,?is file 0 produc$ f page images at ,google ,books4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,?is book 0 transcrib$ f scans ( ! orig9al f\nd at ,google ,books4 ,!re 0 no book cov] image1 s ,i made "o by enl>g+ a black & :ite picture ( ! book f an adv]tisem5t f\nd 9 ano!r ,cole ,morgan title & tri$ to make x look pres5table1 includ+ add+ color4 ,! au?or uses a v>iant spell+ ( ! ^w fuselage :i* ,i h left z is4 ,model ,fly+ ,ma*9es ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,& ,,fly ,,!m ,,by ,a4 ,p4 ,,morgan ,,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,cole ,,morgan #aiac ,,copyright1 #aiac ,by ,,cole ,,morgan ,,introduction4 ,! con/ruction ( model a]oplanes is ess5tially simple & = ^? wi%+ to exp]im5t x is an ideal me?od ( ga9+ practical k ( ! new sci5ce ( a]onautics4 ,aside f ! utilit>ian /&po9t1 !re is ano!r aspect h>dly second or less important4 ,a well balanc$ little ma*9e :i* w leave ! h& & so> away "u its own p[] is a s\rce ( fasc9ation & delight n only to its mak]1 b to ! spectators ( ! flight z well4 ,?is little volume has be5 plann$ to pres5t ! mat]ial x conta9s 9 su* a mann] t x w aid ! judgm5t ( ! exp]im5t] & assi/ him 9 develop+ 8 own ideas4 ,to make x ( imm$iate value to ! novice a numb] ( detail$ plans = build+ v>i\s ma*9es h be5 includ$4 ,= ! great] "p ^! ma*9es h be5 design$ r to fly great] di/ances ?an to appe> l "s man c>ry+ prototype4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,laun*+ a ,model ,a]oplane4 ,,introduction4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,und]ly+ ,,a]oplane ,,flight4 44444444 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,,reg>d+ ,,model ,,a]oplane ,,con/ruction4 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,resi/ance4 ,,weight4 ,,/ability4 44444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,planes ,,& ,,rudd]s4 ,,elevators ,,& ,,tails4 4444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,fusellage ,,or ,,framework4 444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,motive ,,p[]4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,screw ,,propell]s4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,be>+s1 ,,?ru/ ,,blocks ,,& ,,ge>s4 4444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,build+ ,,& ,,fly+ ,,model ,,a]oplanes4 444444444444444 ,! ,bl]ioplane ,fly]4 7,plate ,,ii47 444444444444444444444444444444 ,! ,monoplane ,fly]4 7,plate ,,iii47 4444444444444444444444444444444 ,! ,baby ,rac]4 7,plate ,,iv47 4444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,! ,pe]less ,rac]4 7,plate ,v47 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,! ,competition ,fly]4 7,plates ,,vi & ,,vii47 444444444444444444444 ,! ,long ,di/ance ,rac]4 7,plates ,,viii & ,,ix47 444444444444444444 ,flem+-,williams ,fly]4 7,plate ,x47 444444444444444444444444444444 ,,fly+ ,,! ,,models4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ,,plate ,i4 ,laun*+ a ,model ,a]oplane4 44444444444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #a4 ,diagram %[+ a kite held 9 ! air by ! action ( a w9d4 ,! dott$ l9es & arr[ heads repres5t ! direction & =ce ( ! w9d4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444 ,,fig4 #b4 ,diagram repres5t+ a typical monoplane4 ,! only rema9+ requisition is t ! a]oplane may be guid$ at w1 caus$ to rise or fall or be /e]$ to ! "r & left4 ,! devices us$ to accompli% ?is are two rudd]s call$ respectively ! elevator & ! /e]+ rudd]4 ,! elevator takes ! =m ( a small surface c>ri$ ei!r 9 front or beh9d ! ma9 support+ surfaces & enables ! ma*9e to take an upw>d1 a horizontal or d[nw>d c\rse accord+ly z x is adju/$4 ,x acts z a rudd] to /e] ! a]oplane up or d[n or to hold x to its c\rse 9 exactly ! same mann] t a %ip's rudd] /e]s x to ! "r or left4 ,:5 x is desir$ to direct ! a]oplane upw>ds1 ! front edge ( ! elevator is rais$ s z to set x at a great] angle ) ! horizontal4 ,if ! a]oplane's c\rse is requir$ to be d[nw>d1 ! front edge ( ! elevator is l[]$4 ,,fig #c4 ,diagram %[+ ! makeup ( a biplane 7,wright74 4444444444 ,,fig4 #d4 ,two me?ods ( controll+ ! lat]al /ability ( an a]oplane4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! di/urbance creat$ 9 ! air by a squ>e object4 ,! arr[ po9ts 9 ! direction ( motion4 ,! space 9 ! re> ( ! object is ! sc5e ( viol5t eddy4 44444444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! di/urbance caus$ by a triangul> body mov+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 ,plate ,,ii4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444 ,,fig4 #g4 ,%[+ ! di/urbance creat$ by a small sp> on ! back ( a plane4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444 ,,fig4 #h4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! i*?yoid %ape & h[ smoo?ly x slips ?r\gh ! air )\t creat+ an eddy4 4444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #i4 ,( ! ?ree %apes %[n above1 ! r\nd "o w slip ?r\gh ! air ) ! lea/ di/urbance & resi/ance4 ,a b> ( wood l 7,a71 #b in*es squ>e1 %[$ a drift ( #e4af lbs4 :5 plac$ 9 a breeze bl[+ #di miles p] h\r4 ,turn+ x z %[n by 7,b7 *ang$ ! drift to #e4dg lbs4 ,a r\nd b>1 #b in*es 9 diamet]1 l 7,c7 %[$ #b4ig lbs4 drift "u ! same conditions4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! figures giv5 above ea* %ape %[ ! drift 9 lbs4 ( wood5 b>s ( ^? %apes :5 plac$ 9 a w9d bl[+ #dj miles an h\r4 ,! b>s exp]im5t$ ) _h a dep? ( #i in*es 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s & 7 #b in*es wide4 444444444444444 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,flat & dih$ral planes4 44444444444444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,! action ( ! air ^u a curv$ & a flat plane4 ,we h se5 t by ! effects ( ! resi/ance ( ! air1 an a]oplane may be su/a9$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,we mu/ n[ see 9 :at mann] we c use ^! effects to ! greate/ advantage4 444 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,section ( a built-up plane %[+ h[ a rib is made4 ,:5 made small1 !y (f] great] drift or head resi/ance ?an a s+le curv$ surface plane & _c because ( ! delicate /ructure necess>y to make !m light1 )/& h>d knocks4 ,!y h ! fur!r disadvantage ( be+ f a con/ructional /&po9t v h>d to make smoo? & rigid4 44444444444444444444 ,,plate ,,iii4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,h[ ribs may be jo9$ to ! long memb]s4 44444444444444 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,=m = b5d+ ! planes4 44444444444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #af4 ,a good me?od ( build+ a wood5 plane4 4444444444444444 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,v>i\s %apes a plane may take4 4444444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,an edgewise view ( sev]al planes %[+ ! diff]5t ways !y may be b5t to secure /ability4 444444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,! v>i\s ways two planes may be comb9$ to secure /ability or =m a biplane4 44444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,f9s4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,a simple motor base or fusellage4 4444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,pap] ,tube ,fusellage4 ,"p ( ! tube is cutaway to %[ ! rubb] ske9 inside4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,two me?ods ( ge>+ a propell]4 4444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #bd4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #be4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,me?od ( lay+ out a screw propell]1 t is1 det]m9+ ! angle ( ! blades at diff]5t po9ts4 4444444444 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,a propell] ( ! truly helical type deliv]s a cyl9d] ( air 9 :i* all p>ts move at ! same spe$ z at ,a4 ,a propell] hav+ blades ( ! same angle ?r\gh\t _! l5g? ?r[s ! air z 9 ,b 9 :i* ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d] moves m sl[ly ?an ! outside4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,templets = te/+ & c>v+ a propell]4 444444444444 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,a simple me?od ( =m+ a propell] f %eet metal4 4 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,a built-up metal propell] made ( alum9um4 4444444444444 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,metal ,propell]4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,me?od ( c>v+ a propell] ( ! truly helical type4 4 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,me?ods ( fa/5+ propell]s to %aft4 4444444444444444 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,me?od ( =m+ sockets = jo9+ /ruts1 etc41 by cutt+ f %eet metal4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,b5t wood propell]s & ! me?ods ( fa/5+ !m to ! %aft4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,propell] blank 7top74 ,c>v$ propell] 7bottom74 44444444 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,langley type propell] 7top74 ,wright type propell] 7bottom74 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,quasi-helical propell]4 444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,blanks = rac+ 7top7 & *auvi]e 7bottom7 propell]s4 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 c>v+ a propell]4 ,! blank4 ,holl[+ ! fir/ blade4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444 ,,fig4 #da4 ,"o blade holl[$4 ,holl[+ ! second blade4 4444444444 ,,fig4 #db ,r\nd+ ! back ( ! fir/ blade4 ,r\nd+ ! back ( ! second blade4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,all c>v+ f9i%$4 ,s&pap]+ to secure a smoo? surface4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,v>ni%+4 ,! propell] f9i%$4 4444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #de4 ,acc5tricity4 ,! effect ( plac+ ! c5t] ( gravity too l[4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #df4 ,simple/ me?od ( fitt+ two propell]s to a model a]oplane4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,a me?od ( arrang+ two propell]s on ! same axis4 444 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,simple be>+s4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,,fig4 #di4 ,d\ble be>+s4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,simple ?ru/ be>+4 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,ball ?ru/ be>+4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,hooks4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 ,plate ,,iv4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444 ,plate ,v4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444 ,plate ,,vi4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,me?od ( hold+ plane to frame ) rubb] b&s4 444444 ,plate ,,vii4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,! ,pe]less ,rac]4 44444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,plate ,,viii4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444 ,plate ,,ix4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444 ,plate ,x4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,rac+ blank & propell]4 444444444444444444444444444444 ,plate ,,xi4 ,w9d+ a model4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,a w9d] made f an egg beat]4 444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,und]ly+ ,,a]oplane ,,flight4 ,to ent] deeply into a discussion ( ! !ory ( ! a]oplane w\ld n only tire ! read] b w\ld wa/e valuable space 9 endeavor+ to expla9 t :i* has be5 m adequately dealt ) 9 m notable works4 ,9 ord] to ga9 a cle> und]/&+ ( ! foll[+ *apt]s1 h[ev]1 x w be necess>y to fir/ grasp ! elem5t>y pr9ciples und]ly+ ! flight ( an a]oplane4 ,9 sett+ ^! =?1 ,i %all try1 z f> z possible1 n to hamp] or confuse ) unnecess>y t]ms or te*nicalities1 except :]e su* might be ( wor? 9 r5d]+ a bett] conception ( t to :i* !y apply4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,diagram %[+ a kite held 9 ! air by ! action ( a w9d4 ,! dott$ l9es & arr[ heads repres5t ! direction & =ce ( ! w9d4 ,an ord9>y kite is "o ( ! be/ examples ( ! action ( an a]oplane4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to def9e ! kite2 x is a rigid frame ( wood5 /icks1 on :i* is /ret*$ a surface ( clo? or pap]4 ,a /r+ atta*$ to ! kite by means ( a bridle s]ves to hold ! app>atus to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ,fig4 #a is repres5t$ a kite aga9/ :i* ! w9d is bl[+ z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! /r+ is s arrang$ t ! kite is incl9$ at an angle to ! w9d & ?us is su/a9$ 9 ! air by ! =ce ( ! w9d1 viz41 ! molecules ( air 9 /rik+ aga9/ ! slant+ surface ex]t a pressure ^u x :i* bo? calculation & exp]im5t %[ to be p]p5dicul> to ! surface & t5d+ to lift x4 ,! kite also ex]ts a /rong pull on ! /r+ :i* holds x 9 position4 ,b on days :5 !re is no breeze or :5 ! w9d sudd5ly dies out2 :at is to be done !n8 ,w9d is n an absolute ?+4 ,x is a relative movem5t ( ! surr\nd+ air 9 comp>ison to a body4 ,! effect is ! same1 & ! relative movem5t takes place :e!r ! air is /ill & ! body 9 motion1 or ! air is 9 motion & ! body motionless4 ,x is !re=e an easy matt] to create a breeze & a kite c be kept 9 ! air provid+ ! p]son fly+ ! kite & hold+ ! /r+ comm5ces to run4 ,al?\gh no w9d is bl[+1 ! pressure ( ! air ?r\gh :i* ! kite is mov+ w cause x to rema9 9 ! air4 ,9 o!r words1 ! kite w\ld be su/a9$ 9 ! air by virtue ( its own relative motion to ! w9d4 ,9 ord] t ! kite may fly1 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! w9d moves aga9/ ! kite or ! kite moves aga9/ ! w9d4 ,an a]oplane1 9 fact1 is no?+ b a kite :i* creates its own breeze4 ,if an a]oplane 7 atta*$ to a /rong wire s]v+ z ! /r+ 9 ! case ( ! kite1 x w\ld fly 9 ! same mann] z ! kite1 provid+ ( c\rse t ! w9d 7 suffici5tly p[]ful4 ,if ! w9d 7 n bl[+ at all1 or n bl[+ h>d en\gh1 ! o!r end ( ! wire c\ld be atta*$ to an automobile & by driv+ ! automobile fa/ en\gh ! requir$ relative motion ( ! air w\ld be produc$ & ! a]oplane w\ld fly4 ,!re c\ld be no direct b5efit d]iv$1 h[ev]1 f an a]oplane :i* mu/ rema9 atta*$ to a ma*9e runn+ ov] ! e>? & travel 9 its wake4 ,"s o!r means ( produc+ ! requir$ relative motion is necess>y s t ! a]oplane may be free to fly 9 any direction & ei!r ) or aga9/ ! w9d4 ,?is is accompli%$ by a propell] driv5 by a motor revolv+ at high spe$ 9 ! a]oplane itself4 ,! action ( an a]ial propell] is simil> to t ( its m>9e prototype employ$ = driv+ %ips ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,ea* dep5ds = its action ^u ! imp>t+ ( a /]nw>d motion to a column ( fluid1 9 ! "o case air & 9 ! o!r wat]4 ,a propell] screws itself =w>d into ! surr\nd+ m$ia 9 id5tically ! same mann] t an ord9>y screw =ces itself into a block ( wood4 ,an a]oplane !re=e ess5tially consi/s ( ! w+s or support+ surfaces1 also sometimes call$ planes1 driv5 ?r\gh ! air 9 an oblique mann] by ! propell] & motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,diagram repres5t+ a typical monoplane4 ,! only rema9+ requisition is t ! a]oplane may be guid$ at w1 caus$ to rise or fall or be /e]$ to ! "r & left4 ,! devices us$ to accompli% ?is are two rudd]s call$ respectively ! elevator & ! /e]+ rudd]4 ,! elevator takes ! =m ( a small surface c>ri$ ei!r 9 front or beh9d ! ma9 support+ surfaces & enables ! ma*9e to take an upw>d1 a horizontal or d[nw>d c\rse accord+ly z x is adju/$4 ,x acts z a rudd] to /e] ! a]oplane up or d[n or to hold x to its c\rse 9 exactly ! same mann] t a %ip's rudd] /e]s x to ! "r or left4 ,:5 x is desir$ to direct ! a]oplane upw>ds1 ! front edge ( ! elevator is rais$ s z to set x at a great] angle ) ! horizontal4 ,if ! a]oplane's c\rse is requir$ to be d[nw>d1 ! front edge ( ! elevator is l[]$4 ,a]oplanes are usually ( two g5]al types1 monoplanes & biplanes4 ,a monoplane1 z its "n implies1 is a ma*9e hav+ a s+le pair ( w+s or support+ surfaces4 ,! ,bl]iot1 ,anto9ette & ,santos ,dumont ma*9es are ! mo/ prom95t repres5tatives ( ?is type ( a]oplane4 ,! elevator on a monoplane is usually 9 ! re> ( ! ma9 support+ surfaces4 ,:5 9 ?is position x also acts z a tail to furni% longitud9al /ability to ! ma*9e 9 ! same way t a fea!r on an arr[ /eadies its flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #c4 ,diagram %[+ ! makeup ( a biplane 7,wright74 ,! mo/ prom95t ma*9es ( ! biplane gr\p are ! ,vois91 ,wright1 ,curtiss & ,f>man a]oplanes4 ,! old practice ( plac+ ! elevator 9 ! front ( a biplane is gradually be+ ab&on$ & x is safe to say t by ! "t ?is book has be5 pr9t$ all ^! ma*9es w be ( ! headless v>iety ) ! elevator 9 ! re>4 ,! v]tical f9s %[n betwe5 ! planes ( ! elevator 9 ! old type ( biplane1 c\nt]balance ! effect ( gu/s ( w9d /rik+ ! v]tical rudd] f ! sides & also act z a pivot = turn+ to ! "r & left4 ,toge!r ) ! /e]+ rudd]1 !y con/itute a sort ( keel :i* keeps ! ma*9e /raight to its c\rse4 ,9 ord] = an a]oplane to fly 9 ! accept$ s5se ( ! ^w1 x mu/ possess support+ surfaces1 an elevator or tail & a propell] driv5 by a motor4 ,^! are ess5tially ! su/a9+1 propell+ & /e]+ memb]s ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,two me?ods ( controll+ ! lat]al /ability ( an a]oplane4 ,! ma*9e mu/1 h[ev]1 also possess lat]al /ability1 t is1 ! w+s ( ! app>atus mu/ n incl9e f ! "r to left or vice v]sa dur+ ! flight4 ,! ma*9e mu/ be s con/ruct$ at x rights itself by its own ef=t or is "u ! imm$iate control ( ! aviator4 ,?is is accompli%$ by w>p+ ! w+s1 t is1 ! extreme tips ( ! planes c be mov$ up & d[n s z to pres5t a great] or less] angle & correspond+ increase or decrease ! lift+ capacity ( ^? portions4 ,! same result is also rea*$ by means ( small subsidi>y mov+ planes atta*$ to ! re> ( ! ma9 support+ surfaces call$ ail]on4 ,:5 "o ail]on is l[]$1 ! o!r is rais$4 ,! action ( ! air on ! ail]ons is to depress ! "o :i* is rais$ & to raise ! "o :i* is l[]$ z %[n by ! arr[s 9 ! illu/ration4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,,reg>d+ ,,model ,,a]oplane ,,con/ruction4 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,resi/ance4 ,,weight4 ,,/ability4 99,! fir/ requirem5t99 ( a model a]oplane is t x %all fly4 ,! fir/ ess5tial = a ma*9e to fly well is t x mu/ be simple4 ,simplicity usually insures success & is synonym\s ) effici5cy4 ,a complicat$ scale model hav+ z its prototype "o ( ! mo/ successful man-c>ry+ ma*9es usually w n fly4 ,if x does fly1 x does n d s well4 ,m9iature /eam eng9es1 motors1 etc41 c be con/ruct$ to exact scale & w ju/ify _! exi/5ce by actually work+ & p]=m+ duty1 b 9 mo/ cases a model a]oplane made to scale w n fly well until x beg9s to approa* full size4 ,! next indisp5sable feature might be call$ lightness1 b at ! same "t x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t /r5g? is also second to none & x w\ld be fatal to sacrifice ! "o = ! o!r4 ,! h>d knocks & batt]+ :i* a model usually receives at ! h&s ( a novice w soon wreck any flimsy con/ruction4 99,to design model a]oplanes w at fir/ seem l99 robb+ ,pet] to pay ,paul1 t is1 no "o "p c be develop$ to an extreme )\t s]i\sly affect+ ! effici5cy ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,! successful ma*9e is a sort ( happy m$ium arriv$ at solely ?r\gh exp]im5t4 ,a ?or\gh und]/&+1 h[ev]1 ( ! "p play$ by ea* individual memb] ( a model & its *>act]i/ics w make x possible to avoid mu* unnecess>y "w 9 t connection4 ,x is !re=e well to c>efully read ! foll[+ *apt]s be=e comm5c+ to c>ry out any orig9al ideas or to make any radical dep>ture f ! designs (f]$ 9 ?is book4 ,f ^! /atem5ts x mu/ n be inf]r$ t ! successful model a]oplane build] is necess>ily an individual possess$ ( consummate skill 9 ! h&l+ ( tools or a p]son ( unusual judgm5t4 ,a few simple tools & trifl+ me*anical ability w enable any "o to build ! simple little ma*9es h]e9 describ$4 ,! greate/ asset requir$ 9 ! "w is pati5ce1 pati5ce spell$ ) a capital ,p4 ,n only pati5ce 9 build+ ! ma*9es1 b pati5ce 9 adju/+ !m & pati5ce 9 fly+ !m4 ,mak+ ha/e ) a model a]oplane is poor policy4 ,x nev] pays to use slip%od me?ods4 ,take ! "t to make sure e "p is ! be/ t y c make x4 ,c>e ) ! little details w insure success4 ,model a]oplanes are exasp]at+ to ! extreme4 ,a new model w sw]ve to ! "r & left or dive ) un]r+ precision to ! gr\nd or ne>e/ object4 ,!y seem to defy all attempts to make !m behave & 9 ! fir/ few flights usually p]=m a new "o e "t4 ,?is is ! po9t :]e success comes to ! model a]oplani/ :o possesses pati5ce & p]sev]ance4 ,"o mu/ le>n to adju/ & fly a model a]oplane by practice j z he mu/ also le>n to swim or ride a bicycle by repeat$ trials4 ,a little p]suasion w soon make a model so> 9 a surpris+ mann]4 99,! "q ( resi/ance99 is ! fir/ consid]ation ( ! model a]oplane design]4 ,an a]oplane %\ld pass ?r\gh ! air 9 su* a mann] t x leaves t m$ium 9 z motionless a /ate z possible4 ,all motion ( ! surr\nd+ air repres5ts s mu* p[] wa/$4 ,x is obvi\s t a boat ) a squ>e pr[ w (f] m resi/ance ?an a %ip hav+ a %>p b[4 ,! latt] causes consid]ably less di/urbance ( ! fluid 9 :i* x moves ?an ! =m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! di/urbance creat$ 9 ! air by a squ>e object4 ,! arr[ po9ts 9 ! direction ( motion4 ,! space 9 ! re> ( ! object is ! sc5e ( viol5t eddy4 ,! resi/ance ( an a]oplane is made up (3 #a4 ,a]odynamic resi/ance4 #b4 ,head resi/ance4 #c4 ,surface resi/ance4 ,! fir/ is (f]$ by ! planes ( ! ma*9e itself & results directly f ! pressure ( ! air support+ ! model dur+ flight4 ,! second is set up by ! framework1 ! edges ( ! planes1 ! wires1 etc41 :ile ! la/ is caus$ solely by ! air 9 travel+ ov] ! surfaces ( ! v>i\s memb]s compos+ ! ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! di/urbance caus$ by a triangul> body mov+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,! head & surface or sk9 resi/ance1 z x is sometimes call$1 c be r$uc$1 b ! a]odynamical resi/ance _c4 ,air is no less a fluid ?an wat]1 & ! same consid]ations apply to x1 subject1 ( c\rse1 to c]ta9 conditions & ) due reg>d = su* factors z d5sity1 viscoscity1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,:5 an object1 su* z a squ>e /ick ( wood1 is mov$ ?r\gh ! air1 ! latt] fl[s ar\nd x leav+ beh9d a region ( dead air4 ,! dead air repres5ts s mu* wa/e en]gy or unnecess>y resi/ance to ov]come because x requires an exp5diture ( p[] to drag x along4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,%[+ ! di/urbance creat$ by a small sp> on ! back ( a plane4 ,x is obvi\s !n t bodies :i* are to move ?r\gh ! air ) ! lea/ resi/ance possible %\ld be giv5 su* a %ape t ! /ream l9es ( air w fl[ ar\nd x smoo?ly & n leave a dead region beh9d4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /ream l9e fl[ ( ! air %all keep ! same cont\r z ! surface4 99,! i*?yoid or fi%-l =m99 is ( su* a %ape4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,its greate/ diamet] %\ld be ab\t two-fif?s ( its entire l5g? f ! head4 ,all /ruts1 /an*ions1 etc41 %\ld be giv5 ?is %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! i*?yoid %ape & h[ smoo?ly x slips ?r\gh ! air )\t creat+ an eddy4 ,?is %ape is v int]e/+ because ( its probable orig91 = a glance is suffici5t to tell t x n only resembles a fi% b also ! body ( a bird4 99,weight99 is an all-important item 9 model a]oplan+4 ,h[ to obta9 ! maximum /r5g? ) ! m9imum ( weight is und\bt$ly ! mo/ difficult problem :i* ! aviator has to solve4 ,weight is a mu* m important factor 9 model a]oplanes ?an 9 ! case ( full-size ma*9es because models d n fly fa/ en\gh to possess a high weight-c>ry+ capacity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,( ! ?ree %apes %[n above1 ! r\nd "o w slip ?r\gh ! air ) ! lea/ di/urbance & resi/ance4 ,a b> ( wood l 7,a71 #b in*es squ>e1 %[$ a drift ( #e4af lbs4 :5 plac$ 9 a breeze bl[+ #di miles p] h\r4 ,turn+ x z %[n by 7,b7 *ang$ ! drift to #e4dg lbs4 ,a r\nd b>1 #b in*es 9 diamet]1 l 7,c7 %[$ #b4ig lbs4 drift "u ! same conditions4 ,x is only by ! con/ant use ( a pair ( scales & an accurate k ( mat]ials ) ! ability to comb9e !m 9 ! mo/ effici5t mann] t ! weight & /r5g? may be kept 9 h>mony4 ,su* k & exp]i5ce come only ) practice4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be acquir$ by any "o4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 a notebook =ms an almo/ indisp5sable aid to ! exp]im5t]4 ,aft] a ma*9e has be5 built an accurate record ( e flight & ( e alt]ation or *ange 9 mat]ial %\ld be made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! figures giv5 above ea* %ape %[ ! drift 9 lbs4 ( wood5 b>s ( ^? %apes :5 plac$ 9 a w9d bl[+ #dj miles an h\r4 ,! b>s exp]im5t$ ) _h a dep? ( #i in*es 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s & 7 #b in*es wide4 99,automatic /ability99 )\t d\bt has attract$ m att5tion f eng9e]s & aviators ?an any o!r "o problem connect$ ) aviation4 ,s9ce x is n possible = a model a]oplane to c>ry a pilot x is mu* m important t x %\ld be naturally /able ?an any ( its man-c>ry+ prototypes4 ,automatic /ability 9 a model ( only two or ?ree feet spread at ! mo/1 is q a diff]5t proposition f t (f]$ by a full-size ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,flat & dih$ral planes4 ,x w\ld at fir/ seem1 t by plac+ ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! ma*9e v l[ su* /ability c\ld be secur$4 ,?is is accompli%$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by sett+ ! w+s or planes at a dih$ral angle4 ,b if ! angle is excessive1 ! a]oplane w fly ) a pit*+ motion kn[n z acc5tricity4 ,! c5tres ( gravity1 ( pressure & ( head resi/ance %\ld be at ! same po9t4 ,! c5tre ( ?ru/ ( ! propell] %\ld also pass ?r\gh ?is po9t4 ,9 ?is w be f\nd ! secret ( ! successful model a]oplane4 ,x is only arriv$ at by c>eful exp]im5t & calculation4 ,head resi/ance increases /ability :ile weight & spe$ less5 x4 ,:5 an a]oplane is glid+ 7travel+ d[nw>ds7 its /ability is great] ?an :5 x is ris+ or fly+ horizontally4 ,x is ! lea/ /able :5 ris+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,planes ,,& ,,rudd]s4 ,,elevators ,,& ,,tails4 ,9 ,*apt] ,i x 0 expla9$ t an a]oplane is fundam5tally compos$ ( a support+ surface1 divid$ into "o or two p>ts1 usually ! planes or w+s1 :i* cut ! air 9 an oblique mann]1 driv5 by a propell] & motor4 ,be=e go+ fur!r x is p]haps be/ to und]/& m exactly h[ ! planes op]ate & support ! ma*9e 9 ! air ?an x 0 possible to expla9 9 ! fir/ *apt] )\t confusion4 ,a !oretical a]oplane consi/s ( a flat surface or plane4 ,:5 ! propell] is set into motion ! plane is driv5 ?r\gh ! air 9 an oblique mann] & compels ! gase\s molecules to glide "u its surface4 ,s9ce ! plane is at an angle1 ! front edge be+ high] ?an ! back1 ! air mu/ necess>ily leave at ! re> 9 a d[nw>d direction4 ,! air molecules 9 travel+ "u ! surface ex]cise a resi/ance ^u x :i* is really a pressure aga9/ ! plane4 ,:5 ?is pressure is resolv$ into its compon5ts1 x is f\nd to be made up ( two =ces1 "o horizontal1 t5d+ to ret>d ! =w>d motion1 & call$ ! drift2 ! o!r1 v]tical & t5d+ to lift ! plane4 ,! c5tre ( ^! =ces is n z might be suppos$ at ! c5tre ( ! plane1 b at a po9t betwe5 ! c5tre & ! front edge call$ ! c5tre ( pressure4 ,! c5tre ( pressure approa*es ! front edge z ! angle ( ! plane ) ! horizontal becomes less4 ,9 ord] to r5d] a bett] idea ( h[ x is possible = an a]oplane to ga9 support 9 ! air consid] a skat] mov+ swiftly ov] v ?9 ice :i* w\ld n be> 8 weight1 b s9ce he is mov+ s rapidly t any "o portion ( ! ice does n h "t to b5d to ! break+ po9t1 he is support$4 ,9 some:at ! same mann]1 ! planes pass s rapidly on to new & undi/urb$ bodies ( air1 & /ay ov] "o body = s brief an in/ant t !re is no "t to completely ov]come ! in]tia ( ! air & =ce x d[nw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,! action ( ! air ^u a curv$ & a flat plane4 ,we h se5 t by ! effects ( ! resi/ance ( ! air1 an a]oplane may be su/a9$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,we mu/ n[ see 9 :at mann] we c use ^! effects to ! greate/ advantage4 ,fir/ ( all1 we h be5 cont9ually speak+ ( a plane z ! support+ surface1 :i* f ! def9ition ( ! ^w w\ld lead "o to believe t !y 7 flat4 ,if ! w+s ( a bird are exam9$1 x w soon be notic$ t !y are concave und]nea?4 ,s9ce ! fir/ attempts at aviation1 !re=e1 ma*9es h be5 built ) planes or w+s concave on ! und]side4 ,! reason = ?is is v app>5t f ,fig4 #ab4 ,! fir/ illu/ration %[s ! action ( a flat surface mov+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,! air /reams1 z repres5t$ by ! l9es d n foll[ ! surface ( ! plane1 b leave a consid]able region ( dead air4 ,?is is ! reason t a flat plane is v ineffici5t & n capable ( giv+ s great a lift z ! curv$ plane 9 ! next figure :]e ! l9es foll[ ! outl9e ( ! plane4 ,! less di/urbance a plane causes 9 ! surr\nd+ air1 ! clos] x is said to approa* to /ream l9e =m4 ,a correctly curv$ plane is consid]ably m effectual ?an a flat "o1 giv+ at ! same "t great] lift & less drift4 99,built-up ,planes991 t is1 planes hav+ a d\ble curve approa*+ true /ream l9e =m1 come ne>] be+ ! ideal plane ?an any o!r f "s /&po9ts1 b d n possess any advantages :5 us$ on models ( less ?an f\r feet spread4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,section ( a built-up plane %[+ h[ a rib is made4 ,:5 made small1 !y (f] great] drift or head resi/ance ?an a s+le curv$ surface plane & _c because ( ! delicate /ructure necess>y to make !m light1 )/& h>d knocks4 ,!y h ! fur!r disadvantage ( be+ f a con/ructional /&po9t v h>d to make smoo? & rigid4 ,!re are innum]able sub/ances :i* w\ld at fir/ seem to recomm5d !mselves z mat]ial = planes1 b we may imm$iately ?ru/ ! great] portion aside4 ,by all means avoid trac+ clo? or l951 n only because its heavy weight =ev] precludes x f ?is use1 b because x wr9kles & cockles s z to be absolutely useless :5 slightly damp or wet4 99,tissue pap]99 wr9kles easily & is n /rong en\gh4 99,jap silk99 is an excell5t mat]ial = fabric cov]$ planes1 be+ at once light & /rong4 ,h[ev]1 by f> ! mo/ satisfactory plane ( ?is k9d is =m$ by silk bolt+ clo? :i* has be5 coat$ ) collodion4 ,! collodion is bru%$ on ) a f9e camel's hair bru% aft] ! fabric is 9 place & x is !reby r5d]$ bo? wat]pro( & air-tight4 ,fabrics %\ld always be /ret*$ ov] ! planes f end to end & n front to back or vice v]sa4 ,make ! lap jo9ts or pockets ar\nd ! end sp>s z long z possible s t !y w n draw dead air & imp$e ! =w>d motion ( ! ma*9e4 99,bamboo ,pap]99 is "o ( ! be/ mat]ials = cov]+ ! planes ( a model a]oplane & is to be highly recomm5d$4 ,x is made 9 ,japan f bamboo fibre & is v /rong4 ,x is usually /ret*$ tightly ov] ! framework & !n giv5 two coats ( collodion or1 :at is mu* bett]1 bamboo v>ni%4 99,! framework99 ( ! planes may be made ( rattan1 split bamboo1 spruce1 or /eel piano wire4 ,piano wire is excell5t = small ma*9es s9ce x is spr+y & light & able to )/& %ocks4 ,x is easily b5t to any %ape & (f]s consid]ably less head resi/ance ?an rattan because ( its small diamet]4 ,rattan c be b5t into almo/ any %ape by wett+4 ,no?+ is bett] = ! cross pieces1 ribs1 etc41 ( ! planes or framework ?an split bamboo4 ,bulk = bulk x is heavi] b inf9itely /rong] ?an o!r woods4 ,x is easily work$ & c be b5t into all k9ds ( %apes4 ,bamboo mu/ always be b5t :ile hot4 ,! be/ s\rce ( heat is a _s lamp or a buns5 burn]4 ,always b5d t[>d ! hotte/ side4 ,:5 b5t apply a cold wet rag to cool quickly4 ,if b5t m ?an necess>y1 x may be /raight5$ by apply+ heat aga9 & all[+ x to /raight5 itself4 ,9 ord] to make long b5ds1 su* z ! ends ( planes1 alight+ skids1 etc41 fir/ w9d a /rip ( wet rag ar\nd1 ! bamboo & all[ x to rema9 on = t5 or fifte5 m9utes4 ,!n remove ! rag1 heat ! bamboo 9 a flame & b5d sl[ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,) a little c>e1 /rips sev]al feet long may be easily split f bamboo rods4 ,! be/ me?od ( accompli%+ ?is is to use a f9e saw1 b a %>p knife w (t5 be successful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,h[ ribs may be jo9$ to ! long memb]s4 99,planes99 ( any consid]able size require ribs to support & hold ! fabric 9 %ape4 ,split bamboo is "o ( ! be/ mat]ials = ?is purpose4 ,two v good me?ods ( jo9+ ! ribs to ! long memb]s ( ! planes are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,9 ! fir/1 a /rip ( ?9 %eet alum9um is b5t ar\nd ! rib & sp> & fa/5$ by la%+ ) silk ?read4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to file (f all %>p edges on ! alum9um :i* might o!rwise cut ! ?read4 ,! second me?od is ! neate/ & probably ! be/1 s9ce ! rib _c s easily twi/ or slip out ( place4 99,wood ,planes499 ,9 spite ( ! _m advantages ( fabric planes !y _c approa* wood5 planes = effici5cy on a small ma*9e4 ,wood is /rong1 light & does n *ange its adju/m5t4 ,:itewood & spruce are ! be/ mat]ials = ! purpose4 ,d n endeavor to saw out ! wood4 ,use a c>p5t]'s plane z mu* z possible 9 ! "w4 ,a saw te>s ! fibres ( ! wood & w make ! f9i%$ plane full ( t9y splits4 ,! wood1 h[ev]1 may be saw$ d[n to a ?ickness ( #e_/cb ( an in* & !n plan$ d[n f t4 ,! f9i%$ plane %\ld be ab\t #a_/af ( an in* ?ick4 ,:5 plan+ d[n ! wood d n butt "o end aga9/ a b5* /op1 because z ! wood becomes ?91 ! pressure ex]t$ by ! plane aga9/ ! wood w cause x to rise 9 ! middle & !reby become ?9n] at t "p4 ,in/ead1 use a clamp to fa/5 ! wood at "o end to ! b5* & plane away f ! clamp--,plane d[n to a smoo? surface & avoid ! use ( s&-pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,=m = b5d+ ! planes4 99,=m+ ! ,curve99 by /eam+ & b5d+ ! wood is a v poor me?od4 ,x soon becomes di/ort$ & w>p$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,a good me?od ( build+ a wood5 plane4 ,! be/ me?od is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig #af4 ,a piece ( wood ( ! same l5g? z ! complet$ plane & hav+ a cross section l t at ,a is glu$ to ! =w>d "u edge ( a flat plane ,b4 ,aft] ! glue has h>d5$1 ! plane is work$ d[n to ! %ape %[n at ,d :i* is v close to ! /ream l9e =m4 ,! plane is !n v>ni%$ to prev5t x f absorb+ moi/ure & los+ its %ape4 ,! ends may be cov]$ ) ?9 ,jap silk1 c>efully glu$ on to prev5t splitt+4 ,! ,wright bro!rs cov] ! blades ( ! propell]s on _! a]oplanes ) silk = ! same purpose4 ,air does n fl[ smoo?ly :5 *ang+ f an int]rupt$ fl[ to an un9t]rupt$ fl[ ar\nd a squ>e corn] & s by r\nd+ ! ends ( ! planes1 ! di/urbance at t po9t is some:at elim9at$4 ,planes hav+ rattan or piano wire edges _c v well be ( any o!r %ape ?an ^? :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,v>i\s %apes a plane may take4 ,x is a good plan to give wood5 planes ! %ape %[n by #c & #d 9 ,fig4 #ag1 z ! di/urbances m5tion$ above are n s m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,an edgewise view ( sev]al planes %[+ ! diff]5t ways !y may be b5t to secure /ability4 ,! planes ( l>ge man-c>ry+ ma*9es possess ! same *>act]i/ics1 b n to su* an al>m+ ext5t z 9 a model4 ,! ,vois9 a]oplanes ov]come ! objection by ! use ( v]tical panels set betwe5 ! planes4 ,! angles at :i* ! planes are set may v>y f #a 9 #f to #a 9 #bj4 ,"o 9 t5 might be call$ ! happy m$ium4 ,if ! planes are giv5 too great an angle1 ! drift becomes s great t ! propell] ?ru/ is sev]ely tax$4 ,! small] ! angle1 ! less w be ! drift & consequ5tly ! great] ! spe$4 ,h[ev]1 if ! surface is curv$ ! angle mu/ n be made too small or n mu* lift w result4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,! v>i\s ways two planes may be comb9$ to secure /ability or =m a biplane4 ,! angle ( ! tail planes %\ld be adju/able4 ,if too great1 ! ma*9e w sl[ d[n & ! tail w drop1 de/roy+ ! equilibrium ( ! ma*9e & consequ5tly ! flight4 ,if ! lift ( ! tail is too great1 h[ev]1 x w cause t "p to rise & ! ma*9e w dive d[nw>ds4 99,elevators & ,tails99 are usually made ( ?9 wood or fabric /ret*$ ov] a rattan or wire framework4 ,!y are usually rectangul> or elliptical 9 %ape4 ,9 case !y are made ( wood "o ( ! be/ me?ods ( atta*m5t is to fa/5 ! plane to a small /ick by means ( two or ?ree small rivets4 ,! /ick is secur$ to ! framework ( ! ma*9e by two small rubb] b&s4 ,!n 9 case ! ma*9e /rikes head on 9 alight+1 ! b& w absorb ! %ock & p]mit ! elevator to move s t x is n damag$ by ! fall4 99,v]tical ,f9s994 ,x is a mu* moot$ "q :e!r or n a v]tical f9 is ( any value on a model a]oplane s9ce a good model %\ld be s design$ t x w fly 9 a /raight l9e )\t ! use ( a rudd]4 ,x has be5 ! au?or's exp]i5ce t x is (t5 ( decid$ advantage 9 correct+ ! flight ( an erratic ma*9e or 9 comp5sat+ any little diff]5ce t !re may result 9 ! drift ( ! two halves ( ! planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,f9s4 ,! f9 %\ld be plac$ well t[>d ! re> ( ! ma*9e &1 :5ev] possible1 /ret*$ bo? above & bel[ ! c5tre l9e ( ! ma*9e1 s t ! pressure due to cross w9ds w be equal bo? above & bel[ & !re w be no t5d5cy = ! ma*9e to twi/ ab\t its longitud9al axis4 ,:5 x is n possible to place ! f9 bo? above & bel[ ! c5tre l9e x %\ld be plac$ above r ?an bel[4 ,f9s may be made out ( ?9 wood1 %eet alum9um or fabric /ret*$ ov] a wire or rattan framework4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,fusellage ,,or ,,framework4 ,by ! t]m fusellage or frames1 t "p ( ! a]oplane :i* s]ves z ! backbone & to :i* all ! o!r memb]s are atta*$ is impli$4 ,! fusellage above all mu/ be /rong4 ,! second requisite is lightness4 ,! simple/ frame = a model a]oplane is a long /raight /ick4 ,! cross section ( ! /ick may v>y & be ei!r r\nd or squ>e4 ,a c>eful workman1 h[ev]1 c build !m ( ,i section l a /eel gird]4 ,increas$ lightness & /r5g? is ! result4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,a simple motor base or fusellage4 ,a s+le ske9 ( ela/ic :5 w\nd up t5ds v /rongly to twi/ ! framework ( ! ma*9e out ( true4 ,s9ce ! tail & elevator are usually atta*$ to ! ends1 ! adju/m5t is ?r[n out to a m>k$ degree & ! flight ( ! ma*9e is liable to be erratic4 ,we h tri$ build+ ! fusellage ( a network ( gird]s su* z ! ,bl]iot & ,vois9 a]oplanes employ4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 pretti] ?an ^! c>efully design$ & con/ruct$ frames ) _! little /ruts & guy wires1 b we soon f\nd t = pla9 ord9>y ev]yday effici5cy1 ! simple /ick is ! be/1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t x is ( ! prop] size to resi/ ! twi/ ( ! rubb]4 ,9 "s cases x is desirable to reta9 ! framework because ( ! reali/ic appe>ance ( ! model to ! l>g] ma*9es :i* x gives4 ,! only practical me?od !n is to employ a pla9 /ick backbone to )/& ! torque ( ! rubb] & build a false framework ar\nd x4 ,! framework ne$ only be /rong en\gh to support ! fabric & resi/ ! %ocks ( l&+4 ,?is me?od ( con/ruction is be/ suit$ to models ( ! ,bl]iot & ,anto9ette types4 ,! only type ( frame consi/+ ( a s+le memb] :i* w resi/ ! torque ( p[]ful rubb] b&s successfully is a tube4 ,! rubb] ske9 is plac$ inside ! tube :i* may be ( wood1 pap] or alum9um4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,pap] ,tube ,fusellage4 ,"p ( ! tube is cutaway to %[ ! rubb] ske9 inside4 ,pap] tubes are excell5t = small ma*9es1 be+ exce$+ly light & v /rong4 ,!y are =m$ by wrapp+ t\gh1 unglaz$ pap] ar\nd a rod ( ! requir$ inside diamet]4 ,! pap] is well sme>$ ) glue & wrapp$ tightly4 ,! rod is aft]w>ds remov$4 ,be sure t ! glue is ?or\ghly dry be=e attempt+ to use ! tube4 ,9 l>g] ma*9es x is pref]able to employ "s o!r means ( avoid+ ! nuisance ( a s+le ske9 r ?an to use a tubul> frame4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( accompli%+ ?is1 ! be/ "o und\bt$ly be+ to balance ! torque ( "o ela/ic by an equal torque t5d+ to twi/ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,two me?ods ( ge>+ a propell]4 ,9 ,fig4 #bc1 a second ske9 ( ela/ic is ge>$ to ! fir/ ) equal siz$ ge> :eels4 ,! second ske9 is plac$ imm$iately und]nea? ! fir/ & is equal 9 l5g? & /r5g?4 ,plac+ "o ske9 "u ! o!r & n side by side z might be ! fir/ t5d5cy all[s ! propell] to be arrang$ c5trally4 ,! l[] "p ( ! same figure illu/rates a second me?od4 ,9 ?is1 ! propell] is atta*$ to a long %aft1 ! o!r end ( :i* is fitt$ ) a ge> :eel4 ,two ela/ic ske9s ( equal l5g? & /r5g? are atta*$ to a second ge> :i* me%es ) ! fir/4 ,! only disadvantage ( ?is =m ( motor is ! long propell] %aft requir$4 ,! objection1 h[ev]1 is sometimes outweigh$ by ! fact t x is possible to employ a small ge> :eel on ! %aft me%+ ) a l>ge "o betwe5 ! b&s s t ! action ( ! ela/ic is multipli$ & a great] numb] ( propell] revolutions secur$ :]e ! l5g? ( ! b&s is limit$ & c\ld n be increas$ 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! same result4 99,skids499 ,x requires only v little exp]i5ce ) model a]oplanes to prove ! ne$ ( effici5t skids on ! ma*9e4 ,aft] ! rubb] b& motor has run d[n1 ! propell] (f]s consid]able resi/ance to ! =w>d travel ( ! ma*9e s t x does n glide prop]ly & causes x to l& on its nose1 (t5 damag+ ! propell] or front planes4 ,at ! lea/1 ! framework ( ! ma*9e is /ra9$ by su* a %ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,skids ( c\rse weigh some?+ & (f] a c]ta9 am\nt ( resi/ance1 b ! advantages m ?an outweigh ^? drawbacks4 ,skids are usually made ( piano wire1 split bamboo or rattan4 ,! skids %\ld n be made any l>g] ?an is necess>y to protect ! ma*9e4 ,!y d n usually take any special %ape b are =m$ to fit ea* individual case4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,motive ,,p[]4 ,by f> ! simple/ & mo/ effici5t =m ( p[] :i* c\ld be in/all$ 9 a model a]oplane to drive ! propell] is a twi/$ ske9 ( rubb]4 ,no?+ is light]1 or m easily h&l$ & repair$4 ,! ^w ela/ic1 9 physics1 is ! "n giv5 to ! t5d5cy :i* a body ex]ts1 :5 di/ort$1 to return to its orig9al %ape4 ,rubb] possesses m ela/icity ?an any o!r mat]ial kn[n1 x be+ possible to /ret* a piece ( rubb] cord to eight or n9e times its orig9al l5g? )\t fracture4 ,rubb] also possesses ! add$ requisite ( lightness & w /ore up m en]gy ?an any =m ( /eel spr+4 99,! ,simple/ ,=m ( ,motor99 is a s+le ske9 ( ela/ic /ret*$ betwe5 two hooks1 "o fix$ & ! o!r to :i* ! propell] is atta*$1 free to rotate4 ,9 "s cases x is a decid$ advantage to divide ! motor into "o or m p>ts4 ,"o phase ( ?is "q has already be5 consid]$4 ,! o!rs w be discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 99,! type ( ,ela/ic99 :i* gives at once ! longe/ life & ! greate/ p[] is ! squ>e rubb]1 pref]ably ab\t #c_/cb x #c_/cb in*es1 & n ! flat /rip4 ,:5 exam9$ "u ! microscope ! edges ( ! squ>e rubb] %[ to be clean] & %>p] & n s ragg$ z ^? ( ! flat /rips4 ,to be ( any value = use 9 a model a]oplane1 ! rubb] %\ld be absolutely pure & fre%4 ,!re are c]ta9 precautions :i* if obs]v$ w add greatly to ! p[] & effici5cy ( a rubb] b& motor4 ,always remove ! ela/ic f ! ma*9e :5 ! flights are ov] = ! "t be+4 ,rubb] spoils v quickly :5 kept "u t5sion4 ,x also det]iorates if w>m1 s keep 9 a cool place4 ,/rong sunlight causes rubb] to h>d5 & lose its ela/icity1 due to ! pres5ce ( ! sulphur us$ 9 vulcaniz+4 ,if talcum p[d] or f9ely p[d]$ soap/one is rubb$ on ! b&s f "t to "t x w prev5t !m f /ick+ toge!r4 ,! /r&s w !n run & slip m easily ^u ea* o!r1 mak+ x possible to /ore up a great] numb] ( propell] revolutions4 ,9 spite ( ! use ( talcum p[d]1 h[ev]1 :5 a ske9 ( rubb] is twi/$ v tightly1 ! /r&s /ick toge!r1 caus+ x to soon break up4 ,?is nuisance may be some:at alleviat$ if ! /r&s are lubricat$ ) pure r$i/ill$ glyc]9e free f grease1 etc4 ,su* a precaution w n always greatly l5g!n ! life ( ! rubb]1 b w increase ! numb] ( turns :i* x is possible to give ! ske9 7& ?is is a v important advantage 9 model conte/s74 ,due to its /icky nature1 h[ev]1 ! glyc]9e w cause ! rubb] to ga!r du/ & p>ticles ( dirt :i*1 if all[$ to gr9d into ! rubb]1 w\ld soon weak5 x4 ,! ske9 %\ld !re=e be wa%$ f "t to "t 9 w>m soda & wat] & fre% glyc]9e appli$4 ,by all means1 avoid all oils or sub/ances ( a greasy nature1 su* z lubricants4 ,!y quickly s(t5 & rot ! rubb]4 99,! ,am\nt ( ,ela/ic99 requir$ = a model w v>y consid]ably = propell]s ( ! same pit* & diamet]4 ,!re is always a t5d5cy to use too mu* r ?an too little & ?is fault %\ld be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t5 x is ! cause ( ! unsatisfactory behavior ( a model4 ,! motor %\ld always be /r&$1 t is1 made up ( a ske9 ( b&s4 ,x is !n possible to secure a l>g] numb] ( turns ?an if a s+le /rip 7 us$4 ,always />t a new ma*9e ) a small numb] ( /r&s & gradually add to ! numb] until ! prop] am\nt ( p[] is obta9$4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! propell] & ! fix$ hook %\ld always be z great z possible s z to secure ! maximum numb] ( turns4 99,d\bl+ ! ,numb] ( ,ela/ic ,/r&s99 increases ! p[] ( ! motor b cuts d[n ! numb] ( turns :i* x is possible to give ! propell]4 ,t is to say1 a c]ta9 ske9 compos$ ( six /r&s ( rubb] w take p]haps two hundr$ & tw5ty-five turns :ile a twelve /r& ske9 ( he same siz$ rubb] /r&s /r&s is only capable ( less ?an half or ab\t "o hundr$ turns be=e x is w\nd tight4 ,d\bl+ ! numb] ( /r&s & at ! same "t keep+ !m ! same l5g? increases ! torque m ?an ?ree times b dim9i%es ! numb] ( turns f "o-half to "o-?ird4 99,d\bl+ ! l5g?99 ( ! /r&s does n mat]ially r$uce ! torque = ! fir/ hundr$ turns4 ,aft] two hundr$ turns h be5 rea*$1 ! torque is only ab\t "o-half z great z x w\ld be 9 case ! l5g? 7 n d\bl$4 ,d\bl+ ! l5g? ( ! /r&s d\bles ! numb] ( turns x is possible to give ! ske94 ,x is easy to see f ?is :y x is always advisable to make ! motor z long z possible & to compose x ( ! fewe/ numb] ( /r&s if long flights are desirable4 ,by us+ sev]al sep>ate ske9s ge>$ toge!r s z to apply _! en]gy to "o screw1 x is possible to obta9 a greatly increas$ numb] ( turns4 ,! weight ( ! ge>+ is v small & h>dly a factor1 consid]+ ! advantages d]iv$ !refrom4 ,s9ce ! ske9s revolve 9 opposite directions ! frame ( ! ma*9e is reliev$ ( ! h>mful twi/+ effect s (t5 pres5t 9 a s+le ske94 ,! ge>s %\ld be ( /eel accurately cut & ( no l>g] diamet] ?an is necess>y to sep>ate ! rubb] ske9s ! requisite di/ances s t !y w n rub4 ,holes may be bor$ 9 ! ge>s to light5 !m4 ,! ge>s are easily & conv5i5tly cut out ( /eel p9ion wire4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,screw ,,propell]s4 ,we might comp>e a propell] to an ord9>y screw or bolt by lik5+ ! ?read ( ! screw to ! two blades ( ! propell]4 ,if ! screw p5etrates wood or metal nut x w advance a c]ta9 di/ance kn[n z ! pit* :i* is always ! same1 namely1 ! di/ance sep>at+ two consecutive turns ( ! ?reads4 ,! revolv+ blades ( ! propell] cut _! way ?r\gh ! air 9 id5tically ! same mann]4 ,b s9ce air is a v ?9 m$ium z comp>$ to wood or iron ! propell] slips a little j l a screw go+ into an un/eady nut & does n advance ! di/ance x !oretically %\ld consid]+ ! angle ( ! blades4 ,! di/ance lo/ 9 ea* revolution is call$ ! slip4 ,?us a screw hav+ a t5-foot pit* 9 actual op]ation p]haps only advances ! a]oplane eight feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,if a propell] blade _h a uni=m angle ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? ! portions ( ! blade ne> ! c5tre w\ld n h z great a pit* z ! extreme tips because ! diamet] ( ! circle !y travel 9 "o revolution is n z great z t at ! tips4 ,= ?is reason x is usual to give ! blades an increas+ angle z !y approa* ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,me?od ( lay+ out a screw propell]1 t is1 det]m9+ ! angle ( ! blades at diff]5t po9ts4 ,fig #bf %[s a diagram illu/rat+ ! !oretical pit* ( a screw1 ! angle ( ! blade v>y+ inv]sely z its radial di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! screw4 ,:5 a propell] revolves x sets 9 motion a cyl9d] ( air4 ,if ! angle ( ! blades is uni=m ?r\gh\t _! l5g? ! air 9 ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d] w move mu* m sl[ly ?an t ne> ! outside z %[n by ! arr[ heads 9 ,a ( ,fig4 #bg4 ,if ! blades are giv5 an increas+ pit*1 ! air 9 all p>ts ( ! cyl9d] w move away f ! propell] at ! same spe$4 ,f a diagram l ?is x is v easy to calculate ! angle ( a blade at any po9t to secure a c]ta9 pit*4 ,suppose t ! problem 9 h& is to design a propell] eight in*es 9 diamet] & a pit* ( twelve in*es4 ,on a %eet ( pap] draw a v]tical l9e ,,am twelve in*es long to repres5t ! pit*4 ,draw a long horizontal l9e ,,an ( indef9ite l5g? f ! l[] end ( ,,am & at "r angles to x4 ,! diamet] ( ! propell] be+ eight in*es1 ! tips ( ! blades mu/ travel 9 "o revolution #h x #c4adaf 7! circumf]5ce ( an eight in* circle 9 in*es71 a di/ance ( #cc4a in*es4 ,lay (f on ,,an ! di/ance ,,ab :i* is #cc4a in*es1 draw ! l9e ,,mb4 ,! angle ,,mb =ms ) ,,an is ! prop] angle = ! blades at ! tips4 ,to f9d ! angle "o in* f ! tips lay (f ! di/ance ,,ac1 :i* is4 #h - #b x #c4adaf or #bd4h in*es4 ,,mc gives ! "r angle4 ,! angle two in*es f ! tip w\ld be %[n by ,,md :]e ,,ad is #h - #d x #c4adaf or #ah4h in*es4 ,any o!r po9ts c be locat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,a propell] ( ! truly helical type deliv]s a cyl9d] ( air 9 :i* all p>ts move at ! same spe$ z at ,a4 ,a propell] hav+ blades ( ! same angle ?r\gh\t _! l5g? ?r[s ! air z 9 ,b 9 :i* ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d] moves m sl[ly ?an ! outside4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,templets = te/+ & c>v+ a propell]4 ,if desirable1 a numb] ( small templets hav+ ! prop] angle may be cut out ( %eet t9 & fa/5$ to a bo>d z %[n 9 ,fig #bh4 ,:5 mak+ ! propell] x c be frequ5tly laid on ! templets to see if ! prop] angle has be5 secur$ yet4 ,!re are a great _m o!r ways ( mak+ propell]s = model a]oplanes1 ! simple/ & be/ ( :i* are describ$ bel[4 99,metal ,propell]s99 h advantages & disadvantages :i* may be summ$ up only to f9d t z f> z effici5cy is conc]n$ ! advantages outweigh ! disadvantages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,a simple me?od ( =m+ a propell] f %eet metal4 ,! simple/ me?od ( mak+ a small metal propell] is to cut a piece ( %eet alum9um into ! %ape %[n by ,a 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,fold along ! dott$ l9es s t ! result is l ,b 9 ! same illu/ration4 ,! %aft may be a small piece ( piano wire pass$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! c5tre & b5t ar\nd z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,a built-up metal propell] made ( alum9um4 ,ano!r me?od ( mak+ a metal propell] :i* is m suitable = l>ge ma*9es ?an t j describ$ is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,! blades are cut out ( %eet alum9um to ! %ape %[n & set 9 ! slots 9 ! end ( a small alum9um tube4 ,!y are held 9 position ) alum9um sold]4 ,ord9>y sold] w n accompli% ! "w & _c be us$4 ,! %aft is sold]$ into a hole 9 ! tube halfway betwe5 ! two blades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,metal ,propell]4 ,! propell] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca is ext5sively us$ by manufactur]s ( model a]oplanes because ( its simplicity & /r5g?4 ,! propell] is cut out ( %eet alum9um & !n b5t & fold$4 ,! %aft is held 9 place by a brass eyelet rivet$ firmly ov] on bo? sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,me?od ( c>v+ a propell] ( ! truly helical type4 99,wood5 ,screws994 ,s+le piece screws cut out ( a block ( wood are easy to make & v effici5t4 ,! propell] is laid out on a squ>e or rectangul> /rip ( wood 7accord+ to ! pit*71 cut to ! requir$ l5g?4 ,a pocket knife or a wood rasp is us$ to r\gh ! wood d[n to ! %ape %[n at ,b4 ,x is !n f9i%$ d[n to ! =m %[n at ,c4 ,aft] rubb+ ) s&-pap] a coat ( v>ni% is appli$ & all[$ to dry4 ,! v>ni% is !n rubb$ d[n to a smoo? surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,me?ods ( fa/5+ propell]s to %aft4 ,fig4 #cc %[s a v good me?od ( m\nt+ ! propell] on ! %aft4 ,a piece ( /iff brass is sold]$ to "o end ( a bicycle spoke & b5t ar\nd ! propell]4 ,a small nut made by cutt+ a spoke nipple is screw$ on ! end to hold ! propell] 9 position4 7,! same illu/ration %[s ano!r v good me?od ( fa/5+ ! propell] to ! %aft4 ,! end ( ! %aft is fil$ to a %>p po9t1 b5t into ! %ape %[n 9 ! illu/ration & !n driv5 into ! propell]4 ,a small p9 hole %\ld be made 9 ! propell] at ! place :]e ! %>p po9t is to ent] 9 ord] to avoid ! possibility ( splitt+47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,me?od ( =m+ sockets = jo9+ /ruts1 etc41 by cutt+ f %eet metal4 ,!re are two me?ods ( mak+ propell]s by /eam+ & b5d+ ?9 wood4 ,am]ican :itewood & spruce are ! be/ woods = ! purpose4 ,aft] /eam+ place "o end ( ! /rip 9 a vise & hold+ ! o!r 9 ! f+]s twi/ x into ! "r %ape4 ,fa/5 x 9 position & all[ x to rema9 s until dry4 ,!n give x a coat ( v>ni% to prev5t ! absorption ( moi/ure & consequ5t w>p+4 ,! me?od ( fa/5+ ! %aft1 :i* 9 ?is case is a piece ( piano wire or a bicycle spoke is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,two small pieces ( wood %ap$ l a half cyl9d] & hav+ a groove cut on ! curv$ surface are glu$ on ei!r side at ! c5tre4 ,! %aft is !n b5t ar\nd & twi/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,b5t wood propell]s & ! me?ods ( fa/5+ !m to ! %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,propell] blank 7top74 ,c>v$ propell] 7bottom74 ,9 ord] to make ! second type ! wood mu/ fir/ be b5t into %ape4 ,x is /eam$ & b5t along ! dott$ l9es4 ,x is atta*$ to ! %aft by means ( a piece ( %eet brass d\bl$ ov] ! edge & sold]$ to ! end ( a bicycle spoke4 ,! only disadvantage ( ?is =m ( propell] is t x is easily brok54 ,x turns v easily ) little exp5diture ( p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,langley type propell] 7top74 ,wright type propell] 7bottom74 99,size ( ,propell]499 ,"o bad feature ab\t mo/ ( ! model a]oplanes (f]$ = sale 9 toy %ops is ! propell]4 ,9 almo/ e case x is decid$ly too small4 ,9 ord] = a model to fly really well ! propell] mu/ usually be out ( all proportion to ! re/ ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 fact its size w make ! ma*9e appe> v awkw>d & unsightly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,quasi-helical propell]4 ,! enorm\s slip ( small screw propell]s :5 turn+ rapidly makes !m v ineffici5t4 ,! ?ru/ ( ! propell] is dep5d5t ^u ! volume ( air s5t backw>ds4 ,a l>ge propell] naturally deflects m air ?an a small "o & s 9 ord] = ! latt] to equal ! "w ( a l>ge propell] x mu/ ei!r h an increas$ pit* or revolve m rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,blanks = rac+ 7top7 & *auvi]e 7bottom7 propell]s4 ,a small pit*$ propell] is less wa/eful ( p[] ?an "o hav+ a high pit* & s x is ( no advantage to make a small screw d ! "w ( a l>g] "o4 ,x is n only wa/eful ( en]gy b also p]mits ! rubb] ske9 to untwi/ too rapidly4 ,! advantage !re=e lies ) a propell] ( l[ pit* driv5 sl[ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 c>v+ a propell]4 ,! blank4 ,holl[+ ! fir/ blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,"o blade holl[$4 ,holl[+ ! second blade4 ,! av]age propell] %\ld h a pit* ( f #b-c times its diamet]1 t is1 ! blade %\ld h an angle at ! tips ( slightly less ?an #de degrees4 ,! propell] diamet] 7( c\rse ?is rule is n infallible1 b only a g5]al /atem5t7 %\ld be ab\t "o-?ird ! spread ( ! planes4 ,! edges ( ! blades %\ld come to a clean edge b n be too %>p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db ,r\nd+ ! back ( ! fir/ blade4 ,r\nd+ ! back ( ! second blade4 ,"o ( ! be/ means ( det]m9+ ! effici5cy ( a propell] is to connect x to a small electric motor :i* w drive x at high spe$ & by bl[+ tobacco smoke ar\nd x or hold+ a piece ( burn+ rag ne>by & te/ :e!r or n ! air is ?r[n out f ! sides by c5trifugal =ce4 ,a correctly design$ propell] w pull air 9 f ! sides in/ead ( ?r[+ x out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,all c>v+ f9i%$4 ,s&pap]+ to secure a smoo? surface4 ,calculation 9 fitt+ a model ) a propell] is almo/ useless4 ,! exp]im5tal error is s l>ge t ! empirical or cut & try me?od is ! only reliable "o4 ,x is be/ to make a numb] ( propell]s ( v>y+ pit* & diamet] & give to ea* a ?or\gh try\t on ! ma*9e be=e mak+ a decision4 99,! ,s+le ,screw ,ma*9e499 ,a propell] plac$ 9 ! re> ( a ma*9e is usually m effici5t ?an a tractor screw plac$ 9 front4 ,a ma*9e drags along consid]able air ) x 7due to sk9 friction ( ! planes1 etc471 & s a screw plac$ 9 ! re> revolves 9 air :i* is really travel+ ) ! ma*9e itself & s ! effect is some:at z ?\gh x 7 travel+ ) ! w9d4 ,a fur!r advantage ( plac+ ! propell] 9 ! re> ( ! ma*9e lies 9 ! fact t !re is less likelihood ( damage 9 l&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,v>ni%+4 ,! propell] f9i%$4 ,an a]oplane hav+ a s+le screw always betrays a m>k$ t5d5cy to turn completely ov] 9 a direction opposite to t 9 :i* ! screw is rotat+4 ,action & reaction are always equal & opposite 9 _! effects & s ! motor has a t5d5cy to rotate ! ma*9e aga9/ ! resi/ance ( ! screw z well z to rotate ! screw aga9/ ! resi/ance ( ! ma*9e4 ,"o way 9 ov]com+ ?is difficulty is to set ! two halves ( ! plane at a slight angle to "o ano!r or at a dih$ral angle z x is call$4 ,!n if ! ma*9e t5ds to twi/ & turn ov] ! lift+ p[] ( ! l[] w+ becomes great] z x approa*es ! horizontal :ile t ( ! o!r w+ gr[s less4 ,accord+ly ! ma*9e resi/s & t5ds to turn back to its normal position4 ,ano!r me?od is to keep ! weight or c5tre ( gravity z l[ z possible s t ! ma*9e w automatically "r itself z soon z x beg9s to turn4 ,! objection to ?is1 h[ev]1 is t ! ma*9e w fly v un/eadily on a gu/y day 7& mo/ days are m or less gu/y74 ,! effect ( plac+ ! c5tre ( gravity l[ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,! dott$ l9e repres5ts ! c5tre ( pressure act+ aga9/ a plane ,p4 ,! weight ( ! ma*9e is c5tr$ at ,w4 ,imag9e ! ma*9e 9 flight4 ,!n ! resi/ance ( ! plane ,p act+ along ! dott$ l9e w t5d to /op ! ma*9e :ile ,w t5ds to /ill g =w>d because ( its in]tia4 ,z a result1 ! front ( ! ma*9e tilts upw>ds & increases ! angle ( ,p1 :i* 9 turn increases ! resi/ance4 ,! ma*9e !re=e sl[s d[n b ,w t5ds to /ill move =w>d & tilt ! ma*9e fur!r until ! ?ru/ ( ! screw is unable to support ! weight & s ,w sw+s back d[n & beyond ! position %[n at ,b4 ,! angle ( ,p decreases1 ! ma*9e travels =w>d quickly & ga!rs suffici5t spe$ = ,w to sw+ up aga94 ,?us ! p]=mance is repeat$ & ! ma*9e w h a flight pa? v mu* l ! dott$ l9e %[n 9 ! l[] "p ( ! illu/ration4 ,! motion is slight b is suffici5t to consid]ably %ort5 ! l5g? ( ! flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,acc5tricity4 ,! effect ( plac+ ! c5t] ( gravity too l[4 ,if ! ma*9e meets w9d1 ! motion is some:at increas$4 ,9 fact ! au?or has se5 a small biplane turn completely ov] & actually loop ! loop4 ,:5 ! ma*9e flies ) ! w9d ! effect is l>gely r$uc$4 ,if ! w9d is ( j ! "r /r5g? & comes f ! re>1 ! ma*9e w fly q /eadily4 ,if too /rong1 h[ev]1 ! model w dive to ! gr\nd4 ,a tail some:at damp5s ! sw+ :ile an elevator w slightly increase x4 ,! only o!r me?ods ( p>tially mitigat+ ! evils ( a s+le screw are to balla/ ! ma*9e1 t is1 place a weight on "o side or to give "o plane an increas$ su/a9+ surface4 ,! fir/ may be dismiss$ imm$iately because ! weight w cause "o side ( ! ma*9e to drop z ! ela/ic runs d[n & ! reaction ( ! propell] becomes small]4 ,! la/ nam$ me?od is ! usual "o employ$4 ,! w+ on t side ( ! ma*9e opposite to :i* ! propell] is revolv+ is giv5 a l>g] surface ?an ! o!r & s ex]ts a great] lift on t side4 ,?is also has disadvantages1 h[ev]1 = by giv+ "o w+ a great] lift+ p[] ! ma*9e is caus$ to fly 9 a long spiral pa? :5 ! propell] beg9s to run d[n & :5 x /ops completely to glide 9 ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,simple/ me?od ( fitt+ two propell]s to a model a]oplane4 ,! propell] %\ld be plac$ z ne>ly z possible on a level ) ! planes4 ,! c5tre ( pressure on ! planes & ! c5tre ( gravity %\ld co9cide if true /ability is desir$4 ,! c5tre ( pressure on a ma*9e hav+ ! planes set at a dih$ral angle is halfway betwe5 ! l[e/ po9t & ! highe/ provid+ ! planes are ! same wid? all ! way along4 ,if !y tap] t[>ds ! ends x is slightly l[] :ile if !y are wid] at ! extremities x is high]4 ,! rubb] ske9 & ! propell] are usually plac$ on top ( ! fusellage ( a dih$ral w+$ ma*9e4 99,! ,d\ble ,propell] ,ma*9e499 ,! be/ me?od & ! only "o :i* entirely removes ! difficulty is to fit ! ma*9e ) two propell]s4 ,a ma*9e hav+ two propell]s to ! au?or's m9d is ! only "o wor? mu* att5tion4 ,fig4 #df illu/rates ! simple/ arrangem5t = fitt+ two propell]s to a ma*9e4 ,9 ! fir/ a second propell] is atta*$ to ! o!r end ( ! ske94 ,at fir/ x might seem 9 ! second arrangem5t t !re w\ld be difficulty 9 gett+ ! screws to revolve at ! same spe$4 ,h[ev]1 if ! propell]s are simil> & ! same numb] ( rubb] /r&s employ$ to drive ea*1 ! diff]5ce w be s small z to be negligible4 ,:5 ! fir/ arrangem5t is employ$ ! pit* ( ! screw 9 ! re> mu/ be slightly great] ?an t 9 ! front because x is revolv+ 9 ! slip ( ! latt]4 ,plac+ bo? propell]s on a d\ble %aft on ! same axis has ! disadvantage ( decreas+ ! effici5cy ( ! propell]s because !y are op]at+ 9 ea* o!r's draft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,a me?od ( arrang+ two propell]s on ! same axis4 ,! fir/ ( ^! me?ods is und\bt$ly ! be/ con/ruction4 ,x is !n possible to use ! same rubb] ske9 to drive bo? propell]s4 ,also any possible diff]5ce 9 _! spe$ w n s readily cause ! ma*9e to *ange its c\rse z if ! propell]s 7 alongside ( ea* o!r4 ,:5 two propell]s are us$ 9 ?is latt] position x is a v good idea to fit !m ) two small pulleys & a connect+ belt s t any t5d5cy = a diff]5ce 9 spe$ betwe5 ! two w be imm$iately equaliz$4 ,! p[] absorb$ v>ies directly ) ! volume ( air act$ ^u & ! squ>e ( ! spe$ ) :i* x moves away4 ,if ! pit* ( ! propell] or its rate ( revolution 7 d\bl$1 f\r times ! p[] previ\sly requir$ w\ld be necess>y4 ,vice v]sa1 decreas+ ! rate ( revolution or ! pit* by "o-half w make only "o-f\r? ! p[] previ\sly requir$ necess>y4 ,d\bl+ ! spe$ & d\bl+ ! diamet] requires eight times m p[]4 ,d\bl+ ! diamet]1 halv+ ! pit* & halv+ ! spe$ w give twice ! ?ru/ = ! same p[] z 9 ! fir/ case4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,be>+s1 ,,?ru/ ,,blocks ,,& ,,ge>s4 ,s9ce ! p[] available = driv+ ! model is v limit$ x is obvi\s t e precaution %\ld be tak5 to enable ! propell] to absorb e la/ fraction ( en]gy /or$ 9 ! motor4 ,) ?is end 9 view ! be>+ or ?ru/ block 9 :i* ! %aft ( ! propell] revolves %\ld receive c>eful att5tion 9 ord] to remove z f> z possible all causes :i* w\ld result 9 friction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,simple be>+s4 ,! simple/ =m ( be>+ is a simple piece ( %eet brass or alum9um hav+ a hole drill$ ?r\gh x & b5t up at "r angles s t x may be la/$ to ! frame z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh by ,a4 ,s+le be>+s ( ?is type are employ$ on ! model a]oplanes manufactur$ by toy mak]s ^: only desire is to flood ! dep>tm5t /ores & toy %ops ar\nd ,*ri/mas "t ) _! impossible ma*9es4 ,su* s+le be>+s are a decid$ly poor & unsatisfactory con/ruction4 ,unless ! ela/ic is v %ort x soon beg9s to vibrate 9 unw9d+4 ,s9ce ! rubb] is directly connect$ to ! propell] %aft1 ! propell] is set into vibration z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ! second "p ( ,fig4 #dh4 ,! long blades ( ! propell] consid]ably magnify ! motion & !re is a v appreciable loss ( p[] due to ! erratic pa? ( ! propell] & ! increas$ friction at ! be>+4 ,! rubb] ske9 also (f]s consid]ably m resi/ance to ! =w>d travel ( ! ma*9e ?an if x 7 n 9 vibration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,d\ble be>+s4 ,! advantage ( a d\ble be>+ m ?an (fsets ! add$ weight4 ,su* a be>+ is =m$ out ( a piece ( %eet brass b5t up at "r angles at bo? ends z 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,! ?ird me?od ( con/ruction 9 ! accompany+ figure makes x possible to employ light] %eet metal 9 ! con/ruction ( ! be>+ & /ill resi/ ! pull ( ! rubb] & ! ?ru/ ( ! propell] successfully4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,simple ?ru/ be>+4 99,friction is r$uc$99 & ! ?ru/ tak5 up by plac+ "o or two glass beads betwe5 ! propell] & ! be>+4 ,only ^? beads :i* are flat1 ) p>allel sides & h a r\nd hole 9 ! c5tre1 %\ld be us$4 ,f\r or five copp] wa%]s or r+s may be made to s]ve ! same purpose ) equally good results4 ,ano!r me?od is to employ two wa%]s sep>at$ by a small spiral spr+4 ,su* an arrangem5t is employ$ on "s ( ! ,fr5* models & might be call$ a friction ?ru/4 ,t is1 :5 ! rubb] ske9 is w\nd up tight & ! propell] is releas$ ! friction acts z a brake & r$uces ! spe$1 prev5t+ ! propell] f rac+4 ,z ! ela/ic unw9ds1 ! t5sion1 & ) x also1 ! friction becomes less s t ! propell] revolves m rapidly & ma9ta9s a some:at ev5 spe$4 ,! importance ( pres]v+ z f> z possible an ev5 propell] spe$ c h>dly be ov]e/imat$ & t is :y su* emphasis has be5 laid 9 sev]al places ^u ! desirability ( a model ^: propell] is driv5 by a long ske9 ( rubb] compos$ ( ! fewe/ possible numb] ( /r&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,ball ?ru/ be>+4 99,ball be>+99 ?ru/s are by all means ! mo/ desirable1 b n all models are l>ge en\gh to accommodate _! size & weight4 ,:]ev] x is possible1 h[ev]1 to use !m x %\ld be done4 ,! increas$ am\nt ( en]gy available = turn+ ! propell] w make x possible to employ less rubb] & s increase ! numb] ( turns & consequ5tly ! l5g? ( ! flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,hooks4 99,! hooks99 at ei!r end ( ! rubb] ske9 are apt to cut ! rubb] unless "s precautions are tak5 to prev5t x4 ,?is c be done by b9d+ ) cotton ?read or slipp+ a piece ( rubb] tub+ or alum9um ov] ! hook z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,build+ ,,& ,,fly+ ,,model ,,a]oplanes4 ,! ,bl]ioplane ,fly]4 7,plate ,,ii47 ,! ,bl]ioplane ,fly] is ( ! simple monoplane type & is v easily con/ruct$4 ,x is a rem>kable fly] :5 prop]ly adju/$ & w fly ov] "o hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,! motor base is a piece ( #c_/af d[el1 #ab in*es long4 ,! edges ( ! planes are made ( f9e /eel piano wire b5t to ! %ape %[n 9 ,plate ,i4 ,! planes are cov]$ ) silk :i* is c>efully turn$ ov] at ! edges1 ar\nd ! wires & fa/5$ ei!r by sew+ or ) bamboo v>ni%4 ,! dim5sions ( ! planes are cle>ly %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,! propell] is plac$ at ! re> ( ! ma*9e1 ! small] plane be+ consid]$ ! elevator4 ,! be>+ is %[n 9 detail 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,x is made by fold+ & b5d+ a piece ( %eet brass into ! %ape %[n4 ,a piece ( /eel piano wire is pass$ ?r\gh ! =w>d end ( ! motor base to act z an an*or hook = ! rubb] b&4 ,! propell] is easily w\nd up by h&4 ,"o side ( ! ma9 plane w h to be made slightly l>g] ?an ! o!r 9 "s cases 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! twi/+ action ( ! propell] by "o side ( ! ma*9e m ( a lift ?an ! o!r4 ,! planes are adju/$ by b5d+ ! wire edge4 ,!y %\ld =m a slight dih$ral angle4 ,! rubb] /r&s lie along ! top ( ! motor base s z to br+ ! c5tre ( ! propell] ?ru/ co9cid5t ) ! c5tre ( pressure on ! planes4 ,b5d+ ! front edge ( ! planes d[n w cause ! ma*9e to take a d[nw>d pa? :ile b5d+ !m up w cause ! a]oplane to fly high]4 ,a little exp]im5tal "w w det]m9e ! prop] position4 ,! ,monoplane ,fly]4 7,plate ,,iii47 ,! fusellage or backbone ( ! ma*9e is =m$ out ( a piece ( ?9 wall$ alum9um tub+ hav+ an outside diamet] ( "o-qu>t] ( an in* & measur+ tw5ty-f\r in*es long4 ,! framework ( ! planes is =m$ out ( rattan re$1 "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! ma9 plane is #ai in*es across f tip to tip4 ,x is #d in*es deep at ! c5tre & #e #a_/b in*es at ! wide/ po9t ne> ! tips4 ,! framework is spread ne> ! c5tre ( ea* w+ by a piece ( rattan re$ #e #a_/d in*es long4 ,! ends ( ! re$ are jo9$ by roll+ a small piece ( copp] %eet into a tube & clos+ x ar\nd ! re$ tightly ) a pair ( pli]s4 ,! re$ =m+ ! frame ( ! plane passes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! alum9um tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,! plane =m+ ! tail is almo/ ! same 9 all respects save t ( size z ! =w>d ma9 plane4 ,a small v]tical f9 #c in*es wide & #c #a_/b in*es deep is plac$ bel[ ! tail plane1 9 l9e ) ! backbone to act z a keel or rudd] & hold ! ma*9e to a /raight c\rse4 ,! cov]+ ( ! planes is ,*9a silk or bamboo pap] coat$ ) bamboo v>ni%4 ,! be>+ is made out ( %eet brass b5t into ! %ape %[n & fa/5$ to ! tube by la%+ ) a wire4 ,! propell] %\ld be #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"o or two glass beads plac$ betwe5 ! be>+ & ! propell] w r$uce ! friction4 ,! motive p[] consi/s ( #h /r&s ( #c_/cb x #c_/cb in* rubb] connect$ at "o end to ! propell] & at ! o!r to a hook at ! re> end ( ! alum9um tube4 ,! ma*9e is provid$ ) two piano wire skids to protect ! propell] 9 l&+4 ,if ! a]oplane t5ds to rise too abruptly :5 9 flight1 b5d ! re> edge ( ! ma9 planes up4 ,if on ! contr>y1 x dips or dives1 b5d ! re> edge d[n4 ,! ,baby ,rac]4 7,plate ,,iv47 ,?is is "o ( ! smalle/ & simple/ ma*9es ( ! tw9 propell$ rac+ models4 ,! two ma9 memb]s ( ! motor base or fusellage are #a_/h x #a_/h 9 section & #e #a_/b in*es long4 ,"o end ( ea* is tap]$ & !n glu$ & b\nd ) /rong ?read4 ,! opposite ends are held ap>t by a brace made f flat /eel wire4 ,! wire is hamm]$ out flat at ! ends & drill$ ) a small hole to =m a propell] be>+4 ,! details ( ! brace are giv5 9 ! upp] "r-h& corn] ( ! plate4 ,! brace is fa/5$ to ! /icks by la%+ ) ?read4 ,x is well to place a small wood5 brace across ! frame ab\t midway ( its l5g?4 ,?is w s]ve to consid]ably /iff5 ! frame & prev5t x f sagg+ "u ! t5sion ( ! rubb] b&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,! planes are cut f /iff pap]4 ,! ma9 plane is #g #a_/d in*es across & ! elevation plane #b #c_/d in*es4 ,ea* plane is cut to ! %ape %[n 9 ! draw+s & /iff5$ by glu+ a ?9 wood5 /rip across ! front edges ( ! planes4 ,a small piece ( /eel wire is pass$ ar\nd ! front end ( ! frame & b5t to =m two an*or hooks = ! rubb] b&s4 ,x is !n la%$ firmly into position & ! ?read cov]$ ) glue s t x w n untwi/ if brok54 ,! propell]s are made f ?9 :itewood or v5e]4 ,!y are f\r in*es 9 diamet] & =m$ by /eam+ & b5d+4 ,! %aft is =m$ out ( brass wire by b5d+ x ar\nd ! c5tre ( ! propell]4 ,two small beads are slipp$ ov] ! %aft to elim9ate friction betwe5 ! propell] & ! be>+4 ,! planes are held 9 position by small rubb] b&s4 ,! sket*es 9 ,fig4 #ec expla9 exactly h[ ?is is accompli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,me?od ( hold+ plane to frame ) rubb] b&s4 ,! /icks glu$ along ! front edges ( ! planes are suffici5t to give !m a slight angle4 ,! ma*9e is controll$ by mov+ ! planes back & =? s z to %ift _! lift+ ef=t to ! prop] position4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4 ,! motor consi/s ( two /r&s ( #c_/cb x #c_/cb rubb] atta*$ to ea* propell]4 ,! ,pe]less ,rac]4 7,plate ,v47 ,?is excell5t fly] is v simple to put toge!r & by c>efully foll[+ ! directions anyone c con/ruct ! ma*9e & obta9 spl5did flights4 ,! two long memb]s ( ! frame or fusellage1 m>k$ ,a & ,b 9 ! draw+ are #cf in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y measure #a_/d x #c_/af 9 cross section4 ,bevel "o #a_/d in* side ( "o end ( ea* ( ! two long /icks s t !y c be jo9$ to =m an angle z %[n 9 ! upp] "r h& corn] ( ! accompany+ plate4 ,! tip %\ld n be great] ?an "o qu>t] in* 9 wid? aft] jo9+4 ,glue ! ends toge!r us+ pl5ty ( glue & be=e x has set1 b9d ) /rong l95 ?read1 />t+ at ! tip & w9d+ back = ab\t "o in*4 ,! surplus glue w squeeze out betwe5 ! ?reads & :5 h>d prev5t !m f unw9d+ if brok54 ,an alum9um brace mu/ be made by flatt5+ ! ends ( a piece ( #a_/h in* alum9um rod4 ,! rod %\ld be ab\t #e #a_/d in*es long s t :5 ! brace is plac$ #e_/h ( an in* back f ! ends ( ! /icks1 ! di/ance betwe5 !m w be ab\t #d #c_/d in*es4 ,glue & b9d a small wood5 cross brace to ! frame1 #ab in*es f ! re> end4 ,! brace %\ld be made #c_/af ( an in* wide & #c_/cb ( an in* ?ick4 ,! elevat+ blocks are #c_/d ( an in* long1 #c_/af ( an in* ?ick1 #c_/h ( an in* high at ! re> & #a_/b in* high at ! front4 ,!y %\ld be fa/5$ to ! ma*9e by glu+ & b9d+ six in*es back f ! tip4 ,! highe/ "p ( ! blocks %\ld be t[>ds ! front ( ! ma*9e z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,be c>eful to see t ! frame is l9$ up p]fectly true & !n lay x aside until ! glue dries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,! ,pe]less ,rac]4 ,! propell] be>+s are made f ,no4 #ah h>d %eet alum9um4 ,x is cut into a /rip #a_/d ( an in* wide & !n drill$ & b5t z %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,! be>+s are screw$ on ! re> ends ( ! /icks ,a & ,b4 ,x is also a good plan to b9d "s l95 ?read ar\nd tightly4 ,pass ! propell]s ?r\gh ! be>+s & b5d ! end ( ! %aft into ! %ape ( a hook1 be+ v c>eful n to twi/ ! be>+s dur+ ! op]ation4 ,a bead %\ld be slipp$ ov] ! propell] %aft previ\s to pass+ x ?r\gh ! be>+ s t x comes betwe5 ! be>+ & ! propell] & less5s ! friction4 ,bore a small hole ?r\gh ! frame ( ! ma*9e #a_/b in* back f ! tip1 mak+ ! hole pass f side to side4 ,pass a piece ( /iff wire ?r\gh ?is hole & b5d back ea* end snugly to ! frame to =m ! an*or hooks z illu/rat$4 ,b9d "s ?read ov] ! an*or hooks to keep !m f twi/+4 ,b5d two small pieces ( wire into ,s %ap$ hooks & slip "o ov] ea* ( ! an*or hooks4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4 ,pass ! rubb] ske9 ?r\gh "o ( ! ,s hooks & back to ! hook 9 ! end ( ! propell] %aft1 weav+ x back & =? sev5 times s t !re are sev5 /r&s4 ,d ! same ) ! o!r propell]4 ,! ends ( ! rubb] mu/ be ti$ to ! hook ) "s /rong cotton cord4 ,! cord %\ld be s(t & ! rubb] %\ld be pass$ loosely ar\nd ! hook s t x w n easily become cut4 ,! planes are made ( h>d fibre #a_/cb ( an in* ?ick4 ,! ma9 plane is #bb in*es long & #c #a_/b in*es wide4 ,! elevat+ plane is #h in*es long & #c #a_/b in*es wide4 ,! ends are r\nd$ z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,glue a /rip ( wood #a_/af x #c_/af in*es to ! front edge ( ea* plane4 ,! /rip = ! l>ge ma9 plane %\ld be #ai in*es long & t = ! elevat+ plane #e in*es4 ,! edges %\ld be smoo!d ) a piece ( f9e s&pap] & rubb$ d[n until !y are dry4 ,! planes are atta*$ to ! frame by rubb] b&s 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! edges ( ! planes %\ld be squeez$ toge!r slightly until !y are slightly concave on ! "u side4 ,! position ( ! ma9 plane w h to be det]m9$ by trial4 ,! front edge ( ! elevat+ plane %\ld re/ on ! elevat+ blocks4 ,! propell] %\ld be giv5 f #fjj-gjj turns4 ,! propell]s %\ld be six in*es 9 diamet] & ( m$ium pit*4 ,! ,pe]less ,rac] is a spl5did fly] & w fly ov] #a1jjj feet if prop]ly adju/$4 ,! ,competition ,fly]4 7,plates ,,vi & ,,vii47 ,! ,competition ,fly] does n diff] mat]ially f ! ,pe]less ,rac] j describ$ except 9 "s ( ! details ( con/ruction4 ,! motor base ( ! ma*9e is compos$ ( two long memb]s #cf in*es 9 l5g? tap]$ & la%$ toge!r at "o end 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! o!r ends are held ap>t by a wood5 brace 7m>k$ a7 ab\t #d #g_/h in*es long4 ,two o!r braces 7m>k$ b & c7 are plac$ at equal di/ances along ! frame4 ,! be>+s us$ on ?is ma*9e are simil> to ^? us$ on ! ,pe]less ,rac] & are fa/5$ to ! re> end ( ! frame by ?ree small screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4 ,! planes ( ?is ma*9e are built up planes1 t is1 !y are d\ble surfac$4 ,! ma9 plane is #bd in*es long & f\r in*es broad4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s ! details ( ! planes4 ,! long memb]s ( ! planes are made ( :itewood or spruce & ! edges & ribs are split bamboo4 ,! elevat+ plane is #i #a_/b in*es long & five in*es wide4 ,! planes are cov]$ ) bamboo pap] & !n giv5 a coat ( bamboo v>ni%4 ,! front plane is tilt$ upw>ds by two small elevat+ blocks simil> to ^? us$ on ! ,pe]less ,rac]4 ,! ma*9e is fitt$ ) skids made by b5d+ #c_/cb in* squ>e split bamboo into ! %ape %[n & la%+ !m to ! frame4 ,! skids protect ! planes & ! propell] ( ! ma*9e f possible damage 9 l&+4 ,! propell]s %\ld be ( ! rac+ type1 six in*es 9 diamet] & c>v$ out f a blank 9 ! me?od describ$ 9 ! *apt] on propell]s4 ,! planes are held to ! frame ( ! ma*9e by rubb] b&s 9 ! usual mann]4 ,_! exact position w h to be det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,! ,long ,di/ance ,rac]4 7,plates ,,viii & ,,ix47 ,! ,long ,di/ance ,rac] is a model adapt$ f ! ,competition ,fly] & simil> to x 9 _m respects4 ,! draw+s %[ ! dim5sions & arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s p>ts suffici5tly well s t little comm5t is necess>y4 ,! planes are ( ! built-up type1 be+ made entirely f split bamboo accord+ to ! size & %ape %[n 9 ! draw+s4 ,!y are cov]$ ) bamboo pap] & giv5 two coats ( bamboo v>ni%4 ,! propell]s are ( ! rac+ type & c>v$ f wood 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! *apt] on propell]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4 ,! ma*9e is fitt$ ) skids to prev5t possible damage to ! propell] & planes4 ,! front plane is b5t s z to =m a slight dih$ral angle4 ,?is t5ds to make ! ma*9e keep to a /raight c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,rac+ blank & propell]4 ,! rubb] ske9s are ea* compos$ ( #g to #aj /r&s ( #c_/cb x #c_/cb in* rubb]4 ,! be/ numb] w h to be det]m9$ = ea* p>ticul> ma*9e4 ,flem+-,williams ,fly]4 7,plate ,x47 ,! ,flem+-,williams model is a type well kn[n 9 ,engl& :]e x has won _m prizes4 ,! motor base is a piece ( ,t section wood #dh in*es long4 ,! detail$ dim5sions ( ! ,t section are giv5 on ! plate4 ,a crosspiece ,b1 #e_/af squ>e & #h #a_/b in*es long is fa/5$ at "o end ( ! motor by glu+ & la%+ z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,two braces1 ,c1 ,c1 #a_/h x #a_/d in*es 9 section are la%$ ne> ! ends ( ! cross piece & br\ght toge!r on ! motor base s z to =m a triangle4 ,?is is cov]$ ) bamboo pap] to =m a triangul> %ap$ plane call$ ! /abiliz]4 ,! be>+s are simple /rips ( h>d %eet alum9um b5t ar\nd ! ends ( ! cross brace & fa/5$ into place ) sev]al small screws4 ,! ma9 plane is =m$ by b5d+ #a_/cbnd in* drill rod into ! %ape %[n 9 ! detail$ draw+ on ! plate4 ,m>k out ! w+ =m on a bo>d1 & by means ( nails driv5 into ! bo>d ar\nd ! outl9e1 b5d ! drill rod into %ape1 splic+ ! ends neatly ) "s f9e wire4 ,!n b5d ! ribs into %ape & twi/ ! ends ar\nd ! w+ =m4 ,x is a v good plan to sold] all jo9ts4 ,cov] ! frame ) bamboo pap] & :5 dry apply two coats ( bamboo v>ni%4 ,drill a hole ?r\gh ! motor base at ! front to receive a piece ( /eel wire4 ,b5d ! wire to =m two an*or hooks4 ,! propell]s are ea* #h in*es 9 diamet]4 ,ea* propell] is driv5 by a ske9 compos$ ( #ej feet ( #c_/cb x #c_/cb rubb]4 ,! ma9 plane is fa/5$ tempor>ily to ! motor base ) rubb] b&s4 ,its normal position is ab\t #ag in*es f ! tip ( ! ma*9e1 b its exact position w h to be det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,aft] x is =m$1 ! plane %\ld be fa/5$ into position m securely4 ,! propell]s mu/ be ( opposite pit* & w\nd 9 opposite directions4 ,ea* %\ld receive f #ejj to #fjj turns4 ,! model is laun*$ by ca/+ f ! h& z ?\gh x 7 a spe>4 ,,fly+ ,,! ,,models4 ,a suitable w9d] ( "s sort is ess5tial = w9d+ up ! /r&s ( a model a]oplane4 ,a w9d] is mo/ easily made f an egg beat] ( ! dov] patt]n4 ,! egg beat] is dismantl$ & fitt$ up 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! blades are fitt$ ) hooks :i* engage ^? on ! end ( ! rubb] ske94 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4 ,w9d+ a model4 ,9 ord] to w9d a model remove ! ske9s f ! an*or hooks & hook !m on ! w9d]4 ,h "s "o hold ! ma*9e at ! re> end1 slipp+ ! f+]s ar\nd ! propell]s to keep !m f untwi/+4 ,/ret* ! ske9s out to ab\t twice _! normal l5g? & comm5ce to w9d4 ,gradually %ort5 ! ske9 z ! w9d+ progresses until1 at ! "t x is f9i%$1 x is d[n to its normal l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,a w9d] made f an egg beat]4 ,9 w9d+ ! ma*9e be c>eful to d x 9 su* a mann] t ! ma*9e is n wr5*$ or twi/$4 ,always c\nt ! numb] ( turns giv5 ! w9d] s t !re w be no dang] ( twi/+ !m up too tightly & caus+ !m to break4 ,! successful fly+ ( a model a]oplane is an acquir$ knack j l swimm+ or bicycle rid+4 ,x is usually necess>y to make sev]al attempts be=e ! model c be made to fly well4 ,z soon z "o gets acqua9t$ ) ! vag>ies ( a model a]oplane x is a v easy matt] to laun* & adju/ a ma*9e4 ,! l>ge page 9 ! front ( ! book %[s ! "r way ( laun*+ a model4 ,! f+]s are pass$ ov] ! propell]s & ! frame grasp$ firmly1 b g5tly4 ,! tip ( ! ma*9e %\ld be rais$ & po9t$ slightly upw>d4 ,!n give x a g5tle sl[ pu% =w>d & release x4 ,always laun* a ma*9e into ! w9d1 t is aga9/ x4 ,! ma*9e w fly =w>d1 rise rapidly1 turn completely ar\nd & race d[n ! w9d = a ?\s& feet or m 9 ! case ( "s ( ! l>g] ma*9es describ$ 9 ?is book :5 prop]ly adju/$4 ,all ! models describ$ 9 ?is book ) ! exception ( ! fir/ ?ree mu/ be fl[n out ( doors because1 :5 prop]ly h&l$1 !y w travel upw>ds ( "o ?\s& feet4 99,y c n af=d to be )\t99 99,a]onautics99 ,ea* mon? x gives articles ( value1 bas$ on def9ite results obta9$ by ! =emo/ exp]im5t]s-propell]s surfaces1 g5]al design1 etc4 ,successful a]oplanes involv+ new features are describ$ 9 m9ute detail1 ) scale draw+s & all dim5sions4 ,articles ( practical int]e/ 9 ! pa9t+ & f9i%+ ( woodwork1 mak+ ( propell]s1 l&+ *asses1 etc4 ,mon?ly page ( draw+s ( con/ructional details ( ma*9es all ov] ! _w4 ,que/ions involv+ pr9ciples & exp]im5tal data ( a]odynamos1 & ( motors1 answ]$ 9 full by an au?ority4 ,e issue a complete directory ( ,am]ican manufactur]s ( planes & all accessories4 ,exclusive pr9cipal articles only are publi%$4 ,a file ( ,,a]onautics is m valuable ?an any book yet writt5 on ! subject ( ,a]onautics4 ,,a]onautics is ! olde/ a]o j\rnal 9 ,am]ica2 e/abli%$ #aijg4 ,s5d = a sample copy & comp>e x ) any o!r a]onautical magaz9e4 ,ask any read] ( ,,a]onautics = 8 op9ion z to its wor?4 ,all a]onautical pat5ts issu$ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 are li/$ mon?ly4 99,subscription #c4jj ye>ly499 99,s5d = ,l[ ,rate ,comb9ation99 99,(f] & ,sample ,copy99 ,any ( ! ,foll[+ ,practical ,books 99w be s5t ,at ,once1 ,po/-paid on receipt ( price499 ,!re is v little dang] ( los+ curr5cy 9 a lett] if ! foll[+ directions are obs]v$3 ,cut a circul> hole ! diamet] ( ! co9 9 a piece ( c>dbo>d1 ( suffici5t size to fit closely 9 ! envelope4 ,! c>dbo>d %\ld be no ?ick] ?an ! co94 ,ins]t ! co9 9 ! hole & pa/e a piece ( pap] on bo? sides ( ! c>dbo>d to prev5t ! co9 f fall+ out4 ,,we ,,h ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,l9e ,,( ,,tw5ty-,,five ,,c5t ,,books ,,cole ,,morgan ,publi%]s ( ! ,arts & ,sci5ces ,s]ies #ahg ,n4 #aa? ,/reet1 ,,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,wireless ,telegraphy & ,telephony ,simply ,expla9$ ,by ,,alfr$ ,p4 ,,morgan ,a ,,new ,,book by ! au?or ( ,wireless ,telegraph ,con/ruction = ,amateurs4 ,?is is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ complete & compreh5sive treatises on ! subject ev] publi%$1 & a close /udy ( its pages w enable "o to ma/] all ! details ( ! wireless transmission ( messages4 ,! au?or has fill$ a long-felt want & has succe$$ 9 furni%+ a lucid1 compreh5sible explanation 9 simple language ( ! !ory & practice ( wireless telegraphy & telephony4 ,! book treats ! subject f an entirely new /&po9t4 ,sev]al v novel & orig9al ideas h be5 c>ri$ out 9 its mak+4 ,x is well illu/rat$ by ov] "o hundr$ & fifty int]e/+ photographs & draw+s4 ,all diagrams h be5 made 9 p]spective %[+ ! in/rum5ts z !y actually appe> 9 practice4 ,! draw+s are c>efully key$ & label$4 ,_m ( ! photographs are accompani$ by phantom draw+s :i* reveal ! "n & purpose ( ea* "p4 ,x is a book :i* ! wireless exp]im5t] _c af=d to be )\t4 ,x w prove ev5 m valuable to ! layman4 ,among ! cont5ts are3 ,introductory4 ,wireless ,transmission & reception4 ,! e!r4 ,electrical ,oscillations4 ,electro-magnetic waves4 ,! means = radiat+ & int]cept+ electric waves4 ,a]ial ,sy/ems4 ,e>? ,connection4 ,! ,transmitt+ ,app>atus4 ,curr5t ,supply4 ,sp>k ,coils & ,trans=m]s4 ,cond5s]s4 ,helixes4 ,sp>k ,gaps4 ,an*or ,gaps4 ,a]ial ,swit*es1 ,etc4 ,! ,receiv+ ,app>atus4 ,detectors1 etc4 ,tun+ ,coils & ,loose ,c\pl]s4 ,v>iable ,cond5s]s4 ,tun+ & ,c\pl+4 ,directive ,wave ,telegraphy4 ,! ,dignity ( ,wireless4 ,its applications & s]vice4 ,wireless 9 ! army & navy4 ,wireless on an a]oplane4 ,h[ a message is s5t & receiv$4 ,! ,wireless ,telephone4 ,! ,e>4 ,h[ we he>4 ,s\nd & ,s\nd ,waves4 ,! ,vocal ,cords4 ,! ,/ructure ( ,spee*4 ,! ,telephone ,transmitt] & ,receiv]4 ,! ,photophone4 ,! ,!rmophone4 ,! ,sel5ium4 ,h&somely b\nd 9 clo? ) emboss$ cov] 99,po/paid1 #a4jj99 99,build ,y\r ,own ,wireless ,in/rum5ts99 99,complete ,up-to-!-,m9ute ,au!ntic ,practical99 ,,wireless ,,telegraph ,,con/ruction ,,= ,,amateurs ,by ,,alfr$ ,,p[ell ,,morgan #c;d ,,edition #bbj ,pages #afc ,illu/rations 99,price991 #a4ej1 99,po/paid99 99,h&somely ,b\nd 9 ,silk ,clo?99 ,?or\ghly up to date & unusually complete4 ,gives 9 m9ute detail1 full directions = con/ruct+ wireless app>atus & v>i\s outfits capable ( receiv+ f #ajj to #a1ejj miles & transmitt+ #c to #ajj miles4 ,also cle>ly expla9s ! purpose & action ( ea* in/rum5t4 ,directions = ,op]at+ & ,adju/+1 etc4 99,a ,,spl5did ,,treatise ,,( ,,wireless ,,along99 99,,con/ructive ,,l9es99 ,price1 #a4ej1 ,po/paid 99,,cont5ts ,,( ,,*apt]s99 ,i4--,introduction4 ,,ii4--,! ,app>atus4 ,,iii4--,a]ials & ,e>? ,connections4 ,,iv4--,induction ,coils4 ,v4--,int]rupt]s4 ,,vi4--,trans=m]s4 ,,vii4--,oscillation ,cond5s]s & ,leyd5 ,j>s4 ,,viii4--,sp>k ,gaps or ,oscillators4 ,,ix4--,transmitt+ ,helixes4 ,x4--,keys4 ,,xi4--,a]ial ,swit*es & ,an*or ,gaps4 ,,xii4--,hot ,wire ,ammet]4 ,,xiii4--,oscillation ,detectors4 ,,xiv4--,tun+ ,coils & ,tun+ ,trans=m]s4 ,,xv4--,receiv+ ,cond5s]s4 ,,xvi4--,telephone ,receiv]s & ,headb&s4 ,,xvii4--,op]ation4 ,,xviii4--,! ,amateur & ! ,wireless ,law4 ,h[ to ,secure a ,lic5se4 ,oscillation ,helix4 ,qu5*$ ,sp>k ,gap4 ,rot>y ,gaps4 ,kick-,back4 ,! ,v>iomet]4 ,new ,cry/al ,detectors4 ,! ,audion4--,app5dix4 ,,endors$ ,,by ,,wireless ,,clubs ,,?r\gh\t ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,z ,,be+ ,,! ,,mo/ ,,practical ,,book ,,publi%$ ,,on ,,wireless4 ,! value ( ?is book has be5 greatly increas$ by ! addition ( mu* new subject matt] & _m illu/rations ( rec5t int]e/4 ,! new text expla9s fully h[ to build ! mo/ rec5t =ms ( ,qu5*$ ,gaps1 ,rot>y ,gaps1 ,d\gh-,nut ,tun]s1 ,kick-back ,prev5t]s1 ,audion ,detectors & num]\s o!r in/rum5ts1 accompani$ by dim5sion$ work+ draw+s4 ,sev]al v int]e/+ & in/ructive photographs h be5 includ$4 99,if y are int]e/$ 9 ,wireless y ne$ ?is book499 ,,! ,,amateur',s ,,wireless ,,h&y ,,book ,,y ,,_c ,,af=d ,,to ,,be ,,)\t ,,?is ,,book ,price #be ,c5ts1 ,po/paid ,if y want to be an exp]t & an au?ority y mu/ surr\nd y\rself ) all available aids & helps4 ,y h "o ( ! be/ 9 ! ,,amateur',s ,,wireless ,,h&y ,,book4 ,x conta9s #cf pages ( wireless calls1 #aejj 9 all4 ,! li/ is complete & ?or\ghly revis$ to date & embodies all ! wireless l& /ations 9 ! _w1 ! %ips ( ! ,m]*ant ,m>9e1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy1 ! ,rev5ue ,s]vice1 etc4 ,!y are all !re4 ,all ! calls are classifi$ alphabetically4 ,! li/ is ! mo/ reliable & complete 9 exi/5ce4 ,all obsolete /ations h be5 aboli%$4 ,all corrections & *anges h be5 made f ! (ficial li/s4 99,,b1 ,,t ,,is ,,n ,,all499 ,pages ) spaces to fill 9 names1 call lett]s1 etc41 make x possible to keep an accurate record ( ne>by amateur /ations4 ,,! ,,codes1 ,,bo? ,,morse ,,& ,,cont95tal1 are %[n 9 ! =m ( two l>ge full-page *>ts pr9t$ 9 heavy black type s t !y c be read f a di/ance4 ,a ,,beg9n]',s ,,spe$ ,,*>t ( bo? ,codes s arrang$ t ! codes may be quickly le>n$ or consult$ is provid$4 ,all ! ,abbreviations us$ s con/antly by ! wireless op]ator to save "t & labor are includ$4 ,!re are a c\ple ( pages ( !m4 99,& la/ b n lea/99 ,& la/ b n lea/ ,ov] #ajj l>ge hook-ups ( wir+ diagrams fully illu/rat$ 9 a concise & cle> mann]4 ,loop & /raightaway a]ials1 gr\nds1 helixes1 sp>k gaps1 an*or gaps1 leyd5 j>s1 induction coils1 trans=m]s1 keys1 a]ial swit*es1 tun+ coils1 load+ coils1 loose c\pl]s1 v>iomet]s1 fix$ cond5s]s1 silicon1 electrolytic1 c>borundum1 p]ikon & audion detectors1 telephones1 pot5tiomet]s1 etc41 y c f9d !m all & h[ to connect4 ,a hook-up = any set accompani$ by full explanation4 ,none are miss+4 ,!y are all !re4 ,!re are no two alike4 ,! mo/ complete & reliable data ev] collect$4 ,! result ( ?\s&s ( exp]im5ts by "s ( ! mo/ fam\s wireless exp]ts 9 ! c\ntry4 ,read n[ be=e ! supply is exhau/$ or y =get4 ,y w be sorry if y don't4 99,price1 #be ,c5ts1 ,po/paid99 ,note3 ,?is book is always kept up-to-date by frequ5tly issu+ new editions4 ,s5d = ! late/ copy4 99,! ,op]ation ( ,wireless ,telegraph ,app>atus99 ,d y\r ,wireless fri5ds come to y = advice on con/ruct+ & op]at+ _! app>atus or d y g to !m = in=mation8 ,"h is a *ance = ,,y to become ! au?ority4 99,?is book is a necessity to e ,progressive ,exp]im5t]499 99,x %[s h[ to obta9 ! v highe/ effici5cy f any /ation1 & h[ to comply ) ! law4 ,h[ to tune1 adju/ y\r detector1 sp>k gap1 phones1 etc499 ,price1 #be ,c5ts1 ,po/paid4 ,?is book 0 writt5 = ! wireless exp]im5t] :o has pass$ ! amateur /age1 b expla9s h[ ! beg9n] also c obta9 ! v be/ results f 8 /ation4 ,x conta9s mu* useful in=mation to ?is end & _m k9ks4 99,,x ,,%[s ,,h[99 to receive or s5d on long or %ort wave l5g?s ) highe/ effici5cy1 to tune = longe/ di/ance reception ( messages1 to use ! buzz] te/1 h[ to te/ & connect cond5s]s1 receiv]s1 etc41 h[ to use receiv+ trans=m]s1 v>iomet]s1 etc41 all ) highe/ effici5cy 9 view4 99,,x ,,also ,,describes99 ! con/ruction & use ( a simple1 inexp5sive wave met] to tune ! /ation to any desir$ wave l5g?1 & tells h[ to obta9 a %>p wave & a pure wave4 99,,extracts ,,f ,,! ,,law99 are also giv5 9 su* a mann] t !y are easily und]/ood4 ,,! ,,model ,,libr>y ,,s]ies 99#be;c4 ,,books499 99,,electricity499 ,! /udy (1 & its laws = beg9n]s1 compris+ ! laws ( electric curr5t g5]ation & fl[1 ,ohm's law1 galvanism1 magnetism1 induction1 pr9ciples ( dynamos & motors1 wir+1 ) explanations ( simple ma!matics z appli$ to electrical calculations4 ,by ,n4 ,h4 ,,s*neid]4 ,) #ee orig9al illu/rations & #f tables4 99,,dry ,,batt]ies499 ,a practical h&book on ! design+1 fill+ & f9i%+ ( dry batt]ies1 ) tables1 = automobiles1 gas eng9e1 m$ical & coil "w1 electric bells1 al>ms1 telephones1 exp]im5ts & all purposes requir+ a fir/-rate batt]y4 ,fully illu/rat$ ) #cj orig9al draw+s4 99,,electrical ,,circuits ,,& ,,diagrams499 ,be+ a selection ( orig9al up-to-date & practical diagrams = in/all+ annunciators1 al>ms1 bells1 electric gas light+1 telephones1 electric p[] light & wir+ circuits1 induction coils1 gas eng9e ignit]s1 dynamos & motors1 armature w9d+s4 ,by ,n4 ,h4 ,,s*neid]4 99,,electric ,,bells ,,& ,,al>ms499 ,h[ to in/all !m4 ,by ,n4 ,h4 ,,s*neid]4 ,includ+ batt]ies1 wire & wir+1 circuits1 pu%es1 bells1 burgl> al>ms1 high & l[ wat] al>ms1 fire al>ms1 ,!rmo/ats1 annunciators1 & ! locat+ & rem$y+ ( faults4 ,) #ef orig9al diagrams4 99,,mod]n ,,prim>y ,,batt]ies499 ,_! con/ruction1 use & ma9t5ance1 includ+ batt]ies = telephones1 telegraphs1 motors1 electric lights1 induction coils1 & = all exp]im5tal "w4 ,by ,n4 ,h4 ,,s*neid]4 #id pages1 #ee illu/rations4 ,! be/ & late/ ,am]ican book on ! subject4 99,,exp]im5t+ ,,) ,,induction ,,coils499 ,h4 ,s4 ,,norrie1 au?or ( ,induction ,coils & ,coil ,mak+4 ,a mo/ in/ructive little book1 full ( practical & int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 fully expla9$ 9 pla9 language ) num]\s h9ts & sugge/ions = ev5+ ent]ta9m5ts4 ,arrang$ "u ! foll[+ head+s3 ,introduction2 ,! ,h&l+ ( ,ruhmkorff ,coil2 ,exp]im5ts ) ,sp>ks2 ,effects 9 ! ,vacuum2 ,induction & ,wireless ,telegraphy4 ,) #cf orig9al illu/rations4 ,9 ! press 99,,small ,,accumulators499 ,h[ made & us$1 by ,p4 ,m>%all4 ,giv+ full descriptions h[ to make all ! p>ts1 assemble !m1 *>ge ! cells & run !m1 ) examples ( _! practical application4 ,useful receipts & memor&a & a gloss>y ( te*nical t]ms4 #hj pages1 #dj illu/rations1 pap]4 99,,electric ,,gas ,,light+499 ,h[ to in/all ,electric gas ignit+ app>atus includ+ ! jump sp>k & multiple sy/ems = all purposes4 ,also ! c>e & selection ( suitable batt]ies1 wir+ & repairs1 by ,h4 ,s4 ,,norrie4 #aja pages1 #eg illu/rations1 pap] 99,,! ,,wim%ur/ ,,ma*9e4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,& ,,use ,,x499 ,a practical h&book on ! con/ruction & work+ ( ,wim%ur/ ma*9es1 includ+ radiography & wireless telegraphy & o!r /atic electrical app>atus4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,m>%all4 ,second edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,conta9+ a numb] ( sectional draw+s & details to scale4 ,cont5ts ( *apt]s3 #a4 ,introductory4 #b4 ,/atic ,electricity4 #c4 ,! electrophorus4 #d4 ,! ,electroscope4 #e4 ,cond5s]s4 #f4 ,! ,leyd5 ,j>4 #g4 ,! ,p>ts ( a ,wim%ur/ ,ma*9e & ,_! ,use4 #h4 ,mak+ & ,managem5t ( ,wim%ur/ ,ma*9es4 #i4 ,"s ,examples ( ,wim%ur/ ,ma*9es1 small ma*9es4 #aj4 ,complete detail$ draw+s & p>ticul>s = ! con/ruction ( a #bd-;in* plate ma*9e4 #aa4 ,! ,wim%ur/ ma*9e = ,x-ray "w ) detail$ draw+s4 #ab4 ,exp]im5ts = ,wim%ur/ ma*9e4 #aab pages1 #cj illu/rations & plates4 99,,wireless ,,telephone ,,con/ruction499 ,by ,newton ,h>rison4 ,a compreh5sive explanation ( ! mak+ ( a ,wireless ,telephone ,equipm5t4 ,bo? ! transmitt+ & receiv+ /ations fully expla9$ ) details ( con/ruction suffici5t to give an intellig5t read] a good />t 9 build+ a ,wireless ,telephone sy/em & 9 op]at+ x4 #gd pages & #dc illu/rations4 99,,l[ ,,voltage ,,electric ,,light+ ,,) ,,! ,,/orage ,,batt]y499 ,specially applicable to ,c\ntry ,h\ses1 ,f>ms1 ,small ,settlem5ts1 ,laun*es1 ,ya*ts1 etc4 ,by ,norman ,h4 ,s*neid]4 ,giv+ full details & illu/rations ( ! mo/ up-to-date small ,am]ican ,plants4 ,cont5ts ( *apt]s4 #a4 ,introduction4 #b4 ,! ,/orage ,batt]y4 #c4 ,e/imat+ ! ,in/allation4 #d4 ,! ,electric ,plant4 #e4 ,"s ,typical ,plants4 #f4 ,in/allation & ,op]ation4 #ie pages1 #bg illu/rations4 99,,plans ,,& ,,specifications ,,= ,,wireless ,,telegraph ,,sets1 ,"p ,,ii991 by ,a4 ,f4 ,coll9s4 ,complete & detail$ data = con/ruct+ a five to t5 mile set1 also a t5 to tw5ty-five mile set4 #a4 ,a five to t5 mile tun$ transmitt]4 #b4 ,a five to t5 mile tun$ coh]] receptor4 #c4 ,a five to t5 mile tun$ auto-detector receptor4 #d & #e4 ,a t5 to tw5ty-five mile tun$ transmitt]4 #f4 ,a t5 to tw5ty-five mile tun$ coh]] receptor4 #g4 ,a t5 to tw5ty-five mile auto-detector receptor4 #hj pages1 #fc illu/rations4 99,,plans ,,& ,,specifications ,,= ,,wireless ,,telegraph ,,sets1 ,"p ,i991 by ,a4 ,fr$]ick ,coll9s4 ,complete & detail$ in/ructions = mak+ an exp]im5tal set1 also a "o to five mile set4 #a4 ,an exp]im5tal transmitt]4 ,an exp]im5tal receptor4 #c4 ,a "o to five mile transmitt]4 #d4 ,a "o to five miles coh]] receptor4 #e4 ,a "o to five mile auto-receptor4 #ee pages1 #cg illu/rations4 99,,model ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es1 ,,_! ,,design ,,& ,,con/ruction499 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on4 ,cont5ts ( *apt]s3 #a4 ,g5]al pr9ciples & _! application4 #b4 ,p[]4 #c4 ,support+ surfaces4 #d4 ,screws1 & h[ to make !m4 #e4 ,tails & elevators4 #f4 ,f9s4 #g4 ,designs4 ,) a numb] ( examples ( monoplane1 bi-plane1 t&em bi-plane & tri-plane models4 #h4 ,dirigibles4 #i4 ,helicopt]s4 #aj4 ,orni?opt]s4 #aa4 ,w9d+ app>atus4 #ab4 ,compress$ air motor4 ,a fir/-rate book = ,model ,mak]s1 #abe pages1 #ie illu/rations1 #abmo4 bo>ds1 po/paid1 = #eej4 99,,model ,,glid]s1 ,,birds1 ,,butt]flies ,,& ,,a]oplanes499 ,h[ to ,make & ,fly ,!m4 ,a booklet ) "o l>ge %eet conta9+ twelve butt]flies & two birds 9 colors & mat]ial = mak+ a small c>d-bo>d ,model ,a]oplane ,glid]4 ,complete 9 fold]1 po/paid1 = #ee;c4 99,,model ,,a]oplanes1 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,& ,,fly ,,!m499 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,tw9+4 ,consi/+ ( "o booklet & five l>ge scal$ draw+s = ?ree ,tw9+ ,models1 two ( !m be+ ( ! ,bi-plane ,glid] type4 ,complete 9 fold]1 po/paid1 = #ee;c4 99,,! ,,a]oplane ,,portfolio499 ,by ,d4 ,ross ,k5n$y4 ,conta9+ n9e %eets ( scale draw+s ( ! foll[+ celebrat$ ,a]oplanes3 ,bi-plane type-,wright1 ,f>man1 ,vois91 ,cody1 ,h]r+-,curtis4 ,monoplanes--,rep4 ,anto9ette1 ,santos ,dumont1 & ,bl]iot4 ,ea* ( ^! ma*9es are "h %[n 9 ,end ,view1 ,plan & ,elevation4 ,includ+ booklet :i* conta9s a description ( ea* ma*9e4 ,?is timely set ( draw+s %\ld prove ( value to ev]yone int]e/$ 9 ?is important new indu/ry4 ,! complete set 9 fold]1 po/paid1 = #ee;c4 99,,! ,,p]cy ,,pi]ce ,,fly]499 ,a l>ge scale draw+ ( ?is prize-w9n+ ,monoplane4 ,) all measurem5ts & details %[+ a front elevation1 a side elevation & a top elevation2 ) #h-page descriptive booklet ( p>ticul>s po/paid1 #ae;c4 99,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,a #bj-;,,ft ,,biplane ,,glid+ ,,ma*9e199 t w c>ry a man4 ,by ,a4 ,p4 ,morgan4 ,a practical h&book on its con/ruction & managem5t4 ,enabl+ an intellig5t read] to make 8 fir/ /ep 9 ! field ( aviation ) a compreh5sive und]/&+ ( "s ( ! pr9ciples involv$4 ,fully illu/rat$ ) detail$ draw+s4 ,cont5ts ( *apt]s3 #a4 ,! frame "w assembl+ & f9i%+ ! wood4 #b4 ,cov]+ ! planes1 lay+ out ! fabric & fa/5+ x4 #c4 ,truss+1 fa/5+ ! tie-rods & true+ ! glid]4 #d4 ,glid+ flight1 ! pr9ciples involv$1 in/ructions & precautions4 #e4 ,rem>ks4 #fj pages1 #ca illu/rations4 99,,electrician ,,& ,,me*anic99 ,is a magaz9e :i* w help y4 ,x is a practical mon?ly = e "o :o wants to le>n ab\t electricity1 or :o uses tools4 ,its articles tell y h[ to make dynamos1 eng9es1 wireless telegraph app>atus1 furniture1 models1 etc4 ,x is ! only magaz9e ( its k9d 9 ! _w4 ,,editors3 ,frank ,roy ,frapie1 ,m4 ,sc4 ,*em41 ,f4 ,r4 ,p4 ,s4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,e4 ,watson1 ,e4 ,e41 ,ph4 ,d4 ,m4 ,o4 ,sampson4 99,,*>act]i/ic ,,features99 99,electricity499 ,practical & simple articles on electrical sci5ce1 new applications & hi/ory1 all illu/rat$4 ,h[ to make dynamos1 motors1 batt]ies1 all k9ds ( electrical app>atus4 ,h[ to wire = bells & electric lights1 in/all telephones1 etc4 99,me*anical ,articles499 ,h[ to use la!s & ma*9e tools4 ,h[ to build gas eng9es1 /eam eng9es & o!r ma*9es4 ,all ab\t gas eng9es & fly+ ma*9es4 ,illu/rat$ articles on ev]y?+ new 9 me*anical progress4 99,woodwork+ & ,manual ,tra9+499 ,h[ to build mission furniture4 ,wood f9i%+1 /a9+1 poli%+1 etc4 ,woodwork jo9ts & cab9et mak+4 ,h[ to make useful & h&y articles ( wood4 ,me*anical draw+1 etc4 99,wireless ,telegraphy & ,telephony499 ,full in=mation ( all t is new 9 wireless4 ,any "o c build a wireless /ation f our descriptions4 ,our ,wireless ,club has ov] a ?\s& memb]s 9 ,am]ica & ev5 beyond ! seas4 ,= sev5 ye>s ! wireless au?ority 9 ! magaz9e l9e4 99,all articles writt5 9 simple language = ev]ybody to read4 #a4ej a ye>1 #c mon?s' trial #be;c499 ,,special ,,(f] ,until our /ock ( back numb]s is exhau/$1 we (f] six back numb]s & a full ye>'s subscription = #a4ej4 ,money ord]s only2 no /amps accept$4 ,,sampson ,,publi%+ ,,company #afa ,pope ,build+ ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ,:5 writ+ to adv]tis]s1 please m5tion ?is book4 ,mat]ials = ,build+ ,,model ,,a]oplanes w be f\nd li/$ 9 our catalog ( app>atus & supplies = ,,exp]im5t]s 99,,we ,,are ,,headqu>t]s = ,rubb] ,/r&1 ,bamboo ,/icks99 & all ! re/ ( ! ?+s t y ne$ 99,,wireless ,,telegraph ,,app>atus99 ,we manufacture ! l>ge/ l9e ( ,,reliable wireless ,app>atus 9 ! c\ntry ,effici5t ,design ,reasonable ,co/ ,excell5t ,appe>ance ,skillful ,workman%ip & ,unequall$ ,effici5cy are all y\rs :5 y buy ,,amco ,app>atus4 ,,our ,,catalog ,%[s1 ,/orage ,cells1 ,/ep ,d[n ,trans=m]s1 ,rectifi]s1 ,induction ,coils1 ,wireless ,in/rum5ts1 ,complete ,transmitt+ & ,receiv+ ,outfits1 ,telephones1 ,keys1 ,s\nd]s1 ,fla%lights1 ,lamps1 ,motors1 ,dynamos1 ,wat] ,motors1 ,railways1 ,model ,a]oplanes1 ,books1 ,p>ts & ,supplies4 99,s5d #d c5ts 9 /amps to help cov] co/ ( mail+ & ask = a copy ( our catalog499 ,,adams - ,,morgan ,,co4 99,! 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