file which includes the original #ajj illustrations4 ,see #fdbab-;h4htm or #fdbab-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#fdbab_/pg#fdbab-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#fd bab_/fdbab-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive4 ,see https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/howpaper boxesare#jjsala ,,how ,,paper ,,boxes ,,are ,,made ,a ,practical and ,instructive ,book ,telling ,how the ,beginner ,may ,manufacture ,all ,kinds of ,paper ,boxes1 with ,special ,chapters on the ,printing ,department for ,paper ,box ,plants1 ,embossing1 ,gold-,leafing1 ,label ,work1 etc4 ,with #ajj ,illustrations by ,,robert ,f4 ,,salade ,author of 8,plate ,printing and ,die ,stamping10 8,how to ,make ,cutouts10 8,newspaper ,men of the ,night10 etc4 ,published by ,the ,shears ,publishing ,company ,lafayette1 ,indiana #aibj ,copyright1 #aibj ,shears ,publishing ,company ,la,fayette1 ,indiana ,,list ,,of ,,contents ,,chapter ,i ,introduction4 ,great ,growth of the ,paper ,box ,industry4 ,the ,field for ,attractive and ,high ,quality ,boxes4 ,creating ,orders by ,submitting ,new ,ideas for ,boxes4 ,plain 8,set-up0 ,paper ,boxes--,kinds of ,materials ,used4 ,how 8,set-up0 ,boxes ,are ,made4 ,kinds of ,machines ,used1 etc4 ,page #g ,,chapter ,,ii ,plain 8,set-up0 ,boxes 7continued74 ,modern ,methods of ,working4 ,various ,kinds of ,cover ,paper4 ,gold-,edged ,paper ,boxes4 ,the ,stokes ,smith ,automatic ,wrapping ,machine4 ,extension ,bottom ,boxes4 ,properly ,grouping the ,machines to ,save ,time and ,labor4 ,larger ,size ,paper ,boxes ,with ,flanges and ,mitered ,corners4 ,page #ba ,,chapter ,,iii ,plain ,paper ,boxes ,with ,flanges4 ,effecting a ,saving of ,stock4 ,how the ,blanks ,are ,mitered4 ,efficiency in the ,production of ,hand-,made ,paper ,boxes4 ,kinds of ,paste and ,glue ,used4 ,equipment ,required for a ,small ,paper ,box ,plant4 ,the ,advantages of ,specializing4 ,page #cg ,,chapter ,,iv ,druggists' ,pill and ,powder ,boxes4 ,round ,pill and ,powder ,boxes4 ,round1 ,shouldered ,pill ,boxes ,with ,projecting ,edges4 ,plain1 ,round1 ,shouldered ,magnesia ,boxes4 ,how the ,tubes1 or 8,barrels10 for ,round ,boxes ,are ,made4 ,page #ea ,,chapter ,v ,druggists' ,pill and ,powder ,boxes 7continued74 ,covering ,paper for ,round ,boxes4 ,cutting ,round and ,oval ,pieces of ,box-,board for ,tops and ,bottoms4 ,oval ,shouldered ,pill ,boxes ,with ,projecting ,edges4 ,round ,face ,powder ,boxes ,with ,dome ,tops4 ,the ,doming ,machine4 ,odd-,shaped ,face ,powder ,boxes4 ,plain ,oblong ,powder ,boxes4 ,sliding ,boxes for ,powders and ,lozenges4 ,oblong ,shouldered ,powder ,boxes4 ,square ,shouldered ,boxes4 ,square ,telescope ,boxes4 ,suppository ,boxes ,with ,partitions4 ,page #fe ,,chapter ,,vi ,candy ,boxes4 ,the ,increasing ,demand4 ,specializing in ,fancy ,candy ,boxes4 ,how the ,machines ,may ,be ,arranged to ,speed ,production4 ,plain ,paper ,candy ,boxes4 ,telescope ,candy ,boxes4 ,lacing4 ,shouldered ,candy ,boxes ,with ,extension ,tops and ,bottoms4 ,trays for ,candy ,boxes4 ,flat ,candy ,boxes4 ,round ,candy ,boxes ,with ,extension ,edges4 ,large1 ,round ,candy ,boxes ,with ,dome ,tops4 ,large1 ,odd-,shaped ,candy ,boxes4 ,art ,candy ,boxes4 ,page #ha ,,chapter ,,vii ,miscellaneous ,paper ,boxes4 ,wedding1 ,party and ,banquet ,boxes4 ,jewelry ,boxes4 ,handkerchief1 ,garter1 ,suspender1 ,necktie and ,collar-,button ,boxes4 ,cut-out ,inserts4 ,cigarette ,boxes4 ,stocking ,boxes4 ,oyster and ,ice ,cream ,boxes4 ,oyster ,pails4 ,paper ,dishes4 ,suit1 ,hat and ,flower ,boxes4 ,graining ,board for ,boxes4 ,round ,hat ,boxes4 ,suit ,cases and ,traveling ,bags4 ,pocket ,cigar ,cases4 ,boxes for ,hardware1 ,glass1 ,tools1 ,picture ,frames1 ,toys1 etc4 ,page #aja ,,chapter ,,viii ,folding ,boxes and ,cartons4 ,equipment ,required for a ,small ,cutting and ,creasing ,plant4 ,kinds of ,stock ,used for ,folding ,boxes4 ,making the 8,dummy0 for a ,folding ,box4 ,kinds of ,furniture ,used in ,blanking ,out the ,steel ,rule ,dies4 ,steel ,cutting ,rules and ,creasing ,rules4 ,work-,bench for the ,folding ,box ,maker4 ,steel ,rule ,cutting and ,bending ,machines4 ,page #aag ,,chapter ,,ix ,folding ,boxes and ,cartons 7continued74 ,making a ,cutting and ,creasing ,die4 ,blanking ,out the ,steel ,die4 ,making ,steel ,dies for ,cut-,outs4 ,cutting and ,creasing on ,platen ,presses4 ,making ,ready a ,steel ,cutting and ,creasing ,die4 ,putting on the ,feeding ,guides4 ,corking the ,steel ,die ,form4 ,feeding the ,sheets of ,box-,board4 ,stripping4 ,gluing ,folding ,boxes4 ,the ,gluing ,machine4 ,cutting and ,creasing on ,cylinder ,presses4 ,making ,ready a ,steel ,cutting ,die for ,advertising ,novelties1 etc4 ,page #acg ,,chapter ,x ,the ,printing ,department for a ,box-,making ,plant4 ,equipment ,necessary for a ,medium-,size ,printing ,department4 ,kinds of ,machines4 ,the ,type ,equipment4 ,hartford and ,john ,thomson ,platen ,printing ,presses4 ,cylinder ,presses4 ,the ,kidder ,automatic ,printing ,press4 ,c4 ,p4 ,press ,with ,miller ,feeder4 ,kinds of ,work ,done in the ,printing ,department of a ,paper ,box ,plant4 ,page #aei ,,chapter ,,xi ,the ,printing ,department 7continued74 ,time-,saving ,suggestions4 ,printing in ,gold ,size and ,bronzing ,box ,wrappers4 ,burnishing4 ,printing in ,gold ,ink4 ,gold ,leafing for ,box ,wrappers4 ,embossing on ,platen ,presses4 ,the ,hartford ,electric ,plate ,heater4 ,making the ,male ,die for ,hot or ,cold ,embossing4 ,kinds of ,composition ,used for ,male ,dies4 ,making ,ready for ,embossing4 ,special ,process for ,printing ,glazed ,box ,wrappers4 ,imitation ,plate ,printing and ,steel ,die ,stamping4 ,patented ,printing ,base for ,cylinder ,presses4 ,page #agi ,,chapter ,,xii ,corrugated and ,fibre ,products4 ,the ,great ,field for ,corrugated ,boxes and ,paper ,cans4 ,the ,making of ,paper ,cans4 ,the ,equipment ,required for ,making ,paper ,cans4 ,how ,corrugated ,paper ,boxes ,are ,made4 ,various ,kinds of ,machines ,used4 ,regular ,slotted ,carton4 ,center ,special ,slotted ,carton4 ,overlap ,slotted ,carton4 ,full ,flap ,slotted ,carton4 ,half ,slotted ,carton ,with ,separate ,cover4 ,double-,wall ,carton4 ,double ,cover ,box4 ,telescope ,box4 ,double ,lined ,slide ,box4 ,single ,lined ,slide ,box4 ,double ,slide ,box4 ,one-,piece ,folder4 ,two-,piece ,folder4 ,corrugated ,paper ,tubes4 ,partitions4 ,printing ,cartons4 ,the ,end4 ,page #aii ,,how ,,paper ,,boxes ,,are ,,made ,,chapter ,i ,within the last few decades the paper box manufacturing industry of the ,united ,states has grown to tremendous proportions1 due of course to the ever-increasing demand for paper boxes of every kind imaginable4 ,the manufacturers have kept in steady progress with the times1 and so efficiently have they organized and managed the industry that today it ranks among the largest and most important in the country4 ,the business is rapidly developing on every side4 ,new uses for paper boxes are constantly being discovered4 ,in many instances1 paper boxes1 on account of their neatness1 lighter weight and economy1 are taking the places of those made of wood or tin4 ,comparatively few people outside the industry ever stop to consider the fact that the paper box business has been responsible for the success of many another business4 ,manufacturers of the many different varieties of packaged-goods which are sold over the counters of retail stores1 advertising experts and salesmen1 know well that attractive1 graceful paper boxes help wonderfully in selling the goods4 ,but1 the buying public in general gives little thought to this truth4 ,with the exception of advertising and first class printed matter1 handsome paper boxes today are one of the greatest selling forces in business4 ,it has been only during recent years that manufacturers1 advertising men and salesmen have been giving closer attention to the selling power of high grade paper boxes4 ,in days gone by the quality and appearance of paper boxes received little consideration4 ,some years ago1 a plain1 commonly-made box was considered good enough for the purpose1 but not so in these days4 ,in this age the average buyer would not be interested in a nationally-advertised product if it were packed in a mean-looking box1 no matter how excellent the product may be4 ,this explains why we see such a large number of display advertisements on bill-boards1 in the street cars1 and in newspapers and magazines1 including the statement1 8,packed in a ,neat ,box40 ,in the present time1 after a large manufacturing concern has perfected all arrangements for making perhaps1 a new breakfast food1 a new perfume1 toilet soap1 candy1 tooth paste1 or some other desirable article1 the next step that is taken to market the product is in organizing a good sales force4 ,then1 the manufacturers consult with one of the big advertising agencies for the purpose of launching a national advertising campaign4 ,among the first features of the campaign to receive close study by the advertising experts is the style and appearance of the paper boxes which are to contain the product in question4 ,often1 many different shapes and colors for the containers are planned and tested before the right design and color scheme are decided upon4 ,the broad-minded manufacturer will not object to paying substantial prices for attractive paper boxes any more than he would object to paying high prices for advertising in newspapers and magazines1 as the advertising men can easily prove to him the fact that beautiful paper boxes will help in selling the goods4 ,,quality ,,is ,,essential4 ,this does not mean that any manufacturer could succeed with the aid of attractive paper boxes in selling anything that is not of good quality4 ,he would possibly sell an inferior article1 by means of advertising and appealing paper boxes1 for a limited time1 but the public would soon learn whether the article was good or not4 ,but1 the manufacturer of a high grade product may always depend on good advertising and attractive paper boxes to help him in making a success of his business1 and this is the point that the writer wants to make clear to the reader4 ,the psychology of a handsome paper box is something wonderful4 ,women1 particularly1 delight in buying candy1 perfumes1 and many other things packed in beautiful paper boxes and tied with colored ribbons4 ,men1 too1 derive pleasure through buying goods packed in attractive boxes4 ,all of us like dainty packages1 whether we admit the truth or not4 ,when paper boxes are made and used for the purpose of carrying goods to retail dealers1 in cases where the dealers unpack the merchandise and sell it in loose form to the public1 it is not necessary1 of course1 to have such fine boxes as those which go into the possession of the buying public4 ,large size shirt and hosiery boxes1 for example1 seldom pass into the hands of customers of retail stores4 ,boxes of this class should be neat1 strong and of good appearance1 but there is no reason for having them expensively finished4 ,the larger-size boxes which are to be found upon the shelves of retail shops are usually covered with glazed paper1 in colors such as buff1 red1 light blue1 pink1 etc4 ,store-keepers prefer boxes covered with glazed1 colored paper for the reason that colors1 and the high gloss of the paper help in making their sales-room look attractive4 ,these are very important facts that every paper box manufacturer must keep in mind1 and the more attention that is given to the aesthetic side of paper box making1 the better for the business in general4 ,the field for fine and fancy paper boxes1 as well as for plain boxes1 is without limitations4 ,it is a rich1 fertile field1 and the manufacturer with new ideas and good business management can 8plant and grow0 all the orders for paper boxes that he may care to handle4 ,the box-maker with ideas does not have to wait for orders to come to him4 ,hundreds of manufacturers in various lines of business are willing and ready to consider suggestions in the way of unique and handsome paper boxes which may mean increased sales of the goods or articles that they are marketing4 ,the demand for 8dust-proof10 8germ-proof10 8damp-proof10 and the trade-marked folding paper boxes is without end4 ,box-makers who are in a position to offer new-style containers of this character will have no reason for complaining about 8slack seasons40 ,the fiber container field also offers unlimited possibilities to the manufacturer of fiber products4 ,this is the age of progress4 ,creative salesmanship is now needed in every line of business4 ,the box manufacturer in these days must give more of his time and thought than in the past to the subject of creative salesmanship4 ,he should work hand-in-hand with merchants1 sales managers and advertising experts when big selling campaigns are being planned4 ,the ,united ,states is just entering the greatest period of prosperity in the history of the country1 and without question the paper box industry is to enjoy its proper share of this prosperity1 but the box-maker who fails in keeping abreast with the times will be in danger of 8falling by the wayside40 ,,important ,,questions4 ,creative salesmanship1 standard cost systems1 efficient plant management1 and the matter of procuring a sufficient supply of skilled labor are among the most important questions of today which must receive deep study from the box manufacturers in general4 ,with these serious questions in mind1 the writer has prepared this text book on the subject of ,paper ,box ,making for the purpose of helping the progress of the industry in every way possible4 ,before attempting this work1 the writer spent considerable time in several of the modern paper box factories1 studying the mechanical equipment1 labor-saving methods1 ordinary working operations1 etc4 ,several of the larger plants where paper box machinery is designed and made1 were also visited4 ,in this manner1 valuable data for this book were secured4 ,the main purpose of this book is to teach beginners1 or apprentices1 the practical work of paper box making4 ,we are not so egotistical as to believe that we can make a trained paper box maker with the aid of printed matter1 but at least we can try to offer simple1 practical information which we hope will be helpful to beginners4 ,we shall try to do our very best in making the technical facts plain and understandable1 and if we succeed in giving the reader a clear1 general idea of how paper boxes are made1 we will be well satisfied4 ,may we suggest to employers1 superintendents and foremen in the paper box industry to place this book in the hands of apprentices for study8 ,it may even be possible to present copies of the book to young men and young women who are not working in the industry1 but who may desire1 after reading this volume1 to engage in the interesting work of paper box making4 ,this is merely a suggestion1 but it may be of some value in gaining new apprentices4 ,this book will include information on ,plain ,paper ,boxes1 ,fancy ,paper ,boxes1 ,round1 ,oval and ,odd-shaped ,boxes1 ,cutting and ,creasing for ,cartons1 ,the ,label ,printing ,department1 ,fiber ,containers1 and on other subjects of this character4 ,it would be almost impossible for anyone to describe all of the many different kinds of plain1 fancy and folding boxes that are being made at the present time1 so we will merely describe the regular line of paper boxes that are considered as standard in the trade4 ,,plain 8,,set-,,up0 ,,paper ,,boxes4 ,the term 8set-up10 applies to paper boxes which are covered with separate lids4 ,folding boxes do not come under this term for the reason that they are glued together at one side1 and remain in flat form until the time when they are used as containers1 cut out sections of the sheet then being folded to serve as 8lids40 ,in other words1 a folding box is complete in one piece1 while a set-up box 7a shoe box1 for example71 is of two parts1 the box and the lid4 ,a set-up box must be cut1 creased1 folded1 stayed and covered before it is complete4 ,the lid also must be cut1 creased1 folded1 stayed and covered4 ,various kinds of boxboard are used for the making of plain paper boxes1 but the three principal kinds used are called 8,chip-board10 8,news-board0 and 8,straw-board40 ,chip-board is made from pulp formed of all kinds of waste paper4 ,news-board is made from pulp formed of old newspapers4 ,straw-board is made from straw4 ,these three different kinds of boxboard come from the paper dealers1 or from the mills1 in various sizes and thicknesses to meet all of the requirements of the box factory4 ,chip-board is more generally used for all kinds of plain paper boxes4 ,it is of gray color1 and it has rather a rough surface4 ,when the boxes are to be of good quality1 like a candy box for instance1 the chip-board is lined on one side with white news paper1 or white book paper4 ,this lining is done before the boxboard is cut and creased in shape for making the boxes4 ,many of the larger box-makers do their own lining on a special machine called the ,parry ,liner1 which has been designed especially for the purpose4 ,other box-makers send the boxboard to outside concerns who make a specialty of lining board for the trade4 ,chip-board1 news-board or straw-board1 when used for the making of ordinary boxes--shoe boxes1 for example--is not lined4 ,better-class boxes1 such as are used for holding collars and cuffs1 silk shirts1 handkerchiefs1 neckwear1 writing paper1 and 8white goods0 of many varieties1 should be lined with white book paper4 ,the first step toward the making of a paper box is in deciding on the proper measurements4 ,the specifications must indicate the length1 width and depth of the box1 as well as the length1 width and depth of the lid4 ,the length and width of a lid1 for a plain set-up box1 must of course be slightly larger than the length and width of the box4 ,to ascertain the correct sizes of both the box and its lid1 the box-maker first makes models1 and after these have been approved1 the regular work of making quantities of the boxes is commenced4 ,illustration3 ,robinson ,double ,rotary ,cutter and ,creaser4 ,the full-size sheets of boxboard are fed into a scoring machine which cuts and creases the sheets to the proper dimensions4 ,several pieces of board1 of the size required for the boxes1 or lids1 are cut from the sheet with one operation4 ,the machine is equipped with a series of rotary knives and rotary scorers1 which can be moved and adjusted to the positions desired4 ,the rotary scorers are like dull knives1 and are set up a little higher than the cutting knives2 thus they score the sheet instead of cutting completely through it4 ,single scoring machines1 which score and cut the sheets of boxboard in only one direction1 are used in some of the box-making plants4 ,in other plants double scoring machines1 which score and cut the sheets in both directions1 are in service4 ,the double scoring machine is naturally a big time-saver on large orders for the simple reason that it cuts and scores1 both ways1 on the sheet without it being necessary for the operator to feed the sheets through the machine a second time4 ,the cut and scored blanks1 when in flat form ready for cornering and folding1 appear like this3 ,illustration3 ,figure #a4 ,showing blank for paper box1 cut to proper size1 scored1 but with corner-pieces not yet removed4 ,the next operation is in removing the corner pieces from the blanks4 ,this work is performed with the aid of a cornering machine4 ,there are single1 double and quadruple cornering machines in some of the larger plants1 but the single and double cornering machines seem to be the most popular4 ,the single cornering machine removes only one corner from the blank with one operation2 the double cornering machine cuts out two corners with a single operation and the quadruple machine removes all four corners with one operation4 ,illustration3 ,power ,double ,cornering ,machine4 ,the cornering devices are equipped with cutting knives1 arranged so that they may easily be adjusted4 ,the guides may be adjusted so that many different sizes of corners may be cut out of the blank stock4 ,as many as twenty or more blanks may be placed under the knives at one time4 ,the double cornering machine has two sets of knives and guides which are adjustable to provide for the various sizes of blanks4 ,in the same manner the knives and guides of the quadruple machine are adjustable to provide for many different sizes of stock and also various sizes of corners4 ,when feeding the blanks into the single cornering machine1 it is necessary1 of course1 for the operator to feed the sheet four times before all of the corner pieces have been removed4 ,when the four corner-pieces have been removed from a sheet of stock1 the blank has the following appearance3 ,illustration3 ,figure #b4 ,showing blank for paper box1 cut to proper size1 scored for folding1 and with corner-pieces removed4 ,some of the box-makers who make a specialty of fine1 small-size set-up boxes for the drug trade1 jewelers1 etc41 have machines which score the blanks1 and cut out the corner-pieces simultaneously4 ,this device is for small work only1 and its principal advantage is accuracy4 ,when scoring and cornering small-size blanks separately1 it is often difficult to have this scoring line in perfect alignment with the corners4 ,on this special type of scoring and cutting machine it is necessary for the operator to feed one blank at a time4 ,cutting and creasing of this kind can also be done on cutting and creasing presses1 with dies formed of steel cutting and creasing rules4 ,this process will be explained in another article4 ,after the blanks have been cut1 scored and the four corner-pieces removed1 the blanks are then bent upwards on all four sides so as to put them in form for the staying machine operation4 ,several of the blanks can be bent partly into shape with one operation4 ,the operator of the staying machine then takes each blank and properly shapes it into the form of a box as the stay paper is applied to each corner4 ,the staying machine is equipped with a roll of narrow ,kraft paper which is gummed on one side4 ,the machine is also equipped with a water-pan and a roller which moistens the gummed paper as it passes along4 ,the operator places one corner of the box in position on the machine2 the head of the machine descends and affixes a strip of the stay paper on the outside corner of the box4 ,the operator then turns the box in rapid succession while the machine 8stays0 the other three corners of the box4 ,the cutting of the stay paper to the proper size is an automatic operation1 and the device can be adjusted to cut off any length of stay paper4 ,the stay paper placed on the outside corners of the box1 holds the box together4 ,illustration3 ,power ,corner-,staying ,machine4 ,in the case of very small boxes and lids1 the stay paper is attached by hand1 although the machine is adapted to small-size as well as large-size boxes4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,plain 8,,set-,,up0 ,,boxes 7,continued7 ,after the work of staying the corners of a plain set-up paper box1 and its lid1 has been completed1 the next operations are to cover the sides of the box1 and the sides of the lid1 with paper of the desired weight1 color and finish4 ,the kinds of paper which are generally used for covering plain paper boxes are1 white glazed1 cheviot1 and colored glazed4 ,this stock may be bought from the manufacturers in either the form of large rolls1 or in the form of flat sheets4 ,when the ordinary power covering machine is used1 the paper is applied to the sides of the boxes from rolls of the proper width4 ,the slitting and rewinding machine is used for the purpose of cutting the large rolls of paper into rolls of various sizes4 ,the cutting wheels on the slitting and rewinding machine can be 8spaced apart0 to any width required4 ,they may be set as close together as inch apart4 ,conveniently located on the machine is a steel bar containing a scale1 marked off into inches and fractional parts of inches4 ,this scale makes it an easy matter for the operator to fix the slitting wheels in the positions wanted for cutting the large roll of paper into smaller rolls4 ,as the wide sheet of paper unrolls and passes the slitters1 the smaller strips of paper are rewound on spindles4 ,there are several good slitting and rewinding machines on the market which may be operated by hand or power1 as desired4 ,illustration3 ,cameron ,cutting and ,rewinding ,machine4 ,when the sides of paper boxes are to be covered with the aid of a covering machine1 a roll of paper of the necessary size and kind is first placed on the machine4 ,the width of the roll of paper is about an inch wider than that of the surface of the box which is to be covered1 for the reason that about one-half inch of the paper is turned in and over on the inside of the box1 and about one-half inch of the paper is turned in over the bottom of the box4 ,one operator attends to the covering operation1 while another performs the work of 8turning-in40 ,illustration3 ,knowlton ,power ,covering ,machine4 ,,some ,,operators ,,careless4 ,the standard covering machine is equipped with a glue-pan1 heating apparatus1 gluing roller1 glue scraper1 a table1 and a cut-off device4 ,the gluing roller revolves in the glue pot1 in such a manner as to apply the glue to one side of the paper as the paper passes over the surface of the roller4 ,the glue pan may be heated by steam1 gas or electricity4 ,the scraping device regulates the amount of glue applied to the paper4 ,when the machine is in action the operator simply wraps the strip of paper around the four sides of the box1 allowing a 8lap-over0 of the paper1 at one corner of the box1 of about one inch4 ,some operators are careless1 and they often allow 8lap-overs0 of several inches of paper1 which of course results in considerable wastage of paper during the course of a day4 ,the carefully-trained operator will try to save as much paper as possible4 ,another important point which the efficient operator will consider is in having the 8lap-over0 occur at one corner of the box1 and not in the center of one side of the box4 ,when the 8lap-over0 is made at one corner of the box1 the work looks neat and finished1 but when the seam is made on one side of the box1 the work presents a poor appearance4 ,illustration3 ,long1 narrow set-up paper box4 ,size1 #c in4 ,used by the medical profession for holding hypodermic needles4 ,it is also very important that the work of 8turning-in0 should be done as neatly as possible4 ,the 8turner-in0 works on a table near the covering machine4 ,as the operator of the covering machine finishes wrapping a box1 it is passed to the second operator who turns in the corners and edges of the paper4 ,a wad of cheese-cloth1 or a soft1 clean cloth of any kind1 is useful in the work of turning-in1 the corners and edges of the paper being rubbed down firmly and smoothly4 ,some operators of covering machines also use a cloth in smoothing the paper as it is applied to the sides of the box4 ,others use merely the palm of the hand4 ,attached to the machine is a receptacle for holding tallow which many workers make use of for keeping their hands free from glue4 ,on the new model covering machines the cut-off device is adjustable1 up and down1 by means of screws1 and it can be moved to and from the box-spindle in any desired position1 without it being necessary for the operator to leave his or her seat4 ,the cut-off device may be operated by hand by means of a lever4 ,,time ,,saving ,,system4 ,in a large number of paper box making plants tables are placed near the covering machines1 and the work of 8turning-in0 is done on these tables4 ,near the covering machines are the topping machines4 ,the work is handled in such a manner1 that one operator passes the boxes on to another1 until finally the boxes and the lids are completed and assembled4 ,the boxes are then packed in cases ready for immediate shipment4 ,this system is the means of saving time1 labor and expense1 as it makes it unnecessary for the operators of the various machines to leave their seats4 ,one operator does the covering of boxes1 the second operator covers the sides of the lids2 the third attends to the work of 8turning-in02 the fourth is in charge of the topping machine4 ,girls or boys then assemble the boxes and lids1 and pack them in the cases4 ,many set-up paper boxes1 in addition to being covered with white glazed1 cheviot1 or colored glazed paper1 are finished with gold-paper edges4 ,some have a gold edge at the top of the lid1 and a gold edge at the bottom of the box2 others have four gold edges2 still others are covered with colored glazed paper1 and have four edges of white glazed paper4 ,paper boxes of this variety may properly be placed under the heading1 8fancy10 but we want to mention them here on account of the edging-work being done on covering machines in about the same way as plain covering work4 ,let us take the case of a gold-edged paper box for example3 ,the narrow roll of gold paper is placed on the covering machine1 along with the wider roll of glazed1 or cheviot paper4 ,both the gold strip and the other strip are applied to the box1 or lid1 simultaneously1 the gold strip being placed underneath the main strip4 ,the main strip of paper is a size that when applied to the box1 or lid1 7over the gold strip7 it allows the gold edging to show4 ,only the gold strip is 8turned in10 either over the top or bottom of the box1 or over the top and edge of the lid4 ,with work of this character the operator must be careful to have the two strips of paper run straight and even as one is glued over the other4 ,the topping machine operates much on the same principle as the covering machine1 and it is used for applying paper to the tops of box-lids1 after the sides of the lids have been covered4 ,the better class of set-up boxes are covered on the bottom in addition to having the tops of their lids covered1 but ordinary1 plain set-up boxes are not covered on the bottom4 ,the writer has before him a set-up box which had been used for holding a dozen linen collars4 ,the board for this box has been lined with newspaper1 making it neat and clean on the inside4 ,the lid is covered and topped with pale yellow glazed paper4 ,the sides of the box are covered with glazed paper of the same color as the lid1 but at the top the edges are trimmed with white glazed paper4 ,the bottom of the box is covered with white book paper4 ,this is that kind of box which should have the bottom covered1 although the bottom piece of paper is not absolutely necessary4 ,writing paper boxes should also be covered on the bottom4 ,the question of covering the bottoms of set-up boxes should be determined by considering the general qualities of the box1 and the purpose for which it is to be used4 ,there is no reason for covering the bottoms of common set-up boxes4 ,illustration3 ,one of the smallest set-up paper boxes manufactured4 ,size #a in4 ,sides in4 ,used by the medical profession4 ,one of the best power topping machines on the market is that made by the ,hobbs ,manufacturing ,company1 of ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,this machine has an automatic cut-off device1 and it is equipped1 of course1 with a work table1 glue pan1 gluing roller1 etc4 ,a roll of paper1 nearly the same width of the lid1 or box-bottom1 which is to be covered1 is placed on the machine4 ,glue is applied to one side of the paper as it is drawn over the surface of the gluing roller4 ,when the strip of paper has been stretched across the top of the lid1 or the bottom of the box1 the operator depresses the adjustable lever at one side of the machine1 and the paper is cut off to the required size4 ,on top of the work-table is a locating projection which holds the box in place4 ,a locating gauge is also provided so that the vertical adjustment of the table can easily be made4 ,it is only fair to state that there are other efficient topping machines in general use1 some being operated by hand1 others by power4 ,many set-up paper boxes1 which are made for heavy usage1 such as for holding hardware1 tools1 toys1 glassware1 etc41 are wire stapled at the corners instead of having the corners strengthened with ,kraft paper1 or stay paper4 ,some box manufacturers are making all of their set-up boxes with wire-stapled corners4 ,there are several wire stitching machines now being made by well-known concerns which have been especially built for use in the paper box industry1 and they have proved very satisfactory4 ,the boxes and their lids1 after having been fastened at the corners with copper1 or wire devices1 are covered and topped with paper in the usual manner4 ,the wire stitching machine is operated in much the same way as the staying machine1 each corner of the box1 and of the lid1 being 8stitched0 with wire in rapid succession4 ,for an exceptionally strong paper box which is to have rough usage1 the wire-staying will be found more practical than paper-staying4 ,illustration3 ,figure #c4 ,diagram shows shape of wrapper used on ,stokes ,smith ,wrapping ,machine4 ,perhaps the most remarkable machine ever invented for use in the paper box industry is the ,stokes ,smith ,wrapping ,machine which automatically places glued paper on all kinds of paper boxes4 ,one of the great advantages of this device is that it completely wraps the box1 or its lid1 with a single sheet of paper4 ,in other words1 it 8covers0 and 8tops0 at the one operation4 ,flat sheets of paper1 cut out at the corners like the diagram shown on page #bi are necessary when using this machine4 ,illustration3 ,stokes and ,smith ,wrapping ,machine4 ,for cutting the sheets of paper to this special shape1 a ,stokes ,smith ,double ,cornering ,machine is essential4 ,the sheets are first cut square1 or oblong1 to the size desired1 and the odd-shaped corners are cut out afterwards4 ,the ,double ,corner ,cutter will cut two corners from a pile of the sheets simultaneously4 ,in about an hour's time a sufficient quantity of the wrappers can be cut to provide for a day's run of work on the ,stokes ,smith ,wrapping ,machine4 ,extension bottom boxes1 or to use the old term1 boxes with 8,french edges10 may also be wrapped on the ,stokes ,smith device1 but for this class of work wrappers of still another shape than that shown by ,figure #c are necessary4 ,again1 for work of this character1 the machine must be equipped with an ,extension ,bottom ,covering ,attachment4 ,the change in the shape of the wrappers is made by equipping the ,double ,corner ,cutter with the proper sub-presses1 knives1 and dies4 ,another advantage of the ,stokes ,smith ,wrapping ,machine is that it will apply printed or lithographed wrappers to the paper boxes1 therefore making it unnecessary to have printed labels pasted on the boxes after they have been covered4 ,these facts are not presented for advertising the ,stokes ,smith ,company4 ,in offering these facts we merely desire to acquaint the reader with all that is new in the way of paper box machinery1 and were we to omit mention of the ,stokes ,smith ,wrapping machine1 we would feel that this series of articles would not be complete4 ,,how ,,work ,,is ,,handled4 ,in plants where this machine is in operation1 the work is handled as follows3 ,first1 the sheets are cut square or oblong to the required size4 ,second1 the corners for regular paper boxes1 or the corners for extension bottom work1 are cut from the paper4 ,third1 the wrappers are fed through a gluing machine1 which by means of rollers1 places a thin coating of glue on one side of the paper4 ,fourth1 the sheets1 with the glue-side up1 are placed on a revolving table which is really a part of the wrapping machine4 ,fifth1 from the revolving table the operator of the wrapping machine lifts up a wrapper with one hand1 and with the other hand takes an uncovered box1 placing it bottom down on the glued paper1 being careful to see that the bottom of the box is accurately centered between the cut out corners of the wrapper4 ,sixth1 the box and wrapper are then placed on a form on the wrapping machine4 ,the action of the machine thereafter is 8almost human40 ,the box and its wrapper pass down through a series of brushes and rollers which draw the wrapper closely to the sides of the box1 neatly folding the paper at the corners and ends1 and turning in the edges of the wrapper on the inside of the box4 ,at the end of a complete revolution of the machine the box emerges from the machine in a finished condition4 ,in some of the larger paper box manufacturing plants1 where ,stokes ,smith machines are being used1 a great deal of time is being saved by grouping the machines1 and by working the operators in teams4 ,for example1 two wrapping machines and two gluing machines are so arranged that the boxes and the lids are finished1 inspected and assembled with all of the work being done in one small 8department40 ,in not a few shops the boxes and lids are covered on machines which are located a considerable distance apart1 resulting in a waste of time when the boxes and lids are assembled4 ,the accompanying illustration will give the reader an idea of how the machines may be properly grouped so as to eliminate unnecessary handling3 ,illustration3 ,figure #d4 ,illustrating how time and labor may be saved in the plant by grouping the machines properly1 and by working the operators in teams4 ,,should ,,study ,,floor ,,plans4 ,paper box manufacturers should devote time and study to floor plans of this character4 ,with the shorter work-day being adopted in all parts of the country1 and with skilled labor becoming more scarce every day1 it behooves the manufacturer to work out plans by which time and labor may be saved1 and which will make an increased amount of output possible4 ,this may be accomplished through following plans that will effect real efficiency in the factory4 ,no matter what kinds of machines the manufacturer may be using1 they may be grouped in such a way as to make it possible for the various operators to work closely together in teams4 ,within the last few months the writer visited a paper box making plant where the staying machines were located at one end of a spacious room1 and where the covering machines were located at the other end of the room4 ,in about the center of the room the topping machines were placed4 ,think of the great number of unnecessary foot-steps which are made by the workers in this shop during the course of a day6 ,consider the large amount of time that is being wasted every day in carrying the material from one machine to another6 ,the reader can readily understand that by grouping the staying machines1 the covering machines1 and the topping machines in small 8departments10 so to speak1 the boxes and lids could be finished1 inspected and assembled simply by passing the work from one operator to another as the different processes are completed4 ,the larger sizes of plain paper boxes1 such as those used for holding envelopes1 shoes1 etc41 are not made from the same shapes of blanks as are used for the making of the smaller sizes of boxes4 ,in the majority of cases the board used for the larger-size boxes consists of three separate pieces4 ,the main piece contains flanges with mitered corners4 ,after the main piece of box-board has been cut to the required size1 and after it has been scored and the corners mitered1 the board is folded or bent to form the bottom and two sides of a box1 having flanges at either end4 ,separate side pieces are then glued to these flanges1 making the box complete as to form4 ,the principal reason why the larger-size boxes are made in this fashion is because it prevents wastage of box-board4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,side-,,set ,,paper ,,boxes4 ,if a single piece of box-board were to be used for the making of a large-size set-up paper box1 7a hat box1 for example7 it would necessitate the cutting out of four corner pieces which would be as large in size as the two side walls of the box1 therefore the reader can readily understand that it would not be economical to cut out corners of stock which is to be used for the larger-sized boxes4 ,another advantage of the side-set paper box is in the ends being stronger than the ends of a one-piece box4 ,while this strong feature of construction would not been needed in a small-size box--a pound size candy box1 for instance--it is an advantage for a larger size box such as is used for holding #ejj ,no4 #aj envelopes4 ,for this kind of a box1 the chip-board1 news-board1 or straw-board is cut and scored to the size required on either a single or double scoring and cutting machine4 ,this refers to the body-piece of the box4 ,the side pieces may be cut to the desired size1 in stacks of fifty or more sheets at a time1 on an ordinary power paper cutter1 or of course1 the side pieces may be cut from large-size sheets of box-board on a scoring and cutting machine1 or on a rotary board cutter4 ,in many of the big paper box plants the rotary board cutter is being used for neck-pieces1 side-pieces for side-set boxes1 and for other plain cutting where no scoring is to be done in connection with it4 ,the main advantage of the rotary board cutter is in the smooth1 clean edges left on the box-board after it has been cut into the various sizes4 ,the smooth1 clean edges could not be procured on an ordinary paper cutting machine1 but in the case of common paper boxes1 the rough edges of end-pieces would not be a serious matter4 ,for the better grade of boxes the edges of the end-pieces should be smooth and free from small particles of the board1 especially when the box is to be covered1 as the rough edges would show plainly from under the covering4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,showing the construction of the flange style of paper box4 ,note the mitered corners of the flanges4 ,fig4 #f4 ,shows the end-pieces glued to the flanges4 ,mitering for stock that is to form the body-pieces for side-set boxes is done on a machine such as the ,hobbs ,duplex ,corner ,cutting and ,mitering ,machine which is also used for cutting the corners for one-piece set-up boxes4 ,the ,hobbs machine is so constructed that two corners may be cut from box-board on one side1 and two miters cut from box-board on the other side4 ,in other words1 it is a quadruple machine which will permit two operators to work upon it at the same time1 the operator on one side doing corner cutting1 and the operator on the other side doing mitering4 ,either side of the machine may be used independently of the other1 and all sizes of corners up to #c inches1 and all sizes of miters up to #a inch in depth1 can be done by making the necessary adjustments of the dies1 sub-presses1 and gages4 ,the two miters may be spaced as wide apart as #bb inches1 and the two corners as wide as #bj inches4 ,some of the paper box manufacturers are making the side-set boxes by hand1 but the majority of box-makers are using ,ending ,machines for this kind of work4 ,the hand method of construction is very simple3 ,the operators are seated on each side of a long table2 one operator 8turns in0 the flanges of the body-pieces1 and shapes them ready for receiving the end-pieces2 another operator applies glue to the end-pieces and keeps a supply of the glued end-pieces1 arranged in rows1 ready for the next operator who places the body of each box on a form1 and then applies the end-pieces4 ,it requires care for the operator to place the end-pieces in true register with the bottom and sides of the box4 ,the scoring lines made for the flanges are followed as guides for putting on the end-pieces squarely4 ,the form is simply a smooth block of wood1 the size of the interior of the box that is being fashioned4 ,the amount of work which a force of skilled hand-workers can turn out during the course of a day is really surprising4 ,,how ,,efficiency ,,is ,,accomplished4 ,efficiency in the production of hand-made paper boxes1 as well as efficiency in the production of machine-made boxes1 is accomplished by keeping the workers1 or the machines1 abundantly supplied with material1 and by having boys or girls carry the material to and from the tables or machines1 instead of having experienced operators attend to such work4 ,when a force of operators start work at a table1 or at a group of machines1 there should be a steady flow of material to keep them constantly employed4 ,this is the system now being followed in the leading box-making factories1 and it is a system which should be adopted by every box manufacturer1 no matter how small his shop may be4 ,keep your skilled help plentifully supplied with material4 ,do not allow your best operators to waste time in carrying stock from place to place when boys or girls1 with the aid of light trucks1 can do this class of work just as well4 ,this leads up to still another important suggestion which we will offer to the manufacturers in general3 ,do not keep your apprentices working for long periods at menial tasks1 such as carrying stock1 sweeping floors1 running errands1 etc4 ,push the apprentices ahead as rapidly as possible4 ,train them to become first-class box-makers4 ,a brief description of the ,hobbs ,automatic ,ending ,machine will doubtless give the reader an idea of how end-pieces are attached to the flanges of boxes mechanically3 ,this machine is equipped with a form1 pasters1 a hopper and a feeder1 all being adjustable to provide for paper boxes of various sizes4 ,the machine is designed to apply end-pieces to the bottom and sides of a box1 causing the ends to adhere to the in-turned flanges at either end of the box4 ,the body of the box is placed upon the form by the operator with the flanges lying flat upon the surface4 ,the end-pieces are placed in a hopper1 and the machine automatically feeds the undermost end-piece forward1 applies paste to three edges as it is being fed1 registers the end accurately with the box-body upon the form1 and then presses the end-piece firmly to the flanges4 ,this completes the ending operation4 ,,various ,,kinds ,,of ,,adhesives4 ,various kinds of paste and glue are used for ending work4 ,white ,dextrine is recommended for this purpose by many box-makers4 ,stein1 ,hall ,company1 of ,new ,york ,city1 make a ,dry ,ending ,gum1 as well as ,dry ,gums for all classes of paper box work4 ,the 8,mikah ,cold ,glues10 manufactured by the ,national ,glue and ,gelatine ,works1 of ,new ,york ,city1 are also well recommended4 ,there are other good glues and pastes on the market4 ,in addition to the ,hobbs ,automatic ,ending ,machines there are several other ending machines in general use which are rendering first class service4 ,the ,kingsbury ,davis ,double ,ending and ,quadruple ,staying ,machine is another 8wonder-worker0 which is worthy of special mention4 ,it is said that one of these machines will do the same amount of work that can be done on five single enders or stayers4 ,some of the larger-size paper boxes which are constructed with flanges and end-pieces1 have a strong linen thread running around the sides of the box1 near the top1 for the purpose of strengthening the corners1 the paper covering of the box concealing the thread4 ,other paper boxes with flanges and end-pieces1 have the corners stayed on the outside with ,kraft paper in the same way as the smaller-size set-up boxes4 ,others still have the four top edges and the four corners of the lid stayed with ,kraft paper1 also the four bottom edges and the four corners of the box stayed with the same material4 ,this makes a box and lid of very strong construction1 and as a rule1 a box and lid of this kind are not covered with glazed paper1 or in fact1 paper of any kind1 the box-board being allowed to show in its natural color4 ,many of the larger-size envelope boxes are made in this manner1 the corners and edges stayed1 but no covering paper applied to either the inside or the outside of the box or lid4 ,shoe boxes1 in nearly all instances1 are stayed at the corners1 and afterwards are covered with white glazed paper of an inexpensive grade4 ,,many ,,two-,,piece ,,boxes4 ,although the great majority of paper boxes of the larger sizes seem to be made on the plan of the flange construction with separate end-pieces1 there are also many boxes made from two pieces of box-board--one continuous side-piece1 folded and joined at one corner1 and a 8set-in0 bottom-piece4 ,a square-shaped box containing a 8neck01 such as is used by manufacturing chemists for magnesia1 etc41 is often made on this pattern4 ,writing paper boxes1 and other boxes which are high and square in form1 are also made in this way4 ,when a paper box is made on this plan--with one continuous side-piece and a set-in bottom-piece--there is practically no wastage of box-board1 for the reason that no corner-pieces are cut out of the stock as would be the case with a one-piece set-up box4 ,the continuous side-piece is scored at three corners1 and is joined and stayed at one corner4 ,the body is then set on a form1 of the same size as the interior of the box1 and while the body remains on the form1 the bottom-piece is set in4 ,strips of stay paper are then pasted to the four edges of the bottom-piece1 and to the four bottom edges of the box1 so as to hold the body and bottom-piece together4 ,when an extra strong box of this design is wanted1 gummed linen tape is used instead of stay paper for holding the body and bottom-piece together4 ,sometimes the stay paper1 or linen tape1 is pasted on both the inside and the outside of the box1 along the edges of the bottom-piece and body1 for the purpose of making an exceptionally strong box4 ,paper boxes of the kind which have been described in the last few paragraphs are usually covered1 after the staying material has been applied to the corner and at the bottom of the box1 with cheviot paper1 or with glazed paper in white or color4 ,a large-size1 high and square box of this type looks particularly handsome when covered with light gray cheviot paper4 ,the high1 oblong box also makes a nice appearance when covered with the cheviot4 ,trimming of white glazed paper1 at the top edges of the lid1 and at the bottom edges of the box1 forms a good 8color scheme0 with the cheviot paper1 and the trimming enhances the general appearance of the box4 ,when large-size paper boxes are made with either flanges and side-pieces1 or with continuous side-pieces and set-in bottoms1 the lid is made on the same pattern as a lid for a plain set-up box1 that is with cut-out corners1 and with the corners joined together with staying material4 ,in the case of a large-size 8telescope0 box1 however1 the lid is made in the same way as the box1 the size of the lid being large enough1 of course1 for the lid to fit over the sides of the box4 ,a 8telescope0 box is the kind generally used for holding suits1 coats1 shirt waists1 men's underwear1 etc4 ,boxes of this class are usually low in depth1 say about three inches1 and are therefore made with cut-out corners1 or with folding corners4 ,some telescope boxes1 in the larger sizes1 are made as high as #ab inches1 both the box and the lid being formed of two separate pieces4 ,we shall endeavor to explain how folding suit boxes are made in another chapter4 ,,equipment ,,required ,,for ,,small ,,plant4 ,while holding an interview with a manufacturer of paper box making machinery who has furnished complete plants for many box-makers during the last two decades1 the writer asked the manufacturer to mention the equipment that would be required for a small paper box factory just starting in business4 ,the manufacturer answered that it would be difficult for him to specify the kinds and sizes of the machines necessary for a small new plant1 without knowing exactly the class of work which was to be produced4 ,the manufacturer explained1 however1 that for an ordinary plant where a general line of plain set-up paper boxes were to be made1 the following equipment would probably be sufficient in the beginning of the venture3 ,one ,single ,scoring and ,cutting ,machine4 ,one ,staying ,machine4 ,two #i-;inch ,covering ,machines4 ,one #ab-;inch ,covering ,machine4 ,one #af-;inch ,covering ,machine4 ,one #af-;inch ,topping ,machine4 ,one ,ending ,machine4 ,one ,single ,corner ,cutting ,machine4 ,one ,paper ,slitter4 ,one #cd-;inch ,paper ,cutter4 ,supplies of box-board1 staying material1 white and colored glazed paper in #be-;inch rolls1 cheviot paper in #be-;inch rolls1 paste1 glue1 etc4 ,the corner cutting machine may be equipped with interchangeable dies for cutting round corners1 miters for box-bodies with flanges1 and odd shapes of many kinds1 such as for example1 corners for wrappers used on ,stokes ,smith machines4 ,all of this work may be done on the single cornering machine in addition to the plain corner cutting for set-up boxes1 but it would be necessary to order the special dies as 8extras10 as they are not furnished with the regular equipment4 ,,economy ,,in ,,power ,,equipment4 ,the machines mentioned may be operated by either hand or foot power1 or they may be equipped for power fixtures4 ,power machines are recommended as always being the most economical1 as the amount of work produced on power machines is far greater than the amount of work produced by hand or foot power4 ,in many of the big paper box making factories practically all of the machines are driven by individual electric motors1 which means that there is no wastage of electric current when all of the machines are not in motion4 ,when individual motors are being used in a plant1 no overhead shafting or belting is necessary4 ,overhead shafting and belting is often responsible for dirt1 dust or oil being thrown on expensive material4 ,when steam power1 or a single large motor1 is used in a plant1 it costs money for shafting and belting1 and it also costs something to operate the shafting and belting before the power reaches the machines4 ,belts often break and must be repaired while the machines are standing idle4 ,all of this expense is eliminated by the individual motor system2 it helps in maintaining clean work-rooms1 and it saves the manufacturer a considerable sum of money on account of the electric current being consumed only at points where the machines are in operation4 ,on occasions when all of the machines are not running1 there is a certain reduction in the amount of current used4 ,this is not the case when a single large motor is in service4 ,it spends its power in driving shafting and belting even when only one of the machines is in operation4 ,with the mechanical equipment which has been suggested for the establishment of a small paper box-making plant1 and with a force of experienced operators1 the manufacturer would be in a position to produce all kinds of plain set-up paper boxes such as are used for confectionery1 shoes1 writing paper1 collars1 envelopes1 and so forth4 ,as the business grows other machines of greater capacity may be added to the plant4 ,in due course of time the manufacturer could have a double scoring machine1 and perhaps an automatic wrapping machine1 installed1 but it would not be advisable for the box-maker to invest money in such machines unless he controlled enough business to keep them constantly busy4 ,it would be a mistake for the manufacturer to buy an automatic wrapping machine1 or other extraordinary equipment1 when he is not sure of having sufficient work to provide for such equipment4 ,practically all of the large and successful box-making concerns are specializing in some particular line4 ,for example1 one large company is specializing on druggists' pill and powder boxes4 ,another firm is making fine candy boxes of all kinds4 ,still another concern is making nothing except folding boxes4 ,the specialty line seems to be 8the thing0 in these days1 and one can easily understand why it would not pay a manufacturer in attempting to make every variety of paper boxes and folding boxes4 ,it would be almost impossible for him to properly equip his plant with the machinery which would be necessary to handle all classes of work4 ,the folding box business is one branch of the industry2 the set-up box business is another branch4 ,nevertheless1 there are some cases where the manufacturer of set-up boxes could add a cutting and creasing department to his plant with advantage1 and there are also some instances where the maker of folding boxes could enter the set-up paper box field4 ,but1 in no case would it pay the manufacturer to make all kinds of folding and set-up boxes4 ,as a general rule the box-maker should specialize in some particular line4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,druggists' ,,pill ,,and ,,powder ,,boxes4 ,one of the most important branches of the paper box industry is that which is devoted to the manufacture of druggists' pill and powder boxes4 ,only a comparatively few concerns are engaged in the production of these specialties1 and at the present time these firms are practically in control of this class of business1 for the reason that their plants have been especially equipped for the production of this line4 ,in some instances these manufacturers have had special machinery built for the particular needs of their factories4 ,while it is true that a great many of the small pill and powder boxes are made by hand1 by skilled workers who have had long experience on this kind of work1 it is also a fact that large numbers of small pill and powder boxes are being made on machines4 ,in one large plant1 of ,philadelphia1 there are several specially-built machines which are being used for the making of round pill boxes of various sizes4 ,the owners of this plant will not allow strangers to see these machines in operation2 in fact1 only certain loyal employes of the firm are permitted to enter the department where these machines are located4 ,another concern1 who for the last sixty years has been making a specialty of druggists' pill and powder boxes1 will not allow visitors in the mechanical departments of the plant under any circumstances4 ,all 8secrets0 in the processes of manufacture are carefully guarded1 and only certain employes have admittance to the work-rooms where round pill and face powder boxes are put together4 ,the manufacturers of pill and powder boxes in general seem to have erected a 8,chinese ,wall0 around their industry1 and they should not be blamed for this1 as in some instances the manufacturers have spent thousands of dollars in perfecting machines and processes1 and these of course are their own private property4 ,nevertheless1 the writer is of the opinion that no manufacturer will lose anything by allowing visitors to walk through all departments of his factory4 ,personality in business and quality of product are things which cannot be stolen4 ,you cannot steal a man's ideas1 or rather his brains4 ,consider the business methods of the ,curtis ,publishing ,company1 of ,philadelphia1 for example4 ,this company is said to have the best-equipped printing plant in the world4 ,doubtless the reader knows about the superior quality of ,the ,ladies' ,home ,journal1 ,the ,saturday ,evening ,post1 and ,the ,country ,gentleman--the three famous magazines produced by the ,curtis ,publishing ,company4 ,this company invites the public to go through all departments of its wonderful plant4 ,this great #be1jjj1jjj concern is not afraid of anybody stealing its 8secrets40 8,competition is the life of trade40 ,,round ,,pill ,,and ,,powder ,,boxes4 ,through the courtesy of one manufacturer of druggists' pill and powder boxes1 the writer was permitted to see how this line of work is produced1 so far as the plant in question is concerned1 and the writer will attempt to explain the practical side of this work in the following paragraphs4 ,the reader will be particularly interested in this subject1 no doubt1 when it is mentioned that some of the facts presented have never before appeared in print1 to the writer's knowledge4 ,this is a bold statement1 but we believe that it is well supported4 ,round and oval paper boxes1 especially the smaller sizes such as are used for face powders1 pills1 capsules1 etc41 are made by highly-skilled labor and this class of work is considered to be the most difficult in the paper box industry4 ,round work is far more intricate than square-box work of any kind4 ,it requires years of practical experience for one to become a first class round or oval box maker4 ,round work is an art1 and many of the fine pill and face powder boxes which are seen in drug stores are beautiful works of art4 ,the greater portion of round and oval work is done by hand1 although as stated1 some round pill boxes are made on machines4 ,round pill and powder boxes are made in a considerable number of sizes and in a great variety of colors and trims4 ,round pill boxes are made as small as three-fourths of an inch in diameter and with a depth as low as eight-sixteenths of an inch4 ,then there is a full range of sizes all the way up to three and five-sixteenths inches in diameter1 and even larger4 ,plain1 round1 shouldered pill boxes are made from two round pieces of box-board1 two 8rings0 of equal size1 made from paper1 and one larger 8ring0 which forms the shoulder or neck4 ,illustration3 ,round ,shouldered ,pill ,box--,covered with colored glazed paper1 leaving four white edges4 ,note that a round box of this type does not have projecting edges at the top of the lid and at the bottom of the box4 ,the round top and bottom pieces set within the rings4 ,the ring is first placed over a form2 glue is applied to the edge of the round piece of box-board1 and this is then set inside the ring4 ,a strip of thin trim paper--gold1 white or colored--is then pasted around the side of the ring1 the strip of trim paper being wide enough to extend slightly over the top of the lid1 or over the bottom of the box4 ,this extension of the trim paper helps in holding the round piece of box-board to the edge of the ring and produces a smoothly-covered edge4 ,,the ,,finished ,,box4 ,both the lid and the bottom of the box are made in the same manner as described4 ,after the trim-paper has been applied to the sides and edges of the rings1 strips of white or colored glazed paper are then pasted around the sides of the rings 7over the trim-paper71 these strips not being as wide as the strips of trim paper4 ,the finished box shows four edges of the trim1 one at the top of the lid1 one at the bottom of the lid1 one at the top of the box and one at the bottom4 ,the shoulder ring1 or neck1 is nearly double the height of the ring which forms either the box or the lid4 ,paste is applied to one edge of the neck-ring and the neck-ring is then placed inside one of the box-rings1 the end containing the paste adhering to the bottom of the box4 ,it is well also to put a small portion of the paste on the side of the shoulder-ring which goes down inside the box4 ,the lid1 of course1 fits snugly over the neck4 ,some round1 shouldered boxes of this type are covered on the inside with colored glazed paper1 others have merely the tops and bottoms lined with white paper4 ,in the latter case1 the box-board used for the round top and bottom pieces is lined on one side before being cut into circles4 ,the rings for the lids1 boxes and shoulders1 when made of white paper1 are naturally white on the inside4 ,we will explain how the tubes for the rings and shoulders are made later on4 ,illustration3 ,round1 ,shouldered ,projecting ,edge ,pill ,box--,covered with colored enameled paper1 leaving four gold edges4 ,,boxes ,,with ,,projecting ,,edges4 ,round1 shouldered pill boxes with projecting edges are made in about the same way as the plain1 round boxes1 with the exception that greater care must be taken by the operator in wrapping the trim paper around the projecting edges of the lids and boxes4 ,particular care must also be taken in placing the round pieces of box-board accurately in position over the edges of the rings4 ,for trimming the edges of boxes with projecting edges1 light-weight paper having special stretching qualities should be used4 ,in the trade this stock is known as 8,round-work ,glazed40 ,a4 ,hartung ,company1 of #ejf ,race street1 ,philadelphia1 are in a position to furnish this paper on special order4 ,it can be supplied in white1 gold and in various colors4 ,it comes in rolls #bd inches wide4 ,many expert operators on round box work are capable of making boxes with projecting edges without using forms for placing the tops and bottoms of the boxes accurately into position4 ,some operators make use of metal rings which are placed over the box-rings after the round pieces of box-board have been attached to the glued edges of the box-rings4 ,according to the size of the boxes being made1 the metal ring's outside dimensions are the same as the diameter of the round pieces of box-board4 ,the inside of the metal ring fits closely around the outside of the box-ring4 ,by careful manipulation with the fingers1 the operator with the aid of the metal ring1 obtains an even margin on the projecting edge all around4 ,other operators do not use glue in applying the edges of the rings to the round pieces of box-board1 the strips of trimming paper serving to hold the material together firmly4 ,the strip of trimming paper1 with paste applied to one side of it1 is neatly wrapped around the outside of a box-ring and around the edge of the round piece of box-board4 ,one edge of the trim paper is then turned over the edge of the round piece of box-board1 and the other edge of the trim paper is then turned over the edge of the ring4 ,it requires experienced fingers indeed to accomplish this tedious work without causing the turned edges of the trimming paper to wrinkle4 8,practice makes perfect40 ,the skilled operator can produce a surprising amount of this class of work during the course of a day4 ,the finished product shows the trimming paper smoothly wrapped around the boxes and lids1 and where the paper passes over the projecting edges of the boxes and lids1 not the smallest wrinkle in the paper is to be seen4 ,the turned-in edges of the trimming paper are even and smooth4 ,,edges ,,left ,,exposed4 ,the operator holds in proper position one of the box-rings1 and one of the round pieces of box-board1 as the trimming paper is applied4 ,after the trimming paper has been put on1 strips of glazed paper1 of the color desired1 are pasted to the sides of the boxes and lids1 leaving the edges of the trimming paper exposed4 ,round1 shouldered pill boxes with projecting edges are made in many different sizes1 some as small as one and one-sixteenth inches in diameter1 and with a depth as low as one-half of an inch4 ,these boxes are trimmed and covered with papers of various colors1 and beautiful effects are obtained when correct color schemes are chosen4 ,white or gold trimming paper harmonizes well with all other colors of paper4 ,a box covered with white trimming paper and bronze enameled paper1 leaving four white edges1 forms a pleasing color combination4 ,bronze and gold1 light blue and white1 red and gold1 light blue and gold1 are only a few of the many good color schemes which are being used4 ,some of the fine1 round1 shouldered pill boxes with projecting edges are lined inside with silver1 gold1 colored or tin foil paper4 ,some of these boxes are covered entirely with gold paper1 others are covered entirely with white or colored paper4 ,others again are covered with fancy embossed1 or watered paper1 after gold or silver trimming paper has been applied4 ,the tops of the lids for these boxes are not covered by the box-maker as a general rule4 ,druggists who buy these boxes paste their own printed round labels to the lids of the boxes as physicians' prescriptions for pills1 capsules1 etc41 are filled4 ,one can form some idea of the large number of round pill boxes which are being consumed in this country when considering the number of drug stores that are located in all sections of the ,united ,states4 ,the demand for high grade round pill boxes is constantly increasing4 ,at the present time1 the supply of fine1 hand-made pill and powder boxes is not equal to the demand1 as only a few manufacturers are specializing in this class of product4 ,,shouldered ,,magnesia ,,boxes4 ,among the other kinds of small paper boxes which are used extensively by pharmacists are plain1 round1 shouldered magnesia boxes1 as they are termed in the trade4 ,round boxes of this variety are higher in form than the pill boxes which have been described1 and they are used for holding other powders in addition to magnesia4 7,insect powder1 for example74 ,some boxes of this model have a depth of three inches1 while the diameter of the lid is one and fifteen-sixteenths inches4 ,illustration3 ,round ,shouldered ,magnesia ,box--,covered with colored glazed paper4 ,round1 shouldered boxes of this class are made in about the same way as plain1 round pill boxes1 the round pieces of box-board being glued to the inside edges of the rings4 ,in some instances1 the sizes of the rings for the lid and box are both the same4 ,in other cases the depth of the ring for the box is considerably larger than the depth of the ring used for the lid4 ,the shoulder1 or neck1 for this kind of box consists of a tube which is almost the same height as the interior of the box4 ,one edge of this tube is glued to the bottom of the box4 ,some glue is also applied to the side of the tube1 so that it will hold firmly to the inside of the box4 ,on account of the neck on this style of box being higher than the neck on a pill box1 some slight difficulty would be experienced in placing the lid of the box over the neck4 ,to overcome this1 a slit1 running slightly on an angle1 is cut into the neck with a sharp knife4 ,this slit causes a lap-over of the neck1 at the edge1 making it an easy matter to slide the lid on4 ,,purpose ,,of ,,holes ,before cutting the slits in the necks1 some operators punch small holes1 with a bodkin or an awl1 in the sides of the necks1 at a point where the length of the slit is to be determined4 ,the hole serves two purposes3 ,first1 it acts as a guiding mark when the operator cuts the slit2 second1 it has an influence on the lap-over1 allowing it to be moved freely as the lid is placed over it4 ,round1 shouldered magnesia boxes are covered with glazed or enameled paper1 white or colored4 ,trimming paper is seldom applied4 ,when tubes1 or rings of white paper have been used in the construction of these boxes1 the covering paper for the side of the box and side of the lid may be cut to widths that will permit four white edges of the box to show4 ,these white edges make the box and lid appear as though they had been trimmed with white paper4 ,the reader is to understand1 however1 that in the case of a round box with projecting edges1 it would be necessary to apply trimming paper1 before pasting on the regular covering paper1 as the trimming paper serves to hold the round piece of box-board to the edge of the ring4 ,in the case where the tops and bottoms of plain1 round boxes are to be covered with glazed or enameled paper1 there are two methods of covering3 ,one method is in having one side of the box-board 7which is to be used for the tops and bottoms of the boxes7 covered with glazed or enameled paper before the box-board is cut into round pieces4 ,the other method is in having round pieces of the paper1 of desired size and color1 cut out with a die1 and the round pieces of paper are then pasted to the tops and bottoms of the boxes4 ,labels for round magnesia boxes are usually pasted to the sides of the boxes1 and for this reason the tops and bottoms of these boxes are frequently covered with glazed or enameled paper1 the same color as that applied to the sides of the boxes4 ,as mentioned in a previous paragraph1 some plain1 round boxes1 not having projecting edges1 are trimmed on all four edges with 8,round-,work ,glazed ,paper0 before regular glazed or enameled paper is applied to the sides1 but as a general rule1 only round boxes with projecting edges are treated in this manner4 ,,how ,,the 8,,barrels0 ,,are ,,made4 ,to a person not familiar with the process of manufacturing round and oval paper boxes1 it would appear that the sides of the boxes are formed of light-weight cardboard1 rolled to the required shape4 ,such is not the case4 ,the tubes1 or 8barrels0 from which the rings for the boxes are cut1 are made of paper4 ,the tubes from which the shoulders or necks are cut1 are also made of paper4 ,manila stock is used for tubes of the cheaper grade4 ,machine finished book paper is used for tubes of good quality1 and the tubes which are used for the making of the finest face powder boxes are constructed of white coated or enameled paper4 ,this will explain the beautiful gloss-white surface which may be seen on the inside of expensive face powder boxes4 ,illustration3 ,knowlton ,tube ,cutting ,machine4 ,the various kinds of paper used for the making of tubes comes in rolls1 and can be supplied by any of the well known paper dealers in rolls of standard widths4 ,what is known in the printing trade as #ej-pound manila1 #ej-pound machine finished book1 and #hj-pound enameled or coated-one-side1 are the kinds of paper generally used for making the different varieties of tubes4 ,these papers can be furnished in all of the standard weights or thicknesses4 ,parallel tube rolling machines are necessary for this class of work4 ,james ,brown1 ,jr41 ,sons1 ,manayunk1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 have invented a tube rolling machine which is capable of turning out twenty-two 8barrels10 sixteen inches long1 per minute4 ,this machine is equipped with a paste tank1 a steel mandrel of the desired size1 a cut-off device1 and a roll of the paper1 say sixteen inches wide4 ,adjustments can be made so as to roll the tube to any required thickness4 ,three or four complete revolutions of the mandrel are all that are necessary for a tube which is to be used for small pill boxes4 ,flour paste is recommended in making tubes of the kind in question1 but dextrine or any of the patented cold glues on the market may be used for the purpose4 ,,chapter ,v ,,druggists' ,,pill ,,and ,,powder ,,boxes 7,continued7 ,in addition to manufacturing tube rolling machines for the box-makers1 ,james ,brown1 ,jr4 ,sons1 ,manayunk1 ,philadelphia1 are also making tubes for the trade4 ,instead of manufacturing the tubes1 or 8barrels10 for round boxes in their own plants1 some of the box-makers order the tubes made by concerns like ,james ,brown1 ,jr41 ,sons4 ,afterwards1 the box-makers have the finished tubes cut into rings of the required sizes1 and assembled into boxes in their own plants4 ,there is an advantage1 of course1 in the box-maker having his own tube rolling machines4 ,the finished 8barrels0 for round paper boxes are cut into rings of various lengths on a rotary tube-cutting machine which works somewhat on the principle of a lathe4 ,some of the larger manufacturers of round pill boxes have had special cutting machines built for this purpose4 ,tube-cutting machines of this kind are supplied by some of the larger manufacturers of paper box machinery4 ,in some paper box factories1 where small1 round and oval pill boxes are produced as a specialty1 the tubes are rolled by hand on forms of the required sizes4 ,after a tube has been rolled1 it is placed on another form to dry for about twenty-four hours before being cut into small sections on a lathe4 ,the machine-made tubes are said to be just as satisfactory as the hand-made tubes4 ,all of the tubes are allowed to dry thoroughly before cutting them into rings4 ,,covering ,,for ,,round ,,and ,,oval ,,boxes4 ,as previously mentioned1 small round and oval boxes are first covered with ,round-work ,glazed ,paper1 having special stretching qualities4 ,this stock comes in rolls1 #bd inches wide4 ,a rotary slitting machine is used for cutting the paper into widths of the necessary sizes4 ,the slitting and rewinding machine cuts the large roll into strips1 and these are rewound into small rolls4 ,the operators on the round and oval boxes make use of the smaller rolls when covering the boxes4 ,the glazed white or colored paper used for finishing the boxes also comes in rolls1 and the large rolls are cut into sections1 or different widths1 on the slitting and rewinding machine1 in exactly the same way as the ,round-work ,glazed ,paper4 ,in some plants1 small covering machines1 of special model1 are used by the operators in applying the paper to the sides of round and oval boxes4 ,in other plants1 all of the covering work is done entirely by hand1 the operators working with paste1 scissors1 and the small1 narrow rolls of glazed paper4 ,this is artistic work1 indeed1 and it can be done only by experienced operators4 ,the hand-operators work on spacious tables1 and these are provided with the tools1 gluing-boards1 paste-containers1 and all of the material necessary for the making of the round and oval paper boxes4 ,the operators at intervals rub their fingers on small cakes of bees' wax to keep the fingers clear of paste or glue4 ,one operator continually works at covering the boxes and lids2 another works exclusively at finishing1 or rather1 covering the sides of the boxes and lids with strips of colored glazed paper2 still another operator inserts the necks in the boxes4 ,the boxes and lids are then assembled together1 and the completed product is afterwards packed in large-size paper boxes1 usually holding one gross each4 ,,cutting ,,round ,,and ,,oval ,,pieces4 ,the round and oval pieces of box-board for the tops and bottoms of the round and oval paper boxes are cut to the proper sizes and shapes by means of steel dies and a press4 ,a steel die of the required size and shape is placed over about a dozen pieces of box-board4 ,the die and stock are then placed under the head of the press2 powerful pressure is applied1 and the steel die cuts through the dozen or more pieces of box-board1 cleanly cutting out the disks or ovals as the case may be4 ,it is necessary1 of course1 to have a steel die for each size and shape desired4 ,the manufacturers of small round and oval boxes have complete sets of steel dies1 suitable to all the standard sizes of work1 and these dies are kept in first-class condition so that they are always capable of doing sharp1 clean cutting4 ,several different dies may be put under a large press at one time4 ,the square or oblong pieces of box-board are cut to sizes to conform with the various sizes of dies so as to prevent as much wastage of stock as possible4 ,a margin of about one-half of an inch1 all-round1 will do for the average die4 ,steel dies and die-presses can be furnished by any of the large manufacturers of paper box machinery4 ,,oval ,,shouldered ,,pill ,,boxes ,,with ,,projecting ,,edges4 ,oval shouldered pill boxes with projecting edges are made much in the same manner as round shouldered pill boxes with projecting edges1 with the exception that oval forms are used for properly shaping the boxes and their lids4 ,the forms for the oval boxes are usually made of hard-wood1 and they are accurately cut and smoothly finished so that the box and lid will fit nicely together4 ,the covering is done while the box1 or the lid1 remains on the form4 ,the regular rings1 cut from the round tubes are used1 and these round rings are easily placed over the oval forms4 ,extreme care must be exercised by the operator when applying the ,round-work ,glazed paper to the sides and projecting edges of the oval boxes and lids4 ,the work of setting in the necks is comparatively simple4 ,illustration3 ,oval ,shouldered ,pill ,box with ,projecting ,edge--,covered with enameled paper1 leaving four gold edges4 ,a particularly beautiful effect is obtained by first covering an oval shouldered pill box 7projecting edges7 with gold ,round-work ,glazed paper1 and by then covering the sides with white1 buff1 pink or blue glazed paper4 ,this leaves four gold edges4 ,a striking color effect is obtained by first covering the box and lid with black paper1 and then covering the sides with lavender glazed paper4 ,purple and gold make another pretty color scheme4 ,,round ,,face ,,powder ,,boxes ,,with ,,dome ,,tops4 ,among the most popular face powder boxes are the round ones having domed tops4 ,boxes of this design also have projecting edges4 ,some are covered with fine1 colored and embossed paper1 leaving four gold edges2 others are entirely covered with gold paper2 others still have four white or gold edges and are finished with colored glazed paper4 ,illustration3 ,face ,powder ,box with dome top--,covered with colored enameled paper1 leaving four gold edges4 ,illustration3 ,beck ,doming or ,embossing ,machine4 ,the ,charles ,beck ,company1 of #fji ,chestnut street1 ,philadelphia1 make a duplex embossing press which has been designed especially for the 8doming0 of tops for round or oval face powder boxes4 ,it is a hot press1 and by means of brass male and female dies1 it shapes round or oval pieces of box-board into convex forms for the tops of the boxes4 ,the ,beck ,duplex ,embossing ,press consists of two complete presses which operate alternatingly4 ,a set of dies is placed in proper position in each press4 ,the operator places a box-top over the female die of one press1 and as that box-top is being embossed1 the operator places another box-top over the female die of the other press4 ,in this way there is always a box-top being embossed1 either on one press or the other4 ,the box-top remains between the heated dies long enough to be firmly molded into a dome4 ,the printed labels for dome-topped face powder boxes are pasted on the round or oval pieces of box-board before the embossing is done1 so that the labels will have the same convex form as the box-board4 ,the covering is done the same as with flat-topped round boxes with projecting edges4 ,,odd-,,shaped ,,face ,,powder ,,boxes4 ,fancy face powder boxes are made in many different sizes and shapes4 ,some have mirrors set in on the inside of the lids1 so that the lady using the powder1 when traveling1 may see her face4 ,novelty boxes of this kind are 8irresistible0 to the fair sex4 ,they are in great demand1 and they bring high prices4 ,some face powder boxes are square with round corners2 others have shapes like hearts1 diamonds1 etc4 ,the odd-shaped boxes usually have wide flanges1 or ,french edges1 top and bottom1 sometimes projecting as much as one-quarter of an inch4 ,the tops are embossed1 or are padded with cotton wadding before the covering is applied4 ,the covering often consists of fine embossed paper1 in rich colors like deep red1 royal blue1 purple1 gold1 pink1 and warm brown4 ,all of these boxes are made entirely by hand from fine grades of cardboard1 although the tops and bottoms are usually of the ordinary box-board1 covered on both sides with glazed paper4 ,forms are used in making the odd-shaped boxes1 and the work is done by highly-skilled operators who have had long experience on the one line of product4 ,,plain ,,oblong ,,powder ,,boxes4 ,small paper boxes of this variety are used extensively by the drug trade for physicians' prescriptions calling for powders wrapped in papers4 ,illustration3 ,oblong ,plain ,powder ,box--,covered with colored glazed paper4 ,boxes of this type are made from light-weight ,manila1 news1 chip or straw-board1 and they are cut1 scored and folded in practically the same way as the larger-size set-up boxes4 ,there is a machine on the market especially designed for cutting corners and scoring blanks for small boxes of this variety4 ,the corner-cutting and scoring are done simultaneously1 so that the corners and scoring-lines will register accurately4 ,in fine hand-work1 pieces of the glazed covering paper are cut to the sizes needed4 ,the strips of paper are pasted around the sides of the boxes and lids1 and the edges of the paper are turned in1 top and bottom4 ,many small-size1 square and oblong pill and powder boxes are now being made by machines4 ,the ,improved ,brightwood ,automatic ,box ,machine1 manufactured by the ,u4 ,s4 ,automatic ,box ,machinery company1 of ,boston1 ,mass41 will make paper boxes as small as #a and inches as well as boxes of larger sizes4 ,another wonderful device is the ,automatic ,box ,making ,machine1 ,model #cc1 manufactured by the ,new ,jersey ,machine ,corporation1 of ,new ,york ,city4 ,this machine will automatically make a wide range of small set-up boxes such as are used for cigarettes1 cigars1 needles1 pins1 buttons1 clips1 pills1 powders1 jewelry1 garters1 etc4 ,,sliding ,,boxes ,,for ,,powders ,,and ,,lozenges4 ,the small-size sliding boxes are also used liberally by the drug trade1 for powders1 pills1 lozenges1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,sliding ,box--,covered with gold embossed paper4 ,these boxes are made from light-weight manila1 news1 chip or straw-board1 both the box and the sliding holder being covered with glazed paper1 or fancy embossed paper4 ,in some instances1 the edges of the slide and box are trimmed1 but in most cases plain covering is done4 ,the box proper is made the same as a small set-up box4 ,the sliding tops are made the same as the necks for square or oblong boxes4 ,nearly all sliding boxes are made by hand4 ,the sliding tops for this kind of boxes are first made in long sections1 being cut and creased on a regular cutting and scoring machine to the desired widths4 ,the long sections are then cut into smaller pieces on a machine like the ,robinson ,chopper1 made by ,john ,t4 ,robinson ,company1 of ,hyde ,park1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,necks for other styles of boxes are cut1 scored and 8chopped0 in the same manner4 ,after the long sections for the sliding tops have been cut into the proper lengths1 the covering is then done4 ,the pieces of cover paper are cut on a paper cutter to the necessary sizes4 ,the operator first pastes a sheet of the cover paper around the sides of the slide1 leaving the edges of the paper projecting at each end of the slide4 ,then1 with scissors1 the operator cuts the projecting paper1 at each corner1 on an angle4 ,the edges of the cover paper are then turned in on the inside of the slide4 ,the box is covered the same as a large-size set-up box1 the edges of the paper being turned in at the top and bottom4 ,the corners of small sliding boxes are not always stayed1 the covering paper being sufficient to hold the corners together4 ,some sliding boxes are covered with white 8watered0 paper2 others are covered with glazed plaid paper of various colors4 ,others1 still1 are covered with calico paper1 or with gold star paper4 ,,oblong ,,shouldered ,,powder ,,boxes4 ,paper boxes of this model are generally used by druggists for holding physicians' prescriptions of powders1 but these boxes are also used for holding capsules1 tablets1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,oblong ,shouldered ,powder ,box--,covered with white enameled paper1 and having four gold edges4 ,these boxes are made from ,manila1 news1 chip or straw-board1 of the lighter weights1 and the side of the stock which will appear on the inside of the boxes and lids is first lined with white paper4 ,some of these boxes are made the same as regular set-up boxes 7with the exception of the neck74 ,others are made with set-in top and bottom pieces4 ,the box-board for the inner tops and bottoms of the best quality boxes are lined with white enameled paper1 the stock used for the sides of the boxes is lined with plain white paper4 ,in the case of an oblong shouldered box having set-in top and bottom pieces1 forms1 or blocks1 are used by the operators for holding the tops and bottoms into position as the trimming paper and covering paper are applied4 ,the trimming paper is applied first1 then the covering paper is put on1 leaving four edges of the trimming paper exposed4 ,the necks1 or shoulders1 are first made in long sections with the aid of a rotary cutting and scoring machine4 ,the long sections are then cut into the desired lengths on a machine like the ,robinson ,chopper4 ,the outer sides of the necks are now covered with white enameled paper1 and after the paper has been turned in over the inner sides of the necks1 the necks are then inserted in the boxes1 held with glue at the sides4 ,small boxes of this style usually are covered on the bottoms with white enameled paper4 ,the tops of the lids are not covered1 the printed labels used by the druggists serving as coverings4 ,the boxes and lids of shouldered boxes of this kind are both of the same size4 ,the trimming and covering is done in various colors of paper4 ,the greater number of square and oblong shouldered boxes have the tops and bottoms set in1 instead of the box and lid being formed of solid pieces of box-board1 for this reason3 ,the sides for shouldered boxes are made in long sections1 and after the long sections have been folded to the proper shape1 and stayed at one corner1 7on the inside7 the long sections are cut into the necessary widths on a chopping machine4 ,naturally1 by this method1 the 8frames0 for the boxes and lids are all of the same square or oblong size1 on account of having been cut from the one size material4 ,this means that the lid and box register accurately4 ,,square ,,shouldered ,,boxes4 ,square shouldered boxes1 for physicians' prescriptions of powders and pills1 are almost as popular in the drug trade as round boxes4 ,illustration3 ,square ,shouldered ,pill and ,powder ,box--,covered with buff glazed paper1 trimmed with four gold edges4 ,practically all square shouldered pill and powder boxes are made with set-in tops and bottoms4 ,the sides are first made in long sections4 ,the long sections are then cut on a chopping machine to the smaller sizes necessary for the sides of the boxes4 ,the small 8frames0 are put on forms2 the square blanks are set in1 and the trimming paper is applied which holds the square pieces to the sides4 ,the strips of covering paper are then pasted around the sides4 ,the necks are made in long sections1 afterwards being cut into the required lengths4 ,the stock used for the necks is lined on the inner side with white paper4 ,after the long sections have been cut into smaller lengths1 each small section is covered on the outer sides with white enameled paper1 the paper being turned in over the edges which will appear at the top of the neck4 ,the necks are then inserted in the boxes1 held with glue at the sides4 ,the lids and boxes are both the same size1 and they register accurately over the neck4 ,an attractive color effect for a square shouldered pill and powder box is obtained by first covering the box and lid with red glazed paper1 and then covering the sides of the box and lid with green imitation wood paper4 ,this leaves four red edges showing4 ,some square shouldered pill and powder boxes have hinged lids1 so that in the homes of sick people the covers of different boxes cannot become interchanged1 and wrong directions on the labels of the covers followed4 ,,square ,,telescope ,,boxes4 ,the telescope pill and powder box is also popular in the drug field4 ,the lid and box are both of the same depth1 and the lid fits down over the sides of the box4 ,a box of this type may be over-filled with capsules or powder papers1 the deep lid allowing for the extra capacity4 ,illustration3 ,square ,telescope ,powder or ,pill ,box--,projecting edges at bottom--,trimmed with gold paper1 and covered with colored glazed paper4 ,telescopic boxes of this class are made the same as small set-up boxes in cases where the box does not possess an extension bottom4 ,when the box has projecting1 or ,french edges1 the sides are made in the same way as the square shouldered boxes1 with the exception that the bottom piece of blank is not set within the sides4 ,in this case1 the square blank is placed against the edges of the body1 in proper position1 and the operator wraps the paper in such a manner as to hold the bottom-piece firmly to the edges of the sides4 ,some telescope boxes have projecting edges trimmed with gold paper1 and the sides covered with white enameled1 or colored glazed paper4 ,the inner sides of the box and lid are usually lined with white glazed paper4 ,,suppository ,,boxes ,,with ,,partitions4 ,illustration3 ,suppository ,box--,covered with white enameled paper1 four bronze edges--,lined with tin foil4 ,suppository boxes with partitions are made much the same as square or oblong shouldered pill and powder boxes1 with the exception of the lids being deeper1 and the addition of the partitions4 ,some boxes of this variety are hinged4 ,the stock used for the partitions is usually lined on both sides with white enameled paper1 or with tin foil4 ,the interior of the box and lid is also lined either with white enameled paper1 or with tin foil1 to correspond with the partitions4 ,the ,charles ,beck company1 of ,philadelphia1 supply a paper box-maker's saw which is particularly adapted to the work of sawing slots for partitions of paper boxes4 ,the ,e4 ,g4 ,staude ,manufacturing company1 of ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn41 furnish the ,junior and ,standard ,slotters which are adapted to all kinds of slotting work for paper box partitions4 ,the ,staude slotting machines are equipped with automatic feeders1 and they are capable of turning out a great amount of finished product very rapidly4 ,the edges of the partitions are glued to the sides and bottoms of the boxes4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,candy ,,boxes ,on account of the greatly increasing demand for candy boxes of all kinds in every section of the country1 the writer thought it well to devote a chapter to this important subject1 and an attempt will be made to explain the styles and construction of the most popular models of candy boxes which are on the market at the present time4 ,it would be almost impossible for one to describe all of the many different kinds of candy boxes which are being made today1 so it is the writer's intention to mention merely those boxes that may be considered as standard in the trade4 ,standardization of the styles and sizes of candy boxes is something that is seriously needed in the paper box industry1 but standardization cannot always be followed by the manufacturers of candy boxes for the reason that the confectioners often want odd-shaped and special sizes of boxes to make their product more attractive to the public4 ,it is a fact that a beautiful1 odd-shaped paper box helps greatly in selling expensive candies1 and even a 8freak0 box that is attractive without being beautiful is nevertheless a powerful selling agent4 ,when the confectioner wants an out-of-the-ordinary box1 and is willing to pay the necessary cost1 the box-maker should give the confectioner what he wants1 but whenever possible to talk the confectioner into using boxes of standard sizes1 the box-maker should do so1 as the standard styles and sizes of candy boxes will serve well for every practical purpose4 ,,demand ,,for ,,sweetmeats ,with the passing of strong drinks in this country came a greater demand for sweetmeats from every direction4 ,confectionery and ice cream parlors are taking the places of liquor saloons in many instances4 ,new candy factories are being erected in almost every town and city4 ,american men and women are consuming larger quantities of chocolates1 chewing gum and candies than ever before--they are paying high prices for the best sweetmeats1 and expensive grades of confections are selling more rapidly than the cheaper grades4 ,all of this means more business for the box-makers1 and the box manufacturer who is in a position to make fine candy boxes as a specialty may have all of this class of work that he may care to produce4 ,many box-makers are specializing in fancy candy boxes4 ,their plants are equipped to handle this one line of product to the best advantage4 ,by making a specialty of this line1 a great deal of the work can be standardized in such a way that the blanks1 wrappers1 neck-strips1 trimming paper1 covering paper1 extension bottoms1 etc41 can be cut to standard sizes4 ,the operators1 through working continually on the same styles and sizes of boxes1 soon become very efficient1 and are capable of producing a larger output than would be the case in a plant that is not specializing on candy boxes4 ,all successful box-makers are specializing in some particular kind of work1 and this is a custom which should be more generally followed in the trade4 ,,systematic ,,arrangement ,,of ,,machines ,on the next page is a diagram which shows a systematic arrangement of machines for staying and wrapping extension bottom boxes and lids1 affixing two laces in each box1 and closing the boxes4 ,the extension bottoms are registered and attached to the box and lid blanks by means of a ,stokes ,smith ,extension ,bottom ,gauge1 ,model ,w4 ,the blanks are glued with a hand stencil and are placed in the gauge with the extension bottoms1 after which they are delivered to the staying machine1 which is elevated on a portable platform4 ,after the staying operation the boxes and lids are passed through a hopper to the operator of a ,stokes ,smith ,wrapping ,machine4 ,the operator of the gluing machine places the glued wrappers upon a revolving table within convenient reach of the wrapping machine operator4 ,illustration3 ,systematic arrangement of machines for ,staying and ,wrapping ,extension ,bottom ,boxes and ,lids2 ,affixing ,two ,laces to ,box1 and ,closing4 ,from the wrapping machine the lids are discharged to a receiving table ready for closing4 ,the boxes are discharged to a hopper conveniently located near the lacing machine operator1 who applies the two laces to each box and then passes it on to the receiving table4 ,the boxes are then conveyed to the table on which the lids have been discharged1 where the boxes and lids are closed ready for packing4 ,this is one of the efficiency plans which is being used in many large box factories with successful results4 ,,plain ,,candy ,,boxes ,illustration3 ,plain ,telescope ,candy ,box4 ,plain candy boxes are made of chip-board1 news-board1 or straw-board1 the board lined on the inner side with white news or book paper before being cut up into blanks of various sizes4 ,the board is cut and scored to the required sizes on a cutting and scoring machine4 ,the corners are then cut out of the blanks on either a single or double cornering machine4 ,the top of the lid is covered on a topping machine4 ,the corners of the box and lid are stayed on a staying machine4 ,the sides of the box and lid are covered with white or colored glazed paper on a covering machine4 ,plain boxes of this type may also be covered on the automatic wrapping machine1 but in that case the wrappers must be cut out at the corners as described in a previous article4 ,either tight wrapping or loose wrapping can be done on a ,stokes ,smith machine1 or on an ,alger ,wrapping ,machine4 ,plain candy boxes are made in 1 1 #a1 #b and #e pound sizes4 ,,telescope ,,candy ,,boxes ,these are made in the same manner as plain set-up boxes1 with the exception of the lid which is as deep as the box1 and which sets down over the sides of the box1 permitting the box to contain an overflow of candy4 ,boxes of this kind usually have the lid loose wrapped1 but many are tight wrapped1 or are covered in the regular way on covering and topping machines4 ,illustration3 ,telescope ,perfumery ,box4 ,the loose wrapped candy box is very popular on account of its artistic appearance4 ,the same wrapper tightly glued on the lid would not look as well as the loose wrap4 ,this statement applies to telescope candy boxes4 ,the loose wrap plan saves a considerable quantity of glue1 as the glue is applied only to the margins of the wrapper4 ,the majority of telescope candy boxes are covered on wrapping machines1 although many are covered by hand4 ,the shape of this style of box is long and rather narrow1 so far as the smaller sizes are concerned4 ,they are made in 1 1 #a1 #b and #e pound sizes4 ,,lacing ,paper lacing adds decidedly to the appearance of the interior of a candy box1 and it helps in making the contents of the box look tempting4 ,nearly all good candy boxes contain lacing for the reasons mentioned1 and some have lacing which is of excellent quality4 ,in some cases the box has two laces1 one on either side1 and in other instances1 a plain or fancy fly leaf on one side4 ,the ,stokes ,smith ,lacing and ,fly-,leafing ,machine is a very useful device on this class of work4 ,it will glue and insert laces or fly-leaves to the boxes as fast as the operator can handle them4 ,a great deal of lacing and fly-leafing work is still being done by hand operators1 and one advantage of the hand-work is that a pure white paste may be used1 while the machine requires glue to run properly4 ,on fine candy boxes sanitary white paste should be used for the lacing or fly-leaves1 as a yellow glue would not look as clean4 ,illustration3 ,candy ,box with ,two ,flyleaves and ,two ,laces4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,lace ,paper ,works1 ,inc41 of ,new ,york ,city1 supply many different varieties of lacing to the trade4 ,this paper may be run on the ,stokes ,smith ,lacing and ,fly-,leafing ,machine1 or on the ,bird ,fly ,machine4 ,sample books of the lacing will be furnished on request4 ,,shouldered ,,boxes ,,with ,,extension ,,tops ,,and ,,bottoms ,manufacturers of fine chocolates and candies are using shouldered boxes with extension tops and bottoms to a great extent as containers of this product1 and many boxes of this variety also have padded tops4 ,the boxes and lids are first made in the same way as plain set-up boxes4 ,separate pieces of box-board1 about of an inch larger on all four edges than the size of the box1 are then glued to the tops of the lids and to the bottoms of the boxes4 ,after this has been done1 the boxes and lids are then wrapped with the covering paper1 the paper being turned in over the top edges of the box and the corresponding edges of the lid4 ,the shoulder1 or neck section is then set in the box4 ,illustration3 ,candy ,box with ,extension ,top and ,bottom4 ,the ,john ,t4 ,robinson ,company1 of ,hyde ,park1 ,mass41 has designed an extension edge machine which is especially adapted to this kind of work4 ,the machine automatically glues and places the blanks on the tops and bottoms of the boxes1 placing the blanks accurately into position so that the margins are the same on all four edges4 ,stacks of the blanks are set in the machine which is equipped with a glue-fountain and rollers for applying glue to one side of the blanks4 ,as the operator places a box or lid on the form1 an automatic feeding device moves the glued blank to the box or lid in just the right position4 ,this machine is adjustable1 of course1 to blanks of various sizes4 ,the ,stokes ,smith ,extension ,bottom ,gauge is another time-saving device for this kind of product4 ,illustration3 ,stack of ,box ,blanks with ,bottoms ,attached4 ,as mentioned before1 the ,stokes ,smith ,wrapping ,machine is well adapted to the work of wrapping candy boxes having extension edges1 but when this or any other wrapping machine is used for such work1 it is essential that the wrappers be cut out at the corners to suit the requirements4 ,illustration3 ,box ,ready for ,staying4 ,in the case of a padded top for a candy box1 this top is applied after the cotton wadding has been put on and covered4 ,first1 the cotton wadding is loosely placed on the piece of box-board which is to form the top4 ,second1 a sheet of heavy paper1 same size as the wadding1 is laid over the top of the wadding4 ,third1 the top is then wrapped with the covering paper1 turning in over the under-side of the top4 ,fourth1 the covered1 padded top is now glued to the top of the lid which has previously been covered on the sides4 ,this is said to be the most efficient method for making lids with padded tops1 although it is practicable to cover the lid while the piece of box-board and wadding rests upon it4 ,illustration3 ,development of the ,wrapper4 ,some expensive candy boxes in the larger sizes1 square or oblong1 have extension edges as wide as of an inch1 but in such cases the box-board used for the tops and bottoms should be of heavy weight so that the wide1 covered edges will not break easily4 ,most extension edges on candy boxes average from to of an inch4 ,illustration3 ,shouldered ,candy ,box ,tied with ,ribbon4 ,many shouldered candy boxes with extension edges have padded tops2 are covered with fine colored and embossed paper1 and are tied together with silk or satin ribbon of a color that blends well with the color of the covering4 ,when ribbons are used1 the ribbons are inserted between the bottom of the box and the piece of box-board which forms the extension edges1 which means that the extension-bottom piece must be glued to the bottom of the box after the ribbons have been applied4 ,the ends of the ribbons are to be tied in large bows over the top of the lid after the sweetmeats have been placed in the box4 ,or1 the ribbons may be in the form of loops1 which slip over the lid4 ,the shoulders1 or necks1 are made in long strips2 are folded and stayed at one corner1 and are then cut to the proper sizes for insertion in the boxes4 ,the cut sections of shoulder-strips are covered with glazed paper1 at the top edges1 before being set in the boxes4 ,box-board used for all good candy boxes is lined on one side with white news or book paper before being cut and scored4 ,,trays ,,for ,,candy ,,boxes ,not a few of the better-grade candy boxes are fitted with trays for holding the different kinds of chocolates1 etc41 separately4 ,some of the larger-size candy boxes have several trays1 arranged either in groups or in tiers4 ,others have merely one tray4 ,these trays are made of the ordinary1 light-weight box-board in the same way as set-up boxes1 cut1 scored1 cornered1 stayed and covered with white glazed paper4 ,before being cut1 the box-board is lined on one side with white paper4 ,,flat ,,candy ,,boxes ,flat candy boxes are made as low as #a inch1 and are made in various sizes4 ,they are used for holding single layers of chocolates1 caramels1 gum-drops1 etc41 and by reason of their long and wide shape they have the appearance of holding more material than is actually the case4 ,the flat box of this type is usually of the telescopic pattern1 extension edge bottom1 the lid fitting down over the sides of the box1 although many are made without extension bottoms4 ,sometimes small ends of ribbon are glued to the inner sides of the lid1 the ends of the ribbon extending outside so that one may readily lift the low lid with the aid of the ribbons4 ,thumb-holes at the sides of the lids are advisable with boxes of this kind4 ,the thumb-holes are cut after the lids have been covered4 ,there are several thumb-hole cutting machines on the market which are capable of handling all varieties of such work4 ,,the ,,duplex ,,shoulder-,,box ,,presser ,the ,stokes ,smith ,company1 of ,philadelphia1 is manufacturing the ,duplex ,shoulder-,box ,presser which is a time-saving device for all kinds of shoulder-box work4 ,the use of this machine prevents the sides of the boxes from pulling away from the shoulder1 and it also eliminates finger markings so noticeable in hand-work4 ,this company also manufactures a ,shoulder-,box ,gluing ,machine which is intended for gluing the inside of shoulder-boxes1 and the device is a big time-gainer over the ordinary hand method of gluing necks1 or shoulders4 ,,round ,,candy ,,boxes ,,with ,,extension ,,edges ,all round candy boxes are made by hand by skilled operators who have had long experience in the one line of work4 ,practically all round candy boxes are made with extension tops and bottoms1 and have shoulders1 although some are being made with plain tops and bottoms4 ,the round1 shouldered box with extension edges is formed of four 7#d7 pieces of box-board--two disks1 the side-piece1 and the neck4 ,the disks are cut out to the proper sizes on a die-press by means of round steel dies4 ,when plain covering paper is to be applied to the tops1 or fancy covering paper for that matter1 this paper is also cut to the necessary sizes and shapes with the aid of round steel dies4 ,for the side-pieces of round candy boxes the stock should be a quality of strong cardboard which will roll easily into 8rings40 ,the ring is held together at the two ends with a strip of stay-paper1 or linen1 glued to the inner side of the ring4 ,first1 the ring is placed over a form to obtain the proper round shape4 ,second1 one of the round pieces of box-board1 which is to form the top or bottom and extension edges1 is placed to the edges of the ring in accurate position4 ,third1 the operator then applies the covering paper1 wrapping it around the sides of the ring and turning over the edges of the paper1 top and bottom of the ring4 ,the box and lid are both covered in the same way1 the paper holding the round disks of box-board to the edges of the rings4 ,fourth1 a round piece of paper is pasted to the lid of the box4 ,fifth1 a slightly smaller ring than the one forming the side of the box1 and higher1 is glued to the inside of the box4 ,this forms the neck1 or shoulder4 ,the box is now complete4 ,illustration3 ,large ,round ,candy ,box with ,flat ,top4 ,plain1 round candy boxes are made much in the same manner1 only the round disks of box-board are inserted at the top edges of the rings4 ,boxes of this model usually have shoulders1 although some few are made on the telescopic pattern1 the lid being large enough to fit down over the edges and sides of the box4 ,through the courtesy of ,jesse ,jones ,company1 of ,philadelphia1 the writer is able to furnish information in reference to large round boxes with convex1 or dome tops--information which is very practical and valuable4 ,the ,jesse ,jones ,company for many years has been noted for the production of round and fancy candy boxes and this concern has been successful in building up an extensive business in this line4 ,dome tops for large-size round boxes1 such as the five-pound size1 for example1 are made after the lids and boxes have been covered4 ,the finished boxes are lined up on a spacious table4 ,the lids are then inverted and placed upside down over the top edges of the boxes4 ,over the inverted lids soft1 dampened pieces of muslin are spread4 ,each inverted lid is then filled with fine buck-shot1 and while holding the buck-shot the boxes and lids are allowed to stand in that condition for several hours4 ,the dampened muslin and the weight of the buck-shot causes the top of the lid to shape into an almost perfect convex form4 ,this is said to be the best process for doming the tops of large round boxes4 ,the lids for large-size oval or odd shaped boxes can be domed in the same way4 ,it is necessary1 of course1 for the box-maker to have on hand a considerable quantity of the fine buck-shot when following this plan4 ,,art ,,candy ,,boxes ,some fine candy boxes are covered with silk or satin1 and on the tops of others are glued fancy 8cut-outs10 such as pictures of girl's heads1 yachts1 flowers1 etc4 ,hand-painted designs1 pictures1 etc41 are glued to the tops of some of the larger-size boxes4 ,there is always a strong demand for beautiful candy boxes of this kind1 no matter how costly they may be4 ,they are particularly popular at ,christmas time4 ,illustration3 ,beautiful ,art ,candy ,box4 ,the picture contains a real feather4 ,,large1 ,,odd-,,shaped ,,candy ,,boxes ,the larger-size candy boxes1 like the five-pound size1 are often made in the form of hearts1 diamonds1 hexagon1 octagon1 square with round corners1 oblong with round corners1 shamrocks1 fans1 keystones1 shields1 and other figures4 ,nearly all boxes of this variety have shoulders and extension tops and bottoms4 ,the pieces of box-boards for the tops and bottoms1 whatever the shape desired may be1 are cut out by means of steel dies1 and the cover paper for the tops are also cut out with steel dies1 so that the paper will accurately fit on the tops1 or lids1 after the other covering work has been done4 ,moreover1 for fancy boxes of this class1 smaller pieces of box-board than the pieces used for the extension tops and bottoms must also be cut out into the shapes of hearts1 diamonds1 etc41 to be used as formers for the boxes and lids1 as follows3 ,first1 the strip of heavy cardboard for the side of the box is stayed together at the ends1 and the side-piece is then placed around a form of a heart1 diamond or whatever the subject may be4 ,this correctly forms the sides of the odd-shaped box1 but to keep the shape permanently1 the smaller piece of box-board is set in at the top1 and the sides of the box are then covered1 the edges of the covering paper being turned at the top of the form so as to hold the set-in piece firmly4 ,the form may now be removed from the box1 and the covered extension-edge piece of box-board glued on4 ,the lid is constructed in the same way4 ,another1 and perhaps a better method is in placing the side-piece on the form2 setting in the bottom or top-piece2 gluing on the extension-edge piece1 and then covering the box in such a manner as to wrap the edges of the covering paper around the sides and extension-edges4 ,the cut out piece of covering paper--a heart1 diamond1 or whatever it may be--is then pasted to the top of the lid4 ,it is to be understood that the side-pieces1 and the set-in top and bottom-pieces are lined on the inner side with white or colored glazed paper before the boxes and lids are made4 ,in other words1 the stock is lined before being cut into the different shapes4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,miscellaneous ,,paper ,,boxes4 ,it is the writer's purpose to devote this chapter to miscellaneous paper boxes that are in popular demand and which may be classed as specialty lines4 ,important facts about the style and construction of the various kinds of boxes will be given1 and by carefully studying this practical information1 the reader should be capable of making any of the boxes in question4 ,in some instances1 however1 it would be necessary to employ the special machinery which will be referred to4 ,,wedding1 ,,party ,,and ,,banquet ,,boxes4 ,for centuries it has been the custom for people attending a wedding reception to receive individual pieces of the wedding cake to take home as souvenirs4 ,it is a pretty custom and doubtless it will remain in vogue until the end of time4 ,some brides simply wrap the pieces of cake in fancy paper napkins1 but those who want to have things done right usually place the bits of cake in fancy paper boxes so as to prevent breakage4 ,some newly-weds go so far as to have the names of the bride and groom printed or die stamped on the lids of the boxes4 ,wedding cake boxes are small in size1 and are made in the shape of hearts1 diamonds1 clover-leaf1 fans1 etc4 ,small1 plain1 round1 oval1 square or oblong boxes are often used for this purpose1 but the odd-shaped boxes mentioned are always the most popular4 ,in making a heart-shaped wedding cake box1 for example1 the side-piece of cardboard is placed around a heart-shaped form1 after having been stayed together at the two ends4 ,the top-piece1 cut out in the shape of a heart of the proper size1 is then inserted4 ,after this has been done1 the sides of the box are covered with fancy paper1 the edges of the paper being turned over at the top and at the bottom4 ,a heart-shaped piece of paper is then pasted on the top of the lid4 ,both the lid and the box are made in the same way--on forms--only it is not necessary to cover the bottom of the box with a heart-shaped piece of paper4 ,a box of this kind usually contains a shoulder1 both the lid and box being of the same size4 ,the shoulder-piece is set in after the box has been formed and covered4 ,the stock for the top and bottom pieces is lined with colored or white glazed paper before being cut out in the form of hearts4 ,the stock for the side pieces is also lined before being cut to the essential sizes4 ,this means that the box and lid are lined on the inner sides before being made up as described4 ,,heart ,,shaped ,,boxes4 ,when a heart-shaped box is to have an extension top and bottom1 the top and bottom pieces are put on after the box lid has been made on the forms4 ,the heart-shaped pieces of boxboard which are to serve as extension tops are about of an inch larger all round than the pieces of heart-shaped board which have properly formed the top of the lid and the bottom of the box4 ,the covering may be done after the extension tops and bottoms have been attached1 or the covering may be done before they are attached1 but in the latter instance1 it would be necessary to cover the extension top and bottom pieces1 and their edges1 before attaching them4 ,other odd-shaped boxes1 such as diamonds1 clover-leaf1 fans1 etc41 and made on the same plan as the heart-shaped box4 ,practically all boxes of this variety have shoulders4 ,some have extension tops and bottoms1 others are made plain4 ,the covering is done in fancy colored1 glazed1 embossed1 watered or gloss-white paper4 ,the box usually contains fine paper laces4 ,fancy boxes of this class are frequently used at parties in the same way as at wedding receptions1 the guests being presented with the boxes which are filled with candies1 nuts1 or cake4 ,at many of the special banquets given by clubs1 business organizations and fraternal societies1 ice cream and other desserts are served in fancy boxes1 thus adding an unusual touch to the last course of the dinner4 ,these 8banquet0 or dessert boxes are made in various odd shapes1 and are also made square1 oblong1 round or oval1 and as a general rule1 there are no lids for the boxes which are covered with colored1 gold1 silver1 white or embossed paper4 ,the inside of a box1 used for this purpose1 should be lined with plain white book paper1 rather than with colored paper1 so that the coloring matter in the paper would not transfer to the dessert4 ,two fine paper laces add an artistic finish to a square1 or oblong1 box of this variety4 ,the square and oblong dessert boxes are made in the same manner as plain set-up boxes1 cut out of a single piece of boxboard1 the corners stayed and the sides covered with colored or white glazed paper4 ,,jewelry ,,boxes4 ,some concerns are making a specialty of jewelry boxes and the field for this product is very extensive4 ,many jewelers pack watches1 rings1 tie pins1 dress pins1 clasp pins1 lockets1 belt buckles1 cigarette cases1 match boxes1 vanity cases1 mesh bags1 rosaries1 fans1 fountain pens1 etc41 in pretty paper boxes of the proper shapes1 and not a few of these boxes are works of art4 ,the writer recently saw a small paper box for a diamond ring1 which cost the jeweler one dollar apiece1 the party who bought the ring paying for the box1 of course4 ,the box in question was beautifully covered with thin1 dark green leather1 and four edges of the box were hand-tooled1 the borders being finished in goldleaf4 ,the interior of the box was lined with white satin1 with billows and a rest for the ring formed of the same material4 ,the box also contained a shoulder and the lid was hinged4 ,some jewelry boxes are made in the regular set-up style1 others are made with shoulders4 ,round and oval boxes are often used for watches1 rings1 lockets1 necklaces1 etc41 while long1 oblong boxes are used for tie pins1 fountain pens1 chains1 gold pencils1 envelope openers1 pen knives1 dress pins1 hair pins1 etc4 ,square boxes are adapted to silver and gold belt buckles1 ladies' shoe buckles1 match boxes1 cigarette cases1 mesh bags1 etc4 ,the progressive jeweler carries a wide assortment of fine paper boxes1 of many different shapes and sizes1 so that he may have a box suitable for any piece of jewelry1 or novelty1 sold4 ,he will even have sets of larger size boxes for holding silverware1 toilet articles1 fans1 cut glass1 picture frames1 clocks1 and so forth4 ,,covered ,,and ,,lined4 ,these details will convey to the reader an idea of the great variety of paper boxes required by the average jeweler4 ,many of the smaller boxes are covered with white or colored glazed paper1 and are lined and padded with silk1 satin1 plush or velvet1 of a tint or color that will harmonize with the color or tint of the box covering4 ,one of the most beautiful paper boxes ever seen by the writer was one of oval shape1 used for holding a costly pearl necklace4 ,this box contained a shoulder with the edges of the shoulder covered with white glazed paper4 ,the outside of the box and lid was covered with golden-brown paper in imitation leather4 ,the interior of the box and lid was lined with pale buff velvet1 padded in the bottom of the box in such a way as to form a resting place for the string of pearls4 ,note the beauty of this color scheme4 ,one prominent jeweler has a complete assortment of paper boxes1 all covered with light blue embossed paper1 and all lined with white satin paper1 those for rings1 pins1 etc41 having padded rests formed of white satin4 ,the name-card of the jeweler is die stamped in bronze blue ink on the lids1 or wrappers for the lids4 ,the color effect is very pleasing4 ,the wrappers for lids of jewelry boxes are die stamped or printed with the card of the jeweler before being pasted to the lids4 ,jewelry boxes seldom have extension edges4 ,these with shoulders1 or necks1 are made in about the same way as the druggists' pill and powder boxes1 a description of the construction work having been given in another chapter of this series of articles4 ,the set-up box is made from a single piece of boxboard1 lined with white glazed paper1 cornered1 stayed and covered with colored1 glazed1 white1 watered or embossed paper4 ,,garter1 ,,suspender1 ,,handkerchief1 ,,necktie ,,and ,,collar ,,button ,,boxes4 ,all paper boxes of this class are made on the plain1 set-up pattern1 the lids extending down over the sides4 ,for example1 a garter box is made from one piece of light-weight boxboard1 cornered1 stayed and covered with white glazed paper1 while the lid is covered with a printed or lithographed wrapper inscribed with the particular name of the garter4 ,we refer to the well-known brands of men's garters4 ,many of these garter boxes contain holiday wrappers 7for ,christmas gifts7 handsomely done in bright colors1 and the lids have thumb-holes at two sides so that they may be easily lifted4 ,many garter1 suspender1 necktie and collar button boxes are fitted with cut-out inserts for holding the contents attractively4 ,these cut-outs are of light-weight folding cardboard and are produced on cutting and creasing presses4 ,suspender1 handkerchief and necktie boxes are often covered with fancy colored wrappers suitable for the holiday trade4 ,the designs on the wrappers are printed or lithographed1 and are usually applied to the lids of the boxes with the aid of wrapping machines4 ,some are loose-wrapped1 others are tight-wrapped4 ,not a few fine handkerchief boxes are covered with colored or embossed paper1 and hand-painted designs appear on the lids4 ,the stock for handkerchief1 necktie and suspender boxes is usually lined with plain white paper before being made up4 ,there is an increasing demand for better quality boxes of this variety4 ,,cigarette ,,boxes4 ,numerous brands of cigarettes of the better quality are packed in paper boxes of the set-up style1 and the lids in most cases are hinged to the boxes1 the hinge being formed of tape or linen4 ,cigarette boxes of this type are usually made of light-weight boxboard1 and are equipped with shoulders4 ,the inner side of the boxboard is lined with white paper1 and the stock is then scored and cut so as to form long1 oblong strips after being folded and stayed4 ,the strips are then 8chopped0 up into small sections of the essential sizes to make the sides for the boxes and lids4 ,the shoulders for the boxes are made in the same way4 ,the blanks for the bottoms of the boxes and for the tops of the lids are cut to size on a rotary cutting machine1 although it is possible to cut the blanks1 from small piles of full-size sheets1 on a regular paper cutting machine1 but for the sake of accuracy blanks of this kind should be produced on a rotary cutter4 ,after the top and bottom pieces have been inserted1 the boxes and lids are covered with white or colored glazed paper4 ,the shoulders1 or necks1 are then put in the boxes4 ,printed or lithographed labels are put on the inside as well as on the outside of the lids4 ,when the boxes are to be hinged1 the hinging material is applied to the box and lid1 on the inner sides1 before the shoulder pieces are set in the boxes4 ,many cigarette boxes 7not folding boxes7 are made on the same plan as the larger size set-up boxes1 the box and lid being cut from single pieces of cardboard2 creased1 cornered1 folded and stayed in the usual manner1 but when boxes that are made this way have shoulders1 the register of the box and lid is not as accurate as in the case of the box and lid being made from long folded sections4 ,,stocking ,,boxes4 ,great quantities of paper boxes are continually being consumed in the stocking industry for packing the stockings in convenient lots for the trade4 ,the average box contains half a dozen pairs of hose1 or stockings1 and often the retail dealer gives the box to the buyer of half a dozen pairs1 which means that a box of this kind should be of good quality and attractive to some extent4 ,stocking boxes are all of the set-up type4 ,some have shoulders1 others are on the telescopic pattern1 some are made with ordinary lids4 ,the stock is usually lined with white paper4 ,the covering is often done with colored glazed paper4 ,in some instances1 the edges of the lids and boxes are trimmed with paper of another color4 ,sometimes fancy laces are placed in fine stocking boxes4 ,the label of the stocking manufacturer is placed on one end of the box4 ,when putting on the lids of finished stocking boxes1 or in fact1 when placing on the lids of any oblong boxes1 the operator can save time by setting on the lid over the narrow way of the box1 rather than by placing the lid over the long way of the box4 ,,oyster ,,and ,,ice ,,cream ,,boxes4 ,some concerns are making a specialty of ice cream and oyster boxes1 and special automatic machines are used for printing1 scoring and cutting the boxes to the required specifications4 ,oyster and ice cream boxes are made from ,manila tag-board1 and the inner side of the board is given a coating of sodium silicate 7liquid glass7 so as to make the boxes 8water tight0 to a considerable extent4 ,boxes of this class may be produced on cutting and creasing presses1 with dies made of steel cutting and creasing rules1 but as stated1 this work is usually done on special machines having great speed capacity4 ,an oyster box is glued and folded together1 while an ice cream box is usually wire-stitched at the sides1 and is equipped with a handle of tape4 ,oyster pails1 and paper dishes are also wire stitched4 ,we refer to paper dishes used by grocers for holding loose jelly1 pepper sauce1 lard1 etc4 ,the oyster pails have wire handles4 ,these specialties offer a big field for the box maker who may also include milk bottle tops in this line4 ,,suit1 ,,hat ,,and ,,flower ,,boxes4 ,there is a promising field for numerous box makers who would care to specialize in the manufacture of suit1 hat and flower boxes4 ,we refer to folding boxes of this variety which are made with lock corners and slits1 and which may be produced from single pieces of box board in a very simple manner4 ,the ,hobbs ,creasing ,machine1 and the ,hobbs ,lock ,corner ,cutter1 have been especially built for this work4 ,on these devices the blank stock is creased and cut in such a way that both the lids and boxes may easily be folded together without staying1 gluing or wire stitching4 ,plain suit1 hat and flower boxes are made from folding ,manila boxboard and practically all of the plain boxes are made on the telescopic pattern4 ,no covering is done4 ,,graining ,,board ,,for ,,suit1 ,,hat ,,and ,,flower ,,boxes1 ,,etc4 ,handsome effects are produced by graining boxboard for suit1 hat and flower boxes1 etc4 ,jute or ,manila is generally used when graining is done4 ,charles ,beck ,company1 of ,philadelphia1 supply a ,rotary ,printing ,machine which has been designed for producing various kinds of graining4 ,this device is equipped with an intaglio printing roller1 inking rollers1 fountain1 feed-board1 etc41 and the sheets of boxboard are printed by the intaglio process on the order of this illustration3 ,illustration3 ,example of ,box ,board ,graining4 ,different patterns of graining1 imitation alligator-skin and other designs can be produced on the ,beck machine by changing the intaglio cylinders which contain the patterns engraved below the surface of the cylinders4 ,the printing cylinder is first inked all over1 some of the ink depositing in the engraved places on the cylinder4 ,the surface of the cylinder is then wiped clean1 leaving the ink in the engraved places4 ,the impression in the printing transfers the design in the cylinder to the sheet of boxboard--steel plate printing1 as it were4 ,large size suit and hat boxes are also made with the corners folded in and the ends of the boxes folded over1 held firmly together by means of heavy wire staples4 ,boxes and lids of this kind are made from single pieces of jute boxboard1 the blanks properly creased on a creasing machine so that they will fold readily into form4 ,these boxes are usually of the telescopic pattern2 are comparatively cheap1 and are strong enough to withstand hard service4 ,,round ,,hat ,,boxes4 ,milliners and hatters dealing in the better grades of hats are large consumers of round and oval hat boxes4 ,some of the fine millinery boxes are covered with fancy embossed1 colored or striped paper1 and these are presented to the buyers of the hats4 ,the square-shaped hat boxes1 however1 are the most popular on account of their lower cost1 and of course they are just as useful as the round and oval boxes4 ,the round or oval hat box is formed of a side-piece and a set-in bottom-piece1 the lid being made on the same plan4 ,the side-piece1 after being stayed at the two ends 7on the inner side7 is placed on a round or oval form4 ,the bottom-piece is then set in4 ,the turned-in edges of the covering paper serve to hold the sides and the bottom of the box together4 ,after the sides of the lid have been covered1 and the edges of the covering paper turned in1 a round1 or oval piece of covering paper is pasted to the top of the lid4 ,,suit ,,cases ,,and ,,traveling ,,bags4 ,several of the larger paper box manufacturing concerns are making suit cases and traveling bags as a side line in addition to the regular lines of paper boxes4 ,these suit cases and traveling bags are of the lower-priced variety1 no genuine leather entering into their production4 ,the inside of the cases and bags is of heavy chip-board1 lined with leatherette paper4 ,the outside is covered with heavy 8leatheroid40 ,iron frames are essential in the cases1 and the material is held together with copper or brass rivets4 ,this is a specialty line which should have the consideration of many other box-makers who have plants equipped for the production of such work4 ,,pocket ,,cigar ,,cases4 ,many cigar dealers furnish customers buying loose cigars with paper cases for protecting the 8smokes0 while held in the coat pocket4 ,these cigar cases are made of single pieces of ,manila board1 round cornered1 and folded so as to form a holder4 ,the sides are formed of strips of heavy paper1 glued on the inner edges of the ,manila stock1 and folded so as to allow for expansion when the cigars are inserted in the case4 ,one long and narrow piece of ,manila tag-board1 folded in the center1 and two narrow strips of ,manila paper1 each strip containing a center fold1 make the cigar case complete4 ,any box-maker is in a position to manufacture paper cigar cases of this kind4 ,the stock can be cut to the necessary sizes on an ordinary paper cutter1 and the round cornering can be done on a regular round cornering machine4 ,no creasing-work is essential1 as all of the folding can easily be done without any creasing4 ,the sides of the cigar cases may be imprinted with the names of retail tobacco dealers distributing them1 or with the names of cigar manufacturers who supply the cases gratis to the dealers4 ,the cases may be made and sold in large quantities4 ,,boxes ,,for ,,hardware1 ,,glass1 ,,picture ,,frames1 ,,tools1 ,,toys1 ,,etc4 ,there is always a strong demand for plain1 common-grade paper boxes1 made on the set-up pattern1 for holding hardware1 glass1 picture frames1 tools1 toys1 books and any other things which do not call for high-grade boxes4 ,plain boxes of this variety should be made of heavy-weight chip-board1 news-board or straw-board1 and the corners should be stayed with tape or wire stitched4 ,the creased edges of the boxes and lids are often stayed on the outer sides with the ordinary brown staying paper so as to prevent breakage of the boxes and lids at the places where creased4 ,no covering of any kind is necessary4 ,paper boxes of this class may be made up during slack seasons1 and they always find a ready market1 especially when they are moderately priced4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,cutting ,,and ,,creasing ,,folding ,,boxes4 ,one of the most important branches of the paper box industry is that devoted exclusively to the making of all kinds of folding boxes and cartons1 and this branch of the business has been growing wonderfully during the last few decades4 ,the manufacturers of folding boxes are in a class by themselves1 and as a general rule1 they have nothing to do with the making of set-up paper boxes1 although some of the larger plants are producing both folding boxes and set-up boxes4 ,there are good reasons why it would not be advisable for the average box maker to handle both folding boxes and set-up boxes in his factory1 and the principal reason is the matter of mechanical equipment4 ,the folding box plant must be equipped with machinery which cannot be used for the production of set-up boxes1 and in a like manner1 the set-up paper box plant calls for machines that cannot be used for the manufacture of folding boxes4 ,another fact to consider is that operators on folding boxes are usually skilled only in that line of work1 while operators on set-up boxes know but little about the work on folding boxes4 ,henry ,ford1 the automobile king1 declares that specializing is the main reason for his great success in business4 ,says ,mr4 ,ford3 8,any manufacturer or merchant1 to be successful1 must specialize4 ,do one thing4 ,do it well4 ,sell at one standard price--and you're just bound to succeed40 ,illustration3 ,tooth ,pick ,carton4 ,no gluing required4 ,holds together when folded4 ,plain lines represent steel cutting rules4 ,dotted lines represent steel creasing rules4 ,there should be a 8tip0 here for many a box manufacturer4 ,folding boxes are now being used for holding a great variety of merchandise such as1 for example1 bottles containing medicines1 cakes of soap1 toothpicks1 tubes of tooth paste1 bottles of perfume1 many different kinds of drugs1 brushes1 cough drops1 cakes and crackers1 safety razor blades1 powders of various kinds1 tools1 grass seed1 herbs1 dried raisins1 butter1 spices1 rice1 sugar1 absorbent cotton1 bandages1 etc4 ,this list gives merely an idea of the many different uses for folding boxes1 and it would be possible to add to this list hundreds of other articles which are packed in paper cartons4 ,the drug trade alone uses great quantities of the smaller-size folding boxes for holding pills1 tablets1 medical goods1 etc4 ,countless numbers of the larger size cartons are used for holding cereals1 cake1 tea1 dozen lots of cigarette packages1 dry goods1 etc4 ,a folding box1 or carton1 is made from a single piece of cardboard1 cut and scored in such a manner that it may easily be folded and glued together so as to form a complete box4 ,the cutting and creasing dies are made by the box maker1 from steel cutting and creasing rules4 ,the blank sheets of stock are cut and creased1 with the steel dies1 on either platen presses or cylinder presses4 ,the cut out sheets are then glued together at two ends on a gluing machine4 ,,equipment ,,required ,,for ,a ,,small ,,cutting ,,and ,,creasing ,,plant4 ,one ,cutting and ,creasing ,press1 size of platen1 #ad #bb inches4 ,one ,cutting and ,creasing ,press1 size of platen1 #ba #cj inches4 ,one ,steel ,rule ,bending ,machine4 ,one ,steel ,rule ,cutter4 ,one ,power ,circular ,saw4 ,one ,power ,jig ,saw4 ,one ,imposing ,table4 ,one ,power ,gluing ,machine4 ,supply of ,cherry and ,black ,walnut ,board1 in strips of various widths for blanking out large steel dies4 ,supply of ,laminated ,wood for holding ,steel ,cutting ,rules in ,odd-,shaped ,dies1 such as ,circles1 ,ovals1 ,hearts1 etc4 ,supply of ,labor-saving ,wood1 ,lead1 ,steel and ,iron ,furniture1 in assorted sizes1 for blanking out space in ,steel ,dies4 ,supply of ,steel 7,hard7 ,cutting ,rule1 in full-length strips4 ,supply of ,steel 7,soft7 ,cutting ,rule1 in full-length strips4 ,supply of ,steel ,scoring ,rule1 in full-length strips4 ,cabinets for holding ,furniture4 ,work ,table1 fitted with vise for bending ,soft ,steel ,cutting ,rule4 ,supply of ,corks in assorted sizes4 ,supply of ,cork in strips4 ,le,page 7or fish7 ,glue for make-ready on presses4 ,box-,makers' ,glue for gluing ,folding ,boxes on ,gluing ,machine4 ,set of tools1 including ,pliers1 ,files1 ,hammer1 ,mallet1 ,t-,square1 ,l-,square and ,steel ,straight-,edge4 ,with this equipment1 the box maker would be in a position to make all kinds of steel cutting and creasing dies for every variety of folding boxes1 also all shapes of steel cutting dies for cut-outs of advertising novelties1 cardboard fans1 odd shapes for fancy boxes1 etc4 ,with this equipment1 the box maker could also manufacture all sizes and all styles of folding boxes up to those requiring blanks of cardboard as large as #bj #bh inches4 ,it is the writer's purpose to explain all the technical work necessary in the making of the steel dies1 made-ready on the presses1 and other practical work relating to the making of folding boxes1 cartons1 advertising novelties and so forth1 and if this information is carefully studied and followed1 the apprentice in box making should have no difficulty in producing all of the work in question4 ,,kind ,,of ,,paper ,,stock ,,used ,,for ,,folding ,,boxes4 ,the ordinary news-board1 chip-board and straw-board1 such as used for the manufacture of set-up boxes1 is not adapted to folding boxes for the reason that these boards have a tendency to break when folded4 ,the stock used for folding boxes includes ,manila tag-board1 bristol-board1 clay coated ,manila1 ,manila-lined board1 and other kinds of pasted boards which are tough and flexible4 ,coated box-board comes in white1 colors and tints4 ,one side is coated in white1 color or tint1 the other side being of ,manila4 ,when the box is to be printed1 the printing is done on the coated side4 ,this stock comes #ejj sheets in a ream1 size #bb #bh1 the weight running from #ij pounds to #bjj pounds per ream4 ,this stock also comes in rolls1 and may be run in rolls on rotary printing presses4 ,among the well known firms who supply folding box-board of all kinds1 are the following3 ,a4 ,hartung ,company1 of ,philadelphia2 ,berton ,c4 ,hill ,company1 of ,new ,york ,city2 ,baird ,bartlett ,company1 of ,boston1 ,mass42 ,c4 ,l4 ,la,boiteaux ,company1 of ,cincinnati1 ,chicago1 ,cleveland and ,new ,york ,city1 and the ,white ,pigeon ,coated ,paper ,company1 of ,white ,pigeon1 ,mich4 ,,making ,,the 8,,dummy0 ,,for ,a ,,folding ,,box4 ,the 8dummy10 or pattern1 for a folding box is the first requisite4 ,for example1 a carton is wanted for holding a glass jar of cold cream4 ,if any printed matter1 such as a booklet1 directions for using the cold cream1 etc41 is to be packed with the jar1 inside the carton1 this must be considered when determining the size of the folding box4 ,attach the printed matter to the jar1 held with rubber bands4 ,then place two blocks of wood on either side of the jar1 the blocks and jar standing on a table4 ,the blocks should stand close to the jar and its printed matter4 ,now lay a ruler across the jar and blocks1 and the ruler will give the dimensions for the top and bottom of the box4 ,next1 lay the jar on its side1 and set the two blocks at the top and bottom of the jar4 ,span the ruler across the blocks4 ,this will give the dimensions for the height of the box4 ,this same method is used in taking the measurements for all kinds of boxes4 ,by opening flat some carton which is nearly the size and style of the new carton desired1 the box maker will have an idea of the layout for the die which will be necessary for the new carton4 ,follow the measurements taken with the aid of the blocks1 and with pencil1 ruler1 penknife and blank sheet of stock1 make up a dummy for the desired folding box4 ,when completed1 the flat dummy will appear like this diagram3 ,illustration3 7,dummy folding box47 ,this dummy will serve the box maker in measuring off the sizes of steel cutting and creasing rule which will enter in the construction of the die4 ,before attempting to describe the building of the steel die1 however1 the writer believes that it would be well to give details about the furniture and other material used in the building of the die1 so that the reader will become familiar with this material as it is handled in the proper order4 ,later on complete information will be given about the construction of the die1 the make-ready of the forms on the presses1 8corking10 striping1 and so on4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,furniture ,,used ,,in ,,making ,,dies ,,for ,,folding ,,boxes4 ,cherry1 or black walnut1 is excellent material for blanking out large steel dies1 as cherry and black walnut are woods which are not greatly affected by atmospheric changes4 ,a soft wood1 like white pine1 for example1 would readily take moisture in damp weather1 expanding enough to throw the rules in a die out of register with the make-ready on the press1 and this would mean damage to the make-ready as well as changes in the sizes of the boxes which are being cut out4 ,the ,cherry ,lumber ,company1 of ,cincinnati1 ,o41 supplies first class cherry and black walnut wood in strips1 and from these strips the box maker may cut the pieces of blanking-out furniture to the sizes required for the steel die4 ,this wood is about of an inch in thickness1 which is the right height to hold the steel cutting and creasing rules firmly in a vertical position1 and on extremely heavy forms it would prevent possible bending of the rules4 ,the box maker uses a power circular saw in cutting this wood to the wanted sizes4 ,the sawing must be done truly vertical1 as even a slight angle on the end or side of a piece of wood furniture would cause the rule coming in contact with that end or side to have the same angle1 resulting in that rule cutting lower than another rule which was absolutely true1 vertically1 and it would also affect the face-size of the die to some extent4 ,this means that no furniture for die-blanks should be cut with a hand saw1 as hand sawing is seldom accurate4 ,illustration3 ,showing one of the ,new ,style ,imposing ,tables2 iron top4 ,equipped with complete fonts of wood furniture for locking up forms4 ,also has racks for holding forms1 or chases4 ,the box maker saves the pieces of cherry and black walnut1 when old dies are broken up1 and these pieces of wood are used again in building other dies4 ,steel1 iron and lead labor-saving furniture is also largely used in the construction of steel dies1 and in many instances1 series of small dies for drug cartons1 etc41 are entirely blanked out with labor-saving lead or iron furniture4 ,what is called 8improved metal furniture0 7lead7 in the printing trade is very useful for the box maker4 ,this furniture comes in many different sizes--standard sizes--and is stored in cabinets which have compartments for each size4 ,within a short time the box maker becomes familiar with the standard sizes1 and when blanking out a die he can tell at a glance what sizes of metal furniture are needed to fill in the blank places4 ,the sizes of this improved metal furniture are known as 8#b #d ems10 7pica72 8#c #d ems10 7pica71 and so on up to the larger sizes4 ,often1 the smaller sizes of metal furniture are used in conjunction with larger sizes of cherry or black walnut wood to fill in the blank places of spacious dies4 ,,steel ,,furniture ,,used4 ,steel sectional furniture1 notched at the ends1 is also used for building spacious steel dies4 ,this steel furniture 7as well as the iron and lead furniture7 may be bought in regular fonts1 or complete sets1 from the ,american ,type ,founders' ,company1 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 or from any of the printers' supply houses4 ,these concerns also supply the cabinets for holding the furniture conveniently4 ,for the information of those not acquainted with the printing terms1 it is explained that the term 8point0 in printing means #gb points to an inch4 ,the steel sectional furniture comes in #bd-point width with #ab-point notches at the ends2 #cf-point wide with #ah-point notches2 #dh-point wide with three #ab-point notches2 and #ed-point wide with two #ah-point notches4 ,it also comes in a full range of lengths1 all the way up to #bd inches long4 ,illustration3 ,showing ,style of ,patent ,steel ,furniture with interlocking corners for forming hollow squares and oblongs4 ,with four pieces of this sectional furniture almost any size square or oblong frame1 up to #bd inches1 may be formed simply by putting the four pieces together4 ,the frame is used for blanking out a square or oblong space in the die-form4 ,at times several squares and oblongs can be made in this way and used instead of wood blocks or small pieces of metal furniture4 ,the steel sectional furniture is absolutely accurate and it can be assembled very rapidly4 ,illustration3 8,challenge0 ,improved ,labor-,saving ,metal ,furniture1 with ,chamfered ,edges4 ,plain iron furniture is to be had in a large number of standard sizes1 but the smaller sizes are used by many box makers for blanking out portions of steel dies1 the larger spaces in the form being filled in with blocks of cherry or black walnut4 ,the iron furniture is comparatively inexpensive1 and it will stand hard service for a life-time4 ,illustration3 ,showing style of ,morgans ,wilcox ,enlarged ,iron ,furniture4 ,enlarged iron furniture comes in many different sizes and is particularly adapted to blanking out extra-large dies4 ,the larger sizes of this material1 such as for example1 #be #ajj ems 7pica71 are very popular with die-makers4 ,in each piece of enlarged iron furniture are two round holes1 on the top so to speak1 enabling the die-maker to handle the piece of furniture easily by means of the round holes4 7,pica means #ab points in printing parlance47 ,illustration3 8,challenge0 ,labor-,saving ,iron ,furnitures4 ,mammoth iron furniture is made on the order of enlarged iron furniture1 and it comes in pieces as large as #fj #abj ems 7pica47 ,round holes are in each piece1 making it light in weight and easy to handle4 ,special cabinets are furnished for the enlarged and mammoth furniture4 ,the cabinets are subdivided for holding the different sizes of material1 and by looking over the contents of these compartments1 the die-builder can see exactly what sizes of furniture is available to suit the requirements of each die4 ,the cabinets save a great deal of time1 as the die-maker does not have to 8sort out0 the furniture from a 8mixed0 assortment of sizes4 ,illustration3 ,showing ,cabinet holding font of ,no4 #c ,mammoth ,iron ,furniture4 ,opposite side of ,cabinet holds other sizes of ,mammoth ,iron ,furniture4 ,this ,cabinet also holds all standard lengths of ,m4 ,w4 ,interlocking steel furniture4 ,in these days of high wages and short working hours1 the folding box maker should have a plentiful supply of both wood and metal furniture1 and the furniture should be systematically stored in cabinets so that the die-maker can work to the best advantage4 ,a plentiful assortment of improved metal furniture1 plain iron furniture1 and enlarged or mammoth iron furniture1 in cabinets1 will pay big dividends in any folding box plant4 ,,steel ,,cutting ,,rules ,,and ,,steel ,,creasing ,,rules4 ,all dies used for cutting and creasing folding boxes are constructed of steel cutting rules and steel creasing rules1 and with the proper material and devices1 the box maker will have no difficulty in building his own dies to suit all requirements4 ,the apprentice in the folding box industry should carefully note the fact that there are two kinds of steel cutting rule--one kind is called 8hard0 cutting rule1 the other kind is known as 8soft0 cutting rule4 ,the hard steel cutting rule is used for all straight-line die work which does not call for the rules being bent into round1 oval or odd shapes4 ,the soft steel cutting rule is used in all cases where rule-bending is to be done4 ,for example1 a die having round corners for the flaps of folding boxes would call for the use of soft cutting rule in forming the round corners4 ,all odd-shaped dies1 such as dies for cutting hearts1 semicircles1 ovals1 etc41 are made of soft steel cutting rule on account of the soft rule bending to the special shapes easily4 8,square0 dies for cutting diamonds1 oblongs1 crosses1 keystone1 and other straight-line work of this class1 are made of hard steel cutting rules4 ,the 8hard0 and 8soft0 steel cutting rule1 and the regular creasing rule1 comes in strips from #bd to #cj inches long1 and is sold by the foot4 ,the standard height of steel cutting rule is 4#ibc in4 ,the standard height of steel creasing rule is 4#iah in4 ,both the cutting and creasing rules are made in various thicknesses1 from #b-point size up to #f-point size1 but the #b-point cutting and creasing rules will do for the greater portion of all folding box work4 ,the following list will give the reader an idea of the standard kinds of steel cutting and creasing rules3 ,illustration3 ,cutting ,rule ,illustration3 ,scoring ,rule ,no4 ,description ,height ,thickness ,a-#aj #b-point ,hard ,black ,cutting ,rule 4#ibc0 4#jbi0 ,a-#aa #c-point ,hard ,black ,cutting ,rule 4#ibc0 4#jdb0 ,a-#ab #d-point ,hard ,black ,cutting ,rule 4#ibc0 4#jeg0 ,a-#ac #f-point ,hard ,black ,cutting ,rule 4#ibc0 4#jhc0 ,a-#ad #b-point ,hard and ,polished ,ctg4 ,rule 4#ibc0 4#jbi0 ,a-#ae #c-point ,hard and ,polished ,ctg4 ,rule 4#ibc0 4#jdb0 ,a-#af #d-point ,hard and ,polished ,ctg4 ,rule 4#ibc0 4#jeg0 ,a-#ag #f-point ,hard and ,polished ,ctg4 ,rule 4#ibc0 4#jhc0 ,a-#ah #b-point ,soft ,cutting ,rule 4#ibc0 4#jbi0 ,a-#ai #b-point ,hard ,scoring ,rule 4#iah0 4#jbi0 ,the ,simonds ,manufacturing ,company1 of ,fitchburg1 ,mass41 is a large manufacturer of all varieties of steel rule for cutting1 scoring or perforating4 ,this concern is in a position to furnish the folding box maker with any kind of steel cutting or steel creasing rule4 ,the ,american ,type ,founders' ,company1 of ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 or any of the printers' supply houses1 will also furnish the box maker with steel cutting or scoring rule4 ,,the ,,work-,,bench ,,for ,,the ,,folding ,,box ,,maker4 ,a good1 substantial work-bench1 fitted with drawers1 tools1 vise1 steel rule cutter1 etc41 is an essential for the folding box maker4 ,the box maker who is 8handy0 may readily build his own work-bench with the necessary lumber1 but for the information of those who may not know about it1 the ,american ,type ,founders' ,company has a steel work-bench which is very convenient for the purposes of a folding box making plant4 ,on request1 this company will send illustrated circulars describing this steel work-bench4 ,,the ,,steel ,,rule ,,cutter ,,and ,,the ,,steel ,,rule ,,bending ,,machine4 ,while it is possible for the folding box maker to cut steel rules to all required sizes for dies on an ordinary lead and rule cutter1 such as is used in a printing office1 nevertheless the writer strongly advises the installation of a 8,hercules0 ,steel ,rule ,cutter in the folding box factory4 ,this device is made by ,j4 ,f4 ,helmold ,brother1 of #adfb ,hamburg street1 ,chicago4 ,it is especially built for cutting all thicknesses of steel cutting1 or steel scoring rule1 to any lengths wanted4 ,if the box maker desires to cut steel rule on an ordinary printers' lead and rule cutter1 this device must be kept in first class order1 and the cutting must be done in that part of the machine which is intended to cut only heavy brass rule4 ,illustration3 ,the 8,hercules0 ,steel ,rule ,cutter4 ,the ,multiform ,rule ,bender is an excellent device for bending steel rule4 ,it is made by the ,j4 ,a4 ,richards ,co41 of ,kalamazoo1 ,mich4 ,this concern also makes steel rule cutters1 combination rule benders1 box maker's special saws1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,the 8,eureka0 ,steel ,rule ,bender4 ,the 8,eureka0 ,rule ,press1 or steel rule bender1 is another great time-saving device for any folding box factory4 ,this machine is made by ,j4 ,f4 ,helmold ,brother1 of ,chicago4 ,this ,rule ,press1 with its equipment of molds1 is capable of bending steel rule to any of the odd shapes required in steel rule dies for folding boxes or cartons4 ,some die-makers do all of the steel rule bending with the aid of a powerful vise and pliers of various sizes4 ,the steel cutting rule is heated by means of a gas flame so that the rule may be bent more easily4 ,when working with the heated rule the die-maker wears heavy canvas gloves to protect his hands from the hot rule4 ,after the heated rule has been bent to the wanted shape1 heat the rule again and immerse in cod oil4 ,this re-tempers the rule4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,cutting ,,and ,,creasing 7,continued7 ,we have now described the machinery and material which are essential for a modern cutting and creasing plant1 and with these matters disposed of we will next take up the subjects of making the steel dies1 press-work1 etc4 ,,making ,a ,,cutting ,,and ,,creasing ,,die ,no matter what shape or size of a folding box or carton which may be wanted1 it will require both creasing and cutting1 and this means of course that both steel scoring rules and steel cutting rules will be needed in making the die4 ,hard steel cutting rule is to be used for all straight cutting lines in the die4 ,soft steel cutting rule is to be used for all round corners or odd-shaped sections of the die4 ,for the average folding box or carton #b-point cutting and creasing rules will be thick enough for their functions1 but in the case of a large die for exceedingly heavy-weight box-board1 #c-point1 #d-point1 or #f-point cutting and creasing rules will be found better for the press-work than the #b-point rules4 ,the regular #b-point cutting rule1 turned upside down1 or inverted1 will serve as scoring rule1 although the special scoring rule1 made for this purpose by the manufacturers1 will always produce the best results on account of it having a rounded face instead of a blunt face4 ,illustration3 ,steel die form from ,simonds ,mfg4 ,co4 ,on common-grade folding-box work1 when the stock is heavy and tough1 some die-makers use inverted cutting rules for scoring rules--usually old cutting rules which have lost their sharp edges by long service in other dies4 ,by placing two #b-point inverted cutting rules together a #d-point crease is obtained4 ,by placing three #b-point cutting rules together 7inverted71 a #f-point crease is obtained4 ,wide creases of this kind are needed only in heavy work1 such as for example1 suit boxes1 flower boxes and hat boxes in large sizes4 ,a #b-point crease1 or rather a fine crease obtained from standard #b-point scoring rule having a rounded face1 will do well for the great majority of folding boxes4 ,,building ,,the ,,die ,now for the building of the die1 say a die for cutting and creasing a carton for holding a medicine bottle3 ,take the 8dummy10 or an old carton of the required size and form1 and with the aid of a foot-ruler find out the lengths and number of pieces of rule which will be required for the die4 ,jot down the figures upon a tablet4 ,for example1 you will need four long pieces of #b-point scoring rule1 all of the same length2 four short pieces of #b-point scoring rule1 all of the same length2 then you will need four 8,l's0 for cutting flaps1 these 8,l0 pieces to have slightly rounded corners and to be made from soft steel cutting rule4 ,also will be needed two pieces of soft cutting rule which are to be bent in the form of a large 8,u10 these to be used for cutting the folding top and folding bottom of the carton4 ,other pieces of both scoring and cutting rule will be needed to make the die complete1 and with careful application of the ruler1 the correct lengths may be ascertained4 ,illustration3 ,carton for ,cough ,drops4 ,plain lines represent steel cutting rules4 ,dotted lines represent steel creasing rules4 ,after all of the various measurements of the rules have been taken and marked down on the tablet1 the next step is to cut the rules on the steel rule cutter to the essential sizes1 following the measurements which have been written down4 ,the steel rule cutter is equipped with a movable gage and this gage is accurately set to provide for the cutting of each rule4 ,a number of the rules are cut to the same sizes4 ,your figures on the tablet should tell how many pieces of each size are wanted4 ,it is really a simple matter to cut the rules1 but too much care cannot be taken in doing the cutting accurately4 ,the pieces of soft steel cutting rule which are to have rounded corners or odd shapes are now bent to the proper forms on a rule bending press1 or with the aid of a vise4 ,extreme care should be taken in bending the rules in such a way that none of the bended lines are on an angle4 ,in other words1 each 8bend0 should be truly vertical so that when the odd-shaped rule lies in the die its cutting surface will be perfectly level4 ,one of the great advantages of the steel rule bending press and its molds is that all rule bending on this machine is done perpendicularly true4 ,an experienced die-maker can do wonders in rule bending with an ordinary vise and a pair of pliers1 but the beginner will not find this work easy4 ,illustration3 ,steel die for ,soap ,container4 ,plain lines represent steel cutting rules4 ,dotted lines represent steel scoring rules4 ,with all of the required number of pieces of cutting and creasing rule cut to sizes and bent to the proper shapes1 the next step is to 8set up0 the die with lead1 steel1 or iron furniture4 ,in the case of a large-size die1 the main blanking-out is done with black walnut or cherry furniture1 but with a small-size die1 practically all of the blanking-out may be done with labor-saving metal furniture4 ,illustration3 ,steel die form for ,medicine ,bottle ,carton4 ,plain lines represent steel cutting rules4 ,dotted lines represent steel scoring rules4 ,,working ,,conditions ,the die-maker should work upon the surface of an imposing table4 ,first1 he places on the table the chase in which the die is to be locked up4 ,second1 he fills in the chase with regular printer's wood furniture1 leaving space in the center for the die1 and placing locking quoins near the top of the chase and on the right-hand side of the chase4 ,third1 the cutting and creasing rules are set in the open space in the center of the chase1 filling in with metal or wood furniture4 ,fourth1 after the die has been carefully set and blanked out1 the entire job is locked up with the aid of a quoin-key and the quoins4 ,note these points3 ,printers' wood furniture is not as high as black walnut or cherry wood used inside the die1 and the printers' wood furniture is only used as locking-up material on the outer sides of the die4 ,there are several varieties of printers' quoins1 but the best quoins for the die-maker's purpose are called 8,hemple ,improved ,quoins40 ,they are of iron1 wedge-shaped1 and contain ridges which make them hold tightly4 ,by inserting a quoin-key between the 8teeth0 of a pair of quoins1 and turning the key one way or the other way1 the quoins are locked or unlocked4 ,the quoins should not be placed directly against the sides of the chase1 or against the sides of the wood furniture4 ,small strips of reglet1 #f-points wide1 placed on either side of each pair of quoins protects the wood furniture from damage by the quoins1 and prevents loosening of the quoins at the sides of the chase4 ,an assortment of printers' leads and brasses--#b-point leads and #a-point brasses1 in the smaller sizes1 will be of great utility to the die-maker in blanking out4 ,a lead or brass1 inserted here and there between the furniture in the die1 will often solve intricate construction4 ,illustration3 ,looks like plan for a monoplane1 but is layout for steel die form for small drug carton4 ,plain lines represent steel cutting rules4 ,dotted lines represent steel creasing rules4 ,as many as #bd complete dies are run together in one large form4 ,,accuracy ,,required ,the die should be blanked out so accurately that when the quoins are tightened all material in the die will 8lift0 without any of the furniture falling out4 ,after the form has been locked up1 the die-maker rests one end of the chase on a block of furniture4 ,he then strikes the ends of the fingers over all material in the die to see if any parts of the die are loose4 ,if all holds firmly1 the form is ready for press4 ,if any parts are found loose1 the form is unlocked1 and the loose places are fixed up by inserting small strips of manila paper between the loose pieces of furniture4 ,with the aid of a straight-edge1 an ,l-square1 or a ,t-square1 the die-maker tests all lines of the die to ascertain if any rules are binding or out of register4 ,all defects of this nature must be corrected before the die goes to press4 ,intricate rule bending is made more easy by heating the soft steel rule in a gas flame before bending4 ,when working with heated rule the die-maker wears canvas gloves to protect his hands4 ,to harden soft rule1 after bending1 heat again and dip the heated rule in fish oil4 ,,making ,,steel ,,dies ,,for 8,,cut-,,outs0 ,some box-makers1 in addition to manufacturing set-up and folding boxes1 also make advertising 8cut-outs10 cardboard fans1 wall-pockets1 fancy calendars1 photograph mounts1 and 8set-in0 forms for holiday boxes for holding neckties1 suspenders1 garters1 collar buttons1 etc4 ,work of this variety is also cut on cutting and creasing presses1 but the dies and make-ready are different than the dies and make-ready for folding boxes4 ,steel dies for all kinds of 8cut-outs0 are made of #b-point cutting rules4 ,for add shapes like hearts1 fans1 fancy calendars1 etc41 8soft0 cutting rule is used4 ,for straight-line work such as squares1 oblongs1 diamonds1 keystone and triangle1 8hard0 cutting rule is used4 ,the steel cutting rules for dies of this class are inserted in laminated board1 of three1 four or more plies1 for the reason that laminated board will not warp or be affected by atmospheric conditions4 ,illustration3 ,steel die form for cut-out from ,simonds ,mfg4 ,co4 ,the design1 or several different designs1 which are to be cut out1 are marked with pencil on the surface of the piece of laminated board1 which must be of a size to accommodate the dies4 ,these pencil lines are then followed with a jig-saw1 and in the grooves made by the saw the steel cutting rules are inserted4 ,the die is then ready for press4 ,it should be mentioned1 however1 that it is possible to build a plain 8cut-out0 die1 like a square or oblong1 merely by cutting the rules to the proper sizes and then blanking out the inside space with metal or ordinary wood furniture4 ,but1 an odd-shaped 8cut-out0 die should always be inserted in laminated board4 ,as many as half-a-dozen 8cut-out0 dies for cardboard fans1 advertising novelties1 etc41 may be placed in rows in the one section of laminated board1 and the entire six articles may be cut simultaneously on the press4 ,half-a-dozen dies for folding boxes1 or more than this number1 can also be run together in the same form1 according to the size of the cutting and creasing press4 ,,cutting ,,and ,,creasing ,,on ,,platen ,,presses ,illustration3 ,hartford ,cutter and ,creaser4 ,cutting and creasing for folding boxes can be done successfully on platen printing presses of the ,john ,thompson and ,hartford type1 provided that a printing press of this type be fitted with a steel platen plate1 and provided also that the inking rollers of the press be removed4 ,the steel platen plate is removable1 and is held to the platen of the press by means of counter-sunk screws4 ,when printing is to be done on the press the platen plate is taken off4 ,the ,national ,machine ,company1 of ,hartford1 ,conn41 and ,john ,thompson ,press ,company1 of ,new ,york ,city1 both manufacture standard cutting and creasing presses which are built especially for this work4 ,these presses1 which are not designed for printing purposes1 are fitted with removable1 steel platen plates1 and by having a number of these platen plates1 the folding box maker can save the makeready1 or 8female dies0 on the plates1 and may keep them stored away for future orders on the same kind of work4 ,in saving such 8female dies0 on the platen plates1 however1 it would also be essential to save the forms containing the steel cutting and creasing dies so that all would perfectly register when the dies and plates are again put on the presses4 ,,making ,,ready ,a ,,steel ,,cutting ,,and ,,creasing ,,die ,this applies to making ready the die on a regular ,hartford or ,john ,thomson cutter and creaser1 and as mentioned before1 the form may have more than one duplicate of the same die1 if desired4 ,for example1 the form may contain say eight complete cutting and creasing dies1 arranged together for cutting eight small cartons from a single sheet of stock4 ,first1 put on the steel platen plate1 and see that it is free from all old makeready material4 ,second1 take a sheet of chip-board1 news-board or straw-board1 and cut it nearly the full size of the platen plate4 ,then with ,le,page glue carefully spread all over one side of the sheet of box-board1 apply the sheet of box-board to the surface of the platen plate4 ,illustration3 ,john ,thomson ,cutter and ,creaser4 ,third1 place the chase containing the die1 or series of dies1 on the press4 ,fourth1 with a small printer's hand inking roller and printers' black ink1 apply the ink to all creasing rules in the form4 ,fifth1 take a sheet of the stock which is to be cut and creased1 and by slowly turning the fly-wheels of the press1 take an impression of the form on this sheet of stock4 ,if all of the cutting rules cut through the stock clearly1 the impression is right4 ,if the cutting rules do not cut sharply1 more impression will be required1 and this is obtained by moving the slides holding the throw-off bar up one or two notches4 ,do not move the slides up more than one notch at one time1 and keep moving them1 after taking additional impressions on blank sheets of stock until finally the impression is rightly adjusted4 ,the first inking of the form was for the purpose of showing the positions of the creasing rules4 ,never mind additional inking while the impression is being adjusted4 ,after the impression has been made right1 ink all of the creasing rules in the form again and then take an impression of the form on the sheet of box-board which has been glued to the platen plate4 ,now comes the most tedious part of the makeready3 ,all of the inked creasing lines which appear on the platen must be carefully cut out with a sharp makeready knife4 ,that is1 the thin lines made on the sheet of box-board on the platen by the inked creasing rules must be cut away with the knife in long1 narrow strips so as to form the female part of the die4 ,if the creasing rules are #b-point size1 cut away about #c-points2 if #d-point creasing rule1 cut away about #e-points2 if #f-point creasing rule1 cut away about #g-points4 ,in making these grooves slightly wider than the size of the creasing rules1 the stock will press into the grooves easily and will form the proper creasing or scoring4 ,do not cut away any other parts of the sheet of box-board which has been glued to the platen plate4 ,the steel cutting rules should cut into this sheet of box-board4 ,ordinarily1 the counter-die1 after having been made in the manner described1 would be completed1 but in the case of a long run of work1 the following additional makeready is done3 ,,the ,,kind ,,of ,,makeready ,,that ,,is ,,worth ,,while ,after the grooves have been cleanly cut1 and after all strips of the box-board have been removed from the grooves1 lay a sheet of plain white paper over the entire counter-die and pull an impression of the form on this sheet4 ,then turn over the sheet of paper2 study the detail of the impression and see if any of the cutting and creasing rules are weak in certain places4 ,with a blue pencil mark rings around any of the weak places which may appear4 ,then with a sharp knife1 flour paste and ,french folio paper1 8spot up0 all circles made by the blue pencil with pieces of the ,french folio4 ,some places1 extra weak1 may call for two or three circles of the ,french folio4 ,after the sheet has been 8spotted up01 loosen the counter-sunk screws in the platen plate2 lift off the plate1 and with a small quantity of flour paste attach the 8spot-up0 sheet to the under-side of the platen plate in true position so that it will register with the counter-die1 or makeready on the other side of the plate4 ,paste the 8spot-up0 sheet1 face up1 to the under side of the plate4 ,then replace the platen plate with the 8spot-up0 sheet under it4 ,this process of makeready is worth while on all forms which are to have long runs1 and it will cause all of the weak cutting and creasing rules to have an even impression4 ,strange as it may seem to the beginner1 the little pieces of ,french folio1 when properly placed under the platen plate1 will do wonders in making a die even4 ,in the case of rules which have been in service for some time1 several 8spot-up0 sheets may be needed under the platen plate1 and in the case of worn rules1 the 8spotting up0 should be done with pieces of book paper1 or even with heavy ,manila paper4 ,an exceedingly weak place will require a heavy piece of paper under the platen plate4 ,,putting ,,on ,,the ,,feeding ,,guides ,the feeding guides may be of brass1 wood or lead4 ,pieces of #ab-point printer's brass rule1 about two inches long1 make the best guides for heavy sheets of box board4 #ab-point slugs1 about two inches long1 or pieces of #ab-point reglet1 will serve well as feeding guides for the general run of work4 ,rub brass or lead slugs on a sheet of fine emery paper before applying the glue1 as the rubbing helps in making the guides hold firmly4 ,use only ,le,page glue in attaching the guides4 ,after the guides have been put on in the proper position1 fenders are then applied at the inner sides of the two bottom guides1 and one fender at the lower end of the side guide4 ,there are three guides1 two at the bottom and one on the left-hand side4 ,the fenders are formed of heavy-weight folding cardboard1 or of #a-point brass rule1 about one-and-one-half inches long4 ,the fenders are used to prevent the sheets of box-board from extending over the guides in the feeding4 ,,corking ,,the ,,steel-,,die ,,form ,after the make-ready for a cutting and creasing form has been completed1 the form must be corked so as to prevent the sheets of box-board from adhering to the cutting rules as each impression is taken4 ,one good method of corking is gluing rows of small-size corks to the wood furniture in the form1 the rows of corks placed on either side of all cutting rules in the form4 ,in the case of metal furniture1 the corks are glued to flat1 solid places in the metal furniture1 or are inserted in the small1 open places in labor-saving lead furniture1 as the case may be4 ,the corks when properly glued or inserted1 should stand up about one-quarter-of-an-inch above the steel cutting rules1 so that when an impression is taken on a sheet of box-board1 the corks will have force enough to 8push0 the sheet off the cutting rules4 ,another method of corking is that done with long strips of cork1 high enough for the purpose4 ,these strips of cork are glued on the metal or wood furniture in the same way as individual corks are applied4 ,the ,armstrong ,cork ,company1 of ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 can supply cork in strips made expressly for use on cutting and creasing presses4 ,use ,le,page glue in applying the corks1 and put on plenty of strip cork1 or individual corks1 so that the sheets will leave the form without breaking4 ,,feeding ,,the ,,sheets ,,of ,,box-,,board ,the operator of a cutting and creasing press cannot be too careful when feeding sheets into the press4 ,it is dangerous work1 and the feeder must be constantly watchful over his hands4 ,never reach the hand in the press after a sheet which may stick to the form1 or after sections of a sheet which may have broken apart in the cutting4 ,your hands are too precious to 8take any chances40 ,keep corking the form until all sheets leave the cutting rules without any difficulty4 ,bend the sheets of box-board1 in small lots1 so that the shape of the sheets makes easy feeding4 ,always be careful when feeding1 and keep your eyes on your work4 ,,stripping ,after the sheets of box-board have been cut and creased1 they are taken to the finishing room where girls and boys do the stripping1 which means removing all waste material from the sheets4 ,about fifty sheets at a time are stripped4 ,intricate cut-outs1 box-corners1 fancy shapes1 etc41 are 8hammered out0 with the aid of a mallet4 ,a small pile of the stock is laid over the edge of a large wooden box1 and with a blow of the mallet the waste material falls out into the box4 ,,gluing ,,folding ,,boxes ,there are several well-known gluing machines on the market which are designed particularly for gluing together folding boxes or cartons4 ,the ordinary gluing machine is fitted with a feeding table1 a series of steel rollers1 a glue fountain and a gluing wheel4 ,as the operator feeds the sheets1 hot glue is applied to the flaps4 ,the operator then folds each sheet so that the glued flap is in the right position4 ,the series of steel rollers then press the glued flaps firmly together1 completing the operation4 ,illustration3 ,staude ,gluing ,machine ,one of the best gluing machines on the market is the 8,staude ,automatic10 made by the ,e4 ,g4 ,staude ,manufacturing ,company1 of ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,this machine is fitted with a vertical stacker and other improved devices which make it possible for the folding box-maker to handle a wide range of work at high speed4 ,illustration3 ,walter ,scott ,cylinder ,press ,equipped for ,cutting and ,creasing4 ,another excellent gluing machine is known as the 8,international10 made by the ,international ,paper ,box ,machine ,company1 of ,nashua1 ,n4 ,h4 ,this machine is equipped with an electric counting device and other improved features which make it a great labor-saver4 ,,cutting ,,and ,,creasing ,,on ,,cylinder ,,presses ,spacious forms containing a large number of steel cutting and creasing dies are being handled on cylinder presses1 and the dies and make-ready are practically the same as for cutting and creasing on platen presses4 ,the ,walter ,scott ,company1 of ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 manufacture special cylinder presses for use on cutting and creasing forms1 and on order1 these presses will be furnished with one- or two-color printing attachments4 ,cutting and creasing can be done on any style of cylinder press1 provided that the cylinder of the press is fitted with a flexible steel sheet on the order of a steel platen plate4 ,the cylinder must be timed and adjusted to provide for the steel surface sheet4 ,these changes should be made by an expert machinist4 ,make-ready for cutting and creasing on a cylinder press is practically the same as on a platen press4 ,,making ,,ready ,a ,,steel ,,cutting ,,die ,,for ,,advertising ,,novelties1 ,,etc4 ,this refers to a steel cutting die to be used only for cut-outs1 such as fans1 inserts for set-up boxes1 fancy calendars1 wall pockets1 photo mounts1 leather goods1 etc4 ,all of this kind of work can be cut out on a standard cutting and creasing press1 or on a cylinder press1 from dies made of steel cutting rule4 ,as mentioned before1 a die of this character does not contain any creasing rules1 and is set in grooves sawed in laminated board4 ,the make-ready for a cutting die is altogether different than the make-ready on a cutting and creasing form4 ,the make-ready is very simple4 ,no counter-die1 or 8female die10 is required4 ,the cutting rules merely strike the bare surface of the platen plate4 ,if desired1 a sheet of chip-board1 news-board or straw-board may be glued to the surface of the platen plate1 but this is not necessary4 ,the main thing is to have the impression even1 and of just the right strength to make a clean1 sharp cut of the stock4 ,the form is corked in the same manner as a form for cutting and creasing4 ,guides and fenders are glued to pieces of heavy ,manila paper which first have been glued to the surface of the platen plate4 ,the ,manila paper is used merely for holding the guides and fenders firmly4 ,in the case of the stock falling apart on the form1 after the impression has been made1 file a few small slots at various points on the edges of the steel cutting rules4 ,use a three-edge file for this purpose4 ,the slots break certain places of the cutting rules1 and thereby prevent the stock from falling apart until it reaches the stripping department4 ,the small slots do not mar the finished work4 ,rough edges of cut-outs1 such as fans1 odd shapes1 advertising novelties1 etc41 are easily smoothed by taking small piles of the cut-outs and rubbing the edges with emery paper or sand paper4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,printing ,,department ,nearly all of the larger paper box manufacturers are operating their own printing departments4 ,many of the smaller paper box-making concerns are also operating private printing plants1 and when managed efficiently1 the printing department is a profitable investment for any paper box factory1 large or small4 ,the writer knows of several large printing concerns1 of ,new ,york ,city and ,philadelphia1 who are specializing in the production of wrappers and other printed matter for paper box manufacturers4 ,all of these printing establishments are continually busy1 and from all indications1 are earning substantial profits on their work4 ,in fact1 it is certain that these printing concerns are making money on their specialty lines1 for they have been in business for a long time2 are paying their employes the standard scales of wages1 and are keeping their plants in first class physical condition by installing new machines and labor-saving devices immediately as they are placed on the market4 ,now unless a printing firm is earning a fair margin of profit on all of its product1 certainly it would not be in the financial position to do the things which have just been mentioned4 ,if a printing company can afford to operate a large plant1 running almost exclusively on work for paper box manufactures1 there is no reason why the box-makers themselves cannot make money by having their own printing plants4 ,the writer1 however1 has heard some box manufacturers complain about not earning any profits from private printing plants1 and in this article the writer will attempt to point out to the box-makers the ways and means of profitably conducting a printing department4 ,with my eighteen years experience as a practical printer and executive1 ,i feel that ,i am capable of offering information regarding the printing business which should prove helpful to paper box manufacturers in general4 ,,equipment ,,suggested ,,for ,a ,,medium-,,size ,,printing ,,department ,it is my intention to suggest the newest material and mechanical equipment for a printing plant rather than material and machines which are not quite up-to-date1 and this will explain why ,i shall mention such things as steel composing-room furniture1 and automatic feeders for platen presses4 ,one #ad #bb ,hartford1 or ,john ,thomson press1 equipped with individual motor4 ,one #aj #ae ,chandler ,price press with individual motor4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bjje ,tracy ,cabinet--,job ,side4 ,one #aj #ae ,chandler ,price press1 equipped with automatic feeder and individual motor4 ,one #ab #ah ,chandler ,price press1 equipped with automatic feeder and individual motor4 ,one 8,pony0 cylinder press1 equipped with individual motor4 ,one ,oswego1 or ,seybold paper cutting machine1 #dd-;inch1 fitted with individual motor4 ,one ,bronzing machine--one of the new vacuum models4 ,roller ,cabinets1 ,ink ,cabinets1 ,drying ,racks1 ,stock ,tables1 etc4 ,two or ,three ,steel ,type ,cabinets1 each ,cabinet containing two tiers of ,type ,cases1 ,cases filled with a well-selected assortment of ,type ,faces1 suitable for all kinds of box-maker's printing4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bjje ,tracy ,cabinet--,news ,side4 ,one ,steel ,imposing ,table1 fitted with galley racks1 drawers and chase racks on one side1 and with complete assortment of printers' wood furniture on the other side4 ,one ,indexed ,electrotype ,cabinet4 ,series of ,cases for ,leads1 ,slugs1 ,labor-saving ,metal ,furniture1 ,brass ,rules1 ,borders1 ,quads and ,spaces4 ,one ,proof ,press4 ,one ,lead and ,rule ,cutter4 ,a printing plant1 equipped with the machines and materials mentioned in the foregoing1 could be classed as ideal4 ,it would be adapted to any kind of printing which may come to the paper box manufacturing plant4 ,the #aj #ae and #ab #ah ,chandler ,price presses1 fitted with automatic feeders1 would be capable of handling long runs of wrappers at high speed1 while the ,hartford 7or ,john ,thomson7 press would be engaged on fine color work1 embossing1 etc41 and the ,pony cylinder press could be used for larger work1 printing cartons1 two or more wrappers together on one sheet1 and so forth4 ,steel composing-room equipment has been suggested because of its great durability and improved design1 but hard-wood printers' furniture1 like that made by the ,hamilton ,manufacturing ,company1 of ,two ,rivers1 ,wis41 and the ,kramer ,woodworking ,company1 of ,philadelphia1 will serve just as well as steel equipment in the average printing office4 ,on pages ,nos4 #afa and #afb are illustrations1 showing front and back views of the ,tracy ,type ,cabinets 7,hamilton ,manufacturing ,co47 which are very popular in many composing-rooms4 ,,imposing ,,tables4 ,the new-style imposing tables are made from both steel and wood4 ,both the steel and wood imposing tables have planed steel tops4 ,these tables come in various sizes1 and they are made in different styles so far as the arrangement of drawers1 galley-slides1 letter boards1 chase racks1 and lock-up furniture is concerned4 ,the following illustrations of a ,no4 #djdj ,hamilton ,imposing table1 made of hard-wood with a steel top1 shows the back and front views of the table4 ,note the arrangement of the printers' labor-saving wood furniture1 letter-boards1 galley shelves1 chase rack and drawers3 ,illustration3 ,no4 #djdj ,imposing ,table 7front view7 ,the time-saving advantages of an imposing table of this design should be apparent to any intelligent person4 ,with a table equipped like this one1 with labor-saving furniture1 letter-boards1 etc41 the imposition man can lock-up form after form without finding it necessary to walk away from the table for lock-up material4 ,on the letter-boards are kept standing 8live0 forms ready for repeat orders4 ,hundreds of small1 live jobs are also kept standing on the galleys4 ,as the forms are locked up for the presses the chases are placed in the chase rack1 and from there the pressman takes them4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #djdj ,imposing ,table 7reverse side view7 ,,type ,,equipment ,it would be impossible to specify type equipment which would be #ajj per cent suitable for the printing department of a paper box plant1 for the reason that the requirements of every printing department are different4 ,it is safe1 however1 to install popular type faces like ,lining ,gothic1 ,caslon ,old ,style1 ,bodoni ,bold1 ,caslon ,bold1 ,cheltenham ,bold1 ,goudy ,bold1 etc4 ,much of the label and carton work handled in the box-maker's printing office is composed of heavy-face type1 like ,cheltenham ,bold for example1 and that is why the bold faces mentioned have been suggested4 ,both light-face and bold-face ,gothic are always useful4 ,when buying display type of some good face it is always advisable to buy weight fonts of the entire series instead of job fonts4 ,a weight font1 say #be pounds1 will usually fill a job case1 and give the printer plenty of characters to work with1 while a job font contains only a few duplicates of each character4 ,have only a limited number of good type faces1 but have plenty of each size and character4 ,also have an abundance of #b-point leads1 #f-point slugs1 #ab-point slugs1 quads1 spaces and metal furniture4 ,labor-saving brass rule--#a-point face on #c-point body1 is of particular advantage for borders of labels1 panels for box-tops1 etc42 #b-point face rule on #b-point body1 and #f-point face rule on #f-point body1 are also very useful4 ,running borders of artistic design1 in #f-1 #ab-1 #ah- and #bd-point sizes1 are admirable for borders for box labels of the larger size4 ,for the printed matter on the fronts of small-size cartons1 the box-maker will need a number of small1 compressed type faces1 such as for example3 #f-1 #h-1 #aj-1 #ab- and #ad-point ,extra ,condensed ,cheltenham ,bold4 ,regular ,condensed ,cheltenham ,bold1 in these same sizes1 will also be found very useful4 ,extra ,condensed ,gothic1 in all sizes from #f-point to #gb-point1 is excellent for narrow-measure display composition on carton work1 narrow labels for boxes and bottles1 and so forth4 ,these are facts which must be carefully considered by every box-maker who may be thinking of installing a printing plant4 ,many small labels and fronts of cartons contain 8,direction for ,use10 and other information printed in very small type1 and this means that the box-maker having a printing plant must use a considerable quantity of #e-point and #f-point body type4 ,old ,style ,roman is a good face for this class of composition1 and it should be kept in open news cases on the top of type cabinets so as to make the work of setting as easy as possible for the compositors4 ,it is the right thing to keep all job type stored in dust-proof cabinets1 but in the case of small body type which is being used frequently1 it is advantageous to keep it in open cases1 despite the fact that open type cases are 8dust collectors40 ,illustration3 ,hartford ,platen ,printing ,press4 ,much of the smaller work for labels and cartons is of such an intricate character as to call for the use of a great deal of small-size type1 like #e-point ,old ,style ,roman1 #f-point ,extra ,condensed ,gothic1 etc4 ,often the forms must be spaced out with the greatest care so as to make the forms fit small spaces4 ,a complete assortment of thin copper spaces1 and of #a-point brasses1 laid out in small cases1 will be found exceedingly useful for the fine spacing referred to4 ,it would be a mistake for anyone to be under the impression that box-makers' printed matter is of the common-place variety1 for many of the wrappers1 box-tops and labels produced for fine candy boxes1 rubber goods boxes1 holiday boxes and other boxes are printed in the best style4 ,the type forms and designs1 in many instances1 are works of art4 ,this means that the compositor working in the box manufacturing factory should be a high grade craftsman1 capable of producing first class display typography4 ,the typography for all box-makers' printed matter should be simple and beautiful and easy to read4 ,no ornaments1 with the exception of borders1 should be used4 ,good1 clear-cut type faces are better than fancy type faces4 ,,the ,,hartford ,,printing ,,press ,the ,hartford platen printing press1 made by the ,national ,machine ,company1 of ,hartford1 ,conn41 is one of the best machines of its kind in the world1 being built expressly for the finest class of half tone and color printing4 ,by reason of its powerful construction1 the ,hartford ,press1 in addition to doing printing1 is also capable of doing cutting and creasing4 ,it may also be used for embossing4 ,it should be understood by the reader that the ,national ,company are making three different kinds of presses--printing presses1 cutting and creasing presses1 and embossing presses4 ,the proper press should be used for each particular class of work1 but just the same1 the ,hartford printing press is strong enough to do light cutting and creasing1 and also embossing1 in addition to printing4 ,the ,hartford printing press is well adapted to spacious forms of type or plates for cartons1 wrappers and labels4 ,often1 on this machine1 two or more wrappers1 cartons or labels can be printed together on one sheet of stock4 ,on fine color work1 pictures1 designs1 etc41 for art wrappers1 the ,hartford is especially useful4 ,this machine is also adapted to close-register color printing on cardboard1 as used for 8set-in0 forms for holiday boxes1 necktie boxes and suspender boxes4 ,the 8set-in0 forms1 after being printed1 can also be cut out to the required shape on the ,hartford ,printing ,press4 ,,the ,,john ,,thomson ,,printing ,,press ,this is another of the first-class platen printing presses which is particularly suitable for the printing department of a paper-box plant4 ,the ,john ,thomson ,printing ,press is also known as the 8,colt's ,armory0 press1 and it is famous for excellent color and half-tone work4 ,the finest embossing1 also light cutting and creasing1 can be handled on this machine4 ,for long runs of the finest close-register color work1 for 8holly0 wrappers1 pictures1 fancy wrappers1 etc41 there is no better machine than the ,john ,thomson press and many of these machines are being used on work of this class4 ,illustration3 ,john ,thomson ,printing ,press ,many of the larger-size paper box wrappers1 printed in colors1 and embossed in gold1 are produced on ,john ,thomson printing presses1 including the embossed work4 ,advertising novelties1 cardboard fans1 and other kinds of paper 8cut-outs0 are cut out on these machines4 ,cutting and creasing for all kinds of cartons are also done on the ,john ,thomson printing presses1 although heavy cutting and creasing should be done on regular cutting and creasing presses4 ,later on the writer will explain how embossing and gold-leafing are done on platen printing presses4 ,illustration3 ,miehle ,pony ,cylinder ,press ,,the ,,miehle ,,cylinder ,,press ,miehle cylinder presses are in successful operation in many of the largest printing plants in ,america1 and the adaptability of these machines to the finest half tone and color work is too well-known to require comment here4 ,it is enough to say that for the printing departments of large paper box concerns1 where cylinder presses are needed1 no better machines could be installed than those made by the ,miehle ,printing ,press and ,manufacturing ,co41 of ,chicago4 ,the ,miehle ,pony ,cylinder ,press is very useful for printing cartons1 box wrappers1 etc4 ,large ,miehle ,cylinder presses are excellent for printing heavy color plates as applied to the larger sizes of folding boxes1 such as cereal boxes1 tea boxes1 spice boxes and so on4 ,as many as a dozen of these cartons are printed on the one sheet of stock1 being cut apart afterwards4 ,,the ,,kidder ,,automatic ,,printing ,,press ,some of the larger manufacturers of both folding boxes and cartons are making good use of ,kidder automatic printing presses in their printing plants4 ,in some instances the ,kidder is being used for printing cartons from large rolls of carton stock1 and in other cases the machine is running on big orders of box labels printed from rolls of paper4 ,box labels may be printed in one or two colors on a special ,kidder press1 and the machine is equipped with a cutting device for cutting the labels to correct size as they are printed from the rolls of paper4 ,for complete information about these machines1 write the ,kidder ,press ,co41 of ,dover1 ,n4 ,h4 ,,the ,,miller ,,automatic ,,feeder ,,for ,,chandler ,,price ,,presses ,recently the writer entered the printing department of a ,philadelphia paper box manufacturing concern1 and there were seen three ,chandler ,price presses1 equipped with ,miller automatic feeders1 running on large orders of box wrappers4 ,one press was engaged in putting on the final color of a four-color design for a box wrapper2 the second machine was running on a form printed in gold ink1 and the third press was operating on a plain1 black-ink job4 ,illustration3 ,chandler ,price ,press equipped with ,miller ,feeder4 ,the picture shows the feeder in operating position4 ,two of these ,chandler ,price presses were of the #ab #ah size1 and the other machine was of the #aj #ae size4 ,the three ,miller feeders were working at high speed1 feeding the blank sheets in the presses with no difficulty whatever4 ,one pressman1 assisted by a boy1 was keeping these three platen presses continually busy on long runs of the wrappers4 ,his principal work was in taking away the finished work1 and in putting up new piles of stock to be printed4 ,under the old system of feeding platen presses1 it would have required one pressman and three young men1 or young women1 to keep these three presses in continual operation1 but with the ,miller feeders1 the same amount of work1 7or even a larger output of work7 was being done by one pressman and one assistant4 ,miller ,feeders are now being made in three different sizes--#h #ab1 #aj #ae1 and #ab #ah--;by the ,miller ,saw-,trimmer ,co41 of ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,at the present time they are made only for ,chandler ,price presses of the three sizes mentioned4 ,these automatic feeders will handle all weights of stock1 from onion skin paper to heavy cardboard1 and they will feed the sheets to close register for color printing4 ,it should be understood that the ,miller ,saw-,trimmer ,co4 will supply the ,miller ,feeders separately1 so that the buyer may have the feeders applied to ,c4 ,p4 presses1 or the company will furnish complete 8units10 consisting of the ,c4 ,p4 press1 ,miller feeder1 ink fountain1 counter1 speed pulley1 motor1 etc4 ,there is another automatic platen press feeder1 called the 8,humana10 manufactured by ,the ,humana ,co41 of ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,work ,,done ,,in ,,the ,,printing ,,department ,,of ,a ,,paper ,,box ,,factory ,for those not familiar with the special class of work produced in the average printing department of a paper box factory1 the following information should prove interesting and perhaps helpful3 ,the manufacture of fine set-up paper boxes1 such as candy boxes for example1 would use the printing department mainly for printing customers' business cards1 designs1 and pictures on glazed paper wrappers4 ,here is a special field in itself1 for there are many different kinds of box wrappers1 many of them printed in colors1 or printed1 gold-leafed and embossed4 ,many of the fancy wrappers contain beautiful pictures1 done in four or more colors1 while other wrappers have business cards printed merely in one color4 ,loose wrappers for toilet articles1 perfumery1 and other things of this variety are often printed in tints and colors4 ,some are done in colors and gold1 and after being printed1 are embossed4 ,many of the fine loose wrappers are applied to both set-up boxes and folding boxes1 and not a few of them are works of art4 ,by covering a rough set-up paper box1 or a cheap carton1 with a handsomely-printed loose wrapper1 the appearance of the box is wonderfully enhanced4 ,this goes to show the great utility of the right kind of printed wrappers4 ,the manufacturer of set-up boxes would also have considerable demand for glazed labels1 to be applied to the tops of writing paper boxes1 rubber goods boxes1 and so forth4 ,in many instances1 labels of this variety are printed in several colors and gold4 ,some of the fine set-up boxes are first tight-wrapped with white or tinted glazed paper1 and afterwards fancy printed labels are pasted to the top of the lids and to the sides of the lids4 ,the demand for holiday boxes1 particularly the kind loose wrapped with glazed paper containing holly designs1 pictures of pretty girls' heads1 etc41 is constantly increasing1 and all of this variety of printing would also be needed by the set-up box manufacturer4 ,the same manufacturer would perhaps require printed partitions1 cut out of box-board1 for inserts in neckwear boxes1 suspender boxes and other holiday boxes4 ,these cardboard 8set-ins0 are often printed with fancy designs in colors and gold4 ,in the printing department of a folding box factory the style of printed matter would be different from the fine wrappers and labels which have been referred to4 ,here the major portion of printing would be done on cartons1 although plain labels would frequently be needed for cartons4 ,large-size cartons for cereals1 tea1 dried fruits1 spices1 butter1 cake1 rice1 powders1 and medicine bottles are often printed in several colors1 no labels or wrapper being needed4 ,other cartons have printed labels applied to their fronts1 while others still call for printed wrappers of the 8loose0 style4 ,there is always a tremendous amount of printed matter required by both set-up box-makers and folding-box manufacturers1 and therefore the average box-maker's print shop is seldom idle4 ,in the next chapter the writer will take up the subject of practical printing as done in the box-maker's plant4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,printing ,,department 7,continued7 ,one of the larger paper box manufacturing concerns of ,philadelphia is operating a printing department in connection with its plant which is equipped and managed in a highly efficient manner4 ,this printing department includes a complete composing room1 cylinder and platen presses of various models and sizes1 bronzing machines and paper cutters4 ,many kinds of printed matter are being produced1 but the principal specialty consists of wrappers for fine candy boxes4 ,the business cards of candy manufacturers are printed on these wrappers4 ,some of the printing is done in straight colors like black1 blue1 red1 green1 etc42 some is done in gold printing ink4 ,other wrappers are printed in gold size and afterwards finished in gold bronze1 others still are printed in gold size and afterwards finished with gold leaf4 ,moreover1 many of the fancy wrappers are printed in beautiful designs in several different colors4 ,usually1 the wrappers containing business cards1 or designs1 done in gold ink1 bronze1 or gold leaf1 are embossed after the gold had been applied4 ,some of the business cards1 or designs1 printed in colors are also embossed after the printing has been done4 ,among the time-saving features in this plant are two platen presses which produce bronzed wrappers in connection with two bronzing machines4 ,running between each platen press and each bronzing machine is an endless conveyor which carries the freshly-inked sheets from the press to the bronzing machine4 ,in other words1 the feeder of the press lays the damp sheets on the conveyor as the sheets are taken from the press1 and the conveyor automatically 8feeds0 the sheets into the bronzing machine4 ,the old way of applying bronze powder to freshly-inked sheets was in first printing the design in gold size1 and then sprinkling the bronze powder over the design with the aid of a piece of raw cotton4 ,this is the old method of hand bronzing1 and is still being done in some printing offices which do not possess bronzing machines4 ,the hand process of bronzing is slow and very unpleasant to the workers who apply the bronze powder1 the worker's hands1 face and clothing soon becoming covered with the bronze which also flies all over the work-rooms4 ,,hand ,,bronzing ,with hand bronzing1 a table is moved near the press where the gold size is being applied to the sheets4 ,at one end of the table is a box containing the bronze powder4 ,the workers who do the bronzing sit on either side of the table4 ,as the feeder of the press removes the printed sheets he lays them on the table where the bronzing is done4 ,after the sheets are thoroughly dry1 all loose particles of the bronze powder are wiped off by means of rubbing with raw cotton4 ,illustration3 ,fuchs ,lang ,manufacturing ,co4 ,bronzing ,machine4 ,a first class bronzing machine is a necessity for the printing department of a paper box plant where bronzing is done to a considerable extent4 ,the machine dusts the sheets in addition to applying the bronze1 and no hand work is necessary other than feeding the sheets into the bronzing machine4 ,the time-saving method of transferring the sheets from the press to the bronzer1 mentioned in the foregoing paragraphs1 makes it possible to operate the bronzing machine without a feeder4 ,the conveyor system is a comparatively new idea1 however1 and the concern referred to had the device built on special order4 ,there is no reason why any box-maker could not have the same kind of device built for his purpose4 ,there are several good bronzing machines on the market1 and one of the most popular machines of this kind is made by the ,fuchs ,lang ,manufacturing ,company1 of ,new ,york ,city4 ,this concern also supplies all kinds of bronze powders in all shades1 bronze sizes1 and all colors of regular printing inks4 ,practically all of the printing ink manufacturers will supply bronze powders and bronze sizes in any quantity desired4 ,,printing ,,in ,,gold ,,size ,,for ,,bronzing ,,on ,,box ,,wrappers ,the printing plate1 or form of type1 is locked up in a chase in the same way as any other form for printing4 ,gold size--a special printing ink having a 8tacky0 body1 and usually light brown in color--is put on the press4 ,if the run is to be a long one1 say #e1jjj impressions or more1 the size should be applied by means of an ink fountain which will insure an even flow of color4 ,making ready for a form of this class is not difficult4 ,the tympan may consist of half a dozen sheets of news or book paper1 a sheet of fuller board 7or binders' board71 and one top-sheet of heavy manila paper4 ,the fuller board should be placed directly under the ,manila top-sheet1 and the sheets of news or book paper should be placed underneath the fuller board4 ,this is called a 8hard0 tympan1 and it will give better results in the printing than a 8soft0 tympan4 ,start the make-ready with a weak impression1 and then add sheets of news or book paper1 underneath the fuller board1 until the subject prints sharply and distinctly on the stock used for the wrappers4 ,highly glazed paper is generally used for box-wrappers which are to be bronzed1 and the heavy size will often 8lift0 or 8pick0 the glazed surface of the stock in printing4 ,to overcome this trouble1 add a few drops of boiled linseed oil to the size1 or a few drops of #jj reducing varnish4 ,any of the printing ink manufacturers can supply a reducing preparation for this purpose4 ,only a few drops of the reducer should be added to a quantity of the size as the size will not hold the bronze powder when made too thin4 ,as the sheets are printed with the size1 the bronze powder should be applied immediately4 ,no more than a dozen or so sheets should be printed ahead of the bronzing4 ,carry merely enough size on the press to cause the type-form or plate to print clearly4 ,an extra-heavy flow of color will retard drying and will cause a wastage of the bronze powder4 ,bronzing may be done in rich-gold1 pale gold1 silver1 green1 red1 etc4 ,rich-gold bronze powder is the most used for box wrappers4 ,fancy labels for perfume bottles1 face powder boxes1 etc41 are often bronzed in green or red in addition to gold and silver4 ,special bronze size1 of the one color1 will do for all colors of bronze4 ,,burnishing ,when it is desirable to have a brilliant polish on bronzed subjects of box wrappers1 burnishing is done as follows3 ,after the wrappers have been sized and bronzed1 and after the printing is thoroughly dry1 the rollers and disc 7or cylinder7 of the press are washed clean of the size4 ,we refer to the same press which has handled the form for the bronzing in question4 ,the rollers are then removed4 ,about four extra sheets of news or book paper are placed in the tympan1 again underneath the fuller board1 so as to make a stronger impression4 ,the same plate or form of type which has been used for the size remains on the press4 ,the bronzed sheets are then run through the press for the second time1 feeding them to close register4 ,this second 8inkless0 printing causes the plate or type-form to polish the bronzed subject on the sheets4 ,,printing ,,in ,,gold ,,ink ,several of the leading printing ink manufacturers are now making a special gold ink which gives a close imitation of gold bronzing4 ,the ,sleight ,metallic ,ink ,company1 of ,philadelphia1 is supplying an excellent gold ink which is particularly adapted to glazed paper4 ,this ink is furnished in the form of a liquid and a bronze powder1 and the printer mixes a fresh quantity of the gold ink for each job4 ,printing in gold ink is done in the same way as other printing1 with the exception of having rather a light impression1 and the inking apparatus must be absolutely clean before the gold ink is put on4 ,rollers containing traces of regular printing ink1 oil or grease1 will seriously affect the quality of the gold ink4 ,heavy impression will cause the subject to press deeply into the paper1 and this in turn will cause the gold ink to present a 8ragged0 appearance at the edges of type characters1 rules1 borders1 etc4 ,a light impression allows just the right amount of gold ink to transfer to the surface of the paper4 ,when printing a long run of paper with gold ink1 the rollers and other inking parts of the press should be washed about every two hours4 ,fresh color is then put on1 and this helps in keeping a bright color4 ,,gold ,,leafing ,,for ,,box ,,wrappers ,gold leafing for printed designs on box wrappers may be done with the aid of a platen press as follows3 ,first1 a special size1 made especially for gold leafing1 is required1 and this size can be obtained from any of the leading printing-ink manufacturers4 ,this size is used on the press in the same way as size for bronzing4 ,the gold leaf layers1 as they are called in the trade1 work on a table arranged near the press on which the printing is being done4 ,as the printed sheets are laid on the table1 single sheets of the gold leaf are 8shaken0 from the books containing the gold leaf1 and the leaf is laid over the printed detail so accurately that all parts of the printed design are minutely covered4 ,when one sheet of gold leaf is not large enough to cover all of the detail1 another sheet is used to complete the work4 ,after the gold leaf has been applied to the wrappers1 some workers employ a common clothes wringer in making the gold leaf adhere firmly to the printed detail4 ,the wrappers are simply run through the rollers of the clothes wringer under heavy pressure4 ,loose portions of the gold leaf are not rubbed off the wrapper until after the printing is thoroughly dry4 ,another method of making the gold leaf hold firmly to the size is in running the wrappers through the printing press after the leaf has been laid4 ,in this case1 a quantity of blank sheets of news or book paper are essential4 ,the wrapper containing gold leaf is again placed in the press1 close to the feeding guides1 and over the detail1 or gold-leafed design1 a sheet of the blank paper is spread4 ,an impression of the form is then taken on the blank sheet1 causing the gold leaf to press firmly to the size4 ,this is said to be the best process for gold leafing with the aid of a platen press4 ,after running the gold-leafed sheets through the rollers of a clothes wringer1 or for the second time through a printing press1 in the manner described1 loose portions of the gold leaf are rubbed off the sheets with a piece of raw cotton4 ,in gold leafing of this class1 the wrappers are usually embossed after the gold leafing has been done1 producing a beautiful effect with the detail of the subject standing up in bold relief4 ,,embossing ,,on ,,platen ,,presses ,both hot and cold embossing can be done successfully on regular platen presses of the ,hartford and ,john ,thomson type1 although there are special embossing presses made especially for the work4 ,illustration3 ,hartford ,electric ,embossing ,plate ,heater4 ,the ,national ,machine ,company1 of ,hartford1 ,conn41 are making the 8,hartford ,electric ,embossing ,plate ,heater10 which may be used on all styles of platen presses for hot embossing4 ,as indicated by its name1 the ,hartford ,electric ,heater1 while on the press1 is heated by electric current supplied from the regular wiring system in the plant4 ,the female die1 or several female dies1 are attached to the surface plate of the ,hartford ,electric ,heater by means of ,bunter-,post ,registering ,screws4 ,by moving these screws1 the die or number of dies may be placed in any position desired4 ,hot 7electric7 embossing will produce more perfect effects than ordinary cold embossing1 although cold embossing is good enough for the purpose of box wrappers in many instances4 ,it should be understood that the ,hartford ,electric ,heater will do for both hot and cold embossing1 as it is an excellent device for holding and registering embossing plates4 ,cold embossing means simply that no heat is applied to the embossing plates4 ,the embossing plate1 or female die1 is usually made of brass1 and it contains an intaglio reproduction of the printed subject which is to be embossed4 ,when the embossing plate is to be used on a platen press in the same way as a form of type1 the plate is made type-high and is locked up in a chase with furniture and quoins in the usual manner4 ,when the embossing plate is to be attached to a patented base1 like the ,hartford ,electric ,heater1 the plate is not made type-high1 but just high enough to allow for the thickness of the patented base4 ,,making ,,the ,,male ,,die1 ,,or ,,counter ,,die1 ,,for ,,either ,,hot ,,or ,,cold ,,embossing ,the male die1 or counter die1 for either hot or cold embossing1 is made in the same way1 as follows3 ,first1 the inking rollers are removed from the press4 ,a regular embossing press1 of course1 has no inking rollers4 ,second1 the chase 7or patented base7 containing the female die is placed on the press4 ,if an electric heater is used1 the electric current is turned on immediately so that the embossing plate will become heated while the counter die is being made4 ,third1 all tympan sheets are removed from the platen of the press1 and in place of these a sheet of straw-board or news-board1 about one inch larger on all four edges than the sheet that is to be embossed1 is glued to the surface of the platen with ,le,page glue4 ,both platen printing presses and regular embossing presses of the ,hartford or ,john ,thomson type have removable steel platen plates which are used for either cutting and creasing work1 or embossing work4 ,the counter die is made ready on the platen plate instead of being made ready directly on the platen of the press4 ,when printing is done on a ,hartford or ,john ,thomson press--a printing press--the steel platen plate 7held by counter-sunk screws7 is removed4 ,on all other platen printing presses there is no removable steel platen plate1 and when cutting and creasing1 or embossing1 is to be done1 the counter die is made directly on the platen4 ,in all cases of cutting and creasing1 or embossing1 a sheet of straw-board or news-board is glued to either the platen of the press1 or to the steel platen plate1 as the case may be4 ,the counter die is then constructed on this sheet of straw-board or news-board4 ,fourth1 the next step in making a counter-die for embossing is inking the face of the female die with black printing ink1 applying the ink with a hand roller1 and then printing an impression of the female die on the sheet of straw-board or newsboard4 ,this impression will show where the embossing composition is to be placed4 ,,embossing ,,compound ,there are several good1 8home-made0 embossing compounds in use which will give first class results4 ,one compound is made of sodium silicate1 ,alabastine1 and a small quantity of ,le,page glue1 all mixed together to form a body like soft putty4 ,another compound is made of sodium silicate1 carbonated magnesia1 and a small portion of ,le,page ,glue1 mixed to the consistency of soft putty4 ,an ordinary compound for a small counter die and a short run of embossing can be made of ,le,page glue1 a small portion of sodium silicate1 and plaster of ,paris4 ,the first-mentioned compound is the best for heavy counter dies and long runs4 ,fifth1 after the compound has been mixed with the aid of a printers' pallet knife1 a thick layer of the composition is spread over the printed subject on the straw-board or news-board4 ,roughly1 this layer of composition should be about one-eighth of an inch thick4 ,over this lay a sheet of ,french folio paper4 ,work rapidly so that the composition will not harden before an impression of the female die is taken on it4 ,sixth1 take a second sheet of ,french folio--a full size sheet--and lay this over the first sheet1 holding an end of the second sheet of ,french folio in the right hand as an impression is taken4 ,now run the press slowly and pull half-a-dozen more impressions on the large1 loose sheet of ,french folio1 moving the sheet slightly as each impression is taken4 ,the raised detail of the counter die should by this time stand up sharply4 ,seventh1 with a sharp make-ready knife cut away all parts of the embossing composition which have nothing to do with the detail of the subject4 ,in other words1 scrape away all composition which forms the blank edges of the counter die1 working close to the raised detail of the subject4 ,near the raised1 detail of the subject1 cut away the composition on a bevel4 ,eighth1 run the press at regular speed for about five minutes1 allowing all of the fine lines in the female die to work up as perfectly as possible4 ,after the detail has been 8pounded up0 sharply in this way1 stop the press and with make-ready knife clear away any additional composition which may have 8squeezed out0 from the detail into the flat edges of the counter die4 ,ninth1 take still another sheet of ,french folio1 large enough in size to cover the entire counter die1 including blank edges4 ,cover one side of this sheet with a thin film of ,le,page glue1 and then glue this sheet over the surface of the counter die4 ,take a number of impressions on this final sheet so that all detail will again work up sharply4 ,tenth1 the counter die is now complete4 ,allow it to stand and harden for a couple of hours before going ahead with the regular embossing4 ,,regulating ,,impression ,on either platen printing presses or regular embossing presses of the ,hartford or ,john ,thomson type the impression can be regulated by means of the adjustable slides and nuts which hold the throw-off bar in place4 ,these slides are held with bolts in notches1 and by loosening the bolts1 the slides can be moved upward or downward in their notches1 thereby increasing or lessening the amount of impression for each job4 ,before making a counter die on either a ,hartford or ,john ,thomson press1 first put on the steel platen plate2 glue on the sheet of straw-board1 and then regulate the impression by means of the slides holding the throw-off bar4 ,by inking and re-inking the female die1 and by taking impressions of the die1 on a sheet of news-board1 the right amount of impression can be obtained 7moving the slides accordingly71 before applying the embossing composition4 ,on other styles of printing presses like the ,c4 ,p41 for example1 the impression screws should not be moved1 but with a ,golding press the impression can be adjusted with the screws which are at the right-hand side of the platen4 ,in a case of embossing where it is not advisable to move the impression screws1 it may be necessary to glue two or more sheets of straw-board or news-board to the platen to obtain sufficient impression before applying the embossing composition4 ,the feeding guides for close-register embossing can be made of three-em #ab-point quads4 ,attach the quads with ,le,page glue to the foundation board1 following the same positions held by the feeding guides which had been used when the sheets were printed4 ,this helps in making perfect register of the embossing with the printed subject4 ,when printing the sheets1 mark the positions of the feeding guides on one of the printed sheets4 ,use this marked sheet1 and follow the marks1 when placing the feeding guides for embossing4 ,rub the quads over a sheet of fine sand-paper before applying glue4 ,this roughens the surface of the quads and helps the glue to hold them firmly to the foundation board4 ,the embossing process described in the foregoing is used for embossing all kinds of printed and lithographed matter on either paper or cardboard4 ,when box wrappers containing holly designs printed in colors1 or lettering done in gold ink1 gold leaf or gold bronze1 are embossed after being printed1 the effect is exceedingly beautiful4 ,in the cases of gold ink1 gold leaf1 or gold bronze1 the embossing not only raises the design in sharp relief but also serves in polishing the gold in the same way as burnishing4 ,,special ,,process ,,for ,,printing ,,glazed ,,wrappers ,when printing plates or type forms on highly glazed paper1 for box wrappers1 labels1 etc41 a beautiful imitation of lithography may be had by following this process3 ,add to either black or blue ink a small quantity of ,german blue powder--the kind that is carried by a first class drug store but not the kind that is furnished by the average paint dealer4 ,the genuine ,german blue powder will prevent black or blue printing ink from 8picking0 or 8lifting0 the surface of glazed paper in the printing1 no matter how bold the face of the plate or type may be4 ,the ,german blue powder also produces a soft1 dull-finish effect in the printing which makes the work appear like lithography4 ,add to any shade of red ink a small quantity of ,vermilion powder for the same purposes mentioned4 ,vermilion powder will also do for any shade of brown printing ink4 ,add to any shade of green ink a small quantity of ,paris green powder4 ,when adding any of the powders mentioned to the printing ink1 use a printers' pallet knife for mixing the powder into the ink4 ,the mixing should be done on a small sheet of glass or on a stone4 ,if the printing ink is too heavy in body after the powder has been added1 a small quantity of reducer will be needed4 ,paste dryer1 or a few drops of kerosene will do4 ,use a 8hard0 tympan for the make-ready1 and do not allow the press to stand idle for a long time1 as this kind of printing ink dries rapidly on the press as well as on the stock4 ,,imitation ,,steel ,,die ,,stamping ,many wrappers for candy boxes1 jewelry boxes1 etc4 have the business card die-stamped upon them1 the stamping being done from steel dies on power plate printing and die stamping presses4 ,during the last few years1 however1 a special process has been perfected for producing imitation steel die stamping and embossing on regular platen printing presses from type forms or line engravings4 ,this new process calls for special printing inks and powders1 and also for a patented machine on which the freshly printed sheets are 8powdered0 and heated1 causing the printed subject to stand up in relief in the same way as steel die stamping or embossing4 ,numerous box-makers are now using this process in connection with the work of printing box wrappers of the better grade4 ,with this process the sheets are first printed in the same manner as ordinary printing1 in black1 color1 gold or silver1 using the special compound instead of ordinary printing ink or size4 ,as the sheets are printed they are fed one at a time into the powdering hopper of the patented embossing machine4 ,in the hopper is a granulated resinous compound which adheres to the printed detail4 ,as the sheets are taken from the hopper they are placed on a conveyor which carries them through a heating oven1 fusing the powder with the ink1 and causing the printing to raise like embossed or die-stamped work4 ,the entire operation is very simple and the results are satisfactory4 ,there are several patented 8imitation0 embossing processes now in use and one of the most efficient is that supplied by ,a4 ,stokes ,co41 of ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,this machine is called the 8,stokes' ,process ,embossing ,machine1 ,model ,c10 and it will handle sheets up to #ag inches wide4 ,the ,stokes ,co4 furnish complete instructions and all inks1 powders1 etc41 necessary for this process4 ,one of the best printing ink reducers on the market is called 8,reducol10 made by the ,indiana ,chemical and ,manufacturing ,co41 of ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,reducol is particularly adapted to all kinds of printing inks used on glazed paper4 ,,patented ,,printing ,,plate ,,base ,,for ,,cylinder ,,presses ,large-size cartons for cereals1 coffee1 tea1 medicine bottles1 etc41 are printed from electrotype plates on cylinder presses1 and many of such cartons are printed in several different colors4 ,as many as a dozen or more different plates are printed from at one time1 the stock being cut into smaller sizes after having been printed1 cut and creased4 ,cutting and creasing for large sheets of this kind are done on other cylinder presses like the ,walter ,scott cylinder press1 for example4 ,usually1 the printing plates for work of this class are attached to patented base1 instead of being locked up in forms in the ordinary manner4 ,the patented base allows for rapid adjustment of the printing plates for close register color printing4 ,the ,uprightgrain ,printing ,bases1 made by ,j4 ,w4 ,pitt1 ,inc41 of ,bath1 ,n4 ,y41 are useful and economical for all classes of folding box printing1 and this base is now being used in a large number of box-making plants4 ,the ,wesel ,printing ,base system1 made by ,f4 ,wesel ,manufacturing ,co41 of ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 is another good base that is adapted to the highest grade of register color printing4 ,when imposing large forms of half tones or electrotype plates on patented base1 no regular printers' furniture is required1 and the plates are placed in the necessary positions in very short time4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,corrugated ,,paper ,,products ,,and ,,paper ,,cans ,another important branch of the paper box manufacturing industry is that which is devoted to corrugated paper products4 ,this is a very large branch of the industry and it is constantly growing and expanding4 ,with the perfection of paper cans and big shipping boxes made of paper1 new fields of tremendous proportions have been opened to the manufacturers1 and the future for this business is glowing with possibilities4 ,the day may come when ordinary wooden shipping boxes and tin cans will be 8ghosts of the past40 ,today we see hundreds of different kinds of merchandise packed in large-size corrugated paper boxes--the same kinds of merchandise which in other times had been packed in wooden boxes4 ,today we see many different kinds of food1 powders1 liquids1 etc41 packed in paper cans--the same variety of goods which formerly had been packed in tin cans4 ,every day brings new uses for corrugated paper boxes1 and also for paper cans4 ,during the last year or two orders for these products have been increasing so rapidly that some of the manufacturers have been unable to keep up with the demand4 ,corrugated paper boxes are now being used in place of wooden boxes for such a great variety of merchandise that it would be impossible to enumerate all the uses4 ,for example1 the standard slotted carton is made in different sizes up to a size where the gross weight of the box and contents amount to #ij pounds1 and where the dimensions of the box1 with length1 width and depth added1 are #gj inches4 ,a corrugated box of this size will be accepted for freight shipment4 ,some of the articles which a slotted carton may be used for are3 books1 boots and shoes1 butter1 canned goods in glass or tin1 cereals1 cigars and cigarettes1 coffee and tea1 collars and cuffs1 confections1 dry goods and clothing1 electric lamps1 glassware1 hardware1 mattresses1 patent medicines1 small furniture1 shirts1 toys1 soap1 etc4 ,for certain articles1 like mattresses1 for example1 the dimensions of a corrugated box may be as great as #ajj inches for acceptable freight shipment4 ,some of the advantages of these large corrugated shipping containers over ordinary wooden boxes are3 light weight1 the prevention of breakage to contents1 water and air-tight1 easier to close and open and easier to handle by all concerned4 ,on account of the corrugated container being firmly sealed with tape1 the box is practically safe from freight robbers who find it an easy matter to 8lift0 the cover-boards of a wooden1 nailed box4 ,this is one of the many reasons why corrugated containers are now being used extensively for export shipments4 ,paper cans are now being used in place of tin cans for cereals1 tea and coffee1 spices1 baking powder1 cleansing powder1 tobacco1 snuff1 salt1 gas mantles1 drugs1 etc4 ,paper cans are more economical than tin cans2 are more sanitary1 lighter in weight1 and are easier to open by the consumer4 ,illustration3 ,paper ,cans and ,cores made on ,langston equipment4 ,,the ,,making ,,of ,,paper ,,cans ,the mechanical equipment necessary for a medium-size plant for making all kinds of paper cans1 mailing tubes1 cores for toilet paper1 etc41 is as follows3 ,one slitter and rewinder1 one spiral tube winder1 one tube cutter1 one moistener1 one double-acting punch press with automatic feeder4 ,for the manufacture of paper cans with tin tops and bottoms1 the following additional equipment would be essential3 ,one single-acting press1 one crimping machine4 ,all of these machines1 and also accessories1 tools1 and extra parts1 are manufactured by the ,samuel ,m4 ,langston ,company1 of ,camden1 ,n4 ,j41 and other well-known concerns who make a specialty of paper can machinery4 ,the ,westchester ,machine ,sales ,co41 of ,new ,york ,city1 is manufacturing a paper can seamer1 used for attaching tin tops or bottoms to spiral or straight wound paper cans4 ,the ,max ,ams ,machine ,company1 of ,bridgeport1 ,conn41 is specializing in machines used for attaching ends to round1 oval or oblong fibre containers4 ,,the ,,slitter ,,and ,,rewinder 7,note3 ,every different diameter of a paper can requires a different diameter mandrel for both the tube winder and the tube cutter1 also a different size die for the cover and bottom47 ,the large paper manufacturers--those who specialize in coarse papers--supply various kinds of paper in large rolls which is suitable for the making of paper cans4 ,the ,langston slitter and rewinder will handle a roll of paper any width up to #dh inches 7according to the width of the machine7 and will cut this paper and rewind it into small rolls from one and one-half inches to six inches wide4 ,these small rolls are then ready for the tube winder4 ,illustration3 ,langston ,type 8,b0 ,slitter and ,rewinder4 ,,the ,,spiral ,,tube ,,winder ,the ,langston spiral tube winder will take two1 three or more small rolls of paper1 from one and one-half inches to six inches wide each1 and will continuously wind and glue the rolls of paper into long tubes1 of any diameter 7according to the mandrel used71 from three-fourths of an inch to six inches in diameter4 ,this machine also cuts the long tubes into any desired lengths from #aa to #dj inches4 ,illustration3 ,langston ,spiral ,tube ,winding ,machine4 ,illustration3 ,langston ,tube ,cutter4 ,,the ,,tube ,,cutter ,the long tubes made on the tube winder1 up to #ci inches long1 are placed on the tube cutter which cuts the tubes with a clean edge to any lengths wanted4 ,,the ,,moistener ,the paper which is to be used for tops and bottoms of paper cans1 must be moistened before going to the punch press4 ,the ,langston moistener takes a roll of paper1 cuts it to the proper width1 treats it with a solution of soap and water1 and rewinds the paper ready for the punch press4 ,illustration3 ,langston ,double-,acting ,punch ,press4 ,,the ,,double-,,acting ,,punch ,,press ,moistened rolls of paper are placed on the double-acting punch press 7,langston7 and the machine automatically dies out and draws up the paper in the form of lids and bottoms for the paper cans4 ,,the ,,crimping ,,or ,,seaming ,,machine ,this device is used for attaching tin bottoms1 or sifter-tops1 to paper cans such as are made for holding scouring powders1 etc4 ,this same machine may be used for bending over or shaping paper tops and bottoms4 ,,the ,,single-,,acting ,,punch ,,press ,this is a simple construction machine made by the ,langston ,company1 and is used for making tin tops and bottoms of all kinds for paper cans4 ,the operation of any of the machines mentioned here in connection with the making of paper cans is very easy4 ,the spirally-wound tube1 which forms the body of a paper can1 may also be used for mailing tubes1 cores for toilet paper and cores for ribbon and thread4 ,,water-,,tight ,,paper ,,cans ,to make an all-paper can water-tight1 submerge it in molten paraffine1 or pour hot paraffine in and out of the can4 ,paper1 paraffined on one side1 may be run on the inside or on the outside of the can1 or both1 to produce a moisture-proof container which will hold semi-liquids for an indefinite time4 ,some paper cans have slip-on covers and bottoms1 others have the top and bottom crimped on2 others still have a neck for the lid4 ,expensive types of paper cans have spun-on ends1 and many are made with screw-on tin tops4 ,when printed or lithographed wrappers are carefully applied to the paper cans1 they cannot be told from regular tin cans4 ,many wrappers for paper cans are done in beautiful colors4 ,,how ,,corrugated ,,paper ,,boxes ,,are ,,made ,there are three different kinds of corrugated paper in general use1 and many of the larger manufacturers of corrugated paper boxes have their own machines for making the three kinds of corrugated board referred to4 ,unlined corrugated paper is usually made of strawboard and is used for lining1 covering and padding4 ,this paper is exceedingly useful in packing glass1 bottles1 and other breakable goods1 being used as lining and padding in the shipping cases4 ,single-face corrugated paper is made by gluing a liner1 or sheet of strong texture paper to one side of the corrugations4 ,the corrugated stock is made of strawboard1 newsboard or chipboard1 and the liner may be of heavy manila1 news or chip stock1 or of other kinds of coarse paper which are strong in texture4 ,the standard length of rolls is #bej feet1 and the standard width is #cf inches1 although this paper is made as wide as #dh inches4 ,single-face corrugated paper is used for making tubes for holding glass articles1 partitions for shipping containers1 lining for barrels and wood boxes1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,langston ,corrugating ,machine ,double-faced corrugated paper consists of the corrugated stock and two flat liners1 one attached to each side of the stock4 ,the double-face board is stronger than any other board of the same weight1 and it also serves as a cushion whenever anything comes in contact with it4 ,this board is made of various kinds of stock1 including strawboard1 news and chip1 and the facing is also of various kinds of strong paper4 ,from double-face corrugated paper a great variety of paper boxes1 shipping containers1 etc41 are constructed4 ,it is also used for partitions1 liners1 padding1 picture backing1 and as protecting boards for mailing printed matter1 photographs1 etc4 ,the ,samuel ,m4 ,langston ,co41 of ,camden1 ,n4 ,j41 is a large manufacturer of all kinds of machinery for making the corrugated board and its products4 ,the ,langston corrugating machine for single-faced corrugated paper is designed to make the single-faced paper1 complete1 in big rolls of #bej feet each4 ,the corrugation is formed on this machine under pressure4 ,adhesive sodium silicate is applied to the tops of the corrugated paper while it is in the corrugating roll1 and the lining sheet1 tempered over a steam-heated roll1 is stuck to the corrugated sheet under pressure4 ,the machine is equipped with a steam roll for moistening and heating the straw sheet before it enters the corrugating roll4 ,the ,langston combined corrugator and double-facing machine takes three rolls of paper and produces in continuous operation double-faced corrugated board1 cut into sheets1 trimmed1 and scored one way1 if desired4 ,it is equipped with a 8,duplex0 cutter1 making it possible to run two separate orders1 each of a different width and length1 side by side4 ,adhesive sodium silicate1 such as that used in the construction of corrugated paper1 taping1 etc41 is supplied by the ,central ,commercial ,co41 of ,chicago1 or the ,grasselli ,chemical ,co41 of ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,s4 ,corrugated ,paper ,box ,machine ,co4 #d-;,bar ,rotary ,creaser and ,scorer4 ,,rotary ,,cutting ,,and ,,scoring ,,machines ,these machines are used for cutting and creasing corrugated board to any size needed for the construction of corrugated boxes and shipping containers1 and the machines are made in various sizes1 one large enough to handle a sheet #abb inches wide4 ,the ,rotary cutting and creasing machine is made by the ,samuel ,m4 ,langston ,co41 of ,camden1 ,n4 ,j41 and machines of the same style are also made by the ,paper ,products ,machinery ,co41 ,inc41 of ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 and the ,s4 ,s4 ,corrugated ,paper ,machinery ,co41 ,inc41 of ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the concerns named also make all kinds of machinery for corrugated paper box plants4 ,illustration3 ,langston ,type 8,b0 ,cutter and ,scorer4 ,the operation of the rotary cutting and scoring machine is comparatively simple1 and the cutting wheels and scoring wheels are easily adjusted to any position wanted4 ,,the ,,langston ,,chopper ,this machine1 built by the ,samuel ,m4 ,langston ,co41 of ,camden1 ,n4 ,j41 is a combined slitter1 scorer1 chopper and rewinder1 and is designed to handle single-faced corrugated paper from the roll4 ,,the ,,langston ,,carton ,,machine ,this device produces round1 square1 or octagon shaped shells from single-faced corrugated paper1 such as are used as slip-ons over bottles4 ,round shells1 with the corrugation running lengthwise1 are made by feeding into the machine strips of corrugated single-faced paper1 which are folded and taped only1 being cut to length afterwards4 ,another style of ,langston carton machine is used for the production of square1 rectangular or octagon shells1 which are folded1 taped and cut to length automatically4 ,,the ,,slitter ,,and ,,re-,,winding ,,machine ,many of the larger plants devoted to the manufacture of corrugated paper boxes are equipped with a slitter and rewinding machine which is used for transforming the large rolls of corrugated paper into smaller rolls of required sizes4 ,the ,langston surface or drum rewinder and slitter is one of the best machines of this class on the market4 ,illustration3 ,regular ,slotted ,carton4 ,,regular ,,slotted ,,cartons ,the regular slotted carton1 made of double-face corrugated board1 is designed with two inner flaps which do not meet at the center when folded1 and also with two outer flaps which do meet at the center when folded4 ,this is one of the most popular cartons in general use4 ,for shipment1 the regular slotted carton is sealed either by gluing down the flaps1 or by covering all outer joints1 openings or seams with paper sealing tape4 ,all kinds of staying material and paper sealing tape1 as used for sealing corrugated shipping containers1 are supplied by the larger manufacturers of paper box machinery4 ,many of the paper houses also carry this line4 ,illustration3 ,center ,special ,slotted ,carton4 ,,center ,,special ,,slotted ,,carton ,this carton is much the same as the regular slotted carton1 only the two inner flaps and the two outer flaps all meet at the center when folded1 forming a more solid box1 top and bottom1 than the regular slotted carton4 ,the side special slotted carton is made on this same plan1 the flaps meeting at the side of the box4 ,illustration3 ,overflap ,slotted ,carton4 ,,overflap ,,slotted ,,cartons ,this container is made of double-face corrugated board1 and has four flaps at the top and bottom1 the inner flaps not quite meeting at the center and the outer flaps overlapping about two inches4 ,the special overlap slotted carton is practically the same design with the exception of the inner flaps which meet at the center4 ,,full ,,flap ,,slotted ,,cartons ,to provide additional strength at the top and bottom1 the full flap slotted carton has two full-size flaps at the top and bottom which cover over one another4 ,the inner flaps do not altogether meet at the center4 ,illustration3 ,full ,flap ,slotted ,carton4 ,the special full flap slotted carton is of this same plan1 only the inner flaps meet at the center1 giving three thicknesses of board at the top and bottom of the box4 ,,half ,,slotted ,,carton ,,with ,,separate ,,cover ,instead of having four flaps at the top and bottom1 the half slotted carton has only four flaps at the bottom1 being covered by a separate lid in the same manner as a set-up paper box4 ,the cover is made of the same kind of double-face corrugated board as the container1 and the corners of the cover are stayed4 ,the flaps at the bottom are sealed with sodium silicate1 or the joints are sealed with tape4 ,for express shipment1 the cover may be tied on4 ,for freight shipment1 the cover should be glued on1 and completely sealed at the edges with tape4 ,illustration3 ,half ,slotted ,carton with ,cover ,attached4 ,,double-,,wall ,,carton ,when an extra-strong carton is needed1 the double-wall box is recommended1 especially for articles in glass of the half-gallon sizes4 ,this box is of the same style as the regular slotted carton with the exception that the sides and flaps are double thickness1 made of one sheet of double-face corrugated stock and one sheet of single-face corrugated board1 glued together4 ,in addition to being used for glass articles1 the double-wall box is also used for large and heavy goods like mattresses1 canned goods1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,double-,wall ,carton4 ,,double ,,cover ,,box ,illustration3 ,double ,cover ,box4 ,the main advantage of the double cover box is that it may easily be cut down to the level of the contents4 ,the part of the body which has been cut off may be used as a box for other goods4 ,separate covers are bought by the user and applied as needed4 ,the body of this type of box is made of a single piece of double-face corrugated board1 stayed at one corner4 ,the covers overlap1 and are made the same as a lid for a set-up paper box4 ,the same kind of cover is used for both the top and the bottom of the box1 and after the goods have been packed1 the two covers are glued to the body of the box and tape is wrapped around the edges of the covers4 ,or1 the covers may be tied on in addition to being sealed at the sides4 ,the corners of the covers are stayed on the outside with heavy cloth tape4 ,this style of box is popular for the shipment of millinery1 artificial flowers1 men's hats1 etc4 ,,telescope ,,box ,the telescope box is made in various heights1 and consists merely of two sections on the plan of box covers1 one fitting down over the other4 ,the corners of the covers are stayed with cloth tape4 ,flat telescope boxes of this class are often used for shipments of books1 pictures1 lithographed paper cut-outs and similar articles4 ,illustration3 ,telescope ,box4 ,illustration3 ,double ,lined ,slide ,box4 ,,double ,,lined ,,slide ,,box ,this container was formerly known as the 8,three-,piece ,lambert ,box10 and is composed of three separate pieces4 ,when put together1 the three pieces of this box provide a double wall of corrugated board on every side4 ,the inner slide is like one box fitting within the other4 ,this box is usually made in small sizes and is adapted to the shipment of drugs1 dolls1 toys1 novelties1 etc4 ,,single ,,lined ,,slide ,,box ,the single lined slide box is made of two pieces of corrugated board1 and it does not contain an inner slide4 ,the folding cover extends down over one side of the box4 ,used for drugs1 toys1 dolls1 etc4 ,,double ,,slide ,,box ,this style of box is made much like the small slide box used by druggists for pills1 powders1 etc4 ,when put together the double slide box has two thicknesses of board on only two sides4 ,illustration3 ,double ,slide ,box4 ,,one-,,piece ,,folder ,the one-piece folder is made from a single piece of double-face corrugated board1 cut and creased in such a manner that when folded up it forms a complete1 flat 8box10 of any size arranged for4 ,these folders are delivered in flat form to the customer who1 after packing the goods1 glues and seals each folder according to freight requirements4 ,,two-,,piece ,,folder ,the two-piece folder is made in many different sizes1 and consists of two straight-cut sheets of corrugated board which1 when folded together1 form a closed box having four flaps at the top4 ,the flat pieces1 which are scored1 are sent to the customer who folds and assembles them as needed4 ,illustration3 ,two-,piece ,folder4 ,,corrugated ,,paper ,,tubes ,corrugated paper tubes are very simple in construction and are used for holding bottles1 glass jars1 etc41 protecting them from breakage during shipment in cases4 ,there are several different styles of tubes as follows3 ,the single-face scored sheet is merely a square or oblong piece of single-face corrugated board1 scored in three places in such a way that when folded and sealed at one corner a plain tube is formed4 ,the double-face scored sheet is made of double-face corrugated board1 scored and folded in the same manner as a single-face scored sheet4 ,the single-face tube is the same as a single-face scored sheet1 with the exception of being folded and stayed at one corner ready for the customer's use4 ,the double-face tube is a double-face scored sheet1 usually made with chipboard or strawboard liners2 scored1 folded and joined together1 ready for the customer's use4 ,illustration3 ,double-,face ,tube4 ,round tubes1 and those of odd shape1 are made in the same way1 of either single-face or double-face corrugated board4 ,the round tubes require no scoring4 ,all scored sheets and complete tubes are delivered flat to the customer4 ,,partitions ,partitions for re-shipping cases1 and other kinds of corrugated boxes used for holding medicine bottles1 etc41 are made of both single-face and double-face corrugated board4 ,a special 8gang saw10 for slotting containers1 or for sawing slots for partitions1 is made by ,samuel ,m4 ,langston ,co41 of ,camden1 ,n4 ,j4 ,the gang saws are also furnished by other manufacturers of paper box machinery4 ,illustration3 ,re-,shipping ,case4 ,cuts of corrugated boxes shown herewith were kindly furnished by the ,national ,association of ,corrugated ,fibre ,box ,manufacturers1 ,chicago4 ,,printing ,,cartons ,printing fibre and corrugated paper boxes is a special branch of the paper box industry1 and there are several printing presses of different makes designed particularly for this class of work4 ,many large buyers of fibre and corrugated paper boxes have advertising matter printed on the outside of the boxes1 and in numerous instances1 the printing is done in two or more different colors4 ,the advantages of having advertising matter printed on the shipping containers are recognized by large manufacturers4 ,for example1 many of the corrugated containers used for holding tins and glass jars of smoking tobacco have attractive advertising matter printed on all four sides4 ,illustration3 ,langston ,multi-color ,printing ,press for ,shipping ,containers4 ,among the most efficient printing presses which are now in general service for printing fibre and corrugated shipping containers are the ,f4 ,x4 ,hooper fibre printing press1 made by the ,f4 ,x4 ,hooper ,co41 ,inc41 of ,glenarm1 ,md41 and the ,langston multi-color printing press1 made by ,samuel ,m4 ,langston ,co41 of ,camden1 ,n4 ,j4 ,both of these machines are rotary presses and are capable of producing great quantities of work at high speed4 ,the printing is done from electrotype plates which are attached to the printing cylinder of the press4 ,any of the paper box machinery concerns mentioned in this series of articles will send catalogues and detailed information covering their machines upon request4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,the cover image was created by transcriber and placed in the public domain4 ,inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation such as 8box-maker0_/8box maker0 and 8strawboard0_/8straw-board0 have been maintained4 ,minor punctuation and spelling errors have been silently corrected and1 except for those changes noted below1 all misspellings in the text1 and inconsistent or archaic usage1 have been retained4 ,page #be3 8,attached to the machine is a receptable0 changed to 8,attached to the machine is a receptacle04 ,page #bg3 8,the bettter class of set-up boxes0 changed to 8,the better class of set-up boxes04 ,page #da3 8,the stock used for the partititions0 changed to 8,the stock used for the partitions04 ,page #id3 8the ends of the ribon0 changed to 8the ends of the ribbon04 ,page #aah3 8and you're just bound to succeeed0 changed to 8and you're just bound to succeed04 ,page #aei3 8keeping their plants in first class phyical0 changed to 8keeping their plants in first class physical04 ,page #afe3 8,it would be impossible to specifiy0 changed to 8,it would be impossible to specify04 ,page #afi3 8in additon to doing printing0 changed to 8in addition to doing printing04 ,page #aie3 8resinous compound which adhers0 changed to 8resinous compound which adheres04 ,page #bja3 8equipment necessary for a memium-size0 changed to 8equipment necessary for a medium-size04