,,turn]',s ,,sket*es ,,& ,,draw+s       
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pass ,,( ,,fa,,d1   
,,/4 ,,go?>d                            
,,wat] ,,col\r1 #ahdd4                  
,,turn]',s ,,sket*es                    
,,& ,,draw+s                            
,by                               ,a4   
,j4 ,,f9b]g                             
,,) #ajj ,,illu/rations                 
,,second ,,edition                      
,,me?u5  ,,co4 ,,ltd                    
#cf ,,essex ,,/reet ,w4,c4              
,,london                       ,fir/    
,publi%$   4    4    4   ,july #ba/     
#aiaj               ,second ,edition    
4    4    4   #aiaa                     
,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita94           
,,cont5ts                               
,,page    ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates1           
ix    ,,introductory1                   
#a    ,! nature ( our subject-matt]1    
#a    ,! raw mat]ial ( art1             
#b    ,! "* ( our subject-matt]1 z      
embryonic =ms ( arti/ic  expression1    
prescribes our me?od ( /udy1            

#b    ,our difficulties ( description & 
analysis1                          #c   
,! sep>ation ( ,art-criticism f         
,ae/hetic1                        #c    
,eight aspects ( ,turn]'s g5ius1        
#d      ,,*apt]    ,i4 ,,sev5 ,,ye>s'   
,,appr5tice%ip--#aghg-agic1             
#f    ,turn]'s fir/ draw+s1             
#f    #8,/4 ,v9c5t's ,t[]1'             
#f    ,copies & imitations1             
#h    ,8 debt to art1                   
#aj    ,"w ) ,mr4 ,h>dwick1             
#aj    ,ox=d sket*es1                   
#aa    #8,radley ,hall1'                
#ab    ,work+ f ! ,antique1             
#ad    ,! ,bri/ol sket*-book1           
#ad    ,end ( ! appr5tice%ip1           
#af      ,,ii4 ,,! ,,topographical      
,,draughtsman--#agic-agif1              
#ag    ,wel% t\r ( #agic1               
#ag    #8,/4 ,anselm's ,*apel1'         
#ah    ,turn]'s topographical rivals1   
#ah    ,midl& t\r ( #agid1              
#bj    ,limitations ( topographical &   
antiqu>ian art1                     #bb 

#8,int]ior ( a ,cottage1'               
#bc    ,light & ,%ade z a means (       
expression1                             
#bd    ,! sket*-books ( #agie & _!      
cont5ts1                          #be   
#8,high ,=ce ( ,tees' or #8,fall (      
,mel9c\rt'8                         #bg 
,,iii4 ,,! ,,sublime--#agig-ahjb1       
#bi    ,*ange f pure outl9e to light &  
%ade1                          #bi      
#8,ew5ny ,priory1'                      
#cj    ,contra/ betwe5 #8,ew5ny' 7#agig7
 & #8,ll&aff ,ca!dral' 7#agif71     #cj 
,transition f ,objectivity to           
,subjectivity1                          
#ca    ,gr[? ( ta/e = ! ,sublime1       
#ca    ,!re are no sublime objects1 b   
only objects ( sublime feel+1    #cb    
,!re=e no guidance b f ,art1            
#cb    ,! ,wilson tradition1            
#cc    ,! two curr5ts 9 ,turn]'s "w at  
?is p]iod--    7a7 ,/udy ( ,nature2  7b7
 ,/udy ( ! ,wilson tradition1           
#cc    ,9 ! #agig sket*es ^! two curr5ts
 are kept di/9ct1            #cd    ,!  

,nor? ( ,engl& t\r 7#agig7 & its record1
                      #cd    #8,/udies =
 ,pictures3 ,copies ( ,wilson1'         
#cf    ,! two curr5ts beg9 to coalesce1 
#cg    ,! orig9 ( #8,jason1'            
#ch    ,scot* t\r 7#ahja71              
#ch    ,swiss t\r 7#ahjb71              
#ci      ,,iv4 ,,! ,,sea                
,,pa9t]--#ahjb-ahji1                    
#da    ,contra/ betwe5 ,m>9e pa9t+ & !  
,sublime1                     #da       
,turn]'s fir/ sea-pieces1               
#db    ,! #8,bridgewat] ,sea-piece1'    
#db    #8,meet+ ( ! ,?ames & ,m$way1'   
#df    #8,our l&+ at ,calais--ne>ly     
swampt1'                                
#dh    #8,fi%]m5 ^u a ,lee ,%ore1'      
#dh    ,! ,dunb> & ,guisbor\gh ,%ore    
sket*-book1                         #dh 
#8,! ,%ipwreck1'                        
#di    ,! m\? ( ! ,?ames1               
#ea    #8,%e]ness' & ! #8,dea? (        
,nelson1'                               
#ec      ,v4 #8,,simple                 
,,nature'--#ahjh-ahac1                  

#ee    ,! works ( ?is p]iod an important
 yet g5]ally neglect$  aspect ( ,turn]'s
 art1                                   
#ee    ,turn]'s classification (        
#8,pa/oral' z di/+ui%$ f #8,elegant     
,pa/oral1'                              
#ef    ,! ,arcadian idyll ( !           
mid-eighte5? c5tury1                    
#eg    ,! fir/ #8,pa/oral' subjects 9   
#8,lib]1'                               
#eg    ,! #8,w9dmill & ,lock1'          
#eg    ,ev5ts connect$ ) ! developm5t ( 
,turn]'s deep] &  m solemn conception ( 
! poetry ( rural life1                  
#eh    ,an attempt to def9e ! mood (    
pictures l ! #8,fro/y  ,morn+1'         
#fd    ,! "w ( art is no?+ less ?an its 
full significance1           #fg        
,di/9ction betwe5 mood & "*1            
#fh      ,,vi4 ,,! #8,,lib] ,,/udiorum1'
                                        
#gb    ,object ( ?is *apt]1             
#gb    ,! fir/ #8,lib]' draw+s 7 made at
 ,w4 ,f4 ,wells's cottage  at           
,knockholt1 ,k5t1                       

#gc    #8,bridge & ,c[s1'               
#gc    ,developm5t ( ! s-call$ #8,fl9t  
,ca/le1'                          #ge   
#8,basle1'                              
#gh    #8,little ,devil's ,bridge1      
#hj    #8,london f ,gre5wi*1'           
#hj    #8,kirk/all ,crypt1'             
#ha    ,et*+s ( ! s-call$ #8,raglan     
,ca/le' & #8,s\rce ( !  ,arv]on1'       
#hb    ,sugge/ion = ! bett] exhibition (
 ! #8,lib] ,/udiorum'  draw+s1          
#hc      ,,vii4 ,,! ,,spl5d\r ,,(       
,,success1 ,,or #8,,:at ,,y             
,,w'--#ahac-ahcj1         #hd    ,survey
 ( ! gr\nd we h cov]$1                  
#hd    ,! tra9+ ( ,turn]'s sympa?ies by 
! ,poets1                     #he    ,! 
limits ( arti/ic beauty1                
#hf    ,! pr$om9antly s5su\s b5t (      
,turn]'s g5ius1                   #hf   
,! p>t+ ( ! ways1                       
#hg    ,! influ5ce ( ! ,academy &       
society1                             #hh
    ,turn]'s fir/ visit to ,italy1      
#hi    ,! ,naturali/ic fallacy1         

#ie    ,turn]'s "w = ! engrav]1         
#ig      ,,viii4 ,,m5tal ,,& ,,physical 
,,decay1 ,,& ,,! ,,orig9 ,,(            
,,impressionism--#ahcj-ahde1            
#aaf    ,m5tal ,*>act]i/ics ( !         
#ahae-ahcj p]iod1                       
#aaf    ,_! influ5ce on =m & col\r1     
#aag    ,col\r enri*m5t a g5]al         
*>act]i/ic ( ,romantic art1             
#aah    ,:at fur!r developm5t is requir$
 to give ! transition to                
,impressionism8                         
#aah    ,turn]'s fir/ ,impressioni/ic   
"w1                                 #aai
    ,vagu5ess z a means ( expression1   
#aai    ,two ways ( pa9t+ "o's          
impressions4 ,turn]'s e>li] way         
contra/$ ) ! mod]n ,impressioni/ic way1 
#aai    ,! *ange aft] #ahcj is x a *ange
 9 t]ms ( sight or (  ?\ght--visual or  
m5tal8                                  
#abj    ,! cont5t ( ,turn]'s lat] "w1   
#abj    ,relation ( ,turn]'s lat] "w to 
,impressionism def9$1            #aba   
,! hi/orical developm5t ( ,turn]'s lat] 

mann]1                 #abf    ,!       
,petwor? sket*es1                       
#abf    ,discov]y ( ! arti/ic value ( ! 
,indet]m9ate1                #abh       
#8,riv]s ( ,france1'                    
#abi    ,v5etian sket*es1               
#aca    ,swiss & ,rh9e sket*es1         
#acd    ,! end1                         
#ace      ,,ix4 ,,conclusion1           
#acf    ,! di/9ction betwe5             
,art-criticism & ,ae/hetic1             
#acf    ,! aim ( ?is *apt]1             
#acg    ,art & physical fact1           
#acg    ,! #8common-s5se' conception (  
l&scape art z evid5ce ( fact1  #acg     
,mr4 ,rusk9's treatm5t ( ! relation (   
,art & ,nature1            #ach    ,8   
confusion ( ,nature & ,m9d1             
#adj    ,art z a =m ( communication     
implies t ! dualism ( ,nature  & ,m9d is
 ov]come1                               
#adc    ,:at does ,art repres5t8        
#add    ,an individualis$ psy*ical      
cont5t pres5t to ! m9d ( !   arti/1     
#ade    ,classification ( ,turn]'s      

sket*es & /udies f ! po9t (  view ( _!  
logical cont5t1                         
#adf    ,! ass]tions 9 a "w ( art d n   
directly qualify !  ord9>y real _w1 b an
 imag9>y _w specially con/ruct$  = !    
arti/'s purpose1                        
#aej    ,! ideal ( complete def9ition1  
#aea    ,yet ! cont5t mu/ det]m9e ! =m1 
#aea    ,plea = a dynamic /udy (        
,arti/ic =m1                            
#aec    ,,index1                        
#aee          ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates    ,all
 ! ,draw+s are 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1   
unless o!rwise  specifi$4    7,! numb]s1
 etc41 9 brackets ref] to ! position ( !
 ,draw+s 9  ! ,(ficial ,inv5tory47      
,! ,pass ( ,fad1 ,/4                    
,go?>d144444,frontispiece    ,wat]      
,col\r4 #ahdd4 7,,ccclxiv4 #bji47       
,,plate44444,,pages    ,i4 ,/4 ,v9c5t's 
,t[]1 ,naples144444,betwe5 #f-g         
,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #aghg4 7,i4,e47     
,,ii4 ,c5tral ,portion ( an ,aquat9t by 
,paul ,s&by1 aft]  ,fabris1 entitl$     
#8,"p ( ,naples1 ) ! ,ru9'd ,t[] (  ,/4 

,v9c5t4' ,publi%$ #a/ ,jan4             
#aggh144444;,betwe5 #f-g    ,,iii4      
,radley ,hall3 ,s\? ,front1 44444,fac+  
#aa    ,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #aghi4       
7,,iii4 ,d74    ,,iv4 ,view on ! ,avon1 
f ,cook's ,folly144444,fac+ #ad         
,wat]-,col\r & ,ink4 ,ab\t #agia4 7,,vi4
 #bd74    ,v4 ,l9coln                   
,ca!dral144444,betwe5 #bj-ba    ,wat]   
,col\r1 exhibit$ at ,royal ,academy1    
#agie4  ,9 ,pr9t ,room1 ,briti% ,museum4
    ,,vi4 ,l9coln ,ca!dral1 f !         
,s\?-we/144444,betwe5 #bj-ba    ,p5cil4 
#agid4 7,,xxi4 #j74    ,,vii4 ,pony &   
,:eelb>r[144444,fac+ #bc    ,p5cil4     
#agid4 7,,xxi4 #bg;a74    ,,viii4       
,mel9c\rt ,fall1 ,vale (                
,nea?144444,fac+ #bf    ,p5cil1 "p 9    
,wat]-,col\r4 #agie4 7,,xxvi4 #h74      
,,ix4 ,int]ior ( ,ripon ,ca!dral3 ,nor? 
,transept144444,fac+ #bh    ,p5cil4     
#agig4 7,,xxxv4 #f74    ,x4 ,conway     
,falls1 ne> ,bettws-y-,co$144444,fac+   
#cj    ,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #agih4       
7,,xxxviii4 #ga47    ,,xi4 ,conway      

,ca/le144444,fac+ #cb    ,p5cil4 ,ab\t  
#agih4 7,,xxxviii4 #ej;a74    ,,xii4    
,ru9$ ,ca/le on ,hill144444,fac+ #cd    
,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #agih4 7,l4 ,k474   
,,xiii4 ,/udy ( ,fall5 ,trees144444,fac+
 #cf    ,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #agih4      
7,,xlii4 #ah-ai47    ,,xiv4 ,ca]n>von   
,ca/le144444,fac+ #cg    ,p5cil4 #agii4 
7,,xlvi4 #ea47    ,,xv4 ,cassiobury3    
,nor?-we/ ,view144444,fac+ #ch          
,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahjj4 7,,xlvii4 #da47    
,,xvi4 ,blair's ,hut on ! ,montanv]t &  
,m] de ,glace4    ,sket* = !            
,wat]-,col\r 9 ! ,f>nley                
,collection144444,fac+ #ci              
,wat]-,col\r4 #ahjb4 7,,lxxv4 #bb47     
,,xvii4 ,/udy = ! #8,bridgewat]         
,sea-piece1'44444,fac+ #db    ,p5 & ink1
 wa%1 & :ite *alk on blue pap]4 ,ab\t   
#ahja4  7,,lxxxi4 #abb-abc47    ,,xviii4
 ,/udy ( a ,b>ge ) ,sails               
,set144444,fac+ #dc    ,p5 & ink1 wa%1 &
 :ite *alk on blue pap]4 ,ab\t #ahjb4   
7,,lxxxi4 #ach-aci47    ,,xix4 ,fi%]m5  
laun*+ ,boat 9 a r\gh ,sea144444,fac+   

#dd    ,p5 & ink & wa%4 ,ab\t #ahjb4    
7,,lxviii4 #c47    ,,xx4 ,/udy = #8,sun 
ris+ ?r\gh ,vap\r1'44444,fac+ #de       
,black & :ite *alk on blue pap]4 ,ab\t  
#ahjd4 7,,lxxxi4 #dj47    ,,xxi4 ,/udy =
 #8,! ,%ipwreck1'44444,fac+ #dg    ,p5 &
 ink & wa%4 ,ab\t #ahje4 7,,lxxxvii4    
#af47    ,,xxii4 ,m5-(-,w>'s ,boats     
fet*+ ,provisions 7#a7144444;,fac+ #di  
,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahjh4 7,,xcix4 #ah47     
,,xxiii4 ,m5-(-,w>'s ,boats fet*+       
,provisions 7#b7144444;,fac+ #ej        
,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahjh4 7,,xcix4 #bb47     
,,xxiv4 #8,! ,inscrutable1'44444,fac+   
#eb    ,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahjh4 7,,ci4 #ah47
    ,,xxv4 ,sket* = #8,h$g+ &           
,dit*+1'44444,betwe5 #ef-eg    ,p5cil4  
,ab\t #ahjg4 7,c4 #dg47    ,,xxvi4      
#8,h$g+ & ,dit*+1'44444,betwe5 #ef-eg   
,wa% draw+ 9 ,sepia = #8,lib]           
,/udiorum4' ,ab\t  #ahjh4 7,,cxvii4 ,w47
    ,,xxvii4 7a7 ,mill on ! ,gr&        
,junction ,canal1 ne> ,hanwell1 ,fac+   
#fa    ,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahji4 7,,cxiv4    
#gb;a-#gc7444444;,fac+ #fa  44444,fac+  

#fa  7b7 #8,w9dmill & ,lock1'44444,fac+ 
#fa    ,engrav+ publi%$ 9 #8,lib]       
,/udiorum1' #a/ ,june1 #ahaa444444;,fac+
 #fa  7,r4 #bg7444444;,fac+ #fa         
,,xxviii4 ,:alley ,bridge &             
,village144444,fac+ #fb  ,p5cil4 ,ab\t  
#ahjh4 7,,ciii4 #h74    ,,xxix4 ,:alley 
,bridge4 ,sket* = ! ,picture exhibit$ at
  ! ,royal ,academy4 #ahaa4 7,n[ 9 ,lady
 ,wantage's  ,collection7144444,fac+ #fc
    ,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahjh4 7,,ciii4 #f47  
,,xxx4 ,london1 f ,gre5wi*              
,p>k144444,fac+ #fd  ,p5cil4 ,ab\t      
#ahji4 7,,cxx4 ,h47    ,,xxxi4 ,petwor? 
,h\se1 f ! ,lake144444,fac+ #fe         
,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahji4 7,,cix4 #d47       
,,xxxii4 ,petwor? ,h\se1 f !            
,p>k144444,fac+ #ff    ,p5cil4 ,ab\t    
#ahji4 7,,cix4 #e47    ,,xxxiii4        
,cock]m\? ,ca/le144444,fac+ #fg         
,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahji4 7,,cix4 #ae47      
,,xxxiv4 ,l&scape ne> ,plym\?144444,fac+
 #fh    ,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahab4 7,,cxxxi4  
#if47    ,,xxxv4 7a7 ,s&ycombe ,lodge & 
,gr\nds144444,fac+ #fi    ,p5 & ,ink4   

,ab\t #ahaa4 7,,cxiv4                   
#gc;a-#gd4744444;,fac+ #fi    7b7 ,plan 
( ,g>d53 ,s&ycombe ,lodge144444,fac+ #fi
    ,p5 & ,ink4 ,ab\t #ahab4 7,,cxxvii4 
#ba;a4744444,fac+ #fi    ,,xxxvi4 ,sc5e 
on ! ,fr5* ,coa/144444,betwe5 #gd-ge    
,sepia4 ,ab\t #ahjf4 7,,cxvi4 ,c47      
,,xxxvii4 ,sc5e on ! ,fr5* ,coa/4       
,g5]ally kn[n z #8,fl9t  ,ca/le3        
,smuggl]s1'44444,betwe5 #gd-ge    ,pr9t 
( et*+1 wa%$ ) ,sepia4 ,ab\t #ahjg4     
7,,cxvi4 ,d47    ,,xxxviii4 ,juv5ile    
,tricks144444,fac+ #gh    ,sepia4 ,ab\t 
#ahjh4 7,,cxvi4 ,z47    ,,xxxix4 ,b]ry  
,pom]oy ,ca/le4 ,g5]ally kn[n z         
#8,raglan  ,ca/le1'44444,fac+ #gi       
,sepia4 ,ab\t #ahac4 7,,cxviii4 ,e47    
,,xl4 ,! ,alcove1 ,islewor?4 ,g5]ally   
kn[n z #8,twick5ham--,pope's  ,villa1'  
etc4144444,fac+ #h,o    ,sepia4 ,ab\t   
#ahaf4 7,,cxviii4 ,i47    ,,xli4        
,%eep-,wa%+1 ,w9dsor144444,fac+ #ha     
,sepia4 ,ab\t #ahah4 7,,cxviii4 ,q47    
,,xlii4 ,view ( a ,riv]1 f a ,t]race4   
,sometimes call$  #8,macon1'44444,fac+  

#hb    ,sepia4 ,ab\t #ahah4 7,,cxviii4  
,y47    ,,xliii4 ,cr[hur/1              
,sussex144444,fac+ #hc    ,sepia4       
,ab\t #ahah4    7,,cxviii4 ,r47         
,,xliv4 ,kirkby ,lonsdale               
,bridge144444,fac+ #hd    ,p5cil4       
,ab\t #ahaf4    7,,cxlviii4 #d;c-#e47   
,,xlv4 ,raby ,ca/le144444,fac+ #he      
,p5cil4    ,ab\t #ahag4    7,,clvi4     
#af;a-#ag47    ,,xlvi4 ,raby            
,ca/le144444,fac+ #hf    ,p5cil4        
,ab\t #ahag4    7,,clvi4 #ai;a-#bj47    
,,xlvii4 ,raby ,ca/le144444,fac+ #hg    
,p5cil4    ,ab\t #ahag4    7,,clvi4     
#ah;a-#ai47    ,,xlviii4 ,look+ up !    
,gr& ,canal1 ,v5ice1 f ne> !  ,accademia
 di ,belle ,arti144444,fac+ #ij         
,p5cil4    #ahai4    7,,clxxv4          
#gj;a-#ga47    ,,xlix4 ,/4 ,m>k's1      
,v5ice1 ) "p ( ! ,ducal                 
,palace144444,fac+ #ia    ,p5cil4       
#ahai4    7,,clxxv4 #de47    ,l4 ,!     
,piazzetta1 ,v5ice1 look+ t[>ds ,isola  
di ,s4 ,giorgio  ,maggiore144444,fac+   
#ib    ,p5cil4    #ahai4    7,,clxxv4   

#df;a47    ,,li4 ,rome1 f ,monte        
,m>io144444,fac+ #ic    ,p5cil &        
,wat]-,col\r4    #ahai4    7,,clxxxix4  
#cc47    ,,lii4 ,rome1 f !              
,vatican144444,fac+ #id    ,p5 & ink &  
,*9ese :ite on grey4   #ahai4           
7,,clxxxix4 #da47    ,,liii4 ,trajan's  
,column1 9 ! ,=um ( ,trajan144444,fac+  
#ie    ,p5cil4    #ahai4                
7,,clxxxviii4 #dh47    ,,liv4 ,/udy (   
,plants1 ,we$s1 etc4144444,fac+ #if     
,p5cil4    ,ab\t #ahbc4    7,,ccv4      
#a;a47    ,,lv4 7a7 ,wat*et1            
,som]set%ire1          ,p5cil4    ,ab\t 
#ahaa4    7,,cxxiii4 #agj;a47       7b7 
,wat*et1 ,som]set%ire1                  
44444,fac+ #ajj    ,engrav+ publi%$ 9   
#8,! ,s\!rn ,coa/'1   #a/ ,april1       
#ahbj4        ,,lvi4 7a7 ,bosca/le1     
,cornwall1                 ,p5cil4      
,ab\t #ahaa4    7,,cxxiii4 #ahb47       
7b7 ,bosca/le1 ,cornwall1               
,fac+ #aja    ,engrav+ publi%$ 9 #8,!   
,s\!rn ,coa/1' #aj? ,m>*1   #ahbe4      
,,lvii4 ,hornby ,ca/le1 f ,ta?am        

,*ur*144444,betwe5 #ajb-ajc    ,p5cil4  
,ab\t #ahaf4    7,,cxlvii4 #da;a-#db47  
,,lviii4 ,hornby ,ca/le1 f ,ta?am       
,*ur*144444,betwe5 #ajb-ajc    ,engrav+1
 f ! ,wat]-,col\r 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t
  ,museum1 publi%$ 9 ,:itak]'s          
#8,ri*mond%ire1' ,june1 #ahbb4    ,,lix4
 7a7 ,hey%am1 ) ,black ,combe1 ,coni/on 
,old ,man1      ,helvellyn1 etc41 9 !   
di/ance1                                
,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahaf4 7,,cxlvii4         
#dj;a-#da74                             
,fac+ #ajd  7b7 ,hey%am & ,cumb]l&      
,m\nta9s1                               
,engrav+ publi%$ 9 ,:itak]'s            
#8,ri*mond%ire1' #bbnd      ,augu/1     
#ahbb4                                  
,,lx4 7a7 ,ed9burgh1 f ,calton ,hill1   
,p5cil4 #ahah4 7,,clxvii4 #ci;a47       
7b7 ,ed9burgh1 f ! ,calton ,hill1       
,engrav+ publi%$ 9 ,scott's #8,prov9cial
 ,antiquities       ( ,scotl&1' #a/     
,novemb]1 #ahbj4                        
,betwe5                                 
#ajf-ajg  7c7 ,ed9burgh1 f ,calton      

,hill1                                  
,p5cil4 #ahah4 7,,clxvii4 #dj47         
7d7 ,figures on ,calton ,hill1          
,p5cil4 #ahah4 7,,clxvii4 #dj;a47       
,,lxi4 7a7 ,bor?wick ,ca/le1            
,p5cil4 #ahah4 7,,clxvii4 #gf47         
7b7 ,bor?wick ,ca/le1                   
,fac+ #ajg                              
,engrav+ publi%$ 9 ,scott's #8,prov9cial
 ,antiquities (    ,scotl&1' #bnd       
,april1 #ahai4                          
,,lxii4 7a7 ,ro*e/]1                    
,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahba4 7,,cxcix4 #ah47    
,betwe5  7b7 ,ro*e/]1                   
#ajh-aji                                
,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahba4 7,,cxcix4 #ba47    
,,lxiii4 ,ro*e/] on ! ,riv]             
,m$way144444,betwe5 #ajh-aji            
,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #ahbb4 7,,ccviii4   
,w47    ,,lxiv4 ,bolton                 
,abbey144444,betwe5 #aaj-aaa    ,p5cil4 
,ab\t #ahae4 7,,cxxxiv4 #ha-hb47        
,,lxv4 ,bolton ,abbey144444,betwe5      
#aaj-aaa    ,engrav+ publi%$ 9          
#8,picturesque ,views 9 ,engl& &        

,wales1' #ahbg4    ,,lxvi4 7a7 ,col*e/]1
                                        
,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahbd4 7,,ccix4 #f;a47    
,betwe5  7b7 ,col*e/]1                  
#aaj-aaa                                
,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahbd4 7,,ccix4 #g;a47    
,,lxvii4 ,col*e/]1 ,essex144444,betwe5  
#aaj-aaa    ,engrav+1 publi%$ 9         
#8,picturesque ,views 9 ,engl& &        
,wales1' #ahbg4    ,,lxviii4 ,/am=d1    
,l9coln%ire144444,betwe5 #aab-aac       
,p5cil4 #agig4 7,,xxxiv4 #hf47          
,,lxix4 ,/am=d1 ,l9coln%ire144444,betwe5
 #aab-aac    ,engrav+ publi%$ 9         
#8,picturesque ,views 9 ,engl& &        
,wales1' #ahcj4    ,,lxx4 7a7 ,tynem\?  
,priory1                                
,p5cil1 ) "p 9 ,wat]-,col\r1 #agig4     
7,,xxxiv4 #ce47                         
7b7 ,tynem\?1 ,nor?umb]l&1              
,fac+ #aac                              
,engrav+1 publi%$ 9 #8,picturesque      
,views 9 ,engl&        & ,wales1' #ahca4
                                        
,,lxxi4 ,bem]side ,t[]144444,betwe5     

#aah-aai    ,p5cil4 ,ab\t #ahca4        
7,,cclxvii4 #hb;a47    ,,lxxii4         
,bem]side ,t[]144444,betwe5 #aaa-aah    
,engrav+ publi%$ 9 ,scott's #8,poetical 
,works' 7,cadell71  #ahcd4    ,,lxxiii4 
,m5 *att+ r\nd ,fireplace3 ,petwor?     
,h\se144444,fac+ #abb    ,wat]-,col\r4  
,ab\t #ahcj4 7,,ccxliv4 #hb47           
,,lxxiv4 ,teas+ ! ,donkey3              
,petwor?144444,fac+ #abc                
,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #ahcj4 7,,ccxliv4   
#ig47    ,,lxxv4 ,honfleur144444,fac+   
#abf    ,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #ahcj4      
7,,cclix4 #ae47    ,,lxxvi4 ,c\ntry ,t[n
 on ,/ream144444,fac+ #abg              
,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #ahcj4 7,,cclix4    
#af47    ,,lxxvii4 ,%eep 9 !            
,tr5*144444,fac+ #abh    ,wat]-,col\r4  
,ab\t #ahcj4 7,,cclix4 #ag47            
,,lxxviii4 ,%ipp+ on ! ,riva degli      
,s*iavone144444,fac+ #abi               
,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #ahci4 7,,cccxvi4   
#bj47    ,,lxxix4 ,! ,approa* to ,v5ice3
 ,sunset144444,fac+ #acb                
,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #ahci4 7,,cccxvi4   

#af47    ,,lxxx4 ,riva degli ,s*iavone1 
f ne> ! ,public ,g>d5s144444,fac+ #acc  
,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #ahci4 7,,cccxvi4   
#ba47    ,,lxxxi4 ,freiburg3 ,! ,desc5t 
f ! ,htel de ,ville144444,fac+ #acd     
,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #ahda4 7,,cccxxxv4  
#ad47    ,,lxxxii4 ,ru9$ ,ca/le on      
,rock144444,fac+ #ace    ,wat]-,col\r4  
,ab\t #ahda4 7,,cccxxxix4 #e47          
,,lxxxiii4 ,village & ,ca/le on !       
,rh9e144444,fac+ #adj    ,wat]-,col\r4  
,ab\t #ahdd4 7,,cccxlix4 #bb47          
,,lxxxiv4 ,! ,via ,mala144444,fac+ #ada 
,wat]-,col\r4 ,ab\t #ahdd4 7,,ccclxiv4  
#cfb47    ,,lxxxv4 ,on !                
,rh9e144444,fac+ #adh    ,wat]-,col\r4  
#ahdd4 7,,cccxlix4 #bj47    ,,lxxxvi4   
,bad51 look+ ,nor?144444,fac+ #adi      
,wat]-,col\r4 #ahdd4 7,,cccxlix4 #ad47  
,,lxxxvii4 ,luc]ne3 ,ev5+144444,fac+    
#aeb    ,wat]-,col\r4 #ahdd4 7,,cccxliv4
 #cbd47          ,,turn]',s ,,sket*es   
,,& ,,draw+s          ,,introductory    
,! nature ( our subject-matt]--,!       
diff]5ce betwe5 sket*es       & f9i%$   

works--,! "* ( our subject-matt]1 z     
embryonic =ms ( arti/ic expression1     
prescribes ! me?od (       /udy we mu/  
adopt--,our me?od is broadly            
*ronological--,b to       foll[ ,turn]'s
 "w ye> by ye> 9 detail w\ld c>ry u     
beyond       ! limits ( our pres5t      
und]tak+--,i h1 !re=e1 brok5 up         
,turn]'s c>e] into eight /ages or phases
 ( developm5t4      ,! object ( ! foll[+
 pages is to re-/udy ! "* (  ,turn]'s   
art 9 ! light ( 8 sket*-books & draw+s f
 nature4    ,dur+ ,turn]'s lifetime 8   
root$ objection to "p ) any ( 8         
sket*es1 /udies1 or notes (t5 =m$ !     
subject ( ill-natur$  comm5t4 ,yet we   
owe x to ?is peculi>ity t ! draw+s &    
sket*es includ$ 9 ! ,turn] ,beque/ at ! 
,national ,gall]y comprise  practically 
! :ole ( ! great l&scape pa9t]'s "w done
 direct  f nature4 ,! collection is1    
!re=e1 ( v great psy*ological  int]e/4  
,x %[s cle>ly ^u :at basis ( imm$iately 
pres5tative  elem5ts ! airy spl5d\r (   
,turn]'s ri*ly imag9ative art 0  built3 

& among/ ! tw5ty odd ?\s& %eets ( draw+s
 9 all  /ages ( elaboration1 ! embryonic
 =ms ( mo/ ( ! pa9t]'s  ma/]pieces c be 
easily trac$4    ,a c>eful exam9ation ( 
! draw+s %[s t ,turn]'s objection to  "p
 ) 8 sket*es & notes 0 n ! outcome ( a  
bl9d &  deeply +ra9$ passion =          
accumulation1 b t x 0 !  necess>y result
 ( ! pa9t]'s cle>ly def9$ conception ( !
  radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! raw mat]ial 
( ! pa9t]'s art1 &  its fully articulat$
 products--! diff]5ce betwe5 m]e sket*es
 &  /udies & fugitive memor&a1 & ! fully
 elaborat$ works ( art to  :i* su*      
prelim9>ies are subs]vi5t1 b ) :i* !y   
%\ld  nev] be confus$4 ,f ,turn]'s po9t 
( view ! prop]ly f9i%$  pictures 7 all t
 ! public _h a "r to see or possess2 !  
notes & /udies 7 meant only = 8 own eye4
 ,ev5 9 8 lat]  ye>s1 :5 he cons5t$ to  
exhibit :at he expressly call$ a        
#8record'  ( a sc5e he _h witness$1 he  
grumbl$ :5 x 0 admir$ & treat$  z a     
picture1 al?\gh 9 ?is case ! #8record' 0
 n a hurri$  memor&um1 b a fully        

elaborat$ attempt #8to %[ :at su* a sc5e
  0 l4'#a    ,! me?od ( our /udy mu/ be 
det]m9$ by ! g5]al "* (  our            
subject-matt]4 ,our ma9 bus9ess is )    
fragm5t>y records1  hurri$ memor&a1     
half-=m$ ?\ghts1 & t5tative designs4 ,we
 mu/  n & _c treat ^! dep5d5t &         
embryonic fragm5ts z  indep5d5t         
entities2 we _c pick & *oose among/ !m1 
or love or  dislike !m entirely = _! own
 sakes1 z we c ) complete works  ( art  
:i* conta9 )9 !mselves ! gr\nds ( _! own
  ju/ification or insuffici5cy4 ,to     
grasp ! significance ( our  sket*es &   
/udies we mu/ /udy ! goal t[>ds :i* !y  
are  /riv+4 ,we mu/ n be cont5t to      
admire ev5 ! mo/ beautiful (  ^! sket*es
 entirely = its own sake1 b mu/ /udy !m 
= !  sake ( _! connection ) ! works :i* 
!y 7 in/rum5tal 9  produc+4    ,^!      
consid]ations h also weigh$ ) me 9 !    
selection ( !  num]\s illu/rations ) :i*
 ! publi%]s h g5]\sly  enri*$ ?is       
volume4 ,on ! :ole ,i h *os5 !          
illu/rations  r = ! light !y ?r[ on     

,turn]'s conception ( art &  me?ods ( "w
 ?an = _! own individual attractiv5ess2 
b !  glam\r ( execution is s inv>iably  
pres5t 9 all t came f  ,turn]'s h&1 t   
few ( ^! draw+s w be f\nd :i* d n       
possess a v p[]ful ae/hetic appeal ( _! 
own4    ,9 deal+ ) ,turn]'s "w f ! po9t 
( view ,i h indicat$1  we are =c$ to t\*
 ^u problems :i* ! prud5t art critic is 
apt  to avoid4 ,9 /udy+ ! relation      
betwe5 ! prelim9>y sket*es &  /udies & !
 f9i%$ works into :i* !y 7 develop$1 we 
f9d  ourselves plung$ into ! mid/ ( "s (
 ! mo/ baffl+  difficulties ( psy*ology 
& ae/hetic4 ,9 attempt+ ev5 to describe 
! relation betwe5 ! m rudim5t>y & ! m   
fully articulat$  processes ( arti/ic   
expression1 we are =c$1 :e!r we l x or  
n1 to face ! problems ( ! relation      
betwe5 =m & cont5t1  betwe5 treatm5t &  
subject1 betwe5 portrayal & portray$2 & 
we  _c g f> )\t f9d+ ourselves oblig$ to
 reconsid] !  common-s5se ideas ( ,tru?1
 ,nature1 & ,art4 ,we _c avoid su*      
problems if we w\ld4 ,if ,i face !m1    

!re=e1 in/ead ( emulat+  ! discretion ( 
my eld]s1 x is1 ,i am sure1 f no +ra9$  
love (  ab/ractions1 b r f an ov]p[]+   
int]e/ 9 all !  concrete =ms ( pictorial
 art4    ,! sep>ation ( ae/hetic f      
art-criticism :i* is s mu* fav\r$  at   
pres5t1 ?\gh x eases ! lab\r ( ?\ght bo?
 to ! art-critic  & to 8 read]s1 seems  
to me o!rwise inexcusable & fraught )   
s]i\s arti/ic & intellectual dang]s4    
,art-criticism cut adrift f  g5]al      
pr9ciples _c help deg5]at+ into a       
blatant =m (  self-ass]tion or an       
immoral =m ( practical casui/ry--a f9d+ 
(  good reasons = any?+ y h a m9d to2 & 
ae/hetic1 divorc$  f all liv+ contact ) 
! concrete ph5om5a ( art1 is "o (  !    
dulle/ z well z ! mo/ useless ( /udies4 
,b ?is is n !  place to set =? 9 detail 
or def5d my conception ( ! function &   
me?ods ( art-criticism4 ,i w m]ely say t
 ,i reg>d x z a =m  ( rational          
inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( pictorial    
art2 x has no  imm$iate practical aim2 &
 x does n propose to prolong or int5sify

  ! enjoym5t :i* works ( art provide4   
,we f9d !n t we _c /udy ,turn]'s sket*es
 9 isolation f  8 f9i%$ works4 ,b to    
foll[ 8 complet$ "w ye> by ye> 9  detail
 w\ld obvi\sly c>ry u beyond ! limits ( 
our pres5t  und]tak+4 ,i h1 !re=e1 brok5
 up ,turn]'s c>e] into eight  facets or 
aspects4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ,i deal ) 8    
sev5 ye>s'  appr5tice%ip1 f #aghg to    
#agic1 us+ 8 sket*es to ?r[ light on  8 
y\?ful aims & me?ods4 ,! second *apt]1  
cov]+ ! ye>s  #agic to #agig1 deals ) ! 
"w ( ! topographical draughtsman4 ,i  !n
 /udy ! gloomy & romantic side (        
,turn]'s art1 :5 he 0  ma9ly "u !       
influ5ce ( ,ri*>d ,wilson & ( ! *ur*y>d 
&  *>nel-h\se s5tim5t ( ,edw>d ,"y &    
,joseph ,w>ton4 ,! f\r?  *apt] is devot$
 to ,turn]'s e>ly sea-pieces1 & ! next  
to 8  "w z a pa9t] ( :at 8 contempor>ies
 call$ #8,simple ,nature4'  ,?is phase (
 ,turn]'s art is difficult to describe 9
 a few words4 ,"o  way w\ld be to call x
 a phase ( ,wordswor?ian naturalism1 b x
 mu/  be rememb]$ t x 0 n an e*o or a   

by-product ( ,wordswor?'s  poetry1 b an 
indep5d5t & simultane\s embodim5t 9     
ano!r =m  ( art ( s5tim5ts common bo? to
 ,wordswor? & to ,turn]4 ,pictures  l   
,turn]'s #8,fro/y ,morn+' & #8,w9dsor' 7
 z new1 z  unprec$5t$1 z ,wordswor?'s   
mo/ *>act]i/ic poems4 ,?is side (       
,turn]'s art %[s him z ! f\nd] ( a      
g5u9ely national s*ool (  homely        
realism1 z ! head ( ! ,norwi* s*ool & ! 
ma/] (  ,david ,cox1 ,de ,w9t1          
,callcott1 & ! re/4    ,! six? *apt]    
deals ) ! designs engrav$ 9 ! ,lib]     
,/udiorum1 & ! sket*es on :i* !y 7 bas$4
 ,! sev5? is  devot$ ma9ly to ! "w      
engrav$ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,coa/1  ,ri*mond%ire1
 ,scott's ,antiquities1 ! ,riv]s &      
,ports1 &  ! ,engl& & ,wales s]ies1 ! "w
 by :i* ! arti/ is p]haps  be/ kn[n4 ,my
 eigh? *apt] treats ( ! p]iod :5 signs (
 m5tal  decay began to be app>5t4 ,^!   
ye>s saw ! production ( :at h  be5 call$
 ! fir/ ,impressioni/ic pictures4 ,!n1  
by way ( br++  to a head "s ( !         
obs]vations on ! nature ( arti/ic       

expression  :i* our inve/igations h =c$ 
^u our notice1 ,i h add$ a  f9al *apt]  
deal+ ma9ly ) ! relation betwe5 ,art &  
,nature4  ,! subject-matt] ( ?is *apt]  
is n s attractive z t ( !  o!rs1 b ,i d 
n ?9k x "r to omit x4    ,?is selection 
( ! facets ( ,turn]'s dazzl+ & complex  
g5ius is  necess>ily arbitr>y &         
incomplete4 ,! aspects ,i h *os5 to  ?r[
 into relief c make no pret5ce to be    
exhau/ive4 ,!y mu/ be  tak5 z a poor b  
necess>y device = ! introduction ( a k9d
 (  sup]ficial ord] into our pres5t     
task--z a concession to ! weakness  &   
limitations ( ! p[]s ( ! /ud5t1 r ?an z 
a  successful summ>y ( ! multif>i\s =ms 
into :i* "o ( ! mo/  prolific & _m-sid$ 
creative activities ( mod]n art has p\r$
  itself4 ,& ! ?reads ( ?is liv+        
activity :i* ,i h s\ght to  isolate1    
nev] exi/$ 9 isolation4 ,turn] 0 n at "o
 p]iod ( 8  life a romantic & at ano!r a
 pseudo-classic or ,academic pa9t]1 a   
sea-pa9t] at "o "t1 & a pa9t] ( #8simple
 ,nature' at ano!r4  ,turn] 0 always a  

sea-pa9t] & a topograph]1 a romantic1 a 
pseudo-classic1 & an impressioni/1 z    
well z a ma/] ( homely  realism4 ,:ile  
he 0 pa9t+ #8,hannibal ,cross+ ! ,alps' 
he _h !  #8,view ( ,high ,/reet1 ,ox=d' 
on 8 easel2 ! #8,ab+don' & !  #8,apollo'
 7 pa9t$ at ! same "t z 7 ! #8,fro/y    
,morn+' &  ! #8,dido & ,a5eas4' ,he c\ld
 pa9t a huge dull empty canvas l        
#8,?omson's ,lyre' :5 8 muse 0 putt+ =? 
its lu/ie/ & mo/  vigor\s %oots2 he c\ld
 give u #8,! ,fight+ ,tmraire' :5 8     
p[]s seem$ /ifl$ amid ! fumes ( e>ly    
,victorian s5tim5tality4  ,8 g5ius is   
hot & cold l ,love itself1 a f9e &      
subtle _s  t eludes ! sn>es ( our plodd+
 faculties4 ,b unless we desire  m]ely  
to b$azzle & intoxicate our s5ses1 we _c
 af=d to  disp5se ) ! poor crut*es ^u   
:i* our p$e/rian intellect mu/  /umble4 
,,*apt] ,i    ,,sev5 ,,ye>s'            
,,appr5tice%ip--#aghg-agic              
,turn]'s fir/ draw+s--#8,/4 ,v9c5t's    
,t[]'--,turn]'s copies &                
imitations--,8 debt to ,art--,"w ) ,mr4 

,h>dwick--,ox=d       sket*es--#8,radley
 ,hall'--,draw+s f ! ,antique--,!       
,bri/ol       sket*-book--,end ( !      
appr5tice%ip4      ,! leg5d runs t      
,turn]'s fir/ draw+s 7 exhibit$ 9 8     
fa!r's %op-w9d[1 ticket$ = sale at      
prices rang+ f "o to  ?ree %ill+s4      
,!re is no?+ improbable 9 ?is /ory1 ?\gh
 ! draw+s ref]r$  to by ,?ornbury1#b z  
hav+ be5 b\ght by a ,mr4 ,cr[le "u ^!   
conditions1 d n happ5 to h be5 made by  
,turn]4 ,i h n1  inde$1 be5 able to     
discov] any draw+ :i* c confid5tly be   
said  to h be5 pur*as$ f ! b>b]'s %op 9 
,maid5 ,lane1 b !re  are "s 9 !         
,national ,gall]y :i* %[ u exactly :at  
k9d ( "w  ,turn] 0 capable ( produc+ at 
! "t :5 he might h resort$  to ?is r\gh 
& ready me?od ( attract+ patronage4     
,a typical draw+ ( ?is k9d is !         
brightly-col\r$ view ( ,/4  ,v9c5t's    
,t[]1 ,naples1 reproduc$ on ,plate ,i4 (
 ! pres5t volume4  ,x is oval 9 %ape1   
measur+ ab\t #h  #aj in*es1 & has       
evid5tly  be5 cut out )\t me*anical     

assi/ance1 z ! curves ( ! oval  are     
some:at erratic4 ,z ! y\?ful arti/ _h n 
visit$ ,italy at  ?is p]iod1 ,i ?\ght x 
probable t ?is draw+ 0 bas$ ^u !  "w (  
"s o!r arti/1 & ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to be
 able to  trace x to    ,illu/ration3   
,,plate ,i    ,,/4 ,,v9c5t',s ,,t[]1    
,,naples    ,,wat] ,,col\r4 ,,ab\t #aghg
    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii          
,,c5tral ,,portion ,,( ,,an ,,aquat9t   
,,by ,,paul ,,s&by1 ,,aft] ,,fabris     
,,publi%$ #a ,,jan41 #aggh    its s\rce4
 ,x is copi$ & adapt$ f an aquat9t by   
,paul ,s&by1  aft] ,fabris1 publi%$ on  
#a/ ,janu>y #aggh1 entitl$ #8,"p (      
,naples1  ) ! ,ru9'd ,t[] ( ,/4 ,v9c5t4'
 ,s&by's engrav+ is a l>ge "o  7ab\t #ac
  #bj in*es71 & comprises an ext5sive   
view ( ! h>b\r  & bay ( ,naples1 ) !    
,ca/el dell' ,uovo 9 ! middle di/ance1  
& ,/4 ,elmo cr[n+ ! build+s on ! "r4    
,turn] has pick$ out  z x 7 ! pictorial 
plum ( ?is mass ( topographical         
in=mation4  ,he has set ! ru9$ t[]      
boldly 9 ! c5tre ( 8 design1 & has  us$ 

only j s mu* ( ! surr\nd+ build+s &     
sc5]y z 0  necess>y to make an          
appropriate backgr\nd or sett+ = x4 ,he 
has  r$uc$ ! ,ca/le ( ! ,egg to         
insignificance1 & clos$ up 8  di/ance ) 
appropriate b imag9>y m\nta9s4 ,9 !     
engrav+ a  pass+ boat ) figures divides 
our int]e/ ) ! t[]4 ,turn]  has         
suppress$ x4 ,he has also r$uc$ ! size (
 ! quay ^u :i*  ! t[] /&s1 ?us increas+ 
! app>5t height ( ! t[]4 ,!  few meagre 
we$s cl++ to ! battlem5ts 9 ! engrav+ h 
develop$ luxuriantly 9 ,turn]'s draw+1  
?us add+ consid]ably to  its            
picturesqu5ess4 ,! =egr\nd figures seem 
to h be5 adapt$  f ^? 9 ! engrav+4    ,x
 is probable t ^! slight diff]5ces      
betwe5 ! engrav+ &  ! wat]-col\r 7 made 
involunt>ily1 = x is evid5t t ,turn]    
did n h ! engrav+ "u 8 eyes :ile he 0   
mak+ !  draw+4 ,he _h probably se5 !    
engrav+ 9 "s %op-w9d[1 & _h  made a ha/y
 p5cil sket* ( ! "p t int]e/$ him4 ,t he
 0  work+ f a some:at p]functory sket* &
 n direct f !  orig9al is prov$ by !    

fact t he has introduc$ ?ree ar*es into 
! build+ on ! quay imm$iately at ! foot 
( ! t[]1 in/ead  ( ! two 9 ,s&by's      
engrav+4 ,b 9 ! engrav+ !re is a small  
r\nd$ turret on ! battlem5ts ( ! quay   
:i* comes j 9 front  ( ! place :]e      
,turn] has introduc$ 8 ?ird ar*4 ,x is  
cle>  t he mi/ook ! indication ( ?is    
turret 9 8 r\gh sket* = a  ?ird ar* 9 ! 
build+ beyond4    ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be  
imprud5t to suppose t ,turn] *ose to "w 
9 ?is way p>tly f memory1 ) ! delib]ate 
int5tion ( giv+  8 imag9ation fre] play2
 he 0 probably =c$ to d s by !  mat]ial 
exig5cies ( 8 position4 ,b c]ta9ly ?is  
way ( work+  0 admirably calculat$ to   
/r5g!n 8 memory & call into play 8      
innate p[]s ( arrangem5t & adaptation4  
,! col\r s*eme1 :i* is probably !       
arti/'s own inv5tion1 is  light &       
pleas+4 ,! gold5 rays ( ! sett+ 78 ris+7
 sun are  pa9t$ ) evid5t enjoym5t4 ,!   
w>m yell[ light ( ! sun is  transfus$   
ov] ! :ole ( ! sky1 turn+ ! di/ant cl\ds
 into  crimson4 ,! keynote ( ! col\r is 

?us orange yell[1 pass+  ?r\gh p9k to   
burnt si5na4 ,9 spite ( ! lightness ( ! 
col\r  ! draw+ 0 work$ ov] a black &    
:ite f\ndation1 light wa%es  ( ,indian  
ink hav+ be5 us$ to e/abli% ! broad     
divisions ( light  & %ade 9 ! design4   
,^! wa%es aft]w>ds =m$ ! gr\nd-"w  ( !  
greys & cool] col\rs1 be+ w>m$ 9 p>ts 7z
 9 ! t[]7  ) wa%es or t\*es ( p9k &     
burnt si5na1 or work$ up into m         
positive hues by subsequ5t wa%es ( blue 
& yell[4    ,! h&l+ ( ! draw+--! %>p    
decid$ t\*es1 ! neatness &  dext]ity (  
its wa%es1 & ! rapid m>* ( ! :ole       
"w--%[s  :at a hold ! idea ( a unifi$ "w
 ( art _h already obta9$ ov]  ,turn]'s  
m9d4 ,! cle>1 det]m9$ workman%ip %[s t  
he mu/ h  be5 ?9k+ ( ! :ole f ! beg9n+1 
& n ( !  repres5tation ( a numb] (      
sep>ate natural objects4    ,?is *ildi% 
ef=t seems to me ( great int]e/ z m>k+ )
  extraord9>y cle>ness ! po9t ( dep>ture
 ( ,turn]'s art4 ,f !  beg9n+ he sees   
?+s pictorially1 z elem5ts 9 a          
conceptual :ole1  n z isolat$ &         

indep5d5t objects4 ,8 s5se ( design--bo?
 z  ! faculty ( expression z well z (   
=mal arrangem5t--is ?us  develop$1 :ile 
! m]ely repres5tative qualities ( art   
are ignor$  or at lea/ subord9at$4 ,?is 
e>ly grasp ( ! idea ( pictorial  unity  
is obvi\sly ! result ( ,turn]'s /udy (  
works ( art1 & n  ( 8 /udy ( nature4    
,s9ce ,mr4 ,rusk9's lab\rs x w n be     
possible = any /ud5t to ov]look !       
enorm\s pr(it :i* ,turn]  d]iv$ 9 8     
subsequ5t "w f 8 unwe>i$ obs]vation ( ! 
ph5om5a ( nature2 x is well1 !re=e1 to  
be c>eful n to  ov]look ! prior debt :i*
 ,turn] _h contract$ to art1 & !        
extraord9>y advantage 8 e>ly grasp (    
pictorial unity gave him 9  appropriat+ 
! multif>i\s v>iety ( natural %apes &   
col\rs4    ,! o!r draw+s ( ?is p]iod 9 !
 ,national ,gall]y only s]ve to         
emphasise ,turn]'s indebt$ness to art4  
,"s ( ^! are pla9  /raight=w>d copies4  
,! mo/ elaborate ( ^! is ! copy (       
#8,folly ,bridge & ,bacon's ,t[]' :i*   
has long be5 exhibit$ 9 !  ,turn] ,wat] 

,col\r rooms 7,no4 #fac1 ,n4,g474 ,?is  
is copi$ f an  engrav+ by ,j4 ,basire   
publi%$ 9 ! ,ox=d ,almanack = ! ye>     
#aghj4 ,! col\r+1 h[ev]1 is orig9al4    
,?is copy is sign$ &  dat$1 #8,w4       
,turn]1 #aghg4' ,among ! o!r copies is a
 p5cil outl9e (  ! ,old ,kit*51 ,/anton 
,h>c\rt1 f ! engrav+ 9 ,grose's         
,antiquities4 ,!re is also a col\r$     
draw+1 some:at simil> 9  size & %ape to 
t ( ,/4 ,v9c5t's ,t[]1 ( ,dacre ,ca/le1 
,cumb]l&4 ,i am unable to say f :at     
engrav+ ?is is copi$ or  adapt$4#c ,x   
may h be5 a slightly e>li] ef=t ?an !   
,neapolitan subject1 z ! ,indian ink    
und]pa9t+ is less skilfully  done & !   
g5]al effect is heavi] & m monoton\s4   
,^! draw+s1 made1 ,i believe1 betwe5    
,turn]'s twelf? & f\rte5?  ye>s1 %[ !   
y\?ful arti/ 9 ! act ( acquir+ !        
rudim5ts (  t pictorial language :i* he 
0 to use 9 aft] ye>s ) su*  ma/]y &     
ease4 ,we see him acquir+ ?is language  
by int]c\rse )  8 fell[s :o use x1 n1 z 
is ! mod]n way1 ?r\gh ! c\rse (  a r&om 

/udy ( nature4 ,he is le>n+ f tradition1
 & ! ?\ght  ( ! arti/ic community z     
express$ 9 ! curr5t pictorial language  
is gradually =m+ & m\ld+ 8 ideas4 ,he is
 imitat+ ^?  ar\nd him1 z a *ild        
imitates ! words ( its nurse & "m4      
,on ! pres5t occasion1 ,i ne$ d no m ?an
 call att5tion 9  pass+ to ! imm5se     
advantage ,turn] enjoy$ 9 be+ initiat$  
?us  e>ly & 9 ?is easy & natural way    
into ! sph]e ( art4 ,he 0  ?us sav$ f ^?
 ye>s ( futile & he>t-break+ exp]im5t to
  :i* ! mod]n sy/em ( nature /udy dooms 
all ^? /ud5ts ^:  native p[]s are n     
entirely dead5$ by its influ5ce4 ,!     
habit ?us  e>ly =c$ ^u him ( reg>d+     
himself z an actual produc]1 i4e4  z a  
mak] ( articles ) a def9ite m>ket value1
 mu/ also h be5  b5eficial to him4 ,!   
exi/5ce ( a class ( real patrons1 ^:    
ta/es _h to be consult$ & ^: pockets    
conta9$ actually  ex*angeable co9 ( !   
realm1 mu/ h plac$ "s insi/5ce ^u  !    
social aspect ( art1 & h help$ to prev5t
 ! boy f mak+  ! mi/ake :i* s _m        

subsequ5t arti/s h made1 ( consid]+  _! 
"w m]ely z a means ( self-expression1   
in/ead ( z a means  ( sup]-individual or
 univ]sal communication4 ,ano!r         
important result  ( ^! e>ly employm5ts 0
 ! facility & ma/]y 9 ! use (  8 mat]ial
 :i* !y gave him4 ,betwe5 ! wat]-col\rs 
( diff]5t  p]iods ( ,turn]'s c>e] !re   
are ! mo/ a/oni%+ contra/s (            
subject-matt] & s5tim5t1 b 9 all ( !m "o
 f9ds ! same  inimitable grace1 /r5g?1 &
 dext]ity ( workman%ip1 ! same          
unequall$ te*nical ma/]y ov] ! m$ium2 & 
?is purely executive  address--?is      
#8g5ius ( me*anical excell5ce1' to use  
,reynolds's  expression--c\ld h be5     
atta9$ only z ! result ( an e>ly        
famili>ity ) ?is p>ticul> =m ( arti/ic  
expression4    ,ab\t 8 f\rte5? ye>      
7#aghi7 ,turn] 0 plac$ ) an ar*itect1   
,mr4 ,p4 ,h>dwick4 ,x seems to me       
d\btful :e!r he 0 regul>ly  appr5tic$1  
or 0 int5d$ to take up ! /udy (         
ar*itecture f a  practical po9t ( view4 
,! evid5ce ^u ?is po9t is extremely     

limit$1 b :at little !re is po9ts to 8  
employm5t ^u purely  pictorial tasks1   
su* z ! dress+ out ( projects or views (
  build+s ) a plausible arrangem5t (    
light & %ade & a pleas+  sett+ ( l&scape
 backgr\nd4 ,we "k t ,mr4 ,h>dwick built
 ! ,new  ,*ur* at ,wan/ead1#d & t ,turn]
 made = 8 ma/] a  wat]-col\r draw+ bo? (
 ! old *ur* :i* 0 pull$ d[n &  ! new "o 
t took its place4 ,i h n be5 =tunate    
en\gh to  trace !    ,illu/ration3      
,,plate ,,iii    ,,radley ,,hall3 ,,s\? 
,,front    ,,wat] ,,col\r4 ,,ab\t #aghi 
pres5t own] ( ^! draw+s1 b ! wat]-col\r 
( ! old *ur*  0 exhibit$ at ! ,old      
,ma/]s 7,r4,a47 9 #ahhg4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1
 9  ! ,national ,gall]y a p5cil outl9e (
 ! new *ur*1 squ>$ =  enl>gem5t1 :i* %[s
 no signs ( tra9+ 9 ! practical "w (  ! 
ar*itect's pr(ession4    ,! e>lie/ (    
,turn]'s sket*-books n[ 9 ! ,national   
,gall]y 0 9  use dur+ ! p]iod ( ?is     
connection ) ,mr4 ,h>dwick4 ,a p5cil    
sket* ( a *ur* by ! riv]1 easily        
recognisable z ,islewor? ,old  ,*ur*1 ) 

b>ges moor$ beside ! bank1 is probably !
 note f  :i* ! wat]-col\r 0 made :i*    
,mr4 ,h>dwick's gr&son l5t to  ! ,old   
,ma/]s 9 #ahhg4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r draw+s1    
h[ev]1 appe> to  h be5 made dur+ a /ay  
ne> ,ox=d4 ,!re are sket*es ( ,clifton  
,nuneham 7!n ,nuneham ,c\rt5ay71 ne>    
,ab+don2 ( ,radley ,hall1 betwe5        
,ab+don & ,ox=d2 ( a di/ant view (      
,ox=d2 a sket* ( a ru9$  t[] :i* may    
repres5t ,pope's ,t[] 9 ! ru9s ( !      
,h>c\rts'  h\se at ,/anton ,h>c\rt1 &   
two draw+s ( ,sunn+well ,*ur*1 a        
village ab\t two miles f ,radley & ?ree 
f ,ab+don4 ,z ,turn]'s  uncle1 ,joseph  
,mallord ,william ,m>%all1 8 "m's eld]  
bro!r1  aft] :om he 0 nam$1 0 !n liv+ at
 ,sunn+well1 x is probable  t ^! draw+s 
7 ! result ( a summ] holiday sp5t ) 8   
relative4    ,^! draw+s repres5t        
,turn]'s fir/ attempts to draw f nature4
  ,!y are *>act]is$ by an abs5ce (      
blund]+ & a s5se (  pictorial logic &   
requirem5ts :i* c\ld only belong to a   
beg9n]  ^: eye & h& _h already be5      

discipl9$ 9 ! production (  works ( art4
 ,"o _c b feel t ! m\ld into :i* !      
imm$iate exp]i5ces ( ! arti/ 7 to be ca/
 _h already be5  firmly set be=e 8 p5cil
 0 plac$ ^u ! pap]1 nay1 be=e !         
p>ticul> sights 9 "q 7 actually se54 ,9 
o!r words1 !  pictorial =mula into :i* !
 mat]ial ga!r$ f nature 0 to be  work$  
up _h be5 cle>ly det]m9$ be=e ! arti/   
set out to  ga!r su* mat]ial = himself4 
,turn]'s confid5ce 9 ! unb\nd$  felicity
 ( imm$iate contact ) nature 0 n        
comm5surate ) t  ( mod]n arti/ic !ori/s4
 ,he does inde$ entru/ himself to ! op5 
fields1 b x is n until he has arm$      
himself ) a /\t ?\gh  flexible panoply (
 arti/ic conv5tion4    ,b ?\gh !        
draughtsman%ip is conv5tional1 ,i d n   
?9k x c  fairly be call$ mann]$4 ,!     
actual /atem5ts made are made ) !  utmo/
 simplicity & directness4 ,9 ! draw+s ( 
,sunn+well ,*ur*  7on p4 #ab ( !        
sket*-book71 ( ,radley ,hall 7pp4 #i &  
#ad71 & (  ,islewor? ,old ,*ur* 7p4     
#bb71 ! g5]al proportions & ma9 facts ( 

! build+s are not$ ) delib]ate &        
me?odical c>e4 ,! arti/  kn[s :at facts 
he w want :5 he comes to make 8 f9i%$   
wat]-col\rs1 & he takes ^? facts &      
calmly ignores all !  p>ticul> effects (
 light & %ade1 col\r & accid5t :i* 8    
exp]i5ce ( o!r arti/s' "w _h %[n him    
w\ld n be useful to  him4 ,?us !re is a 
/rongly m>k$ selective activity at "w1  
:i*  gives :at ,i ?9k c be m correctly  
describ$ z /yle ?an z  mann]4 ,yet ,i   
%\ld n be surpris$ to f9d ! t]m mann]ism
 appli$  to ! curi\sly monoton\s        
calligraphic scribbles :i* /& = trees  &
 cl\ds 9 ^! draw+s4 ,t !y are           
conv5tional & s+ul>ly  indef9ite ,i     
readily admit1 yet !y are n delib]ately 
le>nt #8ways  ( do+ trees' l ^?1 =      
in/ance1 :i* a /ud5t ( ,j4 ,d4  ,h>d+'s 
tea*+ might adopt4 ,!y are z !y are     
because _!  imm$iate function is cle>ly 
det]m9$ by _! ultimate purpose4 ,9  mak+
 8 f9i%$ wat]-col\r draw+ at home !     
trees & cl\ds1  z well z ! :ole sy/em ( 
light & %ade1 7 m]ely ! docile          

in/rum5ts ( pictorial effectiv5ess4 ,!  
exact %ape ( ea* tree &  cl\d 9 8 draw+1
 & ev5 _! exact positions1 7 det]m9$ z  
! "w progress$ by purely pictorial      
requirem5ts4 ,a detail$  /atem5t ( !    
exact %ape ( any p>ticul> tree or cl\d 9
 !  actual sc5e f :i* ! sket* 0 made    
w\ld !re=e h be5  n only ( no use to !  
arti/1 b a positive h9drance1 z x w\ld  
h complicat$ ! problem ( =mal arrangem5t
 be=e ! arti/1  ev5 if x did n actively 
h9d] its solution4 ,9 ^! sket*es f      
nature ,turn] !re=e takes 8 skies &     
foliage = grant$ z mu*  z possible1     
m]ely h9t+ at _! g5]al exi/5ce 9 a loose
 &  t5tative way4    ,b if ! *>ge (     
mann]ism _c be fairly br\ght aga9/ !    
sket*es made face to face ) nature1 x is
 o!rwise ) !  wat]-col\rs :i* 7 aft]w>ds
 elaborat$ f !m4 ,draw+s l  ! view (    
#8,radley ,hall1' reproduc$ on ,plate   
,,iii41 & ! #8,view (  ! ,city ( ,ox=d' 
might almo/ be said to consi/ ( little  
else ?an  mann]isms4 ,! mann] ( do+     
trees & skies & ( arrang+ !  planes ( ! 

sc5e is tak5 ov] directly f ,paul ,s&by1
 z are also  ! me?od ( work+ 9 transp>5t
 wa%es & ! gamut ( col\rs  us$4 ,!      
#8,view ( ,ox=d' is inde$ no?+ b a      
feeble e*o ( "s  ( ,s&by's f9e draw+s2 x
 tells u little ( ,turn] himself1 beyond
  an indication ( a c]ta9 lik+ = sc5es (
 ?is k9d4 ,p]haps !  mo/ notewor?y po9t 
9 ! draw+ is ! demon/ration x af=ds (  !
 sup]ior developm5t ( 8 s5se ( tone to 8
 s5se ( =m2 !  build+s sway to & fro 9 !
 w9d1 ! foliage is *ildi% &  ridicul\s1 
b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! broad expanses (  
gr\nd &  sky is cle>ly m>k$1 & ! limpid 
sky gives an und5iable *>m to  x all4   
,!re is p]haps a little m ( himself 9 ! 
view ( #8,radley ,hall4'  ,! way !      
tree-trunks seem to bl[ !mselves out1 & 
toss !mselves  ?is way & t1 :ile _!     
bran*es explode 9 ! wilde/ & mo/        
fanta/ic contortions1--all ?is is giv5 )
 su* ke5 & frank  enjoym5t1 t x po9ts to
 some?+ m ?an a m]e passive             
reproduction ( a purely te*nical recipe4
 ,! trees 9 ^? draw+s  ( ,s&by :i*      

,turn] _h /udi$ d inde$ behave 9 ?is    
way1 b  ,turn] id5tifies himself s      
closely ) ! inn] mean+ ( ^!  =ms t !y   
become 8 own legitimate prop]ty4 ,! s5se
 (  exub]ant fre$om 9 ! trees is        
int5sifi$ by contra/ ) ! rigid  re/ra9t 
( ! build+ 9 ! middle di/ance4 ,x is z  
?\gh !  boy's imag9ation 0 glad to get  
away f ! realm ( necessity &  disport   
itself 9 aimless gambols ?r\gh space1   
free f !  encumbrance ( in]t matt] & ( !
 laws ( gravitation4 ,x is ?is  habit ( 
gett+ at ! inn] emotional cont5t ( !    
pictorial  conv5tions he adopts1 t /amps
 ,turn]'s :ole c>e] ( imitation  &      
appropriation ) its peculi> "*1 mak+ him
 inv>iably  ri*] = all 8 borr[+s1 & m   
orig9al = all 8 imitations4    ,^! two  
draw+s 7 made 9 #aghi1 dur+ ! arti/'s   
f\rte5?  ye>4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( #agij he 
jo9$ ! s*ools ( ! ,royal  ,academy1     
act+1 x is said1 ^u ! advice ( ,mr4     
,h>dwick4 ,dur+  "p ( #agij & = ! next  
two or ?ree ye>s he work$ 9 :at 0  !n   
call$ ! #8,plai/] ,academy1' i4e4 f ca/s

 tak5 f !  antique4 ,labori\s *alk &    
/ump draw+s ( ! ,apollo & ,ant9os  ( !  
,belv$]e1 ! ,v5us de' ,m$ici1 & !       
,vatican ,meleag]1 z  well z ( ! m robu/
 =ms ( ! ,diskobolos & ,dy+ ,gaul1 are  
/ill 9 exi/5ce to demon/rate ! dilig5ce 
) :i* he pursu$  ^! uncong5ial /udies4  
,su* "w mu/ h giv5 8 ma/]s a  s+ul>ly   
poor & mislead+ op9ion ( 8 tal5ts4 ,9   
,june1 #agib1 he  0 admitt$ to ! ,life  
,class1 :ile /ill cont9u+ to att5d !    
,antique4 ,?is academic tra9+1 h[ev]1   
mu/ h be5 useful z an  antidote1 or at  
lea/ z a supplem5t1 to ! topographical  
"w to  :i* all 8 sp>e "t 0 devot$4      
,he seems to h sp5t 8 holidays 9 #agia  
p>tly ) 8 uncle at  ,sunn+well & p>tly )
 "s fri5ds ( ! family1 ! ,n>raways1  at 
,bri/ol4 ,! sket*-book 9 use at ?is "t  
is n[ 9 ! ,national  ,gall]y4 ,! volume 
0 nev] a h&some "o1--x 0 probably /it*$ 
& b\nd by ! arti/ himself--b its pres5t 
appe>ance is  deplorable2 ! c>dbo>d     
cov]s are brok51 ! r\gh & ready back+   
is almo/ undone1 a numb] ( ! leaves h   

be5 cut or torn out1 &  ! rema9d] are 9 
a g5]ally dirty & dilapidat$ condition4 
,9  spite ( ^! disadvantages x gives u a
 valuable glimpse ( ,turn]'s  int]e/s & 
acquirem5ts at ! age ( sixte54    ,our  
fir/ impression is t 8 ye>'s "w draw+ f 
! ca/ has  produc$ h>dly any p]ceptible 
effect4 ,! draw+s ( build+s are 9  "s   
cases ev5 m p]functory ?an ^? 9 !       
#8,ox=d' ,sket*-,book4  ,! sket* ( ,ba? 
,abbey ,*ur* 7on page #ad ( ! book71 =  
example1  is n a v cr$itable p]=mance = 
an ambiti\s ,royal ,academy  /ud5t4 ,its
 c>elessness1 h[ev]1 may h be5 due to   
limit$  opportunities1 b we mu/ rememb] 
t ?is ha/y scrawl1 ) !  assi/ance ( a   
few writt5 notes & diagrams1 0 suffici5t
 to enable  ! arti/ to produce aft]w>ds 
an elaborate wat]-col\r ( !  subject4 ,a
 /ill m elaborately wr\ght &            
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv    ,,view    
,,on ,,! ,,avon1 ,,f ,,cook',s ,,folly  
,,wat] ,,col\r ,,& ,,ink4 ,,ab\t #agia  
c>efully consid]$ wat]-col\r 0 ! result 
( ano!r sket* 7on  ! rev]se ( page #af7 

9 ?is book1 a view ( #8,/oke1 ne>       
,bri/ol1  ! seat ( ,sir ,h4 ,lipp5cote1'
 n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mrs4 ,?omas4  ,?is
 p5cil sket* is q z p]functory z t (    
,ba? ,abbey4 ,x is  evid5t t nature     
#8put him out' or t ! arti/'s y\?ful    
impati5ce induc$ him to hurry ov] ! fir/
 /ages ( 8 "w4 ,^!  sket*es f nature 7  
m]ely means to an end1 & s long z !y    
conta9$ suffici5t h9ts to set 8         
subsequ5t "w go+ he 0  p]fectly         
satisfi$4 ,h[ev]1 9 "s ( ! draw+s :]e ! 
fir/  sket* f nature has be5 work$ ov]  
subsequ5tly 7z 9 !  wat]-col\r ( ,capta9
 ,f[l]'s seat on ,durdham ,d[ns on pp4  
#ag;a &  #ah71 we c trace an increas$   
delicacy ( h&1 an add$ capacity =  deal+
 ) complex & irregul> =ms1 & great] k ( 
!  natural =ms ( trees4    ,b x is      
evid5t t ! wild & romantic sc5]y ( !    
,avon gorge  made a deep] impression on 
! "y arti/'s imag9ation ?an !  spick &  
span seats ( ! g5try4 ,! ru9s (         
,malmesbury ,abbey are  sket*$ f e      
available po9t ( view1 & !re are hurri$ 

&  clumsy sket*es ( #8,! ,ru9s ( a      
,*apel /&+ on an ,isl& 9 !  ,sev]n1'    
#8,a ,view ( ! ,wel% ,coa/ f ,cook's    
,folly1' & o!rs (  #8,blaze ,ca/le & !  
,d5ey & ,wel% ,coa/1'#e & ! #8,old      
,passage4'  ,! draw+ describ$ z a       
#8,view f ,cook's ,folley 7sic71 look+  
up  ! ,riv] ,avon ) ,wallis ,wall & !   
,hot ,wells' 7reproduc$ on ,plate       
,,iv471 %[s cle>ly ! b5t ( ,turn]'s m9d 
t[>ds ! wildness &  fre$om ( nature1 z  
well z 8 /rong love ( %ips4    ,if x 7  
our int5tion to foll[ ,turn]'s "w ye> by
 ye>1 we %\ld  h to /udy 9 detail !     
draw+s ( ,ox=d1 ,w9dsor1 ,h]e=d &       
,worce/]1 & especially ! ,wel% &        
,monm\?%ire sket*es :i*  belong to !    
ye>s #agib & #agic4 ,z x is1 x is       
suffici5t = our  purpose to notice t !  
"w ( ^! two ye>s %[s a gradual  increase
 ( p[] 9 mak+ sket*es f nature4 ,! "y   
arti/  sl[ly ga!rs confid5ce 9 himself4 
,nature ceases to #8put him out1' to    
flu/] him ) h] multitud9\s details &    
ev]-v>y+ effects4 ,he  beg9s to treat   

nature z a conqu]$ enemy1 & !re is j a  
suspicion ( y\?ful imp]t95ce 9 ! cool & 
me?odical way 9  :i* he ga!rs up ! k9d (
 facts he wants1 & ignores ev]y?+  t    
does n come )9 ! scope ( 8 pictorial    
=mulas4 ,b by  ?is "t x is evid5t t 8   
p]iod ( appr5tice%ip is at an end1  & t 
we mu/ turn our att5tion to ! "w ( !    
brilliant "y  topographical draughtsman4
          ,,*apt] ,,ii    ,,!           
,,topographical                         
,,draughtsman--#agic-agif         ,wel% 
t\r ( #agic--#8,/4 ,anselm's            
,*apel'--,turn]'s topographical         
rivals--,midl& t\r (                    
#agid--,topographical & antiqu>ian      
draughtsman%ip--,its ma9 int]e/ is n    
embodi$ 9 ! "w--,!       m>vell\s       
petit-matre--,! #8,cottage              
,int]ior'--,light & %ade       z a means
 ( expression--,! sket*-books ( #agie & 
_!       cont5ts--#8,high ,=ce ( ,tees' 
or #8,fall ( ,mel9c\rt'8      ,among !  
five draw+s by :i* ,turn] 0 repres5t$ 9 
!  exhibition ( ! ,royal ,academy 9     

#agid1 "o 0 a view ( ! ,devil's         
,bridge1 ,c>digan%ire4 ,?is 0 d\btless  
"o ( ! fir/ results (  ! sket*+ t\r 9   
,wales made 9 #agic4 ,we c readily      
believe t  ,turn]'s imag9ation 0        
p[]fully impress$ by ! wild & gloomy    
sc5]y ( ! c\ntry & its romantic ru9s1 b 
8 ef=ts to embody  8 impressions 7 n at 
fir/ v successful4 ,= ! mom5t 8  p[]s z 
an ar*itectural draughtsman 7 m 9       
evid5ce ?an 8  p[]s ( express+ gr& &    
gloomy ideas4 ,! romantic turn ( 8  m9d 
_h to be m fully develop$ be=e x c\ld   
comm& public  support1 & = ! "t be+ ?is 
phase ( 8 art seem$ swamp$ 9  ! flood ( 
topographical employm5t :i* ! imm$iate  
success ( 8  less ambiti\s draw+s 9 !   
#agid exhibition br\ght him4    ,9 a    
contempor>y press notice1 pres]v$ among 
! ,&]don collection  ( catalogues 9 !   
,pr9t ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1        
,turn]'s draw+s  ( #8,*ri/*ur* ,gate1   
,cant]bury1' & ! #8,por* ( ,great       
,malv]n  ,abbey1 ,worce/]%ire1' are said
 to be #8among/ ! be/ 9 ! pres5t        

exhibition4 ,!y are ! productions1' !   
writ] cont9ues1 #8( a v  "y arti/1 &    
give /rong indications ( fir/-rate      
ability2 !  "* ( ,go?ic ar*itecture is  
mo/ happily pres]v$1 & its  pr(usion (  
m9ute p>ts mass$ ) judgm5t & t9ctur$ )  
tru?  & fidelity4 ,?is "y arti/ %\ld    
bew>e ( contempor>y  imitations4 ,8     
pres5t ef=t ev9ces an eye = nature1 :i* 
%\ld  scorn to look to any o!r s\rce4'  
,! fir/ ( ! draw+s :i* call$ =? ?is     
praise is n[ 9 !  ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 
,cambridge 7,rusk9 ,beque/71 ! o!r is   
probably  ! #8,malv]n' n[ 9 ! ,man*e/]  
,:itwor? ,in/itute 7,no4 #gc74 ,!       
critic's rem>k ab\t ! dang] (           
#8contempor>y imitations1' :i* ,i  take 
to mean ! dang] ( ,turn] imitat+ ! works
 ( contempor>y  arti/s1 may probably    
acc\nt = 8 neglect to m5tion ano!r draw+
  exhibit$ at ! same "t1 :i* /rikes !   
pres5t-day obs]v] z a  m accompli%$ &   
rem>kable ef=t ?an ei!r ! #8,malv]n' or 
#8,*ri/*ur* ,gate4' ,i allude to ! draw+
 describ$ 9 ! ,r4,a4  catalogue z #8,/4 

,anselm's ,*apel ) "p ( ,?omas          
,becket's  ,cr[n--,cant]bury ,ca!dral1' 
:i* ,i take to be ! draw+ n[ 9 !        
,man*e/] ,:itwor? ,in/itute 7,no4 #bgb74
 ,?is is a "w ( inf9ite  pati5ce & w>y  
skill1 a rem>kable comb9ation (         
f>-sight$  k ( ultimate effects unit$ ) 
! utmo/ delicacy1 firmness1  & pati5ce (
 execution4 ,^! qualities d n seem to me
 s cle>ly  m>k$ ei!r 9 ! ,*ri/*ur* ,gate
 or ,malv]n draw+s1 b v  likely to !    
contempor>y obs]v]1 especially to "o    
avid (  orig9ality1 ! draw+ ( #8,/4     
,anselm's ,*apel' may h appe>$ m  ord9>y
 or conv5tional4#f    ,! success ( ^!   
draw+s e/abli%$ ,turn]'s position z "o (
  ! =emo/ ar*itectural & topographical  
draughtsm5 ( ! day4 ,b  we mu/ n make ! 
mi/ake ( suppos+ t ,turn]'s success 0 ! 
result ( an abs5ce ( s]i\s rivals4 ,de  
,l\!rb\rg1 ,dayes1 ,he>ne1  ,:eatley1   
,s&by & ,rook] 7 by no means unwor?y    
rivals4 ,nor mu/  we jump to !          
conclusion t ,turn]1 at ! age ( n9ete51 
_h  out/ripp$ su* competitors 9 any b ! 

purely topographical  bran*es ( _!      
pr(ession4 ,! be/ ( ! old] m5 7 arti/s (
  wide sympa?ies & ambitions1 :o c\ld n 
re/ satisfi$ )9 !  n>r[ limits ( purely 
topographical "w4 ,!y look$ ^u su* "w  z
 a k9d ( necess>y drudg]y1 useful f a   
pecuni>y po9t ( view1  b n call+ = !    
:ole-he>t$ ex]cise ( all _! tal5ts &    
en?usiasm4 ,dayes1 to :om ,girt9 0      
appr5tic$1 & f :om ,turn]  _h le>nt a   
great deal1 seems to h dete/$           
topographical "w1 9  spite ( ! skill &  
delicate *>m ) :i* he treat$ x4 ,all 8  
en?usiasm 0 res]v$ = figure subjects 9 !
 gr& mann]1 =  :i* !re 0 no m>ket4 ,9   
?is #agid exhibition he _h f\r          
illu/rations = ,dr4 ,aitk5's ,environs (
 ,man*e/]1 :i* h !  p]functory look ( "w
 done aga9/ ! gra91 & a #8,view (       
,keswick  ,lake1' :i* may possibly h be5
 ! slight & *>m+ draw+ (  ?is subject n[
 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 too    
small &  fragile a ?+ to attract mu*    
att5tion4 ,! v]satile & brilliant  ,de  
,l\!rb\rg did n exhibit ?is ye>2 ,he>ne 

also 0 abs5t4  ,rook] _h five ( 8       
delicately-accompli%$ b r prosaic       
draw+s4 ,paul ,s&by _h two views (      
,ro*e/] ,ca/le1 & #8,a ,view (  ,v9tn]s 
at ,boxley1 ,k5t1 ) ,mr4 ,:atman's      
,turkey ,pap] ,mills1' :]e  ! excell5t  
pap] ^u :i* almo/ all ,turn]'s draw+s 7 
made  0 manufactur$4 ,:eatley s5t no    
l&scapes ?is ye>1 & ,girt91  ,turn]'s   
s5ior & rival1 _h a s+le exhibit1 a     
#8,view ( ,ely  ,m9/]1' ! fir/ draw+ he 
_h _h accept$ by ! ,academy4 ,!  result 
( ?is /ate ( ?+s 0 t ,turn]'s           
ar*itectural &  topographical "w 0 pitt$
 aga9/ only ! p]functory or tir$ "w  ( 8
 old] rivals4 ,= ! mom5t all 8          
indefatigable pati5ce &  amaz+ en]gy &  
skill 7 conc5trat$ on ?is "o po9t (     
attack1  ) imm$iately decisive results4 
,turn] _h n[ a*iev$ an hon\rable foot+ 9
 8 pr(ession4 ,dr4  ,monro b\ght 8      
#8,anselm's ,*apel' & gave him          
commissions = _m  o!r draw+s4           
,booksell]s f\nd 8 "n an attraction4 ,) 
publi%]s ready to buy 8 draw+s1 ?\gh at 

prices t w\ld m]ely  excite ! d]ision ( 
a mod]n arti/1 & ) patrons l ,dr4 ,monro
  ready to enc\rage 8 m ambiti\s ef=ts1 
8 opportunities (  travel 7 greatly     
enl>g$4    ,turn] sp5t ! summ] ( #agid  
mak+ a t\r ( ! midl& c\nties (  ,engl&4 
,nor?ampton1 ,birm+ham1 ,li*field1      
,%rewsbury1 ,wrexham1  ,*e/]1 ,matlock1 
,d]by1 ,nott+ham1 ,l9coln1 ,pet]bor\gh1 
,cambridge  & ,wal?am 7 among ! places  
he visit$4 ,! views publi%$ 9 !  ,copp] 
,plate ,magaz9e dur+ ! next ?ree ye>s ( 
,nott+ham1  ,bridg5or?1 ,matlock1       
,birm+ham1 ,*e/]1 ,pet]bor\gh & ,fl9t 7 
made f sket*es tak5 on ?is j\rney1 z 7  
also ^? ( ,k+'s  ,college1 ,cambridge1  
,fl9t1 & ,nor?ampton1 publi%$ 9 !       
,pocket  ,magaz9e dur+ #agie4 ,b ^! 7 ! 
lea/ important results ( !  t\r4 ,! "w  
into :i* ,turn] ?rew all 8 en?usiasm &  
ambition  0 s5t to ! exhibition ( !     
,royal ,academy ( #agie1 :i* conta9$  no
 less ?an eight ( 8 important &         
highly-f9i%$ draw+s4 ,!  be/ kn[n ( ^!  
are ! #8,pet]bor\gh ,ca!dral2 ,we/      

,entrance1'  :i* 0 includ$ 9 ,messrs4   
,agnews' #aijh annual exhibition (      
wat]-col\rs--x _h suff]$ some:at f !    
light & _h be5  re/or$1 b 0 /ill an     
impressive "w2 ! #8,wel% ,bridge1       
,%rewsbury1' n[ ,no4 #bgf 9 ! ,man*e/]  
,:itwor? ,in/itute1 a  c>efully wr\ght &
 exquisitely accompli%$ draw+2 & !      
#8,ca!dral ,*ur* at ,l9coln' 7,plate    
,v47 n[ 9 ! ,pr9t ,room4 ,?is           
elaborately f9i%$ draw+1 ,i am incl9$ to
 ?9k1 play$ an  important "p 9 ,turn]'s 
developm5t4 ,x is almo/ ! only draw+ ,i 
"k f 8 h& :i* has a pap]y & unconv9c+   
g5]al effect1  :i* is monoton\s &       
ins5sitive 9 its textures1 & h>d &      
metallic 9 its details4 ,= once 9 a way 
,turn] seems to h def]r$  to ! ideals ( 
elaboration ( ! ord9>y connoisseur1 :o  
likes to  see e detail 9 e "p ( a "w    
pu%$ to its highe/ po9t (  f9i%4 ,= ^!  
reasons ! draw+ mu/ h be5 v g5]ally     
admir$ :5 x 0 fir/ exhibit$1 b ,turn]   
c\ld n h be5  satisfi$ at all ) 8 own   
"w1 = he promptly ab&on$ ! /yle4  ,?is  

is ! mo/ #8mappy' ( all ,turn]'s draw+s1
 & we "k t =  ! re/ ( 8 life he _h !    
greate/ horror ( ?is quality4    ,:5 we 
exam9e ! p5cil draw+s made f nature on  
?is t\r we  f9d !m all sev]ely gov]n$ by
 ! ends !y 7 int5d$ to s]ve4  ,! sket*es
 = ! publi%]s' "w    ,illu/ration3      
,,plate ,v    ,,l9coln ,,ca!dral        
,,wat] ,,col\r ,,exhibit$ ,,at ,,royal  
,,academy1 #agie    7,pr9t ,room1       
,briti% ,museum7    ,illu/ration3       
,,plate ,,vi    ,,l9coln ,,ca!dral1 ,,f 
,,! ,,s\?-,,we/    ,,p5cil4 #agid    are
 g5]ally made 9 a small note-book 7ab\t 
#d  #f in*es 9 size74  ,!y are inv>iably
 9 pure outl9e1 )\t ! slighte/ sugge/ion
 (  light & %ade--no?+ b ! scaffold+ ( !
 m important  %apes ^u :i* ! f9al       
designs 7 to be elaborat$4 ,on su* a    
small scale ! ease & grace ( ,turn]'s   
t\* are n mu* 9  evid5ce4 ,! sket*es are
 sev]ely bus9ess-l1 & done z quickly  & 
) z little ef=t z possible4 ,!re is m   
ef=t & feel+  9 ! casual /udies ) :i* ! 
leaves ( ?is sket*-book are  int]sp]s$4 

,! accompany+ sket* 7,plate ,,vii47 ( a 
pony /&+  ready saddl$ gives a good idea
 ( ! mature wisdom ( ,turn]'s /yle  (   
sket*+ at ?is p]iod1 its det]m9ation to 
grasp ! l>g]  tru?s ( =m & /ructure1 z  
well z ! quickness1 read9ess1 &         
v]satility ( 8 p[]s ( p]ception4    ,!  
draw+s = ! m ambiti\s subjects are      
g5]ally made on  l>g] & sep>ate pieces (
 pap] ab\t #h  #aj in*es 9 size4 ,on    
?is scale ! delicate play ( ! arti/'s   
wri/ becomes appreciable4  ,! dom9ant   
impression left by a glance ?r\gh ^!    
draw+s is "o  ( excessive ord]l9ess &   
me?odical neatness4 ,!re is no hurry1 no
  scamp$ or p]functory "w1 /ill less are
 !re any signs (  dilator9ess or ev5    
sl[ness4 ,! arti/'s respect = relevant  
fact is  equall$ by 8 appreciation ( !  
value ( "t4 ,8 calm objective  outlook1 
8 /eady1 unwav]+ grasp ( g5]al pr9ciples
 enable him  at e po9t to economise 8   
lab\rs1 to /ore up ! record ( !  greate/
 possible am\nt ( mat]ial facts 7i4e4 ( 
facts mat]ial to  8 purpose7 ) ! utmo/  

cel]ity1 cle>ness1 & ! lea/ possible    
exp5diture ( manual ef=t4 ,?is is       
p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 !  treatm5t ( ! 
t[]s 9 ! ,l9coln ,ca!dral draw+ 7,plate 
,,vi471  :]e e advantage has be5 tak5 ( 
! repetition ( =ms4 ,a  possible1 ?\gh n
 a v satisfactory1 way ( do+ ju/ice to !
  pr$om9ance ( conceptual ov] purely    
visual elem5ts 9 ?is "w1  w\ld be to say
 t ! arti/ has "h drawn ) 8 head r ?an  
8 eye1 t he puts d[n n s mu* :at he sees
 z :at he  und]/&s4    ,i am tempt$ to  
l+] = a mom5t ov] ! placid &            
self-conta9$  air ( ?is phase ( ,turn]'s
 "w1 because we %all s soon get into  an
 altoge!r diff]5t atmosph]e1 & because  
we %all und]/&  ,turn]'s aft] "w all !  
bett] ! m cle>ly we grasp !  "* ( ! "w  
we are n[ exam9+4 ,! self-conta9$ air to
  :i* ,i allude is connect$ 9 my m9d ) !
 "* &  limitations ( topographical "w4  
,n[ ! ess5tial "* (  topographical &    
purely antiqu>ian "w is t x does n aim  
prim>ily at express+ ! imag9ative or    
emotional effects ( !  objects x        

repres5ts4 ,x takes ^! imag9ative or    
emotional int]e/s  = grant$1 rely+ inde$
 on !m = ! ultimate ju/ification (  its 
"w2 b ! "w1 z topographical &           
antiqu>ian1 aims directly  only at an   
adequate repres5tation ( ! p>ticul>     
sc5es or build+s  ) :i* x is conc]n$4   
,!re is1 z x 71 a tacit division (      
lab\r2 ! arti/ be+ call$ ^u to record   
accurately & vividly a  c]ta9 sc5e or   
build+1 m]ely z a sc5e or build+1 :ile !
  spectator is expect$ to supply !      
requisite m5tal associations &          
emotional col\r+4 ,! arti/ draws a      
ca/le1 we w say1 z a m]e  object (      
sight1 :ile ! spectator is suppos$ to   
rememb] t !  ca/le 0 built by su* & su* 
a k+1 & t c]ta9 mov+ ev5ts  took place 9
 x or ne> x4 ,?is division ( lab\r      
simplifies ! "w  ( ! topographical      
arti/1 r$uc+ 8 bus9ess to a cle>-cut    
affair  ( def9ite visual facts4 ,h5ce ! 
,ori5tal /olidity ( ,turn]'s            
topographical "w1 its ,ori5tal pati5ce1 
neatness1 & precision4 ,9 a  draw+ l !  

#8,l9coln ,ca!dral' ,turn] is z :olly   
imm]s$ 9 !  succession ( p>ticul>       
mat]ial facts z a ,japanese or ,*9ese   
arti/4  ,z ) ! ,japanese & ,*9ese arti/s
 ! mat]ial facts are n  !re entirely =  
_! own sakes2 9 ,turn]'s case !y imply  
an  antiqu>ian int]e/1 z ! ,ea/]n       
arti/s' "w implies an add$  religi\s or 
poetical significance4 ,b ! po9t to :i* 
,i desire to  draw att5tion is1 t ?is   
add$ significance is n embodi$ 9 !  "w  
itself4 ,x is some?+ extrane\s &        
=tuit\s1 & ! "w  itself falls ap>t into 
some?+ dep5d5t4 ,x is 9 fact an         
accessory1  a "w ( m]e illu/ration1 n an
 indep5d5t "w ( art4    ,we %all h to   
return to ?is subject 9 our next *apt]1 
:5 we  f9d ,turn] wr5*+ himself free f !
 trammels ( topography &  antiqu>ianism 
to so> into ! regions (    ,illu/ration3
 ,,plate ,,vii    ,,pony ,,& ,,:eelb>r[ 
,,p5cil4 #agid    arti/ic fre$om4 ,9 !  
meantime we w turn our att5tion to !    
topographical draw+s :i* ,turn] s5t to !
 exhibition ( #agif4    ,( ! elev5      

draw+s by :i* ,turn] 0 repres5t$ at !   
,royal  ,academy ?is ye>1 n9e 7 app>5tly
 ( a topographical "*4 ,i  h only be5   
able to exam9e two ( ^! rec5tly--!      
#8,transept &  ,*oir ( ,ely ,m9/]1' 9 ! 
late ,mr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,holt's collection1 & 
!  #8,ll&aff ,ca!dral1' 9 ! ,national   
,gall]y 7,exhibit$ ,draw+s ,no4  #gie74 
,if we may judge f ! r cold impression  
^! two draw+s  make ^u u1 x is probable 
t !y owe _! exi/5ce r to !  arti/'s     
pr(essional dilig5ce ?an to any ov]ma/]+
 impulse  t[>ds arti/ic expression4 ,b !
 "w1 if n p>ticul>ly  en?usia/ic1 is    
di/+ui%$ by its ?or\ghness & workman-l  
_s4 ,e me*anical difficulty is fairly   
fac$ & ma/]$ )  imp]turbable coolness1  
pati5ce1 & dext]ity4 ,s palpably is !   
arti/'s att5tion fix$ ^u ! executive    
side ( 8 art1 especially  9 ! #8,ll&aff 
,ca!dral1' t a contempor>y prophet might
 well h  be5 excus$ if he _h se5 9 x    
only ! promise ( ! mak+ ( a  m>vell\s   
petit-matre1 & _h decl>$ t its au?or    
c\ld n be  possess$ ( a sp>k ( native   

g5ius4    ,p]haps if we c\ld see ei!r ( 
! two o!r draw+s :i*1 to judge  f _!    
titles1 7 nei!r topographical nor       
antiqu>ian 9  subject1 we might f9d     
evid5ce :i* w\ld induce u to modify ?is 
dom9ant impression ( intellectual       
coldness & unruffl$ placidity4 ,9       
p>ticul>1 ! title #8,fi%]m5 at ,sea'    
seems to sugge/ possibilities  (        
romantic expressiv5ess1 especially :5 we
 "k t ! subject 0  treat$ by ! same h& t
 0 to give u 9 a few ye>s' "t !         
#8,calais ,pi]1' ,"l ,iveagh's #8,fi%]m5
 on a ,lee-,%ore1' & !  #8,%ipwreck4' ,b
 ?is draw+ has n be5 trac$1 & ! second  
draw+1 ! #8,int]nal 7or int]ior7 ( a    
,cottage1' has app>5tly  %>$ ! same     
fate4    ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a slight       
possibility t ! latt] subject may be    
correctly id5tifi$ ) ! small draw+ 9 !  
,national ,gall]y1  exhibit$ "u ! title 
( #8,cottage ,int]ior' 7#djf ,n4,g474   
,?is draw+  has be51 some:at ra%ly1     
suppos$ to repres5t ! und]gr\nd  kit*5  
b5ea? ! b>b]'s %op 9 ,maid5 ,lane4 ,!re 

are absolutely  no gr\nds = su* an      
assumption1 & a mod]ately c>eful        
exam9ation  ( ! draw+ %[s t x does n    
repres5t an und]gr\nd kit*5  or room (  
any k9d4 ,x is cle>ly a room on !       
gr\nd-floor1 b !  l[] "p ( ! w9d[ has   
be5 curta9$ (f1 ) ! object (  gett+ a   
picturesque arrangem5t ( light & %ade1 &
 ?is fact may  h l5t "s plausibility to 
! sugge/ion t ! light 0 fall+  ?r\gh a  
grat+ above4 ,if ,i am "r 9 id5tify+ ?is
 draw+ )  ! #agif exhibit ! /udy 0 made 
at ,ely1 z ! catalogue in=ms u4    ,b   
:e!r ?is draw+ 0 exhibit$ at ! ,academy 
or n1 x cle>ly  belongs f int]nal       
evid5ce to ! latt] "p ( #agie or !      
beg9n+ ( #agif4 ,x !re=e (f]s u an      
int]e/+ connect+ l9k  9 ! developm5t (  
,turn]'s art1 %[+ ! l9e ( /udy :i*      
turn$ ! y\?ful topograph] into !        
romantic arti/4    ,yet !re is little ( 
! romantic _s on ! face ( ?is draw+4  ,a
 poor int]ior ba!d 9 gloom1 ) a n>r[    
/ream ( light fall+  on an old woman    
sitt+ beside a copp] & surr\nd$ by an   

array (  pots & pans4 ,b x is           
significant1 because x be>s witness to !
  direction ( ,turn]'s m9d to ! /udy (  
light & %ade z a sep>ate  vehicle (     
expression4 ,9 ! topographical draw+s   
prop]1 light &  %ade is n us$ = its     
emotional effect1 b simply z a means (  
repres5tation1 t is to say1 to br+ out !
 %apes & details4 ,9  ! #8,int]ior' we  
see ,turn] beg9n+ to isolate ! sy/em (  
light  & %ade1 to /udy & grasp its      
possibilities z a sep>ate factor (      
arti/ic expressiv5ess4    ,b if we turn 
to ! sket*-books conta9+ ! record (     
,turn]'s  summ] w&]+s 9 #agie1 we f9d no
 lack ( evid5ce ( !  ess5tially arti/ic 
ca/ ( 8 m9d1 & ( 8 wide sympa?ies )     
nature4 ,8 j\rneys ?is ye> 7 ma9ly      
conf9$ to portions ( !  coa/-l9e1 to !  
,isle ( ,wight1 & ! s\? coa/ ( ,wales f 
,*ep/[ to ,pembroke ,bay4 ,x 0 n by any 
means ! fir/ "t he _h  se5 ! sea1 b he 0
 !n able to /udy x m closely ?an be=e1  
& "u its wild] aspects & conditions4    
,! outw>d appe>ance ( ! two pr9cipal    

sket*-books us$ ?is ye>  be>s cle>      
indication ( bright pr(essional         
prospects4 ,^! h&some  calf-b\nd        
volumes1 ea* ) f\r brass clasps1 put    
=w>d solid  claims to respect--claims   
:i* a "y arti/ /&+ alone )\t a  back+ ( 
influ5tial patrons w\ld %r9k f advanc+4 
,op5+ !  book devot$ to ! ,isle ( ,wight
 subjects1 we f9d ! fir/ page  head$ 9  
ink ) ! words #8,ord]'d ,draw+s1' &     
und]nea? a record  ( subjects & sizes ( 
draw+s to be made = ,sir ,ri*>d ,colt   
,ho>e  & ,mr4 ,*>les ,l&se]1 ! engrav]4 
,9 ! ,s\? ,wales book we f9d  ! record (
 fur!r commissions f ^! two patrons1 &  
o!rs  f ,visc\nt ,maid51 ,dr4 ,ma!ws1   
,mr4 ,laurie1 ,mr4 ,lamb]t1 ,mr4        
,mit*ell  & ,mr4 ,k]%aw4 ,^! indications
 sugge/ t ! draw+s 9 ^!  volumes 7 n    
made entirely = ! arti/'s own use &     
enjoym5t4  ,!y are c]ta9ly = use1 z _!  
neat & c>eful array ( details  proves1 b
 !y 7 also de/9$ to be> ! scrut9y (     
possible  patrons1 & excite1 if         
possible1 a desire 9 _! brea/s to see !m

  c>ri$ out 9 a m elaborate m$ium4 ,?is 
may acc\nt = a c]ta9  smugness or       
primness 9 mu* ( ! "w itself1 = its fa9t
  sugge/ion ( y\?ful conceit & a priggi%
 air ( consci\s  rectitude4    ,! sket*+
 t\r op5s at ,w9*e/]1 & we c foll[ !    
arti/ to  ,salisbury & ,s\?ampton4 ,we  
!n f9d him sudd5ly at ,newport1 9 !     
,isle ( ,wight4 ,! rema9d] ( ! book is  
devot$ to ?is isl&4 ,at  ,newport ,turn]
 0 *iefly int]e/$ 9 ,c>isbrook ,ca/le4  
,we c !n  trace 8 foot/eps s\?w>d to    
,v5tnor & along ! ,s\?-,we/ coa/  to !  
,ne$les2 !nce back to ,newport1 ) a     
visit to ,brad+1 :]e  he made a         
delightful draw+1 p>tly f9i%$ 9         
wat]-col\r1 (  ,bembridge ,mill4    ,!  
workman%ip ?r\gh\t is admirably deft1   
graceful & accompli%$4  ,x is n1 h[ev]1 
till ! arti/ gets to ! op5 sea r\nd !   
,ne$les t 8 imag9ation seems /irr$ at   
all4 ,9 ! c5tre ( !  draw+ on page #ci  
/&s ! blunt face ( ! *alk cliffs2 on !  
left1 ! incom+ waves play r\nd a few    
brok5 /umps ( rock4 ,betwe5  ! cliffs & 

! spectator !re is a small bay 9 :i* "s 
fi%]m5's boats ride on ! ris+ tide4 ,!  
waves play prettily )  ! boats1 b ^! are
 c>efully te!r$ =e & aft1 ?us %[+  t _! 
own]s h le>nt to mi/ru/ ! gracefully    
advanc+  wat]s4 ,9 ! di/ance ! cold d>k 
volume ( sea seems to ju/ify  ^!        
suspicions4 ,gradually a s5se ( !       
/]nness ( ! et]nal  conflict betwe5 !   
sea & ! dry l& impresses itself on our  
m9ds4  ,! :ole coa/ seems 9 ! clut* ( a 
ru?less & nev]-re/+ foe4  ,9 "s sc5es ! 
high cliffs seem to /& pr\dly &         
defiantly 9  ! wat]2 "h !y are 9 full   
retreat1 ! havoc ( ! =egr\nd  prov+ t ! 
s(t *alk is crumbl+ at ! t\* ( its      
pitiless  enemy4    ,& n[ we c see !    
usefulness ( ! discipl9e & tra9+ (      
topographical draughtsman%ip4 ,confront$
 ) a sc5e l ?is1 :i*  p[]fully /irs 8   
emotions1 ! arti/ is n =c$ to rema9     
dumb2  he has an organ ( expression     
ready to 8 h&4 ,! supple p5cil-po9t     
hurries its sugge/ive outl9es ov] !     
pap]4 ,!re is yet "t to add  "s record (

 ! m delicate passages ( modell+1 & to  
sugge/  some?+ ( ! col\r ( ! wat] &     
cliffs4 ,! arti/'s bru% is  z docile z 8
 p5cil4 ,!re is no exp]im5tal blott+ &  
spla%+2 e t\* is expressive1 & !        
pressure ( ha/e only  adds great]       
c]ta9ty to ! swift t\*es4 ,! arti/ has  
to /op  be=e he has t9t$ half 8 pap]1 b 
he has torn out ! he>t (  8 subject4    
,leav+ ! ,isle ( ,wight1 ,turn] made 8  
way to ,s\? ,wales1 pass+  ?r\gh ,wells4
 ,! sc5]y ( ,s\? ,wales is ( a wild]    
description  ?an t ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 &
 x mu/ h t\*$ 8 imag9ation  pr(\ndly4 ,b
 ?anks to 8 ready sci5ce1 8 h& nev]     
falt]s2 all  ! ru9$ ca/les & abbeys1 !  
wat]-mills & wat]-falls1 !  details ( ! 
rocky coa/-l9e1 ! :ite-cre/$ waves &    
tangl$  =e/s1 are bundl$ ) cel]ity into 
neat little outl9es & /or$  ready =     
future use4 ,among ! subjects are !     
ca/les ( ,kidwelly1  ,c>ew1 ,laugh>ne1  
,llan/eph5 & ,goodri*1 & !y are drawn z 
!y  _h nev] be=e be5 drawn or w be aga94
 ,"o ( ! views ( ,c>ew  ,ca/le w s]ve ! 

arti/ ?irty ye>s lat] :5 he comes to    
treat  ?is subject = 8 #8,engl& &       
,wales' s]ies4 ,b to me ! mo/           
significant draw+ 9    ,illu/ration3    
,,plate ,,viii    ,,mel9c\rt ,,fall1    
,,vale ,,( ,,nea?    ,,p5cil1 ,,"p ,,ix 
,,wat] ,,col\r1 #agic    ! book is !    
wat]fall on page #h4 ,! :ole subject is 
drawn 9 )  ! p5cil z usual1 & !n j ! mo/
 important "p is f9i%$  9 wat]-col\r4   
,?is piece ( wat]-col\r "w is an        
admirable example  ( ,turn]'s           
s5sitiv5ess to impressions1 8 quickness 
& read9ess1  & ! adaptability ( 8       
me?ods4 ,! rocks & ! cry/all9e  facets (
 ! wat] at ! top ( ! fall are pa9t$ 9 ) 
%>p  /accato t\*es1 :ile ! skilful      
dragg+ ( ! dry bru% sugge/s  ! dissolv+ 
( ! wat] into spray ) extraord9>y       
vivacity4    ,?is draw+ =ms our eigh?   
illu/ration1 ?\gh no reproduction c  d  
ju/ice to x4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 admir$ ! "w    
w>mly1 & x =m$ "p  ( ! selection he made
 = ! ,ox=d ,loan ,collection4 ,he nam$ !
  draw+ ! #8,high ,=ce ( ,tees1' b ,i   

believe ?is description to be           
incorrect4 ,9 ! sket*-book ! leaf on :i*
 ! draw+ is made  foll[s imm$iately a   
draw+ ( ! wat]-mill at ,ab]duls1 & a    
note  made on ! fly-leaf ( ! book1      
writt5 by ,turn] = 8 own guidance  on ! 
t\r1 m5tions t ! #8,rocks & ,wat]-fall' 
ne> ,ab]duls  7 #8well wor? att5tion4'  
,! ne>e/ wat]fall to ,ab]duls is !      
cascade =m$ by ! riv] ,clyda*1 kn[n z ! 
,fall ( ,mel9c\rt4 ,i  h !re=e v5tur$ to
 sub/itute ?is title = ,mr4 ,rusk9's    
#8,high  ,=ce ( ,tees4'    ,an arti/ s  
s5sitive to ! subtlety & my/]y ( natural
 sc5]y1  z ^! sket*-books %[ ,turn] to h
 be51 & "o s unusually  gift$ to express
 ^! qualities1 c\ld n long be conf9$ )9 
!  prosaic limits ( topographical &     
antiqu>ian "w4          ,,*apt] ,,iii   
,,! ,,sublime--#agig-ahjb         ,*ange
 f pure =m to light & %ade--#8,millbank'
 & #8,ew5ny       ,priory'--,contra/    
betwe5 #8,ew5ny' & #8,ll&aff'--,!       
transition       f objectivity to       
subjectivity--,! gr[? ( ta/e = !        

,sublime--,!re are no sublime objects1 b
 only objects ( sublime       feel+--,no
 guidance b f art--,! ,wilson           
tradition--,! two       elem5ts 9 !     
sket*es & /udies ( ?is p]iod1 7#a7 ,!   
/udy       ( ,nature1 & 7#b7 ,!         
assimilation ( ! ,wilson tradition--,9 !
       #agig sket*es ^! two op]ations   
are kept di/9ct--,! ,nor? (       ,engl&
 t\r & its record--#8,/udies =          
,pictures3 ,copies (       ,wilson'--,! 
two op]ations beg9 to coalesce 9 ! #agih
 & #agii       sket*es--,! orig9 (      
#8,jason'--,! ,scot* 7#ahja7 & ,swiss   
7#ahjb7       t\rs4      ,!re is an     
evid5t connection betwe5 su* a /udy (   
light & %ade  z ! #8,int]ior ( a        
,cottage' 7#djf ,national ,gall]y7 & at 
lea/ two  ( ! exhibits 9 ! exhibition ( 
#agig4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! #8,moonlight1  a /udy
 at ,millbank1' 0 probably ,turn]'s fir/
 exhibit$ oil  pa9t+2 ! o!r1 #8,transept
 ( ,ew5ny ,priory1 ,glamorgan%ire1' ,i  
am  incl9$ to reg>d z ! fir/ draw+ 9 :i*
 ! budd+ g5ius (  ! "y arti/ 0          

au?oritatively ann\nc$4 ,x is impossible
 to be  sure :e!r ! direction ( ,turn]'s
 att5tion to ! subtl] problems  ( light 
& %ade l$ him to turn to oil pa9t+ z a m
 suitable  m$ium = ! expression ( su*   
effects1 or :e!r 8 resolution to        
explore ! res\rces ( ! m complex m$ium  
_h ! effect (  direct+ 8 att5tion to !  
expressional qualities ( light &  %ade4 
,! #8,millbank' be>s on its face !      
evid5ce ( ,dut* influ5ce  7,van d] ,ne]1
 ,van ,goy51 etc47 z well z ( inexp]i5ce
 ( !  te*nical requirem5ts ( ! new      
m$ium4 ,?is inexp]i5ce r5d]s !  "w      
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix    ,,int]ior 
,,( ,,ripon ,,ca!dral3 ,,nor? ,,transept
    ,,p5cil4 #agig    insignificant )   
reg>d to ! developm5t ( ! arti/'s       
p]sonality1 b ! b5t ( 8 m9d t[>ds !     
my/]y &  expressiv5ess ( d>kness is     
notable4    ,9 ! wat]-col\r ( #8,ew5ny  
,priory'--n[ "o ( ! *ief treasures  ( ! 
,c>diff ,art ,gall]y 7,pyke-,?ompson    
,beque/7--,turn]'s g5ius is  less hamp]$
 by te*nical difficulties4 ,if ?is be   

inde$ ! draw+  t 0 exhibit$ 9 #agigg x  
%[s an amaz+ly rapid developm5t 9  !    
arti/'s p[]s1 especially :5 we comp>e x 
) ! #8,ll&aff  ,ca!dral' 7#gij1         
,national ,gall]y71 :i* 0 exhibit$ only 
twelve  mon?s e>li]4 ,! #8,ll&aff' is   
m]ely ! "w ( a clev] &  skilful         
topographical draughtsman1 ! #8,ew5ny'  
is ! "w ( a  p[]ful imag9ative arti/4 ,!
 gloomy int]ior ( ! ,norman ru9 is  no  
long] an object to be measur$1 dat$1    
classifi$ & labell$4 ,x  is no long] an 
#8int]e/+ specim5' t we h set be=e u4 ,!
  arti/ has n[ brok5 ) ! ord9>y1 e-day  
_w (  s5se-exp]i5ce1 & we plunge ) him  
into ! _w ( !  imag9ation1 :]e objects  
are no long] sep>at$ f & held ov]  aga9/
 ! self2 !y n[ ?rob & t+le ) our own    
emotional life4    ,?is *ange ( aim--we 
may speak ( x = ! sake ( brevity z !    
*ange f objectivity to subjectivity--is 
accompani$ by a *ange (  me?od 9 !      
workman%ip ( ! two draw+s4 ,9 !         
#8,ll&aff' 7z 9  ! #8,l9coln'7 ! =ms (  
all ! objects are made out ) !  greate/ 

possible cle>ness4 ,:5 ! arti/ has told 
u z cle>ly &  precisely z possible !    
exact %ape ( e object f 8 *os5  po9t (  
view1 we feel t he has done all t he set
 out to d1 &  all t we c reasonably dem&
 f him4 ,!n ^! objects are left  /&+    
side by side 9 relative indep5d5ce ( ea*
 o!r & ( u2  !y h no necess>y connection
 "o ) ! o!r1 l ! p>ts (  a piece (      
music1 or ! po9ts ( an argum5t4 ,_! only
 bond ( union  is ! ab/ract "o ( space4 
,! :ole effect is ( some?+ sev]$  f     
direct exp]i5ce2 ! objects repres5t$ h  
an unreal air (  p]man5ce &             
immutability1 ) some?+ ( ! intellectual 
coldness  & alo(ness ( a diagram or     
ma!matical symbol4    ,9 ! #8,ew5ny'    
draw+ we are br\ght into contact )      
objects :i*  h n yet be5 sev]$ f !      
emotional col\r+ ( imm$iate  exp]i5ce4  
,in/ead ( a s]ies ( ab/ract spatial     
det]m9ations1  appeal+ only to ! ab/ract
 und]/&+1 we n[ h a pres5tation  fraught
 ) ! inf9ite sugge/iv5ess ( liv+1       
s5sible exp]i5ce4  ,ea* object repres5t$

 is n[ no long] held ov] aga9/ ! self z 
some?+ ali51 some?+ indiff]5t to &      
indep5d5t ( humanity1  l ! laws ( !     
physical sci5ces2 ea* object has n[     
become  m]ely a mom5t 9 ! affective life
 ( an individual4 ,x !re=e  t\*es our   
own feel+s1 *all5ges our hopes & fe>s1  
appeals  intimately to our sympa?ies ) !
 contagion ( ! emotions ( an  actual    
companion4 ,we _c rema9 indiff]5t to su*
 an appeal if we  w\ld4 ,unless our     
n]ves t+le z ! eye plunges f ! famili>  
objects ( ! =egr\nd into ! gloom beyond1
 ! picture has n  begun to exi/ = u4 ,b 
imm$iately x t\*es our inn] life into   
responsive activity ! picture becomes   
trans=m$ f s mu*  indiff]5t pap] &      
pigm5t into an aspect ( our own         
affective life4  ,we h caught !         
contagion ( ! arti/'s emotional         
exp]i5ce1 9  :i* ! objects ( 8          
repres5tation 7 subm]g$4    ,i am f> f  
wi%+ to sugge/ t ! di/9ction betwe5 !   
two  k9ds ( art :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to   
indicate is ei!r v obvi\s  or easy to   

grasp4 ,b x is1 ,i am conv9c$1 a v real 
& a v  weighty di/9ction1 & z su* is    
wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful /udy4  ,b1 h[ev]   
c>efully we /udy ! matt]1 & h[ev]       
pr(\ndly  conv9c$ we may be t !         
di/9ction is firmly gr\nd$ 9 !  ess5tial
 nature ( art itself1 yet we c nev] hope
 to describe x 9  ! precise t]ms ( !    
exact sci5ces4 ,we c nev] hope to und]/&
  ! exact nature ( ! ties :i* b9d !     
expressive symbols (  ,romantic art to !
 e*oes !y awak5 ) ma!matical c]ta9ty 9  
! brea/ ( ea* individual4 ,! problem ( !
 relation betwe5  ?\ght & feel+ /ill    
agitates ! rival s*ools ( philosophy1 & 
?is is n ! place to discuss su* matt]s4 
,:at is imm$iately  important           
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x    ,,conway    
,,falls1 ,,ne> ,,bettwys-,y-,,co$       
,,wat] ,,col\r1 ,,ab\t #agih    = u is  
to see t ,turn]'s art has pass$ f "o    
/age ( gr[?  to ano!r1 & to realise =   
ourselves z be/ we c ! nature (  ?is    
progression4 ,to me x seems cle> t ! l9e
 ( ,turn]'s  p]sonal developm5t is      

foll[+ r\ghly ! l9e ^u :i* !  arti/ic   
faculty ( mank9d has develop$2 t !      
transition f  topography to ! /age we h 
n[ ent]$ ^u co9cides 9 "p )  ! movem5t f
 ,classic to ,romantic art1 f ! art :i* 
is 9  bondage to ! _w ( ext]nal reality1
 to ! art :i* moves & has  its be+ 9 !  
inn] _w ( our ideas & feel+s4 ,!        
#8,ll&aff'  & #8,l9coln' belong to !    
classic 7or ! pseudo-classic1 if y w7   
art ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :ile !         
#8,ew5ny' inaugurates !  ,romantic art (
 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,on its te*nical side
 ! *ange  is f =m to tone1 f a sy/em (  
pr$om9antly unemotional                 
space-det]m9ations to a m$ium :i* is m  
imm$iately 9 contact  ) ! inw>d feel+ ( 
all self-consci\s be+s4    ,9 mov+ f !  
,augu/an po9t ( view t[>ds ! ,romantic1 
,turn]  0 b walk+ 9 an already          
well-beat5 track4 ,dur+ ! la/           
half-c5tury ! influ5ce ( ,milton _h be5 
gr[+1 ! ta/e = !  gloomy1 ! my/]i\s & ! 
picturesque _h f\nd expression 9  ,"y's 
,night ,?\ghts1 9 ,gray's ,elegy1 9     

,walpole's ,ca/le (  ,otranto1 & _h f\nd
 critical expon5ts 9 ,w>ton's ,hi/ory ( 
,engli% ,poetry1 & 9 ,burke's ,essay ,on
 ! ,sublime & ,beautiful1  7#agef74 ,dr4
 ,p]cy's ,reliques _h f\nd _m read]s &  
admir]s1 &  ,macph]son's ,ossian _h     
/irr$ ! en?usiasm ( ,europe4 ,9 pa9t+   
,ri*>d ,wilson & ,de ,l\!rb\rg _h /ruck 
! same note ( gloomy  gr&eur4    ,n[ !  
ess5ce ( ?is k9d ( art--! ,sublime--is n
 m]ely to  /rike ! spectator dumb )     
amazem5t or t]ror1 b also to make him   
feel t man's moral fre$om is sup]ior to 
! mo/ t]rible =ces (  ,nature4#h ,! m]e 
repres5tation ( ! fe>ful & t]rible      
sights (  inorganic nature is !re=e n by
 itself en\gh to evoke a feel+ (  !     
sublime2 be=e he c d ?is ! arti/ mu/    
also excite 9 !  spectator !            
consci\sness ( 8 p[] to ov]come or resi/
 su*  objects4 ,x is !re=e a purely     
subjective feel+ t ! arti/  has to      
repres5t1 ?\gh ?is feel+ is direct$     
t[>ds or c5tr$  r\nd a c]ta9 def9ite    
s]ies ( objects4 ,b ^! objects z  col\r$

 ) ! /r5g? & resolution ( ! h]oic       
mood--! mood  ( ,kant's animi           
/r5ui#i--;_c prop]ly be said to exi/ z  
natural objects4 ,! real subject ( !    
arti/'s "w is !re=e1  /rictly speak+1 ! 
invisible & ! intangible1 a m]e mood ( !
  s\l1 an attitude ( our own m9d t[>ds  
c]ta9 objects ( ?\ght4    ,( c\rse we   
%\ld all h be5 ju/ifi$ be=e ! feat _h   
be5  accompli%$1 9 decl>+ t x 0         
impossible = pictorial art to  pa9t !   
invisible1 b n[ t x has be5 accompli%$  
we h no  alt]native b to recognise !    
fact4 ,common-s5se says ! ?+ is         
impossible1 & exp]i5ce proves to u t    
common-s5se is wrong4 ,!  c>eful /ud5t (
 mod]n criticism w "k h[ spl5didly ,mr4 
,rusk9  f\ght aga9/ exp]i5ce 9 ?is matt]
 & h[ he 0 wor/$4 ,i am  really sorry = 
common-s5se4 ,to pa9t ! invisible &     
intangible--x  is a h>d nut to crack4 ,b
 ,i prote/ we h no *oice 9 ! matt]4  ,! 
?+ is !re be=e u4 ,x is a pity x is n q 
s simple &  easy z we %\ld l x to be1 b 
x is be/1 ,i ?9k1 to face !             

difficulties hone/ly4    ,turn]'s       
problem1 !n1 z a pa9t] ( ! sublime1 0 "o
 9 :i*  ! m]e /udy ( natural objects    
c\ld n help him4 ,he might se>*  out !  
mo/ fe>ful sights 9 nature1 wat* !      
l(tie/ wat]fall (  ! mightie/ riv]1     
volcanoes 9 all _! viol5ce ( de/ruction1
  hurricanes1 lightn+ fla%es & /orms1 b 
^! objects alone1  ?\gh !y might        
/imulate 8 feel+ ( moral fre$om1 c\ld n 
%[  him h[ to express ?is faculty (     
moral resi/ance :i* #8gives u1' z  ,kant
 says1 #8! c\rage to measure ourselves  
aga9/ ! app>5t  almight9ess (           
nature4'#aj ,!re 0 no help = ,turn] 9   
?is task  b 9 ! works ( ^? arti/s :o _h 
succe$$ 9 express+ su*  emotions1 & x 0 
to ,wilson & ,de ,l\!rb\rg t ,turn] w5t1
 n  to le>n h[ to repres5t natural      
objects z su*1 b to le>n h[ to  use su* 
objects z ! m$ia ( inw>d p]ceptions &   
ideas4 ,de  ,l\!rb\rg's influ5ce 0 ma9ly
 9 ! direction ( rhodomontade &         
melodrama1 b ,wilson's1 ?\gh n          
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi    ,,conway  

,,ca/le    ,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #agih        
devoid ( dang]1 l$ ,turn] safely into ! 
en*ant$ regions (  romance4    ,! ?ree  
*ief expressive--z di/+ui%$ f           
repres5tative--factors 9 ,wilson's "w   
are d>kness ( tone1 !  s*eme ( col\r1 & 
! quality ( ! pa9t4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k 
t ! g5]al d>kness ( ,wilson's pictures  
is ! necess>y result  ( ! k9d ( subjects
 he treat$4 ,! d>kness is necess>y to   
tune  ! m9d ( ! spectator to gloomy &   
tragic ?\ghts1--to spread ov]  8 m9d :at
 ,johnson calls #8a g5]al obscurity (   
sacr$ horror1 t  oppresses di/9ction1 & 
disda9s expression4' ,9 8 wor/ pictures 
?is d>kness ( key readily passes into   
empt9ess & blackness2 b 9  8 be/        
pictures ?is d>kness ranges ?r\gh a     
gamut ( subdu$ &  gl[+ col\r1 :i*       
relieves ! gloom & com=ts u z x 7 9  our
 di/ress4 ,! tone & col\r are ?us to "s 
ext5t det]m9$ by  ! "* ( ! objects      
repres5t$2 ! tone by _! g5]al  emotional
 effect1 & ! col\r s*eme z condition$ by
 ! tone1  ?\gh controll$ )9 r wide      

limits by ! natural col\rs (  ! objects 
repres5t$4 ,b ! ?ird elem5t1 ! quality (
 !  pa9t1 seems altoge!r indep5d5t ( !  
objects repres5t$4 ,x seems  to reveal  
only ! arti/'s attitude t[>ds ^!        
objects4 ,x is z  ?or\ghly subjective z 
! emotional vibration 9 ! voice ( an    
excit$ speak]4 ,"u ?is t]m1 ! quality ( 
! pa9t1 ,i include  all ! imm$iate      
pres5tative elem5ts ( pa9t+1 ! ?ickness 
or  ?9ness ( ! impa/o1 ! way ! pa9t is  
put on1 ! signs ( !  bru%work1 ev]y?+1 9
 %ort1 t tells u h[ ! arti/ felt  t[>ds 
! objects he 0 repres5t+4    ,! ma9     
object ( ,turn]'s /udy dur+ ! p]iod we  
are deal+ )  0 ! assimilation ( !       
,wilson tradition1 8 /udy ( ! facts (   
,nature1 simply z facts1 fall+ into !   
second place4 ,= a "t !  two l9es ( /udy
 are kept di/9ct4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! "w (   
neat  & sy/ematic note-tak+ face to face
 ) nature is cont9u$1 & on  ! o!r h&1 a 
numb] ( /udies aim+ at ! embodim5t ( !  
arti/'s subjective attitude make _!     
appe>ance4 ,! f9al syn!sis  ( ! two     

factors1 ! )\t & ! )91 is ( c\rse only  
arriv$ at 9 ! f9i%$ "w ( art1 b !       
cont5ts ( !  sket*-books ( ?is p]iod    
fall easily ap>t1 accord+ z !y lean     
ei!r 9 ! direction ( ! p>ticul> facts or
 9 ! direction (  ! emotional syn!sis4  
,! draw+s made dur+ ! t\r 9 ! nor? (    
,engl&1 :i* ,turn]  made 9 ! summ] (    
#agig1 belong almo/ entirely to ! fir/  
k9d4 ,9  "o sket*-book we f9d mo/ ( ! m 
important ru9$ abbeys &  ca/les (       
,york%ire1 ,durham1 & ,nor?umb]l& drawn 
) ! mo/  delightful ease1 accuracy1 &   
*>m4 ,"h we h ,kirk/all ,abbey drawn  f 
e available po9t ( view1 ,ripon         
,ca!dral1 /udi$ bo?  )\t & )91 ,b>n>d & 
,ri*mond ,ca/les1 ,dun/anbor\gh1        
,bambor\gh1 ,durham ,ca/le & ,ca!dral1  
,w>kwor?1 ,l9disf>ne &  ,norham4 ,!     
draw+ ( ! int]ior ( ,ripon ,ca!dral1    
reproduc$ z  ,plate ,,ix41 is m]ely an  
av]age example ( ! k9d ( "w t ,turn]  n[
 seem$ to produce )\t ! slighte/ ef=t4  
,! mo/ complicat$  /ructure & detail n[ 
pres5t$ no difficulties to 8 well-tra9$ 

eye & h&4 ,! ease ) :i* he ma/]$ all !  
mat]ial =ms  t met 8 eye may h left 8   
m9d at leisure to enjoy ! moral         
atmosph]e ( ! build+s1 may h left 8     
imag9ation free to range  backw>d ov]   
its pa/ hi/ory2 b !re is no trace (     
emotion or  imag9ation 9 ! graceful play
 ( ^! cle>-cut1 accurate1 &  me?odical  
outl9es4    ,melrose ,abbey =m$ ! highe/
 po9t nor? 9 ?is j\rney4 ,leav+         
,melrose1 ,turn] /ruck across to        
,cumb]l&1 no d\bt pass+ ?r\gh  ,c>lisle 
to ,keswick4 ,aft] ! bu/le & noise ( mu*
 ( ! nor?w>d  half ( 8 j\rney1 ! peace &
 quiet ( ! ,engli% lakes mu/ h  be5     
noticeable4 ,9 look+ ?r\gh ! hundr$ or m
 p5cil sket*es  made at ,keswick1       
,butt]m]e1 ,ullswat]1 ,patt]dale1       
,w9d]m]e1  ,coni/on1 etc41 "o is /ruck  
by ! abs5ce ( ! conv5tional note (      
,romantic horror4 ,!re is no trace ( :at
 us$ to be call$ ! bold  & appall+      
s+ul>ities ( nature4#aa ,!re is inde$ a 
m>k$  abs5ce ( human activity 9 ^!      
draw+s4 ,we are alone )    ,illu/ration3

 ,,plate ,,xii    ,,ru9$ ,,ca/le ,,on   
,,hill    ,,wat] ,,col\r4 ,,ab\t #agih  
nature1 b nature's aspect is g5]ally    
peaceful & fri5dly4 ,!  m\nta9s are     
high1 b we enjoy climb+ !m & ! f9e views
 we get  !re4 ,_! %apes above all int]e/
 u imm5sely4 ,!y d n /rike  u at all z  
appall+ s+ul>ities1 b z replete ) an    
inf9ite  grace & v>iety1 "u :i* we feel 
a fundam5tal reasonabl5ess1 an          
intuitive s5se ( intelligible design4 ,&
 !n !re are n only !  b>e %apes1 b _!   
wond]ful clo?+ ( light & %ade2 ! play  (
 ! gleams ( sunlight & ! long %ad[s     
across ! deep bosoms (  ! hills1 & !    
games ! wrea?s ( mi/ & cl\d play ) !    
di/ant m\nta9-tops1 & ! wild races ( !  
m\nta9-torr5ts ov]  _! fav\rite tracks4 
,occasionally !re is "t = m ?an !       
regulation p5cil outl9e4 ,!n ! bru% & a 
few col\rs come out1  & a /ret* ( !     
di/ance wakes f its cold ab/raction into
 life4  ,su* sket*es z #8,! ,head (     
,d]w5twat]1 ) ,lodore ,falls & !        
entrance to ,borr[dale1' ! #8,hills (   

,gl>am>a1' & #8,butt]m]e ,lake'         
7,exhibit$ ,draw+s1 ,no4 #fif71 7       
produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 ^! we  see        
beautiful effects ( mi/1 ) ! sun play+  
?r\gh !m1 not$  ) subtle sympa?y &      
accuracy1 b ! g5]al effect is n at all  
gloomy2 x is r "o ( peace1 s]5ity1 &    
gladness4    ,?is is ! raw mat]ial out (
 :i* ,turn] set to "w 9 ! autumn  & w9t]
 ( #agig to manufacture "s important oil
 pictures full (  gloom & wra?4 ,! "y   
arti/ rem9ds me ( ,johnson's acqua9tance
  :o _h resolv$ to be a philosoph]1 b   
f\nd 8 native *e]fulness  always break+ 
?r\gh4 ,turn]'s unaffect$ delight 9     
,nature c]ta9ly  /ood 9 ! way ( 8       
aspiration t[>ds ! sublime4 ,b he 0 n a 
man to be easily ?w>t$4 ,we c trace 9 ! 
pictures exhibit$ 9  #agih ! conflict   
betwe5 ! elem5ts giv5 9 p]ception & !   
subjective requirem5ts ( ! arti/1 b by  
%e] dilig5ce &  /r5g? ( w he succe$$ 9  
m\ld+ 8 *e]ful p]ceptions into  concepts
 full ( gloom & horror4 ,! picture (    
#8,butt]m]e' 7,n4,g41 at  pres5t on loan

 to ! ,alb]t ,memorial ,museum1 ,exet]7 
is bas$ on a  pale & delicately-*>m+    
wat]-col\r draw+ 7#fif1 ,n4,g471 b      
little ( ! *>m or delicacy ( ! orig9al  
sket* survives 9 !  oil pa9t+1 :i* is   
ru?lessly swamp$ 9 m ?an ,wilsonian     
blackness4 ,he succe$$ be/ :]e ! record 
( 8 p]ceptions 0  slighte/4 ,!re are    
sev]al sket*es ( ,norham ,ca/le1 b !y   
are all  9 p5cil & v slight4 ,= "s      
reason or o!r ! arti/ 0  evid5tly 9 a   
hurry4 ,p]haps p>tly because ( ?is      
insuffici5t  note-tak+1 "h 0 a fav\rable
 subject r\nd :i* 8 imag9ation  0 free  
to play1 unhamp]$ by any v cle>ly       
det]m9$ imm$iate  p]ceptions4 ,! picture
 ( ,norham ,ca/le1 exhibit$ at ,som]set 
,h\se  9 #agih1 0 ,turn]'s fir/ di/9ct  
success 9 ?is k9d ( "w1 &  he repeat$ ! 
subject sev]al times4    ,a small       
gre5-cov]$ pocket-book1 :i* /ill be>s   
,turn]'s label1  #8,/udies = ,pictures3 
,copies ( ,wilson1' gives u a glimpse ( 
!  processes by :i* ! sights ( nature 7 
conv]t$ into works (  art4 ,"h we see ! 

subjective impulses ( ! arti/ /ruggl+   
into  expression2 ! arti/'s love (      
gorge\s col\r & dramatic effect  n\ri%+ 
itself & =g+ a mat]ial =m = its own     
support4 ,among  ! designs 9 ?is int]e/+
 little book are sev]al m>9e & coa/     
subjects1 a %ipwreck1 an int]ior ( a =ge
 ) m5 busy ca/+ an  an*or1 "s riv]      
sc5es1 a ra9b[ /&+ ov] a d>k city1      
sev]al  *ur* int]iors1 & "s /udies (    
turbul5t skies4 ,x is difficult  to     
di/+ui% ,turn]'s /udies = 8 own pictures
 f 8 copies (  ,wilson1 b "o ( ! draw+s 
is probably a copy ( ,wilson's          
#8,morn+1' & ano!r1 ( 8 #8,bridge (     
,augu/us at ,rim9i4' ,i h  n be5 able to
 see ei!r ( ^! orig9al pictures1 s z to 
comp>e  !m ) ,turn]'s copy1 b a         
comp>ison ( ! copy ) ! engrav+  by      
,joseph ,f>+ton1 publi%$ by ,boydell1   
%[s "s important  discrepancies 9 !     
arrangem5t ( ! light & %ade4 ,! "*  ( ^!
 discrepancies leads "o to suppose t !y 
7 n made  int5tionally by ,turn]1 b 7 ! 
result ( 8 attempt to reproduce  ! g5]al

 effect ( ! picture f memory4 ,he may h 
made a slight  p5cil sket* ( ! picture 9
 "s gall]y1 & wa%$ 9 ! g5]al  effect    
aft]w>ds f memory4    ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 
only a supposition1 b x is some:at      
/r5g!n$  by exam9ation ( a l>g] & m     
elaborate copy ( ,wilson's  #8,l&scape )
 ,figures1' a picture n[ 9 ! ,national  
,gall]y 7,no4  #abij74 ,t ,turn]'s      
wat]-col\r is int5d$ to be a copy is    
prov$ by  ! endorsem5t on its           
back--#8,/udy f ,wilson1'               
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii    ,,/udy  
,,( ,,fall5 ,,trees    ,,wat] ,,col\r4  
,,ab\t #agih    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,,xiv    ,,ca]n>von ,,ca/le4    ,,p5cil4
 #agii    b :5 we comp>e x ) ! orig9al  
we f9d t ! v>i\s  discrepancies 9 ! copy
 c only be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t       
,turn] 0 work+ to a consid]able ext5t f 
memory4 ,i admit !  evid5ce is n        
conclusive1 b ,i d n ?9k we %all be f>  
wrong if  we take x t ,turn] did n at   
?is "t make any elaborate copies (      
,wilson's pictures1 b t he /udi$ !m     

closely &  en?usia/ically1 & reli$ m ^u 
8 memory ?an 8 notes4    ,9 ! sket*es   
made dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s we f9d t ^! two 
sep>ate op]ations %[ a t5d5cy to        
coalesce4 ,turn] has evid5tly  tak5 a   
dislike to 8 e>li] map-mak+ /yle1 &     
tries h>d to see  nature l ,wilson4 ,8  
sket*es f nature become slight] & m     
hurri$4 ,9 8 ef=ts t[>ds bread? he comes
 v ne> empt9ess1  & 9 8 attempts to get 
away f 8 neat bit-by-bit /yle ( "w  he  
(t5 comes ne> d[nright clums9ess &      
c>elessness4    ,! summ]s ( #agih &     
#agii 7 l>gely sp5t 9 ,nor? ,wales4 ,"h 
he  f\nd exactly ! mat]ial t *im$ 9 ) ! 
mood ( /]nness &  gloom he wi%$ to      
express3 /eep1 convulsive m\nta9s1 wild 
valleys  & brok5 passes1 ! b>e          
skeletonlike ribs ( brok5 %ips agr\nd on
  lonely e/u>ies1 massive ru9s ( huge   
ca/les p]*$ on inaccessible  crags1     
gnaw$ to ! bone z x 7 by ! w9d & ra9 &  
remorseless ,"t4    ,8 m5tal grasp has  
cle>ly broad5$4 ,he no long] sees       
build+s z  isolat$ objects1 b !y n[ fall

 into _! places z incid5ts 9  ! wide    
panorama ( ! c\ntry4 ,no?+ is n[ drawn =
 itself2 !  trees are emanations f !    
gr\nd1 ! dry l& & ! wat]s are  k9sm51 ! 
/ones 9 ! =egr\nd are p>ts ( ! di/ant   
m\nta9s1 & ! m\nta9s huge eld] bro!rs ( 
! pebbles by !  riv]-side4 ,! bubbl+    
wat]s are b cl\ds made captive1 ! cl\ds 
! fre$ s\ls ( ! brooks1 ! trees ! organ 
( _!  trans=mation2 & ca/les l ,conway1 
/&+ ) _! roots  plung$ deep into _!     
rocky f\ndations1 seem b rocks rais$ to 
a  high] p[]4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 human 
art & physical nature is  ev]y:]e brok5 
d[n4 ,! _s ( life 9 nature is id5tifi$ )
  ! volitions & passions ( ! arti/'s own
 s\l3 he has become  s5sible #8to !     
moods ( "t & season1 to ! moral p[]1 !  
affections & ! _s ( ! place4'#ab    ,?is
 /ate ( m9d is closely ak9 to ! mood 9  
:i* ! my?s ( !  ,old ,_w _h tak5 %ape4  
,small wond]1 !n1 if ! brok5 &  )]$     
bran*es ( a /rick5 tree wri?+ among     
vigor\sly %oot+  bru%wood %\ld sugge/ to
 ,turn]'s mobile fancy ! idea ( snakes &

  dragons4 ,! sket* "h reproduc$ 7,plate
 ,,xiii47 /rikes me z probably  ! orig9 
( ! picture ( #8,jason' :i* 0 exhibit$ 9
 #ahjb4    ,9 #ahjj or #ahja ,turn] made
 a t\r ?r\gh ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4  ,!  
imm$iate results 7 slightly disappo9t+1 
b ! exp]i5ce  ga9$ und\bt$ly contribut$ 
to ! effectiv5ess ( ! "w done  dur+ !   
fir/ visit to ,switz]l&1 made 9 #ahjb4  
,9 ! ,scot*  sket*es ,turn] _h hit ^u a 
me?od ( work+ t enabl$ him to  cov] a   
great deal ( gr\nd 9 a %ort space ( "t1 
& :i* _h !  additional advantage (      
ex]cis+ 8 memory1 & ( mak+ 8  sket*es f 
nature m l ! fir/ draughts ( 8 f9i%$    
pictures ?an l s _m unfus$ notes or     
memor&a4 ,all ! m  promis+ sc5es he met 
) 7 sket*$ slightly 9 *alk ^u l>ge      
%eets ( pap] prep>$ ) a wa% ( light     
br[n4 ,^! sket*es 7  seldom c>ri$ f>    
be=e ! actual sc5es1 b z soon aft] z 0  
conv5i5t--possibly at ! inn 9 ! ev5+--^!
 skeletons 7  fill$ up f ! arti/'s      
ret5tive memory & ev]-ready inv5tion4   
,9 ?is way he 0 able to =tify himself   

aga9/ ! multiplicity (  nature's        
irrelevant facts1 & to f9d a ready =m ( 
expression =  ! reaction ( 8 own m9d ^u 
! sights ( nature4    ,col\r 0 v little 
us$ 9 ! ,scot* sket*es1 all ! l>g]      
draw+s--numb]+1 ,i ?9k1 betwe5 =ty &    
fifty--be+ work$  entirely 9 black &    
:ite4 ,b a consid]able numb] ( ! ,swiss 
draw+s are col\r$1 ?\gh1 ,i believe1    
none ( !m directly f  nature4 ,turn]'s  
proc$ure 9 ! case ( ^! draw+s appe>s to 
h  be5 practically ! same z ) ! ,scot*  
s]ies1 b aft] !  skeleton sket* f nature
 _h be5 elaborat$ ) p5cil & :ite  &     
black *alk1 col\r 0 sometimes resort$   
to1 less z a record (  facts            
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv              
,,cassiobury3 ,,nor? ,,we/ ,,view       
,,fr5*4 ,,ab\t #ahjj4    ,illu/ration3  
,,plate ,,xvi    ,,blair',s ,,hut ,,on  
,,! ,,montanv]t ,,& ,,m] ,,de ,,glace   
,,wat] ,,col\r4 #ahjb    ( local col\r1 
?an z an additional in/rum5t (          
expression ( !  subjective mood4 ,among 
! draw+s elaborat$ 9 ?is way are !      

sket*es ^u :i* sev]al ( ! ,f>nley draw+s
 7! l>ge #8,m] de  ,glace1 ,*am\nix1'   
#8,falls ( ! ,rei*5ba*1' #8,pass ( ,/4  
,go?>d1'  #8,blair's ,hut1 ,m] de       
,glace1'#ac etc471 7 bas$4 ,9 "s cases !
  f9i%$ works are less impressive ?an ! 
fir/ sket*es1 :i* are  almo/ ov]p[]+ 9  
_! conc5trat$ vehem5ce & gloomy maje/y4 
,b we mu/ bew>e ( reg>d+ ^! z simple    
sket*es f nature4  ,!y are m /rictly    
/udies = pictures ?an sket*es f nature1 
& x is h>dly too mu* to say t !y owe m (
 _! en]getic  emotional appeal to !     
,wilson tradition1 :i* ,turn] _h by ?is 
"t  ?or\ghly assimilat$1 ?an to !       
imm$iate inspiration ( nature4          
,,*apt] ,,iv    ,,!                     
,,sea-,,pa9t]--#ahjb-ahji               
,connection betwe5 m>9e pa9t+ & !       
sublime--,turn]'s fir/       m>9e       
subjects--,! #8,bridgewat]              
sea-piece'--#8,meet+ ( !       ,?ames & 
,m$way'--#8,our l&+ at ,calais' &       
#8,calais       ,pi]'--#8,fi%]m5 ^u a   
,lee ,%ore'--#8,guisbor\gh ,%ore' &     

#8,dunb>' sket*-books--#8,!             
,%ipwreck'--#8,at ! ,m\? ( !            
,?ames'--#8,! ,nore1' #8,%e]ness1'      
etc4--#8,dea? ( ,nelson4'      ,we h    
/udi$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ! fir/ phase (   
,turn]'s  g5u9ely creative "w4 ,we h se5
 ! arti/ te> himself free f  ! trammels 
( ! prosaic und]/&+1 ) its cle>-cut     
di/9ctions betwe5 ext]nal nature &      
subjective ?\ght & feel+1  & plunge     
:ole-he>t$ly into ! concrete _w ( !     
poetic  imag9ation4 ,! accompli%$       
draughtsman ( ! visible has develop$    
into ! p]f]vid poet ( ! invisible4      
,objective reality1 z su*1 is  %att]$ & 
trampl$ ru?lessly und]foot4             
#8,woe6 woe6      ,?\ ha/ de/roy'd      
,! beautiful _w      ,) viol5t bl[      
',tis %iv]'d6 'tis %att]'d6      ,!     
fragm5ts abroad by a demigod scatt]'d6  
,n[ we sweep      ,! wrecks into        
no?+ness6      ,fondly we weep      ,!  
beauty t's gone6      ,?\1 'mong/ ! sons
 ( e>?1      ,l(ty & mighty "o1         
,build x once m6      ,9 ?9e own bosom !

 lo/ _w re/ore6'    ,! di/9ction betwe5 
p]cipi5t & object is bru%$ aside1 & !   
ext]nal _w becomes ! m$ium & ! means (  
manife/ation (  inw>d p]ceptions &      
ideas4 ,h[ f> ! ext]nal _w c be built up
  aga9 9 ! bosom ( ! self-consci\s      
subject dep5ds l>gely ^u  !             
opportunities & g5ius ( ! individual4   
,9 pictures l ! #8,kilg>ran ,ca/le1'    
#8,norham ,ca/le1' & #8,!               
,trossa*s'--to take p]haps ! ?ree mo/   
successful works ( ! k9d  ( art we h be5
 /udy+--! m9d only p>tially coalesces ) 
its  objects4 ,su* art only deals ) a   
limit$ range ( subject-matt]1 &  x      
treats its objects r z foils to !       
contemplative m9d ?an z  hav+           
significance & wor? 9 !mselves4 ,!      
t]rors ( inorganic  nature are n        
repres5t$ = _! own sake1 b are p>ad$ to 
m>k  ! triumph ( ! moral fre$om t rises 
sup]ior to !m4 ,! arti/  is !re=e =c$ to
 d viol5ce to ext]nal nature1 to subdue 
x &  degrade x into a symbol ( :at is   
antagoni/ic 9 8 own consci\s  exp]i5ce4 

,yet by %e] =ce ( arti/ic treatm5t all  
?is ho/ile  & negative matt] is br\ght  
)9 ! realm ( art1 & made into an  object
 9 :i* ! self-scrut9is+ _s ( man f9ds   
itself  mirror$4    ,b ! sublime lies   
only on ! ?re%old ( beauty4 ,x succe$s1 
9 s  f> z x does atta9 its effect1 only 
by mak+ extreme dem&s ^u  ! acquir$     
culture & reason+ p[]s ( ! spectator4 ,!
 sublime  _c be adequately repres5t$ by 
any s5su\s object1 b ! v  inadequacy (  
^! objects c /ir up & evoke ?is feel+ 9 
!  prop]ly prep>$ spectator4    ,!re are
 ampl] possibilities ( beauty 9 ! realm 
( ! sea  pa9t]4 ,at fir/ sight x may    
seem t ! *ange is m]ely a *ange  f "o   
region ( inorganic nature to ano!r1 f   
rocks1 torr5ts &  glaci]s1 to ! /ormy & 
impetu\s sea4 ,b if we exam9e !         
sub/ance ( ,turn]'s m>9e pictures       
c>efully1 we f9d t !y  conta9 elem5ts   
:i* l5d !mselves m readily to a         
sy/ematic  unity 9 s5su\s =m4 ,9 8      
m\nta9\s pieces ,turn] f\nd room =  v   
little imm$iate human int]e/4 ,man & 8  

ev]yday occupations  are bani%$ f ! /eep
 & rocky places he *ooses to repres5t1 z
  incompatible ) ! gloomy1 awe-/ruck    
feel+ he wi%es to evoke4 ,!  only       
imm$iate l9k ) ! feel+s & int]e/s ( ^? =
 :om  he work$ :i* ^! pictures conta9$1 
0 ! %att]$ masonry ( a  ca/le built 9 ! 
recesses ( ! pa/ by m5 long s9ce dead1 b
  ^: purposes & fate /ill awoke e*oes 9 
! hi/orical imag9ation  ( ! pres5t4 ,9 8
 m>9e subjects ,turn] ent]$ m closely   
into  relation ) ! sub/antive int]e/s ( 
8 "t4 ,dur+ !  ,napoleonic w>s ! sea _h 
come to be recognis$ z ! *ief safegu>d  
( ! nation4 ,! dang]s ( ! sea1 ! c\rage 
& skill ( h]  sailors1 7 ,engl&'s only  
bulw>ks aga9/ ! inv9cible legions (     
,napoleon4 ,! ga!r+ ( ! ,fr5* armies (  
invasion along !  %ores ( ,brittany1 !  
flotillas ( gun-boats & flat-bottom$    
boats  safely moor$ at ,b\logne &       
,ambleteuse1 focuss$ ! att5tion ( !     
nation ^u a po9t outside ! limit$ & v>y+
 int]e/s ( !  individual citiz51 & unit$
 !m all 9 ! same community ( hopes  &   

fe>s4 ,! exi/5ce & welf>e ( ! nation 7  
at /ake1 !  ne$ ( self-sacrifice 0 felt1
 & ! individual became animat$ )  !     
common s5tim5ts ( ! nation4 ,! /ress (  
circum/ance woke up  :at ,i may call !  
m]ely physical & mat]ial nation into a  
self-consci\s spiritual unity1 ?9k+ !   
same ?\ghts & ?robb+  ) ! same emotions4
    ,at su* a mom5t ! poet's & ! arti/'s
 task is made comp>atively  easy4 ,_!   
individual exp]i5ces are *>g$ ) a       
univ]sal import2  _! art rises to !     
dignity ( a public function4 ,!y h only 
to  be true to _! own impulses to       
realise ! absolute beauty ( et]nal      
life4 ,& x 0 happily at su* a mom5t 9 ! 
life ( ! ,engli%  nation t ,turn] we>i$ 
( 8 ru9$ ca/les & t]rify+  m\nta9s--( ! 
picturesque 9 g5]al--& devot$ himself to
 m>9e  pa9t+4    ,! li/ ( ,turn]'s      
exhibit$ works %[s t he 0 e>ly drawn to 
! sea & sailors4 ,9 #agif he exhibit$ a 
draw+ call$ #8,fi%]m5 at  ,sea1' ! next 
ye> ano!r entitl$ #8,fi%]m5 com+ ,a%ore 
at ,sunset1  previ\s to a ,gale1' & 9   

#agii !re 7 two oil pictures1 "o (  #8,!
 ,battle ( ! ,nile1' & ! o!r ( #8,fi%]m5
 ,becalm$ previ\s  to a                 
,/orm--,twilight4' ,i h n1 un=tunately1 
be5 able to see any  ( ^! works1 b "s   
/udies & draw+s 9 ! ,national ,gall]y   
made ab\t #agif %[ t ,turn] began 8 c>e]
 z a m>9e pa9t]  "u    ,illu/ration3    
,,plate ,,xvii    ,,/udy ,,= ,,!        
8,,bridgewat] ,,sea ,,piece0 ,,p5 ,,&   
,,ink1 ,,wa%1 ,,& ,,:ite ,,*alk  ,,on   
,,blue ,,pap]4 ,,ab\t #ahja             
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii    ,,/udy 
,,( ,a ,,b>ge ,,) ,,sails ,,set    ,,p5 
,,& ,,ink1 ,,wa%1 ,,& ,,:ite ,,*alk ,,on
 ,,blue ,,pap]4 ,,ab\t #ahjb    ! m>k$  
influ5ce ( ,r[l&son1 ,george ,morl& &   
,de ,l\!rb\rg4  ,!re is "o animat$      
little draw+ ) br[n ink outl9es (       
sailors  gett+ "s ob/rep]\s pigs on bo>d
 a small coa/+ vessel 9 a  /rong gale ( 
w9d4 ,app>5tly ! c>t has be5 driv5 into 
! sea  beside ! vessel1 an impossible   
feat 9 su* a sea2 ! sea mu/ also  be too
 deep = ! :eels ( ! c>t to re/ on !     

gr\nd1 & if !  :eels t\* ! bottom !re is
 n en\gh wat] = ! two boats4 ,b  9 spite
 ( ^! m9or defects ! subject provides   
scope = a f9e  animat$ gr\p ( m5 9 ! c>t
 /ruggl+ ) ! pigs1 :o h  det]m9$ to     
precipitate !mselves into ! wat] r ?an g
 :]e  !y are want$4    ,t ,turn] 0 n    
altoge!r satisfi$ ) 8 design is prov$ by
  ! exi/5ce ( two o!r v]sions ( ! same  
subject4 ,9 "o ( ^!  ! motive ( ! c>t 9 
! sea has be5 ab&on$4 ,! c>t is n[      
plac$ 9 ! =egr\nd on ! bea*1 & ! re>+   
horses &  /ruggl+ & %\t+ m5 are cle>ly  
inspir$ by ,r[l&son's & ,de  ,l\!rb\rg's
 treatm5t ( simil> !mes4 ,^! draw+s are 
9 p5cil  outl9e only1 b !re is also a r 
elaborate wat]-col\r ( a  %ipwreck$     
sailor cl++ to ! rocks1 ) huge          
glassy-col\r$  waves 9 ! mann] ( ,de    
,l\!rb\rg4    ,turn]'s unfamili>ity ) ! 
sea no d\bt acc\nt$ to "s ext5t  = its  
attraction4 ,8 imag9ation 0 "h free to  
disport itself  untrammell$ by ! bonds (
 exp]i5ce1 & safe f ! irksome yoke  ( ! 
famili>4 ,:5 we come to /udy ,turn]'s   

fir/ important  sea-piece1 ! f9e picture
 9 ! ,bridgewat] ,h\se collection (     
#8,dut* ,boats 9 a ,gale3 ,fi%]m5       
endeav\r+ to put _! ,fi% on             
,bo>d'--fir/ exhibit$ 9 #ahja1 we c see 
h[ little art is b\nd to  dep5d ^u !    
individual arti/'s p]sonal exp]i5ce4    
,turn] _h  pa9t$ l&scapes be=e he knew !
 c\ntry1 & build+s be=e he  _h se5 !m1 s
 n[ he pa9ts sea-pieces be=e he has be5 
to sea4  ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ t he  
_h v5tur$ out ( sight ( l&  be=e #ahjb1 
& !n x 0 only to cross ! ,*annel f ,dov]
 to  ,calais4 ,b be=e ?is he _h exhibit$
 n only ! ,bridgewat]  picture to :i* ,i
 h ref]r$1 b a l>ge #8,battle ( ! ,nile'
  7#agii71 ,"l ,iveagh's sup]b #8,fi%]m5
 ^u a ,lee ,%ore' 7#ahjb71 &  ! almo/   
equally f9e #8,%ips be>+ up = ,an*orage'
 7#ahjb71 9 !  ,petwor? gall]y4    ,x is
 true t he _h us$ to ! utt]mo/ ! few    
opportunities :i*  _h fall5 9 8 way (   
obs]v+ ! sea f ! %ore1 & t he  _h "s    
little exp]i5ce ( %ips & sailors 9 riv]s
 & on !  coa/4 7,see1 = example1 ! s]ies

 ( sket*es ( boats' crews t[+  m5-(-w> 9
 ! ,riv] ,usk1 9 ! #8,cyf>?fa'          
,sket*-,book ( #agih47  ,:at direct k ( 
?is k9d he possess$ he naturally us$1 b 
!re c be no d\bt t ! ma9 body ( 8 k z   
well z  inspiration 0 d]iv$ n at        
fir/-h&1 b indirectly1 at fir/1  ?r\gh !
 pictures ( ,engli% pa9t]s l ,de        
,l\!rb\rg1 &  lat]1 ?r\gh ! pictures &  
draw+s ( ! ,dut* sea-pa9t]s4 ,!  po9t is
 wor? ! att5tion ( ^? :o treat ! close  
connection  betwe5 art & nature :i*     
happ5s to exi/ j at pres5t z an  inh]5t 
*>act]i/ic ( pictorial art1 & make mu* (
 ?is suppos$  *>act]i/ic 9 opposition to
 ! fre$om ( music4 ,:5 we cease to  keep
 our att5tion rivet$ on ! naturali/ic   
art ( ! pres5t1 we  soon f9d indications
 t ! ess5tial =ms ( pictorial art are z 
mu* indep5d5t con/ructions ( ! creative 
m9d z ! =ms (  music4    ,9 ! gr\p (    
/udies = pictures ( ! sea :i* are relat$
 to !  ,duke ( ,bridgewat]'s picture1 we
 see ,turn] play+ ) pictorial  =ms ) z  
mu* fre$om z a musician plays ) 8 notes4

 ,!  horizontal l9e ( ! sea1 ! heav+    
waves1 ! masses ( light &  d>k 9 ! sky1 
! /olid =ms ( ! big %ips1 ! in/ability (
  ! small] boats1--^! are notes :i*     
,turn] nev] seems we>i$ (  evok+1 &     
weav+ into ev] fre% comb9ations4 ,!     
dem&s ( m]e  repres5tation c\nt = almo/ 
no?+ 9 ^! entranc+ draw+s4  ,! arti/    
draws simply because he loves 8 arti/ic 
symbols1 loves  weav+ !m into designs1 &
 because 8 gift ( melodic inv5tion is   
inexhau/ible4    ,! gr\p ( draw+s to :i*
 ,i ref] seems to h be5 made  orig9ally 
9 a small book1 solidly b\nd 9 calf4 ,on
 "o ( ! cov]s  ,turn] has pr9t$ boldly 9
 ink #8,/udies ,p1' & #8,%ipp+1' :i*    
means1 d\btless1 ,/udies = ,pictures (  
,%ipp+4 ,! pap] is blue  ) a co>se      
surface1 simil> to    ,illu/ration3     
,,plate ,,xix    ,,fi%]m5 ,,laun*+ ,a   
,,boat ,,9 ,a ,,r\gh ,,sea    ,,p5 ,,&  
,,ink ,,& ,,wa%4 ,,ab\t #ahjb           
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx    ,,/udy ,,=
 8,,sun ,,ris+ ,,?r\gh ,,vap\r0         
,,black ,,& ,,:ite ,,*alk ,,on ,,blue   

,,pap]4 ,,ab\t #ahjd    t commonly us$  
by /ud5ts 9 ! ,fr5* ateli]s1 & kn[n z   
,mi*allet pap]4 ,! designs 7 g5]ally    
r\ghly p5cill$ 91 &  7 !n c>ri$ fur!r 9 
p5 & ink1 ) bold wa%es ( ,indian  ink4  
,:ite *alk 0 also freely us$4 ,! book 0 
9 use be=e #agii1  z x conta9s a numb] (
 /udies = ! pa9t]'s diploma picture (   
,dolbad>n ,ca/le4 ,^! /udies are made 9 
col\r$ *alks1 mo/ (  !m /ill v          
effective1 al?\gh !y h wa/$ a good deal 
(  _! =ce ^u ! pages t h be5 press$ d[n 
ov] !m4 ,?is  is1 ,i believe1 "o ( ! few
 occasions on :i* ,turn] has be5 kn[n   
to "w 9 pa/el4 ,d\btless _m ( ! %ipp+   
designs 7 nev]  c>ri$ out1 b among !m   
!re are /udies = ! l>ge wat]-col\r  (   
,c>n>von ,ca/le exhibit$ 9 #ahjj1 & = ! 
two wat]-col\rs (  ,pembroke ,ca/le1 "o 
7n[ belong+ to ,mrs4 ,pitt ,mill]71     
exhibit$ 9  #ahja1 & ! o!r 7! glori\s "o
 n[ belong+ to ,mr4 ,ralph              
,brocklebank71 exhibit$ 9 #ahjf4    ,b !
 actual /udies = ! #8,bridgewat]        
,sea-piece' 7 made 9 a  mu* l>g] book1 a

 book :i* seems to h be5 devot$ at fir/ 
to  ! purpose ( mak+ life /udies at !   
,academy classes4 ,b x  conta9s only    
ab\t half a doz5 draw+s ( ?is k9d1 :ile 
ab\t  sixty pages are devot$ to /udies (
 pictures1 "s hi/orical1 l  !           
#8,deluge1' etc41 b mo/ ( !m sea-pieces4
 ,! pap] is co>se  blue1 l ! small]     
book1 ! size ( ! leaves be+ #ag  #aj    
in*es1 & mo/ ( ! /udies are cont9u$ ov] 
! two op5 pages4  ,?r\gh\t ! book "o    
recognises a c]ta9 s5se ( pride &       
exaltation 9 ! m]e size ( ! pap]1 & 9 ! 
un*eck$ fre$om  ) :i* ! arti/'s h& &    
imag9ation c\ld disport !mselves4    ,"o
 ( ! e>lie/ /udies = ! #8,bridgewat]    
,sea-piece' repres5ts  simply a /raight 
l9e ( sea ) two %ips on x 9 ! di/ance1  
"o  =e%ort5$1 ! o!r 9 pr(ile4 ,9 !      
extreme di/ance is a l9e  ( :ite *alk   
sugge/+ a /rip ( sunlight on a di/ant   
coa/4 ,!  idea is s bald & empty & s    
unlike ! f9al result t "o w\ld  n       
connect ! /udy ) ! picture did x n be>  
,turn]'s  inscription1 #8,duke's        

,picture1' 9 ! m>g94    ,! next /udy %[s
 t ,turn]'s m9d is occupi$ ) ! idea (   
fill+ up ! empt9ess ( ! middle di/ance &
 =egr\nd4 ,on !  left we h two          
fi%+-boats pit*+ to ! "r 9 %ad[1 :ile  !
 two frigates ride at an*or 9 ! di/ance1
 v mu* z 9 !  fir/ sket*4 ,! two gr\ps  
are unit$ simply by ! ca/ %ad[ on !     
wat] ?r[n by ! fi%+-boats 9 ! direction 
( ! frigates  7,plate ,,xvii474    ,!   
next /udy %[s ! arti/ try+ to f9d a m   
int]e/+ way (  unit+ ! two gr\ps4 ,"h ! 
two motives are ti$ toge!r z x  7 by a  
small r[+-boat ) m5 9 x half hidd5 9 !  
tr\gh (  ! waves4 ,! gr\p ( fi%+-boats  
is also slightly alt]$1 _!  sails       
acc5tuat+ _! common sway+ motion4 ,9 ?is
 draw+ !  v>i\s objects are no long]    
juxtapos$ 9 a seem+ly casual or         
arbitr>y way4 ,a subtle bond ( union has
 sprung up betwe5 !m4 ,!  r[+-boat rocks
 ! rev]se way to t ( ! l>ge gr\p ( sail+
  vessels4 ,! two rock+ motions re9=ce &
 expla9 "o ano!r4 ,!  movem5t ( ea* ga9s
 9 vividness1 & !y bo? increase !       

int5sity ( our p]ception ( ! /ead9ess & 
weight ( ! boat  rid+ at an*or out !re  
on ! "r4 ,9 ?is way ! sea comes to  life
 9 its effects1 & ! design is ready to  
be transf]r$ to !  canvas & = fur!r     
elaboration4    ,?is play+ ) our feel+s 
( equilibrium & movem5t con/itutes  "o (
 ! prime factors ( ,turn]'s enjoym5t 9 8
 e>li]  sea-pieces4 ,he is tak+         
possession ( 8 new realm1 gett+ 8       
sea-legs z x 74 ,we see ?is pla9ly 9 !  
beautiful little picture  ( #8,! ,meet+ 
( ! ,?ames & ,m$way' 9 ! ,national      
,gall]y4 7,?is  is a small v]sion ( !   
l>g] picture n[ 9 ,am]ica4 ,!re is also 
ano!r equally f9e small v]sion 9 !      
,univ]sity ,gall]ies1 ,ox=d47  ,! /rong 
heav+ wave on :i* ! buoy dances 9 !     
=egr\nd sets  ! ma9 motive ( !          
picture--! play ( w9d & waves--cle>ly   
=w>d4 ,! small boat ) ! f\r m5 9 x is   
flung sideways &  upw>d4 ,we feel x z ! 
light play?+ ( ! heavy waves4 ,9 !      
middle di/ance !re are two gr\ps (      
heavi] craft ) sails set1  "o gr\p1 on !

 left1 com+ /raight t[>ds u1 ! o!r gr\p 
scudd+ /raight across ! picture plane1 j
 ab\t to disappe> out  ( ! frame on !   
"r4 ,! danc+ buoy & ! light r[+-boat 9  
! =egr\nd make u feel at once !         
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi    ,,/udy   
,,= 8,,! ,,%ipwreck0    ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink  
,,& ,,wa%4 ,,ab\t #ahje    weight & bulk
 ( ^! sail+ hoys4 ,we feel !m settl+ d[n
 9 !  mettlesome sea1 gripp+ x tight z a
 rid] grips 8 horse ) 8  knees1 :ile !y 
fl+ out _! sails to ! w9d4 ,!y are l    
liv+1 pant+1 quiv]+ animals4 ,9 ! f>    
di/ance rides a l>ge  frigate at an*or1 
& ! firm base l9e ( ! horizon might /& z
  a symbol ( ! self-possession1 /r5g? ( 
w1 & unity ( !  consci\s self1 :i*      
delights 9 diff]5ces1 :ile nev] entirely
  los+ itself 9 ! multif>i\s maze (     
exp]i5ce4    ,9 our sket*-book !re are  
"s ( ! undevelop$ g]ms ( ?is  picture4  
,9 ^! sket*es p>ts ( ! design h be5     
firmly grasp$1  b ! :ole movem5t has n  
yet come to light4 ,9 ! f9e draw+  runn+
 across pages #ij & #ia1 = example1 !   

action ( ! two  scurry+ hoys on ! "r1   
toge!r ) ! rock+ boat 9 !  =egr\nd1 is  
cle>ly m>k$4 ,b !re is no?+ to          
c\nt]balance  ! swift ru% ( ^! boats4   
,if we look at ?is /udy ) !  remembrance
 ( ! f9al design 9 our m9ds we feel !re 
is some?+  miss+4 ,we want ! heavy      
waddl+ hoys on ! left com+ t[>ds u1  )  
_! hulls jamm$ deep 9 ! waves2 we want  
some?+ to give u  a s5se ( solidity1    
some?+1 z x 71 to hold on to1 to /eady  
ourselves 9 ! sway & ru%4    ,all ^!    
trial sket*es1 ?is labori\s piec+ toge!r
 ( !  designs1 sugge/ t ,turn] 0 n try+ 
to realise some?+ t he  _h actually se54
 ,no d\bt ?is 0 ! case1 yet we mu/ n    
ha/ily  conclude t he 0 simply mak+ x   
all up out ( 8 head1 z !  common say+   
runs4 ,8 small] sket*-books %[ t he _h  
con/antly  wat*$ su* sc5es4 ,! object ( 
8 trial sket*es 0 !re=e to  f9d an      
adequately expressive =m :i* w\ld d     
ju/ice to ! weal?  ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,he 0 n
 try+ simply to make an ab/ractly       
beautiful composition4 ,8 task 0 r to   

knit toge!r into  conceptual unity 8    
wide range ( exp]i5ce1 & !n to body ?is 
=? 9 a c>efully select$ & articulat$    
sequ5ce ( s5su\s  signs4    ,b "s ( !   
pages ( ! book 9 :i* ! sket*es ref]r$ to
  above occur1 prove t ! well-kn[n      
picture ( #8,calais ,pi]' is 9  ! ma9 an
 attempt to realise a sc5e t ,turn] _h  
actually  witness$4 ,on pages #eh & #ei 
!re is a vigor\s draw+ 9 black &  :ite  
*alk inscrib$ #8,our l&+ at             
,calais--ne>ly swampt4' ,! packet  boat 
_h evid5tly _h a r\gh cross+1 & n[ !    
pass5g]s are  be+ l&$ 9 boats )         
consid]able difficulty4 ,9 ?is sket* !  
boat seems to h /uck on ! h>b\r b>1 &1  
beyond1 ! packet  :i* ! pass5g]s h j    
left is l[]+ its ma9sail4 ,ano!r  sket* 
%[s ! small boat flung f9ally on ! %ore 
) !  pass5g]s /ruggl+ among ! surf4 ,!  
picture is no d\bt an attempt  to       
realise ! sc5e :i* pres5t$ itself       
imm$iately on ! arrival  ( ! packet     
boat1 be=e ! pass5g]s began to l&4 ,?is 
0  ,turn]'s g5]al idea1 b ! composition 

_h to be inv5t$ &  appropriate details  
f\nd to su/a9 & re9=ce ! ma9 idea4      
,?is incid5t occurr$ 9 #ahjb1 & we h to 
g back to ! previ\s  ye> to f9d :at seem
 to me ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( 
,"l ,iveagh's sup]b #8,fi%]m5 ^u a      
,lee-,%ore 9 ,squally ,wea!r1' a        
picture t w be fre% 9 ! public m9d1 z x 
=m$ "o ( !  *ief attractions at !       
exhibition ( ,engli% pictures at !      
,franco-,briti% ,exhibition held 9      
,london la/ ye> 7#aijh74 ,two little    
pocket-books1 us$ dur+ ,turn]'s j\rney  
to ! ,scot* lakes1 are  fill$ ) draw+s (
 ! heavy bill[s ( ! ,nor? ,sea ?und]+ on
  a lee %ore4 ,! fir/ book 0 us$ on !   
,york%ire coa/1 ! o!r  on ! wild coa/   
betwe5 ,b]wick & ,ed9burgh4 ,! ,york%ire
 book  be>s ,turn]'s label1             
#8,guisbor\gh ,%ore1' on ! back4 ,x     
consi/s ( a  small numb] ( pages ( co>se
 blue pap]4 ,^! pages are fill$ )       
magnific5t impressions ( waves da%+     
aga9/ rocks1 & ( d>k1  heavy fi%+-boats 
silh\ett$ aga9/ ! foam+ :ite sea4 ,!    

#8,lib]' design ( ! #8,coa/ ( ,york%ire 
ne> ,:itby' 7,r4 #bd7 0  d\btless       
sugge/$ on ?is occasion4    ,! o!r book1
 ! #8,dunb>' sket*-book z ,turn] nam$ x1
 consi/s (  leaves ( /\t ,:atman coat$ )
 wa%es ( a murky p9ki% br[n4 ,!         
advantage ( us+ :ite pap] prep>$ 9 ?is  
way is1 t ! arti/  c get 8 lights by    
simply us+ 8 knife to scrat* away !     
prep>ation4 ,?is book conta9s sket*es ( 
! ru9s ( ,rosl9 ,ca/le1  ! ,bass ,rock1 
,tantallon & ,dunb> ,ca/les4 ,! wild &  
disconsolate  sc5es    ,illu/ration3    
,,plate ,,xxii    ,,m5-,,(-,,w>',s      
,,boats ,,fet*+ ,,provisions 7#a7       
,,p5cil ,,ab\t #ahjh    betwe5 ,/4      
,abb's ,head & ,dunb> seem to h deeply  
impress$ ,turn]'s  imag9ation4 ,z we    
turn ov] ! leaves ( ?is book we seem to 
he>  #8! sombr\s & heavy s\nd ( ! bill[s
 successively da%+  aga9/ ! rocky bea*' 
t ,scott speaks ( 9 8 description ( ,fa/
  ,ca/le 9 ! ,bride ( ,lamm]moor4 ,!    
arti/ seems too excit$ to  draw 9 8 old 
/atic fa%ion4 ,! /ret*es ( sull5 sea are

 sket*$  aga9 & aga91 ! :ite cre/s ( !  
incom+ waves be+ dug out  furi\sly ) !  
knife4 ,b only ! l>ge masses ( light &  
d>k  are indicat$4 ,"h we h a /ret* (   
cold light 9 ! sky ) !  d>k sea & cliffs
 loom+ aga9/ x1 ! :ole vague &          
fragm5t>y1  b irresi/ibly impressive4 ,b
 p]haps ! mo/ eloqu5t pages 9 !  book   
conta9 two glori\s /udies ( /orm-toss$  
waves4 ,we are look+  out f ! %ore1 ) ! 
waves break+ at our feet4 ,ev5 9 8  m   
elaborate "w ,turn] has nev] sugge/$ !  
trem5d\s weight &  p[] ( ! sea-waves s  
vividly z 9 ^! hurri$ & t9y sket*es4  ,!
 furi\s "w ) ! knife on bo? sides ( !   
pap] has r$uc$  x almo/ to a rag2 b !   
rag is eloqu5t1 & su* /udies z ^!  help 
u to und]/& h[ x 0 t ,turn] c\ld pa9t ! 
sea s v  mu* bett] ?an any arti/ ei!r   
be=e 8 "t or s9ce4    #8,! ,%ipwreck1'  
"o ( ! mo/ successful ( ,turn]'s e>ly   
sea-pieces1 0 pa9t$ 9 #ahje4 ,! picture 
is d\btless a  #8composition' 9 :i*     
,turn] has endeav\r$ to sum up 8 k (  ! 
sea1 b1 z 0 usual ) him1 x conta9s a    

nucleus ( directly  obs]v$ fact4 ,^! two
 sides ( 8 art1 tireless & ! mo/  se>*+ 
obs]vation1 & ! subsequ5t arti/ic       
manipulation ( :at  he _h se5 & felt1   
are cle>ly display$ = u 9 two little    
ragg$  pap]-cov]$ note-books labell$ by 
! arti/ #8,%ipwreck' &  #8,%ipwreck #b4'
 ,! fir/ conta9s ! succ9ct record ( an  
actual  %ipwreck1 ! second ! s]ies (    
trial compositions :i* he made  be=e !  
f9al design ( ! picture 0 fix$4         
,eight ( ! pages ( ! fir/ book--x only  
conta9s sixte5 pages 9  all--h long be5 
exhibit$ among ! ,turn] wat]-col\rs 9 ! 
,national ,gall]y4 ,!y are fram$ toge!r1
 & numb]$ #ece4 ,!y  repres5t s _m      
diff]5t views ( a b>que go+ to pieces on
 !  %ore4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! v]acity 
( ^! bold1 ma/]ly p5  sket*es2 z ,mr4   
,rusk9 says ( !m1 #8,i believe ev5 ^? :o
 h  n se5 a %ipwreck1 mu/ recognise1 by 
! in/9ct ( awe1 ! tru?  ( ^! records ( a
 vessel's ru9' 7,rusk9 on ,pictures1 p4 
#bba74 ,9  ! m>g9 ( "o ( ! draw+s ,turn]
 has scribbl$ #8,pepp] 787 b>gh         

,vessel4 ,hemp4 ,o4 ,iron bundles l     
,hoop4' ,! sc5]y vaguely sugge/s  ! coa/
 ( ,k5t to me1--possibly ,graves5d4     
,^! sket*es are s impressive t "o w\ld h
 ?\ght t ,turn]  w\ld h be5 satisfi$ to 
take any "o ( !m z a basis = a  picture4
 ,b 8 m9d seem$ unsatisfi$ until he _h  
exalt$ actuality  into some?+ ( epic    
gr&eur4 ,! second little book %[s h[ he 
set  to "w to make 8 pictures express a 
cle>] int5tion & a wid]  m5tal outlook  
?an any s+le incid5t c\ld4    ,! fir/   
sket* %[s u a l>ge %ip settl+ d[n at !  
b[s1 ) a  s+le r[+-boat 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,we
 are f> away f ! %ore4  ,! trag$y is    
int5sifi$ by tak+ place on ! high seas1 
b !  pres5tm5t is evid5tly too b>e &    
matt]-(-fact = ! arti/4 ,9  ! next sket*
 ! %ip is turn+ ov] t[>ds u1 ?\gh       
slightly to  ! "r1 s t we see its decks 
pla9ly1 ) ! ma/s  =e%ort5$ t[>ds u4     
,some:at ne>] to u is a welt] ( boats & 
figures1 ) a fi%+-boat ) sails set on ! 
"r1 all plac$ l[  d[n 9 ! tr\gh ( ! sea4
 ,on page #ac1 ! vessel is turn$ half   

ov] t[>ds u1 b to ! left4 ,! fi%+-boat 9
 ! =egr\nd  sail+ into ! picture also   
has its ma/ & sails slop+ viol5tly  to !
 left4 ,?is sw+ 9 ! same direction ( !  
two mo/ prom95t  objects 9 ! design     
/rikes u z monoton\s1 & d\btless = ?is  
reason excit$ ,turn]'s disapproval4 ,on 
page #af1 ! vessel is br\ght  ne>] &    
made a m prom95t object 9 ! design4 ,x  
is n[ turn$  ov] away f u & slightly to 
! left4 ,! welt] ( boats &  figures is  
plac$ beyond ! vessel1 in/ead ( 9 !     
=egr\nd4 ,9  ano!r sket* ! %ip lies on  
its side helpless on ! "r ( !  design1  
its ma/s & rigg+ 9 ! wat] /ret*+ "r     
across !  picture4 ,ano!r ( ! sket*es   
has be5 reproduc$ z ,plate ,,xxi4 ,?is  
is1 p]haps1 a little m fully realis$ ?an
 "s ( ! o!rs4 ,x  seems to h be5 drawn  
/raight (f 9 p5 & ink1 !n ! /ormy  sky &
 waves 7 indicat$ ) an impetu\s wa% (   
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii           
,,m5-,,(-,,w>',s ,,boat ,,fet*+         
,,provisions 7#b7    ,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t    
#ahjh    ,indian ink1 :i* 0 !n ?umb$1   

dabb$1 & coax$ to give !  requisite     
modell+4 ,! sweep ( ! waves1 _! vici\s  
*oppy spurts  & explosions ( spray1 are 
giv5 ) a directness & simplicity (      
means t ,i believe w\ld h excit$ !      
admiration ( ,kor9 himself4    ,i ne$ n 
cont9ue to describe all ! pages 9       
detail4 ,! po9t (  int]e/ is t ,turn]   
tri$ successively e possible movem5t 9  
! s9k+ ( a big %ip & look$ at !m f e    
possible po9t  ( view4 ,!n he f9ally    
decid$ t 8 second sket* 0 ! mo/         
sugge/ive & /rik+1 s he took x up aga91 
& aft] consid]able  modification 9 !    
details1 develop$ x into ! complet$ "w4 
,betwe5 #ahje & #ahji ,turn] mu/ h sp5t 
a good deal ( 8 "t  sail+ up & d[n ! l[]
 rea*es & ! m\? ( ! ,?ames4 ,!  cont5ts 
( sev]al sket*-books prove ?is4 ,9 "o   
!re is a view (  ! ,dut* coa/ ) ,flu%+ 9
 ! di/ance1 evid5tly drawn f !  sea4 ,b 
! subjects z a rule are ne>] home4 ,9 ! 
book labell$  #8,riv] & ,m>gate' !      
subjects range f ! ,fi%m>ket at ,ha/+s  
to ,cobham & ,walton ,bridges4 ,^!      

include sket*es ne> ,london ,bridge1  at
 ,purfleet1 ,gre5wi*1 ,graves5d1 ,s\!nd1
 ,h]ne ,bay1 & ,m>gate4 ,b  ^! are only 
treat$ z backgr\nds to ! %ips & boats4  
,we h  pages & pages ( :]ries & ,?ames  
b>ges bundl+ along ) all  sails set pa/ 
massive %ips ( ! l9e at an*or1 all drawn
 z swiftly  z !y seem to move4 ,^! are  
almo/ too slight = reproduction1 b  !   
two animat$ sc5es ( m5-(-w>'s boats     
victuall+1 reproduc$ z  ,plates ,,xxii4 
& ,,xxiii41 give an excell5t idea ( ! _s
 9 :i*  ,turn] work$ on ^! occasions4   
,look+ out to sea we see a numb] (  %ips
 ( ! l9e rid+ at an*or4 ,r\nd !         
l&+-/ages 9 !  =egr\nd are ! %ips' boats
 tak+ 9 /ores ( bread1 hay &  /raw1 %eep
 & fi%4 ,! day is f9e1 b !re is evid5tly
 a w9d  bl[+2 ! sea is *oppy2 !re is    
pl5ty ( spray ab\t1 & !  p5nants /& out 
taut f ! ma/s ( ! big %ips 9 ! (f+4  ,x 
is all drawn ) a few hurri$1 n]v\s p5cil
 outl9es1 no?+ is  describ$ 9 detail1   
yet ! :ole sc5e is br\ght z vividly be=e
 u  z ! mo/ elaborate oil-pa9t+ c\ld br+

 x4    ,ano!r little book1 labell$      
#8,boats4 ,ice1' %[s t ,turn] 0 no  m]e 
fair wea!r sailor4 ,! sket*es 7 evid5tly
 made dur+ a  sev]e w9t]4 ,! book />ts  
(f ) sev]al lurid sunsets4 ,on page #i  
we see "s boatm5 on _! b>ges1 a *ur*1   
probably ,graves5d  ,*ur*1 9 ! di/ance4 
,! sun has disappe>$ beh9d a bank (     
cl\ds4 ,^! h ! ^w #8grey' scribbl$ ov]  
!m4 ,ov] a few  hurri$ l9es ( p5cil     
radiat+ f a c5tre beh9d ^! cl\ds are  ! 
sugge/ive words #8,fire & ,blood4' ,on  
page #ab1 we h a /ret* (  riv] ) a      
di/ant gr\p ( trees on ! left loom+     
?r\gh ! fog4  ,! riv] is /rewn )        
fragm5ts ( ice4 ,on ! "r a s+le boat is 
visible1 its tall ma/ & /ays /&+ out    
boldly aga9/ ! sky4  ,above1 ! upp] "p (
 ! sun's face is j appe>+ ?r\gh !       
cl\ds4 ,?is slight1 s5sitive sket* is   
help$ out = !  arti/--?\gh = !          
imag9ative spectator x h>dly ne$s su*   
help1  s eloqu5t is x--by scribbl$ notes
 ( col\r2 #8,boat 444 yell[1' !  wat] 9 
! =egr\nd1 #8,gre5i% ,black 9 ,%ad[s4   

,ice :ite &  grey4'    ,on ! next page  
we f9d two b>ges ) brittle fragm5ts (   
ice  hang+ r\nd !m4 ,on page #af1 !re is
 a b>ge moor$ beside :at  seems to be a 
huge iceb]g1 ) two figures on x1 ?\gh x 
may only  be a rocky %ore di/ort$ by sn[
 & ice into its fanta/ic  appe>ance4 ,b 
! sket* on ! next page looks            
emphatically l an  iceb]g4 ,! foll[+    
sket* is "h reproduc$ 7,plate ,,xxiv471 
s !  read] may judge = himself :at x is4
 ,to me x looks l float+  iceb]gs1 !    
=emo/ "o conta9+ a wreck$ vessel emb$d$ 
9 its  surface4 ,?is page 0 cut out by  
,mr4 ,rusk9 & exhibit$ at ,ox=d  ) !    
title1 #8,! ,inscrutable4'    ,turn] has
 summ$ up ^! exp]i5ces ( 8 9 a gr\p (   
absolutely  unrivall$ sea-pieces4       
,pictures l ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,fawkes's      
#8,pilot hail+ a  ,:it/able ,hoy1' ,mr4 
,g4 ,j4 ,g\ld's #8,! ,nore1' ,mr4 ,p4   
,a4 ,b4 ,wid5]'s  #8,meet+ ( ! ,?ames & 
,m$way1' & ,lady ,wantage's #8,%e]ness1'
 seem  to me beyond all "q ! mo/ glori\s
 pictures ( ! sea ev]  pa9t$4 ,! f9e/   

,dut* pictures ( ?is k9d1 ) all _!      
admirable qualities1 d n seem ev] to get
 beyond a c]ta9 prosaic  outlook4 ,?is  
matt]-(-fact effect is enhanc$ by--if x 
is n  altoge!r due to    ,illu/ration3  
,,plate ,,xxiv    #8,,! ,,inscrutable0  
,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahjh    x--! ru?less   
display ! arti/s make ( _! special k (  
! con/ruction & rigg+ ( _! vessels4 ,i  
believe ,turn]'s  k ( ?is k9d 0 almo/ z 
exhau/ive z !irs1 b :e!r  z full or m   
limit$1 he made a bett] use ( :at he did
 "k4 ,8  objects are nev] !re simply =  
!mselves4 ,!y are always  subord9at$ to 
a g5u9ely imag9ative conception4 ,8     
pictures1  !re=e1 are n ! "w ( a man ) a
 pr(essional speciality4  ,!y are real  
epics ( ! sea4 ,f _! own imag9ative po9t
 ( view  _! workman%ip is almo/ p]fect4 
,_! /yle is sonor\s &  weighty4 ,!y are 
z solemn & maje/ic 9 conception z !y are
 manly  9 feel+4 ,!y h some?+ ( t       
#8beauty :i*1 z ,milton s+s1  ha? t]ror 
9 x4' ,toge!r #8!y move 9 p]fect phalanx
 to ! ,dorian  mood'--! noble/ sequ5ce (

 poems ev] d$icat$ to ! maje/y (  ! sea4
    ,:5 we comp>e su* pictures z ^! ) a 
subject l #8,! ,dea? (  ,nelson1' 9 !   
,national ,gall]y1--a subject deal+     
directly ) a  p>ticul> hi/orical        
incid5t--we _c b feel t !y owe  some?+ (
 _! l(t9ess & gr&eur to _! exaltation   
above all  m]ely limit$ feel+s (        
patriotism4 ,i suppose a ,fr5*man c\ld  
h>dly be expect$ to look at ! #8,nelson'
 ) q ! same feel+s  z an ,engli%man2 or 
a ,dane to reg>d ! #8,spi!ad2 ,boat's   
crew  recov]+ an an*or'--:i* actually   
repres5ts ! return ( !  ,engli% fleet ) 
! ,dani% %ips captur$ at ,cop5hag5--9 ! 
way  ?is ev5t 0 hail$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! feel+
 ( patriotism is no d\bt  an admirable &
 useful "o 9 real life2 b 9 s f> z art  
is ti$  d[n to ! s]vice ( a p>ticul> k9d
 ( patriotism1 x is limit$ to  ?is      
def9ite end1 & is n entirely free 9 & = 
itself4 ,& art  :i* is n entirely free f
 all f9ite ends _c rise to ! full       
height ( its own de/9y4    ,yet 9 ! v   
greate/ art !re is no opposition to all 

t is  ess5tially noble & h]oic 9        
patriotism4 ,a ma/]piece l ,lady        
,wantage's #8,%e]ness1' = example1 is z 
full ( all ! ess5tial  virtues (        
patriotism z a picture l ! #8,dea? (    
,nelson4' ,!  diff]5ce is only 9 !      
degrees ( emphasis plac$ on c]ta9       
aspects  ( ! :ole conception4 ,9 !      
#8,%e]ness' ! int]e/ is conc5trat$  on !
 gu>d%ip at ! ,nore1 & all t is impli$ 9
 ?is aspect (  a nation's discipl9e1    
h>dihood1 wat*fulness1 & self-sacrifice4
 ,&  on ?is idea ( milit>y 7or naval7   
s]vice = ! ,fa!rl& !  possibility (     
actual /ruggle &1 if ne$ be1 dea? at !  
h&s (  any national enemy is cle>ly     
involv$4 ,! #8,dea? ( ,nelson1'  !re=e1 
only makes explicit a s+le mom5t held 9 
solution 9 !  o!r picture4 ,h5ce ! "q is
 n betwe5 ! value ( patriotic  feel+ & a
 %all[1 empty =m ( cosmopolitanism z    
arti/ic  motives1 b m]ely "u :i* aspect 
! virtues ( patriotism are to  be       
contemplat$4 ,:i* aspect does fulle/    
ju/ice to ! :ole  conception ( p]sonal  

devotion & sacrifice to ! commonweal8   
,my own  feel+ is t ! po9t ( view :i*   
raises itself above !  p>ticul> int]e/s 
( "o nation1 & treats ! h>d%ips & dang]s
  ( national def5ce z an inevitable     
condition ( human life1 is m 9  accord )
 ! fre$om & univ]sality ( ! highe/ art4 
,!  "q1 ,i repeat1 is only "o ( degree1 
& ^! rem>ks w be  entirely misund]/ood  
if !y are tak5 to imply t ,i %\ld h     
wi%$ t ei!r ! #8,nelson' or ! #8,spi!ad'
 _h n be5 pa9t$4  ,9 ! #8,spi!ad1' z a  
matt] ( fact1 ! connection ) !  p>ticul>
 hi/orical incid5t :i* call$ x into     
exi/5ce has long  dropp$ out ( sight1   
:il/ ! #8,nelson' has always caus$ a    
c]ta9  feel+ ( dissatisfaction ev5 among
 ! mo/ ard5t & exclusive (  patriots4   
,?is vague feel+ is possibly at ! root (
 ! adv]se  te*nical criticisms to :i* x 
has be5 subject$ by sailors & naval     
exp]ts4 ,^! criticisms are g5]ally 9    
!mselves entirely  wronghead$ &         
sometimes fatu\s1 = ! picture is c]ta9ly
 a gr&  & impressive "o1 & by f> ! mo/  

adequate repres5tation 9  pictorial art 
( an ev5t ( ! greate/ national          
importance4 ,b !  intuitive s5se ( !    
nation has always ?\ght m highly ( su* a
  picture z #8,! ,fight+ ,tmraire tugg$ 
to h] la/ ,b]?1' ?an (  ! #8,dea? (     
,nelson4' ,9 #8,! ,fight+ ,tmraire1' z 9
 ! e>li]  ma/]pieces to :i* ,i h ref]r$1
 !re is no t\* ( *auv9ism  or va+lory1  
yet x is g5]\sly & passionately         
patriotic3 b x is  magnanim\s           
patriotism1 :i* hon\rs its foe & looks  
beyond & above  ! pres5t mom5t>y noise &
 /rife4          ,,*apt] ,v             
#8,,simple ,,nature'--#ahjh-ahac        
,! works ( ?is p]iod an important yet   
g5]ally neglect$       aspect ( ,turn]'s
 art--,turn]'s classification (         
#8,pa/oral' z       oppos$ to #8,elegant
 ,pa/oral'--,! ,arcadian idyll ( !      
mid-eighte5? c5tury--,! fir/ #8,pa/oral'
 subjects 9       #8,lib]'--#8,w9dmill &
 ,lock'--,! capture ( ! ,dani% ,fleet 9 
#ahjg--,turn]'s visit to ,portsm\?--,8  
return j\rney--#8,h$g+       &          

,dit*+'--,an attempt to def9e ! mood (  
pictures l #8,!       ,fro/y ,morn+1'   
#8,w9dsor1' etc4--,di/9ction betwe5 mood
 &       "*4      ,! phase ( ,turn]'s "w
 :i* we are n[ to consid] seems to me "o
  to :i* ! critics h h>dly done ju/ice4 
,! supreme beauty ( two  ( ! pictures ( 
?is gr\p has c]ta9ly be5 recognis$--,i  
allude to  ! #8,tr\t ,/ream' & ,lady    
,wantage's #8,walton ,bridges1' b ^!    
works  h be5 treat$ ma9ly on _!         
individual m]its1 in/ead ( 9 _!         
connection ) a cle>ly-m>k$ & mo/        
significant aspect ( !  arti/'s g5ius4  
,*ronologically1 ?is p]iod ranges f ab\t
 ! ye>  #ahjh to #ahac1 & x includes1 9 
addition to ! two works j  m5tion$1 !   
#8,w9dsor1' #8,ab+don1' #8,k+/on ,bank1'
 #8,fro/y ,morn+1'  #8,union ( ! ,?ames 
& ,isis' & #8,s&bank ) ,gipsies1' all 9 
!  ,national ,gall]y1 z well z ,sir     
,fr$]ick ,cook's #8,w9dmill & ,lock'  & 
,mr4 ,orrock's #8,walton ,bridges4' ,^! 
works all /rike me z  *>act]is$ by a    
c]ta9 mood or /&po9t :i* possesses !    

pr(\nde/ significance = mod]n art1--a   
mood1 moreov]1 :i* has  n yet1 to my k1 
be5 satisfactorily analys$1 & :i* ,turn]
  c\ld nev] aft]w>ds recall 9 all its   
ess5tial beauty1 ?\gh he  frequ5tly made
 ! attempt4    ,i mu/ confess t 9 spite 
( all my ef=ts ,i am q unable to f9d  a 
t]m t w adequately *>act]ise ?is phase (
 ,turn]'s art4  ,turn]'s own            
classification ( su* subjects z ^?      
m5tion$ above is  #8,pa/oral1' z        
di/+ui%$ f ! #8,elegant ,pa/oral4' ,b   
?is  description is inadequate1 because 
x seems to ref] simply to !  objects    
conta9$ 9 ! works1 :ile x is exactly !  
mood or  emotional /&po9t f :i* !       
subject-matt] is treat$ t seems  to me  
all-important4 ,! contempor>y t]m = ?is 
k9d ( "w1 &  "o :i* ,turn] sometimes us$
 himself1 0 #8,simple ,nature1' & ?is   
description1 ?\gh inadequate en\gh1 is  
p]haps z good z any o!r  we might hit   
^u4 ,x indicat$1 at lea/1 an antagonism 
to any  artificial way ( treat+ natural 
sc5es1 & sugge/$ a c]ta9  unsophi/icat$ 

pla9ness & directness ( approa*1 & ^!   
qualities are c]ta9ly conta9$ 9 !       
complex & subtle conception  we are 9   
se>* (4 ,x is1 !n1 z a pa9t] ( #8,simple
 ,nature' t  we h n[ to consid] our     
subject4    ,9 ext]nals1 ?is phase (    
,turn]'s art is occupi$ ) sc5es (       
ord9>y rural life2 x deals ) ! c\ntry z 
! home &  work+-place ( ! peasantry4    
,?is gives u ! di/9ction betwe5  !      
#8,pa/oral' & ! #8,elegant ,pa/oral'    
subjects 9 ! #8,lib]1' !  elegant       
pa/orals deal+ ) ! c\ntry z ! imag9ative
 home &  backgr\nd ( ! /ock figures (   
conv5tionally imag9ative art4 ,!        
elegant pa/oral subjects are g5]ally    
peopl$ ) nymphs1 classical  %eph]ds &   
%eph]desses1 goddesses & peacocks1 :ile 
! pa/oral  subjects :i* are n elegant   
are peopl$ ) real lab\r+ m5 &  wom5 &   
unideal-look+ *ildr54    ,b ! ext]nal   
subject-matt] ( a "w ( art tells u v    
little by  itself4 ,! important po9t is 
! univ]sal :i* b9ds ^! objects  toge!r  
or organises !m into an individual      

conception4 ,we mu/ ?9k  ( our gr\p (   
pictures z fall+ )9 ! l>g] class (      
/rictly  pa/oral subjects1 b *>act]is$  
by a special me?od ( treatm5t  &        
conception4 ,"o way ( approa*+ ?is      
special conception w be  to m>k (f a few
 ( ! pa/oral subjects 9 ! #8,lib]' :i* d
 n  fall )9 x4 ,& ?is is all ! easi]    
because ,turn]'s fir/  pa/oral subject 9
 ! #8,lib]' is conv5tional & empty1 & he
 only  gradually work$ himself into a   
conception ( ! full possibilities (  !  
category4 ,t is to say1 he fir/ took up 
?is =m ( art 9 a    ,illu/ration3       
,,plate ,,xxv    ,,sket* ,,= 8,,h$g+ ,,&
 ,,dit*+0    ,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahjg      
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi    8,,h$g+ 
,,& ,,dit*+0    ,,wa% ,,draw+ ,,9       
,,sepia ,,= 8,,lib] ,,/udiorum40 ,,ab\t 
#ahjh    casual & ext]nal way1 & !n     
gradually took possession ( x &  ma/]$  
x4    ,! fir/ ?ree plates 9 ! #8,lib]'  
are classifi$ z #8,pa/oral1'  #8,elegant
 ,pa/oral1' & #8,m>9e4' ,:5 we comp>e ! 
m>9e subject  7! s-call$ #8,fl9t        

,ca/le1' :i* we n[ "k to h be5 a sc5e on
  ! ,fr5* coa/#ad7 ) ! two pa/oral      
subjects1 we _c b be  /ruck ) ! disp>ity
 betwe5 ! two classes ( subjects4 ,!    
m>9e subject is vigor\s & v]aci\s1 !    
pa/oral subjects unreal  & conv5tionally
 poetical4 ,?is po9t ( view is 9 keep+ )
 !  conception ( ! elegant pa/oral1 b   
#8,! ,bridge & ,c[s' 7,r4  #b7--!       
pa/oral subject--is z g5tle & pretty z a
 picture 9 an  idyll ( ,gessn] or       
,?omson4 ,?is1 inde$1 repres5ts ,turn]'s
 po9t (  dep>ture z a pa9t] ( rural     
subjects--! /&po9t ( !  s5tim5tal1      
affect$1 & unconv9c+ ,arcadian idyll ( !
 middle (  ! eighte5? c5tury4    ,!     
#8,/raw-y>d1' ! second pa/oral subject 9
 ! #8,lib]1' /rikes me  z a cross betwe5
 a ,ga9sbor\gh & a ,t5i]s4 ,ga9sbor\gh's
  influ5ce is noticeable 9 ! l&scape1   
:ile ! unga9ly horses1 !  awkw>d m5 &   
clumsy f>m implem5ts are 9 ! _s ( ,dut* 
realism4 ,^! h9ts ( ! pla9ness &        
t\ghness ( ! m>9e  subjects sugge/ :at  
,turn] w d :5 he feels equally at home 9

  rural subjects1 b at pres5t we h m]ely
 two incompatible po9ts (  view 9       
arbitr>y juxtaposition4 #8,pembury      
,mill1' ! ?ird pa/oral1 is  r m         
homog5e\s 9 int5tion4 ,x is a sc5e (    
*e]ful indu/ry  & pl5ty1 ! noise ( !    
mill/one m+l+ ) ! coo+ (  pigeons1 & lu%
 leaves gr[+ beside ! wat]-:eel4 ,x is a
 pretty  subject1 :ile no consci\s      
attempts h be5 made to prettify or bl9k 
! actual facts ( ! case4 ,! #8,f>m-,y>d 
) ! ,cock' 7,r4 #ag7  /ill belongs to ! 
eighte5?-c5tury idyll4 ,x is a pleas+   
comb9ation ( ,ga9sbor\gh & ,morl&1 or   
p]haps an e*o ( ,:eatley4  ,9 !         
#8,juv5ile ,tricks' 7,r4 #bb7ae ,turn]'s
 b5t t[>ds homely  realism is cle>ly    
m>k$1 b we d n get def9itively away f ! 
eighte5? c5tury till we come to !       
#8,w9dmill & ,lock' 7,r4 #bg74af  ,"h we
 are 9 an entirely diff]5t _w f t (     
,arcadian poetry4  ,we h n[ put away    
*ildi% ?+s1 & are face to face ) ! big  
real _w 9 :i* man e>ns 8 bread ) ! sweat
 ( 8 br[2 9  :i* m5 & wom5 lab\r & s91  

sorr[ & rep5t4 ,x is inde$ !  real _w1 !
 _w ( common p]ception & common         
exp]i5ce1 yet  transfigur$ ) ! solemn   
gl[ ( ! true/ & pr(\nde/ poetry4    ,!  
engrav+ ( ! #8,w9dmill & ,lock' 0       
publi%$ 9 ,june1 #ahaa1  b ! picture &  
draw+ 7 made "s "t be=e ?is date4 ,9 !  
"p ( ! #8,lib]' publi%$ imm$iately be=e 
! "o :i* conta9$  ?is plate1 !re 0 a    
plate ( #8,h9d ,head ,hill' 7,r4 #be71  
:i* be>s  ! date ( #a/ ,janu>y1 #ahaa4  
,?is subject 0 sket*$ 9 ,novemb]  #ahjg4
 ,x is !re=e probable t ! two draw+s 7  
made soon  aft]w>ds1 let u say 9 #ahjh4 
,! p]iod ( ! inception ( #8,h9d ,head   
,hill1' !n1 m>ks !  comm5cem5t ( ! era (
 ,turn]'s deep] & m solemn conception ( 
! poetry ( rural life4 ,?is subject     
itself1 ?\gh classifi$ 9 !  #8,lib]' z  
#8m\nta9\s1' belongs to all int5ts &    
purposes to !  phase ( art :i* we are n[
 /udy+4 ,! b>e hills dott$ )  %eep1 ) ! 
murd]]'s corpse creak+ ^u ! di/ant      
gibbet1 are  q 9 h>mony ) ! mood (      
,wordswor?'s ,lyrical ,ballads4 ,9 !    

same sket*-book are also ! fir/ ideas ( 
no less ?an ?ree o!r  #8,lib]' subjects1
 all conceiv$ 9 ! same mood ( spiritual 
exaltation1 & all sket*$ dur+ ! same    
j\rney f ,portsm\? to  ,london4    ,!   
ev5ts connect$ ) ?is j\rney 7 ( a nature
 calculat$ to  ?r[ ,turn]'s m9d out (   
its ord9>y habits & ?\ghts1 to c>ry  him
 #8out ( himself1' & to prep>e him =    
see+ ! famili> sc5es  ( ev]yday life 9 a
 fre% light4 ,^! ev5ts h !re=e a special
  int]e/ = u 9 ?is connection4    ,9    
,may #ahjg ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t ( ,portugal  
w>n$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales  t ,napoleon 0 on
 ! po9t ( invad+ ,engl& ) ! ,portuguese 
& ,dani% fleets1 & t ! ,emp]or ( ,russia
 _h b\nd himself by  secret articles 9 !
 ,treaty ( ,tilsit to support him 9 ?is 
measure4  ,! m9i/ry 7 in=m$ ( ! plot1 & 
,cann+ lo/ no "t 9  deal+ ) ! situation4
 ,an envoy 0 s5t to ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce (    
,d5m>k at ,kiel1 ) ! dem& t ! ,dani%    
navy %\ld be  deliv]$ ov] to ,engl&1 to 
be tak5 c>e ( 9 ,briti% ports1 &  re/or$
 at ! end ( ! w>4 ,! dem& 01 ( c\rse1   

indignantly  refus$4 ,b ! situation 0 s 
s]i\s t ! m9i/ry felt  compell$ to ord] 
! seiz+ ( ! ,dani% fleet1 if x 0 n l5t  
quietly4 ,d5m>k held ! keys ( ! ,baltic4
 ,napoleon's troops 7  ready to ov]run x
 at a mom5t's notice1 & seize ! fleet & 
all  ! naval /ores1 all t he want$1 9   
fact1 = 8 attack on  ,engl&4 ,9 secur+ !
 ,dani% fleet1 ! ,engli% !n 7 simply    
tak+ x f ,napoleon1 & 7 m]ely act+ = !  
purpose (  self-pres]vation4 ,by ! #a/ (
 ,septemb] ! ,fr5* _h occupi$           
,/ralsund4 ,cop5hag5 0 imm$iately       
bomb>d$1 & on ! #h? !  ,briti% ent]$ !  
city1 & ! navy & ars5al 7 surr5d]$4     
,h[ ?is bl[ affect$ ,napoleon is %[n f a
 passage 9 ,f\*'s  ,memoirs1 publi%$ 9  
#ahbd4 #8,ab\t t "t x 01' says ,f\*1    
#8t we le>n$ ! success ( ! attack ^u    
,cop5hag5 by !  ,engli%1 :i* 0 ! fir/   
d]angem5t ( ! secret /ipulations (      
,tilsit1 by virtue ( :i* ! ,dani% fleet 
0 to be plac$ at !  disposal ( ,france4 
,s9ce ! dea? ( ,paul ,i41 ,i nev] saw   
,napoleon  give himself up to su* viol5t

 transports ( passion4 ,t :i*  a/\nd$   
him mo/ 9 t vigor\s ent]prise 0 !       
promptitude )  :i* ! ,engli% m9i/ry took
 _! resolution4' 7,quot$ 9 ,miss        
,m>t9eau's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 #ahjj-ahae1
 p4 #bhc74 ,at ! "t !  m9d ( ! public 0 
pr(\ndly /irr$ by ?is ev5t4 ,b ! victors
  _h almo/ br\ght ! ,dani% %ips )9 sight
 ( ,engl& be=e !  news ( ! fru/ration ( 
,napoleon's plans 0 made public4 ,turn] 
mu/  h be5 z excit$ z any "o1 = he set  
(f imm$iately to  ,portsm\?1 to see !   
victors sail into ! h>b\r ) _! prizes  &
 to celebrate ! occasion 9 8 own way4   
,:5 ,turn] left ,london 8 sket*-books z 
a rule be> witness ( !  fact4 ,9 !      
#8,spi!ad' sket*-book !re is no record (
 ! j\rney  d[n f ,london4 ,! fir/ ?irty 
pages are tak5 up ) sket*es (  !        
movem5ts ( vessels 9 ,portsm\? h>b\r1 on
 "o ( !m be+ a  sket* ( a boat's crew   
recov]+ an an*or4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,may1     
,turn] includ$ 9 8 "o-man %[ at 8 /udio 
9 ,que5 ,anne ,/reet  ,we/1 an unf9i%$  
picture #8( ! ,dani% %ips :i* 7 seiz$ at

  ,cop5hag51 ent]+ ,portsm\? ,h>b\r'    
7,review ( ,publications (  ,art1 ,no4  
#b1 ,june #a1 #ahjh1 p4 #afg74 ,9 !     
=egr\nd a #8packet )  soldi]s on bo>d'  
is m5tion$1 & #8two boats t[>d ! left h&
  corn] ( ! picture1 "o ( :i* is heav+  
or lett+ g an an*or4'  ,! :ole          
description1 & ^! details 9 p>ticul>1   
prove beyond a  d\bt t ?is 0 ! picture  
:i*1 :5 f9i%$1 0 exhibit$ 9  ! foll[+   
ye> 7#ahji71 at ! ,royal ,academy1 "u ! 
title (  #8,spi!ad3 ,boat's ,crew       
recov]+ an ,an*or1' & :i* hangs n[ 9 !  
,national ,gall]y "u ?is "n4 ,! *ange ( 
title 0 mo/ probably  due to prud5tial  
consid]ations1 z1 aft] ! fir/ revulsion 
(  popul> feel+1 ! m9i/ry _h to endure  
consid]able obloquy on  acc\nt ( ?is    
action1 ,napoleon's int5tion ( invad+ ! 
c\ntry z  well z ! exi/5ce ( ! secret   
articles ( ! ,treaty ( ,tilsit  be+     
/\tly d5i$1 & ! gov]nm5t be+ pl$g$ n to 
reveal !  s\rce ( ! in=mation on :i* !y 
_h act$4    ,our imm$iate int]e/ 9 ?is  
ev5t is ) ! effect produc$ on  ,turn]'s 

m9d by ! sc5es :i* he _h witness$ 9 &   
ar\nd  ,portsm\?4 ,! sight ( ! unit$    
,engli% & ,dani% fleets 0 "o  calculat$ 
to /ir ,turn]'s imag9ation pr(\ndly4 ,! 
arti/'s  s5sitive nature mu/ also h be5 
deeply affect$ by contact ) !  excit$ & 
jubilant populace1 & ) ! sailors &      
fight+ m5  ^u ^: individual ex]tions !  
safety ( ! c\ntry dep5d$4    ,su* mom5ts
 ( national excitem5t t5d inevitably to 
dw>f ! petty  & m]ely p>ticul> int]e/s &
 prejudices ( ! individual4 ,!          
sub/antive int]e/s ( ! community1 !     
univ]sal =ces t move  m5 & hold !m      
toge!r1 !n pres5t !mselves 9 all _! />k 
reality & ov]:elm+ importance to e he>t 
& m9d4 ,9 su* a  mood1 ) a m9d humbl$ & 
humanis$1 ,turn] set out to return to   
,london4    ,z we turn ov] ! leaves ( ! 
#8,spi!ad' sket*-book we c see  cle>ly t
 ! sights ( ! common r\nd ( rural life  
:i* greet$  ! arti/ aft] he _h left     
,portsm\? beh9d1 _h ga9$ a new  int]e/ &
 significance = him1 by contra/ ) !     
/irr+ sc5es  he _h j witness$4 ,he is no

 soon] cle>    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate    
,,xxvii    ,,mill ,,on ,,! ,,gr&        
,,junction ,,canal1 ,,ne> ,,hanwell     
,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahji    8,,w9dmill ,,& 
,,lock0    ,,engrav+ ,,publi%$ ,,9      
8,,lib] ,,/udiorum10 #a ,,june1 #ahaa   
( ! t[n ?an ! gr\ps ( trees & ! peaceful
 /ret* ( fields  make _! tranquillis+   
influ5ce felt4 ,sev]al pages ( sket*es  
rem9d me =cibly ( ! sc5]y ( #8,! ,fro/y 
,morn+4' ,!n we f9d  gr\ps ( f>m h&s    
re/+ f _! lab\r1 "s c>ts & horses1      
pl\gh+ sc5es1 a /udy ( horses & pigs1 & 
!n ! hurri$  scribble reproduc$ 9 ,plate
 ,,xxv41 ! g]m f :i* ! beautiful        
#8,h$g+ & ,dit*+' design 9 ! #8,lib]' 0 
develop$4 ,!n come  sev]al ,h9d ,head   
sket*es1 & be=e ! hill is out ( sight1  
comes  ! orig9al sket* ( ano!r #8,lib]' 
subject1 ! solemn & t5d]  #8,wat] ,mill'
 7,r4 #cg74 ,aft] ?is we /op to wat* !  
blacksmi? at  "w1 & peep into "s        
cottages1 b>ns1 etc4 ,to eke out 8 ha/y 
hi]oglyphs ,turn] frequ5tly adds a few  
explanatory words4 ,on !  m>g9 ( "o     

sket* we read #8,woman fry+4 ,boy look+4
 ,*ildr5 at  ,tub1 a girl beat+ ! b>rel1
 etc4'2 & on ano!r #8,w4' 7%ort =       
woman7 #8cutt+ ,turnips4 ,int]ior ( a   
,b>n4 ,c[s eat+ at !  ,entrance1 etc4'  
,& be=e we get q to ! end ( ! book come 
f\r  sket*es ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,hill1 ne> 
,guild=d1 "o ( :i* w5t to  ! mak+ (     
ano!r #8,lib]' subject 7,r4 #cc74    ,! 
two sket*es "h reproduc$1 ( ! #8,w9dmill
 & ,lock' &  #8,h$g+ & ,dit*+' subjects 
7,plates ,,xxvii4 & ,,xxv471 illu/rate  
admirably ,turn]'s attitude t[>ds nature
 at ?is p]iod4 ,su* sket*es  are no?+ m 
nor less ?an memor&a = ! arti/'s own    
use4 ,tak5  by !mselves !y are all b    
mean+less4 ,ev5 to ! arti/ himself  _!  
significance1 z memor&a ( real sc5es1   
mu/ h be5 ( !  slighte/4 ,! focus or    
real nucleus ( _! mean+ is r !          
subjective feel+s :i* ! sc5es & _! :ole 
context evok$ 9  ! arti/1 ?an ! p>ticul>
 objects or sc5es !mselves4 ,?is        
s5tim5t1 ! total emotional impression1  
is1 ( c\rse1 n express$  9 ! sket*es    

!mselves1 ?\gh n[ t ! complet$ designs h
  told u :at ?is is we c h>dly help     
read+ "s ( x into !  sket*es4 ,b to !   
arti/ himself ^! sket*es 7 useful z     
prelim9>y /atem5ts1 z t5tative          
objectifications ( 8 mean+4  ,! "w (    
#8c>ry+ out' ^! sket*es 7or #8work+ !m  
out'7 0  simply ! process ( ! fur!r     
specification ( ?is mean+4 ,& to        
describe ?is "w z an attempt to realise 
or reproduce ! actual  sc5es 9 nature   
:i* ,turn] _h sket*$1 is only 9 a v     
limit$  s5se correct4 ,! po9t ( int]e/  
is ! complex ( subjective  feel+ ar\s$  
on a p>ticul> occasion by a *ance       
conjunction (  objects & circum/ances1 &
 9 ! f9al design ! arti/'s aim is  to   
f9d a p>ticul> conjunction ( pictorial  
signs :i* %all  p]man5tly objectify ?is 
emotional complex4 ,h5ce ! actual       
objects  & ! p>ticul> =m ( _!           
conjunction 9 ! real sc5e lose all  !   
importance :i* !y possess z real        
objects1 & become degrad$1  or at lea/  
subord9at$1 to a purpose :i* falls      

entirely outside  _! own exi/5ce4 ,!y   
are n[ no?+ b pawns or c\nt]s 9 !       
arti/'s game ( pictorial expression1 & z
 su* ! arti/ has  absolute p[] ov] !m1  
alt]+ !m1 & annihilat+ !m1 z be/  suits 
8 purpose4 ,! arti/ is also entirely )9 
8 rights :5 he  introduces fre% elem5ts 
f o!r & diff]5t sc5es to en=ce &  make  
cle> 8 mean+4 ,t ,turn] us$ ^!          
privileges to ! utmo/  9 ! case ( bo? ^!
 subjects is evid5t :5 we comp>e !      
sket*es ) ! f9i%$ designs4 ,^! po9ts    
seem to me wor?  insi/+ ^u1 because !   
real nature ( arti/ic idealisation is s 
little und]/ood & s g5]ally             
misrepres5t$1 & ! opportunities  ( /udy+
 x g5etically are ( r>e occurr5ce4    ,b
 ! v fact t dur+ ! p]iod ( :i* we are n[
 treat+1  ! /ress 9 ,turn]'s "w is ne>ly
 always ^u ! subjective  s5tim5t1 & t ! 
objective sc5es & objects are relegat$  
to a  position ( subord9ation detracts v
 l>gely f ! imm$iate  int]e/ 9 ! sket*es
 f nature :i* ,turn] made dur+ ?is "t4  
,tak5 by !mselves ^! sket*es are 9 !    

highe/ degree vague &  incomplete4 ,!y  
are valuable to u ma9ly = ! purposes (  
comp>ison ) ! complet$ designs1 & z     
illu/rations ( ,turn]'s  me?ods ( "w4 ,&
 = ^! purposes ,i ?9k ! two examples we 
h  j /udi$ are suffici5t4 ,i h n1 !re=e1
 deem$ x advisable  to illu/rate ?is    
*apt] ) any o!r sket*es ( ! same class4 
,! ?ree fur!r illu/rations ,i h *os5 are
 ( a diff]5t  "*4 ,:5 ,turn] 0 call$ ^u 
to treat subjects ( a def9ite           
topographical "* he 0 necess>ily        
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii          
,,:alley ,,bridge ,,& ,,village         
,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahjh    ,illu/ration3  
,,plate ,,xxix    ,,:alley ,,bridge     
,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahjh    re/rict$ 9 !   
lib]ties he c\ld take4 ,9 su* cases 8   
field (  selection 0 conf9$ )9 !        
possible po9ts ( view f :i* 8  subject  
c\ld be reg>d$4 ,9 ! two draw+s (       
,:alley ,bridge "h  reproduc$ 7,plates  
,,xxviii4 & ,,xxix47 we see him se>*+ = 
t  aspect ( ! place :i* %all fit 9 or   
h>monise ) ! mood :i*  0 pr$om9ant 9 8  

own m9d at ?is "t4 ,x is only f ! po9t  
( view ( su* a subjective emotional     
attitude t ! fir/ draw+  7,plate        
,,xxviii47 c\ld h be5 reject$ 9 fav\r ( 
! second 7,plate  ,,xxix474 ,z a        
repres5tation ( ! actual place1 ! fir/  
draw+ is  mu* m adequate ?an ! second4  
,b x is evid5tly j ?is  topographical & 
objective adequacy :i* con/itut$ !      
defect (  ?is f9e draw+ f ,turn]'s po9t 
( view4 ,9 ! o!r draw+  !re is f> less  
to occupy ! att5tion4 ,"h ! int]e/ is   
conc5trat$ on a few simple =ms4 ,! m9d  
is1 !re=e1 ?r[n back  on itself1 & =c$ z
 x 7 to call up its own res\rces to     
amplify  & fill out ! pa9t]'s =ms4 ,&   
?is is ! mood ( poetic  contemplation or
 m$itation express$ 9 ! beautiful       
picture ( ?is  subject :i* ,turn]       
exhibit$ 9 #ahaa1 & :i* is n[ 9 ,lady   
,wantage's collection4    ,! ?ird draw+ 
to :i* ,i ref]r$ is ! /udy = ! picture (
  #8,london f ,gre5wi* ,p>k1' n[ 9 !    
,national ,gall]y4 ,!re is no  trace ( !
 emotional sett+ ( ! f9i%$ picture 9 !  

sket*  7,plate ,,xxx474 ,x is m]ely a   
record ( ! facts4 ,b ! arti/ has        
already grasp$ 9 8 own m9d !            
significance ( ^! facts )  su* cle>ness 
t ! b>e facts ev5 9 ?is memor&um h      
become  eloqu5t4    ,! full scope (     
,turn]'s "w at ?is p]iod1 !n1 c only be 
ga!r$ f 8 complet$ works4 ,& z ,i h     
said1 ,i d n ?9k  ?is aspect ( ,turn]'s 
g5ius has s f> _h full ju/ice done to x4
 ,i  w !re=e make an attempt to indicate
 9 a few words :at ,i reg>d  z !        
di/9ctive qualities ( ?is gr\p ( works2 
& to simplify my  task ,i w c5tre my    
rem>ks r\nd two pictures1 bo? 9 !       
,national  ,gall]y1 & !re=e easily      
accessible to e "o1 viz41 #8,a ,fro/y   
,morn+' & ! #8,w9dsor1' :i* seem to me  
to typify ! qualities &  m]its ( ! :ole 
gr\p4    ,aft] :at has gone be=e ,i d n 
?9k ,i ne$ say mu* to combat !  op9ion t
 ^! pictures are simply reproductions ( 
actual sc5es4  ,_! relation to ! actual 
sights ( nature is exactly ! same z  t  
betwe5 ! two #8,lib]' designs we h j    

exam9$ & !  sket*es ^u :i* !y 7 bas$4 ,9
 ! designs1 & 9 ^!  pictures1 !re is    
inde$ a weal? ( subtle & p5etrat+       
obs]vation  ( natural =ms1 habits1 &    
col\rs1 b ?is mat]ial is nev] !re       
simply = its own sake4 ,^! col\rs & =ms 
( natural beauty are  ! elem5ts ( :i* ! 
arti/'s language is comp\nd$1 !         
pictorial  equival5t ( ! names ( natural
 objects 9 ! v]se ( a great poet4  ,to  
fix "o's att5tion on ^! factors 9 ! :ole
 complex /ructure  ( su* works z #8,a   
,fro/y ,morn+' & #8,w9dsor1' & to say t 
^!  fragm5ts ( mean+ are all t !y       
conta91 seems to me z  inexcusable z x  
w\ld be to isolate ! n\ns 9 a poem1 & to
 insi/  t we mu/ ignore t play ( ?\ght &
 feel+ ar\nd ?is common  basis 9 :i* !  
real value ( ev5 ! simple/ poem consi/s4
 ,we  c1 ( c\rse1 always /op %ort 9 our 
und]/&+ ( any /atem5t1  & ! temptation  
is v great to /op %ort at "s sup]ficial 
*>act]i/ic 9 su* a highly complex       
individuality z a "w (  mod]n art4 ,9 ! 
case ( ! two pictures ) :i* we are n[   

conc]n$1 ^! *>act]i/ics happ5 to be n   
only sup]ficial &  obvi\s1 b !y happ5   
also to be easily nameable1 :]eas !     
complete ideational & emotional /ructure
 ( ! :ole "w is v  f> f be+ easily nam$ 
or describ$4 ,yet x is j ?is p>ticul>  &
 special emotional & ideational :ole :i*
 con/itutes ! v  be+ ( ! "w ( art1 & :i*
 alone gives x value4 ,x is because     
mod]n art criticism has seiz$ ) su*     
avidity ^u ! primitive  s5se-factor 9   
pictorial language1 & has insi/$ ) s mu*
 en]gy  t ! art _c or ought n to attempt
 any k9d ( ideational  articulation1 t x
 has fail$ to d ju/ice to ?is phase (   
,turn]'s  art4    ,to call ^! pictures1 
!n1 imitations or reproductions (       
natural  sc5es is n altoge!r inaccurate4
 ,!y are ?is1 b at ! same "t  !y are s  
mu* m4 ,! =ms & col\rs ( nature are !re1
 b  !y are sup]s$$ & sublimat$ 9 exactly
 ! way t !  p>ticul> ev5ts describ$ 9   
,doro?y ,wordswor?'s j\rnal are  sup]s$$
 & sublimat$ 9 ! poems    ,illu/ration3 
,,plate ,,xxx    ,,london1 ,,f ,,gre5wi*

 ,,p>k    ,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahji         
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi            
,,petwor? ,,h\se1 ,,f ,,! ,,lake        
,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahji    :i* h] bro!r   
f\nd$ ^u ^! ev5ts4 #8,! array ( act &   
circum/ance1 & visible =m' becomes      
exactly :at ! poet's or  arti/'s        
#8passion makes !m4'#ag ,9 o!r words1 ! 
matt] ( s5se  intuition is tak5 up into 
! _w ( intellig5ce4 ,?is matt]1 :i*  9 !
 fir/ place 0 some?+ imm$iate or giv51  
n[ loses its  natural & positive        
attributes1 loses its au?ority z fact1 b
 ga9s  a wid] scope & ampl] au?ority by 
be+ tak5 up into ! _w (  m9d & us$ z a  
sign4 ,& "h aga9 an opportunity pres5ts 
itself  = %all[ & wronghead$ criticism4 
,^? :o are "u ! dom9ion  ( ! !ory t art 
%\ld only repres5t s5su\s facts 9 _!    
imm$iacy res5t ! trans=mation :i* ! data
 ( s5se mu/ und]go  be=e !y c take _!   
place 9 ! organis$ _w ( mean+4 ,to  !m1 
!re=e1 su* pictures z ^! are defective2 
! col\r+ is  n suffici5tly natural1 n   
bright en\gh1 nor are ! contra/s        

suffici5tly /rong4 ,^! pictures are n   
pa9t$ 9 #8! key (  nature4' ,9 a ^w1 !y 
are old-fa%ion$1 because ! arti/ has    
done  some?+ m 9 !m ?an ! !ories (      
impressionism c  consecrate4    ,we h !n
 to avoid two mi/ak5 ways ( reg>d+ ^!   
works4 ,we  mu/ n look ^u !m 7#a7 z     
attempts to reproduce ! actual          
brilliancy & col\r ( natural light+1 nor
 mu/ we treat !m 7#b7 z  prosaic &      
lit]al imitations ( actuality devoid (  
all ! high]  poetry ( art4 ,t ^! works  
are op5 to--nay1 h almo/ inv>iably      
fall5 victims to--^! two opposite =ms ( 
depreciation1 is a  /rik+ pro( ( !      
success ) :i* !y h avoid$ ^? fatal      
extremes 9 :i* s mu* ( ! art ( ! pres5t 
lies engulf$4    ,b x is n en\gh simply 
to avoid ! dang]s :i* mod]n !oris+  ?r[s
 9 ! way ( ! int]pret]4 ,a really       
concrete & fruitful  criticism w n /op  
%ort till x has made ! attempt to grasp1
  h[ev] imp]fectly1 by ?\ght ! full &   
special significance (  ea* "w4 ,& aga91
 :5 we h made x cle> to ourselves t     

#8! array      ,( act & circum/ance1 &  
visible =m1      ,is ma9ly to ! pleasure
 ( ! m9d      ,:at passion makes !m1'-- 
:5 we h agre$ t ,turn] has us$ ! sights 
( nature z a means  to express !        
emotions or ! mood :i* !y ar\s$ 9       
him1--:5 all  ?is is grant$ we are /ill 
m]ely at ! ?re%old ( ! works  !mselves4 
,a mood1 an emotion1 a /ate ( feel+1 ^! 
are all vague  & g5]al t]ms4 ,!re is    
no?+ necess>ily admirable or beautiful  
9 a mood or a /ate ( feel+1 ,feel+ &    
emotion may be pleasant or  unpleasant1 
h>moni\s or j>r+1 depress+ or           
invigorat+4 ,& if  ! ma9 value & beauty 
( ^! pictures resides 9 ! p>ticul>  &   
def9ite mood or /ate ( feel+ :i* !y     
induce1 ?is mood mu/  h di/+ui%able     
cont5ts1 & x is ! bus9ess ( art         
criticism  to d :at x c to def9e ^!     
cont5ts4    ,9 ,wordswor?'s #8,l9es1    
compos$ a few miles above ,t9t]n        
,abbey1' he  contra/s 8 pres5t /ate (   
feel+ t[>ds nature ) t ( 8  y\?ful days4
 ,9 ! days ( 8 ?\ghtless y\?1 he says1 !

 =ms  & col\rs ( ! l&scape _h haunt$ him
 l a passion4 ,he _h  lov$ !m =         
!mselves4 ,b n[1 he says1 ,nature is no 
long] #8all 9  all' to him4 ,x has n[   
ga9$ a remot] *>m suppli$ by ?\ght1 an  
int]e/ #8unborr[$ f ! eye4' ,he n[ he>s 
#8! /ill1 sad music ( humanity1         
,nor h>% nor grat+1 ?\gh ( ample p[]    
,to *a/5 & subdue4'    ,be=e ! sights ( 
nature he n[ feels ! pres5ce ( elevat$  
?\ghts1 a s5se ( some?+ #8m deeply      
int]fus$1' a s5se (  some?+ disc]nible  
only ) ! inn] eye2 a s5se ( ! ,div9e  t 
animates bo? nature & humanity1 bo? :at 
! eye sees & :at  ! he>t & m9d          
create1--! _s #8^: dwell+ is ! light (  
sett+ suns1' ! _s                       
#8t impels      ,all ?9k+ ?+s1 all      
objects ( all ?\ght1      ,& rolls ?r\gh
 all ?+s4'    ,x is 9 ?is mood1 x seems 
to me1 t ,turn] contemplates ! sc5es  & 
incid5ts ( rural life :i* he repres5ts 9
 ^! pictures1 &  x is ?is mood :i* ^!   
pictures embody4 ,! #8,fro/y ,morn+' is 
!re=e v mu* m ?an a repres5tation ( a   

c\ntry road1 ) a  little h$g+ & dit*+   
go+ on    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii 
,,petwor? ,,h\se1 ,,f ,,! ,,p>k         
,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahji    ,illu/ration3  
,,plate ,,xxxiii    ,,cock]m\? ,,ca/le  
,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahji    on "o side1 an 
ord9>y /age-coa* 9 ! di/ance1 & a little
  sp>kl+ ho>-fro/ on ! gr\nd4 ,!        
#8,w9dsor' is also mu* m ?an  a         
repres5tation ( "s drov]s ) _! cattle 9 
"o ( ! mead[s  ne> ,w9dsor ,ca/le on a  
summ] 7or spr+7 morn+4 ,n only are ^!   
b>e facts repres5t$1 b ! mood 9 :i* we  
mu/ contemplate !m  is also /at$4 ,we h 
n read ^! pictures aright1 we h n       
really br\ght !m into contact ) our own 
life1 until we contemplate  ! b>e       
ext]nal facts 9 ! light ( ! mood :i* !  
arti/ has  prescrib$ = !m4 ,x is1 ,i "k1
 commonly tak5 = grant$ t  pictorial art
 is impot5t to a*ieve ?is k9d (         
det]m9ation2 t  ! arti/ is at ! m]cy (  
any *ance mood :i* ! spectator may  br+ 
to 8 "w2 t ! arti/ c only repres5t      
objects &  spatial relations1 & t he c  

lay no con/ra9t on ! spectator to  ?9k &
 feel ab\t ^! objects 9 any p>ticul>    
way4 ,& no d\bt a  l>ge proportion (    
mod]n art productions actually d no m   
?an  ?is1 & attempt no m4 ,b ^! are     
m]ely ! failures ( mod]n  art4 ,all !   
great works ( mod]n art--su* z ^? (     
,rembr&t &  ,jean ,franois ,millet--n   
only repres5t objects & sc5es1 b lay    
d[n ! relat$ ?\ghts & feel+s :i* !y are 
to inspire4 ,yet x  is ( c\rse always   
possible = ! spectator to /op %ort at ! 
b>e  recognition ( ! pictorial signs1 9 
! same way t x is possible  = ! read] ( 
a poem to recognise ! mean+ ( a few     
prom95t  words & ignore ! context 9 :i* 
!y occur4#ah ,b ! po9t  :i* ,i _c       
hesitate to press home--because ,i see  
cle>ly t !  :ole "q ( ! value & place ( 
art 9 mod]n civilisation  dep5ds ^u     
x--is ?is1 t ! "w ( art is no?+ less ?an
 its  full significance4 ,x is only 9 s 
f> z we ma/] or appropriate ?is  weal? (
 inn] significance t ! "w ( art c be    
said to exi/  = u2 we mu/ n only read ! 

words ( a poem1 b we mu/  und]/& !m1 & 9
 ! same way we mu/ n m]ely look at su*  
pictures z ^! ( ,turn]1 b we mu/        
translate ! arti/'s signs  into _!      
appropriate ideas & feel+s4    ,x is    
only :5 we succe$ 9 gett+ cle> ( t %all[
 mat]ialism  :i* cl+s to ! lett]1 :ile x
 ignores ! p[] beh9d x1 t  ! full scope 
( pictorial art c dawn ^u u4 ,b :5 we   
once  realise t ! mood express$ 9 su*   
pictures z ! #8,fro/y ,morn+'  &        
#8,w9dsor' is an ess5tial "p--nay1 is ! 
v ess5ce ( !  works !mselves1 we %all   
beg9 to und]/& h[ ne>ly relat$ great    
art is to religion2 h[ ins5sibly ! "o   
passes into ! o!r4 ,9  su* pictures z   
^!--& ,i d n hesitate to rank !m among !
  true/ & highe/ t ,*ri/ianity has yet  
produc$--9 pictures l  ^! ! ord9>y sc5es
 ( rural life & lab\r are impress$ )  ! 
quietness & beauty ( ! be/ "p ( !       
arti/'s own nature1  & f$ ) ! l(ty      
?\ghts t only poets d>e utt] 9 words4   
,su* pictures are inde$ 9 ! old monki%  
s5se an act ( wor%ip4 ,!  mood !y call  

up & su/a9 is a bless$ mood 9 :i* !     
my/]y &  ! weight ( ?is un9telligible _w
 are light5$4 ,su* pictures z  ^! are   
lit]ally an imitation or rem9isc5ce ( ! 
great mom5ts (  life1 & possess life &  
food = future ye>s4           99        
99       99       99       99    ,i w   
conclude ?is *apt] by answ]+ "s         
objections t ,i believe  are likely to  
be made to ! int]pretation ,i h (f]$ (  
?is gr\p  ( ,turn]'s works4 ,^!         
objections w\ld be bas$ on argum5ts     
drawn  f ! commonly receiv$ idea (      
,turn]'s p]sonal "*4 ,! mood  express$ 9
 ?is gr\p ( pictures is1 x might be     
urg$1 ! habitual  mood or way ( feel+ ( 
! p]fectly good man2 x is only 9 !      
p]fectly good & religi\s life t we f9d  
?is reconciliation (  inn] ,fre$om &    
ext]nal ,necessity1 & ,turn]1 we h      
reason to  suppose1 0 n a p]fectly good 
& religi\s man4 ,?is objection ,i  admit
 has =ce1 b ,i ?9k x is fully met by    
po9t+ to !  di/9ction betwe5 a mood1 a  
pass+ /ate ( feel+1 & a p]man5t  habit (

 m9d or settl$ "*4 ,x may n h be5       
,turn]'s  happ9ess to mature ?is mood ( 
reconciliation into ! ma/] light (  8   
:ole life1 yet ! mood itself is "o t    
few1 if any1 human  he>ts are entirely  
unfamili> )4 ,x is a mood t sits ab\t u 
all  9 our e>li] days4 ,! feel+s ( love 
& rev]5ce may well be "o  ( ! prim>y    
facts ( human nature4    ,x may be t    
,turn]1 if we exam9e ! :ole ( 8 life1   
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv           
,,l&scape ,,ne> ,,plym\?    ,,p5cil4    
,,ab\t #ahab    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,,xxxv    ,,design ,,= ,,s&ycombe       
,,lodge ,,& ,,gr\nds    ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink4 
,,ab\t #ahaa    ,,plan ,,( ,,g>d53      
,,s&ycombe ,,lodge    ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink4   
,,ab\t #ahab    _c be reg>d$ z a        
p]fectly good & religi\s man1 yet at ?is
  p>ticul> p]iod ( 8 life 8 works prove 
beyond all %ad[ ( d\bt  t he 0 capable (
 feel+ t[>ds nature & man 9 ! way t is  
habitual ) ! p]fectly good man4 ,z an   
arti/ ^! works ( 8  %[ t at ?is "t he 0 
able to raise himself 9 ! po9t (  feel+ 

to ! level ( a good & complete man4 ,b  
?is is a v  diff]5t ?+ f ! dem& t !     
arti/ %all himself be at t  "t & = !    
rema9d] ( 8 life ! k9d ( man ^: mom5t>y 
/ate ( feel+ he repres5ts4 ,! actual    
behavi\r ( ! arti/ z an  individual has 
only an indirect be>+ on ! "q ( ! moral 
wor? ( 8 "w4 ,:at is important is1 t !  
cont5t ( ! moral  idea %all be pres5t 9 
! /ate ( feel+ express$ 9 8 "w4 ,he  may
 n h laid firm hold ( ! good w2 he may n
 h made x a  p]man5t "p ( 8 own life4   
,all t is necess>y = 8 imm$iate  purpose
 is t he %all h grasp$ x 9 idea1--a mu* 
easi] task1  & "o t con/ant read+ ( !   
poets is q suffici5t to  accompli%4     
,t ,turn] 0 always a great lov] & read] 
( poetry is already  well kn[n4 ,aft] he
 broke away f /rictly topographical "w1 
he  seldom exhibit$ a picture )\t !     
accompanim5t ( "s poetical  quotation4  
,to judge f ^! quotations ,?omson's     
,seasons 0 a  fav\rite book ) him1 & we 
also f9d ,milton1 ,ossian1 ,ak5side1    
,dr4  ,langhorne1 & ,mallet laid "u     

contribution4 ,b ! cle>e/ evid5ce  ( !  
place poetry occupi$ 9 8 m9d at ?is "t  
is af=d$ by 8  sket*-books1 :i* conta9  
on ! :ole ev5 m poetry ?an draw+s4  ,on 
almo/ e %eet we f9d transcriptions or   
rem9isc5ces ( v]ses  t _h caught 8      
fancy1 or attempts ( 8 own to express   
himself 9  metre4 ,^! attempts1 x mu/ be
 confess$1 are seldom f> f  failure1 = !
 arti/'s comm& ( words 0 n in/9ctive1 l 
8  p[] ov] pictorial signs4 ,yet !      
quantity ( ^! attempts & !  pati5t      
p]si/5ce ) :i* he gr\nd out indiff]5t   
v]se1 prove  t ! art ( poetry 0 "o t    
held at lea/ z high a place 9 8         
affections z 8 own art4    ,z ,turn]'s  
v]ses 7 on ! :ole s unsuccessful1 ,i w  
only (f]  ! read] "o example1 & t a %ort
 "o4 ,x 0 writt5 9 "o (  8 sket*-books  
ab\t ! ye> #ahji4 ,he _h gone to ,purley
 on !  ,?ames1 ne> ,pangb\rne1 to       
indulge himself ) a few days'  fi%+--8  
sole =m ( recreation4 ,b ! ra9 _h kept  
him 9 all  day1 & to :ile away ! "t he  
betook himself to poetry4 ,he beg9s  by 

apo/rophis+ ! fair leaves ( 8 sket*-book
 :i* #8,delusion'  tempts him to violate
 ) 8 p54 ,! ra9 seems to h cont9u$1  =  
on ! next page he beg9s aga93--         
#8,alas1 ano!r day is gone       ,z     
useless z x 0 begun4       ,! crimson'd 
/reak ( e>ly morn       ,*ecks ! sweet  
l>k t o'er ! corn       ,flutt]$ h] w+s 
at twilight grey2       ,expectant ey$ !
 mov+ ray1       ,twitt]'d h] song 9    
sadd5+ mood       ,to calm h] clamor\s  
call[ brood          hu%       ,9 hope (
 less inclem5t skies4         ,! hapless
 fi%]----       ,no fly c tempt ! f9ny  
brood       ,:5 ! wa%'d bank gives up   
its mud4       ,b5ea? "s tree he takes 8
 /&     ---- 9 d\btful %elt]            
99       99       99       99       99  
,anxi\s to fancy e /reak a ray4       ,n
 s ! cott]'s *ildr5 at ! door1          
,ri* 9 cont5t1 ?o' ,nature made !m poor1
       ,/&+ on ?re%old emul\s to cat*   
,! p5dant drop f (f ! dripp+ lat*4      
,! d>+ boy--?us ,briton's e>ly race     
,to feel ! heavie/ drop ^u 8 face       

,=emo/1 mu/ feel ! drops ^u 8 face1     
,or he$less ( ! /orm or 8 abode         
,laun*es 8 pap] boat across ! road--    
,:]e ! deep gullies :i* 8 fa!r's c>t    
,made 9 _! progress to ! m>t       ,full
 to ! brim1 delug$ by ! ra91       ,!y  
prove to him a *annel to ! ma94         
,guid+ 8 vessel d[n ! /ream       ,ev5 !
 pangs ( hung] vani% l a dream4'    ,z  
poetry ^! l9es h little to recomm5d !m1 
b !y give u a  glimpse ( ! man himself1 
& !y prove t he _h some?+ ( !  poet's   
compreh5sive sympa?ies2 t he 0 #8a man  
pleas$ ) 8 own  passions & volitions1 & 
:o rejoices m ?an o!r m5 9 !  _s ( life 
t is 9 him2 delight+ to contemplate     
simil>  volitions & passions 9 ! go+s-on
 ( ! univ]se1 & habitually  impell$ to  
create !m :]e he does n f9d !m4'        
,,*apt] ,,vi    ,,! #8,,lib] ,,/udiorum'
         ,! object ( ?is *apt]--,! fir/ 
#8,lib]' draw+s 7 made at       ,w4 ,f4 
,wells's cottage at ,knockholt1         
,k5t--#8,bridge &                       
,c[s'--,developm5t ( ! s-call$ #8,fl9t  

,ca/le'--,mrs4       ,wells--,view (    
#8,basle'--#8,little ,devil's ,bridge' &
 #8,london f       ,gre5wi*'--#8,m>tello
 ,t[]s1 ,bexhill1' & #8,kirk/all        
,crypt'--,sc5e at ,islewor?--,! et*+ ( !
 #8,raglan ,ca/le' &       #8,s\rce ( ! 
,arv]on' plates--,sugge/ion = ! bett]   
exhibition ( ! #8,lib]' draw+s4      ,! 
,lib] ,/udiorum is an important aspect (
 ,turn]'s g5ius--s  important t x seems 
to des]ve a *apt] to itself1 ev5 9 s    
summ>y an inve/igation z ! pres5t4 ,yet 
f ! po9t ( view (  its subject-matt]1 x 
is evid5t t ! #8,lib]' does n ?r[ into  
relief any side ( ,turn]'s art n amply  
illu/rat$ 9 8 pa9t+s4  ,:at light !     
sequ5ce ( #8,pa/oral' subjects ?r[s ^u !
 gradual  developm5t ( 8 conception (   
reali/ic art1 has already be5 t\*$  ^u 9
 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,b !re rema9s "o po9t 
( view f  :i* x seems to me ! #8,lib]'  
possesses a special int]e/ = our  pres5t
 /udy4 ,9 ^! designs we c /udy ! =mal   
elem5ts (  ,turn]'s art fre$ f ! di/urb+
 influ5ce ( col\r4 ,ea* plate  is       

prim>ily an arrangem5t 9 l9e & light &  
%ade1 & !  requirem5ts ( :at ,i may call
 melodic inv5tion are consid]$ be=e  ^? 
( m]e repres5tation2 t is to say1 !     
emphasis is always on  ! subjective &   
con/ructive side ( art1 z oppos$ to its 
p[] (  reproduction ( ! elem5ts         
imm$iately giv5 9 ord9>y p]ception4     
,especially important f ?is po9t ( view 
are ^? subjects1  g5]ally among/ ! e>li]
 plates1 9 :i* consid]able alt]ations  7
 made dur+ ! c\rse ( execution4 ,an     
exam9ation ( a few ( !  cases 9 :i* !re 
are important diff]5ces betwe5 ! fir/   
prelim9>y draw+ & ! complet$ engrav+ is 
c]ta9ly well )9  ! limits ( our pres5t  
inquiry2 & su* comp>isons are wor? mak+ 
= _! own sake1 z !y br+ out v cle>ly    
c]ta9  *>act]i/ics ( all pictorial art1 
& especially ( ,turn]'s1 :i*  are n     
easily grasp$ :5 our obs]vations are    
complicat$ by !  pres5ce ( col\r4    ,! 
fir/ draw+s execut$ = ! "w 7 made 9     
,octob] #ahjf1 :5  ,turn] 0 on a visit  
to ,mr4 ,wells1 at ,knockholt1 9 ,k5t4  

,"o ( ,mr4  ,wells's daught]s has told u
 t x 0 ma9ly on h] fa!r's advice  t     
,turn] decid$ to und]take ! "w4 ,b he   
requir$ #8mu* &  long cont9u$ spurr+'   
be=e he c\ld be induc$ to make a beg9n+4
  #8,at la/1' we are told1 #8aft] he _h 
be5 well goad$1 "o morn+1  half 9 a pet 
he said1 8,z\nds1 ,gaff]1 !re w be no   
peace ) y  till ,i beg9--well1 give me a
 %eet ( pap] !re1 rule ! size =  me1    
tell me :at ,i %all take40 ,! lady adds1
 #8,i sat by ,turn] laugh+  & play+ :il/
 he made ! draw+s1' #8& be=e he left u !
  fir/ five subjects :i* =m ! fir/ numb]
 7 complet$ &  arrang$ = publication    
greatly to my de> ,fa!r's delight4' 7,! 
lett] is giv5 9 ext5so 9 ,mr4           
,rawl9son's ,lib] ,/udiorum1 #bnd       
edition1 pp4 xii & xiii47    ,"o ( !    
subjects execut$ at ,knockholt 0 almo/  
c]ta9ly ! fad$  sepia draw+ :i* hangs at
 pres5t 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 "u !     
title ( #8,bridge & ,c[s' 7,no4 #ejd1   
,n4 ,g472 ! engrav+ made f x  0 publi%$ 
7)\t a title7 z ! fir/ #8,pa/oral'      

subject 9 !  fir/ "p ( ,lib]4    ,?is   
draw+ is slightly fad$1 b ! fad+ does n 
altoge!r  acc\nt = its feeble &         
commonplace look4 ,! design itself is   
feeble1 ! draughtsman%ip petty1 & ! "* (
 ! figures &  trees weak & amiable4 ,^! 
objects are n actually #8out (          
draw+'--t is to say1 incorrect f a      
physiological or botanical  po9t ( view1
 b !y are sadly lack+ 9 int5tion4 ,!y h 
a  li/less air1 & seem to take v little 
int]e/ ei!r 9 !mselves  or 9 ea* o!r4   
,!y seem1 inde$1 to be mildly wond]+ :y 
!y are  !re at all4 ,9 a ^w1 x is j !   
sort ( draw+ t an arti/  w\ld make :5   
ext]nal circum/ances induc$ him to sit  
d[n to #8d  some?+1' :ile no            
/rongly-felt subject-matt] )9 him 0     
urg5tly dem&+ expression4    ,?is draw+ 
7x is 9 rev]se ( ! engrav+7 0 trac$ on  
to !  copp]1 & ! et*+ 0 made f x by     
,turn] himself4 ,! et*+  is practically 
an accurate copy ( ! draw+3 ! objects   
repres5t$  are ! same 9 ea*1 & nei!r !  
actions nor positions ( any (  ! figures

 h be5 alt]$4 ,yet 9 ! et*+ !re is a    
p]ceptible  brisk5+-up ( ev]y?+4 ,x all 
hangs toge!r bett] ?an 9 !  draw+4 ,9 "s
 way ! :ole n[ seems to h come to life 9
 !  arti/'s imag9ation4 ,9 ! draw+ we c 
see him labori\sly br++  ! p>ts toge!r3 
9 ! et*+ he has infus$ ! brea? ( life   
into !m4    ,! *ange is due entirely to 
! execution4 ,! l9e :i* def9es !        
cont\rs ( ! *ief objects has lo/ its    
li/lessness4 ,x is n[  in/9ct )         
int5tion4 ,ev]y:]e x hurries along1     
build+ up !  design z a :ole :ile def9+ 
! p>ts4 ,! compulsion ( ! :ole  makes   
itself felt 9 e detail4 ,x is c]ta9ly   
difficult to put into  words ! diff]5ce 
betwe5 ! two v]sions1 b ,i believe e "o 
:o w take ! tr\ble to comp>e !m c>efully
 w be sure to feel  x4 ,9 ! two works   
!re is an actual diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( 
!  arti/'s /ream ( consci\sness1 & !    
diff]5ce makes itself felt  9 !         
workman%ip1 ?\gh1 9 all probability1 he 
himself 0 q  unaw>e ( ! diff]5ce 9 8    
frame ( m9d1 & reg>d$ ! et*+  z simply a

 me*anical process ( transf]5ce f "o    
m$ium to  ano!r4 ,yet f a psy*ological  
po9t ( view1 ! impulsion ( 8  m9d 0 9   
ea* case 9 a contr>y direction4 ,9 !    
draw+ ! sc5e  z a :ole 0 be+ labori\sly 
invok$ piecemeal1 a collection (        
objects 0 be+ =m$ into a sum total2 9 ! 
et*+ ! subject z  a :ole is a real &    
liv+ ?+1 guid+ ! arti/'s h& &  m\ld+ all
 ! details into k9%ip ) itself4    ,!   
:ole n[ feels t c]ta9 ( its p>ts require
 adju/m5t1 i4e4  dem& to be br\ght into 
m intimate cohesion ) ! g5]al  purpose4 
,! contra/ betwe5 ! rigidity ( ! dead   
bran*es ( !  will[ on ! "r1 & ! spr+9ess
 ( ! liv+ bran*es ne>]  ! =egr\nd1 calls
 out = cle>] &    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate 
,,xxxvi    ,,sc5e ,,on ,,! ,,fr5* ,,coa/
    ,,sepia4 ,,ab\t #ahjf               
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii    ,,sc5e
 ,,on ,,! ,,fr5* ,,coa/    ,,g5]ally    
,,kn[n ,,z 8,,fl9t ,,ca/le3 ,,smuggl]s0 
,,et*+1 ,,wa%$ ,,) ,,sepia4 ,,ab\t #ahjg
    m emphatic /atem5t4 ,! dance & sweep
 ( ! foliage1 ! b5d+  bridge1 ! fall+   

bank1 require /eady+ by a bold] ass]tion
 ( !  /raight horizontal l9e ( ! di/ant 
hills4 ,! s(t & r\nd$  undulations ( !  
tree-tops1 runn+ "r across ! upp] "p ( !
  draw+1 give a some:at featureless ?\gh
 amiable "* to x2 9  ! et*+1 great]     
prom95ce is giv5 to ! h>%] l9es ( !     
rigid :ite wall ( ! di/ant cottage & its
 slop+ ro(1 z well z  to ! supports &   
planks ( ! ru/ic bridge4 ,9 ?is way1 )\t
  alt]+ ! position ( a s+le "p ( !      
design1 or introduc+ any  new matt]1 !  
:ole is trans=m$2 in/ead ( a m]e        
collection (  p>ts1 relat$ to ea* o!r by
 a k9d ( *ance or indiff]5t  contiguity1
 we h n[ a def9ite :ole1 fus$ ?r\gh &   
?r\gh into  conceptual & emotional      
unity4 ,! objects be=e our eyes h ceas$ 
to be m]ely indiff]5t & ext]nal facts2  
!y h n[ become  elem5ts or memb]s ( a   
ri*ly col\r$ :ole ( ?\ght & feel+4    ,!
 c>eful & r timid-look+ draw+ describ$ z
 #8,fl9t ,ca/le'  7,plate ,,xxxvi471 is 
c]ta9ly ano!r ( ! designs made at !     
*e]ful  ,knockholt cottage4 ,on ! m>g9 (

 ?is draw+ ! arti/ has  scribbl$ "s     
v]ses1 :i* ,i suppose "o ( ! m]ry p>ty  
_h  discov]$ 9 a book or magaz9e1#ai &  
:i* !y 7 all delight$  )4 ,probably !   
discov]] 0 ,mrs4 ,wells1 = ! "y ladies 7
  too "y to c>e mu* = books1 & ! only   
scrap ( in=mation we  possess ab\t _! "m
 seems to sugge/ t %e 0 some?+ ( a      
blue/ock+1 & :at is n[ sometimes call$ a
 #8fm9i/e4' ,among !  sket*es 9 "o (    
,turn]'s pocket-books !re is ! foll[+   
jott+3--#8,!re is n a quality or        
end[m5t1 faculty or ability :i*  is n 9 
a sup]ior degree posse/ by wom54--,vide 
,mrs4 ,wells1  ,knockholt1 ,oct4' ,!    
poem itself is n /rictly g]mane to our  
pres5t  /udy1 b z !re l+]s ab\t x a fa9t
 e*o ( ^? sc5es (  #8fun & m]rim5t' :i* 
"o ( ,turn]'s "y playmates recall$ 9    
aft] ye>s1 ,i _c d5y myself ! pleasure (
 transcrib+ x4        #8,a ,r[ ( ,popl>s
 9 disgrace       ,because !y w\ld n /op
 _! pace       ,or grew unnecess>ily    
tall1       ,_! ,ma/] came & topp$ !m   
all4         ,"s neighb\rly popl>s /ood 

h>d by       ,beheld _! gr[? ) jeal\s   
eye1       ,n[ saw--exult+--cri$        
8,h[ ne> is pride to e>? alli$40        
8,fri5ds10 said ! popl>s 9 disgrace1    
8,y see ! fault ( mak+ ha/e1            
,ambition's greatness caus$ our woe4    
,ambition %un1 m9d h[ y gr[1       ,=   
:ile y run y are b>e bel[40'    ,!      
draw+1 l ! poem1 is n a rem>kable "o4 ,z
 a design x  diff]s little f ! av]age "w
 ( accompli%$ l&scape  draughtsm5 l     
,we/all1 ,arnald1 ,daniell1 etc4 ,b f a 
comp>ative  po9t ( view x is ( s+ul>    
int]e/1 z ! diff]5ces betwe5  ?is       
prelim9>y draw+ & ! publi%$ engrav+ are 
great] ?an  ^? 9 any o!r ,lib] subject4 
,x />ts z a r jejune &  draw+-ma/]like  
composition1 & comes out f9ally z "o ( !
 mo/  vigor\s & impressive m>9e designs 
9 ! :ole s]ies4    ,! et*+ 0 made by    
,turn] himself4 ,z ! spac+ & arrangem5t 
( ! et*+ diff] consid]ably f ^? ( !     
draw+1 x is mo/  likely t an int]m$iate 
/udy 0 made4 ,! *anges1 h[ev]1 might  v 
well h be5 made on ! trac+-pap] us$ to  

transf] !  orig9al design to ! copp]1 & 
?is w\ld naturally h be5  de/roy$ z soon
 z x _h be5 us$4 ,:5 ! design _h be5    
drawn on  ! copp] & bitt5 91 a few pro(s
 7 tak5 ( ! et*+1 &  ov] "o ( ^! ,turn] 
set to "w aga9 ) wa%es ( sepia to guide 
,*>les ,turn]1 ! engrav]1 :o 0 to       
mezzot9t ! plate4 ,?is  second design is
 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #ebb7 & 
has be5  reproduc$ "h z ,plate ,,xxxvii4
    ,( c\rse we _c hope to grasp ! :ole 
diff]5ce t has tak5  place 9 ?is second 
v]sion ( ! design4 ,b "h are two draw+s 
made by ! same h&1 )9 a %ort space ( "t 
( ea* o!r1 (  ! same size & ! same      
subject1 yet "o is obvi\sly a "w (      
g5ius1 & ! o!r is z tame & lifeless z   
its companion is vivid1  en]getic1 &    
full-blood$4 ,! comp>ison is wor? mak+1 
n1  inde$1 t !re is ! slighte/ hope t   
any ( u may le>n f  x h[ to "w su*      
miracles1 b because x w help to impress 
^u  u ! importance ( ! =m or #8/yle' ( a
 "w ( art1 z oppos$ to  ! objects x     
repres5ts1--! importance ( #8m]e        

te*nique'2 x w  also give u "s insight  
into ! real nature ( arti/ic            
expression1--w %[ u h[ f> remov$ ! :ole 
process is f t  pi\s & passive          
reproduction ( :at is #8giv5' 9         
s5se-p]ception  :i* plays su* a l>ge &  
dang]\s "p 9 curr5t practice4 ,let u    
see !re=e :at we c discov]4    ,9 ! fir/
 place x is evid5t t 9 ! second v]sion (
 !  subject ! design has be5 :at arti/s 
call #8pull$ toge!r4' ,!  =egr\nd boat  
on ! left 7x is ( c\rse on ! "r 9 !     
plate7  has be5 made1 if n actually     
bigg]1 yet m important z a mass1 by  !  
addition ( ! sails ( a second boat      
imm$iately beh9d x4 ,!  app>5t height ( 
! boat has be5 increas$ by dropp+ !     
height (  ! man /&+ 9 ! c>t 9 ! wat]    
beside x1 & by mak+ !  horses1 c>ts & m5
 relatively small]4 ,! ca/le 9 ! di/ance
 has  be5 %ift$ ne>] to ! boat1 ! height
 ( ! two ma/s ( ! boat  9 ! middle      
di/ance :i* abut on to ! ca/le h be5    
r$uc$1 s  t ! ma/s & sails ( its        
neighb\r on ! "r seem high] &  bigg]4 ,m

 has be5 made ( ! m51 boats1 etc41 at ! 
foot ( !  l[ hills :i* appe> on ! "r ( !
 draw+1 & ! =egr\nd  gr\p ( m5 & horses 
has be5 %ov$ ne>] to ! figure ( ! man  j
 ent]+ ! wat]1 &1 to make ! connection  
firm]1 ! cask  & grappl+ irons on !     
gr\nd h be5 c>efully add$4    ,b x is   
useless m]ely catalogu+ ^! *anges1 if we
 _c  discov] ! reasons = !m4 ,is all ?is
 %uffl+ & re>rangem5t  = ! sake (       
balance & visual h>mony8 ,no d\bt to "s 
ext5t x  is4 ,b notice 9 ! remodell$    
design ! effect ( t firm /raight  l9e ( 
! di/ant sea 9 ! c5tre1 & ! way ! di/ant
 ca/le  rises out ( x4 ,t is ! n]ve ( ! 
:ole design4 ,see h[ all !  o!r l9es &  
%apes fret ! eye ) _! %>p & jagg$ =ms1  
& yet lead x inevitably back to t "o    
untr\bl$ space4 ,all ?is  artfully      
calculat$ play+ ) lights & %ad[s1 ?is   
complicat$  conspiracy ( l9es & =ms1 is 
assur$ly some?+ m ?an an  aimless trifl+
 ) appe>ances4 ,9 t untr\bl$ /ret* (    
wat]  we _c b feel ! /eady1 nev]-re/+1  
inexorable m>* ( !  real p[]s ( nature4 

,x br+s ! :ole mighty backgr\nd ( human 
life into ! draw+2 & ?is real spiritual 
pres5ce sets ! daily  toil & h>d%ip (   
ev]yday life 9 a new light1 solemnis+ x1
  dw>f+ x1 yet n cru%+ x4 ,x is z ?\gh  
we _h he>d !  ru/le ( ! w+s ( et]nity 9 
! pass+ mom5t4 ,to d ?is1 to  produce   
?is effect un]r+ly & ) logical c]ta9ty  
^u e  normally con/itut$ ,engli%man :o  
looks c>efully at ! draw+1  _c exactly  
be ! *ance result ( a dilig5t %uffl+ &  
re%uffl+ ( m]e %apes & %ad[s4 ,!re is   
some?+ ( div9ity  9 x4 ,! %apes & %ad[s 
h mean+1 & ?is timeless &  spaceless    
mean+ is ! life-blood t animates &      
transfigures ^!  bald signs & symbols4  
,if art deals only ) appe>ances1 we mu/ 
rememb] t appe>ance is also a =m (      
reality1 & t =m &  cont5t c be s closely
 int]wov5 t ! di/9ctions ( our  m$dl+   
und]/&+ may become idle & mislead+4     
,x is only f "s su* po9t ( view z ?is t 
we c hope to  grasp ! full importance ( 
:at clev] p call #8m]e te*nique4'       
,let u turn n[ to ! #8,basle' design4   

,al?\gh ?is engrav+ 0  publi%$ 9 ! fir/ 
"p ( ,lib]1 ,i am incl9$ to d\bt :e!r  !
 prelim9>y draw+ 0 made 9 ! ,wells's    
cottage4 ,?is design is  bas$ ^u a sket*
 made at ,basle 9 #ahjb1 & x is h>dly   
likely t  ,turn] w\ld h _h ?is          
sket*-book ) him :5 he w5t to sp5d a    
few days ) 8 fri5ds 9 ,k5t4 ,moreov]1 ! 
fir/ sepia draw+ is  n ) ! o!rs 9 !     
,national ,gall]y4 ,mr4 ,rawl9son       
believes t  x pass$ into ! h&s ( an     
,am]ican collector #8_m ye>s ago'       
7,lib] ,/udiorum1 p4 #ai74 ,b we h      
,turn]'s et*+ ( ! subject1  & if we     
comp>e ?is ) ! draw+ made f nature1 :i* 
c]ta9ly =m$ ! gr\nd-"w ( ! subject1 we  
see cle>ly :at a  great diff]5ce !re    
really is betwe5 two processes :i* mod]n
  uncritical ?\ght p]si/5tly            
conf\nds--betwe5 ! process (  #8draw+   
:at y see' & #8copy+ nature fai?fully1' 
& ! process  ( arti/ic con/ruction &    
inv5tion4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate      
,,xxxviii    ,,juv5ile ,,tricks         
,,sepia4 ,,ab\t #ahjh    ,illu/ration3  

,,plate ,,xxxix    ,,b]ry ,,pom]oy      
,,ca/le    ,,g5]ally ,,kn[n ,,z ,,raglan
 8,,ca/le0    ,,sepia4 ,,ab\t #ahac     
,g5]ally1 ) ! really creative arti/s !  
two processes g on  simultane\sly or are
 fus$ into "o1 b "h = once we f9d !m    
sep>at$4 ,! p5cil draw+ 0 made z a      
simple record ( facts2 !  et*+ 0 made "s
 five or six ye>s lat]1 & x is curi\s to
 see  :at lib]ties ,turn] felt x 0      
necess>y & ju/ifiable to take )  8      
orig9al record1 be=e 8 notion ( !       
requirem5ts ( a "w (  art c\ld be       
satisfi$4    ,9 ! draw+ f nature ! wid? 
( ! riv] seems to dw>f !  height ( !    
build+s2 9 ! engrav+ ,turn] seems to h  
felt t  ! height ( ! build+s ought to =m
 ! keynote ( ! :ole  design4 ,fir/1     
!re=e1 ! two t[]s ( ! ,ca!dral are c>ri$
  well up above ! h\se by ! bridge1 !   
gable ( ?is build+ be+  r$uc$ 9 size1 s 
t x %all n compete 9 importance ) !     
,ca!dral t[]s4 ,9 ! draw+1 ! build+s    
rec$e gradually &  g5tly f ! bridge1    
:ile 9 ! et*+1 !y are pu%$ into  squ>e  

/ep-%ap$ masses1 ?us emphasis+ ! idea ( 
weight &  height4 ,^! impressions are   
fur!r /r5g!n$ by delib]ately  mak+ !    
supports ( ! bridge small] & m fragile  
?an !y  7 9 ! draw+2 9 ! engrav+ !      
/raddl+ supports ( !  sl5d] wood5 bridge
 give x an air ( weakness :i* makes !   
build+s at its side seem all ! m firmly 
set by contra/4    ,^! are only a few ( 
! m obvi\s po9ts ( diff]5ce1 b if  !    
comp>ison 7 pursu$ fur!r1 we %\ld f9d t 
e sweep (  l9e & silh\ette ( ! orig9al  
mat]ial has be5 reconsid]$ &  reca/ be=e
 x 0 all[$ to =m "p ( ! new con/ruction4
 ,i  w n pret5d t ,i reg>d ! result     
obta9$ 9 ?is case z "o  ( ! great       
a*ievem5ts ( ! s]ies1 b our obs]vations 
are  useful1 ,i ?9k1 z %[+ ! habitual   
?or\ghness & e>ne/ness  :i* ,turn]      
br\ght to all 8 "w4 ,8 attitude t[>ds ! 
matt] 9  h& is always active & creative4
 ,8 alt]ations are n always =  !        
bett]--inde$1 x is op5 to argum5t :e!r  
"s ( ! *anges  made 9 ?is ,basle subject
 7 q advantage\s1 b ! fact rema9s  t    

:atev] he took up he ?rew himself he>t &
 s\l into1 t he  felt b\nd to recreate x
 f )91 & t a m]e cold & passive         
reproduction ( ! giv5 w\ld h seem$ to   
him a c[>dly %r9k+  f 8 arti/ic mission4
 ,he feels t he is responsible = !      
effect ! %apes & arrangem5t ( 8 subject 
make ^u !  spectator's imag9ation1 & t  
to attempt to apologise = a tame &      
un9t]e/+ subject by say+1 #8,x 0        
s1'--#8,x is q  true1'--w\ld h seem$ to 
him an unwor?y evasion ( 8 "w4    ,h[   
incapable ,turn] 0 ( copy+ ev5 "o ( 8   
own draw+s  accurately is cle>ly %[n by 
! et*+ ( ! #8,little ,devil's  ,bridge' 
7,r4 #ai74 ,:5 we comp>e ?is ) ! orig9al
 draw+ 7,no4  #dgf1 ,n4 ,g47 we f9d t   
almo/ e =m 9 ! design has be5  reca/1 n 
always to its individual advantage f !  
po9t ( view (  realisation1 b ) an      
inv>iable ga9 9 ! direction ( great]    
g5]al cohesion4 ,note1 = example1 h[ !  
/raight tree trunk ne>e/  ! bridge 9 !  
draw+ gets b5t slightly to ! left1 j to 
make  y feel ! t\ghness & ob/9acy ( !   

tree itself4 ,! fir-trees  on ! left1   
too1 are m reali/ic 9 ! draw+1 b !y are 
m  =cible & dramatic 9 ! engrav+4    ,z 
we h be5 able to reproduce ,turn]'s     
orig9al p5cil /udy f  nature = !        
#8,london f ,gre5wi*' plate1 ! read] w  
be able to  make 8 own comp>ison ) !    
publi%$ design4 ,! prelim9>y sepia      
draw+ = ! engrav+ 7,no4 #dic1 ,n4 ,g47  
=ms an int]m$iate /ep  betwe5 ! two1 a  
/age1 z x 71 9 ! process by :i* ,turn]'s
  m9d took complete possession ( !      
subject4 ,9 ! sepia draw+1 !  arti/ has 
n yet fully realis$ ! exact rle ! ma9   
build+ has  to play 9 ! :ole arrangem5t4
 ,:5 we turn to ! engrav+ we f9d  t !   
:ole "* ( ! mass =m$ by ! hospital has  
be5  *ang$4 ,9 ! draw+ x =ms a /raggl+  
mass1 some:at l a  *ance m$ley ( :>ves &
 w>eh\ses1 9 ! engrav+ ?is mass has  be5
 patt$ toge!r into a solid & def9ite    
/ructure4 ,! di/ant  p>ts ( ! build+ h  
be5 rais$1 & !y n[ tell z a rigid       
horizontal l9e4 ,! ga9 to ! hospital 9  
dignity & 9  individuality is           

extraord9>y1 & its /iff /raight l9es are
 exactly  :at 0 want$ to ?r[ emphasis on
 ! subtlety & delicacy ( !  sl[ sweep ( 
! di/ant riv]4    ,! draw+ = !          
#8,m>tello ,t[]s1 ,bexhill1' plate is a 
v tame  affair1 & ! f9i%$ plate is only 
sav$ f comp>ative    ,illu/ration3      
,,plate ,,xl    ,,! ,,alcove1 ,,islewor?
    ,,g5]ally ,,kn[n ,,z                
8,,twick5ham--,,pope',s ,,villa10 ,,etc4
    ,,sepia4 ,,ab\t #ahaf               
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xli             
,,%eep-,,wa%+1 ,,w9dsor    ,,sepia4     
,,ab\t #ahah    failure by its f9e sky4 
,yet x is wor? comp>+ ! two to trace out
  ! subtle diff]5ces :i* spr+ up "u     
,turn]'s h& 9 !  et*+4 ,all ! objects   
are =c$ into %apes t act m p[]fully  on 
! imag9ation1 ev]y:]e ! t5d5cy ( ! l9e  
is t[>ds  emphasis & di/9ctness4    ,9 !
 #8,kirk/all ,crypt' 7,r4 #ci71 ! design
 is also reca/ 9 !  et*+4 ,! gr\p ( c[s 
is alt]$1 ! =egr\nd pill> is made  ?9n]1
 ! space betwe5 ! two columns 9 ! c5tre 
is wid5$ out1  & ! ap]ture 9 ! wall     

above ! c[s on ! left is made light1    
in/ead ( d>k4 ,^! *anges are all = !    
bett]4 ,a c>eful /udy  ( ^! seem+ly     
trivial alt]ations is valuable z an     
in/ance ( !  subtleties ( design ^u :i* 
all really f9e art dep5ds4    ,z ^!     
rem>ks indicate1 ,i am 9 agreem5t ) !   
g5]al op9ion  t ! engrav+s repres5t     
,turn]'s int5tions m fully ?an 8        
prelim9>y draw+s4 ,b ?\gh ?is is g5]ally
 ! case1 !re are  exceptions1 & ! mo/   
notable is1 ,i ?9k1 t ( ! plate         
sometimes kn[n z #8,twick5ham--,pope's  
,villa1' & sometimes z  #8,g>rick's     
,temple & ,hampton ,c\rt1' b :i* really 
repres5ts a  sc5e at ,islewor?4 ,9 ?is  
case ! draw+ 7,plate ,,xl47 is mu* f9]  
?an ! plate1 al?\gh ,turn] et*$ !       
subject himself4 ,b someh[  ! spac+ ( ! 
:ole is mu* less felicit\s 9 ! engrav+  
?an  9 ! draw+4 ,! r5d]+ ( ! trees1 too1
 is m conv5tional1  b ?is is a          
*>act]i/ic ( ne>ly all ! plates1 & is   
due to !  difficulties ( ! m$ium1 x be+ 
impossible to get ! same subtlety  (    

tone & delicacy ( =m 9 et*+ & mezzot9t t
 c be got  ) a p5 & wa% on pap]4    ,?is
 "q ( ! comp>ative conv5tionality ( !   
foliage 9 !  engrav+s induces me to say 
a few words ab\t "o ( ! lovelie/  r5d]+s
 ( woodl& sc5]y 9 ! :ole s]ies--!       
s-call$  #8,raglan ,ca/le' 7,r4 #eh74bj 
,?is is "o ( ! plates t ,turn]          
mezzot9t$ himself1 yet because ! et*$   
l9es are n s free &  supple z ^? ( !    
prelim9>y draw+ 7,no4 #hfe1 ,n4,g471 x  
has be5  assum$ t ,turn] left ! et*+ to 
be done by "o ( 8 engrav]s1  probably   
,dawe4 ,?is assumption is "o t ,i _c    
accept4 ,!  lett]+ on ! plate1 #8,drawn 
& ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]1 etc41'
  po9ts to ! conclusion t ,turn] 0      
responsible bo? = !  et*+ & ! mezzot9t+4
 ,& :5 we comp>e ! et*+ ) !  draw+1 a   
numb] ( slight b successful diff]5ces   
em]ge1 :i* no  engrav] w\ld ei!r h      
attempt$ to make or c\ld h made if he   
_h desir$ to d s4    #8,! ,s\rce ( !    
,arv]on' 7,r4 #fj71 ano!r ( ! plates    
#8drawn &  engrav$' by ,turn]1 has also 

_h its et*+ condemn$ & attribut$  to    
,dawe4 ,if ! plate is really s f9e z all
 ! critics ( ?is k9d  insi/1 x is curi\s
 t ! et*+ c be s poor z !y say &  yet n 
affect ! excell5ce ( ! :ole4 ,?is is    
inconsi/5t )  ! prop] appreciation ( !  
important role ! et*$ l9es play 9  all  
^! mezzot9ts4 ,t ,turn] reg>d$ ! et*+ z 
f> m  important ?an ! scrap+ is %[n by !
 simple fact t he  und]took 7nom9ally at
 lea/7 to d x all himself1 b he _h no   
hesitation 9 h&+ ! scrap+ ov] to !      
engrav]s4    ,^! g5]al consid]ations are
 fur!r /r5g!n$ :5 we comp>e  ! f9i%$    
plate 7,i am speak+ only ( ! et*+ 9 !   
publi%$  /ates1 & n ( ! r>e #8fir/ /ate'
 ( ! et*+ 9 ! late ,mr4  ,j4 ,e4        
,taylor's collection7 ) ! prelim9>y /udy
 made = x1 n[  9 ! ,national ,gall]y    
7,no4 #hgi74 ,! size & proportions ( !  
plate  diff] f ^? ( ! draw+1 s ! et*+   
c\ld n h be5  trac$ f x1 :ile ! et*+    
n[h]e foll[s ! draw+ ) !  accuracy "o   
w\ld expect if x 7 m]ely an engrav]'s   
copy4 ,!re is  no au?ority 9 ?is draw+ =

 ! %apes giv5 to ! cre/s ( !  di/ant    
m\nta9s 9 ! c5tre1 nor = ! %apes ( !    
upp]  portions ( ! ne>] m\nta9s on !    
left4 ,! l[] p>ts ( !  design are also  
modifi$ f ! =ms 9 ! draw+ 9 exactly !   
way ,turn] habitually reca/ all ! draw+s
 he et*$4 ,x is also h>d  to suppose t  
,dawe or anybody b ,turn] c\ld h reca/ !
 vague  %apes ( ! disappe>+ ridge ( !   
glaci] on ! left 9 !  ma/]ly way ?is has
 be5 done 9 ! et*+1 or t anybody b      
,turn] c\ld h inv5t$1 on ! /r5g? ( !    
loose indications 9  ! draw+1 ! ma/]ly  
l9es t give def9ition to ! /ret* (      
valley aga9/ :i* ! ice ( ! glaci] is    
reliev$4 ,! %apes (  !    ,illu/ration3 
,,plate ,,xlii    ,,view ,,( ,a ,,riv]1 
,,f ,a ,,t]race    ,,sometimes ,,call$  
8,,macon0    ,,sepia4 ,,ab\t #ahah      
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliii           
,,cr[hur/1 ,,sussex    ,,sepia4 ,,ab\t  
#ahah    fir/ two upright p9es ne> !    
c5tre h also be5 reca/ by !  m9d & h& ( 
! ma/]1 n copi$ by ano!r h& f !         
indications giv5 9 ! draw+4 ,alt]ations 

h also be5 introduc$  9 ! "* ( ! /ems & 
_! bran*es :i* a pr(essional  engrav]   
w\ld n d>e to make 9 an o/5sible copy2 !
 same rem>k  applies also to ! tops ( ! 
p9es on ! "r4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,i  ?9k1 ^?
 critics are mi/ak5 :o d5y t !          
workman%ip ( !  :ole plate is ,turn]'s4 
,& ! mi/ake has aris5 to a l>ge ext5t1  
,i  feel incl9$ to add1 ?r\gh atta*+ too
 mu* importance to a  priori notions (  
te*nical ma/]y4 ,z ! late ,mr4 ,ar?ur   
,/rong v  ju/ly said1 we are incl9$ to  
/>t ) an idea t ma/]s are  always ma/]ly
 & classical1 & we (t5 end by f9d+ t !y 
h left no?+ beh9d !m q wor?y ( our      
preconceiv$ ideas (  :at !y ought to h  
done4    ,^! are a few ( ! po9ts sugge/$
 by a comp>ison ( !  prelim9>y designs =
 ! ,lib] plates ) ! f9i%$ engrav+s4  ,b 
to get any good out ( x e /ud5t mu/ take
 ! tr\ble to  make ^! comp>isons =      
himself4 ,%\ld my rem>ks succe$ 9       
induc+ ev5 a few adv5tur\s spirits to   
make su* an exp]im5t1 ,i  %all feel     
satisfi$ t ,i h done some?+ t[>ds       

spread+ an  intellig5t int]e/ 9 !       
m>vell\s process ( arti/ic creation4    
,p]haps1 too1 "s day 9 ! future1 !      
au?orities ( ! ,national  ,gall]y may   
see _! way t[>ds ! display ( ^! draw+s s
 t  su* a process ( intellig5t /udy may 
be p]=m$ )\t !  inconv5i5ce :i* ! pres5t
 arrangem5t entails4 ,x is probably n   
necess>y to h ! :ole s]ies ( draw+s on  
exhibition at ! same  "t1 b if ^? t are 
exhibit$ c\ld be accompani$ by !  f9i%$ 
engrav+s1 &1 :]e possible1 by "o or two 
pro(s ( !  unf9i%$ /ates1 ,i believe !  
ga9 to ! public w\ld be  consid]able4   
,,*apt] ,,vii    ,,! ,,spl5d\r ,,(      
,,success1 ,,or #8,,:at ,,y             
,,w'--#ahac-ahcj         ,a survey ( !  
gr\nd we h cov]$--,! tra9+ ( ,turn]'s   
sympa?ies by ! poets--,! limits (       
arti/ic beauty--& ( a       m]ely       
#8musical' education--,turn] unlike     
,wordswor?--!       pr$om9antly s5su\s  
b5t ( 8 g5ius--,! p>t+ ( !              
ways--,! dep5d5ce ( art ^u              
society--,turn] #8! fa%ion'--,!         

influ5ce ( ! ,academy--,! ,italian visit
 9 #ahai--,turn]'s       ,italian       
sket*es--,_! beauty & uselessness--,!   
,naturali/ic       fallacy--,turn]'s "w 
= ! engrav]s--,! ,s\!rn ,coa/           
s]ies--#8,wat*et' &                     
#8,bosca/le'--,:itak]'s ,hi/ory (       
,ri*mond%ire--#8,hornby ,ca/le' &       
#8,hey%am'--,scott's ,prov9cial         
,antiquities--#8,ed9burgh1 f ! ,calton  
,hill'--#8,ro*e/]1' 9       ! ,riv]s (  
,engl& s]ies--,engl& & ,wales--#8,bolton
 ,abbey'       &                        
#8,col*e/]'--#8,/am=d'--#8,tynem\?4'    
,we h n[ foll[$ ! developm5t ( ,turn]'s 
m9d f boyhood to  y\? & well into       
manhood4 ,we h wat*$ ! ar*itectural &   
topographical draughtsman develop into  
an arti/ "u ! guidance (  8 admiration =
 ,wilson4 ,!n ! m9d ( ! pa9t] ( !       
sublime1  ( ! picturesque 9 g5]al1 /ruck
 its unse5 roots deep] into !  int]e/s &
 sympa?ies ( ! p among/ :om he liv$4 ,9 
!  h\r ( national dang] 8 he>t beat high
 ) c\rage &  det]m9ation4 ,8 pictures ( 

! sea are l w> songs2 !y /rike  !       
,dorian note1 !y repres5t ! tone ( m9d (
 a brave man :o  faces w\nds & dea? &   
all cont+5cies ) unfl9*+ endurance4  ,!n
 ! m9d ( ! laureate ( a nation 9 arms   
takes a /ill wid]  sweep4 ,x embraces   
humanity & animate & inanimate nature 9 
"o  glance1 & f9ds ! s\l ( good 9 all   
?+s4 ,! ,dorian h>monies  give place to 
! ,phrygian4    ,9 all ?is ,turn]'s     
attitude seems entirely passive or      
receptive4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate     
,,xliv    ,,kirkby ,,lonsdale ,,bridge  
,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahaf    ,illu/ration3  
,,plate ,,xlv    ,,raby ,,ca/le ,,&     
,,co4 ,,durham    ,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahag 
,8 amaz+ly rapid gr[? seems to be m]ely 
an ef=tless assimilation  ( ! moral     
atmosph]e ( 8 "t4 ,all t 0 faire/ & (   
good  repute 9 ! common spiritual       
h]itage ( ! p seems to h  pass$         
ins5sibly into 8 ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,8 art
 is a social or  national ph5om5on1 s   
imp]sonal 7or sup]p]sonal7 t x is       
difficult to po9t to traces ( ! m]e     

individual 9 8 "w4 ,!  individual is lo/
 9 8 univ]sal function4 ,! man himself  
is no?+  b ! voice or ?\ght ( :at ,hume 
has call$ #8a man 9 g5]al4' ,yet  8 "w  
is z f> remov$ z any "w c be f !        
vagu5ess &  coldness ( ! ab/ract        
univ]sal4 ,beh9d e t\* ( 8 h& &  e ?\ght
 or idea 9 8 m9d beats ! pulse ( a      
full-blood$ &  passionate p]sonality4   
,only1 by "s miracle1 ?is man happ5s to 
be  free f ! local prejudices &         
limitations t deflect ! judgm5t  &      
sympa?ies ( mo/ m5 f ! "o true /&>d4    
,?is education ( ,turn]'s sympa?ies &   
feel+s 0 ! "w1 we h  se5 reasons =      
conclud+1 ( ! poets & arti/s :om he lov$
 &  admir$4 ,9 ! light & w>m? ( _! ideal
 creations 8 own high  in/9cts 7 quick5$
 into life & activity4 ,"u _! influ5ce  
he _h ent]$ into ! common spiritual _w1 
& !y _h giv5 !  direction to 8 impulses 
& ideas reg>d+ ?+s human & div9e4  ,b   
education mu/ be a lifelong process1 &  
!re comes a "t 9 !  gr[? ( ea*          
individual :5 ! ne$ ( some?+ m cle>-cut 

&  p]man5t ?an 8 own impulses & desires1
 h[ev] :olesome !y may  be1 decl>es     
itself4 ,z ,plato po9t$ out long ago1 to
 secure !  happie/ results ( ! be/      
#8musical' education1 some?+ m ?an a    
m]ely #8musical' education is ne$$4 ,we 
h n[ rea*$ t p]iod 9  ,turn]'s life :5 !
 lov] ( beautiful sights & ?\ghts &     
feel+s mu/ make a det]m9$ ef=t to unify 
^! manifold beauties  by an explicit    
pr9ciple1 to ex*ange op9ion = k1 if he  
is to  pres]ve ! advantages he has      
already won4 ,9 life !re is no /&+      
/ill1 no re/+ ^u our ga9s4 ,we mu/ g    
=w>d to high]  victories1 or f9d our    
arms t>ni% & our ga9s dissipate         
!mselves4  ,b x may well be d\bt$ :e!r  
art is capable ( rea*+ a high]  po9t (  
beauty ?an t :i* ,turn] _h already      
rea*$4 ,=c$ to  its extreme limits      
beauty ins5sibly passes into some?+ :i* 
is at  once m & less ?an beauty4 ,su*   
pictures z ! #8,fro/y ,morn+1'          
#8,w9dsor1' & #8,! ,tr\t ,/ream' are1   
p]haps1 ! mo/ beautiful t  art is       

capable ( produc+4 ,& ! example (       
,wordswor?1 :o did  /rive upw>d to #8an 
intellig5ce :i* has greatness & ! vision
 (  all "t & ( all be+1' is n on all    
po9ts reassur+4 ,8 poetry1  simply z    
poetry1 did suff] f 8 philosophic       
/udies4 ,!re may be  some?+ 9 ! v nature
 ( ! human s\l :i* sets b\nds to !      
creation or expression ( beauty4    ,b  
,turn] 0 n l ,wordswor?4 ,he 0 = good & 
ill ess5tially  & solely an arti/4 ,!   
play ( %apes & col\rs 0 probably de>]   
to him ?an food or raim5t4 ,hav+ by %e] 
good =tune c>ri$ 8  art to its highe/   
atta9able pit* ( beauty be=e he _h rea*$
 8  =tie? ye>1 he 0 plac$ 9 an emb>rass+
 position4 ,!  dialectical movem5t (    
beauty w\ld n[ c>ry him outside 8 art1  
into  regions :]e ! individual man might
 reap ri* ga9s1 b :]e !  arti/ c\ld reap
 only sorr[ & disappo9tm5t4 ,! arti/ 9  
,turn]  0 /rong] ?an ! man4 ,he lov$ !  
s5su\s m$ium ( art m ?an  ! spiritual   
beauty into :i* ! curr5t ( traditional  
wisdom _h  c>ri$ him4 ,! rema9d] ( 8    

life is !re=e d$icat$ to !  passionate &
 audaci\s developm5t ( ! mat]ial        
beauties ( 8  art4    ,we h n[ to trace 
9 8 works ! gradual encroa*m5ts ( !     
purely s5su\s side ( 8 art4 ,= a "t all 
seems well1 p]haps m  ?an well1 = ! ga9 
9 all ! l[] elem5ts ( 8 art is v  /rik+4
 ,dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s 8 works ga9    
con/antly 9 !  s5su\s attractiv5ess (   
col\r & 9 ! =mal beauties ( rhy?m  &    
design4 ,! loss ( beauty is comp5sat$ by
 deep draughts (  pleasantness4 ,yet    
amid ! fev]i% intoxication ( s5su\s     
beauty a  wild unre/ & despair make     
!mselves increas+ly felt4 ,! man has    
sacrific$ himself to 8 art1 & ! />v$    
human s\l turns 9  bitt]ness f ! ard5tly
 desir$ rew>ds ( ! mo/ brilliantly      
triumphant arti/ic c>e] t mod]n times h 
witness$4    ,x is usual 9 treat+ ma9ly 
( ,turn]'s oil pa9t+s to fix ^u !  ye>  
#ahae z ! great turn+-po9t 9 8 c>e]4    
,aft]    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi   
,,raby ,,ca/le    ,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahjg 
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii    ,,raby 

,,ca/le    ,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahag        
#ahae !re is a m>k$ *ange 9 ! aims & "* 
( ,turn]'s art1  & x is conv5i5t to date
 ?is *ange f ! ye> t saw ! end  ( !     
,napoleonic w>s1 & inaugurat$ a new era 
9 ! social &  political condition ( ?is 
c\ntry4 ,f ?is date1 too1 ! conditions  
( arti/ic production *ang$4 ,! rapid    
developm5t ( indu/rial  conc]ns br\ght a
 new class ( patrons ^u ! sc5e4 ,be=e   
#ahae1  ,turn]'s patrons _h be5 ma9ly ! 
l&$ ari/ocracy2 aft] #ahae1 8  *ief     
patrons 7 ! successful m]*ants ( ! great
 t[ns4 ,f  t "t ! m5 ( comm]ce & !      
manufactur]s ou/$ !  ari/ocracy f !     
lead+ position :i* !y _h held 9 !       
c\ncils ( ! c\ntry4 ,) ! *ange ( m5 a   
*ange took place 9  ! ideals1 mann]s &  
ta/e ( ! c\ntry2 & ,turn]1 ) 8          
extraord9>y s5sibility1 8 ready p[]s (  
intuition & rapid  assimilation1 seem$  
b\nd to reflect ! *ange 9 8 "w4    ,yet 
if we look clos] into ,turn]'s c>e]1 we 
f9d t #ahae 0 r  ! ye> t saw ! brilliant
 public inauguration ( ! new era1 ?an  !

 actual beg9n+ ( ! *ange4 ,! #8,cross+ !
 ,brook1' exhibit$  9 #ahae1 is (t5     
reg>d$ z ! impressive close ( ,turn]'s  
e>ly  mann]1 yet ?is beautiful picture  
already be>s ! impress ( t  folie des   
gr&eurs to :i* we owe mo/ ( ! excesses (
 ! new  mann]4 ,! #8,fro/y ,morn+' (    
#ahac is really ! la/ "w 9 :i*  !       
inspiration r+s true ?r\gh\t1 9 :i* ! =m
 & cont5t are  absolutely indissoluble4 
#8,dido & neas1' ! only picture exhibit$
 9  #ahad1 is a frigid pseudo-classical 
pomposity1 ! due developm5t ( !  /ra9 ( 
bas] metal 9 ,turn]'s g5ius1 :i* _h     
already betray$  itself 9 ! #8,macon' ( 
#ahjc1 ! #8,n>cissus & ,e*o' ( #ahjd1 & 
!  #8,s*affhaus5' ( #ahjf4 ,9 glanc+    
rapidly ov] ,turn]'s c>e] we h  be5 able
 to ignore ^! works2 9 ! ru% & spl5d\r (
 8  g5]al developm5t su* pictures fall  
into insignificance1 z casual           
indications t a busy pr(essional man's  
indu/ry may outrun 8  inspiration4      
,aft] #ahac x is impossible to ignore   
?is side ( ,turn]'s production4  ,x 0 j 

?is regrettable side ( 8 "w t appeal$   
mo/  /rongly to ! middle-class public = 
:om he _h n[ to cat]4 #8,dido  ,build+  
,c>?age' 7#ahae7 is a picture exactly to
 ! ta/e ( !  admir]s ( ! fir/ in/alm5t (
 ,*ilde ,h>old1 ,! ,bride (  ,abydos1 ,!
 ,corsair1 & ,l>a4 ,x has ! hi/orical   
remot5ess1  ! vague & empty gr&eur1 !   
my/]i\s dream9ess1 ! w>m1  voluptu\s    
atmosph]e & intoxicat+ lyrical movem5t (
 !  contempor>y phase ( ,romantic       
poetry4 ,9 #8,! ,decl9e ( !  ,c>?ag9ian 
,empire' 7#ahag71 #8,! ,field (         
,wat]loo' 7#ahah71 #8,ri*mond  ,hill1 on
 ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t's ,bir?day' 7#ahai7 &  
#8,rome f !  ,vatican' 7#ahbj71 we      
recognise ! contempor>y & fell[-work] ( 
,byron1 ,moore1 ,s\!y1 ,*ateaubri& &    
,lam>t9e4 ,9 #ahbb ,turn]'s  only       
picture at ! ,royal ,academy 0 entitl$  
#8,:at y ,w'6--an  om9\s b significant  
title4 ,x seems to put into words ! rul+
  motive ( ?is new phase ( 8 art2 to %[ 
t ,turn] is fully  consci\s t he is     
trimm+ 8 b>que to cat* ! brea? ( popul> 

applause4 #8,! ,bay ( ,baiae' 7#ahbc71 !
 two #8,mortlakes' 7#ahbf-bg71  #8,dido 
direct+ ! ,equipm5t ( ! ,fleet' 7#ahbh7 
& #8,ulysses' 7#ahbi7  indicate cle>ly !
 pr$om9ant b5t ( ! arti/'s m9d t[>ds !  
gross] pleasures ( 8 art4    ,^! works  
br\ght & kept ,turn] prom95tly be=e !   
public eye4  ,!y made him ! pride &     
glory ( ! ,royal ,academy1 & put him on 
a  level ( celebrity ) ,sir ,?omas      
,lawr5ce4 ,!y made him1 9 %ort1 9  ,sir 
,walt] ,scott's words1 #8! fa%ion1' yet 
x is ^! works t  ,turn]'s admir]s ( !   
pres5t day reg>d ) only mod]ate         
en?usiasm4    ,comp>$ ) ! "w ( ! previ\s
 decade1 su* pictures _c b  /rike u z   
unwor?y ( ! arti/'s g5ius4 ,yet we h a  
t5d5cy  n[adays1 ,i ?9k1 to ov]rate !   
indep5d5ce ( ! arti/4 ,!  mod]n arti/1 9
 s f> z he is dep5d5t ^u ! support ( !  
society 9 :i* he works1 is n an entirely
 free ag5t4 ,! society  t applaud$ !m & 
= ^: pleasure !y 7 produc$ mu/  !re=e   
accept p]haps ! ma9 responsibility = !  
middle-class  ideals /amp$ ^u ^!        

pictures4 ,9 trac+ ! reaction ( society 
^u art & art ^u society1 x is an        
extremely difficult matt] to  decide :i*
 factor is ! m p[]ful1 b ,i am incl9$ to
 ?9k x  is n art4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 x
 is c]ta9ly ! duty ( !  individual to   
=tify himself z be/ he c aga9/ !        
contagion to  :i* he is expos$4 ,& x mu/
 be confess$ t ,turn] 0 b  ill-provid$  
)9 himself ) ! means to resi/ ! dead5+  
influ5ces ( ! atmosph]e ( bad ta/e into 
:i* he 0 n[  laun*$4 ,x is true t ,turn]
 0 n exactly :at is call$ a             
#8society-man1' & he might !re=e h m    
easily escap$ !  contagion ( ^?         
draw+-room ideals to :i* m5 l ,tom      
,moore  succumb$4 ,b ,turn] 0 a memb] ( 
! ,royal ,academy4 ,x 0 !  recognis$    
organisation ( 8 pr(ession1 & he valu$  
highly !  hon\rs x _h to conf]4 ,8 lack 
( g5]al education made him an easy      
victim to ! pret5sions ( (ficialism2 l  
all un$ucat$ p1 he  _h a ridicul\s      
rev]5ce = ! trapp+s & mumm]y ( ! le>n$  
_w1 = degrees1 diplomas1 titles4 ,he 0  

inord9ately pr\d ( !  "r to write       
#8,r4,a41' #8,p4,p41' aft] 8 "n1 & to   
alt] ^!  lett]s to ,p4,r4,a4 0 ! height 
( 8 ambition4 ,"u ^!  circum/ances he   
c\ld n b id5tify himself ) ! imm$iate   
practical aims ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,n[ 
?is ill-/>r$ in/itution is  s unwisely &
 s un=tunately con/itut$1 t its v       
exi/5ce1  & all its p[]s ( activity z a 
pr(essional b5evol5t society1 are  made 
to dep5d almo/ entirely ^u its popul>ity
 z an exhibition  society4 ,! ,academy  
?rove !n z x ?rives n[1 9 proportion z x
  succe$s 9 cat]+ = ! ta/e ( !          
fa%ionable & money$  public2 x c\ld only
 lose gr\nd if x made ! slighte/        
attempts to  guide or educate ! public  
s5se ( beauty4 ,9 ?is way x _h become  9
 ,turn]'s "t no?+ m nor less ?an an     
organisation = /amp+  ! ideals ( !      
draw+-room ^u ,engli% art4    ,9 #ahai  
,turn] made 8 fir/ visit to ,italy1 !   
mat]ial = !  pseudo-classical pictures  
pa9t$ be=e ?is hav+ be5 d]iv$ f  o!r    
arti/s' pictures & engrav+s4 ,x is      

curi\s t he %\ld  h wait$ till 8        
=ty-fif? ye> be=e mak+ ?is j\rney4 ,!   
,cont95t1 x is true1 _h to a great ext5t
 be5 clos$ to ,engli%  travell]s s9ce ! 
outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 b 9     
spite (  political & o!r difficulties   
,turn] _h manag$ to see a good deal  (  
,france1 ,belgium1 ,savoy & ,switz]l&1 &
 he _h be5 d[n !  ,rh9e4 ,if he _h be5  
equally ke5 to see ,italy he c\ld       
c]ta9ly h  gone !re also1 especially z  
,italy 0 m g5]ally accessible to an     
,engli%man ?an any ( ! o!r c\ntries he  
_h visit$4 ,?is curi\s  %r9k+ f ,italy  
may v likely h be5 due to ! prompt+s (  
8 own nature4 ,:5 we exam9e 8 art z a   
:ole we cle>ly see t  he f\nd m delight 
9 ! wildness1 irregul>ity & caprice (   
,switz]l& & ! ,rh9e valleys ?an 9 ! m   
regul> sc5]y (  ,italy4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,rusk9
 admits t ,turn] got no good f ,italian 
sc5]y2 ,naples1 ,rome & ,flor5ce only   
put him out & bewild]$ him2  ,v5ice is !
 only ,italian city t l5t itself at all 
gracefully to  8 g5ius1 & ,v5ice is !   

mo/ nor!rn 9 "* ( all !  ,italian       
cities4    ,b ! requirem5ts ( 8 patrons 
& ! peculi> ,academic  misund]/&+ ( !   
pr9ciples ( l&scape art conspir$ to s5d 
,turn] to ,italy4 ,!re ! sc5]y is m     
beautiful 9 itself &  ri*] 9 hi/orical  
associations ?an else:]e 9 ,europe1     
!re=e x  is ! duty ( ! ambiti\s l&scape 
pa9t] :o happ5s to h _h  ! mis=tune to  
be born some:]e out ( ,italy to /op     
pa9t+ !  m]e sc5es ( 8 own c\ntry z soon
 z possible1 & to set out at  once = su*
 spots z ,tivoli1 ,n>ni & ,lago         
,maggiore1 ! spots  approv$1 /amp$ &    
consecrat$ by g5]ations ( ! prosp]\s    
travell]s ( all ! *ief c\ntries (       
,europe4 ,! !oretical error  at ! root (
 ?is dang]\s prejudice is ! confusion ( 
!  mat]ially pretty1 agreeable1 &       
pleasant1 ) arti/ic beauty1 :i*  is     
some?+ ess5tially diff]5t f any ( ^!    
?+s4 ,b ?is  confusion ( ! pleasant & ! 
beautiful 0 a doctr9e :i* !  ,academy ( 
,turn]'s "t 0 b5t on inculcat+ by its   
tea*+ &  exemplify+ 9 its practice4     

,x happ5$ t ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce1 "o ( !
 mo/ brilliant  expon5ts ( ! gospel ( ! 
pretty & pleasant1 0 sp5d+ !  summ] (   
#ahai 9 ,rome4 ,9 ! int]vals ( 8 lab\rs 
& relaxations  ) ! great & beautiful (  
society1 he f\nd "t to notice !  gr&eur 
& beauties ( ! sc5]y ar\nd him4 ,dur+   
?is "t #88  lett]s to ,engl& 7 full (   
entreaties address$ to _! common  fri5ds
 to urge ^u ,turn] ! importance ( visit+
 ,rome :ile 88  g5ius 0 9 ! fl[]40 8,x  
is inju/ice to 8 fame & 8  c\ntry10 he  
writes on ano!r occasion1 8to let ! f9e/
 p]iod (  8 g5ius pass away 444 )\t     
visit+ ^! sc5es40'#ba ,:e!r  ^!         
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii          
,,look+ ,,up ,,! ,,gr& ,,canal1 ,,v5ice1
 ,,f ,,ne> ,,! ,,accademia ,,di ,,belle 
,,arti    ,,p5cil4 #ahai                
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlix    ,,/4    
,,m>k',s1 ,,v5ice1 ,,) ,,"p ,,( ,,!     
,,ducal ,,palace    ,,p5cil4 #ahai      
appeals _h any special weight ) ,turn]  
we d n "k1 b he set  out = ,italy )9 a  
mon? or two ( ! writ+ ( ^! lett]s4      

,he w5t f ,calais to ,p>is1 foll[$ !    
usual coa*-r\te to ,tur91  explor$ !    
,lakes ( ,como1 ,lugano & ,maggiore1 &  
rea*$ ,v5ice by  way ( ,milan1 ,brescia 
& ,des5zano4 ,he mu/ h sp5t "s "t at    
,v5ice to judge f ! numb] ( draw+s made 
!re1 !n w5t to  ,bologna1 ,ces5a &      
,rim9i1 & cont9u$ along ! coa/ ( !      
,adriatic to ,ancona4 ,at ,ancona he    
turn$ inl& to ,loreto &1 foll[+  ! high 
po/ road ?r\gh ,recanati & ,mac]ata1    
ent]$ ! ,via  ,flam9ia at ,foligno1 &   
pass+ ?r\gh ,n>ni & ,orticoli ent]$     
,rome  by ! ,porta del ,popolo1 probably
 sometime 9 ,octob]4 ,f ,rome he        
explor$ ,frascati1 ,tivoli & ,albano1 & 
made a t\r to ,naples1 ,baiae1          
,pozzuoli1 ,pompeii1 ,amalfi1 ,sorr5to &
 ,h]culaneum4 ,he 0 back 9 ,rome  by !  
#bnd ,decemb]1 !n visit$ ,flor5ce1 &1   
recross+ ! ,alps on  ! #bd? ,janu>y     
#ahbj1 return$ ?r\gh ,pi$mont & ,france4
 ,on ! #ab?  ,febru>y we f9d him d9+ at 
,grosv5or ,place1 ,london1 ) 8 fri5ds  !
 ,fawkeses4    ,to judge f ! numb] (    

sket*-books fill$ on ?is j\rney ,turn]  
mu/ h _h ! p5cil 9 8 h&s practically !  
:ole "t he 0  away4 ,be=e />t+ he _h    
#8got up' ! subject c>efully f books  & 
engrav+s1 & he knew exactly :at build+s1
 antiquities &  views he ought to look =
 at ea* place he w5t to4 ,9 ?is way he  
lo/  no "t moon+ ab\t1 l a mod]n arti/1 
look+ = unexpect$  beauties4 ,he j w5t  
/raight f "o guide-book po9t ( int]e/ to
  ano!r1 sket*$ ea* me?odically f e     
possible po9t ( view  & hurri$ on to !  
next4 ,! sket*-books he us$ 7 g5]ally   
ab\t #g by #d in*es 9 size1 compos$ (   
ord9>y :ite pap]4 ,8  fav\rite m$ium 0 a
 h>d-po9t$ p5cil4 ,8 sket*es are always 
made  ) a view to in=mation1 nev] =     
effect4 ,9 ?is way ab\t a doz5  books 7 
fill$1 ea* ( ab\t a hundr$ pages1 & mo/ 
are drawn on  on bo? sides ( ! pages4   
,our reproductions ( ! sket*es ( !  ,gr&
 ,canal1 ! ,piazzetta at ,v5ice1 &      
,trajan's ,column 7,plates  ,,xlviii41  
,l41 & ,,liii47 may /& z examples ( !   
ma9 body ( "w  done by ,turn] dur+ ?is  

visit4    ,9 addition to ^! small       
sket*-books he also us$ "s ( l>g]  size1
 ) ! pap] prep>$ ) a wa% ( grey4 ,he us$
 "o ( ^!  books at ,tivoli1 & ano!r at  
,rome & ,naples4 ,! grey t9t 0 (  su* a 
nature t x lift$ q easily :5 rubb$ )    
bread or  india-rubb]4 ,9 ?is way he 0  
able to indicate ! *i>oscuro ( 8        
sket*es ) ease & cel]ity4 ,! m elaborate
 draw+s ( ,rome  7 made 9 ?is way1 among
 !m ^? exquisite views f ,monte  ,m>io1 
:i* h long be5 among ! mo/ admir$ ( !   
draw+s  exhibit$ 9 ! ,turn] ,wat]-,col\r
 ,rooms at ! ,national ,gall]y4  ,:]e ! 
subject 0 an int]e/+ "o he occasionally 
work$ ov] x1  or ov] p>ts ( x1 )        
wat]-col\r1 z 9 ! #8,view ( ,rome f     
,monte ,m>io' 7,no4 #eib7 "h reproduc$  
7,plate ,,li471 & #8,! ,colosseum'      
7,no4 #eif7 among ! exhibit$ draw+s4 ,b 
! numb] ( draw+s 9  :i* ,turn] _h       
rec\rse to col\r is extremely limit$1 q 
n9ete5-tw5tie?s ( !m be+ simply 9 p5cil4
    ,! draw+s made dur+ ?is visit are1 9
 ,mr4 ,rusk9's op9ion1 !  be/ ,turn] ev]

 made f nature4 #8,all ! arti/'s p[]s1' 
he wrote1  #87 at ?is p]iod 9 p]fection2
 none ( 8 faults _h develop$  !mselves2 
& 8 en]gies 7 tax$ to ! utmo/ to seize1 
bo? 9  imm$iate admiration1 & = future  
s]vice1 ! lovelie/ features (  "s ( !   
mo/ hi/orically int]e/+ sc5]y 9 !       
_w4'#bb ,&  aga91 #8,!y are1 9 all      
respects1 ! mo/ true & ! mo/ beautiful  
ev] made by ! pa9t]4'#bc ,& assur$ly x  
w\ld be difficult to  praise ^! sup]b   
draw+s too highly or too en?usia/ically2
 =  %e] grace ( p5cill+1 = skilful      
composition1 = lov+1  unwe>i$ r5d]+ (   
ar*itecture & natural sc5]y !y are      
absolutely unrivall$4    ,b x is only z 
draw+s1 z works t conta9 _! end )9      
!mselves1 t !y c be prais$ s highly4 ,!y
 are probably !  mo/ beautiful          
topographical draw+s t h ev] be5 made1 b
  ,turn] did n reg>d himself z a        
topographical draughtsman1 & f  8 po9t (
 view ! results ( ?is j\rney _c h be5   
completely satisfactory4 ,if he _h valu$
 himself at all on 8 capacity  = mak+   

beautiful topographical    ,illu/ration3
 ,,plate ,l    ,,! ,,piazzetta1 ,,v5ice1
 ,,look+ ,,t[>ds ,,isola ,,di ,s4       
,,giorgio ,,maggiore    ,,p5cil4 #ahai  
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,li    ,,rome1   
,,f ,,monte ,,m>io    ,,p5cil ,,& ,,wat]
 ,,col\r4 #ahai    draw+s1 he w\ld      
surely h tak5 "s /eps to br+ ^!         
a*ievem5ts to ! notice ( ! public4#bd   
,he did no?+ ( !  k9d4 ,we h se5 t x 0 8
 settl$ habit to reg>d 8 sket*es  &     
draw+s f nature z m]ely ! prelim9>y     
/ages ( 8  pictures4 ,z ,mr4 ,rusk9 has 
po9t$ out1 ,turn]1 aft] 8 few ye>s (    
appr5tice%ip1 nev] drew f nature )\t    
alt]+ & arrang+  :at he saw4 ,he nev]   
accept$ ! giv5 mom5t>y facts 9 a passive
  _s4 ,x is on record t once he said to 
! companion ( "o ( 8  sket*+ t\rs :o _h 
got into a muddle ) ! draw+ he 0  mak+1 
#8,:at are y 9 se>* (8' ,& ?is active _s
 _h be5 "o  ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( all !
 draw+ f nature he _h done  be=e 8 visit
 to ,italy3 he _h always be5 9 se>* (   
some?+1 he  _h always _h a v cle> &     

exact idea ( :at he want$1 & he _h      
almo/ inv>iably manag$ to grasp j :at he
 want$1 :ile  encumb]+ himself ) v      
little else4    ,?is cle>ness ( int5tion
 is abs5t f ! ,italian draw+s4 ,!       
sc5]y1 ! build+s1 ! p1 ! %ipp+ & !      
effects (  light are all new to him1 &  
delightfully int]e/+4 ,! novelty (  8   
surr\nd+s c>ries him out ( himself4 ,he 
becomes = a "t a  m]e common t\ri/ ) a  
k9d ( accid5tal knack ( mak+ rapid &    
wond]fully beautiful pictorial memor&a4 
,x is z ?\gh ! creative  arti/ _h said  
to 8 famili> daemon1 #8,we are n[ 9 fair
 ,italy4 ,sleep  ?\1 & take a well-e>n$ 
re/4 ,! bus9ess ( note-tak+ w g  on     
automatically )\t !e2 & :5 we are once m
 back 9 dre>y  ,london ?\ %alt awake z a
 giant refre%$ ) slumb]1 & %alt  knead )
 r5ew$ vig\r ! mat]ial t has be5        
accumulat$4' ,b  ! results a*iev$ 7 n z 
satisfactory z ,turn] might h  expect$4 
,! be/ t c\ld be made ( ^! wond]ful     
sket*es 0  two or ?ree *>m+ wat]-col\rs 
= ,mr4 ,fawkes1 a weak & empty  #8,=um  

,romanum' = ,mr4 ,soane's ,museum1 & a  
l>ge #8,bay ( ,baiae1'  :i*1 z ,mr4     
,rusk9 confesses1 #8is encumb]$ )       
mat]ial2 x  conta9s t5 times z mu* z is 
necess>y to a good picture1 & yet is  s 
crude 9 col\r z to look unf9i%$4'#be    
,x !re=e dep5ds v mu* ^u :at we are 9   
se>* (1 :at  conclusions we %all come to
 ab\t ^! ,italian draw+s4 ,if we are    
evangeli/s ) a mission to prea* !       
,gospel ( ,naturalism1 we may  accept !m
 z ! f9e/ works ( art ,turn] ev]        
produc$1 9 spite (  ! fact t he f\nd !m 
useless & worse ?an useless = 8  arti/ic
 purposes4 ,f su* a po9t ( view x w\ld  
be ,turn]'s fault  if ^! beautiful ?+s  
?rew him out & l$ him a/ray2 or1 z ,mr4 
,rusk9 puts x1 #8! effect ( ,italy ^u 8 
,turn]'s m9d is v  puzzl+ 444 he seems  
nev] to h ent]$ ?or\ghly into ! _s  (   
,italy1 & ! mat]ials he obta9$ !re 7    
aft]w>ds b  awkw>dly introduc$ into 8   
l>ge compositions4'#bf    ,b if !       
processes ( arti/ic creation are wor?   
/udy+1 we %all  g on to ask ourselves h[

 x is t ! mo/ elaborate1 pa9/ak+  &     
?or\ghly delightful draw+s ,turn] ev]   
made f nature 7  actually ! lea/ useful 
to him z a mak] ( pictures2 & h[ x is  t
 exquisitely delib]ate & da9ty draw+s l 
^? 9 ! ,roman  & ,neapolitan sket*-books
 lead actually to ! production ( frigid1
  hybrid1 pseudo-classical pictures1    
:ile hurri$ & sc>cely  intelligible     
scribbles l ^? reproduc$ 9 ,plates      
,,xxvii4 & ,,xxv4  _h be5 ! means ( br++
 into exi/5ce su* noble & impressive    
pictures z ! #8,w9dmill & ,lock1' &     
designs l ! #8,h$g+ &  ,dit*+'8    ,!   
answ] to ^! que/ions is n f> to seek4 ,!
 /ate ( m9d  necess>y = ! production ( !
 two k9ds ( draw+s is ess5tially        
diff]5t1 & ! "o1 :i* produces !         
exhau/ive & accurate  draw+1 is         
antagoni/ic to ! /ate ( m9d 9 :i* a     
/rongly  imag9ative "w ( art is         
conceiv$1 :ile ! o!r1 :i* produces a    
less imm$iately satisfy+ record1 is     
actually ! /ate ( m9d 9  :i* a          
passionately felt "w ( art comes to     

bir?4 ,9 ! draw+  :i* we admire s mu* ! 
emotional elem5t is 9 abeyance1 !       
cognitive or s5se-p]ceptive is          
pr$om9ant2 9 ! o!r ! emotional  elem5t  
is pr$om9ant4 ,b 9 ! fir/ case1 :ile !  
imm$iate  result1 consid]$ simply 9     
itself1 is m delightful1 !re has be5    
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lii    ,,rome1  
,,f ,,! ,,vatican    ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink ,,& 
,,*9ese ,,:ite ,,on ,,grey4 #ahai       
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,liii            
,,trajan',s ,,column1 ,,9 ,,! ,,=um ,,( 
,,trajan    ,,p5cil4 #ahai    no real   
quick5+ ( ! arti/'s _s2 9 ! second case1
 :ile !  imm$iate result is deplorable =
 u1 x is eloqu5t & glori\s =  ! arti/   
himself z ! fir/ /irr+ ( 8 newborn      
spiritual  prog5y4    ,! object ( ^!    
rem>ks is n to attempt to conv9ce u t ^!
  *>m+ ,italian draw+s are at all less  
*>m+ ?an !y seem2 x is  r to combat !   
false d$uctions :i* ,naturalism has     
succe$$ 9  draw+ f ! fact t !y are s    
g5u9ely delightful & s  self-satisfy+4  
,x is inevitable t an arti/ %all        

con/antly be  mak+ /udies f nature1     
%>p5+ & ex]cis+ 8 p[]s (  obs]vation1 & 
/or+ 8 note-books & memory ) facts (    
natural  appe>ances4 ,b x does n foll[ t
 ?is bus9ess ( obs]v+ &  record+ visual 
facts is ! ess5tial or ev5 mo/ important
 "p (  ! arti/'s function4 ,naturalism  
assumes t x is4 ,x !re=e  treats ! p[]  
to copy natural objects fai?fully & )\t 
alt]ation z ! exact equival5t ( ! p[] ( 
pictorial  expression4#bg ,& s f> z !   
sy/em ( art education pursu$ 9  ?is     
c\ntry has any rational f\ndation1 x is 
bas$ ^u ?is doctr9e  ( ,naturalism4     
,h5ce ! only k9d ( tra9+ t is provid$ = 
,engli% art /ud5ts is tra9+ 9 ?is       
capacity ( reproduc+ objects  ( sight   
accurately4 ,?is has come to be ! beg9n+
 & ! end (  mod]n art education1 ) :at  
results we h only to walk into any      
summ] exhibition ( ! ,royal ,academy to 
see4 ,"u ^!  circum/ances1 ,i ?9k x is  
important t we %\ld give its due  weight
 to any evid5ce t t5ds to invalidate ^! 
g5]ally receiv$  op9ions4 ,( c\rse !    

evid5ce ( ! practice & l9e ( developm5t 
( "o arti/1 ev5 an arti/ z great z      
,turn]1 is n by itself  suffici5t to    
settle su* a "q2 b /ill1 ,i submit1 ?is 
evid5ce  has a di/9ct be>+ on ! subject 
& %\ld receive its due  att5tion4    ,if
 ! doctr9e ( ,naturalism possess$ !     
univ]sal validity x is  assum$ to       
possess1 ! pictures bas$ ^u ! true/ &   
mo/  elaborate draw+s ,turn] ev] made f 
nature--& t too ( !  mo/ beautiful & !  
mo/ hi/orically int]e/+ sc5]y 9 !       
_w--%\ld h be5 ! be/ he _h s f> produc$4
 ,!y are  admitt$ly among ! wor/4 ,if ! 
tra9+ acquir$ by mak+ su*  draw+s is    
ess5tial to ! developm5t ( ! arti/'s    
p[]s (  pictorial expression1 h[ comes x
 t 9 ,turn]'s case ?is tra9+  came aft] 
! production ( 8 mo/ p]fect             
pictures1--^! ,italian  draw+s be+ made 
9 #ahai1 ! #8,%e]ness1' #8,w9dsor1'     
#8,ab+don1' &  #8,fro/y ,morn+' hav+ be5
 pa9t$ betwe5 #ahji & #ahac1 & he _h    
nev] work$ f nature l ?is be=e8 ,?is is 
! evid5ce4 ,i c  only beg ! c&id read]  

to give x ! e>ne/ consid]ation x seems  
to me to des]ve4    ,turn]'s oil pa9t+s 
produc$ betwe5 #ahae & #ahcj _c b /rike 
u z disappo9t+1 especially :5 we comp>e 
!m ) ! output (  ! ye>s imm$iately      
prec$+ ?is p]iod4 ,x is only z a        
sea-pa9t]  t ,turn] rem9ds u ( 8 =m]    
ma/]y1 & ) ! exception (  ! #8,dort'    
7#ahah7 #8,entrance ( ! ,meuse' 7#ahai71
 ! ,gre5wi* #8,battle  ( ,trafalg>'     
7#ahbc7 & #8,n[ = ! ,pa9t]' 7#ahbg71 x  
w\ld d  ,turn]'s reputation little h>m  
if all 8 oil pictures produc$ dur+  ^!  
ye>s 7 de/roy$4 ,8 real greatness is    
only %[n 9 ?is  p]iod by ! wat]-col\rs  
produc$ ma9ly = ! engrav]s4 ,9 !  "w    
done = ! ,s\!rn ,coa/1 ,scott's         
,prov9cial ,antiquities1  ! ,riv]s &    
,ports ( ,engl&1 & ! ,engl& & ,wales    
s]ies1  ,turn] display$ all ! g5u9e     
nobl5ess & sweetness ( 8 nature4  ,i    
propose !re=e to occupy ! rema9d] ( ?is 
*apt] ) a rapid  survey ( ^! und]tak+s1 
s+l+ out f ea* "o or two  repres5tative 
designs = clos] exam9ation4    ,we h n[ 

se5 :at 0 ! "* ( ,turn]'s pictures :i*  
ga9$ him mo/ applause & fav\r 9         
,academic circles & ) !  public ( !     
,academy4 ,x is no d\bt regrettable t a 
man ( 8  tal5ts %\ld h to wa/e 8 "t--z x
 seems to u--9 !  manufacture ( pu]ile &
 pret5ti\s specim5s ( ,academic #8high  
art1'  b we c easily make too mu* ( !   
matt]4 ,!re is some?+  altoge!r         
incomm5surable ab\t su* a man2 he is l  
"s great  natural =ce1 copi\s1 abundant 
& unwe>y+4 ,he mu/ h drawn &  pa9t$ ) z 
little ef=t z ord9>y mortals ex]t :5 !y 
play  c>ds or write lett]s to _! fri5ds4
 ,i h no d\bt t    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate
 ,,liv    ,,/udy ,,( ,,plants1 ,,we$s1  
,,etc4    ,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahbc    !    
#8high art' concoctions bo!r$ him mu* m 
?an 8 bett] works1  = x 0 all           
ratioc9ative1 consci\s1 all spun out ( !
  und]/&+ )\t any deep-/ruck roots 9 !  
unconsci\s life (  8 affections4 ,b no  
d\bt he felt pr\d] ( ! results1 simply  
because he 0 m consci\s ( ! ef=ts4 ,we h
 no gr\nds =  suppos+ t he did n enjoy !

 "w1 & 9 return x c]ta9ly  gave him     
comp>ative indep5d5ce1 & enc\rag$ him to
 produce4  ,pr9tsell]s & publi%]s 7     
anxi\s to get ! celebrat$  ,academician 
to "w = !m1 & ! big middle-class public 
7 eag]  to possess !mselves ( engrav+s f
 ! great man's designs4 ,x 0  c]ta9ly a 
cle> ga9 t ! design] ( ! ,s\!rn ,coa/1 !
  ,ri*mond%ire draw+s1 ,scott's         
,prov9cial ,antiquities1 ! ,riv]s  &    
,ports ( ,engl&1 & ! ,engl& & ,wales    
s]ies c\ld af=d  to keep publi%]s &     
editors at arm's l5g?1 t he 0 s /rong 9 
public fav\r t 8 "w 0 influ5c$ by none b
 arti/ic  consid]ations4    ,x h>dly    
comes )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t essay to    
/udy !  draw+s 9 detail :i* =m !        
orig9als ( ,turn]'s engrav$ "w1         
important z ^! draw+s are z examples ( !
 arti/'s g5ius4 ,ea*  draw+ is a p]fect 
"w ( art 9 itself1 ! fact t an engrav+  
0 to be made f x c\nt+ practically z    
no?+ ) ! arti/4  ,if ! subject did n l5d
 itself q satisfactorily to !  engrav]'s
 requirem5ts1 ,turn] introduc$ v>i\s    

modifications into  ! engrav]'s pro(s1 b
 he did n alt] ! draw+s4 ,9 ?is way  !  
orig9al draw+s 7 kept z indep5d5t       
creations4 ,into !m !  arti/ 0 free to  
p\r all t spontane\s native side ( 8    
tal5t  :i* c\ld f9d no outlet 9 8       
ambiti\s #8high art' productions4 ,z    
wat]-col\rs ! orig9als ( ! engrav+s t 7 
issu$ betwe5  #ahad & #ahcj are among ! 
mo/ rem>kable & consummate a*ievem5ts  (
 ! m$ium4 ,) h>dly an exception !y are  
work$ entirely 9  transp>5t col\r1 & =  
%e] range ( inv5tion1 v>iety ( effect1  
& lovel9ess ( col\r !y h no equals4 ,b  
_! place is among  ! arti/'s complet$   
works1 & z our imm$iate bus9ess is ) !  
sket*es & /udies1 we c only t\* ^u ^!   
exquisitely beautiful  wat]-col\rs      
incid5tally2 i4e4 only 9 s f> z !y help 
u to  grasp ! significance ( ! sket*es &
 prelim9>y draw+s :i*  w5t to _!        
production4    ,x is a curi\s sign h[   
little consci\s ,turn] 0 ( ! nature &   
limitations ( 8 own capacities1 t ! plan
 ( ! ,s\!rn ,coa/  s]ies ( engrav+s1 z x

 fir/ took =m 9 8 m9d1 includ$ a long   
n>rative poem f 8 own h& describ+ !     
hi/ory & local  peculi>ities ( ! places 
he propos$ to illu/rate4 ,x is h>dly    
probable t an individual ) less capacity
 = v]bal expression  ev] sat d[n to     
write a long poem4 ,yet x is easy to see
 h[ x 0  t ,turn] came to ?9k himself   
compet5t to und]take su* a task4  ,!    
/amp ( 8 m9d 0 g5u9ely poetic4 ,he _h1 &
 knew t he  _h1 9 a high measure #8!    
vision & ! faculty div9e4' ,!           
inspiration ( 8 be/ works _h be5 drawn f
 ! poets1 f  ,?omson1 ,ak5side1 &       
,milton4 ,8 pictures1 s f> z x is       
possible to  di/+ui% cont5t f =m1 are   
real poems4 ,& ! te*nical  accompli%m5t 
( pictorial art _h come to him s easily 
& naturally  t x may well h seem$ to fl[
 inevitably f ! innate /r5g?  ( 8       
emotions & ! vivid hue ( 8 imag9ation4  
,he probably  ?\ght t he _h only to take
 a p5 9 8 h& to f9d !  accompli%m5t (   
v]se foll[+ ) ! same ease &             
inevitability4    ,! v]ses ,turn] did   

succe$ 9 writ+ are pa!tic failures2 !   
m9d  s intimately v]s$ 9 ! subtleties ( 
visible melody & h>mony 0  dead to !    
wit*]y ( v]bal s\nd4 ,x is true t 8     
failure is n  q s abject z ! extracts   
,?ornbury has pr9t$ f ! attempt$  ,s\!rn
 ,coa/ epic w\ld lead "o to expect1 b1  
:5 all due  all[ance is made =          
,?ornbury's blund]s ( transcription1 !  
result  is /ill q hopeless4 ,b x is     
o!rwise :5 we turn to ! designs  made f 
! same subject-matt]1 &1 9 spite (      
,less+ & a ho/  ( mod]n !ori/s1 ,i mu/  
insi/ t 9 _! he>t & ess5ce !y  are inde$
 poems4    ,! fir/ numb] ( ! ,s\!rn     
,coa/ 0 publi%$ 9 ,janu>y #ahad1  & !   
la/ numb] 0 n issu$ till ,may #ahbf1 b )
 only "o or  two exceptions ! :ole ( !  
,dorset%ire1 ,devon1 ,cornwall &        
,som]set%ire subjects 7& ^! =m ab\t     
?ree-qu>t]s ( ! :ole  "w7 7 made f      
sket*es tak5 dur+ a s+le j\rney 9 !     
summ] ( #ahaa4 ,^! sket*es are ! k9d (  
notes t a poet w\ld  take2 f ! po9t (   
view ( ! hi/orian or topograph] !y are  

s+ul>ly incomplete4 ,occasionally we    
come across a tol]ably elaborate  draw+ 
( a ru9$ ca/le or /ret* ( rocky coa/1 b 
ev5 ^! are  summ>y & hurri$ 9 comp>ison 
) ! ,italian draw+s1 & ,turn]  seldom   
*ose su* sket*es z ! bases ( 8 f9i%$    
pictures4 ,he  c]ta9ly f\nd !m useful z 
! means ( mak+ a me?odical analysis  ( !
 pictorial con/itu5ts ( :at he saw1 & z 
/or+ 8 memory  & giv+ matt] & fulness to
 8 own conceptions ( natural  ph5om5a4  
,b !re _! usefulness end$4 ,! actual    
embryo ( !  pictures he pa9t$ is g5]ally
 a hurri$ scrawl ab\t two squ>e  in*es 9
 size1 made ) a blunt p5cil4    ,among !
 ,s\!rn ,coa/ sket*-books is a fat      
little volume b\nd 9  br[n calf1 hav+ a 
brass clasp & lett]$ on ! back1 ,briti% 
,it5>y 7sic74 ,! title page runs z      
foll[s3--,! ,briti% ,it9]>y   or        
,travell]s ,pocket ,companion  ?r\gh\t  
,great ,brita9   ,exhibit+  ! ,direct   
,r\te to ,e  ,bor\gh & ,comm]cial ,t[n  
9 ! ,k+dom  ) ! pr9cipal ,cross ,roads  
,compil$ f ,actual  ,measurem5t  & ! be/

 ,surveys & ,au?orities  ,by  ,na?anl4  
,coltman2  ,surveyor4  ,employ$ by !    
,po/ ,(fice 9 ,measur+ !  ,roads (      
,great ,brita9  ,london4  ,pr9t$ &      
,publi%$1 by ,wm4  ,dickie1 ,no4 #abj   
,/r&2 & ,n4 ,coltman1 ,gre5 ,walk2      
,black ,fri>s ,road4   ,price #cs4      
,sew$4' ,x conta9s two hundr$ & fifty   
leaves1 ! pr9t$  matt] only occupy+ ab\t
 a ?ird ( ! total numb]1 ! rema9d]  hav+
 be5 left blank = notes4 ,^! are n[     
fill$ ) ,turn]'s  notes ( exp5ses       
incurr$1 ! draft ( ! poem he attempt$ to
 write1  & a numb] ( m9ute sket*es4     
,among ^! x is possible to recognise  ! 
orig9als ( sev]al ( ! ,s\!rn ,coa/      
designs1 includ+  ^? ( ,combe ,m>t91    
,wat*et1 ,bosca/le & ,clovelly1 !       
#8,d>tm\?'  & #8,d>tm\? ,ca/le' ( !     
,riv]s ( ,engl& s]ies1 & ! sket*  ^u :i*
 ! sup]b #8,/oneh5ge at ,daybreak' 7,r4 
#ha71 9 !  unpubli%$ #8,lib]1' 0        
probably f\nd$4 ,two ( ^! sket*es h  be5
 reproduc$ on ,plates ,,lv4 & ,,lvi41   
toge!r ) ! engrav+s (  ! complet$       

designs4 ,t ! f9i%$ draw+s c\ld h be5   
made  f su* sl5d] mat]ial c h>dly appe> 
less ?an a/oni%+ to  ^? famili> ) !     
me?ods ( arti/s ( ! pres5t day2 b to  ! 
be/ ( my belief1 ,turn] _h no o!r       
sket*es or draw+s ( ^!  places to assi/ 
him 9 8 "w1 & x c only add to our       
amazem5t  :5 we notice t 9 all          
probability ! f9i%$ draw+s 7 made1  "o  
ne>ly eight ye>s1 & ! o!r ne>ly f\rte5  
ye>s1 aft] !  sket*es 7 tak52 !         
#8,wat*et' plate hav+ be5 publi%$ 9     
,april  #ahbj1 & ! #8,bosca/le' 9 ,m>*  
#ahbe4    ,:5 we exam9e c>efully ! sket*
 ( ,wat*et we f9d t x gives u  v little 
m ?an ! g5]al idea ( a small fi%+       
village1 )  a curv$ breakwat] & a /ret* 
( rocky coa/ runn+ (f into !  di/ance4  
,?is g5]al idea mu/ h be5 all t ! arti/ 
reta9$  ( 8 exp]i5ces ( ! place1 i4e41  
he _c possibly h  reta9$ any b>e        
unatta*$ visual s5sations ( any ( !     
p>ticul>  objects compris$ 9 ! sc5e4 ,! 
details ( ! con/ruction ( !  breakwat] 9
 ! engrav+ may1 = all ,i "k 7,i h nev]  

visit$  ! place71 be exactly l ^? ( !   
actual "o :i* ,turn] saw  !re1 b :at    
little ,i "k ( 8 ord9>y me?ods ( "w     
incl9es  me to d\bt x4 ,x is probably   
true en\gh to ! g5]al facts ( !  case1 b
 all ^? little local accid5ts ( =m :i* !
  consci5ti\s reali/ ( to-day w\ld l+]  
ov] s lov+ly are  c]ta9ly ignor$4 ,no   
d\bt :5 ,turn] 0 on ! spot he look$ at !
  breakwat]1 z at ev]y?+1 ) ke5 &       
vigilant eyes1 & 8  impression ( !      
/ructure w\ld h contribut$ to ! build+  
up 9  8 m9d ( a def9ite & concrete idea 
( ! laws & cu/oms (  breakwat]s 9 g5]al4
 ,& :5 he set to "w to elaborate 8 sket*
  x 0 d\btless ?is g5]al idea :i* came  
into play1 & :i*  turn$ ^? half-doz5    
rudely scrat*$ l9es 9 ! sket* into a    
%>ply def9$ m5tal picture1 z vivid to   
,turn]'s imag9ation z a  real sc5e1 &   
inf9itely m useful = 8 imm$iate purpose1
 =  ! task ( selection & rejection 0    
already done4 ,9 ?is way !  :ole subject
 came to life2 ! sket*1 a fix$ po9t 9   
pres5t  p]ception1 beckon+ =? ! /or$    

ess5tial ri*es ( ! arti/'s  m9d4 ,^?    
?ree upright l9es inside ! breakwat]    
turn into    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lv 
,,wat*et1 ,,som]set%ire    ,,p5cil4     
,,ab\t #ahaa    ,illu/ration3 ,,wat*et1 
,,som]set%ire    ,,engrav+ ,,publi%$ ,,9
 8,,! ,,s\!rn ,,coa/10 #a ,,april1 #ahbj
    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lvi         
,,bosca/le1 ,,cornwall    ,,p5cil1      
,,ab\t #ahaa    ,illu/ration3           
,,bosca/le1 ,,cornwall    ,,engrav+     
,,publi%$ ,,9 8,,! ,,s\!rn ,,coa/10 #aj 
,,m>*1 #ahbd    an array ( fi%+ boats1 !
 sea ripples into ! h>b\r & creeps  up !
 %ore1 ! village /raight5s itself out & 
gr[s into a  collection ( habitable     
h\ses1 ) g>d5s & p>t+ walls1 !  wom5    
come out ( ! h\ses to spread _! wa%+ on 
! grass to  dry1 o!rs gossip 9 !        
roadway1 ! m5 h a little bus9ess  load+ 
or unload+ "o ( ! boats1 or else see to 
! nets1 or  /roll idly along ! jetty1 & 
a c\ple set (f on important bus9ess     
along ! road t leads ov] ! hill & f>    
away4 ,! :ole process1  ( c\rse1 is     

absurdly easy & famili>4 ,ev5 ! lea/    
imag9ative (  u is capable ( "s k9d (   
success 9 ?is l9e ( imag9ative          
int]pretation4 ,! only po9t ( diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! lea/ ( u &  ! greate/ 9 ?is k9d
 ( ex]cise is 9 ! quality ( !           
subjective fill+-out ) :i* we clo! our  
meagre data1 9 !  weal? ( exp]i5ce /or$ 
& ref9$ by ?\ght1 its coh]5ce1 &  above 
all1 its cle>-cut precision & def9ition4
 ,! p[] to =ce  all ! float+ imag]y ?us 
call$ up to :at ,i ?9k ,blake call$  #8!
 see+ po9t'--to make ! m5tal imag]y z   
cle>-cut & vivid z  an actual object (  
sight1 & !n to use x z ! mat]ial = !    
con/ruction ( a picture1 ^! are         
exceptional capacities2 b we c  h>dly   
d\bt t ! psy*ological processes :i*     
connect sket* &  imag9ative             
amplification1 ev5 9 ! m9d ( ! mo/ gift$
 arti/1  are ! same z ^? :i* connect    
sign & int]pretation 9 ! m9ds  ( all    
normally con/itut$ individuals4    ,to  
an arti/ tra9$ 9 mod]n me?ods ( lit]al  
transcription1 x is  curi\s to notice ! 

lib]ties ,turn] all[s himself to take ) 
8  own sket*4 ,9 x ! ma9 %apes ( ! mass 
( rock 9 ! middle  di/ance are pretty   
cle>ly m>k$1 b in/ead ( c>efully reta9+ 
^! & amplify+ !m1 8 busy m9d sets to "w 
& builds !  :ole /ructure up afre%4 ,9 !
 end x comes out v diff]5t f  ! sket*1 b
 x is s well & truly put toge!r1 x is s 
?or\ghly /eep$ 9 ! pr(\nd k g>n]$ 9 ye>s
 ( !  %>pe/ obs]vation & /udy1 t we     
accept x m gladly ?an an  un9tellig5t   
transcript ( any p>ticul> rock =mation4 
,nay m1  ev5 if we _h =c$ ,turn] himself
 to /ay !re on ! spot1 &  elaborate 8   
repres5tation ) ! sc5e 9 front ( 8 eyes1
 !re  w\ld h be5 no ga9 to ! draw+1 = ! 
result c\ld n  possibly h be5 m ?or\ghly
 p5etrat$ ) ! laws ( human  ?\ght &     
obs]vation4    ,we notice ! same fre$om 
9 deal+ ) ! #8,bosca/le' sket*4 ,!      
g5]al "* only ( ! rocks on ! "r is !re  
indicat$1 b  9 ! engrav+ ! :ole mass is 
recreat$ f ! /ores ( !  arti/'s k4 ,9 ! 
sket*1 too1 !re is no au?ority = !      
solid masonry on ! rock to ! left1      

imm$iately bel[ ! gang ( m5  assi/+ !   
vessel into h>b\r4 ,note also !         
alt]ation 9 !  pr(ile ( ?is rock1 :i*   
slopes less abruptly 9 ! sket* ?an 9  ! 
engrav+4    ,x is true t ^! two plates c
 h>dly be rank$ z among !  f9e/ ( !     
,s\!rn ,coa/ subjects2 ! #8,wat*et' is1 
,i ?9k1  r a poor design1 & ?\gh !      
#8,bosca/le' is f9]1 x c h>dly  be      
class$ ) su* consummate a*ievem5ts z !  
#8,plym\? ,dock1 f  ,m\nt ,edgecumbe1'  
#8,poole1' or #8,! ,l&'s ,end4' ,9 ^!   
designs !  subjective syn!sis has a m   
di/9ctly emotional sett+1 b !re  c be no
 d\bt t ! processes ( imag9ative        
con/ruction are on  exactly ! same l9es 
z ^? we h j indicat$4 ,9 e case  !      
active motive =ce is some?+ )9 ! arti/'s
 own s\l2 x is  n giv5 f )\t4    ,! next
 important publication ) :i* ,turn] 0   
connect$ aft] !  comm5cem5t ( ! ,s\!rn  
,coa/1 0 ,:itak]'s ,hi/ory (            
,ri*mond%ire1 to :i* he furni%$ a s]ies 
( tw5ty illu/rations4  ,?is set (       
draw+s1 (t5 spok5 ( z #8! ,york%ire     

s]ies1' has  always be5 reg>d$ ) peculi>
 affection by all lov]s ( ,turn]'s      
wat]-col\r "w4 ,! orig9als are ne>ly all
 9 private collections  7:]e ,i hope !y 
w be c>efully gu>d$ f ! light1 z !      
blues 9 !m are ( a fugitive nature71 b  
!re are two p]man5tly  accessible to !  
public 9 ! ,fitzwilliam ,museum1        
,cambridge--?anks to  ,mr4 ,rusk9's     
g5]osity--& a ?ird is 9 ,london1 9 !    
,victoria &  ,alb]t ,museum4 ,!         
,cambridge draw+s1 ! #8,ri*mond1        
,yorks1' & !  #8,mossdale ,fall1' are   
already some:at fad$1 especially ! latt]
 "o1  b ! ,london draw+1 ( #8,hornby    
,ca/le1' ?anks to ,mr4 ,vaughan's  wise 
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lvii    ,,hornby
 ,,ca/le1 ,,f ,,ta?am ,,*ur*    ,,p5cil4
 ,,ab\t #ahaf    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate  
,,lviii    ,,hornby ,,ca/le1 ,,f ,,ta?am
 ,,*ur*    ,,engrav+ ,,publi%$ ,,9      
,,:itak]',s 8,,ri*mond%ire10 ,,june1    
#ahbb    /ipulation t x %all always be  
protect$ by a curta9 :5 n  be+ look$ at1
 is /ill 9 fairly good condition4 ,!    

engrav+s f  ! :ole s]ies 7 publi%$      
betwe5 ! ye>s #ahai & #ahbc1 b !        
sket*es on :i* ! draw+s 7 bas$ 7 all    
made dur+ a t\r 9  ! summ] ( #ahaf4     
,s f> z ,i "k1 ,turn] did n make a s+le 
col\r sket* f nature  dur+ ! :ole ( ?is 
t\r4 ,all ! sket*es are 9 p5cil & !     
wat]-col\rs 7 all pa9t$ 9 ! /udio       
entirely f ^! p5cil  memor&a4 ,! sket*es
 are v simil> to ^? made = ! ,s\!rn     
,coa/ subjects1 b !y conta9 evid5ce t ! 
arti/ 0 9 a  s(t] & g5tl] frame ( m9d4  
,! conqu]+ ,napoleonic insol5ce  has    
pass$ into an attitude ( human &        
affectionate solicitude4 ,!  t\* ( !    
p5cil po9t is ev]y:]e light & graceful1 
yet x is z  swift z ev]1 nev] l+]+ = a  
mom5t ov] details or p>ticul>  facts4   
,?is is especially noticeable 9 !       
treatm5t ( foliage2 !  p5cil seem+      
always to c>ess ! g5]al idea ( foliage1 
:ile  hold+ ! p>ticul> %apes & ev5      
positions ( trees & bu%es z  ( only     
slight importance4 ,! "w1 "o _c b feel1 
is t ( a  happy & cont5t$ man1 at peace 

) himself & pleas$ ) 8  surr\nd+s4 ,:5  
we rememb] ! close proximity ( ,f>nley  
,hall to  ^! sc5es1 & t ,mr4 & ,mrs4    
,fawkes & _! family actually  accompani$
 ! arti/ ov] "p ( ! gr\nd1 we c h>dly be
  surpris$ at ! sunn9ess ( temp] ev9c$  
by ^! sket*es4    ,9 ne>ly all ! designs
 human figures & cattle play a prom95t  
"p4 ,?is is noticeably ! case ) ! two   
subjects ,i h *os5  = illu/ration4 ,9 ! 
#8,hornby ,ca/le' ! incid5t ( ! brok5   
jug1  ! weep+ maid51 ! sympa!tic by/&]s1
 ! picturesque  pass]-by on 8 donkey1 ! 
busy milk-maid1 & above all ! cat1      
triumphantly lapp+ up ! spilt milk1 all 
?is is at lea/ z  important an elem5t 9 
! picture z ! ,ca/le & view itself4 ,9  
! #8,hey%am' ! reap]s1 cattle1 milkmaid1
 & pass+ waggon seem to  =m ! keynote ( 
! :ole design4 ,yet !re are no sket*es  
or ev5  ! slighte/ indications ( any (  
^! ?+s 9 ! sket*-books4  ,!y 7 evolv$1  
,i firmly believe1 entirely by ! arti/s'
 creative  imag9ation z ea* sc5e came to
 life "u 8 h&s 9 ! /udio4 ,to  "s ext5t1

 no d\bt1 ! decorative or me*anical     
requirem5ts ( !  subject solicit$ _!    
exi/5ce4 ,9 ! #8,hey%am1' = example1    
l9es  are want$ 9 ! =egr\nd to repeat ) 
v>iations ! horizontal  undulations ( ! 
m\nta9s 9 ! di/ance & middle-di/ance2 ! 
ca/ %ad[s d ?is1 & h5ce we h ! pres5ce (
 ! c[s &  figures z pretexts = ^! %ad[s4
 ,& !n we may z well make  ^! objects   
useful 9 !mselves2 h5ce ! turn ( !      
=egr\nd  c['s neck plac$ j :]e x seems  
to complete ! curve ( !  desc5d+ hills1 
& ! %>p silh\ette ( ! head cat*es ! eye 
:ile ! ca/ %ad[ sw+s x away 9 a new &   
happy direction4  ,exactly :y ! eye %\ld
 f9d su* exquisite enjoym5t 9 ! plunge  
d[n f ! hill's pr(ile to ! head ( !     
calf1 rubb+ h] nose  aga9/ ! back ( !   
seat$ :ite c[1 & !n on to ! =egr\nd     
bea/1 & !n 9 spr++ (f aga9 at a %>p     
angle to ! bottom (  ! l>ge =egr\nd /one
 9 ! corn] j above !                    
signature1--exactly :y we take pleasure 
9 ?is k9d ( visual melody1  ,i d n "k1 b
 ,i "k t ! tracks laid = visible flights

 (  ?is k9d1 cross+ ea* o!r & int]weav+ 
9 all directions1 =m  a v l>ge "p ( !   
enjoym5t :i* ,turn]'s draw+s provide4   
,! p5cil sket* ( ,hey%am 7,plate ,,lix4 
7a77 ?us =m$1 z x 71  ! lead+ motive ( !
 wat]-col\r draw+1 or r x provid$ a     
s]ies ( %apes :i* c\ld n be v>i$ beyond 
c]ta9 limits1 &  ^! %apes =m$ !         
/>t+-po9t ( ! elaborate visual movem5t  
:i* ,turn] proce$$ to inv5t & weave r\nd
 x4 ,i call$ j n[  ?is side ( ! "w      
#8decorative or me*anical1' because ,i  
wi%$ to  di/+ui% x f a diff]5t b relat$ 
aspect4 ,?is unmean+ &  ab/ract play (  
l9es is l ! rhyme1 assonance & rhy?m ( a
  poem2 a "p1 b an unconsci\s1 & z x 7  
dep5d5t1 "p1 ( !  :ole effect4 ,no sane 
p]son w\ld read a poem expressly = !    
j+le  ( ! s\nds1 unless = ! purposes (  
analysis1 & 9 ! same way1  no sane lov] 
( pictures w\ld look at ?is draw+ (     
,hey%am m]ely  = ! visible play ( ! l9es
 & masses4 ,nei!r c ! arti/ or  poet    
ab&on !mselves to !    ,illu/ration3    
,,plate ,,lix    ,,hey%am1 ,,) ,,black  

,,combe1 ,,coni/on ,,old ,,man1         
,,helvellyn1 ,,etc41 ,,9  ,,di/ance     
,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahaf    ,illu/ration3  
,,hey%am ,,& ,,cumb]l& ,,m\nta9s        
,,engrav+ ,,publi%$ ,,9 ,,:itak]',s     
8,,ri*mond%ire10 #bb ,,augu/1 #ahbb     
m]e unmean+ play ( s\nds or l9es 9 !    
process ( composition4  ,^! ext]nal     
requirem5ts mu/ be subord9at$ to !      
requirem5ts (  ! mean+4 ,& s1 ?\gh ,i   
said j n[ t ^! me*anical  requirem5ts   
may h _h "s %>e 9 call+ ! figures &     
incid5ts repres5t$ into be+1 we mu/ be  
c>eful n to =get t  t %>e is only (     
slight & subord9ate importance4 ,:at is 
important is ! ess5tial congruity ( !   
figures & incid5ts )  ! l&scape itself2 
!y mu/ appe> n z some?+ arbitr>ily      
add$1 b z a m]e developm5t or fur!r     
det]m9ation ( ! mean+  already implicit 
9 ! l&scape4 ,9 ! pres5t case s intimate
 is  :at ,i may call ! logical id5tity  
betwe5 ! b>e view1 z  repres5t$ by !    
initial sket*1 & z a topographical fact1
 & !  :ole liv+ & mov+ sc5e z repres5t$ 

by ! f9i%$ design1  t ! developm5t ( !  
"o f ! o!r seems z inevitable z  ! m>* (
 ! seasons or ! processes ( gr[? & decay
 to :i*  we ourselves are subject4    ,f
 ?is po9t ( view ,i ?9k x is easy to see
 t su* a result is  atta9able 9 no o!r  
way ?an t :i* ,turn] has foll[$4 ,no    
actual sc5e c\ld ev] possess q ! same   
close-knit logical  coh]5ce1 ! same     
absolute abs5ce ( irrelevance1 z we f9d 
9  ,turn]'s f9i%$ draw+2 s t ! mo/      
fai?ful & lov+ &  skilful reproduction (
 ! mo/ c>efully select$ aspect (        
actuality  w\ld nev] give u ! same k9d (
 out] & inn] unity t ,turn]  has a*iev$ 
by 8 me?od ( amplify+1 modify+1 &       
int]pret+  8 slight p5cil sket*es4 ,only
 9 ?is way c ! active =ces (            
int]pretation or assimilation1 by :i* ! 
arti/ z well z !  meane/ ( u fills out !
 incom+ sugge/ions ( ! giv51 a*ieve     
adequate expression4 ,a psy*ologi/ might
 p]haps describe !  diff]5ce betwe5 a   
fai?ful transcription ( an actual sc5e &
 su*  an ef=t ( ! creative imag9ation z 

we h j be5 /udy+1 by  say+ t ! "o is a  
repres5tation ( ! incom+ or giv5 ideas  
or s5sations1 :ile ,turn]'s picture     
repres5ts ^! same ideas or  s5sations   
aft] !y h be5 ?or\ghly #8app]ceiv$' by !
 masses  ( ideas /or$ 9 ! arti/'s m9d4  
,if we adopt su* a description1 we  mu/ 
n =get to add t ,turn] has us$ 8 k ( !  
me*anism ( ! pictorial language to set  
out 8 total idea = u 9  ! cle>e/ &      
pleasante/ way4    ,z ) ! ,hey%am sket*1
 s ) ! ,hornby4#bh ,i ne$ p]haps  h>dly 
call att5tion to ! delib]ate height5+ ( 
,hornby ,ca/le1  & to ! way ! back ( !  
ne>] hill 9 front ( x has be5  hump$ 9 !
 f9i%$ design4 ,?is delib]ate           
falsification 7z x mu/  seem to !       
lit]ali/7 is p>allel$ by ! treatm5t ( ! 
=egr\nd  tree1 ^: individuality is      
de/roy$1 & ^: place is tak5 by a  m]e   
ali5 gr[n 9 ! f]tile climate ( ! arti/'s
 imag9ation4 ,i  h no d\bt t if ,turn]  
c\ld h got ! same effect )\t  mak+ ^!   
alt]ations he w\ld n h made !m4 ,b x is 
obvi\s  t he c\ld n4 ,f 8 po9t ( view   

su* alt]ations are m]ely  grammatical   
devices by :i* he ?r[s ! requir$        
emphasis on  qualities :i* hills & trees
 d und5iably possess1 b :i* 7  some:at  
slurr$ ov] 9 nature's mom5t>y pres5tm5t 
( ! case4 ,&  if we ?9k ab\t ! matt]    
calmly1 we see t we _c expect any       
object to ent] into new relations )\t   
und]go+ "s k9d (  modification2 ,i mean 
t we _c expect physical facts to be tak5
 up  into ! intelligible _w & us$ z     
factors 9 ! expression (  ideas &       
emotions )\t requir+ "s k9d (           
modification4    ,:ile ,turn] 0 produc+ 
^! exquisite draw+s = ,:itak]'s  ,hi/ory
 ( ,ri*mond%ire1 he also execut$ a s]ies
 ( t5 or elev5  slightly small] draw+s  
to illu/rate ,sir ,walt] ,scott's       
,prov9cial  ,antiquities & ,picturesque 
,sc5]y ( ,scotl&4 ,eight ( ^!  draw+s 7 
pres5t$ by ! publi%]s to ,scott1 :o _h  
!m fram$  f an oak fell$ on ! ,abbots=d 
e/ate dur+ ,turn]'s visit !re  9 #ahah4 
,! effect ( ?is frame on ! draw+s1 x mu/
 be confess$1  is atroci\s4 ,x might be 

gu>ante$ to kill ! effect ( any         
wat]-col\r draw+s b ! radiantly immortal
 ones = :i* x 0  made4 ,no d\bt ev5 ^!  
w\ld look bett] out ( x1 b su* z x is  x
 hung 9 ! breakfa/-room at ,abbots=d    
till aft] ,scott's dea?1  & z x !n hung1
 s x hangs n[ 9 ,mr4 ,?omas             
,brocklebank's  hospitable mansion at   
,heswall1 ,*e/]4    ,:5 we draw !       
curta91 :i* has kept ,turn]'s beautiful 
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lx    ,,d9burgh1
 ,,f ,,calton ,,hill    ,,p5cil4 #ahah  
,illu/ration3 ,,ed9burgh ,,f ,,calton   
,,hill    ,,engrav+ ,,publi%$ ,,9       
,,scott',s 8,,prov9cial ,,antiquities   
,,( ,,scotl&10 #a  ,,novemb]1 #ahbj     
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lx    ,,ed9burgh
 ,,f ,,calton ,,hill    ,,p5cil4 #ahah  
,illu/ration3 ,,figures ,,on ,,calton   
,,hill    ,,p5cil4 #ahah                
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxi             
,,bor?wick ,,ca/le    ,,p5cil4 #ahah    
,illu/ration3 ,,bor?wick ,,ca/le        
,,engrav+ ,,publi%$ ,,9 ,,scott',s      
8,,prov9cial ,,antiquities ,,(          

,,scotl&10 #b  ,,april1 #ahai    "w z   
fre% z :5 x 0 fir/ execut$1 & look at ^!
 draw+s1  x is difficult to s+le out any
 "o ( !m = special att5tion4 ,b  aft]   
look+ ?r\gh ! engrav+s made f !m 9      
,scott's book1 !  m>vell\s view (       
#8,ed9burgh f ! ,calton ,hill' leaves   
p]haps !  mo/ p[]ful impression on !    
imag9ation4 ,i h1 !re=e1 select$  !     
draw+ made f nature ^u :i* ?is design 0 
bas$ z !  subject ( "o ( our            
illu/rations 7,plate ,,lx474    ,9 ?is  
case we f9d t ,turn] has foll[$ 8 sket* 
) great  c>e1 yet ! :ole mat]ial has be5
 hamm]$ ?is way & t by 8  p[]ful h&4 ,we
 c see t ! arti/ felt impati5t )        
nature's  calm & unhurri$ *ronicle (    
facts1 & 0 det]m9$ at all co/s  to make 
a m imm$iate & conc5trat$ attack on !   
spectator's  p[]s ( p]ception4 ,in/ead (
 /ret*+ out calmly & indiff]5tly  on bo?
 h&s1 z 9 ! sket*1 ! city 9 ! f9i%$     
design seems  to so> upw>ds f ! dep?s   
b5ea? our feet4 ,! jail on our left  has
 be5 squeez$ toge!r1 mak+ ! l9e f ! por*

 to !  c5tral turret mu* m oblique ?an x
 04 ,! p]spective ( ne>ly  all ! build+s
 has be5 modifi$1 yet ! arti/ has tak5  
great c>e  to pres]ve ! "* ( !          
silh\ettes ( ! lead+ planes4 ,b  x is 9 
! inv5tion ( ! play ( light :i* animates
 ! :ole1  & ?r[s into su* /rong relief  
all ! tell+ po9ts ( ! design1  t we f9d 
! cle>e/ evid5ce ( ! arti/'s active     
int]v5tion4    ,a curi\s in/ance (      
,turn]'s habit ( us+ 8 notes r z h9ts   
to 8 imag9ation ?an z provid+ ready-made
 mat]ial wait+ =  imm$iate              
incorporation1 is af=d$ by ! sket*es (  
"s figures  made :ile he 0 /&+ on !     
,calton ,hill4 ,on ! back ( "o ( !      
pages on :i* our view ( ,ed9burgh is    
drawn1 !re is a r\gh sket*  ( ! br[ ( ! 
hill ) gr\ps ( figures on x4 ,among ^!  
figures are ?ree girls att5d+ to ! dry+ 
( ! clo!s !y h  wa%$4 ,"o ( ^! is /&+   
%ak+ out a clo? 9 ! w9d4 ,b  ?\gh ,turn]
 has introduc$ ?is incid5t into !       
=egr\nd ( 8  picture1 ! figure !re is n 
a repetition ( ! graceful figure 9  !   

sket*4 ,9 ! picture ! action has be5    
*ang$1 & ! figure  pres5t$ 9 a diff]5t  
po9t ( view4 ,x is design$ altoge!r     
afre%4 ,9 ! same way none ( ! o!r       
figures is repeat$ 9 !  f9i%$ draw+4 ,! 
figures 9 ! draw+ are inde$ ! same sort 
(  p z 9 ! sket*1 b ea* is design$      
specially = its place1  & ) ref]5ce to !
 movem5t ( ! :ole picture4 ,all ?is is  
em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! ca/ ( ,turn]'s   
m9d1 :i* seems to  /ore sc5es & incid5ts
 9 complete indep5d5ce ( _! mom5t>y  &  
p>ticul> appe>ance2 he is ?us able to   
set ^! invisible  ess5ces 9 motion be=e 
8 m9d's eye1 & to wait till !y arrange  
!mselves to 8 complete satisfaction1 &  
he has !n no difficulty  9 clo?+ !m ) ! 
attributes ( "t & space4    ,we w turn  
n[ to a sket* ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,9 !     
#8,ed9burgh1'  #8,hey%am' & #8,hornby'  
sket*es1 z 9 mo/ ( ^? we h exam9$1  we h
 se5 ,turn] mak+ a note ( :at we may    
call ! *ief items (  ! topographical    
data1 leav+ ! problem ( _! arrangem5t1  
modification & amplification = future   

solution4 ,9 ! two sket*es  ( ,ro*e/]   
7,plates ,,lxii4 7a7 & 7b77 :i* ,i h _h 
reproduc$1  we see ! arti/'s m9d mov+ on
 a diff]5t track4 ,a few pages  e>li] 9 
! sket*-book f :i* ^! two leaves are    
tak51 he has  inde$ made 8 usual record 
( ! facts ab\t ! *ur*1 bridge1  etc41 at
 ,ro*e/]1 b app>5tly1 z "t did n press1 
he rema9$  9 8 boat wat*+ ! sc5e &      
criticis+1 z "o :o und]/ood  su* ?+s1   
nature's own me?ods ( design4 ,8 sket*es
 n[ become n  topographical records b   
swift & eloqu5t designs = pictures4 ,!  
concrete p>ticul>ity ( ! ca/le1 *ur*1   
bridge1 etc41 becomes  abrogat$ or      
subm]g$4 ,^! objects are n[ tak5 up into
 a new k9d  ( sy/ematic unity1 9 :i* _! 
relation%ip to ! :ole & to  ea* o!r is (
 mu* m importance ?an _! discrete       
individuality4  ,n[1 ! important po9t is
 j h[ ! ,ca/le & ! o!r  topographical   
items drop into place ) reg>d to ! %ipp+
 on !  riv]1--! k9d ( gr\ps !y all make1
 ! way ! "o item affects  ! o!r1 half   
hid+ x or sett+ x (f to advantage4 ,9 ! 

sket*  on page #ah ( ! sket*-book       
7,plate ,,lxii4 7a77 ! exact position ( 
! ma/ ( ! =egr\nd vessel is ! dom9ant   
factor1--! way x  unites ! l9es describ$
 by ! silh\ette ( ! ca/le & ! trees     
slop+ d[n to ! bridge1 br++ !           
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxii    ,,ro*e/]
    ,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahba               
,illu/ration3 ,,ro*e/]    ,,p5cil4      
,,ab\t #ahba    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,,lxiii    ,,ro*e/]4 ,,on ,,! ,,riv]    
,,m$way    ,,wat] ,,col\r4 ,,ab\t #ahbb 
curves to a focus1 z x 71 & provid+ a   
rigid base = !m to  spr+ f aga94 ,9 !   
o!r sket* 7,plate ,,lxii4 7b77 ,turn] is
  try+ a diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial1
 or1 to put x m  accurately1 nature is  
try+ ano!r effect1 & ,turn] is wat*+ &  
mak+ notes ( ! exp]im5t4    ,9 ?is way1 
be=e ,turn] %ut up 8 book he _h made ov]
 a doz5  skeleton designs1 :i* he _h    
only to clo! 9 col\r & light &  %ade to 
develop into beautiful pictures4 ,b :5  
he got home &  actually set to "w to    
make ! draw+ ( ,ro*e/] = ! ,riv]s (     

,engl& s]ies1 he delib]ately ignor$ e "o
 ( nature's pregnant  sugge/ions1 &     
began to build up 8 own design 9 8 own  
way4  ,p]haps he ?\ght nature's designs 
want$ m space ?an he _h at 8  comm& 9 a 
plate t 0 to be only a few in*es squ>e2 
p]haps x  0 ! %e] delight 9 ! ex]cise ( 
8 creative p[]s t 0  ! ma9 motive =ce1 =
 ?\gh 8 sket*-books teem ) designs      
caught 9 ?is way on ! w+1 yet he nev]   
once1 s f> z ,i c  discov]1 adopt$ "o ( 
!m 9 8 own pictures1 )\t s modify+  &   
reca/+ x z to make x into a q new &     
indep5d5t  con/ruction4    ,i am n at   
all sure ( ! exact date :5 ! sket* (    
,bolton ,abbey  7,plate ,,lxiv47 0 made4
 ,x is ! sket* ^u :i* ! wat]-col\r      
engrav$ 9 ! ,engl& & ,wales s]ies 0     
bas$4 ,! engrav+ 0  publi%$ 9 #ahbg1 s !
 wat]-col\r mu/ h be5 made a ye> or two 
e>li]1 b z ! sket* occurs 9 a book :i*  
conta9s a numb] (  ! ,devon%ire ,riv]s  
subjects1 x probably belongs to ab\t !  
"t  ( ,turn]'s second visit to          
,devon%ire4 ,?is visit took place 9 ei!r

  #ahab or #ahac1 & ! ,:>f$ale sket*es1 
( :i* ! #8,bolton' is "o1  _c h be5 lat]
 ?an #ahae4 ,s x is probable t at lea/  
t5  ye>s elaps$ betwe5 ! mak+ ( ! sket* 
& ! wat]-col\r  draw+ 9 :i* ! sket* 0   
elaborat$4    ,! draw+ itself is "o ( ! 
mo/ univ]sally admir$ ( all !  ,engl& & 
,wales subjects4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 alludes to 
x aga9 & aga9  9 ! v>i\s volumes (      
,mod]n ,pa9t]s4 ,9 ! f\r? volume  7*apt]
 xvi47 he gives an admirable analysis ( 
! imag9ative  conception1 & 9 volume    
?ree 7*apt] ix47 he dwells ) 8 usual    
eloqu5ce on ! k display$ 9 ! treatm5t ( 
! =egr\nd  trees4 ,) ! g5]al t5or ( ^!  
rem>ks ,i am 9 entire agreem5t1  & if ! 
passages 7 n s long ,i %\ld l to        
introduce !m  "h1 b unless ! read] is v 
c>eful1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t  ,mr4     
,rusk9's con/ant appeal to #8! facts' is
 likely to mislead him  into ! belief t 
all ! details ( ! design1 & especially  
^?  ( ! =egr\nd trees1 are elaborately  
/udi$ & accurately  reproduc$ f ! actual
 sc5e4 ,turn]'s sket* proves t ?is 0  n 

! case4 ,ea* individual tree1 e curve 9 
its trunk1 !  texture ( its b>k1 ! /a9s 
& holl[s & flick]+ lights &  %ad[s ^u x1
 & ! intricate play ( ! trees' upp]     
bran*es1  all ^! h be51 n pa9/ak+ly     
/udi$ f nature1 b inv5t$  by ! arti/ 9 8
 /udio1 & ea* detail has be5 inv5t$ n   
entirely = its own sake1 b z a note1 a  
*ord1 9 ! :ole complex  ( visible       
h>mony4    ,i d n ?9k any m wond]ful    
example c\ld be giv5 ( ! int5se         
activity ( creative g5ius ?an t :i* is  
furni%$ by a c>eful  comp>ison ( ?is    
draw+ ) ! sket* ^u :i* x 0 bas$4 ,we    
look at ! sket*1 & all ! subject seems  
!re2 z a synopsis (  ! f9i%$ picture x  
seems tol]ably complete4 ,yet 9 ! draw+ 
we  f9d almo/ e detail has be5 alt]$4   
,notice ! way ! =egr\nd  trees h be5    
pu%$ ne>] to ea* o!r4 ,9 ! sket* "o has 
to  se>* = ! abbey1 & !n "o's eyes beg9 
to w&] ab\t  aimlessly4 ,b 9 ! draw+    
ev]y?+ is br\ght into connection )      
ev]y?+ else2 x is all weld$ toge!r4 ,!  
abbey is ! fir/ ?+  "o sees1 !n ! eye   

goes easily & inevitably to ! second    
c\ple  ( =egr\nd trees1 ! seat$ angl] & 
! di/ant riv]-bank4 ,9  pass+ f "o      
object to ! o!r ! eye feels some?+ ( !  
same  k9d ( pleasure t ! e> takes 9 !   
rhy?m ( v]se1 s t  "o's gaze travels ov]
 ! draw+ n vagrantly & ) ef=t1 b        
gladly1 & to ! spectator all ?is visible
 melody & delight seem  l ! unconsci\s  
expression ( ! secret joy ) :i* !       
arti/'s m9d play$ r\nd ! sc5e1 an e*o ( 
! my/]i\s music (  8 happy memories4    
,! effect ( ! #8,bolton' draw+ is t ( a 
bright summ]'s    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate 
,,lxiv    ,,bolton ,,abbey    ,,p5cil4  
,,ab\t #ahae    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,,lxv    ,,bolton ,,abbey    ,,engrav+  
,,publi%$ ,,9 8,,picturesque ,,views ,,9
 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales10 #ahbg            
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxvi            
,,col*e/]    ,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t #ahbd      
,illu/ration3 ,,col*e/]    ,,p5cil4     
,,ab\t #ahbd    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate4  
,,lxvii    ,,col*e/]1 ,,essex           
,,engrav+ ,,publi%$ ,,9 8,,picturesque  

,,views ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales10 #ahbg 
aft]noon1 an effect t does n *ange v    
rapidly2 ! slightness  ( ,turn]'s sket* 
0 n1 !re=e1 a necess>y outcome ( !      
transitory nature ( 8 subject-matt]4 ,_h
 he be5 s m9d$ he c\ld  easily h pa9t$ !
 :ole subject out-(-doors4 ,b ) !       
#8,col*e/]' draw+1 ano!r ( ! ,engl& &   
,wales subjects1  publi%$ ab\t ! same "t
 z ! #8,bolton1' ! case 0 diff]5t4  ,!re
 ! effect is a mom5t>y "o4 ,x is ev5+1 !
 %ades (  twilight h ga!r$1 & ! sun is  
on ! po9t ( disappe>+4  ,!re 0 only "t =
 a few ha/y memor&a2 b :ile ! mod]n     
arti/ w\ld almo/ inv>iably make 8       
memor&a 9 col\r1 ,turn] is  q satisfi$ )
 8 usual hurri$ p5cil notes4 ,9 !       
sket*es  "h reproduc$ 7,plate ,,lxvi47  
we h a k9d ( ab/ract ( ! :ole  sc5e4    
,!re is ! mill]'s h\se beside ! riv] at 
! foot ( !  hill1 :ile ! hill is cr[n$  
by a r[ ( trees ?r\gh :i* !  abbey      
build+ & ! ro(s ( ! di/ant t[n c be se54
 ,!  position ( ! sun & ( its reflection
 9 ! riv] are m>k$4    ,! g5]al idea ( !

 :ole is c]ta9ly !re 9 ! sket*es1 b 9  a
 rudim5t>y or indet]m9ate condition4    
,note h[ delib]ately vague  & undef9$ ! 
idea ( ! trees on ! br[ ( ! hill has be5
  kept4 ,a di/ant abbey-build+ set 9 !  
delicate trac]y ( gracefully  bran*+    
trees1 ! :ole fram$ 9 masses ( fea!ry   
foliage1 t  0 ! g5]al idea ( ?is "p ( ! 
design1 & ,turn] knew t he  0 famili>   
en\gh ) ! nature & ways ( trees to be   
able to  c>ry out ?is idea ) all !      
requisite weal? ( detail :5ev] he  %\ld 
set himself s]i\sly to ! task4 ,! exact 
%apes ( ! trees  actually gr[+ !re on ! 
hillside on ! day & at ! mom5t :5  he   
made ?is sket* 71 ap>t f _! g5]al idea1 
a matt] (  indiff]5ce to him4 ,if he _h 
c>$ v mu* ab\t !m he c\ld  easily h gone
 !re ! next morn+ & drawn !m c>efully2  
!y  w\ld h>dly h alt]$ mu* 9 ! night4 ,b
 ^! %apes w\ld h  surely want$ revision1
 alt]ation & suppression1 be=e !y c\ld  
h tak5 _! places z a p]fectly articulat$
 limb 9 ,turn]'s  liv+1 organic design4 
,! result c\ld n h be5 m satisfactory   

?an ! "o rea*$ )\t ?is lab\r4    ,z ) ! 
r[ ( trees1 s ) ! mill]'s h\se1 !       
cottages  creep+ up ! hillside & !      
di/ant t[n4 ,! p5cil hi]oglyphs  are    
en\gh to sugge/ ! g5]al idea ( ^!       
objects1 _!  appropriate p>ticul>ities w
 unroll !mselves f ! /or$  treasures (  
,turn]'s m9d s soon z he takes 8 p5cil 9
 h& aga9  to c>ry =w>d 8 "w2 n ! actual 
details ( ! cottages1 etc41  exi/+ d[n  
!re 9 ,essex1 b ! details appropriate to
 ! picture  z an expression ( an        
emotional exp]i5ce4    ,! draw+s 9 !    
,engl& & ,wales s]ies produc$ 9 ?is way1
 9  :i* a def9ite p>ticul> exp]i5ce ( ! 
arti/ is en%r9$ z x  7 9 a weal? (      
appropriate & beautifully arrang$ %apes 
&  col\rs1 are among ! be/ ( ! s]ies4 ,b
 ! pressure (  pr(essional engagem5ts   
did n always p]mit ! arti/ to wait =    
?is k9d ( inspiration4 ,on su* occasions
 he appe>s to h fall5  back on ! mat]ial
 /or$ 9 8 e>ly sket*-books1 & 8         
rhetorical ma/]y ( ! elem5ts ( design 0 
tax$ to ! utt]mo/  to provide x )       

suitable clo?+ & ornam5t4 ,an excell5t  
example  ( ?is k9d ( "w is provid$ by ! 
draw+ ( ,/am=d1 publi%$  9 #ahcj4 ,?is 0
 f\nd$ on "o ( ! sket*es made dur+      
,turn]'s  fir/ t\r 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 9
 #agig4 ,?is sket* 7,plate ,,lxviii47   
is no d\bt a fairly accurate record ( ! 
place1 its humdrum /reets  & h\ses1 )   
its ?ree triumphant bur/s ( idealism 9 !
 %ape (  its ?ree unimag9ative *ur*     
t[]s4    ,9 tak+ up ?is sket* ?irty ye>s
 aft] x 0 made1 ,turn] seems to  h ask$ 
himself1 #8,:at am ,i to d to make ?is  
dull affair into  some?+ univ]sally     
int]e/+8' t is to say1 into some?+      
int]e/+ & ev5 amus+ to ^? :o c>e no?+ = 
,/am=d  m]ely = its own sake4 ,( c\rse !
 fir/ ?+ = him to d 0  obvi\sly to seize
 ^u ! ?ree t[]s & make ! mo/ ( !m1      
sett+ !m up aga9/ a gorge\s sky fill$ ) 
ra9 & ?und] &  ! d>t+ rays ( ! ?w>t$    
sun1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ s f>  triumph 9 its
 conte/ z to flood ! t[]s ) its light & 
transfigure !m ) its spl5d\r4 ,! /reet  
bel[ rema9s dull &  untractable1 b yet  

some?+ may be made ( x4 ,we c ga9 "o    
po9t  by insi/+ on ! smallness &        
homel9ess ( ! h\ses1 int5sify+  _!      
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxviii          
,,/am=d1 ,,l9coln%ire    ,,p5cil4 #agig 
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxix    ,,/am=d1
 ,,l9coln%ire    ,,engrav+ ,,publi%$ ,,9
 8,,picturesque ,,views ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& 
,,wales10 #ahcj    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate
 ,,lxx    ,,tynem\? ,,priory    ,,p5cil1
 ,,) ,,"p ,,9 ,,wat] ,,col\r4 #agig4    
,illu/ration3 ,,tynem\?1 ,,nor?umb]l&   
,,engrav+ ,,publi%$ ,,9 8,,picturesque  
,,views ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales10 #ahca 
unimag9ative "* into some?+ approa*+ !  
grotesque4 ,bett]  ! actively ugly1 = t 
at lea/ makes our dulle/ & l>ge/  *ur*  
t[] look almo/ beautiful by contra/1 ?an
 ! passively  commonplace4 ,& !n1 le/   
our mode/ ef=ts rema9 ( small avail1 we 
inv5t a c\ple ( qua9t old travell]s     
hurry+ across ! road to  _! inn1        
accompani$ by ! b>ks & gambols ( a      
lively little :ite  dog2 by good luck & 
our own skilful managem5t !y come j 9   

front  ( our dull r[ ( h\ses1 s t :at ) 
"o ?+ & ano!r we  f9d our eyes & ?\ghts 
v pleasantly div]t$4 ,z = ! h\ses  on ! 
left we c %ut (f a great "p ( !m by     
simply draw+ up a  lumb]+ /age-coa* on t
 side ( ! road & heap+ x ) ample        
females 9 swell+ drap]ies1 ) burgeon+   
umbrellas & b\nte\s  baggage4 ,& hav+   
got s f>1 we c n[ see exactly :at x is  
we  want to make our =egr\nd & di/ance m
 imm$iately effective4 ,9  ! sket* !re  
is a h9t t ! road dips j a trifle d[n f 
! =egr\nd to ! *ur*2 we increase ?is    
slight inequality till we  get a dip (  
some?+ l =ty or fifty feet betwe5 u & ! 
*ur*1 a drop t gives uncommon height &  
dignity to our humble  t[]s4 ,& n[1 hav+
 got our /reet laid out to our lik+1 we 
want  to make ! mo/ ( its possibilities1
 s we set ano!r /age-coa*  d[n at ! foot
 ( our little hill1 load x ) pass5g]s   
impati5t  to be out ( _! wet clo!s1 &   
give x a c\ple ( re>+1  pranc+1 /eam+   
horses to gallop x 9 hot ha/e up !      
declivity1 s  t n[1 z we look at !      

engrav+1 we c almo/ he> ! r+ (  !       
horses' hooves on ! /ones & feel ! ru% (
 w9d made by !  coa* z x da%es pa/ u2   
all ?is m]ely by way ( amplify+ !       
arti/'s /atem5t ab\t 8 imag9>y hill1 &  
to drive ! idea (  8 well-inv5t$ fiction
 home into ! consci\sness ( ev5 !       
dulle/ ( 8 audi5ce4    ,! #8,tynem\?'   
design1 publi%$ 9 #ahca1 is on a high]  
plane (  imag9ative creation ?an !      
#8,/am=d' subject1 yet x 0 built up 9  j
 ! same way f a sket* made at ! same "t 
on ano!r leaf (  ! same sket*-book4 ,!  
#8,/am=d' design %[s ,turn] /ruggl+     
valiantly aga9/ ! abs5ce ( any v press+ 
inspiration1 &  em]g+ ) cr$it f !       
ordeal2 ! #8,tynem\?' draw+1 on !  o!r  
h&1 %[s t 8 y\?ful & ?irty-ye> old      
topographical  sket* _h s]v$ to set 8   
imag9ation aflame ) all ! urg5cy (  a   
rec5t p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,! vision       
conjur$ up by :at ,i c only  call !     
pot5tial or possible associations ( a   
rocky coa/ _h s mu*  complet5ess1 s mu* 
innate driv+ =ce1 t ,turn] _h no ne$ to 

resort to ! purely ext]nal & arbitr>y   
tricks ( composition :i*  _h prov$ su*  
valuable auxili>ies 9 ! #8,/am=d' draw+4
 ,9 !  case ( ! #8,/am=d' subject1 we   
might almo/ say t ! pictorial  equival5t
 ( ! rhyme & metre _h sugge/$ ! s5se2 9 
! case  ( ! #8,tynem\?' draw+ ! idea    
itself is s vivid t x creates  its own  
lilt & h>mony4    ,9 look+ ?r\gh a numb]
 ( ,turn]'s draw+s ! ha/y               
obs]v]--especially %\ld he be a         
pr(essional /ud5t eag] to pick  up      
useful k--is incl9$ to jump to !        
conclusion t !  important ?+ ab\t rocks 
& m\nta9s is to be high1 & t :5  !      
height ( ! mo/ prom95t build+s1         
especially if !y happ5 to  be 9 ru9s1   
has be5 increas$ ?ree or f\rfold1 all ! 
duties ( !  imag9ative design] h be5    
att5d$ to4 ,9 ! #8,tynem\?' draw+  we   
see h[ free ,turn] is f ! con/ra9t ( any
 su* ready-made &  purely ext]nal rules 
( design4 ,he has "h delib]ately l[]$ ! 
app>5t height ( 8 build+s & cliffs1 &1  
if we exam9e !  matt] c>efully1 we see t

 he has done ?is n at ! dictates ( a    
pass+ :im or fancy1 b because ! he>t ( !
 matt]--!  s-call$ #8subject1' t vague1 
intangible1 elusive some?+ :i*  seems to
 sit 9 ! c5tre ( ! dynamical idea & pump
 blood & life  into e outly+ portion ( !
 organism1 & tyrannises s  b5efic5tly   
ov] ! /ructure & function ( ea* "p ( !  
design--because ?is he>t ( ! matt] w\ld 
cle>ly h x s4    ,9 ! sket* we h an item
 ( brute fact wait+1 z x 71  pa!tically 
to be tak5 up into ! _w ( ?\ght & feel+1
  ask+1 s to speak1 to be made          
significant & human4 ,! arti/ has       
grant$ ! reque/ 9 8 f9i%$ design by mak+
 ! physical facts  ! m]e passive        
spectators ( man's sorr[ & suff]+4 ,9 ! 
sket*1 ! tall cliffs & ru9$ walls ( !   
priory t[] above !  small fi%+-boat     
/ruggl+ into port2 9 ! picture1 ! tall  
ma/s  ( ! wreck$ s*oon] dw>f ! priory & 
! cliffs & drive !m  into subord9ation4 
,! real c5tre ( int]e/ is ! active1     
re/less  p[] ( ! sea = ill4 ,! baneful  
little leaps ( ! waves t  fill ne>ly all

 ! l[] "p ( ! design tell _! /ory ( /orm
  & wreck pla9ly en\gh4 ,! wreck$ b>ques
 "u ! cliffs are 9 a  sad plight1 b !   
pieces ( float+ ma/ & brok5 plank 9 !   
=egr\nd tell ( worse ?+s4 ,on ! %ore we 
h ! ?rifty  ga!r]s ( flotsam & jetsam1 &
 a cr[d ( will+ help]s4 ,on all  ?is    
mov+ sc5e ! wreck ( ! priory looks d[n n
 )\t  sympa?y2 x too1 x seems to say1 is
 a "p ( man's activity &  ambition1 x   
suff]s also f ! ta9t ( mortality & f !  
m]ciless p[] ( ! w9d & ra94             
,,*apt] ,,viii    ,,m5tal ,,& ,,physical
 ,,decay1 ,,& ,,! ,,orig9 ,,(           
,,impressionism--#ahcj-ahde             
,m5tal *>act]i/ics ( #ahae-ahcj         
p]iod--,_! influ5ce on       =m--&      
col\r--,col\r enri*m5t a g5]al          
*>act]i/ic (       ,romantic ,art--,:at 
fur!r developm5t is requir$ to give u ! 
transition to ,impressionism8--,! fir/ (
 ,turn]'s s-call$       ,impressioni/ic 
works--,vagu5ess or indi/9ctness z a    
means (       expression--,two ways (   
pa9t+ "o's impressions--,turn]'s        

e>li] way--contra/$ ) ! mod]n           
,impressioni/ic way--,!       *ange1    
aft] #ahcj1 is x a *ange 9 t]ms ( sight 
or (       ?\ght--visual or m5tal8--,!  
cont5t ( ,turn]'s lat] "w--,!           
relation ( ,turn]'s lat] "w to          
,impressionism def9$--,!       gradual  
developm5t ( ,turn]'s lat] mann]--,!    
,petwor? sket*es       7#ahcj7--,!      
discov]y ( ! arti/ic value ( !          
indet]m9ate--,! ,vignettes-#8,riv]s (   
,france'--,v5etian sket*es              
7#ahcd-ahdj7--,swiss & ,rh9e sket*es    
7#ahda-ahdd7--,! end4      ,:5 we try to
 make cle> to ourselves ! inn]          
*>act]i/ics ( !  p]iod /udi$ 9 ! la/    
*apt]1 we notice at once a *ange f !    
gloom1 /]nness & pati5t endurance ( !   
e>li] decade to a  bright] & m *e]ful   
frame ( m9d4 ,turn]'s pr$om9ant frame ( 
m9d is pr\d & happy4 ,he seems to       
rejoice 9 ! spl5d\r ( !  _w & exult ov] 
! ri*ness & v>iety ( its mat]ial4 ,8    
attitude t[>ds humanity is n s easily   
def9$4 ,9 ! be/ ( 8  oil pa9t+s1 z 9 !  

#8,pas de ,calais' 7#8,n[ = ! ,pa9t]'71 
& 9  8 wat] col\rs1 !re is an abundance 
( close & sympa!tic  obs]vation ( !     
lab\rs & sorr[ ( mank9d4 ,b 9 spite ( ! 
graces ( a naturally k9d he>t ,turn]'s  
attitude t[>ds ^! lab\rs  & suff]+s is n
 entirely free f traces ( h>dness &     
selfi%ness4 ,8 in/9ct = ! picturesque   
side ( ?is k9d (  subject-matt] is s    
ke51 & 8 insi/5ce on ?is picturesqu5ess 
is  s con/ant & s emphatic1 t x is h>d  
to resi/ ! suspicion  t 8 int]e/ is r   
pr(essional ?an p]sonal4 ,he does n seem
  to feel himself an actor & a          
fell[-suff]]4 ,he 0 on ! o!r side  ( !  
f5ce2 he 0 ! arti/1 & lab\r+1 suff]+    
mank9d 8  mat]ial4 ,& s f> z he himself 
0 conc]n$ he _h e reason =  exultation4 
,! nature t c\ld end[ a humbly born y\? 
) su*  gifts z he possess$1 & ! society 
t _h rew>d$ ^! tal5ts  s g5]\sly1 might 
be said to h fairly e>n$ ! "y pa9t]'s   
gratitude4 ,he gave x effusively1 ) none
 ( ! ult]ior res]ves an  educat$ ,greek 
w\ld h felt 9 ! pres5ce ( a great       

happ9ess or  pre-em95t success4    ,let 
u n[ turn to ! outw>d & visible results 
( ?is exultant &  some:at he>tless &    
selfi% enjoym5t4 ,! movem5t ( ! design1 
! quality ( ! tone & col\r1 & ! _s ( !  
h&l+ (  ! pictures 9 :i* su* a frame (  
m9d is express$1 c\ld n  possibly be !  
same z 9 ,turn]'s e>li] pictures4 ,!    
sob] &  re/ra9$ col\r+ ( pictures l !   
#8,w9dsor1' ! #8,fro/y  ,morn+' & #8,!  
,nore1' is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! pati5t   
/r5g?  & /]nness ( ! emotional col\r+ ( 
_! inspiration4 ,! same  mood c\ld n be 
express$ 9 any o!r s*eme ( light+ &     
col\r4  ,b to treat :at1 = want ( a     
bett] ^w1 ,i may call a pictorial       
metre1 z ?\gh x 7 equally admirable z a 
means ( expression =  all k9ds & %ades (
 emotion1 w\ld argue an extraord9>y     
dulness or  %e] abs5ce ( arti/ic        
capacity2 & ,turn]'s %ortcom+s1 if he _h
  any1 7 moral r ?an arti/ic4    ,giv5  
!n ! mood ( exultant enjoym5t ( !       
physical am5ities (  ! _w1 a light] &   
bright] col\r s*eme ?an t ( ,turn]'s    

e>li] pictures 0 b\nd to be =?com+1 if t
 mood 0 to be  fully express$ by        
pictorial art4 ,& z a matt] ( hi/ory    
,turn] 0  ! fir/ mod]n arti/ 9 ! range (
 l&scape art to give adequate           
expression to ?is s5tim5t ( unre/ra9$   
enjoym5t ( ! physical  delights (       
nature1 ?\gh we see ! same swell+ s5se (
 ! pride  ( life f9d+ a simil> =m (     
expression 9 ! works (  contempor>y     
figure-pa9t]s l ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce1   
,%ee & ,hayt]  9 ,engl&1 & ,delacroix1  
,isabey1 & o!rs 9 ,france4    ,9 !      
pres5t *apt] ,i propose to deal ) !     
clos+ phase (  ,turn]'s art4 ,9 ! works 
( ?is p]iod ,turn] has be5 said to h    
initiat$ a new k9d ( art1 or at lea/ to 
h inv5t$ or introduc$  c]ta9 important  
innovations 9 ! region ( col\r & tone1  
:i*  h _h ! effect ( develop+ new       
possibilities 9 ! art (  l&scape-pa9t+4 
,x is f ?is po9t ( view1 & ) ref]5ce to 
?is aspect ( ,turn]'s "w1 t he has be5  
hail$ z ! fa!r (  ,impressionism4 ,be=e 
discuss+ ! value ( ! innovations ,turn] 

introduc$ & _! influ5ce on subsequ5t    
developm5ts ( ! art1 x  is important to 
/udy ! imm$iate causes :i* br\ght !m    
into  exi/5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ /udy
 ?is new phase ( ,turn]'s art  9        
relation to its imm$iate antec$5ts2 9 ! 
fir/ place1 to see h[  f> x c be reg>d$ 
z a necess>y developm5t ( :at _h gone   
be=e1 & 9 ! second place1 to discov]    
exactly :at is new 9 x4    ,! two mo/   
/rik+ *>act]i/ics ( ,turn]'s lat] "w are
 !  brightness & ext5d$ range ( 8 col\r 
s*emes4 ,b ?is =mal  *>act]i/ic is      
cle>ly tak5 ov] bodily f ! previ\s      
p]iod1  & we h j se5 t x 0 b ! necess>y 
outw>d expression  ( ! spiritual cont5t 
) :i* ,turn] 0 !n preoccupi$4 ,9 a      
picture l #8,ulysses d]id+ ,polyphemus' 
7#ahbi71 = example1 we h  a col\r s*eme 
z bright & z ext5d$ z t ( any ( ! lat]  
works1 & yet x is emphatically a "w ( ! 
,romantic p]iod4 ,x is  all ablaze ) !  
light & flame ( human pride4 ,its       
gorge\s array  ( blues1 its burni%$ gold
 & gl[+ crimson & sc>let & :ite  are b !

 triumphant expression ( ! mood (       
unre/ra9$ s5su\s  enjoym5t :i* =m$ !    
key-note ( ! "w we h j be5  exam9+4     
,b if ! light5+ ( ! col\r s*eme 0 simply
 an inh]itance  f ! ,romantic phase (   
art1 :at are we to reg>d z ! special    
contribution ( ! lat] mann]8 ,a         
comp>ison ( a few ( ,turn]'s  lat] works
 ) ! #8,ulysses' w %[ u at once4 ,!     
e>lie/  example ( ,turn]'s lat] &       
s-call$ ,impressioni/ic mann] )  :i* ,i 
am famili> is ! #8,calais ,s&s1 l[      
wat]--,poiss>ds  collect+ bait1' :i* 0  
exhibit$ 9 #ahcj1 & is n[ 9 ! ,bury     
,art ,gall]y4 ,its col\r                
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxi            
,,bem]side ,,t[]    ,,p5cil4 ,,ab\t     
#ahca    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxii  
,,bem]side ,,t[]    ,,engrav+ ,,publi%$ 
,,9 ,,scott',s 8,,poetical ,,works0     
7,,cadell71 #ahcd    s*eme is actually m
 subdu$ ?an ! #8,ulysses1' b ! :ole     
effect  is m vapor\s & ! figures are    
less di/9ct4 ,s f> z ,i am able  to     
judge1 ?is is ! *ief diff]5tia (        

,turn]'s lat] mann]1 &  ( all           
,impressioni/ic "w on its =mal side4 ,z 
a second  *>act]i/ic we may add ! fact t
 x deals ) a sc5e (  contempor>y life1  
some?+ t ,turn] _h actually se5 ) 8     
eyes1 n some?+ t he _h read ab\t &      
imag9$1 z 9 !  #8,ulysses4'    ,if we   
exam9e #8,! ,ev5+ ,/>' & #8,at ,petwor?'
 7bo? at ! ,tate  ,gall]y71 !           
#8,sn[/orm' ( #ahdb1 ! late ,v5etian    
pictures1 & !  #8,ra91 ,/orm1 ,spe$' (  
#ahdd1 we f9d ^! works are all simil>ly 
di/+ui%$ by _! g5]al vagu5ess (         
def9ition & by ! fact  t !y all repres5t
 sc5es :i* _h come )9 ! range ( !       
arti/'s own exp]i5ce4    ,yet x is      
evid5t t ^! two *>act]i/ics are n (     
equal  importance4 ,! vagu5ess (        
def9ition 0 a g5]al *>act]i/ic (  all   
,turn]'s lat] "w1 b a consid]able numb] 
( ^! works 7  purely imag9>y            
compositions1 z = example ! #8,agripp9a 
l&+  ) ! ,a%es ( ,g]manicus' 7#ahci71   
#8,! ,exile & ! rock limpet'  7#ahdb71  
#8,! ,ev5+ ( ! ,deluge' 7#ahdc71 #8,que5

 ,mab's ,cave' 7#ahdf71  & ! v>i\s      
#8,:al]' pictures 7#ahde & #ahdf74 ,!re 
is obvi\sly1  !n1 no necess>y connection
 betwe5 ,turn]'s vagu5ess ( execution   
78 di/9ctively ,impressioni/ mann]7 & 8 
*oice ( subject (  :i* he _h be5        
actually an eye-witness4    ,besides1 we
 mu/ rememb] t ,turn] did n wait till 8 
lat] ye>s  be=e beg9n+ to pa9t 8 own    
impressions4 ,he _h be5 busy pa9t+  !m  
ev] s9ce he _h come to arti/ic maturity4
 ,8 #8,calais ,pi]'  7#ahjc71 !         
#8,spi!ad' 7#ahji71 #8,petwor?--,dewy   
,morn+' 7#ahaj71  #8,teignm\?' &        
#8,hulks on ! ,tam>' 7#ahaa & #ahab71 & 
#8,fro/y  ,morn+' 7#ahac71--to "n only a
 few--7 c]ta9ly works ( ?is k9d2  z 7 ! 
#8,h$g+ & ,dit*+' ( ! ,lib] & !         
#8,col*e/]'  ( ! ,engl& & ,wales s]ies4 
,b !re is no lack ( det]m9ation  9 !    
execution ( ^! works4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5
 ,turn]'s lat]  attempts to pa9t 8      
impressions & 8 e>li] mu/ !re=e be  f\nd
 9 8 attitude t[>ds ^! impressions--!   
pr9ciple (  selection1 ( suppression &  

adju/m5t ^u :i* he dealt ) !  data (    
s5se-p]ception2 & ?is br+s u to !       
consid]ation ( !  rationale ( t vagu5ess
 ( execution :i* we h agre$ to  reg>d z 
! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,turn]'s lat] "w4   
,an +5i\s & at fir/ some:at plausible   
attempt has be5 made to  expla9 !       
peculi>ities ( ,turn]'s lat] /yle1 on ! 
gr\nd t  old age & fail+ heal? _h br\ght
 ab\t an actual organic *ange 9  !      
arti/'s p[]s ( sight4 ,b x seems to me t
 ,dr4 ,liebrei*'s  argum5ts#bi &        
conclusions are vitiat$ by 8 failure to 
discrim9ate betwe5 ,turn]'s mann] (     
expression & ! action ( 8  eyesight4 ,^!
 are two cle>ly di/9ct op]ations4       
,betwe5 ! act (  see+ & an arti/'s fully
 organis$ mann] ( expression1 a :ole    
ho/ ( consid]ations--among !m !         
limitations & capacities ( !            
mat]ial--int]pose !mselves4 ,^!         
consid]ations mu/ all receive  _! due   
weight4 ,i "k sev]al v %ort-sight$      
arti/s ^:  pictures are rem>kable = _!  
elaborate & %>ply def9$ details1  & !re 

are o!rs ) /rong & good eyesight1 ^:    
pictures are  confus$ & indi/9ct4 ,an   
arti/ puts into 8 pictures only :at he  
*ooses to put !re4 ,& :5 we "w out 9    
detail ! reasons :y  ,turn] *ose to make
 8 draw+s indi/9ct1 we f9d t su*        
consid]ations are q suffici5t by        
!mselves to acc\nt = 8  *ange ( /yle1   
)\t hav+ rec\rse to any hypo!tical      
alt]ation  9 8 organs ( sight4    ,!    
clue1 !n1 to ! nature ( ,turn]'s lat]   
mann] ( expression is  to be f\nd 9 ! "*
 n ( 8 optical s5sations b ( 8  ?\ght1  
or 9 o!r words1 ^u ! mode 9 :i* 8       
intellig5t self  react$ ^u ! imm$iate   
data ( s5se-p]ception4 ,by ! "t he _h   
rea*$ ! p]iod ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$1  
he _h lo/ mu* (  8 int]e/ 9 ! mat]ial   
_w4 ,he c>$ no long] = ! /r5g?  &       
weight1 ! t\ghness & tang ( mat]ial2 t  
delight 9 !  solidity ( real objects :i*
 gives su* a manly gu/o to 8 e>ly       
sea-pieces1 is n[ altoge!r abs5t f 8 "w4
 ,he c>es no long]  = ! company ( m51 or
 = _! avocations or joys & sorr[s4 ,he  

is n[ a lonely old man1 ) 8 ?\ghts ma9ly
 c5tr$ ^u himself1  ^u 8 arti/ic g5ius1 
8 arti/ic fame1 & ! visions ( future    
pictures by :i* 8 g5ius 0 to cont9ue to 
manife/ itself1 & by  :i* 8 fame 0 to be
 increas$ or su/a9$4    ,we h !n to ?9k 
( ,turn] z a solit>y dream] ( dreams1 ) 
a  pr(essional int]e/ 9 ! capacity ( ^! 
dreams to />tle a  r /upid public4 ,if  
we want to ent] intimately into !       
spiritual  & emotional cont5t ( 8 dreams
 we h only to turn to !  contempor>y    
works ( ! poets4 ,9 pictures l #8,!     
,f\nta9 (  ,indol5ce1' ! #8,agripp9a' & 
^? ,i h m5tion$ above1 we see h[  deeply
 impress$ 8 m9d _h become ) ! ideals (  
curr5t ,romantic  poetry2 ! true        
,byronic disgu/ ) himself & vague       
emotions ( !  inf9ite1 ! desire to      
#8/eal      ,f all ,i may be1 or h be5  
be=e1      ,to m+le ) ! univ]se1 & feel 
,:at ,i c ne'er express4'    ,!re is no 
d\bt t ^! obscure emotions & vague      
rev]ies c  only be adequately express$ 9
 "o p>ticul> way4 ,!y defy embodim5t  9 

cle>-cut det]m9ate =ms4 ,!y dem& a /yle 
z indet]m9ate1 z  vaguely sugge/ive1 z  
in>ticulate z ! loose-knit dreams :i*   
are  call+ = embodim5t4    ,?is1 !n1 ,i 
take to be ! prop] explanation ( !      
vagu5ess (  ,turn]'s lat] mann]3 ,x is n
 t he saw ! _w indi/9ctly1 b  t 8 ideas 
7 incapable ( def9ition2 x is n t 8 eyes
  7 newly op5$ to ! vap\rs & mi/s ( !   
physical _w1 b  t 8 own ?\ghts 7 confus$
 & 8 emotions1 9 spite ( _!  /r5g?1 7   
incoh]5t & in>ticulate4           99    
99       99       99       99    ,we are
 n[ 9 a position to def9e ! relation 9  
:i* ,turn]'s lat]  works /& to mod]n    
,impressionism4 ,! exact connotation (  
?is t]m  is n by any means easy to      
grasp1 b s f> z ,impressionism has      
di/9ctive aims ,i ?9k we are ju/ifi$ 9  
describ+ !m z !  attempt to elim9ate all
 ^? elem5ts 9 art :i* are due to !      
reaction ( ! intellig5t self ^u !       
imm$iate data (  s5se-p]ception4 ,! aim 
( ,impressionism is to get rid ( :at "o 
em95t psy*ologi/ has call$ ! notic fr+e 

9 a /ate (  consci\sness1 to ab/ract f  
memory & see objects z simple visual    
elem5ts4 ,! ,impressioni/ wi%es to see  
objects z ?\gh he 0  look+ at !m = !    
fir/ "t1 z ?\gh !y _h no mean+ =  him4  
,! !oretic ju/ification ( ?is proc$ure  
is t1 9 /ripp+  (f ! =mative & organis+ 
action ( intellig5ce we isolate !  pure 
elem5t ( objective reality2 t pictures  
pa9t$ ^u ?is  pr9ciple give ! real tru? 
( nature & are free f all ^?  errors &  
di/ortions :i* ! action ( ?\ght is      
suppos$ to  introduce into !            
irrefragably tru/wor?y elem5ts ( ! giv54
 ,^!  assumptions are1 ,i ne$ h>dly add1
 unt5able1 b ?is is n ! place  to       
criticise !m4    ,n[ if ,impressionism  
aims at gett+ rid ( all ! cognitive     
elem5ts  9 concrete p]ception           
7recognition1 class+1 nam+1 etc47 z well
 z  ! lat] processes ( int]pretation &  
associative reflection1 &  w\ld express 
only ! b>e s5sational elem5t (          
impression1 x is  cle> t ,turn] _c be   
prop]ly describ$ z an ,impressioni/4    

,turn]'s arti/ic aim 0 consi/5tly       
lyrical1 i4e4 /rongly  subjective &     
emotional1 :ile ! *ief aim (            
,impressionism is to  elim9ate all !    
m]ely subjective col\r+ f p]ception1 ) !
  s+le purpose ( isolat+ & reproduc+ :at
 is reg>d$ z !  objective elem5t4 ,s f>1
 !n1 z ,impressionism has adopt$        
,turn]'s  results1 x seems op5 to ! *>ge
 ( hav+ done s )\t  und]/&+ _! real     
nature or significance4    ,yet ?is     
result1 h[ev] helpful x may prove to !  
/ud5t (  pres5t-day art1 _c be :olly    
satisfactory f ano!r po9t (  view4 ,f ! 
po9t ( view ( ,turn]'s "w our result is 
l>gely  negative4 ,we h endeav\r$ to    
make x cle> t to reg>d 8 lat]  "w z a   
new & triumphant attempt to repres5t :at
 is call$ !  #8tru?s ( nature' is pure  
misund]/&+2 t ,turn]'s aim is n to      
repres5t ei!r tru?s ( atmosph]e1 (      
light+ or ( natural col\r1  or any k9d  
or class ( physical fact2 t he is busi$ 
ma9ly ) 8  own emotions & fancies1 & t  
he is conc]n$ ) ! objective             

,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxiii    ,,m5  
,,*att+ ,,r\nd ,,fireplace3 ,,petwor?   
,,h\se    ,,wat] ,,col\r4 ,,ab\t #ahcj  
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxiv    ,,teas+
 ,,! ,,donkey3 ,,petwor?    ,,wat]      
,,col\r2 ,,on ,,blue4 ,,ab\t #ahcj    _w
 only indirectly & only 9 s f> z x      
furni%es or sugge/s !  /uff out ( :i* 8 
pictorial symbols are wov54 ,b we h /ill
 to  se>* = ! secret p[] ( attraction   
:i* ^! symbols d  unque/ionably possess4
 ,:y is x1 we mu/ ask1 t ^! signs &     
symbols h su* p[] to move m51 to delight
 & intoxicate "s1 to  soo! & *e] o!rs8  
,! answ]s to ^! que/ions may be         
conv5i5tly gr\p$ "u two  heads4 ,9 !    
fir/ place we may consid] :at are !     
attractions :i*  ,turn]'s "w %>es ) !   
,romantic poets ^: works express !  same
 k9d ( subject-matt]1 & 9 ! second place
 we may attempt to  indicate :at are !  
qualities :i* are m intimately connect$ 
)  8 own individuality4    ,9 ! fir/    
place !n1 :5 we consid] ,turn] z a      
fell[-work] )  ,byron1 ,%elley1 &       

,lam>t9e1 we see t l !m he appeals      
con/antly & un]r+ly to t illusion ( !   
romantic temp]am5t  :i* l5ds a my/]i\s  
*>m to all t is indef9ite &  indef9able4
 ,9 a s+ul>ly acute analysis ( ?is      
temp]am5t ,mr4  ,george ,santayana has  
trac$ "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! delight :i*
  ?is k9d ( art & poetry awak5s to :at  
he calls #8! illusion (  inf9ite        
p]fection4' ,!re is1 he says1 a loose & 
helpless /ate (  m9d to :i* we all ( u  
approximate :5 9 a /ate ( fatigue4 ,9   
?is /ate ( m9d we are n capable (       
conc5trat$ & s]i\s  att5tion to "o ?+ at
 a "t1 s we are apt to #8fl\nd] 9 !     
vague1 b at ! same "t we are full (     
ye>n+s1 ( half-?\ghts  & semi-visions1 &
 ! upw>d t5d5cy & exaltation ( our mood 
is  emphatic & ov]p[]+ 9 proportion to  
our incapacity to ?9k1  speak1 or       
imag9e4 ,! sum ( our incoh]5cies has1   
h[ev]1 an  impos+ volume & ev51 p]haps1 
a vague1 g5]al direction4 ,we feel      
ourselves lad5 ) an inf9ite burd52 & :at
 delights u mo/ &  seems to u to come   

ne>e/ to ! ideal1 is n :at embodies any 
"o  possible =m1 b t :i*1 by embody+    
none1 sugge/s _m1 &  /irs ! mass ( our  
in>ticulate imag9ation ) a p]vasive     
?rill4444 ,t inf9ite p]fection :i* _c be
 realis$1 because x  is                 
self-contradictory1 may be ?us sugge/$1 
& on acc\nt ( ?is  sugge/ion an         
indet]m9ate effect may be reg>d$ z      
high]1 m  significant1 & m beautiful ?an
 any det]m9ate "o4'#cj ,^!  rem>ks help 
u to und]/& ! positive qualities (      
,turn]'s  indet]m9ate /yle2 its p[] (   
evok+ a fallaci\s s5se (  pr(undity &   
significance1 j because ( its           
indet]m9at5ess1 its  p[] ( sugge/+ &    
/imulat+ emotion1 j because x is        
incoh]5t & v>i\sly int]pretable4    ,yet
 :5 we h press$ ^! consid]ations to _!  
extreme limit1 we  h only drawn att5tion
 to c]ta9 qualities :i* ,turn]'s lat] "w
  %>es ) t ( _m indiff]5t arti/s &      
poets1 &1 f> f  exhau/+ ! real & p]man5t
 elem5ts ( value 9 t "w1 !y  may be     
ju/ly reg>d$ z a se>*+ & pitiless       

exposure ( its  weaknesses & defects4 ,b
 we are on firm] gr\nd :5 we turn to !  
purely p]sonal qualities 9 ?is "w1 to ! 
arti/'s delicacy ( h&  & f95ess ( sight4
 ,x matt]s n :at in/rum5t ,turn] is     
work+  )1 :e!r ) ! p5cil1 ! p51 or !    
bru%1 or :e!r he is  work+ hurri$ly or  
at leisure1 ! movem5t ( 8 h& is always  
graceful & delightful4 ,8 p[]s ( sight  
also seem to me to h  be5 q extraord9>y2
 ,i d n mean t he _h m]ely ! p[] (  see+
 di/ant objects di/9ctly1 n m]e         
long-sight$ness1 ?\gh he  seems to h _h 
?is faculty 9 an abundant measure1 b a q
  unusual p[] ( discrim9at+ betwe5 m9ute
 %ades ( light &  col\r4 ,z ! born      
musician is di/+ui%$ f o!r m5 by 8      
capacity = detect+ diff]5ces ( s\nd :i* 
to o!rs seem !  same1 s ! evid5ce (     
,turn]'s "w--& all :o h attempt$ to     
copy ev5 ! slighte/ ( 8 sket*es w1 ,i am
 sure1 be> me out 9  ?is--%[s t he      
possess$ an abnormal p[] ( visual       
discrim9ation4 ,no d\bt 8 e>ly tra9+ &  
especially ! influ5ce  ( ,dayes _h      

some?+ to d ) ! developm5t ( ?is        
capacity1 b  ! capacity itself 0 l>gely 
innate4 ,9 addition to ^! two natural   
gifts1 an abnormal delicacy ( h& & eye1 
,turn] _h ! priceless  advantage ( be+  
passionately & unfalt]+ly 9 love ) 8    
art4  ,"s ( ! greate/ arti/s give me !  
impression ( lov+ _! art  less = its own
 sake ?an = ! sake ( ! cont5t :i* x     
enables  !m to express1--,rembr&t &     
,jean ,franois ,millet1 = example1 give 
me ?is impression1 & ,i d n ?9k t _!    
greatness is  imp]ill$ 9 ! lea/ by x--b 
,turn] seems to me to h lov$ 8  art1    
especially 9 8 lat] ye>s1 entirely = its
 own sake4 ,?is  /rong & deep affection 
?rew a glam\r ov] e detail ( 8 "w4      
,no?+ 0 too high or too l[ = him4 ,he   
br\ght ! same  inexhau/ible pati5ce &   
al]tness ( att5tion to ! work+ out (  a 
complicat$ problem ( p]spective z to !  
f9i%+ ( 8 mo/  ambiti\s pictures4 ,l    
,wordswor?'s #8happy w>rior' 9 ! mid/ ( 
dang]1 he _h only to take a p5cil into 8
 h& to become #8attir$  ) sudd5         

brightness1 l a ,man inspir$4' ,?is     
conc5tration1 ?is  ma/]-bias1 ?r[s a    
f]v\r & an inimitable *>m ov] :at x     
seems  almo/ ironical to speak ( z !    
me*anical execution ( 8 works4    ,x is 
difficult to def9e ! exact relation%ip (
 ,turn]'s love =  8 art1 ) 8 passionate 
& unwe>y+ /udy ( natural ph5om5a4  ,my  
own impression is t 8 love ( nature 0 at
 be/ to "s ext5t  subord9ate to 8 love (
 art2 t he lov$ nature p>tly at lea/ z  
a means to arti/ic expression1 & n      
altoge!r = itself4 ,b  h[ev] ?is may be1
 ! ext5t ( 8 k (1 & intimate  famili>ity
 )1 nature's ways c\nts = mu* 9 !       
attractions (  8 pictures4 ,! evid5ce ( 
8 ke5 ?\gh int]mitt5t /udy (  natural   
ph5om5a is writ l>ge 9 ! collection ( 8 
sket*-books4  ,! v ext5t ( 8 k1 no d\bt1
 l$ at times to a c]ta9  ov]cr[d+ ( 8   
works1 b x =ms ! secret ( 8 supple &    
ample /yle1 & ! inexhau/ible fecundity (
 8 inv5tion4    ,x is !n to ! magic ( 8 
/yle t ,turn]'s lat] works owe a  great 
deal ( _! /range p[] ( compell+ att5tion

 & extort+  a sometimes unwill+         
admiration4 ,he _h 9 a q pre-em95t      
degree  :at ,reynolds has call$ ! g5ius 
( me*anical execution4 ,& ?is  p[] is z 
rem>kable 9 8 e>li] works z 9 8 lat]4 ,b
 9 8  e>li] works ?is p[] 0 us$ to give 
def9ite embodim5t to a range  ( wor?y & 
significant ideas & emotions1 & ! %e]   
beauty (  _! cont5t is apt to div]t our 
att5tion f ! consummate skill  impli$ 9 
?is r>e/ & highe/ arti/ic a*ievem5t4 ,b 
9 !  lat] "w ! v weakness & pov]ty ( !  
cont5t has ! effect  ( keep+ our        
att5tion fix$ ^u ! sugge/iv5ess & visual
 beauty  ( ! mat]ial elem5ts (          
expression4 ,9 ! poetry ( ! ,fr5*       
,symboli/s we see a some:at simil>      
effect consci\sly aim$ at4 ,!  pov]ty ( 
?\ght is us$ z a foil to ?r[ ! greate/  
possible  emphasis on ! beauty ( s\nds &
 ! fa9t sugge/ions ( individual  words4 
,9 ?is way ! att5uation ( significance 9
 ,turn]'s lat]  works ?r[s into />tl+   
prom95ce all ! innate & intr9sic        
spl5d\rs ( ! pa9t]'s palette4    ,we    

%all h occasion to amplify & illu/rate  
^! obs]vations z  we trace ! gradual    
developm5t ( ,turn]'s lat] mann]1 ! task
 to  :i* we h n[ to address ourselves4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,i h allud$ above to :at ,i reg>d z !   
fir/ oil pa9t+ 9 :i*  ! *ange t took    
place 9 ,turn]'s arti/ic aims ab\t ! ye>
 #ahcj  0 cle>ly indicat$4 ,?is 0 !     
#8,calais ,s&s1 l[ wat]1' exhibit$  at !
 ,royal ,academy 9 ,may1 #ahcj4 ,b be=e 
pa9t+ ?is picture  ,turn] _h be5        
exp]im5t+ 9 8 new mann] 9 a s]ies (     
wat]-col\r sket*es4 ,^! sket*es 7 made  
at ,petwor?1 :]e  ,turn] w5t to /ay = a 
few weeks ) ,"l ,egremont1 probably 9   
#ahbi1 aft] 8 return f 8 second j\rney  
to ,italy4    ,! two oil pa9t+s (       
,petwor? ,p>k1 /ill 9 ! ,petwor?        
collection1 z well z ! brilliant unf9i%$
 sket* ( #8,petwor?  ,p>k' 9 ! ,national
 ,gall]y 7,no4 #eei71 7 probably pa9t$ 9
 !  h\se dur+ ?is visit2 at any rate1 ! 
sket*es 9 wat]-col\r ^u  :i* ^! canvases
 7 bas$ 7 made at ?is "t4 ,b :5 ,turn]  

0 n busy at 8 easel or sket*+ 9 ! p>k & 
neighb\rhood1 he  seems to h felt ! "t  
hang heavily on 8 h&s1 s1 to save       
himself f ! ennui ( small-talk &        
idl5ess1 he began mak+  col\r sket*es1  
fir/ ( ! v>i\s rooms1 !n ( ! furniture &
  bric--brac1 & f9ally ( ! p /ay+ 9 !   
h\se4 ,^!  sket*es1 :i* numb] ab\t a    
hundr$1 indicate cle>ly a di/9ct  *ange 
9 ,turn]'s outlook ^u nature4 ,up to ?is
 "t he _h  inv>iably employ$ =m z !     
basis ( 8 "w4 ,9 ^! /udies we  see him  
turn+ 8 att5tion directly to col\r z !  
*ief elem5t    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate    
,,lxxv    ,,honfleur    ,,body ,,col\r  
,,on ,,blue4 ,,ab\t #ahcj               
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxvi           
,,c\ntry ,,t[n ,,on ,,/ream    ,,body   
,,col\r ,,on ,,blue4 ,,ab\t #ahcj    (  
repres5tation4 ,! diff]5ce is no d\bt   
l>gely a matt] (  degree1 = bo? elem5ts 
are indisp5sable4 ,yet we h only to     
comp>e1 say1 a draw+ l t ( #8,ro*e/]1' 9
 ! ,riv]s (  ,engl& s]ies1 ) any "o ( ! 
,riv]s ( ,france subjects to see  t !   

*ange ( emphasis1 ^u col\r in/ead ( =m1 
0 fraught  ) important te*nical results4
 ,f a psy*ological po9t ( view !  *ange 
is also significant4 ,x %[s t ,turn] 0  
dissatisfi$ )  ! language ( =m1 :i* _h  
s]v$ him s well all 8 life2 !  vague    
unre/ & conflict+ emotions :i* n[ surg$ 
9 8 bosom  dem&$ a less /atic1 a m flu5t
 & elusive m$ium ( expression4    ,let u
 exam9e "o ( ^! ,petwor? subjects1 a    
sket* ( p  #8,wait+ = ,d9n]4' ,! sc5e   
takes place 9 a l>ge draw+-room4 ,!     
fireplace comes 9 ! c5tre ( ! design1 & 
be=e x a corpul5t  & dignifi$ figure 9  
ev5+ dress /&s fac+ u4 ,on ei!r side    
!re are gr\ps ( figures1 also 9 ev5+    
dress1 ! :ite ( !  ladies' musl9 frocks 
reliev$ ) ! yell[ & black ( an effulg5t 
matron & ! black suits & sc>let uni=ms (
 ! m54 ,exam9$ 9  detail1 ! draw+ ( !   
figures is *ildi%1 b view$ at a prop]   
di/ance1 s t ! eye c range freely ov] x 
all )\t br++  any "o po9t into %>p      
focus1 ! effect is extraord9>y4 ,x is l 
cat*+ a glimpse ( ! actual sc5e4 ,! :ole

 goes toge!r1 !  room is fill$ )        
atmosph]e1 ! %>p /accato t\*es spr9kl$  
) su* amaz+ cunn+ among ! float+ wrea?s 
( col\r give  exactly t s5se ( relief   
:i* ! eye exp]i5ces z x w&]s  ov] an    
actual sc5e1--! s5se ( angles & %>p     
po9ts (  resi/ance :i* arti/s speak ( z 
! #8lo/ & f\nd' ( nature4 ,!  v         
slightness ( ! execution ( ! draw+ & !  
reckless  c>elessness ( ! h&l+ add to ! 
feel+ ( imm$iate contact  ) reality1 = !
 lack ( def9ition is indissolubly       
associat$ 9  our m9ds ) ! exp]i5ce (    
movem5t & *ange1 & ! figures  ^: precise
 =ms elude u seem only to be mov+ be=e  
our eyes4 ,yet  ?is effect w\ld c]ta9ly 
n be produc$ 7 x n = !  wond]ful        
accuracy & subtlety ) :i* ! relative    
values ( !  masses ( tone h be5         
obs]v$1--! relation1 = in/ance1 betwe5  
! exact %ade ( grey ( ! %irt-front ( !  
noble "l ) 8  back to ! fire & ! exact  
t9t ( ! firelight itself se5 ?r\gh  8   
legs1 or1 9 %ort1 betwe5 e t\* ( col\r &
 ! :ole  :i* !y con/itute4    ,yet :5 we

 comp>e ?is draw+ ) any ( ! m           
elaborately work$  ones1 we _c b realise
 ! enorm\s importance ( slightness (    
def9ition z a means ( expression4 ,9 !  
#8,sp9net ,play]1' =  example1 we f9d ! 
same skill 9 ! obs]vation & r5d]+ (     
tones z 9 #8,wait+ = ,d9n]1' & ! same   
extraord9>y sci5ce (  col\r decl5sion2  
yet ! effect x produces is "o ( /atic   
unreality4    ,9 ?is draw+ a lady dress$
 9 blue is seat$ 9 ! =egr\nd at a       
sp9net2 on ! left1 !re is ano!r lady 9  
:ite on a c\*1 & on  ! "r1 9 ! middle   
di/ance1 a gr\p ( figures are seat$ r\nd
 a  table app>5tly play+ c>ds1 :ile a   
figure 9 a light-col\r$ dress  /&s beh9d
 ! *air ( "o ( ! play]s4 ,! objects on !
 wall  ( ! room1 ! ne> furniture &      
figures are all consid]ably m  def9$ ?an
 any ( ! objects 9 #8,wait+ = ,d9n]1' b 
!  def9ition ( ^! p>ts sets up a /&>d   
:i* condemns ! draw+  z a :ole4 ,we feel
 disappo9t$1 aft] gett+ s mu* def9ition1
 t  we d n get m4 ,! middle-di/ance     
figures are s well drawn1 or  r are s   

vivaci\sly obs]v$ & full (              
individuality1 t we  _c help compla9+ t 
! =egr\nd lady's neck & %\ld]s  are     
impossible1 & t ! lady on ! c\* is s mu*
 l a wood5  doll4 ,^! obs]vations sugge/
 t ea* draw+ sets up its own  /&>d (    
def9ition4 ,! comp>ative failure ( su* a
 draw+ c\ld  n b help to impress on     
,turn] ! imm5se value = 8 purposes (  a 
wise & consi/5t vagu5ess ( /atem5t4     
,9 ! vignettes made to illu/rate ! works
 ( ,rog]s1 ,scott1 ,byron  & ,campbell  
we see ! lesson ( ! ,petwor? exp]im5ts  
driv5 home4  ,?\gh ^! draw+s 7 made     
expressly ) ! object ( be+  engrav$ 9   
black & :ite1 !y are conceiv$ entirely  
^u a col\r  basis1 :ile _! lack (       
def9ition mu/ h made q unw>rantable     
dem&s ^u ! skill & res\rces ( !         
engrav]s4 ,b x is evid5t  t ,turn] _h n[
 firmly grasp$ ! fact t ! glam\r &      
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxvii    ,,%eep
 ,,9 ,,! ,,tr5*    ,,body ,,col\r ,,on  
,,blue4 ,,ab\t #ahcj    ,illu/ration3   
,,plate ,,lxxviii    ,,%ipp+ ,,on ,,!   

,,riva ,,degli ,,s*iavoni4 ,,v5ice      
,,wat] ,,col\r4 ,,ab\t #ahci            
intoxication ( col\r _h become ! dom9ant
 & ess5tial factor 9  8 art1 & t !      
vagu5ess ( 8 ideas c\ld only be         
adequately  express$ by allusion &      
sugge/ion4 ,^! vignettes & ! engrav+s   
made f !m v>y widely 9 value4 ,"o or two
 ( !m are wor?y (  ! arti/1 = example ! 
#8,datur hora quieti1' #8,! ,alps at    
,daybreak'  & ! #8,melrose1' b = ! mo/  
"p !y owe ! v great popul>  success !y h
 enjoy$ to ! skill ) :i* ! arti/ has    
ent]$  into ! _s ( ! second-& ?ird-rate 
poetry he 0 call$ ^u  to illu/rate1 & to
 ! admirable way 9 :i* 8 sugge/ions 7   
engrav$4    ,! designs = ! ,riv]s (     
,france are conceiv$ 9 a some:at  simil>
 /ra9 ( lyrical ab&onm5t to ! s5su\s *>m
 ( col\r4  ,translat$ into m]e black &  
:ite !y leave u b half conv9c$4  ,x is r
 l a prose translation into a =eign     
language ( !  poetry ( ,victor ,hugo1   
,sw9burne or ,%elley4 ,to feel _! full  
effect  we mu/ turn to ! orig9al        

wat]-col\rs1 ) all _! ravi%+            
intoxication ( col\r4 ,x is z ?\gh our  
reason mu/ ne$s be lull$  asleep by !   
dom9ant flood ( purely s5su\s delight1  
be=e we c  feel ab\t ^! draw+s z ! arti/
 w\ld h u feel4    ,we h se51 9 ! case (
 ! #8,/am=d' design 9 ! ,engl& &  ,wales
 s]ies1 t ,turn]'s int]e/ 9 a place 0   
specifically  diff]5t f t ( a resid5t or
 an hi/orian4 ,he c>es little or  no?+ =
 local facts1 m]ely z facts2 8 ma9      
conc]n is to skim  (f f ! surface (     
obs]vation a few tell+ po9ts1 a few     
heads (  disc\rse z we might call !m1   
:i* s]ve z a po9t ( dep>ture to  8 own  
abundant pictorial improvisation4 ,!    
result may be m or less  l ! locality   
:i* furni%es ! title ( ! draw+1 b x is  
nev] 9 any /rict s5se ( ! ^w an accurate
 repres5tation ( !  place4 ,yet ! gulf t
 yawns betwe5 local fact & ,turn]'s     
lyrical  inspiration is nev] ( q ! same 
"* 9 ! ,engli% draw+s  z 9 ! ,fr5*4 ,9  
bo? ! gulf is wide1 b 9 ! ,engli%       
subjects  ! arti/'s intimate k ( ! g5]al

 *>act]i/ics ( !  sc5]y gives su* an air
 ( plausibility to 8 improvisations t "o
  might be tempt$ to expla9 8 poetical  
lic5ces z ! result ( an  ard5t /riv+    
aft] g5]al & specific tru?4#ca ,) !     
,fr5*  draw+s x is impossible to make   
su* a mi/ake4 ,turn] 0 n at all         
intimate ) ,fr5* sc5]y4 ,he got up !    
subject 9 a mo/  p]functory mann] 9 a   
few %ort & hurri$ t\rs4 ,he m]ely paid a
  fly+ visit to ! *ief places m5tion$ 9 
8 guide-book &1  in/ead ( /udy+ :at he  
saw ) a mod]ate degree ( att5tion1 0  q 
satisfi$ to look = m]e h9ts ( ,turn]ian 
phantasies2 he did  n want facts1 b     
sugge/ions = pictorial inv5tions4 ,s t 9
  spite ( 8 volum9\s note-tak+ we f9d   
sc>cely an accurate detail  9 ! :ole ( !
 sixty engrav+s4 ,! tw9 t[]s (          
,tanc>ville  ,ca/le are c]ta9ly ! result
 ( a misund]/&+ ( ! hurri$  sket* made  
on ! spot1 & ,i h no d\bt t ! #8errors' 
&  #8inaccuracies' s rel5tlessly f]ret$ 
out by ,mr4 ,ham]ton1 9 !               
repres5tations ( ! ,ca/le ( ,amboise1 ! 

t[]s ( ,notre ,dame &  ,/4 ,jacques de  
la ,b\*]ie1 ! old ,htel de ,ville & !   
,pump1 7  caus$ 9 ! same way4 ,f ! po9t 
( view ( ! topograph] !re  c be no d\bt 
t ,ham]ton's /atem5t#cb t ! engrav+s (  
?is s]ies conta9 only #8a sort ( muddl$ 
rem9isc5ce' ( ! objects  & places ,turn]
 _h se5 is 9 ! ma9 correct4    ,! object
 ( ^! rem>ks is f> f t ( sugge/+ t !    
pres5ce ( #8errors' & #8inaccuracies' ( 
?is k9d int]f]es 9 any  way ) ! purely  
arti/ic value ( ^! draw+s4 ,x is r to   
emphasise ! fact t x is only :5 we judge
 !m f a totally  irrelevant po9t ( view1
 t we c beg9 to talk ( errors &         
inaccuracies4 ,rightly und]/ood ^!      
s-call$ errors & inaccuracies  are n    
only ! ju/ifiable lic5ces ( ! arti/1 b !
 absolutely  inevitable & prop] & solely
 "r means ( expression :i* !  arti/ _h  
at 8 disposal4 ,8 aim is to produce a   
/ate (  consci\sness 9 :i* feel+ looms  
l>ge1 & ?\ght-det]m9ation is  r$uc$     
almo/ to ! vani%+ po9t4 ,"o might say1  
)\t  exagg]ation or unfairness1 t m5tal 

confusion =m$ an important  "p ( 8      
arti/ic aim4 ,he _h !n to repres5t !    
objects he  depict$ n z !y appe> to a   
cool1 level-head$1 & accurate  obs]v]1 b
 z !y appe> to a highly s5sitive subject
 9 a /ate (  morbid excitem5t4    ,if we
 look at ,turn]'s ,fr5* draw+s f ?is    
po9t ( view1 we  _c b admit t !y are    
almo/ all highly successful4 ,!y are    
/amp$ ) ! impress ( ! g5u9ely romantic  
f]v\r1 ! lyrical  movem5t ( unbridl$    
feel+4 ,9 !m ! joy ( arti/ic creation   
has  become triumphant1 almo/ insol5t4  
,!y are deep draughts ( arti/ic         
intoxication1 exultant ) ! ru% ( man's  
undy+ passion =  pleasure1 & ( !        
resi/less en]gy t m\lds ! _w ( matt]    
into =ms m h>moni\s ) our own di/9ctly  
human crav+s &  aspirations2 ,*ateaux   
,gaill>ds or #8,saucy ,ca/les' ( !      
imag9ation  "o might almo/ call !m4     
,x 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,turn]--,i might almo/
 say x 0 a necessity  ( 8 position z a  
l&scape pa9t]--t he felt compell$ to    
se>*  f> & wide = mat]ial out ( :i* to  

sp9 8 web ( visible  phantasy4 ,! ne$ ( 
novel %apes1 gl[+ col\rs1 /rik+ &       
elaborate comb9ations 0 con/antly felt4 
,! riv]s ,meuse1 ,moselle  & ,rh9e 7    
dilig5tly & repeat$ly explor$4 ,!       
,ea/--= 8  ,bible illu/rations--he 0    
cont5t to take at second-h&1 ?r\gh !    
m$ium ( o!r m5's sket*es1 b he sail$ d[n
 ! ,danube1 z f> z  ,vi5na 7or          
,buda-,pe/h p]haps871 ransack$ ,g]many1 
,italy1 ,switz]l&1  ,france1 ,holl& &   
,belgium & "p ( ,au/ria4 ,b z ! ye>s    
mov$  on1 8 m5tal grip ( ! real _w      
became always loos]4 ,8 m9d  play$ only 
) ! fugitive %ades on ! surface (       
appe>ances2 b  n ) ! ela/icity1 ! free  
dis9t]e/$ness ( y\? & ( !  "y-he>t$4 ,! 
pr(essional bias became ev] m pron\nc$1 
!  po9t ( view ev] m ab/ract & "o-sid$4 
,"o ( 8 ri*e/ m9es ( pictorial imag]y 0 
,v5ice2 n s mu*  ! actual city ( !      
,adriatic1 z ! fragm5t>y ideas ( an     
ideal  ,v5ice z !y float$ 9 ! imag9ation
 ( ! ord9>y  ,engli%man1--! unconsci\s  
cry/allisation ( ! desires ( !  av]age  

middle-class t\ri/ = ,s\!rn w>m?1       
fre$om1 col\r1  v>iety1 & bodily        
pleasure4 ,) all ! uncanny c]ta9ty (    
g5ius  he ga!r$ up ! ?reads ( ^!        
incoh]5t & fugitive desires &  fix$ !m 9
 ! =ms ( immortality4    ,let u look    
c>efully at ! two ,v5etian sket*es "h   
reproduc$4 ,9  #8,%ipp+ on ! ,riva degli
 ,s*iavone' 7,no4 #ee1 ,n4,g47 we see ! 
,campanile & ,ducal ,palace on ! "r1 a  
blaze ( w>m1 palpitat+  light4 ,9 !     
c5tre !re is a /ret* ( limpid gre5 wat]1
 ) a  tangle ( boats on x lead+ ! eye to
 ! opalesc5t ,madonna della  ,salute 9 !
 extreme di/ance4 ,!re is a second>y    
gr\p ( %ipp+  on ! left1 among ^: ma/s !
 t[] ( ,san ,giorgio ,maggiore c be     
se54 ,no words c describe ! int5se blaze
 ( light1 ! brilliance  ( ! col\rs & _! 
p]fect h>mony4 ,! execution is          
brea?lessly  hurri$ & seem+ly reckless1 
yet always p]fectly "u control2 !       
arti/'s h& is s audaci\sly swift because
 ! full value ( 8  col\rs c only be got 
9 ?is way4 ,human skill c g no fur!r 9  

?is direction1 & no reproduction c d    
any?+ l ju/ice to !  wond]ful orig9al4  
,we f9d ! same qualities 9 #8,! ,approa*
 to ,v5ice3 ,sunset' 7#ea1  ,n4,g471 &  
#8,riva degli ,s*iavone1 f ne> ! ,public
 ,g>d5s' 7#ef1  ,n4,g474    ,9 all ^!   
draw+s ,turn] seems to be play+ ) 8     
mat]ial  m$ium1 fondl+ & c>ess+ 8 col\rs
 & ! intr9sic beauties (  wat]-col\r4   
,yet x is n m]e col\r z col\r t he gives
 u1 n  ! *eap & arbitr>y & me*anical    
spl5d\r ( m]ely decorative  art4 ,!     
col\r is delicate & subtle1 full (      
surprises1 & z v>i$  z nature h]self2 x 
is controll$ & m>%all$ by ! au?ority (  
! tone s*eme2 x is nature grasp$ by     
human intellig5ce1 & made  ob$i5t to its
 organis+ p[]4 ,& a l>ge "p ( !         
attractiv5ess  ( ^! draw+s is due to !  
ease & grace ) :i* ! reign (  purpose & 
intellig5ce is ma9ta9$4    ,aft] all x  
is ! m>vell\s te*nical skill :i* !y     
display :i*  is ! ess5ce ( ! *>m ( ^!   
works4 ,! subject-matt] c\nts  = less   
?an ! execution1 ! objects portray$ are 

less eloqu5t  ?an ! s5se ( fre$om1 ma/]y
 & real happ9ess evid5t 9 !  arti/'s "w4
 ,he want$ no?+ beyond ?is2 ! "w to him 
0 n a  symbol ( some?+ high]1--x did n  
po9t beyond itself4 ,x 0 at  once means 
& end1 process & fulfilm5t1 "w & rew>d1 
! toil (  life & its consummat$ bliss4  
,! intr9sic pov]ty ( ! subject-matt] no 
d\bt s]ves to    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate  
,,lxxix    ,,approa* ,,to ,,v5ice3      
,,sunset    ,,wat] ,,col\r4 ,,ab\t #ahci
    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxx        
,,riva ,,degli ,,s*iavoni1 ,,f ,,ne> ,,!
 ,,public ,,g>d5s    ,,wat] ,,col\r4    
,,ab\t #ahci    int5sify :at ,i may call
 ! mat]ial beauty ( ! workman%ip4 ,yet  
we  mu/ bew>e ( rank+ ?is subject-matt] 
too l[4 ,x is n m]e  s5su\s feel+1 x is 
n entirely devoid ( ! elem5t ( ?\ght4   
,! consci\s action ( ?\ght is probably  
entirely abs5t4 ,! sc5es  float be=e u 9
 all ! b>5ess ( imm$iate s5sation4 ,!y  
give u  no?+ m ?an a mom5t ( imm$iate   
exp]i5ce caught1 z x 71  on ! w+1 & p9n$
 d[n all quiv]+ ) life4 ,b ! mom5t>y    

exp]i5ce is t ( a man ^: visual         
s5sations h be5 organis$  by a life-"t (
 /r5u\s intellectual control4 ,! bra9 & 
!  s5ses are b ! organs ( "o function4  
,!re is n a s+le  def9ite ?\ght pres5t1 
! arti/ has sunk himself 9 ! fl[ ( !    
m]ely animal life1 yet 8 nak$ s5ti5ce is
 condition$ ?r\gh &  ?r\gh & *>act]is$  
by ! p]vasive activity ( ! m9d4    ,to  
transfix a fleet+ mom5t ( imm$iate liv+ 
exp]i5ce is a v  diff]5t ?+ f !         
delib]ate analysis ( ! process (        
p]ception & ! wilful ab/raction ( "o (  
its elem5ts4 ,9 o!r  words1 ?is "w (    
,turn] is ess5tially diff]5t 9 k9d f !  
"w ( ! mod]n ,impressioni/s4 ,!         
,impressioni/ adopts ! me?ods  ( sci5ce4
 ,he op]ates on 8 p]ceptions1 & cuts    
away ?is elem5t  & t1 & 9 ! end pres5ts 
y ) a dead & pott$  psy*ological        
ab/raction1 a diagram ( ! #8pure' visual
 s5sation1  :i* delights u ) its +5uity 
& neatness1 b :i* no "o  w\ld take = a  
fragm5t ( ! liv+ fl[ ( ?\ght & emotion  
:i* all concrete exp]i5ce is4           

,impressionism is cold & he>tless2  x is
 m]ely intellectual & ratioc9ative1 &   
!re=e ess5tially  in>ti/ic4 ,b ! s-call$
 impressioni/ic "w ( ,turn]1 9 spite  ( 
its o!r defects & %ortcom+s1 rema9s ev] 
9 ! flood (  concrete liv+ exp]i5ce4 ,x 
is nev] ab/ract2 x nev] loses its       
emotional contagion1 ?\gh its emotional 
sugge/iv5ess is some:at  vague &        
indef9ite4 ,its p[] ( evok+ emotion is v
 /rongly  pron\nc$1 b ! emotions x calls
 up are sadly lack+ 9  def9ition1 & seem
 to lie v mu* at ! m]cy ( *ance         
associations4    ,! cause ( ?is vagu5ess
 & empt9ess is no d\bt closely connect$ 
) ,turn]'s triumphant grasp ( ! fleet+  
mom5t>y exp]i5ce4  ,8 "w is almo/1 ?\gh 
n q1 z empty & indet]m9ate z an  isolat$
 fragm5t ( imm$iate s5sation4 ,a s+le   
/eady look by a cool  obs]v] w\ld grasp 
m ( ! "* ( a giv5 sc5e ?an we f9d  9 ^! 
sket*es4 ,b ! "t occupi$ 9 a /eady look 
at a sc5e is  too long = ,turn]2 ?\gh ! 
look %\ld la/ b half a m9ute !  m9d has 
"t to grasp & organise ! s5su\s data4   

,turn]'s object  is to cat* ^! data (   
s5se 9 _! lea/ organis$ condition4 ,to  
d ?is1 he mu/ r$uce ! "t ( contact      
betwe5 ! sc5e & 8  s5ses to its %orte/  
possible ext5t4 ,"s ( ! lat]            
,impressioni/s  h f\nd t m]ely to op5 & 
%ut ! eyes gives _! s5ses &  intellig5ce
 too long an exposure2 !y h !re=e devis$
 a  me*anical in/rum5t :i* !y hold 9    
front ( _! eyes1 & :i*  op]ates v mu* l 
a %utt] us$ = tak+ in/antane\s          
photographs4 ,9 ?is way !y obta9 a      
glimpse ( a sc5e ( %ort]  duration ?an !
 mo/ rapid op5+ & %utt+ ( ! eyes c give4
  ,we h no reason = suspect+ t ,turn] _h
 rec\rse to any su*  me*anical aids1 b  
he a*iev$ simil> results4 ,he gives u ! 
mom5t>y b$azzlem5t ( ! sunlight1 &1 )9  
?is impression1 a  confus$ & fragm5t>y  
p]ception ( objects4 ,! objects se5 are 
h>dly recognisable1 _! attributes are   
r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & !  blur ( liv+     
emotion :i* =ms "p ( su* rudim5t>y      
p]ception  is r$uc$ to its l[e/ t]ms4 ,!
 control su* sket*es ex]cise ov]  !     

?\ghts & feel+s ( ! spectator is !re=e  
small &  possesses v little             
individuality4    ,b ev5 ,v5ice soon    
pall$ ^u ,turn]'s imag9ation4 ,he seem$ 
desir\s ( gett+ away z f> z possible f !
 di/urb+  influ5ces ( human association4
 ,only among ! lonely valleys &  m\nta9 
tops ( ,switz]l& c\ld 8 p]turb$ & we>i$ 
_s f9d  some?+ l ! peace he s\ght s     
fev]i%ly4 ,ev5 "h he %rank  f ! common  
light ( ord9>y day4 ,he lov$ ! solemn   
/illness (  night1 & w\ld wait to       
surprise ! fir/ rosy hues ( dawn ^u     
,m\nt  ,pilatus or ! ,rigi4 ,8 sympa?ies
 are all ) ! sil5t & prim>y  ?+s (      
nature4    ,x is z ?\gh he 7 seek+ to   
/rip himself ( ! attributes             
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxi           
,,freiburg3 ,,! ,,desc5t ,,f ,,! ,,hotel
 ,,de ,,ville    ,,wat] ,,col\r4 ,,ab\t 
#ahda    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxii 
,,ru9$ ,,ca/le ,,on ,,rock    ,,wat]    
,,col\r4 ,,ab\t #ahda    ( humanity1 to 
s9k into ! unconsci\s vegetative life ( 
nature4  ,ev5 :5 r\s$ to activity 8 m9d 

seems curi\sly dehumanis$4 ,:5  he draws
 = u ! t[]s & *ur*es ( a place l        
,freiburg we seem  to be look+ at ! "w (
 a disembodi$ _s4 ,! city is dive/$  (  
all its human associations4 ,8 eye seems
 n[ to classify & arrange  :at x sees 9 
t]ms ( space & motion1 mu* z we %\ld    
imag9e an  eagle to look d[n ^u ! welt] 
& turmoil ( our lives4 ,i get !  same   
impression f ! #8,village & ,ca/le on ! 
,rh9e' 7#hb1 ,n4,g471  & #8,! ,via      
,mala' 7#gc1 ,n4,g474    ,9 all ?is1 9  
?is gradual impov]i%m5t ( m9d & feel+1 x
 is  difficult to discov] any?+ m ?an ! 
sil5t & inevitable  ravages ( old age4  
,b x is n _! pov]ty ( cont5t t makes  ^!
 lat] draw+s ( ,turn] s rem>kable4 ,x is
 ! virile &  glori\s arti/ic skill :i*  
only flames ! bright] amid ! decay (    
all ,turn]'s o!r faculties4 ,! man 0    
dead be=e ! incomp>able  ma/] ( tone &  
col\r 0 exhau/$4 ,x is ?is curi\s       
comb9ation  ( an unexhau/$ special      
aptitude ) a moribund m5tality t gives  
?is lat] "w ( ,turn] its uniqu5ess1 its 

lurid & uncanny  fasc9ation4 ,9 ! :ole  
hi/ory ( pictorial art we h nev] _h     
be=e q ! same display ( s5ile apa?y     
gild$ & transfigur$  by ! dy+ %afts ( an
 incomm5surable natural capacity4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,by ! "t ,turn] 0 sev5ty ye>s ( age 8   
bodily infirmities  prev5t$ him f visit+
 ,switz]l&4 ,= a ye> or two we f9d him  
haunt+ ! coa/ ( ,norm&y1 ab\t ,dieppe1  
,eu & ,ambleteuse4 ,!n he  is unable to 
cross ! ,*annel4 ,= a %ort season he    
flits ab\t ,sussex  & ,k5t--at          
,folke/one1 ,m>gate1 ,deal1 & ,s&wi*--& 
!n !re is  sil5ce4          ,,*apt] ,,ix
    ,,conclusion         ,! di/9ction   
betwe5 ,art ,criticism & ,ae/hetic--,!  
aim (       ?is *apt]--,art & physical  
fact--,! #8common-s5se' conception      
( l&scape art z evid5ce ( fact--,!      
relation ( ,art &       ,nature--,mr4   
,rusk9's treatm5t ( ?is subject--,he    
di/+ui%es       7a7 physical fact & 7b7 
! arti/'s ?\ghts & feel+s ab\t       ^! 
facts1 yet ma9ta9s t ! repres5tation (  

7a7 is       equival5t to ! expression (
 7b7--,8 confusion ( ,nature &          
,m9d exemplifi$ 9 8 rem>ks on ! #8,pass 
( ,fad'--,art z !       organ ( ,beauty 
implies t ! dualism ( ,nature & ,m9d is 
transc5d$--,nature is nei!r giv5 nor    
imm$iate--,art !re=e       _c copy      
nature--,:at does art repres5t8--,an    
individualis$       psy*ical cont5t     
pres5t to ! m9d ( !                     
arti/--,classification       ( ,turn]'s 
sket*es & /udies f ! po9t ( view ( _!   
logical cont5t--,! diff]5ce betwe5 7#a7 
,/udies ( p>ticul>       objects1 7#b7  
,draw+s f nature1 & 7#c7 ,works ( art   
prop]--,!       logical ref]5ce ( a "w (
 art--,! ass]tions 9 a "w ( art       d 
n directly qualify ! ord9>y _w (        
reality1 b an       imag9>y _w specially
 con/ruct$ = ! arti/'s purpose--,!      
ideal ( complete def9ition--,yet !      
cont5t mu/ det]m9e !       =m--,plea = a
 dynamic or physiological /udy ( arti/ic
 =ms4      ,we h be5 engag$ ?us f> ^u a 
g5u9ely inductive inve/igation1  ^u a   

voyage ( discov]y1 & n ^u a dogmatic    
exposition (  ultimate ae/hetic         
pr9ciples4 ,our g5]al aim has be5 to    
/udy !  processes ( arti/ic expression1 
b to /udy !m z we f9d !m 9  def9ite     
concrete in/ances4 ,moreov]1 ! nature ( 
our subject-matt]  r5d]$ x necess>y to  
keep fai?ful to ! po9t ( view ( art     
criticism4 ,we 7 deal+ ) p>ticul> works 
( art1 & to leave  !m :ile we plung$    
into g5]al que/ions ( ae/hetic w\ld     
h>dly  h be5 polite4 ,b1 z ,i h v5tur$  
to obs]ve be=e1 ?\gh art  criticism &   
g5]al ae/hetic c be di/+ui%$ !y _c be   
rigidly sep>at$4 ,ae/hetic )\t close    
conv]sance ) !  concrete subject-matt] (
 art criticism is necess>ily loose &    
empty1  :ile art criticism )\t a firm   
grasp ( ! broad pr9ciples (  beauty     
easily deg5]ates into casui/ry or a     
useless & r  despicable =m (            
self-ass]tion4 ,& h[ev] mu* we try to   
keep  que/ions ( pr9ciple ap>t f our    
e/imation & /udy ( p>ticul>  works (    
art1 we are b\nd inevitably to fail4 ,we

 c beg9 z x 7  at ei!r end ( ! scale1 we
 c busy ourselves ) ! "o or )  ! _m1 b  
be=e we h gone v f> we are b\nd to      
realise t  we are conc]n$ ) exactly !   
same problems4 ,! di/9ction ( art       
criticism f ae/hetic is m]ely "o (      
conv5i5ce & degree4    ,9 all t has gone
 be=e we h be5 conc]n$ ) ! fundam5tal   
problems ( ae/hetic1 ?\gh we h n treat$ 
!m directly4 ,9 all  t we h writt5 a m  
or less def9ite & consi/5t answ] to  ^! 
problems has be5 impli$4 ,9 ?is f9al    
*apt]1 !re=e1 ,i  propose to draw out z 
well z ,i c "s ( ! m g5]al results (    
our obs]vations & analyses1 or r to     
endeav\r to /ate 9 a m  g5]al =m ! laws 
( arti/ic expression & action :i* we h  
discov]$4 ,! ultimate aim ( art         
criticism1 z ,i und]/& x1 is to  grasp &
 r5d] intelligible ! :ole region (      
arti/ic activity1 &  ,i _c b ?9k t x w  
facilitate our grasp ( ! wid] laws  (   
arti/ic ph5om5a1 z well z help to       
consolidate or disprove !  results ( our
 detail$ obs]vations1 if ,i make an     

attempt to r5d]  explicit :at has only  
be5 impli$ 9 our rem>ks ^u p>ticul>     
concrete in/ances4    ,i w beg9 by call+
 att5tion to a fact t has be5 repeat$ly 
=c$ ^u our notice4 ,?\gh our att5tion   
has be5 ma9ly fix$ ^u  ,turn]'s /udies &
 sket*es f nature1 we h nev] come into  
direct contact ) ! pla9 physical reality
 :i*1 accord+ to !  inv>iable usage (   
common-s5se1 x is ! mission ( art to    
repres5t4  ,common-s5se tells u t !     
#8subject' ( e l&scape pa9t+ is  a gr\p 
( physical realities--! fields1 riv]s1  
m\nta9s1 trees1  h\ses1 etc41 9 su* &   
su* a place1 toge!r ) _! inv>iable      
physical accompanim5ts1 ! air & any     
p>ticul> effect ( light &  wea!r t !    
arti/ may *oose to select4 ,our analysis
 has  inv>iably %[n u t ! slighte/      
sket*--mu* m !n a fully  organis$ "w (  
art6--is some?+ m ?an & some?+ radically
  diff]5t f a m]e repres5tation ( su*   
physical con/itu5ts4 ,!  physical       
objects are inde$ portray$1 b :5 we h   
recognis$ ?is  t\* ( col\r or t %ape z !

 repres5tation ( ?is or t  natural fact1
 we h n exhau/$ ! mean+ ( ! arti/'s "w4 
,?is recognition is no?+ m ?an :at ,i   
may call ! pla9  diction>y mean+ ( !    
words ! arti/ has *os5 to employ4 ,x is 
n till we h gone on to grasp ! special  
significance ( ! ord]  9 :i* ^! elem5ts 
h be5 gr\p$1 t we really beg9 to come   
into contact ) ! "w ( art itself4 ,z we 
_c int]pret !  mean+ ( ! simple/ s5t5ce 
unless we give due weight to its        
grammatical con/ruction1 s ) a picture  
we mu/ take into  consid]ation :at ,i c 
only call ! grammatical con/ruction &   
di/9ctions prop] to pictorial           
expression4 ,:5 we p5etrate 9 ?is  way  
to ! real significance ( any ( ,turn]'s 
works we f9d we h  be5 br\ght into      
contact ) ! arti/'s ?\ghts & emotions4  
,we  />t1 z x 71 ) trees & rocks &      
physical details1 :i*1 z  su*1 are      
indep5d5t ( man & indiff]5t if n        
actually ho/ile to  human hopes & fe>s1 
joys & sorr[s2 & we end by f9d+ t our   
s-call$ physical facts are b elem5ts 9 a

 def9itely organis$  :ole ( ?\ght &     
feel+4 ,we seem to />t ) natural facts1 
&  !y *ange "u our h&s into ! symbols ( 
m]e ideas & emotions4    ,our :ole      
conception ( ! scope & possibilities (  
art turns ^u  ! view we take ( ! arti/'s
 means ( expression4 ,are we to reg>d   
pictorial art z a m$ium = imag+ &       
record+ ! visible facts (  ! physical   
_w1 or z symbols ( /ates ( consci\sness8
 ,& if we  take ! latt] view1 :at is !  
exact relation ( ^! symbols to !        
visible _w1 to ! _w ( common p]ception8 
,s f> z ,i "k1 only "o ,engli% art      
critic has attempt$ any?+  l an adequate
 discussion ( ^! que/ions4 ,x w help u1 
,i  ?9k1 if we glance = a mom5t at ,mr4 
,rusk9's treatm5t ( ^!  subjects4 ,9 !  
fir/ volume ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s we are told
 t !  two great ends ( l&scape pa9t+ are
 7#a7 to induce 9 !  spectator's m9d !  
fai?ful conception ( any natural object 
:atsoev]1 & 7#b7 to in=m him ( ! ?\ghts 
& feel+s )  :i* ^!' 7i4e4 ! natural     
objects7 #87 reg>d$ by ! arti/  himself 

7,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,sec4 #a1   
,*4 i4 p4 #dd74    ,9 atta9+ ! fir/ end1
 ,mr4 ,rusk9 adds1 #8! pa9t] only places
  ! spectator :]e he /&s himself2 he    
sets him be=e ! l&scape  & leaves       
him4444 ,b he ! spectator has no?+ (    
?\ght giv5  to him1 no new ideas1 no    
unkn[n feel+s1 =c$ on 8 att5tion or  8  
he>t4'    #8,b 9 atta9+ ! second end1 ! 
arti/ n only places !  spectator1       
b--makes him a %>] 9 8 own /rong feel+s 
& quick  ?\ghts2--& leaves him 444      
ennobl$ & in/ruct$1 "u ! s5se  ( hav+ n 
only beheld a new sc5e1 b ( hav+ held   
communion )  a new m9d1 & hav+ be5 end[$
 = a "t ) ! ke5 p]ception  & ! impetu\s 
emotions ( a nobl] & m p5etrat+         
intellig5ce4'    ,x may seem at fir/    
sight t ,mr4 ,rusk9 is simply di/+ui%+  
two  k9ds ( l&scape pa9t+1 su* z !      
simply topographical f !  m imag9ative  
k9d4 ,& he does say t #8x is possible to
 rea*  :at ,i h /at$ to be ! fir/ end ( 
art1 ! repres5tation (  facts1 )\t rea*+
 ! second1 ! repres5tation ( ?\ghts4' ,b

  ! po9t he is *iefly conc]n$ to        
emphasise is ! complete  dep5d5ce ( !   
second ( ^! aims ^u ! repres5tation (   
facts4  ,an arti/ c give u physical     
facts1 he says1 )\t express+ 8  ?\ghts &
 feel+s1 b no arti/ c express ?\ghts &  
feel+s  )\t ! accurate repres5tation (  
facts4 ,?is is ! po9t1 he  says1 t he   
wi%es at pres5t #8especially to insi/   
^u1' & ?is  dep5d5ce ( ?\ght ^u fact1 or
 #8tru?' z he g5]ally pref]s to  call x1
 =ms1 z ,i und]/& x1 ! !oretical basis  
^u :i* a  l>ge "p ( ,mr4 ,rusk9's art   
tea*+ re/s4    ,all great art1 he       
admits1 gives u #8! ?\ghts & feel+s ( ! 
arti/1' b we h no /&>d by :i* we c te/ !
 value ( m]e  ?\ghts & feel+s2 b z !re  
is a #8con/ant relation' betwe5 an      
arti/'s ?\ghts & feel+s & 8             
#8fai?fulness 9 repres5t+  nature1' we h
 only to exam9e #8! botanical or        
geological details'  9 a l&scape to #8=m
 a "r e/imate z to ! respective p[]s &  
atta9m5ts' ( ! arti/4 ,x is f ?is po9t (
 view t he calls  #8! repres5tation (   

facts' #8! f\ndation ( all art1' & 9 !  
preface to ,! ,elem5ts ( ,draw+1 ! p[]  
#8to copy' natural  objects #8fai?fully1
 & )\t alt]ation1' is treat$ z equival5t
  to ! p[] #8( pictorial expression (   
?\ght4'    ,n[ !re is a po9t ( view f   
:i* ^! /atem5ts c\ld be  def5d$1 & ,i w 
endeav\r a little lat] to indicate t    
po9t (  view1 b z ,mr4 ,rusk9 expresses 
& applies ^! ideas1 ,i ?9k !y  lead to  
confusion4 ,mu* ( ! welt] ( confusion   
into :i* ! read]  ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s f9ds 
himself plung$ seems to me caus$ by !   
au?or's p]si/5t refusal to discrim9ate  
betwe5 physical reality &  m9d1 betwe5  
ext]nal nature & ideas4 ,! m\nta9s1     
trees1 &  cl\ds become human ?\ghts &   
feel+s1 n 9 a metaphysical s5se1  b z a 
matt] ( ord9>y obs]vation1 & ! arti/ is 
bidd5 to g  out into ! fields & draw1 ) 
! pati5ce & precision ( a  geologi/ or  
l&-surveyor1 ! visible %apes & hues ( ^!
  mat]ialis$ emotions & ideas4    ,yet  
,mr4 ,rusk9 is f> too fe>less & c&id a  
?9k] to attempt  delib]ately to falsify 

8 evid5ce4 ,he admits1 :5 ! po9t pres5ts
  itself to him1 t ,turn] #8nev] draws  
accurately on ! spot'2 & 9  ! wond]ful  
analysis ( ,turn]'s #8,pass ( ,fad1' 9 !
 f\r? volume  ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 we are  
cle>ly %[n t ! arti/'s  repres5tation   
conta9s h>dly a s+le accurate & fai?ful 
/atem5t  ( ! physical features ( !      
place4 ,yet we are assur$ t 9 "s        
inexplicable way ! picture is tru] to ! 
facts ( ! place ?an !  place itself4    
,! arti/1 we are told1 made #8a few     
p5cil scrat*es on a bit ( ?9  pap]' dur+
 a mom5t>y /oppage ( ! dilig5ce 9 !     
pass4  ,aft]w>ds he put a few blots (   
col\r to ^! p5cil scrat*es1  possibly   
#8at ,bell9zona ! same ev5+' b #8c]ta9ly
 n ^u !  spot4' ,9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s
 he %[$ ?is sket* to ,mr4  ,rusk91 :o   
commission$ ! arti/ to make a f9i%$     
wat]-col\r f  x4 7,! sket* is reproduc$ 
z ! frontispiece ( ! pres5t volume1  s !
 curi\s read] may comp>e x at 8 leisure 
) !  reproduction ( ! complet$ draw+ &  
,mr4 ,rusk9's topographical  draw+ made 

on ! spot 9 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s47            
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxiii         
,,village ,,& ,,ca/le ,,on ,,! ,,rh9e   
,,wat] ,,col\r4 ,,ab\t #ahdd            
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxiv    ,,!   
,,via ,,mala    ,,wat] ,,col\r4 ,,ab\t  
#ahdd    ,! fir/ sket* is c]ta9ly       
suffici5tly inaccurate z a              
repres5tation ( ! physical facts ( !    
sc5e1 b 9 ! f9i%$  draw+ ,turn] p]mitt$ 
himself fur!r lib]ties4 ,9 x #8! :ole   
place is alt]$ 9 scale4' ,! rocks on !  
left :i* %\ld be f\r  or five hundr$    
feet high are made to look #8ab\t a ?\s&
 feet4'  #8,next1 he raises1 9 a /ill   
great] degree1 all ! m\nta9s beyond1    
putt+ ?ree or f\r ranges in/ead ( "o4'  
,9 ?is way all ! p>ts  ( ! sc5e are     
modifi$1 important features are elim9at$
 at w1  & facts t ! arti/ _h se5 else:]e
 are freely introduc$4 ,?is  is :at we  
f9d ,mr4 ,rusk9 means :5 he talks ab\t  
receiv+ #8a true  impression f ! place  
itself1 & ! accurate & fai?ful          
repres5tation ( physical facts' 7,mod]n 

,pa9t]s1 vol iv4 p4 #ba47    ,n[ ,i am  
f> f d5y+ t ,turn]'s proc$ure 0 ?or\ghly
  ju/ifi$1 b f ! ord9>y /&po9t (        
common-s5se x does  /& 9 ne$ (          
ju/ification1 & x seems to me t x is n a
  prop] way to ju/ify x by passionately 
decl>+ t ! imag9ative  vision ( ! arti/ 
does inde$ give u #8! real facts ( !    
_w's  outside aspect1' or a fai?ful &   
unalt]$ copy ( a portion (  physical    
reality4 ,inde$ ,i feel v /rongly t ?is 
play+ fa/ &  loose ) ,nature & ,m9d 7)  
physical fact & m5tal  int]pretation7 is
 no ga9 to ! cause ,mr4 ,rusk9 has at   
he>t4 ,9  spite ( all 8 passionate      
eloqu5ce & transp>5t e>ne/ness &  good  
fai?1 ! ord9>y read] cont9ues to reg>d  
nature z !  hypo/atis$ _w ( ! physical  
sci5ces & z t "p ( !  _w :i* falls      
outside ( m9d4 ,& :5 we reg>d nature 9  
?is way  z a me*anical & ext]nal sy/em1 
& decl>e t x is #8,god's  "w1' we c g   
on1 z ,mr4 ,rusk9 does1 to attack       
#8idealisation1' &  heap contumely on   
su* pa9t]s z ,claude & ,p\ss91 = d>+ to 

modify ,god's works & = ca/+ ! %ad[ ( _!
 puny selves on  ! works ( _! ,creator  
7,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 vol4 i4 ,preface to    
second  ed4 p4 xxvi474 ,b if we d ?is we
 mu/ at lea/ g on to admit t  ,turn] &  
all ! o!r great arti/s s9n$ 9 exactly ! 
same way4    ,!re is only "o way1 ,i am 
conv9c$1 ( work+ our way to a firm]  & m
 consi/5t po9t ( view1 & t is to get    
above ?is nave  dualism ( human &       
physical nature4 ,i may ev5 say t be=e  
we c  und]/& ! nucleus ( tru? 9 ,mr4    
,rusk9's own "w1 we mu/ get  above !    
unreflective realism 9 :i* ! !oretical  
p>ts ( 8  writ+s are /eep$4 ,aga9 &     
aga91 9 passages ( ! noble/ wisdom  &   
insight1 he transc5ds ! limitations ( 8 
own ?\ght &  language1 b always to s9k  
back into ! confusion inevitable to all 
adh]5ts ( ! psy*ological philosophy :5  
!y come to deal )  m5tal & moral        
que/ions4    ,! influ5ce ( ,locke &     
,hume ^u ! =m ( ,mr4 ,rusk9's !ories  is
 obvi\s & av[$4 ,he believes t #8fact1' 
#8nature1' & #8tru?'  are only giv5 9   

s5se-p]ception1 & t !re=e s5sation gives
  u ! true/ & fulle/ k ( reality2 8     
di/ru/ ( ideas is  due to ! belief t !y 
di/ort & obscure ! revelations ( ?is    
un]r+ mirror ( reality4 ,b ^!           
assumptions d ju/ice nei!r to  ! real   
indep5d5ce ( ! physical _w1 nor to !    
claims ( !  m9d to discov] & possess    
absolutely reliable k4 ,& :5 we  are    
deal+ ) su* a concrete reality z        
pictorial art we _c  af=d to d less ?an 
! fulle/ ju/ice to bo? nature & m9d4 ,we
  _c1 l ! practical man or ! /ud5ts ( ! 
physical sci5ces1  rule out ! unse5 _w (
 human feel+ z irrelevant to our        
imm$iate purposes1 any m ?an we c       
neglect ! concrete c\rse (  ph5om5a1 l !
 /ud5t ( ! a priori =ms ( k4 ,9 art  we 
h to d ) nature & m9d 9 active          
co-op]ation4 ,we are  !re=e b\nd to     
treat !m z two factors 9 a common       
process4 ,we  _c h two aims 9 art1 & we 
_c sep>ate 7a7 physical  objects f 7b7  
an arti/'s ?\ghts & feel+s2 if we make !
  attempt we are inevitably driv51 z we 

h se5 ,mr4 ,rusk9 driv51 to  ma9ta9 t   
7a7 is 7b71 & 7b7 7a71 & !n ! po9t ( our
  di/9ction seems lo/4 ,9 art criticism 
! problem is n to sep>ate  m9d f nature1
 b to unite !m--to br+ out ! p]man5t &  
univ]sal relation :i* b9ds !m toge!r4 ,&
 ! only way to d  ?is is to treat !m bo?
 z elem5ts or memb]s 9 ! =m$ _w (  !    
self-consci\s subject4    ,x is n !     
special bus9ess ( art criticism to %[ t 
!  conception ( nature z :at is #8giv5' 
9 s5se-p]ception1 & z  #8,god's "w' z   
di/+ui%$ f ! action ( human intellig5ce1
 is  contradictory & unt5able4 ,! "w is 
already done4 ,! !ory (  ! p]ceptive    
judgm5t1 ^u :i* all mod]n philosophies1 
reali/ z  well z ideali/1 are bas$1 is  
too firmly e/abli%$ to r5d]  necess>y   
any fur!r discussion ( ,locke's &       
,hume's imp]fect  analysis ( p]ception4 
,all t art criticism has to d is to     
realise  t its own po9t ( view is       
ess5tially id5tical ) ! po9t (  view (  
logic & metaphysic1 & to adopt & use any
 ( !  e/abli%$ tru?s ( ^! sci5ces :i*   

are relevant to its purposes4    ,9     
insi/+ t ! philosophical po9t ( view is 
! only possible  plat=m f :i* ! facts   
:i* art criticism deals ) c be          
adequately correlat$1 ,i am aw>e t ,i am
 advanc+ a some:at novel  proposition4  
,x is also "o :i* ,i d n ?9k x advisable
 to def5d  9 detail on ! pres5t         
occasion4 ,! pres5t volume is ! outcome 
(  an attempt to apply ?is po9t ( view4 
,s f> z all t has gone  be=e is 9 h>mony
 ) my int5tions1 x is an exemplification
 ( !  practical usefulness ( su* a work+
 hypo!sis1 b ! subject seems  to me to  
call = full & free discussion1 & ,i hope
 on a suitable  occasion to rev]t to x4 
,at pres5t ,i hope x w be suffici5t if  
,i  say t art criticism1 if x is to be  
reg>d$ z a =m ( k1  c h only "o consi/5t
 aim1 & t is intellectual satisfaction4 
,& ! subject-matt] ( art criticism is   
ess5tially a =m (  communication1 &     
!re=e is conc]n$ only ) c]ta9 aspects ( 
! =m$ _w ( human exp]i5ce4 ,& 9 deal+ ) 
any aspects (  ! #8_w ( disc\rse' ) a   

view to ! satisfaction ( our            
intellectual requirem5ts ( coh]5cy &    
consi/5cy ( ?\ght1 !  t]ms & ideas us$ 9
 our non-sy/ematis$ ev]yday ?\ght &     
language are c]ta9ly inadequate1 & ^? 9 
use 9 all ! special  sci5ces1 ?\gh valid
 en\gh :5 conf9$ )9 ! limits prescrib$  
by _! initial assumptions1 are no less  
unsatisfactory = our  purpose4    ,= !  
arti/ to reg>d nature z any?+ b an exi/+
 reality  indep5d5t ( individual        
exp]i5ce & giv5 ready-made 9 imm$iate   
p]ception mu/1 no d\bt1 be exce$+ly     
difficult4 ,bo? ! orig9al  b5t ( 8 m9d &
 ! :ole c\rse ( 8 pr(essional tra9+ &   
practice h t5d$ to consolidate 8 spatial
 intuitions into  some?+ app>5tly prim>y
 & in/9ctive4 ,b an arti/1 z an  arti/1 
is n call$ ^u to und]take ! bus9ess (   
art criticism4  ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1   
rema9s ne>ly z great = ! art critic1 =  
he also is necess>ily "o ^: visual      
faculties h receiv$ e>ly  & special     
developm5t4 ,:5 ev5 an art critic looks 
at ! famili>  objects ) :i* he is       

surr\nd$ & notices _! %>ply def9$  =ms &
 col\rs1 he f9ds x h>d to believe t ! v 
di/9ctness ( ^! p]ceptions is ! result (
 a long process (  education :i* 8 own  
faculties h und]gone4 ,! cle>ness seems 
s  unmi/akably to belong to ! objects4  
,yet h[ev] difficult ! /ep1  x mu/ be   
tak54 ,we are b\nd to admit t animals & 
infants _c  h ! same ord]$ visual image 
( space def9itely /ret*+ away  all r\nd 
!m :i* we are apt to reg>d z "o ( !     
prim>y &  fix$ con/itu5ts ( ! ext]nal   
_w4 ,b if ! spatial sy/em into  :i*     
objects ( p]ception fall s easily has to
 be con/ruct$ 9 "s  way by ea* human be+
 = himself1 x foll[s t pictorial art1   
:i* z a means ( expression &            
communication is bas$ entirely ^u  t    
sy/em1 _c by any possibility pres5t u ) 
b>e physical  fact1 ) a nucleus ( solid1
 ready-made reality--( #8,god's "w1' 9  
,mr4 ,rusk9's s5se ( ^! t]ms4 ,s t :5 we
 talk ( art z  repres5t+ nature1 x is   
evid5t t we mu/ be c>eful to  di/+ui%   
exactly :at we mean by su* an           

expression4 ,if we take x to  mean t art
 does or c or ought to give u a copy ( !
 giv5 actual  _w z x exi/s ap>t f :at   
,mr4 ,rusk9 calls ! m$dl+ action  (     
man's intellig5ce1 !n x is obvi\s t we h
 fall5 into a  v s]i\s error4 ,ap>t f ! 
action ( 8 intellect1 an arti/  c\ld n  
possibly make ! ext]nal _w an object ( 8
 ?\ght2 he  c\ld n1 !re=e1 repres5t x on
 pap] or canvas2 & ev5 if we  suppose ^!
 difficulties ov]come1 & ! copy ( b>e   
unadult]at$  reality fix$ on ! canvas1  
nobody c\ld possibly recognise x or "k  
t x 0 !re4    ,if ?is is s1 ,i ?9k x is 
cle> t art _c portray or repres5t  or   
imitate or copy nature1 at lea/ 9 ! s5se
 9 :i* nature is  tak5 at ! unreflective
 level ( ?\ght4 ,:at art portrays mu/ be
  "s "p ( ! ideal con/ruction pres5t to 
! m9d ( ! arti/4  ,p]haps ! simple/ way 
( putt+ ?is is to say t ! arti/ c       
op]ate only ) ideas1 & n ) any directly 
giv5 elem5ts (  reality2 ) idea1 9 %ort1
 9 ! s5se ( #8mean+1' #8significance1'  
or #8logical cont5t1' & n ) idea z      

physical fact or imm$iate  exp]i5ce4 ,b 
z ideas 9 ?is s5se--:i* we mu/ be c>eful
 to  rememb] includes emotion--are n    
gift$ ) ! prop]ty (  visibility1 x seems
 on ! :ole bett] n to say t a "w ( art  
imitates or portrays !m4 ,/rictly       
speak+1 a "w ( art is a symbol1  & a    
symbol is n a copy or imitation ( !     
mean+ x /&s =4  ,! mean+ ( pictorial art
 is !n always "s connect$ circle (      
psy*ical /ates ) _! pres5tative &       
emotional cont5ts4 ,^!  cont5ts may ref]
 to ! common physical _w ( ord9>y       
exp]i5ce1  or !y may ref] to a dream-_w 
t has no exi/5ce except z an  elem5t (  
human consci\sness2 & ?is ref]5ce is    
det]m9$ 9 ea*  case by ! nature ( !     
cont5ts !mselves4    ,9 r$uc+ nature 9  
?is way to an elem5t )9 ! consci\sness (
  ! arti/ & spectator1 ,i may seem to h 
de/roy$ at a bl[ all !  pure unsulli$   
beauty ( ! ext]nal _w z x exi/s 9 app>5t
  indep5d5ce ( human exp]i5ce4 ,i h done
 no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,i  h insi/$ t nature1 z 
an exi/5t indep5d5t ( individual        

exp]i5ce1 is an unreal ab/raction2 t ! v
 fulness & reality  & spl5d\r ( nature  
exi/ = ea* ( u n[h]e b 9 ! _w (  our own
 consci\sness1 & t )9 t _w (            
consci\sness  nature does exi/ z a sy/em
 ( objects act+ & react+ on "o  ano!r1 &
 is !re=e indep5d5t ( ! pres5ce or      
abs5ce ( !  consci\sness :i* pres5ts !m4
    ,su* a conception ( nature seems to 
me an inevitable coroll>y f !  g5]al    
conception ( ! purpose & mode ( action (
 art =c$ ^u  u by our previ\s           
inve/igations4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ,i w  
def9e  a "w ( pictorial art z an        
arrangem5t ( spatial symbols embody+  an
 individualis$ psy*ical cont5t pres5t to
 ! m9d ( ! arti/1  & int5d$ to call up  
always ! same ideas & emotions 9 ! m9ds 
( o!rs4 ,i w make no attempt to conceal 
my op9ion t su* a  !ory is valid ( all  
pictorial art1 & ,i w add t ,i am also  
dispos$ to ?9k t su* a po9t ( view is a 
peculi>ly fruitful "o  f :i* ! :ole     
field ( art criticism c\ld be           
recon/itut$4 ,&  z criticism1 z at      

pres5t und]/ood & practis$1 is decl>$ on
 all  h&s--ev5 by its mo/ accompli%$    
expon5ts--to be bankrupt1#cc ,i  might  
urge t ! revolution>y "* ( any g5]al    
!ory 0 a  /rong argum5t 9 its fav\r4 ,b 
! pres5t occasion is n a  suitable "o = 
dwell+ ^u ! g5]al & f>-rea*+ "* (  ?is  
!ory4 ,"h ,i am only ju/ifi$ 9 insi/+ ^u
 its validity z  a work+ hypo!sis = !   
prop] und]/&+ ( our imm$iate            
subject-matt]4 ,only on su* an hypo!sis1
 x seems to me1 c we give  an           
intelligible explanation ( ! ess5tial "*
 ( ,turn]'s  /udies & sket*es & draw+s f
 nature1 & ( _! connection  ) 8 complet$
 works4    ,:e!r ?is ass]tion is ju/ifi$
 at all1 & if s h[ f>1 dep5ds1  ( c\rse1
 ^u ! :ole ( ! =ego+ /udy ( ,turn]'s    
works1 b  ,i w add a few cursory rem>ks1
 p>tly ( a recapitulatory nature1 b     
treat+ our subject-matt] f ! po9t ( view
 ( its logical  cont5t or mean+4 ,9 ^!  
rem>ks ,i w try to deal ) "s ( !        
difficulties t /& 9 ! way ( su* a       
treatm5t4    ,we w deal fir/ ) ,turn]'s 

/udies ( sep>ate objects1 su* z  ^? ( an
 arm-*air 7,no4 #efc1 ,n4 ,g471 ( fi%es 
7#cgc1 #cgd1 ,n4 ,g47 &  birds 7#cge1   
#dae1 ,n4 ,g47 among ! exhibit$         
draw+s4#cd ,"h !  arti/ works directly f
 an ext]nal object1 & seems to be aim+  
n at ! expression or repres5tation ( 8  
own ideas1 b at !  reproduction ( !     
attributes or qualities giv5 9 s5se     
p]ception  & belong+ to an indep5d5t    
reality4 ,! object 0 !re be=e !  arti/  
began to draw x1 & ! arti/'s draw+ only 
reproduces !  visible qualities 7=m &   
col\r7 ( ! object itself4 ,b ! object   
is mu* m ?an its visible qualities1 &   
ev5 its visible qualities  are f> f     
exhau/$ by ! "o aspect ( !m :i* is all t
 !  arti/ c repres5t4 ,he !re=e takes "o
 aspect ( an object &  uses t z a sign  
or symbol ( all ! o!r possible aspects &
  s5se qualities :i* we may suppose !   
object to possess4 ,s t ev5  if we insi/
 on reg>d+ ! image on ! pap] z a        
p>ticul> image1  x is cle> t x mu/ be   
us$ z a univ]sal sign1 if x is to be    

und]/ood4 ,! pr(ile view ( a face1 =    
in/ance1 means or implies  n only ! :ole
 head1 b also ! :ole concrete           
individuality (  ! p]son to :om ! pr(ile
 belongs4    ,s f>1 !n1 z a p>ticul>    
visual image is us$ z a rally+ po9t  =  
call+ up ! :ole range ( ideas :i*       
con/itute ! ?+ z an  object ( ?\ght1 s  
f> h we to d ) a logical idea1 ) an     
elem5t 9 our _w ( k1 ) :at is /rictly an
 univ]sal or  an id5tity4 ,a %>ply def9$
 s5su\s image ( a ?+ =ms1 no  d\bt1 a m 
easily & g5]ally recognisable vehicle ( 
ref]5ce  ?an a "n1 b its function z a   
means ( communication is ! same4  ,& z 9
 speak+ & writ+ x is n a matt] (        
indiff]5ce :at  words we use to         
designate ! objects ab\t :i* we are     
?9k+1 s 9  pictorial communication1 !   
p>ticul> s5su\s image employ$ has       
consid]able importance 9 direct+        
att5tion to c]ta9 con/itu5ts  ( ! total 
idea call$ up4 ,9 ?is way pictorial     
signs c]ta9ly h  a g5]al t5d5cy to focus
 att5tion ^u ! corporeity ( objects1  b 

x is1 ,i believe1 a grave error (       
pr9ciple n to ackn[l$ge t  all ! prop]ly
 associat$ elem5ts ( ! subject ref]r$ to
 are m  or less involv$4 ,"s elem5ts are
 kept m 9 ! backgr\nd (  consci\sness   
?an o!rs1 b !y are v f> f be+           
non-exi/5t4    ,x is important1 c]ta9ly1
 to ?9k ( pictorial signs z endlessly   
supple & fluid4 ,ev5 ! rigidity ( !     
mean+s ( words has be5  absurdly        
ov]/at$4 ,poetry is only possible       
because ! p[]s (  evocation possess$ by 
words are mu* less limit$ & def9$ ?an   
c]ta9 !ori/s w\ld h u believe4 ,b       
pictorial signs are m  delicate ag5ts   
?an words4 ,!y v>y 9 ways t words _c4   
,!y  are made de novo on e occasion ( _!
 use1 & !re=e !y  c adapt !mselves m    
adroitly to ea* new context4 ,& e %ade  
( v>iation 9 ! con/itution ( ! sign has 
its influ5ce 9  det]m9+ ! con/itution ( 
! m5tal pres5tation :i* x calls  up4    
,b ev5 :5 we make all due all[ance = !  
arti/'s p[] (  emphasis & discrim9ation 
) reg>d to ! elem5ts :i* make up  !     

total ?\ght-cont5t ( 8 object1 we mu/   
confess t ! range  ( expression c5tr$   
r\nd any s+le mat]ial object is limit$4 
,a  /udy ( su* an object po9ts to !     
object x 0 made f--x  assures u t ?is   
p>ticul> object 0 bodily pres5t to !    
eyes (  ! arti/ :5 he made ! /udy1 b x  
does n tell u 9 :at ideal  context we   
are to take ! object4 ,a /udy z su* is n
 a "w ( art1  or p]haps x w\ld be bett] 
to say t x is a m]e fragm5t ( a         
possible "w ( art4 ,a /udy is simply a  
pictorial "n1 & a "n has  mean+ only 9 a
 s5t5ce or by sugge/+ a s5t5ce4#ce ,if  
we look  at a /udy f ! same po9t ( view 
f :i* we reg>d a "w (  art1 we %\ld g on
 to ask ourselves1 #8,well1 :at ( x1 :at
 is !  arti/'s purpose 9 pa9t+ or draw+ 
?is8' ,x w\ld />t u ^u an  objectless & 
endless intellectual ex]cise1 9 :i* we  
%\ld miss  ! purpose :i* e "w ( art     
implies4    ,?is indet]m9at5ess &       
incomplet5ess ( mean+ =ms1 ,i believe1  
! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( a /udy1 z       
di/+ui%$ f a "w (  art4 ,"o result1 !n1 

( our insi/5ce ^u ! cont5t ( pictorial  
art is ! re-em]g5ce ( an old traditional
 usage or t]m :i* rec5t  !oris+ has done
 its be/ to disc>d4 ,ap>t f ! "q (      
cont5t1 ,i believe !re is no?+ to       
di/+ui% a /udy or a sket*  f a complete 
picture4    ,let u n[ turn f ! elaborate
 /udies ( individual objects to !  pure 
outl9e draw+s ( places & build+s :i*    
,turn] made at !  beg9n+ ( 8 c>e]4 ,!   
draw+s ( #8,ripon' & #8,l9coln ,ca!dral'
  "h reproduc$ may /& z typical ( ?is   
class ( "w4 ,su*  draw+s are defective 9
 ! same way z ! /udies4 ,_! mean+ is    
incomplete4 ,we d n "k exactly h[ to    
take !m4 ,!y are v mu*  on ! foot+ (    
p]ceptive judgm5ts1 t is to say1 !y are 
n cut  loose f ! arti/'s p]sonal focus (
 pres5tation4 ,?is is :at he  saw at a  
c]ta9 mom5t2 b :y did he draw x8 ,z a   
m]e record (  fact1 or z mat]ial :i*    
w\ld or might be useful 9 a subsequ5t   
imag9ative con/ruction8 ,! draw+s       
!mselves d n answ] ^!  que/ions1 b _!   
defects ( mean+ po9t beyond !mselves4   

,su* draw+s are also defective 9 ano!r  
way4 ,be+    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate      
,,lxxxv    ,,on ,,! ,,rh9e    ,,wat]    
,,col\r4 #ahdd    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate 
,,lxxxvi    ,,bad51 ,,look+ ,,nor?      
,,wat] ,,col\r4 #ahdd    entirely 9     
outl9e !y make ab/raction ( ! tone1     
col\r1 & light  & %ade4 ,if we are to   
take !m z topographical illu/rations !y 
dem& fur!r visual det]m9ation1 if1 z    
hav+ an imag9ative  purpose1 ! emotional
 sett+ ( ! facts calls = specification4 
,s f>1 !n1 we h be5 deal+ ) op]ations   
prelim9>y or  subs]vi5t to ! g5u9e      
processes ( arti/ic expression4 ,9      
/udies  & sket*es made 9 ! pres5ce ( !  
object or model ! p]sonal  focus (      
pres5tation1 & !re=e "t ref]5ce1 rema9s 
cle>ly 9  evid5ce4 ,x is n1 ,i am incl9$
 to ?9k1 till ! draw+ or  pa9t+ cuts    
itself loose f ! demon/rative ( imm$iate
  p]ception t we f9d ourselves on !     
?re%old ( free arti/ic  expression4     
,su* a sket* z t ( ! #8,h$g+ & ,dit*+'  
subject 7,plate ,,xxv47  may s]ve z a   

connect+ l9k betwe5 ! two categories4 ,l
 !  draw+s ( ,l9coln & ,ripon ,ca!drals1
 x is probably only a record  ( a sc5e  
actually witness$1 & z a record ( !     
objects  con/itut+ su* a sc5e & _!      
relations to "o ano!r x is  consid]ably 
less complete ?an !y are4 ,b someh[ ,i  
f9d x h>d to  take x simply z a record (
 fact1 p]haps simply because ( its v    
incomplet5ess4 ,z a symbol ( a det]m9ate
 complex ( feel+ pres5t  to ! m9d ( !   
arti/1 x dem&s to be plac$ 9 a diff]5t  
category f ^? draw+s :i* only aim at !  
accumulation ( !  raw mat]ial ( arti/ic 
inv5tion2 & ?is 9 spite ( its defects & 
insuffici5cies :i* make x1 x mu/ be     
admitt$1 q un9telligible  z su* a symbol
 to ev]ybody b ! arti/ himself4 ,yet "h1
 x seems  to me1 we h cross$ ! ?re%old  
:i* divides a /udy f a "w  ( art prop]4 
,! ref]5ce to reality is no long]       
direct4 ,! arti/  is no long] giv+      
evid5ce ab\t matt]s ( fact4 ,he has cut 
himself  free f ! demon/rative (        
imm$iate p]ception & is grop+ 8  way    

t[>ds a def9itory judgm5t4#cf ,we h "h  
an op]ative  id5tity cut loose f its    
context1 ?\gh 9 a s+ul>ly in>ticulate   
=m4 ,b if s1 ! sket* mu/ be tak5 z an   
incipi5t "w ( art1  :i* possesses !     
capacity ( gr[? or developm5t4    ,9 !  
sepia draw+ ( ?is subject1 reproduc$ 9  
,plate ,,xxvi41 we come  to a lat] /age 
( ?is developm5t4 ,"h ! :ole subject has
 become  def9$1 n inde$ to ! po9t (     
realisation t w\ld satisfy a  mod]n     
arti/1 b suffici5tly to evoke & control 
! ideas &  emotions pres5t to ! m9d ( ! 
arti/4 ,we c say if we l t  su* a draw+ 
is or may be a m or less accurate       
realisation ( an  actual sc5e1 & ?\gh   
su* an ass]tion w\ld require            
qualification1  ,i d n ?9k we c\ld      
reject x altoge!r4 ,b if we said t x 0  
no?+ m ?an su* a realisation we %\ld    
c]ta9ly be wrong4 ,x is  a great deal m4
 ,! connection betwe5 any fact or s]ies 
( facts  & ! emotional /&po9t f :i* we  
reg>d !m is at times a  matt] ( *ance4  
,b 9 ,turn]'s design ! connection betwe5

  subjective feel+ & ! objects ^u :i*   
our att5tion is focuss$  is n left to ! 
caprice ( *ance or to ! accid5ts (      
individual  initiative2 ! connection is 
necess>y1 & objective & univ]sal4       
,inde$ if we exam9e ! matt] c>efully we 
f9d t ! :ole raison  d'tre ( ! draw+    
turns ^u its p[] ( evok+ & qualify+     
ideally a def9ite range ( emotion4 ,!   
objects select$ & ! mann]  ( _!         
pres5tation are su* t a normal m9d1 s f>
 z x  und]/&s ! arti/'s symbols1 is b\nd
 to feel ab\t ! pres5t$  sc5e 9 exactly 
! way t ! arti/ felt4    ,n[1 s long z !
 sc5e :i* ! arti/ evokes exi/s only = ! 
sake ( sugge/+ & limit+ a c]ta9 range ( 
emotion1 ! relation  ( ?is sc5e to fact 
is entirely irrelevant4 ,! arti/ is n   
be>+  witness to :at he has se51 he is  
def9+ a def9ite complex (  ?\ght &      
emotion2 & z an arti/1 8 "w is complete 
:5 he has  work$ out ?is def9ition4 ,:5 
he has done ?is 8 "w is complete  )9    
itself1 & all direct ref]5ce to a       
p>ticul> "t & place  9 ! _w ( fact is   

wip$ out4 ,:at we h be=e u is a         
hypo!tical connection ( ideal & univ]sal
 mean+s4 ,we are n[ 9  ! region ( !     
hypo!tical judgm5t4 ,! hypo!tical =m is 
adopt$ n because !re is any unc]ta9ty 9 
! matt]1 b because  ! arti/ wi%es to    
conc5trate att5tion on ! attributes     
!mselves1  & n on any p>ticul> embodim5t
 ( !m4 ,! subject is tak51 n  giv51 &   
tak5 n = its own sake b = ! sake ( t :i*
 is  to foll[ f x1--9 ?is case1 ! :ole  
emotional complex :i* is  to be call$   
up4    ,we might1 if our space 7 n      
limit$1 attempt to "w ?is out m  9      
detail4 ,we might exhibit o!rs (        
,turn]'s /udies & designs z  /eps or    
/ages 9 ! process :i* aims at ! complete
 analysis or  def9ition ( its cont5t4 ,b
 ! ma9 conception w1 ,i hope1 h  be5    
made evid5t4 ,if ! "w ( art z op]ative  
is no?+ b a  connection ( cont5t1 x c   
rely ^u no o!r driv+ =ce ?an t  (       
sy/ematic rationality4 ,! ass]tions made
 9 a "w ( art are made  on ! /r5g? (    
rational gr\nds1 & n on ! /r5g? (       

te/imony4 ,if ! arti/ uses fact1 he does
 n use x z fact1 & !  mo/ outrage\s     
fiction may be tru] ?an fact )9 ! f\r   
walls (  8 special con/ruction4 ,9      
int]pret+ pictures1 z 9 foll[+  fiction1
 we are engag$ 9 an act ( compreh5sive  
ab/raction2 !  conjunction ( objects or 
ev5ts is all )9 a judgm5t t we are      
deal+ ) ab/ractions us$ = a c]ta9       
purpose4 ,colonel ,newcome  & ,turn]'s  
trees & m\nta9s are z mu* ab/ractions & 
z unreal  z ! ab/ractions ( ! physical  
sci5ces1 z matt]1 =ce1 atoms1  etc41--z 
unreal1 b also q z real1 & probably 9 ! 
same way4  ,!y are provisional          
conceptions employ$ = c]ta9 purposes4 ,&
 all  ! details & second>y judgm5ts us$ 
9 int]pret+ a picture mu/  be recognis$ 
z trans=m$ by ! sy/em to :i* !y         
belong4#cg    ,b ea* "w ( art ?\gh      
rational is nev]!less a unique          
individual1 & ?\gh all works ( art z =ms
 ( communication mu/  necess>ily aspire 
to ! ideal ( complete def9ition1 yet x  
does n  foll[ t "s ( ! /ages %ort (     

absolute det]m9ation may n  v well      
possess consid]able ae/hetic int]e/ ( _!
 own4  ,conv]sation among p :o und]/&   
ea* o!r t5ds to become  elliptical4 ,a  
h9t ( "o's mean+ is g5]ally suffici5t = 
a  fri5d2 inde$1 :5 we are ?or\ghly     
assur$ ( ! good w ( our  auditor1 a h9t 
(t5 conveys our mean+ bett] ?an a m     
lab\r$  =m ( expression4 ,x is ! same 9 
pictorial art4 ,to ^? :o  und]/& !      
language & are on t]ms ( intimacy ) !   
arti/'s  usual modes ( expression &     
habitual range ( ?\ght & feel+1 a  few  
hurri$ scribbles or wa%es are z         
delightfully sugge/ive & full  (        
significance z a complet$ pa9t+2 & at ! 
same "t1 f !  v fact t we h gone m ?an  
half-way to meet ! arti/1 we  enjoy !   
additional pleasure ( intimate          
int]c\rse4 ,! sympa!tic  & imag9ative & 
well-in=m$ spectator is !re=e apt to    
res5t  ! sugge/ion t su* delightfully   
eloqu5t sket*es z ! #8,pass (  ,fad1'   
#8,luc]ne1' #8,zuri*1' & a hundr$ o!rs  
equally eloqu5t &  sugge/ive1 are 9 any 

way %ort ( p]fection4 ,& no d\bt f !    
/rictly ae/hetic po9t ( view !y are "r4 
#8,! be/ ( ?is k9d  are b %ad[s1 & !    
wor/ are no worse if imag9ation am5d    
!m4'  ,b ,i ?9k x is cle> t consid]able 
exp]i5ce ( ! complet$  works ( an arti/ 
is necess>y be=e ev5 ! privileg$        
spectators  c feel p]fect confid5ce 9 _!
 own int]pretation ( ! arti/'s  slight] 
"w4 ,:5 deal+1 = example1 ) "s ( !      
sket*es &  /udies = m>9e subjects1 z    
#8,fi%]m5 laun*+ a ,boat 9 a r\gh  ,sea'
 7,plate ,,xix471 or ) ! m>9e & pa/oral 
subjects 9 !  ,lib]1 we c int]pret !m ) 
p]fect confid5ce because1 9  pictures l 
#8,! ,gu>d ,%ip at ! ,nore1' #8,w9dsor1'
 & #8,fro/y  ,morn+1' ! arti/ has %[n u 
exactly ! k9d ( completion 8  sket*es   
po9t to4 ,b ) ! late/ sket*es 7,fad1    
,luc]ne1 etc471  we are on a diff]5t    
foot+4 ,a few only ( ^! sket*es 7 c>ri$ 
f>!r1 & ,i believe ,i am "r 9 say+ t    
accord+ to !  cons5sus ( educat$ op9ion 
! subjects lo/ r ?an ga9$ by            
elaboration4 ,i believe ?is op9ion to be

 correct1 & ,i w\ld sugge/  t !         
explanation is n entirely to be f\nd 9 !
 wan+ p[]s (  ! arti/4 ,"s m5tal &      
emotional cont5ts are incapable (       
def9ite  embodim5t4 ,! vague ye>n+ &    
enigmatical unre/ :i* =m !  mo/ prom95t 
elem5ts 9 ^! designs are probably ( t   
k9d4  ,cont5ts ( su* a nature t !y are  
only p>tially am5able to  arti/ic       
treatm5t are !re=e m adequately treat$ 9
 ! less  explicit =ms ( art4 ,su* cases 
z ^! impress on u ! importance  ( n     
confus+ t me*anical k9d ( realisation   
:i* is kn[n 9  arti/ic circles z        
#8f9i%+' or #8high f9i%+' ) ! dem&s =   
ideal det]m9ation4 ,! ideal t[>ds :i*   
all works ( art    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate
 ,,lxxxvii    ,,luc]ne3 ,,ev5+    ,,wat]
 ,,col\r4 #ahdd    aspire is t ( mak+ ! 
connection univ]sally valid betwe5 !    
sign & ! /ate ( consci\sness :i* is its 
mean+1 i4e4 to  exclude all k9ds (      
accid5tal & n /rictly necess>y emotional
  effects4 ,b ?is dem& is only a =mal   
"o4 ,:]e a c]ta9 ambiguity  (           

int]pretation =ms a necess>y factor 9 ! 
mean+ ( ! "w1  ! dem& = def9ition is    
obvi\sly limit$4 ,! =m1 on a f9al       
analysis1 mu/ be det]m9$ by ! cont5t1 & 
n vice v]s4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,9 conclusion1  
,i w only say t ,i am well aw>e ( !     
inadequacy (  ^! rem>ks1 b t ,i _c reg>d
 ?is z ! prop] place to  amplify or     
develop !m4 ,i h said en\gh1 ,i hope1 to
 draw att5tion  to ! po9t ( view :i* !  
novel "* ( our subject-matt] has  =c$ ^u
 u4 ,9 deal+ ) ! complet$ "w ( art1 z   
art  criticism ma9ly does1 x is         
comp>atively easy to re/ satisfi$ ) a   
m]e analysis ( ext]nal %ape1 or a simple
 description ( !  ma*9]y or anatomy (   
pictorial art2 to treat works ( art1 9  
%ort1  z ! dri$ specim5s ( ! botani/'s  
h]b>ium4 ,b :5 we come to  /udy !       
rudim5t>y =ms ( arti/ic expression1--an 
arti/'s  sket*es & /udies--we beg9 to   
discov] ! %ortcom+s ( !  m]ely /atical  
or morphological po9t ( view4 ,works (  
art1 we f9d1  are some?+ m ?an ! fossil 

rema9s or dead bodies ( arti/ic         
activity4 ,!y are factors 9 ! liv+      
process by :i* ! arti/'s  ?\ght &       
emotion are k9dl$ afre% 9 ! bosom ( !   
spectator4  ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( m]ely     
describ+ ! anatomy ( ! dead  specim51 we
 h _h to address ourselves to ! mu* h>d]
 task (  attempt+ to compreh5d ! liv+   
activity ( art4 ,! old /atic or         
morphological po9t ( view _h to give    
place to a dynamic or  physiological    
sy/em ( int]pretation4 ,! emphasis 0    
plac$ on  function r ?an on /ructure4 ,!
 new ideal ( art criticism :i*  has ?us 
be5 =c$ ^u me is a syn!tic view (       
function & =m1  ! int]pretation (       
function 9 relation to /ructure4 ,art   
criticism  w\ld ?us become a sci5ce :i* 
treats ( ! mode ( action ( works  ( art 
& ( ! function ( _! p>ts4 ,x w\ld be    
conc]n$  entirely ) ! positive facts (  
art z an active me?od  ( communication1 
& x w\ld seek only = v]ifiable          
g5]alisations--= a classifi$ & unifi$   
acc\nt ( ! ph5om5a  ( arti/ic activity4 

,! pres5t volume1 ) all its %ortcom+s & 
defects1 is1 ,i hope1  at lea/ a feeble 
& hesitat+ /ep 9 ?is direction4         
,,index      ,! names ( ,turn]'s        
oil-pa9t+s & wat]-col\rs are pr9t$ 9    
italics4 ,oil-pa9t+s 9 ! ,national      
,gall]y h ! gall]y numb]s  imm$iately   
aft] ! names1 ?us 7,n4,g4 #ebc72        
wat]-col\rs & draw+s  9 ! ,national     
,gall]y h _! ref]5ce numb]s 9 ! (ficial 
,inv5tory ( ! ,turn] ,beque/1 ?us       
7,t4,b4 ,,cclxxx4 #ahd74 ,:]e ,i h  be5 
able to d s ,i h add$ ref]5ces to !     
books :]e  reproductions ( ! pa9t+'s1   
etc41 h be5 publi%$4 ,^! are  plac$ at !
 end ( ! entries1 9 squ>e brackets1 ?us 
,turn]  ,gall]y1 ,pl4 #d4      ,li/ (   
,volumes ref]r$ to    #8,! ,turn]       
,gall]y4' ,) ,memoir1 etc41 by ,r4 ,n4  
,wornum4  ,london3 ,james ,s4 ,virtue1  
,ref]r$ to z ,turn] ,gall]y    #8,turn] 
& ,rusk94' ,edit$ by ,fr$k4 ,w$more4    
,london3 ,george ,all51 #aijj1          
8       ,turn] & ,rusk9    #8,turn]4'   
,by ,sir ,walt] ,arm/rong4 ,london3 ,t4 

,agnew & ,sons1 #aijb1                  
8       ,arm/rong    #8,! ,g5ius ( ,j4  
,m4 ,w4 ,turn]1 ,r4,a4 ,edit$ by  ,*>les
 ,holme4 ,(fices ( #8,! ,/udio1' #aijc1 
8       ,g5ius    #8,hidd5 ,treasures at
 ! ,national ,gall]y4' #8,pall  ,mall'  
,press4 ,holborn1 #aije1                
8       ,hidd5 ,treasures    #8,! ,life 
( ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]1 ,r4,a4' ,by ,p4   
,g4  ,ham]ton4 ,london3 ,seeley & ,co41 
,ltd41 #ahie1       8       ,ham]ton    
#8,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]1 ,r4,a4' ,by ,w4   
,l4 ,wyllie1 ,a4,r4,a4  ,london3 ,g4    
,bell  ,sons1 #aije1                    
8       ,wyllie    #8,! ,wat]-,col\rs ( 
,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]4' ,(fices  ( #8,!    
,/udio1' #aiji1                         
8       ,wat]-,col\rs ( ,turn]    #8,j4 
,m4 ,w4 ,turn]1 ,r4,a4' ,by ,rob]t      
,*ignell4  ,london3 ,walt] ,scott       
,publi%+ ,co41 #aijb1          8        
,*ignell    #8,rusk9 on ,pictures4'     
,edit$ by ,e4 ,t4 ,cook1  ,london3      
,george ,all51 #aijb1                   
8       ,rusk9 on ,pictures    #8,james 

,orrock1 ,r4,i4 ,pa9t]1 etc4' ,by ,byron
 ,webb]4  ,london1 #aijc1               
8       ,byron ,webb]    ,abbots=d1     
#ajf4    ,ab]duls1 ,mill at1 #bg4       
,ab+don1 #aa4    ,ab+don1 ,b]k%ire1 ) a 
,view ( ! ,?ames3 ,morn+         7,n4,g4
 #dhe71 #e1 #ee1 #if4    ,turn] ,gall]y1
 ,pl4 #ab2 ,rusk9 on ,pictures1 p4 #bd2 
,*ignell1 p4 #bd4    #8,ae/hetic1       
,hi/ory (' 7,b4 ,bosanquet's71 #ca4     
,agnew1 ,messrs41 #bj4    ,agripp9a l&+ 
) ! ,a%es ( ,g]manicus4 ,anci5t ,rome   
7,n4,g4 #ebc71 #aai1 #aba4    ,g5ius1   
#j-ag4    ,aitk51 ,dr41 #ai4            
,ak5side1 ,m41 #fi1 #ih4    ,alb]t      
,memorial ,museum1 ,exet]1 #ce4    ,alps
 at ,daybreak1 ,! 7,t4,b4 ,,cclxxx4     
#ahd71 #abi4    ,ambleteuse1 #db1 #ace4 
,an*orage1 ,%ips be>+ up = 7,petwor?    
,h\se ,collection71 #dd4    ,&]don      
,catalogues 7,pr9t ,room1 ,b4,m471 #ag4 
,anselm's ,*apel1 ) "p ( ,?omas         
,becket's ,cr[n1        ,/4 7,:itwor?   
,in/itute71 #ah1 #ai4    ,ant9os1 ,!    
,belv$]e1 #ad4    ,antique ,class1 ,r4  

,a4 ,s*ools1 #ad4    ,apollo & ,py?on   
7,n4,g4 #aba71 #e4    ,turn] & ,rusk91  
vol4 i4 p4 #db4    ,apollo1 ,! ,belv$]e1
 #ad4    ,arm ,*air1 ,/udy ( an 7,t4,b4 
,,xcv4 7a7 ,f471 #adf4    ,arnald1 ,g41 
#gf4    ,art ,criticism & ,ae/hetic1    
sep>ation (1 #c1 #acf4    ,arv]on1      
,s\rce ( ! 7,f>nley ,hall ,collection71 
#hb4    ,/udy =1 ,g5ius1 ,,mw-#aj4      
,avon1 ,r41 #ae4      ,baiae1 ,bay (1 ) 
,apollo & ! ,sibyl 7,n4,g4 #eje71 #hh1  
#ic4    ,g5ius1 #j-aa2 ,wyllie1 p4 #fh2 
,*ignell1 p4 #fd4    ,bambor\gh ,ca/le1 
#cd4    ,b>n>d ,ca/le1 #cd4    ,basire1 
,j41 #i4    ,basle 7,r4 #e71 #gh1 #gi4  
,bass ,rock1 !1 #dh4    ,ba? ,abbey f ! 
,nor?-,ea/ 7,t4,b4 ,,vii4 ,f471 #ad1    
#ae4    ,bell1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,f41 #ij4       
,bell9zona1 #adj4    ,bembridge ,mill   
7,t4,b4 ,,xxiv4 #di71 #be4    ,b]n>d1   
,dr4 ,j4 ,h41 #cb4    ,b]ry ,pom]oy     
,ca/le 7,r4 #eh71 #ha4    ,b]wick1 #dh4 
,birds1 ,/udies ( 7,t4,b4 ,,cclxiii4    
#cdj & #cda71 #adf4    ,g5ius1 ,w-#g4   
#8,birm+ham1' #bj4    ,blair's ,hut1 ,m]

 de ,glace 7,f>nley ,hall ,collection71 
#ci4    ,turn] & ,rusk91 vol4 ii4 p4    
#aih4    ,blaze ,ca/le 7,t4,b4 ,,vi4 #bj
 a71 #ae4    #8,bolton ,abbey1' #aji1   
#aaj1 #aaa4    ,borr[dale1 #cd4         
,bosanquet1 ,dr4 ,b41 #8,ess5tials (    
,logic1' #adh1 #adi4    ---- #8,hi/ory (
 ,ae/hetic1' #ca4    ---- #8,k &        
,reality1' #aea4    ---- #8,logic1'     
#adi4    ,bosca/le1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajb4    
,b\logne1 #db4    ,boydell1 ,john1 #cf4 
,brad+1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #be4    ,bridge 
& ,c[s 7,r4 #b71 #eg1 #gc4              
,bridg5or?1 #bj4    ,bridgewat] ,sea    
,piece1 ,!1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #df4         
,turn] ,gall]y1 ,pl4 #b4    ,bri/ol1    
#ad1 #ae4    #8,briti% ,it9]>y1 ,!1'    
#ii4    ,brocklebank1 ,mr4 ,ralph1 #de4 
---- ,mr4 ,?omas1 #ajf4    ,burke1      
,edmund1 #ca4    ,bury ,art ,gall]y1    
#aah4    ,butt]m]e1 #cd4    ,butt]m]e   
,lake 7,t4,b4 ,,xxxv4 #hd71 #ce4        
,butt]m]e ,lake1 ) "p ( ,cromack-wat]1  
,cumb]l&2 a ,%[] 7,n4,g4 #dfj71 #ce4    
,byronism1 #aba1 #abc4    ,byron1 ,"l1  

#abh4    ,byron's #8,*ilde ,h>old1' #hh4
      ,ca]n>von ,ca/le1 ,nor? ,wales    
7,t4,b4 ,,lxx4 ,m71 #de4    ,calais1    
#dc4    ,calais1 ,pas de4 ,see ,n[ = !  
,pa9t]4    ,calais ,pi]1 ) ,fr5*        
,poiss>ds prep>+ =         ,sea3 an     
,engli% ,packet arriv+ 7,n4,g4 #dgb71   
#bc1 #dg1 #aai4    ,ham]ton1 p4 #ib2    
,turn] ,gall]y1 ,pl4 #c4    ,calais     
,s&s1 ,l[ ,wat]3 ,poiss>ds collect+     
,bait         7,bury ,art ,gall]y71     
#aah1 #abf4    ,illus4 ,cat4 ,bury ,art 
,gall]y1 p4 #gb4    ,callcott1 ,sir ,a4 
,w41 #d4    ,cambridge1 #bj4            
,campbell1 ,t41 #abh4    ,cann+1 #eh4   
,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 ,/4 ,anselm's      
,*apel1 ) "p         ( ,?omas  ,becket's
 ,cr[n 7,:itwor? ,in/471 #ah1 #ai4      
,c>diff ,art ,gall]y1 #bi4    ,c>ew     
,ca/le1 #bf4    ,c>isbrook ,ca/le1 #be4 
,c>lisle1 #cd4    ,c>?ag9ian ,empire1   
,decl9e ( ! 7,n4,g4 #dii71 #hh4         
,turn] ,gall]y1 ,pl4 #ba4    #8,ca/le ( 
,otranto' 7,walpole's71 #ca4            
,*am\nix1 ,m] de ,glace 7,f>nley ,hall  

,collection71 #ci4    ,g5ius1 ,,mw-#bd2 
,turn] & ,rusk91 vol4 ii4 #aif4         
,*ateaubri&1 #hh4    ,*ep/[1 #bd4       
,*e/]1 #bj4    ,*9ese ,art1 #bb4        
,*ri/*ur* ,gate1 ,cant]bury1 #ag4       
,clifton ,nuneham1 #aa4    ,clyda*1 ,r41
 #bg4    ,clovelly1 #ii4    ,cobham1    
#ea4    ,col*e/]1 #aaa1 #aai4           
,coltman1 ,n41 #ii4    ,combe ,m>t91    
#ii4    ,coni/on1 #cd4    ,cont5t1 ,=m  
&1 #c4    ,conway ,ca/le1 #cg4          
,cook's ,folly1 ,bri/ol1 #ae4    ,cook1 
,sir ,fr$]ick1 #ee4    ,copp] ,plate    
,magaz9e1 #bj4    ,cottage1 ,int]ior ( a
 7,t4,b4 ,,xxix4 ,x471 #bc1 #bd1 #bh4   
,g5ius1 ,,mw-#e4    ,cox1 ,david1 #d4   
,cross+ ! ,brook 7,n4,g4 #dig71 #hg4    
,turn] ,gall]y1 ,pl4 #ah2 ,arm/rong1    
,pl4 #eh2 ,g5ius1 #j-aj2 ,wyllie1 p4    
#fj4    ,cr[le1 ,mr41 #f4    ,cumb]l&1  
#cd4    ,cyf>?fa ,sket* ,book 7,t4,b4   
,,xli471 #dd4      ,dacre ,ca/le1       
,cumb]l& 7,t4,b4 ,i4 ,d471 #i4          
,daniell1 ,?omas1 #gf4    ,dani% ,%ips  
seiz$ at ,cop5hag5 ent]+ ,portsm\?      

,h>b\r4 ,see ,spi!ad2 ,boat's ,crew1    
etc4    ,d>tm\?1 #ii4    ,d>tm\? ,ca/le1
 #ii4    ,datur hora ,quieti1 #abi4     
,dawe1 ,h41 #ha1 #hb4    ,dayes1 ,e41   
#ah1 #ai1 #abd4    ,deal1 #ace4         
,decl9e ( ! ,c>?ag9ian ,empire 7,n4,g4  
#dii71 #hh4    ,turn] ,gall]y1 ,pl4 #ba4
    ,delacroix1 #aag4    ,de ,l\!rb\rg1 
#ah1 #ai1 #ca1 #cb1 #dc4    ,deluge1 ,! 
7,n4,g4 #dic71 #de4    ,d]by1 #bj4      
,d]w5twat]1 #cd4    ,d]w5twat]1 ,! ,head
 ( 7,t4,b4 ,,xxxv4 #hb71 #ce4           
,devil's ,bridge1 ,c>digan%ire1 #ag4    
,devil's ,bridge1 ,! ,little 7,r4 #ai71 
#hj4    #8,devon%ire ,riv]s1 ,!1' #aji4 
,dewick1 ,rev4 ,e4 ,s41 #bi4    ,de     
,w9t1 ,p41 #d4    ,dido & ,a5eas 7,n4,g4
 #did71 #e1 #hg4    ,turn] ,gall]y1 ,pl4
 #af4    ---- build+ ,c>?age 7,n4,g4    
#dih71 #hg4    ,g5ius1 #j-i2 ,wyllie1 p4
 #fb2 ,turn] ,gall]y1 ,pl4 #ai4    ---- 
direct+ ! ,equipm5t ( ! ,fleet 7,n4,g4  
#ejf71 #hh4    ,ham]ton1 p4 #baf4       
,diskobolos1 ,!1 #ad4    ,dolbad]n      
,ca/le 7,diploma ,gall]y1 ,r4,a471 #de4 

,g5ius #j-a4    ,dort 7,f>nley ,hall    
,collection71 #if4    ,mag4 ( ,art1     
,july1 #ahhg1 p4 #cjj4    ,dov]1 #dc4   
,dunb> ,ca/le1 #dh4    ,dunb> ,sket*    
,book 7,t4,b4 ,,liv471 #dh4             
,dun/anbor\gh ,ca/le1 #cd4    ,durdham  
,d[ns1 ,bri/ol1 #ae4    ,durham1 #cd4   
,durham ,ca/le1 #cd4    ,durham         
,ca!dral1 #cd4    ,dut* ,boats 9 a ,gale
 7,! ,bridgewat] ,sea-piece71 #dc4      
,turn] ,gall]y1 ,pl4 #b4    ,dy+ ,gaul1 
!1 #ad4      ,ed9burgh1 #dh4            
,ed9burgh f ! ,galton ,hill 7,t4,b4     
,,lx4 ,h471 #ajg1 #ajh4    ,egremont1   
,"l1 #abf4    #8,elegy1' ,gray's1 #ca4  
,ely ,m9/]1 ,transept & ,*oir (1 #bc4   
#8,ely ,m9/]1 ,view (' 7,girt9's71 #ai4 
#8,engl& & ,wales' ,s]ies1 #d1 #bf1 #if1
 #ig1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aai1 #abi4     
#8,environs ( ,man*e/]1' ,dr4 ,aitk5's1 
#ai4    ,ev5+ ( ! ,deluge1 ,! 7,n4,g4   
#eca71 #aai4    ,ev5+ ,/>1 ,! 7,n4,g4   
#aiia71 #aai4    ,cassell's ,illu/rat$  
,catalogue1 ,n4,g4 ( ,b4 ,art41 p4 #cc4 
,ew5ny ,priory1 ,transept (1 #bh1 #bi1  

#cj1 #ca4    ,exile & ! ,rock ,limpet1  
,! 7,n4,g4 #ebi71 #aai4    ,cassell's   
,cat41 p4 #acf4      ,fabris1 #g4       
,fad1 ,pass ( 7,t4,b4 ,,ccclxiv4 #bji71 
#adj1 #aeb4    ,see #8,mod4 ,pa9t]s1'   
#a/ ed4 vol4 iv4 pl4 #bj2 ,turn]        
& ,rusk91 vol4 ii4 p4 #afh4    ,f>+ton1 
,joseph1 #cf    ,f>m ,y>d ) ! ,cock 7,r4
 #ag71 #eg4    ,f>nley ,hall            
,collection1 ,!1 #ci1 #eb4    ,fa/      
,ca/le1 #di4    ,fawkes1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h41  
#eb4    ,fawkes1 ,walt]1 #ia1 #ic1 #ajc4
    ,fi%]m5 at ,sea1 #bc1 #db4    ----  
becalm$ previ\s to a ,/orm--,twilight1  
#db4    ---- com+ ,a%ore at ,sunset1    
#db4    ---- laun*+ a ,boat1 etc4       
7,,lxviii4 #c71 #aeb4    ---- ^u a      
,lee-%ore 7,"l ,iveagh71 #bc1 #dc1 #dh4 
,arm/rong1 p4 #ej4    ,fitzwilliam      
,museum1 ,cambridge1 #ah1 #ajb4         
,fl9t1 #bj4    ,fl9t ,ca/le4 ,see ,fr5* 
,coa/1 ,sc5e on !4    ,flu%+1 #ea4      
,folke/one1 #ace4    ,folly ,bridge &   
,bacon's ,t[] 7,t4,b4 ,i4 ,a471 #i4     
,g5ius1 ,,mw-#a4    ,=m & ,cont5t1 #c4  

,=um ,romanum 7,n4,g4 #ejd71 #ic4       
,f\*'s #8,memoirs1' #ei4    ,f[l]1      
,capta91 #ae4    ,franco-,briti%        
,exhibition1 ,!1 #dh4    ,fre$om &      
,necessity1 ,reconciliation (1 #fh4     
,fr5* ,coa/1 ,sc5e on ! 7,r4 #d71 #eg1  
#ge-gh4    ,fro/y ,morn+1 ,a 7,n4,g4    
#dib71 #d1 #e1 #ee1 #fa1 #fc1 #fd1      
#ff1 #fh1 #hf1 #hg1 #if1 #aag1 #aai1    
#aeb4    ,ham]ton1 p4 #adh2 ,wyllie1 p4 
#ef2 ,arm/rong1 p4 #aab4                
,ga9sbor\gh1 ,t41 #eg4    ,g>rick's     
,temple & ,hampton ,c\rt 7,r4 #fc74 ,see
 ,islewor?1 ,sc5e at4    #8,g5ius (     
me*anical excell5ce1' #aj4    ,gessn]1  
#eg4    ,gilp9's #8,nor!rn ,t\r1' #i4   
,girt91 ,?omas1 #ai4    ,gl>am>a1 ,hills
 ( 7,t4,b4 ,,xxxv4 #hc71 #ce4           
,goodri* ,ca/le1 #bf4    ,g\ld1 ,mr4 ,g4
 ,j41 #eb4    ,goy51 ,van1 #bh4         
,graves5d1 #ej1 #ea4    ,gray's         
#8,elegy1' #ca4    ,gre5wi*1 #ea4       
,gre5wi* ,p>k1 ,london f 7,n4,g4 #dhc7  
#fc1 #hj4    ,g5ius1 #j-ad4    ,grose's 
#8,antiquities1' #i4    ,guisbor\gh     

,%ore ,sket* ,book 7,t4,b4 ,,lii47 #dh4 
,ham]ton's #8,turn]1' #acj4    ,hannibal
 ,cross+ ! ,alps 7,n4,g4 #dij71 #e4     
,turn] ,gall]y1 ,pl4 ,,xiv44    ,h>d+1  
,j4 ,d41 #ab4    ,h>dwick1 ,p4 ,c41 #aj1
 #aa1 #ad4    ,ha/+s1 #ea4    ,hayt]1   
,g41 #aag4    ,he>ne1 ,?omas1 #ah1 #ai4 
,h$g+ & ,dit*+ 7,r4 #dg71 #fa1 #id1     
#aai1 #adi4    ,h]e=d1 #ae4    ,h]ne    
,bay1 #ea4    ,hey%am1 #ajc-ajf1 #ajh4  
,high ,=ce ( ,tees1 #bg4    ,h9d ,head  
,hill 7,r4 #be71 #eh1 #fa4    ,ho>e1    
,sir ,r4 ,c41 #be4    ,holmes1 ,mr4 ,c4 
,j41 #adf4    ,holt1 ,collection ( !    
late ,mr4 ,r4 ,f41 #bc4    ,hornby      
,ca/le1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #ajh4         
,hotwells1 ,bri/ol1 ,!1 #ae4    ,hugo1  
,victor1 #abi4    ,hulks on ! ,tam>     
7,petwor? ,h\se71 #aai4    ,arm/rong1 p4
 #gd4    ,hume1 ,david1 #he1 #adb1 #adc4
      ,indol5ce1 ,! ,f\nta9 (1 #aba4    
,int]ior ( a ,cottage 7,t4,b4 ,,xxix4   
,x471 #bc1 #bd1 #bh4    ,g5ius1 ,,mw-#e4
    ,isabey1 #aag4    ,isle ( ,wight1   
#bd1 #be1 #bf4    ,islewor? ,old ,*ur*1 

#aa1 #ab4    ,islewor?1 ,sc5e at 7,r4   
#fc71 #ha4    ,italy1 #f4    ,iveagh1   
,"l1 #bc1 #dc1 #dh4      ,japanese ,art1
 #bb4    ,jason 7,n4,g4 #dga71 #ch4     
,jeffrey1 ,f41 #fg4    ,johnson1 ,dr41  
#cc1 #ce4    #8,judgem5t1 ,kritik ('    
7,kant71 #ca1 #cb4    ,juv5ile ,tricks  
7,r4 #bb71 #eg4      ,kant's #8,kritik (
 ,judgem5t1' #ca1 #cb4    ,k]%aw1 ,mr41 
#be4    ,keswick1 #cd4    #8---- ,lake1 
,view (' 7,dayes71 #ai4    ,kidwelly    
,ca/le1 #bf4    ,kilg>ran ,ca/le1 #da4  
,arm/rong1 p4 #dj4    ,k+'s ,college1   
,cambridge1 #bj4    ,k+/on ,bank 7,n4,g4
 #dia71 #ee4    ,kirk/all ,abbey1 #cd4  
,kirk/all ,crypt 7,soane ,museum71 #ia4 
,kor91 #ea4      ,lam>t9e1 #hh1 #abc4   
,lamb]t1 ,mr41 #be4    #8,l&scape )     
,ba!rs' 7,r4 ,wilson71 #cf4    ,l&se]1  
,mr4 ,c41 #be4    ,l&'s ,end1 #ajb4     
,langhorne1 ,dr41 #fi4    ,laugh>ne     
,ca/le1 #bf4    ,laurie1 ,mr41 #be4     
,lawr5ce1 ,sir ,t41 #hh1 #ij1 #aag4     
,lee-,%ore1 ,fi%]m5 on a 7,"l ,iveagh71 
#bc1 #dc1 #dh4    ,arm/rong1 p4 #ej4    

,liebrei*1 ,dr41 #abj4    ,less+1 #ih4  
#8,lib] ,/udiorum1' #d1 #dh1 #ef1 #eg1  
#eh1 #fa1 #fd1 #gb-hc1 #ii1 #aai4       
,li*field1 #bj4    ,life ,class1 ,r4,a4 
,s*ools1 #ad4    ,l9coln1 #bj4          
,l9coln1 ,ca!dral ,*ur* at 7,pr9t ,room1
 ,b4,m471 #bj1         #ba1 #bb1 #bi1   
#ca1 #adh1 #adi4    ,g5ius1 ,,mw-#d4    
,l9disf>ne1 #cd4    ,lipp9cott1 ,sir    
,h41 #ae4    ,ll&aff ,ca!dral 7,t4,b4   
,,xxviii4 ,a71 #bc1 #bi1 #ca4           
,llan/eph5 ,ca/le1 #bf4    ,locke1 #adb1
 #adc4    ,london f ,gre5wi* ,p>k       
7,n4,g4 #dhc71 #fc1 #hj4    ,g5ius1     
#j-ad4    ,l\!rb\rg1 ,de1 #ah1 #ai1 #ca1
 #cb1 #dc4    ,luc]ne 7,t4,b4 ,,ccclxiv4
 #cbd71 #aeb4    ,lysons' #8,environs ( 
,london1' #aj4      ,macon 7,"l         
,y>bor\gh71 #hg4    ,macph]son1 ,james1 
#ca4    ,maid5 ,lane1 #f4    ,maid51    
,visc\nt1 #be4    ,mallet1 ,david1 #fi4 
,malmesbury ,abbey1 #ae4    ,malv]n     
,abbey1 ,por* ( ,great 7,man4 ,:itwor?  
,in/47 #ag1 #ah4    ,man*e/]1 ,:itwor?  
,in/itute1 #ah1 #bj4    ,m>gate1 #ea1   

#ace4    ,m>%all1 ,j4 ,m4 ,w41 #aa1 #ad4
    ,m>tello ,t[]s1 ,bexhill 7,r4 #cd71 
#hj4    ,m>t9eau1 ,h41 #ei4    ,mat!ws1 
,dr41 #be4    ,matlock1 #bj4            
#8,me*anical ,excell5ce1 ,g5ius (1' #aj1
 #abe4    ,meleag]1 ! ,vatican1 #ad4    
,mel9c\rt1 ,fall ( 7,t4,b4 ,,xxxvi4 #h71
 #bg4    ,melrose1 #abi4    ,melrose    
,abbey1 #cd4    ,m] de ,glace1 ,*am\nix 
7,f>nley ,hall71 #ci4    ,turn] &       
,rusk91 vol4 ii4 #aif2 ,g5ius1 ,,mw-#bd4
    ,meuse1 ,entrance ( ! 7,n4,g4 #eja71
 #if4    ,arm/rong1 p4 #hd2 ,ham]ton1 p4
 #agj4    ,millbank1 ,/udy at 7,n4,g4   
#dei71 #bh4    ,mill]1 ,mrs4 ,pitt1 #de4
    ,millet1 ,j4 ,f41 #fg4    ,milton1  
#ca1 #ec1 #fi1 #ih4    ,mit*ell1 ,mr41  
#be4    #8,mod]n ,pa9t]s' 7,rusk971 #b4 
,monm\?%ire1 #ae4    ,monro1 ,dr4 #ai4  
,moonlight ,/udy at ,millbank 7,n4,g4   
#dei71 #bh4    ,moore1 ,t41 #hh1 #hi4   
,morl& ,george1 #dc1 #eg4    #8,morn+'  
7,wilson71 #cf4    ,mortlake1 ,e>ly     
7,summ]'s7 ,morn+1 #hh4    ,arm/rong1 p4
 #aah4    ---- ,t]race3 ,summ]'s ,ev5+1 

#hh4    ,arm/rong1 p4 #abj4    ,mossdale
 ,fall1 #ajb4    #8,musical' ,education1
 ,defects (1 #he4      ,naples1 ,"p (1 )
 ! ,ru9'd ,t[] ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 #g4        
,napoleon1 #db1 #eh1 #ei4    ,n>cissus &
 ,e*o 7,petwor? ,h\se71 #hg4            
,n>raways1 ,!1 #ad4    ,naturalism1     
,wordswor?ian1 #d4    ,nature & ,art1   
#c1 #d1 #h1 #aa1 #ae4    ,ne$les1 ,!1   
#be4    ,ne]1 ,van d]1 #bh4    ,nelson1 
,! ,dea? ( 7,n4,g4 #dhj71 #ec1 #ed4     
,g5ius1 #j-e2 ,turn] ,gall]y1 ,pl4 #i4  
,newcome1 ,col4 #aea4    ,newport1 ,isle
 ( ,wight1 #be4    #8,night ,?\ghts'    
7,"y71 #ca4    ,nile1 ,! ,battle ( !1   
#db1 #dc4    ,nore1 ,gu>d%ip at !4 ,see 
,%e]ness4    ,norham ,ca/le1 #cd4       
,norham ,ca/le on ! ,twe$1 ,summ]'s     
,morn1 #cf1 #da4    ,arm/rong1 p4 #cd4  
,nor?ampton1 #bj4    ,nor?umb]l&1 #cd4  
,norwi* ,s*ool1 !1 #d4    ,nott+ham1    
#bj4    ,n[ = ! ,pa9t] 7,j4 ,m4         
,naylor71 #if1 #aaf4    ,turn] ,gall]y1 
,pl4 #bg4    ,nuneham ,c\rt5ay1 #aa4    
,orrock1 ,mr4 ,j41 #ee4    #8,ossian1'  

#ca1 #fi4    ,ox=d1 #aa1 #ae4    #8---- 
,almanack1' #i4    ---- ,loan           
,collection1 #bg4    ---- ,sket* ,book1 
,! 7,t4,b4 ,,ii471 #ad4    ----         
,univ]sity ,gall]ies1 #df4    ,ox=d1    
,view ( ,high ,/reet 7,wantage ,coll471 
#e4    ,illus4 ,cat4 ( ,wantage ,coll4  
,ox=d1 ,view ( ! ,city ( 7,t4,b4 ,,iii4 
,b71 #ac4      #8,pa/oral' & #8,elegant 
,pa/oral1' #ef4    ,pat]son's #8,road   
,book1' #cd4    ,patt]dale1 #cd4        
,pembroke ,bay1 #bd4    ,pembroke       
,ca/le3 ,cle>+ up ( a ,?und]/orm 7,r4   
,brocklebank71 #de4    ,turn] & ,rusk91 
vol4 ii4 p4 #aeh2 ,arm/rong1 p4 #ej4    
,pembroke ,ca/le3 ,?und]/orm approa*+   
7,mrs4 ,w4 ,pitt ,mill]71 #de4          
,g5ius1 ,w-#a4    ,pembury ,mill 7,r4   
#ab71 #eg4    ,p]cy's #8,reliques1' #ca4
    ,pet]bor\gh1 #bj4    ---- ,ca!dral3 
,we/ ,entrance1 #bj4    ,petwor?1       
,int]ior at 7,n4,g4 #aihh71 #aai4       
---- ,dewy ,morn+ 7,petwor? ,h\se       
,coll471 #aai4    ---- ,h\se            
,collection1 #dd1 #abf4    ---- ,p>k    

7,petwor? ,h\se ,coll471 #abf4          
,petwor? ,p>k 7,n4,g4 #eei71 #abf4      
,wyllie1 p4 #dh4    ,pilot hail+ a      
,:it/able ,hoy 7,f>nley ,coll471 #eb4   
,turn] & ,rusk91 vol4 i4 p4 #acb2       
,g5ius1 #j-g4    ,plato1 #he4           
,pleasant & ,beautiful1 ,!1 #ij4        
,plym\? ,dock1 f ,m\nt ,edgecumbe1 #ajb4
    #8,pocket ,magaz9e1' #bj4           
#8,poetry1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli%' 7,w>ton71 
#ca4    ,poetry1 ,turn]'s1 #fi1 #gj4    
,poole1 #ajb4    ,pope's ,t[]1 ,/anton  
,h>c\rt1 #aa4    ,portrayal & ,portray$1
 ,problem (1 #c4    #8,ports ( ,engl&'  
,s]ies1 #d1 #if1 #ig4    ,portugal1     
,pr9ce ,reg5t (1 #eh4    #8,prelude1 ,!'
 7,wordswor?71 #fe4    ,pr9t ,room1     
,briti% ,museum1 #f1 #ag1 #bj4          
#8,prov9cial ,antiquities1' ,scott's1   
#d1 #if1 #ig1 #ajf4    ,purfleet1 #ed4  
,purley1 nr4 ,pangb\rne1 #gj4           
,pyke-,?ompson ,beque/1 #bi4      ,que5 
,mab's ,cave 7,n4,g4 #edh71 #aai4       
,radley ,hall1 ne> ,ab+don1 #aa1 #ab1   
#ac4    ,raglan ,ca/le4 ,see ,b]ry      

,pom]oy ,ca/le4    ,ra91 ,/orm1 & ,spe$1
 7,n4,g4 #ech71 #aai4    ,turn] &       
,rusk91 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgj2 ,g5ius1 #j-bc2
 ,wyllie1 p4 #acb4    ,raleigh's        
7,pr(essor71 #8,wordswor?1' #fg4        
,rawl9son's #8,lib] ,/udiorum1' #gc1    
#gh4    ,rei*5ba*1 ,falls ( ! 7,f>nley  
,hall ,collection71 #ci4    ,g5ius1     
,m4,w4--#ai4    #8,reliques1' ,p]cy's1  
#ca4    ,rembr&t1 #fg1 #abe4            
#8,review ( ,publications ( ,art1' #fj4 
,reynolds1 ,sir ,jo%ua1 #aj1 #abe4      
,ri*mond ,ca/le1 ,york%ire1 #cd4        
,ri*mond ,hill on ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t's     
,bir?day 7,n4,g4 #ejb71 #hh4            
#8,ri*mond%ire1 ,! ,hi/ory (1' #d1 #ig1 
#ajb1 #ajf4    ,ri*mond1 ,yorks1 #ajb4  
#8,rim9i1 ,bridge ( ,augu/us at'        
7,wilson71 #cf4    ,ripon ,ca!dral      
7,t4,b4 ,,xxxv4 #f71 #cd1 #adh1 #adi4   
#8,riv]s ( ,engl&' ,s]ies1 #d1 #if1 #ig1
 #ii1 #aji1 #abg4    #8,riv]s ( ,france'
 ,s]ies1 #abg1 #abi4    #8,ro*e/]       
,ca/le' 7,s&by71 #ai4    ,ro*e/] on !   
,m$way 7,t4,b4 ,,ccviii4 ,w471 #aji1    

#abg4    ,rog]s1 ,samuel1 #abh4         
,romantic ,art1 ,inauguration (1 #ca4   
,rome1 f ,monte ,m>io 7,t4,b4 ,,clxxxix4
 #cc71 #ib4    ,rome f ! ,vatican       
7,t4,b4 ,,clxxxix4 #da71 #hh4    ,rook]1
 ,m4 ,a41 #ah1 #ai4    ,rosl9 ,ca/le1   
#dh4    ,r[l&son1 ,t41 #dc4    ,royal   
,academy ,s*ools1 #ad4    ,royal        
,academy1 ,w9t] ,exhibition1 #aa4       
,rusk9 ,beque/1 ,cambridge1 #ajb4       
,rusk91 ,mr4 ,john1 #h1 #bg1 #di1 #ij1  
#ib1 #ic1 #id1 #aaj1 #acj4    #8,rusk9  
on ,pictures1' #ej4    ,rusk9's         
#8,elem5ts ( ,draw+1' #ie1 #adj4    ----
 #8,mod]n ,pa9t]s1' #aji1 #ach sq4      
,/4 ,abb's ,head1 #di4    ,/4 ,anselm's 
,*apel1 etc4--#8,cant]bury ,ca!dral'    
7,man4 ,:it4 ,in/471 #ah1 #ai4    ,/4   
,ca!r9e's ,hill1 ne> ,guild=d 7,r4 #cc71
 #fa4    ,/4 ,go?>d1 ,pass ( 7,f>nley   
,hall ,collection71 #ci4    ,/4 ,v9c5t's
 ,t[]1 ,naples 7,t4,b4 ,i4 ,e471 #f1 #i4
    ,salisbury1 #be4    ,s&bank )       
,gipsies 7,n4,g4 #dfg71 #ee4    ,s&by1  
,paul1 #g1 #ac1 #ah4    ,s&wi*1 #ace4   

,santayana1 ,mr4 ,george1 #abc1 #abd4   
,s*affhaus51 ,fall ( ! ,rh9e at 7,tabley
 ,h\se71 #hg4    ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1   
#di1 #hh1 #ajf1 #abh4    ,scott's       
#8,prov9cial ,antiquities1' #d4    ,%ee1
 ,sir ,m>t9 ,a41 #aag4    ,%e]ness      
7,wantage ,collection71 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1  
#if1 #aag1 #aeb4    ,arm/rong1 p4 #eb2 &
 ,illus4 ,cat41 ,wantage ,collection4   
,%elley1 ,p4 ,b41 #abc1 #abi4    ,%ips  
be>+ up = ,an*orage 7,petwor? ,h\se     
,collection71 #dd4    ,%ipwreck1 ,/udies
 ( a 7,t4,b4 ,,lxxxviii4 #a-h71 #di4    
,wyllie1 pp4 #ai-bb4    ,%ipwreck1 ,!   
7,n4,g4 #dgf71 #bc1 #di1 #ej4    ,g5ius1
 #j-c2 ,monkh\se1 p4 #ej2 ,wyllie1 p4   
#cf4    ,%rewsbury1 #bj4    #8,simple   
,nature1' #d1 #e4    ,sn[/orm1 ,!       
7,n4,g4 #ecj71 #aai4    ,wyllie1 p4     
#abf2 ,turn] & ,rusk91 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbj4
    ,soane ,museum1 ,!1 #ic4            
,s\?ampton1 #be4    ,s\!nd1 #ea4        
#8,s\!rn ,coa/1 ,!1' #d1 #if-ajb1 #ajc4 
,s\!y1 ,r41 #hh4    ,sp9net ,play]1 ,!  
7,t4,b4 ,,ccxliv4 #cg71 #abh4           

,spi!ad3 ,boat's ,crew recov]+ an ,an*or
 7,n4,g4 #dha71 #ec1 #ed1 #fj1 #aai4    
,arm/rong1 p4 #ff2 ,turn] & ,rusk91 vol4
 i4 p4 #aed4    ,spi!ad ,sket* ,book    
7,t4,b4 ,c471 #ei1 #fj4    ,/am=d1      
,l9c41 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #abi4          
,/anton ,h>c\rt1 #aa4    #8,/anton      
,h>c\rt1 ,! ,old ,kit*5 at1' #i4        
,/oke1 ne> ,bri/ol 7,mrs4 ,a4 ,?omas71  
#ae4    ,/oneh5ge at ,daybreak 7,r4     
#ha71 #ii4    ,/raw ,y>d1 ,! 7,r4 #g71  
#eg4    ,/rong1 ,! late ,mr4 ,ar?ur1    
#hc4    ,subject & ,treatm5t1 #c4       
#8,sublime & ,beautiful1 ,essay on !'   
7,burke71 #ca4    ,sunn+well1 #ad4      
---- ,*ur*1 #aa1 #ab4    ,symboli/s1 ,! 
,fr5*1 #abf4    ,sw9burne1 ,a4 ,c41     
#abi4      ,tantallon ,ca/le1 #dh4      
,taylor1 ,! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,e41 #hb4     
,tees1 ,high ,=ce (1 #bg4    ,teignm\?1 
#aai4    ,tmraire1 ,! ,fight+ 7,n4,g4   
#ebd71 #e1 #ed4    ,arm/rong1 p4 #aaf2  
,g5ius1 #j-ai2 ,ham]ton1 p4 #bhb2       
,wyllie1 p4 #aah4    ,t5i]s1 #eg4       
,?ames & ,m$way1 ,! ,meet+ ( ! 7,n4,g4  

#hac71 #df4    ,wyllie1 p4 #adb4    ----
 ---- ---- 7,mr4 ,wid5]'s71 #eb4        
,arm/rong1 p4 #ed4    ,?omas1 ,mrs41    
#ae4    ,?omson1 #eg1 #ih4    ,?omson's 
,lyre 7,basildon ,h\se71 #e4            
,?ornbury1 ,walt]1 #f4    ,tilsit1      
,treaty (1 #eh4    ,t9t]n ,abbey 7,v4 & 
,a4 ,museum71 #ah ,g5ius1 ,,mw-#c4      
,topographical ,art1 limitations (1 #bb4
    ,trafalg>1 ,battle (1 7,gre5wi*     
,hospital71 #if         ,turn] & ,rusk91
 vol4 i4 p4 #d2 #8,hidd5 ,treasures1' p4
 #ia4    ,treatm5t & ,subject1 #c4      
,trossa*s1 ,!1 #da4    ,tr\t ,/ream1 ,!1
 #ee1 #hf4 ,arm/rong1 p4 #eh4    ,tru?1 
#c4    ,turn]1 ,*>les1 #gf4             
,twick5ham--,pope's ,villa4 ,see        
,islewor?1 ,sc5e at4    ,tynem\?1       
#aac-aae4      ,ullswat]1 #cd4          
,ulysses d]id+ ,polyphemus 7,n4,g4      
#ejh71 #hh1 #aah1 #aai4 ,arm/rong1 p4   
#aad2         ,turn] & ,rusk91 vol4 i4  
p4 #ed2 ,g5ius1 #j-ab2        ,ham]ton1 
p4 #bbd2 ,wyllie1 p4 #hj4    ,union ( ! 
,?ames & ,isis 7,n4,g4 #dhg71 #ee4      

,usk1 ,r41 #dd4      ,van d] ,ne]1 #bh4 
,van ,goy51 #bh4    ,vatican ,meleag]1  
,!1 #ad4    ,vaughan ,beque/1 #ajb4     
,v5ice1 ,riva degli ,s*iavone1 f ne> !  
,public         ,g>d5s 7,t4,b4 ,,cccxvi4
 #ba71 #acb4    ,v5ice1 ,%ipp+ on !     
,riva degli ,s*iavone 7,t4,b4 ,,cccxvi4 
#bj71 #acb4    ,v5ice1 ,! ,approa* to   
7,t4,b4 ,,cccxvi4 #af71 #acb4           
,v5tnor1 #be4    ,v5us de' ,m$ici1 #ad4 
,via ,mala1 ,! 7,t4,b4 ,,ccclxiv4 #cfb71
 #ace4    ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1   
#ah1 #ai1 #ajb4    ,village & ,ca/le on 
! ,rh9e 7,t4,b4 ,,ccclxix4 #bb71 #ace4  
,wait+ = ,d9n] 7,t4,b4 ,,cccxliv4 #ca71 
#abg1 #abh4    ,wallis ,wall1 ,bri/ol1  
#ae4    ,walpole1 ,horace1 #ca4         
,walton ,bridges1 #ea4    ,walton       
,bridges 7,wantage ,collection71 #ee4   
,arm/rong1 p4 #eh4    ---- ---- 7,mr4   
,j4 ,orrock71 #ee4 ,byron ,webb]1 vol4  
i4 #id4    ,wan/ead1 ,new ,*ur* at1 #aj4
    ,wantage1 ,! ,lady1 #eb1 #ee1 #fc4  
,w>kwor? ,ca/le1 #cd4    ,w>ton1        
,joseph1 #d1 #ca4    ,wat*et1 #ii1 #ajj1

 #aja1 #ajb4    ,wat]loo1 ,field (      
7,n4,g4 #ejj71 #hh4    ,wat] ,mill1 ,!  
7,r4 #cg71 #fa4    ,wells1 #bf4         
,wells1 ,mrs41 #ge4    ---- ,w4 ,f41    
#gc4    ,wel% ,bridge1 ,%rewsbury 7,man4
 ,:it4 ,in/471 #bj4    #8,wel% ,coa/1 ,a
 ,view ( !1 f ,cook's ,folly1' 7,t4,b4  
,,vi4 #i71 #ae4    ,we/all1 ,william1   
#gf4    ,:al]s 7,n4,g4 #edf1 #edg71     
#aai4    ,:alley ,bridge & ,abbey       
7,wantage ,collection71         #fc4    
,illus4 ,cat4 ,wantage ,collection4     
#8,:atman's ,turkey ,mills1' ,view (    
7,s&by71 #ai4    ,:at ,y ,w1 #hh4       
,:eatley1 ,f41 #ah1 #ai1 #eg4    ,:eel]1
 ,mrs41 #ge4    ,:it/able ,hoy1 ,pilot  
hail+ a 7,f>nley ,hall ,collection71    
#eb4 ,turn] & ,rusk91 vol4 i4 p4 #acb2  
,g5ius1 #j-g4    ,wid5]1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,a4   
,b41 #eb4    ,wight1 ,isle (1 #bd1 #be1 
#bf4    ,wilson1 ,r41 #d1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1
 #cf1 #cg1 #ci1 #hd4    ,w9*e/]1 #be4   
,w9d]m]e1 #cd4    ,w9dmill & ,lock 7,r4 
#bg71 #eg1 #eh1 #fa1 #id4    ---- ----  
7,sir ,fr$]ick ,cook71 #ee ,g5ius #j-h4 

,w9dsor1 #ae4    ,w9dsor 7,n4,g4 #dhf71 
#d1 #ee1 #fc1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #hf1 #if1  
#aag1 #aeb4    ,w9t1 ,de1 #d4           
,worce/]1 #ae4    ,wordswor?1 #d1 #fe1  
#hf1 #abe4    ---- ,doro?y1 #fd4        
#8,wordswor?' 7,pr(4 ,raleigh71 #fg4    
,wordswor?ian ,naturalism1 #d4          
,wordswor?'s #8,excursion1' #fg4        
,wordswor?'s #8,l9es1 compos$ a few     
miles above ,t9t]n ,abbey1' #ff4    ----
 #8,lyrical ,ballads1' #eh4    ----     
#8,prelude1' #fe4    ,wrexham1 #bj4     
,york%ire1 #cd4    ,york%ire1 ,coa/ (1  
ne> ,:itby 7,r4 #bd71 #dh4              
#8,york%ire ,s]ies1 ,!4' ,see           
#8,ri*mond%ire1 ,hi/ory (4'    ,"y1     
,edw>d1 #d1 #ca4      ,zuri* 7,t4,b4    
,,ccclxiv4 #bhi71 #aeb4    ,wat]-,col\rs
 ( ,turn]1 ,pl4 ,,xxvii4                
,pr9t$ by ,t4 & ,a4 ,,con/able1 ,pr9t]s 
to ,8 ,maje/y                     at !  
,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,press             
,,footnotes3    #a ,see ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 
vol4 v4 p4 #cdb note4    #b ,! ,life (  
,turn]1 by ,walt] ,?ornbury1 #ahig      

edition1 p4 #bg4 ,!  draw+s ref]r$ to   
are n[ 9 ! ,pr9t ,room1 ,briti% ,museum4
    #c ,s9ce ^! l9es 7 writt5 ,i h be5  
lucky en\gh to discov]  its s\rce4 ,x is
 bas$ on an engrav+ 9 ,gilp9's ,nor!rn  
,t\r1  vol4 ii41 fac+ p4 #he4 ,turn] has
 foll[$ ! engrav+ fairly  c>efully1 b   
has introduc$ two figures ( 8 own 9 !   
=egr\nd4    #d ,x 0 f9i%$ 9 #agij &     
consecrat$ on ! #bd? ,june4 ,see        
,lysons's ,environs ( ,london1 vol4 ii4 
p4 #bcg4    #e ,^! titles are writt5 on 
! backs ( ! draw+s by ! arti/           
himself--an excell5t practice :i* he v  
soon ab&on$4    #f ,! f\r? ar*itectural 
subject 9 ! exhibition is describ$ z  a 
view ( ! #8,inside ( ,t9t]n ,abbey4' ,if
 ?is 0 ! draw+ n[ 9  ! ,victoria &      
,alb]t ,museum1 z ! evid5ce seems to    
indicate1 !  critic's pref]5ces seem ev5
 m incompreh5sible4 ,on ! :ole ?is  is1 
,i ?9k1 a f9] "w ev5 ?an ! #8,/4        
,anselm's ,*apel4'    #g ,= x appe>s t  
!re is "s d\bt ab\t ! matt]4 ,!  ,rev4  
,e4 ,s4 ,dewick possesses ano!r v]sion (

 ?is subject1 simil>  9 size & design1 b
 v inf]ior 9 workman%ip4 ,! clums9ess  &
 wood5ness ( ! workman%ip h be5 tak5 z  
evid5ce t  ! draw+ 0 an e>li] "o ?an t  
at ,c>diff4 ,b x may also  indicate t x 
is m]ely ! "w ( an unskilful copyi/4    
#h ,cf4 ,bosanquet's ,hi/ory ( /hetic1  
p4 #bgg2 also ,kant's ,kritik  (        
,judgm5t1 sections #bh & #bi4    #i ,op4
 cit4 7,dr4 ,b]n>d's translation71 p4   
#ada4    #aj ,op4 cit4 p4 #abe4    #aa  
,! conv5tional eighte5?-c5tury attitude 
t[>ds ^! sc5es  seems well express$ by a
 description 9 ,pat]son's ,road ,book4  
#8,to  ! s\? ( ! ,d]w5twat]1' ! passage 
runs1 #8is ! rocky *asm  ( ,borr[dale1 a
 trem5d\s pass1 at ! entrance ( :i* d>k 
cav]ns  yawn t]rific z ! wildness ( a   
maniac1 etc41' page #dce4    #ab        
,wordswor?1 ,prelude1 ,bk4 xii4         
#aah-abj4    #ac ,see ,plate ,,xvi4 = ! 
/udy = ! ,f>nley  picture4    #ad ,see  
,plate ,,xxxvii4    #ae ,plate          
,,xxxviii4    #af ,plate ,,xxvii 7b74   
#ag ,! ,prelude1 ,bk4 xiii4 l4 #bhg sq4 

#ah ,see1 = example1 ,jeffrey's acc\nt (
 ! ,six? ,book ( !  ,excursion1 quot$ 9 
,pr(essor ,raleigh's ,wordswor?1 pp4 #h 
& #i4    #ai ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t 
! v]ses 7 compos$ by ,turn]  himself4   
#bj ,plate ,,xxxix4    #ba ,bell1       
,article on #8,turn] & 8 ,engrav]s1' 9  
,! ,g5ius (  ,turn] 7,/udio ,extra71 pp4
 #adb-adc4    #bb ,turn] ,catalogue1    
writt5 9 #ahha4 ,national ,gall]y       
edition1  #ahii1 p4 #cg4    #bc ,ibid4  
#bd ,x is also wor? rem>k+ t ! value (  
^! draw+s f  a topographical po9t (     
view1 i4e4 z giv+ in=mation pure &      
simple1 is probably dim9i%$ by ! fact t 
! mat]ial !y  conta9 is s skilfully     
select$ & arrang$4    #be ,mod]n        
,pa9t]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #acb4    #bf ,ibid4 
p4 #acj4    #bg ,elem5ts ( ,draw+1      
,preface1 p4 ,x4    #bh ,plate ,,lvii4  
#bi #8,turn] & ,mulready4--,on ! ,effect
 ( c]ta9 ,faults ( ,vision1  etc4' ,by  
,r4 ,liebrei*4 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e1   
,april #ahgb4    #cj ,! ,s5se ( ,beauty1
 by ,george ,santayana4 ,a4  ,c4 ,black1

 #ahif1  p4 #adi4    #ca ,?is1 ,i ne$   
h>dly add1 is ,mr4 ,rusk9's explanation4
    #cb ,ham]ton's ,turn]1 p4 #bdd4     
#cc ,see1 = example1 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,j4  
,holmes's ,notes on ! ,sci5ce  (        
,picture-,mak+4 ,introduction4    #cd   
,two ( ^! /udies are reproduc$ 9 ,!     
,g5ius ( ,turn]4    #ce ,see ,dr4       
,bosanquet's ,ess5tials ( ,logic1 p4 #ia
 sq4    #cf ,! transition is f ! s+ul>  
to ! univ]sal judgm5t4 ,see  ,dr4       
,bosanquet's ,logic1 vol4 i4 *ap4 v42 & 
,ess5tials ( ,logic1  p4 #fd sq4    #cg 
,! be/ discussion ( ^! po9ts ) :i* ,i am
 acqua9t$ is  conta9$ 9 ,dr4            
,bosanquet's ,k & ,reality1 pp4         
#adj-aee4