,transcriber's note4 ,a list of the changes made can be found at the end of the book4 ,formatting and special characters are indicated as follows3 ,sidenotes italic bold ,,types ,,of ,,prose ,,narratives ,,types ,,of ,,prose ,,narratives ,a ,,text-,,book ,,for ,,the ,,story ,,writer ,,by ,,harriott ,,ely ,,fansler ,assistant ,professor of ,english in the ,university of the ,philippines4 ,formerly ,instructor in ,english in ,western ,reserve ,university at ,cleveland1 ,ohio ,illustration ,,chicago ,,row1 ,,peterson ,,company ,,copyright1 #aiaa1 ,,harriott ,,ely ,,fansler4 ,,preface ,inspiration for any craftsman lies in the history of his art and in a definite problem at hand4 ,he feels his task dignified when he knows what has been done before him1 and he has a starting point when he can enumerate the essentials of what he wants to produce4 ,he then goes to his work with a zest that is in itself creative4 ,there is a popular misconception1 especially in the minds of young people and seemingly in the minds of many teachers and critics of literature1 that geniuses have sprung full-worded from the brain of ,jove and have worked without antecedents4 ,there could not be to a writer a more cramping idea than that4 ,it is the aim of the present volume to help dispel that illusion1 and to set in a convenient form before students of narrative the twofold inspiration mentioned--a feeling for the past and a series of definite problems4 ,there has been no attempt at minuteness in tracing the type developments2 though there has been the constant ideal of exactness and trustworthiness wherever developments are suggested4 ,in other words1 this book is not a scrutiny of origins1 but a setting forth of essentials in kinds of narratives already clearly established4 ,the analysis that gives the essentials has1 of course1 the personal element in it1 as all such analyses must have2 but the work is the work of one mind and is at least consistent4 ,since ,i have not had the benefit of other texts on the subject 7for there are none that ,i know of7 and since the inquiry into narrative types with composition in view is thus made1 put together with illustrations1 and published for the first time1 it has been my especial aim to exclude everything dogmatic4 ,as can readily be seen1 the details have been worked out in the actual classroom4 ,the safe thing about the use of such a text by other instructors is the fact that they and their pupils can test the truth of the generalizations by first-hand inquiry of their own4 ,the examples chosen from literature and here printed are specific as well as typical4 ,they have been selected not only to illustrate general principles1 but for other reasons as well--some for superior intrinsic worth2 some for historical position2 all because of possible inspiration4 ,but none have been selected as models4 ,the themes written by my present and former pupils are added for the last reason--as sure reinforcement of the inspiration1 as provokers to action4 ,often students fail to write because there is held up to them a model1 something complicated and perfect in detail4 ,they feel their apprenticeship keenly and hesitate to attempt a likeness to a masterpiece4 ,but1 on the other hand1 when they get a glimpse of history and when they see the work of a fellow tyro1 they know that an equally good or even better result is within their reach and so set to work at once4 ,the productions of pupils under this historical-illustrative method1 wherever it has been tried1 have been encouraging4 ,seldom has any one failed to present an acceptable piece of work4 ,once in a while a mistake has been made that has reassured a teacher and a class of the accuracy of the contamination theory--the historical cross-grafting or counter influence of types2 that is1 sometimes in the endeavor to produce a theme that should vary from those he thought the other students would write1 an earnest worker has unconsciously produced an example of the next succeeding type to be studied2 unconsciously1 because hitherto1 of course1 the classes have gone forward without a printed text4 ,this statement leads to the question1 ,why publish the literary examples8 ,why not merely give the references8 ,because school and even town libraries are limited4 ,twenty-five card-holders can scarcely get the same volume within the same week4 ,besides1 the plan ,i consider good to insure the pupil's thorough acquaintance with the library accessible to him and with library methods and possibilities is quite other than this4 ,this book is meant as a work-table guide for the student and as a time-saver for the teacher2 hence all the necessary material should be immediately at hand4 ,the instructor's concern in the teaching of narrative writing is just the twofold one mentioned before--to orientate the young scribbler and to give him a quick and sure inspiration4 ,after that he is to be left alone to write1 and the fewer the books around him the better4 ,the bibliography is added for two other classes of persons3 those who desire to make a somewhat further and more minute study of type developments1 and those who wish merely to read extensively or selectively in the works of fiction and history themselves4 ,the list of books and authors is intended simply to be helpful1 not exhaustive1 and consequently contains1 with but few exceptions1 only those works that one might reasonably expect to find in a well-stocked college or city library4 ,i confess ,i hope that some amateur writer out of college or high school may chance upon the book and be encouraged by it to persevere4 ,there are many delightful hours possible for one who enjoys composition1 if he can but get a bit of a lift here and there or a new impulse to an occasionally flagging imagination4 ,all but the very earliest literature has been produced thus--namely1 by a conscious writing to a type1 with an idea either of direct imitation1 as in the case of ,chaucer1 who gloried in his authorities2 or of variation and combination1 as in the case of ,walpole2 or of equaling or surpassing in excellence1 as in the case of ,james ,fenimore ,cooper2 or of satire and supersedence1 as in the case of ,cervantes4 ,but to go back to the student themes here presented4 ,they were written1 with the exception of two1 for regular class credit4 ,these two were printed in a college paper as sophomore work4 ,a number of the remaining came out in school publications after serving in the ,english theme box4 ,all in all1 they are the productions of actual students2 from whom1 it is hoped1 other young writers may get some help and a good deal of entertainment4 ,in each case the name of the author is affixed to his narrative1 since he alone is responsible for the merits and faults of the piece4 ,in regard to the ,filipino pupils no word is necessary3 they speak for themselves4 ,the work here given as theirs is theirs4 ,i have not treated it in any way different from the way ,i treat all school themes1 ,american or other4 ,it is everyday work--criticized by the instructor1 corrected by the pupil1 and returned to the ,english office4 ,the examples could be replaced from my present stock to the extent literally of some ten1 some twenty1 some two hundred fold4 ,naturally1 of course1 as is true of all persons using a foreign language1 the ,filipinos mistake idiom more often than anything else1 and they write more fluently than they talk2 but there is among them no dearth of material and no lack of thought4 ,indeed1 the publishers have been embarrassed by the supply of interesting stories1 especially in the earlier types4 ,the temptation has been to add beyond the limits of the merely helpful and illustrative and to pass into the realm of the curious and entertaining4 ,regardless of literary quality1 ,filipino themes have today an historic value2 many of them are the first written form of hitherto only oral tradition4 ,to say to how great an extent a writer and talker is indebted to his everyday working library is difficult4 ,like a sculptor to an excellent quarry1 a teacher can indeed forget to give credit where credit is due1 especially to the more general books of reference such as encyclopedias and histories of literature--,saintsbury1 ,chambers1 ,ticknor1 ,jusserand4 ,i would speak of the ,standard ,dictionary1 that does all my spelling for me and not a little of my defining2 and the ,encyclopedia ,britannica1 which in these days of special treatises is sometimes superciliously passed over1 though it offers in its pages not only much valuable literary information1 but some of that information in the form of very valuable literature4 ,next to these might be placed ,dunlop's ,history of ,fiction2 and last1 particular and occasional compilations like ,brewer's and ,blumentritt's1 and criticism like ,murray's1 ,keightley's and ,newbigging's4 ,then there is the ,world's ,great ,classics ,series4 ,just how much ,i owe to these general texts ,i cannot perhaps tell definitely2 though ,i am not conscious of borrowing where ,i have not given full credit4 ,as ,i have said before1 direct treatises on my subject are lacking2 so ,i shall have to bear alone the brunt of criticism on the analysis1 or the main body of the book4 ,i know of no one else to blame4 ,grateful acknowledgment is due to my husband1 ,dean ,spruill ,fansler1 for long-suffering kindness in answering appeals to his opinion and for reading the manuscript1 compiling the bibliography1 and making the index4 ,without his generous help ,i should hardly have found time or courage to put the chapters together4 ,in justice to former assistant ,english instructors in the ,united ,states who have successfully followed earlier unpublished outlines1 and to my colleagues in the ,university of the ,philippines who have been teaching from the book in manuscript form for nine months1 it ought to be said that1 whatever faults the work may have--and ,i fear they are all too many--it can hardly be dismissed as an immature and untried theory4 ,if there should be found any merit in the content of the book in general1 ,i should like to have that ascribed to the influence of the department of ,english and ,comparative ,literature of ,columbia ,university1 where ,i had the privilege of graduate study with such scholars as ,ashley ,horace ,thorndike1 ,william ,peterfield ,trent and ,jefferson ,butler ,fletcher4 ,my chief material debt is to the publishing firms who have very courteously permitted the reprinting of narratives selected from their copyrighted editions4 ,h4 ,e4 ,f4 ,university of the ,philippines1 ,manila1 #aiaa4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,list ,,of ,,stories xv-xx ,,introduction xxi-xxvi ,part #a4 ,narratives of ,imaginary ,events ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,primitive-,,religious ,,group #a-hb ,i4 ,,myth--,classes of myths3 primitive-tribal and artificial-literary--,myth age not a past epoch--,how traditional myths are collected--,how original myths are composed--,difference between myth and allegory1 and myth and legend--,working definition--,list of mythological deities3 ,greek1 ,roman1 ,egyptian1 ,hindu1 ,russian1 ,finnish1 ,norse1 ,filipino--,examples #a ,,ii4 ,,legend--,myth and legend compared--,saga--,saint legends--,geoffrey of ,monmouth--,legendary romance--,modern literary legends--,how to select and record a legend of growth--,how to write a legend of art--,working definition--,examples #bb ,,iii4 ,,fairy ,,tale--,attitude toward fairy stories--,fundamental characteristics of fairies--,northern fairies and their attributes--,some literary fairy tales--,how to proceed to write a fairy tale--,summary definition--,partial lists of fairies of different countries3 ,northern1 ,irish and ,scotch1 ,filipino1 ,russian1 ,arabian1 and ,miscellaneous--,examples #dc ,,iv4 ,,nursery ,,saga--,origin--,the brothers ,grimm--,english nursery sagas--,distinguishing elements3 kind of hero1 rhymes1 repetition of situation1 supernatural element--,a few specific suggestions--,working definition--,examples #fe ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,symbolic-,,didactic ,,group #hc-abg ,i4 ,,fable--sop--,other early fabulists--,hitopadesa and ,panchatantra--,reynard the ,fox and bestiaries--,some more writers of fables--,working definition--,classes of fables3 rational1 non-rational1 mixed--,how to write an original fable--,maxims upon which fables may be built--,examples #hc ,,ii4 ,,parable--,distinguishing characteristics--,tolstoy--,suggestions on writing a parable--,working definition--,a list of proverbs that might be expanded into parables--,examples #aja ,,iii4 ,,allegory--,characteristics--,plato's ,vision of ,er--,modern allegories--,some famous ,english allegories--,allegory fable1 and parable differentiated--,working definition--,how to write an allegory--,present-day interest in primitive types--,examples #aab ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,ingenious-,,astonishing ,,group #abh-bed ,i4 ,,tale ,,of ,,mere ,,wonder--,definition--,collections of wonder stories1 ancient and modern--,suggestions for writing--,characteristic elements--,medival tales of chivalry--,heroic romances--,examples #abh ,,ii4 ,,imaginary ,,voyage ,,with ,a ,,satiric ,,or ,,instructive ,,purpose--,distinguishing elements--,source of the type--,famous imaginary voyages--,suggestions on how to write a satiric imaginary voyage--,examples #aej ,,iii4 ,,tale ,,of ,,scientific ,,discovery ,,and ,,of ,,mechanical ,,invention--,relation to imaginary voyages--,essential elements--,kind of stories included in this type--,suggestions on how to write the type--,examples #aid ,,iv4 ,,the ,,detective ,,story ,,and ,,other ,,tales ,,of ,,pure ,,plot--,the detective story3 connection with stories of ingenuity--,poe and ,doyle--,other stories of plot--,romance--,a few suggestions--,examples #bbe ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,entertaining ,,group #bee-cdd ,i4 ,,tale ,,of ,,probable ,,adventure--,characteristics and definition--,how to write a probable adventure--,a warning--,examples #bee ,,ii4 ,,the ,,society ,,story--,definition--,pastoral ,romance--,suggestions on writing a society story--,examples #bgg ,,iii4 ,,the ,,humorous ,,story--,definition--,fableaux--,picare sque romance--,difference between a humorous story and a comic anecdote--,examples #bii ,,iv4 ,,the ,,occasional ,,story--,the spirit of the occasional story--,its masters--,suggestions for subjects--,examples #cac ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,instructive ,,group #cde-cid ,i4 ,,the ,,moral ,,story--,differentiated from the symbolic-didactic group--,great authors who have written this type3 ,hawthorne1 ,johnson1 ,voltaire1 ,tolstoy1 ,cervantes--,what to put in and what to leave out--,examples #cde ,,ii4 ,,the ,,pedagogical ,,narrative--,definition--,some famous pedagogical books--,froebel--,examples #cfa ,,iii4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,present ,,day ,,realism--,what realism is--,the realistic school--,suggestions on characters to treat--,examples #cgj ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,artistic ,,group3 ,,the ,,real ,,short-,,story #cie-dgh ,i4 ,,the ,,psychological ,,weird ,,tale--,origin--,the ,school of ,terror--,poe1 ,stevenson1 ,maupassant1 and others--,suggestions on writing a weird tale--,material and method--,form--,examples #cih ,,ii4 ,,story ,,that ,,emphasizes ,,character ,,and ,,environment--,kipling--,mary ,e4 ,wilkins ,freeman--,hamlin ,garland--,bret ,harte--,suggestions and precautions--,the ,character3 ,overbury and ,hall--,novel of ,manners--,trollope's ,cathedral ,town ,studies--,examples #dbf ,,iii4 ,,story ,,that ,,emphasizes ,,character ,,and ,,events--,difference between character-place story and character-events story--,component elements of this type--,a scrapbook suggestion--,other suggestions--,examples #dee ,part ,,ii4 ,narratives of ,actual ,events ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,particular ,,accounts #dgi-eef ,i4 ,,incident--,definition--,how to tell an incident--,examples #dhj ,,ii4 ,,anecdote--,meaning of the term--,ana--,collection of anecdotes--,how to write an original anecdote--,examples #dij ,,iii4 ,,eye-,,witness ,,account--,what it is and how to write it--,an ancient eye-witness account--,literary eyewitness accounts--,examples #dii ,,iv4 ,,tale ,,of ,,actual ,,adventure--,the one necessary element--,suggestions for writing--,examples #eab ,v4 ,,the ,,traveler',s ,,sketch--,what a traveler's sketch includes--,great travel books--,fielding's gentle warning--,a motto for the narrator--,examples #ecj ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,personal ,,accounts #eeg-faa ,i4 ,,journal ,,and ,,diary--,the two distinguished--,the range of journals--,vida del ,gran ,tamurlan--,great diaries--,how to write journal and diary--,examples #eeg ,,ii4 ,,autobiography ,,and ,,memoirs--,distinction--,cellini1 ,franklin1 and others--,selection and coherence--,examples #egb ,,iii4 ,,biography--,beginning in ,england of literary biography--,great biographies in ,english--,writer and subject--,beginning1 emphasis1 and attitude--,outline for a life--,examples #eij ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,impersonal ,,accounts #fab-fde ,i4 ,,annals--,what annals are--,famous old annals--,stow--,suggestions on material--,examples #fac ,,ii4 ,,chronicles--,definition--,froissart1 ,ayala1 ,general ,chronicle of ,spain--,saxo ,grammaticus--,holinshed--,true relations--,examples #fbf ,,bibliography #fdg-ffj ,,index #ffa-fgb ,,list ,,of ,,stories ,,narratives ,,of ,,fictitious ,,events ,myths ,,page ,the ,world's ,creation and the ,birth of ,wainamoinen4 ,from the ,kalevala #ad ,students' ,themes-- ,origin of the ,moon ,emanuel ,baja #af ,the ,first ,cocoanut ,tree ,manuel ,reyes #ah ,the ,lotus ,ida ,treat #ba ,legends ,kenach's ,little ,woman ,william ,canton #bh ,students' ,themes-- ,a ,legend of ,gapan ,teofilo ,corpus #cf ,manca3 a ,legend of the ,incas ,dorothea ,knoblock #ch ,the ,place of the ,red ,grass ,sixto ,guico #db ,fairy ,tales ,the ,boggart ,from the ,english #ee ,students' ,themes-- ,cafre and the ,fisherman's ,wife ,benito ,ebuen #eg ,the ,friendship of an ,asuang and a ,duende ,emanuel ,baja #eh ,a ,tianac ,frightens ,juan ,santiago ,ochoa #fa ,the ,black ,cloth of the ,calumpang ,eusebio ,ramos #fc ,nursery ,tales ,princess ,helena the ,fair ,from the ,russian #fi ,students' ,themes-- ,juan the ,guesser ,bienvenido ,gonzalez #gc ,the ,shepherd who became ,king ,vicente ,hilario #gh ,fables ,jupiter and the ,countryman ,from the ,spectator #ij ,the ,drop of ,water 7,persian7 ,from the ,spectator #ia ,the ,grandee at the ,judgment ,seat ,kriloff #ia ,the ,lion and the ,old ,hare ,from the ,hitopadesa #ib ,the ,fox and the ,crab ,from the ,turkish #ic ,the ,fool who ,sells ,wisdom ,from the ,turkish #id ,the ,archer and the ,trumpeter ,from the ,turkish #ie ,students' ,themes-- ,the ,courtship of ,sir ,butterfly ,maximo ,m4 ,kalaw #if ,the ,hat and the ,shoes ,jos ,r4 ,perez #ih ,the ,crocodile and the ,peahen ,elisa ,esguerra #ii ,the ,old ,man1 his ,son1 and his ,grandson ,eutiquiano ,garcia #ajj ,parables ,the ,three ,questions ,tolstoy #ajd ,students' ,themes-- ,a ,master and his ,servant ,eusebio ,ramos #aaj ,the ,parable of the ,beggar and the ,givers ,dorothea ,knoblock #aaa ,allegories ,the ,artist ,oscar ,wilde #abj ,the ,house of ,judgment ,oscar ,wilde #abj ,students' ,themes-- ,the ,chain that ,binds ,elizabeth ,sudborough #abc ,the ,love which ,surpassed ,all ,other ,loves ,florence ,gifford #abe ,tales of ,mere ,wonder ,the ,story of the ,city of ,brass ,from the ,arabian ,nights #acb ,student's ,theme-- ,the ,magic ,ring1 the ,bird1 and the ,basket ,facundo ,esquivel #adg ,imaginary ,voyages ,mellonta ,tauta ,edgar ,allan ,poe #aee ,student's ,theme-- ,busyong's ,trip to ,jupiter ,manuel ,candido #agc ,tale of ,scientific ,discovery and ,mechanical ,invention ,a ,curious ,vehicle ,alexander ,wilson ,drake #bjj ,students' ,themes-- ,the ,spyglass of the ,past ,hazel ,orcutt #bah ,up a ,water ,spout ,edna ,collister #bba ,detective ,story and ,tale of ,mere ,plot ,thou ,art the ,man ,edgar ,allan ,poe #bbh ,student's ,theme-- ,the ,picture of ,lhasa ,hazel ,orcutt #bdh ,tales of ,more-or-,less ,probable ,adventure ,fight with a ,bear ,charles ,reade #beg ,student's ,theme-- ,secret of the ,jade ,tlaloc ,dorothea ,knoblock #bfg ,society ,stories ,the ,fur ,coat ,ludwig ,fulda #bgg ,student's ,theme-- ,the ,lady in ,pink ,wilma ,i4 ,ball #bhi ,humorous ,stories ,the ,expatriation of ,jonathan ,taintor ,charles ,battell ,loomis #cjb ,students' ,themes-- ,kileto and the ,physician ,lorenzo ,licup #cjg ,the ,lame ,man and the ,deaf ,family ,santiago ,rotea #caa ,occasional ,stories ,the ,lost ,child ,franois ,coppe #cae ,students' ,themes-- ,the ,peace of ,yesterdays ,katherine ,kurz #ccd ,a ,christmas ,legend ,ida ,f4 ,treat #cdb ,moral ,story ,jeannot and ,colin ,voltaire #cdh ,pedagogical ,narratives ,gertrude's ,method of ,instruction ,pestalozzi #cfe ,student's ,theme-- ,lawin-lawinan 7a ,filipino game7 ,leopoldo ,uichanco #cfh ,stories of ,present-,day ,realism ,the ,piece of ,string ,maupassant #cgd ,students' ,themes-- ,a ,social ,error ,ida ,treat #chb ,the ,lot of the ,poor ,agnes ,palmer #chh ,filipino ,fear ,walfrido de ,leon #cij ,psychological ,weird ,tales ,the ,signal-,man ,charles ,dickens #djc ,student's ,theme-- ,like a ,thief in the ,night ,dorothea ,knoblock #dbj ,stories ,that ,emphasize ,character and ,environment ,muhammad ,din ,rudyard ,kipling #dcb ,students' ,themes-- ,the ,fetters ,katherine ,kurz #dcf ,when ,terry ,quit ,dorothea ,knoblock #ddf ,nora ,titay and ,chiquito ,joaquina ,e4 ,tirona #dec ,stories ,that ,emphasize ,character and ,events ,the ,necklace ,maupassant #dfj ,student's ,theme-- ,andong ,justo ,avila #dgj ,,narratives ,,of ,,actual ,,events ,incidents ,a ,near ,tragedy ,fielding #dhb ,an ,incident before ,sadowa3 ,birds ,divulge ,army ,secrets ,newspaper #dhc ,an ,incident ,related in a ,letter ,robert ,louis ,stevenson #dhd ,students' ,themes-- ,a ,hero ,dead ,ida ,treat #dhe ,my ,first ,day at ,school ,mximo ,kalaw #dhg ,the ,guinatan ,prize ,leopoldo ,faustino #dhh ,anecdotes ,coleridge's ,retort #dic ,an ,inevitable ,misfortune #did ,a ,point ,needing to be ,settled #did ,patience #did ,preaching and ,practice #die ,johnson's ,dictionary #die ,the ,boy ,kipling #dif ,sir ,godfrey ,kneller ,spence #dif ,pope and the ,trader ,spence #dig ,the ,capitan ,municipal and the ,jokers ,jos ,feliciano #dig ,an ,instance of ,bamboo ,spanish ,pilar ,ejercito #dih ,mr4 ,taft's ,mistake ,amando ,clements #dii ,eye-,witness ,accounts ,the ,portuguese ,revolution ,newspaper #ejc ,student's ,theme-- ,a ,contrast ,adolfo ,scheerer #eji ,tales of ,actual ,adventures ,the ,bear ,hunt ,tolstoy #ead ,students' ,themes-- ,saladin and ,i ,fight an ,alupong ,cecilio ,esquivel #ebe ,i ,get ,two ,beatings ,facundo ,esquivel #ebg ,the ,fall of ,juan ,gregorio ,farrales #ebh ,a ,narrow ,escape from a ,wild ,carabao ,jos ,cario #ebi ,travellers' ,sketches ,on the ,way to ,talavera ,george ,borrow #ecd ,smyrna--,first ,glimpses of the ,east ,thackeray #eci ,student's ,theme-- ,a ,trip from ,curimao to ,laoag ,fernando ,maramag #eea ,journals and ,diaries ,extracts from ,pepys' ,diary #efb ,students' ,themes-- ,a ,diary of ,four ,days ,facundo ,esquivel #efd ,a ,journal3 ,mock ,heroic ,victoriano ,yamzon #efg ,autobiography and ,memoirs ,the ,life of ,david ,hume1 ,esq4 ,written by himself #ege ,student autobiography ,domingo ,guanio #ehe ,what ,i ,remember of the ,coming of the ,americans ,leopoldo ,faustino #ehh ,biographies ,queen ,christina ,hawthorne #eie ,students' ,themes-- ,juan ,luna's ,life ,dolores ,asuncion #fjd ,life of ,elizabeth ,glade ,nellie ,barrington #fjg ,the ,biography of a ,traitor ,walfrido de ,leon #fji ,annals ,the ,state of ,england1 in ,stephen's ,reign ,peterborough ,chronicle #faf ,students' ,themes-- ,annals of ,mangaldan ,translated by ,bernabe ,aquino #fba ,annals of ,pagsanjan ,dolores ,zafra #fbb ,chronicles ,rivalry between ,two ,towns ,froissart #fcj ,students' ,themes-- ,a ,short ,history of ,ilagan ,fernando ,maramag #fcf ,some ,incidents of the ,rebellion of #ahih3 ,a ,true ,relation ,marcelino ,montemayor #fci ,,introduction ,there are many interesting possibilities for both the reader and the writer in a study of narrative types4 ,it is a truism to say that everybody loves a story4 ,every race1 every nation1 every tribe1 every family1 has its favorite narratives4 ,every person has his and likes to repeat them4 ,even the driest old matter-of-fact curmudgeon delights in relating an incident if nothing else4 ,perhaps he tells you of how he lost and found again his pocket talisman--a buckeye1 maybe1 or a ,portuguese cruzado4 ,he will assure you that he does not really believe that the unfortunate events that followed his loss of it were occasioned by its absence1 or the return of good-luck casually connected with its recovery2 but still1 he adds1 he feels much better with the old thing in his pocket4 ,and that was a queer coincidence1 wasn't it8 he insists1 starting again over the details of the happening4 ,so with us all3 we all know and love stories1 our own or another person's4 ,it is a fine thing to write a story4 ,it is good through one's imagination and skill to entertain one's fellows or through one's accurate observation of life and history to benefit society4 ,the narrator has always been honored4 ,in earliest times he was the seer and prophet1 forming the religion of his wandering tribe2 later he was the welcomed guest1 for whom alone the frowning castle's gate stood always open2 and after the dark ages1 in the time of the revival-of-the-love-of-written-things1 he was the favorite at the court of favoring princes1 who lavished upon him preferment and money and humbly offered him the laurel crown1 their highest tribute4 ,in our own day his reward surpasses that of kings and presidents4 ,they come to him1 and for immortality invoke his name4 ,in earliest times he composed in verse so that his story might be remembered and handed down4 ,in latest times he writes most often in prose--a more difficult medium to handle with distinction1 but one more widely understood and more readily appreciated than poetry4 ,narrative as a general type needs no definition4 ,what pure description is the ordinary reader might hesitate to assert1 or exposition1 or argumentation2 but not story3 he knows that4 ,let an author combine these others with a series of events1 let him put them in as aids to the understanding or as ornaments on the thread of his recital1 and they are accepted without question as elements of narration1 be it prose or verse in form1 true or fictitious in content4 ,that is to say1 though a story often contains to some extent all the other forms of writing too1 we think of it as narrative because it carries us along a course of events4 ,frequently the teller spends much time in studying different styles and kinds of description and in analyzing various devices used to secure definite effects1 because he wishes to call to his aid every bit of skill possible in portraying his characters and places2 but general readers take his fine points of description and exposition as matters of course and are crudely interested in the happenings he has to relate4 ,they are unconscious of the fact that much of their enjoyment comes from knowing how a hero looks1 what his surroundings are1 and what his disposition and usual character4 ,a story-writer gives no small amount of attention also to transcribing conversations2 but the ordinary reader takes these likewise as expected parts of narrative4 ,but there is one thing that the author and the reader agree on at the outset as necessary to be settled2 namely1 the kind of story to be written or to be read4 ,it is pleasant to know that there are definite types of narratives that the world has always loved1 and that there are new forms growing up as civilization becomes more complex4 ,some of the kinds of stories discussed in this book are older than the ,english language1 older than ,christianity1 older even than the divisions of ,aryan speech4 ,they seem to be inherent forms of all literatures1 to be as ancient as thought and as young as inspiration4 ,they are in use to-day in every tongue4 ,this book attempts to set forth the distinguishing elements of the types that have persisted1 those matters that a writer must take into account when producing or a critic when judging4 ,though its title emphasizes the fact that now-a-days most persons think of stories as being always in prose1 the book discriminates but little in this respect4 ,in reality a student of narrative cares hardly at all whether the vehicle be meter or not4 ,he is concerned with something else4 ,language form is rather an accident of the time and the fashion than anything essential4 ,it is not dependent on the author's personality even4 ,chaucer undoubtedly would write in prose to-day1 whereas our modern idealists would certainly have lisped in numbers a hundred years ago4 ,we study narrative types1 therefore1 with the idea that verse tales are but measured and rhythmical expression of the same forms--sometimes the best1 sometimes merely the most popular expression--but that the development in presentation has been toward prose1 especially for the more psychological and complex material4 ,on the basis of content1 narratives fall naturally into two large divisions3 those that recount imaginary happenings and those that recount actual happenings4 ,these large divisions in turn fall into smaller and still smaller groups upon one basis or another--source1 purpose1 method1 or what not4 ,under the division of narratives of fictitious events we notice six groups1 when we are thinking of source and purpose3 7#a7 the primitive-religious2 7#b7 the symbolic-didactic2 7#c7 the ingenious-astonishing2 7#d7 the merely entertaining2 7#e7 the instructive2 7#f7 the artistic4 ,within these groups come the following individual types3 7#a7 myth1 legend1 fairy tale1 nursery saga2 7#b7 fable1 parable1 allegory2 7#c7 the tale of mere wonder1 the imaginary voyage with a satiric or expository purpose1 the tale of scientific discovery and mechanical invention1 the detective story2 7#d7 the probable adventure1 the society story1 the humorous and picaresque story1 the occasional story2 7#e7 the moral tale1 the pedagogical narrative1 the realistic sketch2 7#f7 the psychological weird tale2 the story that emphasises place and character1 the story that emphasizes events and character4 ,on the basis of form and of the attitude of the teller1 narratives of actual events fall into three groups4 ,the first set has five types3 incident1 anecdote1 eye-witness account1 traveler's sketch1 and the tale of actual adventure4 ,the second set includes journal and diary1 autobiography and memoirs1 biography4 ,the third set is composed of annals1 and chronicles and true relations4 ,instead of naming these sets1 we might describe them thus3 ,the first is made up of particular accounts of the doings of the writer and others in chance groups2 the second1 of more-or-less extended accounts of the sayings and doings of individual personages who for the time are important and either write about themselves or are written about2 the third1 of impersonal accounts of the doings of larger or smaller sections of mankind as units4 ,of course1 the types fade into one another1 and it is only in analyzing that a person would draw a hard and fast line between any two of them2 but it is permissible to draw this line for the convenience of study and discussion4 ,after an investigator has learned all the kinds1 he may classify a given story into one or the other group according to the predominating characteristics1 or he may make a group of narratives of mixed kinds1 and consider the various elements4 ,if he is trying1 however1 to write also1 as well as to study according to the suggestions of this book1 it would be a good plan for him to endeavor to produce at each attempt a rather more than less pure example of the type under consideration1 so as to get as a result not only an interesting narrative1 but a working model either for criticism or further production4 ,for a person to have studied carefully an analysis of a type1 to have read a distinct literary example of it1 and to have attempted to put together a narrative that contains the essential elements1 ought to mean that he has in his possession a piece of knowledge that will be valuable to him all his life1 irrespective of any purely artistic quality of his achievement4 ,that quality will probably be present much more surely than he at first expects2 for a large part of the excellence of a piece of literature results from definite knowledge on the part of the writer1 a clear aim to produce a particular kind of composition1 and an indefatigable perseverance in revision of details4 ,by emphasis on knowledge and work one would not preclude inspiration4 ,indeed1 one would thereby court it2 for1 as we all know1 it comes usually only to the expert and patient toiler4 ,even ,robert ,burns labored long over his reputedly spontaneous songs4 ,the thought came to him often at the plough1 it is true2 but he confesses that afterwards he spent many hours polishing his lines4 ,,part ,i ,,narratives ,,of ,,imaginary ,,events ,,types ,,of ,,prose ,,narratives ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,primitive-,,religious ,,group ,the traditional types--myth1 legend1 fairy tale1 and nursery saga--are designated as primitive-religious in order to express the fact that they grew up in response to the reverent credulity of simple folk4 ,the myths of all races are the embodiment of their highest prehistoric religious thinking4 ,the legends are their semi-historical1 semi-religious thinking4 ,the fairy and nursery stories are modified forms of the other two4 ,consequently they all belong together in one group4 ,i4 ,the ,myth ,there are two general classes of myths3 the primitive-tribal and the artificial-literary1 or myths of growth and myths of art4 ,from the point of view of ethnology1 the myth of growth is primitive philosophy1 and represents racial anthropomorphic thinking concerning the universe4 ,anthropomorphic is a term derived from the ,greek 1 meaning man1 and 1 meaning shape or form1 and is used to describe the tendency of people to represent invisible forces as having human form 7for example1 the ,deity71 or natural forces like fire and wind as being animate1 volitional agents4 ,it is probably true that1 at a very early stage in the development of both the individual and the race1 every object is looked upon as having life2 and later1 if any distinction is made between animate and inanimate1 spirits are yet regarded as agents controlling the inanimate and causing changes therein4 ,a myth of growth is the verbal expression of this attitude of the mind of a people in its wider and deeper imaginings4 ,doubtless after the first or second repetition of a myth1 which some seer of a tribe chants in rude verse1 the primitive listener is confused between fact and fancy4 ,the non-essential incidents which the narrator adds from sheer love of making up a story are not distinguished from the incidents that really express the working of natural forces4 ,so it happens that1 in the time between the first starting up of the account and the analysis and explanation of it by some philosopher1 a narrative handed down from father to son is believed in1 word for word1 as religious truth1 though gaining details and losing its original meaning as it goes4 ,as some one has said1 it was because the ,greeks had forgotten that ,zeus meant the bright sky that they could talk of him as a king ruling a company of manlike deities on ,mount ,olympus4 ,there are many beautiful myths existing to-day in prose and poetry4 ,in the tribal species1 there is the great mass of ,greek and ,roman early religious stories and there are the ,oriental and the ,norse cycles4 ,in the artificial group there are the later ,greek and ,roman myths like those devised by ,plato and ,plutarch1 and there are our more modern beautiful creations with myth elements like ,milton's ,comus and many of the poems of ,keats1 where not only the incidents are newly made but the deities also4 ,in prose we have the delightful ,wonder ,book1 which ,hawthorne prepared for children4 ,we have become so familiar with ,paradise ,lost that we hardly realize that it is essentially myth--a great seer's expression of the anthropomorphism of his people4 ,like a true bard of old1 ,milton added much also to his people's thinking on the universe4 ,how much he added we see fully only when we deliberately compare the extension and concreteness of his account with the meagerness of the ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,myth age not a past epoch ,an error we are liable to fall into concerning myths is that of presuming that they are wholly things of the past2 that nowadays nobody believes in them or tells them4 ,in fact1 many persons and many tribes believe in them and tell them4 ,the myth age is not a past epoch1 but a condition of thinking4 ,it is always present somewhere and present to some extent always among all races4 ,the primitive tribes of the ,philippines believe implicitly in their myths4 ,the ,bontoc ,igorots1 for example1 tell how the ,moon woman1 ,kabigat1 cut off the head of a child of the ,sun man1 ,chal-chal1 and thus taught head-hunting to earth people2 some of them tell1 too1 how ,coling1 the ,serpent ,eagle1 was made1 and happens to be always hovering over their pueblo4 ,even the youngest child knows how the rice-bird came about1 and why an ,igorot never harms ,o-wug1 the snake4 ,these stories are being gathered to-day by ,american scientists and are being written down for the first time4 ,the native college students of the ,islands have joined in a movement to preserve the traditions of the more civilized tribes also1 and are industriously putting into written form the stories of their people4 ,most of these are not beliefs that are past1 but beliefs about the past--a distinction noteworthy to the student of myths4 ,little children of all races are naturally in a myth age1 and many of their imaginings are as beautiful as those of the old ,greeks1 and1 if made known1 would be as contributive to literature1 ,i dare say4 ,poets are but grown-up children to whom ,nature makes a continued concrete appeal1 and they are always thinking myth-wise1 we well know4 ,so it happens that even the most learned man is willing to listen to a new myth4 ,all the reader demands is that it shall be either a scientifically made record of some present tribal belief or a beautiful and philosophical interpretation of the workings of nature--such a one as a simple1 early pagan1 but poetic and essentially refined1 mind might imagine4 ,plato's myths were advisedly artificial4 ,he deliberately set out to modify and improve the government of his time by means of religious stories1 and he begged the other philosophers to attempt the like also4 ,he gave his magnificent ,vision of ,er as an example of what might be done4 ,how traditional myths are collected ,if one wishes to collect traditional myths among a primitive people1 this is in general the way he proceeds3 ,he calls to his aid the more elderly folk and the little children--those that have time and inclination to talk4 ,if he can not speak their dialect1 he obtains an interpreter--if possible1 one very intimate and sociable with the tribe4 ,then he himself tries to get into good fellowship with all1 and to induce free and natural talking4 ,he asks for tales of the sun and moon1 the wind and the rain1 grasses1 flowers1 birds1 clouds1 mountain-systems1 river-chains1 lightning1 thunder1 and whatever else their gods have charge of4 ,he asks about the relation of these gods with the deities of neighboring peoples--which1 if any1 are to be feared and why4 ,then he makes note of as many historical facts as he can about the tribe--where it first lived1 what are the topographical features of the remote and the immediate places of abode1 how powerful the warriors are1 what respect they command from outsiders1 what are considered most honored occupations1 and so on4 ,these facts are not to go explicitly into the story1 but are to form the background of explanation if he cares to seek or give one4 ,then1 too1 they may aid him in making a happy translation of the primitive oral narrative4 ,the aim of the collector1 however1 is accuracy rather than beauty1 though beauty may be present in his versions4 ,how original myths are composed ,the writer of an original myth1 on the other hand1 tries to make his diction as exquisite as he can without affectation4 ,he proceeds somewhat differently1 though with no less forethought4 ,if he wishes to use gods and goddesses already known1 he attempts not to violate the generally accepted notions of their characteristics4 ,he bears in mind that the beings of myths are large1 ample1 superhuman1 of the race of the infinite4 ,above mortals1 they rule mortals or ignore them4 ,the gods are never petty1 though they may be trivial4 ,they belong to the over-world4 ,they are essential3 they make day and night1 the coming of the seasons1 the roll of the ocean1 the rising and setting of the constellations4 ,connected with them too1 of course1 he knows1 are the lesser events of ,nature's activity1 the speaking of echo1 the blooming of the slender narcissus at the edge of the pool1 the drooping of the poplars4 ,hence the writer of a myth of art modifies or adds1 but avoids making radical changes4 ,if he chooses wholly to invent his deities1 he picks out for each a definite phenomenon and keeps it steadily in mind in order that his created personage may be an appropriate one to perform the well-known actions of the natural force he is explaining4 ,he makes the deeds of his beings far-reaching in result and does not forget to give them euphonious and suggestive names4 ,difference between myth and allegory ,there is a difference between myth and allegory as narratives1 although myth is fundamentally allegorical in the broad sense of the term4 ,the actors of myth are rather representative than figurative4 ,being grander they are at once more simple and dignified than those of allegory4 ,the gods are not thin abstractions raised to concreteness1 but are powerful forces reduced to the likeness of men4 ,pure myth is different from pure legend likewise1 though legend may have gods in it4 ,legend is generally confined to a particular person or event1 or is connected with a definite spot and a limited result2 whereas myth deals with universal phenomena4 ,working definition of myth ,the collector or composer of myths1 accordingly1 posits for himself some such working definition as this3 ,a myth is a story accounting in a fanciful way for a far-reaching natural phenomenon4 ,the basis on which the narrator proceeds is emphatically not science1 but imagination and philosophy4 ,he pictures the activities of the universe as the conduct of personal beings1 as gods and goddesses doing good or evil1 creating and destroying1 ruling man or ignoring him1 punishing and rewarding4 ,a ,list of ,deities ,great ,greek ,deities ,great ,roman ,deities ,zeus ,jupiter 7king7 ,appollon ,apollo 7the sun7 ,ares ,mars 7war7 ,hermes ,mercury 7messenger7 ,poseidon ,neptune 7ocean7 ,hephaistos ,vulcan 7smith who made the armor of the gods7 ,hera ,juno 7queen7 ,demeter ,ceres 7tillage7 ,artemis ,diana 7moon1 hunting7 ,athena ,minerva 7wisdom7 ,aphrodite ,venus 7love and beauty7 ,hestia ,vesta 7home life7 ,dionysos ,bacchus 7wine and revelry7 ,eros ,cupid 7the lad ,love7 ,pluton ,pluto 7king of ,hades7 ,kronos ,saturn 7,time1 who devoured all his children except ,jupiter1 ,neptune and ,pluto7 ,juno was the wife of ,jupiter1 ,hera of ,zeus1 ,venus of ,vulcan1 ,aphrodite of ,hephaistos4 ,persephone was wife of ,pluton1 ,proserpine was wife of ,pluto1 ,cybele was wife of ,saturn1 ,rhea was wife of ,kronos4 ,egyptian ,gods ,ra--the sun1 usually represented as a hawk-headed man4 ,he protects mankind1 but has nothing in common with men4 ,shu--light1 a type of celestial force1 for he is represented supporting the goddess of heaven4 ,his consort was ,tefnet4 ,seb--the god of the earth2 ,nut was the goddess of heaven4 ,these two are called father of the gods4 ,osiris--the good principle4 ,he is in perpetual warfare with evil4 ,he is the source of warmth1 life and fruitfulness4 ,isis1 his wife1 was his counterpart in many respects4 ,osiris became the judge of the under-world1 and ,isis was the giver of death4 ,horus--the son of ,osiris4 ,he avenged his father1 who was slain by ,typhon4 ,seth1 or ,typhon--the brother of ,osiris1 and his chief opponent4 ,he represented physical evil2 he was the enemy of all good4 ,his consort was ,nebti4 ,thoth--the god of letters1 the clerk of the underworld1 and the keeper of the records for the great judge1 ,osiris4 ,the chief moon-god4 ,ptah--the ,egyptian ,hephaestus1 the divine architect4 ,ma-t--the goddess of truth4 ,she is characterized by the ostrich feather1 the emblem of truth1 on her head4 ,anubis--the jackal-headed1 presided over tombs and mummification4 ,the ,sphinx--a beneficent being who personified the fruit-bearing earth1 and was a deity of wisdom and knowledge4 ,hindoo ,gods ,dyaus--the most ancient name for the supreme god4 ,dyaus1 the heaven1 married ,prithivi1 the earth1 and they became the father and mother of the other ,hindu gods4 ,dyaus is also the god of rain4 ,indra--the rain-bringer4 ,the son of ,dyaus4 ,he is a strong1 impetuous warrior1 drives a chariot drawn by pawing steeds1 bears a resistless lance that is lightning4 ,vishnu--one name for the sun2 second god of the ,hindu triad1 literally the ,pervader4 7,brahma and ,siva are the other two of the trinity47 ,vishnu is represented as being of blue color4 ,his sacti1 or wife1 is ,lakshmi1 the goddess of wealth4 ,mitra--another name for the sun-god4 ,rudra--the father of the storm-gods1 the ,maruts4 ,maruts--the storm gods4 ,they overturn trees1 destroy whole forests1 they roar like lions1 are swift as thought4 ,in the ,maruts we see blind strength and fury without judgment4 ,vayu--sometimes the wind was thought of as a single personality4 ,he was called ,vayu4 ,agni--the fire-god4 ,considered the messenger between the ,hindus and heaven4 ,he carried their offerings to ,dyaus-pitar4 ,varuna--the noblest figure of the ,vedic religion4 ,the supreme god at one time4 ,sometimes he was the ,all-,surrounder4 ,later he was ruler of the seas4 ,yama--the judge of the dead4 ,he had a dog with four eyes and wide nostrils1 whom he sent to earth to collect those about to die4 ,vritva--an evil snake which had stolen some treasure and a maiden1 ,ushas4 ,she was rescued by ,indra4 ,ushas 7,ahana7--a pure1 white-robed being from whose presence every dark thing fled away4 ,ushas never grows old1 but she makes others old4 7,same as ,eos1 ,greek2 ,aurora1 ,latin47 ,she is the dawn2 is also known by the name of ,dahana4 ,rita--a word to signify the all-pervading law of nature4 ,it was the power that settled the path of the sun4 ,the abode of ,rita was in the east1 and finally every good thing traveled in the path of ,rita4 ,asoura ,medhas--the wise living one1 the animation of moving mind and matter4 ,he is the mysterious principle of life1 is represented as one god high over everything4 ,however1 he mingles in the affairs of men4 ,surya 7same as ,gr4 ,helios7--the special god who dwelt in the body of the sun4 ,savitar--another personification of the sun4 ,he is spoken of as golden-eyed1 golden-tongued and golden-handed4 ,,minor ,,deities ,kuvera--the god of riches4 ,kamadeva--the god of love1 represented as riding on a dove1 and armed with an arrow of flowers and a bow1 whose string is formed of bees4 ,ganesha--the god of prudence and policy4 ,russian ,gods ,peroun--,lightning2 the chief god4 ,svaroga--begetter of fire and of the sun gods4 ,used also sometimes as name of chief god4 ,dajh'bog--grandfather of the sun4 ,kolyada--beneficent spirit who was supposed to visit the farms and villages in mid-winter and bring fertility to the pent-up herds and frost-bound seeds4 ,a festival in honor of ,kolyada was held about ,december #be1 the date when the sun was supposed to triumph over the death in which ,nature had gripped him1 and to enter again on his new span of life4 ,stribog--wind-god4 ,finnish ,mythology 7derived from ,kalevala7 ,ahto--god of the sea4 ,hisi--evil spirit1 also called ,lempo4 ,his son was ,ahti1 another name for ,lemminkainen4 ,lowjatar--,tuoni's daughter2 mother of the nine diseases4 ,mana--also called ,tuoni2 the god of death4 ,manala--also called ,tuonela2 the ,deathland1 for it was the abode of ,mana4 ,suonetar--the goddess of the veins4 ,tapio--the forest-god4 ,ukko--the greatest god of the ,finns4 ,mielikki--the forest-goddess4 ,osmotar--the wise maiden who first made beer4 ,sampo--the magic mill forged by ,ilmarinen1 which brought wealth and happiness to its possessor4 ,norse ,deities ,odin--the ,all-father4 ,thor--the thunderer4 ,baldr--the shining god2 he typifies day4 ,freyr 7,fro7--fruitfulness2 the patron of seafarers4 ,tyr--the god of war and athletic sports4 ,bragi--god of poetry and eloquence4 ,hodur--,baldur's twin brother2 the god of darkness4 ,heimdall--kept the keys of heaven2 was the watchman of ,asgard4 ,ulle--god of the chase and of archery4 ,a fast runner on stilts or snowshoes4 ,mimir--most celebrated of the giants2 god of wisdom and knowledge4 ,loki--the god of strife and the spirit of evil4 ,he had three cruel and hateful children3 ,fenris1 a huge wolf2 ,hel1 half black and half blue1 who lived on men's brains and marrow2 and ,formungard1 the monstrous serpent of ,midgard4 ,loki's wife was ,sigura4 ,filipino ,deities ,,tagalog ,atasip--a demon of the ancient ,tagalogs4 ,bathala--principal god of the ,tagalogs4 ,dian ,masalanta--the god which was the patron of lovers and the god of procreation4 ,idinale--the god of husbandry4 ,lakhanbakor or ,lakhanbakod--a god who cured sickness4 ,lakambui--a god who first 7according to some writers7 gave food4 ,pasing-tabi sa nono--with this phrase the ,tagalogs used to pray the gods of the fields to allow them to walk on the fields and cultivate them4 ,sinaya--a divinity which the fishermen used to pray to4 ,sitan--a kind of evil spirit 7a ,mohametan word74 ,sonat--the pontifex maximus of the ancient ,tagalogs4 ,,visayan ,laon--the supreme god4 ,makabantog--the god of licentiousness and tumult4 ,sigbin--certain familiar spirits1 which used to accompany any woman4 ,they made a bargain with her and served her constantly4 ,solad--the ,inferno4 ,sikabay--,eve1 the first woman4 ,sikalak--the first man1 ,adam4 ,sinburanen--the god who conducted the souls of the dead consigned to ,hades4 ,suigaguran ,suinuran gods of the ,inferno4 ,sumpay ,tagalabong--spirits who lived in the fields and woods4 ,yatangao--a god which made himself visible in the rainbow4 ,warriors going to battle invoked this god4 ,,bagobos ,bayguebay--the first woman or ,eve4 ,damakolen--the god who made the hills and mountains4 ,makakoret--the god who created the air4 ,makaponquis--the god who created water4 ,malibud--the deity 7fem47 who created woman4 ,mamale--the god who created the earth4 ,rioa-,rioa--a horrible and evil being which1 suspended from the zenith like a large pendulum1 approaches the earth and devours those men which his servant ,tabankak gives him4 ,salibud--the god who taught the first men to cultivate the fields1 to trade1 and to practice other industries4 ,note3 ,in the ,filipino themes a foreign word is italicized only the first time it appears4 ,the ,world's ,creation and the ,birth of ,wainamoinen ,long1 long ago1 before this world was created1 there lived a lovely maiden called ,ilmatar1 the daughter of the ,ether4 ,she dwelt in the air--there were only air and water then--but at length she grew tired of always being on high1 and came down and floated on the surface of the water4 ,suddenly1 as she lay there1 a mighty storm-wind began to blow and poor ,ilmatar was tossed about helplessly on the waves1 until at length the wind died down1 the waves became still1 and ,ilmatar1 worn out by the violence of the tempest1 sank beneath the waters4 ,then a magic spell overpowered her1 and she swam on and on vainly seeking to rise above the waters1 but always unable to do so4 ,seven hundred long weary years she swam thus1 until one day she could not bear the loneliness longer1 and cried out3 ,woe is me that ,i have fallen from my happy home in the air1 and cannot now rise above the surface of the waters4 ,o great ,ukko1 ruler of the skies1 come and aid me in my sorrow6 ,no sooner had she ended her appeal to ,ukko than a lovely duck flew down out of the sky1 and hovered over the waters looking for a place to alight2 but it found none4 ,then ,ilmatar raised her knees above the water1 so that the duck might rest upon them2 and no sooner did the duck spy them than it flew towards them and1 without even stopping to rest1 began to build a nest upon them4 ,when the nest was finished1 the duck laid in it six golden eggs1 and a seventh of iron1 and sat upon to hatch them4 ,three days the duck sat on the eggs1 and all the while the water around ,ilmatar's knees grew hotter and hotter1 and her knees began to burn as if they were on fire4 ,the pain was so great that it caused her to tremble all over1 and her quivering shook the nest off her knees1 and the eggs all fell to the bottom of the ocean and broke in pieces4 ,but these pieces came together into two parts and grew to a huge size1 and the upper one became the arched heavens above us1 and the lower one our world itself4 ,from the white part of the egg came the moonbeams1 and from the yolk the bright sunshine4 ,at last the unfortunate ,ilmatar was able to raise her head out of the waters1 and she then began to create the land4 ,wherever she put her hand there arose a lovely hill1 and where she stepped she made a lake4 ,where she dived below the surface are the deep places of the ocean1 where she turned her head towards the land there grew deep bays and inlets1 and where she floated on her back she made hidden rocks and reefs where so many ships and lives have been lost4 ,thus the islands and the rocks and the firm land were created4 ,after the land was made ,wainamoinen was born1 but he was not born a child1 but a full-grown man1 full of wisdom and magic power4 ,for seven whole years he swam about in the ocean1 and in the eighth he left the water and stepped upon the dry land4 ,thus was the birth of ,wainamoinen1 the wonderful magician4--,from the ,kalevala4 ,finnish ,legends for ,english ,children1 by ,r4 ,eivind 7,t4 ,fisher ,unwin74 ,,tribal ,,myth ,origin of the ,moon ,south and east of ,manila ,bay stretches a piece of land1 on which there used to be a large forest surrounded and fringed by the ,sierra ,madre mountains on the east1 and guarded by the active ,taal volcano on the south4 ,this volcano1 which is on a small lake1 is said to be always looking toward the east1 shouting with his big mouth the name of ,buan ,buan1 a very beautiful nymph who dwelt once in this deep forest4 ,the large trees formed towering pillars1 the vines and moss that grew wild1 together with the blooming flowers1 were ornaments of her court4 ,the birds1 the insects1 and all kinds of animals were her subjects4 ,the people who live now in this land say that in the beginning of the world there was no such thing as the moon that shines at night4 ,they assert that the origin of the moon came in this wise3 ,many thousands of years ago1 when the beautiful nymph ,buan was in her court1 a warlike tribe settled on her land of enjoyment4 ,the invaders began to cultivate the rich soil of this place4 ,buan1 seeing that her flowers would be destroyed and her birds driven away1 fled toward the west in grief4 ,on the sea she saw a little banca into which she climbed and in which she drifted along until she came to an island near where the ,sun sleeps4 ,one afternoon when the ,sun was about to hide his last rays1 he was met by the beautiful nymph1 who at once said to him1 ,o ,sun1 bear me with you1 and ,i will be your faithful wife forever4 ,without hesitation or doubt1 the gallant ,sun1 who had been shining over the earth with open eyes looking for a wife1 took ,buan under his golden arm1 and they together1 as true lovers1 departed4 ,the ,arch-,queen of the ,nymphs1 ever quarrelsome and jealous1 seeing the departure of ,buan1 sent lightning and hurled thunderbolts after the two fleeing lovers4 ,buan1 who was peacefully slumbering on the breast of her lover1 fell down into the water4 ,the ,sun in his fright ran away1 and continued his course as usual4 ,pitied by the gods ,buan did not drown1 but floated on the foam of the sea4 ,the ,sun lighted the world the next morning with a great deal of heat and sorrow in his eyes1 searching for his lost sweetheart4 ,buan1 who was hidden in the foam that floated on the sea1 did not come out until evening4 ,by that time ,sun had retired to his wonderful cave beneath the ocean4 ,buan wandered about until finally she saw a glittering light within the waves4 ,in her fright she cried aloud4 ,the ,sun1 who was suddenly awakened from his cave by her grief1 saw her4 ,with a satisfied heart he took her into his cave1 where they dwelt for a whole night4 ,they sat and talked about their love4 ,the ,sun taught her how to travel across the sky4 ,however1 he asked ,buan not to follow him in any of his journeys4 ,one afternoon ,buan was sitting before the door of the cave waiting for her lover4 ,longing and sentiment grew strong in her1 and she remembered the past days when she had lived in her forest court4 ,this state of mind made her come out of the cave1 and she rode on the air by magic4 ,for fifteen successive nights she did this1 yet she could not see her old home4 ,finally she asked her husband to bear her across heaven in order that she might see her home4 ,the next morning the ,sun took ,buan on his back1 and they sailed across the sky4 ,the world became dark1 for the sun could not then well illuminate the earth4 ,the gods were astonished4 ,the ,arch-,queen of the ,nymphs sent a storm of wind and rain1 which made ,buan turn into a soft brilliant mass of light4 ,she was to be with her husband but once every thirty days4 ,she was also punished by not being allowed to show herself entirely every night4 ,she could not sail across heaven for more than thirteen or fourteen days at a time4 --,emanuel ,baja4 ,,tribal ,,myth ,the ,first ,cocoanut ,tree and the ,creation of ,man ,there were three gods1 ,bathala1 ,ulilangkalulua1 and ,galangkalulua4 ,bathala1 a very large giant1 ruled the earth2 ,ulilangkalulua1 a very large snake1 ruled the clouds2 and ,galangkalulua1 a winged head1 wandered from place to place4 ,in fact1 each of these gods thought that he was the only living being in the universe4 ,the earth was composed of hard rocks4 ,there were no seas and no oceans4 ,there were also no plants and no animals4 ,it was indeed a very lonely place4 ,bathala1 its true inhabitant1 had often wanted to have some companions1 but he wondered how he could provide these companions with food1 drink1 and shelter when there was nothing on the earth but rocks4 ,what was true of ,bathala was also true of ,ulilangkalulua4 ,in his kingdom ,ulilangkalulua saw nothing but white clouds4 ,his solitary condition led him to visit other places4 ,he often came down to the earth and enjoyed himself climbing high mountains and entering deep caves4 ,as he was at the top of a very high hill one day1 he saw some one sitting on a large stone down below him4 ,he was very greatly amazed and it was a very long time before he could speak4 ,at last he said1 ,sir1 tell me who you are4 ,i am ,bathala1 the ruler of the universe1 answered the god4 ,ulilangkalulua was filled with anger when he heard these words4 ,he approached ,bathala and said1 ,if you declare yourself to be the ruler of all things1 ,i challenge you to combat4 ,a long struggle took place1 and after the fighting had continued about three hours ,ulilangkalulua was slain4 ,bathala burned his body near his habitation4 ,not many years after this event ,galangkalulua1 the wandering god1 happened to find ,bathala's house4 ,bathala received him and treated him kindly4 ,thus1 they lived together for many years as true friends4 ,unfortunately1 ,galangkalulua became sick4 ,bathala did not sleep day and night for taking care of his friend4 ,when ,galangkalulua was about to die1 he called ,bathala and said1 ,you have been very kind to me1 and ,i have nothing to repay your kindness with4 ,but if you will do what ,i tell you1 there is a way in which ,i can benefit you4 ,you once told me that you had planned to create creatures of the same appearance as you in order that you might have subjects and companions1 and that you had not been successful because you did not know how you could supply them with all the necessary things4 ,now1 when ,i die1 bury my body in ,ulilangkalulua's grave4 ,in this grave will appear the thing that will satisfy you4 ,bathala did what ,galangkalulua told him1 and ,galangkalulua's promise was fulfilled4 ,from the grave grew a plant1 whose nut contained water and meat4 ,bathala was very anxious to examine the different parts of the tree because he had never seen such a thing before4 ,he took a nut and husked it4 ,he found that its inner skin was hard and that the nut itself resembled the head of his friend1 ,galangkalulua4 ,it had two eyes1 a flat nose1 and a round mouth4 ,bathala then looked at the tree itself and discovered that its leaves were really the wings of ,galangkalulua and its trunk the body of his enemy1 ,ulilangkalulua4 ,bathala was now free to carry out his plan4 ,he created the first man and woman4 ,he built a house for them1 the roof and walls of which were made of the leaves of the cocoanut and the posts of which were cocoanut tree trunks4 ,thus lived happily under the cocoanut palm this couple for many years until the whole world was crowded with their children4 ,these children still use the cocoanut for food and clothing--the leaves for making mats1 hats1 and brooms1 and the fiber for rope and other things4 --,manuel ,reyes4 ,,original ,,myth ,the ,lotus ,long ago1 when the world was young1 the ,nile loved a maiden4 ,she was ,isis1 daughter of a hundred stars1 who1 as she nightly climbed the dark pinnacle of cloud1 drew her silver drapery across the stream's dark bosom4 ,many were the sighs he breathed throughout the long nights--but ,isis heard him not2 for the wind had told her of ,osiris1 ,osiris the beautiful1 the well-beloved1 who daily waked the dreaming earth with his warm kiss4 ,and afterwards ,mira1 the great ,star-,mother1 bending from her gleaming throne1 had spoken of ,osiris and his glittering steeds1 while ,isis listening1 yearned for him whom she had never seen1 whose radiance was brighter even than that of ,nefra-the-fire-bearer1 who1 once in a century1 flashed through the still heavens4 ,so ,isis heeded not the ,nile1 moaning at her feet1 for her eyes were ever bent on the rim of the world1 whence would come in rosy haste the heralds of ,osiris4 ,but one morning1 when the starry sisters were fleeing1 one by one1 to the silent underworld1 ,isis stayed in the dark cloudland4 ,the night winds called her to hasten1 but she heard them not1 and stood waiting--while above the eastern horizon rose the ,hours1 streaking the heavens with their amber veils1 and borne along behind them1 ,osiris himself1 more radiant than her dreams4 ,but ,osiris1 glad in the greetings of the jubilant earth1 saw only a star-maiden lingering in her pale robes on the borders of the forbidden ,kingdom4 ,catching up a barbed shaft1 he hurled it shrieking through the air--and ,isis fell4 ,the winds fled in horror from the earth2 the air shuddered1 and shrank away2 but the ,nile1 roaming in agony through the fields1 stretched out his mighty arms and1 with a great cry1 gathered the lifeless star-maiden to his bosom4 ,and there1 where ,isis fell1 rose a starry flower1 pale1 but with the stain of the dawn in its heart4 --,ida ,f4 ,treat4 ,,ii4 ,the ,legend ,myth and legend compared ,historically the legend may or may not be a later development than the myth4 ,the bards may have ascribed the fanciful deeds of the gods to their tribal heroes1 or they may have elevated their tribal heroes into gods by exaggerating actual adventures into far-reaching phenomena4 ,for our present study the descent is immaterial2 the distinction is all4 ,in the myth the chief actors are gods2 in the legend1 men--men endowed with superhuman strength often1 to be sure1 but still men1 though the favorites of the gods4 ,the course of events in the typical myth is pure and absolute imagination2 the course of events in the typical legend is somewhat held down by facts4 ,when the deeds are magnified or wholly fanciful1 the characters are semi-historical2 when the events or places are historical1 the chief actors are generally imaginary4 ,saga ,in the myth-legend1 or saga1 the deeds transcend the ordinarily credible and the heroes are often directed by superhuman agencies4 ,perhaps the oldest examples of this kind are those recorded in the ,sanscrit ,mahabharata and ,ramayana1 and the ,persian ,shah ,nameh4 ,in the last occurs the beautiful story of ,sohrab and ,rustam1 who lived six hundred years before ,christ4 ,firdousi1 writing as late as the first decade of the eleventh century1 was therefore working over very ancient material4 ,such combinations likewise of older tradition and later writing are the ,anglo-,saxon ,beowulf1 the ,french ,chanson de ,roland1 the ,spanish ,cid1 the ,italian ,orlando ,furioso 7which is the ,french story adapted71 the ,german ,hildebrand1 ,waltharilied1 and ,nibelungen ,nt1 and the ,icelandic ,grettir the ,strong and ,volsunga ,saga4 ,the ,volsunga ,saga as we have it today is prose with some songs from the ,elder ,edda4 ,legend in its written form as a composition type we think of as prose1 though it may be verse1 or prose and verse combined4 ,saint legends ,to the early church a legend meant the narrative of the life of a saint or a martyr1 especially the account of his triumphs over temptation and of the miracles he witnessed or performed4 ,even to-day in some monasteries such stories are read at meals while the monks eat4 ,it is interesting to note that the church distinguishes between legenda1 things to be read1 and credenda1 things to be believed4 ,what appears to be the earliest of these legends and the model of the others is said to have been written by ,st4 ,john of ,damascus1 a monk of ,syria1 who lived in the eighth century4 ,it is called ,barlaam and ,josaphat and contains besides the lives of the prince and the prophet many beautiful parables1 one of which ,shakespeare immortalized in the casket scene in the ,merchant of ,venice4 ,the life of ,josaphat is in turn said to be the legendary life of the ,buddha4 ,there are many beautiful ,celtic and ,anglo-,saxon ,christian stories of this type4 ,in the ,cynewulfian group of ,anglo-,saxon ,lives of the ,saints1 the ,andreas is considered very fine4 ,with its account of ,st4 ,andrew's miraculous rescue of ,st4 ,matthew from prison among the heathen is a sturdy1 realistic description of a stormy voyage on northern seas4 ,the ,golden ,legend1 published by ,caxton in #adhc1 is a translation of a celebrated medieval collection of lives of the greater saints1 composed in ,latin by ,jacobus de ,voragine1 a ,dominican archbishop of ,genoa1 in the thirteenth century4 ,geoffrey of ,monmouth ,the great ,english legendary history and a great source-book of ,english literary legend is the ,historia ,britonum of ,geoffrey of ,monmouth4 ,besides giving us the original story of ,lear and many other things in his record of ,british rulers down to the ,saxon ,invasion1 this twelfth century author1 building on the meager basis of an unknown ,nennius and possibly a cleric's version of ,welsh traditions1 started the magnificent ,arthurian cycle on its way4 ,this ,latin account joined the great stream of continental legendary romance1 added to it and took from it1 and came back into ,english in ,layamon's ,brut in the form of a series of metrical legends for the common people4 ,legendary romance ,that most original and enchanting of all the medieval legendary romance books1 ,malory's ,morte ,darthur1 stands between the old and the new ,english fiction in that it has the content of the one and the form of the other4 ,in it were gathered up the religious element 7that had come in with the tradition of ,joseph of ,arimatha71 the love element 7of the ,launcelot-,guinevere stories71 and the national element 7,arthur1 his wonderful ,excalibur and his knights71 and so emphasized1 so incomparably set forth1 so shaken together1 if you please1 that they combined and stayed together ever afterwards4 ,on the form side1 this work is prose and it is art--the first ,english prose fiction1 so announced and so taken4 ,it is literary legend4 ,an artist conscious of his art offered the material not as history or religion1 but as a thing of beauty4 ,the preface states1 ,and for to pass the time this book shall be pleasant to read in1 but for to give faith and belief that all is true that is contained herein1 ye be at your liberty4 ,when stories such as these1 either by an aim at history or at art1 emphasize what has been believed1 they are classed as legend2 when they emphasize magic and combine history in a riotous way for the mere sake of astonishing1 they are classed as wonder tales4 ,while on the one side legend shades off into myth and wonder tales1 on the other it shades off into anecdote4 ,a tendency to write legend instead of fact is always present4 ,as soon as a man or a place becomes prominent1 fictitious stories begin to spring up1 founded not only on what was done1 but also on what might have been done4 ,but to persist1 a legendary account must be true to the character and traits of the hero or town or tribe or race with which it deals2 at least1 it must be true to the popular conception of the character4 ,though innumerable1 the versions of the ,faust story1 for example1 are nevertheless essentially consistent4 ,typical legends shading off into history and anecdote are those about ,william ,tell1 ,robert the ,bruce1 ,alfred the ,great1 ,john ,smith and ,pocahontas1 and many of the popular tales about ,columbus1 ,washington1 ,lincoln1 and ,rizal4 ,modern literary legends ,there are modern literary legends4 ,an exquisite legend of a place is ,rip ,van ,winkle by ,washington ,irving4 ,a terrific ,french novel is founded on the legendary idea of the ,wandering ,jew4 ,a wholesome boys' story that is often mistaken for history is ,the ,man ,without a ,country4 ,selma ,lagerlf1 who was given the ,nobel prize in #aiji for the most original piece of literature1 has written among others a saint's legend about a hermit who was won to brotherly love by a pair of birds that built a nest and hatched their young in his outstretched palms as1 keeping a vow1 he stood day and night praying heaven to take vengeance and destroy the sinful world4 ,allied to this species is one of ,count ,tolstoy's most widely read stories4 ,it is built upon an idea current in all races and appearing in many legends2 namely1 of an angel sent by ,god to live a while among men4 ,but ,tolstoy1 with his fervent devotion to the good of the people1 has turned his narrative into a parable1 and calls it ,what ,men ,live ,by4 ,another beautiful religious narrative1 an art legend tangent to tradition1 is ,henry ,van ,dyke's ,the ,other ,wise ,man4 ,how to select and record a legend of growth ,it is easy for one to select a place legend4 ,every town in the world1 ,i suppose1 has stories connected with it that are only typically true4 ,almost every prominent topographical feature has an explanatory narrative current about it4 ,take any of these popular tales concerning the cliffs1 river1 mountain peak1 spring1 lake1 gully1 or pictured rocks of your neighborhood and you have a legend1 so long as your story confines itself to that particular spot1 and does not let its subject be emphatically the result of great natural forces or of the cause of all subsequent similar formations4 ,in other words1 one must remember that the basis of legend is particular incident1 while that of myth is universal phenomenon2 the content of legend is exaggerated history1 while the content of myth is fanciful science4 ,all one needs to do to record such a place legend is to arrange the details in a coherent fashion and to write out the sentences in good1 clear1 simple ,english1 sticking as close to the original oral account as correct syntax will allow4 ,if one cares to write about people instead of places1 one follows in general the same directions1 being sure not to fall into mere anecdote or incident1 but to have a full1 complete account4 ,how to write a legend of art ,to write a literary art legend1 an author selects in history some period that he likes very much or some hero or heroine he has always admired1 and notes down a number of facts that are connected with one another and with his subject2 then he lets his imagination loose upon them4 ,he uses terms and expressions of the age of which he is writing2 phrases that now appear quaint add a flavor of reality to the tale4 ,but he is careful1 however1 not to misuse words and thus commit what the critics call anachronism1 by putting the idioms peculiar to one age or one people into the mouth of another4 ,an occasional special touch is good1 but too much straining for effect spoils a story4 ,he gets rather into the mood of simple faith in greatness and goodness1 and tells of brave deeds and generous actions that might well have happened4 ,dramatic truth there must be2 literal truth1 not necessarily4 ,a working definition runs somewhat like this3 ,working definition ,legend is a narrative partly true and partly imaginary1 about a particular person1 event1 place or natural feature2 a story that has the semblance of history1 but is in reality almost altogether fanciful1 since the basic fact is amplified1 abridged1 or wholly changed at the will of the narrator4 ,kenach's ,little ,woman ,as the holy season of ,lent drew nigh the ,abbot ,kenach felt a longing such as a bird of passage feels in the south when the first little silvery buds on the willow begin here to break their ruddy sheaths1 and the bird thinks tomorrow it will be time to fly over seas to the land where it builds its nest in pleasant croft or under the shelter of homely eaves4 ,and ,kenach said1 ,levabo oculos--,i will lift up mine eyes unto the hills from whence cometh my help1 for every year it was his custom to leave his abbey and fare through the woods to the hermitage on the mountainside1 so that he might spend the forty days in fasting and prayer in the heart of solitude4 ,now on the day which is called the ,wednesday of ,ashes he set out1 but first he heard the mass of remembrance and led his monks to the altar steps1 and knelt there in great humility to let the priest sign his forehead with a cross of ashes4 ,and on the forehead of each of the monks the ashes were smeared in the form of a cross1 and each time the priest made the sign he repeated the words1 ,remember1 man1 that thou art dust1 and unto dust thou shalt return4 ,so with the ashes still in his brow and with the remembrance of the end of earthly days in his soul1 he bent his steps towards the hermitage2 and as he was now an aged man and nowise strong1 ,diarmait1 one of the younger brethren1 accompanied him in case any mischance should befall4 ,they passed through the cold forest1 where green there was none1 unless it were the patches of moss and the lichens on the rugged tree trunks and tufts of last year's grass1 but here and there the white blossoms of the snowdrops peered out4 ,the dead gray leaves and dry twigs crackled and snapped under their feet with such a noise as a wood fire makes when it is newly lighted2 and that was all the warmth they had on their wayfaring4 ,the short ,february day was closing in as they climbed among the boulders and withered bracken on the mountainside1 and at last reached the entrance of a cavern hollowed in the rock and fringed with ivy4 ,this was the hermitage4 ,the ,abbot hung his bell on a thick ivy bough in the mouth of the caves2 and they knelt and recited vespers and compline2 and thrice the ,abbot struck the bell to scare away the evil spirits of the night2 and they entered and lay down to rest4 ,hard was the way of their sleeping2 for they lay not on wool or on down1 neither on heather or bracken1 nor yet on dry leaves1 but their sides came against the cold stone1 and under the head of each there was a stone for pillow4 ,but being weary with the long journey1 they slept sound and felt nothing of the icy mouth of the wind blowing down the mountainside4 ,within an hour of daybreak1 when the moon was setting1 they were awakened by the wonderful singing of a bird1 and they rose for matins and strove not to listen1 but so strangely sweet was the sound in the keen moonlight morning that they could not forbear4 ,the moon set1 and still in the dark sang the bird1 and the gray light came1 and the bird ceased2 and when was white day they saw that all the ground and every stalk of bracken was hoary with frost1 and every ivy leaf was crusted white round the edge1 but within the edge it was all glossy green4 ,what bird is this that sings so sweet before day in the bitter cold8 said the ,abbot4 ,surely no bird at all1 but an ,angel from heaven waking us from the death of sleep4 ,it is the blackbird1 ,domine ,abbas1 said the young monk2 often they sing thus in ,february1 however cold it may be4 ,o soul1 ,o ,diarmait1 is it not wonderful that the senseless small creatures should praise ,god so sweetly in the dark1 and in the light before the dark1 while we are fain to lie warm and forget ,his praise8 ,and afterwards he said1 ,gladly could ,i have listened to that singing1 even till tomorrow was a day2 and yet it was but the singing of a little earth wrapped in a handful of feathers4 ,o soul1 tell me what it must be to listen to the singing of an ,angel1 a portion of heaven wrapped in the glory of ,god's love6 ,of the forty days thirty went by1 and oftentimes now1 when no wind blew1 it was bright and delightsome among the rocks1 for the sun was gaining strength1 and the days were growing longer1 and the brown trees were being speckled with numberless tiny buds of white and pale green1 and wild flowers were springing between the boulders and through the mountain turf4 ,hard by the cave there was a wall of rock covered with ivy1 and as ,diarmait chanced to walk near it1 a brown bird darted out from among the leaves4 ,the young monk looked at the place from which it had flown1 and behold6 among the leaves and the hairy sinews of the ivy there was a nest lined with grass1 and in the nest there were three eggs--pale green with reddish spots4 ,and ,diarmait knew the bird and knew the eggs1 and he told the ,abbot1 who came noiselessly1 and looked with a great love at the open house and the three eggs of the mother blackbird4 ,let us not walk too near1 my son1 he said1 lest we scare the mother from her brood1 and so silence beforehand some of the music of the cold hours before the day4 ,and he lifted his hand and blessed the nest and the bird1 saying1 ,and ,he shall bless thy bread and thy water4 ,after that it was very seldom they went near the ivy4 ,now after days of clear and benign weather a shrill wind broke out from beneath the ,north ,star1 and brought with it snow and sleet and piercing cold4 ,and the woods howled for distress of the storm1 and the gray stones of the mountain chattered with discomfort4 ,harsh cold and sleeplessness were their lot in the cave1 and as he shivered1 the ,abbot bethought him of the blackbird in her nest1 and of the wet flakes driving in between the leaves of the ivy and stinging her brown wings and patient bosom4 ,and lifting his head from his pillow of stone he prayed the ,lord of the elements to have the bird in ,his gentle care1 saying1 ,how excellent is ,thy loving kindness1 ,o ,god6 therefore the children of men put their trust under the shadow of ,thy wings4 ,then after a little while he said1 ,look out into the night1 ,o son1 and tell me if yet the storm be abated4 ,and ,diarmait1 shuddering1 went to the mouth of the cavern1 and stood there gazing and calling in a low voice1 ,domine ,abbas6 ,my ,lord ,abbot6 ,my ,lord ,abbot6 ,kenach rose quickly and went to him1 and as they looked out the sleet beat on their faces1 but in the midst of the storm there was a space of light1 as though it were moonshine1 and the light streamed from an ,angel1 who stood near the wall of rock with outspread wings1 and sheltered the blackbird's nest from the wintry blast4 ,and the monks gazed at the shining loveliness of the ,angel1 till the wind fell and the snow ceased and the light faded away and the sharp stars came out and the night was still4 ,now at sundown of the day that followed1 when the ,abbot was in the cave1 the young monk1 standing among the rocks1 saw approaching a woman who carried a child in her arms2 and crossing himself1 he cried aloud to her1 ,come not any nearer2 turn thy face to the forest1 and go down4 ,nay1 replied the woman1 for we seek shelter for the night1 and food and the solace of fire for the little one4 ,go down1 go down1 cried ,diarmait2 no woman may come to this hermitage4 ,how canst thou say that1 ,o monk8 said the woman4 ,was the ,lord ,christ any worse than thou8 ,christ came to redeem woman no less than to redeem man4 ,not less did ,he suffer for the sake of woman than for the sake of man4 ,women gave service and tendance to ,him and ,his ,apostles4 ,a woman it was who bore ,him1 else had men been left forlorn4 ,it was a man who betrayed ,him with a kiss2 and woman it was who washed ,his feet with tears4 ,it was a man who smote ,him with a reed1 but a woman who broke the alabaster box of precious ointment4 ,it was a man who thrice denied ,him2 a woman stood by ,his cross4 ,it was a woman to whom ,he first spoke on ,easter morn1 but a man thrust his hand into ,his side and put his finger in the prints of the nails before he would believe4 ,and not less than men do women enter the heavenly kingdom4 ,why1 then1 shouldst thou drive my little child and me from thy hermitage and thy hospitality8 ,then ,kenach1 who had heard all that was said1 came forth from the cave1 and blessed the woman4 ,well hast thou spoken1 ,o daughter2 come1 and bring the small child with thee4 ,and turning to the young monk1 he said1 ,o soul1 ,o son1 ,o ,diarmait1 did not ,god send ,his ,angel out of high heaven to shelter the mother bird8 ,and was not that1 too1 a little woman in feathers8 ,but now hasten1 and gather wood and leaves1 and strike fire from the flint1 and make a hearth before the cave1 that the woman may rest and the boy have the comfort of the bright flame4 ,this was soon done1 and by the fire sat the woman eating a little barley bread2 but the child1 who had no will to eat1 came round to the old man1 and held out two soft hands to him4 ,and the ,abbot caught him up from the ground to his breast1 and kissed his golden head1 saying1 ,god bless thee1 sweet little son1 and give thee a good life and a happy1 and strength of thy small body1 and if it be ,his holy will1 length of glad days2 and ever mayest thou be a gladness and deep joy to thy mother4 ,then1 seeing that the woman was strangely clad in an outland garb of red and blue and that she was tall1 with a golden-hued skin and olive eyes1 arched1 very black eyebrows1 aquiline nose1 and a rosy mouth1 he said1 ,surely ,o daughter1 thou art not of this land of ,erinn in the sea1 but art come out of the great world beyond8 ,indeed1 then1 we have traveled far1 replied the woman2 as thou sayest1 out of the great world beyond4 ,and now the twilight deepens upon us1 and we would sleep4 ,thou shalt sleep safe in the cave1 ,o daughter1 but we will rest here by the embers4 ,my cloak of goat's hair shalt thou have1 and such dry bracken and soft bushes as may be found4 ,there is no need1 said the woman1 mere shelter is enough1 and she added in a low voice1 ,often has my little son had no bed wherein he might lie4 ,then she stretched out her arms to the boy1 and once more the little one kissed the ,abbot1 and as he passed by ,diarmait he put the palms of his hands against the face of the young monk1 and said laughingly1 ,i do not think thou hadst any ill-will to us1 though thou wert rough and didst threaten to drive us away into the woods4 ,and the woman lifted the boy on her arm1 and rose and went towards the cavern2 and when she was in the shadow of the rocks she turned towards the monks beside the fire and said1 ,my son bids me thank you4 ,they looked up1 and what was their astonishment to see a heavenly glory shining about the woman and her child in the gloom of the cave4 ,and in his left hand the child carried a little golden image of the world1 and round his head was a starry radiance1 and his right hand was raised in blessing4 ,for such a while as it takes the shadow of a cloud to run across a rippling field of corn1 for so long the vision remained2 and then it melted into the darkness1 even as a rainbow melts away into the rain4 ,on his face fell the ,abbot1 weeping for joy beyond words2 but ,diarmait was seized with fear and trembling till he remembered the way in which the child had pressed warm palms against his face and forgiven him4 ,the story of these things was whispered abroad1 and ever since1 in that part of ,erinn in the sea1 the mother blackbird is called ,kenach's ,little ,woman4 ,and as for the stone on which the fire was lighted in front of the cave1 rain rises quickly from it in mist1 and leaves it dry1 and snow may not lie upon it1 and even in the dead of winter it is warm to touch4 ,and to this day it is called the ,stone of ,holy ,companionship4 --,william ,canton4 ,w4 ,v4's ,golden ,legend 7,dodd1 ,mead ,co474 ,a ,legend of ,gapan ,in the early part of ,december1 in the year #ahhi1 a poor man named ,carlos left the town where he lived to go to ,gapan1 about twenty miles distant4 ,day was beginning to break as ,carlos reached the foot of a hill1 which he was just about to climb1 when he heard the sound of music4 ,looking upward to find whence the sound came1 he saw a bright white cloud4 ,from the center of this cloud shone a ray of light1 forming a circle in which were all the colors of the rainbow4 ,carlos could scarcely believe his eyes1 till he heard a sweet voice call his name4 ,he hastened to climb the hill1 and at the top found a very beautiful woman1 around whom shone a light that made the stones and bushes sparkle like gems4 ,when the man had drawn near1 our ,blessed ,lady--for it was she--told him that she wished a church to be built on that spot1 and bade him go to ,gapan and tell this fact to the priest4 ,on reaching the town1 ,carlos went straight to the priest1 and related what the ,blessed ,virgin had confided to him4 ,i believe you1 said the priest1 but to be still more certain1 ask her who sends you for some sign by which we may know that she is really the ,mother of ,god4 ,afterwards ,carlos went to the spot where the ,blessed ,mother was waiting for him4 ,as soon as he saw her1 he immediately threw himself at her feet1 and told her what the priest had said4 ,with great tenderness our ,lady bade him come to her the next day1 saying she would give him the sign for which the priest had asked4 ,carlos came the next day4 ,go now1 said the ,blessed ,virgin1 to the top of the hill1 and gather the roses that are blooming there4 ,put them in your handkerchief1 and bring them to me2 ,i will tell you what to do with them4 ,though ,carlos believed that there were no roses there1 he obeyed without a word4 ,how great1 then1 was his surprise to find a garden rich with flowers6 ,filling his handkerchief with roses1 he hurried back to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,our ,lady took the roses in her pure hands1 and letting them drop back into the handkerchief1 said to ,carlos1 ,present these roses to the priest1 and say that they are the proof of the command ,i give you4 ,do not show any one what you carry1 and open your handkerchief only in the presence of the priest4 ,thanking the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,carlos started once more for the town4 ,when he reached the convent and was brought before the priest1 he opened his handkerchief to show the sign that was to prove his words1 and fresh1 sweet-smelling roses1 wet with dew1 fell to the floor1 while on the handkerchief itself appeared a beautiful picture of the ,mother of ,god4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin is here1 said the father1 and then he knelt before the picture and gave praise to ,god4 ,the miraculous handkerchief was placed in the church of ,gapan1 where it remained until a suitable chapel was built on the very top of the hill1 as our ,lady desired4 --,teofilo ,p4 ,corpus4 ,a ,legend of the ,incas ,we will rest here for a time1 ,uira4 ,the hollow-eyed1 tired-looking youth dismounted from his burro4 ,his companion ,uira1 a short1 swarthy-skinned ,peruvian1 turned and gazed down the mountainside whence they had come1 upon the flat roofs of ,quito1 which seemed like a dream city1 so lovely did the distance make it4 ,it is beautiful1 is it not1 ,juan8 ,my home1 the home of the ,incas1 the most ancient city in all the land8 ,yes1 indeed1 it is beautiful1 and1 ,uira1 while we rest1 you shall tell me a tale of your people2 some pretty legend of the ,incas4 ,i think nothing else would so thoroughly refresh me4 ,now ,juan could by no exercise of ingenuity have touched a more responsive chord in the nature of his friend4 ,well1 what shall it be1 ,juan8 ,you have never heard the story of ,manca1 have you8 ,it may not be what you would call a pretty legend2 yet ,i think you would like it1 said ,uira1 readily complying4 ,very well1 ,i know ,i cannot help but enjoy it1 said ,juan1 as he settled himself comfortably1 with dried leaves for a couch and a tree stump for a pillow4 ,well1 began ,uira1 his gaze still on the town below them4 ,uira1 you're not beginning right2 you should say many1 many1 years ago4 ,the fine-featured ,spanish boy looked mischievously at the stolid descendant of the ,incas4 ,you perhaps have heard1 went on ,uira1 discouraging flippancy by disregarding it1 of the story of ,attahualpa2 at least you have known something of it from the histories you have studied2 how1 before he died1 the mighty ,huayan ,capar divided his kingdom between his two sons1 ,attahualpa and ,huascar1 half-brothers1 giving to ,attahualpa the northern region1 ,quito1 which your geography calls ,ecuador2 how ,huascar1 arrogant in his newly-acquired greatness1 demanded tribute from ,quito4 ,you know how ,attahualpa angrily refused2 how he came at the head of a great army to the seat of his brother's power1 defeated ,huascar1 and taking from the conquered man kingdom and freedom1 left him only his life4 ,then the ,spaniards1 curses on them all---- ,you forget that ,i am proud of my ,spanish blood1 ,uira1 the lad interrupted1 his cheeks flushing with resentment4 ,ah1 yes1 ,juan1 ,i forgot4 ,forgive my hasty speech and unintended insult4 ,but to go on1 the ,spaniards1 mad with lust for gold1 marched with armies legion in number4 ,if you do not know1 boy1 how many legion is1 look at the tree tops above you2 the leaves are countless2 they are legion4 ,the invaders1 with the ,pizarro at their head1 burned our homes1 desecrated our temples1 and captured ,attahualpa1 who1 elated with his conquest1 was returning to ,quito4 ,the ,attahualpa1 the records say1 collected in one room and gave the ,pizarro the wealth of the ,incas2 and your traditions tell you that in fear of his own life1 ,pizarro put his captive to death4 ,this is the story of ,attahualpa as you have been taught it4 ,but ,i will now tell you what it is given only the few in whose veins still flows the blood of the ,incas to know4 ,huayan had a daughter ,manca1 whose name is not written in the annals4 ,she was sister to ,attahualpa1 and in her heart was all the mighty pride of the ,incas4 ,oh1 how she loved the name of her race6 ,how she rejoiced in their conquests1 their prowess6 ,how she delighted to look upon the gold in the temples1 and think that it was all part of the prosperity of her people6 ,there was a woman1 ,juan1 perhaps not beautiful1 ,i cannot say1 well worthy to bear the name of an ,incan4 ,how she wept when ,pizarro1 with his ,spanish followers1 seized ,attahualpa6 ,but do not think that it was for fear that she wept1 ,juan4 ,it was for injured pride2 for sorrow that she was to lose her dearest friend1 her brother4 ,but when the loyal girl found that ,attahualpa1 a ruler1 a conqueror of men1 and most of all1 an ,incan1 was bargaining for his life with a roomful of gold as the price1 she prayed to the gods she worshiped1 to take her brother to the spirit world1 before he should place this blot upon the nation4 ,she--heroine that she was--would rather a thousand times have lost her companion than have had him coward enough to buy his life thus4 ,day and night she pondered and prayed1 and planned ways by which she might ward off so awful an outrage against ,incan pride4 ,after a week of despair and vain thought1 while ,attahualpa was robbing the shrines of their ornaments to fill the great chamber chosen by the ,spanish general1 ,manca determined that since she could not by pleading with ,attahualpa or by playing upon his love for his sister or his country or even for his gods1 move him from his purpose1 she would at least save him from himself4 ,this was ,manca's purpose4 ,perhaps1 ,juan1 ,i failed to tell you that ,manca bore a very strong resemblance to her brother1 and for the first time ,uira looked away from ,quito1 and glanced questioningly at ,juan4 ,the boy nodded4 ,go on1 he said1 his gaze1 too1 traveling to the city of antiquity1 where1 centuries ago1 ,manca made her hitherto unrecorded sacrifice4 ,the spirited girl1 went on ,uira1 realized that when ,pizarro had his booty1 his cowardly fear for himself would outweigh his honor1 and cause him to kill his prisoner2 and so1 when the day came on which ,attahualpa was to open the doors of the treasure-filled chamber1 ,attahualpa lay at his home1 guarded by servants1 who were not to liberate him till sundown2 and ,manca1 garbed in her brother's clothes1 gave to ,pizarro the store of wealth4 ,as she walked home1 along a lonely forest path1 she received the poisoned arrow intended for ,attahualpa4 ,he1 when he discovered his sister's bravery1 slunk off to the mountains1 with never a thought of the rumors which would forever darken his name4 ,thus ,manca's life1 by the sacrifice of which she had hoped that she might keep bright the fame of her brother1 was given up for the sake of a coward's reputation4 ,by crediting herself with the surrender of the wealth1 she had intended that ,attahualpa1 though he had been defeated in battle1 should still remain the hero of the ,incas4 ,there was a pause4 ,the man and the boy both were now staring down at ,ecuador's capital city1 whose pillars seemed to be floating in the mist just rising from ,pinchincha's side4 ,as you said1 it is not a pretty legend4 ,but don't you think1 ,uira1 that ,manca must have been very beautiful8 --,dorothea ,knoblock4 ,the ,place of the ,red ,grass3 or1 ,the ,invasion of ,pangasinan by the ,ilocanos ,long before the ,spaniards discovered the ,philippines1 there was war in ,luzon among the ,pangasinan and ,ilocano tribes4 ,each tribe had powerful chiefs of remarkable courage and bravery4 ,it was believed that they were sons of gods1 and possessed magical power4 ,among them was ,palaris1 the distinguished chief of the ,pangasinanes1 and ,lumtuad1 the skillful chief of the ,ilocanos4 ,these rulers were neighbors and the army of the one plundered the towns of the other4 ,on account of this reason and also of the ambition of each to enlarge his dominion1 a war broke out4 ,lumtuad collected three hundred ships in ,laoag1 ,ilocos ,norte4 ,these ships were loaded with his chosen men armed with bolos1 spears1 and bows and arrows4 ,these ships sailed toward the south1 and entered the ,gulf of ,lingayen1 ,pangasinan4 ,palaris and his army went to meet them4 ,at first1 the battle took place on the water4 ,lumtuad showed his skill to his enemy4 ,he fought jumping from one ship to another4 ,unfortunately he was shot by an arrow and fell into the water4 ,after his death1 his soldiers fought furiously1 and drove back the enemy into the town4 ,when the invading army had landed all its forces1 it pursued ,palaris's army as far as ,mangaldan1 a town fifteen miles from ,lingayen4 ,when ,palaris foresaw the future defeat of his army1 he escaped into a sugar field4 ,there by ,lumtuad's scouts he was found sleeping4 ,they thrust a lance through the middle of his body4 ,but ,palaris whirled himself free from the lance1 killed some of these soldiers1 and pursued the rest until his last breath was gone4 ,he was then succeeded by his lieutenant ,afilado1 and the battle was renewed4 ,afilado's forces were entirely defeated and those who survived were killed outright4 ,a river of blood flowed from the spot where the battle took place1 and the grass that grows there today is red4 ,the place where ,palaris was struck was named after him4 ,after the war the victorious ,ilocanos settled in the province of ,pangasinan2 so that now they constitute a greater number in population than the ,pangasinanes themselves4 --,sixto ,guico4 ,,iii4 ,the ,fairy ,tale ,the attitude toward fairy stories ,from ,ghoulies and ,ghoosties1 long-leggetty ,beasties1 and ,things that go ,bump in the ,night1 ,good ,lord1 deliver us6 the quaint old litany pleads1 and is probably better representative of the attitude of primitive peoples toward the extraordinary personages of the sub-world than is our more modern and debonair view4 ,we have come to look upon a fairy story as a mental holiday1 to enjoy which the narrator and the listener are off on a picnic4 ,but not so do the unsophisticated folk think of the events4 ,the grown-up primitive man believes more seriously in the tricks of goblins and sprites than do our most credulous modern children4 ,to him1 the good or malicious influence of the nunu or ticbalan is not a fiction1 but a reality that must be reckoned with4 ,luckily he can reckon with it2 for even in the earlier folk tales the fairies are not generally immortal1 and they do not have unlimited power4 ,fundamental characteristics of fairies ,one chief characteristic that distinguishes these extra-natural beings from the gods is that the extra-natural are for the most part small and belong to the under-world4 ,they are not so much superhuman as other than human4 ,they may be checked or outwitted or even finally overcome4 ,they have power to tease a man1 though not the power utterly to destroy him4 ,a pixy may cast a spell1 but not forever4 ,jack-o-lantern1 or ,will-o-the-wisp1 may lead astray into a bog and may hope that his victim be not a good wader1 but the trick and the malicious wish are the extent of the evil4 ,the victim usually in the end escapes4 ,if he perishes1 he has forgotten his charms or neglects to say his prayers4 ,there is a somewhat well-fixed literary atmosphere for ,english fairy stories and allusions4 ,as we have said1 they must have about them the air of holiday4 ,the ,english elfin people are a merry folk from the dainty queen to the clumsiest boggart1 and enjoy a bit of fun even at their own expense1--though1 to tell the truth1 the joke is usually the other way4 ,if you wish to write an original narrative about these charming creatures1 the best way to prepare is to get acquainted with them4 ,no doubt you know where some of them live4 ,perhaps only this morning you chanced upon a forgotten hammock left swinging between two stout little sprigs of grass where a fairy had slept1 or maybe last night you clearly heard the tinkle of pranckling feet and were too lazy or indifferent to go to the window to catch a glimpse of a wondrous sight4 ,i pray you1 if you have the chance again1 join the masquerade1 remembering only that if ,oberon asks you why you are there1 you must speak out frankly4 ,his promise is ,we fairies never injure men ,who dare to tell us true4 ,oh1 yes1 one more thing to remember6 ,leave before cock-crow if you expect to bring your wits with you4 ,if you are afraid to try the experiment of original sightseeing and fear ,sir ,topas's fate1 do the next best thing4 ,seek out somebody who has witnessed a fairy revel1 or been at a brownies' banquet1 has outtricked a bogie1 or propitiated an angry gnome1 or1 best of all1 likely1 has made a little green cloak and hood for the lubber-fiend of the kitchen hearth1 and has seen him fling himself out-of-doors in high glee to return no more except with good luck4 ,watchers who have seen these things1 ,i dare say1 will have much to tell you4 ,get their narratives4 ,the ,filipino fairies are not so winsome as the ,english1 but they are far more actual4 ,the ,english fairies are but mortals beautifully masquerading1 says ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats4 ,he could find no fault with the ,filipino fairies2 for they are potent forces4 ,like the ,irish deenee shee1 the ,filipino supernatural beings are thoroughly believed in by the peasants1 and1 like the ,irish creatures1 the ,malayan are not always small1 but may be small or large at will4 ,some of their manifestations are indeed gruesome2 a few are harmless or even helpful2 all are very interesting4 ,the educated young people of the ,philippines have a mission to perform for the native fairies4 ,it has become the fashion in some places to frown upon the unseen folk and to attempt to drive them out4 ,the endeavor is commendable so far as it discriminates4 ,the bad fairies should go4 ,the wholesome ones should stay4 ,they should stay for the sake of future native poetry and for the sake of all the little brown children who love stories4 ,northern fairies and their attributes ,a bare list of the names of fairies and subhuman beings is inspiring4 ,in the ,norse countries there are dwarfs1 known also as trolls1 kobalds1 goblins1 brownies1 pucks1 or elle-folk4 ,it is said that 'they are less powerful than gods1 but far more intelligent than men2 that their knowledge is boundless and extends even to the future4 ,they can transport themselves with celerity from one place to another1 and love to hide behind rocks and repeat the last words of every conversation they overhear4 ,echoes are known as dwarfs' talk4 ,a ,tarnkappe each one owns1 a tiny red cap which makes the wearer invisible4 ,dwarfs are ruled by a king spoken of in various northern countries as ,andvari1 ,alberich1 ,elbegast1 ,gondemar1 ,laurin1 or ,oberon4 ,he dwells in a magnificent subterranean palace and owns a magic ring1 an invisible sword1 and a belt of strength4 ,his subjects often fashion marvelous weapons and girdles4 ,in general1 dwarfs are kindly and helpful3 sometimes they knead bread1 grind flour1 brew beer1 and perform countless other household tasks2 sometimes they harvest and thresh grain for the farmers4 ,if ill-treated or turned to ridicule1 these little creatures forsake the house never to come back to it again4 ,sometimes they take vengeance by means of changelings4 ,changelings are the weazened and puny offspring of the dwarfs which they substitute for unbaptized children that they steal from people who have offended them4 ,the dwarfs1 envious of the taller stature of the human race1 desire to improve their own1 and so consider it good morals thus to make their enemies their benefactors4' ,fairies1 elves1 and ariels include all the small creatures who are fair1 good1 and useful4 ,they have their dwelling-place1 it is said1 'in the airy realm of ,alf-heim 7home of the light-elves71 situated between heaven and earth1 whence they can flit downwards whenever they please1 to attend to the plants and flowers1 sport with the birds and butterflies1 or dance in the silvery moonlight on the green4' ,they have golden hair1 sweet musical voices1 and magic harps4 ,these gentle aerial beings1 scholars say1 were introduced into ,europe by the ,crusaders and the ,moors of ,spain4 ,before that time the creatures of the ,north had been cold and ungenial1 like their heath-clad mountains1 chilly lakes1 and piny solitudes2 but after the advent of the ,peri of the ,east1 who live in the sun or the rainbow and subsist on the odor of flowers1 the ,northern elves took on more winning attributes and finally became beneficent and beautiful4 ,many of the stories in the so-called fairy books are technically not fairy stories but nursery sagas1 as we use the term today2 for instance1 most of those in ,miss ,mulock's ,fairy ,book and the larger part in the ,blue and the ,green ,fairy ,books4 ,they are ,english1 ,french1 ,german1 and other ,mrchen retold4 ,jean ,ingelow's ,mopsa the ,fairy has a good-sounding title for a typical fairy book1 though the material seems to be literary rather than traditional4 ,brentano's creatures in translation surely bear literary names1 whatever they have in the original4 ,dream-my-,soul and ,sir ,skip-and-a-,jump are suggestive of the pen4 ,but ,puck of ,pook's ,hill comes near to being of the solid traditional ,northern type--at least in declaration4 ,he says he is the oldest ,old ,thing in ,england--very much at your service if you care to have anything to do with him2 but1 by ,oak and ,ash and ,thorn1 he hates the painty-winged1 wand-waving1 sugar-and-shake-your-head set of imposters6 ,he is for ,wayland-,smith and magic and the old days before the ,conquest4 ,charles ,kingsley's ,madam ,how and ,lady ,why are noble fairies without dispute--really goddesses2 yet1 strange to say1 they have revealed themselves to a pedagogue and have permitted their work to be the subject of lectures4 ,still1 they are companionable and wholesome and none the less marvelous than their more common sisters4 ,this is an interesting contamination of genres--the pedagogical narrative combined with the fairy tale4 ,usually the combination is not so happily made4 ,how to proceed to write a fairy-tale ,if a writer cares to attempt a new old fairy tale of the real sort1 he might observe the following more specific suggestions1 which were written out before ,puck of ,pook's ,hill came into the hands of the author of this book1 but which happen to express fairly well what might be deduced as ,kipling's procedure4 7#a7 ,decide on the country in which the events are to take place4 7#b7 ,if you are not already familiar with that country through the medium of traveling or residence1 make yourself familiar with it by reading4 ,the more you know about the common people and their superstitions1 the better your story will be4 7#c7 ,make lists of names of the good and bad spirits of that country together with their occupations and powers4 7#d7 ,from these lists pick out the being you are going to treat as your chief personage and clearly define to yourself its relation to the other spirits4 7#e7 ,then weave about this personality a series of events for which it is directly or indirectly responsible4 7#f7 ,be sure to make the fairies or spirits of the other world the chief actors4 ,if living man comes in1 he must be simply the object to whom they offer their favors or on whom they play their pranks or wreak their vengeance4 ,it is the doings of the fairies or of the beings of the extra-natural world that you must make your reader interested in4 7#g7 ,if you care to write a weird fairy tale1 select the unpleasant spirits and proceed2 but be sure not to make your story revolting instead of weird4 ,a good weird tale is the work of a master and pleases because of its art4 ,a horrible story any bungler can tell4 7#h7 ,finally1 remember the working definition3 ,summary definition ,a fairy tale is a narrative of imaginary events wherein the chief actors are beings other than man and the gods--beings who have power to help man or to tease and molest him1 but not the power utterly to destroy him4 ,,partial ,,list ,,of ,,fairies1 ,,good ,,and ,,bad1 ,,of ,,different ,,countries3 ,northern ,fairies ,duergar1 or ,dwerger--,gotho-,german dwarfs1 dwelling in rocks and hills2 noted for their strength1 subtlety1 magical powers1 and skill in metallurgy4 ,they are personifications of the subterranean powers of nature4 ,kobold--a house-spirit in ,german superstition2 same as ,english ,robin ,goodfellow1 or ,puck4 ,nick--a water-wraith or ,kelpie4 ,there are nicks in sea1 lake1 river1 or waterfall4 ,sometimes represented as half-child1 half-horse1 the hoofs being reversed4 ,nis1 or ,nisse--a ,scandinavian fairy friendly to farm-houses4 ,trolls--similar to ,duergar2 dwarfs of ,northern mythology living in hills and mounds4 ,they are represented as stumpy1 misshapen1 humpbacked1 inclined to thieving and fond of carrying off children or substituting one of their own offspring for that of a human mother4 ,they are said to dislike noise very much4 ,stromkarl--a ,norwegian musical spirit1 like ,neck4 ,irish and ,scotch ,fairies ,banshee--domestic ,spirit of certain ,irish or ,highland ,scotch families2 supposed to take an interest in their welfare4 ,boggart 7,scotch7--a local hobgoblin or spirit4 ,bogie 7,scotch1 ,welsh1 and ,irish7--a scarecrow1 a goblin4 ,brownie--the house spirit in ,scottish superstition4 ,called in ,england ,robin ,goodfellow4 ,farms are his favorite abode4 ,jack-a-lantern--a bog or marsh spirit who delights to mislead4 ,lepracaun1 or ,leprechaun 7,irish7--a fairy shoemaker4 ,filipino ,fairies and ,other ,minor ,supernatural ,creatures ,the list that follows is necessarily very brief1 for every tribe of the ,philippine ,islands has its host of mischievous creatures1 whose chief delight is to annoy or frighten men4 ,others are of a more malignant nature1 however2 some cause sickness2 some insanity2 and occasionally some cause death1 for the ,filipinos as well as the ,hungarians have their vampires4 ,the name of the tribe in which the belief in the spirit is most common is given in parentheses after the description3 ,salut--the spirits of pestilence in general and cholera in particular4 ,they are described as tall1 thin persons dressed in flowing black robes1 who walk the streets at night and knock at the doors of the houses to which they wish to carry death4 7,tagalog1 ,pampango1 ,bicol47 ,matanda sa punso--a little old man who lives in a mound of earth4 ,he loves children1 and is willing to help those who respect him and his house4 7,tagalog47 ,lampong--a tall harmless creature with a horse's head and feet but a man's body4 ,he lives in the woods1 can travel very rapidly1 and is deathly afraid of a rosary4 ,he possesses some magic power4 7,pangasinan47 ,camana--an evil spirit that lives in gloomy places4 ,it can assume the form of any small animal1 or can make itself invisible4 ,if a person who comes across the camana does not propitiate it with food or something entertaining1 he will become sick2 and he can be cured only by an old woman who is a manganito4 7,parts of ,zambales47 ,patianak--,accounts about patianak are very contradictory4 ,it is most commonly believed1 however1 to be a mischievous fairy that assumes the form of a small child and misleads travelers at night4 ,it has a mirthful laugh that is very attractive4 ,the only way for the victim to drive the fairy away and to find the right road is for him to take off his coat and wear it inside out4 7,tagalog and ,bicol47 ,mamamarang--a sorceress who fights with travelers in lonely places and tries to kill them that she may eat them4 7,visayan47 ,managbatu--a spirit in the form of a man1 which lives in trees and at midnight throws stones and clods at the houses near his dwelling4 ,he can cause sickness to those that try to injure him4 7,cagayan47 ,cafre--an enormous black man that smokes long cigars4 ,he does very little harm1 but delights in frightening people4 ,some say he can transform himself into almost anything from a pig to a ball of fire4 ,he appears only at night1 of course4 7,pampango1 ,tagalog1 ,bicol47 ,tigbalang--a demon who lives in trees1 especially the baliti tree4 ,his body is covered with long hair and one of his feet is a horse's hoof4 ,his chief delight is to lead people astray and make them crazy1 or to ravage banana plantations1 to empty water jars1 shake houses1 and disturb people generally4 7,tagalog47 ,tigabulak--a demon who in the form of an old man entices children with candy and cakes4 ,after he has led them far from home1 he puts them in a sack and carries them to his dwelling4 ,then he kills them and makes money out of their blood4 7,tagalog47 ,caibaan--little mischievous field spirits who play tiny guitars4 ,they steal dishes and hide them1 and indulge in other pranks4 7,pangasinan and ,ilocano47 ,russian ,fairies and ,witches ,domovoy--the ,russian brownie that lives behind the stove4 ,if he is neglected1 he waxes wroth and knocks the tables and benches around at night4 ,baba-yaga--an ogress who lives on the edge of the forest1 in a hut built so as to turn with the wind like a weathercock4 ,rusalki--water sprites4 ,vodianoi--river genii4 ,lieshii and the ,liesnik--forest demons4 ,vampires--ghosts who steal by night from their tombs1 and suck the blood of the living during their sleep4 ,arabian ,fairies and ,witches ,jinn--a sort of fairies of ,arabian mythology--the offspring of fire4 7,the singular of jinn is jinnee47 ,afreet--a sort of ,arabian ghoul or demon--the epitome of what is terrible and monstrous in ,arabian superstition4 ,peri 7plural of ,peris7--,peri are delicate1 gentle1 fairy-like beings of ,eastern mythology1 begotten by fallen spirits4 ,with a wand they direct the pure in mind the way to heaven4 ,miscellaneous ,fairies and ,other ,supernatural ,creatures ,esprit ,follet--the house-spirit of ,france4 ,familiar spirit--a spirit or demon supposed to be summoned by a necromancer or a soothsayer from the unseen world to attend upon him as a servant4 ,fay--the ,french word for fairy1 anglicised4 ,gnome--one of a fabulous race of dwarfed and misshapen earth-spirits or goblins1 reputed to be special guardians of mines and miners4 7,french gnome1 from the ,greek47 ,hag--a forbidding or malicious old woman2 a witch4 7,a4 ,s4 haegtes1 a fury47 ,hamadryad--a wood-nymph fabled to live and die with the tree she inhabited1 the oak being considered as the tree preferred4 7,greek mythology47 ,hornie1 or ,horny--the devil2 so called because commonly represented with horns4 ,imp--an evil spirit of low rank2 a small1 puny1 or contemptible devil4 7,russian folk tales often make use of this spirit47 ,undine--a female water-spirit without a soul1 with which she might be endowed only by marrying a mortal and bearing a child4 7,latin unda1 wave47 ,werwolf--a person who1 according to medival superstition1 became voluntarily or involuntarily a wolf and in that form practiced cannibalism4 7,a4 ,s4 wer1 man wulf1 wolf47 ,wraith--a fantom of a living person1 supposed to be ominous of that person's death4 ,lamia--a female demon or vampire that enticed youths and fed upon their flesh and blood4 7,classical mythology47 ,merrow--a mermaid4 7,irish mythology47 ,monaciello--the house-spirit of ,naples4 ,nightmare--an evil spirit once supposed to oppress people during sleep4 ,called also ,incubus4 7,a4 ,s4 niht1 night maere1 a nightmare47 ,ogre--a demon or monster that was supposed to devour human beings4 7,french ogre4 ,the derivation is uncertain47 ,ouphe--an elf or fairy4 7the ,scandinavian4 ,a variation of oaf elf47 ,pigwidgeon--a very small fairy4 ,sprite--a spirit of the earth or air4 ,sylph--originally1 a being1 male or female1 living in and on the air and intermediate between material and immaterial beings4 7,used by ,paracelsus4 ,the word is undoubtedly of ,greek origin47 ,the ,boggart ,in the house of an honest farmer in ,yorkshire1 named ,george ,gilbertson1 a ,boggart had taken up his abode4 ,he here caused a good deal of annoyance1 especially by tormenting the children in various ways4 ,sometimes their bread and butter would be snatched away1 or their porringers of milk be capsized by an invisible hand2 for the ,boggart never let himself be seen2 at other times the curtains of their beds would be shaken backwards and forwards1 or a heavy weight would press on them and nearly suffocate them4 ,the parents had often1 on hearing their cries1 to fly to their aid4 ,there was a kind of closet1 formed by a wooden partition on the kitchen stairs1 and a large knot having been driven out of one of the deal boards of which it was made1 there remained a hole4 ,into this one day the farmer's youngest boy stuck the shoe horn with which he was amusing himself1 when immediately it was thrown out again1 and hit the boy on the head4 ,the agent was1 of course1 the ,boggart1 and it soon became the children's sport 7called laking with ,boggart7 to put the shoe horn into the hole and have it shot back at them4 ,the ,boggart at length proved such a torment that the farmer and his wife resolved to quit the house and let him have it all to himself4 ,this decision was put into execution1 and the farmer and his family were following the last loads of furniture1 when a neighbor named ,john ,marshall came up3 ,well1 ,georgey1 said he1 and soa you're leaving t'ould hoose at last8 ,heigh1 ,johnny1 my lad1 ,i'm forced tull it2 for that villain ,boggart torments us soa1 we can neither rest neet nor day for't4 ,it seems loike to have such a malice again t'poor bairns1 it ommost kills my poor dame here at thoughts on't1 and soa1 ye see1 we're forced to flitt loike4 ,he scarce had uttered the words when a voice from a deep upright churn cried out3 ,aye1 aye1 ,johnny1 we 're flitting1 ye see4 ,od hang thee1 cried the poor farmer1 if ,i'd known thou'd been there1 ,i wadn't ha' stirred a peg4 ,nay1 nay1 it's no use1 ,mally1 said he to his wife1 we may as weel turn back to t'ould hoose as be tormented in another that's not so convenient4 ,from ,english ,fairy and ,other ,folk ,tales4 ,selected and edited by ,edwin ,sidney ,hartland 7,walter ,scott ,pub4 ,co474 ,cafre and the ,fisherman's ,wife ,once in the little village of ,babancal there lived a happy couple4 ,they were poor and it was necessary for them both to work for their living4 ,the husband's occupation was farming during the wet season and fishing during the dry season4 ,the wife kept the house1 helped the husband in some of his work1 and in addition1 made mats of buli1 pandan1 or ticay1 and sacks of buli4 ,one night1 at about six o'clock after a slight supper1 when it was dolom 7moonless71 the husband went to fish4 ,the wife remained alone at home and sat waiting for the husband1 and1 at the same time1 making a mat4 ,the house was lighted with a home-made lamp of bamboo and earth4 ,the lampwick of ragged doth dipped in oil made from the fruit of the bitaog tree gave a very poor light4 ,at about midnight some one threw a dalag 7a kind of fish7 through the window4 ,the wife was frightened and surprised4 ,in a minute she recovered herself4 ,come in1 ,gregorio1 she said1 for she thought her husband was outside4 ,no one answered4 ,stop this nonsense4 ,you know it is late now1 she said angrily4 ,you had better come in and let us cook the fish and eat our supper4 ,she did not rise from her seat and went on with her work4 ,in a few minutes a rod with another dalag hanging on it was thrust into the room4 ,the fish fell on the floor before her4 ,oh1 how foolish6 ,come in1 ,i say1 she said4 ,hardly had she uttered the last word when the fish on the hook came down upon her head4 ,she muttered some oaths and tried to catch the fish and take hold of the rod4 ,but before she could do so1 it was raised4 ,then she got up1 took the lamp1 and went to the window4 ,when she peeped out1 she saw ,cafre1 the ,spirit1 grinning at her4 ,his smile showed his large white teeth1 forming a strong contrast with his dark complexion and the darkness of the night4 ,the woman was frightened4 ,she trembled and could not move an inch4 ,she bent down her head to avoid his gaze4 ,at last when she raised her eyes1 he was gone4 --,benito ,c4 ,ebuen4 ,the ,friendship of an ,aswang and a ,duende ,about a half mile from ,noveleta there is a small pond4 ,the tall bamboo trees that grow at the edge of the water bow their heads toward each other so that they form a complete vaulted arch over the pond4 ,there are but small spaces left between the thick leaves above and so the sunshine can hardly go through them4 ,the lilies1 the sea weed1 and the falling leaves of the bamboo trees1 decaying under the water have deposited a deep layer of sediment4 ,a long time ago a shooting meteor from heaven fell on the water of this pond4 ,this meteor bore within it a beautiful nymph named ,bituin4 ,her slender white body1 whose skin was very delicate1 was covered with beautiful leaves of the lilies whenever she came out of the water4 ,every night numberless fireflies lighted her dwelling with their fresh rays4 ,bituin had a large diamond1 which she always put on a floating leaf at the center of the pond to serve as a light when it was dark4 ,bituin had no neighbors for a number of years1 and so she was not familiar with the form of man4 ,however1 as time glided on she was known by many1 who began to love her4 ,she did not dare to speak with men1 because she was not familiar with the ugly complexion of the skin of mortals4 ,one night an aswang was passing by this pond1 and he heard the musical vibration of the bamboo leaves in harmony with the whistling sound of the wings of fireflies4 ,he stopped and admired the beautiful nymph1 who was sitting on the water1 watching the wonderful rays of light from her large diamond4 ,he was led to wonder at her beauty1 and he fell in love with her4 ,he asked ,bituin to approach him1 but his words had hardly died from his ugly lips when ,bituin upon hearing his unfamiliar voice disappeared4 ,there began the sadness of this aswang4 ,every night he passed by the pond only to see and to speak with ,bituin1 the beautiful and elusive nymph4 ,yet all his hopes and efforts were in vain4 ,this aswang laid himself to die near a heap of hay4 ,here lived an army of small men called duendes4 ,the duendes are usually good to those who are very strongly in love with women4 ,at midnight one of these little creatures came out of the hay with a flute longer than himself4 ,little duende blew the flute1 and the aswang thinking that the sweet vibration of the air came from the lips of ,bituin1 at once raised up his head and looked around4 ,aswang being a wild man said1 ,how is it that you little duendes are so troublesome8 ,master1 said the little duende1 ,i came here to restore the broken heart of a lover and it is you4 ,how now can you comfort me8 said the aswang4 ,come with me1 said the little duende1 and show me where ,bituin lives4 ,so they started toward the pond4 ,on their way the duende1 being as small as a little doll1 often lost himself from the sight of his friend aswang4 ,the duende was full of fun and jokes1 and he was happy all the way4 ,when they came near the pond little duende jumped over the thorny bushes that fringed the dwelling of ,bituin4 ,now he rode on a lily leaf floating on the water1 and he was singing a song at the same time that he was playing on his flute4 ,he gathered some lily flowers and put one of them on his head4 ,duende skipped over the sea weeds as light as could be4 ,strange to say1 the attractive music caught the ears of ,bituin1 and so she appeared before the duende4 ,the music was so sweet1 so charming1 and so pleasant to her ears that fear of such a being never entered her thoughts4 ,she approached the little duende1 but he would not allow her to touch his enchanting flute4 ,aswang could not come inside4 ,he tried to jump over the bushes1 but he knew that he could not4 ,all at once he roared with a sharp tone that put ,bituin to flight1 and she never returned again4 ,duende blamed the aswang for roaring1 but the broken-hearted aswang in anger said1 ,why did you not catch hold of her8 ,duende did not answer and tried to flee1 but aswang held him by the neck and tore him to pieces4 ,so from that time on the duendes have not often been heard of2 and1 if they ever come1 they do evil things and cause misfortune to little children4 ,none of the aswangs since has ever been afraid of small creatures4 --,emanuel ,e4 ,baja4 ,a ,tianac ,frightens ,juan ,one harvest day1 one of our neighbors1 whose name is ,juan1 built a nipa hut on a farm amid his rice plantation4 ,there he slept alone during the harvest time to look after his grain4 ,one night about twelve o'clock he began to feel the cold north wind1 and the leaves began to rustle4 ,by and by the wind stopped4 ,he tried to sleep1 but he could not1 for the mosquitoes were too thick4 ,he then went out of his hut and gathered some dry twigs and grasses and made a small fire to drive the mosquitoes away4 ,when the fire began to kindle1 he sat before his hut1 facing a small hill4 ,not long afterward he heard the laughing of a child from the top of the hill4 ,the child seemed to be very happy1 for it laughed as hard as it could4 ,juan then began to wonder who the child was1 for he knew that no one was living near him4 ,soon the laughing grew louder and louder and ,juan began to be frightened4 ,he supposed that the child was approaching him1 but at once the laughing stopped and again everything was silent about the field4 ,he looked around him several times because he did not know what kind of creature that child was1 and he feared that she might take hold of him from behind4 ,while ,juan was thinking of what to do1 a girl with white complexion and golden hair appeared before him laughing as hard as she could4 ,juan then was about to run away and call for help1 but he knew that there was no one to help him1 so he gathered all his strength and courage and approached the girl with his bolo in hand and said1 ,tell me who you are or else this night is your last4 ,the girl did not answer him1 but continued laughing4 ,he struck at her1 but she at once vanished away and reappeared behind him laughing as hard as she could4 ,he struck at her several times4 ,he did not touch her at all and she laughed louder4 ,juan then threw his bolo at her and ran home shouting as he went along calling for help1 ,st4 ,john1 ,st4 ,peter1 ,st4 ,nicholas1 come and help me6 ,when he came to the forest a cricket alighted on his coat and began to sing4 ,he mistook it for the girl1 so he ran very fast4 ,when he came to the town1 the policemen tried to stop him1 but they could not4 ,he tried to tell them that a girl was singing behind him1 but he was so terribly frightened that his calling to the gods confused him1 and while he was running he shouted1 ,st4 ,john sings1 ,st4 ,john sings1 etc41 until he came to his house4 ,his family asked him what the matter was1 but he could not speak because of fatigue4 ,by this time the cricket had flown away4 ,later the family found out that ,juan had seen a tianac4 --,santiago ,ochoa4 ,the ,black ,cloth of the ,calumpang ,tree ,once there lived on a lonely farm about two miles from the town of ,san ,juan two brothers whose names were ,mariano and ,pedro4 ,they were the sons of a farmer named ,rafael4 ,along the road leading from this farm to the town there was not a single house4 ,there was a big calumpang tree by this road about a mile from the farm4 ,some of its large branches almost touched the ground4 ,many stories had been told about this calumpang2 some said that they saw a ghost in the form of a white dog under it2 others said they saw it in the form of a tall1 thin black man sitting sideways on a big branch with eyes as large as saucers and with a big cigar a meter long in his mouth4 ,one day ,mariano with his little brother ,pedro went to the town to attend a procession4 ,it was night when they started for home4 ,on their way when they were out of the town1 they heard a noise on one side of the road not far from them4 ,it seemed to them that the noise was caused by the walking of a carabao1 which was going along the road in the same direction they were going4 ,they could not tell whether it was a carabao or not1 for the grass was very tall4 ,at last at an open side of the road1 where the noise was1 ,pedro saw a little white dog4 ,mariano1 ,mariano1 see that little dog1 whispered ,pedro1 touching the back of his brother with his finger4 ,pedro looked at it with great surprise4 ,he could hardly believe that the little creature could make such a loud noise4 ,the oftener they looked at the dog1 the larger it appeared4 ,pedro now began to think that this dog was the one that somebody had seen under the calumpang4 ,he was afraid2 he would not go behind nor before his brother2 his hair stood on end1 and he felt as if he were wearing a hat having a large brim2 his heart beat faster than before1 but he said not a word4 ,the appearance of the dog reminded ,mariano of the black man of the calumpang4 ,for this reason he was more afraid than his little brother4 ,after a while a noise was again heard on the other side of the road4 ,there appeared a white hog about the size of a carabao4 ,it was also going in the same direction as the two brothers were4 ,the hog was grunting1 while there was seen coming from his mouth a continuous discharge of living charcoals4 ,the minute the boys stopped1 the dog and the hog stopped also4 ,the two brothers intended to go back1 but suddenly they heard another noise--pac1 pac1 pac4 ,they looked behind them and saw a tall black horse mounted by a man dressed like the prince usually seen in comedies4 ,the man's feet were so long that they almost touched the ground4 ,the two brothers could do nothing but walk faster1 in order that the horseman might not overtake them4 ,when they came near the calumpang1 a black cloth was extended across the road4 ,this cloth prevented their further advance1 for it would bind them in case they should touch it4 ,mariano was then so much frightened that he could not keep from trembling4 ,he felt as if the very hand of the black man of the calumpang was holding his head4 ,father1 father6 cried ,pedro with a prolonged voice1 but nobody answered4 ,the dog growled2 the horse pounded the ground with his feet2 the hog snorted1 while a greater amount of charcoal than before poured out of its mouth2 the black cloth waved1 producing a sound like the groaning of a sick man4 ,pedro grabbed his brother by the waist so tightly that ,mariano could hardly breathe4 ,then ,mariano remembered that he had in his pocket the remainder of a candle which a sexton had given him at the procession4 ,he quickly lighted it4 ,instantly the ghosts disappeared4 ,mariano and ,pedro reached home1 but alas6 they could neither eat nor sleep1 for it seemed to them as if the ghosts were still around them4 --,eusebio ,ramos4 ,,iv4 ,the ,nursery ,saga or ,mrchen ,origin ,the ethnologists are not agreed concerning the history of nursery sagas1 or mrchen1 as they call them4 ,whether such stories as ,jack-the-,giant-,killer are reduced and modified forms of once greater sagas or whether they are immature stories arrested in their growth toward sagas1 the scientists are still discussing4 ,but happily for the narrator1 as we noticed before1 the question of origin is not of prime importance4 ,he need consider it only so far as it helps to reveal the distinctions of the type4 ,as the generic title indicates1 nursery sagas are tales told to children after lessons are done4 ,nobody wants instruction2 nobody wants facts4 ,once upon a time in a certain village is definite enough4 ,what the listener desires is action1 things a-doing1 ,jack to kill the giant1 ,cinderella to marry the prince1 ,tom ,thumb to get safely home4 ,the end is always happy1 no matter how many troubles the hero or heroine encounters during the course of the narrative4 ,the brothers ,grimm expressed their realization that such an end is essential to a mrchen4 ,their devoted scientific collecting and their charmingly sympathetic retelling have given back not only to ,germany but also to the whole world much of its otherwise lost pleasure4 ,english nursery sagas ,good native nursery sagas are scarce in ,english4 ,many of our best known1 like ,cinderella1 are importations4 ,jack-the-,giant-,killer and ,jack and the ,bean-,stalk and ,rumpelstiltskin--or ,tom ,tit ,tot1 as the older version has it--are recorded1 however1 as of ,english origin4 ,they have been handed down verbally and in chapbooks and various other written forms for hundreds of years4 ,distinguishing elements--the kind of hero ,the most important distinguishing element of a nursery saga is the kind of hero4 ,he is always human1 very often sagacious of himself as well as finally fortunate because of the aid of some supernatural being or charm2 but before the beginning of his adventure he is pretty generally considered foolish or a lazy ne'er-do-well4 ,he is always of obscure origin1 and is persistently ignored by history4 ,the place where he lives or where he performs his deeds is selected at random1 is of no practical importance1 and might just as well have been any other4 ,if the locality is definite and the details of the story are really pertinent1 we have crossed the borderland into legend1 which is very near to nursery saga4 ,indeed1 say the students of folk-lore1 the same story is often told in one country as a nursery saga and in another as a dignified national epic4 ,rhymes ,the uncouth rhymes occurring here and there within the story are to the nursery saga what the refrain is to the ballad--a sure sign of its type4 ,all the original tales ,i dare say had rhymes at first1 even if many are without them to-day4 ,the artificial nursery saga is not always marked off closely from the fairy story4 ,some writers do not appear to have felt the traditional distinctions2 but1 when a differentiation is made1 it is on the basis of the chief actor4 ,the irresistible ,alice is a true nursery saga heroine4 ,whether in ,wonderland or ,through the ,looking ,glass her adventures are her adventures1 and not a fairy's4 ,and although the dialogue of the characters is imposed by the brilliant navet of the author1 it is yet clearly within our classification--as the delectable rhymes attest4 ,repetition of situation ,another characteristic you will observe is the repetition of situation3 ,cinderella goes to the ball more than once2 ,jack-of-the-,bean-,stalk visits the castle in the sky three times2 the king's wife is allowed two false guesses2 and there are ,cormelian's and ,thunderdell's heads to be cut off as well and ,gallingantus's4 ,two of our worthy literary men1 ,g4 ,k4 ,chesterton and ,bernard ,shaw1 have recently bandied words over the value and significance of such heroes as ,jack4 ,when you come to write an original nursery saga1 you can decide for yourself whether you want your hero to conquer a foe greater and stronger than he or whether you want your hero to conquer a foe lesser than he because he himself is greater and stronger than all his foes and conquers by the magic force of his personality4 ,in making the decision1 however1 you should remember that greater and lesser are terms subject to a number of varying interpretations4 ,supernatural element ,after you have decided which kind your hero is to be1 you must set about making him human despite the wonderful deeds you mean him to do4 ,the more human1 the more interesting2 but he must be naturally human1 not merely philosophically so4 ,the homeliest touches of every-day life are exactly in keeping with your subject4 ,no poetry here4 ,if you have metrics interspersed1 they must be from jigging veins or rhyming mother wits4 ,nothing higher than ,fee1 fi1 fo1 fum1 or ,ninny1 ninny not1 or ,be bold1 be bold1 but not too bold1 or ,it is not so1 nor 'twas not so1 but indeed ,god forbid it should be so4 ,although your hero is to be human1 he need not stand alone2 he may have supernatural aid4 ,a fairy1 a witch1 a charm1 or anting-anting may help him4 ,success1 of course1 however1 must ultimately depend upon his own bravery and wit4 ,what makes the nursery saga different from the fairy story is just the element of the independence and prominence of the human hero4 ,if supernatural agents are present in the nursery saga1 they are only assistants3 they are not the chief actors2 in fact1 they are usually at first opponents4 ,the human person is the chief actor4 ,tolstoy's ,ivan the ,fool surely wins by the force of his personality alone4 ,he is one of the pure fools who think no evil and therefore make men good4 ,although he has the power the imps have given him to call up soldiers1 rub gold out of oak leaves1 and to cure the sick1 he uses this power only for fool-wise ends3 he heals beggars1 gives away the gold1 and makes the soldiers sing4 ,despite its didactic purpose1 this is a typical mrchen in having the human fool hero in repeated situations1 chanting crude rhymes1 and being assisted finally by the supernatural agents that first opposed him4 ,a few specific suggestions ,when you come to the writing1 remember that your story is for a child1 grown-up or not grown-up1 and that you must therefore make the language simple and vivid4 ,use a good many crude similes and metaphores4 ,be concrete in comparisons about size1 shape1 color1 garb1 and the like4 ,though you select your hero with care1 you need make no fine distinctions of character1 since broad strokes will be most effective4 ,endow your personages1 both the hero and his enemy1 with a few mannerisms and let them display these often4 ,get quickly into the action of the story and keep things lively to the end4 ,working definition ,here is the working definition3 ,a nursery saga is a narrative of imaginary events wherein is celebrated a hero of a more-or-less humble origin1 a child's hero1 who1 by his own wit and energy1 together with the possession of a charm1 is enabled to do stupendous deeds1 which bring to him material happiness4 ,princess ,helena the ,fair ,we say that we are wise folks1 but our people dispute the fact1 saying1 ,no1 no1 we were wiser than you are4 ,but shaskas tell us that before our grandfathers had learned anything1 before their grandfathers were born---- ,there lived in a certain land an old man of this kind who instructed his three sons in reading and writing and all book learning4 ,then he said to them1 ,now1 my children1 when ,i die1 mind you1 come and read prayers over my grave4 ,very good1 father1 very good1 they replied4 ,the two elder brothers were such fine strapping fellows1 so tall and stout6 ,but as for the youngest one1 ,ivan1 he was like a half-grown lad or a half-fledged duckling1 terribly inferior to the others4 ,well1 their old father died4 ,at that very time there came tidings from the king that his daughter1 the ,princess ,helena the ,fair1 had ordered a shrine to be built for her with twelve columns1 with twelve rows of beams4 ,in that shrine she was sitting upon a high throne and awaiting her bridegroom1 the bold young youth who with a single bound of his swift steed should reach high enough to kiss her on the lips4 ,a stir ran through the whole youth of the nation4 ,they took to licking their lips and scratching their heads1 and wondering to whose share so great an honor would fall4 ,brothers1 said3 ,vanyusha 7,ivan71 our father is dead2 which of us is to read prayers over his grave8 ,whoever feels inclined1 let him go6 answered the brothers4 ,so ,vanya went4 ,but as for his elder brothers they did nothing but exercise their horses and curl their hair and dye their mustaches4 ,the second night came4 ,brothers1 said ,vanya1 ,i've done my share of reading4 ,it is your turn now2 which of you will go8 ,whoever likes can go and read4 ,we've business to look after2 don't you meddle4 ,and they cocked their caps and shouted and whooped and flew this way and shot that way and roved about the open country4 ,so ,vanyusha read prayers this time also--and on the third night1 too4 ,well1 his brothers got ready their horses1 combed out their mustaches and prepared to go next morning to test their mettle before the eyes of ,helena the ,fair4 ,shall we take the youngster8 they thought4 ,no1 no4 ,what would be the good of him8 ,he'd make folks laugh and put us to confusion2 let's go by ourselves4 ,so away they went4 ,but ,vanyusha wanted very much to have a look at the ,princess ,helena the ,fair4 ,he cried1 cried bitterly1 and went out to his father's grave4 ,and his father heard him in his coffin1 and came out to him1 shook the damp earth off his body1 and said1 ,don't grieve1 ,vanya4 ,i'll help you in your trouble4 ,and immediately the old man drew himself up and straightened himself and called aloud and whistled with a ringing voice1 with a shrill whistle4 ,from goodness knows where appeared a horse1 the earth quaking beneath it1 a flame rushing from its ears and nostrils4 ,to and fro it flew1 and then stood still before the old man1 as if rooted in the ground1 and cried1 ,what are thy commands8 ,vanya crept into one of the horse's ears and out of the other1 and turned into such a hero as no skazka can tell of1 no pen describe6 ,he mounted the horse1 set his arms akimbo1 and flew1 just like a falcon1 straight to the home of the ,princess ,helena4 ,with a wave of his hand1 with a bound aloft1 he failed only by the breadth of two rows of beams4 ,back again he turned1 galloped up1 leapt aloft1 and got within one beam row's breadth4 ,once more he turned1 once more he wheeled1 then shot past the eye like a streak of fire1 took an accurate aim1 and kissed the fair ,helena right on the lips6 ,who is he8 ,who is he8 ,stop him6 was the cry4 ,not a trace of him was to be found6 ,away he galloped to his father's grave1 let the horse go free1 prostrated himself on the earth1 and besought his father's counsel4 ,and the old man held counsel with him4 ,when he got home1 he behaved as if he hadn't been anywhere4 ,his brothers talked away1 describing where they had been1 what they had seen1 and he listened to them as of old4 ,the next day there was a gathering again4 ,in the princely halls there were more boyars and nobles than a single glance could take in4 ,the elder brothers rode there4 ,their younger brother went there1 too1 but on foot1 meekly and modestly1 just as if he hadn't kissed the ,princess1 and seated himself in a distant corner4 ,the ,princess ,helena asked for her bridegroom1 wanted to show him to the world at large1 wanted to give him half her kingdom2 but the bridegroom did not put in an appearance6 ,search was made for him among the boyars1 among the generals2 everyone was examined in his turn--but with no result6 ,meanwhile1 ,vanya looked on1 smiling and chuckling1 and waiting till the bride should come to him herself4 ,i pleased her then1 says he1 when ,i appeared as a gay gallant2 now let her fall in love with me in my plain caftan4 ,then up she rose1 looked around with bright eyes that shed a radiance on all who stood there1 and saw and knew her bridegroom1 and made him take his seat by her side1 and speedily was wedded to him4 ,and he--good heavens6 ,how clever he turned out1 and how brave1 and what a handsome fellow6 ,only see him mount his flying steed1 give his cap a cock1 and stick his elbows akimbo6 ,why1 you'd say he was a king1 a born king6 ,you'd never suspect he was once only ,vanyusha4 ,from ,russian ,fairy and ,folk ,tales4 ,translated and edited by ,w4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ralston 7,hurst and ,company74 ,juan the ,guesser ,once there lived a youth by the name of ,juan4 ,he was the only son of a family and so he was dearly loved4 ,one day his father said to him1 ,juan1 you are quite old now so you have to study4 ,yes1 father1 said ,juan obediently4 ,juan was then sent to a large town to school4 ,but he did not study2 he spent all his time going to places of amusement4 ,when vacation was coming near1 ,juan bought a reader so that he could give proof that he studied4 ,his father was very anxious to see him and so prepared a large fiesta in honor of his arrival4 ,when ,juan arrived1 he would not speak his dialect1 and if he was asked something he just answered ,si1 seor4 ,everybody then was astonished2 for all thought that he had learned so much that he had forgotten his own dialect4 ,one day ,juan threw his father's plow into a well because he wanted to show the people that he knew how to divine4 ,the father came to him then and said1 ,dear ,juan1 will you tell me where ,i can find the plow which ,i lost yesterday8 ,ah1 father6 said ,juan1 there is no difficulty in finding it2 fetch my book and ,i will look it up4 ,the father obeyed instantly and ,juan looked in his book and said3 ,a ,b ,c1 ,a ,b ,c1 ,oh1 my father's plow is lost6 ,a ,b ,c1 ,a ,b ,c1 ,it has the well for a host4 ,well1 my book tells me that it is in the bottom of the well4 ,the father ordered the servants to look in the well1 and sure enough they found the plow in it4 ,the father was very proud of his son now1 for he had had a real proof of his ability4 ,so ,juan was called prophet and his name was heard everywhere4 ,once the princess of his country lost a very valuable ring1 and the king offered to marry her to the one who could find the ring4 ,but he ordered that anyone who might attempt and not guess rightly should be beheaded4 ,many of the wise men in the kingdom attempted to guess1 but nobody was right and so they had to be killed4 ,the rumors of ,juan's knowledge reached the king's ears1 so he sent a carriage to his home in order to bring him to the palace4 ,juan did not want to go because he knew that he would surely be killed4 ,he could not disobey the king1 however1 and so he got into the carriage4 ,as soon as he entered the carriage he became very sad and thoughtful and repented of having tricked his father4 ,when they were quite near the town of the king1 ,juan opened his book and groaned sadly3 ,someone is to die1 ,not far from here1 oh1 my6 ,instantly the carriage stopped and the driver presented himself before ,juan and said1 ,oh1 sir6 ,i beg you to pardon me2 ,i am the one who stole the princess's ring4 ,she was washing her hands in a dish one day and took the ring off her hand1 and then threw the water away4 ,while ,i was cleaning the garden ,i saw it and picked it up4 ,kindly forgive me1 here is the ring6 ,juan did not take the ring1 but said1 ,i forgive you now2 ,i thought you would not tell me anything about it1 and ,i was going to tell the king to have you killed1 for ,i knew1 that you were the one who stole it2 my book said so4 ,as soon as we arrive at the palace1 place the ring under the stairs and cover it with a cocoanut shell4 ,the driver was very happy and promised to do everything he was commanded4 ,juan was received with honors in the palace and when he was asked about the ring1 he told everything about the theft of it from the information he had got from the driver and said1 ,my book tells me all of this and says that now it is under a cocoanut shell under the stairs4 ,everybody went down to look for it and they found it4 ,once more now ,juan's knowledge was talked of everywhere4 ,according to the king's promise1 he was married to the princess4 ,the marriage ceremony was celebrated with much pomp and splendor1 and many kings from different countries came to attend it4 ,once a neighbor king came to ,juan's country4 ,when he went to the palace and met the other king1 he said1 ,if your son-in-law is really a prophet1 ,i propose to you a wager4 ,i have three watermelons in my ship2 one of them has one seed1 the other has two1 and the other has three4 ,should your son-in-law guess which has one1 which has two1 and which has three seeds1 ,i will give you half of my kingdom4 ,but if he fails1 you will have to give me half of yours4 ,the king was well pleased to hear the proposal1 and being confident of ,juan's knowledge1 he accepted it4 ,fortunately1 while the two kings were conversing1 the vassals of the foreign king stood near the door of ,juan's room and talked about the watermelons4 ,one of them said1 ,if ,i were the one to guess ,i would say that the smallest has three seeds1 the largest has two1 and the middle-sized has one1 then ,i should be very rich and would be as powerful a king as our master4 ,juan1 after hearing all that the men had said1 went to his bed and pretended to be asleep4 ,when the foreign king had gone away1 his father-in-law went to awake him in his room1 and told him everything about the challenge4 ,juan said that he was afraid of no defiance so long as he had his book4 ,the next morning1 when the king and he went to the boat1 ,juan told exactly the number of seeds in each watermelon1 according to what he had heard1 after reading1 or rather feigning to read1 some characters in his book4 ,the fruits were cut open then and it was found out that ,juan was right4 ,the king1 his father-in-law1 was very happy and liked ,juan very much1 for he said that ,juan was1 without any doubt1 the wisest man the world ever knew4 ,not long after this another king came on a large ship loaded with money4 ,he came to propose another challenge4 ,he said that he had three earthen jars1 filled with salt1 water1 and vinegar4 ,and if ,juan should guess what each contained1 the load of this ship would be his father-in-law's2 but if he should fail1 the king had to give him in turn another ship full of money also4 ,the king accepted the proposal immediately2 but ,juan was very sad because he knew that the king would order him to be beheaded if he should not guess rightly4 ,so he decided to commit suicide before the day when he should appear before the contending monarchs4 ,during the night he went down silently and threw himself in the river behind the palace1 in which the foreign ship was anchored4 ,he tried to drown himself1 but he could not1 for he knew how to swim4 ,he heard then some men talking in the ship1 and one of them said1 ,if that guesser could just know that the jar with white marking on the neck contains salt1 and the one which has the largest lid holds vinegar1 he would be the richest man on earth4 ,juan swam quietly back after hearing this and slept4 ,the next morning ,juan and the king went to the ship1 and ,juan1 after turning back and forth the leaves of his reader1 told rightly the contents of every jar4 ,the king was very happy and held a large festival in honor of the wise ,juan the ,prophet4 ,juan was afraid to hazard his life any more1 so he burned his magic volume4 ,from that time on he never guessed any more1 because he said that his book was gone and so his knowledge1 too4 --,bienvenido ,gonzales4 ,the ,shepherd ,who ,became ,king ,many years before the birth of ,christ1 when the victorious legions of ,rome were gradually conquering the then known world1 there lived in a foreign country a cruel and despotic king4 ,he had a daughter in the very bloom and freshness of youth4 ,she was so beautiful that many a young man of the country asked her father to allow him to be his son-in-law4 ,the suitors were so many that the king determined to marry his daughter to somebody4 ,but he could not find the right man4 ,he sent proclamations to the different provinces of his kingdom1 telling the people that he intended to marry his daughter to the man who could accomplish three things which the king would require the competitor to do2 but if the competitor should fail to do the three things within the required time1 his head should be cut off4 ,many young men attempted1 but they were all killed4 ,near the king's palace there was living at that time a shepherd4 ,this man had1 since his boyhood1 devoted his life to the interests of his fellow countrymen4 ,everybody loved him4 ,one day while he was tending his sheep out in the fields1 an old woman saw him and said1 ,receive this pipe as a present from me4 ,whenever you want anything from any animal1 blow this pipe and the desired animal will come to you4 ,keep this carefully for it will be of great service to you4 ,the shepherd thanked her and went away4 ,he wanted to know whether the woman was telling the truth or not4 ,so he blew the pipe and said1 ,come here1 all the serpents4 ,he no sooner said these words than hundreds of serpents came to him hissing and twisting4 ,then he dismissed them4 ,he decided to compete for the hand of the princess4 ,so he went to the palace in the evening and expressed his desire4 ,ha6 ha6 said the king1 do you want to have your head cut off1 young man8 ,we will see the result1 said the shepherd proudly4 ,all right1 said the king2 the first thing you must do is to eat in one day all of the bread there is to be found in my granary4 ,you must either eat the bread or lose your head4 ,i will go to the granary now and begin eating1 said the shepherd4 ,well1 go6 said the king1 and he told a soldier to conduct the shepherd to the granary4 ,the shepherd was locked up in the granary with nobody but himself and the bread4 ,he took out the pipe which he had concealed under his coat4 ,he blew the instrument and said1 ,come here1 all of the rats4 ,he had just finished his command when thousands of rats came to him4 ,he told them to eat all of the bread4 ,the rats were so numerous that all of the bread was eaten before daybreak4 ,not a single crumb was left4 ,many rats arrived too late to get their share4 ,when the king and his court went to the granary in the morning1 they were surprised to see that the building which was full of bread the day before was now totally empty4 ,all right1 said the king1 you have to do the second thing4 ,you must separate in one day the grains of corn from the grains of rice4 ,go to my granary1 where you will find the corn and the rice4 ,remember the punishment4 ,all right1 said the shepherd2 ,i'll go to the granary this evening and begin my work4 ,so he went to the building where the corn and the rice were and there he was locked up again4 ,he then blew his pipe and said1 ,come here1 all of the ants4 ,just then millions of ants arrived4 ,he told the big ants to pick up all of the grains of corn and place them on one side of the granary4 ,to the small ants he assigned the work of selecting the grains of rice and placing them on the other side of the building4 ,the ants were so numerous that the entire work was finished before morning4 ,the king and his court were surprised to see that the shepherd had done his work4 ,very well1 said the king1 you have to accomplish the third and last thing and then you may marry my daughter4 ,i'll do the work this afternoon1 said the shepherd4 ,good6 said the king4 ,come here this afternoon at two o'clock4 ,i'll give you twelve wild hares4 ,tomorrow afternoon at two o'clock you must return them to me without a change in any of them4 ,the number must be exact4 ,at two o'clock in the afternoon the shepherd went to the palace4 ,the king gave him the twelve hares4 ,they were no sooner in the hands of the shepherd than they ran away4 ,the king and his court laughed loudly and said1 ,he will not catch them4 ,he is sure to fail in his work4 ,we will see1 said the shepherd proudly4 ,he then went to his cottage4 ,he blew his pipe and said1 ,come all of the twelve hares of the king4 ,he had no sooner said these words than the twelve hares came to him and began to jump about him4 ,an hour later the king sent one of his servants to see whether the shepherd was out looking for the hares or not4 ,when the servant reached the shepherd's cottage1 he was surprised to see the hares sleeping quietly by the side of the shepherd4 ,the servant went back to the king and related to him all that he saw4 ,the king grew pale and did not know what to do4 ,he told the princess to go to the shepherd and try to get one of the hares4 ,so the princess disguised herself as a country girl and went to the shepherd's cottage4 ,the shepherd recognized her immediately4 ,her solicitations were all in vain4 ,at last the shepherd said1 ,i'll give you one of the hares if you scrub my kitchen for me4 ,to prevent herself from being married to the shepherd she said ,yes4 ,so the shepherd told her to do her work4 ,when she had finished her work1 the shepherd gave her one of the hares4 ,when she was a hundred yards from the shepherd's cottage1 the shepherd blew his pipe and said1 ,come here1 the hare with the princess4 ,he had just finished speaking when the hare ran away from the princess to the side of the cottage4 ,the princess was crying when she reached the palace and told the king how she had been fooled4 ,the king determined to get one of the hares by means of money4 ,so he disguised himself as a merchant1 mounted a horse with two panniers slung on the sides1 and went to the shepherd's cottage4 ,but the shepherd recognized him at once4 ,his solicitations also were in vain4 ,even the bag of gold was useless4 ,the shepherd would not allow himself to be fooled4 ,at last he said1 ,i'll give you one of the hares if you wash my feet4 ,to prevent the marriage of the princess with the shepherd1 the king agreed4 ,so he dismounted and washed the shepherd's dusty feet4 ,then the shepherd gave him one of the hares4 ,the ,king put the animal in one pannier and went away4 ,but his undertaking was unsuccessful4 ,the note of the pipe and the cry of the shepherd excited the hare1 who jumped out of the pannier and ran away4 ,the king went to the palace with a sad face4 ,he told his courtiers how unsuccessful he had been1 and went to his private room4 ,the next day at two o'clock in the afternoon the shepherd returned the twelve hares4 ,not a single hare was changed4 ,but the king still refused to fulfill his promise4 ,he told the shepherd to fill a bag with all the bad words he knew4 ,the shepherd uttered every kind of bad words2 but the bag was still empty4 ,but one thing came to his mind4 ,he said loudly1 ,the princess scrubbed my kitchen yesterday afternoon4 ,the princess jumped from her seat and said1 ,the bag is full4 ,no1 said the king4 ,continue4 ,the king1 said the shepherd1 wa--wa--wash---- ,the king jumped from his throne and said1 ,that's enough1 and tied the bag4 ,the marriage was then arranged and the next day the shepherd and the princess were married4 ,from this time on the shepherd and princess lived happily for many years4 ,he succeeded his father-in-law as king4 --,vincente ,m4 ,hilario4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,symbolic-,,didactic ,,group ,we now turn to a set of stories with a new basis1 the symbolic-didactic narratives3 fables1 parables1 and allegories4 ,by the word symbolic we shall understand that the stories mean something more than appears on the surface4 ,by didactic1 the fact that the narratives are told for the purpose of teaching a lesson4 ,the hearer no more believes in the mere literal occurrence than does the narrator himself4 ,the meaning is the concern of both4 ,for the time being1 the story-teller has set himself up as a preacher1 or the preacher as a story-teller4 ,his object is to make vivid and dramatic a lesson in manners1 morals1 religion1 politics1 or art4 ,i4 ,the ,fable sop ,the fable is a very old type of narrative1 so old that critics are not sure of the place of its origin4 ,some think that it rose at the court of ,crsus with sop and spread eastward and westward4 ,others maintain that it came from ,india to the court of the ,lydian king1 and was adopted by sop1 the king's state orator1 as a most convenient device for impressing political lessons on a restless people in a scattered empire4 ,others say that there never was a man sop at all4 ,but legend goes into detail to the effect that this ancient politician was once a slave and that he rose from his servile condition to be the counsellor of kings by the sheer force of his brains and an appreciation of practical problems 7much as our self-made men of today have risen74 ,once even1 when sent as a royal messenger to a rebellious and distant part of the empire1 he quelled a mob and saved his own life by his ready wit in telling a story and applying the moral4 ,he wrote nothing himself1 legend goes on to admit1 but he scattered his practical narratives far and wide1 and they were finally collected as a distinct species of literature4 ,other early fabulists ,whatever the truth of the legend may be1 it is certain that there were in the ,greek language early collections of fables called sop4 ,more than three hundred years before ,christ1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 and ,aristotle translated stories from sop4 ,plutarch and ,lucian1 in the second century after ,christ1 remade them4 ,in the thirteenth century ,marie de ,france versified a hundred of them1 using an old ,english source which we cannot now find4 ,she called her collection ,ysopet1 or ,little sop4 ,finally in #addg1 ,planudes1 a monk of ,constantinople1 put forth in prose a collection of about three hundred stories1 which bears the name of sop4 ,hitopadesa and ,panchatantra ,the ,east never stopped to cavil about the source of fables4 ,it has always loved the type4 ,the ,hindoos have two very ancient ,sanscrit collections of fable-like discourses--the ,panchatantra 7,five ,books71 written in prose1 and the ,hitopadesa 7,friendly ,instruction71 in verse4 ,these differ from ordinary sets of fables in having the principle of connection throughout and in being1 instead of mere brief tales1 rather romantic and dramatic dialogues and expositions designed as text-books for the instruction of princes and those called to govern4 ,many selections1 however1 have been taken out1 translated1 modified1 and used either as whole stories or as elements of larger ones4 ,reynard the ,fox and beastiaries ,the very widely read and extensively translated eleventh century ,reynard the ,fox is a beast-epic1 and not a fable in the technical sense of the term4 ,as likewise the bestiaries are not fables4 ,those quaint medieval collections of false lore1 modeled probably on some earlier ,greek or ,latin physiologus1 were meant as doctrinal expository allegories rather than zoological treatises or than narratives which would fall within our present classification4 ,yet they are allied to this group in that they are symbolic and didactic and permit unnatural natural history4 ,some more writers of fables ,there have always been men who wrote of their own times original satires in the form of fables1 exposing vice and folly4 ,phdrus1 a freedman of ,augustus1 wrote five such books in the reign of ,tiberius4 ,dante1 ,petrarch1 ,boccaccio1 and ,poggio knew and used the type4 ,the greatest name in modern literature in connection with the fable is that of the ,frenchman ,jean de la ,fontaine1 who lived at the court of ,louis ,fourteenth4 ,he expressed in exquisite verse-narrative very high social maxims4 ,many of our finest well-known fables are paraphrases of his lines4 ,his own favorite was the ,oak and the ,reed4 ,he is supposed to have drawn his inspirations from ,phdrus4 ,our own ,english writers1 ,gay and ,pope1 ,addison and ,prior1 ,steele and ,dodsley1 ,moore1 ,goldsmith1 ,cowper1 and others1 wrote fables both in prose and verse4 ,indeed1 worthy old ,henryson1 of ,robin and ,makyne fame1 wrote in the fifteenth century a book of ,morall ,fables of ,esope the ,phrygian in ,chaucerian stanzas4 ,one of these poems he calls the ,uplondish ,mous and the ,berger ,mous4 ,kriloff1 the ,russian fabulist1 who died in the middle of the nineteenth century1 disputes the highest place with ,la ,fontaine in the minds of many critics1 especially for his originality4 ,a twentieth century humorous set of rational apologues is ,george ,ade's ,fables in ,slang4 ,the popular ,uncle ,remus stories are negro animal-myths rather than fables4 ,though ,kipling's first ,jungle ,book narratives are in effect sui generis1 they belong with fable typically if anywhere1 as the unnatural very natural beast philosophy evinces4 ,his ,majesty's ,servant1 the last of the volume1 is easily classified4 ,some of the later tales are animal-myths1 however--to wit1 ,how ,fear ,came and ,how the ,camel ,got ,his ,hump2 and some1 like ,the ,miracle of ,purun ,bhagat1 are legends2 but the talk and actions of the animals in all are fable-wise4 ,the ,french1 it seems1 have lately pushed the type the farthest1 though in a logical direction4 ,they have retained the animal talk and the satire1 but have cast away the narrative4 ,under the patronage of ,rostand1 ,sir ,chanticler has come before the footlights4 ,this play happens to be an anomalous union of the two old distinct meanings of the word fable--one1 the undelying story of a drama2 the other1 a symbolic1 usually satiric1 didactic tale4 ,working definition ,in the narrative sense of the term1 a fable is a very brief invented1 double-meaning story in which a lesson of every day practical morality is taught4 ,the kind of lesson is one of the points that distinguish fable from parable and allegory4 ,the fable never aims higher than inculcating maxims of prudential conduct--industry1 caution1 foresight1 and the like--and these it will sometimes recommend at the expense of the higher1 self-forgetting virtues4 ,a typical fable reaches just the pitch of morality which the world will approve4 ,in spirit the fable is often humorous1 often ironical4 ,in diction it is always simple1 forceful1 and appropriate4 ,three classes of fables have been noticed3 7#a7 the rational--in which the actors and speakers are solely human beings or the gods of mythology1 7#b7 the non-rational--in which the heroes are solely animals1 trees1 vegetables1 or inanimate objects1 7#c7 the mixed--in which the rational and non-rational are combined4 ,classes of fables ,now what distinguishes all these from myth and legend is the presence of the evident and acknowledged didactic purpose4 ,what distinguishes the first class1 the rational fable1 from a parable is the low plane of the motive4 ,above the utilitarian the fable never rises4 ,if the fable teaches honesty1 it teaches it merely as the best policy4 ,what distinguishes the non-rational and the mixed fables from allegory is both the limitation of the moral and the kind of hero4 ,the lesson of the fable is always piquant1 single1 and clear4 ,the actors in a fable are always things concrete in nature as well as in the story4 ,the most popular1 and hence the most typical of the three classes of fables1 is the second1 often called also the beast fable4 ,the beast fable departs somewhat from the laws of nature4 ,in the dialogue1 animals and inanimate objects act like human beings4 ,a fox and a bear1 for instance1 will philosophize on politics4 ,a lion and a mouse will exchange courtesies4 ,but it is a remarkable feature of this type of story that we do not resent the incongruity4 ,and that we do not resent it is because there is a truthfulness that is more interesting to us than is the natural order of the universe--namely1 the truthfulness of characterization4 ,here the verisimilitude must be complete4 ,although acting the part of rational beings1 the animals must be true to our accepted notion of their animal nature--a fox must be foxy2 a bear1 bearish2 a lion1 haughty2 a mouse1 timid2 a cat1 deceptive2 a monkey1 mischievous2 a canary1 dependent2 an eagle1 lofty2 and so on1 and so on4 ,it is not necessary that they have no other characteristics1 but it is necessary that they possess the commonly ascribed ones4 ,how to write an original fable ,to write what is strictly a fable1 a person will need to observe the distinctions of the type in general as cut off from parable on the one hand and allegory on the other1 and to observe the distinctions of the subdivisions within the type4 ,then he must decide1 of course1 which subdivision he is going to follow1 must select his moral1 pick out his actors1 think over their characteristics1 and finally narrate a brief occurrence in a vivid1 homely style4 ,the dialogue1 while correct1 should be very colloquial4 ,it is well for one to pay especial attention to author's narrative1 likewise1 that it may be informing though limited4 ,after all is told1 the writer may or may not affix a maxim at the end1 definitely and neatly stated4 ,in either case1 however1 the lesson taught should be unmistakable4 ,original and spirited fables could be written in the field of civic morals1 about which the world has just begun to think seriously4 ,despite the good work that is being done in the name of charity1 there is room surely for pleasant satire when a ,happy ,childhood ,society gives elaborately dressed dolls to naked babies4 ,if one chooses to write a rational fable1 where the actors are human beings1 one must be careful not to write a parable4 ,the lesson of a fable is always unsentimentally practical--not spiritual4 ,where the actors are gods1 or gods and men1 the student-writer must distinguish fable from myth4 ,he should not aim at explaining a universal phenomenon1 but simply at teaching a single1 acute1 work-a-day lesson4 ,armenian proverbs that might be used for fable maxims #a4 ,when a man sees that the water does not follow him1 he follows the water4 #b4 ,strong vinegar bursts the cask4 #c4 ,dogs quarrel among themselves1 but against the wolf they are united4 #d4 ,only a bearded man can laugh at a beardless face4 #e4 ,make friends with a dog1 but keep a stick in your hand4 #f4 ,one should not feel hurt at the kick of an ass4 #g4 ,running is also an art4 #h4 ,he who speaks the truth must have one foot in the stirrup4 #i4 ,before ,susan had done prinking1 church was over4 #aj4 ,when you are going in1 first consider how you are coming out4 #aa4 ,the ass knows seven ways of swimming1 but when he sees the water he forgets them all4 #ab4 ,a shrewd enemy is better than a stupid friend4 #ac4 ,because the cat could get no meat he said1 ,today is ,friday4 #ad4 ,a goat prefers one goat to a whole herd of sheep4 #ae4 ,a near neighbor is better than a distant kinsman4 #af4 ,when ,i have honey1 the flies come even from ,bagdad4 ,,rational1 ,,with ,,the ,,actors ,,gods ,,and ,,men ,jupiter and the ,countryman ,jupiter1 to reward the piety of a certain countryman1 promised to give him whatever he would ask4 ,the countryman desired that he might have the management of the weather in his own estate4 ,he obtained his request1 and immediately distributed rain1 snow1 and sunshine among his several fields as he thought the nature of the soil required4 ,at the end of the year when he expected to see a more than ordinary crop1 his harvest fell infinitely short of that of his neighbors4 ,thereupon he desired ,jupiter to take the weather again into his own hands1 for the countryman knew that otherwise he should utterly ruin himself4 --,spectator ,no4 #be4 ,,non-,,rational--,,inanimate ,,object ,the ,drop of ,water ,a drop of water fell out of a cloud into the sea1 and finding itself lost amid such a countless number of its companions1 broke out in complaint of its lot4 ,alas6 what an insignificant creature am ,i in this vast ocean of waters6 ,my existence is of no concern to the universe2 ,i am reduced to a kind of nothing1 and ,i am less than the least works of ,god4 ,it so happened that an oyster1 which lay in the neighborhood of this drop1 chanced to gape and swallow it up in the midst of its humble soliloquy4 ,the drop lay a great while hardening in the shell till by degrees it was ripened into a pearl4 ,the pearl fell into the hands of a diver1 after a long series of adventures1 and is at present the famous ornament fixed on the top of the ,persian diadem4 --,persian fable4 ,adapted in the ,spectator ,no4 #bic4 ,,political ,,satire ,the ,grandee at the ,judgment-,seat ,once in the days of old a certain ,grandee passed from his richly dight bed into the realm which ,pluto sways4 ,to speak more simply1 he died4 ,and so1 as was anciently the custom1 he appeared before the justice seat of ,hades4 ,straightway he was asked1 ,where were you born8 ,what have you been8 ,i was born in ,persia1 and my rank was that of a ,satrap4 ,but1 as my health was feeble during my lifetime1 ,i never exercised any personal control in my province1 but left everything to be done by my secretary4 ,but you--what did you do8 ,i ate1 drank1 and slept2 and ,i signed everything he set before me4 ,in with him then at once to ,paradise4 ,how now1 where is the justice of this8 thereupon exclaimed ,mercury1 forgetting all politeness4 ,ah1 brother1 answered ,eacus1 you know nothing about it4 ,but don't you see this8 ,the dead man was a fool4 ,what would have happened if he1 who had such power in his hands1 had unfortunately interfered in business8 ,why1 he would have ruined the whole province4 ,the tears which would have flowed then would have been beyond all calculation4 ,therefore1 it is that he has gone into ,paradise1 because he did not interfere with business4 ,i was in court yesterday1 and ,i saw a judge there4 ,there can be no doubt that he will go into ,paradise4 --,kriloff4 ,,beast ,,fables ,the ,lion and the ,old ,hare ,on the ,mandara mountain there lived a ,lion named ,fierce-of-,heart1 and he was perpetually making massacre of all the wild animals4 ,the thing grew so bad that the beasts held a public meeting1 and drew up a respectful remonstrance to the ,lion in these words3 ,wherefore should your ,majesty thus make carnage of us all8 ,if it may please you1 we ourselves will daily furnish a beast for your ,majesty's meal4 ,thereupon the ,lion responded1 ,if that arrangement is more agreeable to you1 be it so2 and from that time a beast was allotted to him daily1 and daily devoured4 ,one day it came to the turn of an old hare to supply the royal table1 who reflected to himself as he walked along1 ,i can but die1 and will go to my death leisurely4 ,now ,fierce-of-,heart1 the lion1 was pinched with hunger1 and seeing the ,hare so approaching1 he roared out1 ,how darest thou thus delay in coming8 ,sire1 replied the ,hare1 ,i am not to blame4 ,i was detained on the road by another lion1 who exacted an oath from me to return when ,i should have informed your ,majesty4 ,go1 exclaimed ,king ,fierce-of-,heart in a rage2 show me instantly where this insolent villain of a lion lives4 ,the ,hare led the way accordingly until he came to a deep well1 whereat he stopped1 and said1 ,let my lord the ,king come hither and behold him4 ,the ,lion approached1 and beheld his own reflection in the water of the well1 upon which1 in his passion1 he directly flung himself1 and so perished4 --,hitopadesa4 ,translated by ,sir ,edwin ,arnold4 ,the ,fox and the ,crab ,the ,fox and the ,crab lived together like brothers2 together they sowed their land1 reaped the harvest1 thrashed the grain and garnered it4 ,the ,fox said one day3 ,let us go to the hill-top1 and whoever reaches it first shall carry off the grain for his own4 ,while they were 7starting7 to mount the steep1 the ,crab said3 ,do me a favor2 before we set off running1 touch me with your tail1 so that ,i shall know it and be able to follow you4 ,the ,crab opened his claws1 and when the ,fox touched him with his tail1 he leaped forward and seized it1 so that when the ,fox reached the goal and turned around to see where the ,crab was1 the ,crab fell upon the heap of grain and said3 ,these three bushels and a half are all mine4 ,the ,fox was thunderstruck and exclaimed3 ,how did you get here1 you rascal8 ,this fable shows that deceitful men devise many methods and actions for getting things their own way1 but that they are often defeated by the feeble4 --,turkish ,fable4 ,translated by ,epiphanius ,wilson4 ,,rational1 ,,with ,,the ,,actors ,,men ,the ,fool ,who ,sells ,wisdom ,a certain fool kept constantly passing through the streets of a town4 ,who will buy wisdom8 he cried in a loud voice4 ,a citizen met him on his way1 accosted him1 and presented him with some small pieces of money4 ,sell me a little wisdom1 he said4 ,here it is1 replied the other1 cuffing him heartily1 and immediately putting into his hands a long thread4 ,if you wish in the future to be wise and prudent1 said the hawker to him1 always keep as far away from fools as the length of this thread4 ,moral3 ,we should avoid all connection and communication with fools and cranks4 --,ibid4 ,,almost ,a ,,parable ,the ,archer and the ,trumpeter ,the ,archer and the ,trumpeter were travelling together in a lonely place4 ,the ,archer boasted of his skill as a warrior1 and asked the ,trumpeter if he bore arms4 ,no1 replied the ,trumpeter1 ,i cannot fight4 ,i can only blow my horn1 and make music for those who are at war4 ,but ,i can hit a mark at a hundred paces1 said the ,archer4 ,as he spoke1 an eagle appeared1 hovering over the tree tops4 ,he drew out an arrow1 fitted it on the string1 shot at the bird1 which straightway fell to the ground1 transfixed to the heart4 ,i am not afraid of any foe2 for that bird might just as well have been a man1 said the ,archer proudly4 ,but you would be quite helpless if anyone attacked you4 ,they saw at the moment a band of robbers1 approaching them with drawn swords4 ,the ,archer immediately discharged a sharp arrow which laid low the foremost of the wicked men4 ,but the rest soon overpowered him and bound his hands4 ,as for this trumpeter1 he can do us no harm1 for he has neither sword nor bow1 they said1 and did not bind him1 but took away his purse and wallet4 ,then the ,trumpeter said3 ,you are welcome1 friends1 but let me play you a tune on my horn4 ,with their consent he blew loud and long on his trumpet1 and in a short space of time the guards of the ,king came running up at the sound1 and surrounded the robbers and carried them off to prison4 ,when they unbound the hands of the ,archer1 he said to the ,trumpeter3 ,friend1 ,i have learned to-day that a trumpet is better than a bow2 for you have saved our lives without doing harm to anyone4 ,this fable shows that one man ought not to despise the trade of another4 ,it also shows that it is better to be able to gain the help of others than to trust to our own strength4 --,ibid4 ,the ,courtship of ,sir ,butterfly ,it was a beautiful ,may morning4 ,the air was soft and balmy1 still retaining the freshness of the evening4 ,sir ,butterfly woke up very early to go to the garden and pay a visit to the beautiful flowers that grew there4 ,the garden looked inviting4 ,for there was already ,miss ,sampaguita1 fresh as the morning with little drops of dew on her cheeks2 there was the tall and graceful ,miss ,champaka2 there was ,miss ,ilang-ilang1 giving perfume to the balmy air that kissed her2 there was ,miss ,sunflower with her face toward the ,eastern ,gate--all of them were expecting early and courteous visitors4 ,however1 ,sir ,butterfly was a shrewd critic1 and could find faults in each one of these beauties4 ,but when he came before ,miss ,rose1 he found himself at a loss what to say4 ,in fact1 he was fascinated by her beauty1 and soon began to flutter about her4 ,after a while he addressed her in this way3 ,fair ,rose1 thou art the queen of flowers2 ,this throne ,i give alone to thee2 ,and this ,i'll say at all hours1 ,the sweetest nectar thine must be4 ,thy garment of the purest green ,befits right well thy being a queen2 ,and this ,i have to say to thee1 ,the sweetest nectar thine must be4 ,thy cheeks are rosy1 lips are red ,with tints of freshness never dead2 ,come1 give me a kiss1 sweet ,rose1 ,of thine own nectar sweet1 a dose4 ,here ,miss ,rose interrupted him4 ,nay1 nay1 please do not flatter me1 she said in a tone of affected coquetry4 ,but ,sir ,butterfly continued his recitation3 ,thy graceful form invites me ,a dear embrace to give thee4 ,saying this1 he drew near her and passed his arms around her body4 ,but what an embrace6 ,the thorns held him fast2 he was now a wounded prisoner4 ,in a tone of anger and despair he cried3 ,let me free1 you ugly1 ugly ,miss ,rose6 ,,moral3 ,the seemingly desirable is not always desirable1 or circumstances alter estimates4 --,mximo ,m4 ,kalaw4 ,the ,hat and the ,shoes ,once a man owned two faithful servants1 a hat and a pair of shoes4 ,the shoes had always been jealous of the hat3 in the first place1 because the master carried the hat instead of the hat's carrying him2 secondly1 because the hat was given a great deal of care and had a regular place where it was put2 while the shoes1 who carried both the master and the hat1 were just thrown anywhere after their service4 ,of course the shoes did not feel satisfied with such partial treatment1 and had long wished to have a short talk with the hat to discuss this matter of importance2 but they had always been put far apart4 ,one day1 while their master was asleep and while they were having a rest1 a child got hold of the hat and the shoes as playthings4 ,the shoes were then glad of this2 for they could have a hearty chat4 ,soon afterwards1 the child grew tired of playing and feel asleep4 ,they then discussed their respective positions4 ,why is it1 my friend1 asked the shoes1 who began the discussion1 that you are always carried by our master and taken good care of8 ,don't be envious of my position1 my friend shoes4 ,our master takes such good care of me because ,i protect the most important part of his body1 while you1 you just serve his feet1 replied the hat4 ,you are mistaken4 ,yes1 you are entirely mistaken4 ,i serve not only his feet1 but his legs1 body1 and hands1 and head too1 and what is more1 ,i1 a servant1 also serve you who are like myself1 argued the shoes4 ,the hat was ashamed because of what the shoes had expounded and was unable to continue the discussion4 ,,moral3 ,when you occupy a position of dignity1 don't think that those below you are your servants and their work is of little value2 for generally those men are the ones who support you1 and their services may be of more importance than yours4 --,jos ,r4 ,perez4 ,the ,crocodile and the ,peahen ,once there lived a young crocodile on the bank of the ,pasig ,river4 ,he was so fierce and so greedy that no animals dared to approach him4 ,one day while he was resting on a rock1 he thought of getting married4 ,he said aloud1 ,i will give all that ,i have for a wife4 ,as he pronounced these words1 a coquettish peahen passed near him4 ,the naughty crocodile expressed his wish again4 ,the coquette listened carefully1 and began to examine the crocodile's looks4 ,she said to herself1 ,i will marry this crocodile4 ,he is very rich4 ,oh1 my6 ,if ,i could only have all those pearls and diamonds1 ,i should be the happiest wife in the world4 ,she made up her mind to marry the crocodile4 ,she then alighted on the rock where the crocodile was1 who made his offer again with extreme politeness1 as a hypocrite always does4 ,she thought that the big eyes of the crocodile were two beautiful diamonds and that the rough skin was made of pearls1 so she accepted the proposal4 ,the crocodile asked the peahen to sit on his mouth1 that she might not spoil her beautiful feathers with mud4 ,the foolish bird did as she was told4 ,what do you think happened6 ,he made a good dinner of his new wife4 ,,moral3 ,be attracted by quality rather than wealth4 --,elisa ,r4 ,esquerra4 ,the ,old ,man1 ,his ,son1 and ,his ,grandson ,in olden times1 when men lived to be two or three hundred years old1 there dwelt a very poor family near a big forest4 ,the household had but three members--a grandfather1 a father1 and a son4 ,the grandfather was an old man of one hundred and twenty-five years4 ,he was so old that the help of his housemates was needed to feed him4 ,many a time1 and especially after meals1 he related to his son and to his grandson his brave deeds while serving in the king's army1 the responsible positions he filled after leaving a soldier's life2 and he told entertaining stories of hundreds of years gone by4 ,the father was not satisfied with the arrangement1 however1 and planned to get rid of the old man4 ,one day he said to his son1 ,at present1 ,i am receiving a peso daily1 but half of it is spent to feed your worthless grandfather4 ,we do not get any real benefit from him4 ,to-morrow let us bind him and take him to the woods1 and leave him there to die4 ,yes1 father1 said the boy4 ,when the morning came1 they bound the old man and took him to the forest4 ,on their way home the boy said to his father1 ,wait1 ,i will go back1 and get the rope4 ,what for8 asked his father1 raising his voice4 ,to have it ready when your turn comes1 replied the boy1 believing that to cast every old man into the forest was the usual custom4 ,ah6 if that is likely to be the case with me1 back we go1 and get your grandfather again4 --,eutiquiano ,garcia4 ,,ii4 ,parable ,parable contrasted with fable ,the parable1 like the fable1 is a short didactic story2 but the lesson of the parable is always spiritual1 though not necessarily religious4 ,the fable never rises above the common-place3 it preaches a worldly morality4 ,self-interest and prudence are its tenets2 it often satirizes2 it laughs at mankind4 ,the parable1 on the contrary1 is always serious3 it is earnest and high in its purpose4 ,it tries to win mankind to generosity and self-forgetting1 or tries to shame him for his neglect by presenting good deeds in contrast with his1 or tries to drive him forth to an awe-struck repentance by a representation of righteous anger4 ,the actors in a parable never violate the laws of nature4 ,if animals appear1 for instance1 they do not talk4 ,they follow as the friends or subjects of man1 as in actual life4 ,man's dominion over them is spiritual2 hence they may have a place in the parable along with him but not without him4 ,characteristics of parables ,where the parable departs from the true story is in the fact that the men in the parable are types1 and the deeds are symbolic4 ,we have not ,mr4 ,john ,w4 ,richards1 a particular farmer and an individual1 plowing a field of corn in ,mason ,county1 ,illinois1 on ,july #c2 but instead we have such statements as these3 ,the ,farmer went out to plow his corn1 ,the ,sower went out to sow the seeds1 ,a ,householder hired laborers for his vineyard2 or ,once a ,king had two servants1 or ,the ,prodigal sat among the swine in a far country4 ,if the name of an actor is ever individual--like that of ,abraham1 for instance1 in ,franklin's prose parable1 or ,abou ,ben ,adhem in ,leigh ,hunt's poem--the actor himself is nevertheless representative4 ,abraham stands for the whole ,jewish people in its exclusiveness2 and ,abou ,ben ,adhem1 for all doubters who yet love their fellow-men4 ,a character's seeing of angels or hearing of the voice of the ,deity does not break the versimilitude of parables2 for these matters are readily taken subjectively4 ,the spiritual truth of a parable is generally independent and separable from the story1 which can always be read as narrative of actual events1 though it is meant to be symbolic4 ,the interpretation comes from without4 ,it is either left to be inferred by the reader or is written before or after the narrative in the form of a summarizing figure of speech or a detailed collated exposition4 ,you remember that ,christ took his disciples aside and explained his parables to them4 ,tolstoy ,count ,tolstoy has written many parables4 ,he combines his teaching with virile realism until he is as enthusiastically read as are the popular and less spiritual authors4 ,what ,men ,live ,by is an exquisite example of his teaching1 and1 while it embodies a church legend1 is a regular parable in form4 ,it has the requisite generic atmosphere about it3 the shoemaker and his wife1 the rich purchaser1 the kind foster-mother1 and the children are all types4 ,the intense realism comes in in the representation of ,russian life4 ,the lesson is given in an orderly exposition after the narrative of events is finished4 ,suggestions on writing parables ,in writing an original parable1 one should avoid the diction of the ,bible1 that is1 should avoid phraseology archaic or especially religious2 but it would be well to imitate the simplicity and straightforwardness of the ,biblical narrative4 ,a modern parable writer to be successful would avoid mawkishness1 and what is popularly designated as preaching1--but he would shadow forth nevertheless very clearly a high1 spiritual truth4 ,he would study living examples carefully so as to express inevitable actions in a few luminous words4 ,there are many noble lessons to be taught by the actions of typical men in typical situations4 ,working definition ,the adjectives symbolic1 serious1 spiritual1 typical1 and natural might be embodied in a working definition thus3 ,a parable is a narrative of imaginary events1 a symbolic didactic story1 wherein the actors are always types of men or types of men and animals 7never exclusively of animals71 and whereof the lesson is always spiritual1 single1 and separate1 and the tone is always serious1 and the events always appear natural and customary4 ,a list of proverbs that might be expanded into parables #a4 ,god understands the dumb4 #b4 ,what a man acquires in his youth serves as a crutch in his old age4 #c4 ,begin with small things that you may achieve great4 #d4 ,he who steals an egg will steal a horse also4 #e4 ,one can spoil the good name of a thousand4 #f4 ,one bad deed begets another4 #g4 ,the grandfather ate unripe grapes and the grandson's teeth were set on edge4 #h4 ,what is play to the cat is death to the mouse 7modern1 political parable74 #i4 ,when a man grows rich1 he thinks his walls are awry4 #aj4 ,better lose one's eyes than one's calling4 #aa4 ,what the wind brings it will take away4 #ab4 ,no one is sure that his light will burn till morning4 #ac4 ,the scornful soon grow old4 #ad4 ,a merry heart doeth good like a medicine4 #ae4 ,love ever so well1 there is also hate2 hate ever so much1 there is also love4 #af4 ,to rise early is not everything2 happy are they who have the help of ,god4 #ag4 ,by asking1 one finds the way to ,jerusalem4 #ah4 ,when ,god gives1 he gives with both hands4 #ai4 ,until you see trouble you will never know joy4 #bj4 ,we are intelligence1 that we may be will4 #ba4 ,act only on that maxim which thou couldst will to become a universal law4 ,the ,three ,questions ,it once occurred to a certain king1 that if he always knew the right time to begin everything2 if he knew who were the right people to listen to1 and whom to avoid2 and1 above all1 if he always knew what was the most important thing to do1 he would never fail in anything he might undertake4 ,and this thought having occurred to him1 he had it proclaimed throughout his kingdom that he would give a great reward to any one who would teach him what was the right time for every action1 and who were the most necessary people1 and how he might know what was the most important thing to do4 ,and learned men came to the ,king1 but they all answered his questions differently4 ,in reply to the first question1 some said that to know the right time for every action1 one must draw up in advance1 a table of days1 months and years1 and must live strictly according to it4 ,only thus1 said they1 could everything be done at its proper time4 ,others declared that it was impossible to decide beforehand the right time for every action2 but that1 not letting oneself be absorbed in idle pastimes1 one should always attend to all that was going on1 and then do what was most needful4 ,others1 again1 said that however attentive the ,king might be to what was going on1 it was impossible for one man to decide correctly what is the right time for every action1 but that he should have a ,council of wise men1 who would help him to fix the proper time for everything4 ,but then again others said there were some things which could not wait to be laid before a ,council1 but about which one had at once to decide whether to undertake them or not4 ,but in order to decide that1 one must know beforehand what was going to happen4 ,it is only magicians who know that2 and1 therefore1 in order to know the right time for every action1 one must consult magicians4 ,equally various were the answers to the second question4 ,some said1 the people the ,king most needed were his councillors2 others1 the priests2 others1 the doctors2 while some said the warriors were the most necessary4 ,to the third question1 as to what was the most important occupation3 some replied that the most important thing in the world was science4 ,others said it was skill in warfare2 and others1 again1 that it was religious worship4 ,all the answers being different1 the ,king agreed with none of them1 and gave the reward to none4 ,but still wishing to find the right answers to his questions1 he decided to consult a hermit1 widely renowned for his wisdom4 ,the hermit lived in a wood which he never quitted1 and he received none but common folk4 ,so the ,king put on simple clothes1 and before reaching the hermit's cell dismounted from his horse1 and1 leaving his bodyguard behind1 went on alone4 ,when the ,king approached1 the hermit was digging the ground in front of his hut4 ,seeing the ,king1 he greeted him and went on digging4 ,the hermit was frail and weak1 and each time he stuck his spade into the ground and turned a little earth1 he breathed heavily4 ,the ,king went up to him and said3 ,i have come to you1 wise hermit1 to ask you to answer three questions3 ,how can ,i learn to do the right thing at the right time8 ,who are the people ,i most need1 and to whom should ,i1 therefore1 pay more attention than to the rest8 ,and what affairs are the most important1 and need my first attention8 ,the hermit listened to the ,king1 but answered nothing4 ,he just spat on his hand and recommenced digging4 ,you are tired1 said the ,king1 let me take the spade and work a while for you4 ,thanks1 said the hermit1 and1 giving the spade to the ,king1 he sat down on the ground4 ,when he had dug two beds1 the ,king stopped and repeated his questions4 ,the hermit again gave no answer1 but rose1 stretched out his hand for the spade1 and said3 ,now rest awhile--and let me work a bit4 ,but the ,king did not give him the spade1 and continued to dig4 ,one hour passed1 and another4 ,the sun began to sink behind the trees1 and the ,king at last stuck the spade into the ground1 and said3 ,i come to you1 wise man1 for an answer to my questions4 ,if you can give me none1 tell me so1 and ,i will return home4 ,here comes some one running1 said the hermit1 let us see who it is4 ,the ,king turned around1 and saw a bearded man come running out of the wood4 ,the man held his hands pressed against his stomach1 and blood was flowing from under them4 ,when he reached the ,king1 he fell fainting on the ground moaning feebly4 ,the ,king and the hermit unfastened the man's clothing4 ,there was a large wound in his stomach4 ,the ,king washed it as best as he could1 and bandaged it with his handkerchief and with a towel the hermit had4 ,but the blood would not stop flowing1 and this ,king again and again removed the bandage soaked with warm blood1 and washed and rebandaged the wound4 ,when at last the blood ceased flowing1 the man revived and asked for something to drink4 ,the ,king brought fresh water and gave it to him4 ,meanwhile the sun had set1 and it had become cool4 ,so the ,king with the hermit's help1 carried the wounded man into the hut and laid him on the bed4 ,lying on the bed the man closed his eyes and was quiet2 but the ,king was so tired with his walk and with the work he had done1 that he crouched down on the threshold1 and also fell asleep--so soundly that he slept all through the short summer night4 ,when he awoke in the morning1 it was long before he could remember where he was1 or who was the strange bearded man lying on the bed and gazing intently at him with shining eyes4 ,forgive me6 said the bearded man in a weak voice1 when he saw that the ,king was awake and was looking at him4 ,i do not know you1 and have nothing to forgive you for1 said the ,king4 ,you do not know me1 but ,i know you4 ,i am that enemy of yours who swore to revenge himself on you because you executed his brother and seized his property4 ,i knew you had gone alone to see the hermit1 and ,i resolved to kill you on your way back4 ,but the day passed and you did not return4 ,so ,i came out from my ambush to find you1 and ,i came upon your bodyguard1 and they recognized me1 and wounded me4 ,i escaped from them1 but should have bled to death had you not dressed my wound4 ,i wished to kill you1 and you have saved my life4 ,now if ,i live1 and if you wish it1 ,i will serve you as your most faithful slave1 and will bid my sons do the same4 ,forgive me6 ,the ,king was very glad to have made peace with his enemy so easily1 and to have gained him for a friend1 and he not only forgave him1 but said he would send his servants and his own physician to attend him1 and promised to restore his property4 ,having taken leave of the wounded man1 the ,king went out into the porch and looked around for the hermit4 ,before going away he wished once more to beg answer to the question he had put4 ,the hermit was outside1 on his knees1 sowing seeds in the beds that had been dug the day before4 ,the ,king approached him1 and said3 ,for the last-time1 ,i pray you to answer my questions1 wise man4 ,you have already been answered1 said the hermit still crouching on his thin legs1 and looking at the ,king1 who stood before him4 ,how answered8 ,what do you mean8 asked the ,king4 ,do you not see1 replied the hermit4 ,if you had not pitied my weakness yesterday1 and had not dug these beds for me1 but had gone your way1 that man would have attacked you1 and you would have repented of not having stayed with me4 ,so the most important time was when you were digging the beds2 and ,i was the most important man1 and to do me good was your most important business4 ,afterwards1 when that man ran to us1 the most important time was when you were attending to him1 for if you had not bound up his wounds he would have died without having made peace with you4 ,so he was the most important man1 and what you did for him was your most important business4 ,remember then3 there is only one time that is important--,now6 ,it is the most important time because it is the only time when we have any power4 ,the most necessary man is he with whom you are1 for no man knows whether he will ever have dealings with any one else3 and the most important affair is1 to do him good1 because for that purpose alone was man sent into this life6 --,count ,leo ,m4 ,tolstoy4 ,twenty-,three ,tales from ,tolstoy1 translated by ,l4 and ,a4 ,maude 7,oxford ,press74 ,a ,master and ,his ,servant ,once a rich man was riding on horseback over a desert4 ,he was going to the palace to be knighted by the king4 ,with him was his trusty servant1 who was to take care of their baggage and their food4 ,as the master's horse was stronger than the servant's1 the master went very far ahead4 ,at last he came to a lonely tree by the road4 ,he intended to stop in the shade1 but when he got there1 he found a poor trader almost dying of hunger4 ,he had pity on him1 so he threw him a piece of cake1 which fell on his breast4 ,alas6 the poor man could not move his hands to pick it up4 ,the master1 however1 would not dismount and help the wretched man1 but started on1 leaving him about to die4 ,soon the servant came to the same place4 ,his heart was greatly moved upon seeing the traveler's pitiful appearance4 ,as the servant was about to drink a few drops of water that still remained in a bottle1 the suffering man looked at him4 ,therefore1 he dismounted from his horse1 and poured the water into the man's mouth4 ,after a while the man could move his body a little4 ,the servant thought that with a cup of pure warm water the poor traveler would recover his strength4 ,but no water could be found in the desert4 ,so he killed his horse1 took the blood from its heart1 and gave it to the traveler4 ,the servant did not leave the traveler until he could get up without help4 ,at last the servant started on his journey with the baggage on his head1 leaving his dead horse and the traveler in the middle of the desert4 ,he left to the traveler some bread1 clothes1 the saddle and his hat4 ,it was evening when he arrived at the palace4 ,his master had been waiting for him impatiently4 ,without asking a question1 the master began to whip his servant1 because he had lost everything except their baggage4 ,the servant would have suffered more had not the king chanced to see him4 ,both were brought before the king1 who asked the servant what the matter was4 ,the poor servant knelt before the king with his hands crossed over his breast1 and then told the whole story4 ,seeing that the servant was as respectful1 brave1 and kind as a knight ought to be1 the king made him a noble instead of his master4 --,eusebio ,ramos4 ,the ,parable of the ,beggar and the ,givers ,good people1 alms6 ,alms for the poor6 whined an uncouth beggar who stood huddled close1 to the cold stones of a shop wall1 and there sought shelter from the wind4 ,two brothers1 well clad and warm1 walking homeward together1 turned and looked to see whence the appeal came4 ,the elder carelessly tossed a silver piece into the out-stretched palm1 and muttered1 ,odious beggars6 ,then he hastened on4 ,the younger man1 however1 stopped and asked how such willing pauperism had gained ascendancy over pride4 ,the alms-seeker then told a story of search for employment1 of repeated failures1 and of the final surrender of self-esteem4 ,the youth pitied the vagrant1 and offered to furnish him a method of gaining independence4 ,he readily accepted the help and a new worker began to labor in the vineyards of the brothers4 ,some years later1 when the time arrived for the people to send a new burgher to the capital to represent them1 men came from the city to ask the fruit-gatherers which of their employers should be the choice for the office4 ,then the chief of the workmen spoke out1 ,the elder will fling you a coin and a curse4 ,the younger will give you laws and improvements for your city4 ,he will teach you to earn the coin for yourself4 ,the next year the giver of charity went to the great council in ,berlin1 while the giver of alms superintended the vine-growing and envied his brother's good fortune4 --,dorothea ,knoblock4 ,,iii4 ,allegory ,the word allegory is used widely to signify any figurative and symbolic writing 7proverb1 parable1 metaphor1 simile1 or allegory proper72 but we are going to use it in its distinctive and academic sense as a rhetorical and narrative type4 ,characteristics ,like the fable and the parable1 the allegory teaches a lesson2 like them it is a story1 but longer than either1 more detailed than either4 ,connected with the actors in it are generally abstract ideas used figuratively1 directly personified as people on adventures or used to form the atmosphere1 the goal of attainment1 the place of destination1 the road over which the hero travels4 ,for instance1 ,youth sets out from the ,house of ,innocence over the ,road of ,life and strays into the ,path of ,temptation that leads through the ,wood of ,error4 ,here he meets ,falsehood and ,shame1 and overcomes them1 for the time at least1 and passes through the clearing of ,experience toward the ,castle of ,perseverance1 grim and dark and uninviting1 that stands hard by1 yet beyond1 the ,house of ,mirth1 etc41 etc4 ,when you write an allegory1 you will not be so trite as this illustrative example1 but will get a good idea1 a good spiritual lesson1 and will teach it with a unique and original plot in which the adventures themselves are interesting4 ,the world's greatest prose allegory1 ,pilgrim's ,progress1 has always been read for the story4 ,the ,faerie ,queene as a metrical romance and a triple allegory of religion1 ,elizabeth's court1 and the perfect man1 has been a storehouse for prose narrators as well as for poets for three hundred years4 ,practically all the old morality plays were allegories4 ,everyman1 the best extant1 is very vital indeed when put on the stage4 ,plato's ,vision of ,er ,plato's great myth-allegory in the ,republic was designed by him to teach his people his theory of the transmigration of souls and how they might safely pass over the river of ,forgetfulness without being defiled and might hold fast to the heavenly way and follow after ,justice and ,virtue always1 considering that the soul is immortal and able to endure every sort of good and every sort of evil4 ,popularly the story is known as a vision2 but ,socrates1 ,plato's literary character who tells the story1 calls it a tale1 a tale of a brave man ,er1 the ,son of ,armenius1 who1 on the twelfth day1 as he was lying on the funeral pile1 returned to life and told what he had seen in the other world4 ,this device of a vision was widely adopted1 doubtless indirectly from ,plato1 as a good framework for allegory4 ,we find the medieval poets dreaming dreams and letting their souls depart from their bodies pretty generally4 ,modern ,allegories ,the romance and the allegory were the prime medieval types1 and we find them persisting together or apart in our own ,english literature from ,william ,langland's ,piers the ,plowman with its ,tower of ,truth1 ,conscience1 ,envy1 ,advice of ,hunger1 and the like1 to ,henry ,van ,dyke's ,blue ,flower with its crystal river flowing from a mysterious source4 ,the ,hunter and the ,artist's ,secret by ,olive ,schreiner and ,poems in ,prose by ,oscar ,wilde are exquisite modern examples4 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne wrote scarcely anything that is not inlaid with allegory4 ,the ,great ,stone ,face is a fine instance of how concrete pure allegory can be4 ,it teaches a beautifully spiritual truth by the portrayal of ,american customs and everyday human shortsightedness4 ,a good ,german prose allegory is ,peter ,schlemihl3 or1 ,the ,man ,who ,sold his ,shadow4 ,stevenson's tremendous study1 ,the ,strange ,case of ,dr4 ,jekyll and ,mr4 ,hyde1 is really allegory4 ,a review of the names of the older but famous allegories will be perhaps more interesting and suggestive than the perusal from beginning to end of any one of them would be1 for they are for the most part long and tedious4 ,some famous ,english allegories ,in early ,anglo-,saxon verse we find appearing the favorite device of allegory1 the vision4 ,in the ,dream of the ,rood the author tells of how he saw a strange ,tree1 the gallows of shame1 now the glorious ,tree of the ,savior1 and how it told its life-history4 ,the ,address of the ,soul to the ,body is a grim allegorical dialogue4 ,in ,the ,phoenix1 the fabulous bird represents ,christ1 as does also the ,panther in the other poem1 the sweet-breathed1 lonely1 harmless beast4 ,these are all verse1 and with the exception of the ,dream of the ,rood hardly narrative4 ,the last two are really ,english bestiaries4 ,the ,romaunt of the ,rose1 the greatest medieval allegory1 in its ,english form1 contains seventy-six hundred ninety-eight lines4 ,you will find all these included in ,chaucer's work1 but only seventeen hundred five are his4#a ,the ,parlament of ,foules and the ,house of ,fame1 however1 are his1 but not ,the ,court of ,love1 the ,flower and the ,leaf1 ,the ,cockowe and the ,nightingale4 ,between ,chaucer and ,spenser come ,dunbar's ,thistle and the ,rose and ,the ,golden ,targe2 ,lydgate's ,temple of ,glass2 ,hawes's ,pastime of ,pleasure2 ,douglas's ,palace of ,honour and ,king ,hart2 ,lyndesay's ,dream and ,complaint of ,papingo2 ,barclay's ,ship of ,fooles2 ,sackville's ,induction to the ,mirror for ,magistrates4 ,after ,spenser1 besides ,phineas ,fletcher's ,the ,purple ,island and ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress1 come ,addison's ,vision of ,mirza1 ,parnell's ,paradise of ,fooles1 ,thomson's ,castle of ,indolence1 ,johnson's ,journey of a ,day1 ,collin's ,the ,passions1 and ,aikin's ,the ,hill of ,science4 ,in the beautiful ,elizabethan ,english translation we have also the allegories of the ,bible1 of which the ,twenty-third ,psalm is doubtless the best known example1 as it is perhaps the best loved quotation from the ,old ,testament4 ,all the psalms put their truths allegorically in the broad literary sense4 ,ezekiel1 ,isaiah1 and the other prophets often speak in strict allegorical narratives1 which they explain either immediately or later4 ,the great literary beauty of the ,revelation depends on the exquisite use of allegory2 the leaves of the tree of life are for the healing of the nations2 the water of the river of life is for everyone that thirsteth4 ,allegory and parable distinguished ,mention of ,hawthorne's use of allegory calls to mind the distinction a student of narrative types must make between parable on the one hand and a particular kind of allegory on the other1 that kind in which there are no abstractions4 ,he asks himself1 ,what is the difference when both narratives have only people for actors8 ,he finds the answer in the fact that the actors of the parable are always representatives of a type1 doing nothing outside the type1 nothing individual1 while the actors of that sort of allegory in which there are no personified abstractions are always individual men even though they may have universal vices or virtues2 that is1 they perform individual deeds and go through peculiar experiences1 that not all the men of their class could perform and go through4 ,but although more individual1 the allegory is less human than the parable2 for the happenings of the parable are always probable1 while those of the allegory may be probable1 improbable1 or so fantastic as to be wholly impossible4 ,the allegory is usually longer also than the parable4 ,besides1 unlike the parable1 the allegory demands no interpretation from without1 but carries its interpretation along from name to name4 ,hence the allegory can be said to be an extended metaphor1 and the parable1 a long half simile4 ,on the other hand1 many proverbs are concise parables and many are also brief allegories4 ,allegory and fable distinguished ,allegory meets fable on the fact that both may be satiric2 but stands aside from fable on the fact that allegory is much longer and employs personified abstractions as characters4 ,hawthorne's ,celestial ,railroad is an example of humorous-satiric allegory4 ,parable1 we recall1 is always spiritual1 allegory often so1 and fable never4 ,working definition ,when you set out to write1 therefore1 you will have in mind a general summary somewhat like this3 ,an allegory is a narrative of imaginary events designed to teach a series of utilitarian or spiritual truths--the actors in the events being either individuals with typical follies1 vices1 and virtues1 or personified abstractions that go through individual and particular experiences4 ,how to write allegory ,to proceed to write original allegory you will need to pay especial attention to 7#a7 the series of lessons you mean to teach3 ,shall it be in the realm of politics1 trade1 education1 or general morals8 7#b7 ,the tone of your teaching3 ,shall it be humorous or grave8 7#c7 ,the kind of personages3 ,shall they be real persons made more-or-less typical and abstract1 or shall they be abstractions made more-or-less concrete and individual8 7#d7 ,the course of the action3 ,what shall happen8 ,there must be something a-doing that is in itself interesting and that has a beginning1 a middle1 and an end4 ,you must not fall into the error of merely enumerating and cataloguing4 ,you must have a definite action going forward in which your personages take a necessary part4 ,allegory fell into disrepute in the past because of the attempts of lazy and careless writers4 ,there is evidence of its revival as a popular type4 ,a present-day writer in the ,atlantic ,monthly has shown us how vigorous1 informing1 and pungent it may be3 ,the ,novelist's ,allegory is entirely worth while with its good old-fashioned flavor4 7#e7 ,you must pay attention to the characterizations3 you must see to it that the speeches you put into the mouths of your creatures could be delivered by them in the world or society you have got together4 ,everything in the action--the time1 the place1 the characters of the persons--must conform to the ideal nature of the subject4 ,the laws of the actual universe you may violate1 but not the laws of your imaginary universe4 ,moreover1 the nearer the actual and the imaginary come together on essentials1 the more effective your preaching will be4 ,what you write as author's narrative must be vital and contributive4 ,make your description of dress and gesture so vivid that it will quicken the imagination of your readers4 ,never yourself think of your personages as abstractions4 ,let them live and move before you as real beings2 then tell about them4 ,a testimony to the return of allegory into good favor is its use on the stage4 ,we no longer are afraid to see that ,ibsen's ,peer ,gynt is an allegorical satire and not the bucolic love tale that some persons try to make it1 and that even the wonderful scene of ,ase's death is pathos serving satire4 ,maeterlinck's ,blue ,bird1 which is unmistakable allegory1 has pleased the latest theater-going public high and low4 ,present-day interest in primitive types ,this thought leads to a word in general on primitive types4 ,although it is becoming the fashion to be interested in them1 and hence many poor specimens both in prose and verse will get into print1 yet the writing of such simple and idealistic things by way of reaction from our intense and often hectic realism1 is surely in the main wholesome1 regardless of the value of the individual pieces4 ,years ago ,count ,tolstoy said1 ,the artist of the future will understand that to compose a fairy-tale1 a little song which will touch1 a lullaby or a riddle which will entertain1 a jest which will amuse1 or to draw a sketch such as will delight dozens of generations or millions of children and adults1 is incomparably more important and more fruitful than to compose a novel1 or a symphony1 or paint a picture of the kind which diverts some members of the wealthy classes for a short time and is then forever forgotten4 ,the region of this art of the simplest feelings accessible to all is enormous1 and it is as yet almost untouched4 ,of course the hope of literary excellence for such an epoch1 if it comes1 will lie in the possibility of the pieces being kept as ,tolstoy's own are1 very near to the nave4 ,the ,artist ,one evening there came into his soul the desire to fashion an image of ,the ,pleasure that abideth for a ,moment4 ,and he went forth into the world to look for bronze4 ,for he could think only in bronze4 ,but all the bronze of the whole world had disappeared1 nor anywhere in the whole world was there any bronze to be found1 save only the bronze of the image of ,the ,sorrow that endureth ,forever4 ,now this image he had himself1 and with his own hands1 fashioned1 and had set it on the tomb of the one thing he had loved in life4 ,on the tomb of the dead thing he had most loved had he set this image of his own fashioning1 that it might serve as a sign of the love of man that dieth not1 and a symbol of the sorrow of man that endureth forever4 ,and in the whole world there was no other bronze save the bronze of this image4 ,and he took the image he had fashioned1 and set it in a great furnace1 and gave it to the fire4 ,and out of the bronze of the ,image of ,the ,sorrow that endureth forever1 he fashioned an image of ,the ,pleasure that abideth for a moment4 --,oscar ,wilde4 ,poems in ,prose 7,fortnightly ,review1 ,july #a1 #ahid74 ,the ,house of ,judgment ,and there was silence in the ,house of ,judgment1 and the ,man came naked before ,god4 ,and ,god opened the ,book of the ,life of the ,man4 ,and ,god said to the ,man1 ,thy life hath been evil1 and thou hast shown cruelty to those in need of succor1 and to those who lacked help thou hast been bitter and hard of heart4 ,the poor called to thee and thou did'st not hearken1 and thine ears were closed to the cry of my afflicted4 ,the inheritance of the fatherless thou did'st take unto thyself1 and thou did'st send the foxes into the vineyard of thy neighbor's field4 ,thou did'st take the bread of the children and give it to the dogs to eat1 and my lepers who lived in the marshes1 and were at peace and praised me thou did'st drive forth on the highway1 and on mine earth out of which ,i made thee thou did'st spill innocent blood4 ,and the ,man made answer and said1 ,even so did ,i4 ,and again ,god opened the ,book of the ,life of the ,man4 ,and ,god said to the ,man1 ,thy life hath been evil1 and the ,beauty ,i have shown1 thou hast sought for1 and the ,good ,i have hidden1 thou did'st pass by4 ,the walls of thy chamber were painted with images1 and from the bed of thine abominations thou did'st rise up to the sound of flutes4 ,thou did'st build seven altars to the sins ,i have suffered1 and did'st eat of the thing that may not be eaten1 and the purple of thy raiment was broidered with the three signs of shame4 ,thy idols were neither of gold nor of silver that endure1 but of flesh that dieth4 ,thou did'st stain their hair with perfumes1 and put pomegranates in their hands4 ,thou did'st stain their feet with saffron and spread carpets before them4 ,with antimony thou did'st stain their eyelids and their bodies thou did'st smear with myrrh4 ,thou did'st bow thyself to the ground before them1 and the thrones of thy idols were set in the sun4 ,thou did'st show to the sun thy shame and to the moon thy madness4 ,and the ,man made answer and said1 ,even so did ,i4 ,and the third time ,god opened the ,book of the ,life of the ,man4 ,and ,god said to the ,man1 ,evil hath been thy life1 and with evil did'st thou requite good1 and with wrong-doing kindness4 ,the hands that fed thee thou did'st wound1 and the breasts that gave thee suck thou did'st despise4 ,he who came to thee with water went away thirsting and the outlawed men who hid thee in their tents at night thou did'st betray before dawn4 ,thine enemy who spared thee thou did'st slay in an ambush1 and the friend who walked with thee thou did'st sell for a price1 and to those who brought thee ,love1 thou did'st ever give ,lust in thy turn4 ,and the ,man made answer and said1 ,even so did ,i4 ,and ,god closed the ,book of the ,life of the ,man and said1 ,surely ,i will send thee to ,hell4 ,even into ,hell will ,i send thee4 ,and the ,man cried out1 ,thou can'st not4 ,and ,god said to the ,man1 ,wherefore can ,i not send thee to ,hell1 and for what reason8 ,because in ,hell ,i have always lived1 answered the ,man4 ,and there was silence in the ,house of ,judgment4 ,and after a space ,god spake1 and said to the ,man1 ,seeing that ,i may not send thee into ,hell1 surely ,i will send thee unto ,heaven4 ,even unto ,heaven will ,i send thee4 ,and the ,man cried out1 ,thou can'st not4 ,and ,god said to the ,man1 ,wherefore can ,i not send thee unto ,heaven and for what reason8 ,because never1 and in no place1 have ,i been able to imagine it1 answered the man4 ,and there was silence in the ,house of ,judgment4 --,ibid4 ,the ,chain ,that ,binds ,it was morning when the youth started out from his father's house and sought the highway4 ,those the young man met on the road inquired of him1 ,where are you going8 ,what do you seek8 ,he answered1 ,i seek ,freedom6 ,freedom6 exclaimed his questioners4 ,are you not free8 ,are we not all our own masters8 ,the young man smiled4 ,i do not mean freedom of thought and speech4 ,that you may have4 ,what ,i seek is liberation from heredity and environment1 from the physical1 intellectual1 and spiritual laws that tyrannize over us and make us slaves4 ,his listeners turned away1 some laughed1 and some scorned1 and some wept1 and the young man traveled on4 ,but all along the road he met those that scorned him and laughed at him1 and soon his steps lagged1 and his feet seemed leaden4 ,looking down1 he saw a chain binding his ankles--the chain of ,public ,opinion4 ,now he must delay4 ,angrily he tore at the chain until the hasps broke1 and he stood unbound4 ,then he made haste2 for he had already lost much time4 ,soon he met a vender of goods1 and the vender stopped and besought the youth to buy a jewel4 ,the young man desired the jewel1 and he thought1 ,why can ,i not beat this man and steal his jewel8 ,but lo1 his hands were fettered with the chain of ,conscience1 and he wrenched the chain till it fell apart4 ,then he beat the man and took his jewel and went on his way4 ,ahead of him he saw a cloud1 and from the cloud arose a mist1 and the mist formed itself into many shapes1 strange signs and symbols1 the like of which he had never seen before4 ,the youth cried out1 ,this is a new faith2 ,i will embrace it4 ,but his arms were bound behind him with the chain of ,superstition2 and he strove to break the chain1 but when the lock gave way1 the cloud and mist had disappeared4 ,thus year after year sped on2 the youth became a man2 the man grew old before his time4 ,when he broke a fetter1 a new one took its place4 ,the chains that bound him were innumerable4 ,one by one he broke the laws that society and the ages had formed for him1 but each wish that he gratified gave place to another4 ,the chains that he had worn and wrenched weighed on him4 ,his flesh and spirit were chafed and sore4 ,weak and disheartened he sank down1 and the memory of his fruitless life recurred to him4 ,a voice arrested him1 and looking up he saw a man older and more withered than he was4 ,and the stranger said1 ,behold the chain that binds you now4 ,the ,seeker-after-,freedom looked down4 ,his ankles were encumbered by the heaviest chain he had yet worn4 ,the old man continued4 ,you flaunted yourself in the face of your fellows4 ,you boasted that you were greater than they4 ,you are1 in that you are the arch-sinner4 ,you have sought to destroy those gifts with which the ,almighty endowed you4 ,you found it easy to break the fetter of ,love1 of ,conscience1 of ,remorse4 ,this chain you cannot break4 ,you welded it yourself4 ,the strength of an armed force cannot tear it asunder2 the fires of ,perdition cannot melt it4 ,the traveler died1 bound with the chain of ,insatiable ,desire4 --,elizabeth ,sudborough4 ,the ,love ,which ,surpassed ,all ,other ,loves ,the girl's heart was lonely4 ,she had never had the comforts of a home4 ,and there was a yearning for some love which would fill her life4 ,so she determined to set out in search of such a love4 ,in her wanderings she met many hardships1 and was scorned by everyone as a simpleton4 ,after she had wandered a year1 one day a great eagle flew to her1 and said1 ,i know what you are seeking4 ,i can satisfy your wants4 ,i am the governing force of the world2 ,i am ,love of ,gold4 ,take me1 and while ,i am with you1 all will be well with you4 ,for a moment the girl was dazzled by the comforts which seemed stretched out before her if she would accept this ,love4 ,but her heart was not satisfied1 and she shook her head4 ,the eagle flew away with a taunting laugh4 ,another year passed and still she had met nothing to quiet her longing4 ,but one day as she was walking through a village1 she saw a happy family seated on the door-step of a neat cottage4 ,while she was looking at this group1 she heard a voice1 and1 glancing down1 saw a beautiful little wren4 ,i am the ,love of a ,mother's ,heart1 said the little bird4 ,when all others fail1 ,i still remain true4 ,take me and hide me in your bosom1 that your mother's heart may be tender to you4 ,tears came to the girl's eyes1 for the little bird had touched a wound in her life1 the neglect of her by her mother4 ,but her longing was not yet satisfied1 and so she passed on4 ,at the end of another year she was walking along the side of a quiet pond4 ,she stopped and looked at the water1 envying it its peace4 ,a blue-jay was perched on the branch of a tree nearby1 and soon he spoke to her4 ,i am the ,love of ,man for ,woman4 ,i have been known since the beginning of time4 ,let me be with you1 that you may be a good wife4 ,the girl was strongly tempted to take this ,love of which she had heard so much4 ,perhaps this was1 after all1 the ,love she was seeking4 ,as she meditated1 the old longing came back with redoubled force4 ,it would not do to make this ,love a part of her life1 so she sadly left the blue-jay1 and went on4 ,the next year came1 and the girl had become a woman1 but her heart was still empty of love4 ,she entered a quiet grove one evening1 and1 wearied1 sat down on a log4 ,a lovely nightingale came and perched itself on her shoulder1 and in a sweetly comforting tone said1 ,many have had the same longing which you have had2 but few have possessed the courage to resist temptations offered by other loves4 ,i am the ,love of ,woman for ,woman1 the ,love of ,true ,friendship4 ,i am greater and more enduring than any other love4 ,take me and hide me in your heart4 ,you will be happy then as few are privileged to be4 ,the girl was comforted1 and she took the beautiful bird and placed it next her heart4 ,at last her longing was satisfied1 and she praised ,god for ,his ,gift4 --,florence ,gifford4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,ingenious-,,astonishing ,,group ,this large division of narratives of imaginary events is somewhat hard to name briefly1 though it is definitely enough marked off as a distinct class when we consider the tone1 the source1 and the purpose4 ,the whole air of these extravagant tales is that of sophistication4 ,no reader however ignorant would mistake them for stories of primitive people4 ,though they sometimes contain supernatural creatures as actors1 though they recount stupendous deeds1 though they often proceed in simple diction1 yet the reader is never confused as to the state of mind of the narrator4 ,it is plain that1 however much he may seem to wish to create credulity in the mind of the reader1 the story-teller has none in his own mind4 ,he is a non-believer--or better perhaps1 a make-believer1 in the children's sense of the term4 ,the source of his narrative is ingenuity1 and the purpose is astonishment or satire4 ,in the present study we shall notice four smaller divisions of this group3 7#a7 the tale of mere wonder1 7#b7 the imaginary voyage with a satiric or instructive purpose1 7#c7 the tale of scientific discovery and mechanical invention1 7#d7 the detective story and other tales of pure plot4 ,i4 ,the ,tale of ,mere ,wonder ,collections of wonder stories ,in the species ,tales of ,mere ,wonder1 we mean to classify those stories of marvels that are told with the simple purpose of astonishing4 ,the adventures of ,sinbad the ,sailor are typical4 ,he comes upon a bird's egg1 for instance1 which he at first mistakes for the dome of a cathedral1 or walks in a valley covered with diamonds the size of apples4 ,the ,persian ,tales like the ,arabian ,thousand and ,one ,nights are stories of wonder and enchantment4 ,though they are very old1 many of them much older than their written form and traceable to the traditions of various countries1 these ,oriental stories as we have them to-day are not folk-tales in the strict sense of the term4 ,they are put into a frame-work and are acknowledged to be narratives of ingenuity4 ,the two earlier sets1 translated into ,french1 produced many imitations4 ,besides these there are the ,tartar ,tales1 the ,chinese ,tales1 ,mogol ,tales1 the ,turkish ,tales1 and so on4 ,the most literary and perhaps the most valuable from the point of view of real thinking displayed in them are the very modern ,oriental stories of ,george ,meredith1 published under the title ,the ,shaving of ,shagpat4 ,they are all wonder tales though extremely philosophical4 ,robert ,louis ,stevenson has given us the ,new ,arabian ,nights4 ,suggestions for writing ,to write one of these exaggerations you need only recall your own or other persons' attempts at the fireside when the stock of folk stories has run low4 ,you address your efforts to your eight and ten-year-old brothers who have got past ,jack-the-,giant-,killer and are in the stage of development that the people of the twelfth century were to whom ,marie de ,france told her fables and her stories of mere wonder4 ,the fine ladies and gentlemen of ,henry the ,second's day loved to hear of costly robes and magic carpets and jewelled beds worth half a kingdom1 that came at the touch of a ring or at the murmuring of a secret phrase4 ,unfortunate princes1 too1 they enjoyed being told about1 who allowed themselves to be misled by wily councilors1 and lost for a time their kingdoms2 beautiful princesses who sat enchanted in gorgeous underground palaces1 waiting their deliverers2 wonderful plants with otherwhere unheard-of properties2 and animals with stupendous powers1 like the monstrous birds that the ,arabian writer says carried ,nimrod through the air in a cage or with out-stretched wings sheltered ,solomon's army from the sun4 ,chaucer1 you know1 began and left half told ,the story of ,cambuscan bold1 ,of ,camball and of ,algarsife1 ,and who had ,canace to wife1 ,that owned the virtuous ring and glass1 ,and of the wondrous horse of brass ,on which the ,tartar king did ride4 ,this horse had a screw in his ear4 ,if one got upon his back1 turned the screw1 and whispered a word1 one might be instantly in the kingdom one named4 ,if you can not dream out an original oriental story of your own1 you might finish this of ,chaucer's--,the ,squire's ,tale4 ,remember that probability is not called for1 but only magnificence1 splendor1 magic1 daring1 and success on the part of your hero or heroine4 ,either may have wealth untold1 dominion unlimited1 and knowledge supernatural4 ,your diction may range from the simplest and the baldest to the most luxuriant and extravagant4 ,whatever matches your subject1 no matter how extravagantly improbable1 will be acceptable4 ,medieval tales of chivalry ,like the stories of mere wonder in--fact a blending of them with legend--were the medieval tales of chivalry in the later and perverted editions4 ,the elements are the same as those of the wonder tale1 with the addition of riotous history2 that is1 the using of any deed of any hero for him or for someone else1 with all the glamour of magic and luxuriance thrown about it4 ,heroic romances ,to modern readers a very uninteresting perversion of this type of narrative is the heroic romance of the second and third quarters of the seventeenth century1 best represented perhaps by ,le ,grand ,cyrus of ,madam de ,scudri4 ,nobody1 ,i suppose1 to-day who had not a theory to prove could be persuaded to wade through the #f1fgi pages of the ten octavo volumes of this walty story4 ,but although the particular style of writing of ,scudri and her contemporaries has passed away1 and fortunately never can return--thanks to ,molire and ,boileau--fantastic and gorgeous prose history had great popularity both on the ,continent and in ,england for fifty years4 ,the attitude of mind of those narrators is found in many moderns2 namely1 a desire to deal only with titled folk1 or at least millionaires1 for fear that heroes of lower social standing or smaller bank accounts might be dull4 ,our present-day mixers of fact and non-fact lean toward the probable1 of course1 rather than the marvelous1 and would resent being classed with the heroic romancers2 but any narrator would be proud to be able to tell well1 as everybody with a child-like heart is delighted to listen to1 an out-and-out story of mere wonder4 ,story of the ,city of ,brass ,there was in olden times in ,damascus of ,syria a caliph named ,abdel-,melik1 the son of ,marwan4 ,one day as he was sitting with the great men of his empire1 many of them being kings and sultans1 a discussion took place among them about the tales of ancient nations4 ,they called to mind the stories of ,solomon1 the son of ,david1 and the power ,god gave him over genies and wild beasts and birds and other creatures1 and they said1 ,we have heard1 from those who lived before us that ,god bestowed not upon any one the like of that which he bestowed upon ,solomon4 ,so great was his power that he used to imprison genies and evil spirits in bottles of brass1 and pour molten lead over them1 and seal this cover with his seal4 ,then ,talib1 one of the sultans1 related that a man once embarked in a ship with a company of others1 and they sailed away towards the island of ,sicily1 until a storm arose which drove them out of their course and carried them to the shores of an unknown land4 ,this happened during the darkness of the night4 ,in the morning1 there came out to them from caves in that land1 black men who wore no clothes1 and who neither spoke nor understood any language4 ,they had a king of their own race1 and he knew ,arabic4 ,the king1 with a party of his companions1 came to the ship1 saluted and welcomed those who were in it1 and inquired who they were and to what country they belonged4 ,when they informed him1 he said to them1 ,no harm shall befall you4 ,there hath not come to us one of the sons of ,adam before you4 ,the king then entertained them with a banquet1 and after this the people of the ship went to amuse themselves on the shore4 ,there they found a fisherman who had cast his net into the sea to catch fish4 ,he drew the net up1 and in it was a bottle of brass stopped with lead1 which was sealed with the seal of ,solomon1 the son of ,david4 ,the fisherman broke the seal1 and there came forth from the bottle a blue smoke which united with the clouds of heaven1 and instantly they heard a horrible voice saying1 ,repentance6 repentance6 ,o prophet of ,god6 ,then they saw the smoke form into a man of frightful appearance and gigantic size1 whose head reached as high as a mountain1 and immediately he disappeared from before their astonished eyes4 ,the blacks thought nothing of this event1 but the people of the ship were terrified at the spectacle1 and they went to the king to inquire about it4 ,in answer to their inquiries the king said1 ,this is one of the genies who rebelled against ,king ,solomon1 and ,solomon1 to punish them1 imprisoned them in bottles and threw them into the sea4 ,when the fisherman casts his net1 it generally brings up one of these bottles1 and when the bottle is broken1 a genie comes forth1 and thinking that ,solomon is still living1 he repents and cries out1 ,repentance6 ,o ,prophet of ,god6 ,the ,prince of the ,faithful1 ,abdel-,melik1 wondered very much at this story1 and he said1 ,i desire to see some of these bottles4 ,talib replied1 ,o ,prince of the ,faithful1 thou canst do so4 ,send to thy viceroy in the western country1 the ,emeer ,moosa1 ordering him to journey to the sea we have mentioned1 and to bring what thou desirest of these bottles4 ,the ,prince of the ,faithful approved of this advice1 and he sent ,talib himself with a letter to the ,emeer ,moosa4 ,when the ,emeer received the letter he read it1 and he said to ,talib1 ,i hear and obey the command of the ,prince of the ,faithful4 ,then he called together his great men1 and he inquired of them about the bottles of ,king ,solomon1 and they told him to send for ,abdes-,samad1 for1 said they1 he is a knowing man and has traveled much4 ,he is acquainted with the deserts and wastes and the seas1 and their inhabitants1 and their wonders1 and their countries1 and their districts4 ,send for him1 and he will direct thee to the object of thy desire4 ,so the ,emeer sent for ,abdes-,samad1 and when he came he said to him1 ,o ,abdes-,samad1 our lord the ,prince of the ,faithful has commanded us to get for him some of the bottles of ,solomon4 ,i have little knowledge of the place where they are to be found1 but it has been told to me that thou art acquainted with that country and routes4 ,wilt thou then help us to accomplish the wish of the ,prince of the ,faithful8 ,to this ,abdes-,samad replied1 ,o ,emeer1 the route is difficult1 far extending1 and there are few tracks4 ,it is a journey of two years going and the same returning1 and on the way there are dangers and horrors and extraordinary and wonderful things4 ,nevertheless1 since it is the wish of the ,prince of the ,faithful1 ,i am willing to undertake the journey with thee4 ,then they began to make preparations1 and as soon as everything was ready1 the ,emeer ,moosa and ,talib and ,abdes-,samad set forth1 accompanied by a troop of soldiers1 and taking with them all things necessary for their expedition4 ,they journeyed on till they came to a great palace4 ,as the gates were opened1 and they saw no guards at the doors1 they dismounted from their horses and entered4 ,the rooms were all of vast size and richly furnished1 and the ceilings and walls were decorated with gold and silver1 but in the whole building they did not see a single human being4 ,in the midst of the palace was a chamber covered with a lofty dome1 rising high into the air1 around which were four hundred tombs4 ,they went into one chamber1 and they found in it a table with four feet made of alabaster1 and having this inscription engraved on it ,upon this table a thousand one-eyed kings have eaten and a thousand kings each sound in both eyes4 ,all of them have quitted the world and taken up their abode in the burial grounds and the graves4 ,the ,emeer ,moosa and his companions took this table with them and went forth from the palace4 ,then they proceeded on their journey and traveled for three days1 when they came to a high hill4 ,on the top of the hill was a horseman of brass with a spear in his hand4 ,the spear had a flat1 wide head1 and it was so bright that it almost dazzled the eyes of the ,emeer and his companions4 ,nevertheless they looked at it closely1 and they were astonished at finding the following words inscribed upon it3 ,o thou who comest unto me1 if thou know not the way that leads to the ,city of ,brass1 rub the hand of the horseman1 and he will turn1 and then will stop1 and in whatever direction he faces when he stops1 travel in that direction without fear1 for it will lead thee to the ,city of ,brass4 ,when he read this the ,emeer ,moosa rubbed the hand of the horseman4 ,immediately the figure turned round with the speed of lightning1 and when it stopped it faced a different direction from that in which they had been traveling4 ,the party therefore turned to the way pointed out by the brazen horseman1 and proceeded on their journey4 ,one day they came to a round pillar of black stone1 on the top of which appeared the upper half of the body of a black giant1 or genie1 with the lower part sunk down in the pillar4 ,he was an object frightful to behold4 ,he had two huge wings and four arms4 ,two of the arms were like those of a man1 and the other two were like the legs of a lion4 ,he had hair upon his head like the tails of horses1 two eyes like two burning coals1 and he had a third eye in his forehead1 like the eye of a lynx1 from which sparks of fire shot forth4 ,when the ,emeer ,moosa's party saw this genie they almost lost their senses through fear1 and they turned round to flee away1 but the ,emeer told them that in the state in which he was he could do them no harm4 ,then ,abdes-,samad drew near to the pillar1 and raising his voice he said to the genie1 ,o thou person1 what is thy name1 what is thy nature1 and what has placed thee here in this manner6 ,immediately the genie answered saying1 ,i am a genie and my name is ,dahish4 ,and then he told them his nature and what had placed him there4 ,and then ,abdes-,samad said to the genie in the pillar1 ,are there in this place any of the genies confined in bottles of brass from the time of ,solomon8 ,he answered1 ,yes1 in the sea of ,el-,karkar1 where dwell some of the descendants of ,noah1 whose country the deluge did not reach4 ,they are separated from the rest of the sons of ,adam4 ,and where1 said ,abdes-,samad1 is the way to the ,city of ,brass1 and the place in which are the bottles8 ,what distance is there between us and it8 ,the genie answered1 ,it is near4 ,the party then proceeded in their journey1 and in a little while they saw in the distance a great black object1 and in it there seemed to be two fires corresponding with each other in position4 ,what is this great black object1 asked the ,emeer ,moosa1 and what are these two corresponding fires8 ,be rejoiced1 ,o ,emeer1 answered ,abdes-,samad2 it is the ,city of ,brass1 and this is the appearance of it that ,i find described in the book of hidden treasures--that its wall is of black stones and it has two towers of brass1 which resemble two corresponding fires2 hence it is named the ,city of ,brass4 ,hastening on they arrived at the city1 and they found that it was strongly fortified1 and that its buildings were lofty1 rising high into the air4 ,its walls were one hundred and twenty feet high1 and it had five and twenty gates4 ,they stopped before the walk and endeavored to find one of the gates1 but they could not4 ,then ,emeer ,moosa said to ,abdes-,samad1 ,i do not see any gate to this city4 ,abdes-,samad answered1 ,i find it described in the book of hidden treasures that it has five and twenty gates1 and that none of them may be opened but from within the city4 ,then the ,emeer ,moosa took ,talib and ,abdes-,samad with him1 and they ascended a mountain which was close by4 ,and looking down upon the city1 they saw it was greater and more beautiful than anything they had ever beheld4 ,its palaces were lofty1 its domes were shining2 rivers were running within it1 and there were delightful gardens with trees bearing ripe fruit4 ,but they did not see a human being within its walls4 ,it was empty1 still1 without a voice1 or a cheering inhabitant but the owl hooting in its gardens1 and birds skimming in circles in its areas1 and the raven croaking in its great streets4 ,after coming down from the mountain they passed the day trying to devise means of entering the city4 ,at last it occurred to them to make a ladder1 and the ,emeer called to the carpenters and blacksmiths and ordered them to construct a ladder covered with plates of iron4 ,this work occupied a month1 and when it was finished1 the ladder was set up against the wall1 and one of the party ascended it4 ,when he reached the top he stood1 and1 fixing his eyes towards the city1 clapped his hands and cried out with a loud voice1 ,thou art beautiful6 ,then he cast himself down into the city and was killed4 ,seeing this the ,emeer ,moosa said1 ,if we do this with all our companions1 there will not remain one of them1 and we shall be unable to accomplish the wish of the ,prince of the ,faithful4 ,let us depart and have no more to do with this city4 ,but one of them answered1 ,perhaps another may be more steady than he4 ,then a second ascended1 and he did the same as the first1 and then a third1 and a fourth1 and a fifth1 and they continued to ascend by that ladder to the top of the wall1 one after another1 until twelve men of them had gone1 acting as the first had acted4 ,abdes-,samad now arose and said1 ,there is none can do this but myself4 ,so he ascended the ladder1 reciting verses of the ,koran until he reached the top1 when he clapped his hands and fixed his eyes4 ,the people therefore called out to him1 ,o ,abdes-,samad1 do not cast thyself down4 ,if you fall1 we all perish4 ,then ,abdes-,samad sat down upon the wall for a long time1 reciting verses of the ,koran1 after which he rose and cried out1 ,o ,emeer1 no harm shall happen to you1 for ,god has averted from me the effect of the artifice and fraud of the ,evil ,one4 ,the ,emeer then said to him1 ,what hast thou seen1 ,o ,abdes-,samad8 ,he answered1 ,when ,i reached the top of the wall1 ,i saw ten damsels1 beautiful to behold1 who made a sign to me with their hands as though they would say1 ',come to us4' ,and it seemed to me that beneath me was a sea1 or great river1 and ,i desired to cast myself down as our companions did4 ,but ,i saw them dead1 and ,i recited some words of the ,koran1 and so ,i cast not myself down4 ,therefore the damsels departed4 ,there is no doubt that this is an enchantment contrived by the inhabitants of the city to keep every one from entering it4 ,abdes-,samad then walked along the wall till he came to the two towers of brass1 when he saw that they had two gates of gold1 without locks upon them1 or any sign of the means of opening them4 ,he remained looking at them a long time1 and at last he saw in the middle of one of the gates a figure of a horseman of brass1 having one hand stretched out as though he were pointing with it1 and on the hand these words were inscribed3 ,turn the pin that is in the middle of the front of the horseman's body twelve times1 and then the gate will open4 ,abdes-,samad1 having read this inscription1 examined the horseman1 and found in the middle of the front of this body a pin1 strong1 firm1 and well fixed4 ,he turned it twelve times1 and immediately the gate opened with a noise like thunder4 ,abdes-,samad entered1 and he walked on until he came to stairs1 which he descended4 ,at the foot of the stairs he found a place with handsome wooden benches on which there were dead people1 and over their heads were shields1 and swords1 and bows1 and arrows4 ,one of the dead men1 who appeared to be the oldest1 was upon a high bench above the rest4 ,abdes-,samad thought that the keys of the city might be with this man4 ,perhaps1 said he to himself1 he was the gatekeeper1 and these were under his authority4 ,he therefore went up to the man1 and raised his outer garment1 and he found the keys hung to his waist4 ,at the sight of them ,abdes-,samad rejoiced exceedingly1 and he took the keys and approached the gate in the wall of the city4 ,he found that the keys fitted the locks1 so he turned them1 and pulled the gate1 which opened with a great noise4 ,then he cried out with a cry of joy1 and the ,emeer ,moosa rejoiced at the safety of ,abdes-,samad1 and the opening of the gate of the city4 ,the people thanked ,abdes-,samad for what he had done1 and they all hastened to enter the gate4 ,but the ,emeer ,moosa cried out to them1 saying1 ,o people1 some accident may happen1 and if all enter1 all may perish4 ,therefore1 let half of us enter and half remain outside4 ,the ,emeer ,moosa then entered the gate1 and with him half of his troops1 carrying their weapons of war4 ,they saw their companions lying dead1 and they buried them4 ,they then entered the market of the city1 which contained a number of lofty buildings4 ,the shops were open1 the scales hung up1 and the stores full of all kinds of goods1 but the merchants were all dead4 ,they passed on to the silk market1 in which were silks and brocades interwoven with gold and silver upon various colors1 and the owners were dead1 lying upon skins1 and appearing almost as though they would speak4 ,leaving these they went on to the market of the money changers1 all of whom they found dead1 with varieties of silks beneath them1 and their shops filled with gold and silver4 ,after going through several other markets they came to a lofty palace1 which they entered4 ,there they found banners unfurled1 and swords1 and bows1 and shields hung up by chains of gold and silver4 ,in the passages of the palace were benches of ivory1 ornamented with plates of brilliant gold and with silk1 on which were dead men1 whose skins had dried upon their bones4 ,going into the interior of the palace they came to a great hall1 and four large and lofty chambers1 each one fronting another1 and decorated with gold and silver and various colors4 ,in the midst of the hall was a great fountain of alabaster1 over which was a canopy of brocade1 and in the chambers were decorated fountains1 and tanks lined with marble1 and channels of water flowed along the floors1 the four streams meeting together in a great tank made of colored marbles4 ,the ,emeer ,moosa and his companions now entered the first chamber1 and they found it filled with gold and silver1 and pearls and jewels1 and jacinths and precious minerals4 ,they found in it chests full of red and yellow and white brocades4 ,they then went into the second chamber1 and opened a closet in it1 and it was filled with weapons of war1 consisting of gilded helmets1 and coats of mail1 and swords1 and lances1 and other instruments of war and battle4 ,then they passed to the third chamber1 in which they found closets having upon their doors closed locks1 and over them were curtains worked with various kinds of embroidery4 ,they opened one of these closets1 and found it filled with weapons decorated with varieties of gold and silver and jewels4 ,from there they went to the fourth chamber1 and it was full of utensils for food and drink1 consisting of various vessels of gold and silver1 and saucers of crystal1 and cups set with brilliant pearls1 and cups of carnelian4 ,they took what suited them of these things1 and each of the soldiers carried off what he could4 ,then they passed on1 and found a chamber constructed of polished marble adorned with jewels4 ,they thought that upon the floor was running water1 and if any one walked upon it he would slip4 ,the ,emeer ,moosa therefore ordered ,abdes-,samad to throw upon it something1 that they might be enabled to walk on it1 and he did so1 and they passed on4 ,and they found in it a great dome constructed of stones gilt with red gold4 ,the party had not beheld in all that they had seen anything more beautiful than this4 ,in the midst of it there was a great dome-crowned structure of alabaster1 around which were lattice windows1 decorated and adorned with oblong emeralds4 ,in it was a pavilion of brocade1 raised upon columns of red gold1 and within this were birds1 the feet of which were emeralds4 ,beneath each bird was a net of brilliant pearls1 spread over a fountain1 and by the brink of the fountain was placed a couch adorned with pearls and jewels and jacinths1 on which sat a damsel resembling the shining sun4 ,eyes had not beheld one more beautiful4 ,she wore a garment of brilliant pearls1 on her head was a crown of red gold1 on her neck was a necklace of jewels1 and upon her forehead were two jewels the light of which was like that of the sun4 ,she seemed as though she were looking at the people round about her1 and observing them to the right and left4 ,when the ,emeer ,moosa beheld this damsel1 he wondered extremely at her loveliness1 and he saluted her respectfully4 ,but ,talib said to the ,emeer1 ,this damsel is dead4 ,there is no life in her4 ,how1 then1 can she return the salutation8 ,and he added1 ,o ,emeer1 she is skillfully embalmed4 ,her eyes were taken out after her death1 and quicksilver put beneath them1 after which they were restored to their places2 so they gleam1 and whenever the air puts them in motion the beholder imagines that she twinkles her eyes1 though she is dead4 ,then they saw that the couch upon which the damsel sat had steps1 and upon the steps were two slaves1 one of them white and the other black4 ,in the hand of one of them was a weapon of steel1 and in the hand of the other a jeweled sword that dazzled the eyes4 ,before the two slaves was a tablet of gold on which was the following inscription3 ,o thou1 if thou know me not1 ,i will acquaint thee with my name and descent4 ,i am ,tedmur1 the daughter of the ,king of the ,amalekites4 ,i possessed what none of the kings possessed1 and ruled with justice4 ,i gave and bestowed1 and lived a long time in the enjoyment of happiness and an easy life1 and emancipated female and male slaves4 ,thus ,i did until death came to my abode1 and the case was this3 ,seven years in succession came upon us1 during which no water descended on us from heaven1 nor did any grass grow for us on the face of the earth4 ,so we ate what food we had in our dwellings1 and after that we fell upon the beasts and ate them1 and there remained nothing4 ,upon this ,i caused the wealth to be brought1 and measured it with a measure1 and sent it by trusty men1 who went about with it through all the districts1 not leaving unvisited a single large city1 to seek for some food4 ,but they found none1 and they returned to us with the wealth1 after a long absence4 ,then we exposed to view our riches and our treasures1 locked the gates of the fortresses in our city1 and we all died1 as thou beholdest and left what we had built and what we had treasured4 ,this is our story4 ,whoever arrives at our city1 and enters it1 let him take of the wealth what he can1 but not touch anything that is on my body1 for it is the covering of my person1 and the attire with which ,i am fitted forth from the world4 ,therefore1 let him not seize aught of it2 for he would destroy himself4 ,the ,emeer ,moosa1 when he read these words1 was greatly astonished4 ,then he said to his companions1 ,bring the sacks1 and fill them with part of these riches and these vessels and rarities and jewels4 ,but ,talib said to him1 ,o ,emeer1 shall we leave this damsel with the things that are upon her8 ,they are things that have no equal1 and they are more than the riches thou hast taken1 and will be the best present for the ,prince of the ,faithful4 ,but the ,emeer replied1 ,seest thou1 not that which the damsel hath given as a charge1 in the inscription upon this tablet8 ,talib1 however1 said1 ,and on account of these words wilt thou leave these riches and these jewels1 when she is dead8 ,what then should she do with these things1 which are the ornaments of the world1 and the decoration of the living8 ,with a garment of cotton this damsel might be covered1 and we are more worthy of the things than she4 ,then he drew near to the steps1 and ascended them until he reached the spot between the two slaves1 when suddenly one of them smote him upon his back and the other smote him with the sword that was in his hand1 and struck off his head1 and he fell down dead4 ,seeing this the people were much terrified1 and the ,emeer ,moosa commanded them to leave the city and close the gate as it was before4 ,they then proceeded on until they came in sight of a high mountain overlooking the sea4 ,in it were many caves in which was a people of black1 clad in hides1 whose language was not known4 ,and when the blacks saw the troops they ran away from them1 while their women and children stood at the entrance of the cave4 ,so the ,emeer ,moosa said1 ,o ,abdes-,samad1 what are these people8 ,and he answered1 ,these are the objects of the inquiry of the ,prince of the ,faithful4 ,they therefore alighted and the tents were pitched and they had not rested when the king of the blacks came down from the mountain1 and drew near to the troops4 ,he was acquainted with the ,arabic language1 and when he came to ,emeer ,moosa he saluted him1 and the ,emeer returned his salute and treated him with honor4 ,then the king of the blacks said to the ,emeer1 ,are ye of mankind1 or of the genies8 ,the ,emeer answered1 ,we are of mankind1 but as to you1 there is no doubt that ye are of the genies1 because of the greatness of your size4 ,but the king of the blacks replied1 ,nay1 we are a people of the race of ,adam1 of the sons of ,ham1 the son of ,noah4 ,and this sea is known by the name of ,el-,karkar4 ,the ,emeer then said to him1 ,we are the messengers and servants of the ,caliph ,abdel-,melik1 and we have come on account of the bottles of brass that are here in your sea1 in which are the genies imprisoned from the time of ,solomon1 the son of ,david4 ,he hath commanded us to bring him some of them1 that he may see them4 ,wilt thou help us in this matter8 ,the king of the blacks replied1 ,most willingly4 ,then he ordered the divers to bring up from the sea some of the bottles of ,solomon1 and they brought up twelve bottles1 which the king gave to the ,emeer4 ,the ,emeer ,moosa was delighted1 and ,abdes-,samad also1 and the soldiers1 on account of the accomplishment of the wish of the ,prince of the ,faithful4 ,the ,emeer then presented to the king of the blacks many gifts4 ,then they bade him farewell1 and they journeyed back until they came to the land of ,syria1 and went to the palace of the ,prince of the ,faithful4 ,the ,emeer ,moosa told him of all that he had seen1 and of the case of ,talib4 ,and the ,prince of the ,faithful said to him1 ,would that ,i had been with you that ,i might have beheld what ye beheld4 ,he then took the bottles1 and proceeded to open one after another1 and the genies came forth from them saying1 ,repentance6 ,o ,prophet of ,god6 ,we will not return to the like conduct ever4 ,after this the ,prince of the ,faithful caused the riches to be brought before him1 and divided them among the people4 ,this is the end of that which hath come down to us of the history of the ,city of ,brass4 ,stories from the ,arabian ,nights4 ,selected and edited by ,m4 ,clarke4 7,american ,book ,company47 ,the ,magic ,ring1 the ,bird1 and the ,basket ,the night was clear and cool when ,juan and his father went to bed4 ,soon they fell asleep1 lulled by the wind whistling among the trees4 ,when midnight came1 they were aroused from their sound sleep by the shouting of men and the roaring of fire4 ,juan and his father jumped out of the house to save themselves4 ,as they were hiding under a bamboo tree1 four men came and tied the hands of the father and son with vines4 ,juan was strong enough to break the vines1 but he did not try to1 for fear that the robbers would kill them4 ,the four men carried the poor captives to their boat and sailed away4 ,many of ,juan's friends and relatives were also captured4 ,as they were sailing southward a terrible storm came4 ,all the boats were sunk by the merciless waves4 ,before ,juan reached the bottom1 for he could not swim1 a very big shark swallowed him4 ,the shark1 after swallowing ,juan1 went to its home in a big cave under the water4 ,while he was kicking in the stomach of the shark1 his knife fell from his pocket and the vines with which his hands were tied1 broke4 ,he opened his knife with his hands and teeth1 and cut a hole through the stomach of the shark4 ,instead of floating to the surface of the water1 ,juan began to sink and sink as if something were pulling him downward4 ,at last he came to a dry place4 ,he met nobody there except a gray-bearded man1 who asked him where he was going4 ,juan told his story4 ,you are unfortunate1 my boy1 said the old man1 you will have a very hard time in reaching your home4 ,but how may ,i reach home again8 said ,juan4 ,the old man told him to climb the high mountain which could be seen from where they were standing4 ,when you reach the top1 jump into the hole and you will be thrown up to the other world4 ,when ,juan was about to go1 the old man gave him a ring4 ,this ring1 he said1 is powerful4 ,you can conquer the fiercest demon on earth with the help of this ring4 ,ask from it anything1 food1 clothes1 and other things1 and you will have what you want4 ,if you want to go to some place1 you can reach it in a second4 ,this ring will carry you to the top of the mountain4 ,when the old man was through giving the instructions1 ,juan found himself on the top of the mountain4 ,then he jumped into the hole4 ,suddenly he was blown up through the water and up in the air4 ,he fell back on the water4 ,he wished he were on land and instantly he was carried to a small village full of savages4 ,juan performed many miracles for the savages1 so they elected him king4 ,one day they went hunting and soon they caught a deer4 ,while they were taking off the hide1 a big bird swooped and took the deer with it4 ,juan clung to the horns of the deer trying to take it from the bird1 but in vain4 ,the bird did not mind ,juan for he was very small compared with it4 ,it alighted on a very high cliff1 left ,juan and the dead deer there1 and flew away4 ,on the cliff was the bird's nest1 and in it were three diamond-like round eggs which were about three feet in diameter4 ,juan asked his magical ring to give him a very big basket4 ,the basket came4 ,then he rolled the eggs into the basket4 ,juan seated himself between the eggs and asked his ring again to take him and the basket home4 ,the basket was so heavy that the ring could not make it fly very fast4 ,while they were sailing in the air1 the bird came with its mate4 ,they held the handle of the basket with their beaks and carried the basket back to the cliff4 ,the power of the magical ring was helpless because the birds were very strong4 ,juan1 then1 wished to be clad in armor4 ,so said1 so done4 ,but he had no sword1 so he asked the ring to give him one4 ,when the birds reached the cliff1 they alighted4 ,juan stepped from the basket and drew his sword4 ,whenever the birds pecked him1 he would strike them on their necks with his sword4 ,after fighting with him for more than half a day1 the birds fell helpless on the rock4 ,then the victor1 ,juan1 asked the ring again to take him and the basket to his old home4 ,when he reached the place1 the once flourishing village was gone4 ,only a few huts were left standing4--,facundo ,esquivel4 ,,ii4 ,the ,imaginary ,voyage with a ,satiric or ,instructive ,purpose ,to the class of marvelous tales belong also what are known in ,france as ,voyages ,imaginaires4 ,in so far as the adventurers meet with super-extraordinary beings1 or ride on fleas of the dimensions of elephants1 or have monstrous spiders weave for a field of battle a web between the moon and the morning star1 or in so far as they sail on seas of milk to islands of cheese and altogether suspend the semblance of possibility--in so far are they heroes of absurd tales of wonder4 ,but the narrators of the stories of imaginary voyages for the most part had primarily other objects than mere amusement in view2 namely1 ridicule of the extravagant narrative by means of imitation and exaggeration1 or ridicule of political and philosophic tenets by absurd application2 or the story-tellers had instruction to give in civic and social theories by presenting the ideal in contrast with the real4 ,source of the type ,the first example and perhaps the source of this whole species of narrative is the ,true ,history of ,lucian1 which1 is professedly fabulous and satiric4 ,lucian says that by his seas of milk and islands of cheese and the like1 he is ridiculing the extravagant relations of the old poets and historians who tell incredible tales4 ,hundreds of years after ,lucian1 ,marco ,polo and ,sir ,john ,mandeville by their marvelous accounts of remote countries set themselves in the class ,lucian satirized4 ,but we will take them up later1 since they were real travellers simply exaggerating what they had seen in order the more surely to please a perverted historical taste4 ,we are dealing now with acknowledged imagination4 ,there are many famous imaginary voyages professedly satiric besides ,lucian's4 ,savinien ,cyrano de ,bergerac's ,history of the ,states and ,empires of the ,moon is a satire on the pedantry and scholastic disputations of his age1 the early seventeenth century1 concerning the uninhabitableness of the lunar world4 ,to the moon ,bergerac makes an excursion and settles matters for himself4 ,niel ,klim's ,underground ,journey1 by ,ludvig ,holberg of ,denmark1 is another famous imaginary trip4 ,swift and ,defoe ,but no nation has surpassed ,england1 and none indeed has even equalled her1 in the production of this class of stories4 ,gulliver's ,travels1 ,gaudentio de ,lucca1 and ,robinson ,crusoe are supreme4 ,swift's marvelous tale is1 of course1 satire2 ,berkley's extravagant one1 philosophy and polemic2 ,defoe's seemingly true narration1 religious dissent4 ,but in the minds of the critics--and in the mind of every school boy1 ,i suppose--there is the judgment that ,defoe succeeded in writing the best pure story story in all the world4 ,on the one hand1 accordingly1 by its content of a sea voyage and a wreck on an unknown shore and by the controversial purpose of its author1 and by the fact that it became the progenitor of a long line of marvelous narratives1 the story of ,robinson ,crusoe links itself with the species of imaginary voyages and stands forth as the highest1 though because of its virtues not the most representative1 attainment of the class4 ,on the other hand1 ,robinson ,crusoe by its unaffected simplicity of diction1 by its many minute circumstances1 by its particularity as to persons1 places1 dates1 and references1 stands at the head as the greatest and best representative of another type of narratives1--the story of probable adventures4 ,but one would finally class ,defoe's story with realistic romance4 ,more typical of the present species1 because more extravagant and not so seemingly actual1 is the somewhat charming though long-forgotten story of the ,voyage of ,peter ,wilkins1 written about #agej by ,r4 ,paltock or ,pultock4 ,in this narrative the author created a new species of beings1 which have been ranked among the most beautiful offsprings of imagination4 ,in the ,curse of ,kehama ,southey acknowledged them as the origin of the ,glendoveers1 ,the loveliest race of all of heavenly birth1 ,hovering with gentle motion o'er the earth1 ,amid the moonlight air1 ,in sportive flight1 still floating round and round4 ,in ,paltock's story they are not fairies1 but flying men and women4 ,in imitation of ,bergerac's voyage to the moon there appeared descriptions of journeys to the various heavenly bodies4 ,the planet ,venus1 for instance1 afforded opportunity for satire on amatory tendencies2 ,mercury1 on fraud and avarice2 and so on through the other planets and vices4 ,ridicule of the predominant passions of individuals was come at also4 ,the arrant boaster is delectably set forth in the ,adventures of ,baron ,munchausen4 ,to narrate an imaginary voyage1 therefore1 on lines laid down in the past1 you must take to yourself to begin with either a political and social theory or a general spirit of ridicule1 either an instructive or a corrective temper4 ,if you take a political and social theory to establish you must show it in operation in a realm where there is perfect and ideal wisdom1 where the obstacles in the world do not hold1 as they do not in the ,happy ,valley1 ,utopia1 and the ,new ,atlantis4 ,suggestion on how to write a satiric imaginary voyage ,if you undertake to ridicule present mistaken tendencies and follies1 your task will be a little harder4 ,first you must work out your argument somewhat in detail before you begin your voyage1 since you will need to fit adventures1 objects1 people1 and speeches1 either by way of exaggeration or oppositeness1 to their modern counterparts4 ,next1 you should have definitely in mind a few prominent leaders in the movement or a few promoters of the policy you mean to laugh at4 ,you may take the portrait and characteristics of these men as basis1 and exaggerate and modify to suit your purpose4 ,just as a good cartoonist must know anatomy and the rules of correct drawing1 so a caricaturist and satirist must know real people4 ,it will happen probably that readers not in the secret of your originals will fail to recognize them surely1 as people now fail to recognize de ,bergerac's and ,swift's2 yet your story can not but be the livelier and better for your concrete thinking4 ,and as we now read the ,journey to the ,moon and ,gulliver's ,travels for the amusing adventures1 so your audience will enjoy your story for the same reason and no other4 ,but you can hardly create amusing adventures without something to create them of1 and the lives of real people are to be the stuff4 ,this suggestion is merely the embodiment of the psychological fact that all the chimeras that man ever thought of are but modifications of real images4 ,then it will be well also to remember the convenience of allegory and to use it upon occasion4 ,in fact1 many imaginary voyages are but rough-and-ready allegories4 ,yet you must be careful not to over-do the allegory2 for in the fourth place1 you should strive for minute versimilitude4 ,the nearer like the details of a real journey your small incidents are1 the better your readers will be pleased with your large incidents4 ,it is the little surprises of familiarity among strangeness that create the emotion of pleasure4 ,last of all1 and first of all1 and altogether requisite is this virtue3 ,to be a good narrator of imaginary voyages1 you must be1 like ,defoe1 the best of liars4 ,nothing is too stupendous to tell if you only know how to tell it4 ,mellonta ,tauta ,on ,board ,balloon ,skylark1 ,april #a1 #bhdh4 ,now1 my dear friend--now1 for your sins1 you are to suffer the infliction of a long gossiping letter4 ,i tell you distinctly that ,i am going to punish you for all your impertinences by being as tedious1 as discursive1 as incoherent1 and as unsatisfactory as possible4 ,besides1 here ,i am1 cooped up in a dirty balloon1 with some one or two hundred of the canaille1 all bound on a pleasure excursion 7what a funny idea some people have of pleasure671 and ,i have no prospect of touching terra firma for a month at least4 ,nobody to talk to4 ,nothing to do4 ,when one has nothing to do1 then is the time to correspond with one's friends4 ,you perceive then1 why it is that ,i write you this letter--it is on account of my ennui and your sins4 ,get ready your spectacles and make up your mind to be annoyed4 ,i mean to write at you every day during this odious voyage4 ,heigho6 when will any ,invention visit the human pericranium8 ,are we forever to be doomed to the thousand inconveniences of the balloon8 ,will nobody contrive a more expeditious mode of progress8 ,the jog-trot movement1 to my thinking1 is little less than positive torture4 ,upon my word1 we have not made more than a hundred miles the hour since leaving home6 ,the very birds beat us--at least some of them4 ,i assure you that ,i do not exaggerate at all4 ,our motion1 no doubt1 seems slower than it actually is--this on account of our having no objects about us by which to estimate our velocity1 and on account of our going with the wind4 ,to be sure1 whenever we meet a balloon we have a chance of perceiving our rate1 and then1 ,i admit1 things do not appear so very bad4 ,accustomed as ,i am to this mode of traveling1 ,i cannot get over a kind of giddiness whenever a balloon passes us in a current directly overhead4 ,it always seems to me like an immense bird of prey about to pounce upon us and carry us off in its claws4 ,one went over us this morning about sunrise1 and so nearly overhead that its drag-rope actually brushed the net-work suspending our car1 and caused us very serious apprehension4 ,our captain said that if the material of the bag had been the trumpery varnished silk of five hundred or a thousand years ago1 we should inevitably have been damaged4 ,this silk1 as he explained it to me1 was a fabric composed of the entrails of a species of earth-worm4 ,the worm was carefully fed on mulberries--a kind of fruit resembling a water-melon--and1 when sufficiently fat1 was crushed in a mill4 ,the paste thus arising was called papyrus in its primary state1 and went through a variety of processes until it finally became silk4 ,singular to relate1 it was once much admired as an article of female dress6 ,balloons were also very generally constructed from it4 ,a better kind of material1 it appears1 was subsequently found in the down surrounding the seed-vessels of a plant vulgarly called euphorbium1 and at that time botanically termed milk-weed4 ,this latter kind of silk was designated as silk-buckingham1 on account of its superior durability1 and was usually prepared for use by being varnished with a solution of gum caoutchouc--a substance which in some respects must have resembled the guttapercha now in common use4 ,this caoutchouc was occasionally called ,indian rubber or rubber of twist1 and was no doubt one of the numerous fungi4 ,never tell me again that ,i am not at heart an antiquarian4 ,talking of drag-ropes--our own1 it seems1 has this moment knocked a man overboard from one of the small magnetic propellers that swarm in the ocean below us--a boat of about six thousand tons1 and1 from all accounts1 shamefully crowded4 ,these diminutive barques should be prohibited from carrying more than a definite number of passengers4 ,the man1 of course1 was not permitted to get on board again1 and was soon out of sight1 he and his life-preserver4 ,i rejoice1 my dear friend1 that we live in an age so enlightened that no such a thing as an individual is supposed to exist4 ,it is the mass for which the true ,humanity cares4 ,by-the-by1 talking of ,humanity1 do you know that our immortal ,wiggins is not so original in his views of the ,social ,condition and so forth1 as his contemporaries are inclined to suppose8 ,pundit assures me that the same ideas were put nearly in the same way1 about a thousand years ago1 by an ,irish philosopher called ,furrier1 on account of his keeping a retail shop for cat peltries and other furs4 ,pundit knows1 you know2 there can be no mistake about it4 ,how very wonderfully do we see verified every day1 the profound observation of the ,hindoo ,aries ,tottle 7as quoted by ,pundit73 ,thus must we say that1 not once or twice1 or a few times1 but with almost infinite repetitions1 the same opinions came round in a circle among men4 ,april #b;d4--,spoke to-day the magnetic cutter in charge of the middle section of floating telegraph wires4 ,i learn that when this species of telegraph was first put into operation by ,horse1 it was considered quite impossible to convey the wires over sea1 but now we are at a loss to comprehend where the difficulty lay6 ,so wags the world4 ,tempora mutantur--excuse me for quoting the ,etruscan4 ,what would we do without the ,atlantic telegraph8 7,pundit says ,atlantic was the ancient adjective47 ,we lay to a few minutes to ask the cutter some questions1 and learned1 among other glorious news1 that civil war is raging in ,africa1 while the plague is doing its good work beautifully both in ,yurope and ,ayesher4 ,is it not truly remarkable that1 before the magnificent light shed upon philosophy by ,humanity1 the world was accustomed to regard ,war and ,pestilence as calamities8 ,do you know that prayers were actually offered up in the ancient temples to the end that these evils 767 might not be visited upon mankind8 ,is it not really difficult to comprehend upon what principle of interest our forefathers acted8 ,were they so blind as not to perceive that the destruction of a myriad of individuals is only so much positive advantage to the mass6 ,april #c;d4--,it is really a very fine amusement to ascend the rope-ladder leading to the summit of the balloon-bag1 and thence survey the surrounding world4 ,from the car below you know the prospect is not so comprehensive--you can see little vertically4 ,but seated here 7where ,i write this7 in the luxuriously-cushioned opened piazza of the summit1 one can see everything that is going on in all directions4 ,just now there is quite a crowd of balloons in sight1 and they present a very animated appearance1 while the air is resonant with the hum of so many millions of human voices4 ,i have heard it asserted that when ,yellow or 7,pundit will have it7 ,violet1 who is supposed to have been the first aeronaut1 maintained the practicability of traversing the atmosphere in all directions1 by merely ascending or descending until a favorable current was attained1 he was scarcely hearkened to at all by his contemporaries1 who looked upon him as merely an ingenious sort of madman1 because the philosophers 767 of the day declared the thing impossible4 ,really now1 it does seem to me quite unaccountable how anything so obviously feasible could have escaped the sagacity of the ancient savans4 ,but in all ages the great obstacles to advancement in ,art have been opposed by the so-called men of science4 ,to be sure1 our men of science are not quite so bigoted as those of old--oh1 ,i have something so queer to tell you on this topic4 ,do you know that it is not more than a thousand years ago since the metaphysicians consented to relieve the people of the singular fancy that there existed but two possible roads for the attainment of ,truth6 ,believe it if you can6 ,it appears that long1 long ago1 in the night of ,time1 there lived a ,turkish philosopher 7or ,hindoo possibly71 called ,aries ,tottle4 ,this person introduced or at all events propagated what was termed the deductive or a priori mode of investigation4 ,he started with what he maintained to be axioms1 or self-evident truths1 and thence proceeded logically to results4 ,his greatest disciples were one ,neuclid1 and one ,cant4 ,well1 ,aries ,tottle flourished supreme until the advent of one ,hog1 surnamed the ,ettrick ,shepherd1 who preached an entirely different system1 which he called the a posteriori or inductive4 ,his plan referred altogether to ,sensation4 ,he proceeded by observing1 analyzing1 and classifying facts--instantiae naturae1 as they were affectedly called--into general laws4 ,aries ,tottle's mode1 in a word1 was based on noumena2 ,hog's on phenomena4 ,well1 so great was the admiration excited by this latter system that1 at its first introduction1 ,aries ,tottle fell into disrepute2 but finally he recovered ground and was permitted to divide the realm of ,truth with his more modern rival4 ,the savans now maintained the ,aristotelian and ,baconian roads were the sole possible avenues to knowledge4 ,baconian1 you must know1 was an adjective invented as equivalent to ,hog-ian and more euphonious and dignified4 ,now1 my dear friend1 ,i do assure you1 most positively1 that ,i represent this matter fairly1 on the soundest authority2 and you can easily understand how a notion so absurd on its very face must have operated to retard the progress of all true knowledge--which makes its advances almost invariably by intuitive bounds4 ,the ancient idea confined investigations to crawling2 and for hundreds of years so great was the infatuation about ,hog especially1 that a virtual end was put to all thinking1 properly so called4 ,no man dared utter a truth to which he felt himself indebted to his ,soul alone4 ,it mattered not whether the truth was even demonstrably a truth1 for the bullet-headed savans of the time regarded only the road by which he had attained it4 ,they would not even look at the end4 ,let us see the means1 they cried1 the means6 ,if1 upon investigation of the means1 it was found to come under neither the category ,aries 7that is to say1 ,ram71 nor under the category ,hog1 why then the savans went no farther1 but pronounced the theorist a fool1 and would have nothing to do with him or his truth4 ,now1 it cannot be maintained even that by the crawling system the greatest amount of truth would be attained in any long series of ages1 for the repression of imagination was an evil not to be compensated for by any superior certainty in the ancient modes of investigation4 ,the error of these ,jurmains1 these ,vrinch1 these ,inglitch1 and these ,amriccans 7the latter1 by the way1 were our own immediate progenitors71 was an error quite analogous with that of the wiseacre who fancies that he must necessarily see an object the better the more closely he holds it to his eyes4 ,these people blinded themselves by details4 ,when they proceeded ,hoggishly1 their facts were by no means always facts--a matter of little consequence had it not been for assuming that they were facts and must be facts because they appeared to be such4 ,when they proceeded on the path of the ,ram1 their course was scarcely as straight as a ram's horn1 for they never had an axiom which was an axiom at all4 ,they must have been very blind not to see this1 even in their own day2 for even in their own day many of the long established axioms had been rejected4 ,for example1 ,ex nihilo nihil fit2 a body cannot act where it is not2 there cannot exist antipodes2 darkness cannot come out of light--all these1 and a dozen other similar propositions1 formerly admitted without hesitation as axioms1 were1 even at the period of which ,i speak1 seen to be untenable4 ,how absurd in these people1 then1 to persist in putting faith in axioms as immutable bases of ,truth6 ,but even out of the mouths of their soundest reasoners it is easy to demonstrate the futility1 the impalpability of their axioms in general4 ,who was the soundest of their logicians8 ,let me see6 ,i will go and ask ,pundit and be back in a minute4444 ,ah1 here we have it6 ,here is a book written nearly a thousand years ago and lately translated from ,inglitch--which1 by the way1 appears to have been the rudiment of the ,amriccan4 ,pundit says it is decidedly the cleverest ancient work on its topic1 ,logic4 ,the author 7who was much thought of in his day7 was one ,miller1 or ,mill2 and we find it recorded of him1 as a point of some importance1 that he had a mill-horse called ,bentham4 ,but let us glance at the treatise6 ,ah6 ,ability or inability to conceive1 says ,mr4 ,mill1 very properly1 is in no case1 to be received as a criterion of axiomatic truth4 ,what modern in his senses would ever think of disputing this truism8 ,the only wonder with us must be1 how it happened that ,mr4 ,mill conceived it necessary even to hint at anything so obvious4 ,so far1 good--but let us turn over another paper4 ,what have we here8 ,contradictories cannot both be true--that is1 cannot coexist in nature4 ,here ,mr4 ,mill means1 for example1 that a tree must be either a tree or not a tree--that it cannot be at the same time a tree and not a tree4 ,very well2 but ,i ask him why4 ,his reply is this--and never pretends to be anything else than this--,because it is impossible to conceive that contradictories can both be true4 ,but this is no answer at all1 by his own showing2 for has he not just admitted as a truism that ability or inability to conceive is in no case to be received as a criterion of axiomatic truth8 ,now ,i do not complain of these ancients so much because their logic is1 by their own showing1 utterly baseless1 worthless and fantastic altogether1 as because of their pompous and imbecile proscription of all other roads of ,truth1 of all other means for its attainment than the two preposterous paths--the one creeping and the one of crawling--to which they have dared to confine the ,soul that loves nothing so well as to soar4 ,by the by1 my friend1 do you not think it would have puzzled these ancient dogmaticians to have determined by which of their two roads it was that the most important and most sublime of all their truths was1 in effect1 attained8 ,i mean the truth of ,gravitation4 ,newton owed it to ,kepler4 ,kepler admitted that his three laws were guessed at--these three laws of all laws which led the great ,inglitch mathematician to his principle1 the basis of all physical principle--to go behind which we must enter the ,kingdom of ,metaphysics3 ,kepler guessed--that is to say1 imagined4 ,he was essentially a theorist--that word now of so much sanctity1 formerly an epithet of contempt4 ,would it not have puzzled these old moles1 too1 to have explained by which of the two roads a cryptographist unriddles a cryptograph of more than usual secrecy1 or by which of the two roads ,champollion directed mankind to those enduring and almost innumerable truths which resulted from his deciphering the ,hieroglyphics8 ,one word more on this topic and ,i will be done boring you4 ,is it not passing strange that1 with their eternal prattling about roads to ,truth1 these bigoted people missed what we now so clearly perceive to be the great highway--that of ,consistency8 ,does it not seem singular how they should have failed to deduce from the works of ,god the vital fact that a perfect consistency must be an absolute truth6 ,how plain has been our progress since the late announcement of this proposition6 ,investigation has been taken out of the hands of the groundmoles and given1 as a task1 to the true and only true thinkers1 the men of ardent imagination4 ,these latter theorize4 ,can you not fancy the shout of scorn with which my words would be received by our progenitors were it possible for them to be now looking over my shoulder8 ,these men1 ,i say1 theorize2 and their theories are simply corrected1 reduced1 systematized--cleared1 little by little1 of their dross of inconsistency--until1 finally1 a perfect consistency stands apparent which even the most stolid admit1 because it is a consistency1 to be an absolute and an unquestionable truth4 ,april #dth4--,the new gas is doing wonders1 in conjunction with the new improvement with gutta percha4 ,how very safe1 commodious1 manageable1 and in every respect convenient are our modern balloons8 ,here is an immense one approaching us at the rate of at least a hundred and fifty miles an hour4 ,it seems to be crowded with people--perhaps there are three or four hundred passengers--and yet it soars to an elevation of nearly a mile1 looking down upon poor us with sovereign contempt4 ,still1 a hundred or even two hundred miles an hour is slow traveling after all4 ,do you remember our flight on the railroad across the ,kanadaw continent8 ,fully three hundred miles the hour--that was traveling4 ,nothing to be seen1 though--nothing to be done but flirt1 feast and dance in the magnificent saloons4 ,do you remember what an odd sensation was experienced1 when1 by chance1 we caught a glimpse of external objects while the cars were in full flight8 ,everything seemed unique--in one mass4 ,for my part1 ,i cannot say but that ,i preferred the traveling by the slow train of a hundred miles the hour4 ,here we were permitted to have glass windows--even to have them open--and something like a distinct view of the country was attainable4444 ,pundit says that the route for the great ,kanadaw railroad must have been in some measure marked out about nine hundred years ago6 ,in fact1 he goes so far as to assert that actual traces of a road are still discernible--traces referable to a period quite as remote as that mentioned4 ,the track1 it appears1 was double only2 ours1 you know1 has twelve paths2 and three or four new ones are in preparation4 ,the ancient rails are very slight1 and placed so close together as to be1 according to modern notions1 quite frivolous1 if not dangerous1 in the extreme4 ,the present width of track--fifty feet--is considered1 indeed1 scarcely secure enough4 ,for my part1 ,i make no doubt that a track of some sort must have existed in very remote times1 as ,pundit asserts2 for nothing can be clearer1 to my mind1 than that1 at some period--not less than seven centuries ago1 certainly--the ,northern and ,southern ,kanadaw continents were united2 the ,kanawdians1 then1 would have been driven1 by necessity1 to a great railroad across the continent4 ,april #eth4--,i am almost devoured by ennui4 ,pundit is the only conversible person on board2 and he1 poor soul1 can speak of nothing but antiquities4 ,he has been occupied all the day in the attempt to convince me that ancient ,americans governed themselves6 ,did ever anybody hear of such an absurdity8 ,that they existed in a sort of every-man-for-himself confederacy1 after the fashion of the prairie dogs that we read of in fable4 ,he says that they started with the queerest ideas conceivable1 viz3 that all men are born free and equal--this in the very teeth of the laws of gradation so visibly impressed upon all things both in the moral and physical universe4 ,every man voted1 as they called it--that is to say1 meddled with public affairs--until at length1 it was discovered that what is everybody's business is nobody's1 and that the ,republic 7so the absurd thing was called7 was without a government at all4 ,it is related1 however1 that the first circumstance which disturbed1 very particularly1 the self-complacency of the philosophers who constructed this ,republic was the startling discovery that universal suffrage gave opportunity for fraudulent schemes1 by means of which any desired number of votes might at any time be polled1 without the possibility of prevention or even detection1 by any party which should be merely villainous enough not to be ashamed of the fraud4 ,a little reflection upon this discovery sufficed to render evident the consequences1 which were that rascality must predominate--in a word1 that a republican government could never be anything but a rascally one4 ,while the philosophers1 however1 were busied in blushing at their stupidity in not having foreseen these inevitable evils1 and intent upon the invention of new theories1 the matter was put to an abrupt issue by a fellow of the name of ,mob1 who took everything into his own hands and set up a despotism1 in comparison with which those of the fabulous ,zeros and ,hellofagabaluses were respectable and delectable4 ,this ,mob 7a foreigner1 by the by7 is said to have been the most odious of all men that ever encumbered the earth4 ,he was a giant in stature--insolent1 rapacious1 filthy2 had the gall of a bullock with the heart of a hyena and the brains of a peacock4 ,he died1 at length1 by dint of his own energies1 which exhausted him4 ,nevertheless1 he had his uses1 as everything has1 however vile1 and taught mankind a lesson which to this day it is in no danger of forgetting--never to run directly contrary to the natural analogies4 ,as for ,republicanism1 no analogy could be found for it upon the face of the earth--unless we except the case of the prairie dogs1 an exception which seems1 to demonstrate1 if anything1 that democracy is a very admirable form of government--for dogs4 ,april #fth4--,last night had a fine view of ,alpha ,lyrae1 whose disk1 through our captain's spy glass1 subtends an angle of half a degree1 looking very much as our sun does to the naked eye on a misty day4 ,alpha ,lyrae1 although so very much larger than our sun1 by the by1 resembles him closely as regards its spots1 its atmosphere1 and in many other particulars4 ,it is only within the last century1 ,pundit tells me1 that the binary relation existing between these two orbs began even to be suspected4 ,the evident motion of our system in the heavens was 7strange to say67 referred to an orbit about a prodigious star in the center of the galaxy4 ,about this star1 or at all events about a center of gravity common to all the globes of the ,milky ,way and supposed to be near ,alcyone in the ,pleiades1 every one of these globes was declared to be revolving1 our own performing the circuit in a period of #aag1jjj1jjj of years6 ,we1 with our present lights1 our vast telescopic improvements1 and so forth1 of course find it difficult to comprehend the ground of an idea such as this4 ,its first propagator was one ,mudler4 ,he was led1 we must presume1 to this wild hypothesis by mere analogy in the first instance2 but1 this being the case1 he should have at least adhered to analogy in its development4 ,a great central orb was1 in fact1 suggested2 so far ,mudler was consistent4 ,this central orb1 however1 dynamically1 should have been greater than all its surrounding orbs taken together4 ,the question might then have been asked1 ,why do we not see it8 ,we1 especially1 who occupy the mid region of the cluster--the very locality near which1 at least1 must be situated this inconceivable central sun4 ,the astronomer1 perhaps1 at this point1 took refuge in the suggestion of non-luminosity2 and here analogy was suddenly let fall4 ,but even admitting the central orb non-luminous1 how did he manage to explain its failure to be rendered visible by the incalculable host of glorious suns glaring in all directions about it8 ,no doubt what he finally maintained was merely a center of gravity common to all the revolving orbs--but here again analogy must have been let fall4 ,our system revolves1 it is true1 about a common center of gravity1 but it does this in connection with and in consequence of a material sun whose mass more than counterbalances the rest of the system4 ,the mathematical circle is a curve composed of an infinity of straight lines2 but this idea of the circle--this idea of it which1 in regard to all earthly geometry1 we consider as merely the mathematical1 in contradistinction from the practical1 idea--is1 in sober fact1 the practical conception which alone we have any right to entertain in respect to those ,titanic circles with which we have to deal1 at least in fancy1 when we suppose our system1 with its fellows1 revolving about a point in the center of the galaxy4 ,let the most vigorous of human imaginations but attempt to take a single step toward the comprehension of a circuit so unutterable6 ,it would scarcely be paradoxical to say that a flash of lightning itself1 traveling forever upon the circumference of this inconceivable circle1 would still forever be traveling in a straight line4 ,that the path of our sun along such a circumference--that the direction of our system in such an orbit--would1 to any human perception1 deviate in the slightest degree from a straight line even in a million of years1 is a proposition not to be entertained2 and yet these ancient astronomers were absolutely cajoled1 it appears1 into believing that a decisive curvature had become apparent during the brief period of their astronomical history--during the mere point--during the utter nothingness of two or three thousand years6 ,how incomprehensible1 that considerations such as this did not at once indicate to them the true state of affairs--that of the binary revolution of our sun and ,alpha ,lyrae around a common center of gravity6 ,april #gth4--,continued last night our astronomical amusements4 ,had a fine view of the five ,neptunian asteroids1 and watched with much interest the putting of a huge impost on a couple of lintels in the new temple at ,daphnis in the moon4 ,it was amusing to think that creatures so diminutive as the lunarians1 and bearing so little resemblance to humanity1 yet evinced a mechanical ingenuity so much superior to our own4 ,one finds it difficult1 too1 to conceive the vast masses which these people handle so easily1 to be as light as our own reason tell us they actually are4 ,april #hth4--,eureka6 ,pundit is in his glory4 ,a balloon from ,kanadaw spoke us today and threw on board several late papers2 they contain some exceedingly curious information relative to ,kanawdian or rather ,amriccan antiquities4 ,you know1 ,i presume1 that laborers have for some months been employed in preparing the ground for a new fountain at ,paradise1 the ,emperor's principal pleasure garden4 ,paradise1 it appears1 has been1 literally speaking1 an island time out of mind--that is to say1 its northern boundary was always 7as far back as any record extends7 a rivulet1 or rather a very narrow arm of the sea4 ,this arm was gradually widened until it attained its present breadth--a mile4 ,the whole length of the island is nine miles2 the breadth varies materially4 ,the entire area 7so ,pundit says7 was1 about eight hundred years ago1 densely packed with houses1 some of them twenty stories high3 land 7for some most unaccountable reason7 being considered as especially precious just in this vicinity4 ,the disastrous earthquake1 however1 of the year #bjej1 so totally uprooted and overwhelmed the town 7for it was almost too large to be called a village7 that the most indefatigable of our antiquarians have never yet been able to obtain from the site any sufficient data 7in the shape of coins1 medals or inscriptions7 wherewith to build up even the ghost of a theory concerning the manners1 customs1 etc41 etc41 etc41 of the aboriginal inhabitants4 ,nearly all that we have hitherto known of them is that they were a portion of the ,knickerbocker tribe of savages infesting the continent at its first discovery by ,recorder ,riker1 a knight of the ,golden ,fleece4 ,they were by no means uncivilized1 however1 but cultivated various arts and even sciences after a fashion of their own4 ,it it related of them that they were acute in many respects1 but were oddly afflicted with monomania for building what1 in the ancient ,amriccan1 was denominated churches--a kind of pagoda instituted for the worship of two idols that went by the names of ,wealth and ,fashion4 ,in the end1 it is said1 the island became1 nine-tenths of it1 church4 ,the women1 too1 it appears1 were oddly deformed by a natural protuberance of the region just below the small of the back--although1 most unaccountably1 this deformity was looked upon altogether in the light of a beauty4 ,one or two pictures of these singular women have1 in fact1 been miraculously preserved4 ,they looked very odd1 very--like something between a turkeycock and a dromedary4 ,well1 these few details are nearly all that have descended to us respecting the ancient ,knickerbockers4 ,it seems1 however1 that while digging in the center of the emperor's garden 7which1 you know1 covers the whole island71 some of the workmen unearthed a cubical and evidently chiseled block of granite1 weighing several hundred pounds4 ,it was in good preservation1 having received1 apparently1 little injury from the convulsion which entombed it4 ,on one of its surfaces was a marble slab with 7only think of it67 an inscription--a legible inscription4 ,pundit is in ecstasies4 ,upon detaching the slab1 a cavity appeared1 containing a leaden box filled with various coins1 a long scroll of names1 several documents which appear to resemble newspapers1 with other matters of intense interest to the antiquarian6 ,there can be no doubt that all these are genuine ,amriccan relics belonging to the tribe called ,knickerbocker4 ,the papers thrown on board our balloon are filled with fac-similes of the coins1 ,,mss41 typography1 etc41 etc4 ,i copy for your amusement the ,knickerbocker inscription on the marble slab3 ,this ,corner ,stone of a ,monument to the ,memory of ,,george ,,washington1 was laid with appropriate ceremonies on the #aith day of ,october1 #ahdg1 the anniversary of the surrender of ,lord ,cornwallis to ,general ,washington at ,yorktown1 ,a4 ,d4 #agha1 under the auspices of the ,washington ,monument ,association of the ,city of ,new ,york4 ,this1 as ,i give it1 is a verbatim translation done by ,pundit himself1 so there can be no mistake about it4 ,from the few words thus preserved1 we gleam several important items of knowledge1 not the least interesting of which is the fact that a thousand years ago actual monuments had fallen into disuse--as was all very proper--the people contenting themselves1 as we do now1 with a mere indication of the design to erect a monument at some future time2 a cornerstone being cautiously laid by itself solitary and alone 7excuse me for quoting the great ,amriccan poet ,benton67 as a guarantee of the magnanimous intention4 ,we ascertain1 too1 very distinctly1 from this admirable inscription1 the how as well as the where and the what1 of the great surrender in question4 ,as to the where1 it was ,yorktown 7wherever that was71 and as to the what1 it was ,general ,cornwallis 7no doubt some wealthy dealer in corn74 ,he was surrendered4 ,the inscription commemorates the surrender of--what8--why1 of ,lord ,cornwallis4 ,the only question is what could the savages wish him surrendered for4 ,but when we remember that these savages were undoubtedly cannibals1 we are led to the conclusion that they intended him for sausage4 ,as to the how of the surrender1 no language can be more explicit4 ,lord ,cornwallis was surrendered 7for sausage7 under the auspices of the ,washington ,monument ,association--no doubt a charitable institution for the depositing of cornerstones4 ,but1 ,heaven bless me6 what is the matter8 ,ah1 ,i see--the balloon has collapsed1 and we shall have a tumble into the sea4 ,i have1 therefore1 only time enough to add that1 from a hasty inspection of the fac-similes of newspapers1 etc41 etc41 ,i find that the great men in those days among the ,amriccans1 were one ,john1 a smith1 and one ,zacchary1 a tailor4 ,good-bye1 until ,i see you again4 ,whether you ever get this letter or not is point of little importance1 as ,i write altogether for my own amusement4 ,i shall cork the ,,ms4 up in a bottle1 however1 and throw it into the sea4 ,yours everlastingly1 ,,pundita4 --,edgar ,allan ,poe4 ,busyong's ,trip to ,jupiter ,singular indeed among such ordinary men as we come across in our everyday life ,busyong might have seemed to us1 both on account of his features and of his attitude4 ,he had wrinkles on his face which showed that he had smiled and laughed much in his life2 but his expression was rather sardonic4 ,he was a lively man1 with a keen sense of what is serious and what is ludicrous4 ,owing to this peculiarity ,busyong did not have many acquaintances among his tribe4 ,however1 he did not feel lonesome or forlorn2 often he amused himself in observing in his people what he regarded as the overstepping of limits of propriety and decency4 ,he was not a man of vast knowledge1 yet he had exquisite common sense1 which his few good friends admired4 ,busyong entertained the idea of visiting the brightest planet1 next to ,venus1 of our solar system1 namely1 ,jupiter2 for he had read in a certain book that ,jupiter is inhabited1 and the inhabitants can float in the air because of their lightness4 ,this is something to me1 he said to himself4 ,let us see what sort of people they are4 ,so1 led by curiosity1 ,busyong after several attempts succeeded in finding means by which he could go to ,jupiter4 ,he made a large balloon-like machine4 ,when ,busyong had prepared everything necessary for this aerial voyage1 he began ascending from the top of ,mt4 ,makiling at sunset4 ,nobody witnessed him1 because he did not make the purpose of his voyage known to anybody4 ,while he was ascending1 he was delighted to observe the earth growing smaller and smaller4 ,the machine of the balloon was so powerful that by turning a sort of button to its maximum capacity1 as ,busyong did1 he had the balloon soon piercing the clouds and like a large condor soaring in the sky4 ,when ,busyong found out that he could hardly breathe1 he accelerated the speed of the balloon1 so that in a few moments he found himself in a different atmosphere where he could breathe as well as before when he was yet near the earth4 ,he was now near ,jupiter1 whose brightness had served him as a lighthouse4 ,he had puffed out some of the vapor in the balloon1 so that he might go down nearer the planet4 ,it being very early in the morning1 he resolved to take a rest2 for he was tired of seeing nothing but stars and sky4 ,presently1 after about two hours1 when the sun was just appearing from behind the planet1 ,busyong woke up4 ,he was glad2 for he had dreamt that he should see things which he had never seen before4 ,after rubbing his eyes with a handkerchief1 he began to look around him4 ,with the aid of a telescope which he had brought he saw to his surprise large and small bodies of land and water1 which he took for continents1 islands1 oceans1 and lakes1 respectively4 ,descending lower1 he perceived mountains1 some of which were hidden by clouds1 and others that were unhidden1 covered with trees4 ,when he had directed his telescope towards a valley1 he noticed to his happiness a poor dwelling of some human being4 ,it was a hut with a roof similar to nipa and with a wooden ladder1 near which was a cock4 ,the sight of this dwelling gave rise in ,busyong mind to a train of ideas regarding the inhabitants of the planet4 ,so far it certainly looked like the country he had come from3 it might still be the ,philippines4 ,busyong decided to alight from his balloon on the top of a mountain near the hut4 ,after he had eaten his breakfast1 he began to descend the mountain4 ,it was not long before he reached its foot through devious paths4 ,when he appeared before the entrance of the cottage and looked in1 he found a haggard middle-aged man1 a sluttish old woman1 and a wan-faced boy1 all of a swarthy appearance1 sitting on the floor4 ,they were eating their frugal breakfast1 which consisted of fried rice1 coffee1 and dried fish4 ,they did not use spoons1 but their plain dirty-nailed fingers4 ,busyong was surprised to find so great a similarity both in the form of the house and in the manner of eating between these people and those of his own country4 ,presently upon his saluting these inmates with a magandang araw po1 a small lean red dog began to bark at him4 ,the man1 who was sitting in a squatting posture1 turned his face and remained for a few moments staring at ,busyong with a little fright mingled with wonder4 ,unfortunately when the old woman had cleaned her shriveled hands unconsciously with a piece of brown ragged cloth1 the dog vomited on it without being noticed by any one of the family4 ,then with her disheveled hair she stood up to receive ,busyong1 who was a stranger to them2 but the man prevented her from doing so4 ,the man did not appear to understand ,busyong1 who again bade him a good morning1 and so ,busyong resolved to talk to him like a mute by signs4 ,having noticed a large farm not very far from the hut1 ,busyong beckoned the man1 and made signs1 asking him who the owner of the field was4 ,the man1 who seemed to be a farm laborer1 pointed to him the way to the rich farmer's house4 ,busyong soon left him still staring with a vacant countenance and wide-open mouth4 ,busyong had noticed the folly of the old woman when she wiped her hands with the dirty piece of cloth4 ,it was not long after he had started to go that he heard such loud retchings from the hut that he stopped and turned around4 ,he returned anxious to see what the matter was4 ,when he appeared before the entrance of the cottage1 he saw the peasant1 who kept asking his wife in a compassionate manner what was the matter with her4 ,the man received no answer2 for his wife kept on retching so constantly that she thought that1 like a sea cucumber1 she had everted all her alimentary canal or was going to do so4 ,the poor husband was so perplexed that he did not know what to do with her2 sometimes he patted her breast2 sometimes he rubbed her back as if he were stroking the bulik sa pula 7a cock spotted with white and red1 but mostly with red7 that was near the ladder of the hut4 ,presently1 when the peasant saw ,busyong observing his action1 he drew near to him and said something in a tremulous voice4 ,busyong explained to the man by motions that the cause of all the trouble was perhaps the vomit of the dog on the piece of cloth4 ,the man hurried to convince himself2 and in his great anger he would have killed the poor animal1 were it not for ,busyong1 who stopped him4 ,the husband and the wife1 whose convulsions had calmed somewhat1 were angry with the dog1 and even their little boy1 pouting with smeared face1 showed his anger by squalling at and whipping the animal2 but at the same time the man and the old woman were afraid that ,busyong might call an ambulance to take them all to a hospital or police station4 ,in the midst of this excitement ,busyong availed himself of the opportunity to strike when the emotional iron was hot4 ,he exhorted the family concerning the custom of eating with fingers in such a philippic as might have had a very deep impression on the minds of all his hearers if they had understood him4 ,busyong then departed1 and he said to himself nodding1 ,aha1 ,i remember my grandmother often said to me when she would tell me amusing stories that in the vineyard of the ,lord there are all sorts of things4 ,i see now that her statement seems to hold good even in this new planet4 ,when he had walked some distance1 he looked around him1 and took his handkerchief out of a pocket of his coat and with it wiped off the perspiration on his face4 ,feeling himself warm1 he whiffed and said1 ,i see1 this country appears to have the same warm climate as that of my native land4 ,i wonder if the people here are all brown like the farm-laborer and me4 ,after a few minutes' walk he saw a large town at a short distance1 and among the small houses he perceived a steep roof which he took for the steeple of the church of the village4 ,the first house he came to in the town was that of the rich farmer4 ,it was a two-storied square wooden structure2 in front of it was a small garden1 and behind a small orchard4 ,busyong knocked at the door1 and in a few moments a servant appeared4 ,is the farmer in8 ,busyong inquired1 hardly expecting to be understood4 ,he knew no language but his own1 and had to try to get along with that4 ,yes1 sir1 answered the servant1 whose curiosity was awakened by the rather unfamiliar appearance of ,busyong1 but who seemed to wonder not at all at his speech4 ,tell him1 please1 that a stranger desires to speak with him4 ,without uttering a word1 the servant went to comply with ,busyong's request4 ,yes1 invite him to come in1 said the old farmer to his servant4 ,and1 ,andoy1 he added1 tell ,islao to come here to try these new sound assorters4 ,yes1 sir1 was the boy's reply as he went down the stairs4 ,the servant first led ,busyong before the farmer4 ,here1 ,islao1 see if you can put these new filterers into your ears without discomfort4 ,i've improved on the others considerably1 ,i think1 said the old man as ,busyong stepped into the room4 ,good morning1 sir1 said ,busyong very respectfully1 taking the proffered package and bowing1 though he understood not a word4 ,oh6 excuse me1 sir1 excuse me6 ,i mistook you for my son1 exclaimed the farmer1 but seeing that ,busyong was confused he motioned him to sit down1 and then drawing from his ears a tiny pair of soft elastic-looking objects1 put them back and motioned ,busyong to imitate him by applying what was in the package to his own ears4 ,being naturally very curious and desiring above all things to make a good impression on the inhabitants of this strange planet1 ,busyong obeyed4 ,but what was his astonishment to find that he now began to understand perfectly what the old man was saying1 whom before he had not comprehended in the least1 although the old fellow was already well launched on a long exposition4 ,busyong's understanding began to work at about this point3 ,you see1 ,i have greatly improved them4 ,there has always hitherto been a sort of buzzing accompaniment4 ,you don't feel any1 do you8 ,you understand me perfectly1 don't you8 ,i told my son ,islao the difficulty could be overcome1 ,but1 you see1 people have been so accustomed to getting along with the noise that they stopped being impatient at it4 ,but ,i said since we had all the language sounds assorted and distributed to their proper concept centers1 there was no reason why we should not be able to conduct outward the so-to-say 'mechanical' sounds4 ,you understand me perfectly1 don't you1 sir1 and with no buzzing4 ,is not that so8 ,yes1 truly2 but much to my astonishment1 replied ,busyong1 for a moment ago ,i did not understand you1 and now ,i do4 ,on our planet ,i have heard of light or ray filterers that would distribute colors on a sensitive camera plate1 but this is the first time ,i've heard of a language filterer1 though ,i see that it works perfectly4 ,but1 sir1 ,i remember that you were very busy when ,i came in1 and now ,i am bothering you4 ,oh1 no1 sir2 keep your seat1 keep your seat1 please4 ,this is the time when ,i attend to visitors2 from nine to twelve o'clock in the morning and from three to five o'clock in the afternoon2 and even at any other time ,i am disposed to receive a guest1 especially a stranger4 ,thank you1 sir4 ,my intrusion is perhaps justifiable by my being a stranger to this planet4 ,a stranger to this planet6 ,will you explain yourself8 ,otherwise ,i shall think you are some ghost4 ,why1 yes1 ,i'll make myself clear as ,i can4 ,i arrived here just this morning from the planet ,earth4 ,near the foot of that neighboring mountain ,i saw the hut of your farm laborer1 who showed me your house4 ,but how did you come to this planet6 ,by a special balloon which ,i made myself4 ,oh1 yes1 ,i remember now2 ,i remember to have read--,i do not recollect the name of the book--that such an aerial voyage from the earth to this planet or vice versa is possible4 ,oh1 please1 stay here with us2 we shall be very glad to have you remain with us4 ,thank you1 sir2 yes1 ,i'll stay here4 ,especially if you will explain to me this wonderful device by means of which ,i can understand your language and you mine4 ,now on ,earth we have to go to the labor of memorizing a whole dictionary if we wish to converse with a fellow mortal of another nationality4 ,oh1 yes2 that's very bad4 ,a great loss of time and energy4 ,a long while ago1 after we had perfected mechanical talking machines1 somebody realized that we were wasting a great amount of time conversing with machinery when we couldn't understand our fellow men4 ,so he set himself to thinking and he soon saw that the difference in languages is not a difference in ideas1 but in sounds4 ,so if he could just filter the sound waves as they entered the cranium1 he could trust to consciousness to do the rest2 for it always responds to phenomena after its own nature1 not after the nature of the phenomena that it takes up--as the philosophers had long before proved4 ,but ,i must stop talking4 ,i want to hear about the ,earth4 ,i dare say your planet is much wiser than ours4 ,ours is very foolish in many ways1 as you will see before long4 ,and the farmer got up to order one of his servants to prepare a room for ,busyong4 ,the family of the old man1 consisting of a wife and a grown-up son and a young daughter1 then spent most of the day in eagerly questioning ,busyong about the earth and its inhabitants4 ,night came on and the farmer remained alone conversing with ,busyong beside a window until very late4 ,they were beginning to feel sleepy when a confused noise of stringed instruments was heard from a neighboring house4 ,busyong soon lost his drowsiness4 ,what is that music for8 ,what does it mean at such at an hour as this8 ',tis one o'clock1 ,busyong said4 ,these people are courting a lady1 and their cackling is intended to win the love of the maiden--nay1 ,i should say to annoy and disturb the neighbors from their rest2 for that's really what they do1 replied the old man with indignation4 ,this custom1 he added1 although not widespread in this country1 is yet after all very troublesome and indeed very ridiculous also4 ,now1 ,i wonder if these people know the woman for whom they are offering their sacrifices4 ,that is another folly about them4 ,that is often the case2 these people work hard making a loud noise with their wooden rattles in order to attain their purpose1 but they don't have the slightest idea of the real character of the woman for whom they die deliriously2 nay1 they don't know even how she looks2 whether she is ugly and haggard or whether she is like ,venus1 charming with beauty4 ,ha1 ha1 ha1 ha1 ,o ,folly6 ,but let us not fret ourselves at the errors of mankind1 for they seem to be natural both to this planet and to that of mine4 ,hark6 who is that singing now so affectedly8 ,that is the head of the band1 the ,faust4 ,listen to his fastidious voice and the balder-dash with which it is accompanied4 ,silence reigned for a time between the old man and ,busyong4 ,upon hearing no longer the music which had occasioned his remarks the old man said1 ,thanks to ,dios1 ,i think they are gone4 ,now let us go to bed4 ,you must be very tired1 ,busyong4 ,good night4 ,good night1 replied ,busyong4 ,next morning the old man told his son ,islao to take a walk with ,busyong around the town4 ,in this exploration1 for such did it appear rather than just a mere promenade to ,busyong1 who was a stranger to the planet1 ,islao led his friend directly to his large farm of rice4 ,then they went to the busiest part of the large town1 where ,busyong was delighted to observe the different kinds of stores--dry goods and hardware4 ,when they came to a very lively street1 ,busyong found occasion to laugh in his characteristic sarcastic manner at the tremendous numbers of different kinds of signboards1 some hanging flat against the doors of the stores1 and some sticking out a long distance or even stretching across the entire width of the street4 ,the size of the signboards ranged from the smallest of those which professional men use to the very large ones with which the managers of theaters announce a dramatic performance4 ,while the two friends were walking slowly along the street1 for there were many people out1 their attention was very curiously attracted by the appearance of a scrawny young man1 who came mincing by them4 ,they stopped beside a telegraph post1 while the young man went on1 meeting a friend at a short distance1 to whom he said1 ,hallo1 ,tetoy 7,aniceto74 ,donde vamus you8 ,hallo1 ,balatong1 replied the friend4 ,the rest of their conversation went on in a low tone in their peculiar dialect4 ,busyong and ,islao overheard only their slipshod greetings4 ,islao1 who is that man--that one who wears the hat with a wide ribbon whose colors are light blue and green1 and black with white stripes resembling the skin of a skunk8 inquired ,busyong4 ,what man8 ,excuse me1 ,i was looking at somebody else1 said ,islao4 ,do you mean that one who wears a bright red1 yellow1 and green---- ,crumpled small fish net around his collar ,i should say2 yes1 exactly1 that one4 ,who's he8 ,ha1 ha1 ha2 oh1 yes4 ,he is one of the suitors of the girl who lives in front of our house4 ,balatong1 ,i think is his name4 ,aha1 the one who cackled last night1 as your father said8 ,i don't know1 laughing4 ,and that other one with cross eyes1 whose trousers are folded up five times1 ,i think1 showing his stockings1 which are like the tidies of a chair back--who's he8 ,who8 ,that one who wears broad ribbon-like strings on his shoes8 ,i don't know him4 ,don't you think he looks like a woman--,i mean both of them--with their way of dressing8 ,aha1 one of them--not the cross-eyed--has powder on his face1 ,i think4 ,oh1 yes1 yes4 ,you know1 in my native country in the planet ,earth only women are fond of and use such gaudy colors and such kind of stockings2 and1 indeed1 they are only proper for women4 ,but we used to---- ,but that's not all here2 the worst is when these people use stockings--as ,i have had occasion to notice many times--stockings which are elaborately ornamented with the queerest fantastic designs2 such as a burning dainty heart1 a dove carrying a bunch of dama de noche with its toes--rather1 a falcon or vulture ,i should say--great goodness6--make the dove carry a flower in its claws6 ,aha1 is that so8 ,why1 thanks to goodness1 in my native land no such queer people are to be found now1 except very1 very few4 ,there used to be--but do you know what we call them in pure1 simple ,tagalog8 ,we call them binabae2 that is a bit worse than the ,english term 'sissy4' ,but from your own experience1 tell me1 ,islao1 what living being other than man have you observed making such a liberal display of gaudy colors in that most affected manner8 ,why1 among plants you mean8 ,like the parasite with beautifully colored flowers hanging on that window8 ,well1 not so low in the organic world as that1 laughing heartily4 ,i don't mean a plant2 ,i mean---- ,oh1 ,i get your point4 ,you mean among birds like the gayly colored rooster of that man who is now hawking in that store1 don't you8 ,exactly1 upon my wish1 you have slipped from your tongue what ,i was precisely going to say4 ,and ,i think you know why the birds1 most especially the males1 do have such bright colors4 ,why1 yes2 ,i suppose those smart young men have the same view in mind as that of the male birds1 and meditate and dream that it is 'not proper at all for a man to be alone1' as1 thinking of ,priscilla1 ,miles ,standish would say4 ,possibly1 possibly1 laughing4 ,islao did not understand the allusion1 but he let it pass4 ,now be careful2 don't speak loud1 whispered ,busyong4 ,presently the two friends who were the object of ,busyong and ,islao's rather severe remarks shuffled towards ,busyong and ,islao1 stopping near the telegraph post beside them4 ,the two chums were going to separate when one of them1 the cross-eyed1 jabbered1 ,oh1 you teni espijo1 ah8 ,porque8 ,you ajos malo1 eh8 ,a sudden insuppressible peal of laughter was heard from ,busyong and ,islao1 who soon tried to act as if they did not hear the blunder4 ,cosa ajos8 ,am no cook as you1 said the other grinning over his glasses a little more easily than the first one4 ,cosa esti8 asked the cross-eyed one1 pointing to his eyes with his dirty-nailed finger4 ,t'at is call 'esquinting eyes4' ,ah1 yes4 ,porque got espijo you1 esquinting ais8 ,oh1 you don' know its value2 t'at is to add weight1 erecting his body and raising his low chest1 but forgetting that the other had called him cross-eyed4 ,their gabble would have lasted longer if it were not for two ladies who passed between them4 ,balatong1 as the young man who wore spectacles was called1 started to mince along the busy street1 scowling at ,busyong and at ,islao1 who were suppressing their laughter as best they could1 as he strutted before them4 ,in a few moments ,busyong and ,islao began also to move about1 and soon kept pace with two bald-headed men who happened to be walking the street in the same direction as theirs4 ,presently1 one of the old men observed ,balatong1 who was peering at and caressing with a handkerchief one of his tapped shoes which had been stepped upon by a brat1 to use his own expression1 as he had struggled along1 distorting carefully his body to force a way through an idle crowd4 ,then in a sarcastic but indignant manner and forgetting what his companion was speaking about1 the man said1 ,oh1 look at that ,enigo4 ,see how the lower edge of his long cloak flaps like a sail battered by the wind6 ,no1 said the other old man1 that is not a cloak1 but a plain coat4 ,well1 ,i thought it was a cloak like those used by the people in the neighboring continent in time of cold weather4 ,that's the reason why ,i said he was ,enigo1 for he uses a cloak now when it is warm1 and ,i suppose he would use light clothes when it is cold4 ,that is the fashion they say--and the latest one1 too4 ,go to1 the fashion6 ,meanwhile ,busyong nudged ,islao and whispered close to his ear1 ,did you hear what these old men were talking about8 ,islao nodded1 smiling4 ,then the two old men climbed into a vehicle very much like a carretela1 and drove away4 ,busyong and ,islao went into a saloon of fresh drinks and asked for a refreshment similar to milkshake4 ,the owner of this saloon is a woman1 according to the signboard at the door1 remarked ,busyong4 ,yes1 said ,islao1 smiling2 ,i am sorry to say4 ,in the meantime ,balatong stopped in front of a dry goods store on the opposite sidewalk and began to ruminate on his image as reflected in the glass of a counter1 and at times twitched his scrawny body4 ,busyong and ,islao were observing him4 ,after a while a clerk of the store opened the door of the counter and turned a button on the back of a puppet1 which hereto had been unnoticed by ,balatong4 ,soon the dainty hands of the puppet1 which were raised in front of its small breast1 began to move back and forth1 especially the delicate fingers1 as if the whole figure had come to life4 ,balatong looked at the doll rather pleased at first4 ,but when he noticed the remarkable similarity of all the clothes of the puppet with his own clothes1 he began to be aroused and to feel offended1 insomuch that he could not help going into the store to complain4 ,he approached the man who had made the hands of the puppet move and called him to come outside4 ,the man1 who thought that he was going to show something on the counter which he wished to buy1 followed him obediently4 ,they stuttered in their native tongue1 which ran thus in ,english3 ,i think that that puppet is intended to offend me1 because it is dressed exactly in the same way as ,i am2 that is1 with the same clothes1 necktie1 and hat1 which ,i bought from this very store some time ago4 ,however1 you have willfully--made--the--pup--pup--pup--pet --move its hands in such a way as that--pointing to himself and then to me--that is as much as to say ,i am a puppet1 said ,balatong1 who began to be angry with the man1 who was laughing candidly4 ,the man went back into the store1 shrugging his square shoulders and paying no attention to the complaint of ,balatong4 ,balatong insisted1 squalling at the door in an aggressive attitude1 ,aren't you goin' to take 'way the puppet from t'at counter8 ,e ko visa1 muttered the clerk in his native dialect as he was dusting the chairs in the store4 ,presently ,busyong and ,islao1 who all this while had been mute spectators of the fray1 came out of the saloon with a view to settle the dispute peacefully and justly1 for1 after all1 they pitied ,balatong1 who1 they thought1 had got now into an inextricable strait4 ,islao1 who could speak a little the peculiar dialect of the clerk1 addressed the clerk confidentially in his own tongue1 asking him what was the matter4 ,the man answered in the same language which ,busyong understood thus3 ,why1 this friend orders me to remove the puppet from that counter2 for he says that he is not pleased with it4 ,well1 well1 is that the whole cause of this fuss8 asked ,busyong1 smiling4 ,meanwhile ,balatong was setting forth to ,islao earnestly all his complaint with many1 many studied complicated movements of both hands and body4 ,islao waited for him to finish stuttering1 for he wanted to talk with him4 ,then1 suspecting from the tone of his voice a smack of ,kamkangan blood in ,balatong1 ,islao thought it best to feign comradeship for the sake of persuading him to behave in a more manly way4 ,so1 when ,balatong had finished jabbering1 ,islao addressed him in the most friendly manner1 saying laconically1 ,abe1 e ka makisankut ketang mo bal4#b ,upon hearing these words1 which he at first pretended not to have understood1 ,balatong suddenly became excited and perplexed4 ,he gnashed his widely separated teeth1 clenched his fists1 and looked up into ,islao's face with fiery eyes1 saying1 ,why d'you insult an' curse me8 ,if ,i ha-have done wron'1 show me how2 an' if not1 qua de causa8 ,busyong and ,islao smiled pityingly and ironically instead of being offended4 ,on the other hand1 bursting into a peal of laughter1 the juvenile clerk said jocosely in a sort of ,kamkanga dialect the following3 ,aroo1 our abe is an evangelical man--fine6--nay1 he is a priest4 ,how was it8--qua re cosa--ha1 ha1 ha4 ,balatong became the more angry with the clerk inasmuch as he saw that the clerk was poking fun at him4 ,i don' want to be the laughing stock of anybody1 said ,balatong indignantly4 ,don't be touchy1 abe1 said the clerk in his own dialect4 ,all of a sudden the exasperated ,balatong seized a big stone from the street and dashed it against the glass of the counter1 which broke into a thousand pieces4 ,the people of the store and some passers-by were alarmed at the violent action of ,balatong4 ,presently a robust old man came hurriedly shuffling with his wooden shoes towards ,balatong1 and would have strangled him were it not for the opportune presence of a fat man who was one of the idle crowd that had been gathering at the door of the shop4 ,the fat man1 who was carrying under his arm two large scissors in a folded white coat1 interposed himself between the aggressor and ,balatong1 saying in dialect1 ,for the sake of our beloved country6 ,don't behave that way1 fellow patriot6 ,don't1 especially with one of the same skin as yours and in whose veins runs the same pure blood as that of yours4 ,for the noblest ideal of our ,talukap#c party1 countrymen1 bethink yourselves6 ,surely1 replied the old man1 whose anger was appeased by the slushy encomium of the intruder4 ,but this fellow here does not seem to be like a true native of this country1 for look at what he has done with that counter1 simply because he says he isn't pleased with that puppet there4 ,well1 well1 said in a friendly manner the intruder as he faced ,balatong1 why do you behave that way8 ,sherup6 don' interfere with me2 you had better mind only your incisors1 retorted ,balatong1 imitating with his bony fingers the movement of the scissors he meant4 ,busyong and ,islao suddenly burst into prolonged laughter1 while the rest remained silent drivelling with wide-opened mouths as they beheld the two men laughing heartily4 ,do you see6 ,this friend is angry with me according to the tone of his voice4 ,what did he say8 asked the fat man turning towards ,busyong and ,islao4 ,islao nudged ,busyong to get him to come out of the store4 ,come1 come1 let us go home1 lest we hurt with our laughing their susceptible feelings1 especially of that young dandy--pardon me1 ,i mean doctor1 said ,islao aside to ,busyong when they reached the corner of a street and turned to the left4 ,o ,momus1 son of ,mox6 exclaimed ,busyong smiling after a short time1 how jocund indeed must you be with the people here6 ,surely1 he must be1 said ,islao4 ,by the way1 ,i remember that the tailor--that is1 the fat man--seemed to boast a political party4 ,oh1 yes6 ,what is that party8 ,it is called the ,national ,talukap ,party4 ,you know1 this country is a democracy in name1 but an oligarchy in fact1 as the people here say1 for the government is in the hands of only a very few of the native countrymen2 most of the power is in foreign hands4 ,so the ,talukap party aims to reverse the condition of things2 nay1 to have the control of the government wholly in the hands of the people of this country4 ,i am warmly in favor of this policy4 ,but what ,i do find objectionable in this ,talukap party is their affectation and tautology1 and their pretension and empty show in their outward conduct4 ,for my part1 ,i believe in doing things silently but effectively4 ,on the other hand1 ,i am not in favor of the other party1 which is called the ,national ,kinagisnan ,party1 whose policy is to be contented slavishly with the present condition of things or with whatever condition for the time being4 ,the people who belong to this ,kinagisnan party are very few in comparison with those that belong to the ,talukap party4 ,being in very close contact with the sovereign1 the ,kinagisnan people are very apt to become flatterers4 ,moreover1 the ideal of your ,talukap party1 ,i think1 becomes less feasible1 if not impossible1 when you consider these dandies like those two chums over there who are clasping one another by the waist4 ,indeed1 they live in a very peculiar world by themselves4 ,and with ,momus1 ,i suppose1 as their ,supreme ,being4 ,ha1 yes1 ,i should think so1 too4 ,but after all they are not to be blamed4 ,everything goes step by step4 ,even my native country in the planet ,earth has had the same defects practically as these people here4 ,now ,i am glad that there in my native land the people1 especially the young men1 have reached1 by education and the bitter lesson of experience1 of course1 a stage where their old views of the world have become greatly changed1 most especially in this respect3 now they hate affectation under any form whatever1 whether in dress1 manners1 knowledge or in deeds4 ,why1 that is a condition to be envied greatly4 ,by this time the two friends1 ,busyong and ,islao1 were standing in front of the farmer's house4 ,the old man and his wife were awaiting them in order that all might dine together4 ,the rest of the day glided by pleasantly4 ,next morning ,busyong decided to return to the planet ,earth1 although the old farmer and his son tried to delay him longer in ,jupiter4 ,he promised to come back to them4 ,while in his large balloon1 and recollecting vividly all the things he had observed in the country he was leaving1 ,busyong let his mind run upon the following ancient lines3 ,tell me not1 in mournful numbers1 ,life is but an empty dream6 ,for the soul is dead that slumbers1 ,and things are not what they seem4 ,life is real6 ,life is earnest6 ,just then he remembered with a start that when he had begun to crank his balloon he had taken out his sound assorters and laid them on the edge of the car4 ,he had wanted to hear the familiar noise without distribution in order to feel that all was safe4 ,and now when he looked for those precious assorters he could not find them4 ,they must have fallen overboard4 ,and worst of all1 he had neglected to get the whole explanation from the ,jupiterite4 --,manuel ,candido4 ,,iii4 ,tale of ,scientific ,discovery and ,mechanical ,invention ,beginning in imaginary voyages ,tales of scientific discovery and mechanical invention appeal to us as being extremely modern4 ,yet the essential elements had a beginning at least two centuries and a half ago4 ,the quality of the marvelous is easy enough to trace2 and the logicalness hardly less so4 ,we find both in the imaginary voyages4 ,de ,bergerac discovers that he can lift himself from the earth by the expansion of phials of dew affixed to his person1 and from this experiment he goes on to invent an elastic machine which bears him to the moon4 ,klim1 too1 arrives at his wonderful adventures by a scientific beginning3 he sets out to explore a rocky orifice in the ,weathercock ,mountain1 and causes himself to be let down by a rope4 ,the rope snaps1 and he is precipitated into an intra-terrestrial astral system1 where he begins immediately to revolve around a planet ,azar1 his biscuits which he had attempted to throw away performing meanwhile an orbit around his own body4 ,he alights1 of course1 finally by accident1 and goes on with his governmental experiences4 ,difference one of emphasis ,these learned elements in the imaginary voyages point definitely to our modern stories4 ,the difference lies in the emphasis3 our modern stories are severely and consistently logical1 and interest centers in the machine or the scientific theory4 ,the reader does not ask to go on long journeys to see chimeras1 but he asks to see ultra-logical man4 ,he does not encourage the author in being satiric2 he wants him to be inventive1 to be more ingenious than the race has been4 ,the reader wants the author to show him what man would be if he were consistently progressive and wise1 what he would come to if he worked day and night at his science and applied what he learned1--indeed1 what he already knows4 ,for it is an open secret in the scientific world that there is hardly a wonderful modern machine that is not an almost foolishly simple application of a well-known law4 ,take our marvelous future trains1 for instance1 that are to run on one rail and be as wide and commodious as houses--they are but to follow a principle that every school-boy sees in operation when he spins a top4 ,i dare say1 if some person would only write a story telling us where to affix the wheel and the balance1 we might convert our present houses into private ,pullmans1 as it were1 that could at any time transport us1 family and all1 with everyone of our personal and familiar conveniences intact therein1 to any spot we chose1 the only extra expense to us for each trip being a slight rent for wheel space for the time that we were running over the single-rail track that led thitherward4 ,essential elements ,shading off from the imaginary voyage type1 therefore1 is this modern one which ,i have designated by the somewhat long title1 tales of scientific discovery and mechanical invention4 ,by this title ,i mean to distinguish stories in which the occurrences1 though startling1 are perfectly logical in sequence1 granted the premise--extraordinary1 but not improbable under the conditions set forth4 ,the words discovery and mechanical express the fact that the sustaining structure of a story such as these is often some invention superimposed upon modern science4 ,in the use of electricity1 for instance1 the characters in the narrative go one step further than ,mr4 ,edison2 in the construction and operation of the flying-machine1 several steps further than the ,wright brothers2 in the discovery of elements1 someone finds something more useful and of greater power than radium2 or1 after long experimenting1 he mixes a paint so black or so white that the object beneath it becomes invisible2 and so on and so on--but all plausible1 all with precise truth-likeness4 ,stories of this type ,many of our present-day magazine stories are of this type4 ,of the earlier modern1 the ,diamond ,lens by ,fitz-,james ,o',brien is interesting4 ,the ,spider's ,eye is still sometimes read4 ,the ,life ,magnet is well known4 ,a burlesque verse tale of mechanical invention is ,the ,wonderful ,one ,hoss ,shay by ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes4 ,the prince of all ingenious story-tellers1 however1 is ,frank ,r4 ,stockton4 ,to construct a narrative of this class1 you must of course first get your underlying theory4 ,experiments in the chemical and physical laboratory will afford many a starting point4 ,they will at least suggest the realm in which to proceed4 ,astronomy1 meteorology1 geology1 mechanics1 mineralogy1 geometry1 optics1 domestic science even1--select a simple problem in any of these and begin to imagine4 ,suggestions on how to write the type ,after you have the starting point1 it is a good idea to fix your goal4 ,where should you like to go1 what should you like to do1 what powers should you like to have above those of your fellows8 ,do you wish to overcome the restrictions of distance1 absence1 darkness1 death1 birth1 poverty1 the past1 the future1 the present8 ,with these points of your theory settled1 you must then look to the course of events4 ,shall the incidents befall you while discovering or while applying the scientific fact1 while constructing or while working your machine8 ,shall you be looking forward or shall you be looking back upon the events8 ,next you must find the point of greatest stress4 ,the climax of a story with the first alternative will evidently be reached at the culmination of the inventor's labors2 with the second alternative1 at the most exciting adventure in the use of the machine or in the direct application of the scientific fact4 ,the logical close of the story is in both cases the disappearance of the machine or the scientist2 but you will be repaid by thinking carefully over this matter and being here as elsewhere as ingenious and original as you can4 ,your deductions must appear to be sound4 ,of course1 your reasoning may have to be largely specious and in the gross1 as it were1 unless you are a better inventor than the inventors4 ,but you have this advantage over the practical man3 you can avoid the greater difficulties by keeping silent about them2 and for actual achievement you can substitute assertion4 ,you must seem on the surface1 however1 to be perfectly logical4 ,the reader will not question you too closely1 if you are only spirited and entertaining4 ,but the next is a point that you must note without fail4 ,if the reader's interest in any particular part of your narrative will depend upon an understanding of a bit of mechanism or a scientific theory1 you must be careful to supply the information beforehand4 ,however trite to a mechanic or a scientist the principle may be1 you must not assume that the casual reader knows it4 ,he probably does not know it1 or if he does1 more than likely he has forgotten it4 ,on the other hand1 you must not appear to be self-assertively instructing him4 ,what you can do is this3 you can politely seem to be recalling something to his memory1 and can thus make the point clear1 so that your future use of it will not fall flat4 ,to add a semblance of reality1 it will be permissible to employ a few technical terms2 but these also must be indisputably clear in meaning1 and their use must not be pedantic4 ,you should study1 however1 to put into the mouths of your characters the vocabulary that would be actually used by the kind of people you represent4 ,genial humor is a fine asset to a writer of this type of narrative4 ,if you can be artistically serious and philosophically gay at the same time you will not fail to please4 ,the relationship of stories of scientific discovery and mechanical invention to imaginary voyages is testified to by the reader's expectation of a display of wit4 ,but in the scientific1 ridicule is softened down to genial logic4 ,although the aim in this kind of narrative is good construction rather than character-sketching1 yet every neat touch of portraiture that you can add will help draw your composition away from the mere exercise and toward the literary production4 ,if you should choose your theory in the realm of art1 you would by that very choice raise your story above the ordinary--,i mean to say1 of course1 you would if you knew anything about art4 ,mr4 ,alexander ,wilson ,drake knows a great deal about art and has given us1 besides many other beautiful surprises in ,saint ,nicholas and the ,century1 some narratives embodying exquisite theories of shadow and color4 ,illustration ,the ,curious ,vehicle ,reprinted by permission of the ,century ,company4 ,it was midnight in early ,december4 ,a dense silver mist hid the sleeping city1 the street-lamps gave a faint yellow glimmer through the almost impenetrable gloom1 the air was like the cold breath from the dying1 the fog hanging in great drops on my clothing4 ,stray policemen had taken refuge in sheltering doorways1 and my own footsteps echoed with unfamiliar and uncanny sound down the long street--the only sound that broke the midnight stillness1 save the hoarse whistles of wandering and belated ferryboats on the distant river4 ,as ,i emerged from a narrow street into the main thoroughfare1 my shivering attention was attracted to a curious covered vehicle standing in the bright glare of an electric light4 ,it was neither carriage nor wagon1 but an odd1 strongly made affair1 painted olive green1 with square windows in the sides1 reaching from just above the middle of the roof1 and a smaller window in the back near the top4 ,on each side of the middle window were two panels of glass4 ,from the middle window only a dim light shone1 like the subdued light from a nurse's lamp4 ,on the seat in front1 underneath a projecting hood1 sat a little old black man wrapped in a buffalo-robe and a great fur coat partly covered with a rubber cape or mackintosh1 and with a fur cap pulled down over his ears4 ,the horse was heavily blanketed1 and also well protected with rubber covers4 ,both man and beast waited with unquestioning patience4 ,both seemed lost in reverie or sleep4 ,with chattering teeth ,i stood1 wondering what could be going on in that queer box-like wagon at that time of night4 ,the silence was oppressive4 ,there stood the dimly lighted wagon2 there stood the horse2 there sat the negro--and ,i the only observer of this queer vehicle4 ,i stepped cautiously to the side of the wagon1 and listened4 ,not a sound from within4 ,shivering and benumbed1 ,i1 too1 like the policemen1 took refuge in a doorway1 and waited and watched for some sound or sign from that mysterious interior4 ,i was too fond of adventure to give it up4 ,it seemed to me that hours passed and ,i stood unrewarded4 ,just as ,i was reluctantly leaving1 much chagrined to find that ,i had waited in vain1 ,i saw1 thrown against the window for a few moments only1 a curious enlarged shadow of a man's head4 ,it seemed to wear a kind of tam-o'-shanter1 below which was a shade or visor sticking out beyond the man's face like the gigantic beak of a bird4 ,a mass of wavy hair and beard showed underneath the cap4 ,suddenly the shadow disappeared1 much to my disappointment1 and although ,i watched in the fog and dampness for half an hour longer1 it did not again appear4 ,i wandered home1 puzzled and speculating1 but determined that ,i would wait until morning if ,i were ever fortunate enough to come across the vehicle again4 ,weeks passed before the opportunity occurred1 and even then1 had it not been for a very singular incident1 ,i doubt if ,i should ever have fathomed the mystery of the curious vehicle4 ,it was ,christmas eve1 the night bitterly cold4 ,i had clothed myself in my thickest ulster4 ,my feet were incased in arctics1 my hands in warm fur gloves1 and with rough ,scotch cap ,i felt sure ,i could brave the coldest night4 ,thus equipped1 ,i started out1 and when ,i returned at midnight in the beginning of a whirling1 almost blinding snowstorm1 the ,christmas chimes were ringing1 and the whole air seemed filled with ,christmas cheer4 ,turning a corner1 ,i discovered the vehicle in the same place and position4 ,this time1 as ,i had before resolved1 ,i would wait until morning if necessary4 ,so ,i began pacing up and down the sidewalk in front of the vehicle1 taking strolls of five or ten minutes apart1 and then returning4 ,i walked until ,i was almost exhausted4 ,in spite of my heavy ulster ,i began to feel chilly1 so ,i again took refuge in the doorway of a building opposite4 ,should ,i give it up1 ,i asked myself1 after waiting so long8 ,i stood debating the question4 ,no1 ,i would wait a little longer2 so1 puffing my pipe1 ,i shivered1 and watched for developments4 ,at last ,i was about determined that ,i must go or perish1 when suddenly ,i saw through the blinding snow the shadow of a pair of hands appear at the dimly lighted window1 adjusting a frame or inner sash4 ,you can imagine my interest in the proceedings4 ,just at this moment a street sparrow1 numb with the cold1 and crowded from a window-blind by its companions1 dropped1 half falling1 half flying1 to the sidewalk directly in front of the window of the vehicle4 ,it sat blinking in the bright rays of the electric light1 quite bewildered1 turning its little head first one way1 then the other4 ,in the meantime the shadows of the two hands were still visible4 ,the sparrow1 probably attracted by the light and the movement of the hands1 suddenly flew up1 not striking the glass1 but hovering with a quick motion of the wings directly in front of the window1 its magnified shadow thrown on it by the rays of the electric light4 ,then the bird dropped to the ground4 ,the occupant was evidently much startled by the large shadow coming so suddenly and at such a time of night4 ,the shadow of his hands quickly disappeared1 and so did the frame4 ,in another moment the door of the vehicle opened1 giving me a glimpse of a cozy and remarkable interior4 ,it seemed1 in contrast with the cold and storm without1 filled with warmth and sunshine4 ,it was like a pictorial little room rather than the inside of a wagon or carriage4 ,the occupant looked out in a surprised1 excited1 and questioning way1 as much as to say1 ,what could that have been8 ,his whole manner implied that he had been disturbed4 ,this was my opportunity1 and1 seizing it instantly1 ,i walked boldly to the door of the vehicle1 and said1 ,it was a little sparrow benumbed with the cold1 that fluttered down to the sidewalk1 where it lay for a moment1 until1 probably attracted by the light1 it hovered for a few seconds before your window1 then fell to the ground again4 ,i felt the man eying me intently1 studying me with a most searching glance4 ,was he in doubt as to my sincerity8 ,was it a hidden bond of sympathy between us that made him suddenly relent and invite me to enter his vehicle8 ,what else could have prompted him8 ,for my own part1 ,i instinctively felt for the man1 without knowing why1 a deep pity4 ,please step inside1 he said2 it is cold4 ,and so1 at last1 ,i was really admitted1 invited into the little interior--that little interior which had piqued my curiosity for so long a time4 ,yes1 ,i was admitted at last1 and now had a chance to look about1 and to study the general appearance of the occupant as he moved over for me to sit beside him on the roomy1 luxurious seat4 ,what a curious personality6 ,he was a tall1 raw-boned man of strong character4 ,his soft1 gray beard and hair made a marked contrast to the dark surroundings4 ,now ,i understood the shadow which ,i had seen thrown on the window for a few seconds4 ,he wore a tam-o'-shanter cap1 and beneath it1 to protect his eyes from the lamp-light1 a large visor1 or shade1 which threw his entire face into deep shadow1 giving him the look of a painting by an old master4 ,he had on a loose coat of some rough material4 ,surely the interior of no conveyance could be more interesting than this4 ,in the front1 just back of the driver1 were two square windows with sliding wooden shutters1 and between the two was a little square mirror4 ,above these was a rod1 from which hung a dark-green cloth curtain which could be drawn at will4 ,underneath was a chest1 or cabinet1 of shallow drawers filling the entire width of the carriage1 with small brass rings by which to pull them out4 ,on top of this cabinet stood several clear glass jars half filled with pure water4 ,there were two or three oil-lamps with large shades hung in brackets with sockets like steamer-lamps1 only one of which was lighted4 ,underneath the seat was a locker4 ,on the floor of the conveyance1 along its four sides1 were oblong bars of iron1 and in the center was a warm fur rug4 ,one side only of the carriage opened4 ,on the side opposite the door was a rack reaching from the window to the floor1 in which stood six or eight light but strongly made frames1 over which was stretched the thinnest parchment-like paper4 ,the top of the vehicle was tufted and padded4 ,the prevailing color was dark green4 ,in shape it was somewhat longer and broader than the usual carriage4 ,there was a small revolving circular ventilator in front1 over the mirror1 which could be opened or closed at will1 and which could also be used by the occupant for conversing with the driver4 ,the man arose1 and1 opening the ventilator1 told the coachman to drive on4 ,meanwhile ,i enjoyed the wonderful effect of the little interior--its rich gloom1 the strong light from the shaded lamp which was thrown over the floor1 the bright electric light gleaming through the falling snow into the window on my left4 ,the night1 being so disagreeable1 made the interior seem very bright and comfortable by contrast1 as the man closed the sliding wooden shutters1 separating us entirely from the snowstorm without4 ,there was an artificial warmth which ,i could not understand1 and with it all a sense of security and coziness4 ,the stranger's manner was both gentle and reassuring4 ,we rode in silence over the rough pavement until we reached the smooth asphalt4 ,then he began3 ,i do not consider myself superstitious1 but somehow ,i don't like it--that little bird hovering in front of my window4 ,it seems like a bad omen1 and it was a shadow which startled me4 ,my life seems haunted with shadows1 and they always bring misfortune to me4 ,we were both silent for a time1 when he went on3 ,how curious life is6 ,here am ,i riding with you1 a total stranger1 long past midnight4 ,you are the first ,i have ever admitted into this wagon1 with the exception of my faithful ,cato1 who is driving4 ,if one could only see from the beginning how strangely one's life is to be ordered4 ,the stranger's voice was rich and deep4 ,i hoped he would continue so that ,i might get some idea of him and his peculiar mode of life1 and what was going on night after night in this interior4 ,i waited for him to proceed4 ,have you known trouble or sorrow in your life8 he asked4 ,yes1 ,i replied2 ,i have lost nearly all who were dear to me in this round world4 ,then1 said he1 ,i will tell you my story with the hope that it will be both understood and appreciated4 ,i loved from childhood a charming girl1 sweet and pure4 ,i need not go into the detail of all that boyish love1 but in my early manhood and her early womanhood we were married--and what a sweet bride she was6 ,we lived in an old white farmhouse in a village near the great city--a beautiful place1 a long1 low1 two-story-and-attic1 farmhouse1 probably fifty or sixty years old4 ,how well ,i can see it--its sloping roof1 the extension1 the quaint doorway with side-lights and with a window over the top1 the front porch with graceful shaped newels1 the long piazza running the entire length of the extension1 great chimneys at each end1 and enormous pine-trees in front of the house6 ,the house stood on a little elevation1 with terraced bank1 and with a pretty fence inclosing it4 ,beyond was an old well with lattice-work sides and door1 and a pathway trodden by the foot of former occupants1 long since dead4 ,in front of the house were circular beds of old-time flowers--sweet-williams1 lady's-slippers1 larkspur1 and foxglove4 ,at the rear1 great banks of tiger-lilies threw their delicate blue shadows against the white surface of our little home4 ,in one corner of our garden we had left the weeds to grow luxuriantly1 like miniature forest trees1 and found much pleasure in studying their beautiful forms4 ,how fine they looked in silhouette against the sunset sky6 ,on one side of the old-fashioned doorway were shrubs and a rose-of-,sharon tree1 and on the other1 honeysuckle and syringa-bushes4 ,there were also many kinds of fruit and shade-trees4 ,how happily we walked up and down the shady lanes of that little village6 ,for us the birds sang sweetly4 ,we took delight in our flowers and everything about us4 ,in the evening we would enjoy the sunsets1 returning home arm in arm in the afterglow1 to sit in the cool of the evening on the piazza and to listen to the wind as it sighed through the pines4 ,what music they made for us6 ,we compared it with what poets of all ages had sung of them1 and went to sleep1 lulled to rest by the wind through their soft boughs4 ,he paused again1 evidently thinking of the happy time4 ,how can ,i tell you1 he resumed1 of the life that went on in that simple old farmhouse8 ,our pleasant wood-fire on the hearth2 a few photographs from the old masters on the walls2 our favorite books of poetry and fiction1 which we read together during the long winter evenings1 while the pine-trees sighed outside1 and all was so comfortable and cozy within2 or the lovely walks in spring and summer1 through the byways of the pretty little village1 with its hedgerows1 blackberries1 and wild flowers4 ,how we watched for the first violets1 and what joy the early blossoms gave us6 ,what pleasure we took in those delightful years1 and how smoothly our lives ran on6 ,each day ,i went to the city1 and was always cheered by the thought that my sweet wife would be at the station to meet me4 ,how pure she looked in the summer evening1 clad in her thin white dresses1 with a silver fan and brooch1 her dark hair and eyes like those of a startled fawn6 ,well1 ,i need not dwell longer on all this4 ,it was only for a few short years1 when one cruel1 cold day1 about the happy ,christmas-time1 she was taken ill1 and grew steadily worse1 and all that could be done for her would not save her4 ,she died4 ,i can see her now--her dark hair laid back on the pillow1 and the peaceful1 happy smile on her face4 ,we buried her beneath the snow1 in the old graveyard overlooking the river1 and ,i went home broken-hearted4 ,i heard the poor fellow sigh1 and for a time he was silent as the carriage went on through the snow4 ,what can be the connection of this queer craft with what he is telling me8 ,i thought4 ,when he resumed1 he said3 ,for months ,i tried to live on in the little house1 but life became terrible4 ,in the evenings1 as ,i sat by the pleasant log-fire1 ,i would imagine ,i heard her footsteps on the stairs1 and her voice calling me4 ,i did my best to conquer my grief1 but it was of no use4 ,the light seemed gone out of my life4 ,at last ,i could stand it no longer1 and ,i moved all my worldly possessions to another house in the same village4 ,i could not bear to think of going away from the place entirely4 ,when the springtime came again1 and the lovely flowers were in bloom1 and the birds were singing their sweet songs2 when the wind breathed softly through the pine-trees1 and she was gone1 the sunsets were in vain1 and all nature seemed mourning4 ,after this ,i busied myself with all kinds of occupation1 but without success4 ,life became sadder and sadder1 until finally in despair ,i took a foreign trip4 ,i traveled far and wide1 but always with the same weary despondency and gloom4 ,the image of my loved one was always with me4 ,nothing in life satisfied me4 ,i wandered through country after country1 looking at the old masters1 grand churches1 listening to cathedral music1 but always before me was the same picture--the old1 white farm-house1 the great mournful pines1 and with it all the memory of the sweet life now departed1 for which nothing could make amends4 ,then he was silent1 and as we drove over the soft1 snow-covered asphalt he became absorbed in thought4 ,after a year or so of restless travel ,i drifted back to my own country and to the little village4 ,night after night ,i wandered around the empty house where we had lived1 and through the little garden1 and would stand at midnight listening to the sad sighing of the wind through the pine-trees1 which to me sounded like a requiem for the dead4 ,many a moonlight night have ,i stood gazing into the windows1 and imagined her looking out at me as in the happy days of old1 and ,i would walk up and down the path thinking1 oh1 how sadly6 of the times we used to return by it from our evening walks4 ,finally the little village became hateful to me4 ,i could endure it no longer1 and ,i shook its dust from my feet4 ,with reluctance ,i moved away into the heart of the great city1 but with the same longing in my heart--the same despair4 ,i hunted up my two faithful black servants who had lived with us for several years4 ,i bought a house in the old part of the city1 and there we now live1 and ,i am well cared for by them4 ,let me read you portions of a letter from her--one of the last she wrote1 and he took from his pocket a little morocco book with monogram in silver script letters4 ,he rose and asked the driver to stop1 and1 turning the light up1 said3 ,this will give you some idea of the sweet life1 with its love of nature1 that went on in and about that little cottage4 ,the letter was written to me when ,i was in another city4 ,he read as follows3 ,my dear1 ,i can hardly tell you how lovely the shadows looked as ,i strolled around our little house this evening1 and was filled with delight by their beautiful but evasive forms4 ,to begin with1 you remember the exquisite1 almost silhouette1 shadow of the rose-of-,sharon bush by the front door4 ,i gave it a long study to-night4 ,its fine1 decorative character reminded me of a ,japanese drawing1 only it is far more delicate and subtle4 ,if this could be painted in soft gray on the door-posts and around the little side windows1 how it would beautify our plain dwelling1 and what a permanent reminder it would be of our delightful summer days6 ,but if ,i spend too much time on a single shadow1 ,i shall have no room left to tell you of the greater ones we have enjoyed together4444 ,from the path near the gate1 and looking toward the house1 ,i saw to-night1 and seemed to feel for the first time1 the wonderful tenderness of the great shadow which nearly covers the end and side of our home4 ,how mysterious our kitchen became1 with its shed completely inclosed in velvety gloom1 suggesting both sorrow and tragedy2 while the other end of the house was covered with fantastic forms1 soft and ethereal1 and with a delicacy indescribable4444 ,but when the moon came up1 and the soft shadows of the pines were cast on the pure white weather-boards of our little home1--the shadows of our own pines1 the pines we love so well1 and through whose branches we have heard music sweet and low1 soft and sad1--then ,i thought of you as ,i studied their masses tossing so gently1 their movement almost imperceptible1 and ,i longed for you as ,i studied their moving forms1 their richness1 variety1 and texture--for you tell me of their artistic beauty--your delicate1 poetic appreciation of their loveliness4444 ,and at last1 may the sun and moon shine brightly and cast beautiful shadows among and over the tombstones for you and for me1 my dear1 and may a blessed hope make the sunset of life glorious for us both4 ,when he had finished reading1 and had asked the driver to drive on1 he became absorbed and silent1 and ,i thought1 ,how strange to be riding through the streets of the city after midnight in a whirling snow-storm with a stranger1 in a vehicle so remarkable1 listening to such a pathetic love-story1 such a beautiful description of quiet domestic life4 ,it was a charming idyl4 ,you can get an idea from this1 he said1 of the delightful1 contented life which went on in the little cottage1 and he sat holding the book in his hands as though he were living it all over again1 while the bright silver script monogram gleamed and glistened on the cover until he turned down the light1 and for a time we drove over the smooth asphalt in utter silence4 ,do you wonder1 he suddenly asked1 that the shadow of that little bird has caused me uneasiness1 and yet do you not see that almost the last letter she wrote to me was filled with omens1 shadows8 ,it is but natural that ,i should have some feeling about it--and yet1 why should ,i care8 ,i have only myself and my two old servants who could be affected by it1 bad or good4 ,for myself1 my only desire is to live long enough to complete my work2 then ,i am both ready and willing to go4 ,i shall welcome death with delight4 ,i had become so absorbed in his story that ,i had forgotten all about my surroundings2 but now as he paused ,i again asked myself what strange connection had this sad story1 and the letter1 and all that he had been telling me1 with the wagon2 for ,i was sure that in some queer way the story would help to explain it all4 ,while in ,europe1 he went on1 ,i studied the old masters a great deal1 particularly the halos and nimbuses surrounding the heads of the saints4 ,i cannot begin to tell you how interesting they became to me4 ,i was struck with the exquisite workmanship bestowed on many of them1 but fine as they were1 they never came up to my idea of what a halo should be4 ,as my loved one was so pure and gentle1 ,i always thought of her as a saint 7and indeed she is such71 and ,i would become interested and imagine what kind of halo ,i would surround her with if ,i were painting her--not one of the halos of the old masters seemed fine enough or ethereal enough for her4 ,i had always been fond of art1 and had been considered a fair amateur artist4 ,one evening after ,i had moved to the city1 and while riding in a cab 7oh1 how gloomy67 on a snowy evening something like this very night1 ,i looked through the window at an electric light1 and there ,i saw the loveliest halo1 in miniature4 ,such tints6 ,a heavenly vision6 ,i thought of the old masters1 of the beautiful ,siena ,madonnas1 and with sudden joy ,i thought3 ,why should ,i not paint the image of her ,i love8 ,why should ,i not clothe her in ,madonna-like robes1 with a halo which could come only out of the nineteenth century8 ,why should she not have a halo far outshining and far surpassing in beauty halo ever painted by mortal man8' ,i rode nearly the whole night through1 evidently to the despair of the driver1 as ,i repeatedly asked him to stop opposite electric lights and street-lamps4 ,from that day ,i had a new purpose in life4 ,i had this wagon built just as you see it4 ,for months ,i thought of it4 ,over and over again ,i drew my plans before the vehicle was actually constructed4 ,then ,i began my work4 ,old ,cato1 who is driving1 sits night after night1 unmindful of the cold1 wrapped in his great fur coat1 and he waits and ,i work through the midnight hours to conceive and make real the new ,madonna4 ,what a strange1 subtle connection the whole thing had1 as he suddenly tapped on the small window and we stopped directly in front of an electric light6 ,as he opened the sliding shutter ,i saw1 through the frosted window and the feathery snow1 such a vision of loveliness--a little halo that could scarcely be described in words4 ,it was like a miniature circular rainbow1 intensified and glorified by the glittering rays of the penetrating electric light4 ,what could be more beautiful than that8 ,isn't it exquisite8 he asked4 ,did ever painted saint have a halo like that8 ,i held my breath1 for ,i had never seen anything so beautiful4 ,i have worked at it for a long time4 ,i have not yet accomplished it1 but ,i hope to4 ,i am coming nearer to it every night in which ,i can work4 ,there are not many during the winter2 the conditions of atmosphere and temperature must be just right4 ,on foggy nights1 or when the air is filled with light1 flying snow--these are the nights in which the little halos glow around the electric lights1 street-lamps1 and lights in show-windows4 ,oh1 he said1 they fill me with a happiness and delight ,i cannot describe1 as ,i try all kinds of experiments to transfix the beautiful colors of their delicate rays6 ,let me show you1 he went on1 and he lifted one of the frames which ,i have already described1 covered with a thin parchment-like paper4 ,this he carefully buttoned to a groove in the window4 ,on the surface of the stretched parchment the little halo glowed with its prismatic tints1 and again ,i held my breath at the beauty of it4 ,i1 too1 was becoming a halo-worshiper4 ,then he lifted from the rack on the side1 and held up to the light1 first one and then another of the frames1 on the parchment surface of which he had actually traced lines of color1 against the gloom beyond1 radiating lines crossing and re-crossing1 glowing with rainbow tints seen through and against the window4 ,do you know anything of ,frankenstein's wonderful ,magic ,reciprocals1 sometimes called ,harmonic ,responses8#d he asked4 ,how ,i longed for his marvelous power1 so that ,i might experiment with them4 ,but they were far beyond my skill1 and also1 perhaps1 too scientific and geometric for my purpose2 and so ,i was forced to discard them and begin afresh in my own way4 ,i have had reasonable success1 although ,i have not yet reached the purity of color nor the brilliancy that ,i wish4 ,i do not know that mortal man ever can4 ,i have tried all sorts of experiments--lines of silver crossed with lines of gold2 prismatic threads of silk2 and now ,i have abandoned them all1 and am beginning again1 perhaps for the fortieth time4 ,but if ,i am only able to do it1 nothing can give me greater happiness4 ,i can close my eyes in peace at last4 ,after he had shown me his experiments1 he removed the little frame from the window1 closed the sliding shutter on the side1 and1 turning the circular ventilator1 asked the driver to drive on4 ,now for an extended view1 he said1 and he opened the shutter of one of the front windows1 and then of the other on each side of the mirror4 ,what a vista of loveliness6 ,a long perspective of glowing halos1 vanishing down the street through the flying snow1 until they were mere specks of light in the distance4 ,the whole atmosphere was filled with circular rainbows1 and again he dwelt on their beauty4 ,they glowed with ultramarine1 with delicate green1 with gold and silver1 and like light from burnished copper1 and our little vehicle seemed a moving palace of delight as we drove on through the blinding storm4 ,turning into one of the narrower streets1 away from the electric lights1 we saw the long line of receding gas-lamps1 each with its softly subdued nimbus1 and he said in a low and gentle voice1 almost a whisper1 ,the street of halos4 ,when he had closed the shutters again he said1 ,let me show you my cabinet of colors and working tools4 ,he pulled out a shallow drawer1 and there1 on small porcelain plaques 7the kind used by water-color painters71 side by side1 in regular order1 was every shade of red1 from the faintest pink to the deepest crimson4 ,he opened the next drawer1 and instead of the red was an arrangement of blues1 from delicate turquoise to deepest ultramarine4 ,in the third drawer was an arrangement of yellows1 running from ,naples to deepest cadmium4 ,i deal in primary colors1 he said1 for what would you paint rainbows in but red1 blue1 and yellow8 ,then he opened the fourth drawer1 and there1 laid with precision1 were long-handled brushes from the finest sable 7mere pin-points7 up to thick ones as large as one's finger4 ,there were flat ones and round ones1 short ones and long ones4 ,as he opened the fifth drawer1 ,for odds and ends1 he said4 ,this was a little deeper than the others1 and in it were sponges fine and coarse1 erasers1 scrapers1 and boxes of drawing-tacks of various sizes4 ,in the last drawer were soft white rags and sheets of blotting-paper of assorted sizes4 ,after he had shown me the contents of the cabinet he said1 ,i have been quite disturbed by the shadow of that little bird4 ,will you join me in a glass of old sherry8 ,he opened the locker underneath the seat1 and brought out an odd-shaped bottle1 which he unscrewed1 handing me a small1 thistle-shaped glass and a tin box containing crackers4 ,it is a bad night1 he said1 a very bad night4 ,i feel it1 even with the warmth of this interior4 ,those long bars of iron are filled with hot water1 which usually keeps me very warm4 ,then he passed through the ventilator1 to the driver1 some crackers and sherry4 ,after he had closed it1 and put away the bottle1 box1 and glasses1 we both mused a long time1 the halo-painter completely lost in reverie1 and ,i thinking of the undying love of such a man--a man who could love but one1 and for whom no other eyes or voice could ever mean so much4 ,with him love was an all-absorbing passion4 ,he had given his heart without reserve1 and for him no other love could ever bloom again4 ,i thought of him sitting1 night after night1 in his solitary vehicle working at the halo--a new halo which should surround the head of her he loved4 ,i thought of him in the lonely early morning hours1 working at a nimbus which was far to outshine in beauty and delicacy any painted or dreamed of by ,god-fearing saint-painters of old4 ,he opened the shutters1 and the light from the lamp began to grow dimmer as the early morning light shone faintly through the windows4 ,i noticed the deep furrows of care and sorrow which marked his strong1 pathetic face1 purified by suffering and lighted by divine hope--the face of one who lived in another world1 and for whom all of life was centered in his ideal--one who was in the world1 but not of it4 ,as he bade me good-by1 his face beamed in the early ,christmas morning light with indescribable tenderness2 and as the little wagon with its faithful old black driver disappeared through the snow1 ,i thought again and again of the beautiful1 touching love of the man who would sit night after night trying to realize his dream of beauty1 to clothe in the garb of a saint the form of her he loved4 --,alexander ,w4 ,drake4 ,the ,spyglass of the ,past ,it is possible for a man to have two hobbies4 ,dr4 ,aukirt demonstrated the fact4 ,no one would have thought that the quiet man1 who was so often poring over the ,egyptian cases at the ,british ,museum1 was an optician2 but then the truth is apt to be unsuspected4 ,he used to say that it was all a mistake--that he was an explorer pure and simple1 but that he explored the past and the heavens instead of the forest and rivers4 ,at any rate1 an archeologist he was1 and a noted one too1 or the ,british government would not have put him at the head of the expedition to excavate the ruins of ,karnac1 that greatest of all temples4 ,the men had gone to their camp as usual1 but ,dr4 ,aukirt remained behind4 ,during the day an interesting inscription had been uncovered1 and the moon shone in among the pillars of ,karnac before the explorer thought of leaving the scene of the day's work4 ,as he turned to go1 he noticed a slight movement at his feet1 and stopped4 ,a tiny stream of sand was sliding slowly into a crevice between two stones in the pavement1 and was disappearing beneath him4 ,he seized a pick and at length was able to dislodge the block4 ,a flight of steps led down into the darkness4 ,he soon stood at the foot of the stairway with the wealth of his discovery about him4 ,the light from his pocket lamp was reflected from the thousands of silver points in the ceiling of lapis lazuli and from the porphyry pillars with their exquisite capitals of lotus leaves4 ,under a frieze of small windows was a divan with the imprint of a head so plainly visible in the draperies that it seemed as though the sleeper must have but just arisen1 but the fabric crumbled to dust under the ,doctor's hand4 ,at the other side of the room was a table1 evidently a student's desk1 with a litter of writing materials and curious instruments4 ,across an unfinished papyrus lay a brass tube with a lens at each end4 ,dr4 ,aukirt picked up the strange telescope and instinctively applied it to his eye1 although he was convinced that he should be unable to see anything1 for the body of the glass was a double curve1 like a much elongated ,s4 ,but as he pointed the lens toward the divan1 a priestly figure seemed to be sleeping there1 and this room brightened1 light streamed in through the windows which had been hidden by the sand of hundreds of years4 ,the ,doctor looked up2 everything was dusty and deserted4 ,when he reached the open air again1 he saw that the sun was rising away at the rim of the desert2 and once more he looked through the new-found spy-glass4 ,the surface of the ,nile that had been so peaceful a moment ago1 was aswarm with boats4 ,figures of dusky slaves with sad ,hebraic features passed and repassed with their burdens4 ,he turned to the ruin which he had just left1 and beheld a stately temple with the sunbeams flashing from its carved and polished faade4 ,the puzzled and astonished archeologist went to his tent with his treasures1 the papyrus and the glass1 and for weeks he studied them that he might learn to use the instrument4 ,sometimes it seemed to him as though his search were to be rewarded1 but the truth constantly eluded him1 although by a smaller and smaller margin1 or so he was pleased to think4 ,one day he brought his glass once more to the banks of the ,nile near ,karnac4 ,victory seemed very near just now4 ,carefully he opened the instrument to its full extent--and saw a savage people warring with each other on the peaceful river bank4 ,then came a stronger tribe1 and then a stronger still1 until at length he saw the mighty procession of the ,pharaoh coming to inspect the temple of ,karnac4 ,he saw the rise and fall of nations3 the slow march of the ages passed before his vision like the gliding of a dream4 ,the ,egyptian had written truth3 ,i have made an instrument which will gather up the scattered and tangled images of the past1 and focus them upon the present4 ,appalled at the magnitude of his discovery1 ,dr4 ,aukirt stood in silence1 and then the thought came1 ,victory is not complete1 the instrument can be so adjusted as to presage the future4 ,he made what seemed to him the necessary changes2 but when he attempted to look through his glass again1 there was no light2 the lens was broken4 --,hazel ,adelle ,orcutt4 ,up a ,water-,spout ,i was a poor1 hard-working sailor on a fishing smack plying between ,nantucket ,island and ,cape ,cod4 ,my parents before me had been of scanty means1 living from hand to mouth1 and ,i was compelled early in life to provide for myself4 ,naturally1 ,i had little education2 that is1 education from books2 but if traveling possesses half the advantages attributed to it in that line1 ,i own ,i must be the best educated man--,i say this with all modesty--on this small globe of ours4 ,once a year the captains of the several boats with their respective crews made a more extended trip down the coast for pickerel4 ,this year with the usual company of fishing-craft we sailed southward toward the ,bahamas4 ,favorable winds hastened our journey until at a point just off ,cape ,fear we ran into a dead calm4 ,for four days we never moved4 ,the heat was scorching4 ,the boards warped and cracked1 and not even a flapping sail indicated the slightest disturbance in the air4 ,all the boats had dropped anchor within hailing distance of each other1 so with the aid of the dories to carry us around from one ship to another we passed the time quite agreeably4 ,on the fifth morning1 however1 a thick rim of cloud covered the western horizon and seemed to be moving rapidly toward us4 ,almost in the center of this cloud projected a small point of mist4 ,it grew and widened1 then shrank back to half its size1 finally running down a long1 slender finger until it reached the water4 ,instantly foam and spray began to rise1 and we knew that we were in the path of a water-spout4 ,all anchors had been hoisted and the captains were giving hoarse orders to put on every inch of sail4 ,but there seemed to be an upper current that was carrying that water-spout right among us2 yet we were still becalmed and helpless4 ,as it approached it grew in circumference into a huge column of water1 foaming and swirling in a horrible manner4 ,every man rushed for the cabin4 ,we tightly closed the doors and windows4 ,then--we waited4 ,the boat gave a sharp twist as we entered the whirling pool1 and a great wave passed over us4 ,silently we sat there expecting the boat to be swamped and broken into bits4 ,but this is far from what really took place2 for after the first shock1 we felt the boat to be rising4 ,trembling and cautious we peeped out of the window4 ,all the other boats were circling around in the air near us1 and were rising too4 ,we seemed to be surrounded by a hollow cylinder of water1 also rising like ourselves4 ,it seemed impossible1 and yet we were forced to recognize the fact that we were inside the water-spout1 and the suction that was drawing up the water1 had picked our vessel up bodily and was carrying us--where8 ,where1 indeed8 ,miles we went4 ,finally we left behind the column of water which had been growing thinner and thinner1 and we passed swiftly through clouds and mists4 ,gradually these cleared away and the earth came into view4 ,for three months our journey lasted4 ,we wandered here and there over the earth wherever currents bore us4 ,luckily1 we had an extraordinarily large supply of provisions on board4 ,one day we saw a dim speck in the distance and the watch involuntarily cried out1 ,a sail4 ,we laughed1 but sure enough1 within a few hours1 another boat wheeled up along side4 ,we had no way of stopping1 so our communication was short4 ,it was found out that they had met the same fate as we1 and had1 like us1 probably been reported at home as lost at sea4 ,they said that if by any chance we should return to earth1 we should tell their friends that they were quite happy1 only1 were weary of such constant travel1 but must continue it1 they supposed1 unless sometime in their course they might come upon another water-spout to afford them a passage to earth again4 ,and ,i might add here1 if we had not been thus fortunate1 we should still be journeying monotonously through the heavens4 ,but the circumstance of all our trip that ,i felt would interest you most1 is the fact that we saw and talked with ,captain ,anson4 ,you remember ,captain ,anson1 the man who set out in an airship to find the ,south ,pole8 ,well1 he has found it4 ,he declares that it is a veritable ,eden to which man can gain admittance only by passing through a water-spout1 and it seems that his machine was thus transported1 being caught in a spout while crossing an inland lake4 ,also he wished us to tell the people at home not to expect his return1 for1 he declares1 he is supremely happy and has found a place far superior in climate and beauty to anything yet discovered on the earth4 ,there1 he asserts further1 and we know this to be true for we beheld it ourselves1 the problem of supplying energy is not a problem at all2 for as a result of the magnetic force1 so strong everywhere there1 perpetual motion machines are used entirely for mechanical purposes4 ,and ,i might add here that it was only through this magnetic attraction for the bolts in our ship that we were able to stop at all4 ,but here we hovered for several days until a particularly strong current seized the boat and carried us on4 ,we sped from ocean to ocean1 time and time again until we1 too1 were almost in despair1 of ever seeing the earth again1 except by a bird's-eye view4 ,but one cloudy day1 as we were shipping quietly through the mist1 we all experienced a sensation of falling4 ,the mist began to grow thicker1 and we were again surrounded by curved walls of rising water4 ,we were filled with a sense of familiarity1 for we recognized our water-spout4 ,having reached the bottom1 with one short dive we were through that wall of water1 and were sailing swiftly across the ,atlantic in an opposite direction from the water-spout1 which was fast disappearing over the horizon4 ,we looked at it with regret2 for we realized that probably never again should we have the opportunity of another such trip1 unless perhaps sometime in our future journeyings we should come upon its like4 ,if fortune should never so favor us1 then the way to that delightful land of the ,south ,pole would be closed forever4 ,but if any of you feel inclined to travel1 and see the world in a large perspective1 go to some body of water1 and watch for one of these natural elevators1 and if one does happen in your way1 be sure that all the hatches and windows are closed1 and then steer straight for the center of that swirling mass2 for this is a pleasant mode of travel--slow1 and doesn't jar4 --,edna ,collister4 ,,iv4 ,the ,detective ,story and ,other ,tales of ,pure ,plot ,detective story3 ,connection with stories of ingenuity ,a few detective stories could be classed with our last preceding type as well as with this4 ,those like ,f4 ,r4 ,burton's suppressed prize contribution to a ,western newspaper might be put under mechanical inventions2 that is1 all that contain1 like his1 a practicable theory4 ,the report goes that ,mr4 ,burton and a friend worked together and produced a story of bank robbers who overcame the time-lock device4 ,so explicitly was the ingenious method written out that the editors decided not to publish it1 convinced that if they spread the knowledge abroad no time-lock thereafter would be secure4 ,the ,black ,pearl by ,victorien ,sardou1 on the other hand1 might be called a scientific-discovery detective tale4 ,it perfectly combines the two elements--mystery and the astounding action of a nature phenomenon4 ,not all detective stories1 however1 are so dangerous or so interesting as these4 ,most1 rather1 are amusing or merely entertaining2 but we class them in the ingenious group because of the effort at pure plot4 ,there are many crude attempts at writing detective stories1 and the cheap1 ten-cent-novel kind disgusts persons of taste2 but the popularity of the type attests its excellence4 ,when in the hands of such men as ,edgar ,allan ,poe and ,a4 ,conan ,doyle1 it yields an artistic short-story4 ,the ,purloined ,letter and the ,adventures of ,sherlock ,holmes are worthy of their fame4 ,the ,murders in the ,rue ,morgue and the ,mystery of ,marie ,rogt are not so pleasant1 but are equally ingenious4 ,of course1 the author of the ordinary tale of this type has the advantage over the real detective1 since the author first creates the mystery before solving it4 ,his ingenuity1 therefore1 will lie revealed in the construction of the crime which he pretends to be unearthing and explaining4 ,evidently1 though1 his process of mind can be no different from that of the actual analyzer1 who must unravel what to him is a real mystery4 ,he1 too1 if he is to succeed1 must re-image the whole train of events1 not as points or dots1 but as vivid scenes4 ,thus only will both workers come at small incidents that are original and ingenious and essentially pertinent4 ,it happened that ,poe1 in the story of ,marie ,rogt1 was acting the part of a real detective1 since he was reasoning upon an actual mystery1 the details of which had baffled the police4 ,in his imaginary case he reinstalled the crime as he felt it must have taken place1 and1 strange to say--or rather not strange to say1 for ,poe had the qualities of more than a paper detective--the facts1 by a woman's confessions later1 were found to be exactly as ,poe had imagined them1 even in minor details4 ,other stories of plot ,but stories that emphasize plot do not wholly lie in the detective's realm4 ,there is the pure reasoner's great domain of fancy4 ,the ,lady or the ,tiger illustrates the class completely1 even by the whimsical ending4 ,the man that could make up that situation could have solved it1 or have carried it on interminably1 as he laughingly shows you in the ,discourager of ,hesitancy4 ,his ,transferred ,ghost is another quirk1 of reasonable fantasy4 ,poe's ,gold ,bug is almost pure plot and has the interesting device of the cryptogram in addition4 ,pushkin's ,snow ,storm is built upon a queer coincidence4 ,the story that emphasizes plot is primarily a narrative of a series of happenings1 and only incidentally the record of character or place4 ,the author has no interest in what kind of men perform the deeds1 except that they shall be the general large types3 the soldier and his friend1 the lover and his rival1 the magistrate and the citizen1 the sovereign and his subject1 the doctor and his patient1 and so on4 ,interest centers in the question1 ,what will they do next8 not1 ,what are they and what will they become8 ,romance ,in longer prose the story with a plot is the romance1 the modern romance4 ,in it1 too1 the author is concerned mainly with the course of events4 ,take ,ivanhoe or ,the ,prisoner of ,zenda1 for instance1 and what have you8--actors about whom there is no question of character growth4 ,what they were at the beginning1 that they are at the end--except1 perhaps1 ,rebecca4 ,in romance the happenings are largely adventure4 ,as they become preposterous the narrative borders on the mere wonder type4 ,a few suggestions ,to write a detective tale or other story of pure plot1 you must first get your plot--as the old fisherman would say about the eel when you wish to skin it4 ,if you can grasp one and hold it1 you are an expert4 ,the difficulty will be that you will probably find your plot a shadow1 when you hoped for a good solid piece of reasoning4 ,in the detective tale you must propound your mystery at the beginning of the narrative and then work backwards to the first step4 ,in the other story1 you must start out with the simplest and seemingly most insignificant incident and work steadily up to a fantastic or astounding climax4 ,in the second you navely keep adding one to one1 as it were1 and get a hundred2 in the first1 you subtract one after one from your hundred until you get a unit4 ,thou ,art the ,man ,i will now play the dipus to the ,rattleborough enigma4 ,i will expound to you--as ,i alone can--the secret of the enginery that effected the ,rattleborough miracle--the one1 the true1 the admitted1 the undisputed1 the indisputable miracle1 which put a definite end to infidelity among the ,rattleburghers and converted to the orthodox of the grandames all the carnal-minded who had ventured to be sceptical before4 ,this event--which ,i should be sorry to discuss in a tone of unsuitable levity--occurred in the summer of #ah--4 ,mr4 ,barnabas ,shuttleworthy--one of the wealthiest and most respectable citizens of the borough--had been missing for several days under circumstances which gave rise to suspicion of foul play4 ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy had set out from ,rattleborough very early one ,saturday morning1 on horseback1 with the avowed intention of proceeding to the city of----1 about fifteen miles distant1 and of returning the night of the same day4 ,two hours after his departure1 however1 his horse returned without him1 and without the saddle-bags which had been strapped on his back at starting4 ,the animal was wounded too1 and covered with mud4 ,these circumstances naturally gave rise to much alarm among the friends of the missing man2 and when it was found1 on ,sunday morning1 that he had not yet made his appearance1 the whole borough arose en masse to go and look for his body4 ,the foremost and most energetic in instituting this search was the bosom friend of ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy--a ,mr4 ,charles ,goodfellow1 or1 as he was universally called1 ,charley ,goodfellow1 or ,old ,charley ,goodfellow4 ,now1 whether it is a marvellous coincidence1 or whether it was that the name itself has an imperceptible effect upon the character1 ,i have never yet been able to ascertain2 but the fact is unquestionable1 that there never yet was any person named ,charles who was not an open1 manly1 honest1 good-natured1 and frank-hearted fellow1 with a rich1 clear voice1 that did you good to hear it1 and an eye that looked you always straight in the face1 as much as to say3 ,i have a clear conscience myself1 am afraid of no man1 and am altogether above doing a mean action4 ,and thus all the hearty1 careless1 walking gentlemen1 of the stage are very certain to be called ,charles4 ,now1 ,old ,charley ,goodfellow1 although he had been in ,rattleborough not longer than six months or thereabouts1 and although nobody knew anything about him before he came to settle in the neighborhood1 had experienced no difficulty in the world in making the acquaintance of all the respectable people in the borough4 ,not a man of them but would have taken his bare word for a thousand at any moment2 and as for the women1 there is no saying what they would not have done to oblige him4 ,and all this came of his having been christened ,charles1 and of his possessing1 in consequence1 that ingenuous face which is proverbially the very best letter of recommendation4 ,i have already said that ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy was one of the most respectable and1 undoubtedly1 he was the most wealthy man in ,rattleborough1 while ,old ,charley ,goodfellow was upon as intimate terms with him as if he had been his own brother4 ,the two old gentlemen were next-door neighbors1 and1 although ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy seldom1 if ever1 visited ,old ,charley1 and never was known to take a meal in his house1 still that did not prevent the two friends from being exceedingly intimate1 as ,i have just observed2 for ,old ,charley never let a day pass without stepping in three or four times to see how his neighbor came on1 and very often he would stay to breakfast or tea1 and always to dinner2 and then the amount of wine that was made way with by the two cronies at a sitting1 it would really be a difficult thing to ascertain4 ,old ,charley's favorite beverage was ,chateau ,margaux1 and it appeared to do ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy's heart good to see the old fellow swallow it1 as he did1 quart after quart2 so that1 one day1 when the wine was in and the wit1 as a natural consequence1 somewhat out1 he said to his crony1 as he slapped him upon the back3 ,i tell you what it is1 ',old ,charley1' you are1 by all odds1 the heartiest old fellow ,i ever came across in all my born days2 and1 since you love to guzzle the wine at that fashion1 ,i'll be darned if ,i don't have to make thee a present of a big box of the ,chateau ,margaux4 ,od rot me1 7,mr4 ,shuttleworthy had a sad habit of swearing1 although he seldom went beyond ,od rot me1 or ,by gosh1 or ,by the jolly golly74 ,od rot me1 says he1 if ,i don't send an order to town this very afternoon for a double box of the best that can be got1 and ,i'll make ye a present of it1 ,i will6--ye needn't say a word now--,i will1 ,i tell ye1 and there's an end of it2 so look out for it--it will come to hand some of these fine days1 precisely when ye are looking for it the least6 ,i mention this little bit of liberty on the part of ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy1 just by way of showing you how very intimate an understanding existed between the two friends4 ,well1 on the ,sunday morning in question1 when it came to be fairly understood that ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy had met with foul play1 ,i never saw any one so profoundly affected as ,old ,charley ,goodfellow4 ,when he first heard that the horse had come home without his master1 and without his master's saddle-bags1 and all bloody from a pistol-shot1 that had gone clean through and through the poor animal's chest without quite killing him--when he heard all this1 he turned as pale as if the missing man had been his own dear brother or father1 and shivered and shook all over as if he had had a fit of the ague4 ,at first he was too much overpowered with grief to be able to do anything at all1 or to decide upon any plan of action2 so that for a long time he endeavored to dissuade ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy's other friends from making a stir about the matter1 thinking it best to wait a while--say for a week or two1 or a month1 or two--to see if something wouldn't turn up1 or if ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy wouldn't come in the natural way1 and explain his reasons for sending his horse on before4 ,i dare say you have often observed this disposition to temporize1 or to procrastinate1 in people who are laboring under any very poignant sorrow4 ,their powers of mind seem to be rendered torpid1 so that they have a horror of anything like action1 and like nothing in the world so well as to lie quietly in bed and nurse their grief1 as the old ladies express it--that is to say1 ruminate over the trouble4 ,the people of ,rattleborough had1 indeed1 so high an opinion of the wisdom and discretion of ,old ,charley1 that the greater part of them felt disposed to agree with him1 and not make a stir in the business until something should turn up1 as the honest old gentleman worded it2 and ,i believe that1 after all1 this would have been the general determination1 but for the very suspicious interference of ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy's nephew1 a young man of very dissipated habits1 and otherwise of rather bad character4 ,this nephew1 whose name was ,pennifeather1 would listen to nothing like reason in the matter of lying quiet1 but insisted upon making immediate search for the corpse of the murdered man4 ,this was the expression he employed1 and ,mr4 ,goodfellow acutely remarked at the time1 that it was a singular expression1 to say no more4 ,this remark of ,old ,charley's too1 had great effect upon the crowd2 and one of the party was heard to ask1 very impressively1 how it happened that young ,mr4 ,pennifeather was so intimately cognizant of all the circumstances connected with his wealthy uncle's disappearance1 as to feel authorized to assert1 distinctly and unequivocally1 that his uncle was 'a murdered man4' ,hereupon some little squibbling and bickering occurred among the various members of the crowd1 and especially between ,old ,charley and ,mr4 ,pennifeather--although this latter occurrence was1 indeed1 by no means a novelty1 for little good-will had subsisted between the parties for the last three or four months2 and matters had been gone so far that ,mr4 ,pennifeather had actually knocked down his uncle's friend for some alleged excess of liberty that the latter had taken in the uncle's house1 of which the nephew was an inmate4 ,upon this occasion ,old ,charley is said to have behaved with exemplary moderation and ,christian charity4 ,he arose from the blow1 adjusted his clothes1 and made no attempt at retaliation at all--merely muttered a few words about taking summary vengeance at the first convenient opportunity1--a natural and very justifiable ebullition of anger1 which meant nothing1 however2 and1 beyond doubt1 was no sooner given vent to than forgotten4 ,however these matters may be 7which have no reference to the point now at issue71 it is quite certain that the people of ,rattleborough1 principally through the persuasion of ,mr4 ,pennifeather1 came at length to the determination of dispersion over the adjacent country in search of the missing ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy4 ,i say they came to this determination in the first instance4 ,after it had been fully resolved that a search should be made1 it was considered almost a matter of course that the seekers should disperse--that is to say1 distribute themselves in parties--for the more thorough examination of the region round about4 ,i forgot1 however1 by what ingenious train of reasoning it was that ,old ,charley finally convinced the assembly that this was the most injudicious plan that could be pursued4 ,convince them1 however1 he did--all except ,mr4 ,pennifeather2 and1 in the end1 it was arranged that a search should be instituted1 carefully and very thoroughly1 by the burghers en masse1 ,old ,charley himself leading the way4 ,as for the matter of that1 there could have been no better pioneer than ,old ,charley1 whom everybody knew to have the eye of a lynx2 but1 although he led them into all manner of out-of-the-way holes and corners1 by routes that nobody had ever suspected of existing in the neighborhood1 and although the search was incessantly kept up day and night for nearly a week1 still no trace of ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy could be discovered4 ,when ,i say no trace1 however1 ,i must not be understood to speak literally2 for trace1 to some extent1 there certainly was4 ,the poor gentleman had been tracked1 by his horse's shoes 7which were peculiar71 to a spot about three miles to the east of the borough1 on the main road leading to the city4 ,here the track made off into a bypath through a piece of woodland--the path coming out again into the main road1 and cutting off about half a mile of the regular distance4 ,following the shoemarks down this lane1 the party came at length to a pool of stagnant water1 half hidden by the brambles1 to the right of the lane1 and opposite this pool all vestige of the track was lost sight of4 ,it appeared1 however1 that a struggle of some nature had here taken place1 and it seemed as if some large and heavy body1 much larger and heavier than a man1 had been drawn from the bypath to the pool4 ,this latter was carefully dragged twice1 but nothing was found2 and the party were upon the point of going away1 in despair of coming to any result1 when ,providence suggested to ,mr4 ,goodfellow the expediency of draining the water off altogether4 ,this project was received with cheers1 and many high compliments to ,old ,charley upon his sagacity and consideration4 ,as many of the burghers had brought spades with them1 supposing that they might possibly be called upon to disinter a corpse1 the drain was easily and speedily effected2 and no sooner was the bottom visible1 than right in the middle of the mud that remained was discovered a black silk velvet waistcoat1 which nearly every one present immediately recognized as the property of ,mr4 ,pennifeather4 ,this waistcoat was much torn and stained with blood1 and there were several persons among the party who had a distinct remembrance of its having been worn by its owner on the very morning of ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy's departure for the city2 while there were others1 again1 ready to testify upon oath1 if required1 that ,mr4 ,p4 did not wear the garment in question at any period during the remainder of that memorable day2 nor could any one be found to say that he had seen it upon ,mr4 ,p4's person at any period at all subsequent to ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy's disappearance4 ,matters now wore a very serious aspect for ,mr4 ,pennifeather1 and it was observed1 as an indubitable confirmation of the suspicions which were excited against him1 that he grew exceedingly pale1 and when asked what he had to say for himself1 was utterly incapable of saying a word4 ,hereupon1 the few friends his riotous mode of living had left him deserted him at once to a man1 and were even more clamorous than his ancient and avowed enemies for his instantaneous arrest4 ,but1 on the other hand1 the magnanimity of ,mr4 ,goodfellow shone forth with only the more brilliant lustre through contrast4 ,he made a warm and intensely eloquent defense of ,mr4 ,pennifeather1 in which he alluded more than once to his own sincere forgiveness of that wild young gentleman--the heir of the worthy ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy--for the insult which he 7the young gentleman7 had1 no doubt in the heat of passion1 thought proper to put upon him 7,mr4 ,goodfellow74 ,he forgave him for it1 he said1 from the very bottom of his heart2 and for himself 7,mr4 ,goodfellow71 so far from pushing the suspicious circumstances to extremity1 which he was sorry to say1 really had arisen against ,mr4 ,pennifeather1 he 7,mr4 ,goodfellow7 would make every exertion in his power1 would employ all the little eloquence in his possession to--to--to--soften down1 as much as he could conscientiously do so1 the worst features of this really exceedingly perplexing piece of business4 ,mr4 ,goodfellow went on for some half hour longer in this strain1 very much to the credit both of his head and of his heart2 but your warm-hearted people are seldom opposite in their observations--they run into all sorts of blunders1 contre-temps and mal-apropos-isms1 in the hot-headedness of their zeal to serve a friend--thus1 often with the kindest intentions in the world1 doing infinitely more to prejudice his cause than to advance it4 ,so1 in the present instance1 it turned out with all the eloquence of ,old ,charley2 for1 although he labored earnestly in behalf of the suspected1 yet it so happened1 somehow or other that every syllable he uttered of which the direct but unfitting tendency was not to exalt the speaker in the good opinion of his audience1 had the effect of deepening the suspicion already attached to the individual whose cause he pled1 and of arousing against him the fury of the mob4 ,one of the most unaccountable errors committed by the orator was his allusion to the suspected as the heir of the worthy old gentleman1 ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy4 ,the people had really never thought of this before8 ,they had only remembered certain threats of disinheritance uttered a year or two previously by the uncle 7who had no living relative except the nephew71 and they had1 therefore1 always looked upon this disinheritance as a matter that was settled--so single-minded a race of beings were the ,rattleburghers2 but the remark of ,old ,charley brought them at once to a consideration of this point1 and thus gave them to see the possibility of the threats having been nothing more than a threat4 ,and straightway hereupon1 arose the natural question of cui bono8--a question2 that tended even more than the waistcoat to fasten the terrible crime upon the young man4 ,and here1 lest ,i may be misunderstood1 permit me to digress for one moment merely to observe that the exceedingly brief and simple ,latin phrase which ,i have employed1 is invariably mistranslated and misconceived4 ,cui bono in all the crack novels and elsewhere--in those of ,mrs4 ,gore1 for example 7the author of ,cecil71 a lady who quotes all tongues from the ,chaldaean to ,chickasaw1 and is helped to her learning1 as needed1 upon a systematic plan1 by ,mr4 ,beckford--in all the crack novels1 ,i say1 from those of ,bulwer and ,dickens to those of ,turnapenny and ,ainsworth1 the two little ,latin words cui bono are rendered to what purpose8 or 7as if quo bono71 to what good8 ,their true meaning1 nevertheless1 is for whose advantage4 ,cui1 to whom2 bono1 is it for a benefit4 ,it is a purely legal phrase1 and applicable precisely in cases such as we have under consideration1 where probability of the doer of a deed hinges upon the probability of the benefit accruing to this individual or to that from the deed's accomplishment4 ,now in the present instance1 the question cui bono8 very pointedly implicated ,mr4 ,pennifeather4 ,his uncle had threatened him1 after making a will in his favor1 with disinheritance4 ,but the threat had not been actually kept2 the original will1 it appeared1 had not been altered4 ,had it been altered1 the only supposable motive for murder on the part of the suspected would have been the ordinary one of revenge2 and even this would have been counteracted by the hope of reinstation into the good graces of the uncle4 ,but the will being unaltered1 while the threat to alter remained suspended over the nephew's head1 there appears at once the very strongest possible inducement for the atrocity2 and so concluded very sagaciously1 the worthy citizens of the borough of ,rattle4 ,mr4 ,pennifeather was1 accordingly1 arrested upon the spot1 and the crowd1 after some further search1 proceeded homeward1 having him in custody4 ,on the route1 however1 another circumstance occurred tending to confirm the suspicion entertained4 ,mr4 ,goodfellow1 whose zeal led him to be always a little in advance of the party1 was seen suddenly to run forward a few paces1 stoop1 and then apparently to pick up some small object from the grass4 ,having quickly examined it1 he was observed too1 to make a sort of attempt at concealing it in his coat pocket2 but this action was noticed1 as ,i say1 and consequently prevented1 when the object picked up was found to be a ,spanish knife which a dozen persons at once recognized as belonging to ,mr4 ,pennifeather4 ,moreover1 his initials were engraved upon the handle4 ,the blade of this knife was open and bloody4 ,no doubt now remained of the guilt of the nephew1 and immediately upon reaching ,rattleborough he was taken before a magistrate for examination4 ,here matters again took a most unfavorable turn4 ,the prisoner1 being questioned as to his whereabouts on the morning of ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy's disappearance1 had absolutely the audacity to acknowledge that on that very morning he had been out with his rifle deer-stalking1 in the immediate neighborhood of the pool where the bloodstained waistcoat had been discovered through the sagacity of ,mr4 ,goodfellow4 ,this latter now came forward1 and1 with tears in his eyes1 asked permission to be examined4 ,he said that a stern sense of the duty he owed his ,maker1 not less than his fellow-men1 would permit him no longer to remain silent4 ,hitherto1 the sincerest affection for the young man 7notwithstanding the latter's ill-treatment of himself1 ,mr4 ,goodfellow71 had induced him to make every hypothesis which imagination could suggest1 by way of endeavoring to account for what appeared suspicious in the circumstances that told so seriously against ,mr4 ,pennifeather2 but these circumstances were now altogether too convincing--too damning2 he would hesitate no longer--he would tell all he knew1 although his heart 7,mr4 ,goodfellow's71 should absolutely burst asunder in the effort4 ,he then went on to state that on the afternoon of the day previous to ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy's departure for the city1 that worthy old gentleman had mentioned to his nephew1 in his hearing 7,mr4 ,goodfellow's71 that his object in going to town on the morrow was to make a deposit of an unusually large sum of money in the ,farmers' and ,merchants' ,bank1 and that1 then and there1 the said ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy had distinctly avowed to the said nephew his irrevocable determination of rescinding the will originally made1 and of cutting him off with a shilling4 ,he 7the witness7 now solemnly called upon the accused to state whether what he 7the witness7 had just stated was or was not the truth in every substantial particular4 ,much to the astonishment of every one present1 ,mr4 ,pennifeather frankly admitted that it was4 ,the magistrate now considered it his duty to send a couple of constables to search the chamber of the accused in the house of his uncle4 ,from this search they almost immediately returned with the well-known steel-bound1 russet leather pocket-book which the old gentleman had been in the habit of carrying for years4 ,its valuable contents1 however1 had been abstracted1 and the magistrate in vain endeavored to extort from the prisoner the use which had been made of them1 or the place of their concealment4 ,indeed1 he obstinately denied all knowledge of the matter4 ,the constables also discovered1 between the bed and sacking of the unhappy man1 a shirt and neck-handkerchief both marked with the initials of his name1 and both hideously besmeared with the blood of the victim4 ,at this juncture1 it was announced that the horse of the murdered man had just expired in the stable from the effects of the wound he had received1 and it was proposed by ,mr4 ,goodfellow that a post-mortem examination of the beast should be immediately made1 with the view1 if possible1 of discovering the ball4 ,this was accordingly done2 and1 as if to demonstrate beyond a question the guilt of the accused1 ,mr4 ,goodfellow1 after considerable searching in the cavity of the chest1 was enabled to detect and to pull forth a bullet of very extraordinary size which1 upon trial1 was found to be exactly adapted to the bore of ,mr4 ,pennifeather's rifle1 while it was far too large for that of any other person in the borough or its vicinity4 ,to render the matter even surer yet1 however1 this bullet was discovered to have a flaw or seam at a right angles to the usual suture1 and upon examination1 this seam corresponded precisely with an accidental ridge or elevation in a pair of moulds acknowledged by the accused himself to be his own property4 ,upon finding of this bullet1 the examining magistrate refused to listen to any further testimony1 and immediately committed the prisoner for trial--declining resolutely to take any bail in the case1 although against this severity ,mr4 ,goodfellow very warmly remonstrated1 and offered to become surety in whatever amount might be required4 ,this generosity on the part of ,old ,charley was only in accordance with the whole tenor of his amiable and chivalrous conduct during the entire period of his sojourn in the borough of ,rattle4 ,in the present instance the worthy man was so entirely carried away by the excessive warmth of his sympathy1 that he seemed to have quite forgotten1 when he offered to go bail for his young friend1 that he himself 7,mr4 ,goodfellow7 did not possess a single dollar's worth of property upon the face of the earth4 ,the result of the committal may be readily foreseen4 ,mr4 ,pennifeather1 amid the loud execrations of all ,rattleborough1 was brought to trial at the next criminal sessions1 when the chain of circumstantial evidence 7strengthened as it was by some additional damning facts1 which ,mr4 ,goodfellow's sensitive conscientiousness forbade him to withhold from the court71 was considered so unbroken and so thoroughly conclusive1 that the jury1 without leaving their seats1 returned an immediate verdict of ,guilty of murder in the first degree4 ,soon afterward the unhappy wretch received sentence of death1 and was remanded to the county jail to await the inexorable vengeance of the law4 ,in the meantime1 the noble behavior of ,old ,charley ,goodfellow had doubly endeared him to the honest citizens of the borough4 ,he became ten times a greater favorite than ever2 and1 as a natural result of the hospitality with which he was treated1 he relaxed1 as it were1 perforce1 the extremely parsimonious habits which his poverty had hitherto impelled him to observe1 and very frequently had little runions at his own house1 when wit and jollity reigned supreme--dampened a little1 of course1 by the occasional remembrance of the untoward and melancholy fate which impended over the nephew of the late lamented bosom friend of the generous host4 ,one fine day1 this magnanimous old gentleman was agreeably surprised at the receipt of the following letter3 ,charles ,goodfellow1 ,esq41 ,rattleborough4 ,from ,h41 ,f41 ,b4 ,co4 ,chat4 ,mar4 ,a4--,no4 #a--f doz4 bottles4 7 gross47 ,charles ,goodfellow1 ,esquire3 ,dear ,sir--,in conformity with an order transmitted to our firm about two months since1 by our esteemed correspondent1 ,mr4 ,barnabas ,shuttleworthy1 we have the honor of forwarding this morning1 to your address1 a double box of ,chateau-,margaux1 of the antelope brand1 violet seal4 ,box numbered and marked as per margin4 ,we remain1 sir1 ,your most ob'nt ser'ts1 ,hoggs1 ,frogs1 ,bogs ,co4 ,city of----1 ,june #ba1 #ah--4 ,p4 ,s4--,the box will reach you by wagon1 on the day after your receipt of this letter4 ,our respects to ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy4 ,h41 ,f41 ,b4 ,co4 ,the fact is1 that ,mr4 ,goodfellow had1 since the death of ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy1 given over all expectation of ever receiving the promised ,chateau-,margaux2 and he1 therefore1 looked upon it now as a sort of especial dispensation of ,providence in his behalf4 ,he was highly delighted1 of course1 and in the exuberance of his joy1 invited a large party of friends to a petit souper on the morrow1 for the purpose of broaching the good old ,shuttleworthy's present4 ,not that he said anything about the good old ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy when he issued the invitations4 ,the fact is1 he thought much and concluded to say nothing at all4 ,he did not mention to any one--if ,i remember aright--that he had received a present of ,chateau-,margaux4 ,he merely asked his friends to come and help him drink some of a remarkably fine quality and rich flavor that he had ordered up from the city a couple of months ago1 and of which he would be in the receipt upon the morrow4 ,i have often puzzled myself to imagine why it was that ,old ,charley came to the conclusion to say nothing about having received the wine from his old friend1 but ,i could never precisely understand his reason for the silence1 although he had some excellent and very magnanimous reason1 no doubt4 ,the morrow at length arrived1 and with it a very large and highly respectable company at ,mr4 ,goodfellow's house4 ,indeed1 half the borough was there--,i myself among the number--but1 much to the vexation of the host1 the ,chateau-,margaux did not arrive until a late hour1 and when the sumptuous supper supplied by ,old ,charley had been done very ample justice by the guests4 ,it came at length1 however--a monstrously big box of it there was1 too--and as the whole party were in excessively good humor1 it was decided1 nem4 con41 that it should be lifted upon the table and its contents disembowelled forthwith4 ,no sooner said than done4 ,i lent a helping hand2 and1 in a trice1 we had the box upon the table1 in the midst of all the bottles and glasses1 not a few of which were demolished in the scuffle4 ,old ,charley1 who was pretty much intoxicated1 and excessively red in the face1 now took a seat1 with an air of mock dignity1 at the head of the board1 and thumped furiously upon it with a decanter1 calling upon the company to keep order during the ceremony of disinterring the treasure4 ,after some vociferation1 quiet was at length fully restored1 and1 as very often happens in similar cases1 a profound and remarkable silence ensued4 ,being then requested to force open the lid1 ,i complied1 of course1 with an infinite deal of pleasure4 ,i inserted a chisel1 and giving it a few slight taps with a hammer1 the top of the box flew suddenly off1 and1 at the same instant1 there sprang up into a sitting position1 directly facing the host1 the bruised1 bloody1 and nearly putrid corpse of the murdered ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy himself4 ,it gazed for a few seconds1 fixedly and sorrowfully1 with its decaying and lack-lustre eyes1 full into the countenance of ,mr4 ,goodfellow2 uttered slowly1 but clearly and impressively1 the words1 ,thou art the man6 and then1 falling over the side of the chest as if thoroughly satisfied1 stretched out its limbs quivering upon the table4 ,the scene that ensued is altogether beyond description4 ,the rush for the doors and windows was terrific1 and many of the most robust men in the room fainted outright through sheer horror4 ,but after the first wild1 shrieking burst of affright1 all eyes were directed to ,mr4 ,goodfellow4 ,if ,i live a thousand years1 ,i can never forget the more than mortal agony which was depicted in that ghastly face of his1 so lately rubicund with triumph and wine4 ,for several minutes he sat rigidly as a statue of marble2 his eyes seeming1 in the intense vacancy of their gaze1 to be turned inward and absorbed in the contemplation of his own miserable1 murderous soul4 ,at length their expression appeared to flash suddenly out into the external world1 when1 with a quick leap1 he sprang from his chair1 and falling heavily with his head and shoulders upon the table1 and in contact with the corpse1 poured out rapidly and vehemently a detailed confession of the hideous crime for which ,mr4 ,pennifeather was then imprisoned and doomed to die4 ,what he recounted was in substance this3 ,he followed his victim to the vicinity of the pool2 there shot his horse with a pistol2 despatched its rider with the butt end2 possessed himself of the pocket-book2 and1 supposing the horse dead1 dragged it with great labor to the brambles by the pond4 ,upon his own beast he slung the corpse of ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy1 and thus bore it to a secure place of concealment a long distance off through the woods4 ,the waistcoat1 the knife1 the pocket-book1 and bullet had been placed by himself where found1 with the view of avenging himself upon ,mr4 ,pennifeather4 ,he had also contrived the discovery of the stained handkerchief and shirt4 ,toward the end of the blood-chilling recital the words of the guilty wretch faltered and grew hollow4 ,when the record was finally exhausted1 he arose1 staggered backward from the table1 and fell--dead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the means by which this happily-timed confession was extorted1 although efficient1 were simple indeed4 ,mr4 ,goodfellow's excess of frankness had disgusted me1 and excited my suspicions from the first4 ,i was present when ,mr4 ,pennifeather had struck him1 and the fiendish expression which then arose upon his countenance1 although momentary1 assured me that his threat of vengeance would1 if possible1 be rigidly fulfilled4 ,i was thus prepared to view the maneuvering of ,old ,charley in a very different light from that in which it was regarded by the good citizens of ,rattleborough4 ,i saw at once that all the criminating discoveries arose1 either directly or indirectly1 from himself4 ,but the fact which clearly opened my eyes to the true state of the case1 was the affair of the bullet1 found by ,mr4 ,g4 in the carcass of the horse4 ,i had not forgotten1 although the ,rattleburghers had1 that there was a hole where the ball had entered the horse1 and another where it went out4 ,if it were found in the animal then1 after having made its exit1 ,i saw clearly that it must have been deposited by the person who found it4 ,the bloody shirt and handkerchief confirmed the idea suggested by the bullet2 for the blood on examination proved to be capital claret1 and no more4 ,when ,i came to think of these things1 and also of the late increase of liberality and expenditure an the part of ,mr4 ,goodfellow1 ,i entertained a suspicion which was none the less strong because ,i kept it altogether to myself4 ,in the meantime1 ,i instituted a rigorous private search for the corpse of ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy1 and1 for good reasons1 searched in quarters as divergent as possible from those to which ,mr4 ,goodfellow conducted his party4 ,the result was that1 after some days1 ,i came across an old dry well1 the mouth of which was nearly hidden by brambles2 and here1 at the bottom1 ,i discovered what ,i sought4 ,now1 it so happened that ,i had overheard the colloquy between the two cronies1 when ,mr4 ,goodfellow had contrived to cajole his host into the promise of a box of ,chateau-,margaux4 ,upon this hint ,i acted4 ,i procured a stiff piece of whalebone1 thrust it down the throat of the corpse2 and deposited the latter in an old wine box--taking care so to double the body up as to double the whalebone with it4 ,in this manner ,i had to press forcibly upon the lid to keep it down while ,i secured it with nails2 and ,i anticipated1 of course1 that as soon as these latter were removed1 the top would fly off and the body up4 ,having thus arranged the box1 ,i marked1 numbered and addressed it as already told2 and then writing a letter in the name of the wine merchants with whom ,mr4 ,shuttleworthy dealt1 ,i gave instructions to my servant to wheel the box to ,mr4 ,goodfellow's door1 in a barrow1 at a given signal from myself4 ,for the words which ,i intended the corpse to speak ,i confidently depended upon my ventriloquial abilities2 for their effect1 ,i counted upon the conscience of the murderous wretch4 ,i believe there is nothing more to be explained4 ,mr4 ,pennifeather was released upon the spot1 inherited the fortune of his uncle1 profited by the lessons of experience1 turned over a new leaf1 and led happily ever afterward a new life4 --,edgar ,allan ,poe4 ,the ,picture of ,lhasa ,jim1 ,jim1 come here quick6 ,she's in sight6 ,oh1 hustle6 ,well1 she'll stay where she is until ,i get there1 won't she8 came a drawl from a little lower down on the precipitous path1 as the speaker1 in spite of his indifferent words1 made strenuous efforts to join his companion on the rocky ledge with as little delay as possible4 ,behind him1 scarcely visible1 lay the trail winding about along the sides of the lofty mountains which have for so long been keeping this little corner of the earth from the knowledge of ,western nations1 while1 far beneath him1 rolled a little stream1 the ,kyi-chu1 which dashed against the rocks as though it were impatient to be out in a broader world4 ,i'm glad she's in sight1 ,chad1 ,jim continued1 when he had gained the shelf of rock on which his companion stood1 but what is she1 anyhow8 ,i don't believe you said1 and he laughed1 with his eyes fastened upon the flash of reflected sunlight1 his first sight of ,lhasa and her wonderful ,buddhist ,cathedral4 ,is the camera all right8 ,chad's voice was anxious4 ,it would be a pity to come so far and then have the plates no good4 ,what's wrong with you1 ,chad8 ,you don't intend to take a picture of a place ten miles away1 do you8 ,of course not1 you idiot1 but ,i wish that you had kept the camera yourself1 instead of leaving it with ,john's load4 ,i don't like the look of his yellow cap just now4 ,you're too suspicious1 ,chad4 ,john's a good fellow2 aren't you ,chinkey8 ,jim called out as an evil-looking ,chinaman came around a bend in the trail4 ,the ,chinaman's only response was a look of utter ignorance1 at which ,jim laughed again1 and said1 ,just one look at the man ought to convince you that he is too dull to frighten a ,yankee4 ,besides1 he doesn't understand ,english1 and can't possibly know that we are here to get the picture of ,lhasa1 and that of the ,grand ,lama1 too1 if we can4 ,had either of the men been looking1 he might have seen the cunning in the one black eye of the servant2 but the expression passed unnoticed4 ,another day and we'll be near enough to begin on the pictures4 ,i'll be glad to start home1 too4 ,it has been a hard trip4 ,i don't see why ,milligan couldn't have taken the pictures for his book himself1 instead of sending us off here for them4 ,jim1 my boy1 where's your regard for your daily bread--and the butter therefor8 ,where should you be if you hadn't had this chance8 ,well1 ,jim returned quickly1 ,i shouldn't have been ruining my constitution in this infernal climate1 at any rate4 ,chad looked him over with profound gravity4 ,well1 ,jim1 ,i'm glad you are telling me that you are cut out for an early grave2 ,i should never have believed it if you hadn't said so yourself4 ,wouldn't there be a rumpus if the ,lamas knew about this trip of ours8 ,chad resumed as though fascinated with the idea4 ,i can see ourselves calling each other lucky because we only got kicked over this precipice here4 ,you can occupy yourself with such thoughts if you want to1 exclaimed ,jim2 but ,i'm going to hustle up that ,john ,chinaman4 ,it seems to me he's pretty slow this evening1 and ,i'm hungry4 ,if your constitution is spoiled8 laughed ,chad4 ,well1 good luck2 call me when you're ready1 and the young reporter threw himself down upon the rocks and looked off toward ,lhasa4 ,in a few minutes he heard ,jim's voice raised in alarm4 ,john6 ,john6 ,oh1 ,john-n6 ,as ,chad sprang up and started along the path1 he met ,jim coming back4 ,say1 ,chad1 that rascal of a chink has vanished completely with a good half of the supplies1 and if you say1 ',i told you so1' ,i'll light out too6 ,is the camera safe8 was ,chad's instant response4 ,why1 ,i guess so2 the box is anyhow--,i didn't look inside4 ,well1 ,i guess we'll get along then4 ,i ought to be able to cook well enough to suit a man of your enfeebled condition1 and ,chad looked at ,jim's broad shoulders in some amusement in spite of the seriousness of the situation4 ,really1 ,chad1 is it safe to go on8 ,do you think we ought to risk it8 ,risk it6 ,are we going to take three months for preparation1 and then come four thousand miles on a trip of this sort1 only to give it up in sight of the end1 because a rogue runs off8 ,well1 ,i guess not4 ,all right1 ,jim returned laconically1 ,i just wanted to know how you felt about it4 ,some three hours later the two men were wrapped up in their furs ready for the night4 ,say1 ,chad1 said ,jim1 as he lay watching the stars in the clear sky1 what makes a ,chinaman so afraid of a camera8 ,i am quite certain that you never told me4 ,i believe that they think a man's soul is killed when his picture is taken1 said ,chad sleepily4 ',buddha doesn't like it' is quite reason enough for most of 'em4 ,the last sentence was half lost in a snore1 and the ,grand ,lama was photographed a dozen times in ,jim's dreams4 ,the next morning the two men set out again with the one donkey and its load which the ,chinaman left to them1 and1 after a few hours' hard travel1 they came to the mountain spur just above the capital of ,tibet4 ,the city was well within range1 and a few minutes after they had arrived the camera was set up1 and ,chad was finding the focus4 ,while they were both occupied busily1 a group of yellow-clad figures was approaching from a lamasery that was half-hidden on the mountainside4 ,the leader of the band1 a one-eyed ,chinaman with an almost idiotic expression1 was evidently greatly respected by his followers2 for the party did not change its position without his direction4 ,slowly and with the utmost caution they approached the unconscious workers and surrounded them2 then with a yell the mob of ,buddhist priests was about the camera4 ,in another instant it was rattling down the mountainside1 ,chad and ,jim were firmly bound1 and the march back had begun4 ,the few rays of sunlight that found entrance into the ,buddhist lamasery served only to reveal the filthiness of the place2 but not even the disgusting sights and odors could suppress the strangers' curiosity4 ,in the first room was an immense statue of ,buddha with a large cylinder in front of it4 ,a prayer wheel1 whispered ,chad4 ,jim nodded4 ,suddenly ,chad's eyes flashed with an inspiration4 ,turning to the leader he exclaimed1 ,you speak ,english now1 don't you8 ,the man bowed gravely1 courteously4 ,the honorable strangers' honorable conversation was greatly edifying1 he murmured4 ,well1 then1 ,chad continued1 ,will you tell me why we are detained here8 ,the insignificant custom of the ,tibetans is to resent having their souls destroyed4 ,the voice was calm and matter-of-fact1 but the words were terrible to the two men looking into the circle of hostile faces which showed so clearly their superstition and ignorance4 ,you know1 ,john1 or ,your ,highness1 if that suits your present position better1 the ,chinaman's face remained impassive1 you know how carefully we guarded the black box4 ,did you know that it was not an ordinary instrument1 but the home of a spirit more powerful than even your ,buddha there8 ,the photographic spirit is the child of the ,fire ,god1 and the ,fire ,god protects all who guard his children4 ,see1 here is a part of the ,spirit's house1 and ,chad pulled an extra lens from his pocket4 ,with this ,i can attract the god's attention1 and he will do my bidding4 ,he placed the glass in the sunlight and the robe of the nearest ,lama began to smolder4 ,the priests started back in great alarm1 but ,chad continued with only a sufficient number of pauses for the leading ,lama to translate to the others4 ,while you were masquerading as my servant1 you saw how careful ,i was of the camera2 you can judge for yourself whether or not the ,fiery ,one will protect me4 ,what do you think will be the fate of you who have destroyed this mighty spirit's home8 ,i will tell you4 ,he will descend from the sky and will burn you with a hotter fire than you have ever felt--a fire so hot that the spirit of the camera cannot approach it in intensity4 ,and the ,lama screamed as he felt the heat of the powerful ray upon his arm4 ,what do you think8 ,will you anger this mighty one by further crimes against his favorites8 ,buddha will protect us1 stolidly responded a priest4 ,ask your leader if ,buddha could protect him from the burning of the camera spirit1 and then judge whether ,buddha can guard you against the power of the ,fire ,dragon when he is roused to vengeance4 ,panic began to seize upon the priests4 ,one by one they disappeared until at length only the ,chief ,lama was left4 ,if the honorable gentlemen will tarry for a few moments ,i will bring them their beasts4 ,when the donkeys were brought in1 ,chad looked their packs over and prepared them for the journey1 while ,jim started back to the ledge1 hoping that part of their supplies might have been unmolested4 ,when ,chad came around the rock ten minutes later1 he stopped in amazement and stared at the camera1 which ,jim had rescued from the tree in which it had lodged uninjured save for a broken plate4 ,as ,chad approached1 ,jim looked up and said1 ,i've got one2 ,i'll bet it's a dandy6 --,hazel ,orcutt4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,entertaining ,,group ,in the group entertaining we may class all those narratives that are told simply for the purpose of pleasing the reader and passing away his time for him--tales of probable adventure1 society stories1 humorous stories1 and stories for special occasions1 like ,thanksgiving and ,christmas4 ,the bulk of magazine fiction is of this kind4 ,the chief endeavor of the writer is to create the illusions of probability for a series of events that after all is imaginary4 ,however numerous may be the actual incidents embodied1 the course of the happening as a whole is nevertheless made-up4 ,there is always a heightening or lowering of natural color1 a modification of real occurrences1 in order to produce the desired effect2 namely1 acceptance by the reader of the whole series1 and especially the climax1 which may be1 for instance1 the capture of the wild animal1 the culmination of the love episode1 the emphasis of the funny point1 or the accident at the special celebration4 ,i4 ,the ,tale of ,probable ,adventure ,adventure narratives are essentially boys' stories--the grammar and high school boys who are past the foolishness of fairy tales and even of ,oriental wonder stories1 but are not yet appreciative of realism1 the quiet reflection of humdrum life4 ,for many decades ,the ,youth's ,companion has furnished among its other good things excellent stories of adventure probable and actual4 ,stevenson's masterpiece is1 of course1 one of the two top-notches of excellence in the extended form of this type of story4 ,how the species may be historically but a modification of the voyages imaginaires is obviously suggested no less by ,treasure ,island than by ,robinson ,crusoe4 ,it is the short form of this type that we are dealing with at present4 ,definition ,stories of probable adventure are narratives of exciting and extraordinary events that1 though really fictitious1 might have happened4 ,we can tell many of them from true adventures only by the testimony of the authors4 ,captain ,singleton's ,tour ,across ,africa1 critics have said1 seems to the general reader quite as true an account as ,stanley's2 while the ,memoirs of a ,cavalier1 which records the adventures of a soldier in the army of ,gustavus ,adolphus1 was long mistaken for autobiography4 ,the writing of a probable adventure ,to write a tale of this kind you must put yourself into the mood of the bold hunter or traveller4 ,you must imagine exciting things4 ,many of your own experiences have just missed being astounding4 ,add what-might-have-been1 and you have a story of the type we are discussing4 ,you catch the bear or the bear catches you4 ,you swim across a turbulent river4 ,you spend the night on an iceberg4 ,you coast down the frightful curves of the twenty-five miles of the ,benguet road with the steering gear of your automobile entirely useless4 ,remember1 though1 that the adventure must seem real1 however much you have drawn on your reading and imagination4 ,you must know enough of animal1 plant1 and human life1 and of geography1 to be particular here and there and thus give verisimilitude to your pictures4 ,in order to get a subject1 suppose you think of what you consider the bravest physical act2 then build up around it a swift1 crisp narrative4 ,you may use technical terms once in a while1 such as a nervous story-teller would be likely to fling off and then explain2 only be sure they are intelligible very soon4 ,an ordinary imagination supplemented by a ,baedeker will enable any one to construct an acceptable probable adventure4 ,superior excellence will lie in the diction and style4 ,a warning ,because of the prevalence of this kind of narrative1 you will need to guard yourself with especial care against the temptation to plagiarize4 ,be sure that your certification of authorship really tells the truth4 ,it is easier to be original than you think2 as ,george ,bernard ,shaw says1 any man with brains can more easily compose a story or a play than steal one4 ,a ,fight with a ,bear ,one day1 being in a forest a few leagues from ,dusseldorf1 as ,gerard was walking like one in a dream1 thinking of ,margaret and scarce seeing the road he trod1 his companion laid a hand on his shoulder1 and strung his cross-bow with glittering eye4 ,hush6 said he1 in a low whisper that startled ,gerard more than thunder4 ,gerard grasped his axe tight1 and shook a little2 he heard a rustling in the wood hard by1 and at the same moment ,denys sprang into the wood1 and his crossbow went to his shoulder1 even as he jumped4 ,twang6 went the metal string2 and after an instant's suspense he roared1 ,run forward1 guard the road6 he is hit6 he is hit6 ,gerard darted forward1 and1 as he ran1 a young bear burst out of the wood right upon him2 finding itself intercepted1 it went upon its hind legs with a snarl1 and1 though not half-grown1 opened formidable jaws and long claws4 ,gerard1 in a fury of excitement and agitation1 flung himself on it1 and delivered a tremendous blow on its nose with his axe1 and the creature staggered2 another1 and it lay groveling1 with ,gerard hacking it4 ,hallo1 stop6 ,you are mad to spoil the meat4 ,i took it for a robber1 said ,gerard1 panting4 ,i mean ,i had made ready for a robber1 so ,i could not hold my hand4 ,ay1 these chattering travelers have stuffed your head full of thieves and assassins2 they have not got a real live robber in their whole nation4 ,nay1 ,i'll carry the beast2 bear you1 though1 my cross-bow4 ,we will carry it by turns1 then1 said ,gerard1 for 'tis a heavy load2 poor thing1 how its blood drips4 ,why did we slay it8 ,for supper and the reward the baillie of the next town shall give us4 ,and for that it must die1 when it had but just begun to live2 and perchance it hath a mother that will miss it sore this night1 and loves it as ours love us2 more than mine does me4 ,what1 know you not that his mother was caught in a pitfall last month1 and her skin is now at the tanner's8 and his father was stuck full of clothyard shafts t'other day1 and died like ,julius ,csar1 with his hands folded on his bosom1 and a dead dog in each of them8 ,but ,gerard would not view it jestingly4 ,why1 then1 said he1 we have killed one of ,god's creatures that was all alone in the world--as ,i am this day1 in this strange land4 ,you young milksop1 roared ,denys1 these things must not be looked at so1 or not another bow would be drawn nor quarrel fly in the forest nor battlefield4 ,why1 one of your kidney consorting with a troop of pike-men should turn them to a row of milk pails2 it is ended2 to ,rome thou goest not alone2 for never wouldst thou reach the ,alps in a whole skin4 ,i take thee to ,remiremont1 my native place1 and there ,i marry thee to my young sister4 ,she is blooming as a peach4 ,thou shakest thy head8 ,ah6 ,i forgot2 thou lovest elsewhere1 and art a one-woman man1 a creature to me scarce conceivable4 ,well1 then1 ,i shall find thee1 not a wife1 nor a leman1 but a friend2 some honest ,burgundian who shall go with thee as far as ,lyons2 and much ,i doubt that honest fellow will be myself1 into whose liquor thou hast dropped sundry powders to make me love thee2 for erst ,i endured not doves in doublet and hose4 ,from ,lyons1 ,i say1 ,i can trust thee by ship to ,italy1 which being by all accounts the very stronghold of milksops1 thou wilt there be safe2 they will hear thy words1 and make thee their duke in a twinkling4 ,gerard sighed4 ,in sooth ,i love not to think of this ,dusseldorf1 where we are to part company1 good friend4 ,they walked silently1 each thinking of the separation at hand2 the thought checked trifling conversation1 and at these moments it is a relief to do something1 however insignificant4 ,gerard asked ,denys to lend him a bolt4 ,i have often shot with a long-bow1 but never with one of these4 ,draw thy knife and cut this one out of the cub1 said ,denys slyly4 ,nay1 nay1 ,i want a clean one4 ,denys gave him three out of his quiver4 ,gerard strung the bow and leveled it at a bough that had fallen into the road at some distance4 ,the power of the instrument surprised him2 the short but thick steel bow jarred him to the very heel as it went off1 and the swift steel shaft was invisible in its passage4 ,only the dead leaves1 with which ,november had carpeted the narrow road1 flew about on the other side of the bough4 ,ye aimed a thought too high1 said ,denys4 ,what a deadly thing6 ,no wonder it is driving out the long-bow--to ,martin's much discontent4 ,ay1 lad1 said ,denys1 triumphantly1 it gains ground every day1 in spite of their laws and their proclamations to keep up the yewen bow1 because1 forsooth1 their grandsires shot with it1 knowing no better4 ,you see1 ,gerard1 war is not pastime4 ,men will shoot at their enemies with the hittingest arm and the killingest1 not with the longest and missingest4 ,then these new engines ,i hear of will put both bows down2 for these1 with a pinch of black dust and a leaden ball1 and a child's finger1 shall slay you ,mars and ,goliath and the ,seven ,champions4 ,pooh6 pooh6 said ,denys1 warmly2 petrone nor harquebuss shall ever put down ,sir ,arbalest4 ,why1 we can shoot ten times while they are putting their charcoal and their lead into their leathern smoke belchers1 and then kindling their matches4 ,all that is too fumbling for the field of battle2 there a soldier's weapon needs be aye ready1 like his heart4 ,gerard did not answer1 for his ear was attracted by a sound behind them4 ,it was a peculiar sound1 too1 like something heavy1 but not hard1 rushing softly over the dead leaves4 ,he turned round with some little curiosity4 ,a colossal creature was coming down the road at about sixty paces distance4 ,he looked at it in a sort of calm stupor at first2 but the next moment he turned ashy pale4 ,denys6 he cried4 ,o ,god6 ,denys6 ,denys whirled round4 ,it was a bear as big as a cart horse4 ,it was tearing along with its huge head down1 running on a hot scent4 ,the very moment he saw it1 ,denys said in a sickening whisper3 ,the cub6 ,oh6 the concentrated horror of that one word1 whispered hoarsely1 with dilating eyes6 ,for in that syllable it all flashed upon them both like a sudden stroke of lightning in the dark--the bloody trail1 the murdered cub1 the mother upon them1 and it4 ,,death4 ,all this in a moment of time4 ,the next she saw them4 ,huge as she was1 she seemed to double herself 7it was her long hair bristling with rage72 she raised her head big as a bull's1 her swine-shaped jaws opened wide at them1 her eyes turned to blood and flame1 and she rushed upon them1 scattering the leaves about her like a whirlwind as she came4 ,shoot6 screamed ,denys1 but ,gerard stood shaking from head to foot1 useless4 ,shoot1 man6 ten thousand devils1 shoot6 ,too late6 ,tree6 tree6 and he dropped the cub1 pushed ,gerard across the road1 and flew to the first tree and climbed it1 ,gerard the same on his side2 and1 as they fled1 both men uttered inhuman howls like savage creatures grazed by death4 ,with all their speed one or other would have been torn to fragments at the foot of his tree2 but the bear stopped a moment at the cub4 ,without taking her bloodshot eyes off those she was hunting1 she smelt it all round1 and found1 how1 her ,creator only knows1 that it was dead1 quite dead4 ,she gave a yell such as neither of the hunted ones had ever heard1 nor dreamed to be in nature1 and flew after ,denys4 ,she reared and struck at him as he climbed4 ,he was just out of reach4 ,instantly she seized the tree1 and with her huge teeth tore a great piece out of it with a crash4 ,then she reared again1 dug her claws deep into the bark and began to mount it slowly1 but as surely as a monkey4 ,denys's evil star had led him to a dead tree1 a mere shaft1 and of no very great height4 ,he climbed faster than his pursuer1 and was soon at the top4 ,he looked this way and that for some bough of another tree to spring to4 ,there was none2 and if he jumped down he knew the bear would be upon him ere he could recover the fall1 and make short work of him4 ,moreover1 ,denys was little used to turning his back on danger1 and his blood was rising at being hunted4 ,he turned to bay4 ,my hour is come1 thought he4 ,let me meet death like a man4 ,he kneeled down and grasped a small shoot to steady himself1 drew his long knife1 and clenching his teeth1 prepared to job the huge brute as soon as it should mount within reach4 ,of this combat the result was not doubtful4 ,the monster's head and neck were scarce vulnerable for bone and masses of hair4 ,the man was going to sting the bear1 and the bear to crack the man like a nut4 ,gerard's heart was better than his nerves4 ,he saw his friend's mortal danger1 and passed at once from fear to blindish rage4 ,he slipped down his tree in a moment1 caught up the cross-bow which he had dropped in the road1 and1 running furiously up1 sent a bolt into the bear's body with a loud shout4 ,the bear gave a snarl of rage and pain and turned its head irresolutely4 ,keep aloof1 cried ,denys1 or you are a dead man4 ,i care not1 and in a moment he had another bolt ready and shot it fiercely into the bear1 screaming ,take that6 that6 that6 ,denys poured a volley of oaths down at him4 ,get away1 idiot6 ,he was right2 the bear finding so formidable and noisy a foe behind him1 slipped growling down the tree1 rending deep furrows in it as she slipped4 ,gerard ran back to his tree and climbed it swiftly4 ,but while his legs were dangling some eight feet from the ground the bear came rearing and struck with her forepaw1 and out flew a piece of bloody cloth from ,gerard's hose4 ,he climbed and climbed1 and presently he heard as it were in the air a voice say1 ,go out on the bough6 ,he looked1 and there was a long massive branch before him shooting upwards at a slight angle2 he threw his body across it1 and by a series of convulsive efforts worked up it to the end4 ,then he looked round panting4 ,the bear was mounting the tree on the other side4 ,he heard her claws scrape2 and saw her bulge on both sides of the massive tree4 ,her eye not being very quick1 she reached the fork and passed it1 mounting the main stem4 ,gerard drew breath more freely4 ,the bear either heard him or found by scent she was wrong2 she paused2 presently she caught sight of him4 ,she eyed him steadily1 then quietly descended to the fork4 ,slowly and cautiously she stretched out a paw and tried the bough4 ,it was a stiff oak branch1 sound as iron4 ,instinct taught the creature this2 it crawled carefully out on the bough1 growling savagely as it came4 ,gerard looked wildly down4 ,he was forty feet from the ground4 ,death below4 ,death moving slow but sure on him in a still more horrible form4 ,his hair bristled4 ,the sweat poured from him4 ,he sat helpless1 fascinated1 tongue-tied4 ,as the fearful monster crawled growling towards him1 incongruous thoughts coursed through his mind4 ,margaret1 the ,vulgate1 where it speaks of the rage of a she-bear robbed of her whelps--,rome--,eternity4 ,the bear crawled on4 ,and now the stupor of death fell on the doomed man2 he saw the open jaws and bloodshot eyes coming1 but in a mist4 ,as in a mist he heard a twang2 he glanced down2 ,denys1 white and silent as death1 was shooting up at the bear4 ,the bear snarled at the twang2 but crawled on4 ,again the cross-bow twanged2 and the bear snarled and came nearer4 ,again the cross-bow twanged1 and the next moment the bear was close upon ,gerard1 where he sat1 with hair standing stiff on end1 and eyes starting from their sockets1 palsied4 ,the bear opened her jaws like a grave1 and hot blood spouted from them upon ,gerard as from a pump4 ,the bough rocked4 ,the wounded monster was reeling2 it clung1 it stuck its sickles of claws deep into the wood2 it toppled1 its claws held firm1 but its body rolled off1 and the sudden shock to the branch shook ,gerard forward on his stomach with his face upon one of the bear's straining paws4 ,at this1 by a convulsive effort1 she raised her head up1 up1 till he felt her hot fetid breath4 ,then huge teeth snapped together loudly close below him in the air1 with a last effort of baffled hate4 ,the ponderous carcass rent the claws out of the boughs2 then pounded the earth with a tremendous thump4 ,there was a shout of triumph below1 and the very next instant a cry of dismay1 for ,gerard had swooned1 and1 without an attempt to save himself1 rolled headlong from the perilous height4 ,denys caught at ,gerard and somewhat checked his fall2 but it may be doubted whether this alone would have saved him from breaking his neck or a limb4 ,his best friend now was the dying bear1 on whose hairy carcass his head and shoulders descended4 ,denys tore him off her4 ,it was needless4 ,she panted still1 and her limbs quivered1 but a hare was not so harmless2 and soon she breathed her last1 and the judicious ,denys propped ,gerard up against her1 being soft1 and fanned him4 ,he came to by degrees1 but confused1 and feeling the bear all round him1 rolled away1 yelling4 ,courage1 cried ,denys1 le diable est mort4 ,is it dead1 quite dead8 inquired ,gerard from behind a tree2 for his courage was feverish1 and the cold fit was on him just now1 and had been for some time4 ,behold1 said ,denys1 and pulled the brute's ear playfully1 and opened her jaws and put in his head1 with other insulting antics2 in the midst of which ,gerard was violently sick4 ,denys laughed at him4 ,what is the matter now8 said he2 also1 why tumble off your perch just when we had won the day8 ,i swooned1 ,i trow4 ,but why8 ,not receiving an answer1 he continued1 ,green girls faint as soon as look at you1 but then they choose time and place4 ,what woman ever fainted up a tree8 ,she sent her nasty blood all over me4 ,i think the smell must have overpowered me4 ,faugh6 ,i hate blood4 ,i do believe it potently4 ,see what a mess she has made me6 ,but with her blood1 not yours4 ,i pity the enemy that strives to satisfy you4 ,you need not to brag1 ,maitre ,denys2 ,i saw you under the tree1 the color of your shirt4 ,let us distinguish1 said ,denys coloring2 it is permitted to tremble for a friend4 ,gerard1 for answer1 flung his arm around ,denys's neck in silence4 --,charles ,reade4 ,from ,the ,cloister and the ,hearth4 ,the ,secret of the ,jade ,tlaloc ,if only this paper on jade were finished6 sighed tall1 dignified1 blond ,dolores4 ,these notes sound so interesting4 ',jade implements1' she read1 'found in ,mexico--source of mineral not yet discovered--theory that implements are relics of ,eastern invasion disproved--jade said to exist in ,america1' ,my6 ,i do think jade is the most delightful subject for investigation4 ,um-m6 ,elsa1 who1 like her ,spanish mother1 was small1 quick1 dark1 and adventure-loving1 did not consider jade a particularly fascinating topic for study4 ,now if--we--a--we--a---- she ruminated4 ,if we--a----8 ,dolores's sentences were always clearly thought out before she spoke them4 ,if we--a--now if we could finish that paper1 we might be able to sell it1 you know1 ,elsa went on4 ,we certainly haven't an enviably large fortune4 ,she reached into one of the dark pigeon-holes of her father's ponderous desk4 ,ook-ook6 she pursed up her full red lips1 as she held a yellow scroll from her and gingerly flicked away the dust which had collected upon it since her father's death4 ,now here's what ,i call interesting4 ,an old letter or something1 written on agave-leaf paper4 ,from their long association with their father in his archeological researches1 the girls had gained a more than superficial knowledge of ,aztec customs and antiquities4 ',we1 the ,aztecs1 are a proud race1' she readily translated4 ',it is not for the ,spaniards to glory in complete victory over us1 for though they have conquered our bodies1 they have not conquered our spirits4 ,well may they rejoice in the ruining of our beautiful cities4 ,but when they search1 and search in vain1 for the wealth which they know has been ours1 how they will rage6 ,but their anger shall be as vain as their searching4 ,those of us who are left will not see the invaders glorying in what was once the splendor of the ,aztecs4 ,rather will we bury1 and hide from all future generations1 if need be1 the secrets of our riches4 ,it is that my descendants may one day scoff at the descendants of those who have made me1 who was a prince1 a slave1 that ,i am making this record4 ,among the mountains which the ,spaniards have called the ,corderillas is one in whose top is a hole of great depth1 from which it is said1 there once flowed streams of liquid fire1 the vengeance of the gods upon the people4 ,this mountain stands between two sister mountains of far greater height than itself1 and is near the middle of the range4' ,why1 that might be ,ahualtaper1 right near here4 ,elsa had the topography of the country around their home very clearly mapped out in her mind4 ,dolores nodded4 ,go on1 she said4 ',half-way up the side which faces the rising sun1' ,elsa continued1 'is a ledge1 upon which is a rock1 apparently one with the mountainside1 and in which1 when viewed from a distance1 can be seen a resemblance to the cross of ,tlaloc4 ,one day a descendant of mine will find and displace this rock2 whereupon1 the entrance to the tomb of my ancestors will be revealed4 ,there are many such tombs and many such mountains as those which ,i have described1 but which ,i have not named4 ,however1 in the particular burial place to which ,i refer is a jade image of the god ,tlaloc4 ,it is studded with valuable turquoise4 ,where this image is found will also be found what should be the source of untold wealth to the discoverer4 ',in warning1 let me say that none but the eldest son of a family must ever know of this document2 and should he be tempted1 ever1 to part with it1 let him remember that bodily want is preferable to the curses of the dead6' ,the two girls remained silent for a few moments4 ,well1 asked ,elsa1 at last1 what do you think of that8 ,dolores turned again to the desk4 ,it is interesting1 she replied1 but of what use can it ever be to us8 ,we could never find the place4 ,why1 we've been in dozens of burial grottos already1 and they are all pretty much alike4 ,she opened another drawer4 ,here is father's diary4 ,the book fell open at the page upon which the last entry had been made4 ',may #ae'--the day father became ill--'poor wrinkled old ,gomez died today1' she read4 ',he wanted to give me information about a jade ,tlaloc1 some famous image which has been lost4 ,he tried with his last breath to do me the service of aiding me in my research4 ,he gave me also a very ancient manuscript4 ,i do not know where he got it4 ,i hardly feel equal1 to-night1 to the task of translating it4 ,perhaps ,elsa will do the translation tomorrow4 ,if ,i could find such an idol1 it would be of great value to me in my treatise on jade4' ,elsa waited long enough only for ,dolores to stop reading4 ,dolores1 we must find that idol4 ,dolores looked gravely at her sister4 ,this is really a serious matter1 ,elsa4 ,it would save us from the necessity of working if we could find it4 ,but how can you and ,i alone accomplish anything8 ,we should have to go into the mountains1 and have a donkey1 and camp in the open air1 and---- ,well1 ,elsa impatiently interrupted the enumeration of objections1 what of that8 ,you and father and ,i used often to go into the mountains1 and have a donkey1 and camp in the open air2 and father always depended more upon us than we upon him4 ,you think it over while ,i get tea4 ,elsa left her sister sitting alone and looking out of the study windows to the solemn rugged ,corderillas4 ,dolores did consider the matter1 with the result that1 after a few weeks of study1 of consulting maps and plans1 and of preparation for the journey1 the sisters were ready to begin the daring exploit whose aim was to complete the investigations which their father had begun4 ,clad in rough1 unsightly denim1 and leading a burro which carried a very considerable store of provisions1 they clambered up the jagged sides of ,ahualtapec2 they tore their way through thickets and fell upon cacti4 ,we're lost1 panted ,dolores1 finally1 as she pulled the many thorns from her clothing4 ,elsa1 we're lost4 ,they had stopped1 at about noon on the tenth day of their trip1 to rest1 and again to consult their maps4 ,elsa stood upon a ledge and looked across to where1 between two lofty mountains1 rising to the south of ,ahualtapec1 a smaller rock mass showed itself1 like a much overgrown hill-the shell of a long extinct volcano1 and a very counterpart of ,ahualtapec4 ,dolores1 she pointed straight before her1 do you remember8 ,a stone in which1 when viewed from a distance1 can be seen a resemblance to the cross of ,tlaloc8 ,oh1 dear1 complained ,dolores1 dejectedly1 and all this time wasted6 ,now1 ,dolores6 small ,elsa turned about determinedly1 you ought to shout for joy1 for that certainly must be it4 ,the rocks are bare around that spot1 and you can see it plainly from here4 ,it's on a ledge1 too1 just like the one we're on4 ,we will start this very minute1 ,dolores4 ,delaying long enough only for ,elsa1 who had a fine sense of location1 to impress upon her mind the position of the cross1 they began once more the tedious scrambling1 tearing1 tumbling down slopes and up slopes1 across streams and through1 streams2 but they did not lose themselves again4 ,do you suppose1 ,dolores anxiously asked1 that we can ever move it8 as she saw how the ages had packed1 and hardened the damp soil about the base of the boulder4 ,we must4 ,elsa was resolved not to be defeated4 ,we absolutely must1 she reiterated4 ,how8 demanded ,dolores4 ,elsa's reply was to unstrap a bag from the burro's back1 to take from it two trowels1 and silently to offer one to ,dolores4 ,no explanation was necessary4 ,for five days the girls scraped and dug away the hardened soil from the lower part of the cross-shaped stone1 until at last the block began to tremble as though about to fall4 ,dolores6 ,dolores6 ,it's top heavy1 bless it6 ,elsa was enthusiastically1 insanely happy4 ,the fact that the stone was top-heavy made it possible for the girls1 by dint of much tugging1 heaving1 and pushing1 to roll it over the ledge1 and to send it bumping down the mountainside4 ,a narrow passage1 wide enough to admit only one at a time1 was thus opened4 ,pine torches were lit4 ,even ,dolores was excited4 ,they squeezed into the entrance1 ,elsa first4 ,they rushed through the short tunnel1 until1 at the end1 ,elsa stumbled and sank to her knees4 ,oh1 my6 ,dolores1 just look6 she was holding her torch down to see what had caused her fall4 ,it's it1 she remarked1 disregarding rhetoric1 while she pointed to a small turquoise-studded image of ,tlaloc1 the ,neptune of the ,aztecs4 ,the girls carried the idol into the little ante-room which was always a part of the burial grotto of an ,aztec noble family4 ,how pleasant1 how cool1 and damp it seemed in here1 after their hot toil outside4 ,the sisters had been in too many tombs to know any fear1 to have any feeling of the presence of the dead4 ,their own breathing sounded loud and labored amid the silence of the cave4 ,dolores sat down on the moist floor1 and examined the statues2 she was thinking of the treasure2 but ,elsa1 now that she was sure of finding the gold1 or the jewels1 or whatever the promise might have meant1 desired to explore the grotto4 ,from the little ante-room she passed into the larger chamber4 ,here1 for the first time1 she felt chilled2 she seemed so alone4 ,she was sure she felt a ghost whisper near her4 ,her feet slipped on the wet earth4 ,on the further side of the tomb she saw upon the ground an urn1 on which rested a skull4 ,by the shape of the urn and by the arrangement of the ornaments above it ,elsa knew that it contained the ashes of a warrior4 ,a drop of water splashed down from the ceiling and aroused her4 ,she held her torch aloft4 ,she looked unbelievingly at the roof4 ,then she walked slowly around the room1 wonderingly1 feeling and scrutinizing the walls4 ,dolores6 she called1 come quick6 ,dolores was not long in coming4 ,and here is also what should be the source of untold wealth to the discoverer1 ,elsa was murmuring4 ,dolores1 do you see that green1 that dull gray8 ,how it shines8 ,don't you know1 ,dolores8 ,it's jade1 royal jade1 ,dolores6 --,dorothea ,knoblock4 ,,ii4 ,the ,society ,story ,what the society story is ,society stories are those non-consequential narratives of modern fashionable life which have in their very lightness their sole excuse for being4 ,they are set up as only partial reflections of the actual4 ,since their chief purpose is to please1 they have no studied realism in them4 ,all things intense and unattractive are omitted4 ,if trouble appears1 it is but as sweet bells jangled out of tune and harsh1 as one of their authors might promptly quote1 and everything is brought to harmonize with everything else at last4 ,richard ,harding ,davis for his ,van ,bibber tales seems to have found a wide public4 ,the pastoral romance ,an older representative of the society story is the pastoral romance1 once a very popular form of the love tale4 ,in it we have a picture of country life1 but it is not the hard1 toil-beleaguered life of the real peasant4 ,it is the imaginary out-of-doors living-for-a-few-days of the courtier who masquerades as a shepherd and sits cavalierly on a grassy bank with a golden crook in his hand1 sighing out his heart in silvery madrigals4 ,his lady-love is no ordinary milk-maid1 but a courtly princess on vacation4 ,in this romantic land of shepherd loves1 nothing realistic enters4 ,the talk in even the first examples is philosophic and in the later becomes euphuistic as well4 ,the critics maintain that the pastoral romance as a type does not go more than ten years back of the middle of the fourteenth century1 although we have ,aucassin and ,nicolette of the thirteenth and ,daphnis and ,chloe of the fifth4 ,the prime fact of the history of the pastoral romance as a society story is that it grew up as a revolt against the licentious realism of the ,italian novellieri4 ,the ,arcadia by ,sannazaro1 written about #aejj1 is the book that made the epoch and established the rule for pastoral romance in all languages4 ,sannazaro took what had been foreshadowed by ,boccaccio in the ,ameto in #acdj1 and1 enriching it with elements derived from ,theocritus and ,virgil1 created the perfect example4 ,from ,sannazaro1 ,sir ,philip ,sidney borrowed the spirit1 many episodes1 and part of the name for his notable combination of prose and verse--the ,countess of ,pembroke's ,arcadia4 ,shakespeare1 too1 derived much from this important ,italian book4 ,for one thing1 he took the name ,ophelia2 for another1 his charming society pastoral drama ,as ,you ,like ,it goes historically back to ,sannazaro's ,arcadia for its lyrics1 out-of-doors courting1 its real shepherds1 its obvious love of nature1 its touch of magic1 and its wholesome morality4 ,the lack of allegorical significance is also straight example from ,sannazaro2 but the love chain1 the disguised shepherd princesses1 the humorous element in connection with the coarse shepherds1 a touch of adventure1 and the cavalier tone are of later ,spanish and ,english contamination1 immediately through ,lodge's prose romance ,rosalynd1 and more remotely through ,greene's three pastorals--,england's ,mourning ,garment1 ,menaphon1 and ,pandosto1--and through ,cervantes's ,galatea and ,montemayor's ,diana1 and ,ribeyro's ,portuguese ,fragments4 ,though the pastoral romance1 as we notice1 became more and more artificial1 it always remained pure in tone4 ,it centered itself in idealism and stood against the low1 utterly debased1 more realistic novella1 which was its predecessor and continued rival for popularity4 ,the pastoral held the field as the chief and most influential prose form in ,spain until the picaresque romance came to be recognized as a distinct genre4 ,suggestions for writing ,to write a modern society story that will be worth while is no easy task2 for here an author readily descends to banalities1 and the class itself is hardly acceptable to the serious critic4 ,yet stories of this kind are so popular and form 7,i am sorry to say7 so large a part of the reading of our young women--and our young men1 too1 for that matter--that the type surely has come to stay for sometime and must be taken account of4 ,to make your story commendable1 then1 you will need to be original and striking in your choice of situation and to write with a succinctness and verve that will animate even the commonplace4 ,be careful not to be sentimental4 ,if you touch on love1 do so with dignity--with either clean1 pure humor1 or unaffected seriousness4 ,try hard to save your hero from being a cad4 ,the namby-pamby1 third-generation-millionaire protagonist1 if not altogether uninteresting1 is surely exasperating to a sensible reader4 ,by playful imitation1 you might write a good satire on this class of story4 ,if you do so1 you will need to be familiar with one or more of the popular examples in order to use them specifically4 ,or you might try your hand at a pastoral1 just for the history of the thing4 ,if you care to adhere to certain elements of the genre1 you could put together under this guise allegorical scenes in which the present lords of the earth figure as weak or lusty shepherds piping a tune to the watch-dogs of war1 the sheep of commerce1 and the ,goddess of ,getting-,on4 ,if you wish to be more than half serious1 you can find countenance in a number of our most recent light stories that undoubtedly turn toward the pastoral4 ,this type1 too1 will give you a chance at a mixture of prose and verse4 ,here you can put in some of those fetching sylvan lyrics that you must have composed long before now and have always been afraid to mention4 ,the ,fur ,coat ,translated by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,m4 ,lancaster4 ,copyright1 #aijc1 by ,the ,current ,literature ,publishing ,company4 ,reprinted by permission4 ,prof4 ,max ,wiegand to ,dr4 ,gustav ,strauch ,,berlin1 ,november #bj4 ,,dear ,,gustav--,i have some news to tell you to-day which will certainly surprise you4 ,i have separated from my wife1 or rather we have separated from each other4 ,we have come to an amicable agreement henceforth to live entirely independent of each other4 ,my wife has gone to her family in ,freiburg1 where she will no doubt remain4 ,i am for the present in our old house2 perhaps in the spring ,i may look for a smaller house--perhaps not1 for ,i can hardly hope to find so quiet a workroom as ,i now have1 and the idea of moving appals me1 especially when ,i think of my large library4 ,you will1 of course1 want to know what has happened1 though1 to tell the truth1 nothing has happened4 ,the world will seek for all possible and impossible reasons why two people who married for love and who have for eleven years lived what is called happily together should now have decided to part4 ,yes1 this world which thinks itself so wise1 but whose judgments are nevertheless so petty1 so superficial1 will doubtless be of the opinion that there is something hidden--will include this case too in one of the two great categories prepared for such affairs1 because it can not conceive of the fact that life in its inexhaustible variety never repeats itself and that the same circumstances may assume different aspects according to the character and disposition of those interested4 ,i need not tell you this1 my dear ,gustav4 ,you will understand how two finely organized natures should rebel against a tie which binds them together after they have once become fully convinced that in all matters of real importance a mutual understanding is possible4 ,my wife and ,i are too unlike4 ,between her views of life and mine there yawns an impassable gulf4 ,the first few years ,i hoped to influence her1 to win her to my ways of thinking--she seemed so docile1 so yielding1 took so warm an interest in my work1 so willingly allowed herself to be taught by me4 ,not till after our children's death did she begin to change4 ,her grief at this loss--a grief which neither of us has ever been able to live down--matured her1 made her independent of me4 ,a tendency to morbid introspection took possession of her1 and gave increased tenacity to those ideas and convictions which my influence had hitherto held in check1 though not wholly eradicated4 ,she plunged deeper and deeper into those mists of sentimentally fantastic imaginings1 passionately demanding my concurrence in her views4 ,she lost all interest in my professional work1 evidently regarding the results of my researches in natural science as troops from an enemy's camp4 ,at last there was hardly a subject in the wide realm of nature and human existence on which we agreed4 ,to be sure we never came to an open quarrel1 but the breach between us was constantly widening4 ,every day we saw more and more plainly that though we lived side by side1 we no longer belonged to each other4 ,this discovery irritated and distressed us1 and at last forced all other feelings into the background4 ,if we had not once loved each other so dearly1 or even if we had now ceased to feel a mutual respect1 this state of affairs might perhaps have lasted for years1 but our ideas of the true meaning of marriage were too lofty1 our sense of our own dignity as human beings too profound to permit us to be content with so incomplete a realization of our ideals4 ,i hardly know who spoke first1 but our resolution was at once taken1 and the decisive words uttered as calmly and naturally as the overripe fruit falls from the tree4 ,for the first time in many years we were able with perfect unanimity of sentiment to discuss a subject of the greatest importance to us both1 and this fact alone soothed our overwrought nerves4 ,we parted yesterday with the utmost decorum1 without a word of reproach1 a note of discord4 ,the many beautiful memories of our early married life1 of the long years we had lived together1 made it difficult to refrain from some manifestation of tenderness1 and ,i assure you that ,i never felt greater respect for my wife than at the moment when1 all petty considerations cast aside1 the true magnanimity of her nature asserted itself4 ,her manner1 what she said1 and also what she did not say1 robbed the situation of all trace of the commonplace1 and gave it dignity4 ,deeply moved1 almost in tears1 we clasped hands in farewell1 so we may look back upon the closing scene of our wedded life with unalloyed satisfaction4 ,i had already1 with her consent1 referred all business details to our lawyers1 for we were not even to communicate with each other by letter4 ,life must begin again for both of us1 and already ,i breathe more freely4 ,the ,rubicon is passed4 ,i believe that you will congratulate me4 ,prof4 ,max ,wiegand to ,dr4 ,gustav ,strauch ,,berlin1 ,december #ab4 ,,dear ,,gustav--,pardon me that ,i have so long delayed thanking you for your answer of friendly sympathy to my last letter4 ,i have been in no condition to write1 and even now find it difficult4 ,you congratulate me without reserve on a step which you regard as essential to my welfare and to my intellectual development1 but you do not take into consideration what it means to separate from one who has for eleven years been one's constant companion1 day and night4 ,indeed1 it is only during these last dreary weeks that ,i1 myself1 have realized what the change signifies to me4 ,habit is all powerful1 especially with men who1 like you and me1 live in the intellectual world and so require a solid sub-structure4 ,how are we to take observations from the tower battlements when its foundations are not firmly established8 ,of course1 ,i am as certain as ever ,i was that our decision is for the best interests of us both1 but in this queer world of ours we can take no step without unlooked-for results4 ,i am bothered from morn till night with trifles to which ,i have never given a thought since my bachelor days--things which ,i will not mention1 so absurdly insignificant are they--and yet they rob me of my time and destroy my peace4 ,i am at a loss what steps to take to rid myself of the thousand petty cares and annoyances which my wife has hitherto borne for me4 ,these servants6 ,now that the cat is away they think that they can do just as they please1 and you have no idea of the silly obstacles over which ,i am continually stumbling1 of the wretched pitfalls which beset my path4 ,here is one instance out of many3 ,for several days it has been very cold1 and ,i can not find my fur coat4 ,with the chambermaid's assistance ,i have turned the whole house upside down1 until she finally remembered that my wife1 last spring1 sent it to a furrier's to be kept from the moth4 ,but to which furrier8 ,i have been to a dozen and can not find it4 ,if ,i had only not agreed with my wife that we were1 under no circumstances1 to write to each other1 ,i should simply ask her--but it is best so4 ,no strain of the commonplace must mingle with the sad echoes of our farewell4 ,no--a farce never follows a drama4 ,perhaps she might even imagine that ,i seize the first pretext to renew relations with her4 ,never6 ,to-day it is six below zero4 ,prof4 ,max ,wiegand to ,frau ,emma ,wiegand ,,berlin1 ,december #ad4 ,,dear ,,emma--,you will be greatly surprised at receiving a letter from me in spite of our mutual agreement1 but do not fear that ,i have any intention of opening a correspondence with you4 ,our relations terminated with all possible dignity1 and the sealed door shall never be re-opened4 ,i have but to ask a simple question which you alone can answer4 ,what is the name of the man to whom you sent my fur coat last spring8 ,lina has forgotten the address4 ,hoping soon to receive an answer1 for which ,i thank you in advance1 ,,max4 ,frau ,emma ,wiegand to ,prof4 ,max ,wiegand ,,freiburg1 ,december #ae4 ,,dear ,,max--,his name is ,palaschke1 and he is on ,zimmer ,street4 ,i can not understand ,lina's forgetfulness1 as she took the coat there herself4 ,,emma4 ,prof4 ,max ,wiegand to ,frau ,emma ,wiegand ,,berlin1 ,december #ag4 ,,dear ,,emma--,i must trouble you once more--for the last time4 ,herr ,palaschke refuses to let the coat go without the ticket1 as he has had several disagreeable experiences which have made it necessary to be very strict4 ,but where is the ticket8 ,i spent the whole morning looking for it1 and1 of course1 ,lina has not the slightest idea where it is4 ,she flew into a rage when ,i found a little fault with her1 and she leaves the house to-morrow4 ,i prefer paying her till the end of her engagement1 and in addition shall give her a moderate ,christmas gift1 for ,i can not stand for a great length of time such an impertinent person about me4 ,well--be so kind as to write me a line telling me where to find the ticket4 ,i have already taken a severe cold for want of the fur coat4 ,hoping that you are well and quite comfortable with your family4 ,,max4 ,frau ,emma ,wiegand to ,prof4 ,max ,wiegand ,,freiburg1 ,december #ai4 ,,dear ,,max--,the ticket is either in the second or third upper drawer of the little wardrobe in the dressing-room or in my desk1 in the right or left pigeon-hole4 ,i could find it in a minute if ,i were there4 ,lina has great faults1 but she is very respectable4 ,i doubt whether you can do better1 and now1 just before ,christmas1 you will not be able to replace her4 ,you should have put up with her at least a fortnight longer1 but it is none of my business4 ,i hope your cold is better4 ,i am quite well4 ,,emma4 ,prof4 ,max ,wiegand to ,frau ,emma ,wiegand ,,berlin1 ,december #ba4 ,,dear ,,emma--,the ticket is not to be found either in the wardrobe or in the desk4 ,perhaps it slipped out when you were packing1 and was thrown away4 ,i can think of no other explanation4 ,to-morrow or next day ,i will again go to ,herr ,palaschke1 and try to wheedle him out of my property by all possible blandishments and assurances1 but to-day ,i am confined to my room1 for my cold has resulted in a severe attack of neuralgia4 ,i had a dreadful scene with the cook yesterday4 ,on the day of your departure she gave me notice1 and when ,i tried to persuade her to remain she turned on me and told me in a very insolent manner that ,i knew nothing about house-keeping1 and that it was only out of sympathy for you1 dear ,emma1 that she had so long remained with us at such low wages1 and that she should leave immediately4 ,i answered calmly1 but firmly1 that she must stay till the end of her engagement4 ,then she began to cry and storm1 and at last was so outrageously impertinent as to declare that even you could not manage to live with me4 ,i lost my temper and must1 ,i suppose1 have called her an impudent woman1 though ,i can not remember saying it4 ,unfortunately for me ,i have had no experience in dealing with viragos4 ,two hours later1 after supper1 ,i rang and discovered that she was already gone1 bag and baggage1 leaving in the kitchen a badly spelled billet doux1 in which she threatened me with a lawsuit for calling her an impudent woman1 in case ,i should refuse to give her a certificate of character4 ,i am now entirely without servants4 ,the porter's wife blacks my shoes for a handsome consideration1 and brings me from the caf meals which ought to be condemned by the health inspector4 ,as you have truly remarked1 it will be impossible to replace these women before the ,new ,year1 but ,i have already written to a dozen employment bureaus1 and will go myself as soon as ,i am able to leave the house4 ,this has grown into a long letter1 my dear ,emma1 but when the heart is full the pen runs rapidly4 ,i also suspect that abominable cook of taking my gold sleeve buttons--those left me by ,uncle ,friedrich--though ,i have1 of course1 no proof4 ,have you any idea where they are8 ,if so please drop me a line4 ,good-by1 my dear ,emma1 and ,i trust you are more comfortable than ,i am4 ,your ,,max4 ,frau ,emma ,wiegand to ,prof4 ,max ,wiegand ,,freiburg1 ,december #bc4 ,,dear ,,max--,i have read with much sympathy your account of your little mishaps and annoyances4 ,the cook often spoke to me very much as she did to you1 but ,i put up with it because she is a good cook1 and only cooks who know nothing are polite4 ,now you see what ,i have had to stand for years1 and that there are problems in that department also which can not be solved by natural science4 ,i can not1 at this instance1 advise you what to do1 and should not consider myself justified in doing so now that our intimate relations have been terminated in so dignified a manner1 as you so truly remark in your first letter4 ,as for the furrier's ticket and the sleeve buttons1 ,i will wager that ,i could find them both in five minutes4 ,you must remember how often you have hunted in vain for a thing which ,i have found at the first attempt4 ,men occasionally discover a new truth but never an old button4 ,since a correspondence has been begun by you1 ,i have a little request to make4 ,i forgot before ,i left to ask you for the letters which you wrote me during our engagement1 and which at my request you put in your safe4 ,they are my property1 and ,i should like to have them as a reminder of happier days4 ,will you be so kind as to send them to me8 ,wishing you a ,merry ,christmas1 ,,emma4 ,prof4 ,max ,wiegand to ,frau ,emma ,wiegand ,,berlin1 ,december #be4 ,,my ,,dear ,,emma--,your kind wish that ,i might have a ,merry ,christmas has not been fulfilled4 ,i never spent so melancholy a ,christmas ,eve4 ,you will not wonder that ,i could not bear to accept the invitations of friends--to be a looker-on at family rejoicings--so ,i stayed at home1 entirely alone4 ,i found it utterly impossible to get a servant before ,new ,year's1 and yesterday was even without a helper from outside4 ,the porter's wife put a cold supper on the table for me early in the afternoon1 for she was too busy later with ,christmas preparations for her children4 ,a smoky oil lamp took the place of the ,christmas tree which you always adorned so charmingly and with such exquisite taste every year1 and there were none of those pretty surprises by which you supplied my wants and wishes almost before ,i was conscious of them4 ,there was nothing on the ,christmas table but my old fur coat1 which ,herr ,palaschke--softened by my entreaties and assurances and perhaps also by the spirit of ,christmastide--had allowed me to take the preceding day4 ,it was as cold as charity in the room1 for the fire had gone out and it was beyond my skill to rekindle it1 so ,i put on the fur coat1 sat down by the smoky lamp1 and read over the letters which ,i wrote you during the time of our engagement and which ,i had taken from their eleven years' resting-place to send to you to-day4 ,dear ,emma1 ,i can not tell you how they have moved me4 ,i cried like a child1 not over the tragic ending of our marriage alone1 but at the change in myself which ,i recognize4 ,they are very immature and in many ways not in accordance with my present way of thinking1 but what a fresh1 frank1 warm-blooded fellow ,i was then1 and how ,i loved you6 ,how happy ,i was6 ,how artlessly and unreservedly did ,i give myself up to my happiness6 ,till now ,i have thought that there has been a gradual1 slow change in you alone1 but now ,i see that ,i also have altered1 and ,god knows1 when ,i compare the ,max of those days with the ,max of to-day1 ,i do not know to which to give the preference4 ,in the sleepless nights which ,i have lately spent1 ,i have thought over the possibility of transforming myself into the ,max ,i then was1 and grave doubts have suggested themselves whether the differences in our views of matters and things were really as great as they seemed to us1 whether there is not outside of them something eternally human1 some neutral ground where we might continue to have interests in common4 ,try and see1 dear ,emma1 whether such a voice does not speak also to your soul4 ,we can not undo the past1 but nothing could give me greater consolation in my present unhappy condition than to know that you could say yes to this question1 for your departure has left a void in my house and in my life that ,i can never1 never fill4 ,thy most unhappy ,,max4 ,frau ,emma ,wiegand to ,prof4 ,max ,wiegand ,,freiburg1 ,december #bg4 ,,dear ,,max--,i very willingly gave you information as long as it related only to tickets and sleeve buttons1 but ,i must decline answering the question contained in your last letter4 ,did you really believe1 you old ,pedant1 that ,i left your home--which was also mine--because we disagreed in our views of matters and things in general8 ,then you are mightily mistaken4 ,i left you because ,i saw more plainly every day that you no longer loved me4 ,yes1 ,i had become a burden to you--you wanted to get rid of me4 ,if in that dignified parting scene you had said one single tender word to me1 ,i should probably have stayed1 but1 as usual1 you were on your high horse1 from which you have now had so lamentable a tumble just because your servants have left you4 ,i too have served you faithfully1 though you do not seem to have recognized that fact4 ,i never let the fire go out on your hearth4 ,it was not my fault when it grew cold4 ,who knows whether you would have noticed the void left by my going if your fur coat had not also been missing8 ,this gave you an opportunity of opening a correspondence with me1 and it seems to be only fitting that it should now close1 since you have once more regained possession of your property4 ,i1 at least1 have nothing more to say4 ,good-by forever1 ,,emma4 ,prof4 ,max ,wiegand to ,dr4 ,gustav ,strauch ,,berlin1 ,january #h4 ,,dear ,,gustav--,i have a great piece of news to tell you4 ,my wife returned to me yesterday1 and at my earnest solicitation4 ,i thought ,i could no longer live with her1 but ,i find it equally impossible to live without her4 ,i have just discovered that she too was very unhappy during the time of our separation1 but she would never have acknowledged it1 for hers is the stronger character of the two4 ,i do not know how to explain the miracle1 but we love each other more dearly than ever4 ,we are celebrating a new honeymoon4 ,the great questions of life drove us apart1 but is it only the little ones which have reunited us8 ,would you suppose that one could find a half-desiccated heart in the pocket of an old fur coat8 ,the stately edifice of my worldly knowledge totters on its foundations1 dear ,gustav4 ,i have a great deal to unlearn4 ,,max4 --,ludwig ,fulda4 ,the ,lady in ,pink ,if ,i hadn't had to stop in the middle of my painting and run down to the house to get some more rose-madder ,i never in the world should have seen her2 ,i had to leave all my things up on the hill with little ,david1 and on the way down to the village ,i passed the place4 ,the only thing ,i remember now is that ,i was hurrying along by a stone wall which was higher than my head and that above it dark pines clustered in pointed masses against a blue and white sky--it was just the kind of sky ,bougereau would have loved1 with soft1 opaque clouds--when ,i came past the gate1 and one can never go by a gate1 you know1 and not look in1 and it was there that ,i saw her4 ,she was sitting on a bench built under a tree--the trunk of which did for the perpendicular in the composition and gave such a good contrast in color1 too1 for she--well1 there she was just sitting there with her hands in her lap1 her head against the tree and her feet out in front of her1 and oh1 dreams of loveliness--her dress was pink6 ,think of that6 ,rose pink where it touched the grass1 lavender pink where it fell in shadows1 shell pink where the sun flickered on it--and in her hand she held a kind of golden straw hat1 and that was just dripping with roses1 and they were the pinkest of all4 ,oh6 it was a picture for the gods4 ,i made quick work of my errand and hastened back to tell ,david about it4 ,well1 ,i've seen it1 ,i announced breathlessly1 coming up the slope4 ,seen what8 asked ,david1 not stopping from his clover chain4 ,my masterpiece1 ,i answered1 squirting out much more of the rose-madder than ,i needed--this paltry little sketch ,i was working on now would have to be finished up and gotten out of the road for real work4 ,where8 asked ,david1 with the laconic briefness of childhood4 ,down inside the big gate--behind the stone wall4 ,oh1 that's where the ,cory's live--there's a stream there1 with pollywogs in it4 ,david's mind was beginning to wander4 ,but you never saw such a study in pink in all your life--think of it--pink dress--all different shades of pink--pink roses for the high-note1 and then pale pink repeated in the cheeks and then way off in the background there were some pink hollyhocks4 ,my1 oh1 my1 ,i added to myself1 stubbing gamboge into the canvass to get a sunshiny effect1 ,my1 oh1 my--she sat there just like a ,grenze--a ,gainsborough lady1 now1 never would have had the courage to have leaned against the tree in that lackadaisical manner2 the ,lady in ,pink--,whistler painted a ,lady in ,white--,i shall paint the ,lady in ,pink6 ,tomorrow ,i shall begin1 ,david1 ,i said1 tomorrow ,i am going down to get my masterpiece4 ,well1 but you can't go in the ,cory's to get it1 said ,david2 that's private grounds4 ,private grounds6 ,the words stunned me4 ,couldn't an artist usually go any place he liked8 ,private grounds6 ,i echoed1 oh1 yes2 why that's so4 ,why1 what on earth will ,i do8 ,i don't know1 said ,david1 with a half-rising inflection showing an abstract sympathy4 ,think of that6 ,and there it all is just waiting to be painted4 ,why1 look here1 ,david1 how on earth did you ever get in to know there were pollywogs8 ,oh1 said ,david1 the folks were away4 ,well1 ,i will wait then till they are all away6 ,but1 good heavens1 what am ,i thinking about6 ,the garden isn't what ,i want--it's the ,lady in ,pink4 ,i began packing up my paints--there was no use trying to do anything more now4 ,well1 at any rate1 we will go down tomorrow1 said ,i1 wiping some brushes on my handkerchief1 and maybe in the meanwhile we can think up a way to get in4 ,oh1 let's go now1 suggested ,david1 seeing that things were really moving4 ,you mean it8 ,i asked1 rather astonished at his sudden desire for action4 ,all right1 then6 ,you fold up the camp stool and umbrella and ,i'll take the box and the pallet along with me4 ,dear me6 ,what on earth now will we ever say when we get there8 ,i began on the way down the hill4 ,we might ask for a glass of milk4 ,oh1 no1 we can't do that--it isn't in the country4 ,well1 ,i might ask for some hollyhocks4 ,well1 ,i guess not6 ,the hollyhocks can't be picked--they're part of the masterpiece4 ,then you think something yourself1 and ,david lapsed into a discouraged silence4 ,but ,i couldn't think of anything save that ,i must and would have the lady at any cost and though ,i couldn't see how ,i was going to get it1 ,i had a very clear picture of myself in the garden1 painting away4 ,you just wait till we get there1 ,i said to ,david1 as we stumped down the walk together4 ,david was used to my enthusiasms over all sorts of things which he usually only vaguely assented that he could see1 and though he never said much when ,i fell to talking about principles of art1 ,i liked to have him with me always when ,i worked1 because he had such a joyous1 fresh little face4 ,i couldn't help but catch the sunshine of it when ,i did an outdoor sketch2 and if ,i had lived in the days when no picture was complete without a ,love in it1 ,david would always have been the one to have posed for me4 ,presently we came near the gate and1 to speak truly1 ,i was becoming a bit fearful as to just what was going to happen1 but ,david1 eager and anticipatory1 hopped on ahead of me and peered in4 ,oh6 he called back1 there isn't anything here at all4 ,oh1 isn't there8 ,i said2 you don't mean to say it's gone in4 ,if you mean the lady1 she isn't here4 ,and true enough1 when ,i came up there wasn't a soul in sight4 ,how empty the place looked6 ,it was just like a disappointing exhibition--here were all the people come to see the great works1 and when the door was reached1 there hung a sign which said that the management was sorry1 but the best paintings had been delayed on the way1 and wouldn't be here till tomorrow at two o'clock6 ,i gazed at my ruined masterpiece--the background was all there1 but there was no picture1 for what moaning had broad green masses of foliage and shaded distances apart from a contrasting center of interest1 of what meaning was there anyhow in a landscape without a human touch8 ,david pressed his hand on the latch of the gate and it opened for him4 ,i have always liked to think since that he was the one that really opened the way there4 ,let's go in1 he said in a half challenging whisper1 but with eyes pleading authority from me4 ,i couldn't resist4 ,well1 all right--it will be like ,corot wandering around in the forest of ,fontainbleau--and if anybody comes---- ,i didn't know what ,i would do1 so ,i took my pallet in my hand fancying to myself it would do very well for a shield against any contingent4 ,so we slowly walked up the winding path together4 ,the pollywogs are over there1 said ,david1 pointing a slender finger toward the house4 ,you never mind them1 ,i answered1 what we are here for is to get the setting of this picture4 ,my6 ,almost any view would do--,i never saw so many colors in all my life4 ,look1 ,david1 at that bust over there with the gray-green leaves brushing up against the gray stone--oh1 there ought to be a peacock under there1 to give a strong iridescent blue note--do you suppose there is a peacock around any place8 ,i said1 laying down my pallet and circling my eyes with my hands so as to localize the color masses better4 ,but ,david was sorting pebbles on the walk and so ,i expected no answer from him1 but was scarcely prepared for the one ,i did receive4 ,no1 there is no peacock here1 but--can ,i do anything for you8 ,i swept around and there was that radiant figure in pink1 melting into the green behind her1 the soft roundness of her figure echoed in the larger circling outlines of the trees1 her brown hair the delicate counterpart in color of the ground she stood on1 and her eyes1 deep ultramarine1 the concentrated blue of all the pale sky--what a picture1 what a picture6 ,my imagination flew to grasp it1 and ,i forgot everything but that ,i must have it1 swept up clean from the pallet and made living on the canvas4 ,yes1 ,i said1 yes--there is something you can do for me4 ,you can stay right there--or you can go over there and sit down1 while ,i get you1 and ,i dashed back to the gate after my paints4 ,when ,i returned she was still standing and the corners of her lips were twitching4 ,they were very red4 ,i began unpacking my tubes and unfolding my easel4 ,wouldn't you like to sit on the bench over there8 ,you have no idea how much the tree trunk will help out the composition4 ,and ,i begged her silently4 ,but she stood there perfectly still and looked at me with eyes full of question2 they had a moving highlight in them1 like the sun on a wave--if ,i could only catch that6 ,you want to get me6 she finally stammered4 ,oh1 yes6 ,i said1 don't you see8 ,i was walking by the gate and ,i saw you1 and ,i want you to pose for me1 and then as ,i saw her hesitate1 oh1 surely you don't mind being gotten8 ,with what a terror the thought filled me--but ,i had to do it somehow4 ,well--only--but why don't you paint the little boy8 ,oh1 ,david6 ,oh1 ,i paint him in everything--he comes in the sunshine and the blowing wind and all the feeling of movement ,i ever get in a picture--and then if people are happy when they look at the picture1 that is because ,david was with me when ,i painted it4 ,david is a little ,love4 ,well1 she never said a word1 but ,i think she understood what ,i meant1 because she went over and sat down and called ,david to her and began talking with him4 ,i am sure ,i had no idea what she was saying to him1 because ,i set to the work then with all my might4 ,i sketched in the figure1 and set up my pallet with plenty of color and then flew to the brushes2 it seemed as if ,i could work with the culminative inspiration of all the painting ,i had ever done4 ,while ,i was blocking in the hat with the roses1 she looked up4 ,won't you tell me what it is going to be8 she asked with the air of having thought of the question some time before4 ,well1 ,i replied1 knowing ,i would have to make a step somehow1 ,whistler painted a ,lady in ,white1 so ,i thought ,i would call this the ,lady in ,pink2 and if it comes out and ,i really get you---- ,if you really get me8 ,why1 yes2 if ,i can just catch you the way ,i want you2 that is one of the troubles of the artist1 you know--he never really is sure whether he is going to be able to get what he wants or---- ,not even when he is so eager about it8 ,no1 not always then1 ,i laughed1 wondering though if she didn't know that inspiration was in truth something more than eagerness4 ,not even--when he is painting in a garden--like this8 ,her eyes were brimming with a half-concealed mirth4 ,oh1 this garden is a lovely place1 ,i answered1 but it wouldn't make all the picture--there's got to be some spirit in it beside--a kind of informing mood4 ,now it is very quiet here and you are posing for me---- ,oh6 so ,i must be quiet1 too8 ,yes1 ,i suppose so1 ,i answered boldly enough2 only1 of course1 a different kind of quiet1 you know2 for if the garden is still1 that's because--well1 there isn't anybody mowing the grass1 or there isn't any wind or--oh1 the quietness of a person sitting in a garden is quite a different thing4 ,she kept looking at me all the time ,i was saying this1 and then replied slowly3 ,i see2 you don't want me just to sit still4 ,certainly not1 ,i answered4 ,i want you to be-- ,her eyes suddenly became dreamy1 and ,i felt much more at ease4 ,it's like ,david and the sunshine1 she went on4 ,yes1 just exactly2 you are to be the spirit of the garden1 the human symbol of its mood--its real meaning1 and happy that she understood the way ,i felt about ,david1 ,i fell to laying on the paint in broad1 easy strokes1 wondering how ,i could ever imitate the emerald transparency of the trees4 ,she did not speak again and presently my glance returned to her4 ,she was holding ,david's cap in her hand and looking out--nowhere1 ,i guess4 ,i stopped my work1 stepping back to study it and survey the scene4 ,i'm glad you like my garden1 she finally said1 smiling2 and such a smile as she gave me--it was like a stream of golden haze on a white flower1 a change very subtle1 and yet so striking4 ,your garden is the very best place yet ,i've found to work in1 ,i said1 well pleased4 ,it is just as fine a place as the ,forest of ,fontainebleau1 and ,corot did some great masterpieces there4 ,well1 then1 this surely ought to be your masterpiece1 because1 according to your own definition1 you have all the conditions just perfect2 the garden1 and ,david---- ,besides you1 ,i interrupted1 looking at her through the point of the easel1 hoping to see the smile again2 but she had suddenly changed her position1 quite unconscious that in doing so she had spoiled the composition4 ,but it made no difference1 for ,i already had the posture1 and the dress with its lavender and shell-pink lights and all the green behind--it was all there on the canvas1 and the echo of it all on my pallet just like the memory of an overture which has played with all the various themes2 and as to the rest--ah1 she had indeed given me a glimpse of the tender mood and the stilling charm with which ,i wished to finish the picture4 ,i was quite content4 ,presently a tide of yellow evening light flooded into the garden1 making the ground luminous and throwing deep shadows everywhere4 ,i laid down my brushes4 ,i shall have to stop now1 ,i said1 evening is coming on--,i shall have to be going1 and ,i whistled for ,david4 ,he came running across the grass1 one hand full of hollyhocks4 ,oh1 my stars1 ,david6 ,i exclaimed1 what have you been doing8 ,never mind1 said the lady1 you know you have been helping yourself to things1 too1 and she rose and came over4 ,oh1 there ,i am1 she said lightly1 looking at what ,i had done4 ,no1 indeed1 ,i hastened to assure her1 that isn't you--yet2 so far it is a composition in pink and green1 but you aren't in it4 ,when ,i put in the sunlit background1 then ,david comes1 you know1 and then when ,i put a gentle repose in every line of the figure1 and a dreamy1 tender sweetness in the face1 then ,i will be painting the real spirit of the garden--don't you see8 ,and then1 oh1 my heart1 she smiled again1 but this time such a smile as no man deserves twice--and stooped and kissed ,david4 ,he says he wants to get me for his painting1 ,david4 ,shall ,i let him8 ,why1 hasn't he gotten you already8 asked ,david1 tying the hollyhocks with grass4 ,yes1 ,i think he has1 she answered slowly4 ,david1 you are a little ,love1 she added4 ,yes1 isn't he1 though6 ,i said4 --,wilma ,i4 ,ball4 ,,iii4 ,the ,humorous ,story ,the humorous story is but the other side of the society story4 ,it is not a thorough study in realism either1 for then it would be sad for a large part--as ,george ,meredith has shown us2 but it is rather a course of events more or less skilfully arranged to produce a laugh4 ,there is transposition here1 suppression there1 exaggeration in many places4 ,the reader joins the author in the conspiracy to concoct fun1 and as a result both have a good time4 ,the refinement and taste of these narratives range all the long distance from the vulgar horse-play and impossible dialect of the newspaper funny page to the genuine humor of ,mrs4 ,stowe's ,sam ,lawson fireside stories and the quiet pleasantness of ,sarah ,orne ,jewett's character sketches in ,the ,country of the ,pointed ,firs4 ,mark ,twain began the foundation of that distinction which he now has as the greatest of modern humorists in his early volume of sketches1 entitled ,the ,celebrated ,jumping ,frog4 ,the fableau ,this type of story probably originated in the medieval ,french fableau1#e which was a short humorous tale of the people--one recounting some ludicrous situation4 ,it was generally written in octosyllabic couplets1 a metrical form which was admirably suited to sharp1 spirited narrative by reason of its skip1 its carelessness1 its sauciness4 ,boccaccio and his long train of ,italian and other followers retold in prose many of these ,french stories2 but it must be admitted that the condensation and the rapidity of the older metrical tales become diffuseness and sometimes tediousness in the prose version4 ,the fableau was sometimes satiric2 usually baldly1 even coarsely realistic4 ,its purpose1 however1 was always to amuse4 ,chaucer retold five or more fableaux4 ,he is a jolly narrator1 and carries one along often in spite of one's prejudice in favor of modesty and decency4 ,he is honest enough1 however1 to warn the reader of possible unpalatableness and modern enough to attempt to excuse himself on the basis of art4 ,picaresque romance ,that the picaresque romances embody such stories as the fableau is perfectly evident4 ,dissect1 for instance1 ,lazarillo de ,tormes1 or better1 ,guzman de ,alfarache1 and you will see that the various adventures of the heroes would make capital fableaux or humorous contes4 ,the idea of combining low adventures into a series connected with one hero comes down from the days of ,nero1 when ,petronius ,arbiter wrote his ,satyricon4 ,but the term picaresque romance refers to the ,spanish popular tales of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 the heroes of which are rascals1 or picaros4 ,as sharpers1 they are the prototypes of our more modern ,yankee in fiction who always does the other fellow before the other fellow does him4 ,some of them1 like the ,yank1 are not so much mean as just bold and resourceful when at a disadvantage4 ,they go to court like the ,connecticut ,yankee and see their betters1 whom they criticise most straightforwardly4 ,they are older and naughtier ,tom ,sawyers and ,huckleberry ,finns4 ,in short1 by their vernacular of the highway and by their impudent deeds they stand in the historical line of types which includes the heroes of the fableau and the heroes of the modern burlesque or comic tale4 ,the difference between humorous and comic and between comic and burlesque is a difference of degree4 ,of the direct imitations of these ,spanish rogues there is the ,french ,gil ,blas2 there are the ,english ,roderick ,random1 ,jonathan ,wild1 and ,miss ,becky ,sharp2 there is the ,amateur ,cracksman2 and1 come to think about it1 there is our own late ,american ,saturday ,evening ,post's ubiquitous ,mr4 ,farthest ,north1 promoter1 success attend him6 ,to write a humorous story you will need to employ epigram1 point1 climax1 colloquialisms1 and perhaps dialect4 ,if you touch dialect1 however1 take care to know what you are about2 for nothing is more repellent to a reader familiar with a particular vernacular than to be confronted with pitiful and incorrect attempts at it4 ,to write negro dialect you should be as well versed as ,joel ,chandler ,harris2 to write ,irish1 as apt as ,samuel ,lover or ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats2 to reveal children1 as sympathetic as ,kate ,douglas ,wiggin2 to give us boy's fun1 as charming and wholesome as ,thomas ,bailey ,aldrich2 to combine humor and the ingenious tale1 you should be as inventive as ,frank ,r4 ,stockton2 and to smile at ,americans and their foibles you should be as patriotic and kindly as ,charles ,battell ,loomis4 ,george ,washington ,cable1 ,ian ,maclaren1 ,thomas ,nelson ,page1 ,j4 ,m4 ,barrie1 and ,mary ,e4 ,wilkins ,freeman have written excellent dialect1 but they are not primarily humorists4 ,they use the vernacular of the people as aids to character revelation4 ,the difference between a humorous story and comic anecdote is the difference of length and veracity4 ,an anecdote purports to be true4 ,a humorous story1 only drawn from life4 ,the ,expatriation of ,jonathan ,taintor ,reprinted by permission from ,loomis's ,cheerful ,americans4 ,copyright1 ,henry ,holt and ,company4 ,while ,i was in ,london ,i met a ,new ,york friend who was stopping in that ,america-in-,london1 ,bloomsbury1 and during our conversation he told me that he had for a fellow-boarder no less a person than ,jonathan ,taintor4 ,i felt that ,i ought to know ,jonathan ,taintor1 and ,i have since found out that most people have heard something concerning him2 but although the name had a good old ,connecticut sound1 ,i could not fit ,mr4 ,taintor into any nook1 so ,i frankly said to my friend3 ,jonathan ,taintor lies in the future for me4 ,why1 ,i'll have to introduce you4 ,i believe he's been written up before1 but he's such a character that it will do you good to meet him4 ,can't you come to dinner tonight8 ,now1 ,i had been reckoning on going that evening to the opera at ,covent ,garden2 but characters do not pop around every corner1 and1 besides1 ,i had not seen my ,new ,york friend for a long time1 so ,i accepted his cordial invitation4 ,that evening at seven ,i went to the ,american boarding-house in ,bedford ,place1 just off ,high ,holborn1 and was soon sitting at dinner with my friend4 ,directly opposite me sat a man who might have left the valley of the ,connecticut five minutes before4 ,there are ,taintors all about the ,haddams that look just like him4 ,he was short1 thick-set1 with dreamy blue eyes1 a ruddy face that betokened a correct life1 a curved nose1 broad1 straight1 shaven upper lip1 and a straggling silver chin-beard4 ,there was more or less twang in the tones of every one at the table1 but his voice had a special nasal quality that seemed to bespeak a lifetime of bucolic ,yankee existence4 ,it was really so pronounced as to sound stagy4 ,the talk at dinner was desultory1 and ,mr4 ,taintor said little4 ,i noticed that he had a dish of corned beef and cabbage1 although the pice de rsistance for the rest of us was beef with a ,yorkshire pudding4 ,he left the table before coffee was served1 but not before my friend had asked him to join us later on the balcony for a smoke and chat4 ,when we went up we found him already on the balcony1 smoking a corn-cob pipe of ,american manufacture4 ,my friend introduced us1 and he shook my hand with one downward jerk4 ,how often have ,i felt that pressure in the rural districts of ,connecticut6 ,when ,mr4 ,taintor learned that ,i had been in ,london only a week and had just come from ,middletown1 his face lighted up with interest1 and he said3 ,you have passed my wife in the street4 ,she often comes to town market days4 ,oh1 then she's not with you1 was my somewhat idiotic reply4 ,no1 she ain't2 an' unless the good ,lord heaves enough sand into the ,atlantic to make the walkin' good1 she won't never be with me4 ,you must be anxious to get back8 ,been over here some weeks8 said ,i4 ,a matter of thirty year1 he replied1 and sighed prodigiously4 ,why1 you must be quite an ,englishman by this time4 ,he looked troubled4 ,dew ,i look ,english8 said he4 ,no1 no1 ,i replied1 comfortingly2 you might pass for ,uncle ,sam4 ,well1 ,i hope ,i'll never pass fer anythin' wuss1 said he4 ,it's jest thirty year in ,november sence ,i left ,america1 an' ,i've be'n in this dreary taown ever sence2 but ,i ain't never read an ,english noospaper nor ridden in an ,english omnibus or horse-car or steam-car1 neither1 an' ,i try to eat as much as possible what ,i would ef ,i was at home with ,cynthy4 ,an' ,i'm a ,republican clean through4 ,well1 what's keeping you here8 said ,i4 ,mr4 ,taintor pressed down the tobacco in his pipe to make it burn better1 and said3 ,i can't stan' the trip4 ,y'see1 when we was married we thought we'd cross the ocean on aour weddin'-trip4 ,father hed lef' me comfor'ble1 an' ,cynthy hed be'n dead-set on crossin' all through aour courtship4 ,fact is1 her sister ,sairy said 'at 'at was all she was marryin' fer2 but of course ,sairy was a great joker1 an' ,i knowed better4 ,well1 we went daown to ,noo ,york the day before the steamer sailed1 an' we put up at a hotel there on ,broadway1 an' durin' the evenin' some women got talkin' to ,cynthy1 an' told her haow awful sick she was like to be ef she hedn't never be'n on the ocean before4 ,well1 it frightened her so that she backed plumb aout er the harness--said she guessed we'd better go to ,saratogy instead2 an' the upshot was we hed aour fust an' last quar'l then4 ,i told her ,i'd bought the tickets fer ,europe an' we'd hev to go1 an' she said she would n' expose herself to two or three weeks of sickness under the idee it was a picnic party1 an' all ,i could say to her couldn't shake her4 ,well1 it was bad enough losin' the price of one ticket1 but ,i couldn't lose the price of two1 an' so we finally come to an agreement4 ,she was to go up to ,saratogy1 although the season up ther' was over1 an' ,i was to cross the ocean alone4 ,it was too late to git my money back1 an'1 to tell the truth1 ,i allers did hate to give a plan up1 'thout ,i hed sufficient reason2 so nex' mornin' we went daown to the dock1 fer we'd made up1 an' she was comin' ter see me off4 ,she took on consid'able1 an' ,i was cut up myse'f1 partic'larly when ,i thought of the ticket thet was bein' thrown away4 ,but she caught a glimpse of the waves behind a ferry-boat1 an' she turned white as a sheet an' shook her head2 so ,i kissed her good-by1 an' the steamer sailed away with me on it1 an' her a-wavin' her arms an' cryin' on the dock4 ,poor fellow6 said ,i1 sympathetically4 ,well1 the amount of seasickness she saved herself by stayin' to hum couldn't be reckoned 'thougt ,i was a scholar1 which ,i ain't4 ,i took to my berth before we was aout of sight of land1 an' ef the brimstun of the future is any wuss 'an what ,i suffered1 ,i don't want to die4 ,but ,i wished ,i could die all the way over4 ,i come right here to ,london1 because there was a man ,i knew comin' here1 too1 an' ,i wrote to ,cynthy to come right over as soon as she could1 an' we'd live aour lives aout here2 fer bad as it was here1 nothin' on top of creation could temp' me to go back1 not even her pretty face4 ,he stopped a minute and half closed his eyes1 and ,i fancy he was calling her pretty face back through the thirty years4 ,well1 well1 that was hard lines1 said ,i4 ,yes1 but it was wuss when ,i got her reply4 ,she told me she hed n't hed a happy minute sence ,i left1 although she hed gone up to ,saratogy1 but the water tasted like something was into it1 an' she'd come away after one day1 an' was now on the farm at ,goodspeed's ,landing4 ,an' she said thet ef ,i'd be'n so sick she 'd proba'ly die1 an' she could n't bear to think of bein' heaved into the ,atlantic1 an' must stop where she was4 ,ah me6 ,sence then we 've be'n as lovin' as we could be1 writin' reg'lar an' rememberin' each other's birthdays an' aour weddin' anniversaries2 but we hain't sot eyes on each other1 an' won't until we 're both safe on that other shore they tell us abaout4 ,an' ,i hope thet trip 'll be a smooth one4 ,and what does ,mrs4 ,taintor do all alone8 ,he knocked the ashes out of his pipe and put it into his pocket before he replied3 ,she runs the old farm as ,i never could have run it4 ,she's a born farmer1 that wife of mine is4 ,she has a hired man to help1 but she does a good share of the work herself1 an' every year she sen's me half the airnings2 an' ,i live on here1 hatin' it all an' hopin' for the time to come when the ocean'll either dry up or freeze over1 or that ,cynthy will overcome her dislike to the trip4 ,married life ain't e'zac'ly pleasant so fur apart1 but ,i c'n truthfully say we 've never quar'led sence ,i come here1 an' ,i ain't seen a woman sence ,i landed thet could hold a candle to ,cynthy4 ,cynthy is a pretty gal4 ,shortly afterward the old man retired to his own room1 and then my friend1 who had not spoken once since we came out1 wickedly hinted that maybe ,mr4 ,taintor only imagined that he loved ,cynthia1 and that they were happier separated2 but ,i hate to spoil idyls in that way4 ,to me it is very beautiful1 the thought of that dear old lady in ,connecticut1 who runs the farm and writes loving letters to her expatriated spouse and sends him a share of the profits1 but who cannot overcome her antipathy to the unstable sea4 ,and when ,i think of ,mr4 ,taintor as he appeared that evening in ,bloomsbury1 with his honest ,yankee traditions1 and his ardent love far his absent wife1 ,i say1 ,hurrah for both of them6 --,charles ,battell ,loomis4 ,kileto and the ,physician ,it was now about a month and a half since ,kileto felt something harsh in his throat4 ,he took a mirror and opened his mouth as wide as possible4 ,on looking at the mirror he saw some of his large papillae4 ,he was so greatly frightened to see such red bodies1 as he called them1 that he exclaimed1 ,ah1 dear ,life1 you are going to depart soon6 ,but1 anyhow1 ,i will at once go to the doctors to have these things identified4 ,without further delay1 he went to a doctor1 whose name ,i must not mention1 lest he be angry with me for publishing this piece of news4 ,the doctor1 after examining ,kileto's throat1 opened his book of medicine and searched in it for half an hour4 ,then after he was tired of not finding the right place to read1 he said to ,kileto1 ,such sickness as you have is rarely found in other men4 ,your disease is called ',sampaga' in our dialect4 ,however1 ,i will give you a prescription4 ,doctor1 said ,kileto1 do you think ,i shall ever be cured of my sickness8 ,why1 yes1 answered the doctor2 only it will take several months before your disease can be cured4 ,perhaps1 with the help of ,god and me1 you will recover sooner4 ,i want to ask you several questions4 ,will you answer me patiently8 ,yes1 answered ,kileto4 ,well1 do you smoke cigarettes8 ,yes1 sir2 three packages a day would not be sufficient4 ,well1 this is the first habit you must abstain from4 ,do you chew betel-nut8 ,yes1 sir4 ,that is the second habit you must abstain from4 ,do you often go to church8 ,yes1 sir2 once in a year1 if my wife happens to remind me of it4 ,you6--a ,catholic6--or a pagan8 ,i am both ,catholic and pagan4 ,well1 well1 if ever you expect to recover1 these three things you must do--you must abstain from smoking1 chewing betel-nut1 and you must go to church every ,sunday1 for the purification of your soul4 ,kileto went home1 somewhat relieved4 ,he told his wife what the doctor bade him do4 ,he did all that the doctor had ordered4 ,he went to the church every day--morning and afternoon--praying the whole rosario4 ,moreover1 he confessed his sins to the priest4 ,he abstained from smoking and from chewing betel-nut4 ,every day1 after he had gone to church1 he went to consult the doctor1 who always gave him medicine4 ,almost all sorts of poisons to kill bacteria were prescribed4 ,one day the doctor said to ,kileto1 ,do not come here for several days4 ,i am going to study about your sickness4 ,i will tell you the truth--you will die when your sampaga bursts4 ,this statement of the doctor made ,kileto very sad4 ,after a week1 ,kileto consulted the doctor again4 ,i think1 said the doctor1 ,i had better burn your 'sampaga4' ,what do you say8 ,well1 you may do whatever you think best4 ,but no1 rejoined the doctor2 ,i'd better inject medicine into your body4 ,all right1 sir4 ,i told you that you may do whatever you think best4 ,then the doctor injected medicine into ,kileto's body4 ,kileto1 because of the results of this injection1 was displeased with the doctor1 for he could hardly walk home4 ,one day as ,kileto's wife was looking in a mirror1 she found the image of her large papillae1 which were like her husband's4 ,of course1 she was very much frightened1 lest she also had ,sampaga4 ,she took her small boy of ten years to the window and looking at his tongue1 found out that he also had papillae4 ,these sampagas1 she said1 must be common4 ,so she examined the tongues of everybody who came near her4 ,ah6 she exclaimed1 these things must be natural4 ,oh1 ,god1 you save my husband6 ,but ,i will fool my husband4 ,i will tell him ,i have the same disease that he has4 ,when her husband came1 she immediately led him to the window and showed her papillae4 ,you see1 she said1 ,i have the same disease as you have4 ,how now8 ,then we shall die together4 ,to frighten her husband more1 she said1 ,open your mouth1 and let me see how your 'sampagas' are getting along4 ,then ,kileto opened his mouth4 ,his wife examined then1 and said to him1 ,your sampagas are increasing4 ,at this statement ,kileto jumped with great horror1 and said1 ,oh1 yes1 my end is coming4 ,now ,i see1 replied the wife1 how like a small boy you are4 ,i have been told by a student that with these 'red bodies' we taste our food4 ,so you need not be afraid4 ,just look at the tongues of everybody1 and you will see that they have the 'papillae1' as the student calls them4 ,kileto was convinced1 and regretted the great error he had committed4 ,he had spent on medicine all his and his wife's earnings for two years4 ,one day ,kileto1 when left alone in the house1 said to himself1 ,i know now the reason why the doctor said that ,i would die when my 'sampagas' burst4 ,of course1 these are not 'sampagas'2 and how could they burst8 ,these things grow with the man4 ,i am uncertain1 however1 whether the doctor had a private purpose in not telling me at once that the things ,i have on my tongue are 'papillae1' or whether he had not acquired enough knowledge in his medical studies to be able to distinguish the papillae from the disease called 'sampaga4' ,but in spite of all the trouble he gave me--injecting medicine into my limbs1 which made me lame for three days1 wringing1 as it were1 all my money from my hands--,i am grateful to him4 ,why8 ,because ,i was made religious1 going to church once every two days4 ,i abstained from chewing betel-nut1 and smoking cigarettes1 and now ,i care no more for them4 ,whenever the members of the family are in good humor1 they talk of this story and laugh until they are out of breath4 --,lorenzo ,licup4 ,a ,,filipino ,,fableau#f ,the ,lame ,man and the ,deaf ,family ,one cloudy afternoon while ,i was wandering along the road between ,paco and ,pandacan1 ,i met a lame man limping down the way4 ,the man seemed very tired1 and he was carrying on his head a pot which ,i thought contained water4 ,the fellow was a mestizo and was dressed in a white suit4 ,seeing me1 he said1 ,will you please show me a house where ,i can ask for a drink of water8 ,i could not answer him at once1 because ,i nearly laughed in his face when ,i saw it was only his long bigote that made his split upper-lip unnoticed at a distance4 ,wishing to have some fun out of him ,i showed him the house that stood in an orchard on one side of the road4 ,the house that ,i pointed out belonged to a family all the members of which were deaf2 namely1 the father1 the mother1 and a daughter4 ,because of a kind of sickness that occurred in the family some years before1 they had lost their sense of hearing4 ,people had nicknamed them the ,deaf ,family4 ,the man1 or ,mr4 ,bigote as ,i shall call him in honor of his long mustache1 went limping directly to the house2 and1 without letting ,mr4 ,bigote notice me1 ,i followed him and hid behind the tall grasses that grew near the orchard4 ,from my place ,i had a good view of the orchard and could hear the conversation between ,mr4 ,bigote and the members of the family4 ,the orchard was a trapezium in shape4 ,except the front1 which was separated by a wire fence from the road1 all sides of it were surrounded by tall grasses4 ,on each vertex of the trapezium stood an ilang-ilang tree4 ,at the center stood a small nipa house facing the road4 ,around the house were several banana trees and camote plants4 ,the house was old1 and yet its stairs were made of stone4 ,under the bamboo floor of the building ,i could see a large blind dog4 ,near the foot of the stairs the daughter of the ,deaf ,family was sitting on a stone1 giving food to her hog4 ,it was a very fat hog1 but neither ear nor tail could be seen attached to its great body4 ,the dialogue was begun by ,mr4 ,bigote4 ,good morning1 madam1 he said politely4 ,we do not want to sell our hog1 sir1 answered the girl4 ,i do not mean to buy your hog1 but ,i only ask for a drink of water1 for ,i am very thirsty1 said the lame man quietly4 ,sir1 it is very fat1 because ,i always feed it well4 ,you will not see its ears and tail because that bad dog ate them when their owner was yet small1 answered the girl1 pointing to the blind dog that was barking at ,mr4 ,bigote4 ,noticing that she did not hear him very well1 ,mr4 ,bigote shouted1 ,let me have a drink of water6 ,mother1 here is a man who wants to buy our hog1 shouted the young person to her mother1 who was then1 ,i supposed1 cooking their lunch4 ,the mother peeped through the window and when she saw ,mr4 ,bigote exclaimed angrily1 ,what6 ,are you going to marry that ,bangus8 ,i will wake your father4 ,tambucio1 here is your daughter4 ,she wants to marry a bangus4 ,i am only asking for a drink of water1 madam1 said ,mr4 ,bigote4 ,but when the father saw his wife very angry at the man who was standing near their stairs1 he asked ,mr4 ,bigote angrily1 ,why did you hurt my dog8 ,do not be angry1 sir4 ,i come to ask for a drink of water and not to harm your dog1 answered ,mr4 ,bigote4 ,thinking that the man had said something bad to him1 the father took a piece of wood and went down stairs4 ,seeing the danger1 ,mr4 ,bigote ran limping to the road1 but the father followed him and struck the pot he was carrying on his head4 ,the pot1 which ,i had thought contained water1 was broken1 and ,i was very much surprised to see ,mr4 ,bigote covered with molasses4 --,santiago ,y4 ,rotea4 ,,iv4 ,the ,occasional ,story ,the spirit of the occasional story ,a story for a special occasion may be of any narrative type the author chooses3 it may be a legend1 a tale of mere wonder1 a humorous story1 a study in realism1 a weird tale1 or a ghost story 7if one should select ,all ,saints' ,eve74 ,anything the author feels inclined to write will fall within the class provided it have about it the general atmosphere of a particular celebration4 ,if that be the ,fourth of ,july1 the reader expects patriotism or its popular substitute1 firecrackers2 if ,thanksgiving1 gladness and generosity2 if ,christmas1 reverence and good-will1 and for the ,northern people some pagan jollity in addition1 for it is well recognized that we ,anglo-,saxons have incorporated into the ,christian festival our ,druidical ,yule-tide2 if ,new ,year's1 then forgiveness and well-wishing to all and a sense of everybody's putting his best foot foremost2 if ,easter1 hope and the joy of spring-time4 ,its masters ,it might be well to think and read a little about ,easter if you want to write a special story4 ,not much has been done with that season1 though it is full of possibilities4 ,it1 too1 is a combination of old and new ideals4 ,we have many beautiful ,christmas legends and tales1 even by the great authors--,dickens1 ,thackeray and many of the ,french and ,spanish short-story tellers2 and by our later writers1 as well4 ,professor ,van ,dyke1 ,professor ,mabie1 ,kate ,douglas ,wiggin1 ,william ,canton1 ,bret ,harte1 almost everyone who has written1 in fact1--but ,easter stories are harder to find4 ,suggestions ,the ,english-speaking peoples have not so many special days as have the ,latin4 ,the adherents of the ,catholic church have all the ,saints' days to celebrate4 ,these yield many pretty fancies4 ,keats has made famous ,st4 ,agnes' ,eve4 ,the other religions1 too1 are worth thinking about4 ,the ,mohammedans and the ,buddhists are devotees1 and have interesting customs4 ,besides the religious memorials there are the nations' hero days4 ,and then1 too1 the special anniversaries of societies and associations4 ,one's own school commencement1 the best event of one's favorite college--there are surely many inspirations for occasional stories4 ,the ,lost ,child ,translated by ,j4 ,matthewman4 ,copyright1 #ahid1 by ,the ,current ,literature ,publishing ,company4 ,reprinted by permission4 ,on that morning1 which was the morning before ,christmas1 two important events happened simultaneously--the sun rose1 and so did ,m4 ,jean-,baptiste ,godefroy4 ,unquestionably the sun1 illuminating suddenly the whole of ,paris with its morning rays1 is an old friend1 regarded with affection by everybody4 ,it is particularly welcome after a fortnight of misty atmosphere and gray skies1 when the wind has cleared the air and allowed the sun's rays to reach the earth again4 ,besides all of which the sun is a person of importance4 ,formerly1 he was regarded as a god1 and was called ,osiris1 ,apollyon1 and ,i don't know what else4 ,but do not imagine that because the sun is so important he is of greater influence than ,m4 ,jean-,baptiste ,godefroy1 millionaire banker1 director of the ,comptoir ,gnral de ,crdit1 administrator of several big companies1 deputy and member of the ,general ,counsel of the ,eure1 officer of the ,legion of ,honor1 etc41 etc4 ,and whatever opinion the sun may have about himself1 he certainly has not a higher opinion than ,m4 ,jean-,baptiste ,godefroy has of himself4 ,so we are authorized to state1 and we consider ourselves justified in stating1 that on the morning in question1 at about a quarter to eight1 the sun and ,m4 ,jean-,baptiste ,godefroy rose4 ,certainly the manner of rising of these two great powers mentioned was not the same4 ,the good old sun began by doing a great many pretty actions4 ,as the sleet had1 during the night1 covered the bare branches of the trees in the boulevard ,malesherbes1 where the htel ,godefroy is situated1 with a powdered coating1 the great magician sun amused himself by transforming the branches into great bouquets of red coral4 ,at the same time he scattered his rays impartially on those poor passers-by whom necessity sent out1 so early in the morning1 to gain their daily bread4 ,he even had a smile for the poor clerk1 who1 in a thin overcoat1 was hurrying to his office1 as well as for the grisette1 shivering under her thin1 insufficient clothing2 for the workman carrying half a loaf under his arm1 for the car-conductor as he punched the tickets1 and for the dealer in roast chestnuts1 who was roasting his first panful4 ,in short1 the sun gave pleasure to everybody in the world4 ,m4 ,jean-,baptiste ,godefroy1 on the contrary1 rose in quite a different frame of mind4 ,on the previous evening he had dined with the ,minister for ,agriculture4 ,the dinner1 from the removal of the potage to the salad1 bristled with truffles1 and the banker's stomach1 aged forty-seven years1 experienced the burning and biting of pyrosis4 ,so the manner in which ,m4 ,jean-,baptiste ,godefroy rang for his valet-de-chambre was so expressive that1 as he got some warm water for his master's shaving1 ,charles said to the kitchen-maid3 ,there he goes6 ,the monkey is barbarously ill-tempered again this morning4 ,my poor ,gertrude1 we're going to have a miserable day4 ,whereupon1 walking on tiptoe1 with eyes modestly cast down1 he entered the chamber of his master1 opened the curtains1 lit the fire1 and made all the necessary preparations for the toilet with the discreet demeanor and respectful gestures of a sacristan placing the sacred vessels on the altar for the priest4 ,what sort of weather this morning8 demanded ,m4 ,godefroy curtly1 as he buttoned his undervest of gray swansdown upon a stomach that was already a little too prominent4 ,very cold1 sir1 replied ,charles meekly4 ,at six o'clock the thermometer marked seven degrees above zero4 ,but1 as you will see1 sir1 the sky is quite clear1 and ,i think we are going to have a fine morning4 ,in stropping his razor1 ,m4 ,godefroy approached the window1 drew aside one of the hangings1 looked on the boulevard1 which was bathed in brightness1 and made a slight grimace which bore some resemblance to a smile4 ,it is all very well to be perfectly stiff and correct1 and to know that it is bad taste to show feeling of any kind in the presence of domestics1 but the appearance of the roguish sun in the middle of ,december sends such a glow of warmth to the heart that it is impossible to disguise the fact4 ,so ,m4 ,godefroy deigned1 as before observed1 to smile4 ,if some one had whispered to the opulent banker that his smile had anything in common with that of the printer's boy1 who was enjoying himself by making a slide on the pavement1 ,m4 ,godefroy would have been highly incensed4 ,but it really was so all the same2 and during the space of one minute this man1 who was so occupied by business matters1 this leading light in the financial and political worlds1 indulged in the childish pastime of watching the passers-by1 and following with his eyes the files of conveyances as they gaily rolled in the sunshine4 ,but pray do not be alarmed4 ,such a weakness could not last long4 ,people of no account1 and those who have nothing to do1 may be able to let their time slip by in doing nothing4 ,it is very well for women1 children1 poets1 and riffraff4 ,m4 ,godefroy had other fish to fry2 and the work of the day which was commencing promised to be exceptionally heavy4 ,from half-past eight to ten o'clock he had a meeting at his office with a certain number of gentlemen1 all of whom bore a striking resemblance to ,m4 ,godefroy4 ,like him1 they were very nervous2 they had risen with the sun1 they were all blass1 and they all had the same object in view--to gain money4 ,after breakfast 7which he took after the meeting71 ,m4 ,godefroy had to leap into his carriage and rush to the ,bourse1 to exchange a few words with other gentlemen who had also risen at dawn1 but who had not the least spark of imagination among them4 7,the conversations were always on the same subject--money47 ,from there1 without losing an instant1 ,m4 ,godefroy went to preside over another meeting of acquaintances entirely void of compassion and tenderness4 ,the meeting was held round a baize-covered table1 which was strewn with heaps of papers and well provided with ink-wells4 ,the conversation again turned on money1 and various methods of gaining it4 ,after the aforesaid meeting he1 in his capacity of deputy1 had to appear before several commissions 7always held in rooms where there were baize-covered tables and ink-wells and heaps of papers74 ,there he found men as devoid of sentiment as he was1 all utterly incapable of neglecting any occasion of gaining money1 but who1 nevertheless1 had the extreme goodness to sacrifice several hours of the afternoon to the glory of ,france4 ,after having quickly shaved he donned a morning suit1 the elegant cut and finish of which showed that the old beau of nearly fifty had not ceased trying to please4 ,when he shaved he spared the narrow strip of pepper-and-salt beard round his chin1 as it gave him the air of a trustworthy family man in the eyes of the ,arrogants and of fools in general4 ,then he descended to his cabinet1 where he received the file of men who were entirely occupied by one thought--that of augmenting their capital4 ,these gentlemen discussed several projected enterprises1 all of them of considerable importance1 notably that of a new railroad to be laid across a wild desert4 ,another scheme was for the founding of monster works in the environs of ,paris1 another of a mine to be worked in one of the ,south ,american republics4 ,it goes without saying that no one asked if the railway would have passengers or goods to carry1 or if the proposed works should manufacture cotton nightcaps or distil whisky2 whether the mine was to be of virgin gold or of second-rate copper3 certainly not4 ,the conversation of ,m4 ,godefroy's morning callers turned exclusively upon the profits which it would be possible to realize during the week which should follow the issue of the shares4 ,they discussed particularly the values of the shares1 which they knew would be destined before long to be worth less than the paper on which they were printed in fine style4 ,these conversations1 bristling with figures1 lasted till ten o'clock precisely1 and then the director of the ,comptoir ,gnral de ,crdit1 who1 by the way1 was an honest man--at least1 as honest as is to be found in business--courteously conducted his last visitor to the head of the stairway4 ,the visitor named was an old villain1 as rich as ,crsus1 who1 by a not uncommon chance1 enjoyed the general esteem of the public2 whereas1 had justice been done to him1 he would have been lodging at the expense of the ,state in one of those large establishments provided by a thoughtful government for smaller delinquents2 and there he would have pursued a useful and healthy calling for a lengthy period1 the exact length having been fixed by the judges of the supreme court4 ,but ,m4 ,godefroy showed him out relentlessly1 notwithstanding his importance--it was absolutely necessary to be at the ,bourse at #aa o'clock--and went into the dining-room4 ,it was a luxuriously furnished room4 ,the furniture and plate would have served to endow a cathedral4 ,nevertheless1 notwithstanding that ,m4 ,godefroy took a gulp of bicarbonate of soda1 his indigestion refused to subside1 consequently the banker could only take the scantiest breakfast--that of a dyspeptic4 ,in the midst of such luxury1 and under the eye of a well-paid butler1 ,m4 ,godefroy could only eat a couple of boiled eggs and nibble a little mutton chop4 ,the man of money trifled with dessert--took only a crumb of ,roquefort--not more than two cents' worth4 ,then the door opened and an overdressed but charming little child--young ,raoul1 four years old--the son of the company director1 entered the room1 accompanied by his ,german nursery governess4 ,this event occurred every day at the same hour--a quarter to eleven1 precisely1 while the carriage which was to take the banker to the ,bourse was awaiting the gentleman who had only a quarter of an hour to give to paternal sentiment4 ,it was not that he did not love his son4 ,he did love him--nay1 he adored him1 in his own particular way4 ,but then1 you know1 business is business4 ,at the age of forty-two1 when already worldly-wise and blas1 he had fancied himself in love with the daughter of one of his club friends--,marquis de ,neufontaine1 an old rascal--a nobleman1 but one whose card-playing was more than open to suspicion1 and who would have been expelled from the club more than once but for the influence of ,m4 ,godefroy4 ,the nobleman was only too happy to become the father-in-law of a man who would pay his debts1 and without any scruples he handed over his daughter--a simple and ingenuous child of seventeen1 who was taken from a convent to be married--to the worldly banker4 ,the girl was certainly sweet and pretty1 but she had no dowry except numerous aristocratic prejudices and romantic illusions1 and her father thought he was fortunate in getting rid of her on such favorable terms4 ,m4 ,godefroy1 who was the son of an avowed old miser of ,andelys1 had always remained a man of the people1 and intensely vulgar4 ,in spite of his improved circumstances1 he had not improved4 ,his entire lack of tact and refinement was painful to his young wife1 whose tenderest feelings he ruthlessly and thoughtlessly trampled upon4 ,things were looking unpromising1 when1 happily for her1 ,madame ,godefroy died in giving birth to her firstborn4 ,when he spoke of his deceased wife1 the banker waxed poetical1 although had she lived they would have been divorced in six months4 ,his son he loved dearly for several reasons--first1 because the child was an only son2 secondly1 because he was a scion of two such houses as ,godefroy and ,neufontaine2 finally1 because the man of money had naturally great respect for the heir to many millions4 ,so the youngster had golden rattles and other similar toys1 and was brought up like a young ,dauphin4 ,but his father1 overwhelmed with business worries1 could never give the child more than fifteen minutes per day of his precious time--and1 as on the day mentioned1 it was always during cheese--and for the rest of the day the father abandoned the child to the care of the servants4 ,good morning1 ,raoul4 ,good morning1 papa4 ,and the company director1 having put his serviette away1 sat young ,raoul on his left knee1 took the child's head between his big paws1 and in stroking and kissing it actually forgot all his money matters and even his note of the afternoon1 which was of great importance to him1 as by it he could gain quite an important amount of patronage4 ,papa1 said little ,raoul suddenly1 will ,father ,christmas put anything in my shoe to-night8 ,the father answered with ,yes1 if you are a good child4 ,this was very striking from a man who was a pronounced freethinker1 who always applauded every anti-clerical attack in the ,chamber with a vigorous ,hear1 hear4 ,he made a mental note that he must buy some toys for his child that very afternoon4 ,then he turned to the nursery governess with3 ,are you quite satisfied with ,raoul1 ,mademoiselle ,bertha8 ,mademoiselle ,bertha became as red as a peony at being addressed1 as if the question were scarcely comme il faut1 and replied by a little imbecile snigger1 which seemed fully to satisfy ,m4 ,godefroy's curiosity about his son's conduct4 ,it's fine to-day1 said the financier1 but cold4 ,if you take ,raoul to ,monceau ,park1 mademoiselle1 please be careful to wrap him up well4 ,mademoiselle1 by a second fit of idiotic smiling1 having set at rest ,m4 ,godefroy's doubts and fears on that essential point1 he kissed his child1 left the room hastily1 and in the hall was enveloped in his fur coat by ,charles1 who also closed the carriage door4 ,then the faithful fellow went off to the caf which he frequented1 ,rue de ,miromesnil1 where he had promised to meet the coachman of the baroness who lived opposite1 to play a game of billiards1 thirty up--and spot-barred1 of course4 ,thanks to the brown bay--for which a thousand francs over and above its value was paid by ,m4 ,godefroy as a result of a sumptuous snail supper given to that gentleman's coachman by the horse-dealer--thanks to the expensive brown bay which certainly went well1 the financier was able to get through his many engagements satisfactorily4 ,he appeared punctually at the ,bourse1 sat at several committee tables1 and at a quarter to five1 by voting with the ministry1 he helped to reassure ,france and ,europe that the rumors of a ministerial crisis had been totally unfounded4 ,he voted with the ministry because he had succeeded in obtaining the favors which he demanded as the price of his vote4 ,after he had thus nobly fulfilled his duty to himself and his country1 ,m4 ,godefroy remembered what he had said to his child on the subject of ,father ,christmas1 and gave his coachman the address of a dealer in toys4 ,there he bought1 and had put in his carriage1 a fantastic rocking-horse1 mounted on castors--a whip in each ear2 a box of leaden soldiers--all as exactly alike as those grenadiers of the ,russian regiment of the time of ,paul ,i1 who all had black hair and snub noses2 and a score of other toys1 all equally striking and costly4 ,then1 as he returned home1 softly reposing in his well-swung carriage1 the rich banker1 who1 after all1 was a father1 began to think with pride of his little boy and to form plans for his future4 ,when the child grew up he should have an education worthy of a prince1 and he would be one1 too1 for there was no longer any aristocracy except that of money1 and his boy would have a capital of about #cj1jjj1jjj francs4 ,if his father1 a pettifogging provincial lawyer1 who had formerly dined in the ,latin ,quarter when in ,paris1 who had remarked every evening when putting on a white tie that he looked as fine as if he were going to a wedding--if he had been able to accumulate an enormous fortune1 and to become thereby a power in the republic2 if he had been able to obtain in marriage a young lady1 one of whose ancestors had fallen at ,marignan1 what an important personage little ,raoul might become4 ,m4 ,godefroy built all sorts of air-castles for his boy1 forgetting that ,christmas is the birthday of a very poor little child1 son of a couple of vagrants1 born in a stable1 where the parents only found lodging through charity4 ,in the midst of the banker's dreams the coachman cried3 ,door1 please1 and drove into the yard4 ,as he went up the steps ,m4 ,godefroy was thinking that he had barely time to dress for dinner2 but on entering the vestibule he found all the domestics crowded in front of him in a state of alarm and confusion4 ,in a corner1 crouching on a seat1 was the ,german nursery-governess1 crying4 ,when she saw the banker she buried her face in her hands and wept still more copiously than before4 ,m4 ,godefroy felt that some misfortune had happened4 ,what's the meaning of all this8 ,what's amiss8 ,what has happened8 ,charles1 the valet de chambre1 a sneaking rascal of the worst type1 looked at his master with eyes full of pity and stammered3 ,mr4 ,raoul-- ,my boy8 ,lost1 sir4 ,the stupid ,german did it4 ,since four o'clock this afternoon he has not been seen4 ,the father staggered back like one who had been hit by a ball4 ,the ,german threw herself at his feet1 screaming3 ,mercy1 mercy6 and the domestics all spoke at the same time4 ,bertha didn't go to parc ,monceau4 ,she lost the child over there on the fortifications4 ,we have sought him all over1 sir4 ,we went to the office for you1 sir1 and then to the ,chamber1 but you had just left4 ,just imagine1 the ,german had a rendezvous with her lover every day1 beyond the ramparts1 near the gate of ,asnires4 ,what a shame6 ,it is a place full of low gipsies and strolling players4 ,perhaps the child has been stolen4 ,yes1 sir1 we informed the police at once4 ,how could we imagine such a thing8 ,a hypocrite1 that ,german6 ,she had a rendezvous1 doubtless1 with a countryman--a ,prussian spy1 sure enough6 ,his son lost6 ,m4 ,godefroy seemed to have a torrent of blood rushing through his head4 ,he sprang at ,mademoiselle1 seized her by the arms and shook her furiously4 ,where did you lose him1 you miserable girl8 ,tell me the truth before ,i shake you to pieces4 ,do you hear8 ,do you hear8 ,but the unfortunate girl could only cry and beg for mercy4 ,the banker tried to be calm4 ,no1 it was impossible4 ,nobody would dare to steal his boy4 ,somebody would find him and bring him back4 ,of that there could be no doubt4 ,he could scatter money about right and left1 and could have the entire police force at his orders4 ,and he would set to work at once1 for not an instant should be lost4 ,charles1 don't let the horses be taken out4 ,you others1 see that this girl doesn't escape4 ,i'm going to the ,prefecture4 ,and ,m4 ,godefroy1 with his heart thumping against his sides as if it would break them1 his hair wild with fright1 darted into his carriage1 which at once rolled off as fast as the horses could take it4 ,what irony6 ,the carriage was full of glittering playthings1 which sparkled every time a gaslight shone on them4 ,for the next day was the birthday of the divine ,infant at whose cradle wise men and simple shepherds alike adored4 ,my poor little ,raoul6 ,poor darling6 ,where is my boy8 repeated the father as in his anguish he dug his nails into the cushions of the carriage4 ,at that moment all his titles and decorations1 his honors1 his millions1 were valueless to him4 ,he had one single idea burning in his brain4 ,my poor child6 ,where is my child8 ,at last he reached the ,prefecture of ,police4 ,but no one was there--the office had been deserted for some time4 ,i am ,m4 ,godefroy1 deputy from ,l',eure--4 ,my little boy is lost in ,paris2 a child of four years4 ,i must see the ,prefect4 ,he slipped a louis into the hand of the concirge4 ,the good old soul1 a veteran with a gray mustache1 less for the sake of the money than out of compassion for the poor father1 led him to the ,prefect's private apartments4 ,m4 ,godefroy was finally ushered into the room of the man in whom were centred all his hopes4 ,he was in evening dress1 and wore a monocle2 his manner was frigid and rather pretentious4 ,the distressed father1 whose knees trembled through emotion1 sank into an armchair1 and1 bursting into tears1 told of the loss of his boy--told the story stammeringly and with many breaks1 for his voice was choked by sobs4 ,the ,prefect1 who was also father of a family1 was inwardly moved at the sight of his visitor's grief1 but he repressed his emotion and assumed a cold and self-important air4 ,you say1 sir1 that your child has been missing since four o'clock4 ,yes4 ,just when night was falling1 confound it4 ,he isn't at all precocious1 speaks very little1 doesn't know where he lives1 and can't even pronounce his own name8 ,unfortunately that is so4 ,not far from ,asnires gate8 ,a suspected quarter4 ,but cheer up4 ,we have a very intelligent ,commissaire de ,police there4 ,i'll telephone to him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the distressed father was left alone for five minutes4 ,how his temples throbbed and his heart beat6 ,then1 suddenly1 the ,prefect reappeared1 smiling with satisfaction4 ,found6 ,whereupon ,m4 ,godefroy rushed to the ,prefect1 whose hand he pressed till that functionary winced with the pain4 ,i must acknowledge that we were exceedingly fortunate4 ,the little chap is blond1 isn't he8 ,rather pale8 ,in blue velvet8 ,black felt hat1 with a white feather in it8 ,yes1 yes2 that's he4 ,that's my little ,raoul4 ,well1 he's at the house of a poor fellow down in that quarter who had just been at the police office to make his declaration to the ,commissaire4 ,here's his address1 which ,i took down3 ',pierron1 rue des ,cailloux1 ,levallois-,perret4' ,with good horses you may reach your boy in less than an hour4 ,certainly1 you won't find him in an aristocratic quarter2 his surroundings won't be of the highest4 ,the man who found him is only a small dealer in vegetables4 ,but that was of no importance to ,m4 ,godefroy1 who1 having expressed his gratitude to the ,prefect1 leaped down the stairs four at a time1 and sprang into his carriage4 ,at that moment he realized how devotedly he loved his child4 ,as he drove away he no longer thought of little ,raoul's princely education and magnificent inheritance4 ,he was decided never again to hand over the child entirely to the hands of servants1 and he also made up his mind to devote less time to monetary matters and the glory of ,france and attend more to his own4 ,the thought also occurred to him that ,france wouldn't be likely to suffer from the neglect4 ,he had hitherto been ashamed to recognize the existence of an old-maid sister of his father1 but he decided to send for her to his house4 ,she would certainly shock his lackeys by her primitive manners and ideas4 ,but what of that8 ,she would take care of his boy1 which to him was of much more importance than the good opinion of his servants4 ,the financier1 who was always in a hurry1 never felt so eager to arrive punctually at a committee meeting as he was to reach the lost little one4 ,for the first time in his life he was longing through pure affection to take the child in has arms4 ,the carriage rolled rapidly along in the clear1 crisp night air down boulevard ,malesherbes2 and1 having crossed the ramparts and passed the large houses1 plunged into the quiet solitude of suburban streets4 ,when the carriage stopped ,m4 ,godefroy saw a wretched hovel1 on which was the number he was seeking2 it was the house where ,pierron lived4 ,the door of the house opened immediately1 and a big1 rough-looking fellow with red mustache appeared4 ,one of his sleeves was empty4 ,seeing the gentleman in the carriage1 ,pierron said cheerily3 ,so you are the little one's father4 ,don't be afraid4 ,the little darling is quite safe1 and1 stepping aside in order to allow ,m4 ,godefroy to pass1 he placed his finger on his lips with3 ,hush6 ,the little one is asleep6 ,yes1 it was a real hovel4 ,by the dim light of a little oil lamp ,m4 ,godefroy could just distinguish a dresser from which a drawer was missing1 some broken chairs1 a round table on which stood a beer-mug which was half empty1 three glasses1 some cold meat on a plate1 and on the bare plaster of the wall two gaudy pictures--a bird's-eye view of the ,exposition of #ahhi1 with the ,eiffel ,tower in bright blue1 and the portrait of ,general ,boulanger when a handsome young lieutenant4 ,this last evidence of weakness of the tenant of the house may well be excused1 since it was shared by nearly everybody in ,france4 ,the man took the lamp and went on tiptoe to the corner of the room where1 on a clean bed1 two little fellows were fast asleep4 ,in the little one1 around whom the other had thrown a protecting arm1 ,m4 ,godefroy recognized his son4 ,the youngsters were tired to death1 and so sleepy1 said ,pierron1 trying to soften his rough voice4 ,i had no idea when you would come1 so gave them some supper and put them to bed1 and then ,i went to make a declaration at the police office4 ,zidore generally sleeps up in the garret1 but ,i thought they would be better here1 and that ,i should be better able to watch them4 ,m4 ,godefroy1 however1 scarcely heard the explanation4 ,strangely moved1 he looked at the two sleeping infants on an iron bedstead and covered with an old blanket which had once been used either in barracks or hospital4 ,little ,raoul1 who was still in his velvet suit1 looked so frail and delicate compared with his companion that the banker almost envied the latter his brown complexion4 ,is he your boy8 he asked ,pierron4 ,no1 answered he4 ,i am a bachelor1 and don't suppose ,i shall ever marry1 because of my accident4 ,you see1 a dray passed over my arm--that was all4 ,two years ago a neighbor of mine died1 when that child was only five years old4 ,the poor mother really died of starvation4 ,she wove wreaths for the cemeteries1 but could make nothing worth mentioning at that trade--not enough to live4 ,however1 she worked for the child for five years1 and then the neighbors had to buy wreaths for her4 ,so ,i took care of the youngster4 ,oh1 it was nothing much1 and ,i was soon repaid4 ,he is seven years old1 and is a sharp little fellow1 so he helps me a great deal4 ,on ,sundays and ,thursdays1 and the other days after school1 he helps me push my handcart4 ,zidore is a smart little chap4 ,it was he who found your boy4 ,what6 exclaimed ,m4 ,godefroy--that child6 ,oh1 he's quite a little man1 ,i assure you4 ,when he left school he found your child1 who was walking on ahead1 crying like a fountain4 ,he spoke to him and comforted him1 like an old grandfather4 ,the difficulty is1 that one can't easily understand what your little one says--,english words are mixed up with ,german and ,french4 ,so we couldn't get much out of him1 nor could we learn his address4 ,zidore brought him to me--,i wasn't far away2 and then all the old women in the place came round chattering and croaking like so many frogs1 and all full of advice4 ',take him to the police1' said some4 ,but ,zidore protested4 ,that would scare him1 said he1 for like all ,parisians1 he has no particular liking for the police--and besides1 your little one didn't wish to leave him4 ,so ,i came back here with the child as soon as ,i could4 ,they had supper1 and then off to bed4 ,don't they look sweet8 ,when he was in his carriage1 ,m4 ,godefroy had decided to reward the finder of his child handsomely--to give him a handful of that gold so easily gained4 ,since entering the house he had seen a side of human nature with which he was formerly unacquainted--the brave charity of the poor in their misery4 ,the courage of the poor girl who had worked herself to death weaving wreaths to keep her child2 the generosity of the poor cripple in adopting the orphan1 and above all1 the intelligent goodness of the little street ,arab in protecting the child who was still smaller than himself--all this touched ,m4 ,godefroy deeply and set him reflecting4 ,for the thought had occurred to him that there were other cripples who needed to be looked after as well as ,pierron1 and other orphans as well as ,zidore4 ,he also debated whether it would not be better to employ his time looking after them1 and whether money might not be put to a better use than merely gaining money4 ,such was his reverie as he stood looking at the two sleeping children4 ,finally1 he turned round to study the features of the greengrocer1 and was charmed by the loyal expression in the face of the man1 and his clear1 truthful eyes4 ,my friend1 said ,m4 ,godefroy1 you and your adopted son have rendered me an immense service4 ,i shall soon prove to you that ,i am not ungrateful4 ,but1 for to-day--,i see that you are not in comfortable circumstances1 and ,i should like to leave a small proof of my thankfulness4 ,but the hand of the cripple arrested that of the banker1 which was diving into his coat-pocket where he kept bank-notes4 ,no1 sir2 no6 ,anybody else would have done just as we have done4 ,i will not accept any recompense2 but pray don't take offense4 ,certainly1 ,i am not rolling in wealth1 but please excuse my pride--that of an old soldier2 ,i have the ,tonquin medal--and ,i don't wish to eat food which ,i haven't earned4 ,as you like1 said the financier2 but an old soldier like you is capable of something better4 ,you are too good to push a handcart4 ,i will make some arrangement for you1 never fear4 ,the cripple responded by a quiet smile1 and said coldly3 ,well1 sir1 if you really wish to do something for me-- ,you'll let me care for ,zidore1 won't you8 cried ,m4 ,godefroy1 eagerly4 ,that ,i will1 with the greatest of pleasure1 responded ,pierron1 joyfully4 ,i have often thought about the child's future4 ,he is a sharp little fellow4 ,his teachers are delighted with him4 ,then ,pierron suddenly stopped1 and an expression came over his face which ,m4 ,godefroy at once interpreted as one of distrust4 ,the thought evidently was3 ,oh1 when he has once left us he'll forget us entirely4 ,you can safely pick the child up in your arms and take him to the carriage4 ,he'll be better at home than here1 of course4 ,oh1 you needn't be afraid of disturbing him4 ,he is fast asleep1 and you can just pick him up4 ,he must have his shoes on first1 though4 ,following ,pierron's glance ,m4 ,godefroy perceived on the hearth1 where a scanty coke fire was dying out1 two pairs of children's shoes--the elegant ones of ,raoul1 and the rough ones of ,zidore4 ,each pair contained a little toy and a package of bonbons4 ,don't think about that1 said ,pierron in an abashed tone4 ,zidore put the shoes there4 ,you know children still believe in ,christmas and the child ,jesus1 whatever scholars may say about fables2 so1 as ,i came back from the commissaire1 as ,i didn't know whether your boy would have to stay here to-night1 ,i got those things for them both4 ,at which the eyes of ,m4 ,godefroy1 the freethinker1 the hardened capitalist1 and blas man of the world1 filled with tears4 ,he rushed out of the house1 but returned in a minute with his arms full of the superb mechanical horse1 the box of leaden soldiers1 and the rest of the costly playthings bought by him in the afternoon1 and which had not even been taken out of the carriage4 ,my friend1 my dear friend1 said he to the green grocer1 see1 these are the presents which ,christmas has brought to my little ,raoul4 ,i want him to find them here1 when he awakens1 and to share them with ,zidore1 who will henceforth be his playmate and friend4 ,you'll trust me now1 won't you8 ,i'll take care both of ,zidore and of you1 and then ,i shall ever remain in your debt1 for not only have you found my boy1 but you have also reminded me1 who am rich and lived only for myself1 that there are other poor who need to be looked after4 ,i swear by these two sleeping children1 ,i won't forget them any longer4 ,such is the miracle which happened on the #bdth of ,december of last year1 ladies and gentlemen1 at ,paris1 in the full flow of modern egotism4 ,it doesn't sound likely--that ,i own2 and ,i am compelled to attribute this miraculous event to the influence of the ,divine ,child who came down to earth nearly nineteen centuries ago to command men to love one another4 --,franois ,coppe4 ,the ,peace of ,yesterdays ,it was a wet1 unpleasant evening in ,february1 and little ,miss ,hicks1 hurrying homeward with her chop for to-morrow's dinner1 felt wet and unpleasant1 too4 ,her jacket was too thin for such weather1 and her worn shoes1 splashing over the muddy pavement1 made her dread the twinges of rheumatism which would surely follow4 ,she paused a moment for breath beneath the sheltering awning of a book-store1 and1 as she shook her dripping skirts1 she glanced into the gaily lighted windows4 ,it happened to be the evening before ,valentine's day1 and the windows of the shop were filled with the usual tokens of affection2 riotous cupids with garlands of roses and forget-me-nots1 reposing on beds of celluloid2 lovely scrolls in delicate pinks and blues with amorous1 gilded verses inscribed on them2 wonderful creations in silks of brilliant hue1 at which all the small girls of the neighborhood gazed covetously4 ,on one side lay a heap of comic valentines in ugly1 staring reds and yellows1 but ,miss ,hicks never noticed them1 for she had eyes only for the gorgeous visions on the other side4 ,as she looked at them1 a flood of suddenly-released memories came into her head which made her cheeks for a moment grow youthfully pink and her faded eyes glow like stars4 ,the door of the shop closed with a final bang1 and the lights went out suddenly4 ,but ,miss ,hicks only smiled happily to herself1 as she hurried through the remaining squares to her own dingy little house in dingy little ,lombard street4 ,the dim street lamp showed a sign1 battered and discolored1 of ,miss ,m4 ,hicks1 ,fashionable ,milliner1 and as the owner of the shop opened the creaking door1 stepped inside1 and lighted a lamp1 a few old-fashioned hats and bonnets could be faintly discerned on the narrow counter1 while in the one small showcase were sundry faded ribbons and drooping birds4 ,it's a wonder to me1 her nearest neighbors would often say1 how that ,miss ,hicks manages to get along2 kith nor kin she don't seem to have none1 and the customers she's got ain't enough to keep body and soul together4 ,but ,i've heard as how she gets an annuity from some dead relatives and that probably helps her out1 if she's real good at scrimping and saving4 ,but in spite ,of the solicitude of her neighbors1 they never found out any certain facts about the little woman in rusty black1 who was always either sitting at her window1 sewing on the hats of her few customers1 or else taking a solitary stroll through the dingy1 narrow streets4 ,she went walking usually when the daylight was nearly gone1 for in a timid1 childish way she shrank from observation1 and preferred to commune with herself rather than join her neighbors in friendly gossip4 ,generally she liked to be slow about preparing and eating her meals1 for in this way they took up quite a part of the long1 lonely day2 but to-night she was in such a hurry about her few preparations and did everything with such an air of abstraction that she nearly amputated a finger while cutting bread1 and entirety forgot to put anything in the tea-pot except hot water4 ,when at last the dishes had been washed and carefully put away1 each in its own proper place1 when the sleek white cat had been given a generous saucer of milk1 then ,miss ,hicks1 with an air of trembling and hesitating eagerness1 placed a chair against the old-fashioned cupboard in the living-room1 and reaching up1 to the peril of life and limb1 drew forth from its inmost recesses a square pasteboard box4 ,she carefully wiped off the dust on its surface--it was probably the only dusty article in her whole establishment--and1 carrying the box to the kitchen table1 deposited it there with a loving little pat4 ,but now1 when her intentions seemed practically accomplished1 something held her back2 it seemed an though invisible fingers were closing over her own to keep her from opening the box1 from prying into the things which she had not had the courage to look at for such long1 long years4 ,she thought1 with a shiver1 of these years4 ,fifteen of them6 ,and so clear does memory sometimes become that ,miss ,hicks could distinctly remember when she had placed the last letter in the box--her ,treasure ,box she had often called it lovingly--and as she thought of all that had happened since she had put that letter in1 of all the loneliness and desolation of those fifteen years1 she bent her head on the little green box and cried softly4 ,after a while she raised her head1 and with a quick flash of determination in her grey eyes1 took the lid from the box and turned the contents out on the table4 ,on top of the heap lay several yellowed envelopes1 quaintly embossed1 with ,miss ,mary ,ellen ,hicks written on them in faded1 boyish writing4 ,with a caressing touch ,miss ,hicks put these aside and picked up a bent tintype of a boy with laughing eyes and a tender1 pleasant mouth4 ,at this she looked a long time1 at first with a little answering smile for the smile in the picture1 then with misty reminiscent eyes4 ,more modern valentines came next in the pile2 much more elaborate1 too1 these were1 and the verses seemed chosen by a more discriminating eye4 ,she put them all aside1 with a sigh and a loving look for each1 and picked up the one at the very bottom2 the envelope bore a western postmark and was not elaborate nor fanciful as the others had been1 nor were the contents anything more than a sheet of paper folded around the picture of a man--a man who1 in spite of the lines of weariness in his face1 had still the boyish eyes and kind mouth of the other picture4 ,on the paper was written1 in a strong1 angular hand3 ,dear heart1 try to think of me and remember me to-day1 even though ,i am so far away from home and you4 ,i am sorry that ,i have no other valentine to send you1 but there is more love in this scrap of paper than in all the valentines in creation4 ,i am thinking just now how1 a year ago1 you and ,i were sitting in the dear old home parlor1 making valentines for the neighbors' children1 and when ,i think of the difference between then and now1 ,i feel as sad and depressed as the wailing pines around me4 ,i have had such strange premonitions to-day1 too2 ,i seem to see such a long vista of years before me and you do not seem to have a share in any of them4 ,dear heart1 ,i want you to promise me that you will never forget me1 no matter where ,i may be1 whether ,i am living or dead4 ,if ,i know this it will take away1 in part at least1 my loneliness and my feeling of desertion on this desolate ranch4 ,good-bye1 dear1 and ,god bless you4 ,your ,dan4 ,the paper dropped from ,miss ,hicks' nerveless fingers as she remembered that first long year of separation--a lonely year1 even though it was she herself who had urged ,dan to be independent of his rich1 crotchety old uncle and to seek his own fortune away somewhere1 so that he might be the man she wanted him to be4 ,she remembered achingly how long she had waited for another letter1 at first with eager anticipation1 later with dread2 how slowly time had passed after that tender little valentine note1 and how one day some of her own letters came back to her1 marked unclaimed4 ,and then she thought of the time1 several years later1 when her mother had died and when she felt for the first time the old grief of utter loneliness and misery1 and the desolation of those months came over her again1 in one great sickening wave that made her shake from head to foot2 she recalled the days that followed1 full of visits from kind and condoling neighbors1 who gradually let her alone when they saw how much she desired it2 the nights1 full of grief and unsatisfied longing1 when she gave way unrestrainedly to the sorrow which was pent up during the day4 ,but--and ,miss ,hicks straightened up with a proud little smile1 though her lips still trembled--at all events she had remained faithful to her promise2 though doubts had often assailed her1 she had kept the tryst bravely1 and she comforted herself often by thinking1 when she felt especially tired and alone1 that if ,dan were living1 he would surely find his way back to her some day1 and if he were dead she had a childish little feeling of relief that he was watching over her and protecting her all the time4 ,the clock struck eleven slow1 even strokes1 and ,miss ,hicks1 in amazement at the lateness of the hour1 hastily put the valentines in the box1 and with one last look1 set it back on the shelf1 and went to bed4 ,she tossed restlessly for a long time1 for her thoughts and the recollections they had awakened were sadder than usual4 ,but still she felt glad that at last she had had the courage to call back openly the memories that she had striven to put aside for so long4 ,and when she did finally fall asleep1 her dreams made her thin lips part in happy curves1 and caused her to utter now and then deep1 unconscious sighs of content4 ,the next morning was sunshiny1 with no trace of yesterday's gloom1 and the little street seemed to have become dry as if by magic1 and to have lost for the time being its dinginess in the sunshine poured out on it so liberally4 ,miss ,hicks sat at her window1 busied with re-trimming an old bonnet2 but there was no reflection of sunshine in her face4 ,the reaction due to what she had done last night had come over her1 and the memories which had seemed sweet then were unpleasant and bitter this morning4 ,all her life1 she thought sadly1 was made up of unrealised hopes and ungranted desires2 whatever had been dear to her had been taken away when she most needed it2 every disaster and trouble had come upon her when she was least ready to meet it4 ,and now she thought with a sigh1 she had become too old to ever have it different2 it seemed to her that never had her eyes been so lifeless1 her mouth so lined and careworn1 her hair so thin and grey as they had appeared this morning in her little mirror4 ,what an unfair thing the world was anyway1 she thought1 as she bit off her thread reflectively and watched the mail-carrier coming briskly across the street4 ,what a lot of mail those people next door did get6 ,even that was not divided fairly4 ,but--and she stared in astonishment--the mail-carrier was actually coming to her house2 at this very minute he was climbing her rickety little steps and knocking at her battered little door4 ,she hastily dropped her work and hurried to open the latch4 ,it must be the wrong place1 she began deprecatingly1 but he shoved a bulky envelope through the crack in the door and with a pleasant ,guess it's yours1 all right2 good morning1 was off again before she could demonstrate further4 ,it certainly must be hers1 for it said1 ,miss ,mary ,ellen ,hicks1 ,lombard ,street1 ,midville1 in big1 bold characters on the envelope2 it was an embossed one1 too1 with gay cupids and garlands of roses on the border4 ,miss ,hicks looked at it wonderingly at first2 then she smiled with the pleased anticipation of a child1 and she prepared to cut the envelope carefully1 carefully4 ,she looked at the post-mark1 but it was too blurred to be plainly seen--and just then a thought came to her that made her grow suddenly white and tremble4 ,no1 no1 it was impossible2 but what if--8 ,such things had happened1 many and many a time1 and just because such things never had happened to her was no reason that they might not occur now4 ,she was almost afraid to see what the envelope held1 and she turned it over hesitatingly in her hand2 but finally with shaking fingers she cut the paper1 blew it open1 and drew out the folded paper inside4 ,expectantly she unfolded it1 her heart beating high1 her lips parted in anticipation4 ,then suddenly daylight seemed to leave her1 and when the mistiness had cleared away1 she found herself staring at a hideous cartoon in flaring red and green1 of an old maid with cork-screw curls1 a thin1 angular figure1 and a long hooked nose1 while underneath was boldly printed3 ,you're the meanest old maid in the city-- ,with that we'll all surely agree2 ,we know you once thought you were pretty1 ,but no trace of it now can we see4 ,and1 say1 have you e'er learned the meaning ,of sweetheart1 or lover1 or beau8 ,one look at your face1 and we needn't ,take the trouble to hear you say 'no'4 ,the cutting doggerel seemed imprinted in letters of fire on ,miss ,hicks's brain2 it burned through her and made her heart beat nearly to suffocation4 ,but the two small boys who were waiting at the corner1 were grievously disappointed2 they expected at least to see her come out off her house in wrath1 and demand justice somewhere1 as several others of their victims had done4 ,they waited for nearly an hour2 then1 when a mate called them across the street1 they ran off with him1 forgetting their disappointment altogether after a few moments of play4 ,but the numb little figure in the milliner's shop had not forgotten2 at noon she was still sitting limply in her chair1 gazing out at nothing with burning1 brilliant eyes1 that now had knowledge in their depths where before there had been only wonder4 ,her mouth quivered pitifully1 though she tried bravely to make it firm and resolute4 ,she had had a glimpse into the ,present1 harsh and unsympathetic1 and she shrank back again into the ,past1 where she had been much more happy and contented4 ,the ,to-days were not for her2 from henceforth1 she knew1 all her solace and companionship1 all her brief happiness and pleasures1 all her longings and desires--the rest of her life1 in short--must be lived in the quiet1 peace-bringing ,yesterdays4 --,katherine ,kurz4 ,a ,christmas ,legend ,there was great commotion in the forest1 for the south wind1 heavy with cloying fragrance of the jasmine1 had been the bearer of wondrous tidings4 ,the forest sang with joy1 for1 after these many years1 it was to have a share in the great festival of the ,master's birthday4 ,this1 was the news that the south wind had brought1 and he had told1 too1 how an angel would come to choose the tree whom the ,master had most loved4 ,it is ,i whom the ,master loves1 spoke the oak1 rearing his great head in the still air4 ,i heard the angels sing at his birth2 and often has he rested in the shade at my feet4 ,it is fitting that ,i be chosen4 ,nay1 old oak1 cried the palm1 shaking her plumes in eager denial4 ,whose branches did the multitude wave at the ,master's entry into ,jerusalem8 ,i have been already chosen6 ,there were many in the forest who nodded their approval to this speech of the palm's1 but the olive sighed1 and whispered3 ,i have watched with him in ,gethsemane1 and he has wet my feet with his tears4 ,but ,i1 cried the cedar1 stretching his tense arms to the listening stars1 ,i heard his dying groans1 and my heart is stained with his blood2 it was upon me that his body was nailed--me1 who watched over his boyhood on the plains of ,nazareth6 ,the forest was very still as the cedar finished1 and only the chestnut ventured to speak--shaking out her broad leaves1 and distilling everywhere the heavy fragrance of her blossoms4 ,i am ready for the feast1 she said complacently4 ,last night1 while all of you were sleeping1 an angel came1 and lit these candles of mine4 ,thus spoke among themselves the rulers of the forest1 while the south wind played among their branches2 nor did they notice the tiny tree that listened at their feet1 and crooned lullabies to the drowsy birds4 ,the winged months flew by4 ,in the forest1 the days passed as before2 and1 after the south wind had sung its farewell to the tree-tops1 the forest forgot the tidings which the breeze had brought4 ,only one tree remembered2 the lullaby which it sang to the birds nestled in its arms was of the wonderful birthday festival of the ,master4 ,finally came the ,north ,wind1 calling to the forest to prepare for its long sleep4 ,the trees1 one by one1 cast off their brilliant raiment--the cedar1 last of all--and stood gaunt and naked under the dark sky4 ,only the tiny tree in the shadow of the oak did not heed1 and bravely defied the fierce jestings of the ,north ,wind4 ,oho' little tree1 he roared1 whirling the snowflakes through its tiny boughs1 doff your green garment and go to sleep6 ,or1 perhaps1 you are waiting for the angel8 ,then the forest laughed long and loud4 ,little tree1 it jeered1 cling to the oak2 the angel will step upon you6 ,but even as it jeered1 a great light broke through the forest2 the trees were afraid and bowed themselves as before a storm4 ,and when they lifted up their heads1 behold6 the little tree stood straight and tall in its robes of green1 and in its topmost branch there gleamed a star4 --,ida ,f4 ,treat4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,instructive ,,group ,the ,instructive ,group is composed of those narratives whose chief purpose is to inform the reader of certain conditions and problems of which he ought to take intelligent account4 ,the writer may offer a solution1 as in the moral story2 or a theory1 as in the pedagogical narrative2 or he may simply present the picture1 as in a realistic sketch1 and leave knowledge to bring reform by the sheer natural law by which daylight scatters the evils of darkness4 ,i4 ,the ,moral ,story ,distinguished from symbolic-didactic group ,the moral story must not be confused with the fable1 parable1 or allegory4 ,it is like them in that its chief purpose is to teach1 but it differs from them in not being figurative or symbolic4 ,it is always particular and professedly literal4 ,its boast is that it sticks close to facts--the facts of life1 people's needs1 if not their history4 ,in other words1 though fictitious1 it pretends to be entirely worth while because of the concrete lesson it teaches4 ,it sets out to show you the evil consequences of some vice or folly or the good result of a pious act4 ,the critics have never had a very cordial word for this type of narrative3 the usual smugness of it is offensive4 ,many old legends are moral tales4 ,the ,gesta ,romanorum was largely meant to instruct in pious ways4 ,boccaccio1 even1 cares for ethical effect1 when he writes such stories as ,griselda4 ,a modern reader is entirely out of patience with the complacent self-righteousness of ,gualtieri4 ,chaucer's easy and captivating style and his true pathos and appreciation of dramatic moments can not altogether keep down our irritation at an egregious monster parading under the guise of a beneficent lord and a loving husband4 ,our irritation1 of course1 is really directed not toward ,chaucer or ,boccaccio1 but toward the ,middle ,ages1 that could take such a character as this and feel no umbrage--no shadowing of the brute over man4 ,hawthorne ,there have been a number of examples of moral tales in modern literature4 ,hawthorne's ,ambitious ,guest is one4 ,lady ,eleanor's ,mantle is another1 though it is also a legend2 for a moral narrative1 just as an occasional narrative1 may be of any type the author chooses4 ,murad the ,unlucky by ,maria ,edgeworth is the ,oriental wonder tale turned didactic4 ,what makes this or that a story with a moral is the author's obvious concern about the lesson he means to teach4 ,his narrative is nothing in itself3 it is what it is because of the author's purpose4 ,stowe ,doubtless the most widely influential moral story ever written is ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin4 ,it is a striking example of how much more powerful is concrete narrative than abstract argument4 ,the ,americans were ready for the sermon1 but they never would have listened to it from the pages of a controversial tract4 ,a story1 they took to their heads and their hearts4 ,it is the fate of moral narratives of this sort1 however1 to be for the time only2 and seldom do any rise to the plane of real literature4 ,rasselas has endured partly because of the fame of its great author1 and partly because of its high and true pessimism4 ,readers naturally like pessimism1 and when it is of this good1 philosophic sort1 they feel justified in their taste4 ,johnson and ,voltaire ,the theme is ,johnson's favorite topic--the vanity of human wishes1 the futility of the quest for happiness4 ,voltaire's ,candide1 which came out in ,france two weeks before ,rasselas1 is on the same topic with practically the same moral4 ,but ,voltaire was an agnostic and a cynic1 while ,johnson was a most conventional pietist4 ,addison and ,steele as well as ,johnson included didactic stories in their periodicals4 ,tolstoy1 ,cervantes ,count ,tolstoy1 in his desire to help his countrymen1 has written many parables1 allegories1 and moral tales4 ,they are read by foreigners because of the pictures of ,russian life4 ,so are ,cervantes's ,novelas ,ejemplares read for their fresh and spritely character-pictures of ,andalusia4 ,they are instructive moral tales1 as their name indicates and as their author very definitely asserted4 ,so idiomatic1 spirited1 and graceful are they that1 though the oldest stories of their class in ,spanish literature1 they are without successful rivals4 ,an exercise in this kind of narrative surely will not hurt you1 and you may get some benefit from it1 even if the chance reader should not like your preaching4 ,try1 however1 to make the story interesting in itself and to have the moral seem to grow naturally out of the action1 rather than the action out of the moral4 ,avoid platitudes1 and reveal the customs and manners of your people so faithfully that the student of social science might use your narrative for data4 ,jeannot and ,colin ,many trustworthy persons can vouch for having seen ,jeannot and ,colin when they went to school at ,issoire in ,auvergne1 a town famous all over the world for its college and its kettles4 ,jeannot was the son of a dealer in mules1 a man of considerable reputation2 ,colin owed his existence to a worthy husbandman who dwelt on the outskirts of the town1 and cultivated his farm with the help of four mules1 and who1 after paying tolls and tallage1 scutage and salt duty1 poundage1 poll-tax1 and tithes1 did not find himself particularly well off at the end of the year4 ,jeannot and ,colin were very handsome lads for natives of ,auvergne2 they were much attached to each other1 and had little secrets together and private understandings1 such as old comrades always recall with pleasure when they afterward meet in a wider world4 ,their school days were drawing near their end1 when a tailor one day brought ,jeannot a velvet coat of three colors1 with a waistcoat of ,lyons silk in excellent taste to match4 ,this suit of clothes was accompanied by a letter addressed to ,monsieur de ,la ,jeannotiere4 ,colin admired the coat1 and was not at all jealous2 but ,jeannot assumed an air of superiority which distressed ,colin4 ,from that moment ,jeannot paid no more heed to his lessons1 but was always looking at his reflection in the glass1 and despised everybody but himself4 ,some time afterward a footman arrived post-haste bringing a second letter1 addressed this time to ,his ,lordship the ,marquis de ,la ,jeannotiere2 it contained an order from his father for the young nobleman1 his son1 to be sent to ,paris4 ,as ,jeannot mounted the chaise to drive off1 he stretched out his hand to ,colin with a patronizing smile befitting his rank4 ,colin felt his own insignificance1 and wept4 ,so ,jeannot departed in all his glory4 ,readers who like to know all about things may be informed that ,monsieur ,jeannot1 the father1 had rapidly gained immense wealth in business4 ,you ask how those great fortunes are made8 ,it all depends upon luck4 ,monsieur ,jeannot had a comely person1 and so had his wife2 moreover1 her complexion was fresh and blooming4 ,they had gone to ,paris to prosecute a lawsuit which was ruining them1 when ,fortune1 who lifts up and casts down human beings at her pleasure1 presented them with an introduction to the wife of an army hospital contractor1 a man of great talent1 who could boast of having killed more soldiers in one year than the cannon had destroyed in ten4 ,jeannot took the lady's fancy1 and ,jeannot's wife captivated the gentleman4 ,jeannot soon became a partner in business1 and entered into other speculations4 ,when one is in the current of the stream1 one need only let one's self drift1 and thus an immense fortune may sometimes be made without any trouble4 ,the beggars watch you from the bank1 as you glide along in full sail1 open their eyes in astonishment2 they wonder how you have managed to get on2 they envy you1 at all events1 and write pamphlets against you which you never read4 ,that was what happened to ,jeannot senior1 who was soon styled ,monsieur de ,la ,jeannotiere1 and1 after buying a marquisate1 at the end of six months he took the young nobleman1 his son1 away from school1 to launch him into the fashionable world of ,paris4 ,colin1 always affectionately disposed1 wrote a kind letter to his old schoolfellow1 offering his congratulations4 ,the little marquis sent him no answer1 which grieved ,colin sorely4 ,the first thing that his father and mother did for the young gentleman was to get him a tutor4 ,this tutor1 who was a man of distinguished manners and profound ignorance1 could teach his pupil nothing4 ,the marquis wished his son to learn ,latin1 but the marchioness would not hear of it4 ,they consulted the opinion of a certain author who had obtained considerable celebrity at that time from some popular works which he had written4 ,he was invited to dinner1 and the master of the house began by saying3 ,sir1 as you know ,latin1 and are conversant with the manners of the court-- ,i1 sir6 ,latin6 ,i don't know a word of it1 answered the man of learning2 and it is just as well for me that ,i don't1 for one can speak one's own language better when the attention is not divided between it and foreign tongues4 ,look at all our ladies2 they are far more charming in conversation than men2 their letters are written with a hundred times more grace of expression4 ,they owe that superiority over us to nothing else but their ignorance of ,latin4 ,there1 now6 ,was ,i not right8 said the lady4 ,i want my son to be a man of wit1 and to make his way in the world4 ,you see that if he were to learn ,latin it would be his ruin4 ,tell me1 if you please1 are plays and operas performed in ,latin8 ,are the proceedings in court conducted in ,latin1 when one has a lawsuit on hand8 ,do people make love in ,latin8 ,the marquis1 confounded by these arguments1 passed sentence1 and it was decided that the young nobleman should not waste his time in studying ,cicero1 ,horace1 and ,virgil4 ,but what is he to learn1 then8 ,for1 ,i suppose1 he will have to know something4 ,might he not be taught a little geography8 ,what good will that do him8 answered the tutor4 ,when my lord marquis goes to visit his country-seat1 will not his postillions know the roads8 ,there will be no fear of their going astray4 ,one does not want a sextant in order to travel1 and it is quite possible to make a journey between ,paris and ,auvergne without knowing anything about the latitude and longitude of either4 ,very true1 replied the father2 but ,i have heard people speak of a noble science1 which is1 ,i think1 called astronomy4 ,bless my soul6 rejoined the tutor4 ,do we regulate our behavior in this world by the stars8 ,why should my lord ,marquis wear himself out in calculating an eclipse1 when he will find it predicted correctly to a second in the almanac1 which will moreover inform him of all the movable feasts1 the age of the moon1 and that of all the princesses in ,europe8 ,the marchioness was quite of the tutor's opinion1 the little marquis was in a state of highest delight1 and his father was very undecided4 ,what is my son to be taught1 then8 said he4 ,to make himself agreeable1 answered the friend whom they had consulted2 for1 if he knows the way to please1 he will know everything worth knowing4 ,it is an art which he will learn from her ,ladyship1 his mother1 without the least trouble to either of them4 ,the marchioness1 at these words1 smiled graciously upon the courtly ignoramus1 and said3 ,it is easy to see1 sir1 that you are a most accomplished gentleman2 my son will owe all his education to you4 ,i imagine1 however1 that it will not be a bad thing for him to know a little history4 ,nay1 madam1 what good would that do him8 he answered4 ,assuredly1 the only entertaining and useful history is that of the passing hour4 ,all ancient history1 as one of our clever writers has observed1 is admitted to consist of nothing but fables1 and for us moderns it is an inextricable chaos4 ,what does it matter to the young gentleman1 your son1 if ,charlemagne instituted the twelve ,paladins of ,france1 or if his successor had an impediment in his speech8 ,nothing was ever more wisely said6 exclaimed the tutor4 ,the minds of children are smothered under a mass of useless knowledge1 but of all sciences1 that which seems to me the most absurd1 and the one best adapted to extinguish every spark of genius1 is geometry4 ,that ridiculous science concerns itself with surfaces1 lines1 and points which have no existence in nature4 ,in imagination a hundred thousand curved lines may be made to pass between a circle and a straight line which touches it1 although in reality you could not insert as much as a straw4 ,geometry1 indeed1 is nothing more than a bad joke4 ,the marquis and his lady did not understand much of the meaning of what the tutor was saying1 but they quite agreed with him4 ,a nobleman like his ,lordship1 he continued1 should not dry up his brain with such unprofitable studies4 ,if1 some day1 he should want one of those sublime geometricians to draw a plan of his estates1 he can have them measured for money4 ,if he should wish to trace out the antiquity of his lineage1 which goes back to the most remote ages1 all he will have to do will be to send for some learned ,benedictine4 ,it is the same with all the other arts4 ,a young lord born under a lucky star is neither a painter1 nor a musician1 nor an architect1 nor a sculptor1 but he may make all these arts flourish by encouraging them with his generous approval4 ,doubtless it is much better to patronize than to practice them4 ,it will be quite enough if my lord the young ,marquis has taste2 it is the part of artists to work for him1 and thus there is a great deal of truth in the remark that people of quality 7that is1 if they are very rich71 know everything without learning anything1 because1 in point of fact and in the long run1 they are masters of all the knowledge they can order and pay for4 ,the agreeable ignoramus then resumed his part in the conversation1 and said3 ,you have well remarked1 madam1 that the great end of man's existence is to succeed in society4 ,is it1 forsooth1 any aid to the attainment of this success to have devoted one's self to the sciences8 ,does any one ever think in select company of talking about geometry8 ,is a gentleman ever asked what star rises to-day with the sun8 ,does any one at the supper-table ever want to know if ,clodion1 the ,long-,haired1 crossed the ,rhne8 ,no1 indeed6 exclaimed the marchioness de la ,jeannotiere1 whose charms had been her passport into the world of fashion1 and my son must not stifle his genius by studying all that trash4 ,but1 after all1 what is he to be taught8 ,for it is a good thing that a young lord should be able to shine when occasion offers1 as my noble husband has said4 ,i remember once hearing an abb remark that the most entertaining science was something the name of which ,i have forgotten--it begins with a ,b4 ,with a ,b1 madam8 ,it was not botany1 was it8 ,no1 it certainly was not botany that he mentioned2 it began1 as ,i tell you1 with a ,b1 and ended in onry4 ,ah1 madam1 ,i understand6 ,it was blazonry1 or heraldry4 ,that is indeed a most profound science4 ,but it has ceased to be fashionable since the custom has died out of having one's coat of arms painted on one's carriage doors2 it was the most useful thing imaginable in a well-ordered state4 ,besides1 that line of study would be endless1 for at the present day there is not a barber who is without his armorial bearings1 and you know that whatever becomes common loses its attraction4 ,finally1 after all the pros and cons of the different sciences had been examined and discussed1 it was decided that the young marquis should learn dancing4 ,dame ,nature1 who arranges everything according to her own will and pleasure1 had given him a talent which soon developed1 securing him prodigious success2 it was that of singing street ballads in a charming style4 ,his youthful grace accompanying this superlative gift caused him to be regarded as a young man of the highest promise4 ,he was a favorite with the ladies1 and1 having his head crammed with songs1 he had no lack of mistresses to whom to address his verses4 ,he stole the line ,bacchus with the ,loves at play from one ballad1 and made it rhyme with night and day taken from another1 while a third furnished him with charms and alarms4 ,but inasmuch as there were always a few feet more or less than were wanted in his verses1 he had them corrected at the rate of twenty sovereigns a song4 ,and ,the ,literary ,year placed him in the same rank with such sonneteers as ,la ,fare1 ,chaulieu1 ,hamilton1 ,sarrasin1 and ,voiture4 ,her ladyship the marchioness then believed that she was indeed the mother of a genius1 and gave a supper to all the wits of ,paris4 ,the young man's head was soon turned2 he acquired the art of talking without knowing the meaning of what he said1 and perfected himself in the attainment of being fit for nothing4 ,when his father saw him so eloquent1 he keenly regretted that he had not had him taught ,latin1 or he would have purchased some high legal appointment for him4 ,his mother1 who was of more heroic sentiments took upon herself to solicit a regiment for her son2 in the meantime he made love--and love is sometimes more expensive than a regiment4 ,he squandered his money freely1 while his parents drained their purses and credit to a lower and lower ebb by living in the grandest style4 ,a young widow of good position in their neighborhood1 who had only a moderate income1 was kind enough to make some effort to prevent the great wealth of the ,marquis and ,marchioness de ,la ,jeannotiere from going altogether1 by consenting to marry the young marquis with a view to appropriating what remained4 ,she enticed him to her house1 let him make love to her1 allowed him to see that she was not quite indifferent to him1 and made him her devoted slave without the least difficulty4 ,at one time she would give him commendation1 and at another time counsel2 she became his father's and mother's best friend4 ,an old neighbor suggested marriage4 ,the parents1 dazzled with the splendor of the alliance1 joyfully fell in with the scheme1 and promised their only son to their most intimate lady friend4 ,the young marquis was thus about to wed the woman he adored1 and by whom he was loved in return4 ,the friends of the family congratulated him2 the marriage settlement was ready to be signed2 the bridal dress and the nuptial hymn were both well under way4 ,one morning our young gentleman was on his knees before the charmer whom fond affection and esteem were so soon to make his own4 ,they were tasting in animated and tender converse the first fruits of future happiness1 settling how they should lead a life of perfect bliss1 when one of his mother's footmen presented himself1 scared out of his wits4 ,here's fine news which may surprise you6 said he2 the bailiffs are in the house of my lord and lady1 removing the furniture4 ,everything has been seized by the creditors4 ,there is talk of arresting people1 and ,i am going to do what ,i can to get my wages paid4 ,let us see what has happened1 said the marquis1 and discover the meaning of all this4 ,yes1 said the widow1 go and punish those rascals--go1 at once6 ,he hurried homeward4 ,when he arrived at the house his father was already in prison1 and all the servants had fled1 each in a different direction1 carrying off whatever they had been able to lay their hands on4 ,his mother was alone1 helpless1 forlorn1 and bathed in tears2 she had nothing left her but the remembrance of her former prosperity1 her beauty1 her faults1 and her foolish extravagance4 ,after the son had condoled with his mother for a long time1 he said at last3 ,let us not despair4 ,this young widow loves me to distraction2 she is even more generous than she is wealthy1 ,i can assure you4 ,i will fly to her for help1 and bring her to you4 ,so he returned to his mistress1 and found her engaged in private conversation with a fascinating young officer4 ,what6 ,is that you1 my ,lord de ,la ,jeannotiere8 ,what business have you with me8 ,how can you leave your mother by herself in this way8 ,go1 and stay with the poor woman1 and tell her that she shall always have my good wishes4 ,i am in want of a waiting woman now1 and will gladly give her the preference4 ,my lad1 said the officer1 you seem pretty tall and straight2 if you would like to enter my company1 ,i will make it worth your while to enlist4 ,the marquis1 utterly astounded and inwardly furious1 went off in search of his former tutor1 confided all his troubles to him1 and asked his advice4 ,he proposed that he should become like himself1 a tutor of the young4 ,alas6 ,i know nothing2 you have taught me nothing whatever1 and you are the primary cause of all my unhappiness6 ,and as he spoke he began to sob4 ,write novels1 said a wit who was present2 it is an excellent resource to fall back upon in ,paris4 ,the young man1 in more desperate straits than ever1 hastened to the house of his mother's father-confessor4 ,he was a ,theatine monk of the very highest reputation1 who had charge of the souls of none but ladies of the first rank in society4 ,as soon as he saw him1 the reverend gentleman rushed to meet him4 ,good gracious6 ,my lord ,marquis1 where is your carriage8 ,how is your honored mother1 the ,marchioness8 ,the unfortunate young fellow related the disaster that had befallen his family4 ,as he explained the matter further the ,theatine assumed a graver air1 one of less concern and more self-importance4 ,my son1 herein you may see the hand of ,providence2 riches serve only to corrupt the heart4 ,the ,almighty has shown special favor to your mother in reducing her to beggary4 ,yes1 sir1 so much the better6 ,she is now sure of her salvation4 ,but1 father1 in the meantime are there no means of finding some help in this world8 ,farewell1 my son6 ,a lady of the court is waiting for me4 ,the marquis almost fainted4 ,he was treated after much the same manner by all his friends1 and learned to know the world better in half a day than he had in all the rest of his life4 ,while thus plunged in overwhelming despair1 he saw an old-fashioned traveling chaise1 more like a covered tumbril than anything else1 and furnished with leather curtains1 followed by four enormous wagons1 all heavily laden4 ,in the chaise was a young man in rustic attire2 his round and rubicund face had an air of kindness and good temper4 ,his little wife1 whose sunburnt countenance had a pleasing if not refined expression1 was jolted about as she sat beside him2 and since the vehicle did not go quite so fast as a dandy's chariot1 the traveler had plenty of time to look at the marquis as he stood motionless1 absorbed in his grief4 ,oh1 good heavens6 he exclaimed1 ,i believe that is ,jeannot there6 ,hearing that name1 the marquis raised his eyes1 and the chaise stopped4 ',tis ,jeannot himself6 ,yes1 it is ,jeannot6 ,the fat little man sprang to the ground with a single leap1 and ran to embrace his companion4 ,jeannot recognized ,colin1 shame showing in his face4 ,you have forsaken your old friend1 said ,colin1 but be you as grand a lord as you like1 ,i shall never cease to love you4 ,jeannot1 confounded and cut to the heart1 amid sobs1 told him something of his history4 ,come into the inn where ,i am lodging1 and tell me the rest1 said ,colin2 kiss my little wife1 and let us go and dine together4 ,they went1 all three of them1 on foot1 and the baggage followed4 ,what in the world is all this paraphernalia8 ,does it belong to you6 inquired ,jeannot4 ,yes1 it is all mine and my wife's2 we are just come from the country4 ,i am at the head of a large tin1 iron1 and copper factory1 and have married the daughter of a rich tradesman and general provider of all useful commodities for great folks and small4 ,we work hard1 and ,god gives us ,his blessing4 ,we are satisfied with our condition in life1 and are quite happy4 ,we will help our friend ,jeannot4 ,give up being a marquis2 all the splendor in the world is not worth a good friend4 ,return with me into the country4 ,i will teach you my trade1 which is not a difficult one to learn2 ,i will give you a share in the business1 and we will live together with light hearts in the little place where we were born4 ,jeannot1 overcome by this kindness1 struggled between sorrow and joy1 tenderness and shame4 ,he said to himself3 ,all my fashionable friends have proved false to me1 and ,colin1 whom ,i despised1 is the only one who comes to my rescue4 ,what a lesson6 ,colin's example in generosity revived in ,jeannot's heart the germ of goodness that the world had never quite choked4 ,he felt that he could not desert his father and mother4 ,we will take care of your mother1 said ,colin1 and as for your good father1 who is in prison--,i know something of business matters--his creditors1 when they see that he has nothing more1 will agree to an easy settlement4 ,i will see to all that myself4 ,colin was as good as his word1 and succeeded in effecting the father's release from prison4 ,jeannot returned to his old home with his parents1 who resumed their former occupation4 ,he married ,colin's sister1 who1 being like her brother in disposition1 rendered her husband very happy4 ,and so ,jeannot the father1 and ,jeannotte the mother1 and ,jeannot the son1 came to see that vanity is no true source of happiness4 --,francois ,marie ,arouet de ,voltaire4 ,from ,little ,masterpieces of ,fiction1 ,vol4 ,,vii 7,doubleday1 ,page ,co74 ,,ii4 ,the ,pedagogical ,narrative ,some famous pedagogical books ,the pedagogical narrative can hardly be called story1 not only because of the intent of the writer to instruct1 but also because of the specialness of the subject-matter itself4 ,leonard and ,gertrude1 however1 has continued to be read as story in an interpreted form for many years4 ,interpreted connotes what the modern versions of ,leonard and ,gertrude really are1 redactions4 ,when the cumbersome and somewhat eccentric sentences of the original were made over1 the plot was found to be of a good deal of interest1 the character-sketching peculiarly fine1 and the lessons taught high and noble and practical as well4 ,pestalozzi himself had gradually learned how to teach children1 and he not only told1 but showed others4 ,for that is what a pedagogical story is--a working theory of instruction set up in scenes and actions3 it is exposition made narrative4 ,do you want to know how to teach ,jimmy and ,margaret8 ,this good old ,swiss pedagogue will show you how ,gertrude taught her children1 mother and school mistress1 priest and village reformer as she was4 ,if you had lived in ,queen ,elizabeth's day and wanted to know how and what to teach your boy or girl1 you could have asked the gentle ,roger1 the queen's own schoolmaster4 ,you can ask him now how he taught2 for he put his thoughts down in a volume which bears the name of his professional office--quaintly spelled ,scholemaster--and shows you his methods of work in forming the mind of the perfect gentleman4 ,this sober pedagogical treatise1 which is not narrative1 not story1 was published only after ,ascham's death2 but many years before1 when he was a very young man and much gayer but hardly less wise1 he set forth in ,toxophilus1 the archer1 a picture of how amusement and learning can be combined4 ,the exposition proceeds in the form of a dialogue 7the old fashioned literary type called dbat7 between a lover of books and a lover of exercise4 ,toxophilus is not exactly story either1 but it approaches story1 and is important to our type because of the intense and far-reaching influence it has had on modern pedagogy in inspiring a looking-out for the development of the body as well as the mind1 and in emphasizing the giving of instruction in an interesting form4 ,from ,ascham's ,schoolmaster ,john ,lyly got the suggestion for his two famous romances of ,euphues1 the well-formed one4 ,a young man should be euphues in all things1 said ,ascham1 and ,lyly undertook to show a ,briton thus as he moved about in society1 at home1 abroad1 in friendship and love4 ,so popular did ,euphues become that all the ladies and gentlemen of ,elizabeth's court modelled their speech on his4 ,charming old ,sir ,isaac ,walton joined the pedagogues and gave us a set of delightful walks and talks on angling4 ,he teaches one to be a complete angler--an artist at his pastime4 ,a sort of hand-book of etiquette for the golden youths of the ,renaissance was ,castiglione's ,courtier1 a sketch of a cultivated nobleman in those most cultivated days4 ,the author shows by what precepts and practice a fine gentleman is made4 ,so well did he write that his own name ever since has been a synonym for nobility and manliness4 ,he gives us a picture of the purest and most elevated court in ,italy1 that of ,guidobaldo da ,montefeltra1 duke of ,urbino4 ,a discussion is held in the duchess's drawing-room to settle the question1 what constitutes a perfect courtier4 ,the type selected differs in no material way from the ideal gentleman of the present day4 ,all of these books are the work of persons who set out seriously to teach--except perhaps the gentle ,isaac1 who probably wrote what he wrote for sheer pleasure and taught by the way4 ,and they all include what the modern pedagogical narrative includes--disguised exposition4 ,for the most part the modern species is short4 ,a publisher now-a-days1 ,i suppose1 could hardly be induced to present an educational system thinly disguised in a long romance4 ,consequently most of such stories come out in our educational periodicals as better or poorer literature1 better or poorer teaching4 ,rousseau's ,the ,new ,hloise and ,emile might be mentioned here were they not more nearly harangues than stories4 ,their effect in renovating ,france domestically1 though1 will forever connect them with the word pedagogy4 ,they are surely a pedagogue's fiction1 since their author took no care of his real children4 ,these treatises were almost immediately influential in ,england1 but now the theories began to be set forth in more truly narrative form4 ,in ,the ,fool of ,quality 7by ,henry ,brooke71 the hero goes about spreading benevolence and cash and displaying his physical strength and an educational theory as well1 as to how an ,english ,christian young gentleman should be brought up4 ,the later development of such teaching was naturally books addressed directly to children4 ,thomas ,day's ,sandford and ,merton had in it stories and dialogues for young people to read for themselves1 in which they were taught the value of the sciences and the virtues4 ,maria ,edgeworth's ,frank and ,rosamond and ,jacob ,abbott's ,rollo ,books are for still more juvenile audiences1 and in ,froebel's ,mother ,plays the baby1 even1 comes into its own4 ,froebel ,this work necessarily1 however1 was addressed to the parent4 ,a tiny cyclopedia of story1 song1 game1 and theory1 it is great pedagogy1 and in the original1 at least1 acceptable literature4 ,the object of all teaching-narratives should be that which ,froebel expresses in his comment on one of his own little games taught in a dialogue between a mother and her son4 ,you recall that his double purpose is to teach the mother what and how to teach the child4 ,he says1 ,the deep import of ,the ,light-,bird is hinted in the song and motto4 ,beware1 however1 of the only one contained in the play4 ,not only ,the ,light-,bird but all the plays which precede and follow it have many meanings4 ,neither must it be supposed that the meaning suggested by me is1 if not the sole1 at least the highest one4 ,my songs1 mottoes1 and commentaries are offered simply with the hope that they may aid you to recognize and hold fast some part of what you yourself feel while playing these games and to suggest to you how you may awaken corresponding feelings in your child4 ,if you want to write a pedagogical narrative that will startle the world1 adopt the motto of ,froebel1 the charm of ,ascham and ,walton1 the graciousness of ,castiglione1 and the hard common sense of ,pestalozzi1 and then proceed4 ,but hold6 ,you will need to have something to teach4 ,perhaps you would better not try romance as a vehicle1 but would better stick to our briefer types4 ,suppose you put into narrative form1 as others have done since the days of the great kindergartner1 a simple game for children1 or your favorite and most helpful method of study4 ,gertrude's ,method of ,instruction ,it was quite early in the morning when ,arner 7the people's father71 ,glulhi 7his lieutenant71 and the pastor went to the mason's cottage4 ,the room was not in order when they entered1 for the family had just finished breakfast1 and the dirty plates and spoons still lay upon the table4 ,gertrude was at first somewhat disconcerted1 but the visitors reassured her1 saying kindly3 ,this is as it should be2 it is impossible to clear the table before breakfast is eaten6 ,the children all helped wash the dishes1 and then seated themselves in their customary places before their work4 ,the gentlemen begged ,gertrude to let everything go on as usual1 and after the first half hour1 during which she was a little embarrassed1 all proceeded as if no stranger were present4 ,first the children sang their morning hymns1 and then ,gertrude read a chapter of the ,bible aloud1 which they repeated after her while they were spinning1 rehearsing the most instructive passages until they knew them by heart4 ,in the mean time1 the oldest girl had been making the children's beds in the adjoining room1 and the visitors noticed through the open door that she silently repeated what the others were reciting4 ,when this task was completed1 she went into the garden and returned with vegetables for dinner1 which she cleaned while repeating ,bible-verses with the rest4 ,it was something new for the children to see three gentlemen in the room1 and they often looked up from their spinning toward the corner where the strangers sat4 ,gertrude noticed this1 and said to them3 ,seems to me you look more at these gentlemen than at your yarn4 ,but ,harry answered3 ,no1 indeed6 ,we are working hard1 and you'll have finer yarn to-day than usual4 ,whenever ,gertrude saw that anything was amiss with the wheels or cotton1 she rose from her work1 and put it in order4 ,the smallest children1 who were not old enough to spin1 picked over the cotton for carding1 with a skill which excited the admiration of the visitors4 ,although ,gertrude thus exerted herself to develop very early the manual dexterity of her children1 she was in no haste for them to learn to read and write4 ,but she took pains to teach them early how to speak2 for1 as she said1 of what use is it for a person to be able to read and write1 if he cannot speak8--since reading and writing are only an artificial sort of speech4 ,to this end she used to make the children pronounce syllables after her in regular succession1 taking them from an old ,a-,b-,c book she had4 ,this exercise in correct and distinct articulation was1 however1 only a subordinate object in her whole scheme of education1 which embraced a true comprehension of life itself4 ,yet she never adopted the tone of instructor toward her children2 she did not say to them3 ,child1 this is your head1 your nose1 your hand1 your finger2 or3 ,where is your eye1 your ear8--but instead1 she would say3 ,come here1 child1 ,i will wash your little hands1 ,i will comb your hair1 or3 ,i will cut your finger-nails4 ,her verbal instruction seemed to vanish in the spirit of her real activity1 in which it always had its source4 ,the result of her system was that each child was skillful1 intelligent and active to the full extent that its age and development allowed4 ,the instruction she gave them in the rudiments of arithmetic was intimately connected with the realities of life4 ,she taught them to count the number of steps from one end of the room to the other2 and two of the rows of five panes each1 in one of the windows1 gave her an opportunity to unfold the decimal relations of numbers4 ,she also made them count their threads while spinning1 and the number of turns on the reel1 when they wound the yarn into skeins4 ,above all1 in every occupation of life she taught them an accurate and intelligent observation of common objects and the forces of nature4 ,all that ,gertrude's children knew1 they knew so thoroughly that they were able to teach it to the younger ones2 and this they often begged permission to do4 ,on this day1 while the visitors were present1 ,jones sat with each arm around the neck of a smaller child1 and made the little ones pronounce the syllables of the ,a-,b-,c book after him2 while ,lizzie placed herself with her wheel between two of the others1 and while all three spun1 taught them the words of a hymn with the utmost patience4 ,when the guests took their departure1 they told ,gertrude they would come again on the morrow4 ,why8 she returned4 ,you will only see the same thing over again4 ,but ,glulphi said3 ,that is the best praise you could possibly give yourself4 ,gertrude blushed at this compliment1 and stood confused when the gentlemen kindly pressed her hand in taking leave4 ,the three could not sufficiently admire what they had seen at the mason's house1 and ,glulphi was so overcome by the powerful impression made upon him1 that he longed to be alone and seek counsel of his own thoughts4 ,he hastened to his room1 and as he crossed the threshold1 the words broke from his lips3 ,i must be schoolmaster in ,bonnal6 ,all night visions of ,gertrude's schoolroom floated through his mind1 and he only fell asleep toward morning4 ,before his eyes were fairly open1 he murmured3 ,i will be schoolmaster6--and hastened to ,arner to acquaint him with his resolution4 --,johann ,heinrich ,pestalozzi4 ,leonard and ,gertrude 7,d4 ,c4 ,heath ,co474 ,lawin-,lawinan ,in the beautiful town of ,santa ,maria1 children were very fond of playing many curious games4 ,not a single day or moonlight evening could pass without one's seeing some children playing along the wide streets4 ,one bright evening in the month of ,july1 after the angelus bell rang1 ,mapacla1 in company with some playmates1 went to ,zandoval ,street1 where many children were romping4 ,when they reached the place1 they agreed to play ,lawin-lawinan4 ,mapacla was chosen by all to be the sisiw 7chicken71 and a playmate1 ,malacas by name1 to be the lawin 7hawk74 ,the chicken and the hawk were the principal characters of the game4 ,the rest of the children formed a circle3 each one with outstretched arms held the hand of the one next him till the circle was formed4 ,the space between each two children was called the door1 the owners of which were the children by whom it was formed4 ,the chicken stood inside the circle1 and the hawk stood outside4 ,the game was then begun4 ,the hawk went to the first door1 asking1 ,what door is this8 ,to your honorable stomach1 answered the owner of the door4 ,and this8 asked the hawk1 after approaching another door4 ,to your long throat1 answered the owner4 ,the hawk repeated the same question1 as he went around from door to door1 till he reached the last one4 ,have you anything to sell me8 asked the hawk of the door owner4 ,a good fat red chicken6 answered the owner4 ,let me see its scales1 remarked the hawk1 as he grasped the feet of the chicken4 ,this is a fine quality of wild bird1 he added2 will you have him crow8 ,crow6 said the owner to the chicken4 ,tic--to--la--la--oe1 cried the chicken4 ,fine6 said the hawk4 ,how much will you sell him for8 ,for one peso1 answered the owner4 ,after the bargain had been made and the hawk was about to catch the chicken1 the circle began to whirl around1 allowing no space for the hawk to enter4 ,by chance1 however1 the hawk1 thrusting himself through a space1 reached the interior of the circle4 ,every owner was then afraid that the chicken might be caught by the hawk4 ,the whirling of the circle was immediately stopped1 and every door was left wide open4 ,the chicken with all his might ran swiftly out of the circle4 ,the hawk was so slow in following that he was captured inside4 ,the circle began to whirl again1 till1 accidentally1 the hawk1 struggling for his escape1 made his way out4 ,sometimes the chicken1 pursued by the hawk1 entered the circle1 but immediately ran out whenever there was danger of being caught4 ,at last when the chicken became tired1 the hawk caught him4 ,the punishment was then inflicted4 ,the hawk ordered himself to be carried on the shoulders of the chicken4 ,the order was obeyed without delay4 ,after the chicken had walked a few paces with the heavy load on him1 he stopped and started another game1 choosing another chicken to be chased by the hawk4 --,leopoldo ,uichanco4 ,,iii4 ,the ,story of ,present ,day ,realism ,realism ,realism1 says ,mr4 ,howells1 is nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material4 ,the business of the narrator is to observe and record1 he says2 all that enters into fiction should be simple1 natural and honest4 ,the material must be plain1 average1 everyday humanity4 ,there is no need of a hero or heroine4 ,there is no need of a plot4 ,the love of the passionate and heroic is a crude and unwholesome thing4 ,following these tenets there has grown up a school of writers who undertake to present the world just as it is with no heightening and no lowering of color4 ,they select bits of life and reproduce them exactly4 ,the process is not so much photographic as microscopic4 ,nothing is too inane or commonplace4 ,all that a workman needs is a seeing eye1 honesty1 and a vocabulary1 say they4 ,many of the sketches1 of course1 seem extremely flat1 and the reader involuntarily asks1 ,why and wherefore8 ,the answer is laconic--life3 these are the actual problems of humanity rather than abstract moral truths or highflown idealism2 the ,scab and ,trusty ,no4 #di are with us in the street2 these are the ,children of the ,public1 the ,children of the ,ghetto2 this is the modern ,jungle2 these are ,vignettes of ,manhattan2 these are the feelings of a maiden lady in a ,massachusetts village2 these are the happenings of a real ,wedding ,journey2 thus the new-rich build houses in the ,back ,bay district and attempt to get into society2 this is a ,modern ,instance4 ,for source of realistic method we shall need to notice again the audacious intimacy of the picaresque romance and the extraordinary minuteness of detail that marked the illustrations and pretended anecdotes of the controversial pamphleteers of the early eighteenth century4 ,take for illustration the verisimilitude of the repetitions and digressions in the ,true ,relation of the ,apparition of ,mrs4 ,veal1 by which ,defoe hoodwinked the public--so completely1 in fact1 that critics are even now divided on the question as to whether he was or was not reporting a real interview4 ,most of his contemporaries took the matter as bona fide news2 their successors took it as invention2 and now ,mr4 ,george ,aitken comes forward with proof of its occurrence2 that is1 he maintains that ,defoe got--in just the way he says he got it--the written report of the actual interview with the person who saw the ghost4 ,the contention only goes to demonstrate that ,defoe was a great captain of the pen who could sail extremely close to life4 ,that he could make romance truer than fact we well know4 ,added to the patient minuteness of the controversialists and the boldness of the rogue narrators who dared to take us to the back-doors and bed-rooms of the nobility and to the haunts of criminals1 came later as an element of realistic method1 ,jane ,austen's home subjects1 non-partizanship1 and gentle raillery4 ,some realistic writers ,when ,daisy ,miller was written a few decades ago1 the ,americans were incensed4 ,henry ,james did not care1 however4 ,just so we appear abroad1 he said1 among the more restrained and more cultivated peoples4 ,howells's ,lady of the ,aroostook seemed a kinder if similar and no less true picture4 ,these brief narratives are hardly novels2 and though they are more than tales1 they yet are not what we technically call the artistic short-story2 they are surely1 however1 studies in realism4 ,it is upon this distinction1--namely1 that absolute realism would naturally preclude even the slight artificiality that there must be about the truly technical short-story--that we make two divisions in our study of such work as that of ,howells1 ,james1 and ,mary ,e4 ,wilkins ,freeman4 ,the point is1 realism may be as long-drawn out or as brief as life4 ,the technical short-story1 however1 has a limit on both sides4 ,so has the novel4 ,each of our great realists has attempted novels2 all have written exquisite short stories4 ,suggestions on characters to treat ,to write a present-day realistic sketch you will not need to look far for a subject4 ,just divest yourself of preconceived ideas of the romantic in fiction1 and begin anywhere4 ,everything is of interest to the realist4 ,a butcher's boy2 an octogenarian millionaire2 a petty thief2 a plodding1 respectable1 humdrum government clerk2 an ordinary mother with her ordinary baby on an ordinary day2 a flighty society belle1 and a society belle who is not flighty2 a sensible matron2 an idiot child1--all are his4 ,the interest of your sketch will be in the particularity and niceness of details4 ,you will need to be more truthful than a camera1 which always makes people and surroundings look either better or worse than they are4 ,color and sound and smell and atmosphere and temperature1 and temperament1 gesture and thought1 passing impression and settled purpose1 you can record4 ,if any of your characters succeeds1 it must be as in life--with half defeat2 if any one is defeated1 it must be as in life--with half success and a conflicting sense of shame and of relief4 ,you must have something happening1 however slight1 and thus avoid a mere enumeration of characteristics4 ,you are to show us the person in action4 ,a mere analysis of his vices and virtues1 his general mental attitude1 would be pure exposition1 when you want narrative4 ,your diction should be as good as you can make it by care and revision4 ,howells and ,james are both stylists of the most polished kind2 though ,tolstoy1 whom ,howells recognizes as master1 thirty years ago left off any concern for sentence effect4 ,he repeats or reiterates at will4 ,you1 however1 cannot afford to disregard the rules of the rhetoricians--not until you have become as famous as the ,russian count or have a message as distinct as his4 ,remember1 then1 that a good realistic sketch demands on your part an honest1 and truthful purpose1 a mind freed from the glamor of romance or climax1 a sure eye1 and exquisite workmanship1 in the relation of an ordinary1 every-day event4 ,the ,piece of ,string ,on all the roads leading to ,goderville the peasants and their wives were coming to town for market day4 ,the men shambled along at an easy-going gait1 with bodies bent forward4 ,their long legs were deformed and twisted through hard work--from the weight of the plough1 which at the same time throws the left shoulder too high and ruins the figure2 from mowing the grain1 which effort causes the knees to spread too far apart2 and from all the other slow and painful labours of country life4 ,their blue blouses1 starched to a sheenlike varnish and finished at collar and waistbands with little designs in white stitching1 stood from their bony bodies like balloons ready for flight1 with a head1 two arms and two feet protruding4 ,some of the men had a cow or calf in tow at the end of a rope1 while their wives followed close behind the animal1 switching it over the haunches with a leafy branch to hasten its pace4 ,the women carried large baskets1 out of which stuck the heads of chickens and ducks4 ,they took much shorter and quicker steps than the man4 ,their lanky1 spare figures were decorated with mean little shawls pinned across their flat breasts4 ,each head bore a white linen cover1 bound close to the hair and surmounted by a cap4 ,now and then there went by a waggonette drawn by a pony on a jerky trot1 which jostled the two men on the seat in a ludicrous manner and made the woman at the end of the cart hold the sides firmly for ease from the rough jolting4 ,in the ,goderville market-place was a great crowd of men and animals4 ,the horns of the cattle1 the high1 long-napped hats of the well-to-do peasants1 and the head-dresses of women bobbed above the level of that crowd4 ,noisy voices1 sharp and shrill1 kept up a wild and ceaseless clamour1 only outdone now and then by a great guffaw of laughter from the strong lungs of a jolly bumpkin1 or a prolonged moo from a cow tied to the wall of some house4 ,everywhere it smelled of stables1 of milk and manure1 of hay and sweat4 ,the air was redolent with that sourish1 disagreeable odour savouring of man and beast which is peculiar to the labourers of the fields4 ,master ,hauchecorne1 of ,braut1 had just arrived at ,goderville and was directing his steps to the square when he observed on the ground a little bit of string4 ,economical like all true ,normans1 ,master ,hauchecorne considered that anything useful was worth picking up1 and he bent down painfully1 for he suffered from rheumatism4 ,he picked up the scrap of twine from the ground1 and was preparing to wind it up carefully when he noticed ,master ,malandain1 the harness-maker1 looking at him from his doorway4 ,once they had a quarrel over a halter and had kept angry ever since1 both of them holding spite4 ,master ,hauchecorne was smitten with a certain sense of shame at being seen thus by his enemy searching in the dirt for a mere bit of string4 ,he hastily hid his find under his blouse1 then in the pocket of his breeches--after which he pretended to be still looking at his feet for something which he had not yet found4 ,at length1 he started toward the market-place1 his body almost bent double by his chronic pains4 ,he lost himself at once in the slow1 clamorous throng1 which was agitated by perpetual bickerings4 ,the prospective buyers1 after looking the cows over1 would go away only to return perplexed2 always fearing to be taken in2 never reaching a decision1 but narrowly watching the seller's eyes1 seeking in the end to detect the deceit of the man and the defect in his animal4 ,the women1 having put their big baskets at their feet1 had pulled out the poultry1 which lay upon the ground with legs tied1 with frightened eyes and scarlet combs4 ,they listened to offers1 maintaining their prices with a sharp air and impressive face1 or else at a sweep accepting a reduced price1 crying after the customer who left reluctantly1 ,it's settled1 ,anthime2 ,i'll let you have them6 ,then1 by degrees1 the square emptied1 and1 as the ,angelus struck noon1 those living at a distance flocked to the inns4 ,at ,jourdain's1 the dining-room was filled with guests1 as full as the great courtyard was with vehicles of every description--carts1 gigs1 waggonettes1 tilburies1 nondescript jaunting cars1 yellow with mud1 misshapen1 patched up1 lifting their shafts to heaven like two arms1 or else in a sorry plight with nose in the mud and back in the air4 ,right opposite to where the diners were at table1 the immense fireplace1 all brightly aflame1 imparted a genial warmth to the backs of the people ranged on the right4 ,three spits were turning1 loaded with chickens1 with pigeons1 and with legs of mutton2 and a delicious odour of roast meat and of gravy gushing over roast brown skin took wing from the hearth1 kindled good humour1 and made mouths water4 ,all the aristocracy of the plough were eating there at ,jourdain's1 the innkeeper who dealt in horses--a shrewd fellow1 who had a goodish penny put by4 ,the dishes were passed and emptied1 as were likewise huge jugs of yellow cider4 ,every one recounted his dealings--his buying and selling4 ,they gave news of the crops4 ,the weather was good for greens1 but somewhat wet for wheat4 ,all at once a drum rolled in the court before the house4 ,almost everybody save the too indifferent1 immediately sprang to their feet and ran to the door1 or to the windows1 with mouth still full and napkin in hand4 ,after the public crier had stopped his racket1 he launched forth in a jerky voice1 making his pauses at the wrong time3 ,be it known to the inhabitants of ,goderville1 and in general to all persons present at the market1 that there was lost this morning on the ,beauzeville road1 between nine and ten o'clock1 a black leather pocketbook containing five hundred francs and business papers4 ,you are requested to return it to the mayor's office at once1 or to ,master ,fortune ,houlbreque1 of ,manneville4 ,there will be twenty francs reward4 ,then the man went away4 ,they heard once more from afar the dull drum-beats and the fading voice of the crier4 ,after that1 they began to discuss this event1 counting the chances ,master ,houlbreque yet had of recovering or not recovering his pocketbook4 ,and the meal went on4 ,they were finishing their coffee when the corporal of police appeared on the threshold4 ,he asked3 ,master ,hauchecorne1 of ,braut--is he here8 ,hauchecorne1 seated at the other end of the table1 answered3 ,here ,i am4 ,and the corporal resumed3 ,master ,hauchecorne1 will you have the kindness to come with me to the mayor's office8 ,the mayor would like to speak to you4 ,the peasant1 surprised and disturbed1 tossed off his drink and arose1 worse bent than in the morning2 because the first steps after a rest were always especially difficult4 ,he started off1 repeating3 ,here ,i am2 here ,i am4 ,and he followed the corporal4 ,the mayor was awaiting him1 seated in his official chair4 ,he was the notary of the place1 a large1 grave man of pompous speech4 ,master ,hauchecorne1 he said1 you were seen this morning1 on the ,beauzeville road1 to pick up the pocket-book lost by ,master ,houlbreque1 of ,manneville4 ,the countryman1 confused1 stared at the mayor1 already frightened by this suspicion attaching to him--why he could not understand4 ,i--,i--,i picked up that pocket-book8 ,yes1 you4 ,on my word of honour1 ,i didn't even know nothing about it4 ,you were seen4 ,they saw me--me8 ,who's they what saw me8 said ,master ,hauchecorne4 ,master ,malandain1 the harness-maker4 ,then the old man remembered1 understood1 and reddened with anger4 ,ah6 he saw me1 did he1 the rascal8 ,he saw me pick up this here string4 ,look1 your worship4 ,and1 rummaging at the bottom of his pocket1 he pulled out the little piece of string4 ,but the incredulous mayor shook his head4 ,you will not make me believe1 ,master ,hauchecorne1 that ,master ,malandain1 who is a man worthy of all respect1 has taken this bit of cord for a pocket-book4 ,the peasant1 furious1 raised his hand1 and spit at his side to bear witness to his honour1 repeating3 ,f'r all that1 it's ,god's truth1 holy truth1 your worship4 ,there6 ,my soul and my salvation knows it's true6 ,the mayor resumed3 ,after having picked the article up1 you even searched also a long while in the mud to make sure if money had fallen out of it4 ,the good man choked with rage and terror4 ,if them can say--if them can say--such lies as that to take away an honest man's name6 ,if them can say-- ,however he might protest1 he was not believed4 ,he was confronted by ,master ,malandain1 who repeated and supported his statement4 ,they railed at each other for an hour4 ,master ,hauchecorne demanded that they search his pockets4 ,nothing was found upon him4 ,finally1 the mayor1 very much perplexed1 let him go with the warning that he would inform the public prosecutor1 and ask for orders4 ,the news had spread abroad4 ,when he came out of the mayor's office1 the old man was the centre of curiosity and questioning1 both serious and jeering1 but into which not the least resentment entered4 ,and he began recounting the long rigmarole of the string4 ,they did not believe him4 ,they grinned4 ,he went along1 stopped by every one1 or accosting his acquaintances1 going over and over his story and his protestations1 pointing to his pockets turned inside out to prove he had nothing4 ,they said to him3 ,come now1 you old rascal6 ,and he became angry1 exasperated1 feverish1 disconsolate at being doubted1 and forever telling his story4 ,night fell4 ,it became time to go home4 ,he started out with three of his neighbours1 to whom he pointed out the spot where he had picked up the bit of string2 and1 all along the road1 he recited his adventure4 ,that evening he made a round of the village of ,braut so as to tell everyone4 ,he found only unbelievers4 ,he was ill of it all through the night4 ,the next day about one in the afternoon1 ,marius ,paumelle1 a farm helper of ,master ,breton1 the market-gardener at ,ymauville1 returned the pocket-book and its contents to ,master ,houlbreque of ,manneville4 ,this man maintained he had found it on the road1 but1 not knowing how to read1 had carried it home and turned it over to his master4 ,the news spread to the suburbs4 ,master ,hauchecorne was informed4 ,immediately he set himself the task of going about relating his story1 capping it with this climax4 ,he was triumphant4 ,what hurt me the mostest1 he said1 was not the thing itself1 don't you see1 but the lies4 ,nothing hurts so as when lies 's told about you4 ,all day long he talked of his adventure4 ,he told it on the roads to the people passing1 at the tavern to people who were drinking1 and then to the people coming out of church the next ,sunday4 ,he even stopped strangers to tell them the tale4 ,he felt relieved by this time1 yet something troubled him without his knowing just what it was4 ,people had a mocking manner as they listened4 ,they did not appear convinced4 ,he almost felt their tattle behind his back4 ,tuesday of the next week1 he went to the ,goderville market1 solely impelled by the need of recounting his affair4 ,malandain1 standing in his doorway1 began to laugh as he saw him pass4 ,for what8 ,he accosted a farmer of ,criquetot who did not permit him to finish1 but1 landing him a thump in the pit of the stomach1 cried in his face1 ,get out1 you great rogue6 ,then he turned on his heel4 ,master ,hauchecorne1 altogether abashed1 grew more and more disturbed4 ,why had he been dubbed a great rogue8 ,when seated at table in ,jourdain's tavern1 he again began to explain the particulars4 ,a ,montvilliers horse-dealer yelled at him3 ,don't tell me1 you old fox6 ,i know your piece of string yarn6 ,hauchecorne stammered1 ,b--b--but it's found1 the pocket-book6 ,to which the other retorted3 ,that'll do1 daddy6 ,there's one who finds1 and another who gives up4 ,neither is no one the wiser4 ,the peasant was choked off4 ,at last he understood4 ,they accused him of having had the pocket-book returned by a crony--by an accomplice4 ,he tried to protest4 ,the whole table started to laugh4 ,he could not finish his meal1 and took his leave amidst their mocking and derision4 ,he returned to his home1 ashamed and indignant1 stifled with rage1 with confusion2 all the more dejected because1 with his ,norman cunning1 he was capable of having done what they accused him of1 and even of bragging of it as a good trick4 ,his innocence vaguely appeared to him as impossible to prove2 his roguery was too well known4 ,and he felt struck to the heart by the injustice of the suspicion4 ,again he commenced to tell of his adventure2 every day its recital lengthened1 each time containing new proofs1 more energetic protestations1 and more solemn oaths which he prepared in his solitary hours4 ,his mind was altogether occupied by the story of the piece of string4 ,he was believed all the less as his defense grew more complicated and his arguments more artful4 ,now1 those are the proofs of a liar1 they said behind his back4 ,he felt this4 ,it consumed his strength4 ,he exhausted himself in useless efforts4 ,he went into a visible decline4 ,the jokers now made him detail the story of ,the ,piece of ,string to amuse them1 just as you persuade a soldier who has come through a campaign to tell his version of a battle4 ,at last his mind began to give way4 ,near the end of ,december he took to his bed4 ,he died the first week in ,january1 and1 in the delirium of the throes of death he protested his innocence1 repeating1 ,a little piece of string--little piece of string--see1 here it is1 your worship4 --,henri ,ren ,albert ,guy de ,maupassant4 ,little ,masterpieces of ,fiction1 ,vol4 ,,vi 7,doubleday1 ,page ,co474 ,a ,social ,error ,the little kindergarten teacher turned hastily from the office window4 ,miss ,adams1 she said abruptly1 ,i'm worried4 ,the ,lady ,head looked up from her ledger4 ,worried1 she repeated1 with an odd little smile1 are you ever anything so plebeian8 ,the other woman tossed her chin impatiently4 ,really1 ,miss ,adams1 she said stiffly1 ,i wish you had given that class of ,italians to--well1 anyone but ,caroline4 ,the lady at the desk stiffened perceptibly4 ,and why not8 she inquired tersely4 ,you certainly must be aware that the reason ,i chose ,caroline to fill the vacancy was because ,i thought her fitted--particularly fitted1 she added1 with deliberate emphasis4 ,the little woman looked down at her excited chief with a quietly speculative smile4 ,do you think1 she said slowly1 that ,caroline has the real social instinct8 ,the ,lady ,head was becoming annoyed4 ,one might think1 she snapped1 that the training ,caroline has received in her own home would amply fit her to meet-- ,any of the men of her own set1 interrupted the other woman4 ,but as for managing a club of hot-headed ,italians-- ,well1 doesn't she manage them8 reiterated the woman at the desk1 half rising from her low chair4 ,i should like to have you name a club that is more orderly--more-- ,indeed1 it is orderly enough1 admitted the little kindergartner4 ,there6 sniffed the ,lady ,head triumphantly1 then with a sudden change of tone1 ,i really do not understand your objection4 ,as for the boys--they adore her6 ,that is where the trouble lies4 ,the little kindergartner leaned forward over the desk and her voice was very serious4 ,miss ,adams1 she began slowly1 you have been here five weeks--,i have worked in this district for fifteen years4 ,i know every boy and girl1 every man and woman1 who comes to this house4 ,and ,i also know--the speaker paused impressively--that when a girl who is as young and as good-looking as ,caroline treats the young men of her club with the same informality that she would show to the callers in her father's home--believe me1 there will be disastrous consequences4 ,do you mean--,do you dare-- the ,lady ,head's lifted eyebrows completed her question4 ,this little kindergartner stood firm4 ,i think ,caroline should be warned1 she insisted quietly4 ,her ,italians are so young--so hot-blooded1 and ,i'm afraid she has been encouraging them a little1 too-- ,nonsense6 the other woman sprang quickly to her feet4 ,i have never heard anything so ridiculous--so utterly preposterous6 ,do my years of experience count for nothing in comparison with yours8 ,am ,i entirely lacking in good judgment--in common sense8 ,my dear woman1 ,i have always made friends of my club boys1 invited them to my home--even young anarchists6 ,falling in love with her6 ,preposterous6 ,she paused for a moment breathless1 and then began a fresh onslaught4 ,if ,caroline has not sufficient tact-- ,a girl's blonde head appeared in the office doorway4 ,did you call met8 she lisped sweetly4 ,i was passing through the hall and ,i thought ,i heard my name spoken4 ,she paused1 with a questioning glance at the two women4 ,the ,lady ,head was the first to recover her composure1 and she rustled across the room with outstretched hands4 ,my dear ,caroline1 she said4 ,we were just speaking of you--and your charming little club1 she added1 with a side glance at her assistant4 ,the girl threw back her dark furs with a smile4 ,how good of you1 she said gratefully4 ,i'm frightfully late to-day1 but to-night is our party1 and ,i stopped down town for the boys4 ,the ,lady ,head patted the girl's plump fingers4 ,are you going to dance1 too8 she inquired4 ,the girl laughed4 ,indeed ,i am4 ,but ,i really don't know how ,i'm going to manage it4 ,the boys are all so jealous1 and ,tony--oh1 ,tony is the grandest dancer6 ,she flitted out of the tiny office1 and the two women watched her as she climbed the broad stairs followed closely by her chattering1 gesticulating pupils4 ,as the last peal of laughter floated down over the balusters the little kindergartner turned to the ,lady ,head4 ,you see8 she said simply4 ,the ,lady ,head turned upon her a sweet1 uncomprehending smile4 ,i think it is lovely6 she breathed4 ,the night lamp burned steadily in the office of the settlement4 ,the wind howled through the deserted street1 flinging the rain in noisy gusts against the window panes and shrieking dismally down the empty corridors4 ,from somewhere on the floor above came the rhythmic banging of a piano and the shuffle and stamp of dancing feet4 ,the ,lady ,head closed her book with a yawn4 ,what a stupid evening1 she sighed4 ,the kindergarten teacher laid down her sewing and walked slowly to the window4 ,the elements are attempting to enliven things1 she remarked dryly as she lifted the heavy curtains4 ,even as she spoke there was a blinding flash1 a click and the house was dark4 ,up stairs the music ceased1 there was a confused murmur of voices--a shout--a crash--and a woman's scream4 ,the lights come on again--the two women turned1 their faces ashen1 and hastened up the long stairs4 ,a pale-faced girl was crouched against the farther wall of the big gymnasium4 ,at her feet sprawled the limp body of a man1 and behind her a swarthy black-browed girl was struggling in the grasp of two stalwart ,italians who were trying to wrest something from her frantic fingers4 ,her hands relaxed as the two women appeared in the door1 and a shining bit of steel flew across the room and tinkled on the floor at the feet of the ,lady ,head4 ,she picked it up grimly and pushed her way to the center of the crowd4 ,the girl by the wall sprang to her feet with a wild shriek1 but the woman turned on her savagely4 ,hush6 she hissed1 you little fool6 ,then to the crowd1 ,what does this mean8 she demanded sternly4 ,what does this mean8 ,a young ,italian1 who stood at one side nursing his slashed knuckles1 was the spokesman4 ,him-- with a wave towards the man on the floor--he's ,tony ,de ,sil'1 and her--the gesture included the hysterical girl--,she dance with ,ton' all-a-time4 ,and she8 ,the ,lady ,head looked toward the ,italian girl whose stiletto she was holding gingerly between her fingers4 ,her8--the narrator pointed a laconic forefinger4 ,she's ,tony's girl4 ,when the weeping ,caroline had been sent home in her father's carriage1 and when the ambulance had creaked out through the gateway1 the ,lady ,head turned to her little assistant4 ,if there are any fatal results from this--this criminal bit of negligence1 she stated coldly1 ,i shall hold you personally responsible4 ,you should have informed me of this long ago4 ,remember1 you have been here fifteen years6 --,ida ,f4 ,treat4 ,the ,lot of the ,poor ,two women were walking with rapid but tired steps down one of the most disreputable streets in the city4 ,my1 said the tallest one1 turning up the collar of her threadbare coat1 don't this wind make you feel like you was dressed in your bones8 ,the other woman1 who was1 if possible1 more shabby-looking1 pushed her red gloveless hands deeper into her pockets4 ,yes1 and ,i forgot to wear my sables to-day1 ain't it too bad8 she returned in a dreary tone1 whose irony was somewhat modified by the chattering of her teeth4 ,mary ,jane1 you just quit talkin' like that1 burst out the other1 evidently the older of the two4 ,you didn't never use to be that way before you commenc't workin' out by the day4 ,why you was the jolliest girl in the factory and allays made the best of everything2 but now nothin' is ever good enough for you4 ,of course none of us would mind having things a little better1 but as far as ,i can see1 things have allays been this way with us and allays will be1 wishin' or no wishin'4 ,i ain't sayin' they won't1 ,mary ,jane said shortly4 ,well1 ,i know it1 you ain't sayin' nothin'2 that's just the trouble4 ,i wish you'd tell me what's the matter with you1 ,mary ,jane1 ',tain't natural for a girl like you to be so dull and sulky4 ',tain't natural1 did you say8 flared up the other4 ',tain't natural to wonder why the lady you work for wears silks and satins1 while your own clothes are almost too ragged to cover you8 ,ain't it natural1 she asked with blazing eyes1 to want to tear a few silks off of her back to cover your own8 ,you ain't never seen nice things near you1 ,ann4 ,you've allays worked in the factory2 so what do you know about such things8 ,i tell you1 if you worked in one of those palaces on ,fifth ,avenue all day and then come back to this at night1 you'd see the difference4 ,don't you s'pose ,i've seen swell things and people8 remonstrated the older woman4 ,i ain't no fool2 but ,i've reasoned out that there's a few people meant to be rich1 and the rest of us ain't1 that's all6 ,but it ain't a few people1 ,ann4 ,it seems like most everybody had plenty to eat and wear but us4 ,why ain't we in it1 too8 ,why don't ,i live in that fine house where ,i work instead down in this hole8 ,it seems like we'd been cheated somewhere2 but ,i s'pose there ain't no use talkin' about it4 ,good-night4 ,ann watched the girl as she climbed the rickety steps of the palace which fate had assigned to her4 ,they're all that way sometimes4 ,i remember--well1 she'll get used to it like all the rest of us4 --,agnes ,palmer4 ,filipino ,fear4 ,one cloudy afternoon when a heavy rain seemed swaying back and forth in a thick mist which was then lowering1 and long red streaks of lightning followed by loud rolling thunder seemed trying to break the mist to let the rain fall1 there were in a little nipa house in the country below1 among aged cocoanut palms1 two lonely persons suffering from superstition and fear of the extraordinary phenomena that surrounded them4 ,the house was just big enough for the two4 ,its roof1 windows and sides were made of cogon4 ,the floor and door were made of narrow bamboo strips nailed side by side4 ,in one corner of the room on a bed1 made also of bamboo1 sat a boy of eight4 ,there was in the expression and look of the boy a feeling of unknown fear mingled with surprise1 because his father1 a lusty old superstitious man1 who was then holding a blunt stick1 had driven their domestic creatures from the house to the open field where there was no means of securing shelter from the heavy rain1 whose first large drops were now clattering on the leaves4 ,the boy had a kind disposition1 especially toward his pets--a sense that he had inherited from his father4 ,this was the first time that he had seen his father act thus unkindly toward their animals4 ,his surprise was much increased when he saw his father dash at the windows and doors and fling everyone of them open1 then retreat to the middle and look sideways4 ,he saw him draw a long agitated breath4 ,then1 seeming to have recovered his wits1 he hastened toward one of the windows and took from the outside a portion of a dried cocoanut leaf4 ,he cut two long narrow strips from it and made them into loops4 ,after placing one around his neck1 he uttered a short prayer4 ,he then handed the other loop to his still amazed child and said1 ,wear this1 dear child1 around thy neck4 ,why1 father8 inquired the innocent boy1 can this protect me8 ,yes1 child1 prayer and that alone can save us4 ,what has this in it1 father8 ,it seems to me to be nothing but a piece of cocoanut leaf4 ,isn't it8 said the boy4 ,it is a strip from a cocoanut leaf1 but--it has-- ,if so1 then1 interrupted the acute boy1 why can't these palms around us that bear these leaves protect themselves against the elements4 ,i have often seen1 father1 palms burned to their very stalks1 which older people told me had been struck by lightning4 ,where did you get this strip1 father8 ,well1 ,i got this from a bunch of leaves which is tied just below our front window1 pointing to the place1 together with some live leaves4 ,that bunch you yourself carried to the church two years ago when your mother was yet living4 ,you have never peeped into church since then4 ,but once a year in town the mass of the ,sunday immediately before ,fast ,friday is dedicated to palm and olive leaves4 ,hundreds of children like you crowd the church on that day carrying with them their bunch of leaves1 and while the service is being celebrated they will joyfully shake them4 ,after holy water has been sprinkled on the leaves1 then they are holy1 and it is not pious to play with them4 ,after the mass the bunch of leaves is to be tied to the door or to the window of the house as a protection from thunder and lightning4 ,on days of this kind every one wears a strip of these leaves around his neck4 ,when you go out again1 you may look at the windows of the houses to see if what ,i say is true4 ,indeed2 those bunches of palms and olive leaves are marked characteristics of typical ,filipino houses4 ,the leaves are usually tied or wound in artistic ways1 with beautiful hangings on them4 ,all the decorations1 however1 are composed of the same kind of leaves4 ,the boy was quite satisfied at his father's story4 ,after a little reflection he remembered that he had truly carried such leaves to church4 ,the rain was then falling fast1 and the lightning and thunder still followed one another in rapid succession4 ,the cold winds from outside and the fearful sight of the brilliant flashes made the boy shrink4 ,i am cold1 father1 and ,i fear those long and fiery zigzag paths which the whip of the driver of that rolling thunder is making in heaven4 ,i wonder why you don't shut those windows1 said the boy4 ,never1 my son1 for there is danger in shutting them4 ,remember that the thunder will pass thru anything and burn that which dares obstruct its way4 ,besides1 my grandfather told me that days of this kind are rare1 for they are days for scourging foul things on earth4 ,if we shut ourselves up here1 ,bathala1 the ruler of the earth1 who watches and sees all things done1 may suspect that we are hiding something foul and so send his scourger here to punish us4 ,the young listener who was attentive to the story of his father started up at a sudden and astounding crash of thunder4 ,he curled himself up in the lap of his father1 folded his arms around his father's neck1 and shut his eyes4 ,after a while he continued1 ,and1 therefore1 every foul deed on earth will be punished8 ,yes1 everything foul2 so runs our proverb3 ',debt must be paid4' ,if you commit a sin you must be punished according to the nature of your sin4 ,the fearful peal of thunder that had so frightened the boy was the last4 ,it silenced the fury of the weather4 ,the rain was falling lightly now and sheets of fire were distinguished only from afar1 but no more thunder sounded4 ,the boy was dropping off into a light slumber when he heard his kitty mew4 ,he opened his eyes and saw his pet very wet and cold4 ,he pitied the little creature1 so he said almost with tears1 ,i wish1 father1 you had not been so unkind to our animals1 our sole friends in this solitary place4 ,see what you have done4 ,you have driven them out in the rain where they could get no shelter2 and now every one of them is wet and shivering4 ,now1 don't worry about them1 my boy1 said his father rather moved by his filial appeal1 they are not hurt at all4 ,i drove them away1 not because ,i was cross or unkind1 but because it is not safe to keep them inside on such a stormy day as this4 ,for thunder is likely to strike them4 ,boys of your age are likely to be harmed by such animals4 ,for to some of them thunder imparts its explosive power4 ,and sometimes thunder takes the form of animals4 ,here is a story that has been told to me by many and which they believe true4 ',once there was a boy riding on a carabao on a stormy day4 ,he was hurrying home lest the rain should catch him1 but when he was near home he caught sight of a small pig wandering aimlessly down the road4 ,it was very fat and very tame4 ,the boy dismounted from the carabao and tried to catch the pig1 but when he was yet quite a long way off from it the animal ran against a tree and there was a loud sound of thunder4 ,the tree ignited4 ,the boy fell down unconscious and was slightly hurt4 ,he recovered only at home4 ,his story has been told and retold ever since4 ,it was said that if that boy had caught the animal and it had received a jar while in the boy's arms it would have burst like thunder and so burned the boy4 ,but if the boy had safely carried it home and treated it with a vinegar bath the explosive power would have been gone and the animal would have been the best kind of food on earth4' ,old men say that such animals are fruits of thunder4 ,oh1 then1 it would not be so bad after all1 father4 ,i might try to catch one some time1 said the boy4 ,that you must not1 said the father sternly4 ,but is that true1 father1 that the fungi which we find abounding in bamboo groves are the flowers caused by thunder8 said the boy inquisitively4 ,yes1 my son1 truly1 and that's why they are very delicious4 ,you can't find them growing except after stormy days and after thunder and lightning4 ,after days of lightning and thunder like the present1 groups of women and boys may be seen roaming about the country in search of these delicious flowers for their food4 ,by this time the storm was over4 ,the two prepared their supper1 since it was already evening4 ,after eating they went to bed feeling secure in the efficacy of the palm leaves hung in the door4 --,walfrido de ,leon4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,artistic ,,group3 ,,the ,,real ,,short-,,story ,the short-story as a production of an artist conscious of rules and striving for definite effects within limitations is a thing of the nineteenth century4 ,only gradually have writers come to the feeling for singleness and unity4 ,it would appear that before the days of ,poe and ,maupassant brief narratives were brief because of their source or their type1 or because the author did not happen to have a rich vein of digression and incident4 ,they were then rather what we think of as tales than what we have come to regard as the real short-story4 ,we have hitherto in our study been making little or no distinction in our use of the terms narrative1 story1 and tale1 nor have we understood the adjective short with any but its usual significance4 ,we shall from now on1 however1 understand the term short-story technically1 and employ the hyphen1 as ,matthews has employed it1 to suggest the significance4 ,a short-story is very perceptibly shorter than a romance or a novel4 ,it is indeed about like a chapter of one of these4 ,in no case must the reading require more than one sitting1 says ,poe4 ,on the other hand1 it may not be so short as an ordinary incident or anecdote1 but far longer4 ,it is more complex1 more dignified1 and has distinguishing essential elements4 ,it is not possible1 of course1 to make a hard and fast definition1 but there are certain qualities we pretty generally expect to find4 ,a short-story may be of any type from a myth to a realistic sketch2 it may emphasize environment1 plot1 or character2 but it must have unity1 it must have directness1 it must have climax1 however slight4 ,the effect should be single1 not multiple4 ,hence anything like digression or episode is entirely out of place4 ,the end should not be delayed1 nor yet should it be precipitated4 ,it should come just at the right time1 and be as proper as the catastrophe of a tragedy4 ,it should be but the beginning made special and concrete1 the middle continued in harmony1 the conclusion come upon both inevitably4 ,make another end to it8 says ,stevenson#g in answering an objection to one of his stories4 ,ah1 yes1 but that's not the way ,i write2 the whole tale is implied2 ,i never use an effect when ,i can help it unless it prepares the effects that are to follow2 that's what a story consists in4 ,to make another end2 that is to make the beginning all wrong4 ,the dnouement of a long story is nothing1 it is just 'a full close1' which you may approach and accompany as you please--it is a coda1 not an essential number in the rhythm2 but the body and end of a short-story is bone-of-the-bone and blood-of-the-blood of the beginning4 ,students of this type of narrative find ,poe the first man to reveal a consciousness of any strictly limiting tenets4 ,poe worked to definite rules which he himself made4 ,he saw intrinsic reasons why a short-story should be short4 ,his predecessors1 ,irving and others1 had not seen them4 ,even ,hawthorne1 who fulfilled them many times1 said nothing about them4 ,but ,poe both formulated and preached them4 ,he exemplified them1 too1 and other men followed4 ,the list of good short-story writers is so great that particular mention of any seems invidious4 ,some of our less known men have done as good work as our best4 ,for names by countries1 you may notice the bibliography at the end of this book4 ,kipling's stories for a large part emphasize place2 ,poe's1 very often plot2 and ,hawthorne's and ,stevenson's1 mostly psychological phenomena--character and whimsical expressions of it2 ,miss ,wilkins's altogether reveal temperament and characteristics2 while ,maupassant's generally record events which include a stab of fate4 ,on the basis of artistic purpose1 the short-story divides itself into three types3 the weird tale1 stories that emphasize environment and typical personality1 stories that emphasize events and character4 ,every narrator whenever he sets his pen to paper must deal with place1 plot1 and people2 but the artistic short-story writer1 because of the limitation of his form1 is forced to a selection of emphasis4 ,he can not at will1 as the biographer can1 dilate upon the ancestry of his hero if he means to present the personage in action2 if he wants to indulge in an environment analysis1 the short-story writer has not time to wind up and unwind a mystery2 if he has decided to give us the crisis event of a character1 he must perforce touch but lightly on place4 ,we shall find1 then1 that while each good short-story has the three elements present and skilfully managed1 it has also one or the other more strongly emphasized--or at most two1 in practical neglect of the third4 ,i4 ,the ,psychological ,weird ,tale ,origin ,our idea of the required form of the weird tale has come to be that of the modern artistic short-story2 but all the elements of the type save form were present in ,england in the middle of the eighteenth century in the terror school started by ,walpole's ,castle of ,otranto4 ,the author declared his work to be an attempt to blend the ancient romance and the modern novel4 ,by modern novel he meant the stories of ,richardson1 ,fielding1 ,smollet1 and their less worthy contemporaries2 by ancient romance he must have meant the ,oriental wonder tale2 for he has sliding panels1 trap doors1 subterranean passages1 and a general extravagance in an attempt at magnificence4 ,indeed1 in regard to the multiplicity of detail1 this school is often called the ,gothic4 ,the difference between the narratives of the school of terror and the ,oriental wonder tale is the difference of atmosphere4 ,while the ancient tale is mysterious1 it is seldom if ever morbid4 ,especially is the cheerfulness true of the stories of medival chivalry that later embodied the wonder tale4 ,enchantment there is1 but it is airy2 if there be any vaults1 they are not damp4 ,the school of terror ,but the ,castle of ,otranto by ,walpole1 the ,old ,english ,baron by ,clara ,reeve1 the ,romance of the ,forest1 the ,mysteries of ,udolpho1 and the ,italian by ,mrs4 ,radcliffe1 and ,the ,monk by ,matthew ,lewis1--the six chief romances of the school of terror1--are all damp1 dark1 ghostly1 and morbid4 ,mrs4 ,radcliffe1 however1 added an element of eighteenth-century rationalism in her attempt at explanation2 inasmuch as she always refers her constant suggestions of the supernatural to ordinary causes4 ,moreover1 she interspersed her work with excellent landscape description in harmony or contrast with her theme4 ,the contributions1 then1 of the romances of the school of terror are 7#a7 frightful mechanism1 7#b7 a general tone of ,gothic fantasticalness1 7#c7 weird place-impressions that can be explained by natural causes1 and 7#d7 terror of physical or supernatural punishment and death4 ,edgar ,allen ,poe ,to point out how much ,edgar ,allan ,poe on the mere material side is indebted to this set of writers1 possibly through ,charles ,brockden ,brown and the ,american school of terror1 we need only to name over to ourselves two of his famous weird tales together with their grosser elements4 ,the ,fall of the ,house of ,usher has general arabesqueness plus hollow groans1 echoing footsteps1 high pointed windows excluding light1 a person imprisoned in a metal vault 7the hero in the ,castle of ,otranto is imprisoned in a gigantic metal helmet71 terror of death1 consonant landscape description1 natural causes for weird sounds4 ,the ,pit and the ,pendulum has a dungeon of the ,inquisition1 horrible instrument of torture1 brink over which to fall1 bodily and mental fear of death 7,lewis's monk is snatched by demons from the ,inquisition and carried to a cliff of the ,sierra ,morena off which he is commanded to fling himself74 ,but ,poe is as far away from the crude and bungling methods of the earlier writers as he is near their materials4 ,how cracking doors and opening vaults1 quaking houses1 and walking dead1 outer terrific elements and inner terrific sensation and morbid imaginative perception reaching madness1 can be fused into one harmonized1 unified1 piercing1 intense prose poem he has shown us in this same ,fall of the ,house of ,usher4 ,nothing of the kind could be better4 ,his own cruder attempt is set forth in the fore-study1 ,berenice1 which might be considered good if the other story were not immeasurably better4 ,a side sketch of quite a different tone1 yet almost as weird1 is his beautiful color symphony of the ,masque of the ,red ,death4 ,all are exquisite artistic creations4 ,stevenson ,poe's ,william ,wilson1 an imaginative psychological horror study of conscience1 has been paralleled if not surpassed by ,stevenson's ,markheim4 ,markheim is more concrete1 especially at the beginning2 there is more of story and less of symbolism about it2 but the climax is the same1 or rather the reverse2 for in ,poe's story ,william ,wilson's worse self murders his better1 while in ,stevenson's story ,markheim's better self1 the murderer1 who really hates his deed1 triumphs over his worse self1 the coward and liar4 ,in ,poe's story the weirdness results from the fact that ,wilson's conscience1 which he kills1 is a concrete double with the same name and appearance4 ,stevenson has united this device of a double with weird place-description and weird deed-narrative4 ,he has kept the thing more psychological and less symbolic by making the second presence explainable as an hallucination1 more shadowy than ,poe's4 ,maupassant and others ,what is ,it8 a ,mystery by ,fitz ,james ,o',brien shows how very1 very material the horror story may be2 and yet ,o',brien's is not an uninteresting narrative2 for it is full of vigor and truth-likeness in the beginning2 the end only is bad art2 where the frightened people take a plaster cast of the mysterious being they have captured and can not see4 ,the ,hand by ,maupassant is another such touch horror tale1 but of course better told4 ,his ,apparition is almost pure narrative and builds to a fine realistic climax1 despite the ghostliness of the visitant4 ,matthew's ,venetian ,glass is also weird plot rather than weird place1 while ,the ,wind in the ,rose ,bush is emphatically character study1 and the ,phantom ,rickshaw is a good old-fashioned1 if ,oriental1 ghost story4 ,suggestions on writing a weird tale ,for your first attempt at this type of narrative1 you might try the modern ghost story1 and later1 when more practised1 the delicate psychological analysis of states of conscience4 ,the modern ghost stories differ from folk-tales concerning weird beings in this respect particularly3 the modern ghost is usually explainable1 a fact you would expect because of our inheritance from the terror school4 ,he is a logical ghost--a creature of one's own making1 an hallucination at best or a white cow at worst4 ,the author sets out to depict not so much the ghost1 as the ghost's effect upon the hero4 ,in a number of instances the modern narrative of this kind rises to the plane of the true short-story1 complying with all the canons of art4 ,read for example one of ,mary ,e4 ,wilkins ,freeman's six ,stories of the ,supernatural1 of which the ,wind in the ,rose ,bush is one4 ,material and method ,the material is comparatively simple4 ,get eerie circumstances1 a credulous or boastfully incredulous mind1 a probable incident1 an explainable apparition1 and any modern setting that will hold the course of events together4 ,see to it that the construction is unified and coherent4 ,build to a climax1 and stop quickly afterwards4 ,make the apparition a logical outgrowth of the environment and the state of mind of the victim4 ,the ghost of the folk-tale usually appears to the half-witted1 the foolish1 the credulous2 but the ghost of the modern story1 to prove his existence1 perhaps1 is far bolder2 he speaks out to the skeptic1 the person who calls a shadow a shadow4 ,that the unearthly spirit must catch the strong man at his weak moment is obvious--otherwise there would be no story4 ,but when the events are given1 stop4 ,do not explain too much4 ,form ,it is well to notice the different methods of getting the facts before the reader4 ,sometimes everything is set forth by the author1 and the characters speak but little or not at all4 ,sometimes one character speaks in a continued monologue4 ,sometimes the events come out in conversation or dialogue1 the dramatic method1 and the author appears but little4 ,when he appears not at all we have true drama instead of narrative4 ,the larger number of stories1 doubtless1 are a mixture of author and character talk4 ,the ,signal-,man ,halloa6 ,below there6 ,when he heard a voice thus calling to him he was standing at the door of his box with a flag in his hand1 furled around its short pole4 ,one would have thought1 considering the nature of the ground1 that he could not have doubted from what quarter the voice came2 but1 instead of looking up to where ,i stood oh the top of the steep cutting nearly over his head1 he turned himself about and looked down the line4 ,there was something remarkable in his manner of doing so1 though ,i could not have said for my life what4 ,but ,i know it was remarkable enough to attract my notice1 even though his figure was foreshortened and shadowed down in the deep trench1 and mine was high above him1 so steeped in the glow of an angry sunset that ,i had shadowed my eyes with my hand before ,i saw him at all4 ,halloa6 ,below6 ,from looking down the line he turned himself about again and1 raising his eyes1 saw my figure high above him4 ,is there any path by which ,i can come down and speak to you8 ,he looked up at me without replying1 and ,i looked down at him without pressing him too soon with a repetition of my idle question4 ,just then there came a vague vibration in the earth and air1 quickly changing into a violent pulsation1 and an oncoming rush that caused me to start back as though it had force to draw me down4 ,when such vapor as rose to my height from this rapid train had passed me and was skimming away over the landscape1 ,i looked down again and saw him refurling the flag he had shown while the train went by4 ,i repeated my inquiry4 ,after a pause1 during which he seemed to regard me with fixed attention1 he motioned with his rolled-up flag towards a point on my level1 some two or three hundred yards distant4 ,i called down to him1 ,all right6 and made for that point4 ,there1 by dint of looking closely about me1 ,i found a rough zigzag descending path notched out1 which ,i followed4 ,the cutting was extremely deep and unusually precipitate4 ,it was made through a clammy stone that became oozier and wetter as ,i went down4 ,for these reasons ,i found the way long enough to recall a singular air of reluctance or compulsion with which he had pointed out the path4 ,when ,i came down low enough upon the zigzag descent to see him again1 ,i saw that he was standing between the rails on the way by which the train had lately passed1 in an attitude as if he were waiting for me to appear4 ,he had his left hand at his chin1 and that left elbow rested on his right hand1 crossed over his breast4 ,his attitude was one of such expectant watchfulness that ,i stopped a moment1 wondering at it4 ,i resumed my downward way and1 stepping out upon the level of the railroad and drawing nearer to him1 saw that he was a dark1 sallow man with a dark beard and rather heavy eyebrows4 ,his post was in as solitary and dismal a place as ever ,i saw4 ,on either side a dripping-wet wall of jagged stone1 excluding all view but a strip of sky2 the perspective one way only a crooked prolongation of this great dungeon2 the shorter perspective in the other direction terminating in a gloomy red light1 and the gloomier entrance to a black tunnel1 in whose massive architecture there was a barbarous1 depressing and forbidding air4 ,so little sunlight ever found its way to this spot that it had an earthy1 deadly smell2 and so much cold wind rushed through it that it struck chill to me1 as if ,i had left the natural world4 ,before he stirred ,i was near enough to him to have touched him4 ,not even then removing his eyes from mine1 he stepped back one step and lifted his hand4 ,this was a lonesome post to occupy 7,i said71 and it had riveted my attention when ,i looked down from up yonder4 ,a visitor was a rarity1 ,i should suppose2 not an unwelcome rarity1 ,i hoped6 ,in me he merely saw a man who had been shut up within narrow limits all his life1 and who1 being at last set free1 had a newly awakened interest in these great works4 ,to such purpose ,i spoke to him2 but ,i am far from sure of the terms ,i used1 for besides that ,i am not happy in opening any conversation1 there was something in the man that daunted me4 ,he directed a most curious look towards the red light near the tunnel's mouth and looked all about it1 as if something were missing from it1 and then looked at me4 ,that light was part of his charge--was it not8 ,he answered in a low voice1 ,don't you know it is8 ,the monstrous thought came into my mind as ,i perused the fixed eyes and the saturnine face that this was a spirit1 not a man4 ,i have speculated since whether there may have been infection in his mind4 ,in my turn ,i stepped back4 ,but in making the action ,i detected in his eyes some latent fear of me4 ,this put the monstrous thought to flight4 ,you look at me1 ,i said1 forcing a smile1 as if you had a dread of me4 ,i was doubtful1 he returned1 whether ,i had seen you before4 ,where8 ,he pointed to the red light he had looked at4 ,there8 ,i said4 ,intently watchful of me1 he replied 7but without sound71 ,yes4 ,my good fellow1 what should ,i do there8 ,however1 be that as it may1 ,i never was there1 you may swear4 ,i think ,i may1 he rejoined4 ,yes4 ,i am sure ,i may4 ,his manner cleared1 like my own4 ,he replied to my remarks with readiness and in well-chosen words4 ,had he much to do there8 ,yes1 that was to say1 he had enough responsibility to bear2 but exactness and watchfulness were what was required of him1 and of actual work--manual labor--he had next to none4 ,to change that signal1 to trim those lights and to turn this iron handle now and then was all he had to do under that head4 ,regarding those many long and lonely hours of which ,i seemed to make so much he could only say that the routine of his life had shaped itself into that form and he had grown used to it4 ,he had taught himself a language down here--if only to know it by sight and to have formed his own crude ideas of its pronunciation could be called learning it4 ,he had also worked at fractions and decimals1 and tried a little algebra2 but he was1 and had been as a boy1 a poor hand at figures4 ,was it necessary for him when on duty always to remain in that channel of damp air1 and could he never rise into the sunshine from between those high stone walls8 ,why1 depended upon times and circumstances4 ,under some conditions there would be less upon the line than under others1 and the same held good as to certain hours of the day and night4 ,in bright weather he did choose occasions for getting a little above these lower shadows2 but1 being at all times liable to be called by his electric bell and at such times listening for it with redoubled anxiety1 the relief was less than ,i would suppose4 ,he took me into his box1 where there was a fire1 a desk for an official book in which he had to make certain entries1 a telegraphic instrument with its dial1 face and needle1 and the little bell of which he had spoken4 ,on my trusting that he would excuse the remark that he had been well educated and 7,i hoped ,i might say without offence7 perhaps educated above that station1 he observed that instances of slight incongruity in such wise would rarely be found wanting among large bodies of men2 that he had heard it was so in work-houses1 in the police force1 even in that last desperate resource1 the army2 and that he knew it was so1 more or less1 in any great railway staff4 ,he had been1 when young 7if ,i could believe it1 sitting in that hut--he scarcely could71 a student of natural philosophy1 and had attended lectures2 but he had run wild1 misused his opportunities1 gone down1 and never risen again4 ,he had no complaint to offer about that4 ,he had made his bed and he lay upon it4 ,it was far too late to make another4 ,all that ,i have here condensed he said in a quiet manner1 with his grave dark regards divided between me and the fire4 ,he threw in the word ,sir from time to time1 and especially when he referred1 to his youth--as though to request me to understand that he claimed to be nothing but what ,i found him4 ,he was several times interrupted by the little bell1 and had to read off messages1 and send replies4 ,once he had to stand without the door and display a flag as a train passed and make some verbal communication to the driver4 ,in the discharge of his duties ,i observed him to be remarkably exact and vigilant1 breaking off his discourse at a syllable and remaining silent until what he had to do was done4 ,in a word1 ,i should have set this man down as one of the safest of men to be employed in that capacity1 but for the circumstance that while he was speaking to me he twice broke off with a fallen color1 turned his face towards the little bell when it did not ring1 opened the door of the hut 7which was kept shut to exclude the unhealthy damp71 and looked out towards the red light near the mouth of the tunnel4 ,on both of those occasions he came back to the fire with the inexplicable air upon him which ,i had remarked1 without being able to define when we were so far asunder4 ,said ,i1 when ,i rose to leave him1 ,you almost make me think that ,i have met with a contented man4 7,i am afraid ,i must acknowledge that ,i said it to lead him on47 ,i believe ,i used to be so1 he rejoined in the low voice in which he had first spoken2 but ,i am troubled1 sir1 ,i am troubled4 ,he would have recalled the words if he could4 ,he had said them1 however1 and ,i took them up quickly4 ,with what8 ,what is your trouble8 ,it is very difficult to impart1 sir4 ,it is very1 very difficult to speak of4 ,if ever you make me another visit ,i will try to tell you4 ,but ,i expressly intend to make you another visit4 ,say1 when shall it be8 ,i go off early in the morning1 and ,i shall be on again at ten to-morrow night1 sir4 ,i will come at eleven4 ,he thanked me and went to the door with me4 ,i'll show my white light1 sir1 he said in his peculiar low voice1 till you have found the way up4 ,when you have found it1 don't call out6 ,and when you are at the top1 don't call out6 ,his manner seemed to make the place strike colder to me1 but ,i said no more than ,very well4 ,and when you come down to-morrow night1 don't call out6 ,let me ask you a parting question4 ,what made you cry ',halloa6 ,below there6' to-night8 ,heaven knows1 said ,i4 ,i cried something to that effect-- ,not to that effect1 sir4 ,those were the very words4 ,i know them well4 ,admit those were the very words4 ,i said them1 no doubt because ,i saw you below4 ,for no other reason8 ,what other reason could ,i possibly have8 ,you had no feeling that they were conveyed to you in any supernatural way8 ,no4 ,he wished me good-night and held up his light4 ,i walked by the side of the down line of rails 7with a very disagreeable sensation of a train coming behind me7 until ,i found the path4 ,it was easier to mount than to descend1 and ,i got back to my inn without any adventure4 ,punctual to my appointment1 ,i placed my foot on the first notch of the zigzag next night as the distant clocks were striking eleven4 ,he was waiting for me at the bottom with his white light on4 ,i have not called out1 ,i said when we came close together2 may ,i speak now8 ,by all means1 sir4 ,good-night1 then1 and here's my hand4 ,good-night1 sir1 and here's mine4 ,with that we walked side by side to his box1 entered it1 closed the door and sat down by the fire4 ,i have made up my mind1 sir1 he began1 bending forward as soon as we were seated1 and speaking in a tone but a little above a whisper1 that you shall not have to ask me twice what troubles me4 ,i took you for some one else yesterday evening4 ,that troubles me4 ,that mistake8 ,no4 ,that some one else4 ,who is it8 ,i don't know4 ,like me8 ,i don't know4 ,i never saw the face4 ,the left arm is across the face and the right arm is waved--violently waved4 ,this way4 ,i followed his action with my eyes and it was the action of an arm gesticulating with the utmost passion and vehemence1 ,for ,god's sake clear the way6 ,one moonlight night1 said the man1 ,i was sitting here when ,i heard a voice cry ',halloa6 ,below there6' ,i started up1 looked from that door1 and saw this some one else standing by the red light near the tunnel waving as ,i just now showed you4 ,the voice seemed hoarse with shouting and it cried1 ',look out6 ,look out6' ,and then again1 ',halloa6 ,below there6 ,look out6' ,i caught up my lamp1 turned it on red1 and ran towards the figure1 calling1 ',what's wrong8 ,what has happened8 ,where8' ,it stood just outside the blackness of the tunnel4 ,i advanced so close upon it that ,i wondered at its keeping the sleeve across its eyes4 ,i ran right up at it1 and had my hand stretched out to pull the sleeve away1 when it was gone4 ,into the tunnel1 said ,i4 ,no4 ,i ran on into the tunnel five hundred yards4 ,i stopped and held up my lamp above my head and saw the figures of the measured distance and saw the wet stains stealing down the walls and trickling through the arch4 ,i ran out again faster than ,i had run in 7for ,i had a mortal abhorrence of the place upon me71 and ,i looked all round the red light1 with my own red light1 and ,i went up the iron ladder to the gallery atop of it1 and ,i came down again and ran back here4 ,i telegraphed both ways1 ',an alarm has been given4 ,is anything wrong8' ,the answer came back1 both ways1 ',all well4' ,resisting the slow touch of a frozen finger tracing out my spine1 ,i showed him how that this figure must be a deception of his sense of sight1 and how that figures1 originating in disease of the delicate nerves that minister to the functions of the eye1 were known to have often troubled patients1 some of whom had become conscious of the nature of their affliction and had even proved it by experiments upon themselves4 ,as to an imaginary cry1 said ,i1 do but listen for a moment to the wind in this unnatural valley1 while we speak so slow and to the wild harp it makes of the telegraph wires6 ,that was all very well1 he returned1 after we had sat listening for a while1 and he ought to know something of the wind and wires--he who so often passed long winter nights there1 alone and watching4 ,but he would beg to remark that he had not finished4 ,i asked his pardon and he slowly added these words1 touching my arm3 ,within six hours after the appearance the memorable accident on this line happened1 and within ten hours the dead and the wounded were brought along through the tunnel over the spot where the figure had stood4 ,a disagreeable shudder crept over me1 but ,i did my best against it4 ,it was not to be denied1 ,i rejoined1 that this was a remarkable coincidence1 calculated deeply to impress his mind4 ,but it was unquestionable that remarkable coincidences did continually occur and they must be taken into account in dealing with such a subject4 ,though to be sure ,i must admit1 ,i added 7for ,i thought ,i saw that he was going to bring the objection to bear upon me71 men of common sense did not allow much for coincidence making the ordinary calculations of life4 ,he again begged to remark that he had not finished4 ,i again begged his pardon for being betrayed into interruptions4 ,this1 he said1 again laying his hand upon my arm and glancing over his shoulder with hollow eyes1 was just a year ago4 ,six or seven months passed and ,i had recovered from the surprise and shock1 when one morning1 as the day was breaking1 ,i1 standing at the door1 looked towards the red light and saw the spectre again4 ,he stopped with a fixed look at me4 ,did it cry out8 ,no4 ,it was silent4 ,did it wave its arm8 ,no4 ,it leaned against the shaft of the light with both hands before the face4 ,like this4 ,once more ,i followed his action with my eyes4 ,it was an action of mourning4 ,i have seen such an attitude in stone figures on tombs4 ,did you go up to it8 ,i came in and sat down1 partly to collect my thoughts1 partly because it had turned me faint4 ,when ,i went to the door again1 daylight was above me and the ghost was gone4 ,but nothing followed8 ,nothing came of this8 ,he touched me on the arm with his forefinger twice or thrice1 giving a ghastly nod each time4 ,that very day1 as the train came out of the tunnel1 ,i noticed at a carriage window on my side what looked like a confusion of hands and heads and something waved4 ,i saw it just in time to signal the driver1 stop6 ,he shut off and put his brake on1 but the train drifted past here a hundred and fifty yards or more4 ,i ran after it and as ,i went along heard terrible screams and cries4 ,a beautiful young lady had died instantaneously in one of the compartments and was brought in here and laid down on this floor between us4 ,involuntarily ,i pushed my chair back suddenly1 as ,i looked from the boards1 at which he pointed1 to himself4 ,true1 sir4 ,true4 ,precisely as it happened1 so ,i tell it you4 ,i could think of nothing to say1 to any purpose1 and my mouth was very dry4 ,the wind and the wires took up the story with a long lamenting wail4 ,he resumed4 ,now1 sir1 mark this and judge how my mind is troubled4 ,the spectre came back a week ago4 ,ever since it has been there1 now and again1 by fits and starts4 ,at the light8 ,at the danger-light4 ,what does it seem to do8 ,he repeated1 if possible1 with increased passion and vehemence1 that former gesticulation of1 ,for ,god's sake1 clear the way6 ,then he went on4 ,i have no peace or rest for it4 ,it calls to me1 for many minutes together1 in an agonized manner1 ',below there6 ,look out6 ,look out6' ,it stands waving to me4 ,it rings my little bell-- ,i caught at that4 ,did it ring your bell yesterday evening when ,i was here and you went to the door8 ,twice4 ,why1 see1 said ,i1 how your imagination misleads you4 ,my eyes were on the bell and my ears were open to the bell1 and if ,i am a living man it did not ring at those times4 ,no1 nor at any other time1 except when it was rung in the natural course of physical things by the station communication with you4 ,he shook his head4 ,i have never made a mistake as to that yet1 sir4 ,i have never confused the spectre's ring with the man's4 ,the ghost's ring is a strange vibration in the bell that it derives from nothing else1 and ,i have not asserted that the bell stirs to the eye4 ,i don't wonder that you failed to hear it4 ,but ,i heard it4 ,and did the spectre seem to be there when you looked out8 ,it was there4 ,both times8 ,he repeated firmly3 ,both times4 ,will you come to the door with me and look for it now8 ,he bit his under lip as though he were somewhat unwilling1 but arose4 ,i opened the door and stood on the step while he stood in the doorway4 ,there was the danger-light4 ,there was the dismal mouth of the tunnel4 ,there were the high1 wet stone wells of the cutting4 ,there were the stars above them4 ,do you see it8 ,i asked him1 taking particular note of his face4 ,his eyes were prominent and strained1 but not very much more so1 perhaps1 than my own had been when ,i had directed them earnestly towards the same spot4 ,no1 he answered4 ,it is not there4 ,agreed1 said ,i4 ,we went in again1 shut the door1 and resumed our seats4 ,i was thinking how best to improve this advantage1 if it might be called one1 when he took up the conversation in such a matter-of-course way1 so assuming that there could be no serious question of fact between us1 that ,i felt myself placed in the weakest of positions4 ,by this time you will fully understand1 sir1 he said1 that what troubles me so dreadfully is the question1 ,what does the spectre mean8 ,i was not sure1 ,i told him1 that ,i did fully understand4 ,what is its warning against8 he said1 ruminating1 with his eyes on the fire and only by times turning them on me4 ,what is the danger8 ,where is the danger8 ,there is danger overhanging somewhere on the line4 ,some dreadful calamity will happen4 ,it is not to be doubted this third time after what has gone before4 ,but surely this is a cruel haunting of me4 ,what can ,i do8 ,he pulled out his handkerchief and wiped the drops from his heated forehead4 ,if ,i telegraph danger on either side of me1 or on both1 ,i can give no reason for it1 he went on1 wiping the palms of his hands4 ,i should get into trouble and do no good4 ,they would think ,i was mad4 ,this is the way it would work--,message3 ',danger6 ,take care6' ,answered3 ',what danger8 ,where8' ,message3 ',don't know4 ,but for ,god's sake1 take care6' ,they would discharge me4 ,what else could they do8 ,his pain of mind was most pitiable to see4 ,it was the mental torture of a conscientious man oppressed beyond endurance by an unintelligible responsibility involving life4 ,when it first stood under the danger-light1 he went on1 putting his dark hair back from his head and drawing his hands outward across and across his temples in an extremity of feverish distress1 why not tell me where that accident was to happen1 if it must happen8 ,why not tell me how it could be averted1 if it could have been averted8 ,when on its second coming it hid its face1 why not tell me1 instead1 ',she is going to die4 ,let them keep her at home8' ,if it came1 on those two occasions1 only to show me that its warnings were true and so to prepare me for the third1 why not warn me plainly now8 ,and ,i1 ,lord help me6 ,a mere poor signal man in this solitary station6 ,why not go to somebody with credit to be believed and power to act8 ,when ,i saw him in this state ,i saw that for the poor man's sake1 as well as for the public safety1 what ,i had to do for the time was to compose his mind4 ,therefore1 setting aside all question of reality or unreality between us1 ,i represented to him that whoever thoroughly discharged his duty must do well1 and that at least it was his comfort that he understood his duty1 though he did not understand these confounding appearances4 ,in this effort ,i succeeded far better than in the attempt to reason him out of his conviction4 ,he became calm2 the occupations incidental to his post as the night advanced began to make larger demands on his attention2 and ,i left him at two in the morning4 ,i had offered to stay through the night1 but he would not hear of it4 ,that ,i more than once looked back at the red light as ,i ascended the pathway1 that ,i did not like the red light1 and that ,i should have slept but poorly if my bed had been under it1 ,i see no reason to conceal4 ,nor did ,i like the two sequences of the accident and the dead girl4 ,i see no reason to conceal that1 either4 ,but what ran most in my thoughts was the consideration1 how ought ,i to act1 having become the recipient of this disclosure8 ,i had proved the man to be intelligent1 vigilant1 painstaking and exact2 but how long might he remain so1 in his state of mind8 ,though in a subordinate position1 still he held a most important trust1 and would ,i 7for instance7 like to stake my own life on the chances of his continuing to execute it with precision8 ,unable to overcome a feeling that there would be something treacherous in my communicating what he had told me to his superiors in the company1 without first being plain with himself and proposing a middle course to him1 ,i ultimately resolved to offer to accompany him 7otherwise keeping his secret for the present7 to the wisest medical practitioner we could hear of in those parts1 and to take his opinion4 ,a change in his time of duty would come round next night1 he had apprised me1 and he would be off an hour or two after sunrise1 and on again soon after sunset4 ,i had appointed to return accordingly4 ,next evening was a lovely evening1 and ,i walked out early to enjoy it4 ,the sun was not yet quite down when ,i traversed the field-path near the top of the deep cutting4 ,i would extend my walk for an hour1 ,i said to myself1 half an hour on and half an hour back1 and it would then be time to go to my signal-man's box4 ,before pursuing my stroll ,i stepped to the brink and mechanically looked down from the point from which ,i had first seen him4 ,i cannot describe the thrill that seized upon me1 when1 close at the mouth of the tunnel ,i saw the appearance of a man with his left sleeve across his eyes1 passionately waving his right arm4 ,the nameless horror that oppressed me passed in a moment1 for in a moment ,i saw that this appearance of a man was a man indeed1 and that there was a little group of other men standing at a short distance to whom he seemed to be rehearsing the gesture he made4 ,the danger-light was not yet lighted4 ,against its shaft a little low hut1 entirely new to me1 had been made of some wooden supports and tarpaulin4 ,it looked no bigger than a bed4 ,with an irresistible sense that something was wrong--with a flashing self-reproachful fear that fatal mischief had come of my leaving the man here and causing no one to be sent to overlook or correct what he did--,i descended the notched path with all the speed ,i could make4 ,what is the matter8 ,i asked the men4 ,signal-man killed this morning1 sir4 ,not the man belonging to that box8 ,yes1 sir4 ,not the man ,i know8 ,you will recognize him1 sir1 if you knew him1 said the man who spoke for the others1 solemnly uncovering his own head and raising an end of the tarpaulin1 for his face is quite composed4 ,o1 how did this happen1 how did this happen8 ,i asked1 turning from one to another as the hut closed in again4 ,he was cut down by an engine1 sir4 ,no man in ,england knew his work better1 but somehow he was not clear of the outer rail4 ,it was just at broad day4 ,he had struck the light and had the lamp in his hand4 ,as the engine came out of the tunnel his back was towards her and she cut him down4 ,that man drove her and was showing how it happened4 ,show the gentleman1 ,tom4 ,the man1 who wore a rough dark dress1 stepped back to his former place at the mouth of the tunnel3 ,coming round the curve in the tunnel1 sir1 he said1 ,i saw him at the end1 like as if ,i saw him down a perspective glass4 ,there was no time to check speed1 and ,i knew him to be very careful4 ,as he didn't seem to take heed of the whistle1 ,i shut it off when we were running down upon him and called to him as loud as ,i could call4 ,what did you say8 ,i said1 ',below there6 ,look out6 ,look out6 ,for ,god's sake1 clear the way6 ,i started4 ,ah6 it was a dreadful time1 sir4 ,i never left off calling to him4 ,i put this arm before my eyes not to see1 and ,i waved this arm to the last2 but it was no use4 ,without prolonging the narrative to dwell on any one of its curious circumstances more than any other1 ,i may1 in closing it1 point out the coincidence that the warning of the engine driver included not only the words which the unfortunate signal-man had repeated to me as haunting him1 but also the words which ,i myself--not he--had attached1 and that only in my own mind1 to the gesticulation he had imitated4 --,charles ,dickens4 ,like a ,thief in the ,night ,how many more days of this miserable tramping have we before us1 ,ivan8 ,it was a rough voice that spoke--a voice hardened with bitterness and hatred4 ,but four days more1 ,peter1 and then the railroad4 ,there lies ,mansk below us1 and it is not far from ,mansk to ,vilna1 not even by such a detour as we must make4 ,peter paused again in his eating and looking out from their woodland hiding-place toward the scraggly village1 asked doubtingly1 ,you are sure they will not fail us8 ,for ,i swear1 ,ivan1 ,i'll walk no further than ,vilna4 ,ivan twisted his scarred lips into a semblance of a smile4 ,the brotherhood never fail1 he said4 ,and now that we have finished our supper1 we may rest for the night1 eh1 ,lev8 ,the speaker1 who showed evidences of association with the upper classes1 turned to the young ,jewish lad sprawled beside him on the mouldy ground4 ,the boy was laboriously spelling out words in a greasy1 dog-eared tract which he tried to conceal when he saw ,ivan's eyes upon him4 ,hello1 exclaimed the nihilist fanatic1 what have we here8 ,he took the grimy pamphlet from the likewise grimy hands of the youth4 ,ho-ho1 he laughed boisterously1 for once forgetting that sometimes even trees have ears4 ,ho-ho6 a merry jest1 indeed6 ,lev reading up on transmigration6 ,did you think to become learned1 you pitiable young dog8 ,have you not had meted out to you the full amount of education allowed you miserable ,jews8 ,what can you understand of such things as these8 ,ho-ho6 yes1 a joke indeed6 ,the boy gulped4 ,his narrow nostrils widened1 and the corners of his sensitive mouth twitched4 ,i know ,i don't know much1 ,ivan4 ,i found it on the way and kept it1 for it helps sometimes1 wh-when ,i wish ,i hadn't come4 ,ho-ho1 laughed ,ivan again4 ,when he wishes he hadn't come6 ,as if he could have helped coming6 ,where1 indeed1 could the brotherhood have found a more innocent-looking hiding-place for their papers8 ,but there1 ,lev1 you shall have your thesis1 since you feel the need of amusement1 you precious infant4 ,and1 ,peter1 perhaps you will rest more peacefully when ,i tell you that ,loris ,pleschivna1 that government spy-cat-- here ,ivan paused to observe the interest which he knew that this name would create1 while ,lev1 frightened1 glanced backward--was shot two weeks ago1 finished the narrator1 impressively4 ,peter's yellow face showed great relief1 but the boy whitened4 ,well1 ,lev1 are you not glad6 ,or perhaps1 mighty philosopher1 you think that his soul will come and steal the papers while you keep watch to-night1 eh8 ,and ,ivan grinned--a hideous1 tooth-displaying grin4 ,but ,lev only shivered and looked around at the darkness4 ,the night1 one of those dear nights whose very paleness intensifies the shadows and pictures the ghosts of the past to the guilty mind1 had fallen4 ,the two older men rolled themselves in blankets and went to sleep without delay4 ,the young ,jew sat alone1 waiting for morning4 ,for hours he remained in the same position1 his hands over his eyes that he might not see2 but his ears were alert to the slightest suggestion of sound4 ,in those weary minutes he lived over the scanty pleasures and the great tribulations of his life1 the joyless life of the persecuted ,polish ,jew4 ,the crackling of a dry leaf nearby aroused him4 ,he looked up quickly1 apprehensively4 ,a long wailing howl came from somewhere in the darkness4 ,lev stiffened1 staring into the shadows before him4 ,from a clump of bushes directly opposite peered two weird green eyes4 ,the lad's lower lip sagged loosely4 ,as the strange eyes approached he unconsciously moaned4 ,ivan and ,peter stirred4 ,suddenly ,ivan jumped up4 ,lev1 ,lev1 what is it8 ,but the boy sat rigid4 ,ivan also looked at the green eyes in the underbrush4 ,then he laughed1 laughed long and heartily4 ,did you think it was a soul1 ,lev8 ,a dog1 and you afraid6 ,perhaps it is a soulful dog4 ,ivan had sufficient culture not to laugh at his own joke1 but he waited for ,peter's appreciation and ,peter gave it4 ,lev's only reply was to draw his hand across his brow4 ,the palm came down damp and clammy4 ,but it is just as well1 went on ,ivan1 that we are awake1 for it will soon be daylight1 and we had best be moving4 ,in five minutes the trio were on their watchful way to skirt the little village of ,mansk4 ,the trio1 did ,i say8 ,no1 the quartet1 ,i meant1 for two men1 one with misshapen lips1 the other with decided ,jewish features1 went ahead2 and close behind them walked a leathery visaged man1 who had for a companion a scraggly half-starved cur1 with ghastly green eyes4 ,occasionally the ,jew turned1 and1 looking into those green eyes1 shivered4 ,well1 said ,ivan1 perhaps it is the soul of ,pleschivna1 eh8 ,in answer the dog whimpered4 ,it may be1 said the ,jew1 stupidly1 it may be1 and he shivered again4 ,the cold was of the damp clinging sort1 against which no amount of clothing can protect one4 ,the three men on the tree-covered hill overlooking the thatched brown cottages of ,mansk1 drew up their coat collars and shivered4 ,they had turned back and were seeking for something4 ,the scrawny green-eyed dog with them whined a low whine like a human moan4 ,curse the dog6 exclaimed one vagabond in a rasping voice4 ,i'll have him following us no longer with his ghostly howls4 ,and ,i tell you1 ,ivan1 it is useless to go back further1 for ,lev had the papers when we were here before4 ,yes1 curse the dog1 returned the man with the ever-grinning mouth4 ,curse him1 of course2 and since you feel such deep affection for him1 why not present him with one of those tablets meant for ,pleschivna's palate8 ,perhaps they would even so fulfill their intended purpose4 ,what say you1 ,lev8 ,the dull-eyed ,jewish lad stared at the dog as if fascinated4 ,it may be1 he said and shivered again4 ,it was1 indeed1 a very cold night4 ,well1 and the papers8 ,peter impatiently queried4 ,i say1 then1 it is useless to go forward to ,vilna without them4 ,we must search about here4 ,perhaps ,lev has an opinion4 ,but ,lev was thinking only of a much-thumbed philosophical tract in his pocket4 ,or1 perhaps1 learned theosophist1 you believe that the dog has taken them4 ,you could not tell us somewhat of them yourself1 could you1 ,lev8 ,lev6 ,why1 he's afraid of his own shadow6 ,he would not dare to tell a lie1 not even to himself1 ,peter scoffed4 ,again the dog whimpered4 ,he went up to ,lev and licked the boy's hand4 ,ivan watched the performance interestedly4 ,none the less1 he said1 the dog shall have his dose2 and that right now4 ,he follows us about like an evil spirit4 ,the men disposed themselves as on the evening before4 ,how ,lev had prayed for the night6 ,and now that his prayer was answered1 how he stared into the thick1 solid blackness and longed for the grey light of morning6 ,with straining ears he listened to the midnight stillness4 ,he had not even thought of sleep4 ,if only he could rid himself of that dullness or could concentrate his thoughts6 ,a figure broke through the bushes4 ,ivan1 ,ivan6 came ,peter's voice4 ,ivan1 wake up6 ,ivan roused himself4 ,well1 ,peter1 why do you create such a disturbance8 ,ivan's speech was pettish1 though still husky from interrupted sleep4 ,ivan1 ,i got up and gave the dog the dose1 as you said4 ,he slunk off into the woods4 ,i followed4 ,i don't know why4 ,it was almost midnight when he gave a sharp cry and dropped4 ,i swear ,i had never lost sight of him for an instant4 ,i went up to look4 ,he was dead4 ,and1 ,ivan1 from his very mouth ,i took--the papers6 ,peter waxed triumphantly dramatic1 his every low-spoken word sounding in ,lev's ears with the loudness of a tribal war-whoop4 ,after much fumbling in the darkness he placed in ,ivan's hands a slightly torn packet4 ,a light6 ,ivan spoke tersely4 ,peter struck a light4 ,trembling1 ,ivan spread out the documents4 ,a gruesome1 unearthly howl1 like the triumphant screech of a resentful soul came to them through the blackness4 ,with an awful oath ,ivan turned to ,peter4 ,the signatures1 you ignoramus1 you imbecile6 he cried1 pointing to the ragged holes in the papers4 ,they are gone6 ,and ,lev shivered1 for the night was very cold4 --,dorothea ,knobloch4 ,,ii4 ,the ,story ,that ,emphasizes ,character and ,environment4 ,rudyard ,kipling ,the large number of ,kipling's stories could not have been written outside ,india1 or at least the ,orient4 ,they are of the ,east eastern4 ,without ,benefit of ,clergy1 ,muhammad ,din1 ,the ,gate of the ,hundred ,sorrows1 ,the ,man ,who ,would ,be ,king--the very names conjure up the environment4 ,they do more than that2 they almost tell the story4 ,before he began to write1 ,kipling knew thoroughly his adopted literary land2 in the same way all successful writers must know theirs if they mean to reveal the influence of surroundings on character1 if they mean to give1 as many writers do1 a miniature of the locality in each sketch4 ,to read one of ,mary ,e4 ,wilkins's stories is to catch the flavor of all ,new ,england4 ,her nun is indeed a ,new ,england nun4 ,nowhere else do people keep house quite so2 but in scores of ,massachusetts and ,connecticut homes the women1 married and single1 are 'that partic'lar'--or nearly as particular as ,louisa ,ellis4 ,but wait a minute6 ,mary ,e4 ,wilkins ,freeman ,if there are tens of women like ,louisa ,ellis1 wherein comes the story8 ,why1 do you not see8--just in the plus1 the superfluity of ,new ,englandishness that there is in ,louisa4 ,it is the breadth of that more-so that gave ,miss ,wilkins her twenty-four stories in the same book1 and others outside it4 ,and here is the point3 in this kind of story1 your writer must know his locality so well that the sameness of the people has a difference in each family and in each member of that family4 ,in other words1 his characters must be persons1 not figureheads2 they may be types1 it is true1 but they must have the soul of individuality breathed into them4 ,for instance1 in this one collection of stories ,miss ,wilkins has two ,louisas1 and they both are typically of ,new ,england1 they both have suitors1 and they both are averse to marriage2 moreover1 each slight course of events is built on the impulse of the woman to avoid matrimony4 ,but here the likeness ends2 for the women are individuals1 and the lovers are different from each other4 ,the character-drawing of these two stories is a daring attempt on the part of the author1 but it is a remarkably successful one4 ,hamlin ,garland ,hamlin ,garland has been almost as successful with his middle ,northwest as ,miss ,wilkins has with her ,new ,england4 ,his stories can not be called quaint1 as hers can1 nor sweet exactly2 but they can be said to be as graphic1 faithful1 straightforward1 homely1 and to have been compiled with as patient and sympathetic an observation--not so minute1 but as unerring4 ,they are freer1 bolder1 more like the country he portrays4 ,with ,mr4 ,garland perhaps we have more of the out-of-doors1 literal country1 the black soil into which the people's lives are ploughed and from which they come out again sometimes at the top of the corn tassel4 ,with ,miss ,wilkins the country is more that country not built with hands1 eternal in characteristics4 ,of both writers the work is great work1 and you can not go astray in taking either for your model4 ,up the ,coolly is a remarkable tragedy--for tragedy it is4 ,the ,return of the ,private is all too pathetically true4 ,among the ,corn ,rows is startlingly realistic1 and ,a ,branch ,road--well1 doubtless people have varying opinions about the usefulness of such pictures1 but nobody can gainsay the excellence of the craftsmanship4 ,bret ,harte ,in a somewhat different way1 with just as much realism maybe1 but surely with a large dash of romance1 ,bret ,harte pre-empted ,california as a literary land two decades before these younger writers staked out their claims4 ,tennessee's ,partner and ,the ,outcasts of ,poker ,flat are perfect in their way1 and their way is this way3 the place-character narrative4 ,suggestions and precautions ,to write such a narrative1 you must have vividly and accurately in mind your selected environment4 ,it is to form the color of your picture4 ,if you do not think you know thus intimately any locality1 open your eyes4 ,the beautiful fact about living is1 that we all always live somewhere1 and that same somewhere is full of a number of things1 and of nothing more surely than of local color4 ,it is your business as a writer to add this color constantly to your stories2 but the best way to proceed is not to attempt to spread it on from the outside1 but to let it shine through from within4 ,to be sure1 it must be on the valleys and hills1 the streets and the houses and the window curtains2 but it must also be in the speech of your peoples1 in their notions1 their attitude toward each other and toward the great and little questions of human relationship4 ,besides knowing the environment1 you must know indisputably some individuals of the place4 ,you can not draw a life-like sketch from an abstraction4 ,the canvas painters have taught us that truth1 and so have the sculptors4 ,for every figure they have a living model4 ,they must know where the bones and sinews are1 even if they mean to etherealize4 ,so must you1 and you have a harder problem2 your figure must speak4 ,one false tone1 and you mar the impression4 ,mary ,e4 ,wilkins1 excellent artist that she is1 has impaired one of her strongest stories1 ,the ,revolt of ,mother1 by a lapse of art in respect to two of her characters4 ,the girl and boy are not old enough for the age the author intimates2 or what she says that they are is too old for what they prove that they are when they speak and when they keep silent even1--especially the girl4 ,moreover1 we feel that the mother is ten or fifteen years younger1 than the age given her4 ,these are minor points1 one admits1 and1 as we say1 the story is excellent2 but in so far as it fails in little ways it is not superfine1 though one of the most lovable and dramatic1 of ,miss ,wilkins's productions4 ,in art you must not make this mistake2 it is no answer to assert that in life the woman was sixty and the boy and girl fourteen and twenty4 ,on the basis of the character-drawing the woman is forty-five or fifty and the children are twins1 less than sixteen years old4 ,in other words1 a realist that is an artist as well selects not only what is true but also what will immediately without argument seem true4 ,miss ,wilkins usually is convincing4 ,in addition to an unmistakably clear knowledge of place and personality1 you must know both local dialect and family vernacular4 ,the various individuals of your sketch1 if they happen to belong to the same household1 must speak as if they so belonged4 ,in actual life when you converse with a company of persons1 you can pick out two members of the same family as readily as you can pick out two members of the same community4 ,your character-narrative must reveal this likeness1 not by declaration especially1 but by a subtle unity of vocabulary that does not at the same time preclude individuality4 ,the character ,overbury and ,hall ,the writers of this kind of short-story owe much to the past4 ,we are inclined to think of quiet and truthful character sketchers1 who reveal an appreciative knowledge of the influence of environment1 as distinctly a late nineteenth century brotherhood2 but the fact is that while moderate realism is undoubtedly the last artistic word on the subject of effective character-revelation1 it is also the first4 ,the modern novel of manners 7and the artistic short-story of the same class as an offshoot of it7 drew from a full stream of realism4 ,as far back as the age of ,overbury and ,bishop ,hall the public was interested in prose character-sketches4 ,the fact that essays could have such names as ,the ,tinker and ,the ,milkmaid was a promise of the light of common day4 ,then the gentle de ,coverley papers came on with their slight narrative and continued portrait1 their delightful skits on class environment and tradition2 ,the novel of manners then1 ,tristram ,shandy's frank shamelessness about familiar things2 then the ,vicar of ,wakefield's struggling poverty2 and finally the women entered--,evelina1 ,belinda1 ,emma1 ,mary ,barton1 and the gentle ladies of ,cranford1 bringing with them the tea-table and the trials of the parlor and of factory life4 ,the only thing that was needed to make the archetype complete by the middle of the nineteenth century was for some one to take persistently the same large yet specific environment4 ,trollope's ,cathedral ,town ,studies ,anthony ,trollope did so in his ,cathedral ,town ,studies4 ,what ran parallel for a time with the novel of manners1 but had a later and fuller development1 is the psychological problem novel1 begun by ,richardson and ,fielding and handed over to the late nineteenth century writers by ,charlotte ,bront4 ,this psychological problem novel bears the same relation to the novel of manners as the character-events short-story bears to the character-environment one4 ,you doubtless realize1 as every one realizes1 that a good short-story is hard to write1 but in the hardness comes the inspiration4 ,if you succeed1 you have scored a triumph4 ,but for your comfort1 be assured that the possibility is not beyond even a high-school student4 ,the attempt in very instructive at least4 ,remember that you are not writing a biography1 but a place-character narrative in the short-story form4 ,you are not called on to record every incident in the life of your subject or even every important incident4 ,the happenings may all be minor1 in fact4 ,the only essential thing is that you reveal the indissoluble connection between environment and characteristics4 ,the person is what he is because he has lived at that place with those habitual surroundings4 ,there is this precaution1 however1 that you must take2 you must not let your narrative degenerate into a mere analysis and enumeration of qualities4 ,you are to write a story4 ,and to write a story you must have a happening or a series of happenings1 however mild4 ,usually one of these should be of more importance than the others1 and the others should be related to it as subordinates1 in order that the effect may be single4 ,any part of the life of your people that lies behind the day of your revelation1 if mentioned at all1 should be told in retrospect2 whatever lies ahead1 if mentioned at all1 can be only prophecy4 ,and1 finally1 here is a little secret1 an open one among artists1 but one shut away from the herd of common scribblers2 what you do not tell but only skilfully suggest is what makes for excellence and immortality4 ,the ,story of ,muhammad ,din ,who is the happy man8 ,he that sees in his own house at home1 little children crowned with dust1 leaping and falling and crying4--,munichandra1 translated by ,professor ,peterson4 ,the polo ball was an old one1 scarred1 chipped and dinted4 ,it stood on the mantelpiece among the pipe-stems which ,iman ,din1 khitmatgar1 was cleaning for me4 ,does the heaven-born want this ball8 said ,imam ,din1 deferentially4 ,the heaven-born set no particular store by it2 but of what use was a polo ball to a khitmatgar8 ,by your honour's favour1 ,i have a little son4 ,he has seen this ball and desires it to play with4 ,i do not want it for myself4 ,no one would for an instant accuse portly old ,imam ,din of wanting to play with polo balls4 ,he carried out the battered thing into the veranda1 and there followed a hurricane of joyful squeaks1 a patter of small feet1 and the thud-thud-thud of the ball rolling along the ground4 ,evidently the little son had been waiting outside the door to secure his treasure4 ,but how had he managed to see that polo ball8 ,next day1 coming back from office half an hour earlier than usual1 ,i was aware of a small figure in the dining-room--a tiny1 plump figure in a ridiculously inadequate shirt1 which came1 perhaps1 half way down the tubby stomach4 ,it wandered round the room1 thumb in mouth1 crooning to itself as it took stock of the pictures4 ,undoubtedly this was the little son4 ,he had-no business in my room1 of course2 but was so deeply absorbed in his discoveries that he never noticed me in the doorway4 ,i stepped into the room and startled him nearly into a fit4 ,he sat down on the ground with a gasp4 ,his eyes opened and his mouth followed suit4 ,i knew what was coming and fled1 followed by a long1 dry howl which reached the servants' quarters far more quickly than any command of mine had ever done4 ,in ten seconds ,imam ,din was in the dining-room4 ,then despairing sobs arose1 and ,i returned to find ,imam ,din admonishing the small sinner1 who was using most of his shirt as a handkerchief4 ,this boy1 said ,imam ,din1 judiciously1 is a budmash--a big budmash4 ,he will1 without doubt1 go to the jail-khana for his behaviour4 ,renewed yells from the penitent1 and an elaborate apology to myself from ,imam ,din4 ,tell the baby1 ,i said1 that the ,sahib is not angry and take him away4 ,imam ,din conveyed my forgiveness to the offender1 who had now gathered all his shirt round his neck1 stringwise1 and the yell subsided into a sob4 ,the two set off for the door4 ,his name1 said ,imam ,din1 as though the name were part of the crime1 is ,muhammad ,din1 and he is a budmash4 ,freed from present danger1 ,muhammad ,din turned round in his father's arms and said gravely1 ,it is true that my name is ,muhammad ,din1 ,tahib1 but ,i am not a budmash4 ,i am a man6 ,from that day dated my acquaintance with ,muhammad ,din4 ,never again did he come into my dining-room2 but on the neutral ground of the garden we greeted each other with much state1 though our conversation was confined to ,talaam1 ,tahib from his side1 and ,salaam1 ,muhammad ,din from mine4 ,daily on my return from office the little white shirt and the fat little body used to rise1 from the shade of the creeper-covered trellis where they had been hid1 and daily ,i checked my horse there that my salutation might not be slurred over or given unseemly4 ,muhammad ,din never had any companions4 ,he used to trot about the compound1 in and out of the castor-oil bushes1 on mysterious errands of his own4 ,one day ,i stumbled upon some of his handiwork far down the grounds4 ,he had half buried the polo-ball in dust1 and stuck six shriveled old marigold flowers in a circle round it4 ,outside that circle again was a rude square1 traced out in its bits of red brick alternating with fragments of broken china2 the whole bounded by a little bank of dust4 ,the water-man from the well-curb put in a plea for the small architect1 saying that it was only the play of a baby and did not much disfigure my garden4 ,heaven knows that ,i had no intention of touching the child's work then or later2 but that evening a stroll through the garden brought me unawares full on it1 so that ,i trampled1 before ,i knew1 marigold heads1 dust bank and fragments of broken soap-dish into confusion past all hope of mending4 ,next morning ,i came upon ,muhammad ,din crying softly to himself over the ruin ,i had wrought4 ,some one had cruelly told him that the ,sahib was very angry with him for spoiling the garden1 and he had scattered his rubbish1 using bad language the while4 ,muhammad ,din laboured for an hour at effacing every trace of the dust-bank and pottery fragments1 and it was with a tearful and apologetic fact that he said1 ,talaam1 ,tahib1 when ,i came home from office4 ,a hasty inquiry resulted in ,imam ,din informing ,muhammad ,din that1 by my singular favour1 he was permitted to disport himself as he pleased4 ,whereat the child took heart and fell to tracing the ground-plan of an edifice which was to eclipse the marigold-polo-ball creation4 ,for some months the chubby little eccentricity revolved in his humble orbit among the castor-oil bushes and in the dust2 always fashioning magnificent palaces from stale flowers thrown away by the bearer1 smooth water-worn pebbles1 bits of broken glass1 and feathers pulled1 ,i fancy1 from my fowls--always alone1 and always crooning to himself ,a gaily spotted sea-shell was dropped one day close to the last of his little buildings1 and ,i looked that ,muhammad ,din should build something more than ordinarily splendid on the strength of it4 ,nor was ,i disappointed4 ,he meditated for the better part of an hour1 and his crooning rose to a jubilant song4 ,then he began tracing in the dust4 ,it would certainly be a wondrous palace1 this one1 for it was two yards long and a yard broad in ground-plan4 ,but the palace was never completed4 ,next day there was no ,muhammad ,din at the head of the carriage-drive1 and no ,talaam1 ,tahib to welcome my return4 ,i had grown accustomed to the greeting1 and its omission troubled me4 ,next day ,imam ,din told me that the child was suffering slightly from fever and needed quinine4 ,he got the medicine1 and an ,english doctor4 ,they have no stamina1 these brats1 said the doctor1 as he left ,imam ,din's quarters4 ,a week later1 though ,i would have given much to have avoided it1 ,i met on the road to the ,mussulman burying-ground ,imam ,din1 accompanied by one other friend1 carrying in his arms1 wrapped in a white cloth1 all that was left of little ,muhammad ,din4 --,rudyard ,kipling4 ,plain ,tales from the ,hills4 7,doubleday1 ,page ,co41 #aijg47 ,the ,fetters ,the cool maples rustled temptingly before the open kitchen window1 and seemed to mock the busy worker within4 ,flies buzzed at the screen1 door1 and at intervals found entrance through sundry gaps in the rusty screening4 ,inside there was the endless clatter of dishes1 the hissing sound of frying meat1 and occasionally a sharp exclamation in a nervous1 high-pitched voice4 ,the owner of the voice1 a woman of about thirty-five1 was walking busily around the kitchen4 ,a soiled gingham apron nearly covered a worn gray skirt1 and several large safety-pins held her waist together over her flat chest4 ,premature wrinkles hardened her eyes and mouth4 ,her hair drawn back over a high1 bony forehead1 was twisted into an untidy little knot at the back of her head4 ,on each of her cheeks1 just below the bone1 came and went bright spots of color--the only color about her1 for her hair had no glints of light and her apathetic blue eyes seemed absolutely devoid of luster4 ,as she hastened back and forth1 opening the oven door1 setting the table1 inspecting the contents of various kettles steaming on the big stove1 she still found time to throw a glance1 now and then1 out to the rickety porch1 where a pale-faced little girl sat in an old red porch-chair4 ,the child's big eyes1 startlingly prominent in her wan face1 followed the woman1 and1 when the latter looked at her1 a sudden smile would curve the straight little lips4 ,but at times she would look away from the kitchen out beyond to the wheat-fields1 gleaming yellow in the ,august sun--and still farther to the cool green woods1 with the hard blue sky above them4 ,then the child would sigh1 and her face would grow wondering and anxious1 as she turned back again and smiled at the woman in the kitchen--a curious1 wistful1 unchildlike smile4 ,on the step beside her lay a worn little home-made crutch4 ,here come the men-folks1 mother1 the child exclaimed suddenly4 ,her mother came to the door1 and shading her eyes with her apron1 peered up the dusty lane4 ,then she went back to the house and hurriedly finished setting the table4 ,the heavy plates and cups were hardly in place on the red-checked cloth before the men came clattering up the walk and up the porch4 ,most of them had a smile for the pale little girl in the chair1 and one had brought her a bunch of red field-poppies1 already half withered1 in his big hand4 ,the child took them eagerly1 laying their vivid petals lovingly against her pale cheek4 ,the rest of the men filed past with a grin or a roughly tender1 word--all but the last4 ,he came up the steps1 his forehead wrinkled in a scowl evidently habitual1 his mouth hard1 his eyes deep-set and forbidding4 ,he did not even notice the child1 and she shrank back in her chair1 her lip trembling1 her eyes wide with fear4 ,dinner near ready1 ,jane8 he demanded in a gruff tone4 ,jane gave a brief little nod and hurried on with the rest of the preparations4 ,rough laughter1 scraping of boots1 loud clattering of knives on plates1 and a continual demand for replenishment1 followed the course of the dinner4 ,jane sat wearily1 but her plateful of cabbage and pork lay untasted before her4 ,out on the porch the little girl sipped a glass of milk and watched the cool dimness of the distant woods4 ,the men pushed back their chairs1 wiped their mouths with the backs of their brown hands1 and hurried away to the fields4 ,jane's husband stopped for a moment to mend a rip in his boot4 ,it was a difficult rip to mend and his temper was soon exhausted4 ,why don't ye learn that white-faced brat out there to work6 he stormed1 us short o' hands an' her less good than none at all--an' a nuisance to boot4 ,jane suddenly turned and let a saucer fall4 ,her lips were compressed for a moment1 then she went down on one knee and carefully picked up the fragments of china4 ,what a snap ye've got1 next to what brother ,dan's wife had1 ,jim went surlily on4 ,dan made her go out an' tend his grapes1 while all ye've got to do is cook a little and wash up--an' ye act as if ye was worked hard4 ,dan's wife never kicked--she'd be'n sorry if she had1 and he gave a hard dry laugh in appreciation of his own humor4 ,but ,jane did not hear this last remark2 she was thinking of her brother-in-law's wife1 a frail little woman whose life had been made up of pruning grapevines or cutting grapes1 working side by side with the ,italian women whom her husband hired1 working harder than any of them did1 too1 and for far less recompense4 ,she remembered how angry ,dan had been because his wife had appeared one afternoon in a shirt-waist1 instead of the usual wrapper4 ,it was a clumsy1 cheap1 ill-made thing1 but ,margaret's eyes had danced when ,jane came to see her that day4 ,and she remembered how ,dan had come in and declared he wanted no high-falutin' things around his house2 that he had married to get some one to work for him1 not for a parlor ornament4 ,poor little ,margaret6 ,how her thin cheeks had flushed and her timid eyes filled with tears6 ,but she died not long after--,jane gave a half-envious sigh4 ,goin' to stand there all day lookin' at nothin'8 a gruff voice asked suddenly1 and she started4 ,the knife with which she had been peeling potatoes to fry for supper1 slipped and cut her finger4 ,she went over to the sink and wiped away the red streak1 while her husband shufflingly made his exit1 grumbling to himself over the foolishness of ever bothering with such a useless baggage as a woman4 ,on the porch he stumbled over the little crutch and kicked it aside with an oath4 ,the afternoon wore away slowly4 ,little ,meg slept on her cot upstairs1 her cheeks hot and damp1 her arms flung wide in the weariness of childhood4 ,jane sewed steadily at a heap of burlap grain bags1 until the sun went down in a riot of yellow and crimson behind the trees4 ,jane put away her sewing1 gently woke ,meg1 and prepared to go downstairs to get supper ready4 ,she stopped to look at the sunset before she went down4 ,along the road beyond came the rattle of wheels2 a buggy passed in which sat a woman in solitary state4 ,a striped silk dress enveloped her ample person1 a hat with nodding red roses and a broad white brim shaded a pair of stupid1 comfortable eyes1 and cast its shadow over a mouth that fairly sagged with good humor and good living4 ,her fat hands1 lying idly in her lap and holding the reins loosely1 were pulled back and forth by the jogging brown horse4 ,jane recognized in the woman ,mrs4 ,petersen1 her nearest neighbor1 and half hungrily surmised that she was returning home from a meeting of the ,tuesday ,social ,club4 ,the buggy leisurely passed the house and disappeared along the dusty lane4 ,suddenly1 in one rush of emotion1 the whole barrenness of ,jane's lot came over her4 ,she thought of the long days filled with unceasing labor--the dull1 gray days that stretched endlessly behind her and yet more endlessly before her4 ,her life seemed one wearying round of dish-washing and cooking1 of going to bed utterly worn out and of rising next morning just as tired as she had been the night before4 ,she felt a terrible grudge rise in her against her husband--and she allowed this grudge now to fill her soul completely1 instead of crushing out such feelings as she had hitherto done4 ,why had he never helped her to have a good time as other women had8 ,why had he forgotten that she was a woman and fond of dainty things8 ,she thought of the stern young fellow who had courted her when she was a girl--so very long ago that was4 ,and how she had married him1 and how proud she had been of him1 and how she had boasted of his thrift to all her neighbors4 ,and then she remembered how sternness which she admired in the youth had changed into surliness in the man2 how gradually--little by little--she had lost hope--she who had hoped for so much and had had to little given her4 ,on her1 and on her alone1 the brunt of all his displeasure and of all his wrath had fallen4 ,then suddenly her face cleared2 as she heard a sleepy yawn from the bed2 little ,meg lay watching her1 her sleep-filled eyes smiling their same brave smile4 ,at least1 ,jane thought1 she had ,meg--and ,dan's wife had not even had a ,meg4 ,dan's wife had never known the sweetness of clinging hands and the comfort of damp baby kisses4 ,so even for her1 life still held compensation4 ,she looked out at the west where the riotous reds had now faded to soft rose and gray4 ,the outlines of the woods were softened and the nodding tree-tops seemed beckoning her to come away with them4 ,almost involuntarily the woman stretched out her hands towards the trees1 and her hungry eyes filled with tears4 ,perhaps some day1 when little ,meg became stronger--perhaps some day they two--just they--might go away somewhere1 together--somewhere where the world was all soft rose and gray1 where there were no endless days of toil1 no angry voice1 nothing but peace4 ,then perhaps ,meg would-- ,jane1 a rough voice broke in on her musings1 fer ,god's sake1 woman1 what ails ye8 ,seven o'clock an' no bite to eat ready6 ,jane hurriedly rose from the window4 ,for the first time in her life she had let her day-dreams really make her forget her dull1 common-place world4 ,she stopped to smooth ,meg's moist curls1 and ran downstairs4 ,there at the foot stood her husband1 a whole day's displeasure frowning forth in his face1 an angry light in his eyes4 ,i know it's late1 ,jim--it's too bad1 ,jane faltered1 but you never had to wait before4 ,i was busy--,i was thinking--,i-- ,busy6 he sneered4 ,busy6 ,settin' down doin' nothin' but hushin' that blamed brat4 ,let her alone4 ,she ain't only a nuisance anyhow--spend yer time on something worth while4 ,half unconsciously ,jane looked at her hands2 the forefinger of the right was rough and needle-pricked1 and her hands were red and raw from much dish-washing and cleaning4 ,she thought to herself how often she longed to caress little ,meg1 to hug her and rock her for a whole afternoon1 to love1 love1 love her to her heart's content--but she had never found time4 ,then her husband's last cutting words came back to her4 ,she took a step forward1 the suffering of years in her face4 ,the red spots on her cheeks were very red now4 ,can ,i help it1 she gasped1 that my baby is a puny little thing8 ,is it my fault8 ,what care has she ever had1 excepting what ,i have been able to steal for her8 ,if you were a man like other men--not a brute--then perhaps you would understand6 ,she clinched her hand and looked defiantly up into his face4 ,jim stood still for a moment1 astonished at the outburst from his meek wife4 ,then his quick anger blazed up1 and1 lifting his big hand1 he struck ,jane full in the face4 ,she fell back against the stairway1 her face white1 save for the red spots which were livid now4 ,her eyes1 were full of tears from the force of the blow4 ,she heard ,jim's voice from a distance4 ,no use waitin' here forever1 he grumbled4 ,i'll go to ,reynold's an' get a bite2 his wife'll probably have it waitin'4 ,and she saw him turn to the door along which ,meg just came tapping4 ,the child hurried to get out of his way4 ,jim slouched heavily through the room1 and out of the house1 his big boots creaking as he went4 ,jane sat down on the step4 ,her head ached from the force of the blow4 ,she felt dazed with the suddenness of everything4 ,little ,meg came and sat down beside her1 patting ,jane's rough hand with her soft palm to attract her attention2 then she settled down quietly beside her1 her bright head leaning on her mother's apron4 ,darkness came1 but ,jane did not stir4 ,meg had gone to sleep4 ,suddenly the crutch beside them slipped and rattled against the wall4 ,meg woke and cried out with fright4 ,jane absently took the child in her arms and tried to soothe her1 but ,meg was thoroughly frightened and refused to be comforted4 ,at length she was quiet and ,jane carried her to bed4 ,in a few moments1 her baby-fear forgotten1 she was again fast asleep4 ,jane went over to the window and crouched there1 bitterness in her heart4 ,over in the west the shadowy outlines of the trees looked mysterious1 aloof1 unsympathetic2 so did the cold white stars over them4 ,sympathy seemed to have gone out of everything in the whole world4 ,and ,jane leaned heavily on the sill and thought4 ,for a long time she sat there1 until she heard ,meg stir restlessly on the bed4 ,then she rose and looked mechanically towards the ,reynolds house4 ,a bright light burned in a lower room1 so she knew that her husband was still there1 talking over the day's affairs with ,farmer ,reynolds4 ,her husband6 ,she felt a sudden shrinking at the mere word4 ,she decided that she hated him1 she knew that she hated him1 with the pent-up hatred of years4 ,and she shuddered when she thought of to-morrow and the next to-morrow1 and all the dull to-morrows that would have to come--and he must be in them all2 that was the thought which made her sick and faint4 ,she lay down on the bed beside ,meg1 merely loosening her waist and uncoiling her hair4 ,physical weariness brought a dreamless sleep4 ,she woke with a start1 after a sleep that seemed to have lasted for centuries4 ,there was strange noises downstairs--gruff1 muffled voices1 queer shuffling as of heavy boots1 and then a sudden scraping against the outer door4 ,with a quick unreasoning fear at her heart1 ,jane flew down the stairs and out into the kitchen4 ,some one had lighted the oil lamp there4 ,her eyes saw at first only a blurred group before her4 ,her vision cleared gradually1 until the blur resolved itself into four men1 with alarmed1 puzzled faces1 who were carrying several boards on which lay something covered with a big coat4 ,jane held her breath1 while the men looked sheepishly at one another4 ,then she ran to the heap1 lifted the coat1 and looked down at her husband4 ,his face was hard and set1 the jaw projecting2 but the usual sneer was gone from his mouth1 and his closed eyes gave him an expression of peace4 ,jane dropped the coat as if dazed and turned helplessly to the men4 ,they1 equally helpless1 nudged ,farmer ,reynolds forward to act as spokesman4 ,his big1 kindly face was abashed and solemn1 his fingers nervously twirled his rough cap4 ,it was a stroke1 mum1 he managed to jerk out at last1 some kind of a fit1 ,doc says4 ,it carried him right1 off1 too1 quicker'n a wink1 an' not a mite o' pain4 ,there he was a-sittin' an' scrappin' like a good feller one minute--an' then his face kind o' went pale1 an' over he keeled4 ,first we knew it was him on the floor1 clean knocked out4 ,reynolds was becoming garrulous in his efforts to relieve the embarrassment of the situation1 but ,jane had already forgotten him4 ,they had laid ,jim on the floor and ,jane sat down beside him1 carefully adjusting his tumbled coat and smoothing the rough hair off his low forehead4 ,she did it all in a calm and matter-of-fact way4 ,the men looked helplessly at one another1 while ,jane1 utterly unconscious of them1 continued her ministrations to the dead4 ,was it a few hours ago or was it many years ago that she had vowed never to call him husband again8 ,she had forgotten--after all1 it didn't matter4 ,nothing really mattered now4 ,suddenly there came a tapping down the steps4 ,the stair door was pushed open1 and a towsled1 barefooted1 night-gowned little figure appeared on the threshold4 ,mother1 ,meg quivered1 where are you8 ,when she saw her mother1 she made straight for her1 almost tumbling over the crutch in her haste4 ,she threw her arms1 lovingly around her mother's neck4 ,jane started--the queer1 dazed look left her eyes1 though her cheeks were still pale1 save for one long red mark4 ,with a little sob she turned1 crushed the child to her1 and began to cry4 ,oh1 but we did love him1 ,meg1 didn't we8 she sobbed4 ,and he was good to us1 just as good as he knew how to be4 ,oh1 ,meg1 ,meg1 if ,i had only been a better wife to him6 --,katherine ,kurz4 ,when ,terry ,quit ,gad6 and to think1 ,jim1 that ,i ever lived on ,front street6 ,the frock-coated1 silk-hatted stage manager removed the big black cigar from his mouth1 and with a pudgy little finger1 on which sparkled a blue diamond of unusual size1 he flicked away the ashes4 ,though it really was a rather decent sort of a place then1 you know4 ,he addressed his companion1 a press-agent1 first1 however1 carefully readjusting the cigar so that it should be at such an angle to his lips as to suggest sportiness4 ,now1 the south side of the thoroughfare just mentioned consists chiefly of warehouses and saloons1 the north side chiefly of saloons and pawnshops4 ,on summer days the street squirms with chickens1 bulldogs and babies2 but on the warm evenings1 when the pawnshops and the warehouses are closed1 when the saloons are doing a lucrative business1 then the chickens roost on the back fences1 the bulldogs doze lazily on the stone flaggings1 and in the stuffy little sleeping apartments above the saloons the children of the saloon-keepers dream of the envy which1 by means of delicious chili-sauce sandwiches1 they will create the next day among the children of the pawnbrokers4 ,the two men were now approaching the most prosperous saloon in the street4 ,streams of light1 coming from both above and below the little green baize door1 shone on a swinging signboard4 ,tim ,dugan's ,caf1 the gilt letters informed any who were unacquainted with the neighborhood4 ,boorish men could be heard calling jocularly for more beer1 and the constant slamming of the cash drawer mingled with the clinking of heavy glasses4 ,a song6 ,it's time fer a chune6 called a raucous voice4 ,aha1 yer right there1 it's ,terry fer us1 acquiesced one of the crowd4 ,terry6 ,terry6 it's oop on the table fer ye1 ,terry4 ,the cry was accompanied by much loud laughter and the shuffling of heavy boots4 ,labor-hardened hands clapped approval1 and then for a moment there was silence4 ',a sailor's wife a sailor's star shall be4' ,the sweet1 though untrained tenor voice1 rang high and clear4 ',yo-ho-oh1 boyoys1 ho--' ,the two fashionably dressed men stopped in front of the short door4 ,jove6 what a voice6 the manager breathed4 ',a long1 long life to my sweet wife6' ,no sound interrupted the ringing sailor ballad4 ,let's go in and have a drink1 suggested the press-agent1 when the song was finished4 ,as unobtrusively as possible the two men entered4 ,more6 more6 the appreciative1 if unschooled1 audience was demanding1 and in the clatter of applause the strangers were unnoticed4 ',i have come to say good-bye1 ,dolly ,grey4' ,the then new popular song thrilled the listeners with its martial rhythm1 as the plaintive cadences of the beautiful voice rang in their ears4 ',good-bye1 ,dolly1 ,i must leave you4' ,the singer's glance fell on the new listeners4 ,his merry eyes wavered and his face flushed until it became as red as his curly hair4 ,he stopped short in the chorus4 ,i guess it's me that's been yowling anough fer tunight1 byes1 he mumbled1 as he climbed down from the table and1 sliding behind the counter1 donned the white apron which proclaimed him a bartender4 ,wy1 ,terry1 wat's the matter wit ye8 ,we got a have one more afore ye quit4 ,but ,terry shook his head vigorously in an emphatic no1 as he rapidly cleaned the thick glasses4 ,the two men from the world of dazzling footlights ordered drinks1 paid doubly for them1 made a bluff at enjoying the poor liquor1 and then quietly left the caf1 and continued their walk past the warehouses1 pawnshops and saloons of ,front street4 ,the next morning1 when the heavy wagons were rattling over the cobble-stones of the narrow1 dirty thoroughfare1 and the children of the pawnbrokers were engaged in throwing spit-balls at the children of the saloon-keepers1 ,tim ,dugan's ,caf was for the second time honored with the entrance of the stage-manager of the minstrel show which was to be in town the next week4 ,this potentate had come on ahead of his company to adjust some little difficulty with the play-house owners1 and now that that business had been settled1 another matter of importance presented itself3 the tenor soloist1 no longer in his prime1 had left4 ,the manager sauntered up to the bar1 rested his right elbow on the marble slab1 settled his silk hat more comfortably on his head1 shoved his left hand deep into his trousers' pocket--whereupon an attractive chinking sound could be heard--and crossed his gaitered feet4 ,one1 he announced1 and the ruddy-haired ,irish lad1 who had been busy washing glasses1 quickly1 deftly1 filled a mug with frothy beer4 ,ahem6 ,the manager puffed up his heavy chest and leaned both elbows on the bar4 ,then1 ensued a whispered dialogue1 during which ,terry ,flynn's laughing eyes alternately grew round with wonder and twinkled with pleasure4 ,sorry6 gasped the bartender at last1 not a bit of it4 ,ye cin bet yer shiny1 boots1 an' it's me as 'll do it6 ,the manager1 smiling with the satisfaction of having clinched an excellent bargain1 made his way among the chickens1 bulldogs and babies of ,front street and soon left the beery atmosphere far behind him4 ,terry1 however1 kept his own council4 ,not until the following ,monday did he give any information concerning the identity of the swell gent who had so strangely visited him4 ,then how the inhabitants of ,front street rejoiced6 ,terry ,flynn--often called ,irish for short--redheaded ,terry ,flynn1 who had many a time caused a quarrel to be forgotten by breaking into a song as he rattled the mugs on the bar--,terry--their ,terry--was going on the stage6 ,he would own a silk tile1 and wear diamond studs--but he would sing no more for ,front street4 ,how the bony-fisted1 generous men1 in spite of their keen regret at losing him1 rejoiced in ,terry's good fortune6 ,ha'n't ,i said1 ag'in an' ag'in1 as ,terry could sing twicet as fine as the feller 'at sang 'atween the acks o' ',uncle ,tom's ,cabin1' one time w'en ,i went an' seen it8 ,ha'n't ,i now8 queried a delighted teamster4 ,aye1 that ye 'ave1 ,jawn1 that ye 'ave1 replied a pensioned sailor1 also jubilant over the fame in store for ,terry4 ,as for ,terry himself1 he had not yet recovered from his surprise1 and so had little room for other emotions4 ,he was too ignorant1 too fresh from his peat-carrying labors in the shamrock country1 to have any fear of stage fright4 ,indeed1 that word was not in his stunted vocabulary4 ,he went that afternoon to rehearse ,nancy ,lee1 with the rest of the company1 newly arrived1 who were to join him in the yo-ho's4 ,how well the song sounded when supplemented by such a chorus6 ,terry's blood quickened6 ,he did not observe the coldness of the other singers towards him4 ,he would have cared little if he had felt the lack of friendliness1 for so sunny was his ,irish temperament1 so strong his ,irish independence and congeniality1 that he would not easily have lost hope of winning the good will of his associates4 ,moreover ,terry was so humble that he would rather have expected them to stand a little aloof at first2 but when1 black-faced and white-gloved1 he stood upon the great stage of the ,opera ,house1 and filled the domed auditorium with his strong1 beautiful tenor notes1 he knew nothing save that he was one of them actor fellows now2 that the men and women from the world of wealth were listening to him4 ,his eyes sparkled with excitement4 ,a long1 long life to my sweet wife1 he sang4 ,in the silence of the people ,terry instinctively recognized their appreciation4 ,nancy ,lee-- ,the vaulted ceiling sent the round1 high notes back to the eager ears of the audience4 ,yo-ho-boyoys1 ho-- ,the yo-ho didn't sound with the proper vigor4 ,it was flat4 ,a frown appeared between ,terry's arched eyebrows4 ,he was singing his ,yo-ho's alone6 ,slowly he turned1 still singing1 to face the other minstrels4 ,some one snickered1 ,do you see us singing with a bar-tender8 ,nance-- ,terry stopped4 ,a calloused fist1 with strong muscle and ,irish temper to speed it1 shot out4 ,curtain6 called the manager1 wildly4 ,the audience1 though somewhat surprised1 accepted this performance as a ridiculous climatic ending to one of the stunts1 and gave a vigorous applause4 ,but ,terry heeded neither applause nor curtain4 ,he was demonstrating to these unmannerly show men1 that though they might refuse to sing with a bar-tender1 they could not refuse to accept from one a lesson in pugilism4 ,terry paused to take a long breath4 ,he glared at the men1 one of whom was holding a handkerchief to a rapidly swelling eye1 another of whom was hugging an aching side4 ,terry had done his work quickly4 ,the manager hastened up to interfere4 ,they might a' told me so afore4 ,it isn't me as they need be makin' a fool of4 ,i'm made as good as them1 even if it do be a truth that ,i sell the beer they drink1 ,terry said1 dazed4 ,he picked up the battered opera hat which had been part of his costume and started towards the door4 ,my dear ,mr4 ,flynn1 ,i will adjust this little misunderstanding4 ,i assure you1 it shall not occur again4 ,terry turned4 ,why1 he laughed strangely1 as he picked a bit of lint from his sleeve4 ,aren't ye knowin'8 ,i'd be ashamed t' sing1 with such dum poor excuses fer men1 he replied1 and made his way down the rickety stairway1 to the street1 not stopping even to remove the grease-paint4 ,it's them as might a been men1 and told me1 he sobbed as he walked slowly back again to dirty1 ill-lighted ,front street1 to don again his white apron2 to pass the amber-colored foamy liquid over the bar2 to sing ,nancy ,lee in ,tim ,dugan's ,caf2 to sing for the rough men who would deem it a sacrilege to lift their harsh voices with ,terry's sweet plaintive tones4 --,dorothea ,g4 ,knoblock4 ,nora ,titay and ,chiquito ,nora ,titay1 a widow of fifty1 came home from the gambling house one afternoon in bad humor4 ,her hair hung carelessly over her wrinkled face1 which always looked as if it had been dipped in a barrel of flour4 ,as she walked along the street1 she spat and muttered1 with her mouth full of buyo1 ,pshe1 this cursed panguingue will ruin me4 ,i had bad luck this week4 ,yesterday ,i lost ten pesos1 and now twelve4 ,i haven't a single penny left4 ,i wonder where ,rosa and ,i will get the money to buy our food4 ,i have sold her ring to pay my debts4 ,to-morrow1 there will be another game4 ,i shall play again to see if ,i can recover what ,i have lost4 ,but where shall ,i get money8 ,oh1 ,i see6 ,chiquito is coming to-night to court ,rosa4 ,he is very rich1 and is willing to give anything he has if he can only win my daughter's love4 ,but foolish girl6 ,she does not like him1 because he is a ,chinaman4 ,she prefers to love that poor1 simple student1 ,pedro4 ,i will force her to marry ,chiquito2 then ,i can play panguingue at any time4 ,i shall soon be rich4 ,rosa1 said ,titay as soon as she arrived at the house1 you must look well to-night1 for ,chiquito is coming4 ,you must not show any sour face to him4 ,i want you to marry him whether you like to or no4 ,do you understand me8 ,now1 don't say anything or ,i will whip you1 said ,titay1 seriously4 ,why don't you marry him yourself1 mamma8 ,you will be a good partner for him since you love him better than ,i do1 said ,rosa laughing4 ,what1 you foolish girl6 ,do you mean to joke me1 your mother8 ,i am looking out for your good1 said ,titay angrily1 then slapped and pinched her daughter4 ,they were still quarreling when ,chiquito came4 ,buena noche1 ,nola ,tetay y ,senolita ,losa1 said ,chiquito in his poor ,spanish1 when he came4 ,buenas noches1 ,chiquito1 replied ,titay with a smile4 ,here is a basket of oranges and tikoy for you and ,senolita ,losa1 said ,chiquito1 while he was uncovering the basket4 ,what a very good son-in-law1 ,i have6 murmured ,titay4 ,chiquito1 to-morrow afternoon you must come here ready to marry ,rosa4 ,bring a priest with you1 and get a wedding dress for her4 ,but1 by the way1 lend me a sum of money1 for ,i must buy something4 ,chiquito was so glad that he immediately handed to her his purse4 ,what kind of dress shall ,i bring1 mother8 asked ,chiquito eagerly4 ,you must ask ,rosa about that1 murmured ,titay4 ,chiquito went to ,rosa1 who was looking out of the window1 absorbed in thought4 ,senolita ,losa1 what kind of dress should you like for our wedding8 asked ,chiquito politely4 ,baboy6 7swine7 what wedding do you mean8 ,do you think ,i would marry you1 baboy8 said ,rosa1 angrily4 ,your mother told me that ,i must come here to-morrow afternoon1 and you and ,i should be married1 said ,chiquito4 ,you had better marry mother4 ,she is more fit for you4 ,now1 go away4 ,nora ,titay was so busily counting her money and thinking how many times she could play panguingue with it that she did not hear the quarrel4 ,nola ,tetay1 ,losa is angry with me4 ,she does not want to marry me1 said ,chiquito4 ,never mind1 you can go home now1 ,chiquito1 and be ready for to-morrow4 ,i will see that she accepts the proposal1 said ,titay4 ,chiquito went home gladly1 and ,titay got busy compelling ,rosa to marry ,chiquito1 till the daughter was forced to make a promise4 ,the next day1 at the appointed hour1 ,chiquito came with a priest4 ,but ,rosa could not be found in the house4 ,a letter was found instead saying that ,rosa had eloped with ,pedro4 ,chiquito1 disliking to lose his money1 asked for ,titay's hand4 ,they were married that very day4 --,joaquina ,e4 ,tirona4 ,,iii4 ,the ,story ,that ,emphasizes ,character and ,events ,difference between character-place story and character-events story ,obviously the character-events story is different from the character-place story just in the emphasis and because of it4 ,the personality of the chief actor of a story of events1 does not necessarily spring from the scene of action4 ,in fact1 the personality very often is in strong contrast with the place4 ,a soldier for instance by some chance may be left stranded on an oasis in the desert2 the purpose of the writer in having him there may be to set forth a number of strange occurrences that bring out his character1 or the author may wish to demonstrate some truth about wild animals4 ,a woman may be on a ,pullman car bringing her dying husband home with her from ,denver to ,new ,york4 ,the author will then be concerned with an analysis of the woman's mind as events come to her4 ,a person may be standing at the prisoner's dock and may tell his life4 ,place will concern the author a great deal in a certain sense1 but it will be not the character-making place1 but the event-making place1--the battle-ground1 the cricket field4 ,if a different character met the same events in the same place1 he might act otherwise4 ,it is the conjunction of character and events that the author is revealing and the reader watching4 ,let us name over a few of the great stories and collections of this kind to see if the titles suggest anything3 ,the ,necklace by ,maupassant2 ,the ,father by ,bjrnson2 ,the ,siege of ,berlin by ,daudet2 ,the ,substitute by ,coppe2 ,the ,insurgent by ,halvy2 ,mateo ,falcone by ,mrime2 ,the ,shot by ,pushkin2 ,the ,greater ,inclination1 ,crucial ,instances1 ,the ,descent of ,man1 and ,other ,stories1 by ,mrs4 ,wharton4 ,component elements of this type ,we might say that the representative short-story of this type is a combination of romanticism1 realism1 metaphysics1 and modern journalism4 ,a concentrated extract of the work of ,scott1 ,jane ,austen1 ,thackeray1 ,george ,eliot and ,reade4 ,the list suggests the history of the novel since ,fielding's day and the elements it acquired and transmitted to the short-story4 ,you have probably studied how ,scott1 when ,lord ,byron out-ran him1 turned from metrical to prose romance2 how ,scott created with the ,waverley ,novels 7which of course are not novels in the usual sense7 a new romance1 the historical1 which immediately took its place as a permanent type of literature4 ,on the side of stirring events our present short-story often epitomises ,scott4 ,he said himself he wrote for soldiers1 sailors1 and young people of bold and daring dispositions4 ,there is no limit1 therefore1 in choice of events4 ,the record may be the most startling4 ,it usually1 however1 is not extravagant beyond what a healthy and cheerful imagination can enjoy4 ,our temperance is due no doubt to the restraining influence of ,jane ,austen and her late followers in realism4 ,she tried to teach her own age to laugh at itself good-naturedly and to bridle romance with common sense4 ,northanger ,abbey1 written in #agih1 was a direct satire of the terror school1 which was popular before her day and ,scott's4 ,moderns have enthroned ,jane ,austen as a perfect artist1 and all good fiction writers have learned the lesson she taught4 ,in general1 her work belongs with the story that emphasizes manners and environment2 but her most popular novel1 ,pride and ,prejudice1 has in addition to the reflection of environment a sequence of interesting events and a spiritedness that together make it an extended prototype of the story that emphasizes both character and happenings4 ,to ,scott's boldness and ,jane ,austen's satiric restraint1 time added ,george ,eliot's metaphysical curiosity4 ,since her day we are all interested in duty1 destiny1 freedom of will1 mind-habit4 ,she showed us how a neighborly man becomes a miser1 how a miser becomes once more a neighborly man2 how a lovable but morally and physically timid man becomes a scoundrel4 ,most of our short stories now-a-days display an element of such analysis2 many of them are wholly constituted upon an inquiry2 some1 beginning just in front of the crisis1 give us a feeling of past complicating events1 and with one flash show us the present tangle2 others with a swift relentlessness pile happening upon happening until1 panting for breath1 we stumble upon the momentous climax4 ,very often1 too1 at the end1 we are left in an atmosphere of pessimism--sometimes it is only a companionable little chill like that ,thackeray used to give us1 wherein1 laughing and chattering1 we shake hands with our brothers to keep warm2 sometimes1 it is like ,maupassant's1 a hard1 dull bitterness of cold-- ,a chill no coat however stout1 ,of homespun stuff can quite shut out4 ,wherever the pessimism comes from1 almost invariably a little bit of it joins swiftness1 realism1 metaphysical curiosity1 and one other element probably inherited from the novel2 namely1 a striking semblance of actuality4 ,no matter how thrilling the events may be1 they are usually convincing4 ,charles ,reade had the trick of taking his facts from newspaper reports4 ,many of our present-day writers keep a scrap-book1 and they very often build their most successful stories on actual events1 making up the participants from what they imagine they must have been4 ,the characters1 then1 in this kind of narrative are often more or less fictitious1 being a combination of traits well-known to the author--traits of different individuals of the type displayed2 while in the other kind of artistic short-story1 it is the slight course of events that is made up1 to fit the actual character and the actual place4 ,a scrap-book suggestion ,whatever else you do as a writer--even as an amateur one in school--it will surely repay you to keep a scrap-book4 ,the very old adage that facts are stranger than fiction is indisputably true4 ,when in your newspaper reading you run across a fine course of events that is character-revealing1 or ought to be1 just cut out the report and paste it in your book4 ,think upon the case leisurely and let the personages develop2 then write up the events as simply and swiftly as you can consistent with the effect you mean to produce4 ,hawthorne's ,ambitious ,guest originated thus4 ,other suggestions ,if at present you have in mind no series of happenings1 suppose you ask some acquaintance what is the strangest course of actual events he ever personally knew about4 ,when he answers you1 then question him on the actors concerned1 remembering that this time you are going to write not a pure plot story but one that will express the conjunction of character and events4 ,keep in mind also your present limitations4 ,you do not need to tell everything that might be told about your protagonists2 you do not have to follow them from the baptismal font to the marriage altar and from the marriage altar to the grave4 ,you may not know the facts about them connected therewith2 you may know only a small portion of their lives2 but ten to one you will know more incidents than it is necessary to mention4 ,what you do tell1 however1 must be absolutely clear4 ,the actual events may have been but a string of episodes in real life1 but when you relate them they must appear like a full1 round period4 ,look carefully after your connectives2 on them hangs largely the success of your story4 ,it goes without saying that you must have a climax1 or highest point4 ,every sentence that you write before it1 even the first1 must lead toward it2 every sentence that you write after it1 even the last1 must lead from it4 ,you must ruthlessly suppress any phrase that does not add strength to your chosen scene4 ,be sure your story has totality4 ,the ,necklace ,she was one of those pretty1 charming girls who are sometimes1 as if through the irony of fate1 born into a family of clerks4 ,she was without dowry or expectations1 and had no means of becoming known1 appreciated1 loved1 wedded1 by any rich or influential man2 so she allowed herself to be married to a small clerk belonging to the ,ministry of ,public ,instruction4 ,she dressed plainly because she could not afford to dress well1 and was unhappy because she felt she had dropped from her proper station1 which for women is a matter of attractiveness1 beauty1 and grace1 rather than of family descent4 ,good manners1 an intuitive knowledge of what is elegant1 nimbleness of wit1 are the only requirements necessary to place a woman of the people on an equality with one of the aristocracy4 ,she fretted constantly1 feeling all things delicate and luxurious to be her birthright4 ,she suffered on account of the meagreness of her surroundings1 the bareness of the walls1 the tarnished furniture1 the ugly curtains2 deficiencies which would have left any other woman of her class untouched1 irritated and tormented her4 ,the sight of the little ,breton peasant who did her humble housework engendered hopeless regrets followed by fantastic dreams4 ,she thought of a noiseless1 hallowed anteroom1 with ,oriental carpets1 lighted with tall branching candlesticks of bronze and of two big1 knee-breeched footmen1 drowsy from the stove-heated air1 dozing in great armchairs4 ,she thought of a long drawing-room hung with ancient brocade1 of a beautiful cabinet holding priceless curios1 of an alluring1 scented boudoir intended for five o'clock chats with intimates1 with men famous and courted1 and whose acquaintance is longed for by all women4 ,when she sat down to dinner1 at the round table spread with a cloth three days old1 opposite her husband1 who uncovered the tureen1 and exclaimed with ecstasy1 ,ah1 ,i like a good stew6 ,i know nothing to beat this6 she thought of dainty dinners1 of shining plate1 of tapestry which peopled the walls with human shapes1 and with strange birds flying among fairy trees4 ,and then she thought of delicious viands served in costly dishes1 and of murmured gallantries which you listen to with a comfortable smile while you are eating the rose-tinted flesh of a trout or the wing of a quail4 ,she had no handsome gowns1 no jewels--nothing1 though these were her whole life2 it was these that meant existence to her4 ,she would so have liked to please1 to be thought fascinating1 to be envied1 to be sought out4 ,she had a friend1 a former schoolmate at the convent1 who was very rich1 but whom she did not like to go to see any more because she would come home jealous1 covetous4 ,but one evening her husband returned home jubilant1 holding a large envelope in his hand4 ,here is something for you1 he said4 ,she tore open the cover sharply1 and drew out a printed card bearing these words3 ,the ,minister of ,public ,instruction and ,mme4 ,georges ,ramponneau request the honor of ,m4 and ,mme4 ,loisel's company at the palace of the ,ministry on ,monday evening1 ,january #ahth4 ,instead of being delighted as her husband expected1 she threw the invitation on the table with disgust1 muttering1 ,what do you think ,i can do with that8 ,but1 my dear1 ,i thought you would be pleased4 ,you never go anywhere1 and this is such a rare opportunity4 ,i had hard work to get it4 ,every one is wild to go2 it is very select1 and invitations to clerks are scarce4 ,the whole official world will be there4 ,she looked at him with a scornful eye1 as she said petulantly1 ,and what have ,i to put on my back8 ,he had not thought of that4 ,he stammered1 ,why1 the dress you wear to the theatre2 it certainly looks all right to me4 ,he stopped in despair1 seeing his wife was crying4 ,two big tears rolled down from the corners of her eyes to the corners of her mouth4 ,what's the matter8 ,what's the matter8 he faltered4 ,with great effort she controlled herself1 and replied coldly1 while she dried her wet cheeks3 ,nothing1 except that ,i have no dress1 and for that reason1 cannot go to the ball4 ,give your invitation to some fellow-clerk whose wife is better provided than ,i am4 ,he was dumfounded1 but replied3 ,come1 ,mathilde1 let us see now--how much would a suitable dress cost2 one you could wear at other times--something quite simple8 ,she pondered several moments1 calculating1 and guessing too1 how much she could safely ask for without an instant refusal or bringing down upon her head a volley of objections from her frugal husband4 ,at length she said hesitatingly1 ,i can't say exactly1 but ,i think ,i could do with four hundred francs4 ,he changed color because he was laying aside just that sum to buy a gun and treat himself to a little shooting next summer on the plain of ,nanterre1 with several friends1 who went down there on ,sundays to shoot larks4 ,nevertheless1 he said3 ,very well1 ,i will give you four hundred francs4 ,get a pretty dress4 ,the day of the ball drew nearer1 and ,mme4 ,loisel seemed despondent1 nervous1 upset1 though her dress was all ready4 ,one evening her husband observed3 ,i say1 what is the matter1 ,mathilde8 ,you have been very queer lately4 ,and she replied1 ,it exasperates me not to have a single ornament of any kind to put on4 ,i shall look like a fright--,i would almost rather stay at home4 ,he answered3 ,why not wear flowers8 ,they are very fashionable at this time of the year4 ,you can get a handful of fine roses for ten francs4 ,but she was not to be persuaded4 ,no1 it's so mortifying to look poverty-stricken among women who are rich4 ,then her husband exclaimed3 ,how slow you are6 ,go and see your friend1 ,mme4 ,forestier1 and ask her to lend you some jewels4 ,you know her well enough to do that4 ,she gave an exclamation of delight3 ,true6 ,i never thought of that6 ,next day she went to her friend and poured out her woes4 ,mme4 ,forestier went to a closet with a glass door1 took out a large jewel box1 brought it back1 opened it1 and said to ,mme4 ,loisel1 ,here1 take your choice1 my dear4 ,she looked at some bracelets1 then at a pearl necklace1 and then at a ,venetian cross curiously wrought of gold and precious stones4 ,she tried on the ornaments before the mirror1 hesitated1 was loath to take them off and return them4 ,she kept inquiring1 ,have you any more8 ,certainly1 look for yourself4 ,i don't know what you want4 ,suddenly ,mathilde discovered1 in a black satin box1 a magnificent necklace of diamonds1 and her heart began to beat with excitement4 ,with trembling hands she took the necklace and fastened it round her neck outside her dress1 becoming lost in admiration of herself as she looked in the glass4 ,tremulous with fear lest she be refused1 she asked1 ,will you lend me this--only this8 ,yes1 of course ,i will4 ,mathilde fell upon her friend's neck1 kissed her passionately1 and rushed off with her treasure4 ,the day of the ball arrived4 ,mme4 ,loisel was a great success4 ,she was prettier than them all1 lovely1 gracious1 smiling1 and wild with delight4 ,all the men looked at her1 inquired her name1 tried to be introduced2 all the officials of the ,ministry wanted a waltz--even the minister himself noticed her4 ,she danced with abandon1 with ecstacy1 intoxicated with joy1 forgetting everything in the triumph of her beauty1 in the radiance of her success1 in a kind of mirage of bliss made up of all this worship1 this adulation1 of all these stirring impulses1 and of that realization of perfect surrender1 so sweet to the soul of woman4 ,she left about four in the morning4 ,since midnight her husband had been sleeping in a little deserted anteroom with three other men whose wives were enjoying themselves4 ,he threw over her shoulders the wraps he had brought1 ordinary1 everyday garments1 contrasting sorrily with her elegant ball dress4 ,she felt this1 and wanted to get away so as not to be seen by the other women1 who were putting on costly furs4 ,loisel detained her3 ,wait a little2 you will catch cold outside2 ,i will go and call a cab4 ,but she would not listen to him1 and hurried downstairs4 ,when they reached the street they could not find a carriage1 and they began to look for one1 shouting to the cabmen who were passing by4 ,they went down toward the river in desperation1 shivering with cold4 ,at last they found on the quays one of those antiquated1 all-night broughams1 which1 in ,paris1 wait till after dark before venturing to display their dilapidation4 ,it took them to their door in the ,rue des ,martyrs1 and once more1 wearily1 they climbed the stairs4 ,now all was over for her2 as for him1 he remembered that he must be at the office at ten o'clock4 ,she threw off her cloak before the glass1 that she might behold herself once more in all her magnificence4 ,suddenly she uttered a cry of dismay--the necklace was gone6 ,her husband1 already half-undressed1 called out1 ,anything wrong8 ,she turned wildly toward him3 ,i have--,i have--,i've lost ,mme4 ,forestier's necklace6 ,he stood aghast3 ,where8 ,when8 ,you haven't6 ,they looked in the folds of her dress1 in the folds of her cloak1 in her pocket1 everywhere4 ,they could not find it4 ,are you sure1 he said1 that you had it on when you left the ball8 ,yes2 ,i felt it in the corridor of the palace4 ,but if you had lost it in the street1 we should have heard it fall4 ,it must be in the cab4 ,no doubt4 ,did you take his number8 ,no4 ,and didn't you notice it either8 ,no4 ,they looked at each other1 terror-stricken4 ,at last ,loisel put on his clothes4 ,i shall go back on foot1 he said1 over the whole route we came by1 to see if ,i can't find it4 ,he went out1 and she sat waiting in her ball dress1 too dazed to go to bed1 cold1 crushed1 lifeless1 unable to think4 ,her husband came back at seven o'clock4 ,he had found nothing4 ,he went to ,police ,headquarters1 to the newspaper office--where he advertised a reward4 ,he went to the cab companies--to every place1 in fact1 that seemed at all hopeful4 ,she waited all day in the same awful state of mind at this terrible misfortune4 ,loisel returned at night with a wan1 white face4 ,he had found nothing4 ,write immediately to your friend1 said he1 that you have broken the clasp of her necklace1 and that you have taken it to be mended4 ,that will give us time to turn about4 ,she wrote as he told her4 ,by the end of the week they had given up all hope4 ,loisel1 who looked five years older1 said1 ,we must plan how we can replace the necklace4 ,the next day they took the black satin box to the jeweler whose name was found inside4 ,he referred to his books4 ,you did not buy that necklace of me1 ,madame4 ,i can only have supplied the case4 ,they went from jeweler to jeweler1 hunting for a necklace like the lost one1 trying to remember its appearance1 heartsick with shame and misery4 ,finally1 in a shop at the ,palais ,royal1 they found a string of diamonds which looked to them just like the other4 ,the price was forty thousand francs1 but they could have it for thirty-six thousand4 ,they begged the jeweler to keep it three days for them1 and made an agreement with him that he should buy it back for thirty-four thousand1 francs if they found the lost necklace before the last of ,february4 ,loisel had inherited eighteen thousand francs from his father4 ,he could borrow the remainder4 ,and he did borrow right and left1 asking a thousand francs from one1 five hundred of another1 five louis here1 three louis there4 ,he gave notes1 assumed heavy obligations1 trafficked with money-lenders at usurious rates1 and1 putting the rest of his life in pawn1 pledged his signature over and over again4 ,not knowing how he was to make it all good1 and terrified by the penalty yet to come1 by the dark destruction which hung over him1 by the certainty of incalculable deprivations of body and tortures of soul1 he went to get the new bauble1 throwing down upon the jeweler's counter the thirty-six thousand francs4 ,when ,mme4 ,loisel returned the necklace1 ,mme4 ,forestier said to her coldly3 ,why did you not bring it back sooner8 ,i might have wanted it4 ,she did not open the case--to the great relief of her friend4 ,supposing she had6 ,would she have discovered the substitution1 and what would she have said8 ,would she not have accused ,mme4 ,loisel of theft8 ,mme4 ,loisel now knew what it was to be in want1 but she showed sudden and remarkable courage4 ,that awful debt must be paid1 and she would pay it4 ,they sent away their servant1 and moved up into a garret under the roof4 ,she began to find out what heavy housework and the fatiguing drudgery of the kitchen meant4 ,she washed the dishes1 scraping the greasy pots and pans with her rosy nails4 ,she washed the dirty linen1 the shirts and dish-towels1 which dried upon the line4 ,she lugged slops and refuse down to the street every morning1 bringing back fresh water1 stopping on every landing1 panting for breath4 ,with her basket on her arm1 and dressed like a woman of the people1 she haggled with the fruiterer1 the grocer1 and the butcher1 often insulted1 but getting every sou's worth that belonged to her4 ,each month notes had to be met1 others renewed1 extensions of time procured4 ,her husband worked in the evenings1 straightening out tradesmen's accounts2 he sat up late at night1 copying manuscripts at five sous a page4 ,and this they did for ten years4 ,at the end of that time they had paid up everything1 everything--with all the principal and the accumulated compound interest4 ,mme4 ,loisel looked old now4 ,she had become a domestic drudge1 sinewy1 rough-skinned1 coarse4 ,with towsled hair1 tucked-up skirts1 and red hands1 she would talk loudly while mopping the floor with great splashes of water4 ,but sometimes1 when alone1 she sat near the window1 and she thought of that gay evening long ago1 of the ball where she had been so beautiful1 so much admired4 ,supposing she had not lost the necklace--what then8 ,who knows8 ,who knows8 ,life is so strange and shifting4 ,how exceedingly easy it is to be ruined or saved6 ,but one ,sunday1 going for a walk in the ,champs lyses to refresh herself after her hard week's work1 she accidentally came upon a familiar-looking woman with a child4 ,it was ,mme4 ,forestier1 still young1 still lovely1 still charming4 ,mme4 ,loisel became agitated4 ,should she speak to her8 ,of course4 ,now that she had paid1 she would tell her all about it4 ,why not8 ,she went up to her4 ,how do you do1 ,jeanne8 ,the other1 astonished at the easy manner toward her assumed by a plain housewife whom she did not recognize1 said3 ,but1 ,madame1 you have made a mistake2 ,i do not know you4 ,why1 ,i am ,mathilde ,loisel6 ,her friend gave a start4 ,oh1 my poor ,mathilde1 she cried1 how you have changed6 ,yes2 ,i have seen hard days since last ,i saw you2 hard enough--and all because of you4 ,of me8 ,and why8 ,you remember the diamond necklace you loaned me to wear at the ,ministry ball8 ,yes1 ,i do4 ,what of it8 ,well1 ,i lost it6 ,but you brought it back--explain yourself4 ,i bought one just like it1 and it took us ten years to pay for it4 ,it was not easy for us who had nothing1 but it is all over now1 and ,i am glad4 ,mme4 ,forestier stared4 ,and you bought a necklace of diamonds to replace mine8 ,yes2 and you never knew the difference1 they were so alike4 ,and she smiled with joyful pride at the success of it all4 ,mme4 ,forestier1 deeply moved1 took both her hands4 ,oh1 my poor ,mathilde6 ,my necklace was paste4 ,it was worth only about five hundred francs6 --,henri ,rene ,albert ,guy de ,maupassant4 ,little ,masterpieces of ,fiction4 ,volume ,v4 7,doubleday1 ,page ,co47 ,andong ,andong was the only son of ,isio1 an ex-gobernadorcillo 7president7 of ,tuao1 ,cagayan4 ,at an early age ,andong went to ,manila to study2 but1 unfortunately1 his father died and the boy could not finish his career1 but returned to his native town to take care of his helpless mother4 ,shortly after his arrival at ,tuao1 his mother died1 and ,andong became a poor orphan4 ,during his orphanage he lived miserably1 but worked hard in order to release himself from poverty4 ,he cultivated1 year after year1 his small piece of land1 which he inherited from his father4 ,after ten years he had earned a considerable sum1 and bought twenty-five carabaos and one hundred hectares of land4 ,he made a trip to ,ilocos ,norte1 and succeeded in getting several ,ilocano families to live and to work on his plantation4 ,one day1 while he was working in his field1 he received a message from the gobernadorcillo1 notifying him of his nomination as a cabeza de barangay 7councilor71 and ,andong1 instead of insulting the police1 as many had done1 said1 ,well1 leave with me the letter1 and ,i will call on the gobernadorcillo this afternoon4 ,when ,andong had finished his work in the field1 he called at the gobernadorcillo's house1 and talked with him about his unexpected nomination4 ,andong said1 ,i have no objection to serving my municipality1 for it is the duty of every citizen to serve his town government the best he can1 and ,i am thankful to the government for having nominated me as one of the principales2 but before ,i accept the office1 ,i wish to see the tax list of my district to know whether any of the people are in arrears1 for ,i do not want to lose my property1 which ,i have earned by hard labor1 to answer for the debts of the people of my district1 nor can ,i go to look for them in other provinces1 nor-- ,whether you are willing1 or not1 you are forced to accept your nomination1 interrupted the gobernadorcillo1 and to-day your property is hypothecated to pay the debts of your people to the government4 ,but1 sir1 who has hypothecated my property8 ,is it possible that anybody has the right to confiscate my property8 ,surely1 said the gobernadorcillo4 ,some of the principales and ,i have been informed that you own many hectares of land1 and that you are immensely rich1 so the governor of our province has confirmed your nomination as cabeza de barangay4 ,i accept my nomination1 but ,i do not want to answer for the debt of the people under my command1 said ,andong4 ,whether you like it or not1 you will be cabeza de barangay1 and be compelled to pay all the debts of your people1 answered the gobernadorcillo4 ,well1 ,i will think about the matter first1 replied ,andong1 and he went to the house of ,aning1 an old ex-gobernadorcillo1 to consult him4 ,the gobernadorcillo was not surprised at ,andong's nomination1 for he was one of those principales who had recommended ,andong to the council4 ,aning advised ,andong to accept the office4 ,a cabeza de barangay is always respected and honored by the people1 said the gobernadorcillo4 ,he receives no salary1 to be sure1 but he gets gifts of eggs1 chickens1 pigs1 fruits1 which when sold bring much money4 ,besides1 when he wants to build a house for himself1 some of his people bring him lumber1 rattan1 cogon1 and other materials1 while the others erect the house without any pay4 ,but ,i do not like to molest my people1 and ,i hate to see them serve me as a master1 for they are my brothers1 answered ,andong4 ,do you prefer then to die from hunger rather than to cheat your people as your predecessors did8 asked ,aning4 ,yes1 ,i prefer death1 to seeing my people oppressed1 replied ,andong4 ,disgusted at the servile conversation of the ex-gobernadorcillo1 ,andong left him in vegetating complacency1 sitting on a bamboo chair with a fan in his hand4 ,unwillingly ,andong became a cabeza de barangay4 ,during the first year of his office he gave eighty pesos to the government to pay the debts of his runaway people4 ,now his wealth was decreasing1 for his duties made him neglect his work in the field4 ,the fact that he was becoming poorer each day1 led him into despair4 ,he remembered the advice of ,aning2 but he had no courage to abuse his poor people4 ,he could not deceive them1 for to deceive such people would be the same as stealing4 ,but who would pay back the money lost8 ,this was the question which worried him many times4 ,to forget his painful situation he took to drinking basi 7,ilocano wine which is extracted from the sugar cane71 and became a drunkard4 ,he forgot entirely his old business1 and in his intoxicated moments he often exclaimed3 ,while ,i live1 let me enjoy the fruit of my own toil instead of paying it all over to the government4 ,on account of his drunkenness1 he neglected to collect the taxes from his people1 and the deficit doubled the following year4 ,at first nobody wanted to lend him money to pay his debt to the government2 for his property was already hypothecated2 but1 at last a kind and rich officer lent him the money he needed1 at twenty per cent interest1 and with the condition that if he could not pay his debt within the period of two-years1 his property would be pledged for the second time in favor of the creditor4 ,andong fell into a long meditation4 ,he remembered once more the advice of ,aning1 and he was revolving in his mind plans which might release him from bankruptcy4 ,meanwhile1 he decided to go to ,ittong1 an ex-cabeza de barangay1 to ask for advice4 ,andong asked ,ittong to work for his election to the office of gobernadorcillo1 in order that he might be saved from his critical situation4 ,but wise ,ittong advised him not to seek such an office2 for it was worse than a cabeza de barangay3 ,the best thing for you to do is to let the government confiscate your property1 go to prison1 and then when you are released from jail1 you can earn again your lost property1 he said4 ,your advice seems excellent to me1 answered ,andong1 but can't they nominate me again as cabeza de barangay when ,i accumulate more property8 ,since you have not held the office during a period of ten years1 they can oblige you to accept the office again1 said ,ittong4 ,andong1 after a long pause1 said to ,ittong3 ,i want to be elected gobernadorcillo so that ,i can save my property instead of going to jail4 ,if you desire it1 ,i can recommend you to my friends ,islao1 ,ansong1 ,momong1 ,ipi1 and ,cadio1 who will nominate you as the candidate of our party for the coming election1 said ,ittong4 ,i thank you for your kindness1 said ,andong1 and bade good-bye to his future advocate1 ,ittong4 ,andong was nominated as the candidate of ,ittong's party for gobernadorcillo4 ,ambeng1 the candidate of the opposing party1 was more popular than ,ittong1 consequently he was more sure to succeed in the coming election4 ,the critical day was approaching4 ,many of the cabezas de barangay went to pay their contributions to the municipal treasurer1 in order to be allowed to vote4 ,on the eve of the election the drum of the tribunal never stopped beating and the voters of the town kept flocking to the polling-place4 ,on the morning of the election1 all the principales in their holiday dresses awaited the governor at the tribunal4 ,when the governor came1 they took off their hats and followed him4 ,they entered the tribunal1 and sat around a long table1 presided over by the governor4 ,before beginning the election1 the governor delivered a short speech of welcome and he emphasized that they must elect that man who was rich1 honest1 and capable4 ,after a long discussion1 ,ambeng was elected by a big majority4 ,andong was disappointed and disgusted over his defeat4 ,but while ,ambeng's party was still celebrating their triumph the governor of the province received a telegram from the central government1 announcing ,andong's nomination as gobernadorcillo of ,tuao4 ,ambeng was elected by the people1 but ,andong had been recommended to the governor-general by the curate of the town1 the governor of the province1 and the chief of the guardia civil2 so ,andong was appointed to the office he sought4 ,on the day of ,andong's possession1 the people of ,tuao held a holiday in his honor4 ,there was a land parade in which all the princapales of the town took part4 ,after the parade1 ,andong went to the tribunal to take his oath before the justice of the peace4 ,after this ceremony the chief of police read his administrative program1 in which he obliged every one of his people to go to mass on ,sundays and holidays1 and prohibited gambling1 drunkenness1 and stealing4 ,time flew4 ,after three months' administration1 ,andong became worried over his business2 for he was compelled to visit every day his superiors1 and to go to mass on ,sundays and holidays4 ,however1 he was a zealous ruler4 ,he organized a militia4 ,he succeeded in pacifying the ,igorrotes1 who were fighting one another1 and he caught many of the bandits1 who were ravaging the neighboring towns4 ,everything was going all right1 when1 unexpectedly1 ,andong received an order from the court of justice to appear before the judge to answer all the complaints of the people about his abuses in the government4 ,andong1 before going to court went to see ,ittong1 his old advocate4 ,ittong advised him not to be afraid4 ,call officially your witnesses1 he said1 and tell them that you will put them into prison if they declare against you4 ,the wind was strong against ,andong4 ,nobody could save him from his trouble4 ,the prison was awaiting him4 ,andong was perplexed2 he did not know what to do4 ,while he was looking at the neighboring mountains1 a wise thought came to his mind4 ,i will go and live in those woods with the ,igorrotes1 rather than to suffer the oppression of my superiors and the hatred of my own people6 he exclaimed4 ,meanwhile1 he received an urgent despatch from a friend1 announcing that the government had discharged him from his office1 and had sentenced him to be put into prison4 ,immediately1 ,andong and one of his servants fled from ,tuao and sought refuge in the neighboring forests1 there to live like wild men1 with no ambition above that of the brute1 caring only for their next meal1 but harboring in their hearts a deadly hatred of ,spanish rule4 --,justo ,e4 ,avila4 ,,part ,,ii ,,narratives ,,of ,,actual ,,events ,,chapter ,,vii ,,particular ,,accounts ,the second large division heading explains itself4 ,in an atmosphere of facts all the true narrative types stand4 ,whether these types are used as retainers of truth only is another question4 ,manifestly they are not4 ,manifestly there is much fiction that succeeds merely because it is cast in the true story mold4 ,but the concern of the writer who chooses any one of these forms is to pour truth into it1 whether the truth be historical actualities or only artistic probabilities4 ,it is more helpful to consider the types on their simplest basis2 hence in a study like this1 one would assume for content always real happenings4 ,the necessity that the story go unquestioned does not1 however1 excuse the recorder of actual events from using his imagination4 ,indeed1 only by using it can he come to write true history or true biography4 ,without the inward eye one cannot see the past4 ,without sympathy--which is another word for imagination--one cannot know his fellowman4 ,a biographer1 an historian1 above all else should be able to see the unseen1 not the unseen of the unreal1 but the unseen of the real1 a vastly different thing6 ,the two are exact opposites1 the what-is and the what-was set over against the what-was-not and the what-could-not-be4 ,in this chapter five types of narratives of actual events are grouped as particular accounts1 or adventitious history1 in contrast with continuous personal history1 and continuous impersonal1 or community history4 ,particular accounts have to do with those small happenings that seem to come by chance1 those events that form1 as it were1 complete and detachable bits of life4 ,that is to say1 each relation is of something that has taken place or been witnessed in a comparatively short time--an incident of a trip downtown1 a characteristic action of a great man1 an important political event1 an adventure1 a brief series of pleasures4 ,i4 ,the ,incident ,definition ,the word incident comes from the ,latin and means falling upon or into something1 impinging from without2 hence something depending upon or contained in another thing1 as its principal4 ,in narrative1 then1 it is the record of a subordinate act or of an event happening at the same time as some other event and of less importance4 ,any little occurrence may be considered an incident4 ,the report of it generally has excuse for being in the fact that knowledge of it throws light on the main event or intensifies interest therein4 ,accordingly every good narrative of this type possesses a horizon larger than itself4 ,somewhere within the story there is a clause connecting the event with other occurrences or with the prime occurrence4 ,how to tell an incident ,an incident may or may not be an eye-witness account4 ,indeed1 an incident may be told by a person removed the third1 the hundredth degree from the happening4 ,the essential thing is the evidence of reality4 ,of course there are fictitious incidents--like those in ,robinson ,crusoe--but the whole care of the writer in such cases is to simulate truth4 ,very often a work of fiction is but a skillful piecing together of actual small happenings4 ,an incident is valued in itself for one of two reasons--either for the fact which it records or for the author's humanity revealed in the narration4 ,though slight1 an incident should be well told4 ,it need not be pointed1 but it should proceed in an orderly and interesting fashion4 ,the diction should be natural4 ,as hinted before1 an incident should have a setting4 ,the reader ought to be able to feel something of where the characters have come from and whither they are going4 ,the more nicely such a coherence is suggested1 the more pleasing the little story will be4 ,one thinks of the quiet delightfulness of ,wordsworth's ,incidents which he calls ,poems on the ,naming of ,places4 ,they are small stories out of his life and the lives of his friends--natural records out of natural living1 but as charming and interesting as any tale of ,naiad by the side ,of ,grecian brook1 or ,lady of the ,mere1 ,sole-sitting by the shores of old romance4 ,robert ,browning's ,incident of the ,french ,camp is an example of the more stirring small happening4 ,books of travel are largely series of incidents1 but because of the continued presence of the same personality fall into a class distinct from this4 ,good letter-writers are usually fascinating relators of incidents4 ,cowper1 ,jane ,welsh ,carlyle1 ,dorothy ,osborne1 ,gray1 ,lowell1 ,edward ,fitzgerald1 charmed not only their correspondents but all their later readers4 ,the earlier accounts of his life away from home that ,r4 ,l4 ,s4 sent back to his mother contain exquisite small bits of narration4 ,a ,near ,tragedy ,a most tragical incident fell out this day at sea4 ,while the ship was under sail1 but making1 as will appear1 no great way1 a kitten1 one of four of the feline inhabitants of the cabin1 fell from the window into the water3 an alarm was immediately given to the captain1 who was then upon deck1 and received it with the utmost concern4 ,he immediately gave orders to the steersman in favor of the poor thing1 as he called it2 the sails were instantly slackened1 and all hands1 as the phrase is1 employed to recover the poor animal4 ,i was1 ,i own1 extremely surprised at all this2 less1 indeed1 at the captain's extreme tenderness1 than at his conceiving any possibility of success2 for1 if puss had had nine thousand instead of nine lives1 ,i concluded they had been all lost4 ,the boatswain1 however1 had more sanguine hopes2 for1 having stript himself of his jacket1 breeches1 and shirt1 he leapt boldly into the water1 and1 to my great astonishment1 in a few minutes1 returned to the ship1 bearing the motionless animal in his mouth4 ,nor was this1 ,i observed1 a matter of such great difficulty as it appeared to my ignorance1 and possibly may seem to that of my fresh-water readers3 the kitten was now exposed to air and sun on the deck1 where its life1 of which it retained no symptoms1 was despaired of by all4 ,the captain's humanity1 if ,i may so call it1 did not so totally destroy his philosophy as to make him yield himself up to affliction on this melancholy occasion4 ,having felt his loss like a man1 he resolved to show he could bear it like one2 and1 having declared he had rather have lost a cask of rum or brandy1 betook himself to thrashing at backgammon with the ,portuguese friar1 in which innocent amusement they passed nearly all their leisure hours4 ,but as ,i have1 perhaps1 a little too wantonly endeavored to raise the tender passions of my readers in this narrative1 ,i should think myself unpardonable if ,i concluded it without giving them the satisfaction of hearing that the kitten at last recovered1 to the great joy of the good captain2 but to the great disappointment of some of the sailors1 who asserted that the drowning a cat was the very surest way of raising a favorable wind3 a supposition of which1 though we have heard several plausible accounts1 we will not presume to assign the true original reason4 --,henry ,fielding4 ,journal of a ,voyage to ,lisbon4 ,birds ,divulge ,army ,secrets ,during the night1 before the battle of ,sadowa1 an ,austrian division commanded by the archduke1 retreating before the ,prussian army1 had bivouacked near a town in ,bohemia1 facing north1 says ,sir ,evelyn ,wood1 in the ,london ,gazette4 ,at midnight the archduke1 when resting in a peasant's cottage1 was awakened by the arrival of a gypsy1 having come to report the advance of the enemy4 ,the archduke1 who spoke ,romany fluently1 asked3 ,how do you know8 ,our outposts have not reported any movement4 ,that1 your highness1 is because the enemy is some way off4 ,then how do you know8 ,the gypsy1 pointing to the dark sky1 lighted by the moon1 observed3 ,you see those birds flying over the woods from north to south8 ,yes2 what of them8 ,those birds do not fly by night unless disturbed1 and the direction of their flight indicates that the enemy is coming this way4 ,the archduke put his division under arms and reinforced the outposts1 which in two hours' time were heavily attacked4 ,an ,incident ,related ,in a ,letter #g3bj ,p4 ,m4--,i must tell you a thing ,i saw to-day4 ,i was going down to ,portobello in the train1 when there came into the next compartment 7third-class7 an artisan1 strongly marked with smallpox1 and with sunken1 heavy eyes--a face hard and unkind1 and without anything lovely4 ,there was a woman on the platform seeing him off4 ,at first sight1 with her one eye blind and the whole cast of her features strongly plebeian1 and even vicious1 she seemed as unpleasant as the man2 but there was something beautifully soft1 a sort of light of tenderness1 as on some ,dutch ,madonna1 that came over her face when she looked at the man4 ,they talked for a while together through the window2 the man seemed to have been asking for money4 ,ye ken the last time1 she said1 ,i gave ye two shillings for your lodgin'1 and ye said--it died off in a whisper4 ,plainly ,falstaff and ,dame ,quickly over again4 ,the man laughed unpleasantly1 even cruelly1 and said something2 and the woman turned her back on the carriage and stood a long while so1 and1 do what ,i might1 ,i could catch no glimpse of her expression1 although ,i thought ,i saw the heave of a sob in her shoulders4 ,at last1 after the train was already in motion1 she turned and put two shillings into his hand4 ,i saw her stand and look after us with a perfect heaven of love on her face--this poor one-eyed ,madonna--until the train was out of sight2 but the man1 sordidly happy with his gains1 did not put himself to the inconvenience of one glance to thank her for her ill-deserved kindness4 --,robert ,louis ,stevenson4 ,in letter to ,mrs4 ,stillwell1 ,sept4 #af1 #ahgc4 ,a ,hero ,dead ,it was very dark in the east corridor of the ,armory1 and1 save for the quiet footfall of the ever-watchful orderly1 there was no sound in the silent room where the nation's dead lay wrapped in the great silk flag4 ,in the shadow of the stairway1 a group of secret-service men were nervously whispering among themselves1 with occasional glances that strove to penetrate the black void that lay beyond the crape-hung doorway4 ,their sergeant stood a little apart from the others1 an alert figure1 with a hand that lingered suggestively about his hip-pocket4 ,for three days he had kept unwearied watch while thousands had paid their last homage to the dead servant of the people1 and the strain was telling upon him4 ,the nation had lost a hero1 but ,john ,mac,donald had lost his idol--and his best friend4 ,through his mind was sweeping a strong revulsion at conditions which could have fostered so wanton a murder2 and a sudden and passionate hatred of the dark race to whose salvation this man had been a martyr threatened almost to unman this stern son of the service4 ,that very day he had sent away with a curse a paralytic old negro who had brought his handful of field-lilies to the bier of the savior of his race4 ,mac,donald had felt no qualm at his action1 and when1 later1 he had found the poor flowers lying withered outside the closed door1 he kicked them aside with an oath4 ,in a measure1 the stern old ,scotchman had not been responsible for his actions at that time1 for it was just then that he had heard the dread rumor which was spreading its dark wake through the crapehung corridors4 ,that very night while the whole nation was yet bowed in its sorrow1 an attempt was to be made to steal the body of the dead hero4 ,the crime seemed scarcely to be believed1 but the men of the secret-service1 scattered throughout the dark corridor1 were awake and ready4 ,john ,mac,donald1 striving vainly in his grief-saddened heart to frame a reason for it all1 wondered how he had been able to resist the old negro with his tear-wet face and pleading voice4 ,that black creature was a man like himself1 and he1 also1 had loved the great man who was lying so quietly in the folds of his country's flag4 ,o ,lincoln1 he spoke1 raising a clenched hand toward the black doorway1 they have murdered you1 they have taken you from us1 but still-- ,suddenly his muscles stiffened1 and something very akin to a chill crept about the roots of his hair4 ,there had come the quiet but unmistakable sound of a footfall from the room where the dead lay4 ,the ,scotchman stood a man of stone1 and while his very hair stiffened with horror1 a mighty wrath swept over his whole being4 ,they were at it1 then1 those fiends who dared to desecrate the body of his lord with their filthy touch4 ,with a movement like a cat1 ,mac,donald drew his ready weapon1 and1 with a call to his startled subordinates1 stepped boldly over the threshold4 ,in a moment1 the room was filled with the glare of torches1 and the secret-service men1 crowding in the doorway1 saw the leveled weapon of their chief sink inertly to his side4 ,on the black catafalque the hero lay1 beneath the outstretched wings of the eagle of the republic1 and at his feet1 sobbing out his grief-stricken heart1 knelt an old negro4 --,ida ,treat4 ,my ,first ,day at ,school ,the room was not large enough for a schoolroom4 ,the floor1 the wall1 and the roof were all made of bamboo4 ,in the center of the room was a long1 narrow1 roughly-made table1 at which sat closely twenty or thirty pupils4 ,there were also two or three benches here and there1 on which sat new boys and girls4 ,at the end of the long table sat a rather old but fierce-looking man1 the schoolmaster4 ,in his left hand he held a book1 and in his right1 a whip2 for at that time the principle governing schools was that knowledge could not be gained without severe bodily punishment4 ,when ,i entered the schoolroom1 my cartilla in hand1 this was the first scene that met my eyes4 ,it happened that ,titay1 a cousin of mine1 had been sent to school on that day also2 so we had the same lesson4 ,in harsh tones the teacher ordered us to study the vowels of the ,spanish alphabet4 ,and with a loud voice we repeated again and again1 a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 until we knew them--at least we thought so--by heart4 ,at last our turn came2 and we were called to go to our teacher4 ,my cousin 7a girl7 was at his left side1 while ,i was at his right4 ,what is this8 the teacher asked my cousin4 ,a1 she answered1 correctly4 ,however1 at his second1 third1 and fourth questions1 she was confused and could not answer4 ,but ,i really knew a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 by heart1 for my kind mother had taught them to me2 so ,i proudly corrected every mistake she had made4 ,after every correction1 the teacher would say to me1 ,tira la oreja 7meaning1 ,pull her ears74 ,and with what boyish pleasure did ,i pull her ears6 ,she cried and resolved never to go to school again4 ,when ,i returned home1 ,i was very boastful1 and told everybody in the household of my triumph4 ,thus ,i received encouragement in my first school day1 and after that ,i continued to study with interest till ,i myself received some bodily punishment4 --,mximo ,m4 ,kalaw4 ,the ,guinatan ,prize ,one day ,i came to the schoolhouse tardy4 ,when ,i entered the door1 ,i saw the pupils standing side by side in a row and facing the teacher4 ,there was one column of numbers on the blackboard1 near which the teacher stood with a long wooden pointer in his hand4 ,as soon as ,i saw the numbers on the board1 ,i knew at once that there would be a contest4 ,so ,i laid down my books on the floor1 took off my hat1 and stood next to the last boy4 ,teacher1 ,leopoldo does not belong here4 ,he is the captain-general4 ,therefore1 he should stand next to ,federico1 said the last boy as soon as he saw me4 ,no1 said the teacher1 he came in tardy4 ,boys1 you must learn to come to school on time1 he continued4 ,the teacher then gave us names3 he named the first boy general1 the second major-general1 the third captain-general1 and so on4 ,i1 being the last boy1 was named ranchero1 or the cook of the army4 ,he who is the general at the end of the contest will be given a cup of guinatan as a prize1 said the teacher4 ,now begin1 ,martin1 he continued4 ,martin began to add the numbers on the board with accuracy1 and finished within forty seconds4 ,the major-general did the same1 but he finished within forty-five seconds4 ,the captain-general added the numbers within forty-two seconds4 ,so he pulled the ear of the major-general1 and they exchanged places4 ,before1 my turn came1 there had been many changes already1 a soldier had beaten a colonel1 a sergeant had passed a lieutenant4 ,all right1 ,leopoldo1 said the teacher4 ,one--six--fourteen--twenty-two--thirty- -thirty-six--forty-five4 ,carry four4 ,eight--ten--fifteen--twenty-one--twenty -nine--thirty-five--forty6 ,i said without stopping to take a breath4 ,forty seconds6 announced the teacher4 ,the teacher wanted to try me again1 but the boys said they should like to hear the general first4 ,all right4 ,go on1 ,martin1 said the teacher4 ,this time ,martin failed4 ,he finished within thirty-seven seconds1 but he made a mistake4 ,the boys shouted4 ,fortunately1 the time was up4 ,so ,i was pronounced the victor4 ,the teacher bought a cup of guinatan1 the sweet fruit mixture that ,filipino children so much love1 and gave it to me4 ,i was very proud then4 ,when ,i reached home1 ,i told my mother all that had happened4 ,she was very happy4 --,leopoldo ,faustino4 ,,ii4 ,the ,anecdote ,meaning of the term ,in the sense in which a proverb is a condensed parable1 an anecdote is a condensed character-sketch or biography4 ,like many of our other terms the word anecdote itself reveals to an extent its present meaning4 ,it is derived from the ,greek and signifies something not published4 ,this is the sense in which ,cicero uses it when he speaks of a book of anecdotes on which he was engaged1 but which he talks of confiding to a single friend only1 as if it were not intended ever to be published4 ,in literature the word has been used to denote either secret histories or portions of ancient writers which have remained long in manuscript and are edited for the first time4 ,the anecdotes of ,procopius1 which were published in ,london in #afgd under the title ,the ,secret ,history of the ,court of ,justinian1 are evidence of the first significance2 and ,dr4 ,johnson's reference to the ,english-,french fashion of using the word for a biographical minute passage of private life establishes the second meaning4 ,in our day1 collections of anecdotes--criticisms and observations1 smart sayings and ludicrous tales1 delivered by eminent men in conversation and recorded by their friends or discovered among their papers after their death1 and put together with historical incidents concerning them--are published under the term ana4 ,ana ,the ancients were in the habit of indulging in this species of literature4 ,from earliest periods ,oriental nations have preserved the intimate talk of their wise men4 ,from them the ,greeks and ,romans took up the practice4 ,plato and ,xenophon recorded the colloquially expressed ideas of their master ,socrates4 ,it appears that ,julius ,csar compiled a book of apophthegms in which he related the bon mots of ,cicero2 and a freedman of that orator1 taken with his master's liveliness and wit1 composed three books of a work entitled ,de ,jocis ,ciceronis4 ,eighteenth century collections ,but the term ana seems to have been applied to such collections only so far back as the fifteenth century4 ,the information and anecdotes picked up by ,poggio and his friend ,barthelemi ,montepolitiano during a literary trip in ,germany are to be called1 says another friend in a letter1 ,poggiana and ,montepolitiana4 ,perhaps the most typical1 and surely a very famous and interesting1 production of this species of narrative in ,english is the ,walpoliana1 a transcript of the literary conversation of ,horace ,walpole1 ,earl of ,oxford4 ,selden's ,table ,talk was considered by ,dr4 ,johnson good ana1 better than the ,french4 ,but incomparably superior to all1 a collection the most remarkable in the ,english language-and indeed1 in any language 7as a writer in the ,britannica asserts7--is ,james ,boswell's ,life of ,samuel ,johnson4 ,though not conforming to the type of collection either in name or in form of presentation1 this1 according to ,carlyle1 the greatest production of the eighteenth century1 depends for its value mainly upon its ana4 ,its interest1 the same writer goes on to say1 arises1 not from the details it furnishes of the events of ,dr ,johnson's career1 still less from any attempt at a discriminating estimate of his work and character1 but the graphic representation it gives of his habitual manner of life and speech4 ,the animate greatness of ,johnson appears1 more than in all his writings1 in his portrait delineated with the exactness of sharply-defined photograph1 as he appeared1 to the eyes of his admiring biographer1 in his daily deshabille4 ,that is the secret of anecdote--it must get at the real man in however small a part4 ,while a book of ana is a collection of short1 pointed1 true colloquial relations of more or less detached interesting particulars concerning a person of consequence1 a single anecdote is one of those interesting particulars entirely detached1 short1 pointed1 true1 and colloquial4 ,a book of anecdotes is a group of stories1 miscellaneous so far as subject matter is concerned4 ,spence's ,anecdotes is a very famous eighteenth century literary set2 and ,percy's is an early nineteenth1 with the stories selected--as the preface ostensibly gives notice--for their moral effect1 and arranged according to the virtue illustrated or the subject treated--humanity1 generosity1 kindness2 science1 art1 and so on4 ,how to write an anecdote ,as we have seen1 to be most interesting an anecdote must be singularly expressive of the peculiarities of the person represented2 or if the event recorded is not in the form of a character episode1 but rather in the form of an unusual happening1 it must be consonant with the accepted popular notion of the man's personality4 ,to write an original anecdote you will need to pick out of your past experience or the experience of some one of your acquaintances a story of a more or less important personage in your neighborhood1 a happening that has never hitherto been written down4 ,if the person concerned is not very well known or if the trait of character revealed would not be immediately recognized by his friends1 you might prefix a slight statement that will help point your narrative4 ,remember1 however1 that an anecdote must be very brief2 also that it must have a single and complete climax2 and that you must under no circumstance be induced to add another word after the climax is reached4 ,coleridge's ,retort ,samuel ,taylor ,coleridge was so bad a horseman that when he mounted he generally attracted unfavorable notice4 ,on a certain occasion he was riding along a turnpike road in the country of ,durham1 when he was met by a wag1 who1 mistaking his man1 thought the rider a good subject for sport4 ,i say1 young man1 cried the rustic1 did you see a tailor on the road8 ,yes1 ,i did2 and he told me that if ,i went a little farther1 ,i should meet a goose4 ,an ,inevitable ,misfortune ,when ,boswell was first introduced to ,dr4 ,johnson1 he apologized to him for being a ,scotchman4 ,i find1 said he1 that ,i am come to ,london at a bad time when great popular prejudice has gone forth against us ,north ,britons2 but when ,i am talking to you1 ,i am talking to a large and liberal mind1 and you know that ,i cannot help coming from ,scotland4 ,sir1 replied the doctor1 archly1 no more can the rest of your countrymen4 ,a ,point ,needing to ,be ,settled ,a ,scottish clergyman1 being one day engaged in visiting some member of his flock1 came to the door of a house where his gentle tapping could not be heard for the noise of contention inside4 ,after waiting a little1 he opened the door and walked in1 saying with an authoritative voice1 ,i should like to know who is the head of this house8 ,weel1 sir1 said the husband and father1 if ye sit doon a wee1 we'll may be able to tell ye1 for we're just trying to settle that point4 ,patience ,when ,lord ,chesterfield was one day at ,newcastle ,house1 the ,duke happened to be particularly busy1 so the ,earl was requested to sit down in an anteroom4 ,garnet upon ,job1 a book dedicated to the ,duke1 happened to lie in the window2 and his ,grace1 upon entering found the ,earl so busily engaged in reading1 that he asked how he liked the commentary4 ,in any other place1 replied ,chesterfield1 ,i should not think much of it2 but there is such great propriety in putting a volume upon patience in the room where every visitor has to wait for your ,grace1 that here it must be considered as one of the best books in the world4 ,preaching and ,practice ,dr4 ,channing had a brother1 a physician1 and at one time they both lived in ,boston4 ,one day1 a countryman in search of a divine1 knocked at the doctor's door1 when the following dialogue ensued3 ,does ,mr4 ,channing live here8 ,yes1 sir4 ,can ,i see him8 ,i am he4 ,who--you8 ,yes1 sir4 ,you must have altered considerably since ,i heard you preach6 ,oh1 ,i see your mistake now4 ,it's my brother who preaches4 ,i practice4 ,johnson's ,dictionary ,when ,dr4 ,johnson had completed his dictionary1 which had quite exhausted the patience of ,mr4 ,andrew ,millar1 his bookseller1 the latter acknowledged the receipt of the last sheet1 in the following note3 ,andrew ,millar sends his compliments to ,mr4 ,samuel ,johnson with the money for the last sheet of the copy of the dictionary1 and thanks ,god he has done with him4 ,to this rude note the doctor returned the following smart answer3 ,samuel ,johnson returns his compliments to ,mr4 ,andrew ,millar1 and is very glad to find 7as he does by his note71 that ,andrew ,millar has the grace to thank ,god for anything4 --,percy's ,anecdotes4 ,the ,boy ,kipling ,rudyard ,kipling's keen and sympathetic understanding of all the diversified and picturesque varieties of human nature found in ,british ,india1 is too well recognized as part of his power to need assertion2 but a little anecdote which his mother remembers of his boyhood is not without a pretty allegorical significance4 ,it was at ,nasik1 on the ,dekhan plain1 not far from ,bombay1 when the little fellow1 trudging over the ploughed field1 with his hand in that of the native husbandman1 called back to her in the ,hindustani1 which was as familiar to him as ,english1 ,good-by1 this is my brother6 --,professor ,norton1 in a biographical sketch4 ,sir ,godfrey ,kneller ,pope tells the following story about the great portrait painter3 ,as ,i was sitting by ,sir ,godfrey ,kneller one day1 whilst he was drawing a picture1 he stopped and said3 ',i can't do so well as ,i should do1 unless you flatter me a little2 pray flatter me1 ,mr4 ,pope6 you know ,i love to be flattered4' ,i was at once willing to try how far his vanity would carry him1 and1 after considering a picture1 which he had just finished1 for a good while very attentively1 ,i said to him in ,french 7for he had been talking for some time before in that language73 ,on lit dans les critures ,saintes1 que le bon ,dieu faisoit l'homme aprs son image3 mais1 je crois1 que s'il voudroit faire un autre a prsent1 qu'il le feroit apres l'image que voil4' ,sir ,godfrey turned round and said very gravely1 ',vous avez raison1 ,mons ,pope2 par ,dieu1 je le crois aussi4' --,pope4 ,here is another3 ,mr4 ,pope was with ,sir ,godfrey ,kneller one day1 when his nephew1 a ,guinea trader1 came in4 ,nephew1 said ,sir ,godfrey1 you have the honor of seeing the two greatest men in the world4 ,i don't know how great you may be1 said the ,guinea man1 but ,i don't like your looks2 ,i have often bought a man much better than both of you together1 all muscles and bones1 for ten guineas4 --,dr4 ,warburton4 ,the ,capitan ,municipal and the ,jokers ,once there lived in the town of ,balanga an old ,capitan ,municipal who was nicknamed carabao2 for he was a very big man and also a very great eater4 ,one day as a land parade was going on in honor of ,dr4 ,rizal1 three well-known jokers of the town were following the procession1 when they suddenly came to a small pond in the street4 ,and one of them said1 ,what a nice time our public carabao had taking his mid-day bath in here4 ,oh6 yes1 he must have had a very good time indeed1 replied the two4 ,but unexpectedly the ,capitan was at their back1 hearing all they said about him4 ,therefore as soon as the procession was over1 they were arrested in the ,municipal building4 ,and on the next day they were tried and sentenced by the ,capitan to fill in all the ponds of the streets around the town1 and also to drain them properly4 --,jos ,feliciano4 ,an ,instance of ,bamboo ,spanish ,in the ,ateneo de ,manila all the pupils are forbidden to speak any language except ,spanish4 ,one day the pupils of the college went out to the yard to play baseball4 ,it happened that one of the boys who was watching the game was hurt at the kneejoint1 and fell down on the ground4 ,the boy cried so loud that the rector at once went hurriedly to see what was happening in the yard4 ,he saw the boy sitting on the ground with one of his legs bent4 ,he approached him1 and said1 ,what has happened to you1 my boy8 ,and the boy feeling yet the pain that the ball had caused him1 answered1 ,father1 while ,i was watching my companions who were playing baseball my--1 my--1 ,what8 said the rector1 impatiently4 ,father1 my--1 my--1 answered the boy1 showing his kneejoint as he was pronouncing the word my4 ,do you mean your leg8 said the rector4 ,no1 father ,i mean my--1 replied the boy4 ,but your what cried the rector1 say what you mean to say4 ,the boy1 who was trying hard to find the word in ,spanish for kneejoint1 answered at last1 my vino-vinohan1 father1 was hurt4 ,the rector1 though very angry at the boy's dullness1 laughed heartily at his dictionary-making powers4 ,,note--,the word in ,tagalog for knee-joint is alak-alakan1 which is similar to the ,tagalog word alak1 meaning wine in ,english and vino in ,spanish4 ,the boy1 not knowing the proper word in ,spanish for knee-joint1 derived the word vino-vinohan from the ,spanish word vino1 which means alak 7wine7 in ,tagalog4 ,mr4 ,taft's ,mistake ,it was a bright day when a crowd of people stood before a platform decorated with palm leaves and roofed with a banner of stars and stripes4 ,the eyes of the spectators1 who were all eager to hear the speech of the well-known eloquent orator and skillful politician1 ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,taft1 were fixed on the personages on the platform4 ,at last1 after an ovation by the multitude1 ,mr4 ,taft rose up and addressed the audience thus3 ,seoras y caballos4#h --,amando ,clemente4 ,,iii4 ,the ,eye-,witness ,account ,eye-witness account is to true story what realism is to fiction4 ,exactness is the aim of the narrator4 ,he endeavors to tell precisely what he saw and heard4 ,a great deal of our newspaper copy is supposed to be of this type1 and likewise much court testimony4 ,the attorneys try to separate distinctly fact from fancy4 ,what a man really must have seen and what he thought he saw are often very different4 ,it appears at first that an unembellished account would be the easiest thing in the world to give1 but it takes only a little observation to convince one that few persons can tell what they see or hear2 few indeed know what they see or hear4 ,with the bare actuality1 they are constantly confounding what they thought or inferred4 ,as a rule1 only the man educated to the work can report truthfully4 ,a unique and curious ancient document of this type is found in a little book that was published by the ,spanish ,academy of ,history in #aghc1 called ,el ,passo ,honroso or the ,passage of ,honor4 ,it is a formal eyewitness account prepared on the spot by ,delena1 one of the authorized scribes of ,john ,,ii1 and gives minutely the events of a passage of arms held against all comers in #adcd at the bridge of ,orbigo1 near the city of ,leon1 during thirty days1 at a moment when the road was thronged with knights going over for a solemn festival to the neighboring shrine of ,santiago4#i ,suero de ,quiones1 the challenger1 was a true gentleman of chivalry1 it seems1 and had been wearing in sentimental bondage to a noble lady a chain of iron around his neck one day in each week4 ,from his bondage he could be freed only by bringing to her as ransom a minimum number of real spears broken by him and his friends in fair fight4 ,so they stood--ten of them--for thirty days challenging all comers4 ,delena records sixty-eight opponents2 six hundred and twenty-seven encounters2 sixty-six broken lances2 one dead knight2 and many wounded1 among whom were ,quiones himself and eight of his fellow-champions4 ,along with the general narrative is a full account of the religious and chivalric ceremonies as they were actually indulged in from day to day4 ,such a minute and elaborate and fully authenticated eye-witness record of not fictitious but real knightly guists and fierce encounters is manifestly invaluable to a student of chivalry4 ,it is interesting to think of this dapper young scribe sitting on the side-lines watching the combatants and taking down his notes as the telling rushes were made by either party2 and then sending his copy hot from the pen to his royal reader4 ,i suppose we might well call ,seor ,delena the historical prototype of our modern athletics reporter4 ,many of our best literary men have had longer or shorter apprenticeships at getting copy4 ,dickens served for a number of years4 ,facts for a reporter do not come at call2 he can not turn them on1 so to speak1 nor is he permitted to make them up4 ,he must find them4 ,consequently to be successful he needs to have an ear for news1 and an eye for the graphic1 a simple but full vocabulary1 and a pen made supple by much practice4 ,he must seem to be at home in any department of human action4 ,all his words must carry with them a large tone of veracity4 ,he can hardly afford to make slips even on his minor details1 since his brother reporters visit the same scene at the same time4 ,literary eye-witness account1 however1 need not be devoid of all expression of personal feeling4 ,it is only necessary that the writer make clear to his reader which are thoughts and feelings and which are facts4 ,indeed1 the best effect of such a narration will often come from the contrast4 ,the artist lets us into his own state of mind1 describes perhaps more or less minutely the stage-setting of his little occurrence--especially if any part is necessary to complete understanding later--portrays in general the types of people who were or might have been concerned1 and then drops from his pen one by one the facts cold1 clear-cut1 unembellished1 orderly in sequence1 with their participants graphically and cleanly outlined1 and thus gains his effect4 ,he is as precise as a lawyer1 but he has been also as crafty1 in the good sense of the word4 ,he has prepared us to appreciate his facts4 ,if he interprets to us afterwards1 he does so in a reflective and an apparently hesitating way that seems to leave us in full possession of our own opinions1 which will prove to be in reality only corroborative of his4 ,it will be good practice for you to attempt to give an eye-witness account of some occurrence4 ,if two or three of your friends were present at the same happening1 you may enjoy comparing reports4 ,there will probably be more than one incident to relate2 if there is1 you must be careful to have sequence and coherence in all that you say4 ,you should anticipate and answer any questions one would naturally ask of an oral reporter4 ,stop when you have finished4 ,doubtless you have noticed the unpleasant habit many narrators have of starting over again and repeating all or part of the tale4 ,the temptation does not so readily come to a writer1 of course1 as to a speaker--unless the writer is paid by the word4 ,your readers will not resent interpretation even if it be philosophical1 if it be not mixed with the narration and be only honest and of the pragmatic school--interrogative and not dogmatic4 ,indeed1 mankind likes philosophy when it seems to come as an inevitable though tentative summing-up of our almost bewilderingly multiple phenomena4 ,story of the ,revolution in the ,portuguese ,capital ,cherbourg1 ,october #h4--,on board the ,royal ,mail ,steam ,packet liner ,asturias1 which arrived from ,lisbon this morning1 were a number of passengers who witnessed the fighting in the ,portuguese capital on ,wednesday1 among them ,m4 ,octave ,castaigne1 a lawyer1 of ,tournai1 who was among the passengers by the ,asturias who ventured to land at ,lisbon on ,wednesday4 ,on ,tuesday evening1 said ,m4 ,castaigne1 we were informed by a wireless message that the revolution had broken out in ,portugal4 ,from far out at sea was heard the thunder of the cannon and as we entered the ,tagus the crackle of rifle fire4 ,on our arrival before ,lisbon we noticed that the cruisers ,sao ,rafael and ,adamastor1 which were flying the ,republican flag1 were still firing on the town4 ,about ten o'clock the fusillade ceased and a party of five passengers1 including two ,americans and myself1 went ashore4 ,the lower part of the town had the appearance of a city of the dead4 ,the houses were shut and marks of rifle-shots and shells were to be seen everywhere4 ,the centre of the city1 on the contrary1 was alive with people4 ,the crowd was vociferously acclaiming the ,republican flag1 which was flying1 not only from the public buildings1 but from nearly every house4 ,it struck me very clearly that anyone who had had the courage to shout ,long live the ,king6 would have been shot dead on the spot4 ,the crowd was largely composed of soldiers and sailors under arms1 and patrols were also moving about in automobiles to any part of the town that appeared to be greatly menaced by the ,royalist troops4 ,we reached the ,city ,hall1 which was surrounded by a huge crowd1 just at the moment when the ,republic was being proclaimed4 ,the ,republican leaders from the balcony of the building were haranguing the people1 whose enthusiasm was indescribable4 ,from time to time the cheers of the crowd were broken by rifle volleys and the reports of cannon4 ,when the official ceremony was ended1 we succeeded in entering the ,city ,hall4 ,the new ,ministers were receiving visitors and were conversing with anyone who presented himself4 ,one of the passengers by the ,asturias approached ,president ,braga1 and in a short speech congratulated him on the proclamation of the ,republic4 ,dr4 ,braga replied that he was happy to receive our visit1 and added that the ,portuguese ,republic was definitely established4 ,after leaving the ,city ,hall1 we proceeded to the most dangerous part of the city1 that is to say1 the ,avenida do ,liberdade and the ,dom ,pedro square4 ,the houses showed signs off cannon shots and the roofs of the majority of them had collapsed4 ,the ,avenida do ,liberdade was still occupied by the opposing forces4 ,the ,republican troops occupied one end of the street1 while the ,royalists were in possession of the other extremity1 being separated by a distance of about five hundred yards4 ,the battle was still in progress4 ,i admit that ,i was somewhat afraid1 and as the shots whistled by ,i hid myself behind the shelter of a house4 ,at the risk of being killed any minute our party succeeded in reaching the ,avenida restaurant4 ,that part of the restaurant facing the ,avenida do ,liberdade was in ruins1 and the walls were full of bullet holes4 7,m4 ,castaigne has saved some of the bullets as souvenirs47 ,the ,recio railway station had been destroyed by artillery fire and the railway lines had been torn up4 ,the ,necessidades ,palace shows traces of numerous shells1 but it is stated that the interior of the royal residence has suffered even more1 shells having simply rained on the roof4 ,the ,red ,cross ,society showed admirable devotion during the fighting4 ,i saw its members go into the thick of the fight to pick up the wounded1 who on ,wednesday were estimated to number over a thousand4 ,the number of killed is considerable1 but at the time it was impossible to obtain correct figures4 ,london1 ,october #i4--,the ,royal ,mail ,steam ,packet ,company's steamer ,asturias1 which left ,lisbon on ,thursday1 arrived at ,southampton yesterday morning1 having among her passengers several ,englishmen and ,south ,americans who witnessed many of the episodes of the revolution4 ,among these was ,general ,garcia1 who has had experience enough of revolution in ,south ,america4 ,the general told an ,evening ,news correspondent that he and six others went into ,lisbon on ,wednesday4 ,we found the streets littered with wounded1 he said4 ,a body of troops was being moved from one side of the city to the other1 and in the districts through which they passed people were flying panic-stricken1 but otherwise everybody was orderly and the city was quiet4 ,the ,republican flags were on the buildings and all trace of resistance was over4 ,soldiers were going into shops and houses pulling down pictures of the king1 tearing them up and trampling them underfoot4 ,as we passed along1 a picture of the ,king came flying out of a doorway and dropped at our feet4 ,my secretary picked it up4 ,he was immediately surrounded by soldiers1 who ordered him to destroy it at once4 ,i went to the municipal buildings and there saw members of the provisional government1 who allowed me to cable to my own government in ,cuba4 ,i should say the estimate of fifty killed and three hundred wounded is not high enough1 but the list is remarkably small1 all considered4 ,i have seen many revolutions1 but none so beautifully carried out as this4 ,paris1 ,october #i4--,the abounding joying joy of the people--tempered by admirable self-control--and repeated evidences of careful organization--these were the things which impressed me most4 ,in these words ,mr4 ,charles ,h4 ,sherrill1 ,american ,minister to ,argentina1 told a ,herald correspondent at the ,hotel ,majestic last night1 of a visit he paid to ,lisbon on ,wednesday1 a few hours after the overthrow of the ,portuguese monarchy4 ,with ,mrs4 ,sherrill and their young son he was a passenger on the ,asturia1 which touched at ,lisbon4 ,the shooting began about two o'clock on ,tuesday morning1 he continued4 ,it was at six o'clock on ,wednesday morning that we came into the harbor4 ,the bombardment of the palace had ceased1 but with our glasses we could see the dents which the shells had made in the walls4 ,i disembarked at about one o'clock in the afternoon and went to the ,american ,legation to see if it had suffered damage4 ,i found the streets swarming with inhabitants1 who were singing and shouting in their joy4 ,save for this celebration there were few evidences of the conflict in the lower part of the town4 ,but it was different in the ,avenida1 the broad thoroughfare leading to the elevation back of the city4 ,the insurgents had permitted the ,royalists to form in ,rocio square1 in the down town district4 ,the insurgents then took their position on the hills above1 holding the ,royalists in a trap1 hedged in on the other side by the attacking ships in the bay4 ,from the elevation at the upper end of the field1 guns had been aimed down the ,avenida4 ,the avenue had been stripped of trees1 windows had been shattered and the fronts of buildings which projected farther than others had been partly demolished4 ,the ,american ,legation escaped even the slightest damage4 ,occasionally ,i encountered a wall which bore striking evidence of the battle4 ,blood was matted upon it and blood had coagulated in the gutters1 indicating only too plainly that several lives had been lost there4 ,whole groups in the sidewalk had been mowed down by shell from the field-guns4 ,nearly every man ,i saw and many boys carried guns4 ,they were not rifles of the 'homespun' variety--these arms--but ,mausers and equally effective weapons4 ,these were evidences of preparation4 ,fully a thousand people were waving flags--the red and green flag of the new ,republic--a further proof that the revolution had not come just when it did by accident4 ,for the new ,portuguese flag is a rather complicated affair4 ,across a blue circle in the centre is a curved line in white bearing the inscription1 ',patria e ,liberdade4' ,half the space of the background is red--revolution--and green1 symbolizing hope4 ,i followed a crowd and a band into the ,city ,hall4 ,there in a large room ,i saw the ,president and his cabinet in session1 probably drawing up one of the new government's addresses to the people4 ,it was plain to me that these were not men who had been 'pitchforked' into office over night4 ,their appearance was that of sober1 responsible officials4 ,i was simply a curiosity-seeker1 of course1 and kept my identity concealed4 ,as ,i walked along ,i heard two shots fired in a side street4 ,a moment later a cart drove by in which lay two bodies4 ,a crowd formed at the scene of the shooting1 but there was no suspicion of a riot4 ,among the thousands of people ,i saw that day there was not a single person who appeared to be under the influence of liquor4 ,there seemed to be no looting2 no outrages were committed4 ,it was a most impressive object-lesson of the self-control which a ,latin people is able to maintain when it is imbued with a serious purpose4 ,country folk were pouring into town by the thousands1 and these reflected the joy and satisfaction felt by the residents of the city4 ,they afforded a rebuke to the suspicion that the revolutionary feeling was confined to ,lisbon itself4 ,the spirit of the people was best expressed by two words1 composing a headline which stretched across the front page of an afternoon newspaper4 ,translated1 it read simply3 ',at ,last6' ,and it was apparent also that the revolution was accomplished with as little bloodshed as possible4 ,the insurgents were merciful--if that term is permissible in this connection4 ,shells fired from the ships in the bay were directed in such a way that they should explode over the town1 carrying the desired warning1 but causing the minimum amount of damage4 ,i was told that the dead and wounded numbered three thousand4 ,i am certain this was a great exaggeration4 ,my estimate is about #fjj or #gjj1 basing these figures on information obtained at the headquarters of the ,red ,cross ,society4 ,most of the residents of ,lisbon give the greatest share of credit for the result to the seamen4 ,a hero was made of every sailor who appeared in the streets4 ,the crowds cheered him heartily1 but the army officers aroused much less enthusiasm4 ,save for these evidences of jubilation ,lisbon was quiet and orderly--think of it1 only a few hours after such an uprising as this6 ,the bodies of the dead had been removed1 the wounded were being nursed and business was proceeding almost normally4 ,in front of every bank was a guard of sailors to protect the financial interests of the people4 ,it seems strange that ,i1 who have lived in ,south ,america two years1 was forced to come to ,europe in order to see a revolution4 ,a ,contrast ,on the night of ,february #d1 #aiaj1 the eve of the carnival1 ,i went to take a walk in the ,luneta4 ,already from the distance ,i could see the hippodrome in the carnival grounds well illuminated4 ,what is going on in there8 ,i asked myself1 and not being able to explain the matter1 and urged by my curiosity to know everything1 ,i walked in that direction4 ,many people1 foreigners as well as natives1 were crowding up and down the sidewalk near the fence enclosing the carnival grounds4 ,there were also constabulary guards at almost every thirty spaces to prevent the people from peeping through the fence4 ,but in spite of the presence of these guards some people1 nevertheless1 seized the opportunity that offered now and then while the guard was not looking1 and peeped through the fence4 ,i then saw that ,i was not the only one who was anxious to know what was going on in the hippodrome1 and1 what is more1 my anxiety grew stronger4 ,then a moment came when ,i lost a little self-control1 and ,i1 too1 shared some of those opportunities that offered4 ,but suddenly there came the guard who warned us to stop the business4 ,at that very moment1 an ,american came along and he1 too1 could not help wanting to see what was going on inside4 ,but the guard went to him at once and said3 ,no se permite eso1 si tu quieres ver lo que hay adentro1 puede ,vd4 pasar por la puerta central4 ,vd4 sabi muy bein que eso no verdad1 sabi1 replied the ,american angrily4 ,then the guard told him that he had received orders to see that people did not peep through the fence4 ,to h---- with your orders6 said the ,american4 ,well1 este habla el commanding officer1 replied the guard4 ,oh1 nom porta6 ,at this moment an ,american policeman came along and asked the ,american what was the matter4 ,this fellow wants to prevent me from peeping through this fence when ,i am on neutral ground1 ,well1 that is just what ,i am going to do1 replied the policeman1 and he again explained him the order4 ,i don't care for that order6 ,well1 if you don't shut up1 ,i shall take you to the police station6 ,you may6 ,then the policeman told him to walk on2 for he did not know what he was talking about4 ,all right1 said the gentleman1 and he walked away2 but he came back and asked the policeman what his number was4 ,it makes no difference what my number is1 said the officer of the law4 ,well1 ,i want to know it4 ,my number is----1 and my name is----2 and what's your name8 ,my name is----1 and ,i am the secretary in the public----7674 ,all right1 said the policeman1 and both men took opposite directions4 ,two bystanders who witnessed this incident began to argue as to what would have happened had the ,american gentleman been a ,filipino4 ,one of them said that if the man were a ,filipino and had argued with the officer of the law in that way1 he would have received a good knock on his head4 ,the other said that he was satisfied with the way the ,american policeman behaved himself4 ,i then returned and walked toward the central gate of the carnival grounds1 and there1 to my surprise1 ,i saw the very same ,american gentleman come and walk straight inside without saying a word to the guard4 ,then a ,filipino came along and asked the guard to be allowed to go in1 but1 unfortunately1 according to the guard1 only the stockholders were allowed to enter4 ,was the ,american gentleman a stockholder8 ,he alone knows4 --,adolfo ,scheerer4 ,,iv4 ,the ,tale of ,actual ,adventure ,tales of actual adventure differ from the other true narratives in the fact of the necessary presence of an exciting occurrence4 ,danger at hand and overcome is the keynote of the action4 ,the happening may be slight or tremendous1 or serious or humorous2 but in every case it acquires a certain amount of dignity from the possible disaster4 ,the narration is usually in the first person1 though not necessarily4 ,in the ,library of ,universal ,adventure1 compiled by ,william ,dean ,howells and ,thomas ,sergeant ,perry eighteen years ago1 the larger number of the stories are autobiographic in form4 ,this book is a quaint comment on ,howells's non-sensationalistic attitude of today4 ,though purporting to be true1 these stories are almost lurid in their romanticism4 ,they present man in the familiar struggle with untimely death1 led thither by various motives and accidents4 ,we see ,pliny the ,elder with insatiable curiosity sailing calmly toward the destructive volcano2 we see the lonely scientist ,audubon on his ,western trip in early ,america weighing his chance of life against his watch1 that is coveted by a murderous hag and her two drunken sons2 we see the runaway slave ,frederick ,douglass1 attempting to slip along the very precarious underground railroad to safety2 of course1 there is mutiny at sea1 and shipwreck on unknown shores4 ,indeed1 here we find all the despised paraphernalia of blood-curdling romance1 true1 with ,mr4 ,howells's name signed on the package4#aj ,obviously such stories are written to climaxes1 though any manifest straining for emphasis in a true narrative is resented by the reader4 ,all the skill you have got from your former attempts to write realistically ought to help you here4 ,you should put in enough minuti to convince1 but omit enough to be interesting4 ,the general effect of your style should be that of directness and swiftness4 ,whatever power of psychological analysis you have1 should come to your aid1 but it should appear only in keen and brief flashes as you hurry along with the events4 ,descriptive touches of objective nature may be used for emphasis in harmony or contrast1 especially at the end or the beginning of the adventure1 though these are a somewhat trite device4 ,whatever else you do1 try to write simply and naturally4 ,do not exaggerate4 ,you will be judged chiefly on your tone of veracity4 ,there is a large and interesting field here for the amateur writer4 ,this type of story allies itself with the probable adventure1 and in fact is generally lost therein4 ,the successful authors of boys' books for the most part make use of the coalescence4 ,boys at a certain age are extremely exacting1 and when their entertainers have to relate their stories orally as well as pen them1 they are often as solicitous to find authority for their fictions as were ,macpherson and ,chatterton4 ,the ,bear-,hunt 7,the adventure here narrated is one that happened to ,tolstoy himself in #aheh4 ,more than twenty years later he gave up hunting on humanitarian grounds47 ,we were out on a bear-hunting expedition4 ,my comrade had shot at a bear1 but only gave him a flesh wound4 ,there were traces of blood on the snow1 but the bear had got away4 ,we all collected in a group in the forest to decide whether we ought to go after the bear at once or wait two or three days till he should settle down again4 ,we asked the peasant bear-drivers whether it would be possible to get round the bear that day4 ,no4 ,it's impossible1 said an old bear-driver4 ,you must let the bear quiet down4 ,in five days' time it will be possible to surround him2 but if you followed him now1 you would only frighten him away and he would not settle down4 ,but a young bear-driver began disputing with the old man1 saying that it was quite possible to get round the bear now4 ,on such snow as this1 said he1 he won't go far1 for he is a fat bear4 ,he will settle down before evening2 or1 if not1 ,i can overtake him on snow-shoes4 ,the comrade ,i was with was against following up the bear1 and advised waiting4 ,but ,i said3 ,we need not argue4 ,you do as you like1 but ,i will follow up the track with ,damian4 ,if we get round the bear1 all right4 ,if not1 we lose nothing4 ,it is still early1 and there is nothing else for us to do to-day4 ,the others went back to the sledges and returned to the village4 ,damian and ,i took some bread and remained behind in the forest4 ,when they had all left us1 ,damian and ,i examined our guns1 and after tucking the skirts of our warm coats into our belts1 we started off1 following the bear's tracks4 ,the weather was fine1 frosty and calm2 but it was hard work snow-shoeing4 ,the snow was deep and soft2 it had not caked together at all in the forest1 and fresh snow had fallen the day before1 so that our snow-shoes sank six inches deep in the snow1 and sometimes more4 ,the bear's tracks were visible from a distance1 and we could see how he had been going2 sometimes sinking in up to his belly and ploughing up the snow as he went4 ,at first1 while under large trees1 we kept in sight of his track2 but when it turned into a thicket of small firs1 ,damian stopped4 ,we must leave the trail now1 said he4 ,he has probably settled somewhere here4 ,you can see by the snow that he has been squatting down4 ,let us leave the track and go round2 but we must go quietly4 ,don't shout or cough1 or we shall frighten him away4 ,leaving the track1 therefore1 we turned off to the left4 ,but when he had gone about five hundred yards1 there were the bear's traces again right before us4 ,we followed them and they brought us out onto the road4 ,there we stopped1 examining the road to see which way the bear had gone4 ,here and there in the snow were prints of the bear's paw1 claws and all1 and here and there the marks of a peasant's bark shoes4 ,the bear had evidently gone towards the village4 ,as we followed the road1 ,damian said3 ,it's no use watching the road now4 ,we shall see where he has turned off1 to right or left1 by the marks in the soft snow at the side4 ,he must have turned off somewhere1 for he won't have gone on to the village4 ,we went along the road for nearly a mile1 and then saw1 ahead of us1 the bear's track turning off the road4 ,we examined it4 ,how strange6 ,it was a bear's track right enough1 only not going from the road into the forest1 but from the forest onto the road6 ,the toes were pointing towards the road4 ,this must be another bear1 ,i said4 ,damian looked at it and considered a while4 ,no1 said he4 ,it's the same one4 ,he's been playing tricks1 and walked backwards when he left the road4 ,we followed the track and found it really was so6 ,the bear had gone some ten steps backwards1 and then1 behind a fir tree1 had turned round and gone straight ahead4 ,damian stopped and said3 ,now1 we are sure to get round him4 ,there is a marsh ahead of us and he must have settled down there4 ,let us go round it4 ,we began to make our way round through a fir thicket4 ,i was tired out by this time1 and it had become still more difficult to get along4 ,now ,i glided onto juniper bushes and caught my snow-shoes in them1 now a tiny fir tree appeared between my feet1 or1 from want of practice1 my snow-shoes slipped off2 and now ,i came upon a stump or a log hidden by the snow4 ,i was getting very tired1 and was drenched with perspiration1 and ,i took off my fur cloak4 ,and there was ,damian all the time1 gliding along as if in a boat1 his snow-shoes moving as if of their own accord1 never catching against anything1 nor slipping off4 ,he even took my fur and slung it over his shoulders1 and still kept urging me on4 ,we went on for two more miles1 and came out on the other side of the marsh4 ,i was lagging behind4 ,my snow-shoes kept slipping off1 and my feet stumbled4 ,suddenly ,damian1 who was ahead of me1 stopped and waved his arm4 ,when ,i came up to him1 he bent down1 pointing with his hand and whispered3 ,do you see the magpie chattering above that undergrowth8 ,it scents the bear from afar4 ,that is where he must be4 ,we turned off and went on for more than another half-mile1 and presently we came onto the old track again4 ,we had1 therefore1 been right round the bear1 who was now within the track we had left4 ,we stopped1 and ,i took off my cap and loosened all my clothes4 ,i was as hot as in a steam bath1 and as wet as a drowned rat4 ,damian1 too1 was flushed1 and wiped his face with his sleeve4 ,well1 sir1 he said1 we have done our job1 and now we must have a rest4 ,the evening glow already showed red through the forest4 ,we took off our snow-shoes and sat down on them1 and get some bread and salt out of our bags4 ,first ,i ate some snow1 and then some bread2 and the bread tasted so good that ,i thought ,i had never in my life had any like it before4 ,we sat there resting until it began to grow dusk1 and then ,i asked ,damian if it was far to the village4 ,yes1 he said1 it must be above eight miles4 ,we will go on there tonight1 but now we must rest4 ,put on your fur coat1 sir1 or you'll be catching cold4 ,damian flattened down the snow1 and breaking off some fir branches made a bed of them4 ,we lay down side by side1 resting our heads on our arms4 ,i do not remember how ,i fell asleep4 ,two hours later ,i woke up1 hearing something crack4 ,i had slept so soundly that ,i did not know where ,i was4 ,i looked around me4 ,how wonderful6 ,i was in some sort of a hall1 all glittering and white with gleaming pillars1 and when ,i looked up ,i saw1 through delicate white tracery1 a vault1 raven black and studded with coloured lights4 ,after a good look ,i remembered that we were in the forest and that what ,i took for a hall and pillars were trees covered with snow and hoar-frost1 and the coloured lights were stars twinkling between the branches4 ,hoar-frost had settled in the night2 all the twigs were thick with it1 ,damian was covered with it1 it was on my fur coat1 and it dropped down from the trees4 ,i woke ,damian1 and we put on our snow-shoes and started4 ,it was very quiet in the forest4 ,no sound was heard but that of our snow-shoes pushing through the soft snow1 except when now and then a tree1 cracked by the frost1 made the forest resound4 ,only once we heard the sound of a living creature4 ,something rustled close to us and then rushed away4 ,i felt sure it was the bear1 but when we went to the spot whence the sound had come we found the footmarks of hares1 and saw several young aspen trees with their bark gnawed4 ,we had startled some hares while they were feeding4 ,we came out on the road and followed it1 dragging our snow-shoes behind us4 ,it was easy walking now4 ,our snow-shoes clattered as they slid behind us from side to side of the hard-trodden road3 ,the snow creaked under our boots1 and the cold hoar-frost settled on our faces like down4 ,seen through the branches1 the stars seemed to be running to meet us1 now twinkling1 now vanishing1 as if the whole sky were on the move4 ,i found my comrade sleeping1 but woke him up and related how we had got round the bear4 ,after telling our peasant host to collect beaters for the morning1 we had supper and lay down to sleep4 ,i was so tired that ,i could have slept on till midday if my comrade had not roused me4 ,i jumped up and saw that he was already dressed and busy doing something to his gun4 ,where is ,damian8 said ,i4 ,in the forest long ago4 ,he has already been over the tracks you made1 and been back here1 and now he has gone to look after the beaters4 ,i washed and dressed and loaded my guns1 and then we got into a sledge and started4 ,the sharp frost still continued4 ,it was quiet and the sun could not be seen4 ,there was a thick mist above us and hoar-frost still covered everything4 ,after driving about two miles along the road1 as we came near the forest1 we saw a cloud of smoke raising from a hollow1 and presently reached a group of peasants1 both men and women1 armed with cudgels4 ,we got out and went up to them4 ,the men sat roasting potatoes and laughing and talking with the women4 ,damian was there1 too1 and when we arrived the people got up and ,damian led them to place them in the circle we had made the day before4 ,they went along in single file1 men and women1 thirty in all4 ,the snow was so deep that we could only see them from their waists upwards4 ,they turned into the forest and my friend and ,i followed in their track4 ,though they had trodden a path1 walking was difficult2 but1 on the other hand1 it was impossible to fall2 it was like walking between two walls of snow4 ,we went on in this way for nearly half a mile1 when all at once we saw ,damian coming from another direction--running towards us on his snow-shoes and beckoning us to join him4 ,we went towards him and he showed us where to stand4 ,i took my place and looked round me4 ,to my left were tall fir trees1 between the trunks of which ,i could see a good way1 and1 like a black patch just visible behind the trees1 ,i could see a beater4 ,in front of me was a thicket of young firs about as high as a man1 their branches weighed down and stuck together with snow4 ,through this copse ran a path thickly covered with snow1 and leading straight up to where ,i stood4 ,the thicket stretched away to the right of me and ended in a small glade where ,i could see ,damian placing my comrade4 ,i examined both my guns and considered where ,i had better stand4 ,three steps behind me was a tall fir4 ,that's where ,i'll stand1 thought ,i1 and then ,i can lean my second gun against the tree2 and ,i moved towards the tree1 sinking up to my knees in the snow at each step4 ,i trod the snow down1 and made a clearance about a yard square to stand on4 ,one gun ,i kept in my hand2 the other1 ready cocked1 ,i placed leaning up against the tree4 ,then ,i unsheathed and replaced my dagger1 to make sure that ,i could draw it easily in case of need4 ,just as ,i had finished these preparations1 ,i heard ,damian shouting in the forest3 ,he's up6 ,he's up6 ,and as soon as ,damian shouted1 the peasants round the circle all replied in their different voices4 ,up1 up1 up6 ,ou6 ,ou6 ,ou6 shouted the men4 ,ay6 ,ay6 ,ay6 screamed the women in high pitched tones4 ,the bear was inside the circle1 and as ,damian drove him on1 the people all round kept shouting4 ,only my friend and ,i stood silent and motionless1 waiting for the bear to come towards us4 ,as ,i stood gazing and listening1 my heart beat violently4 ,i trembled1 holding my gun fast4 ,now1 now1 ,i thought4 ,he will come suddenly4 ,i shall aim1 fire1 and he will drop-- ,suddenly1 to my left1 but at a distance1 ,i heard something falling on the snow4 ,i looked between the tall fir trees1 and1 some fifty paces off1 behind the trunks1 saw something big and black4 ,i took aim and waited1 thinking3 ,won't he come any nearer8 ,as ,i waited ,i saw him move his ears1 turn and go back1 and then ,i caught a glimpse of the whole of him in profile4 ,he was an immense brute4 ,in my excitement ,i fired and heard my bullet go flop against a tree4 ,peering through the smoke ,i saw my bear scampering back into the circle and disappearing among the trees4 ,well1 thought ,i1 ,my chance is lost4 ,he won't come back to me4 ,either my comrade will shoot him or he will escape through the line of beaters4 ,in any case he won't give me another chance4 ,i reloaded my gun1 however1 and again stood listening4 ,the peasants were shouting all round1 but to the right1 not far from where my comrade stood1 ,i heard a woman screaming in a frenzied voice3 ,here he is6 ,here he is6 ,come here1 come here6 ,oh6 ,oh6 ,ay6 ,ay6 ,evidently she could see the bear4 ,i had given up expecting him and was looking to the right at my comrade4 ,all at once ,i saw ,damian with a stick in his hand1 and without his snow-shoes1 running along a footpath towards my friend4 ,he crouched down beside him1 pointing his stick as if aiming at something1 and then ,i saw my friend raise his gun and aim in the same direction4 ,crack6 ,he fired4 ,there1 thought ,i1 he has killed him4 ,but ,i saw that my comrade did not run towards the bear4 ,evidently he had missed him1 or the shot had not taken full effect4 ,the bear will get away1 ,i thought4 ,he will go back1 but he won't come a second time towards me4 ,but what is that8 ,something was coming towards me like a whirlwind1 snorting as it came1 and ,i saw the snow flying up quite near me4 ,i glanced straight before me1 and there was the bear1 rushing along the path through the thicket right at me1 evidently beside himself with fear4 ,he was hardly half a dozen paces off2 and ,i could see the whole of him--his black chest and enormous head with a reddish patch4 ,there he was1 blundering straight at me and scattering the snow about as he came4 ,i could see by his eyes that he did not see me1 but1 mad with fear1 was rushing blindly along1 and his path led him straight at the tree under which ,i was standing4 ,i raised my gun and fired4 ,he was almost upon me now1 and ,i saw that ,i had missed4 ,my bullet had gone past him1 and he did not even hear me fire1 but still came headlong towards me4 ,i lowered my gun and fired again1 almost touching his head4 ,crack6 ,i had hit but not killed him4 ,he raised his head and1 laying his ears back1 came at me1 showing his teeth4 ,i snatched at my other gun1 but almost before ,i had touched it he had flown at me and1 knocking me over into the snow1 had passed right over me4 ,thank goodness1 he has left me1 thought ,i4 ,i tried to rise1 but something pressed me down and prevented my getting up4 ,the bear's rush had carried him past me1 but he had turned back and had fallen on me with the whole weight of his body4 ,i felt something heavy weighing me down and something warm above my face1 and ,i realized that he was drawing my whole face into his mouth4 ,my nose was already in it1 and ,i felt the heat of it and smelt his blood4 ,he was pressing my shoulders down with his paws so that ,i could not move2 all ,i could do was to draw my head down towards my chest1 away from his mouth1 trying to free my nose and eyes1 while he tried to get his teeth into them4 ,then ,i felt that he had seized my forehead just under the hair with the teeth of his lower jaw and the flesh below my eyes with his upper jaw1 and was closing his teeth4 ,it was as if my face were being cut with knives4 ,i struggled to get away1 while he made haste to close his jaws1 like a dog gnawing4 ,i managed to twist my face away1 but he began drawing it again into his mouth4 ,now1 thought ,i1 my end has come6 ,then ,i felt the weight lifted and1 looking up1 ,i saw that he was no longer there4 ,he had jumped off me and run away4 ,when my comrade and ,damian had seen the bear knock me down and begin worrying me1 they rushed to the rescue4 ,my comrade1 in his haste1 blundered and1 instead of following the trodden path1 ran into the deep snow and fell down4 ,while he was struggling out of the snow the bear was gnawing at me4 ,but ,damian1 just as he was1 without a gun and with only a stick in his hand1 rushed along the path shouting3 ,he's eating the master6 ,he's eating the master6 ,and1 as he ran1 he called to the bear3 ,oh1 you idiot6 ,what are you doing8 ,leave off6 ,leave off6 ,the bear obeyed him and1 leaving me1 ran away4 ,when ,i rose there was as much blood on the snow as if a sheep had been killed1 and the flesh hung in rags above my eyes1 though in my excitement ,i felt no pain4 ,my comrade had come up by this time1 and the other people collected round2 they looked at my wound and put snow on it4 ,but ,i1 forgetting about my wounds1 only asked3 ,where's the bear8 ,which way has he gone8 ,suddenly ,i heard3 ,here he is6 ,here he is6 ,and we saw the bear again running at us4 ,we seized our guns1 but before any one had time to fire he had run past ,he had grown ferocious and wanted to gnaw me again1 but1 seeing so many people1 he took fright4 ,we saw by his track that his head was bleeding1 and we wanted to follow him up1 but1 as my wounds had become very painful1 we went1 instead1 to the town to find a doctor4 ,the doctor stitched up my wounds with silk and they soon began to heal4 ,a month later we went to hunt that bear again1 but ,i did not get a chance of finishing him4 ,he would not come out of the circle1 but went round and round1 growling in a terrible voice4 ,damian killed him4 ,the bear's lower jaw had been broken and one of his teeth knocked out by my bullet4 ,he was a huge creature and had splendid black fur4 ,i had him stuffed and he now lies in my room4 ,the wounds on my forehead healed up so that the scars can scarcely be seen4 --,leo ,m4 ,tolstoy4 ,twenty-three ,tales from ,tolstoy4 7,oxford47 ,written about #ahgb4 ,saladin and ,i ,fight an ,alupong ,as ,i remember1 it was a windy afternoon in ,april1 #aijf1 that ,i was nearly bitten by an alupong1 a very poisonous snake1 when ,i was out on our farm during harvest4 ,the day was beginning to cool4 ,the men and women were busy cleaning the rice that had been threshed the night before4 ,i went out with my dog1 ,saladin1 to play with the other boy on the farm4 ,while we were running and jumping on the great1 long pile of hay ,i heard my dog barking4 ,i quickly ran to see what was the matter4 ,saladin was leaping and running as he barked4 ,he was after a big snake1 which from time to time stopped and raised its crested head to bite4 ,i was very much excited4 ,i shouted to encourage my dog4 ,i took a good-sized lump of dried earth and threw it with all my might at the snake4 ,then ,i cried to the boys1 ,a snake1 a snake6 ,come1 here is a big snake6 ,look6 ,all the boys came1 but when they reached the place the poisonous animal was gone4 ,saladin was standing on his hind legs and was barking as he scratched the side of an ant hill4 ,i went near the dog4 ,i saw what was the matter4 ,then ,i turned to the boys and said1 ,it is gone into this hole4 ,let us make it come out4 ,i pulled up one of the poles of the fence surrounding the place where the rice was being cleaned1 and with it ,i hastened back to the ant hill4 ,then ,i pushed this pointed pole1 about one and one-half inches in diameter and four feet in length1 into the hole4 ,the other boys were far from me1 but my dog was alert near the place4 ,i heard the snake spit and hiss inside4 ,then ,i suddenly pulled away the pole4 ,when ,i saw the animal coming out quickly1 ,i speedily turned to run1 but ,i missed my first step and fell to the ground4 ,you may fancy how greatly ,i was frightened4 ,during that short1 critical moment ,i expected the deadly bite1 but to my great relief ,i had time to stand up without being bitten4 ,i looked back and saw how my dog had saved my life4 ,he was fighting with the snake4 ,in that very place the two killed each other1 after a short time4 --,cecilio ,r4 ,esquivel4 ,i ,get ,two ,beatings ,one afternoon my mother beat me for some cause which ,i have forgotten4 ,after ,i had wiped my tears ,i went into our orchard just across the road4 ,it was very nice to stay under the orange and cocoa trees because of the sweet breeze which was coming from the river at the end of the orchard4 ,as ,i was rambling about ,i came to the river bank1 which is about thirty feet high4 ,when ,i looked down ,i saw two wild tomato plants full of red fruit4 ,ah6 ,i exclaimed1 what good tomato plants4 ,i will take the fruit home to appease mother's anger4 ,accordingly ,i began to look for a path down to the water4 ,the path which ,i found was very steep1 and so it was hard for me to go down4 ,when ,i reached the edge of the water ,i saw a man catching insects to use for bait4 ,where are you going1 my lad8 he said4 ,i am going to get the fruit of those two tomato plants4 ,can't you see them8 ,i asked1 pointing to the plants4 ,i tried to get those this morning1 but ,i could not4 ,anyhow1 ,i will try1 ,i continued4 ,so ,i began to climb the steep slope with both hands and feet4 ,while ,i was climbing the man said1 ,look out4 ,if you fall1 you will surely roll into the water4 ,my desire to appease my mother's anger was so great that ,i paid no heed to what he said4 ,after struggling for a few minutes ,i caught hold of a long root of the madre cacao tree1 which was growing on the bank4 ,with the help of this and several others ,i reached the place where the tomatoes were4 ,when ,i had filled one of my pockets with the red fruits the root to which ,i was holding broke in two and down ,i rolled1 with my head foremost1 into the water4 ,i should have drowned had not the man saved me4 ,when ,i was carried on land ,i found out that my back was badly hurt4 ,i had received two wounds1 one over the left eyebrow and one in the forehead1 from some thorns4 ,the scars can be seen to this day4 ,when ,i went home my mother asked me why ,i had my clothes wet4 ,i told her the whole story1 but when she saw my wounds she became so angry that she beat me again4 --,facundo ,esquivel4 ,the ,fall of ,juan ,one day while ,juan1 ,pedro and ,i were in the church tower looking at a procession1 we saw a nest hanging from the cogon roof4 ,for a while no one of us seemed to want it1 but soon ,juan said1 ,that is mine4 ,then ,pedro approached him1 saying1 ,i will have it1 and he pushed ,juan away4 ,as ,i was very much interested in the beautiful nest1 ,i went near them and said1 ,the first one that can get it shall have it4 ,so ,i jumped and grabbed it4 ,then ,pedro said1 ,let us divide the eggs so that each of us will have a share4 ,no1 no1 ,i cried1 ,i must have it all4 ,for a long time the quarrel grew worse and worse until it finally became a fight4 ,then a sad thing occurred4 ,pedro rushed toward me and snatched at the nest1 but ,i pushed him away4 ,then ,juan came with the same intention4 ,seeing that ,i was in danger1 ,i laid the nest on the floor and grasped ,juan by the neck4 ,as he tried to throw me1 ,i pushed him out of the door4 ,down1 down he went as fast as an arrow4 ,now all of us thought that he would be dashed to pieces1 but when1 by scrambling and sliding1 we at last reached the bottom of the long1 dark1 winding stairs1 we found him swelling with pride and boasting of himself as a brave boy4 --,gregorio ,farrales4 ,a ,narrow ,escape from a ,wild ,carabao ,in #aijc ,i narrowly escaped being killed by a wild carabao4 ,there were many of us pursuing this animal1 but1 after seeing that the buffalo was very fierce1 all of my companions got so afraid that they withdrew4 ,since ,i had the best horse1 ,i continued following the wild beast4 ,my ambition to distinguish myself both in horseback riding and in catching wild cattle was great4 ,so1 at the time when we were pursuing the animal1 ,i had in mind that if ,i alone could succeed in catching the wild carabao1 it would surely be an honor to me4 ,so ,i followed the animal closely4 ,when ,i was just a few feet behind it it suddenly turned back and fell upon my pony4 ,i also tried to turn back1 but in vain2 the carabao overcame us4 ,at this time ,i was entirely hopeless of my life4 ,the sharp horn of the cruel beast stuck deeply into the thighs of my poor pony4 ,i did not know what to do then1 for the cruel beast would surely pursue me if ,i should dismount4 ,so ,i grasped my saddle with all my might4 ,but after a while my poor pet languished and fell4 ,then ,i did my best to get away from danger4 ,the carabao would have pursued me at once1 but its horns stuck tight into the muscles of my horse1 and consequently it was delayed a little4 ,meanwhile ,i got into a cell of a big rock1 and exactly at the very moment ,i squeezed in the mad buffalo struck the opening with its horns4 ,fortunately1 the aperture was too small for the head of the animal to enter4 ,but still the sharp points of its horns could reach me and ,i received a wound at the back of my neck4 ,luckily1 ,i had a bolo with me1 and reaching out bravely1 ,i stabbed the nose of the cruel beast4 ,it surely received a severe wound4 ,but1 instead of running away1 the animal became angrier than before and butted again and again at the opening4 ,my eyes were nearly struck by the sharp pointed horns4 ,in order to save myself from further injury ,i stabbed this time one of the glowing eyes of the buffalo4 ,blood gushed out at me4 ,when the wild beast felt the pains of the wounds it began to move away with regret4 ,after the carabao had gone ,i bemoaned the death of my favorite pony4 ,i decided to take revenge upon the beast4 ,in order to accomplish this ,i first went home4 ,when ,i told my parents about the accident they at once consented to my taking their gun4 ,so the next morning ,i set out with many companions4 ,we easily found the same wild carabao roaming in the broad forest4 ,it was still very mad1 for it began to chase us immediately1 coming swiftly towards us1 looking sidewise with its one eye4 ,without hesitation ,i let my bullet go and the beast fell dead4 --,jos ,m4 ,cario4 ,v4 ,the ,traveler's ,sketch ,a traveler's sketch is an orderly and extended account of the incidents of a journey--the sights1 sounds1 experiences1 impressions and conclusions of the writer4 ,incidents and anecdotes may be given by the narrator in the first or third person2 but a traveler's sketch is always first person4 ,there may be the other forms included1 together with descriptions and historical references2 but what makes a traveler's sketch a traveler's sketch is the personal flavor4 ,the question the reader always asks is1 not what kind of city is ,lisbon1 but what impression did it make on ,fielding4 ,great travel books ,there have been only a few great travel books written4 ,perhaps1 because the people that are worth while are not gadabouts2 perhaps1 because only a few men are generous enough or idle enough to give themselves over completely to impressions2 surely1 because not every one who travels has the ability to see what ought to be seen or to express himself entertainingly after he has seen it4 ,the narrator needs an eye made quiet1 that looks into the heart of things4 ,he needs also wit and a wide humanity4 ,if he stalks his way through a place as an ,englishman only1 or if he buys it through lavishly as an ,american1 he will have nothing to tell that we care to listen to4 ,the public is not won by a string of foreign names merely4 ,a little trip from ,new ,york to ,boston would furnish a ,smollet or a ,sterne with more observations than a journey around the world would a dull-minded pedant4 ,george ,borrow could tell of distributing ,bibles in ,spain1 and yet give us one of the best travel books in any language4 ,henry ,fielding could be on his death journey1 as he was on his voyage to ,lisbon1 and well know it1 as he did1 and yet he could write with such an 'indomitable gallantry of spirit1 such an irrepressible joy of life1 such an insatiably curious eye for humanity1' such a new relish for every fresh face1 that the reader could easily imagine that the laughing1 genial1 ironic1 but altogether compassionate and broad-minded1 manly fellow had not a care in the world4 ,the ,voyage and ,travaille of ,sir ,john ,mandeville is a book very precious to the ,english language1 if not to the history of facts4 ,it was intended as a road-book to the ,holy ,land1 and was produced as early as #acef4 ,it is precious not only because of the marvelous tales skillfully woven in as reports of the belief of various cities--stories which have been inspirations to hundreds of romancers--but because of the fact that it was1 so far as we know1 the first piece of ,english prose of any considerable extent to depart from the beaten track of medieval theology and philosophy1 and the first piece of original prose to reveal any personality1 to have any style1 any flavor of the author4 ,altho because of its stooping to the delight that men of that day took in marvels it places itself really in the class of imaginary voyages1 it yet belongs with good travel books in this one essential--vivacity and personal charm4 ,marco ,polo1 the ,venetian traveler of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries1 because of his irresponsibility in padding his account with marvelous tales1 placed himself with ,mandeville and the wonder books2 but the result of his ,travels was scientific in the effect his evidence that he had really been to the far ,east had upon ,columbus and the earlier navigators4 ,an interesting bit of ,anglo-,saxon actual travel account is the story of ,ohthere and ,wulfstan inserted by ,king ,alfred into his translation of the ,history of ,orosius1 and told as the king took it down from the lips of these sea-rovers themselves sometime during the ninth century4 ,sturdy old ,sam ,johnson by his ,journey to the ,western ,isles added a substantial volume to the very short eight-or-ten-inch shelf of great travel book4 ,in many ways ,bayard ,taylor was the ideal traveler1 putting himself into sympathy with the people whom he went among1 wearing their dress1 eating their food1 speaking their language4 ,but he failed to produce great literature1 for some reason or other--perhaps because he wrote for the newspapers4 ,his ,views ,afoot1 or ,europe seen with ,knapsack and ,staff and other copy of the sort are interesting reading1 however4 ,darwin's record of the ,voyage of the ,beagle is invaluable to science4 ,richard ,henry ,dana's ,two ,years ,before the ,mast is an excellent boys' book1 and has a fine feeling of adventure about it4 ,but we may not mention the work of any more travel writers1 ,stevenson1 ,james1 ,curtis1 ,stanley1 ,roosevelt1 or others in other languages4 ,fielding's gentle warning ,many of our travel books were written as letters and journals2 some1 as notes or strict diaries4 ,you might put your sketch into the form of a letter to a friend4 ,the chief thing you need to remember in relating any journey1 however long or short1 is ,fielding's gentle warning to know what to omit3 ,to make a traveler an agreeable companion to a man of sense1 it is necessary1 not only that he should have seen much1 but that he should have overlooked much of what he hath seen4444 ,a motto for the narrator ,some voyage-writers waste their time and paper with recording things and facts of so common a kind that they challenge no other right of being remembered than as they had the honor of having happened to the author1 to whom nothing seems trivial that in any manner happens to himself4 ,of such consequence do his own actions appear to one of his kind that he would probably think himself guilty of infidelity should he omit the minutest thing in the detail of his journal4 ,that the fact is true1 is sufficient to give it a place there without any consideration whether it is capable of pleasing or surprising1 of diverting or informing the reader4 ,by implication ,fielding gives the travel book its motto3 to please and surprise1 divert and inform4 ,on the ,way to ,talavera ,the next day's journey brought me to a considerable town1 the name of which ,i have forgotten4 ,it is the first in ,new ,castile1 in this direction4 ,i passed the night as usual in the manger of the stable1 close beside the ,caballeria2 for1 as ,i traveled upon a donkey1 ,i deemed it incumbent upon me to be satisfied with a couch in keeping with my manner of journeying1 being averse1 by any squeamish and over delicate airs1 to generate a suspicion amongst the people with whom ,i mingled that ,i am aught higher than what my equipage and outward appearance might lead them to believe4 ,rising before daylight1 ,i again proceeded on my way1 hoping ere night to be able to reach ,talavera1 which ,i was informed was ten leagues distant4 ,the way lay entirely over an unbroken level1 for the most part covered with olive trees4 ,on the left1 however1 at the distance of a few leagues1 rose the mighty mountains which ,i have already mentioned4 ,they run eastward in a seemingly interminable range1 parallel with the route which ,i was pursuing2 their tops and sides were covered with dazzling snow1 and the blasts which came sweeping from them across the wide and melancholy plains were of bitter keenness4 ,what mountains are those8 ,i inquired of a barber-surgeon1 who1 mounted like myself on a grey burra1 joined me about noon1 and proceeded in my company for several leagues4 ,they have many names1 ,caballero1 replied the barber2 according to the names of the neighbouring places so they are called4 ,yon portion of them is styled the ,serriania of ,plasencia2 and opposite to ,madrid they are termed the ,mountains of ,guadarama1 from a river of that name which descends from them2 they run a vast way1 ,caballero1 and separate the two kingdoms1 for on the other side is ,old ,castile4 ,they are mighty mountains1 and though they generate much cold1 ,i take pleasure in looking at them1 which is not to be wondered at1 seeing that ,i was born among them1 though at present1 for my sins1 ,i live in a village of the plain4 ,caballero1 there is not another such range in ,spain2 they have their secrets1 too--their mysteries--strange tales are told of those hills1 and of what they contain in their deep recesses1 for they are a broad chain1 and you may wander days and days amongst them without coming to any termino4 ,many have lost themselves on those hills1 and have never again been heard of4 ,strange things are told of them2 it is said that in a certain place there are deep pools and lakes in which dwell monsters1 huge serpents as long as a pine tree1 and horses of the flood1 which sometimes come out and commit mighty damage4 ,one thing is certain1 that yonder1 far away to the west1 in the heart of those hills1 there is a wonderful valley1 so narrow that only at midday is the face of the sun to be descried from it4 ,that valley lay undiscovered and unknown for thousands of years2 no person dreamed of its existence1 but at last1 a long time ago1 certain hunters entered it by chance1 and then what do you think they found1 ,caballero8 ,they found a small nation or tribe of unknown people1 speaking an unknown language1 who perhaps1 had lived there since the creation of the world1 without intercourse with the rest of their fellow creatures1 and without knowing that other beings besides themselves existed6 ,caballero1 did you never hear of the valley of the ,batuecas8 ,many books have been written about that valley and those people1 ,caballero1 ,i am proud of yonder hills2 and were ,i independent1 and without wife or children1 ,i would purchase a burra like that of your own1 which ,i see is an excellent one1 and far superior to mine1 and travel amongst them till ,i knew all their mysteries1 and had seen all the wondrous things they contain4 ,throughout the day ,i pressed the burra forward1 only stopping once in order to feed the animal2 but1 notwithstanding that she played her part very well1 night came on1 and ,i was still about two leagues from ,talavera4 ,as the sun went down1 the cold became intense2 ,i drew the old ,gypsy cloak1 which ,i still wore1 closer around me1 but ,i found it quite inadequate to protect me from the inclemency of the atmosphere4 ,the road1 which lay over a plain1 was not very distinctly traced1 and became in the dusk rather difficult to find1 more especially as cross roads leading to different places were of frequent occurrence4 ,i however1 proceeded in the best manner ,i could1 and when ,i became dubious as to the course which ,i should take1 ,i invariably allowed the animal on which ,i was mounted to decide4 ,at length the moon shone out faintly1 when suddenly by its beams ,i beheld a figure moving before me at a slight distance4 ,i quickened the pace of the burra1 and was soon close at its side4 ,it went on1 neither altering its pace nor looking round for a moment4 ,it was the figure of a man1 the tallest and bulkiest that ,i had hitherto seen in ,spain1 dressed in a manner strange and singular for the country4 ,on his head was a hat with a low crown and broad brim1 very much resembling that of an ,english waggoner2 about his body was a long loose tunic or slop1 seemingly of coarse ticken1 open in front1 so as to allow the interior garments to be occasionally seen2 these appeared to consist of a jerkin and short velveteen pantaloons4 ,i have said that the brim of the hat was broad1 but broad as it was1 it was insufficient to cover an immense bush of coal-black hair1 which1 thick and curly1 projected1 on either side2 over the left shoulder was flung a kind of satchel1 and in the right hand was held a long staff or pole4 ,there was something peculiarly strange about the figure1 but what struck me the most was the tranquility with which it moved along1 taking no heed of me1 though of course aware of my proximity1 but looking straight forward along the road1 save when it occasionally raised a huge face and large eyes toward the moon1 which was now shining forth in the eastern quarter4 ,a cold night1 said ,i at last4 ,is this the way to ,talavera8 ,it is the way to ,talavera1 and the night is cold4 ,i am going to ,talavera1 said ,i1 as ,i suppose you are yourself4 ,i am going thither1 so are you1 ,bueno4 ,the tones of the voice which delivered these words were in their way quite as strange and singular as the figure to which the voice belonged2 they were not exactly the tones of a ,spanish voice1 and yet there was something in them that could hardly be foreign2 the pronunciation also was correct1 and the language1 though singular1 faultless4 ,but ,i was most struck with the manner in which the last word1 bueno1 was spoken4 ,i had heard something like it before1 but where or when ,i could by no means remember4 ,a pause now ensued2 the figure stalking on as before with the most perfect indifference1 and seemingly with no disposition either to seek or avoid conversation4 ,are you not afraid1 said ,i at last1 to travel these roads in the dark8 ,it is said that there are robbers abroad4 ,are you not rather afraid1 replied the figure1 to travel these roads in the dark8--you who are ignorant of the country1 who are a foreigner1 an ,englishman8 ,how is it that you know me to be an ,englishman8 demanded ,i1 much surprised4 ,that is no difficult matter1 replied the figure2 the sound of your voice was enough to apprise me of that4 ,you speak of voices1 said ,i2 suppose the tone of your own voice were to tell me who you are8 ,that it will not do1 replied my companion2 you know nothing about me--you can know nothing about me4 ,be not sure of that1 my friend2 ,i am acquainted with many things of which you have little idea4 ,for example1 said the figure4 ,for example1 said ,i1 you speak two languages4 ,the figure moved on1 seemed to consider a moment and then said slowly1 bueno4 ,you have two names1 ,i continued2 one for the house and the other for the street2 both are good1 but the one by which you are called at home is the one which you like best4 ,the man walked on about ten paces1 in the same manner as he had previously done2 all of a sudden he turned1 and taking the bridle of the burra gently in his hand1 stopped her4 ,i had now a full view of his face and figure1 and those huge features and ,herculean form still occasionally revisit me in my dreams4 ,i see him standing in the moonshine1 staring me in the face with his deep calm eyes4 ,at last he said3 ,are you then one of us8 --,george ,borrow4 ,the ,bible in ,spain4 ,the ,world's ,classics 7,oxford ,press74 ,smyrna3 ,first ,glimpses of the ,east ,i am glad that the ,turkish part of ,athens was extinct1 so that ,i should not be baulked of the pleasure of entering an ,eastern town by an introduction to any garbled or incomplete specimen of one4 ,smyrna seems to me the most ,eastern of all have seen2 as ,calais will probably remain to the ,englishman1 the most ,french town in the world4 ,the jack-boots of the postilions don't seem so huge elsewhere1 or the tight stockings of the maid-servants so ,gallic4 ,the churches and the ramparts and the little soldiers on them1 remain forever impressed upon your memory2 from which larger temples and buildings1 and whole armies have subsequently disappeared2 and the first words of actual ,french heard spoken1 and the first dinner at ',quillacq's' remain after twenty years as clear as on the first day4 ,dear ,jones1 can't you remember the exact smack of the white hermitage1 and the toothless old fellow singing ',largo al factotum8' ,the first day in the ,east is like that4 ,after that there is nothing4 ,the wonder is gone1 and the thrill of that delightful shock1 which so seldom touches the nerves of plain men of the world1 though they seek for it everywhere4 ,one such looked out at ,smyrna from our steamer and yawned without the least excitement1 and did not betray the slightest emotion1 as boats with real ,turks on board came up to the ship4 ,there lay the town with minarets and cypresses1 domes and castles2 great guns were firing off1 and the blood-red flag of the ,sultan flaring over the gulf's edge1 and as you looked at them with the telescope1 there peered out of the general mass a score of pleasant episodes of ,eastern life--there were cottages with quaint roofs2 silent cool kioska1 where the chief of the eunuchs brings down the ladies of the harem4 ,i saw ,hassan1 the fisherman1 getting his nets2 and ,ali ,baba going off with his donkey to the great forest for wood4 ,smith looked at these wonders quite unmoved2 and ,i was surprised at his apathy2 but he had been at ,smyrna before4 ,a man only sees the miracle once3 though you yearn after it ever so1 it won't come again4 ,i saw nothing of ,ali ,baba and ,hassan the next time we came to ,smyrna1 and had some doubts 7recollecting the badness of the inn7 about landing at all4 ,a person who wishes to understand ,france and the ,east should come in a yacht to ,calais or ,smyrna1 land for two hours1 and never afterward go back again4 ,but those two hours are beyond measure delightful4 ,some of us were querulous up to that time and doubted of the wisdom of making the voyage4 ,lisbon1 we owned1 was a failure4 ,athens a dead failure2 ,malta very well1 but not worth the trouble and seasickness2 in fact1 ,baden-,baden or ,devonshire would be a better move than this2 when ,smyrna came and rebuked all mutinous ,cockneys into silence4 ,some men may read this who are in want of a sensation4 ,if they love the odd and picturesque1 if they loved the ,arabian ,nights in their youth1 let them book themselves on board one of the ,peninsular and ,oriental vessels and try one dip into ,constantinople or ,smyrna4 ,walk into the bazaar and the ,east is unveiled to you2 how often and often have you tried to fancy this1 lying out on a summer holiday at school6 ,it is wonderful1 too1 how like it is2 you may imagine that you have been in the place before1 you seem to know it so well6 ,the beauty of that poetry is1 to me1 that it was never too handsome2 there is no fatigue of sublimity about it4 ,schacabac and the little ,barber play as great a part in it as the heroes2 there are no uncomfortable sensations of terror2 you may be familiar with the great ,afreet1 who was going to execute the travelers for killing his son with a date stone4 ,morgiana1 when she kills the ,forty ,robbers with boiling oil1 does not seem to hurt them in the least2 and though ,king ,schahrier makes a practice of cutting off his wives' heads1 yet you fancy they got them on again in some of the back rooms of the palace1 where they are dancing and playing on dulcimers4 ,how fresh1 easy1 good-natured is all this6 ,how delightful is that notion of the pleasant ,eastern people about knowledge1 where the height of science is made to consist in the answering of riddles and all the mathematicians and magicians bring their great beards to bear on a conundrum6 ,when ,i got into the bazaar among this race1 somehow ,i felt as if they were all friends4 ,there sat the merchants in their little shops1 quiet and solemn1 but with friendly looks4 ,there was no smoking1 it was the ,ramazan2 no eating--the fish and meats fizzing in the enormous pots of the cook-shops are only for the ,christians4 ,the children abounded2 the law is not so stringent upon them1 and many wandering merchants were there selling figs 7in the name of the ,prophet1 doubtless71 for their benefit1 and elbowing onward with baskets of grapes and cucumbers4 ,countrymen passed bristling over with arms1 each with a huge bellyful of pistols and daggers in his girdle2 fierce1 but not the least dangerous4 ,wild swarthy ,arabs1 who had come in with the caravans1 walked solemnly about1 very different in look and demeanor from the sleek inhabitants of the town4 ,greeks and ,jews squatted and smoked1 their shops tended by sallow-faced boys1 with large eyes1 who smiled and welcomed you in2 negroes bustled about in gaudy colors2 and women1 with black nose-bags and shuffling yellow slippers chattered and bargained at the doors of the little shops4 ,there was the rope quarter and the sweetmeat quarter1 and the pipe bazaar and the arm bazaar1 and the little turned-up shoe quarter1 and the shops where ready-made jackets and pelisses were swinging1 and the region where1 under the ragged awnings1 regiments of tailors were at work4 ,the sun peeps through these awnings of mat or canvas1 which are hung over the narrow lanes of the bazaar and ornaments them with a thousand freaks of light and shadow4 ,cogia ,hassan ,alhabbal's shop is in a blaze of light2 while his neighbor1 the barber and coffee-house keeper1 has his premises1 his low seats and narghils1 his queer pots and basins1 in the shade4 ,the cobblers are always good-natured2 there was one who1 ,i am sure1 has been revealed to me in my dreams1 in a dirty old green turban1 with a pleasant wrinkled face like an apple2 twinkling his little gray eyes as he held them up to the gossips1 and smiling under a delightful old gray beard1 which did the heart good to see4 ,you divine the conversation between him and the cucumber man1 as the ,sultan used to understand the language of birds4 ,are any of those cucumbers stuffed with pearls1 and is that ,armenian with the black square turban ,haroun ,alraschid in disguise1 standing yonder by the fountain where the children are drinking--the gleaming marble fountain1 checked all over with light and shadow1 and engraved with delicate ,arabesques and sentences from the ,koran8 ,but the greatest sensation of all is when the camels come4 ,whole strings of real camels1 better even than in the procession of ,blue ,beard1 with soft rolling eyes and bended necks1 swaying from one side of the bazaar to the other to and fro1 and treading gingerly with their great feet4 ,oh1 you fairy dreams of boyhood6 ,oh1 you sweet meditations of half-holidays1 here you are realized for half an hour6 ,the genius which presides over youth led up to do a good action that day4 ,there was a man sitting in an open room ornamented with fine long-tailed sentences of the ,koran2 some in red1 some in blue2 some written diagonally over the paper2 some so shaped as to represent ships1 dragons1 or mysterious animals4 ,the man squatted on a carpet in the middle of this room1 with folded arms1 waggling his head to and fro1 swaying about1 and singing through his nose choice phrases from the sacred work4 ,but from the room above came a clear voice of many little shouting voices1 much more musical than that of ,naso in the matted parlor1 and the guide told us it was a school1 so we went upstairs to look4 ,i declare1 an my conscience1 the master was in the act of bastinadoing a little mulatto boy2 his feet were in a bar1 and the brute was laying on with a cane2 so we witnessed the howling of the poor boy1 and the confusion of the brute who was administering the correction4 ,the other children were made to shout1 ,i believe1 to drown the noise of their little comrade's howling2 but the punishment was instantly discontinued as our hats came up over the stair-trap1 and the boy cast loose1 and the bamboo huddled into a corner1 and the schoolmaster stood before us abashed4 ,all the small scholars in red caps1 and the little girls in gaudy handkerchiefs turned their big wondering dark eyes toward us2 and the caning was over for that time1 let us trust4 ,i don't envy some schoolmasters in a future state4 ,i pity that poor little blubbering ,mahometan2 he will never be able to relish the ',arabian ,nights' in the original as long as he lives4 ,from this scene we rushed off somewhat discomposed to make a breakfast off red mullets and grapes1 melons1 pomegranates1 and ,smyrna wine1 at a dirty little comfortable inn to which we were recommended2 and from the windows of which we had a fine1 cheerful view of the gulf and its busy craft1 and the loungers and merchants along the shore4 ,there were camels unloading at one wharf1 and piles of melons much bigger than the ,gibraltar cannon-balls at another4 ,it was the fig season1 and we passed through several alleys encumbered with long rows of fig-dressers1 children and women for the most part1 who were packing the fruit diligently into drums1 dipping them in salt water first1 and spreading them neatly over with leaves2 while the figs and leaves are drying1 large white worms crawl out of them and swarm over the decks of the ships which carry them to ,europe and to ,england1 where small children eat them with pleasure--,i mean the figs1 not the worms--and where they are still served at wine parties at the universities4 ,when fresh they are not better than elsewhere2 but the melons are of admirable flavor1 and so large that ,cinderella might almost be accommodated with a coach made of a big one1 without any very great distention of its original proportions4 ,our guide1 an accomplished swindler1 demanded two dollars as the fee for entering the mosque1 which others of our party subsequently saw for sixpence1 so we did not care to examine that place of worship4 ,but there were other cheaper sights1 which were to the full as picturesque1 for which there was no call to pay money1 or indeed1 for a day1 scarcely to move at all4 ,i doubt whether a man who would smoke his pipe on a bazaar counter all day1 and let the city flow by him1 would not be almost as well employed as the most active curiosity hunter4 ,to be sure he would not see the women4 ,those in the bazaar were shabby people for the most part1 whose black masks nobody would feel a curiosity to remove4 ,you could see no more of their figure than if they had been stuffed in holsters2 and even their feet were brought to a general splay uniformity by the double yellow slippers which the wives of true believers wear4 ,but it is in the ,greek and ,armenian quarters1 and among those poor ,christians who were pulling figs1 that you see the beauties2 and a man of a generous disposition may lose his heart half a dozen times a day in ,smyrna4 ,there was the pretty maid at work at a tambour frame in an open porch1 with an old duenna spinning by her side1 and a goat tied up to the railings of the little court garden2 there was the nymph who came down the stair with the pitcher on her head1 and gazed with great calm eyes1 as large and stately as ,juno's2 there was the gentle mother1 bending over a queer cradle1 in which lay a small crying bundle of infancy4 ,all these three charmers were seen in a single street in the ,armenian quarter1 where the house doors are all open1 and the women of the families sit under the arches in the court4 ,there was the fig girl1 beautiful beyond all others1 with an immense coil of deep black hair twisted round a head of which ,raphael was worthy to draw the outline1 and ,titian to paint the color4 ,i wonder the ,sultan has not swept her off1 or that the ,persian merchants1 who come with silks and sweetmeats have not kidnapped her for the ,shah of ,tehean4 ,we went to see the ,persian merchants at their khan1 and purchased some silks there from a swarthy1 black-bearded man with a conical cap of lambswool4 ,is it not hard to think that silks bought of a man in a lambswool cap1 in a caravanseria1 brought hither on the backs of camels1 should have been manufactured after all at ,lyons8 ,others of our party bought carpets1 for which the town is famous2 and there was one absolutely laid in a stock of real ,smyrna figs1 and purchased three or four real ,smyrna sponges for his carriage2 so strong was his passion for the genuine article4 ,i wonder that no painter has given us familiar views of the ,east2 not processions1 grand sultans1 or magnificent landscapes1 but faithful transcripts of everyday ,oriental life1 such as each street will supply to him4 ,the camels afford endless motives1 couched in the market places1 lying by thousands in the camel square1 snorting and bubbling after their manner1 the sun blazing down on their backs1 their slaves and keepers lying behind them in the shade2 and the ,caravan ,bridge1 above all1 would afford a painter subjects for a dozen of pictures4 ,over this ,roman arch1 which crosses the ,meles river1 all the caravans pass on their entrance to the town4 ,on one side1 as we sat and looked at it1 was a great row of plane trees2 on the opposite bank a deep wood of tall cypresses1 in the midst of which rose up innumerable gray tombs1 surmounted with the turbans of the defunct believers4 ,beside the stream the view was less gloomy4 ,there was under the plane trees a little coffee house1 shaded by a trellis-work1 covered over with a vine and ornamented with many rows of shining pots and water-pipes1 for which there was no use at noonday now1 in the time of ,ramazan4 ,hard by the coffee house was a garden and a bubbling marble fountain1 and over the stream was a broken summerhouse1 to which amateurs may ascend for the purpose of examining the river1 and all round the plane trees plenty of stools for those who were inclined to sit and drink sweet1 thick coffee or cool lemonade made of fresh green citrons4 ,the master of the house1 dressed in a white turban and light blue pelisse1 lolled under the coffee-house awning2 the slave in white with a crimson striped jacket1 his face as black as ebony1 brought up pipes and lemonade again1 and returned to his station at the coffee house1 where he curled his black legs together and began singing out of his flat nose to the thrumming of a long guitar with wire string4 ,the instrument was not bigger than a soup ladle1 with a long straight handle1 but its music pleased the performer1 for his eyes rolled shining about1 and his head wagged1 and he grinned with an innocent intensity of enjoyment that did one good to look at4 ,and there was a friend to share his pleasure2 a ,turk dressed in scarlet and covered all over with dagger and pistols1 sat leaning forward on his little stool1 rocking about and grinning quite as eagerly as the black minstrels4 ,as he sang and we listened1 figures of women bearing pitchers went passing over the ,roman bridge which we saw between the large trunks of the planes2 or gray forms of camels were seen stalking across it1 the string preceded by the little donkey1 who is always here their long-eared conductor4 ,these are very humble incidents of travel4 ,wherever the steamboat touches the shore adventure retreats into the interior1 and what is called romance vanishes4 ,it won't bear the vulgar gaze2 or rather the light of common day puts it out1 and it is only in the dark that it shines at all4 ,there is no cursing and insulting of ,giaours now4 ,if a cockney looks or behaves in a particularly ridiculous way1 the little ,turks come out and laugh at him4 ,a ,londoner is no longer a spittoon for true believers2 and now that dark ,hassan sits in his divan and drinks champagne1 and ,selim has a ,french watch1 and ,zuleika perhaps takes ,morrison's pills1 ,byronism becomes absurd instead of sublime1 and is only a foolish expression of cockney wonder4 ,they still occasionally beat a man for going into a mosque1 but this is almost the only sign of ferocious vitality left in the ,turk of the ,mediterranean coast1 and strangers may enter scores of mosques without molestation4 ,the paddlewheel is the great conqueror4 ,wherever the captain cries ',stop her6' civilization stops1 and lands in the ship's boat1 and makes a permanent acquaintance with the savages on shore4 ,whole hosts of crusaders have passed and died and butchered here in vain4 ,but to manufacture ,european iron into pikes and helmets was a waste of metal2 in the shape of piston rods and furnace pokers it is irresistible2 and ,i think an allegory might be made showing how much stronger commerce is than chivalry1 and finishing with a grand image of ,mahomet's crescent being extinguished in ,fulton's boiler4 ,this ,i thought was the moral of the day's sights and adventures4 ,we pulled off the steamer in the afternoon--the ,inbat blowing fresh and setting all the craft in the gulf dancing over its blue waters4 ,we were presently under weigh again1 the captain ordering his engines to work only at half power1 so that a ,french steamer which was quitting ,smyrna at the same time might come up with us and fancy she could beat the irresistible ,tagus4 ,vain hope6 ,just as the ,frenchman neared us1 the ,tagus shot out like an arrow and the discomfited ,frenchman went behind4 ,though we all relished the joke exceedingly1 there was a ,french gentleman on board who did not seem to be by any means tickled with it2 but he had received papers at ,smyrna containing news of ,marshal ,bugeaud's victory at ,isley and had this land victory to set against our harmless little triumph at sea4 ,that night we rounded the ,island of ,mitylene1 and next day the coast of ,troy was in sight1 and the tomb of ,achilles--a dismal-looking mound that rises on a low1 dreary1 barren shore--less lively and not more picturesque than the ,schelot or the mouth of the ,thames4 ,then we passed ,tenedos and the forts and town at the mouth of the ,dardanelles4 ,the weather was not too hot1 the water as smooth as at ,putney1 and everybody happy and excited at the thought of seeing ,constantinople tomorrow4 ,we had music on board all the way from ,smyrna4 ,a ,german commis voyageur1 with a guitar1 who had passed unnoticed until that time1 produced his instrument about midday and began to whistle waltzes4 ,he whistled so divinely that the ladies left their cabins and men laid down their books4 ,he whistled a polka so bewitchingly that two young ,oxford men began whirling round the deck and performed that popular dance with much agility until they sank down tired4 ,he still continued an unabated whistling1 and as nobody would dance1 pulled off his coat1 produced a pair of castanets and whistling a mazurka1 performed it with tremendous agility4 ,his whistling made everybody gay and happy--made those acquainted who had not spoken before1 and inspired such a feeling of hilarity in the ship that that night1 as we floated over the ,sea of ,marmora1 a general vote was expressed for broiled bones and a regular supper party4 ,punch was brewed and speeches were made1 and1 after a lapse of fifteen years1 ,i heard the ',old ,english ,gentleman' and ',bright ,chanticleer ,proclaims the ,morn1' sung in such style that you would almost fancy the proctors must hear and send us all home4 --,william ,makepeace ,thackeray4 ,a ,journey from ,cornhill to ,cairo4 ,a ,trip from ,currimao to ,laoag ,late in the afternoon of last ,april third1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,guia and ,i left ,currimao for ,san ,nicolas and ,laoag1 respectively4 ,we traveled in a cart drawn by a fat gray cow4 ,at first it was not altogether pleasant to go now up then down the irregular road1 and besides1 the cart--a shoe-box-shaped sort of buggy with bamboo sides and floor--was far from being comfortable4 ,the driver was a sturdy broad-shouldered country fellow1 dressed in a red home-spun shirt worn outside of his tight dark-green trousers1 rolled up above his knees4 ,his big bolo1 suspended from his tough belt that he wore outside1 was at his left2 while his callugung--a saucer-shaped hat made from a dried wild squash--was dangling at his right4 ,since we left ,currimao he had not addressed us a single word1 but all of a sudden when the cart stopped in front of a ragged cottage1 he cried out loud as if we were deaf1 ,apu1 arac quen maiz1 which means1 ,sirs1 wine and corn4 ,mr4 ,guia and ,i rose from our squatting posture on the floor by the side of our steamer trunks and suit cases and got down to buy for our driver the things that he needed4 ,when we entered1 the inner appearance of the cottage in the dim light of a small oil lamp hanging from the middle of the ceiling aroused somewhat my pity for the occupants4 ,in one corner a rather old though fat woman was cooking supper1 while in another corner were fishing nets1 a new plow1 a hunting spear and a callugung4 ,in the corner near the door were rough boxes on which were ragged mats and red pillows4 ,in the middle of the room was a basket of corn which an old1 muscular man was husking when we entered and which he left to attend to our needs4 ,we were invited to sit on a long bamboo bench which occupied one side of the room and where we remained as mute as statues until our driver1 having filled his stomach with vino and having given his animal enough corn1 summoned us to continue our journey4 ,we went out1 and as the moon was now shining brightly1 we had a front view of the cottage4 ,the cogon roof1 on which were perched some chickens1 was pyramid-like1 and the walls1 broken at places but patched with rice-sacks through which the dim light of the lamp was visible1 were made of bamboo4 ,the porch1 at the middle of which was a wooden staircase shaded by broad eaves1 was piled full of corn4 ,after we paid the old man for what he supplied our now half-drunk driver1 we again assumed our uncomfortable position in the cart4 ,the road was now smooth and ,i was surprised to find ourselves suffering still the disagreeable upward and downward movement of the cart4 ,i examined the two solid wooden wheels1 and ,i found that they were not round1 but oval4 ,but the beautiful panorama of the country soon made me forget my discomfort in the cart4 ,on our left and right were square rice-fields--some yellow with ripe grain and others green with young leaves--dotted here and there with hamlets or solitary trees so that they resembled a checker-board4 ,all the while that ,i was admiring this view1 ,mr4 ,guia seemed to be buried in deep thought4 ,we were cabin-mates in the steamship ,bustamante that brought us from ,manila1 and therefore ,i had known him for but three days1 during which he was always cheerful and gay4 ,but now what a sad and mournful countenance6 ,his youthful and oval face1 hitherto jovial and beaming with health1 was pale4 ,i was very sorry to see my companion thus afflicted with grief1 and ,i said in a sympathetic voice1 ,mr4 ,guia1 are you sick8 ,he answered1 ,no1 ,i am not4 ,but1 my friend1 my mo-mo-mother died nine days ago1 and that's why1 as you see1 ,i am mourning4 ,indeed1 he was mourning1 for he wore a black cap1 suit1 tie and shoes4 ,i dared not continue our conversation along that line1 for ,i knew it would but grieve him the more4 ,so ,i expressed my condolence by silence4 ,after a moment of quietude he told the driver something in ,ilocano which ,i did not understand4 ,suddenly the driver began to sing with a tremulous voice a common country ditty called ,dalla-dalluc4 ,as it was getting late1 ,i was soon lulled into a sound sleep4 ,i think ,i had slept for about two hours when a loud barking of five dogs awoke me4 ,when ,i looked around1 ,i found that we were in a town1 for we were passing by a church whose stone wall was black with moss and at whose rear a river was flowing4 ,i asked ,mr4 ,guia in what town we were and he answered1 ,why1 we are in ,san ,nicolas now4 ,i replied1 ,then here we part4 ,he exclaimed1 ,oh1 no6 ,you are very tired1 and it would be better for you to spend the rest of the night at my house4 ,besides you will not1 ,i am sure1 be able to wake the banquero 7boatman71 for it is now past midnight4 ,to-night is also the celebration of what we call ,umbras in honor of my dead mother1 and ,i should like you to be my special guest4 ,i thanked him very much for his kind invitation1 and1 of course1 in the face of the obstacle he foretold1 ,i was glad enough to accept4 ,the cart turned a corner and stopped suddenly in front of a somewhat large wooden corrugated iron roofed house--a typical town residence in the ,philippines4 ,we got down immediately from the cart1 and we were met at the gate by a boy of about fifteen years of age4 ,after ,mr4 ,guia told the boy to look to our baggage1 he conducted me to the sala1 where he met his relatives4 ,while the affectionate greetings were going on between ,mr4 ,guia and his family1 ,i had time to observe all that was in the room4 ,in one corner were young women and young men playing cards around a circular marble table1 while in another corner were old women1 talking of the high merits of the departed one4 ,in the corner near the door where ,i was standing1 a crowd of old fellows were drinking basi--a wine made from sugar cane--and ,i noticed our driver joining them4 ,the walls seemed to be very plain2 indeed all the decorations were covered with black cloth4 ,in the center of the sala was a large rectangular table on which were different kinds of food ready to be eaten4 ,the viands1 however1 were cold1 so ,i judged that the table must have been set early in the evening4 ,as ,i was wondering why the table was placed there1 ,mr4 ,guia came and took me into his room where my baggage was put4 ,my thought was still centered upon the table1 and my curiosity led me to ask my friend about it4 ,before he answered me1 he smiled1 and then said1 ,you must know that it is the custom of the ,ilocanos the ninth night after the death of any grown-up person to celebrate a mourning festival called ,umbars4 ,each friend of the dead person brings during that day food either cooked or uncooked4 ,that on the table is the cooked food1 which is considered to be sacred and which1 as you have just seen1 is being watched by the people in the room4 ,nobody is supposed to touch the food before the prayer1 which will begin at three o'clock4 ,after the prayer is over1 which will last for about two hours1 then all the guests will eat the food1 but at the head of the table a vacant seat is left for the spirit of the dead to sit4 ,after the feast the guests depart1 and the festival ends4 ,during the time that ,mr4 ,guia was explaining to me the ,umbras1 ,i was able to wash myself and to change my traveling suit4 ,so after he finished1 he conducted me into the dining-room where we both ate a hearty meal4 ,naturally1 after we had finished eating1 we joined the company of young men and young women1 to each of whom ,i was introduced and with whom we played cards until the time for prayers4 ,in the midst of the prayer ,i asked the permission of ,mr4 ,guia to go to his room to pack up my things so that ,i should be able to leave after the prayer4 ,when all the guests had departed1 ,i bade good-bye to my friend and his sorrow-stricken relatives4 ,within fifteen minutes ,i reached ,laoag1 and was once more safe in the hands of a brother with whom ,i spent a pleasant three weeks' sojourn4 --,fernando ,m4 ,maramg4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,personal ,,accounts ,within the group of personal accounts come the more-or-less extended records of the sayings and doings of men and women in their most acute individuality4 ,it is intimate1 detailed living that is expressed in a diary1 in memoirs1 or a biography4 ,these have a peculiar charm4 ,we expect endearing things in a diary1 interesting ones in an autobiography1 and1 if not surprisingly informing1 then surely upright and praiseworthy ones1 often patriotic1 in a biography4 ,i4 ,journal and ,diary ,definition ,as words1 journal and diary mean the same thing4 ,they both denote a daily record4 ,journal comes immediately from the ,french jour meaning day1 and remotely from the same ,latin word from which we get diurnal4 ,diary comes directly from the ,latin dies4 ,if there be any difference in the use of the titles1 it lies in the object the maker of the daily record has in mind4 ,a journal is written for a reader4 ,a diary is kept for the writer's own amusement or profit4 ,both mix little and great affairs promiscuously4 ,the range of journals ,a journal1 of course1 is likely to treat of a fewer number of trivial things than is a diary1 and oftener the less personal1 though ,swift's wonderful ,journal to ,stella1 written in the little language and meant for no eye but hers and the faithful ,dingley's is as personal as can be4 ,james ,madison's stately record of the ,american ,constitutional ,convention stands at the antipodes1 we might say2 and ,hesdin's ,journal of a ,spy in ,paris during the ,reign of ,terror1 far off to the right perhaps2 and the ,swiss poet1 ,henri ,frderic ,amiel's private philosophical and moral reflections1 his ,journal ,intime1 far to the left4 ,in the middle might come the travelers' journals--like ,fielding's ,voyage to ,lisbon and ,montaigne's ,voyage in ,italy1 or even ,john ,c4 ,fremont's soldier explorations--as typical of the daily record that is personal1 yet not intensely so1 and is written to be read4 ,a quaint and at once extremely romantic travel-journal of this sort is the ,vida del ,gran ,tamurlan1 perhaps the oldest piece of travel writing in ,spanish literature4 ,it is the daily record of the voyages and residences of the ambassadors of ,henry the ,third on a diplomatic mission to ,tamburlane the ,great--that same old ,tartar potentate and conqueror whom ,marlowe made immortal by putting into his mouth those high-astounding terms and that flowing blank verse1 which so exactly suited his character as well as ,marlowe's own4 ,the adventures of this embassy were minutely written down by ,ruy ,gonsalez de ,clavijo from ,may1 #adjc1 when it started1 to ,march1 #adjf1 when it returned4 ,in the report he describes the city of ,constantinople which the ambassadors passed through when it was at the height of its tottering greatness4 ,an incident recorded is very quaint4 ,these fifteenth century public servants1 extremely human and not at all unlike our modern ones1 were desirous when off on special business not only to serve their government well but also to do as much sight-seeing on their own account as possible4 ,hence they haunted the churches and other places of relics4 ,but one day they failed to see all they wished to in the church of ,san ,juan de la ,piedra1 and for the following reason1 bless you6 ,the ,emperor went to hunt1 and left the keys with the ,empress his wife1 and when she gave them she forgot to give those where the said relics were1 etc41 etc4 ,delicious episode6 ,exactly the essence of this type of narrative4 ,it makes one suspect that despite all the pompous history that has been got together about them the kings and queens of old were really human beings4 ,but ,clavijo was writing a journal as well as a diary1 for he tells us of bigger things4 ,he and his two friends go on to ,samarcand and find the great ,conqueror and experience his lavish hospitality in a series of magnificent festivals1 but1 strange to say1 witness also his death2 at least he dies when they are at his court1 and ,clavijo tells of the troubles the embassy had therefore in getting ready to return4 ,argote de ,molina1 in #aehb1 a hundred and seventy-six years later1 wrote a discourso upon ,clavijo and got out the first public edition of this journal1 which1 for the sake of sales probably1 he called ,the ,life of the ,great ,tamerlane1 a thing it was not1 but only partly4 ,marlowe wrote his ,tamburlane in #aehf or #aehg4 ,he might well have seen ,clavijo's journal4 ,great diaries ,diary is for the most part more intimate1 more private than journal1 though a diary need not necessarily be private4 ,in fact a writer of such a record sometimes hands it about among his friends--that is1 part of it4 ,other parts he invariably keeps to himself1 either never to be read by another or to be read only after the writer has ceased to live or has ceased to care about the effect of his words4 ,the astoundingly frank and intimate diary of the famous ,samuel ,pepys1 kept up by him through the first nine years of the ,restoration1 has only just now reached its complete publication4 ,details at first suppressed for one reason or another have1 as they have been made public from time to time1 gradually changed the world's conception of the character of this bustling servant of the crown4 ,and not strange to say2 for a diary of all forms of writing is the most revealing4 ,john ,evelyn1 the friend and patron of ,pepys1 wrote himself down no less surely a non-genius than ,pepys wrote himself a genius4 ,they both1 however1 give us1 in addition to a knowledge of their personal affairs1 invaluable pictures of the men and doings of their day4 ,fanny ,burney's ,diary1 egotistical and minute1 but one of the great books of literature1 is a gallery of portraits of the late eighteenth century celebrities--,king ,george and ,queen ,charlotte1 ,reynolds1 ,burke1 ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,mrs4 ,thrale1 ,garrick1 and many others--all her friends4 ,gideon ,welles's ,diary1 which appeared in the ,atlantic ,monthly during #aiji-aj1 though1 like that of ,pepys1 an account of public matters1 was1 like that of ,pepys1 a private account not meant to be seen at the time4 ,all these records have their value for late readers in their honesty and minuteness4 ,it is on such revelations that we depend for our correct conception of by-gone affairs4 ,a diary or a journal1 then1 is first of all a narrative of real events4 ,fiction in this form1 like ,defoe's ,journal of the ,plague or the diary parts of ,charles ,reade's ,cloister and the ,hearth1 is so for the sake of the verisimilitude4 ,writing the type ,if you wish to write a journal1 you might imagine yourself sending it across the ocean to some relative or acquaintance who cares to know about the doings of you yourself1 your family1 your friends1 your community4 ,you may reflect your own sentiments and those of others2 you may give anecdotes1 eye-witness accounts1 reports1 hear-says1 incidents1 opinions1 explanations1 and bare facts4 ,you may touch upon your pleasures1 your joys1 and even your troubles2 but your vexations and regrets you would surely reserve for your diary4 ,if you write a diary1 you should be frank and absolutely natural4 ,any playing to the gallery is a denial of the whole tone of diary4 ,you may be ever so selfish and egotistical1 or ever so trivial and vain1 if you are only honest4 ,if we feel that you are recording exactly what you think1 revealing exactly what is1 we shall read you with delight1 so seldom does one man get at the real thought of another4 ,you may even be pious--a most severe trial on a reader's interest--and we will follow you so long as you are sincere4 ,extracts from ,diary of ,samuel ,pepys ,november1 #affa4 #c;d4 7,lord's day47 ,at night my wife and ,i had a good supper by ourselves of a pullet hashed1 which pleased me much to see my condition come to allow ourselves a dish like that4 #dth4 ,with my wife to the opera1 where we saw ,the ,bondman1 which of old we both did so doate on1 and do still1 though to both our thinking not so well acted here1 having too great expectations1 as formerly at ,salisbury ,court4 ,but for ,betterton1 he is called by us both the best actor in the world4 #eth4 ,to the ,dolphin1 where ,armiger and ,i and ,captaine ,cocke sat late and drank much1 seeing the boys in the streets flying their crackers4 ,this day being kept all day very strictly in the city4 #gth4 ,i met with letters at home from my ,lord at ,lisbon1 which speak of his being well1 and he tells me he had seen at the court there1 the day before he wrote this letter1 the ,juego de ,toro 7bullfight74 ,peg ,kite now hath declared she will have the beggarly rogue the weaver1 and so we are resolved neither to meddle nor make with her4 #hth4 ,this morning up early1 and to my ,lord ,chancellor's1 with a letter to him from my ,lord1 and did speak with him1 and he did ask me whether ,i was son to ,mr4 ,talbot ,pepys or no 7with whom he was once acquainted in the ,court of ,requests71 and spoke to me with great respect4 ,to the ,sunne in ,new ,fish ,street1 where ,sir ,j4 ,minnes1 ,sir ,william ,batten and we all were to dine1 and by discourse found ,sir ,j4 ,minnes a fine gentleman and a very good scholler4 #ith4 ,with my ,lady all the afternoon4 ,my ,lady did mightily urge me to lay out money upon my wife1 which ,i perceived was a little more earnest than ordinary1 and so ,i seemed to be pleased with it1 and do resolve to bestow a lace on her4 #ajth4 7,lord's day47 ,at ,st4 ,gregory's1 where ,i heard our ,queen ,katherine the first time by name publicly prayed for4 ,and heard ,dr4 ,buck upon ,woe unto thee1 ,corazin1 c41 where he started a difficulty1 which he left to another time to answer1 about why ,god should give means of grace to those people which he knew would not receive them1 and deny to others1 which he himself confesses1 if they had had them1 would have received them and they would have been effectual1 too4 ,i would ,i could hear him explain this when he do come to it4 #aath4 ,captain ,ferrers carried me the first time that ever ,i saw any gaming-house1 to one1 entering into ,lincolne's ,inn ,fields1 at the end of ,bell ,yard1 where strange the folly of men to lay and lose much money1 and very glad ,i was to see the manner of a gamester's life1 which ,i see is very miserable and poor and unmanly4 ,and thence he took me to a dancing school in ,fleet ,streete1 where we saw a company of pretty girls dance1 but ,i do not in myself like to have young girls exposed to so much vanity4 ,so to the ,wardrobe1 where ,i found my ,lady had agreed upon a lace for my wife at #f1 which ,i seemed much glad of that it was no more1 tho in my mind ,i think it too much1 and ,i pray ,god to keep me so to order myself and my wife's expenses that no inconvenience in purse or honour follow my prodigality4 ,diary and ,correspondence of ,samuel ,pepys1 #d volumes4 7,david ,mc,kay4 #ahhi4 ,philadelphia47 ,a ,diary of ,four ,days ,feb4 #e1 ,saturday4 ,i awoke at #f o'clock4 ,it has become my habit not to get up earlier than half past #f on vacation days4 ,after breakfast ,i went to the physics laboratory to make up my back work4 ,the first experiment that ,i tried to perform was about ,atwood's ,machine4 ,i was not half thru when the string broke4 ,not being able to find another1 ,i went to the office to see whether ,i had a letter or not4 ,i was very glad to receive one1 for it was from home4 ,i was very much disappointed1 however1 to hear that my mother was sick4 ,my father asked me to go and see ,dr4 ,bautista1 so after dinner ,i went to ,santa ,cruz4 ,the office was closed when ,i reached it4 ,at last the doctor came4 ,i had a long talk with him about the sickness of my mother4 ,he gave me the formula of the medicine which my mother should take and told me the dose4 ,after giving him five pesos ,i went away and bought the medicine4 ,i stayed in the ,escolta till it was dark1 looking for some one who was going to our town4 ,not being able to find anybody1 ,i have come back to my boarding-house with the determination to go home myself and take mother's medicine4 ,i must study my lesson in physics1 however1 before ,i go to bed4 ,feb4 #f1 ,sunday4 ,at about #f o'clock this morning ,i was in the railroad station4 ,at #f sharp the train left for ,san ,isidro4 ,i was very lonely in the car1 for the passengers were few4 ,there were six ,chinamen and a few ,filipinos4 ,while the train was going on ,i kept myself busy reading my textbook in chemistry4 ,i reached the station of ,san ,isidro at #aj o'clock4 ,it was about #aa when ,i reached home4 ,i was very glad to find my mother better then4 ,i ate my dinner with all the members of our family4 ,after staying at home for about two hours ,i started for ,san ,isidro with my brother4 ,i was delayed at the ferry1 for a company of ,american soldiers was using the banca4 ,i reached the station at about #b o'clock1 and as the train would not leave for an hour1 ,i went to the cock-pit nearby4 ,it so happened that they were having a surtada4 ,this is the first time ,i have entered a cock-pit since #aijd4 ,at #c o'clock the train came4 ,i reached ,manila at #h o'clock4 ,it is now #i3cj4 ,i am going to bed earlier than usual1 for ,i am very tired4 ,feb4 #g1 ,monday4 ,i went to school as usual this morning1 though ,i did not recite my lessons very well4 ,this evening ,i attended the ,harty ,club4 ,we were few in number1 so ,father ,finnegan1 our director1 took us with him to the observatory4 ,all of us had a chance to look at the moon4 ,thru the telescope the moon looked like the yolk of an egg with black spots4 ,the astronomer said that the black spots are craters of volcanoes4 ,the moon when seen thru the telescope is not so beautiful as when you look at it with the naked eye4 ,the astronomer1 who was a ,spanish priest1 explained the way the moon gets its light4 ,he could speak ,english very well1 but his pronunciation was bad4 ,he pronounced sun1 soon1 and top1 tawp4 ,there were many other words which he did not pronounce very well1 but he used these two so often that they were impressed on my mind4 ,another word he used very often was extremities4 ,when you asked this fat man a question1 he would laugh at you if what you asked was not sensible4 ,lava asked him what planets are inhabited4 ,he laughed without ceasing for about two minutes1 and then said1 ,why1 my boy1 none except ours4 ,if any planet is inhabited1 the people must be very different from us4 ,it was #h o'clock when we went home4 ,tomorrow is a laboratory day1 so ,i am going to bed1 for ,i have no lesson to prepare except in ,english4 ,feb4 #h1 ,tuesday4 ,i was awakened from a sound sleep by a dreadful dream4 ,when ,i opened my eyes it was daylight4 ,my dream was about ,halley's comet4 ,we talked so much about this thing last night that it came into my dream4 ,i thought it was the #aith of ,may4 ,my mother roused me1 for they could see something beautiful4 ,when ,i looked out ,i saw that it was ,halley's comet4 ,i tried to explain to them what it was1 but ,i was interrupted in my explanation because ,i perceived that the comet was coming nearer to us4 ,we were obliged to leave the house1 for the comet was coming directly toward us4 ,when we were out of the house the comet struck it4 ,it was set on fire4 ,we tried our best to quench the flames1 but in vain4 ,while the house was burning ,i awoke4 ,i was very glad that ,i awoke1 for my lesson in ,english was not yet prepared4 ,i recited my lessons as usual4 ,this afternoon ,mr4 ,bulatao and ,i visited the observatory again4 ,our guide showed all the pieces of apparatus to us4 ,from the top of the building ,i had a very fine general view of ,manila4 ,after our visit ,i came home1 and now ,i am going to study my lessons4 --,facundo ,esquivel4 ,something ,doing ,a ,,journal3 ,,mock ,,heroic ,thursday1 ,march #ag1 #aiaj4--,my friend ,protasio and ,i went to one of the fairs in the ,tondo church-yard to buy an awit for the instructor in ,english4 ,on our way home we met a group of gentlemen1 eight of them1 among whom ,i recognized one of my schoolmates1 ,pedro ,pineda4 ,my companion looked ,pedro squarely in the face1 but this one came up to us1 with arms akimbo1 and presently addressed my companion in this manner3 ,what do you want8 ,why do you look at me8 ,is there any cause for which you speak to me thus8 answered my companion4 ,why8 ,what do you want8 ,let us have a boxing match6 ,i did my best to make my acquaintances desist from their plan1 but my efforts were in vain4 ,protasio took off his diamond ring and handed it to me4 ,i put it on the upper part of my right thumb1 suspecting nothing from the companions of ,pedro4 ,in the dark this unworthy fellow thrust his hands into his big pocket1 and by the dim light of the evening star ,i noticed him put on iron knuckles4 ,mad with rage1 ,i shouted1 ,take off your--6 but hardly had ,i begun when just above my left ear fell a terrible blow4 ,i felt no pain1 but the stroke deafened me4 ,still ,i lost no time mustering my courage1 and no sooner had ,i summoned my latent forces than ,i stood with my back against the church-yard fence4 ,confronted by four young men1 one of whom was the sturdy machinist who delivered me the first blow1 ,i raised my right arm to ward off another dreadful box in the face1 when1 to my surprise1 ,i heard the crash of an iron rod4 ,the cane which ,i had with me had done its duty2 when ,i was about to receive a blow more serious than the first1 up rose my hand and with an impulse it hit hard the right shoulder of my sturdy opponent4 ,overjoyed at this incident ,i caused my bent cane to swing back and forth until my four opponents1 realizing that ,i had an iron cane1 ran away as fast as their legs could carry them4 ,protasio received several wounds from the iron knuckles--one on the right arm1 two on the head and one just above the left ear4 ,breathless and bloody1 ,i heard him utter the cry1 ,what6 ,four people to one8 ,the people at the fair overheard the tumult2 they rushed to the scene and saw us two1 one bloody1 the other holding a bent cane1 safe and sound4 ,but our good opponents had run away1 carrying with them my friend's new baliwag hat4 ,fie6 ,cowards6 roared my companion1 as we turned around the narrow street beside the church4 ,why did those folks fight with us four to one8 ,well1 although they have made a serious mistake1 ,tasio1 ,i remarked1 you cannot blame them2 you will know the cause when you study the psychology of a mob4 ,he found no word with which to answer me2 his right arm he could hardly raise1 and the blood streamed in great quantities from the back of his head4 ,i conducted him to his house and told him not to go to school for two days4 ,for my part1 ,i felt nothing particularly painful except two things--a swelling on my forehead and the bruised place on my face where ,i received that blow without notice4 ,friday1 ,march #ah4--,this morning ,i went to school1 and1 although ,i was tired from last night's pugilistic contest1 ,i worked at the office of the ,english department4 ,but in the midst of my meditations on a perplexing mistake which a second-year student had made in his short-story theme1 upon my shoulders fell two hands4 ,i looked up1 rather amazed at the sudden attack1 but ,i saw ,mr4 ,fansler's familiar face4 ,ready1 ,victor6 said he4 ,ready for the banquet1 do you mean8 ,no1 to meet ,mr4 ,beattie4 ,i remembered ,i had to go with several people on a launch to meet ,mr4 ,beattie1 who had returned from a visit to the ,states4 ,i put on my buntal hat1 with a minute-man's start1 and ran down the flight of steps of the ,normal ,school building4 ,gathered around the portico were the superintendent of the ,normal ,school1 the representatives of the faculty and the representatives of the various classes4 ,mr4 ,fansler and ,i joined the cheerful group1 three-fifths of which consisted of blooming femininity4 ,as we walked along the acacia grove we felt no heat1 but on the open road1 where fell the blistering sun's rays1 the women lagged4 ,they feel the heat1 to be sure6 ,i said to myself4 ,these women at the ,normal1 ,i suppose1 are not used to heat4 ,tender and fresh1 they have little or no exercise4 ,but necessity was to compel them to run a short race that day4 ,the buzz of the street car wire along ,calle ,real made them walk faster1 and finally they really began to run2 as lightly as doves1 however4 ,the car took us down to ,plaza de ,magallanes1 back of the ,treasury building1 but we did not find our launch there4 ,as ,i walked along the edge of the ,pasig ,river bank ,i noticed a small1 booth-like hut1 in which ,i saw an old woman seated on a stool4 ,she held in her right hand a bunch of perforated banana leaves1 with which she drove away the flies that tried to alight on the rice and fried fish4 ,presently a man came1 ate his ten-centavo meal of rice and a half fish1 and departed after the manner of a ,frenchman4 ,but soon ,i saw my companions going on board the launch and ,i followed them4 ,the boat was not very big2 it had just enough room to accommodate the young women and to allow the fellows to sit contiguously on the sides4 ,all at once the launch began sailing down the smooth river and within ten minutes we had passed around ,engineer ,island4 ,out in the bay the billows rose4 ,the foam began to appear in greater quantities as we sailed farther and farther into the sea4 ,the boat swung to and fro as she courtesied to the waves4 ,but upon looking round1 ,i discovered that some of the young ladies were seasick4 ,i was trying to reason out the cause of this malady when all of a sudden a spray of salt water threw itself directly at my face and my tongue felt the liquid4 ,what a nasty taste salt water has6 ,i exclaimed1 as ,i tried to suppress with an effort the sudden change in my stomach4 ,how do you like it1 ,yamzon8 asked fat ,memije1 the spherical student of the ,academy4 ,without waiting for an answer1 ,that's good6 ,the water will make you fat4 ,should you like to know how ,i got fat8 continued he1 whom ,i always compare to a sponge because of his capacity for imbibing water in great quantities4 ,yes1 ,i muttered1 ungraciously4 ,well1 ,i drink four glasses of water before meals and after meals4 ,but not salt water1 ,i rejoined4 ,no1 no2 fresh water is what you need4 ,just then we spied the ,tean1 which was bringing back ,mr4 ,beattie4 ,as we approached we saw a man who was so much like him that the ample instructor of the correspondence department exclaimed in her not too melodious and high-pitched voice1 ,there's our dear old superintendent6 ,he's no longer your dear old superintendent1 thought ,i4 ,fifteen minutes passed1 and ,mr4 ,beattie showed no signs of ever having come back4 ,but when the ship-master appeared on the upper deck he told us ,mr4 ,beattie would soon be ready to show his face to us4 ,and he was4 ,we cheered him and hailed him2 hats were taken off2 handkerchiefs waved in the air2 and the former superintendent of the ,normal ,school responded to us1 while a twelve-inch smile beamed on his countenance4 ,saturday1 ,march #ai1 #aiaj4--,my short trip yesterday reminded me of our voyage to ,lucena last ,thanksgiving4 ,the first thing ,i did immediately after breaking-my-fast was to go to my desk and take out from the lowest case the account of this trip which ,i wrote while we were sailing4 ,i have read the thing through and ,i will gladly repeat it for you4 ,it begins thus3 ,on ,thanksgiving afternoon the ,normal debating team1 on board of the steamer ,lal-,loc1 set out for ,lucena4--,there6 ,i can't write it for you now4 ,my brother is calling me4 ,but ,i'll just say we won the debate and had a glorious time4 --,victoriano ,yamzon4 ,,ii4 ,autobiography and ,memoirs ,distinction between autobiography and memoirs ,although the words autobiography and memoirs are often used interchangeably1 the meanings differ somewhat as journal and diary2 that is1 an autobiography is always written to be read by a public1 large or small2 memoirs are sometimes secret1 like those of ,mirabeau when on his mission to ,prussia4 ,the two forms are both1 however1 personal accounts by the writer of his own doings and sayings as well as of the doings and sayings of others connected with him in the same events4 ,gibbon has used the word memoirs as a title for what we generally call his autobiography2 but critics consider the term memoirs strictly as signifying a record of events put down within a limited time in the author's life--or a record of important events that he can remember1 selected out of a long life4 ,memoirs in the first sense are usually written by persons of large affairs1 like ,prince von ,metternich in the ,french-,austrian crisis1 or ,mme4 de ,stal-,holstein during her ten years of exile1 or the ,italian poet ,silvio ,pellico while serving his decade of imprisonment for taking part in the ,carbonari movements4 ,many of the writers other than ,english seem to try to exclude the personal element from memoirs2 though ,catherine ,,ii of ,russia in her account of her life as ,grand ,duchess is straightforward and intimate enough4 ,frederick the ,great1 too1 in his memoirs of his military and political campaigns has succeeded in delineating quite exactly his own character as conceived of by others2 while ,charles ,v in his ,autobiographical ,leaves 7which are memoirs7 has revealed to the world an entirely new side of himself4 ,cellini1 ,franklin and others ,autobiography is more extended than memoirs4 ,this self-life-writing runs from the birthday of the author to the time of the composition of the narrative4 ,details are sometimes many1 sometimes few1 according to the taste and leisure of the recorder1 but the account is always complete and unified4 ,one of the greatest autobiographies written is that of ,benvenuto ,cellini1 a ,florentine artist of the sixteenth century4 ,men lived intense and violent lives in those days1 fervidly devoted to ideals and grossly material at the same time4 ,cellini epitomizes them all4 ,his narrative is an ,italian classic4 ,a most entertaining ,english autobiography is ,colley ,cibber's ,apology for ,my ,life4 ,actor and dramatist1 he too had much to tell4 ,but the ,american philosopher and statesman1 ,benjamin ,franklin1 has carried off the prize for widespread popularity and readableness4 ,the story goes1 whether true or not1 that his ,autobiography has been translated into more languages than any other book except the ,bible4 ,the narrative is full of shrewd common-sense and practical example4 ,our fathers used to say that no one is a true ,american who has not read it4 ,what is of value to us now in the consideration of it is its simplicity both in diction and tone4 ,franklin was truly a very great man1 and nowhere greater than in his unpretentious honesty4 ,like a diary1 an autobiography should be most genuine and original in content4 ,sometimes the impulse to record one's life goes even so far as to take the form of confessions1 like those of the great ,latin father1 ,st4 ,augustine4 ,our own ,english ecclesiastic1 ,cardinal ,newman1 defended himself and his faith in his ,apologia4 ,but this that ought to be the truest of the true forms very easily becomes forced and hectic1 like ,rousseau's4 ,though a man must be honest1 there is no need for him to tell everyone of his inmost thoughts1 or mention all his meannesses4 ,de ,quincey's ,confessions of an ,english ,opium ,eater long ago justified itself by its high tone1 and by the fact that it became the basis of his ,autobiography4 ,some points to be observed in writing ,it is easy to start an autobiography4 ,most writers begin with their birth and parentage4 ,to proceed after the first few pages is not so easy perhaps1 because of the possibilities4 ,what to choose is the question2 for everybody has had more experiences than he could possibly record4 ,apt selection is what makes a good life history--selection under a governing sense of unity and progression4 ,moreover1 a writer of any chronical story should carefully arrange the transitions4 ,good including phrases both backward and forward-looking should be used1 as well as precise small conjunctions4 ,such sets as ,cellini has1 ,at this moment the whole world was1 etc41 ,i am now making a great leap forward when ,i tell1 ,continuing as ,i did my artillery practice for a whole month1 ,in the meantime ,i had1 ,i must not forget to give some indication of how large the figure was1 a thing which ,i can best do by telling you a very laughable occurrence1 ,the more ,i longed for rest the more did troubles spring up1 ,before this ,i should have told of my friendship with1 etc4 ,the diction of memoirs is somewhat determined by circumstances and subject2 but if you write an autobiography1 you should see to it that your words and constructions are unmistakably simple4 ,be as modest as is consistent with your great deeds1 and as cheerful as the fates will allow4 ,if you make yourself out a good fellow1 do so by the general impression of your narrative1 not by assertion4 ,set before the reader enough of your actions and he will tabulate your character for you4 ,your business is to relate2 his1 to judge4 ,you may1 however1 disclose some of your motives4 ,the only difficulty here is1 that people may not believe you1 or you may not have understood yourself at the time4 ,whatever else you do1 be sure to let us see a human being like ourselves1 not some impossible creature made out of paper and ink4 ,if you care for an outline1 it would not be amiss to follow that prepared for biography4 ,the ,life of ,david ,hume1 ,esq41 ,written by ,himself ,it is difficult for a man to speak long of himself without vanity2 therefore1 ,i shall be short4 ,it may be thought an instance of vanity that ,i pretend at all to write my life2 but this narrative shall contain little more than the history of my writings2 as indeed almost all my life has been spent in literary pursuits and occupations4 ,the first success of most of my writings was not such as to be an object of vanity4 ,i was born the twenty-sixth of ,april1 #agaa1 old style1 at ,edinburgh4 ,i was of a good family1 both by father and mother3 my father's family is a branch of the ,earl of ,home's1 or ,hume's2 and my ancestors had been proprietors of the estate which my brother possesses1 for several generations4 ,my mother was daughter of ,sir ,david ,falconer1 president of the college of justice2 the title of ,lord ,halkerton came by succession to her brother4 ,my family1 however1 was not rich1 and being myself a younger brother1 my patrimony1 according to the mode of my country1 was1 of course1 very slender4 ,my father1 who passed for a man of parts1 died when ,i was an infant1 leaving me1 with an elder brother and a sister1 under the care of our mother1 a woman of singular merit1 who1 though young and handsome1 devoted herself entirely to the rearing and educating of her children4 ,i passed through the ordinary course of education with success1 and was seized very early with a passion for literature1 which has been the ruling passion of my life and the great source of my enjoyments4 ,my studious disposition1 my sobriety and my industry gave my family a notion that the law was the proper profession for me2 but ,i found an insurmountable aversion to everything but the pursuits of philosophy and general learning1 and while they fancied ,i was poring upon ,voet and ,vinnius1 ,cicero and ,virgil were the authors ,i was secretly devouring4 ,my very slender fortune1 however1 being unsuitable to this plan of life1 and my health being a little broken by my ardent application1 ,i was tempted1 or rather forced1 to make a very feeble trial for entering into a more active scene of life4 ,in #agcd ,i went to ,bristol with some recommendations to several eminent merchants1 but in a few months found that scene totally unsuitable to me4 ,i went over to ,france with a view of prosecuting my studies in a country retreat1 and ,i there laid that plan of life which ,i have steadily and successfully pursued4 ,i resolved to make a very rigid frugality supply my deficiency of fortune1 to maintain unimpaired my independency1 and to regard every object as contemptible except the improvement of my talents in literature4 ,during my retreat in ,france1 first at ,rheims1 but chiefly at ,la ,fletche1 in ,anjou1 ,i composed my ,treatise of ,human ,nature4 ,after passing three years very agreeably in that country1 ,i came over to ,london in #agcg4 ,in the end of #agch ,i published my treatise1 and immediately went down to my mother and my brother1 who lived at his country house and was employing himself very judiciously and successfully in the improvement of his fortune4 ,never literary attempt was more unfortunate than my ,treatise of ,human ,nature4 ,it fell dead-born from the press1 without reaching such distinction as even to excite a murmur among the zealots4 ,but being naturally of a cheerful and sanguine temper1 ,i very soon recovered the blow and prosecuted with great ardor my studies in the country4 ,in #agdb ,i printed at ,edinburgh the first part of my ,essays4 ,the work was favorably received and soon made me entirely forget my former disappointment4 ,i continued with my mother and brother in the country1 and in that time recovered the knowledge of the ,greek language1 which ,i had too much neglected in my early life4 ,in #agde ,i received a letter from the ,marquis of ,annandale1 inviting me to come and live with him in ,england2 ,i found also that the friends and family of that young nobleman were desirous of putting him under my care and direction1 for the state of his mind and health required it4 ,i lived with him a twelve-month4 ,my appointments during that time made a considerable accession to my small fortune4 ,i then received an invitation from ,general ,st4 ,clair to attend him as a secretary to his expedition1 which was at first meant against ,canada1 but ended in an incursion on the coast of ,france4 ,next year1 to wit1 #agdg1 ,i received an invitation from the general to attend him in the same station in his military embassy to the courts of ,vienna and ,turin4 ,i then wore the uniform of an officer and was introduced at these courts as aide-de-camp to the general1 along with ,sir ,harry ,erkine and ,captain ,grant1 now ,general ,grant4 ,these two years were almost the only interruptions which my studies have received during the course of my life3 ,i passed them agreeably and in good company2 and my appointments1 with my frugality1 had made me reach a fortune which ,i called independent1 the most of my friends were inclined to smile when ,i said so3 in short1 ,i was now master of near a thousand pounds4 ,i had always entertained a notion that my want of success in publishing the ,treatise of ,human ,nature had proceeded more from the manner than the matter1 and that ,i had been guilty of a very usual indiscretion in going to the press too early4 ,i1 therefore1 cast the first part of the work anew in the ,inquiry concerning ,human ,understanding while ,i was at ,turin4 ,but this piece was at first little more successful than the ,treatise of ,human ,nature4 ,on my return from ,italy ,i had the mortification to find all ,england in a ferment on account of ,dr4 ,middleton's ,free ,inquiry1 while my performance was entirely overlooked and neglected4 ,a new edition1 which had been published at ,london1 of my ,essays1 moral and political1 met not with a much better reception4 ,such is the force of natural temper that these disappointments made little or no impression on me4 ,i went down1 in #agdi1 and lived two years with my brother at his country house1 for my mother was now dead4 ,i there composed the second part of my ,essay1 which ,i called ,political ,discourses1 and also my ,inquiry concerning the ,principles of ,morals1 which is another part of my ,treatise that ,i cast anew4 ,meanwhile my bookseller1 ,a4 ,millar1 informed me that my former publications 7all but the unfortunate ,treatise7 were beginning to be the subject of conversation2 that the sale of them was gradually increasing and that new editions were demanded4 ,answers by reverends and right reverends came out two or three in a year1 and ,i found by ,dr4 ,warburton's railing that the books were beginning to be esteemed in good company4 ,however1 ,i had fixed a resolution1 which ,i inflexibly maintained1 never to reply to anybody1 and not being very irascible in my temper1 ,i have easily kept myself dear of all literary squabbles4 ,these symptoms of a rising reputation gave me encouragement1 as ,i was ever more disposed to see the favorable than unfavorable side of things1 a turn of mind which it is more happy to possess than to be born to an estate of ten thousand a year4 ,in #agea ,i removed from the country to the town1 the true scene for a man of letters4 ,in #ageb were published at ,edinburgh1 where ,i then lived1 my ,political ,discourses1 the only work of mine that was successful on its first publication4 ,it was well received at home and abroad4 ,in the same year was published at ,london my ,inquiry concerning the ,principles of ,morals1 which1 in my own opinion 7who ought not to judge on that subject71 is1 of all my writings1 historical1 philosophical or literary1 incomparably the best4 ,it came unnoticed and unobserved into the world4 ,in #ageb the ,faculty of ,advocates chose me their librarian1 an office from which ,i received little or no emolument1 but which gave me the command of a large library4 ,i then formed the plan of writing the ,history of ,england1 but1 being frightened with the notion of continuing a narrative through a period of seventeen hundred years1 ,i commenced with the accession of the house of ,stuart1 an epoch when1 ,i thought1 the misrepresentations of faction began chiefly to take place4 ,i was1 ,i own1 sanguine in my expectations of the success of this work4 ,i thought that ,i was the only historian that had at once neglected present power1 interest and authority and the cry of popular prejudices1 and as the subject was suited to every capacity1 ,i expected proportional applauses4 ,but miserable was my disappointment2 ,i was asailed by one cry of reproach1 disapprobation1 and even detestation2 ,english1 ,scotch and ,irish1 ,whig and ,tory1 churchman and sectary1 free thinker and religionist1 patriot and courtier1 united in their rage against the man who had presumed to shed a generous tear for the fate of ,charles ,i and the ,earl of ,strafford2 and after the first ebullitions of their fury were over1 what was still more mortifying1 the book seemed to sink into oblivion4 ,mr4 ,millar told me that in a twelve-month he had sold only forty-five copies of it4 ,i scarcely1 indeed1 heard of one man in the three kingdoms1 considerable for rank or letters1 that could endure the book4 ,i must only except the primate of ,england1 ,dr4 ,herring1 and the primate of ,ireland1 ,dr4 ,stone1 which seemed two odd exceptions4 ,these dignified prelates separately sent me messages not to be discouraged4 ,i was1 however1 ,i confess1 discouraged2 and had not the war been at that time breaking out between ,france and ,england1 ,i had certainly retired to some provincial town of the former kingdom1 have changed my name and never more have returned to my native country4 ,but as this scheme was not now practicable1 and the subsequent volume was considerably advanced1 ,i resolved to pick up courage and to persevere4 ,in this interval ,i published at ,london my ,natural ,history1 of ,religion1 along with some other small pieces4 ,its public entry was rather obscure1 except only that ,dr4 ,hurd wrote a pamphlet against it1 with all the illiberal petulance1 arrogance and scurrility which distinguished the ,warburtonian school2 ,this pamphlet gave me some consolation for the otherwise indifferent reception of my performance4 ,in #agef1 two years after the fall of the first volume1 was published the second volume of my history1 containing the period from the death of ,charles ,i till the revolution4 ,this performance happened to give less displeasure to the ,whigs and was better received4 ,it not only rose1 itself1 but helped to buoy up its unfortunate brother4 ,but though ,i had been taught by experience that the ,whig party were in possession of bestowing all places1 both in the state and in literature1 ,i was so little inclined to yield to their senseless clamor that in above a hundred alterations1 which study1 reading or reflection engaged me to make in the reigns of the two first ,stuarts1 ,i have made all of them invariably on the ,tory side4 ,it is ridiculous to consider the ,english constitution before that period as a regular plan of liberty4 ,in #agei1 ,i published my history of the house of ,tudor4 ,the clamor against this performance was almost equal to that against the history of the two first ,stuarts4 ,the reign of ,elizabeth was particularly obnoxious4 ,but ,i was now callous against the impressions of public folly and continued very peaceably and contentedly1 in my retreat at ,edinburgh1 to finish in two volumes the more early part of the ,english history1 which ,i gave to the public in #agfa with tolerable1 and but tolerable1 success4 ,but1 notwithstanding this variety of winds and seasons1 to which my writings had been exposed1 they had still been making such advances that the copy money given me by the book-sellers much exceeded anything formerly known in ,england2 ,i was become not only independent but opulent4 ,i retired to my native country of ,scotland1 determined never more to set my foot out of it2 and retaining the satisfaction of never having preferred a request to one great man or ever making advances of friendship to any of them4 ,as ,i was now turned of fifty1 ,i thought of passing all the rest of my life in this philosophical manner1 when ,i received1 in #agfc1 an invitation' from the earl of ,hertford1 with whom ,i was not in the least acquainted1 to attend him on his embassy to ,paris1 with a near prospect of being appointed secretary to the embassy1 and in the meanwhile of performing the functions of that office4 ,this offer1 however inviting1 ,i at first declined2 both because ,i was reluctant to begin connections with the great1 and because ,i was afraid that the civilities and gay company of ,paris would prove disagreeable to a person of my age and humor2 but on his lordship's repeating the invitation ,i accepted of it4 ,i have every reason1 both of pleasure and interest1 to think myself happy in my connections with that nobleman1 as well as afterwards with his brother1 ,general ,conway4 ,those who have not seen the strange effects of modes will never imagine the reception ,i met with at ,paris1 from men and women of all ranks and stations4 ,the more ,i recoiled from their excessive civilities1 the more ,i was loaded with them4 ,there is1 however1 a real satisfaction in living at ,paris1 from the great number of sensible1 knowing and polite company with which that city abounds above all places in the universe4 ,i thought once of settling there for life4 ,i was appointed secretary to the embassy2 and in summer1 #agfe1 ,lord ,hertford left me1 being appointed lord lieutenant of ,ireland4 ,i was charg d'affaires till the arrival of the ,duke of ,richmond1 towards1 the end of the year4 ,in the beginning of #agff ,i left ,paris1 and next summer went to ,edinburgh1 with the same view as formerly of burying myself in a philosophical retreat4 ,i returned to that place1 not rich but with much more money1 and a much larger income by means of ,lord ,hertford's friendship1 than ,i left it2 and ,i was desirous of trying what superfluity could produce2 as ,i had formerly made an experiment of a competency4 ,but in #agfg ,i received from ,mr4 ,conway an invitation to be an undersecretary1 and this invitation both the character of the person and my connections with ,lord ,hertford prevented me from declining4 ,i returned to ,edinburgh in #agfh1 very opulent 7for ,i possessed a revenue of one thousand pounds a year71 healthy and1 though somewhat stricken in years1 with the prospect of enjoying long my ease and of seeing the increase of my reputation4 ,in spring1 #agge1 ,i was struck with a disorder of the bowels1 which at first occasioned no alarm1 but has since1 as ,i apprehended it1 become mortal and incurable4 ,i now reckon upon a speedy dissolution4 ,i have suffered very little pain from my disorder1 and1 what is more strange1 have1 notwithstanding the great decline of my person1 never suffered a moment's abatement of my spirits2 insomuch that were ,i to name a period of my life which ,i should most choose to pass over again1 ,i might be tempted to point to this later period4 ,i possess the same ardor as ever in study and the same gayety in company4 ,i consider1 besides1 that a man of sixty-five1 by dying cuts off only a few years of infirmities2 and though ,i see many symptoms of my literary reputation's breaking out at last with additional luster1 ,i know that ,i could have but few years to enjoy it4 ,it is difficult to be more detached from life than ,i am at the present time4 ,to conclude historically with my own character3 ,i am1 or rather was 7for that is the style ,i must now use in speaking of myself1 which emboldens me the more to speak my sentiments72 ,i was1 ,i say1 a man of mild disposition1 of command of temper1 of an open1 social and cheerful humor1 capable of attachment1 but little susceptible of enmity1 and of great moderation in all my passions4 ,even my love of literary fame1 my ruling passion1 never soured my temper1 notwithstanding my frequent disappointments4 ,my company was not unacceptable to the young and careless1 as well as to the studious and literary2 and as ,i took a particular pleasure in the company of modest women1 ,i had no reason to be displeased with the reception ,i met with from them4 ,in a word1 though most men anywise eminent have found reason to complain of ,calumny1 ,i never was touched or even attacked by her baleful tooth2 and though ,i wantonly exposed myself to the rage of both civil and religious factions1 they seemed to be disarmed in my behalf of their wonted fury4 ,my friends never had occasion to vindicate any one circumstance of my character and conduct2 not but that the zealots1 we may well suppose1 would have been glad to invent and propagate any story to my disadvantage1 but they could never find any which they thought would wear the face of probability4 ,i cannot say that there is no vanity in making this funeral oration of myself1 but ,i hope it is not a misplaced one1 and this is a matter of fact which is easily cleared and ascertained4 ,april #ah1 #aggf4 ,autobiography ,i was born on the twentieth of ,december in the year #ahhg1 in ,gapan1 province of ,nueva ,ecija4 ,my mother1 ,manuela ,tinio1 died when ,i was but two years of age1 and ,i was left to the care of my beloved grandfather1 ,esteban ,tinio1 uncle ,quintin ,tinio and my aunts ,paula and ,felipa ,tinio4 ,i had two brothers and three sisters1 but all of them died except one of my brothers1 ,valentin1 who is now attending the ,philippine ,medical ,school4 ,my uncle ,valentin was one of the active leaders of the revolutionary movement in ,nueva ,ecija4 ,he bore a deadly hatred against the ,spaniards4 ,on several occasions secret meetings were held in our house shortly before the uprising of the people4 ,when the revolution broke out unexpectedly in #ahif he was forced to flee to the mountain1 where he was captured afterwards1 and was finally shot4 ,my grandfather died in #aijc in his eighty-ninth year1 and thus ,i was left to the care of my father1 ,francisco ,guanio1 and my two aunts1 ,paula and ,felipa1 who are still unmarried4 ,altho my aunts are over sixty years of age1 yet they are still strong1 active and diligent women4 ,they have never wasted their time in idleness1 and are always at work from morning till night4 ,to them who are more than mothers to me ,i owe my present education4 ,i was born in the most extraordinary period of ,philippine history4 ,i lived to see the days when our fathers were struggling hard against ,spain4 ,during my boyhood ,i saw men imprisoned1 exiled and executed for no offense whatever4 ,i have heard the voice of the oppressed people crying for justice4 ,i have seen men1 rich and poor1 wise and ignorant1 fighting for the common cause of the ,filipino people4 ,i witnessed one of the fierce attacks of our patriots upon the ,spanish regiment at ,gapan4 ,when ,i was twelve years old many towns were entirely depopulated2 churches1 and schoolhouses converted into hospitals2 men and women impelled by fear to flee from their homes with their children4 ,i once enjoyed seeing the humiliating race-distinction effaced4 ,early one morning ,i was awakened from my sleep by the loud booming of cannon and by the shouting of the once happy and satisfied people1 inaugurating the short-lived ,philippine republic4 ,these past events changed my gentle nature entirely4 ,it has been my ambition ever since to make the most of myself for my country's sake4 ,i attended the public school at ,gapan in #ahid4 ,here ,i learned the alphabet and catechism4 ,at that time ,spanish was taught in nearly all the schools of the ,islands4 ,the sudden outbreak of the revolution of #ahif brought about the closing of the schools for a short time4 ,and altho they were soon reopened1 yet there was not the same enthusiasm for learning among the great mass of students as had been previously shown4 ,they attended schools simply because they were compelled to do so by the government 7for education was compulsory under the ,spanish administration in these islands74 ,in #ahih ,i attended school very irregularly on account of the revolution4 ,then in the beginning of the year #ahii schools were closed on account of the troubles which the ,filipinos had had with the ,americans1 and consequently ,i had to stay at home for two years4 ,in ,october1 #aija1 ,i entered the ,gapan ,intermediate ,school1 which was then under the supervision of an ,american teacher4 ,on ,january #a1 #aijd1 ,i left the school of ,gapan and attended the ,s4 ,isidro ,high ,school4 ,in ,june1 #aije1 ,i was transferred to the ,philippine ,normal ,school1 where ,i have stayed since then4 ,my uncle ,quintin's plan was to make me a lawyer1 but his unexpected death prevented his desire4 ,my father and my two aunts1 ,paula and ,felipa1 allowed me to pursue any course ,i liked4 ,it is their wish to give me a good and thorough education4 ,my own plan is different from that of my uncle ,quintin4 ,i desire to complete the high school course first1 then the college course1 and finish with the engineering course4 --,domingo ,t4 ,guanio4 ,what ,i ,remember of the ,coming of the ,americans ,in the afternoon of ,november #ae1 #aijj1 while ,i was at a small private school conducted by an educated woman1 the wife of the colonel in ,ponciano's army1 one of my classmates called my attention to the running of men and women up and down the street4 ,what is the matter8 ,why are those people running8 asked our teacher of her husband1 who was then entering the gate4 ,they say there is a casco of rice in ,laguna de ,bay4 ,i do not know what kind of casco it is2 it has a flag4 ,send all the children home1 said the colonel4 ,the class is dismissed1 said our teacher to us4 ,she had scarcely spoken these words when we jumped to our feet and ran as fast as we could to our homes4 ,have you not seen your father8 ,where is he8 said my mother as soon as she caught sight of me4 ,i looked back and saw my father coming4 ,here he comes1 ,i said to my mother4 ,prepare yourself1 ,leopoldo4 ,we will go to the mountain1 said my mother4 ,why8 ,there is a casco of rice coming1 ,i answered4 ,no1 that is not a casco of rice4 ,if that is a casco of rice1 the people on the beach wouldn't run away to the mountain4 ,get yourself ready1 quick1 replied my mother4 ,it was a cloudy afternoon4 ,the wind blew hard4 ,nothing could be heard but the moaning of the wind on the trees and houses1 the running of men and women along the streets and the crying of babies4 ,the streets were full of people1 all running in the same direction4 ,some carried trunks on their heads1 others had bundles of clothes on their backs4 ,some carried infants in their arms1 others had them on their hips4 ,the little boys and girls ran beside their parents4 ,it was indeed a piteous sight6 ,while my father and mother were busy putting our things in a carreton ,i was going up and down the stairs every ten minutes4 ,i did not know what to do4 ,when ,i was upstairs ,i wanted to go downstairs4 ,when ,i was downstairs ,i wanted to go up4 ,i wished to carry with me my shoes because ,i knew ,i needed them on the mountain4 ,but ,i also wanted to carry my black coat4 ,at last ,i thought of the bread that my mother had bought that morning4 ,i took it all4 ,just then my father and mother had put our trunks1 in the carreton4 ,we all got into the carreton--my father1 my mother1 my little brother1 my sister1 and myself4 ,my father was the driver4 ,we left our home1 our minds full of the gloomiest forebodings4 ,we had not gone very far from the town when we heard per-r-rrok-rok-pook-pook-pook-pok--bung4 ,jesus1 ,maria1 y ,josep6 exclaimed my mother4 ,we all looked at each other speechless4 ,at a distance we heard a cry1 ,nacu6 nanay co4 ,perhaps a bullet struck that man1 ,i said to myself4 ,in a few minutes we arrived at the ,lecheria hill4 ,it was already dark4 ,there was a moon1 but it was hidden behind the clouds4 ,at the bottom of the hill was a large house made of nipa and bamboo4 ,the house was very dark4 ,when we came to it a voice inside said1 ,who is that8 ,aniceto8 ,yes1 answered my father4 ,why are you late8 ,have you eaten your supper8 asked the voice4 ,no1 but we have to go now4 ,the bullets will reach us here4 ,we can eat our supper in the carreton1 replied my father4 ,all the people in the house silently went down to the ground4 ,they got into their carts and we began our journey4 ,there were four vehicles in all4 ,one was loaded with rice4 ,uncle ,paulino and his family were in one4 ,the other one was occupied by ,grandmother ,tereza and her four sons4 ,we traveled over low hills and valleys beneath the outspreading branches of the wild trees and over thick cogon grasses4 ,the moon had gained full brightness1 but the night was cold4 ,after ,i had eaten my supper ,i fell asleep4 ,my mother wrapped me in her blanket4 ,when ,i awoke ,i found that we were in ,pasong ,calabaw4 ,it was four o'clock in the morning4 ,we had been traveling all night4 --,leopoldo ,faustino4 ,,iii4 ,biography ,beginning in ,england of literary biography ,with ,johnson's ,lives of the ,poets biography in ,england took on a literary quality4 ,before that time such work had been perfunctory and had been done by hack writers2 but with the appearance of the ,life of ,savage 7#agdd71 says ,macaulay1 a new era began4 ,the little work with all its faults was a masterpiece4 ,no finer specimen of literary biography existed in any language living or dead4 ,the discerning critic might confidently have predicted that the author was destined to be the founder of a new school of ,english eloquence4 ,and he was4 ,thirty-three years later1 after he had become famous1 a company of booksellers called on ,dr4 ,johnson to add to the ,life of ,savage a series of biographical prefaces for an edition of the poets from ,cowley downwards4 ,although intending at first to write only a few short paragraphs1 this great and good talker let himself run on until he handed1 over to the publishers ten volumes--somewhat short volumes to be sure1 but a fine piece of work1 and most of it very precious4 ,from that time on1 no biographer who expected to be read1 dared be uninteresting4 ,prejudiced in temperament he might be1 mistaken sometimes1 but henceforth he must prove himself lively1 vigorous1 faithful1 penetrating1 sagacious1 warm yet discriminating in praise1 reasonable in censure1 fearless in judgments1 and fresh and exact in expression4 ,the model had been set4 ,the thing had been done not for one poet1 but for many4 ,biography was now a literary type1 to be written with care by a qualified person4 ,it is worthy of note that the original type was short4 ,great biographies in ,english ,since ,johnson's day ,english literature has gained through biography some of the best books in the world4 ,boswell's ,life of ,johnson and ,lockhart's ,life of ,scott are to be so ranked4 ,lockhart did also a superfine example of the short form1 a biographical sketch of ,theodore ,hook1 a very strange bohemian4 ,lockhart's ,life of ,napoleon and ,life of ,burns are also standard4 ,trevelyan's ,life of ,macaulay1 ,forster's ,life of ,goldsmith and ,life of ,dickens rank here1 as possibly likewise ,southey's ,life of ,nelson1 ,mrs4 ,gaskell's ,life of ,charlotte ,bront1 and ,thomas ,moore's brilliant ,life of ,lord ,byron4 ,macaulay's own short ,life of ,johnson1 though displaying ,macaulay's faults of prejudice and exaggeration1 is in itself a classic4 ,writer and subject ,very naturally a biography is a double revelation--one of writer and subject4 ,what you choose to praise or blame1 how you praise or blame1 what you notice1 what you omit1 how you emphasize1 how you show your erudition1 where you give your sympathy1 the largeness or smallness of your view of life--all these and more are tale-tellers of your own personality4 ,a luminous illustration of this fact is ,goldy's ,life of ,beau ,nash4 ,oliver and the great beau had much in common1 and when the biographer is commenting on the mixed silliness and shrewdness of his subject1 the taste and tawdriness1 blossomed-colored coats and gambling debts1 vanity1 carelessness1 and good-heart1 he is writing a critique of his own life1 past and to come4 ,when he mentions ,nash's ill-controlled sensibility which was so strong that1 unable to witness the misfortunes of the miserable1 he was always borrowing money1 to relieve them1 we see the unlucky and reckless poet himself4 ,beginning ,since it is the uncertain quantity of your own personality that will make your narrative dry or entertaining1 we need hardly say more on the tone side of the work1 unless it be to caution you about your diction1 to have it simple and fresh4 ,on the other hand1 you might profitably notice at the end of this division the outline of general facts that the world expects in every biography4 ,a certain number of questions ought to be answered1 not in any set order1 not with any set emphasis1 but surely in sum finally4 ,see if you can not be original in your beginning and ending4 ,the amount of space that you will devote to one topic or the other will be determined by your purpose and your audience4 ,if you are writing for children1 as ,hawthorne was in his ,biographical ,sketches1 you will emphasize those divisions of the life that a child would most naturally be interested in1 or would be instructed by4 ,emphasis ,be careful1 however1 not to make your poor hero or heroine the opportunity for a sermon4 ,besides being not quite fair1 the device is trite and tiresome4 ,hawthorne we may forgive for preaching when we remember the taste of his day and the nearness of it to ,puritanical ideals2 but you live in an age that likes to take its own lessons from unvarnished facts and from truths put forth concretely1 not deduced4 ,avoid fulsomeness and heroics4 ,attitude ,set yourself to the task of revealing the personality just as it was1 and it will teach its own lesson4 ,many people are more inspired by an erring soul that yet achieved1 than they are by an icy paragon who knew no struggles4 ,be sure that in this history of another person you give us a human fellow4 ,now1 do not fly to the encyclopedia and cull facts about ,napoleon or ,cromwell4 ,take some one whom you know--a man or woman of attainment in your own neighborhood4 ,do the character-sketching with care4 ,be crisp and original in attack4 ,the outline given below is a skeleton which you must hide with a pleasing exterior4 ,but do not forget to put the heart and lungs in him4 ,exact and full information is the motor power of a living biography4 ,outline for a ,life ,i4 ,birth3 place and date--country1 city1 epoch4 ,nationality of parents and noteworthy facts connected with the family4 ,,ii4 ,boyhood and early education3 ,disposition and temperament displayed by the youth4 ,his chief interests2 hobbies4 ,anecdotes about the boy3 both true and only typical4 ,primary and secondary schooling3 at private or public institutions4 ,,iii4 ,later education and the choice of a career3 ,college life4 ,his family's plan for his profession or career4 ,his own plan4 ,circumstances influencing the ultimate choice4 ,success resulting from the choice3 ,intellectual and personal4 ,financial and worldly4 ,final professional training4 ,travel4 ,,iv4 ,family and domestic life3 marriage1 children4 ,influence of wife and children on his success4 ,anecdotes and particular instances to illustrate personality and character4 ,v4 ,friends and enemies3 names1 professions1 and influence4 ,,vi4 ,accomplishment and title to fame3 ,his rank in his own nation and the world4 ,his especial characteristics as displayed in style and subject-matter4 ,his masterpieces3 something of their content4 ,queen ,christina 7,born #afbf4 ,died #afhi47 ,in the royal palace at ,stockholm1 the capital city of ,sweden1 there was born1 in #afbf1 a little princess4 ,the king1 her father1 gave her the name of ,christina1 in memory of a ,swedish girl with whom he had been in love4 ,his own name was ,gustavus ,adolphus1 and he was also called the ,lion of the ,north1 because he had gained greater fame in war than any other prince or general then alive4 ,with this valiant king for their commander1 the ,swedes had made themselves terrible to the ,emperor of ,germany and to the ,king of ,france1 and were looked upon as the chief defense of the ,protestant religion4 ,the little ,christina was by no means a beautiful child4 ,to confess the truth1 she was remarkably plain4 ,the queen1 her mother1 did not love her so much as she ought2 partly1 perhaps1 on account of ,christina's want of beauty1 and also both the king and queen had wished for a son1 who might have gained as great renown in battle as his father had4 ,the king1 however1 soon became exceedingly fond of the infant princess4 ,when ,christina was very young she was taken violently sick4 ,gustavus ,adolphus1 who was several hundred miles from ,stockholm1 traveled night and day and never rested until he held the poor child in his arms4 ,on her recovery he made a solemn festival in order to show his joy to the people of ,sweden and express his gratitude to ,heaven4 ,after this event he took his daughter with him in all the journeys which he made throughout his kingdom4 ,christina soon proved herself a bold and sturdy little girl4 ,when she was two years old the king and herself1 in the course of a journey1 came to the strong fortress of ,colmar4 ,on the battlements were soldiers clad in steel armor1 which glittered in the sunshine4 ,there were likewise great cannons1 pointing their black mouths at ,gustavus and little ,christina and ready to belch out their smoke and thunder2 for1 whenever a king enters a fortress1 it is customary to receive him with a royal salute of artillery4 ,but the captain of the fortress met ,gustavus and his little daughter as they were about to enter the gateway4 ,may it please your ,majesty1 said he1 taking off his steel cap and bowing profoundly1 ,i fear that1 if we receive you with a salute of cannon1 the little princess will be frightened almost to death4 ,gustavus looked earnestly at his daughter1 and was indeed apprehensive that the thunder of so many cannon might perhaps throw her into convulsions4 ,he had almost a mind to tell the captain to let them enter the fortress quietly1 as common people might have done1 without all this head-splitting racket4 ,but1 no2 this would not do4 ,let them fire1 said he1 waving his hand4 ,christina is a soldier's daughter and must learn to bear the noise of cannon4 ,so the captain uttered the word of command and immediately there was a terrible peal of thunder from the cannon and such a gush of smoke that it enveloped the whole fortress in its volumes4 ,but amid all the din and confusion ,christina was seen clapping her little hands and laughing in an ecstasy of delight4 ,probably nothing ever pleased her father so much as to see that his daughter promised to be fearless as himself4 ,he determined to educate her exactly as if she had been a boy and to teach her all the knowledge needful to the ruler of a kingdom and the commander of an army4 ,but ,gustavus should have remembered that ,providence had created her to be a woman1 and that it was not for him to make a man of her4 ,however1 the king derived great happiness from his beloved ,christina4 ,it must have been a pleasant sight to see the powerful monarch of ,sweden playing in some magnificent hall of the palace with his merry little girl4 ,then he forgot that the weight of a kingdom rested upon his shoulders4 ,he forgot that the wise ,chancellor ,oxenstiern was waiting to consult with him how to render ,sweden the greatest nation of ,europe4 ,he forgot that the ,emperor of ,germany and the ,king of ,france were plotting together how they might pull him down from his throne4 ,yes1 ,gustavus forgot all the perils and cares and pompous irksomeness of a royal life1 and was as happy while playing with his child as the humblest peasant in the realm of ,sweden4 ,how gayly did they dance along the marble floor of the palace1 this valiant king1 with his upright1 martial figure1 his war-worn visage and commanding aspect1 and the small1 round form of ,christina1 with her rosy face of childish merriment6 ,her little fingers were clasped in her father's hand1 which had held the leading staff in many famous victories4 ,his crown and scepter were her playthings4 ,she could disarm ,gustavus of his sword1 which was so terrible to the princes of ,europe4 ,but1 alas6 the king was not long permitted to enjoy ,christina's society4 ,when she was four years old ,gustavus was summoned to take command of the allied armies of ,germany1 which were fighting against the emperor4 ,his greatest affliction was the necessity of parting with his child2 but people in such high stations have little opportunity for domestic happiness4 ,he called an assembly of the senators of ,sweden and confided ,christina to their care1 saying that each one of them must be a father to her if he himself should fall in battle4 ,at the moment of his departure ,christina ran towards him and began to address him with a speech which somebody had taught her for the occasion4 ,gustavus was busied with thoughts about the affairs of the kingdom1 so that he did not immediately attend to the childish voice of his little girl4 ,christina1 who did not love to be unnoticed1 immediately stopped short and pulled him by the coat4 ,father1 said she1 why do not you listen to my speech8 ,in a moment the king forgot everything except that he was parting with what he loved best in all the world4 ,he caught the child in his arms1 pressed her to his bosom and burst into tears4 ,yes2 though he was a brave man1 and though he wore a steel corselet on his breast1 and though armies were waiting for him to lead them to battle1 still his heart melted within him and he wept4 ,christina1 too1 was so afflicted that her attendants began to fear that she would actually die of grief4 ,but probably she was soon comforted1 for children seldom remember their parents quite so faithfully as their parents remember them4 ,for two years more ,christina remained in the palace at ,stockholm4 ,the queen1 her mother1 had accompanied ,gustavus to the wars4 ,the child1 therefore1 was left to the guardianship of five of the wisest men in the kingdom4 ,but these wise men knew better how to manage the weighty affairs of state than how to govern and educate a little girl so as to render her a good and happy woman4 ,when two years had passed away tidings were brought to ,stockholm which filled everybody with triumph and sorrow at the same time4 ,the ,swedes had won a glorious victory at ,lutzen4 ,but1 alas6 the warlike ,king of ,sweden1 the ,lion of the ,north1 the father of our little ,christina1 had been slain at the foot of a great stone1 which still marks the spot of that hero's death4 ,soon after this sad event a general assembly of congress1 consisting of deputations from the nobles1 the clergy1 the burghers1 and the peasants of ,sweden1 was summoned to meet at ,stockholm4 ,it was for the purpose of declaring little ,christina to be ,queen of ,sweden and giving her the crown and scepter of her deceased father4 ,silence being proclaimed1 the ,chancellor ,oxenstiern arose4 ,we desire to know1 said he1 whether the people of ,sweden will take the daughter of our dead ,king ,gustavus ,adolphus to be their queen4 ,when the chancellor had spoken an old man1 with white hair and coarse apparel1 stood up in the midst of the assembly4 ,he was a peasant1 ,lars ,larrson by name1 and had spent most of his life in laboring on a farm4 ,who is this daughter of ,gustavus8 asked the old man4 ,we do not know her4 ,let her be shown to us4 ,then ,christina was brought into the hall and placed before the old peasant4 ,it was strange1 no doubt1 to see a child--a little girl of six years old--offered to the ,swedes as their ruler instead of the brave king1 her father1 who had led them to victory so many times4 ,could her baby fingers wield a sword in war8 ,could her childish mind govern the nation wisely in peace8 ,but the ,swedes do not appear to have asked themselves these questions4 ,old ,lars ,larrson took ,christina up in his arms and gazed earnestly into her face4 ,he had known the great ,gustavus well1 and his heart was touched when he saw the likeness which the little girl bore to that heroic monarch4 ,yes1 cried he1 with the tears gushing down his furrowed cheeks1 this is truly the daughter of our ,gustavus6 ,here is her father's brow6--here is his piercing eye6 ,she is his very picture6 ,this child shall be our queen6 ,then all the proud nobles of ,sweden and the reverend clergy1 and the burghers1 and the peasants knelt down at the child's feet and kissed her hand4 ,long live ,christina1 ,queen of ,sweden6 shouted they4 ,even after she was a woman grown1 ,christina remembered the pleasure which she felt in seeing all these men at her feet and hearing them acknowledge her as their supreme ruler4 ,poor child6 she was yet to learn that power does not insure happiness4 ,as yet1 however1 she had not any real power4 ,all the public business1 it is true1 was transacted in her name2 but the kingdom was governed by a number of the most experienced statesmen1 who were called a regency4 ,but it was considered necessary that the little queen should be present at the public ceremonies and should behave just as if she were in reality the ruler of the nation4 ,when she was seven years of age1 some ambassadors from the ,czar of ,muscovy came to the ,swedish court4 ,they wore long beards and were clad in a strange fashion1 with furs and other outlandish ornaments2 and as they were inhabitants of a half-civilized country1 they did not behave like other people4 ,the ,chancellor ,oxenstiern was afraid that the young queen would burst out laughing at the first sight of these queer ambassadors1 or else that she would be frightened by their unusual aspect4 ,why should ,i be frightened8 said the little queen4 ,and do you suppose that ,i have no better manners than to laugh8 ,only tell me how ,i must behave and ,i will do it4 ,accordingly1 the ,muscovite ambassadors were introduced1 and ,christina received them and answered their speeches with as much dignity and propriety as if she had been a grown woman4 ,all this time1 though ,christina was now a queen1 you must not suppose that she was left to act as she pleased4 ,she had a preceptor1 named ,john ,mathias1 who was a very learned man and capable of instructing her in all the branches of science4 ,but there was nobody to teach her the delicate graces and gentle virtues of a woman4 ,she was surrounded almost entirely by men1 and had learned to despise the society of her own sex4 ,at the age of nine years she was separated from her mother1 whom the ,swedes did not consider a proper person to be intrusted with the charge of her4 ,no little girl who sits by a ,new ,england fireside has cause to envy ,christina in the royal palace at ,stockholm4 ,yet she made great progress in her studies4 ,she learned to read the classical authors of ,greece and ,rome1 and became a great admirer of the heroes and poets of old times4 ,then as for active exercises1 she could ride on horseback as well as any man in her kingdom4 ,she was fond of hunting and could shoot at a mark with wonderful skill4 ,but dancing was the only feminine accomplishment with which she had any acquaintance4 ,she was so restless in her disposition that none of her attendants were sure of a moment's quiet either day or night4 ,she grew up1 ,i am sorry to say1 a very unamiable person1 ill-tempered1 proud1 stubborn1 and1 in short1 unfit to make those around her happy or to be happy herself4 ,let every little girl who has been taught self-control and a due regard for the rights of others thank ,heaven that she has had better instruction than this poor little ,queen of ,sweden4 ,at the age of eighteen ,christina was declared free to govern the kingdom by herself without the aid of a regency4 ,at this period of her life she was a young woman of striking aspect1 a good figure and intelligent face1 but very strangely dressed4 ,she wore a short habit of gray cloth1 with a man's vest over it2 and a black scarf around her neck2 but no jewels nor ornaments of any kind4 ,yet1 though ,christina was so negligent of her appearance1 there was something in her air and manner that proclaimed her as the ruler of a kingdom4 ,her eyes1 it is said1 had a very fierce and haughty look4 ,old ,general ,wrangel1 who had often caused the enemies of ,sweden to tremble in battle1 actually trembled himself when he encountered the eyes of the queen4 ,but it would have been better for ,christina if she could have made people love her1 by means of soft and gentle looks1 instead of affrighting them by such terrible glances4 ,and now ,i have told you almost all that is amusing or instructive in the childhood of ,christina4 ,only a few more words need be said about her2 for it is neither pleasant nor profitable to think of many things that she did after she grew to be a woman4 ,when she had worn the crown a few years1 she began to consider it beneath her dignity to be called a queen1 because the name implied that she belonged to the weaker sex4 ,she therefore caused herself to be proclaimed ,king2 thus declaring to the world that she despised her own sex and was desirous of being ranked among men4 ,but in the twenty-eighth year of her age ,christina grew tired of royalty and resolved to be neither a king nor a queen any longer4 ,she took the crown from her head with her own hands and ceased to be the ruler of ,sweden4 ,the people did not greatly regret her abdication1 for she had governed them ill1 and had taken much of their property to supply her extravagance4 ,having thus given up her hereditary crown1 ,christina left ,sweden and traveled over many of the countries of ,europe4 ,everywhere she was received with great ceremony1 because she was the daughter of the renowned ,gustavus1 and had herself been a powerful queen4 ,perhaps you would like to know something about her personal appearance in the latter part of her life4 ,she is described as wearing a man's vest1 a short gray petticoat1 embroidered with gold and silver1 and a black wig1 which was thrust awry upon her head4 ,she wore no gloves1 and so seldom washed her hands that nobody could tell what had been their original color4 ,in this strange dress1 and1 ,i suppose1 without washing her hands or face1 she visited the magnificent court of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,she died in #afhi4 ,none loved her while she lived1 nor regretted her death1 nor planted a single flower upon her grave4 ,happy are the little girls of ,america who are brought up quietly and tenderly at the domestic hearth1 and thus become gentle and delicate women6 ,may none of them ever lose the loveliness of their sex by receiving such an education as that of ,queen ,christina4 --,nathaniel ,hawthorne4 ,biographical ,stories4 7,houghton ,mifflin ,company47 ,joan ,luna's ,life ,the parents of ,juan ,luna1 the greatest and most eminent ,filipino painter1 were ,ilocanos and of humble birth4 ,the young artist was born in ,ilocos ,norte in the year #aheg and died in ,hong ,kong in #ahii4 ,from childhood he was hot-tempered4 ,his early education was at home4 ,at the age of twelve he was a good caricaturist4 ,his father then sent him to ,manila to attend the ,ateneo ,municipal4 ,at the age of twenty-one he was sent to ,madrid1 where he studied art under several famous ,spanish and ,italian painters4 ,he was given prizes at the expositions in ,madrid and ,paris4 ,in ,spain he met ,miss ,paz ,pardo de ,tavera1 whom he married three years later4 ,he became very popular4 ,some of his friends were ,dr4 ,jose ,rizal1 ,dr4 ,roxas1 the famous ,italian tenor1 ,payarre1 and many of the ,french and ,spanish nobility4 ,he was especially loved by women1 of whose hearts and inclinations he showed a knowledge very intimate4 ,juan ,luna had an art which is seldom found in man1 an instinct found only in real genius1 a power to portray and interpret life1 tenderness and the emotions of wrath and pity4 ,he was tall and well built1 with a high forehead1 a short flat nose and large black impressive eyes4 ,in about the year #ahij1 while he was at ,paris1 a terrible thing occurred4 ,his wife began to be untrue to him4 ,it is said that one day ,paz asked ,juan to let her go to a certain shop to buy some thread4 ,he allowed her to go1 but soon followed her because he suspected her4 ,he saw that ,paz did not go to a shop but to a private house4 ,he walked in and found his wife with another man4 ,then the crisis began4 ,luna was blind with anger4 ,he took ,paz home and asked her to explain to him her late behaviour4 ,after many a tear1 after many excuses and explanations1 after many promises to be good1 ,paz was pardoned4 ,two months later ,luna asked his wife to go with him and their two children to live in a village near by4 ,paz at first said she would not go2 but through the request of her mother and brothers1 she assented to ,luna's plan4 ,on the day of their departure1 when the carriages which were to take them to the neighboring village were in front of the door1 ,paz went to the bath-room with her mother4 ,juan knocked at the door and asked her to come down for it was getting late4 ,paz then shouted out of the window1 saying that her husband was killing her4 ,all at once ,luna rushed to his room1 took his pistol1 opened the bath-room door with a sudden push1 and fired at every one who came in his way4 ,his mother-in-law1 wife and elder son were killed1 and his younger son was wounded4 ,in this deed we see the real character of ,luna4 ,he was generous and cold-blooded2 but when his pride1 name and honor were wounded1 his blood boiled in his head1 he trembled1 and saw nothing before him--neither ,god nor man--but only the guilty4 ,the police then arrested him4 ,he was tried the following day4 ,the newspapers spread this piece of news to the world under their title3 ,la ,tragedia en ,paris4 ,fortunately he was acquitted4 ,the judges decided that man's honor is his life1 and that when it is once destroyed it can never be supplied4 ,luna was the greatest artist and painter that the ,philippines has ever produced4 ,he is great in his own country and ranks among the world's good painters4 ,in #ahii he came back to the ,philippines2 but on his way home1 while at ,hong ,kong1 he died of apoplexy and a broken heart4 ,his son was brought to ,manila by a friend4 ,andres1 his son1 is now twenty years of age and is also a good painter1 but not like his father4 ,the ,philippines produced one of the world painters1 showing the fact that a great worker and a great mind can not be hidden1 even by tyranny and oppression4 --,dolores ,asuncion4 ,elizabeth ,glade ,elizabeth ,glade was born in ,baltimore1 ,maryland1 about the year #ahaf4 ,her mother was a poor widow1 but gave her as much money as the family purse could afford1 for education in those days was very expensive4 ,having finished with school1 ,elizabeth began to occupy herself in making buttons and fringe1 which at that time were made by hand4 ,at the age of twenty-three she married ,john ,arnold1 a carpenter4 ,they both moved to the city of ,washington to live4 ,in #ahdi1 when gold was discovered in ,california1 ,mr4 ,arnold caught the fever of the excitement and joined the forty-niners4 ,a few years afterwards his wife received news of his death4 ,elizabeth was left with only two hundred dollars1 and with five children who looked to her for food and care4 ,so she began the trade she had learned in her girlhood and struggled along in spite of hard times4 ,her mother took care of the children while ,elizabeth gave her entire attention to her trade4 ,gradually her work increased4 ,she bought land in the business part of ,washington and started a store4 ,later she bought more property4 ,as ,washington grew1 land and houses became more valuable1 and ,elizabeth became wealthy4 ,she expended much money on her children's education4 ,one son she sent to ,yale college and afterwards to ,europe to continue his studies4 ,this son died before he had opportunity to make a name for himself4 ,her other two sons also died young2 but her two daughters lived to survive her1 and were a great comfort to her4 ,elizabeth had a peculiar disposition2 for1 though she was exceedingly charitable1 in small things she sometimes showed indifference to other people's feelings4 ,in this petty selfishness1 however1 she was always frank and never attempted to hide her actions4 ,when a young girl1 before she married1 ,elizabeth once went to town to buy two veils for herself and her sister4 ,she had received from her sister the money for her veil4 ,before ,elizabeth bought the veils she saw a poor woman1 who asked her for money4 ,elizabeth opened her purse and gave the women the money for her sister's veil4 ,she then bought a veil for herself and returned home4 ,her sister was surprised to see her with only one veil and asked her where the other was4 ,i thought that as you were younger you would not mind losing your veil1 and that you would like to give the money to the poor woman1 ,elizabeth replied in her most innocent manner4 ,one time she had company to supper and1 as was her custom1 took all the cream off the milk for her own coffee before passing the pitcher to anyone else4 ,the guest1 when asked if she would have milk in her coffee1 said3 ,no1 ,i do not care for milk in my coffee when the cream has been taken off4 ,elizabeth burst out laughing and said1 ,well1 ,jane1 ,i did not think anybody saw me do that4 ,elizabeth supported two of her brothers and their families when they became ill and poor4 --,nellie ,barrington4 ,biography of a ,traitor ,vicente was born in ,santa ,cruz1 ,laguna1 in the year #ahfh4 ,his parents were poor1 so that he did not have a high education4 ,very little is known about his childhood4 ,he seemed to have attended the primary school of the town1 where he learned a little ,spanish4 ,he was not properly brought up by his parents4 ,he was allowed to indulge in bad society4 ,being thus left alone1 exposed to vice1 he grew to be an unscrupulous and unruly young man4 ,he became an orphan at the age of eighteen4 ,to earn his living and to satisfy his craving for any easy1 idle and dependent life1 he joined the ,guardia ,civil1 a body of soldiers employed by the ,spaniards to maintain peace in the islands4 ,unfortunately1 instead of being the guardians of peace1 these men became the malefactors of the country4 ,as ,i have said1 ,vicente joined this most dreaded army of oppressors and in a few days he became one of the most cruel and abusive men in the corps4 ,he put many guiltless persons in prison1 just because of animosity or revenge4 ,he sent many innocent persons to the block simply because he wished to gain the favor of the high officials4 ,such injustices were much admired and were even encouraged by the ,spaniards--for they also practised such acts4 ,often such base conduct brought promotion to a soldier of that behavior4 ,so ,vicente was appointed a sergeant4 ,being thus gratuitously rewarded he grew more atrocious than before4 ,he was1 then1 a terror1 an awful monster to humble citizens1 a murderer and a robber in every sense4 ,his tyrannical and arbitrary character1 however1 often succumbed to the tinkling of coins--a fact that was universally true of government officials of that time1 from the highest to the lowest4 ,once or twice through perfidious ways1 ,vicente acquired a few large tracts of land1 but this unlawfully attained property was soon lost in gambling4 ,spanish rule was ended by the revolution of #ahih4 ,this body of ,guardia ,civiles was torn asunder4 ,many of them were killed in the fight1 but many were taken prisoners and some were pardoned4 ,vicente1 evidently1 was to live longer to play another plot against his country4 ,at the beginning of the ,filipino-,american war1 while all the people left the town1 with a heartless friend ,vicente surrendered4 ,they allied themselves with the ,americans to betray their countrymen in the battlefield4 ,during the year following #ahih1 these two men were the sole guides of the ,americans in their campaigns4 ,they caused many to be thrown in prison4 ,they laid heavy taxes upon the goods of the tradesmen for their own use4 ,vicente's friend was elected president of the town the first time that the civil government was established here4 ,he was unfortunate1 however1 in being stabbed to death soon afterwards4 ,vicente succeeded his friend in #aijj1 and later married the wife of his predecessor4 ,by this time ,vicente was very rich with the spoils of his own countrymen4 ,in fact1 he was1 then1 living a glorious life at the expense of his suffering country4 ,he did not wield his power long4 ,naturally1 the ,americans had no confidence in him4 ,when the war was over1 his office was taken from him and was given to a good and honest citizen4 ,from that time ,vicente lived a retired life with his family4 ,because of cock-fighting1 gambling and card playing1 his seemingly abounding wealth was soon exhausted4 ,after all1 he was a poor ordinary man1 devoid of influence1 respect and rank in society4 ,even his house was sold4 ,he then rented his former house and set up as a notary public in #aijd2 by which he could hardly support his family4 ,his repressed ambition for power was1 however1 kindled again and in ,january1 #aiji1 he proclaimed himself candidate for the presidency in the coming election4 ,but fortune1 health and success deserted him4 ,he grew consumptive and1 after a few weeks1 he was confined to his bed4 ,one night in ,june1 #aiji1 ,vicente suddenly rose from his bed and before his companions could ask him what he wished1 he jumped out of the window1 shouting that he was chased by some devils who were compelling him to go with them to hell4 ,he did not live long after this event4 ,he died a few hours later4 ,in the morning1 the incident of his tragical death reached the ears of almost everybody1 and all these people said1 ,he is just paying for some of his injustices4 ,god is punishing him4 ,who knows what punishment he will receive in the other world6 --,walfrido de ,leon4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,impersonal ,,accounts ,in its general sense narrative history includes all true-story forms1 even incidents and eye-witness accounts4 ,but annals and chronicles may be grouped by themselves on the basis of the non-personal and scientific attitude of the writer and the fact that the story is usually of the doings of a set of people living as a unit4 ,of course we find such type blendings as the ,annals of ,goethe1 which are true but autobiographical1 and the ,annals of the ,parish by ,john ,galt1 and the ,chronicles of the ,schnberg-,cotta ,family1 which though collective are fictitious2 yet for the most part these forms are thought of as embodying community and actual history1 and we will take them up as such1 remembering that fiction has drawn on all true-narrative forms for verisimilitude4 ,history is often classified into narrative1 scenic1 and philosophical4 ,only with the first kind have we anything to do4 ,there are a number of histories that have extraordinary literary value1 that are not mere recitals of past events with tame descriptions of by-gone scenes and more-or-less acute analysis of epochs and causes1 but are intense human documents with the life-blood of nations throbbing and beating in their pages4 ,green gave his health and the best days of his living to write his ,history of the ,english ,people1 and we love it4 ,it has something more than a scholar's accuracy in it4 ,it has a broad and deep inspiration that brings a catch in the throat and a gleam of pride in the eye of any who are fortunate enough to belong to the magnificent race whose deeds it records4 ,enthusiasts fought for ,macaulay's ,history at the door of the bindery1 fulfilling the author's hope that it might be considered more interesting than a novel4 ,motley's ,rise of the ,dutch ,republic is one of the most creditable things in ,american letters4 ,prescott's ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 ,conquest of ,mexico and of ,peru1 and ,parkman's ,montcalm and ,wolfe are along side for literary qualities4 ,carlyle's ,french ,revolution is a unique and graphic set of pictures4 ,gibbon's ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire has long stood as a classic example of literary high-seriousness in an allied department4 ,grote's ,history of ,greece1 ,machiavel's ,history of ,florence1 ,sismondi's ,italian ,republics1 ,hallam's ,middle ,ages1 ,symond's ,italian ,renaissance and ,schiller's ,thirty ,years' ,war are all worthy the name of literature and have excellent narrative in them4 ,we can study at present1 however1 only those forms of history that are shorter and are merely narrative--annals1 chronicles1 and true relations4 ,i4 ,annals ,what annals are ,annals are a concise historical record in which events are arranged chronologically1 year by year4 ,the accounts of necessity are brief1 since they are made and kept for reference4 ,they contain any matter the recorders deemed worthy of notice1 especially1 of course1 whatever affected the community as a whole4 ,the report stands in relation to the community much as a diary stands in relation to a person4 ,intimate facts are to be expected4 ,the ambitions1 hopes1 defeats1 expenditures1 future plans1 of the city or state1 are mentioned perhaps1 as are also1 maybe1 its success and honor--in the carrying out of a town fiesta or county fair1 or in being host to some distinguished visitor or to a session of some large political party4 ,the essential element of this kind of narrative history is the yearly periods1 though the term annals has been loosely used in modern literature to signify almost any temporal order4 ,indeed1 except in studies like this such titles are never very strictly applied4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon ,chronicle1 for instance1 is in large part annals4 ,however1 we have a few clear cases1 especially among the ancients4 ,famous old annals ,tacitus wrote annals4 ,then later there are the ,annales ,ecclesiastici of ,baronius2 the ,annales et ,historia de ,rebus ,belgicis by ,grotius1 published at ,amsterdam in #aeeg2 ,hailes's ,annals of ,scotland from the ,accession of ,malcolm ,,iii to the ,accession of the ,house of ,stuart2 ,chamber's ,domestic ,annals of ,scotland1 and others4 ,john ,stow bears a very high reputation as an accurate and impartial recorder of public events4 ,he travelled on foot through a considerable part of ,england examining old manuscripts in cathedrals and other places of preservation4 ,he wrote down impartially what he judged to be the truth1 and1 unswayed by fear1 favor1 or malice1 as he himself declared1 he established trustworthy history in his native land4 ,his ,survey of ,london 7#aeih7 is the best known of his writings4 ,a scholarly piece of work1 it has served us the foundation of all subsequent histories of the metropolis4 ,american history1 so badly treated in the past1 is being written accurately for the first time1 think our present day historians4 ,they go about their work in the good old ,stow fashion3 they use authenticated local records4 ,the friendly fable is current that the way a noted professor composes his many histories is this3 he merely reaches about from left to right and up and down of his mammoth desk and pulls from the numerous cubby-holes bundles of closely written pages1 sorts them a little1 ties a string around them1 and says1 ,here's your book4 ,but these closely written pages are carefully prepared1 minutely accurate material--monographs on the local annals and traditions of various places1 done by the professor's own students under the scrutinizing eye of their master4 ,whether the fable is based on truth or not1 it is illustrative of the value of annals4 ,suggestions on material ,if you live in a small town1 you can easily get at its records1 and with the permission of a person in authority copy a few items4 ,if you yourself very well know the events written of1 you might edit the report1 adding details of your own by way of notes4 ,you should not change the statements1 however1 in the original2 but1 where there is evidence of error or omissions1 you could supply a corrective amendment with the real facts in support4 ,if you translate from one tongue into another be careful to give the idiomatic equivalent4 ,the annals of a society or club might be easily enough compiled4 ,all that you would need to do would be to arrange the narrative by years1 culling your facts from the secretaries' reports4 ,the ,state of ,england in ,stephen's ,reign #aacg4 ,this year ,king ,stephen went across the sea to ,normandy4 ,there he was well received because the people thought that he must be the same sort of man as his uncle2 for he still had his treasure and he distributed it and squandered it foolishly4 ,in large quantities had ,king ,henry gathered gold and silver together4 ,no good did any of it do his soul1 however4 ,when ,king ,stephen came to ,england he made his parliament at ,oxenford4 ,there he took ,robert1 bishop of ,salisbury2 ,alix1 bishop of ,lincoln2 also ,chancellor ,robert1 his nephew2 he put them all in prison until they gave up their castles4 ,when the traitors understood that he was a mild man1 soft and good1 and did no justice1 they did every kind of wrong4 ,they had sworn homage to him1 had made oaths1 but they did not keep faith4 ,all were foresworn and their word of truth was gone4 ,for every rich man made him a castle1 which they all held against the king4 ,they filled the land full of castles4 ,they oppressed very much the wretched men of the land with castle-building4 ,when the castles were finished1 they filled them with evil and devilish men4 ,they captured and imprisoned there by night and by day all persons whom they thought had any possessions1 both men and women4 ,they put them in prison for the sake of gold and silver4 ,they tortured them with indescribable tortures2 never were martyrs tormented as were these people4 ,they hanged up men by the feet and smoked them with foul smoke4 ,some were hanged up by the thumbs1 others by the head1 and burning things were hung on to their feet4 ,they put knotted strings around men's heads and writhed them until they went into the brain4 ,they put men into prison where adders and snakes and toads were crawling1 and so they tormented them4 ,some they put into a chest short and narrow and not deep1 that had sharp stones within1 and forced men therein so that they broke all their limbs4 ,in many of the castles were hateful and grim things called tachenteges1 which two or three men had enough to do to carry4 ,it was thus made3 it was fastened to a beam and had a sharp iron to go around a man's neck and throat1 so that he might noways sit1 or lie1 or sleep1 but he bore all the iron4 ,many thousands they starved with hunger4 ,i cannot nor may ,i tell all the wickedness and all the torture which they did the poor wretches of this land4 ,this condition lasted nineteen years while ,stephen was king1 and it grew ever worse and worse4 ,they laid tribute on the enclosures 7tunes7 always1 and called it censerie4 ,when the miserable inhabitants had no more to give1 then they were plundered4 ,the nobles burned all the enclosures4 ,so that you might easily go a whole day's journey and you would find no man sitting in his enclosure4 ,no land was tilled4 ,corn was dear2 also flesh1 cheese1 and butter1 for there was none in the country4 ,the wretched peasants died of hunger4 ,some who were once rich men went a begging2 others fled the country4 ,never was there before more destitution and suffering in the land2 never did heathen men act worse than they did4 ,for everywhere subsequently did they forbear neither church or churchyard2 but they took all the property that was in them4 ,and sometimes they burned the church and all together4 ,nor did they spare bishops' land1 or abbots'1 or priests'4 ,they spoiled monks and clerks4 ,and every man 7plundered7 the other wherever he could4 ,if two or three men came riding up to an enclosure1 all the people of the farmstead fled because of them2 for they thought that they were robbers4 ,the bishops and the clergy always cursed them1 but that was nothing to them2 for they were all fore-cursed1 fore-sworn1 and lost4 ,wheresoever the peasants cultivated1 the earth produced no grain2 for the land was all destroyed with such deeds4 ,and they said openly that ,christ and his saints slept4 ,such things and more than we can mention we suffered nineteen years because of our sins4 ,during all this evil time ,abbot ,martin held his abbacy twenty years1 six months and eight days1 with great toil4 ,he provided his monks and his guests all that they needed2 he practiced much charity in his house4 ,nevertheless he worked on the church1 and appointed for its lands and rents4 ,he endowed it richly1 he caused it to be roofed1 he brought them 7the monks7 into the new minister on ,st4 ,peter's day 7,june #bi7 with much honor4 ,and he went to ,rome2 there he was well received by ,pope ,eugenius4 ,he obtained privileges2 one1 of all the lands of the abbacy and another1 of the lands which belong to the office of sacrist4 ,and1 if he might live longer1 he meant to do the same with respect to the office of treasurer4 ,and he gained property in lands that powerful men held by force or violence2 from ,william ,maldint1 who held ,rockingham1 he obtained ,cottingham and ,easton1 and from ,hugo of ,walteville he secured ,irlingborough and ,stanwick1 and forty sols from ,oldwinkle each year4 ,and he created many monks and planted vineyards4 ,and he performed many works4 ,and he changed the town to a better state than it ever was before4 ,he was a good monk and a good man2 therefore ,god and other men loved him4 ,now we will say a little about what befell in ,king ,stephen's time4 ,during his reign the ,jew of ,norwich bought a ,christian boy before ,easter and tortured him with all the torture that our ,lord suffered4 ,and on ,good ,friday they hanged him to a cross for the love of our ,lord4 ,then they buried him4 ,they thought it would be concealed1 but our ,lord showed that he was a holy martyr4 ,the monks took him and buried him splendidly in the minster4 ,and he performed through our ,lord many wonderful miracles4 ,they called him ,saint ,william4 #aach4 ,this year ,king ,david of ,scotland came to this land with an immense army4 ,he wanted to obtain possession of the country by fighting4 ,and there came against him ,william1 ,earl of ,albermar1 to whom the king had entrusted ,york and to other faithful men with a few followers1 and fought with him4 ,he put the king to flight at the battle of the ,standard1 and slew very many of his army4 #aadj4 ,this year ,king ,stephen wanted to take ,robert1 ,earl of ,gloucester1 ,king ,henry's son2 but he could not1 for he became aware of it4 ,thereafter in the ,lenten season the sun and the day grew dark1 about the ninth hour of the day1 while people were eating2 so that they had to light candles to eat by4 ,it was on the #bjth of ,march that the inhabitants were so greatly astonished4 ,later ,william1 archbishop of ,canterbury1 died4 ,and the king made ,theobald archbishop1 who was abbot in the abbey of ,bec4 ,then there waxed a very great war between the king and ,randolf1 earl of ,chester1 not for the reason that he 7the king7 did not give him 7evidently the earl7 all that he demanded of him1 as he did to all the others4 ,but always the more he gave them1 the worse they were to him4 ,the earl held ,lincoln against the king and deprived him of all that he ought to have4 ,thither went the king and besieged the earl and his brother ,william of ,romare in the castle4 ,but the earl stole out and went after ,robert1 earl of ,gloucester1 and brought him thither with a large army4 ,they fought hard on ,candlemas day against their lord4 ,they captured him because his men betrayed him and fled4 ,they led him to ,bristol and put him in prison4 ,then was all ,england stirred more than it ever was before4 ,and all kinds of evil were in the land4 ,later came ,king ,henry's daughter that had been empress of ,germany4 ,now she was the countess of ,anjou4 ,she came to ,london and the ,london folk wanted to seize her4 ,and she fled and lost there very much4 ,then ,henry1 bishop of ,winchester1 brother of ,king ,stephen1 spoke with ,earl ,robert and with the empress and swore them oaths that he would never again hold with the king his brother1 and he cursed all those that were allied to him4 ,and he told them that he would give up to them ,winchester1 and he caused them to come thither4 ,when they were within the castle1 the king's queen came with all her forces and besieged them4 ,and a great famine occurred in the castle4 ,when they could no longer endure it1 they stole out and fled4 ,but those without were aware1 and followed them4 ,and they took ,robert1 earl of ,gloucester1 and led him to the ,rochester and put him in prison4 ,the empress escaped into a minster4 ,then went wise men between the king's friends and the earl's friends4 ,and they negotiated that the king should be let out of prison in exchange for the earl1 and so they exchanged captives4 --,peterborough ,chronicle4 ,annals of the ,town of ,mangaldan1 #ahgi-ahhb ,i4 ,july #b1 #ahgi4 ,an army of locusts swept over the town4 ,crops were destroyed2 panic followed4 ,,ii4 ,august #h1 #ahgi4 ,the cura 7priest7 ordered the improvement of streets4 ,,iii4 ,august #ba1 #ahgi4 ,a cardinal from ,rome visited the town4 ,the priests waited on his table4 ,several persons arrested for violating a certain ordinance were pardoned through the grace of the holy visitor4 ,,iv4 ,february #bi1 #ahhj4 ,the gold rosary of the image of ,virgin ,mary was stolen2 consequently1 the cura forbade the procession on the evening of that day4 ,v4 ,july #ag4 ,a terrible earthquake shook the town1 destroying some houses4 ,,vi4 ,november #bg4 ,the ,governor ,general visited ,mangaldan4 ,there was great rejoicing2 all the houses around the plaza were hung with damasks4 ,,vii4 ,december #a4 ,a ,moro was taken around the town4 ,he carried a flag with a pig painted on it4 --,don ,domingo ,ydio1#aa #ahgi-ahhj4 ,i4 ,january #a1 #ahha4 ,mariano ,cendaa1 after murdering all the members of his family1 went around the town1 killing all whom he met4 ,he was at last captured4 ,,ii4 ,october4 ,a big comet appeared in the east4 ,it was so low that the people said it was only as high up as the tallest cocoanut4 ,the rays1 spreading far and wide1 struck superstitious persons with awe and admiration4 ,,iii4 ,november4 ,general epidemic1 caused by some disease scattered by water 7perhaps cholera71 killed many people4 ,,iv4 ,june1 #ahhb4 ,another murder1 ,adriano ,torralba1 killed three men in the barrio of ,maasin4 --,kept by ,don ,mariano ,cortes1 #ahha-ahhb4 7,obtained and translated by ,bernabe ,b4 ,aquino47 ,annals of ,pagsanjan ,it has been said that about the middle of the seventeenth century some ,chinese traders arrived at the junction of the ,bumbungan and the ,balanac rivers4 ,they chose this place to establish a trading post1 for the boats and barges could anchor close to the land4 ,at that time the ,san ,isidro ,hill extended to the ,balanac river1 and there were rice and corn fields on the site of the present town4 ,as time went on1 the ,chinese married ,filipino women1 and quite a settlement grew up4 ,the ,chinese built houses and stores1 and formed a small village with other ,filipino families4 ,this village was under the control of ,lumbang1 its neighboring town4 ,the inhabitants1 of the village went to hear mass at ,lumbang4 ,the men1 especially the ,chinese and their sons1 gradually grew rich4 ,one of these rich mestizos supported the priest of ,lumbang1 who1 accordingly1 could not say the mass before they were all in the church4 ,one day1 however1 when the priest was hungry1 he said the mass before their arrival4 ,then1 the man who supported him became angry4 ,he assembled all his fellowmen to talk concerning the separation of the village from ,lumbang4 ,they all agreed to build a church of their own and call a priest4 ,they contributed money1 and then asked some ,chinese carpenters to build a church for them4 ,it was completed1 in #afij4 ,at the completion of the church they agreed to build streets and enlarge their village in order that it might accommodate the increasing population4 ,they dug up a part of the ,san ,isidro ,hill1 and on that cleared space laid out the streets which are now called ,maura1 ,rizal1 and ,moret4 ,they also covered the fields with sand1 and built other streets4 ,they kept enlarging the village till it became a town4 ,the people named this town ,pinagsangajan1 which means branching4 ,they so called it ,pinagsangajan1 for it was located at the junction of the ,balanac and the ,bumbungan rivers4 ,now the people called it ,pagsanjan1 contraction of ,pinagsangajan4 ,in #agfc the church was burned4 ,it was rebuilt in #agfd4 ,it was not completed till #ahhb4 ,in #ahhj a great earthquake occurred1 and many buildings in ,pagsanjan were destroyed4 ,these ruined buildings were not repaired for seven years4 ,in #ahij a severe storm occurred1 and the ,balanac and the ,bumbungan rivers overflowed their banks4 ,the water flowed all over the town4 ,many buildings were carried away by the flood1 and many people were drowned4 ,in #ahic a great fire happened1 and more than one hundred and fifty buildings were burned4 ,before the big fire there were some large houses4 ,very few houses at that time were made of stone4 ,so after the fire the people used stone materials in rebuilding their ruined houses4 ,they made their new houses larger than the old ones4 ,it took them many years to finish beautifying the town4 ,on ,november #ad1 #ahif1 the ,katipunan arrived at ,pagsanjan4 ,the next day they went to ,santa ,cruz to storm the town1 but they could not carry out their plan1 for all the people who were faithful to their country fought against them4 ,then they returned to ,pagsanjan4 ,they went back again to ,santa ,cruz1 but they accomplished nothing4 ,on ,tuesday afternoon nearly all the inhabitants of ,pagsanjan fled from the town1 because many soldiers were come to storm the place4 ,but the shelling did not happen2 instead they pardoned those who did not run away when they saw that the people in the town were few4 ,the leader of these soldiers was ,general ,aguirre4 ,in #aija the ,americans came to ,pagsanjan4 ,when they came the church plaza served as barracks for the soldiers4 ,these soldiers erected their tents and staked their horses there4 ,this plaza has had a checkered history4 ,in #ahib when ,don ,pedro ,paterno1 a deputy of the first district of the province of ,laguna1 was spending his vacation in ,pagsanjan1 a meeting was held at his house1 and he urged upon the people the advantage of erecting a monument in the center of the park1 so as to commemorate the concession of municipal government in the ,philippines4 ,the people all agreed with him1 so immediately they contributed money and within a week the proposed monument was completed4 ,in the dedication of this monument many people joined4 ,as the monument was erected to thank the government of ,spain1 the inscription engraven on the tablets was about the ,queen of ,spain1 ,don ,angel ,aviles1 the director general of the civil administration1 and others4 ,in #ahih just after the insurrection of the ,filipinos against the ,spaniards1 the four marble tablets with their inscriptions were taken from the faces of the monument and reversed2 then on the blank surface were painted inscriptions of the revolutionary government in honor of ,emilio ,aguinaldo and ,apolinario ,mabini4 ,in #aijb after the ,philippines became subject to the ,american government1 the councillors agreed to remove the inscriptions1 replacing them with others--,william ,mc,kinley1 ,jos ,rizal1 ,w4 ,h4 ,taft and the honorable ,civil ,commission of the ,united ,states in the ,philippines4 ,but the people were not contented with the inscriptions1 so after a short time an agreement was made that the tablets were to be turned as they were originally mounted1 presenting the old inscriptions1 so that the founders and the names of those in whose honor the monument was first erected and who granted the early liberties should not be forgotten4 --,dolores ,zafra4 ,,ii4 ,chronicles ,definition4 ,froissart ,when the order of time is most conspicuous1 history is called chronicle4 ,the work is usually divided into sections1 each section covering a separate period4 ,the periods may be long or short4 ,the account of occurrences may be somewhat elaborate1 but it is most often bare and simple4 ,froissart's chronicles 7#acbf-adjj71 however1 are a rich pageantry of feudal times4 ,the din of arms1 the shouting of knights1 and marshalling of troops are there4 ,visions ,of fair women rise before us4 ,gorgeous feasts and spectacles in which this knight of ,france and ,england so much delighted are set forth in copious details1 and though he is no philosopher1 his shrewd observations1 and richly minute descriptions have helped others to philosophize4#ab ,froissart's ,chronicles first appeared at ,paris about the end of the fifteenth century under the title of ,chroniques de ,france1 d',angleterre1 d',escosse1 d',espagne1 de ,bretagne1 de ,gascogne1 de ,flanders et lieux d'aleutour4 ,in ,english there are two versions3 one executed in #aebc-be by ,lord ,berners 7reprinted in #ahab72 and the other #ahjc-e by ,thomas ,johnes4 ,the later is more correct4 ,in the #acth and #adth centuries chroniclers sprung up all over ,europe1 and created the non-church history of the highways4 ,ayala ,contemporaneous with ,froissart was ,ayala1 who is first of the ,spanish chroniclers to be entirely safe as an historical source4 ,ayala wrote calm1 business-like prose1 and was bent upon recording facts whether glorious or inglorious4 ,in contrast with ,froissart's simple-hearted enthusiasm ,ayala's attitude is one of cool sagacity and experience4 ,he looks quite through the deeds of men4 ,he as dispassionately records the crimes of the lords of the earth as he does their pretentions to greatness4 ,he lived in four wild reigns--those of ,peter the ,cruel1 ,henry the ,second1 ,john the ,first1 and ,henry the ,third--and1 as a minister of state in each1 had every opportunity to become disillusioned1 about chivalry4 ,an event that both ,ayala and ,froissart record is the murder of ,blanche of ,bourbon by her husband the king1 ,don ,pedro the ,cruel4 ,the circumstantial minuteness of an account by a chronicler1 who was an eight-years' eye-witness of the king's inhumanity to his young and beautiful queen1 and who recorded step by step the series of murders by which the king came up to the final crime1 seems more moving to a modern reader than would seem the wildest and most impassioned ballad on the subject4 ,indeed1 ,ayala's account has settled the character of ,don ,pedro forever1 despite the occasional attempts by some personally interested countryman to defend him1 and despite the sentimental-tragedy of the theater1 and such metrical outbursts as that of ,chaucer's in the ,monk's ,tale4 ,but ,chaucer1 as ,ayala himself would have told us1 was an interested party1 since he was attached to the ,duke of ,lancaster who was attached to ,don ,pedro4 ,general chronicle of ,spain ,seventy-five or eighty years before ,ayala1 ,alfonso the ,wise had begun the general chronicle of ,spain by collecting old ballads and redoing them into prose1 and by adding thereto the history of his own day4 ,sixty years after him1 ,alfonso the ,eleventh appointed a court chronicler2 and so the habit in ,spain of recording the chief events of the kingdom was kept up from #acbj with more or less regularity down to the establishment of the ,academy of ,history in the eighteenth century4 ,it is interesting to note that this chronicle1 that first preserved the popular metrical tales by putting them into prose1 in turn gave rise to popular metrical tales that have kept the traditions--such as those of the ,cid and ,bernardo del ,carpio4 ,saxo ,grammaticus ,like this earlier part of the ,spanish ,chronicle1 the still older legendary chronicles of the ,north promoted literature4 ,that of the ,britons by ,geoffrey of ,monmouth and that of the ,danes by ,saxo ,grammaticus have served1 perhaps1 a better purpose than true accounts2 for they have quickened the imagination of subsequent times and given us themes for many ballads and for some of the marvelous productions of ,shakespeare4 ,holinshed ,because of the industry of ,shakespeare's commentators in assigning so much of the great dramatist's subject-matter to ,holinshed1 the ,tudor chronicler will always live4 ,regardless of whatever he may be worth personally1 the whole world owes him a debt for doing the hack work and thus leaving a great genius free to construct4 ,a chronicle is not hard to write4 ,the only requirements are that you shall select a definite period of time1 and1 proceeding in order1 draw in it simple and graphic pictures of the life lived and the deeds wrought4 ,you might put together the events of your own neighborhood for the last three years4 ,true relation ,or you might write up some important happening as it reaches back into the past and culminates in the present4 ,you would then be writing a true relation4 ,a true relation does not differ much from a chronicle except in the fact that the author as one person takes full responsibility for all the statements4 ,he must record nothing1 therefore1 that he does not himself actually know2 of every thing1 else he must give warning as hearsay or as oral or written tradition or as records of someone else4 ,a true relation may even be a travel sketch or a partial biography4 ,it differs from journal and diary in being a narrative of the doings of units of mankind or of events that are of scientific or general importance and that are not necessarily recorded daily and have no essentially personal bearing upon the author beyond1 the relationship of vouched and voucher4 ,in #aehi ,richard ,hakluyt published a folio of various relations which he called ,the ,principal ,navigations1 ,voyages1 and ,discoveries ,made by the ,english ,nation4 ,the events recorded1 however1 are not always authentic4 ,modern historians are impatient with ,hakluyt1 because he did not select more carefully and sacrifice bulk to trustworthiness4 ,well-known ,spanish relations found in ,blair and ,robertson's ,philippine ,islands are those of ,loarca1 ,chirino1 ,morga1 ,plascencia4 ,they are considered reliable4 ,,chronicle ,rivalry ,between ,two ,towns ,during the time that the ,earl of ,flanders was in his greatest prosperity there was a citizen of ,ghent1 by name ,john ,lyon1 subtle and enterprising1 and very much in favor of the earl4 ,this man having been banished from ,ghent on account of some murder in which he had been concerned1 retired to ,donay1 where the earl1 who is said to have been the promotion of the murder1 supported him in the greatest affluence1 after a while recovered for him his freedom1 and made him deacon of the pilots1 which office might be worth about #a1jjj francs a year4 ,at the same time there was a family in ,ghent called the ,matthews1 consisting of seven brothers1 who were the most considerable of all the pilots4 ,one of these1 by name ,gilbert ,matthew1 from jealousy and other causes1 bore in secret great hatred toward this ,john ,lyon1 and determined1 without striking a blow1 to do him the greatest injury in his power4 ,with this view he got acquainted with one of the earl's chamberlains1 and in the course of conversation with him took an opportunity of saying that if the ,earl of ,flanders pleased he might gain every year a handsome revenue from the pilots2 that it might be collected on the foreign trade1 provided ,john ,lyon1 the deacon1 would acquit himself honestly4 ,the hint was conveyed by the chamberlain to the earl1 who 7like other great lords1 naturally eager of gain7 ordered ,gilbert ,matthew to be sent for4 ,gilbert was introduced accordingly and made his scheme appear so reasonable that the earl agreed to adopt it4 ,john ,lyon was forthwith sent for1 and in ,gilbert's presence the earl proposed the scheme to him4 ,now ,john saw at once that this was not a reasonable demand1 and consequently said1 ,what you require1 as it seems at ,gilbert's proposing1 ,i cannot execute alone2 it will be too heavy upon the mariners4 ,however1 the earl persisted1 and ,john ,lyon replied that he would do the best in his power4 ,when this conference was over1 ,gilbert ,matthew1 whose only object was to ruin ,john ,lyon1 went to his six brothers and said to them1 ,you must now give me every possible assistance1 and we shall effect our purpose4 ,a meeting is to be held about this tax2 now1 notwithstanding all ,i may say at the meeting1 you must refuse to comply4 ,i will dissemble and argue that if ,john ,lyon did his duty1 this ordinance would be obeyed4 ,i know the earl well1 and sooner than lose his point1 ,john ,lyon will be displaced2 from his office1 which will be given to me1 and then1 of course1 you can comply4 ,with regard to the other mariners1 we are too powerful for them to oppose us4 ,the six brothers agreed to do exactly as ,gilbert had directed them1 and at the meeting everything turned out as he wished2 for ,john was deposed and the office was given to ,gilbert4 ,not contented with having effected the ruin of their unhappy victim1 one of the brothers wanted to contrive to have him put to death1 but to this the others would not agree1 saying that he had done them no wrong and that no man ought to lose his life but by sentence of a judge4 ,things went quietly for some time1 until the people of ,bruges began to make a canal from the ,river ,lys4 ,the canal had often before been attempted2 but as the inhabitants of ,ghent considered it to be injurious to the interests of their town1 it was always opposed by them4 ,on the present occasion the ,earl of ,flanders had sanctioned the plan1 and even sent pioneers with a body of men-at-arms to annoy them in the execution of their work4 ,as chance would have it1 one day a woman on her return from a pilgrimage to ,our ,lady of ,boulogne1 being weary1 sat down in the market-place of ,ghent2 when many people collected around her1 asking whence she came4 ,from ,boulogne1 said the woman1 and ,i have seen on my road the greatest curse that ever befell the town of ,ghent2 for there are upward of five hundred men laboring night and day to open a canal for the ,lys1 and if they be not immediately prevented1 the course of the river will soon be turned4 ,this speech of the woman was echoed far and wide1 and served to inflame men's minds in all directions4 ,many said that if ,john ,lyon had been deacon no such attempt would ever have been made2 and to him they resorted for advice4 ,john thought this a favorable opportunity to redress the injury he had received2 however1 he did not wish to seem to thrust himself forward2 but when prevailed upon to speak1 after much entreaty said3 ,gentlemen1 if you wish to put an end to this business1 you must renew an ancient custom which formerly existed in this town of ,ghent4 ,i mean you must first put on white hoods and choose a leader4 ,we will have it so6 ,we will have it so6 was heard on all sides4 ,we will put on white hoods4 ,white hoods were accordingly provided and given out to those who preferred war to peace2 and ,john ,lyon was elected chief4 ,most willingly did he accept the office1 for he rejoiced at the opportunity of embroiling the towns of ,ghent and ,bruges with each other and with the earl1 their lord4 ,gilbert ,matthew1 on the other hand1 was by no means well pleased when he saw in what numbers the white hoods had collected4 ,news was soon carried to the pioneers that a large force from ,ghent was coming against them1 upon which they immediately left their work and returned to ,bruges1 so that ,john ,lyon and his party returned to the town without any encounter4 ,during the same week in which these white hoods had placed themselves under the command of ,john ,lyon1 another cause of distrust originated at ,ghent by some persons who were alarmed for its franchises2 which circumstances also favored greatly ,john's desire of embroiling the town4 ,the hope of success made him more active than ever4 ,he spread secret rumors in different parts and took every opportunity of suggesting ,that never could the privileges of any town be properly maintained when offices were put to sale1 intending this in allusion to the manner in which ,gilbert ,matthew had become possessed of the deaconship4 ,moreover1 he frequently harangued his people in public2 on which occasions he spoke so well and with so much art that he always left them highly impressed in his favor4 ,at length the men of ,ghent determined to send to the ,earl of ,flanders requesting a redress of their grievances1 and especially that he would put a stop to the canal4 ,the earl1 thinking to abolish the white hoods1 immediately granted the request1 but ,john ,lyon1 who was present when the earl's answer was received1 thus addressed the meeting3 ,my good people1 you see clearly at present the value of these white hoods4 ,do they not guard your privileges better than those of the red and black1 or hoods of any other color8 ,be assured1 then1 by me1 that as soon as they shall be laid aside ,i will not give three farthings for all your privileges4 ,this speech had the desired effect upon the people1 and they determined to do as ,john ,lyon had advised them4 ,but ,gilbert ,matthew1 who was very ill at ease1 concerted a plan with the earl to arrest ,john and some of the principals of the white hoods1 hoping thereby to disperse the rest4 ,with this view the bailiff of ,ghent came to the town with about #bjj horsemen2 galloped up the streets with the earl's banner in his hand1 and posted himself in the market-place1 where he was joined by ,gilbert and several others4 ,john ,lyon1 suspecting what was intended1 immediately got together a large body of his men1 for they were instructed to be always ready1 and ordered them to advance4 ,the moment ,gilbert ,matthew and his party saw the white hoods advancing they left the bailiff and ran off as fast as they could4 ,john ,lyon on entering the market-place1 without saying a word1 seized the bailiff and slew him4 ,he then ordered the earl's banner to be dragged through the dirt and torn to pieces2 and1 upon seeing this1 the men at arms took to flight and left the town1 which the victorious party pillaged as they pleased4 ,after this event1 several of the wisest and richest of the citizens in ,ghent1 tired of these constant contentions1 called an assembly in which it was debated how they could best make up matters with the earl and promote the advantage of the town4 ,john ,lyon and other leaders of the white hoods were invited to attend2 indeed1 without them they would not have dared to assemble4 ,many proposals were made1 and long debates ensued2 at last1 however1 it was determined to elect twelve of the most respectable inhabitants1 who should entreat the earl's pardon for the murder of the bailiff1 and endeavor by this means to obtain peace2 but in this peace every person was to be included1 and nothing moved in the business hereafter4 ,the resolution was acted upon1 and on an appointed day twelve citizens waited upon the earl1 who pleaded their cause so well1 and appeared so contrite that the earl was on the point of pardoning all the outrages that had been committed1 when he received information that the castle of ,andreghien had been burned to the ground4 ,burned6 replied the earl to the messenger who brought the intelligence4 ,and by what means8 ,by an accidental fire1 as they say1 was the reply4 ,ah6 ah6 answered the earl4 ,now it is all over2 there can never be peace in ,flanders while ,john ,lyon lives4 ,then sending for the deputies from ,ghent1 he said to them1 ,wretches1 you supplicate my pardon with sword in hand4 ,i had acceded to your wishes and your people have been base enough to burn down my favorite castle4 ,was it not sufficient to have murdered my bailiff and trampled on my banner8 ,quit my presence directly2 and tell the men of ,ghent they shall never have peace until they shall have given up to me to be beheaded those whom ,i shall point out4 ,the earl was right in his conjecture4 ,it was1 indeed1 ,john ,lyon and a refractory band of white hoods under him who1 discontented with the proposal of the assembly1 had actually destroyed the beautiful castle of ,andreghien while the deputies were at ,male in conference with the earl4 ,of course the poor deputies knew nothing of ,john ,lyon's intention2 and1 like people perfectly innocent1 endeavored to excuse themselves1 but in vain4 ,the earl was now so much enraged that he would not listen to them1 and as soon as they had left he summoned all the knights of ,flanders1 and every gentleman dependent on him1 to be advised by them how he could best revenge himself on the people of ,ghent4 ,this was the very thing that ,john ,lyon wanted2 for the people of ,ghent would now be obliged to make war1 whether they liked it or not4 ,he therefore seized the opportunity1 and1 having collected the white hoods1 publicly harangued the people1 and advised them without delay to get together all the support from neighboring towns they could1 and make an attack upon ,bruges4 ,such even now was his influence that in a short time he mustered a very large army1 and placing himself at their head advanced to ,bruges1 which town was so taken by surprise that after a short parley at the wicket1 the burgomaster and magistrates opened the gates and the men of ,ghent entered4 ,a formal alliance was then drawn up1 which the men of ,ghent and ,bruges mutually swore to keep1 and to remain forever as good friends and neighbors4 ,froissart's ,chronicles1 in ,world's ,great ,classics ,series4 ,a ,short ,history of ,ilagan ,the town of ,ilagan derived its name from the inverted form of the ,ibanag word nagaly1 which means transfer4 ,why the town was named ,ilagan was the fact that in early times it was moved to its present location from a plain a few miles away1 which is always overflowed by the annual inundation of the ,cagayan river4 ,the early inhabitants were well-trained warriors1 for they had to fight with the ,igorrotes--a wild head-hunting tribe in the mountains4 ,their religion was somewhat similar to ,brahmanism1 for they worshiped the crocodile and practiced anito widely4 ,even after the ,spaniards came to the town1 the people were barbarous1 and it was only after the arrival of the ,dominicans1 about #afhi1 that civilization began to spread itself among the people2 for these benevolent friars established schools1 converted the pagan inhabitants into ,christians1 and taught them better modes of living4 ,although the people seemed to be contented1 still it was not very long until they began to feel the heavy grasp of the iron hand of ,spanish oppression4 ,in #aggf a revolt occurred1 and the people in their frenzy burned the church and nearly all the ,spanish residences4 ,the causes of the revolt were the high rates of taxation and the compulsory public labor4 ,but the uprising1 which spread throughout central ,luzon1 was soon quelled1 and peace was restored4 ,then followed a period of advancement and progress4 ,the inhabitants were for about one hundred and thirty years peaceful4 ,during this long period a new church was finished1 in #aghg2 the town became the capital of the province1 and commerce progressed by leaps and bounds4 ,but in #ahig when the news of ,rizal's execution1 which caused a tide of patriotism to sweep over the land1 became known to the people1 they again revolted1 but without accomplishing much4 ,in the ,filipino-,american war the inhabitants took no active part1 although1 owing to the presence of a handful of ,tagalog soldiers from ,palanan1 then a barrio of ,ilagan1 where ,aguinaldo was captured1 some skirmishing was done in the barrio of ,san ,antonio4 ,ilagan is situated on a three-cornered star-shaped plateau at the junction of the ,pinacanauan and ,cagayan rivers1 about ninety miles from ,aparri4 ,it is divided into four districts3 ,bagumbayan1 which occupies the northern corner of the star2 ,baculod1 the eastern corner2 ,st4 ,vicente1 the southwestern comer1 and ,central1 the center4 ,the residences of the rich1 the municipal and provincial buildings1 the church and the principal ,european and ,chinese business houses are in the central district2 while the farmers1 artisans1 shoemakers and other classes of people inhabit the other districts4 ,in the district of ,st4 ,vicente are the ruins of the church burned in #aggf4 ,the lot where it is situated is now overgrown with large trees1 and the crumbling brick wall which formed the background of the church1 and is now covered with moss and vines1 remains as a memento of the uprising4 ,the inhabitants1 being near the ,ilocanos1 are industrious1 and being far from the ,tagalogs are peaceful4 ,but what is to be admired more than any of their other characteristics is their political belief4 ,the majority is--,i hope it will be always--in favor of the indefinite retention of the islands by ,america1 the spread of democratic education among the people1 and the speedy development of agriculture4 ,if the people do not depart from their present policies1 the future history of the town will be one of happiness4 ,a ,,true ,,relation ,some ,incidents of the ,rebellion of #ahih ,the ,filipino rebellion against ,spanish rule really began in the year #ahif1 in southern ,luzon4 ,the northwestern provinces rebelled much later1 owing perhaps to the lack of communication or to some disagreement among the leaders of certain districts4 ,i was about eight years old at the time the war broke out in western ,pangasinan and northern ,zambales1 and ,i write from what ,i saw with my own eyes1 and what was afterwards told me by my parents and older friends4 ,about the beginning of the year #ahih the northwestern provinces of ,luzon became restless1 seeing that their brothers in ,cavite and other southern provinces were already in the field4 ,the ,spaniards grew more and more uneasy and so a detachment of from fifteen to twenty ,spanish soldiers was placed in each town1 in addition to the guardia civil1 which was also stationed in the large towns4 ,it must be borne in mind that in that war no quarter could be expected from either side and all the prisoners were invariably put to death4 ,so that unusual cruelty should not be imputed to the common ,filipino fighter in the massacres which he committed4 ,just about the beginning of the year #ahih1 some time in the month of ,january1 the people of my town1 as well as the neighboring towns1 agreed to massacre the detachment of soldiers in their respective municipalities4 ,the agreement was kept a great secret1 and in my town at least the ,spanish soldiers had not the slightest idea of the fatal compact4 ,the day decided upon was a certain ,monday in ,february1 #ahih1 the exact date of which ,i do not remember4 ,outside the town1 in the dead of night1 you would find groups talking in whispers as to the final arrangements1 for the chief men would go to the barrios in the night and hold secret meetings in hidden and solitary places4 ,in the afternoons you would find men grinding their long bolos or talibongs in the solitude of their houses4 ,at the same time you would see the women making trousers and hat-bands of red cloth for their husbands or brothers4 ,in the meantime the ,spaniards had a vague idea of how things were going on1 and becoming rather uneasy1 they ordered a barricade of bamboo to be built around their barracks4 ,the guardia civil did the same1 except that instead of bamboo1 they used big logs1 which they made each principal 7councilor7 give4 ,but unfortunately the very workmen themselves were rebels1 and were the first ones to strike the blow4 ,i also remember clearly how the lieutenant and the town friar forbade people to talk in groups of three or more4 ,so men walked in the streets alone or with only one companion1 not even daring to engage in earnest conversation4 ,men visited their friends1 going to the back doors at night4 ,it must be stated here that in order to get all the able-bodied men to join the rebellion a form of ceremony was gone through in the case of every single convert4 ,certain men who were influential and eloquent were appointed to do the hard work of conversion4 ,a leader of this kind had to coax and persuade men singly1 at the same time taking care that the ,spanish forces did not hear of his proceedings4 ,after a man had expressed his willingness to join1 he was made to take a solemn oath1 the non-fulfilment of which would bring upon him temporal and spiritual condemnation4 ,besides1 his arm was pricked with a sharp knife1 and with his own blood he wrote1 or else caused to be written1 his name in a large book4 ,this made the ceremony to the new recruit exceedingly impressive4 ,one thing that made men so bold at that time was the belief in the power of the anting anting 7talisman74 ,there were two kinds of anting anting that were bullet proof4 ,they were made of flour like sacred bread1 except that they were as large in circumference only as a peseta4 ,some ,latin words were printed on them4 ,one kind was eaten1 while the other was placed on the forehead4 ,so after the town was in the hands of the revolutionists1 everybody seemed to be having a headache1 for they all had their foreheads bound around with handkerchiefs1 or more often with red bands of cloth4 ,i must add that the color of the revolution was red1 the sign of blood4 ,i remember that when we left the town to hide in the country ,i left my expensive felt hat1 and used a cheap native sombrero with a red band around it4 ,when the town was again retaken by the ,spaniards we tore off all these red signs and buried them in the ground4 ,as ,i have said1 the day agreed upon for the massacre was ,monday4 ,my uncle told me the ,spanish soldiers in town heard of the people in the barrios assembling1 but they entirely ignored the danger1 feeling sure that the rebels with bolos would not by any means dare to cope with their powerful ,mausers4 ,my uncle further added that1 had the ,spanish been discreet1 considering that they were twenty-two in number1 including a lieutenant1 besides the town friar1 they would have fortified the convent and would have been able to hold out till reinforcements from eastern ,pangasinan could come4 ,on the morning of that fatal day ,i was in the house of my grandmother1 which was near the plaza where the soldiers had their quarters4 ,i could not see the whole of the slaughter1 for my grandmother when she saw us looking at the fight1 sent us to the cellar1 and made us lie there flat on our stomachs to protect us from spent bullets4 ,early that morning about eight o'clock the guardia civil1 hearing that there was a great crowd of armed men near the town cemetery about a mile away1 went out there4 ,the guardia civil soldiers1 who were all ,filipinos1 were in league with the movement1 but their sergeant was a ,spaniard4 ,when they saw the men near the cemetery and when the sergeant ordered them to fire1 they did not aim at the rebels4 ,but the rebels instead1 thinking that the soldiers had changed their minds1 fought in earnest and killed the guardia civil to a man4 ,in the meantime the ,spanish soldiers in the town were being massacred4 ,at the appointed time a workman who was working on the barricade1 gave the guard a blow with his axe1 and the guard fell without a groan4 ,then the rest of the workmen went up to the barracks with the pretense of asking for their pay4 ,when the big drum began to beat they seized the guns and hacked and struck the unarmed soldiers4 ,the slaughter was indeed terrible to see4 ,from all the streets of the town leading to the public square issued hundreds of men all at the same time4 ,i think ,i still see those men with red-banded hats shouting at the top of their lungs1 holding and wielding aloft their long sharp bolos1 which as they caught the rays of the morning sun dazzled our eyes4 ,these men advanced toward the barracks and there finished the massacre4 ,some of the ,spaniards1 deprived of their guns and hard pressed by the workmen who had gone up to the barracks1 jumped down from the windows2 but it was like jumping from the frying pan to the fire1 for they were met by bristling swords and lances4 ,of the twenty-one soldiers1 four chanced to be out1 two being in the market1 and two being in my uncle's house4 ,on hearing the tumult and seeing men issue from all the streets and alleys1 they ran like mad to their quarters2 but they were all killed before reaching the place4 ,one of the soldiers had a bayonet slung to his belt1 and drawing it he tried to ward off the blows rained upon him from all sides2 but in a moment a shower of clubs and stones laid him low4 ,some of the soldiers fell on their knees and implored for mercy1 but the blood of those men1 many of whom had already experienced cruelty and torture under the ,spanish servitude1 was boiling with vengeance toward the ,spaniards as a whole people4 ,the lieutenant was just going from the convent1 where he had his quarters1 to the barracks1 and on seeing the hordes of men1 he turned back1 ran up in the church steeple1 and from there with his revolver fired shot after shot at the multitude below4 ,strange to say he hit not even a man1 probably through excitement4 ,the men1 seeing him1 climbed up the tower4 ,he surrendered1 knelt down and threw away his revolver2 but no quarter was given4 ,he was cut all through and his body was thrown from the dizzy height of about a hundred and fifty feet to the ground4 ,his blood1 which trickled from the tower down the church wall may still be seen to this day4 ,in the afternoon two native carts full of corpses1 their arms and legs dangling in the air1 were all that was left of those twenty-two cazadores4 ,i liked the ,spanish soldiers1 for they were such jolly1 good fellows1 fond of dancing fandango and singing airs of old ,spain4 ,many of them were mere boys seized and shipped over here from their unwilling parents4 ,to them the only civilized and good country was ,spain2 and they often excited my boyish fancy with exaggerated descriptions of the wonders of ,spain and extravagant tales about its people4 ,so as the carts passed by our house and ,i saw the dead1 ,i felt quite sad1 wondering within my childish heart what fault they had committed to entitle them to such a sad end4 ,the town friar1 the town tyrant and dictator1 had now also come to the end of his reign4 ,men who formerly used to kneel to him denounced him and gave vent to all their accumulated hatred4 ,the friar was sentenced to death and a few days afterwards was executed outside the town4 ,the infuriated ignorant people sacked the convent1 which at that time was like a palace4 ,they were so enraged that even the library of the convent was burned and cut to pieces4 ,a funny incident is connected with the convent4 ,it was circulated about that on the outbreak of the disturbance the friar had dropped a large box of silver into one of the convent wells1 of which there were several4 ,a few years after the war some people began to inquire as to which of the wells the money had been dropped into2 for the ,american soldiers1 on occupying the convent1 filled up some of the wells4 ,finally there was discovered on the trunk of a santol tree growing near one of the wells a cross carved in the wood4 ,people said it was the sign made by the friar to mark the spot1 and henceforth began to dig up the well4 ,they worked for days and days expecting every moment to find the box1 but in vain4 ,as a result of their over-credulity they expended a good deal of hard labor4 --,marcelino ,montemayor4 ,,bibliography ,,list ,,of ,,abbreviations ,a4 ,b4--,ariel ,booklets 7,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons74 ,bohn4--,bohn's ,libraries 7,geo4 ,bell1 ,london74 ,c4 ,n4 ,l4--,cassell's ,national ,library 7,cassell74 ,e4 ,l4--,everyman's ,library 7,dent and ,dutton74 ,n4 ,u4 ,l4--,new ,universal ,library 7,e4 ,p4 ,dutton74 ,p4 ,w4 ,c4--,putnam's ,world's ,classics 7,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons74 ,t4 ,c4--,temple ,classics 7,j4 ,m4 ,dent74 ,w4 ,c4--,world's ,classics 7,oxford ,university ,press74 ,w4 ,g4 ,c4--,world's ,great ,classics 7,colonial ,press74 ,,general ,,reference ,,works ,,on ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,fiction ,dunlop1 ,history of ,prose ,fiction1 #b vols4 7,bohn1 #ahif74 ,ticknor1 ,history of ,spanish ,fiction1 revised edition 7,boston1 #ahff74 ,raleigh1 ,the ,english ,novel from its ,origin to ,sir ,walter ,scott 7,scribner74 ,cross1 ,the ,development of the ,english ,novel 7,macmillan74 ,simonds1 ,an ,introduction to the ,study of ,english ,fiction 7,heath74 ,warren1 ,history of the ,novel ,previous to the ,seventeenth ,century 7,holt74 ,hamilton1 ,clayton1 ,the ,materials and ,methods of ,fiction1 with introd4 by ,brander ,matthews 7,the ,baker and ,taylor ,co47 ,jusserand1 ,the ,english ,novel in the ,time of ,shakespeare 7,putnam74 ,forsyth1 ,novels and ,novelists of the ,eighteenth ,century 7,appleton74 ,matthews1 ,the ,short-,story 7,american ,book ,co47 ,jessup and ,canby1 ,the ,book of the ,short-,story 7,appleton74 ,canby1 ,h4 ,s41 ,the ,short-,story in ,english 7,holt74 ,stoddard1 ,evolution of the ,english ,novel 7,macmillan74 ,tuckerman1 ,history of ,english ,prose ,fiction 7,putnam74 ,in ,lanier's ,the ,english ,novel1 ,whitcomb's ,the ,study of a ,novel1 and ,barrett's ,short-,story ,writing the criticism is analytical rather than historical4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,primitive ,,religious ,,group ,myth ,,critical ,,books4 ,andrew ,lang1 ,custom and ,myth 7,longmans74 ,max ,mller1 ,chips from a ,german ,workshop1 vol4 ,,ii and ,,iv4 ,max ,mller1 ,last ,essays1 #bnd series4 ,w4 ,g4 ,wood ,martin1 ,traces of the ,elder ,faiths in ,ireland1 #b vols4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture4 ,laura ,e4 ,poor1 ,sanscrit and ,its ,kindred ,literatures4 ,jacob ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,mythology4 ,,dictionaries ,fernando ,blumentritt1 ,dictionario ,mitolgico de las ,filipinas4 ,isabelo de los ,reyes1 ,la ,religion ,antigua de los ,filipinos4 ,e4 ,c4 ,brewer1 ,dictionary of ,phrase and ,fable 7,altemus74 ,a4 ,s4 ,murray1 ,manual of ,mythology4 ,,collections ,,of ,,myths ,hawthorne's ,wonder ,book and ,tanglewood ,tales 7,e4 ,l474 ,the works of ,jeremiah ,curtin3 ,creation ,myths of ,primitive ,america2 ,myths and ,folk-lore of ,ireland2 ,myths and ,folk-tales of the ,russians1 ,western ,slavs1 and ,magyars2 ,a ,journey in ,southern ,siberia the religion and myths of the ,mongols4 ,the works of ,c4 ,m4 ,skinner3 ,american ,myths and ,legends1 #b vols2 ,myths and ,legends of ,our ,new ,possessions and ,protectorates2 ,myths and ,legends of ,our ,own ,land1 #b vols42 ,myths and ,legends ,beyond ,our ,borders4 ,florence ,j4 ,stoddard's ,as ,old as the ,moon ,folk-lore of the ,antillas 7,doubleday1 ,page72 ,myths of the ,quichas4 ,guerber's ,myths of ,greece and ,rome2 ,bulfinch's ,age of ,fable2 ,katherine ,b4 ,judson's ,myths and ,legends of the ,pacific ,northwest 7,mc,clurg72 ,t4 ,g4 ,thrum's ,stories of the ,menehunes 7#aiaj74 ,legend and ,saga ,the ,legends of ,st4 ,patrick1 by ,aubrey de ,vere 7,c4 ,n4 ,l472 ,h4 ,a4 ,guerber's ,legends of ,switzerland1 and ,legends of the ,rhine2 ,sidney ,lanier's ,boys' ,library of ,legend and ,chivalry contains ,the ,boy's ,king ,arthur1 ,the ,boy's ,percy1 and ,the ,knightly ,legends of ,wales 7,scribners72 ,selma ,lagerlf's ,invisible ,links2 ,ruskin's ,king of the ,golden ,river 7,a4 ,b472 ,canton's ,w4 ,v4's ,golden ,legend 7,dodd1 ,mead72 ,finnish ,legends1 stories from the ,kalevala1 told by ,eivind 7,t4 ,fisher ,unwin74 ,s4 ,baring ,gould's ,curious ,myths of the ,middle ,ages 7,longmans7 are really legends4 ,hawthorne's ,twice ,told ,tales includes a number of legends4 ,mediaeval ,tales in ,morley's ,universal ,library contains stories from the ,gesta ,romanorum and the ,faust legend4 ,nutt's ,legends of the ,holy ,grail4 ,dr4 ,whitley ,stokes has translated many of the early ,irish sagas 7,revue ,celtique1 #ahfi-aijb1 and in ,irische ,texte1 #ahhj-aijb74 ,kipling's ,puck of ,pooh's ,hill fairy tale and legend 7,doubleday72 ,eleanor ,h4 ,broadus' ,the ,book of the ,christ ,child 7,appleton72 ,van ,dyke's ,other ,wise ,man 7,harpers7 is purely literary4 ,the ,story of ,grettir the ,strong1 translated from the ,icelandic by ,magnusson and ,morris 7,longmans72 ,the ,volsunga ,saga1 translated by ,magnusson and ,morris 7,scott72 ,beowulf1 translated into modern ,english prose1 by ,j4 ,clark ,hall 7,sonnenschein72 ,j4 ,baldwin's ,story of ,roland 7,scribners72 ,c4 ,d4 ,wilson's ,story of the ,cid for ,young ,people4 ,the ,nibelungenlied is well translated in the ,world's ,great ,classics ,series and contains a good introduction4 ,orlando ,furioso1 translated by ,w4 ,s4 ,rose 7,bohn74 ,the ,mabinogion1 translated by ,lady ,charlotte ,guest 7,nutt72 ,the ,stories of the ,ramayana and ,mahabharata1 told by ,oman 7,bohn74 ,an ,english translation of the ,shah ,nameh may be found in ,oriental ,literature 7,w4 ,g4 ,c474 ,fairy ,tale and ,nursery ,saga ,collectors have not distinguished carefully between fairy tales and nursery sagas4 ,many of the collections cited as fairy tales contain nursery sagas4 ,a general term often used to include both is folk-tales2 ,tolstoy has re-done several of the ,russian folk stories1 which may be found in ,twenty-three ,tales from ,tolstoy1 translated by ,l4 ,f4 ,maude 7,w4 ,c474 ,t4 ,g4 ,thrum's ,hawaiian ,folk-,tales2 ,f4 ,h4 ,cushing's ,zui ,folk-,tales 7,putnam72 ,blue1 ,red1 ,green1 ,gray1 ,yellow1 ,pink1 ,violet1 ,crimson1 and ,brown ,fairy ,books1 edited by ,a4 ,lang 7,longmans74 ,the ,fairy ,library 7,putnam71 collected and edited by ,joseph ,jacobs1 contains ,english1 ,celtic1 ,indian1 ,east ,indian1 ,persian1 ,chinese1 ,south ,sea ,island1 ,african1 and ,japanese fairy tales4 ,w4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ralston's ,russian ,fairy and ,folk ,tales 7,hurst72 ,english ,fairy and ,folk ,tales1 edited by ,e4 ,s4 ,hartland 7,scott72 ,scottish ,fairy and ,folk ,tales1 edited by ,sir ,geo4 ,douglas 7,scott72 ,irish ,fairy and ,folk ,tales1 edited by ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats 7,scott72 ,grimm's ,household ,tales in any of the good editions 7,e4 ,l41 ,lippincott1 ,bohn72 ,hans ,christian ,andersen's ,fairy ,tales 7,e4 ,l474 ,burt's ,fairy ,library includes among others ,cossack ,fairy ,tales1 ,russian ,fairy ,tales1 ,turkish ,fairy ,tales4 ,fairy ,gold1 stories chosen by ,e4 ,rhys 7,e4 ,l474 ,thomas ,keightley's ,fairy ,mythology 7,bohn7 is a standard reference work4 ,alfred ,nutt's ,fairy ,mythology of ,shakespeare 7#aijj74 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,symbolic-,,didactic ,,group ,fable ,thomas ,newbigging's ,fables and ,fabulists 7,new ,york71 critical and historical discussion of writers of the type4 ,fables in the ,bible1 ,judges #i3h-ae2 ,,ii ,kings #ad3i4 ,kalilah and ,dimnah1 or the ,fables of ,bidpai3 an historical account with a translation into ,english1 by ,keith ,falconer 7,london1 #ahhe72 ,hitopadesa 7,the ,book of ,good ,counsels71 translated by ,sir ,edwin ,arnold3 ,oriental ,literature1 vol4 ,,iii 7,w4 ,g4 ,c471 also in ,n4 ,u4 ,l42 ,aesop's ,fables 7,astor ,library1 ,crowell2 ,p4 ,w4 ,c472 ,fables of ,phaedrus1 translated into prose and verse 7,bohn72 ,la ,fontaine's ,fables 7,t4 ,c41 ,bohn72 ,iriarte's ,literary ,fables 7first publ4 #aghb71 ,english version by ,rockliffe1 #crd edition1 #ahff2 ,gay's ,fables1 in ,muses ,library 7,dutton72 ,richard ,steele's ,mastiff and ,his ,puppy 7,tatler1 ,no4 #aae72 ,kriloff and ,his ,fables1 translated by ,j4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ralston 7,j4 ,s4 ,ogilvie1 ,n4 ,y472 ,turkish ,fables #df in number1 translated by ,epiphanius ,wilson3 ,turkish ,literature 7,w4 ,g4 ,c474 ,parable ,r4 ,c4 ,trench1 ,notes on the ,parables of ,our ,lord4 ,parables of the ,bible3 ,,ii ,samuel #ab3a-d2 #ad3e-g2 ,i ,kings #bj3ci-dj2 ,isaiah #e3a-f2 #bh3bc-bh2 ,matthew #ac3d-g1 #bd-cc2 #ah3bc-ce2 #bj3a-af2 #ba3cc-da2 #bb3a-ad2 #be3a-ac2 #bf3ad-cj1 #ca-df4 ,for a summary of ,barlaam and ,josaphat1 see ,dunlop's ,history of ,fiction1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #fd-gg4 ,hamilton ,w4 ,mabie's ,parables of ,life4 ,a number of the stories in ,twenty-three ,tales from ,tolstoy 7,w4 ,c474 ,allegory ,james ,baldwin's ,the ,famous ,allegories 7,silver1 ,burdett72 ,olive ,schreiner's ,dreams2 ,oscar ,wilde's ,poems in ,prose1 7,fortnightly ,review1 #ahid71 also in ,ideal ,series of ,little ,masterpieces2 ,everyman1 and eight other ,moralities 7,e4 ,l472 ,henry ,van ,dyke's ,blue ,flower 7,scribners72 ,hawthorne's ,twice ,told ,tales and ,mosses from an ,old ,manse 7,houghton74 ,alfred de ,musset's ,story of a ,white ,blackbird 7,brentano7 is a unique and daring autobiographical allegory4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,ingenious-,,astonishing ,,group ,tale of ,mere ,wonder ,meredith's ,shaving of ,shagpat 7,bozhill edition72 ,stevenson's ,new ,arabian ,nights1 and ,more ,new ,arabian ,nights 7,scribners72 ,h4 ,w4 ,weber's ,tales of the ,east1 #c vols4 7,edinburgh1 #ahab72 ,dandin's ,hindoo ,tales 7,london1 #ahgc72 ,s4 ,julien's ,nouvelles ,chinoises 7,paris1 #ahfj74 ,history of the ,forty ,vezirs1 ,turkish tales translated by ,epiphanius ,wilson3 ,turkish ,literature1 pp4 #cfa-dfj 7,w4 ,g4 ,c474 ,egyptian ,tales1 translated by ,w4 ,f4 ,petrie3 ,egyptian ,literature1 pp4 #ace-agg 7,w4 ,g4 ,c474 ,moorish ,tales1 translated by ,rene ,basset1 ,chauncey ,starkweather1 and others3 ,moorish ,literature 7,w4 ,g4 ,c474 ,tales of the ,genii1 translated from the ,persian by ,sir ,charles ,morell 7,bohn72 ,arabian1 ,nights' ,entertainments1 edited by ,stanley ,lane-,pool1 in #f vols4 7,a4 ,b471 or in #d vols4 7,bohn72 ,the ,golden ,ass1 by ,apuleius 7,bohn74 ,imaginary ,voyage ,with a ,satiric or ,instructive ,purpose ,lucian 's ,trips to the ,moon 7,c4 ,n4 ,l4 ,no4 #ga72 ,more's ,utopia 7,t4 ,c472 ,bacon's ,new ,atlantis 7,bohn72 ,barclay's ,argenis1 ,english translation by ,sir ,r4 ,le ,grys1 #afbi2 ,swift's ,gulliver's ,travels 7,t4 ,c474 ,for ,swift's obligations to previous writers1 see article by ,borkowsky in ,anglia1 vol4 #ae4 ,f4 ,c4 ,sibbern 7#aghe-ahgb71 a ,scandinavian writer1 wrote ,contents of a ,,ms4 of the year #b1ace4 ,the ,adventures of ,baron ,munchausen1 by ,rudolphe ,eric ,raspe 7,p4 ,w4 ,c472 ,robinson ,crusoe1 in ,defoe's ,works1 vol4 #g 7,bohn74 ,for summaries of the imaginary voyages of ,lucian1 ,holberg1 ,cyrano de ,bergerac1 ,berkeley1 and others1 see ,dunlop ,history of ,prose ,fiction1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #eah-ech1 #ehh-eia1 #fai-fbb 7,bohn1 revised edition1 #ahif74 ,tale of ,scientific ,discovery and of ,mechanical ,invention ,h4 ,g4 ,wells's stories and novels are good examples of the pseudo-scientific tale4 ,his imaginary voyages are not without gentle satire on the learned theories of the day 7,scribners1 ,harpers1 ,century74 ,with the ,night ,mail2 a ,story of #bjjj ,a4 ,d41 by ,rudyard ,kipling 7,doubleday1 #aiji72 ,the ,mystery1 by ,stewart ,edward ,white and ,samuel ,hopkins ,adams4 ,most of the short stories of this type mentioned in the discussion can be found in the collections of short stories 7see below74 ,the ,detective ,story and ,other ,tales of ,mere ,plot ,among the earliest detective stories and stories of crime belong ,charles ,brockden ,brown's ,edgar ,huntley and ,arthur ,mervyn 7,works1 ,philadelphia1 #ahgg72 ,edgar ,allan ,poe's famous detective stories have been mentioned in the text4 ,emile ,gaboriau 7#ahce-ahgc7 popularized the story of crime in ,france4 ,m4 ,lecoq is a direct forerunner of ,sherlock ,holmes4 ,his ,works are published 7in ,english translation7 in #f vols4 ,a4 ,conan ,doyle's ,adventures of ,sherlock ,holmes1 ,memoirs of ,sherlock ,holmes1 ,the ,return of ,sherlock ,holmes1 ,the ,sign of the ,four1 ,a ,study in ,scarlet1 ,the ,hound of the ,baskervilles1 etc41 are worth reading4 ,anna ,katherine ,green surely does not lack popularity whatever else she may lack4 ,her earlier stories are better than her later1 with the exception of ,the ,filigree ,ball1 which is perhaps her best4 ,meredith ,nicholson's ,house of a ,thousand ,candles has a good mysterious plot4 ,the works of ,rodriguez ,ottolengui 7,putnam74 ,for other stories of pure plot see writers mentioned in bibliography to ,chapter ,,vi4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,entertaining ,,group ,tale of ,probable ,adventure ,tales of ,daring and ,danger1 by ,g4 ,a4 ,henty2 ,f4 ,h4 ,spearman's ,held for ,orders2 ,tales of ,railroad ,life 7,mc,clure71 ,nerve of ,foley and other ,railroad ,stories 7,harpers72 ,cy ,warman's ,the ,last ,spike and ,other ,railroad ,stories and ,the ,express ,messenger 7,scribners72 ,stewart ,edward ,white's ,blazed ,trail ,stories and ,stories of the ,wild ,life 7,doubleday74 ,many of ,r4 ,l4 ,stevenson's tales4 ,the ,society ,story ,this is the type of the larger number of love tales in current periodicals4 ,when well done under certain restrictions of length and development a narrative of this kind rises to the class of the artistic short-story4 ,pastoral ,romance--,aucassin and ,nicolette1 translated by ,andrew ,lang 7,chiswick ,series72 ,greek ,romances of ,heliodorus1 ,longus1 and ,achilles ,tatius 7,bohn72 ,cervantes' ,galatea is a typical example4 ,it is published in ,english translation in ,bohn's ,libraries4 ,montemayor's ,diana is summarized rather fully in ,dunlop ,,ii1 pp4 #cfe-cgf4 ,for ,sidney's pastoral see ,e4 ,a4 ,baker's edition of the ,countess of ,pembroke's ,arcadia4 ,lodge's ,rosalind 7,c4 ,n4 ,l474 ,for historical criticism of the type1 see ,e4 ,k4 ,chambers' ,english ,pastorals 7,warwick ,library71 ,w4 ,w4 ,greg's ,pastoral ,poetry and ,pastoral ,drama1 #aijf1 and ,j4 ,b4 ,fletcher's ,the ,pastoral 7,types of ,english ,literature1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,co474 ,the ,humorous ,story ,as in the case of the society story1 the best collections of humorous stories are the cheaper current magazines4 ,fableaux--,a4 de ,montaiglon et ,g4 ,raynaud1 ,receuil gnral et complet des fabliaux des ,x,i,i,ie et ,x,i,ve siecles1 ,paris1 #ahgb-hh1 #f vols4 ,see ,dunlop1 ,history of ,fiction1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bc et seqq4 ,picaresque romances--,romances of ,roguery1 by ,f4 ,w4 ,chandler1 #b vols41 #ahii1 is the standard book of criticism of the type4 ,for the picaresque romances themselves1 see ,petronius ,arbiter's ,satyricon1 ,english translation 7,bohn72 ,apuleius' ,golden ,ass1 ,english translation 7,bohn74 ,english translations of ,lazarillo de ,tormes1 by ,roscoe1 and ,guzman d',alfarache1 by ,brandy1 can be obtained from ,lemcke and ,buechner 7,n4 ,y474 ,gil ,blas1 #b vols4 7,w4 ,c472 ,smollett's ,roderick ,random1 ,peregrine ,pickle1 ,ferdinand1 ,count ,fathom1 in works1 edited by ,saintsbury 7,london1 #ahie72 ,fielding's ,jonathan ,wild1 in works1 edited by ,saintsbury 7,london1 #ahic72 ,thackeray's ,barry ,lyndon 7,macmillan72 ,e4 ,w4 ,hornung's ,amateur ,cracksman 7,tauchnitz7 and ,further ,adventures of the ,amateur ,cracksman4 ,the ,occasional ,story ,christmas ,stories from the ,french and ,spanish1 translated by ,antoinette ,ogden 7,mc,clurg1 #ahib74 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale's ,in ,his ,name1 and ,christmas ,stories 7,library edition72 ,stockton's ,the ,christmas ,wreck 7,scribners72 ,dickens' ,christmas ,books and ,stories1 #b vols4 7,houghton72 ,thackeray's ,christmas ,books 7,macmillan74 ,the source of the nineteenth century emphasis of ,christmas festivities in ,english was ,irving's ,christmas ,sketches4 ,unter dem ,christbaum 7,heath7 contains five ,christmas stories by ,helene ,stkl4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,instructive ,,group ,the ,moral ,story ,edgeworth's ,stories for ,children 7,bohn71 ,moral ,stories 7,tauchnitz71 ,murad the ,unlucky 7,c4 ,n4 ,l472 ,gesta ,romanorum 7,p4 ,w4 ,c41 ,bohn72 ,forty ,tales from the ,decameron 7,morley's ,universal ,library72 ,rasselas1 by ,samuel ,johnson 7,p4 ,w4 ,c41 ,a4 ,b41 ,burt72 ,voltaire's ,tales 7,bohn72 ,cervantes' ,novelas ,ejemplares1 translated into ,english by ,w4 ,k4 ,kelly 7,bohn72 ,essays and ,tales1 from ,addison 7,c4 ,n4 ,l472 ,essays and ,tales1 from ,steele 7,c4 ,n4 ,l472 ,twenty-three ,tales1 from ,tolstoy 7,w4 ,c472 ,hawthorne's ,twice ,told ,tales 7,houghton74 ,leopoldo ,alas's ,cuentos ,morales 7in ,spanish71 and ,emilia ,pardo-,bazn's ,novelas ,ejemplares 7also in ,spanish74 ,the ,pedagogical ,commentary and ,story ,pestalozzi's ,leonard and ,gertrude 7,heath72 ,ascham's ,scholemaster 7,heath72 ,machiavelli's ,prince 7,oxford1 ,w4 ,c472 ,thomas ,elyot's ,the ,boke ,named the ,governour1 edited by ,croft1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahhc72 ,ascham's ,toxophilus 7,arber's ,reprints72 ,walton's ,compleat ,angler 7editions innumerable72 ,castiglione's ,courtier2 ,froebel3 ,the ,mottoes and ,commentaries of ,froebel's ,mother ,play 7,appleton74 ,the ,story of ,present ,day ,realism ,kipling's ,life's ,handicap and ,plain ,tales from the ,hills 7,doubleday72 ,william ,carleton's ,traits and ,stories of the ,irish ,peasantry1 edited by ,d4 ,j4 ,o',donoghue1 #d vols4 7,london and ,new ,york1 #ahif72 ,edgeworth's ,castle ,rackrent and ,other ,irish ,tales 7,a4 ,b472 ,o4 ,henry's ,trimmed ,lamp and ,other ,stories of the ,four ,million2 ,b4 ,matthew's ,vignettes of ,manhattan 7,harper72 ,w4 ,d4 ,howells' ,a ,modern ,instance 7,houghton71 ,the ,lady of the ,aroostook1 ,the ,rise of ,silas ,lapham1 etc42 ,israel ,zangwill's ,children of the ,ghetto 7,macmillan72 ,upton ,sinclair's ,the ,jungle 7#aijf72 ,jacob ,a4 ,riis's ,children of the ,tenements2 ,henry ,james' ,daisy ,miller 7,harpers74 ,count ,tolstoy's method is always realistic1 although his types are extremely varied2 see ,a ,russian ,proprietor and ,other ,stories 7,crowell74 ,in method at least1 most of the stories of ,bret ,harte1 ,mary ,e4 ,wilkins ,freeman1 and ,hamlin ,garland are of this type4 ,in his ,kriegsnovellen 7,berlin1 #ahii7 ,detlev von ,liliencron gives vigorous and sincere pictures of the ,franco-,german war1 though he sees with the eye of the poet and selects his material4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,short ,,story ,collections of ,short ,stories ,stories by ,american ,authors1 #aj vols4 7,scribners74 ,stories by ,english ,authors1 #i vols4 7,scribners74 ,stories by ,foreign ,authors1 containing works from the ,french1 ,german1 ,italian1 ,russian1 ,scandinavian1 ,spanish1 ,polish1 ,greek1 ,belgian1 ,hungarian1 #aj vols4 7,scribners74 ,tales from ,blackwood1 #b vols4 7,tauchnitz74 ,masterpieces of ,fiction1 #h vols4 7,doubleday1 ,page74 ,american ,short ,stories1 edited by ,charles ,s4 ,baldwin 7,wampum ,library of ,american ,literature74 ,a selection of the ,world's ,greatest ,short ,stories1 edited by ,sherwin ,cody 7,world's ,best ,series74 ,the ,short ,story1 by ,brander ,matthews 7,american ,book ,co471 contains twenty-three short stories4 ,the ,book of the ,short ,story1 by ,jessup and ,canby 7,appleton71 contains eighteen representative examples4 ,for bibliography of other collections of the short stories of the world1 see lists at the ends of the chapters in ,jessup and ,canby4 ,the ,psychological ,weird ,tale ,e4 ,a4 ,poe's ,prose ,tales1 #c vols4 7,illustrated ,sterling edition74 ,the ,odd ,number ,series contains ,maupassant's ,odd ,number4 ,mary ,e4 ,wilkins' ,the ,wind in the ,rose-,bush1 and other ,stories of the ,supernatural 7#aijc72 ,irving's ,tales of a ,traveller1 #b vols4 7,a4 ,b472 ,modern ,ghosts1 edited by ,g4 ,w4 ,curtis 7,harpers1 #ahij74 ,,gothic ,,romance ,,as ,,source4 ,horace ,walpole's ,castle of ,otranto 7,c4 ,n4 ,l4 ,no4 #aj72 ,clara ,reeve's ,the ,old ,english ,baron 7,c4 ,n4 ,l41 ,no4 #abg72 ,mrs4 ,radcliffe's ,italian1 ,romance of the ,forest1 and ,mysteries of ,udolpho 7,london1 #ahgg72 ,lewis's ,the ,monk 7,phila41 #ahhd72 ,mrs4 ,shelley's ,frankenstein 7,routledge's ,pocket ,library74 ,peacock satirized the school of terror and other forms of romance in ,nightmare ,abbey 7,e4 ,l471 and ,crotchet ,castle 7,c4 ,n4 ,l4 ,no4 #ef74 ,miscellaneous ,short-,story ,writers of ,europe and ,america ,,spain ,pedro ,antonio de ,alarcon 7#ahcc-ahia74 ,leopoldo ,alas 7#aheb-aija74 ,emilia ,pardo-,bazn 7b4 #ahea74 ,gustavo ,adolfo ,becquer 7#ahcf-ahgj74 ,vicente ,blasco ,ibaez 7b4 #ahfg74 ,fernn ,caballero 7#agif-ahgg74 ,benito ,prez ,galds 7b4 #ahde74 ,antonio de ,trueba 7#ahai-ahhi74 ,juan ,valera y ,alcal ,galiano 7b4 #ahbd74 ,armand ,palacio ,valdes 7b4 #ahec74 ,antonio ,mar4 ,,france ,edmond ,about 7#ahbh-ahhe74 ,honor de ,balzac 7#agii-ahej74 ,paul ,bourget 7b4 #aheb74 ,franois ,coppee 7b4 #ahdb74 ,alphonse ,daudet 7b4 #ahdj74 ,gustav ,droz 7b4 #ahcb74 ,alexandre ,dumas the ,elder 7#ahjf-ahgj74 ,alexandre ,dumas the ,younger 7#ahbd-ahie74 ,emile ,erckmann 7#ahbb-ahii7 and ,alexandre ,chatrian 7#ahbf-ahij74 ,gustave ,flaubert 7#ahba-ahhj74 ,theophile ,gautier 7#ahaa-ahgb74 ,paul ,margueritte 7b4 #ahfj74 ,ludovic ,halvy 7b4 #ahcd74 ,guy de ,maupassant 7#ahej-ahic74 ,prosper ,mrime 7#ahjc-ahgj74 ,alfred de ,musset 7#ahaj-ahea74 ,eugene ,marcel ,prvost 7b4 #ahfb74 ,george ,sand pseud4 of ,mm4 ,dudevant 7#ahjd-ahgf74 ,julien ,viaud 7,pierre ,loti7 7b4 #ahej74 ,emile ,zola 7b4 #ahdj74 ,,germany ,berthold ,auerbach 7#ahaj-ahhb74 ,rudolf ,baumbach 7b4 #ahdj74 ,adelbert von ,chamisso 7#agha-ahha74 ,gustav ,freytag 7#ahaf-ahie74 ,wilhelm ,hauff 7#ahjb-ahbg74 ,paul ,heyse 7b4 #ahcj74 ,ernst ,theodor ,amadeus ,hoffmann 7#aggf-ahbb74 ,leopold ,kompert ,austrian 7#ahbb-ahhf74 ,detlev von ,liliencron 7b4 #ahdd74 ,johann ,karl ,august ,musus 7#agce-aghg74 ,joseph ,victor von ,scheffel 7#ahbf-ahhf74 ,theodor ,storm 7#ahag-ahhh74 ,hermann ,sudermann 7b4 #aheg74 ,j4 ,ludwig ,tieck 7#aggc-ahec74 ,johann ,heinrich ,daniel ,zschokke 7#agga-ahdh74 ,,russia ,alex4 ,bestiezheff 7#agig-ahcg74 ,nicolai ,v4 ,gogol 7#ahji-aheb74 ,alex4 ,poushkin 7#ahjb-ahcg74 ,a4 ,pyeshkoff ,gorky 7b4 #ahfh74 ,a4 ,p4 ,tchhoff 7#ahfj-aijd74 ,lyof ,n4 ,tolstoi 7#ahbh-aiaj74 ,ivan ,turgenev 7#ahah-ahhc74 ,,scandinavia ,bjrastjerne ,bjrnson 7b4 #ahcb74 ,juhani ,aho4 ,frederika ,bremer 7#ahja-ahfe74 ,meyer ,aaron ,goldschmidt ,danish 7#ahai-ahhg74 ,alex4 ,lange ,kielland 7b4 #ahdi74 ,selma ,lagerlf 7b4 #aheh74 ,hans ,christian ,andersen ,danish 7#ahje-ahge74 ,,england1 ,,scotland1 ,,ireland1 ,,united ,,states ,thomas ,bailey ,aldrich 7#ahcf-aijg74 ,james ,matthew ,barrie 7b4 #ahfj74 ,h4 ,c4 ,bunner 7#ahee-ahif74 ,george ,w4 ,cable 7b4 #ahdd74 ,william ,canton 7b4 #ahde74 ,william ,carleton 7#agid-ahfi74 ,samuel ,l4 ,clemens ,mark ,twain 7#ahce-aiaj74 ,wilkie ,collins 7#ahbd-ahhi74 ,richard ,harding ,davis 7b4 #ahfd74 ,charles ,dickens 7#ahab-ahgj74 ,a4 ,conan ,doyle 7b4 #ahei74 ,maria ,edgeworth 7#agfg-ahdi74 ,edward ,eggleston 7#ahcg-aijb74 ,mary ,ann ,evans ,george ,eliot 7#ahai-ahhj74 ,hamlin ,garland 7b4 #ahfj74 ,edward ,everett ,hale 7#ahbb-aiji74 ,joel ,chandler ,harris 7b4 #ahdh74 ,thomas ,hardy 7b4 #ahdj74 ,francis ,bret ,harte 7#ahci-aijb74 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne 7#ahjd-ahfd74 ,anthony ,hope ,hawkins 7b4 #ahfc74 ,william ,dean ,howells 7b4 #ahcg74 ,washington ,irving 7#aghc-ahei74 ,henry ,james 7b4 #ahdc74 ,sarah ,orne ,jewett 7b4 #ahdi74 ,rudyard ,kipling 7b4 #ahfe74 ,charles ,j4 ,lever 7#ahjf-ahgb74 ,jack ,london 7b4 #ahgf74 ,samuel ,lover 7#agia-ahfh74 ,james ,brander ,matthews 7b4 #aheb74 ,george ,meredith 7#ahbh-aiji74 ,mary ,n4 ,murfree ,charles ,egbert ,craddock 7b4 #ahej74 ,fitz-,james ,o',brien 7#ahbh-ahfb74 ,thomas ,nelson ,page 7b4 #ahec74 ,edgar ,allan ,poe 7#ahji-ahdi74 ,charles ,reade 7#ahad-ahhd74 ,robert ,louis ,stevenson 7#ahej-ahid74 ,f4 ,hopkinson ,smith 7b4 #ahch74 ,frank ,b4 ,stockton 7#ahcd-aijb74 ,louise de la ,rame ,ouida 7d4 #aiji74 ,harriet ,beecher ,stowe 7#ahab-ahif74 ,william ,makepeace ,thackeray 7#ahaa-ahfb74 ,elizabeth ,stuart ,phelps ,ward 7b4 #ahdd74 ,john ,watson ,ian ,maclaren 7#ahej-aijg74 ,edith ,wharton 7b4 #ahfb74 ,mary ,e4 ,wilkins ,freeman 7b4 #ahfb74 ,,chapter ,,vii ,incident ,many well-told and interesting incidents are found in the correspondence of the letter-writers whose works are indicated below4 ,the ,letters of ,robert ,louis ,stevenson1 #b vols4 7,scribners72 ,the ,letters of ,thomas ,gray1 #b vols4 7,bohn72 ,cowper's ,letters1 edited by ,e4 ,v4 ,lucas 7,w4 ,c472 ,lady ,montagu's ,letters 7,e4 ,l472 ,letters and ,memorials of ,jane ,welsh ,carlyle1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,froude1 #b vols4 7,scribners72 ,letters of ,charles ,lamb1 #b vols4 7,e4 ,l472 ,letters of ,mme4 de ,svign 7,in ,french--,paris1 #ahdd72 ,life and ,letters of ,george ,eliot1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,cross1 #b vols4 7,crowell72 ,matthew ,arnold's ,letters1 collected by ,george ,w4 ,e4 ,russell 7,macmillan72 ,darwin's ,life and ,letters1 #b vols4 7,appleton72 ,letters of ,robert ,browning and ,elizabeth ,barrett ,browning1 with notes by ,r4 ,barrett ,browning and ,f4 ,g4 ,kenyon1 #b vols4 ,anecdote ,spence's ,anecdotes3 a selection 7,scott ,library72 ,johnsoniana1 edited by ,j4 ,wilson ,croker 7,philadelphia1 #ahdb72 ,the ,percy ,anecdotes1 by ,reuben and ,sholte ,percy 7,warne3 ,london72 ,the ,jest ,book1 by ,mark ,lemon 7,cambridge1 #ahfe72 ,anecdotes of ,samuel ,johnson1 by ,hester ,lynch ,poizzi 7,c4 ,n4 ,l4 ,no4 #ajf72 ,familiar ,anecdotes of ,sir ,walter ,scott1 by ,james ,hogg 7,harpers1 #ahcd74 ,eye-,witness ,account ,eye-witness accounts may be found in autobiographies1 memoirs1 letters1 travel sketches1 diaries and journals1 and some true relations4 7,see bibliography of these types47 ,tale of ,actual ,adventure ,j4 ,burroughs's ,camping and ,tramping with ,president ,roosevelt 7,houghton72 ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,hyrst's ,adventures in the ,great ,deserts2 ,hakluyt's ,voyagers' ,tales 7,c4 ,n4 ,l41 ,no4 #bc72 ,library of ,universal ,adventure by ,sea and ,land1 including the original narratives and authentic stories of personal prowess and peril in all waters and regions of the globe from the year #gi ,a4 ,d4 to the year #ahhh ,a4 ,d41 compiled and edited by ,william ,dean ,howells and ,thomas ,sergeant ,perry 7,harper1 #ahic74 ,the ,traveler's ,sketch ,mandeville's ,voyages and ,travels 7,c4 ,n4 ,l472 ,marco ,polo's ,voyages and ,travels 7,bohn72 ,captain ,cook's ,voyages of ,discovery 7,e4 ,l472 ,travels of ,mungo ,park 7,e4 ,l472 ,hakluyt's ,voyages1 #h vols4 7,e4 ,l472 ,darwin's ,voyage of the ,beagle 7,e4 ,l472 ,fielding's ,journal of a ,voyage to ,lisbon 7,w4 ,c472 ,smollett's ,travels through ,france and ,italy 7,w4 ,c472 ,borrow's ,bible in ,spain 7,e4 ,l47 and ,wild ,wales 7,e4 ,l472 ,bayard ,taylor3 ,library of ,travel1 #f vols42 ,w4 ,d4 ,howells's ,italian ,journeys and ,london ,films2 ,henry ,james's ,little ,tour in ,france2 ,f4 ,hopkinson ,smith's ,white ,umbrella in ,mexico2 ,h4 ,m4 ,stanley's ,in ,darkest ,africa and ,how ,i ,found ,livingstone2 ,lafcadio ,hearn's ,gleanings in ,buddha-fields and ,glimpses of ,unfamiliar ,japan2 ,w4 ,e4 ,curtis's ,between the ,andes and the ,ocean and ,egypt1 ,burma1 and ,british ,malaysia4 ,for ,western travel and adventure in ,america between #agdh and #ahdf1 see ,early ,western ,travels1 #cb vols4 7,a4 ,h4 ,clark ,co4 ,cleveland1 #aijd74 ,a tour through the island of ,luzon in #ahjj is charmingly recorded by ,joaquin ,martinez y ,zuiga in his ,estadismo de las ,islas ,filipinas1 ed4 by ,w4 ,e4 ,retana 7,madrid74 ,an ,english translation under the title ,an ,historical ,view of the ,philippine ,islands was issued at ,london in #b vols4 #ahad 7printed for ,j4 ,asperne74 ,a breezy artist-sketch1 written with the purpose only to please and to satirize1 is ,heine's ,die ,harzreise 7,american ,book ,co474 ,,chapter ,,viii ,journal and ,diary ,john ,evelyn's ,diary and ,correspondence 7,e4 ,l41 ,bohn72 ,amiel's ,journal ,intime1 translated by ,mrs4 ,humphrey ,ward4 #b vols4 7,macmillan72 ,mme4 ,d',arblay's ,diary and ,letters1 edited by her niece1 with preface and notes by ,austin ,dobson1 #f vols4 ,samuel ,pepys's ,diary and ,correspondence 7,globe edition72 ,fielding's ,journal of a ,voyage to ,lisbon 7,w4 ,c472 ,hesdin's ,journal of a ,spy in ,paris during ,january-,july1 #agid 7,harpers1 #ahif72 ,swift's ,journal to ,stella 7,n4 ,u4 ,l41 ,bohn72 ,journal of the ,reigns of ,george ,,iii and ,william ,,iv1 by ,charles ,c4 ,f4 ,greville4 #c vols4 7,longmans74 ,gideon ,welles' ,diary 7,atlantic ,monthly1 #aiji-aiaj72 ,john ,w4 ,audubon's ,western ,journals #ahdi-ahej 7,a ,h4 ,clark1 ,cleveland74 ,autobiography and ,memoirs ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's ,autobiography 7,holt72 ,benvenuto ,cellini's ,autobiography 7,e4 ,l472 ,autobiography of ,franklin 7,p4 ,w4 ,c41 ,a4 ,b472 ,helen ,keller's ,story of ,my ,life 7,doubleday72 ,gibbon's ,autobiography 7,w4 ,c472 ,herbert ,spencer's ,autobiography1 #b vols4 7,appleton74 ,joseph ,jefferson's ,autobiography4 ,a good collection of memoirs and autobiography is the ,colonial ,press's ,classic ,memoirs1 #c vols4 7,w4 ,g4 ,c474 ,j4 ,h4 ,newman's ,apologia pro ,vita ,sua 7,n4 ,u4 ,l472 ,de ,quincey's ,confessions of an ,opium-,eater 7,e4 ,l472 ,st4 ,augustine's ,confessions 7,e4 ,l474 ,biography ,life and ,letters of ,lord ,macaulay1 by ,g4 ,o4 ,trevelyan 7,longmans72 ,history of ,carlyle's ,life1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,froude 7,longmans72 ,life of ,shakespeare1 by ,sidney ,lee4 ,life of ,sir ,walter ,scott1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,lockhart1 #e vols4 7,macmillan72 ,life of ,johnson1 by ,james ,boswell1 edited by ,geo4 ,birkbeck ,hill1 #f vols4 7,cambridge72 ,lives of the ,poets1 by ,samuel ,johnson1 edited by ,g4 ,b4 ,hill 7,cambridge72 ,j4 ,forster's ,life of ,dickens1 #b vols4 7,scribners71 ,life of ,goldsmith 7,stokes72 ,gaskell's ,life of ,charlotte ,bronte 7,crowell72 ,goldsmith's ,biographies1 vol4 ,,iv of collected works 7,bohn72 ,lockhart's ,life of ,burns 7,e4 ,l472 ,southey's ,life of ,nelson 7,bohn72 ,hazlitt's ,life of ,napoleon1 #f vols4 7,illust4 ,cabinet ,ed472 ,macaulay's ,life of ,johnson 7,heath72 ,carlyle's ,life of ,john ,sterling 7,w4 ,c472 ,carlyle's ,life of ,frederick the ,great1 #h vols4 7,scribners74 ,,chapter ,,ix ,notable ,histories ,grote's ,history of ,greece1 #ab vols4 7,e4 ,l472 ,green's ,short ,history of the ,english ,people 7,american ,book ,co474 ,history of the ,english ,people1 #d vols4 7,burt72 ,macaulay's ,history of ,england1 #c vols4 7,e4 ,l472 ,hume's ,history of ,england1 #f vols4 7,harper72 ,machiavelli's ,history of ,florence 7,w4 ,g4 ,c472 ,gibbon's ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire1 #g vols4 7,w4 ,c472 ,motley's ,rise of the ,dutch ,republic1 #c vols4 7,e4 ,l41 ,w4 ,c472 ,sismondi's ,italian ,republics 7,e4 ,l472 ,hallam's ,middle ,ages 7,w4 ,g4 ,c472 ,prescott's ,works1 #ad vols4 7,lippincott72 ,parkman's ,works1 #ab vols4 7,library edition72 ,j4 ,a4 ,symond's ,renaissance in ,italy1 #g vols4 7,holt72 ,carlyle's ,french ,revolution1 #b vols4 7,e4 ,l474 ,annals ,tacitus's ,annals 7,e4 ,l472 ,annals of ,english ,history1 by ,roger de ,hoveden1 #b vols4 7,bohn74 ,anglo-,saxon ,chronicle1 with an ,english translation by ,richard ,price3 in the ,monuments ,historica ,britannica 7#ahdh74 ,voltaire's ,annales de l',empire was first published in #agec-d4 ,it has been translated into ,english4 ,chronicles and ,true ,relations ,chronica ,jocelini de ,brakelonda1 de rebus gestis ,samsonis ,abbatis ,monasterii ,sancti ,edmundi 7,camden ,society1 ,london1 #ahdj74 ,the second book of ,carlyle's ,past and ,present is based on this old chronicle4 ,froissart's ,chronicles 7,e4 ,l472 ,william of ,malmesbury's ,chronicles of the ,kings of ,england 7,bohn72 ,old ,english ,chronicles1 including ,ethelwerd's ,chronicle1 ,geoffrey of ,monmouth's ,history of the ,britons1 ,gildas's ,chronicle1 ,nennius's ,chronicle1 and the spurious ,chronicle of ,richard of ,cirencester1 7,bohn72 ,chronicles of the ,crusades1 by ,lord ,john de ,joinville 7,bohn74 ,ticknor discusses in detail the origin1 subjects1 and character of the ,spanish chronicles1 in his ,history of ,spanish ,literature1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #aff-bbh 7fourth ,american edition1 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co474 ,for account of early ,french chronicles see ,saintsbury's ,short ,history of ,french ,literature1 ,book ,i1 chapter ,,xi 7,oxford1 #aijg74 ,blair and ,robertson's ,the ,philippine ,islands1 #adic-ahih1 in #ee vols4 7,a4 ,h4 ,clark ,co41 #aije7 contains many early ,spanish relations translated into ,english4 ,among the notable ones are ,loarca's ,relacion 7vol4 #e71 ,chirino's ,relacion 7vols4 #ab-ac71 ,morga's ,sucesos 7vols4 #ae-af71 ,medina's ,historia de la ,orden de ,s4 ,agustin 7vols4 #bc-bd74 ,,index ,abbott1 ,jacob 7#ahjc-ahgi71 #cfd4 ,abou ,ben ,adhem1 #ajb4 ,actual adventure1 ,tale of3 #eab-eac2 characteristics1 #eab2 directions for writing1 #eac4 ,addison1 ,joseph 7#afgb-agai71 #hf1 #aae1 #cdg4 ,address of the ,soul to the ,body1 #aae4 ,ade1 ,george 7b4 #ahff71 #hf4 ,adventures of ,sherlock ,holmes1 #bbe4 ,adventures2 see ,probable adventure2 ,actual adventure4 ,aesop 7#fai8-efd ,b4 ,c471 #hc-hd4 ,aikin1 ,john1 ,m4 ,d4 7#agdg-ahbb71 #aaf4 ,aitken1 ,george1 #cga4 ,alberich1 #df4 ,aldrich1 ,t4 ,b4 7#ahcf-aijg71 #cja4 ,alfred the ,great1 7#hdh-ija71 #ecb ,alfonso the ,wise 7#abba-abhd71 #fbg4 ,alice in ,wonderland1 #fg4 ,allegory3 #aab-abj1 #aed1 #cde2 defined1 #aab1 #aag2 combined with myth1 #aac-aad2 distinguished from myth1 #f2 distinguished from parable1 #aaf2 how to write1 #aag-aah2 distinguished from fable1 #aag4 ,amateur ,cracksman1 #cja4 ,ambitious ,guest1 #cdf1 #dei4 ,ameto1 #bge4 ,amiel1 ,frderic 7#ahba-ahha71 #eeh4 ,among the ,corn ,rows1 #dbg4 ,ana1 #dia-dib2 defined1 #dia4 ,andreas1 #bd4 ,andvari1 #df4 ,anecdote3 #dij-dif1 #cjb1 #cga2 compared with legend1 #be2 defined1 #dij1 #dib2 how to write an1 #dic4 ,anecdotes 7,percy's71 #dib4 ,anecdotes 7,spence's71 #dib4 ,anglo-,saxon ,chronicle1 #fad4 ,annals3 #fac-faf2 defined1 #fac-fad2 suggestions on material1 #fae4 ,annales ,ecclesiastici1 #fad4 ,annales et ,historia de ,rebus ,legicis1 #fad4 ,annals 7,goethe's71 #fab4 ,annals of the ,parish1 #fab4 ,annals of ,scotland1 #fad4 ,apologia pro ,sua ,vita 7,newman's71 #egd4 ,apology for ,my ,life 7,cibber's71 #egc4 ,apparition1 ,the1 #dja4 ,arabian ,nights1 ,the1 #abi4 ,arcadia 7,sannazaro71 #bgd4 ,arcadia1 ,countess of ,pembroke's1 #bge4 ,aristotle 7#chc-cbj ,b4 ,c471 #hd4 ,arthur1 ,king 7#ejj8-ecg871 #bd-be4 ,artist's ,secret1 ,the1 #aad4 ,ascham1 ,roger 7#aeae-aefh71 #cfa-cfb4 ,as ,you ,like ,it1 #bge4 ,atlantic ,monthly1 #aah1 #efj4 ,aucassin and ,nicolette1 #bgd4 ,austen1 ,jane 7#agge-ahag71 #cgb1 #def1 #deg4 ,autobiography3 #egb-ege2 distinguished from memoirs1 #egb2 suggestions for writing1 #egd-ege4 ,autobiographical ,leaves1 #egc4 ,audubon1 ,john ,james 7#aghj-ahea71 #eab4 ,autobiography of ,cellini1 #egc4 ,autobiography of ,de ,quincey1 #egd4 ,autobiography of ,franklin1 #egd4 ,ayala1 ,pedro ,lopez de 7#accb-adjg71 #fbf-fbg4 ,barlaam and ,josaphat1 #bc4 ,barclay1 ,alexander 7#adge8-aeeb71 #aae4 ,baron ,munchausen1 #aec4 ,baronius1 #fad4 ,barrie1 ,j4 ,m4 7b4 #ahfj71 #cja4 ,beast epics1 #hh4 ,belinda1 #dcj4 ,berenice1 #djj4 ,bergerac1 ,cyrano de 7#afai-afee71 #aea1 #aec1 #aed4 ,berkeley1 ,george 7#afhe-agec71 #aea4 ,beowulf1 #bc4 ,berners1 ,lord 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#efj4 ,wharton1 ,edith 7b4 #ahfb71 #def4 ,what is ,it8 a ,mystery1 #dja4 ,what ,men ,live ,by1 #bf1 #ajb4 ,wiggin1 ,kate ,douglas 7b4 #aheg71 #cja1 #cad4 ,wilde1 ,oscar 7#ahef-aijj71 #aad4 ,william ,wilson1 #djj4 ,wind in the ,rose ,bush1 ,the1 #dja1 #djb4 ,without ,benefit of ,clergy1 #dbf4 ,wilkins1 ,m4 ,e42 see ,freeman4 ,wonder ,book1 #c4 ,wonder1 tales of mere3 #f1 #be1 #abh1 #abi-acb1 #cdf1 #cih2 defined1 #abi2 suggestions for writing1 #abi-aca2 contrasted with folk tales1 #abi4 ,wordsworth1 ,william 7#aggj-ahej71 #dha4 ,wulfstan1 #ecb4 ,xenophon 7#dce ,b4 ,c471 #dia4 ,yeats1 ,william ,butler 7b4 #ahfe71 #df1 #cja4 ,youth's ,companion1 #bef4 ,ysopet1 #hd4 ,zeus1 #b4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,according to ,skeat4 #b ,friend1 don't poke your nose into another's business which you don't understand4 #c ,a ,tagalog word meaning husk2 but here it is used as an adjective husky1 and signifies a political party4 #d ,the ,magic ,reciprocals1 or ,harmonic ,responses1 were discovered by ,gustavus ,frankenstein1 and are properly drawn in color4 ,the following are extracts from letters received from ,mr4 ,frankenstein1 to whom the author is indebted for the drawing which appears at the beginning of this story3 ,tomorrow morning ,i shall send them4 ,they are most lovely4 ,they are halos1 if ever there was a halo4 ,so wonderfully magical are they that ,i think thou wilt modify thy language1 and perhaps say that ,frankenstein produces halos almost1 if not quite1 to the very perfection4 ,why1 they seem to dazzle and bewilder like the very sun itself4 ,they do not actually emit light1 but they look like the soul of light4 ,more like beautiful thoughts are they1 spirits of loveliness1 than like anything tangible4 444 ,i was a long time working out the mathematical problem of the perfectly balanced and completely symmetrical circular harmonic responses2 and then the drawings were executed with the greatest care as to perfect precision and accuracy4 444 ,the little round white spot in the center imparts an animating expression to the whole ,response2 and now1 as ,i write1 it occurs to me very forcibly that the whole ,response looks something like--and very much like--the iris of the eye1 and the little round spot in the center is the pupil4 ,if the iris were all iris1 having no pupil in the center1 it would appear expressionless and not vividly suggestive of the soul of life4 ,the spot in the center may be looked upon as the tangible existence or thing which is the source of the surrounding halo4 ,again3 ,the true and complete ,response--the mathematical assertion--has the animating spot in the center4 #e ,i follow ,m4 ,gaston ,paris's spelling of the word4 #f ,this is a translation of a ,tagalog prose version4 ,the episode of the story appears in metrical form as a beggar's song among the ,pampangos4 #g ,vailima ,letters1 ,i41 p4 #adg1 quoted by ,matthews4 #h ,caballos1 horses2 ,caballeros1 gentlemen4 #i ,see ,ticknor's ,history of ,spanish ,literature--,volume #a1 page #bjd4 #aj ,in the interest of the unusual ,i can not refrain here from personal reference4 ,as ,i sit writing this notice of ,pliny and old ,vesuvius1 my house continues being shaken every few minutes by one of the most prolonged series of earthquakes known to science1 according to the report of our famous observatory chief1 the ,jesuit1 ,father ,jose ,algue4 ,taal volcano1 fifty miles from ,manila1 is now in violent eruption1 ,january #bi4 ,the microseismographs by #i3ae last night had already recorded one hundred and seventy-two shocks in five minutes less than twenty-four hours1 and the shaking still goes on1 while a party of scientists from the government bureau is preparing to visit the spot4 ,there should surely be material for a story in that trip4 #aa ,the reigning ,capitan 7town ,president74 #ab ,van ,dyke's ,introduction to ,froissart's ,chronicles 7,colonial ,press74 ,transcriber's ,note ,variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained4 ,minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently repaired4 ,corrections p4 xvii ,the ,expatriation of ,jonathan ,trantor ,the ,expatriation of ,jonathan ,taintor p4 #i ,they overturn trees1 destoy whole forests ,they overturn trees1 destroy whole forests p4 #di ,from these lists pick our the being ,from these lists pick out the being p4 #ha ,when she was a hundred yards from the shehperd's cottage1 ,when she was a hundred yards from the shepherd's cottage1 p4 #ij #i4 ,before ,susan had done princking1 church was over4 #i4 ,before ,susan had done prinking1 church was over4 p4 #aja we have such statements are these3 we have such statements as these3 p4 #acj or at the murmuring of a secret phase4 or at the murmuring of a secret phrase4 p4 #adi ,juan asked him magical ring to give him ,juan asked his magical ring to give him p4 #agg for his wife kept on retching so constanty that for his wife kept on retching so constantly that p4 #ahd by the appearance of a scawny young man by the appearance of a scrawny young man p4 #bac through the frosted window and the feathery snow1 such a vision of lovliness through the frosted window and the feathery snow1 such a vision of loveliness p4 #bei bow would be drawn nor quarel bow would be drawn nor quarrel p4 #bgd but it is not the hard1 toil-beleagured life of but it is not the hard1 toil-beleaguered life of p4 #bhd of taking my gold sleeve bottons of taking my gold sleeve buttons p4 #cbc the faithful fellow went off to the caf which he frequentel the faithful fellow went off to the caf which he frequented p4 #cgg at ,jourdain's1 the inkeeper who dealt in horses at ,jourdain's1 the innkeeper who dealt in horses p4 #dbe ,after much fumbling in the darkness he placed in ,ivan't hands ,after much fumbling in the darkness he placed in ,ivan's hands p4 #dcc ,but how had be managed to see that polo ball8 ,but how had he managed to see that polo ball8 p4 #dfj the tarnished furniture1 the ugly curtains2 deficienices which would the tarnished furniture1 the ugly curtains2 deficiencies which would p4 #dge the governor delivered a short spech of welcome the governor delivered a short speech of welcome p4 #dhc retreating before the ,prussian army1 had bivoucked near a town retreating before the ,prussian army1 had bivouacked near a town p4 #edi the little ,turks come out and laugh it him4 the little ,turks come out and laugh at him4 p4 #fbi ,if differs from journal and diary ,it differs from journal and diary p4 #fgg ,peirs ,plowman1 #aad4 ,piers ,plowman1 #aad4