,,artificial ,,fire-,,works1 ,improved to the ,,modern ,,practice1 ,from the ,,minutest to the ,,highest ,branches2 ,,containing ,aigrettes ,amber-lights ,balloons ,batteries ,chinese ,fire-,ships ,cohorns ,cones ,crackers ,cascades ,dodecadrons ,ducks ,earthquakes ,flights ,flyers ,fountains ,gerbes ,globes ,gold-,rain ,grand ,volutes ,leaders ,lights ,mines ,matches ,mortars ,marrons ,moons ,neptune's ,chariot ,potts ,pumps ,rain-,fall ,rockets ,sea-,fights ,silver-,rain ,spur-,fire ,squibs ,stars ,sky-,rockets ,swans ,swarms ,thunder in ,rooms ,towering-,rockets1 double and single ,tourbillons ,trees ,water ,fire-,works ,wheels ,yew-,trees ,with all their ,ingredients1 ,compositions1 ,preparations1 ,machines1 ,moulds1 and ,manner to make them1 refining ,salt-,petre1 and to extract it from damaged ,gunpowder1 c4 ,with about #ajj of the principal ,figures beautifully engraved on ,copper ,plates4 ,the ,,second ,,edition4 ,with the ,,addition of many new and beautiful ,fire-,works1 and #c large ,copper-,plates4 ,by ,,robert ,,jones1 ,lieutenant in the ,royal ,regiment of ,,artillery4 ,,london3 ,printed for ,j4 ,,millan1 near ,whitehall4 7,price #gs1 #f;d47 ,,mdcclxvi4 ,,to ,,sir ,,charles ,,frederick1 ,,knight ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,noble ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,bath1 ,,surveyor ,,general ,,of ,,his ,,majesty',s ,,ordnance1 ,,and ,,fellow ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,society1 ,,at ,,london4 ,,this ,,treatise ,,on ,,artificial ,,fireworks ,,is ,,humbly ,,inscribed ,,by ,,his ,,most ,,obedient ,,and ,,much ,,obliged ,,humble ,,servant1 ,,robert ,,jones4 ,,preface4 ,i shall not pretend to say any thing here concerning the origin of ,fireworks2 those who are willing to be better informed of that point1 may have recourse to the treatise of ,m4 ,f9999991 on that subject1 who has handled this point in a most elaborate manner2 and perhaps it may be no displeasing surprize to the reader1 to find that1 while he imagines himself only concerned about an invention which1 he could not have thought to have subsisted above #dbb years1 he is carried gradually back to the age of ,augustus1 and from thence to the time of the ,trojan war4 ,it is sufficient for me that ,fireworks have subsisted a long time1 and still continue to do so among the politest nations of both ,europe and ,asia4 ,i am very well aware that it may here be objected1 there are already treatises published on this subject1 and some of those voluminous ones2 but then those are either translations from the ,french and ,italian authors1 c4 which in themselves are both imperfect and erroneous2 or else they are very small abridgments1 and those little1 not of the art itself1 only on some particular branches of it4 ,i have endeavoured1 in the following treatise1 to avoid prolixity as much as possible without being obscure2 the rules ,i have laid down1 are as plain as was in my power to make them1 and ,i have endeavoured to carry the reader in by the most gradual manner1 from the minutest circumstances to the highest1 and have been careful to keep to the subject ,i first proposed1 only as an ,essay on ,artificial ,fire-works4 ,i own ,i cannot help reflecting with some kind of chagrin1 that1 whenever we have had occasion for any of these sort of diversions to be exhibited in ,england1 we have almost always had recourse to foreigners to execute them2 if this has been owing to the ignorance of our own people on this subject1 ,i shall be very happy if it is in my power to correct it2 if it is only owing to that prevailing fondness we entertain for every thing that is foreign1 ,i know no remedy for that evil but time and experience4 ,june #bj1 #agfe4 ,,subscribers ,,names4 ,a4 ,colonel ,amherst ,lumney ,arnold1 ,esq2 ,captain ,anderson ,mr4 ,thomas ,ardesoif ,thomas ,appreece1 ,esq2 ,lieutenant ,abbot ,mr4 ,nenon ,armstrong ,john ,archbold1 ,esq2 ,b4 ,sir ,richard ,betenson1 ,baronet ,lieutenant-,general ,belford ,lieutenant-,colonel ,brome ,captain ,buchannan ,captain ,richard ,bowles ,charles ,booth1 ,esq2 ,captain ,burt ,captain ,bothwick ,captain ,basset ,captain ,henry ,balfour ,captain ,henry ,brasier ,christopher ,bath1 ,esq2 ,captain ,bettesworth ,lieutenant ,blomfield ,lieutenant ,bellew ,lieutenant ,barbutt ,lieutenant ,bruere ,lieutenant ,burton ,lieutenant ,brady ,lieutenant ,burgh ,lieutenant ,burrows ,lieutenant ,brietzcke ,lieutenant ,barber ,lieutenant ,browne ,ensign ,bertie ,mr4 ,bertie ,burk1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,burford4 ,c4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,chenevix ,lieutenant-,colonel ,cleaveland ,lieutenant-,colonel ,carlton ,major ,a4 ,campbell ,the ,honourable ,lucius ,ferdinand ,cary ,captain ,campbell ,captain ,clark ,captain ,charlton ,thomas ,cunningham1 ,esq2 ,john ,cockburn1 ,esq2 ,cecil ,calvert1 ,esq2 ,john ,cathcart1 ,esq2 ,partrick ,george ,craufurd1 ,esq2 ,lieutenant ,chapman ,lieutenant ,richard ,chapman ,thomas ,chowne1 ,esq2 ,cooke1 ,esq2 ,d4 ,lieutenant-,general ,durand ,sir ,charles ,davers ,colonel ,desaguliers ,lieutenant-,colonel ,dalling ,major ,dade ,captain ,debbeig ,captain ,dixon ,captain ,desbrisay ,captain ,davis ,george ,durant1 ,esq2 ,henry ,pelham ,davis1 ,esq2 ,lieutenant ,durnford ,lieutenant ,dixon ,lieutenant ,douglass ,lieutenant ,downing ,mr4 ,decosta ,e4 ,lieutenant-,general ,elliot ,sir ,john ,eyles ,styles1 ,baronet ,edmonds1 ,esq4 ,f4 ,sir ,charles ,frederick1 ,knight of the ,bath ,william ,farrell1 ,esq2 ,william ,charles ,farrell1 ,esq2 ,captain ,christopher ,french ,captain ,fuller ,captain ,french ,g4 ,the ,right ,honourable the ,marquiss of ,granby ,lieutenant-,colonel ,godwin ,captain ,gordon ,captain ,garth ,captain ,gray ,captain ,george ,lieutenant ,garstin ,lieutenant ,grose ,lieutenant ,gossip ,john ,henry ,grose1 ,esq2 ,jacob ,grose1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,gresse ,h4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,howe ,sir ,samuel ,hillier1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,the ,honourable ,charles ,hamilton1 ,esq2 ,captain ,hayes ,captain ,hedges ,captain ,harcourt ,hillersdon1 ,esq2 ,john ,hughson1 ,esq2 ,john ,harrison1 ,esq2 ,lieutenant ,hill ,lieutenant ,handcock ,mr4 ,alexander ,hope ,ensign ,harcup4 ,i4 ,major ,james ,captain ,innis ,captain ,jefferys ,thomas ,jones1 ,esq2 ,captain ,jones4 ,k4 ,major ,general ,keppel ,captain ,kennedy ,lieutenant ,king ,ensign ,keith ,doctor ,kennedy ,l4 ,the ,right ,honourable ,lord ,viscount ,ligonier ,captain ,leslie ,captain ,lewis ,lieutenant ,leith ,lieutenant ,lawson ,lieutenant ,lemoine ,lieutenant ,henry ,hastings ,lloyd ,ensign ,lechmore ,ensign ,leigh ,mr4 ,lepremaudaye ,mr4 ,george ,lambert ,mr4 ,john ,lampard4 ,m4 ,general ,monckton ,colonel ,montresor ,sir ,william ,mansel1 ,baronet ,captain ,marsh ,lieutenant-,colonel ,monypenny ,ensign ,maccarthymore ,robert ,morley1 ,esq2 ,james ,moss1 ,esq2 ,john ,muller1 ,esq2 ,n4 ,colonel ,nugent ,mr4 ,nichols4 ,o4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,ord4 ,p4 ,sir ,mark ,parsons1 ,baronet ,colonel ,pearson ,lieutenant-,colonel ,pattison ,lieutenant-,colonel ,philips ,lieutenant-,colonel ,pepper ,captain ,parkhill ,captain ,pringle ,captain ,peach ,lieutenant ,paterson ,james ,philips1 ,esq2 ,charles ,philips1 ,esq2 ,james ,powel1 ,esq2 ,lieutenant ,pearse ,lieutenant ,pocock ,george ,parker1 ,esq2 ,r4 ,his ,grace the ,duke of ,rutland ,the ,right ,honourable ,lord ,romney ,captain ,reynolds ,lieutenant ,ratcliff ,lieutenant ,rosat ,lieutenant ,robertson ,lieutenant ,robison4 ,s4 ,sir ,harry ,seaton ,colonel ,skinner ,major ,straton ,major ,skey ,captain ,stewart ,captain ,skyner ,lieutenant ,strachan ,cornet ,sievright ,stevenson1 ,esq2 ,t4 ,lieutenant ,timms ,lieutenant ,thomas ,mr4 ,david ,thomas ,zachariah ,taylor1 ,esq2 ,v4 ,mr4 ,george ,villeneuve4 ,w4 ,major ,general ,williamson ,lieutenant-,colonel ,walsh ,major ,wrightson ,captain ,wilkie ,captain ,williamson ,captain ,walker ,lieutenant ,williams ,lieutenant ,williams ,john ,willis1 ,esq2 ,ward ,esq2 ,john ,westrope1 ,esq2 ,richard ,stranton ,wilmot1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,wise4 ,,contents ,,section ,i4 ,of ,salt-petre4 ,pag4 #a ,how to refine ,salt-petre4 #b ,how to pulverise ,salt-petre4 #c ,how to extract ,salt-petre from damaged ,gun-powder4 ibid4 ,of ,sulphur or ,brimstone4 #e ,how to prepare ,charcoal for ,fireworks4 #f ,to make ,artificial ,camphor4 #g ,to make the ,oil of ,camphor4 #i ,of ,benjamin4 #aj ,of ,gun-powder and its ,original4 #aa ,of the ,composition for ,gun-powder of different ,sorts4 #ac ,to restore damaged ,gun-powder to its proper ,strength4 #af ,of ,silent-powder1 commonly called ,white-powder4 #ai ,to make ,silent-powder4 #bj ,to make ,gun-powder of different ,colours4 #ba ,to make ,gun-powder white4 #bb ,to make ,powder red4 ibid4 ,to make yellow ,powder4 #bc ,to make green ,powder4 ibid4 ,to make blue ,powder4 #bc ,to make ,pulvis ,fulmanans or ,thunder in a ,room4 #bd ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,spur-fire4 #bf ,the ,composition for the ,spur-fire4 #bh ,characters1 or ,significant ,signs1 for distinguishing the different ,ingredients used in ,fireworks4 #bi ,how to meal ,gun-powder1 ,brimstone1 and ,charcoal4 #ca ,to prepare ,cast ,iron for ,gerbes1 white ,fountains1 and ,chinese ,fire4 #cb ,charges for ,sky-rockets1 c4 #cd ,for ,rockets of four ,ounces4 ibid4 ,for ,rockets of eight ,ounces4 ibid4 ,for ,rockets of one ,pound4 ibid4 ,for ,sky-rockets in ,general4 #ce ,for large ,sky-rockets4 ibid4 ,for ,rockets of a middling ,size4 ibid4 ,compositions for ,rocket ,stars4 #cf ,for white ,stars4 ibid4 ,for blue ,stars4 ibid4 ,coloured or variegated ,stars4 ibid4 ,for brilliant ,stars4 ibid4 ,for common ,stars4 #cg ,for tailed ,stars4 ibid4 ,for drove ,stars4 ibid4 ,for fixed pointed ,stars4 #cg ,stars of a fine ,colour4 #ch ,gold ,rain for ,sky-rockets4 ibid4 ,silver ,rain4 ibid4 ,for ,water-rockets4 #ci ,a sinking ,charge for ,water-rockets4 #dj ,for ,wheel ,cases1 from two ,ounces to four ,pound4 ibid4 ,a slow ,fire for ,wheels4 #db ,a dead ,fire for ,wheels4 ibid4 ,for standing or fixed ,cases4 ibid4 ,for ,sun ,cases4 #dc ,for a brilliant ,fire4 ibid4 ,for ,gerbes4 #dd ,chinese ,fire4 ibid4 ,charges for ,tourbillons4 ibid4 ,for four ,ounce ,tourbillons4 ibid4 ,for eight ,ounce ,tourbillons4 ibid4 ,for large ,tourbillons4 #de ,for ,water ,ballns4 ibid4 ,for ,water ,squibs4 ibid4 ,for ,mine ,ports or ,serpents4 #df ,port ,fires for firing ,rockets1 c4 ibid4 ,port ,fires for ,illuminations4 #dg ,for ,cones or ,spiral ,wheels4 ibid4 ,for ,crowns or ,globes4 ibid4 ,for ,air ,balln ,fuzes4 ibid4 ,serpents for ,pots des ,brins4 #dh ,for ,fire ,pumps4 ibid4 ,for a slow white ,flame4 ibid4 ,for ,amber ,lights4 #di ,for ,lights of another ,sort4 ibid4 ,for a red ,fire4 ibid4 ,for a common ,fire4 ibid4 ,to make an artificial ,earthquake4 #ej ,a ,table of ,rocket ,charges1 taken from ,siemienawicz4 #eb ,a ,table of ,rocket ,charges1 taken from ,m4 ,f9999994 #ec ,a ,table of ,rocket ,charges1 taken from ,hanzelet4 #ed ,a ,table of ,rocket ,charges1 taken from ,henrion4 #ee ,a ,table of ,rocket ,charges1 taken from ,saint ,remy1 with improvements by ,m4 ,f9999994 #ef ,remarks on the foregoing ,tables4 #eg ,compositions for ,stars of different ,colours4 #fj ,for ,stars that carry ,tails of ,sparks4 #fa ,another sort of ,stars1 which yield some ,sparks4 #fb ,for ,stars of a yellowish ,colour4 ibid4 ,stars of another ,sort4 #fc ,of the ,colours produced by the different ,compositions4 ibid4 ,for a white ,flame4 #fd ,for a blue ,flame4 ibid4 ,for a ,flame inclining to red4 #fe ,of such ,ingredients as shew themselves in ,sparks when rammed in choaked ,cases4 ibid4 ,how to make ,cotton ,quick-match4 #ff ,ingredients for the ,match4 #fh ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,of ,sky-rocket ,moulds4 #fi ,a ,table of ,dimensions for ,rocket ,moulds1 in which the ,rockets are rammed solid4 #gb ,of ,moulds for ,wheel-cases1 or ,serpents4 #gc ,how to roll ,rockets and other ,cases4 #gd ,to make ,tourbillon ,cases4 #gh ,to make ,balln ,cases1 or ,paper ,shells4 #gi ,of the ,method of mixing ,compositions4 #hb ,how to preserve ,steel or ,iron ,filings4 #hc ,the ,method of driving or ramming of ,sky-rockets1 c4 #he ,of the ,proportion of ,mallets4 #ij ,of the ,proportion of ,sky-rockets1 with the manner of heading them4 #ia ,of the ,decorations for ,sky-rockets4 #ic ,a ,table of ,dimensions and ,poise of ,rocket-sticks4 #id ,the ,method of boring ,rockets which have been drove solid4 #if ,of a ,hand ,machine used for boring of ,rockets instead of a ,lathe4 #ii ,the ,manner of making large ,gerbes4 #aja ,of small ,gerbes or white ,fountains4 #ajc ,to make ,paste-board and ,paper ,mortars4 #ajd ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,the ,manner of loading ,air ,ballns4 #ajf ,of ,coehorn ,ballns4 #ajh ,of ,coehorn ,ballns4 #aji ,of ,royal ,ballns4 #aaj ,of ,royal ,ballns4 #aaa ,of eight ,inch ,ballns4 #aab ,remarks on ,ballns4 #aac ,of eight ,inch ,ballns4 #aae ,of an eight ,inch ,balln4 #aaf ,of a ,compound ten ,inch ,balln4 #aag ,of a ten ,inch ,balln of three changes4 #aah ,to make ,balln4 ibid4 ,of ,tourbillons4 #abj ,the ,manner of making ,mortars1 for throwing ,aigrettes and loading and firing the same4 #abb ,the ,manner of making1 loading1 and firing of ,pots des ,brins4 #abe ,of ,pots des ,saucissons4 #abg ,to fix one ,sky-rocket on the top of another4 #abh ,of ,caduceus-rockets4 #acj ,of ,honorary-rockets4 #aca ,to divide the ,tail of a ,sky-rocket1 so as to form an ,arch when ,ascending4 #acc ,to make several ,sky-rockets rise together1 in the same direction1 and equally distant from each other4 #acd ,of ,signal ,sky-rockets4 #ace ,to fix two or more ,sky-rockets on one ,stick4 #acf ,of ,sky-rockets without ,sticks4 #adj ,of ,rain-falls for ,sky-rockets1 double and single4 #ada ,of strung ,stars4 #add ,of tailed ,stars4 ibid4 ,of drove ,stars4 #adf ,of rolled ,stars4 #adg ,of ,scrolls for ,sky-rockets4 #adh ,of ,swarmers or small ,rockets4 #adi ,of the ,cause of ,sky-rockets rising4 #aej ,of ,stands for ,sky-rockets4 #aea ,of ,girandole ,chests for ,flights of ,rockets4 #aeb ,of ,serpents or ,snakes for ,pots des ,aigrettes1 small ,mortars1 ,sky-rockets1 c4 #aee ,of ,leaders or ,pipes of ,communication4 ibid4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,of ,aquatick ,fireworks4 #aeg ,of ,water ,rockets4 ibid4 ,to make ,pipes of ,communication1 which may be used under ,water4 #aei ,of ,horizontal ,wheels for the ,water4 ibid4 ,of ,mines for the ,water4 #afa ,of ,fire ,globes for the ,water4 #afb ,of odoriferous ,water ,ballns4 #afd ,of ,water ,ballns4 #aff ,of ,water ,squibs4 #afg ,to represent a ,sea-fight with small ,ships1 and to prepare a ,fire-ship for the same4 #afh ,to fire ,sky-rockets under ,water4 #agb ,to represent ,neptune in his ,chariot4 #agc ,to represent ,swans and ,ducks in the ,water4 #age ,of ,fire-fountains for the ,water4 #agg ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,to make ,crackers4 #agi ,of single ,reports4 #ahj ,of ,marrons4 #aha ,of ,marron ,batteries4 #ahc ,of ,line ,rockets4 ibid4 ,of the different ,decorations for ,line ,rockets4 #ahe ,of ,chinese ,flyers4 #ahf ,of ,table ,rockets4 #ahh ,to make ,wheels and other ,works incombustible4 #ahi ,of single ,vertical ,wheels4 #aij ,of ,horizontal ,wheels4 #aib ,of ,spirali ,wheels4 #aic ,of ,plural ,wheels4 #aid ,of the illuminated ,spiral ,wheel4 #aie ,of the double ,spiral ,wheel4 #aif ,of ,balln ,wheels4 #aig ,of ,fruiloni ,wheels4 #aih ,of ,port-fires for ,illuminations4 #bjj ,of common ,port-fires4 ibid4 ,of ,cascades of ,fire4 #bja ,of the ,fire ,tree4 #bjb ,of ,chinese ,fountains4 #bjc ,of illuminated ,globes with ,horizontal ,wheels4 #bje ,of the ,dodecaedron4 #bjg ,of the ,yew ,tree of ,brilliant ,fire4 #bji ,of ,stars with ,points for regulated ,pieces1 c4 #baj ,of the fixed ,sun with a ,transparent ,face4 #baa ,of three ,vertical ,wheels illuminated1 which turn on their ,naves upon a ,horizontal ,table4 #bad ,of the illuminated ,chandelier4 #baf ,of the illuminated ,yew ,tree4 #bag ,of flaming ,stars with ,brilliant ,wheels4 #bah ,of ,touch-paper for ,capping of ,serpents1 ,crackers1 c4 #bbj ,of a projected regulated ,piece of ,nine ,mutations4 #bba ,to make a ,horizontal ,wheel change to a ,vertical ,wheel with a ,sun in ,front4 #bcd ,of the ,grand ,volute illuminated1 with a projected ,wheel in ,front4 #bcf ,of the ,moon and ,seven ,stars4 #bci ,of the double ,cone ,wheel illuminated4 #bdj ,of ,fire ,pumps4 #bdb ,of the ,vertical ,scroll ,wheel4 #bdc ,of ,pin ,wheels4 #bdd ,of ,fire ,globes4 #bdf ,to thread and join ,leaders1 with the ,method of placing them on different ,works4 #bdg ,the ,manner of placing ,fireworks to be exhibited1 with the ,order of ,firing4 #bej ,,contents to the ,,additions4 ,,page ,to make a ,fountain of ,sky ,rockets #bec ,the ,palm ,tree #bee ,the ,rose ,piece and ,sun #bef ,transparent ,stars with ,illuminated ,rays #bef ,transparent ,table ,star ,illuminated #beg ,regulated1 ,illuminated ,spiriti ,piece1 with a projected ,star ,wheel ,illuminated #beh ,new ,figure ,piece illuminated with five pointed ,stars #bei ,star ,wheel ,illuminated #bei ,pyramid of ,flower-pots #bei ,illuminated ,regulating ,pieces #bfj ,to fix a ,sky-,rocket with its ,stick on the top of another #bfa ,new method of placing ,leaders #bfb ,,errata4 ,pag4 #af4 lin4 #f4 for salt1 read salt-petre #cj4 #ab4 for ising glass1 read isinglass #ce4 #aa4 for midling1 read middling #dg4 #ae4 for ballns1 read balln #hf4 #bf4 insert3 to a rocket of eight ounces twenty-one strokes4 #aae4 #e4 for one eighth1 read one inch one eighth #aeb4 #bd4 for griandole1 read girandole1 ibid4 #be4 for griandole1 read girandole1 #agb4 #ai4 for hoops1 read hooks1 #bjc4 #h4 add at ,i1 nine inches from ,h1 fix three pegs4 #bdc4 #ah4 for scrole1 read scroll1 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,artificial ,fireworks4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,of ,,saltpetre4 ,saltpetre being the principal ingredient in fireworks1 and a volatile body1 by reason of its aqueous and arial parts1 is easily rarified by fire2 but not so soon when foul and gross1 as when purified from its crude and earthy parts1 which greatly retard its velocity3 therefore1 when any quantity of ,fireworks are intended to be made1 it would be necessary first to examine the saltpetre2 for if it be not well cleansed from all impurities1 and of a good sort1 your works will not have their proper effect1 neither will it agree with the standing proportions of compositions3 but to prevent accidents ,i shall proceed with the method of refining it4 ,how to refine ,,saltpetre4 ,put into a copper1 or any other vessel1 one hundred weight of rough nitre with about fourteen gallons of clean water1 and let it boil gently for half an hour1 and as it boils take off the scum2 then stir it about in the copper1 and before it settles put it into your filtring bags1 which must be hung on a rack1 with glazed earthen pans under them in which must be sticks laid across for the crystals to adhere to2 it must stand in the pans for two or three days to shoot1 then take out the crystals and let them dry3 the water that remains in the pans boil again for an hour1 and strain it into the pans as before1 and the saltpetre will be quite clear and transparent2 if not1 it wants more refining1 to do which proceed as usual1 till it is well cleansed of all it's earthy parts4 ,n4 ,b4 ,those who do not chuse to procure their saltpetre by the above method1 may buy it ready done1 which for fireworks in general will do equally as well4 ,how to pulverise ,,saltpetre4 ,take a copper kettle whose bottom must be spherical1 and put into it fourteen pound of refined saltpetre1 with two quarts or five pints of clean water2 then put the kettle on a slow fire1 and when the saltpetre is dissolved1 if any impurities arise1 skim them off1 and keep constantly stirring it with two large spatulas1 till all the water exhales2 and when done enough1 it will appear like white sand1 and as fine as flour2 but if it should boil too fast1 take the kettle off the fire1 and set it on some wet sand1 which will prevent the nitre from sticking to the kettle4 ,when you have pulverised a quantity of saltpetre1 be careful to keep it in a dry place4 ,how to extract ,,saltpetre from damaged ,,gun-,,powder4 ,first you must have some filtring bags1 hung on a rack1 with glazed earthen pans under them1 in the same manner as those for refining saltpetre3 then take any quantity of damaged powder1 and put it into a copper1 with as much clean water as will just cover it2 and when it begins to boil take off the scum1 and after it has boiled a few minutes1 stir it up2 then take it out of the copper with a small hand kettle for that purpose1 and put some into each bag1 beginning at one end of the rack1 so that by the time you have got to the last bag1 the first will be ready for more2 continue thus1 till all the bags are full2 then take the liquor out of the pans1 which boil and filter1 as before1 two or three times1 till the water runs quite clear1 which you must let stand in the pans for some time1 and the saltpetre will appear at top4 ,now to get all the saltpetre entirely out of the powder1 take the water from the saltpetre already extracted1 to which add some fresh water and the dregs of the powder that remain in the bags1 and put them together in a vessel1 to stand as long as you please1 and when you want to extract the nitre1 you must proceed with this mixture as with the powder at first1 by which means you will draw out all the saltpetre2 but this process must be boiled longer than the first4 ,of ,,sulphur1 or ,,brimstone4 ,sulphur is by nature the food of fire1 and one of the principal ingredients in gunpowder1 and almost in all compositions of fireworks2 therefore great care ought to be taken1 of its being good and brought to the highest perfection4 ,now to know when the sulphur is good1 you are to observe that it be of a high yellow1 and if1 when held in one's hand1 it crackles and bounces1 it is a sign that it is fresh and good3 but as the method of reducing brimstone to a powder1 is very troublesome to do1 it is better to buy the flower ready made1 which is done in large quantities1 and in great perfection3 but when a grand collection of fireworks are to be made1 the strongest and best sulphur to use1 is the lump brimstone ground in the same manner as gun powder1 which we shall treat of in the following part of the treatise4 ,how to prepare ,,charcoal for ,fireworks4 ,charcoal being a preservative by which the saltpetre and the brimstone is made into gun-powder1 by preventing the sulphur from suffocating the strong and windy exhalation of the nitre4 ,there are several sorts of wood made use of for this purpose2 some prefer hazle1 others willow and alder2 but there being so little difference1 you may make use of either which is most convenient to be got4 ,and the method of burning the wood is this3 ,cut it in pieces about one or two feet long1 then split each piece in four parts2 scale off the bark and hard knots1 and dry them in the sun or in an oven1 then make in the earth a square hole1 and line it with bricks1 in which lay the wood1 crossing one another1 and set it on fire2 when thoroughly lighted and in a flame1 cover the hole with boards1 and fling earth over them close1 to prevent the air from getting in1 yet so as not to fall among the charcoal1 and when it has lain thus for twenty-four hours1 take out the coals and lay them in a dry place for use4 ,it is to be observed that charcoal for fireworks must always be soft and well burnt1 which may be bought ready done4 ,to make ,artificial ,,camphor4 ,camphor1 in the ,materia medica1 8is a body of a particular nature1 being neither a resin1 nor a volatile salt1 nor an oil1 nor a juice1 nor a bitumen1 nor a gum1 but a mixed substance1 dry1 white1 transparent and brittle1 of a strong and penetrating smell4 ,the ,indians distinguish two kinds of it1 a finer and a coarser2 the finer is the produce of ,borneo and ,sumatra1 is very rare1 and is hardly ever sent into ,europe2 the coarser is the ,japonese kind1 which is the common sort1 both in the ,indies and in ,europe4 8,the camphor1 which we meet with in the shops1 is also of two kinds1 differing in regard to the degree of their purity1 and distinguished by the name of rough and refined camphor4 ,the tree1 which produces camphor1 is a species of bay tree1 every part of which abounds with camphor2 but is not collected from it in the manner of resins1 but by a sort of chemical process4,the natives of the place where the trees grow1 cut the wood and roots into small pieces4 ,and put them into large copper vessels1 which they cover with earthen heads1 filled with straw2 they give a moderate fire under them1 and the camphor is raised in form of a white downy matter1 and retained among the straw2 when the process is over1 they shake it out of the straw1 and knead it into cakes4 ,these cakes is are not very compact1 but easily crumbled to pieces2 they are moderately heavy1 of a greyish or dusky reddish white in colour1 of a pungent smell and acrid taste1 and are what we call rough camphor4 8,refined camphor must be chosen of a perfectly clean white colour1 very bright and pellucid1 of the same smell and taste with the rough1 but more acrid and pungent4,it is so volatile that merchants usually inclose it in lin-seed1 that the viscosity of that grain may keep its particles together40 ,now there is also an artificial camphor for fireworks1 which ,i shall here give you the method of making2 take of gum sandarach pulverised two pound1 and of distilled vinegar enough to cover it2 put them together in a glass phial1 and set it for twenty days in warm horse dung4 ,then take it out again1 and pour it into another phial1 with a large mouth to it2 and expose it to the sun for a month1 and you will have a concreted camphor in form of the crust of bread1 and something like the natural camphor3 which when you use must be ground to a powder with a little spirits of wine in a mortar4 ,though we have here taught the method of making artificial camphor1 ,i would not recommend it to those who chuse to make their works to perfection1 the natural camphor1 being by far the best4 ,to make the ,,oil of ,,camphor4 ,the oil of camphor1 which is sometime used to moisten compositions1 is produced by adding to some camphor a little oil of sweet almonds1 and working them together in a brass mortar1 till it turns to a green oil4 ,n4 ,b4 ,those works that have any camphor in their compositions1 should be kept as much from air as possible1 or the camphor will evaporate4 ,of ,,benjamin4 ,benjamin is a resin 7much used by perfumers1 and sometimes in medicine72 it is brought from the ,indies1 where it is found of different sorts2 and distinguished by the following colours1 viz4 yellow1 grey1 and brown1 but the best is that which is easy to break and full of white spots4 ,benjamin is also one of the ingredients in odoriferous fireworks1 when reduced to a fine flour2 which may be done by observing the following directions4 ,put into a deep1 and narrow earthen pot1 three or four ounces of benjamin grossly pounded1 cover the pot with paper1 which tie very close round the edge2 then set the pot on a slow fire1 and once in an hour take off the paper1 and you will find some flower sticking to it1 which return again in the pot2 this you must continue till the flower appears white and fine4 ,there is also an oil of benjamin1 which is sometimes drawn from the dregs of the flour2 it affords a very good scent1 and may be used in wet compositions4 ,of ,,gun-,,powder and its original4 ,gun-powder being a principal ingredient in fireworks1 it will not be improper to give a short definition of its strange explosive force1 and cause of action1 which1 according to ,dr4 ,shaw's opinion1 of the chemical cause of the explosive force of gun-powder1 is as follows4 8,each grain of powder consisting of a certain proportion of sulphur1 nitre1 and coal1 the coal presently takes fire1 upon contact of the smallest spark3 at which time both the sulphur and the nitre immediately melt1 and by means of the coal interposed between them1 burst into flame2 which spreading from grain to grain1 propagates the same effect almost instantaneously3 whence the whole mass of powder comes to be fired2 and as nitre contains both a large proportion of air and water1 which are now violently rarified by the heat1 a kind of fiery explosive blast is thus produced1 wherein the nitre seems1 by its aqueous and arial parts1 to act as bellows to the other inflammable bodies1 sulphur and coal1 to blow them into a flame1 and carry off their whole substance in smoke and vapour40 ,after having spoke of the nature of powder1 ,i shall in the next place proceed to its original1 though somewhat uncertain2 but it is imagined to have been invented in the time of ,alexander the great1 as ,philostratus speaks of a city near the river ,hypasis in the ,indies1 that was said to be impregnable and its inhabitants relations of the gods1 because they thew thunder and lightning on their enemies2 but this perhaps might be the effect of gun-powder1 which1 not being known by any other people1 might very well be said to be thunder and lightning4 ,this conjecture has been confirmed by some travellers1 who assert that it was used in the ,east ,indies1 particularly in the ,philippine ,islands about the year #he1 which is #abfe years before it was known in ,europe1 where they say it was not known till #acej1 though1 it is said1 there is mention made of gunpowder in the registers of the chambers of accounts in ,france1 as early as the year #acch1 and ,friar ,bacon mentions the composition of powder in express terms1 in his treatise ,de nullitate magiae1 published at ,oxford in the year #abaf2 but we find from most accounts1 that the ,germans have the honour of the invention1 as is commonly reported4 ,i should give a description of a machine for the trying of gun powder1 but they being so common1 it would be needless2 yet1 would have all those who practice this art1 know1 that1 when they make sky rockets with powder1 that it must be of the best sort2 but as to wheels1 and other common works1 any powder will do1 only be careful that it is quite dry4 ,of the ,compositions for ,,gun-,,powder of different sorts4 ,having treated of the nature of powder1 and its original1 ,i shall here give the proportion of each ingredient1 necessary for composing the different sorts of gun-powder1 it being proper that every one who makes use of powder1 should know of what it is composed4 ,therefore in the first place2 ,i shall set down the several compositions mentioned ,in ,casimir ,siemienowicz's grand art of artillery1 in which there are six sorts1 viz4 ,i4 ,saltpetre one hundred pound1 sulphur twenty five pound1 and coal twenty five pound4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre one hundred pound1 sulphur eighteen pound1 and coal twenty pound4 ,,iii4 ,saltpetre one hundred pound1 sulphur twelve pound1 and coal fifteen pound4 ,,iv4 ,saltpetre one hundred pound1 sulphur twenty pound1 and coal twenty four pound4 ,v4 ,saltpetre one hundred pound1 sulphur fifteen pound1 and coal eighteen pound4 ,,vi4 ,saltpetre one hundred pound1 sulphur ten pound1 and coal eight pound4 ,mr4 ,belidor1 in his ,hydraulics1 speaks of a composition for gun powder which is as follows1 to thirty pound of saltpetre1 add five pound of sulphur1 with as much coal3 but the proportion of the several ingredients for powder1 are to be found best by experience4 ,for tho' there has been so much practice in making powder1 there has not yet been ascertained a standing proportion of the nitre1 sulphur1 and coal2 but it is hoped that in time this great and noble invention will be much improved1 and that the different1 and best quantity of every ingredient1 will be determined4 ,at the powder mills they generally allow for wasting1 in making up1 one pound and a half in a hundred4 ,and their mixture for a hundred weight of good powder is thus3 ,to seventy-six pound and a half of saltpetre1 well refined and dry'd1 twelve pound and a half of coal1 and as much sulphur1 all which added together makes one hundred one pound and a half1 which when worked up will nearly weigh one hundred4 ,as it is most certain that gun-powder is capable of being improved1 ,i shall not omit any particular that may be of service to such ingenious gentlemen as are willing to make experiments2 for which reason we shall here insert another composition for powder1 mentioned by an author on this subject1 whose name ,i have forgot1 but the composition is thus3 ,refined salt-petre five pounds1 sulphur one pound four ounces1 and charcoal seven ounces and a half4 ,but notwithstanding you may have a good proportion of ingredients1 the powder will not always be the same1 for there is a great deal depends on their being well incorporated1 corned and dry'd1 the method of which will be taught in the next article4 ,to restore damaged ,,gun-,,powder to its proper strength4 ,it is most certain1 that1 if powder be kept long in a damp place1 it will become weak and moist1 and great part of it will be formed into hard lumps1 which is a certain sign of its being damaged4 ,when powder is thus found1 you will also see at the bottom of the barrel some saltpetre1 which1 by being wet1 will separate from the sulphur and coal1 and always fall to the bottom of the vessel wherein the powder is contained1 and settle there in the form of a white downey matter2 but the only method to prevent this1 is to move the barrels as often as convenient1 and place them on their opposite sides or ends1 to which they before stood3 but although ever so great care be taken of powder1 and it be kept as dry as possible1 length of time will greatly lessen its primitive strength4 ,therefore when any of the above mentioned accidents happen to your powder1 you may recover it by applying to the directions here given2 for example1 if you imagine that the powder has not received much damage1 proceed thus4 ,spread it on canvas1 or dry boards1 and expose it to the sun1 then add to it an equal quantity of good powder1 and mix them well together1 and1 when thoroughly dry1 barrel it up1 and put it in a dry and proper place4 ,but if gun-powder be quite bad1 the method to restore it is as follows2 first1 you must know what it weighed when good2 then1 by weighing it again1 you will find how much it has lost by the separation and evaporation of the saltpetre2 then add to it as much refined saltpetre1 as it has lost in weight1 but as a large quantity of this would be difficult to mix1 it will be best to put a proportion of nitre1 to every twenty pound of powder2 when done1 put one of these proportions into your mealing table1 and grind it therein1 till you have brought it to an impalpable powder1 and then searce it with a fine sieve2 but if any remain in the sieve that will not pass through1 return it to the table1 and grind it again1 till you have made it all fine enough to go through the sieve2 being thus well ground and sifted1 it must be made into grains in the following manner1 first you must have some 7copper wire sieves7 made according to what size you intend the grains should be2 these are called corning sieves or grainers1 which being provided1 fill them with the powder composition1 then shake them about1 and the powder will pass through the sieve formed into grains4 ,having thus corned your powder1 set it to dry in the sun2 and when quite dry1 searce it with a fine hair sieve in order to separate the dust from the grains4 ,this dust may be worked up again with another mixture2 so that none of the powder will be wasted3 but sometimes it may so happen1 that the weight of the powder when good cannot be known2 in which case add to each pound an ounce or an ounce and a half of saltpetre1 according as the powder is decayed1 and then grind1 sift1 and granulate it as before directed4 ,n4 ,b4 ,if you have a large quantity of powder1 that is very bad1 and quite spoiled2 the only way is to extract the saltpetre from it1 according to the usual manner3 for powder thus circumstanced1 would be very difficult to recover4 ,of ,,silent ,,powder1 commonly called ,,white ,,powder4 ,it would be rather absurd for any one to imagine1 that it is possible for gunpowder to have any effect without some report1 when it is plain and well known1 that the sound does not proceed from the powder only1 but from the air being rarified by the expansion of the powder4 ,from whence it is evident1 that any composition acting with the same explosive force as gun-powder1 would certainly produce the same effect1 in every respect4 ,however as for such sort of powder ,i never had any proof1 nor ever knew any experiment made of it1 but have so little opinion of it1 that ,i should not have given it a place in this work1 had it not been treated of by some authors of note2 and at the same time giving every one1 who is fond of this art1 an opportunity of making experiments1 and of knowing every thing belong thereto4 ,to make ,,silent ,,powder4 ,for the first sort1 mix two pound of borax1 with four pound of gun-powder4 #b;d4 ,add half a pound of lapis-calaminaris1 and half a pound of borax1 to two pound of powder4 #c;d4 ,to six pound of gun-powder1 half a pound of calcined moles1 with as much borax of ,venice4 #dth4 ,to six pound and a half of saltpetre1 eight pound and a half of sulphur1 and half a pound of the second bark of an elder tree1 burnt and ground to a powder1 with two pound of common salt4 ,there are also many other methods of making powder silent1 according to report1 by using camphor or touchwood instead of charcoal1 or by adding to the common powder burnt paper1 hay seed1 c4 ,when any of these ingredients are to be mixed with common powder1 grind them together1 and make them into grains4 ,to make ,,gun-,,powder of different ,colours4 ,notwithstanding the repeated trials and experiments made by the greatest artists1 to add to the strength of gun-powder1 all have proved without success1 and most of them have agreed that the present powder will not admit of a fourth ingredient2 therefore it is evident1 that any thing being mixed with the present composition of gun-powder1 would rather reduce it's strength than add to it2 consequently coloured powder must be weaker than black2 so that the making of powder of different colours1 is only a fancy that serves to please the curious1 without any other effect4 ,to make ,,gun-,,powder white4 ,to six pound of salt-petre1 add one pound of the pith of an elder tree1 well dryed and pulverised1 with a sufficient quantity of brimstone to make it into powder1 which you will find in the composition of gun-powder1 or an ounce of the salt of tartar1 calcined till it comes white1 and then boiled in clear water1 till the water is all evaporated4 ,to make ,,powder red4 ,boil in water some brasil wood or ,vermillion and a pound of chopped paper2 and1 when boiled for some time to draw out the colour1 dry and meal it with a pound of sulphur1 and eight pound of saltpetre4 ,or1 to six pound of saltpetre1 put one pound of sulphur1 and half a pound of amber1 and blood stone one pound4 ,to make ,yellow ,,powder4 ,take eight pound of saltpetre1 and one pound of sulphur1 to which add one pound of wild saffron1 that has been boiled in aqua vit1 and afterwards made dry and mealed4 ,to make ,,green ,,powder4 ,boil two pound of rotten wood1 with some verdegrease in aqua vit1 then dry and pound it1 and mix it with a pound of sulphur1 and ten pound of salt-petre4 ,to make ,blue ,,powder4 ,boil some indigo in aqua vit1 with a pound of the bark of a young linden tree1 then dry and reduce it to a powder1 and mix it with a pound of brimstone1 and eight pound of saltpetre4 ,to make ,pulvis ,fulmanans1 or ,thunder in a ,room4 ,this composition is very simple1 yet has a very curious effect2 it is made of three parts of saltpetre1 two of salt of tartar1 and one of sulphur1 all ground to a fine powder1 and well incorporated together4 ,as the effect of this powder is quite different to that of gun-powder1 so is there a different method of firing it1 which is thus3 ,put about two tea spoonfulls of it into a fire-shovel1 or iron ladle1 and set it over a slow fire1 and when it is quite hot1 it will go off with a violent report4 ,there is something surprising in the nature of this composition2 for as the common powder acts every way equal1 and makes the greatest noise when confined1 this1 on the contrary1 acts only downwards1 and makes the strongest report when not confined4 ,there is another sort of fulminating powder1 called fulmanans aurum1 on account of there being gold mixed in its composition1 which is done by a chemical preparation2 but as the preparing of the ingredients require a tedious and expensive process1 ,i shall omit the method of doing it1 and let those who chuse to make chemical experiments refer to authors on that subject1 by whom they will find the manner of making this powder fully explained4 ,it is said one grain of fulmanans aurum1 when made to perfection1 and held on the point of a knife1 over a candle1 will make a report louder than a musket4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,spur-,,fire4 ,this fire is the most beautiful and curious of any yet known1 and was invented by the ,chinese1 but now is in greater perfection in ,england1 than in ,china2 and as it requires a great deal of trouble to make it to perfection1 it will be necessary that young beginners should have full instructions in every particular2 therefore care ought to be taken that all the ingredients be of the best sort1 that the lamp-black is not damp and clodded1 and that the saltpetre and brimstone are thoroughly refined4 ,this composition is generally rammed in one or two ounce cases1 about five or six inches long1 but not drove very hard2 and these cases must have their concave stroke struck very smooth1 and the choak or vent not quite so large as the usual proportion2 this charge1 when driven and kept a few months1 will be much better than when just rammed1 but will not spoil1 if kept dry1 in many years4 ,now as the beauty of this composition cannot be seen at so great a distance as brilliant fire1 it has a better effect in a room than in the open air1 and may be fired in a chamber without any danger2 for it is of so innocent a nature1 that1 though with an improper phrase1 ,it may be called a cold fire2 and so extraordinary is the fire produced from this composition1 that1 if well made1 the sparks will not burn a handkerchief1 when held in the midst of them2 you may hold them in your hand while burning1 with as much safety as a candle2 and if you put your hand within a foot of the mouth of the case1 you will feel the sparks like drops of rain4 ,when any of these spur-fires are fired singly1 they are called artificial flower pots2 but some of them placed round a transparent pyramid of paper1 and fired in a large room1 make a very pretty appearance4 ,the ,composition for the ,,spur-,,fire4 ,saltpetre four pound eight ounces1 sulphur two pound1 and lamp-black one pound eight ounces4 ,or1 saltpetre one pound1 sulphur half a pound1 and lamp-black four quarts4 ,as the spur-fire composition is very difficult to mix1 and the manner of doing it quite different from any other1 ,i shall here treat of it separately2 for example1 the saltpetre and the brimstone must be first sifted together1 and then put into a marble mortar1 and the lamp-black with them1 which you work down by degrees1 with a wooden pestle1 till all the ingredients appear of one colour1 which will be something greyish1 but very near black2 then drive a little into a case for tryal1 and fire it in a dark place2 and if the sparks1 which are called stars1 or pinks1 come out in clusters1 and afterwards spread well without any other sparks1 it is a sign of its being good1 otherwise not2 for if any drossy sparks appear1 and the stars not full1 it is then not mixed enough2 but if the pinks are very small1 and soon break1 it is a sign that you have rubbed it too much4 ,n4 ,b4 ,this mixture1 when rubbed too much1 will be too fierce1 and hardly shew any stars at all2 and1 on the contrary1 when not mixed enough1 will be too weak1 and throw forth an obscure smoke1 and lumps of dross1 without any stars4 ,the reason of this charge being called the spur-fire1 is because the sparks it yields have a great resemblance to the rowel of a spur1 from whence it takes it's name4 ,characters1 or significant ,signs1 for distinguishing the different ,ingredients used in ,fireworks4 ,meal ,powder ,m ,corned ,powder ,saltpetre ,brimstone ,z ,crude ,sulphur ,c ,z ,charcoal ,c ,sea ,coal ,c ,s ,saw-dust or ,beech-raspings ,b ,r ,steel or ,iron-filings ,s x ,brass-dust ,b x ,glass-dust ,g x ,tanners-dust of ,bark ,t x ,cast ,iron ,c ,i ,antimony ,crude ,c ,a ,camphor x ,yellow ,amber ,a ,y ,lapis ,calaminaris ,l ,s ,gum 4 ,lamp ,black ,b ,l ,isinglass ,g ,i ,spirit of ,wine ,w ,spirits of ,turpentine ,s ,t ,oil of ,spike ,p ,o ,the use of the above characters is1 that by the help of them1 the different receipts may be contracted to so small a compass1 that they may all be contained in one leaf of a pocket book1 which is much less than any table that has yet been invented4 ,these signs are also very convenient for those who travel4 ,how to meal ,,gun-,,powder1 ,,brimstone1 and ,,charcoal4 ,there have been many methods used to grind these ingredients to a powder for fireworks1 such as large mortars and pestles1 made of ebony1 and other hard wood2 likewise horizontal mills with brass barrels2 but none of these methods has proved so effectual and speedy as the last invention1 that of the mealing table1 which is represented in ,plate #a4 ,fig4 #a4 ,this table it made of elm1 with a rim round it's edge1 four or five inches high2 and at the narrow end1 ,a1 is a slider1 which runs in a groove and forms part of the rim2 so that when you have taken out of the table1 as much powder as you conveniently can1 with the copper shovel ,fig4 #b4 you may sweep all clean out at the slider ,a4 ,when you are going to meal a quantity of powder1 observe not to put too much in the table at once2 but when you have put in a good proportion1 take the muller ,fig4 #c4 and rub it therewith till all the grains are broke1 then fearce it1 in a lawn sieve that has a receiver and top to it2 and that which does not pass through the sieve1 return again to the table and grind it more1 till you have brought it all fine enough to go through the sieve4 ,brimstone and charcoal are ground in the same manner as gun-powder1 only the muller must be made of ebony1 for these ingredients being harder than powder1 would stick in the grain of elm1 and be very difficult to grind2 and as the brimstone is apt to stick and clod to the table1 it would be best to keep one for that purpose only1 by which means you will always have your brimstone clean and well ground4 ,to prepare ,,cast-,,iron for ,gerbes1 ,white ,fountains1 and ,chinese ,fire4 ,cast-iron being of so hard a nature1 as not to be cut by a file1 we are obliged to make use of the following method to reduce it into grains1 though somewhat difficult to perform2 but if we consider what beautiful sparks this sort of iron yields1 no pains should be spared to granulate such an essential material1 to do which you must proceed thus3 get at an iron foundry some thin pieces of iron1 such as generally runs over the moulds1 at the time of casting3 then have a square block made of cast iron1 and a square hammer of the same metal1 about four pound weight2 then1 having covered the floor with cloth1 or something to catch the beatings1 lay the thin pieces of iron on the block1 and beat them thereon with the hammer1 till you have reduced them into small grains1 which afterwards searce with a very fine sieve1 in order to separate from them the fine dust1 which is sometimes used in small cases of brilliant fire1 instead of steel dust2 and when you have got out all the dust1 sift what remains with a sieve a little larger1 and so on with sieves of different sizes1 till the iron will pass through about the bigness of small bird shot3 your iron being thus beat and sifted1 put each sort into wooden boxes or oiled paper1 to keep it from getting rust4 ,when you use any of this iron1 observe that you make a difference in its size1 in proportion to the cases for which the charge is intended2 for the coarse sort of it is only designed for very large gerbes1 of six or eight pound weight4 ,charges for ,sky-,rockets1 c4 ,for ,rockets of ,four ,ounces4 ,mealed powder one pound four ounces1 saltpetre four ounces1 and charcoal two ounces4 ,for ,rockets of ,eight ,ounces4 ,i4 ,meal powder one pound1 saltpetre four ounces1 brimstone three ounces1 and charcoal one ounce and a half4 ,,ii4 ,meal powder one pound and a half1 and charcoal four ounces and a quarter4 ,for ,rockets of ,one ,pound4 ,meal powder two pound1 saltpetre eight ounces1 brimstone four ounces1 charcoal two ounces1 and steel filings one ounce and a half4 ,for ,sky ,rockets in general4 ,i4 ,saltpetre four pound1 brimstone one pound1 and charcoal one pound and a half4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre four pound1 brimstone one pound and a half1 charcoal one pound twelve ounces1 and meal powder two ounces4 ,for large ,sky ,rockets4 ,saltpetre four pound1 meal powder one pound1 and brimstone one pound4 ,the following ,compositions may be used for ,rockets of a middling size4 ,i4 ,saltpetre eight pound1 sulphur three pound1 meal powder three pound4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre three pound1 sulphur two pound1 meal powder one pound1 charcoal one pound4 ,compositions for ,rocket ,stars4 ,for ,white ,stars4 ,meal powder four ounces1 saltpetre twelve ounces1 sulphur vivum six ounces1 oil of spike two ounces1 and camphor five ounces4 ,for ,blue ,stars4 ,meal powder eight ounces1 saltpetre four1 sulphur two1 spirits of wine two1 and oil of spike two4 ,coloured1 or variegated ,stars4 ,meal powder eight drams1 rochpetre four ounces1 sulphur vivum two ounces1 and camphor two ounces4 ,for ,brilliant ,stars4 ,saltpetre three ounces and a half1 sulphur an ounce and a half1 and meal powder three quarters of an ounce4 ,this composition must be worked up with spirits of wine only4 ,for ,common ,stars4 ,saltpetre one pound1 brimstone four ounces1 antimony four ounces and three quarters1 isinglass half an ounce1 camphor half an ounce1 and spirits of wine three quarters of an ounce4 ,for ,tailed ,stars4 ,meal powder three ounces1 brimstone two ounces1 saltpetre one ounce1 and charcoal 7coarsely ground7 three quarters of an ounce4 ,for ,drove ,stars4 ,i4 ,saltpetre three pound1 sulphur one pound1 brass dust twelve ounces1 and antimony three ounces4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre one pound1 antimony four ounces1 and sulphur eight4 ,for fix'd ,pointed ,stars4 ,saltpetre eight ounces and an half1 sulphur two ounces1 and antimony one ounce and ten drams4 ,stars of a fine ,colour4 ,sulphur one ounce1 meal powder one ounce1 saltpetre one ounce1 camphor four drams1 oil of turpentine four drams4 ,gold ,rain for ,sky ,rockets4 ,i4 ,saltpetre one pound1 meal powder four ounces1 sulphur four ounces1 brass dust one ounce1 saw dust two and a quarter1 and glass dust six drams4 ,,ii4 ,meal powder twelve ounces1 saltpetre two ounces1 and charcoal four4 ,,iii4 ,saltpetre eight ounces1 brimstone two ounces1 glass dust one ounce1 antimony three quarters of an ounce1 brass dust a quarter of an ounce1 and saw dust twelve drams4 ,silver ,rain4 ,i4 ,saltpetre four ounces1 sulphur1 meal powder1 and antimony1 of each two ounces1 and half an ounce of sal prunellae4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre half a pound1 brimstone two ounces1 and charcoal four4 ,,iii4 ,saltpetre one pound1 brimstone a quarter of a pound1 and antimony six ounces4 ,,iv4 ,saltpetre four ounces1 brimstone one ounce1 powder two ounces1 and steel dust three quarters of an ounce4 ,for ,water ,rockets4 ,i4 ,meal powder six pound1 saltpetre four pound1 brimstone three pound1 and charcoal five pound4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre one pound1 brimstone four ounces and a half1 and charcoal six ounces4 ,,iii4 ,saltpetre one pound1 brimstone four ounces1 and charcoal twelve ounces4 ,,iv4 ,saltpetre four pound1 brimstone one pound eight ounces1 and charcoal one pound twelve ounces4 ,v4 ,brimstone two pound1 saltpetre four pound1 and meal powder four pound4 ,,vi4 ,saltpetre one pound1 meal powder four ounces1 brimstone eight ounces and a half1 and charcoal two ounces4 ,,vii4 ,meal powder one pound1 saltpetre three pound1 brimstone one pound1 seacoal one ounce1 charcoal eight ounces and a half1 saw dust three quarters of an ounce1 steel dust half an ounce1 and coarse charcoal a quarter of an ounce4 ,,viii4 ,meal powder one pound twelve ounces1 saltpetre three pound1 sulphur one pound eight ounces1 charcoal twelve ounces1 saw dust two ounces4 ,a sinking ,charge for ,water ,rockets4 ,meal powder eight ounces1 charcoal three quarters of an ounce4 ,for ,wheel ,cases1 from two ,ounces to four ,pound4 ,i4 ,meal powder two pound1 saltpetre four ounces1 and iron filings seven ounces4 ,,ii4 ,meal powder two pound1 saltpetre twelve ounces1 sulphur four1 and steel dust three ounces4 ,,iii4 ,meal powder four pound1 saltpetre one pound1 brimstone eight ounces1 and charcoal four ounces and a half4 ,,iv4 ,meal powder eight ounces1 saltpetre four1 saw dust one ounce and a half1 and sea coal three quarters of an ounce4 ,v4 ,meal powder one pound four ounces1 brimstone four ounces ten drams1 saltpetre eight ounces1 glass dust two ounces and a half4 ,,vi4 ,meal powder twelve ounces1 charcoal one ounce1 saw dust half an ounce4 ,,vii4 ,saltpetre one pound nine ounces1 brimstone four ounces1 and charcoal four ounces and a half4 ,,viii4 ,meal powder two pound1 saltpetre one pound1 brimstone half a pound1 and sea coal two ounces4 ,,ix4 ,saltpetre two pound1 brimstone one pound1 meal powder four pound1 and glass dust four ounces4 ,x4 ,meal powder one pound1 saltpetre two ounces1 and steel dust three ounces and a half4 ,,xi4 ,meal powder two pound1 and steel dust two ounces and a half1 with two ounces and a half of the fine dust of beat iron4 ,,xii4 ,saltpetre eleven pound thirteen ounces1 brimstone eight ounces1 and charcoal six ounces4 ,a slow ,fire for ,wheels4 ,i4 ,saltpetre four ounces1 brimstone two ounces1 and meal powder one ounce and a half4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre four ounces1 brimstone one ounce1 and antimony one ounce six drams4 ,,iii4 ,saltpetre four ounces and a half1 brimstone one ounce1 and mealed powder one ounce and a half4 ,a dead ,fire for ,wheels4 ,saltpetre one ounce and a quarter1 brimstone a quarter of an ounce1 lapis-calaminaris a quarter of an ounce1 and antimony two drams4 ,for standing or fixed ,cases4 ,i4 ,meal powder four pound1 saltpetre two pound1 brimstone and charcoal one pound4 ,,ii4 ,meal powder two pound1 saltpetre one pound1 and steel dust eight ounces4 ,,iii4 ,meal powder one pound four ounces1 and charcoal four ounces4 ,,iv4 ,meal powder one pound1 and steel dust four ounces4 ,v4 ,meal powder two pound and a half1 brimstone four ounces1 and seacoal six ounces4 ,,vi4 ,meal powder three pound1 charcoal five ounces1 and saw dust one ounce and a half4 ,for ,sun ,cases4 ,i4 ,meal powder eight pound and a half1 saltpetre one pound two ounces1 steel dust two pound ten ounces and a half1 and brimstone four ounces4 ,,ii4 ,meal powder three pound1 saltpetre six ounces1 and steel dust seven ounces and a half4 ,for a ,brilliant ,fire4 ,meal powder twelve pound1 saltpetre one pound1 brimstone four ounces1 and steel dust one pound and a half4 ,for ,gerbes4 ,meal powder six pound1 and beat iron two pound one ounce and a half4 ,chinese ,fire4 ,saltpetre twelve ouces1 meal powder two pound1 brimstone one pound two ounces1 and beat iron twelve ounces4 ,charges for ,tourbillons4 ,for four ounce ,tourbillons4 ,meal powder two pound four ounces1 and charcoal four ounces and a half4 ,for eight ounce ,tourbillons4 ,meal powder two pound1 and charcoal four ounces and three quarters4 ,for large ,tourbillons4 ,meal powder two pound1 saltpetre one pound1 brimstone eight ounces1 and beat iron eight ounces4 ,n4 ,b4 ,tourbillons may be made very large1 and of different colour'd fires1 only you are to observe1 that the larger they be1 the weaker must be the charge2 and1 on the contrary1 the smaller they be1 the stronger must be their charge4 ,for ,water ,ballns4 ,i4 ,saltpetre four pound1 brimstone two pound1 meal powder two pound1 antimony four ounces1 saw dust four ounces1 and glass dust one ounce and a quarter4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre nine pound1 brimstone three pound1 meal powder six pound1 rosin twelve ounces1 and antimony eight ounces4 ,for ,water ,squibs4 ,i4 ,meal powder one pound1 and charcoal one pound4 ,,ii4 ,meal powder one pound1 and charcoal nine ounces4 ,for ,mine-ports or ,serpents4 ,i4 ,meal powder one pound1 and charcoal one ounce4 ,,ii4 ,meal powder nine ounces1 and charcoal one ounce4 ,port-fires for firing ,rockets1 c4 ,i4 ,saltpetre twelve ounces1 brimstone four ounces1 and meal powder two ounces4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre eight ounces1 brimstone four ounces1 and meal powder two ounces4 ,,iii4 ,saltpetre one pound two ounces1 meal powder one pound and a half1 and brimstone ten ounces4 ,this composion must be moistened with one gill of linseed oil4 ,,iv4 ,meal powder six ounces1 saltpetre two pound two ounces1 and brimstone ten ounces4 ,v4 ,saltpetre one pound four ounces1 meal powder four ounces1 brimstone five ounces1 and saw dust eight ounces4 ,,vi4 ,saltpetre eight ounces1 brimstone two ounces1 and meal powder two ounces4 ,port-fires for ,illuminations4 ,saltpetre one pound1 brimstone eight ounces1 and meal powder six ounces4 ,for ,cones or ,spiral ,wheels4 ,saltpetre one pound and a half1 brimstone six ounces1 meal powder fourteen ounces1 and glass dust fourteen ounces4 ,for ,crowns or ,globes4 ,saltpetre six ounces1 brimstone two pound1 antimony four ounces1 and camphor two ounces4 ,for ,air ,balln ,fuzes4 ,i4 ,saltpetre one pound ten ounces1 brimstone eight ounces1 and meal powder one pound six ounces4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre one pound and a half1 brimstone eight ounces1 and meal powder one pound eight ounces4 ,serpents for ,pots des ,brins4 ,meal powder one pound eight ounces1 saltpetre twelve ounces1 and charcoal two ounces4 ,for ,fire ,pumps4 ,i4 ,saltpetre five pound1 brimstone one pound1 meal powder one pound and a half1 and glass dust one pound4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre five pound eight ounces1 brimstone one pound1 meal powder one pound eight ounces1 and glass dust one pound eight ounces4 ,for a ,slow ,white ,flame4 ,i4 ,saltpetre two pound1 sulphur three pound1 antimony one pound4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre three pound and a half1 sulphur two pound and a half1 meal powder one pound1 antimony half a pound1 glass dust four ounces1 brass dust one ounce4 ,n4 ,b4 ,these compositions1 driven one inch and a quarter in a one ounce case1 will burn one minute1 which is much longer time than an equal quantity of any composition will last1 that has yet been made public4 ,for ,amber ,lights4 ,meal powder nine ounces1 and amber three ounces4 ,this charge may be drove in small cases1 for illuminations4 ,for ,lights of another ,sort4 ,saltpetre three pound1 brimstone one pound1 meal powder one pound1 antimony ten ounces and a half4 ,all these ingredients must be mixed with the oil of spike4 ,for a ,red ,fire4 ,meal powder three pound1 charcoal twelve ounces1 and saw dust eight ounces4 ,for a ,common ,fire4 ,saltpetre three pound1 charcoal ten ounces1 and brimstone two ounces4 ,to make an ,artificial ,earthquake4 ,mix the following ingredients to a paste with water1 and then bury it in the ground1 and in a few hours the earth will break and open in several places4 ,the composition3 ,sulphur four pound1 and steel dust four pound4 ,having laid down1 under the preceding heads1 the different compositions used in fireworks by our modern artists2 ,i shall1 in the next place1 give some tables of charges that were formerly used1 according to the several accounts given by those authors from whom they are collected3 but if the reader will consider1 he will find the charges in these tables to be very uncertain1 by comparing their method of determining the size and weight of rockets1 and the proportions of ingredients thereto1 with the method taught in this work1 which is so plain1 easy1 and certain1 that ,i have never yet known it fail2 and doubt not1 but that it will be so allowed by all who chuse to make a tryal thereof4 ,the subsequent table is taken from ,siemienowicz1 wherein is specified the different charges of sky rockets1 from half an ounce to one hundred pound2 the charges being calculated in proportion to the weight of a leaden ball of the same diameter as the bore of each mould2 which bores are divided into inches and lines#a1 and each line into twelve equal parts1 according to the ,french method4 ,,tab4 ,i4 ,weight ,diameter powder4,saltpetre ,brim charcoal4 of the of the stone ball4 mould4 ---------------------------------------- -------- lb4 oz4in4 #a4 ptslb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #j #f #c #a #j #g #h #j #ae #j #j #j #j #j #b #b #j #i #g #c #j #aa #j #j #ab #j #b #j #j #a #d #a #j #a #e #a #a #j #f #a #a #aj #a #c #j #ab #j #d #j #a #g #a #b #g #h #a #c #d #i #a #c #aa #aj #a #d #e #aa #a #e #j #ab #a #e #e #ac #a #f #j #ad #a #f #e #af #a #g #c #ah #j #h #j #b #j #d #j #b #j #b #j #c #c #j #b #c #g #j #j #fj #j #b #j #ae #j #d #j #b #f #i #e #j #b #h #h #j #j #fd #j #h #j #af #j #f #j #b #aj #i #h #j #c #b #f #j #j #ce #j #e #j #aj #j #aj #j #c #e #d #j #j #fb #j #i #j #bj #j #ab #j #c #g #aj #ae #j #c #aa #d #j #j #cb #j #h #j #af #j #ag #j #d #a #e #bj #j #d #d #b #j #j #fd #j #ab #j #af #j #bg #j #d #i #i #cj #j #d #aa #f #dj #j #e #e #a #j #j #cj #j #g #j #ah #j #fj #j #f #c #c #ajj #j #g #e #c #j #j #cj #j #aj #j #bj #j ,,tab4 ,,ii4 ,the following table is taken from a late ,french author#b1 whose method of regulating the charges is according to the interior diameter of the mould1 which he divides into lines4 ,interior ,weight of ,saltpetre4,brimstone4,charcoal4 diameter ofthe rocket4 the mould4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,lines4 lb4 oz4 dr4 ounces4 ounces4 ounces4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #f #j #j #d #g #j #j #f #dd #d #af #h #j #a #a #i #j #a #e #aj #j #b #b #dj #d #af #aa #j #c #j #ab #j #c #g #ac #j #d #f #ch #d #af #ad #j #f #a #ae #j #g #d #af #j #i #a #cf #d #af #ag #j #aa #j #ah #j #ac #a #ai #j #ae #d #cd #d #af #ai #a #j #j #ba #a #g #a #bd #a #ae #a #cb #e #af #cj #d #j #j #cf #f #i #j #cj #f #ah #gb #ee #h #j ,,tab4 ,,iii4 ,a table of charges for sky-rockets in which the charges are adapted in proportion to the weight of composition contained in each rocket1 after the method of ,hanzelet4 ,weight of ,powder4 ,saltpetre4 ,brimstone4 ,charcoal4 composition4 ------------- ------- ---------- ---------- --------- lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 ------------- ------- ---------- ---------- --------- #j #a #j #d #j #a or1 #a #j #j #a #j #a #j #b #j #d #j #a or1 #j #d #j #j #d #a #j #j #d #j #d #j #h or1 #j #c #j #aj #j #a #j #c #j #aj #j #c #j #a #j #c #a #j #a #j #j #a #j #b or1 #a #d #j #b #j #c #c #j #a #ad #g #g #j #aa #f #j #ca #j #d #h #aj #j #g #j #h #j #h #j #a #h #b #ab #aj #j ,,tab4 ,,iv4 ,a table collected from ,henrion1 whose method of adjusting the charges is the same as in the preceding table4 ,weight of ,powder ,saltpetre4 ,brimstone4 ,charcoal4 composition4 ------------ ---------------------------------------- ----- lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a #b #a #j #j #b or1 #a #j #a #j #j #a #c #d #j #a #j #a #d #h #d #j #a #j #j #j #d #a #h #j #d #j #b or1 #a #j #j #d #j #a #c #j #aj #j #c #h #j #b #b #e #j #j steel dust #j #f #aj #j #b #ab #ag #j #j #d #j #c #j #g #ad #j #c #b #h #j #i steel dust #j #c #ae #j #c #a #j #a #j #j #j #j #a #j #c #b #j #j #b #j #ab #j #a #j #c #c #j #a #d #j #j #h #j steel dust #b #b #aj #j #j #b ,,tab4 ,v4 ,a table of charges for sky rockets1 taken from the ,memoires ,d',artillerie de ,m4 de ,saint ,remy1 with improvements by ,m4 ,f9999994 ,composition ,composition ,composition ,composition ,composition for a rocket for a rocket for a rocketfor a rocket for a rocket of two pound4of one pound4of half a of four of one ounce pound4 ounces4 and a half4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,corrected by ,corrected1 ,corrected1 ,corrected1 ,corrected1 ,m4 ,f9999991 eleven seven ounces six ounces one ounce one pound4 ounces4 and a half4 five drams4 five drams4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 oz4 oz4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,pow4 #b #j #a #j #a #d #e #h or #i ,saltp4 #a #j #ab #ab #a ,brimst4 #e #b #a ,charc4 #d #c or #a ,steel-d4 #b #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,height of the,height of the,height of ,height of the,height of mould1 nine mould1 eight the mould1 mould seven the mould1 inches and a inches and seven inchesinches4 four inches half4 a half4 and a half4 and a half4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,diameter of ,diameter of ,diameter of ,diameter of ,diameter of the mould1 the mould1 the mould1 the mould1 the mould1 one in4 seven one inch one inch one inch nine lines4 lines4 five lines4 three lin4 two lines4 ,french names for ,sky ,rockets4 ,double ,marquise4 ,grosse de ,de partement4 ,fusie de ,marquise4 partement4 ,caisse4 ,remarks on the foregoing ,tables4 ,in table the first1 we find that the compositions for all rockets under one pound are made chiefly of gun-powder and charcoal1 which method has been long proved erroneous in many respects3 first1 that rockets made with such charges will not keep long without spoiling2 secondly1 that they are very uncertain in performing their proper effect2 thirdly1 they will carry but a short tail1 with a black and smoaky fire4 ,we also find those charges for rockets above one pound1 that are composed of saltpetre1 brimstone1 and charcoal1 to be too strong2 by which we should imagine that1 at the time when they were used1 the piercers did not bear the same proportion to the rockets1 as those made use of by our present artists2 for it is on the size of the cavity in the composition1 that the effect of the rocket and proportion of the charge depends3 which we shall endeavour to shew hereafter4 ,table the second is given1 by the author1 as an improvement on the first2 wherein he takes notice of the charges being too many in number2 he has therefore reduced them to seven only1 which1 according to his opinion1 are sufficient for rockets of any size3 he also observes1 that the ingredients are expressed in unequal quantities2 which he has likewise laid down in a more regular order4 ,by the same author's account1 rockets were made in ,france1 not many years since1 with the compositions mentioned in his table4 ,i shall not here pretend to say1 that rockets were not made with the charges given in the above-mentioned table2 yet can affirm1 by practice and experience1 that several of them will not agree with our present moulds4 ,as to the method prescribed in the third and fourth tables1 it is difficult to determine whether we shall praise or condemn it1 as they were wrote when the art of making fireworks was in it's infancy2 as may be seen by their strange method of determining the proportion of ingredients1 and weight of rockets1 by the quantity of composition contained in each case2 which must have required a very nice calculation1 for at that time1 they had not fixed upon an exact length for rockets1 but made them from six to nine diameters long3 all which differ so much from our modern practice1 that ,i never thought it worth the trouble of making a trial3 but am of opinion1 that very few of the charges will answer4 ,in table the fifth1 the compositions are in proportion to the weight of the rocket1 with it's head and stick1 all compleat2 which head and stick together are equal to the weight of the rocket1 according to the improvement made by ,m4 ,f9999991 as may be seen by the second column from the top2 he also has added the diameters to the moulds1 in proportion to their height1 allowing each six diameters1 which supposing to be right1 the rockets will be nearly reduced to half their weight given in the first column4 ,on the charges in this table ,i have made no experiment1 therefore cannot recommend them as proof4 ,having already given a variety of charges for sky-rockets1 in the preceding tables1 which are collected from the principal authors on this subject1 together with remarks on the same2 ,i shall1 in the next place1 according to my promise of not omitting any thing that may be of service to the reader1 add some compositions for rocket-stars of several colours1 as inserted by former authors4 ,compositions for ,stars of different ,colours4 ,i4 ,meal powder four ounces1 saltpetre two ounces1 brimstone two ounces1 steel dust one ounce and a half1 and camphor1 white amber1 antimony1 and mercury-sublimate1 of each half an ounce4 ,,ii4 ,rochepetre ten ounces1 brimstone1 charcoal1 antimony1 meal powder1 and camphor1 of each three quarters of an ounce1 moistened with oil of turpentine4 ,these compositions are made into stars1 by being worked to a paste with aqua vit1 in which has been dissolved some gum-tragacanth2 and after you have roll'd them in powder1 make a hole through the middle of each1 and string them on quick-match1 leaving about two inches from one to the other4 ,,iii4 ,saltpetre eight ounces1 brimstone two ounces1 yellow amber one ounce1 antimony one ounce1 and powder three ounces4 ,,iv4 ,brimstone two ounces and a half1 saltpetre six ounces1 olibanum or frankincense in drops four ounces2 mastick1 and mercury-sublimate1 of each four ounces2 meal powder five ounces2 white amber1 yellow amber1 and camphor1 of each one ounce2 antimony and orpiment half an ounce each4 ,v4 ,saltpetre one pound1 brimstone half a pound1 and meal powder eight ounces1 moistened with potrolio-oil4 ,,vi4 ,powder half a pound1 brimstone and saltpetre1 of each four ounces4 ,,vii4 ,saltpetre four ounces1 brimstone two ounces1 and meal powder one ounce4 ,for ,stars that carry ,tails of sparks4 ,i4 ,brimstone six ounces1 antimony crude two ounces1 saltpetre four ounces1 and rosin four ounces4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre1 rosin1 and charcoal1 of each two ounces2 brimstone one ounce1 and pitch one ounce4 ,these compositions are sometimes melted in an earthen pan1 and mixed with chopped cotton match1 before they are rolled into stars1 but will do as well if wetted1 and worked up in the usual manner4 ,another ,sort of ,stars1 which yield some ,sparks4 ,i4 ,camphor two ounces1 saltpetre one ounce1 meal powder one ounce4 ,,ii4 ,saltpetre one ounce1 ditto melted half an ounce1 and camphor two ounces4 ,when you would make stars of either of these compositions1 you must wet them with gum water1 or spirit of wine1 in which has been dissolved some gum-arabick1 or gum-tragacanth1 that the whole may have the consistence of a pretty thick liquid2 having thus done1 take one ounce of lint1 and stir it about in the composition till it becomes dry enough to roll into stars4 ,for ,stars of a yellowish ,colour4 ,take four ounces of gum-tragacanth or gum-arabick1 pounded and sifted thro' a fine sieve1 camphor dissolved in brandy two ounces1 saltpetre one pound1 sulphur half a pound1 coarse powder of glass four ounces1 white amber one ounce and a half1 and orpiment two ounces4 ,all these ingredients being well incorporated1 make them into stars after the common method4 ,stars of another ,sort4 ,take a pound of camphor and melt it in a pint of spirit of wine over a slow fire2 then add to it a pound of gum-arabick that has been dissolved2 with this liquor1 mix one pound of saltpetre1 six ounces of sulphur1 and five ounces of meal powder2 and after you have stirred them well together1 roll them into stars proportionable to the rockets for which you intend them4 ,of the ,colours produced by the different ,compositions4 ,as variety of fires adds greatly to a collection of works1 it is necessary that every artist should know the different effect of each ingredient2 for which reason1 ,i shall here explain the colours they produce of themselves2 and likewise how to make them retain the same when mixed with other bodies3 as for example1 sulphur gives a blue1 camphor a white or pale colour1 saltpetre a clear white1 yellow amber a colour inclining to yellow1 sal-armoniac a green1 antimony a reddish1 rosin a copper colour1 and greek-pitch a kind of bronze or between red and yellow4 ,all these ingredients are such as shew themselves in a flame1 viz4 ,for a white ,flame4 ,saltpetre1 sulphur1 meal powder1 and camphor1 the saltpetre must be the chief part4 ,for a blue ,flame4 ,meal powder1 saltpetre1 and sulphur vivum1 the sulphur must be the chief part3 or1 meal powder1 saltpetre1 brimstone1 spirit of wine1 and oil of spike2 but let the powder be the principal part4 ,for a ,flame inclining to ,red4 ,saltpetre1 sulphur1 antimony1 and greek-pitch1 the saltpetre the chief part4 ,by the above method may be made various colours of fire1 as the practitioner pleases2 for1 by making a few trials1 he may cause any ingredient to be predominant in colour4 ,of such ,ingredients as shew themselves in ,sparks when rammed in choaked ,cases4 ,the set colours of fire produced by sparks are divided into four sorts1 viz4 the black1 white1 grey1 and red2 the black charges are composed of two ingredients1 which are meal powder and charcoal2 the white of three1 viz4 saltpetre1 sulphur1 and charcoal2 the grey of four1 viz4 meal powder1 saltpetre1 brimstone1 and charcoal2 and the red of three1 viz4 meal powder1 charcoal1 and saw dust4 ,there are1 besides these four regular or set charges1 two others1 which are distinguished by the names of compound and brilliant charges2 the compound charge being made of many ingredients1 such as meal powder1 saltpetre1 brimstone1 charcoal1 saw dust1 seacoal1 antimony1 glass dust1 brass dust1 steel filings1 cast iron1 tanner's dust1 c4 or any thing that will yield sparks2 all which must be managed with discretion4 ,the brilliant fires are composed of meal powder1 saltpetre1 brimstone1 and steel dust2 or with meal powder and steel filings only4 ,how to make ,cotton ,quick-match4 ,quick-match is generally made of such cotton as is put in candles1 of several sizes1 from one to six threads thick1 according to the pipes it is designed for1 which pipe must be large enough for the match1 when made1 to be pushed in easily without breaking it4 ,having doubled the cotton into as many threads as you think proper1 coil it very lightly into a flat-bottomed copper or earthen pan2 then put in the saltpetre and the liquor1 and boil them together about twenty minutes2 after which1 coil it again into another pan1 as is shewn in ,fig4 #d4 and pour on it what liquor remains2 then put in some meal powder1 and press it down with your hands1 till it is quite wet2 afterwards place the pan before the wooden frame1 ,fig4 #e1 which must be suspended by a point in the center of each end2 and place yourself before the pan1 tying the upper end of the cotton to the end of one of the sides of the frame4 ,when every thing is thus got ready1 you must have one to turn the frame round1 while you let the cotton pass through your hands1 holding it very lightly1 and at the same time keeping your hands full of the wet powder2 but if the powder should be too wet to stick to the cotton1 put more in the pan1 so as to keep a continual supply till the match is all wound up2 you may wind it as close on the frame as you please1 so that it does not stick together2 when the frame is full1 take it off the points1 and sift dry meal powder on both sides the match1 till it appears quite dry3 in winter the match will be a fortnight before it is fit for use2 when it is thoroughly dry1 cut it along the outside of one of the sides of the frame1 and tie it up in skains for use4 ,n4 ,b4 ,the match must be wound tight on the frames4 ,ingredients for the ,match4 ,cotton one pound twelve ounces1 saltpetre one pound1 spirit of wine two quarts1 water three quarts1 isinglass three gills1 and meal powder ten pound4 ,to dissolve four ounces of isinglass1 take three pints of water4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,of ,sky-rocket ,moulds4 ,as the performance of rockets depends much on their moulds1 it is requisite to give a definition of them and their proportions1 which are as follows3 ,they are made and proportioned by the diameter of their orifice1 which is divided into six equal parts3 as for example1 ,fig4 #f4 represents a mould made by its diameter ,a ,b1 its height from ,c to ,d is six diameters and two thirds2 from ,d to ,e is the height of the foot1 which is one diameter and two thirds2 ,f the choak1 or cylinder1 whose height is one diameter and one third2 it must be made out of the same piece as the foot1 and fit tight in the mould2 ,g an iron pin that goes through the mould and cylinder1 to keep the foot fast2 ,h the nipple1 which is half a diameter high1 and two thirds thick1 and of the same piece of metal as the piercer ,i1 whose height is three diameters and a half1 and at the bottom is one third of the diameter thick1 and from thence tapering to one sixth of the diameter3 the best way to fix the piercer in the cylinder1 is to make that part below the nipple long enough to go quite through the foot1 and rivet it at the bottom4 ,fig4 #g4 is a former or rowler for the cases1 whose length1 from the handle1 is seven diameters and a half1 and its diameter two thirds of the bore ,a ,b2 #h4 the end of the former1 which is of the same thickness and one diameter and two thirds long1 the small part2 which fits into the hole ,in the end of the rowler when the case is pinching1 is one sixth and a half of the mould's diameter thick4 ,fig4 #i1 the first drift1 which must be six diameters from the handle1 and this as well as all other rammers must be a little thinner than the former1 to prevent the sacking of the paper1 when you are driving in the charge3 in the end of this rammer is a hole to fit over the piercer2 the line ,k marked on this is two diameters and one third from the handle1 so that when you are filling the rocket1 this line appears at top of the case2 you must then take the second rammer1 #aj1 which from the handle is four diameters2 and the hole for the piercer is one diameter and a half long4 ,fig4 #aa4 is the short and solid drift which you use when you have filled the case as high as the top of the piercer4 ,it is to be observed1 that all rammers must have a collar of brass at the bottom1 to keep the wood from spreading or splitting2 and that the same proportion be given to all moulds1 from one ounce to six pound4 ,i mentioned nothing concerning the handles of the rammers2 however1 if their diameter be equal to the bore of the mould1 and two diameters long1 it will be a very good proportion2 but the shorter you can use them the better1 for the longer the drift1 the less will be the pressure on the composition1 by the blow given with the mallet4 ,a ,table of ,dimensions for ,rocket ,moulds1 in which the ,rockets are rammed solid4 ,weight ,length of the ,interior diameter,height of the of rockets4moulds without of the moulds4 nipples4 their feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- lb4 oz4 ,inches4 ,inches4 ,inches4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #f #j #cdg #ce #ae #d #j #chf #bi #ad #b #j #acce #ba #aj #a #j #abbe #ag #jhe #j #h #ajabe #accc c4 #jf #j #d #gge #aabe #je #j #b #fb #ji #jde #j #a #di #jg #jce #j #ci #jee #jbe #f drams #ce #je #jbbe #d drams #bb #jc #jb ,the diameter of the nipple must always be equal to that of the former4 ,i have omitted the thickness of the moulds1 it being very immaterial1 provided they are substantial and strong4 ,i would not advise any one who makes rockets for his private amusement1 to ram them solid1 for it requires a very skilful hand1 and an expensive apparatus for boring them1 which will be shewn herereafter4 ,driving of rockets solid is the most expeditious method1 but not so certain as ramming them over a piercer1 which ,i have found by experience4 ,of ,moulds for ,wheel ,cases1 or ,serpents4 ,fig4 #ab4 represents a mould in which the cases are drove solid2 ,l the nipple#c1 with a point#d at top1 which1 when the case is filling1 serves to stop the neck1 and prevent the composition from falling out1 which without this point it would do2 and1 in consequence1 the air would get into the vacancy in the charge1 and at the time of firing cause the case to burst4 ,these sort of moulds are made of any length or diameter1 according as the cases are required1 but the diameter of the rollers must be equal to half the bore1 and the rammers made quite solid4 ,how to roll ,rocket and other ,cases4 ,sky rocket cases are to be made six and a half of their exterior diameter long1 and all other cases that are to be filled in moulds must be as long as the moulds1 within half its interior diameter4 ,rocket cases1 from the smallest to four or six pound1 are generally made of the strongest sort of cartridge paper1 and rolled dry2 but the large sort are made of pasted paste-board4 ,as it is very difficult to roll the ends of the cases quite even1 the best way will be to keep a pattern of the paper for the different sorts of cases1 which pattern should be somewhat longer than the case it is designed for1 and on it marked the number of sheets required1 which will prevent any paper being cut to waste3 having cut your papers of a proper size1 and the last sheet for each case with a slope at one end1 so that when the cases are rolled it may form a spiral line round the outside1 and that this slope may always be the same1 let the pattern be so cut for a guide3 before you begin to roll1 fold down one end of the first sheet1 so far that the fold will go two or three times round the former2 then1 on the double edge1 lay the former with its handle off the table1 and when you have rolled on the paper1 within two or three turns1 lay1 on that part which is loose1 the next sheet1 and roll it all on4 ,having thus done1 you must have a smooth board1 about twenty inches long1 and equal in breadth to the length of the case2 in the middle of this board must be a handle placed length-ways2 under this board lay your case1 and let one end of the board lay on the table2 then press hard on it1 and push it forwards1 which will roll the paper very tight2 do this three or four times before you roll on any more paper3 this must be repeated every other sheet of paper1 till the case is thick enough2 but if the rolling board be drawn backwards1 it will loosen the paper3 you are to observe1 when you roll on the last sheet1 that the point of the slope be placed at the small end of the roller4 ,having rolled your case to fit the mould1 push in the small end of the former ,f1 about one diameter from the end of the case1 and put in the end piece within a little distance of the former2 then give the pinching cord one turn round the case1 between the former and the end piece2 at first pull easy1 and keep moving the case1 which will make the neck smooth1 and without large wrinkles2 when the cases are hard to choak1 let each sheet of paper 7except the first and last in that part where the neck is formed7 be a little moistened with water3 immediately after you have struck the concave stroke1 bind the neck of the case round with small twine1 which must not be tied in a knot1 but fastened with two or three hitches4 ,having thus pinched and tied the case so as not to give way1 put it into the mould without it's foot1 and1 with a mallet1 drive the former hard on the end piece1 which will force the neck close and smooth2 this being done1 cut the case to its proper length1 allowing from the neck to the edge of the mouth half a diameter1 which is equal to the height of the nipple2 then take out the former1 and drive the case over the piercer with the long rammer1 and the vent will be of a proper size4 ,wheel cases must be drove on a nipple with a points in order to close the neck1 and make the vent of the size required2 which1 in most cases1 is generally one fourth of their interior diameter3 as it is very often difficult1 when the cases are rolled1 to draw the roller out1 you may make a hole through the handle1 and put in it a small iron pin1 by which you may easily turn the former round1 and pull it out4 ,fig4 #ag4 shews the method of pinching cases2 ,p a treddle1 which1 when pressed hard with the foot1 will draw the cord tight1 and force the neck as close as you please2 ,q a small wheel or pully1 with a groove round it for the cord to run in4 ,cases are commonly rolled wet1 for wheels and fixed pieces2 and when they are required to contain a great length of charge1 the method of making those sort of cases is as follows3 ,your paper must be cut as usual1 only the last sheet must not be cut with a slope2 having your paper ready1 paste each sheet on one side1 then fold down the first sheet as before directed1 but be careful that the paste does not touch the upper part of the fold1 for if the roller be wetted1 it will tear the paper in drawing it out3 in pasting the last sheet1 observe not to wet the last turn or two in that part where it is to be pinched1 for if that part be damp1 the pinching cord will stick to it1 and tear the paper2 therefore1 when you choak those cases2 roll a bit of dry paper once round the case1 before you put on the pinching cord2 but this bit of paper must be taken off after the case is choaked4 ,the rolling board1 and all other methods1 according to the former directions for the rolling and pinching of cases1 must be used to these as well as all other cases4 ,to make ,tourbillon ,cases4 ,those sorts of cases are generally made about eight diameters long1 but if very large1 seven diameters will be sufficient3 tourbillons will answer very well from four ounces to two pound1 but when larger there is no certainty4 ,the cases are best rolled wet with paste1 and the last sheet must have a streight edge1 so that the case may be all of a thickness3 when you have rolled your cases1 after the manner of wheel cases1 pinch them at one end quite close2 then1 with the rammer1 drive the ends down flat1 and afterwards ram in about one third of a diameter of dryed clay4 ,the diameter of the former for these cases must be the same as for sky rockets4 ,n4 ,b4 ,tourbillons are to be rammed in moulds without a nipple1 or in a mould without its foot4 ,to make ,baln ,cases1 or ,paper ,shells4 ,first you must have an oval former turned of smooth wood2 then paste a quantity of brown or cartridge paper1 and let it lay till the paste has quite soaked through2 this done1 rub the former with soap or grease1 to prevent the paper from sticking to it2 then lay the paper on in small slips1 till you have made it one third of the thickness of the shell intended2 having thus done1 set it to dry1 and when dry1 cut it round the middle1 and the two halves will easily come off2 but observe1 when you cut1 to leave about one inch not cut1 which will make the halves join much better than if quite separated2 when you have some ready to join1 place the halves even together1 and paste a slip of paper round the opening to hold them together1 and let that dry2 then lay on paper all over as before1 every where equal1 excepting that end which goes downwards in the mortar1 which may be a little thicker than the rest2 for that part which receives the blow from the powder in the chamber of the mortar consequently requires the greatest strength3 when the shell is thoroughly dry1 burn a round vent at top1 with square iron1 large enough for the fuze3 this method will do for balns from four inches two fifths1 to eight inches diameter2 but if they are larger1 or required to be thrown a great height1 let the first shell be turn'd of elm1 instead of being made of paper4 ,for a balln of four inches two fifths1 let the former be three inches one eighth diameter1 and five inches and a half long4 ,for a balln of five inches and a half1 the diameter of the former must be four inches1 and eight inches long4 ,for a balln of eight inches1 let the diameter of the former be five inches and fifteen sixteenths1 and eleven inches seven eighths long4 ,for a ten inch balln1 let the former be seven inches three sixteenths diameter1 and fourteen inches and a quarter long4 ,the thickness of a shell for a balln of four inches two fifths1 must be half an inch4 ,for a balln of five inches and a half1 let the thickness of the paper be five eighths of an inch4 ,for an eight inch balln seven eighths of an inch4 ,and for a ten inch balln1 let the shell be one inch and one eighth thick4 ,shells that are designed for stars only1 may be made quite round1 and the thinner they are at the opening the better2 for if they are too strong1 the stars are apt to break at the bursting of the shell3 when you are making the shell1 make use of a pair of calibers1 or a round gauge1 so that you may not lay the paper thicker in one place than another2 and also to know when the shell is of a proper thickness2 ballns must always be made to go easy into the mortars4 ,of the ,method of mixing ,compositions4 ,the performance of the principal part of fireworks depends much on the compositions being well mixed2 therefore great care ought to be taken in this part of the work1 particularly in the compositions for sky rockets4 ,when you have four or five pounds of ingredients to mix1 which is a sufficient quantity at a time 7for a larger proportion will not do so well71 first put the different ingredients together1 then work them about with your hands1 till you think they are pretty well incorporated2 after which put them into a lawn sieve with a receiver and top to it2 and if1 after it is sifted1 any remains that will not pass through the sieve1 grind it again till fine enough2 and if it be twice sifted it will not be amiss2 but the compositions for wheels and common works are not so material1 nor need not be so fine4 ,but in all fixed works1 from which the fire is to play regular1 the ingredients must be very fine1 and great care taken in mixing them well together2 and observe that1 in all compositions wherein are steel or iron filings1 the hands must not touch1 nor will any works1 which have iron or steel in their charge1 keep long in damp weather1 without being properly prepared1 according to the directions given in the following article4 ,how to preserve ,steel or ,iron ,filings4 ,it sometimes may happen1 that fireworks may be required to be kept a long time1 or sent abroad2 neither of which could be done with brilliant fires1 if made with filings unprepared2 for this reason1 that the saltpetre being of a damp nature1 it causes the iron to rust1 the consequence of which is1 that when the works are fired1 there will appear but very few brilliant sparks1 but instead of them a number of red and drossy sparks1 and besides1 the charge will be so much weakened1 that if this should happen to wheels1 the fire will hardly be strong enough to force them round3 but to prevent such accidents1 prepare your filings after the following manner4 ,melt in a glazed earthen pan some brimstone over a slow fire1 and when melted throw in some filings2 which keep stirring about till they are covered with brimstone1 this you must do while it is on the fire2 then take it off1 and stirr it very quick till cold1 when you must roll it on a board with a wooden roller1 till you have broke it as fine as corn powder2 after which sift from it as much of the brimstone as you can4 ,there is another method of preparing filings1 so as to keep two or three months in winter2 this may be done by rubbing them between the strongest sort of brown paper1 which before has been moistened with linseed oil4 ,n4 ,b4 ,if the brimstone should take fire1 you may put it out1 by covering the pan close at top3 it is not of much signification what quantity of brimstone you use1 so that there is enough to give each grain of iron a coat1 but as much as will cover the bottom of a pan1 of about one foot diameter1 will do for five or six pound of filings3 cast iron for gerbes may be preserved by the above method4 ,the ,method of ,driving or ,ramming ,sky ,rockets1 c4 ,rockets which are drove over a piercer must not have so much composition put in them at a time1 as when drove solid1 for the piercer1 taking up great part of the bore of the case1 would cause the rammer to rise too high3 so that the pressure of it would not be so great on the composition1 nor would it be drove every where equal3 to prevent which1 observe the following rule2 that for those rockets1 that are rammed over a piercer1 let the ladle#e hold as much composition as when drove1 will raise the drift one half the interior diameter of the case1 and for those drove solid to contain as much as will raise it half the exterior diameter of the case3 ladles are generally made to go easy in the case1 and the length of the scoop about one and a half of its own diameter4 ,the charge of rockets must always be drove one diameter above the piercer1 and on it must be rammed one third of a diameter of clay1 through the middle of which bore a small hole to the composition1 in order that1 when the charge is burnt to the top1 it may communicate its fire1 through the hole1 to the stars in the head3 great care must always be taken1 to strike with the mallet1 and with an equal force1 the same number of strokes to each ladle-ful of charge2 otherwise the rockets will not rise with an uniform motion1 nor will the composition burn equal and regular2 for which reason they cannot carry a proper tail1 for it will break before the rocket has got half way up2 instead of reaching from the ground to the top1 where the rocket breaks and disperses the stars1 rains1 or whatever is contained in the head4 ,when you are ramming1 keep the drift constantly turning or moving2 and when you use the hollow rammers1 knock out of them the composition now and then1 or the piercer will split them3 to a rocket of four ounces1 give to each ladle-ful of charge sixteen strokes3 to a rocket of eight ounces twenty-one strokes3 to a rocket of one pound1 twenty eight3 to a two pounder1 thirty-six3 to a four pounder forty-two3 and to a six pounder fifty strokes2 but rockets of a larger sort cannot be drove well by hand1 but must be rammed with a machine made in the same manner as those for driving piles1 which are so very common to be seen1 that ,i shall here omit giving a description of them4 ,the method of ramming of wheel cases1 or any other sort1 in which the charge is drove solid1 is much the same as sky rockets2 for the same proportion may be observed in the ladle1 and the same number of strokes given1 according to their diameters1 all cases being distinguished by their diameters2 in this manner1 a case whose bore is equal to a rocket of four ounces is called a four ounce case1 and that which is equal to an eight ounce rocket an eight ounce case1 and so on1 according to the different rockets4 ,having taught the method of ramming cases in moulds2 we shall here say something concerning those filled without moulds1 which method1 for strong pasted cases1 will do extremely well1 and save the expence of making so many moulds4 ,the reader must here observe1 when he fills any sort of cases1 to place the mould on a perpendicular block of wood1 and not on any place that is hollow1 for we have found by experience1 that when cases were rammed on driving benches1 which were formerly used1 the works frequently miscarried1 on account of the hollow resistance of the benches1 which often jarred and loosened the charge in the cases2 but this accident has never happened since the driving blocks#f have been used4 ,when cases are to be filled without moulds1 proceed thus2 have some nipples made of brass or iron1 of several sorts and sizes1 in proportion to the cases1 and to screw or six in the top of the driving block2 when you have fixed in a nipple1 make1 at about one inch and a half from it1 a square hole in the block1 six inches deep and one inch diameter2 then have a piece of wood1 six inches longer than the case intended to be filled and two inches square2 on one side of it cut a groove almost the length of the case1 whose breadth and depth must be sufficient to cover near half the case2 then cut the other end to fit the hole in the block1 but take care to cut it so that the groove may be of a proper distance from the nipple3 this half mould being made and fixed tight in the block1 cut1 in another piece of wood nearly of the same length as the case1 a groove of the same dimensions as that in the fixed piece2 then put the case on the nipple1 and with a cord tie it and the two half moulds together1 and your case will be ready for filling4 ,the dimensions of the above described half moulds1 are proportionable for cases of eight ounces2 but notice must be taken1 that they differ in size in proportion to the cases4 ,note1 the clay1 mentioned in this article1 must be prepared after this manner2 get some clay1 in which there is no stones nor sand1 and bake it in an oven till quite dry2 then take it out and beat it to a powder1 and afterwards sift it through a common hair sieve1 and it will be fit for use4 ,of the ,proportion of ,mallets4 ,the best wood for mallets is dry beech1 though some have preferred other sorts of woods and have likewise pretended to determine their exact weight1 which is not of much signification2 however1 for the better instruction of those who have not made a great progress in this art1 ,i shall here give a good proportion for mallets2 but at the same time would have every practitioner know1 that if he makes use of a common mallet1 of a moderate size1 in proportion to the rocket1 according to his judgment1 and if that rocket succeeds1 he may depend on the rest1 by using the same mallet2 yet it will be necessary that cases of different sorts be drove with mallets of different sizes4 ,the following proportion of the mallets for rockets of any size1 from one ounce to six pound1 may be observed2 but as rockets are seldon made less than one ounce1 or larger than six pound1 ,i shall leave the management of them to the curious2 but all cases under one ounce1 may be rammed with an ounce rocket mallet4 ,your mallets will strike more solid1 by having their handles turned out of the same piece as the head1 and made in a cylindrical form3 let their dimensions be worked by the diameters of the rockets3 for example2 let the thickness of the head be three diameters1 and its length four1 and the length of the handle five diameters1 whose thickness must be in proportion to the hand4 ,of the ,proportion of ,sky ,rockets1 with the ,manner of heading them4 ,fig4 #ac4 represents a rocket compleat without its stick1 whose length from the neck is five diameters one sixth2 the cases should always be cut to this length1 after they are filled3 ,m the head1 which is two diameters high1 and one diameter one sixth and a half in breadth2 ,n the cone or cap1 whose perpendicular height must be one diameter one third4 ,fig4 #ad4 is the collar to which the head is fixed2 this is turned out of deal or any light wood1 and its exterior diameter must be equal to the interior diameter of the head2 one sixth will be sufficient for its thickness1 and round the outside edge must be a groove2 the interior diameter of the collar must not be quite so wide as the exterior diameter of the rocket2 when this is to be glued on the rocket1 you must cut two or three rounds of paper off the case1 which will make a shoulder for it to rest upon4 ,fig4 #ae1 a former for the head2 two or three rounds of paper well pasted will be enough for the head1 which1 when rolled1 put the collar on that part of the former marked ,o1 which must fit the inside of it2 then with the pinching cord1 pinch the bottom of the head into the groove1 and tie it with small twine4 ,fig4 #af1 represents a former for the cone4 ,to make the caps1 cut your paper in round pieces1 equal in diameter to twice the length of the cone you intend to make2 which pieces being cut into halves1 will make two caps each1 without wasting any paper2 having formed the caps1 paste over each of them a thin white paper1 which must be a little longer than the cone1 so as to project about half an inch below the bottom2 this projection of paper1 being notch'd and pasted1 serves to fasten the cap to the head4 ,illustration3 ,,plate4 #a ,when you load the heads of your rockets with stars1 rains1 serpents1 crackers1 scroles1 or any thing else1 according to your fancy2 remember always to put one ladle-ful of meal powder1 into each head1 which will be enough to burst the head1 and disperse the stars or whatever is contained therein3 when the heads are loaded with any sort of cases1 let their mouths be placed downwards2 and after the heads are filled1 paste on the top of them a piece of paper1 before you put on the caps4 ,as the size of stars often differ1 it would be needless to give an exact number for each rocket1 but this rule may be observed1 that the heads may be nearly filled with whatever they are loaded4 ,of the ,decorations for ,sky ,rockets4 ,sky rockets bearing the pre-eminence of all fireworks1 it will not be improper to treat of their various kinds of decorations which are directed according to fancy2 some are headed with stars of different sorts1 such as tailed stars1 brilliant stars1 white stars1 blue and yellow stars1 c4 some with gold and silver rain2 others with serpents1 crackers1 fire-scroles1 marrons2 and some with small rockets1 and many other devices1 as the maker pleases4 ,dimensions and ,poise of ,rocket ,sticks4 ,weight ,length of ,thickness,breadth ,square at ,poize from of the the stick4 at top4 at top4 bottom4 the point of rocket4 the cone4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- lb4 oz4 ft4 in4 ,inches4 ,inches4 ,inch4 ft4 in4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #f #j #ad #j #ae #ahe #jge #d #ae #d #j #ab #aj #abe #adj #jfbe #c #i #b #j #i #d #aabe #a #jebe #b #i #a #j #h #b #jgbe #jhj #jcge #b #a #h #f #f #je #jgj #jbe #a #aje #d #e #c #jcgej #jee #jce #a #he #b #d #a #jc #jde #jae #a #c #a #c #f #jbe #jce #jaj #aa #j #b #d #jabe #jbj #jaf #h #j #a #aj #ja #jae #je #e #je ,the last column on the right in the above table1 expresses the distance from the top of the cone1 where the stick1 when tied on1 should ballance the rocket1 so as to stand in an equilibrium on one's finger or the edge of a knife4 ,the best wood for the sticks is dry deal1 made after the following manner2 when you have cut and planed the sticks according to the dimensions given in the table1 cut on one of the flat sides at top1 a groove the length of the rocket1 and as broad as the stick will allow2 then on the opposite flat side1 cut two notches for the cord1 which ties on the rocket1 to lay in2 one of these notches must be near the top of the stick1 and the other facing the neck of the rockets2 the distance between these notches may easily be known1 for the top of the stick should always touch the head of the rocket4 ,when your rockets and sticks are ready1 lay the rockets in the grooves in the sticks and tie them on4 ,those who1 merely for curiosity1 may chose to make rockets of different sizes1 to what ,i have expressed in the table of dimensions1 may find the length of their sticks1 by making them for rockets1 from half an ounce to one pounds sixty diameters of the rocket long2 and for rockets above one pound1 fifty or fifty-two diameters will be a good length2 their thickness at top may be about half a diameter1 and their breadth a very little more2 their square at bottom is generally equal to half the thickness at top4 ,but1 although the dimensions of the sticks be very nicely observed1 you must depend only on their ballance3 for1 without a proper counterpoise1 your rockets1 instead of mounting perpendicularly1 will take an oblique direction1 and fall to the ground before they are burnt out4 ,the ,method of ,boring ,rockets which have been drove solid4 ,plate #b1 ,fig4 #ah1 represents the plan of an apparatus1 or lath1 for boring of rockets2 ,a the large wheel which turns the small one ,b1 that works the reammer ,c3 these reammers are of different sizes according to the rockets2 they must be of the same diameter as the top of the bore intended1 and continue that thickness a little longer than the depth of the bore required1 and their points must be like that of an auger2 the thick end of each reammer must be made square and all of the same size1 so as to fit into one socket1 wherein they are fastened by a screw ,d3 ,e the guide for the reammer1 which is made to move backwards and forwards2 so that after you have marked the reammer three diameters and a half of the rocket from the point1 set the guide1 allowing for the thickness of the fronts of the rocket boxes1 and the neck and mouth of the rocket1 so that when the front of the large box is close to the guide1 the reammer may not go too far up the charge2 ,f1 boxes for holding the rockets1 which are made so as to fit one in another2 their sides must be equal in thickness to the difference of the diameters of the rockets1 and their interior diameters equal to the exterior diameters of the rockets4 ,to prevent the rockets turning round while boring1 a piece of wood must be placed against the end of the box in the inside1 and pressed against the tail of the rocket2 this will also hinder the reammer from forcing the rocket backwards4 ,g1 a rocket in the box4 ,h1 a box that hides under the rocket boxes to receive the borings from the rockets1 which falls through holes made on purpose in the boxes2 these holes must be just under the mouth of the rocket1 one in each box1 and all to correspond with each other4 ,fig4 #ai1 is a front view of the large rocket box4 ,i1 an iron plate1 in which are holes of different sizes1 through which the reammer passes2 this plate is fastened with a screw in the center1 so that when you change the reammer1 you turn the plate round1 but always let the hole you are going to use be at the bottom2 the fronts of the other boxes must have holes in them to correspond with them in the plate4 ,k1 the lower part of the large box1 which is made to fit the inside of the lathe1 in order that all the boxes may move quite steady4 ,fig4 #bj1 is a perspective view of the lathe4 ,l1 the guide for the reammer1 which is set by the screw at bottom4 ,fig4 #ba1 a view of the front of the guide facing the reammer4 ,m1 an iron plate1 of the same dimensions as that on the front of the box1 and placed in the same direction1 and also to turn on a screw in the center4 ,n1 the rocket box1 which slides backwards and forwards3 when you have fixed a rocket in the box1 push it forwards against the reammer2 and when you think the scoop of the reammer is full1 draw the box back1 and knock out the composition2 this you must do till the rocket is bored1 or it will be in danger of taking fire2 and if you bore in a hurry1 wet the end of the reammer now and then with oil to keep it cool4 ,having bored a number of rockets1 you must have taps of different sorts according to the rockets4 ,these taps are a little longer than the bore1 but when you use them1 mark them three diameters and a half from the point1 allowing for the thickness of the rocket's neck2 then1 holding the rocket in one hand1 you tap it with the other4 ,in order to explain these taps1 ,i have represented one by ,fig4 #bb4 ,they are made in the same proportion as the fixed piercers1 and are hollowed their whole length4 ,of a ,hand ,machine used for boring of ,rockets instead of a ,lathe4 ,those sort of machines answer very well1 but not so expeditious as the lathe1 nor are they so expensive to make2 they may be worked by one man2 but the lathe will require three4 ,fig4 #bc1 represents the machine4 ,o1 the rocket boxes1 which are to be fixed and not to slide as those in the lathe4 ,p ,q1 are guides for the reammers1 that are made to slide together1 as the reammer moves forward3 the reammers for these sort of machines must be made of a proper length1 allowing for the thickness of the front of the boxes1 and the length of the mouth and neck of the case3 on the square end of these reammers1 must be a round shoulder of iron1 to turn against the outside of the guide ,q1 by which means the guides are forced forwards4 ,r1 the stock which turns the reammer1 and while turning must be pressed towards the rocket1 by the body of the man who works it2 all the reammers are to be made to fit one stock4 ,this machine as well as the lathe is made by the scale in the same plate4 ,the ,manner of making large ,gerbes4 ,fig4 #bd1 represents a wooden former2 #be1 a gerbe compleat1 with its foot or stand4 ,the cases for gerbes are made very strong1 on account of the strength of the composition2 which1 when fired1 comes out with great velocity2 therefore1 to prevent their bursting1 the paper should be pasted1 and the cases made as thick at the top as at the bottom2 they ought also to have very long necks1 for this reason2 first1 that the particles of iron will have more time to be heated1 by meeting with greater resistance in getting out1 than with a short neck1 which would be burnt too wide before the charge be consumed1 and spoil the effect3 ,secondly1 that with long necks the stars will be thrown to a great height1 and will not fall before they are spent1 or spread too much2 but1 when made to perfection1 will rise and spread in such a manner as to form exactly a wheat-sheaf4 ,in the ramming of gerbes1 there will be no need of a mould1 the cases being sufficiently strong to support themselves2 but you are to be careful1 before you begin to ram1 to have a piece of wood made to fit in the neck2 for if this be not done1 the composition will fall into the neck1 and leave a vacancy in the case1 which1 as ,i said before1 will cause the case to burst as soon as the fire arrives at the vacancy3 you must likewise observe1 that the first ladle of charge1 or two1 if you think proper1 be of some weak composition4 ,when the case is filled1 take out the piece of wood1 and fill the neck with some slow charge4 ,gerbes are generally made about six diameters long1 from the bottom to the top of the neck2 their bore must be one fifth narrower at top than at bottom4 ,the neck ,s is one sixth diameter and three fourths long4 ,t1 a wooden foot or stand1 on which the gerbe is fixed4 ,this may be made with a choak or cylinder1 four or five inches long1 to fit the inside of the case1 or with a hole in it to put in the gerbe2 both these methods will answer the same4 ,gerbes produce a most brilliant fire1 and are very when a number of them are fixed in the front of a building1 or a collection of fireworks4 ,n4 ,b4 ,gerbes are made by their diameters1 and their cases at bottom one fourth thick4 ,the method of finding the interior diameter of a gerbe is thus3 ,supposing you would have the exterior diameter of the case1 when made1 to be five inches1 then1 by taking two fourths for the sides of the case1 there will remain two inches and a half for the bore1 which will be a very good size4 ,these sort of gerbes ought to be rammed very hard4 ,of small ,gerbes or ,white ,fountains4 ,small gerbes may be made of four1 eight ounces1 or one pound cases1 pasted and made very strong1 of what length you please2 but1 before you fill them1 drive in dry clay one diameter of their orifice high1 and when you have filled a case1 bore a vent through the center of the clay to the composition2 the common proportion will do for the vent1 which must be primed with a slow charge4 ,these sort of cases without the clay1 may be filled with ,chinese fire4 ,to make ,paste-board and ,paper ,mortars4 ,fig4 #bf1 a former1 and #bg1 an elm foot for the mortar2 #bh1 a mortar compleat2 these mortars are best when made with paste-board2 your paste-board must be well pasted before you begin2 or1 instead of paste1 you may use glue4 ,for a coehorn mortar1 which is four inches two fifths diameter1 roll the paste-board on the former one sixth of its diameter thick2 and1 when dry1 cut one end smooth and even1 then nail and glue it on the upper part of the foot2 when done1 cut off the paste-board at top1 allowing for the length of the mortar two diameters and a half from the mouth of the powder chamber2 then bind the mortar round with a strong cord wetted with glue4 ,u1 the bottom part of the foot1 is one diameter two thirds broad1 and one diameter high2 and that part which goes into the mortar is two thirds of it's diameter high4 ,w1 is a copper chamber for powder1 made in a conical form1 and is one third of the diameter wide1 and one and a half of its own diameter long2 in the center of the bottom of this chamber1 make a small hole a little way down the foot2 this hole must be met by another of the same size made in the side of the foot1 as is shewn in ,fig4 #bh4 ,if these holes are made true1 and a copper pipe fitted into both1 the mortar when loaded will prime itself1 for the powder will naturally fall to the bottom of the first hole2 then1 by putting a bit of quick-match in the side hole1 your mortar will be ready to be fired4 ,mortars of five and a half1 eight1 and ten inches diameter1 may be made of paper1 or paste-board1 by the above method1 and in the same proportion2 but if larger1 it will be best to have them made of brass4 ,n4 ,b4 ,the copper chamber1 must have a small rim round its edge with holes in it1 for screws to make it fast in the foot4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,the ,manner of loading ,air ,ballns1 with the ,number of ,stars1 ,serpents1 ,snakes1 ,rain-falls1 c4 contained in ,shells of each ,nature4 ,as ballns are held in great esteem1 by most admirers of fire works1 ,i shall here give a full description of them in every particular1 in so clear a manner1 that a young practitioner may1 by taking a little pains1 be pretty certain of succeeding the first trial4 ,when you fill your shells1 you must first put in the serpents1 rains1 stars1 c4 or whatever they are composed of2 then the blowing powder2 but the shells must not be quite filled2 all those things must be put in at the fuze hole2 but marrons1 being too large to go in at the fuze hole1 must be put in before the inside shell be joined4 ,when the shells are loaded1 glue and drive in the fuzes very tight4 ,of these fuzes we shall say more hereafter2 but shall here give the diameter of the fuze hole in ballns of each nature1 which are as follows4 ,for a coehorn balln1 let the diameter of the fuze hole be seven eighths of an inch4 ,for a royal balln1 which is near five inches and a half diameter1 make the fuze hole one inch one eighth diameter4 ,for an eight inch balln1 one inch three eighths3 and for a ten inch balln1 one inch five eighths4 ,illustration3 ,,plate4 #b ,having proceeded thus far with the directions of loading ballns1 ,i shall in the second place give an account of the quantities and number of each article1 proper for shells of each nature2 but it is to be observed1 that air-ballns are divided into four sorts1 viz4 first1 illuminated ballns2 second1 ballns of serpents2 third1 ballns of reports1 marrons1 and crackers2 and fourth1 compound ballns4 ,for a ,coehorn ,balln illuminated4 oz4 ,meal powder #a ,corn powder #j ,powder for the mortar #b ,length of the fuze composition three quarters of an inch2 one ounce drove or rolled stars1 as many as will nearly fill the shell4 ,for a ,coehorn ,balln of ,serpents4 oz4 ,meal powder #a ,corn powder #a ,powder for the mortar #b ,length of the fuze composition thirteen sixteenths of an inch2 half ounce cases drove three diameters and bounced three diameters2 and half ounce cases drove two diameters and bounced four2 of each an equal quantity1 and as many of them as will fit in easily1 placed head to tail4 ,for a ,coehorn ,balln of ,crackers and ,reports4 oz4 ,meal powder #a ,corn powder #j ,powder for the mortar #b ,length of the fuze composition three quarters of an inch2 reports four1 and crackers of six bounces1 as many as will fill the shell4 ,for ,compound ,coehorn ,ballns4 oz4 dr4 ,meal powder #a #d ,corn powder #j #ab ,powder for the mortar #b #d ,length of the fuze composition thirteen sixteenths of an inch2 half ounce cases drove three diameters and a half and bounced two1 sixteen4 ,half ounce cases drove four diameters and not bounced1 ten4 ,blue strung stars1 ten4 ,rolled stars as many as will compleat the balln4 ,for ,royal ,ballns illuminated4 oz4 dr4 ,meal powder #a #h ,corn powder #j #ab ,powder for the mortar #c #j ,length of the fuze composition fifteen sixteenths of an inch2 two ounce strung stars1 thirty-four3 ,rolled stars as many as the shell will contain1 allowing room for the fuze4 ,for ,royal ,ballns of ,serpents4 oz4 dr4 ,meal powder #a #j ,corn powder #a #h ,powder for the mortar #c #h ,length of the fuze composition one inch2 one ounce cases drove three and a half and four diameters1 and bounced two1 of each an equal quantity1 sufficient to load the shell4 ,royal ,ballns of ,crackers and ,marrons4 oz4 dr4 ,meal powder #a #h ,corn powder #a #d ,powder for firing the mortar #c #j ,length of the fuze composition fourteen sixteenths of an inch2 reports twelve1 and compleated with crackers of eight bounces4 ,for ,compound ,royal ,ballns4 oz4 dr4 ,meal powder #a #e ,corn powder #a #f ,powder for the mortar #c #ab ,length of the fuze composition one inch2 half ounce cases drove and bounced two diameters1 eight4 ,two ounce cases filled three eighths of an inch with star composition1 and bounced two diameters1 eight4 ,silver rain-falls1 ten4 ,two ounce tailed stars1 sixteen4 ,rolled brilliant stars1 thirty4 ,if this should not be sufficient to load the shell1 you may compleat it with gold rain falls4 ,for eight inch ,ballns illuminated4 oz4 dr4 ,meal powder #b #h ,corn powder #a #d ,powder for the mortar #i #j ,length of the fuze composition one inch one eighth2 two ounce drove stars1 forty-eight4 ,four ounce cases drove with star composition three eighths of an inch and bounced three diameters1 twelve2 and the balln compleated with two ounce drove brilliant stars4 ,for eight inch ,ballns of ,serpents4 oz4 dr4 ,meal powder #b #j ,corn powder #b #j ,powder for the mortar #i #h ,length of the fuze composition one inch three sixteenths4 ,two ounce cases drove one diameter and a half1 and bounced two2 and one ounce cases drove two diameters1 and bounced two and a half2 of each an equal quantity sufficient for the shell4 ,n4 ,b4 ,the star composition which is drove in cases that are bounced1 must be managed thus2 first the cases must be pinched close at one end1 then the corn powder put in for a report1 and the case pinched again close to the powder1 only leaving a small vent for the star composition1 which is drove at top1 to communicate to the powder at the bounce end4 ,,remarks4 ,ballns filled with crackers1 reports1 and marrons1 make no great show of themselves1 nor are they very pleasing to the eye1 for they represent nothing more than a number of pale white flashes1 followed by a variety of reports2 which altogether make but a very indifferent appearance when fired with illuminated ballns1 which are so beautiful and brilliant1 as to cast forth such lustre that will dazzle the eyes of the spectators for some time2 on this consideration1 ,i do not think it worth while loading shells of a large nature1 with things that afford so little pleasure3 but they have a pretty good effect in royal shells1 when thrown among a number of air works1 such as pots des brins or flights of rockets1 in order to alarm the people with a thundering in the air4 ,for they will not know from whence the reports came1 if fired exactly at the same time with the other works1 and the fuze made to carry a small fire4 ,but if any one thinks proper to make large ballns of this sort1 it is only observing a proportion of the blowing and firing powder1 and the length of the fuze1 for shells of the same dimensions as those you intend to make4 ,these kind of ballns are lighter than any other sort1 by reason of the crackers being light of themselves1 and not lying close in the shells4 ,it must be observed1 when you fire light ballns1 not to put so much powder in the mortar as for heavy ones4 ,compound ,eight-inch ,ballns4 oz4 dr4 ,meal powder #b #h ,corn powder #a #ab ,powder for the mortar #i #d ,length of the fuze composition one inch one eighth2 four ounce cases drove with star composition three eighths of an inch1 and bounced three diameters1 sixteen4 ,two ounce tailed stars1 sixteen4 ,two ounce drove brilliant stars1 twelve4 ,silver rain-falls1 twenty4 ,one ounce drove blue stars1 twenty3 and one ounce cases drove and bounced two diameters1 as many as will fill the shell4 ,another of ,eight-inches4 oz4 dr4 ,meal powder #b #h ,corn powder #a #ab ,powder for the mortar #i #d ,length of the fuze composition one inch one eighth2 crackers of six reports1 ten4 ,gold rains1 fourteen4 ,two ounce cases drove with star composition three eighths of an inch1 and bounced two diameters1 sixteen4 ,two ounce tailed stars1 sixteen4 ,two ounce drove brilliant stars1 twelve4 ,silver rains1 ten3 one ounce drove blue stars1 twenty3 and one ounce cases drove with a brilliant charge two diameters and bounced three1 as many as the shell will hold4 ,another of ,eight-inches4 oz4 dr4 ,meal powder #b #ab ,corn powder #b #j ,powder for the mortar #i #j ,length of the fuze composition one inch one sixteenth2 crackers of six reports1 ten4 ,gold rains1 twenty4 ,two ounce cases drove with star composition half an inch1 and bounced two diameters sixteen4 ,two ounce drove brilliant stars1 two ounce drove blue stars1 two ounce drove coloured stars1 two ounce drove tailed stars1 large strung stars1 and rolled stars1 of each an equal quantity1 sufficient for the balln4 ,for a compound ,ten-inch ,balln4 oz4 dr4 ,meal powder #c #d ,corn powder #b #h ,powder for the mortar #ab #h ,length of the fuze composition fifteen sixteenths of an inch2 one ounce cases drove and bounced three diameters1 sixteen4 ,crackers of eight reports1 twelve4 ,four ounce cases drove half an inch with star composition1 and bounced two diameters1 fourteen4 ,two ounce cases drove with brilliant fire one diameter and a quarter1 and bounced two diameters1 sixteen4 ,two ounce drove brilliant stars1 thirty4 ,two ounce drove blue stars1 thirty4 ,gold rains1 twenty4 ,silver rains1 twenty3 after all these are put in1 fill the remainder of the case with tailed and rolled stars4 ,for a ,ten-inch ,balln of three ,changes4 oz4 dr4 ,meal powder #c #j ,corn powder #c #b ,powder for the mortar #ac #j ,length of the fuze composition one inch2 the shell must be loaded with two ounce cases1 drove with star composition a quarter of an inch1 and on that one diameter of gold fire1 then bounced three diameters2 or with two ounce cases first filled one diameter with gold-fire1 then a quarter of an inch with star composition1 and on that one diameter and a quarter of brilliant fire4 ,these cases must be well secured at top of the charge1 lest they should take fire at both ends1 but their necks must be larger than the common proportion4 ,to make ,balln ,fuzes4 ,fuzes for air ballns are sometimes turned out of dry beech1 with a cup at top1 to hold the quick-match1 as you see in ,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #bh1 but if made with pasted paper1 they will do as well3 the diameter of the former for fuzes for coehorn ballns1 must be half an inch2 for a royal fuze1 five eighths of an inch2 for an eight inch fuze1 three quarters of an inch2 and for a ten inch fuze1 seven eighths of an inch4 ,having rolled your cases1 pinch and tie them almost close at one end2 then drive them down1 and let them dry2 before you begin to fill them1 mark1 on the out side of the case1 the length of charge required1 allowing for the thickness of the bottom2 and when you have rammed in the composition1 take two pieces of quick-match1 about six inches long1 and lay one end of each on the charge1 and then a little meal powder1 which ram down hard2 the loose ends of the match double up into the top of the fuze1 and cover it with a paper cap to keep it dry4 ,when you put the shells in the mortars1 uncap the fuzes1 and pull out the loose ends of the match1 and let them hang on the sides of the ballns2 the use of the match is1 to receive the fire from the powder in the chamber of the mortar1 in order to light the fuze3 the shell being put in the mortar with the fuze uppermost1 and exactly in the center2 sprinkle over it a little meal-powder1 and it will be ready to be fired4 ,fuzes made of wood must be longer than those of paper1 and not bored quite through1 but left solid about half an inch at bottom2 and when you use them1 saw them off to a proper length1 measuring the charge from the cup at top4 ,of ,tourbillons4 ,having filled some cases within about one diameter and a half1 drive in a ladle full of clay1 then pinch their ends close1 and drive them down with a mallet2 when done1 find the center of gravity of each case1 where you nail and tie a stick which should be half an inch broad at the middle1 and run a little narrower to the ends these sticks must have their ends turned upwards1 so that the cases may turn horizontally on their centers3 at the opposite sides of the cases at each end1 bore a hole close to the clay with a gimblet1 the size of the neck of a common case of the same nature2 from these holes draw a line round the case1 and at the under part of the case bore a hole1 with the same gimblet1 within half a diameter of each line towards the center2 then from one hole to the other draw a right line4 ,this line divide into three equal parts1 and at ,x and ,y1 ,fig4 #bi1 ,plate ,,iii4 bore a hole1 then from these holes to the other two1 lead a quick-match1 over which paste a thin paper4 ,fig4 #cj1 represents a tourbillon as it should lay to be fired1 with a leader from one side hole ,a1 to the other ,b4 ,when you fire tourbillons1 lay them on a smooth table1 with their sticks downwards1 and burn the leader thro' the middle with a port fire4 ,they should spin three or sour seconds on the table before they rise1 which is about the time the composition will be burning1 from the side holes to those at bottom4 ,to tourbillons may be fixed reports1 in this manner2 in the center of the case at top1 make a small hole1 and in the middle of the report make another2 then place them together1 and tie on the report1 and with a single paper secure it from sire1 this being done your tourbillon is compleated4 ,by this method you may fix on tourbillons1 small cones of stars1 rains1 c4 but be careful not to load them too much4 ,one eighth of an inch will be enough for the thickness of the sticks1 and their length equal to that of the cases4 ,the ,manner of making ,mortars1 for throwing ,aigrettes and loading and firing the same4 ,mortars used for throwing aigrettes are generally made of paste-board1 of the same thickness as balln mortars1 and two diameters and a half long in the inside from the top of the foot2 the foot must be made of elm without a chamber1 but flat at top1 and in the same proportion as those for balln mortars2 these sort of mortars must also be bound round with cord as before mentioned2 sometimes eight or nine of these sort of mortars1 of about three or four inches diameter1 are bound all together so as to appear but one2 but when they are made for this purpose1 the bottom of the foot must be of the same diameter as the mortars2 and only half a diameter high4 ,your mortars being bound well together1 fix them on a heavy solid block of wood3 to load these mortars1 first put on the inside bottom of each1 a piece of paper1 and on it spread one ounce and a half of meal and corn powder mixed2 then tie your serpents up in parcels with quick-match1 and put them in the mortar with their mouths downwards2 but take care that the parcels do not sit too tight in the mortars1 and that all the serpents have been well primed with powder1 wetted with spirit of wine2 on the top of the serpents in each mortar lay some paper or tow2 then carry a leader from one mortar to the other all round1 and then from all the outside mortars into that in the middle2 these leaders must be put between the cases1 and the sides of the mortar down to the powder at bottom3 in the center of the middle mortar1 fix a fire-pump or brilliant fountain1 which must be open at bottom1 and long enough to project out of the mouth of the mortar2 then paste paper on the tops of all the mortars4 ,mortars thus prepared are called a nest of serpents1 as represented by ,fig4 #ca4 ,when you would fire these mortars1 light the fire-pump ,c1 which when consumed will communicate to all the mortars at once1 by means of the leaders4 ,for mortars of six1 eight1 or ten inches diameter1 the serpents should be made in one and two ounce cases1 six or seven inches long1 and fired by a leader1 brought out of the mouth of the mortar1 and turned down the outside1 and the end of it covered with paper1 to prevent the sparks of the other works from setting it on fire4 ,for a six inch mortar1 let the quantity of powder for firing be two ounces2 for an eight inch1 two ounces and three quarters2 and for a ten inch1 three ounces and three quarters2 care must be taken in these as well as small mortars1 not to put the serpents in too tight1 for fear of bursting the mortars4 ,these sort of mortars may be loaded with stars1 crackers1 c4 ,if the mortars1 when loaded1 are to be sent any distance1 or liable to be much moved1 the firing powder should be secured from getting amongst the serpents1 which would endanger the mortars1 as well as hurt their performance2 to prevent which1 load your mortars after this manner2 first put in the firing powder and spread it equally about2 then cut a round piece of blue touch-paper1 equal to the exterior diameter of the mortar1 and draw on it a circle1 equal to the interior diameter of the mortar1 and notch it all round as far as that circle2 then paste that part which is notched1 and put it down the mortar close to the powder1 and stick the pasted edge to the mortar2 this will keep the powder always smooth at bottom1 so that it may be moved or carried any where1 without receiving any damage4 ,the large single mortars are called pots des aigrettes4 ,the ,manner of making1 loading1 and firing of ,pots des ,brins4 ,these pots are made of paste-board1 and must be rolled pretty thick2 they are usually made three or four inches diameter1 and four diameters long1 and pinched with a neck at one end1 like common cases2 a number of these are placed on a plank in the following manmer3 having fixed on a plank1 two rows of wooden pegs1 cut1 in the bottom of the plank1 a groove the whole length under each row of pegs2 then1 through the centre of each peg1 bore a hole down to the groove at bottom1 and on every peg fix and glue a pot1 whose mouth must fit tight on the peg2 thro' all the holes run a quick-match1 one end of which must go into the pot1 and the other into the groove1 which must have a match laid in it from end to end1 and covered with paper1 so that when lighted at one end1 it may discharge the whole almost instantaneously3 in all the pots put about one ounce of meal and corn powder2 then in some put stars1 and others rains1 snakes1 serpents1 crackers1 c4 when they are all loaded1 paste paper over their mouths4 ,two or three hundred of these pots being fired together1 make a very pretty show1 by affording so great a variety of fires4 ,fig4 #cb1 is a range of pots des brins1 with the leader ,a1 by which they are fired4 ,of ,pots des ,saucissons4 ,saucissons are generally fired out of large mortars without chambers1 the same as those for aigrettes1 only somewhat stronger3 saucissons are made of one and two ounce cases1 five or six inches long1 and choaked in the same manner as serpents2 half the number which the mortar contains1 must be drove one diameter and a half with composition1 and the other half two diameters1 so that when fired they may give two volleys of reports2 but if the mortars be very strong1 and will bear a sufficient charge1 to throw the saucissons very high1 you may make three volleys of reports1 by dividing the number of cases into three parts1 and making a difference in the height of the charge3 after they are filled1 pinch and tie them at top of the charge1 almost close2 only leaving a small vent to communicate the fire to the upper part of the case1 which must be filled with corn powder very near the top2 then pinch the end quite close1 and tie it2 after this is done1 bind the case very tight with waxed pack-thread1 from the choak at top of the composition1 to the end of the case2 this will make the case very strong in that part1 and cause the report to be very loud3 saucissons should be rolled a little thicker of paper than the common proportion4 ,when they are to be put in the mortar1 they must be primed in their mouths1 and fired by a case of brilliant fire1 fixed in their center4 ,the charge for these sort of mortars should be one sixth1 or one eighth1 more than for pots des aigrettes of the same diameter4 ,to fix one ,rocket on the ,top of another4 ,when sky rockets are thus managed1 they are called towering rockets1 on account of their mounting so very high4 ,towering rockets are made after this manner2 fix on a pound rocket a head without a collar2 then take a four ounce rocket1 which may be headed or bounced1 and rub the mouth of it with meal powder wetted with spirit of wine1 when done put it in the head of the large rocket with its mouth downwards2 but before you put it in1 stick a bit quick-match in the hole in the clay of the pound rocket1 which match should be long enough to go a little way up the bore of the small rocket1 in order to fire it1 when the large one is burnt out2 the four ounce rocket being too small to fill the head of the other1 roll round it as much tow as will make it stand upright in the center of the head3 the rocket being thus fixed1 paste a single paper round the opening of the top of the head of the large rocket4 ,the large rocket must have only half a diameter of charge rammed above the piercer1 for if filled to the usual height1 it would turn before the small one takes fire1 and entirely destroy the intended effect2 when one rocket is headed with another1 there will be no occasion for any blowing powder2 for the force with which it lets off1 will be sufficient to disingage it from the head of the first fired rocket4 ,the sticks for these sort of rockets1 must be a little longer than for those headed with stars1 rains1 c4 ,of ,caduceus ,rockets4 ,caduceus rockets in rising form two spiral lines1 or double worm1 by reason of their being placed obliquely1 one opposite the other2 and their counterpoise in their center1 which causes them to rise in a vertical direction4 ,rockets for this purpose1 must have their ends choaked close1 without either head or bounce2 for a weight at top1 would be a great obstruction to their mounting2 though ,i have known them sometimes to be bounced1 but then they did not rise so high as those that were not1 nor do any ,caduceous rockets ascend so high as single ones2 because of their serpentine motion1 and likewise the resistance of air1 which is much greater than two rockets of the same size would meet with1 if fired singly4 ,by ,fig4 #cc4 you see the method of fixing these rockets3 the sticks for this purpose1 must have all their sides equal1 which sides should be equal to the breadth of a stick1 proper for a sky rocket of the same weight as those you intend to use1 and to taper downwards as usual1 long enough to ballance them1 one length of a rocket1 from the cross stick2 which must be placed from the large stick1 six diameters of one of the rockets1 and its length seven diameters so that each rocket when tied on1 may form with the large stick an angle of sixty degrees4 ,in tying on the rockets1 place their heads on the opposite sides of the cross stick2 and their ends on the opposite sides of the long stick1 then carry a leader from the mouth of one1 into that of the other4 ,when these rockets are to be fired1 suspend them between two hooks or nails1 then burn the leader through the middle1 and both will take fire at the same time4 ,rockets of one pound1 are a good size1 for this use4 ,of ,honorary ,rockets4 ,honorary rockets are the same as sky rockets1 except that they carry no head nor report1 but are closed at top1 on which is fixed a cone1 then on the case1 close to the top of the stick1 you tie a two ounce case1 about five or six inches long1 filled with a strong charge1 and pinched close at both ends2 then in the reverse sides at each end1 bore a hole1 in the same manner as in ,tourbillons2 from each hole1 carry a leader1 into the top of the rocket4 ,when the rocket is fired1 and arrived to its proper height1 it will give fire to the case at top1 which will cause both rocket and stick1 to spin very fast1 in their return1 and represent a worm of fire1 descending to the ground4 ,there is another method of placing the small case1 which is by letting the stick rise a little above the top of the rocket1 and tying the case to it1 so as to rest on the rocket3 these sort of rockets have no cones4 ,there is also a third method1 by which these kind of rockets are managed1 which is thus3 ,in the top of the rocket fix a piece of wood1 in which drive a small iron spindle1 then make a hole in the middle of the small case1 through which put the spindle2 then fix on the top of it a nut1 to keep the case from falling off2 when this is done1 the case will turn very fast1 without the rocket3 but this method does not answer so well1 as either of the former4 ,fsg4 #cd4 is a honorary rocket compleat4 ,the best sized rockets for this purpose are those of one pound4 ,to divide the ,tail of a ,sky ,rocket1 so as to form an ,arch when ascending4 ,having some rockets made1 and headed according to fancy1 and tied on their sticks2 get some sheet tin1 and cut it into round pieces1 about three or four inches diameter1 then on the stick of each rocket1 under the mouth of the case1 fix one of these pieces of tin2 sixteen inches from the rockets neck1 and support it by a wooden bracket1 as strong as possible3 the use of this1 is1 that when the rocket is ascending1 the fire will play with great force on the tin1 which will divide the tail in such a manner1 that it will form an arch1 as it mounts1 7and will have a very good effect if well managed7 if there be a short piece of port-fire1 of a strong charge1 tied to the end of the stick1 it will make a great addition2 but this must be lighted1 before you fire the rocket4 ,to make several ,sky ,rockets1 rise together1 in the same direction1 and equally distant from each other4 ,take six or any number of sky rockets1 of what size you please2 then cut some strong pack-thread1 into pieces of three or four yards long1 and tie each end of these pieces to a rocket in this manner4 ,having tied one end of your pack-thread1 round the body1 of one rocket1 and the other end to another2 take a second piece of pack-thread and make one end of it fast to one of the rockets already tied1 and the other end to a third rocket1 so that all the rockets except the two outside ones will be fastened to two pieces of pack-thread2 the length of thread1 from one rocket to the other1 may be what the maker pleases2 but the rockets must be all of a size1 and their heads filled with the same weight of stars1 rains1 c4 ,having thus done1 fix in the mouth of each rocket1 a leader of the same length2 and1 when you are going to fire them1 hang them almost close together1 then tie the ends of the leaders together1 and prime them2 this prime being fired1 all the rockets will mount at the same time1 and divide themselves as far as the firings will allow2 which division they will keep1 provided they are all rammed alike1 and well made4 ,these sort of rockets1 are called by some1 chained-rockets4 ,of ,signal ,sky ,rockets4 ,signal-rockets are made of several sorts1 according to the different signals intended to be given3 but in ,artificial ,fireworks1 two sorts are only made use of1 which are one with reports1 and the other without any thing1 except the charge2 but those for the use of the ,navy and ,army1 are headed with stars1 serpents1 c4,rockets which are to be bounced1 must have their cases made one and a half or two diameters longer1 than the common proportion1 and after they are filled1 drive in a double quantity of clay1 then bounce and pinch them1 after the usual manner1 and fix on each a cap4 ,signal sky rockets without bounces1 are nothing more than common sky rockets1 closed and caped3 rockets of this sort are very light1 therefore do not require such heavy sticks as those with loaded heads1 for which reason1 you may cut one length of the rocket1 off the stick1 or else make them thinner4 ,signal rockets with reports1 are sometimes fired in small flights1 and often both these and those without reports1 are used1 for a signal1 to begin firing a collection of works2 and occasionally1 for many other purposes4 ,how to fix two or more ,sky ,rockets on one stick4 ,two1 three1 or six sky rockets1 fixed on one stick1 and fired together1 make a grand and beautiful appearance2 for the tails of all will seem but as one of an immense size1 and the breaking of so many heads at once1 will resemble the bursting of an air balln2 but the management of this device1 requires a skilful hand2 therefore for the encouragement of those who are fond of curious performances1 ,i shall give such instructions1 that1 if well observed1 even by those who have not made a great progress in this art1 there will be no doubt1 of the rockets having the desired effect4 ,rockets for this purpose1 must be made with the greatest exactness1 all rammed by the same hand1 in the same mould1 and out of the one proportion of composition2 and after they are filled and headed1 must all be of the same weight2 the stick must also be well made1 7and proportioned7 according to the following directions3 first supposing your rockets to be half pounders1 whose sticks are six feet six inches long1 then if two1 three1 or six of these are to be fixed on one stick1 let the length of it1 be nine feet nine inches1 then cut the top of it1 into as many sides1 as there are rockets1 and let the length of each side be equal to the length of one of the rockets without its head2 and in each side1 cut a groove 7as usual17 then from the grooves1 plane it round1 down to the bottom1 where its thickness must be equal to half the top of the round part4 ,as the thickness of these sort of sticks1 cannot be exactly ascertained1 ,i shall give a rule which generally answers1 for any number of rockets above two3 the rule is this2 that the stick at top1 must be thick enough when the grooves are cut1 for all the rockets to lay1 without pressing each other1 though as near together as possible4 ,when only two rockets1 are to be fixed on one stick1 let the length of the stick be1 according to the last given proportion1 but shaped after the common method1 and the breadth and thickness1 double the dimensions1 given in the table page1 #id4 ,the point of poise1 must be in the usual place1 7let the number of rockets be what they will73 if sticks made by the above directions1 should be too heavy1 plane them thinner2 and if too light1 make them thicker2 but always make them of the same length4 ,when more than two rockets1 are tied on one stick1 there will be some danger1 of their flying up without the stick1 unless the following precaution be taken1 for cases being placed on all sides1 there can be no notches1 for the cord which ties on the rockets1 to lay in2 therefore instead of notches1 drive a small nail1 in each side of the stick1 between the necks of the cases2 and let the cord which goes round their necks1 be brought close under the nails2 by this means1 the rockets will be as secure1 as when tied on singly4 ,your rockets being thus fixed1 carry a quick-match without a pipe1 from the mouth of one rocket to the other2 this match being lighted will give fire to all the rockets at once4 ,notwithstanding the directions already given1 may be sufficient1 for the management of those sort of rockets2 ,i shall here add an improvment1 of my own1 on a very essential part of this device1 which is1 that of hanging the rockets1 to be fired2 for before ,i hit upon the following method1 many of my essays1 proved unsuccessful2 but to prevent such perplexities1 instead of the old and common manner of hanging them on nails or hooks1 make use of this contrivance1 have a ring made of strong iron wire1 large enough for the stick to go in1 as far as the mouths of the rockets1 then let this ring be supported by a small iron1 at some distance1 from the post or stand1 to which it is fixed2 then have another ring1 fit to receive and guide the small end of the stick2 rockets thus suspended will have nothing to obstruct their fire2 but when they are hung on nails or hooks1 in such a manner1 that some of their mouths1 are against or upon a rail1 there can be no certainty of their rising1 in a vertical direction4 ,of ,sky ,rockets without sticks4 ,to fire rockets without sticks1 you must have a stand made in this manner2 get a block of wood1 one foot diameter or there abouts1 and make the bottom of it flat1 so that it may stand steady2 in the center of the top of this block1 draw a circle two inches and a half diameter1 and divide the circumference of it into three equal parts2 then take three pieces of thick iron wire1 each about three feet in length1 and drive them into the block1 one at each point made on the circle2 when these wires1 are drove in1 deep enough to hold them fast1 and upright1 so that the distance from one to the other1 be the same at top1 as at bottom1 the stand is compleat4 ,the stand being thus made1 prepare your rockets after the following method2 take some common sky rockets1 of any size1 and head them as you please1 then get some balls of lead1 and tie to each a small wire1 two1 or two feet and a half long1 and the other end of each wire1 tie to the neck of a rocket2 these balls answer the purpose of sticks1 when made of a proper weight1 which is about two thirds the weight of the rocket2 but when they are of a proper size1 they will ballance the rocket in the same manner as a stick1 at the usual point of poize4 ,to fire these sort of rockets1 hang them1 one at a time1 between the tops of the wires1 letting their heads rest on the points of the wires1 and the balls hang down between them2 if the wires should be too wide1 for the rockets1 press them together1 till they sit1 and if too close1 force them open3 the wires for this purpose1 must be softened1 so as not to have any spring1 or they will not keep their position1 when pressed close or opened4 ,of ,rain-falls for ,sky ,rockets1 ,double and ,single4 ,gold and silver rain composition1 are drove in cases1 that are pinched quite close at one end2 if you roll them dry1 four or five rounds of paper will be strong enough1 but if the are pasted1 three rounds will do1 and the thin sort of cartridge paper is best for those small cases2 which in rolling you must not turn down the inside edge1 as in other cases1 for a double edge would be too thick for so small a bore2 the moulds for rain falls1 should be made of brass1 and turned very smooth in the inside2 or the cases1 which are so very thin1 would tear in coming out1 for the charge must be drove in tight2 and the better the case sits the mould1 the more driving it will bare4 ,these moulds have no nipple1 but instead of which they are made flat2 as it would be very tedious and troublesome1 to shake the composition out of such small ladles1 as are used for these cases2 it will be necessary to have a funnel made of thin tin1 to fit on the top of the case1 by the help of which you may fill them very fast2 for single rain falls for four ounce rockets1 let the diameter of the former be two sixteenths of an inch1 and the length of the case two inches2 for eight ounce rockets1 four sixteenths1 and two diameters of the rocket long2 for one pound rocket five sixteenths1 and two diameters of the rocket long2 for two pound rockets1 five sixteenths1 and three inches a half long2 for four pound rockets1 six sixteenths1 and four inches and a half long2 and for six pounders1 seven sixteenths diameter1 and five inches long4 ,of double rain falls1 there are two sorts2 as for example1 some appear first like a star1 and then as rain2 and some appear first as rain and then like a star3 when you would have stars first2 you must fill the cases within half an inch of the top1 with rain composition1 and the remainder with star composition2 but when you intend the rain should be first1 drive the case half an inch with star composition1 and the rest with rain4 ,by this method1 may be made many changes of fire2 for in large rockets1 you may make them first burn as stars1 then rain1 and then again as stars1 or they may first shew rain1 then stars1 and afterwards finish with a report1 but when they are thus managed1 cut open the first rammed end1 after they are filled and bounced1 at which place prime them2 the star composition for this purpose must be a little stronger than for rolled stars4 ,of ,strung ,stars4 ,first take some thin paper1 and cut it into pieces of an inch and a half square1 or therabouts1 then on each piece lay as much dry star composition as you think the paper will easily contain2 then twist up the paper as tight as you can2 when done1 rub some past on your hands1 and roll the stars between them1 then set them to dry2 your stars being thus made1 get some flax or fine tow1 and roll a little of it over each star1 then paste your hands and roll the stars as before1 and set them again to dry2 when they are quite dry1 with a piercer1 make a hole through the middle of each1 into which run a cotton quick-match1 long enough to hold1 ten or twelve stars1 at three or four inches from one another3 but any number of stars may be strung together by joining the match4 ,of ,tailed ,stars4 ,those sort of stars are called tailed stars1 because there are a great number of sparks issue from them1 which represent a tail like that of a comet2 of those stars there are two sorts1 which are rolled1 and drove2 when they are rolled they must be moistened1 with a liquor made of half a pint of spirit of wine1 and half a gil of thin size1 of this as much as will wet the composition enough1 to make it roll easy2 when they are rolled1 sift meal powder over them1 and set them to dry4 ,when tailed stars are drove1 the composition must be moistened with spirit of wine only1 and not made so wet as for rolling2 one and two ounce cases rolled dry1 are best for this purpose2 and when they are filled1 unroll the case within three or four rounds of the charge1 and all that you unroll cut off1 then paste down the loose edge2 two or three days after the cases are filled1 cut them in pieces five or six eighths of an inch in length1 then melt some wax1 and dip one end of each piece into it1 so as to cover the composition2 the other end must be rubbed with meal powder wetted with spirit of wine4 ,of ,drove ,stars4 ,cases for drove stars1 are rolled with paste1 but are made very thin of paper2 before you begin to fill them1 damp the composition1 with spirit of wine that has had some camphor dissolved in it2 you may ram them indifferently hard1 so that you do not break1 or sack the case1 and to prevent which they should fit tight in the mould3 they are drove in cases of several sizes1 from eight drams to four ounces2 when they are filled in half ounce cases1 cut them in pieces1 of three quarters of an inch in length2 if one ounce cases1 cut them in pieces of one inch2 if two ounce cases1 cut them in pieces of one inch and a quarter in length1 and if four ounce cases1 cut them in pieces one inch and a half in length2 having cut your stars of a proper size1 prime them at both ends1 with wet meal powder2 stars of this sort are seldom put in rockets1 they being chiefly intended for air ballns1 and drove in cases1 to prevent the composition from being broke by the force of the blowing powder in the shell4 ,of ,rolled ,stars4 ,rolled stars are commonly made about the size of a musket ball1 though they are rolled of several sizes1 from the bigness of a pistol ball1 to one inch diameter2 and sometimes they are made very small1 but then they are called sparks2 great care must be taken in making of stars1 first1 that the several ingredients be reduced to a fine powder2 secondly1 that the composition be well worked and mixed together4 ,before you begin to roll1 take about a pound of composition1 and wet it with the following liquid1 enough to make it stick together and roll easy2 spirit of wine1 one quart1 in which dissolve a quarter of an ounce of isinglass2 if a great quantity of composition be wetted at once1 the spirit1 will evaporate1 and leave it dry1 before you can roll it into stars2 having rolled up one proportion1 shake the stars in meal powder1 and set them to dry1 which they will do in three or four days4 ,but if you should want them for immediate use1 dry them in an earthen pan over a slow heat1 or1 in an oven3 it being very difficult to make the stars all of an equal size1 when the composition is taken up promiscuously with the fingers2 therefore ,i shall here set down a method by which you may make them very exact1 which is thus3 ,when the mixture is moistened properly1 roll it on a flat smooth stone1 and cut it into square pieces1 making each square1 large enough for the stars you intend2 there is another method used by some to make stars1 which is by rolling the composition1 in long pieces1 and then cutting off the star1 so that each star will be of a cylindrical form2 but this method is not so good as the former1 for to make the composition roll this way1 it must be made very wet1 which makes the stars heavy as well as weaken them4 ,all stars must be kept as much from air1 as possible1 otherwise they will grow weak and bad4 ,of ,scrolls for ,sky ,rockets4 ,cases for scrolls1 should be made four or five inches in length1 and their interior diameter three eighths of an inch2 one end of these cases must be pinched quite close1 before you begin to fill1 and and when filled1 close the other end1 then in the opposite sides make a small hole at each end1 to the composition1 in the same manner as in ,tourbillons2 and prime them with wet meal powder3 you may put in the head of a rocket1 as many of these cases as it will contain2 these cases being fired turn very quick in the air1 and form a scroll or spiral line4 ,they are generally filled with a strong charge1 as that of serpents1 or brilliant fire4 ,of ,swarmers or small ,rockets4 ,rockets which go under the denomination of swarmers1 are those from two ounces downards4 ,these small rockets are fired sometimes1 in flights1 and in large water-works1 c4 ,swarmers of one and two ounces1 are bored1 and made in the same manner as large rockets1 except when headed1 their heads must be put on without a collar2 the number of strokes1 for driving one ounce rockets1 must be eight2 and for two ounce rockets1 twelve4 ,all rockets under one ounce1 are not bored1 but must be filled to the usual height1 with composition1 which is generally composed1 of fine meal prowder four ounces1 and charcoal or steel dust two drams2 the number of strokes for ramming these small swarmers1 is not very material1 so as they are rammed true1 and moderately hard4 ,the necks of unbored rockets1 must be in the same proportion1 as in common cases4 ,of the cause of sky ,rockets rising4 ,illustration ,having promised in the second section1 to prove that the effect of sky rockets1 and proportion of their charge1 depends on the size of the cavity in the composition2 ,i shall here endeavour to give a mathematical demonstration thereof4 ,let ,,abc be the hollow cone for the fire1 ,,ayczb1 the superficies of that cone1 all the lines ,,oz at right angles with ,,bc1 all the lines ,,oy at right angles with ,,ac3 now all the angles ,,zoy being towards ,r1 whether the angles ,,zoy are obtuse or acute1 but the more acute the better4 ,the rays of fire ,,zo and ,,yo issuing from the sides of the cone ,,bc and ,,ac1 and continually acting with the greater force one upon another at ,o1 forcing the whole ,,bca upward from the point ,r2 and the wider the cone is1 7so as not to exceed one third at bottom1 and one sixth at top1 of the exterior diameter of the rocket17 the greater velocity will the rocket rise with4 ,of ,stands for ,sky ,rockets4 ,care must be taken1 in placing the rockets1 when they are to be fired1 in order to give them a vertical direction at their first setting out2 which may be managed thus4 ,have two rails of wood1 of any length1 supported1 at each end1 by a perpendicular leg1 so that the rails be horizontal1 and let the distance from one to the other1 be almost equal to the length of the sticks of the rockets1 intended to be fired2 then in the front of the top rail1 drive square hooks at eight inches distance from one another1 with their points turning sideways1 so that when the rockets are hung on them1 the points will be before the sticks1 and keep them from falling1 or being blown off by the wind2 in the front of the rail at bottom1 must be staples1 drove perpendicular under the hooks at top2 through these staples1 put the small ends of the rocket sticks4 ,rockets are fired by applying a lighted port fire1 to their mouths4 ,n4 ,b4 ,when sky rockets are made to perfection1 and fired1 they will stand two or three seconds on the hook before they rise1 and then mount up briskly1 with a steady motion1 carrying a large tail from the ground all the way up1 and just as they turn1 break and disperse the stars4 ,of ,girandole ,chests1 for flights of ,rockets4 ,girandole chests1 are generally composed of four sides1 of equal dimensions1 but may be made of any diameter1 according to the number of rockets1 designed to be fired2 its height must be in proportion to the rockets1 but must always be a little higher than the rockets1 with their sticks2 when the sides are joined1 six in the top1 as far down the chest as the length of one of the rockets with its cap on4 ,in this top1 make as many square or round holes1 to recieve the rocket sticks1 as you intend to have rockets1 but let the distance between them1 be sufficient for the rockets to stand without touching one another2 then from one hole to another1 cut a groove1 large enough for a quick-match to lay in3 the top being thus fixed1 put in the bottom1 at about one foot and a half distance from the bottom of the chest2 in this bottom must be as many holes1 as in the top1 and all to correspond1 but these holes need not be so large1 as those in the top4 ,to prepare your chest1 you must lay a quick-match1 in all the grooves1 from hole to hole2 then take some sky rockets1 and rub them in the mouth1 with wet meal powder1 and put a bit of match up the cavity of each1 which match1 must be long enough1 to hang1 a little below the mouth of the rocket2 your rockets and chest being prepared1 according to the above directions1 put the sticks of the rockets1 through the holes in the top and bottom of the chest1 so that their mouths may rest on the quick-match in the grooves2 by which all the rockets1 will be fired at once2 for by giving fire to any part of the match1 it will communicate to all the rockets1 in an instant4 ,as it would be rather troublesome1 to direct the sticks from the top1 to the proper holes in the bottom1 it will be necessary to have a small door in one of the sides1 which when opened1 you may see how to place the sticks4 ,flights of rockets1 being seldom fired at the beginning of any fireworks1 for which reason1 they are in danger of being fired1 by the sparks from wheels1 c4 ,therefore to preserve them1 a cover should be made to sit on the chest1 and the door in the side kept shut4 ,of ,serpents or ,snakes for ,pots des ,aigrettes1 ,small ,mortars1 ,sky ,rockets1 c4 ,serpents for this use1 are made from two inches and an half1 to seven inches in length1 and their formers from three sixteenths1 to five eights of an inch diameter1 but the diameter of the cases1 must always be equal to two diameters of the former3 they are rolled and choaked like other cases1 and filled with composition from five eights of an inch1 to one inch and an half high1 according to the size of the mortars1 or rockets1 they are designed for1 and the remainder of the cases1 bounced with corn-powder1 and afterwards their ends pinched and tied close3 before they are used their mouths must be primed with wet meal-powder4 ,of ,leaders1 or ,pipes of ,communication4 ,the best paper for leaders1 is a large sort of white paper1 called ,elephant1 which you cut into long slips1 two or three inches broad1 so that they may go three or four times round the former1 7but not more7 for when they are very thick1 they are too strong for the paper which fastens them to the works1 and will sometimes fly off1 without leading the fire3 the formers for these leaders1 are made from two1 to six sixteenths of an inch diameter1 but four sixteenths is the size generally made use of2 the formers are made of smooth brass wire2 when you use them1 rub them over with grease1 or keep them wet with paste1 to prevent their sticking to the paper1 which must be pasted all over2 in rolling of pipes1 make use of a rolling board1 but use it lightly2 having rolled a pipe1 draw out the former with one hand1 holding the pipe1 as light as possible with the other1 for if it press against the former1 it will stick and tear the paper4 ,n4 ,b4 ,make your leaders of different lengths1 or in cloathing of works1 you will cut a great many to waste4 ,leaders for marron ,batteries must be made of strong cartrige paper4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,of ,aquatick ,fireworks4 ,all works that shew themselves in the water1 are much admired by most people who are fond of fireworks1 particularly water rockets2 but as these seem of a very extraordinary nature to those who are acquainted with this art1 ,i shall endeavour to explain the method of making them1 in as full and easy a manner as possible1 as well as other devices for the water4 ,of ,water ,rockets4 ,water rockets may be made from four ounces1 to two pound1 but if larger they are too heavy1 so that it will be difficult to make them keep above waters without a cork float1 which must be tied to the neck of the case1 but the rockets will not dive so well with1 as without floats4 ,cases for water rockets1 are made in the same manner and proportion as sky rockets1 only a little thicker of paper2 when you fill these rockets which are drove solid1 put in first1 one ladle full of slow fire1 then two of the proper charge1 and on that one or two ladles of sinking charge1 then the proper charge1 then the sinking charge again1 and so on1 till you have filled the case within three diameters2 then drive on the composition1 one ladle full of clay1 through which make a small hole to the charge1 then fill the case1 within half a diameter with corn powder1 on which turn down two or three rounds of the case in the inside1 then pinch and tie the end very tight2 having filled your rockets1 7according to the above directions7 dip their ends in melted rosin1 or sealing wax1 or else secure them well with grease4 ,when you fire these rockets1 throw in six1 or eight at a time2 but if you would have them all sink1 or swim1 at the same time1 you must drive them with an equal quantity of composition1 and fire them all together4 ,to make ,pipes of ,communication1 which may be used under ,water4 ,pipes for this purpose1 must be a little thicker of paper1 than those for land works2 having rolled a sufficient number of pipes1 and kept them till thoroughly dry1 wash them over with drying oil1 and set them to dry2 but when you oil them1 leave about an inch and a half1 at each end dry1 for joints2 for if they were oiled all over1 when you come to join them1 the paste would not stick1 where the paper is greasy2 after the leaders are joined1 and the paste dry1 oil the joints4 ,these sort of pipes will lay many hours under water1 without receiving any damage4 ,of ,horizontal ,wheels for the ,water4 ,first get a large wooden bowl without a handle1 then have an octogon wheel made of a flat board1 eighteen inches diameter1 so that the length of each side will be near seven inches2 in all the sides cut a groove for the cases to lie in1 this wheel being made1 nail it on the top of the bowl1 then take eight four ounce cases1 filled with a proper charge1 each about six inches in length4 ,now to cloath the wheel with these cases1 get some whitish-brown paper1 and cut it into slips1 four or five inches broad1 and seven or eight long1 these slips being pasted all over on one side1 take one of the cases1 and roll one of the slips of paper1 about an inch and a half on its end1 so that there will remain about two inches and a half of the paper hollow from the end of the case1 this case tie on one of the sides of the wheel1 near the corners of which1 must be holes bored1 through which you put the pack-thread to tie the cases2 having tied on the first case at the neck and end1 put a little meal-powder in the hollow paper1 then paste a slip of paper on the end of another case1 the head of which put into the hollow paper on the first1 allowing a sufficient distance from the tail of one1 to the head of the other1 for the pasted paper1 to bend without tearing2 the second case tie on as you did the first1 and so on with the rest1 except the last1 which must be closed at the end1 unless it is to communicate to any thing on top of the wheel2 such as fire-pumps or brilliant fires1 fixed in holes1 cut in the wheel1 and fired by the last or second case1 as the fancy directs3 six1 eight1 or any number may be placed on the top of the wheel1 so that they are not too heavy for the bowl4 ,before you tie on the cases cut the upper part of all their ends1 except the last1 a little shelving1 that the fire from one1 may play over the other1 without being obstructed by the case4 ,wheel cases1 have no clay drove in their ends nor pinched1 but are always left open1 only the last1 or those which are not to lead fire1 which must be well secured4 ,of ,mines for the ,water4 ,for these sort of mines you must have a bowl1 with a wheel on it1 made in the same manner1 as the water wheel1 only in the middle of the wheel must be a hole1 of the same diameter you design to have the mine2 those mines are nothing more than a tin pot1 with a strong bottom1 and a little more than two diameters in length2 your mine must be fixed in the hole in the wheel1 with its bottom resting on the bowl2 then loaded with serpents1 crackers1 stars1 small water rockets1 c4 ,in the same manner as pots des aigrettes1 but in their center1 fix a case of ,chinese fire1 or a small gerbe1 which must be lighted at the beginning of the last case on the wheel4 ,these sort of wheels are to be cloathed as usual4 ,of ,fire ,globes for the ,water4 ,bowls for water globes1 must be very large1 and the wheels on them of a decagon form1 on each side of which nail a piece of wood four inches long1 and on the outside of each piece cut a groove1 wide enough to receive about one fourth of the thickness of a four ounce case2 these pieces of wood must be nailed1 in the middle of each face of the wheel1 and fixed in an oblique direction1 so that the fire from the cases may incline upwards2 the wheel being thus prepared1 tie in each groove a four ounce case1 fill'd with a grey charge1 then carry a leader from the tail of one case to the mouth of the other4 ,globes for these wheels1 are made of two tin hoops1 with their edges outwards1 fixed one within the other1 at right angles4 ,the diameter of these hoops must be somewhat less than that of the wheel4 ,having made a globe1 drive in the center of a wheel1 an iron spindle1 which must stand perpendicular1 and its length1 four or six inches more than the diameter of the globe4 ,this spindle serves for an axis1 on which the globe is fixed1 which1 when done1 must stand four or six inches from the wheel2 round one side of each hoop1 must be soldered1 little bits of tin1 two inches and a half distance from each other1 which pieces must be two inches in length each1 and only fastened at one end1 the other ends being left loose1 to turn round the small port fires and hold them on3 these port fires must be made of such a length1 as will last out the cases on the wheel4 ,you are to observe that there need not be any port fires1 at the bottom of the globe within four inches of the spindle1 for if there were1 they would have no effect1 but only burn the wheel2 all the port fires1 must be placed perpendicular from the center of the globe1 with their mouths outwards2 and must all be cloathed with leaders1 so as all to take fire with the second case of the wheel2 which cases must burn two at a time1 one opposite the other4 ,when two cases of a wheel begin together1 two will end together2 therefore the two opposite end cases1 must have their ends pinched and secured from fire4 ,the method of firing wheels of this sort1 is1 by carrying a leader from the mouth1 of one of the first cases1 to that of the other1 which leader being burnt through the middle1 will give fire to both at the same time4 ,of ,odoriferous ,water ,ballns4 ,these sort of ,ballns1 are made in the same manner1 as air ,ballns1 but very thin of paper1 and in diameter one inch and three quarters1 with a vent of half an inch diameter4 ,the shells being made1 and quite dry1 fill them with any of the following compositions1 which must be rammed in tight3 these sort of ,ballns1 must be fired at the vent1 and put into a bowl of water4 ,odoriferous works1 are generally fired in rooms4 ,composition ,i4 ,salt petre two ounces1 flower of sulphur one ounce1 camphor half an ounce1 yellow-amber half an ounce1 charcoal-dust1 three quarters of an ounce1 flower of benjamin1 or assa odorata half an ounce1 all powdered very fine2 and mixed well together4 ,composition ,,ii4 ,salt petre twelve ounces1 meal powder three ounces1 frankincense one ounce1 myrrh half an ounce1 camphor half an ounce1 charcoal three ounces1 all moistened with the oil of spike4 ,composition ,,iii4 ,salt petre two ounces1 sulphur half an ounce1 antimony half an ounce1 amber half an ounce1 cedar raspings a quarter of an ounce1 all mixed with the oil of roses1 and a few drops of bergamot4 ,composition ,,iv4 ,salt petre four ounces1 sulphur one ounce1 saw-dust of juniper half an ounce1 saw-dust of cypress one ounce1 camphor a quarter of an ounce1 myrrh two drams1 dryed rosemary a quarter of an ounce1 cortex-elaterii half an ounce1 all moistened a little with the oil of roses4 ,n4 ,b4 ,water rockets1 may be made with any of the above compositions1 with a little alteration1 to make them weaker1 or stronger1 according to the size of the cases4 ,of ,water ,ballns4 ,having made some thin paper shells1 of what diameter you please1 fill some with the composition for water ballns1 and some after this manner4 ,having made the vent of the shells pretty large1 fill them almost full with water rockets1 marrons1 squibs1 c4 ,then put in some blowing powder1 sufficient to burst the shells1 and afterwards fix in the vent a water rocket1 long enough to reach the bottom of the shell1 and its neck to project a little out of the vent2 this rocket must be open at the end1 in order to fire the powder in the shell1 which will burst the shell1 and disperse the small rockets1 c4 in the water4 ,when you have well secured the large rocket1 in the vent of the shell2 take a cork float1 with a hole in its middle1 which fit over the head of the rocket1 and fasten it to the shell3 this float1 must be large enough to keep the balln above water4 ,of water ,squibs4 ,water squibs1 are generally made of one ounce serpent cases1 seven or eight inches long1 filled two thirds with charge1 and the remainder bounced2 the common method of firing them1 is thus3 ,take a water wheel1 with a tin mortar in its center1 which load with squibs1 after the usual method1 but the powder in the mortar1 must be no more than will just throw the squibs out1 7easily into the water71 you may place the cases on the wheel1 either obliquely1 or horizontally2 and on the top of the wheel1 round the mortar1 fix six cases of brilliant fire1 perpendicular to the wheel2 these cases1 must be fired1 at the beginning of the last case of the wheels and the mortar1 at the conclusion of the same4 ,to represent a sea fight with small ships1 and to prepare a fire-ship for the same4 ,having procured four1 or five1 small ships1 of two1 or three feet in lenghth1 7or as many as you design to fight7 make a number of small reports1 which are to serve for guns4 ,of these1 range as many as you please1 on each side of the upper decks2 then at the head and stern of each ship1 fix a two ounce case1 eight inches long1 filled with a slow port-fire receipt1 but take care to place it1 in such a manner1 that the fire may fall in the water1 and not burn the rigging2 in these cases1 bore holes at unequal distances1 from one another1 but make as many in each case1 as half the number of reports1 so that one case may fire the guns1 on one side1 and the other those on the opposite4 ,the method of firing the guns1 is1 by carrying a leader1 from the holes in the cases1 to the reports on the decks2 you must make these leaders very small1 and be careful in calculating the burning of the slow fire1 in the regulating cases1 that more than two guns1 be not fired at a time4 ,when you would have a broad-side given1 let a leader be carried to a cracker1 placed on the outside of the ship1 which cracker must be tied loose1 or the reports will be too slow2 in all the ships put artificial guns1 at the port holes4 ,having filled1 and bored holes1 in two port fires1 for regulating the guns1 in one ship2 make all the rest exactly the same2 then when you begin the engagement1 light one ship first1 and set it a sailing1 and so on with the rest1 sending them out singly1 which will make them fire regularly1 at different times1 without confusion1 for the time between the firing of each gun1 will be equal to that of lighting the slow fires4 ,the fire ship1 may be of any size1 and need not be very good1 for it is always lost in the action4 ,to prepare a ship for this purpose1 make a port fire equal in size1 with them in the other ships1 and place it at the stern2 in every port1 place a large port fire1 filled with a very strong composition1 and painted in imitation of a gun1 and let them all be fired at once by a leader from the slow fire1 within two1 or three diameters of its bottom2 all along both sides1 on the top of the upper deck1 lay star composition about half an inch in thickness1 and one in breadth1 which must be wetted with thin size1 then primed with meal powder1 and secured from fire1 by pasting paper over it2 in the place where you lay this composition1 drive some little tacks with flat heads1 in order to hold it fast to the deck1 this must be fired just after the sham guns1 and when burning will shew a flame all round the ship2 at the head take up the decks1 and put in a tin mortar loaded with crackers1 which mortar must be fired by a pipe1 from the end of the slow fire2 the firing of this mortar will sink the ship1 and make a pretty conclusion4 ,the regulating port fire of this ship1 must be lighted at the same time1 with the first fighting ship4 ,having prepared all the ships for fighting2 we shall next proceed with the management of them1 when on the water4 ,at one end of the pond1 just under the surface of the water1 fix two running blocks1 at what distance you chuse the ships should fight2 and at the other end of the pond1 opposite to each of these blocks1 under the water1 fix a double block2 then on the land1 by each of the double blocks1 place two small windlass's2 round one of them1 turn one end of a small cord1 and the other end1 put through one of the blocks2 then carry it through the single one1 at the opposite end of the pond1 and bring it back through the double block1 again1 and1 round the other windlass2 to this cord1 near the double block1 tie as many small strings1 as half the number of the ships1 at what distance you think proper1 but these strings1 must not be more than two feet in length each2 the loose end of each of these cords1 make fast1 to a ship1 just under her bow-sprit2 but if tied to the keel1 or too near the water1 it will overset the ship4 ,half the ships1 being thus prepared1 near the other double block1 fix two more windlass's1 to which fasten a cord1 and to it tie the other half of the ships1 as before directed3 when you fire the ships1 pull in the cord1 with one of the windlass's1 in order to get all the ships together2 and when you have set fire to the first1 turn that windlass1 which draws them out1 and so on with the rest1 till they are all out1 in the middle of the pond2 then by turning the other windlass1 you will draw them back again1 by which method you may make them change sides1 and tack about1 backwards and forwards1 at pleasure4 ,for the fire-ship1 fix the blocks and windlass's1 betwixt the others1 so that when she sails out1 she will be between the other ships3 you must not let this ship1 advance1 till the guns1 at her ports take fire4 ,to fire ,sky ,rockets under water4 ,to fire sky rockets1 under water1 you must have stands made as usual1 only the rails must be placed flat1 instead of edge ways1 and have holes in them for the rocket sticks to go through2 for if they were hung upon hooks1 the motion of the water1 would throw them off2 the stands being made1 if the pond is deep enough1 sink them at the sides1 so deep1 that when the rockets are in1 their heads1 may just appear above the surface of the water2 to the mouth of each rocket1 fix a leader1 which put through the hole with the stick2 then a little above the water1 must be a board1 supported by the stand1 and placed along one side of the rockets1 then the ends of the leaders1 are turned up through holes made in this board1 exactly opposite the rockets4 ,by this means1 you may fire them singly1 or all at once4 ,rockets may be fired by this method1 in the middle of a pond1 by a ,neptune1 a swan1 a water wheel1 or any thing else you chuse4 ,to represent ,neptune in his ,chariot4 ,in order to represent this1 to perfection1 you must have a ,neptune made 7of wood1 or basket work71 as big as life1 fixed on a float1 large enough to bear his weight2 on which must be two horses heads1 and necks1 so as to seem swiming1 as they are shown by ,fig4 #ce4 ,for the wheels of the chariot1 there must be two vertical wheels1 of black fire1 and on ,neptune's head a horizontal wheel1 of brilliant fire1 with all its cases to play upwards4 ,when this wheel is made1 cover it with paper1 or1 paste board1 cut and painted like ,neptune's coronet2 then let the trident be made without prongs1 but instead of them1 fix three cases of a weak grey charge1 and on each horse's head1 put an eight ounce case of brilliant fire1 and on the mouth of each1 fix a short case of the same diameter1 filled with the white flame receipt1 enough to last out all the cases on the wheels2 these short cases must be open at bottom1 that they may light the brilliant fires2 for the horses eyes1 put small port fires1 and in each nostril1 put a small case filled half with grey charge1 and the rest with port fire composition4 ,if ,neptune is to give fire1 to any building on the water2 at his first setting out1 the wheels of the chariot1 and that on his head1 together with the white flames on the horses head1 and the port fires in their eyes and nostrils1 must all be lighted at once2 then from the bottom of the white flames1 carry a leader1 to the trident4 ,as ,neptune is to advance by the help of a block and cord1 you must manage it so as not to let him turn about1 till the brilliant fires on the horses1 and the trident1 begins1 for it is by the fire from the horses1 7which plays almost upright7 that the building1 or work1 is lighted2 which must be thus prepared4 ,from the mouth of the case1 which is to be first fired1 hang some loose quick match1 to receive the fire from the horses4 ,when ,neptune1 is only to be shewn by himself1 without setting fire to any other works2 let the white flames on the horses1 be very short1 and not to last longer than one case of each wheel1 and let two cases of each wheel burn at a time4 ,to represent ,swans and ,ducks in the water4 ,if you would have the swans1 or ducks1 discharge rockets into the water1 they must be made hollow1 and of paper1 and filled with small water rockets1 with some blowing powder1 to throw them out2 but if this is not done1 they may be made of wood1 which will last many times4 ,having made and painted some swans1 fix them on floats1 then in the places where their eyes should be1 bore holes1 two inches deep1 inclining downwards1 and wide enough to receive a small port fire2 the port fire cases for this purpose1 must be made of brass1 two inches in length and filled with a slow bright charge2 in the middle of one of these cases1 make a little hole1 then put the port fire1 in the eye hole of the swan1 leaving about half an inch to project out1 and in the other eye put another port fire1 with a hole made in it2 then in the neck of the swan1 within two inches of one of the eyes1 bore a hole slantways1 to meet that in the port fire2 in this hole put a leader1 and carry it to a water rocket1 that must be fixed under the tail with its mouth upwards2 on the top of the head1 place two one ounce cases1 four inches in length each1 drove with brilliant fire2 one of these cases must incline forwards1 and the other backwards2 these must be lighted at the same time as the water rocket2 to do which1 bore a hole between them1 in the top of the swans head1 down to the hole in the port fire1 to which carry a leader2 if the swan be filled with rockets1 they must be fired1 by a pipe1 from the end of the water rocket under the tail4 ,when you set the swan a swiming light the two eyes4 ,of fire ,fountains for the ,water4 ,to make a fire fountain1 you must first have a float made of wood1 three feet diameter1 then in the middle of it1 fix a round perpendicular post1 four feet in height1 and two inches diameter2 round this post1 fix three circular wheels1 made of thin wood1 without any spokes4 ,the largest of these wheels must be placed1 within two1 or three inches of the float1 and must be nearly of the same diameter4 ,the second wheel must be two foot two inches diameter1 and fixed at two feet distance from the first wheel4 ,the third wheel must be one foot four inches diameter1 and fixed within six inches of the top of the post3 the wheels being fixed1 take eighteen four1 or eight ounce cases1 of brilliant fire1 and place them round the first wheel1 with their mouths outwards1 and inclining downwards2 on the second wheel place1 thirteen cases of the same sort1 and in the same manner1 as those on the first wheel2 on the third wheel1 place eight more of this sort of cases1 in the same manner as before1 and on the top of the post1 fix a gerbe1 then cloath all the cases1 with leaders1 so that both they and the gerbe may take fire at the same time4 ,before you fire this work1 try it in the water1 to see if the float be properly made1 so as to keep the fountain upright4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,to make ,crackers4 ,cut some cartridge paper1 into pieces1 three inches and a half broad1 and one foot long2 one edge of each of these pieces1 fold down lengthwise about three quarters of an inch broad2 then fold the double edge down a quarter of an inch1 and turn the single edge back half over the double fold2 then open it1 and lay all along the channel which is formed1 by the folding of the paper1 some meal powder1 then fold it over and over1 till all the paper is doubled up1 rubbing it down every turn2 this being done1 bend it backwards and forwards1 two inches and a half1 or thereabouts1 at a time1 as often as the paper will allow2 then hold all these folds flat and close1 and with a small pinching cord1 give one turn round the middle of the cracker1 and pinch it close1 then bind it with pack-thread1 as tight as you can then in the place where it was pinched1 prime one end of it1 and cap it with touch paper4 ,when these crackers are fired they will give a report1 at every turn of the paper3 if you would have a great number of bounces1 you must cut the paper longer1 or join them after they are made2 but if they are made very long before they are pinched1 you must have a piece of wood1 with a groove in it1 deep enough to let in half the cracker1 this will hold it straight1 while it is pinching4 ,fig4 #cf4 represents a cracker compleat4 ,of ,single ,reports4 ,cases for reports are generally rolled on one and two ounce formers1 and are seldom made larger1 but on particular occasions2 they are made from two1 to four inches long1 and very thick of paper2 having rolled a case1 pinch one end quite close1 and drive it down1 then fill the case with corn powder1 only leaving room to pinch it at top1 but before you pinch it1 put in a piece of paper at top of the powder3 ,reports are fired1 by a vent1 bored in the middle1 or at one end1 just as required4 ,of ,marrons4 ,formers for marrons1 are from three quarters of an inch1 to one and a half diameter2 cut the paper for the cases1 twice the diameter of the former broad1 and long enough to go three times round2 when you have rolled a case1 paste down the edge1 and tie one end close1 then with the former drive it down to take away the wrinkles and make it flat at bottom1 then fill the case with corn powder one diameter and a quarter high1 and fold down the rest of the case tight on the powder2 the marron being thus made1 wax some strong pack-thread1 with shoemakers wax2 this thread wind up in a ball1 then unwind two1 or three yards of it1 and that part which is near the ball1 make fast to a hook2 then take a marron1 and stand as far from the hook as the pack-thread will reach1 and wind it lengthwise round marron1 as close as you can1 till it will hold no more that way2 then turn it1 and wind the pack-thread on the short way1 then lengthwise again1 and so on till the paper is all covered2 then make fast the end of the pack-thread1 and beat down both ends of the marron1 to bring it in shape4 ,the method of firing marrons1 is by making a hole at one end with an awl and putting in a piece of quick-match1 then take a piece of strong paper1 in which wrap up the marron1 with two leaders1 which must be put down to the vent1 and the paper tied tight round them with small twine2 these leaders are bent on each side1 and their loose ends tied to other marrons1 and are nailed in the middle to the rail of the stand1 as may be seen by ,fig4 #cg4 ,the use of winding the pack-thread in a ball1 is1 that you may let it out as you want it1 according to the quantity1 the marron may require2 and that it may not be tied in knots1 which would spoil the marron4 ,of ,marron ,batteries4 ,those batteries1 if well managed1 will keep time to a march1 or a slow piece of musick4 ,marron batteries are made of several stands1 with a number of cross rails1 for the marrons1 which are regulated by leaders1 by cutting them of different lengths1 and nailing them tight1 or loose1 according to the time of the musick4 ,in marron batteries you must use the large and small sort of marrons1 and the nails for the pipes1 must have flat heads4 ,of ,line ,rockets4 ,line rockets are made and drove in the same manner as sky rockets1 but have no heads1 and the cases must be cut close to the clay2 they are sometmies made with six1 or seven changes1 but in general not more than four1 or five2 the method of managing those rockets1 is as follows2 first have a piece of light wood1 the length of one of the rockets1 turned round about two inches and a half diameter1 with a hole through the middle lengthwise1 large enough for the line to go easily through2 if you design four changes1 have four grooves cut in the swivel1 one opposite the other1 to lay the rockets in4 ,the mouths of the rockets being rubbed with wet meal powder1 lay them in the grooves1 head to tail1 and tie them fast2 from the tail of the first rocket1 carry a leader to the mouth of the second1 and from the second to the third1 and so on to as many as there are on the swivel1 making every leader very secure1 but in fixing these pipes take care1 that the quick-match does not enter the bores of the rockets2 the rockets being fixed on the swivel1 and ready to be fired1 have a line of a hundred yards in length1 stretched and fixed up tight1 at any height from the ground1 but be sure to place it horizontal2 this length of line will do for rockets of half a pound1 but if larger1 the line must be longer1 before you put up the line1 put one end of it through the swivel1 and when you fire the line rocket1 let the mouth of that rocket which you fire first1 face that end of the line where you stand1 then the first rocket will carry the rest to the other end of the line1 and the second will bring them back again1 and so they will run out and in according to the number of rockets3 at each end of the line1 there must be a piece of flat wood1 for the rocket to strike against1 or its force would cut the line4 ,let the line be well soaped1 and the hole in the swivel very smooth4 ,of the different ,decorations for ,line ,rockets4 ,to line rockets may be fixed many sorts of things1 such as flying dragons1 mercuries1 ships1 c4 ,or they may be made to run on the line like a wheel1 which is done in this manner2 have a flat swivel1 made very exact1 and on it1 tie two rockets obliquely1 one on each side1 which will make it turn round all the way it goes1 and form a circle of fire2 the charge for these rockets1 should be a little weaker than common2 if you would shew two dragons fighting1 get two swivels made square1 and on each tie three rockets together1 on the under side2 then have two flying dragons made of tin1 and fix one of them on the top of each swivel1 so as to stand upright2 in the mouth of each dragon put a small case of common fire1 and another at the end of the tail2 you may put two or three port fires of a strong charge1 on one side of their bodies1 in order to shew them4 ,this being done put them on the line1 one at each end2 but let there be a swivel in the middle1 of the line1 to keep the dragons from striking together2 before you fire the rockets light the cases on the dragons1 and if care be taken in firing both at the same time1 they will meet in the middle of the line1 and seem to fight4 ,then they will run back1 and return again1 with great violence1 which will have a very pleasing effect4 ,the line for these rockets must be very long1 or they will strike too hard together4 ,of ,chinese ,flyers4 ,cases for flyers1 may be made of different sizes1 from one to eight ounces2 they must be made thick of paper1 and eight interior diameters long2 they are rolled in the same manner as tourbillons1 with a straight pasted edge1 and pinched close at one end2 the method of filling them is thus2 the case being put in a mould1 whose cylinder1 or foot1 must be flat at top1 without a nipple2 fill it within half a diameter of the middle1 then ram in half a diameter of clay1 and on that as much composition as before1 on which drive half a diameter of clay1 then pinch the case close1 and drive it down flat2 after this is done1 bore a hole1 exactly through the center of the clay in the middle1 then in the opposite sides at both ends make a vent1 and in that side you intend to fire first make a small hole to the composition near the clay in the middle1 from which carry a quick match covered with a single paper1 to the vent at the other end2 then when the charge is burnt on one side1 it will1 by means of the quick match communicate to the charge in the other1 7which may be of a different sort74 ,the flyers being thus made1 put an iron pin1 that must be fixed in the work on which they are to be fired1 and on which they are to run2 through the hole in the middle1 on the end of this pin1 must be a nut to keep the flyer from running off4 ,if you would have them turn back again after they are burnt2 make both the vents at the ends on the same side1 which will alter its course1 the contrary way4 ,of ,table ,rockets4 ,table rockets are designed merely to shew the truth of driving1 and the judgment of a fireworker1 they having no other effect1 when fired1 than spinning round in the same place1 where they begin2 till they are burnt out1 and shewing nothing more than an horizontal circle of fire4 ,the method of making these sort of rockets1 is as follows3 ,have a cone turned out of hard wood1 two inches and a half diameter1 and as much in height2 round the base of it draw a line1 on this line fix four spokes1 two inches in length each1 so as to stand one opposite the other2 then fill four nine inch one pound cases1 with any strong composition1 within two inches of the top1 these cases are made like tourbillons1 and must be rammed with the greatest exactness4 ,your rockets being filled1 fix their open ends on the short spokes1 then in the side of each case bore a hole near the clay2 all these holes1 or vents1 must be made in such a manner1 that the fire of each case may act the same way2 from these vents carry leaders to the top of the cone1 and tie them together4 ,when you would fire the rockets set them on a smooth table1 and light the leaders in the middle1 and all the cases will fire together 7,see fig4 #ch47 and spin on the point of the cone4 ,these rockets may be made to rise like tourbillons1 by making the cases shorter1 and boring four holes in the under side of each at equal distances from one another3 this being done they are called double tourbillons4 ,note1 all the vents in the under side of the cases must be lighted at once2 and the sharp point of the cone cut off1 at which place make it spherical4 ,to make ,wheels and other ,works incombustible4 ,it being necessary1 when your works are new1 to paint them of some dark colour2 therefore1 if instead of which1 you make use of the following composition1 it will give them a good colour1 and in a great measure prevent their taking fire so soon1 as if painted4 ,take brick-dust1 coal ashes1 and iron filings1 of each an equal quantity1 and mix them together1 with a double size1 made hot4 ,with this wash over your works1 and when dry wash them over again2 this will preserve the wood greatly against fire4 ,let the brick-dust1 and ashes1 be beat to a fine powder4 ,of ,single ,vertical ,wheels4 ,there are different sorts of vertical wheels1 some having their fells of a circular form1 others of an hexagon1 octagon1 or decagon form1 or any number of sides1 according to the length of the cases1 you design for the wheel3 your spokes being fixed in the nave1 nail slips of tin1 with their edges turned up1 so as to form grooves for the cases to ly in1 from the end of one spoke to another2 then tie your cases in the grooves1 head to tail1 in the same manner as those on the horizontal water wheel1 so that the cases successively taking fire from one another1 will keep the wheel in an equal rotation4 ,two of these wheels are very often fired together1 one on each side of a building1 and both lighted at the same time1 and all the cases filled alike1 to make them keep time together1 which they will do if made by the following directions4 ,in all the cases of both wheels1 except the first1 on each wheel1 drive two1 or three ladles full of slow fire1 in any part of the cases1 but be carefull to ram the same quantity in each case1 and in the end of one of the cases1 on each wheel1 you may ram one ladle full of dead fire composition1 which must be very lightly drove2 you may also make many changes of fire1 by this method4 ,let the hole in the nave of the wheel be lined with brass1 and made to turn on a smooth iron spindle4 ,on the end of this spindle let there be a nut1 to screw off and on2 when you have put the wheel on the spindle1 screw on the nut1 which will keep the wheel from flying off4 ,let the mouth of the first case be a little raised4 ,see fig4 #ci4 ,vertical wheels are made from ten inches to three feet diameter1 and the size of the cases must differ accordingly2 four ounce cases1 will do for wheels1 of fourteen1 or sixteen inches diameter1 which is the proportion generally used4 ,the best wood for wheels of all sorts1 is a light1 and dry beech4 ,of ,horizontal ,wheels4 ,horizontal wheels are best when their fells are made circular2 in the middle of the top of the nave1 must be a pintle1 turned out of the same piece as the nave1 two inches long1 and equal in diameter to the bore of one of the cases of the wheel2 there must be a hole bored up the center of the nave1 within half an inch of the top of the pintle2 the wheel being made1 nail at the end of each spoke 7of which there should be six or eight7 a piece of wood1 with a groove cut in it to receive the case4 ,these pieces fix in such a manner1 that half the cases may incline upwards1 and half downwards1 and that when they are tied on1 their heads and tails may come very near together2 from the tail of one case1 to the mouth of the other carry a leader1 which secure with pasted paper4 ,besides these pipes1 it will be necessary1 to put a little meal powder inside the pasted paper1 in order to blow off the pipe1 that there may be no obstruction to the fire1 from the cases4 ,by means of these pipes1 the cases1 will successively take1 burning one upwards1 and the other downwards4 ,on the pintle1 fix a case of the same sort as those on the wheel2 this case must be fired by a leader1 from the mouth of the last case on the wheel1 which case must play downwards3 instead of a common case in the middle1 you may put a case of ,chinese fire1 long enough1 to burn as long as two or three of the cases on the wheel4 ,illustration3 ,,plate4 #c ,horizontal wheels are often fired two at a time1 and made to keep time1 like vertical wheels1 only they are made without any slow or dead fire2 ten or twelve inches will be enough for the diameter of wheels1 with six spokes4 ,fig4 #dj4 represents a wheel on fire1 with the first case burning4 ,of ,spirali ,wheels4 ,spirali wheels are nothing more than double horizontal wheels1 and are thus made3 ,the nave must be about six inches long1 and somewhat thicker than the single sort2 instead of the pintle at top1 there must be a hole for the case to be fixed in2 there must also be two sets of spokes1 one set near the top of the nave1 and the other near the bottom4 ,at the end of each spoke cut a groove1 wherein you tie the cases1 there being no fell2 the spokes should not be more than three inches and a half in length each from the nave1 so that the wheel may not be more than eight or nine inches diameter2 the cases are placed in such a manner1 that those at top play down1 and those at bottom to play up1 but let the third or fourth case play horizontally4 ,the case in the middle may begin with any of the others1 you please2 six spokes will be enough for each set1 so that the wheel may consist of twelve cases1 besides that on the top3 the cases for these sort of wheels need not be more than six inches in length each4 ,of ,plural ,wheels4 ,plural wheels are made to turn horizontally1 and to consist of three sets of spokes1 placed in the following manner1 six at top1 six at bottom1 and four in the middle1 which must be a little shorter than the rest2 let the diameter of the wheel be ten inches2 the cases must be tied on the ends of the spokes1 in grooves cut on purpose1 or in pieces of wood1 nailed on the ends of the spokes1 with grooves cut in them as usual2 in cloathing these wheels1 make the upper set of cases play obliquely downwards1 and them at bottom obliquely upwards1 and them in the middle horizontally4 ,in placing the leaders1 you must order it so that the cases may burn thus3 viz4 first up1 then down1 then horizontal1 and so on with the rest1 but another change may be made1 by driving in the end of the eighth case1 two1 or three ladles full of slow fire1 to burn till the wheel has stopped its course2 then let the other cases be fixed the contrary way1 which will make the wheel run back again3 for the case at top1 you may put a small gerbe2 and let the cases on the spokes be short1 and filled with a strong brilliant charge4 ,of the ,illuminated ,spiral ,wheel4 ,first have a circular horizontal wheel made two feet diameter1 with a hole quite through the nave2 then take three thin pieces of deal1 three feet in length each1 and three quarters of an inch in breadth each2 one end of each of these pieces1 nail to the fell of the wheel1 at an equal distance from one another1 and the other ends nail to a block with a hole in its bottom1 which must be perpendicular1 with that in the block of the wheel1 but not so large4 ,the wheel being thus made1 have a hoop planed down very thin and flat1 then nail one end of it to the fell of the wheel1 and wind it round the three sticks in a spiral line1 from the wheel to the block at top2 on the top of this block fix a case of ,chinese fire2 on the wheel you may place any number of cases1 which must incline downwards and burn two at a time4 ,if the wheel should consist of ten cases1 you may let the illuminations and ,chinese fire begin with the second cases2 the spindle for this wheel must be a little longer than the cone1 and made very smooth at top1 on which the upper block is to turn1 and the whole weight of the wheel to rest1 see fig4 #da4 ,of the ,double ,spiral ,wheel4 ,for this wheel1 the block1 or nave1 must be as long as the height of the worms1 or spiral lines1 but must be made very thin1 and as light as possible4 ,in this block must be fixed several spokes1 which must diminish in length1 from the wheel to the top1 so as not to exceed the surface of a cone of the same height4 ,to the ends of these spokes nail the worms1 which must cross each other several times2 these worms cloath with illuminations1 the same as those on the single wheels1 but the horizontal wheel1 you may cloath as you like4 ,at top of the worm1 place a case of spur-fire1 or an amber light1 see fig4 #db4 ,this figure is shewn without leaders1 to prevent a confusion of lines4 ,of ,balln ,wheels4 ,balln wheels are made to turn horizontally1 they must be made two feet diameter1 without any spokes1 and very strong1 with any number of sides4 ,on the top of a wheel range and fix tin pots1 three inches diameter and seven inches in height each1 as many of these as there are cases on the wheel2 near the bottom of each pot1 make a small vent1 into each of these vents carry a leader from the tail of each case2 some of the pots load with stars1 and some with serpents1 crackers1 c4 ,as the wheels turn1 the pots will successively be fired1 and throw into the air a great variety of fires4 ,of ,fruiloni ,wheels4 ,first have a nave made nine inches in length1 and three in diameter1 near the bottom of this nave fix eight spokes1 with a hole in the end of each large enough to receive a two1 or four ounce case4 ,each of these spokes may be fourteen inches in length from the block2 near the top of this block1 fix eight more1 of the same sort of spokes1 exactly over the others1 but not so long by two inches2 as this wheel is to run horizontally1 all the cases in the spokes1 at top1 must play obliquely upwards1 and all them in the spokes at bottom obliquely downwards4 ,this being done1 have a small horizontal wheel made with eight spokes1 each five inches in length from the block2 on the top of this wheel1 place a case of brilliant fire2 all the cases on this wheel must play in an oblique direction downwards1 and burn two at a time1 and those on the large wheel1 four at a time1 that is1 two of those in the top set of spokes1 and two of them in the bottom set of spokes4 ,the four first cases on the large wheel1 and the two first on the small wheel1 must be fired at the same time1 and the brilliant fire at top1 at the beginning of the last cases4 ,the cases of the wheels may be filled with a grey charge2 when these wheels are compleated1 you must have a strong iron spindle1 made four feet six in length1 and fixed perpendicular on the top of a stand2 on this put the large wheel1 whose nave must have a hole quite through from the bottom to the top4 ,this hole must be large enough to turn easy round the bottom of the spindle1 at which place there must be a shoulder1 to keep the wheel from touching the stand2 at the top of the spindle1 put the small wheel1 and join it to a large one with a leader1 in order to fire them both together4 ,of ,port fires for ,illuminations4 ,these sort of port fires1 have their cases made very thin of paper1 and rolled on formers1 from two to five eighths of an inch diameter1 and are made from two1 to six inches in length2 they are pinched close at one end1 and left open at the other2 when you fill them1 put in but a little composition at a time1 and ram it in lightly1 so as not to break the case4 ,three or four rounds of paper1 with the last round pasted1 will be strong enough for these sort of cases4 ,of ,common port fires4 ,common port fires are intended purposely to fire the works1 their fire being very slow1 and the heat of the flame so intense1 that1 if applyed to rockets1 leaders1 c41 it will fire them immediately4 ,port fires may be made of any length1 but are seldom made more than twenty one inches in length2 the interior diameter of port fire moulds1 should be ten sixteenths of an inch1 and the diameter of the former1 half an inch4 ,the cases must be rolled wet with paste1 and one end of them pinched1 or folded down4 ,the moulds should be made of brass1 and to take in two pieces lengthwise2 then when the case is in the two sides1 they are held together by brass rings1 or hoops1 which are made to fit over the outside4 ,the bore of the mould must not be made quite through1 so that there will be no occasion for a foot4 ,those port fires when used1 are held in copper sockets1 fixed on the end of a long stick2 these sockets are made like port crayons1 only with a screw1 instead of a ring4 ,of ,cascades of ,fire4 ,cascades are made of any size1 but one made according to the dimensions of that shewn in plate #d4 fig4 #dc4 will be large enough for eight ounce cases4 ,let the distance from ,a to ,b1 be three feet2 from ,b to ,c1 two feet six inches2 and from ,c ,d1 two feet2 and let the cross piece1 at ,a1 be four feet in length2 then from each end of this piece1 draw a line to ,d2 then make the other cross pieces of such a length as to come within those lines4 ,the top piece ,d1 may be of any length so as to hold the cases1 at a little distance from one another1 all the cross pieces are fixed horizontally1 and supported by brackets2 the bottom cross piece should be about one foot six inches broad in the middle1 the second one foot1 the third nine inches1 and the top piece four inches2 the cases may be made of any length1 but must be filled with a brilliant charge2 on the edges of the cross pieces must be nailed bits of wood1 with a groove cut in each piece1 large enough1 for a case to lie in1 ,these bits of wood are fixed so as to incline downwards1 and that the fire from one teer of cases may play over the other2 all the cases being tied fast on1 carry leaders from one to the other1 and let there be a pipe1 hang from the mouth of one of the cases1 covered at the end with a single paper1 which you burn to fire the cascade4 ,of the ,fire-,tree4 ,to make a fire-tree1 as shewn by fig4 #dd4 you must first have a piece of wood six feet in length1 and three inches square1 then at ,e1 nine inches from the top1 make a hole in the front1 and in each side1 or instead of holes you may fix short pegs1 to fit the inside of the cases4 ,at ,f1 nine inches from ,e1 fix three more pegs2 at ,g1 one foot nine inches from ,f1 fix three pegs2 at ,h1 nine inches from ,g1 at ,i1 nine inches from ,h1 fix three pegs1 inclining downwards1 but all the other pegs1 must incline upwards1 in order that the cases may have the same inclination as you see in the figure2 then at top place a four inch mortar1 loaded with stars1 rains1 or crackers4 ,in the middle of this mortar1 place a case filled with any sort of charge1 but let it be fired with the other cases3 a brilliant charge will do for all the cases1 but the mortar may be made of any diameter1 and the tree of any size1 and on it any number of cases1 provided they are placed in the manner described4 ,of ,chinese ,fountains4 ,to make a ,chinese fountain1 you must have a perpendicular piece of wood1 seven feet in length1 and two inches and a half square4 ,sixteen inches from the top2 fix on the front1 a cross piece1 one inch thick1 and two and a half broad1 with the broad side upwards2 below this1 fix three more pieces1 of the same width and thickness1 at sixteen inches distance from each other2 let the bottom rail be five feet in length1 and the others of such a length1 as to allow the fire pumps to stand in the middle of the intervals of each other4 ,the pyramid being thus made1 fix in the holes made in the bottom rail1 five fire pumps1 at equal distances2 on the second rail place four pumps2 on the third1 three2 on the fourth1 two2 and on the top of the post1 one2 but place them all to incline a little forwards1 that when they throw out the stars1 they may not strike against the cross rails2 having fixed your fire pumps1 cloath them with leaders1 so that they may all be fired together1 see fig4 #de4 ,of ,illuminated ,globes with ,horizontal ,wheels4 ,the hoops for these sort of globes1 may be made of wood1 tin1 or iron wire1 about two feet diameter2 for a single globe take two hoops1 and fasten them together1 one within the other at right angles2 then have a horizontal wheel made1 whose diameter must be a little wider than the globe1 and its nave six inches long1 on the top of which the globe is fixed1 so as to stand three or four inches from the wheel2 on this wheel you may put any number of cases1 fill'd with what charge you like1 but let two of them burn at a time2 they may be placed horizontally or to incline downwards just as you chuse4 ,now when the wheel is cloathed1 fix on the hoops as many illuminations as will stand within two inches and a half of one another2 these you fasten on the hoops1 with small iron binding wire1 and when they are all on1 put on your pipes of communication1 which must be so managed1 as to light them all with the second or third case on the wheel2 the spindle on which the globe is to run must go through the block of the wheel1 up to the inside of the top of the globe1 where must be fix'd a bit of brass or iron1 with a hole in it to receive the point of the spindle1 on which the whole weight of the wheel is to bear1 as is shewn by fig4 #df4 which represents a globe on its spindle4 ,by this method may be made a crown1 which is done by having the hoops bent in the form of a crown4 ,sometimes globes and crowns1 are ordered so as to stand still1 and the wheel only to turn round2 but when you would have the globe or crown to stand still1 and the wheel to run by itself1 the block of the wheel must not be so long1 nor the spindle any longer than to just raise the globe a little above the wheel2 and the wheel cases1 and the illumination must begin together4 ,of the ,dodecaedron4 ,this piece is called a dodecaedron1 because it nearly represents a twelve sided figure1 and is made thus4 ,first have a ball turned out of some hard wood1 fourteen inches diameter1 when done1 divide its surface into fourteen equal parts1 from which bore holes1 one inch and a half diameter1 perpendicular to the center1 so that they may all meet exactly in the middle2 then let there be turned in the inside of each hole a female screw1 and to all the holes but one1 must be made a round spoke1 five feet in length1 with four inches of the screw at one end1 to fit the holes2 then in the screw end of all the spokes1 bore a hole1 five inches up1 which must be bored slanting1 so as to come out at one side1 a little above the screw2 from which cut a small groove along the spoke1 within six inches of the other end1 where you make another hole through to the other side of the spoke2 in this end fix a spindle1 on which put a small wheel1 of three1 or four sides1 each side six or seven inches in length2 these sides must have grooves cut in them large enough to receive a two or four ounce case2 when these wheels are cloathed1 put them on the spindles1 and at the end of each spindle1 put a nut to keep the wheel from falling off2 the wheels being thus fixed1 carry a pipe from the mouth of the first case on each wheel1 through the hole in the side of the spoke1 and from thence along the groove and through the other hole1 so as to hang out at the screw end1 about an inch4 ,the spokes being all prepared in this manner1 you must have a post1 on which you intend to fire the work1 with an iron screw in the top of it1 to fit one of the holes1 in the ball2 on this screw fix the ball1 then in the top hole of the ball1 put a little meal powder1 and some loose quick match2 then screw in all the spokes1 and in one side of the ball bore a hole1 in which put a leader1 and secure it at the end1 and your work will be ready to be fired4 ,by this leader the powder and match in the center is fired1 which will light the match at the ends of the spokes1 all at once1 whereby all the wheels will be lighted at one and the same time2 there may be an addition to this piece1 by fixing a small globe1 on each wheel1 or one on the top wheel only4 ,a grey charge will be proper for the wheel cases4 ,of the ,yew ,tree of ,brilliant ,fire4 ,a yew tree of fire is represented by fig4 #dg4 as it appears when burning2 first1 let ,a be an upright piece of wood1 four feet in length1 two inches broad and one thick2 at top of this piece1 on the flat side1 fix a hoop1 fourteen inches diameter1 and round its edge and front place illuminations1 and in the center a five pointed star2 then at ,e1 which is one foot and a half from the edge of the hoop1 place two cases of brilliant fire1 one on each side2 these cases should be one foot in length each2 below these1 fix two more cases of the same size1 and at such a distance that their mouths may almost meet them at top2 then1 close to the ends of these cases1 fix two more of the same sort of cases2 these must stand parallel to them at ,e4 ,the cases being thus fixed1 cloath them with leaders2 so that they1 with the illuminations and star at top1 may all take fire together4 ,of ,stars with ,points for ,regulated ,pieces1 c4 ,these sort of stars are made of different sizes1 according to the work for which they are intended2 they are made with cases1 from one ounce to one pound1 but in general are made with four ounce cases1 four or five inches in length2 the cases must be rolled with paste1 and twice as thick of paper as a rocket of the same bore4 ,having rolled a case1 pinch one end of it quite close1 then drive in half a diameter of clay1 and when the case is dry1 fill it with composition1 two or three inches1 according to the length of the cases1 with which it is to burn2 at top of the charge drive some clay2 for1 as the ends of these cases are seldom punched1 they would be liable to take fire4 ,having filled a case1 divide the circumference of it at the pinched end close to the clay into five equal parts2 then bore five holes with a gimblet about the size of the neck of a common four ounce case into the composition2 from one hole to the other1 carry a quick match1 and secure it with paper2 this paper must be put on in the manner of that on the ends of wheel cases1 so that the hollow part1 which projects from the end of the case1 may serve to receive a leader from any other work1 in order to give fire to the points of the star4 ,these sort of stars may be made with any number of points4 ,of the ,fixed ,sun with a ,transparent ,face4 ,to make a sun of the best sort1 there should be two rows of cases1 as in fig4 #dh1 which will shew a double glory1 and make the rays strong and full2 the frame or sun wheel1 must be made after the following manner2 have a circular flat nave made very strong1 twelve inches diameter2 to this fix six strong flat spokes1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f4 ,on the front of these fix a circular fell1 five feet diameter4 ,within which fix another fell1 the length of one of the sun cases less in diameter2 within this fix a third fell1 whose diameter must be less than the second1 by the length of one case and one third2 the wheel being made1 divide the fells into as many equal parts as you would have cases 7which may be done from twenty four1 to forty four27 at each division1 fix a flat iron staple2 these staples must be made to fit the cases1 so as to hold them fast on the wheel2 let the staples be so placed1 that one row of cases may lay in the middle of the intervals of the other4 ,in the center of the block of the sun1 drive a spindle1 on which put a small hexagon wheel1 whose cases must be filled with the same charge1 as the cases of the sun2 two cases of this wheel must burn at a time1 and begin with them on the fells2 having fixed on all the cases1 carry pipes of communication from one to the other1 as you see in the figure1 and from one side of the sun to the wheel in the middle1 and from thence to the other side of the sun4 ,these leaders will hold the wheel steady while the sun is fixing up1 and will also be a sure method of lighting both cases of the wheel together4 ,a sun thus made is called a brilliant sun1 because the wood work is entirely covered with fire from the wheel in the middle1 so that there appears nothing but sparks of brilliant fire2 but if you would have a transparent face in the center1 you must have one made of paste board1 of any size2 the method of making a face is1 by cutting out the eyes1 nose1 and mouth1 for the sparks of the wheel to appear through2 but1 instead of this sort of face1 you may have one painted on oiled paper1 or ,persian silk1 strained tight on a hoop1 which hoop must be supported by three or four pieces of wire1 at six inches distance from the wheel in the center1 so that the light of it may illuminate the face2 by this method you may have in the front of a sun ,vivat rex1 cut in paste board1 or ,apollo painted on silk1 but for a small collection of fire-works1 a sun with a single glory1 and a wheel in front1 will be most suitable4 ,half pound cases1 filled ten inches with composition1 will be a good size for a sun of five feet diameter2 but if larger1 the cases must be greater in proportion4 ,of three ,vertical ,wheels ,illuminated1 which turn on their own ,naves upon a ,horizontal ,table4 ,a plan of this is shewn by fig4 #di4 ,let ,d be a deal table three feet six inches diameter2 this table must be fixed horizontally on the top of a post2 on the top of this post must be a perpendicular iron spindle1 which must come through the center of the table2 then let ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 be three spokes joined to a triangular flat piece of wood1 in the middle of which make a hole to fit easily over the spindle2 let ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 be pieces of wood1 four or five inches in length each1 and two inches square1 fixed on the under sides of the spokes2 in these pieces make holes lengthwise to receive the thin part of the blocks of the wheels1 which when in1 are prevented from coming out by a small iron pin being run through the end of each2 ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 are three vertical octagon wheels1 eighteen inches diameter each2 the blocks of these wheels must be long enough for three or four inches to rest on the table1 round which part drive a number of sharp points of wire1 which must not project out of the blocks more than one sixteenth of an inch2 the use of these points is1 that when the blocks run round1 they will stick in the table1 and help the wheels forward2 if the naves be made of strong wood1 one inch will be enough for the diameter of the thin part1 which should be made to turn easy in the holes in the pieces ,e1 ,f1 ,g4 ,on the front of the wheels1 make four or five circles of strong wire1 or flat hoops1 and tie on them as many illuminations as they will hold at two inches from one another2 instead of circles1 you may make spiral lines cloathed with illuminations at the same distance from one another1 as those on the hoops3 when illuminations are fixed on a spiral line in the front of a wheel1 they must be placed a little on the slant1 the contrary way that the wheel runs3 the cases for these wheels may be filled with any coloured charge1 but must burn only one at a time4 ,the wheels being thus prepared1 you must have a globe1 crown1 or spiral wheel1 to put on the spindle in the middle of the table2 this spindle should be just long enough to raise the wheel of the globe1 crown1 or spiral wheel1 so high that its fire may play over the three vertical wheels2 by this means1 their fires will not be confused1 nor will the wheels receive any damage from the fire of each other2 in cloathing this work1 let the leaders be so managed1 that all the wheels may light together1 and the illuminations after two cases of each wheel are burnt4 ,of the ,illuminated ,chandelier4 ,illuminated works are much admired by the ,italians1 and indeed are a great addition to a collection of works2 for in a grand exhibition an illuminated piece should be fired after every two1 or three wheels1 or fixed pieces of common and brilliant fires1 and likewise illuminated works may be made cheap1 quick1 and easy4 ,to make an illuminated chandelier1 you must first have one made of thin wood2 see fig4 #ej4 ,the chandelier being made1 bore in the front of the branches1 and in the body1 and also in the crown at top1 as many holes for illuminations as they will contain1 at three inches distance from each other2 in these holes put illuminations filled with white1 blue1 or brilliant charge2 having fixed in the port fires1 cloath them with leaders so that the chandelier and crown may light together4 ,the small circles on this figure represent the mouths of the illuminations1 which must project straight from the front4 ,of the ,illuminated ,yew ,tree4 ,first have a tree made of wood1 such as is shewn by fig4 #ea4 ,the middle piece or stem1 on which the branches are fixed1 must be eight feet six inches in height2 at the bottom of this piece draw a line1 at right angles1 two feet six inches in length at each side2 then from ,l1 which is one foot six inches from the bottom1 draw a line on each side to ,c and ,d2 these lines will give the length of the two first branches4 ,then put on the two top branches parallel to them at bottom2 let the length of each of these branches be one foot from the stem2 from the ends of these two branches1 draw a line to ,c and ,d2 then fix on five more branches at an equal distance from each other1 and their length will be determined by the lines ,a ,c and ,e ,d2 when the branches are fixed1 place illuminating port fires on the top of each1 as many as you chuse3 behind the top of the stem fasten a gerbe1 or white fountain1 which must be fired at the beginning of the illuminations on the tree4 ,of ,flaming ,stars with ,brilliant ,wheels4 ,to make a flaming star1 you must first have made a circular piece of strong wood1 about one inch thick and two feet diameter2 round this block fix eight points1 two feet six inches in length each2 four of these points must be straight1 and four flaming2 these points being joined on very strong and even with the surface of the block1 nail tin or paste board on their edges1 from the block to the end of each1 where they must be joined2 this tin must project in front eight inches1 and be joined where they meet at the block2 round the front of the block fix four pieces of thick iron wire1 eight inches in length each1 equally distant from each other2 this being done1 cut a piece of paste board round two feet diameter1 and draw on it a star1 as may be seen in fig4 #eb4 ,this star cut out1 and on the back of it paste oiled paper1 then paint each point half red1 and half yellow1 lengthwise2 but the body of the star must be left open1 wherein must run a brilliant wheel1 which is made as follows3 ,have a light block turned nine inches long2 at each end of it1 fix six spokes1 at the end of each spoke put a two ounce case of brilliant fire2 the length of these cases must be in proportion to the wheel1 and the diameter of the wheel when the cases are on must be a little less than the diameter of the body of the small star2 the cases on the spokes in front must have their mouths incline outwards1 and them on the inside spokes must be placed so as to form a vertical circle of fire4 ,when you place your leaders1 carry the first pipe from the tail of one of the cases in front to the mouth of one of the inside cases1 and from the tail of that to another in front1 and so on to all the cases2 your wheel being made1 put it on a spindle1 exactly in the center of the star2 this spindle must have a shoulder at bottom1 to keep the wheel at a little distance from the block4 ,this wheel must be kept on the spindle by a nut at the end2 having fixed on the wheel1 fasten the transparent star to the four pieces of wire2 then when you fire the wheel1 you will first see nothing more than a common horizontal wheel2 but when the first case is burnt out1 it will fire one of the vertical cases1 which will shew the transparent star1 and fill the large flames and points with fire2 then it will again appear like a common wheel1 and so on for twelve changes4 ,of ,touch ,paper for ,capping of ,serpents1 ,crackers1 c4 ,dissolve1 in some spirits of wine or vinegar1 a little salt petre1 then take some purple or blue paper1 and wet it with the above liquor1 and when dry it will be fit for use2 when you paste this paper1 on any of your works1 take care that the paste does not touch that part which is to burn4 ,the method of using this paper is by cutting it into slips1 long enough to go once round the mouth of a serpent1 cracker1 c4 ,when you paste on these slips1 leave a little above the mouth of the case not pasted2 then prime the case with meal powder1 and twist the paper to a point4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #d ,of a ,projected ,regulated ,piece of ,nine ,mutations4 ,a regulated piece1 if well executed1 is as curious a work as any in fireworks2 for it consists of fixed and moveable pieces on one spindle1 representing various sorts of figures1 which take fire successively one from another1 without any assistance after lighting the first mutation2 but1 for the better explanation of this piece1 ,i shall give a full description of the method of communicating the fire from one mutation to the other1 with a figure of each as they stand on the spindle4 ,regulated pieces are made of many sorts1 and of any number of mutations1 from two to nine1 which is the greatest number ,i ever knew a piece to consist of1 except one of my own making1 which was composed of fifteen mutations1 all different fires1 and figures4 ,but1 as an explanation of so large a piece would be very difficult to comprehend1 ,i shall omit it1 leaving so many changes to those who have made a great progress in this art1 and only teach the manner of making a piece of nine mutations1 as shewn in ,plate ,v1 fig4 #ec4 ,as it will be necessary that every mutation should be separately explained1 ,i will first give the name of each1 with the colour of fire1 and size of the case belonging to it3 after which shall proceed1 with the proportion of each mutation1 together with the nature of the spindle1 and manner of placing the leaders4 ,first ,mutation ,is a hexagon vertical wheel1 illuminated in front with small port fires tied on the spokes2 this wheel must be cloathed with two ounce cases1 filled with black charge2 the length of these cases are determined by the size of the wheel1 but must burn singly4 ,second ,mutation ,is a fixed piece called a golden glory1 by reason of the cases being filled with spur-fire2 the cases must stand perpendicular to the block on which they are fixed1 so that1 when they are burning1 they may represent a glory of fire2 this mutation is generally composed of five1 or seven two ounce cases4 ,third ,mutation ,is moveable1 and is nothing more then an octagon vertical wheel1 cloathed with four ounce cases1 filled with brilliant charge2 two of these cases must burn at a time3 in this wheel you may make changes of fire4 ,fourth ,mutation ,is a fixed sun of brilliant fire1 consisting of twelve four ounce cases2 the necks of these cases must be a little larger than those of four ounce wheel cases2 in this mutation may be made a change of fire1 by filling the cases half with brilliant charge and half with grey4 ,fifth ,mutation ,is a fixed piece called the porcupine's quills2 this piece consists of twelve spokes1 standing perpendicular to the block in which they are fixed2 on each of these spokes1 near the end1 must be placed a four ounce case of brilliant fire2 all these cases must incline either to the right or left1 so that they may all play one way4 ,sixth ,mutation ,is a standing piece called the cross fire4 ,this mutation consists of eight spokes fixed in a block2 near the end of each of those spokes1 must be tied two four ounce cases of white charge1 one across the other1 so that the fires from the cases on one spoke1 may intersect the fire from cases on the other4 ,seventh ,mutation ,is a fixed wheel1 with two circular fells1 on which are placed sixteen eight ounce cases of brilliant fire1 in the form of a star3 this piece is called a fixed star of wild fire4 ,eighth ,mutation4 ,this is a beautiful piece1 called a brilliant star piece1 it consists of six spokes1 which are strengthened by two fells of a hexagon form at some distance from each other2 at the end of each spoke1 in the front1 is fixed a brilliant star of five points2 and on each side of every star is placed a four ounce case of black or grey charge2 these cases must be placed with their mouths side ways1 so that their fires may cross each other4 ,ninth ,mutation ,is a wheel piece2 this is composed of six long spokes1 with a hexagon vertical wheel at the end of each2 these wheels run on spindles in the front of the spokes2 all the wheels are lighted together3 two ounce cases will do for these wheels1 and may be filled with any coloured charge4 ,after having spoke of the several parts of the regulated piece1 each by their proper names and colour of fire1 ,i shall next proceed with the proportion of every mutation1 together with the method of conveying the fire from one to the other1 and the distance they stand one from the other on the spindle4 ,first ,mutation ,must be a hexagon vertical wheel1 fourteen inches diameter2 on one side of the block1 whose diameter is two inches and a quarter1 is fixed a tin barrel ,a1 see fig4 #ec1 ,n4 #a2 this barrel must be a little less in diameter than the nave2 let the length of the barrel and block be six inches4 ,having fixed the cases on the wheel1 carry a leader from the tail of the last case into the tin barrel through a hole made on purpose two inches from the block2 at the end of this leader let there be about an inch or two of loose match1 but take care to well secure the hole wherein the pipe is put1 to prevent any sparks falling in1 which would light the second mutation before its time1 and confuse the whole piece4 ,second ,mutation ,is thus made4 ,have a nave turned two inches and a half diameter1 and three long2 then let half an inch of that end which faces the first wheel be turned so as to fit easy into the tin barrel of the first mutation1 which must turn round it without touching2 on the other end of the block1 fix a tin barrel ,b1 ,n4 #b1 this barrel must be six inches in length1 and only half an inch of it to fit on the block4 ,round the nave fix five spokes1 one inch and a half in length each2 the diameter of the spokes must be equal to a two ounce former2 on these spokes put five seven inch two ounce cases of spur fire1 and carry leaders from the mouth of one to the other1 that they may all light together2 then from the mouth of one of the cases1 carry a leader1 through a hole bored slantways in the nave1 from between the spokes1 to the front of the block near the spindle hole2 the end of this leader must project out of the hole into the barrel of the first mutation1 so that when the pipe which comes from the end of the last case on the first wheel flashes1 it may take fire and light the second mutation4 ,to communicate the fire to the third mutation bore a hole near the bottom of one of the five cases1 to the composition1 and from thence carry a leader into a hole made in the middle of the barrel ,b2 this hole must be covered with pasted paper4 ,third ,mutation ,may be either an octagon or hexagon wheel1 twenty inches diameter2 let the nave be three inches and a quarter diameter1 and three and a half in length2 one inch and a half of the front of the nave must be made to fit in the barrel ,b4 ,on the other end of the block fix a tin barrel ,c1 ,n4 #c2 this barrel must be six inches and a half in length1 one inch of which must fit over the block4 ,the cases of this wheel must burn two at a time2 and from the mouths of the two first cases carry a leader1 through holes in the nave into the barrel of the second mutation1 after the usual manner2 but besides these leaders let there be a pipe go across the wheel from one first case to the other1 then from the tail of one of the last cases1 carry a pipe into a hole in the middle of the barrel ,c2 at the end of this pipe1 let there hang some loose quick match4 ,fourth and ,fifth ,mutation4 ,we shall here speak of those two mutations under one head1 as their naves are made of one piece1 which from ,e to ,f is fourteen inches2 ,e1 a block four inches diameter1 with ten or twelve short spokes1 on which are fixed eleven inch eight ounce cases2 let the front of this block be made to fit easy in the barrel ,c1 and cloath the cases so that they may all light together2 and let a pipe be carried through a hole in the block into the barrel ,c1 in order to receive the fire from the leader brought from the last case on the wheel4 ,g1 the nave of the fifth mutation1 whose diameter must be four inches and a half2 in this nave fix ten or twelve spokes one foot and a half in length each2 these spokes must stand seven inches distance from the spokes of the fourth mutation2 and at the end of each spoke tie a four ounce case1 as shewn by ,n4 #e2 all these cases are to be lighted together1 by a leader brought from the end of one of the cases on ,n4 #d4 ,let ,f and ,h be of the same piece of wood as ,e and ,g2 but as much thinner as possible1 in order to make the work light4 ,sixth and ,seventh ,mutation4 ,the blocks of these two mutations1 are turned out of one piece of wood1 whose length from ,f to ,p is fifteen inches4 ,l a block five inches diameter1 in which are fixed eight spokes1 each two feet four inches in length2 at the end of each spoke tie two four ounce cases as shewn by ,n4 #f2 all these cases must be fired at the same time1 by a pipe brought from the end of one of the cases on the fifth mutation4 ,let the distance between the spokes at ,l and those in the fifth mutation be seven inches4 ,m1 the nave of the seventh mutation1 whose diameter must be five inches and a half2 in this nave fix eight spokes1 and on the front of them two circular fells1 one of four feet eight diameter1 and one of three feet eleven inches diameter2 on these fells1 tie sixteen eight ounce or pound cases1 in the same manner as represented by ,n4 #g1 and carry leaders from one to the other1 so that they may be all fired together2 this mutation must be fired by a leader brought from the tail of one of the cases on the sixth mutation4 ,eighth and ,ninth ,mutation4 ,the blocks of these may be turned out of one piece1 whose length from ,p to ,d must be twelve inches4 ,o1 the block of the eighth mutation1 which must be six inches diameter1 and in it fixed six spokes1 each three feet in length2 these spokes must be strengthened by a hexagon fell within three or four inches of the ends of the spokes2 close to the end of each spoke1 in the front1 fix a five-pointed brilliant star2 then seven inches below each star tie two ten inch eight ounce cases1 so that the upper ends of the cases may rest on the fells1 and their ends on the spokes2 each of these cases must be placed parallel to the opposite fell1 see ,n4 #h4 ,,nnn1 c4 are the cases1 and kkk1 c4 the stars4 ,the ninth mutation must be thus made2 let ,d be a block seven inches diameter2 in this block must be screwed six spokes1 six feet in length each1 with holes and grooves in them for leaders1 in the same manner as those in the dodecaedron2 at the end of each spoke1 in the front1 fix a spindle for a hexagon vertical wheel1 ten inches diameter1 as shewn by ,n4 #i4 ,when these wheels are on1 carry a leader from each into the block1 so that they may all meet together2 then lead a pipe from the end of one of the cases of the eighth mutation1 through a hole bored in the block ,d1 to meet the leaders from the vertical wheels1 so that they may all be fired together4 ,the spindles for large pieces are required to be made very strong1 and as exact as possible2 for a piece of nine mutations1 let the spindle be at the large end one inch diameter1 and continue that thickness as far as the seventh mutation1 and from thence to the fifth2 let its diameter be three quarters of an inch2 from the fifth to the fourth1 five eighths of an inch2 from the fourth to the second1 half an inch2 and from the second to the end1 three eighths of an inch3 at the small end must be a nut to keep on the first wheel1 and at the thick end must be a large nut1 as shewn by the figure1 so that the screw part of the spindle being put through a post1 and a nut screwed on tight1 the spindle will be held fast and steady2 but you are to observe1 that that part of the spindle1 on which the moveable pieces are to run1 be made long enough for the wheels to run easy without sticking2 the fixed pieces being made on different blocks1 the leaders must be joined1 after they are fixed on the spindle4 ,the best method of preventing the fixed mutations from moving on the spindle1 is1 to make that part of the spindle which goes through them square2 but as it would be difficult to make square holes through such long blocks as are sometimes required1 it will be best to make them in the following manner2 which is1 to bore a round hole a little larger than the diameter of the spindle1 and at each end of the block over the hole1 fasten a piece of brass with a square hole in it to fit the spindle4 ,to make a ,horizontal ,wheel change to a ,vertical ,wheel with a ,sun in ,front4 ,the sudden change of this piece is very pleasing1 and gives great surprize to those who are not acquainted with the contrivance4 ,a wheel for this purpose should be about three feet diameter1 and its fell circular1 on which tie sixteen half pound cases filled with brilliant charge2 two of these cases must burn at a time1 and on each end of the nave must be a tin barrel of the same construction as those on the regulated piece2 the wheel being compleated1 prepare the post or stand after the following manner3 first have a stand made of any height1 about three or four inches square1 then saw off from the top1 a piece two feet in length2 this piece join again at the place where it was cut1 with a hinge on one side1 so that it may lift up and down in the front of the stand1 then fix on the top of the bottom part of the stand1 on each side a bracket2 these brackets must project at right angles with the stand1 one foot from the front1 for the short piece to rest on2 but these brackets must be placed a little above the joint of the post1 so that when the upper stand falls1 it may lay between them at right angles with the bottom stand1 which may be done by fixing a piece of wood1 one foot in length1 between the brackets and even with the top of the bottom stand2 then1 as the brackets rise above the bottom stand1 they will form a channel for the short post to lay in1 and at the same time keep it steady without straining the hinge3 on the side of the short post opposite the hinge1 nail a piece of wood2 this piece must be of such a length1 that1 when the post is perpendicular1 it may reach about one foot and a half down the long post1 to which being tied1 it will hold the short stand upright2 the stand being thus prepared1 in the top of it fix a spindle ten inches in length2 on this spindle put the wheel1 then fix on a brilliant sun with a single glory2 the diameter of this sun must be six inches less than that of the wheel4 ,when you fire this piece1 light the wheel first1 and let it run horizontally till four cases are consumed2 then from the end of the fourth case carry a leader into the ten barrel that turns over the end of the stand2 this leader must be met by another brought through the top of the post1 from a case filled with a strong port-fire charge1 and tied to the bottom post1 with its mouth facing the pack-thread which holds up the stand1 so that when this case is lighted1 it will burn the pack-thread1 and let the wheel fall forward1 by which means it will become vertical2 then from the last case of the wheel1 carry a leader into the barrel next the sun1 which will begin as soon as the wheel is burnt out4 ,of the grand ,volute illuminated with a projected ,wheel in ,front4 ,first have two hoops made of strong iron wire1 one of six feet diameter1 and one of four feet two inches2 these hoops must be joined to scroles ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 c4 as shewn by fig4 #ed4 ,these scroles must be made of the same sort of wire as the hoops2 on these scroles1 tie with iron binding wire as many illuminating port fires as they will hold1 at two inches distance from each other2 these port fires cloath with leaders1 so that they may all take fire together2 then let ,c be a circular wheel of four spokes1 three feet six inches diameter1 and on its fell tie as many four ounce cases head to tail1 as will compleat the circle1 only allowing a sufficient distance between the cases1 that the fire may pass free1 which may be done by cutting the upper part of the end of each case a little shelving3 on each spoke fix a four ounce case about three inches from the fell of the wheel2 these cases are to burn one at a time1 and the first of them to begin with those on the fell1 of which four are to burn at a time1 so that the wheel will last no longer than one fourth of the cases on the fell1 which in number should be sixteen or twenty2 on the front of the wheel form a spiral line1 with strong wire1 on which tie port fires1 placing them on a slant1 with their mouths to face the same way as the cases on the wheel2 all these port fires must be fired with the second cases of wheel4 ,let ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 c4 be spokes of wood1 all made to screw into a block in the center2 each of these spokes may be in length about four feet six inches2 in the top of each fix a spindle1 and on each spindle put a spirali wheel of eight spokes1 such as are represented by ,e1 ,e1 ,e1 c4 ,the blocks of these wheels must have a hole at top for the center cases1 and the spindle must have nuts screwed on their ends1 which nuts should fit in the holes at top of the blocks1 so that all the wheels1 must be put on before you fix in the center cases3 as some of these wheels by reason of their situation will not bear on the nut1 it will be necessary to have smooth shoulders made on the spindles for the blocks to run on2 the cases of these wheels are to burn double1 and the method of firing them is1 by carrying a leader from each down the spokes into the block in the center1 in the same manner as those in the dodecaedron1 but the center case of each wheel1 must begin with the two last cases as usual2 it is to be observed1 that the large circular wheel in front must have a tin barrel on its block1 into which a pipe must be carried1 from one of the second cases on the wheel2 this pipe being met by another from the large block1 in which the eight spokes are screwed1 will fire all the spirali wheels and the illuminating port fires at the same time4 ,the cases of the projected wheel may be filled with a white charge1 and those of the spirali wheels1 with a grey4 ,of the ,moon and ,seven ,stars4 ,let fig4 #ee1 be a smooth circular board1 six feet diameter2 out of the middle of it cut a circular piece twelve or fourteen inches diameter1 and over the vacancy put white ,persian silk1 on which paint a moon's face1 then let ,i1 ,i1 ,i1 c4 be stars each four or five inches diameter1 cut out with five points1 and covered with oiled silk3 on the front of the large circular board1 draw a seven-pointed star1 as large as the circle will allow2 then on the lines which form this star1 bore holes1 wherein fix pointed stars4 ,when this piece is to be fired1 it must be fixed upon the front of a post1 on a spindle1 with a wheel of brilliant fire behind the face of the moon2 so that while the wheel burns1 the moon and stars will appear transparent1 and when the wheel has burnt out1 they will disappear1 and the large star in front1 which is formed of pointed stars1 will begin1 being lighted by a pipe of communication from the last case of the vertical wheel1 behind the moon2 this pipe of communication must be managed in the same manner as those in regulated pieces4 ,of the ,double ,cone ,wheel illuminated4 ,this piece is represented by fig #ef4 ,let ,a1 be a strong decagon wheel1 two feet six inches diameter2 then on each side of it fix a cone ,b and ,c2 these cones are to consist of a number of hoops1 supported by three or four pieces of wood1 in the manner of the spiral wheels2 let the height of each cone be three feet six inches1 and on all the hoops tie port fires horizontally1 with their mouths outwards1 and cloath the wheel with eight ounce cases1 all to play horizontally1 two at a time3 the cones may be fired with the first or second cases4 ,the spindle for this piece must go through both the cones1 and rise three feet above the point of the cone at top1 so that its length will be ten feet four inches from the top of the post ,h1 in which it is fixed1 allowing four inches for the thickness of the block of the wheel2 the whole weight of the wheel and cones must bear on a shoulder in the spindle1 on which the block of the wheel must turn2 near the top of the spindle1 must be a hole in the front1 into which screw a small spindle1 after the cones are on2 then on this small spindle fix a sun ,d1 composed of sixteen nine inch four ounce cases of brilliant fire1 which cases must not be placed on a fell1 but only stuck into a block of six inches diameter2 then in the front of this sun must be a circular vertical wheel1 sixteen inches diameter2 on the front of this wheel form with iron wire a spiral line1 and cloath it with illuminations1 after the usual method2 as this wheel is not to be fired till the cones are burnt out1 the method of firing it is as follows2 let the hole in the block1 at the top of the uppermost cone1 be a little larger than the spindle which passes through it2 then from the first case of the vertical wheel before the sun1 carry a leader down the side of the spindle to the top of the block of the horizontal wheel1 on which must be a tin barrel2 then this leader1 being met by another brought from the end of the last case of the horizontal wheel1 will give fire to the vertical wheel1 as soon as the cones are extinguished2 but the sun ,d must not be fired1 till the vertical wheel is quite burnt out4 ,of ,fire ,pumps4 ,cases for fire pumps1 are made in the same manner as those for tourbillons1 only they are parted instead of being rolled dry4 ,having rolled and dryed your cases1 fill them in the following manner3 first put in a little meal powder1 and then a star1 on which ram lightly a ladle or two of composition1 then a little meal powder1 and on that a star1 then again composition1 and so on till you have filled the case4 ,stars for fire pumps should not be round1 but must be made either square1 or flat and circular1 with a hole through the middle2 the quantity of powder for throwing the stars must increase as you come near the top of the case1 for if much powder be put at the bottom1 it will burst the case4 ,the stars must differ in size1 in this manner2 let the star which you put in first1 be about one fourth less than the bore of the case1 but let the next star be a little larger1 and the third star a little larger than the second1 and so on2 let them increase in diameter1 till within two of the top of the case1 which two must fit in tight4 ,as the loading of fire pumps is somewhat difficult1 it will be necessary to make two or three trials1 before you depend on their performance3 when you fill a number of pumps1 take care not to put in each an equal quantity of charge between the stars1 so that when they are fired they may not throw up too many stars together4 ,cases for fire pumps should be made very strong1 and rolled on four or eight ounce formers1 ten or twelve inches in length each4 ,of the ,vertical ,scroll ,wheel4 ,this wheel may be made of any diameter1 but must be constructed as shewn by fig4 #eg1 to do which proceed thus2 have a block made of a moderate size1 into which fix four flat spokes1 and on them fix a flat circular fell of wood2 round the front of this fell place port-fires2 then on the front of the spokes form a scrole1 either with a hoop or strong iron wire2 on this scrole tie cases of brilliant fire1 in proportion to the wheel1 head to tail1 as in the figure2 when you fire this wheel1 light the first case near the fell2 then1 as the cases fire successively1 you will see the circle of fire gradually diminish2 but whether the illuminations on the fell begin with the scrole or not1 is immaterial1 that being left intirely to the maker4 ,n4 ,b4 ,this wheel may be put in the front of a regulated piece1 or fired by itself1 occasionally4 ,of ,pin ,wheels4 ,first roll some paper pipes1 about fourteen inches in length each2 these pipes must not be made thick of paper1 two or three rounds of elephant paper being sufficient2 when your pipes are thoroughly dryed1 you must have made a tin tube1 twelve inches in length1 to fit easy into the pipes2 at one end of this tube fix a small conical cup1 which being done1 it is called a funnel1 then bend one end of one of the pipes1 and put the funnel in at the other1 as far as it will reach1 and fill the cup with composition2 then draw out the funnel by a little at a time1 shaking it up and down1 and it will fill the pipe as it comes out2 having filled some pipes1 have made some small blocks1 about an inch diameter1 and half an inch in thickness2 round one of these blocks wind and paste a pipe1 and to the end of this pipe join another1 which must be done by twisting the end of one pipe to a point1 and putting it into the end of the other1 with a little paste2 in this manner join four or five pipes1 winding them one upon the other1 so as to form a spiral line2 having wound on your pipes1 paste two slips of paper across them1 to hold them together2 besides these slips of paper1 the pipes must be pasted together4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #e4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #f4 ,illustration3 ,,plate4 #g ,illustration3 ,,plate4 #h ,there is another method of making these wheels1 called the ,french method2 which is1 by winding on the pipes without paste1 and sticking them together with sealing wax1 at every half turn2 so that when they are fired1 the end will fall loose every time the fire passes the wax1 by which means the circle of fire will be considerably increased4 ,the formers for these pipes are made from one and a half to four sixteenths of an inch diameter1 and the composition for them as follows2 meal powder eight ounces1 salt petre two ounces1 and sulphur one2 among these ingredients1 may be mixed a little steel-filings1 or the dust of cast-iron2 this composition should be very dry1 and not made too fine1 or it will stick in the funnel4 ,these wheels may be fired on a large pin1 and held in the hand with safety4 ,of ,fire ,globes4 ,there are two sorts of fire globes1 one with projected cases1 and the other with the cases concealed in the following manner2 have a globe made of wood1 of any diameter you chuse1 and divide the surface of it into fourteen equal parts1 and at each division bore a hole perpendicular to the center2 these holes must be in proportion to the cases intended to be used2 in every hole1 except one1 put a case filled with brilliant1 or any other charge1 and let the mouths of the cases be even with the surface of the globe2 then cut in the globe a groove1 from the mouth of one case to the other1 for leaders1 which must be carried from case to case1 so that they may all be fired together2 this being done1 cover the globe with a single paper1 and paint it4 ,these sort of globes may be used to ornament a building4 ,fire-globes with projected cases are made thus2 your globe being made with fourteen holes bored in it as usual1 six in every hole1 except one1 a case1 and let each case project from the globe two thirds of its length2 then cloath all the cases with leaders1 so that they may all take fire at the same time4 ,fire-globes are supported by a pintle1 made to fit the hole in which there is no case4 ,to thread and join ,leaders1 with the method of placing them on different ,works4 ,joining and placing of ,leaders is a very essential part of fireworks1 as it is on the leaders1 that the performance of all complex works depend2 for which reason ,i shall endeavour here to explain the method of conducting pipes of communication1 in as plain a manner as possible4 ,your works being ready to be cloathed1 proceed thus2 cut your pipes of a sufficient length to reach from one case to the other1 then put in the quick match1 which must always be made to go in very easy2 when the match is in1 cut it off within about an inch of the end of the pipe1 and let it project as much at the other end2 then fasten the pipe to the mouth of each case with a pin1 and put the loose ends of the match into the mouths of the cases1 with a little meal powder2 this being done to all the cases1 paste over the mouth of each two or three bits of paper2 the preceding method is used for large cases1 and the following for small cases and illuminations2 first thread a long pipe1 then lay it on the tops of the cases1 and cut a bit off the under side1 exactly over the mouth of each case1 so that the match may appear2 then pin the pipe to every other case1 but before you put on the pipes1 put a little meal powder in the mouth of each case2 if the cases thus cloathed be port-fires on illuminated works1 cover the mouth of each case with a single paper2 but if they are choaked cases1 situated so that a number of sparks from other works may fall on them before they are fired1 secure them with three or four papers1 which must be pasted on very smooth1 that there may be no creases for the sparks to lodge in1 which often set fire to the works before their time2 avoid1 as much as possible1 placing the leaders too near together1 or one across the other so as to touch1 as it sometimes happens that the flash of one will fire the other2 therefore if your works should be so formed1 that the leaders must cross or touch1 be sure to make them very strong1 and secure them well at the joints and at every opening4 ,when a great length of pipe is required1 it must be made by joining several pipes together1 in this manner2 having put on one length of match as many pipes as it will hold1 paste paper over every joint2 but if a still greater length be required1 more pipes must be joined1 by cutting off about an inch of one side of each pipe near the end1 and laying the quick match together1 and tieing them fast with small twine2 after which1 cover the joining with pasted paper4 ,the manner of placing ,fireworks to be exhibited1 with the order of ,firing4 ,nothing adds more to the appearance of fireworks1 than the placing them properly2 though the manner of placing them chiefly depends on the judgment of the maker4 ,i shall give such rules here1 as have been generally observed2 for example1 whether your works are to be fired on a building1 or on stands2 if they are a double set1 place one wheel of a sort on each side of the building1 and next to each of them towards the center1 place a fixed piece1 then wheels1 and so on1 leaving a sufficient distance between them1 for the fire to play from one without burning the other2 having fixed some of your works thus in front1 place the rest behind them1 in the center of their intervals2 the largest piece1 which is generally a regulated or transparent piece1 must be placed in the center of the building1 and behind it a sun1 which must always stand above all the other works3 a little before the building or stands place your large gerbes1 and at the back of the works1 fix your marron batteries1 pots des aigrettes1 pots des brins1 pots des saucissons1 air ballns1 and flights of rockets2 the rocket stands may be fixed behind or any where else1 so as not to be in the way of the works4 ,single collections are fired on stands1 which stands are made in the same manner as theodolite stands1 only the top part must be long or short occasionally2 these sort of stands may be fixed up very soon without much trouble4 ,having given sufficient instructions for placing of fireworks1 ,i shall proceed with the manner of firing them4 ,order of ,firing4 #a4 ,two signal rockets1 #b4 ,six sky rockets1 #c4 ,two honorary rockets1 #d4 ,four caduceus rockets1 #e4 ,two vertical wheels illuminated1 #f4 ,two spiral wheels illuminated1 #g4 ,two transparent stars1 #h4 ,a line rocket of five changes1 #i4 ,four tourbillons1 #aj4 ,two horizontal wheels1 #aa4 ,two air ballns illuminated1 #ab4 ,two ,chinese fountains1 #ac4 ,two regulating pieces of four mutations each1 #ad4 ,two pots des aigrettes1 #ae4 ,three large gerbes1 #af4 ,a flight of rockets1 #ag4 ,two balln wheels1 #ah4 ,two cascades of brilliant fire1 #ai4 ,twelve sky rockets1 #bj4 ,two illuminated yew-trees1 #ba4 ,two air ballns of serpents1 and two compound1 #bb4 ,four tourbillons1 #bc4 ,two ,fruiloni ,wheels1 #bd4 ,two ,illuminated ,globes with ,horizontal ,wheels1 #be4 ,one ,pot des ,saucissons1 #bf4 ,two ,plural ,wheels1 #bg4 ,a ,marron ,battery1 #bh4 ,two ,chandeliers ,illuminated1 #bi4 ,a ,range of ,pots des ,brins1 #cj4 ,twelve ,sky ,rockets1 #ca4 ,two ,yew-,trees of ,fire1 #cb4 ,a ,nest of ,serpents1 #cc4 ,two ,double ,cones ,illuminated1 #cd4 ,a ,regulating ,piece of ,seven ,mutations1 viz41 #a4 ,a ,vertical ,wheel ,illuminated1 #b4 ,a ,golden ,glory1 #c4 ,an ,octagon ,vertical ,wheel1 #d4 ,porcupines ,quills1 #e4 ,cross ,fires1 #f4 ,a ,star ,piece with ,brilliant ,rays1 #g4 ,six ,vertical ,wheels1 #ce4 ,a ,brilliant ,sun1 #cf4 ,a ,large ,flight of ,rockets4 ,when water-works are to be exhibited1 divide them into several sets1 and fire one set after every fifth or sixth change of land and air-works2 and observe this rule in firing in a double set of works1 always to begin with sky-rockets1 then two moveable pieces1 then two fix'd pieces1 and so on1 ending with a large flight of rockets1 or a marron battery2 if a single collection1 fire a fixed piece after every wheel or two1 and now and then some air and water-works4 ,fountain of ,sky-,rockets4 ,plate #fth4 ,fig4 #ast1 represents a fountain of thirty rockets2 let ,a1 be a perpendicular post1 sixteen feet high from the ground1 and four inches square4 ,let the rail or cross piece ,c1 be one foot six inches in length1 three inches broad1 and one thick4 ,the rail ,d1 at bottom1 must be six feet in length1 one foot broad1 and an inch thick4 ,f1 and ,g1 are the two sides which serve to supply the rails ,d1 ,e1 ,h1 ,i1 ,c2 these sides are one foot broad at bottom1 and cut in the front with a regular slope1 to three inches at top1 but their back edges must be parallel with the front of the pots ,a4 ,the breadth of the rails ,e1 ,h1 ,i1 will be determined by the breadth of the sides2 all the rails must be fixed at two feet distance from each other1 and at right angles with the pots2 having placed the rails thus2 bore in the bottom rail1 ten holes at equal distances from each other1 large enough to receive easily the stick of a one pound rocket2 in the back edge of this rail cut a groove from one end to the other1 fit to contain a quick-match1 then cut a groove in the top of the rail1 from the edge of each hole1 into the groove in the back2 in the same manner cut in the second rail ,e1 eight holes and grooves2 in the third rail ,h1 six holes and grooves2 in the fourth rail ,i1 four holes and grooves2 and in the top rail two holes and grooves2 ,b1 a rail with holes in it to guide the ends of the rocket sticks1 this rail must be fixed six feet from the rail ,d2 the fountain frame being thus made1 prepare your rockets thus2 tie round the mouth of each a piece of thin paper1 large enough to go twice round1 and to project about an inch and a half from the mouth of the rocket1 which must be rubbed with wet meal-powder2 in the mouth of each ,rocket put a leader1 which secure well with the paper that projects from the mouth of the case2 these leaders must be carried into the grooves in the back of the rails1 in which lay a quick-match from one end to the other1 and cover it with pasted paper2 holes must be made in the rail ,d1 to receive the ends of the sticks of the rockets1 in the rail ,e1 and so on to the fourth rail1 so that the sticks of the rockets at top1 will go through all the rails2 the rockets being so prepared1 fix a gerbe or white flower-pot on each rail before the post1 with their mouths inclining a little forwards2 these gerbes must be lighted all at once2 behind or before each gerbe1 fix a case of brilliant or slow fire1 these cases must be filled so that they may burn out one after the other1 to regulate the fountain1 which may be done by carrying a leader1 from the end of each slow or brilliant fire1 into the groove in the back of each rail2 different size rockets may be used in these fountains1 but it will be best to fill the heads of the rockets on each rail with different sorts of things1 in this manner1 those at top with crackers1 the next with rains1 the third with serpents1 the fourth with tailed stars1 and the last flight with common or brilliant stars4 ,palm-,tree4 ,this piece1 though made of common fires1 and of a simple construction1 has a very pleasing effect2 owing to the fires intersecting so often1 that they resemble the branches of trees4 ,fig4 #b;d4 let ,a1 be a perpendicular post of any thickness so that it be sufficiently strong to hold the cases2 let the distance from ,b to ,c1 be two feet six inches1 and from ,c to ,d1 two feet six inches1 and let the length of each cross piece be two feet2 on each end of each1 fix a five pointed star1 then fix on pegs made on purpose1 twelve inch half pound cases of brilliant fire1 as in the figure1 all the cases and stars1 must be fired at one time2 this piece should be fixed high from the ground4 ,illuminated ,pyramid1 with ,archimedian ,screws1 a ,globe and ,vertical ,sun4 ,may be made of any size2 one made according to the ,dimensions of fig4 #c;d1 will be a good proportion1 whose whole height is twenty one feet2 from ,c to ,d1 six feet1 from ,e to ,f1 nine feet1 the space between the rails must be six inches1 and the rails as thin as possible1 in all the rails stick port-fires at four inches distance2 the archimedian screws ,g1 ,k1 are nothing more than double spiral wheels1 with the cases placed on their wheels horizontally instead of obliquely1 the vertical sun ,i1 need not consist of more than twelve rays1 to form a single glory2 the globe at top must be made in proportion to the pyramid1 which being prepared according to the preceding directions1 place your leaders so that all the illuminating port-fires1 screws1 globe1 and sun1 may take fire together2 the pyramid must be supported by the two sides1 and by a support brought from a pole1 which must be placed two feet from the back of the pyramid1 in order that the wheels may run free4 ,rose-,piece and ,sun4 ,a rose piece may be used for a mutation of a regulated piece1 or fired by itself1 this piece makes the best appearance when made large2 if its exterior diameter be six feet it will be a good size2 fig4 #d1 shews the manner it appears before it is fired2 let the exterior fell be made of wood1 and supported by four wooden spokes1 all the other parts on which the illuminations are fixed1 must be made of strong iron wire2 on the exterior fell1 place as many half pound cases of brilliant charge as you think proper 7but the more the better7 for the nearer the cases are placed1 the stronger will be the rays of the ,sun2 the illuminations should be placed within three inches of each other1 they must be all fired together and burn some time before the sun is lighted1 which may be done by carrying a leader from the middle of one of the illuminations1 to the mouth of one of the sun cases4 ,transparent ,stars with ,illuminated ,rays4 ,plate #g1 ,fig4 #eth1 represents an illuminated star1 let the diameter from ,a to ,b1 be two feet and from ,c to ,d1 seven feet2 first make a strong circular back or body of the star1 two feet diameter1 to which you fix the illuminated rays2 in the center of the front of the body fix a spindle1 on which put a double triangular wheel1 six inches diameter1 clothed with two ounce cases of brilliant charge2 the cases on this wheel must burn but one at a time2 round the edge of the body nail a hoop made of thin wood or tin1 this hoop must project in front six or seven inches2 in this hoop cut three or four holes to let out the smoke from the wheel2 the star and garter may be cut out of strong paste-board or tin1 made in this manner1 cut a round piece of paste-board or tin1 two feet diameter1 on which draw a star1 and cut it out1 then over the vacancy paste ,persian silk2 paint the letters yellow2 four of the rays yellow1 and four red2 the cross in the middle may be painted half red1 and half yellow1 or yellow and blue2 this transparent star must be fastened to the wooden hoop by a screw1 to take off and on1 the illuminated rays are made of thin wood1 with tin sockets fixed on their sides within four inches of each other2 in these sockets stick illuminating port-fires2 behind the point of each ray1 fix a half pound case of grey1 black1 or chinese fire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n4 ,b4 ,the illuminated rays to be lighted at the same time as the triangular wheel1 or after it is burnt out1 which may be done by a tin barrel being fixed to the wheel after the manner of those in the regulated pieces1 into this barrel correl a leader from the illuminated rays1 through the back of the star1 which leader must be met by another brought from the tail of the last case on the wheel4 ,transparent ,table ,star ,illuminated4 ,fig4 #fth1 represents a table star1 whose diameter from ,e to ,f1 is twelve feet1 and from ,e to ,i1 four feet1 this proportion observed on each side1 will make the center frame four feet square1 in this square fix a transparent star1 as shewn in the figure2 this star may be painted blue1 and its rays made as those of the flaming stars described in page #bah1 the wheel for this star may be composed of different coloured fires1 with a change or two of slow fire2 the wheels a1 a1 a1 a1 may be clothed with any number of cases1 so that the star wheel consists of the same2 the illuminating port fires1 which must be placed very near each other on the frames1 must be so managed as to burn as long as the wheels1 and lighted at the time4 ,the ,regulated ,illuminated ,spirili ,piece1 with a projected ,star ,wheel ,illuminated4 ,this piece is represented by ,fig4 #gth1 and is thus made2 have a block made eight inches diameter1 in this block screw six iron spokes1 which must serve for spindles for the spiral wheels1 these wheels are made as usual1 each one foot six inches diameter and three foot in height2 the spindles must be long enough to keep the wheels four or five inches from one another2 at the end of each spindle must be a screw nut1 on which the wheels that hang downwards will run1 and on the spindles which stand upwards must be a shoulder1 for the blocks of the wheels to run on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the projected star wheel1 must turn on the same spindle on which the large block is fixed1 this spindle must be long enough to allow the star wheel to project a little before the spiral wheels2 the exterior diameter of the star wheel1 must be three feet five inches1 on this wheel fix three circles of iron wire1 and on them port-fires2 on the block place a transparent star1 or a large five pointed brilliant star1 the cases on this wheel may burn four at once1 as it will contain near twice the number of one of the spiral wheels2 the cases on the spiral wheels1 must be placed parallel to their fells1 and burn two at a time4 ,a ,new ,figure ,piece ,illuminated with ,five ,pointed ,stars4 ,the construction of this piece is very easy1 as shewn by figure #h1 whose diameter from ,b to ,c1 is eight feet1 and from ,d to ,e1 two feet1 the vertical wheel in the center1 must be one foot diameter1 and consist of six four ounce cases of different coloured charge1 which cases must burn double2 on the frames of this piece1 six five pointed brilliant or blue stars1 rammed four inches with composition1 let the space between each star be eight inches2 at each point of this piece1 fix a gerbe or case of chinese fire2 when this piece is to be fired let the gerbes1 stars1 and wheel be lighted at the same time4 ,the ,star ,wheel ,illuminated4 ,this beautiful new invented piece1 is shewn in ,plate #h1 fig4 #i1 its exterior fell is made of wood1 three feet six inches or four feet diameter1 within this fell1 form with iron wire1 three circles1 one less than the other1 so that the diameter of the least may be about ten inches2 place the port-fires on these fells1 with their mouths inclining outwards1 and the port-fires on the points of the star1 with their mouths projecting in front2 let the exterior fell be clothed with four ounce cases of grey charge1 these cases must burn four at a time1 and be lighted at the same time as the illuminations4 ,pyramid of ,flower-pots4 ,fig4 #aj1 represents this curious piece1 which must be made thus2 let the distance from ,a to ,b1 be six feet1 and from one rail to the other two2 on the bottom rail1 fix five paper mortars1 each three inches and a half diameter1 these mortars load with serpents1 crackers1 stars1 c4 ,in the center of each mortar fix a case of spur fire2 on the second rail fix four mortars1 so as to stand exactly in the middle of the intervals of them on the bottom rail2 on the third rail place three mortars2 on the fourth two2 and on the top of the posts one2 the bottom rail must be six feet in length2 all the mortars must incline a little forwards1 that they may easily discharge themselves1 and the spur-fires rammed exactly alike that the mortars may all be fired at the same time1 having prepared your pyramid according to the preceeding directions1 carry pipes of communication1 from one spur-fire to the other4 ,the ,illuminated ,regulating ,piece4 ,fig4 #aa1 represents one half of this piece2 ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 are flat wooden spokes1 each five feet in length1 and at the end of each1 place a vertical wheel1 ten inches diameter1 clothed with six four ounce cases of brilliant fire1 these cases must burn but one at a time2 on two of the spokes of each wheel1 place two port-fires1 which must be lighted with the first case of the wheel2 on each spoke ,a1 ,a1 c4 behind the wheels place six cases of the same size as them on the wheels2 these cases must be tied across the spokes with their mouths all one way1 and be made to take fire successively one after the other1 so that they may assist the whole pieces to turn round4 ,the diameter of the wheel ,b1 must be two feet six inches1 and its fell made of wood1 which must be fixed to the large spokes1 on this wheel place twenty four cases of the same sort as them on the small wheels1 these cases must burn four at a time2 in this wheel make three circles with iron wire1 and on them place illuminating port-fires1 as shewn in the figure2 the star points on the large spokes may be made of thin ash hoops1 the diameter of these points close to the center wheel must be eleven inches2 on these points place port-fires1 at three inches and a half distance1 one from the other4 ,fig4 #ab1 represents the blocks of this piece1 the diameters of these blocks at ,a and ,b1 must be eight inches and ,c and ,d1 four inches and a half1 the length of each1 of these blocks must be six inches2 at the small ends of these blocks fix an iron wheel five inches diameter1 which wheels must have teeth1 to turn the wheel ,e1 this wheel which is fixed on a small spindle screwed into the large spindle which goes through the two blocks1 and on which they run4 99 99 99 99 99 ,supposing fig4 #aa1 to be on the block ,a1 in fig4 #ab1 and to turn to the right1 and another piece of the same construction on the block ,b1 with its fires placed so as to turn it to the left1 you will find them move very true and fast1 by the help of the three iron wheels1 which serves to regulate their motions1 as well as to assist them in turning2 let the iron circles in the front of the great wheels be of different diameters so that when fired there may appear six circles1 when this piece is fired1 all the wheels and illuminations must be lighted at one time4 ,to ,fix a ,sky-,rocket with its ,stick1 on the top of another4 ,rockets thus managed make a pretty appearance1 by reason of a fresh tail being seen when the second rocket takes fire1 which will mount to a great height2 the method of preparing these rockets is thus1 having filled a two pounder1 which must be filled only half a diameter above the piercer1 and in its head not more than ten or twelve stars2 the stick of this rocket must be made a little thicker than common1 and when made1 cut it in half the flat way1 and in each half make a groove1 so that when the two halves are joined1 the hollow made by the grooves may be large enough to hold the stick of a half pound rocket1 which rocket make and head as usual1 the stick of this rocket put into the hollow of the large one1 so far that the mouth of the rocket may rest on the head of the two pounder2 from whose head carry a leader into the mouth of the small rocket1 which being done1 your rockets will be ready for fireing4 ,a ,new ,method of placing ,leaders4 ,the placing leaders1 on small cases or illuminations1 is a much quicker1 stronger1 and more expeditious way than that of using pins1 which method has been practised till very lately4 ,your port-fires being filled within about three eighths of an inch of the top1 bore with an awl a hole through each side of the case close to the composition1 then fill the mouths of the cases with meal powder wetted with spirit of wine1 when you have thus prepared your cases1 fix them on your works1 then take an empty leader1 and lay it on the mouths of as many cases as it will reach1 then with your finger nail1 mark the leader exactly in the middle of the mouth of each case1 then at each mark with a pair of ,scissars1 cut a bit out of the pipe1 so that when you put in the quick-match1 it may be seen2 this being done1 lay the leader on the cases again with that side on which the match is seen downwards2 then take some small twine1 and put it through the holes in the mouths of the cases1 and tie on the leader2 do this to every case and then cover them with single pasted paper2 by making use of the above method your works may be made very clean1 there being no occasion to put dry meal powder in the mouths of the cases which always soils the works and prevents the paste from sticking4 ,in this treatise1 ,i have taught the method of rolling1 pinching1 and filling all sorts of cases1 the manner of pulverizing1 mixing1 and preparing1 all compositions used in artificial fire-works2 also the method of placing leaders1 clothing wheels1 fixed pieces1 c4 in so plain a manner1 that all fire-works may be made without any further instructions4 ,a variety of pyrotechnical representations only depends on the genius of the maker1 by fixing different cases and fires on works of various forms1 of which there are many more4 ,but as those ,i have given are the principal1 ,i shall conclude1 till ,i have an opportunity of extending this work1 which will depend on the approbation it meets with4 ,,finis4 ,footnotes3 #a ,a line is the twelfth part of an inch4 #b ,trait des feux d'artifice1 par ,m4 ,f9999994 #c ,the nipple and cylinder to bear the same proportion as those for rockets4 #d ,a round bit of brass1 equal in length to the nick of the case1 and flat at the top4 #e ,a copper scoop with a wooden handle4 #f ,a piece of hard wood in the form of an anvil block4 ,transcriber's ,note ,this book was written in a period when many words had not become standardized in their spelling4 ,words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text4 ,obsolete words and misspellings were left unchanged2 however1 corrections noted in the ,errata were corrected in the text4 ,footnotes were renumbered sequentially and were moved to the end of the book4 ,the 8,contents of the ,additions0 was moved to the end of the ,table of ,contents and the table of ,errata was moved from middle of the ,table of ,contents to follow it4 ,obvious printing errors1 such as backwards1 upside down1 or partially printed letters1 were corrected4 ,final stops missing at the end of sentences1 lists1 and abbreviations were added4 ,duplicate words and syllables at line endings or page breaks were removed4 ,other ,changes3 ,commas used as a decimal point were changed to mid-dots in tables4 ,in the ,table of characters1 pg #cj1 substituted 4 for the symbol for ,gum 7a partial circle with a dot in the center74 ,capitalized column and section headers4 ,for consistency1 added missing stops after item numbers in 8,order of ,firing0 list1 and added missing commas at end of each item in the list4 ,excess punctuation was removed4 ,noted1 but not changed3 ,inconsistent use of stop at end of alpha groups of ,subscriber ,names4 ,inconsistent use of stop at end of column heads in tables4 ,inconsistent use of commas and stops after figure numbers4 ,inconsistent use of stops in the illustrations after the word 8,plate0 and the following number4 ,inconsistent use of ,roman numerals for ,plate numbers in the text while the plates use ,arabic numbers4 8,it's0 is sometimes used for 8its40 ,commas are occasionally used unexpectedly4