,,aft] ,,life ,,9 ,,roman ,,paganism ,,yale ,,univ]sity ,,mrs4 ,,hepsa ,,ely ,,silliman ,,memorial ,,lectures ,,silliman ,,memorial ,,lectures ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,yale ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,electricity ,,& ,,matt]4 ,by ,,joseph ,,john ,,?omson1 ,d4,,sc41 ,,ll4,d41 ,,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college & ,cav5di% ,pr(essor ( ,exp]im5tal ,physics1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 7,f\r? pr9t+47 ,,! ,,integrative ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 ,by ,,*>les ,s4 ,,%]r+ton1 ,d4,,sc41 ,m4,d41 ,,hon4 ,,ll4,d4 ,,tor41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,holt ,pr(essor ( ,physiology1 ,univ]sity ( ,liv]pool4 7,six? pr9t+47 ,,radioactive ,,trans=mations4 ,by ,,erne/ ,,ru!r=d1 ,d4,,sc41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,macdonald ,pr(essor ( ,physics1 ,mc,gill ,univ]sity4 7,second pr9t+47 ,,exp]im5tal ,,& ,,!oretical ,,applications ,,( ,,!rmodynamics ,,to ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,,dr4 ,,walt] ,,n]n/1 ,pr(essor & ,director ( ! ,in/itute ( ,physical ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,problems ,,( ,,g5etics4 ,by ,,william ,,bateson1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,director ( ! ,john ,innes ,horticultural ,in/itution1 ,m]ton ,p>k1 ,surrey1 ,engl&4 7,second pr9t+47 ,,/ell> ,,motions4 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,motions ,det]m9$ by ,means ( ! ,spectrograph4 ,by ,,william ,,wallace ,,campbell1 ,,sc4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,director ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 7,second pr9t+47 ,,!ories ,,( ,,solutions4 ,by ,,svante ,,arrh5ius1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,sc4,d41 ,m4,d41 ,director ( ! ,physico-,*emical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,nobel ,in/itute1 ,/ockholm1 ,sw$54 7,?ird pr9t+47 ,,irritability4 ,a ,physiological ,analysis ( ! ,g5]al ,effect ( ,/imuli 9 ,liv+ ,sub/ances4 ,by ,,max ,,v]worn1 ,m4,d41 ,,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor at ,bonn ,physiological ,in/itute4 7,second pr9t+47 ,,problems ,,( ,,am]ican ,,geology4 ,by ,,william ,,nor? ,,rice1 ,,frank ,d4 ,,adams1 ,,ar?ur ,p4 ,,coleman1 ,,*>les ,d4 ,,walcott1 ,,waldem> ,,l9dgr51 ,,fr$]ick ,,leslie ,,ransome1 ,,& ,,william ,d4 ,,mat!w4 7,second pr9t+47 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,volcanism4 ,by ,,joseph ,,paxson ,,idd+s1 ,,ph4,b41 ,,sc4,d4 7,second pr9t+47 ,,organism ,,& ,,environm5t ,,z ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,brea?+4 ,by ,,john ,,scott ,,haldane1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,fell[ ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity4 7,second pr9t+47 ,a ,,c5tury ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce #ahah-aiah4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,salisbury ,,dana1 ,,*>les ,,s*u*]t1 ,,h]b]t ,e4 ,,gregory1 ,,joseph ,,b>rell1 ,,george ,,otis ,,smi?1 ,,ri*>d ,,swann ,,lull1 ,,l\is ,v4 ,,pirsson1 ,,william ,e4 ,,=d1 ,r4 ,b4 ,,sosman1 ,,horace ,l4 ,,wells1 ,,h>ry ,w4 ,,foote1 ,,leigh ,,page1 ,,wesley ,r4 ,,coe1 ,,& ,,george ,l4 ,,goodale4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,mod]n ,,m$ic9e4 ,by ,,sir ,,william ,,osl]1 ,,b>t41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,second pr9t+47 ,,respiration4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,haldane1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,fell[ ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 ,honor>y ,pr(essor1 ,birm+ham ,univ]sity4 ,,aft] ,,life ,,9 ,,roman ,,paganism4 ,by ,,franz ,,cumont4 ,,aft] ,,life ,,9 ,,roman ,,paganism ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,yale ,,univ]sity ,,on ,,! ,,silliman ,,f\ndation ,,by ,,franz ,,cumont ,illu/ration ,,new ,,hav5 ,,yale ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london ,,humphrey ,,mil=d ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,mdccccxxii ,,copyright1 #aibb1 ,,by ,,yale ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,to ,,my ,,fri5d ,,george ,,l9coln ,,h5drickson #ahhh-aibb ,,! ,,silliman ,,f\ndation ,9 ! ye> #ahhc a legacy ( eighty ?\s& doll>s 0 left to ! ,presid5t & ,fell[s ( ,yale ,college 9 ! city ( ,new ,hav51 to be held 9 tru/1 z a gift f h] *ildr51 9 memory ( _! belov$ & honor$ "m1 ,mrs4 ,hepsa ,ely ,silliman4 ,on ?is f\ndation ,yale ,college 0 reque/$ & direct$ to e/abli% an annual c\rse ( lectures design$ to illu/rate ! pres5ce & provid5ce1 ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god1 z manife/$ 9 ! natural & moral _w4 ,^! 7 to be designat$ z ! ,mrs4 ,hepsa ,ely ,silliman ,memorial ,lectures4 ,x 0 ! belief ( ! te/ator t any ord]ly pres5tation ( ! facts ( nature or hi/ory contribut$ to ! end ( ?is f\ndation m effectively ?an any attempt to emphasize ! elem5ts ( doctr9e or ( cre$2 & he !re=e provid$ t lectures on dogmatic or polemical !ology %\ld be exclud$ f ! scope ( ?is f\ndation1 & t ! subjects %\ld be select$1 r1 f ! doma9s ( natural sci5ce & hi/ory1 giv+ special prom95ce to a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 geology1 & anatomy4 ,x 0 fur!r direct$ t ea* annual c\rse %\ld be made ! basis ( a volume to =m "p ( a s]ies con/itut+ a memorial to ,mrs4 ,silliman4 ,! memorial fund came into ! possession ( ! ,corporation ( ,yale ,univ]sity 9 ! ye> #aija2 & ! pres5t volume con/itutes ! sixte5? ( ! s]ies ( memorial lectures4 ,,preface ,at ! invitation ( ! ,presid5t ( ,yale ,univ]sity & ( ,pr(essor ,russell ,h4 ,*itt5d51 *airman ( ! committee 9 *>ge ( ! ,silliman ,f\ndation1 ! lectures :i* are "h pres5t$ to a wid] public 7 deliv]$ 9 ,new ,hav5 dur+ ! mon? ( ,m>* ( ! ye> #aiba4 ,x 0 ! wi% ( ! committee t ,i %\ld speak ^u "s subject f ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,i *ose !re=e z my !me a matt] :i* _h occupi$ my att5tion = _m ye>s1 viz41 ! ideas curr5t 9 ,roman paganism conc]n+ ! lot ( ! s\l aft] dea?4 ,! argum5t has be5 treat$ m ?an once by di/+ui%$ s*ol>s & notably--to m5tion only an ,engli% book--by ,mrs4 ,ar?ur ,/rong 9 h] rec5t "w 8,apo!osis & ,aft] ,life10 a /udy *>act]is$ by p5etrat+ int]pretation1 especially ( ar*aeological monum5ts4 ,b we d n yet possess = ! ,roman imp]ial epo* a c\nt]p>t to ,rohde's classical volume1 8,psy*e10 = ! e>li] ,greek p]iod1 t is1 a "w 9 :i* ! :ole evolution ( ,roman belief & speculation reg>d+ a future life is set =?4 ,^! lectures _c claim to fill ?is gap4 ,!y may h[ev] be look$ ^u z a sket* ( ! desir$ inve/igation1 9 :i*1 ?\gh )\t ! detail$ citation ( support+ evid5ce1 an attempt at lea/ has be5 made to trace ! broad outl9es ( ! subject 9 all its magnitude4 ,! lectures are pr9t$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y 7 deliv]$4 ,! necessity ( mak+ ea* "o intelligible to an audi5ce :i* 0 n always ! same1 has made inevitable "s repetitions4 ,cross ref]5ces h be5 add$1 :]e ! same topics are treat$ 9 diff]5t connections4 ,h[ev]1 9 a book int5d$ prim>ily = ! g5]al read]1 ! s*ol>ly app>atus has be5 r$uc$ to a m9imum & z a rule indicates only ! s\rce ( passages quot$ 9 ! text4 ,my ackn[l$gm5t is due to ,miss ,hel5 ,d\glas ,irv9e1 :o ) skill & intellig5t und]/&+ ( ! subject translat$ into ,engli% ! ,fr5* text ( ^! lectures4 ,i wi% also to express my gratitude to my fri5ds1 ,pr(essor ,george ,l9coln ,h5drickson1 :o took ^u himself ! t$i\s task ( read+ ! manuscript & ! pro(s ( ?is book & to :om ,i am indebt$ = _m valuable sugge/ions bo? 9 matt] & 9 =m1 & ,pr(essor ,grant ,%[]man1 :o oblig+ly cons5t$ to revise ! la/ *apt]s be=e !y 7 pr9t$4 ,rome1 ,septemb]1 #aibb4 ,,cont5ts ,,preface4 ,p4 xi4 ,,hi/orical ,,introduction4 ,g5]al view ( ! subject1 #a--,! anci5t beliefs3 aft] life 9 ! tomb1 #c--;9 ! ne!r _w1 #d--,philosophical criticism1 #e--;,academic & ,p]ipatetic s*ools1 #f--;,epicureans1 #g--,/oics1 #ab--,scepticism at ! end ( ! ,republic1 #af--;,e>?ly immortality1 #ai--,rebir? ( ,py?agorism1 #bj--;,its tea*+1 #bd--,posidonius1 #bg--;,cic]o1 #ca--;,diffusion ( ! my/]ies1 #cc--;,h]metic writ+s & ,*aldean oracles1 #ch--,plut>*1 #ci--,! second & ?ird c5turies1 #ci--,neo-,platonism1 #dj--;,conclusion1 #dc4 ,i4 ,,aft] ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,tomb4 ,survival ( primitive beliefs1 #dd--;,aft] life ( ! body1 #de--,! tomb 8et]nal h\se10 #dh--;,food = ! dead1 #ej--,sacrifices1 #ea--;,fun]al meals1 #eb--;,g>d5s1 #ef--;,connection ( ! dead ) ! liv+1 #eg--,! a]ial s\ls1 #ei--;,b5efic5t1 #fj--or ,malevol5t1 #fc--,s\ls ( ! unburi$1 #fd--;,become gho/s1 #fg4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ne!r ,,_w4 ,belief 9 ! ne!r _w1 #gj--;,aft] life prolongation ( e>?ly life1 #gb--;,greek doctr9es introduc$ into ,italy1 #gc--,philosophical criticism1 #gf--;,hades transport$ to ?is life1 #gh--;,di/9ction ( 8s\l0 & %ade1 #gi--;,hades is ! l[] hemisph]e1 #gi--;,hades 9 ! air1 #ha--,scepticism1 #hc--,p]si/5ce ( old tradition 9 lit]ature & art1 #hd--;,anci5t beliefs ma9ta9$ 9 ! p1 #hf--,neo-,platoni/s1 #hg--,p]sian dualism1 #hi4 ,,iii4 ,,cele/ial ,,immortality4 ,widespread beliefs t s\ls rise to ! />s1 #ia--,unkn[n 9 anci5t ,greece1 #id--,py?agorism1 #ie--,lun> immortality1 #if--,sol> immortality1 #ajj--;,comb9ation ( bo?1 #ajb--,/ell> immortality1 #ajc--;,comb9$ ) ! o!r doctr9es3 ?ree /ages1 #ajf--,passage ?r\gh ! planet>y sph]es1 #ajg--,s\ls rise above ! />s1 #ajh4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,w9n+ ,,( ,,immortality4 ,anci5t conception ( immortality1 #aaj--;,em95t m5 gods on e>?1 #aaa--;,immortality ( ! few1 #aad--,my/]ies claim to procure 8deification10 #aaf--,lu/rations1 #aah--,unctions1 #aai--,ritual banquets1 #abj--,! gnosis1 #aba--;,id5tification ) a p>ticul> god1 #abb--;,illum9ation by ! a/ral div9ities1 #abc--,philosophy also leads to union ) ,god1 #abd4 ,v4 ,,untimely ,,dea?4 ,*ildr5 n admitt$ to ! ,elysian ,fields1 #abh--,^? :o die viol5t dea?s1 #abi--;,influ5ce ( a/rology1 #aca--,py?agorism1 #acb--,magic1 #acd--,philosophical reaction1 #acf--;,*ildr5 initiat$1 #ach--,_! s\ls rise to heav51 #aci--;,diff]5t categories ( bio?anati1 #ada--,soldi]s sla9 9 battle1 #adb--,suicides1 #adc--;,execut$ crim9als1 #ade--,p]si/5ce ( anci5t beliefs1 #adf4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,! ,,beyond4 ,j\rney to ! ne!r _w1 #adh--,! ,py?agorean ,y1 #aej--,! two roads1 #aeb--;,h[ ! dead rea* heav51 #aec--,on foot1 by means ( a ladd]1 #aec--;,9 a boat1 #aed--,on horseback1 #aee--;,9 a *>iot1 #aef--;,z a bird1 #aeg--;,c>ri$ by an eagle1 #aeh--,sol> attraction1 #afj--,physical !ory1 #afa--,! air peopl$ ) demons1 #afb--,! gates ( ! planet>y sph]es1 #afb--;,guide ( ! s\ls1 #afc--,physical "* ( ! dead1 #afd--,! %ade & ! s\l1 #afg--;,di/9ction ( s\l & reason1 #afh--,neo-,platonic 8vehicle10 #afi4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,suff]+s ,,( ,,hell ,,& ,,metempsy*osis4 ,orig9 9 ,hom]1 #agj--,orphic !ology1 #aga--,resemblance to p5al law1 #agb--;,apocryphal gospel ( ,pet]1 #agc--,ori5tal influ5ce1 #agd--;,fire ( hell1 #age--,metempsy*osis1 its animi/ic basis1 #agg--,orig9 9 ,greece1 #agg--,s\ls pass+ cont9u\sly ?r\gh diff]5t k9ds ( be+s1 #agi--,re9c>nation a puni%m5t1 #ahj--8,pal+5esis0 or uncont9u\s re9c>nation1 #ahb--,transmigration f man to man1 #ahc--,purification ( ! s\l 9 ! air1 #ahd--;by wat] & fire1 #ahe--,purgatory 9 ! atmosph]e1 #ahf--,! purifi$ _s rema9s 9 heav51 #ahg4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,felicity ,,( ,,! ,,bless$4 ,re/ 9 ! tomb1 #aij--;9 ! ne!r _w1 #aic--;9 ! light ( heav51 #aic--,p]si/5ce ( ^! ideas among ! ,*ri/ians1 #aif--,repa/ ( ! dead1 #aii--,repa/ 9 ! ne!r _w1 #bja--,! fun]al banquet & ! sacr$ meal ( ! my/]ies1 #bjc--;,banquet 9 heav51 #bje--,p]si/5ce 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #bjf--,! sight ( ! god1 #bjg--;,9 ! a/ral cults1 #bjh--;,communion ( man ) ! />s1 #bji--;,immortality a contemplation ( ! a/ral gods1 #baj--;,a/ral my/icism1 #baa--;,ec/asy ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s1 #bab--,la/ conception ( et]nal bliss1 #bac4 ,,index4 ,p4 #bae4 ,,hi/orical ,,introduction ,! idea ( dea? has p]haps nev] be5 m pres5t to humanity ?an dur+ ! ye>s ?r\gh :i* we h j pass$4 ,x has be5 ! daily companion ( millions ( m5 engag$ 9 a murd]\s conflict2 x has haunt$ ! ev5 l>g] numb] :o h trembl$ = ! lives ( _! ne>e/ & de>e/2 x is /ill con/antly 9 ! ?\ghts ( ! _m :o nurse regret = ^? !y lov$4 ,& d\btless also1 ! fai? or ! hope has nev] m impos$ itself1 ev5 on ! unbeliev+1 t ^! c\ntless multitudes1 fill$ ) moral =ce & g5]\s passion1 :o h ent]$ et]nity1 h n :olly p]i%$1 t ! ard\r :i* animat$ !m 0 n ext+ui%$ :5 _! limbs grew cold1 t ! _s :i* impell$ !m to self-sacrifice 0 n dissipat$ ) ! atoms :i* =m$ _! bodies4 ,^! feel+s 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts also1 :o gave to ?is v conviction ! =m sugge/$ by _! religion4 ,p]icles#a 9 8 fun]al eulogy ( ! w>riors :o fell at ! siege ( ,samos decl>$ t !y :o die = _! c\ntry become l ! immortal gods1 & t1 invisible l !m1 !y /ill scatt] _! b5efits on u4 ,! ideas on immortality held 9 antiquity are (t5 ?us at once f> f & ne> to our own--ne> because !y correspond to aspirations :i* are n antique or mod]n1 b human1 f> because ! ,olympians n[ h fall5 into ! deep gulf :]e lie de?ron$ deities4 ,^! ideas become m & m l ! conceptions famili> to u z gradually _! "t gr[s lat]1 & ^? g5]ally admitt$ at ! end ( paganism are analog\s to ! doctr9es accept$ ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ,i flatt] myself1 !re=e1 t :5 ,i speak to y ( ! beliefs 9 a future life held 9 ,roman times ,i h *os5 a subject :i* is n v remote f u nor su* z has no relation to our pres5t ?\ght or is capable ( int]e/+ only ! le>n$4 ,we c "h trace only ! outl9es ( ?is va/ subject4 ,i am aw>e t x is always imprud5t to haz>d moral g5]alisations3 !y are always wrong some:]e4 ,above all1 x is p]il\s to attempt to det]m9e ) a few words ! inf9ite v>iety ( individual cre$s1 = no?+ escapes hi/orical obs]vation m easily ?an ! intimate convictions ( m51 :i* !y (t5 hide ev5 f ^? ne> !m4 ,9 p]iods ( scepticism pi\s s\ls cl+ to old beliefs2 ! cons]vative cr[d rema9s fai?ful to ance/ral traditions4 ,:5 religion is resum+ its empire1 rationali/ic m9ds resi/ ! contagion ( fai?4 ,x is especially difficult to asc]ta9 up to :at po9t ideas adopt$ by intellectual circles succe$$ 9 p5etrat+ ! deep masses ( ! p4 ,! epitaphs :i* h be5 pres]v$ give u too scanty & too sp>se evid5ce 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,besides1 9 paganism a dogma does n necess>ily exclude its opposite dogma3 ! two sometimes p]si/ side by side 9 "o m9d z diff]5t possibilities1 ea* ( :i* is au?oris$ by a respectable tradition4 ,y w !re=e make ! necess>y res]vations to su* ( my /atem5ts z are too absolute4 ,i %all be able to po9t out "h only ! great spiritual curr5ts :i* successively br\ght to ,rome new ideas z to ! ,beyond1 & to sket* ! evolution und]gone by ! doctr9es z to ! lot & ! abode ( s\ls4 ,y w n expect me to be precise z to ! numb] ( ! p>tisans ( ea* ( ^! doctr9es 9 ! v>i\s p]iods4 ,at lea/ we c di/+ui% ! pr9cipal phases ( ! religi\s movem5t :i* caus$ imp]ial society to pass f incr$ulity to c]ta9 =ms ( belief 9 immortality1 =ms at fir/ some:at crude b aft]w>ds l(ti]1 & we c see :]e ?is movem5t l$4 ,! *ange 0 a capital "o & trans=m$ = ! anci5ts ! :ole conception ( life4 ,! axis ab\t :i* morality revolv$ _h to be %ift$ :5 e?ics no long] s\ght1 z 9 e>li] ,greek philosophy1 to realise ! sov]eign good on ?is e>? b look$ = x aft] dea?4 ,!nce=? ! activity ( man aim$ less at tangible realities1 ensur+ well-be+ to ! family or ! city or ! /ate1 & m at atta9+ to ! fulfilm5t ( ideal hopes 9 a sup]natural _w4 ,our soj\rn "h bel[ 0 conceiv$ z a prep>ation = ano!r exi/5ce1 z a transitory trial :i* 0 to result 9 inf9ite felicity or suff]+4 ,?us ! table ( e?ical values 0 turn$ upside d[n4 8,all our actions & all our ?\ghts10 says ,pascal1 8mu/ foll[ s diff]5t a c\rse if !re are et]nal possessions = :i* we may hope ?an if !re are n1 t x is impossible to take any direct$ & well-judg$ /ep except by regulat+ x 9 view ( ?is po9t :i* ought to be our ultimate goal40#b ,we w attempt fir/ to sket* 9 a g5]al introduction ! hi/orical trans=mation :i* belief 9 ! future life und]w5t betwe5 ! ,republican p]iod & ! fall ( paganism4 ,!n1 9 ?ree lectures1 we w exam9e m closely ! v>i\s conceptions ( ! abode ( ! dead held "u ! ,roman ,empire1 /udy 9 ?ree o!rs ! conditions or ! means :i* enable m5 to atta9 to immortality & 9 ! la/ two set =? ! lot ( s\ls 9 ! ,beyond4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! c9]>y vases ( ! prehi/oric p]iod are (t5 modell$ 9 ! %ape ( huts3 ?r\gh\t1 fun]al sculpture foll[s ! tradition t ! tomb %\ld reproduce ! dwell+1 & until ! end ( antiquity x 0 designat$1 9 ! ,we/ z 9 ! ,ea/1 z ! 8et]nal h\se0 ( him :o re/$ 9 x4 ,?us a conception ( ! tomb :i* goes back to ! remote/ ages & p]si/s ?r\gh ! c5turies reg>ds x z 8! la/ dwell+0 ( ^? :o h left u2 & ?is expression has n yet gone out ( use4 ,x 0 believ$ t a dead man cont9u$ to live1 9 ! n>r[ space grant$ him1 a life :i* 0 grop+1 obscure1 prec>i\s1 yet l t he l$ on e>?4 ,subject to ! same ne$s1 oblig$ to eat & to dr9k1 he expect$ ^? :o _h be5 ne>e/ to him to appease 8 hung] & ?ir/4 ,! ut5sils he _h us$1 ! ?+s he _h c>$ =1 7 (t5 deposit$ beside him s t he might pursue ! occupations & enjoy ! amusem5ts :i* he _h =sak5 9 ! _w4 ,if he 7 satisfi$ he w\ld /ay quietly 9 ! furni%$ h\se provid$ = him & w\ld n seek to av5ge himself on ^? ^: neglect _h caus$ him suff]+4 ,fun]al rites 7 orig9ally inspir$ r by fe> ?an by love4 ,!y 7 precautions tak5 aga9/ ! _s ( ! dead r ?an pi\s c>e be/[$ 9 _! int]e/4#c ,= ! dead 7 p[]ful2 _! action 0 /ill felt2 !y 7 n immur$ 9 ! tomb or conf9$ b5ea? ! gr\nd4 ,m5 saw !m reappe> 9 dreams1 we>+ _! =m] aspect4 ,!y 7 descri$ dur+ %ad[y vigils2 _! voices 7 he>d & _! movem5ts not$4 ,imag9ation conceiv$ !m su* z !y _h once be52 recollection ( !m fill$ ! memory & to ?9k ( su* app>itions z idle or unreal seem$ impossible4 ,! dead subsi/$1 !n1 z nebul\s1 impalpable be+s1 p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses only exceptionally4 ,"h ! belief t _! rema9s _h n q lo/ all feel+ m+l$ ) ! equally primitive & univ]sal belief t ! s\l is a brea?1 exhal$ ) ! la/ sigh4 ,! vapor\s %ade1 sometimes a dang]\s b sometimes a succ\r+ p[]1 w&]$ by night 9 ! atmosph]e & haunt$ ! places :i* ! liv+ man _h be5 us$ to frequ5t4 ,except = "s sceptical reason]s1 all antiquity admitt$ ! reality ( ^! phantoms4 ,c5tury-old beliefs1 ma9ta9$ by traditional rites1 ?us p]si/$1 m or less def9itely1 9 ! popul> m9d1 ev5 aft] new =ms ( ! future life 7 imag9$4 ,_m ve/iges ( ^! beliefs h surviv$ until today4 ,! fir/ trans=mation und]gone by ! primitive conception 0 to ent]ta9 ! op9ion t ! dead :o are deposit$ 9 ! gr\nd ga!r toge!r 9 a great cavity inside ! b[els ( ! e>?4#d ,?is belief 9 ! ne!r _w is f\nd among mo/ ( ! peoples ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas93 ! ,%eol ( ! ,hebrews diff]s little f ! ,hom]ic ,hades & ! ,italic ,inf]i4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t ! sub/itution ( inc9]ation = inhumation contribut$ to spread+ ?is new mann] ( conceiv+ life beyond ! tomb3 ! %ade c\ld n rema9 atta*$ to a h&ful ( a%es enclos$ 9 a puny urn4 ,x w5t1 !n1 to jo9 its fell[s :o _h gone d[n into ! d>k dwell+ :]e reign$ ! gods ( a subt]ranean k+dom4 ,b z gho/s c\ld leave _! graves 9 ord] to tr\ble or to help m51 s ! sw>ms ( ! inf]nal spirits rose to ! upp] _w ?r\gh ! natural op5+s ( ! e>?1 or ?r\gh dit*es dug = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ communication ) !m & conciliat+ !m ) (f]+s4 ,! ,romans d n seem to h imag9$ survival 9 ! inf]nal regions v diff]5tly f ! survival ( ! vague monoton\s %ades 9 _! tombs4 ,_! ,manes or ,lemures _h no m>k$ p]sonality or cle>ly *>act]is$ individual features4 ,! ,inf]i 7 n1 z 9 ,greece1 a /age = ! enactm5t ( a tragic drama2 _! inhabitants _h no orig9al life1 & 9 ! lot dealt to !m no idea ( retribution c be disc]n$4 ,9 ?is matt] x 0 ! ,hell5es :o impos$ _! conceptions ( ,hades on ! ,italic peoples & gave !m ^? half my?ical & half !ological beliefs :i* ,orphism _h introduc$ 9 _! own religion4 ,hell5ic influ5ce 0 felt directly ?r\gh ! colonies ( ,great] ,greece1 indirectly ?r\gh ! ,etruscans1 ^: fun]al sculpture %[s u t !y _h adopt$ all ! famili> figures ( ! ,greek ,hades--,*>on1 ,c]b]us1 ! ,furies1 ,h]mes ,psy*opompos & ! o!rs4#e ,f ! "t :5 ,lat9 lit]ature _h its beg9n+s & ! ,lat9 !atre 0 born1 we f9d writ]s tak+ pleasure 9 reproduc+ ! ,hell5ic fables ( ,t>t>us & ! ,elysian ,fields2 & ,plautus#f c already make "o ( 8 *>act]s say t he has se5 8_m pa9t+s repres5t+ ! pa9s ( ,a*]on40 ,?is inf]nal my?ology became an inexhau/ible !me :i* gave matt] to poetry & art until ! end ( antiquity & beyond x4 ,we %all see1 9 lat] lectures1 h[ ! religi\s traditions ( ! ,greeks 7 subject$ to v>i\s trans=mations & int]pretations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ,greece did n introduce poetic beliefs only into ,rome3 %e also caus$ h] philosophy to be adopt$ !re f ! second c5tury onw>ds1 & ?is philosophy t5d$ to be de/ructive bo? ( ^? beliefs & ( ! old native fai? 9 ! ,manes & 9 ! ,orcus4 ,polybius1#g :5 speak+ appreciatively ( ! religion ( ! ,romans1 praises !m = hav+ inculcat$ 9 ! p a fai? 9 num]\s sup]/iti\s practices & tragic fictions4 ,he consid]s ?is to be an excell5t way ( keep+ !m to _! duty by ! fe> ( inf]nal puni%m5t4 ,h5ce we ga!r t if ! hi/orian ?\ght x well = ! p to believe 9 ^! inv5tions1 !n1 9 8 op9ion1 enlight5$ p]sons1 l 8 fri5ds ! ,scipios1 c\ld see 9 !m no?+ b ! /ratagems ( a prud5t policy4 ,b ! scepticism ( a n>r[ circle ( ari/ocrats c\ld n be conf9$ to x = long :5 ,greek ideas 7 m widely propagat$4 ,greek philosophy made an e>ly attack on ! ideas held z to a future life4 ,ev5 ,democritus1 ! =]unn] ( ,epicurus1 spoke ( 8"s p :o ignore ! dissolution ( our mortal nature &1 aw>e ( ! p]v]sity ( _! life1 pass _! "t 9 unre/ & 9 fe> & =ge = !mselves deceitful fables z to ! "t :5 foll[s _! end40#h ,x is true t 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,plato's idealism _h suppli$1 if n a /rict pro( ( immortality1 yet reasons = x suffici5t to procure its acceptance by su* z desir$ to be conv9c$4 ,b 9 ! ,alex&rian age1 :i* 0 ! surpass+ly sci5tific p]iod ( ,greek ?\ght1 !re 0 a t5d5cy to remove all metaphysical & my?ical conceptions ( ! s\l's de/9y f ! field ( contemplation4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ,academy1 ,plato's own s*ool1 unfai?ful to its f\nd]'s doctr9es1 0 l$ by m5 :o1 l ,c>neades1 rais$ scepticism to a sy/em & /at$ t man c rea* no c]ta9ty4 ,we "k t :5 ,c>neades 0 s5t to ,rome z ambassador 9 #aef ,b4 ,c4 he made a great impression by ma9ta9+ t ju/ice is a matt] ( conv5tion1 & t he 0 consequ5tly bani%$ by ! s5ate z a dang] to ! /ate4 ,b we ne$ only read ,cic]o's works to le>n :at a la/+ influ5ce 8 p[]fully de/ructive dialectics _h4 ,! dogmatism ( o!r sects 0 at ?is "t h>dly at all m fav\rable to ! traditional beliefs 9 ano!r life4 ,ari/otle _h ?\ght t human reason alone p]si/$1 & t ! emotional & nutritive s\l 0 de/roy$ ) ! body1 b he left no p]sonality to ?is pure intellig5ce1 depriv$ ( all s5sibility4 ,he def9itely d5i$ t ! 8bless$0 c\ld be happy4 ,) him beg9s a long p]iod dur+ :i* ,greek philosophy ne>ly ceas$ to speculate on de/9y beyond ! grave4 ,x 0 repugnant to ,p]ipatetic philosophy to conc]n itself ) ! exi/5ce ( a s\l :i* c\ld be nei!r conceiv$ nor def9$ by reason4 ,"s ( ,ari/otle's imm$iate disciples1 l ,ari/ox5us & ,dicae>*us1 or ,/raton ( ,lampsacus1 ! pupil ( ,!ophra/us1 agre$ 9 d5y+ immortality altoge!r2 & lat]1 9 ! "t ( ! ,sev]i1 ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias1 ! great comm5tator ( ,! ,/agirite1 und]took to prove t ! entire s\l1 t is ! high] & ! l[] s\l1 _h ne$ ( ! body 9 ord] to be active & p]i%$ ) x1 & t su* 0 ! v]itable ?\ght ( ! ma/]4 ,b pr(\ndly z ,p]ipateticism affect$ ,greek ?\ght1 directly & indirectly1 9 practically disc>d+ ! future life1 ?is 0 n ! philosophy :i* dom9at$ m9ds t[>ds ! end ( ! ,roman ,republic4 ,o!r s*ools !n _h a mu* wid] influ5ce & made ?is influ5ce felt mu* m deeply on es*atological beliefs4 ,^! s*ools 7 ,epicureanism & ,/oicism4 ,epicurus took up aga9 ! doctr9e ( ,democritus1 & taught t ! s\l1 :i* 0 compos$ ( atoms1 0 dis9tegrat$ at ! mom5t ( dea?1 :5 x 0 no long] held toge!r by its fle%ly wrapp+1 & t its transitory unity 0 !n de/roy$ = ev]4 ,! vital brea?1 aft] be+ expell$1 01 he said1 buffet$ by ! w9ds & dissolv$ 9 ! air l mi/ or smoke1 ev5 be=e ! body 0 decompos$4 ,?is 0 s anci5t a conception t ,hom] _h made use ( a l comp>ison1 & ! idea t ! viol5ce ( ! w9d c act on s\ls z a de/ructive =ce 0 famili> to ,a!nian *ildr5 9 ,plato's "t4#i ,b if ! s\l ?us resolves itself1 aft] dea?1 into its elem5t>y pr9ciples1 h[ c phantoms come to fright5 u 9 ! wat*es ( ! night or belov$ be+s visit u 9 our dreams8 ,^! simulacra 77 are = ,epicurus no m ?an emanations ( p>ticles ( an extreme t5uity1 con/antly issu+ f bodies & keep+ = "s "t _! =m & appe>ance4 ,!y act on our s5ses z d col\r & sc5t & awake 9 u ! image ( a vani%$ be+4 ,?us we are v[$ to annihilation1 b ?is lot is n "o to be dread$4 ,dea?1 :i* is held to be ! mo/ horrible ( ills1 is 9 reality no?+ ( ! sort1 s9ce ! de/ruction ( our organism aboli%es all its s5sibility4 ,! "t :5 we no long] exi/ is no m pa9ful = u ?an t :5 we _h n yet our be+4 ,z ,plato d$uc$ ! p]si/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea? f its suppos$ previ\s exi/5ce1 s ,epicurus drew an opposite conclusion f our ignorance ( our e>li] life2 &1 accord+ to him1 ! conviction t we p]i% :olly c alone ensure our tranquillity ( _s by deliv]+ u f ! fe> ( et]nal torm5t4 ,!re is no "o ( ! ma/]'s doctr9es on :i* 8 disciples insi/ ) m complac5t assurance4 ,!y praise him = hav+ fre$ m5 f ! t]rors ( ! ,beyond2 !y ?ank him = hav+ taught !m n to fe> dea?2 8 philosophy appe>s to !m z a lib]ator ( s\ls4 ,lucretius 9 8 ?ird book1 ( :i* eighte5?-c5tury philosoph]s delight$ to celebrate ! m]its1 claims1 ) a sort ( exaltation1 to drive f m5's he>ts 8t dread ( ,a*]on :i* tr\bles human life to its inmo/ dep?s40#aj ,! sage sees all ! cruel fictions1 ) :i* fable _h peopl$ ! k+dom ( t]rors1 scatt]$ abroad1 &1 :5 he has rid himself ( ! dismay :i* haunts ! common man1 :i* ca/s a m\rnful veil ov] ?+s & leaves no joy unmix$1 he f9ds a bless$ calm1 ! p]fect quietude or 8at>axia40 ,?is doctr9e1 :i* ,lucretius prea*$ ) ! en?usiasm ( a neophyte won to ! true fai?1 _h a pr(\nd reaction 9 ,rome4 ,its adepts 9 ,cic]o's circle 7 num]\s1 includ+ ,cassius1 ! murd]] ( ,caes>4 ,sallu/ goes s f> z to make ,caes> himself affirm1 9 full s5ate1 t dea?1 ! re/ f torm5t1 dispels ! ills :i* afflict mank9d1 t beyond x !re is nei!r joy nor sorr[4#aa ,m5 ( sci5ce1 9 p>ticul>1 7 attract$ by ^! !ories4 ,9 a celebrat$ passage ,pl9y ! ,naturali/1 aft] categorically decl>+ t nei!r ! s\l nor ! body has any m s5sation aft] dea? ?an be=e ! day ( bir?1 ends ) a vehem5t apo/rophe3 8,unhappy "o1 :at folly is ?9e :o 9 dea? r5ewe/ life6 ,:]e w creatures ev] f9d re/ if s\ls 9 heav51 if %ades 9 ! inf]nal regions1 /ill h feel+8 ,?r\gh ?is complac5t cr$ulity we lose dea?1 ! greate/ boon :i* belongs to our nature1 & ! suff]+s ( our la/ h\r are d\bl$ by ! fe> ( :at w foll[ aft]4 ,if x be inde$ sweet to live1 = :om c x be s to h liv$8 ,h[ mu* easi] & m c]ta9 is ! belief :i* ea* man c draw f 8 own exp]i5ce1 :5 he pictures 8 future tranquillity on ! patt]n ( t :i* prec$$ 8 bir?60#ab ,ev5 ,s5eca 9 "o ( 8 trag$ies1 an e>ly "w1 makes ! *orus ( ,trojan wom5 declaim a long pr(ession ( fai? :i* is ! pure/ ,epicureanism4#ac ,! invasion ( ! ,roman _w by ! ,ori5tal my/]ies & sup]/itions 9 ! second c5tury caus$ ! unbeliev]s to exalt ,epicurus yet high]4 ,! satiri/ ,lucian1 us+ almo/ ! same expressions z ,lucretius1 proclaims ! truly sacr$ & div9e "* ( him :o alone knew ! good ) ! true1 & :o transmitt$ x to 8 disciples1 to :om he gave moral lib]ty4#ad ,believ]s ev]y:]e look$ ^u him z a t]rible blasphem]4 ,! prophet ,alex&] ( ,abonoti*os enjo9$ all :o w\ld obta9 div9e graces to drive away ) /ones 8a!i/s1 ,epicureans & ,*ri/ians10 & exclude !m f 8 my/]ies4#ae ,he ord]$ by an oracle t ! writ+s ( him :om he call$ 8! bl9d old man0 %\ld be burnt4 ,:5 my/icism & ,platonism triumph$ 9 ! ,roman _w1 ,epicureanism ceas$ to exi/4 ,x _h disappe>$ 9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury1 yet ,julian ! ,apo/ate ?\ght x advisable to include ! writ+s ( ,epicurus among ! books :i* 7 =bidd5 to ! prie/s ( 8 reviv$ paganism4#af ,?us dur+ sev]al c5turies ?is philosophy _h won a multitude ( foll[]s4 ,! inscriptions be> eloqu5t witness to ?is fact4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( !m is a long text :i* 0 set out on ! wall ( a portico 9 ! little t[n ( ,o5o&a 9 ,lycia4 ,a wor?y citiz51 ,diog5es by "n1 :o seems to h liv$ "u ! ,anton9es1 0 a conv9c$ p>tisan ( ! doctr9e ( ,epicurus2 & feel+ 8 end draw ne>1 he wi%$ to engrave an exposition !re( on m>ble = ! pres5t & future edification ( 8 c\ntrym5 & ( /rang]s4 ,he does n fail to ev9ce 8 contempt = dea?1 at :i*1 he says1 he has le>nt to mock4 8,i d n let myself be fright5$ by ! ,tityi & ! ,tantali :om "s repres5t 9 ,hades2 horror does n seize me :5 ,i ?9k ( ! putrefaction ( my body 444 :5 ! l9ks :i* b9d our organism are loos5$1 no?+ fur!r t\*es u40#ag ,^! are ideas :i* we f9d reproduc$ ev]y:]e1 9 v>i\s =ms1 = ,epicureanism did n only w9 conv9c$ p>tisans 9 ! mo/ cultivat$ circles1 b also spread 9 ! l[e/ /rata ( ! population1 z is prov$ by epitaphs express+ unbelief 9 an aft] life4 ,"s d n g beyond a %ort pr(ession ( fai?1 8,we are mortal2 we are n immortal40#ah ,"o maxim is repeat$ s (t5 t x is sometimes express$ only by initials1 8,i 0 n2 ,i 02 ,i am n2 ,i d n c>e40#ai ,s man goes back to no?+ness :5ce he w5t =?4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ?is epigraphic =mula 0 engrav$ especially on ! tombs ( slaves1 :o _h slight reason = atta*m5t to life4 ,gladiators also adopt$ ! s5t5ce3 ^! wret*$ m51 :o 7 to prove _! indiff]5ce to dea? 9 ! ar5a1 7 taught t x m>k$ ! de/ruction ( feel+ & ! t]m ( _! suff]+4 ,! same ?\ght is sometimes express$ less brutally1 almo/ t\*+ly4 ,?us a com$ian1 :o has sp\t$ _m v]ses & tramp$ _m roads1 voices 9 8 epitaph ! conviction t life is a loan1 l a "p 9 a play3 8,my m\? no long] gives out any s\nd2 ! noise ( applause no long] rea*es me2 ,i paid my debt to nature & h dep>t$4 ,all ?is is b du/40#bj ,ano!r actor1 :o recit$ ,hom]'s v]ses 9 ! fe/ivals1 tells u t he 8laughs at illusions & slumb]s s(tly10 return+ to ! ,epicurean comp>ison ( dea? ) an unconsci\s sleep :i* has no awak5+4#ba ,"s wordi] unbeliev]s felt ! ne$ ( enl>g+ on _! negations4#bb 8,!re is no boat ( ,hades1 no f]ryman ,*>on1 no ,aeacus z doorkeep]1 no dog ,c]b]us4 ,all we1 :om dea? s5ds d[n to ! e>?1 become bones & a%es & no m4444 ,(f] n p]fumes & g>l&s to my /ele3 x is b a /one2 burn no fire3 ! exp5diture is va94 ,if ?\ h a gift1 give x me :ile ,i live4 ,if ?\ give/ to my a%es to dr9k1 ?\ wilt make mud3 & ! dead w n dr9k4444 ,:5 ?\ scatt]e/ e>? on my rema9s1 say t ,i h aga9 become z ,i 0 :5 ,i 0 n40 ,?is la/ ?\ght occurs frequ5tly4 ,?us on a ,roman tomb we read3 8,we are & we 7 no?+4 ,see1 read]1 h[ swiftly we mortals g back f no?+ness to no?+ness40#bc ,sometimes ^! dead adopt a jok+ tone :i* is almo/ macabre4 ,?us a fre$man1 m]ry to ! grave1 boa/s ( ! am5ities ( 8 new /ate3 8,:at rema9s ( man1 my bones1 re/s sweetly "h4 ,i no long] h ! fe> ( sudd5 />vation2 ,i am exempt f attacks ( g\t2 my body is no long] pl$g$ = my r5t2 & ,i enjoy free & p]petual hospitality40#bd ,(t5 a gross] ,epicureanism recomm5ds t we make pr(it ( our e>?ly passage s9ce ! fatal t]m deprives u = ev] ( ! pleasures :i* are ! sov]eign good4 8,es bibe lude v5i0--8,eat1 dr9k1 play1 come hi!r0--is advice :i* is sev]al times repeat$4#be ,n uncommonly1 v>iations occur1 inspir$ by ! fam\s epitaph :i* 0 on ! alleg$ tomb ( ,s>danapalus & is resum$ 9 ! admonition3 8,indulge 9 voluptu\sness1 = only ?is pleasure wilt ?\ c>ry away ) !e02 or z x is express$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 8,let u eat & dr9k1 = tomorr[ we die40#bf ,s we read on a /one f\nd ne> ,b5ev5tum3 8,:at ,i h eat5 & :at ,i h drunk2 t is all t belongs to me40#bg ,a well-kn[n di/i* /ates t 8,ba?s1 w9e1 & love impair our bodies1 b ba?s1 w9e1 & love make life02#bh & a vet]an ( ! army _h advice bas$ on 8 own example engrav$ on 8 tomb1 8,:ile ,i liv$1 ,i drank will+ly2 dr9k1 ye :o live40#bi ,! exhortation to enjoy a life soon to be int]rupt$ by dea? is a traditional !me :i* has l5t itself to _m developm5ts 9 anci5t & mod]n poetry4 ,x is ! =mula :i* resumes ! wisdom ( ! popul> ,epicureanism4 ,"s silv] goblets1 f\nd 9 ,boscoreale ne> ,pompeii1#cj %[ u philosoph]s & poets among skeletons1 & inscriptions urg+ !m to rejoice :ile !y live1 s9ce no man is c]ta9 ( ! morr[4 ,epicurus appe>s 9 p]son1 8 h& /ret*+ t[>ds a cake on a table2 & betwe5 8 legs is a little pig lift+ 8 feet & sn\t to ! cake to take 8 %>e ( x4 ,above ! cake are ! ,greek words1 1 8,! supreme end is pleasure40 ,horace1 :5 he advises u to live f day to day )\t poison+ ! pass+ h\r ) hopes or fe>s = ! future1 speaks ( himself1 je/+ly1 z a fat 8hog ( ,epicurus' h]d40#ca ,x 0 ?us t ! vulg> int]pret$ ! precepts ( him :o _h 9 reality prea*$ mod]ation & r5unciation z ! means ( rea*+ true happ9ess4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ,epicureanism *ose its gr\nd z ! passionate adv]s>y ( religi\s beliefs1 ! o!r great sy/em :i* %>$ its dom9ance ( m9ds 9 ,rome1 ,/oicism1 s\ght1 on ! contr>y1 to reconcile ^! beliefs ) its !ories4 ,b ! allegorical int]pretations :i* ,/oicism sugge/$1 l$1 indirectly1 to ne>ly ! same result z a complete negation1 = :5 x *ang$ ! mean+ ( ! anci5t my?s x really de/roy$ ! traditions :i* x s\ght to pres]ve4 ,?is is true 9 p>ticul> ( its ideas z to ! future life4 ,x w be rememb]$ t man is = ! ,/oics a microcosm1 :o reproduces 9 8 p]son ! con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,! entire mass ( ! _w is conceiv$ by !m z animat$ by a div9e ,fire1 a fir/ pr9ciple :i* evokes ! succession ( natural ph5om5a4 ,an un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( causes1 ord]$ by ?is supreme reason1 necess>ily det]m9es ! c\rse ( ev5ts & irresi/ibly gov]ns ! exi/5ce ( ! great ,all4 ,?is cosmic life is conceiv$ z =m$ ( an inf9ite s]ies ( exactly simil> cycles3 ! f\r elem5ts are p]iodically reabsorb$ into ! pure/ ( _! numb]1 :i* is ! ,fire ( intellig5ce1 & !n1 aft] ! g5]al conflagration1 are once m dissociat$4 ,9 ! same way our organism lives1 moves & ?9ks because x is animat$ by a deta*$ p>ticle ( ?is fi]y pr9ciple :i* p5etrates ev]y?+4 ,z ?is pr9ciple rea*es to ! limits ( ! univ]se1 s our s\l occupies ! :ole body 9 :i* x lodges4 ,! pan!ism ( ! ,por* conceives z mat]ial bo? ,god & ! reason :i* rules u1 ! reason :i* is1 9 ! emphatic words ( ,epictetus1#cb 8a fragm5t ( ,god40 ,x is def9$ z a hot brea? 7 1 anima inflammata72 x is l ! pure/ "p ( ! air :i* ma9ta9s life by respiration1 or ! ard5t e!r :i* fe$s ! />s4 ,?is individual s\l ma9ta9s & pres]ves man1 z ! s\l ( ! _w1 by connect+ its v>i\s p>ts1 saves x f dis9tegration4 ,b on bo? sides ?is action is only tempor>y2 s\ls _c escape ! fatal lot impos$ on ! :ole ( :i* !y are b a t9y portion4 ,at ! end ( ea* cosmic p]iod ! univ]sal conflagration 77 w cause !m to return to ! div9e home :5ce all ( !m came =?4#cc ,b if ! new cycle1 mak+ its new beg9n+1 is to reproduce exactly t :i* prec$$ x1 a 8pal+5esis0 w "o day give to ! same s\ls1 end[$ ) ! same qualities1 ! same exi/5ce 9 ! same bodies =m$ ( ! same elem5ts4 ,?is is ! maximum limit ( ! immortality :i* ! mat]iali/ic pan!ism ( ! ,/oic philosophy c\ld conc$e4 ,nor did all ! doctors agree 9 grant+ x4 ,! v>iations ( ! s*ool on a po9t :i* seems to u ( capital importance are mo/ rem>kable4 ,:ile ,clean!s did inde$ admit t all s\ls ?us subsi/$ aft] _! brief passage on e>? = ?\s&s ( ye>s & until ! f9al ekpyrosis1 = ,*rysippus only ! s\ls ( ! sages _h "p 9 ?is re/rict$ immortality4 ,9 ord] to w9 x !y mu/ temp] _! /r5g? by resi/+ ! passions4 ,! weak1 :o _h let !mselves be conqu]$ 9 ! /ruggle ( ?is life1 fell 9 ! ,beyond also4#cd ,at ! mo/ !y obta9$ a %ort p]iod ( aft] life4 ,! brevity or ! abs5ce ( ?is o!r exi/5ce 0 ! *a/isem5t ( _! weakness4 ,?us1 almo/ ! same moral consequ5ces & incitem5ts to good c\ld be drawn f a conditional & dim9i%$ immortality1 z f ! g5]al et]nity ( pa9s & rew>ds :i* o!r ?9k]s taught4 ,b ! ,/oics 7 n unanim\s 9 adopt+ ^! doctr9es4 ,we d n cle>ly p]ceive h[ f> !y agre$ 9 admitt+ t ! s\l1 depriv$ ( corporeal organs1 0 end[$ ) feel+ &1 9 p>ticul>1 kept an individual consci5ce connect$ ) t possess$ on e>?4 ,x is c]ta9 t a def9itely negative t5d5cy %[$ itself 9 ,rome among ! sect>ies ( ,z5o4 ,panaetius1 ! fri5d ( ! ,scipios1 & "o ( ! writ]s :o did mo/ to w9 ! ,romans ov] to ! ideas ( ! ,por*1 "h dissociat$ himself f 8 ma/]s & absolutely d5i$ p]sonal survival4#ce ,?is attitude 0 subsequ5tly t ( _m ,roman ,/oics ( ^? :o repres5t$ ! s*ool's tradition mo/ purely4 ,! ma/] ( ! poet ,p]sius1 ,cornutus1 ( :om a %ort "w rema9s to u1 decl>$ t ! s\l di$ ) ! body1 imm$iately4#cf ,simil>ly1 at a lat] date1 ,epictetus & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 al?\gh !y sometimes seem to admit ! possibility ( survival1 c]ta9ly incl9e r to believe t s\ls are dis9tegrat$ & return to ! elem5tal mass :5ce !y 7 =m$4 ,ev5 ,s5eca1 :o is m sway$ by o!r t5d5cies & ^: wav]+ ?\ght does n always rema9 consi/5t nor p]spicu\s1 is n conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( immortality4 ,x is no m to him ?an a beautiful hope4 ,h[ is x t ,/oicism ?us hesitat$ at a po9t on :i* ! :ole conception ( human life seems to u to dep5d8 ,x 0 t es*atological !ories _h 9 reality only a second>y value 9 ?is sy/em1 ( :i* ! ess5tial "p 0 n affect$ by _! v>iability4 ,true ,/oicism plac$ ! realisation ( its ideal 9 ?is _w4 ,= x ! aim ( our exi/5ce "h bel[ 0 n prep>ation = dea? b ! conque/ ( p]fect virtue1 :i* fre$ him :o _h atta9$ to x f ! passions & ?us conf]r$ on him indep5d5ce & felicity4 ,man c\ld1 ( himself1 rea* a complete beatitude :i* 0 n impair$ by ! limits plac$ to 8 duration4 ,! sage1 a blissful be+1 0 a god on e>?3 heav5 c\ld give him no?+ m4 ,!re=e = ^! philosoph]s ! answ] to ! "q1 8,:at becomes ( u aft] dea?80 did n dep5d on moral consid]ations z x g5]ally does = u4 ,= !m x r foll[$ on physical !ories4 ,if ^! !ories all[ ( diff]5t solutions ( ! problem ( immortality1 !y agree on "o po9t--! impossibility t ! s\l1 if x is to la/ long] ?an we1 %\ld g d[n into ! dep?s ( ! e>?2 = ! s\l 01 z we h said1 conceiv$ z an ard5t brea?2 t is to say1 z =m$ ( ! two elem5ts1 air & fire1 :i* h ! prop]ty ( ris+ to ! heights4 ,its v nature prev5t$ its desc5t3 8x is impossible to conceive t x is borne d[nw>ds40#cg ,?us all ! vulg> notions z to ,hades 7 9 contradiction ) ,/oic psy*ology1 a po9t to :i* we w return 9 treat+ ( ! ne!r _w4#ch ,^! philosoph]s d inde$ speak ( ,hades b1 fai?ful to _! habits1 :ile !y use traditional t]ms !y give !m a new mean+4 8,! desc5t into ,hades0 is = !m simply ! dep>t+ f life1 ! transf]5ce ( ! s\l to new surr\nd+s4 ,?us ,epictetus1 :o uses ?is expression 7 71 cle>ly /ates 9 ano!r passage1 8,!re is no ,hades1 no ,a*]on1 no ,cocytus1 no ,pyriphlege?on1 b all is fill$ ) gods & demons40#ci ,^! gods & demons 71 h[ev]1 no m ?an p]sonifications ( ! =ces ( nature4#dj ,! true ,/oic doctr9e is1 !n1 t s\ls1 :5 !y leave ! corpse1 subsi/ 9 ! atmosph]e & especially 9 its highe/ "p :i* t\*es ! circle ( ! moon4#da ,b aft] a long] or less int]val ( "t !y1 l ! fle% & ! bones1 are decompos$ & dissolve into ! elem5ts :i* =m$ !m4 ,?is ?\ght1 l ,epicurean nihilism1 (t5 appe>s 9 epitaphs1 & %[s h[ ,/oic ideas _h spread among ! p4 ,?us on a tomb/one f\nd 9 ,moesia we read fir/ ! m\rnful /atem5t t !re is nei!r love nor fri5d%ip among ! dead & t ! corpse lies l a /one sunk into ! gr\nd4 ,!n ! dead man adds3#db 8,i 0 once compos$ ( e>?1 wat] & airy brea? 771 b ,i p]i%$1 & "h ,i re/1 hav+ r5d]$ all to ! ,all4 ,su* is ea* man's lot4 ,:at ( x8 ,!re1 :5ce my body came1 did x return1 :5 x 0 dissolv$40 ,sometimes !re is m insi/5ce on ! notion t ?is cosmic brea?1 9 :i* ours is ga!r$ up1 is ! godhead :o fills & rules ! _w4 ,s 9 ?is epitaph3 8,! holy _s :i* ?\ did/ be> has escap$ f ?y body4 ,t body rema9s "h & is l ! e>?2 ! _s pursues ! revolv+ heav5s2 ! _s moves all2 ! _s is n\ght else ?an ,god40#dc ,else:]e we f9d ! foll[+ brief =mula1 :i* sums up ! same idea3 8,! a%es h my body2 ! sacr$ air has borne away my s\l40#dd ,v *>act]i/ic is an inscription inspir$ by v]ses ( a ,greek poet1 on ! tomb ( a ,roman woman3 8,"h ,i lie dead & ,i am a%es2 ^! a%es are e>?4 ,if ! e>? be a goddess1 ,i too am a goddess & am n dead40#de ,^! v]ses express ! same great ?\ght 9 v>i\s =ms3 dea? is disappe>ance into ! dep?s ( div9e nature4 ,x is n = ! pres]vation ( an ephem]al p]sonality t we mu/ hope4 ,our s\l1 a fleet+ en]gy deta*$ f ! ,all1 mu/ ent] aga9 into ! ,all z mu/ our body3 bo? are absorb$ by ,god1 8,:5 t :i* drew f out ! b\ndless deep ,turns aga9 home40#df ,! fi]y brea? ( our intellig5ce is ga!r$1 z are ! matt] & ! hum\rs ( our organism1 into ! inexhau/ible res]voir :i* produc$ !m1 z "o day ! e>? & ! heav5s w be ga!r$ ?i!r also4 ,all mu/ be engulf$ 9 "o :ole1 mu/ lose itself 9 "o =getfulness4 ,:5 man has rea*$ ! t]m ( 8 fate1 he fa9ts into ! "o p[] :i* =ms & leads ! univ]se1 j z ! tir$ />s w be ext+ui%$ 9 x1 :5 _! days %all be accompli%$4 ,resi/ance to ! supreme law is va9 & pa9ful2 rebellion aga9/ ! irresi/ible ord] ( ?+s is impi\s4 ,! great virtue taught by ,/oicism is t ( submission to ! fatality :i* guides ! _w1 ( joy\s acceptance ( ! inevitable4 ,philosophic lit]ature & ! epitaphs pres5t to u1 repeat$ly & 9 a ?\s& =ms1 ! idea t we _c /rive aga9/ omnipot5t necessity1 t ! rule ( ?is rigid ma/] mu/ be borne )\t te>s or recrim9ations4 ,! wise man1 :o de/roys )9 himself desire ( any happ5+s1 enjoys ev5 dur+ ?is exi/5ce div9e calm 9 ! mid/ ( tribulations1 b ^? :om ! vicissitudes ( life drive or attract1 :o let illusions s$uce or grieve !m1 w at la/ obta9 remission ( _! tr\bles :5 !y rea* ! tranquil hav5 ( dea?4 ,?is ?\ght is express$ by a di/i* :i* (t5 recurs on tombs1 9 ,greek & 9 ,lat94 8,i h fl$1 escap$4 ,f>ewell1 ,hope & ,=tune4 ,i h no?+ m to d ) y4 ,make o!rs y\r sport40#dg ,/oic det]m9ism f\nd support 9 ! a/rology :i* orig9at$ 9 ,babylonia & 0 transplant$ to ,egypt1 & :i* spread 9 ! ,graeco-,lat9 _w f ! second c5tury ,b4 ,c4 onw>ds1 propagat+ its me*anical & fatali/ic conception ( ! univ]se4 ,accord+ to ?is pseudo-sci5ce1 all physical ph5om5a dep5d$ absolutely1 l ! "* & acts ( m51 on ! revolutions ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,?us all ! =ces ( nature & ! v en]gy ( intellig5ce act$ 9 accordance ) an inflexible necessity4 ,h5ce wor%ip _h no object & pray] no effect4 ,9 ?is way ! sid]eal div9ation1 :i* _h gr[n up 9 ! temples ( ! ,ea/1 end$ 9 ,greece1 among c]ta9 ( its adepts1 9 a negation ( ! v basis ( religion4#dh ,x is notewor?y t 9 ! writ+s left to u !re is h>dly an allusion to ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,:5 !y speak ( :at comes aft] dea? !re is "q only ( fun]als & po/hum\s glory4 ,we nev] f9d 9 !m a promise to ! un=tunate1 weigh$ d[n by misadv5ture & infirmities1 ( consolation or comp5sation 9 ! ,beyond4 ,! sy/ematic a/rology ( ! ,greeks limits its horizon to ?is _w1 al?\gh traces ( ! belief 9 ,hades subsi/ 9 its vocabul>y & its pr$ictions & al?\gh ?is same a/ral div9ation inspir$ 9 ! my/]ies c]ta9 es*atological !ories1 z we %all see lat]4#di 99 99 99 99 99 ,! rationali/ic & sci5tific p]iod ( ,hell5ic ?\ght :i* began1 z we h said1 ) ,ari/otle1 fill$ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod & cont9u$ until ! c5tury ( ,augu/us4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ,roman ,republic fai? 9 ! future life 0 r$uc$ to a m9imum & ! scepticism or indiff]5ce ( ! ,alex&rians 0 c>ri$ into ,italy4 ,! mock+ v]ses ( an epigram ( ,callima*us1 a man ( le>n+ z well z a poet1 is well kn[n4#ej 8,*>idas1 :at is !re d[n bel[8 ,deep d>kness4 ,b :at ( ! j\rneys upw>ds8 ,all lies4 ,& ,pluto8 ,a fable4 ,!n we are lo/40 ,catullus 0 to say z mu*1 less lightly1 ) a deep] feel+4 8,suns c set & rise aga91 b we1 :5 our brief light is ext+ui%$1 mu/ sleep = an et]nal night40#ea ,! religions belief 9 retribution 9 ! ,beyond 0 %ak51 z all ! o!rs 71 n only 9 lit]>y & philosophic circles b among a l>ge section ( ! population4 ,! old tales ( ! ,elysian ,fields & ,t>t>us no long] f\nd cr$5ce1 z conv9c+ te/imony w %[ u4#eb ,^? :o s\ght to pres]ve !m c\ld d s only by us+ a d>+ symbol :i* alt]$ _! "*4 ,b ! idea ( consci\s survival aft] dea? 0 itself no long] look$ ^u z sure4 ,_m :o did n g s f> z to d5y x brutally 7 firmly agno/ic4 ,:5 we turn ov] ! pages ( ! ?ick volumes ( ! ,corpus inscriptionum1 we are /ruck by ! small numb] ( ! epitaphs :i* express ! hope ( immortality4 ,! impression receiv$ is q ! contr>y ( t giv5 by go+ ?r\gh our own gravey>ds or survey+ ! collections ( ,*ri/ian epitaphs ( antiquity4 ,on by f> ! l>g] numb] ( ! tombs ! survival ( ! s\l 0 nei!r affirm$ nor d5i$2 x 0 n m5tion$ o!rwise ?an by ! banal =mula ,dis ,manibus--s b]eft ( mean+ t ev5 "s ,*ri/ians made use ( x4 ,or else ! au?ors ( fun]eal inscriptions1 l ! contempor>y writ]s1 us$ c>eful phrases :i* %[$ _! m5tal hesitations3 8,if ! ,manes /ill p]ceive any?+4444 ,if any feel+ subsi/ aft] dea?4444 ,if !re be rew>d = ! righte\s b5ea? ! gr\nd40#ec ,su* d\bt+ propositions are mo/ frequ5t4 ,! same indecision made p return to an alt]native pres5t$ by ,plato 9 ! ,apology1#ed be=e 8 ideas _h evolv$1 & repeat t dea? is 8an end or a passage10--mors aut f9is aut transitus1--& no *oice is made betwe5 ! two possibilities3 ! "q is left op54 ,! future life 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z a consol+ metaphysical conception1 a m]e hypo!sis support$ by "s ?9k]s1 a religi\s hope b n an article ( fai?4 ,! l(ty conclusion :i* ends ,agricola's eulogy w be rememb]$4 8,if10 says ,tacitus1 8!re be an abode ( ! spirits ( virtu\s m51 if1 z sages h taught1 great s\ls be n ext+ui%$ ) ! body1 re/ 9 peace40 ,b side by side ) ! supposition ?us haz>d$1 ! hi/orian expresses ! assurance t ,agricola w receive ano!r rew>d = 8 m]its4 ,all t 8 contempor>ies h lov$ & admir$ 9 8 "* w cause ! fame ( 8 de$s to live 9 m5's memory ?r\gh ! et]nity ( ages4 ,we "h see h[ ! p]plexity 9 :i* m5 /ruggl$1 :5 !y ?\ght ( psy*ic survival1 gave e>?ly immortality a great] value 9 ! eyes ( ! anci5ts4 ,x 0 = _m ( !m ! ess5tial po9t because x alone 0 c]ta94 ,n to fall into ! abyss ( =getfulness seem$ a suffici5t rew>d = virtue4 8,dea? is to be fe>$ by ^? = :om ev]y?+ is ext+ui%$ ) _! life1 n by ^? ^: r5[n _c p]i%40#ee ,t ! commemoration ( our m]its may n cease :5 ! %ort "t ( our passage "h bel[ has end$1 b may be prolong$ = z long z ! sequ5ce ( future g5]ations la/s--?is is ! deep desire :i* /imulates virtue & excites to ef=t4 ,cic]o1 :5 celebrat+ 9 ! ,pro ,ar*ia#ef ! b5efits wr\ght by ! love ( glory1--f :i* he 0 by no means exempt himself1--rem>ks %rewdly t ev5 philosoph]s1 :o claim to %[ its vanity1 are c>eful to place _! names at ! beg9n+ ( _! books1 ?us %[+ ! wor? !y atta* to t :i* !y exhort o!rs to despise4 ,ev5 m ?an today1 ! hope ( a durable r5[n1 ! anxiety t _! fell[s %\ld be busy ab\t !m ev5 aft] _! dep>ture1 ! preoccupation le/ _! life %\ld n be fav\rably judg$ by public op9ion1 haunt$ _m m51 secretly or av[$ly dom9at$ _! ?\ght & direct$ _! actions4 ,ev5 ^? :o _h play$ only a mode/ "p 9 ! _w & _h made !mselves kn[n only to a n>r[ circle1 s\ght to r5d] _! memory un=gettable by build+ /rong tombs = !mselves along ! great roads4 ,epitaphs (t5 beg9 ) ! =mula ,memoriae aet]nae1 8,to ! et]nal memory10 :i* we h inh]it$1 al?\gh ! idea x repres5ts no long] has = mo/ ( u any b a v relative value4 ,9 antiquity x 0 fir/ connect$ ) ! old belief 9 a communion ( s5tim5ts & an ex*ange ( s]vices betwe5 ! deceas$ & _! desc5dants :o celebrat$ ! fun]al cult4 ,:5 ! firm belief 9 ! p[] ( ! %ades to feel & act ceas$ to exi/1 (f]+s 7 made ) ano!r int5tion3 survivors lik$ to ?9k t he :o _h gone _h n entirely p]i%$ z long z 8 remembrance subsi/$ 9 ! he>ts ( ^? :o _h *]i%$ him & ! m9ds ( ^? :o _h le>nt 8 praises4 ,9 "s way1 he rose f ! grave 9 ! image made ( him by ! successors ( ^? :o _h kn[n him4 ,epicurus himself /ipulat$ 9 8 w t ! day ( 8 bir? %\ld be commemorat$ e mon?1#eg & "u ! ,roman ,empire 8 disciples 7 /ill pi\sly celebrat+ ?is recurr+ fea/4 ,?us ?is deep in/9ct ( pres]vation1 :i* impels human be+s to desire survival1 %[$ itself ev5 9 him :o contribut$ mo/ ( all to de/roy fai? 9 immortality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is always ) difficulty t m5 resign !mselves to dy+ :olly4 ,ev5 :5 reason admits1 nay :5 x desires1 annihilation1 ! subconsci\s self prote/s aga9/ x2 our p]sonality is impell$ by its v ess5ce to crave ! p]si/5ce ( its self4 ,besides1 ! feel+s ( survivors rebel aga9/ ! pa9 ( an un5d+ sep>ation1 ! def9ite loss ( all affections4 ,9 ! tr\bl$ times :i* m>k$ ! end ( ! ,roman ,republic1 at a mom5t :5 *ang+ =tune p]iodically turn$ all ! conditions ( exi/5ce upside d[n1 !re grew up a /rong] aspiration to a bett] future1 a se>*1 to use ! words ( ! anci5ts1 = a sure hav51 9 :i* man1 toss$ by ! /orms ( life1 might f9d quiet4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ! bir? 0 se51 or r ! rebir?1 ( a my/ic movem5t :i* claim$ to give by direct communication ) ,god ! c]ta9ties :i* reason c\ld n supply4 ,! *ief preoccupation ( philosoph]s began to be ^? capital que/ions z to ! orig9 & end ( man :i* ! s*ools ( ! e>li] p]iod _h neglect$ z unansw]able4 ,x 0 above all ! ,neo-,py?agoreans :o gave up pure rationalism1 & ?us br\ght ,roman ?\ght to admit new =ms ( immortality4 ,:5 ! sci5tific s*ool ( ! old ,py?agorism came to an end 9 ,italy 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ! sect p]petuat$ itself obscurely 9 my/]i\s conv5ticles1 a sort ( freemasonry ( :i* ! influ5ce 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod is difficult to measure or circumscribe4 ,x aga9 took on new p[] 9 ,alex&ria "u ! ,ptolemies4 ,9 ?is metropolis1 9 :i* all ! curr5ts ( ,europe & ,asia 7 m+l$1 ,py?agorism admitt$ at ?is "t _m ideas =eign to ! tea*+ ( ! old ma/] ( ,samos4 ,?is tea*+ seems n to h set =? a rigid1 logically con/ruct$ !ology1 & ! po9ts ( contact ) ! beliefs ( ! ,ea/1 :i* its ideas suppli$1 fav\r$ an accommodat+ syncretism4 ,py?agoras 0 said to h _h ,plato z a disciple1 & ,plato 0 v5]at$ almo/ z mu* z ! tea*] he foll[$4 ,! p[]ful /ructure ( ,/oic pan!ism did n fail to ex]cise an asc5dancy ov] ! !ori/s ( ! s*ool4 ,?is s*ool _h be51 f its orig91 9 t\* ) ! ,orphic my/]ies & ^? ( ,dionysos & x rema9$ s1 b x 0 also subject to ! m remote influ5ce ( ,babylonian & ,egyptian religions1 & p>ticul>ly ( ^? ,*aldean doctr9es :i* ! ,greeks _h le>nt to "k aft] ,alex&]'s conque/4 ,?is va/ eclecticism1 op5 to all novelties1 did n br+ ab\t a break ) ! pa/4 ,!ology succe$$ 9 effect+ a reconciliation ) all1 ev5 ! rude/ & mo/ absurd traditions ( fable1 by an +5i\s sy/em ( moral allegories4 8,div9e0 ,hom] ?us became a ma/] ( piety & wisdom1 & my?ology a collection ( edify+ /ories4 ,demonology made x possible to ju/ify all ! traditional practices ( ! cult1 z well z magic & div9ation3 ev]y?+ :i* seem$ incompatible ) ! new idea ( ! div9ity 0 ascrib$ to l[] p[]s4 ,?us ! ,py?agoreans c\ld take up ! position n ( adv]s>ies or re=m]s b ( int]pret]s ( ! ance/ral religion4 ,!y claim$ t !y rema9$ fai?ful to ! wisdom ( ! sages :o1 at ! dawn ( civilisation1 _h receiv$ a div9e revelation1 :i* _h be5 transmitt$ fir/ to ,py?agoras & !n to ,plato4 ,!y felt s sure t !y 7 express+ ! ?\ght ( ^! ma/]s1 ^: au?ority made law1 t !y did n hesitate to subscribe ! v5]at$ names1 by a pi\s fraud1 to _! own writ+s4 ,n[h]e did apocryphal lit]ature h a m luxuriant effloresc5ce ?an 9 ^! circles4 ,:5 ! sect 0 introduc$ into ,rome x s\ght1 accord+ to its wont1 to connect itself ) old local traditions1 & )\t mu* difficulty x succe$$4 ,! national pride ( ! conqu]ors ( ,greece c\ld1 ) "s complac5cy1 reg>d x z ,italic4 ,py?agoras pass$ = ! tea*] ( ,k+ ,numa1 ! religi\s legislator ( ! city4 ,ennius _h express$ ?is philosoph]'s doctr9e 9 8 poems1 & altoge!r1 f ! "t ( ! anci5t republic onw>ds1 ! half my?ical morali/ ( ,great] ,greece enjoy$ s+ul> consid]ation 9 ,rome4#eh ,b ! fir/ to give new life to ! ,py?agorean s*ool1 :i* _h di$ 9 ,italy c5turies be=e1 01 accord+ to ,cic]o1 8 fri5d1 ! s5ator ,nigidius ,figulus1 a curi\s repres5tative ( ! sci5tific religiosity :i* *>act]is$ ! sect4 ,?is ,roman magi/rate1 a man ( s+ul> erudition1 0 bitt5 ) all ! occult sci5ces4 ,a gramm>ian1 a naturali/ & a !ologian1 he 0 also an a/rolog] & magician &1 on occasion1 a wond]-work]4 ,he did n conf9e himself to !ory b ga!r$ ab\t him a club ( ! initiate1 ( :om we _c say :e!r !y 7 mo/ attract$ by sci5tific curiosity1 by au/]e morals or by my/ic practices4 ,vat9ius1 ! relative & fri5d ( ,caes>1 &1 probably1 ! spirituali/ ,appius ,claudius ,pul*] 7 ! mo/ prom95t ( ?is circle ( conv]ts4 ,x is significant t at mu* ! same "t ! hi/orian ,ca/or ( ,rhodes claim$ to int]pret ,roman usages by ,py?agorism1#ei & ! /ories e/abli%+ a connection betwe5 ! ,roman /ate & ! re=m]s ( ,great] ,greece 7 multipli$4 ,9 ! ,augu/an age a worldly poet l ,ovid#fj ?\ght x p]missible to introduce into 8 ,metamorphoses1 :]e no digression ( ! sort 0 to be look$ =1 a long spee* ( ,py?agoras expla9+ veget>ianism & transmigration4 ,a little lat] ,antonius ,diog5es1 ! romanc]1 f\nd 9 ! same philosophy inspiration = 8 fanta/ic pictures ( ! lot ( s\ls4#fa ,all ?is goes to %[ h[ p[]fully s$uctive ! new sect prov$ to be z soon z x 0 reviv$ 9 ,rome4 ,b x did n lack enemies4 ,public malignity did n sp>e ^! my/]i\s !osophi/s :o met 9 subt]ranean crypts4 ,!y 7 blam$ = neglect+ ! national cult1 :i* _h ensur$ ! greatness ( ! city1 9 ord] to indulge 9 condemn$ practices or ev5 to commit abom9able crimes4 ,x 0 a m s]i\s matt] t _! secret ga!r+s also excit$ ! suspicion ( ! au?orities1 & t ! p>tak]s 7 prosecut$ z p]sons :o dealt 9 magic1 :i* 0 puni%able by law4 ,! little ,py?agorean *ur* seems n to h be5 able to ma9ta9 itself 9 ! capital = long4 ,9 ,s5eca's "t x 0 dead4#fb ,b ,py?agorism cont9u$ to f9d adepts 9 ! empire & soon return$ to ,rome4 ,"u ,domitian1 ,apollonius ( ,tyana made ! ,ea/ res\nd ) 8 prea*+ & miracles1 & al?\gh ?r[n into prison by ?is emp]or he 0 9 fav\r ) 8 successors4 ,"u ! ,anton9es1 ! false prophet ,alex&] ( ,abonoti*os1 unmask$ by ,lucian1 claim$ to be a new inc>nation ( ! sage ( ,samos1 ^: wisdom he pret5d$ to reveal 9 8 my/]ies4 ,! lit]>y tradition ( ! sect ma9ta9$ itself until ! ?ird c5tury1 :5 x 0 absorb$ by ,neo-,platonism4 ,9 a p]iod ( syncretism1 ! orig9ality ( ?is philosophy resid$ less 9 its doctr9e ?an 9 its obs]vances1 & :5 its conv5ticles 7 dissolv$1 x easily m]g$ itself 9 ! s*ool :i* pr(ess$ to cont9ue x4 ,dur+ its long life ,py?agorism _h inde$ _h a p[]ful influ5ce1 n only on ! sy/em ( ,plato & ,plot9us1 b also on ! ,ori5tal cults :i* spread "u ! empire4 ,x _h suppli$ ! fir/ type ( ! le>n$ my/]ies 9 :i* k 77 is at once ! condition & ! end ( sanctification4#fc ,possibly x ev5 p5etrat$ into ,gaul at an e>ly date1 by way ( ,m>seilles1 & 0 ?us kn[n to ! ,druids4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be a mi/ake to look ^u ,py?agorism z a pure philosophy1 l ,epicureanism & ,/oicism4 ,its sect>ies =m$ a *ur* r ?an a s*ool1 a religi\s ord]1 n an academy ( sci5ces4 ,f a rec5t discov]y 9 ,rome1 if my int]pretation ( ! monum5t is "r1#fd we h le>nt t ! ,py?agoreans met 9 und]gr\nd basilicas1 con/ruct$ on ! model ( ,plato's cav]n1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! great ideali/1 ! *a9$ m5 see only ! %ades ( ! high] realities4#fe ,a f\ndation sacrifice1 t ( a dog & a "y pig1 0 made be=e ?is basilica 0 con/ruct$4 ,its /ucco decoration is borr[$ almo/ entirely f ,greek my?ology or ! c]emonies ( ! my/]ies4 ,secret rites & v>i$ purifications _h to be accompli%$ 9 x2 hymns accompani$ by sacr$ music 7 sung2 & f a *air )9 ! apse ! doctors gave esot]ic tea*+ to ! fai?ful4 ,!y taught !m ! symbols 9 :i* ! tru?s ( fai? & ! precepts ( conduct1 =m]ly reveal$ by ,py?agoras & ! o!r sages1 7 h&$ d[n 9 enigmatic =m4 ,^! remote disciples int]pret$ all ! my?s ( ! pa/1 & especially ! ,hom]ic poems1 by psy*ological or es*atological allegories4 ,!y laid d[n1 z def9ite comm&m5ts1 a rule ( /rict obs]vance :i* includ$ all ! acts ( daily life4 ,at dawn1 aft] he _h (f]$ a sacrifice to ! ris+ ,sun1 ! pi\s man mu/ decide on ! way 9 :i* 8 day 0 to be employ$4 ,e ev5+ he mu/ make a ?reefold exam9ation ( consci5ce1 &1 if he _h be5 guilty ( any s9 ( omission or commission1 mu/ make an act ( contrition4 ,he 0 oblig$ to foll[ a purely veget>ian diet & to practise _m ab/95ces1 to make repeat$ pray]s1 to m$itate l5g?ily4 ,?is au/]e & circum/antial sy/em ( morals w\ld ensure happ9ess & wisdom on e>? & salvation 9 ! ,beyond4 ,all ! ,neo-,py?agoreans agree 9 /at+ t ! human s\l is relat$ to ,god & !re=e immortal4 ,_m1 l ! ,/oics1 look ^u x z a p>cel ( ! e!r1 an effluvium ( burn+ & lum9\s fluid :i* fills ! cele/ial spaces & %9es 9 ! div9e />s4 ,o!rs1 :o are ne>] to ,plato1 believe x to be immat]ial & def9e x z a numb] 9 movem5t4 ,always1 g5]ation is reg>d$ z a fall & a dang] = ! s\l4 ,enclos$ 9 ! body z 9 a tomb1 x runs ! risk ( corruption1 ev5 ( p]i%+4 ,e>?ly exi/5ce is a h>d voyage on ! /ormy wat]s ( matt]1 :i* are p]petually roll+ & surg+4 ,?us a fundam5tal pessimism look$ ^u life "h bel[ z a trial & a *a/isem5t2 a radical dualism plac$ ! body 9 opposition to ! div9e ess5ce resid+ 9 x4 ,! con/ant c>e ( ! sage 0 to keep 8 s\l f pollution by its contact ) ! fle%4 ,he ab/a9$ f meat & o!r foods :i* might corrupt x2 a s]ies ( tabus protect$ x aga9/ all contagion4 ,ritual purifications re/or$ to x its purity 77 :i* 0 cont9ually ?reat5$4 ,! unwe>y+ ex]cise ( virtue1 ! scrupul\s practice ( piety pres]v$ its orig9al nature4 ,music1 :i* caus$ x to vibrate 9 h>mony ) ! univ]se1 & sci5ce1 :i* lift$ x t[>ds div9e ?+s1 prep>$ its asc5sion to heav54 ,m$itation 0 a sil5t pray]1 :i* plac$ reason 9 communication ) ! p[]s on high4 ,seiz$ by love = ! et]nal beauties1 x rose 9 its transports ev5 9 ?is life to ,god1 id5tifi$ itself ) ,him & s r5d]$ itself wor?y ( a bless$ immortality4#ff ,:5 ! dea? det]m9$ by de/9y occurr$1 ! s\l escap$ f ! body 9 :i* x 0 captive b kept its bodily =m & appe>ance1 & ?is simulacrum 77 appe>$ to m5 9 dreams & aft] evocations4 ,accord+ to "s ,py?agoreans1 ?is subtle =m 0 di/9ct f ! s\l 771 :i* asc5d$ imm$iately to ! high] sph]es4 ,o!rs believ$ t1 l a light g>m5t1 x wrapp$ ! s\l1 :i* 0 = "s "t con/ra9$ to dwell "h bel[4#fg ,aft] ?is %ade _h rema9$ beside ! body or some:]e ne> ! tomb = a c]ta9 numb] ( days1 x rose 9 ! atmosph]e 9 :i* cont5d$ w9ds1 wat] & fire1 & 0 purifi$ by ! elem5ts4 ,?is zone1 ! l[e/ circle ( ! _w1 0 :at fable _h call$ hell 7,inf]i71 & x 0 ( ?is passage f "o circle to t next x t poets spoke :5 !y told ( ! ,/yx & ,*>on's boat4#fh ,:5 ! s\l _h be5 purifi$ x 0 borne1 uplift$ by ! w9ds1 to ! sph]e ( ! moon4 ,"h lay ! b\nd>y ( life & dea?1 ! limit :i* divid$ ! resid5ce ( ! immortals1 :]e all 0 h>mony & purity1 f ! corrupt & tr\bl$ empire ( g5]ation4 ,?us ! lum9>y ( ! night 0 ! fir/ dwell+ ( ! ,bless$1 & !re lay ! ,elysian ,fields ( ! poets1 ,pros]p9a's k+dom :]e re/ ! %ades4 ,& ! ,=tunate ,isl&s1 ( :i* ! anci5ts sung1 7 no o!r ?an ! sun & ! moon1 cele/ial l&s ba!d by ! wat]s ( ! e!r4#fi ,! %ade rema9$ 9 ! moon or 0 dissolv$ !re1 & pure reason rose to ! sun :5ce x came =?1 or ev5 rea*$ ! summit ( ! heav5s :]e reign$ ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,a helpful escort1 call$ by my?ology ,h]mes ! ,s\l-,guide1 or psy*opompos1 l$ ! elect to ^! ,olympian peaks4 ,!re !y rega9$ _! true c\ntry1 & z bir? _h be5 to !m a dea?1 s _! dea? 0 _! rebir?4 ,!y enjoy$ ! contemplation ( ! lum9\s gods4 ,!y 7 rapt by ! ravi%+ tune ( ! h>mony ( ! sph]es1 t div9e melody ( :i* e>?ly music is b a feeble e*o4#gj ,"s s\ls 7 kept on ! banks ( ! ,/yx & c\ld n cross x3 9 o!r words1 !y 7 con/ra9$ to rema9 on ! e>?4 ,! dead :o _h n _h religi\s burial mu/ l+] beside _! neglect$ bodies = a hundr$ ye>s1 ! normal span ( a human life1 be=e !y 7 admitt$ to ! place ( purgation1 :]e !y w\ld soj\rn = t5 times t p]iod4#ga ,9 ! same way ^? :o _h di$ "y or ^: days _h be5 cut %ort by viol5ce w\ld n ent] ! purgatory be=e ! due t]m ( _! life4#gb ,b especially ! s\ls ( ! crim9al & ! impi\s 7 ?us condemn$ to w&]1 re/less & 9 pa91 ?r\gh ! l[] air1 :i* !y fill$ ) _! multitude4 ,x 0 ^! demoniac spirits :o return$ z dismal phantoms to fright5 ! liv+1 :o 7 evok$ by wiz>ds & :o reveal$ ! future 9 oracles4 ,demonology acc\nt$ = all ! ab]rations ( magic & div9ation4 ,^! spirits rose to ! a]ial purgatory aft] !y _h = long ye>s torm5t$ & be5 torm5t$1 b !y c\ld n rea* ! moon1 :i* repell$ !m2 !y 7 condemn$ to re9c>nation 9 new bodies1 ei!r ( m5 or ( bea/s1 & 7 once aga9 deliv]$ to ! fury ( ! passions4 ,^! passions are ! ,er9yes1 ( :om poets sung1 t 9 ,t>t>us !y burnt crim9als ) _! tor*es & sc\rg$ !m ) _! :ips4 ,= !re 0 no subt]ranean hell3 ,hades 0 9 ! air or on our e>?1 & ! inf]nal suff]+s describ$ by my?ology 7 ! v>i\s tortures inflict$ on ! s\ls condemn$ to transmigration4#gc ,?is religi\s philosophy1 :i*1 by a symbolism trans=m+ ! mean+ ( ! traditional beliefs1 reconcil$ ^! ) m5's intellig5ce1 did m ?an any o!r to revive fai? 9 immortality4 ,_m enlight5$ m51 l ,cic]o & ,cato1 _h s\ght consolation = ! mis=tunes ( ?is _w & a hope = ! ,beyond 9 read+ ,plato1 b ,plato's pro( ( immortality c\ld conv9ce only ^? already conv9c$4#gd ,py?agorism1 on ! o!r h&1 (f]$ to re/less s\ls a c]ta9ty f\nd$ on a revelation made to anci5t sages1 & x satisfi$ at once ! ,roman love = ord] & rule1 & ! human love = ! m>vell\s & ! my/]i\s4 ,! evid5ce ( ! effect ( ?is philosophy is /ill recognisable1 al?\gh x (t5 has n be5 recognis$1 9 ! compositions decorat+ _m sepul*ral monum5ts & 9 ! word+ ( sev]al epitaphs4 ,a tomb/one f\nd at ,philadelphia 9 ,lydia is p>ticul>ly curi\s4#ge ,x be>s a repres5tation ( ! ,y symbol1 t is1 ( ! div]g+ roads betwe5 :i* man mu/ *oose :5 he leaves *ildhood beh9d him4 ,on ! "o side e>?ly travail leads ! virtu\s man to et]nal re/2 on ! o!r s(tness & debau*]y br+ ! vici\s man to a gulf into :i* he falls4 ,a metrical epitaph1 f\nd at ,pisaurum 7,pes>o71 h9ts cov]tly at ! ideas ( ! s*ool4 ,?is commemorates a *ild :o1 9 spite ( 8 y\?1 _h le>nt ! dogmas ( ,py?agoras & read 8! pi\s v]ses ( ,hom]0 z well z ! philosoph]s1 & _h /udi$ 9 ,euclid ! sacr$ sci5ce ( numb]s4 ,8 s\l1 runs ! inscription1#gf 8goes =w>d ?r\gh ! gloomy />s ( deep ,t>t>us t[>ds ! wat]s ( ,a*]on10 a s5t5ce :i* c be und]/ood only on ! supposition t ,t>t>us & ,a*]on _h = ! au?or a figurative mean+ & lay 9 ! dep?s n ( ! e>? b ( ! sky4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! belief 9 a cele/ial immortality :i* 0 ?us propagat$ by ! half philosophical1 half religi\s sect ( ! ,py?agoreans 0 to f9d a p[]ful int]pret] 9 a ?9k] :o _h a pr$om9ant influ5ce ov] 8 contempor>ies & ! succe$+ g5]ation--9 ,posidonius4 ,we "k little ( 8 life4 ,born at ,apamea 9 ,syria1 ab\t ! ye> #ace1 he e>ly left 8 native c\ntry1 ( :i* he seems to h kept a poor op9ion1 & z a "y /ud5t 9 ,a!ns he att5d$ ! lectures ( ! old] ,/oic ,panaetius4 ,! univ]sal curiosity :i* 0 to make him a s*ol> ( encyclopa$ic k soon impell$ him to take long j\rneys1 9 :i* he ev5 rea*$ ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic & /udi$ ! tides ( ! ocean4 ,^u 8 return he op5$ a s*ool 9 ! free city ( ,rhodes & !re numb]$ ,cic]o among 8 he>]s4 ,:5 he di$ at ! age ( eighty-f\r ! pre/ige he enjoy$ bo? 9 ! ,roman _w & among ! ,greeks 0 imm5se4 ,he ow$ 8 intellectual asc5dancy z mu* to ! m>vell\s v>iety ( ! k :i* he display$1 z philosoph]1 a/ronom]1 hi/orian1 geograph] & naturali/1 z to 8 copi\s1 h>moni\s & highly col\r$ /yle4 ,a !ologian r ?an a logician1 a s*ol> r ?an a critic1 he did n con/ruct an orig9al metaphysical sy/em comp>able to ^? ( ! great f\nd]s ( s*ools4 ,b ,posidonius 0 ! mo/ prom95t repres5tative ( t syncretism :i*1 z we h se51 %[$ itself 9 ! ,py?agoreans be=e 8 day & :i* reign$ 9 ! _w ab\t him1 because m5 7 we>y ( ! /]ile discussions ( oppos+ ?9k]s4 ,he gave ! support ( 8 au?ority & 8 eloqu5ce to ! eclecticism :i* reconcil$ ! pr9ciples ( ! anci5t ,greek s*ools4 ,moreov]1 8 ,syrian orig9 l$ him to comb9e ^! doctr9es ) ! religi\s ideas ( ! ,ea/1 :i* _h ) a/rology giv5 ! ,hell5es a new conception ( man & ( ! gods4#gg ,x is exactly "h t ,posidonius is important f ! po9t ( view ( our subject3 8 t5d5cies repres5t a direct reaction aga9/ ! scepticism ( 8 ma/] ,panaetius1 :o d5i$ bo? ! survival ( ! s\l#gh & ! possibility ( div9ation4 ,posidonius introduc$ into ,/oicism mom5t\s ideas d]iv$ at once f ,py?agorism & f ,ea/]n cults1 & s\ght to e/abli% !m firmly by connect+ !m ) a sy/em ( ! _w1 :i* 8 va/ intellig5ce _h s\ght to und]/& 9 all its aspects4 ,8 fai? 9 immortality is /rictly relat$ to 8 cosmography & receives support f 8 physics4 ,x 0 ?is sy/em ( ! _w :i* 01 ?anks to ,ptolemy's au?ority1 to p]petuate itself on ! :ole until ! "t ( ,cop]nicus4 ,we w "h give a broad outl9e ( its ess5tial features1 because ! es*atological doctr9es 7 to rema9 = c5turies connect$ ) x4 ,! t]re/rial globe 0 held to be susp5d$1 motionless1 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e =m$ ( ! ?ree o!r elem5ts & rea*+ to ! moon4 ,t "p ( ! atmosph]e :i* 0 ne> ! e>? 0 ?ick5$ & d>k5$ by heavy vap\rs ris+ f ! soil & ! wat]s4 ,above1 !re mov$ a pur] & light] air :i*1 z x ne>$ ! sky1 0 w>m$ by contact ) ! high] fires4 ,/ill high] 7 rang$ ! conc5tric sph]es ( ! sev5 planets1 wrapp$ 9 e!r1 a subtle & ard5t fluid--fir/ ! moon1 :i* /ill receiv$ & gave back ! exhalations ( ! e>?1#gi !n ,m]cury & ,v5us1 ! two companions ( ! sun 9 8 daily c\rse4 ,! f\r? place1 t is1 ! middle po9t ( ! sup]impos$ heav5s1 0 occupi$ by ! lum9>y ( ! day1--"h ,posidonius =sakes ,plato & foll[s ! ,*aldeans1--! burn+ he>t ( ! _w1 ! intellig5t light :i* is ! s\rce ( our m9ds4#hj ,above ! sun mov$ ! ?ree high] planets--,m>s1 ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,& ^! sev5 w&]+ />s 7 surr\nd$ by ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s1 :i* 7 animat$ by con/ant & uni=m movem5t4 ,t sph]e m>k$ ! _w's b\nd>y3 beyond x !re 0 only void or ! e!r4 ,! univ]se1 z ?is philosophy imag9$ x1 _h !re=e well-def9$ limits3 :5 m5 rais$ _! eyes to ! con/ellations ( ! firmam5t1 !y ?\ght !y p]ceiv$ its end4 ,! dep?s ( ! sky 7 n !n unfa?omable2 he :o sank 8 gaze 9 !m 0 n seiz$ ) gidd9ess at ! abysses nor bewild]$ by inconceivable magnitudes1 & 0 n tempt$ to cry ) ,pascal3#ha 8,! et]nal sil5ce ( ^! b\ndless spaces affrights me40 ,nor 0 ! univ]se !n a multiplicity ( heav5ly bodies mov+ to an unkn[n goal & p]petually trans=m$1 transitory manife/ations ( an en]gy develop$ = undiscov]able ends4 ,! conception =m$ ( ! _w 0 /atic1 n dynamic4 ,x 0 a ma*9e ( :i* ! :eels turn$ accord+ to immutable laws1 an organism ( :i* all ! p>ts 7 unit$ by reciprocal sympa?y z !y act$ & react$ on ea* o!r4 ,?is organism 0 alive1 p5etrat$ ?r\gh\t by ! same ess5ce z ! s\l :i* ma9ta9s our life & ?\ght4 ,?is s\l 0 an igne\s brea? ( :i* ! moral corruption 0 conceiv$ q mat]ially4 ,:5 x gave itself up to ! desires ( ! s5ses1 to corporeal passions1 its sub/ance ?ick5$ & 0 tr\bl$1 & ! mud ( ?is pollution adh]$ to x l a cru/4 ,:5 ! s\l left ! body at ! "t ( dea?1 x became a _s l ! multitude ( demons :o peopl$ ! atmosph]e4 ,b its lot v>i$ 9 accordance ) its condition4 ,if x 7 lad5 ) matt]1 its weight condemn$ x to float 9 ! d5se/ air1 ! damp-*>g$ gas :i* imm$iately surr\nd$ ! e>?1 & its v composition !n caus$ x to re9c>nate itself 9 new bodies4#hb ,b if x _h rema9$ free f all alloy its lightness caus$ x to pass imm$iately ?r\gh ?is heavi] lay] ( air & bore x to ! high] spaces4 ,x /opp$ 9 ?is asc5sion :51 )9 ! e!r :i* 0 ab\t ! moon1 x f\nd itself 9 surr\nd+s l its own sub/ance4 ,"s elect be+s1 ! div9e spirits ( ! sages1 kept su* purity t !y rose ?r\gh ! e!r z f> z ! highe/ a/ral sph]es4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! doctr9e ( immortality is se5 to be closely knit up ) cosmography4 ,if ,posidonius has l>gely borr[$ ^! ideas f ! platonis+ ,py?agorism ( 8 p]iod1 he =sook ?is philosophy on an ess5tial po9t4 ,z a ,/oic he did n admit ! transc5d5cy ( ,god4 ,= him1 ,god 0 imman5t 9 ! univ]se2 ! seat ( ! direct+ reason ( ! _w 77 0 ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s1 :i* embrac$ all o!r sph]es & det]m9$ _! revolutions4 ,!re too1 at ! summit ( ! _w b n outside x1 ! spirits ( ! bless$ ga!r$2 f ^! high peaks !y delight$ to obs]ve e>?ly happ5+s2 & :5 a pi\s s\l tri$ to rise to !m1 ^! succ\r+ h]oes1 l our sa9ts1 c\ld l5d _! aid & protection4 ,?is philosophy did n draw its p[] ( p]suasion only f its logical consi/5cy1 :i* satisfi$ reason1 b x also made a /rong appeal to feel+4 ,posidonius caus$ a broad /ream ( my/ical ideas1 und\bt$ly d]iv$ f ! beliefs develop$ by ! a/ral religions ( ! ,ea/1 to fl[ into ! arid b$ ( a ,/oicism :i* _h become s*ola/ic4 ,= him1 reason 0 n enclos$ 9 ! body1 ev5 :5 x soj\rn$ "h bel[2 x escap$ f x to pass ) m>vell\s swiftness f ! dep?s ( ! sea to ! ends ( ! e>? & ! top ( ! heav5s2 x flew ?r\gh all nature1 le>n+ to "k physical laws & to admire ! div9e ord] ev] m & m4 ,above all x c\ld nev] we>y ( ! sight ( ! gl[+ con/ellations & _! h>moni\s movem5ts4 ,x felt ) emotion1 z x gave itself up to contemplat+ !m1 its k9%ip ) ! cele/ial fires2 x ent]$ into communion ) ! high] gods4 ,9 en?usia/ic t]ms1 e*o$ by 8 imitators1 ,posidonius describ$ ! ec/asy :i* seiz$ him :o left ! e>?1 :o felt himself transport$ to ! mid/ ( ! sacr$ *orus ( ! />s & :o foll[$ _! rhy?mic evolutions4 ,9 ^! transports1 ! s\l did n only w9 to inf9ite p[]1 b also receiv$ f heav5 ! revelation ( ! nature & cause ( ! cele/ial revolutions4 ,?us ev5 9 ?is life x _h a =eta/e ( ! beatitude :i* w\ld belong to x aft] dea? :5 reason1 rid ( ! weak organs ( ! s5ses1 w\ld directly p]ceive all ! spl5d\rs ( ! div9e _w & w\ld "k its my/]ies completely4#hc ,?is !ology attribut$ to man a p[] su* z to satisfy 8 pr\de/ feel+s4 ,x did n reg>d him z a t9y animalcule :o _h appe>$ on a small planet lo/ 9 imm5sity1 nor did x1 :5 he scrut9is$ ! heav5s1 cru% him ) a s5se ( 8 own pett9ess z comp>$ ) bodies ^: greatness surpass$ ! limits ( 8 imag9ation4 ,x made man k+ ( creation1 plac$ him 9 ! c5tre ( a /ill limit$ _w ( :i* ! proportions 7 n s va/ t he c\ld n travel all ov] 8 doma94 ,if he c\ld te> himself f ! dom9ation ( 8 body1 he became capable ( communicat+ ) ! visible gods :o 7 almo/ )9 8 rea* & :om he might hope to equal aft] 8 passage "h bel[4 ,he knew himself to be unit$ to !m by an id5tity ( nature :i* alone expla9$ h[ he und]/ood !m4 8,quis caelum possit1 nisi caeli mun]e1 nosse ,et rep]ire deum1 nisi qui p>s ipse ,dei e/80#hd 8,:o c\ld "k heav5 save by heav5ly grace1 or f9d ,god if he 7 n himself a "p ( ,god80--words ( ! ,roman poet :o e*oes ,posidonius' tea*+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is easy to und]/& t su* ideas 7 readily adopt$ at a "t :5 human m9ds1 tir$ ( inconclusive disputes1 despair$ ( ev] rea*+ tru? by _! own /r5g?4 ,! a/ral my/icism eloqu5tly prea*$ by ,posidonius 0 to influ5ce all ! lat] ,/oicism4 ,s5eca 9 p>ticul>1 9 ! num]\s passages 9 :i* he speaks ( ! mis]y & bas5ess ( life 9 ! body & celebrates ! felicity ( ! pure s\ls :o live among ! />s1 %[s ! impr9t ( ! philosoph] ( ,apamea4 ,& ?is philosoph] also ex]t$ a f>-rea*+ action beyond ! n>r[ circle ( ! s*ool4 ,! erudition ( ! antiqu>ian ,v>ro1 ! poems ( ,virgil & ,manilius & ! biblical exegesis ( ,philo ! ,jew1 all drew on him = inspiration4 ,b ! au?or 9 :om we c be/ disc]n 8 influ5ce is 8 pupil ,cic]o1 ! abundance ( ^: writ+s all[s u to foll[ ! evolution ( 8 ?\ght1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole society ( 8 "t4 ,x is beyond d\bt t ,cic]o 0 an agno/ic = ! great] "p ( 8 life4 ,8 m9d f\nd satisfaction 9 ! scepticism ( ! ,new ,academy1 or r he adopt$ t[>ds ! future life ! receiv$ attitude ( ! _w 9 :i* he liv$1 :]e ! problem ( ! s\l's orig9 & de/9y 0 reg>d$ z n only insoluble b also idle1 z unwor?y to absorb ! m9ds ( m5 :o %\ld devote _! en]gies to ! s]vice ( ! /ate4 ,! "q ( ! cult to be r5d]$ to ! ,manes _h be5 settl$ once = all by ! anci5t pontifical law4 ,old ,rome di/ru/$ speculations z to ! ,beyond because !y dang]\sly div]t$ ?\ght f actual realities4 ,b ,cic]o1 by 8 /udy ( ! writ+s ( 8 ma/] ,posidonius & by 8 int]c\rse ) ! s5ator ,nigidius ,figulus1 a f]v5t adept ( ,py?agorism1#he _h be5 br\ght into contact ) ! /ream ( my/ical ideas :i* 0 beg9n+ to fl[ ?r\gh ! ,we/4 ,gradually1 z he grew old] & life br\ght him disappo9tm5ts1 8 ?\ght 0 m attract$ to religi\s ideas4#hf ,9 #ed1 :5 he _h giv5 up political life1 he compos$ ! ,republic1 an imitation ( ,plato's "w on ! same subject4 ,z ,plato _h introduc$ ! my? ( ,er ! ,arm5ian at ! end ( 8 "w1 s 8 ,roman imitator concludes ) ! puzzl+ picture ( 8,scipio's ,dream10 :]e ! de/roy] ( ,c>?age receives ! revelations ( ! conqu]or ( ,zama4 ,! h]o1 f ! height ( ! cele/ial sph]es1 exp\nds t doctr9e ( a/ral immortality :i* 0 common to ! ,py?agoreans & to ,posidonius4 ,x is giv5 z yet only z a dream1 a vision ! tru? ( :i* is 9 no way gu>ante$4 ,b 9 #de ,b4 ,c4 ,cic]o suff]$ a cruel loss 9 ! dea? ( 8 only daught] ,tullia4 ,8 grief p]suad$ him t ?is belov$ be+ /ill liv$ among ! gods4 ,ev5 :ile he accus$ himself ( unreasonable weakness1 he ord]$ t n a tomb b a *apel 7fanum71 consecrat+ h] apo!osis1 %\ld be rais$ to ?is "y woman4 ,! lett]s he wrote at ?is "t to ,atticus1 f ! %ores ( ! ,pompt9e ,m>%es1 9 ! solitude ( ,a/ura1 apprise u ( 8 mo/ intimate feel+s4 ,he gave v5t to 8 sorr[ 9 writ+ a ,consolatio1 & 9 its pres]v$ fragm5ts we see him /rangely impress$ by ! ,py?agorean doctr9es3 he speaks ( ! s\l1 exempt f all matt]1 z cele/ial & div9e & !re=e et]nal1 ( ! s\l's life "h bel[ z a p5alty inflict$ on x because x is born to expiate ant]ior crimes 7scel]um lu5dorum causa74 ,cic]o's s5sitive _s1 tr\bl$ by ! p]plex+ problem ( our de/9y1 did n turn to ! old discr$it$ beliefs b to ! new conceptions :i* a my/ical philosophy _h br\ght f ! ,ea/4 ,hort5sius & ! ,tusculans1 writt5 9 ?is p]iod ( 8 life1 %[ u ! empire :i* ! ,neo-,/oicism ( 8 ma/] & ! ,neo-,py?agorism ( 8 fell[-s5ator !n ex]cis$ ov] 8 m9d1 sadd5$ & disillusion$ z he 01 & %[ u too h[ he s\ght consolation = ! private & public ills :i* 7 ov]:elm+ him 9 ! lum9\s doctr9e ( a blissful survival4 ,?is spiritual evolution is an image ( ! great *ange :i* 0 ab\t to take place 9 ! ,roman _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,/oic philosophy1 al?\gh its maxims _h be5 popul>is$ by education & lit]ature1 0 almo/ z incapable ( ex]cis+ a wide influ5ce on ! deep masses ( ! p z ! esot]ic !osophy reveal$ 9 ! ari/ocratic conv5ticles ( ! ,py?agoreans4 ,! urban 8plebs10 to :i* slav]y & trade _h giv5 a /rong admixture ( ,ea/]n blood1 & ! peasants ( ! rural di/ricts1 :]e ! gaps caus$ by depopulation 7 fill$ up by a =eign lab\r supply1 7 beg9n+ at ! end ( ! ,republican p]iod to he> new dogmas prea*$1 dogmas :i* 7 w9n+ an ev] increas+ numb] ( believ]s4 ,! anci5t national cults ( ,greece & ,rome aim$ above all at ensur+ civic ord] & e>?ly welf>e1 & paid small reg>d to ! spiritual p]fection ( individuals & _! et]nal future4 ,b n[ exotic cults claim$ to reveal ! secret ( immortality to _! adepts4#hg ,! ,ori5tal my/]ies1 propagat$ 9 ! ,we/1 unit$ 9 ! promise ( secur+ hol9ess 9 ?is life & felicity 9 ! next1 :ile !y imp>t$ to _! initiates ! k ( c]ta9 rites & requir$ submission to c]ta9 precepts4 ,in/ead ( ! fluctuat+ & disputable beliefs ( philosoph]s z to de/9y 9 ! ,beyond1 ^! religions gave c]ta9ty f\nd$ on div9e revelation & on ! fai? ( c\ntless g5]ations atta*$ to !m4 ,! tru?1 :i* ! my/icism ( ! ?9k]s look$ to f9d 9 direct communication ) heav51 0 "h w>rant$ by a v5]able tradition & by ! daily manife/ations ( ! gods ador$4 ,! belief 9 life beyond ! grave1 :i* _h 9 anci5t paganism be5 s vague & melan*oly1 0 trans=m$ into confid5t hope 9 a def9ite beatitude4 ,p>ticipation 9 ! occult c]emonies ( ! sect 0 an infallible means ( f9d+ salvation4 ,a society t 0 we>y ( d\bt receiv$ ^! promises eag]ly1 & ! old beliefs ( ! ,ea/ comb9$ ) an eclectic philosophy to give a new es*atology to ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! salvation ensur$ by ! my/]ies 0 conceiv$ z id5tification ) ! god v5]at$ 9 !m4 ,by virtue ( ?is union ! initiate 0 reborn1 l ?is god1 to new life aft] he _h p]i%$1 or1 l him1 escap$ f ! fatal law ( dea? :i* weighs on humanity4 ,he 0 8deifi$0 or 8immortalis$10 aft] he _h tak5 "p1 z actor1 9 a liturgical drama reproduc+ ! my? ( ! god ^: lot 0 ?us assimilat$ to 8 own4 ,purifications1 lu/rations & unctions1 p>ticipation 9 a sacr$ banquet1 revelations1 app>itions & ec/asies--a complicat$ s]ies ( c]emonies & in/ructions help$ to br+ ab\t ?is metamorphosis ( ! fai?ful :om a high] p[] absorb$ or p5etrat$ ) its en]gy4 ,we %all return to ?is sacram5tal op]ation :i* made pi\s s\ls equal to ! div9ity4#hh ,!re is ano!r po9t on :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is hi/orical introduction1 we mu/ dwell a little long]1 namely1 ! evolution und]gone by ! conception ( ! ,beyond taught 9 ! diff]5t my/]ies & ! %>e ( philosophy 9 ! trans=mation4 ,= if 9 ! v>i\s sects ! liturgy 0 usually pres]v$ ) scrupul\s fidelity1 its !ological int]pretation v>i$ consid]ably z "t pass$4 ,9 paganism mu* doctr9al lib]ty 0 always comb9$ ) respect = rites4 ,"s ( ! my/]ies (t5 gave 9 _! beg9n+s a r co>se idea ( ! future life1 & ! pleasures :i* might be enjoy$ !re9 7 v mat]ial4 ,! anci5t ,greek conception1 go+ back to ,orphism1 01 z we h se51 t ( a subt]ranean k+dom divid$ into two contra/$ p>ts--,t>t>us :]e ! wick$1 plung$ 9 a d>k sl\gh or subject$ to o!r pa9s1 suff]+ ! *a/isem5t ( _! faults1 on ! "o side2 on ! o!r1 ! ,elysian ,fields1 ^? fl[]$1 lum9\s mead[s1 gay ) song & dance1 9 :i* ! bless$ pursu$ _! fav\rite occupations1 :e!r !y 7 all[$ to dwell !re = ev]1 or :e!r !y await$ !re ! h\r fix$ = _! rebir? on e>?4#hi ,?is es*atology1 :i* _h become ! common possession ( ! ,hell5es1 0 c]ta9ly t ( ! my/]ies ( ,greece & 9 p>ticul> ( ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis4 ,b ^! my/]ies 7 nev] m ?an local religions3 h[ev] num]\s 7 ! initiates attract$ by _! r5[n1 !y 7 b\nd to ! soil :]e !y 7 born4 ,?us _! influ5ce 0 v limit$ 9 ! ,roman p]iod & _c be comp>$ ) t ( ! univ]sal cults :i* 7 propagat$ ?r\gh\t ! ,m$it]ranean _w4 ,z = ,orphism1 :i* 0 nev] connect$ ) any "o temple1 x is d\btful :e!r x /ill con/itut$ an actual sect1 & if x did1 x c]ta9ly spread ov] a v n>r[ field4 ,its influ5ce 0 p]petuat$ *iefly because x 0 absorb$ by ,py?agorism4 ,among ! my/]ies propagat$ 9 ! ,we/1 ! mo/ anci5t 7 ^? ( ! ,?raco-,phrygian gods1 ,dionysos & ,sabazios1 :o 7 inde$ look$ ^u z id5tical4 ,we "k t 9 #ahf ,b4 ,c4 a s5atus consultum =bade ! celebration ( ! ,bac*analia 9 ,italy1 & 9 #aci "s sect>ies ( ,jupit] ,sabazius1 :o id5tifi$ ?is god ) ! ,jahve-,sabao? ( ! ,jews1 7 expell$ f ,rome by ! praetor at ! same "t z ! 8,*aldeans40 ,! cult practis$ by ! vot>ies ( ,bac*us or ,lib] ,pat]1 ^: confrat]nities 7 ma9ta9$ until ! end ( paganism1 diff]$ pr(\ndly f ! ,dionysos wor%ip ( anci5t ,greece3 a numb] ( ,ori5tal elem5ts _h be5 introduc$ into x2 9 p>ticul>1 ! relations betwe5 ,dionysos & ,osiris1 :i* g back to a v remote p]iod1 _h become s+ul>ly close 9 ,egypt4 ,h[ev]1 _m reliefs on tomb/ones & ! celebrat$ pa9t+s f\nd 9 ! catacombs ( ,praetextatus prove t ! cults ( ! ,?raco-,phrygian gods rema9$ fai?ful to ! old idea ( a future life4 ,! %ade w5t d[n into ! b[els ( ! e>?1 nev] aga9 to leave !m4 ,if judg$ wor?y1 x took "p 9 an et]nal banquet1 ( :i* ! initiate receiv$ a =eta/e on e>?1 9 ! fea/s ( ! my/]ies4 ,sacr$ drunk5ness1 a div9e exaltation1 0 ! pl$ge ( ! joy\s intoxication :i* ! god ( w9e w\ld grant 9 ,hades to ! fai?ful :o _h unit$ !mselves to him4#ij ,9 #bje1 t[>ds ! end ( ! second ,punic w>1 ! cult ( ,cybele1 ! ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods1 & ( ,attis1 h] associate1 0 transport$ f ,pess9us 9 ,phrygia & (ficially adopt$ by ! ,roman p4 ,! great fea/s ( ?is religion 7 celebrat$ 9 ,m>* ab\t ! equ9ox & commemorat$ ! dea? & resurrection ( ,attis1 ! emblem ( vegetation1 :i*1 aft] x has )]$1 fl[]s aga9 9 ! spr+4 ,! fai?ful associat$ _! own de/9y ) ! lot ( _! god3 l him !y w\ld be reborn to a new life aft] !y _h di$4 ,_! doctr9es on ?is po9t 7 c]ta9ly trans=m$ z "t pass$1 = no ,ori5tal cult :i* spread 9 ! ,we/ und]w5t m evolution1 s9ce none 0 m fundam5tally b>b>\s :5 x came f ,asia4 ,orig9ally1 ,cybele 0 ! goddess ( ! dead1 because ,"m ,e>? receives !m into h] bosom4 ,e ,phrygian tomb is a sanctu>y & its epitaph a d$ication3 (t5 ! graves are consecrat$ to ! goddess & be> h] image or t ( ! lion1 h] sub/itute4 ,(t5 too ! tomb/one has ! %ape ( a door1 ! door ( ! subt]ranean _w :i!r ! dead desc5d4 ,! belief seems to h be5 held t ! deceas$ 7 absorb$ 9 ! ,great ,"m :o _h giv5 !m bir?1 & t !y ?us p>ticipat$ 9 h] div9ity4 ,%e br\ght =? corn & grapes = m5 & ?us su/a9$ !m day by day1 & ! bread & w9e1 tak5 9 ! meal :i* 0 ! ess5tial act ( ! initiation1 w\ld ensure immortality to ^? :o 7 ( ! my/]y4 8,?\ give/ u ! food ( life ) unfail+ con/ancy10 says a pray]1 8& :5 our s\l dep>ts we w take refuge 9 !e4 ,?us all t ?\ give/1 always falls to !e aga940#ia ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ,republic ! my/]ies ( ,isis & ,s]apis1 :i* _h come f ,alex&ria & _h already spread ?r\gh ! s\? ( ,italy1 e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,rome & ma9ta9$ !mselves !re 9 spite ( opposition f ! s5ate4 ,"u ! ,empire1 ! ,egyptian religion display$ all ! pomp ( its liturgy 9 magnific5t temples & _h a numb] ( vot>ies 9 e prov9ce4 ,! cult ( ,osiris1 ( :i* t ( ,s]apis 0 a =m1 0 orig9ally a cult ( ! fields1 l t ( ,attis1 & ! great fea/ :i* its adh]5ts celebrat$ 9 autumn recalls ! ,phrygian spr+ fea/s4 ,! dea? ( ,osiris1 ^: body _h be5 torn to pieces by ,se?1 0 m\rn$2 & :5 ,isis _h f\nd ! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( ! corpse1 jo9$ !m toge!r & reanimat$ x1 noisy rejoic+ foll[$ ! lam5tation4 ,l ! initiates ( ,cybele & ,attis1 ^? ( ,isis & ,s]apis 7 associat$ ) ! passion & resurrection ( _! god4 ,&1 9 ! same way1 ! olde/ conception ( immortality 9 ^! my/]ies 0 t ! dep>t$ w5t d[n into ! inf]nal regions1 :]e a man became ano!r ,s]apis1 a woman ano!r ,isis1 :i* is to say t !y 7 assimilat$ to ! gods :o _h grant$ !m salvation4#ib ,?is is :y on num]\s fun]al reliefs ! dead man1 :o has become a h]o & is %[n ly+ on a c\*1 be>s on 8 head ! bu%el 7modius7 :i* is ! attribute ( ,s]apis4 ,9 consequ5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ! id5tification ( ?is god ) ,dionysos1 ! joys beyond ! grave are also repres5t$ z a fea/ 9 ! ,elysian ,fields at :i* ! great ma/] ( banquets presides4#ic ,all ^! my/]ies conceive immortality z a desc5t ( ! dead into ,hades4 ,= !m1 ! k+dom ( ! dead lies 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?4 ,^? :o h be5 initiat$ w !re enjoy a felicity made up ( purely mat]ial pleasures1 or !y w be id5tifi$ ) ! p[]s :o reign ov] ! ne!r _w & w h "p 9 _! div9e life4 ,x w be notic$ h[ closely ?is la/ conception approa*$ to t ( anci5t ,/oicism1 accord+ to :i* ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! human organism1 dissociat$ by dea?1 7 to rega9 _! integrity 9 ! div9e elem5ts ( ! univ]se4 ,q ano!r doctr9e 0 propagat$ by ! ,syrian cults & ! ,p]sian my/]ies ( ,mi?ras1 :i* spread 9 ! ,we/ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4 ,^! religions taught t ! s\l ( ! j man does n g bel[ ! gr\nd b rises to ! sky1 !re to enjoy div9e bliss 9 ! mid/ ( ! />s 9 ! et]nal light4 ,only ! wick$ 7 condemn$ to roam ! e>?'s surface1 or 7 dragg$ by ! demons into ! dusky dep?s 9 :i* ! _s ( evil reign$4 ,op9ions diff]$ z to ! region ( heav5 9 :i* ! s\ls ( ! elect dwelt4 ,! 8,*aldeans10 :o look$ ^u ! sun z ! ma/] & ! intellig5ce ( ! univ]se1 made him ! au?or ( human reason1 :i* return$ to him aft] x _h left ! body1 :ile = ! prie/s ( ,mi?ras ! _s rose1 by way ( ! planet>y sph]es1 to ! summit ( ! heav5s4 ,we w h to exam9e lat] ! diff]5t =ms ( a/ral immortality4#id ,b y w already h notic$ h[ ne>ly ?is immortality1 z =mulat$ by ! ,iranian & ,semitic sects1 approximat$ to ! doctr9e taught by ,py?agorism & adopt$ by ,neo-,/oicism4 ,?is meet+ ( ! two doctr9es 0 n an effect ( *ance4 ,! idea t s\ls are relat$ to ! cele/ial fires1 :5ce !y desc5d at bir? & :i!r !y reasc5d at dea?1 _h probably be5 borr[$ by ! anci5t ,py?agoreans f ! a/ral religions ( ! ,ea/4 ,rec5t rese>* seems to h e/abli%$ ! fact ( its ,*aldeo-,p]sian orig94 ,b ! ,greek philosoph]s1 accord+ to _! wont1 def9$ & develop$ ?is idea 9 an orig9al way4 ,9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 :5 !y adopt$ a/rology1 !y 7 subject = ! second "t to ! asc5dancy ( ! sci5tific religion ( ! 8,*aldeans02 &1 9 _! turn1 !y react$ on ! ,ori5tal cults :5 ^! spread 9 ! ,graeco-,roman _w4 ,we h sure evid5ce t ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras 71 9 p>ticul>1 /rongly affect$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ,py?agorean sect1 :i* 0 itself organis$ l a k9d ( my/]y4 ,9 a m g5]al way1 philosophy introduc$ into ! my/]ies e?ical ideas &1 in/ead ( ! purely rituali/ic or r magical means ( salvation1 "s moral requirem5ts became necess>y to e>n immortality4 ,!re is "h a mass ( actions & reactions ( :i* ! details escape u2 b we c =m "s idea ( su* a syncretism f ! rema9s ( ! !ological writ+s attribut$ to ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 f ! writ+s1 t is1 :i* are suppos$ to conta9 ! revelations ( ! ,egyptian god ,?ot4 ,?is pr(ess$ly ,egyptian wisdom includes a numb] ( ideas & def9itions :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ,posidonius & ,neo-,py?agorism4 ,! ,greek & ! ,egyptian elem5ts are s closely associat$ 9 x t x is v difficult to sep>ate ! "o f ! o!r4 ,we f9d ano!r example ( ! same mixture 9 ! 8,*aldaic ,oracles10 :i* 7 probably compos$ ab\t ! ye> #bjj ( our era & :i* became "o ( ! sacr$ books ( ,neo-,platonism4 ,unlike ! ,h]metic writ+s1 ?is collection ( v]ses does inde$ seem to h belong$ to a sect practis+ an actual cult3 its great] "p is tak5 up ) my?ology1 & ! fanta/ic my/icism ( ! ,ea/ is m prom95t "h ?an 9 ! ,h]metic lore1 b ! m9d ( ! compil] ( ^! revelations 0 also p5etrat$ by ! ideas :i* ! ,greek ma/]s _h widely circulat$4 ,! t5et ( a/ral immortality1 :i* philosophy %>$ ) ! cults emanat+ f ,syria & ,p]sia1 impos$ itself on ! anci5t _w4 ,x is curi\s to notice h[ x 0 introduc$ into ! !ology ( ! v my/]ies to :i* x 0 at fir/ =eign3 ,attis end$ by becom+ a sol> god1 & !nce=w>d x 0 9 ! heights ( heav5 t ,cybele 0 unit$ to ! s\ls %e _h prev5t$ f w&]+ 9 d>kness & _h sav$ f hell4 ,! prie/s ( ! ,alex&rian div9ities 7 simil>ly to expla9 t ! dead _h n _! dwell+ 9 ! int]ior ( our globe1 b t ! 8subt]ranean0 77 k+dom ( ,s]apis 0 situat$ b5ea? ! e>?1 t is1 9 ! l[] hemisph]e ( heav51 b\nd$ by ! l9e ( ! horizon4#ie ,accord+ z ! ,ori5tal religions 7 m l>gely propagat$1 fai? 9 a new es*atology spread gradually among ! p2 & al?\gh memories & survivals ( ! old belief 9 ! life ( ! dead 9 ! grave & ! %ade's desc5t into ! inf]nal dep?s may h l+]$1 ! doctr9e :i* pr$om9at$ h5ce=w>d 0 t ( cele/ial immortality4 ,! di/ance sep>at+ ! age ( ,augu/us f t ( ! ,flavians on ?is po9t c be measur$ by read+ ,plut>*'s moral works 7ab\t #abj ,a4 ,d474 ,a con/ant preoccupation ) religi\s matt]s1 & 9 p>ticul> a le>n$ curiosity z to ! cults ( ! ,ea/1 %[s itself 9 ?is ,greek ( ,*a]onea1 liv+ 9 a c\ntry :i*1 9 its pride 9 its own pa/1 _h m ?an any o!r resi/$ ! invasion ( exoticism4 ,fur!r1 ! eclectic philosoph] likes to ins]t 9 8 diss]tations my?s 9 :i*1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ,plato1 he exp\nds ! lot ( s\ls 9 ! ,beyond & _! /ruggle to rise heav5w>ds4 ,an attempt has be5 made to prove--wrongly1 ,i ?9k--t he is "h inspir$ by ,posidonius4 ,^! apocalyptic visions1 :i* claim to reveal tru?s previ\sly ignor$1 are n tak5 f t well-kn[n writ]2 !y h a religi\s impr9t :i* betrays sac]dotal influ5ce1 & ! philosophic ideas !y conta9 are ^? :i* 7 "p ( ! common wisdom ( ! ,py?agoreans & ! my/]ies4 ,!re d\btless /ill 7 9 ! second c5tury ,/oics1 l ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius1 = :om ! future life 0 a m]e hypo!sis1 or at mo/ a hope 7p4 #ad71 z well z sceptics1 l ,lucian ( ,samosata1 ^: irony mock$ all beliefs4 ,b gradually _! numb] dim9i%$ & ! e*o ( _! voices grew feebl]4 ,fai? 9 survival deep5$ z pres5t life came to seem a burd5 h>d] & h>d] to be>4 ,! pessimi/ic idea t bir? is a *a/isem5t & t ! true life is n t pass$ on e>?1 impos$ itself 9 proportion to ! gr[? ( public & private ills & to ! aggravation ( ! empire's social & moral decl9e4 ,9 ! p]iod ( viol5ce & deva/ation :i* occurr$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 !re 0 s mu* undes]v$ suff]+1 !re 7 s _m unju/ failures & unpuni%$ crimes1 t m5 took refuge 9 ! expectation ( a bett] life 9 :i* all ! iniquity ( ?is _w w\ld be retriev$4 ,no e>?ly hope !n bright5$ life4 ,! tyranny ( a corrupt bureaucracy /ifl$ e attempt at political progress4 ,sci5ce seem$ exhau/$ & no long] discov]$ unkn[n tru?s2 art 0 /ruck ) /]ility ( inv5tion & reproduc$ heavily ! creations ( ! pa/4 ,an increas+ impov]i%m5t & a g5]al insecurity con/antly disc\rag$ ! _s ( ent]prise4 ,! idea spread t humanity 0 smitt5 by incurable decay1 t society 0 on ! road to dissolution & ! end ( ! _w 0 imp5d+4 ,all ^! causes ( disc\ragem5t & pessimism mu/ be rememb]$ 9 ord] to und]/& ! dom9ance ( ! old idea1 !n s (t5 repeat$1 t a bitt] necessity con/ra9s ! _s ( man to enclose itself 9 matt]1 & t dea? is a lib]ation :i* deliv]s x f its c>nal prison4 ,9 ! heavy atmosph]e ( a p]iod ( oppression & p[]lessness1 ! despond5t s\ls ( m5 aspir$ ) ineffable ard\r to ! radiant spaces ( heav54 99 99 99 99 99 ,! m5tal evolution ( ,roman society 0 complete :5 ,neo-,platonism took ^u itself ! (fice ( direct+ m9ds4 ,! p[]ful my/icism ( ,plot9us 7#bje-bfb ,a4 ,d47 op5$ up ! pa? :i* ,greek philosophy 0 to foll[ until ! _w ( antiquity rea*$ its end4 ,we %all n und]take to notice 9 ?is place ! discrepancies ( ! late/ tea*]s :o !oris$ ab\t ! de/9y ( s\ls4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures we %all h occasion to quote "s ( ! op9ions ( ,porphyry1 ! *ief disciple ( ,plot9us1 & ( 8 successor ,jambli*us1 :o 01 l himself1 a ,syrian4 ,we w "h d no m ?an indicate broadly :at di/+ui%$ ! !ories ( ?is s*ool f ^? :i* _h hi!rto be5 dom9ant4 ,! sy/em g5]ally accept$1 by ! my/]ies z by philosophy1 0 a pan!ism accord+ to :i* div9e en]gy 0 imman5t 9 ! univ]se & _h its home 9 ! cele/ial sph]es4 ,! s\ls1 conceiv$ z mat]ial1 c\ld 9 consequ5ce rise to ! />s b did n leave ! _w4 ,! ,neo-,py?agoreans !mselves _h n _h a v firmly e/abli%$ doctr9e on ?is po9t3 :ile "s ( !m /at$ t reason 0 incorporeal1 o!rs1 z we h se5 7p4 #bd71 admitt$ ) ! ,/oics t x 0 an igne\s sub/ance4 ,x is true t ev5 9 paganism ! appe>ance c be disc]n$ ( ! belief 9 a ,mo/ ,high 77 or an unkn[n god 1 :om "s p suppos$ to dwell above ! />ry heav5s1 beyond ! limits ( ! _w1 & t[>ds :om pi\s spirits c\ld rise4 ,! reviv]s ( ,platonic idealism ass]t$ ! transc5d5ce ( ,god & ! spirituality ( ! s\l m /rongly & cle>ly4 ,a :ole *apt] ( ! ,enneades ( ,plot9us is tak5 up ) refut+ ^? :o held ! s\l to be mat]ial4#if ,z a pr9ciple ( life & movem5t1 x is /at$ to be immortal by its v ess5ce1 s t if x kept its purity p]fect1 x w\ld f9d aft] its passage "h bel[ et]nal felicity 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,! ,neo-,platoni/s pres]v$ ! idea1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 admitt$1 t ?is intellectual ess5ce comes d[n to e>? ?r\gh ! planet>y sph]es & ! atmosph]e1 & t z x s9ks 9 ! lum9\s e!r & ! damp air1 x becomes lad5 ) p>ticles ( ! elem5ts ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,x surr\nds itself ) a g>m5t or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ) a vehicle 77 :i* ?ick5s z x gradually draws ne> u4#ig ,?is subtle body1 ! seat ( ! passions & ( feel+1 is int]m$i>y betwe5 ! spiritual pr9ciple :i* has issu$ f ,god & ! fle% 9 :i* x is to enclose itself1 & = c]ta9 philosoph]s x survives dea? & accompanies ! s\l to ! ,beyond1 at lea/ if ! s\l1 n be+ free f e>?ly admixture1 _c :olly leave ! _w ( s5se1 & !re=e rises only to ! planet>y circle or to t ( ! fix$ />s4 ,:5 ! s\l has suff]$ ev5 m f ! ta9t to :i* its contact ) matt]1 ! s\rce ( evil1 exposes x1 x is doom$ to re9c>nate itself 9 a new body & aga9 to und]go ! trial ( ?is life4 ,:5 x has become incurably corrupt & burd5$ ) evil1 x goes d[n into ! dep?s ( ,hades4 ,foll[+ ,plato1 ,plot9us & 8 successors h adopt$ ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( metempsy*osis4 ,!y h ev5 develop$ x1 z we %all see1#ih toge!r ) ! :ole pessimi/ic & ascetic conception ( life1 ! conception :i* looks at bir? z a pa9 & a fall1 a tempor>y subjection to a body f :i* emancipation mu/ be s\ght4 ,x is only aft] ?is lib]ation t ! s\l c rea* p]fect wisdom2 x mu/ no long] be tr\bl$ by ! s5ses if x is to atta9 to ! end ( exi/5ce1 to union ) ,god4 ,?is union c be realis$ ev5 dur+ ?is life 9 mom5ts ( ec/asy1 9 :i* ! s\l rises above ?\ght & gives itself up entirely to love = ! ineffable ,unity 9 :i* x is absorb$4 ,l _m o!r my/ics1 ,plot9us disda9s ! c]emonies ( positive cults3 !y 7 sup]flu\s to ! sage :o c\ld ( himself ent] into communion ) ! supreme ,be+4 ,b ev5 8 disciple ,porphyry conc$$ a great] value to rites & initiations4 ,if !y 7 p[]less to lead ! p>tak]s ( my/]ies to ! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 _! effect yet 0 to r5d] m5 wor?y to live among ! visible gods :o p heav54#ii ,b only philosophical wisdom c\ld rise to ! intelligible _w & ! ,unkn[able4 ,! pr9ciple ( a my/ical relation betwe5 man & ! div9ity 0 to lead ,neo-,platonism to m & m rev]5ce = religi\s traditions4 ,= x 0 held t 9 ! pa/ ! revelation ( tru? _h be5 grant$ by ,heav5 n only to div9e ,plato & ! sages ( ,greece1 b to all ! f\nd]s ( b>b>\s cults & au?ors ( sacr$ writ+s4 ,!y all communicat$ pr(\nd tea*+1 :i* !y sometimes hid b5ea? ! veil ( allegory4 ,inspir$ by ! symbolism ( ! ,py?agoreans1 ! la/ repres5tatives ( ,greek philosophy claim$ to r$iscov] ! :ole ( ,platonic metaphysics & ! ,platonic doctr9e ( immortality 9 ! my?s & rites ( paganism4 ,! spee*es ( ,julian ! ,apo/ate on ! ,sun-,k+ & ! ,"m ( ! ,gods are *>act]i/ic examples ( ?is bold exegesis1 de/itute ( all critical & ev5 all common s5se1 :i* 0 adopt$ by ! la/ *ampions ( ! old beliefs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! ab]rations ( ,neo-,platonic ?\ght mu/ n hide ! s*ool's hi/orical importance f u1 any m ?an ! excesses ( ! sup]/iti\s !urgy :i* invad$ x4 ,:5 x reviv$ ,plato's idealism1 x produc$ a la/+ *ange 9 ! es*atological ideas :i* prevail$ 9 paganism1 & x deeply influ5c$ ev5 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es ( immortality held s9ce ! f\r? c5tury4 ,?is w be bett] se51 we hope1 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures4#ajj ,x may be said t ! conception ( ! lot ( s\ls :i* reign$ at ! end ( antiquity p]si/$ on ! :ole ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages--! immat]ial spirits ( ! j ris+ ?r\gh ! planet>y sph]es to ! ,supreme ,be+ en?ron$ above ! zone ( ! fix$ />s2 ! po/hum\s purification ( ^? :om life has sulli$ 9 a purgatory int]m$i>y betwe5 heav5 & hell2 ! desc5t ( ! wick$ into ! dep?s ( ! e>? :]e !y suff]$ et]nal *a/isem5t4 ,?is ?reefold division ( ! univ]se & ( s\ls 0 l>gely accept$ at ! "t ( ! ,empire's decl9e by pagans & by ,*ri/ians1 & aft] long c5turies x 0 aga9 to f9d magnific5t expression 9 ,dante's 8,div9e ,com$y40 ,be=e x c\ld be de/roy$ a/ronomy _h to de/roy ! :ole cosmography ( ,posidonius & ,ptolemy on :i* x 0 bas$4 ,:5 ! e>? ceas$ to be ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 ! "o fix$ po9t 9 ! mid/ ( ! mov+ circles ( ! skies1 & became a t9y planet turn+ r\nd ano!r heav5ly body1 :i* itself mov$ 9 ! imm5sity ( space1 among an inf9ity ( simil> />s1 ! nave conception =m$ by ! anci5ts ( ! j\rney ( s\ls 9 a well-enclos$ _w c\ld no long] be ma9ta9$4 ,! progress ( sci5ce discr$it$ ! conv5i5t solution bequea!d to s*ola/icism by antiquity1 & left u 9 ! pres5ce ( a my/]y ( :i* ! pagan my/]ies nev] _h ev5 a suspicion4 ,i ,,aft] ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,tomb ,:5 ,cic]o 9 8 ,tusculans#aja fir/ t\*es on ! "q ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 he beg9s by cit+ 9 its support ! fact t belief 9 x has exi/$ s9ce e>lie/ antiquity4 ,he /ates t unless ! fir/ ,romans 7 conv9c$ t man 0 n r$uc$ to n\ght1 :5 he left ?is life1 & t all feel+ 0 n ext+ui%$ 9 dea?1 !re c\ld be no explanation ( ! rules ( ! old pontifical law z to fun]als & burials1 rules ! violation ( :i* 0 reg>d$ z an inexpiable crime4 ,?is rem>k is t ( a v judici\s obs]v]4 ,!re subsi/ 9 ! fun]al rites ( all peoples1 9 ! c]emony ( m\rn+ e/abli%$ by ! religi\s law or by tradition1 cu/oms :i* d]ive f ar*aic conceptions ( life beyond ! tomb & :i* are /ill foll[$ al?\gh _! orig9al mean+ is no long] und]/ood4 ,mod]n le>n+ has sometimes successfully s\ght to elucidate !m1 borr[+ light f ! practices ( savage peoples & f ,european folk-lore4 ,we w n ent] ! doma9 ( ^! rese>*es1 = s9ce our special purpose "h is to exp\nd ! ideas z to immortality held 9 lat] times1 we h to consid] only ! beliefs :i* 7 /ill alive 9 t p]iod4 ,a false int]pretation suppli$ by a philosoph] may h m hi/orical value = u ?an ! true explanation ( an in/itution :i* _h lo/ its mean+4 ,b ev5 among ! ideas :i* 7 nei!r oblit]at$ nor discr$it$1 conceptions :i* orig9at$ at v diff]5t dates h to be di/+ui%$4 ,! doctr9es ( paganism1 l ! soil ( our planet1 are =m$ ( sup]impos$ /rata4 ,:5 we dig into !m we discov] successive lay]s "u ! upp] deposits ( rec5t alluvia4 ,no?+ 0 sudd5ly de/roy$ 9 anci5t religions2 _! trans=mations 7 nev] revolution>y4 ,fai? 9 ! pa/ 0 n entirely aboli%$ :5 new ways ( believ+ 7 =m$4 ,contradictory op9ions c\ld exi/ side by side = a long "t )\t any %ock be+ caus$ by _! disagreem5t2 & x 0 only little by little & sl[ly t argum5t exclud$ "o way ( ?9k+ to give place to ! o!r1 :ile !re 7 always h>dy survivals left1 bo? 9 ?\ght & 9 cu/oms4 ,?us ! beliefs z to ! future life :i* 7 curr5t "u ! ,roman ,empire pres5t a s+ul> mixture1 co>se ideas go+ back to ! prehi/oric p]iod m+l+ ) !ories import$ into ,italy at a late date4 ,we w today exam9e ! olde/ ( all ! ways ( consid]+ survival 9 ! ,beyond3 life 9 ! tomb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e?nology has prov$ t among all peoples ! belief t ! dead cont9ue to live 9 ! tomb has reign$1 & sometimes /ill reigns4 ,! primitive man1 disconc]t$ by dea?1 _c p]suade himself t ! be+ :o mov$1 felt1 will$1 z he does1 c be sudd5ly depriv$ ( all 8 faculties4 ,! mo/ anci5t & ! crude/ idea is t ! corpse itself keeps "s obscure s5sitiv5ess :i* x _c manife/4 ,x is imag9$ to be 9 a /ate l sleep4 ,! vital en]gy :i* animat$ ! body is /ill atta*$ to x & _c exi/ )\t x4 ,?is belief 0 s p[]ful 9 ,egypt t x inspir$ a :ole section ( ! fun]al ritual & call$ =? ! inf9ite c>e t 0 tak5 to pres]ve mummies4 ,ev5 9 ! ,we/ x surviv$ vaguely1 & traces ( x might /ill be discov]$ today4 ,lucretius combats ?is inv9cible illusion ( m5 :o1 ev5 :ile !y affirm t dea? ext+ui%es all feel+1 keep a secret uneas9ess z to ! suff]+ :i* _! mortal rema9s may und]go & are fright5$ by ! idea t _! bodies may be eat5 by worms or c>nivor\s animals4 ,!y _c sep>ate !mselves f ?is prone body1 :i* !y believe is /ill _! self4 ,:y1 cont9ues ! poet1 w\ld x be m pa9ful to be ! prey ( wild bea/s ?an to be burnt by ! flame ( ! pyre1 to freeze ly+ on ! icy slab ( ! grave or to be cru%$ by ! weight ( heap$-up e>?8#ajb ,?is v fe> t ! e>? may weigh heavily on ^? :o are deposit$ 9 ! grave %[s itself among _m peoples :o int] _! dead1 & 0 express$ 9 ,rome by a =mula s v usual t x 0 recall$ 9 epitaphs by initials only3 8,s7x7 t7ibi7 t7erra7 l7evis710 8,may e>? be light = !e40 ,until ! ,empire ,/oic philosoph]s c\ld be f\nd :o upheld t ! s\l endures only = ! "t = :i* ! body is pres]v$4#ajc ,b exp]i5ce prov$ t ! corpse decompos$ rapidly 9 ! soil1 all t rema9$ ( x be+ a skeleton b]eft ( ! organs ( s5sation4 ,:5 ! cu/om ( inc9]ation1 foll[$ 9 ,italy f ! prehi/oric p]iod1 became practically g5]al 9 ,rome1 ! de/ruction ( ! body took place regul>ly be=e ! eyes ( ^? pres5t4 ,?us m5 rea*$ ! belief t ^? ne> & de> to !m1 :om !y sometimes saw aga9 9 _! dreams or seem$ to feel beside !m1 :o 7 kept alive at lea/ 9 memory1 diff]$ f ! be+s ( fle% & bones :om !y _h kn[n4 ,f ^? mat]ial individuals subtle elem5ts deta*$ !mselves1 fill$ ) a my/]i\s =ce :i* subsi/$ :5 ! human organism _h crumbl$ to du/ or be5 r$uc$ to a%es4 ,x 0 ?is same pr9ciple :i* tempor>ily dep>t$ f p]sons :o lo/ consci\sness 9 a fa9t or a le?>gy4 ,if ?is light ess5ce did n leave a dy+ man at ! mom5t ( 8 dea?--:e!r or n x c\ld escape f 8 body imm$iately 0 inde$ unc]ta9--x 0 set free by ! fun]al fire1#ajd b x /ill inhabit$ ! tomb 9 :i* 8 rema9s re/$4 ,! idea t x 0 someh[ atta*$ to 8 rema9s _h tak5 root 9 m5's m9ds1 & ev5 lit]ature be>s witness to ! p]si/5ce ( ?is deeply implant$ popul> belief4 ,prop]tius1#aje :5 curs+ a woman1 desires t 8h] ,manes may n be able to settle ne> h] a%es40 ,& at ,lit]num 9 ,campania1 :]e ,scipio ,africanus caus$ himself to be buri$ because1 z he said1 he did n wi% to leave ev5 8 bones to 8 ungrateful c\ntry1 ! grotto 0 %[n :]e he re/$ & :]e1 s m5 believ$1#ajf 8a s]p5t kept gu>d ov] 8 ,manes40 ,?is primitive conception ( ! p]si/5ce ( a lat5t life 9 ! cold & rigid corpse or ( its passage to a vapor\s be+ l ! body1 is connect$ ) ! belief t ! dead reta9 all ! ne$s & feel+s :i* 7 previ\sly !irs4 ,! fun]al cult1 celebrat$ at ! tomb1 is born ( ?is belief4 ,x proce$s f fe> z mu* z f piety1 = ! dead are prone to res5tm5t & quick 9 v5geance4 ,! unkn[n =ce :i* inhabits !m1 ! my/]i\s p[] :i* causes !m to act1 inspir$ great awe4 ,if ! natural c\rse ( _! exi/5ce _h be5 int]rupt$1 especially if !y _h di$ be=e _! "t1 !y 7 suspect$ ( be+ victims ( "s mis*iev\s en*antm5t2 _! sickness 0 look$ ^u z an invasion ( malefic5t spirits provok$ by spells4 ,! wra? ( ^? :o _h ?us be5 torn f _! homes & _! wont$ way ( life 0 to be dread$4 ,l\d outbur/s ( grief foll[$ by prolong$ manife/ations ( m\rn+ mu/ prove to !m1 9 ! fir/ place1 t !y 7 truly lam5t$ & t no attempt _h be5 made to get rid ( !m4 ,!n1 9 _! new abode to :i* !y 7 convey$1 !y mu/ be ensur$ a be>able exi/5ce1 9 ord] t !y might rema9 !re9 quietly & n tr\ble _! families nor puni%1 by "s intrusion1 ^? :o neglect$ !m4 ,solicitude = ! belov$1 ! desire to prev5t _! suff]+1 ! hope ( obta9+ _! protection1 p>tly acc\nt = ! orig9 & ma9t5ance ( ^! practices1 b !y 7 above all inspir$ by ! t]ror :i* spirits call$ =?1 z is prov$ by ! fact t !y 7 ! same = all ! dep>t$ )\t di/9ction1 = ^? :o _h be5 lov$ & ^? :o _h be5 hat$4 ,! tomb is ! h\se ( ! dead4 ,?is is an idea common to ! :ole anci5t _w1 go+ back 9 ,italy beyond ! f\ndation ( ,rome4 ,! prehi/oric cemet]ies ( ! fir/ iron age h yield$ a numb] ( c9]>y urns exactly reproduc+ ! v>i\s types ( huts :i* %elt]$ ! tribes :o !n peopl$ ! p59sula4 ,! burial places ( ! ,etruscans are (t5 on ! plan ( _! dwell+s1 & ,roman epitaphs leave no d\bt z to ! p]si/5ce ( ! conviction t ! dead inhabit ! tomb4 ,! diffusion ( ,ori5tal cults reviv$ ar*aic beliefs on ?is po9t z on _m o!rs4 ,! "n 8et]nal h\se0 7domus aet]na71 borr[$ f ! ,egyptians & ! ,semites1 (t5 occurs 9 fun]al inscriptions ( ! imp]ial p]iod4#ajg ,"o text ev5 specifies t ?is is 8! et]nal h\se 9 :i* future life mu/ be pass$40#ajh ,! tomb is ?us no m]e passage ?r\gh :i* ! s\l goes on its way to ano!r region ( ! _w2 x is a la/+ resid5ce4 8,?is10 says an inscription1 8is our c]ta9 dwell+1 ! "o :i* we mu/ inhabit40#aji ,9 ! ,a5eid1 a c5otaph is rais$ to ,polydorus1 ^: body _h be5 lo/1 & 8 8s\l0 is in/all$ !re by a fun]al c]emony1#aaj = ! %ade :i* has no sepul*re w&]s1 z we %all see1 ab\t ! e>?4 ,b :5 a f9e monum5t is giv5 to a dead man1 he is happy to be able to (f] hospitality !re to pass]s-by & invites !m to /ay on _! way4 ,sometimes he is imag9$ z 9 a b$*amb]1 :]e he sleeps an endless sleep1#aaa b ?is is n ! primitive nor ! dom9ant idea4 ,?is idea1 on ! contr>y1 0 t 8 re/ 0 at lea/ n unbrok51 s9ce he _h _m requirem5ts4 ,x 0 necess>y n only to ensure him a ro( b also to provide = 8 support1 = he _h ! same ne$s & ta/es b5ea? ! gr\nd z he _h ^u x4 ,!re=e ! clo!s :i* cov]$ him1 ! jewels :i* adorn$ him1 ! e>!n or bronze vessels :i* deck$ 8 table1 ! lamps :i* af=d$ him light1 w\ld be plac$ beside him4 ,if he 7 a w>rior he w\ld be giv5 ! arms he bore1 if a craftsman ! tools he us$2 a woman w\ld h ! articles necess>y to h] toilet1 a *ild ! toys :i* amus$ him2 & ! amulets1 by ! help ( :i* all t 0 malefic5t w\ld be kept away1 7 n =gott54 8,x is aga9/ common s5se10 says ,trimal*io 9 ,petronius' romance1#aab 8to deck ! h\se ( ! liv+ & n to give ! same c>e to ! h\se :i* we mu/ inhabit = a long] "t40 ,9 fact1 ! l>g] numb] ( ! articles ( furniture & h\sehold use pres]v$ 9 our museums come f tombs1 :i*1 9 ! climate ( ,egypt1 h sometimes be5 able to yield up to u1 intact1 "s preci\s volume int5d$ = a mummy's b$side book4 ,b ! tombs h kept = u only a small "p ( ! (f]+s made to ^? :o 7 leav+ ?is _w1 = (t5 _! w>drobe & implem5ts 7 deliv]$ ) !m to ! flame ( ! pyre 9 ! belief t someh[ !y w\ld f9d !m aga9 9 ! ,beyond4 ,lucian relates t a husb& lov$ 8 wife s de>ly t at h] dea? he caus$ all ! ornam5ts & ! clo!s :i* %e lik$ to we> to be buri$ ) h]4 ,b sev5 days aft] h] dea?1 z1 /ret*$ on a c\*1 he 0 sil5tly read+ ,plato's ,pha$o1 seek+ !re9 solace = 8 grief1 8 wife appe>$1 seat$ h]self beside him1 & reproa*$ him = n hav+ add$ to 8 (f]+ "o ( h] gilt slipp]s :i* _h be5 left beh9d a *e/4 ,! husb& f\nd x !re1 & ha/5$ to burn x 9 ord] t ! poor woman might no long] rema9 half b>efoot$4#aac ,above all1 ! dead mu/ be (f]$ food1 = ! %ade1 l ! human body :i* x replaces1 ne$s n\ri%m5t = its subsi/5ce4 ,its feeble & prec>i\s life is quick5$ & prolong$ only if x be con/antly su/a9$4 ,! dead are hungry2 above all !y are ?ir/y4 ,^? ^: hum\rs h dri$1 ^: m\?s h )]$1 are tortur$ by ! ne$ to refre% _! p>*$ lips4 ,x !re=e is n en\gh to place 9 ! tombs ! dr9ks & di%es1 ! rema9s ( :i* h (t5 be5 f\nd beside skeletons2 by p]iodic sacrifices ! ,manes mu/ be suppli$ ) fre% food also4 ,if !y are left )\t n\ri%m5t !y langui%1 weak z a fa/+ man1 almo/ unconsci\s1 & 9 ! end !y w\ld actually die ( />vation4 ,?is is :y ! fle% ( victims 01 9 fun]al sacrifices1 :olly de/roy$ by fire1 none ( x be+ res]v$ = ^? pres5t4 ,p always reta9$ ! conviction t ! (f]+s burnt on ! alt> or ! libations p\r$ into ! grave 7 consum$ by him = :om !y 7 int5d$4 ,(t5 !re is 9 ! tomb/one a circul> cavity1 ! bottom ( :i* is pi]c$ ) holes2 ! liquid p\r$ into x w5t ?r\gh ! p]=at$ slab & 0 l$ by a tube to ! urn :i* held ! calc9at$ bones4 ,x is compreh5sible t an unbeliev] prote/$ aga9/ ?is practice 9 8 epitaph4 8,by wett+ my a%es ) w9e ?\ wilt make mud10 he says1 8& ,i %all n dr9k1 :5 ,i am dead40#aad ,b h[ _m o!r texts !re are :i* %[ ! p]si/5ce ( ! anci5t ideas6 8,pass]-by10 says a ,roman inscription1 8! bones ( a man pray !e n to soil ! monum5t :i* cov]s !m2 b if ?\ be b5evol5t p\r w9e into ! cup1 dr9k & give me !re(40#aae ,if ! dead ask = fre% wat]1 ) :i* to qu5* _! insatiable ?ir/1 !y are above all eag] = ! w>m blood ( victims4 ,?is sacrifice to ! dead 0 at fir/ (t5 a human sacrifice ( slaves or prison]s1 & b>b>\s immolations ( ?is k9d _h n entirely disappe>$ ev5 9 ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,:51 aft] ! tak+ ( ,p]ugia1 ,octavius1 on ! ,ides ( ,m>* 7t is1 on ! anniv]s>y ( ! slay+ ( ,julius ,caes>71 caus$ ?ree hundr$ notables ( ! t[n to be slaught]$ on ,caes>'s alt>1#aaf ?is collective murd]1 inspir$ by political hatr$1 p]petuat$ an old religi\s tradition4 ,fights ( gladiators1 ^: blood dr5*$ ! soil1 orig9ally =m$ "p ( ! fun]al c]emonies by :i* ! la/ duty 0 paid to ! rema9s ( an illu/ri\s p]sonage4 ,x is said t ^! sacrifices 7 int5d$ to provide him :o _h gone to ! o!r _w ) s]vants & companions1 z ! (f]+ ( a horse gave him a /e$1 or else t1 9 case ( viol5t dea?1 !y 7 meant to appease ! %ade ( a victim :o claim$ v5geance4 ,& d\btless ^! ideas1 :i* correspond to conceptions already evolv$1 contribut$ to keep+ ?is cruel cu/om 9 =ce4 ,b orig9ally ! object ( ?is sacrifice1 z ( ! sacrifice ( animals1 0 ess5tially to ensure ! duration ( ! undef9able some?+ :i* /ill inhabit$ ! tomb4 ,among all ! peoples ( antiquity ! blood 0 look$ ^u z ! seat ( life2#aag ! vap\r :i* rose f ! w>m r$ liquid1 fl[+ f a w\nd1 0 ! s\l escap+ !re) f ! body2 & !re=e :5 blood 0 spr9kl$ on ! soil :i* cov]$ ! rema9s ( a relative or a fri5d1 a new vitality 0 giv5 to 8 %ade4 ,) ! same motive wom5 7 wont to scrat* _! faces ) _! nails 9 sign ( m\rn+4#aah ,?is anci5t conviction t fre% blood 0 indisp5sable to ! dead1 0 ma9ta9$ 9 "s c\ntries ) surpris+ t5acity4 ,9 ,syria1 z late z ! sev5? c5tury ( our era1 ,*ri/ians insi/$1 9 spite ( episcopal objurgations1 on immolat+ bulls & %eep on tombs1 & 9 ,arm5ia1 :]e ^! practices 7 sanction$ by ! national cl]gy1 ! fai?ful rema9$ p]suad$ t ! dead f\nd no happ9ess 9 ! o!r life unless ! blood ( victims _h be5 made to fl[ = !m on ! days fix$ by tradition4#aai ,o!r libations p]=m$ 9 ! fun]al rites ( ! ,greeks1 z ( ! ,romans1 7 int5d$ to produce ! same effect1 ! libations1 namely1 ( w9e1 milk & honey4 ,! use ( w9e has be5 expla9$ z t ( a sub/itute = blood1 z w9e is r$4 ,s]vius ev5 int]prets ! purple fl[]s :i* ,a5eas ?rew on ! tomb ( 8 fa!r ,an*ises by ! same association ( ideas1 z an 8imitation ( blood 9 :i* is ! seat ( life40#abj ,_m pro(s c\ld be cit$ ( ! fact t w9e has (t5 tak5 ! place ( ! liquid :i* fl[s 9 our ve9s1 b its use 9 connection ) ! dead c be expla9$ also by its own virtue4 ,x is ! m>vell\s liquid :i* gives div9e drunk5ness & :i* 9 ! my/]ies ensures immortality to su* z are1 ?anks to ?is sacr$ draught1 possess$ by ,bac*us4#aba ,9 ! same way x vivifies ! ,manes to :om x is p\r$ out4 ,simil>ly melikraton1 a mixture ( milk & honey1 is ! food ( ! gods1 & :5 ! dead absorb x1 !y too become immortal4 ,su* is ! fir/ mean+ ( ^! (f]+s1 "o :i* 0 nev] q =gott54 ,_! object is ! infusion ( new vig\r into ! enfeebl$ %ades :o slumb] 9 ! tomb4 ,?is int5tion c also be disc]n$ 9 ! fact t ! same (f]+s are us$ 9 magic1 :i* (t5 pres]v$ ideas aboli%$ or sup]s$$ 9 religion4 ,9 ord] to evoke ! phantoms1 ! necromanc]s dug a dit* & p\r$ blood1 w9e1 milk & honey into x4 ,^! liquids _h an excit+ effect on ! spirits ( ! dead1 ar\s+ !m f _! torpor1 & ! wiz>d took advantage ( x to "q !m4 ,precautions le/ ! dead %\ld ev] suff] f lack ( n\ri%m5t 7 multipli$4 ,9 ord] t !y might be f$ on o!r days ?an ^? ( sacrifices1 all ov] ! anci5t _w x 0 cu/om>y to place food on _! tombs--eggs1 bread1 beans1 l5tils1 salt1 fl\r1 ) w9e4 ,hungry vagrants did n always respect _! (f]+s b w\ld help !mselves to ! pr(f]$ vi&s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! in/itution :i* is mo/ *>act]is$ by ! p]si/5ce ( ! anci5t ideas ( life 9 ! tomb is h[ev] t ( ! fun]al banquets4 ,^! family repa/s1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 celebrat$ among ! ,etruscans1 took place 9 ,rome on ! grave imm$iately aft] ! fun]al 7silic]nium7 & 7 repeat$ on ! n9? day foll[+ 7c5a novemdialis74 ,9 ,greece & 9 ! ,ea/ ! c]emony took place ?rice1 on ! ?ird1 n9? & ?irtie? or on ! ?ird1 sev5? & =tie? day4 ,ev]y:]e x 0 subsequ5tly r5ew$ e ye> on ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? & on sev]al o!r fix$ dates1 z on t ( ! ,rosalia 9 ,may1 on :i* x 0 cu/om>y to decorate ! tombs ) roses4 ,memorial monum5ts ( "s importance are (t5 f\nd to include1 beside ! burial *amb]1 a d9+-room 7tricl9ium7 & ev5 a kit*5 7cul9a74 ,! importance atta*$ to ^! meals is prov$ by sev]al wills :i* h be5 pres]v$1 & :i* make consid]able end[m5ts to ensure _! p]petuity4 ,= in/ance1 at ,rav5na a son bequea?s a sum ( money to a college on condition t its memb]s annually scatt] roses on 8 fa!r's grave & fea/ !re on ! ,ides ( ,july4#abb ,:5 ,aurelius ,vitalio _h built at ,pra5e/e a family tomb1 surm\nt$ by a room ) a t]race1 he wrote a lett] 9 incorrect ,lat9 to ! bro!rs ( ! society to :i* he belong$3 8,i ask y1 my companions1 to refre% y\rselves "h )\t qu>rell+40#abc ,an ,african settl$ 9 ,rome simil>ly writes to 8 relatives & fri5ds1 8,come "h 9 good heal? = ! fea/1 & rejoice toge!r40#abd ,& 9 ,gaul a w comm&s t ! burial vault be furni%$ & receive a b$ ) cov]+s & cu%ions = ! gue/s :o h to meet on ! memorial days4#abe ,^! fun]al repa/s g back to a prehi/oric antiquity4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,india & 9 ,p]sia z well z among ! ,european peoples4 ,!y are d\btless z anci5t z w$d+ & fe/al banquets4 ,among ! ,egyptians & ! ,etruscans x 0 ev5 cu/om>y to place ! repres5tation ( a p]petual fea/ on ! walls ( a tomb 9 ord] to secure to ! dead p]son ! relief x gave4 ,! %ade ( a gue/ might well be pleas$ ) ! lik5ess ( di%es4 ,x 0 believ$ t at fun]al fea/s ! ,manes ( ance/ors came to sit among ! gue/s & enjoy$ ) !m ! abundance ( ! food & w9es4 ,lucian tells ( repa/s ( ?is k9d1 :i* he witness$ 9 ,egypt1 at :i* ! dri$ mummy 0 invit$ to eat & dr9k at ! table ( 8 k94#abf ,9 ,greece1 ev5 9 ! ,roman p]iod1 ^? pres5t at ! fea/ us$ to summon ! dead to x by "n4 ,an epitaph ( ,n>bonne jok+ly expresses ! vulg> idea z to ! p>ticipation ( ! deceas$ 9 ! banquet3 8,i dr9k & dr9k aga91 9 ?is monum5t10 says ! dead man1 8! m eag]ly because ,i am oblig$ to sleep & to dwell "h40#abg ,no?+ is fur!r f our spiritual ideas z to ! hol9ess ( gravey>ds ?an ! conviviality occasion$ by ! cult ( ! dep>t$2 among ! gue/s cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 ! dr9ks w5t r\nd 7circumpotatio7 & soon produc$ a noisy intoxication4 ,d n ?9k ?is 0 an abuse due to a relaxation ( morals & :i* came into be+ 9 lat] times4 ,! "* ( ^! fun]al banquets 0 su* f ! beg9n+1 & su* x has rema9$ d[n to mod]n times 9 _m c\ntries4 ,y all "k ! practice ( ! ,iri% 8wake0 :i* has be5 pres]v$ ev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= x 0 long believ$ t ! dead _h _! "p 9 ! m]r9ess & inebriation ( ! companions at table & 7 ?us consol$ = ! sadness ( _! lot4 8,?\ calle/10 says ,t]tullian1#abh 8! dead c>eless 7securos7 :5 ?\ goe/ to ! tombs ) food & delicacies1 b ?y real purpose is to make (f]+s to ?yself1 & ?\ returne/ home tipsy40 ,& inde$1 z we %all see1#abi ^! fea/s 7 no long] ( pr(it to ! dead only b to ! liv+ also1 because !re came to be a confusion betwe5 !m & ! ,bac*ic communions 9 :i* w9e 0 a dr9k ( immortality4 ,no religi\s c]emony 0 m univ]sally p]=m$ 9 ! mo/ div]se regions ( ! ,empire ?an ?is cult ( ! grave4 ,at e h\r ( e day families met 9 "s tomb to celebrate !re an anniv]s>y by eat+ ! fun]al meal4 ,peoples rema9$ /rongly atta*$ to practices ! omission ( :i* w\ld h seem$ to !m dang]\s z well z impi\s1 = ! spirits ( ! dead 7 p[]ful & v9dictive4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t ^! practices p]si/$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian era 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( ! cl]gy to suppress !m4 ,/4 ,augu/9e reprim&s ^? :o1 l pagans1 8dr9k intemp]ately above ! dead0--^! are 8 words--8& :o1 :ile s]v+ meals to corpses1 bury !mselves ) ^! buri$ bodies1 mak+ a religion ( _! gre$ & _! drunk5ness40#acj ,9 ! ,ea/1 h[ev]1 ecclesia/ical au?ority tol]at$ a cu/om :i* x c\ld n uproot1 cont5t+ itself ) =bidd+ ! abuse ( w9e & recomm5d+ a mod]ation ! abs5ce ( :i* might (t5 be deplor$4 ,ecclesia/ical au?ority also insi/$ t a "p ( ! fea/ %\ld be giv5 to ! poor1 ?us giv+ a *>itable "* to ! old pagan practice4#aca ,!re=e 9 _m c\ntries1 & especially 9 ,greece & 9 ! ,balkans1 ! habit has surviv$ to ?is day1 n only ( plac+ food on tombs1 b also ( eat+ !re on c]ta9 anniv]s>ies1 ) ! idea t ! dead 9 "s my/]i\s way %>e & enjoy ! meal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,rome1 9 hi/orical times1 ! fun]al repa/ might be tak5 n at ! tomb b 9 ! h\se4 ,among ! fea/s celebrat$ by ! confrat]nities 9 hon\r ( "s dead b5efactor1 on ! dates fix$ by 8 la/ w1 _m 7 held 9 ! meet+-place ( ! guild4 ,b ! belief cont9u$ 9 ! real pres5ce ( him ^: 8_s 0 hon\r$10#acb & ^: /atue or picture (t5 adorn$ ! banquet+ hall4 ,f ! e>lie/ p]iod1 ! _s ( ! dead 0 inde$ n reg>d$ z insep>able f 8 rema9s or z a recluse cloi/]$ 9 ! tomb4 ,he dwelt !re b c\ld issue !nce1 al?\gh = long x 0 believ$ t he c\ld n g f> away b rema9$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! burial place4 ,he 0 br\ght back to x by ! necessity ( tak+ food1 :i* 0 no less indisp5sable to him ?an to m54 ,he return$1 !re=e1 to x1 z a dwell] returns to 8 home1 to repair 8 en]gies & to re/4 ,?is idea t ! s\l w&]$ ar\nd its 8et]nal h\se0 (t5 caus$ pa9s to be tak5 to surr\nd ?is h\se ) a g>d54 ,sometimes su* a g>d5 0 plant$ ) a practical object3 x 0 a v9ey>d1 an or*>d or a rose-g>d5 :i* suppli$ ! w9e1 fruit or fl[]s necess>y = ! (f]+s to ! dead4#acc ,b else:]e a m]e pleasure-g>d51 ) %ady groves1 b[]s1 pavilions & sp>kl+ f\nta9s1 surr\nd$ ! burial place4 ,! c>e :i* ! liv+ took to fix1 by _! w1 its ext5t & its plant+ is a measure ( ! int5sity ( _! conviction t _! %ade w\ld take pleasure 9 refre%+ itself 9 ?is quiet haunt4 ,!re1 ab\t ! tomb1 x w\ld enjoy ! delights :i* w\ld aft]w>ds be transport$ to ! ,elysian ,fields1 z we %all see lat]4 ,! cult ( ! grave has n ceas$ 9 ^! days2 ! anci5t rites h n be5 discont9u$4 ,tomb/ones are /ill surr\nd$ ) fl[]s2 !y are deck$ ) wrea?s2 9 ,italy lamps are kept burn+ ov] !m4 ,b ! reasons :i* e/abli%$ ^! cu/oms h disappe>$2 = u !y are no m ?an a way ( betok5+ our c>e = ! belov$1 ( pi\sly %[+ our intimate feel+s by outw>d signs & m>k+ ! duration ( our regrets & our memories4 ,!y are survivals :i* h lo/ all ! concrete & real mean+ :i* !y _h 9 ! f>-(f days :5 m5 believ$ t a be+ l !mselves soj\rn$ 9 ! place 9 :i* bones or a%es 7 deposit$4 ,! dead 7 n !n cut (f f ! society ( ! liv+2 ! connection betwe5 !m & _! surr\nd+s 0 n brok52 ! cont9uity betwe5 ! h\r :i* prec$$ & t :i* foll[$ _! decease 0 n int]rupt$4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t 9 ?is respect anci5t ideas 7 pr(\ndly diff]5t f ours4 ,^? lo/ to sight did n !n cease to p>take ( ! life ( _! families2 !y rema9$ 9 communication ) _! fri5ds & _! k91 :o met toge!r 9 _! new dwell+1 & an ef=t 0 made to r5d] _! isolation less h>d to be> by br++ !m into t\* ) _m p4 ,our dead re/ 9 peaceful & remote gravey>ds :]e no noise or d9 may tr\ble ! tranquil mood ( afflict$ visitors4 ,! ,romans plac$ _! dead along ! great roads1 ne> ! gates ( t[ns1 :]e !re 0 press ( pass]s-by & ! roll+ ( *>iot-:eels4 ,_! wi% 0 n1 :5 !y buri$ !m beside ! mo/ frequ5t$ highways1 to recall _! de/9y to mortals1 al?\gh philosoph]s h ?us expla9$ ! cu/om4#acd ,on ! contr>y1 !y want$ to cause ^? :o 7 no m to =get _! own de/9y4 8,i see10 says an epitaph1#ace 8& ,i gaze ^u all :o g & come f & to ! city40 8,lollius has be5 plac$10 we read else:]e1#acf 8by ! side ( ! road 9 ord] t all pass]s-by may say to him1 #8,good day1 ,lollius4'0 ,! inscriptions 9 :i* ! dead speak1 address+ ^? :o /op be=e _! monum5ts1 are innum]able4 ,!y console su* z cont9ue to love !m1 ?ank ^? :o are /ill busy on _! behalf & express wi%es = _! happ9ess1 or else !y imp>t to _! successors ! wisdom acquir$ by exp]i5ce ( life4 ,(t5 !y take "p ) !m 9 a dialogue1 answ]+ _! greet+s & wi%es3 8,may ! e>? be light on !e60--8,f>e ?\ well 9 ! upp] _w02#acg or else3 8,hail ,fabianus40--8,may ! gods grant y _! b5efits1 my fri5ds1 & may ! gods be propiti\s to y1 travell]s1 & to y :o /op by ,fabianus6 ,g & come safe & s\nd6 ,may y :o cr[n me ) g>l&s or ?r[ me fl[]s1 live = _m ye>s60#ach 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us ?r\gh\t antiquity1 9 spite ( ! evolution ( ideas z to ! future life1 ! p]suasion always rema9$ inv9cible t ! spirits ( ! dead mov$ ab\t among m54 ,^! dis9c>nate intellig5ces1 :i* 71 h[ev]1 provid$ ) light & swift bodies1 did n let !mselves be imprison$ 9 ! tomb4 ,!y flutt]$ unceas+ly ar\nd liv+ be+s1 caus+ !m to feel ! effects ( _! pres5ce4 ,!re is "h1 m+l$ ) ! primitive idea t a my/]i\s be+1 l x 9 appe>ance1 has its place 9 ! gr\nd beside ! buri$ corpse1 ! o!r & equally anci5t idea t ! s\l is a brea? exhal$ by ! dead at ! mom5t :5 !y expire4 ,to brea! is ! fir/ act :i* m>ks ! life ( a newly born infant & to cease to brea! is ! fir/ sign :i* betok5s ! ext9ction ( life4 ,primitive p !re=e naturally ?\ght t ! pr9ciple :i* animat$ ! body 0 a brea?1 :i* ent]$ x at bir? & left x at dea?4 ,! v "n :i* d5otes ! vivify+ ess5ce is 9 mo/ languages witness to ! g5]al pr$om9ance ( ?is conception4 9 ,greek is connect$ ) 1 8to bl[02 ! ,lat9 animus or anima corresponds to 1 8w9d10 & 9 ! ,semitic languages nefe & rua h a simil> mean+4 ,at ! mom5t 9 :i* man expir$1 8 s\l escap$ ?r\gh 8 m\? & float$ 9 ! ambi5t air4 ,! ,py?agoreans1 :5 !y taught t 8! air is full ( s\ls10#aci 7 con=m+ to an old belief :i* is n ,greek only b univ]sal4 ,:5 ,virgil#adj %[s u ,dido's si/]1 at ! "t ( ! que5's suicide1 receiv+ ! la/ brea? :i* floats on h] dy+ lips1 he is l5d+ a ,roman cu/om to ! ,c>?ag9ians1 ! cu/om ( ! la/ kiss :i*1 accord+ to a widely held belief1 c\ld cat* on its way ! s\l :i* 0 escap+ into ! atmosph]e4 ,?is s\l 0 (t5 imag9$ z a bird 9 flight & we w see else:]e ! conclusions drawn f ?is nave conception4#ada ,"h we wi% m]ely to indicate h[ ! idea ( ! a]ial s\l 0 comb9$ ) t ( ! _s inhabit+ ! tomb4 ,?is %ade or simulacrum ( ^? :o 7 no long] ( ?is _w1 b :o /ill exi/$1 s9ce !y %[$ !mselves to ! liv+ 9 _! previ\s guise1 0 a body l ! w9d--intangible1 invisible1 save :5 x ?ick5$ l cl\ds or smoke4 ,a multitude ( ^! vapor\s be+s1 innum]able z pa/ g5]ations1 mov$ unceas+ly on ! e>?'s surface1 &1 above all1 roam$ ar\nd ! tombs1 :]e !y 7 reta9$ by _! atta*m5t to _! bodies4 ,:e!r1 l ! ,greeks1 m5 id5tifi$ !m ) ! 8demons10 or1 l ! ,romans1 call$ !m 8,manes gods10 8g5ii0 or 8lemures10 or by o!r names1 ! unanim\s op9ion 0 t _! p[] 0 sup]ior to t ( mank9d & t !y caus$ x to be felt by a con/ant int]v5tion 9 ! affairs ( human society4 ,x 0 g5]ally held t if ! requir$ cult 7 n r5d]$ !m1 !y w\ld puni% ?is neglect ) wra?1 b t !y %[$ _! b5evol5ce to ^? :o des]v$ x by zeal 9 s]v+ !m4#adb ,! dead 7 capable1 l ! liv+1 ( gratitude z well z ( res5tm5t4 ,! great] _h be5 _! p[] 9 ?is _w1 ! m consid]able x rema9$ 9 ! o!r1 & ! m advantage !re 0 9 secur+ _! protection or ev5 _! co-op]ation4 ,s]vius reports ! exi/5ce ( ! s+ul> belief t s\ls _h to swe> to ,pluto nev] to help ^? !y _h left beh9d !m on e>? to escape f _! de/9y4#adc ,su* 01 !n1 ! ext5t ( _! suppos$ p[]4 ,b all ! dead 7 n1 l "s ( ! h]oes :o _h become ! equals ( ! gods1 capable ( p]=m+ prodigi\s de$s4 ,_m1 gift$ ) less =ce1 7 conc]n$ ) less] int]e/s2 !y did no m ?an protect _! family1 ! dome/ic he>? & ! neighb\r+ field1 & r5d] small daily s]vices4 8,f>ewell1 ,donata1 ?\ :o wa/ pi\s & j10 says an epitaph1 8gu>d all ?y k940#add ,! idea t ! ance/ors become ! tutel>y spirits ( _! desc5dants :o 7 fai?ful to _! duty to !m1 goes back to ! remote/ antiquity & probably lies at ! f\ndation ( ! cult ( ! ,l>es4#ade ,b ! field ( action ( ^! g5ii 0 multiple1 s9ce !y 7 a multitude1 & _! functions und]w5t a fur!r developm5t :5 !y 7 consid]$ to be ! equival5ts ( ! demons ( ! ,greeks4 8,! s\ls ( ! dead10 ,maximus ( ,tyre#adf tells u1 8m+le ) all k9ds ( m51 ) e de/9y1 ?\ght & pursuit ( man2 !y support ! good1 succ\r ! oppress$ & puni% ! crim9al40 ,plot9us1 recall+ ! univ]sal cu/om ( pay+ cult to ^? :o h gone1 adds3 8,_m s\ls :i* belong$ to m5 d n cease to d good to m5 :5 !y h left ! body4 ,!y come to _! aid especially 9 grant+ !m revelations40#adg ,! wi% is !re=e ent]ta9$ to see 9 dreams ^? :o h left an empty place 9 ! family dwell+ or ! m>riage c\*4 ,a woman :om a murd] has sep>at$ f h] "y husb& prays ! mo/ holy ,manes to be indulg5t to him & to all[ h] to see him aga9 dur+ ! h\rs ( ! night4#adh ,b x 0 n only 9 dreams t m5 hop$ to descry aga9 ^? :o 7 lo/ to sight4 8,if te>s are ( any avail10 says ano!r epitaph1 8%[ ?yself by app>itions 7visis740#adi ,is x a "q "h also ( nocturnal app>itions8 ,p]haps2 b ! belief t ! spirits ( ! dead return$ to ! e>? & made !mselves visible to p :o 7 wide awake met ) v little incr$ulity among ! anci5ts4 ,x 0 n only ! common man :o accept$ x2 mo/ ?9k]s upheld ?is op9ion4 ,lucian#aej %[s u a meet+ ( philosoph]s 9 :i* no "o d\bts 8t !re are demons & phantoms & t ! s\ls ( ! dead d w&] on e>? & %[ !mselves to :om !y please40 ,a s+le fact w suffice to prove h[ g5]al 0 ?is conviction4 ,! sob] hi/orian ,dio ,cassius#aea relates t 9 8 "t1 m precisely 9 ! ye> #bbj ,a4 ,d41 a demon 7:o 0 evid5tly a fle% & blood impo/or7 appe>$ 9 ! ,danubian c\ntries 9 ! =m ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,he 0 foll[$ by f\r hundr$ ,bac*antes c>ry+ ! ?yrsus & ! nebris4 ,?is troop w5t ?r\gh all ,?racia )\t do+ any h>m to ! inhabitants1 :o ha/5$ to give !m %elt] & food1 & n a s+le (ficial d>$ oppose _! passage4 ,arriv$ ne> ,*alc$on1 ! pseudo-,alex&] made a /range sacrifice "o night1 bury+ a wood5 horse1 & !reupon imm$iately disappe>$4 ,l mod]n spirituali/s1 ! anci5ts saw 9 ^! app>itions an irrefutable pro( ( ! aft] life4 8,?\ :o d\bte/ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,manes10 we read on ! tomb ( two "y girls1 8invoke u aft] mak+ a v[ & ?\ wilt und]/&40#aeb ,revelations 7 inde$ to be expect$ ( ! wisdom ( ! dis9c>nate s\ls4 ,9 spite1 !re=e1 ( ! laws =bidd+ magic1 necromancy nev] ceas$ to be practis$4 ,by a nocturnal sacrifice1 analog\s to t (f]$ on tombs 7p4 #eb7 & by ! virtue ( _! incantations1 ! wiz>ds oblig$ ! dead to appe> be=e !m & answ] _! que/ions4 ,! poets & romanc]s lik$ to introduce 9 _! works descriptions ( ! atroci\s c]emonies :i* 7 int5d$ to give mom5t>y life ev5 to a corpse & cause x to pron\nce oracles4 ,! dead 9 ^! sc5es (t5 appe> z re/ive & ev5 ho/ile be+s :o 7 =c$ to su* actions by ! p[] ( wit*craft4 ,! dom9ant feel+ among all peoples is inde$ t ! dead are unhappy & !re=e malevol5t4 ,!y 7 believ$ to be excessively s5sitive3 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to d no?+ to (f5d !m4 ,if _! rights 7 ov]look$1 if !y 7 =gott51 !y %[$ _! wra? by s5d+ illnesses & sc\rges to ! guilty4 ,?is unpleasant & sometimes cruel1 ev5 f]oci\s "* ( ! ,manes is v m>k$ 9 ,rome1 p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,etruscans or ! beliefs conc]n+ aft] life4 ,a leg5d _h x t ! c]emonies ( ! ,p>5talia hav+ on "o occasion be5 omitt$1 ! pla9tive gho/s scatt]$ ab\t ! t[n & ! fields & caus$ _m dea?s4#aec ,:at we "k ( ! rites p]=m$ at ! ,lemuria & at fun]als %[s t !y t5d$ to protect ! h\se aga9/ ! spirits haunt+ x & to rid x ( !m4 8,! dead are welcome nei!r to ! gods nor to m510 says an old ,lat9 inscription4#aed ,to ! family ,l>es :o protect$ a h\sehold1 ! l>vae 7 oppos$1 ! w&]+ phantoms :o spread t]ror & evil4 8,sp>e ?y "m1 ?y fa!r & ?y si/]10 we read on a tomb1 89 ord] t aft] me !y may celebrate ! traditional rites = !e40#aee ,?is ho/ile "* attribut$ to inhabitants ( ! tombs expla9s ! cu/om ( plac+ 9 !m lead5 tablets on :i* curses 7 writt5 call+ d[n ! mo/ frightful ills on enemies4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! tabellae defixionum 9 ,greek & ,lat9 h be5 f\nd & !y prove ! frequ5cy ( ?is practice1 :i* has p]haps an ,ori5tal orig94#aef ,b ! devotio to ! ,manes gods is an old ,roman c]emony1 :i* proce$s f ! idea t !y endeav\r to te> ! liv+ f ! e>? & draw !m to !mselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is "o class ( ! dead :i* is peculi>ly noxi\s1 ^? namely :o h n be5 buri$4 ,! ideas connect$ ) !m are s *>act]i/ic ( ! olde/ conception ( immortality t ^! insepulti des]ve to deta9 u = a few mom5ts4 ,f ! mo/ anci5t times ! beliefs reign$ among all ! peoples ( antiquity t ! s\ls ( ^? :o are depriv$ ( burial f9d no re/ 9 ! o!r life4 ,if !y h no 8et]nal h\se0 !y are l homeless vagabonds4 ,b ! fact t ! dead _h be5 buri$ did n suffice2 _! burial mu/ also h be5 p]=m$ accord+ to ! traditional rites4 ,p]haps ! liturgical =mulas 7 suppos$ to h p[] to keep ! %ade 9 ! tomb1 z o!r incantations c\ld summon x !nce4 ,above all1 h[ev]1 x 0 believ$1 z we h already /at$1 t :5 ! dead _h n obta9$ ! (f]+s to :i* !y _h ! "r1 !y suff]$ & t _! unquiet spirits flutt]$ ne> ! corpse & w&]$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>? & ! wat]s1 tak+ v5geance on m5 = ! ills m5 _h inflict$ on !m4 ,! d5ial ( int]m5t 0 ?\ght to be ! s\rce ( inf9ite torm5t = ! dead z = ! liv+1 & to ?r[ e>? on ab&on$ corpses 0 a pi\s duty4 ,! pontiffs1 :o believ$ ! sight ( a corpse made !m unclean1 might n = all t leave x unburi$ if !y happ5$ to f9d "o on _! way4 ,to bury ! dead has rema9$ a "w ( m]cy 9 ! ,*ur*1 & 9 ,rome a confrat]nity /ill exi/s :i* br+s 9 f f> away ! dead f\nd ly+ 9 ! des]t ,campagna4 ,! pa9 repres5t$ by lack ( burial 0 ! wor/ *a/isem5t call$ d[n by imprecations on enemies on :om v5geance 0 desir$4 ,among believ]s x gave rise to an anxiety comp>able ) t :i* ! refusal ( ! la/ sacram5t n[ causes to ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,9 ! ,greek cities1 z 9 ,rome1 ! law (t5 condemn$ to x ^? :o _h committ$ suicide or _h be5 execut$1 hop+ ?us to div]t desp]ate & outrage\s m5 f _! fatal design by ! appreh5sion ( a wret*$ lot 9 ! ,beyond4#aeg ,sometimes ! law m]ely laid d[n t ! guilty mu/ n be int]r$ 9 ! soil ( _! c\ntry1 an almo/ equally t]rible p5alty1 s9ce x cut !m (f f ! family cult1 by :i* _! desc5dants c\ld give satisfaction to _! ,manes4 ,:51 !re=e1 ?r\gh "s accid5t1 a travell] or soldi] di$ abroad or 0 %ipwreck$ at sea1 8 body 01 :5 possible1 br\ght back to 8 c\ntry1 or1 if ?is c\ld n be done1 a c5otaph 0 rais$ to him1 & 8 s\l 0 summon$ al\d to come & inhabit ! dwell+ prep>$ = x4 ,:5 cremation became g5]al 9 ,rome1 ! old pontifical law inv5t$ ano!r subt]fuge :i* all[$ ! anci5t rites to be accompli%$3 a f+] 0 cut f ! body be=e x 0 c>ri$ to ! pyre1 & e>? 0 ?r[n ?ree times on ?is 8resect$ bone0 7os resectum74 ,aga9/ ^! anci5t beliefs1 :i* 7 ! s\rce ( s mu* angui% & s _m sup]/itions1 ! philosoph]s f\ght en]getically4 ,fir/ ! ,cynics & !n ! ,epicureans & ! ,/oics endeav\r$ to %[ _! absurdity4 ,!y are fond ( quot+ ! answ] ( ,!odore ! ,a!i/ to ,lysima*us :o 0 ?reat5+ him ) dea? )\t burial--8,:at matt]s x :e!r ,i rot on ! e>? or "u x80 ,s9ce ! corpse 0 unconsci\s & )\t any s5sibility1 x 0 inde$ ( no consequ5ce :e!r x 7 burnt or buri$1 eat5 by worms or by cr[s4 ,:y %\ld x be a mis=tune to die abroad8 ,only ! liv+ _h a c\ntry2 ! :ole e>? 0 ! dwell+ ( ! dead4 ,if su* c>es tr\bl$ m5 !y 7 ! victims ( ! inv9cible illusion t ! body reta9$ capacity to feel ev5 beyond ! grave4 ,! v frequ5cy ) :i* ^! commonplaces ( ! s*ool are repeat$ %[s h[ t5aci\s 7 ! prejudices :i* !y attempt$ to eradicate4 ,"h1 z 9 o!r connections1 ! r5ewal ( ,py?agorism sup]v5$ at ! end ( ! ,republic to fav\r ! p]si/5ce ( ! old beliefs4 ,a doctr9e1 to :i* ,plato alludes1#aeh taught t s\ls :i* _h n be5 appeas$ by fun]al rites1 _h to w&] = a hundr$ ye>s1 ! normal t]m ( a human life4 ,conf9$ 9 ! air ne> ! e>?1 !y rema9$ subject to ! p[] ( magicians4 ,especially if ! wiz>ds _h be5 able to obta9 possession ( "s portion ( ! corpse1 :5ce ! s\l c\ld n entirely deta* itself1 !y ga9$ influ5ce ov] x & c\ld con/ra9 its ob$i5ce4 ,:5 ?is c5tury ( suff]+ _h elaps$1 ^! s\ls 7 admitt$ to a place ( purification1 :]e !y soj\rn$ t5 times long]1 & :5 ^! ?\s& ye>s _h pass$ !y return$ to re9c>nate !mselves 9 new bodies4 ,we w see 9 ano!r lecture#aei t ! ,py?agoreans enunciat$ analog\s !ories z to ! lot ( *ildr5 swept (f be=e _! "t & ( m5 :o di$ a viol5t dea?4 ,virgil describ+ ! desc5t ( ,a5eas into ! inf]nal regions recalls ^! ,py?agorean speculations :5 he %[s u ! mis]able cr[d ( ! unburi$ %ades flutt]+ = a hundr$ ye>s on ! bank ( ! ,/yx be=e !y obta9$ f ,*>on _! passage to its o!r %ore4#afj ,fav\r$ by ^! new t5d5cies ( philosophy1 ! unreason+ appreh5sion inspir$ by omission ( burial subsi/$ "u ! ,empire1 n only among ! ignorant _m1 b also 9 ! mo/ enlight5$ classes4 ,?is fe> expla9s :y ev]yone took extreme c>e to h a tomb built = himself & to ensure1 if he c\ld1 t fun]al c]emonies 7 celebrat$ 9 x1 :y _m epitaphs ?reat5 ) judicial p5alties & div9e puni%m5ts ! sacrilegi\s (f5d]s :o %\ld violate ! grave1 & :y su* a numb] ( popul> colleges 7 f\nd$1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal object 0 to secure dec5t obsequies to _! memb]s4 ,! rules ( ! cultores ( ,diana & ,ant9os at ,lanuvium /ipulate t :5 a slave dies & 8 ma/] malici\sly refuses to deliv] 8 body = burial1 a 8funus imag9>ium0 be made = him1 t is1 t ! c]emony be celebrat$ ov] a figure repres5t+ ! dead man & we>+ 8 mask4#afa ,f ?is 8imag9>y0 burial effects 7 expect$ z b5efic5t z ^? results are malefic5t :i* a wiz>d anticipat$ :5 he fett]$ & pi]c$ a wax5 doll to "w a *>m4 ,f ! /ories ( ! grave/ writ]s we p]ceive :at lot 0 believ$ to ?reat5 ! un=tunate :o 7 burnt or int]r$ )\t ! rites be+ obs]v$4 ,aft] ,caligula's murd] 8 corpse 0 ha/ily %ovell$ into ! gr\nd 9 a g>d5 on ! ,esquil9e 7horti ,lamiani71 b !n ! keep]s ( ?is p>k 7 t]rifi$ by app>itions until ! imp]ial victim's si/]s caus$ 8 body to be exhum$1 & buri$ x 9 accordance ) ! sacr$ rules4#afb ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] 9 "o ( 8 lett]s s]i\sly relates a /ory :i* seems to h be5 (t5 repeat$1 = we f9d x1 little *ang$1 9 ,lucian4#afc ,!re 0 9 ,a!ns a haunt$ h\se :i* rema9$ empty1 no "o d>+ to live 9 x because sev]al ( its t5ants _h di$ ( fright4 ,9 ! sil5ce ( ! night a noise 0 he>d z ( clank+ iron2 !n a horrible spectre mov$ =w>d 9 ! %ape ( an emaciat$ old man1 be>d$ & hairy1 rattl+ ! *a9s :i* 7 ab\t 8 feet & legs4 ,a philosoph] d>$ to take ?is h\se1 & he settl$ himself !re "o ev5+1 resolv$ to keep himself awake by work+4 ,! gho/ appe>$ to him1 came t[>ds him ) its usual clatt]1 sign$ to him to foll[ & disappe>$ 9 ! c\rty>d4 ,:5 daylight came1 a hole 0 dug 9 ! place :]e ! phantom _h vani%$1 & a skeleton 9 fett]s 0 f\nd4 ,! bones 7 tak5 up & burn$ accord+ to ! rites1 & !reaft] no?+ tr\bl$ ! quiet ( ! h\se4 ,lucian1 9 8 v]sion ( ?is gho/ /ory1 specifies ! philosoph] z a ,py?agorean & %[s him repell+ ! app>ition by ! virtue ( 8 spells4 ,! ,py?agoreans 7 inde$ (t5 necromanc]s1 conv9c$ def5d]s ( spiritualism1 9 :i*1 z we h said 7p4 #fb71 !y s\ght an imm$iate pro( ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & by _! doctr9es !y contribut$ to keep+ alive ! sup]/iti\s fe> atta*$ to omission ( burial4 ,b !y 7 no m ?an !ori/s z to a belief :i* 0 widespread & :i* ! invasion ( ,ori5tal magic 0 to revive4 ,! curse-tablets (t5 evoke1 toge!r ) o!r demons1 8^? :o are depriv$ ( a sacr$ tomb0 7 74#afd ,!y associate !m ) ^? :o h di$ be=e _! "t or by a viol5t dea?4#afe ,heliodorus#aff ! romanc]1 a prie/ ( ,emesa 9 ,syria1 :o probably liv$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 pictures = u a v *>act]i/ic sc5e3 a *ild has be5 kill$2 a wiz>d takes its body1 places x betwe5 two fires1 & p]=ms a complicat$ op]ation ov] x1 9 ord] to re/ore x to life by 8 incantations & to obta9 a pr$iction ( ! future4 8,?\ =ce/ me to rise aga9 & to speak10 ! *ild compla9s1 8tak+ no ?\ght = my fun]al & ?us prev5t+ me f m+l+ ) ! o!r dead40 ,= ! %ades ( ! ne!r _w reject$ "o :o _h be5 left unburi$4#afg ,^! anci5t beliefs1 :i* ! ,ea/ %>$ ) ! ,we/1 71 m or less modifi$1 to survive ! d[nfall ( paganism4 ,if ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5turies no long] fe>$ t !y w\ld g to jo9 ! %ades :o w&]$ on ! bank ( ! ,/yx1 !y 7 /ill pursu$ by ! sup]/iti\s dread t !y w\ld h no "p 9 ! resurrection ( ! fle% if _! bodies did n re/ 9 ! grave4#afh ,nay1 ! t]rors ( =m] ages /ill haunt ! ,greeks ( today4 ,! p rema9 p]suad$ t ^? :o h n _h a religi\s fun]al return to w&] on ! e>?1 & t1 *ang$ to bloody vampires1 !y puni% m51 & 9 p>ticul> _! k91 = _! neglect4#afi ,a nomocanon ( ! ,byzant9e ,*ur* ord]s t if ! body ( a gho/ be f\nd intact1 :5 dis9t]r$1 its malefic5t p[] ?us be+ prov$1 x be burnt & a fun]al s]vice ) an (f]+ ( meats be aft]w>ds celebrat$ = its s\l4 ,?is is exactly :at 0 done 9 antiquity 9 ord] to appease ! dead :o _h n be5 buri$ accord+ to ! rite1 rite conditi4 ,,ii ,,! ,,ne!r ,,_w ,among mo/ peoples ! primitive idea ( an aft] life 9 ! grave 0 enl>g$ into ! conception ( a common exi/5ce ( ! dead 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?4 ,! dead man does n /ay conf9$ 9 ! n>r[ dwell+ 9 :i* he re/s2 he goes d[n into va/ cav]ns :i* ext5d b5ea? ! cru/ ( ! soil we tread4 ,^! imm5se holl[s are peopl$ by a multitude ( %ades :o h left ! tomb4 ,?us ! tomb becomes ! ante*amb] ( ! true dwell+ ( ! spirits :o h dep>t$2 its door is ! gate ( ,hades itself4 ,?r\gh ! tomb1 ! great company ( ! be+s :o h be5 plung$ 9 ! d>kness ( ! inf]nal regions rema9s 9 communication ) ^? :o /ill soj\rn 9 our upp] _w4 ,! libations & (f]+s made by ! survivors on ! grave desc5d to ?is gloomy hypogeum & !re fe$ & rejoice ^? = :om !y are int5d$4 ,until ! "t ( ! ,roman ,empire1 nay1 to ! end ( antiquity1 ! common man believ$ 9 ?is wond]4#agj ,to attempt to def9e ! means by :i* x 0 br\ght ab\t w\ld be va94 ,^! 7 beliefs :i* w5t back s f> & 7 s deeply root$ 9 ! m9d ( ! p t m5 accept$ !m )\t seek+ to expla9 !m4 ,9 ,rome1 ! idea t ! spirits ( ! dead inhabit a common dwell+ 9 ! ne!r _w exi/$ f ! "t :5 ! city _h its beg9n+s4 ,x kept 9 religion a co>sely nave =m :i* proves h[ ar*aic x 04 ,accord+ to a rite borr[$ by ! ,romans f ! ,etruscans1 a pit 0 dug 9 ! c5tre ( ! city1 :5 ! latt]'s f\ndations 7 laid1 9 ord] to make ! ,inf]i communicate ) ! upp] _w4 ,fir/ fruits & o!r gifts 7 ?r[n into ! pit1 z well z a clod ( ! e>? ( ! settl]s' native c\ntry4 ,?us !y re/or$ _! brok5 contact ) ! ,manes ( _! ance/ors4 ,9 all probability ?is hole 0 =m$ ( a v]tical pit end+ 9 a *amb] ) an ar*$ ro( curv$ l ! heav5--h5ce ! "n mundus giv5 to x4 ,! key ( ! vault ( ?is l[] cell> 0 =m$ ( a /one1 ! lapis ,manalis1 :i* c\ld be rais$ 9 ord] to let ! spirits pass4 ,?ree times a ye>1 on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,augu/1 ! fif? ( ,octob] & ! eigh? ( ,novemb]1 ?is c]emony took place3 ! door ( hell 0 op5$ & ! dead _h free access to ! atmosph]e4 ,^! days 7 !re=e sacr$1 religiosi1 & all bus9ess 0 susp5d$ on !m4 ,rec5tly ! mundus ( ! anci5t ,roma ,quadrata 0 believ$ to h be5 discov]$ dur+ excavations ( ! ,palat9e1 b ! und]gr\nd space 9 "q is probably only a silo or a ci/]n4 ,o!r pits us$ = ! cult ( ! dead exi/$ else:]e 9 ! city4 ,x has rec5tly be5 sugge/$ t ! alt> ( ! god ,consus1 :i* 0 hidd5 9 a dit* 9 ! middle ( ! ,circus ,maximus & uncov]$ dur+ ! races1 0 "o ( ^! m\?s ( hell & l t %[n 9 repres5tations ( ! fun]al games ( ! ,etruscans4#aga ,b on c]ta9 days ! s\ls ( ! dead rose to ! e>?'s surface ( !mselves1 al?\gh no?+ _h be5 done to make _! com+ ?i!r easi]1 & !y !n _h to be appeas$ by sacrifices4 ,?is 0 :at happ5$ f ! ?irte5? to ! tw5ty-fir/ ( ,febru>y1 dur+ ! ,p>5talia1 :5 ! s\ls ( ance/ors 7 hon\r$1 & on ! n9?1 ! elev5? & ! ?irte5? ( ,may1 ! dates ( ! ,lemuria1 on :i*1 at midnight1 accord+ to a prescrib$ c]emonial1 ! fa!r ( ! family n9e times ?rew black beans to ! ,lemures to keep !m away f ! h\se4 ,lemures & ,manes are us$ only 9 ! plural3 ^! words /& = ! vague conceptions =m$ ( ! %ades ( ! dead :o dwelt b5ea? ! gr\nd4 ,^! 7 a nameless cr[d1 h>dly individualis$1 n di/+ui%able f ! fleet+ phantoms :o flutt]$ ab\t ! tombs4 ,! ,romans 7 a p ( little imag9ation1 & _! inf]nal my?ology rema9$ rudim5t>y until ! "t :5 !y borr[$ f ! ,greeks ! picturesque /ories ab\t ! adv5tures ( travell]s to ,hades & ! bless+s & mis=tunes :i* !re await$ !m4 ,orig9ally no idea ( retribution 0 atta*$ to ?is desc5t ( ! dead into ! inf]nal regions2 x 0 nei!r _! m]its nor _! dem]its :i* det]m9$ _! condition4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! inequalities ( human society 7 p]petuat$3 a nobleman kept a high] rank ?an t ( 8 s]vants2 ea* man 9 "s sort cont9u$ 8 occupations1 ev5 pres]v$ 8 ta/es & 8 passions4 ,exi/5ce 9 ! ,beyond 0 conceiv$ z a m]e prolongation ( e>?ly life4 ,x is to ?is idea1 :i* 0 g5]ally ent]ta9$1 t ! old cu/om corresponds ( plac+ 9 ! grave ! implem5ts & o!r objects :i* a dead man 0 9 ! habit ( us+4 ,we h already t\*$ on ?is po9t 9 speak+ ( life 9 ! tomb 7p4 #di71 b ! ?+s deposit$ beside ! corpse 7 n only ^? :i* c\ld be us$ by ! dwell] ( ! 8et]nal h\se40 ,if he 7 a p[]ful "l 8 *>iot1 8 horses & 8 arms w\ld be buri$ ) him2#agb a hunt] w\ld be suppli$ 9 ! o!r _w ) 8 spe>s & 8 nets2#agc a craftsman ) ! tools ( 8 trade2 a woman ) ! objects :i* enabl$ h] to sp9 & to weave4 ,^! fun]al cu/oms 7 m ?an a tradition1 foll[$ )\t ref]5ce to ! reasons inspir+ x4 ,among ! ,greeks1 z among ! ,romans1 ! idea survives p]si/5tly1 9 poetic descriptions ( ! ,elysian ,fields1 t ea* man w !re keep ! "* & reta9 ! habits :i* di/+ui%$ him be=e 8 dea?4 ,virgil1 tak+ 8 inspiration f ,p9d>1 %[s u ! bless$ occupi$ by ! conte/s ( ! pale/ra1 by song & poetry & by *>iot races2 =1 he tells u1 ! passion :i* ! dead _h 9 life = arms & = horses /ill pursues !m :5 !y h be5 buri$ 9 ! e>?4#agd ,ovid#age sket*es ) rapid t\*es an analog\s picture4 8,! %ades10 he says1 8w&] bloodless1 bodiless1 boneless2 "s ga!r 9 ! =um1 o!rs foll[ _! trades1 imitat+ _! =m] way ( life40 ,& ?is is no fancy due to ! poet's imag9ation4 ,an awkw>d epitaph ( a "y1 probably ,syrian1 slave#agf tells u t he is glad /ill to be able to dis*>ge 8 s]vice zeal\sly 9 ! retir$ place :]e dwells ! god ( ! inf]nal abode4 ,9 ^! in/ances we f9d1 9 spite ( ! trans=mation und]gone by es*atological ideas z a :ole1 a survival ( ! old conception ( ! de/9y ( ! dead4 ,we h n to seek f> to discov] h[ ?is trans=mation took place4 ,x 0 provok$ by ! desire to subject s\ls to diff]5t treatm5t accord+ to _! des]ts1 & to di/ribute !m 9 di/9ct comp>tm5ts 9 :i* !y w\ld be rew>d$ or puni%$ 9 accordance ) _! pa/ works4 ,x 0 mu* prior to ! ,roman p]iod1 go+ back to ! di/ant age at :i* ,orphic !ology1 ) its sanctions beyond ! grave1 modifi$ ,hom]ic tradition & popul> religion 9 ,greece4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! doctr9e :i* impos$ itself ) ! ,hell5ic civilisation on peoples ( =eign race 0 ready-made4 ,x spread ?r\gh ! s\? ( ,italy by way ( ! colonies ( ,great] ,greece 9 :i* ,py?agorism came to its full p[]4 ,x is 9 ?is c\ntry t "s ( ! ,orphic tablets int5d$ z guides to ! dead 9 _! j\rney ?r\gh ! inf]nal realm h be5 discov]$ 9 ! tombs2#agg & ! great amphorae ( a lat] date1 be>+ repres5tations ( sc5es ( ,hades1 :i* 7 also f\nd 9 s\!rn ,italy1 %[ ! importance :i* cont9u$ to be atta*$ !re to ! idea ( ! future life4 ,9 ,campania1 ,lake ,av]nus 0 ev5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! entrances to ! ne!r _w1 ?r\gh :i* ,ulysses & ,a5eas _h desc5d$4 ,! ,greek doctr9es 7 also introduc$ among ! ,etruscans & comb9$ ) ! beliefs ( ?is p z to an und]world 9 :i* ! ,manes ( ! dead 7 ?reat5$ by horrible demons & protect$ by b5efic5t g5ii4 ,?is ,greek influ5ce & its alliance ) ! native traditions appe> 9 ,etruria 9 a great numb] ( fun]al monum5ts on :i* we f9d repres5t$ _m figures :i*1 accord+ to my?ology1 peopl$ ! k+dom ( ,pluto4 ,"o ( ! mo/ significant is ! f9e s>cophagus1 discov]$ a few ye>s ago at ,torre ,san ,sev]o ne> ,bols5a1 :i* seems to date f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4 ,c4#agh ,! two long sides hold correspond+ reliefs1 ! "o %[+ ,a*illes' sacrifice ( ! ,trojan prison]s on ! grave ( ,patroclus1 ! o!r ! sacrifice ( ,polyx5a1 la/ ( ,priam's daught]s1 on ! tomb ( ,a*illes4 ,^! sc5es1 borr[$ f ! ,greek epic poetry1 are plac$ betwe5 two ,etruscan demons1 w+$ figures :i* be> s]p5ts & are male on "o side & female on ! o!r4 ,! small sides are decorat$ by two sc5es f ! ,odyssey1 ! my? ( ,circe *ang+ ! companions ( ,ulysses into animals--p]haps an allusion to metempsy*osis--& ,tiresias' evocation ( ! %ades ( ! dead1 ! ,elysian ,fields be+ curi\sly indicat$4 ,?is in/ance--& _m o!rs might be cit$--%[s h[ closely ! ,hell5ic leg5ds ( ,hades _h be5 int]m+l$ ) ,etruscan demonology4 ,?is ,greek conception ( ! inf]nal regions1 :i* lit]ature & art 7 to popul>ise & p]petuate ev5 aft] cr$5ce _h ceas$ to be giv5 to x1 rema9s famili> to u4 ,tak5 altoge!r & 9 ! l>ge1 x is t ( a k+dom imag9$ z an imitation ( ! cities ( our _w1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re reigns su* a rigor\s ju/ice z is on our poor e>? no m ?an a dream ( m9ds morally dispos$4 ,?is und]gr\nd /ate1 ( :i* ! fronti] is def5d$ by an unbridg$ riv]1 ! ,/yx1 is gov]n$ by p[]ful rul]s1 ,pluto & ,pros]p9a4 ,x has its judges1 ,m9os1 ,aeacus & ,rhadaman?us2 its execution]s1 ! ,er9yes or ,furies2 & its prison1 ,t>t>us1 surr\nd$ by high walls4 ,?is jail1 9 :i* ! guilty1 lad5 ) *a9s1 suff] ! torm5ts enact$ 9 ,greece by ! p5al laws or o!rs m atroci\s1#agi is di/9ctly contra/$ ) ! abode ( ! good citiz5s :o freely enjoy 9 delightful g>d5s all ! pleasures :i* make ! joy ( human be+s4 ,books treat+ ( ! 8,desc5t into ,hades10 ( :i* a consid]able numb] 7 9 circulation1 & ! poets' descriptions embroid]$ v>i\s patt]ns ar\nd ?is c5tral design4 ,!re 0 a :ole my?ological & !ological effloresc5ce :i* peopl$ ) m & m num]\s figures ! fanta/ic k+dom occupy+ ! great cav]n ( ! e>?4 ,inf9ite v>iations 7 imag9$ on a traditional !me1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ev5 c]ta9 details 7 pres]v$ f age to age ) a surpris+ fidelity4 ,lucian 9 8 satirical description ( ,*>on & 8 boat reproduces types fix$ 9 ! six? c5tury be=e our era1 =1 z has be5 obs]v$1 8 picture is 9 exact agreem5t ) ! rec5tly discov]$ fragm5t ( a black-figur$ vase4#ahj ,al?\gh 9 our s\rces inf]nal topography is occasionally some:at confus$1 c]ta9 ess5tial features1 :i* we w "h m]ely indicate1 c be recognis$ 9 x4 ,we w return to !m "o aft] ! o!r1 & speak ( !m 9 great] detail1 9 lat] lectures4 ,:5 ! s\ls1 or r ! %ades1 desc5d to ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 !y rea* fir/ a provisional abode :]e !y await a decision z to _! lot1 an int]m$iate region ?r\gh :i* all ( !m pass b 9 :i* "s are kept = a consid]able "t4#aha ,!y !n cross ! ,/yx1 & a road :i* is also common to all ( !m leads !m to ! c\rt :i* det]m9es _! lot4#ahb ,?is judg+ ( ! dead is =eign to ,hom]ic poetry3 ! idea ( x 0 p]haps borr[$ by ,greece f ,egypt1 b f anci5t ,orphism onw>ds x 0 an ess5tial elem5t ( inf]nal es*atology4 ,infallible judges1 f :om no fault is hid1 divide into two companies ! multitude ( ! s\ls appe>+ be=e !m4 ,! guilty are con/ra9$ to take ! road to ! left :i* leads to d>k ,t>t>us1 cross+ its surr\nd+ riv] ( fire1 ! ,pyriphlege?on4 ,!re ^? :o h committ$ inexpiable crimes are condemn$ to et]nal *a/isem5t4#ahc ,b ! road to ! "r leads ! pi\s s\ls to ! ,elysian ,fields :]e1 among fl[]$ mead[s & wrapp$ 9 s(t light1 !y obta9 ! rew>d ( _! virtues1 :e!r1 hav+ atta9$ to p]fection1 !y are able to dwell = ev] ) ! h]oes1 or :e!r1 be+ less pure1 !y are oblig$ to return lat] to ! e>? 9 ord] to re9c>nate !mselves 9 new bodies aft] !y h drunk ! wat] ( ,le! & lo/ ! memory ( _! previ\s exi/5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! philosophical criticism ( ! ,greeks _h e>ly attack$ ^! traditional beliefs1 b su* negative attitude became m def9ite among ! ?9k]s ( ! surpass+ly rationali/ic p]iod :i* came aft] ,ari/otle4#ahd ,! ,p]ipatetics1 :o admitt$ at mo/ ! survival ( reason1 reject$ 9 consequ5ce all ! my?s deal+ ) ! desc5t ( ! %ades into ! k+dom ( ,pluto4 ,! ,epicureans 7 ev5 m radical1 =1 z we h se5 7p4 #g71 !y condemn$ ! s\l to dissolution at ! mom5t ( dea?1 ?us de/roy+ ! v f\ndation ( ! belief 9 ,hades4 ,_! campaign aga9/ /ories 9 :i* !y saw only ! lugubri\s inv5tions ( prie/s & poets1 0 "o ( ! capital po9ts ( _! polemics aga9/ popul> religion1 & !y flatt]$ !mselves t by de/roy+ fai? 9 ! pa9s ( ,t>t>us !y fre$ mank9d f va9 t]rors :i* obsess$ its m9ds & poison$ its joys4 ,! ,/oics1 we "k 7p4 #ac71 taught t ! s\l is a burn+ brea? ( ! same nature z ! e!r & z ! />s :i* %9e 9 ! sky4 ,z to :e!r ?is ard5t fluid 0 lo/ aft] dea? 9 ! univ]sal fire1 or kept its individuality until ! f9al conflagration ( ! _w1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,por* v>i$4 ,b "o ?+ 0 c]ta93 ! fi]y nature ( ! s\l mu/ prev5t x f go+ d[n into ! und]gr\nd & impel x to rise to high] sph]es4 ,if x 7 weigh$ d[n by its contact ) ! body & lad5 ) matt]1 x might float = "s "t 9 ! d5se air surr\nd+ ! e>? b c\ld nev] desc5d into its dep?s4#ahe ,! impossibility ( admitt+ lit]ally ! tru? ( ! /ories z to ! inf]nal realm 0 ?us prov$4 ,! same psy*ological doctr9e z to ! s\l's k9%ip ) ! fire ( ! heav5ly bodies 0 admitt$ 9 ! ,alex&rian age by ! sect :i* paid "o & ! same v5]ation to ,py?agoras & to ,plato & 0 ?us m atta*$ ?an any o!r to belief 9 immortality4 ,x gave 91 to "s ext5t1 to contempor>y rationalism & 0 br\ght to modify its ideas z to life beyond ! grave4 ,anci5t ,py?agorism1 ! heir ( ,orphism1 made mu* ( ! suff]+s res]v$ = s9n]s 9 ! inf]nal abysses4 ,a book attribut$ to ,p]iktione /ill %[s ! daught] :o has despis$ h] p>5ts z condemn$ to suff]1 b5ea? ! e>? & 9 ! company ( ! impi\s1 ! et]nal evil inflict$ by 8,dike & ! gods ( d[n bel[40#ahf ,b 9 ! fir/ c5tury be=e our era ! pseudo-,timaeus ( ,locri decl>es t su* tales are fictions--salut>y1 x is true--imag9$ by ,hom] 9 ord] to div]t f evil ^? to :om tru? alone 0 n a suffici5t guide4#ahg ,! only p5alty :i* c ov]take ! s9n+ s\l is1 accord+ to ^! ,neo-,py?agoreans1 metempsy*osis1 :i* =ces x to re9c>nate itself 9 a fle%ly prison4#ahh ,?is doctr9e ( transmigration claims to transport hell to e>? & to expla91 z moral allegories1 all ! fables :i* ! poets _h inv5t$4#ahi ,! ,inf]i are no?+ else ?an ! dwell+s ( our globe1 :i* is ! l[e/ ( ! n9e circles ( ! _w4 ,! true ,hades is ! wick$ man's life 9 :i* he is tortur$ by 8 vices4 ,! riv]s ( hell--,cocytus1 ,a*]on1 ,pyriphlege?on & ,/yx--are ang]1 remorse1 sadness & hate1 :i* cause man to suff]4 ,! ,furies are ! passions1 sc\rg+ him ) :ips & burn+ him ) tor*es2 & simil>ly an +5i\s int]pretation is giv5 to ea* ( ! pa9s suff]$ by ,tantalus1 ,sisyphus1 ! ,danades & ! o!rs4#aij ,?is exegesis l$ f9ally to an absolute d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( hell1 b su* radical scepticism 0 9 too flagrant contradiction to ! old beliefs to be will+ly accept$ by ! m9ds :i* rema9$ atta*$ to !m4 ,h5ce arose attempts to br+ ^! beliefs into h>mony ) ! psy*ology g5]ally admitt$4 ,a fir/ !ory1 to :i* we w h to return :5 speak+ ( ! nature ( ! surviv+ s\ls1#aia seems to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,alex&ria & to h be5 inspir$ by ,egyptian religion4#aib ,! au?ors :o fir/ allude to x1 "o ,greek & "o ,roman1 are contempor>ies :o wrote ab\t ! ye> #bjj ,b4 ,c41 ! critic ,ari/>*us & ! poet ,ennius1 b ! transmission ( ! doctr9e c be trac$ ?r\gh lit]>y traditions d[n to ! end ( antiquity4 ,x divides ! human composite n into two b into ?ree p>ts--! body1 ! s\l & ! %ade4 ,! body is de/roy$ b5ea? ! e>?2 ! s\l1 :i* is a p>ticle ( ! div9e e!r1 rises aft] dea? t[>ds its place ( orig92 b a =m 77 ( subtle matt] deta*es itself f ! corpse1 & x is ?is semblance 7simulacrum7 or %ade 7umbra7 :i* goes d[n to ! inf]nal regions4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! regions c\ld ?us be ma9ta9$1 b !y 7 no long] held to receive ! cele/ial pr9ciple :i* gave intellig5ce4 ,o!rs all[$ t x 0 impossible t ! e>? %\ld conta9 subt]ranean cav]ns l>ge en\gh to hold ,t>t>us1 ! ,elysian ,fields & ! inf9ite multitude ( ! dead4 ,b !y expla9$ t ! ^w subt]ranean 77 _h be5 misund]/ood1 t x d5ot$ n ! b[els ( ! e>? b ! l[] half ( ! t]re/rial globe1 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :i* 0 unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 or ev5 ! :ole cele/ial hemisph]e1 curv$ bel[ ?is globe :i* hung motionless 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4#aic ,?is hemisph]e is always invisible1--s ! anci5ts might say1--:i* is exactly ! s5se ( ! ^w ,hades 7 74 ,! ,axio*os1 an apocryphal "w attribut$ to ,plato1 0 fir/ to reveal ?is doctr9e1 claim+ t x _h be5 communicat$ to ,socrates by ! ,mage ,gobryes4 ,x 0 9 reality borr[$ by ! ,greeks ( ! ,alex&rian age f ! a/ral !ology ( ! ,semitic peoples4 ,accord+ to ?is !ology ! _w is divid$ into two halves by ! l9e ( ! horizon2 ! upp] hemisph]e is ! doma9 ( ! liv+ & ! high] gods1 ! l[] t ( ! dead & ! inf]nal gods4 ,desc5t to x & asc5t f x are by way ( two gates1 situat$ we/ & ea/1 :]e ! sun appe>s & disappe>s4 ,! m>%es ( ! ,a*]on1 ! riv] ,/yx1 & ,*>on & 8 boat are con/ellations :i* ! s\ls cross :5 !y h pass$ ?r\gh ! 8gate ( ,hades40 ,! anci5t ,greeks _h plac$ ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$1 :i!r ! h]oes 7 borne by ! fav\r ( ! gods1 some:]e f> away 9 ! ocean4 ,^! isl&s 7 n[ suppos$ to lie 9 ! ,antipodes1 9 ! unkn[n half ( ! e>?4 ,all ! poets' /ories ( ! fragrant & melodi\s g>d5s ( ?is abode ( delights 7 appli$ to ^! m>vell\s c\ntries :i* no sailor _h ev] rea*$4#aid ,on ! o!r h&1 ,t>t>us 0 plac$ at ! bottom ( ! cele/ial abysses1 ne> ! l[e/ po9t ( ! l[] hemisph]e1 t is1 diametrically opposite to ,olympus1 ! dwell+ ( ! gods1 :o 7 ?ron$ on ! summit ( ! />ry vault4 ,x 0 into ?is sombre gulf t ! wick$ 7 flung2 !re yawn$ ! bottomless pit 9 :i* ! demons ( ! dusky _w inflict$ et]nal torture on ! guilty4 ,?is !ory claim$ to br+ ! anci5t ,hell5ic beliefs into agreem5t ) ! cosmography ( a/ronom]s1 b ?is cosmography itself und]m9$ ! f\ndations ( ! sy/em1 9 s f> z x refut$ ! hypo!sis ( a physical opposition betwe5 ! two halves ( ! univ]se4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t a s+le sky revolv$ ab\t our e>?2 t ! same atmosph]e1 compos$ ( ! same elem5ts1 envelop$ x entirely2 t e "p ( x 01 9 turn1 equally 9 ! light & 9 ! %ade4 ,!re=e physical ph5om5a mu/ be id5tical ov] ! :ole surface ( our globe2 ! climate ( ! ,antipodes mu/ be l t ( our l&s2 if ! ,antipodes 7 peopl$1 x 0 by races l ^? ( m5 & ! bea/s4 ,_! inhabitants !re=e 7 n ! dead b liv+ be+s4 ,! m>vels ( ! ,=tunate ,isles did n exi/ & !re 0 no reason = reg>d+ ! l[] r ?an ! upp] "p ( ! heav5s z ! va/ res]voir ( s\ls4 ,! doctr9e :i* plac$ ! subt]ranean k+dom ( ,pluto & ,pros]p9a on ! o!r side ( ! e>? & 9 ! o!r cele/ial hemisph]e1 made a poor resi/ance to ?is criticism ( ! ,alex&rian geograph]s4 ,if x did n entirely disappe>1 if its transmission c be foll[$ d[n to ! end ( antiquity & ev5 to ! ,middle ,ages1 x nev] 0 s widespread nor s active z ano!r doctr9e claim+ to reconcile ! beliefs ( ! pa/ ) accept$ sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is bold doctr9e transport$ ! :ole subt]ranean _w above ! e>?'s surface4 ,we %all see1 9 ! next lecture1 on cele/ial immortality 7p4 #if71 t ! ,py?agoreans conceiv$ ! idea ( plac+ ! ,elysian ,fields 9 ! moon1 & t ! ,=tunate ,isles 7 simil>ly expla9$ by !m z be+ ! sun & ! moon ba!d by ! fluid ( ! e!r4 ,! ,inf]i 7 ?us ! l[] space1 t is1 ! space ext5d+ betwe5 ! sph]e ( ! moon1 :i* 0 ! limit ( ! _w ( ! gods1 & our globe1 :i* 0 ! c5tre ( ! cosmic sy/em4 ,9 ! ,inf]i ! s\ls :i* _h to suff] ! *a/isem5t ( _! faults 7 kept prison]s2 !y c\ld n w9 to ! />s b w&]$ pla9tively on ! e>?'s surface & especially ab\t _! own tombs1 & !n rose ?r\gh ! atmosph]e 9 :i*1 little by little1 !y 7 purifi$ by ! elem5ts4 ,allegorical int]pretations f\nd a place = ! inf]nal riv]s 9 ?is new topography ( ! ,beyond3 ,a*]on 0 expla9$ z be+ ! air1 ! ,pyriphlege?on z ! zone ( hail & fire1 & ! me&]+s ( ! ,/yx became ! circles ( ! univ]se4 ,we %all h occasion to return to ! passage ( ! s\l ?r\gh ?is a]ial purgatory & its asc5sion to ! ,elysian ,fields ( ! sky4#aie ,?is cosmological int]pretation ( ! tales ref]r+ to ,hades _h a m p[]ful influ5ce ?an ! moral allegory :i* did too mu* viol5ce to tradition 9 claim+ to make our e>?ly life ! my?ological hell4 ,! doctr9e t ! ,inf]i 7 9 ! atmosph]e 0 adopt$ by ,/oicism at lea/ f ! "t ( ,posidonius & 0 !re=e widely believ$ f ! end ( ! ,roman ,republic onw>ds4 ,ev5 ! my/]ies1 :i* fir/ kept alive ! belief 9 a subt]ranean k+dom ( ! inf]nal gods1 did n escape ! influ5ce ( ^! new ideas & 7 br\ght to adapt _! esot]ic tea*+ to !m4#aif ,! trans=mation ( ance/ral beliefs by ?is !ology _c today be bett] appreh5d$ ?an f ! six? book ( ! ,a5eid4 ,virgil1 :5 he relates ! desc5t ( ,a5eas into ! abode ( ! %ades1 is inspir$ by ! ,nekyia ( ! ,odyssey & o!r poetic tales4 ,he rema9s app>5tly fai?ful to my?ological & lit]>y tradition1 reta9+ ! conv5tional decoration1 ! unv>y+ geography ( ! inf]nal k+dom2 b he does n admit ! lit]al tru? ( ^! beliefs ( an e>li] "t2 he is aw>e ( ! figurative s5se giv5 by ! philosoph]s to ! old fables ( ,hades4 ,at ! risk ( seem+ to contradict himself1 he recalls ?is le>n$ es*atology--! purification1 ! asc5sion & ! transmigration ( s\ls--9 connection ) :at might h be5 no m ?an ! /ory ( a m>vell\s j\rney to ! c\ntry ( ! dead4 ,! unity ( ! conception & ! composition is ! less s]i\sly compromis$ because x 0 believ$ t ! anci5t poets !mselves _h wi%$ to indicate ^! tru?s 9 _! v]ses "u ! veil ( allegory4 ,! desc5t to ! ne!r _w has !re=e a mu* l(ti] be>+ 9 ,virgil ?an a m]e embelli%m5t4 ,x is ! expression ( a conviction or at lea/ a hope1 n only a brilliant fiction bas$ on an old poetic !me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ev]1 ! symbolical int]pretations ( ! pagan !ologians :o respect$ tradition & ! purely negative criticism ( ! sceptics l$ f9ally to a common result1 to ! de/ruction1 namely1 ( ! anci5t beliefs1 ev5 :5 x 0 claim$ t !y 7 be+ sav$4 ,:e!r ! s\ls 7 held captive 9 ! o!r hemisph]e or 9 ! atmosph]e1 or :e!r !y 7 condemn$ to re9c>nation 9 a body1 ,hades 0 trans=m$ ei!r to ! l[] sky1 ! air or ! e>?1 & ! e>ly conception ( a subt]ranean _w1 :i!r ! dead :o _h be5 laid 9 ! grave desc5d$1 0 aboli%$4 ,!re are abundant texts to prove t f ! end ( ! ,roman ,republic ?is belief _h lo/ its grip on _m m9ds4 ,cic]o#aig claims t !re 0 n an old woman left fooli% en\gh to fe> ! deep dwell+s ( ,orcus & ! gloomy regions peopl$ by ! livid dead4 8,no "o is *ildi% en\gh10 ,s5eca repeats1#aih 8to fe> ,c]b]us & ! phantoms :i* appe> 9 ! =m ( skeletons40 8,t !re are ,manes10 says ,juv5al1#aii 8a subt]ranean k+dom1 a f]ryman arm$ ) a pole1 & black frogs 9 ! gulfs ( ! ,/yx1 t s _m ?\s&s ( m5 c cross ! d>k wat] 9 a s+le boat10 ^! are ?+s 9 :i* ev]yone _h ceas$ to believe except v "y *ildr54 ,pl9y#bjj br+s =w>d a p>adoxical argum5t1 t1 _h !re be5 inf]nal regions1 ! zeal ( ! m9]s :o _h dug deep gall]ies 9 ! gr\nd w\ld h pi]c$ _! b\nd>ies2 & ev5 ! dev\t ,plut>*1 :5 he comes to speak ( ! puni%m5ts res]v$ by my?ology = ! wick$1 sees 9 !m only nurses' tales to fright5 babies4#bja ,! multiplicity ( ?is te/imony & its precision all[ no d\bt t n only ! educat$ classes b a l>ge portion ( ! population reject$ ! fables z to ! ne!r _w4 ,^! fables 7 9 any case a =eign importation 9 ! ,lat9 _w4 ,morali/s1 :ile !y ceas$ to believe 9 !m = !mselves1 sometimes pret5d$ to reta9 !m 9 ord] to inspire ! p ) salut>y fe>1 b ,t>t>us _h lo/ mu* ( its t]ror = ^? x %\ld h kept f ill-do+4 ,is ?is to say t ^! ideas no long] f\nd cr$5ce any:]e8 ,a fai? :i* has long dom9at$ m9ds disappe>s h>dly & leaves p]si/5t traces beh9d x 9 cu/oms & feel+4 ,?us we f9d t1 m or less ev]y:]e1 ! practice 0 p]petuat$ ( plac+ 9 ! m\? ( ! corpse a piece ( money :i* s]v$1 x 0 said1 to pay ,*>on = ! cross+ ( ! ,/yx4#bjb ,excavators h f\nd ^! co9s 9 _m ,roman tombs4 ,b !y are d\btless evid5ce ( no m ?an a traditional rite :i* m5 p]=m$ )\t atta*+ a def9ite mean+ to x4 ,moreov]1 ! metrical epitaphs cont9ue to speak ( ! ,elysian ,fields & ( ,t>t>us1 ( ,/yx & ( ,a*]on2 !y compla9 ( ! cruelty ( ,pluto :o be>s away mortals be=e _! "t1 or ( ! ,p>cae or ,fates :o cut ! ?read ( _! days2 !y m5tion ! av5g+ ,furies1 ! suff]+s ( ,tantalus1 ,sisyphus & ,ixion4 ,b ^! are no m ?an ready-made =mulas ( poetical language1 lit]>y rem9isc5ces or traditional metaphors4 ,yet sometimes ?is inf]nal my?ology is curi\sly develop$4 ,?us a long inscription on a ,roman tomb describes a "y man desc5d+ f ! e!r 9 ord] to ann\nce to ^? ne> & de> to him t he has become a cele/ial h]o & has n to g to ,pluto's k+dom4 8,i %all n w5d m\rnfully to ! floods ( ,t>t>us2 ,i %all n cross ! wat]s ( ,a*]on z a %ade1 nor %all ,i propel ! dusky boat ) my o>2 ,i %all n fe> ,*>on ) 8 face ( t]ror1 nor %all old ,m9os pass s5t5ce on me2 ,i %all n w&] 9 ! abode ( gloom nor be held prison] on ! bank ( ! fatal wat]s40#bjc ,?is epitaph dates f ! c5tury ( ,augu/us1 b did its au?or1 any m ?an ! writ]s ( t "t1 believe 9 ! reality ( ! be+s ) :i* he peoples ,hades8 ,he decorates 8 language ) a lit]>y ornam5t :i* ,*ri/ian poetry 0 lat] to inh]it4 ,?is poetry did n hesitate to employ ^! pagan commonplaces1 :i* _h pass$ f h& to h& until !y 7 s worn out t _! fir/ mean+ _h be5 effac$4 ,! ,r5aissance & ! age ( mod]n classicism 7 aga9 to use & to abuse !m4 ,! sculpture ( tombs cont9u$ 9 ! same way (t5 to reproduce ! anci5t models4 ,s>cophagi sometimes %[ u ! dead man l$ by ,h]mes1 guide ( s\ls1 & com+ into ! pres5ce ( ,pluto & ,pros]p9a4#bjd ,we also see on fun]al monum5ts ,*>on 9 8 boat1 ! typical suff]+s ( ,tantalus1 ^: eag] lips _c rea* ! fl[+ wat]1 ,ixion turn+ on 8 :eel1 ,sisyphus lab\r+ "u ! weight ( 8 rock &1 above all1 ! ,danades et]nally p\r+ wat] into a p]=at$ vase4#bje ,b x is probable t ^! traditional figures 7 repeat$ )\t any v /rong fai? be+ held z to ! real exi/5ce ( ! p]sonages :i* !y repres5t$2 inde$ x 0 propos$ only to %[ !m z symbols :i* _h to be int]pret$ allegorically4 ,if we _h no o!r evid5ce ?an fun]al poetry & art ( ! p]si/5ce ( ! beliefs ( ! pa/1 ! te/imony w\ld h to be accept$ v cauti\sly4 ,b o!r m conv9c+ pro(s assure u t popul> fai? clung1 ) *>act]i/ic t5acity1 to ! anci5t conception ( ! ,inf]i4 ,)\t believ+ precisely 9 ! /range tortures inflict$ on ! wick$ h]oes ( my?ology1 ! man 9 ! /reet 0 /ill vaguely p]suad$ t ! s\ls w5t d[n f ! tomb to "s deep places :]e !y receiv$ rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,suetonius#bjf relates t :5 ! dea? ( ,tib]ius became kn[n 9 ,rome ! p 8pray$ ,"m ,e>? & ! ,manes gods to give ! dead man no o!r dwell+ ?an t ( ! impi\s40 ,! ,ori5tal slaves br\ght ! same convictions f _! c\ntries l _m o!r old beliefs :i* _h fad$ away 9 ! ,we/4 ,! romanc] ,heliodorus1 a ,syrian prie/1 %[s u 9 8 novel 8 h]o9e invok+ 8! demons :o on ! e>? & "u ! e>? wat* ov] & puni% unrighte\s m510#bjg h] pray] be+ t1 aft] ! iniquit\s dea? :i* ?reat5$ h]1 !y might receive h]4 ,! same conviction appe>s 9 ! fun]al inscriptions ( ! ,ea/4 ,?us an epitaph ( ,elai\sa 9 ,cilicia#bjh adjures 8! heav5ly god1 ! ,sun1 ! ,moon & ! subt]ranean gods :o receive u40 ,! common idea 0 t a dead man c be exclud$ f ! dwell+ ( ! %ades & condemn$ to w&] mis]ably on ! e>?4 ,9 ! same way ! ?\ght is (t5 express$ 9 ! magic papyri ( ,egypt t ! deceas$ 7 plung$ into ! d>k gulfs und]gr\nd & !re became demons :om ! wiz>d call$ up1 :5 he summon$ !m by 8 incantations4 ,ev5 9 ,greece1 :]e rationali/ic criticism _h p5etrat$ f> deep] among ! p1 ,plut>*1 :ile he reports t few p 7 /ill really afraid ( ,c]b]us1 ! lot ( ! ,danades & o!r bugbe>s ( ,hades1 adds1 h[ev]1 t = fe> ( su* pa9s rec\rse 0 _h to purifications & initiations4#bji ,?is belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,hades1 ma9ta9$ 9 ! l[] /rata ( ! population 9 spite ( ! inroads made on x & ( its p>tial sup]session by o!r doctr9es1 0 to acquire new /r5g? f ! rebir? ( ,platonism1 :i* look$ ^u ! writ+s ( ! 8div9e0 ma/] z inspir$4 ,9 sev]al passages ,plato spoke ) s mu* precision ( ! dwell+ ( ! s\ls 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? t ev5 ! subtlety ( 8 lat] int]pret]s f\nd difficulty 9 giv+ ano!r mean+ to 8 text1 al?\gh ! attempt 0 made by "s ( !m4 ,!re=e ef=t 0 direct$ to def5d+ ! doctr9e ( ! infallible sage by refut+ ! objections rais$ aga9/ x by 8 adv]s>ies4 ,! ,/oics _h held1 z we h se5 7p4 #gg71 t ! s\l1 be+ a 8fi]y brea?10 _h a natural t5d5cy to rise 9 ! air & c\ld n s9k into ! gr\nd4 ,b ,porphyry#baj object$ t 9 l[]+ itself f heav5 t[>ds our _w x _h become impregnate ) ! atmosph]ic damp & ?us _h gr[n heavi]1 & t if dur+ its passage 9 ! body x became lad5 ) ! clay ( a s5sual life1 if x wrapp$ itself 9 a mat]ial cloak1 its d5sity came to be su* t x 0 dragg$ d[n into ! dusky abysses ( ! e>?4 8,x is true10 says ,proclus1#baa 8t ! s\l by =ce ( its nature aspires to rise to ! place :i* is its natural abode1 b :5 passions h invad$ x !y weigh x d[n & ! savage in/9cts :i* develop 9 x attract x to ! place to :i* !y prop]ly belong1 t is1 ! e>?40 ,accord+ to ,proclus1#bab :o claims to int]pret ,plato fai?fully1 ! s\l aft] dea? is judg$ some:]e betwe5 ! sky & our globe2 if x be decl>$ wor?y x enjoys a life ( bless$ness 9 ! cele/ial sph]es2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 x des]ve p5alties1 x is s5t to a place b5ea? ! gr\nd4 ,else:]e1 def9+ 8 ?\ght1#bac he affirms t ! v>i\s p>ts ( ,hades & ! subt]ranean c\rts & ! riv]s ( ^: exi/5ce ,hom] & ,plato appraise u1 %\ld n be reg>d$ z va9 imag9ations or fabul\s m>vels4 ,z ! s\ls :i* g to heav5 are di/ribut$ among sev]al & diff]5t re/+-places1 s we mu/ believe t = s\ls /ill 9 ne$ ( *a/isem5t & purification und]gr\nd dwell+s1 :i!r p5etrate num]\s effluvia ( ! sup]-t]re/rial elem5ts1 are ?r[n op54 ,x is ^! effluvia t are call$ 8riv]s0 or 8curr5ts40 ,"h too v>i\s classes ( demons hold empire1 "s ( !m av5g]s1 "s *a/is]s1 "s purifi]s & "s execution]s4 ,into ?is abode1 ! f>!/ f t ( ! gods1 ! sun's rays d n p5etrate4 ,x is fill$ ) all ! disord] ( matt]4 ,!re9 is ! prison1 gu>d$ by demons :o ensure ju/ice1 ( ! guilty s\ls hidd5 b5ea? ! e>?4 ,x is n by _! fai?fulness to ,plato's doctr9e1 :i* 9 tru? !y alt]1 b by ! m]e logic ( _! sy/em t ! la/ ,greek philosoph]s are l$ to admit :at _! pr$ecessors reject$4 ,sometimes1 m or less unconsci\sly1 !y 7 "u a religi\s influ5ce4 ,! ,platoni/ ,celsus believ$ 9 ! et]nal pa9s ( hell b invok$ only ! au?ority ( 8my/agogues & !ologians0 9 support ( ?is article ( fai?4#bad ,! opposition betwe5 ! obscure retreats ( ! ,manes & ! bright dwell+s ( ,olympus is old1 & naturally became prom95t z ! belief spread1 fir/ t h]oes1 & aft]w>ds t all virtu\s spirits1 rose to ! et]nal spaces4#bae ,b ! religion :i* =mulat$ ! /rictly consequ5t doctr9e ( an absolute anti!sis betwe5 ! lum9\s k+dom :]e ! div9ities & ! b5efic5t g5ii 7 seat$1 & ! d>k doma9 ( ! ,_s ( ,evil & 8 p]v]se demons1 0 ,p]sian ,mazdeism4 ,! respl5d5t heights :]e ! gods _h _! ?rones 7 to be aft] dea? ! abode ( ^? :o _h s]v$ pi\sly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o _h contribut$ to increase evil on ! e>?1 7 to be flung into ! murky abysses 9 :i* ,ahriman reign$4 ,iranian dualism impos$ ?is es*atological conception on a section ( ,alex&rian ,judaism2 x 0 admitt$ by _m ,py?agoreans1 !n by ! gno/ic sects & lat] by ,mani*eism4 ,b above all x 0 widely propagat$ "u ! ,roman ,empire by ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras4 ,we f9d !n put =? ! doctr9e t ! demons are divid$ into two armies1 incessantly at w> ) ea* o!r1 "o good & "o evil4 ,! good army is subject to cele/ial p[]s & comes d[n to e>? to give succ\r & support to ! fai?ful4 ,! evil army obeys an anti-god 77 & issues f ! b[els ( ! e>? 9 ord] to scatt] mis]y1 s9 & dea? among m54#baf ,! s\ls ( ! dead become l "o or ! o!r ( ^! two oppos+ classes ( demons4 ,:5 !y are virtu\s & pure !y rise to ! lum9\s e!r :]e dwell ! div9e spirits4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 !y are vici\s & defil$ !y g d[n into ! und]gr\nd dep?s :]e ! ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness comm&s2 l ! malefic5t demons :o p ?is hell !y suff] & cause to suff]4 ,x 0 at ?is compromise t paganism /opp$ :5 x rea*$ ! t]m ( its evolution4 ,ori5tal dualism impos$ on x its f9al =mula4 ,x no long] admitt$1 l ! anci5ts1 t all ! dead mu/ g d[n f ! grave into imm5se holl[s dug 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & x no long] made ! ,elysian ,fields & ,t>t>us two contigu\s doma9s ( ! k+dom ( ,pluto4 ,nor did x transport !m bo?1 side by side1 z ! pagan !ologians ( ! beg9n+ ( our era w\ld h done1 to ! atmosph]e & ! />ry sph]es4 ,x sep>at$ !m radically1 cutt+ ! abode ( ! s\ls into two halves1 ( :i* x plac$ "o 9 ! lum9\s sky & ! o!r 9 subt]ranean d>kness4 ,?is 0 also ! conception :i*1 aft] "s hesitation1 became g5]ally accept$ by ! ,*ur*1 & :i* = long c5turies 0 to rema9 ! common fai? ( all ,*ri/5dom4 ,,iii ,,cele/ial ,,immortality ,! a/ral religion :i* became pr$om9ant 9 ! ,roman ,empire may be consid]$ z an int]m$i>y1 a connect+ l9k1 betwe5 ! old an?ropomorphic paganism & ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,in/ead ( moral--or1 if y pref]1 immoral--be+s1 /rong] ?an man b subject to all ! passions ( man1 x taught ! adoration ( ! heav5ly p[]s :o act on nature1 & s l$ mank9d to ! wor%ip ( ! ,p[] :o is beyond ! heav5s4 ,?is influ5ce ( ! a/ral cults ( ! ,ea/ c be cle>ly p]ceiv$ 9 ! evolution ( ! ideas z to future life1 & ?is above all con/itutes ! hi/orical importance ( ! subject :i* ,i v5ture to treat 9 ?is lecture4 ,beliefs :i* are spread among _m peoples ( ! _w relate ! immortality ( ! s\l to ! heav5ly bodies4 ,x 0 = long navely imag9$ t a new sun 0 creat$ e ev5+1 or at lea/ e w9t]1 & a new moon born ea* mon?1 & traces ( ?is primitive idea surviv$ 9 ! religion ( antiquity & p]si/ ev5 9 our mod]n spee*4 ,b :5 x 0 realis$ t ! same cele/ial lum9>ies reappe>$ & resum$ _! ard\r aft] _! fires _h di$ & !y _h ceas$ to %9e1 t ! />s :i* 7 lit at sunset 7 ^? :i* _h be5 ext+ui%$ at dawn1 _! lot 0 relat$ to t ( man1 de/9$ l !m to be reborn1 aft] dea?1 to a new life4 ,v>i\s savage tribes ?us associate ! heav5ly bodies1 & especially ! moon1 ) ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,! wan circle :i* %$s its vague light 9 ! d>kness ( night causes phantoms to appe> to haunt vigils & dreams1 & is !re=e ! p[] :i* presides ov] life beyond ! tomb4 ,among ! ,greeks ( ! mo/ anci5t p]iod ,hecate 0 at "o & ! same "t ! goddess ( ! moon1 ! summon] ( gho/s & ! que5 ( ! inf]nal realm4 ,9 ! ,ea/ a/rological ideas m+l$ ) ?is my?ology4 ,x 0 taught t ! moon's cold & damp rays corrupt$ ! fle% ( ! dead & ?us deta*$ f x ! s\l :i* f9ally ab&on$ ! corpse4 ,! ,syrians1 at ! critical times 9 :i* ! moonbeams ex]cis$ a m active influ5ce on ?is sep>ation1 (f]$ sacrifices on tombs1 & ! ?reefold commemoration ( ! dead on ! ?ird1 ! sev5? & ! =tie? day 9 a "p ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* _h its e>lie/ orig9 9 ^! (f]+s ( ! sid]eal cults4#bag ,!re 0 also a v widely held belief1 :i* has surviv$ 9 ,european folk-lore1 t ea* man has 8 /> 9 ! sky4 ,?is /> is dazzl+ if 8 lot be brilliant1 pale if 8 /ate ( life be humble4 ,x is lit at 8 bir? & falls :5 he dies4 ,! fall ( a %oot+ /> !re=e d5otes a p]son's dea?4 ,?is popul> idea exi/$ 9 antiquity4 ,pl9y ! ,naturali/ reports x1 al?\gh he d5ies its tru?1#bah & x 0 aga9 combat$ 9 ! fif? c5tury by ,eusebius ( ,alex&ria4 8,7 !re !n only two />s 9 ! "t ( ,adam & ,eve10 asks ! bi%op1 8& only eight aft] ! ,flood :5 ,noah & sev5 o!r p]sons alone 7 sav$ 9 ! ,ark80#bai ,! =mulas ( epitaphs & ! v usages ( language %[ h[ curr5t 0 ! belief t ea* man 01 z we /ill say1 born "u a good or an evil />4 ,a/rosus 0 ! ,lat9 equival5t ( our unlucky4 ,?is doctr9e ( a rudim5t>y a/rology 0 incorporat$ 9 ! g5]al sy/em ( le>n$ g5e?lialogy4 ,al?\gh ?is latt] attribut$ a pr$om9ant influ5ce to ! planets & ! signs ( ! zodiac1 x also taught1 9 accordance ) popul> op9ion1 t ea* ( ! mo/ brilliant />s 7 7 ensures ri*es1 p[] & glory to ! newly born *ild1 if x be 9 a fav\rable position at 8 bir?4#bbj ,b side by side ) ?is g5]al conception ( a relation betwe5 ! life ( ! />s & t ( m51 a mu* m precise idea is met ) f ! fir/4 ,! s\l 01 z we %all see1#bba (t5 conceiv$ by ! anci5ts z a bird prep>+ = flight4 ,:]e w\ld x alight :5 x _h pass$ ?r\gh ! air except on ! heav5ly bodies :i* 7 /ill imag9$ z q ne> ! e>?8 ,! pa9t+s on an ,egyptian tomb ( a late p]iod1 f\nd at ,a?ribis1 %[ u ! s\l ( ! dead man flutt]+ ) ^? o!rs l him 9 ! mid/ ( ! con/ellations4#bbb ,! belief 0 widely spread t ! spirits ( ! dead w5t to inhabit ! moon4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ?is fai? reta9$ a v crude =m :i* c]ta9ly w5t back to a mo/ primitive paganism4 ,we f9d x 9 ,india z well z 9 ,mani*eism1 :i* arose 9 ,mesopotamia 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 b :i* admitt$ _m anci5t traditions into its doctr9e4 8,all :o leave ! e>?10 says an ,upani%ad1 8g to ! moon1 :i* is swoll5 by _! brea? dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! mon?40 ,! ,mani*eans simil>ly affirm$ t :5 ! moon 0 9 ! cresc5t its circumf]5ce 0 swell$ by s\ls1 conceiv$ z lum9\s1 :i* x drew up f ! e>?1 & t :5 x 0 wan+ x transf]r$ ^! s\ls to ! sun4 ,us+ an idea mu* e>li] ?an 8 "t1#bbc ,mani also /at$ t ! boat ( ! moon1 :i* pli$ 9 ! sky1 receiv$ a load ( s\ls :i* e mon? x transf]r$ to ! sun's l>g] vessel4 ,! association e/abli%$ 9 ,syro-,punic religions betwe5 ! moon & ! idea ( immortality is m>k$ by ! abundance 9 ,africa ( fun]al monum5ts be>+ ! symbol ( ! cresc5t1 ei!r alone or associat$ ) ! circle ( ! sun & ! /> ( ,v5us4#bbd ,^! a/ral symbols are id5tical ) ^? already us$ by ! ,babylonians4 ,b x is n only among ! ,semitic peoples t we f9d ! cresc5t on tombs1 ei!r alone or accompani$ by o!r figures3 x is ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 notably 9 ,celtic c\ntries4 ,possibly ! ,druids plac$ 9 ! moon ! o!r _w :]e m5 pursu$ an exi/5ce un9t]rupt$ by dea?4 ,z = ! sun1 ! idea mo/ commonly accept$ 0 t ! dead accompani$ him on 8 c\rse & w5t d[n ) him 9 ! we/ to an und]gr\nd _w4 ,!re1 dur+ ! night1 ?is enfeebl$ heav5ly body recov]$ 8 /r5g?1 & !re ! dead too 7 reviv$4 ,! p[] ( ?is fai? 9 anci5t ,egypt is kn[n3 ! s\ls emb>k$ on ! boat ( ,ra1 & ) him1 aft] !y _h accompli%$ ! circle ( ! heav5s1 w5t d[n ?r\gh a crevice ( ! e>? or beyond ! ocean4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ orig9 ( ! rle ( 8psy*opomp0 :i* we %all f9d attribut$ to ! sol> god4 ,f9ally _m peoples believ$ t s\ls1 aft] ply+ ?r\gh air & space1 inhabit$ ! sky 9 ! =m ( brilliant />s4 ,! multitude ( ! />s sc9tillat+ 9 ! firmam5t 0 t ( ! innum]able spirits :o _h left ! _w4 ,!y press$ 9 a d5se cr[d1 especially 9 ! long lum9\s track ( ! ,milky ,way1 :i* 01 p> excell5ce1 ! dwell+ ( ! dead4 ,o!r traditions saw 9 ?is b& across ! sky ! highroad :i* ! dead travell$ to ga9 ! summit ( ! _w4#bbe ,a ve/ige ( ?is +5u\s conception is reta9$ 9 ! v "n1 8,milky ,way40 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! ideas z to ! lot ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 :i* 7 spread among a numb] ( diff]5t peoples1 may also h exi/$ 9 primitive ,greece b we h no pro( t !y 7 curr5t !re4 ,z ! ,hell5es grant$ to ! />s only a re/rict$ & second>y place 9 _! an?ropomorphic religion1 s 9 e>ly times !y _h no belief1 or sc>cely any1 9 ! asc5t ( s\ls to ! />ry sky4 ,?is doctr9e 0 entirely /range ev5 to ! e>lie/ ,ionian ?9k]s4 ,rec5t rese>* has made x m & m probable t ^! conceptions 7 introduc$ into ,greece f ! ,ea/1 :]e a/rolatry 0 pr$om9ant4#bbf ,pausanias#bbg claim$ to "k t ! ,*aldeans & ! ,magi ( ,india 7 ! fir/ to ass]t t ! human s\l is immortal1 & t !y conv9c$ ! ,hell5es1 & 9 p>ticul> ,plato1 ( ?is doctr9e4 ,su* an affirmation1 9 ?is =m1 is c]ta9ly false1 b x conta9s an elem5t ( tru?4 ,! t5et ( a/ral immortality is anci5t 9 ! ,ea/3 x probably took =m 9 ,babylon ab\t ! six? c5tury1 :5 ,p]sian ,mazdeism1 :i* believ$ t ! righte\s 7 lift$ up to ! lum9\s dwell+ ( ! gods1 came into contact ) ! sid]eal religion ( ! ,*aldeans4 ,x 0 propagat$ 9 ,greece especially by ! ,py?agoreans1 = :om ! s\l _h a cele/ial orig91 be+1 z we h se5 7p4 #bd71 a fi]y pr9ciple1 a p>ticle ( ! e!r :i* lights ! div9e fires ( heav54 ,?is sp>k1 :i* desc5d$ at bir? 9 ! body1 :i* x heat$ & animat$1 reasc5d$ aft] dea? to ! upp] regions1 :5ce x _h come =?4 ,ari/ophanes 9 8 ,peace#bbh greets ! app>ition ( a new />1 t ( ! ,py?agorean poet1 ,ion ( ,*ios1 :o _h rec5tly di$1 ask+ ironically if x be n true t 8:5 someone dies he becomes l ! />s 9 ! air40 ,?is is ! mo/ anci5t precisely dat$ m5tion ( /ell> immortality 7#dba ,b4 ,c471 & x _c be d\bt$ t ! doctr9e 0 t ( ,ion himself4 ,plato receiv$ x f ! ,py?agoreans & makes v cle> allusions to x4 ,! fundam5tal idea on :i* x re/s1 ! idea t ! psy*ic ess5ce is ! same z ! fire ( ! heav5ly bodies1 is at ! root ( all ori5tal a/rology1 :i* claims to expla9 by a/ral influ5ce ! =mation ( "*4 ,?is idea ( a relation%ip 77 betwe5 ! s\l & ! />s does n 9 ,greece belong to ! old basic popul> beliefs4 ,x 0 introduc$ ?i!r by ! philosoph]s1 :o1 z we %all see1 drew f x v important !ological conclusions4 ,accord+ to !m1 x 0 ow+ to ?is id5tity ( nature t ! s\l 0 capable ( kn[+ ! gods & ( aspir+ to jo9 !m4#bbi ,?is doctr9e took on new p[] :5 a/rology succe$$ 9 impos+ itself on ! ,alex&rian _w1 & x is significant t we f9d x cle>ly =mulat$ by an adept ( ?is pseudo-sci5ce1 ! fam\s ,hipp>*us1 9 ! second c5tury be=e our era4 8,hipp>*us10 says ,pl9y1#bcj 8w nev] receive all ! praise he des]ves1 s9ce no "o has bett] e/abli%$ ! relation betwe5 man & ! />s1 or %[n m cle>ly t our s\ls are p>ticles ( ! heav5ly fire40 ,py?agorism & ,/oicism1 & aft] !m ! ,syrian & ,p]sian my/]ies1 7 to popul>ise ?is conception ?r\gh\t ! anci5t _w4 ,9 c]ta9 regions1 z 9 ,gaul1 x und\bt$ly f\nd pre-exi/+ native beliefs ) :i* x comb9$1 & 9 religion & among !ologians x assum$ multiple =ms4 ,we %all try to di/+ui% its *ief aspects1 deal+ successively ) lun>1 sol> & /ell> immortality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,py?agoreans1 p]haps trans=m+ a belief ( ! ,greek p z to ,sel5e's rle1 b m probably inspir$ by ,ori5tal speculations1 held t s\ls1 :5 !y _h be5 purifi$ by air1 w5t to dwell 9 ! moon4 ,to ! "q1 8,:at are ! ,isles ( ! ,bless$80 ! or?odox doctr9e ( ! sect answ]$1 8,! sun & ! moon40#bca ,= !m ! heav5ly bodies 7 mov+ isl&s wa%$ by a lum9\s fluid1 :i* _! swift motion caus$ to s\nd ab\t !m4 ,^! ?9k]s1 :o debat$ all ! sci5tific hypo!ses1 accept$ ! plurality ( worlds4 ,! heav5ly bodies 7 o!r e>?s surr\nd$ by air & roll+ 9 ! b\ndless e!r4 ,! moon 9 p>ticul> 0 designat$ z ! 8e!real0 or 8,olympic e>?10 & 9 ! moon lay ! ,elysian ,fields1 ! mead[s ( ,hades1 9 :i* ! %ades ( ! h]oes re/$4 ,py?agoras himself1 promot$ to ! rank ( an immortal _s1 rejoic$ !re among ! sages4 ,p]sephone1 assimilat$ to ,artemis1 reign$ ov] ?is k+dom4 ,did n ! moon1 l h]1 transf] itself alt]nately above & bel[ ! e>?8 ,! planets 7 ?is huntress's h\nds :i*1 ev] 9 *ase1 7 sc\r+ ! fields ( space ar\nd h] 9 e direction4 ,! au?ors ( ,py?agorean apocalypses peopl$ ! m\nta9s & valleys ( ! moon ) fanta/ic animals1 /rong] ?an ours1 & ) /range plants1 m vigor\s ?an ^? ( our globe4 ,! inhabitants ( ! moon1 f$ on ! vap\rs ( ! atmosph]e1 7 n liable to human ne$s4 ,9 8 8,true ,hi/ories10 ,lucian#bcb p>odi$ ^! mad imag9+s ) comic exagg]ation & ludicr\s obsc5ity4 ,a curi\s fragm5t ( ,ca/or ( ,rhodes gives an in/ance ( an unexpect$ application ( ^! beliefs4#bcc ,?is hi/orian1 :o liv$ at ! end ( ! ,republic1 _h ! idea ( int]pret+ ,roman cu/oms by ! ,py?agorean doctr9es :i* ,nigidius ,figulus & 8 circle ( !osophi/s _h br\ght back into fa%ion 7p4 #bb74 ,9 p>ticul> he expla9$ by ?is me?od ! ivory lunulae 7cresc5ts7 :i* decorat$ ! s5ators' %oes4 ,!y recall$1 he says1 t noble s\ls inhabit$ ! moon aft] dea? & trod on its soil4 ,! eclectic ,/oics ( ! same p]iod1 & especially ,posidonius ( ,apamea1 gave ?is lun> es*atology a place 9 _! sy/em1 & und]took to ju/ify x by ! physical doctr9es ( ! ,por*4 ,accord+ to !m1 s\ls1 :i* are a burn+ brea?1 rose ?r\gh ! air t[>ds ! fires ( ! sky1 9 virtue ( _! lightness4#bcd ,:5 !y rea*$ ! upp] zone1 !y f\nd 9 ! e!r ab\t ! moon surr\nd+s l _! own ess5ce & rema9$ !re 9 equilibrium4 ,conceiv$ z mat]ial & z circul> 9 =m1 !y 71 l ! heav5ly bodies1 n\ri%$ by ! exhalations :i* arose f ! soil & ! wat]s4 ,^! innum]able globes ( a fire end[$ ) intellig5ce =m$ an animat$ *orus ab\t ! div9e lum9>y ( night4 ,! ,elysian ,fields did n1 9 ?is !ory1 lie 9 ! moon itself1 :i* 0 no long] an e>? inhabit$ by fanta/ic be+s1 b 9 ! pure air ab\t ! moon :i!r p5etrat$ only s\ls no less pure4 ,?is idea 0 to la/ until ! end ( paganism1 al?\gh o!r es*atological doctr9es !n met ) m fav\r4 ,! emp]or ,julian 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 satire on ! ,caes>s describes !m z invit$ to a banquet held1 z 0 prop]1 on a l[] level ?an ! fea/ ( ! gods1 :o met at ! summit ( heav54 8,x seem$ fitt+10 he says1#bce 8t ! emp]ors %\ld d9e 9 ! upp] air j bel[ ! moon4 ,! lightness ( ! bodies ) :i* !y _h be5 inve/$ & also ! revolutions ( ! moon su/a9$ !m40 ,! zone ( ! moon1 ! l[e/ ( ! sev5 planet>y sph]es1 9 :i* ! s]5e e!r t\*es our own foggy atmosph]e1 is ! fronti] betwe5 ! _w ( ! gods & t ( m51 ! bord] betwe5 immortality & ! g5]at$1 ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! life ( bless$ness & ! dea? :i* our e>?ly exi/5ce really is4 ,ari/otle _h already not$ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two halves ( ! univ]se1 ! "o active & ! o!r passive1 ! heav5s =m$ ( unalt]able e!r & subject nei!r to progress nor to corruption1 & our sublun>y _w compos$ ( f\r elem5ts1 our _w 9 :i* all is born1 is trans=m$ & dies4 ,neo-,py?agoreans & ,neo-,/oics lik$1 9 insi/+ on ?is opposition1 to %[ ! contra/ betwe5 ! spl5d\r & ! d>kness1 ! s]5ity & ! tr\ble1 ! con/ancy & ! mutability1 ! tru? & ! error1 ! happ9ess & ! mis]y1 ! peace & ! w>1 :i* reign$ respectively 9 ! dwell+ ( ! gods & 9 ! abode ( m51 :i!r s\ls desc5d+ to e>? p5etrat$ s soon z !y _h cross$ ! circle ( ! moon4 ,9 imitation ( ,plato#bcf ?is sublun>y _w is %[n z a d>k cave 9 :i* ! captive s\ls1 plung$ 9 obscurity1 aspire to see aga9 ! light f on high4 ,! fun]al monum5ts ( ! imp]ial p]iod h reta9$ num]\s traces ( ^! beliefs4 ,z we h already said 7p4 #id71 ! cresc5t (t5 appe>s on !m1 ei!r alone or toge!r ) o!r symbols4 ,o!r tomb/ones are /ill m expressive4 ,a ,roman relief1 pres]v$ 9 ,cop5hag51 is p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic3 ! bu/ ( a little girl appe>s on x plac$ on a l>ge cresc5t & surr\nd$ by sev5 />s4#bcg ,on ?is an inscription rec5tly f\nd at ,didyma might s]ve z a comm5t>y3 8,/&+ be=e ?is tomb1 look at "y ,*or1 virg9 daught] ( ,diognetos4 ,hades has plac$ h] 9 ! sev5? circle10#bch t is1 9 ! circle ( ! moon1 :i* is ! l[e/ ( ! sev5 planets4 ,we see t philosophy & physics _h unit$ to trans=m ! old belief 9 ! asc5t ( s\ls to ! moon4 ,! int]v5tion ( !ories claim+ to expla9 ! sy/ems ( ! _w is /ill m m>k$ 9 ! o!r doctr9es ( a/ral immortality4 ,x 0 ?is bl5d+ :i* made !m /rong en\gh to impose !mselves on ! m9ds ( m54 ,by _! agreem5t ) contempor>y sci5ce1 !y satisfi$ reason & fai? at ! same "t4 ,b z all ?is !ology really re/$ on a wrong cosmography1 its lot 0 b\nd up ) t ( a false conception ( ! univ]se1 & ! two fell toge!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ ( ^! doctr9es appe>s to u ! mo/ reasonable because x is f\nd$ on ! primordial rle ( ! sun 9 our _w4 ,x 0 born 9 ! ,ea/ :5 ! ,*aldean prie/s depriv$ ! moon ( ! pre-em95ce orig9ally ascrib$ to x1 & recognis$ ! unequall$ importance ( ! sun 9 ! cosmic sy/em4#bci ,^! a/ronomical !ologians d$uc$ f ?is recognition a !ory :i* includes some?+ l an anticipation ( univ]sal gravitation1 & :i* 0 to prove s$uctive bo? by its greatness & by its logic4 ,x spread ?r\gh ! anci5t _w 9 ! second & fir/ c5turies ,b4 ,c4 ,!re are "s signs t ! ,py?agoreans1 :o 7 mu* addict$ to ! /udy ( ! heav5ly bodies1 7 ! fir/ to adopt x1 & ) ! propagation ( ,ori5tal a/rology x obta9$ a wide diffusion 9 ! ,we/4 ,! sun1 plac$ 9 ! f\r? rank or ! middle ( ! planet>y sph]es1#bdj l a k+ surr\nd$ by 8 gu>ds1 0 believ$ alt]nately to attract & repel ! o!r cele/ial bodies by ! =ce ( 8 heat1 & to regulate _! h>moni\s movem5ts z ! coryphaeus direct$ ! evolutions ( a *orus4 ,b s9ce ! />s 7 look$ ^u z ! au?ors ( all ! physical & moral ph5om5a ( ! e>?1 he :o det]m9$ ! complicat$ play ( _! revolutions 0 ! arbit] ( de/9ies1 ! ma/] ( all nature4 ,plac$ at ! c5tre ( ! great cosmic organism1 he animat$ x to its utmo/ limits1 & 0 (t5 call$ ! 8he>t ( ! _w0 :i!r its heat radiat$4 ,b ?is well-ord]$ univ]se c\ld n be direct$ by a bl9d =ce1 & !re=e ! sun 0 an 8intellig5t light0 7 74 ,! pagan !ologians look$ ^u him z ! directive reason ( ! _w 7m5s mundi et temp]atio74 ,! ,py?agoreans saw 9 him ,apollo ,musagetes1 ! lead] ( ! *orus ( ! ,muses1 :o 7 plac$ 9 ! n9e circles ( ! _w & ^: accord produc$ ! h>mony ( ! sph]es4 ,?us he became ! creator ( individual reason & director ( ! human microcosm4 ,! au?or ( g5]ation1 he presid$ ov] ! bir? ( s\ls1 :ile bodies develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! moon4 ,! radiant sun con/antly s5t d[n sp>kles f 8 flam+ circle to ! be+s he animat$4 ,! vital pr9ciple :i* n\ri%$ m5's mat]ial envelope & caus$ its gr[? 0 lun>1 b ! sun produc$ reason4 ,inv]sely1 :5 dea? _h dissolv$ ! elem5ts :i* =m$ ! human composite1 :5 ! s\l _h left ! c>nal prison :i* enclos$ x1 ! sun once m drew x to himself4 ,z 8 ard5t heat caus$ vap\rs & cl\ds to rise f ! e>? & ! seas1 s he br\ght back to himself ! invisible ess5ce :i* animat$ ! body4 ,he ex]cis$ on ! e>? bo? a physical & a psy*ical attraction4 ,human reason reasc5d$ to its orig9al s\rce & return$ to its div9e home4 ,! rays ( ! god 7 ! vehicles ( s\ls :5 !y rose al(t to ! high] regions4#bda ,he 0 ! anagogue 77 :o )drew spirits f matt] :i* soil$ !m4 ,j z he s5t ! planets away f him & br\ght !m back by a s]ies ( emissions & absorptions1 s he caus$ 8 burn+ effluvia to desc5d to ! be+s :om he call$ to life1 & s he ga!r$ !m aft] _! dea? t !y might rise to him once m4 ,?us a cycle ( migrations caus$ s\ls to circulate betwe5 ! sky & ! e>?1 z ! />s alt]nately drew away f & return$ to ! radiant focus1 he>t & _s ( ! ,great ,all1 :i* call$ =? & direct$ _! et]nal revolutions4 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ ?is coh]5t &1 x may be said1 magnific5t !ology1 f\nd$ on ! discov]ies ( anci5t a/ronomy at its z5i?1 impos$ on ,roman paganism ! cult ( ! inv9cible ,sun1 ! ma/] ( all nature1 ! creator & savi\r ( man4 ,a mass ( lit]>y evid5ce & a numb] ( figur$ monum5ts prove h[ p[]ful became1 "u ! ,roman ,empire1 ! belief t ! sun 0 ! god ( ! dead4 ,old my?ological traditions comb9$ ) ,*aldean !ology & 7 propagat$ ) ! ,ea/]n religions4 ,x 0 imag9$ t ! deceas$1 & 9 p>ticul> ! emp]ors1 7 borne to heav5 on ! *>iot ( ,helios1 or t ! eagle1 ! k+ ( ! birds & ! s]vant ( ! sov]eign sun1 c>ri$ (f _! s\ls to be> !m to 8 ma/]4 ,else:]e x 0 ! griff9 ( ,apollo or ! sol> pho5ix :o 0 ! be>] ( ! dead or ! symbol ( immortality4 ,a fun]al alt> ( ,rome ev5 be>s ! *>act]i/ic inscription1 8,sol me rapuit10 8! ,sun has seiz$ me up40#bdb ,y w probably ask h[ m5 succe$$ 9 reconcil+ ?is sol> immortality ) ! doctr9e :i* made ! moon ! abode ( ! dead4 ,! ,greeks1 foll[+ ! ,ori5tals1 _h be5 able to make a lun>-sol> cal5d>1 & !y also con/ruct$ an es*atology 9 :i* ! two great heav5ly bodies bo? play$ "p4 ,!y 7 ! two div9ities ^: help ! prie/s promis$ to 8^? :o 7 ab\t to die40#bdc ,?is es*atology is f\nd$ on ! a/rological idea t ! moon presides ov] physical life1 ov] ! =mation & decomposition ( bodies1 b t ! sun is ! au?or ( intellectual life & ! ma/] ( reason4 ,! doctr9e also includes ! belief we h already expla9$ else:]e1#bdd t :5 s\ls leave ! e>?1 !y are /ill surr\nd$ by a subtle fluid :i* reta9s ! appe>ance ( ! p]sons :om !y =m]ly animat$4 ,! pagan !ologians ?us admitt$ t ! s\ls :i* came d[n to e>? assum$ 9 ! sph]e ( ! moon & 9 ! atmosph]e ^! a]ial bodies :i* 7 reg>d$ z ! seat ( ! vital pr9ciple4 ,inv]sely1 :5 !y rose aga9 to heav51 ! function ( ! moon 0 to dissolve & to receive ^! light envelopes1 z on e>? its damp rays provok$ ! corruption ( ! corpse4 ,! s\l1 ?us becom+ pure reason 771 asc5d$ to ! sun1 ! s\rce ( all intellig5ce4 ,accord+ to o!rs ! =mation ( ! s\l's integum5t 0 begun & its reabsorption 0 complet$ 9 ! planet>y sph]es1 & ?is is :y ! ,neo-,platoni/ ,jambli*us#bde plac$ ! ,hades ( my?ology betwe5 ! sun & ! moon4 ,^! !ories are n ! product ( pure philosophical speculations1 b h _! roots 9 ! old a/ral religion ( ! ,semites4 ,! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras1 ! ,*aldaic oracles1 & above all ,mani*eism %>$ ! belief 9 a lun>-sol> immortality ( :i* ! s\rce c]ta9ly goes back to ! t5ets ( ! 8,*aldean0 prie/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sol> immortality is a le>n$ doctr9e1 ! fruit ( ! a/ronomical !ories :i* made ! k+-/> ! c5tre & ! ma/] ( ! univ]se4 ,x 0 su* z to f9d acceptance ) !ologians & philosoph]s & to be spread by ! ,ori5tal my/]ies4 ,b x nev] succe$$ 9 elim9at+ or ov]%ad[+ ! old popul> idea t ! s\ls ( ! dead dwell 9 ! mid/ ( ! glitt]+ con/ellations4 ,a trace ( ! d\ble conception is f\nd 9 ! ,/oic s*ool4 ,= c]ta9 ( ! ma/]s ( ?is s*ool ! direct+ reason ( ! _w1 ! 771 has its pr9cipal seat 9 ! sun1 = o!rs 9 ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s4 ,9 ! same way ! poets1 ,lucan address+ ,n]o1 & ,/atius address+ ,domitian1 hesitat+ly ask if ^! emp]ors w ride 9 ! flam+ *>iot ( ,phoebus or if !y w assume ,jupit]'s sceptre 9 ! highe/ heav54#bdf ,! ,neo-,py?agoreans admitt$ t s\ls c\ld rise to ! ,mo/ ,high 7 71 t is to say1 to ! supreme ,god :o 0 en?ron$ at ! summit ( ! _w4#bdg ,x 01 moreov]1 v anci5tly held among ! ,greeks t ,olympus 0 9 ! out] circle envelop+ ! _w1 & until ! end ( antiquity we f9d ! ,elysian ,fields 7 transport$ to ! zone ( ! con/ellations & 9 p>ticul> to ! ,milky ,way4 ,?is is1 = in/ance1 ! doctr9e ( ,cic]o z %[n 9 ! dream ( ,scipio4 ,s ! old popul> idea t ! s\l became a />1 :i* 9 ,greece 0 accept$ by ! anci5t ,py?agoreans1 /ill subsi/$4 ,accord+ to my?ology ?is 0 ! happy lot res]v$ = h]oes4 ,we h :ole books :i* tell u h[ ^! h]oes at ! end ( _! c>e] 7 trans=m$ to brilliant />s 9 rew>d = _! exploits4 8,cata/]ism0 draws a moral conclusion f anci5t tales4 ,h]cules1 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 ,p]seus & ,&rom$a & _m o!rs _h des]v$ su* metamorphosis4 ,x did n !re=e seem bold to assign to ! em95t m5 ( ! pres5t ! same de/9y z to ! great figures ( ! pa/1 & no "o 0 %ock$ by ! supposition t _! div9e spirits might be add$ to ! numb] ( ! 8visible gods40 ,?is 01 9 p>ticul>1 a lot wor?y ( ! pr9ces :o _h des]v$ apo!osis4 ,at ! dea? ( ,caes> a comet appe>$4 ,x 0 ?\ght to be ! dictator's s\l :i* _h be5 receiv$ among ! ,immortals1 & ,ovid#bdh does n hesitate to %[ u ,v5us desc5d+1 invisible1 into ! s5ate1 snat*+ ?is s\l f ! pi]c$ body & be>+ x al(t to ! sky4 ,!re ,v5us feels ! s\l become inflam$ & sees x escape f h] brea/ to fly beyond ! moon & turn into a trail+ comet4 ,hadrian1 9 8 grief = ! dea? ( ,ant9\s1 let himself be p]suad$ t a /> _h j appe>$ :i* 0 ! deifi$ s\l ( 8 fav\rite4#bdi ,b z 9 ,greece 8h]oification0 0 f9ally aw>d$ by ! w ( families to e "o ( _! memb]s ^: loss !y m\rn$1 s 8cata/]ism0 0 9 ! end accord$ to deceas$ p]sons ( v mod]ate des]ts4 8,ne>ly ! :ole heav510 says ,cic]o1 8is fill$ ) mank9d40#bej ,9 an inscription ( ,amorgos#bea a "y man1 c>ri$ (f by ! ,fates at ! age ( tw5ty1 ?us addresses 8 "m3 8,weep n2 = ( :at use is weep+8 ,r v5]ate me1 = ,i am n[ a div9e /> :i* %[s itself at sunset40 ,& at ,miletus#beb a *ild ( eight ye>s old1 :om ,h]mes has l$ to ,olympus1 contemplates ! e!r & %9es 9 ! mid/ ( ! />s1 8ris+ e ev5+ to ! horn ( ! ,goat4 ,by ! fav\r ( ! gods he protects ! "y boys :o 7 8 playfell[s 9 ! rude palae/rae40 ,epitaphs s precise 9 expression are exceptional4 ,on ! o!r h&1 num]\s epigraphic & lit]>y texts decl>e t ! s\l ( "s dead p]son has ris5 to ! />s to live !re ) ! ,immortals1 b leave ! position ( ?is s\l undet]m9$4 ,x is /at$ to h fl[n t[>ds ! va/ sky1 to h be5 receiv$ by ! e!r1 to be liv+ at ! summit ( ! _w & foll[+ ! revolutions ( ! cele/ial armies4 ,b ! place :]e ! bless$ ?us come toge!r1 t "o ( ! upp] sph]es 9 :i* _! meet+ takes place1 is left unc]ta94 ,_! dwell+ 0 kn[n to be some:]e v high above u1 b m5 did n will+ly v5ture to fix its exact situation4 ,! hea!n !ologians wi%$ h[ev] to br+ ord] & precision into ?is a/ral es*atology4 ,z !y _h comb9$ ! doctr9es ( lun> & sol> immortality1 s !y attempt$ to br+ bo? into agreem5t ) /ell> immortality4 ,:5 ,lucian 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 8,ic>om5ippus0 %[s u 8 h]o pass+ ov] ?ree ?\s& /adia f ! e>? to ! moon1 :]e he makes a fir/ halt1 ris+ !nce five hundr$ p>asangs to ! sun1 & !n asc5d+ f ! sun to heav51 ,jupit]'s citadel1 ?r\gh ! space travell$ 9 a full day by an eagle 9 rapid flight1 he is giv+ u a humor\s p>ody ( ! j\rney :i* "s m5 ascrib$ to s\ls4 ,?is idea t ! s\l ?us rises to ,p>adise by ?ree /ages 0 widely ent]ta9$ 9 ! ,ea/1 & x 0 notably held by ,mazdeism4 ,a trace ( ?is belief seems to l+] 9 ! passage ( ! ,second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 9 :i* ,sa9t ,paul tells t he has be5 lift$ 8to ! ?ird heav540#bec ,! ,platoni/s sometimes adopt$ ! same conception & comb9$ x ) psy*ological ideas1 a developm5t ( ^? we recall$ 9 connection ) sol> immortality 7p4 #ajc74 ,x 0 held t :5 ! s\l came d[n to e>? x fir/ receiv$ an e!real g>m5t ( almo/ immat]ial purity2 !n1 imag9ation be+ add$ to reason1 a sol> fluid surr\nd$ x2 !n a lun> integum5t made x subject to ! passions2 & f9ally a c>nal body 0 ! cause ( its ignorance ( div9e tru?s & ( its bl9d fooli%ness4 ,x successively lo/ ) ^! wrapp+s ! incl9ations or faculties :i* 7 b\nd ) !m1 :5 aft] dea? x w5t back aga9 to ! place ( its orig94#bed ,! conception ( ! triple asc5sion ( s\ls re/$ fundam5tally on a rudim5t>y a/ronomy1 = x confus$ ! five planets ) ! fix$ />s1 discrim9at+ f bo? only ! sun & ! moon4 ,b = long ! sy/em :i* divid$ ! heav5s into sev5 sup]impos$ sph]es1 envelop$ by an eigh? sph]e :i* 0 ! limit ( ! univ]se1 _h impos$ itself n only on ! le>n$ b also on ! au?ors ( pagan apocalypses4 ,! es*atological doctr9e :i* triumph$ at ! end ( paganism is 9 agreem5t ) ?is !ory1 g5]ally admitt$ by ! sci5ce ( ! p]iod4 ,?is doctr9e is c]ta9ly ( ,*aldeo-,p]sian orig91 & 0 spread 9 ! fir/ c5tury especially by ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras4#bee ,!n1 9 ! second c5tury1 ! ,py?agorean ,num5ius introduc$ x into philosophic speculation4 ,man's s\l 0 held to desc5d f ! height ( heav5 to ?is sublun>y _w1 pass+ ?r\gh ! planet>y sph]es1 & ?us at its bir? x acquir$ ! dispositions & ! qualities peculi> to ea* ( ^! />s4 ,aft] dea? x w5t back to its cele/ial home by ! same pa?4 ,!n z x trav]s$ ! zones ( ! sky1 x dive/$ itself ( ! passions & faculties :i* x _h acquir$ dur+ its desc5t to e>?1 z x 7 ( g>m5ts4 ,to ! moon x surr5d]$ its vital & alim5t>y en]gy1 to ,m]cury its cupidity1 to ,v5us its amor\s desires1 to ! sun its intellectual capacities1 to ,m>s its w>like ard\r1 to ,jupit] its ambiti\s dreams1 to ,saturn its slo?ful t5d5cies4 ,x 0 nak$1 dis5cumb]$ ( all s5sibility1 :5 x rea*$ ! eigh? heav51 !re to enjoy1 z a sublime ess5ce1 9 ! et]nal light :]e liv$ ! gods1 bliss )\t end4 ,9 ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras a ladd] compos$ ( sev5 diff]5t metals s]v$ z a symbol ( ?is passage ( s\ls ?r\gh ! sph]es1 a/rology plac+ ea* ( ! planets 9 relation ) "o ( ^! metals1 lead ) ,saturn1 gold ) ! sun1 silv] ) ! moon & s on4#bef ,b 9 opposition to ?is pan!ism :i*1 :ile id5tify+ ,god ) ! univ]se1 plac$ ! *ief home ( div9e en]gy 9 ! cele/ial sph]es & p>ticul>ly 9 ! highe/ ( !m1 ! sect>ies ( ,plato transport$ ! supreme ,p[] beyond ! limits ( ! _w & made ( him a ,be+ no long] imman5t1 b transc5d5t & di/9ct f all matt]4 ,?is conception became m & m pr$om9ant 9 pagan !ology z ,/oicism lo/ influ5ce 9 fav\r ( ,neo-,platonism4 ,?is ,god1 8ultramundane & incorporeal1 fa!r & ar*itect0 ( creation1#beg _h 8 seat1 x 0 ?\ght1 9 ! inf9ite light :i* ext5d$ beyond ! />ry sph]es4 ,religion call$ him sometimes ! ,mo/ ,high 771 sometimes ,jupit]1 b gave him at ! same "t ! epi!ts 8,upp]mo/10 8,insup]able0 7summus1 exsup]antissimus74#beh ,x 0 ?is cele/ial ,fa!r :om ! elect s\ls aspir$ to jo91 b only ^? :o _h atta9$ to p]fection succe$$ 9 do+ s1 z we %all see 9 our la/ lecture4 ,! o!rs /ay$1 9 accordance ) _! degree ( purity1 9 a l[] zone ( ! successive /ages =m$ by ! atmosph]e1 by ! planet>y circles1 & by ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s1 :i* 7 ! 8visible gods10 oppos$ to ! spiritual _w4#bei 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is 0 ! la/ conception ( paganism & on ! :ole x 0 to impose itself on m5 = _m c5turies4 ,judaism _h already made concessions to ! a/ronomical !ories ( ! 8,*aldeans10 & _h borr[$ f !m ! idea ( sev5 /ories ( heav5s1 an idea :i* we f9d develop$ 9 p>ticul> 9 ! apocryphal ,book ( ,eno*4 ,x also belong$ to ,*ri/ianity almo/ f ! beg9n+1 & ! gno/ics gave x a l>ge place 9 _! speculations4 ,b especially ,orig51 :o borr[$ x directly f ! ,greek philosoph]s1 l5t ! au?ority ( 8 "n to ! doctr9es ( a/ral es*atology4 ,accord+ to him1 s\ls1 aft] !y h soj\rn$ 9 ,p>adise1 :i* he imag9$ z a remote place ( e>? :]e !y le>n t]re/rial tru?s1 rise to ! zone ( ! air & !re und]/& ! nature ( ! be+s :o p ?is elem5t4 ,b if !y are free f all mat]ial weight1 !y cross ! atmosph]e rapidly & rea* 8! dwell+s ( ! heav5s10 t is1 ! cele/ial sph]es4 ,!re !y grasp ! nature ( ! />s & ! causes ( _! movem5ts4 ,f9ally1 :5 !y h made su* progress t !y h become pure intellig5ces1 !y are admitt$ to contemplate ! reasonable ess5ces face to face & see invisible ?+s1 enjoy+ _! p]fection4 ,al?\gh ,orig5 0 condemn$ by ! ,*ur*1 8 ideas 7 n aboli%$4 ,s9ce ! ,*ri/ian lore adopt$ ! anci5t conception ( ! _w's /ructure1 z =mulat$ by ,ptolemy1 x _h necess>ily to admit t s\ls trav]s$ ! planet>y circles 9 ord] to rea* t 8sup]mundane light0 9 :i* !y f\nd p]fect beatitude4 ,dante's ,p>adise1 ) its *oirs ( angels & its classes ( ! bless$1 di/ribut$ among ! sup]impos$ sph]es ( ! heav5s1 is a magnific5t te/imony to ! /r5g? ( ! tradition :i* antiquity bequea!d to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,be=e ?is tradition c\ld be de/roy$1 ,galileo & ,cop]nicus _h to ru9 ,ptolemy's sy/em & op5 up to ! imag9ation ! inf9ite spaces ( a limitless univ]se4 ,,iv ,,! ,,w9n+ ,,( ,,immortality ,a fundam5tal diff]5ce di/+ui%es ! conception ( immortality z x appe>s 9 ! religion ( ! ,roman ,empire f our mod]n ideas4 ,immortality1 z we conceive ( x1 foll[s on ! v nature :i* we ascribe to ! human s\l4 ,x is affirm$ by "s1 d5i$ by o!rs1 9 accordance ) ! "* :i* ea* "o attributes to ! pr9ciple ( consci\s ?\ght1 b :5ev] cr$5ce is giv5 to x1 x is g5]ally suppos$ to be absolute1 et]nal1 univ]sal4 ,= ! anci5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 immortality 0 no m ?an conditional3 x might n be p]petual & x might n belong to all m54 ,accord+ to ! ,platoni/s ! s\l1 an incorruptible ess5ce1 a pr9ciple ( life & movem5t1 surviv$ necess>ily2#bfj accord+ to ! ,epicureans1 be+ compos$ ( atoms1 x 0 dissolv$ at ! mom5t ( dea?4#bfa ,b betwe5 ^! extreme op9ions ( ! philosoph]s1 ! religion ( ! p rema9$ fai?ful to ! old belief t ! %ade mu/ be n\ri%$ ) (f]+s & sacrifices1 t if x lack$ su/5ance x 0 condemn$ to wa/e away mis]ably4 ,?is conception1 l n a few o!rs :i* 7 fad+ away 9 ! ,we/1 0 reviv$ :5 ! ,ori5tals impos$ on ! ,roman _w _! m primitive & sometimes v crude beliefs4 ,! normal de/9y ( ! s\l 0 !re=e to survive ! body = a c]ta9 "t1 !n 9 its turn to disappe>4 ,a second dea? 7 7 complet$ ! "w ( ! fir/ :i* gave ! corpse ov] to corruption4 ,! spiritual ess5ce :i* _h ab&on$ ! body 0 annihilat$ aft] x4 ,su* 0 ! inevitable necessity impos$ on mank9d4 ,immortality 0 a privilege ( div9ity4 ,! man :o 0 exempt$ f ! common lot ( 8 k9d 0 !re=e ! equal ( ! gods2 he _h ris5 above 8 p]i%able condition to acquire ! ev]la/+ y\? ( ! ,olympians1 ! unlimit$ duration ( ! />s :i* travel ! heav5s1 ! et]nity ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,if he became a god aft] 8 dea? x 0 sometimes because he _h be5 "o ev] s9ce 8 bir?4 ,= m5 7 n all born equal3 if ea* ( !m possess$ ! psy*e :i* n\ri%$ & animat$ ! body1 yet all m5 did n equally receive ! div9e efflu5ce 77 :i* gave reason4 ,?is reason1 :i* di/+ui%$ man f ! bea/s1 0 ak9 to ! fires ( ! />s2 x e/abli%$ betwe5 man & heav5 a community ( nature 77 :i* alone made x possible = him to acquire a k ( div9ity1#bfb ! 8gnosis0 ( ,god & ( ! _w :i* ,he animat$4 ,?is special grace also exempt$ him :o obta9$ x f ! passions & weaknesses to :i* ! incl9ations ( ! fle% expos$ him4 ,x made him pi\s1 temp]ate & *a/e3 he 0 holy 7sanctus74#bfc ,x communicat$ to him a lucidity & p[] lack+ to ! common run ( mortals4 ,he p5etrat$ ! secrets ( nature & comm&$ ! elem5ts2 he receiv$ revelations & 0 capable ( prophetic div9ation4 ,inv]sely1 e exceptional quality 0 reg>d$ z sup]human2 e extraord9>y act seem$ a miracle4 ,! mo/ enlight5$ spoke m]ely ( cele/ial inspiration4 8,nemo magnus vir s9e quodam adflatu div9o10 said ,cic]o4#bfd ,! _m saw 9 ^! privileg$ be+s e>?ly inc>nations ( all ! ,olympians4 ,f ! mom5t ( _! appe>ance on ! e>? ^! m5 7 really gods2 _! s\l kept its high] nature 9 all its purity2 x w\ld indubitably return aft] dea? to its place ( orig94 ,su* are ! lead+ ideas :i* expla9 ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! h]oes4 ,among ^? :o escap$ ! common law ( dea? because !y 7 div9e1 fir/ ( all1 7 ! k+s4 ,9 all times k+s h be5 look$ ^u z ( sup]ior ess5ce to ! re/ ( mank9d1 & ! anci5t ,ea/ approximat$ !m or made !m equal to ! heav5ly p[]s4 ,! ,hell5i/ic realms1 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 ,asia ,m9or1 rais$ ! cult ( ! mon>* to ! rank ( a /ate in/itution2 & ! ,caes>s inh]it$ ?is homage1 :i* 0 r5d]$ to !m by _! subjects ev5 9 _! lifetime1 fir/ 9 ! ,ea/ & !n ?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 ,! p[]ful *ief :o deliv]$ 8 /ate f ! sc\rge ( invasion & ensur$ x peace & welf>e1 accompli%$ a "w :i* seem$ to be beyond ! ability ( man1 & he 0 ador$ z a pres5t god 7 1 praes5s num571 a savi\r 774 ,sometimes ! god inc>nate 9 him 0 specifi$2 & he 0 look$ ^u z a manife/ation ( ,zeus1 ,apollo1 or ano!r4 ,v anci5t b /ill active beliefs gave him ! p[] to comm& nature z well z m54 ,if ! fields 7 f]tile1 if ! flocks & h]ds _h increas$1 ^! 7 b5efits receiv$ f ! godlike sov]eign4 ,no miracle 0 beyond 8 accompli%m5t4 ,he 0 ! provid5ce ( 8 p1 hav+ inde$ ! p[] ( =esee+ & =etell+ ! future4 ,accord+ to ,manilius1#bfe x 0 to k+s1 ^: l(ty ?\ghts rea*$ ! heights ( ! sky1 t nature fir/ reveal$ h] my/]ies4 ,! pagan !ologians affirm$1 inde$1 t ! s\ls ( k+s came f a high] place ?an ^? ( o!r m51 & t ^! augu/ p]sonages borr[$ m f heav5 ?an ! common cr[d ( mortals4#bff ,& ?us1 dea? _h no soon] c>ri$ !m (f f ! e>? ?an _! s\ls once aga9 rose to ! />s1 :o welcom$ !m z _! equals 7sid]ibus recepti74 ,x 0 ?\ght t an eagle or ! *>iot ( ! sun bore !m away4#bfg ,x may seem /range t ! s5ate %\ld delib]ate z to :e!r or n a deceas$ emp]or des]v$ apo!osis1 & %\ld refuse or accord him (ficial canonisation4 ,b ?is act is 9 con=mity ) all ! ideas we h describ$1 s9ce ! mon>*'s b5efits & victories 7 ! pro( ( 8 div9e orig91 & s9ce1 if he _h committ$ crimes & caus$ mis=tunes1 he 0 ?us %[n to be 9 no respect a god4 ,9 ! remote ages ( anci5t ,egypt1 ! ,ph>aohs 7 ! fir/ :om ,osiris cons5t$ to id5tify ) himself1 or :om _! fa!r ,ra bore away 9 ! sol> boat1 b little by little ! rites practis$ 9 ord] to ensure et]nity to ! sov]eign 7 ext5d$ to ! magnates surr\nd+ him4 ,?us immortality 0 a k9d ( po/hum\s nobility be/[$ on ! great s]vants ( ! /ate1 or usurp$ by !m1 long be=e ! re/ ( ! p obta9$ x4 ,9 ,greece1 also1 k+s 7 ! fir/ to be ! objects ( a cult z protect+ h]oes1 b aft] !m o!r classes ( em95t m5 receiv$ ! same title & ! same adoration1 9 p>ticul> ! f\nd] ( a city1 its lawmak] :o _h giv5 x a con/itution & ! w>rior :o _h victori\sly def5d$ x4 ,9 ! same way z fabul\s demigods1 ,ca/or & ,pollux or ,h]cules1 _h 9 heav5 become brilliant />s z a rew>d = _! e>?ly de$s1 !y also 7 public b5efactors :o by _! works & _! virtues _h %[n !mselves wor?y ( ! same 8cata/]ism40 ,^! ideas pass$ to ,rome ) ! ,/oic philosophy4 ,aft] hav+ giv5 a li/ ( ^? :o _h triumph$ 9 ! w>s ( ! ,republic1 ,cic]o lays d[n z a fact t n "o ( !m c\ld h atta9$ s f> )\t ! help ( ,god2#bfh & else:]e he /ates m explicitly3#bfi 8,to all :o h sav$1 succ\r$ or aggr&iz$ _! c\ntry1 a fix$ place 9 :i* !y %all enjoy ev]la/+ bliss is assign$ 9 heav51 = x is f heav5 t !y :o guide & gu>d cities h desc5d$1 ?i!r to reasc5d40 ,! ex-consul ,cic]o claim$ apo!osis = ! great m5 ( ! /ate3 ?is 0 ! republican trans=mation ( ! doctr9e ( ! div9ity ( k+s4 ,pagan !ology 0 to give mu* wid] ext5sion to ?is doctr9e4 ,9 a curi\s passage ,h]mes ,trismegi/us#bgj expla9s t !re are royal1 t is to say div9e1 s\ls ( diff]5t k9ds1 = !re is a royalty ( ! _s1 a royalty ( art1 a royalty ( sci5ce1 & ev5 a royalty ( bodily /r5g?4 ,all exceptional m5 7 godly1 & x 0 n to be admitt$ t ! sacr$ en]gy :i* animat$ !m 0 ext+ui%$ ) !m4 ,pi\s prie/s1 l k+s1 7 judg$1 or r judg$ !mselves1 to be wor?y ( immortality4 ,:o c\ld m ju/ly des]ve a %>e 9 ! felicity ( ! gods ?an ^? :o on ! e>? _h liv$ 9 _! company & kn[n _! designs8 ,he :o _h ?us be5 9 communication ) ! godhead & le>nt 8 secrets 0 rais$ above ! condition ( humanity4 ,?is sacr$ k1 ?is gift ( prophecy1 ?is 8gnosis10 :i* 0 insep>able f piety1 trans=m$ him :o _h obta9$ x1 set him free ev5 9 life f ! condemnation ( fate2 & aft] dea? he w5t to ! immortals ^: confidant he _h be5 "h bel[4 ,! philosoph]s & !ologians :o treat$ ( ! nature ( ! ,div9e ,be+ %>$ ! bless$ lot ( ! prie/s & soo?say]s :o int]pret$ ,8 w4 ,_! doctr9e came to !m by inspiration f on high1 or at lea/ s !y readily believ$4 ,_! intellig5ce1 :i* 0 lit by a div9e ray1 p5etrat$ ! _w's my/]ies & subject$ x to _! w4 ,philosophus became a synonym = ?aumaturge4 ,ev5 9 ?is life ! sup]ior m9d ( ! philosoph]s all[$ !m to escape ! necessities by :i* o!r m5 7 oppress$1 & ?is reason return$ aft] dea? to ! s\rce ( all intellig5ce4 ,b all k came f ,god4 ,x 0 ,he :o gave light to ! wise man1 absorb$ 9 au/]e rese>*1 & caus$ him to discov] tru?4 ,x 0 ,he too :o inspir$ ! poet1 :o work$ 9 him :5 en?usiasm c>ri$ him away2 ,he likewise :o gave to ! arti/ ! faculty ( appreh5d+ & express+ beauty1 to ! musician ! p[] to recall by 8 *ords ! sublime h>mony ( ! cele/ial sph]es4 ,all :o gave !mselves up to works ( ! intellect _h a "p 9 ! godhead4 ,!y 7 purifi$ by ! high pursuit ( spiritual joy & fre$ !reby f ! passions ( ! body & ! oppression ( matt]4 ,= ?is reason ! ,muses are frequ5tly repres5t$ on tombs2 beautiful s>cophagi are decorat$ ) ! figures ( ! n9e si/]s4 ,?anks to ^! goddesses1 mortals 7 deliv]$ f e>?ly mis]y & l$ back t[>ds ! sacr$ light ( ! heav5s4 ,?us ! spirits ( all m5 di/+ui%$ above _! fell[s 7 "o day to f9d !mselves ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! dwell+-place ( ! h]oes4 ,?is conception made ! future life a rew>d = em95t s]vice r5d]$ to ! /ate or humanity4 ,its orig9 c]ta9ly w5t v f> back3 x is f\nd among primitive peoples1 9 ref]5ce to ! fam\s w>riors ( ! tribes1 & x nev] ceas$ to be accept$ 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,b t[>ds ! end ( ! ,roman ,republic x 0 m g5]ally admitt$ ?an ev] be=e4 ,x 0 9 h>mony ) ! con/itution ( an ari/ocratic society 9 :i* x seem$ t ev5 po/hum\s hon\rs %\ld be res]v$ = ! elect4 ,"s mod]n ?9k]s & poets h %>$ ! anci5t feel+ :i* inspir$ x4 ,c>ducci1 :o dislik$ ! critics ( ,milan1 ?\ght t !y might well p]i% :olly1 b t ! great spirits l ,dante1 :om he int]pret$1--& d\btless also ?is int]pret] himself1--7 sav$4#bga ,mat!w ,arnold also 9 an admirable sonnet /rongly def5ds ! fai? 9 a limit$ immortality4 ,let me recall to y ! la/ v]ses3 8,& w n !n ! immortal armies scorn ,! _w's poor r\t$ leav+s8 or w !y ,:o fail'd "u ! heat ( ?is life's day ,support ! f]v\rs ( ! heav5ly morn8 ,no6 ,! en]gy ( life may be ,kept on aft] ! grave1 b n begun1 ,& he :o flagg'd n 9 e>?ly /rife1 ,f /r5g? to /r5g? advanc+--only he1 ,8 s\l well-knit & all 8 battles won1 ,m\nts1 & t h>dly1 to et]nal life40 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ?is pr\d doctr9e v[$ to f9al de/ruction ! mass ( humble m51 ! multitude ( ! mis]able1 t is to say1 ^? :o1 because !y endur$ mo/ 9 ?is _w1 mu/ mo/ aspire to seek 9 ano!r ! happ9ess :i* 0 "h d5i$ !m & ! retribution :i* %\ld repair ! inju/ice ( _! e>?ly lot4 ,?is doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! few made l[ /ation 9 life a mis=tune :i* 0 prolong$ beyond ! grave4 ,to ! imm5se company ( ! wret*$1 :o suff]$ )\t consolation1 ! religions ( ! ,ea/ br\ght a 8bett] hope10 ! assurance t by c]ta9 secret rites ! my/ic1 :atev] 8 rank1 :e!r s5ator or slave1 might obta9 salvation4 ,! virtue ( ! liturgical c]emonies made him equal to ! immortals 774 ,?is 0 ! secret ( ! rapid spread ( ^! exotic cults 9 ! ,lat9 _w4 ,e day ! />s disappe> b5ea? ! horizon to reappe> 9 ! ea/ on ! morr[2 e mon? a new moon succe$s ! moon ^: light has wan$2 e ye> ! sun is reborn to new /r5g? aft] 8 fires h di$ away2 e w9t] vegetation )]s to bloom aga9 9 ! spr+4 ,! gods ( nature--,attis1 ,osiris1 ,adonis--also rose aga9 aft] !y _h be5 sla92 ! gods ( ! />s resum$ _! gl[+ ard\r aft] d>kness _h ov]:elm$ !m4 ,_! ess5tial quality 0 to be = ev] 8liv+0 or 8unconqu]$0 7invicti74 ,_! c>e] 0 a p]petual triumph ov] dea?4 ,! /ruggle impli$ 01 "u ! influ5ce ( dualism1 recognis$ to be an unceas+ battle betwe5 two p[]s disput+ possession ( ! _w4 ,?us ! my/ic :o _h become god1 :o _h "p 9 ! div9e en]gy1 also acquir$ ! p[] to conqu] dea?4 ,ori5tal religions look$ ^u e>?ly exi/5ce z a fight f :i* ! j man issu$ victori\s4 ,immortality 0 a triumph won ov] ! p[]s ( evil1 ( :i* ! mo/ implacable 0 dea?4 ,! s\ls ( ! elect 7 cr[n$ l a?letes & soldi]s2 _! wrea? 0 ! 8cr[n ( life10 (t5 repres5t$ on fun]al monum5ts4#bgb ,! ,greeks sometimes1 & ! ,etruscans frequ5tly1 _h p]sonifi$ dea? z a horrible mon/] :o fright5$ ^? :om he approa*$4 ,b ! idea ( mak+ dea? into ! adv]s>y ( mank9d1 f ^: empire pi\s & /rong s\ls might escape1 spread only ) ! reception ( ! ,ori5tal beliefs4 ,?is my?ological conception ( salvation 0 comb9$ 9 ! my/]ies ) ano!r1 :i* 0 m sci5tific1 t ( fatalism1 :i* 0 ! *ief dogma impos$ by a/rology on ! ,roman _w4 ,dea? is = man ! mo/ inevitable & ! h>de/ necessity4 ,fatum (t5 d5otes ! unalt]able t]m ( life2 & ?is end1 :i* div9]s c\ld =esee b c\ld n delay1 ought1 accord+ to ! law ( our k9d1 to ov]take ! s\l z well z ! body4 ,b ! ,ori5tal cults nev] ceas$ to claim t ! cele/ial p[]s :o escap$ ! rule ( ,de/9y1 :i* ext5ds only to ! sublun>y _w1 7 also able to )draw !nce _! fai?ful foll[]s4 ,z ! emp]or 0 n subject to ,fate because he 0 god1 s he :o _h be5 initiat$ & _h acquir$ ! same quality 01 z a fun]al inscription express$ x1 8exempt f ! lot ( dea?40#bgc ,^? :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! occult c]emonies ( ! sect & 7 in/ruct$ 9 its esot]ic doctr9es 7 alone able to prolong _! exi/5ce beyond ! t]m fix$ by ! />s at _! bir?4 ,by ! virtue ( ^! rites pi\s s\ls 7 )drawn f ?is fate-ridd5 e>? & 7 l$1 enfran*is$ f _! s]vitude1 to a div9e _w4 ,?us ^? :o _h acc$$ to a religi\s initiation obta9$ et]nal life1 l ! great m5 ^: cele/ial orig9 _h pr$e/9$ !m !reto4 ,by :at rites 0 wr\ght ?is 8deification0 771 or r ?is 8immortalisation0 778 ,! s\l1 enclos$ 9 ! body1 0 by its v contact ) matt] expos$ to pollution1 8z pure & cle> wat] p\r$ into ! bottom ( a muddy well is tr\bl$40#bgd ,! my/]ies nev] conceiv$ ! s\l z absolutely immat]ial3 x 0 a subtle & light ess5ce1 b "o co>s5$ & weigh$ d[n by s91 :i* ?us alt]$ its div9e nature & caus$ its decomposition & loss4#bge ,9 ord] !re=e t immortality might be ensur$ to ! s\l1 x mu/ be cleans$ ( its /a9s4 ,! pagan religions employ$ a :ole set ( ablutions & purifications = re/or+ 8 fir/ integrity to ! my/ic4 ,he c\ld wa% 9 consecrat$ wat] 9 accordance ) c]ta9 prescrib$ =ms4 ,?is 0 9 reality a magic rite3 ! cleanl9ess ( ! body wr\ght by sympa?y a v]itable dis9fection ( ! inn] _s1 ! wat] cle>+ (f its ta9ts or expell+ ! evil demons :i* caus$ pollution4 ,or else ! initiate spr9kl$ himself ) or drank ! blood ei!r ( a slaught]$ victim or ( ! prie/s !mselves4 ,^! rites arose f ! belief t ! fluid :i* fl[s 9 our ve9s is a vivify+ pr9ciple1 able to communicate new exi/5ce4#bgf ,! man :o _h receiv$ baptism by blood 9 ! taurobolium 0 reborn = et]nity 79 aet]num r5atus71#bgg & :51 f\l & repulsive1 he left ! sacr$ dit*1 he 0 ador$ z a god by ^? pres5t4 ,else:]e purifications by air & fire 7 f\nd unit$ to t by wat]1 s t ! diff]5t elem5ts all _h "p 9 ! purgation4#bgh ,all ^! ca?>tic c]emonies _h ! effect ( reg5]at+ him :o submitt$ to !m1 deliv]+ him f ! dom9ation ( ! body1 mak+ him a pure _s1 & r5d]+ him fit to live an immaculate & incorruptible life4 ,a simil> belief 9 a transf]5ce to ! s\l ( bodily effects p>tially expla9s :y unctions 7 /ill employ$ 9 ! liturgy ( ! my/]ies4 ,by rubb+ himself ) p]fum$ oil ! wre/l] 9 ! palae/ra & ! ba!r aft] ! p]spiration ( ! sweat+-room /r5g!n$ _! limbs & r5d]$ !m supple4 ,anci5t m$ical sci5ce deals at great l5g? ) ! propiti\s action ( num]\s o9tm5ts1 & by _! means magic work$ n only sudd5 cures b also prodigi\s metamorphoses4 ,! aromatic ungu5ts1 :i* _h m>vell\s antiseptic qualities1 s]v$ to ensure ! cons]vation ( an embalm$ corpse4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! cult ( ! my/]ies1 unctions gave ! s\l an increase ( spiritual =ce & made x capable ( prolong+ its exi/5ce = ev]4 ,z rubb+ ) unctu\s sub/ances 0 a practice ( ! !rmae1 s x 0 ( ! temples aft] ! liturgical ba?4 ,9 ! ano9t+ ( k+s & ! ord9ation ( prie/s !y communicat$ to man a div9e "* & high] faculties1 & ?is idea has be5 pres]v$ d[n to mod]n times4 ,b1 above all1 z o9tm5ts pres]v$ mortal rema9s f putrefaction1 s ! consecrat$ oil & honey became a means by :i* ! s\l 0 r5d]$ incorruptible & immortality 0 be/[$ ^u x4 ,! mo/ efficaci\s means ( communicat+ ) ! godhead :i* ! my/]ies (f]$ 01 h[ev]1 t ( p>ticipation 9 ! ritual banquets4 ,^! banquets are f\nd 9 v>i\s =ms 9 all ^! religi\s communities4 ,we h se5 t among ! vot>ies ( ,dionysos 8 fea/s1 9 :i* ! consecrat$ w9e 0 drunk1 gave a =eta/e ( ! joys res]v$ = ! initiate 9 ! ,elysian ,fields4#bgi ,drunk5ness1 :i* frees f c>e1 :i* awak5s unsuspect$ =ces 9 man1 0 look$ ^u z div9e possession1 z ! indwell+ ( a god 9 ! he>t ( ! ,bac*antes4 ,w9e ?us became p> excell5ce ! dr9k ( immortality1 :i* fl[$ = ! sacr$ gue/s 9 ! meals ( ! secret conv5ticles4 ,! heady liquid n only gave vig\r ( body & wisdom ( m9d1 b also /r5g? to fight ! evil spirits & to triumph ov] dea?4 ,sometimes honey1 :i* 0 accord+ to ! anci5ts ! food ( ! bless$1 0 (f]$ to ! neophyte & made him ! equal ( ! ,olympians4 ,else:]e bread consecrat$ by appropriate =mulae 0 held to produce ! same effects4 ,b /ill ano!r conception is disc]nible 9 ! fea/s ( ! my/]ies & m+les ) ! fir/3 x is ?\ght t ! god himself is eat5 :5 "s sacr$ animal is consum$4 ,?is idea goes back to ! mo/ primitive savag]y1 z is se5 9 ! rite ( 8omophagy0 9 :i* c]ta9 vot>ies ( ,bac*us fi]cely tore ! raw fle% ( a bull ) _! tee? & dev\r$ x4 ,und\bt$ly !re 0 orig9ally a belief t ! /r5g? ( ! sacrific$ animal 0 ?us acquir$1 l ! sup]/ition ( ! native ,african hunt]s :o eat a sla9 lion's he>t 9 ord] to ga9 8 c\rage4 ,simil>ly1 if a victim be reg>d$ z div9e1 to consume x is to p>ticipate 9 its div9ity4 8,^?10 says ,porphyry1#bhj 8:o wi% to receive into !mselves ! s\l ( prophetic animals absorb _! pr9cipal vital organs1 su* z ! he>ts ( cr[s1 moles or hawks1 & ?us !y become able to speak oracles1 l a god40 ,simil>ly1 ! ,syrians ate ! fi% ( ,at>gatis1 a =bidd5 food :i* 01 h[ev]1 provid$ = ! initiate aft] a sacrifice2 & ^? :o p>took ( ^! my/ic repa/s 7 n1 l ! re/ ( m51 v[$ to dea?1 b 7 sav$ by ! goddess4#bha ,all means ( atta9+ to godl9ess 7 n s crude z ^!4 ,an important "p ( ! my/]ies 0 ! in/ruction :i* gave ! sacr$ lore1 ! 8gnosis40 ,?is 8gnosis0 includ$ ! :ole ( religi\s le>n+1 t is to say1 x 0 ! k ( rites z well z ( !ological & moral tru?s4 ,x taught above all ! orig9 & ! end ( man1 b x cov]$ all ! works ( ,god1 &1 inasmu* z x expla9$ creation1 x =m$ a sy/em ( ! _w & a !ory ( nature4 ,9 fact ! _w1 be+ :olly p5etrat$ by a div9e en]gy1 0 itself a "p ( ,god4 ,! close alliance :i* exi/s betwe5 philosophy & ! my/]ies1 & :i* is reveal$ to u especially 9 ! ,py?agorean & ,h]metic lit]ature1#bhb is %[n 9 ! value ?us giv5 to sci5ce4 ,?is sci5ce1 :i* 9 ! ,ea/ _h always be5 sac]dotal1 0 n look$ ^u z a conque/ ( reason b z ! revelation ( a god4 ,illum9$ by ?is god1 ! initiate ent]$ into communication ) him1 & consequ5tly himself became div9e & 0 )drawn f ! p[] ( ,fate4 8,!y :o possess ! k 77 h deification z _! happy end10 said ,h]mes ,trismegi/us4#bhc ,! highe/ degree ( ?is 8gnosis0 is ! sight ( ! godhead himself1 or to use ! ,greek ^w1 8epoptism40 ,by artifice or illusion app>itions 7 evok$ & 8epiphanies0 produc$4#bhd ,a :ole sy/em ( fa/+s & mac]ations plac$ ! my/ic 9 a fit /ate to atta9 to ec/asy4 ,9 ! temple ( ,isis ! fai?ful devotee m]g$ himself 8) inexpressible delight0#bhe 9 ! sil5t adoration ( ! sacr$ images1 & :5 ! rites _h be5 accompli%$ & he felt himself transport$ beyond ! conf9es ( ! _w1 he contemplat$ ! gods ( heav5 & hell face to face4 ,he :o _h _h ! vision ( ?is ineffable beauty 0 himself transfigur$ = ev]4 ,8 s\l1 fill$ ) ! div9e spl5d\r1 mu/ :5 its e>?ly captivity _h end$ live et]nally 9 contemplation ( ! radiant be+s :o _h admitt$ x to _! company4#bhf 99 99 99 99 99 ,! my/]ies h ?us a numb] ( processes1 "s mat]ial & "s spiritual1 = produc+ ! union ) god :i* is ! s\rce ( immortality4 ,?is union is fir/ conceiv$ z effect$ ) ! p>ticul> god hon\r$ by a sect4 ,z ?is god has di$ & has ris5 aga91 s ! my/ic dies to be reborn1 & ! liturgy ev5 m>ks by its c]emonies ! dea? ( ! =m] man & 8 return to a glori\s life4 ,! f]v5t disciple to :om ! god has unit$ himself suff]s a metamorphosis & takes on div9e qualities4 ,9 magic ?is process is sometimes v grossly indicat$3 8,come into me1 ,h]mes10 says a papyrus1#bhg 8z *ildr5 d into wom5's wombs1 444 ,i "k !e1 ,h]mes1 & ?\ kn[e/ me2 ,i am ?\ & ?\ art ,i40 ,! old ,egyptian doctr9e ( ! id5tification ) ,osiris1 :i* goes back to ! age ( ! ,ph>aohs1 0 nev] giv5 up 9 ! ,alex&rian my/]ies1 & ! :ole doctr9e ( immortality re/$ on x4 ,z on ! e>? ! initiate :o pi\sly obs]v$ sacr$ precepts receiv$ 9 8 bosom ! godhead1 s aft] dea? ! fai?ful became a ,s]apis if a man1 an ,isis if a woman4 ,?is beatification seems to h be5 conceiv$ sometimes z an absorption into ! he>t ( ! div9ity1 sometimes z a multiplication ( ! div9ity1 :o left to ! deceas$ 8 own p]sonality4 ,x 0 above all f ,egypt t apo!osis 9 ! =m ( a p>ticul> div9ity spread fir/ 9 ! ,hell5i/ic & !n 9 ! ,roman _w4 ,z ! ,ph>aohs became ,osiris on ! e>? & aft] _! dea?1 s among ! ,ptolemies su* names z ,isis-,ars9o & o!rs simil> are f\nd1 & ! emp]ors 7 ador$ ev5 9 _! lifetime z epiphanies ( ,apollo1 ,zeus or ,helios4#bhh ,_! subjects c\ld obta9 a lot z happy z t ( ! sov]eigns4 ,! my/ics ( ,dionysos 7 e>ly made div9e1 9 imitation ( ^? ( ,s]apis1 & became z _m emanations ( ,bac*us2 & f9ally "u ! empire a cult 0 r5d]$ to ! dead "u su* titles z ,m>s1 ,h]cules1 ,v5us1 ,diana & o!r ,olympians4 ,conceptions less 9 conflict ) reason 7 taught by ! a/ral cults ( ! ,semitic ,ea/4 ,! cele/ial p[]s "h 7 high]1 m di/ant1 less an?ropomorphic1 & x 0 n imag9$ t a man c\ld assume _! =m4 ,"h ! action ( ! god on ! my/ic recall$ t ( ! />s 9 nature3 x 0 reg>d$ z an efflu5ce1 fall5 f ! e!r1 :i* p5etrat$ ! initiate1 z an en]gy :i* fill$ him1 z a lum9\s ray :i* lit 8 m9d4 ,virtue f on high ent]$ into ! neophyte & trans=m$ him into a be+ l ! div9ities ( heav54#bhi ,he 0 glorifi$ 77 z a conqu]or :o _h triumph$ ov] demons & smitt5 d[n dea?2 he 0 illum9at$ 77 & p5etrat$ by a sup]natural light :i* disclos$ to him all tru?2 he 0 sanctifi$ 77 & acquir$ unfail+ virtue2 he 0 exalt$ 771 t is to say 8 s\l rose 9 rapture to ! />s4 ,glory1 spl5d\r1 light1 purity1 k3 all ^! ideas 7 conf\nd$ until !y became almo/ synonym\s & toge!r d5ot$ ! transfiguration :i* 0 und]gone by ! s\l call$ to rise to e!real regions1 ev5 on ?is e>? & :ile x 0 /ill jo9$ to ! body4 ,b ?is div9e action1 :i* t5d$ to become purely spiritual1 0 orig9ally mu* m mat]ial4 ,a v co>se sub/ratum to ! !ological ideas is /ill app>5t 9 ! texts :i* m5tion !m4 ,magic1 :i* 0 address$ to ! cr$ulity ( simple m51 did n conceal x at all4 ,"h ! asc5sion ( ! _s appe>$ z a j\rney to heav54 ,by appropriate =mulae & processes ! sorc]]s pret5d$ to secure immortality = _! adepts1 mak+ !m fly1 body & s\l1 ?r\gh ! high] sph]es to rea* ! dwell+ ( ! gods4#bij 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 %ort1 ! initiate ( ! my/]ies believ$ t !y f\nd 9 !m a w>rant ( immortality4 ,by ! virtue ( ! rites _! s\ls 7 unit$ to _! god2 ?us !y became !mselves div9e1 & 7 ensur$ an ev]la/+ life4 ,inevitably1 e ,ori5tal religion affirm$ t x held ! only sacr$ tradition lead+ surely to et]nal felicity4 ,outside ! sect !re 0 no c]ta9 salvation4 ,b philosophy always oppos$ ^! claims4 ,philosophy1 too1 ?\ght itself able to lead ?r\gh wisdom to happ9ess 9 ?is _w & 9 ! next1 & !re 0 rivalry betwe5 x & ! positive cults1 z soon z x took on a religi\s "* & set up religi\s claims4 ,! ,neo-,py?agoreans :o =m$ esot]ic communities oppos$ _! purifications & initiations to ^? ( ! my/]ies4 ,b ! es*atological doctr9e1 ( :i* ,posidonius 01 if n ! au?or1 at lea/ ! p[]ful promot]1 & :i* 0 to be tak5 up aga9 & trans=m$ by ! ,neo-,platoni/s1 exempt$ ! wise man f any obligation to religi\s obs]vances z ensur+ 8 immortality4 ,he 0 no long] 9 ne$ ( sacram5ts & sacrifices1 b c\ld by 8 own unaid$ =ce become a pure intellig5ce1 w9 ! complete ma/]y ( himself by reason1 & !reaft] be c]ta9 ( rais+ himself to ! godhead4 ,at ! mo/1 c]ta9 ?9k]s grant$ a 8propa$eutic0 or prep>atory value to ritual obs]vances1 & saw 9 !m a means ( pr$ispos+ ! s\l to ec/asy1 b ! my/ic philosoph]s1 ( :om ,plot9us repres5ts ! pure/ type1 disc>d$ = !mselves all religi\s practices4 ,_! pr\d doctr9e places man alone face to face ) ,god4#bia ,or else1 l ,porphyry1 !y admit t sacr$ c]emonies c purify ! spiritual or pneumatic s\l b n its highe/ "p1 ! intellectual s\l2 t !y c raise x to ! region ( ! />s b n br+ x back to ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,! late pagan philosophy ass]ts con/antly & =cibly t ! wise man's reason is able by itself1 or r ?r\gh a cele/ial grace1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any liturgy1 to ensure its own return to its div9e s\rce4 8,z10 says ,porphyry1 8he :o is ! prie/ ( a p>ticul> god kn[s h[ to consecrate 8 /atues1 celebrate orgies1 p]=m initiations & lu/rations1 s ! true philosoph]1 :o is ! prie/ ( ! univ]sal ,god1 kn[s h[ to make ,8 sacr$ images & to c>ry out ,8 purifications & all ! processes :i* w unite him to ?is ,god40#bib ,philosoph]s 7 !re=e ! prie/s ( ! _w4 ,_! functions 7 p>allel to ^? ( ! actual prie/s b high]4 ,!y t5d$ m & m to =m a sac]dotal ord] :i* 0 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( human society by its cu/oms & its way ( life4 ,l ! my/]ies !y taught t piety1 temp]ance & cont95ce 7 ! indisp5sable conditions ( obta9+ true k4 ,?is 8gnosis0 0 no long] a traditional !ology reveal$ 9 ! %ad[ ( ! sanctu>y1 b a sci5tific tru? p]ceiv$ by a grace-illum9$ reason4 ,! philosoph] took no "p 9 ! c]emonies ( a complicat$ ritual1 b 8 pray] 0 ! sil5t supplication ( 8 intellig5ce seek+ to und]/& creation4 ,he did n become absorb$ 9 ! contemplation ( idols b 9 ! sight ( ! div9e _w & 9 p>ticul> ( ! />ry heav5s4 ,! end :i* ?is lonely cult /rove to atta9 0 analog\s to t s\ght by o!rs 9 ! conv5ticles ( ! initiate--a div9e revelation :i* w\ld give to ! p]fect wise man sup]human p[]1 :i* w\ld make him a prophet1 sometimes a wond]-work]2 & aft] dea?1 already a god on e>?1 he w5t to live 9 ! company ( ! gods on high4 ,! lift+ ( ! reason to heav51 s\rce ( all intellig5ce1 0 ?us ! pl$ge ( a/ral immortality1 z ! liturgical banquet 0 ( ! cele/ial fea/4 ,z physical drunk5ness1 be+ div9e possession1 0 a prelude to ! joy ( ! et]nal repa/1 s spiritual ec/asy 0 ! sign ( future deification4#bic ,! anci5ts f\nd impassion$ words to depict ?is communion ( man ) ! />ry heav5s1 & to express ! div9e love :i* transport$ ! s\l into radiant space4#bid ,9 ! spl5d\r ( night ! _s 0 intoxicat$ ) ! gl[ %$ on x by ! fires above4 ,l ! possess$ & ! ,corybantes 9 ! delirium ( _! orgies1 x ab&on$ itself to ec/asy1 :i* set x free f its fle%ly wrapp+s & lift$ x up to ! region ( ! ev]la/+ />s4 ,borne on ! w+s ( en?usiasm x sprang to ! mid/ ( ?is sacr$ *orus & foll[$ its h>moni\s movem5ts4 ,reason1 illum9$ by ! div9e fires :i* surr\nd$ x1 und]/ood ! laws ( nature & ! secrets ( de/9y4 ,x !n p>took ( ! life ( ! light-fla%+ be+s :i* f ! e>? x saw glitt]+ 9 ! radiance ( ! e!r2 be=e ! fat$ t]m ( dea? x _h "p 9 _! wisdom & receiv$ _! revelations 9 a /ream ( light :i* dazzl$ ev5 ! eye ( reason4 ,?is sublime rapture 0 an ephem]al =eta/e ( ! endless felicity res]v$ = ! sage :51 aft] 8 dea?1 ris+ to ! cele/ial sph]es1 he p5etrat$ all _! my/]ies4#bie ,v ,,untimely ,,dea? ,9 ! la/ lecture we endeav\r$ to %[ t 9 ! anci5t _w immortality 0 at fir/ conceiv$ z be+ prec>i\s & conditional1 & t only ! h]oes1 ! exceptional m51 :o 7 9 tru? gods on e>?1 obta9$ apo!osis aft] _! dea?4 ,we aft]w>ds saw t ! my/]ies ext5d$ ! promise ( et]nal salvation to all ! initiate1 :o by virtue ( ! rites 7 made equal to ! gods1 & f9ally t ! philosoph]s conte/$ ! necessity ( sacr$ c]emonies & affirm$ t human reason by its own unaid$ p[] c\ld w9 union ) ,god4 ,we w n[ consid] 9 m detail :at lot 0 res]v$ = a special class ( ! dead1 ^? ^: life _h be5 int]rupt$ by an untimely end1 & h[ 9 _! case philosophy modifi$ ! old traditional beliefs4 ,if we turn ov] collections ( anci5t inscriptions we f9d1 z :5 we g ?r\gh our own cemet]ies1 a numb] ( epitaphs 9 :i* ! grief caus$ by ! e>ly dea? ( a fri5d or relative is express$4 ,b 9 antiquity ?is sorr[ 0 call$ =? n alone by regret = a lov$ be+1 too soon lo/ to sight1 & by pa9ful disappo9tm5t because ( ! irrep>able ru9 ( ! hopes to :i* 8 y\? _h giv5 rise4 ,along ) ^! human feel+s1 :i* are ( all "t & all societies1 !re 7 m+l$ 9 antiquity ideas :i* caus$ ! loss ( ^? :o di$ be=e _! "t to seem m fe>ful & bitt]4 ,virgil's celebrat$ l9es1 9 :i* he describes ! desc5t ( ,a5eas to ,hades1 w be rememb]$3#bif 8,cont9uo auditae voces1 vagitus et +5s1 ,infantumque animae fl5tes 9 lim9e primo1 ,quos dulcis vitae exsortes et ab ub]e raptos ,ab/ulit atra dies et fun]e m]sit ac]bo40 8,ev] 7 he>d1 on ! out]mo/ ?re%old1 voices1 a great wail+1 ! weep+ s\ls ( infants b]eft ( sweet life & torn f ! brea/1 :om ! ill-om5$ day swept (f & :elm$ 9 bitt] dea?40 ,9 an es*atological my? ( ,plut>*1#big ! travell] beyond ! grave also sees a deep abyss1 9 :i* moan ! pla9tive voices ( a multitude ( *ildr5 :o _h di$ at ! mom5t ( _! bir? & 7 unable to rise to heav54 ,x has be5 %[n t ! ,lat9 poet & ! ,greek philosoph] are "h int]pret]s ( an old ,py?agorean belief1 to :i* ,plato alludes3#bih *ildr5 :o di$ "y1 l p]sons :o met ) viol5t dea?s1 ! 1 f\nd no re/ 9 ! o!r life1 b _! s\ls w&]$ on ! e>? = ! numb] ( ye>s = :i* _! life w\ld normally h la/$4 ,! s\ls ( ! %ipwreck$ :o p]i%$ at sea roam$ ! surface ( ! wat]s & sailors believ$ t !y 7 inc>nat$ 9 ! seagulls4#bii ,h[ did ?is belief 9 ! mis]able lot ( innoc5t *ildr5 arise8 ,its orig9 %\ld probably be s\ght 9 t fe> ( dea? :i* haunts all primitive peoples1 & x develop$ ow+ to ! frequ5cy 9 antiquity ( infanticide by ab&on+ or 8expos+0 newly born infants4 ,remorse provok$ t]ror4 ,?is conclusion is especially sugge/$ because ! fate ( ^? :o di$ prematurely 0 approximat$ to ! lot ( ^? :o di$ viol5t dea?s4 ,be+s :o _h be5 prev5t$ f complet+ ! natural span ( life 7 fe>$2 _! %ades 7 conceiv$ z be+ unquiet & 9 pa91 because x 0 believ$ t !y c\ld return to disquiet & pa9 ! liv+4 ,! idea 0 ent]ta9$ t a _s brutally sep>at$ f ! body came to hold x 9 horror & did n cons5t to inhabit ! tomb until a reconciliation _h be5 disobta9$ by expiatory c]emonies4 ,be+ griev\sly dis9c>nat$1 ! s\l became h>mful4 ,s\ls1 said ! anci5ts1 :om a cruel & untimely end has viol5tly or unju/ly torn f _! bodies1 !mselves t5d to be viol5t & unju/ 9 ord] t !y may av5ge ! wrong !y h suff]$4#cjj ,x is no r>e ?+ to f9d evid5ce 9 ! inscriptions ( a suspicion t a p]son cut (f 9 ! fl[] ( 8 ye>s has be5 ! victim ( "s f\l play2 ! curse ( ,heav5 is call$ d[n on ! head ( 8 assum$ murd]]4 ,! ,sun1 :o discov]s hidd5 crimes1 is (t5 invok$ 9 ,roman epitaphs aga9/ ?is unkn[n (f5d]3#cja 8,t[>ds ! ,mo/ ,high god1 :o wat*es ov] ev]y?+1 & ,helios & ,nemesis1 ,ars9o1 dead be=e h] "t1 lifts up h] h&s2 if any "o prep>$ poison = h] or rejoices 9 h] end1 pursue him10 says an inscription ( ,alex&ria4 ,b ! victim 0 himself believ$ to be capable ( v5geance4 ,x seem$ incr$ible t "o /ill full ( /r5g? & life %\ld be entirely blott$ out & t ! en]gy :i* _h animat$ him %\ld also h disappe>$ sudd5ly1 & ! reprisals ( ?is my/]i\s p[] 7 appreh5d$4 ,?is _s pursu$ above all ! murd]] &1 m g5]ally1 ^? :o _h giv5 x cause = compla9t4 ,x %[$ itself to !m 9 ! =m ( t]rify+ mon/]s :i* torm5t$ !m4 8,z soon z ,i %all h expir$1 doom$ to dea? by y10 says ! *ild 9 ,horace :om ! wit*es sacrific$1 8,i w haunt y\r nights l a ,fury1 ,i w te> y\r faces ) my hook$ nails1 z ! ,manes gods c1 & weigh+ on y\r unquiet he>ts ,i w take sleep f y\r affright$ eyes40#cjb ,suetonius#cjc relates t aft] ! dea? ( ,agripp9a1 ,n]o 01 on 8 own confession1 (t5 tr\bl$ by ! vision ( h] spectre & attempt$ to calm h] _s by a sacrifice & an evocation :i* he caus$ 8 magicians to make4 ,! same hi/orian gravely rec\nts t ! h\se 9 :i* ,caligula 0 murd]$ 0 e night haunt$ by dreadful app>itions until ! "t :5 x 0 de/roy$ by fire4#cjd ,a s*olia/ def9es ! lemures z 8! w&]+ %ades ( m5 :o di$ be=e _! normal "t & are h5ce r$\btable40#cje ,ev5 today popul> belief 9 _m c\ntries attributes a malefic5t p[] to ! spirits ( ^? :o h di$ a viol5t dea?4 ,^! disquiet+ sup]/itions acquir$ new =ce ?r\gh ! tea*+s ( a/rology1 :i* by incorporat+ !m 9 its sy/em gave !m a doctr9al f\ndation4 ,a/rology spread ! belief1 :i* 0 & is common to all anci5t & mod]n peoples ( ! ,ea/1 t ea* s\l has a pr$et]m9$ numb] ( ye>s to sp5d on e>?4 ,! ma!matici multipli$ calculations & me?ods 9 ord] to be able to pr$ict ! in/ant ( dea? pr$et]m9$ by ! horoscope4 8,?is is ! great "w ( a/rology1 held by its adepts to be its mo/ difficult & by its enemies to be its mo/ dang]\s & blamewor?y op]ation40#cjf ,b by an int]nal contradiction ?is pseudo-sci5ce admitt$ t ! natural end c\ld be ha/5$ by ! int]v5tion ( a murd]\s /> 773 ,saturn & ,m>s c 9 c]ta9 positions call =? sudd5 dea? by accid5t1 kill+1 execution4 ,a fragm5t attribut$ to ,ari/otle ass]ts t a ,syrian mage pr$ict$ to ,socrates t he w\ld meet su* a fate4#cjg ,sometimes ! malefic5t planets te> a nurs+ *ild f its "m's brea/ be=e a s+le revolution ( ! sun has be5 accompli%$4 ,all a/rological treatises devote *apt]s to ^! 8unf$0 *ildr5 77 & also to ! bio?anati ^: life has be5 int]rupt$ by mis=tunes ( any k9d4 ,petosiris 0 ev5 conc]n$ to discov]--,ptolemy decl>$ su* preoccupation to be ridicul\s#cjh--:at ! />s res]v$ until ! end ( _! life = ^? :o _h gone ?r\gh only a portion ( x4 ,! texts :i* h be5 pres]v$--& (t5 expurgat$--by ! ,byzant9es give no m ?an a b>e indication ( a/ral influ5ces on ! lot ( m54 ,9 antiquity o!r m religi\s & m my/ical works d\btless exi/$ 9 :i* ! inauspici\s action ( ! murd]\s />1 /ill affect+ aft] dea? ! s\ls torn f _! mortal wrapp+s1 0 %[n4 ,py?agorism1 :i* 0 closely connect$ ) a/rology1 took possession ( ^! ideas & adapt$ !m to its speculations4 ,accord+ to ?is philosophy "o & ! same h>mony presid$ ov] all physical ph5om5a & 01 l music1 subject to laws ( numb]4 ,^! laws !re=e 7 at "w dur+ pregnancy1 & a complicat$ ari?metic 0 employ$ to %[ by a multiplication ( days t a *ild might be born aft] sev5 or n9e mon?s ) p[] to live1 b n aft] eight1 = su* 0 ! /range doctr9e ( ! sect4 ,?us ge/ation became a melody 9 :i* abortion 0 a false note4 ,nature 0 said to be l an arti/ :o sometimes breaks an in/rum5t ( :i* he ov]/ret*es ! *ords1 & sometimes leaves !m too slack & c produce no tune4 ,n[1 ^! h>monic laws necess>ily det]m9$ n only ! =mation b also ! end ( man3 8,!re is a fix$ relation ( det]m9$ numb]s :i* unites s\ls to bodies10 says a philosoph]1 8& :ile x subsi/s1 ! body cont9ues to be animate1 b s soon z x fails1 ! hidd5 en]gy :i* ma9ta9$ ?is union is dissolv$1 & ?is is :at we call de/9y & ! fatal "t ( life40#cji ,:5 ! t]m fix$ by nature is rea*$1 ! s\l dep>ts )\t ef=t f ! body 9 :i* x c no long] ex]cise its (fice4 ,b :5 ! s\l is viol5tly eject$ f ! body & ! l9k connect+ !m is brok5 by an ext]nal =ce1 x is tr\bl$ & is afflict$ by an ill :i* w cause x pa9 9 ! ,beyond4 ,^! ideas _h sunk deep into ! popul> m9d4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 an end 9 con=mity ) nature & "o unexpect$ly provok$ by extrane\s int]v5tion is (t5 express$ 9 lit]ature z well z 9 inscriptions4 ,?us ! epitaph ( a "y woman ( tw5ty-eight1 :o 0 believ$ to h be5 ! victim ( wit*craft1 /ates t 8h] _s 0 torn f h] by viol5ce r ?an return$ to nature10#caj :i* _h l5t x to h]2 ! ,manes or ! cele/ial gods w be ! av5g]s ( ?is crime4 ,/ill m frequ5tly an opposition is f\nd betwe5 an e>ly dea? & ,fatum4 ,! h\r ( dea? is det]m9$ at ! mom5t ( bir?3 8,nasc5tes morimur2 f9isque ab orig9e p5det40#caa 8,at ! mom5t we are born1 we die2 & our end is fix$ f our beg9n+40 ,he :o rea*es ?is t]m fix$ = 8 life ends 8on 8 day0 7suo die72 o!rwise he dies 8be=e 8 day0 7ante diem74#cab ,! vulg> belief 0 t ! int]v5tion ( a human or div9e w c\ld oppose ! fat$ c\rse ( ?+s & abridge ! normal duration ( exi/5ce4 ,(t5 ! expression occurs ( a belief t a demon or1 :at is m rem>kable1 an evil god has c>ri$ (f innoc5t *ildr5 or "y m5 ^: life has ?us be5 %ort5$4#cac ,b pagan !ology und]took ! task ( re-e/abli%+ ! ord] ( nature ?us di/urb$ by =tuit\s accid5ts & by individual & unregulat$ int]f]5ces4 ,! break+ ( ! laws ( ! univ]se 0 only app>5t3 a s\l might by mis*ance or by a malevol5t act be sudd5ly sev]$ f its body1 b1 rema9+ ob$i5t to ,fate1 x _h !reaft] to l+] on e>? until its appo9t$ "t 0 accompli%$4 ,its lot 0 suppos$ to be analog\s to t ( ! un=tunate :o _h be5 depriv$ ( burial 71 insepulti7 ( :om we spoke 9 our fir/ lecture4#cad ,x circl$ ab\t ! corpse1 :i* x c\ld n ab&on1 or flutt]$ "h & !re ne> ! place ( burial or on ! spot :]e ! body :i* x _h occupi$ _h be5 assail$4 ,exclud$ f ! abode ( ! %ades ^! w&]+ s\ls flitt$ ne> ! e>? or on ! surface ( ! wat]s1 mis]able & pla9tive4 ,! fe> ( nev] be+ able to p5etrate into ! k+dom ( bless$ %ades seems to h inspir$ ! foll[+ pray]1 :i* occurs 9 a metrical epitaph ( ,capri3#cae 8,y :o dwell 9 ! c\ntry ( ,/yx1 b5efic5t demons1 receive me too into ,hades1 me ! un=tunate :o 0 n borne away 9 accordance ) ! judgm5t ( ! ,fates1 b by a ha/y & viol5t dea? provok$ by unju/ ang]40 ,^! brutally dis9c>nat$ s\ls became l ! swift & h>mful spirits ) :i* ! air 0 fill$3 l !m !y belong$ to ! tra9 ( ,hecate1 ! goddess ( en*antm5t1 & l !m 7 subject to ! p[] ( magicians4 ,at ,lesbos1 ,gello1 a "y virg9 c>ri$ (f be=e h] "t1 became a phantom :i* kill$ *ildr5 & caus$ premature dea?s4#caf ,! lead5 tablets1 :i* 7 slipp$ into tombs 9 ord] to injure an enemy1 & ! magic papyri ( ,egypt be> a l>ge numb] ( incantations 9 :i* ^! mis*iev\s demons are invok$4 ,9 ! same way a s]ies ( conjurations1 dat+ f ! ?ird c5tury & f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 appeal to ! spirits ( ! dead ?r[n 9 ! common dit*1 8:o h met _! dea? by viol5ce1 or be=e _! "t1 or :o h be5 depriv$ ( burial40#cag ,9 g5]al ! sacrifice ( newly born *ildr51 & ! use ( _! vital organs & bones1 01 & n )\t reason1 a mo/ frequ5t *>ge aga9/ sorc]]s4 ,=mulas pres]v$ on papyrus recomm5d z p[]ful means to "w a *>m 8a baby's he>t1 ! blood ( a dead maid51 & ! c>rion ( a dog40#cah ,wit*es 7 believ$ to /eal *ildr5 9 ord] to use ! entrails 9 _! occult op]ations1 a rituali/ic murd] analog\s to t attribut$ by popul> belief1 9 "s c\ntries1 to ! ,jews4 ,cic]o1 ,horace 9 an epode1 ,petronius 9 8 romance1#cai & o!r au?ors be> witness to ! ext5t to :i* ?is op9ion 0 ent]ta9$4 ,! epitaph ( a "y slave ( ,livia1 wife ( ,drusus1 relates 8 mis=tune4 ,be=e he 0 f\r ye>s old he 0 cut (f by ! cruel h&1 ! 8black h&0 ( a wit*1 :o practis$ h] noxi\s art ev]y:]e4 8,gu>d well y\r *ildr51 ye p>5ts10 adds ! epitaph4#cbj ,likewise ! murd] ( adults & ! use made ( objects :i* _h belong$ to execut$ or murd]$ p]sons is frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,! wond]-work]s believ$ t by practis+ ) ! bodies ( ?is class ( ! dead1 or ) objects !y _h us$1 !y became ma/]s ( _! w&]+ s\ls & made !m s]ve _! designs4 ,! nails ( a crucifi$ crim9al1 ! bloodsoak$ l95 ( a gladiator1 7 efficaci\s amulets4#cba ,fai? is /ill kept n[adays 9 ! rope :i* has hang$ a man4#cbb ,! books :i* circulat$ "u ! "n ( ,ho/anes ! ,p]sian1 ,nectabis ! ,egyptian & o!r illu/ri\s wiz>ds dealt ) evocations ( & 4#cbc ,?us a logical s]ies ( beliefs 0 pu%$ to its extreme consequ5ce4 ,at ! mom5t ( bir? ,fate fix$ = ea* man ! l5g? ( 8 c>e]2 if ?is 7 int]rupt$1 ! s\l _h to complete x 9 suff]+1 ne> ! e>?1 & became a demon :i* l5t its aid to div9]s & sorc]]s4 ,?is doctr9e1 support$ by a/rology & ,ori5tal magic1 impos$ itself on _m m9ds4 ,plato1 :o _h f\nd x among ! ,py?agoreans1 alludes to x1 & ,posidonius seems to h dealt ) x m at l5g? 9 8 treatise 8,on ,div9ation0 7 71#cbd al?\gh we _c tell 9 h[ f> he support$ x4 ,b x enc\nt]$ ! objections ( o!r ,greek philosoph]s4 ,! reproa* made to ?is !ory 0 t x left out ( acc\nt morality & m]it$ retribution1 & br\ght toge!r1 z subject to ! same mis=tune1 crim9als condemn$ to capital puni%m5t & *ildr5 ^: age _h kept !m f all s94 ,feel+ & reason at ! same "t prote/$ aga9/ ! cruel doctr9e :i* v[$ indiff]5tly ! innoc5t & ! guilty to long torture4 ,:5 accid5t or illness caus$ ! dea? ( a belov$ son1 c\ld 8 p>5ts make up _! m9d to believe t he w\ld suff] undes]v$ *a/isem5t8 ,a di/9ction _h to be made betwe5 categories ( p]sons1 & to ?is task ! pagan !ologians appli$ !mselves4 ,let u foll[ !m 9 _! und]tak+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! are ^? :o die 8out ( season10 t is to say1 9 ! wide s5se ( ! ^w1 ^? ^: exi/5ce ends abnormally1 b m p>ticul>ly ^? :o die "y1 :o die prematurely4 ,!y include ! 1 ^? :o h receiv$ no "n1 :o h n1 t is1 rea*$ ! n9? or t5? day ( life1 ! 1 non nutriti1 or babes :o are /ill be+ f$ at ! brea/ or1 accord+ to ! a/rolog]s1 are n yet a ye> old1 & ! 1 ! innupti1 :o h di$ be=e ! age ( m>riage & h !re=e left no po/]ity to r5d] !m fun]al rites4 ,none ( ^! *ildr5 & adolesc5ts des]v$1 9 ! op9ion ( ! sages1 any *a/isem5t4 ,! ,py?agoreans plac$ ! age ( reason1 at :i* man is capable ( *oos+ betwe5 good & evil & may be made responsible = 8 faults1 z late z sixte51 t is1 ! age ( pub]ty4 ,until t age ! 8nak$0 s\l1 )\t virtue z )\t vice1 0 exempt f all m]it & dem]it :i* w\ld lat] atta* to x4 ,we "k ! unhappy lot to :i*1 accord+ to ^! philosoph]s1 !y 7 doom$4 ,b o!r !ologians consid]$ t ^! s\ls1 :i* _h n be5 weight$ by a long contact ) matt]1 %\ld fly m easily to cele/ial heights4 ,unsulli$ by e>?ly pollution1 _! purity all[$ !m to rise )\t difficulty to a bett] life 9 a happi] abid+-place4#cbe ,x is h>d to det]m9e to :at degree ^! moral ideas _h p5etrat$ ! popul> m9d4 ,! reaction aga9/ a sup]/iti\s belief (t5 l$ to pure negation4 ,^? :o held t dea? put an end to all s5sibility1 7 cont5t to affirm t ! *ild !y wept _h gone d[n into ev]la/+ night1 & t no?+ 0 left ( him b du/ & a%es4 ,c]ta9 epitaphs hope t1 if 8 ,manes /ill h "s feel+1 8 bones may re/ quietly 9 ! tomb4 ,b "m's love 0 n to be satisfi$ ) ?is negative assurance or to resign itself to anxi\s d\bt+4 ,! p kept an unreason+ fe> ( ! evils :i* await$ ! 1 & ( ^? :i* might be expect$ f !m4 ,"s also believ$ t an ance/ral fault--su* z 01 accord+ to ! ,orphic doctr9e1 ! murd] ( ,zagreus1 by ! ,titans--made all humanity guilty f bir?1 & t ?is h]$it>y s9 _h to be effac$ by purifications4#cbf ,religion (f]$ a rem$y = ! ill to :i*1 to speak ) ,lucretius1 x _h itself l5t p]suasion4 ,! cu/om ( initiat+ *ildr5 to ! my/]ies :i* 01 at lea/ at ,eleusis1 orig9ally connect$ ) ! family or g5tile cult1 became a means ( pres]v+ !m f ! fatal lot :i* ?reat5$ !m & ( ensur+ _! happ9ess 9 ! o!r life4 ,?us pu]i & puellae are f\nd admitt$ at ! mo/ t5d] age among ! adepts ( ! secret cults1 bo? ,greek & ,ori5tal1 p]haps ev5 consecrat$ f bir? to ! godhead4 ,!y are imag9$ z p>tak+ 9 ! ,beyond ( ! joys :i* ^! cults promis$ to ^? ^: salvation !y ensur$4 ,a *ild :o has tak5 "p 9 a c]emony ( ,bac*us lives end[$ ) et]nal y\? 9 ! ,elysian ,fields 9 ! mid/ ( ,satyrs4#cbg ,o!rs cont9ue ! games prop] to _! ye>s 9 ano!r life1 or if !y h rea*$ ! age ( fir/ love !y /ill sport ) "y ,eros4 ,above all1 h[ev]1 ! influ5ce ( ! a/ral cults1 add$ to t ( philosophy1 br\ght ab\t an admission t innoc5t creatures asc5d$ to ! />ry heav5s4 ,an epitaph ( ,?asos#cbh speaks ( a virg91 fl[]-be>] 77 probably ( ,demet] & ,kora1 :o 0 c>ri$ (f at ! age ( ?irte5 by ! inexorable ,fates1 b :o1 8liv+ among ! />s1 by ! w ( ! immortals1 has tak5 h] place 9 ! sacr$ abode ( ! bless$40 ,at ,amorgos1 a *ild ( eight 01 we are assur$1 l$ by ,h]mes to ,olympus1 %one 9 ! e!r1 & w\ld h5ce=? protect ! "y wre/l]s :o emulat$ him 9 ! palae/ra4 ,ev5 ! precise spot 9 :i* he tw9kl$ 0 fix$1 ! horn ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,goat--an appropriate place = ?is little fight]4#cbi ,curi\sly1 an epitaph ( ,africa1 :i* repeats ,virgil's v expression 7p4 #abi71 /ates1 9 contradiction to ! poet1 t a baby1 8cut (f on ! ?re%old ( life10 has n gone to ! ,manes b to ! />s ( heav51#ccj & a relief ( ,cop5hag5 %[s ! bu/ ( a little girl )9 a l>ge cresc5t surr\nd$ by sev5 />s1 ?us indicat+ t %e has ris5 t[>ds ! moon1 ! abode ( bless$ s\ls4#cca ,examples ( ^! premature apo!oses might be multipli$4 ,i %all m]ely %[1 by a *>act]i/ic case1 h[ x 0 possible = old popul> beliefs to be comb9$ ) ! new a/ral doctr9e4 ,! anci5ts attribut$ to ! ru/ic nymphs ! /range p[]s :i* ! ,greek peasant today recognises 9 be+s :i* he /ill designates z ! ,n]eids4#ccb ,sometimes ^! fanta/ical goddesses possess !mselves ( ! _s ( m5 & *ange !m into se]s or maniacs 2 sometimes _! fancy is caught by h&some y\?s :om !y c>ry (f & oblige to live ) !m4 ,b above all !y love pretty *ildr5 & /eal !m f _! p>5ts1 n to h>m !m b 9 ord] t !y may take "p 9 _! own div9e pa/imes4 ,d\btless x 0 at fir/ to m\nta9 cav]ns1 ne> limpid spr+s1 9 ! dep?s ( tuft$ woods1 t !y bore him :om !y made _! little playfell[4 ,su* 7 ! ar*aic beliefs ( ! c\ntry folk4 ,b ! my/]ies ( ,bac*us taught t an innoc5t *ild1 ?us rapt f ! e>?1 m+l$ 9 ! tra9 ( ! ,naiads 9 ! fl[]y mead[s ( ! ,elysian ,fields2#ccc & :5 ,p>adise 0 transf]r$ to ! sky x 0 9 ! 8immortal dwell+-place ( ! e!r0 t ! nymphs1 we are told1 plac$ a little girl ^: *>m _h s$uc$ !m4#ccd ,transport$ ?us to heav51 ^! lov$ be+s 7 trans=m$ by ! t5d]ness ( _! relatives into protectors ( ! family 9 :i* _! memory surviv$1 or ( ! fri5ds :o %>$ regret = !m4 ,:e!r !y 7 call$ 8h]oes0 9 ,greek1 or z else:]e 8gods10#cce !y 7 always conceiv$ z gu>dian p[]s :o ackn[l$g$ by b5efits ! wor%ip r5d]$ !m4 ,?us 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury ! familia ( a proconsul ( ,asia1 ,c4 ,julius ,quadratus1 hon\r$ a *ild ( eight ye>s z a h]o1 at ! pray] ( 8 fa!r & "m2#ccf & at ,smyrna ! p>5ts ( a de>ly lov$ *ild ( f\r1 rais$ to ?is baby z _! tutel>y god1 a tomb on :i* an epitaph describ$ 9 detail all 8 illnesses4#ccg ,^! s5tim5tal illusions are et]nal4 ,no?+ is m frequ5tly se5 on tomb/ones 9 our own ,ca?olic cemet]ies ?an su* invocations z 8,de> angel 9 heav51 pray = u10 or ev5 a figure ( a w+$ baby fly+ away among w+$ *]ubs4 ,?is fai? is p]haps t\*+1 b its or?odoxy is d\btful4 ,= ! doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 except ,orig51 h1 ,i ?9k1 nev] adopt$ ! doctr9e ( ,philo ! ,jew t human s\ls c be trans=m$ into angelic spirits4 ,b 9 ! olde/ ,*ri/ian epitaphs ! conviction is already express$ t1 s9ce *ildr5 are )\t s91 !y w be transport$ by angels to ! dwell+ ( ! sa9ts & !re int]c$e = _! p>5ts4 8,?\ ha/ be5 receiv$1 my daught]1 among ! pi\s s\ls1 because ?y life 0 pure f all fault1 = ?y y\? ev] s\ght only innoc5t play10#cch says a metrical epitaph1 once "u ! portico ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,& ano!r & old] epitaph is z foll[s1 8,eusebius1 a *ild )\t s9 because ( 8 age1 admitt$ to ! abode ( ! sa9ts1 re/s !re 9 peace40#cci ,/ill o!rs end ) ! words 8,pray = u10 8,pete pro nobis40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us little by little 9 antiquity ! conviction ga9$ /r5g? & became pr$om9ant t1 z ,m5&] said ) ano!r mean+1 :om ! gods love die "y4#cdj ,z to individuals ^: days 7 cut %ort by a viol5t bl[1 !y 7 n uni=mly 9 ! same case4 ,! !ori/s "h di/+ui%$ among diff]5t categories ( ! bio?anati4#cda ,! classification seems to h orig9at$ ) ! a/rologi/s :o claim$ to enum]ate1 9 accordance ) ! position ( ,m>s & ,saturn1 all ! k9ds ( dea? res]v$ = victims ( ^! murd]\s planets1 & to =etell :e!r ^! un=tunates 7 to be dr[n$1 burnt1 poison$1 hang$1 behead$1 crucifi$1 impal$1 cru%$ to dea?1 ?r[n to ! bea/s1 or giv5 ov] to yet m atroci\s tortures4 ,b ! morali/s "h also made a po9t ( sep>at+ ! innoc5t f ! guilty4 ,only ! guilty 7 to suff] aft] dea? & only _! s\ls 7 to become demons4 ,=1 side by side ) ^? :o _h des]v$ capital puni%m5t = _! crimes1 or :o adm9i/]$ dea? to !mselves1 7 o!rs cut (f by a fatal accid5t1 p]haps ev5 kill$ :ile p]=m+ a sacr$ duty4 ,su* 0 ! case ( soldi]s sla9 9 battle4 ,logic ord]$ ! !ologians to place !m among ! bio?anati1 & s !y are1 = in/ance1 9 ,virgil's six? book ( ! ,a5eid4#cdb ,b dea? on ! field ( hon\r c\ld n be a s\rce ( inf9ite ills = !m1 & x 0 g5]ally admitt$ t1 on ! contr>y1 _! c\rage op5$ = !m ! gates ( heav54 8,virtus reclud5s imm]itis mori ,caelum10 z ,horace says4#cdc ,! ,greek !ory ( ! div9ity ( ! h]oes "h comes to temp] ! sev]ity ( an unreasonable & dang]\s doctr9e4 ,accord+ to ,josephus1#cdd ,titus1 :5 h>angu+ 8 soldi]s1 promis$ immortality to su* z fell bravely1 & condemn$ ! o!rs to de/ruction4 8,:o does n "k10 he ask$1 8t valiant s\ls1 deliv]$ f ! fle% by ! sword 9 battle1 w inhabit ! pure/ ( e!real elem5ts1 &1 fix$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! />s1 w make !mselves manife/ to _! desc5dants z good g5ii & b5evol5t h]oes8 ,on ! o!r h&1 s\ls :i* are ext+ui%$ :5 _! body is sick1 vani%1 ev5 if !y are free f all /a9 & defilem5t1 into subt]ranean d>kness & are buri$ 9 deep oblivion40 ,9 ! milit>y mon>*ies ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,ea/1 z 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 et]nal life 0 c]ta9ly promis$ to ^? :o _h p]i%$ arms 9 h&1 fai?ful to _! milit>y duty4 ,we "k t ! same belief 0 transmitt$ to ,islam3 a ,mussulman :o dies 9 battle 89 ! way ( ,allah0 is a m>tyr 7%ahd7 to :om ! joys ( ,p>adise are assur$4 ,! ,jews1 :o _h be5 reluctant to admit su* ideas be=e1 f ! "t ( ! ,maccabees onw>ds associat$ ) w>riors ^? :o sacrific$ !mselves 9 ord] to be fai?ful to _! p]secut$ religion1 & to ^! especially !y promis$ a glori\s immortality4 ,fai? 9 ?is cele/ial rew>d 0 lat] to cause ! ,*ri/ians1 :o won ! m>tyr's cr[n1 to face all suff]+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! treatm5t :i* ! gods res]v$ = ano!r class ( bio?anati 0 m unc]ta94 ,9 ! ,greek cities1 z 9 ,rome1 moral repro( & po/hum\s p5alties 7 anci5tly atta*$ to suicide4 ,! old pontifical law refus$ rituali/ic burial to p]sons :o _h hang$ !mselves2 & in/ead ( fun]al sacrifices x prescrib$ = ^! dead m]ely ! hang+ up ( small images 7oscilla7 consecrat$ to _! ,manes1#cde--probably a magical1 8sympa!tic0 rite1 :i* 0 int5d$ to purify _! w&]+ s\ls by air1 z o!r s\ls 7 purifi$ by wat] & fire4 ,! horrible appe>ance ( m5 :o di$ by /rangulation _h giv5 rise to ! belief t ! brea? ( life _h va9ly s\ght to issue f _! tightly clos$ ?roats4#cdf ,a ri* inhabitant ( ,s>s9a 9 ,umbria grant$ l& = a gravey>d to 8 fell[ citiz5s1 b exclud$ f ! b5efit ( 8 gift ^? :o _h hir$ !mselves z gladiators1 _h di$ by ! rope by _! own h&1 or _h foll[$ an infam\s call+4#cdg ,?is association %[s h[ loa?some ?is k9d ( dea? 04 ,fun]al colleges f\nd$ "u ! ,empire introduc$ into _! rules a clause /ipulat+ t if anybody _h = any motive :atsoev] put himself to dea?1 he %\ld lose 8 "r to burial4#cdh ,?is provision seems to h be5 inspir$ less by ! fe> t fraud w\ld be practis$ on ?is society ( mutual insurance aga9/ supreme ab&onm5t1 ?an by ! conviction t fun]al hon\rs _c deflect ! curse :i* weighs on ! suicide & r5d]s 8 company undesirable = o!r dead4 ,b !re 0 aga9/ popul> op9ion & religion1 :i* atta*$ an idea ( infamy to self-murd]1 a philosophical reaction :i*1 among ! ,/oics1 l$ to an entirely contr>y moral judgm5t4 ,! p[]ful sect ( ! ,por* caus$ ! doctr9e to prevail t suicide 0 9 c]ta9 cases comm5dable4 ,x saw 9 ?is end ! supreme gu>antee ( ! wise man's fre$om1 & prais$ ^? :o by volunt>y dea? _h )drawn f an intol]able life4 ,cato ( ,utica1 :o kill$ himself le/ he %\ld survive lib]ty1 0 held to be ! wise man's ideal1 & z wor?y ( apo!osis z ,h]cules4 ,he himself1 :o is %[n to u by ! hi/orians z read+ & r]ead+ ,plato's ,pha$o be=e he pi]c$ himself ) 8 sword1#cdi c]ta9ly hop$ = ! immortality ( h]oic s\ls4 ,"h1 z on o!r po9ts1 ! ,neo-,py?agoreans1 & ! ,neo-,platoni/s aft] !m1 br\ght ! m9ds ( m5 back to ! old religi\s beliefs4 ,plot9us1 yield+ to ! op9ion :i* /ill prevail$ 9 8 "t1 /ill au?orises suicide 9 c]ta9 cases1 b we "k t 8 exhortations dissuad$ 8 pupil ,porphyry f putt+ an end to 8 days1 :5 he 0 seiz$ ) a disgu/ = life4 ,?is latt] philosoph] aft]w>ds resolutely oppos$ ! ,/oic doctr9e4 ,al?\gh ! s\l1 said ! ,py?agoreans & ,platoni/s1 is enclos$ 9 ! body z 9 a prison1 9 ord] to suff] *a/isem5t1 x is =bidd5 by ,god to escape !refrom by its own act4 ,if x d s escape1 x incurs f ! ma/]s ( its fate inf9itely h>d] p5alties4 ,x mu/ await ! h\r will$ by ^! ma/]s1 & !n x c rejoice 9 ! deliv]ance :i* x obta9s at ! t]m ( old age4 ,if x itself break ! l9k :i* jo9s x to ! body1 f> f ridd+ itself ( s]vitude1 x rema9s *a9$ to ! corpse1 = necess>ily x is subject to passion at ! mom5t ( dea? & ?us contracts impure desires4 ,! only lib]ation wor?y ( ! wise man is t ( ! s\l :i* /ill dwells 9 ! body b succe$s 9 free+ itself f all fle%ly lean+s & 9 ?us ris+1 by ! =ce ( reason1 f e>? to heav54#cej ,! prohibition ( volunt>y dea? anticipat+ ! h\r fix$ by ,provid5ce = ea* man1 0 /r5g!n$ & en=c$ ev]y:]e by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,) yet m cause did ^? :o _h be5 condemn$ to capital puni%m5t seem to des]ve po/hum\s torm5t & ! pa9s res]v$ = ! impi\s4 ,^! malefic5t spirits1 trans=m$ to demons1 cont9u$ to "w h>m to ! human race4 ,! odium :i* atta*$ to ! ^w bio?anati end$ by conc5trat+ itself on ^! two classes--^? :o _h committ$ suicide & ^? :o _h be5 execut$4 ,! horror :i* bo? inspir$ 0 m>k$ by ! )hold+ ( hon\rable burial4 ,ev5 9 pagan times1 sacr$ or civil law 9 _m places d5i$ fun]al hon\rs to *ildr5 :o di$ "y1 & to suicides--9 ord]1 says a text1#cea t ^? :o _h n fe>$ dea? might fe> some?+ aft] dea?--&1 above all1 to crim9als1 ^: corpses 7 n deposit$ 9 a tomb b 7 ?r[n )\t any c]emony into a common dit* 774 ,9 ,rome p]sons execut$ 9 prison 7 dragg$ ) a hook ?r\gh ! /reets to ! ,tib]1 :]e !y 7 flung into ! wat]4 ,!re 0 9 ! fact t !y 7 depriv$ ( fun]al rites a second reason1 besides _! guilt1 = _! suff]+ 9 ! ,beyond4#ceb ,families & fri5ds ( ! condemn$ endeav\r$ !re=e to sp>e !m ?is fe>ful p5alty1 & c\ld obta9 f ! magi/rates ! surr5d] ( _! bodies to !m4 ,b ! au?orities (t5 refus$ ?is supreme consolation to ,*ri/ians :o wi%$ to pay ?is la/ duty to _! m>tyr$ bro!rs4 ,by scatt]+ abroad ! a%es ( m>tyrs ! pagans hop$ to prev5t _! graves f becom+ ! sites ( cults4 ,! d5ial ( a religi\s fun]al 0 also f ! e>lie/ "t onw>ds ord]$ by ,*ur* discipl9e & sanction$ by ! ,c\ncils 9 ! case ( suicides1 & 0 simil>ly ext5d$1 9 virtue ( ! law 9 =ce1 to malefactors4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! corpses ( crim9als 7 /ill to be se5 c>ri$ to a %ameful *>nel-place 9 ,byzantium4 ,= in/ance1 ! *ronologi/ ,!ophanes#cec relates indignantly t 9 #gfd ! iconocla/ic ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ,copronymus caus$ ! arre/ ( a h]mit ( ,bi?ynia1 :o support$ ! cult ( ! images4 ,! emp]or's gu>ds ti$ a cord r\nd ! monk's foot & dragg$ him f ! praetorium to ! cemet]y1 :]e1 aft] cutt+ him to pieces1 !y flung 8 rema9s into ! dit* ( ! bio?anati4 ,curi\sly ?is ^w1 bio?anati1 0 d]isively appli$ to ! ,*ri/ians !mselves1 ei!r because !y ador$ a crucifi$ ,savi\r1 or 9 mock]y ( ! m>tyrs1 :o believ$ t ?r\gh dea? by execution !y e>n$ a glori\s immortality4 ,! poet ,commodianus returns ?is insult by apply+ ! t]m to ! pagans1 ^: way ( life condemn$ !m to ev]la/+ flames4#ced ,! opprobri\s ^w rema9$ 9 use until ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 x d5ot$ all ^: crimes des]v$ capital puni%m5t1 s t ! f9al mean+ ( bio?anatus 0 gall[s-bird1 gall[s-food4#cee ,if ! mean+ ( ! ^w bio?anati 0 ?us re/rict$ 9 ! ,lat9 _w1 ! old ideas :i* x call$ =? h _h a s+ul> vitality 9 folk-lore1 especially among ! ,greeks4 ,! ,greeks believe ev5 today t su* z p]i% by a sudd5 & viol5t dea? became vrykolakes4#cef ,_! bodies c aga9 be reanimat$1 c leave ! grave1 & c travel ?r\gh space ) extreme rapidity z vampires & become s malefic5t t m]e contact ) !m causes loss ( life4 ,suicides & victims ( unav5g$ murd]s are p>ticul>ly fe>ful4 ,x 0 ! cu/om z late z ! eighte5? c5tury to op5 ! grave ( a dead man suspect$ ( be+ a vrykolakas1 & if 8 body _h escap$ corruption1 ?us prov+ 8 suppos$ "*1 x 0 cut into pieces or burnt 9 ord] to prev5t x f do+ fur!r h>m4 ,s lively did ! belief rema9 t ! bio?anatus c\ld n deta* himself f 8 body1 & t 8 exi/5ce1 :i* _h be5 too soon int]rupt$1 0 prolong$ 9 ! tomb4 ,,vi ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,! ,,beyond ,z soon z belief took %ape 9 an und]gr\nd k+dom :]e ga!r$ ! %ades :i* 7 sep>at$ f ! body & f ! grave1 ! idea also arose ( a p]il\s j\rney :i* ! s\l mu/ make 9 ord] to w9 to ?is di/ant abode4 ,su* an idea is common to _m peoples ( ! _w4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ! ,mojave ,indians are said to believe t ! dep>t$ h to f9d _! way ?r\gh a complicat$ maze 9 se>* ( ! happy hunt+ gr\nds1 :i* only ! good s\ls c rea*1 :ile ! wick$ w&] pa9fully & endlessly4 ,we "k :at m9utely detail$ rules are conta9$ 9 ! ,egyptian ,book ( ! ,dead1 rules to :i* ! deceas$ _h to con=m 9 ord] t !y might travel safely to ! ,fields ( ! ,bless$4 ,! ,orphic tablets1 discov]$ 9 tombs 9 ,italy1#ceg h pres]v$ fragm5ts ( ano!r guide to ! ,beyond4 ,= in/ance1 ! tablet ( ,petelia1 :i* goes back to ! second or p]haps ! ?ird c5tury ,b4 ,c41 beg9s ?us3 8,?\ %alt f9d to ! left ( ! h\se ( ,hades a well-spr+1 & by ! side !re( /&+ a :ite cypress4 ,to ?is well-spr+ approa* n ne>4 ,b ?\ %alt f9d ano!r by ! lake ( ,memory1 cold wat] fl[+ =?1 & !re are ,gu>dians be=e x4 ,say #8,i am a *ild ( ,e>? & ( ,/>ry ,heav54 ,b my race is ( ,heav5 7alone74 ,?is ye "k y\rselves4 ,& s ,i am p>*$ ) ?ir/ & ,i p]i%4 ,give me quickly ! cold wat] fl[+ f ! lake ( ,memory4' ,& ( !mselves !y w give !e to dr9k f ! holy well-spr+2 & !reaft] among ! o!r h]oes ?\ %alt h lord%ip44440#ceh ,^! in/ructions1 :i* accompani$ ! memb] ( ! sect to 8 grave1--he bore !m ab\t 8 neck l an amulet1--7 suppos$ to enable him to keep f /ray+ 9 8 po/hum\s w&]+s & help him to accompli% exactly all ! acts necess>y = 8 salvation4 ,!y 7 a sort ( liturgy ( ! o!r side ( ! grave :i* w\ld ensure et]nal happ9ess to ! fai?ful4 8,c\rage 772 be valiant 772 no man is immortal on e>?10 su* is ! exhortation frequ5tly express$ 9 epitaphs4 ,x probably reproduces a rituali/ic =mula int5d$ to su/a9 ! %ade :i* _h to blaze its pa? 9 ! ,beyond4 ,! ,etruscans also _h libri ,a*]untici1 books ( ,a*]on :i* 7 attribut$ to ! sage ,tages & :i* treat$ ( ! fate ( ! dead4 ,^! made kn[n1 9 p>ticul>1 :at 7 ! rites by :i* s\ls c\ld be trans=m$ into gods 7di animales74 ,_! v title betrays a ,greek tea*+1 & !re are reasons = believ+ t ! tea*+ ( ! ,py?agoreans 0 n )\t influ5ce on _! composition4#cei ,x is h>dly d\btful t !y 7 conc]n$ ) ! pa? :i* ! ,manes ( human be+s mu/ foll[ 9 ord] to g d[n into ! inf]nal regions4 ,! ,etruscan /elae & c9]>y urns (t5 %[ ?is j\rney to ,hades3 sometimes ! dead are plac$1 l h]oes1 9 a w> *>iot2 sometimes 9 a c>t protect$ by a canopy & exactly copi$ f ! peasants' c>ts2 & (t5 no?+ w\ld indicate t ^! travell]s are b %ades1 7 n ! significance ( ! sc5e def9$ by ! pres5ce ( "s deity ( ! ne!r _w1 l ,*>on4 ,! great s>cophagus ( ,vulci 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum be>s a f9e repres5tation ( ?is type1 :]e ! "* ( ! travell]s is %[n by a w+$ ,fury /&+ beh9d _! c>riage4 ,?us ! idea t ! dead h to tramp a long road desc5d+ into ! dep?s ( ! e>? be=e !y rea* _! la/ abode1 0 accept$ 9 ,italy z 9 ,greece f a v anci5t p]iod4 ,h[ did m5 imag9e ?is road8 ,_! conception ( x is connect$ ) a :ole gr\p ( ,py?agorean doctr9es :i* g back to a remote age4 ,! old poetry ( ,hesiod already speaks ( two roads ( life1 a %ort & easy road :i* is t ( vice1 & ! pa? ( virtue1 :i* is at fir/ /eep & rugg$ b becomes less h>d z soon z ! top ( ! slope is rea*$4 ,ev]yone kn[s ! use :i* ! sophi/ ,prodicus makes ( ?is anci5t comp>ison 9 ! fam\s my? ( ,h]cules at ! crossroads4#cfj ,9 x1 two wom5 appe> to ! y\?ful h]o1 & "o seeks to draw him to ! pa? ( deceitful pleasures :ile ! o!r succe$s 9 conduct+ him to ! pa? ( au/]e lab\rs :i* leads to true happ9ess4 ,?is same conception1 :i* is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( antiquity1 inspir$ ! ,py?agoreans ) ! symbol ( ! lett] ,y1 =m$ ( a v]tical spike topp$ by two div]g5t bran*es4 ,! spike is ! road common to all m5 until !y h rea*$ ! age ( reason & responsibility4 ,subsequ5tly !y mu/ *oose betwe5 ! "r & ! left bran*es4 ,! =m]1 say ^! morali/s1 is /eep & r\gh & at fir/ requires /r5u\s ef=t1 b :5 ^? :o climb x h ga9$ its summit !y obta9 a well-des]v$ re/4 ,! o!r road is at fir/ level & pleasant1 b x leads to h>% rocks & ends 9 a precipice ov] :i* ! wret*$ man :o has foll[$ x is hurl$4 ,?is symbol 0 popul> 9 antiquity z well z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 a fact ( :i* a curi\s pro(1 additional to ^? 9 ! texts1 has lately be5 f\nd4 ,?is is a relief1 accompani$ by an inscription1 dat+ f ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 :i* has be5 discov]$ at ,philadelphia 9 ,lydia4#cfa ,x decorat$1 z ! epitaph %[s1 ! tomb ( a ,py?agorean1 & x is divid$ into comp>tm5ts by m\ld+s 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,y4 ,bel[1 to ! "r1 a *ild is se51 9 ! c>e ( a woman :o is designat$ z ,virtue 772 above1 a pl\ghman1 driv+ 8 pl\gh1 /&s = ! h>d & p]sev]+ lab\r ( ! good man1 :o1 /ill high]1 lies on a c\* be=e a table l ! gue/ at a 8fun]al banquet0 because he has obta9$ ! rew>d ( 8 toil4 ,on ! left side !re is also1 bel[1 a woman ) a *ild1 b %e /&s = wantonness 772 above h] a figure is indol5tly ly+ on a b$2 & /ill fur!r above1 ! same figure is se5 fall+ into a gulf1 head d[nw>ds1 9 *a/isem5t ( 8 vices4 ,^! nave sc5es decorat$1 z we h said1 a burial place4 ,_m o!r tombs are n s elaborate1 b express ! same symbolism by oppos+ ! h>d lab\r ( man1 repres5t$ on ! l[] "p ( ! /ele1 to ! re/ :i* ?is same man enjoys on ! upp] "p ( ! /one1 t is1 9 heav54#cfb ,! symbol ( ! ,y 0 e>ly appli$ to ! future life by ! ,py?agoreans1 :o transf]r$ ! roads repres5t+ ! c\rses ( ! moral & ! immoral life to ,hades4 ,_! /ories ( ! desc5t to ! ne!r _w depict$ ! j\rney ( ! dead 9 ! same way1 & x is /ill ?us describ$ 9 ! six? book ( ! ,a5eid4 ,! dead fir/ foll[ a common road2 & ^? ^: lot is /ill undet]m9$ wait 9 ?is fir/ abode1 j z on e>? *ildr5 are n yet sep>ate at ! unc]ta9 age at :i* !y h n yet made _! decision = virtue or = vice4 ,at ! crossroads ( e>?ly exi/5ce ! *oice mu/ be made2 at ! crossroad ( ! inf]nal regions 77 ! judges ( s\ls are seat$1#cfc & s5d to ! "r ^? :o h by _! m]its made !mselves wor?y to ent] ! ,elysian ,fields1 :ile !y drive to ! left ! wick$ :o are to be hurl$ into ,t>t>us4 ,= 9 bo? worlds 8"r0 is to ! ,py?agorean1 z to ! soo?say]s1 synonym\s ) 8good10 & 8left0 synonym\s ) 8evil40 ,! orig9al conception 0 necess>ily trans=m$ & expla9$ symbolically :5 ! abode ( virtu\s s\ls 0 transport$ to heav54 ,! /ories ( ! anci5ts 7 no long] tak5 9 _! lit]al s5se1 b an allegorical mean+1 all[+ !m to be br\ght into h>mony ) ! new beliefs1 0 giv5 to !m4 ,h5ce=w>d "o ( ! two roads leads to ! high] regions1 ! road1 namely1 ( ! ,bless$ 7 7 or ( ! gods4 ,! o!r1 ! pa? ( m51 is t :i* aft] long w9d+s br+s back to e>? ! impure s\ls :o accompli% ! cycle ( _! migrations & mu/ be re9c>nat$ 9 new bodies4 ,a passage ( ,cic]o's ,tusculans1#cfd :i* is directly inspir$ by ! ,pha$o ( ,plato1 is in/ructive z to ! trans=mation :i* ideas und]w5t4 8,!re are10 x says1 8two roads & two c\rses = s\ls :i* issue f ! body4 ,! s\ls :i* are sulli$ ) human vice & h ab&on$ !mselves to passions 444 foll[ a crook$ pa? :i* leads !m away f ! dwell+ ( ! gods2 b = ! s\ls :i* h kept _! innoc5ce & purity & h1 :ile 9 human bodies1 imitat$ ! life ( ! gods1 !re is an easy return to ! be+s f ^: abode !y desc5d$ to ! e>?40 ,9 ! same way ,virgil1 z we h said else:]e1#cfe is app>5tly fai?ful to ! traditional topography ( ,hades1 b does n reg>d x z really situat$ 9 ! und]gr\nd4 ,!re 7 ev5 attempts to fix precisely ! it9]>y :i* s\ls _h to foll[ 9 ! upp] sph]es4 ,s5eca pleasantly ridicules ^! beliefs 9 8 satire on ! apo!osis ( ,claudius1 affirm+ t emp]ors w5t to heav5 by ! ,appian ,way4 ,! ,milky ,way1 orig9ally reg>d$ z ! pa? ( ! sun1 rema9$1 accord+ to an op9ion :i* p]si/$ until ! end ( antiquity1 ! road by :i* gods & h]oes rose to ! z5i?4#cff ,x 0 said to cut ! zodiac 9 ! tropical signs ( ,canc] & ,capricorn1 & x 0 !re t ^? gates op5$ by :i* s\ls w5t d[n f heav5 to e>? & rose f e>? to heav54#cfg ,! =m] ( ^! gates 0 call$ ! ,gate ( ,m51 ! o!r ! ,gate ( ,gods4 ,we w return lat] 7p4 #afb7 to ! !ories :i* assign diff]5t dwell+s 9 ! />ry sph]es to pure spirits & tell ( _! pass+ ?r\gh ! cele/ial gates4 ,we w\ld m]ely note t ! allegory ( ! two roads1 ( :i* "o is ! road ( ,god & heav5 & et]nal life & ! o!r t ( ,satan1 hell & dea?1 is f\nd 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 & is ju/ifiably lik5$ by ,lactantius#cfh to ! ,py?agorean ,y1 :i* is at ! orig9 ( all ! lat] symbolism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b :5 ! idea ( a j\rney to ! und]world _h be5 trans=m$ into t ( a j\rney to heav51 h[ 0 ! p[] ( ! dead to rea* ! upp] sph]es expla9$8 ,:at =ce or :at vehicle rais$ !m ?i!r8 ,orig9ally !y made use ( all ! means ( locomotion4 ,!y w5t on foot1 9 a %ip1 9 a c>riage1 on horseback1 & ev5 _h rec\rse to aviation4 ,among ! anci5t ,egyptians ! firmam5t 0 conceiv$ z be+ s close to ! m\nta9s ( ! e>? t x 0 possible to get up to x ) ! aid ( a ladd]4 ,! e>ly texts ( ! ,pyramids describe ! gods help+ ! k+ to climb ! la/ rungs ( ! ladd]1 :5 he asc5d$ to _! high dwell+4 ,su* ideas are f\nd else:]e1 among ! ,*9ese z well z 9 ,europe4 ,we are told t a prie/-k+ ( a p ( ,?race jo9$ tall wood5 ladd]s toge!r 9 ord] t he might g to ,h]a to compla9 ( 8 unruly subjects4#cfi ,al?\gh ! />s _h be5 relegat$ to an inf9ite di/ance 9 space1 ! ladd] /ill surviv$ 9 ,roman paganism z an amulet & z a symbol4 ,_m p cont9u$ to place 9 tombs a small bronze ladd]1 :i* recall$ ! nave beliefs ( di/ant ages4 ,?is means ( atta9+ to ! upp] _w has be5 giv5 to ! dead man 9 sev]al graves ( ! ,rh9e bord]4 ,9 ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras a ladd] ( sev5 /eps1 made ( sev5 diff]5t metals1 /ill symbolis$ ! passage ( ! s\l across ! planet>y sph]es4#cgj ,philo1 & aft] him ,orig51#cga int]pret$ ,jacob's ladd] z ! air ?r\gh :i* ! dis9c>nate s\ls asc5d$ & desc5d$2 & ! patri>*'s dream 9 ! symbolism ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 /ill consid]$ z a pl$ge ( ! ladd] ( salvation lead+ ! elect to heav54 ,a nave m9iature ( ! illu/rat$ manuscripts ( ,/4 ,john ,climacus--"o ( !m is pres]v$ 9 ! ,fre] collection--%[s monks climb+ ! heav5ly ladd] ( virtues & welcom$ at ! top by ,*ri/ or by an angel1 :ile w+$ demons try to pull !m d[n & make !m fall into ! jaws ( a dragon bel[1 :i* repres5ts hell4#cgb ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 9 antiquity ! emblem ( ! ladd] _h be5 adopt$ by magic1#cgc :i* reta9$ x ?r\gh\t ! c5turies1 & to ?is day little ladd]s are sold 9 ,naples z *>ms aga9/ ! jettatura or evil eye4 ,9 ,egypt ! s\ls also travell$ to ! dwell+ ( ! gods 9 ! boat ( ,ra1 ! sol> deity4 ,?is idea does n seem to h pass$ into ! my/]ies ( ,isis 9 ! ,we/ b 9 ! ,ea/ x 0 reta9$ by ! ,mani*eans4 ,! moon & ! sun 7 ! %ips :i* pli$ ?r\gh ! heav5ly spaces c>ry+ ! lum9\s spirits4#cgd ,= ! ,greeks x 0 to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 situat$ some:]e 9 ! di/ant ocean1 t %ips transport$ ! dead4 ,?is cross+ ( ! sea1 peopl$ by mon/]s ( ! deep1 0 "o ( ! fav\rite subjects ( ! decorators ( ,roman s>cophagi4 ,b "u ! ,empire ! ,=tunate ,isl&s1 we "k1#cge 7 (t5 expla9$ z be+ ! moon & ! sun1 wa%$ by ! e!r1 & x 0 !re=e to ! moon t ! b>k ( salvation _h to be> s\ls across ! /ormy wat]s ( matt]4 ,! ,/yx _h become a cele/ial or a]ial riv]2 ,*>on1 ) ! help ( ! w9ds1 caus$ pi\s s\ls to pass n to ! subt]ranean _w b to ! heav5ly dwell+ ( h]oes4#cgf ,! b>k :i* %\ld be> ! ,bless$ to ! abode ( delight1 :]e !y w\ld live toge!r1 is (t5 repres5t$ 9 fun]al sculpture1#cgg & cont9u$ to be 9 ,*ri/ian art1 ! symbol ( a happy passage to ! %ores ( ,p>adise4 ,epitaphs sometimes cause ! pass]-by to wi% ! dead 810 8,a happy voyage60#cgh ,! ,etruscan tombs (t5 %[ ! dead man on horseback on ! road ( ! und]world1 & 9 e>ly ,greek tombs t]ra cotta %oes & horses h be5 discov]$ :i* 7 int5d$ to make easi] ! long & dang]\s j\rney to ! c\ntry :5ce !re is no return4 ,b 9 ord] t a rid] may w9 to heav5 8 horse mu/ be provid$ ) /rong w+s4 ,primitively ^! w+s 7 probably int5d$ to indicate only ! swiftness ( ?is my?ical /e$4#cgi ,b 9 ,roman times !y und\bt$ly meant t x c\ld fly up to ! sky4 ,! great ,p>is cameo1 said to repres5t ! apo!osis ( ,augu/us1 %[s a pr9ce ( 8 h\se1 ,g]manicus or p]haps ,m>cellus1 ?us borne away by a w+$ c\rs]4#chj ,!re is a simil> repres5tation on a co9 :i* commemorates ! apo!osis ( an empress1 probably ,fau/9a4 ,! same ,pegasus1 :o probably has no?+ 9 common ) ,bell]ophon's /e$1 appe>s aga9 on a fragm5t ( a relief rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,engl& at ,cor/opitum 7,corbridge-on-,tyne74#cha ,he is c>ry+ (f a p]sonage1 probably an emp]or1 :o we>s ! paludam5tum or milit>y cloak & has 8 head b\nd ) a radiate cr[n1 on ei!r side ( :om are ! ,dioscuri1 ! symbols ( ! two cele/ial hemisph]es4 ,! dead are m\nt$ on ,pegasus because he 0 br\ght into relation ) ! ,sun1 :o is ! creator & savi\r ( s\ls4 ,= ! same reason1 because he 0 ! sacr$ animal ( ,apollo1 ! gryphon s]v$ ?is purpose4 ,?us 9 ! m$allion :i* decorates ! /ucco vault ( a tomb on ! ,lat9 ,way ?is w+$ mon/] c>ries on 8 /rong back a veil$ figure1 cov]$ ) a long g>m5t1 :o c be no o!r ?an ! %ade ( ! dead man wrapp$ 9 ! %r\d4#chb ,?r\gh\t antiquity1 h[ev]1 ! dep>t$ travell$ mo/ frequ5tly 9 a *>iot1 :i* _h 9 ! ,roman p]iod become ! *>iot ( ! ,sun-god4#chc ,! idea t ! div9e *>iote] drives a team across ! heav5ly field exi/$ 9 v e>ly times 9 ,babylon & ,syria1 z well z 9 ,p]sia & 9 ,greece4 8,! horses ( fire & ! *>iot ( fire0 :i* c>ri$ up ! prophet ,elijah 9 a :irlw9d#chd are v probably ! horses & ! *>iot ( ! ,sun4 ,9 ! same way :5 ,mi?ras' mission on e>? 0 fulfill$1 he 0 convey$ 9 ! *>iot ( ,helios to ! cele/ial sph]es ov] ! ocean1 z we see on ! reliefs f\nd 9 8 temples1 & ! happy lot :i* ! h]o _h won = himself he grant$ also to 8 foll[]s4 ,! emp]ors 9 p>ticul> 7 commonly reput$ to become companions ( ! ,sun-god aft] dea?1 z !y _h be5 "u 8 protection 9 life1 & to drive ) him up to ! summit ( ! et]nal vaults4 ,accord+ to a papyrus rec5tly f\nd 9 ,egypt1#che ,phoebus1 :5 in=m+ ! p ( ! dea? ( ,trajan & ! accession ( ,hadrian1 /at$ 9 set t]ms1 8,i h j ris5 ) ,trajan on a c> drawn by :ite horses1 & ,i come to y1 ,o p1 to ann\nce t a new pr9ce1 ,hadrian1 has made all ?+s subject to him1 by 8 virtue & by ! =tune ( 8 div9e fa!r40 ,! writ]s & ! figur$ monum5ts %[ u o!r deifi$ rul]s w9n+ to heav5 9 a simil> way4 ,at ! v end ( paganism an oracle1 address+ ,julian ! ,apo/ate1 pr$ict$ t he w\ld be 8conduct$ to ,olympus 9 a flam+ *>iot %ak5 by /ormy :irlw9ds1 & w\ld rea* ! pat]nal palace ( e!real light40#chf ,x 0 n only pr9ces :o 7 privileg$ to be drawn by ! swift team ( ! royal />4 ,! *>iot appe>s on tombs ( v humble p]sons to sugge/ _! lot 9 aft] life4#chg ,yet m rapid 0 ano!r me?od ( m\nt+ up to ! />s4 ,among all ! peoples ( ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean bas9 ! idea 0 anci5tly spread t ! ess5ce or ! _s :i* animates man escapes f ! body 9 ! %ape ( a bird1 especially a bird ( prey1 = 9 ord] n to p]i% ?is s\l mu/ fe$ on blood1 ! pr9ciple ( life4 ,! grave/ones & fun]al vases ( ,greece give u a l>ge numb] ( repres5tations ( ! bird-s\l4#chh ,9 ! ,roman p]iod ve/iges ( ?is conception p]si/$4 ,9 ,syria an eagle ) spread w+s occupies on tombs ! place fill$ else:]e by ! portrait ( ! dead man4#chi ,magic _h reta9$ ?is anci5t belief ) n a few o!rs1 = sup]/ition picks up _m ideas t h dropp$ out ) ! progress ( religion4 ,sorc]]s ass]t$ t !y c\ld cause w+s to gr[ f ! backs ( _! dupes1 s z to enable !m to so> up to heav54 ,"o ( ! m>vels :i* miracle-mong]s mo/ frequ5tly boa/$ ( work+ 0 t ( asc5d+ into ! air4 ,! ph5om5a ( levitation are said to be produc$ at all p]iods4 ,:5 writ]s tell u t ! pure s\l 8flies away0 to ! sky on swift w+s1 ! expression1 :i* s9ce ,plato#cij has be5 (t5 repeat$1 & is /ill 9 use n[adays1 is no m]e metaphor b r a traditional expression1 fir/ tak5 9 its mat]ial s5se & pres]v$ 9 language1 ultimately acquir+ a figurative mean+4 ,a late epigram compos$ on ,plato's burial place#cia says3 8,eagle1 :y art ?\ p]*$ above ?is tomb & :y do/ ?\ look at ! gods' />ry dwell+8--,i am ! image ( ,plato's s\l :o has fl[n away to ,olympus4 ,! e>? ( ,attica holds 8 e>?-born body40 ,lucian 9 8 ,ic>om5ippus ridicul$ ! claims ( ! philosoph]s1 %[+ ,m5ippus atta*+ w+s to 8 %\ld]s 9 ord] t he might take 8 flight to ! />s & ?us le>n ! secrets ( ! _w4 ,! orig9al idea ( ! bird-s\l 0 trans=m$ into t ( ! s\l lift$ al(t by a bird4 ,x 0 9 ,syria t ?is *ange took place4#cib ,a widely held belief 9 ! ,roman p]iod 0 t ! s\l 0 c>ri$ away by an eagle1 :i* 9 ,syria 0 ! bird ( ! sun4 ,! sun be+ conceiv$ z a w+$ disk :i* flew ?r\gh ! cele/ial spaces c\ld easily be connect$ ) an eagle4 ,! k+ ( birds 0 ! s]vant or ! inc>nation ( ! />-k+1 to :om he bore 8 preci\s burd54 ,?is is :y an eagle1 prep>+ = flight & hold+ ! cr[n ( victory1 is a usual motif ( sepul*ral decoration at ,hi]apolis & ?r\gh\t nor!rn ,syria4 ,! p[]ful bird ( prey lift$ n ) 8 claws1 z he did ,ganym$e1 b on 8 back1 mortals :o rose to heav54 ,?is s\l-be>+ eagle pass$ to ,italy ) ! c]emonial ( ! apo!osis4 ,at ! fun]al rites ( emp]ors at ,rome !re 0 always fa/5$ to ! top ( ! pyre1 on :i* ! corpse 0 to be consum$1 an eagle :i* 0 suppos$ to be> al(t ! mon>*'s s\l1 & art frequ5tly repres5ts ! bu/s ( ! ,caes>s re/+ on an eagle 9 ! act ( tak+ flight1 by way ( sugge/+ _! apo!osis4 ,! eagle1 :i* is ! bird ( ! ,baals1 sol> gods1 c>ries to 8 ma/] ^? :o h be5 8 s]vants & repres5tatives 9 ! _w bel[4 ,?is k9d ( aviation 0 n peculi> to mon>*s4 ,! eagle (t5 has ?is mean+ 9 fun]al art4 ,i w in/ance a /ele1 f\nd 9 ,rome & pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ,cop5hag54#cic ,on ?is a "y man1 drap$ 9 a toga1 is com=tably seat$ on an eagle1 :i* is ris+ to ! sky2 to 8 "r a w+$ *ild1 be>+ a tor*1 seems to po9t out ! way to him4 ,x is ,phosphorus1 ! morn+ />1 :om ,roman art (t5 repres5t$ 9 ?is =m1 be=e ! *>iot ( ! ,sun4 ,an alt> recalls ! cult ( :i* ! dead man w h5ce=? be ! object on e>?1 & a wrea? on ! p$im5t /&s = ! victory :i* he has won ov] dea?4 ,all ^! suppos$ me?ods ( rea*+ heav5 are mo/ primitive3 !y />t f ! supposition t a load has to be lift$ up2 !y h>dly imply a sep>ation ( body & s\l2 & !y are antec$5t to ! di/9ctions :i* philosoph]s e/abli%$ betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( man's be+4 ,!y are religi\s survivals ( v anci5t conceptions :i* only vulg> m9ds /ill int]pret$ lit]ally4 ,^! me*anical means ( rais+ oneself to ! />ry vault c>ry u back to an extremely l[ /age ( beliefs4 ,h5ce !ologians no long] accept$ !m save z symbols4 ,o!r doctr9es ( a m advanc$ "* 7 develop$ & ^! con/itut$ ! true tea*+ ( ! great ,ori5tal my/]ies1 j z !y _h secur$ ! adhesion ( ?9k+ m54 ,!y connect$ ! asc5t ( ! s\l aft] dea? ) physical & e?ical !ories & ?us caus$ sid]eal immortality to ent] into ! ord] ( ! univ]se4#cid ,! fir/ ( ^! !ories 0 t ( sol> attraction4 ,we h already describ$ ! doctr9e1 c]ta9ly ( ea/]n orig91 t ! sun by a s]ies ( emissions & absorptions project$ s\ls onto ! e>? & drew !m back to itself4#cie ,?is unceas+ action ( ! respl5d5t lum9>y ( day 0 ex]cis$ ?r\gh ! =ce ( its rays1#cif & v old ,greek ideas "h m+l$ ) ! 8,*aldean0 !ory4 ,! ,py?agoreans already believ$ t ! glitt]+ p>ticles ( du/ :i* danc$ ceaselessly 9 a sunbeam 77 7 s\ls desc5d+ f ! e!r borne on ! w+s ( light4 ,! air1 !y said1 0 8full ( s\ls10 we might say 8( g]ms0 or 8microbes40#cig ,!y add$ t ?is sunbeam1 pass+ ?r\gh ! air & ?r\gh wat] d[n to ! dep?s ( ! sea1 gave life to all ?+s bel[4#cih ,?is idea p]si/$ "u ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! !ology ( ! my/]ies4 ,s\ls desc5d$ ^u ! e>? & reasc5d$ aft] dea? t[>ds ! sky1 ?anks to ! slant+ rays ( ! sun :i* s]v$ z ! means ( transport4 ,! sun is ! 1 8he :o br+s up f bel[40 ,on ,mi?raic reliefs "o ( ! sev5 rays :i* surr\nd ! head ( ,sol ,invictus 7 7 is se5 disproportionately prolong$ t[>ds ! dy+ ,bull1 9 ord] to awake ! new life t is to spr+ f ! dea? ( ! cosmogonic animal4 8,! ,sun10 says ! ,emp]or ,julian1 8by ! invisible1 immat]ial1 div9e & pure ess5ce :i* dwells 9 its rays1 attracts & raises ! bless$ s\ls40#cii ,9 ?is !ory x is to ! p[] ( ! ,sun1 ! great cosmic div9ity1 t ! asc5sion ( ! s\l is due4 ,accord+ to ano!r doctr9e ! cause ( ?is asc5sion is ! physical nature ( ! s\l4 ,?is latt] doctr9e is set =? ) great precision by ,cic]o 9 ! ,tusculan ,disputations1 & by ,sextus ,empiricus1 d\btless aft] ,posidonius4#djj ,! s\l is a fi]y brea?1 t is to say1 its sub/ance is ! lighte/ ( ! f\r elem5ts :i* compose our univ]se4 ,x necess>ily !re=e has a t5d5cy to rise1 = x is w>m] & m subtle ?an ! gross & d5se air :i* encircles ! e>?4 ,x w ! m easily cleave ?is heavy atmosph]e s9ce no?+ moves m rapidly ?an a _s4 ,x mu/ !re=e 9 its cont9u\s asc5t pass ?r\gh t zone ( sky :]e ga!r ! cl\ds & ! ra9 & :]e bl[ ! w9ds1#dja & :i* by reason ( exhalations f ! e>? is moi/ & mi/y4 ,:5 f9ally x rea*es ! spaces fill$ by an air :i* is r>efi$ & w>m$ by ! sun1 x f9ds elem5ts simil> to its own sub/ance &1 ceas+ to asc5d1 is ma9ta9$ 9 equilibrium4#djb ,h5ce=? x dwells 9 ^! regions :i* are its natural home1 cont9ually vivifi$ by ! same pr9ciples z ^? t fe$ ! ev]la/+ fires ( ! />s4 ,we %all pres5tly see h[ ! ,platoni/s modifi$ ?is ,/oic doctr9e1 & sub/itut$ t ( ! 8vehicle0 77 ( s\ls4 ,^! !ories made x easi] ?an ! fir/ "o _h done to e/abli% a firm connection betwe5 e?ical beliefs conc]n+ future de/9y & physical !ories ab\t ! con/itution ( ! univ]se & ! nature ( man4 ,! s\l is nev] conceiv$ by ^! !ologians z purely spiritual or immat]ial1 b :5 x ab&ons itself to ! passions x becomes gross2 its sub/ance gr[s m corporeal2 & !n x is too heavy to rise to ! />s & ga9 ! sph]es ( light4#djc ,its m]e d5sity w compel x to float 9 our mephitic atmosph]e until x has be5 purifi$ & consequ5tly light5$4 ,?us ! door is op5$ to all doctr9es conc]n+ puni%m5t beyond ! grave4 ,we %all %[ 9 ano!r lecture#djd h[ ! s\l 0 to be purifi$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! elem5ts :i* mov$ 9 sublun>y space--air1 wat] & fire4 ,b1 side by side ) physical ideas1 my?ological beliefs always reta9$ _! sway4 ,accord+ to ! common cre$1 ! air 0 peopl$ ) troops ( p]v]se & subtle demons4 ,!y 71 x 0 ?\ght1 ! guilty s\ls ^: faults condemn$ !m to w&] p]petually ne> ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,!y took pleasure 9 inflict+ a ?\s& tortures on _! fell[ s\ls1 :5 ^!1 by _! impiety1 7 left def5celess aga9/ !m4 ,b succ\r+ p[]s protect$ ! good aga9/ ^! p]v]se spirits4 ,?us ! atmosph]e became ! sc5e ( an unceas+ /ruggle betwe5 demons ( e k9d1 a /ruggle 9 :i* ! salvation ( ! s\l 0 at /ake4 ,! dang]s to :i* ! s\l 0 expos$ did n always end :51 aft] hav+ cross$ ! mo/ dang]\s zone ( ! air1 x rea*$ ! moon4#dje ,^? :o believ$ t s\ls mu/ pass ?r\gh ! planet>y sph]es conceiv$ ^! z pi]c$ by a gate gu>d$ by a comm&] 77 or1 z !y 7 also call$1 by toll ga!r]s 774 ,! my/ics claim$ to supply _! initiates ) ! passwords :i* caus$ ! incorruptible keep]s to yield4 ,!y taught pray]s or incantations :i* r5d]$ ho/ile p[]s propiti\s2 by 8seals0 & unctions !y made _! foll[]s immune aga9/ ! bl[s ( su* enemies4 ,^! in/ructions1 :i* 7 previ\sly giv5 to ! dead 9 ord] to facilitate _! desc5t to ! ne!r _w 7p4 #adh71 n[ s]v$ to make ! asc5t to heav5 easy4 ,9 ?is matt] ! magicians emulat$ ! prie/s1 ev5 claim+ to %[ to _! cli5ts ! way lead+ to heav5 dur+ life4 ,! papyrus ( ,p>is1 wrongly call$ ! 8,mi?raic ,liturgy10#djf af=ds ! mo/ *>act]i/ic example ( ?is sup]/iti\s lit]ature4 ,b1 above all1 ! secret cults claim$ to supply ! s\l ) a guide to lead x dur+ its risky j\rney ?r\gh ! :irlw9ds ( air1 wat] & fire & ! mov+ sph]es ( heav54 ,plato 9 ! ,pha$o _h already spok5 ( ?is demon lead] 77 ( ! dead1#djg & ! same ^w is appli$ to ! 8psy*opompos10 :e!r demon1 angel or god1 n only by ,neo-,platoni/ philosoph]s b also 9 epitaphs4 ,?us ! fun]al inscription ( a sailor1 :o di$ at ,m>seilles1#djh says3 8,among ! dead !re are two companies2 "o moves ^u ! e>?1 ! o!r 9 ! e!r among ! *oruses ( />s4 ,i belong to ! latt]1 = ,i h obta9$ a god = my guide40 ,?is div9e escort ( s\ls frequ5tly reta9s ! "n ( ,h]mes 9 con=mity ) ! old my?ology1 = ,h]mes is ! ,psy*opompos :o leads ! %ades to _! subt]ranean abode & moreov] summons !m & br+s !m back1 9 ano!r migration1 to ! e>?4 ,an epigram belong+ to ! fir/ c5tury ( our era apo/rophises ! deceas$ ) ^! words3 8,h]mes ( ! w+$ feet1 tak+ !e by ! h&1 has conduct$ !e to ,olympus & made !e to %9e among ! />s40#dji ,b (t5 ! rle ( escort devolv$ on ! ,sun himself4 ,we h se5 7p4 #aeg7 t at ! end ( paganism ! />-k+ is figur$ z c>ry+ mortals 9 8 fly+ *>iot2 & ! emp]or ,julian1 at ! end ( 8 satire on ! ,caes>s1 repres5ts himself z address$ by ,h]mes1 :o /ates t 9 caus+ him to "k ,mi?ras he r5d]$ propiti\s to him ?is lead]-god 7 71 :o w enable him to leave ! e>? ) ! hope ( a bett] lot4 ,9 ^! beliefs we see p]si/+ to ! end ( paganism ! old conception t h]oes c\ld be c>ri$ (f to heav51 body & s\l4#daj ,x 0 nev] entirely giv5 up by popul> fai?1 & appe>s notably 9 ideas z to ! apo!osis ( ! emp]ors1 al?\gh le>n$ !ology rose 9 arms aga9/ x & affirm$ t no?+ t]re/rial c\ld be admitt$ into ! e!real sph]es4 ,ant9\s & ,apollonius ( ,tyana are ?us said to h be5 borne away & to h cont9u$ )\t int]ruption ! life !y _h begun on e>?4#daa 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are ?us br\ght to ask ourselves h[1 at ! v "t :5 ! conception ( ! j\rney ( ! dead 0 be+ trans=m$1 ! idea ent]ta9$ z to ! physical "* ( ! dead also und]w5t a *ange4 ,let u1 9 conclusion1 seek briefly to trace ! c\rse ( ?is evolution4 ,orig9ally1 z we said at ! beg9n+ ( ^! lectures1 two beliefs z to life beyond ! grave exi/$ toge!r4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! illusion 0 kept t ! corpse :i* lay 9 ! grave cont9u$ 9 "s obscure way to live1 feel & n\ri% itself !re4 ,side by side ) ?is simple fai? ! idea 0 ma9ta9$ t ! s\l is a brea?1 emitt$ by ! dy+ man1 :i* floats 9 ! atmosph]e & :i* reproduces1 :5 x makes itself visible 9 dreams & app>itions or 9 remembrance1 ! outw>d appe>ance ( ! p]son f :om x issu$4#dab ,^! two conceptions ( life beyond ! grave are comb9$ 9 ! nature ) :i* ! inhabitants ( ! inf]nal regions are cr$it$1 & give ^! fanta/ic be+s a "* full ( contradictions4 ,cic]o ju/ly rem>ks t acts are attribut$ to !m :i* w\ld be conceivable only if !y _h bodies4 ,?us !y are suppos$ to speak1 al?\gh !y h nei!r tongue1 palate1 ?roats nor lungs4#dac ,! common belief 0 inde$ t ! %ades f$1 ev5 9 _! deep abode1 on ! (f]+s made on _! burial places2 & ! pa9s :i* might be inflict$ on !m presuppos$ t !y _h reta9$ ! s5sibility & ne$s ( m52 :ile ! pleasures accord$ to !m 9 ! ,elysian ,fields 7 9 "p v mat]ial--to p>ticipate 9 a banquet 0 an ess5tial "p ( !m4#dad ,h5ce1 :5 ! dead %[$ !mselves1 !y 7 sometimes giv5 ! appe>ance n ( ! liv+ be+ b ( ! corpse3 x 0 ! body1 z x 0 :5 buri$1 :i* issu$ f ! entrails ( ! e>?4 ,ennius1 :5 he %[$ ,hom] appe>+ to him 9 a dream1 said t ! %ades 7 8( prodigi\s pal5ess10#dae & ! idea is (t5 express$ t gho/s are bloodless 9 col\r4 ,n only are _! faces wan3 _! m\?s are mute2 !y are ! taciti1 ! sil5t ,manes4 ,mu* m1 x is sometimes 9 ! =m ( skeletons t !y return to t]rify m54 ,! mo/ usual way ( figur+ ! s\l 9 fun]al sculpture is to %[ a p]son completely wrapp$1 save = 8 face1 9 a long g>m5t1 ! %r\d 9 :i* 8 body 0 buri$4#daf ,b on ! o!r h&1 side by side ) ?is m or less unconsci\s belief z to a survival ( ! body1 ! s\l cont9u$ to be reg>d$ z a light brea?4 ,! be+s :o peopl$ ! inf]nal regions 7 imag9$ z almo/ immat]ial =ms4 ,!y 7 call$ 8%ades0 71 umbrae7 or 8images0 71 simulacra74 ,! =m] t]m implies1 besides ! idea ( a subtle ess5ce1 ! notion t ! inhabitants ( ! dusky spaces und]gr\nd 7 black1 & ?is is 9 fact ! col\r (t5 giv5 to !m4 ,x is also ! col\r ( ! victims (f]$ !m & ( ! m\rn+ g>m5ts worn 9 _! hon\r4 ,^! sombre phantoms1 :i* pass$ unnotic$ 9 ! d>kness ( night1 return$ aft] ! sunset to haunt ! h\ses ( m51 & ?is is :y ! ,inf]i or be+s ( ! ne!r _w are above all appeas$ by nocturnal sacrifices4 ,! words 1 simulacrum1 imago1 especially express ! complete resemblance ( ! dead to ! liv+4 ,are n ! be+s :o return to talk ) u 9 dreams exactly l ! p]sons we h kn[n8 ,?is t5u\s image 0 comp>$ to ! reflection se5 on limpid wat]s or on ! poli%$ surface ( metal4#dag ,bo? alike reproduc$ ! features & col\r & imitat$ ! movem5ts ( ^? :om !y fai?fully express$4 ,?is is :y magicians (t5 made use ( mirrors 9 ord] to evoke ! spirits ( ! dep>t$4#dah ,z to ! nature ( ^! simulacra1 ! anci5ts agree 9 decl>+ !m to be mat]ial1 = h[ o!rwise c\ld !y convey s5sual impressions8 ,b _! sub/ance is ( an extreme subtlety4 ,!y are =ms :i* are corporeal b empty1 flimsy1 impalpable1 (t5 ( su* r>ity t !y rema9 invisible4 ,!y are comp>$ to ! w9d1 = ! w9d is ! air 9 motion1 to a vap\r1 to a smoke :i* escapes s soon z its re/ra9t is attempt$4 ,?is %ade1 =m$ ( a light fluid1 has a =m :i* is necess>ily malleable & yield+4 ,! fact is ?us expla9$ t s\ls c take on v>i\s appe>ances & sometimes let !mselves be se5 z t]rible mon/]s1 especially if !y are ! s\ls ( crim9als :o h become malefic5t spirits4#dai ,h]oes1 on ! contr>y1 ^: virtue has enabl$ !m to be borne to heav51 appe> to be ( m ?an natural /ature :5 !y desc5d f ! e!r2 !y are surr\nd$ by a radiant nimbus1 & _! respl5d5t beauty /rikes ) admiration ^? :o p]ceive !m4 ,b "h ! anci5ts 7 fac$ ) ! "q z to :e!r t "p ( ! human composition :i* won to heav5 0 ! same z t :i* desc5d$ to ! inf]nal regions4 ,z to ?is puzzl+ "q !re arose 9 ! ,alex&rian p]iod a !ory unkn[n to anci5t ,greece1--we h already t\*$ on ?is po9t#dbj--! !ory t man is =m$ n ( two elem5ts b ( ?ree1 namely1 ! s\l 71 anima71 ! %ade 71 1 umbra1 simulacrum7 & ! body 71 corpus74 ,?is doctr9e claim$ to be ju/ifi$ by a passage 9 ,hom]1 9 fact an int]polation1 z to ! apo!osis ( ,h]cules1 b x 0 manife/ly borr[$ f ,egyptian religion by ! ,py?agoreans ( ,alex&ria4 ,= ,egyptian religion is 8polypsy*ic0 & di/+ui%es diff]5t k9ds ( s\ls4 ,s ! ka or 8,d\ble0 has be5 expla9$ z a liv+ & col\r$ projection ( ! individual :om x reproduc$ feature by feature1 :i* inhabit$ ! tomb1 b c\ld leave x & return to x z freely z a man to 8 h\se4 ,! ba1 on ! o!r h&1 is ?\ght to be a m ref9$ matt] :i* enclos$ a portion ( ! cele/ial fire & :i* dep>t$ to ano!r _w4 ,c]ta9 ,alex&rian ,py?agoreans !re=e admitt$ t :5 ! s\l 0 n entirely purifi$1 x rema9$ jo9$ to its idolon 9 ! inf]nal regions1 :i* 7 = !m situat$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 b !y held t :5 x _h entirely fre$ itself f matt] x rose t[>ds ! e!r1 & left only ! idolon 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! e>?4#dba ,?is !ory 0 to be v>i\sly trans=m$1 b x is at ! f\ndation ( all ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ! doctr9es z to ! return ( ! s\l to heav54 ,! triple division mo/ usually adopt$ is n ! "o ,i h j cit$ b ! division into reason 7 or 71 s\l 77 & body4 ,:at becomes 9 ?is case ( ! image 778 ,! !ologians assimilat$ x to ! irrational s\l or 1 z oppos$ to ! high] und]/&+4 ,?is image ?us became ! seat n only ( vegetative & unconsci\s life--a !ory :i* w\ld be 9 con=mity ) ! ,hom]ic s5se ( ! ^w--b also ( s5sitive & emotional life4 ,?is s\l or %ade at fir/ rema9$ unit$ to ! n\s1 :i* x surr\nd$ ) its vapor\s envelope4 ,ev5 aft] x _h left ! e>?ly body1 reason 0 /ill imprison$ 9 an a]ial body3 ! two dwelt 9 ! inf]nal regions1 t is1 9 sublun>y space1 until !y _h be5 purifi$ by ! elem5ts4 ,!y !n1 z we h se5 else:]e1#dbb left ! atmosph]ic ,hades 9 ord] to be admitt$ into ! ,elysian ,fields1 t is to say1 into ! moon4 ,!re ! ?9 veils 9 :i* reason 0 /ill wrapp$ 7 dissolv$4 ,reason1 a sublime ess5ce1 rose aga9 t[>ds ! sun & ! high] sph]es4 ,s ! %ades ( ! old my?ology _h become a g>m5t ( :i* reason rid itself1 :5 x left ?is l[] _w to atta9 to its cele/ial home4 ,b ! !ologians disput$ at l5g? on ! orig9 ( ?is psy*ic integum5t4 ,:5 x 0 admitt$ t ! passions & emotions 7 due to ! action ( ! planets1 ! 1 be+ conceiv$1 z we h said1 to be ! seat ( s5sitive life1 _h necess>ily to be =m$ 9 ! sev5 sph]es1 ?r\gh :i* ! s\l pass$ z x desc5d$ to e>?1 & to be decompos$ :5 x pass$ ?r\gh !m aga9 9 its asc5sion4#dbc ,?is is ! doctr9e support$ by ! ,neo-,platoni/s4 ,!y m]ely apply a new "n to ?is cloak ( reason1 t ( vehicle 771 :i* is at fir/ synonym\s ) z ?is ^w 0 la/ accept$4 ,plato 9 8 my?s _h sev]al times spok5 ( ! *>iot 77 9 :i* s\ls asc5d$1 especially 9 ! fam\s passage ( ! ,pha$rus1 :]e he depict$ !m z try+ to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! gods t[>ds ! summit ( heav51#dbd & above all 9 ! ,timaeus1 :]e he says t ,god1 hav+ made m5 equal 9 numb] to ! />s1 caus$ !m to m\nt on ^! />s z on a *>iot4#dbe ,?is vehicle 01 accord+ to ! philosoph]'s late int]pret]s1 an e!real envelope1 analog\s to ! 8a/ral body0 ( mod]n !osophi/s1 :i* grew ?ick] & ?ick] by ! accession ( new elem5ts1 z ! s\l 0 gradually l[]$ to ! e>?2#dbf & x 0 by ! composition ( ^! elem5ts t ! temp]am5t ( ! newly born *ild 0 det]m9$4 ,?is lum9\s body 0 attract$ aft] dea? by />s ( ! same nature z ^? :5ce x d]iv$ its orig91 & 9 p>ticul> by ! sun1 & x ?us acquir$ a =ce ( asc5sion :i* once aga9 bore div9e reason to ! highe/ po9t ( ! heav5s4 ,we w n lay /ress on ! speculation ( ! la/ ma/]s ( ! s*ool1 su* z ,jambli*us or ,proclus1 :o imag9$1 on ! subject ( ?is subtle matt]1 yet m subtle di/9ctions & trans=m$ ! =m] conception ( ! 8vehicle40 ,x is en\gh t we h %[n h[ ! old belief 9 ! %ades :o peopl$ ,hades 0 modifi$1 :5 x came to be ?\ght t s\ls travell$ 9 ! air & among ! con/ellations1 until at la/ ! ,platoni/ !ory ( ! psy*ic vehicle 0 rea*$4 ,,vii ,,! ,,suff]+s ,,( ,,hell ,,& ,,metempsy*osis ,h[ did belief 9 ! suff]+s ( hell develop8 ( :at elem5ts 0 x =m$8 ?r\gh :at vicissitudes has x pass$8--^! are que/ions :i* x is difficult to answ] precisely1 = ! reason t ! pa9s res]v$ = ! impi\s 9 ! ,beyond 7 9 ! ,greco-,lat9 _w taught especially by my/ic sects1 :o plac$ !m 9 contra/ to ! bliss grant$ to ! initiate4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to note ! g5esis & g5]al evolution ( ! op9ions on ?is po9t :i* reign$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,already 9 ! ,odyssey ?ree :o are surpass+ly guilty deta* !mselves f ! grey cr[d ( ! %ades :o lead an unc]ta9 life 9 ,hades--,tityus1 ,tantalus & ,sisyphus4#dbg ,all ?ree committ$ grave assaults on ! gods1 :o 9 rev5ge condemn$ !m to et]nal torture3 ! gigantic body ( ,tityus is unceas+ly gnaw$ by vultures2 ,tantalus is plung$ 9 a pond ! wat] ( :i* flees f 8 eag] lips1 :ile above him is a tree ( :i* ! fruit escapes f 8 h& z he wi%es to seize x2 ,sisyphus un5d+ly rolls to ! top ( a hill a rock :i* always tumbles back d[n ! slope4 ,^! s\ls1 9 ord] t _! suff]+ may be m cruelly felt1 h 9 ,hades a vitality beyond t ( ! common run ( ! dead1 :o are pale1 flimsy1 half animate phantoms4#dbh ,to ?is ,hom]ic triad ( suff]]s especially *a/is$ by ! div9ity1 fur!r unhappy s\ls1 :om an inexpiable crime _h v[$ to ev]la/+ pa9s1 7 aft]w>ds add$3 ,ixion turn+ on ! :eel to :i* he 0 fix$1 ,!seus & ,piri?\s en*a9$1 ! ,danades c>ry+ wat] 9 a leak+ vessel1 & o!rs4 ,?us 0 =m$ a gr\p ( leg5d>y p]sonalities ^: crimes & puni%m5ts came to be ! traditional !mes ( e description & repres5tation ( ,t>t>us 9 poetry & art until ! d[nfall ( paganism4 ,b ^! convict$ s\ls 7 no long] conceiv$1 z !y 7 by ,hom]1 to be exceptional (f5d]s on :om ! gods av5g$ a p]sonal insult4 ,!y _h come to be ! prototypes ( m5 :o1 = l faults1 w\ld be simil>ly *a/is$1 ! t]rible examples ( ! lot :i* div9e wra? res]v$ = all :o provok$ x4 ,!y 7 expla9$ z ! inc>nations ( ! diff]5t passions & vices1 ! repres5tatives ( ! v>i\s classes ( s9n]s on ea* ( :i* a det]m9$ puni%m5t 0 inflict$4 ,! fir/ au?ors ( ?is new conception seem to h be5 ! ,orphic & ,py?agorean !ologians4 ,hom] names only "o class ( crim9als :om ! ,er9yes torture b5ea? ! gr\nd1 ! p]jur]s4 ,b "h aga9 ! motive ( ! puni%m5t is a direct provocation ( ! gods2 by ! =mula ( execration :i* end$ _! oa?1 ! p]jur]s _h surr5d]$ !mselves to div9e v5geance1 if !y broke _! fai?2 & ?is is :y a place ap>t among ! suff]]s ( ! und]world 0 always kept = !m4 ,! ,orphics1 :o 7 ! fir/ to sep>ate 9 ! und]world ! region ( ,t>t>us f ! ,elysian ,fields1 7 also innovators z reg>d$ ! "* ( ^! contra/+ dwell+-places4 ,notably1 !re 0 among _! books a ,desc5t into ,hades 7 71 :i* describ$ its joys & pa9s4 ,if ! bless$ 7 admitt$ to ! fl[]y mead[s :]e !y enjoy$ ! delight ( a p]petual fea/1 ! pr(ane1 ^? :o _h n be5 purifi$ by ! rites ( ! sect1 7 plung$ 9 d>kness & mire1 :i* 0 ei!r int5d$ to recall ! moral uncleanness ( all :o _h n tak5 "p 9 ! ca?>tic c]emonies1 or else impli$ t ^! %ades 7 figur$ l ! p5it5ts :o1 seat$ 9 ! mud ( ! road1 proclaim$ _! s9s to pass]s-by4#dbi ,orphism conceiv$ ! suff]+ und]gone beyond ! tomb z an expiation4 ,! s\l :i* _h n be5 able on e>? to keep itself f ! pollution ( matt] & to escape f ! passions1 ?us f\nd aga9 ! qualities :i* x _h lo/4 ,aft] a fix$ t]m1 x return$ to ano!r life :]e9 x _h ano!r *ance to r5d] itself wor?y ( ! lot ( ! ,bless$--we %all speak pres5tly ( ?is transmigration4 ,moreov]1 ! int]cession ( ! liv+ 9 fav\r ( ! dead1 ! sacrifices (f]$ up on _! behalf1 c\ld1 accord+ to ! ,orphics1 deliv] !m f _! pa9s4 ,b ! ,orphics taught also t side by side ) ^? :o ?us purifi$ !mselves 9 inf]nal regions be=e return+ to e>?1 !re 7 o!rs1 m guilty1 :o 7 v[$ to et]nal puni%m5t4 ,! old ,hom]ic belief 0 ?us tak5 up & develop$4 ,! evil s\ls1 ^: ways no?+ c\ld m5d1 7 immur$ = ev] 9 ! und]gr\nd prison1 :]e !y became ! companions ( ! great crim9als :om my?ology plung$ 9 ,t>t>us4 ,?is capital di/9ction betwe5 ! two classes ( ! inhabitants ( hell1 ^? condemn$ = a "t & ^? condemn$ 9 p]petuity1 0 transmitt$ d[n to ,virgil & appe>s di/9ctly 9 ! ,a5eid4 ,inf]nal ju/ice is a c\rt ( appeal f e>?ly ju/ice4 ,l ! ,city1#dcj ,hades has its tribunal1 b ! judges :o sit !re are infallible2 x has its laws :i* are unremitt+ly appli$ to :oev] has brok5 ^? ( 8 c\ntry2 x has its execution]s1 responsible = c>ry+ out its s5t5ces--! ,furies1 & lat] ! demons4 ,simil>ly1 ! pa9s ( ,hades are always conceiv$ z an imitation ( ^? :i* 7 e day inflict$ on crim9als4 ,! guilty 7 b\nd 9 unbreakable *a9s1 z 9 ! prisons2 ! ,er9yes /ruck !m ) _! :ips1 z !y 7 flogg$ at ! ord] ( ! magi/rates2 fi]ce mon/]s bit !m1 z _! bodies 7 ?r[n to ! bea/s or dev\r$ by !m 9 an infam\s *>nel-place4 ,! old cu/om ( retaliation cont9u$ to be foll[$ 9 ! o!r _w1 :]e ! dead 7 treat$ z 9 life !y _h treat$ _! victims4#dca ,else:]e we c recognise an imitation ( ! torm5ts inflict$ on ! accus$1 :o 7 subject$ to torture to make !m confess _! fault4 ,p5al law enact$ a det]m9$ puni%m5t = e k9d ( (f5ce2 ! law :i* rul$ 9 ,hades _h simil>ly to inflict p>ticul> pa9s = ea* k9d ( fault4 ,?is logical d$uction l$ to a new developm5t ( p5alties beyond ! grave4 ,z gradually ! morali/s & crim9ali/s detail$ & classifi$ ! brea*es ( div9e & human law1 s ! au?ors ( apocalypses multipli$ ! categories ( ^? :o suff]$ 9 ! ne!r _w4 ,!y imag9$ ! mo/ fe>ful tortures1 9 ord] to fright5 s9n]s & drive !m to seek 9 "s religi\s purification a means ( escape f s t]rible a lot4 ,9 a my? :i* ,plut>* has introduc$ into 8 book on ! belat$ v5geance ( ! gods1#dcb he %[s u hypocrites1 :o h hidd5 _! wret*$ness "u ! appe>ance ( virtue1 oblig$ to rev]se _! entrails s t ! inn] side ( !m may be se51 hat]s :o dev\r ea* o!r1 & mis]s plung$ into & pluck$ out f lakes ( burn+ gold1 icy lead & jagg$ iron4 ,! text :i* describes ^! suff]+s ( ! o!r _w 9 greate/ detail is ! fragm5t ( ! apocryphal apocalypse ( ,pet]1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,egypt "s ?irty ye>s ago & dates at lea/ f ! second c5tury ( our era4 ,! vision ( hell "h oppos$ to t ( heav5 is l a fir/ sket* = ! tragic picture ( ! dwell+ ( ! damn$ :i* ,dante 0 to draw 9 8 ,inf]no4 ,! fragm5t enum]ates a long s]ies ( crim9als :o are puni%$ by black-rob$ angels & receive ! treatm5t appropriate to ! nature ( _! faults4 ,blasphem]s are hang$ by ! tongue2 ! m\?s ( false witnesses are fill$ ) fire2 ! ri* :o h be5 m]ciless to ! poor roll1 clo!d 9 rags1 on %>p & burn+ pebbles4 ,o!r tortures are l ! sports ( macabre fancy3 ?us adult]]s are hang$ by ! feet1 _! heads plung$ 9 burn+ mud2 murd]]s are flung into a cave fill$ ) s]p5ts t bite !m1 ! %ades ( _! victims wat*+ _! angui%4 ,a le>n$ philologi/#dcc has und]tak5 to prove t ?is repulsive picture ( ! dwell+ ( ! damn$ _h its orig9 9 ! ,orphic books4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he ref]s to anci5t1 g5u9e ,orphism1 he is c]ta9ly mi/ak54 ,! light fantasy ( ! anci5t ,greeks nev] laid heavy /ress on ! horrors ( ,t>t>us2 _! lum9\s g5ius took no pleasure 9 describ+ ^! d>k atrocities4#dcd ,!re is no evid5ce t !y ev] =mulat$1 po9t by po9t1 a p5al code :i* appli$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,pluto4 ,! ,romans1 ^: legal m9d might h l$ !m to d s1 7 kept f su* ab]rations by _! lack ( imag9ation4 ,_! inf]nal my?ology rema9$ rudim5t>y3 ev5 ,virgil1 :o is ! int]pret] ( ! ,hell5ic tradition1 nev] allud$ except 9 pass+ to ! inf9itely div]se =ms ( crimes & _! puni%m5ts4#dce ,! ,etruscans peopl$ ! inf]nal regions ) awful mon/]s3 !y gave ,*>on & ! ,er9yes a wild semblance :i* recalls ! devils ( ! ,middle ,ages1 b we nev] f9d !m draw+ up an inv5tory ( ! brea*es ( ! moral law 9 ord] t a puni%m5t might be appli$ to ea* ( ^!4 ,ev]y?+ po9ts to ! conclusion t ?is inf]nal !ology develop$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,egyptians describ$ at l5g? 9 ! 8,book ( ! ,dead0 ! pa9s ( ^? :o despis$ ! precepts ( ,osiris1 & illu/rat$ ^! suff]+s ) pictures4 ,! only pagan writ+ 9 :i* we f9d a classification ( s9n]s & ( _! torm5ts1 analog\s to t conta9$ 9 ! revelation ( ! apocryphal gospel ( ,pet]1 is ! ,mazdean 8,book ( ,arta ,viraf10 :i*1 al?\gh ( late date1 has antec$5ts :i* c]ta9ly g back v f>4 ,! ,p]sian religion1 :i* m ?an any o!r br+s ! ,_s ( ,evil & 8 hordes ( demons into relief1 0 c]ta9ly n unconnect$ ) ! developm5t ( inf]nal es*atology1 ev5 9 ! ,we/1 z is indicat$ by ! fact t ^! demons succe$$ ! ,furies z executors ( ! div9e s5t5ces4 ,x 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ^! exotic religions t ! descriptions 7 propagat$ ( ref9$ tortures1 t]rify+ to ! adepts ( ! conv5ticles 9 :i* !y 7 reveal$4 ,! my/]ies :i* spread "u ! ,roman ,empire acc5tuat$ ! contra/ betwe5 ! delights ( heav5 & ! suff]+s ( hell4 ,^! esot]ic sects gave bir? to ! lit]ature :i* 0 to be p]petuat$ ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 & inspire numb]s ( vision>ies1 poets & arti/s4 ,c]ta9 au?ors ( treatises on demonology 9 antiquity mu/ h revell$ 9 inv5t+ unhe>d-( atrocities1 z lat] ! hagiograph]s took pleasure 9 describ+ ! inconceivable torm5ts inflict$ on m>tyrs4 ,among all ! =ms ( puni%m5t t by fire pr$om9ates4 ,! idea t ! ,er9yes burnt ! damn$ ) _! tor*es is anci5t1 & ! ,pyriphlege?on is an igne\s riv] surr\nd+ ,t>t>us4 ,c]ta9 au?ors w5t beyond ?is4 ,lucian 9 8 8,true ,hi/ories0 describes ! isl& ( ! impi\s z an imm5se brazi] :5ce rise sulphur\s & pit*y flames4 ,?us 0 born into ! _w 9 ! ,greco-,roman p]iod a doctr9e :i* 0 to survive its fall & la/ to mod]n times4 ,! anci5ts c]ta9ly connect$ ?is inf]nal fire ) ! treatm5t inflict$ on ^? condemn$ to be burnt alive2 b ?is exceptional puni%m5t c\ld n inspire an es*atological conception :i* includ$ all ! dead4 ,! op9ion has be5 advanc$ t ! *oice ( fire 0 due to ! belief t ?is elem5t purifies4#dcf ,fire w\ld h be5 at fir/ ! means ( de/roy+1 9 ! ,beyond z 9 ?is _w1 ! uncleanl9ess ( s\ls1 be=e x became ! in/rum5t ( _! et]nal torture4 ,b a sci5tific !ory seems "h to h influ5c$ religi\s fai?4 ,! physicians admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( an inc&esc5t mass 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 :i* produc$ volcanic eruptions & hot spr+s4 ,z ,t>t>us 0 situat$ 9 ! utt]mo/ dep?s ( ! und]world1 x 0 conceiv$ z a va/ brazi] 9 :i* ! sulphur & bitum5 vomit$ by ! volcanoes 7 boil+ = ! puni%m5t ( s9n]s4#dcg ,b ?is adaptation ( ! pa9s ( ,t>t>us to contempor>y physics c\ld n save !m f philosophical criticism4 ,:ile ! pagan prie/s1 to ! t]ror ( cr$ul\s m9ds1 imag9$ m & m inhuman puni%m5ts = ! guilty s\ls1 ! reaction ( reason aga9/ ^! cruel inv5tions necess>ily ga!r$ /r5g?4 ,we h se5 else:]e h[ ! polemics ( philosoph]s =cibly attack$ ^! life-poison+ beliefs & succe$$ 9 a great measure 9 de/roy+ !m4#dch ,ev5 ^? :o did n d5y ! future life reject$ ^! fables ( hell4 ,!re 0 an attempt to save ! pr9ciple ( po/hum\s retribution by replac+ ! doctr9e ( *a/isem5t 9 ,hades by t ( ! metempsy*osis4 ,we n[ w try1 :ile consid]+ ?is !ory ( transmigration 9 its v>i\s aspects1 to %[ h[ su* sub/itution 0 effect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! m9d ( savages does n1 l our sci5ce1 di/+ui% betwe5 ?ree k+doms ( nature4 ,x supposes ! same en]gy to animate all ! be+s :o surr\nd u1 all ( :om are tak5 to be l ourselves4 ,! primitives (t5 attribute human or ev5 div9e intellig5ce to bea/s2 & ! belief is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! two hemisph]es t ! spirits ( ! dead c inc>nate !mselves 9 animals & ev5 lodge 9 plants4 ,m5 refra9 f ! slaught] or ga!r+ ( c]ta9 species1 f eat+ _! fle% or fruit1 = fe> ( hurt+ a *ief or relative :o has gone to inhabit !m4 ,?is animi/ic basis is common to a numb] ( diff]5t peoples & is at ! f\ndation ( ! sy/em ( metempsy*osis4 ,b t :i* makes ! gr&eur ( ?is !ory1 :i* won c\ntless adepts ?r\gh\t ! c5turies & ! _w1 is t x trans=m$ ?is nave idea1 :i* _h no moral be>+1 into a doctr9e ( retribution & lib]ation4 ,to come back to ! e>?1 to imprison itself 9 a body :i* soil$ & tortur$ x1 became a puni%m5t inflict$ on ! guilty s\l4 ,! s\l c\ld n atta9 to supreme felicity until x _h purifi$ itself by long suff]+ & _h gradually1 ?r\gh a cycle ( rebir?s1 fre$ itself f c>nal passions4 ,x is inf9itely probable t ?is doctr9e ( re9c>nation 9 ! bodies ( animals 0 9 ,greece a =eign importation4 ,h]odotus ?\ght t x came f ,egypt1#dci b x does n seem to h exi/$ 9 t c\ntry 9 anci5t times 9 ! =m ( a regul> succession ( transmigrations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,greek metempsy*osis %[s a resemblance1 /rik+ ev5 9 details1 to "o ( ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ! religi\s ?\ght ( ,india1 t ( samsra1 :i* 0 accept$ z a dogma !re long be=e ! bir? ( ,buddhism4 ,! mo/ probable op9ion is t ?is idea made its way across ! ,p]sian ,empire & ?us rea*$ ! ,orphics & ,py?agoreans4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n unlikely t1 l ,babylonian a/rology1 ,h9du es*atology 0 propagat$ z f> z ,egypt at a comp>atively rec5t date1 t is1 ab\t ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 & t ! in=mation giv5 by ! fa!r ( hi/ory may be at lea/ p>tly correct1 ,egypt hav+ s]v$ z an int]m$i>y betwe5 ,india & ,greece4 ,we h n1 h[ev]1 to discuss "h ?is problem ( ! orig9s ( metempsy*osis1 nor to foll[ ! developm5t ( ! doctr9e 9 anci5t ,greek philosophy4 ,9 ! p]iod ) :i* we are conc]n$1 x _h already long be5 traditional 9 ! ,py?agorean & ,platonic s*ools1 x 0 n only a philosophical !ory b also a t5et admitt$ by sev]al religions4 ,we c leave unansw]$ ! que/ions ( :e!r1 z ! anci5ts affirm1 ! ,druids believ$ 9 x1 be+ 9 ?is p>ticul> disciples ( ,py?agoras1 & ( :e!r ! ,etruscans 7 p]suad$ to x by ! tea*+ ( ! philosoph] ( ,croton4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t transmigration 0 9 ! ,ea/ an article ( widely held belief4 ,we f9d x accept$ by ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras & by ,mani*eism1 & x survives to our own day 9 ,syria among ! sects ( ! ,druses1#ddj ! ,yezidis & ! ,nosaris4#dda ,:at 0 its =m 9 ! ,roman p]iod1 & h[ 0 x br\ght into h>mony ) traditional or acquir$ ideas z to ! future life8 ,! desc5t ( ! s\l f heav5 to e>? is a fall2 ! body is a grave 9 :i* ?is s\l is buri$1 a prison 9 :i* x is captive4 ,^! old ,py?agorean doctr9es 7 unceas+ly r5ew$ & repeat$ d[n to ! end ( antiquity4 ,b ! ,orphic idea t ?is degradation 0 ! *a/isem5t = an orig9al s91 ! consequ5ce ( a crime committ$ by ! ,titans1 :o 7 ! au?ors ( our race1 & t ?is h]$it>y ta9t ( guilt _h to be aton$ = by _! desc5dants1 0 ei!r entirely =gott5 or else1 at ! lea/1 h>dly reg>d$4 ,! equally anci5t conception t a bitt] & cruel necessity con/ra9$ s\ls to inc>nate !mselves1 01 on ! contr>y1 emphasis$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! spread ( a/rological fatalism4 ,_! alt]nate desc5t & asc5t 0 conceiv$ z gov]n$ by a cosmic law1 l ! progress & regress ( ! planets4#ddb ,! cycle ( et]nal g5]ation 7 7 :i* is et]nal1 l ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 causes m9d to circulate ?r\gh matt] :i* x animates4 ,?is transmigration c\ld be conceiv$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,a fir/ !ory1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ,/oic pan!ism c be recognis$1 lays /ress on ! id5tity ( individual s\ls ) ! univ]sal s\l1 ( :i* !y are p>ticles4 ,"o s+le div9e pr9ciple awak5s life 9 all nature4 ,x passes f be+ to be+1 quick5+ _! v>i\s =ms1 & t :i* is said to be dea? is no m ?an a migration4 ,! numb] ( ! s\ls t p ! e>? is det]m9$ f ! beg9n+2 !y *ange _! dwell+s b n _! ess5ce4 ,h>dly has ! human s\l left "o body be=e x ent]s ano!r4 ,?is cont9u\s travell+ causes x to g ?r\gh all ! degrees ( ! animal hi]>*y4 ,x w pass1 successively1 into a bird1 a quadrup$1 a fi%1 a reptile1 & !n return to man4 ,?is is :y x is impi\s to dev\r ! fle% ( our 8l[] bro!rs0 & :y ! sage mu/ practise veget>ianism4 ,"s ?9k]s1 h[ev]1 draw+ logical conclusions f ! admitt$ premises1 ass]t$ t ! life ( ! vegetable k+dom d]iv$ f ! same migration z t ( ! animal k+dom & t ! s\l ( man c\ld enclose itself 9 plants4 ,x 0 to ?is tea*+ t ,s5eca allud$ :5 he gave ! "n ( ,apocolocyntosis1 8,trans=mation to a ,pumpk910 to 8 satire on ! apo!osis ( ! emp]or ,claudius4 ,?is es*atological doctr9e _h 9 reality no?+ 9 common ) morality4 ,if an un9t]rupt$ *a9 unites ! exi/5ce ( all species1 if life propagates itself fatally f man to ! l[] be+s1 ?is necessity seems to exclude all hope ( po/hum\s rew>d4 ,9 ord] to br+ ! ne$ ( a retribution 9 aft] life into agreem5t ) ! belief 9 ! fatal circle ( migrations1 x 0 /at$ t ! good ent]$ ! s\ls ( peaceful & tame animals1 ! wick$ ^? ( wild bea/s4 ,?is is :y ,alex&] ( ,abonoti*os pr$ict$ to a devotee t he w\ld be 9 aft] life fir/ a camel1 !n a horse1 & end by be+ a great prophet l himself4#ddc ,h]mes ,trismegi/us ev5 claim$ to "k t ! j became eagles among birds1 lions among quadrup$s1 dragons among reptiles1 dolph9s among fi%4#ddd ,b ! lot ev5 ( ^! privileg$ s\ls might n seem v enviable4 ,! morali/s1 !re=e1 relax$ ! rig\r ( ! sy/em & exempt$ noble spirits f be/ial degradation4 ,all s\ls 7 no long] condemn$ to dwell 9 ! bodies ( animals1 b only ^? ^: l[ incl9ations _h assimilat$ !m to brutes4 ,!y inhabit$ ! species :i* be/ con=m$ to _! in/9cts4 ,?us debau*ees became hogs 9 ano!r life2 c[>ds & slugg>ds1 fi%2 ! light-m9d$ & frivol\s1 birds4#dde ,! pagan !ologians +5i\sly & labori\sly int]pret$ ! /ory ( ,circe's *ang+ ! companions ( ,ulysses into bea/s z an allegory ( metempsy*osis4 ,circe became ! circle ( ! re9c>nations :i* 7 und]gone by ^? :o empti$ ! magic cup ( pleasure1 & :5ce ! wise ,ulysses escap$1 ?anks to ,h]mes1 t is1 to reason :i* in/ruct$ him4#ddf ,transmigration ?us became less an inevitable law ( nature ?an a puni%m5t ( ! guilty4 ,b ?is puni%m5t did n ov]take only ^? :o 7 reborn 9 animal %ape4 ,all physical defects & moral ta9ts1 :i* afflict man f 8 entry into ! _w1 7 ! consequ5ce ( 8 crimes 9 an e>li] life4 ,! old ,py?agoreans comb9$ ! doctr9e ( ! metempsy*osis ) t ( ! pa9s res]v$ = ! wick$ 9 a hell b5ea? ! e>?4 ,b we h se5 h[ ! belief 9 ! tortures ( ,hades 0 combat$ until x yield$ & 0 discr$it$4#ddg ,metempsy*osis d>$ to d )\t ^! incr$ible subt]ranean tortures & !reby acquir$ a new importance4 ,x suppli$ ! means ( ma9ta9+ ! dogma ( po/hum\s retribution )\t impos+ a bl9d fai? 9 ! fooli% fables ( ! poets3 s\ls 7 held to pass imm$iately f "o body to ano!r )\t leav+ ! e>?1 ris+ or s9k+ 9 ! scale ( be+s 9 accordance ) _! m]its or dem]its4 ,?us ,hades becomes our corporeal life 9 :i* we expiate ! faults ( a previ\s life4 ,! ,furies are ! passions :i* /rike u ) _! :ips & burn u ) _! tor*es4#ddh ,! +5i\sness ( ! !ologians f\nd an explanation = ea* ( ! tortures describ$ by ! old my?ology4 ,tantalus ?reat5$ by ! rock is ! man obsess$ by ! fe> ( heav5ly wra?2 ,tityus1 ^: entrails are dev\r$ by vultures1 is ! lov] ^: he>t is gnaw$ by c>e2 ,sisyphus roll+ 8 rock becomes ! ambiti\s man :o exhau/s himself ) va9 ef=ts2 ! ,danades c>ry+ wat] 9 a leak+ vessel1 :i* empties z x is fill$1 are ! insatiable s\ls :o give !mselves up to pleasure & nev] h en\gh ( enjoym5t4 ,ev5 ! old precepts ( ! ,py?agorean s*ool 7 twi/$ f _! ord9>y mean+ & became symbols ( ?is es*atology4 ,a popul> tabu1 admitt$ by ! sect1 0 =mulat$ 9 ! s5t5ce1 8,if ?\ leave ?y dwell+1 turn n r\nd le/ ! ,er9yes pursue !e40 ,! fir/ mean+ ( ?is prohibition1 :i* is kn[n to ! folk-lore ( _m places1 is t to turn r\nd z "o leaves "o's h\se is to run ! risk ( be+ assail$ by ! spirits :o haunt ! ?re%old4 ,b ! doctors ( ,neo-,py?agorism did n ?us und]/& ! say+4 ,= !m1 ! dwell+ 0 ! body1 ! ,er9yes ! passions3 :5 s\ls left ! body !y mu/ n return ?i!r or ! passions w\ld atta* !mselves to !m & make !m _! victims4#ddi 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we t\* on ano!r =m ( metempsy*osis4 ,! anci5ts make a di/9ction betwe5 ! doctr9e ( re9c>nation or 8re9corporation0 7translat+ exactly ! ,greek ^w 71 & rebir? or pal+5esis 774 ,?is latt] ^w is n "h tak5 9 ! ,/oic s5se ( ! et]nal return ( ?+s1 a s]ies ( cosmic cycles 9 :i* ! same ph5om5a are exactly reproduc$4#dej ,x is us$ to designate a transmigration sep>at$ by int]vals1 a process :i* is n cont9u\s4 ,9 ! fir/ k9d ( metempsy*osis !re is1 prop]ly speak+1 no rebir?1 = ! s\l does n leave ! e>?1 b !re unceas+ly accompli%es its circul> j\rney ?r\gh ! liv+ _w4 ,on ! contr>y1 accord+ to ! second !ory1 x does n imm$iately resume possession ( a body4 ,x rema9s dis9c>nate = a long p]iod ( ye>s--= ,virgil z = ,plato ! numb] is "o ?\s&--& ?us leads a d\ble exi/5ce ( :i* its passages to ?is _w take up only ! less] "p4 ,x is n ev5 fatally con/ra9$ to r$esc5d to ! e>?3 if x has kept itself free f all corporeal defilem5t1 x w so> to heav5 & dwell !re = ev]4 ,b if1 dur+ 8 soj\rn on ! e>?1 man has giv5 himself up to ! pleasures ( ! s5ses1 8 s\l becomes atta*$ to 8 body4 ,at fir/ x _c sep>ate itself f ! corpse1 ar\nd :i* x circles1 pla9tively regrett+ ! joys x has lo/4 ,x desires aga9 to ent] ! fle% :i* 0 ! in/rum5t ( its voluptu\sness2 x seeks a dwell+ :i* w all[ x to cont9ue ! s5sual habits :i* h become its second nature4 ,& s1 :5 ! "t is accompli%$1 x is seiz$ ) an irresi/ible love = ! body 9 :i* x is to enclose itself aga92 a fasc9ation1 l a magic *>m1 draws x to ?is object ( its desires1 :i* is to cause its mis]y4 ,! fatality driv+ x to inc>nation & suff]+ is n "h an inevitable law ( ! univ]se b an inn] necessity1 a de/9y :i* x has made = itself4 ,! cosmic ,ananke has become psy*ic4 ,?us e vici\s t5d5cy contract$ by ! s\l dur+ its abode 9 ?is _w has = ?is s\l consequ5ces :i* _! long duration makes m mom5t\s4 ,if virtue enables x to rise upw>d at ea* new bir? & to acquire1 z ! ages revolve1 an ev] increas+ p]fection1 p]v]sion ( "* produces effects :i* are calamit\s n only 9 ?is life b also 9 sev]al o!r lives ?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,moral laws are no less infallible ?an physical laws4 ,"r or wrong1 e act has to be paid = ) h>m or b5efit 9 ! long *a9 ( inc>nations4 ,by 8 acquir$ disposition1 man det]m9es 8 future ?r\gh\t a sequ5ce ( g5]ations2 ! evil he suff]s is to be imput$ n to ! creator b to himself4 ,a bu/ ( ,plato f\nd at ,tivoli & n[ pres]v$ 9 ,san ,francisco#dea has grav5 on x ! foll[+ s5t5ce ( ! ,ma/] z to ! lot ( immortal s\ls3 8,! fault is ! *oos]'s2 ,god is )\t fault0-- 1 4 ,! v fact ( bir? 0 a pa9 = ! s\l1 s9ce x tore x f its cele/ial home & plung$ x into a soil$ & tr\bl$ _w2 consequ5tly x 0 n necess>y = ! s\l's *a/isem5t t x %\ld desc5d into ! body ( animals4 ,inde$1 c]ta9 ?9k]s reject$ ?is k9d ( metempsy*osis3 a reasonable _s c\ld n1 !y held1 dwell 9 a be+ depriv$ ( reason4 ,transmigration occurr$ !re=e exclusively f man to man & f bea/ to bea/4 ,su* 0 ! op9ion def5d$ by ,porphyry & ,jambli*us1 :o1 9 ord] to dispose ( ! texts ( ,plato :i* 7 contr>y to ?is !ory1 upheld t he spoke figuratively1 & t 8 8asses10 8 8wolves0 & 8 8lions0 signifi$ p]sons :o resembl$ ^! bea/s 9 ignorance or f]ocity4#deb ,x is se5 t ?is metempsy*osis 0 gett+ f> away f t :i* _h its orig9 9 ! primitive beliefs4 ,! 8cycle ( g5]ation0 0 no long] conceiv$ z a flux ( life circulat+ ?r\gh\t ! v>iety ( ! animate be+s peopl+ ! e>?1 b z ! desc5t & ! asc5t ( a psy*ic ess5ce1 pass+ alt]nately f heav5 to e>? & f e>? to heav54 ,x is to ^! doctr9es t ,virgil alludes :5 9 ! ,a5eid he %[s u1 ga!r$ 9 a remote place ( ! ,elysian ,fields1 ! %ades :om aft] a ?\s& ye>s a god calls to come 9 a great troop to ! riv] ,le!1 !re to dr9k ! =getfulness ( ! pa/1 :]eby 8!y beg9 aga9 to wi% to return to ! body40#dec 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ! poet also gives u preci\s h9ts z to ! lot res]v$ = ! s\l 9 ! int]val betwe5 its inc>nations4 ,= pal+5esis1 unlike ! doctr9e ( p]petual re9corporation1 left a place = *a/isem5t 9 ! inf]nal regions4 ,^! 7 h[ev] situat$1 z we h se51 = ! ,py?agoreans & ,posidonius1 :om ,virgil int]pret$1 n on e>? b 9 ! air4 ,x 0 !re t ! s\l _h to purify itself f ! /a9s acquir$ :ile x 0 9 t\* ) ! fle%4 ,?is pollution1 we "k1#ded 0 conceiv$ 9 a v mat]ial =m4 ,! texts speak ( a ?ick5+ ( ! subtle sub/ance ( :i* ! s\l is =m$1 ( concretions encru/+ x1 ( indelible m>ks ) :i* ! vices /a9 x4 ,:5 ! s\l left ! corpse1 ( :i* x kept ! =m1 x fir/1 z we h se51 float$ 9 ! ambi5t air4 ,:5 x 0 n weigh$ d[n by ! matt] ) :i* x _h become impregnat$1 ! brea? ( ! atmosph]e rais$ x g5tly &1 gradually w>m+ x1 bore x to ! heav5s1 & ?is is :y ! ,w9ds are (t5 repres5t$ on tomb/ones4#dee ,b ^! ,w9ds1 fi]ce div9ities1 c\ld also cause ! s\l to expiate its faults bitt]ly4 ,if x _h lo/ its purity & lightness1 ! :irlw9ds drew x into _! vortex1 ! /orms roll$ & buffet$ x1 ?us viol5tly te>+ away ! cru/ :i* _h become atta*$ to x4 ,! s\ls 7 ?us fre$ f defilem5ts contract$ dur+ life j z l95 hung 9 ! air is blea*$ & loses all od\r4 ,_! passage ?r\gh ! air did n complete _! purification4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! idea 0 old t above ! firmam5t 0 f\nd ! great res]voir ( ! wat]s :i* fell to ! gr\nd z ra94 ,beyond1 a burn+ zone mu/ ext5d1 :]e ! heav5ly bodies 7 lit1 & a riv] ( fire1 id5tifi$ ) ! ,pyriphlege?on ( ! ,greeks1 0 imag9$4 ,^! old my?ological ideas 7 br\ght into relation ) ,/oic physics3 above ! region ( ! w9ds /ret*$ t ( ! cl\ds1 9 :i* ! ra91 ! sn[ & ! hail 7 =m$1 & high] /ill !re 0 ! burn+ air1 9 :i* ! lightn+ fla%$ & :i* t\*$ ! />ry sph]es4 ,! s\ls mu/ blaze a pa? ?r\gh ^! ob/acles4 ,aft] be+ toss$ & bl[n ab\t by ! w9ds1 !y 7 dr5*$ by ra9 & plung$ into ! gulf ( ! upp] wat]s4 ,!y rea*$ at la/ ! fires ( heav51 ( :i* ! heat scor*$ !m4 ,n till !y _h und]gone ?is ?reefold trial1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* !y _h pass$ ?r\gh c\ntless ye>s ( expiation1 did !y at l5g? f9d peace 9 ! s]5ity ( ! lum9\s e!r4#def ,virgil1#deg 9 ! passage already quot$1 alludes to ?is doctr9e :51 9 speak+ ( ! s\ls1 he says3 8444 ,aliae p&untur inanes ,susp5sae ad v5tos1 aliis sub gurgite va/o ,infectum eluitur scelus1 aut exuritur igni40 8,"s are expos$1 hung lightly to ! w9ds2 z to o!rs1 ! crime infect+ !m is wa%$ away 9 a deep gulf or burnt by fire40 ,9 an es*atological my?1 :i* ,plut>*#deh borr[s f ,demetrius ( ,t>sus1 he %[s u guilty s\ls :o seek to rea* ! moon & :o d n arrive ?i!r1 b are hunt$ & buffet$ z by swell+ bill[s1 & o!rs :o h rea*$ ! goal1 b are reject$ & plung$ f on high into ! abyss4 ,simil>ly1 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us depicts s\ls flung f ! height ( heav5 into ! dep?s ( ! atmosph]e & deliv]$ to ! /orms & :irlw9ds ( w>r+ air1 wat] & fire4 ,_! et]nal puni%m5t is to be toss$ & c>ri$ 9 diff]5t directions by ! cosmic waves :i* roll unceas+ly betwe5 e>? & heav54#dei ,! passage ( s\ls ?r\gh ! elem5ts is repres5t$ symbolically on a fun]al monum5t almo/ contempor>y ) ! v]ses ( ,virgil1 :i* 0 discov]$ ne> ,sc>bantia 9 ,pannonia4#dfj ,above ! portraits ( ! deceas$1 !re appe> fir/ 9 ! sp&rels ( ?is cippus two bu/s ( ! w9ds fac+ ea* o!r4 ,high] up1 on ! ar*itrave1 are two ,tritons1 & on ea* side ( a trid5t two dolph9s1 :i* evid5tly repres5t ! idea ( ! wat]y elem5t4 ,f9ally1 at ! top ( ! /one1 9 ! p$im5t1 we see two lions4 ,! lion1 = physical & a/rological reasons1 0 consid]$ z ! symbol ( fire1 ! igne\s pr9ciple4 ,we h se5#dfa t = ! doctr9e :i* plac$ ! limit ( ! dwell+ ( ! gods & ! elect 9 ! zone ( ! moon1 ano!r 0 sub/itut$ accord+ to :i* ! s\ls1 9 ord] to rega9 ! purity ( _! orig9al nature1 _h to trav]se ! sph]es ( ! planets to rea* ! heav5 ( fix$ />s4 ,! trials ( purgatory _h to be prolong$ up to ! entry into ! dwell+ ( ! bless$4 ,! idea 01 !re=e1 conceiv$ ( attribut+ ea* ( ! planets to "o ( ! elem5ts4 ,! moon 0 ! e!real e>?1 ,m]cury ! wat]1 ,v5us ! air1 ! sun ! fire3 & inv]sely1 ,m>s 0 ! fire1 ,jupit] ! air1 ,saturn ! wat]1 & ! sph]e ( ! />s ! cele/ial e>?1 9 :i* lay ! ,elysian ,fields4 ,?us ! s\l1 9 ord] to be sav$1 _h to be reborn ?ree times 9 virtue ( a triple passage ?r\gh ! f\r elem5ts4#dfb ,?is la/ doctr9e1 :i* is connect$ ) a/rological speculations1 seems to h _h only a limit$ vogue & to h be5 ( ephem]al duration4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! idea ( a purgatory situat$ 9 ! atmosph]e betwe5 our e>? & ! moon1 a place 9 :i* s\ls 7 purifi$ n only by fire b also by air & wat]1 0 long to survive ! fall ( paganism & to be propagat$ ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages 9 ! ,we/ z 9 ! ,ea/4 ,= ,dante1 purgatory /ill occupi$ a fi]y zone /ret*$ betwe5 ! t]re/rial & ! cele/ial circles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,0 ! s\l :i*1 aft] a long expiation1 _h rea*$ ! ,elysian ,fields & ! sph]e ( ! />s1 always to desc5d !nce1 seiz$ ) a bl9d love = ! body1 & to pass aga9 ?r\gh ! trials ( ano!r e>?ly life8 ,no1 ! anci5t ,orphics already flatt]$ !mselves t by _! ca?>tic rites !y obta9$ = ! s\l an escape f ! fatal cycle ( g5]ation & rega9+ ( heav5 = ev]4 ,! ,py?agoreans inh]it$ ?is doctr9e1 :i* !y kept until ! ,roman p]iod4 ,9 spite ( ! contr>y op9ion ( c]ta9 ?9k]s1 pagan philosoph]s & prie/s g5]ally taught t aft] pilgrimages1 m or less long1 aft] a succession ( dea?s & rebir?s1 ! purifi$ spirits return$ to dwell = ev] 9 _! cele/ial c\ntry4 ,x 0 to ?is goal t ! my/]ies promis$ to lead _! initiate2 ?is 0 ! end :i* ! sages flatt]$ !mselves t !y atta9$ by _! virtue4 ,x w be und]/ood t su* a hope1 comb9$ ) ! suppression ( et]nal damnation 9 ,hades1 l$ necess>ily to ! doctr9e ( ! ev5tual salvation ( all s\ls4 ,we "k ?is sy/em especially ?r\gh ,orig51 b he m]ely reproduc$ a !ory to :i* ! evolution ( pagan ideas _h l$4 ,we h se5 t metempsy*osis help$ ! philosoph]s to %ake1 if n to ru91 ! belief 9 inf]nal puni%m5t4 ,b ?is belief aga9 _h p[] t[>ds ! end ( antiquity1 :5 ! duali/ sects :i* 7 ! outcome ( ,p]sian ,mazdeism 7 propagat$ & :5 ,plato became ! supreme au?ority 9 philosophy4 ,we t\*$ on ?is po9t1 9 ano!r lecture1#dfc :5 we %[$ h[ ! idea ( a demons' prison 9 ! bosom ( ! e>? triumph$4 ,?us1 :5 ! ,roman _w 0 9 its decl9e1 m5 came back to ! old ?reefold di/9ction ( ! ,orphics & ! ,py?agoreans4 ,! v guilty1 :o _c be correct$1 are hurl$ into ,t>t>us1 :]e !y suff] = ev] ! puni%m5t ( _! incurable wick$ness4 ,s\ls less corrupt are subject$ to purification1 ei!r by pass+ ?r\gh ! elem5ts or by und]go+ successive re9c>nations1 & ?us !y rega9 _! orig9al nature be=e !y are readmitt$ to _! fir/ dwell+4 ,f9ally1 ! mo/ p]fect s\ls1 ^? ( ! wise :o h fre$ !mselves f ! dom9ation ( ! body & h n let !mselves be contam9at$ by matt]1 & ^? ( ! pi\s fai?ful1 to :om religi\s lu/rations h giv5 back _! purity or :om initiations to ! my/]ies h made equal to ! gods1 at once rise aga9 to ! cele/ial sph]es4 ,9 ! next lecture we %all speak ( ! rew>ds res]v$ = !m 9 ! dwell+ ( ! bless$4 ,,viii ,,! ,,felicity ,,( ,,! ,,bless$ ,we h se5 h[ ! evolution ( religi\s fai? caus$ ! dwell+-place ( ! dead to move f ! tomb to ! ne!r _w & f ! ne!r _w to ! heav5s4 ,:5 ! abode ( s\ls 0 *ang$1 all ! ideas atta*$ to ! future life _h to be transpos$4 ,9 ?is lecture we %all endeav\r to make cle> h[ ! op9ions :i* 7 held z to ! felicity ( ! bless$ 7 ?us trans=m$4 ,we %all take up aga9 matt] :i* we h already t\*$ ^u 9 ano!r connection & try to %[ ! successive *anges und]gone by ?ree mann]s ( conceiv+ happ9ess 9 aft] life3 ! repose ( ! dead1 ! repa/ ( ! dead1 & ! sight ( ,god4 ,! mo/ anci5t & orig9ally ! simple/ ( ^! conceptions 0 t ( ! repose ( ! dead4 ,we "k#dfd t ! dead :o _h n be5 buri$ 9 accordance ) ! rites 7 believ$ to f9d no re/ 9 ! tomb4 ,a corpse _h to be committ$ to ! e>? ) traditional c]emonies 9 ord] t ! _s :i* animat$ x might h quiet4 ,if ?is _s 7 n subsequ5tly n\ri%$ by (f]+s & sacrifices1 x left its burial place & roam$ ! e>?'s surface l an animal driv5 by hung]4 ,! %ades inhabit+ ! tombs c\ld also be evok$ by necromanc]s & su* di/urbance broke 9 ^u _! re/ mo/ unpleasantly4 ,^! ar*aic ideas 7 s deeply implant$ 9 ! popul> m9d t o!r beliefs nev] expell$ !m1 b sup]v5$ & exi/$ side by side ) !m )\t caus+ _! disappe>ance4 ,on tombs ( ! imp]ial p]iod =mulas l ! foll[+ are (t5 read3 8,hic requiescit10 8,"h re/s10 8,quieti aet]nae10 8,= et]nal re/0--inscriptions :i* c\ld be int]pret$ figuratively2 b o!r wi%es c only be tak5 to h a mat]ial s5se1 su* z3 8,ossa quiescant10 8,may 8 bones re/10 & 8,mollit] ossa cub5t10 8,may ! bones lie s(tly40 ,poetry has pres]v$ a numb] ( simil> phrases4 ,tibullus expresses ! foll[+ wi% = a lov$ woman3 8,may ?y sl5d] =m re/ well b5ea? ! s(t e>?40#dfe ,! re/ :i* ! exact accompli%m5t ( ! rites gave to ! dead 0 n physical only b moral also4 ,! dead 7 securi--! ^w is prop]ly appli$ to !m--t is1 !y 7 exempt f c>e4 ,d\btless ! c>e f :i* !y 7 deliv]$ by ! cult ( ! grave1 0 fir/ t ( suff]+ f hung] & ?ir/1#dff b ! 8et]nal security0 7securitas aet]na7#dfg !y enjoy$ 0 also ! abs5ce ( all ! fe>s & anxieties :i* haunt humanity4 ,:5 philosophy claim$ to free s\ls f ! sup]/itions ( ! pa/1 x did n de/roy ! old conception ( re/ 9 ! tomb b cleans$ x f all mat]ial alloy4 ,if x be d\btful :e!r any?+ ( man survives1 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t dea? m>ks ! abolition ( ! pa9s ( ?is _w & ! end ( its tr\bles4 ,mors laborum et mis]i>um quies1 is ,cic]o's def9ition4#dfh ,dea? re/ores u to t /ate ( tranquillity 9 :i* we 7 be=e our bir?4#dfi ,! 8et]nal home0 :i* %elt]s ! rema9s ( man is ! sil5t temple 9 :i* he no long] has any?+ to fe> f nature or f 8 fell[s4 ,! ,epicureans :o made at>axia _! ideal ( life1 ! ,/oics :o f\nd !irs 9 impassivity 771 c\ld see 9 ! anae/hesia ( dea? ! supreme realisation ( su* abs5ce ( emotion & passion4 ,! corpse lies z s(tly on its la/ b$ z a man plung$ 9 a deep & quiet sleep4 ,! burial place is inde$ (t5 consecrat$ to ,somno aet]no4#dgj ,?is idea is express$ 9 a ?\s& =ms 9 lit]ature & 9 epitaphs4 ,a poor gramm>ian ( ,como1 :o d\btless _h _h little reason to congratulate himself on life1 caus$ two l9es ( v]se to be engrav$ on 8 tomb3#dga 8,i fl$ ! mis]ies ( sickness & ! great ills ( life2 ,i am n[ deliv]$ f all its pa9s & enjoy a peaceful calm40 ,on an ,african grave !re are ! foll[+ words3 8,aft] be>+ a heavy burd5 & aft] manifold toils1 he speaks no m1 cont5t ) ! sil5t dwell+ 9 :i* he re/s40#dgb ,we read else:]e1 8,life 0 a pa91 dea? prep>$ me re/40#dgc ,! s5tim5t express$ by ^! inscriptions & _m m l !m is no m]e reflection ( ! tea*+ ( philosoph]s :o d5i$ ! future life3 x is pr(\ndly human4 ,! melodi\s b melan*oly apo/rophe ( ,leconte de ,lisle is well kn[n3 8,et toi1 div9e mort1 ou t\t r5tre et s'efface1 ,accueille tes enfants dans ton se9 toil2 ,affran*is n\s du temps1 du nombre et de l'espace ,et r5ds n\s le repos que la vie a tr\bl40 8,o ,dea? div9e1 at ^: recall1 ,returne? all ,to fade 9 ?y embrace1 ,ga!r ?y *ildr5 to ?y bosom />r$1 ,free u f "t1 f numb] & f space1 ,& give u back ! re/ t life has m>r$40#dgd ,9 ! mid/ ( all ! tribulation ( our torm5t$ exi/5ce1 to h[ _m m9ds1 ev5 ^? :i* h ! /ronge/ religi\s conviction1 h n ! immobility & ins5sibility ( ^? :o are no m sometimes seem$ l a deliv]ance8 ,9 antiquity also1 ?is aspiration t[>ds ! mom5t :5 man w obta9 remission ( all 8 travail does n necess>ily imply ! belief t !re is no hope beyond ! cold sleep ( ! grave4 ,?is ye>n+ m+les ) fai? 9 immortality & is trans=m$ ) x4 ,:5 x 0 believ$ t ! dead w5t d[n into ! dep?s ( ! e>? :]e lay ! inf]nal k+dom1 ano!r mean+ 0 giv5 to _! re/4 ,! fun]al eulogy ( a noble woman :o t[>ds ! end ( ! ,republican p]iod sav$ ! life ( h] husb&1 :o _h be5 proscrib$1 ends ) ! nave words3 8,i pray t ! gods ?y ,manes may grant !e re/ & ?us protect !e40#dge ,! %ades ( ! k9sm5 ( ! dead mu/ receive _! s\ls 9 ! subt]ranean _w#dgf & ?us ensure _! welf>e4 ,! road :i* mu/ be travell$ be=e ! abode ( ! elect 0 rea*$ 0 long & beset ) dang]s4 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead 9 ,egypt1 ! ,orphic tablets 9 ,greece1 7 guides to ! ,beyond :i* taught ! dead n to /ray f ! "r pa? & to avoid ! v>i\s dang]s ?reat5+ !m4#dgg ,_m ( !m1 ! impi\s :o _h to expiate _! misde$s & ! un=tunate to :om fun]al duties _h n be5 r5d]$1 w&]$ wret*$ly on ! banks ( ! ,/yx1 va9ly long+ to ent] ! 8peaceful abode0 ( ! ,elysian ,fields4#dgh ,!re1 ly+ 9 ! cool %ade1 ! bless$ enjoy$ a felicity exempt f all c>e4 ,s]5e quiet 9 a sweet idl5ess *e]$ by joy\s relaxation & wise conv]sation--su* 0 ! ideal :i* "s my/]ies#dgi oppos$ to ! we>y agitations ( e>?ly life & to ! long suff]+s ( ! s9ful & vagabond s\l4 ,= ! adepts ( ^! doctr9es ! secura quies appli$ to ! repose ( ! ne!r _w1 & ?is conception ( beatitude beyond ! grave is f\nd to p]si/ until ! end ( paganism4#dhj ,b we h se5 t ano!r doctr9e triumph$ 9 ! ,roman p]iod1 ! doctr9e t s\ls rise to ! skies to live !re et]nally among ! />s4 ,9 ?is great metamorphosis ( es*atological beliefs :at became ( ! idea ( ! repose ( ! dead8 ,! "q des]ves to be m closely inve/igat$1 = ! trans=mation _h la/+ consequ5ces ( :i* ! ultimate effects c be felt ev5 today4 ,! ,py?agoreans 71 z we h se51#dha ! fir/ to promulgate ! doctr9e ( cele/ial immortality 9 ,greece & ,italy4 ,"o ( ! allegories famili> to ! tea*+ ( ! sect connect$ human de/9y ) ! old my? ( ,h]cules at ! crossroads4 ,! ,greek lett] ,y1 ( :i* ! /em divides midway into two1 0 9 ! s*ool ! symbol ( ?is comp>ison--we h already allud$ to x else:]e4#dhb ,:5 man rea*es ! age ( reason two pa?s are op5 to him4 ,"o is smoo? & easy b ends 9 an abyss3 ?is is ! way ( pleasure4 ,! o!r is at fir/ r\gh & jagg$--x is ! h>d road ( virtue--b he :o climbs to ! summit ( its slope c !re re/ delici\sly f 8 we>9ess4 ,fun]al reliefs repres5t ?is contra/ navely3 at ! bottom ( ! /ele ! dead man is (t5 se5 accompli%+ ! lab\rs ( 8 c>e]2 at ! top ( ! /one he is %[n /ret*$ at 8 ease on a c\*4 ,! mean+ ( ! allegory is imm$iately app>5t3 ! quieta s$es 9 :i* des]v+ s\ls are receiv$1 has become ! sky4 ,h[ 0 ?is idea develop$8 ,hom]#dhc _h already describ$ ,olympus z 8! immovable seat ( ! gods :i* is nei!r %ak5 by ! w9ds1 nor wet by ! ra9s1 nor t\*$ by ! sn[1 b is bright ) a cl\dless light40 ,! ,epicureans appli$ ^! l9es ( ! poet to ! s]5e dwell+ :]e no?+ occurr$ to modify ! p]petual peace enjoy$ by ! gods4#dhd ,& ! f\nd] ( ,/oicism _h already taught t ! pi\s s\ls1 sep>at$ f ! guilty1 inhabit$ 8tranquil & delectable0 regions4#dhe ,bo? call$ ?is dwell+ ( ! gods or ! elect by ! same "n--s$es quietae4 ,we mu/ "h rememb] ! di/9ction1 e/abli%$ by ! philosoph]s & (t5 repeat$1 betwe5 ! sublun>y circle & ! cele/ial sph]es4#dhf ,above1 ! _w ( ! et]nal gods2 bel[1 ! _w ( g5]ation & corruption4 ,!re ! pure e!r always kept ! same s]5ity2 "h ! /ruggle ( ! elem5ts call$ =? unceas+ agitation & trans=mation4 ,on "o side reign$ peace & h>mony1 on ! o!r w> & discord4 ,! zone ( ! moon 0 ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two contra/$ p>ts ( ! _w1 & 8! limit betwe5 life & dea?40#dhg ,x 0 :5 !y _h cross$ x1 t ! s\ls ent]$ ! quietae s$es ( ! ,bless$4 ,! v anci5t idea ( a fe>ful j\rney :i* ! dead _h to make 9 ord] to rea* ,pluto's subt]ranean k+dom 0 transf]r$ to ! space ly+ betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon1 = ?is 0 ! region ( ! univ]se to :i* ! "n ( ne!r _w 7,inf]i7#dhh 0 h5ce=? appli$4 ,z we h se5 9 ! previ\s lecture1#dhi :5 ! s\l1 escap+ f ! body1 0 lad5 ) mat]ial dross1 x 0 toss$ ab\t = _m c5turies be=e x c\ld aga9 w9 to ! e!r4 ,%ak5 by ! w9ds1 swept to & fro by ! oppos+ elem5ts ( air1 wat] & fire1 x _h to endure a long torture be=e x 0 cleans$ ( ! s9 :i* weigh$ x d[n4 ,:5 at l5g? x 0 fre$ ( e fle%ly ta9t1 x escap$ f inw>d tr\ble also1 f ! pa9s & ! passions provok$ by its union ) ! body4 8,!n10 says ,s5eca1 8x t5ds to return to ! place :5ce x has be5 s5t d[n2 !re et]nal quiet awaits x :5 x passes f ! confus$ & gross to ! cle> & pure40#dij ,9 ! same way c]ta9 ,neo-,platoni/s taught t s\ls :i* _h liv$ well1 rose to ! cele/ial heights & re/$ !re amid ! />s4 ,ev5 9 ?is life ! ec/asy1 :i* gave !m anticipat$ enjoym5t ( ! future bliss1 is describ$ by !m z a transport 9 :i* reason atta9s to absolute /ability or equipoise1 escapes f all movem5t & re/s 9 ! ,supreme ,be+4#dia ,peace 9 ! cele/ial light3 su* is ! highe/ =m :i* ! repose ( ! dead assum$ 9 paganism4#dib ,! v>i\s ideas :i* we h j analys$--^? ( ! repose 9 ! grave1 ! repose 9 ! inf]nal regions & ! repose 9 heav5--foll[$ p>allel c\rses dur+ ! c5turies & 9 "p pass$ f antiquity to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b ! di/9ction betwe5 !m is n always cle>4 ,ev5 9 paganism !y 7 int]m+l$ & 9 ! c\rse ( "t !y 7 gradually confus$4 ,9 no class ( beliefs is ! =ce ( tradition great] ?an 9 ^? :i* c5tre 9 dea?1 & ! ,*ri/ian peoples clung t5aci\sly to articles ( fai? :i* ,jews & pagans _h %>$ be=e !m4 ,we h se5#dic t ! masses did n easily give up _! belief t ! dead cont9u$1 9 or ab\t ! tomb1 a vegetat+ & unc]ta9 life4 ,extreme importance 0 /ill atta*$ to burial because ! m or less unconsci\s conviction p]si/$ t ! s\l's re/ dep5d$ on t ( ! body4 ,! dread ( gho/s 0 /ill ! inspiration = "s c]emonies p]=m$ ov] ! rema9s ( ! dead4 ,nay1 a new appreh5sion 0 add$ to ?is1 namely1 ! fe> le/ ! dead ^: bodies 7 torn f ! tomb %\ld h no "p 9 ! resurrection ( ! fle%4#did ,! =mula1 8,hic requiescit10 8,"h re/s--10 0 transf]r$ f pagan to ,*ri/ian epigraphy1 & ! re/ m5 wi%$ to ! dep>t$ 0 fir/ ! re/ ( ! corpse1 :i* 0 peacefully to await ! ,day ( ,judgm5t 9 its la/ dwell+4 ,^! 7 d\btless vulg> prejudices r ?an dogmas recognis$ by or?odoxy1 yet !y did n rema9 )\t influ5ce on ! tea*+ ( ! doctors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,= in/ance1 ,sa9t ,ambrose#die enl>ges on ! ?\ght1 probably borr[$ f "s philosoph]1 t dea? is good because 9 x ! body1 s\rce ( our uneas9ess1 our tr\bles & our vices1 re/s1 calm$ = ev]1 :ile ! virtu\s s\l rises to heav54 ,aft] ! travail ( exi/5ce ! dead re/ z man re/s on ! ,sabba? day1 & ?is 01 x 0 expla9$1 ! reason :y ! sev5? day 0 ! day ( ! commemoration ( ! dep>t$4 ,! idea ( re/ 9 ! inf]nal regions has left no deep traces on ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 = :i* ! subt]ranean _w became ! abode ( ! wick$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 some:]e 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? t ! dwell+ ( ! righte\s :o liv$ be=e ! ,r$emption 0 commonly plac$1 sometimes also t ( *ildr5 :o di$ unbaptis$4 ,!y f\nd !re accord+ to ! ,pelagians a 8place ( repose & salvation0 outside ! k+dom ( heav54#dif ,b 9 ,roman times ! idea ( peace 9 ! cele/ial light 0 dom9ant among ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians z among ! pagans4 ,?us ! ,book ( ,eno* %[s u ! prophet c>ri$ (f 9 a :irlw9d to ! heights :5ce he p]ceiv$ 8! b$s :]e ! j re/0 amid ! sa9ts4#dig ,we c "h po9t out exactly ! mo/ important ( ! lit]>y int]m$i>ies ?r\gh :om ?is conception 0 transmitt$ f paganism to ,judaism & f ,judaism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4 ,d41 amid ! desolation :i* foll[$ on ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple1 a pi\s ,jew1 some:]e 9 ! ,ea/1 compos$ & ascrib$ to ! v5]able au?or%ip ( ,esdras an apocalypse :i* enjoy$ s+ul> popul>ity until ! "t ( its rejection by ! ,*ur* z apocryphal4 ,! vision>y :o set x d[n comb9es a numb] ( pagan rem9isc5ces ) biblical ideas4 ,he promises et]nal felicity to ! j1 & asks himself :at w be ! lot ( s\ls betwe5 ! "t ( _! dea? & ! end ( ! _w4 ,w !y be at re/ or w !y be tortur$8 ,& ! angel :o inspires him answ]s t :5 ! vital brea? has left ! body to g aga9 to adore ! glory ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 ! s\l :i* has violat$ ! div9e law w n ent] ! cele/ial dwell+s b w 8w&] amid/ torm5ts1 = ev] suff]+ & sadd5$ on sev5 pa?s40 ,b ! s\l :i* has walk$ 9 ! way ( ,god 8w re/ 9 sev5 ord]s ( rew>ds40#dih ,! six? ( ^! is ! ord] 9 :i* its face beg9s to %9e l ! sun & 9 :i* x becomes incorruptible1 l ! />s2 ! sev5? is t 9 :i* x w9s to ! sight ( ,god4 ,^! are conceptions & ev5 expressions :i* belong to a/ral immortality1 & ! ,jewi% au?or1 l ! pagans be=e him1 ev]y:]e contra/s ! /ate ( agitation fill$ ) angui% res]v$ = ! guilty ) ! bless$ tranquillity :i* is ! rew>d ( a pi\s life4#dii ,! description ( ! cele/ial dwell+ :i* ,sa9t ,ambrose borr[$ f ! pseudo-,esdras is s+ul>ly l t giv5 by ! philosoph]s ( ! e>li] p]iod3 a place 9 :i* !re is no cl\d1 no ?und]1 no lightn+1 no viol5ce ( w9ds1 nei!r d>kness nor sunset1 nei!r summ] nor w9t] to v>y ! seasons1 :]e no cold is met )1 nor hail1 nor ra94 ,b ! ,*ri/ian doctor1 l ! ,jewi% vision>y1 adds a new feature3 !re w be no m sun nor moon nor />s2 ! light ( ,god w %9e alone4#ejj ,! idea ( repose 9 ! et]nal light 01 ?anks to ! apocalypse ( ! suppos$ ,esdras1 to become "o ( ^? mo/ frequ5tly express$ by epitaphs & ritual4 ,x 0 f ?is apocryphal "w t ! ,roman liturgy borr[$ ! =m ( a pray] introduc$ into ! (fice ( ! dead at lea/ z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury & /ill sung 9 ! fun]al s]vice--,requiem aet]nam dona eis ,dom9e et lux p]petua luceat eis4 8,"l1 give !m et]nal re/ & may p]petual light %9e ^u !m40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! idea ( ! repa/ ( ! dead evolv$1 l t ( _! repose1 z ! conception ( life beyond ! tomb 0 gradually trans=m$1 & x f9ally assum$ a f> high] significance ?an t orig9ally attribut$ to x4 ,accord+ to a belief f\nd ev]y:]e1 ! dead1 z we "k1#eja ne$$ n\ri%m5t if !y 7 n to suff] f hung]4 ,h5ce ! obligation to make libations & sacrifices on ! tomb & to deposit food & dr9k !re4 ,! neglect ( ^! sacr$ duties entail$ consequ5ces fe>ful to him :o fail$ to fulfil !m1 j z _! exact obs]vance ensur$ him ! good w ( ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,! cu/om ( hold+ banquets :i* unit$ ! memb]s ( a family beside a grave at a fun]al or on c]ta9 consecrat$ days1 0 connect$ ) ?is belief4 ,?is cu/om 0 no m]e r5d]+ ( an hon\r to "o :o _h gone1 no unmix$ manife/ation ( piety or affection4 ,! motive = ^! c]emonies 0 mu* m concrete4 ,z we h /at$ else:]e1#ejb m5 7 p]suad$ t ! _s ( him :o lay b5ea? ! gr\nd 0 pres5t at ! meal1 took its place beside its k9 & rejoic$ ) !m4 ,!re=e its %>e 0 set aside = x1 & by consecrat$ =mulas x 0 invit$ to dr9k & eat4 ,moreov] ! gue/s !mselves ate copi\sly & drank deeply1 conv9c$ t ! noisy conviviality ( ! fea/ 0 a s\rce ( joy & refre%m5t to ! %ade 9 ! gloom ( its sepul*ral exi/5ce4 ,sometimes ! d9n] took place 9 a room )9 ! tomb1 specially set aside = su* meet+s1 sometimes 9 "o ( ! g>d5s :i* m5 delight$ to make ar\nd ! 8et]nal h\se0 ( ! dead#ejc & to :i* inscriptions sometimes give ! "n ( 8p>adise0 774#ejd ,^! are cu/oms & ideas :i* are f\nd ev]y:]e f ! "t :5 hi/ory _h its orig91 practices & ideas to :i* "u ! ,roman ,empire ! p /ill clung1 & :i* ev5 p>tially surviv$ ! conv]sion ( ! masses to ,*ri/ianity1 al?\gh ! ,*ur* condemn$ !m z pagan4 ,until ! end ( antiquity & ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 banquets1 at :i* w9e fl[$ abundantly1 7 /ill held on anniv]s>ies by k9sfolk & fri5ds ne> ! rema9s ( ^? !y lov$4#eje ,:51 h[ev]1 ! conception ( survival 9 ! tomb 0 sup]s$$ or ov]%ad[$ by t ( survival 9 ! ne!r _w1 ! repa/ ( ! dead 0 also transf]r$ ?i!r4 ,h5ce=? x 0 9 ! ,elysian ,fields t pi\s s\ls c\ld take _! place at ! table ( ! ,bless$4 ,! ,orphics 7 ! fir/ to introduce into ,greece ?is new idea1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 no m ?an ! developm5t ( a pre-,hell5ic belief1 & x spread ?r\gh ! my/]ies ( ,dionysos#ejf to e "p ( ! anci5t _w3 ! rituali/ic repa/s 9 :i* ! initiate took "p1 ! drunk5ness :i* exalt$ _! :ole be+1 7 = ! adepts ( ?is cult at once a =eta/e & a w>rant ( ! happ9ess res]v$ = !m 9 t et]nal fea/ ( ! subt]ranean _w 9 :i* a sweet intoxication w\ld rejoice _! s\l4 ,t =getfulness ( all c>es :i* ! div9e liquor gave 0 connect$ ) ,le!1 ! wat] ( :i*1 accord+ to my?ology1 s\ls drank t !y might lose all memory ( _! =m] life4 ,an imm5se numb] ( reliefs1 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,roman ,empire1 be> witness to ! popul>ity ( ! belief 9 ?is =m ( immortality4 ,! dead man :o has be5 made a h]o & ^: family comes to make sacrifices to him is /ret*$ on a c\* & lifts ! rhyton :i* holds ! heady dr9k ( ,bac*us1 :ile be=e him1 on a little table1 di%es are plac$4 ,^! banquets took place1 z we h said1 9 ! ,elysian ,fields1 & ! idea ( ! repa/ ?us met & comb9$ ) ! idea ( re/4 ,! ,bless$ 7 imag9$ z ly+ on a s(t b$ ( fl[]$ grass1 tak+ "p 9 a p]petual fea/1 to ! accompanim5t ( music & songs4 ,lucian 9 8 8,true ,hi/ories0#ejg describes1 ) ironical exagg]ation1 ! joys ( ^! gue/s :o are /ret*$ com=tably among ! fl[]s ( a fragrant mead[ 9 ! %ade ( leafy trees1 & :o ga!r1 in/ead ( fruit1 cry/al goblets1 :i* fill ) w9e z soon z !y are plac$ on ! table4 ,9 spite ( ! mock]y ( sceptics ^! beliefs /ill _h "s fai?ful p>tisans ev5 at ! end ( paganism4 ,a picture discov]$ 9 ! catacomb ( ,praetextatus %[s u a prie/ ( ! ,?raco-,phrygian god ,sabazios celebrat+ a my/ic banquet ) six ( 8 fell[s1 & ano!r fresco repres5ts ! introduction ( a veil$ woman into ! g>d5 ( delights1 :]e %e has be5 judg$ wor?y ( be+ receiv$ at ! table ( virtu\s s\ls4#ejh ,sometimes 9 ! reliefs ( ! 8fun]al banquet0 ! dead are se5 we>+ on _! head ! bu%el 7modius7 ( ,s]apis1 ) :om1 aft] a virtu\s life1 !y h be5 id5tifi$4 ,?is indicates a confusion1 to :i* mu* o!r te/imony be>s witness1 betwe5 ! ,bac*ic my/]ies & ! cult ( ! ,alex&rian god4#eji ,s]apis is ! great ma/] ( ! fea/ 771#eaj ! ho/ :o mu/ 9 ! ne!r _w ent]ta9 ^? fai?ful to him4 ,?us ! es*atological beliefs ( ! ,nile ,valley m+l$ ) ^? ( ,greece4 ,9 ! c\ntry ( burn+ sun1 :]e a /ray+ travell] runs ! risk ( dy+ ( ?ir/ on ! arid /ret*es ( s&1 ! hope express$ above all o!rs = him :o accompli%es ! great pilgrimage to ! abode ( ! inf]nal div9ities1 is t he may f9d :]e) to qu5* 8 consum+ ?ir/4 8,may ,osiris give !e fre% wat]0 is a wi% :i* ! vot>ies ( ! ,egyptian god (t5 inscrib$ on _! tombs4 ,?us ! repa/ 9 ! o!r _w 0 to be above all a refre%m5t 7refrig]ium74 ,! ^w pass$ into ,*ri/ian language to d5ote bo? e>?ly 8agape0 or sacr$ meal & ! bliss ( ! o!r _w1 & ev5 today ! ,roman ,*ur* prays = ! spiritual 8refre%m5t0 ( ! dead4#eaa ,we t\* "h on a "q :i* is n yet completely elucidat$1 t ( ! relation e/abli%$ betwe5 ! fun]al banquet & ! salvation ( ^? :o took "p 9 x4 ,9 ,rome f ! end ( ! ,republic onw>ds ?is banquet1 amid ! g5]al decl9e ( fai? 9 immortality1 0 increas+ly deta*$ f ! tomb & became a guild or dome/ic c]emony4 ,! t5d5cy 0 to r$uce x to ! repa/ ( a family or confrat]nity1 to ! p]petuation among m5 ( ! memory ( him ^: features 7 pres]v$ by a /atue or picture4 ,b ! fun]al cult acquir$ new mean+ ) ! spread ( ,ori5tal religions4 ,x did n cease to be useful to ! dead :o 7 its object1 to ^: subsi/5ce 9 ! beyond & safe arrival 9 ! ,elysian ,fields x 0 /ill ?\ght to be necess>y4 ,! (f]+s ( ! liv+ su/a9$ !m on _! dang]\s & h>d j\rney ?i!r2 ! food & dr9k re/or$ !m on ! long road !y _h to travel be=e !y rea*$ ! place ( ev]la/+ refre%m5t4 ,b ! fun]al repa/ 0 also salut>y to ^? :o (f]$ x1 & n only because x ensur$ to !m ! good w ( a _s or demon capable ( protect+ !m4 ,?is banquet1 at :i* w9e fl[$ pr(usely1 0 l ! 8orgies0 ( ! ,bac*ic & ,ori5tal my/]ies1 & ! resemblance is p>tly expla9$ by an id5tity ( k9d4 ,! ritual ( ! gods ^: dea? & resurrection 7 commemorat$--,bac*us1 ,osiris1 ,attis1 ,adonis--0 probably a developm5t ( ! fun]al ritual1 & ! banquet ( initiation 0 ?us relat$ to ! banquet at ! grave4 ,on ! "o h&1 x 0 believ$ t by a my/ic union ) ! god1 m5 c\ld %>e 8 bless$ lot aft] ! transi5t trial ( a dea? l 84#eab ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 ) a dead man t a repa/ 0 tak51 b ) "o :o also1 9 "s sort1 _h become a god1 :o _h prec$$ ! d9]s into ! o!r _w & await$ !m !re4 8,live happy & p\r out w9e to our ,manes10 says a ,lat9 epitaph ( ,syria1 engrav$ b5ea? a sc5e ( libation1 8recollect+ t "o day y w be ) u40#eac ,accord+ to an op9ion :i* (t5 f\nd expression1 ! %ades !mselves reject$ :oev] did n des]ve to ent] ! abode ( ! ,bless$1 b will+ly receiv$ ! pi\s s\l :i* _h always fulfill$ its duty t[>ds !m4#ead ,= admission to ?is club ( po/hum\s d9]s a memb]s vote 0 necess>y4 ,?us ! fun]al banquet took on ! "* ( a my/ic banquet2 t is1 x came to be conceiv$ z a prelibation ( ! banquet at :i* ! elect fea/$ 9 ! o!r _w4 ,! wi% :i* ! gue/s made to ea* o!r--8,dr9k & live60--became an allusion1 no m to ?is e>?ly life1 b to t o!r exi/5ce 9 :i* !y w\ld p>ticipate 9 ! felicity ( him :o _h gone be=e !m & :o w\ld help !m to rejo9 him !re94 ,! foll[+ advice1 repeat$ else:]e 9 v>i\s =ms1 is f\nd on ! tomb ( a prie/ ( ,sabazios3 8,dr9k1 eat1 je/ & come to me 444 t is :at y w c>ry away ) y0 7hoc tecum f]es74#eae ,?is is n to be und]/ood "h z an ,epicurean invitation to enjoy life because all else is va91#eaf b a veil$ expression ( fai? 9 ! efficacy = ! salvation ( ! initiate attribut$ to ! joy\s banquets :i* ga!r$ m5 ab\t a tomb4 ,! connection betwe5 ! beliefs ( ! my/]ies & ! hopes atta*$ to ! fun]al cult became m intimate z immortality br\ght ! spirits ( ! dead ne>] ! cele/ial div9ities4 ,! idea t "s few privileg$ mortals w9 admission to ! banquet ( ! gods is v anci5t4 ,an inscription ( ,s5dj]li 9 ,syria1 :i* goes back to ! eigh? c5tury be=e our era1 ord]s sacrifices to be made 9 ord] t ! s\l ( ,k+ ,panamu 8may eat & dr9k ) ! god ,hadad10#eag & ,greek my?ology told t c]ta9 h]oes1 su* z ,h]acles1 :o _h be5 c>ri$ (f to heav51 _h !re become ! table companions ( ! gods4 ,horace /ates t ,augu/us1 borne to ! e!real summits1 w !re re/ betwe5 ,h]cules & ,pollux1 8dr9k+ nect> ) 8 rosy lips40#eah ,b we h se5 else:]e t apo!osis1 or deification1 :i* 0 at fir/ ! privilege ( an ari/ocracy1 became ! common lot ( all pi\s s\ls1#eai & t ! ,elysian ,fields 7 transf]r$ f ! dep?s ( ! inf]nal realm to ! upp] sph]es ( ! _w4 ,! repa/ ( ! ,bless$ 0 ?us transport$ to heav54#ebj ,?is removal to ! region ( ! />s seems to h be5 fir/ made 9 ! a/ral religion ( ,syria1 b x 0 commonly accept$ 9 we/]n paganism4 ,?is is :y 9 fun]al reliefs ( ! ,roman p]iod1 9 :i* ! dead are %[n banquet+1 su* repres5tations are plac$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! /ele1 above ! sc5es ( e>?ly life :i* fill ! l[] portion ( ! /one4 ,! emp]or ,julian is giv+ u a mock+ picture ( ?is repa/ ( ! h]oes1 :5 9 "o ( 8 satires he %[s u ! %ades ( ! ,caes>s at table imm$iately b5ea? ! moon1 9 ! highe/ zone ( ! atmosph]es--9 accordance ) ! ideas ( ! ,/oics4#eba ,m5 readily fa%ion$ ! h]oes :o ta/$ ! joys ( ,olympus on ! patt]n ( ! cele/ial div9ities--respl5d5t ) light1 clo!d 9 g>m5ts ( dazzl+ :it5ess1 _! heads cr[n$ ) rays or surr\nd$ by a lum9\s nimbus1 s++1 z 9 a ,greek symposium1 melodi\s hymns4 ,! philosoph]s ( c\rse gave a symbolical int]pretation ( ! intoxication ( ! s\ls :i* took "p 9 ! fea/1 expla9+ x z ! ravi%+ ( reason p5etrat$ by div9e intellig5ce4 ,we w return to _! doctr9es pres5tly4 ,! ,jews ( ! ,alex&rian p]iod %>$ ! belief 9 ! cele/ial banquet ) ! ,syrian paganism & transmitt$ x to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,p>adise ( ! elect 0 (t5 conceiv$ z a %ady g>d5 :]e tables 7 set out at :i* immortal gue/s pass$ _! "t 9 endless joy4 ,?us1 n to m5tion bett]-kn[n texts1 ,aphraates1 a ,syriac au?or ( ! fir/ half ( ! f\r? c5tury1 depicts ! felicity ( ! ,bless$1 clo!d 9 light1 :o are admitt$ to ! div9e table & are !re f$ ) food :i* nev] fails4 8,!re ! air is pleasant & s]5e1 a brilliant light %9es1 trees gr[ ( :i* ! fruit rip5s p]petually1 ( :i* ! leaves nev] fall1 & b5ea? ^! %ades1 :i* give out a sweet fragrance1 ! s\ls eat ?is fruit & are nev] satiat$40#ebb ,! repres5tation ( ?is fea/ ( ,p>adise recurs sev]al times 9 ! pa9t+s ( ! catacombs1 b 9 !m ! w9e is p\r$ out by ,peace 7,eir5e7 & ,*>ity 7,agape74 ,an allegorical explanation gave a spiritual mean+ to ! food & dr9k consum$ by ! elect4 ,b ! old idea :i* 0 at ! root ( all ! lat] developm5t1 ! idea ( a mat]ial repa/ 9 :i* ! dead p>ticipat$1 did n disappe> f popul> fai? :5 ! conception t s\ls rose to ! sky 0 adopt$1 & 9 _m c\ntries x has n be5 oblit]at$ ev5 today4#ebc 99 99 99 99 99 ,ev5 9 ! pagan p]iod1 z we h said1 enlight5$ m9ds accept$ ! old descriptions ( joy\s fea/s 9 fre% mead[s only 9 a figurative s5se4 ,a less co>se conception ( immortality suff]$ !m to be look$ ^u only z symbols or metaphors4 ,?is conception ( cele/ial beatitude orig9at$ n 9 ! cult ( ! dead b 9 ! cult ( ! gods4 ,x 0 at fir/ z mat]ial z prec$+ conceptions1 b x became purifi$ z ! idea ( psy*ic survival 0 spiritualis$4 ,we h se5 9 ano!r lecture#ebd t ! 8sight ( ! god0 :o 0 ador$ 0 ! highe/ degree ( initiation4 ,!urgy flatt]$ itself t x c\ld evoke div9e app>itions at w4 ,^! visions h be5 describ$ to u by ^? :o claim$ to h be5 fav\r$ ) !m4#ebe ,_! "* & _! effects h moreov] be5 analys$ 9 detail 9 ! treatise ( ,jambli*us1 ,on ! ,my/]ies4 ,! impression mo/ imm$iately produc$ by ^! epiphanies 0 a b\ndless admiration = _! spl5d\r4 ,! incomp>able beauty ) :i* ! gods 7 radiant1 ! sup]natural light 9 :i* !y 7 wrapp$1 _h su* an effect on m5 t !y c\ld h>dly be> ! effulg5ce & ne>ly lo/ consci\sness1 b _! s\ls 7 flood$ ) unspeakable joy & purifi$ = ev]4 ,to ?is ineffable delight ( a he>t possess$ ( div9e love !re 0 add$ ! highe/ revelation = ! intellig5ce4#ebf ,mu/ n ! infallible 8gnosis0 be t :i* 0 ! result ( in/ruction receiv$ directly f ! m\? ( a cele/ial p[] :i* _h come d[n to e>?8 ,! devotees :o _h obta9$ ! signal fav\r ( ?is respl5d5t vision1 7 !nce=? unit$ to ! deity :o _h manife/$ himself to !m1 & 7 c]ta9 to %>e 8 immortal life4 ,! fugitive pleasure :i* !y _h felt on e>? w\ld become a bliss )\t end 9 ! k+dom ( ! dead4 ,!re !y w\ld see face to face ! god :o protect$ !m & le>n f him all t _h rema9$ hidd5 f !m 9 ?is life4 ,^! ideas1 half religi\s1 half magical1 are v anci5t1 especially 9 ,egypt1 b !y 7 trans=m$ by a/rolatry4 ,"h ! cele/ial p[]s _h n to be summon$ by pray] or invok$ by incantations 9 ord] t !y might come & conv]se ) ! fai?ful1 b 7 p]petually visible & (f]$ !mselves1 day & night1 to ! v5]ation ( humanity4 ,h5ce=? ! k ( div9e ?+s 0 no long] to be communicat$ by ! words :i* ! initiate believ$ t he he>d 9 ! sil5ce ( ! sanctu>y4 ,x 0 reveal$ by a my/]i\s inspiration to him :o _h des]v$ x by a f]v5t obs]vation ( ! heav5s4#ebg ,?us by an illum9ation ( ! intellig5ce ! a/ral p[]s unveil$ _! w & ! secrets ( _! movem5ts to _! att5tive s]vants4 ,"h bel[ ?is k 0 always imp]fect & fragm5t>y1 b x w\ld be complet$ 9 ano!r _w1 :5 reason once m w\ld rise al(t to ! />ry spaces :5ce x _h desc5d$4 ,?is es*atological doctr9e1 :i* made a/ronomy ! s\rce ( virtue & ( immortality1 c\ld only be develop$ by a cl]gy devot$ to ! /udy ( t sci5ce4 ,its fir/ au?ors 7 d\btless ! 8,*aldeans10 :o transmitt$ x to ,greece ) _! !ories z to ! divisions ( ! sky & ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! mo/ anci5t writ+ 9 :i* ?is ,ori5tal influ5ce ass]ts itself cle>ly is ! ,ep9omis1 probably a "w ( ! a/ronom] ,philip ( ,opus1 a disciple ( ,plato4 ,let u li/5 to 8 own words3#ebh 8,:5 man p]ceives ! h>mony ( ! sky & ! immovable ord] ( its revolutions1 he is fir/ fill$ ) joy & /ruck ) admiration4 ,!n ! passion is born 9 him to le>n ab\t !m all t x is possible = 8 mortal nature to "k1 = he is p]suad$ t he w ?us lead ! be/ & happie/ exi/5ce & w g aft] 8 dea? to ! places suit$ to virtue4 ,!n be+ v]itably & really initiate1 pure reason tak+ "p 9 ! only wisdom1 he w sp5d ! re/ ( 8 "t 9 contemplation ( :at is mo/ beautiful among all visible ?+s40 ,?is passage %[s cle>ly ! mann] 9 :i* a/rolatry modifi$ anci5t ideas z to ! sight ( a god1 ! rev]5tial wond] felt 9 8 pres5ce by ! fai?ful1 ! tru? communicat$ to !m & ! immortality :i* complet$ _! initiation4 ,! doctr9e ( an intellectual rew>d = ! ,bless$ 0 to attract s*ol>s :o 9 ?is _w gave !mselves up to /udy4 ,spiritual activity1 :i* emancipates f mat]ial c>e & gives man nobility & virtue1 seem$ to !m to be ! only occupation wor?y ( ! elect4 ,if ! !ory t ! ,bless$ w\ld aft] dea? f9d ?is activity 9 ! mid/ ( ! div9e />s1 is probably ( 8,*aldean0 orig91 x 0 develop$ by ! ,greek philosoph]s & 9 p>ticul> by ,posidonius4 ,x 0 also admitt$ into ! ,roman my/]ies1 :i*1 be+ p5etrat$ by ! _s ( ,ori5tal !ologies1 claim$ to supply _! adepts ) a complete explanation ( ! univ]se4 ,we h already allud$ to ?is sy/em 9 speak+ ( a/ral my/icism4#ebi ,nature h]self has de/9$ man to gaze ^u ! skies4 ,o!r animals are b5t to ! e>?2 he pr\dly lifts 8 head to ! />s4 ,8 eye1 a t9y mirror 9 :i* imm5sity is reflect$1 ! s\l's door1 op5 to ! inf9ite1 foll[s ! evolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies f "h bel[4 ,by _! spl5d\r !y make m5 m>vel & by _! maje/y compel !m to v5]ation4 ,_! complicat$ movem5ts1 rul$ by an immovable rhy?m1 are inconceivable unless !y are end[$ ) infallible reason4 ,! obs]vation ( ! sky is n only an inexhau/ible s\rce ( ae/hetic emotion4 ,x also causes ! s\l1 a deta*$ p>cel ( ! fires ( ! e!r1 to ent] into communion ) ! gods :i* %9e 9 ! firmam5t4 ,possess$ ) ! desire to "k !m1 ?is s\l receives _! revelations4 ,!y in/ruct x z to _! nature2 ?anks to !m1 x und]/&s ! ph5om5a produc$ 9 ! cosmic organism4 ,?us sci5tific curiosity is also conceiv$ z a ye>n+ = ,god4 ,! love ( tru? leads to hol9ess m surely ?an initiations & prie/s4 ,( ! num]\s passages 9 :i* ^! ideas are express$ ,i w recall "o :i* is well kn[n b is n always well und]/ood4#ecj ,virgil 9 8 ,georgics tells u :at he looks to receive f ! sweet ,muses :om he s]ves1 be+ 8/ruck ) a great love = !m40 ,n1 z "o w\ld expect1 poetic inspiration b physical sci5ce4 ,! ,muses are to po9t out to him ! pa?s ( ! />s 9 ! sky1 to expla9 to him ! reasons = eclipses1 tides & e>?quakes & ! v>iations 9 ! l5g? ( ! day4 8,happy is he10 ! poet concludes1 8:o c "k ! causes ( ?+s1 :o treads und]foot all fe> & inexorable fate & va9 rum\rs z to gre$y ,a*]on40#eca ,!re is1 9 spite ( a rem9isc5ce ( ,lucretius1 no?+ ,epicurean 9 ! idea "h express$4 ,! man :o has won k ( ,nature1 :i* is div9e1 escapes ! common lot & does n fe> dea? because a glori\s immortality is res]v$ = him4 ,= ^! joys :i* ! acquisition ( wisdom gives "h bel[1 p>tially & int]mitt5tly1 are 9 ! o!r life be/[$ ) absolute fulness & prolong$ = ev]4 ,reason1 set free f corporeal organs1 atta9s to an inf9ite p]ceptive p[] & c satisfy ! insatiable desire ( k :i* is innate )9 reason itself4 ,! ,bless$ s\ls w ?us be able at once to delight 9 ! m>vell\s spectacle ( ! _w & to obta9 p]fect und]/&+ !re(4 ,!y w n we>y ( foll[+ ! rhy?mic evolutions ( ! *orus ( />s ( :i* !y =m "p1 ( not+ ! causes & ! rules :i* det]m9e _! movem5ts4 ,f ! height ( _! cele/ial obs]vatory !y w also p]ceive ! ph5om5a ( our globe & ! actions ( m54 ,no?+ :i* happ5s 9 nature or 9 human society w be hidd5 f !m4 ,?is speculative life 7 7 is ! only "o on e>? or 9 heav5 :i* is wor?y ( ! sage4 ,to obs]ve ! c\rse ( ! />s ?r\gh\t et]nity may appe> to u a desp]ately monoton\s occupation1 a r un5viable beatitude4 ,= ! />s1 %orn ( _! div9ity1 are = u no m ?an gase\s or solid bodies circulat+ 9 space1 & we analyse ) ! spectroscope _! *emical composition4 ,b ! anci5ts felt o!rwise3 !y describe ) s+ul> eloqu5ce ! 8cosmic emotion0 :i* seiz$ !m z !y contemplat$ _! s\!rn skies--_! s\l 0 ravi%$1 borne on ! w+s ( en?usiasm into ! mid/ ( ! dazzl+ gods :i* f ! e>? _h be5 descri$ ?robb+ 9 ! radiance ( ! e!r4 ,^! my/ic transports 7 comp>$ by !m to ,dionysiac intoxication2 an 8ab/emi\s drunk5ness0#ecb rais$ man to ! />s & k9dl$ 9 him an impassion$ ard\r = div9e k4 ,& z ! exaltation produc$ by ! vap\rs ( w9e gave to ! my/ics ( ,bac*us a =eta/e ( ! joy\s inebriation promis$ to !m 9 ! ,elysian banquet1 s ! ec/asy :i* uplift$ him :o contemplat$ ! cele/ial gods caus$ him to feel ! happ9ess ( ano!r life :ile he 0 yet "h bel[4#ecc 8,i "k10 says an epigram ( ,ptolemy himself1#ecd 8,i "k t ,i am mortal1 born = a day1 b :5 ,i foll[ ! s]ri$ cr[d ( ! />s 9 _! circul> c\rse my feet t\* ! e>? no long]3 ,i g to ,zeus himself & sate myself ) ambrosia1 ! food ( ! gods40 ,9 ! same way ! intoxication produc$ by music1 ! div9e possession :i* purifi$ man by deta*+ him f mat]ial c>es1 caus$ him to ta/e = an in/ant ! felicity :i* w\ld fill 8 :ole be+ :5 he %\ld h>k5 to ! sweet h>mony produc$ by ! rotation ( ! sph]es1 ! cele/ial conc]t :i* ! e>s ( mortals are incapable ( he>+1 z _! eyes _c be> ! brilliance ( ! sun4 ,m5's in/rum5ts c\ld cause ! p]ception ( only a weak e*o ( ^! delightful *ords1 b !y awoke 9 ! s\l a passionate desire = heav51 :]e ! unspeakable joy produc$ by ! cosmic symphony w\ld be felt4 ,! beatitude ( ! elect1 z conceiv$ by a/ral immortality1 0 a magnifi$ projection to heav5 ( ! joys :i* a religion ( ! erudite held to be mo/ wor?y ( virtu\s spirits4 ,:5 pagan !ology transport$ ! abode ( ! mo/ fav\r$ s\ls outside ! b\nd>ies ( ! univ]se to a _w beyond ! s5ses1#ece ! happ9ess ( ^! s\ls c\ld no long] consi/ solely 9 ! sight & ! he>+ ( ! motion ( ! sph]es4 ,?is entirely mat]ial conception ( felicity 9 ! ,beyond _h to be spiritualis$4 ,! ec/asy ( ,plot9us does n /op %ort at ! visible gods ( ! firmam5t2 9 x ! s\l is transport$ beyond ev5 ! _w ( ideas & rea*es1 9 an upw>d ru% ( love1 ! div9e unity 9 :i* x m]ges1 ridd+ itself ( all consci\sness & all =m4 ,?is is ! supreme goal :i* none c atta9 aft] dea? save him :o has conqu]$ p]fect purity4 ,b ! ari/ocratic intellectualism ( ?is philosophy res]v$ ?is union ) ! fir/ ,pr9ciple = an lite ( sages4 ,paganism 9 its decl9e believ$ 9 a hi]>*y ( s\ls asc5d+ to ! div9ity1 9 a scale ( m]it correspond+ to v>i\s degrees ( rew>ds3 ! majority liv$ among ! />s &1 div9e l !m1 help$ !m to gov]n ! e>?--we already "k _! bless$ lot2 o!rs :o 7 m p]fect ent]$ ! intelligible cosmos#ecf & _! happ9ess1 z x 0 imag9$1 is b a m exalt$ c\nt]p>t ( ! joys attribut$ to ! =m] class4 ,!y 7 plung$ 9 immovable contemplation ( pure ,ideas2 =gett+ e>?ly ?+s1 !y 7 :olly absorb$ by ?is int5se activity ( ?\ght :i* 0 to !m an inexpressible joy4 ,moreov]1 be+ set free f ! bonds ( _! fle% & ( _! individuality1 !y c\ld embrace 9 a s+le glance all ! sep>ate intellig5ces :i* toge!r =m$ ! div9e ,n\s1 & ?us _h a simultane\s intuition ( ev]y?+1 ! direct compreh5sion ( ! ultimate reason ( ?+s4 ,beatific vision ( ! spl5d\r ( ,god1 imm$iate p]ception ( all tru?1 my/ic love = an ineffable ,beauty--^! 7 sublime speculations :i* 7 to be un5d+ly reproduc$ & develop$ aft] ! fall ( paganism4 ,unavail+ ef=ts to repres5t a /ate inconceivable to any human imag9ation1 !y express$ ! ard5t ye>n+ ( religi\s s\ls t[>ds an ideal ( p]fection & felicity4 ,b ?is high religi\s spirituality _h gradually brok5 away f some:at co>se beliefs :i* _h little by little be5 purifi$4 ,! rapture :i* transport$ ,plot9us to ^? summits :]e reason1 bewild]$ z 9 a swoon1 =sakes ev5 ?\ght 9 ord] to lose itself )9 a pr9ciple :i* is above all def9ition1 is directly connect$ ) ! ec/asy :i* 9 ! temples ( ,egypt came ^u ! devotee :o1 l ! philosoph]1 conv]s$ 8alone ) ! lone god10#ecg :om ! prie/ _h evok$1 & believ$ t 9 ?is vision he f\nd a gu>antee ( et]nal happ9ess4 ,,index ,ablutions1 #aah2 cf4 8,lu/ration0 ,absorption 9 ,god1 #cf s41 #db1 #abb ,a*]on1 #e1 #h1 #ae1 #bg1 #gh1 #hj s41 #hd s41 #adi1 #baj ,a*illes1 #gd ,adonis1 #aaf1 #bjc ,aeacus1 #aj1 #ge ,a5eid1 #dh1 #hb s41 #aea2 ,a5eas1 #gd1 #abh2 cf4 8,virgil0 ,africa1 #ic1 #abj1 #aci1 #aib ,age ( reason1 #acg ,agricola1 #ah ,agripp9a1 #aca ,ahriman1 #hi2 cf4 8,_s ( ,evil0 ,air full ( s\ls1 #bf1 #ei1 #afj2 purifies1 #aai1 #adc1 #ahf2 cf4 ,w9ds2 ,a]ial bodies1 #ajc1 #afh2 cf4 80 ,alex&] ( ,abonoti*os1 #i1 #bc1 #ahj ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias1 #f ,alex&] ! ,great1 #fb ,alex&ria1 #ag1 #bj1 #gi1 #if2 cults1 #cf1 #ci2 cf4 8,isis10 8,s]apis0 ,allegorical int]pretations1 #ab1 #ba1 #bd1 #db1 #gh ss41 #hb1 #hf1 #aeb1 #ahj1 #aie1 #bjf ,amorgos1 #aje ,&rom$a1 #ajd ,angels1 #adj ,anima1 #ei1 #afg2 cf4 8,s\l0 ,ante diem 7dea?71 #acc ,ant9\s1 #aje1 #afd ,antipodes1 #hj s4 ,antonius ,diog5es1 #bb ,aphraates1 #bjf ,apocalypse ( ,pet]1 #agc ,apocolocyntosis1 #agi ,apollo1 #aab1 #abc1 #aef2 ,musagetes1 #aja ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 #bc1 #afd ,apo!osis ( h]oes1 #cb1 #bje2 ( emp]ors1 #ajb1 #aab s41 #aef1 #afd2 ( ,claudius1 #agi2 ( great m51 #aad s42 9 my/]ies1 #aah ss42 ( *ildr51 #ach ss4 ,appius ,claudius ,pul*]1 #bb ,apuleius1 #ajh1 n4 #da ,ari/>*us1 #gi ,ari/ophanes1 #ie ,ari/otle1 #f1 #ag1 #gg1 #ih1 #aca2 cf4 8,p]ipatetic0 ,arm5ia1 #eb ,arnold 7,mat!w71 #aaf ,asia ,m9or1 #aab2 cf4 8,cybele0 ,a/ral body1 #afi ,a/rolatry1 #abc1 #bjg2 cf4 8,/>s0 ,a/rology1 #ag1 #bh1 #ib s41 #if1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #aag1 #ahg ,at>axia1 #h1 #aia ,at>gatis1 #aba ,a?ribis1 #ic ,atmosph]e1 #be1 #ha1 #afb1 #afh2 cf4 8,hades0 ,attis1 #ce ss41 #ci1 #aaf1 #bjc ,augu/us1 #aef ,av]nus1 #gd ,axio*os1 #gi ,babylonia1 #id1 #aef2 cf4 8,*aldeans0 ,bac*us1 #eb1 #abj1 #ach s41 #bjb1 #baa2 ,bac*antes1 #fb2 cf4 8,dionysos0 ,banquet2 fun]al1 #ec ss41 #bjj ss42 ritual1 #abj ss41 #bjc s42 et]nal1 #ce1 #aea1 #bja ss42 ( ! gods1 #bjd ,bio?anati1 #bf1 #abi ss41 #ada ss4 ,bird 7s\l71 #ei1 #aeg s4 ,black h&1 #ace ,black s\ls1 #aff ,blood p\r$ on tombs1 #ea2 seat ( life1 #ea1 #aah2 9 my/]ies1 #aac1 #bja ss4 ,boats 7sun & moon71 #ib1 #aac1 #aed s42 c>ry s\ls1 #aee2 cf4 8,*>on0 ,body c>ri$ to heav51 #aei1 #afd2 cf4 #afe1 #afg2 s\l atta*$ to body1 #ahb s42 cf4 #dd ss42 cf4 8,corpse0 ,book ( ! ,dead1 #adh1 #age1 #aic2 ( ,eno*1 #ajh1 #aih2 ( ,arta ,viraf1 #age ,boscoreale 7goblets71 #aa ,bread1 #abj ,buddhism1 #agg ,burial necess>y1 #fd ss41 #aig2 refus$1 #fe1 #adc1 #ade s42 cf4 8,insepulti0 ,byzant9es1 #acb1 #adf ,caes> 7,julius71 #h1 #ea1 #ajd ,cal5d>1 #ajb ,cali=nia1 #adh ,caligula1 #fg1 #aca ,callima*us1 #ag ,cameo ( ,p>is1 #aef ,canc] & ,capricorn1 #aec ,c>ducci1 #aae ,c>neades1 #f ,ca/or & ,pollux1 #ajd1 #aac1 #bje2 cf4 8,dioscuri0 ,ca/or ( ,rhodes1 #bb1 #ig ,catacombs1 #bjb1 #bjf ,cata/]ism1 #ajd1 #aac2 cf4 8,/>s0 ,cato ( ,utica1 #bf1 #add ,catullus1 #ag ,celsus1 #hh ,celts1 see 8,druids10 8,gaul0 ,c5a novemdialis1 #ec ,c5otaph1 #fe2 cf4 #dh ,c]b]us1 #aj1 #hc1 #hg ,*aldaic oracles1 #ch1 #ajc ,*aldeans1 #bh1 #ce1 #cg s41 #ie1 #ajj ss41 #ajg s41 #afj1 #bjh s42 cf4 8,babylonia0 ,*>iot ( ! sun1 #ajb1 #aac1 #aef s4 ,*>on1 #he1 #adi1 #agd2 ,*>on's boat1 #aj1 #be1 #ff1 #ge1 #hj1 #aee ,*ildr5 sacrific$1 #ace2 games 9 o!r life1 #ach s42 unbaptis$1 #aih2 cf4 8,untimely dea?10 8,apo!osis0 ,*ri/ians1 pagan cu/oms (1 #eb1 #ee s41 #aai1 #ade s41 #bjj2 beliefs1 #fh s41 #ij1 #ib1 #ajh1 #adj s41 #adc1 #aec1 #ahg1 #aif ss42 bio?anati1 #adf ,*rysippus1 #ac ,*ur*1 see 8,*ri/ians0 ,cic]o1 #ai1 #bf s41 #ca ss41 #dd1 #hc1 #ajd s41 #aaa1 #aac1 #ace1 #aeb1 #afa1 #afe ,circe1 #gd1 #ahj ,circumpotatio1 #ee ,claudius1 #aeb1 #agi ,clean!s1 #ac ,cocytus1 #gh ,colleges 7fun]al71 #fg1 #adc ,comet1 #ajd2 cf4 8,/>0 ,commodianus1 #adf ,como1 #aib ,conflagration ( ! _w1 #ab ss4 ,consus1 #ga ,contemplation ( />s1 #bji2 cf4 8,sight ( ,god0 ,cop]nicus1 #bh1 #aji ,cor9?ians 7,epi/le to71 #aa1 #ajf ,cornutus1 #ad ,corpse 7life (71 #de1 #afd2 cf4 8,body0 ,cor/opitum1 #aef ,cresc5t 7symbol71 #ic1 #ig1 #ii ,cr[n ( life1 #aag ,curse-tablets1 see 8,defixiones0 ,cybele1 #ce ss41 #ci ,cynics1 #fe ,cyprus1 #ace ,danades1 #he1 #hg1 #aga1 #aha ,dante1 #dc1 #aji1 #agd1 #ahg ,dead2 food (1 #ej2 p>take ( banquets1 #ed s42 communicate ) liv+1 #eh s42 fe>$1 #dg2 malevol5t1 #fc s42 tutel>y spirits1 #fj s42 keep "* ( liv+1 #gc2 receiv$ by %ades or n1 #fh1 #hf1 #aic2 physical "* (1 #afe ss42 cf4 8,gho/s10 8,s\l10 8,spirits0 ,dea?1 sleep1 #aj1 #de1 #aib2 n to be fe>$1 #g ss41 #ai2 second d41 #aaj2 untimely d41 #abh ss42 repres5t$ z a mon/]1 #aag ,defixiones1 #fc1 #fh1 #acd ,deification1 #cd1 #aaa s42 cf4 8,apo!osis0 ,demetrius ( ,t>sus1 #ahf ,democritus1 #e1 #g ,demons1 #bf1 #bi1 #fj1 #fb1 #hj1 #hf s41 #hh s41 #acc1 #acf1 #ade1 #aed1 #afb1 #agb1 #age ,de/9y1 see 8,fatalism0 ,devotio1 #fc ,di animales1 #adi ,dido1 #ei ,didyma1 #ii ,dio ,cassius1 #fb ,dionysos 7my/]ies71 #ce1 #abj1 #abc1 #bja s41 #baa2 cf4 8,bac*us0 ,dioscuri1 #aef2 cf4 8,ca/or0 ,dolph9s1 #ahj ,domitian1 #ajc ,druids1 #bc1 #id1 #agh ,druses1 #agh ,dualism1 #bd1 #hi1 #aag1 #ahh ,eagle c>ries s\ls1 #ajb1 #aac1 #aeg ss4 ,e>? 7,"m71 #cf1 #hf2 cf4 8,cybele10 8,moon0 ,eclecticism1 #ba1 #bg ,ec/asy1 #db1 #aba1 #abf1 #aif ,egypt1 #dh s41 #ed1 #hf1 #aab1 #acd1 #aeg1 #agc1 #agg s42 ,egyptian religion1 #de1 #gf1 #gi1 #id1 #aac1 #abb s41 #adh1 #aec1 #afg1 #age1 #bjb1 #bjg1 #bac2 9 ,rome1 #cf ss4 ,elem5ts purify ! s\l1 #be1 #ha1 #aai1 #ahe ss41 #aif1 #bja ,eleusis1 #cd1 #ach2 cf4 8,my/]ies0 ,elijah1 #aef ,elysian fields1 #cd1 #gc1 #gf1 #gi1 #hd1 #abj1 #ach s41 #aea1 #afe1 #aga ss41 #ahd1 #aic s42 9 ! moon1 #be1 #ha s41 #ig2 ab\t ! moon1 #ih2 among ! />s1 #ajd1 #ahg2 repres5t$1 #gd2 cf4 8,hades0 ,emp]ors1 div9ity (1 #aab s42 cf4 8,apo!osis0 n subject to fate1 #aag2 cf4 8,k+s0 ,ennius1 #ba1 #gi1 #afe ,eno*1 #ajh1 #aih ,epictetus1 #ab1 #ad ,epicurus1 #g ss41 #bj2 ,epicureans1 #fe1 #gg1 #aaj1 #aie1 #bjd1 #baj ,ep9omis1 #bjh ,epiphanies ( gods1 #aba1 #abc ,epoptism1 #aba2 cf4 8,sight ( god0 ,er9yes1 #bf1 #ge1 #gh1 #agc ss41 #aha s42 cf4 8,furies0 ,eros1 #ach ,esdras1 #aih ,et]nal h\se 7tomb71 #c1 #dh2 et]nal re/1 #aif1 #aii2 et]nal pa9s1 #gf1 #hh1 #agb2 et]nal banquet1 see 8,banquet0 ,etruscans1 #e1 #ec s41 #fc1 #ga1 #gd s41 #aag1 #adi s41 #aee1 #agd1 #agh ,eusebius ( ,alex&ria1 #ib ,evil eye1 #aed ,evil1 ,_s (1 see 8,_s0 ,execut$ crim9als1 #ade2 cf4 8,bio?anati0 ,fatalism1 #aag1 #acc s41 #acf1 #agi1 #ahc ,fates1 #hd1 #acd1 #ach ,fatum1 #acc ,fau/9a1 #aef ,fire1 /oic1 #ab ss42 heav5ly1 #bh1 #ahe2 cf4 8,/>s20 ( hell1 #age s42 purifies1 #aai1 #agf1 #ahe ss42 cf4 8,pyriphlegeton0 ,fi%1 sacr$1 #aba ,food ( ! dead1 #ej s41 #ef ,=tunate isl&s1 see 8,isl&s0 ,fre] collection1 #aed ,fun]al cult1 #dg ss42 fun]al banquet1 see 8,banquet10 8,sculpture0 ,galileo1 #aji ,ganym$e1 #aei ,g>d5 ( tombs1 #eg1 #bjj ,gates1 ( ,hades1 #gj1 #hj2 ( heav51 #aec1 #afb s4 ,gaul1 #bc2 cf4 8,druids0 ,gello1 #acd ,g5ii1 #fj1 #adb ,g]manicus1 #aef ,gho/s1 #d1 #g1 #fb s41 #fg s41 #hc1 #ia1 #acj s41 #acd1 #afe1 #aig ,gladiators1 #ea1 #acf ,gnosis 7sacr$ lore71 #bc1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aba ss41 #abe1 #bjg ss4 ,goat ,/>1 #aje ,gobryes1 #gi ,god imman5t1 #cj2 cf4 8,_w20 transc5d5t1 #da2 id5tification ) g41 #cd1 #ajg s42 cf4 8,s\l20 sight ( ,god1 #aba1 #bjg2 visible gods 7/>s71 #ca1 #ajd1 #ajh2 cf4 8,epiphanies20 sage1 god on e>?1 #ad1 #aaa s42 evil god1 #acc2 god eat5 9 my/]ies1 #abj ,greek beliefs1 #e1 #fa1 #fi1 #gb ss41 #gi1 #hg1 #ie1 #ajb1 #aje1 #aac1 #aae1 #aag1 #adf s41 #aee1 #aeg1 #agd1 #agg2 my/]ies1 #cd s42 cf4 8,dionysos10 8,eleusis20 fun]al cult1 #ec s41 #ef ,guide ( s\ls1 see 8,psy*opomp0 ,hadad1 #bje ,hades1 ,greek1 #d s41 #gb1 #acd1 #adh1 #agj2 /oic1 #ad2 ,py?agorean1 #bf1 #gh1 #ha1 #aha2 ,neo-,platonic1 #da1 #hh2 my/]ies1 #cg2 desc5t into ,h41 #adh ss41 #aga2 on e>?1 #gh1 #aha s42 9 ! air1 #afh2 cf4 8,atmosph]e20 betwe5 sun & moon1 #ajc2 cf4 8,gate10 8,inf]i10 8,t>t>us10 8,ne!r _w0 ,hadrian1 #ajd1 #aeg ,hang$1 #adc2 rope amulet1 #acf ,h>mony ( sph]es1 #be1 #aja1 #aae1 #bab ,heav5s1 ?ree1 #ajf2 eight1 #ajf s42 cf4 8,immortality10 8,planets0 ,hecate1 #ib1 #acd ,heliodorus ( ,emesa1 #fh1 #hf ,helios1 #abc1 #acj2 cf4 8,sun0 ,hell dragon1 #aed2 cf4 8,hades0 ,hemisph]es oppos$1 #hj s4 ,h]cules1 #ajd1 #aac1 #abc1 #add1 #afg1 #bje2 at crossroads1 #aej1 #aid ,h]mes1 #ahj2 s\l-guide1 #be1 #he1 #aje1 #ach1 #afc2 7,?ot71 #abb ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 #ch1 #aad1 #aba1 #ahj1 #ahf ,h]odotus1 #agg ,h]oes1 #aac ss41 #adj1 #adb1 #adi1 #afg1 #bjd s4 ,hesiod1 #aej ,hic requiescit1 #aia1 #aig ,hi]apolis1 #aei ,hipp>*us1 #if ,honey1 #eb1 #aai s4 ,horace1 #ab1 #acj1 #adb1 #bje ,horse c>ries s\ls1 #aee s4 ,ho/anes1 #acf ,hypsi/os 7,mo/ ,high71 #da1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #acj ,ic>om5ippus1 #ajf ,imago1 #aff ,immortality1 e>?ly1 #ai s42 cele/ial1 #be ss41 #bi1 #cb1 #cg1 #ia ss41 #ach2 lun>1 #if ss42 cf4 8,moon20 sol>1 #ajj ss42 cf4 8,sun20 /ell>1 #ajc ss42 cf4 8,/>s20 conception ( i41 #aaj2 privilege ( div9ity1 #aaa2 i4 ( ! few1 see 8,h]oes0 ,inc9]ation1 #df ,india1 #ed1 #ic1 #ie1 #agg ,infants 7dea? (71 #abh ss4 ,inf]i1 #d1 #be1 #ga1 #gh1 #ha1 #hf1 #aff1 #aie2 cf4 8,hades10 8,ne!r _w0 ,innupti1 #acg ,insepulti1 #be1 #fd ss41 #ade2 reject$ by %ades1 #fh1 #hf1 #aic ,intoxication1 #abf1 #bje1 #baa s42 cf4 8,w9e0 ,invicti 7/>s71 #aag ,ion ( ,*ios1 #ie ,iri% wake1 #ee ,isis1 #cf s41 #aba1 #abc1 #aed ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$1 #be1 #hj s41 #if1 #aee2 ( impi\s1 #age ,ixion1 #hd s41 #aga ,jacob's ladd]1 #aed ,jambli*us1 #dj1 #ajc1 #afi1 #ahd1 #bjg ,jews1 #ce1 #hi1 #ajh1 #ace1 #adb1 #aig ss41 #bjf2 cf4 8,philo0 ,john ,climacus1 #aed ,josephus1 #adb ,j\rney to ,hades1 #adh ss42 to heav51 #aeb ss4 ,judaism1 see 8,jews0 ,judgm5t ( ! dead1 #gf1 #hh1 #aea1 #agb s4 ,julian ! ,apo/ate1 #i1 #db1 #ih1 #aeg1 #afa1 #afd1 #bje ,julius ,caes>1 see 8,caes>0 ,jupit]1 #ajf2 summus exsup]antissimus1 #ajh2 />1 #ajg1 #ahg ,katoptromanteia1 #aff1 n4 #fb ,k+s immortal1 #aab2 ano9t+ ( k41 #aai2 cf4 8,emp]ors0 ,kiss 7la/71 #ei ,lactantius1 #aec ,ladd]1 #aec ss4 ,l>vae1 #fc ,lemures1 #d1 #fj1 #gb1 #aca2 ,lemuria1 #fc1 #ga ,lesbos1 #acd ,le!1 #gf1 #ahd1 #bja ,libations on tombs1 #ej ss41 #bjd ,libri ,a*]untici1 #adi ,lion1 #ahg ,lit]num1 #dg ,livia1 wife ( ,drusus1 #ace ,lucan1 #ajc ,lucian ( ,samosata1 #h1 #bc1 #ci1 #di1 #ed1 #fb1 #fg1 #ge1 #ig1 #ajf1 #age1 #bja ,lucretius1 #g1 #de s41 #ach1 #baj ,lunula1 #ig ,lu/rations1 #aah ,lysima*us1 #fe ,maccabees1 #adb ,macrobius1 #acb s4 ,magi1 #gi1 #ie ,magic1 #bb1 #bf1 #eb1 #fg1 #aah1 #aai1 #abd1 #acj s41 #acc ss41 #adc1 #aed1 #aeh1 #afc1 #aff2 magic papyri1 #hf1 #acd ss42 cf4 8,necromancy0 ,manalis lapis1 #ga ,manes1 #d1 #ah1 #cb1 #dg1 #ed1 #fj ss41 #gb1 #hf1 #ic1 passim ,mani*eans1 #ic1 #ajc1 #aed1 #agh ,manilius1 #ca1 #aab1 #acc ,m>cellus1 #aef ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #ad1 #ci ,m>s1 #abc2 />1 #ajg1 #aca1 #ada1 #ahg ,m>seilles1 #afc ,m>tyrs1 #adc1 #ade ,maximus ( ,tyre1 #fa ,mazdeans1 #hi1 #ie1 #age1 #ahh2 cf4 8,p]sia0 ,meals1 see 8,banquets0 ,melikraton1 #eb ,memoriae aet]nae1 #ai ,memory1 ,lake (1 #adh ,m5&]1 #ada ,m]cury 7/>71 #ajg1 #ahg2 cf4 8,h]mes0 ,metempsy*osis1 #bf1 #da s41 #gd1 #gh1 #hb s41 #agb1 #agg ss42 9 bea/s1 #agi s41 #ahc2 9 plants1 #agi2 puni%m5t1 #ahj ,miletus1 #aje ,milk1 #eb ,milky ,way1 #id1 #ajd1 #aeb s4 ,m9os1 #ge1 #he ,mirrors 9 magic1 #aff ,mi?ras1 #cg s41 #hi1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aed1 #aef1 #afd1 #agh2 cf4 #afc ,mojave ,indians1 #adh ,money 79 m\? ( dead71 #hd ,mon/]s1 see 8,dea?01 8,s\ls0 ,monteleone 7*>iot71 #aee1 n4 #bc ,moon1 #bh1 #bi1 #hf2 new moon1 #ia2 m4 & resurrection1 #ia s42 abode ( s\ls1 #be s41 #ic s41 #if s41 #ahf1 #aie2 dissolves s\ls1 #afh2 limit ( heav51 #be1 #ih s42 ,olympic e>?1 #ig2 cf4 #ahg2 rules physical life1 #ajb1 #ajg2 cf4 8,boat0 ,"m ( gods1 #ce ss4 ,m\rn+1 #dg1 #ea ,muses1 #aja1 #aae1 #baj ,music1 #bd1 #acb2 cf4 8,h>mony ( sph]es0 ,mussulman1 #adb ,my/]ies1 ,greek1 #cd s41 #ach2 cf4 8,dionysos10 8,eleusis20 ori5tal1 #cc ss41 #if1 #aaf ss41 #ach1 #afj2 m4 & philosophy1 #ch1 #abd ss42 trans=m$1 #ch s41 #hb2 *ildr5 initiat$1 #ach ,my/icism1 a/ral1 #cj1 #abf1 #bjh ss42 ,neo-,platonic1 #db1 #abe ,naiads1 #aci ,necromancy1 #ec1 #fb1 #ff1 #fh1 #aij ,nectabis1 #acf ,nekyia1 #hb ,nemesis1 #acj ,neo-,platoni/s1 #dj1 #hg s41 #ajf1 #aaj1 #abd1 #add1 #afc1 #afi1 #aif ,neo-,py?agoreans1 see 8,py?agoreans0 ,n]eids1 #aci ,n]o1 #ajc1 #aca ,ne!r _w1 #gj ss42 imitation ( city1 #ge1 #agb s42 l[] hemisph]e1 #gi2 9 ! air1 #ha2 cf4 8,atmosph]e20 scepticism ab\t n4w41 #ah1 #hc s42 fai? 9 n4w4 pres]v$1 #cf s42 cf4 8,hades10 8,inf]i0 ,new ,york 7,museum71 #aee1 n4 #bc ,nigidius ,figulus1 #bb1 #cb1 #ig ,non nutriti1 #acg ,nosaris1 #agh ,n\s1 #ajc1 #afh1 #bac ,numa1 #ba ,numb] 7,py?agorean71 #acb ,num5ius1 #ajg ,nymphs1 #adj ,octavius1 #ea ,o5o&a1 #i ,oil1 #aai ,olympus1 #hj1 #hh1 #ajd s41 #aeg1 #afc1 #aie2 ,olympic e>?1 #ig2 cf4 #ahg ,omophagy1 #abj ,orcus1 #hc2 cf4 8,hades0 ,ori5tal my/]ies1 #cc ss42 cf4 8,my/]ies20 ,or4 religions1 #aag1 #bjc1 #bji ,orig51 #ajh s41 #adj1 #aed1 #ahh ,orphism1 #e1 #ba1 #cd s41 #gc s41 #gg1 #ach1 #adh s41 #aga s41 #agd1 #agg ss41 #ahg s41 #aic1 #bja ,oscilla1 #adc ,osiris1 #ce1 #aac1 #aaf1 #abb s41 #bjb s42 cf4 8,s]apis0 ,os resectum1 #fe2 ossa quiescant1 #aia ,ovid1 #bb1 #gc1 #ajd ,pa9s ( hell1 #agj ss42 cf4 8,fire10 8,et]nal0 ,pa9t+s1 #ic2 cf4 catacombs1 #bjb1 #bjf ,pal+5esis1 #ac1 #ahb ss4 ,panaetius1 #ac1 #bg s4 ,panamu 7k+71 #bje ,pannonia1 #ahf ,papyri1 #aeg2 cf4 8,magic0 ,p>adise1 #bjj1 #bje ,p>cae1 #hd ,p>5talia1 #fc1 #ga ,pascal1 #b1 #cj ,pausanias1 #ie ,pegasus1 #aef ,p]icles1 #a ,p]iktione1 #gh ,p]ipatetic s*ool1 #f1 #gg2 cf4 8,ari/otle0 ,p]sia1 #ed1 #hi1 #ie s41 #ajg1 #aef1 #age1 #agg2 cf4 8,mazdeans10 8,mi?ras0 ,pessimism1 #bd1 #ci1 #da ,petelia tablet1 #adh ,pet]1 apocalypse (1 #agc ,petosiris1 #acb ,petronius1 #di1 #ace ,phantoms1 see 8,gho/s0 ,ph>aohs1 #aac1 #abc2 cf4 8,egypt0 ,philadelphia1 #aea ,philip ( ,opus1 #bjh ,philo ! ,jew1 #ca1 #adj1 #aed ,philosophy1 #e ss42 & my/]ies1 #ch1 #aba2 philosoph]s immortal1 #aad1 #abd2 prie/s ( ! _w1 #abe2 wond]-work]s1 #aad2 cf4 8,epicureans10 8,neo-,platoni/s10 8,py?agoreans10 8,/oics0 ,phoebus1 #aeg2 cf4 8,sun0 ,phosphorus1 #aei ,phrygian cult1 #ce s42 cf4 8,sabazios0 ,p9d>1 #gc ,piri?\s1 #aga ,planets1 #bh1 #afh1 #agi1 #bji2 planet>y sph]es1 #ajc1 #ajf ss41 #aed1 #ahg ,plato1 #f1 #g1 #ah1 #bc1 #bf1 #bh1 #cb1 #ci1 #db1 #ff1 #gg1 #hg ss41 #ie1 #ii1 #ajg1 #abi1 #acf1 #aeh1 #afi1 #agh1 #ahb ss41 #ahh2 ,plato's cav]n1 #bc1 #ii2 ,pha$o1 #di1 #gi1 #add1 #aeb1 #afc2 cf4 8,axio*os10 8,neo-,platoni/s0 ,plautus1 #e ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 #h1 #hc1 #ib1 #if2 ! ,y\ng]1 #fg ,plot9us1 #bc1 #dj ss41 #fa1 #abe1 #add1 #bab s4 ,plut>*1 #ci1 #hc1 #hg1 #abi1 #agc1 #ahf ,pluto1 #ge1 #hd s42 cf4 8,hades0 ,pneuma1 see 80 ,polybius1 #e ,pontiffs1 #fe2 cf4 #dd ,por*1 see 8,/oics0 ,porphyry1 #dj1 #db1 #hg1 #abj1 #abe1 #add1 #ahd ,posidonius ( ,apamea1 #bg ss41 #cb1 #ci1 #dc1 #hb1 #ih1 #abd1 #acf1 #afa1 #ahd ,praes5s num51 #aab ,praetextatus 7catacombs71 #bjb ,pray] 7sil5t71 #bd1 #abb1 #abf ,prie/s immortal1 #aad2 ano9t$1 #aai2 cf4 8,philosoph]s0 ,proclus1 #hg s41 #afi ,prodicus1 #aej ,prop]tius1 #dg ,pros]p9a1 #be1 #ge1 #ie1 #ig ,psy*e1 #be1 #ei ,psy*opomp1 #id1 #afc2 cf4 8,h]mes10 8,sun0 ,ptolemies1 #abc2 cf4 8,alex&ria0 ,ptolemy's sy/em1 #bh1 #dc1 #aji2 a/rology1 #acb2 epigram1 #baa ,punic cults1 #ic2 cf4 #ei2 cf4 8,africa0 ,purgatory1 #bf1 #hb1 #afa s41 #ahe ss4 ,purification ( ! s\l1 #aah2 cf4 8,purgatory01 8,lu/rations0 ,pyre1 #di1 #aei ,pyriphlege?on1 #ae1 #gf1 #gh1 #ha1 #age1 #ahe ,py?agoras1 #bj ss41 #ig ,py?agoreans1 #bj ss41 #bg1 #cb1 #ce1 #ch ss41 #ei1 #ff1 #fh1 #gd1 #gg s41 #ha1 #ie s41 #ii s41 #ajd1 #ajg1 #aba1 #abd1 #abi1 #acb ss41 #acf s41 #add1 #adi ss41 #afj1 #afg1 #aga1 #agg ss41 #aha1 #ahh1 #aid ,quies aet]na1 #aia ,quietae s$es1 #aie ,ra1 #id1 #aac1 #aed ,rays ( ! sun1 #afj2 cf4 8,sun0 ,reason rises to ! sun1 #ajc1 #afh2 cf4 8,n\s0 ,refrig]ium1 #bjb ,re9c>nation1 #bf1 #bi2 cf4 8,metempsy*osis0 ,repa/1 see 8,banquet0 ,repose ( ! dead1 #aij ss42 9 ! ,elysian ,fields1 #aic s42 9 heav51 #aie ss4 ,re/1 see 8,repose10 8,quies0 ,resurrection ( ! fle%1 #aig ,retaliation1 #agc ,retribution1 #gb1 #agb ss41 #agg ss42 cf4 8,judgm5t0 ,revelation1 #bjg2 cf4 8,gnosis0 ,rhadaman?us1 #ge ,rh9e1 #aed ,"r & left1 #aeb ,rites n ne$$1 #abe ss4 ,roads 7two71 #aej ss42 cf4 8,milky ,way0 ,rosalia1 #ec2 cf4 #eg ,royal s\ls1 #aad2 cf4 8,k+s0 ,sabazios1 #ce1 #bjb1 #bjd ,sacrifices = ! dead1 #ej ss4 ,sage1 god on e>?1 #ad1 #aaa ss4 ,sallu/1 #h ,salvation 9 my/]ies1 #cd ss4 ,samos1 #a ,sanctus1 #aaa ,san ,francisco 7museum71 #ahc ,s>cophagi1 #gd1 #he1 #aae1 #adi1 #aee2 cf4 8,sculpture0 ,saturn1 #ajg1 #aca1 #ada1 #ahg ,satyrs1 #ach ,sc>bantia1 #ahf ,scepticism1 #ag ss41 #bh1 #ca ,sci5ce deifies1 #bjh ss42 cf4 8,gnosis0 ,scipio's tomb1 #dg2 ,scipio's dream1 #cb1 #ajd ,sculpture 7fun]al71 #he1 #hf1 #aag1 #adi1 #aea1 #aee ss41 #aei1 #afe1 #ahe s41 #aid1 #bja1 #bje2 cf4 8,pa9t+s10 8,s>cophagi0 ,sea 7dea? at71 #abi ,seals1 #afc ,securi 7dead71 #ee1 #aia2 secura quies1 #aid ,sel5e1 #if s42 cf4 8,moon0 ,semites1 #dh1 #gi1 #ic s41 #ajc1 #abc2 cf4 8,syrians0 ,s5dj]li1 #bjd ,s5eca1 #h1 #ad1 #bb1 #ca1 #hc1 #aeb1 #agi1 #aif ,s]apis1 #cf s41 #ci1 #abb s41 #bjb2 cf4 8,osiris0 ,s]vius1 #fj1 passim ,sextus ,empiricus1 #afa ,%ade1 #afe ss42 & s\l1 #gi2 %ades receive or reject dead1 #fh1 #hf1 n4 #ci1 #acd1 #aic1 #bjd2 cf4 810 8,umbra0 ,%ahd1 #adb ,%eol1 #d ,%ip1 see 8,boat0 ,sid]ibus recepti1 #aac ,sight ( god1 #aba1 #bjg2 cf4 8,gnosis0 ,silic]nium1 #ec ,simulacrum1 #aff s42 cf4 80 ,sisiphus1 #gh1 #hd1 #agj1 #aha ,sit tibi t]ra levis1 #df ,sleep ( dea?1 #aj1 #de1 #di1 #aib ,smyrna1 #adj ,socrates1 #aca ,sol> attraction1 #afj2 cf4 8,rays10 8,sun0 ,soldi]s sla9 9 battle1 #adb ,somno aet]no1 #aib ,s\l a brea?1 #d1 #g1 #ei1 #afd2 burn+ brea?1 #ac s41 #bd1 #bi1 #hg1 #ih1 #afa2 numb]1 #bd2 circul>1 #ih2 a bird1 #ei1 #ic1 #aeg s42 n immat]ial1 #aah1 #afb2 physical nature1 #afd ss42 pr9ciple ( movem5t1 #aaj2 s\l & %ade1 #gi2 cf4 820 pollution1 #bi1 #aah1 #afb1 #ahe2 division1 #afh2 relat$ to ,god1 #ab1 #aaa2 union ) ,god1 #db1 #abb s42 becomes />1 #ib s42 j\rney1 #adh ss42 triple asc5sion1 #ajf2 passage ?r\gh planets1 #ajg2 g>m5ts ( s41 #ajf ss42 hi]>*y ( s\ls1 #ajh s41 #bac2 h[ repres5t$1 #afe1 #afg2 cf4 8,gho/10 8,%ade10 8,_s10 8,/>s0 ,_s ( ,evil1 #hi1 #age2 cf4 8,ahriman0 ,spirits ( ! dead1 #df s41 #ef s42 ( murd]$1 #acj2 cf4 8,s\l0 ,/>s & s\ls1 #ib s41 #id1 #ajc ss42 %oot+ s41 #ib2 invicti1 #aag2 cf4 8,comet0 ,/atius1 #ajc ,/ele1 see 8,sculpture0 ,/oics1 #ab ss41 #ba1 #cj s41 #cc1 #ci1 #df1 #fe1 #gg1 #hb1 #hg1 #if1 #ih s41 #ajc1 #aac1 #add1 #agi1 #ahb1 #aie ,/yx1 #be1 #ge s41 #gh1 #hj s41 #hc s41 #acd1 #aee1 #aic ,sublun>y _w1 see 8,_w0 ,suetonius1 #hf1 #acj ,suicide1 #adc ss4 ,sun-god1 #bd1 #hf1 #acj2 cf4 8,helios10 8,phoebus10 8,ra20 & emp]ors1 #aeg2 & eagle1 #aeh2 psy*opomp1 #afd2 />1 #bh1 #ajj s42 new sun1 #ia2 he>t ( ! _w1 #ajj2 reason ( ! _w1 #aja1 #ajg2 sun & s\ls1 #id1 #aef ss42 cf4 8,boat10 8,*>iot0 ,suo die1 #acc ,syncretism1 see 8,eclecticism0 ,syria1 #bh1 #dj1 #eb1 #gc1 #hf1 #ib1 #aab1 #aca1 #aef ss41 #agf1 n4 #aa1 #bjd ss42 ,syrian cults1 #cg1 #ic1 #if1 #abj s4 ,taciti 7,manes71 #afe ,tacitus1 #ah ,tages1 #adi ,tantalus1 #i1 #gh1 #hd s41 #agj1 #aha ,t>t>us1 #bf1 #bg1 #cd1 #ge s41 #gg1 #gi s41 #hd s41 #aga ss41 #age s41 #ahh2 cf4 8,hades0 ,taurobolium1 #aai ,t]tullian1 #ee ,!odore ! ,a!i/1 #fe ,!ophanes1 #adf ,!seus1 #aga ,tib]ius1 #hf ,tibullus1 #aia ,timaeus ( ,locri1 #gh ,tiresias1 #gd ,titans1 #agh ,titus1 #adb ,tityus1 #i1 #agj1 #aha ,tivoli1 #ahc ,tomb1 a dwell+1 #c1 #df ss41 #ef2 furniture1 #di s41 #gb2 g>d51 #eg1 #bjj2 plac$ on roads1 #eh2 ante*amb] ( ne!r _w1 #gj2 tomb/one1 see 8,sculpture10 8,s>cophagi0 ,torre ,san ,sev]o 7s>cophagus71 #gd ,trajan1 #aeg ,transmigration1 see 8,metempsy*osis0 ,tritons1 #ahf ,ulysses1 #gd1 #ahj ,umbra1 #gi1 #aff s4 ,unburi$1 #fd2 cf4 8,insepulti0 ,unctions1 #aai1 #afc ,untimely dea?1 #abh ss41 #acf ss4 ,v>ro1 #ca ,vat9ius1 #bb ,veget>ianism1 #agi ,vehicle ( s\ls1 #fa1 #afi ,v5us--/>1 #id1 #ajg2 goddess1 #ajd1 #abc1 #ahg ,violation ( tombs1 #fg s4 ,virgil1 #ca1 #ei1 #ff1 #gc1 #hb s41 #abh s41 #aci1 #adb1 #aeb1 #agb1 #agd1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #baj ,w>riors1 see 8,soldi]s0 ,wa%+1 see 8,ablutions0 ,wat]1 heav5ly1 #ahe2 libation ( w41 #ea2 cf4 #bjb2 purification by w41 see 8,elem5ts10 8,lu/ration0 ,w9ds1 #be1 #fj1 #aee1 #afa1 #aff1 #ahe ,w9e1 #ce1 #eb1 #abj1 #bjc ss41 #baa ,wiz>ds1 see 8,magic0 ,_w--sy/em (1 #bh1 #ii s41 #aba2 div9e1 #ab1 #bi s41 #abf2 sublun>y _w1 #ii1 #ajg1 #aag1 #afh1 #aie2 cf4 8,moon0 ,y symbol1 #bf1 #aej s41 #aid ,yezidis1 #agh ,zagreus1 #ach ,z5o1 #aie ,zeus1 #aab1 #abc2 cf4 8,jupit]0 ,,greek ,,words 1 #acg 1 #abc 1 #bd 1 #da 1 7 ,hades71 #gi 1 #ahc 1 #aja1 #afj 1 #aca 1 #ahc 1 #ei 1 #ach 1 #hi 1 #acg 1 #aaf1 #aah 1 #aia 1 #aah2 cf4 8,apo!osis0 1 #fh 1 #aea 1 #afb 1 #aea 1 #h 1 #fd2 cf4 8,insepulti0 1 #acb1 #acg 1 #abi1 #acf s4 1 #abi1 #ada ss4 1 #baa 7 71 #bc1 #aba ss41 #abe1 #bjg ss4 1 #abc 1 #g1 #bd1 #gi1 #aff s4 1 #ac s4 1 #aab 1 #afj 1 #aee 1 #adi 1 #cj1 #ajc 1 #afc s4 1 #adi 1 #aga2 cf4 8,hades0 1 #agi 1 #ahb 1 #afh2 cf4 #ajc1 #bac 1 #aci 1 #afj 1 #aeb 1 #da1 #afa1 #afi 1 #ahb 1 #bjj 1 #aaa1 #afh 1 #ade 1 #aff s4 1 #if1 #aaa 1 #bjb 1 #afg 1 #aab 1 #afc 1 #aea 1 #bf1 #aej s41 #aid 1 #da2 cf4 8,hypsi/os0 1 #abc 1 #abc 1 #be1 #ei1 #afg2 cf4 8,psy*e0 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ----- ,footnote #a3 ,plut41 ,p]icl41 #h4 ,footnote #b3 ,p5ses1 ,,iii1 #aid 7t4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajc1 ed4 ,bruns*vigg74 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,lecture ,i1 8,life 9 ! ,tomb40 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,lecture ,,ii1 8,! ,ne!r ,_w40 ,footnote #e3 ,see ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #f3 ,plautus1 ,capt41 ,v1 #d1 #a4 ,footnote #g3 ,polyb41 ,,vi1 #ef1 #ab4 ,footnote #h3 ,diels1 ,fragm4 ,vorsokratik]#c1 ,,ii1 p4 #aba1 fr4 #big4 ,footnote #i3 ,hom]1 ,il41 1 #ajj2 ,plato1 ,pha$41 #gg ,d2 cf4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 ,,ii#d1 p4 #bfd1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #aj3 ,,iii1 #ch3 8,et metus ille =as praeceps ,a*]untis ag5dus ,funditus humanam qui vitam turbat ab imo40 ,footnote #aa3 ,sall41 ,cat41 #ea1 #bj4 ,footnote #ab3 ,pl9y1 ,h4 ,n41 ,,vii1 #ee1 #aij4 ,footnote #ac3 ,s5eca1 ,troades1 #chb ss4 ,footnote #ad3 ,lucian1 ,alex41 c4 #fa2 c4 #dg4 ,footnote #ae3 ,lucian1 ibid41 c4 #ch2 c4 #dd2 c4 #dg4 ,footnote #af3 ,julian1 ,epi/41 #hi 7p4 #gdg1 #bc1 ed4 ,bidez-,cumont74 ,footnote #ag3 ,c\s91 ,bull4 corr4 hell41 ,,xvi1 #ahig2 cf4 ,us5]1 ,rhe94 ,mus41 ,n4 ,f41 ,,xlvii1 p4 #dbh4 ,footnote #ah3 ,,cil1 ,,xi1 #hef ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigraphica1 #aia4 ,footnote #ai3 ,dessau1 ,inscript4 selectae1 #hafb ss42 cf4 ,recueil des inscriptions du ,pont1 #aaj3 8,non fui1 fui1 non sum1 non curo40 ,footnote #bj3 ,recueil1 #adc4 ,footnote #ba3 ,cf4 ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #bb3 ,kaibel1 ,epigr4 ,graeca1 #fdf4 ,footnote #bc3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #adie ,,cil1 ,,vi1 #bfjjc3 8,nil sumus et fuimus4 ,mortales respice1 lector1 ,9 nihil ab nihilo quam cito recidimus40 ,footnote #bd3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #abdg ,,cil1 ,,vi1 #gaic3 8,quod sup]e/ hom9i requiescunt dulcit] ossa1 ,nec sum sollicitus ne subito esuriam4 ,et podagram c>eo1 nec sum p5sionibus arra ,et gratis aet]no p]fruor hospitio40 ,footnote #be3 ,b*el]1 op4 cit41 #aejj4 ,footnote #bf3 ,i ,cor4 #ae4 #cb4 ,footnote #bg3 ,b*el]1 op4 cit41 #ahg3 8,quod com$i et ebibi tantum meum e/40 ,cf4 ibid41 #bdd3 8,quod edi1 bibi1 mecum habeo1 quod reliqui1 p]didi40 ,footnote #bh3 ,b*el]1 op4 cit41 #adii2 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 sel41 #haeg3 8,balnea1 v9a1 v5us corrumpunt corpora no/ra1 ,s$ vitam faciunt balnea1 v9a1 v5us40 ,footnote #bi3 ,b*el]1 op4 cit41 #bdc3 8,dum vixi1 bibi lib5t]2 bibite vos qui vivitis40 ,footnote #cj3 ,hron de ,villefosse1 ,le trsor de ,boscoreale1 9 ,monum5ts ,piot1 ,v1 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,footnote #ca3 ,epi/41 ,i1 #d1 #af4 ,footnote #cb3 ,epict41 ,diss41 ,i1 #ad1 #f2 ,,ii1 #h1 #aa 7 74 ,footnote #cc3 ,cf41 e4g41 ,s541 ,consol4 ,m>c41 end4 ,footnote #cd3 ,see ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #aae s4 ,footnote #ce3 ,cic41 ,tusc41 ,i1 #gi4 ,footnote #cf3 ,/ob41 ,ecl41 ,i1 #chd1 ,wa*smu?4 ,footnote #cg3 ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,adv4 ,ma?41 ,,ix1 #ga3 4 ,cf4 ,cic41 ,tusc41 ,i1 #af1 #cg2 #ag1 #dj4 ,footnote #ch3 ,cf4 ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #ci3 ,epictetus1 ,,iii1 #ac1 #ae2 cf4 ,,ii1 #f1 #ah4 ,footnote #dj3 ,bonhf]1 ,epictet4 und die ,/oa1 #ahij1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #da3 ,cf4 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #db3 ,ar*4 ,epigr4 ,mitt4 aus ,oe/]rei*1 ,,vi1 #ahhb1 p4 #fj2 cf4 ,epictetus1 l4 c4 ,footnote #dc3 ,,cil1 ,,xiii1 #hcga1 at ,cologne4 ,footnote #dd3 ,,cil1 ,,iii1 #fchd3 8,corpus hab5t c9]es1 animam sac] ab/ulit a]40 ,footnote #de3 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 sel41 #hafh2 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #aecb2 cf4 #igd3 8,mortua heic ego sum et sum c9is1 is c9is t]ra/1 ,se9 e/ t]ra dea1 ego sum dea1 mortua non sum40 ,footnote #df3 ,t5nyson1 ,cross+ ! ,b>4 ,footnote #dg3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #adih3 8,evasi effugi2 ,spes et ,=tuna valete2 ,nil mihi vobiscum4 ,ludificate alios40 ,cf4 ,b*el]1 #dji1 #i2 #dcd2 ,an?ol4 ,pal41 ,,ix1 #di2 #agb2 ,vettius ,val5s1 ,v1 #i 7p4 #bai1 #bf1 ,kroll74 ,footnote #dh3 ,see my ,ori5tal religions1 p4 #ahj2 #bgf1 n4 #ea s4 ,footnote #di3 ,see ,lecture ,,iii1 pp4 #if1 #ajg2 ,,vii1 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #ej3 ,callim41 ,epigr41 #ae1 #c3 2-- -- ' 2 -- 2---- ,footnote #ea3 ,cat41 ,v1 #d3 8,soles occid]e et r$ire possunt2 ,nobis quum semel occidit brevis lux1 ,nox e/ p]petua una dormi5da40 ,footnote #eb3 ,cf4 ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #hc1 & ,,vii1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #ec3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #ahj1 #aadg1 #aaij1 #acci1 etc4 ,footnote #ed3 ,plato1 ,apol41 #dj;c-#da;c4 ,footnote #ee3 ,cic41 ,p>ad4 ,/oic41 ,,ii1 #ah3 8,mors e/ t]ribilis iis quorum cum vita omnia ex/+untur1 non iis quorum laus emori non pote/40 ,footnote #ef3 ,cic41 ,pro ,ar*ia1 #aa1 #bf2 cf4 ,tusc41 ,i1 #ae1 #cd4 ,footnote #eg3 ,diog4 ,la]t41 ,x1 #af fragm4 #bag ,us5]2 cf4 ,pl941 ,h4 ,n41 ,,xxxv1 #e4 ,footnote #eh3 ,furtwngl]1 ,die antik5 ,gemm51 ,,iii1 #aijj1 #beg ss4 ,footnote #ei3 ,see ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #fj3 ,ovid1 ,metam41 ,,xv1 #fj ss4 ,footnote #fa3 ,rohde1 ,d] ,grie*4 ,roman#b1 p4 #bgj s4 ,footnote #fb3 ,s541 ,quae/4 nat41 ,,vii1 #cb1 #b4 ,footnote #fc3 ,see ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #fd3 ,revue ar*ologique1 #aiah1 ,,viii1 p4 #eb ss4 ,footnote #fe3 ,plato1 ,republ41 ,,vii1 p4 #ead4 ,footnote #ff3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #bji ss4 ,footnote #fg3 ,see ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #afg2 cf4 ,,iii1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #fh3 ,see ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #fi3 ,see1 = all ?is1 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #if s42 cf4 ,,viii1 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #gj3 ,see ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #ga3 ,see ,lecture ,i1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #gb3 ,see ,lecture ,v1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #gc3 ,see ,lecture ,,iii1 pp4 #gc1 #ha2 ,,vii1 p4 #aha s4 ,footnote #gd3 ,cf4 ,cic41 ,tusc41 ,i1 #aa1 #bd4 ,footnote #ge3 ,see ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #gf3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #dcd4 ,footnote #gg3 ,cf4 my ,a/rology & ,religion1 #aiab1 p4 #hc ss4 ,footnote #gh3 ,see above1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #gi3 ,see ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #hj3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ajj ss4 ,footnote #ha3 ,pascal1 ,p5ses1 ,,iii1 #bjf 7t4 ,,ii1 p4 #abg1 ,bruns*vigg73 8,le sil5ce t]nel de ces espaces inf9is m'effraie40 ,footnote #hb3 ,see ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ih2 ,,vi1 p4 #afa s42 ,,vii1 p4 #ahd4 ,footnote #hc3 ,see ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #abg2 ,,viii1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #hd3 ,manilius1 ,,ii1 #aae4 ,footnote #he3 ,see above1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #hf3 ,lehrs1 ,populre ,aufstze aus dem ,alt]tum1 #ahge1 p4 #cdi ss42 ,f[l]1 ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman ,p1 p4 #chb ss4 ,footnote #hg3 ,cf4 my ,ori5tal religions 9 ,roman paganism1 ,*icago1 #aiaa1 p4 #ci ss4 ,footnote #hh3 ,see ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #aah ss4 ,footnote #hi3 ,see ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #gf2 ,,vii1 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #ij3 ,see ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #abj2 ,,viii1 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #ia3 8,alim5ta vitae tribuis p]petua fide1 ,et cum recess]it anima 9 te refugiemus1 ,ita1 quicquid tribuis1 9 te cuncta recidunt40 7,an?ol4 ,lat41 ed4 ,riese1 ,i1 p4 #bg47 ,footnote #ib3 ,see ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #ic3 ,see ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #id3 ,see ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #if ss4 ,footnote #ie3 ,see ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #if3 ,enn41 ,,iv1 #g4 ,footnote #ig3 ,see ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ajf2 ,,vi1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #ih3 ,see ,lecture ,,vii1 p4 #ahd ss4 ,footnote #ii3 ,see ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #ajh2 ,,viii1 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,see ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #ij2 ,,iv1 p4 #aji2 ,,viii1 p4 #aif ss41 #bjf4 ,footnote #aja3 ,cic41 ,tusc41 ,i1 #ab1 #bg4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,lucretius1 ,,iii1 #hij ss4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,s]vius1 ,a541 ,,iii1 #fh4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,s]vius1 ibid4 ,footnote #aje3 ,prop]tius1 ,,iv1 #e1 #c3 8,nec s$eant c9]i ,manes40 ,cf4 ,lucan1 ,,ix1 #b4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,pl9y1 ,h4 ,n41 ,,xvi1 #dd1 #bcd2 cf4 ,livy1 ,,xxxviii1 #ec4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,cf4 my ,ori5tal religions1 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,,cil1 ,i1 #aajh3 8,domum aet]nam ubi aevum deg]5t40 ,footnote #aji3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #aeee3 8,haec c]ta e/ domus1 haec e/ col5da nobis40 ,footnote #aaj3 ,virg41 ,a541 ,,iii1 #fg3 8,animam sepulcro condimus40 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,epi/41 ,,iii1 #bg1 #ab3 8,rite conditis ,manibus40 ,footnote #aaa3 ,see above1 ,introd41 p4 #aj2 ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #aab3 ,petronius1 #ga3 8,valde enim falsum vivo quidem domos cultas esse1 non cur>i eam ubi diutius nobis habit&um e/40 ,footnote #aac3 ,lucian1 ,philopseudes1 #bg2 cf4 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 sel41 #hcgi1 l4 #ej ss4 ,footnote #aad3 ,kaibel1 ,epigr4 ,graeca1 #fdf ,dessau1 ,inscr4 sel41 #haef2 cf4 ,lucian1 ,de luctu1 #ai4 ,footnote #aae3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #hch ,dessau1 op4 cit41 #hbjd4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,sueton41 ,aug41 #ae4 ,footnote #aag3 ,cf4 p4 #eb1 n4 #bj1 & ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #aah3 ,s]vius1 ,a541 ,,iii1 #fg4 ,footnote #aai3 ,cf4 ,comptes r5dus ,acad4 des ,inscr41 #aiah1 p4 #bhd s4 ,footnote #abj3 ,s]vius1 ,a541 ,v1 #gi3 8,ad sangu9is imitationem1 9 quo e/ s$es animae40 ,cf4 ,,ii1 #ecb4 ,footnote #aba3 ,see above1 ,introd41 p4 #ce1 & ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #abb3 ,,cil1 ,,xi1 #acb ,dessau1 #gbce4 ,footnote #abc3 ,,cil1 ,,xiv1 #ccbc ,dessau1 #hjij3 8,hoc peto aego a bobis unib]sis sodalibus ut s5e bile refrig]etis40 ,footnote #abd3 ,,cil1 ,,vi1 #bfeed ,dessau1 #haci4 ,footnote #abe3 ,dessau1 #hcgi4 ,footnote #abf3 ,lucian1 ,de luctu1 #cg4 ,footnote #abg3 ,dessau1 #haed ,,cil1 ,,xii1 #eajb ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #ghh3 8,eo cupidius p]poto 9 monum5to meo1 ,quod dormi5dum et p]man5dum heic e/ mihi40 ,footnote #abh3 ,de te/im4 animae1 #d4 ,footnote #abi3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #bjc s4 ,footnote #acj3 ,augu/9e1 ,de mor4 eccles41 #cd3 8,qui luxuriosissime sup] mortuos bibant et epulas cadav]ibus exhib5tes sup] sepultos se ipsos sepeliant et voracitates ebrietatesque suas deput5t religioni40 ,footnote #aca3 ,con/itutiones ,apo/ol41 ,,viii1 #db4 ,footnote #acb3 ,dessau1 #hcge3 8,colant spiritum meum40 ,footnote #acc3 ,cf4 ,petronius1 #ga3 8,omne g5us poma volo s9t circa c9]es meos et v9e>um l>git]02 ,dessau1 #hcdb ss42 bel[1 ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #acd3 ,v>ro1 ,l+u4 ,lat41 ,,vi1 #di 7#de74 ,footnote #ace3 ,ar*4 ,epigr4 ,mitt4 aus ,oe/]rei*1 ,x1 #ahhf1 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #acf3 ,dessau1 #fgdf4 ,footnote #acg3 ,ibid41 #hacj4 ,footnote #ach3 ,ibid41 #aifg2 cf4 #haci4 ,footnote #aci3 ,diog4 ,la]t41 ,,viii1 #cb2 cf4 ,s]vius1 ,a541 ,,iii1 #fc2 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #adj3 ,virg41 ,a541 ,,iv1 #fhe4 ,footnote #ada3 ,see ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #adb3 ,cf4 ,porph41 ,de ab/941 ,,ii1 #cg4 ,footnote #adc3 ,s]vius1 ,georg41 ,i1 #bgg2 cf4 ,dessau1 #hjjf4 ,footnote #add3 ,,cil1 ,,viii1 #bhjc;a3 8,donata1 pia1 iu/a1 vale1 s]va tuos omnes40 ,footnote #ade3 ,m>g>et ,waites1 ,am]ican j\rn4 ( ar*aeol41 #aibj1 #bdb ss4 ,footnote #adf3 ,maxim4 ,tyr41 ,diss41 ,,ix 7,,xv71 #f4 ,footnote #adg3 ,plot9us1 ,enn41 ,,iv1 #g1 #bj4 ,footnote #adh3 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 sel41 #hjjf4 8,manus mala0 means probably a murd] produc$ by wit*craft2 cf4 ibid41 #hebb2 ,lecture ,v1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #adi3 ,,cil1 ,,ii1 #ddbg3 8,lacrimae si prosunt1 visis te o/5de vid]i40 ,footnote #aej3 ,lucian1 ,philopseudes1 #bi4 ,footnote #aea3 ,dio ,cassius1 ,,lxxix1 #ah4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 sel41 #hbja;a3 8,tu qui legis et dubitas ,manes esse1 sponsione facta invoca nos et intelleges40 ,footnote #aec3 ,ovid1 ,fa/41 ,,ii1 #edf4 ,footnote #aed3 ,,cil1 ,i1 #hah ,,vi1 #ajdjg;e ,dessau1 #hgdi3 8,mortuus nec ad deos nec ad hom9es acceptus e/40 ,cf4 ,,cil1 ,x1 #hbdi4 ,footnote #aee3 ,,cil1 ,,vi1 #abjgb3 8,p>ce matrem tuam et patrem et sororem tuam ,m>9am1 ut poss9t tibi fac]e po/ me sollemnia40 ,footnote #aef3 ,audoll5t1 ,defixionum tabellae1 #aijd4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,v1 pp4 #adc1 #ade4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,plato1 ,republ41 ,x1 #fae ,a ,b2 cf4 ,nord51 ,a5eis ,bu* ,,vi1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #aei3 ,see ,lecture ,v1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #afj3 ,virg41 ,a541 ,,vi1 #cbe ss3 8,inops inhumataque turba4444 ,c5tum errant annos volitantque haec litora circum40 ,footnote #afa3 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 sel41 #gbac ,,cil1 ,,xiv1 #baab1 ,,ii1 #d4 ,footnote #afb3 ,sueton41 ,calig41 #ei2 cf4 ,plautus1 ,mo/ell41 ,,iii1 #b4 ,footnote #afc3 ,pl9y1 ,epi/41 ,,vii1 #bg2 ,lucian1 ,philopseudes1 #ca4 ,footnote #afd3 ,audoll5t1 ,defixionum tabellae1 #bg1 l4 #ah2 cf4 #bb ss4 ,footnote #afe3 ,see ,lecture ,v1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #aff3 ,heliodorus1 ,ae?41 ,,vi1 #ae4 ,footnote #afg3 ,see ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #afh3 ,leblant1 pigraphie *rti5ne de la ,gaule1 #ahij1 #eb ss4 ,footnote #afi3 ,lawson1 ,mod]n ,greek folk-lore1 #aiaj1 p4 #djc4 ,footnote #agj3 ,lucian1 ,de luctu1 #i4 ,footnote #aga3 ,piganiol1 ,revue d'hi/oire et de litt4 religieuses1 ,,vi1 #aibj1 p4 #cce ss4 ,footnote #agb3 ,cf4 ,lucian1 ,de luctu1 #ad4 ,footnote #agc3 ,cf4 ,dessau1 #hcgi4 ,footnote #agd3 ,a541 ,,vi1 #fec ss4 ,footnote #age3 ,ovid1 ,metam41 ,,iv1 #ddc ss4 ,footnote #agf3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #aahf3 8,s$ 9 secessum num9is inf]nae domus ,(iciosus t&em m9i/]io laetatur suo40 ,footnote #agg3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #agh3 ,monum5ti ,anti*i1 ,,xxiv1 #aiag1 pp4 #e-aaf4 ,footnote #agi3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,vii1 p4 #agb s4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,furtwngl]1 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 ,,viii1 #aije1 p4 #aia ss4 ,footnote #aha3 ,see ,lecture ,i1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,see ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,vii1 p4 #agb ss4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,see ,introd41 p4 #f4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,see ,introd41 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,mulla*1 ,fragm4 phil4 ,graec41 ,,ii1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,tim4 ,locr41 ,de anim4 mundi1 #ag1 p4 #ajd ,d2 cf4 ,s*mekel1 ,mittl]e ,/oa1 #ahib1 p4 #dce4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,cf4 ,lecture ,,vii1 p4 #agh ss4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,cf4 on ?is doctr9e ,revue de philologie1 ,,xliv1 #aibj1 p4 #bcj ss4 ,footnote #aij3 ,cf4 ,lecture ,,vii1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #aia3 ,see ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #aib3 ,cf4 ,rev4 philol41 l4 c41 p4 #bcg ss4 ,footnote #aic3 ,on ?is doctr9e see ,comptes r5dus ,acad4 ,inscriptions1 #aibj1 p4 #bgb ss4 ,footnote #aid3 ,cf4 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #aie3 ,see ,lecture ,,vii1 p4 #ahe2 cf4 ,,vi1 p4 #afa s4 ,footnote #aif3 ,see ,introd41 p4 #ch s4 ,footnote #aig3 ,cic41 ,tusc41 ,i1 #ba1 #dh2 cf4 ,i1 #f1 #aj2 ,nat4 deor41 ,,ii1 #b1 #e4 ,footnote #aih3 ,s541 ,epi/41 #bd1 #ah4 ,footnote #aii3 ,juv5al1 ,sat41 ,,ii1 #adi ss4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,pl9y1 ,h4 ,n41 ,,ii1 #fc1 #aeh4 ,footnote #bja3 ,plut>*1 ,non posse suavit] vivi sec4 ,epic41 #bg1 p4 #aaje4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,cf4 ,lucian1 ,de luctu1 #aj4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,b*el]1 #aaji1 v4 #ai-bd3 8,non ego ,t>t>eas p5etrabo tri/is ad undas1 ,non ,a*]onteis transveh> umbra vadis1 ,non ego ca]uleam remo pulsabo c>9am1 ,nec te t]ribilem fronte timebo ,*>on1 ,nec ,m9os mihi iura dabit gr&aevus et atris ,non errabo locis nec cohibebor aquis40 ,footnote #bjd3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ,jahre%4 ,in/it4 ,wi51 ,,xvii1 #aiad1 p4 #acc ss42 or ,h]mes1 ,,xxxvii1 #aijb1 p4 #aba ss4 ,footnote #bje3 ,cf4 ,jahn1 ,d>/ellung5 d] ,unt]welt auf ,s>kophag51 9 ,b]4 ,gesells*aft ,wiss4 ,leipsig1 #ahef1 p4 #bfg ss42 ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire des reliefs1 ,,iii1 #cia2 ,b]g]1 ,revue ar*ol41 #c;e s]ie1 ,,xxvi1 #ahie1 p4 #ga ss4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,sueton41 ,tib]ius1 #ge1 #a3 8,t]ram matrem deosque ,manes or>5t1 ne mortuo s$em ullam nisi int] impios d>5t40 ,footnote #bjg3 ,heliodorus1 ,ae?41 ,,viii1 #i1 p4 #bca1 #aj1 ,bekk]4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,jahre%4 ,in/it4 ,wi51 ,,xviii1 #aiae1 ,beiblatt41 p4 #de4 ,footnote #bji3 ,plut>*1 ,non posse suavit] vivi sec4 ,epic41 #bg1 p4 #aaje4 ,footnote #baj3 ,porph41 ,s5t41 #bi 7p4 #ac1 ,momm]t74 ,footnote #baa3 ,proclus1 ,9 ,remp4 ,plat41 ,,ii1 p4 #abf1 #aj ss41 ,kroll4 ,footnote #bab3 ,proclus1 ibid41 ,,ii1 p4 #aca1 #bj ss4 ,footnote #bac3 ,proclus1 ,9 ,remp4 ,plat41 ,i1 #aba1 #bc ss41 ,kroll4 ,footnote #bad3 ,orig41 ,contra ,celsum1 ,,viii1 #dh s4 ,footnote #bae3 ,see ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #aac ss4 ,footnote #baf3 ,porph41 ,de ab/941 #ch ss42 cf4 ,b\sset1 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss41 ,,xviii1 #aiae1 p4 #acd ss41 & ,&res 9 ,real5cycl41 ,supplem5tb&1 ,,iii1 #cae4 ,footnote #bag3 ,cf4 ,comptes r5dus ,acad4 ,inscriptions1 #aiah1 p4 #bgh ss4 ,footnote #bah3 ,pl9y1 ,h4 ,n41 ,,ii1 #h1 #bh4 ,footnote #bai3 ,eusebius ,alex41 9 ,patr4 ,graeca1 ,,lxxxvi1 #a1 p4 #dec4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,cat4 codd4 a/rol4 ,graec1 ,v1 p>s4 #a1 p4 #aif ss4 ,footnote #bba3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,a?ribis1 ,london1 #aijh 7#eb ,a4 ,d474 ,footnote #bbc3 ,cf4 bel[1 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,t\ta91 ,revue des tudes anci5nes1 ,,xiii1 #aiaa1 p4 #aff ss42 cf4 ibid41 p4 #cgi s4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,see bel[1 p4 #ajd1 & ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,e4 ,pfeiff]1 ,/udi5 zum antik5 ,/]nglaub51 #aiaf1 p4 #aac ss4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,pausanias1 ,,iv1 #cb1 #d4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,ari/ophanes1 ,peace1 #hcb ss4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #aaa2 cf4 ,introd41 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,pl9y1 ,h4 ,n41 ,,ii1 #bf1 #ie4 ,footnote #bca3 ,jambli*41 ,vit4 ,py?41 ,,xviii1 #hb ,diels1 ,vorsokratik]1 ,i#c1 p4 #ceh1 #ah2 cf4 ,plut41 ,de g5io ,socr41 #bb1 p4 #eij ,c2 ,hi]ocles1 ,9 ,aur4 c>m41 end4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,lucian1 ,v]ae hi/41 ,i1 #aj ss4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,ca/or1 fragm4 #bd & #be1 ,mll]4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,see ,introd41 p4 #bi1 & ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #bce3 ,julian1 ,caes41 p4 #cjg c4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,plato1 ,rep41 ,,vii1 p4 #ead4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,reproduc$ 9 my tudes syri5nes1 #aiag1 p4 #hg2 cf4 bel[1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #bch3 ,wieg&1 9 ,abh&l4 ,akad4 ,b]l91 #aijh4 ,b]i*t1 ,,vi1 p4 #df3 1 4444 ,footnote #bci3 ,see ,la ?ologie solaire du paganisme roma9 9 ,mm4 sav4 trang]s ,acad4 ,inscr41 ,,xii1 #aiji1 p4 #ddi ss4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,cf4 ,introd41 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #bda3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,,cil1 ,,vi1 #biied2 see bel[1 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #aeg ss4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,commodian1 ,,viii1 #aj3 8,sac]dotes 444 num9a qui dicunt aliquid morituro prodesse40 ,footnote #bdd3 ,see ,introd41 p4 #bd s42 cf4 bel[1 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #bde3 ,lydus1 ,de m5sib41 ,,iv1 #adi 7p4 #afg1 #be1 ,wns*474 ,footnote #bdf3 ,lucan1 ,ph>s41 ,i1 #de2 ,/atius1 ,!b41 ,i1 #bg2 cf4 my tudes syri5nes1 #aiag1 p4 #ig s4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,diog4 ,la]t41 ,,viii1 #ca4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,ovid1 ,metam41 ,,xv1 #hdj ss42 cf4 #gdi4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,cassius1 ,dio1 ,,lxix1 #aa1 #d4 ,footnote #bej3 ,cic41 ,tusc41 ,i1 #ab1 #bh3 8,totum prope caelum nonne humano g5]i completum e/80 ,footnote #bea3 ,revue de philologie1 ,,xxxiii1 #aiji1 p4 #f ,,ig1 ,,xii1 #g1 #abc4 ,footnote #beb3 ,revue de phil41 ibid42 cf4 ,lecture ,v1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #bec3 ,,ii ,cor4 #ab1 #b4 ,footnote #bed3 ,porph41 ,s5t41 #bib 7p4 #ad1 ,momm]t72 ,proclus1 ,9 ,remp41 ,i1 p4 #aeb1 #ag1 ,kroll2 ,9 ,tim41 ,,iii1 p4 #bcd1 #be1 ,diehl4 ,footnote #bee3 ,cf4 my ,my/]ies ( ,mi?ras1 ,*icago1 #aijc1 p4 #ade2 bel[1 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #afi2 ,,vii1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #bef3 ,orig51 ,contra ,celsum1 ,,vi1 #ba2 cf4 ,monum4 my/res de ,mi?ra1 ,i1 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #beg3 ,apuleius1 ,de dogm4 ,plat41 ,i1 #aa4 ,footnote #beh3 ,ar*iv fr ,religionsw41 ,,ix1 #aijf1 p4 #cbc ss4 ,footnote #bei3 ,see1 e4g41 ,plot941 ,,iii1 #d1 #f2 cf4 ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,see above1 ,introd41 pp4 #f1 #da4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,ibid41 p4 #g4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #if4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,l9k1 ,de vocis 8,sanctus0 usu pagano1 ,knigsb]g1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,cic41 ,de natura deor41 ,,ii1 #ff1 #afg4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,manilius1 ,i1 #da2 cf4 ,boll1 ,aus d] ,(f5b>ung ,iohannis1 #aiad1 p4 #acf ss4 ,footnote #bff3 ,pseudo-,ecphant4 ap ,/ob41 ,an?41 ,,iv1 #g1 #fd 7,,iv1 p4 #bgb ss41 ,wa*smu?72 ,h]mes ,trism4 ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl41 ,i1 #di1 #de 7,i1 p4 #djg1 ,w74 ,footnote #bfg3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #aef ss4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,cic41 ,nat4 deorum1 ,,ii1 #ff1 #afe4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,somn4 ,scipionis1 #c2 cf4 ,pro ,se/io1 #fh1 #adc4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,h]mes ,trismeg4 ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl41 ,i1 #di1 #fi 7,i1 p4 #dff1 ,wa*smu?74 ,footnote #bga3 ,maurice ,muret1 ,les contempora9s trang]s1 ,p>is1 ,i1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,see my tudes syri5nes1 p4 #fc ss4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,,cil1 ,,vi1 #aggi ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #aaa1 #bc3 87,me7 sorte mortis exim5s 9 templa ducis44440 ,footnote #bgd3 ,pseudo-,lysis ap4 ,jambli*41 ,vit4 ,py?41 #ag1 #gg4 ,footnote #bge3 ,see ,introd41 p4 #bi2 ,lecture ,,vii1 p4 #ahd s4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,cf4 ,lecture ,i1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,,cil1 ,,vi1 #eaj ,dessau1 #daeb4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,s]vius1 ,a541 ,,vi1 #gda4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,see ,introd41 p4 #ce2 cf4 ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,porph41 ,de ab/941 ,,ii1 #dh4 ,footnote #bha3 ,cf4 ,comptes r5dus ,acad4 ,inscriptions1 #aiag1 p4 #bha ss4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,see above1 ,introd41 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,h]mes ,trismeg41 ,poim&res1 ,i1 #bf3 4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,viii1 #bjg4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,apuleius1 ,metam41 ,,xi1 #bd3 8,inexplicabili voluptate div9i simulacri p]frueb>40 ,footnote #bhf3 ,see ,ori5tal religions1 p4 #ajj1 & bel[1 ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #baj ss4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,papyr4 ( ,london1 ,,cxxii1 #a ss42 cf4 ,reitz5/e91 ,poim&res1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,riewald1 ,de imp]atorum ,romanorum cum c]tis dis aequatione1 ,halle1 #aiab4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,cf4 ,gillis ,wett]1 ,die 8,v]h]rli*ung10 9 ,beitrge zur ,relig4-,wiss5s*aft1 ,,ii1 #aiad4 ,footnote #bij3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #bia3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #bib3 ,porph41 ,de ,ab/941 ,,ii1 #di4 ,footnote #bic3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,viii1 pp4 #bja1 #bjg1 #baa4 ,footnote #bid3 ,see my ,my/icisme a/ral dans l'antiquit 9 ,bullet9s de l',acad4 de ,belgique1 #aiji1 p4 #bfd ss4 ,footnote #bie3 ,see ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #baj ss4 ,footnote #bif3 ,virg41 ,a541 ,,vi1 #dbf ss4 ,footnote #big3 ,plut41 ,de g5io ,socratis1 #bb1 p4 #eij ,f4 ,footnote #bih3 ,plato1 ,republ41 p4 #fae ,c2 cf4 ,nord51 ,a5eis ,bu* ,,vi1 #aijc1 pp4 #aa1 #bg4 ,footnote #bii3 ,a*ill4 ,tat41 ,v1 #af4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,t]tull41 ,de anima1 #eg4 ,footnote #cja3 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 sel41 #hdig ss42 cf4 ,recueil des inscriptions du ,pont1 #i1 #beh4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,horace1 ,epod41 #e1 #ib2 cf4 ,livy1 ,,iii1 #eh1 #aa4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,sueton41 ,n]o1 #cd1 #d4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,sueton41 ,calig41 #ei4 ,footnote #cje3 ,porph41 ,epi/41 ,,ii1 #b1 #bji3 8,nocturnas ,lemures3 umbras vagantes hom9um ante diem mortuorum et ideo metu5das40 ,footnote #cjf3 ,b\*-,lecl]cq1 ,a/rologie grecque1 p4 #djd4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,diog4 ,la]t41 ,,ii1 #e1 #de2 cf4 ,lamprid41 ,heliog41 #cc1 #b3 8,pra$ictum eidem erat a sac]dotibus ,syris bio?anatum se futurum40 ,footnote #cjh3 ,ptolem41 ,tetrabibl41 ,,iii1 #aj 7p4 #abg1 ed4 #aeec74 ,footnote #cji3 ,macrob41 ,somn4 ,scip41 ,i1 #ac1 #a1 probably aft] ,num5ius 7,revue des tudes grecques1 ,,xxxii1 #aiba1 p4 #aai s474 ,footnote #caj3 ,,cil1 ,,viii1 #bgef ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #afjd4 ,footnote #caa3 ,manilius1 ,,iv1 #af4 ,footnote #cab3 ,cf4 ,s*ulze1 ,sitzungsb4 ,akad4 ,b]l91 #aiab1 p4 #fia ss4 ,footnote #cac3 ,demon3 ,kaibel1 ,epigr4 ,gr41 #eff1 #d2 #efi1 #c1 etc4--,evil god3 ,dessau1 #hdih2 cf4 #ijic3 8,cui 7sic7 dii nef&i p>vulo contra votum g5itorum vita privav]unt40 ,footnote #cad3 ,see ,lecture ,i1 p4 #ff ss4 ,footnote #cae3 ,kaibel1 ,epigr4 ,graeca1 #fbd4 ,footnote #caf3 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 ,,ii#d1 p4 #daa2 cf4 ,p]drizet1 ,negotium p]ambulans1 #aibb1 p4 #ai ss4 ,footnote #cag3 ,audoll5t1 ,defixionum tabellae1 #aijd1 p4 #dj1 nr1 #bb ss42 see above1 ,lecture ,i1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #cah3 ,wessely1 ,grie*4 ,zaub]pap4 aus ,p>is 9 ,d5ks*r4 ,akad4 ,wi51 ,,xxxvi1 #ahhh1 p4 #he1 l4 #begg ss41 p4 #hf1 l4 #bfde ss4 ,footnote #cai3 ,cic41 ,9 ,vat941 #f1 #ad2 ,horace1 ,ep41 #e2 ,petronius1 #fc1 #h4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #ihg3 8,eripuit me saga manus crudelis ubique1 ,cum manet 9 t]ris et nocet arte sua4 ,vos ve/ros natos concu/odite1 p>5tes40 ,cf4 ,petronius1 l4 c41 & ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #fa1 n4 #dh4 ,footnote #cba3 ,alex4 ,trall41 ,i1 #ae1 pp4 #efe1 #efg1 ,pus*man4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,,xxviii1 #ab1 #di4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,t]tull41 ,de anima1 #eg4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,nord51 ,a5eis ,bu* ,,vi1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,s541 ,dial41 ,,vi1 #bc1 #a2 ,plut41 ,cons4 ad uxorem1 #aa2 cf4 ,dessau1 #hdha ss4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,vii1 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #abcc4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,kaibel1 ,epigr4 ,graeca1 #cbd4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,hauss\lli]1 ,revue de philologie1 ,,xxiii1 #aiji1 p4 #f2 see above1 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #efi3 8,vitaeque e lim9e raptus4444 ,non tam5 ad ,manes s$ caeli ad sid]a p]gis40 ,cf4 ibid41 #efi1 #faa4 ,footnote #cca3 ,see ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 ,,ii#d1 p4 #cgd1 n4 #b2 ,lawson1 ,mod]n ,greek folk-lore1 #aiaj p4 #adj ss42 cf4 ,dessau1 #hgdh4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #abcc2 cf4 ,/atius1 ,silv41 ,,ii1 #f1 #ajj4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,kaibel1 ,epigr4 ,graeca1 #egj1 #ega2 cf4 ,,cil1 ,,vi1 #biaie ,dessau1 #hdhb3 8,ulpius ,firmus1 anima bona sup]is r$dita1 raptus a ,nymphis40 ,footnote #cce3 ,cf4 ,&]son1 ,j\rn4 hell4 /ud41 ,,xix1 #ahii1 p4 #abg1 nr1 #adb1 & bel[1 note #db4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,cagnat1 ,inscr4 ,gr4 ad res ,rom4 p]t941 ,,iv1 #acgg4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,kaibel1 ,epigr4 ,graeca1 #cad4 ,footnote #cch3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #adci2 cf4 #adjj3 8,vos equidem nati caele/ia regna videtis ,quos rapuit p>vos praecipitata dies40 ,footnote #cci3 ,cabrol et ,lecl]cq1 ,reliquiae liturgicae vetu/issimae1 ,i1 #aiab1 nr1 #biag2 cf4 #bigd2 #caec4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,m5&]'s v]se1 8 10 is inde$ translat$ into ,lat9 9 a ,roman epitaph 7,dessau1 #hdha74 ,footnote #cda3 ,9 ,greek1 is a popul> =m = 4 ,9 ,lat9 biaeo?anatus is f\nd only 9 ,t]tull41 ,de ,anima1 #eg1 bio?anatus ev]y:]e else4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,a541 ,,vi1 #dgg ss4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,horace1 ,od41 ,,iii1 #b1 #ba2 cf4 ,introd41 p4 #ac2 ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,joseph41 ,bell4 ,iud41 ,,vi1 #e1 #dg4 ,footnote #cde3 ,s]vius1 ,a541 ,,xii1 #fjc4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h41 ,,ii1 #fc1 #aef4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 sel41 #ghdf3 8,extra auctorateis et quei sibei laqueo manu attuliss5t et quei quae/um spurcum pr(essi ess5t40 ,footnote #cdh3 ,ibid41 #gbab1 ,,ii1 #e4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,plut41 ,cato1 #fh4 ,footnote #cej3 ,cf4 ,revue des tudes grecques1 ,,xxxii1 #aiba1 p4 #aac ss4 ,footnote #cea3 ,s541 ,controv41 ,,viii1 #d1 end4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,i1 p4 #fd ss4 ,footnote #cec3 ,!ophanes1 ,*ronicon1 p4 #dcg1 #c ss41 ,de ,boor4 ,footnote #ced3 ,commodianus1 ,i1 #ad1 #h4 ,footnote #cee3 ,du ,cange1 ,gloss>ium1 s4 v4 ,footnote #cef3 ,lawson1 ,mod]n ,greek folk-lore1 #aiaj1 p4 #djh ss4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,transl4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! /udy ( ,greek religion1 #aijc1 p4 #ffj4 ,footnote #cei3 ,?ul91 ,etruskis*e ,discipl91 ,,iii1 #aiji1 p4 #eh ss4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,x5oph41 ,memorab41 ,,ii1 #a1 #ba2 cf4 ,hesiod1 ,op4 et dies1 #bhg ss4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,br9kmann1 ,rhe9is*es ,museum1 ,,lxvi1 #aiaa1 p4 #fbb ss4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,see ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,cic41 ,tusc41 ,i1 #cj1 #gb4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #cff3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,cf4 ,comptes r5dus ,acad4 ,inscr41 #aibj1 p4 #bgg4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,lactantius1 ,in/41 ,,vi1 #c s4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,polya541 ,,vii1 #bb4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,see ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ajg2 ,monum4 my/res de ,mi?ra1 ,i1 p4 #aah s42 ,,ii1 p4 #ebe4 ,footnote #cga3 ,philo1 ,de somniis1 ,i1 #bb2 ,orig51 ,contra ,celsum1 ,,vi1 #ba4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,*>les ,r4 ,morey1 ,ea/ ,*ri/ian pa9t+s 9 ! ,fre] collection1 ,new ,york1 #aiad1 p4 #ag ss4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,ladd] among o!r magical emblems on t]ra cotta discs f\nd at ,t>anto2 cf4 ,revue ar*ologique1 ,v1 #aiag1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #cge3 ,ibid41 p4 #if4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,cf4 ,revue de philologie1 ,,xliv1 #aibj1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,cf4 ,joseph ,keil1 ,jahre%4 ,in/ituts ,wi51 ,,xvii1 #aiad1 pp4 #ach1 #adb1 n4 #ac2 ,bormann1 ,b]i*t des ,v]e9s ,c>nuntum1 #aijh-aiaa1 p4 #ccj1 :]e ,itala felix applies n to ! %ip b to ! dead woman4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,= in/ance1 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 sel41 #hjca4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,cf4 my tudes syri5nes1 #aiag1 p4 #ii1 n4 #a4 ,s on ! beautiful *>iot ( ,monteleone 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,new ,york 7six? c5tury ,b4 ,c474 ,footnote #chj3 ,cf4 my tudes syri5nes1 p4 #ia s4 ,footnote #cha3 ,ibid41 p4 #ib1 fig4 #da4 ,footnote #chb3 ,ibid41 p4 #id1 fig4 #db2 cf4 bel[1 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #chc3 ,cf4 ibid41 p4 #ie s4 ,footnote #chd3 ,,ii ,reg41 #b1 #aa4 ,footnote #che3 ,kornemann1 ,klio1 ,,vii1 p4 #bgh2 cf4 tudes syri5nes1 p4 #ih1 n4 #c4 ,footnote #chf3 ,eunap41 ,hi/41 fr4 #bf 7,f4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,iv1 #be2 cf4 tudes syri5nes1 p4 #ajd74 ,footnote #chg3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #chh3 ,wei*]t1 ,d] ,seel5vogel 9 d] alt5 ,lit]atur und ,kun/1 ,leipzig1 #aijb2 see above1 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #chi3 tudes syri5nes1 p4 #ch ss4 ,footnote #cij3 ,pha$r41 p4 #bdf ,c4 ,footnote #cia3 ,an?4 ,pal41 ,,vii1 #fb ,diog4 ,la]t41 ,,iii1 #dd2 cf4 tudes syri5nes1 p4 #hh3 2 1 1 2-- 4 ,footnote #cib3 ,cf4 tudes syri5nes1 p4 #eg ss4 ,footnote #cic3 tudes syri5nes1 #aiag1 p4 #hg1 fig4 #ci4 ,footnote #cid3 ,see ,introd41 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #cie3 ,see ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #cif3 tudes syri5nes1 p4 #ajf s42 cf4 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #cig3 ,see ,lecture ,i1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #cih3 ,diog4 ,la]t41 ,,viii1 #a1 #bg4 ,footnote #cii3 ,jul41 ,or41 ,v1 p4 #agb ,c4 ,footnote #djj3 ,cic41 ,tusc41 ,i1 #db ss42 ,sextus ,empir41 ,adv4 ,ma?41 ,,ix1 #ga1 #d2 cf4 above1 ,introd41 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #dja3 ,w9ds & s\ls1 see bel[1 ,lecture ,,vii1 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #djb3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,vii1 p4 #ahf2 cf4 ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #djc3 ,see ,introd41 p4 #bi2 cf4 ,lecture ,,vii1 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #djd3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,vii1 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #dje3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ic1 & p4 #if s4 ,footnote #djf3 ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?rasliturgie#b1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #djg3 ,plato1 ,pha$o1 p4 #ajg ,d1 #ajh ,b4 ,footnote #djh3 ,kaibel1 ,epigr4 ,graeca1 #fej ,inscr4 ,sic4 ,ital41 #bdfa4 ,footnote #dji3 ,hauss\lli]1 ,revue de philologie1 ,,xxiii1 #aiji1 p4 #f2 cf4 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #daj3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #daa3 ,cf4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 ,,ii#d1 p4 #cgf s4 ,footnote #dab3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,i1 p4 #de ss41 #ei ss4 ,footnote #dac3 ,cf4 ,cic41 ,tusc41 ,i1 #af1 #cg4 ,footnote #dad3 ,see bel[1 ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #aii ss4 ,footnote #dae3 ,lucretius1 ,i1 #abd3 8,simulacra modis pall5tia miris40 ,footnote #daf3 ,see1 = in/ance1 above1 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #dag3 ,cf4 ,proclus1 ,9 ,rempubl41 ,i1 p4 #bij1 #aj ss41 ,kroll4 ,footnote #dah3 ,on ?is katoptromanteia1 cf4 ,revue ar*ologique1 ,v1 #aiag1 p4 #aje ss42 ,gans*9ietz 9 ,real5cycl41 s4 v4 ,footnote #dai3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,v1 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #dba3 ,cf4 ,revue de philologie1 ,,xliv1 #aibj1 p4 #bcg ss4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,see ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,cf4 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,plato1 ,pha$r41 #bdg ,b2 cf4 ,pha$o1 p4 #aac ,d4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,timaeus1 p4 #da ,d ,e4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ajf s41 & ,introd41 p4 #da2 cf4 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,odyssey1 ,,xi1 #egf s4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,cf4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 ,i#d1 p4 #fa ss4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,cf4 ,plut41 ,de sup]/41 #g1 p4 #afh ,d4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,cf4 above1 ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #dca3 ,cf4 ,diet]i*1 ,nekyia1 p4 #bjf ss4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,plut41 ,de s]a num4 v9d41 p4 #efg ,b4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,diet]i*1 ,nekyia1 #ahic 7#b;d ed4 #aiac74 ,footnote #dcd3 ,ev5 ! dev\t ,plut>* rejects !m z sup]/iti\s imag9ations2 cf4 ,de sup]/41 #afg ,a4 ,footnote #dce3 ,a541 ,,vi1 #fbe-fbh4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,diet]i*1 op4 cit41 p4 #aig ss4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,puni%m5t by fire is m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,philodemos1 1 ,,xix1 #af ss4 ,philodemos be+ a ,syrian1 x is n unlikely t ?is t5et is ( ,ori5tal orig94 ,cf4 ,diels1 ,abh&l4 ,akad4 ,b]l91 #aiaf1 p4 #hj1 n4 #c4 ,footnote #dch3 ,see above1 ,introd41 pp4 #h1 #ag s41 & ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #dci3 ,h]odotus1 ,,ii1 #abc4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,! ,druses h ev5 pres]v$ ! anci5t doctr9e t ! numb] ( s\ls is always ! same 9 ! _w4 ,cf4 ,silve/re de ,sacy1 ,religion des ,druses1 #ahch1 ,,ii1 p4 #dei4 ,footnote #dda3 ,dussaud1 ,les ,nosaris1 ,p>is1 #aijj1 p4 #abj ss4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,cf4 ,lucian1 ,alex41 #dc4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,h]mes ,trismeg4 ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl41 ,i1 #di1 p4 #cih1 #af ss41 ,wa*smu?4 ,footnote #dde3 ,tim4 ,locr41 p4 #ajd ,e4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,ps4-,plut41 ,vita ,hom]i1 #abf2 ,porph4 ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl41 ,i1 #di1 #fj1 p4 #dde1 ,wa*smu?4 ,footnote #ddg3 ,see above1 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #gh4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,cf4 ,revue de philologie1 ,,xliv1 #aiba1 p4 #bcb ss4 ,footnote #dej3 ,above1 ,introd41 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #dea3 ,museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia2 ,kaibel1 ,inscr4 ,sicil4 et ,ital41 #ab1 #aaif4 ,! s5t5ce is tak5 f ,republ41 ,x1 #fag ,c4 ,footnote #deb3 ,porph41 ,de regressu anim41 fr4 #aa1 ,bidez ,aug41 ,civ4 ,dei1 ,x1 #cj2 ,jambli*4 ap4 ,nemes41 ,de nat4 hom41 #b2 cf4 ,zell]1 ,philos4 ,gr41 ,v#d1 p4 #gac4 ,footnote #dec3 8,has omnes1 ubi mille rotam volv]e p] annos1 ,le?aeum ad fluvium deus evocat agm9e magno1 ,scilicet immemores sup] ut convexa revisant1 ,rursus et incipiant 9 corpore velle rev]ti40 ,a541 ,,vi1 #gdi-gec4 ,footnote #ded3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #afb1 & ,introd41 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #dee3 tudes syri5nes1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #def3 ,see ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #afa2 cf4 bel[1 ,lecture ,,viii1 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #deg3 ,virg41 ,a541 ,,vi1 #gdj ss4 ,footnote #deh3 ,plut41 ,de facie lunae1 p4 #idc ,b4 ,footnote #dei3 ,ps4 ,apul41 ,asclep41 #bh4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,jahre%4 ,in/itut ,wi51 ,,xii1 #aiaj1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,macrob41 ,comm4 ,somn4 ,scip41 ,i1 #aa1 #h2 ,proclus1 ,9 ,tim41 ,,ii1 #dh1 #ae ss41 ,diehl4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #hg ss4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,see ,lecture ,i1 p4 #fd ss4 ,footnote #dfe3 ,tibullus1 ,,ii1 #f1 #cj3 8,sic b5e sub t5]a p>va quiescat humo40 ,footnote #dff3 ,t]tull41 ,de te/imonio animae1 #d4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,securitati aet]nae2 cf4 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 sel41 #hjbe ss41 #hadi4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,cic41 ,catil41 ,,iv1 #g2 cf4 ,tusc41 ,i1 #aa1 #be2 #di1 #aah4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,s541 ,dial41 ,,vi1 #ai1 #e4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 sel41 #hjbd & note2 cf4 ,cic41 ,tusc41 ,i1 #da1 #ig2 & ,introd41 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #dga3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #abgd3 8,morborum vitia et vitae mala maxima fugi4 ,nunc c>eo po5is1 pace fruor placida40 ,footnote #dgb3 ,b*el]1 ibid41 #egc3 8,qui po/ tantum onus1 multos crebrosque labores ,nunc silet et tacito cont5tus s$e quiescit40 ,footnote #dgc3 ,b*el]1 ibid41 #ejg3 8,po5a fuit vita1 requies mihi morte p>ata e/40 ,footnote #dgd3 ,transl4 by ,j4 ,c4 ,&]son 79 my ,a/rology & ,religion1 p4 #aga74 ,footnote #dge3 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 sel41 #hcic1 #gi3 8,te di ,manes tui ut quietam patiantur atque ita tueantur opto40 ,footnote #dgf3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,i1 p4 #fh2 ,,ii1 p4 #hf1 n4 #ci2 ,v1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #dgg3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,virg41 ,a541 ,,vi1 #gje3 8,domos placidas40 ,footnote #dgi3 ,see ,introd41 p4 #cd ss4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,comptes r5dus ,acad4 ,inscr41 #aiab1 p4 #aea ss42 cf4 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #eac4 ,footnote #dha3 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,lecture ,,vi1 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,odyssey1 ,,vi1 #db ss4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,lucretius1 ,,iii1 #ah ss4 ,footnote #dhe3 ,z5o1 fr4 #adg 7von ,arnim1 ,fragm4 ,/oicorum1 ,i1 p4 #dj73 8,z5o docuit s$es piorum ab impiis esse discretas et illos quidem quietas ac delectabiles habit>e regiones40 ,footnote #dhf3 ,see ,introd41 p4 #be2 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #if4 ,footnote #dhg3 ,macrob41 ,somn4 ,scip41 ,i1 #aa1 #f3 8,vitae mortisque conf9ium40 ,footnote #dhh3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #ha s4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,see ,lecture ,,vii1 p4 #ahe s4 ,footnote #dij3 ,s541 ,consol4 ,m>c41 #bd1 #e3 87,animus7 nititur illo unde demissus e/2 ibi illum aet]na requies manet e confusis crassisque pura et liquida vis5tem40 ,footnote #dia3 ,plot941 ,,ix1 #h1 #i1 p4 #gfh ,a2 ,,ix1 #h1 #aa1 p4 #ggj ,c4 ,footnote #dib3 ,cf4 ,aug41 ,s]m41 ,,cclx 7,p4,l4 ,,xxxviii1 #aacb1 #ch73 8,dix]unt ,platonici 444 animas1 ire ad sup]na caelorum et requiesc]e ibi 9 /ellis et lum9ibus i/is conspicuis40 ,footnote #dic3 ,lecture ,i1 p4 #de ss4 ,footnote #did3 ,ibid41 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #die3 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,de bono mortis1 #i2 cf4 ,kaibel1 ,inscr4 ,sic4 ,x41 #baag4 ,footnote #dif3 ,aug41 ,de anima1 ,,ii1 #ab4 ,footnote #dig3 ,book ( ,eno*1 #ci4 ,footnote #dih3 ,,iv ,esdr41 ,,vii1 #ia3 8,requiesc5t p] septem ord9es02 cf4 ,,vii1 #ie 7p4 #aca ss41 ,violet74 ,footnote #dii3 ,,iv ,esdr41 ,,vii1 #cf1 #ch 7p4 #adf1 ,violet74 ,footnote #ejj3 ,ambrose1 ,de bono mortis1 #ab1 #ec 7,p4,l41 ,,xiv1 #aed72 cf4 ,,iv ,esdr41 ,,vii1 #ci4 ,footnote #eja3 ,see ,lecture ,i1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ejb3 ,see ,lecture ,i1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #ejc3 ,ibid41 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,cald]1 ,j\rnal ( ,roman ,/udies1 #aiab1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #eje3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,i1 p4 #ee ss4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,see ,introd41 p4 #ce2 ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,lucian1 ,v]ae hi/41 ,,ii1 #ad4 ,footnote #ejh3 ,be/ reproduction1 ,wilp]t1 ,pitture delle ,catacombe ,romane1 ,,ii1 #acb-acc4 ,footnote #eji3 ,see above1 ,introd41 pp4 #ce1 #cg4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,aelius ,ari/41 ,,xlv 7,,viii71 #bg 7p4 #cfj1 ,keil74 ,footnote #eaa3 ,see my ,ori5tal ,religions1 ,*ap4 ,,iv1 end4 ,footnote #eab3 ,see ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #abb2 ,introd41 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #eac3 ,,cil1 ,,iii1 #adafe4 ,footnote #ead3 ,see ,lecture ,i1 p4 #fh2 ,,ii1 p4 #hf2 ,v1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #eae3 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 epigr41 #acag ,,cil1 ,,vi1 #adb2 cf4 ,plato1 ,pha$o1 p4 #ajg;,d4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,z x is else:]e2 cf4 ,introd41 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #eag3 ,lagrange1 ,religions smitiques#b1 #aije1 p4 #dic4 ,footnote #eah3 ,horace1 ,od41 ,,iii1 #c1 #ab4 ,footnote #eai3 ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #aac s41 #aaf ss4 ,footnote #ebj3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ,kaibel1 ,epigr4 ,graeca1 #cab1 #ac4 ,footnote #eba3 ,julian1 ,caes>es1 p4 #cjg ,c2 cf4 ,introd41 p4 #bi2 ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,patrologia ,ori5talis1 ,i1 p4 #ajad4 ,footnote #ebc3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,i1 p4 #ee s4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,= in/ance1 by ! physician ,!ssalus 7"u ,n]o72 cf4 ,cat4 codd4 a/rol41 ,,viii1 #c1 p4 #acg2 ,,viii1 #d1 p4 #beg4 ,footnote #ebf3 ,cf4 ,lecture ,,iv1 pp4 #aba1 #abe s4 ,footnote #ebg3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #ebh3 ,p4 #hif ,c2 cf4 p4 #iib ,b4 ,footnote #ebi3 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #ecj3 ,! true int]pretation has be5 giv5 by ,bevan1 ,/oics & ,sceptics1 #aiac1 p4 #aab s4 ,footnote #eca3 ,georg41 ,,ii1 #dhi ss43 8,felix qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas1 ,atque metus omnis et inexorabile ,fatum ,subiecit p$ibus1 /repitumque ,a*]ontis av>i40 ,footnote #ecb3 1 ,philo41 probably aft] ,posidonius4 ,footnote #ecc3 ,cf4 ,lecture ,,iv1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,an?ol4 ,palat9a1 ,,ix1 #egg3 ' 1 ' ' 1 ' 4 ,footnote #ece3 ,see ,introd41 p4 #d4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,see ,lecture ,,iii1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #ecg3 4 ,! expression _h be5 us$ by religion be=e be+ tak5 ov] by philosophy4 ,cf4 ,le culte gypti5 et le my/icisme de ,plot91 9 ,monum5ts ,piot1 ,,xxv1 #aibb1 p4 #gh ss4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 #acg1 *ang$ to 4 #b4 ,p4 #acg1 *ang$ to 4 #c4 ,p4 #bbe1 *ang$ to 4 #d4 ,p4 #bbe1 *ang$ to 4 #e4 #cia1 *ang$ to 4 #f4 #ecd1 *ang$ ' to '4 #g4 #ecd1 *ang$ to 4 #h4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #i4 ,ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s reta9$ z pr9t$4 #aj4 ,footnotes 7 re-index$ us+ numb]s & collect$ toge!r at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]4 #aa4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #ab4 ,sup]scripts are d5ot$ by a c>et be=e a s+le sup]script "*1 e4g4 ,mr4