spl5did "w on ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 ! g5]a & species ( ! =mations !re9 compris$ are beautifully illu/rat$4 ,! specim5 figur$ is an exp&$ specim5 ( ! species commonly kn[n z ! ,dudley ,locu/ or ,insect1 7,calym5e ,blum5ba*ii71 f ! ,w5lock lime/one1 ,dudley4 ,fig4 #h4 ,a coil$-up specim52 9 ?is view are se5 bo? ends ( ! cru/ace\s cov]+ ( ! animal3 a1 ! eye enl>g$4 ,fig4 #i1 is "p ( ! head ( ! same species4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a fossil ,crab f ! ,ea/ ,indies4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,beautiful specim5s ( ?is species ( ,crab 7,gonoplax ,latreilli1 ( ,mr4 ,edw>ds7 h be5 obta9$ f ! t]ti>y /rata ( ,india4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,ano!r =m ( ,trilobite 7,ogygia ,bu*ii1 7,asaphus17 ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em71 f ! ,ll&eilo flag/ones4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,rema9s ( "s l>ge unkn[n insect4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,?is figure is n suffici5tly def9$ to admit ( int]pretation4 ,fig4 #ac41 ,"p ( a trilobite ) tub]culat$ head1 7,calym5e v>iol>e17 f ! ,w5lock lime/one1 ( ,dudley4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,po/]ior "p ( a trilobite ) a caudal /yle or process1 7,asaphus caudatus17 f ! ,w5lock %ale1 ,dudley4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a nodule ( iron/one f ,coalbrook ,dale1 9 :i* is imb$d$ a small cru/acean alli$ to ! rec5t ,k+ ,crab or ,limulus2 a g5us abundant 9 ! seas ( ,india & ,am]ica4#fe 7,limulus trilobitoides1 ( ,dr4 ,buckl&4 ,bell9urus bellulus1 ( ,mr4 ,knig47 ,footnote #fe3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 i4 p4 #eej4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxix4 ,,plate ,,lxix4 ,fossil ,fi%es & ,reptiles4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a fossil body resembl+ "p ( a ,tortoise1 f ,gl\ce/]%ire4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,?is specim5 is probably "o ( ! m&ibles ( a rem>kable ext9ct g5us 7,c]atodus7 ( fi%es1 ^: d5tal organs1 l ^? ( ! rec5t ,*imra1 consi/$ ( consolidat$ plates in/ead ( sep>ate tee?2 ea* side ( ! jaw 0 =m$ by "o ( ^! m&ibul> processes2 ! upp] m>g9 is deeply undulat$4 ,! bone-b$ ( ! ,lias at ,au/ ,cliff ne> ,we/bury1 ,som]set%ire1 is ri* 9 ^! rema9s4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! pla/ron1 or inf]ior aspect ( ! c>apace ( a fossil ,turtle 7,*elonia breviceps71 f ! ,london ,clay ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey4 a1 fragm5t ( ! ento/]nal plate2 b1 b1 hyo/]nal plates2 c1 c1 hypo/]nals2 d1 xiphi/]nals4#ff ,footnote #ff3 ,see ,p>k9son1 p4 #bfi4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! cranium ( ! same species ( ,turtle1 f ! ,isle ( ,%eppey4 ,equally ri* 9 ! rema9s ( ,*elonian reptiles1 z 9 ^? ( ,fi%es1 ,cru/aceans1 ,s]p5ts1 & ,mollusks1 ! little ,isl& at ! m\? ( ! ,m$way has yield$ to ! indefatigable rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,b[]bank ! mo/ ext5sive s]ies ( fossil ,turtles hi!rto discov]$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! v>i\s g5]a & species w be figur$ & describ$ 9 a "w n[ 9 progress by ,pr(essors ,bell & ,ow51 "u ! auspices ( ! ,palontographical ,society4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a ,s]pula 7,s4 antiquata 871 f ! *alk1 ,sussex4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a dorsal v]tebra ( a fossil crocodilian reptile 7,/5eosaurus71 f ! ,ox=d ,clay ( ,honfleur4 a1 b1 co/al depressions4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a dorsal convexo-concave v]tebra ( a crocodilian or gavial-l reptile 7,/reptospondylus71 f ! same locality4 ,?is figure %[s ! rem>kable "* :5ce ! "n ( ?is g5us3 ! convexity ( ! body ( ! v]tebra 7a7 be+ situat$ ant]iorly z 9 mammalia1 ! rev]se ( ! position ( ! bones =m+ ! v]tebral column 9 ! exi/+ ,crocodilians & ,lac]tians4 b1 ! po/]ior concavity2 c1 a deep depression b5ea? ! neural ar*4 ,fig4 #g4 ,sket* ( ! l[] jaw ( an ext9ct gavial-l reptile 7,/5eosaurus73 ! v]tebra1 fig4 #e1 probably belongs to ! same species4 ,f ,honfleur4 ,?is figure1 & figs1 #e1 #f1 & #h1 are copi$ f ,cuvi]1 ,annales du ,musum ,fig4 #h4 ,a caudal v]tebra ( ! ,fossil ,animal ( ,mae/ri*t 7,mosasaurus72 a1 ! *evron bone or inf]ior sp9\s process 7hmapophysis71 an*ylos$ to ! middle ( ! body ( ! v]tebra4 ,fig4 #i4 ,fossil scale ( a ganoid fi% 7probably ,lepidotus71 f ,k5t4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,fossil too? ( a fi% ( ! ,%>k family 7,notidanus microdon1 ( ,agassiz17 f ! *alk ( ,k5t4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,rec5t too? ( "o ( ! ,dog-fi%1 7,mr4 ,p>k9son17 = comp>ison ) fig4 #aj4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,too? ( an ext9ct gr\p ( squaloid fi%es 7,pty*odus decurr5s1 ( ,agassiz17 f ! *alk ( ,k5t4#fg ,footnote #fg3 ,see ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fag4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a ct5oid 7or comb-l7 scale ( a fi%1 7probably ( a species ( ,b]yx17 f ! *alk ( ,k5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxx4 ,,plate ,,lxx4 ,fossil ,reptiles & ,fi%es4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a r$uc$ figure ( ! celebrat$ specim5 ( ! jaws1 c4 ( ! ,fossil ,animal ( ,mae/ri*t1 7,mosasaurus ,h(fmani17 f ! cretace\s /rata ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nta94 ,see ,supplem5t>y ,notes1 art4 ,mosasaurus4 a1 b4 ,! left side ( ! l[] jaw1 ne>ly :ole1 & se5 on its out] side4 c1 d4 ,"r side ( ! l[] jaw1 view$ on ! inn] side1 ! po/]ior "p ( :i*1 a little conceal$ by ! palate bones1 is cont9u$ to e4 f1 g4 ,! "r side ( ! upp] jaw1 se5 on its inn] side1 & ) ! palate bone4 ,?is "p is ne>ly 9 its natural position 9 relation to ! correspond+ ramus ( ! l[] jaw4 h1 i4 ,a fragm5t ( ! left side ( ! upp] jaw1 displac$ & fall5 across ! l[] jaw4 k1 l1 m2 k'1 l'1 m'1 o'4 ,! two palate bones displac$ & ?r[n "o ov] ! o!r1 & also ov] ! "r side ( ! l[] jaw4 ,9 ! orig9al specim5 a portion ( bone is plac$ f m to p1 & ano!r at q1 :i* are omitt$ to r5d] ! figure m intelligible4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,figs4 #b to #ah1 are fossil tee? ( v>i\s k9ds ( fi%es1 pr9cipally ( ! ,%>k & ,ray families4 ,fig4 #b4 ,too? ( a %>k 7,lamna71 f ,malta4 ,fig4 #c4 ,too? ( a %>k 7,galeus pri/odontus71 *alk m>l1 ,k5t4 ,fig4 #d4 ,too? ( a ,saurian1 ! upp] & l[] end imp]fect3 probably ( a species ( ,/5eosaurus1 f ,ba?4 ,figs4 #e1 #h4 ,tee? ( a %>k 7,otodus17 ,london ,clay1 ,isle ( ,%eppey4 ,fig4 #f4 ,too? ( a fi%1 7,sph]odus17 f ! ,oolite1 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,fig4 #g4 ,"p ( ! fossil jaw ) ?ree r[s ( tee? ( a fi%1 7( ! ,pycnoid#fh family17 f ! ,oolite1 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,footnote #fh3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fda4 ,fig4 #i4 ,too? ( a species ( ,lamna1 f ,%eppey4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,too? ( a species ( ,hybodus1#fi ,/onesfield4 ,footnote #fi3 ,ibid4 p4 #fba4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a v l>ge too? ( a ,%>k1 7,c>*>ias megalodon17 f ! t]ti>y deposits ( ,malta4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,fragm5t ( a bone1 ) two tee?1 probably ( a species ( ,pycnodus4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! m&ible & too? ( a rec5t fi% 7,diodon71 to comp>e ) ! fossils figs4 #af1 & #ag4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,fossil palate ( a fi%1 f ,%eppey4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,?is evid5tly belong$ to a species ( ,ray2 possibly to ! ,eagle rays 7,miliobatis74 ,fig4 #ae4 ,too? ( a fi% alli$ to ! ,ce/racionts1 or ,port ,jackson ,%>k1 7probably ( ! g5us ,acrodus1#gj7 f ,ba?2 commonly call$ ,lee* palates by ! qu>ry-m54 ,footnote #gj3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 p4 #fad4 ,figs4 #af1 #ag4 ,fossil palates ( fi%es ( ! ,ray k9d1 f ,%eppey4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,^! appe> to belong to ! ,miliobates 7,m4 micropleuris1 ( ,agassiz74 ,beautiful examples ( ^! fossils h be5 obta9$ f ! ,brackle%am clay1 on ! coa/ ( ! ,we/ ( ,sussex4 ,! late ,fr$]ic ,dixon1 ,esq4 ( ,wor?+1 ^: untimely dea? is s mu* to be deplor$1 _h a mat*less suite ( specim5s f t locality4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,a f9e specim5 ( a fossil too? ( a fi% ( an ext9ct g5us1 ( :i* _m species occur 9 ! *alk 7,pty*odus polygurus1 ( ,agassiz74 ,! tee? ( v>i\s species ( ?is g5us ( ,%>ks ab\nd 9 ! *alk ( almo/ e "p ( ,engl&4#ga ,footnote #ga3 ,ibid4 p4 #faf2 & plate vi4 fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxxi4 ,,plate ,,lxxi4 ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,mammalia4 ,fig4 #a4 a fossil too?1 probably ( "s animal ( ! :ale k9d4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,i am n able to det]m9e ! nature ( ?is specim54 ,fig4 #b4 ,! antl]s & skull ( ! ,fossil ,elk1 ( ,irel&1 7,megac]os ,hib]nicus47 ,! orig9al 0 ne>ly elev5 feet across1 f ! po9t ( "o antl] to ano!r4 ,a p]fect skeleton ( ?is ext9ct gigantic de] is exhibit$ 9 ! ,gall]y ( ,organic ,rema9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,= an acc\nt ( ?is animal see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 i4 p4 #acb2 & ,supplem5t>y ,notes1 p4 #ahi4 ,! foll[+ measurem5ts ( ! specim5 figur$ are giv5 by ,mr4 ,p>k9son2 ,feet4 ,in*es4 a to b #aj #aj c to d #e #b e to f #c #g g to h #b #f i to k #a #aj d to l #a #b ,diamet] ( ! horn at m #j #b ,circumf]5ce1 #j #h at ! root #b #aa ,l5g? ( ! cranium f n to o #b #j ,wid? p to q #a #j ,a simil> pair1 f\nd t5 feet "u gr\nd 9 ! c\nty ( ,cl>e1 0 pres5t$ to ,*>les ! ,second1 & plac$ 9 ! gu>d-room ( ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fragm5t ( ! fossil horn ( "s species ( ,c]vus or ,de]1 f ,etampes1 9 ,france4 ,fig4 #d4 ,two tee? ( a rum9ant1 7a species ( ,bos or ,ox17 9 breccia1 f ,gibralt>4#gb ,footnote #gb3 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahf4 ,! rema9+ figures4 ,figs4 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 repres5t ! worn surfaces ( mol>s or gr9d+ tee? ( ! ext9ct species ( ,elephants t]m$ ,mammo?s1 7,elephas primig5ius1 ( ,m4 ,bojanus47 ,fig4 #i1 %[s ! /ructure ( "p ( ! too?4 ,^! 7 reg>d$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son z ref]able to two or m species ( ,mammo?2 b ,pr(essor ,ow51 aft] an exam9ation ( ! va/ numb] ( specim5s t mod]n rese>*es h br\ght to light1 & :i* are deposit$ 9 ! public & private collections ( ,great ,brita91 concludes t ! specim5s "h figur$ belong to b "o species4 ,! diff]5ces obs]vable 9 ! surface ( ! cr[ns1 are due to abrasion1 & to ! latitude ( v>iety to :i* ! highly complex mol>s ( ?is ext9ct ,elephant 7 subject4#gc ,footnote #gc3 ,briti% ,association1 ,report = #ahdc4 ,fossil ,mammalia1 p4 #bac4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! ,ma/odon & ,mammo?1 see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aea-afa4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxxii4 ,,plate ,,lxxii4 ,fossil ,tee? ( ,mammalia4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a "r l[] mol> too? ( an ext9ct species ( ,hippopotamus 7,h4 major1 ( ,cuvi]71 f ,france4 ,fig4 #b4 ,upp] mol> ( an ext9ct species ( ,rh9oc]os 7,r4 leptorh9us1 ( ,cuvi]71 f ! bone-cave ne> ,torquay1 ,devon%ire4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! cr[n ( a mol> too? ( ! gigantic ,tapir ( ,b>on ,cuvi]2 ! ,d9o!rium ( ,m4 ,kaup4#gd ,footnote #gd3 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 i4 p4 #agd4 ,fig4 #d1 ! out]1 & fig4 #e1 ! inn]1 surface ( ! f\r? mol> ( ,palo!rium m$ium1 ( ,m4 ,cuvi]4--,mr4 ,p>k9son4 ,f ! eoc5e t]ti>y deposits ( ,p>is4 ,fig4 #f1 ! out]1 & fig4 #g1 ! inn]1 aspect ( an upp] mol> ( ! same animal4 ,figs4 #h1 #i4 ,l[] mol>s ( ,amplo!rium commune1 ( ,m4 ,cuvi]4#ge ,footnote #ge3 ,ibid1 p1 #bef4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,an ungueal or bone ( ! claw1 ( a gigantic animal ( ! ,slo? tribe 7,megalonyx ,jeff]soni72 ! figure is half ! l9e> diamet] ( ! orig9al4#gf ,footnote #gf3 ,ibid4 p4 #afi4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,v]tical section ( a too? ( ! same4 ,^! rema9s ( a colossal animal ( t rem>kable gr\p ( mammalia--! ,ed5tata--are f ,big-bone ,cave1 9 ,k5tucky4 ,! ,megalonyx resembl$ ! ,mega!rium 9 its g5]al *>act]s b 0 "o-?ird small]4 ,see ,supplem5t>y ,notes1 p4 #ahd4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxxiii4 ,,plate ,,lxxiii4 ,mega!rium & ,fossil ,be>s4 ,fig4 #a1 is a sket*1 on a v small scale1 ( ! skeleton ( a colossal ext9ct animal ( ! ,slo? tribe1 discov]$ 9 ! alluvial deposits ( ! ,pampas1 & pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,madrid4 ,a pla/] model ( a skeleton1 re/or$ f ! rema9s ( v>i\s individuals1 disp]s$ 9 diff]5t collections1 is j complet$1 & exhibit$ to ! public 9 ! ,gall]y ( ,organic ,rema9s ( ! ,briti% ,museum4#gg ,?is ext9ct animal is nam$ ! ,mega!rium 7gigantic wild animal7 ,cuvi]i4 ,x 0 sev5 feet high1 & n9e long1 & !re=e l>g] ?an ! l>ge/ rh9oc]os4 ,x possess$ no incisor tee?2 & ! gr9d]s1 :i* are sev5 in*es long1 are ( a prismatic =m1 & l ^? ( ! slo?s1 are compos$ ( d5t9e & cem5t4 ,!y are s =m$ t ! cr[n always pres5ts two cutt+1 w$ge-%ap$1 sali5t angles2 !y are !re=e admirably adapt$ = cutt+ & bruis+ vegetable sub/ances4 ,! entire =e-foot is ab\t a y>d 9 l5g?1 & arm$ ) /rong claws4 ,! ,mega!rium held an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! slo?s1 armadillos1 & ant-eat]s4 ,! celebrat$ specim5s ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ?is colossal creature1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,museum ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons ( ,engl&1 7 collect$ & pres5t$ by ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%4 ,footnote #gg3 ,see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 pp4 #afd-afg4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! h9dmo/ gr9d] ( ! upp] jaw ( ! ,fossil ,be> 7,ursus spelu7 ( ! ,cav]ns1 f ,gayl5reu?4#gh ,footnote #gh3 ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #agf4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! middle upp] gr9d]4 ,fig4 #d4 ,! =emo/ upp] gr9d]4 ,fig4 #e4 ,! h9dmo/ gr9d] ( ! l[] jaw4 ,fig4 #f4 ,! p5ultimate gr9d] ( ! l[] jaw4 ,fig4 #g4 ,! antep5ultimate l[] gr9d]4 ,fig4 #h4 ,! =emo/ l[] gr9d]4 ,fig4 #i4 ,! can9e too? ( ! ,fossil ,be>4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxxiv4 ,,plate ,,lxxiv4 ,too? ( ! ,ma/odon4 ,a mol> too? ( ! ,ma/odon giganteus1 f ,big-bone ,lick1 ,k5tucky2 ( ! natural size4 ,f ! great numb] ( bones & tee? ( animals ( ! ext9ct elephant9e g5us1 to :i* ! "n ( ,ma/odon 0 giv5 by ,cuvi] 7f ! /ructure ( ! cr[ns ( ! tee?71 t h ( late ye>s be5 br\ght to ,engl&1 & are disp]s$ 9 our public & private collections1 ! intellig5t read] mu/ be famili> ) ! =ms1 *>act]s1 & gigantic proportions1 ( t /up5d\s tribe ( animals :i* once rang$ ?r\gh ! primeval =e/s n only ( ,am]ica1 b also ( "s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,f a p]fect skeleton lately set up 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 79 ! same room ) t ( ! ,mega!rium71 a correct idea may be obta9$ ( ?is peculi> type ( mammalian /ructure4 ,f ?is specim5 x appe>s t ! great ,ma/odon ( ! ,ohio 0 n unlike ! elephant ,9 its g5]al outl9e1 ?\gh some:at long] & ?ick]4 ,x _h a trunk or proboscis1 tusks :i* curv$ upw>d1 & f\r mol> tee? 9 ea* jaw1 b no incisors4 ,b ano!r rem>kable peculi>ity1 & :i* entirely sep>ates ! ,ma/odon f ! ,elephant1 is t ! "y animal _h a pair ( tusks1 plac$ horizontally 9 ! l[] jaw1 & ( ^! tusks "o only became develop$1 & t 9 ! adult male3 bo? 7 e>ly %$ 9 ! female4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a collection ( ,ma/odon bones imb$d$ 9 mud1 a mass ( small bran*es1 grass1 & leaves1 9 a half bruis$ /ate1 & a species ( re$ common 9 ,virg9ia1 7 discov]$2 ! :ole appe>$ to h be5 envelop$ 9 a sac1 probably ! /oma* ( ! animal4 ,9 ano!r in/ance traces ( ! proboscis 7 obs]v$4 ,! tusks are compos$ ( ivory1 & v>y some:at 9 ! direction & degree ( _! curvature4 ,! bones ( ?is colossal quadrup$ are f\nd rem>kably fre% & well pres]v$1 & are g5]ally impregnat$ ) iron4 ,no liv+ in/ance ( ?is creature is on record1 & !re c be no d\bt t its race has long s9ce be5 ext9ct4 ,big-bone ,lick1 :]e s _m rema9s ( ! ,ma/odon & o!r ext9ct quadrup$s h be5 dug up1 is di/ant f ,c9c9nati ab\t tw5ty-?ree miles 9 a s\?-we/ direction4 ,?is celebrat$ bog is situat$ 9 a ne>ly level pla91 9 a valley b\nd$ by g5tle slopes1 :i* lead up to flat table-l&s compos$ ( blue argillace\s 7,silurian7 lime/one1 & m>l4 ,! g5]al c\rse ( ! me&]+ /ream :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! pla91 is f ea/ to we/4 ,!re are two spr+s on ! s\!rn or left bank1 ris+ f m>%es1 & two on ! opposite bank2 ! mo/ we/]n ( :i*1 call$ ! ,gum ,lick1 is at ! po9t :]e a small tribut>y jo9s ! pr9cipal /ream4 ,! quak+ bogs on ?is side are n[ m ?an fifte5 acres 9 ext5t2 b all ! m>%es 7 =m]ly l>g]1 be=e ! surr\nd+ =e/ 0 p>tially cle>$ away4 ,)9 ! memory ( p]sons n[ liv+1 ! wild bisons or buffaloes cr[d$ to ^! spr+s2 b !y h retreat$ _m ye>s1 & are n[ z unkn[n to ! inhabitants z ! ,ma/odon itself4 ,! bog 9 ! spots :]e ! salt spr+s rise is s s(t1 t a pole may be =c$ d[n into x _m y>ds p]p5dicul>ly4 ,! great] numb]s bo? ( ! entire skeletons & ! sep>ate bones h be5 tak5 up f black mud1 ab\t twelve feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,creek4 ,x is suppos$ t ! bones ( ! ma/odons f\nd "h c\ld n h belong$ to less ?an "o hundr$ individuals3 ^? ( ! fossil ,elephant 7,elephas primig5ius7 to tw5ty2 besides :i* a few bones ( ! ,megalonyx1 & ( a species ( /ag1 horse1 & bison1 are /at$ to h be5 collect$4 ,! greate/ dep? ( ! black mud has n be5 asc]ta9$2 x is compos$ *iefly ( clay1 ) a mixture ( calc>e\s matt] & s&1 & conta9s #e p>ts 9 #ajj ( sulphate ( lime1 ) "s animal matt]4 ,lay]s ( gravel occur 9 ! mid/ ( x at v>i\s dep?s4 ,x conta9s rema9s ( se$s1 & ( sev]al species & g5]a ( fre%-wat] & t]re/rial %ells4 ,x is impossible to view ?is pla9 )\t at once conclud+ t x has rema9$ un*ang$ 9 all its pr9cipal features1 f ! p]iod :5 ! ext9ct quadrup$s inhabit$ ! banks ( ! ,ohio & its tribut>ies4 ,!re are two buffalo pa?s or trails /ill extant 9 ! woods1 & bo? lead directly to spr+s3 ! "o :i* /rikes (f 9 a nor!rly direction f ! ,gum ,lick1 may be trac$ ea/w>d ?r\gh ! =e/ = sev]al miles4 ,x is ?ree or f\r y>ds wide1 & only p>tially ov]gr[n ) grass1 & sixty ye>s ago 0 z b>e1 h>d1 & well trodd51 z a high road4 ,x is well kn[n t dur+ great dr\ghts 9 ! ,pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! horses1 de]1 & cattle1 ?rong to ! riv]s 9 su* numb]s1 t ! =emo/ ( ! cr[d are pu%$ into ! /ream by ! pressure ( o!rs beh9d1 & are sometimes c>ri$ away by ?\s&s1 & dr[n$4 ,9 _! eag]ness to dr9k ! sal9e wat]s & lick ! salt1 ! heavy ma/odons & elephants seem 9 l mann] to h press$ ^u ea* o!r1 & sunk 9 ! s(t quagmires ( ,k5tucky4#gi ,footnote #gi3 ,extract$ f ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 ii4 *ap4 xvii4 #ahde4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,notes4 ,i4 ,fossil ,be>s ( ! ,cav]ns4 7,plate ,,lxxiii47 ,= _m c5turies c]ta9 caves 9 ,g]many h be5 celebrat$ = _! osse\s treasures1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 ,franconia4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! cav]ns is t ( ,gayl5reu?1 :i* lies to ! nor?-we/ ( ! village ( t "n1 on ! left bank ( ! riv] ,wies5t1 on ! conf9es ( ,bayreu?4#hj ,! entrance to ?is cave is 9 ! face ( a p]p5dicul> rock1 & leads to a s]ies ( *amb]s f fifte5 to tw5ty feet high1 & sev]al hundr$ feet 9 ext5t1 t]m9at+ 9 a deep *asm4 ,! cave is q d>k2 & ! icicles & pill>s ( /alactite1 reflect$ by ! light ( ! tor*es1 :i* x is necess>y to use1 pres5t a highly picturesque effect4 ,! floor is lit]ally pav$ ) bones & fossil tee?1 & ! pill>s & corbels ( /alactite also conta9 simil> rema9s4 ,! bones are g5]ally scatt]$ & brok51 b n roll$2 !y are light] & less solid ?an rec5t bones1 & are (t5 incru/$ ) /alactites4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ! bones belong to two species ( be>s 7,ursus71 ! rema9d] to hynas1 tig]s1 wolves1 foxes1 gluttons1 weasels1 & o!r small c>nivora4 ,^? belong+ to be>s are ref]able to two ext9ct species3 ! l>ge/ has ! skull m prom95t on ! front ?an any liv+ species2 x is nam$ ,ursus spelu1 or cav]n be>2 ! o!r has a flat =ehead1 & is ! ,ursus priscus ( ,cuvi]4 ,! ,hy5a 0 alli$ to ! spott$ hy5a ( ! ,cape1 b diff]$ 9 ! =m ( ! tee? & skull4 ,bones ( ! ,elephant & ,rh9oc]os are said to h be5 discov]$1 toge!r ) ^? ( exi/+ animals1 & fragm5ts ( sepul*ral urns ( high antiquity4#ha ,footnote #hj3 ,see ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hfi1 = an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! pres5t /ate ( ^! cav]ns1 by my fri5d4 ,major ,will\ghby ,montague4 ,footnote #ha3 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,reliquia ,diluviana conta9s a full acc\nt ( ! mo/ rem>kable ossif]\s cav]ns & _! cont5ts4 ,simil> ossif]\s caves occur 9 ,engl&2 ( ^!1 ! mo/ rem>kable n[ accessible are ,k5t's ,hole1 ne> ,torquay1 & ,banwell ,cave1 9 ! ,m5dip ,hills1 ne> ! village ( ,banwell4 ,! latt] may be easily visit$1 z ! ,exet] railway passes )9 ?ree miles ( ! village1 & !re is a /ation1 ) vehicles to convey pass5g]s to ,banwell4 ,,ii4 ,! ,belemnite4 7,plates ,,lix4 & ,,lx47 ,among ! innum]able relics :i* ab\nd 9 ! second>y deposits1 !re are p]haps no fossil bodies t h excit$ s mu* curiosity1 or giv5 rise to s _m fanciful conjectures z to _! nature & orig91 z ! long1 cyl9drical1 fusi=m1 cry/all9e /ones1 call$ ,belemnites by naturali/s1 & ?und]bolts by common obs]v]s4 ,mr4 ,p>k9son gives an amus+ acc\nt 7vol4 iii4 p4 #abb7 ( ! discordant op9ions ent]ta9$ at v>i\s times respect+ ! nature ( ^! bodies4 ,x w\ld be irrelevant to dwell on ! hi/ory ( ! successive attempts t h be5 made to elucidate ! orig9 & /ructure ( ! ,belemnite4 ,x w suffice to describe concisely ! pres5t /ate ( our k z to ! organization ( ! orig9al4 ,mr4 ,mill]1 9 #ahbc1hb %[$ t ! ,belemnite 0 ! ro/rum or osselet ( an animal alli$ to ! ,sepia1 or ,cuttle-fi%1 & gave a re/or$ outl9e ( ! suppos$ =m ( ! orig9al1 ) ! ,belemnite 9 its presum$ natural situation4 ,dr4 ,buckl& & ,m4 ,agassiz imag9$ t !y _h trac$ a natural connexion betwe5 c]ta9 species ( ,belemnites t ab\nd 9 ! ,lias1 & ! ink bag & o!r s(t p>ts ( ! ,sepi or ,calam>ies f\nd associat$ ) !m2 & !y sugge/$ ! "n ( ,belemno-sepia = ! suppos$ animal ( ! ,belemnite1#hc ,footnote #hb3 ,geological ,transactions1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 ii42 & ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,essay4 ,footnote #hc3 ,bridgewat] ,essay1 p4 #cgd4 ,9 #ahdb1 ! late ,mr4 ,*ann+ ,pe>ce describ$1 "u ! "n ( ,belemnoteu?is antiquus1 a nak$ 7de/itute ( a %ell17 cephalopod1 :i* occurs 9 imm5se numb]s 9 c]ta9 b$s ( ! ,ox=d clay1 especially at ,*ri/ian ,mal=d1 9 ,wilt%ire4 ,?is animal has at ! l[] apical "p a conical osselet ( a horny sub/ance1 & fibr\s /ructure1 enclos+ a *amb]$ siphunculat$ %ell1 :i* becomes gradually ?9n] at ! upp] "p1 & =ms a cup-l receptacle1 9 :i* is plac$ ! ink-bag4 ,! s(t body ( an elongat$ oval =m1 ) a pair ( lat]al palleal f9s1 two l>ge sessile eyes1 & ) eight unc9at$ arms & a pair ( long t5tacula1 are pres]v$ 9 a m or less di/9ct & p]fect /ate 9 sev]al specim5s t h lately be5 discov]$4 ,mr4 ,*ann+ ,pe>ce1 ,mr4 ,cunn+ton1 & o!r collectors ( ^! int]e/+ rema9s1 7 conv9c$ t ?is cephalopod 0 entirely di/9ct f ! animal to :i* ! ,belemnite belong$4 ,9 #ahdd1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 laid be=e ! ,royal ,society ,a description ( c]ta9 ,belemnites pres]v$ ) a great proportion ( _! s(t p>ts 9 ! ,ox=d clay1 at ,*ri/ian ,mal=d1 ,wilts4#hd ,9 ?is memoir 7= :i* "o ( ! royal m$als ( ! ,society 0 aw>d$7 ! au?or describes z ! s(t p>ts ( ! ,belemnite ! rema9s ( ! animal :i* ,mr4 ,*ann+ ,pe>ce _h two ye>s previ\sly %[n to belong to a diff]5t g5us 7,belemnoteu?is74 ,bely+ on ! correctness ( ,pr(essor ,ow5's views1 ,i gave an ab/ract ( ?is memoir 9 my ,m$als ( ,creation1 & /at$ t belemnites _h be5 discov]$ ) ! osselet1 receptacle1 & ink-bag1 9 _! natural position1 & ) rema9s ( ! mantle1 body1 f9s1 eyes1 & ! t5tacula1 ) _! horny r+s & hooks4#he ,footnote #hd3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,"p ,i4 #ahdd4 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #he3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfg4 ,! discov]y by my son 7,mr4 ,reg9ald ,neville ,mantell7 ( "s rem>kably p]fect specim5s ( belemnites 9 ! ,ox=d clay1 expos$ 9 ! railway works on :i* he 0 engag$1 ne> ,tr[bridge1 9 ,wilts1 l$ me to exam9e ! /ructure ( ! ,belemnoteu?is ) m att5tion ?an ,i _h hi!rto done1 z well z ! evid5ce adduc$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 pro( t ! fossil osselet1 ! ,belemnite1 belong$ to ! same g5us ( cephalopoda4 ,i f\nd t no specim5 _h be5 obta9$ 9 :i* ! phragmocone1 or t]m9al *amb]$ "p ( ! ,belemnoteu?is 7( ,pe>ce71 0 situat$ 9 ! alveolus ( a ,belemnite2 b ,pr(essor ,ow5 hav+ assum$ t ! osselet ( ! =m] mu/ h orig9ally be5 protect$ by a ro/rum1 or gu>d1 describ$ ! s(t p>ts z belong+ to ! animal ( ! ,belemnite1 conceiv+ t ! phragmocone ( ! ,belemnoteu?is 0 t ( a ,belemnite t _h slipp$ out ( ! gu>d4 ,9 a communication to ! ,royal ,society1 9 #ahdh1 ,i demon/rat$ h[ utt]ly at v>iance ) ! facts 7 ^! conclusions1 & po9t$ out ! ess5tial di/9ctive *>act]s t sep>at$ ! two ext9ct g5]a1 s f> z ! specim5s !n discov]$ w\ld w>rant4#hf ,o!r illu/rative examples ( ! ,belemnite h s9ce be5 obta9$2 & 9 a supplem5t>y pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 ,febru>y #ad?1 ( ! pres5t ye> 7#ahej71 ,i h /at$ :at appe>s to me to be ! ext5t ( our pres5t k ( ! organization ( ! ,belemnite4 ,i subjo9 an ab/ract ( t pap]1 :i* embodies ! result ( an exam9ation ( _m hundr$ specim5s ( ,belemnites & ,belemnoteu?ites4 ,! annex$ outl9e1 or diagram1 %[s ! kn[n /ructures ( ! ,belemnite2 ( ! s(t p>ts ( ! animal1 a few imp]fect c>bonace\s traces1 app>5tly ( ! mantle1 ar\nd & betwe5 ! %elly processes ( ! upp] "p ( ! phragmocone1 are ! only ve/iges ,i h be5 able to detect4 ,! mo/ p]fect ,belemnite hi!rto discov]$ consi/s (1 ,footnote #hf3 ,philos4 ,trans4 #ahdh1 p4 #aga4 ,illu/ration #a4 ,an ext]nal ,capsule 7e7 :i* inve/$ ! osselet or sepio/aire1 & ext5d+ upw>ds1 con/itut$ ! ext]nal %ea? ( ! receptacle4 #b4 ,! ,osselet1 *>act]iz$ by its fibr\s radiat$ /ructure1 t]m9at+ di/ally 9 a solid ro/rum or gu>d 7i71 hav+ an alveolus1 or conical holl[ 7g71 to receive ! apical portion ( ! *amb]$ phragmocone1 & exp&+ proximally into a ?9 cup1 :i* became conflu5t ) ! capsule1 & =m$ ! receptacle 7b1 b17 = ! visc]a4 #c4 ,! ,phragmocone 7d71 or *amb]$1 siphunculat$ 7c71 int]nal %ell2 ! apex ( :i* occupi$ ! alveolus 7g7 ( ! gu>d1 & ! upp] "p con/itut$ a capaci\s *amb]1 f ! basil> m>g9 ( :i* proce$$ two long1 flat1 te/ace\s1 processes 7a1 a174 ,^! /ructures comprise all t are at pres5t kn[n ( ! animal to :i* ! fossil commonly call$ ,belemnite1 belong$4 ,( ! ,belemnoteu?is1 ! cephalopod :i* ,pr(essor ,ow5 consid]s to be a ,belemnite1 _m examples ( ! body ) eight unc9at$ arms & a pair ( long t5tacula1 & ) an ink-bag1 & palleal f9s1 h be5 discov]$4 ,! osselet ( ?is animal1 l t ( ! ,belemnite1 has a fibro-radiat$ /ructure1 inve/+ a conical *amb]$ %ell2 b ?is organ1 = reasons fully detail$ 9 ! memoir1 c\ld nev] h be5 conta9$ )9 ! alveolus ( a ,belemnite4 ,no c]ta9 evid5ce has be5 obta9$ ( ! occurr5ce ( an ink-bag 9 natural connexion ) a ,belemnite4 ,diagram ( ! kn[n ,/ructures ( ! ,belemnites ,puzosianus1 f ,tr[bridge4 a1 a1 dorsal processes4 b1 b1 ! receptacle4 c1 c1 ! siphuncle4 d1 d1 ! phragmocone4 e1 ! capsule4 f1 ! inf]ior end ( ! phragmocone4 g1 ! alveolus ( ! gu>d4 h1 v]tical section ( ! gu>d4 i1 ! gu>d1 or ro/rum ( ! osselet4 k1 sulcus1 or furr[1 on ! v5tral aspect ( ?is species ( ,belemnite4 l1 capsule1 or p]io/ricum4 m1 ! dorsal l9e4 n1 transv]se section1 %[+ ! fibr\s radiat$ /ructure ( ! gu>d4 ,9 ! annex$ outl9e ! sev]al p>ts are repres5t$ 9 _! natural relative positions4 ,! capsule1 or mo/ ext]nal inve/m5t1 7e7 is se5 only 9 section1 be+ remov$ to expose ! ro/rum or gu>d 7! fossil body g5]ally kn[n z ! ,belemnite74 ,! upp] ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ro/rum are also tak5 away1 to %[ ! phragmocone :i* x orig9ally envelop$4 ,! /raight transv]se l9es d5ote ! *amb]s ( ! phragmocone2 ! latt] is se5 ext5d+ d[nw>ds till x t]m9ates 9 a po9t or apex2 t "p ( ! cavity 9 ! gu>d is call$ ! alveolus4 ,! siphuncle1 or tube :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! entire s]ies ( *amb]s1 & is situat$ on ! v5tral m>g91 is indicat$ at c1 c4 ,! dorsal processes 7a1 a7 are se5 on _! inn] aspect at ! upp] "p2 ! div]g+ l9es 7m7 betwe5 !m indicate ! impressions ( ! s(t p>ts1 ( :i* "s traces rema94 ,,iii4 ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,birds4--,! ,moa1 or ,d9ornis ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,! bones ( birds are ( extreme r>ity 9 a fossil /ate4 ,?r\gh\t ! imm5se s]ies ( ! palozoic & second>y =mations--! accumulat$ s$im5t>y deposits ( innum]able ages--no unque/ionable indications ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is class ( highly organiz$ be+s h be5 br\ght to light4 ,9 ! ,triassic1 or ,new ,r$ argillace\s s&/ones ( ! valley ( ! ,connecticut ,riv]1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 "s v rem>kable ph5om5a h1 h[ev]1 be5 discov]$1 & :i* 9 ! op9ions ( _m em95t obs]v]s r5d] x highly probable1 t at ! p]iod :5 ^! /rata 7 deposit$1 num]\s birds1 "s ( colossal magnitude1 ab\nd$ on ! !n dry l&4 ,:5 slabs ( ^! s&/ones are split asund]1 or expos$1 s z to exhibit ! s$im5t>y surface :i* sep>ates "o lay] f ano!r1 ! foot-pr9ts ( _m species ( bip$s are p]ceiv$ deeply impress$ on ! /one1 & dispos$ 9 su* mann] z to prove t !y are ! tracks ( animals t walk$ ov] ! surface ( ! deposit :5 x 0 9 a s(t or pla/ic /ate4 ,! close analogy ( ^! impr9ts to ^? ( birds' feet1 n only 9 _! g5]al resemblance1 b also 9 ! disposition ( ! tracks1 & 9 ! relation ( ! di/ance ( ! /ride1 & ! dep? & %all[ness ( ! impressions1 to ! size ( ! respective feet1 t5ds to corroborate ! inf]5ce fir/ enunciat$ by ,pr(essor ,hit*cock1 & subsequ5tly confirm$ by o!r geologi/s1 t ^! my/]i\s m>k+s on ! rock1 are natural records ( ! exi/5ce ( v>i\s tribes ( birds dur+ ! ,triassic p]iod2#hg b un=tunately ! only c]ta9 evid5ce ( ! correctness ( ?is op9ion--rema9s ( ! skeletons--is want+2 n a ve/ige ( a v]tebrat$ animal ( a high] class ?an fi%es & reptiles has be5 discov]$4#hh ,footnote #hg3 ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 ii4 pl4 #g4 ,footnote #hh3 ,see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eef4 ,orni?i*nites1 or ,fossil ,footpr9ts ( ,birds2 ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 i4 p4 #hjh4 ,9 ! va/ fluviatile =mation--! ,weald5--( ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&1 :i* ab\nds 9 ! rema9s ( t]re/rial plants & reptiles1 _m fragm5ts ( bones ( su* t5uity z to indicate t !y belong$ to animals capable ( flight1 h f "t to "t be5 collect$ s9ce my fir/ discov]y & ann\ncem5t1 9 #ahbb1 ( suppos$ birds' bones 9 ! /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,"s ( ^! relics 7 decl>$ by ,b>on ,cuvi]1 & subsequ5tly by ,pr(essor ,ow51 to be unque/ionably ^? ( birds2 probably "s species ( wad]s4 ,b rec5t obs]vations h r5d]$ x d\btful :e!r all ! specim5s ( ?is class f ! ,weald51 l ^? f ,/onesfield1 are n to be reg>d$ z ref]able to fly+ reptiles 7,pt]odactyles74#hi ,footnote #hi3 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 i4 p4 #dch1 #ddj4 ,i /ill ?9k x probable1 h[ev]1 t bones ( birds w be detect$ among ! ,weald5 fossils4 ,9 ! *alk ( ,k5t sev]al bones ( a v l>ge fly+ animal h be5 obta9$ f a qu>ry at ,burham1 ne> ,maid/one2 "s ( ^! are figur$ & describ$ 9 ,pr(essor ,ow5's beautiful "w on ,briti% ,fossil ,mammals & ,birds1 z ^? ( a bird alli$ to ! ,albatross2 b ! occurr5ce 9 ! same qu>ry ( jaws ) tee?1 & o!r und\bt$ rema9s ( a gigantic ,pt]odactyle1#ij & ! abs5ce 9 ! specim5s figur$ ( o/eological *>act]s exclusively orni?ic1 seem to support ! conclusion t ^! also mu/ be ascrib$ to fly+ reptiles4 ,footnote #ij3 ,^! fossils are 9 ! spl5did museum ( ,j4 ,s4 ,b[]bank1 ,esq4 ( ,highbury ,grove1 ,isl+ton4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t t]ti>y /rata unque/ionable ve/iges ( birds occur2 9 ! ,sub-,himalaya eoc5e deposits1 !y are associat$ ) bones ( ! ext9ct elephant9e mammalia ( ,india2 9 ^? ( ! ,p>is bas9 ) ! rema9s ( ! ,palo!ria1 c4 ,9 ! mioc5e & plioc5e =mations1 ! bones & ev5 egg-%ells ( sev]al species & g5]a h be5 detect$4 ,! rema9s ( birds1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 comp>atively rec5t deposits1 7 ( su* r>e occurr5ce z to be rank$ by ! collector ( fossils among ! mo/ preci\s ( 8 acquisitions2 b a few ye>s ago1 a mo/ extraord9>y discov]y 9 our ,antipodean colony4 ,new ,zeal&1 a/oni%$ & delight$ ! palontologi/1 by plac+ be=e him hundr$s ( bones ( num]\s ext9ct g5]a ( birds1 "s ( :i* f> exce$ 9 magnitude ^? ( ! mo/ gigantic liv+ species1 ! ,o/ri*4 ,9 v>i\s localities ( ! m>itime di/ricts ( ,new ,zeal&1 !re _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! b$s ( riv]s & /reams1 fossil bones ( birds ( colossal magnitude1 belong+ to _m species & sev]al g5]a1 associat$ ) simil> relics ( small] species4 ,^! bones _h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! natives long ere ! c\ntry 0 visit$ by ,europeans2 & traditions are rife among ! ,new ,zeal&]s t ?is race =m]ly exi/$ 9 great numb]s1 & s]v$ z food to _! remote ance/ors4 ,!y also believe t "s ( ! l>ge/ species h be5 se5 alive )9 ! memory ( man2 & ev5 affirm t individuals /ill exi/ 9 ! unfrequ5t$ & inaccessible p>ts ( ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y call ! bird ,moa1 & /ate t its head & tail 7 adorn$ ) magnific5t plumes ( fea!rs1 :i* 7 worn by _! anci5t *iefs z ornam5ts ( di/9ction4 ,n9e ye>s s9ce1 a fragm5t ( a ?igh-bone ( a bird l>g] ?an t ( ! ,o/ri* 0 br\ght to ,engl& by ,mr4 ,rule1 & submitt$ to ! exam9ation ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 :o pron\nc$ x to belong to a gigantic bird ( ! ,/ru?i\s 7,o/ri*7 ord]4 ,a few ye>s aft]w>ds sev]al collections ( v]tebr1 bones ( ! extremities1 c4 7 transmitt$ to ,engl& by ,messrs4 ,williams1 ,wakefield1 ,e>le1 c41 :i* corroborat$ t op9ion1 & prov$ t !re =m]ly exi/$ 9 ! isl&s ( ,new ,zeal&1 colossal birds ( a type di/9ct f any kn[n 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 #ahdf & #ahdg1 my elde/ son1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell1 :o has resid$ 9 ,new ,zeal& sev]al ye>s1 made an ext5sive & highly int]e/+ collection ( ^! fossil rema9s1 :i* arriv$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahdh4 ,?is s]ies conta9s skulls1 ) ! m&ibles or beaks1 bones ( o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton1 & portions ( ! egg-%ells1 ( sev]al ext9ct species & g5]a ( birds2 pres5t+ rem>kable deviations f ! previ\sly kn[n types to :i* !y are mo/ ne>ly alli$4 ,?is valuable accession to our k ( ! o/eology ( ?is ext9ct race ( ,o/ri*-l birds--"s individuals ( :i* mu/ h atta9$ a height ( f t5 to twelve feet--has yield$ important results z to ! =m1 /ructure1 & economy1 ( ^! colossal bip$s1 & ! prevail+ *>act]s ( ! t]re/rial fauna ( ,new ,zeal& 9 v remote p]iods4 ,! collection1 consi/+ ( above #gjj specim5s1 is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum3 x 0 obta9$ *iefly f a b$ ( m5accanite or titanif]\s iron-s&1 t _h evid5tly be5 wa%$ d[n by torr5ts f ! volcanic region ( ,m\nt ,egmont2 t sn[-capp$ ridge :i* =ms s /rik+ a feature 9 ! physical geography ( ! ,nor? ,isl&1 & is ! s\rce ( ! fre%-wat] /reams t dis*>ge !mselves into ! ocean along ! we/]n %ore4 ,! tract ( s& f :i* my son dug up ^! relics1 is on ! coa/ ne> ! emb\*ure ( a small riv] call$ ,wa+ongoro1 betwe5 ,wanganui & ,waimate4 ,t /ream evid5tly once fl[$ into ! sea f> f its pres5t c\rse1 = l9es ( cliffs ext5d inl& f ! n[ dry s&-spit1 & be> m>ks ( ! erosive action ( curr5ts4#ia ,a few mon?s s9ce1 ,i receiv$ f my son ano!r mo/ int]e/+ collection ( fossil bones 7compris+ above #ejj specim5s71 *iefly obta9$ f ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,middle ,isl& ( ,new ,zeal&1 :5 engag$ z ,gov]nm5t ,commission] = ! settlem5t ( native claims4 ,^! 7 dug up f a morass ( small ext5t1 ly+ 9 a little creek or bay at ,waik\aiti1 "s tw5ty miles nor? ( ,otago4 ,?is swamp1 :i* is only visible at l[ wat]1 is compos$ ( vegetable fibres 7app>5tly ( ! ,phormium t5ax71 s&1 & animal matt]4 ,! bones are ( a deep br[n col\r1 & almo/ z fre% z if rec5tly tak5 f a t>-pit4 ,among ! specim5s are crania & m&ibles1 & bones ( enorm\s size4 ,! mo/ rem>kable are ! entire s]ies ( phalangeals1 & ! two t>so-metat>sals1 7#bf 9 numb]17 ( ! "r & left foot ( ! same individual bird 7,d9ornis robu/us71 :i* 7 f\nd /&+ erect1 "o a y>d 9 advance ( ! o!r2 z if ! bird _h sunk into ! mire1 & unable to extricate itself1 _h p]i%$ on ! spot4 ,^! bones 7 c>efully exhum$ & numb]$ s]iatim1 & are ! only in/ances ( ! bones ( ! foot & metat>sus f\nd 9 natural connexion2 !y are1 consequ5tly1 ! fir/ c]ta9 examples kn[n ( ! /ructure ( ! feet ( ! colossal birds ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,! foot ( ! ,moa1 to :i* ^! bones belong$1 mu/ h be5 #af in*es long1 & #ah in*es wide2 & ! height ( ! bird ab\t t5 feet4 7,see ! ,frontispiece47 ,footnote #ia3 ,i mu/ ref] = details to ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,no4 ,,xv4 ,augu/ #ahdh4 ,x w\ld ext5d ?is article f> beyond ! limits assign$ to ?is "w1 7 ,i to attempt ev5 a cursory acc\nt ( all ! facts & inf]5ces connect$ ) ^! discov]ies4 ,! anatomical & physiological *>act]s ( _m species & g5]a w be f\nd 9 ! admirable ,memoirs on ! ,d9ornis1 ,palapt]yx1 ,notornis1 c4 by ,pr(4 ,ow51 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,zoological ,society4#ib ,footnote #ib3 ,i regret to /ate t ! egg-%ells1 & _m highly int]e/+ bones1 belong+ to unkn[n g5]a ( birds1 f ,rangatapu or ,wa+ongoro1 9 my son's fir/ collection1 rema9 undescrib$4 ,my notes & obs]vations on ! geological position ( ! ossif]\s deposits ( ! ,nor? ,isl& ( ,new ,zeal&1 d]iv$ f ! sket*es & lett]s ( ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell1 are publi%$ 9 ! ,geological ,j\rnal2 ^? on 8 collection ( fossils f ! ,middle ,isl& w appe> 9 ! same publication 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t ye> 7#ahej74 ,f ! facts at pres5t kn[n z to ! position ( ! ossif]\s deposits ( ,new ,zeal&1 !re is reason to conclude t !y be> ! same relation to ! pres5t /ate ( ! c\ntry1 z ! alluvial loam & clay conta9+ ! bones ( mammo?s1 ,iri% ,elks1 c4 to t ( ,great ,brita94 ,i ?9k we may safely inf] t at a p]iod geologically rec5t1 b hi/orically v remote1 ^? isl&s 7 d5sely peopl$ by tribes ( o/ri*-l birds ( species & g5]a :i* h long s9ce become ext9ct2 t _m species exi/$ contempor>y ) ! ,maories or native human inhabitants1 & t ! la/ ( ! family 7 ext]m9at$1 l ! ,iri% ,elk1 & ! ,dodo1 by man4 ,if1 z ! natives affirm1 "s ( ! race /ill exi/ 9 ! unfrequ5t$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 !y are probably dim9utive species1 l ! ,apt]yx or ,kivi-,kivi1 :i* is ! only liv+ repres5tative kn[n to naturali/s1 ( ?is once num]\s tribe ( colossal ,/ru?ionid4 ,! only fossil osse\s rema9s f ,new ,zeal& n ref]able to birds are bones ( two species ( ,seals1 & "o femur & a few o!r bones ( a ,dog4 ,associat$ ) ! relics ( ! ,d9ornis & o!r ext9ct g5]a1 & unque/ionably coeval ) !m1 are crania1 m&ibles1 & o!r bones1 ( ! liv+ species ( ,apt]yx1 ,albatross1 ,p5gu91 ,notornis1 ,ne/or1 ,wat]-h51 c4 ,! fragm5ts ( egg-%ells ( ,d9ornis1 f ,rangatapu1 belong to ?ree di/9ct types1 ea* ( v l>ge size2 my son1 to convey an idea ( ! magnitude ( "o egg1 ( :i* he dug up a l>ge portion1 says1 a g5tleman's hat w\ld make a capital egg-cup = x4 ,! m>k+s on ! surface ( ! %ells be> a great] resemblance to ^? on ! eggs ( ! ,rhea & ,cass[>y ?an ( ! ,o/ri*4 ,a rem>kable fact m5tion$ by my son ?r[s "s light z to ! comp>atively rec5t extirpation ( ! ,moa4 ,9 "o spot ! natives po9t$ out "s little m\nds cov]$ ) h]bage1 z consi/+ ( heaps ( a%es & bones1 ! refuse ( ! fires & fea/s left by _! remote ance/ors4 ,^u digg+ into !m1 a quantity ( burnt bones 0 discov]$3 ^! belong$ to ,man1 ,moa1 & ,dog1 & 7 promiscu\sly int]m+l$4 ,^! calc9$ bones pres5t no traces :atev] ei!r ( ! e>?y p[d] or manaccanite s& :i* ! cells & pores ( ! fossil bones inv>iably conta94 ,if1 z ! natives affirm1 ^! are ! rejectam5ta ( ! fea/s ( ! aborig9es1 ! practice ( cannibalism by ! ,new ,zeal&]s mu/ h be5 ( v anci5t date1 & c\ld n h orig9at$1 z ,pr(essor ,ow5 suppos$1 f ! want ( animal food 9 consequ5ce ( ! extirpation ( ! colossal birds4 7,see ante1 p4 xi47 ,,iv4 ,botanical arrangem5t ( ,fossil ,vegetables4--,mr4 ,artis1 9 ! ,introduction ( 8 "w1 (f]s "s judici\s obs]vations z to ! prop] me?od 9 :i* ! /udy ( ,fossil ,botany %\ld be pursu$4 ,he rem>ks1 t f ! imp]fect /ate 9 :i* fossil vegetables are g5]ally f\nd1 ! ord9>y *>act]s by :i* rec5t plants are ref]r$ to _! cong5]s1 c sc>cely ev] be detect$ 9 !m4 ,! sexual organs on :i* ! sy/ems ( ,l9nu & ,jussieu are f\nd$1 & ev5 ! integum5ts ( ^? organs :ile 9 ! /ate ( fl[]+1 h uni=mly p]i%$4 ,! ext]nal p>ts ( ! se$ or fruit exi/1 inde$1 9 a fossil /ate1 b !y are almo/ always insulat$ f ! o!r organs4 ,if leaves are f\nd1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t sc>cely any portion ( ! /em w be atta*$ to !m2 if ! ext]nal p>ts ( a trunk1 !n v r>ely any ve/iges ( ! bran*es & foliage4 ,& :5 traces ( ! int]nal /ructure c be discov]$1 x is seldom t ! ext]nal "* ( ! /em rema9s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is defici5cy ( ! ess5tial *>act]s on :i* ! det]m9ations ( ! botani/ are f\nd$1 !re exi/s a necessity = exam9+ m m9utely & accurately ?an has yet be5 done1 ! int]nal /ructure ( rec5t plants2 _! habits ( gr[?1 ! cicatrices or sc>s left on ! /em by ! leaves t are spontane\sly %$1 ! diff]5t appe>ances :i* _! fruits exhibit 9 _! v>i\s /ages ( developm5t--all ^! po9ts mu/ be m9utely /udi$ be=e we c obta9 any c]ta9ty z to ! id5tity ( fossil & liv+ species ( plants4 ,x is n by publi%+ deta*$ & unconnect$ del9eations & descriptions ( fossil plants1 z !y occasionally occur1 t ! k ( !m c be consid]ably promot$4 ,a sy/ematic arrangem5t mu/ be =m$2 & ! fir/ /ep to ?is is ! accurate det]m9ation ( ! species4 ,hoc opus1 hic labor e/4 ,x w be se51 he obs]ves1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 h[ easy x w\ld be to imag9e p>ts ( ! same specim5 to be diff]5t species1 :5 !y happ5 to be brok5 & disp]s$4 ,i c confid5tly ass]t1 t 9 at lea/ a ?\s& diff]5t specim5s :i* ,i h _h 9 my possession1 n m ?an a hundr$ di/9ct species c be recognis$4 ,fur!rmore1 /ill few] inde$ c be ref]r$ to any liv+ species2 = x is n ! f]n-l leaf ( a plant1 ! palm-l cicatrix1 or ! cane-l jo9t ( a /em1 t w suffice to id5tify !m ) ^? tribes ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,! :ole anatomy ( ! plant mu/ be /udi$4 ,! subject has1 inde$1 be5 begun by ,pr(essor ,m>t9s1 9 8 comp>ison ( c]ta9 fossil /ems ( plants ) ^? ( ! liv+ plants gr[+ 9 ! ,brazils1 b ! /udy is z yet too new to af=d c]ta9 results4 ,accord+ly1 sev]al ( t pr(essor's op9ions are at v>iance ) ^? ( ,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t1 :o has also comp>$ ! rec5t & fossil vegetables toge!r on ?is plan4 ,b by foll[+ up ! comp>ison1 :i* has be5 s successfully adopt$ by ,b>on ,cuvi]1 9 ! /udy ( fossil animals1#ic simil> results may be expect$1 & a k ( ! ext9ct plants be at l5g? atta9$4 ,footnote #ic3 ,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5s ,fossiles4 ,mr4 ,artis !n gives an ab/ract ( ! sy/ems ( ,b>on ,s*lo!im1 ,c\nt ,/]nb]g1 ,pr(essor ,m>t9s1 & ,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t1 :i* ,i am ,induc$ to subjo9 z a useful record ( ! /ate ( fossil botany twelve ye>s ago3-- ,! ,b>on ,s*lo!im1 :o publi%$ 9 #ahjd ! fir/ "p ( a ,flora d] ,vorwelt1 foll[$ up 8 rese>*es ( ?is k9d by a catalogue ( 8 cab9et1 "u ! title ( ',die ,petrefact5kunde auf ihrem jetzig5 ,/&punkte erlut]t1' publi%$ 9 #ahbj1 to :i* two ,app5dices h s9ce be5 add$ 9 #ahbb & #ahbc4 ,! arrangem5t made by ! ,b>on1 s f> z reg>ds ! vegetable "p ( 8 cab9et1 is z foll[s4 ,8 specim5s are fir/ divid$ into five ,sections1 or ,ord]s3-- #a4 ,d5droli!s1 conta9+ ! rema9s ( trees1 :i* are subdivid$ into ?ree sub-sections4 ,a4 ,li?oxylites1 ( :i* no *>act]s are giv51 b f ! specim5s m5tion$ by him1 he evid5tly arranges 9 ?is place ! wood-/one & wood-opal ( ! m9]alogi/s4 ,b4 ,li?an?racites1 9 :i* are plac$ ! bitum9iz$ /ems1 & o!r p>ts ( trees4 ,c4 ,biblioli!s4--,fossil leaves1 mo/ly ( ! lat] =mations4 #b4 ,botanoli!s4--,compris+ ^? k9ds ( fossil plants :i* _c be consid]$ ei!r z trees or %rubs1 nor z belong+ to ! plants ( ! old coal =mation4 ,all ! specim5s belong+ to ! prec$+ sections are m]ely enum]at$1 & n di/+ui%$ by g5]ic & trivial names1 z is ! case ) ! foll[+4 ,phytotypoli!s4--,fossil plants ( ! /one-coal =mation4 ,^! are divid$ sy/ematically into g5]a & species4 ,! g5]a are z foll[3-- a4 ,palmacites1 conta9+ fifte5 species4 b4 ,casu>9ites1 five4 c4 ,calamites1 t54 d4 ,filicites1 tw5ty-?ree4 e4 ,lycopodioli!s1 five4 f4 ,poacites1 f\r4 ,9 ! :ole sixty-two species4 #d4 ,c>poli!s4--,( :i* he enum]ates fifte5 species z pres5t 9 8 collection4 ,?is division is consid]$ z a g5us1 z is also ! next4 #e4 ,an?otypoli!s4--,! cab9et conta9s only "o species1 namely ! ,an?otypoli!s ranunculi=mis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 #ahbj1 ,gasp>d ,c\nt ,/]nb]g publi%$ 9 ,g]man1 ! fir/ numb] ( a "w :i* has be5 translat$ by ! ,comte de ,bray1 "u ! title ( ,essai d'un ,expos ,geogno/ico-,botanique de la ,flore du ,monde ,primitif4 ,( ?is translation a second & ?ird "p appe>$ 9 #ahbc & #ahbd4 ,9 ^! successive numb]s ! ,c\nt has communicat$ ! /ate ( 8 k z x grew up "u 8 h&s1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 own lab\rs & ^? ( 8 fri5d1 ,b>on ,s*lo!im4 ,! g5]a1 z !y are successively develop$ 9 ! "w1 are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,lepidod5dron4--,/em scaly2 ! scales leaf-be>+1 surr\nd+ ! /em spirally4 ,9 a subsequ5t numb]1 :at are "h call$ scales1 are d5om9at$ scale-l cicatrices4 ,?is g5us is subdivid$ 9 ! fir/ numb] into two sub-g5]a1 b ?is division is n notic$ 9 ! additional species quot$ 9 ! succe$+ numb]s4 ,lepidot4--,scales convex4 ,alveol>i4--,scales sub-concave4 #b4 ,v>iol>i4--,/em %ield-be>+1 or w>ty2 %ields leaf-be>+1 surr\nd+ ! /em spirally4 #c4 ,calamit4--,/em /riat$1 int]cept$ ) sutures at ! articulations4 #d4 ,syr+od5dron4--,/em arboresc5t1 9 ! =m ( pipes agglut9at$ toge!r1 ) nak$ gl&ules surr\nd+ ! /em spirally4 ,9 ! second numb] ! foll[+ g5]a are giv53-- #e4 ,rhytidolepis4--,/em arboresc5t1 /reak$ longitud9ally ) elevat$ wr9kles2 %ields surr\nd+ ! /em spirally4 #f4 ,flabell>ia4--,leaves "p /alk$1 divid$ & exp&$ l a fan4 #g4 ,s*lo!imia4--,/em jo9t$1 contract$ at ! articulation1 v]ticillate4 #h4 ,annul>ia4--,leaves dispos$ 9 a :irl1 ins]t$ 9 a prop] r+4 #i4 ,ngg]a?ia4--,/em z ?ick z a goose-quill2 leaves alt]nate1 approximate1 rev]se-ovate1 half embrac+ ! /em1 pect9ato-too!d at ! top1 ! rema9d] ( ! edge uncut4 #aj4 ,osmunda4 ,?is & ! foll[+ h no g5]ic *>act]s #aa4 ,aspl5ium4 assign$ to !m1 ! rec5t g5]a be+ ref]r$ to4 #ab4 ,rotul>ia4--,leaves v]ticillate1 exp&$ 9 ! =m ( a small :eel4 ,! ?ird numb] conta9s ! foll[+ additional g5]a3-- #ac4 ,lepidolepis4--,scale-l cicatrices truncat$ at _! top4 #ad4 ,?uites1 ( :i* he gives no *>act]s1 b ref]s to 8 figures4 #ae4 ,an?olites4 #af4 ,c>polites4 #ag4 ,conites4--,fossil /robili4 #ah4 ,sph5opt]is4 #ai4 ,polypodioli?us4 #bj4 ,myriophyllites4 #ba4 ,phyllites4 #bb4 ,algacites1 :i* ! ,fr5* translator1 on obta9+ ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,ag>dh1 has *ang$ into ,s>gassum2 t celebrat$ algologi/ hav+ consid]$ x z id5tically ! same z t g5us ( rec5t alg4 ,! g5]a ?us successively e/abli%$1 may be arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3-- ,a4 ,fossil plants ( unkn[n orig91 9 :i* ! /em is l>ge1 & =ms ! only1 or at lea/ ! mo/ prom95t "*2 includ+1 #a4 ,lepidod5dron2 #b4 ,v>iol>ia2 #c4 ,calamites2 #d4 ,syr+od5dron2 #e4 ,rhytidolepis2 #ac4 ,lepidolepis4 ,b4 ,fossil plants1 ( unkn[n orig91 9 :i* ! leaves =m ! prom95t "*2 includ+1 #f4 ,flabell>ia2 #g4 ,s*lo!imia2 #h4 ,annul>ia2 #i4 ,ngg]a?ia2 #ab4 ,rotul>ia4 ,c4 ,fossil p>ts ( unkn[n plants2 includ+1 #ae1 ,an?olites2 #af4 ,c>polites2 #ag4 ,conites4 ,d4 ,fossil plants1 or p>ts ( plants ref]able to liv+ types2 includ+1 #aj4 ,osmunda2 #aa4 ,aspl5ium2 #ad4 ,?uites2 #ah4 ,sph5opt]is2 #ai4 ,polypodiolites2 #bj4 ,myriophyllites2 #bb4 ,algacites4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,novemb] #ahba1 ,pr(essor ,m>t9s read to ! ,botanical ,society ( ,ratisbon1 a pap] :i* 0 aft]w>ds publi%$ 9 its ,memoirs = #ahbb4 ,?is pap] 0 entitl$1 ,de ,plantis nonnullis ,ant$iluvianis ope speci]um int] tropicos viv5tium illu/r&is2 9 x sev]al ( ! species m5tion$ by ,b>on ,s*lo!im & ,c\nt ,/]nb]g are ref]r$ to ! ord]s & g5]a ( rec5t plants2 & ! foll[+ g5]a are propos$3-- #a4 ,filicites1 analog\s to ! ,arboresc5t f]ns4 #b4 ,palmacites1 analog\s to ! ,palm4 #c4 ,bambusites1 analog\s to ,bambusia1 & o!r arboresc5t grasses2 ^! are ! ,calamites ( o!r au?ors4 #d4 ,yuccites1 analog\s to ! ,cuciphor1 ,drac51 ,p&ani1 ,yucc1 & ,vellori1 ( botanical writ]s4 #e4 ,cactites1 analog\s to ! ,cacti4 #f4 ,euphorbites1 analog\s to ! ,c]ei=m species ( ,euphorbia4 #g4 ,ly*nophorites1 analog\s to ,ly*nophora1 a g5us ( plants f\nd by ,m>tius 9 ,brazil1 :i* belongs to ! ord] ( ! ,composit1 & is alli$ to ! ,v]noni ( ,l9nu & ! ,pollale/ ( ,humboldt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t has giv5 ! foll[+ classification ( fossil plants1 9 8 ,essay ,sur la ,classification et la ,di/ribution de ,vgtaux ,fossiles ins]t$ 9 ! ,mmoires du ,musum d',hi/oire ,naturelle2 & also pr9t$ sep>ately 9 qu>to1 ,p>is1 #ahbb3-- ,,/ems4 ,class ,i4--,/ems ^: int]nal organization is recognisable4 #a4 ,exog5ites4--,wood =m$ ( regul> conc5tric lay]s4 #b4 ,endog5ites4--,wood compos$ ( insulat$ bundles ( vessels1 :i* are m num]\s t[>ds ! circumf]5ce ?an at ! c5tre4 ,class ,,ii4--,/ems ^: int]nal organization is no long] di/9ct1 b :i* are *>act]is$ by _! ext]nal =m4 #c4 ,culmites4--,/em jo9t$1 smoo?2 a s+le impression at ea* articulation4#id #d4 ,calamites4--,/em jo9t$1 regul>ly /riat$2 impressions r\nd$1 small1 num]\s1 =m+ a r+ r\nd ea* articulation1 or sometimes want+4#ie #e4 ,syr+od5dron4--,/em *annell$1 n jo9t$2 impressions dot-l or l9e>1 arrang$ 9 qu9cunx4#if #f4 ,sigill>ia4--,/em *annell$1 n jo9t$2 impressions 9 ! =m ( disks1 arrang$ 9 qu9cunx4 #g4 ,cla?r>ia4--,/em nei!r *annell$1 nor jo9t$2 impressions 9 ! =m ( r\nd$ disks1 dispos$ 9 qu9cunx4#ig #h4 ,sag5>ia4--,/em )\t jo9ts1 or furr[s1 cov]$ ) conical rhomboidal tub]cles dispos$ 9 qu9cunx1 hav+ at _! upp] extremity an impression 9 ! =m ( a disk4#ih #i4 ,/igm>ia4--,/em )\t jo9ts1 or furr[s2 impressions r\nd$1 di/ant1 dispos$ 9 qu9cunx4#ii ,footnote #id3 ,^! /ems appe> to ,m4 ,brongni>t to belong to ! arboresc5t grasses1 to ,calamus or its alli$ g5]a4 ,footnote #ie3 ,m4 de ,c&olle sugge/$ to ,m4 ,brongni>t t ^! /ems belong to "s plants ( ! natural ord] ( ,equisetace4 ,footnote #if3 ,m4 ,brongni>t consid]s ^! rema9s to belong to g5]a :i* are entirely ext9ct4 ,footnote #ig3 ,m4 ,brongni>t %[s 9 8 pap] ! great agreem5t betwe5 ^! two g5]a1 & ! /ems ( f]ns1 9 e respect except+ magnitude1 & consid]s !m z evid5tly ow+ _! orig9 to plants ( t natural ord] r ?an to ! palms4 ,footnote #ih3 ,! /ems ( ?is g5us are ref]able1 9 ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,brongni>t1 to ^? ( plants belong+ to ! family ( ,lycopodiace1 not)/&+ ! great diff]5ce ( size betwe5 !m & ^? ( ! rec5t plants ( t natural ord]4 ,footnote #ii3 ,^! /ems1 ,m4 ,brongni>t supposes1 belong r to plants ( ! natural ord] ( ,aroide1 ?an to ! ,euphorbiace1 or to ! ,palms to :i* !y h be5 ascrib$ by o!r au?ors4 ,,foliage4 #aj4 ,lycopodites4--,leaves l9e>1 or setace\s1 )\t ribs1 or trav]s$ by a s+le rib1 ins]t$ all r\nd ! /em1 or 9 a d\ble r[4 ,?is g5us is subdivid$ into f\r sections1 z foll[3-- a4 ,leaves n>r[1 lanceolate1 ins]t$ 9 a regul> mann] all r\nd a /em hav+ ! *>act]s ( ,sag5>ia4 b4 ,leaves setace\s1 ins]t$ 9 a d\ble r[ only2 /em n reticulat$4 ,^! he consid]s z ! prop] ,lycopodites4 c4 ,leaves broad1 )\t any app>5t ribs1 ins]t$ irregul>ly all r\nd ! /em4 ,^! diff] mu* f ! re/ ( ! g5us4 d4 ,leaves blunt1 %ort1 closely appli$ to ! /em4 ,class ,,iii4--#aa4 ,filicites4--,frond dispos$ on a flat surface1 symmetrical2 second>y rib simple1 =k$1 or r>ely ana/omos+4 ,^! are divid$ ,into five sub-g5]a3-- a4 ,glossopt]is4--,frond simple1 n jagg$1 trav]s$ by a s+le mid-rib1 )\t di/9ct second>y ribs4 b4 ,sph5opt]is4--,p9nules w$ge-%ap$1 r\nd$ or lob$ at ! extremity2 ribs palmate or radiat+ f ! base ( ! p9nule4 c4 ,neuropt]is4--,p9nules r\nd$1 n lob$1 nor adh]+ to ! ra*is by _! base2 ribs sc>cely visible beyond ! base1 9 g5]al v di/9ct1 & two-=k$4 d4 ,pecopt]is4--,frond p9natifid2 p9nules adh]5t by _! base to ! ra*is1 trav]s$ by a mid-rib2 second>y ribs p9nate4 e4 ,odontopt]is4--,p9nules adh]+ to ! ra*is by ! :ole ( _! base2 mid-rib none2 second>y ribs runn+ out p]p5dicul>ly f ! ra*is4 #ab4 ,sphnophyllites4--,leaves v]ticillate1 w$ge-%ap$1 truncate2 ribs radiat+1 two-=k$4#ajj #ac4 ,a/]ophyllites4--,leaves v]ticillate1 ) a s+le rib4#aja #ad4 ,fucoides4--,frond n symmetrical1 (t5 dispos$ on a flat surface2 ribs none1 or badly def9$4 #ae4 ,phyllites4--,leaves ) ribs well def9$1 repeat$ly divid$1 or ana/omos+4#ajb #af4 ,poacites4--,leaves l9e>2 ribs p>allel4 #ag4 ,palmacites4--,leaves fan-%ape4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,m4 ,brongni>t consid]s ^! to belong to "s ext9ct g5us ( plants1 alli$ to1 al?\gh p]fectly di/9ct f1 ! rec5t g5us ,m>silea4 ,footnote #aja3 ,^! ! au?or ?9ks are ! rema9s ( an ext9ct g5us ( plants4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,! "* ( ! ribs "h giv5 belongs exclusively to leaves ( plants ( ! dicotyl$on\s tribe2 z ^? ( ! next g5us ,poacites equally re/ricts !m to ! o!r great tribe ( monocotyl$on\s plants4 ,class ,,iv4 ,organs ( fructification4 ,ord] ,i4 ,c>poli!s4--,fruits or se$s4 ,ord] ,,ii4 ,an?oli!s4--,fl[]s4#ajc ,footnote #ajc3 ,^! ord]s are too little kn[n to be divid$ at pres5t into g5]a4 ,! num]\s additions & modifications1 :i* subsequ5t exp]i5ce & discov]ies h l$ ,m4 ,brongni>t to introduce into 8 classification1 w be f\nd 9 an article rec5tly publi%$ 7#ahdi7 9 ! ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel d',hi/oire ,naturelle1 "u ! title ( ,tableau des ,g5res de ,vgtaux ,fossiles1 considrs s\s le po9t de vue de leur classification botanique et de leur di/ribution gologique4 ,v4 ,fossil ,cephalopoda1 ,nautilus1 ,ammonite1 c4--,! fossil rema9s ( ! mollusc\s animals1 nam$ ,cephalopoda1 f _! organs ( preh5sion be+ arrang$ ar\nd ! head or upp] "p ( ! body1 are ! mo/ anci5t1 num]\s1 & int]e/+1 ( ?is class ( animat$ nature 9 ! m9]al k+dom4 ,^! relics are among ! mo/ v>i$ & /rik+ ( ! ext9ct be+s t occur 9 ! s$im5t>y /rata1 f ! mo/ anci5t second>y =mations1 to ! mo/ rec5t t]ti>y4 ,! liv+ species are b a feeble repres5tation ( ! c\ntless myriads :i* mu/ h sw>m$ 9 ! anci5t seas4 ,! animal ( ! ,cephalopods is compos$ ( a body1 :i* is ei!r enclos$ 9 a %ell1 z 9 ! ,nautilus1 or conta9s a calc>e\s osselet or support1 z 9 ! ,sepia or ,cuttle-fi%2 x has a di/9ct head1 & eyes z p]fect z 9 ! v]tebrat$ animals1 ) complicat$ organs ( he>+1 & a p[]ful ma/icat+ app>atus1 surr\nd$ by arms or t5tacula4 ,bel[ ! head !re is a tube :i* acts z a locomotive in/rum5t1 to propel ! animal backw>ds1 by ! =cible ejection ( ! wat] t has s]v$ ! purpose ( respiration1 & :i* c be eject$ ) consid]able =ce by ! contraction ( ! body4 ,_! fossil rema9s consi/ ( ! ext]nal %ell & ! int]nal osselet2 & 9 ! nak$ tribes1 ( ! s(t p>ts ( ! body1 ! ink-bag1 c41 z notic$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,belemnite & ,belemnoteu?is4 ,! %ell v>ies exce$+ly 9 ! diff]5t g5]a4 ,9 ! gr\p *>act]is$ by smoo? septa1 & a m$ial or subm$ial siphuncle1 z ! ,nautilus1 ! e>lie/ or mo/ anci5t type is /raight1 z 9 ! ,or?oc]as 7,plate ,,lviii4 fig4 #ad7 ( ! palozoic =mations2 ! int]m$iate =ms pres5t v>i\s modifications ( ! spiral1 & t]m9ate 9 ! completely discoidal %ell ( ! liv+ g5us2 :ile ! o!r gr\p1 t ) s9u\s or foliat$ septa & a dorsal siphuncle1 comm5ces 9 a discoidal type--! ,ammonite1 :i* gradually passes ?r\gh ! v>i\s modifications ( ,crioc]as1 ,scaphites 7,plate ,,lxi4 fig4 #aj71 ,hamites 7,plate ,,lxi4 fig4 #c71 ,turrilites 7,plate ,,lxi4 fig4 #ab71 c42 & f9ally becomes ext9ct 9 ! /raight ,baculites 7,plate ,,lx4 fig4 #b74 ,9 argillace\s /rata1 z ! ,kimm]idge & ,ox=d clay1 ,london clay1 c41 ! %ells ( ,cephalopoda are (t5times beautifully pres]v$2 ! *amb]s are frequ5tly fill$ ) ! solid matrix1 b 9 _m in/ances ^! cavities are l9$ ei!r ) brilliant pyrites or sp>4 ,/ony or sp>ry ca/s ( ! cells or *amb]s1 ! %ell hav+ p]i%$1 are ano!r common /ate 9 :i* ve/iges ( ^! animals occur4 ,sometimes ! ca/ ( ea* *amb] is isolat$1 s z to pres5t a s]ies f ! inn]mo/ to ! out]mo/ cell4 ,sections ( ^? ca/s1 9 :i* ! *amb]s are fill$ up ) sp>1 con/itute specim5s ( great beauty & int]e/4 ,! s-call$ snake-/ones are1 ( c\rse1 m]e ca/s ( ,ammonites2#ajd ^? ( ,:itby1 f ! lias lime/one1 are well kn[n to e collector2 ! ca/s ( a v l>ge species are common 9 ! oolite1 especially at ,sw9don1 9 ,wilt%ire1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ba?4 ,,vi4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s ,deposits1 or ,coal ,measures4--,! v>i\s deposits ( ,coal h manife/ly be5 =m$ "u diff]5t local circum/ances4 ,"s h be5 peat-bogs1 to :i* repeat$ additions h be5 made by successive subsid5ces ( ! l&2 o!rs h be5 deposit$ at ! bottom ( lakes & riv]s1 & ^! are associat$ ) rema9s ( fre%-wat] %ells & ,cru/acea2 o!rs h accumulat$ 9 ! abyss ( ! ocean1 hav+ be5 =m$ by ! drift+ & engulf+ ( imm5se rafts ( trees & o!r vegetable matt]1 l ^? ( ! ,mississippi2 o!rs 9 inl& seas1 ! successive lay]s ( vegetables hav+ be5 suppli$ by p]iodical l&-floods4 ,!re c be no d\bt t coal has be51 & may be1 produc$ "u all ^! conditions2 & at diff]5t p]iods1 & 9 v>i\s localities1 all ^! causes may h be5 9 op]ation4 ,b ! great s]ies ( anci5t coal-=mations pres5t a rem>kable uni=mity ( "*1 n only ?r\gh\t ,europe1 b also 9 ,am]ica & o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,a coal-field 7z a gr\p ( /rata ( ?is k9d is commonly t]m$71 is g5]ally compos$ ( a s]ies ( lay]s ( coal1 clay1 %ale1 & s&1 ( v>iable ?icknesses1 bas$ on grit or lime/one1 ab\nd+ 9 m>9e %ells & corals2 & ! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5on is ! con/ant pres5ce b5ea? e b$ ( coal1 ( a ?ick /ratum ( e>?y clay1 & ( a lay] ( %ale or slaty clay above x4 ,"o ( ! s]ies ( triple deposits ( :i* a coal-field consi/s1 pres5ts !re=e ! foll[+ *>act]s3-- #a4 ,"u-clay2 ! l[]mo/ /ratum4 ,?is is a t\gh argillace\s e>? or clay1 :i* on dry+ becomes ( a grey col\r1 & v friable2 x is occasionally black1 f an int]mixture ( c>bonace\s matt]4 ,?is b$ almo/ inv>iably conta9s an abundance ( ,/igm>i 7see ,plates ,,xxii4 ,,xxiii471 ( consid]able l5g?1 ) _! rootlets atta*$1 & :i* ext5d 9 e direction ?r\gh ! clay 7z %[n 9 ! figures #a1 #b1 #f1 pp4 #aii1 #bja74 ,^! roots commonly lie p>allel ) ! planes ( ! /ratum1 & ne>] to ! top ?an to ! bottom4 #b4 ,coal4--,a c>boniz$ mass1 9 :i* ! ext]nal =ms ( ! plants & trees compos+ x are oblit]at$1 b ! int]nal /ructure1 9 _m in/ances1 rema9s4 ,l>ge trunks1 & /ems1 & leaves1 are r>ely f\nd 9 x4 #c4 ,! ,ro(1 or upp] b$4--,?is consi/s ( slaty clay1 ab\nd+ 9 leaves1 trunks & bran*es1 fruit1 c42 x includes lay]s & nodules ( iron/one1 inclos+ leaves1 insects1 ,cru/acea1 c4 ,9 "s localities b$s ( fre%-wat] %ells1 9 o!rs ( m>9e %ells1 are int]calat$ ) ! %ale2 f9ely lam9at$ clay1 micace\s s&1 grit1 & pebbles ( lime/one1 s&/one1 c4 are also (t5 int]/ratifi$4 ,! pr9cipal illu/rative specim5s ( ! leaves1 fruit1 c4 7z ^? 9 ,plate ,,xxx4 to ,plate ,,xxxiv47 are f\nd 9 ?is b$4 ,?us an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( /rata1 9 :i* triple deposits ( ?is k9d are repeat$1 7(t5 ?irty or =ty times1 & ?r\gh a ?ickness ( sev]al ?\s& feet17 con/itutes ! pr$om9ant "* ( ! anci5t coal =mations :]ev] !y h be5 explor$4 ,! difficulties att5d+ a satisfactory solution ( ?is problem1 are fully /at$ 9 ! la/ edition ( my ,wond]s ( ,geology 7,vol4 ii4 ,lecture vii471 & to t "w ,i mu/ ref] ! read] = a m ext5d$ consid]ation ( ?is highly int]e/+ subject4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,see ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 ii4 *ap4 i42 & ,?\ghts on a ,pebble1 pp4 #bj1 #fi4 ,,vii4 ,coal4--,! num]\s fossil plants f ! c>bonif]\s /rata t are figur$ 9 ?is "w1 r5d] x necess>y to put ! g5]al read] 9 possession ( a concise view ( ! nature & mode ( =mation ( ^? anci5t accumulations ( vegetable matt]1 :i* n[ con/itute ! b$s ( m9]al fuel t]m$ coal4 ,al?\gh at ! pres5t "t no "o at all conv]sant ) geology d\bts ! vegetable orig9 ( ,coal1 ! p]iod is n di/ant :5 _m em95t philosoph]s 7 sceptical on ?is po9t2 & ! tru? 9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ o!r que/ions ,9 natural philosophy1 0 e/abli%$ ) difficulty4 ,! exp]im5ts & obs]vations ( ! late ,dr4 ,maccullo* ma9ly contribut$ to solve ! problem z to ! vegetable orig9 ( ?is sub/ance2 & t em95t geologi/ successfully trac$ ! transition ( vegetable matt] f peat-wood1 br[n coal1 lignite1 & jet1 to coal1 an?racite1 graphite1 & plumbago4 ,nor mu/ ! important lab\rs ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son 9 ?is field ( rese>* be =gott54 ,! fir/ volume ( ! ,organic ,rema9s ( a =m] ,_w1 :i* treats ( vegetable fossils1 conta9s mu* orig9al & valuable in=mation on ! transmutation ( vegetable matt]1 by bitum9\s f]m5tation1 into ! v>i\s m9]al sub/ances 9 :i* its orig9al nature & /ructure are altoge!r *ang$ & oblit]at$2 & t "w may /ill be consult$ ) advantage by ! /ud5t4 ,b ?\gh ! vegetable orig9 ( all coal w n admit ( "q1 yet evid5ce ( ! orig9al /ructure ( ! plants or trees :5ce x 0 d]iv$ is n always atta9able4 ,! mo/ p]fect coal seems to h und]gone a complete liquefaction1 & if any portions ( ! vegetable tissue rema91 !y appe> z if imb$d$ 9 a pure bitum9\s mass4 ,! slaty coal g5]ally pres]ves traces ( cellul> or vascul> tissue1 & ! spiral vessels & dott$ cells ( conif]\s trees may (t5 be detect$ by ! microscope4 ,9 _m in/ances ! cells are fill$ ) an amb]-col\r$ res9\s sub/ance2 9 o!rs ! organization is s well pres]v$1 t on ! surface ( a block ( coal crack$ by heat1 ! vascul> tissue1 & ! dott$ gl&s1 may be obs]v$4 ,"s b$s ( coal appe> to be :olly compos$ ( m9ute leaves or dis9tegrat$ foliage2 = if a mass rec5tly extract$ f ! m9e be split asund]1 ! expos$ surfaces are f\nd cov]$ ) delicate lam9 ( c>boniz$ leaves & fibres matt$ toge!r2 & flake aft] flake may be peel$ (f ?r\gh a ?ickness ( _m in*es1 & ! same /ructure be app>5t4 ,r>ely are any l>ge trunks or bran*es obs]vable 9 ! b$s ( coal2 b ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! c>bonif]\s mass is t ( an imm5se deposit ( delicate foliage %$ & accumulat$ 9 a =e/1 & consolidat$ by great pressure :ile und]go+ t peculi> process by :i* vegetable matt] is conv]t$ into c>bon4 ,! ess5tial conditions = ! transmutation ( vegetable sub/ances into coal1 appe> to be ! imb$d+ ( l>ge quantities ( rec5t vegetables b5ea? deposits :i* %all exclude ! air1 & prev5t ! escape ( ! gase\s elem5ts :5 releas$ by decomposition f _! organic comb9ation2 h5ce1 accord+ z ^! conditions h be5 m or less p]fectly fulfill$1 coal1 jet1 lignite1 br[n-coal1 peat-wood1 c4 w be ! result4 ,,viii4 ,fossil ,corals4--,! real nature ev5 ( rec5t ,corals is 9 g5]al s imp]fectly und]/ood by ! intellig5t read] :o has n paid especial att5tion to ! dep>tm5t ( natural hi/ory :i* treats ( ! class ( animat$ nature t]m$ ,zoophytes1 t 9 describ+ ! ,fossil ,corals ,9 my ,wond]s ( ,geology1 ,i felt x necess>y to devote "o ,lecture to ! consid]ation ( ,corals & ,cr9oidea1 9 ord] to af=d a popul> exposition ( ! /ructure & economy ( ^! highly ,int]e/+ tribes ( animal exi/5ce4#aje ,footnote #aje3 ,see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 ,lect4 vi4 p4 #ehh4 ,a v preval5t error reg>d+ _! nature ,is1 t ! beautiful /ony sub/ances g5]ally call$ corals1 are fabricat$ by ! animalcules :i* inhabit ! cells :5 liv+1 9 ! same mann] z is ! honeycomb ( ! bee & wasp4 ,?is op9ion is utt]ly errone\s3 ! coral is secret$ by ! integum5ts or membranes ) :i* :5 rec5t x 0 inve/$ & p]meat$2 9 l mann] z are ! bones ( ! skeleton 9 ! high] ord]s ( animals by ! tissues design$ = t especial purpose1 & :olly )\t ! cognisance or control ( ! creature ( :i* !y con/itute ! int]nal support4 ,a g5]al idea ( ! nature ( ! comp\nd coral-zoophytes may be obta9$ by ! exam9ation ( ! common ,flu/ra or ,sea-mat4 ,?is =m ( polyp>ia1 :5 tak5 out ( ! wat]1 appe>s to ! nak$ eye l a pat* ( f9e v>ni%$ net-"w1 adh]+ to a piece ( sea-we$ or /one2 :5 view$ ) a magnify+ l5s ( mod]ate p[]1 ! surface is f\nd beset ) pores regul>ly dispos$3 & if ! ,flu/ra be exam9$ :ile imm]s$ 9 sea-wat]1 its surface is se5 to be inve/$ by a gelat9\s sub/ance1 & e pore is ! ap]ture ( a cell1 :5ce issues a tube fr+$ at ! extremity ) long t5tacula or feel]s4 ,^! exp&1 !n sudd5ly contract1 )draw into ! cell1 & aga9 issue =?3 ! :ole surface ( ! ,flu/ra be+ /udd$ ) ! hydra-l animalcules2 ea* enjoy+ a di/9ct exi/5ce1 ! entire gr\p be+ unit$ by "o common integum5t or calc>e\s frame-"w4 ,:5 ! ,flu/ra is expos$ to ! air1 ! polypes soon p]i%1 ! animal matt] rapidly decomposes1 & ! calc>e\s lace-l skeleton alone rema9s4 ,9 ! l>g] & m compact corals ! ph5om5a are simil>1 diff]+ only 9 degree4 ,9 a fossil /ate1 ! durable rema9s ( ! corals consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( ! calc>e\s frame-"w 7or polyp>ium1 z x is t]m$71 :i* (t5 possesses a cry/all9e /ructure2 & 9 "s in/ances is completely transmut$ into silex1 z 9 specim5s f ,antigua1 ! ,falls ( ! ,ohio1 & f ,tisbury 9 ,wilt%ire4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxviii4 figs4 #ab1 #ac47 ,i mu/ ref] to ! ,wond]s ( ,geology = a m ext5d$ notice ( fossil corals1 & o!r zoophytes1 & w only add t ! calc>e\s & silice\s sp9es or spicula1 n only ( sponges1 b also ( ,gorgoni1 & o!r corals1 are (t5 met ) 9 a fossil /ate4#ajf ,footnote #ajf3 ,see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 ,lect4 vi4 p4 #fcd4 ,,ix4 ,cuvi]'s ,discov]ies4 ,! ,fossil ,quadrup$s ( ,montm>tre4 7,plate ,,lxxii47--,! ,palo!ria1 ,anoplo!ria1 & o!r g5]a ( ext9ct quadrup$s relat$ to ! ,tapir1 ^: rema9s 7 fir/ notic$ 9 ! gypse\s lime/one ( ,montm>tre1 ne> ,p>is1 & :i* h s9ce be5 f\nd 9 _m o!r localities ( ! same /rata1 are famili> to e "o1 f ! j celebrity atta*$ to ! lab\rs ( ! illu/ri\s ,cuvi]1 :o re/or$ z x 7 ^! lo/ d5iz5s ( an e>li] _w1 9 _! native "* & =ms1 & di/+ui%$ !m by names long s9ce become classical 9 ! sci5ces :i* treat ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! e>? & its inhabitants4 ,! gypsum qu>ries spread ov] ! flanks ( ,montm>tre 7 _m ye>s s9ce kn[n to conta9 fossil bones ( ext9ct quadrup$s1 & "s ( ^! _h be5 figur$ & describ$ 9 #agfh by ,guett>d1 & aft]w>ds by ,pralon1 ,lamanon1 & ,p>umot3 b x 0 n till ! att5tion ( ,m4 ,cuvi] 0 direct$ to ! subject by "s specim5s put into 8 h&s by ,m4 ,vu>91 t ! int]e/ & importance ( ^! fossils 7 und]/ood4 ,! curiosity ( ,b>on ,cuvi] 0 s mu* excit$ by an inspection ( a l>ge collection ( ^! bones1 soon aft] he _h be5 successfully engag$ 9 ! inve/igation ( ! rema9s ( fossil ,elephants & ,ma/odons1 t he imm$iately began to obta9 specim5s f ! qu>ries1 & by lib]ally rew>d+ ! workm51 & by unremitt+ p]sonal rese>*1 he soon accumulat$ an imm5se quantity ( bones ( all sorts1 belong+ to num]\s individuals4 ,he n[ p]ceiv$ t a new _w 0 op5 to 8 view3 & to use 8 own expressive language1 he f\nd himself 9 an anci5t *>nel-h\se1 surr\nd$ by a confus$ multitude ( mangl$ skeletons ( a great v>iety ( unkn[n be+s4 ,to arrange ea* fragm5t 9 its prop] place1 & re/ore ord] to ^! het]og5e\s mat]ials1 seem$ at fir/ a hopeless task3 b a k ( ! immutable laws by :i* ! organization ( animal exi/5ce is gov]n$1 soon enabl$ him to assign to ea* bone1 & ev5 fragm5t1 its prop] place 9 ! skeleton2 & ! =ms ( be+s hi!rto unse5 by mortal eye appe>$ be=e him4 ,i _c1 he exclaims1 express my delight 9 f9d+ h[ ! application ( "o pr9ciple 0 in/antly foll[$ by ! mo/ triumphant results4 ,! ess5tial "* ( a too? & its relation to ! skull be+ det]m9$1 all ! o!r elem5ts ( ! fabric imm$iately fell into _! prop] places2 & ! v]tebra1 ribs1 bones ( ! legs1 ?igh1 & feet1 seem$ to arrange !mselves ev5 )\t my bidd+1 & 9 ! v mann] ,i _h pr$ict$4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! correlation ( /ructure :i* 8 pr(\nd rese>*es 9 comp>ative anatomy _h enabl$ him to e/abli%1 conduct$ to ^! important results1 & laid ! f\ndation ( t sci5ce :i* has s9ce receiv$ ! "n ( ,palontology4#ajg ,! mode ( induction adopt$ by ?is illu/ri\s philosoph]1 has be5 ! mighty in/rum5t by :i* subsequ5t lab\r]s 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce h s l>gely contribut$ to our k ( ! anci5t condition ( ! e>?1 & ( ! /ructure & economy ( ! tribes ( be+s :i* h successively dwelt ^u x4 ,! exam9ation ( ! fossil tee? 79 ,plate ,,lxxii4 figs4 #d-i7 %[$ t ! animals 7 h]bivor\s2 & ! cr[n ( ! too? be+ compos$ ( two or ?ree simple cresc5ts1 z 9 c]ta9 pa*yd]mata1 prov$ t !y diff]$ f ! rum9ants1 :i* h d\ble cresc5ts1 & ea* f\r b&s ( enamel4 ,! two pr9cipal g5]a fir/ e/abli%$ 7 ! ,palo!rium & ,anoplo!rium4 ,! fir/ approximates to ! ,tapirs 9 ! numb] & disposition ( ! tee?2 ! second is rem>kable 9 hav+ no project+ can9es1 & 9 all ! tee? =m+ a cont9u$ s]ies1 z 9 ! human race4 ,rema9s ( bo? ^! g5]a h be5 f\nd 9 ! eoc5e t]ti>y /rata ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1#ajh & on ! coa/ ( ,hamp%ire4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,a concise exposition ( ! ,cuvi]ian inductive philosophy w be f\nd 9 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 pp4 #acg-adg4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,see my ,geological ,excursions r\nd ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! fossil animals ( ,p>is1 ref] to ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #bed4 ,x4 ,fossil ,ed5tata4 ,mega!rium1 & ,megalonyx4 7,plates ,,lxxii4 & ,,lxxiii47--,! rema9s ( ^! & o!r alli$ =ms ( ! ext9ct gigantic ,ed5tata1 :i* once inhabit$ ,s\? ,am]ica1 occur 9 imm5se quantities ?r\gh\t ! ,pampas--^? va/ pla9s :i* pres5t a sea ( wav+ grass = #ijj miles4 ,^! pla9s consi/ ( alluvial loam & s&1 conta9+ fre%-wat] & m>9e %ells ( exi/+ species2 !y 7 evid5tly once1 l ,lewes ,levels1 a gulf or arm ( ! sea4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son's "w1 va/ numb]s ( bones h be5 exhum$1 & _m mo/ int]e/+ specim5s s5t to ,engl& by ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%1 & ,*>les ,d>w91 ,esq41 9 ^: *>m+ ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es into ! ,natural ,hi/ory & ,geology ( ! ,c\ntries visit$ dur+ ! ,voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle r\nd ! ,_w1 w be f\nd _m highly graphic notices ( ! discov]y ( ^! rema9s4#aji ,mr4 ,d>w91 "u ! head ( ,bahia ,blanca1#aaj describes ! rema9s ( no less ?an n9e great quadrup$s f\nd imb$d$ )9 ! space ( #bjj squ>e y>ds4 ,!y consi/$ ( ?ree heads & o!r bones ( ! ,mega!rium1 ( enorm\s dim5sions2 & bones ( ! ,megalonyx4 ,( ! ,scelido!rium1 an alli$ animal1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 obta9$ an almo/ p]fect skeleton2 x mu/ h be5 z l>ge z a rh9oc]os2 9 ! /ructure ( ! head1 x approa*es ne>e/ ! ,cape ant-eat]1 9 o!r respects x is relat$ to ! armadilloes4 ,rema9s ( a diff]5t species ( ,mylodon1 ( ano!r gigantic ed5tal quadrup$1 & ( a l>ge animal ) an osse\s d]mal coat 9 comp>tm5ts1 v l t ( ! ,armadillo4 ,( ?is la/1 :i* has be5 nam$ ,glyptodon1 !re is a v f9e specim5 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,museum4 ,tee? & bones ( an ext9ct species ( horse1 & ( an unkn[n pa*yd]m1 a huge bea/ ) a long neck l ! camel4 ,la/ly ! ,toxodon 7s nam$ f ! rem>kable curvature ( ! tee?72 ?is is p]haps "o ( ! /range/ animals ev] discov]$4 ,9 size x equals ! elephant or mega!rium1 b ! /ructure ( its tee? %[s x to h be5 intimately relat$ to ! gnaw]s--! ord] :i* at ! pres5t day includes ! smalle/ quadrup$s4 ,9 _m details x approa*es to ! pa*yd]mata2 judg+ f ! position ( its eyes1 x 0 probably aquatic1 l ! ,dugong & ,manatee1 to :i* x is also alli$4 ,footnote #aji3 ,publi%$ by ,mr4 ,murray1 9 "o vol4 #ahde4 ,! anatomical description ( ! fossil ,ed5tata br\ght home by ,mr4 ,d>w91 by ,pr(essor ,ow51 w be f\nd 9 ! ,zoology ( ! ,voyage ( ! ,beagle4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,j\rnal1 *ap4 v4 p4 #ha4 ,! b$s conta9+ ! above fossil rema9s1 consi/ ( /ratifi$ gravel & r$di% mud1 & /& only f fifte5 to tw5ty feet above ! level ( high wat]2 h5ce ! elevation ( ! l& has be5 small s9ce ! great quadrup$s w&]$ ov] ! surr\nd+ pla9s2 & ! ext]nal features ( ! c\ntry mu/ !n h be5 v ne>ly ! same z n[4 ,9 ano!r place1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 obs]ves1--,! numb] ( ! rema9s ( ^! l>ge quadrup$s imb$d$ 9 ! gr& e/u>y deposit :i* =ms ! ,pampas & cov]s ! granitic rocks ( ,b&a ,ori5tal1 mu/ be extraord9>ily great4 ,i believe1 a /raight l9e drawn 9 any direction ?r\gh ! ,pampas1 w\ld cut ?r\gh "s skeleton or bones4 ,besides ^? :i* ,i f\nd dur+ my %ort excursions1 ,i he>d ( _m o!rs2 & ! orig9 ( su* names z1 '! /ream ( ! animal1' '! hill ( ! giant1' is obvi\s4 ,at o!r times1 ,i he>d ( ! m>vell\s prop]ty ( c]ta9 riv]s1 :i* _h ! p[] ( *ang+ small bones into l>ge2 or z "s ma9ta9$1 ! bones !mselves grew4 ,z f> z ,i am aw>e1 n "o ( ^! animals p]i%$1 z 0 =m]ly suppos$1 9 ! m>%es or muddy riv]-b$s ( ! pres5t l&1 b _! bones h be5 expos$ by ! /reams int]sect+ ! subaque\s deposit1 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally imb$d$4 ,we may conclude t ! :ole area ( ! ,pampas is "o wide sepul*re ( ^! ext9ct gigantic quadrup$s4#aaa ,footnote #aaa3 ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,j\rnal1 p4 #ace4 ,! read] int]e/$ 9 ^! extraord9>y fossil rema9s %\ld visit ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ! ,hunt]ian ,museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons 9 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields4 ,,xi4 ,fl9t4--,animal ,rema9s 9 silice\s nodules4--,s _m beautiful specim5s ( silice\s petrifactions--t is1 animal & vegetable rema9s transmut$ into silex or fl9t--are figur$ 9 ! subjo9$ plates1 t x may be useful to (f] a few rem>ks on ?is subject4#aab ,9 _m in/ances ! organic rema9s 9 *alk-fl9ts are simply incru/$ by ! silex2 su* is ! /ate ( num]\s sponges :i* are z x 7 inve/$ by ! fl9t1 & h all _! pores & tubes fill$ up by ! same mat]ial1 ! orig9al tissue appe>+ z a br[n calc>e\s sub/ance4 ,9 o!r examples1 ! sponge has be5 envelop$ 9 a mass ( liquid fl9t1 & has subsequ5tly p]i%$ & decompos$2 9 ?is mann] h be5 =m$ ^? holl[ nodules1 :i* on be+ brok5 pres5t a cavity conta9+ only a little :ite p[d]1 or "s fragm5ts ( silicifi$ sponge2 9 _m in/ances ! cavity is l9$ ) qu>tz cry/als1 or mammillat$ *alc$ony4 ,frequ5tly b "p ( ! zoophyte is p]meat$ by ! silex1 & ! o!r portion is 9 ! /ate ( a friable calc>e\s e>? imb$d$ 9 ! *alk4 ,sponges & o!r zoophytes (t5 =m ! nuclei ( ! fl9t nodules2 ! orig9al sub/ance ( ! organic body be+ 9 g5]al silicifi$1 & ! mo/ delicate int]nal /ructure pres]v$4 ,%ells1 corals1 & ! m9ute cases ( =am9if]a1 are (t5 imm]s$ z x 7 9 pure fl9t1 appe>+ z if pres]v$ 9 a semi-transp>5t m$ium4 ,footnote #aab3 ,see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 i4 pp4 #gd-aje1 = a g5]al view ( ! process ( petrifaction4 ,b !re are innum]able fl9t nodules 9 :i* no traces ( sponge\s tissue are app>5t1 & ve9s1 dikes1 & %eets ( tabul> fl9t1 t are 9 a great measure free f organic rema9s2 conta9+ only su* z may be suppos$ to h become imb$d$ 9 a /ream ( fluid silex t fl[$ ov] a sea-bottom4 ,wood p]=at$ by li?odomi & silicifi$1 is occasionally met )2 & fuci or alg are sometimes f\nd1 appe>+ z if float+ 9 ! liquid fl9t4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! m9ute %ells 9 ! *alk & fl9t are fill$ ) amorph\s m9]al matt]2 b 9 _m examples1 7z ,i h asc]ta9$ by direct exp]im5t17 ! s(t p>ts ( =am9if]a rema9 9 ! %ell4 ,,xii4 ,=am9if]a4--,plate ,,lxii4 conta9s figures ( sev]al species belong+ to v>i\s g5]a ( ^? m9ute fossil %ells1 ! discoidal involute =ms ( :i* 7 once consid]$ to belong to ! ,cephalopoda1 & to be relat$ to ! ,nautilus1 ,spirula1 c41 b :i* are n[ gr\p$ 9 "o family1 "u ! "n ( ,=am9if]a2 a t]m d]iv$ f ! =am9a or p]=ations ) :i* _! %ells are trav]s$1 & :i* h relation to ! peculi> organization ( ! animals4 ,s9ce microscopic obs]vations h become s g5]al1 ?anks to ! g5ius & en?usiasm ( ,ehr5b]g1 ^! fossil bodies h acquir$ a degree ( int]e/ & importance1 unsurpass$ by m obvi\s organic rema9s4 ,:ole m\nta9 *a9s & ext5sive tracts ( c\ntry are n[ kn[n to be almo/ entirely compos$ ( ! aggregat$ %ells ( a few g5]a ( ^! microzoa4#aac ,9 o!r deposits _! rema9s are associat$ ) ^? ( ,infusoria1#aad 7bo? animal & vegetable17 /ill m inf9itesimal4 ,z mu* error prevails among collectors z to ! real nature ( ! fossil =am9if]a1 ,i am induc$ to annex ! foll[+ rem>ks4#aae ,footnote #aac3 ,a conv5i5t t]m to express animal organisms t c only be di/9ctly exam9$ by ! aid ( ! microscope3 /rata 9 a great measure compos$ ( su* fossil rema9s may be di/+ui%$ z microzoic deposits4 ,footnote #aad3 ,?is t]m 0 fir/ employ$ to d5ote ! v>i\s m9ute =ms ( animal organization t appe> 9 vegetable infusions2 z ,rotif]s1 ,monads1 ,vorticella1 c4 ,b ) ^!1 num]\s vegetable =ms g5]ally appe>1 z ,gaillonella1 ,bacell>ia1 ,navicula1 c43 ^! 7 =m]ly also reg>d$ z animals1 & 7 consequ5tly compris$ "u ! same g5]al appellation4 ,footnote #aae3 ,! be/ sci5tific acc\nt ( ^! animals w be f\nd 9 ,m4 ,d',orbigny's "w on ! ,=am9ifres ,fossiles du ,bass9 ,t]tiaire de ,vi5ne1 7,autri*e74 ,p>is1 #ahdf4 #a vol4 #dto1 ) plates4 ,! =am9if]a are m>9e animals ( l[ organization1 &1 ) b few exceptions1 extremely m9ute3 9 an ounce ( sea-s& betwe5 ?ree & f\r millions h be5 di/9ctly enum]at$4 ,:5 liv+1 !y are n aggregat$1 b always individually di/9ct2 !y are compos$ ( a body 7or vital mass7 ( a gelat9\s consi/5ce1 :i* is ei!r entire1 & r\nd1 or divid$ into segm5ts1 plac$ ei!r on a simple or alt]nate l9e1 or coil$ spirally1 or involut$ r\nd an axis4 ,?is body is cov]$ ) an envelope or %ell1 :i* is g5]ally te/ace\s1 r>ely c>tilag9\s1 & is modell$ on ! segm5ts1 & foll[s all ! modifications ( =m & cont\r ( ! body4 ,f ! extremity ( ! la/ segm5t1 !re issue1 sometimes f "o1 sometimes f sev]al op5+s ( ! %ell1 or ?r\gh num]\s pores or =am9a1 v elongat$1 sl5d]1 contractile1 col\rless filam5ts1 m or less divid$ & ramifi$1 s]v+ = preh5sion1 & capable ( entirely inve/+ ! %ell4 ,! body v>ies 9 col\r1 b is always id5tical 9 individuals ( ! same species1--x is yell[1 fawn-col\r$1 r$1 violet1 blue1 c4 ,its consi/5ce is v>iable2 x is compos$ ( m9ute globules1 ! aggregation ( :i* det]m9es ! g5]al t9t4 ,x is sometimes entire1 r\nd1 & )\t segm5ts1 z 9 ,gromia1 ,orbul9a1 c41 :i* repres5t1 at all ages1 ! embryonic /ate ( all ! o!r g5]a4 ,!y increase1 )\t d\bt1 by ! entire circumf]5ce4 ,:5 ! body is divid$ by lobes or segm5ts1 ! prim>y lobe1 z 9 ! p]man5t condition ( ! ,gromia1 is at fir/ r\nd or oval1 accord+ to ! g5us2 once =m$ x nev] enl>ges1 b is envelop$ ext]nally by te/ace\s matt]2 x may be comp>$ to a ball on :i* is appli$ a second l>g] "o1 !n a ?ird /ill l>g]1 & s on dur+ ! life ( ! animal4 ,! annex$ figure ( ! animal ( ,nummul9a 7z giv5 by ,,mm4 ,joly & ,leym]ie7 w s]ve to convey a g5]al idea ( ! liv+ ,=am9if]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,animal ,,( ,,! ,,nummul9a4 ,! segm5ts1 z ! body increases1 are agglom]at$ 9 six diff]5t ways1 & ^! modifications are ! basis ( ,m4 ,d',orbigny's classification4 ,! discoidal =ms1 z ! ,rotalia1 ,rosal9a1 ,cri/ell>ia1 c4 are involut$ l ! nautilus1 & divid$ by septa or p>titions1 ! diff]5t lobes ( ! body occupy+ contemporane\sly e *amb]1 & be+ connect$ by a tube or canal t ext5ds ?r\gh ! entire s]ies4 ,9 ! spiral =ms1 ! ,textil>ia1 c4 ! same /ructure is app>5t4 ,^! two gr\ps are ! mo/ abundant 9 ! cretace\s /rata2 _m b$s ( ! :ite *alk consi/ almo/ :olly ( ! aggregat$ %ells ( ! ,rosal91 ,rotali1 & ,textil>i4#aaf ,:atev] ! =m ( ! body1 ! filam5ts always consi/ ( a col\rless matt] z transp>5t z glass2 !y elongate f ! base to six times ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,!y (t5 divide & subdivide1 s z to appe> bran*$4 ,?\gh alike 9 =m 9 ! diff]5t g5]a1 !y v>y mu* 9 _! position4 ,9 "s !y =m a bundle :i* issues f a s+le op5+1 & is )drawn into ! same by contraction2 9 o!rs ! filam5ts project only ?r\gh ea* ( ! pores 9 ! %ell :i* cov]s ! la/ segm5t2 9 o!rs !y issue f bo? ! l>ge ap]ture & ! =am9a4 ,9 f9e1 ^! filam5ts or pseudopodia fulfil 9 ! =am9if]a ! functions ( ! num]\s t5tacula 9 ! ,a/]iad1 or ,/>-fi%es1 s]v+ z in/rum5ts ( locomotion & atta*m5t4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #bii ,nei!r organs ( nutrim5t nor ( reproduction h be5 detect$4 ,9 ! g5]a hav+ "o l>ge ap]ture f :i* ! filam5ts issue & retract1 we c conceive nutrim5t to be absorb$ by t op5+2 b ?is _c be ! case 9 ! species :i* h ! la/ cell clos$ up2 9 ^! ! filam5ts issu+ ?r\gh ! =am9a are probably also organs ( nutrition4 ,m4 ,d',orbigny consid]s ! ,=am9if]a z con/itut+ a di/9ct class 9 zoology2 less complicat$ ?an ! ,e*9od]ms & ! ,polypi>ia 9 _! int]nal organization1 !y h by _! filam5ts ! mode ( locomotion ( ! fir/1 & by _! free1 individual exi/5ce--n aggregat$ & immovably fix$--!y are m advanc$ 9 ! scale ( be+ ?an ! latt]4 ,to me !y appe> to be m]ely hydra-=m polypes ( ! mo/ simple /ructure1 protect$ by %ells2#aag ^? compos$ ( diff]5t segm5ts1 ,i conceive to be a s+le aggregat$ individual1 & n a successive s]ies ( be+s4 ,footnote #aag3 ,an admirable pap] on ! ,poly/omella crispa1 by ,mr4 ,williamson1 ( ,man*e/]1 7,trans4 ,micros4 ,society ( ,london1 vol4 ii47 %\ld be consult$ on ?is "q4 ,! :ite *alk is well kn[n to be l>gely compos$ ( a few k9ds ( =am9if]a1 b ! occurr5ce ( ! s(t bodies ( ^! animalcules 9 a fossil /ate 0 fir/ discov]$ by me1 9 #ahde1 9 *alk-fl9ts1 & 0 ann\nc$ 9 a pap]1 read be=e ! ,geological ,society1 entitl$1 ,notes ( a ,microscopical ,exam9ation ( ,*alk & ,fl9t4#aah ,?is /atem5t 0 reg>d$ by "s em95t palontologi/s z s />tl+ & unsatisfactory1 t ,i resum$ ! inve/igation1 & communicat$ ! result to ! ,royal ,society1 9 a memoir ,on ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ! ,s(t ,p>ts ( ,=am9if]a discov]$ 9 ! ,*alk & ,fl9t ( ! ,s\?-,ea/ ( ,engl&2#aai & ) ! k9d assi/ance ( t able *emi/ & microscopi/1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,deane1 ( ,clapham ,common1 ,i obta9$1 by imm]s+ *alk 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 & m\nt+ ! residue 9 ,canada balsam1 sev]al specim5s ( ! entire integum5ts ( ! bodies ( ,rotali1 z di/9ct z if rec5t6 ,?is fact is n[ admitt$2 & ! exp]im5t has be5 successfully repeat$ 9 ,india1 by ,mr4 ,c>t]1 on ! lime/ones ( t c\ntry2#abj & 9 ,am]ica1 by ,dr4 ,bailey1 c4#aba ,9 "s lime/one rec5tly collect$ by my elde/ son1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell1 9 ! ,middle ,isl& ( ,new ,zeal&1 & :i*1 l our cretace\s /rata1 is almo/ entirely made up ( =am9if]a1 ,i h detect$ ! s(t p>ts ( ! bodies ( ,rotali 9 ! cells ( ! fossil %ells1 z di/9ctly z 9 ! *alk ( ,engl&2 & two ( ! species appe> to be id5tical ) ,european =ms4 ,footnote #aah3 ,^! ,notes 7 )drawn1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,annals ( ,natural ,hi/ory = ,augu/1 #ahde4 ,footnote #aai3 ,publi%$ 9 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,"p iv4 = #ahdf4 ,footnote #abj3 ,on ! exi/5ce ( ,b$s ( ,=am9if]a1 rec5t & fossil1 on ! ,s\?-,ea/ ( ,arabia1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,c>t]1 ,esq4 ,assi/ant ,surgeon1 ,bombay4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bombay ,asiatic ,society1 #ahdh4 ,footnote #aba3 ,a rem>kable =am9if]\s deposit ( *alk detritus occurs at ,*>+1 9 ,k5t1 & 0 fir/ exam9$ & describ$ by ,william ,h>ris1 ,esq42 x conta9s imm5se numb]s ( _m k9ds ( =am9if]a1 & ( ! cases or %ells ( entomo/raca1 ( ! g5us ,cy!r9a1 ) spicules ( sponges1 c4--,see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 #a4 p4 #cbd4 ,m4 ,d',orbigny gives ! foll[+ summ>y ( ! di/ribution ( ! kn[n fossil species ( ,=am9if]a3-- ,!re are #bbh species 9 ! ,t]ti>y deposits ( ,vi5na alone1 ( :i* tw5ty-sev5 species are kn[n liv+ 9 ! ,adriatic & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,=am9if]a are unkn[n 9 ! ,silurian & ,devonian =mations4 ,"o species only is kn[n 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em ( ,russia1 ! ,fusul9a cyl9drica4 ,jurassic or ,oolitic =mation ,g5]a #e ,species #bj ,cretace\s #cd #bhj ,t]ti>y #ef #dej ,liv+ 9 ! pres5t seas #fh #a1jjj ,( ^! la/1 #ege species inhabit tropical seas1 #cej ! seas ( temp]ate1 & #ge ! seas ( cold climates4 ,,xiii4 ,fossil ,elk ( ,irel&1 or ,c]vus megaloc]os4 7,plate ,,lxxi47--,! %ell-m>ls ( ,irel& conta9 9 abundance ! bones ( an animal1 :i* l ! ,dodo1 0 once contempor>y ) ! human species1 b has long be5 ext9ct3 ! la/ individuals ( ! race 71 9 all probability1 ext]m9at$ by ! e>ly ,celtic tribes4 ,! rema9s ( ?is noble creature g5]ally occur 9 ! deposits ( m>l t und]lie ! peat-bogs1 :i* are app>5tly1 l ^? ( ,scotl&1 ! sites ( anci5t lakes or bays4 ,9 ,curragh imm5se quantities ( ^! bones lie )9 a small area2 ! skeletons appe> to be entire1 & are f\nd ) ! skull elevat$1 & ! antl]s ?r[n back on ! %\ld]s1 z if a small h]d ( ^! ,elks _h s\ght refuge 9 ! m>%es1 & _h be5 engulf$ 9 ! morass1 9 ! same mann] z ! ,ma/odons ( ,am]ica4 7,see description ( ,plate ,,lxxiv41 ante1 p4 #afg47 ,?is creature f> exce$$ 9 magnitude any liv+ species ( elk or de]4 ,! skeleton is upw>ds (t5 feet 9 height to ! top ( ! skull1 & ! antl]s are f t5 to f\rte5 feet f "o extremity to ! o!r4 ,! f9e p]fect skeletons 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,college ( ,surgeons1 & 9 ! ,museum at ,ed9burgh1 r5d] a p>ticul> description unnecess>y4 ,! bones are g5]ally well pres]v$1 ( a d>k br[n col\r1 ) pat*es ( blue phosphate ( iron4 ,9 "s in/ances !y are 9 s fre% a condition1 t ! holl[s ( ! long bones conta9 m>r[ hav+ ! appe>ance ( fre% suet4 ,rema9s ( ?is maje/ic animal h be5 f\nd collocat$ ) anci5t sepul*ral urns1 /one implem5ts1 & rude canoes1 9 su* mann]1 z to leave no d\bt t ?is n[ ext9ct de] 0 coeval ) ! e>ly human inhabitants ( ^! ,isl&s4 ,its bones & antl]s h be5 f\nd at ,walton1 9 ,essex1 associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! ,mammo?1 or fossil elephant4#abb ,footnote #abb3 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #acd4 ,,xiv4 ,fossil ,infusoria--,infusorial ,e>?s4--,9 ! note on ,=am9if]a "s acc\nt is giv5 ( v>i\s rocks compos$ ( ! fossil rema9s ( ^? m9ute animals2 b ! durable relics ( ! yet m inf9itesimal organisms designat$ by ! t]ms ,infusoria1 or ,infusorial animalcules1 =m deposits ( equal int]e/ & importance4 ,/rata ( great ext5t & ?ickness are :olly1 or 9 great "p1 made up ( innum]able lay]s1 consi/+ ( ! aggregat$ silice\s cases or %ields ( ,infusoria3 & simil> /ructures are f\nd to be ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! :ite e>?y deposits ( lakes1 riv]s1 & bas9s ( bracki% wat]1 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,sl[ly1 imp]ceptibly1 b incessantly1 are ! vital en]gies ( ! feeble/ & m9ute/ animal & vegetable exi/5ces sep>at+ f ! elem5t 9 :i* !y live1 ! mo/ endur+ ( m9]al sub/ances1 silex--fabricat+ x into /ructures ( ! mo/ exquisite =ms & sculptur+1 & ?us add+ to ! accumulations ( c\ntless ages1 :i* make up ! s$im5t>y /rata ( ! cru/ ( ! globe4 ,9 ! ,m$als ( ,creation#abc w be f\nd a summ>y ( :at 0 !n kn[n z to ! =mation & composition ( _m t]ti>y deposits :i* ! indefatigable ,ehr5b]g1 ,dr4 ,bailey1 & o!r em95t obs]v]s1 _h c>efully inve/igat$ & describ$4 ,! five ye>s t h s9ce elaps$ h be5 fruitful 9 results ( ! mo/ important & int]e/+ "*2 f e qu>t] ( ! _w1 f ! l(tie/ m\nta9 peaks1 & f ! deepe/ recesses ( ! ocean :i* ! plummet c rea*1 f ! a%es ( volcanoes & f ! sn[ ( ! glaci]s1 ! durable rema9s ( ,infusoria h be5 obta9$4 ,t excell5t sci5tific p]iodical1 ,silliman's ,am]ican ,j\rnal1 conta9s num]\s int]e/+ communications on ?is subject f ! em95t *emical pr(essor ( ! ,milit>y ,college at ,we/ ,po9t1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,bailey2 & ! lab\rs ( ,mr4 ,b[]bank1 ,williamson1 & o!r active memb]s ( ! ,microscopical ,society ( ,london1 h yield$ mu* int]e/+ in=mation on ! infusorial deposits ( our own c\ntry4 ,footnote #abc3 ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 i4 p4 #baa4 ,! pres5t note w be re/rict$ to rem>ks on ! nature ( ! organisms :i* ent] s l>gely into ! composition ( c]ta9 t]ti>y deposits2 s9ce ! op9ion once ent]ta9$ ( ! animal nature ( _m infusoria1 n[ reg>d$ z true vegetables1 mat]ially affects ! geological conclusions respect+ ! p]si/5ce ( c]ta9 species ( organisms ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t1 dur+ :i* ! mollusca1 zoophytes1 c4 und]w5t repeat$ mutations bo? 9 ! species & g5]a4 ,?us1 = example1 ! poli]s*ief]1 or poli%+-slate ( ,bil91 & ! b]ghmehl ( ,tuscany1 are describ$ by ,ehr5b]g z masses ( ! silice\s %ells ( animalcules ( su* extreme m9ut5ess1 t a cubic in* ( ! /one conta9s upw>ds ( =ty millions2 ! infusorial e>? ( ,ri*mond1 9 ,virg9ia1 9 l mann]1 is /at$ to be made up ( ! silice\s skeletons ( animalcules ( inf9itesimal m9ut5ess4 ,b lat] inve/igations h 7,i conceive7 satisfactorily e/abli%$1 t ! great] "p ( ^! fossil organisms belongs to ! vegetable & n to ! animal k+dom4#abd ,! :ole ( ! figures 9 ,plate ,,iv4 ( ! ,m$als ( ,creation1 describ$ z liv+ ,infusoria1 on ! au?ority ( ,ehr5b]g1 are und\bt$ vegetables1 belong+ to ! great botanical gr\ps call$ ,diatomace 7f ! angul> segm5ts into :i* !y sep>ate by p>tial division71 & ,desmidiace4#abe ,! entire family ( ,bacill>ia belongs to ?is gr\p4 ,^! simple/ =ms ( vegetable /ructures ab\nd 9 e lake or /ream ( fre% & bracki% wat]1 9 e pool1 or bay1 & ?r\gh\t ! ocean1 f ! equator to ! poles2 !y secrete silice\s envelopes1 :i* pres5t an endless v>iety ( =m & /ructure1 & aft] ! dea? & decomposition ( ! p]i%able tissues ( ! plants1 rema9 z p]fectly transp>5t col\rless %ields ( pure silica2 su* are ! ,gaillonell1 ,eua/ra1 ,clo/]ia1 ,navicul1 ,synh$r1 ,podosph5i1 ,xan?idia1 c41 :i* con/itute s l>ge a proportion ( ! infusorial e>?s describ$ by ,ehr5b]g & o!r au?ors4#abf ,footnote #abd3 ,9 my little "w on ,rec5t ,infusoria1 entitl$ ,?\ghts on ,animalcules1 or a ,glimpse ( ! ,invisible ,_w reveal$ by ! ,microscope1 ,i h express$ my conviction ( ! vegetable nature ( ^! organisms1 z a reason = omitt+ figures & descriptions ( any ( ! species 9 a "w on liv+ fre%-wat] animalcules4 ,footnote #abe3 ,! "n ,diatomace is re/rict$ by ,m4 ,brbisson to ^? species :i* h a silice\s envelope1 or cuticle2 & t ( ,desmidi to ^? :i* are n silice\s1 b r$ucible by heat to c>bon4 ,footnote #abf3 ,! read] int]e/$ 9 ?is subject %\ld consult ! beautiful "w ( ,mr4 ,hassall on ! ,desmidiace1 publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,reeve ,b5ham4 ,! ext5t ( ?is inf9itesimal flora ?r\gh\t regions :]e no o!r =ms ( vegetation are kn[n1 is /rik+ly demon/rat$ by ! obs]vations ( ! em95t botani/ & travell]4 ,dr4 ,hook]1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,ant>ctic regions4 ,ev]y:]e1 he /ates1 ! wat]s & ! ice alike ab\nd 9 ^! microscopic vegetables4 ,?\gh too small to be visible to ! unassi/$ eye1 _! aggregat$ masses /a9$ ! iceb]g & pack-ice :]ev] !y 7 wa%$ by ! sea1 & imp>t$ a pale o*re\s col\r to ! ice4 ,f ! s\? ( ! belt ( ice :i* encircles ! globe1 to ! highe/ latitudes rea*$ by man1 ?is vegetation is ev]y:]e conspicu\s1 f ! contra/ betwe5 its col\r & t ( ! :ite sn[ & ice 9 :i* x is imb$d$4 ,9 ! eightie? degree ( s\? latitude all ! surface ice c>ri$ along by curr5ts1 & ! sides ( e b]g1 & ! base ( ! great ,victoria b>ri] itself--a p]p5dicul> wall ( ice1 f "o to two hundr$ feet above ! sea-level--7 t+$ br[n f ?is cause1 z if ! wat]s 7 *>g$ ) oxide ( iron4 ,! majority ( ^! plants consi/ ( simple vegetable cells1 enclos$ 9 inde/ructible silex 7z o!r ,alg are 9 c>bonate ( lime72 & x is obvi\s t ! dea? ( su* multitudes mu/ =m s$im5t>y deposits ( imm5se ext5t4 ,! univ]sal exi/5ce ( su* an invisible vegetation z t ( ! ,ant>ctic ocean1 is u truly wond]ful fact1 & ! m s1 f its be+ unaccompani$ by plants ( a high ord]4 ,?is ocean sw>ms ) mollusca1 & entomo/rac\s cru/aceans1 small :ales1 & porpoises2 & ! sea ) p5gu9s & seals1 & ! air ) birds3 ! animal k+dom is ev]y:]e pres5t1 ! l>g] creatures prey+ on ! small]1 & ^! aga9 on ^? m m9ute2 all liv+ nature seems to be c>nivor\s4 ,?is microscopic vegetation is ! sole nutrition ( ! h]bivor\s animals2 & x may likewise s]ve to purify ! atmosph]e1 & ?us execute 9 ! ant>ctic latitudes ! (fice ( ! trees & grasses ( ! temp]ate regions1 & ! broad foliage ( ! palms ( ! tropics4#abg ,footnote #abg3 ,f ,dr4 ,hook]'s acc\nt ( ! botany ( ! ,s\? ,pol> regions 9 ,sir ,j4 ,ross's ,voyages ( ,discov]y4 ,dr4 ,hook] also obs]ves1 t ! silice\s cases ( ! same k9d ( ,diatomace n[ liv+ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,s\? ,pol> ,ocean1 h contribut$ 9 pa/ ages to ! =mation ( ,european /rata2 = ! tripoli & ! phonolite /ones ( ! ,rh9e conta9 ! silice\s %ields ( id5tical species4 ,su* are ! comm5ts ( "o ( our mo/ em95t botani/s on ! ph5om5a "u review4 ,! read] w probably ask1--,:at1 !n1 are ! ess5tial *>act]s :i* sep>ate ! animal f ! vegetable k+dom8 ,to ?is "q x is impossible to give a satisfactory reply3 p]haps ! only di/9ction t w be g5]ally admitt$ by zoologi/s & botani/s is ! foll[+3--animals require organic sub/ances = _! support2 vegetables d]ive _! su/5ance f inorganic matt]4 ,! facts ?us cursorily review$ ?r[ mu* d\bt on _m ( ,m4 ,ehr5b]g's /atem5ts z to ! id5tity ( species ( animalcules n[ liv+1 ) ^? ^: rema9s occur 9 ! eoc5e1 & 9 ! second>y /rata4 ,! s-call$ ,xan?idia ( ! *alk1 are c]ta9ly altoge!r di/9ct f ! rec5t diatom to :i* ! "n 0 fir/ appli$2 ! *alk organisms are probably ! gemmules ( sponges or o!r zoophytes4#abh ,footnote #abh3 ,x w\ld be conv5i5t to di/+ui% ^! fossils by ano!r "n1 & ?us avoid ! p]petuation ( ! error2 ,i w\ld propose t ( ,sp9if]ites1 9 allusion to ! num]\s sp9es ) :i* all ! species are beset4 ,infusorial e>?s may !re=e be compos$ ei!r ( microscopic vegetable or animal rema9s1 or ( bo?4 ,! bracki% & fre%-wat] deposits ,i h exam9$ are silice\s & almo/ :olly diatomace\s3 ! m>9e calc>e\s /rata compos$ ( microscopic organisms1 consi/ *iefly ( v>i\s k9ds ( =am9if]a1 a l>ge proportion belong+ to ! poly?alamia1 or *amb]$ %ells4 ,i am n c]ta9 z to ! animal or vegetable nature ( "s ( ! beautiful silice\s disks 7,cosc9odisci1 ,ara*noidisci1 ,act9ocyclus1 c47 s abundant 9 ! ,ri*mond1 ,b>badoes1 & ,b]muda infusorial e>?s1 & :i* occur 9 s spl5did a /ate 9 ! ,guano deposits ( ,i*aboe4 ,) ! corrections :i* ! above rem>ks w enable ! read] to make1 ,i w\ld ref] to ! acc\nt ( ,fossil ,infusoria 9 ! ,m$als ( ,creation1 & ,wond]s ( ,geology4 #abi ,footnote #abi3 ,see also ,?\ghts on ,animalcules4 ,,xv4 ,! ,mosasaurus1 or ,fossil ,reptile ( ,mae/ri*t4 7,plate ,,lxx47 ,! occasional discov]y ( bones & tee? ( an unkn[n animal 9 ! lime/one ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nta91 ne> ,mae/ri*t1 & ! innum]able %ells1 corals1 tee? ( fi%es1 claws ( crabs1 e*9i1 & o!r organic rema9s1 _h long s9ce attract$ ! att5tion ( naturali/s1 & r5d]$ ^! qu>ries celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,9 #aggj1 ,m4 ,h(fman1 ! surgeon ( ! ,=t1 :o _h = "s ye>s be5 assidu\sly collect+ ! fossils ( ?is locality1 _h ! good =tune to discov] a specim5 :i* has conf]r$ an endur+ celebrity on 8 "n4 ,"s workm51 on bla/+ ! rock 9 "o ( ! cav]ns ( ! int]ior ( ! m\nta91 p]ceiv$ to _! a/oni%m5t ! jaws ( a l>ge animal atta*$ to ! ro( ( ! *asm4 ,! discov]y 0 imm$iately made kn[n to ,m4 ,h(fman1 :o repair$ to ! spot1 & = weeks presid$ ov] ! ardu\s task ( sep>at+ ! mass ( /one conta9+ ^! rema9s f ! surr\nd+ rock4 ,8 lab\rs 7 rew>d$ by ! successful extrication ( ! specim51 :i* he convey$ 9 triumph to 8 h\se4 ,?is extraord9>y discov]y soon became ! subject ( g5]al conv]sation1 & ^u rea*+ ! e>s ( ! ,canon ( ! ca!dral :i* /&s on ! m\nta91 excit$ 9 t function>y a det]m9ation to claim ! fossil1 9 "r ( be+ "l ( ! manor2 & he un=tunately succe$$1 aft] a long & h>ass+ lawsuit1 9 obta9+ ?is preci\s relic4 ,x rema9$ = ye>s 9 8 possession1 & ,h(fman di$ )\t rega9+ 8 treasure1 or receiv+ any comp5sation4 ,at l5g? ! ,fr5* revolution broke out1 & ! armies ( ! republic advanc$ to ! gates ( ,mae/ri*t4 ,! t[n 0 bomb>d$2 b at ! sugge/ion ( ! committee ( savans :o accompani$ ! ,fr5* troops to select _! %>e ( plund]1 ! artill]y 0 n suff]$ to bomb>d t "p ( ! city 9 :i* ! celebrat$ fossil 0 kn[n to be pres]v$4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! ,canon ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 %rewdly suspect+ ! reason :y su* peculi> fav\r 0 %[n to 8 resid5ce1 remov$ ! specim51 & conceal$ x 9 a vault2 b :5 ! city 0 tak51 ! ,fr5* au?orities compell$ him to give up 8 ill-gott5 prize1 :i* 0 imm$iately transmitt$ to ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 at ,p>is1 :]e x /ill =ms "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ objects 9 t magnific5t collection4#acj ,footnote #acj3 ,faujus ,/4 ,fond1 9 ^: beautiful "w on ! fossils ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nta9 ! above acc\nt is giv51 rem>ks ) mu* sang froid1 ,la ju/ice1 quoique t>dive1 arrive enf9 avec le tems6 ,! read] w probably ?9k t al?\gh ! ,canon 0 ju/ly despoil$ ( 8 ill-gott5 treasure1 ! ,fr5* savans 7 a v equivocal p]sonification ( ,ju/ice6 ,! beautiful model ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ fossil 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 0 pres5t$ to me by ,b>on ,cuvi]4 ,x is f\r & a half feet long1 & two & a half wide2 x consi/s ( ! jaws1 ) tee?1 palatal bones1 & ! tympanic bone1 or os quadratum1 a bone possess$ by reptiles1 z well z birds1 & 9 :i* ! auditory cells are conta9$4 ,!re are likewise "s f9e portions ( jaws1 ) tee?1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 pres5t$ by ,camp]4 ,! orig9al animal 0 probably a t]re/rial reptile1 hold+ an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! ,monitors & ,iguanas4 ,x 0 ab\t tw5ty-five feet long4 ,i discov]$1 _m ye>s s9ce 7#ahbj71 "s v]tebr 9 ! *alk ne> ,lewes1 :i* closely resemble ! correspond+ bones ( ! ,mosasaurus1 & 9 all probability belong to ano!r species4 ,9 ! cretace\s /rata ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,dr4 ,h>lan f\nd & describ$1 & my fri5d4 ,dr4 ,morton1 ( ,philadelphia1 s5t me1 9 #ahcd1 tee? :i* _c be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ,mae/ri*t4 ,v]tebr1 & o!r bones1 h s9ce be5 obta9$ f ! same deposits by ,pr(essor ,rog]s1 & describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 ! ,geological ,j\rnal4 ,,xvi4 ,fossil ,reptiles4 ,al?\gh :5 ,mr4 ,p>k9son's "w 0 publi%$ _m fossil bones & tee? ( reptiles _h be5 discov]$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&1 yet ! abundance & v>iety1 & ! extraord9>y modification ( =m & /ructure ( ?is class ( v]tebrat$ animals1 :i* prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! second>y geological =mations1 7 n = a mom5t suspect$4 ,! few examples ( ! rema9s ( fossil reptiles describ$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 s]ve to m>k ! degree ( k :i* !n exi/$ respect+ a dep>tm5t ( palontology t rapidly acquir$ an importance & int]e/ unsurpass$ by any o!r bran* ( fossil o/eology4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! f\nd] ( palontology1#aca t !re 0 a p]iod :5 ! lakes & riv]s ( our planet 7 peopl$ by reptiles1 & cold-blood$ ovip>\s quadrup$s ( appall+ magnitude 7 ! pr9cipal inhabitants ( ! dry l&2 :5 ! seas sw>m$ ) saurians1 exclusively adapt$ = a m>9e exi/5ce1 & ! regions ( ! atmosph]e 7 trav]s$ by w+$ liz>ds in/ead ( birds2 0 an enunciation s novel & />tl+1 z to require all ! pre/ige ( ! "n ( ,cuvi]1 to obta9 = x any degree ( att5tion & cr$5ce1 ev5 ) ^? :o 7 suffici5tly enlight5$ to admit1 t a univ]sal deluge w\ld n acc\nt = ! physical mutations :i* ! surface ( ! e>? & its inhabitants _h1 9 ! lapse ( innum]able ages1 und]gone4 ,footnote #aca3 ,9 ! ,ossem5s ,fossiles2 tom4 v4 ,reptiles ,fossiles4 ,subsequ5t discov]ies h e/abli%$ ! tru? ( ?is proposition to an ext5t beyond :at ev5 its promulgator c\ld h surmis$2 & ! ,age ( ,reptiles is n[ admitt$ into ! category ( e/abli%$ facts4 ,dur+ ! incalculable ages :i* ! =mation ( ! v>i\s sy/ems ( second>y /rata mu/ h compris$1 we f9d no evid5ce 9 ! fossils hi!rto obs]v$1 ( ! exi/5ce ( birds & mammalia1 z ! *>act]i/ic types ( ! faunas ( ! dry l&4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?r\gh\t ! imm5se accumulations ( ! spoils ( ! anci5t isl&s & cont95ts1 amid/ innum]able relics ( reptiles ( v>i\s ord]s & g5]a1 a few jaws & bones ( two or ?ree k9ds ( extremely small m>supials1 & ! bones ( a species ( wad]1 are ! sole indications ( ! pres5ce ( ! two gr& classes ( ,aves & ,mammalia1 :i* n[ con/itute ! *ief features ( ! t]re/rial zoology ( almo/ all c\ntries4 ,! e>lie/ indications ( air-brea?+ v]tebrata 9 ! anci5t second>y =mations are ^? ( small saurian reptiles 9 ! c>bonif]\s /rata2 a few ve/iges occur 9 ! succe$+ gr\p1 ! ,p]mian4 ,9 ! next epo*1 ! ,triassic1 colossal ,batra*ians 7,labyr9?odonts7 appe>2 & on "s ( ! /rata ( ?is =mation are ! footm>ks ( num]\s bip$s1 presum$ to be ^? ( birds2 b at pres5t ! evid5ce ( ! bones ( ! animals t made ^? impr9ts is requir$ to e/abli% ! hypo!sis4 ,9 ! succe$+ eras1 ! ,lias1 ,oolite1 ,weald51 & ,cretace\s1 sw>ms ( reptiles ( num]\s g5]a & species ev]y:]e prevail2 reptiles fitt$ to fly ?r\gh ! air1 to roam ov] ! l&1 to inhabit ! lakes1 riv]s1 & seas2 & yet n "o id5tical ) any exi/+ =ms6 ,^! be+s gradually decl9e 9 numb]s & species z we approa* ! close ( ! second>y p]iods1 & are imm$iately succe$$ 9 ! eoc5e epo*1 by z great a prepond]ance ( w>m-blood$ v]tebrata--birds & mammalia--z exi/s at ! pres5t "t2 & an equal decad5ce 9 ! class ( reptiles4 ,) ! ,cretace\s ,=mation ! ,age ( ,reptiles may be said to t]m9ate4 ,,xvii4--,fossil ,reptiles ( ! ,weald54 ,! ,iguanodon4 ,! fluviatile deposits 7t]m$ ,weald571 :i* 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&1 & 9 ! nor? ( ,g]many1 are int]calat$ betwe5 ! oolitic & cretace\s =mations1 ab\nd 9 ! bones ( t]re/rial1 fre%-wat]1 & m>9e reptiles1 compris+ "s ( ! mo/ colossal l&-saurians :i* h hi!rto be5 br\ght to light4 ,^! rema9s belong to v>i\s g5]a ( ,*elonians1 ,saurians1 & ,crocodilians2 & ) ^! are associat$ ^? ( fly+ liz>ds 7,pt]odactyles71 ,plesiosauri1 gigantic :ale-l reptiles 7,cetiosauri71 & ( o!r ovip>\s quadrup$s ( unkn[n species & g5]a4 ,! occurr5ce ( fossils ( ?is nature 9 ! /rata =m+ ! di/ricts d5om9at$ ! ,wealds ( ,sussex & ,k5t1 0 fir/ br\ght "u ! notice ( geologi/s 9 #ahbb1 9 my "w on ! ,fossils ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 9 :i* ! rema9s ( sev]al unkn[n reptiles 7 describ$2 & among !m ! tee? & bones ( t extraord9>y h]bivor\s liz>d1 ! ,iguanodon1 on :i* ,i am induc$ to (f] a few obs]vations 9 ?is place2 ! rec5t discov]y ( "s previ\sly undet]m9$ p>ts ( ! skeleton1 hav+ mat]ially elucidat$ ! /ructure & economy ( ! orig9al4#acb ,footnote #acb3 ,! foll[+ is ! description ( ! specim5s fir/ discov]$1 giv5 9 ! ,fossils ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns2 or1 ,illu/rations ( ! ,geology ( ,sussex1 #a vol4 #dto4 #ahbb3 ,incisors & mol> tee? evid5tly belong+ to ! same species ( animal3 !y diff] f any previ\sly kn[n2 ! ma/icat+ surface is p]fectly smoo? & r depress$ 9 ! c5tre2 ^! tee? consi/ ( ! cr[n only1 & are q solid4 ,an incisor too? #a4c in* long ,is slightly b[$ & smoo? on its inn] surface2 b x has ext]nally a ridge :i* ext5ds longitud9ally d[n ! front4 ,its sides are angul> & ! edges f9ely cr5at$4 ,f ! resemblance ( ^! tee? 9 _! g5]al =m to ^? ( ! ,iguana1 a common l& liz>d 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,i subsequ5tly propos$ ! "n ( ,iguanodon 7imply+ an animal hav+ tee? l ! ,iguana7 = ! fossil reptile4 ,! tee? ( an ,iguana f\r or five feet long are n l>g] ?an ^? ( a m\se2 ! ,iguanodon's tee? are z l>ge z ! incisors ( ! rh9oc]os4 ,! ,iguana's tee?1 :5 us$1 are *ipp$ (f at ! po9ts1 no exi/+ reptile be+ capable ( p]=m+ ma/ication2 ! tee? ( ! ,iguanodon1 on ! contr>y1 are gr\nd d[n l ! worn mol>s ( h]bivor\s mammalia1 z ,i po9t$ out 9 my fir/ memoir 9 ! ,philos4 ,trans4 #ahbe4 ,s9ce ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y ( ! rema9s ( ! ,iguanodon1 va/ quantities ( bones belong+ to a great numb] ( individuals ( all ages h be5 collect$2 b until a few ye>s s9ce1 n a ve/ige ( ! jaws _h be5 obs]v$1 not)/&+ ! mo/ dilig5t rese>*4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #ahdh1 ,i 0 surpris$ & highly gratifi$ by receiv+ f ,capt4 ,lamb>t ,brick5d5 7at t "t a p]sonal /rang] to me71 :o !n resid$ at ,w>m+lid1 ne> ,cuckfield1 9 ,sussex1 ! great] "p ( ! "r side 7or ramus7 ( ! l[] jaw1 ) sev]al successional tee? 9 _! natural position1 ( an adult ,iguanodon4#acc ,see p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #acc3 ,?is beautiful & mo/ in/ructive specim5 is n[ 9 my possession2 x is figur$ ( ! natural size 9 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,"p ii4 = #ahdh1 ,plate ,,xvi41 z well z ! portion ( upp] jaw 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,plate ,,xix4 ,! "* ( ! upp] & l[] tee? ( ! ,iguanodon are well repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xviii4 ( ! same memoir4 ,a specim5 v simil> to t discov]$ by ,capt4 ,brick5d51 b ( a "y individual1 0 f\nd soon aft]w>ds 9 a qu>ry ne> ,hor%am2 b ,i 0 n all[$ ! privilege ( figur+ or describ+ x6 ,9 ! c\rse ( la/ summ] ,i obta9$ a v in/ructive fragm5t ( ! middle "p ( ! "r ramus ( ! l[] jaw ( a mu* l>g] ,iguanodon1 f\nd by ,mr4 ,f[le/one1 ) "s enorm\s bones ( ! extremities1 9 ! ,weald5 /rata ( ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,a portion ( ! upp] jaw 7)\t tee?7 0 discov]$ "s ye>s s9ce 9 ,tilgate ,=e/1 & is deposit$1 ) ! :ole ( ! collection ,i =m$ at ,brighton1 9 ! gall]y ( organic rema9s ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,^! ?ree specim5s are ! only p>ts ( ! jaws ( ! ,iguanodon1 ) ! exception ( a fragm5t ( ! angul> bone1 t ,i h _h ! opportunity ( exam9+4 ,! o!r portions ( ! skeleton hi!rto discov]$ are ! foll[+3 ! tympanic bone2#acd c]vical1 dorsal1 lumb>1 & caudal v]tebr1 & *evron bones2 ribs2 ! iliac bones1 & sacrum compos$ ( six an*ylos$ v]tebr2#ace ! coracoid1 scapula & clavicles2 hum]us1 radius8 metac>pals2 femur1 tibia & fibula1 metat>sals & ungueals4 ,! cranium1 c>pals1 & t>sals1 h n be5 discov]$4 ,footnote #acd3 ,?is may or may n belong to ! ,iguanodon3 no tympanic bone has be5 f\nd 9 su* connexion ) o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton z to af=d c]ta9 pro( t ?is maxill>y elem5t is ref]able to ! ,iguanodon4 ,footnote #ace3 ,9 ! ,megalosaurus1 ! sacrum consi/s ( five an*ylos$ v]tebr4 ,) ! exception ( ! assemblage ( bones promiscu\sly gr\p$ toge!r 9 a block ( ,k5ti% rag 7( ! gre5s& =mation71 f\nd 9 a qu>ry ne> ,maid/one1 by ,mr4 ,b5/$1#acf a few connect$ caudal v]tebr1 & two or ?ree in/ances 9 :i* a femur1 tibia1 & fibula & "s metat>sals1 7 f\nd 9 contiguity1 all ! bones 7 isolat$4 ,!y h be5 obta9$ f ! qu>ries 9 ,/4 ,leon>d's & ,tilgate ,=e/s1 ne> ,loxwood1 ,rusp]1 ,hor%am1 ,cuckfield1 & ,battel2 & f ! cliffs at ,ha/+s1 & 9 ,s&[n1 & ,brixton1 & ,brook ,bays1 on ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,footnote #acf3 ,?is mo/ in/ructive specim5 is 9 a glass-case on ! floor ne> ! w9d[1 9 ! middle room ( ! ,gall]y ( ,organic ,rema9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,all ! ,weald5 reptilian rema9s ( a l>ge size1 collect$ by me :5 resid+ 9 ,sussex1 are 9 ! upright glass cases 9 ! same ap>tm5t4 ,s anomal\s is ! o/eology ( ! ,iguanodon comp>$ ) t ( exi/+ saurians1 t f my discov]y ( ! fir/ ve/ige ( ?is reptile--a fragm5t ( a too?--?irty ye>s ago1 to ! rec5t important acquisition ( ! jaws1 ,i h _h to cont5d ) ! opposition ( em95t naturali/s1 :o h refus$ ass5t to ! physiological inf]5ces sugge/$ by ! specim5s :i* 7 f "t to "t br\ght to light1 because ! modifications ( /ructure 9 a colossal h]bivor\s reptile1 ess5tially diff]$ f ! hypo!tical ar*etype skeleton ( ! class to :i* x belong$4 ,:5 ! fir/ discov]$ tee? 7 %[n to ,b>on ,cuvi]1 he pron\nc$ !m to be ! incisors ( a ,rh9oc]os2 ! metat>sals1 ^? ( a ,hippopotamus2 ! fragm5t ( a femur1 ) a m$ull>y canal1 t ( "s l>ge mammalian4 ,b ! c&\r & lib]ality ( ! f\nd] ( ,palontology 7 wor?y ( 8 transc5d5t g5ius2 ^u receiv+ fur!r evid5ce1 he imm$iately ackn[l$g$ ! error1 & express$ 8 conviction t ! tee? & bones belong$ to an h]bivor\s reptile m extraord9>y ?an any t _h previ\sly be5 br\ght "u 8 notice4#acg ,footnote #acg3 ,see ,cuvi]'s ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 tom4 v4 "p4 ii4 ,x is mu* to be wi%$ t ^? :o aspire to emulate ?is great man 9 sci5tific fame1 w\ld also endeav\r to imitate him 9 ! yet nobl] attributes ( 8 "*4 ,x is /at$ by ,pr(essor ,ow51 9 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,reports on ,fossil ,reptiles1 t ! bones ( ! ,iguanodon 7 int]pret$ by me ) ! aid ( ,cuvi] & ,clift4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,b>on ,cuvi] di$ be=e ,i _h obta9$ any consid]able portion ( ! skeleton2 & nei!r ,mr4 ,clift nor ,mr4 ,ow5 at t "t c\ld af=d me any assi/ance 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( ! isolat$ bones ,i occasionally br\ght to ! ,hunt]ian ,museum = comp>ison4 ,any aid ,i ev] receiv$ 9 my inve/igations is mo/ fully ackn[l$g$ 9 my works4 ,ev5 ! l[] jaw1 :i* pres5ts *>act]s s peculi> z to admit1 z ,i conceive1 ( b "o int]pretation--t enunciat$ 9 my memoir on ! tee? & jaws ( ! ,iguanodon1#ach--;has be5 adduc$ z af=d+ a signal in/ance ( ! incorrectness ( my physiological d$uctions4 ,& :y8 ,because 9 ! entire class ( liv+ reptiles !re is n a s+le species t has *eeks & flexible lips1 :i*1 accord+ to my view ( ! subject1 ! ,iguanodon mu/ h possess$4 ,b ,i d n hesitate to affirm t ! /ructure & arrangem5t ( ! tee?1 & ! mammalian "* ( ! bones ( ! extremities1 are 9 p]fect accordance ) my exposition ( ! probable /ructure & functions ( ! maxill>y organs ( ! orig9al4 ,! naturali/s :o advance ^! objections1 =get t among ! exi/+ mammalia !re is "o g5us1 ! ,orni?orhyn*us1 or ,duck-bill$ ,platypus1 t exhibits z /rik+ a deviation f ! typical maxill>y /ructure ( its class1 z does ! ,iguanodon4 ,if be=e ! discov]y ( ,new ,holl& ! jaw-bones ( ! ,orni?orhyn*us _h be5 f\nd 9 a fossil /ate 9 ! /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 & ,i _h v5tur$ to inf] t ! orig9al1 ?\gh a true mammalian1 & giv+ suck to its "y1 _h ! extremities ( ! jaws cov]$ ) flat horny beaks1 l ^? ( a duck1 in/ead ( ) ! fle%y lips & integum5ts :i* are ! peculi> attributes ( its class1 :at c5sures w\ld n my tem]ity h call$ =?6 ,we _c too (t5 be rem9d$ ( ! pr(\nd rem>k ( ,william ,p5n3 ,exp]i5ce1 :i* is cont9ually contradict+ !ory1 is ! only te/ ( tru?4 ,footnote #ach3 ,see ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,"p ,,ii4 #ahdh4 ,! foll[+ are ! physiological inf]5ces relat+ to ! /ructure & habits ( ! ,iguanodon1 :i* ,dr4 ,melville & myself conceive our inve/igations h e/abli%$3 ! discov]y ( ! cranium1 & ( p]fect examples ( ! upp] & l[] jaws ) bo? successional & mature mol>s 9 _! natural position1 may modify1 b1 we believe1 w 9 no mat]ial respect invalidate ^! conclusions4 ,9 in/itut+ a comp>ison betwe5 ! maxill>y organs ( ! ,iguanodon1 & ^? ( ! exi/+ h]bivor\s liz>ds1 we are at once /ruck ) _! rem>kable deviation f all kn[n types 9 ! class ( reptiles4 ,9 ! ,amblyrhyn*i 7( ! ,galapagos ,isl&s71 ! mo/ exclusively vegetable fe$]s ( ! ,saurian ord]1 ! alveol> process beset ) tee? is cont9u$ r\nd ! front ( ! m\?3 ! junction ( ! two rami ( ! l[] jaw at ! symphysis pres5t+ no ed5tul\s int]val :atev]1 ! lips n be+ m produc$ ?an 9 o!r reptiles2 b ?is creature only bruises its food2 x _c gr9d or ma/icate x4 ,9 fact1 ! ed5tul\s1 exp&$1 scoop-%ap$1 procumb5t symphysis ( ! l[] jaw ( ! ,iguanodon1 has no p>allel among ei!r rec5t or fossil reptiles2 & we seek 9 va9 = organs at all analog\s1 except among ! h]bivor\s mammalia4 ,! ne>e/ approa* is to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 ,ed5tata2 z = example 9 ! ,*olpus didactylus1 or ,two-to$ ,slo?1 9 :i* ! ant]ior "p ( ! l[] jaw is de/itute ( tee?1 & mu* prolong$4 ,! correspond5ce is /ill clos] 9 ! ext9ct gigantic ,mylodons1 9 :i* ! symphysis resembles ! blade ( a turf-spade1 & has no traces ( incisor sockets2 & 7 n ?is "p ( ! jaw elevat$ v]tically 9 front1 & ! two sides conflu5t1 x w\ld pres5t ! v c\nt]p>t ( t ( ! ,iguanodon4 ,! great numb] & size ( ! vascul> =am9a di/ribut$ along ! out] side ( ! d5t>y bone 9 ! ,weald5 reptile1 & ! magnitude ( ! ant]ior outlets :i* gave exit to ! vessels & n]ves t suppli$ ! front ( ! m\?1 indicate ! great developm5t ( ! integum5ts & s(t p>ts ) :i* ! l[] jaw 0 inve/$4 ,! %>p ridge bord]+ ! deep groove ( ! symphysis1 9 :i* !re are also sev]al =am9a1 evid5tly gave atta*m5t to ! muscles & integum5ts ( ! "u lip2 & !re are /rong reasons = suppos+ t ! latt] 0 greatly produc$1 & capable ( be+ protrud$ & retract$ s z to con/itute1 9 conjunction ) a long ext5sile tongue1 a suitable in/rum5t = seiz+ & cropp+ leaves & bran*es1 :i*1 f ! con/ruction ( ! tee?1 we may inf] 0 ! food ( ! ,iguanodon4 ,?us we f9d ! me*anism ( ! maxill>y organs ( ! ,weald5 h]bivor\s saurian1 z demon/rat$ by rec5t discov]ies1 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! rem>kable d5tal *>act]s :i* r5d]$ ! fir/ kn[n tee? s enigmatical4 ,9 ! ,iguanodon we h a solution ( ! problem1 h[ ! integrity ( ! type ( organization peculi> to ! class ( cold-blood$ v]tebrata 0 ma9ta9$1 & yet adapt$ by simple modifications to fulfil ! conditions requir$ by ! economy ( a gigantic t]re/rial reptile1 de/9$ to obta9 support exclusively f vegetable sub/ances2 9 l mann] z ! ext9ct colossal slo?-l ,ed5tata ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 f9e1 we h 9 ! ,iguanodon ! type ( ! t]re/rial h]bivora1 :i* 9 t remote epo* ( ! e>?'s physical hi/ory--! ,age ( ,reptiles--occupi$ ! same relative /ation 9 ! t]re/rial fauna1 & fulfill$ ! same g5]al purposes 9 ! economy ( nature1 z ! ,mylodons1 ,ma/odons1 & ,mammo?s1 ( ! t]ti>y p]iods1 & ! l>ge pa*yd]ms ( mod]n times4 ,al?\gh "s important data are /ill requir$ to complete our k ( ! /ructure ( ! ,iguanodon1 we are w>rant$ 9 conclud+ t ?is colossal h]bivor\s reptile 0 z bulky z ! elephant1 & z massive 9 its proportions3 =1 liv+ exclusively on vegetable sub/ances1 ! abdom9al region mu/ h be5 l>gely develop$4 ,its limbs mu/ h be5 ( proportionate size to support & move s enorm\s a c>cass4 ,! h9d] extremities probably pres5t$ ! unwieldly cont\r ( ^? ( ! ,hippopotamus1 & 7 bas$ on /rong %ort feet1 protect$ by broad horny ungueal phalanges1 or nails4 ,! =e-legs appe> to h be5 less bulky1 & adapt$ = seiz+ & pull+ d[n plants & bran*es3 ! tee? & jaws demon/rate ! nature ( its food2 & ! fossil rema9s ( conif]\s trees1 arboresc5t1 f]ns1 & cycade\s plants1 ) :i* its relics are commonly associat$1 indicate ! "* ( ! flora adapt$ = its su/5ance4#aci ,footnote #aci3 ,philosophical ,transactions1 = #ahdh1 pp4 #aif-aih4 ,,xviii4 ,! ,pelorosaurus4--,! hum]us ( a t]re/rial reptile ( enorm\s magnitude1 has lately be5 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,pet] ,full] ( ,lewes1 9 ! qu>ry ne> ,cuckfield1 f :i* _m rema9s ( ! ,iguanodon & ,hylosaurus 7 obta9$ 9 my e>ly rese>*es4 ,?is bone m ne>ly resembles ! hum]us ( ! ,crocodiles1 ?an t ( ! ,liz>ds4 ,x ,is f\r & a half feet 9 l5g?1 & ( correspond+ proportions2 x has a l>ge m$ull>y canal4 ,z to ! size ( ! animal to :i* x belong$1 :ile disclaim+ ! idea t any c]ta9 conclusion c be drawn f a s+le bone1 ,i may m5tion1 ) ! view ( convey+ "s g5]al notion1 t 9 a ,gangetic crocodile eighte5 feet long1 ! hum]us is "o foot3 accord+ to ?is scale ! fossil animal w\ld be eighty-"o feet 9 l5g?4 ,i h propos$ ! "n ( ,pelorosaurus 7f --pelr--mon/]71 or ,colossal-saurian1 = ?is new g5us ( reptiles :i* ,inhabit$ ! c\ntry ( ! ,iguanodon4#adj ,footnote #adj3 ,a memoir on ?is fossil 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 ,feb4 #ad?1 #ahej2 an ab/ract has be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society4 ,x is entitl$1 ,on ! ,pelorosaurus2 an undescrib$ gigantic t]re/rial reptile1 ^: rema9s are associat$ ) ^? ( ! ,iguanodon & o!r saurians 9 ! /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,x w appe> 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 ,"p #aa4 #ahej4 ,,xix4 ,silicification1 or petrifaction by fl9t4--,! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* silex occurs h dep5d$ on its /ate ( fluidity4 ,9 qu>tz cry/als ! solution 0 complete2 9 agate & *alc$ony x 0 9 a gelat9\s /ate1 assum+ a sph]oidal or orbicul> disposition accord+ to ! motion giv5 to its p>ticles4 ,its condition appe>s also to h be5 modifi$ by ! influ5ce ( organic matt]4 ,9 "s poli%$ slices ( silice\s nodules1 ! transition f fl9t to agate1 *alc$ony1 & cry/alliz$ qu>tz1 is beautifully %[n4 ,! curi\s fact t ! %ells ( ,e*9ites ,9 *alk are almo/ inv>iably fill$ ) fl9t1 :ile _! cru/ace\s %ells are *ang$ into calc-sp>1 is probably 9 _m in/ances to be attribut$ to ! animal matt] hav+ und]gone silicification2 = ! mo/ organiz$ p>ts are ^? :i* appe> to h be5 mo/ susceptible ( ?is transmutation4 ,9 "s specim5s ! oy/] is *ang$ into fl9t1 :ile ! %ell ,is conv]t$ into cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( lime4 ,9 a trigonia f ,tisbury1 =m]ly ,9 ! cab9et ( ! late ,miss ,b5ett1 ( ,norton ,h\se1 ne> ,w>m9/]1 ! body ( ! mollusk 0 completely metamorphos$ into pure *alc$ony1 ! bran*i or gills be+ z cle>ly def9$ z :5 ! animal 0 rec5t4 ,9 specim5s ( wood f ,au/ralia 7pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,museum by ,sir ,?omas ,mit*ell71 :i* are completely p]meat$ by silex1 !re are on ! ext]nal surface "s spots ( *alc$ony1 t h app>5tly orig9at$ f ! exudation ( ! liquid silex f ! int]ior 9 viscid globules fill$ ) air1 :i* bur/1 & !n collaps$1 & became solidifi$ 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,9 silicifi$ wood1 ! p]meation ( ! vegetable tissues by ! m9]al matt] appe>s to h be5 effect$ by solutions ( silex ( a high temp]ature4 ,9 "s examples m9]alization has be5 effect$ simply by replacem5t3 ! orig9al sub/ance has be5 remov$1 atom by atom1 & ! silex sub/itut$ 9 its place4 ,"o ( ! mo/ em95t naturali/s & m9]alogi/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,dana1#ada sugge/s t ! reason :y silica is s common a mat]ial 9 ! con/itution ( fossil wood & %ells1 z well z 9 pseudo-morphic cry/als1#adb consi/s 9 ! ready solution ( silex 9 wat] at a high temp]ature 7a fact affirm$ by ,b]gman#adc7 "u great pressure1 :5ev] an alkali is pres5t1 z is se5 at ! pres5t "t 9 _m volcanic regions1 & its ready deposition aga9 :5 ! wat] cools4 ,a m]e heat$ aque\s solution ( silica1 "u a high pressure1 is suffici5t to expla9 ! ph5om5on ( ! silicification ( organic /ructures4 ,mr4 ,dana /ates t a cry/al ( calc-sp> 9 su* a fluid1 be+ expos$ to solution f ! action ( ! heat$ wat] alone1 ! silica deposits itself gradually on a r$uction ( temp]ature1 & takes ! place ( ! lime1 atom by atom1 z soon z set free4 ,e silicifi$ fossil is an example ( ?is pseudo-morphism2 b !re seems to be no union ( ! silica ) ! lime1 = silicate ( lime is ( r>e occurr5ce4#add ,footnote #ada3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 = ,janu>y1 #ahde4 ,footnote #adb3 ,pseudo-morphic cry/als are cry/als m\ld$ 9 ! cavities left by o!r cry/als1 :i* !y h replac$4 ,see ,dr4 ,blum on pseudo-morph\s m9]als2 & ,mr4 ,jeff]ey's exp]im5ts on ! solution ( silica 9 heat$ vap\r2 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #adc3 ,b]gman fir/ det]m9$ ! solubility ( silex 9 simple wat]1 aid$ by heat1 & demon/rat$ its exi/5ce 9 ! ,geys]s1 & o!r boil+ spr+s ( ,icel&4 ,p>k9son1 ,org4 ,rem41 vol4 i4 p4 #cbd4 ,footnote #add3 ,see my ,notes on a microscopical exam9ation ( *alk & fl9t1 ,annals ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,augu/ #ahde4 ,,xx4 ,/igm>ia1 ,sigill>ia1 c4--,! mo/ rem>kable peculi>ity ( ! flora ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod is ! imm5se num]ical prepond]ance ( ! vascul> or high] tribes ( cryptogamic plants1 :i* am\nt to two-?irds ( ! species describ$4 ,) ^! are associat$ a few ,palms1 ,conif]1 ,cycade1 & dicotyl$on\s plants1 alli$ to ! ,cacte & ,euphorbiace4 ,! numb] & magnitude ( ! vegetables be>+ an analogy to ! ,ductulos1 b diff]+ f exi/+ species & g5]a1 con/itute !re=e ! mo/ important botanical feature ( ! c>bonif]\s flora4 ,?us we h plants alli$ to ! ,equisetum1 or m>e's-tail 7,calamites71 eighte5 in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & f ?irty to =ty feet high2 ,zamia-l conif] 7,sigill>i7 fifty feet high2 & arboresc5t club-mosses 7,lepidod5dra7 atta9+ an altitude ( sixty or sev5ty feet4 ,( ?is anci5t flora1 ! fossil plants ^: /ems h be5 nam$ ,sigill>ia 7see ,plate ,,xxi471 & _! roots ,/igm>ia1 are especially rem>kable 9 consequ5ce ( ! peculi> circum/ances "u :i* upright examples ( ^! trees are occasionally met )4 ,ref]r+ = details to ,wond]s ( ,geology1 ,lecture ,,vii41 ,i purpose describ+ 9 ?is place ! facts rec5tly br\ght to light1 :i* prove t c]ta9 species ( ,/igm>ia are ! roots ( ,sigill>i2 :ile o!rs 9 all probability belong to ,lepidod5dra3--an op9ion ma9ta9$ m ?an ?irty ye>s ago by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,/e9hau]4#ade ,to ! late ,mr4 ,b9ney we are indebt$ = ! fir/ confirmation ( ! inf]5ce ( my fri5d1 ,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t1 7d]iv$ f an exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( ^? bodies17 t ! ,/igm>i are ! v]itable roots ( ,sigill>i4 ,at ,/4 ,hel5's1 ne> ,liv]pool1 ,mr4 ,b9ney discov]$1 9 #ahdd1 an upright trunk ( a ,sigill>ia1 n9e feet high1 to :i* 7 atta*$ t5 roots1 sev]al feet long1 t ext5d$ into ! "u clay 9 _! natural position2#adf & ^! roots 7 unque/ionable ,/igm>i1 ! tub]cles ) _! atta*$ rootlets be+ cle>ly display$4 ,9 ! floor ( ! ,victoria ,m9e at ,dunk9fold1 ne> ,man*e/]1 at ! dep? ( #a1ajj feet f ! surface1 ,mr4 ,b9ney also discov]$ a magnific5t specim5 ( ,sigill>ia1 :i* exhibit$ on its /em ! respective *>act]s ( ?ree suppos$ species1 & _h /igm>ia-roots ext5d+ tw5ty feet4 ,footnote #ade3 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 i4 ,footnote #adf3 ,see ,m$als ( ,creation1 vol4 i4 p4 #adc4 ,9 ! ,sydney coal-field at ,cape ,breton1 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,br[n has obs]v$ sev]al upright /ems ( ,sigill>i & ,lepidod5dra1 ) /igm>ia-roots atta*$2 & ! same fact has be5 notic$ 9 ! ,picton coal1 9 ,nova ,scotia4 ,! foll[+ figures & notes f ,mr4 ,br[n's description ( ^! int]e/+ ph5om5a1 w place ! subject be=e ! read] 9 a cle> po9t ( view4#adg ,footnote #adg3 ,description ( an upright ,lepidod5dron ) ,/igm>ia-roots 9 ! ro( ( ! ,sydney ,ma9 ,coal1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,cape ,breton4 ,by ,ri*>d ,br[n1 ,esq4--,geological ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #ac1 = ,june1 #ahdg1 p4 #df4 ,! ma9 b$ ( coal is six feet 9 ?ickness1 & is ov]laid1 z usual1 by a ro( ( %ale ab\nd+ 9 foliage & fragm5ts ( bran*es4 ,z ! coal is dug out1 l>ge masses ( ! %ale fall 91 & occasionally holl[ spaces1 call$ by ! workm5 pot-holes1 are left 9 ! ro(2 ! fall5 masses be+ ! roots & truncat$ /ems ( ,sigill>i & o!r trees1 :i* sep>ate at ! p>t+ =m$ by ! coaly b>k cov]+ ! roots1 :5 ! support+ coal is remov$4 ,! foll[+ sket* repres5ts "o ( ! specim5s ( ! base ( a /em ( a ,lepidod5dron1 ) ! roots 7/igm>i7 atta*$4 ,?is figure 7#a7 %[s ! position ( ! tree above ! b$ ( ma9 coal1 ) ! incl9ation & l5g? ( two ( ! pr9cipal roots1 s f> z !y c\ld be di/9ctly trac$2 & ! foll[+ sket* 7#b7 repres5ts ! trunk1 ) its bran*+ roots1 con/ruct$ f c>eful measurem5ts ( ! dim5sions & position ( ea* root1 drawn on ! spot4 ,! /em at ! "p m>k$ ,a1 0 encru/$ ) a coaly b>k1 cov]$ by ! usual cicatrices ( ! ,lepidod5dra1 & ! roots at ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ) a simil> c>bonace\s inve/m5t1 impress$ ) ! *>act]i/ic pits or areol ( ,/igm>i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,/em ,,( ,,lepidod5dron ,,) ,,roots4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 ! ,in/ance ( ! upright /ems ( ,sigill>i 9 ! same coal-field1 ! roots 7 also unequivocally ,/igm>i4 ,fig4 #c1 repres5ts "o ( ^! erect /ems1 sixte5 ,in*es high & twelve in*es 9 diamet] at ! top1 :i* dropp$ f ! ro( ( ! b$ aft] ! coal _h be5 remov$4 ,"p ( ! coaly b>k rema9s at c4 ,! decorticat$ "p ( ! trunk is cov]$ ) m9ute scales z f> z ! po9t h1 a few in*es bel[ ! fir/ ramification ( ! roots4 ,! c>bonace\s cru/ inve/+ ! roots 0 ?ick at ! upp] "p1 b gradually became ?91 & at a1 & b1 0 a m]e friable pellicle1 t fell (f ^u ! slighte/ t\*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,/em ,,( ,,sigill>ia ,,alt]nans1 #a_/ab natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,! exact position ( ! tree 9 relation to ! und]ly+ coal is %[n 9 ! above section4 ,fig4 #d4 ,imm$iately ov] ! coal !re is a b$ ( h>d %ale1 six in*es 9 dep?1 9 :i* no fossils are f\nd2 ?is is ov]laid by a s(t] %ale ab\nd+ 9 coal-plants2 all ! upright /ems 7 root$ 9 ! six-in* %ale4 ,^u cle>+ ! base ( ?is tree1 a complete set ( conical tap-roots 0 discov]$1 arrang$ z 9 ! annex$ sket*4 ,fig4 #e4 ,!re are f\r l>ge tap-roots 9 ea* qu>t] ( ! /ump1 & five in*es bel[ ^! ano!r set ( small] tap-roots2 ! total numb] am\nt+ to eighte54 ,! horizontal roots are se5 to bran* (f 9 a regul> mann]1 ! base be+ divid$ into f\r ne>ly equal p>ts by deep *annels1 ext5d+ f ! c5tre to ! po9ts i1 k1 l1 m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,! "u surface ( ,fig4 #c1 %[+ ! conical tap-roots ( ! tree1 #a_/ab natural size4 ,mr4 ,br[n rem>ks1 t ^! %ort ?ick tap-roots 7 evid5tly adapt$ only to a s(t wet soil1 su* z we may conceive 0 ! nature ( ! fir/ lay] ( mud deposit$ ^u a b$ ( peat :i* _h settl$ d[n slightly bel[ ! level ( ! wat]4 ,he supposes1 f ! pres5ce ( a lay] ( %ale )\t fossil plants imm$iately ov] ! coal1 t ! pro/rate /ems & leaves :i* occur 9 su* l>ge quantities 9 ! next sup]9cumb5t b$1 fell f trees gr[+ on ! spot1 & 7 entomb$ 9 lay]s ( mud held 9 susp5sion 9 ! wat]1 :i* at %ort int]vals inundat$ ! l[ m>%y gr\nd on :i* !y grew2 = _h ! plants be5 drift$ f a di/ance1 he conceives !y w\ld also occur 9 ! fir/ lay] ( %ale1 z well z 9 ^? high] up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,,/em ,,( ,a ,,sigill>ia ,,brok5 ,,(f ,,close ,,to ,,! ,,roots1 #a_/ab natural size4 ,hav+ ?us %[n t ! ,sigill>ia alt]nans 0 provid$ ) roots adapt$ = a s(t muddy soil1 ,mr4 ,br[n next describes ! specim5 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #f1 :i* is ! /em ( ! same species ( tree brok5 (f ne> ! roots2 ! holl[ cyl9d] ( b>k 7a7 hav+ be5 b5t d[n & d\bl$ ov] by ! pressure ( ! surr\nd+ mud1 s z effectually to close up ! ap]ture1 leav+ only a few irregul> cicatrices1 ( ?ree or f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 conv]g+ at ! apex2 ! /ructure1 arrangem5t1 & numb] ( ! tap-roots1 z well z ! horizontal ramifications1 are simil> to ^? 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,?is fossil cle>ly expla9s ! nature ( ! dome-%ap$ plant figur$ 9 ! ,fossil ,flora ( ,great ,brita94#adh ,footnote #adh3 ,! figures #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 & ! descriptions1 are f ! pap] ( ,ri*>d ,br[n1 ,esq41 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 = ,m>*1 #ahdi1 entitl$1 ,description ( erect ,sigill>i1 ) conical tap-roots1 f\nd 9 ! ro( ( ! ,sydney ,ma9 ,coal1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,cape ,breton4 ,! roots ( ! prec$+ fossils repeat$ly ramify z _! di/ance f ! /em increases1 & ultimately t]m9ate 9 broad flatt5$ po9ts4 ,! :ole ( ! spread+ roots ( ^! trees 7! ,sigill>i7 cov] only an area ( ?irty squ>e feet ea*2 :il/ ^? ( ! ,lepidod5dron 7,fig4 #a71 ^: /em is only two or ?ree in*es l>g] 9 diamet]1 cov]$ a space ( two hundr$ squ>e feet4 ,s9ce x is well kn[n1 f num]\s examples1 t ! ,lepidod5dra 7 l(ty trees1 ) spread+ bran*es1 :i* !re=e requir$ wide bases = support1 may we n conclude t ,sigill>i ( ! species describ$ 71 on ! contr>y1 trees ( l[ /ature1 )\t heavy bran*es8 ,i _c quit ?is subject )\t aga9 adv]t+ to ! rem>kable ph5om5on m5tion$ ,9 a previ\s note1 namely1 t 9 ! b$ ( pulv]ul5t e>?--! "u-clay--on :i* ! coal inv>iably reposes1 ! roots 7or ,/igm>i7 ( l>ge trees are g5]ally ! only organic rema9s met )4 ,! con/ant occurr5ce ( ^! fossils 9 ! "u-clay1 & _! r>ity 9 ! coal & %ale1 0 long ago po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,m>t91 ,dr4 ,maccullo*1 & o!r geologi/s2 b ! importance ( ! fact 0 n appreciat$ till ,mr4 ,logan drew att5tion to x4 ,9 ! ,wel% coal-field1 ?r\gh a dep? ( #a1bjj feet1 !re are sixty b$s ( coal1 ea* ( :i* lies on a /ratum ( clay ab\nd+ 9 ,/igm>i4 ,9 ! ,appala*ian coal =mation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! same ph5om5a occur4 ,?us x appe>s t ! "u-clay is ! natural soil 9 :i* ! roots 7,/igm>i7 ( ! ,sigill>i & ,lepidod5dra grew2 ! coal above x is compos$ ( ! c>boniz$ /ems & foliage ( ^? trees2 & ! ro( or coal-%ale is =m$ by ! leaves & bran*es ( a =e/ ov]:elm$ & buri$ b5ea? ! transport$ detritus ( di/ant rocks4 ,^! ph5om5a may be expla9$ by suppos+ t a pla91 d5sely clo!d ) a luxuriant int]tropical vegetation1 0 ei!r inundat$ by an irruption ( ! sea1 or ov]:elm$ by a flood1 f ! sudd5 break+ up ( ! b>ri] ( an inl& lake2 or by ! subsid5ce ( ! c\ntry on :i* ! =e/s grew4 ,b :5 we f9d an un9t]rupt$ s]ies1 9 :i* triple deposits ( ?is "* are repeat$ ?r\gh _m ?\s& feet1 ! solution ( ! problem is beset ) difficulties1 :i* ! hypo!sis ( repeat$ p]iodical subsid5ces1 h[ev] +5i\s1 does n1 9 my op9ion1 remove4#adi ,footnote #adi3 ,see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 pp4 #ffi1 #gah1 #gca4 ,jaw ( ! ,iguanodon4--,additional note to p4 #aid4--,s9ce ! prec$+ pages 7 /ruck (f1 ,i h1 ?r\gh ! k9dness & lib]ality ( ,samuel ,h4 ,beckles1 ,esq41 ( ,ha/+s1 obta9$ two portions ( jaws f ! ,weald5 ( ! ,sussex ,coa/4 ,"o ( ^! is a fragm5t ( ! left side ( ! l[] jaw1 ) six well-def9$ d5tal sockets2 ! o!r specim5 exhibits ! position ( ! mature mol>s & ! successional tee? 9 ! upp] jaw2 & confirms ! accuracy ( ! views ( ,dr4 ,melville & myself z to ! rum9ant "* ( ! arrangem5t ( ! d5tal organs 9 ! upp] & l[] jaws ( ! ,iguanodon1 z describ$ 9 my memoir on ! /ructure ( ! jaws & tee?2 ,philos4 ,trans4 #ahdh1 p4 #ahc4 ,:5 ?is specim5 is completely develop$1 x w probably exhibit di/9ctly ! relative position ( ! g]ms & mature tee?1 & ! =m ( ! inn] alveol> p>apet4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,acrodus1 too? (1 #afj4 ,act9ocr9us1 #aba4 ---- triacontadactylus1 #aba4 ,adelos9a1 #adc4 ,age ( reptiles1 #aic4 ,ale?opt]is decurr5s1 #ha4 ---- lon*itidis1 #be4 ---- ,s]lii1 #be4 ,alg1 fossil1 #aia4 ,alveol9a elliptica1 #adb4 ,ammonites1 #aci4 ---- latus1 #aci4 ---- ,mantelli1 #aci4 ---- ovalis1 #aci4 ---- ,walcotii1 #aci4 ,anan*ytes ovatus1 #abg4 ,annul>ia brevifolia1 #bg4 ,anoplo!rium commune1 tee? (1 #afc4 ,ant>ctic ocean1 diatomace (1 #aia4 ,aphyllum asp]um1 #fi4 ---- cri/atum1 #fe4 ,apiocr9us ellipticus1 #aac4 ---- ,p>k9soni1 #aai4 ---- rotundus1 #aai4 ,apty*us1 #adg4 ,area1 fossil1 #add4 ,artis1 ,mr41 on fossil botany1 #age4 ---- "w (1 #af4 ,asaphus caudatus1 #aef4 ,aspidi>ia cri/ata1 #fe4 ,a/]ias1 fossil1 #abe4 ,a/]ophyllites1 #bg4 ,a/rea ananas1 #ic4 ---- ara*noides1 #ie4 ---- geometrica1 #aji4 ---- ,tisburi5sis1 #ie4 ---- undulata1 #ie4 ,b4 ,baculites ,fraujasii1 #aci4 ,bahia ,blanca1 fossils (1 #ahd4 ,be>s1 fossil tee? (1 #afe4 ---- fossil1 #afi4 ,beckles1 ,s4 ,h41 ,esq41 fossils by1 #bjb4 ,belemnitella mucronata1 #ach1 #aci4 ,belemnite1 description (1 #afi4 ,belemnites1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci4 ---- coni=mis1 #ach4 ---- cyl9dri=mis1 #ach4 ---- fusi=mis1 #ach4 ---- giganteus1 #acg4 ---- ,puzosianus1 #aga4 ,belemnoteu?is antiquus1 #agj4 ,bell]ophon co/atus1 #ada4 ,bell9urus bellulus1 #aef4 ,b5ett1 ,miss1 ! late1 fossils by1 #aig1 #ie4 ,b]gman1 on ,silica1 #aih4 ,big-bone ,lick1 acc\nt (1 #afg4 ,bilocul9a r+5s1 #adc4 ,b9ney1 ,mr41 on ,/igm>i1 #aih4 ,birds1 fossil rema9s (4 ,new ,zeal&1 x1 #agb4 ,botanical arrangem5t ( fossil plants1 #age4 ,b\rgeticr9us1 #aac4 ,bovey coal1 #ai4 ,b[]bank1 ,j4 ,s41 ,esq41 on fossil fruits ( ,%eppey1 #bi1 #ca4 ,bra*iopoda1 fossil1 #aec4 ,brad=d encr9ite1 #aai4 ,brick5d51 ,capt4 ,lamb>t1 discov]y ( jaw ( ,iguanodon1 #aid4 ,brongni>t1 ,m41 fossil botany (1 #agh4 ---- on fossil fruits ( ,%eppey1 #ca4 ,br[n1 ,mr4 ,ri*>d1 on upright ,sigill>i1 #aih4 ,buckl&1 ,dr41 on ,belemno-sepia1 #agj4 ---- on ,/igm>i1 #ee4 ,c4 ,calamites approximatus1 #di4 ---- decoratus1 #ea4 ---- dubius1 #bc1 #de4 ---- ramosus1 #dc4 ---- ,suckovii1 #dg4 ,calceola s&al9a1 #aed4 ,calym5e ,blum5ba*ii1 #aef4 ---- v>iol>e1 #aef4 ,canc] ,lea*ii1 #aee4 ,cannibalism ( ,new ,zeal&]s1 #age4 ,cap ,encr9ite1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,cape ,breton1 coal-field ( #aii4 ,c>bonif]\s deposits1 #aha4 ,c>*>ias megalodon1 #afj4 ,c>d9ia ,li/]i1 #adg4 ,c>dita s5ilis1 #adg4 ,c>dium ,hillanum1 #adg4 ,c>p5t]1 ,dr41 on =am9if]a1 #adb4 ,c>poli?us m>g9atus1 #hc4 ,c>yophyllia annul>is1 #ia4 ---- c5tralis1 #ia4 ,cat5ipora es*>oides1 #hi4 ,caves1 ossif]\s1 #afi4 ,cephalopoda1 fossil1 #ada1 #ahj4 ,c]atodus1 #aeg4 ,c]iopora1 #ii1 #aad4 ,*a9-coral1 #hi4 ,*ama squamosa1 #adi4 ,*>a1 fossil se$s (1 #adc4 ,*eilan!s microlobus1 #be4 ,*eilan?ites1 #ge1 #gi4 ,*elonia breviceps1 #aeg4 ,*55dopora fungi=mis1 #ajg4 ---- ,p>k9soni1 #aja4 ---- subplana4 #aaa4 ,*oanites ,knigi1 #ajc1 #ajg4 ,cid>is ,blum5ba*ii1 #aca4 ---- clavig]1 #aca4 ---- coroll>is1 #abf4 ---- coronatus1 #abf4 ---- cr5ul>is1 #abf4 ---- fossil1 #abf4 ---- gl&if]us1 #aca4 ---- granulosus1 #abf4 ---- ,knigi1 #abf4 ---- ,p>k9soni1 #abe4 ---- saxatilis1 #abi4 ---- sceptrif]a1 #aca4 ---- ,s*midelii1 #aca4 ---- vesiculosus1 #abf1 #aca4 ,clapp1 ,dr41 fossil corals by1 #hi4 ,cliona1 ( ,new ,zeal&1 #ii4 ,clionites1 #ii4 ,clypea/]1 #abg4 ---- altus1 #aca4 ,clypeus s9uatus1 #abg4 ,cnemidium rimulosum1 #ajg4 ,coal1 #ahb4 ,coal measures1 #aha4 ,cololites1 #acc4 ,comatula1 fossil1 #abe4 ---- pect9ata1 #abf4 ,conulus albogal]us1 #abg4 ,coprolites ( fi%es1 #cj4 ,coral m>ble1 #ie4 ,corals1 fossil1 #ahb4 ---- fossil1 f ! ,ohio1 #hi4 ,corbula gallica1 #aec4 ---- revoluta1 #adg4 ,coronulites diadema1 #aed4 ,crabs1 fossil1 #aee4 ,crania p]sonata1 #aec4 ,crassatella tumida1 #adg4 ,cr5atula1 fossil1 #aea4 ,cr9oidea1 #aaa4 ,cri/ell>ia galea1 #add4 ---- rotulata1 #adc4 ,cru/acea1 fossil1 #aee4 ,cuculla decussata1 #adg ,cucumites1 #bi1 #cj4 ,cupanoides1 #cj4 ,cuvi]1 ,b>on1 discov]ies (1 #ahc4 ,cya?ocr9ite1 #aba4 ,cya?ocr9us rugosus1 #aag4 ,cya?ophyllum dian?us1 #ic4 ---- fungites1 #ie4 ---- turb9atum1 #ia1 #ie4 ,cyclopt]is orbicul>is1 #bg4 ,cyphosoma correl>e1 #abf4 ---- ,mill]i1 #abf4 ,cyr5a dep]dita1 #adg4 ,d4 ,dana1 ,j4 ,d41 ,esq41 on silicification1 #aig4 ,dap$ius1 scales (1 #aed4 ,d>w91 ,mr41 ,j\rnal (1 #ahd4 ---- on fossil ,ed5tata1 #ahe4 ,deane1 ,mr4 ,h5ry1 on ,rotali1 #ahh4 ,d]by%ire ,cap ,encr9ite1 #aag4 ,desmidiace1 #aij4 ,dian*ora1 #adi4 ,diatomace1 #aij4 ,d9ornis ( ,new ,zeal&1 x1 #agb4 ,d9o!rium1 too? (1 #afc4 ,disa/] ovalis1 #abi4 ,discoidea1 #abg4 ---- subuculus1 #abg4 ,discospira1 #adb4 ,d',orbigny1 ,m41 on =am9if]a1 #ahf4 ,dudley fossil locu/1 #aef4 ,e4 ,e*9an?ites orbicul>is1 #abg4 ,e*9an?us altus1 #aca4 ,e*9i1 fossil1 #abg1 #abi1 #aca4 ,e*9ital sp9es1 fossil1 #aca4 ,e*9odiscus bisp]=atus1 #abg4 ---- laganum1 #abi4 ---- subrotundus1 #abi4 ,e*9ites lapis cancri1 #abi4 ---- pyri=mis1 #abi4 ,ed5tata1 fossil1 #ahd4 ,eggs ( ,d9ornis1 #agd4 ,elephas primig5ius1 tee? (1 #afa4 ,elk fossil1 ( ,irel&1 #afa1 #ahi4 ,encr9ital lime/one1 #ia4 ---- m>ble1 #aag4 ,encr9ites1 #aag4 ---- monile=mis1 #aae4 ,essex rev]s$ ,:elk1 #acc4 ,eug5iacr9us c>yophyllatus1 #aad4 ,euomphalus p5tangulatus1 #acc4 ---- rugosus1 #acc4 ,euphorbites vulg>is1 #eg4 ,explan>ia flexuosa1 #ig4 ,f4 ,f>+don1 fossil zoophytes (1 #ic4 ,fasciolites1 #adb4 ,favosites ,go?l&ica1 #ig4 ,feet ( ,moa1 x1 #agd4 ,f]ns1 fossil1 #be1 #bg4 ,ficoidites furcatus1 #ei4 ---- major1 #fc4 ---- v]rucosus1 #fa4 ,filicites decurr5s1 #ha4 ---- ,miltoni1 #gg4 ---- ,osmunda1 #gc4 ---- plumosus1 #gi4 ---- trifoliatus1 #ge4 ,fi%es1 fossil1 #aeg1 #aei4 ,fi/ulana1 fossil1 #adi4 ,fl9t1 fossils 91 #ahe4 ,flu/ra1 /ructure (1 #ahc4 ,=am9if]a1 acc\nt (1 #ahf4 ---- fossil1 #adb1 #adc1 #ahh4 ---- ---- ( ,india1 #ahh4 ---- ---- ( ,new ,zeal&1 #ahh4 ,=bes1 ,pr( ,e41 fossils by1 #adc4 ,fossil plants1 arrangem5t (1 #age4 ,f[le/one1 ,mr41 fossils by1 #ajg1 #aid4 ,frontispiece1 description (1 x4 ,fruits1 fossil1 ( ,isle ( ,%eppey1 #bi1 #ca4 ,full]1 ,mr4 ,pet]1 fossils by1 #aig4 ,fungia1 fossil1 #ia4 ---- numismalis1 #ia4 ---- polymorpha1 #aje4 ,fusus contr>ius1 #acc4 ,g4 ,gal]ites1 #abg4 ,galeus pri/odontus1 #aei4 ,gl\ce/]%ire ,p5tacr9ite1 #aaa4 ,gonia/] ,mantelli1 #abe4 ---- ,p>k9soni1 #abe4 ---- semilunata1 #abe4 ,gonoplax ,latreilli1 #aef4 ,gorgonia bacill>is1 #aji4 ,gryphea incurva1 #aea4 ,gu>d or ro/rum ( ,belemnite1 #aga4 ,gyrogonites1 #adc4 ,h4 ,hamites int]m$ius1 #ada4 ---- plicatilis1 #ada4 ---- rotundus1 #ada4 ,hamsey1 ne> ,lewes1 fossils f1 #ada4 ,h>ris1 ,w41 ,esq41 on ,*>+ deposits1 #ahh4 ,helix arbu/orum1 #adi4 ,hemicid>is cr5ul>is1 #abf1 #aca4 ,h]mit crab1 fossil1 #aee4 ,hippopotamus1 fossil tee? (1 #afc4 ,hippurites bioculatus1 #acg4 ,h(fman1 ,m41 discov]y ( ,mosasaurus1 #aib4 ,honey-/one1 #ai4 ,hook]1 ,dr41 on ,diatomace1 #aia4 ,hybodus1 too? (1 #aei4 ,hydatica column>is1 #cg4 ---- pro/rata1 #ci4 ,i4 ,iguanodon1 #aic1 #bjb4 ---- discov]y (1 #aic4 ,ina*us ,lam>ckii1 #aee4 ,infusorial e>?s1 #ahi4 ,insects1 fossil1 #aee4 ,irel&1 fossil ,elk (1 #ahi4 ,iron/one nodules1 #be4 ,j4 ,jaw ( ,iguanodon1 #aid1 #bjb4 ,j]ea excavata1 #ajd4 ---- pyri=mis1 #aje4 ,k4 ,k5tucky cr9oidea1 #aad4 ,kilk5ny m>ble1 #ie4 ,knorria tax9a1 #ce4 ,l4 ,lamna1 too? (1 #aei4 ,lapis syr+oides1 #cc4 ,leaves1 dicotyl$on\s1 9 trav]t9e1 #bc4 ,lepidotus1 #aeg4 ,lepidod5dron1 #ai1 #bc1 #fi4 ---- upright1 #aii4 ---- ) /igm>i1 #aii4 ,lepido/robi1 #fi4 ,lepido/robus ornatus1 #ce4 ,lignite1 #ai4 ,lily encr9ite1 #aae4 ,lima gigantea1 #adg4 ,limulus trilobitoides1 #aef4 ,li?od5dron fasciculatum1 #ie4 ,li?odomi1 fossil1 #adi4 ,li?o/rotion /riatum1 #ic4 ,lituites lituus1 #acc4 ,lituola nautiloidea1 #adc4 ,lobophora bip]=ata1 #abg4 ,lumbric>ia colon1 #acc4 ,ly*nophorites sup]us1 #ga4 ,lycopodites squamatus1 #cj4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les1 on ,apiocr9ites1 #aai4 ---- on ,big-bone ,lick1 #afg4 ,lysianassa lit]ata1 #adg4 ,m4 ,mae/ri*t1 fossil reptile (1 #aia4 ,mammalia1 fossil tee? (1 #afa4 ,manon favosum1 #ic4 ,mantell1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,n41 fossils by1 #agj4 ---- ,walt]1 ,esq41 on fossil birds ( ,new ,zeal&1 x1 #agc4 ,m>supites ,mill]i1 #aac4 ,m>tius1 ,m41 fossil flora (1 #agh4 ,ma/odon1 too? (1 #afg4 ,megac]os ,hib]nicus1 antl]s (1 #afa4 ,megalonyx1 too? & claw (1 #afc4 ---- ,jeff]soni1 #afc4 ,megaphyton di/ans1 #fg4 ,mega!rium ,cuvi]i1 #afe4 ,mellite1 #ai4 ,melville1 ,pr(essor1 on ! ,iguanodon1 #aie4 ,mi*el9ia1 #ia4 ---- t5uisepta1 #ic4 ,micra/] cor angu9um1 #abi4 ---- lacunosus1 #abi4 ,miliobatis1 fossil1 #afj4 ,millepora ramosa1 #ii4 ,mill]1 ,mr41 on ,belemnite1 #agj4 ---- on ,cr9oidea1 #aae4 ,moa1 or ,d9ornis1 ( ,new ,zeal&1 x1 #agb4 ,morris1 ,mr41 on ,clionites1 #ajj4 ---- on ,discospira1 #adb4 ,mosasaurus1 #aeg1 #aei1 #aia4 ,mur*ison1 ,sir ,r4 ,i41 ,silurian ,sy/em1 #aee4 ,mya lit]ata1 #adg4 ,myriophyllites gracilis1 #da4 ,n4 ,natica ,g5tii1 #acc4 ,nautilus c5tralis1 #ace4 ---- ,p>k9soni1 #ace4 ---- truncatus1 #ace4 ,n]ita conoidea1 #acc4 ,neuropt]is1 #ai1 #be4 ---- auriculata1 #gc4 ,new ,zeal&1 fossil birds (1 x1 #agb4 ,nipa1 fruits (1 fossil1 #bi4 ,nipadites1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca4 ---- ,p>k9soni1 #ca4 ,nodos>ia raphani/rum1 #ach4 ,nodules ) leaves1 #be4 ,notidanus microdon1 #aeg4 ,nucleolites1 #abg4 ---- pyri=mis1 #abi4 ,nucula ovum1 #adg4 ,nummul9a1 animal (1 #ahg4 ---- ,dr4 ,c>p5t] on1 #ad4 ---- lvigata1 #adb4 ,nummulites1 #ada4 ---- complanata1 #adb4 ---- dispansa1 #adb4 ---- obtusa1 #adb4 ,o4 ,ogygia ,bu*ii1 #aef4 ,ohio1 ,falls ( !1 #hi4 ,ophiura1 #abe4 ,ophiur1 fossil1 #abf4 ,orbitolites1 #adb4 ,ormoc]as1 #acg4 ,orni?orhyn*us1 #aie4 ,or?oc]as annulatum1 #ace4 ---- duplex1 #acg4 ---- pyri=me1 #acg4 ---- undulatum1 #ace4 ,or?oc]9a clavulus1 #adc4 ,osselet ( ,belemnite1 #aga4 ,o/rea ,m>%ii1 #aea4 ---- c>9ata1 #aea4 ---- greg>ea1 #aea4 ,otodus1 too? (1 #aei4 ,ow51 ,pr(essor1 on ,belemnites1 #agj4 ---- ---- on ,d9ornis1 x1 #agc4 ---- ---- ,elephants' tee?1 #afa4 ,ox1 fossil tee? (1 #afa4 ,p4 ,pagurus ,faujasii1 #aee4 ,palo!rium m$ium1 tee? (1 #afc4 ,pampas1 #ahe4 ,p&anoc>pum ,p>k9sonis1 #ca4 ,panopa ,aldrov&i1 #adi4 ,p>i%1 ,sir ,woodb9e1 fossils by1 #afe4 ,p>k9son1 ,mr41 notice (1 #ac4 ,pe> encr9ite1 #aai4 ,pe>ce1 ,*ann+1 ,esq41 fossils by1 #aai4 ---- on ,belemnites1 #agj4 ,pecopt]is1 #be1 #bg4 ---- het]ophylla1 #ha4 ---- ,miltoni1 #gg4 ---- oreopt]idis1 #bg4 ---- plumosa1 #gi4 ,pelorosaurus1 #aig4 ,p5]oloplis op]cul>is1 #adc4 ,p5tacr9ites1 #abj1 #aba1 #abc4 ,p5tacr9us1 #aaa4 ---- basalti=mis1 #aad1 #aba4 ---- ,bri>eus1 #abb1 #abc4 ---- scal>is1 #aad1 #aba4 ,p5tagona/] regul>is1 #abe4 ,p5tam]us1 #aed4 ,p5tremites florealis1 #aad4 ,p]na quadrata1 #aea4 ---- maxillata1 #aea4 ,petraia1 #ia4 ,petrifaction by fl9t1 #aig4 ,petrifi$ figs1 #ca4 ---- melons1 #ce4 ,phragmocone ( ,belemnite1 #aga4 ,platycr9us lvis1 #abb4 ,plicatula sp9osa1 #ade4 ,poly/omella crispa1 #add4 ,porites pyri=mis1 #ig4 ,productus1 #ade4 ---- antiquatus1 #ade4 ---- ,m>t9i1 #aed4 ,ps>onius1 #cc4 ,pty*odus decurr5s1 #aeg4 ---- polygurus1 #afj4 ,pulley-/one1 #aag4 ,q4 ,quadrup$s1 fossil1 ( ,montm>tre1 #ahc4 ,qu9quelocul9a r+5s1 #adc4 ---- opposita1 #adc4 ,r4 ,radiolites ag>ici=mis1 #aec4 ,rangatapu1 #agd4 ,reptiles1 fossil1 #aeg1 #aei1 #aib4 ---- ---- ( ! ,weald51 #aic4 ,rh9oc]os leptorh9us1 #afc4 ,rhizoli!s1 #ba4 ,rhodocr9us v]us1 #aag4 ,rhytidolepis fibrosa1 #ee4 ,rotalia ,becc>ii1 #adc1 #add4 ---- tro*ili=mis1 #adc4 ,s4 ,sal5ia scutig]a1 #abf4 ---- /ellulata1 #abf4 ,scaphites co/atus1 #ada4 ,scelido!rium1 #ahe4 ,s*lo!im1 ,b>on1 fossil botany1 #agf4 ,scyphia articulata1 #aje4 ---- co/ata1 #ajg4 ,se$-vessels1 fossil1 #ca1 #ce4 ,s]pula antiquata1 #aeg4 ---- conica1 #ace4 ---- fili=mis1 #ace4 ,s]pulite1 #ace4 ,%>k's tee?1 fossil1 #aei4 ,%ells1 fossil1 #acc1 #ace1 #acg1 #aci1 #ada1 #ade1 #adg1 #adi1 #aea1 #aec4 ,%rimp1 fossil1 #aee4 ,%rop%ire ,encr9ite1 #aag4 ,%um>d1 ,dr41 on ,geology ( ,k5tucky1 #hi4 ,sig>etus1 fossil1 #acc4 ,sigill>ia1 #eg4 ---- alt]nans1 #bjj4 ---- app5diculata1 #fe4 ---- fibrosa1 #ee4 ---- tesselata1 #bg4 ---- upright1 #bjj4 ---- ) /igm>i1 #aii4 ,silice\s nodules1 fossils 91 #ahe4 ,silicification1 #aig4 ,siliqu>ia1 fossil1 #ace4 ,siphonia1 #ig1 #ajc4 ---- pyri=mis1 #ajd4 ,spatangites ovalis1 #abi4 ,spatangus cor m>9um1 #abi4 ---- lacunosus1 #abi4 ---- purpureus1 #abi4 ---- radiatus1 #abi4 ,sph5ophyllum erosum1 #bg4 ,sph5opt]is1 #be4 ---- trifoliata1 #bg1 #ge4 ,sph]odus1 too? (1 #aei4 ,sph]ulites1 #acg4 ,spicules ( fossil sponges1 #ig4 ,sp9es ( ,e*9ites1 #aca4 ,sp9if]ites1 #aia4 ,spirif] cuspidatus1 #aed4 ---- /riatus1 #aed4 ,spirol9a depressa1 #adc4 ---- cyl9dracea1 #adc4 ,spongites labyr9?icus1 #aje4 ---- lobatus1 #ig4 ---- ramosus1 #ig4 ,/a>5/e91 #cc4 ,/>-fi%es1 fossil1 #abe4 ,/>ry-/one1 #cc4 ,/e9hau]1 ,rev4 ,j41 on ,/igm>i1 #aih4 ,/ems1 fossil1 #cc1 #ce4 ,/5eosaurus1 #aeg1 #aei4 ,/]nb]g1 ,c\nt1 fossil flora (1 #agf4 ,/]nb]gia transv]sa1 #ec4 ,/igm>ia1 #aih4 ---- ficoides1 #bc1 #ei1 #fa1 #fc4 ---- 9 "u-clay1 #aha4 ---- ) lepidod5dron1 #aii4 ,/igm>i1 ) sigill>i1 #bjj4 ,/reptospondylus1 #aeg4 ,syr+opora g5iculata1 #hg4 ---- ramulosa1 #hi4 ,t4 ,tee?1 fossil1 ( ,anoplo!rium1 #afc4 ---- ---- ,be>s1 #afe4 ---- ---- ,d9o!rium1 #afc4 ---- ---- ,elephants1 #afa4 ---- ---- ,hippopotamus1 #afc4 ---- ---- ,ma/odon1 #afg4 ---- ---- ,megalonyx1 #afc4 ---- ---- ,ox1 #afa4 ---- ---- ,palo!rium1 #afc4 ---- ---- ,rh9oc]os1 #afc4 ---- ( ,%>ks1 fossil1 #aei4 ,t]ebratula co>ctata1 #aec4 ---- diphya1 #aec4 ---- triquetra1 #aec4 ,t]$9a p]sonata1 #adi4 ,t]$o1 fossil1 #cc1 #adi4 ,tisbury1 fossil corals (1 #ie4 ,tortoise encr9ite1 #aac4 ,toxodon1 #ahe4 ,trigonellites1 #adg4 ---- lamellosa1 #adg4 ---- lata1 #adg4 ,trigonia al=mis1 #ade4 ---- clavellata1 #ade4 ---- co/ata1 #ade4 ---- ddalea1 #ade4 ---- exc5trica1 #ade4 ---- rudis1 #ade4 ---- s9uata1 #ade4 ---- s(t p>ts silicifi$1 #aig4 ---- sp9osa1 #ade4 ,trigonoc>pum oliv=me1 #ca4 ,trilobites1 #aee4 ,trilocul9a trigonula1 #adc4 ,tubipore1 fossil1 #hg4 ,turban encr9ite1 #aag4 ,turb9olia complanata1 #ia4 ---- mitrata1 #ia4 ,turrilites co/atus1 #ada4 ---- tub]culatus1 #ada4 ,turtles1 fossil1 #aeg4 ,u4 ,"u-clay1 #aha4 ,ursus spelu1 tee? (1 #afe1 #afi4 ---- priscus1 #afi4 ,v4 ,vag9ella depressa1 #add4 ,v5triculites1 #ajc1 #aje1 #aji4 ---- alcyonoides1 #aje4 ---- racemosus1 #aji4 ,v]metus ampullacea1 #ace4 ---- ,bognori5sis1 #ace4 ---- concavus1 #ace4 ,victoria b>ri]1 #aia4 ,w4 ,waik\aiti1 #agd4 ---- fossils f1 x1 #agd4 ,wa+ongoro1 #agc4 ,w5lock lime/one corals1 #hi4 ,we!rellia1 #bi4 ,williamson1 ,mr41 on ,poly/omella1 #ahh4 ,wood1 fossil conif]\s1 #ai1 #bc4 ---- calc>e\s1 #ai1 #bi4 ---- cupre\s1 #bi4 ---- jasp]iz$1 #ba4 ---- pyrit\s1 #bi4 ---- silicifi$1 #ba4 ,x4 ,xan?idia1 #aia4 ,y4 ,y&ell1 ,dr41 fossil corals by1 #hi4 ,z4 ,zamia pect9ata1 #bc4 ,k4 ,,clay1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,m9or typos 7 correct$4 ,illu/rations 7 relocat$ s z to avoid splitt+ p>agraphs4 ,"s tables 7 rejo9$ & page splits mov$ above or bel[ !m4